FrathWiki:Upload log

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  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Upload log</title>
    <id>1</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3365</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-29T16:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded &quot;Qanao_Abugida.png&quot;: Oops, misspelling...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of the most recent file uploads.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;16:17, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Oops, misspelling...)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:16, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Oops, misspelling...)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:21, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanao_Abugida.png|Qanao_Abugida.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Qana&amp;#39;öžjinatos native script)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:18, 29 Mar 2005 [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Qana&amp;#39;öžjinaet written in native script)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;06:56, 29 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf|Grammar_of_Saxon_English.pdf]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(PDF of &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  )&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;05:28, 20 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Add society, views on Earth)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;18:59, 8 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Updated 2004-11-08)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;04:50, 1 Nov 2004 [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Patsi.gif|Patsi.gif]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png|Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter aŋma)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:49, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png|Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter pē)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:12, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb small letter śādī)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:08, 16 Oct 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png|Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Kirumb capital letter śādī.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:31, 24 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Conflag_med.png|Conflag_med.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Conlang Flag)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;16:22, 28 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] uploaded &quot;[[:Image:Trentish-tlambda.png|Trentish-tlambda.png]]&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Trentish letter tlambda)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Deletion log</title>
    <id>2</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3366</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-30T18:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>deleted &quot;Romance languages&quot;: [Spam]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of the most recent deletions.
All times shown are server time (UTC).
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;18:18, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Romance languages&quot; &lt;em&gt;(&amp;#91;Spam])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer language&quot; &lt;em&gt;(deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:40, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer grammar&quot; &lt;em&gt;(deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:39, 16 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Qanaer lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Deleted on request of creator)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:39, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Av.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Php.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;12:38, 13 Sep 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Linux.definition&quot; &lt;em&gt;(off-topic contribution by anonymous user (what&amp;#39;s the relevance?))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;00:52, 16 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Image:Trentish-tlambda.png&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Don&amp;#39;t need this anymore.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;03:39, 11 Aug 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;User talk:Talk:Atlanliŋwa&quot; &lt;em&gt;(Mistaken URL)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;20:45, 29 Jul 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] restored &quot;FrathWiki:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;19:42, 30 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Sirius/Lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(content was: &amp;#39;#REDIRECT &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Sirius_Lexicon]]&amp;#39;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Trentish/Morphology&quot; &lt;em&gt;(moved to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish_Morphology]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;17:02, 25 Jun 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;Trentish/Lexicon&quot; &lt;em&gt;(moved to &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish_Lexicon]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;21:14, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] deleted &quot;FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License&quot; &lt;em&gt;(changing from GFDL to CC)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Protection log</title>
    <id>3</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3367</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-31T19:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;19:54, 31 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;19:32, 12 May 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] protected [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License]]&lt;/li&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Block log</title>
    <id>4</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3368</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-15T15:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>blocked &quot;82.194.62.9&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours: Spamming [[Trentish Phonology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;15:29, 15 Mar 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;82.194.62.9&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spamming &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Trentish Phonology]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;18:19, 30 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;213.227.245.99&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Blocked for spamming porn on &amp;#91;&amp;#91;Romance languages]])&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;15:08, 24 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;80.68.242.97&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spamming the front page.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;22:56, 17 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;221.192.169.230&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;23:29, 7 Jan 2005 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;60.55.58.50&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;14:13, 27 Dec 2004 [[User:Muke|Muke]] blocked &quot;60.55.58.64&quot; with an expiry time of 1000 hours &lt;em&gt;(Spammage.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page</title>
    <id>5</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58205</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T03:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/MarileeDito|MarileeDito]] ([[User talk:MarileeDito|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner}}

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

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Introduction

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{{:Main Page/Introduction}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topics&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natural languages]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Conlangs]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Conscripts]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Conworlds]]
:[[Conlang comparison]]
:[[Conlang terminology]]
:[[Software tools for conlanging]]
:[[Our Father|Lord's Prayer translations]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Conlang relays]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
:[[Learners_shortlist|Conlang Learners Project]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Templates for use in articles]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki @ Yahoo]
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FrathWiki in other languages 

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{{:Main Page/Other languages}}
|-
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutpage</title>
    <id>8</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3372</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:4}}:About</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia</title>
    <id>9</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3373</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:27:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">About {{SITENAME}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext</title>
    <id>14</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3378</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:28:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your [[{{ns:-1}}:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Administrators</title>
    <id>15</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3379</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:4}}:Administrators</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Allmessages</title>
    <id>18</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3382</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All messages</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning</title>
    <id>89</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25262</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-09T06:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modularizing special character insertion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{FrathWiki:Special character insertion}}

&lt;hr&gt;
==== Copyright ====
Please note that all contributions to FrathWiki are considered to be released under the Creative Commons &quot;by-sa&quot; license (see $1 for details).
If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed
at will, then don't submit it here.&lt;br&gt;
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a
public domain or similar free resource.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt;
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Edithelppage</title>
    <id>130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3494</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{ns:12}}:Editing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:12}}:Editing</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Emailforlost</title>
    <id>136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3500</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Fileuploaded</title>
    <id>169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3533</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">File uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia</title>
    <id>171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3535</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-11T22:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not a free encyclopedia yet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">From FrathWiki.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Gnunote</title>
    <id>173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3537</id>
      <timestamp>2004-05-31T19:50:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm nc</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!-- Creative Commons License --&gt;
Article texts are licensed under a &lt;a rel=&quot;license&quot; href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot;&gt;Creative Commons License&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;!-- /Creative Commons License --&gt;


&lt;!--

&lt;rdf:RDF xmlns=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/&quot;
    xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot;
    xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot;&gt;
&lt;Work rdf:about=&quot;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;license rdf:resource=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/Work&gt;

&lt;License rdf:about=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/&quot;&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks&quot; /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource=&quot;http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/License&gt;

&lt;/rdf:RDF&gt;

--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Helppage</title>
    <id>180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3544</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{ns:12}}:Contents</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{ns:12}}:Contents</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Histlegend</title>
    <id>184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3548</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:03:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Login</title>
    <id>241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3605</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-26T18:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>log in → log in / create account</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Log in / Create account</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Newarticletext</title>
    <id>315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3679</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-07T01:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below 
(see the [[Help:Editing|help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Nogomatch</title>
    <id>338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5222</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-09T20:52:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>wikimarkup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Do you want to &lt;b&gt;[[$1|create an article with this title]]&lt;/b&gt;?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitesupport</title>
    <id>480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3844</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-19T16:16:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Donations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Donations</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Uploadtext</title>
    <id>554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3918</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-23T21:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''STOP!''' Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the [[Project:Image use policy|image use policy]]. To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded images]]. Uploads and deletions are logged on the [[Project:Upload log|upload log]]. Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system's standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' or '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:file.png|alt text]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' or '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Media:file.ogg]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' for sounds. Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Userlogin</title>
    <id>557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3921</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-14T03:48:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Log in -&gt; Create an account or log in</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Create an account or log in</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Most wanted articles</title>
    <id>603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3968</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-05T05:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Indo-European_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Indo-European languages&quot;&gt;Indo-European languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Indo-European_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;6 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Mood&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Mood&quot;&gt;Mood&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Mood&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Spanish&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Spanish&quot;&gt;Spanish&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Spanish&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Linguistics&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Linguistics&quot;&gt;Linguistics&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Linguistics&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;4 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Noun&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Noun&quot;&gt;Noun&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Noun&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Ancient Greek&quot;&gt;Ancient Greek&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Ancient_Greek&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kirumb&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Kirumb&quot;&gt;Kirumb&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Kirumb&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=French&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;French&quot;&gt;French&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=French&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Germanic_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Germanic languages&quot;&gt;Germanic languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Germanic_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=List_of_language_families&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;List of language families&quot;&gt;List of language families&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=List_of_language_families&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Grammar&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Grammar&quot;&gt;Grammar&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Grammar&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;3 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Satem&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Satem&quot;&gt;Satem&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Satem&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Nother&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Nother&quot;&gt;Nother&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Nother&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Japanese&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Japanese&quot;&gt;Japanese&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Japanese&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Language&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Language&quot;&gt;Language&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Language&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Language_families_and_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Language families and languages&quot;&gt;Language families and languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Language_families_and_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantia&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Atlantia&quot;&gt;Atlantia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Atlantia&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Gender&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Gender&quot;&gt;Gender&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Gender&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Chinese&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Chinese&quot;&gt;Chinese&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Chinese&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Hadwan_languages&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Hadwan languages&quot;&gt;Hadwan languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Hadwan_languages&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Voice&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Voice&quot;&gt;Voice&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Voice&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Conjugation&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Conjugation&quot;&gt;Conjugation&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Conjugation&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Russian&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; class='new' title =&quot;Russian&quot;&gt;Russian&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;amp;target=Russian&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Whatlinkshere&quot;&gt;2 links&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:All pages by title</title>
    <id>604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3969</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-29T21:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&amp;amp;from=Arda&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Special:Allpages&quot;&gt;Arda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; to &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Âdlantki Lexicon&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Atlantic</title>
    <id>605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55347</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-30T00:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grammar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Atlantic (''Ədlantkɛ'')|pronounce=/ə̀dlɑnkɛ́/|tu=[[Nother]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|16th century–present]]|species=[[Races of Nother|demihumans]]|in=[[../Atlanteia/]] (''Ədləntɛ'')|no=[no data]|script=[[../Kirumb alphabet/]]|tree=''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kirumb]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Âdlantki]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Atlantic'''|morph=Fusional|ms=[no data]|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=at earliest 2001&lt;br&gt;at latest 2003}}
'''Atlantic''' is an Indo-European language spoken primarily by the demihumans of [[../Atlanteia/]] (''Ədləntɛ''), a Mediterranean island in the [[Nother]] happentrack.

==Name==
The most general term is &quot;Atlantic&quot;, ''atlante'' in Spanish, both translations of the native term ''Ədlantkɛ,'' after the island where it is spoken, which was in turn named after the legendary Atlantis.  

When contrasted to the other minor Atlanteian languages it is called &quot;Kirumb&quot; or &quot;Atlantic Kirumb&quot;, referring to the tribe ([[../Kirumbi/]]; Atlantic: Kɛrbɔs) of [[races of Nother|demihumans]] whose language [[../Kirumb/]] was parent to it; the name comes from a word meaning 'gryphon'.  The people are still sometimes referred to as Kirumbi or Κɛrbɔs.

==History==
''Atlantic'' is the name given to the [[Âdlantki]] language after about the late 1500s.  The division is largely arbitrary, as the difference between the two stages of the language is not substantial.  The largest difference is in the smoothing of original diphthongs; the most noticeable difference is the lowering of final vowels.  

==Classification and influences==
Atlantic is a [[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]] language in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family.  Besides its inherited lexicon, Atlantic derives borrowed vocabulary for acrolectal terms from [[Ancient Greek]], modern terms from [[Spanish]], and newer technical terms from [[Modern English]].

==Geographic distribution==
The original homeland of the Atlantic-speakers is [[../Atlanteia/]], though in later years overpopulation of the island led to the formation of substantial communities in nearby countries (Spain, Morocco, and Algeria), and later in the United States and Canada.

==Sounds==
The Atlantic language has twelve vowels: eight short and four long. 
{| cellpadding=5
! !! front !! central !! back	
|-
! high 
| i || || u 
|-
! close-mid 
| e ee || || o oo
|-
! open-mid 
| ɛ ɛɛ || ə || ɔ ɔɔ
|-
! low 
| || a /ɑ/
|}

Consonants are as follows: 

{|  cellpadding=5
! nasal 
| m 
|colspan=4 align=center| n
| ŋ 
|-
! vl stop
| p
|colspan=4 align=center| t
| k
|-
! vd stop
|       
|colspan=4 align=center| d
| g
|-
! vl fric
| f || θ || s || ʃ || sy /ç/ || x	
|-
! vd fric 
| v b /v/ || || z || ʒ y /ʒ/
|-
! sonorant
| || l || r /ɾ/ || y /j/ 
|}

''H'' is silent.  ''Y'' is pronounced as /ʒ/ after a consonant or before /i/ and /u/.

Accentuation consists of a high or low pitch accent on the first mora of a word. 
:''ont'' /ònt/ &quot;eye&quot; 
:''sɔrrɛ'' /sɔ́ɾɾə/ &quot;curse&quot; 

For historical reasons, most verbs have high pitch.

==Grammar==
===Typology===
Atlantic is somewhat isolating and somewhat fusional. 

In nouns, the case system held by its ancestor Kirumb has been replaced by the use of postpositions.  The language prefers borrowing words to producing compounds, so the number of morphemes per word is low: in most cases there is only the root morpheme and sometimes the plural marker.

===Nouns===
Atlantic nouns inflect only for number.  

The singular is the unmarked form.

For words ending in ''-ɛ'', the plural is formed by adding ''-s'', thus ''-ɛs''.   For words ending in ''-e'', the plural is formed by removing the ''-e'' and adding ''-ɔs''.  The plural of all other words is formed by appending ''-ɔs'' to the singular.  

Exceptions exist, such as words in original long ''-ee'':  ''vee'' &quot;hand&quot;, whose plural is ''veeos''.  Words whose ''-ee'' is secondary, such as ''ree'' &quot;matter, affair&quot;, (earlier ''roye'') have a regular plural such as ''reɔs''.

A few words, mainly body parts, have a special dual in ''-o''.

===Verbs===

Conjugating Atlantic verbs isn't too difficult: the endings are added regularly, with little change. The hard part is in remembering what conjugation a form takes, as well as the different stems each verb has. 

The finite forms of the verb belong to one of three different stems: the progressive, the aorist, and the durative. 

The '''progressive''' refers to an action in progress, and usually translates English plain or progressive verbs, such as ''enter'' or ''are eating.'' '''Aorist''' forms refer to an event as a whole, usually a completed one, and generally translates English past forms, like ''walked,'' or forms used in series of verbs: for example, in ''wants to go,'' &quot;go&quot; would be translated by the aorist. The '''durative''' is mostly falling out of use, except in verbs concerning thoughts and opinions: ''think, believe, know, want, like'' are usually represented by duratives in Atlantic. 

The conjugations are labelled by characteristic consonants in the first person singular: '''votic''' have ''v'', and '''kappatic''' have ''k''.

====Progressive endings====
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -vɛ &lt;br&gt; -kɛ || -bdə || -(ə)ndə	
|-
! 2nd
| -rɛ || || -bɛ
|-
! 3rd 
| -tɛ || || -(ə)ŋtɛ
|}
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -r || || -b
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt	
|}

====Aorist endings====
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''v / k'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| -va &lt;br&gt; -k || -bdə || -(ə)ndə
|-
! 2nd
| -rɔ || || -dɔ
|-
! 3rd
| -tɔ || || -(ə)ŋtɔ
|}
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''simple'' !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1st
| ''0'' || -bdə || -ndə
|-
! 2nd 
| -r || || -d
|-
! 3rd
| -t || || -ŋt
|}

====An example====
“fisvɛ” — to write.
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
!colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;| Progressive stem ''fis-''
|-
!colspan=4| 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey 
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fisvɛ
| fisbdə
| fisəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fisrɛ
| —
| fisbe
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| fistɛ
| —
| fisəŋtɛ
|-
!colspan=4 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;| Aorist stem ''fes-''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey 
! !! sg. !! du. !! pl.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| fesva
| fesbdə
| fesəndə
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| fesrɔ
| —
| fesdɔ
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| festɔ
| —
| fesəŋtɔ
|}

==Vocabulary==
*''Main article: [[Atlantic Lexicon]]''
*[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-lex5.pdf The lexicon as a PDF file, 176K], dated 2 May 2004

==Writing system==
The Atlantic alphabet is descended from a variety of the [http://www.frath.net/pdf/krmb-alphabet.pdf Kirumb alphabet] (PDF, 117K).  As this is not convenient for computer entry, various transliterations exist, the most common being the IPA-influenced one used on this page, and a Windows-character-set-friendly one that is used over email.

==Examples==
*[http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring3/atlantic/ Atlantic leg of CONLANG relay 9]
**[http://frath.net/pdf/atl-relay9.pdf Relay 9 with Atlantic alphabet] (PDF, 97K)

[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:Nother]]
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Copyrights</title>
    <id>607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59003</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T14:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>clarification. better wording? (only the descriptions of the languages and cultures are cc-by-sa; the languages and cultures themselves are still the authors' property.)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unless otherwise stated, the text and images on this site are licensed under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Creative Commons License]. 

Unless otherwise stated, the intellectual properties ''described'' by the text and images on this site remain the property of their creators.

&lt;div class=&quot;toccolours&quot;&gt;
You are free:
*to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
*to make derivative works
*to make commercial use of the work

Under the following conditions:
*'''Attribution.''' You must give the original author credit.
*'''Share Alike.''' If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.

For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.

Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the author.

&lt;small&gt;Simple-language explanation of license is by [http://creativecommons.org Creative Commons]&lt;/small&gt;.
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piataia/Ibran</title>
    <id>608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52916</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran]] to [[Piataia/Ibran]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox
|name=Ibran (''Ivrană / Івріанъ'')
|pronounce=Ibran — /ˈɪbɻən/ 
|tu=[[Piataia]]
|species=Humans
|in=[[../New Ibria/]]; [[../France/]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|modern era]]
|no=[No data]
|script=[[../Cirilizal|Cyrillic (Roesan)]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Latinizal|Latin (Paysan)]]
|tree=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Italic languages|Italic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Romance languages|Romance]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Western Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Langues d'oc&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Ibran'''
|morph=Fusional
|ms=Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|date=2002–2003}}

'''Ibran''' (Paysan: ''Ivrană'', Roesan: ''Івріанъ'') is a Romance language.

==Classification==
Ibran is a western Romance language.  It was originally conceived as a sort of truncated [[Spanish]], but further revisions pushed it further towards [[French]], so now it is somewhere in between.

==Geography==
Originally spoken in southeast France, Ibran migrated to the New World where it is now more widely spoken than in its homeland.

===Dialects===
Ibran has two main dialects: ''Roesan,'' the dialect of [[New Royce]] (''Noif Roes'') and ''paysan,'' the European dialect.  The language in New Ibria is not monolithic, though Roesan is the basis of “standard” language.

==Phonology==
: ''See also:'' [[Ibran sound changes]]

==Orthography==
Sometime recently a [[Cyrillic]] orthography (''cirilizal'') was officially instituted in New Royce, though the old [[Latin]] orthography (''latinizal'') is still found in common use (and is the only script used in Europe).

The mapping of Cyrillic American Ibran to Latin European Ibran is not 1:1; the phonemic inventories are different and spellings differ.

==Vocabulary==
: ''See also:'' [[Ibran/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]

===Sample texts===
* [[Ibran/Paternoster|Paternoster]]

==External links==
*[http://frath.net/language/nuif.shtml Ibran homepage] (old)
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_ibran.htm  Ibran profile on langmaker.com]
*[http://nik_taylor.tripod.com/relay/ibran.html Ibran leg of the Sixth CONLANG Translation Relay]
*[[wikipedia:eo:Ibran|Ibran]] — Vikipedio

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke</title>
    <id>609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52976</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-09T15:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Muke Tever,''' ''[mailto:wikimaster@frath.net wikimaster@frath.net]''
&lt;br&gt;(or the less imposing [mailto:muke@frath.net muke@frath.net])

http://www.frath.net/ 

===Languages===
'''Nother'''
*[[Nother/Kirumb|Kirumb]]
**[[Âdlantki]]
***[[Nother/Atlantic|Atlantic]]
**[[Sirius]]
*[[Nother/Drake|Drake]]
**[[Nother/Early Menashean|Early Menashean]]
***[[Nother/Menashean|Menashean]]
*[[Nother/Dunamy|Dunamy]]
*[[Nother/Naryan|Naryan]]
*[[Nother/Rami|Rami]]
*[[Nother/Skeskatai|Skeskatai]]
*[[Trentish]]

'''Arda'''
*[[Arda/Henaudute|Henaudute]]
**[[Arda/Änäyute|Änäyute]]

'''Piataia'''
*[[Ibran]]


[[User:Muke/Spelling|Semiserious notes on a spelling reform]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Atlantic/Lexicon</title>
    <id>610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54897</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-05T23:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>++</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#Ɛ|Ɛ]] [[#Ə|Ə]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#X|X]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#Ŋ|Ŋ]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ɔ|Ɔ]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#Ʃ|Ʃ]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] [[#Ʒ|Ʒ]]
|}

===A===
*'''abɛ''' [ɑ̀.və] ''adj. indecl.'' second; other.
*'''absɛ''' [ɑ́p.sə] ''n.'' the depths of the sea; the most intense or profound part. —Greek ἀβυσσός.
*'''adə''' [ɑ.də] ''postp.'' to, towards.
*'''afɔrivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.ɾí.və] ''v.'' uncover. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''afrere''' [ɑ́f.ɾə.ɾe] ''n.'' uncovering, revelation.
*'''afʃɛr''' [ɑ́f.ʃəɾ] ''adj.'' after, farther.  '''aftam''' ''adj.'' last, farthest.
*'''afɔ''' [ɑ.fə] ''postp.'' from.
*'''afɔlivɛ''' [ɑ̀.fə.lí.və] ''v.'' unfold, open.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''agməvɛ''' [ɑ̀ŋ.mə.vɛ́] ''v.'' arrive. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''agməre''' ''n.'' arrival.
*'''Axille''' [ɑ́.xəl.le] ''n.'' Achilles.  —Greek Άχιλλεύς.
*'''Alpes''' [ôː.pəs] ''n.'' the Alps.
*'''Amerika''' [ɑ̀.mə.ɾí.kə] ''n.'' America.  '''Amerikɛk''' ''adj.'' American.
*'''amne''' [ɑ́m.nə] ''n.'' name.  '''amnifisre''' ''n.'' autograph, signature.
*'''an-''' [ɑ̀n] ''pref.'' again, re-.
*'''aŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ɑ̀.ŋəʒ.ʒɛ́s.və] ''v.'' adapt. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''aŋɛʒʒɛsre''' ''n.'' adaptation.
*'''arklɛ''' [ɑ́rk.lə] ''n.'' farmer.
*'''aʃɛnkre''' [ɑ̀.ʃən.kɾé] ''n.'' accident.
*'''aʃvɛ''' [ɑ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' eat.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''aʃre''' ''n.'' eating, meal.
*'''aθɔŋtivɛ''' [ɑ̀θ.əŋ.tí.və] ''v.'' direct, aim, address.  '''aθɔŋtire''' ''n.'' address, direction.
*'''Australia''' [ɑ̌u̯s.tɾə.li.ə] ''n.'' Australia.  —Spanish ''Australia.''
*'''autɔbus''' [ɑ̂u̯.tə.bus] ''n.'' bus.  —Spanish ''autobús.''

===B===
*'''balkonɛ''' [vɑ̀l.kə.nɛ́] ''n.'' balcony.  —Italian ''balcone.''
*'''banana''' [vɑ̀.nə.nɑ] ''n.'' banana. —Spanish ''banana.''
*'''baŋkɔ''' [vɑ́ŋ.kə] ''n.'' bank.  —Spanish ''banco.''
*'''beevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' proclaim.  (''aor:'' '''bok''')
*'''bɛr''' [vɛ́ɾ] ''v.'' carry. (''aor:'' '''bɛss''')  '''bərtɛ''' ''ppl.'' carried, borne.
*'''bɛkəglɛ''' [vɛ̀.kəɡ.lɛ́] ''n.'' bicycle.
*'''bɛsɔrt''' [vɛ̀.sɔɾt] ''n.'' cracker.
*'''bəble''' [və̀v.lə] ''n.'' book.  —Greek βύβλος.
*'''bərkʃɛ''' [və̀ɾk.ʃə] ''adj.'' sharp.
*'''bəʃʃe''' [və́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' nature, habit, custom.
*'''bisikleta''' [ví.sək.le.tə] ''n.'' bicycle.  —Spanish ''bicicleta.''
*'''blɛvɛ''' [vlɛ̀.və] ''n.'' flower.
*'''bləgrɛ''' [vlə̀ɡ.əɾ] ''adj.'' shiny.
*'''bləŋne''' [vlə́ŋ.nə] ''n.'' blight.  '''bləŋdrɛ''' ''adj.'' blighted.
*'''blɔkivɛ''' [vlɔ́.kə.vɛ] ''v.'' shine. (''aor:'' '''bɔɔkisva''')  '''blɔkʃɔʃʃ''' ''adj.'' shining.
*'''blukɛ''' [vlù.kə] ''n.'' shine, incandescence.
*'''boonʒe''' [vôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' bathroom, restroom.
*'''bɔŋɛ''' [vɔ̀.ŋə] ''n.'' sick person.
*'''briʃvɛ''' [vɾíʃ.və] ''v.'' do, fashion, make.  (''aor:'' '''brɛʃva''')  '''əstɛ''' ''ppl.'' done, made.  '''briʃʃe''' ''n.'' creator.
*'''brostər''' [vròs.təɾ] ''n.'' brother.  '''brotre''' ''n.'' fraternity, brotherhood.

===D===
*'''dənnɛ''' [də̀n.nə] ''n.'' bench.
*'''dɔmɛ''' [dɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' house.
*'''dɔɔlɛ''' [dɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' window.
*'''dɔɔnɛ''' [dɔ̌ːn] ''n.'' thing.
*'''dɔrt''' ''ppl. of'' '''ʃkreevɛ.'''
*'''dɔrʒo''' [dɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' door.  '''dɔrʒɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''dramte''' [dɾɑ́mp.tə] ''n.'' drama, play.  —Greek δρᾶμα.
*'''dveegvɛ''' [dvêː.ɡvə] ''v.'' include. (''aor:'' '''-va''')

===E===
*'''eene''' [êːn] ''n.'' morning.
*'''eevɛ''' [êːv] ''v.'' praise.  (''aor:'' '''ogva''')
*'''exne''' [éx.nə] ''n.'' shame.  —Greek αἰσχύνη.
*'''elektrɔnik''' [é.lək.tɾɔ.nək] ''adj.'' electronic.  —Spanish ''electrónico.''
*'''ellɛ''' [él.lə] ''n.'' cat, feline.  —Greek αἴλουρος.
*'''emne''' [ém.nə] ''n.'' anger, wrath.
*'''ensalada''' [ént.sə.lɑ.də] ''n.'' salad.  —Spanish ''ensalada.''

===Ɛ===
*'''ɛɛʒ''' [ɛ̂ʒ] ''adj.'' profound, deep.
*'''ɛgʒɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́ɡ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' terminate. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ɛxrəstɔ''' [ɛ́x.ɾəs.tɔ] ''interj.'' thanks, thank you.  —Greek εὐχαριστέω.
*'''ɛliʒoo''' [ɛ́.lə.ʒoː] ''v.'' be gracious, show mercy.  —Greek ἔλεος.
*'''ɛlpsvɛ''' [ɛ́lp.svə] ''v.'' hope for, expect. (''aor:'' '''ɛlps''') —Greek ἐλπίζω.
*'''ɛlvɛ''' [ɛ́l.və] ''n.'' oil.  —Greek ἔλαιϝον.
*'''ɛmʒɛn''' [ɛ́m.ʒən] ''n.'' arrangement, order.
*'''ɛnsvɛ''' [ɛ́ns.və] ''v.'' reach. (''aor:'' '''ɛnst''')
*'''Ɛŋglɛk''' [ɛ́ŋ.ɡlɛk] ''adj.'' English.
*'''ɛr''' [ɛɾ] ''v.'' am.
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛr || ɛsvɛdə || ɛmmɛdə
|-
! 2p
|  ɛsɛ || || ɛzvɛ
|-
! 3p
|  ɛst ||  || ɛrtɛ
|}
*'''ɛʃ''' [ɛ́ʃ] ''v.'' say.  (''aor:'' '''ɛst''')  
{| cellpadding=5 align=center
! !! sg !! du !! pl
|-
! 1p
| ɛʃ ||  iʃvɛdə  ||  iʃmɛdə
|-
! 2p
|  ɛst  || ||  izvɛ
|-
! 3p
|  ɛst ||  || istɛ
|}
*'''ɛtʃɛsvɛ''' [ɛ́t.ʃəs.vɛ] ''v.'' supply. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ɛvrupɛ''' [ɛ́v.ɾə.pɛ] ''n.'' Europe.  '''Ɛvrupɛk''' ''adj.'' European.  —Greek Εὐρώπη.

===Ə===
*'''əbbɛrvɛ''' [ə̀v.vər.vɛ́] ''v.'' discard, leave behind, drop.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Ədləntɛ''' [ə́d.lən.tɛ] ''n.'' Atlantia.  —Greek Ἄτλας.
*'''əfkerʒe''' [ə̀f.kəɾ.ʒé] ''n.'' due and proper time.  —Greek εὐκαιρία.
*'''əxrɛstʃe''' [ə́x.ɾəst.ʃe] ''n.'' thanksgiving. —Greek εὐχαριστία.
*'''əlve''' [ə̀l.və] ''n.'' overcast sky.
*'''əmbɔ''' [ə̀m.və] ''adj.'' both.
*'''əmres''' [ə̀mb.ɾəs] ''adv.'' daily.
*'''ənde''' [ə̀n.də] ''n.'' water.
*'''əntɛ''' [ə̀n.tə] ''n.'' year.
*'''əŋgeevɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.ɡe.vɛ́] ''v.'' attempt.  (aor: '''əŋgoosa''')
*'''əŋkɛ''' [ə̀ŋ.kə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''əpveevɛ''' [ə̀p.ve.vɛ́] ''v.'' sprout. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ərrɛ''' [ə̀ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' field, farm.
*'''əʃgɛmvɛ''' [ə̀ʃ.ɡəm.vɛ́] ''v.'' overstep, transgress, trespass. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''əʃgəʃʃe''' ''n.'' transgress, trespass.
*'''əŋʃɛ''' [ə̀ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' goal, target, destination.
*'''əstɛ''' ''ppl. of'' '''briʃvɛ.'''

===F===
*'''’f''' ''suff.'' genitive marker.
*'''fɛlʒe''' [fɛ́l.ʒə] ''v.'' fill. (''aor:'' '''plɛk, pli-''')
*'''fɛrɛ''' [fɛ̀.ɾə] ''adj.'' close, nigh. (''comp:'' '''fɛrɔʃrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''fɛrɔtmɛ''')
*'''fɛrfooʃre''' [fɛ́ɾ.foʃ.ɾe] ''n.'' perfection. '''fɛrfooʃras''' ''adv.'' perfectly.
*'''fɛtɛ''' [fɛ̀.tə] ''n.'' bread.  '''fɛtivɛ''' ''v.'' bake. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''fɛtostər''' ''n.'' baker.
*'''fəŋtɛ''' [fə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' all.
*'''fəssɛ''' [fə̀s.sə] ''adj.'' beautiful.
*'''fəstre''' [fə̀s.təɾ] ''n.'' father.
*'''filvɛ''' [fíl.və] ''v.'' read. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''firvɛ''' [fíɾ.və] ''v.'' try. (''aor:'' '''fɛrva''')  '''fire''' ''n.'' try, attempt.
*'''fisvɛ''' [fís.və] ''v.'' write. (''aor:'' '''fesva''')  '''fisre''' ''n.'' writing, inscription.  '''fistre''' ''n.'' author.
*'''foobɛ''' [fôːv] ''adj.'' many.
*'''fool''' [fôːl] ''n.'' plain, field.
*'''footam''' [fôː.təm] ''adj.'' most.
*'''fostər''' [fós.təɾ] ''n.'' food.
*'''fɔɔdɔ''' [fɔ̂.də] ''n.'' estate.  —Spanish ''feudo.''
*'''fɔɔlɛ''' [fɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' bottle, flask.
*'''furtmɛ''' [fúɾ.mə] ''adj.'' first; earliest.

===G===
*'''gɛdvɛ''' [ɡɛ́d.və] ''v.'' want. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''gɛmvɛ''' [ɡɛ́m.və] ''v.'' come. (''aor:'' '''-va''')  '''gatɛ''' ''ppl.'' come, arrived.
*'''gəfʃe''' [ɡə́f.ʃə] ''n.'' host.  '''gəftɔʃʃ''' ''n.'' hosting, booking.  '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl. of'' '''gɔftivɛ.'''
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' stranger.
*'''gəʃʃe''' [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' step.
*'''glumɛ''' [ɡlù.mə] ''n.'' joy.  '''glumkɛ''' ''adj.'' happy, joyful.
*'''goone''' [gôːn] ''n.'' woe, grief.
*'''gɔdʒɛl''' [ɡɔ́d.ʒəl] ''n.'' measure, quality.
*'''gɔftive''' [ɡɔ́f.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' be a host, entertain. (''aor:'' '''gɔftos''')  '''gəftɛt''' ''ppl.'' hosted, booked.  '''gɔfteere''' ''n.'' entertainment.
*'''-gve''' ''suff.'' place name suffix.

===H===
*'''halɛɛ''' [ɑ́.lɛ]  ''interj.''  hello!
*'''hamartʃe''' [ɑ̀.məɾt.ʃé] ''n.'' sin. —Greek ἁμαρτία.
*'''he''' [e] ''pron. pers. 3p.''  '''həs''' ''gen.''
*'''hɛkrɛ''' [ɛ́k.əɾ] ''n.'' law.
*'''hɛnɛ''' [ɛ̀.nə] ''n.'' old.
*'''hɛʃvɛ''' [ɛ́ʃ.və] ''v.'' have, own. (''aor:'' '''hɛst''')  '''hɛʃre''' ''n.'' possession, ownership.
*'''hɛθ''' [ɛθ] ''adj.'' such.
*'''həmmɛ''' [ə̀m.mə] ''n.'' setup.
*'''hmerɛ''' [mé.ɾə] ''adj.'' wonderful.
*'''hoone''' [ɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' sun.
*'''hɔdne''' [ɔ́d.nə] ''n.'' office, post.  '''hɔdnor''' ''n.'' office, study.
*'''hɔmlodʒe''' [ɔ́mb.ləd.ʒe] ''n.'' confession, acknowledgement.  —Greek ὁμολογία.
*'''hɔmɛ''' [ɔ̀.mə] ''adj.'' same.
*'''hɔŋtivɛ''' [ɔ́ŋ.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' send. (''aor:'' '''hɛrʃva''')  '''hɔŋtire''' ''n.'' mission.  '''hɔŋʃte''' ''n.'' mail, post.
*'''hɔɔlɛ''' [ɔ̌ːl] ''n.'' seat, chair.
*'''hurləgɛɛ''' [úɾ.lə.gɛː] ''n.'' clock.  —Greek ὡρολόγιον.

===X===
*'''xɔle''' [xɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' school.  —Greek σχολή.

===I===
*'''idʒuvɛ''' [íd.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' kythe, communicate telepathically. (''aor:'' '''vodva''')
*'''ifʃɛ''' [íf.ʃə] ''adj.'' social, friendly.
*'''ikɛ''' [ì.kə] ''n.'' cure, remedy.  '''ikstre''' ''n.'' healer, doctor.
*'''igivɛ''' [í.ɡə.vɛ] ''v.'' heal. (''aor:'' '''ikva''')
*'''imfekʃɔn''' [ím.fək.ʃɔn] ''n.'' infection. —Spanish ''infección.''
*'''imne''' [ím.nə] ''n.'' spirit.
*'''inɛ''' [ì.nə] ''adj. num.'' one.  '''inɔθ''' [ì.nəθ] ''adv.'' only.
*'''Iroland''' [ì.ɾə.lɑ́nd] ''n.'' Ireland.
*'''irvɛ''' [íɾ.və] ''v.'' revere. (''aor:'' '''is''', ''part:'' '''irʃe''')
*'''isvɛ''' [ís.və] ''v.'' bring. (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''Italia''' [ì.tə.lí.ə] ''n.'' Italy.

===K===
*'''kaʃɛs''' [kɑ̀.ʃəs] ''pron. interrog.'' how much?
*'''katlɛmte''' [kɑ́t.ləmp.te] ''n.'' hotel, inn.  —Greek κατάλυμα.
*'''kɛ''' [kɛ] ''conj.'' and (between nouns).
*'''kɛdə''' [kɛ́.də] ''pron. interrog.'' what?
*'''kɛg''' [kɛ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.'' why?
*'''kɛrbɛ''' [kɛ́ɾvə] ''adj.'' Kirumb.
*'''kɛrʒɛ''' [kɛ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' mister, sir.  '''kr.''' ''abbrev.''  —Greek κύριος.
*'''kɛs''' [kɛ́s] ''pron. interrog.'' who?
*'''kəg''' [kəɡ] ''postp.'' among, with, between.
*'''kəglɛ''' [kə̀ɡ.lə] ''n.'' wheel.
*'''kəmmɛ''' [kə̀m.mə] ''n.'' cat.
*'''kəmpɛ''' [kə̀m.pə] ''n.'' corner.
*'''kəŋkɛg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' whyever.
*'''kəŋkɔg''' [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] ''pron.'' when, whenever.
*'''kəskɛs''' [kə̀s.kəs] ''pron.'' who, whoever.
*'''kətxɛdə''' [kə̀t.xə.də́] ''pron.'' what, whatever.
*'''kəʒʒɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pron. interrog.'' where?
*'''kəʒʒɛʒkɛ''' [kə̀ʒ.ʒəʒ.kɛ́] ''v.'' total, put together.
*'''kikɛ''' [kì.kə] ''pron.'' where, wherever.
*'''kilɛ''' [kì.lə] ''adj.'' far, distant.
*'''kiyɔθ''' [kì.jəθ] ''pron. interrog.'' how?
*'''koonʒe''' [kôːnd.ʒə] ''n.'' hill.
*'''kɔg''' [kɔ́ɡ] ''pron. interrog.''  when?
*'''kɔgmɛr''' [kɔ́ŋ.məɾ] ''n.'' gathering, convention.
*'''kɔle''' [kɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' the distance; the dreamtime.
*'''kɔnʃertɔ''' [kɔ̀nt.ʃəɾ.tɔ́], [kən.ʃéɾ.tə] ''n.'' concert.  —Spanish ''concierto.''
*'''kɔŋidʒuvɛ''' [kɔ̀.ŋəd.ʒú.və] ''v.'' commune.  (''aor:'' '''kɔvodva''')  '''kɔŋidore''' ''n.'' communion.
*'''kɔŋŋɔdne''' [kɔ̀ŋ.ŋəd.né] ''n.'' organization, company.
*'''kɔɔnɛ''' [kɔ̂ːn] ''n.'' artist, artisan, maker.
*'''kɔtsye''' [kɔ́t.çə] ''n.'' car.  —Spanish ''coche.''
*'''kr.''' ''abbrev. for'' '''kɛrʒɛ.'''
*'''kθɛmtɛ''' [kθɛ́mp.tə] ''n.'' creature.  —Greek κτίσμα.
*'''kufre''' [kú.fəɾ] ''n.'' kitchen.

===L===
*'''laxɛ''' [lɑ̀.xə] ''n.'' lake.
*'''latɛn''' [lɑ̀.tən] ''adj.'' Hispanic.
*'''ləknɛ''' [lə̀k.nə] ''n.'' lamp.  —Greek λύχνος.
*'''ləmde''' [lə̀m.də] ''n.'' light, torch.  —Greek λαμπάς.
*'''ləŋkʃe''' [lə́ŋk.ʃə] ''n.'' doorbell.
*'''lihne''' [lîːn] ''n.'' moss, lichen.  —Greek λειχήν.
*'''livɛ''' [lí.və] ''v.'' get, acquire. (''aor:'' '''lɛk, li-''')
*'''liʒɔnt''' [lì.ʒənt] ''n.'' lion  —Greek λέων.
*'''lunn''' [lún] ''n.'' lantern.

===M===
*'''martruvɛ''' [mɑ́ɾ.tɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' testify. (''aor:'' '''marts-''')  —Greek μαρτυρέω.
*'''meevɛ''' [mêːv] ''v.'' can, know how (''aor:'' '''mass''')
*'''mɛltɛ''' [mɛ́l.tə] ''n.'' honey.
*'''mɛŋʒvɛ''' [mɛ́ŋɡ.ʒvə] ''v.'' pay attention, mind.  (''aor:'' '''mɛst, mist-''')  '''məŋʒre''' ''n.'' attention.
*'''mɛʃɛ''' [mɛ̀.ʃə] ''adj.'' large.
*'''mɛθa''' [mɛ̀.θə] ''postp.'' with.
*'''məŋtɛ''' [mə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' certain, particular, individual.
*'''məʃrɛ''' [mə́ʃ.əɾ] ''adj.'' main, principal.
*'''məʃve''' [mə́ʃ.və] ''adj.'' short.
*'''miyoŋt''' [mì.jəŋt] ''n.'' cat, kitty.
*'''morɛ''' [mò.ɾə] ''adj.'' proper.
*'''mɔre''' [mɔ̀.ɾə] ''n.'' moss.
*'''mɔrʒe''' [mɔ́ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' sea.
*'''mɔst''' [mɔ́st] ''adv.'' soon, quickly.

===N===
*'''nadur''' [nɑ̀.dəɾ] ''n.'' nature.  —Latin ''natura.''
*'''nənne''' [nə̀n.nə] ''n.'' language.
*'''ne''' [ne] ''adv.'' not.
*'''nɛ''' [nɛ] ''postp.'' in, within.
*'''nɛbre''' [nɛ́.vəɾ] ''n.'' heaven.
*'''nɛktxɛdə''' [nɛ́k.txə.də] ''adj.'' none whatever.
*'''nɛgməvɛ''' [nɛ́ŋ.mə.vɛ] ''v.'' enter.  '''nɛgmɛr''' ''n.'' entry, admission.
*'''nɛmvɛ''' [nɛ́m.və] ''v.'' distribute, give out. (''aor:'' '''nis''') '''nɛmʃe''' ''n.'' part, portion.
*'''nɛvɛ''' [nɛ̀.və] ''conj.'' nor.
*'''nəlle''' [nə̀l.lə] ''n.'' claw.
*'''nəs''' [nəs] ''pron. 1pl.;''  ''adj.'' our.
*'''nəʃʃe''' [nə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' night.
*'''ninsvɛ''' [níns.və] ''v.'' approach. (''aor:'' '''ninst''')
*'''niŋʃe''' [níŋk.ʃə] ''adv.'' none.
*'''noɛ''' [nò.ə] ''adj.'' new.
*'''nortɛ''' [nóɾ.tə] ''n.'' smell, scent.
*'''noʃvɛ''' [nóʃ.və] ''v.'' smell, sniff. (''aor:'' '''norva''')
*'''nurivɛ''' [nú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' scent. (''aor:'' '''nɛndrəva''')

===Ŋ===
*'''ŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ''' [ŋɛ́ʒ.ʒəs.vɛ] ''v.'' fit. (''aor:'' '''-va''')

===O===
*'''oge''' [ò.ɡə] ''n.'' prayer.  '''ogive''' ''v.'' pray. (''aor:'' '''ogs''')
*'''ogre''' [óg.ɾə] ''n.'' praise.
*'''ole''' [ò.lə] ''n.'' hall.  —Greek αὐλή.
*'''omər''' [ó.mər] ''n.'' day.
*'''ont''' [ònt] ''n.'' eye.  '''ontʃo''' ''du.''
*'''ookoo''' [ôː.ko] ''n.'' alcohol.  —Arabic الكحل.
*'''ooʒəbər''' [ǒː.ʒə.vəɾ] ''n.'' algebra.  —Arabic الجبر.

===Ɔ===
*'''ɔfrɔt''' [ɔ́f.ɾət] ''adj.'' elegant, choice, select.
*'''ɔkʃɛr''' [ɔ́k.ʃəɾ] ''n.'' wisdom.
*'''ɔpera''' [ɔ́.pə.ɾɑ] ''n.'' opera.  —Spanish ''ópera.''
*'''ɔrbɛ''' [ɔ̀ɾ.və] ''n.'' ceiling.
*'''ɔrivɛ''' [ɔ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' buy. (''aor:'' '''vorva''')
*'''ɔsɛ''' [ɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' hook.
*'''ɔsiʃʃe''' [ɔ̀.səʃ.ʃé] ''n.'' death.
*'''ɔʃivɛ''' [ɔ́.ʃə.vɛ] ''v.'' revive, refresh, enliven. (''aor:'' '''voʃva''')
*'''ɔʃlɛ''' [ɔ́ʃ.lə] ''n.'' alley.

===P===
*'''pədre''' [pə̀d.ɾə] ''n.'' rock.  —Greek πέτρη.
*'''pərgɛ''' [pə̀ɾ.ɡə] ''n.'' castle.  —Greek πύργος.
*'''Pele''' [pé.lə] ''n.''  Peleus.  —Greek Πηλεύς.
*'''plantʃoo''' [plɑ́nt.ʃo] ''v.'' wander.  (''aor:'' '''plantos''')  —Greek πλάνης.
*'''pləmme''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' down, feathers.
*'''pləmmɛ''' [plə̀m.mə] ''n.'' pen.
*'''prəʃʃɛ''' [pɾə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''postp.'' around, about.
*'''primabera''' [prí.mə.vɛ.ɾə] ''n.'' spring.  —Spanish ''primavera.''
*'''prisvɛ''' [pɾís.və] ''v.'' ask. (''aor:'' '''prɛsva''')
*'''prɔ''' [pɾɔ] ''postp.'' through.
*'''prɔsɛ''' [pɾɔ̀.sə] ''n.'' petition, request.
*'''pθənne''' [pθə̀n.nə] ''n.'' trail, footstep.  —Greek πτέρνη.

===R===
*'''ree''' [ɾêː] ''n.'' matter, affair.  '''reɔs''' ''pl.''
*'''reeʒ''' [ɾêːʒ] ''n.'' source, fount.
*'''restaurante''' [ɾés.təu̯.ɾɑn.tə] ''n.'' restaurant.  —Spanish ''restaurante.''
*'''rɛʃe''' [ɾɛ̀.ʃə] ''n.'' king.
*'''rore''' [ɾó.ɾə] ''n.'' space, room.
*'''rɔgat''' [ɾɔ̀.ɡət] ''n.'' welcome.
*'''rɔmɔm''' [ɾɔ̀.məm] ''n.'' good favor, good will.
*'''rɔte''' [ɾɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' ball.  '''rɔtaʃʃ''' ''n.'' balloon.
*'''rumkɛ''' [ɾúm.kə] ''adj.'' roomy, spacious.

===S===
*'''sɛlfivɛ''' [sɛ́l.fə.vɛ] ''v.'' help.  (''aor:'' '''sɛlfva''')
*'''sɛŋɔ''' [sɛ̀.ŋə] ''adv.'' now.
*'''səŋtɛ''' [sə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' holy.
*'''sərʒe''' [sə̀ɾ.ʒə] ''n.'' heart.
*'''səʒʒe''' [sə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''n.'' rank.
*'''sikvɛ''' [sík.və] ''v.'' rain. (''aor:'' '''sis''')  '''sikre''' ''n.'' rain.
*'''sire''' [sí.rə] ''adj.'' blue-green. 
*'''sivɛ''' [sí.və] ''v.'' control. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛss''')
*'''skɔtɛ''' [skɔ̀.tə] ''n.'' darkness, shade.
*'''slore''' [sló.ɾə] ''n.'' report, fame, news.
*'''sneevɛ''' [snêːv] ''v.'' know, be acquainted with.  (''aor:'' '''snɔs, snus-''')
*'''sɔfre''' [sɔ́f.əɾ] ''n.'' bedroom.
*'''sɔme''' [sɔ̀.mə] ''n.'' land, earth, ground.
*'''sɔne''' [sɔ̀.nə] ''n.'' dog.
*'''sɔɔmɛ''' [sɔ̂ːm] ''n.'' psalm.  —Greek ψαλμός.
*'''sɔɔmste''' [sɔ̂ːmste] ''n.'' psalmist.
*'''sɔrrɛ''' [sɔ́ɾ.ɾə] ''n.'' curse.
*'''sɔrt''' [sɔ́ɾt] ''n.'' loaf; dough.
*'''stəʃʃe''' [stə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''n.'' status, standing.
*'''stɔle''' [stɔ̀.lə] ''n.'' shirt.  —Greek στολή.
*'''strɛfʒe''' [stɾɛ́f.ʒə] ''n.'' table.
*'''strɛŋgvɛ''' [stɾɛ́ŋɡ.və] ''v.'' stop motion, arrest.  (''aor:'' '''stregva''')
*'''strɔbɛ''' [stɾɔ̀.və] ''n.'' building.
*'''syel''' [çèl] ''n.'' creature.

===Ʃ===
*'''ʃe''' [ʃe] ''pron. pers. 2sg.'' you. '''ʃəs''' ''gen.'' your.
*'''ʃɛlle''' [ʃɛ́l.lə] ''n.'' smile.
*'''ʃɛmbivɛ''' [ʃɛ́m.və.vɛ] ''v.'' bite.  (''aor:'' '''-va''')
*'''ʃend''' [ʃénd] ''n.'' winter.
*'''ʃɛŋkɛ''' [ʃɛ́ŋ.kə] ''v.'' happen; become. (''aor:'' '''-ka''')  '''ʃɛnkɛr''' ''n.'' birth.  '''ʃɛnkre''' ''n.'' event. 
*'''ʃɛrivɛ''' [ʃɛ́.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' rot. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛrsva''')  '''ʃɛre''' ''n.'' rot, decay.
*'''ʃɛstvɛ''' [ʃɛ́st.və] ''v.'' stand. (''aor:'' '''stok''')
*'''ʃəmbɛ''' [ʃə̀m.və] ''n.'' tooth.
*'''ʃəŋtɛ''' [ʃə̀ŋk.tə] ''adj.'' stressed, strained.
*'''ʃəŋgʒɛ''' [ʃə́ŋɡ.ʒə] ''n.'' ensign.
*'''ʃərtɛ''' [ʃə̀ɾ.tə] ''n.'' yard, garden.
*'''ʃire''' [ʃì.ɾə] ''n.'' hunger.
*'''ʃivɛ''' [ʃí.və] ''v.'' speak. (''aor:'' '''gest''')
*'''ʃkreevɛ''' [ʃkɾêːv] ''v.'' do, perform. (''aor:'' '''ʃkro''')  '''dɔrt''' ''ppl.'' done, performed.
*'''ʃonɛ''' [ʃò.nə] ''n.'' song, music.
*'''ʃɔg''' [ʃɔ́ɡ] ''pron. pers. 1sg. nom.'' I. '''me''' ''acc.'' me. '''məs''' ''gen.'' my.
*'''ʃɔgɛ''' [ʃɔ̀.ɡə] ''n.'' soldier.
*'''ʃɔlive''' [ʃɔ́.lə.vɛ] ''v.'' gladden, make happy. (''aor:'' '''ʃɛlva''')
*'''ʃuyivε''' [ʃú.jə.vɛ] ''v.'' sing.  (''aor:'' '''ʃɛʃɛɛos''')

===T===
*'''taksi''' [tɑ́k.sə] ''n.'' taxi.  —Spanish ''taxi.''
*'''telefɔnɔ''' [tè.lə.fɔ́.nə], [tə.lé.fə.nɔ] ''n.'' telephone.  —Spanish ''teléfono.''
*'''tɛg''' [tɛɡ] ''pron. dem.'' therefore
*'''təmme''' [tə̀m.mə] ''pro. dem.'' this, that. (''pl:'' '''toos''', ''gen:'' '''tɔs''', ''gen. pl.'' '''tirog''')
*'''tərfʒe''' [tə̀ɾf.ʒə] ''n.'' animal.
*'''təstɛs''' [tə̀s.təs] ''pron. dem.'' anyone.
*'''tren''' [tɾén] ''n.'' train, locomotive.  —Spanish ''tren.''

===U===
*'''une''' [ù.nə] ''n.'' hnau, person, sapient creature
*'''unɛ''' [ù.nə] ''adj.'' empty.
*'''urive''' [ú.ɾə.vɛ] ''v.'' preach, lecture.  '''ureere''' ''n.'' lecture, sermon.

===V===
*'''vee''' [vêː] ''n.'' hand.  '''veeo''' ''du.''  '''veeos''' ''pl.''
*'''veevɛ''' [vêːv] ''v.'' lack. (''aor:'' '''ɔɔs''')  '''veeʃʃe''' ''n.'' lack, need.
*'''veivɛ''' [vêjv] ''v.'' hunt. (''aor:'' '''voisa''')  '''veivor''' ''n.'' the hunt.
*'''vɛ''' [vɛ] ''conj.'' or.
*'''vɛlrɔθ''' [vɛ́ld.ɾəθ] ''adv.'' rather.
*'''vɛntɛ''' [vɛ́n.tə] ''n.'' friend.
*'''vɛrve''' [vɛ́ɾ.və] ''adj.'' good.  (''comp:'' '''vəʒrɛ''', ''sup:'' '''vəʒmɛ''')  '''vɛrʒiʃʃe''' ''n.'' benefit.  '''vɛrvomər''' ''interj.'' hello, good day.  '''vɛrveene''' ''interj.''  hello, good morning.
*'''vɛʃrɛ''' [vɛ́ʃ.ɾə] ''adj.'' strong, intense.
*'''vɛʒʒivɛ''' [vɛ́ʒ.ʒə.vɛ] ''v.'' look at. (''aor:'' '''voʒis''')
*'''vərdɛ''' [və̀ɾ.də] ''n.'' word.
*'''viknɛ''' [vík.nə] ''adj.'' hunting.
*'''vinɛ''' [vì.nə] ''n.'' wine.
*'''viŋe''' [vì.ŋə] ''n.'' love.

===Y===
*'''yagvɛ''' [jɑ́ɡ.və] ''v.'' worship. (''aor:'' '''yast''', ''part:'' '''yagʃe''')  '''yakθɛ''' ''ppl.'' worshipped.  '''yagre''' ''n.'' worship.
*'''yeevɛ''' [jêːv] ''v.'' live. (''aor:'' '''gɛgsva''', ''part:'' '''yeeʃʃe''')
*'''yəmmuθ''' [jə̀m.məθ] ''conj.'' so as to, in order to, because
*'''yəʃʃo''' [jə̀ʃ.ʃə] ''conj.'' like.  '''yəʃʃeenɛ''' ''adv.'' alike.
*'''yəʒʒɛ''' [jə̀ʒ.ʒə] ''pro. dem.'' here.
*'''Yoonɛ''' [jôːn] ''pr. n.'' John.  —Greek Ιωαννης.
*'''yoosɛ''' [jôːs] ''n.'' child, youth, young person. 
*'''yɔbivɛ''' [jɔ́.və.vɛ] ''v.'' fuck.  '''yɔbe''' ''interj.'' fuck!
*'''yɔθɛ''' [jɔ̀.θə] ''n.'' life.
*'''yɔʒrə''' [jɔ́ʒ.ɾə] ''adj.'' free, public.
*'''yure''' [ʒù.ɾə] ''n.'' time, hour; season.  '''yuros''' [ʒù.ɾəs] ''conj.'' until.

===Z===
*'''zvodve''' [zvód.və] ''n.'' sweet.
*'''zvoftɛ''' [zvóf.tə] ''n.'' pastry.
*'''zvosɔlle''' [zvò.səl.lé] ''n.'' cookie.
*'''zvosɔrt''' [zvò.səɾt] ''n.'' cake.

===Ʒ===
*'''ʒeʃɛ''' [ʒè.ʃə] ''n.'' wall.  '''ʒeʃʃɛ''' ''adj.'' walled.  '''ʒeʃivɛ''' ''v.'' to wall.  '''ʒeʃrɛ''' ''adj.'' walled, enclosed. 
*'''ʒevɛ''' [ʒè.və] ''n.'' God, a god.
*'''ʒevɛ''' [ʒé.və] ''n.'' goddess.
*'''ʒɛdkɛ''' [ʒɛ́d.kə] ''v.'' give. (''aor:'' '''dɔk, du-''')
*'''ʒɛstivɛ''' [ʒɛ́s.tə.vɛ] ''v.'' greet. (''aor:'' '''ʒɛstsa''')
*'''ʒɛʒkɛ''' [ʒɛ́ʒ.kə] ''v.'' put.  (''aor:'' '''ʒɛk, ʒi-''')
*'''ʒifʃe''' [ʒíf.ʃə] ''n.'' master, sir, Mr.  '''ʒfʃ.''' ''abbrev.''
*'''ʒike''' [ʒì.kə] ''n.'' place, location.
*'''ʒinte''' [ʒín.tə] ''n.'' miss, lady, Mrs.  '''ʒnt.''' abbrev.
*'''ʒomb''' [ʒómb] ''adj.'' deep.

[[Category:Atlantic]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arda/Henaudute</title>
    <id>611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52966</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T04:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>whee</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Henaudute ([[Image:Henaudute-hee.gif]][[Image:Henaudute-nau.gif]][[Image:Henaudute-du.gif]][[Image:Henaudute-te.gif]])|pronounce=/hæːnaudute/|tu=[[Arda]]|species=Humans|in=[[../Yellow Empire/]]&lt;br&gt;(''Ῥαυραρ Ἡνατε'')&lt;br&gt;1400 AM|no=—|script=[[../Henaudute abugida/]]|tree=''[[Dele]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''Henaudute'''|morph=Fusional|ms=Accusative|wo=VO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}

'''Henaudute''' ({{x|Henaudute|hee|nau|du|te}}, /hæːnaudute/) is a language of [[Arda]].  

===Subpages===
*[[Henaudute Lexicon]]
*[[Henaudute texts]]
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[List of rulers of the Yellow Empire]]

==Phonology==
The phonology of Henaudute is very similar to that of Ancient Greek, and for convenience is spelled with the same alphabet.  For convenience it is transliterated to Latin characters in the Roman manner, with one exception, in that ''k'' is used for ''κ''.

===Consonants===
{|
! || Bilabial || Dental || Velar || Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stop 
| '''π''' /p/ || '''τ''' /t/ || '''κ''' /k/ ||
|-
! Aspirated stop
| '''φ''' /pʰ/ || '''θ''' /tʰ/ || '''χ''' /kʰ/ || 
|-
! Voiced stop
| '''β''' /b/ || '''δ''' /d/ || '''γ''' /ɡ/ ||
|-
! Voiceless fricative
|       || '''σ'''/'''ς''' /s/ ||  || '''῾''' /h/
|-
! Voiced fricative
|       || '''ζ''' /z/ ||  ||
|-
! Nasal
|  '''μ''' /m/ || '''ν''' /n/ || ('''γ''' [ŋ]) ||
|-
! Liquid
|         || '''λ''' /l/ || || 
|-
! Tap 
|         || '''ρ''' /ɾ/ || ||
|}


==Morphology==
===Adjectives===
There are few if any true adjectives; most are participial forms.

Comparison of adjectives is formed by prefixation.

{|
| || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || = '''ουθα'''
|-
| || old ||  &lt;small&gt;PART:T&lt;/small&gt; || :  &quot;old&quot;
|-
|-
| ''ἀμ-'' || ''ου'' || ''-θα'' || =  '''ἀμουθα'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;COMP&lt;/small&gt; || old || &lt;small&gt;PART:T&lt;/small&gt;  || : &quot;older&quot;
|-
|-
| ''ἰσ-'' || ''ου'' || ''PART:T'' || = '''ἰσουθα'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;SUP&lt;/small&gt; || old || &lt;small&gt;ADJ:TAN&lt;/small&gt; || : &quot;oldest&quot;
|}

===Gender===
There are three genders, '''ταν''' (''tan'', fire), '''λῡε''' (''lūe'', water), and '''γαρη''' (''garē'', earth). 

*'''Ταν''' is, broadly, all terms of high animacy; this class includes people, animals, ''σταφθα'' (''staphtha'', self-propelled) processes such as fire, and complex systems, where &quot;complex systems&quot; are symptoms comprising simpler systems.  An example is ''λαν'' (''lan'', the hand), which comprises ''νοθι'' (''nothi'', fingers).
*'''Λῡε,''' terms of low animacy, including simple systems, plants, collectives, verbal nouns, parts of ''ταν'' things, and ''ὑνταφθε'' (''huntaphthe'', non-propelled) processes such as rivers.
*'''Γαρη,''' inanimate terms, including parts of ''λῡε'' things, diminutives, augmentatives, mass nouns, words and letters.

[[Category:Dele languages]]
[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Stub</title>
    <id>612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14563</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T04:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px 16px; border: 1pt solid #aaaaaa; width: 600&quot;&gt;''This article is a [[FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub|stub]].  If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:About</title>
    <id>613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15069</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-03T02:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leon math</username>
        <id>270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* What FrathWiki shouldn't be */  added 2 points</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This page is a work in progress.  For more suggestions on what we could or shouldn't be, leave a note on the [[FrathWiki talk:About|talk page]].''

==What FrathWiki is==
Welcome to FrathWiki.  FrathWiki is a free encyclopedia for descriptions of constructed languages (''conlangs'') and cultures (''concultures'').  Here are a few ways ''you'' can contribute:

* '''Present creations.''' Whether you have a detailed grammar or ethnography, a simple lexicon or guidebook, or just a short description and a link to a website, you can post it here.  

* '''Work together.''' The WikiWiki format allows anyone to edit any page, meaning anyone can help, whether in all-out collaborative creation or just proofreading your text.  Every page has its own ‘talk’ page where people can leave comments and constructive criticism.

* '''Teach others.'''  FrathWiki also wants to be a resource for conlangers, conculturers, and worldbuilders.  For this, we need people to contribute descriptions of topics in linguistics and worldbuilding for a creator's perspective.

Our models are sites like [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] and [[Wikibooks:Main page|Wikibooks]].

==What FrathWiki could be==
* ''A repository for conlang texts.'' (Is this practical?)
* ''A place to describe well-known creations such as Esperanto or Tolkien's worlds.'' (If there's a way to do this without transgressing copyright and trademark laws...)
::''See http://lambengolmor.wikicities.com/ for Tolkien''

==What FrathWiki Isn't==
*a whole site devoted to a particular person's conlangs and concultures
*a place to promote your auxlang (auxiliary language, meant for worldwide use)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arda</title>
    <id>614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Links */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arda''' is the name of the planet (or, in one model, the solar system) where [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-Earth]] is located.  Actually, it is to be understood to be ''our'' world in a fictional mythological past. 

===Links===
* [[Wikipedia:Arda|Arda]] — Wikipedia

----

'''Arda''' is also the name of a collaborative world project begun in August 2001 by members of the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list], and was named after Tolkien's Arda.  The group is now mostly dormant.

===Languages of Arda===
* [[Aèndelan]] by  ''[[User:vornskr|Paul Sherrill]]''
* [[Dele]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Fanglutsen]] by ''[[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]]''
* [[Gedheql]] by ''Tristan McLeay''
* [[Gotidospran]] by ''Basilius''
* [[Ha Bok]] by ''Mathias''
* [[Henaudute]] by ''[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]]''
* [[Miradéugë]] ''Elliott Lash''
* [[Seinundjé]] by ''Shreyas Sampat''
* [[Tannaamaadaadeele]] by ''Amber''
* [[Taxa]] (protolanguage) by ''Aidan Grey''
* [[Thishedharha]] by ''Damon M. Lord''
* [[Tiwu]] by ''Amanda Babcock''
* [[Xshashrandi]] by ''Dan Jones''

===Links===
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Arda-Lang/ Arda-Lang Yahoogroup]

----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Arda|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Sirius</title>
    <id>615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54281</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-24T23:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Sirius]] to [[Nother/Sirius]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Seri (Sirius)|pronounce=''Seri'': /ˈseri/&lt;br&gt;''Sirius'' /ˈsɪriəs/|tu=[[Nother]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nother/21st century|21st century]]|species=''New people''&lt;br&gt;[[Races of Nother|demihumans]]|in=[no data]|no=[no data]|script=[[Latin alphabet]]|tree=''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nother/Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nother/Kirumb|Kirumb]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[Proto-Sirius] (Kirumb B? Kirumb *C?)&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Sirius'''|morph=Agglutinative/Isolating|ms=Accusative|wo=SVO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2004}}

'''Sirius''' is an Indo-European language descended from Kirumb.

===Subpages===
*[[Sirius Lexicon]]
*[[Sirius Texts: Aesop]]

==Pronunciation and Spelling==
*The accent goes on the first syllable of the word.

===Vowels===
There are five vowels:
'''a e i o u'''
These may be pronounced as in Spanish or Italian, with the exception that ''a'' is a schwa ([[IPA]]: /ə/), as in the English word ''cut''.

''E'' and ''o'' may also be pronounced as /æ/ and /ɑ/ respectively (the vowels of American English &quot;cat&quot; and &quot;paw&quot;).

===Consonants===
f h j k l m n ng p r s sh t th tz w y z

These are all pronounced with their English values, with two exceptions:

*''j'' is /ʒ/ as in “A''si''a”, (the same as in French)
*''tz'' is pronounced like /ts/, (the same as in German), but can also be pronounced as /z/ in “zoo”.

Sometimes consonants are written double: ''ff, ck, ll, rr, tt'' etc.  This is generally just a reminder of the pronunciation; the letters are not pronounced double.  

[I hope I can phase the double letters out.  It may make it harder to spell if it is not regular.]

==Grammar==
===Question words===
The most important thing to be able to do is ask questions.  

The basic question words are —

{|
| '''her?''' || ''who?''
|-
| '''het?''' || ''what?''
|-
| '''hoj?''' || ''where?''
|-
| '''ho?''' || ''when?''
|-
| '''he?''' || ''why?''
|- 
| '''hiyu?''' || ''how?''
|- 
| '''hashar?''' || ''how much?''
|}

Example:
*'''Het atsha?''' ''What's that?''

(You can use ''esti'' &quot;to be&quot; here, thus ''Het esti atsha?'' — but it isn't necessary to.)

===Articles===
Sirius does not use words for ''an'' or ''the''.  This may be confusing at first; it may be easier to think of it as sounding like newspaper headlines (''Man dies in fire'').

===Pronouns===
Like Japanese, Sirius does not require [[pronoun]]s in most places, especially when context is enough.  Instead you can use a name, species, title, or whatever.  

Like English, Sirius pronouns have different forms for subject and object, but unlike English they are not marked for [[number]]; thus there is no difference between &quot;I&quot; and &quot;we&quot;; ''mi'' is used for either. 

However, a distinction ''is'' made between character (IC) and out-of-character (OOC) pronouns.  There are also possessive forms.

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
! !! I/we !! mine/ours !! you !! yours
|-
! IC
| meaw || morru || yeu || yorru
|-
! OOC
| me || mor || ye || yor
|}

==Lexicon==
===Basic words===
*''see'' [[Sirius Lexicon]]

===Technical words===
Sirius gets technical terms from Greek and Latin, just like English does.

Examples:
* &quot;illuminate&quot;: Latin ''illuminare'' → Sirius '''illumin'''
* &quot;universe&quot;: Latin ''universum'' → Sirius '''uniwers'''
* &quot;dinosaur&quot;: Greek ''δεινοσαυρος'' (deinosauros) → Sirius '''dinsor''' (or ''tinsor'')
* &quot;metamorphose&quot;: Greek ''μεταμορφόω'' (metamorphoō) → Sirius '''metamorf'''

Basic rules for deriving technical terms:  
# drop off any grammatical endings at the end of the word, like the ''-us, -um, -a'' at the end of Latin nouns, or the -o- in Greek compounds
# there are several sounds that are not in Sirius, so the spelling should be changed: &lt;!-- #*Greek and Latin ''b, d, g'' to '''p, t, k''' --&gt;
#*Latin ''c'' to '''k''', and ''v'' to '''w'''.
#*Greek ''z, ph, th, kh'' to '''tz, f, th, h/k''' ('''h''' before a vowel, '''k''' elsewhere).
#*Greek ''ai, oi'' and Latin ''ae, oe'' to '''e'''.
#*Greek and Latin ''au'' to '''o'''.
#*Greek ''ei'' to '''i''' and ''ou'' to '''u'''.
#*Greek ''y'' to '''i'''.

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Person</title>
    <id>616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8403</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-14T20:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Additional persons */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grammatical person''', in [[linguistics]], is used for the [[grammar|grammatical]] categories a [[language]] uses to describe the relationship between the speaker and the persons or things she is talking about.   Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal [[pronoun]]s.  It also frequently affects [[verb]]s, sometimes [[noun]]s, and [[genitive|possessive]] relationships as well.   

[[English]] traditionally distinguishes three grammatical persons:

The personal [[pronoun]]s &quot;''I''&quot; and &quot;''we''&quot; are said to be in the '''first person'''.  The speaker uses this in the singular to refer to himself; in the plural, to speak of a group of people of which he is a member.

The personal pronoun &quot;''you''&quot; is the '''second person''' pronoun. It refers to the person spoken to.  ''You'' is used in both the singular and plural; the old second person singular pronoun, ''thou'', is archaic in modern English.

All other pronouns and all nouns are in the '''third person'''. This person is traditionally defined to be what is spoken of or anything that is not first or second person.  People who are neither the speaker nor the person spoken to, and any inanimate objects, are referred to in the third person.

In [[Indo-European languages]], first, second, and third person pronouns are all marked for [[singular]] and [[plural]] forms, and perhaps [[dual]] forms as well.  Some languages, especially in Western Europe, distinguish degrees of formality and informality.  Common ways of doing this include using the second person plural pronoun as a singular in formal situations (as in [[French]]); or using an old third person noun, with its third person verb forms, as a second person form of address (as in [[Spanish]] with the word ''usted'').  European languages that exhibit these features of contrasting formality and informality have a [[T-V distinction]], named for ''tu'' and ''vous'', the informal and formal second person pronouns in French.  (Compare ''thou'' for archaic T-V distinctions in English).

Other languages use different classifying schemes, especially in the plural pronouns.  One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between ''inclusive &quot;we&quot;'', a first person plural pronoun which includes the person addressed in the group of &quot;us,&quot; and ''exclusive &quot;we&quot;'', which excludes the person addressed.  These languages would use different pronouns, verb forms, or both to translate these two sentences:

*''We can go into the forest and have adventures.''
*''We mean to stop your evil scheme, Doctor Doom!''

Many of the [[Dravidian languages]] use these distinctions in grammatical person; they exist elsewhere as well.

Other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T-V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people she addresses.  The [[Japanese|Japanese language]] has one well known such system; many [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]] have them as well.  

In many languages, the [[verb]] takes a form dependent on this ''person'' and whether it is singular or [[number|plural]]. In [[English]], this happens with the verb &quot;''to be''&quot;.

*I am (first-person singular)
*You are (second-person)
*He, she or it is (third-person singular)
*We are (first-person plural)
*They are (third-person plural)

When &quot;first person&quot;, &quot;second person&quot;, and &quot;third person&quot; are used as adjectives, they should be hyphenated.

==Additional persons==

The grammars of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons.  The extra categories may be termed ''fourth person, fifth person,'' etc.  Terms such as &quot;fourth person&quot; are not absolute but can refer depending on context to any of several phenomena.

Some languages, the most well-known examples being [[Wikipedia:Algonquian languages|Algonquian languages]], divide the category of third person into two parts: ''proximate'' for a more topical third person and ''[[Wikipedia:obviative|obviative]]'' for a less topical third person.  The obviative is sometimes called the fourth person.   

The term ''fourth person'' is also sometimes used for the category of indefinite or generic referents, that work like ''one'' in English phrases such as &quot;one should be prepared&quot;, when the grammar treats them differently from ordinary third person forms.


See also [[conjugation]], [[grammar]].

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical person|Grammatical person]]


[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Number</title>
    <id>617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48951</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T16:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link specific numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[linguistics]], '''number''' is a [[grammar|grammatical]] category that specifies the quantity of a [[noun]] or affects the form of a [[verb]] or other part of speech depending on the quantity of the noun to which it refers. Grammatical number is distinct from the use of [[numeral]]s to specify the exact quantify of a noun; number is usually vague. The most common scheme is '''[[singular]]''' (one thing) contrasted with '''[[plural]]''' (many things). Other possibilities are '''[[dual]]''' number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, '''[[trial]]''' number for three of a noun, '''[[paucal]]''' number for few but not one of a noun, or a '''[[collective]]''' number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., ''mankind'').

Languages that distinguish grammatical number commonly do so by [[inflection]]. Verbs and other parts of speech may be inflected to agree with the noun. English does this in a limited way: &quot;he sleeps&quot; but &quot;I sleep&quot;; &quot;this chair&quot; but &quot;these chairs&quot;. Even in languages such as [[Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] that do not mark common nouns for grammatical number, [[pronoun]]s usually have distinct singular and plural forms. Arguably this is not quite the same concept as grammatical number, since ''we'' is not the same as multiple instances of ''I''.

== English examples ==

[[Modern English]] is typical of languages that have singular and plural number. An English plural can correspond to a dual, trial, paucal, or plural in other languages. Here are some examples of irregular singular-plural pairs:

* ''foot'' (singular), ''feet'' (plural) 
* ''mouse'' (singular), ''mice'' (plural)
* ''I'' (singular), ''we'' (plural)

And one regular example:

* ''encyclopedia'' (singular), ''encyclopedias'' (plural)

Non-borrowed English irregular nouns come in several forms:

Some voice a final fricative when in plural: 
* ''knife'', ''knives'' (/f/ &gt; /v/)
* ''mouth'', ''mouths'' (/T/ &gt; /D/)
* ''house'', ''houses'', (unique plural, /s/ &gt; /z/)
These plurals are distinct in pronunciation from the possessive. There is also a trend in some areas to regularize some of these nouns.

Survivors of the [[Old English]] weak masculine declination add ''-en'':
* ''ox'', ''oxen''
* ''auroch'', ''aurochen'' (archaic)

Other ''-en'' adders are irregular for different reasons:

* ''child'', ''children''
* ''eye'', ''eyen'' (rare)
* ''cow'', ''kine'' (rare)
* ''brother'', ''brethren'' (or ''brothers'')

Some nouns have no plural, or are identical when plural and singular:

* ''moose''
* ''sheep''
* ''fish'' (or ''fishes'')
* ''species''

Pronouns are irregular precisely because they are so common:
* ''I'', ''we''
* ''you''
* ''he she it'', ''they''

Some nouns are rather ''transparently irregular'' because they undergo the process of [[umlaut]]:

*''man'', ''men''
*''foot'', ''feet''
*''mouse'', ''mice''

There are several different kinds depending in the starting and ending vowel, but generally, they converge on /i/.

Most of these nouns are also umlauted in the other [[Germanic languages]].

The (regular) English noun plural marker, -s, has three variants:
* -/s/ next to a voiceless consonant other than a fricative
* -/z/ next to a voiced sound other than a fricative, or a vowel
* -/@z/ or -/Iz/ next to /s/, /z/, /S/, /Z/, /tS/ and /dZ/ (the choice of vowel depending on dialect)

== Other languages ==

[[Slovene]] is more complicated:

* ''babarija'' (''old wives tale'') (singular), ''babariji'' (two ''old wives tales'') (dual), ''babarije'' (three ''old wives tales'')
* ''hi&amp;#353;a'' (''house'') (singular), ''hi&amp;#353;i'' (two ''houses'') (dual), ''tri hi&amp;#353;e'' (''three houses'') (plural), ''&amp;#353;est hi&amp;#353;'' (''six houses'') (plural)
* ''mi&amp;#353;'' (''mouse'') (singular), ''mi&amp;#353;i'' (two or three ''mice'') (dual := plural)
* ''jaz'' (''I'') (singular), ''midva/midve'' (''we'') (dual + [Masculine/Feminine [[gender]]), ''mi/me'' (''we'') (plural [Ma/Fe gender])
* ''vrata'' (one ''door'') (singular), ''dvoje vrat'' (two ''doors'' (dual), ''tri vrata'' (three ''doors'' (plural), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''babine'' (''afterbirth period'') (archaic meaning) (singular), ''babini'' (two ''afterbirth periods'') (dual), ''babine'' (three ''afterbirth periods''), ['''plural noun''' with different or same form]
* ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tvo'' (''mankind'') (singular), ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tvi'' (two ''mankind'') (dual), ''&amp;#269;love&amp;#353;tva'' (three ''mankind''), ['''collective noun''' with different form]
** These and similar examples are very often used incorrectly, even in published or electronic dictionaries.

In [[Hebrew]], one can similarly say:

* ''sefer'' (''book'') (singular), ''sfarim'' (''books'') (plural)
* ''yom'' (''day'') (singular), ''yamim'' (''days'') (plural), but ''yomaim'' (two ''days'') (dual)

In terms of pronunciation, however, the majority of nouns (and adjectives) in [[French]] are not actually declined for number. The -s [[suffix]] is not actually pronounced unless the next word starts with a vowel (this is called [[liaison]]) and thus does not really show anything; the plural article or other word is the real indicator of plurality. However, plurals still exist in French because irregular nouns, such as those that end in -l such as ''cheval'' (horse) form plurals in a different way. ''Cheval'' is pronounced [S@val], ''chevaux'' is pronounced [S@vo], and this really shows number differences. The same is true for adjectives.

== Effect of number on verbs and other parts of speech ==

Not only nouns can be [[declension|declined]] by number. In many languages, adjectives are declined according to the number of the noun they modify. For example, in [[French]], one may say ''un arbre vert'' (a green tree), and ''des arbres verts'' ([some] green trees). The word ''vert'' (green), in the singular, becomes ''verts'' for the plural (unlike English ''green'', which remains ''green'').

In many languages, verbs are [[conjugation|conjugated]] by number as well. Using French as an example again, one says ''je vois'' (I see), but ''nous voyons'' (we see). The verb ''voir'' (to see) in the first person changes from ''vois'' in singular, to ''voyons'' in plural. In English this occurs in the third [[person]] (she runs, they run) but not first or second.

Normally verbs agree with their subject noun in number. But in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[gender|neuter]] plurals took a singular verb. In English, or at least British English, singular nouns collectively referring to people may take plural verbs, as ''the committee are meeting''; use of this varies by dialect and level of formality.

Other qualifiers may also agree in number. The English article ''the'' does not, the demonstratives ''this, that'' do, becoming ''these, those'', and the article ''a, an'' is omitted or changed to ''some'' in the plural. In French and German, the definite [[article]]s have gender distinctions in the singular but not the plural. In [[Portuguese]], the indefinite article ''um, uma'' has plural forms ''uns, umas''.

== See also ==

* [[grammar]]
* [[mass noun]]
* [[collective noun]]
* [[measure word]]

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Grammatical number|Grammatical number]]

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list</title>
    <id>618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47564</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Swadesh list is a list of about 207 words originally drawn up by [[Wikipedia:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]] for the purpose of [[Wikipedia:Glottochronology|glottochronology]].


* [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Swadesh template|Wiktionary:Swadesh template]] can be used to demonstrate the vocabulary of a conlang.

===List of conlang Swadesh lists===
*[[Ibran/Swadesh list|Ibran]]

----

{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Find or fix a stub</title>
    <id>619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22370</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A stub is a page whose content is not fully fleshed out yet.  

To mark a stub as a stub, add ''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{msg:stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' to the page. It will display the following message—

{{msg:stub}}  

—where '''stub''' will be a link to this page.  

To find stubs to fix by adding content to them, see [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=MediaWiki:Stub list of pages bearing the stub message].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Editing</title>
    <id>620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34839</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T12:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>about categories, since someone asked.  This page could use cleanup...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Basic formatting==

* For more advanced formatting help see [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview|m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview]].

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
|width=50%| For ''italics'' enclose in two single quotes:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;''italic words''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| ''italic words''
|-
| For '''bold''' enclose in three single quotes:  
  &lt;nowiki&gt;'''bold words'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| '''bold words'''
|-
| For bulleted lists, add an asterisk * at the beginning of each line:
  *Bullet one
  *Bullet two
  *Bullet three
|
*Bullet one
*Bullet two
*Bullet three
|-
| For a numbered list, add a # at the beginning of each line:
  #Item one
  #Item two
  #Item three
| 
#Item one
#Item two
#Item three
|-
| To make a link within the wiki (or to certain other wikis such as Wikipedia), enclose it in double brackets.  Use a pipe to link to a different page than what is displayed.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[Esperanto]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[User:Muke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[User:Muke|Muke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
* [[Esperanto]]
* [[User:Muke]]
* [[User:Muke|Muke]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lingua Franca Nova]]
(Red links are to nonexistent pages, blue links are to pages on other wikis.)
|-
| To add a page to a category, just add an ordinary link to the category anywhere on the page.  The link will not be displayed inline—it'll show at the bottom of the page—and the page will appear in the category listing.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Conlangs]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

If you actually want to link to the category, and not just put the page into it, add a colon to the beginning of the link:

  &lt;nowiki&gt;[[:Category:Conlangs]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|

|-
| To make a link to a website, enclose it in single brackets.  It will be automatically numbered.  To title a link instead, add the title after a space.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [http://www.google.com]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
  &lt;nowiki&gt;* [http://www.google.com Google]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
* [http://www.google.com]
* [http://www.google.com Google]
|}
----

==Tables==

Table formatting: 
*'''&lt;nowiki&gt;{|&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' begins a table
*'''&lt;nowiki&gt;|}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ends it.  
*Standard cells begin with '''|''' 
*heading cells with '''!''' 
*format options go at the beginning of the cell, separated by '''|'''
*'''|-''' starts a new row

Example table:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;
  {| border=1
  ! heading cell
  |align=center| centered entry
  | third column
  |-
  ! second row heading
  | entry two, noncentered
  | third column, second row
  |}
  &lt;/nowiki&gt;
It looks like this:

{| border=1
! heading cell
|align=center| centered entry
| third column
|-
! second row heading
| entry two, noncentered
| third column, second row
|}

The wiki format can also be entered with a whole row at once, allowing for example easy interlinears:
  &lt;nowiki&gt;
  {| 
  ! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
  |-
  | part  || deep  || sea-GEN
  |}
  &lt;/nowiki&gt;
displaying:

{| 
! nemšé || javmb || morjé-'f
|-
| part  || deep  || sea-GEN
|}

The double pipes '''||''' delimit cells or headings (whether it will be one or the other inherits from the first cell on the line; start a new line to change types).

----

==Interwiki links==
You can make links to other wikis just like you make links to pages on this wiki.  To make a link to another wiki, prefix the destination with the Wiki's keyword and a colon (:).

===Useful prefixes===
*Link to [[Wikipedia:Main page|Wikipedia]] with the prefix '''Wikipedia:''' (example: [[Wikipedia:Solresol]])
*Link to [[IBWiki:Ill Bethisad Wiki|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] with the prefix '''IBWiki:''' (example: [[IBWiki:Brithenig]])
*Link to [[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] with the prefix '''ConlangWiki:''' (example: [[ConlangWiki:Khangathyagon]])

''(To suggest a new wiki to link to, contact [[User:Muke|Muke]].)''

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Popular articles</title>
    <id>621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3978</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-23T04:09:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt; (601 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kosi&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kosi&quot;&gt;Kosi&lt;/a&gt; (265 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sisiwön&quot;&gt;Sisiwön&lt;/a&gt; (174 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic&quot;&gt;Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; (134 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute&quot;&gt;Henaudute&lt;/a&gt; (126 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran/Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Ibran/Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (113 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius&quot;&gt;Sirius&lt;/a&gt; (104 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish&quot;&gt;Trentish&lt;/a&gt; (101 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius Lexicon&quot;&gt;Sirius Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (99 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ch-m-_Tlondor&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ch-m- Tlondor&quot;&gt;Ch-m- Tlondor&lt;/a&gt; (92 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish Lexicon&quot;&gt;Trentish Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (91 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran&quot;&gt;Ibran&lt;/a&gt; (80 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kasin&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kasin&quot;&gt;Kasin&lt;/a&gt; (80 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlanli%C5%8Bwa&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlanliŋwa&quot;&gt;Atlanliŋwa&lt;/a&gt; (73 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Paternoster_in_Ibran&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Paternoster in Ibran&quot;&gt;Paternoster in Ibran&lt;/a&gt; (71 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sample_Texts_of_Ch-m-_Tlondor&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor&quot;&gt;Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor&lt;/a&gt; (48 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (37 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlanic_grammar&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlanic grammar&quot;&gt;Atlanic grammar&lt;/a&gt; (36 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic Lexicon&quot;&gt;Atlantic Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (34 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish_Morphology&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish Morphology&quot;&gt;Trentish Morphology&lt;/a&gt; (30 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish_Phonology&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish Phonology&quot;&gt;Trentish Phonology&lt;/a&gt; (30 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kel&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kel&quot;&gt;Kel&lt;/a&gt; (30 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Number&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Number&quot;&gt;Number&lt;/a&gt; (29 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Person&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Person&quot;&gt;Person&lt;/a&gt; (27 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Aspect&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Aspect&quot;&gt;Aspect&lt;/a&gt; (25 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute Lexicon&quot;&gt;Henaudute Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (25 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Arda&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Arda&quot;&gt;Arda&lt;/a&gt; (24 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Etymology_of_Ch-m-_Tlondor_and_Related_Tongues&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues&quot;&gt;Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues&lt;/a&gt; (24 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Âdlantki Lexicon&quot;&gt;Âdlantki Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (22 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Tense&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Tense&quot;&gt;Tense&lt;/a&gt; (21 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius_Texts:_Aesop&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius Texts: Aesop&quot;&gt;Sirius Texts: Aesop&lt;/a&gt; (20 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=New_Royce&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;New Royce&quot;&gt;New Royce&lt;/a&gt; (19 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Pronoun&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Pronoun&quot;&gt;Pronoun&lt;/a&gt; (18 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute_ceremonial_calendar&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute ceremonial calendar&quot;&gt;Henaudute ceremonial calendar&lt;/a&gt; (16 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Âdlantki&quot;&gt;Âdlantki&lt;/a&gt; (13 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Verb&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Verb&quot;&gt;Verb&lt;/a&gt; (6 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=IPA&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;IPA&lt;/a&gt; (6 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Somian&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Somian&quot;&gt;Somian&lt;/a&gt; (6 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=English&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;English&quot;&gt;English&lt;/a&gt; (4 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sample_Texts&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sample Texts&quot;&gt;Sample Texts&lt;/a&gt; (4 views)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list for Ibran</title>
    <id>622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58761</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T01:16:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ills -&gt; illes, i:h -&gt; i:s  ([i:h] = /i:s/)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==
[[Swadesh list]] for the [[Ibran]] language.

{| border=1 cellpadding=2
|-
| 
|
!colspan=3| ''Roesan''
!colspan=2| ''Paysan''
|-
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  English
!c=01|  [[IPA]] 
!c=02|  Latinizal
!c=03|  Cirilizal
!c=04|  IPA
!c=05|  Orthography
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| ˈʝɛ
|c=02| ye
|c=03| ё
| ˈjɛ
| ye
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈty
|c=02| tu
|c=03| тү
| ˈty
| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| ˈiː
|c=02| ill
|c=03| ī
| ˈiː
| ij
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| nɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| nosautres
|c=03| нозѡ̄търс
| nəˈzoːtrəs
| nosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| vɔˈzoːtrs
|c=02| vosautres
|c=03| возѡ̄търс
| vəˈzoːtrəs
| vosautrăs
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| ˈiːs
|c=02| illes
|c=03| і̄с
| ˈijəs
| ijăs
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| ˈçeht
|c=02| cétt
|c=03| шитт
| ˈçɛt
| cêt
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| ˈçiː
|c=02| cill
|c=03| ші̄
| ˈçiː
| cij
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| ˈçe
|c=02| cé
|c=03| ши
| ˈçe
| cé
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ˈaj
|c=02| aill
|c=03| яј
| ˈaj
| àj
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| ˈcçɛ̃
|c=02| chen
|c=03| чен
| ˈcçɛ̃
| chen
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| ˈcçe
|c=02| ché
|c=03| чи
| ˈcçe
| ché
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| ˈũt
|c=02| uont
|c=03| унт
| ˈɔ̃d
| ond
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| ˈkʲɐ̃t
|c=02| cant
|c=03| ќант
| ˈkæ̃d
| quànd
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| ˈkõt
|c=02| cónt
|c=03| кѡнт
| ˈkɔ̃d
| quond
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| ˈnõ
|c=02| nón
|c=03| нѡн
| ˈnɔ̃
| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| ˈtuːl
|c=02| tuol
|c=03| тӯл
| ˈtuːl
| tuol
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| ˈmɔːts
|c=02| moets
|c=03| мо̄тс
| ˈmɔjtəs
| moetăs
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ˈkʲajcç
|c=02| caich
|c=03| ќяјч
| ˈkajcç
| càich
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ˈpuːks
|c=02| puocs
|c=03| пӯкс
| ˈpuːxəs
| puogăs
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| ˈoːtr
|c=02| autr
|c=03| ѡ̄тър
| ˈoːtrə
| autră
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| un
|c=03| үн
| ˈœ̃
| un
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| ˈduːh
|c=02| duos
|c=03| дӯс
| ˈduːs
| duos
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| ˈtreh
|c=02| trés
|c=03| трис
| ˈtres
| trés
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| ˈkʲatr
|c=02| catr
|c=03| ќятър
| ˈkætrə
| càtră
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| ˈçĩcç
|c=02| cinch
|c=03| шіњч
| ˈçɛ̃cç
| cinch
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| ˈɡrɐ̃t
|c=02| grant
|c=03| грант
| ˈxræ̃d
| grànd
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| ˈlɔ̃k
|c=02| loenc
|c=03| ло̄нк
| ˈlɔ̃ːx
| loeng
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| ˈlɑrk
|c=02| larc
|c=03| ларк
| ˈlɑrx
| larg
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| ˈʰpes
|c=02| spéss
|c=03| ’пиз
| ˈspes
| spéss
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pɛˈzɑl
|c=02| pesal
|c=03| пезал
| pəˈzɑl
| pesal
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| pɛˈtit
|c=02| petit
|c=03| петіт
| pəˈtit
| petit
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| ˈkʲort
|c=02| córt
|c=03| ќѡрт
| ˈkort
| córt
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| ˈʰtrɛjt
|c=02| streit
|c=03| ’трејт
| ˈstrɛjt
| streit
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| ˈmɑɡr
|c=02| magr
|c=03| магър
| ˈmɑxrə
| magră
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| ˈvʲyːn
|c=02| fiun’
|c=03| вү̈̄нъ
| ˈvyːnə
| fună
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| œːn
|c=02| heun’
|c=03| ө̄нъ
| ˈœːnə
| eună
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| pɛrˈzuːn
|c=02| persuon’
|c=03| перзӯнъ
| pərˈzuːnə
| persuonă
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| œːˈvɐ̃t
|c=02| eufant
|c=03| ө̄вант
| œːˈvɑ̃t
| eufant
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| maˈjer
|c=02| maillér
|c=03| мяјир
| məˈjer
| màjér
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| ˈmɑdr
|c=02| madr
|c=03| мадър
| ˈmɑdrə
| madră
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| ˈpɑdr
|c=02| padr
|c=03| падър
| ˈpɑdrə
| padră
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| bɛˈcçuːl
|c=02| bechuol
|c=03| бечӯл
| bəˈcçuːlə
| bêchuolă
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| ˈpʲicç
|c=02| pÿch
|c=03| пїч
| ˈpjɛcç
| piêch
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| ɔːˈʝiː
|c=02| oegill
|c=03| о̄жі̄
| əjˈʝijə
| oegijă
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| ˈcçɐ̃
|c=02| chan
|c=03| чан
| ˈcçæ̃
| chàn
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| pɛˈjil
|c=02| peïl
|c=03| пејіл
| pəˈjillə
| peïllă
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| zɛrˈpjɛ̃t
|c=02| serpient
|c=03| зерпёнт
| zərˈpjɛ̃t
| serpient
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| ˈvjɛrm
|c=02| vierm
|c=03| вёрм
| ˈvjɛrm
| vierm
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| ˈɑrbr
|c=02| arbr
|c=03| арбър
| ˈɑrbrə
| arbră
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| ˈboʰk
|c=02| bósc
|c=03| бѡкк
| ˈbɔk
| bôc
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bɑˈʰtũː
|c=02| battuon
|c=03| баттӯн
| bəˈtuːn
| bâtuon
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| ˈvrœjt
|c=02| vroit
|c=03| врөјт
| ˈvrɔjt
| vroit
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| ˈʝyːn
|c=02| siun’
|c=03| жү̄нъ
| ˈʒyːnə
| siună
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| ˈœj
|c=02| hoill
|c=03| өј
| ˈhœjə
| heujă
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| raˈjiç
|c=02| raïz
|c=03| ряїш
| rəˈjiç
| raïz
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈkwɛrç
|c=02| querz
|c=03| кўерш
| ˈkwɛrç
| querz
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| ˈvluːr
|c=02| vluor
|c=03| влӯр
| ˈvluːr
| vluor
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| ˈʝɛrb
|c=02| yerb
|c=03| жерб
| ˈjɛrbə
| yerbă
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| ˈkwɛrd
|c=02| querd
|c=03| кўерд
| ˈkwɛrdə
| querdă
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈpiː
|c=02| pill
|c=03| пі̄
| ˈpiː
| pij
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçarn
|c=02| charn
|c=03| чярн
| ˈcçærn
| chàrn
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| ˈzãːcç
|c=02| saench
|c=03| зя̄њч
| ˈzæ̃ːɟʝ
| saenģ
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| ˈœjs
|c=02| oiss
|c=03| өјз
| ˈɔjs
| oiss
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈɡraːç
|c=02| graez
|c=03| гря̄ш
| ˈxræːçə
| gràză
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| ˈœjf
|c=02| oif
|c=03| өјв
| ˈɔjvə
| oivă
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| ˈkwɛrn
|c=02| quern
|c=03| кўерн
| ˈkwɛrn
| quern
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| ˈkʲuː
|c=02| cuo
|c=03| ќӯ
| ˈkuːə
| cuoă
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈplym
|c=02| plum’
|c=03| плүмъ
| ˈplymə
| plumă
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| ˈpʲil
|c=02| pÿl
|c=03| пїл
| ˈpil
| pil
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| ˈcçap
|c=02| chap
|c=03| чяп
| ˈcçap
| chàp
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| aˈrʲil
|c=02| arÿl
|c=03| ярїл
| əˈrillə
| àrillă
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| ˈœjl
|c=02| oil
|c=03| өјл
| ˈɔjllə
| oillà
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| ˈnɑs
|c=02| nass
|c=03| наз
| ˈnɑz
| nas
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| ˈbuːcç
|c=02| buoch
|c=03| бӯч
| ˈbuːcçə
| buochă
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| ˈɟʝɛ̃t
|c=02| dient
|c=03| дёнт
| ˈdʒɛ̃t
| dient
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| ˈlĩɡ
|c=02| ling
|c=03| лінг
| ˈlɛ̃xə
| lingă
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| ˈɔ̃ːɡl
|c=02| oengl
|c=03| о̄нгъл
| ˈɔ̃ːxlə
| oenglă
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| ˈpɛj
|c=02| pey
|c=03| пеј
| ˈpɛj
| pej
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| ˈcçoːb
|c=02| chaub
|c=03| чѡ̄б
| ˈcçoːbə
| chaubă
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| ʝɐˈnyl
|c=02| genul
|c=03| жънүл
| ʝəˈnullə
| jănullă
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| ˈmɐ̃
|c=02| man
|c=03| ман
| ˈmɑ̃
| man
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| ˈɑl
|c=02| al
|c=03| ал
| ˈɑlə
| ală
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃tr
|c=02| vientr
|c=03| вёнтър
| ˈvjɛ̃trə
| vientră
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| ˈtrip
|c=02| trip
|c=03| тріп
| ˈtripə
| tripă
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| ˈkʲœj
|c=02| coil
|c=03| ќөјл
| ˈkœj
| queuj
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| ˈʰcçin
|c=02| schin’
|c=03| ’чінъ
| ˈscçinə
| schină
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| ˈpɛjt
|c=02| peit
|c=03| пејт
| ˈpɛjt
| peit
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| ˈkwɛrt
|c=02| quert
|c=03| кўерт
| ˈkwɛrd
| querd
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| viˈɟʝal
|c=02| figial
|c=03| віџял
| vəˈdʒɑl
| figiàl
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| bɛˈvʲir
|c=02| bevÿr
|c=03| бевїр
| bəˈvir
| bevir
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| mɐ̃ˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| mangiar
|c=03| манџар
| mə̃ˈdʒɑr
| mangiar
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| mɔrˈɟʝir
|c=02| mordÿr
|c=03| мордїр
| mərˈdir
| mordir
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| çyˈcçɑr
|c=02| zuchar
|c=03| шүчар
| çəˈcçɑr
| zuchar
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| ʰkʲœˈpir
|c=02| squeupir
|c=03| ’ќөпір
| skəˈpir
| squeupir
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vaˈmʲir
|c=02| vamÿr
|c=03| вямїр
| vəˈmir
| vàmir
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| byˈvɑr
|c=02| bufar
|c=03| бүвар
| bəˈvɑr
| bufar
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| ɑlɛˈnɑr
|c=02| alenar
|c=03| аленар
| ɑləˈnɑr
| alenar
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| riˈjir
|c=02| riÿr
|c=03| ріїр
| riˈjir
| riïr
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| ˈvɛjr
|c=02| veir
|c=03| вејр
| ˈvɛjr
| veir
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| ˈœjr
|c=02| oir
|c=03| өјр
| ˈɔjr
| oir
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| zɑˈbʲir
|c=02| sabÿr
|c=03| забїр
| zəˈbir
| sabir
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pɛ̃ˈzɑr
|c=02| pensar
|c=03| пензар
| pə̃ˈzɑr
| pensar
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɔlɔˈrɑr
|c=02| olorar
|c=03| олорар
| ɔləˈrɑr
| olorar
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| krɛˈmʲir
|c=02| cremÿr
|c=03| кремїр
| krəˈmir
| cremir
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dɔrˈmir
|c=02| dormir
|c=03| дормір
| dərˈmir
| dormir
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| viˈvʲir
|c=02| vivÿr
|c=03| вівїр
| vəˈvir
| vivir
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| maˈrir
|c=02| marir
|c=03| мярір
| məˈrir
| màrir
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| tyˈlɑr
|c=02| tular
|c=03| түлар
| təˈlɑr
| tular
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| bɑˈcçir
|c=02| batÿr
|c=03| батїр
| bəˈtir
| batir
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| cçaˈcçɑr
|c=02| chachar
|c=03| чячар
| cçəˈcçɑr
| chàchar
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| tryˈcçɑr
|c=02| truchar
|c=03| трүчар
| trəˈcçɑr
| truchar
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| taˈjɑr
|c=02| taillar
|c=03| тяјар
| təˈjɑr
| tàjar
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| vɛ̃ˈɟʝir
|c=02| fendÿr
|c=03| вендїр
| və̃ˈdir
| fendir
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ʰtɔˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stocar
|c=03| ’тоќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stocar
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| rɑˈcçɑr
|c=02| rachar
|c=03| рачар
| rəˈcçɑr
| râchar
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| cçaˈvɑr
|c=02| chavar
|c=03| чявар
| cçəˈvɑr
| chàvar
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nɑˈlɑr
|c=02| nalar
|c=03| налар
| nəˈlɑr
| nalar
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vɔˈlɑr
|c=02| volar
|c=03| волар
| vəˈlɑr
| volar
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| mɑrˈkʲɑr
|c=02| marcar
|c=03| марќар
| mərˈkar
| marcar
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| vɛˈnir
|c=02| venir
|c=03| венір
| vəˈnir
| venir
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ʝaːˈʝir
|c=02| yaegir
|c=03| жя̄жір
| jəjˈʝir
| yaezir
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| ˈzɛjr
|c=02| seir
|c=03| зејр
| zɛjr
| seir
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| ˈʰtɑr dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| star dereit
|c=03| ’тар дерејт
| ˈstɑr dəˈrɛjt
| star dereit
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| viˈrɑr
|c=02| virar
|c=03| вірар
| vəˈrɑr
| virar
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈçɛjr
|c=02| ceir
|c=03| шејр
| ˈçɛjr
| ceir
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| ˈdɑr
|c=02| dar
|c=03| дар
| ˈdɑr
| dar
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| tɛˈnʲir
|c=02| tenÿr
|c=03| тенїр
| təˈnir
| tenir
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| prɛˈmʲir
|c=02| premÿr
|c=03| премїр
| prəˈmir
| premir
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| vrɛˈtɑr
|c=02| vretar
|c=03| вретар
| vrəˈtɑr
| vretar
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lɑˈvɑr
|c=02| lavar
|c=03| лавар
| ləˈvɑr
| lavar
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| ɛçyˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| ezugiar
|c=03| ешүџар
| ɛçəˈdʒɑr
| ezugiar
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| tiˈrɑr
|c=02| tirar
|c=03| тірар
| təˈrɑr
| tirar
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| bɔˈtɑr
|c=02| botar
|c=03| ботар
| bəˈtɑr
| botar
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| lɐ̃ˈçɑr
|c=02| lanzar
|c=03| ланшар
| lə̃ˈçar
| lanzar
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| ʰtɑˈkʲɑr
|c=02| stacar
|c=03| ’таќар
| stəˈkɑr
| stacar
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| kʲaˈʝir
|c=02| casÿr
|c=03| ќязїр
| kəˈzir
| càsir
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| kʲoːˈplɑr
|c=02| cauplar
|c=03| ќѡ̄плар
| koːˈplɑr
| cauplar
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| diˈçir
|c=02| dicÿr
|c=03| дішїр
| dəˈçir
| dicir
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| cçɐ̃ˈtɑr
|c=02| chantar
|c=03| чантар
| cçə̃ˈtɑr
| chantar
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| ʝɔˈɟʝɑr
|c=02| jogiar
|c=03| жоџар
| ʝəˈdʒɑr
| jogiar
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| vlɔːˈtɑr
|c=02| vloetar
|c=03| вло̄тар
| vləjˈtɑr
| vloetar
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| kʲɔˈlɑr
|c=02| colar
|c=03| ќолар
| kəˈlɑr
| colar
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| ʝɛˈlɑr
|c=02| gelar
|c=03| желар
| ʝəˈlɑr
| gelar
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| kʲɔˈvlɑr
|c=02| covlar
|c=03| ќовлар
| kəˈvlɑr
| covlar
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| zaˈdiː
|c=02| sadill
|c=03| зяді̄
| zəˈdiː
| sadij
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| ˈlyn
|c=02| lun’
|c=03| лүнъ
| ˈlynə
| lună
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| ˈʰtiː
|c=02| still
|c=03| ’ті̄
| ˈstijə
| stijă
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| ˈɑk
|c=02| ac
|c=03| ак
| ˈɑx
| ag
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| plyˈvjɑr
|c=02| pluviar
|c=03| плүвјар
| pləˈvjɑr
| pluviar
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| ˈrif
|c=02| rif
|c=03| рів
| ˈriv
| rif
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| ˈlɑk
|c=02| lac
|c=03| лак
| ˈlɑx
| lag
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈmɑr
|c=02| mar
|c=03| мар
| ˈmɑr
| mar
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| ˈzɑl
|c=02| sal
|c=03| зал
| ˈzɑl
| sal
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| ˈpjɛdr
|c=02| piedr
|c=03| пёдър
| ˈpjɛdrə
| piedră
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| ˈzɑvl
|c=02| savl
|c=03| завъл
| ˈzɑvlə
| savlă
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| ˈporbr
|c=02| pórbr
|c=03| пѡрбър
| ˈporvrə
| pórbră
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçɛr
|c=02| tier
|c=03| тёр
| ˈtʃɛr
| tier
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| ˈnyvl
|c=02| nuvl
|c=03| нүвъл
| ˈnyvlə
| nuvlă
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| ˈbrym
|c=02| brum’
|c=03| брүмъ
| ˈbrymə
| brumă
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| ˈçɛl
|c=02| cel
|c=03| шел
| ˈçɛl
| cel
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈvjɛ̃t
|c=02| vient
|c=03| вёнт
| ˈvjɛ̃t
| vient
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| ˈnʲif
|c=02| nÿf
|c=03| нїв
| ˈniv
| nif
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| ˈɡlɑç
|c=02| glaz
|c=03| глаш
| ˈxlɑç
| glaz
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| ˈỹ
|c=02| hum
|c=03| ум
| ˈhœ̃
| hum
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| ˈœjk
|c=02| hoic
|c=03| өјк
| ˈhɔjx
| hoig
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ash
|c=01| ˈçɛ̃dr
|c=02| cendr
|c=03| шендър
| ˈçɛ̃drə
| cendră
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| krɛˈmɑr
|c=02| cremar
|c=03| кремар
| krəˈmɑr
| cremar
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| cçaˈmĩ
|c=02| chamin
|c=03| чямін
| cçəˈmɛ̃
| chàmin
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| mɔ̃ˈtaɲ
|c=02| montanh
|c=03| монтяњ
| mə̃ˈtæɲə
| montànhă
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| ˈroʝ
|c=02| rój
|c=03| рѡж
| ˈroʝ
| rój
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| ˈvʲirt
|c=02| vÿrt
|c=03| вїрт
| ˈvird
| vird
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| ˈɟʝõː
|c=02| giaun
|c=03| џѡ̄н
| ˈdʒɔ̃ː
| giaun
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| ˈblɐ̃k
|c=02| blanc
|c=03| бланк
| ˈblɑ̃k
| blanc
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| ˈnʲir
|c=02| nÿr
|c=03| нїр
| ˈnir
| nir
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| ˈnɔːt
|c=02| noet
|c=03| но̄т
| ˈnɔjt
| noet
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʝɔrn
|c=02| jorn
|c=03| жорн
| ˈʝɔrn
| jorn
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| ˈaɲ
|c=02| anh
|c=03| яњ
| ˈæ̃
| ành
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈcçoːt
|c=02| chaut
|c=03| чѡ̄т
| ˈcçoːd
| chaud
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈvrɛjt
|c=02| vreit
|c=03| врејт
| ˈvrɛjd
| vreid
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| ˈplɛ̃
|c=02| plen
|c=03| плен
| ˈplɛ̃
| plen
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| ˈnœjf
|c=02| noif
|c=03| нөјв
| ˈnɔjv
| noif
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| ˈvjɛç
|c=02| viez
|c=03| вёш
| ˈvjɛç
| viez
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| ˈbœjn
|c=02| boin
|c=03| бөјн
| ˈbɔjn
| boin
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mɑˈril
|c=02| maril
|c=03| маріл
| məˈril
| maril
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| ˈpydr
|c=02| pudr
|c=03| пүдър
| ˈpydrə
| pudră
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| ˈlyrt
|c=02| lurt
|c=03| лүрт
| ˈlyrd
| lurd
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjt
| dereit
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| rɔˈlõt
|c=02| rolónt
|c=03| ролѡнт
| rəˈlɔ̃d
| rolond
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɑˈɡʲyl
|c=02| agul
|c=03| аѓүл
| əˈxyl
| agul
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ɛjhmyˈʝɑl
|c=02| eimmujal
|c=03| ејммүжал
| ˌɛməˈçal
| êmuzal
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| ˈdœːç
|c=02| deuz
|c=03| дө̄ш
| ˈdœːç
| deuz
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| mœˈjɑl
|c=02| meuillal
|c=03| мөјал
| məˈjɑl
| meujal
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʝek
|c=02| siéc
|c=03| жик
| ˈʃik
| şic
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| kʲaˈrɛjt
|c=02| careit
|c=03| ќярејт
| kəˈrɛjt
| càreit
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| ˈprɔːç
|c=02| proez
|c=03| про̄ш
| ˈprɔjʃ
| proez
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
|c=02| luenj
|c=03| лўенж
| ˈlwɛ̃ʝ
| luenj
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| dɛˈrɛjt
|c=02| dereit
|c=03| дерејт
| dəˈrɛjtə
| dereită
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈʰcçɛr
|c=02| scher
|c=03| ’чер
| ˈscçɛrrə
| scherră
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| ˈɑ
|c=02| a
|c=03| а
| ˈɑ
| a
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| ˈɟʝĩs
|c=02| dÿns
|c=03| дїнс
| ˈdʒɛ̃s
| diens
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ˈdɐ̃p
|c=02| damp
|c=03| дамп
| ˈdɑ̃
| dam
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| ˈɛ
|c=02| e
|c=03| е
| ˈɛ
| e
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| ˈzɛ
|c=02| se
|c=03| зе
| ˈzɛ
| se
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| pɔrˈcçɛ
|c=02| porche
|c=03| порче
| pərˈcçɛ
| porche
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| ˈnwɛ̃
|c=02| nuém
|c=03| нўим
| ˈnwɛ̃
| nuém¹
|}

# could be ''nuem'' but the plural would still be ''nuémăs'' /ˈnweməs/ (opening the syllable allowing the full quality of the non-nasalized vowel).  Alternatively could be ''nuem, nuems'' (/ˈnwɛ̃/, /ˈnwɛ̃s/).

[[Category:Swadesh lists|Ibran]]
[[Category:Ibran]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tense</title>
    <id>623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8404</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-14T20:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tense''' is a method for dividing up the temporal space.  The common categories are '''present''', '''past''', and '''future''', although sometimes more or fewer categories are expressed.  Different tenses are not always formed in the same way as each other; for example English only distinguishes past and present morphologically, and uses auxiliary [[verb]]s such as ''will'' for the future.

Examples of tenses and tense systems:
*past/nonpast (English) 
*past-present-future (Romance languages)
*distant past / within the past year / the past month / the past day / now / soon / later  (Yagua)

----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Orphaned articles</title>
    <id>624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3990</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-04T01:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Long articles</title>
    <id>625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991</id>
      <timestamp>2004-06-04T01:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic Lexicon&quot;&gt;Atlantic Lexicon&lt;/a&gt; (22532 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran/Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran/Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Ibran/Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (17727 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute&quot;&gt;Henaudute&lt;/a&gt; (13769 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Atlantic&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Atlantic&quot;&gt;Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; (3772 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sirius&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sirius&quot;&gt;Sirius&lt;/a&gt; (1593 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Main_Page&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Main Page&quot;&gt;Main Page&lt;/a&gt; (1024 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Person&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Person&quot;&gt;Person&lt;/a&gt; (855 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Tense&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Tense&quot;&gt;Tense&lt;/a&gt; (627 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Number&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Number&quot;&gt;Number&lt;/a&gt; (448 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Swadesh_list&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Swadesh list&quot;&gt;Swadesh list&lt;/a&gt; (381 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Arda&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Arda&quot;&gt;Arda&lt;/a&gt; (280 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Ibran&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Ibran&quot;&gt;Ibran&lt;/a&gt; (196 bytes)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:!Dead-end pages</title>
    <id>626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3992</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-05T15:40:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;ol start=1&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Henaudute_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Henaudute Lexicon&quot;&gt;Henaudute Lexicon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kasin&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kasin&quot;&gt;Kasin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kel&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kel&quot;&gt;Kel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Kosi&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Kosi&quot;&gt;Kosi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Sisiw%C3%B6n&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Sisiwön&quot;&gt;Sisiwön&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Somian&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Somian&quot;&gt;Somian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=Trentish_Phonology&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Trentish Phonology&quot;&gt;Trentish Phonology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/index.php?title=%C3%82dlantki_Lexicon&quot; class='internal' title =&quot;Âdlantki Lexicon&quot;&gt;Âdlantki Lexicon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IPA</title>
    <id>627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59040</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T15:29:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sections</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages.  See [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet]]. 

==Consonants==
===Pulmonic Consonants===
{|
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Radical consonant|Radical]] !!
|-
| || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] || [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] || [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] || [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] || [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]  || [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] || [[Velar consonant|Velar]] || [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] || [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] || [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] || [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] 
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Nasal
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Plosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot;| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Affricate
| [[Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless interdental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced interdental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar affricate|kx]] &amp;nbsp; || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|qχ]] &amp;nbsp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Fricative
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]  [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]  [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]  [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]  || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]  [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Approximant
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Trill
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] ||
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Tap or Flap
| || &lt;!--[[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]]--&gt; || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral affricate
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || ||
| style=&quot;color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| N/A
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Lateral approximant
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}

'''Coarticulated pulmonic consonants'''
{|
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] || Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
| w || [[Labial-velar approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| ɥ || [[Labial-palatal approximant]] (semivowel)
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] || Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
| ɺ || [[Alveolar lateral flap]]
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] || Supposedly, simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. In practice, mostly used for a [[macrophoneme]] of [[Swedish]] varying from [fʷ] to [ʂ] to [χ].
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
|}

===Non-pulmonic Consonants===
{|
! Clicks !! Voiced Implosives !! Ejectives
|-
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in:
|-
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial
|-
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar
|-
| ǂ Palatoalveolar &lt;!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --&gt; || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative
|}

[[Unicode]] symbols for voiceless implosives exist (ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ) but these are considered depreciated.

==Vowels==
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u
|-
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ
|-
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o
|-
| || || || ə
|-
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ
|-
| || æ || || ɐ
|-
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ
|}


==Suprasegmentals==
{|
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
|-
| ˌ || Secondary stress
|-
| ː || Long || eː
|-
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ
|-
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ
|-
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt
|-
| || Minor (foot) group
|-
| || Major (intonation) group
|-
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break)
|}

'''Tones &amp; Word Accents'''
{|
! Level !! Contour
|-
| e̋ or ˥
|-
| é    ˦
|-
| ē    ˧
|-
| è    ˨
|-
| ȅ    ˩
|}

==Diacritics==
{|
| ◌̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ◌̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ || ◌̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ
|-
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || [[Lateral release]] dˡ
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]])
|}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius Lexicon</title>
    <id>628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3997</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-04T13:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 218.80.208.18, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;&lt; [[Sirius]]&lt;/small&gt;

===Thematic Vocabulary===
====Bodily Actions====
*'''ash''' eat
*'''fi''' drink
*'''finktz''' walk
*'''fru''' jump, leap
*'''herf''' crawl
*'''het''' sit
*'''hish''' hold, grasp
*'''ikoi''' dance
*'''jestu''' gesture
*'''kasiar''' shave
*'''kin''' kill
*'''kiyu''' live
*'''kol''' lie (recline)
*'''kush''' kiss
*'''miartzi''' die
*'''no''' swim
*'''pli''' cry, weep
*'''pritzu''' wrestle
*'''rot''' shout, cry out, yell
*'''sfyutz''' spit
*'''shelra''' smile
*'''shemp''' bite
*'''sheck''' run
*'''shoff''' squat
*'''shosh''' taste
*'''skenj''' drown
*'''skish''' kick
*'''snowu''' breathe
*'''sortu''' laugh
*'''sternu''' sneeze
*'''sto''' stand
*'''strenk''' catch
*'''stresh''' climb
*'''strip''' swallow
*'''swif''' throw
*'''tzank''' touch
*'''tzush''' feel
*'''wemi''' vomit
*'''wiyu''' hunt, pursue
*'''yoff''' yiff

====Body parts and substances====
*'''ansh''' forehead
*'''anshir''' thumb, dewclaw
*'''eckan''' liver
*'''falma''' palm of hand, sole of foot, pawpad
*'''feji''' foot
*'''felna''' fur, skin, hair
*'''fern''' heel
*'''feski''' a hair
*'''finma''' fist
*'''flep''' blood vessel, vein
*'''flom''' feather
*'''foktz''' wound
*'''frust''' anus
*'''gen''' (or ''ken'') gene
*'''hafsha''' head
*'''harf''' wrist
*'''himatz''' fetus, embryo
*'''hofra''' feces
*'''horsku''' wing
*'''host''' bone
*'''hurf''' body
*'''i''' egg
*'''iarta''' iris
*'''iri''' ear
*'''jerni''' finger, toe; digit
*'''keni''' chin
*'''kowi''' paw ('''far-kowi''' hand, forepaw; '''feji-kowi''' footpaw)
*'''lapi''' lip
*'''miar''' meat, flesh
*'''moni''' neck
*'''mosht''' breast
*'''musk''' muscle
*'''mutz''' penis
*'''neckar''' kidney(s)
*'''nora''' nerve
*'''nost''' nose
*'''nuk''' claw, nail, talon
*'''nutz''' back ('''nutz-host''' backbone)
*'''ombla''' navel
*'''ontzi''' eye
*'''orkna''' organ
*'''ori''' buttocks
*'''orshi''' testicle(s)
*'''ostrack''' shell
*'''part''' beard, mane, secondary facial fur
*'''prakina''' arm
*'''preshna''' brain
*'''romna''' throat
*'''rotz''' abdomen, belly
*'''run''' waist
*'''runi''' leg
*'''rutz''' blood
*'''shenu''' cheek
*'''shnu''' knee
*'''shomp''' tooth
*'''shur''' intestines
*'''shwip''' vagina
*'''skelza''' skeleton
*'''skoftz''' shoulder
*'''snomna''' lung(s)
*'''sorj''' heart
*'''sorman''' urine
*'''sorn''' horn
*'''sost''' hip
*'''stomack''' stomach
*'''suji''' sweat, perspiration
*'''tackur''' tear
*'''tashu''' tongue
*'''thurok''' chest
*'''tomna''' tail
*'''uf''' face
*'''ur''' mouth

====Body terms====
*'''arik''' male (adj.), masculine
*'''ari-koni''' hermaphrodite
*'''ihik''' healthy
*'''klum''' pleasure
*'''kolna''' pain
*'''konik''' female (adj.), feminine
*'''mortz''' dead
*'''neshra''' neuter
*'''osh''' awake; be awake
*'''oshtza''' refreshed, zesty, perky
*'''poni''' disease, illness, sickness
*'''poshu''' fat, plump
*'''poktza''' mature, adult
*'''shenkar''' birth
*'''shenra''' sex, gender
*'''skreshi''' fever
*'''sof''' sleep
*'''strod''' tired, weary
*'''tzush''' sense, feel
*'''yuisha''' alive

====Buildings and institutions====
*'''ackar''' farm
*'''ambari''' stairs, staircase
*'''anaki''' prison, jail
*'''fonori''' fireplace
*'''ekliri''' church
*'''etra''' store, shop (n.)
*'''etra-shortz''' market, marketplace (literally shop-yard)
*'''fiark''' tower, castle
*'''hafili''' bar, tavern, pub
*'''hatzki''' cellar, basement
*'''hatzlomtze''' hotel, inn
*'''hefru''' attic
*'''jesh''' wall
*'''kefir''' bridge
*'''matra''' university
*'''molori''' mill
*'''orjistri''' elevator
*'''orp''' ceiling
*'''peplithi''' library
*'''proshori''' factory
*'''ruri''' room
*'''salp''' chimney
*'''shol''' school
*'''shortz''' yard, garden, park
*'''stekoni''' roof
*'''strop''' building
*'''thiyotzar''' theater
*'''tom''' house
*'''torl''' window
*'''toryu''' door
*'''uti''' floor
*'''yuhori''' hospital

====Colors, light, and seeing====
*'''afsfi''' reveal, uncover
*'''fens''' beautiful
*'''fersha''' display, show, exhibit
*'''forji''' inspect, examine
*'''ikna''' image, picture
*'''metu''' blemish, blot
*'''mormron''' ugly
*'''plock''' light
*'''plocki''' shine, radiate light
*'''plonk''' bright, vivid
*'''pluckow''' color
*'''skotz''' shade, shadow
*'''skontz''' dark, dim
*'''sorron''' ornament, decoration
*'''tzofi''' hide, conceal
*'''weji''' to see

*'''fi''' gray
*'''foffar''' purple
*'''hin''' dark blue
*'''horn''' black
*'''luk''' white
*'''narj''' orange
*'''ror''' red
*'''sath''' brown
*'''siar''' green
*'''sol''' yellow

To indicate a lighter color, add '''fol''' &quot;pale&quot; before, thus ''fol ror'' &quot;pink&quot;, ''fol hin'' &quot;light blue&quot;, etc.

====Communication====
*'''alfpetz''' alphabet
*'''antzeri''' an address 
*'''esroy''' announce, proclaim
*'''esroyri''' an advertisement, announcement
*'''homloki''' admit, confess
*'''isti''' say

====Forms of matter====
*'''toln''' thing, object

====Function words====
*'''asha''' this
*'''atsha''' that
*'''e''' if
*'''esti''' to be
*'''etz''' (marks past tense)
*'''fantzi''' every, each
*'''hashar''' how much?, how many?
*'''he''' that (as in &quot;I know that you are right&quot;); why? for what reason?
*'''her''' who?
*'''hesh''' to have
*'''het''' what?
*'''hetzak''' any
*'''hi''' and
*'''hiyu''' how?
*'''ho''' together; when? at what time?
*'''hoj''' where? at/to what place?
*'''inu''' only, solely, exclusively
*'''maki''' to be able to, can
*'''ne''' not
*'''offaru''' to exist
*'''she''' also, too
*'''shen''' to become
*'''shkroy''' to do
*'''skul''' should, ought to
*'''teck''' apart, separately
*'''we''' or
*'''welraz''' but, however
*'''wishar''' maybe, perhaps, possibly
*'''tzo''' then (at this time)
*'''tzoj''' there (at/to this place)
*'''yoj''' here (in/to this place)
*'''yomza''' to cause, to make (as in &quot;make someone happy&quot;)

====Matter-related actions====
*'''yoshoi''' dig

====Numbers====
* '''asifar''' zero (0)
* '''him''' half (½)

#'''in''' 
#'''tu''' 
#'''stri''' 
#'''hetz''' 
#'''fick''' 
#'''west'''
#'''heft'''
#'''ust''' 
#'''nyu''' 
#'''jest''' 

* 20 '''tuar''', 30 '''striar''', 40 '''hetzar''', 50 '''fickar''', 60 '''westar''', 70 '''heftar''', 80 '''ustar''', 90 '''nyuar'''

* '''satz''' hundred (100)
* '''ashal''' thousand (1,000)
* '''ashal-ashal''' million (1,000,000)

e.g., 357 = ''stri-satz fickar heft''

====People====
*'''ari''' man, adult male
*'''festra''' father
*'''fet''' boy, young male
*'''hafsha''' chief, leader
*'''hun''' son
*'''huarla''' girl, young female
*'''jishi''' master
*'''kam''' marriage
*'''kon''' woman, adult female
*'''krep''' baby, infant
*'''meal''' member (of a group)
*'''mostra''' mother
*'''nemfi''' spouse, husband or wife
*'''nenitz''' enemy
*'''prostra''' brother
*'''resh''' monarch, king
*'''rishna''' queen
*'''shonki''' soldier
*'''swerra''' sister
*'''thearm''' person, sapient being
*'''tokstra''' daughter
*'''tual''' slave
*'''wenitz''' friend
*'''wiri''' family
*'''yowiar''' child, young person

====[[Preposition]]s====
*'''a''' to, towards
*'''af''' about, on the topic of; from, out of, away from
*'''afshar''' after, later than; farther than, beyond
*'''es''' outside of
*'''fa''' on, on top of
*'''far''' in front of, before
*'''fe''' at
*'''fershar''' near, close to
*'''for''' before, earlier than
*'''frosh''' around
*'''fru''' through
*'''furo''' across, at/to the other side of
*'''ho''' between, among, amid
*'''hock''' during, while
*'''metz''' with, using, by means of
*'''na''' in, located inside of
*'''ne''' for, in exchange for
*'''nef''' instead of, rather than
*'''nemetz''' without
*'''of''' of 
*'''offar''' above, over
*'''ofshar''' under, below, beneath
*'''ofjatz''' behind, in back of
*'''tzashar''' than, compared to
*'''welratz''' except for, besides, other than
*'''yommu''' because of; for, for the purpose of
*'''yusho''' like, similar to

====Species and types of animals====
*'''anki''' snake
*'''arna''' spider
*'''arta''' grasshopper
*'''aska''' lobster
*'''esa''' horse
*'''ewi''' sheep
*'''fasi''' butterfly
*'''fethik''' monkey, ape
*'''hafar''' goat
*'''harfna''' reptile
*'''hitz''' whale
*'''horkrak''' chicken
*'''hormi''' worm
*'''huck''' pig, swine
*'''ili''' virus
*'''iwi''' bird
*'''kow''' cow
*'''lintz''' lion
*'''mantzi''' mantis
*'''matz''' mosquito
*'''mintz''' cat
*'''molshna''' mammal
*'''muar''' mouse
*'''muri''' ant
*'''muwi''' fly (insect)
*'''olf''' fox
*'''ollu''' wolf
*'''or''' otter ('''riw-or''', river otter; '''mori-or''', sea otter)
*'''orna''' donkey
*'''ortz''' bear
*'''peshla''' bee
*'''prank''' frog
*'''pushi''' insect
*'''samna''' human
*'''sani''' rabbit, hare
*'''self''' cockroach
*'''sertza''' deer
*'''scorristar''' kangaroo
*'''shel''' turtle, tortoise
*'''shu''' fish
*'''skyura''' squirrel
*'''son''' dog
*'''sor''' lizard
*'''trontz''' dragon
*'''tweffij''' anthro or biped (including humans)
*'''tzeckar''' tiger
*'''tzorfsha''' animal (as in not plant)

====Species and types of plants====
*'''arent''' peanut
*'''batot''' potato
*'''eliwa''' olive
*'''erini''' banana
*'''fack''' lentil
*'''fear''' pea
*'''feark''' oak
*'''fel''' cork
*'''fefri''' pepper (black; i.e., not salt)
*'''fetzi''' pine
*'''fihi''' kelp, seaweed
*'''for''' onion
*'''frun''' plum
*'''halm''' bamboo
*'''hampet''' hemp, cannabis
*'''hial''' cabbage
*'''holith''' gourd (e.g. squash)
*'''hormar''' garlic
*'''kave''' coffee
*'''len''' flax
*'''mantrik''' tangerine, mandarin orange
*'''meshi''' grass
*'''meth''' mint
*'''mith''' corn (maize)
*'''mitza''' mushroom
*'''mol''' apple
*'''mork''' carrot
*'''narj''' orange
*'''pampsha''' cotton
*'''pap''' bean
*'''paprick''' pepper (hot/sweet/bell)
*'''potzri''' grape
*'''rimperi''' ginger
*'''rinshin''' ginseng
*'''sehi''' cucumber
*'''senofi''' mustard
*'''sik''' fig
*'''tatzil''' date (fruit)
*'''thretka''' lettuce
*'''uarn''' oat

====Time and sequence====
*'''most''' soon, quickly

====Tools and implements====
*'''rifta''' fan</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paternoster in Ibran</title>
    <id>629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7208</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category ibran; texts</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;[[Ibran]] &gt;&gt; Paternoster&lt;/small&gt;

==Roesan==
===Latinizal===
''Matie 6:9-13''
*Padre noistr ché dĳns les cels stas, sanctifegial sĳ tu nuém.
*Vĳnģ tu rein. Faet sĳ tu vontal, dĳns les cels cónt sor le tier.
*Da-nos oy noistr pan cotidian.
*E remĳt-nos noistr diuts, cónt nosautrs anch noistr deutuérs remetiux.
*E ne nos mĳt a tentación, meis deliur-nos de maril.

===Cirilizal===
''Матё 6:9-13''
*Падър нојттър чи дїнс лъ’шелс ’тас, занктівеџал зї тү нўим.
*Вїнџ тү рејн. Вя̄т зї тү вонтал, дїнс лъ’шелс кѡнт зор лъ тёр.
*Да-нос ој нојттър пан котіџан.
*Е ремїт-нос нојттър дү̈̄тс, кѡнт нозѡ̄търс ањч нојттър дөтўирс реметү̈̄с.
*Е не нос мїт а тенташѡн, мејс делү̄р-нос де маріл.

==Paysan==
''Matie 6:9-13''
* Padră noîtră ché diens lăs celăs stas, sanctifegiàl siă tu nuém.
* Vingiă tu rein. Faet siă tu vodăntal, diens lăs celăs quónd sobră lă tier.
* Da-nos hoy noîtră pan cotidian.
* E remit-nos noîtră dutăs, quónd nosautrăs anch noîtră deutuérs remetux.
* E ne nos mit a tentacion, meis deliură-nos de maril.

[[Category:Ibran]]
[[Category:Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Muke</title>
    <id>630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56376</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T23:06:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Move */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Muke, I have my own alphabet and a font that I created myself. Is there any way to use this font on Frathwiki pages (for native names)? (I am aware that, should there be a way to do this, many would not see it - but for those who have the font, it would be great, in addition to transliterations.)[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]

Thanks, Muke. Your advice on the above works perfectly! Just one more thing: how do you change the font size? Sorry to bother you again.
----

Muke, I don't get how to use the combining diacratics. How do they combine with other letters?
Still struggling. I'm trying to combine ◌̄ with an æ ligature and, after following yor advice - placing the combining diacratic after the æ, it still does not combine. What could I be doing wrong? I use Internet Explorer 7, if this helps.
[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]

UPDATE: I've found that the character I want exists anyway. When I use diacratics, I put, for instance, æ◌̄, but the ◌̄ seems to be treated as a letter in its own right. I can't delete the o without first deleting the diacratic (refuses to put cursor between them), which beats the object. Like I said, I've found the right character anyway, so it's no longer a problem, but you may be interested in the behaviour of the software.
----

Muke, This is Elliott from Conlang. I've been working on a Silindion wiki, I was wondering if you would have the time to comment on it, and maybe provide any formatting and or other advice? thanks. 

----
==Trebor/Tables etc.==

LOL. This is Trebor Jung of Conlang. Is this Wiki for your own personal use or can anyone post stuff on their conlangs and/or conworlds? You can reply to me at treborjung at free dot fr.
Thanks.

:Anyone can feel free to post here.  :x)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:32, 24 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Trebor again. How do you make tables in Wikipedia? I've seen examples but they look complicated... Thanks. 28 June 2004 14:55 EST

:If you know how, you can use HTML to make tables.  Otherwise, there is a simpler wiki table markup described in brief at [[FrathWiki:How does one edit a page]], and a detailed description of a the table formats the wiki understands at [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables|MediaWiki User's Guide: Using tables]].  If that's still not clear, you could mark what needs tabulated, and I could give working on it a shot.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 28 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Thanks. Please make tables at [[Kasin]] for consonants and vowels (please add place of articulation; you can delete the X-Sampa representation), and at [[Kosi]] for these: Consonants, Vowels, (again please add POA),
Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon
. Much appreciated!

----

I tried creating a table for [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels. How does it look? (Because I'm visually impaired I can't actually check it myself.) --Trebor, 29 June 2004, 18:00 EST

:It looks all right, except the purpose of the rounded / unrounded line confuses me — the way it lines up it shows &quot;Unrounded&quot; in the same column as &quot;Mid&quot;, and &quot;Rounded&quot; in the same column as &quot;Front&quot; (so that i and e seem to be classed as front rounded vowels).  I'd fix it now but I can't quite make out which cells &quot;Rounded&quot; and &quot;Unrounded&quot; are intended to head (it might need a little more reformatting).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:30, 29 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Whoops. Here are [[Kosi|Kosi's]] vowels and their X-Sampa equivalents: i /i/, ü /y/, û /M/, u /u/, e /e/, ö /2/, y /@/, jo /jo/, ô /7/, o /o/, a /a/, ja /ja/. And could you also help me with tables for Kosi Cases, Possession, Demonstratives, Aspects, Moods, Voices, Derivation, and Lexicon (Lexicon headings: Kosi, Etymology, English; you can remove the brackets and &lt; for the etymology. Also, could you make a vowel table and grammatical structures table at [[Kasin]]. Thanks! Or if you like, I'll try making tables and you can check them? --Trebor, 12:27 EST, 30 June 2004

:I'm working on them by and by.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 11:53, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)

Oh, I see.

How come when I enter in an accent with Alt codes (e.g. o-trema alt+0246), the page goes out of forms mode without having saved my changes? Annoying. --Trebor, 19:24, 30 June 2004

:My guess is your number lock is off, thus instead of the alt-46 at the end it's reading it as alt-left and alt-right (go back a page, then go forward again) — if I do that in IE it will erase changes that I've made.  If that's not the problem, I'm not sure offhand what else it could be.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:51, 30 Jun 2004 (PDT)

That's strange, I just tried alt+0246 and it worked. But my numb lock was on when I noticed this problem yesterday too (AFAIK)... --Trebor, 08:57 EST, 1 July 2004

== The wrong version loads ==
The [[Sisiwön]] article mentions it is a collaborative conlang. In the group for discussing it, Alex Fink mentioned he added to it, but he additions aren't on the page. I thot maybe the Recent Changes page might give a link to the new version, but it doesn't work. On the Recent Changes page I also noticed you added a Lexicon table to [[Kosi]], but it's not on that page. I went to edit the page, but the table formatting exists in the Edit This Page box, so why not in the actual article? This is very puzzling. --Trebor, 09:52 EST, 2 July 2004

:My guess is that your browser is loading from its cache instead of the server.  Try a hard reload (usually shift-F5) when you view a page, and see if that helps.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:08, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)

Even more puzzling, I edited [[Sisiwön]] and [[Kosi]], and the changes appeared in the articles :O --Trebor, 11:04, 2 July 2004 EST

== Problem with Table ==
[[Sisiwön]] has a consonant table but it won't show up properly in the article. Why won't it work? --Trebor, 21:17, 2 July 2004 EST

:It should be fixed now.  The table had been begun with pipe then open-brace &quot;|{&quot;, instead of open-brace then pipe &quot;{|&quot;, so it wasn't interpreting it as a table.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:25, 2 Jul 2004 (PDT)


Hi Muke, I have a small request: Would you mind please deleting my [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] page as well as the [[Kasin]] page? Thanks. --Trebor

== Question ==

Hi Muke, here's a question to you...

A few days ago, I asked Grzegorz Jagodziński to comment on the Slavic soundchanges discussion on [[Talk:Slevan]]. However, when he tried to register (or to make an edit), he got the following answer: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account.&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' As he assured me, his IP address is not an open proxy at all. His Internet connection is of such kind that his IP is hidden, and that instead the IP of his provider is shown. There's nothing he can do about that, and obviously he has nothing in common with disseminating spam. Is there anything that can be done? Oddly enough, he had no problem at all registering at Wikipedia.

Cheers, [[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 11:38, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

:Hi!  This is a feature I didn't know about, but apparently [[Wikipedia:m:Proxy blocking|Proxy blocking]] is on by default.  I shut it off so Grzegorz should be able to login or make edits now.  Any further problems, let me know.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:19, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

::Thank you! --[[User:167.202.196.71|167.202.196.71]] 21:52, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)

== The Longman Defining Vocabulary ==

I sent this to you by email, but got no answer.  Perhaps my 
spam filter ate it?

Hi Muke,

Do you think  [[User:Melroch/Longman_Defining_Vocabulary]]
would be OK on FrathWiki?  Wordlists aren't copyrightable as
such, but this is based on some research obviously!  I can
of course write to Longman and ask, but it should be noted
that it is cited in respectable academic pages like 
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~kbarker/working_notes/ldoce-vocab.html this] and 
[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/roget-actions.html this] 
(these are actually the same site). Note that the version of
the vocabulary at that page is put into an HTML table,
meaning that if you select-copy it the alphabetic order will
be destroyed...

To increase the usefulness of the vocabulary, and
the amount of independent work and so the fair-
use-factor I have added a version of the
vocabulary sorted by frequency.

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:31, 26 April 2006 (PDT)

:It can probably stand.  (I got your mail but it appears that I neglected to respond.) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:25, 26 April 2006 (PDT)

::OK, then I'll move it from my user space to a regular page.
Do you think there is any category it would fit under? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:03, 27 April 2006 (PDT)

:I suppose [[:Category:Lexica]] unless something more ''à propos'' emerges. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:12, 27 April 2006 (PDT)

== The new Langmaker wiki ==

What about adding an interwiki link to the new Langmaker wiki
(and linking to it on the frontpage among the other wikis)?
http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:10, 30 April 2006 (PDT)

== Thanks ==
Just wanted to say thanks.

== Deletion please ==

Please delete [[Moynna ethnographical qestionnaire|this]] page. There is a typo in its title. --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' &lt;small&gt;''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''&lt;/small&gt; 08:32, 12 July 2006 (PDT)

== Latin Pinyin ==

Hi!  I've dropped some suggestions at [[Talk:Latin Pinyin]].  I ''really'' should get those Vulgar Latin pages I'm planning underway... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:38, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

== Unicode display again ==

Would it be possible to put a 

 body {
    font-family: ''list of fonts from IPA class'';
    font-family /**/:inherit;
    }

definition into [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] to make things more generally readable to MSIE users, or would it ruin other aspects of the main definition of &lt;tt&gt;body&lt;/tt&gt;?  I think it would be a Good Thing if it worked.

FWIW I think [[Template:IPA]] is still a good idea, not least 'coz I would like to have the main body in a serif font but IPA in sans in [[User:Melroch/monobook.css|my own style sheet]], though I haven't implemented it just yet, since I've abused [[Template:IPA]] in my [[Kijeb]] page to make sure {{IPA|ŋ}} is readable &amp;mdash; something I hope to be able to remove.  Besides the Vulgar latin page(s) I'm planning will be gibberish unless Unicode is clearly visible throughout, since there will of course be macrons, breves, underdots and &quot;ogoneks&quot; all over the place...
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:56, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

:Sure, go ahead and try it.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:03, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

::I did, and it seems to work &amp;mdash; i.e. [User:Melroch/sandbox] looks OK in MSIE when I'm not logged in &amp;mdash; but it begs the question in what order we should have the fonts in the list, as that order is the order of preference picked by browsers.  May I suggest DejaVu Sans as first choice, as it is a relatively neutral sans that renders reasonably crisply, and AFAIK sans is the default choice of MediaWiki?

::BTW when not using my own style sheet FrathWiki shows in a rather small font size on my machine in all of Firefox, MSIE and Opera.  Is that due to some setting in the wiki, or to some weirdness on my system?  

::Would it be possible to make some kind of poll among registered users as to the default/common.css style issues?, as we don't want to scare new users or visitors away with poor readability.

::[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:48, 16 July 2006 (PDT)

::: Well, I'm not sure whether there's enough community among the users to gather enough to answer polls.  What one could do is set up a page with snippets of CSS that people who might be interested in making particular changes can copy into their user stylesheet.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:30, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

== IPA character entry. ==

Have a look at this:
 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Helferlein/IPA_Typewriter/Versionen/0.1_release

I wonder if there might be a way to make it into a real wiki page?
As is you have to copy-paste it into a local file.  Also it should of course have its labels translated into English -- I can do *that*, but I suck at JavaScript.  I wonder if it could replace the current IPA character entry system on the edit page?  It would take too much place probably, above the save/preview buttons and all! 

To provide one 'phonemic' and one 'phonetic' version of the IPA template insertionlink seems a good idea to me, but the slashes/brackets should go inside the template:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA|/.../}}, {{IPA|[...]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

which IMHO looks best if the IPA is displayed in another font than the surrounding text.
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:06, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

:It might be feasible to set up such a thing with the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tag currently used, in conjunction with the &quot;editintro&quot; extension (i think it's in [[metawikipedia:Inputbox]]) to create a keyboard _above_ the edit box.  As for making it a wiki page in itself, that would take a bit of engineering: as javascript isn't allowed in wiki pages itself, its function would have to be divided so that all the actual javascript would site in the site's js file.  (But I, too, suck at Javascript, and couldn't implement this.) As for the other thing, the character inserts are put in from [[Mediawiki:Copyrightwarning]]  and as a sysop you can feel free to improve it; as only I have touched the page so far I consider it rough and provisional. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:27, 28 July 2006 (PDT)

==Request for deletion==

Hi Muke; I'd appreciate it if you'd please delete [[Kosi_grammar]]. Thanks. [[User:Trebor|Trebor]] 19:01, 8 August 2006 (PDT)

== Screwed up pages by trying to rename one ==

Hi, Muke -- I think I've made a mess. I was trying to update the page &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; to reflect that I've given the lingo a proper name now and not just a placeholder. In trying to update the link to it on the &quot;League of Lost Languages Page&quot; I managed to create a page &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot; with no content; that's the name I want to rename the old &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; page. But since this blank &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot; now exists, I can't use the &quot;move&quot; command. And I don't know how to delete the rotten thing. Could you unbollux this for me when you get a chance? All I think needs to be done is to rename the page now listed as &quot;Neo-Khitanese&quot; as &quot;Kilda Kelen&quot;. Many apologies!
-- Kuroda, 24 August '06

==Deleting categories==

Hi Muke -- due to my stupidity I erroneously created two wrong categories, but I seem to be unable to delete them. Is that supposed to be, or is there some special step that has to be taken to delete categories (as opposed to normal articles, which I can delete pretty easily)? Thanks -[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 20:09, 24 November 2006 (PST)

== Infobox ==

Hi, Muke. I have a problem. On my page: [http://wiki.frath.net/Tauro-Piscean_Republic Tauro-Piscean Republic] the Infobox won't work properly and all of its elements are scattered across the page.

What have I done wrong?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 07:46, 23 March 2008 (PDT)

== References and Quoting ==

I can't seem to get the referencing and footnote techniques to work for [[High German]].  Am I missing something?
[[User:Blackkdark]] June 3rd, 2008

:Somehow the extension that allows those hadn't been installed yet. (Just fixed that.)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 00:48, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

:: Thanks for fixing it, but now I don't know exactly how to use it for the site.  At the end I have two direct quotes from a site, and I can't seem to get it to go down to references and insert them.  Any ideas or such? --[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 00:11, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

::: It looks like [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=High_German&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=32335 your syntax may be wrong].  See [[wikipedia:Help:Footnotes]] for the way the tags are to be used.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 04:16, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

== Front page update ==

Hi. Me again!

Well, I had an idea to change the main page quite significantly, but I think it would make the site more efficient to use and more attractive.

It might take me a while to put my ideas together and pick the best design. I will do it as a separate page first to demonstrate, but how would you feel about this?

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 20:19, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Hi, feel free to make improvements.  It is a wiki, after all.  I'd suggest you post proposed changes to [[Talk:Main Page]] though so discussion can happen if anyone else is interested.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:33, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Check out [[New Main Page Demo|my demo page]]. I finished it, but I can of course make alterations. What do you think?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 17:48, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

== Editing of Pages ==

Hi,

I am wondering if I can rename and/or delete entire pages? '''Ilya''', one of my categories has undergone quite a few revisions and I would like to do some intense editing. Thanks. - [[User:Qang|Qang]]

== FrathWiki logo ==
For a bit of fun, I tried to create an alternative FrathWiki logo.

[[Image:Frathwiki2.png]]

I'm not ordering you to use it, but if you like it, I thought I'd offer it to you. If you're interested in it, but there are bits you don't like, tell me and I'll do my best to change it. I can also send you the original Photoshop file with layers.

It is based on the pyramid in the conlang flag. Part of it is deliberately missing (revealing a gold glow beneath to represent insight) akin to the Wikipedia puzzle piece. I thought the texture looked a bit Gothic (relating to the word 'Frath', which is Gothic in origin).

I have created the image in its entirety by myself, so there are no copyright issues.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 15:37, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

:Interesting ideas.  How about putting together a vote, to see what other people think?  There may be others with ideas floating around as well that could be considered.  Could probably start [[FrathWiki:Logo]] for the discussion.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:18, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

----

Mine is not the only logo. Somebody submitted this one to me:

http://anj8ca.blu.livefilestore.com/y1pklH7A_1mj7ZLEd1Dg5t5eGlB7QKWi6uc42uoKMWVxJrGLeO8vexLB20ciFWjBYwMlfRybvdME1M/frathwiki_logo%20copy.jpg

I really like it for its simplicity.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 06:27, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

----

As you probably know, I've made quite a few changes round here recently. So I've made an article about why I made them and what I might be able to do in the future. There is a link to it on the Main Page. I hope you've liked all of the changes and that you don't think I'm getting too big for my boots. I do enjoy working on FrathWiki.

Also, I'm altering the version of my logo, so we should see that discussion resparked some time soon.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 16:46, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

== Charinsert ==
You may have noticed Wikipedia has updated its charinsert box - divided into segments choosable from a drop-down. Is it possible to install that (or a suitable tweak of it) here? Each segment also has an updated glyph order that I find to be much more useful than the Unicode default.

Also, did you ever notice IPA is included twice, first at the top &amp; then within the Latin range (this time with all the outdated/unofficial letters too)?
--[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 10:34, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

:Well, the character edit box is included from [[FrathWiki:Special character insertion]] and should be editable, if you can put together a better character arrangement... as far as the dropdown, that doesn't require installation... it's just a bit of javascript for [[Mediawiki:Monobook.js]].  The code depends on what the character sections end up being though, so if you want to make any changes it might be best to do that first (for now anyway; it ''can'' always be changed).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:01, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

==Melroch and Common CSS==
Hi, Muke. The Common CSS has been changed by Melroch and everything is big. Also, I've checked out Melroch's sandbox and it contains the following strange messages: 

-yes yes sir Melroch-

-yes no way Melroch-

-no no way Philip-

I'm concerned that the account has been hacked.

On a different note, there is a consensus that the logo should be replaced by Cedh Audmanh's plain version (second on this page: [[FrathWiki:Logo]]).

Thanks

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:14, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

:As far as the sandbox, it just seems to be a test of conditional templates.  Not sure about the change to common.css; it seems to have had a greater effect in some browsers than others, so it might just have been insufficient testing.   I've put the new logo in place.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:21, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

== Common CSS blooper ==

What have you done to the Common CSS? Everything's big!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:09, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry about that. My user CSS caused me not to see the real effect of what I had done!  One million apologies! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:06, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

==Spammer alert==

:User: [[User:Dampen]]
:Page: [[Lamasery]]

----

:User: [[User:Infiltrations]] 
:Page: [[McVeigh]]

----

:User: [[User:Shelvings]] 
:Page: [[Bulkheads]]

----

:User: [[User:Partakers]] 
:Page: [[Beautified]]


'''Page/Picture Deletion'''
----

Can you delete this page?

http://wiki.frath.net/Winvid

And these pictures?

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Ni_kun_glai_di!.jpg

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Untitled2.jpg

http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Winvid_Consonants.jpg

Thank you. - David

:I've deleted them. I hope you will offer more of your content to FrathWiki in the future. Good luck with your conlanging. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 23:30, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

== Account Deletion ==

Hi there, again. This is a really good site. And I have had a lot of fun on it with me and my friends. I have always been interested in conlanguages and always will, but for now I don't really feel it's my thing (making them, I mean, I love to read about them though). So for now I think I need my account deleted. I will definitely still visit this site even after I do so. Maybe one day later I will make an account on this site again when I have more time. Thanks alot! --David 02:07, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

== I'm sure about deleting my account ==

Yes, I'm sure I want to delete my account. I meant I intend to look at things on the site. And if one day I decide to make a new account, I will. However now, I am trying to minimize my computer use. And I think for me the best way is to eliminate the cause. So, I'm sorry that I seem so insistent, because it's never a nice day when someone wants to delete their account, and it's nothing about the site itself, I am just trying really hard to spend more time doing other things...so, at that, I'm sorry for leaving, but I think for now this is what I need to do (sounds like I'm about to kill myself xD). Thanks for understanding. Good-bye. --David 03:12, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

== Merge needed ==

I've been organizing things a little, and found the pages [[A priori conlang]] and [[A priori]], which should probably be merged.

There is also [[A posteriori]], but the page [[A posteriori conlang]] has not yet been written. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 12:40, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

== Spambot invasion ==

Check the user creation log... --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 11:07, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

== Deletion when you can ==

When you can, could you delete these pages?
I tried to put up a conlang but I decided it wasn't working out.
*[[Thalsevean]]
*[[Thalsevëan]]
*[[Main Page/Thalsevëan]]
Thanks --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:39, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

:Done. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:51, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

::Thanks again! --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vündëo Achist (Shout Here)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:45, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

== Thank you ==

Thanks for changing my user name [[User:Christina|Christina]] 04:47, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

== Page does not display correctly ==

I've added a short page about my conlang [[Buruya Nzaysa]], but I encountered a server error when saving. The full content is there when I click the [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Buruya_Nzaysa&amp;oldid=51686 version link in the history], but all I get when I want to access the page normally is an error message ''The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found...'' Is there any way to fix this? [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 12:06, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

:I deleted the page and recreated it from the content in the version link; it seems to work now.  Dunno what might have caused it, but let me know if the problem recurs.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 12:15, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

::Thanks a lot! [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 13:35, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

== The wiki won't save my edits ==
I was working on this page: [[http://wiki.frath.net/Nux%C3%A1lk_Han%27g%C7%94l]], when suddenly I couldn't edit it anymore. When I tried to save my changes I just got a page that said &quot;Internal error&quot;. I lost the latest stuff I was trying to add, and now I can't edit the page at all anymore. WTF is up?
--[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 19:10, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

:That sounds a lot like the error I had a few days ago... [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 22:27, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

::It's closer to [[Talk:Main_Page#Internal_server_error]] but I think the cause is the same.  I will look into it — I'm experiencing it also.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:35, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

:Ugh.  All right, I am not sure offhand what might be causing the error (your error was the first error of the day in my access logs...).  I will recommend to you the same thing that I recommended at [[Talk:Main_Page#Internal_server_error]] — try clearing your cache, because it's possible the error message is cached somehow and interfering with normal operation (this worked for me a few minutes ago when I had difficulty adding my previous comment, at least, but I'll admit I'm not terribly sure of it as a fix).  I've replaced the weird &quot;Internal error&quot; Mediawiki was returning with a [http://wiki.frath.net/internal_error.html proper 500 page] so the behaviour might be different.  I'll also be keeping an eye on these errors to see if I can figure out where they might be coming from.   I'm sorry about the edit you lost; please let me know if the problem persists.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 00:03, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

::Late reply, but now it's working again. But just in case it comes back, would you mind telling me how one cleares the cache? --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 21:55, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
:::It really depends on your browser.  Check under your tools or options or preferences.   (I use Opera, where it's under Preferences &gt; History.)  But even if issues with internal errors recur, I think the cache issue shouldn't.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:41, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
::::Wait, you mean it's the same thing as deleting history? OK, thx. --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 15:36, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
:::::Not exactly, but it's usually in the same place.  The history is the ''list'' of places you've been; the cache is the pages, images, etc. loaded while you were there.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:00, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

== Templates don't work ==
I can't edit the data in the tables. When I save the page and then click edit, I still get just this instead of the actual code for the tables: &lt;br&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{WIP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Infobox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;== Phonology ==&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Consonants}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Vowels}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Why?? I have Internet Explorer 8 btw.
:It's a feature—usually templates are kept as shorthand so they can be easily manipulated, so including them leaves them as references to the original.  If, as in this case, you want to replace them with their source, you use the subst: command, which is a prefix — e.g. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Consonants}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;, which on saving will convert the reference to the Consonants template into the source that would produce it, so you can edit it.   Mind you that [[Template:infobox]] is designed so you shouldn't have to do this (unless you want to change its layout or something)—just supply parameters to fill in the blanks.  (For more info on templates, see the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Templates Mediawiki help page].) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:11, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
::Oh, okay. Thanks! I didn't understand it when I checked the template help page. --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 22:28, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

== CSS for template ==

Could you please add the following lines to MediaWiki:Common.css so that my [[Template:Gl|dl-based interlinear template]] works correctly? Thank you. [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 23:34, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

&lt;pre&gt;
/* INTERLINEAR GLOSS ELEMENTS */

dl.gloss { display:inline; float:left; margin:0 0.5em 0 0; }
dl.gloss dd { margin-left: 0; font-size: smaller; }
&lt;/pre&gt;

:Interesting piece.  Added!  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 01:14, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

== Editing ==
This problem has been around for really long, but I didn't think of asking about it until now. When I edit a page where there's already text, the edit box automatically scrolls down so that the line that I'm currently editing will be the last line shown in the box. This is really annoying because often I want to see what's written below, so I have to keep scrolling back and forth all the time. And if I copy a piece of text, whenever I paste it in somewhere else, the box automatically scrolls to the place where I copied it from. That's also superannoying. Do you happen to know what's causing that? I have Internet Explorer 8. --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 15:36, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

:No, I don't know what would cause that.  Usually the behaviour of textboxes and pasting and such are handled by your operating system, and occasionally might be overridden by your browser; it's possible that a website might impose its own functionality on the matter with scripts and such, but I don't believe this wiki has anything like that—at least, I haven't noticed any of the things you mention.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:47, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
::Hmm, I didn't find anything mentioned about it in the help pages for IE. *sigh* I guess I have to keep scrolling back-and-forth... --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 14:15, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

== Headline levels ==
I have this one page where the seventh level of headlines doesn't work. Is there a limit to how many levels you can have? I can't do like&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''Headline'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
either because I need to be able to link to the section. :/ --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 14:15, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
:I suspect the limit is the same as HTML, which only has 6 levels of headings itself.  Now, I notice your page starts its heading hierarchy with the two-sign ==Heading== — there is one level above that you could use, e.g. =Heading=, so you could move the whole hierarchy up and squeeze one more in there.   But really, if the page is going to get that elaborately nested, it might be prudent to move one of those top-level sections to its own page, e.g. [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo grammar]] or [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo morphology]], with a link to it, and perhaps a briefer summary, on the main Proto-Kunnurūjungo page.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:13, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
::I see. Isn't level 1 used for the name of the article itself? Oh well, I'm gonna do like that anyways. Thanks! :D --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 15:44, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

== Move ==

[[:Category:Linguistic_morphology]] oughta be simply at [[:Category:Morphology]], I think. Someone makes a morphology page, the latter is what they're going to try stick it under… --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 16:06, 2 October 2010 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Trentish</title>
    <id>631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51433</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-10T22:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>formatizing; +pronoun table</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Trentish (Nyalohn-sha)|pronounce=[ɲɑlonʃɑ]|tu=[[Nother]]|species=[[../Trents/]]|in=Pacific Northwest&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|19th century—]]|no=[No data]|script=[[Trentish Phonology#Orthography|Latin alphabet]]|tree=''[[../Coalescence languages/]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''Trentish'''|morph=Polysynthetic|ms=Accusative|wo=OV|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}

''A priori'' conlang for a race of [[ent]]like creatures (''trents'', Trentish: ''qlumeu'') in [[Nother]].  

==History==
Not recorded before 1800s.  

===Geographic distribution===
North America; largest populations in Pacific Northwest.

==Sounds==
''Main article: [[Trentish Phonology]]'' 

==Writing system==
Trentish is written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]].

{|
| A || B || D || Dʼ || E || G || I || K || L || Λ̅ || M || N || NG || NY || O || Ö || P || Q || R || S || T || Tʼ || U || Ü || W || X || Y
|-
| a || b || d || dʼ || e || g || i || k || l || ƛ || m || n || ng || ny || o || ö || p || q || r || s || t || tʼ || u || ü || w || x || y
|}

The digraphs ''ng'' and ''ny'' are sometimes written with single characters, and are considered individual &quot;letters&quot; for the purposes of sorting.  Other digraphs such as ''tʼh'' and ''sh'' are not counted as letters.

The capital of letter ''ƛ'' is supposed to be &lt;small&gt;CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH OVERLINE&lt;/small&gt;.

==Grammar==
''Main article: [[Trentish Morphology]]''

===Pronouns===
Trentish third-person pronouns inflect for spatial relationships.  Not only is nearness to the speaker or hearer marked, but also the referent's height or elevation relative to the speaker.  A higher or lower elevation is also used metaphorically to represent degrees of respect; one speaks to an elder or superior as one would to one &quot;above&quot;, or to a child or inferior as one would to one &quot;below&quot;.

{|
!bgcolor=lightgrey| First person
|colspan=6 align=&quot;center&quot;| ''nyü'' /ɲy/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Second person
|colspan=6 align=&quot;center&quot;| ''lusyi'' /lusji/
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Third person  
!colspan=2| Above  
!colspan=2| Equal 
!colspan=2| Below
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near speaker
| ''qohnohgoh'' || /ʔonoko/ || ''öt'' || /øtʼ/  || ''gr'' || /kʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near hearer
| ''kohtwülr'' || /kʼotʷylʌ/ || ''pnyr'' || /pʼɲʌ/ || ''lr'' || /lʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Distant
| ''xan'' || /xɑn/     || ''xini'' || /xini/ || ''xr'' || /xʌ/
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Reflexive
|colspan=6 align=&quot;center&quot;| ''xa'' /xɑ/
|}

'''Problems'''
* ''Where does the ''/pʼɲ/'' in ''pnyr'' come from?  Is that a normal Trentish initial consonant cluster?  Does it get pronounced that way?  (I think it would turn to ''nnyr [ɲɲʌ]'' in a connected word.)''

==Vocabulary==
''Main article: [[Trentish Lexicon]]''

===Sample texts===
*[http://frath.net/pdf/trent-relay7.pdf Trentish leg of the 7th CONLANG Translation Relay] (PDF, 49K)
*:The text is that which is was in the official relay, but the interlinear and the English translation are new, the originals being lost (at least until the full 7th Relay gets put online).  The Trentish text has been respelled to match current orthography, but not otherwise corrected.

==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/trentish.shtml Old website]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pronoun</title>
    <id>632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36003</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-20T10:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''pronoun''' is a noun with a specific type of reference, but without a fixed referent.  For example, &quot;I&quot; means specifically the person speaking, which is true whoever happens to ''be'' speaking, but the actual person &quot;I&quot; refers to depends on context.

There are several kinds of pronouns:
*'''personal''' pronouns: I, you, we
*'''possessive''' pronouns: mine, yours, ours (as opposed to possessive adjectives: my, your, our)
*'''demonstrative''' pronouns: this, that, those (as opposed to demonstrative adjectives: this car, that house, those people).
*'''reflexive''' pronouns: myself, herself, themselves
*'''relative''' pronouns: that, which, who
*'''interogative''' pronouns: who, when, what
*'''indefinate''' pronouns: some, a few, many

'''Personal pronouns'''

Personal pronouns are most commonly used to replace proper nouns. If you imagine a sentence without pronouns, it could sound cluttered.Compare these two sentences: 

'''I saw ''John'' today and asked ''John'' if ''John'' prefers sugar in ''John's'' tea.'''&lt;br/&gt;'''I saw John today and asked ''him'' if ''he'' prefers sugar in ''his'' tea.'''

The latter sounds much more natural. But notice that there are 3 different forms relating to '''John'''. The first, '''him''' is ''objective'' or ''accusative'' form, since '''John''' is the object of the verb ''ask''. The second is ''nominative'', since '''if''' introduces a new clause, therefore John is the ''subject'', and the third, '''his''' is simply possessive.

Many personal pronouns change their form according to where they are in the sentence, commonly known as '''Case'''. This differs from language to language. However, some retain their form no matter where. A good comparison is the pronoun '''you''', in German (familiar form) and English:

*Nominative/subjective: '''you-du'''
*Accusative/objective: '''you-dich'''
*Dative: '''to you/dir'''

Example sentences:

*'''''You'' are beautiful. ''Du'' bist schön.'''
*'''I saw ''you''. Ich sah ''dich'''''.
*'''I gave it ''to you''. Ich gab es ''dir'''''.

   
----

{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Trentish lexicon</title>
    <id>633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55626</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-18T23:30:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* E */ pretty sure this is adj. bin.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;small&gt;[[Trentish]] &gt;&gt; Lexicon&lt;/small&gt;

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#G|G]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#Λ|Λ]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#NG|NG]] [[#NY|NY]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ö|Ö]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#Tʼ|Tʼ]] [[#U|U]] [[#Ü|Ü]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]]
|}

==A==
*'''an-bol''' ''n.'' the sun
*'''ang''' ''pos.'' within, inside
*'''a-pen''' ''n.'' possessions, inventory (used for alienable possession)
*'''a-phel''' ''v.'' be divided on one end; be fringed; fork

==B==
*'''ba''' ''mk. for n.'' topic: ''ingohba'' &quot;as for trout&quot;
*'''ble-uhn''' ''adj.sc.'' brown [from English]
*'''blu''' ''adj.sc.'' blue [from English]
*'''boh''' ''mk. for v.'' perfect aspect: ''bohguƛan'' &quot;have found&quot;

==D==
*'''dü''' ''fv.'' causative

==E==
*'''e''' ''pos.'' with (instrumental)
*'''e-ƛin''' ''adj.bin.'' whole, entire
*'''en-kà''' ''n.'' a row of teeth

==G==
*'''ga-te''' ''n.'' house
*'''gitw''' ''mk. for n.'' collective: ''gitwingoh'' &quot;school of trout&quot;
*'''gle''' ''adj.sc.'' gray [from English]
*'''glin''' ''adj.sc.'' green [from English]
*'''gr̀''' ''pron.pers.'' (third person, short or low things; informal; near speaker)
*'''grq''' ''mk. for v.'' disapprobative mood: ''grqguƛan'' &quot;find in a way I don't like&quot;; cf. ''phli''
*'''gu-ƛan''' ''v.'' find, discover

==I==
*'''i''' ''mk. for v.'' fictive (irrealis, infinitive) ''ilamen'' &quot;to color&quot;/&quot;may color&quot;
*'''i-ka-ƛi''' ''v.'' trade, barter, exchange
*'''i-loh''' ''adj.sc.'' yellow  [from English ''yellow''.]
*'''i-ngoh''' ''n.'' trout
*'''ix''' ''mk. for adj.'' lesser positive (''ixüsli'' &quot;a little bit red, just barely red&quot;)
*'''i-xli-`''' ''mk. for v.'' to do the opposite of or reverse the effects of: ''ixliiƛan'' &quot;misplace&quot;

==K==
*'''ka-she''' ''n.'' event, happening
*'''kha-men''' ''adj.sc.'' black
*'''khe-o-qloh''' ''v.'' win, gain, acquire, claim
*'''khe-pwu''' ''v.'' travel 
*'''khe-sli''' ''n.'' claw
*'''khi-lu''' ''v.'' pay
*'''khle-de''' ''v.'' rise, ascend
*'''khle-uht''' ''n.'' crowd [from English]
*'''khli-smrs''' ''n.'' Christmas [from English].
*'''khu''' ''pos.'' for the use of
*'''ki-she''' ''fv.'' how?
*'''ki-swoh''' ''fv.'' (imperative)
*'''koh''' ''mk. for v.'' negative: ''kohguƛan'' &quot;not find&quot;
*'''koh-qe-ƛa''' ''adv.'' exceedingly much, a great many, to a great degree
*'''koh-rl''' ''v.'' have trouble, a problem, difficulty
*'''koh-ta''' ''v.'' design, plan
*'''koh-twü-lr''' ''pron.pers.'' (third person: tall or high things; also formal; near hearer)
*'''krr-ngoh-nyoh''' ''v.'' increase, add to
*'''kshi'''  ''n.'' characteristic Trentish garment
*'''kshi-nyi''' ''v.'' be angry (for disappointment, or things going contrary to expectations)
*'''ku-she''' ''n.'' foot
*'''kü-pe-qyi''' ''v.'' take a long time, endure, last
*'''kwa''' ''pos.'' in front of
*'''kwr''' ''v.'' to do, engage in; to be.  '''kwrkwr''' ''n.'' existence, being; action, doing

==L==
*'''la''' ''v.'' run
*'''la-men''' ''v.'' paint, color
*'''la-tha''' ''v.'' ruin, mess up, sabotage, disorder
*'''le-phuh-te''' ''fv.'' wonder (question particle)
*'''liish''' ''n.'' leash [from English]
*'''loh''' ''mk. for adj.'' (negative: ''lohüsli'' &quot;not red&quot;)
*'''loh-a''' ''v.'' put, place
*'''loh-no''' ''v./fv.'' must, have to (be obligated to do something)
*'''lr̀'''₁ ''n.'' place, location
*'''lr̀'''₂ ''mk. for v.'' converts to noun of location or target: ''lrguƛan'' &quot;place of discovery; thing sought&quot;; hence also, participial adjective: ''lrguƛan'' &quot;found&quot;
*'''lr̀'''₃ ''pron.pers.'' (third person: short or low things; informal; near hearer)
*'''lu''' ''n.'' throat
*'''lu-loh''' ''v.'' prefer
*'''lu-phi''' ''v.'' climb
*'''lu-pr''' ''v.'' cough
*'''lu-syi''' ''pron.pers.'' you (second person)
*'''lut''' ''pos.'' towards
*'''lu-tʼhi''' ''n.'' egg

==Λ==
*'''ƛap''' ''n.'' the world
*'''ƛi''' ''mk. for v.'' unergative voice: ''ƛiguƛan'' &quot;invent (intr.)&quot;
*'''ƛi-khi''' ''n.'' mouse
*'''ƛoh''' ''v.'' worry
*'''ƛoh-kha''' ''n.'' wife
*'''ƛoh-mu-pu''' ''v.'' chip at, whittle away
*'''ƛoh-psha''' ''adj.bin.'' pregnant

==M==
*'''ma-khe''' ''n.'' table (furniture)
*'''me''' ''mk. for n.'' paucal aggregate: ''meingoh'' &quot;a few trout together&quot;
*'''me-na''' ''v.'' be hysterical, delirious, frenzied
*'''mi-myi-no''' ''n.'' medicine, medical treatment
*'''mi-na''' ''adj.bin.'' two
*'''moh-sa''' ''mk. for adj.'' (excessively, too much: ''mohsaüsli'' &quot;too red&quot;)
*'''mu-lwr-li''' ''v.'' pump
*'''myi-ƛa''' ''v.'' tear, rip
*'''myi-ngye''' ''n.'' tail

==N==
*'''ne-moh-khe''' ''adj.sc.'' heavy
*'''ni-sya''' ''fv.'' want to know which [not quna?]
*'''no''' ''mk. for v. or n.'' occupational noun: ''noguƛan'' &quot;inventor&quot;, ''noingoh'' &quot;trout-fisherman&quot;
*'''noh-ku''' ''v.'' be silent.  ''adj.sc.'' silent
*'''noh-trr''' ''v.'' rent, be loaned; borrow for a price
*'''no-ngu-pshe''' ''n.'' hunter [no-ngupshe]
*'''no-qu-kwa''' ''n.'' president [no-qu-kwa]
*'''nö-lo''' ''v.'' ache, hurt
*'''nu-ma''' ''mk. for n. or adj.'' converts to privative adjectives: ''numaingoh'' &quot;troutless&quot;; ''numaüsli'' &quot;without redness&quot; (cf. ''loh'')
*'''nu-ma-goh-da-koh-ta''' ''adj. bin.'' random; lit. without design [numa-kohta²]

==NG==
*'''nga-swu-ƛoh''' ''fv.'' need, have to have or have done
*'''nga-ƛu''' ''pos.'' against, next to (touching) [error for nyaƛu]
*'''ngoh-lu-ngoh-ƛu-she-ya''' ''n.'' award, prize [ngoƛu²-sheya]
*'''ngoh-ƛu''' ''v.'' merit, be worth or worthy
*'''ngrr-mwu''' ''v.'' forget
*'''ngu''' ''mk. for adj.'' exceptionally, very, to a great degree (''nguüsli'' &quot;very red&quot;)
*'''nguh-ngwoh''' ''n.'' son or daughter
*'''ngu-pshe''' ''v.'' hunt
*'''ngwoh''' ''pos.'' with (comitative)
*'''ngwoh-la''' ''n.'' building not used as a residence
*'''ngwu-ngwa''' ''n.'' day


==NY==
*'''nya-la-le''' ''n.'' cat
*'''nya-loh-ni''' ''n.'' manner, way, method
*'''nya-ƛoh''' ''v.'' be cruel, mean, unkind
*'''nya-ƛu''' ''pos.'' against, next to (touching)
*'''nya-tha''' ''adj.sc.'' big
*'''nye''' ''pos.'' from, out of
*'''nyi''' ''v.'' categorize, [stereo]type, classify
*'''nyi-nyi''' ''n.'' kind, type, sort
*'''nyi-qoh''' ''v.'' surprise, startle
*'''nyoh-nü''' ''v.'' see. '''nyohnünyohnü''' ''n.'' sight, vision, seeing
*'''nyr-sya''' ''n.'' price
*'''nyȕ''' ''pron.pers.'' (first person)

==O==
*'''oh-loh''' ''adv.'' now
*'''o-lrn-shr̀''' ''adj.sc.'' orange  [from English]
*'''os''' ''pos.'' on the topic of, about
*'''o-xa-lü''' ''adj.bin.'' dead

==Ö==
*'''öt''' ''pron.pers.'' third person, near speaker; neutral

==P==
*'''pa-lakh''' ''v.'' hate
*'''pha''' ''n.'' tool
*'''phaib''' ''n.'' pipe [from English]
*'''phing-kr̀''' ''adj.sc.'' pink
*'''phli-`''' ''mk. for v.'' effrenative: ''phliguƛan'' &quot;had no qualms in finding&quot;
*'''phö-phrl''' ''adj.sc'' purple [from English]
*'''pi''' ''adj.sc.'' little, weak, ineffective; ''mk. for adj.'' to a slight degree, small amount: ''piüsli'' &quot;slightly red&quot;
*'''pnyr''' ''pron.pers.'' third person neutral, near hearer
*'''poh''' ''adv.'' in the past
*'''pshi-phe''' ''v.'' trap

==Q==
*'''qe-mè''' ''adj.bin.'' the same; in common, shared
*'''qli''' ''v.'' tell
*'''qlis''' ''v.'' describe [qli-s]
*'''qli-shi''' ''v.'' study, read
*'''qloh-lu''' ''mk. for adj.'' as much as, equally much: ''qlohluüsli'' &quot;just as red&quot;
*'''qlu''' ''mk. for v.'' converts to participial adjective: ''qluguƛan'' &quot;finding&quot; (''X''ive, ''X''y, etc.)
*'''qlu-la''' ''adj.sc.'' fast, quick
*'''qlu-me-u''' ''n. plur.'' people (in general)
*'''qoh''' ''mk. for adj.'' (positive degree: ''qohüsli'' &quot;red, some red&quot;)
*'''qoh-noh-gòh''' ''pron.'' (third person, tall or high things; formal; near the speaker)
*'''qoh-nye''' ''v.'' to become famous, well-known, popular
*'''qu''' ''v.'' stand up
*'''qu-na''' ''fv.'' want to know whose/which [not nisya?]
*'''quu''' ''mk. for v.'' passive: ''quuguƛan'' &quot;be found&quot;
*'''qwa-moh''' ''v.'' blame or use as scapegoat
*'''qwoh-la''' ''adj.bin.'' lead (Pb)
*'''qya''' ''fv.'' accuse

==R==
*'''r''' ''mk. for n.'' possessive: ''ringoh'' &quot;trout's&quot;
*'''r-la''' ''v.'' think.  '''rlrla''' ''n.'' idea.
*'''r-le''' ''n.'' moon; month
*'''r-le-nge''' ''conj.'' therefore, for this reason
*'''r-lr-swu''' ''n.'' dish, plate
*'''r̀-lu-sr''' ''adj.sc.'' yellow/green ([[Berlin &amp; Kay]] &lt;small&gt;GREEN&lt;/small&gt;)

==S==
*'''s''' ''pos.'' on the topic of, about
*'''san''' ''adv.'' during, while
*'''se-pu-qr''' ''v.'' heal
*'''se-pu-qe-pha''' ''v.'' (medical) operate [sepuqr-e-pha]
*'''se-te''' ''v.'' kill
*'''sha''' ''v.'' speak, say
*'''sha-no''' ''v.'' have (be characterized by, i.e. have allergies)
*'''sha-ƛu-moh''' ''n.'' hnau, person (in general; cf. ''u'')
*'''sha-qsha''' ''adv.'' so, thus
*'''sha-twoh''' ''n.'' dog
*'''sha-uh''' ''adj.bin.'' flat
*'''she-ya''' ''n.'' thing, something
*'''she-si''' ''n.'' wall
*'''shi''' ''n.'' piece
*'''shoh-la''' ''n.'' set, group
*'''shoh-li''' ''mk. for n.'' convert to adjective: ''shohliingoh'' &quot;trout-shaped, trout-like&quot; (sholingoh?)
*'''shol-lu-tʼhi''' ''adj.bin.'' oval [sholi-lutʼhi]
*'''shr-loh-nga''' ''v.'' have a duty or responsibility
*'''shr-loh-ngal-lr''' ''n.'' office [shrlohnga-lr]
*'''shü''' ''v.'' try, test the value of, prove
*'''shüg''' ''v.'' scratch; write
*'''slu-she''' ''n.'' balances, a scale (for weighing)
*'''soh-poh-ne''' ''v.'' lead
*'''su''' ''fv.'' know how
*'''su-mwu''' ''n.'' property, belongings
*'''sya''' ''mk. for v. or n.'' tool-forming: ''syaguƛan'' &quot;finding-tool&quot;, ''syaingoh'' &quot;tool for preparing trout&quot;
*'''sya-ngwa''' ''adj.bin.'' empty
*'''sya-pshi-phe''' ''n.'' trap [sya-pshiphe]
*'''sye'''₁ ''n.'' field
*'''sye'''₂ ''pos.'' on, upon
*'''sye-ku-shr-xa''' ''adv.'' upright [sye₂-kushe-r-xa]

==T==
*'''ta''' ''v.'' use
*'''ta-ke''' ''fv.'' swear or affirm to be true
*'''tè''' ''mk. for adj.'' convert to noun: ''tüsli'' &quot;redness&quot;
*'''te-ngwa-loh''' ''fv.'' how much?
*'''tha-bal''' ''v.'' walk
*'''tha-pwu''' ''adv.'' five (adv? — ''thapwungwungwa'' &quot;the 5th&quot;)
*'''thag''' ''v.'' wear
*'''tha-tha-e''' ''n.'' burden, load
*'''the''' ''conj.'' and
*'''thi-ni''' ''adj.sc.'' slow
*'''thol''' ''pos.'' upon, atop
*'''thö''' ''mk. for v.'' iterative aspect: ''thöguƛan'' &quot;keep finding&quot;
*'''toh-ƛe''' ''adv.'' only
*'''töü''' ''pos.'' near; ''adj.bin.'' previous
*'''tsha-sr-lrl''' ''n.'' snail
*'''tu-pwa''' ''n.'' body
*'''tu-wu''' ''fv., v.'' think
*'''tü-qu''' ''n.'' friend
*'''twa-r''' ''adv.'' every, each
*'''twe-na''' ''adj.bin.'' forked
*'''twe-srl–u''' ''n.'' terras person
*'''twil''' ''adj.sc.'' white
*'''twoh-si''' ''v.'' owe
*'''twu-mya''' ''v.'' live; ''adj.bin.'' alive


==Tʼ==
*'''tʼhe-le''' ''n.'' old woman
*'''tʼhi-nya''' ''n.'' scale (fish or reptile)
*'''tʼwe''' ''v.'' go, come, move from one place to another.  '''tʼwetʼwe''' ''n.'' motion, moving
*'''tʼwal''' ''v.'' flow

==U==
*'''u''' ''n.'' person, especially a trent; someone
*'''uhg''' ''mk. for v.'' middle voice ''uuhguƛan'' &quot;find oneself&quot;
*'''uh-kr-loh''' ''v.'' prepare
*'''u-lal''' ''v.'' miscarry
*'''u-ma-lòh''' ''adj.'' fluffy, fuzzy

==Ü==
*'''ü-kös''' ''v.'' inhabit, dwell in
*'''ü-sli''' ''adj.sc.'' red

==W==
*'''win''' ''v.'' win [from English]

==X==
*'''xa'''₁ ''pron.pers.'' reflexive
*'''xa'''₂ ''n.'' earth
*'''xan''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant: formal; high or tall things
*'''xa-tr''' ''n.'' hat [from English]
*'''xe''' ''adj.bin.'' all
*'''xi-la''' ''v.'' be made out of
*'''xi-ni''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant; neutral
*'''xi-she''' ''adj.bin.'' one
*'''xlog''' ''adj.sc.'' washed clean
*'''xoh''' ''v.'' help
*'''xr̀''' ''pron.pers.'' third person distant: informal; short or low things
*'''xth''' ''mk. for v.'' causative of external source: ''thguƛan'' &quot;make find&quot;
*'''xtʼhoh''' ''v.'' have a sharp point

==Y==
*'''ya''' ''pron.dem.'' when, then
*'''ye-tshe''' ''v.'' steal
*'''yi-noh''' ''n.'' child, youth

[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish Morphology</title>
    <id>634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4000</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-24T17:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>a couple spelling/gramm errors.  Can't really work on this well until I organize my old notes.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Morphological typology==
Trentish is a highly [[polysynthesis|polysynthetic]] language.  The verb word itself can have up to eight components, some of which themselves may comprise multiple [[morpheme]]s:

{|
| § || '''imenggrrnoqukwauhglathanxyr'''
|-
| || i-mel-grq-''noqukwa''-uhg-''latha''-ny-xr
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;FICT&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;CUMUL&lt;/small&gt;-&lt;small&gt;DIS&lt;/small&gt;-''president''-&lt;small&gt;MIDD&lt;/small&gt;-''mess:up''-1-3
|-
| || &quot;for the president to continue making himself worse (in a way I don't approve of)&quot;
|}

It is predominantly [[agglutination|agglutinative]], as morphemes can generally be easily isolated.  

===Morphological processes===
*''Infixation,'' ''stem modification'' (such as [[ablaut]]), and ''suprasegmental modification'' do not play roles in Trentish morphology.

====Prefixation====
Trentish is predominantly prefixing.  Most derivation is formed by prefixes, and most verbal morphology is prefixed.

{|
| § || '''noikaƛi''' 
|-
| || ''no''-ikaƛi
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;OCCUPATION&lt;/small&gt;-trade 
|-
| || &quot;trader&quot; 
|}

Some prefixes, which may have once had a strong stress accent, cause a following vowel to drop, and appropriate assimilations to be carried out:

{|
| § || '''ixliiƛan'''
|-
| || ''ixli''-gùƛan
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REVERSE&lt;/small&gt;-find
|-
| || &quot;misplace&quot;
|}

====Suffixation====
Some grammatical operations are carried out with suffixes.

{| 
| § 
|colspan=2| '''rlrswum yetshenlyu'''
|-
| || rlrswu-''m'' || yetshe-''ny-lu''
|-
| || dish-&lt;small&gt;PAT&lt;/small&gt; || steal-1-2
|-
| 
|colspan=2| (I know) &quot;you are stealing a plate&quot;
|}

====Reduplication====
Reduplication is used to produce resultative nouns from verbal roots.

{|
| § || '''malimali''' 
|-
| || mali-mali 
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-speak 
|-
| || &quot;speech, message&quot; 
|}

In reduplication, no more than the first two syllables are reduplicated.   Also, some complex segments are subject to simplification: ejective stops become plain stops, and ''ƛ'' becomes ''l''.

{|
| § || '''igaikaƛi''' 
|-
| || iga-ikaƛi
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-trade 
|-
| || &quot;transaction&quot;
|}

{|
| § || '''lohƛoh'''
|-
| || loh-ƛoh
|-
| || &lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;-worry
|-
| || &quot;concern&quot;
|}

===Head/dependent marking===
Trentish is mainly head-marking.

====Possession====
Possession is head-marking: a noun is marked for whether it is possessed, and by whom. 

{|
| § || '''gatrnyü''' || '''gatrlusyi'''
|-
| || ''gate''-r-nyü || ''gate''-r-lusyi
|-
| || ''house''-&lt;small&gt;POSS&lt;/small&gt;-1 || ''house''-&lt;small&gt;POSS&lt;/small&gt;-2
|-
| || &quot;my house&quot; || &quot;your house&quot;
|}

====Nouns with adjectives====
Dependent-marking: adjectives cannot stand alone, but are either compounded to a noun, or to a verb such as ''kwr'' &quot;be&quot;, which does not mark the head noun as being modified. ''[Perhaps it should?]''

{|
| § || '''oxalüu''' || '''u oxalükwr ''
|-
| || oxalü-u || u oxalü-kwr 
|-
| || dead-man || man dead-be 
|-
| || &quot;a dead man&quot; || &quot;a man who is dead&quot;
|}

====Prepositional phrases====
Head-marking: in many cases the preposition is compounded to the noun, thus '''anglu''' &quot;in the throat&quot;.  In longer words (including all words formed by reduplication), a different construction:

{|
| § 
|colspan=2| '''ngohlungohƛusheya  exr''' 
|-
|  || ngohlungohƛusheya || e-xr
|-
| || award || with-3
|-
| 
|colspan=2| &quot;with an award&quot;
|}

====Verb phrases====
Head-marking: the verb takes markers for agent and patient, as well as the observer (or ''frame'').  A verb can thus stand on its own as a full sentence.

{|
| § || '''xinisetenxyr'''
|-
| || xini-sete-ny-xr
|-
| || 3-kill-1-3
|-
| || &quot;(I know) she's killing him&quot;
|}

==Nouns==
Prototypical Trentish nouns refer to concrete entities with implied or bounded quantity.  They are found as the subjects of clauses, and incorporate with verbs as objects.  They can take number and topic/second marking.

''Complex nouns'' (a category including proper names, reduplicated terms, and words longer than three syllables) do not normally participate in incorporation.

===The noun word===
The structure of the noun word is currently:

* (prepositional)-(number)-(incorporated adjective)-(reduplication)-'''stem'''-(topic/second)

===Possessability===
Trentish has a class of words which are inherently possessed, that is, that must appear with a possessive, and a class of words which are optionally possessed, which may or may not appear with a possessive.

Optionally possessed things are called '''apen'''.

The possessive marker for inherently possessed words is '''-r-''' between the owned and the owner, while ''apen'' words are supposed to use a different construction. 

''The information on this section is incomplete because it is lost.  I may need to reinvent it, or get rid of the distinction [until recently I had forgotten entirely that possessability was a factor, and later translations may ignore this]...''

===Number===
Trentish nouns are by default unmarked for [[number]].  There is, however, optional number marking, along two axes, paucal vs. plural and separate vs. aggregate&lt;sup&gt;? congregate?&lt;/sup&gt; (physically grouped together).  The singular may be overtly marked with '''sr̀-''' /s(ʌ)-/.  

{| cellpadding=5
| '''shatwoh''' || “dog/dogs” || || '''srshatwoh''' || “one dog/a dog”
|-
| '''meshatwoh''' || “a few dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in different places) || || '''qlumeshatwoh''' || “many dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in different places)
|-
| '''enshatwoh''' || “a few dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in one place) || || '''qlenshatwoh''' || “many dogs” &lt;br&gt; (in one place)
|}

The markers are:
{| 
! !! paucal !! plural
|-
! separate 
| /me-/ || /ʔlu-me-/
|-
! aggregate 
| /el-/ || /ʔl-el-/
|}

===Topic/second===
Trentish nouns mark for “topic” and “second”.  Roughly, topic is the most important argument of the verb (subject or direct object), and second is the other; indirect objects not being marked.  The topic marker is '''-ba''' /-pa/, and the second marker '''-òm''' /-(ɔ)m/.

{|
| § 
|colspan=3| '''shatwohba shaƛumohm ungupshixr'''
|-
| || shatwoh-ba || shaƛumoh-m || u-ngupshe-i-xr
|-
| || dog-&lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; || person-&lt;small&gt;SEC&lt;/small&gt; || person-hunt-1-3
|-
|
|colspan=3| &quot;The dog(s) hunt(s) a person/people&quot;
|}

{|
| § 
|colspan=3| '''shaƛumohba shatwohm ungupshixr'''
|-
| || shaƛumoh-ba || shatwoh-m || u-ngupshe-i-xr
|-
| || person-&lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; || dog-&lt;small&gt;SEC&lt;/small&gt; || person-hunt-1-3
|-
|
|colspan=3| &quot;The person/people was/were hunted by dog(s).&quot;
|}


==Voice==
Trentish verbs are marked for [[voice]].  

There are five voices, '''active''', '''unergative''', '''unaccusative''', '''passive''', and '''middle'''.  Their use depends on the presence of and importance given to the agent and patient.

{| cellpadding=5
! agent !! patient !! voice !! marker
|-
| high || low || ''active'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| high || none || ''unergative'' || /tɬi-/
|-
| low || high || ''passive'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| none || high || ''unaccusative'' || /ʔuu-/
|}

The middle voice is used if the agent and patient refer to the same entity (''me'' and ''myself'') or an entity and a part of itself (''me'' and ''my nose'').

The ''high'' agent or patient is marked with the topic marker /-pɑ/.
The ''low'' agent or patient is marked with /-(ɔ)m/.

==Aspect==
There are at least six [[aspect]]s, which are focuses on the status of the event.

{| cellpadding=5
! aspect !! description !! marker
|-
| imperfective ||  seen as in progress || ∅
|-
| perfective ||  seen as completed || /po-/
|-
| iterative || seen as happening many times together || /tʰø-/
|-
| cumulative || iterative with cumulative effect  || /mel-/
|-
| reluctative || seen as happening with reluctance || /ɑk-/
|-
| effrenative&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt; || seen as happening without reluctance &lt;br&gt; (either in a good or bad way) || /pʰli-/
|}

==Mood==

{| cellpadding=5
! [[mood]] !! description !! marker
|-
| indicative || seen as real || ∅
|-
| probable || seen as expected or inevitable; &lt;br&gt; future || /tʷo-/
|-
| fictive || seen as hypothetical; &lt;br&gt;subjunctive, infinitive, (negative) || /i-/
|}

==Adjectives==
There are two types of adjective in Trentish, ''scalar'' and ''binary''.  Scalar adjectives are always marked for degree (the simplest form is the positive /ʔo-/).  Adjectives can be used nominally.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kosi</title>
    <id>635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29128</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:03:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A grammar sketch of Kosi is available [http://r0ry.co.uk/kosigrammar.php here] and a lexicon [http://r0ry.co.uk/kosilex.php here].

==[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power The Rings of Power poem]==

{|
| Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, || Rihu bülatu mara edlis kotsülemdroha, || Three rings owned by the happy forest people kings under the sky,
|-
| Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, || Su bülatu harühau lanau mara rihkulemdroha, || Seven rings owned by the stone halls-dwelling short gold man kings,
|-
| Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, || Kru bülatu bohadvasak om, || Nine rings owned by the death-fated humans,
|-
| One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne || Üsu bulatu saudab drohülab sauddroha || One ring owned by the Evil King on his dark throne
|-
| In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. || Vaibsojau hasakau Bulatmotjokau. || In the shadow-dwelling Ring-Destruction-Place.
|-
| One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, || Üs bulat, maremab ukra, öt maremt srih, || One ring, it will rule everyone, it will find everyone,
|-
| One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them || Öt maremt deh, öt maremt örau endar || It will unify everyone, it will bind them at night
|-
| In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. || Vaibsojau hasakau Bulatmotjokau. || In the shadow-dwelling Ring-Destruction-Place.
|}

==Assorted sentences==

{|
| We are sitting in the night, and like the night, we are silent. || Usut hlis ül, örai kras. || group-PROX.DEM night.sky-SUB sit, night-ADV silent || This group is sitting under the night sky, and, like the night, is silent.
|-
| The clouds floated over the sea. || Vai omik sokab osmi. || many cloud sea-SUP fly || Clouds flew above the sea.
|-
| John is taller than he (John) thinks. || Jan hnehai jera; at maur lan. || John incorrect-ADV believe; he more tall || John has an incorrect belief; he is taller.
|-
| John is taller than he (someone else) thinks. || Üs Janü hnehai jera; ket maur lan. || 1 John-ASS incorrect-ADV believe; 2 more tall || He1 has an incorrect belief about John; he2 is taller.
|-
| The parents named their child something strange. || Amta neki laskai kajos. || parents child.ACC strange-ADV CAUS-carry || They strangely named the child.
|-
| The man swept the floor (such that the floor was) clean. || Man dönt lantalini tisri. || man floor-ACC broom-INS clean || The man cleaned the floor using a broom.
|-
| I prefer to swim across the river. || Serem beski makul. || I river-INS COM-swim || I want to swim using the river.
|-
| Give him his money back. || Mara sömjot ndandima. || all money-ACC IMP-give.back || Give back the money.
|-
| How cold is it outside? || Kim smin kaut sülau neb? || what amount coldness forest-INE exist || How cold is it outside?
|-
| I haven't found my socks yet, but I will if I keep searching. || Kelem ken dreklt ntovar, kelem dasahau dadsreh, kelem likös. || I two.ACC sock-ACC NEG-know.location.of, I future-INE but-SJBV-search, I RESUL-succeed || I don't know where my two socks are, but if I keep looking, I will succeed.
|-
| These chocolates are for the girl who helped me with math. || Kelem ljekkranumo lana makhrai, ket samelnü mhal miloseh. || I chocolate-piece-OBV.DEM girl-DAT COM-give, 2 mathematics-ASS me help || I want to give these chocolates to a girl; she helped me with mathematics.
|-
| Your parents are brothers (of each other)! || Amtü kelauk ds&amp;#xF6;k ndos! || parents-ASS you younger.brother older.brother || Your parents are brothers!
|-
| Would you like the black one or the white one? || Kelauk ört tint makjat, skovt tint emakjat? || you black-ACC thing-ACC COM-see, white-ACC thing-ACC either/or-COM-see || Do you want the black one or want the white one?
|-
| The tank is full. || Miktekhas num. || tank full || The tank is full.
|-
| The tank filled. || Miktekhas menum. || tank INC-full || The tank began to be full.
|-
| John filled the tank. || Jan miktekhes kanum. || John tank.ACC CAUS-full || John caused the tank to be full.
|-
| The water filled the tank. || Mara miktekhas kömri menum. || all tank water\PL-INS INC-full || The tank filled using water.
|-
| I am not going to wed one of my daughters to such a daft boy. || Üs lanü kelem lomast mahat jamal, kelem dorom. || one daughter-ASS I daft-ACC boy.ACC-OBV.DEM marry, I forbid || I forbid that one daughter of mine will marry that daft boy.
|-
| I need some explanations. || Kelem rün kelöst ndahal. || I few explanation-ACC IMP-hear || I must hear a few explanations.
|-
| I'm not a linguist. || Kelem hnaumt ntül. || I language-ACC NEG-study || I don't study language.
|-
| Can you speak Kosi? || Kelauk elsai Kosi kel? || you know.how.to Kosi-INS speak || Do you know how to speak using Kosi?
|-
| I ceased to behave like my former self. || Kelem barai mevukreh. || I new-ADV INC-behave || I began to behave newly.
|-
| I will lay waste the rebellious districts. || Kelem mara vistobakt ohi taban. || I all disobey-ACT.PTCP-ACC person\PL.ACC vanquish || I will vanquish the disobedient people.
|-
| Where is the book? ||  Hava kimau lok? || book what-INE be.located || The book is located where?
|-
| What is the name of that city? || Suradat kimi kajosah? || city-OBV.DEM what-INS CAUS-carry-PASS || That city is called by what?
|-
| The Kosi people are those who form words with voices. || Kosi kelak om sault hulari lük. || Kosi-INS speak-ACT.PTCP person\PL word\PL-ACC voice-INS create || The Kosi-speaking people form words using the voice.
|-
| Red is a colour. || Saun jamhok. || red AOR-colour || Red is a colour.
|-
| My family went to Disneyland yesterday. || Tjöl Disnikavt löt tenau. || family Disneyland-ACC visit yesterday || The family visited Disneyland yesterday.
|-
| Elizabeth wants to marry a Norwegian. || Elis Norskavö ehi makjamal. || Elizabeth Norway-ABL person.ACC COM-marry || Elizabeth wants to marry a Norwegian person.
|-
| I thought (wrongly, on an uncontrolled and not necessarily rational level) that I saw Tarja. || Kelem Tarjat lat, kelem mivos. || I Tarja-ACC see, I wrongly.believe || I wrongly believed that I saw Tarja.
|-
| I saw a horse from my place at the door. || Kelem josnehi sokjat kelem barjavau soksneh. || I horse.ACC SIMUL-see I door-INE SIMUL-stand || I saw a horse while I stood at the door.
|-
| I saw a horse coming from the door. || Kelem josnehi sokjat at barjavi sokdno. || I horse.ACC see it door-INS walk || I saw a horse while it walked through the door.
|-
| Three men longed to fabricate idols in honour of two goddesses. || Rih man Jadjeraukt keta jadnüma sminösai makkül. || three man idol-ACC two-DAT goddess-DAT much-ADV COM-create || Three men really wanted to create idols on behalf of two goddesses.
|-
| Tarja hates for Christopher to be kind. || Kristov koteh, Tarja desal. || Christopher be.kind, Tarja hate || Tarja hates that Christopher is kind.
|-
| Tarja wants Christopher to be alive. || Kristov bahad, Tarja makjat. || Christopher breathe, Tarja COM-see || Tarja wants to see Christopher alive.
|-
| There seems to be a thunderstorm. || Sivra latahai. || thunderstorm happen-apparently || A storm apparently happens.
|-
| For Christopher to eat upsets Tarja. || Kristov stab, Tarja lisreh. || Christopher SJBV-eat, Tarja RESUL-be.upset || If Christopher eats, then Tarja is upset.
|-
| I don't know whether I'll go. || Kelem kom, kelem ntek. || I go, I NEG-know.a.fact || I don't know that I will go.
|-
| I saw a picture of me. || Kelem tobekin&amp;#xFC;li lateh. || I picture-INS see-REFL || I looked at myself using a picture.
|-
| The apples, having fallen from the tree, ripened. || Vai elma udsö som, at limemat. || many red.apple tree-ABL fall, they RESUL-INC-edible || The apples fell from the tree, and then they became edible.
|-
| The dog with the man I saw was green. || Kelem men nüsehakt hümt salt lat. || I man.ACC accompany-ACT.PTCP-ACC green-ACC dog-ACC see || I saw a man and an accompanying green dog.
|-
| Tarja likes homework about as much as I do. || Tarja kelem mralakai jalmös hasaudolost ser. || Tarja I equal-ACT.PTCP-ADV enjoy homework-ACC write || Tarja and I equally enjoy doing homework.
|-
| Tarja, who I thought liked homework about as much as I did, actually didn't. || Tarja kelem mralakai njalmösalu hasaudolost ser. || Tarja I equal-ACT.PTCP-ADV NEG-enjoy-contrary.to.expectations homework-ACC write || Tarja and I unexpectedly do not equally enjoy doing homework.
|-
| They say everyone was born free. || Durau marem mta, at laskah, kai. || back-INE everyone give.birth.PASS, they free, say\PASS || It is said that after everyone is born, they are free.
|-
| John kept his eyes closed. || Jan nbodsem. || John NEG-COMPL-close.the.eyes || John did not cease closing his eyes.
|-
| This bed has clearly been jumped on. || Em nturutab sota, kelem kümrüm. || person bed-PROX.DEM-SUP jump, I be.sure || I'm sure that someone has jumped on this bed.
|-
| Tarja had suggested I take a walk in the park. || Kelem humau kom, Tarja kibnüm. || I park-INE walk, Tarja suggest || Tarja suggested that I take a walk in the park.
|-
| The man who they tried to arrest escaped. || Kas truvülan man laskeh. || try arrest-PASS.PTCP man escape || The man that was tried to be arrested escaped.
|-
| John's playing the guitar at midnight bugs me. || Jan vrastin kolühau örau tonika, kelem el lahev. || John guitar-ACC centre-ASS-INE night-INE HAB-play.an.instrument, I this.ACC be.irritated || John plays the guitar in the middle of the night; I am bugged by that.
|-
| After the people had succumbed to the knock-out gas, our agents secured the area. || Durau marem bokas lihukjobak bahadbas, vai sko mravt kavilna. || back-INE everyone give.up RESUL-knock.out-ACT.PTCP gas, many assistant area-ACC CAUS-safe || After everyone gave up to the knocking-out gas, the assistants secured the area.
|-
| Instead of you going to the store, let's have me order the television off the Net. || Kelauk sadrhes telotakai löt, kelem Marjoki h&amp;#xF6;vjatint tüb. || you store-ACC replace-ACT.PTCP-ADV visit, I Net-INS television-ACC buy || Instead of you visiting the store, I'll buy the television using the Net.
|-
| -I quite agree with you, said the Duchess; and the moral of that is-’Be what you would seem to be’-or, if you’d like it put more simply-’Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.’ || &quot;Kelem kelauk bönt mkivt sminösai lat,&quot; Nobjaled kel; &quot;ol ndatülah: marem karavanai ndaukreh. Boski sauli ukai: marem kümri boska, el ndankavrah.&quot; || &quot;I you same\PL-ACC face-ACC much-ADV see,&quot; duchess say; &quot;this.ACC IMP-learn-PASS: everyone perceive-PASS.PTCP-ADV IMP-behave. different-INS word\PL-INS and/or-speak.PASS: everyone reality-INS be.different, that.ACC IMP-NEG-imagine-PASS.&quot; || &quot;I and you very much agree,&quot; the duchess said; &quot;and this should be learnt: everyone should act as they are perceived. Or, said using different words: everyone should not imagine that they are different from reality.&quot;
|-
| The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. || Kelem mairit smakdekm, kelem malau vai srit harit lindatari. || I mountain-ACC SBJV-COM-undo, I beginning-INE many small-ACC stone-ACC RESUL-IMP-remove || If I want to undo a mountain, then I must at the beginning remove small stones.
|-
| John saw the boy to whom Tarja gave an apple which she purchased at the store. || Tarja sadrhasau tübant elmat masa hrai, Jan ken lat. || Tarja store-INE buy-PASS.PTCP-ACC red.apple-ACC boy-DAT give, John 2.ACC see || Tarja gave a store-bought apple to a boy, and John saw him.
|-
| I tried to find out where (or, for that matter, whether) the group was meeting. || Vih hnaumeh, kelem kas metek, lokü hnaumeh. || group.of.people meet, I try find.out, location-ASS meeting || I tried to find out that the group will meet, and the location of the meeting.
|-
| It is good that you remembered to turn off the stove, since otherwise the food would have been being cooked for a few hours. || Kelauk naral tolatint tsö, kelem bosreh; kelauk saral el tsin, tab rün barau lenau lilanmat. || you NEG-forget cook-ACC turn.off, I be.relieved; you SJBV-forget that.ACC do, food few extra-INE hour\PL-INE RESUL-cook || I'm relieved that you didn't forget to turn off the stove; if you forgot to do that, the food would have cooked during a few extra hours.
|-
| That someone could allow this to happen is despicable. || At maltarivandai ndoromah latah. || that despicable-ADV allow-PASS happen || Someone despicably allowed this to happen.
|-
| That that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndatek. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-know.a.fact || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is something everyone should know.
|-
| That that that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense is subject to debate. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndantek; at lekah. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-NEG-know.a.fact; that debatable || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is not something everyone should know; that is debatable.
|-
| That that that that someone could allow this to happen is despicable is common sense is subject to debate is simply absurd. || Maltarivandai at ndoromah latah, marem el ndantek, at nlekah; kelem harit tab ljat. || despicable-ADV that allow-PASS happen, everyone that.ACC IMP-NEG-know.a.fact, that NEG-debatable; I stone-ACC ingest RESUL-that || The despicableness of that being allowed to happen is not something everyone should know, and that is not debatable; that is absurd.
|-
| This priceless artifact is not worth risking losing. || Kelem kulöst srihut nmaksbolat. || I priceless-ACC artifact-PROX.DEM NEG-COM-SJBV-misplace || I do not want to possibly lose this priceless artifact.
|-
| You must go. || Kelauk ndakom. || you IMP-go || You must go.
|-
| You must not go. || Kelauk ndankom. || you IMP-NEG-go || You must not go.
|-
| You don't have to go. || Kelauk nmdakom. || you NEG-IMP-go || You don't have to go.
|-
| How drunk or high do you have to be to be so confused as to momentarily believe that today is half a year away from when it actually is? || Kelem kim smin lünkömrt ndatab, lünvenkat endatab, ol vanrihau mivos: stinut sölühi dni boska? || I what amount glass.of.alcohol-ACC IMP-ingest, drug-ACC either/or-IMP-ingest, this.ACC minute-INE RESUL-wrongly.believe: today half-ASS-INS year-INS be.different, I minute-INE wrongly.believe || What amount of alcohol or a drug must I ingest in order to wrongly believe that today is actually different by half a year?
|-
| If I say &quot;You are a couple of anarchists wearing bidets as hats,&quot; how many anarchists are there? || &quot;Ket makukreh, kevab tisrehümjo jaskat telok,&quot; kelem el skel, kim smin makukrehem lineb? || &quot;two believe.in.anarchism, head-SUP bidet hat.worn.during.rain-ACC replace,&quot; I that.ACC SJBV-say, what amount anarchist RESUL-exist? || If I say that &quot;Two are anarchists, and on the head a bidet replaces a hat,&quot; then how many anarchists exist?
|-
| It’s a good idea to try and be careful about not copying Finnish's idiosyncrasies. || Kelem ndakas kunkra likovri Sivi laskatravat mirna. || I IMP-try be.careful RESUL-avoid Finnish.language-INS idiosyncracy-ACC imitate.a.thing || I should try to be careful in order to avoid copying the idiosyncrasies in the Finnish language.
|-
| I want to become the person I would have become had I been born in Norway. || Kelem Norskavau mta, kelem makjat. || I Norway-INE give.birth.to.PASS, I COM-see || I wish that I were born in Norway.
|-
| Were you seconding what I said or saying what you thought I didn't? || Serauk serem bönt mkivt lat, serauk jerani nkelani marsauli ehnaum? || you I same\PL-ACC face-ACC see, you believe-PASS.PTCP-INS NEG-say-PASS.PTCP-INS what.was.said-INS exclusive.or-discuss || Were you agreeing with me, or were you discussing that which you believed to be unspoken (by me)?
|-
| I know that you believe that you understood what you think I said, but I am not sure you realize that what you heard was not what I meant. || Kelauk mhal ndareh, kelauk jera, kelem tek; kelem atü dankümrüm: kelauk mhal darehalu, kelauk baus. || you me NEG-misunderstand, you believe, I know; I that-ASS but-NEG-certain: you me misunderstand-actually, you realize || I know that you believe that you did not misunderstand me; but I am not certain that you realize that you actually misunderstood me.
|-
| I've had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane! || Kelem Davanühau osmautau nakut uhodrakt mara darjanohi ndamot! || I Satan-ASSOCIATIVE-INESSIVE airplane-INESSIVE child-GENITIVE-ACC be.bloodthirsty-ACTIVE.PARTICIPLE-ACC all snake.PL.ACC IMP-kill || I must kill the snakes who are bloodthirsty for children on this Satanic plane!
|}

==&lt;u&gt;Disneyland Hostage&lt;/u&gt; (&lt;u&gt;Disnikavau lekahem&lt;/u&gt;)==
Below is the first chapter in Kosi of [http://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/061329596X/702-3864971-8992063?v=glance&amp;n=916520 &lt;u&gt;Disneyland Hostage&lt;/u&gt;] by [http://members.shaw.ca/ericwilsonweb/index.html Eric Wilson], translated with permission from the author.

===Bna msanu: Chapter One===
Serauk rausmaut, aut mtai limoteh?

Have you ever been flying in an airplane when it's just about to crash?

Serem &amp;#xFC;lkadsat katsemra, serem vilnamhar&amp;#xFC;mhav&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t osmautdolorust libukbuk. Serem ken katakt tand&amp;#xF6;nt litisreh&amp;#xFC;m, sreh&amp;#xFC;mt ohi bakri lilat.

I tightened my seat belt, then re-read the airplane company's safety instruction booklet. Then I wiped my sweating palms, and looked out the window at the totally calm people.

Osmaut nm&amp;#xF6;smaut, serem kovr&amp;#xFC;m smehat vast lat.

The plane hadn't even taken off, and I was prepared to meet my unfortunate fate.

Seremain &amp;#xFC;lak n&amp;#xFC;m lauht taum&amp;#xF6;s. &quot;Maks&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m, Elisain. Kelauk osmot&amp;#xFC; mhokdeht vai seleh?&quot;

The woman sitting next to me squeezed my hand. &quot;Calm down, Liz. Don't you like the colour scheme of the plane a lot?&quot;

At em Vels Meladi. At marsel sneh, beska hruvi omi. Ljarai, kabnut: &quot;&amp;#xDC;lstevat Ndekadolos Liv&amp;#xFC;l&quot;.

That's Aunt Melody. She's always optimistic, unlike other people. For instance, the sign that said, &quot;Use Seat Cushion to Float&quot;.

&quot;Kelauk el ndareh, Vels Meladain? Osmaut Sitrabintau moteh, marem &amp;#xFC;lstevi s&amp;#xF6;dain lindaul. Saudrasva sont ul mekovr&amp;#xFC;m, kelem dnava; at maremi dnava s&amp;#xF6;t&amp;#xFC;hau bn&amp;#xFC;mau lil&amp;#xF6;t.&quot;

&quot;Do you understand this, Aunt Melody? The plane will crash into the Pacific Ocean, then everyone will have to swim to land with a seat cushion. I expect that Jaws is preparing his teeth; he's waiting for everyone to visit at dinnertime.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Osmaut kevau Sitrabintau ndno.&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;The plane won't be traveling over the Pacific.&quot;

&quot;At soktsin, hautem autbesa ndaj&amp;#xF6;ts mkivau askaribosmaut.&quot;

&quot;That will happen, when the pilot has to discard the fuel before the emergency landing.&quot;

&quot;Maks&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m, Elisain. Kelauk osmauti radno.&quot;

&quot;Calm down, Liz. You've traveled by plane before.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek, kelem osmot dajades. Kelem saun tint maktsanja, dehnot limakdno.&quot;

&quot;I know that, but I still hate planes. I want to leave this evil thing and then travel by train.&quot;

&quot;Durau lat&amp;#xFC; Tam, dehnaut tombat, kelauk njera, kelem libo.&quot;

&quot;After Tom's experience, I'm surprised you don't believe trains are dangerous.&quot;

Serem ret trebori Vels&amp;#xFC; Melad&amp;#xFC; k&amp;#xF6;s, serem ket liv&amp;#xFC;l, kast soklihal njeki soksom. H&amp;#xF6;vak serem sok&amp;#xFC;l, Vels Meladi &lt;u&gt;Boska&lt;/u&gt;t sitrai tebuk; Kanjaukjarem Jadhavt sbuk, kaltankmorvaidolorus&amp;#xFC; em &lt;u&gt;Boska&lt;/u&gt;t libuk. Vels maremi ret, at h&amp;#xF6;vjati nlatah; at Minjetlisau misnikmordolorusi dakadolosah. At ndesel smin&amp;#xF6;sai bna, at maremt kel; at lak&amp;#xFC;t hulart smin&amp;#xF6;sai jalm&amp;#xF6;s, serem ata liksiva.

I don't know how to win an argument with Aunt Melody, so I sat back, listening to sweat as it fell from my forehead. Sitting beside me, Aunt Melody returned to reading &quot;Variety&quot;, which is, for a person in the entertainment industry, akin to the Bible for Christians. My aunt isn't a star, and she isn't on TV, but she does work for a Minneapolis opera company. She tells everyone she'll never be really significant, but she really enjoys using her voice, and I'm happy for her.

At seremt kit&amp;#xF6;m taseht litab, serem misnikmort lilat. Serem el n&amp;#xFC;seh Disnikavau litsamaua. Serem ret dnava Kalisornaim dno, serem vai dr&amp;#xFC;t lilat. S&amp;#xF6;tau, serem dn&amp;#xFC;t Lasandjelest makbahad, serem &amp;#xFC;sai elsai el &amp;#xF6;len.

She invited me to visit her, and to see an opera performance. I was now accompanying her on a vacation in Disneyland. I was very excited about going to California, and I experienced goosebumps. At the moment, I could only think about how I wanted to survive the trip to Los Angeles.

Osmaut laskai mekom.

The plane suddenly began to move.

Maur barjav sokbsemah, hari soksom. Mara autnitra svenjanai sokmedos sokmemis&amp;#xFC;m. &quot;Kelem nmakbohad, lidribara,&quot; kelem &amp;#xF6;len&amp;#xF6;len.

The big door was closed with a thump. All the engines began to roar and whistle, and this scared me. &quot;I don't want to die, because I'm too young,&quot; I thought over and over.

Vai osmautemsko kamt kisolt tsin, at kalat askaribahadhnemkivt jos. osmaut osmautnau smin&amp;#xF6;sai hlam limedno. Mara autnitra osmot smin&amp;#xF6;sai kaslah, osmaut kevain edli medno. Mara hru hautauk seremain lisom, serem hlam jera. Eski meder&amp;#xFC;m, osmaut ket limerjoka.

Many flight attendants made a sick joke; they demonstrated the use of emergency oxygen masks. The plane then began to travel very quickly on the runway. The engines hugely energised the plane, and the plane began traveling up into the sky. I thought for a little while that the other passengers would fall towards me. My heart began to pound, but fortunately the plane then became horizontal.

&quot;Sai! M&amp;#xF6;smaut tnela!&quot; serem dor&amp;#xFC;m.

&quot;Hurrah! The takeoff has ended!&quot; I exclaimed.

&quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr. Osmaut &amp;#xFC;sai ndabosmaut.&quot;

&quot;You're right. The plane just has to land now.&quot;

&quot;Lah! Kelem botek.&quot;

&quot;Thanks a lot. I'd completely forgotten.&quot;

Harutau, serem vai srit sauthos lat; serem vai vilnakt smin&amp;#xFC;mt djolkat lat, vai srit ot; at sabdni sr&amp;#xF6;bas&amp;#xFC;mi ul dno. Serem el sokmikjat, tani mb&amp;#xF6;t soktebsa.

On Earth, I saw tiny farm houses; I saw tiny sparkling lakes, and toy cars; the last were traveling on a six-lane sliver of road. As I stared at them, someone's hand touched my arm.

Serem kevt katom, serem njat men lilat; kulamhok sul, vai edl s&amp;#xFC;m; tseld&amp;#xFC;mi latan kulatinkads njolt maslat besk&amp;#xFC;m. Man seremt ul kel, serem el mtai nbaus.

I turned my head, and saw a perfect man; he had gold-coloured hair and very blue eyes; a gold chain, seen through his shirt, crossed his hairy chest. I didn't realize immediately that the man was talking to me.

&quot;Oja?&quot; serem maktel. &quot;Kelauk kim kel?&quot;

&quot;Pardon?&quot; I stammered. &quot;What did you say?&quot;

&quot;Kelauk Lisi H&amp;#xFC;viti kajosah, Rikmnd&amp;#xF6;?&quot;

&quot;Are you called Lisa Hewitt, from Richmond?&quot;

&quot;Kelem ntsin,&quot; serem raiha, vai sibri vadimai likajosah. &quot;Kelem Elisi Astni kajosah, kelem Viniteka d&amp;#xF6;s.&quot; Man tsulau &amp;#xFC;l, serem tekel, &quot;Senlorankavau.&quot;

&quot;No,&quot; I admitted, very disappointed because I was called differently. &quot;I'm called Liz Austen, and I come from Winnipeg.&quot; He looked confused, so I continued, &quot;In Canada.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek.&quot; Man rjokomeh. &quot;Kelem taseht Lisi soktab, kelem njem sokmaknaum; Lisa kelauk &amp;#xFC;lemt h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;s! B&amp;#xF6;n j&amp;#xF6;n &amp;#xF6;rai sul s&amp;#xFC;m.&quot;

&quot;I know that.&quot; The man shook his head. &quot;When I visit Lisa, I'm going to mention you; Lisa and you look like twins. The same pretty dark hair and eyes.&quot;

Man metsanja, Vels Meladi mbatjot dados. &quot;Mak&amp;#xFC;l,&quot; vels kel, sormt h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;sak n&amp;#xF6;main &amp;#xFC;lain dos. &quot;Kelauk mhal tsokjat skel, ket limekot.&quot;

The man was starting to leave, but Aunt Melody threw a weapon. &quot;Please sit down,&quot; she said, and glanced at the empty seat beside her. &quot;My niece and I would enjoy it talking to you.&quot;

J&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man &amp;#xFC;l, serem el libolat. Serem ken har&amp;#xFC;mt nj&amp;#xFC;mt melat, at tanisimt h&amp;#xF6;v; ndem danja, serem ret kost jera. Serem bnat duksat ul &amp;#xF6;len, Vels Meladi seremain sotevt dalidos.

The man from a dream sat down, and I took a good look at him. I noticed two tiny scars, which were near his right eye; but no one is perfect, and I couldn't believe the luck. I was in the middle of thinking about what to say first, but then Aunt Melody threw an obstacle at me.

&quot;Marem nhreh, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;I believe that we haven't identified ourselves.&quot;

&quot;Oja?&quot; j&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man kel.

&quot;What?&quot; the man from a dream said.

&quot;Marem nkaskeh. Kelem Meladi Saimndsi kajosah.&quot;

&quot;We haven't introduced ourselves. I'm called Melody Symons.&quot;

&quot;Kelem Kindsli Kotvas kajosah. Kelauk Sanlorankava d&amp;#xF6;s, N&amp;#xFC; Saimnaim, kelem jer&amp;#xFC;m, kelauk ljelsai bosrai hnaum.&quot;

&quot;I'm called Kingsley Fortune. I suspected that you were from Canada, Ms. Symons, because you can speak so coherently.&quot;

&quot;Kelem usamah. Kelem Meladi makkajosah.&quot;

&quot;Thank you. I wish to be called Melody.&quot;

&quot;Elisi makkajosah,&quot; serem el kel. &quot;Kelauk...&quot;

&quot;I'd like to be called Liz,&quot; I said to him. &quot;You...&quot;

Vels Meladi lirut datsin, ildar limikandelah. Durau r&amp;#xFC;n j&amp;#xF6;sk&amp;#xFC; serem venrih, Kindsli skot&amp;#xF6;k njem, serem krasai raiha. Vels Meladi Kindslit skasel; serem el makjat, serem vels Lasandjelesau Kindslain liv&amp;#xFC;l. Taua!

Aunt Melody asked a question, and then my mouth was left agape. After a few minutes of me being naive, I silently admitted that Kingsley might be too old for me. Aunt Melody might make an impression on Kingsley; I hoped for this, because then we might hang out with Kingsley in Los Angeles. Wow!

Vels Meladit makmiloseh, serem hrai limekel. &quot;Vels smin&amp;#xF6;st kavt radno, Kindslain, at misnikmort tsin maremi elsai.&quot;

Wanting to help Aunt Melody, I also began to talk. &quot;My aunt has traveled to many countries, Kingsley, and she is a famous opera star.&quot;

Kindsli kaselah, serem mkivi jera, Vels Meladi tant likat&amp;#xF6;v. &quot;Kelem maremi ret. Kelem sitrai mbetadsau dolos.&quot;

I gathered from his face that Kingsley was impressed, but Aunt Melody raised her hand. &quot;I'm not a star. I just sing for fun.&quot;

Kindsli sol. &quot;Kelauk bosrai mis, kelem dnava.&quot;

Kingsley laughed. &quot;I bet that you sing beautifully.&quot;

&quot;Vels tsin! Kelauk haslok&amp;#xFC;t Minjetlist ndakabausah, kelauk surat ndadno misnikmort lilat.&quot; Ket durau misnikmori bn&amp;#xFC;meh, serem mtai kibn&amp;#xFC;m; Vels Meladi s&amp;#xFC;tehai seremt dalat.

&quot;My aunt does! You should find out her Minneapolis address, and you should travel to the city to see a performance.&quot; I was about to suggest dinner after the performance, but Aunt Melody looked at me angrily.

&quot;Elismetain, kelauk makbuk, kelem jera.&quot; Vels seremt Elismeti sokkajos at &lt;i&gt;soks&amp;#xFC;teh&lt;/i&gt;. &quot;Man Kotvas ndamorah aksi elni, kelem njera.&quot;

&quot;Elizabeth, I think you should read your book.&quot; My aunt only calls me Elizabeth when she's &lt;i&gt;furious&lt;/i&gt;. &quot;I don't believe that Mr. Fortune needs help to organise his way of life.&quot;

J&amp;#xF6;b&amp;#xF6; man kot Vels Meladain. &quot;Kelem Kindsli makkajosah.&quot;

The man from a dream smiled at Aunt Melody. &quot;I wish to be called Kingsley.&quot;

Serem ol dos: sokhal, mara sorm ul sokkom, ket sokmekeleh. Serem Velst Meladit hlam tolat; martin nja, serem &amp;#xFC;len. Har&amp;#xF6;s &amp;#xF6;rai s&amp;#xFC;m, sk&amp;#xFC;r kormkivdjesn, skov mohinak&amp;#xFC; lantselda, s&amp;#xFC;lai h&amp;#xFC;m donjan, ket raut&amp;#xFC; tsukbulat--at djesnaukt ben.

I promise this: I heard her eyelashes moving while the two began to talk. I quickly inspected Aunt Melody; I concluded that everything was perfect. The huge dark eyes, exactly enough makeup, a white silk blouse, a forest-green pants, two silver bracelets--she resembled a model.

osmautemsko marema n&amp;#xFC;ramt vimdelt hnehmled&amp;#xFC;t saul&amp;#xFC;mt melirutari. &quot;Vai osmautemsko bn&amp;#xFC;mt hlam mahrai,&quot; at kel, mtai serem der&amp;#xFC;mt lihal.

A flight attendant began offering a soft drink and a packet of peanuts to everyone. &quot;Flight attendants will be distributing dinner soon,&quot; she said, and immediately I then heard the nervousness.

&quot;Tsul kim?&quot;

&quot;What's the problem?&quot;

At makkot, at dastamka. &quot;Nde tsul neb. Kelauk kimraun liru?&quot;

She tried to smile, but it was crooked. &quot;There aren't any problems. Why do you ask?&quot;

&quot;Kelem der&amp;#xFC;mt hal. Tsul&amp;#xFC; osmaut?&quot;

&quot;I hear nervousness. Is there a problem with the plane?&quot;

At s&amp;#xFC;mt tolat, mtai kel, Vels Meladi damekel. &quot;Tsonjat nmdakunkra. At der&amp;#xFC;m osmaut.&quot;

She studied my eyes, and was about to speak, but Aunt Melody started talking. &quot;Pay no attention to my niece. She is nervous about flying.&quot;

osmautemsko snehkomeh liksan. Hnehmled&amp;#xFC;t saul&amp;#xFC;mt ul andel, serem jateh, serem osmautemskot sokjat, at hru osmautemskot soknok, ket seremain lilat. Tsul neb, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr, serem kim tsin? Mtak tardno naib, serem ret somjask&amp;#xF6;st kadolos, serem jera, bahad &amp;#xF6;l dsteno. At datsin. Vai kast metsin, ds&amp;#xF6;k Tam&amp;#xF6; hukandjobulast hlam metani. At d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt bulat, neluskavsmadi.

The flight attendant nodded and walked away. I was pretending to open the package of peanuts, but while I watching the flight attendant, she whispered to another flight attendant, and the latter looked my way. I was certain that something was wrong, but what could I do? There was no such thing as the next stop, and I believed I couldn't use a parachute if my life depended on it. But it did. I began to sweat a lot, and I quickly began to hold the key ring from my brother Tom. It includes a rabbit's foot, and a four-leaf clover.

Kindsli rjokat &amp;#xF6;lent krasai kaultin. &quot;&amp;#xDC;s hukandjobulat! Kelauk vast j&amp;#xF6;ska, Elisain?&quot;

Kingsley, with his deep voice, interrupted my pessimistic thoughts. &quot;A key ring! Do you believe in fate, Liz?&quot;

&quot;Kelem? Ndesel.&quot;

&quot;Me? Never.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Ndasota, Elisain. Ndabek.&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;Come on, Liz. Be honest.&quot;

&quot;osmaut kelemt smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenja, kelem raiha. Bohadkimr&amp;#xF6;s vaisaulau sneb, ul dnava bohan. Takintsul&amp;#xFC; autnitra smentsemra. Autnitra snt&amp;#xFC;l, osmaut harutain hlam lisom, osmaut ul luhara, marem ul dos, marem...&quot;

&quot;Flying scares me a lot, I admit. A bomb might exist in the luggage, waiting to explode. A bolt from the engine might become loose. The engine might fall off, then the plane will fall quickly towards Earth, the plane will be spinning, everyone will be screaming, everyone...&quot;

&quot;Bokel!&quot; Kindsli kel, lisol. &quot;&lt;i&gt;Kelem&lt;/i&gt; svenjah. D&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt ndatebsatebsa, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;Stop!&quot; Kingsley said, then laughed. &quot;Now &lt;i&gt;I'm&lt;/i&gt; terrified. I think you should stroke the rabbit's foot again.&quot;

Vels Meladi manaim kot. &quot;El nmdakibna, Kindslain.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled towards him. &quot;Don't encourage her, Kingsley.&quot;

&quot;A, kelem smin&amp;#xFC;mai ben. Kelauk ol tek? &lt;u&gt;Mekbet&lt;/u&gt;, at maur smeha kaltankmor mara kaltankmori, mara kaltankmorem jera, Mis&amp;#xFC; Mara Saudn&amp;#xFC;m lineb. Marem kaltankmorem &quot;D&amp;#xF6;n ndabn&amp;#xFC;&quot;-i mkivau bnakalati jakeleh. Marem &quot;Kot vas&quot;-i jankeleh, at drobrikah.&quot;

&quot;Well, I'm a bit the same. Did you know this? &lt;u&gt;Macbeth&lt;/u&gt;, it's the unluckiest play, actors believe, because of the Witches' Song. Actors always say &quot;Break a leg&quot; before the first performance. We never say &quot;Good luck&quot; although that's what is meant.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk kaltankmor?&quot;

&quot;You act?&quot;

At mekot, kontin talbaihau t&amp;#xFC;l. &quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr.&quot;

He began to smile, and dimples appeared on the cheeks. &quot;You're correct.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk smin&amp;#xF6;sai bna?&quot;

&quot;Are you really important?&quot;

At mesol. &quot;Kelauk el skel.&quot;

He began to laugh. &quot;You might say that.&quot;

&quot;Makkel&amp;#xF6;s.&quot;

&quot;Please explain.&quot;

&quot;A, kelem barai Lomesa Ha h&amp;#xF6;vakau Minjetlisau ketdolos. Kelem el smin&amp;#xFC;mai sko, kelem ontja.&quot;

&quot;Well, I've been working near Minneapolis with Lomas Shaw. I believe it to be likely that you're familiar with him a little.&quot;

Serem ntsin, lisoldan. Kindsli el nmelat, serem ontja.

I wasn't, and shrugged. I don't think Kingsley noticed.

&quot;H&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor vai bna, kaltankmoremsko svara dolos Haliv&amp;#xF6;dau. Kelem Lasandjelesain hlam ljabas.&quot;

&quot;The movie will be very important, and my agent is working for me in Hollywood. Therefore I'm quickly returning to Los Angeles.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk marsel kaltankmor?&quot;

&quot;Have you always acted?&quot;

&quot;Marsel. Kelem &amp;#xFC;sai elsai ati k&amp;#xF6;s.&quot;

&quot;Always. I only know how to succeed at that.&quot;

Serem edlt s&amp;#xFC;mt tolat, Kalisornau sol&amp;#xFC; kul&amp;#xFC;mlaskahalmhok mdaja. Serem kajossert marai makrem, serem ndat&amp;#xFC;l obsiv, Vels Meladi likel, serem ontja. Lauhtan&amp;#xFC;t Kindslit tolat, jamaitsabulast lisreh. &amp;#xDC;s naib, vai dasal&amp;#xFC;t ardamt tsin. Serem sokmikjat, Kindsli limelat, limesneh.

I inspected the blue eyes, and the bronze skin from the sun in California. I totally wanted to be given an autograph, but Aunt Melody, I believed to be likely, would then say I must learn to be tactful. I looked at Kingsley's hands to look for a wedding ring. He didn't have one, but he did have calluses. Kingsley noticed that I was staring, and stood up.

&quot;Kelem makhebsi,&quot; at kel, litrisn.

&quot;I'd like to come back,&quot; he said, and then walked away.

&quot;Smin kotvas?&quot; serem Vels Meladit nok.

&quot;How much luck?&quot; I whispered to Aunt Melody.

&quot;Elismetain, s&amp;#xFC;mah!&quot;

&quot;Elizabeth, please!&quot;

&quot;Kelauk lauhtant tolat?&quot;

&quot;Did you inspect his hands?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin. Kimi kaltankmor vai ardamt hrai, kelem maktek? Kindsli svadim em.&quot;

&quot;I did. I want to know how acting can result in calluses? Kingsley might be a different person.&quot;

Knolan man! Serem nhnaum&amp;#xFC;t Kindslit sbaus? Serem limerkot. &quot;At Lasandjelesau snkaltankmor, ket el ndesel dasahau snkeleh.&quot;

An unknown man! Might I figure out Kingsley's secret? Then I became unhappy. &quot;If he doesn't act in L.A., then we might never converse with him in the future.&quot;

Vels Meladi sol. &quot;Ket ndebsen?&quot;

Aunt Melody laughed. &quot;Must we cry?&quot;

&quot;A, at koteh. Kelem sndoromah, serem ljalm&amp;#xF6;s j&amp;#xF6;na Kindsla Haliv&amp;#xF6;dau hibja. Lauhtani tuvis, kelem makjateh.&quot;

&quot;Well, he's nice. If I were allowed, I would enjoy hanging out with handsome Kingsley in Hollywood. I'd like to pretend that his hands are normal.&quot;

Lauhtan&amp;#xFC;, at&amp;#xFC; osmautemsko sokkomeh, n&amp;#xFC;m bn&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t hraikaumt svara sokhrai. Tsul osmaut&amp;#xFC; neb, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr, serem dahautah. Serem mara tabjot talinksurt&amp;#xF6; tari, tan litolat.

About hands, those of a flight attendant were trembling as the woman gave a dinner tray to me. A problem existed with the plane, but I was only being driven. I took the utensils from a paper napkin, and studied the food.

Mara tab hraikaumau lok; hul srend bulatah, Jadoltor. Serem ken srend tab, kitr&amp;#xF6; oltintab&amp;#xF6; &amp;#xF6;rt Alinbjek hlam litab. Delan irid&amp;#xFC;m, serem hrat srend Jadoltort litab.

All the food was located in the tray; some cookies were included, and a chunk of fudge. I ate two cookies, then quickly ate a black olive from an unappetizing salad. The beef was mediocre, so I ate the cookies and fudge.

Osmaut d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s, serem bakri lat. osmaut tsintsin, obani solt sminai barja, sol vilna drolatah. Serem sitrai ul &amp;#xFC;l, hautem askari mehnaum.

The plane turned, and I looked out the window. The plane did this again, and a wing blocked the sun to some extent, but yellow light was nevertheless seen. I was sitting peacefully, but the pilot began to discuss a disaster.

&quot;Tsul autnitr&amp;#xFC; neb,&quot; at kel, litarkel; marem mekel, at ontjai. At k&amp;#xFC;mr. Jaru menah, osmautemsko atu dakis&amp;#xFC;t&amp;#xFC;m. Serem tan&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit sokbaksa, d&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xFC;t alumt vai tsemrai soktaum&amp;#xF6;s. Eski ul vai lihadai der&amp;#xFC;m.

&quot;A problem exists with the engine,&quot; she said, then paused; she apparently believed it likely that everyone would begin to talk. She was right. One guy began to swear, but a flight attendant calmed him down. I grabbed hold of Aunt Melody's hand, and squeezed the rabbit's foot very tightly. My heart was pounding very loudly.

&quot;Vai maknder&amp;#xFC;m,&quot; at tekel. &quot;Mara kobol bahat katebsah, at bosmau snt&amp;#xFC;l. Vai askaraut dnava, kelem vilnaukrehusi hnaum.&quot;

&quot;Please don't be very nervous,&quot; she continued. &quot;The wheels have been made to touch the air, but they might collapse during landing. Ambulances will be waiting, and I will be discussing safety behaviour.&quot;

At bokel, marem limedos. Mara osmautemsko sitr&amp;#xFC; sokadso, serem bakri mat&amp;#xF6;sain t&amp;#xFC;sbosolain sokjat. Sol ul bohad, serem keleh; katsau tin limetsemra.

She stopped talking, then everyone began to shout. As the flight attendants worked hard for calm, I looked out the window at a wonderful orange sunset. The sun is dying, I said to myself; then a thing in my stomach became tight.

Vels Meladi tanikevt tebsa, serem slahai kot. &quot;Kelem k&amp;#xFC;mr, kelem jera.&quot;

Aunt Melody patted the back of my hand, and I weakly smiled. &quot;I think I was right.&quot;

&quot;Kim hnaum&amp;#xFC;, Elisain?&quot;

&quot;Regarding what topic, Liz?&quot;

&quot;osmautemsko der&amp;#xFC;m. At tsult elsai.&quot;

&quot;The flight attendant was nervous. She knew about the problem.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk k&amp;#xFC;mr, kelem ol ontja: mara osmautemsko amhar&amp;#xFC;mah sitrai ukreh bn&amp;#xFC;mt mahrai mkivau hautem tsuli hnaum mkivau bosmaut.&quot;

&quot;I believe it likely that you're right, and that the flight attendants were instructed to act calmly and distribute dinner before the pilot discussed the problem before landing.&quot;

&quot;Bosmaut.&quot; Serem ret kot. &quot;Vels Meladain, kelem svenjah.&quot;

&quot;The landing.&quot; I couldn't smile. &quot;Aunt Melody, I'm scared.&quot;

&quot;Kelem hruvai tsin, tsoksi.&quot;

&quot;I am also, my dear niece.&quot;

Kindsli hebsi, Vels Meladain &amp;#xFC;l. At bainjat ben, hautemi limekel. &quot;Kelauk sauk?&quot;

Kingsley came back, and sat down beside Aunt Melody. He resembled a ghost because of the pilot's announcement. &quot;How do you feel?&quot;

&quot;Mat&amp;#xF6;s, Kindslain. Kelauk?&quot;

&quot;Very good, Kingsley! You?&quot;

&quot;Kelem nja! Dehanmejalkau, osmautdolorusut maur mat mara hri. Mara hautauk vilna.&quot;

&quot;I'm perfect! In the United States, this airplane company is the best quality compared to all the others. All the passengers will be safe.&quot;

osmautemsko bn&amp;#xFC;m&amp;#xFC;t hraikaumt memrebn; lauhtani bokomeh, serem lat. At svenjani kabausteki hnaum, at dsreh. At seremain kot, serem tsobnai limekot.

A flight attendant began taking back the dinner trays; I noticed that her hands had stopped shaking. She might have worried that she would discuss the frightening information. She smiled at me, and that oddly made me happy.

&quot;Mnara?&quot; Vels Meladi el kel. &quot;Osmaut salau nbosmaut, telotakai dausmi mkivau Lasandjelesi; kimraun&amp;#xFC;?&quot;

&quot;Excuse me,&quot; Aunt Melody said to her. &quot;We didn't land earlier, but will instead fly until Los Angeles; why?&quot;

&quot;Vai lateko askaraut atau neb.&quot;

&quot;A lot of available ambulances exist there.&quot;

&quot;Lmka.&quot;

&quot;I see.&quot;

Kim sv&amp;#xF6; at&amp;#xFC; neb? Serem el ul lat, serem nmakjera; serem Disnikavau martint limik&amp;#xF6;len, vadimau hibau har&amp;#xFC;mau tsin, serem ontja.

What answer exists for that? I did not want to believe that I was experiencing this; so I thought for a long time about everything at Disneyland, which I did, I believe likely, for approximately eight seconds.

&quot;Kelem askar&amp;#xFC; k&amp;#xFC;mr,&quot; serem Kindslit kel. &quot;Autnitra nmt&amp;#xFC;l, ut el smeh&amp;#xFC; damrali.&quot;

&quot;I was right about a disaster,&quot; I said to Kingsley. &quot;The engine did not fall off, but this equals that in unfortunateness.&quot;

Kindsli slahai mekot. &quot;At l&amp;#xFC;t, Elisain. Durau r&amp;#xFC;n venrihi, osmaut Lasandjelesau bosmaut, svenjan lat bolatah.&quot;

Kingsley weakly smiled. &quot;That's nonsense, Liz. After a few minutes, the plane will land in Los Angeles, and this scary experience will cease happening.&quot;

&quot;Kelem el tek&amp;#xFC;m. Vanrih&amp;#xFC;hau bosmau, mara kobol soknt&amp;#xFC;l osmaut osmautnot soktebsa. Osmaut mkivain sokkimr, vai vilnaktin marokain sokkom. Mara autbesanitra libohan, autbesa met&amp;#xFC;s, har&amp;#xF6;s bohan latah. &amp;#xDC;sau vanrihau, osmaut neb; mtakau vanrihau, bjek&amp;#xFC; t&amp;#xFC;s el telot! Marem osmautau lint&amp;#xFC;l, Kindslain! Kula ndosah, marem bohad! Bahan ndanotl!&quot;

&quot;I doubt it. The minute of landing, the wheels will collapse as the plane touches the runway. The plane will slide forward, sparks moving everywhere. The fuel tanks will pop, the fuel will become fire, and a huge explosion will happen. One minute, a plane exists; the next minute, a ball of fire replaces it! Everyone in the plane will vanish, Kingsley! Gold will not be thrown, and we will all die! Say goodbye to life!&quot;

Serem ol laskai melat: vai em seremain melat, hul omat ul bsen. Serem kortab, serem baus, likas kot. &quot;Kelemain ndankunkra, maremain. Kelem lan.&quot;

I suddenly began to notice that people were looking in my direction and some were crying. I realized that I had eaten too much, and then tried to smile. &quot;Don't listen to me, everyone. I'm a girl.&quot;

&quot;Nuram lan,&quot; Vels Meladi hnaum. &quot;Osmaut&amp;#xFC;, marsel tojoska lan. Tojoska smehai dahm lilat&amp;#xFC; lanut, kelem jera.&quot;

&quot;A remarkable girl,&quot; Aunt Melody said. &quot;Pertaining to flying, an always paranoid girl. I believe that unfortunately the paranoia will stay the same because of the current experience.&quot;

Hautem tekel. &quot;Osmaut Lasandjelesain m&amp;#xF6;r. Mara osmautemsko srit hneht sault ul mahrai. Mara kularauten saulau makkal&amp;#xF6;nka, mara jol tin; kajost saulab limakser.&quot;

The pilot resumed speaking. &quot;At the moment, flight attendants are distributing small brown bags. Please put jewellery into a bag, and all sharp things; then please write your name on the bag.&quot;

Mara saul m&amp;#xF6;ka d&amp;#xF6;s? Saulat mara osmautau neb likovr&amp;#xFC;m moteh? Serem sok&amp;#xF6;len, serem eds&amp;#xF6;d&amp;#xFC;t njokat saunt duksat bakri sokmelat. Edlau, serem ulak mondak &amp;#xFC;rvit lat, osmautis bulat &amp;#xF6;rai.

Where did the bags come from? Did all planes have them in order to be ready for a crash? While I was thinking, I looked out the window at a horizon-associated thin red line. In the sky I saw a quarter-moon in the process of waking up, and total darkness below the plane.

Osmautemsko stevat mahrai. &quot;El stamksirjokab makbaus. Osmaut mtolakai bosmaut, mara hautauk askarimahani ndaul, hautem amhar&amp;#xFC;m.&quot;

A flight attendant distributed pillows. &quot;Put this in the lap. Just before the plane lands, the pilot will instruct that all passengers sit in the emergency pose.&quot;

&quot;El kim?&quot;

&quot;What's that?&quot;

&quot;Lauhtani bokevt taum&amp;#xF6;s, mkiv stevat h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xF6;s. El ndatsin mkivau osmaut osmautnau bodno.&quot;

&quot;The hands squeeze the back of the head, and the face borders the pillow. Do that until the plane has stopped moving.&quot;

Osmaut vilnai bosmaut, serem keleh, durau tneli s&amp;#xF6;dain nmakjat. Serem laskahai jat Disnikavau jalm&amp;#xF6;s!

The plane will land safely, I said to myself, and I don't want to look at the ground after the end. I really intended to have a good time at Disneyland!

&quot;Makvilna,&quot; osmautemsko hnaum. &quot;Kelauk nmdasreh.&quot;

&quot;Be safe,&quot; the flight attendant said. &quot;You need not worry.&quot;

Serem bakri lat, edl laskai sokmev&amp;#xF6;r osmaut Lasandjelesain soksom. Mara sr&amp;#xFC; surad viln&amp;#xF6;s, at bulatai. Serem har&amp;#xF6;st kors&amp;#xF6;t vilat; vadin&amp;#xFC;m van sr&amp;#xF6;duksa neb. Osmaut lid&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s, serem nvilnakt hos vai vilnakt sr&amp;#xF6;t saunu bintu versa.

I looked out the window, and the sky suddenly became dark as the plane descended towards Los Angeles. The city streets were very bright, and they apparently never ended. I glimpsed a huge highway; at least twenty lanes existed. Then the plane turned, and I looked past dusky houses and bright streets to the red ocean.

Om mars&amp;#xF6;dau osmot ul lat? Osmaut h&amp;#xF6;vjati sal, serem ontja; mara latahtobekjo edlain sokkasal mara kobol osmautnaim s&amp;#xF6;di. Durau ati, kim latah?

Were people on the ground watching the plane? I believed it likely that the plane was being watched on television; all the video cameras were being caused to look into the sky as the wheels descended towards the runway. After that, what would happen?

Vilnak kabna sokvidsem eski sokhal&amp;#xF6;s, sauv dat&amp;#xFC;l mkiv limek&amp;#xFC;m. Osmaut s&amp;#xF6;di merih, mara autnitra laskai sokmevidos osmaut sokmesneh.

A neon sign was flashing while my heart was working, but fog appeared because my face became wet. The plane became low in relation to the ground, and the engines suddenly began to briefly roar as the plane began to be vertical.

&quot;Maremain, askarimahani ndaul!&quot; hautem dos.

&quot;Everyone, sit in the emergency pose!&quot; the pilot shouted.

Steva mekevbsenjokt, serem Vels Meladain lilat. &quot;Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem bulse,&quot; serem sokkel sokbsen.

The pillow became a head grave, then I looked at Aunt Melody. &quot;I love you,&quot; I said while crying.

At kot. &quot;Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem hruvai bulse, Elisain. Marem bohad.&quot;

She smiled. &quot;I love you too, Liz. Everyone will live.&quot;

Serem kas tekel, osmaut daborjoka. Serem bokevt baksa stevat ati viskad.

I tried to continue speaking, but the plane ceased being horizontal. I grabbed the back of my head and jammed the pillow with it.

Mara kobol osmautnau lihan som&amp;#xFC;lit tsin mara autnitra lihanai dos. Serem sokvibohad sokmikmkob&amp;#xF6;s, sokdnava svenjan&amp;#xFC;t hal&amp;#xFC;t nt&amp;#xFC;lakt takint hal, nde benak latah datsin. Osmautau marem &amp;#xFC;sau vanrihau vunkel, marem l&amp;#xFC;tai damedos, mesol, mesel.

The wheels on the runway made a loud thump and the engines loudly roared. I held my breath and prayed for a long time, waiting to hear the frightening sound associated with collapsing metal, but no similar event happened. In fact everyone in the plane did not talk during one minute, but then everyone began to hysterically shout, began to laugh, and began to clap.

Serem edlain lat, ket om dnaim jalm&amp;#xF6;seh. Serem el sokmurai, Vels Meladit mbi vai tsemrai sokkol; at libohan, serem ontja. Durau ati, serem Kindslit tesek, serem tab&amp;#xF6;st rem, serem baus, at ol bulat: serem Kindsla jalm&amp;#xF6;s. Serem atain dasokjat, serem masvirat tint soksrih.

I looked up, and two people in the aisle were hugging each other. I imitated them, surrounding Aunt Melody with my arms very tightly; I thought she'd pop. After that, I remembered Kingsley, and realised that I had a golden opportunity which included me hugging Kingsley. But when I looked in his direction, I found a stunning thing.

Kindsli vijob.

Kingsley had fainted.

===Hru msanu: Chapter Two===
At latah, serem ret jera

I couldn't believe that this had happened.

Kindsli Kotvas maur nja man mara hri Dehanmejalkau, serem ontja, at ravijob. S&amp;#xFC;m ket andel. &quot;Marem bahad?&quot; at Vels Melada lir&amp;#xFC;m.

Kingsley Fortune was probably the perfect man compared to all others in the United States, and he had fainted. The eyes quickly opened. &quot;Is everyone alive?&quot; he asked Aunt Melody in a whisper.

&quot;Marem bahad, marem vunja,&quot; Vels Meladi ardamai ldasa. &quot;Kelauk sokk&amp;#xFC;mr kelauk ol sokkel: osmautdolorust kavutau mivad. Hautem takinoltort oltor.&quot;

&quot;Everyone is alive, in fact everyone is perfect,&quot; Aunt Melody answered energetically. &quot;You were right, when you said that this airplane company is of the highest quality in the country. The pilot deserves a medal.&quot;

Kindsli &amp;#xFC;lain sokbosneh ardamai sokbahad. At mhal &amp;#xF6;ri edli s&amp;#xFC;mi lilat. &quot;Kelem ol ndaraiha: kelem nmakbateh, Elisain. Ks&amp;#xFC; kelem drevna.&quot;

Kingsley leaned back in his seat and breathed difficultly. He then looked at me using the deep blue eyes. &quot;I must admit that I'm not brave, Liz. I apologize to you.&quot;

&quot;Kelem srend maktab, Kindslain! Marem smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenjah; sid lint&amp;#xFC;l, kelem vuvontja. Kelem ol k&amp;#xFC;mr&amp;#xFC;m: kelem Vinitekain doni makabas.&quot;

&quot;I'd like to eat a cookie, Kingsley! Everyone was very scared, and in fact I believed it likely that my nose would disappear. I'm sure about this: I want to go back to Winnipeg by the feet.&quot;

At kot. &quot;Kelem ken skel mkivau ket hrab. Ket jat kim tsin?&quot;

He smiled. &quot;I might talk to you two before you return home. What do you intend to do?&quot;

Vels Meladi mesneh. &quot;Ket at&amp;#xFC; n&amp;#xFC;len.&quot;

Aunt Melody stood up. &quot;We haven't decided about that.&quot;

&quot;Ket kimlokau vihas?&quot;

&quot;Where are you two staying?&quot;

&quot;Anahaimau vihas. Kelem kajost botek.&quot;

&quot;A motel in Anaheim. I forget the name.&quot;

&lt;i&gt;Desma?&lt;/i&gt; Vels Meladi kajost sadmau jos, at dakas andelut j&amp;#xF6;ts; serem Kindslit ndesel stekel. Serem el mikjat, istnksurt&amp;#xFC; seremt ket lisrih, Kindslit lildasa. &quot;Ket kant&amp;#xFC; komtobekjokmort daimi l&amp;#xF6;t, Bn&amp;#xF6;sau Suradau,&quot; serem makmilosehakai tekel.

&lt;i&gt;What?&lt;/i&gt; Aunt Melody was carrying the name in the pocket, but she was trying to discard this opportunity; I might never talk to Kingsley again. I stared at her, then quickly found &lt;i&gt;my&lt;/i&gt; itinerary and answered Kingsley. &quot;We'll visit the movie studio tomorrow, at Universal City,&quot; I continued helpfully.

&quot;Mat&amp;#xF6;s lok. Kelem ken ndan&amp;#xFC;seh, kelem makdos.&quot;

&quot;A wonderful place. I insist that I must accompany you.&quot;

&quot;At vai kot! Laskahai ket &amp;#xF6;lent sel.&quot;

&quot;That's very good! We absolutely support the idea.&quot;

Vels Meladi seremt s&amp;#xF6;tehai lat; serem el nlat, serem dajateh. Vels Meladi Kindsli lenutau huktomahai, daimi at Kindslit damakkelkel, serem ontja. Kotai, serem mbatjot dos.

Aunt Melody angrily looked at me, but I pretended that I did not see it. Aunt Melody was apparently disinterested by Kingsley at the hour, but tomorrow I believed it likely she'd want to talk to Kingsley. Luckily, I threw a weapon.

Osmauthasau, laskah oltin neb. Vai tj&amp;#xF6;lerhauv&amp;#xFC; osmautau om mverja, vai kabausem ohi liruldasa, marem hukdoseh, at likas mara &quot;bahademt&quot; matai lat. Serem bnai bseh, serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai makliruldasah, Vels Meladi ket omtsemri dakom, l&amp;#xF6;nkjokt litsanja.

Inside the airport, total chaos existed. Many family members associated with the people on the plane cried because of joy, journalists interviewed people, and everyone was pushing each other because they were trying to see the &quot;survivors&quot; well. I felt important, and I really wanted to be interviewed, but Aunt Melody quickly walked through the crowd and then left the terminal.

Kindsli seremt Vels Meladit vihasain haut, serem mkob, man daulen liruldasah; mkivau Kindsla bolat, kulamhok sul vai ndakvilbjeki sokkavilna, at osmautau tneli soti sokhnaum.

I hoped that Kingsley would drive me and Aunt Melody to the motel, but the man decided to be interviewed; before losing sight of Kingsley, his gold-coloured hair was being lit by strobe lights while he described the final time on the airplane.

Ket aut&amp;#xF6;si drondahaut, serem istnt vihasain jalm&amp;#xF6;s. Lasandjeles har&amp;#xF6;s; aut&amp;#xF6;s vadin&amp;#xFC;mau lanau haut Anahaimt lik&amp;#xf6;m--Disnikav atau kerai lok--aut&amp;#xF6;s vadim hibi korsi hrai haut, serem ontja. Serem srend maktab, serem lilanvaisreh: serem mara ot bakri mikjat, serem masviri vilnaki vai vilni ket&amp;#xFC;hau h&amp;#xF6;v&amp;#xFC;hau srau kajalm&amp;#xF6;sah.

Although we had to travel by bus, I still enjoyed the trip to the motel. Los Angeles is huge; I believe that the bus traveled at least an hour to arrive at Anaheim--Disneyland is located there, by the way--and that the bus also traveled using approximately eight freeways. I wanted to eat cookies, because I was too busy with: I stared out the window at all the cars, and I was entertained by the incredible neon signs at the sides of the road.

Serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai sokmekaslah, serem vai bnat kabnut melat: &lt;i&gt;Vihas&amp;#xFC; Disnikav&lt;/i&gt;. Serem Muntasmahalhes bni kaulenah; serem snehai sok&amp;#xFC;l mb&amp;#xF6;h&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit sokbaksa.

I became very excited when I noticed this very important sign: &lt;i&gt;Disneyland Hotel&lt;/i&gt;. It reminded me of the Taj Mahal in importance; I sat vertically while grabbing Aunt Melody's arm.

&quot;Bakri makjat! Ket mrav&amp;#xFC;hau Disnikavau lok!&quot;

&quot;Please look out the window! We're near Disneyland!&quot;

Aut&amp;#xF6;s h&amp;#xF6;vakau mkivau hrabjoki haut, durau r&amp;#xFC;ni har&amp;#xFC;mi V&amp;#xF6;trtal t&amp;#xFC;l, kevau aut&amp;#xF6;si litarhaut. &amp;#xD6;t joldisjokh&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor&amp;#xFC;t tint ben: lan rautamhok umal, vai ndak r&amp;#xFC;nmhok vilbjek; serem hauti &amp;#xFC;sau makhaut.

The bus traveled near to the front of the driveway, and after a few seconds a monorail appeared, and paused traveling above the bus. It resembled a thing associated with a space movie: a long silver-coloured body, and flashing multi-colour lights; I totally wanted to travel by it one time.

&quot;Ket Vihas&amp;#xFC;hau Disnikavau svihas, Vels Meladain? &amp;#xDC;sau &amp;#xF6;rau? Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; makrem&amp;#xFC; miloseh, kelem dos.&quot;

&quot;Might we stay at the Disneyland Hotel, Aunt Melody? During one night? I promise that I will help with the cost.&quot;

Vels Meladi kot. &quot;Dris&amp;#xF6;mjo neb talinjosr&amp;#xFC;mt livis&amp;#xF6;m atau. Ket los sl&amp;#xF6;t.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled. &quot;Too little money exists to rent a broom closet here. We might visit the place.&quot;

&quot;Ket el ndatsin! Djolk&amp;#xFC;mt lokutau neb, r&amp;#xFC;n bat svara kel.&quot;

&quot;We must do that! A lagoon exists here, a few friends told me.&quot;

Vihasak vihasau om V&amp;#xF6;trtali h&amp;#xF6;vakain Disnikavain haut, hautem&amp;#xFC; aut&amp;#xF6;s kel&amp;#xF6;s. Smehai, ket Disnikavt nlat liv&amp;#xF6;r, ket vailokauti h&amp;#xF6;vakain vihasain lihaut. Korai, serem mara Lasandjeles&amp;#xFC;t h&amp;#xF6;vjatjodnot melat; serem ds&amp;#xF6;rt bahad&amp;#xFC;t &amp;#xF6;rt bahadsrau lisokjat, serem maurt lauhrasuskavt sokvadek.

People staying at the hotel traveled by monorail to nearby Disneyland, the bus driver explained. Unfortunately, we didn't see Disneyland because of the darkness, so we traveled by taxi to our nearby motel. Soon I was trying out all the Los Angeles television channels; then as I experienced the warm night air on the balcony, I listened to the palm tree leaves rattling in the wind.

Mlan ndesel k&amp;#xF6;m, serem jera.

I believed that the morning would never come.

Roki! At datsin. Serem Vels Meladi drikorai ond, bahadsrau sneh. Serem sr&amp;#xF6;t sokjat, vai Kalisorn&amp;#xFC;t om Katelarjoksri sokhaut: durau k&amp;#xF6;mrdnim josak &amp;#xF6;kau umnitrautau j&amp;#xF6;n jaru; kedinelmamhokau ketkolau Saudjok&amp;#xFC; Njakbausem; korautau j&amp;#xF6;n&amp;#xF6;s n&amp;#xFC;m. Ba lan&amp;#xFC;hau sol&amp;#xF6;s&amp;#xFC;hau sul&amp;#xFC;hau n&amp;#xFC;mau jat, at kantain haut, serem smin&amp;#xF6;sai ontja.

Thank goodness! But it did. I woke up early compared to Aunt Melody, and stood on the balcony. As I watched the road, many California people drove using Katella Avenue: a handsome guy in an old hearse with a surfboard in the back; a Hell-associated Angel on a candy apple-colour bicycle; and a gorgeous woman in a sports car. The wind was playing with the long blonde hair of that woman, and I believe it very likely that she was driving to the studio.

Serem Vels Meladi Deldsar&amp;#xFC; Hasau tab, Vels Meladi dalven deldsar&amp;#xFC;t seremt s&amp;#xF6;m. Kindsli smin&amp;#xFC;mai kul&amp;#xFC;mai &amp;#xF6;ki ohli Hevrolauti lik&amp;#xF6;m. Serem edlau nhas, serem lant &amp;#xF6;rt lannurot dakavr, solb&amp;#xFC;lat josak miva hautem, r&amp;#xFC;n lsav&amp;#xFC; marem missandjo. Serem kovr&amp;#xFC;m lannurot tobekjo, serem Vels Melada limrasa seremt Kindslit tobekjo. Serem smin&amp;#xFC;mai mekot durau Kindsli serema mbasa!

Me and Aunt Melody ate at the Hamburger House, but Aunt Melody refused to buy my hamburger. Then Kingsley arrived somewhat disappointingly by an old battered Chevrolet. I don't live in the sky, but I was envisioning a long black limousine, a sunglasses-wearing cute chauffeur, and a few buttons associated with everyone stereo. I was ready to take a picture of the limousine, so I asked Aunt Melody to take a picture of me and Kingsley. I became very happy after Kingsley put his arm around me!

Marem autau l&amp;#xF6;nka, Kindsli Santa Ana Korsain lihaut. Vai Svani kajos Kalisornau neb, Kindsli raunt kel&amp;#xF6;s, serem mrala. At mrahim, el kel: droh&amp;#xFC; Svanikav s&amp;#xF6;dit jaltakau salau mikelsai; surad mekajosah &quot;el pueblo de nuestra señora la reina de los angeles&quot;-i (at &quot;Surad&amp;#xFC; am&amp;#xFC; Jad, nobjal&amp;#xFC; mara njakbausem&quot;-i mrali).

Everyone entered the car, and Kingsley drove towards the Santa Ana Freeway. I requested that Kingsley explain the reason that many Spanish names are present in California. He granted the favour, and said this: the Spanish king owned the land in the distant past; the city was founded as &quot;el pueblo de nuestra señora la reina de los angeles&quot; (that means &quot;City of the mother of God, queen of the angels&quot;).

Serem vai j&amp;#xF6;nt maurit tanau lat; serem ret kovri sol durau Kindsli dehin&amp;#xFC;hi bintsri haut, at beski likajos. Vai kali &quot;beska&quot; radeh, at maurt kimr&amp;#xF6;st rahrai, vai bintsr&amp;#xF6; likadehinah, Kindsli kel. Serem daret ol kavr: kimr&amp;#xF6;s hneht kimr&amp;#xFC;mt ratelok.

I saw pretty mountains in the north; I didn't how to avoid laughing after Kingsley drove using a concrete channel and called it a river. A lot of rainwater could join the &quot;rivers&quot; and that could result in big floods, so the channels were paved, Kingsley said. But I couldn't imagine that a flood could replace the brown trickle.

Slaksai mara istnau, Vels Meladi smin&amp;#xFC;mai kel, serem raunt datek. Kindsli kas el kaund, mara bnat tint kalat, ljarai kabn&amp;#xFC; Haliv&amp;#xF6;d, bnasrau besk&amp;#xFC;m kulamhok hisk&amp;#xFC; vihas; man dakas.

Strangely during the whole trip, Aunt Melody spoke very little, but I didn't know why. Kingsley tried to wake her up, and showed all the important things, such as the sign associated with Hollywood, and a gold-coloured glass hotel with a stream in the lobby; but the man failed.

&quot;Jadsolau, kelem Kanjaukhes&amp;#xFC; ost l&amp;#xF6;t,&quot; at kel. &quot;Ket kustah?&quot;

&quot;On Sunday, I'll attend a church associated with cars,&quot; he said. &quot;Are the two interested?&quot;

&quot;Kanjaukhas&amp;#xFC; ot, at kim?&quot;

&quot;A church associated with cars, what's that?&quot;

&quot;Hisk&amp;#xFC; b&amp;#xFC; l&amp;#xFC;kah, at autsitant h&amp;#xF6;v. Marem jontavt sokralat at honvaht Kanjaukhasau sokkel. Autsitanau marem jontavt vai lihanhalini rajedsan.&quot;

&quot;A glass wall has been built, and it's near the parking lot. Everyone can see the priest while he's talking to the congregation in the church. Everyone in the parking lot can hear the priest by loudspeakers.&quot;

Vels Meladi sormt Kindslain lat. &quot;Kelauk Kanjaukhes tol&amp;#xF6;t?&quot;

Aunt Melody glanced at Kingsley. &quot;Do you regularly attend church?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin.&quot;

&quot;I do.&quot;

Vels Meladi ntekel, at Kindsl&amp;#xFC; damekot, serem k&amp;#xFC;mr&amp;#xFC;m, at smin&amp;#xF6;sai likalam. Vels Meladi irit tab, serem nmakbojat, serem likisol.

Aunt Melody didn't resume talking, but I was sure that she became happy about Kingsley, because she's very religiously devout. I did not want to see Aunt Melody stop being in a good mood, so I made a joke.

&quot;Kindslain, kelauk tsibmdai d&amp;#xFC;ksi tolahev?&quot;

&quot;Kingsley, do you eat chicken meat with your fingers?&quot;

&quot;Kelem tsin.&quot;

&quot;I do.&quot;

&quot;Kelem dokar&amp;#xF6;sah. Mar&amp;#xFC;m om tsibmdai &amp;#xFC;sai lahev.&quot;

&quot;I'm disgusted. Most people only eat the chicken meat.&quot;

Kindsli sol&amp;#xF6;s, Vels Meladi hrai tsin, ket r&amp;#xFC;n s&amp;#xF6;tau drorakilosah. Mat&amp;#xF6;s! Serem eljamt sreh hrat kisolt lisrih, aut korsr&amp;#xF6;t datsanja, at edlt mekit limek&amp;#xF6;v.

Kingsley laughed heartily, and Aunt Melody did too, although she had heard the joke a few times before. Excellent! I searched my mind to find other jokes, but the car left the highway, and it began to ascend a green hill.

&quot;Aut Mara Bn&amp;#xF6;st Kant m&amp;#xF6;r,&quot; Kindsli kel. &quot;Vai h&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmor utau kim, vai bna em slatah. Kelem doromah halmravt sokl&amp;#xF6;t komtobekjo sokandel, kelem dailsai Dursitant sr&amp;#xF6; sr&amp;#xF6;dehnauti l&amp;#xF6;t. Nuram ten kalatah, ljarai H&amp;#xFC;msok andel.&quot;

&quot;The car approaches Universal Studios,&quot; Kingsley said. &quot;Movies are done here, so famous people might be seen. I am forbidden from visiting the sound area while video cameras are turned on, but you can visit the Back Lot by tram. Special things are shown, such as the Red Sea parting.&quot;

&quot;Marem Saudrasvat lat?&quot;

&quot;Will we see Jaws?&quot;

&quot;Jala! Miktekhasa nmdalanjamal; kelauk betri mikali likajosah.&quot;

&quot;Yes! Don't move too close to the tank; you'll be called the headless kid.&quot;

Vels Meladi Kindslit lat. &quot;Bat mhal ati kel: vai l&amp;#xF6;tem tuslah, at msan&amp;#xFC;t &lt;u&gt;Osmauthes&lt;/u&gt; h&amp;#xF6;vjat&amp;#xF6;skmort lisokmurai vai om sokjat.&quot;

Aunt Melody looked at Kingsley. &quot;A friend told me that visitors are chosen to act out scenes of the movie &lt;u&gt;Airport&lt;/u&gt; while many people watch.&quot;

&quot;Jala!&quot; at hnaum. &quot;Marem hrai ndoromah r&amp;#xFC;n hra tent lat. &amp;#xDC;sau, vai komtobekjo &lt;u&gt;Osmauthes&lt;/u&gt; ksurta; &lt;u&gt;Vaidelkatomakmankamasviraktsinlatah&lt;/u&gt;au, vai delkatomakman lanjok&amp;#xF6; stausom.&quot;

&quot;That's right,&quot; he said. &quot;Everyone is also allowed to watch a few other shows. In one, cameras record &lt;u&gt;Airport&lt;/u&gt;; in the &lt;u&gt;Cowboy Stunt Show&lt;/u&gt;, cowboys fall from buildings, among other things.&quot;

&quot;Kelauk kim tint marai jalm&amp;#xF6;s, Kindslain?&quot;

&quot;What thing do you totally enjoy, Kingsley?&quot;

&quot;Harhas&amp;#xFC; Stokrsaunman.&quot;

&quot;The Castle of Dracula.&quot;

&quot;Bo! El kim?&quot;

&quot;Wow! What's that?&quot;

&quot;Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; durau kori s&amp;#xF6;ti ldasa,&quot; Kindsli sokkel, at aust ardamkom el likaul. Serem r&amp;#xFC;n maurt autsitan hrai ralat, serem ontja; smin&amp;#xF6;s ot&amp;#xF6;su tohaut atau kaulah. Marem ksurts&amp;#xF6;mjokantain sokdno, serem Albert&amp;#xF6; aut&amp;#xF6;t sokjat, el&amp;#xFC; Senlorankav&amp;#xFC; kabna. Serem mekot, serem smin&amp;#xFC;mai livarat; durai kori s&amp;#xF6;ti, serem tovelsai josant kaimiskavtehemt lat, tanid&amp;#xF6;n, lntah. S&amp;#xF6;l kavom&amp;#xFC; Senlorankav los sel l&amp;#xF6;t, serem ontja.

&quot;I'll reply to you soon,&quot; Kingsley said, as he maneuvered the car in order to park it. I believe it to be likely that I've only seen a few bigger parking lots; many tour buses were parked there. While everyone was walking to the ticket office, I saw a bus from Alberta, and on it a sign about Canada. I became happy because I was feeling a bit homesick; soon afterwards, I became accustomed to seeing maple-leaf pins being worn, and badges, and hats. I believe it likely that half the population of Canada visited the place during the day.

Mtai durau marem barjavi dno, serem Kindslit mesas Harhas&amp;#xFC;hi Stokrsaunmani lihnaum. &quot;At k&amp;#xFC;mr? At ramakels&amp;#xFC;lah?&quot;

As soon as everyone walked through the gate, I began to bother Kingsley to discuss Castle Dracula. &quot;Is it real? Can it be explored?&quot;

Man sol. &quot;Harhasain makdno. Kaltankmor durau mbaki venrihi melatah.&quot;

The man laughed. &quot;Let's walk to the castle. A show will begin to be seen after ten minutes.&quot;

Marem hr&amp;#xFC;t kaltankmor&amp;#xFC;t barjavt hlam sokdno, Kindsli ol kel&amp;#xF6;s: marem lan&amp;#xFC;hau tab&amp;#xF6;sau &amp;#xFC;l, atau Stokrsaunman terat kajalm&amp;#xF6;s. &quot;Kelauk hul slakst nohi lat, Elisain. Kelauk makbateh?&quot;

As we hurried past the entrances to other shows, Kingsley explained that everyone would sit in a banquet hall, and there Dracula would entertain the guests. &quot;You'll see some pretty strange creatures, Liz. Are you brave?&quot;

&quot;Jala! Kelem ret dnava.&quot;

&quot;That's right! I can't wait.&quot;

Marem Harhas&amp;#xFC;hau Stokrsaunmanau har&amp;#xFC;hi stamkandeli l&amp;#xF6;nka, liv&amp;#xFC;l. Serem sitrai limikjat. Serem sri smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenjah. Troksi bohadhetsai nikah; vauma mara bakrt kavilna. Starah mkivau seremi lok, at tab&amp;#xF6;si dnava; serem vai raun&amp;#xFC;t vilnjokt lat, skov starahjaska; damin ken mbatemkabn&amp;#xFC;hu Stokrsaunmanu kanuraman. Serem &amp;#xFC;st torat danlat.

We entered Castle Dracula through a stone archway, and sat down. Then I simply stared. An organ was being mournfully played; lightning lit up the windows. A table was located in front of me, and it was ready for a feast; I saw many silver candlesticks, and a white tablecloth; a sewing needle decorated the latter with Dracula's coat of arms. But I did not see one guest.

Vai harjamman lihad, har&amp;#xF6;s lotamhas vai har&amp;#xFC;t b&amp;#xFC;t tebsatebsa. Marokau, vai viln&amp;#xF6;s viln&amp;#xFC;m; s&amp;#xFC;tak ibjasnom &amp;#xFC;l&amp;#xFC;m. Stokrsaunman kimau dalok? Serem Vels Meladit menok, serem &amp;#xF6;l dahal.

Werewolves howled, and giant spider webs rubbed the stone walls. Everywhere, torches flickered; angry gargoyles crouched. But where was Dracula? I began to whisper to Aunt Melody, but I heard him.

&quot;Ndakras, bohadvas om!&quot; at svenjakai kel. &quot;Kat! Kelauk vilnjok&amp;#xFC;t Sauddrohat l&amp;#xF6;nka.&quot;

&quot;Be silent, mortals!&quot; he scarily said. &quot;Damn it! You have entered the Sanctuary of the Evil King.&quot;

Serem Stokrsaunmen nlat; serem ken &amp;#xFC;sai hal. D&amp;#xF6;nau dasanbarjav sok&amp;#xF6;t sokandelah, bauko jaru ati t&amp;#xFC;l; at duks&amp;#xFC;t tseldonjam&amp;#xFC;t hukhes jos.

I didn't see Dracula; I only heard him. A trap door creaked while being opened, and a strange guy appeared from it; he wore a striped prison outfit.

&quot;makbohademut&amp;#xFC; kelem, Rensild,&quot; Stokrsaunman kel. &quot;At l&amp;#xF6;tsinehi tokab, ljarai slahau rjoka irid.&quot;

&quot;This is my minion, Renfield,&quot; Dracula said. &quot;He eats insects, such as the fat good-tasting thing in his hand.&quot;

Rensild tombat&amp;#xFC;makt njolt lotamalt tani. Laskai l&amp;#xFC;tehem dehar, at seremain lisokslat lotamalt sokjos! Serem lihad, serem ksm&amp;#xFC;t Vels Meladit stevai likadolos.

Renfield held a wriggling hairy tarantula. Suddenly the maniac cackled, and then he ran towards me while carrying the tarantula! I screamed, then used Aunt Melody's side as a pillow.

Marem sol; Vels Meladi seremt drojalm&amp;#xF6;s, serem kevt vinkatom. Rensild &amp;#xFC;lab &amp;#xFC;l&amp;#xFC;m starahain; lotamal nt&amp;#xFC;l. At tabah?

Everyone laughed; although Aunt Melody hugged me, I did not move my head momentarily. Renfield squatted on a chair near the table; the tarantula had disappeared. Was it eaten?

Serem Vels Meladit lat. &quot;Kelem kelauk lokut ndatsanja? Mara lotam mhal smin&amp;#xF6;sai svenja, jarat.&quot;

I looked at Aunt Melody. &quot;Should you and I leave this place? Spiders scare me a lot, and that guy.&quot;

Vels Meladi kot. &quot;Kelauk kamasvira, dnava saunt dos, kelem jera.&quot;

Aunt Melody smiled. &quot;I believed that you were brave and ready to defend yourself.&quot;

&quot;Jala. Saunat umalt tsanja, kelem nmakjat.&quot;

&quot;That's right. I don't want to see that blood leave the body.&quot;

Kindsli sol. &quot;Kelem ks&amp;#xFC; makbat, Elisain.&quot;

Kingsley laughed. &quot;I'll protect you, Liz.&quot;

Laskai, serem Stokrsaunmen sokjat, at har&amp;#xFC;hain rjokain k&amp;#xFC;sain soksneh. At daulan drobara, smin&amp;#xF6;s droj&amp;#xF6;n--serem lent &amp;#xF6;rt sult lat, j&amp;#xF6;n &amp;#xF6;rai s&amp;#xFC;m--serem soklihad&amp;#xFC;m, d&amp;#xFC;r&amp;#xFC; Stokrsaunman navart sokmelat, saunman k&amp;#xFC;s&amp;#xF6; mridai soksom.

Suddenly, I saw Dracula while he stood near a flight of wide stone stairs. Although he was unexpectedly young, and very handsome--I saw long black hair, and beautiful dark eyes--I shuddered as Dracula's shoulder began to see the cape, and the vampire slowly descended the staircase.

&quot;Mara om kima d&amp;#xF6;s? At tab&amp;#xF6;st kaultin; kelauk el ndorom likim?&quot;

&quot;Where have the people come from? They have intruded upon the feast; why did you allow that?&quot;
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish Phonology</title>
    <id>638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4004</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-15T15:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 82.194.62.9, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;&lt; [[Trentish]]

===Phonemic Inventory===
====Consonants====
{| cellpadding=5
! !! labial !! alveolar !! palatal !! velar !! glottal
|-
! plosive
| p pʼ pʰ (pʷ?) || tʼ tʰ tʷ || c cʰ cʷ || k kʼ kʰ kʷ || ʔ
|-
! nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ
|-
! lateral
| || l tɬ
|-
! fricative
| || s ʃ || || x 
|}

====Vowels====
{| cellpadding=5
| i y || ʊ u
|-
| e ø || o
|-
|   ||  ʌ ɔ  
|-
| || ɑ
|}

====Orthography====
Orthography is phonemic.  

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=10| ''Vowels''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || e || i || o || oh || ö || r || u || uh || ü 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /ɑ/ || /e/ || /i/ || /ɔ/ || /o/ || /ø/ || /ʌ/ || /u/ || /ʊ/ || /y/ 
|}

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=13| ''Consonants''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| b || p || ph || pw || m || d || t || th || tw || n || s || sh || x
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /p/ || /pʼ/ || /pʰ/ || /pʷ/ || /m/ || /t/ || /tʼ/ || /tʰ/ || /tʷ/ || /n/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| dʼ || tʼ || tʼh || tʼw || ny || g || k || kh || kw || ng || l || ƛ || q
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /c/ || /cʼ/ || /cʰ/ || /cʷ/ || /ɲ/ || /k/ || /kʼ/ || /kʰ/ || /kʷ/ || /ŋ/ || /l/ || /tɬ/ || /ʔ/
|}

Spelling changes to reflect changes in pronunciation such as internal [[sandhi]].  [[Geminate]]d vowels and consonants are spelled double; in digraphs the first letter is doubled (e.g., ssh, nny, uuh).

The letter ''r'' is strictly vocalic and has no consonantal value.

''W'' is mainly used as in digraphs as a sign of labialization, but does occur in some loanwords by itself; by those unfamiliar with [w] proper it is pronounced [ʔʷ].

===Internal [[Sandhi]]===
====Word-level====
* Trentish words can only end in a vowel or a nasal. Stops and /l/ occurring at the end of a word are nasalized, thus /thɑk/ &quot;wear&quot; becomes [thɑŋ].  /ʔ/ and the other consonants are dropped.

====Syllable-level====
=====Syllable-final=====
* Plain voiceless consonants disappear, lengthening the previous vowel: 
*:/xlɔʔ/ &quot;washed, clean&quot; &amp;rarr; [xlɔɔkʷʌ] &quot;be washed&quot;. 
* Ejectives and /l/ turn to nasals as at the word level:
*:/tʰɔl/ &quot;upon&quot; &amp;rarr; [tʰɔŋkʷʌ] &quot;be on top of&quot;. 
* Labialized consonants reduce to [w]:
*:/kitʷ/ &lt;small&gt;COLL&lt;/small&gt; &amp;rarr; [kiwcʷecʷe] &quot;set of journeys&quot;. 
* Aspirated consonants fricativize:
*:/pʼɑlɑkʰ/ &quot;hate&quot; &amp;rarr; [pʼɑlɑxpʼɑlɑŋ] &quot;grudge&quot;.

=====Syllable-initial after a nasal=====
* Aspirated stops are ejectivized by a preceding original nasal: 
*:/tʰɑŋ/ &quot;wear&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑntʼɑŋ] &quot;wear that&quot; 
* Labialized stops inherit preceding nasality: 
*:/cʷe/ &quot;go&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑnɲʷe] &quot;go up yonder&quot;. 
* Plain stops are aspirated by a preceding nasal: 
*:/pɑ/ &lt;small&gt;TOP&lt;/small&gt; &amp;rarr; [xɑnpʰɑ] &quot;yonder&quot; 
* Ejective stops geminate a preceding nasal: 
*:/pʼɑlɑŋ/ &quot;hate&quot; &amp;rarr; [xɑmmɑlɑŋ] &quot;hate that&quot;

=====Syllable-inital after /ɲ/=====
* /ɲl/ &gt; [ɲʎ]
* /ɲx/ &gt; [ɲç]
* /ɲm/ &gt; [ɲmʲ]   ''etc.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aspect</title>
    <id>639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5936</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. grammar, categ. wikipedia import</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grammatical aspect''' in [[linguistics]] is a property of a verb that defines the temporal flow of the described event or state. The typical contrasts of aspect in many languages can be shown using phrases in English. Here are some of the many aspects found in the world's languages:

* Habitual: 'I walk home from work.' (every day)
: 'I would/used to walk home from work.' (past habit)
* Perfect: 'I have/had gone to the cinema.'
* Imperfect: 'I went to the cinema.'
* Imperfective: 'I'm going home.' (the action is in progress)
* Perfective: 'I went home.' (the action is finished)
* Progressive: 'I am eating.'
* Prospective: 'I am about to eat.'
* Inceptive: 'I am beginning to eat.'
* Continuative: 'I am continuing to eat.'
* Terminative: 'I am finishing my meal.'
* Inchoative: 'My nose is turning red.' (from the cold)
* Cessative: 'I am quitting smoking.'
* Pausative: 'I stopped working for a while.'
* Resumptive: 'I resumed sleeping.'
* Punctual: 'I slept.'
* Durative: 'I slept for an hour.'
* Delimitative: 'I slept for a while.'
* Protractive: 'The argument went on and on.'
* Iterative: 'I read the same books again and again.'
* Frequentative: 'I go to school a lot.'
* Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times.'
* Intentional: 'I listened carefully.'
* Accidental: 'I knocked over the chair.'
* Generic: 'Mangos grow on trees.'
* Intensive: 'It glared.'
* Moderative: 'It shined.'
* Attenuative: 'It glimmered.'

In some languages, such as [[Russian]], aspect is more salient than tense in narrative. Russian, like others, marks aspect using special morphology on the verb instead of periphrasis (auxiliaries, adverbs, etc.) as in English. [[Arabic]] shows a contrast between dynamic and static aspect (the concepts 'ride' and 'mount' are shown by the same verb, rukubun, static in the former case and dynamic in the latter).

It is important to note that linguistic aspect is distinct from [[tense]],
which pinpoints the ''time'' at which an action takes place, and is not
related to its ''degree of completion'' (which might be a good way to describe
aspect in layman's terms).  Unfortunately, English (which, like most [[Indo-European languages]], hopelessly muddles tense and aspect
in its verb system) is not ideal when attempting to underscore this
distinction.

{| border=1 style=&quot;float:right; margin-left:1em&quot;
|[[English]]||[[Serbian]]
|-
|I was eating||Ja sam jeo
|-
|I have eaten||Ja sam pojeo
|-
|I will eat||Ja ću jesti
|-
|[I will (intend to) have eaten]||Ja ću pojesti
|-
|I have been eating||Ja sam bio jeo
|-
|[I have eaten (a long time ago)]||Ja sam bio pojeo
|}
An example will be made of the verb &quot;to eat&quot; in [[Serbian]]. In Serbian, the verb exists in perfective and imperfective aspects; it could be translated either as &quot;jesti&quot; (imperfective) or &quot;pojesti&quot; (perfective). Now, each aspect could be used with each tense of Serbian (except present tense). Notice that, in first two examples, what in English language is expressed in two different tenses, in Serbian is expressed in the same tense, but with two different aspects. The second and third pair of examples show how aspects are combined with other tenses.

English is generally considered to have two tenses, present and past, and these are then modified by two aspects, progessive/continuous and perfect. Tenses are then named according to the combination of aspects they posses. 
So we have for the present tense:
*Present Simple (not progressive/continuous, not perfect)
*Present Continuous (progressive, not perfect)
*Present perfect (not progressive, perfect)
*Present Perfect Continuous (progressive, perfect)
It is to be stressed that these are the structural expressions of aspect and can convey meanings that would be expressed by separate and different aspects in other languages.

As well as the two tenses, English has a certain number of auxiliary verbs called modals and these are combined with the infinitive to convey a variety of meanings, including those normally expressed in other European languages by the future and conditional tenses:
*I will see you tomorrow.
*I can swim.

When combined with the modal auxiliaries the infinitive form changes to accommodate the same combinations of aspect available for the two tenses:
*He can/will/might do  (not progressive, not perfect)
*He can/will/might be doing (progressive, not perfect)
*He can/will/might have done (not progressive,  perfect)
*He can/will/might have been doing (progressive, perfect)

In some languages, aspect and tense are very clearly separated, making them
more distinct to their speakers.

There are also a number of languages which care much more about aspect than
tense.  Prominent in this category is [[Chinese]], which differentiates a whole
slew of aspects but relies exclusively on (optional) time-words to temporally
pinpoint an action.

----

{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|Grammatical aspect]]

[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]][[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sisiwön</title>
    <id>643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28854</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T23:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category:collaborations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&quot;Sisiwön&quot; is the provisional name of a collaborative Conlang, started in June 2004, by a small group of members of the Conlang list: Paul Bennett, Alex Fink, Rob Haden, Joe, and Robert &quot;Trebor&quot; Jung.

The name itself, while phonologically compatible with the language, doesn't actually ''mean'' anything (yet).

This page is essentially a public repository of information on Sisiwön.  Work on the language is conducted in the Yahoo group [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration ConlangCollaboration]. If you'd like to participate, feel free to join the group (as opposed to changing this page directly).

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{|
! !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! Plosives
| p, p_h, p_&gt; || - || t, t_h, t_&gt; || - || - || k, k_h, k_&gt;, k_w, k_w_h, k_w_&gt; || q, q_w || -
|-
! Affricates
| - || - || ts), ts)_&gt;, ts)_w, ts)_j || tK), tK)_&gt; || tS), tS)_&gt; tS)_w || - || - || - || -
|-
! Fricatives
| - || f || s, s_w, s_j || K || S [Why not S_w too? --Trebor] || x, x_w || - || - || h
|-
! Nasals
| m || - || n, n_j || - || - || N, N_w || - || - || -
|-
! Liquids
| - || - || r, r_j || l, l_j || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
! Semivowels
| - || - || - || - || j || w || - || -
|}

There may be a restriction preventing labialized and palatalized consonants from occurring before [u] and [i], respectively.

=== Vowels ===
There are a total of twenty phonetic vowels: i [I], ii [i:], ü [Y], üü [y:], ï [U_c], ïï [M:], u [U], uu [u:], e [E], ee [e:], ö [9], öö [2:], ë [V], ëë [7:], o [O], oo [o:], ä [a], ää [a:], a [A], aa [A:]. However, due to vowel harmony, any given word will only contain a subset of these, either the front series (i, ii, ü, üü, e, ee, ö, öö, ä, ää) or the back series (ï, ïï, u, uu, ë, ëë, o, oo, a, aa). It makes sense to think of Sisiwön as having five basic vowel phonemes (i, ü, e, ö, ä), plus two suprasegmental phonemes, [+long] and [+back], the latter occuring zero or one times in each word, affecting all the vowels in it.

=== Syllable Structure ===
It seems the consensus is CV(N) with N being any non-stop, non-affricate, or alternatively the aforementioned vowel-lengthening suprasegmental [+long]. The symbol C may also stand for a word-initial 0-, allowing vowel-initial words.

=== Word Structure ===
Any number of syllables, as defined above, with no other constraints known at this time.

== Grammar ==

=== Verbal Morphology ===
Verbs are marked agglutinatively for person and number of subject and objects (both direct and indirect), tense (past vs non-past), mood (indicative vs irrealis vs imperative), aspect (imperfect vs perfect) and evidentiality (probably as clitics, meanings as yet undecided). 

Inchoative and completive will probably be derivational and independent of the aspectual system. 

There are a small class of valence-increasing derivational operations that take f(x,y) -&gt; g(z,f(x,y)), where g is &quot;want&quot;, &quot;cause&quot;, &quot;allow&quot;, &quot;prevent&quot;, or &quot;fear&quot;, and maybe a small number of others.

=== Syntax ===

Syntax is overwhelmingly, perhaps exclusively, head-final.  

== Lexicon ==

=== Swadesh List ===

#hand		/p_hi:kE/
#left (hand)	-/K9/ (/p_hi:kEK9/)
#right (hand)	-/rE/ (/p_hi:kErE/)
#leg		/N_wAtS)U/
##left leg	/N_wAtS)UKO/
#foot		/x_wi:pa/
#to walk	/x_wIxpE/
#tooth          /mAtAn/

=== Other ===

#baby           /pElE/
#carry          /k_wAnV/
#snail          /q9lm9s/

[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:PaulBennett</title>
    <id>644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4007</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-02T03:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hi!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  You mentioned you might need help editing.  The only help page around here at the moment is [[FrathWiki:How does one edit a page]] which is a little incomplete.  (Dang wiki software, not coming with its own help pages, grumble. I'll redirect that link to something.)  There is a full guide to wiki syntax and whatnot at [[Wikipedia:m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Editing overview]].  

As for stuff like the general format and layout of pages, that's not quite set, 
so there's leeway.  If you have questions you can ask me.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:32, 1 Jul 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Language questions</title>
    <id>645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22376</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reverted to fuller and unspammed description, almost missed this one too!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Form for discussing language-related questions.  Also try [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list].
----
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=FrathWiki:Language_questions&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new question]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;

== Ideas for Handling Four Specific Verb Constructions ==

I'm looking for help with [[Kosi]]. [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0407a&amp;L=conlang&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=10683 This Conlang post] gives the four verb constructions I'm having trouble with. I'd like some ideas so Kosi can express these constructions differently from English. Thanks. --Trebor, 12:21, 3 July 2004 EST

:Well... In [[Trentish]] this construction has been used but is still undocumented (I should work on it..).  These kinds of constructions use something I call a &quot;frame verb&quot;: it is basically a verbal particle placed after the main verb.  A sentence like &quot;I believe him to be a problem&quot; would interlinearize to &quot;him-Topic problem-be-1p-3p ''believe''&quot;, where ''believe'' is the frame verb, and the main verb inflects to agree both with the agent of the main verb (him, 3p) and the agent of the frame verb (me, 1p).  This construction also is used for other purposes, such as questions—the question frame verb ''nisya'' could be glossed as &quot;which&quot; or more literally as &quot;want to know which&quot;—or evidential particles (&quot;know X is true&quot;, &quot;suspect X is true&quot;, etc.).  Theoretically these can stack on top of each other as well, with the medial frame verbs taking minimal verbal marking: &quot;I suspect that you know that I believe him to be a problem&quot; = &quot;him-Topic problem-be-1p-3p ''believe''-2p ''know''-1p ''suspect''&quot;.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
:Possibly [[mood]]s could be used for this—either an open, productive class of moods (...seems unlikely) or perhaps a small set of semantically broad ones that could be buttressed by specific words (similar to how a small set of [[counter]]s can cover all kinds of mass nouns).  On the far hand you could degrammaticalize it entirely and require separate clauses: &quot;I believe this: He is a problem&quot;, &quot;he seems like this: he is good&quot;, &quot;I promised him this: I will buy the cat food&quot;, &quot;I persuaded him this: he will buy the cat food&quot;.  Toki Pona does things like this, as does Anna Wierzbicka's Natural Semantic Metalanguage. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

== Accents in Atlanliŋwa ==

I have to design my accent system around a certain set of phonetic assimilation rules... Unfortunately I have absolutely no idea what kind of accents sound natural. For that matter, I don't even know what kind of accent systems exist -- I know there's pitch accent (Japanese, Ural-Altaic) -- what does English use?

Currently, I have this idea (in order of precedence):

* Accent is determined before affixation or assimilation.
# Single-syllable words are not accented.
# Accent on the second syllable if the consonant is doubled.
# Accent on the first syllable if it is pronounced as a long vowel (a, `o, yi and wu) (IPA: /a:/, /o:/, /i:/ and /u:/).
# If the third syllable begins with y or w, accent the third syllable.
# If the second syllable begins with a consonant that is not palatalised or labialised, and has the same place or manner of articulation as the third syllable's consonant and is not y or w, then
## If the first syllable is not palatalised or labialised, then accent on the first syllable
## Otherwise, accent on the third syllable
# Otherwise, accent the second syllable.

So, we have (&amp;rarr; indicates post-assimilation):

# mal
# a'''τ̂i'''ka 
# '''a'''kàwa &amp;rarr; '''a'''kwa
# liŋa'''wa''' &amp;rarr; li'''ŋwa'''
#
## pyini'''ta''' &amp;rarr; pyin'''ta'''
## '''a'''wàgalu &amp;rarr; '''aw'''galu
# la'''ga'''

:A decent description of accentual systems in natlangs (in the context of devising a notation for describing them) along with an extensive list of example natlang stress patterns (described in the aforementioned notation) is found at the [http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/ssd/ Stress System Database].  Strictly speaking I don't suppose a stress system has to be naturalistic; a lexical stress system can place accents any old how.   
:In other words, from a conlanger's perspective your method could work fine for assigning stress to words, but how will native Atlanliŋwa speakers place accent on a word they don't recognize?  (They don't necessarily have to know. They might have to guess, if their language has primarily lexical stress.  But a speaker of say Finnish would probably stress it on the first syllable, as any other word in their language.)
:Any case as for ''kinds'' of accent, there are [[Wikipedia:Vocal stress|stress accent]] (based on loudness) and [[Wikipedia:pitch accent|pitch accent]] (based on, well, pitch), as well as tone accent.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:02, 16 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::Interesting. Since there are no such things as 'natural' accent patterns, I'll go forward with my idea then.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Nuts and bolts</title>
    <id>646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46117</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-17T13:33:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fonts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Forum for technical questions (wiki-related or otherwise).
----
&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Help:Nuts_and_bolts&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new question]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Acceptable use ==

What is constituted as acceptable use of this Wiki? For instance, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia about virtually anything but is not a dictionary; Conlang Wiki is not a place to host everything about a conlang rather it's more like a portal, etc.

:Well, it's meant to be mainly a place for people to present conlangs.  That is, you can put as complete a grammar, lexicon, teach-yourself-whateverian, or phrasebook up here as you like.  (Descriptions of concultures and related things also.)  
:Also, I would like the wiki to become a place to present topics in linguistics and conculturing, especially for a creator's perspective: i.e., not just a textbook description of, say, parts of speech, but also how conlangers can build on it (what they need or don't need; how natlangs and other conlangs handle them, etc.)
:As for texts in conlangs, I'm not quite sure yet; clearly some illustrative texts would be allowed, although I'm ''not sure'' about, say, if someone wanted to undertake translating a Wikipedia and hosting here.  [Not because of disapproval of such a project; I'd like to see/do such a thing myself.  Mainly because I'm not sure about how page organization would/should be handled.]  
:Suggestions of course are welcome; I don't intend to play [[Meatball:GodKing|GodKing]] here.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::Perhaps, via Talk:, this could be a place for discussion of in-construction conlangs as well? I have one of my own, and would like to discuss it with others even as I construct it.  - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 22:48, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)
:::Absolutely. The wiki format should be great for this. :)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:38, 10 Aug 2004 (PDT)
::::Excellent! Expect to start seeing stuff at [[Atlanliŋwa]]. - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 08:08, 10 Aug 2004 (PDT)

:I put together a short and not-yet-definitive page at [[FrathWiki:Goals]] (which at the moment basically reiterates what was said above).  Suggestions are welcome.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:36, 21 Aug 2004 (PDT)

== MediaWiki Upgrade? ==

Wikipedia and co. have moved to a newer MediaWiki.

- [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 08:54, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)

:Yes, they have.  But 1.3 is still beta, and as I am not yet well versed in the arcana of databases and the mediawiki software I remain somewhat insecure about the process of switching till a final release is made.  (Perhaps if I had more technically-minded helpers around to keep up with things...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:16, 9 Aug 2004 (PDT)

::Well, they're up to 1.3.2, so I've upgraded.  There may be bugs, as it seems some things that belong in the upgrade didn't happen (Template namespace initialization script, upgrading the database to its newest form) so I'm dealing with these by hand atm.  Let me know if any other weirdness happens. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:35, 6 Sep 2004 (PDT)

== Broken search, fixed ==
The problems with the search—i.e., it not working at all, probably since &quot;pretty urls&quot; were put in place—have been [hopefully] fixed.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:27, 5 Oct 2004 (PDT)

== media files ==

HI, what do I need to do in order to get my uploaded ogg files to play? I have a new pc on vista. I had to install something on my old xp pc but cant remember what it was?
Thanks
[[User talk:Rivendale|Dayle]]

== Fonts ==

I have created a conscript for my conlang here on the wiki. How do I get it onto the wiki? I have an uploaded image of the conscript, but things would be easier if I could just type it in.
[[User talk:Rivendale|Dayle]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Idle chatter</title>
    <id>647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59000</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T13:57:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Deletion request */ changing thumbnail codes that created errors into ordinary links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Forum for random and possibly off-topic discussions.  Relays, calls for collaboration, conlangs in the news, the price of PEZ in China...

----

&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=FrathWiki:Idle_chatter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Add a new topic]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

Conlang-related chat tends to take place at [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/index.php the ZBB] - but you probably already knew that. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 21:39, 12 Sep 2004 (PDT)

:I tend to get my conlang-related chat from [[List of mailing lists|mailing lists]] instead of web boards... actually I don't go by the ZBB at all.  Maybe I should check it out?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:53, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Useless definitions being added, see [[Linux.definition]], [[PHP.definition]], [[Av.definition]].

:Deleted.  If the contributor wants them back, they can login and explain what relevance they have here.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:53, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

== Glottal stop vs. null consonant ==

What is the difference? Is the null consonant actually an abbreviation of the glottal stop? (By null consonant I mean the &quot;consonant&quot; before the vowel in [a].) Are there languages which exhibit a minimal pair between the two? I know that certain dialects of Japanese have minimal pairs for [pʔi] and [pi] and similar. - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 04:46, 17 Sep 2004 (PDT)

:I believe that some Polynesian or Pacific languages contrast initial [ʔa] and [a].  I believe in languages that do so the glottal stop is generally more distinctively pronounced than the non-phonemic use of glottal stop in other languages.  Alternately to emphasize glottalless [a] one would use a vocalic onglide, such as [ḁa] or [a̯a].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:42, 17 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Some Tibetan dialects distinguish what is allegedly either /ʔ/ and zero or /ʔ/ and /ɦ/.  Against the /ɦ/ hypothesis speaks that 
Hindi speakers '''don't''' hear the Tibetan  འ as [ɦ].  OTOH the
Lhasa dialect, which is kind of standard, has merged the two as 
/ʔ/ with the following vowel in high or low tone.  Possibly it is
/ʔ/ vs. /ɰ/ since Tibetan has /x/ as well, or the realization of
'zero' differs across dialects.  [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:50, 10 May 2005 (PDT)

Um, well, if you look at it like difference for diphthongs.  Let's say, the Cockney distinction between Bottle and Bowel.  The word &quot;Bottle&quot; would be pronounced /baʔul/ (the dark /l/ turns the schwa /ə/ into an /u/ through velarisation), whereas &quot;Bowel&quot; would be pronounced /baul/ (it might be slightly different but it's phonetically possible in cockney).  So there we have a distinction between a glottal stop and a null, the latter of which helps with diphthongisation.  If anyone has any questions about it, feel free to message me.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 17:43, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

== The Logo ==
Anyone else noticed that it looks a little like Firefox's if you squint?

(This has been a Pointless Edit, thanks for reading.) [[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 04:49, 1 November 2007 (PDT)

== 'Happy Christmas' in People's Conlangs? ==

* Jodenjeol fram Njuvpisceotärosem - Happy Christmas from New Pisces and Taurus
*: /jodənjeol fɹaːm ɲuvpiskeotɛəɹoses/
*: [Good-advent-and-Christmastide from New-Pisces-Taurus(DAT)]

==Riddle==
What do you call a part of a Sanskrit sentence in which every word influences the sound of an adjacent word? [[User:PierreAbbat|PierreAbbat]] 17:54, 29 December 2007 (PST)
:Sandhstorm? --[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 22:36, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

==Deletion request==
Would you mind deleting [[:File:Anoé-Tuillal-A.svg]]? Thanks! [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 02:03, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
:And [[:File:Tuillal_a.svg]]? :-P I hoped that it was the ''é'' in the filename causing the error... [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 02:05, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
::And [[File:1.png|50px]]? :-P oops [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 23:33, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

== Is English the only natural language aproved? ==

As I am new here, I thought I might as well ask the question right from the start. Would it be bad if my articles have a Polish version? It would be something like subpage (or whatever it's in English). I would also gladly make translation for other people (as I need training for my language skills).

It's only a suggestion, but still, multilingual approach to the site would be nice (I'm strongly promoting nativ-language information access).
--[[User:Bjorna Trollsdottir|Bjorna Trollsdottir]] 11:24, 19 January 2011 (PST)

:Hi!  Yes, writing in other languages is allowed. There are already a few pages written in other languages (mostly Chinese); English is just the most common.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:14, 21 January 2011 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Nother/Âdlantki</title>
    <id>649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51171</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-27T04:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>infobox</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Middle Atlantic (Âdlantki)|pronounce=[ə̀dlɑn(t)kí]|tu=[[Nother]]|species=[[Race of Nother|demihumans]]|in=[[../Atlanteia/]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|6th–16th century AD]]|no=[No data]|script=[[../Kirumb alphabet/]]|tree=''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Kirumb/]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Middle&amp;nbsp;Atlantic'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Atlantic/]]|morph=Fusional|ms=[No data]|wo=[no data]|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=[no data]}}

'''Âdlantki''' or '''Middle Atlantic''' is the medieval stage of the [[Atlantic]] language, descended from [[Kirumb]].  

==History==
The history of the language begins with the migration of [[Kirumb]] speakers out of Greece starting in the fifth century.  

The division between Âdlantki and [[Atlantic]] is largely arbitrary, and generally placed at the time of the vowel shift that occurred in the 1500s.

==Classification==
Âdlantki is a [[Hadwan languages|Hadwan]] language in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family. Besides its inherited lexicon, Atlantic derives borrowed vocabulary for [[acrolect]]al terms from [[Ancient Greek]].

===Derived languages===
* [[Atlantic]] language

==Vocabulary==
''Main article: [[Âdlantki Lexicon]]''

==Writing system==
The Âdlantki alphabet is descended from a variety of the [http://www.frath.net/pdf/krmb-alphabet.pdf Kirumb alphabet] (PDF, 117K). As this is not convenient for computer entry, various transliterations exist, the most common being the Windows-character-set-friendly one used on this page.

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs|Adlantki]]</text>
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    <title>Âdlantki/Lexicon</title>
    <id>650</id>
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      <id>55636</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-19T23:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* V */ +vormi = bee</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#D|D]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#S|S]] [[#Š|Š]] [[#Ü|Ü]] [[#V|V]] 
|}


==A==
*'''adâ''' ''postp.'' to
*'''âdlantki''' ''or'' '''âdlanki''' ''adj.'' Atlantic
*'''ândi''' ''adj.'' humble, low, little (''comp.'' '''ondâšri''', ''superl.'' '''ontmi''')
*'''âssonth''' ''num.'' 80
*'''âstu''' ''num.'' 8

==D==
*'''dâłni''' ''n.'' thing
*'''duo''' ''num.'' 2

==F==
*'''fârtušvi, fârtust, fartuš''' ''v.'' plan
*'''fe''' ''postp.'' on
*'''feŋkh''' ''num.'' 5
*'''feŋksonth''' ''or'' '''fâŋksonth''' ''num.'' 50
*'''fołvé''' ''adj.'' many (''comp.'' '''fołšer''', ''superl.'' '''fołtam''')

==G==
*'''gârmi''' ''adj.'' warm
*'''gemvi, gemva, gom''' ''v.'' come, go

==H==
*'''hašlog''' ''n.'' thousand
*'''hefsonth''' ''or'' '''hâfsonth''' ''num.'' 70
*'''heft''' ''num.'' 7
*'''himatyi''' ''n.'' cloak


==I==
*'''ini''' ''num.'' 1
*'''isvi, isva, us''' ''v.'' bring

==J==
*'''jesaktârkh''' ''num.'' 14
*'''jesaŋkekh''' ''num.'' 15
*'''jesath''' ''num.'' 10
*'''jesdveskh''' ''num.'' 16
*'''jessefkh''' ''num.'' 17
*'''ješšenâwkh''' ''num.'' 19
*'''jestinskh''' ''num.'' 11
*'''jestoskh''' ''num.'' 18
*'''jestrikh''' ''num.'' 13
*'''jestukh''' ''num.'' 12

==K==
*'''kerbi''' ''adj.'' Kirumb
*'''kessonth''' ''num.'' 40
*'''kethur''' ''num.'' 4

==M==
*'''mâs''' ''adj.poss.'' my
*'''meffo''' ''pron.pers.'' from me, by me
*'''meŋvi, man, mon''' ''v.'' think

==N==
*'''nyóa''' ''num.'' 9
*'''nówsonth''' ''or'' '''nyósonth''' ''num.'' 90

==O==
*'''oné''' ''n.'' dream
*'''oši''' ''n.'' road

==S==
*'''sathog''' ''n.'' hundred
*'''skelvi, skelva, skol''' ''v.'' stumble
*'''sómâd''' ''adv.'' today
*'''stri''' ''num.'' 3
*'''strisonth''' ''num.'' 30

==Š==
*'''šaróyvi, šešrós, šešruk''' ''v. intrans.'' bark
*'''šožvi, šož, žeki''' ''v. intrans.'' play
*'''šuyivi, šešeyós, šešuyki''' ''v.'' sing

==Ü==
*'''üé''' ''n.'' bird

==V==
*'''vessonth''' ''or'' '''vâssonth''' ''num.'' 60
*'''vesth''' ''num.'' 6
*'''visi''' ''n.'' town, village
*'''visth''' ''or'' '''dusonth''' ''num.'' 20
*'''vormi''' ''n.'' bee

[[Category:General lexica|Adlantki lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius Texts: Aesop</title>
    <id>651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4016</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-22T02:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>last line, spelling of 'welratz'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;&lt; [[Sirius]]&lt;/small&gt;
==Ari-Horkrak hi Markritz==
Etz ari-horkrak esti finktz furo-furo ackar ho kon-horkrak tzo e weji toln he plocki ho meshi.  &quot;Oho!&quot; etz isti ari-horkrak, &quot;Mor esti!&quot; hi most yoshoi toln af meshi.  Het etz esti? Markritz henk owoik na shortz!  &quot;Wishar ye esti thiror,&quot; etz isti ari-horkrak, &quot;ho samna; welratz me, me nef hesh nemshal of mith nef krushi of markritz.&quot;

''Thiror esti yommu hear yomtza.''

===Interlinear===
{| 
! Ari-Horkrak || hi || Markritz
|-
| male-chicken || and || pearl
|-
|colspan=3| ''The Rooster and the Pearl''
|}

{| 
!  Etz ||   ari-horkrak  || esti || finktz
|-
|  PAST ||  rooster || be ||  walk
|-
|colspan=4| ''A rooster was once walking''
|}

{| 
! furo-furo ||  ackar || ho ||   kon-horkrak
|-
| cross-cross || farm ||  among || female-chicken
|-
|colspan=4| ''up and down the farm among the hens''
|}

{| 
!  tzo || e ||  weji || toln || he || plocki || ho || meshi.
|-
|  then || PAST || see || thing || REL || shine  || amid || grass
|-
|colspan=8| ''when he saw something that shone in the grass.''
|}

* ''tzo'' here because we mean &quot;at this time&quot;, not ''ho'' &quot;at what time?&quot;.

{|
! &quot;Oho!&quot; || etz || ari-horkrak || isti, || &quot;Mor || esti!&quot;
|-
| aha || PAST || rooster || say || mine || is
|-
|colspan=6| ''&quot;Aha!&quot; he said, &quot;Something for me!&quot;''
|}

{|
!  hi ||  most || yoshoi || toln || af || meshi
|-
| and || soon || dig ||   thing || out-of || grass
|-
|colspan=6| ''and quickly dug it out of the grass.''
|}

* Using ''etz'' more than once in a sentence is unnecessary.

{|
! Het ||  etz  || esti? || Markritz || henk || owoik || na || shortz!
|-
| what || PAST || be? ||  pearl  || somehow || lost || in || yard
|-
|colspan=8| ''What was it?  A pearl somehow lost in the yard!''
|}

{|
! wishar || ye || esti || thiror || etz || isti || ari-horkrak || ho || samna
|-
| maybe  || you || be ||  treasure, || PAST || say || rooster, || among || humans
|-
|colspan=10| ''&quot;Maybe you are treasure,&quot; said the rooster, &quot;Among humans&quot;''
|}

{|
! welratz || me || me || nef || hesh || nemshal || of || mith || nef || krushi || of || markritz
|-
| but || I || I || rather || have || piece || of || corn || than || pile || of || pearl
|-
|colspan=12| ''&quot;But me, I'd rather have a piece of corn than a pile of pearls.&quot;''
|}

{|
!  thiror ||  esti || yommu || hear || yomtza 
|-
|  treasure || is || for || who || make 
|-
|colspan=8| ''Treasure is for who makes (it).''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Somian</title>
    <id>653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4021</id>
      <timestamp>2004-07-28T22:06:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>66.135.111.21</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License</title>
    <id>654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4022</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-18T17:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edit of 69.50.166.6, changed back to last version by Muke</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ 

Version 1.2, November 2002 

&lt;pre&gt;
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
&lt;/pre&gt;

==0. PREAMBLE ==

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document &quot;free&quot; in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. 

This License is a kind of &quot;copyleft&quot;, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. 

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 

==1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS ==

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The &quot;Document&quot;, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as &quot;you&quot;. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. 

A &quot;Modified Version&quot; of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. 

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The &quot;Invariant Sections&quot; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. 

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The &quot;Title Page&quot; means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, &quot;Title Page&quot; means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 

A section &quot;Entitled XYZ&quot; means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as &quot;Acknowledgements&quot;, &quot;Dedications&quot;, &quot;Endorsements&quot;, or &quot;History&quot;.) To &quot;Preserve the Title&quot; of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section &quot;Entitled XYZ&quot; according to this definition. 

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 

==2. VERBATIM COPYING ==

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 

==3. COPYING IN QUANTITY ==

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. 

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==4. MODIFICATIONS ==

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 

* A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 
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* E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. 
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* I. Preserve the section Entitled &quot;History&quot;, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled &quot;History&quot; in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. 
* J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the &quot;History&quot; section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 
* K. For any section Entitled &quot;Acknowledgements&quot; or &quot;Dedications&quot;, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. 
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==5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS ==

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==6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS ==

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 

==7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS ==

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==8. TRANSLATION ==

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 

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==9. TERMINATION ==

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 

==10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE ==

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. 

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== How to use this License for your documents ==

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: 


      Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
      under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
      or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
      with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
      A copy of the license is included in the section entitled &quot;GNU
      Free Documentation License&quot;.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the &quot;with...Texts.&quot; line with this: 


    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. 

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipedia</title>
    <id>655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45969</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categorization</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This article incorporates text from [http://wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia], and is available under the [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]. &lt;br&gt; For the original article see:''
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henaudute Lexicon</title>
    <id>656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57220</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-26T00:06:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Λ */ +λημβλαν</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

In etymologies, ** indicates a root not in the Dele word list, while * is a regular Dele word.

The citation form is '''nom. sg.''', gen. sg. for nouns, and '''1sg.''' for verbs.  The symbol ''·'' in a verb indicates the infix point.

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|- id=&quot;tocinside&quot;
| [[#Α|Α]] [[#Β|Β]] [[#Γ|Γ]] [[#Δ|Δ]] [[#Ε|Ε]] [[#Ζ|Ζ]] [[#Η|Η]] [[#Θ|Θ]] [[#Ι|Ι]] [[#Κ|Κ]] [[#Λ|Λ]] [[#Μ|Μ]] [[#Ν|Ν]] [[#Ο|Ο]] [[#Π|Π]] [[#Ρ|Ρ]] [[#Σ|Σ]] [[#Τ|Τ]] [[#Υ|Υ]] [[#Φ|Φ]] [[#Χ|Χ]] [[#Ω|Ω]]
|}

===Α===
*'''ἁ''' ''pron.rel.'' '''αὑ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁ·βνε''' ''v.'' to be four.  '''ἁφθα''' ''num.'' four.  '''ἁβρα''' ''num.'' fourth.
*'''ἁ·γνε''' ''v.'' to be red.
*'''ἁ·θνε''' ''v.'' to know.
*'''ἀιτε''', -τεν ''l.'' name, noun.
*'''ἀιτλε''', -λᾱν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' word.  
*'''ἀλ''' ''pron. dem.'' that.  '''ἀλλυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁ·λνε''' ''v.'' to be nine.  '''ἁλθα''' ''num.'' nine. '''ἁλδρα''' ''num.'' ninth.
*'''ἁμη''', -μνα ''g.'' oil.
*'''ἀ·μνε''' ''v.'' to sit.
*'''ἀν''' ''pron. dem.'' this; ''def. art.'' the.  '''ἀννυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἁνδα''' ''adv.'' thus; in that way.
*'''ἁ·πνε''' ''v.'' to be glad.
*'''ἁργλη''', -λα ''t.'' jackal. —''**srgāl-''
*'''ἀρ''' ''pron. dem.'' that yonder.  '''ἀρῥυ''' ''obl.''
*'''ἀρε''', -ρεν ''l.'' the sun.
*'''ἀρύν''' ''conj.'' but.
*'''ἁς''' ''conj.'' and.
*'''ἀτρα''', -τρα ''t.'' brother's wife.
*'''α·ὑνε''' ''v.'' to be two. '''αὑ''' ''num.'' two. '''αὑρα''' ''num.'' second, 2nd.
*'''ἀ·χνε''' ''v.'' to bite.

===Β===
*'''βαι·νε''' ''v.'' to curse.
*'''βα·χνε''' ''v.'' to hide, conceal.
*'''βδανζανη''', -ανα, ''g.'' sauce.  —''**vyañjana-''
*'''βορῥι·νε''' ''v.'' to be warlike.  '''βορῥη''', -ρῥινα ''g.'' Borrhē, the third day of the week.
*'''βρελ''', -λα ''t.'' month, about 35 days.
*'''βρερτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Brertē, second week of the month.
*'''βῡ''', βυα ''t.'' father's mother.

===Γ===
*'''γα·θνε''' ''v.'' to recline.
*'''γα·κνε''' ''v.'' to defecate; to be bad. 
*'''γαλ''', -λα ''t.'' bird.
*'''γαρη''' -ρνα ''g.'' earth, land; inanimate gender
*'''γαρνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Gar, the third nobrel of the lada.
*'''γαρτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' gnome.
*'''γε''' ''pron. pers. 2pl.'' '''γευ''' ''obl.''
*'''Γεθολλα''', -λα ''t.'' [[Gedhe̊l]].
*'''Γεθολλανε''', -νεν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' speaker of Gedhe̊l.
*'''γοχλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the second lada of a rhike. 
*'''γραρτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Grartē, third week of the month.

===Δ===
*'''δα·θνε''' ''v.'' to dry.
*'''δαλ''', -λα ''t.'' brother; elder brother.
*'''δε·βνε''' ''v.'' to swear.  '''δεβη''', -βνα ''g.'' oath.  
*'''δελ''', -λα ''t.'' tongue.
*'''δηθνε''', -να ''t.'' father.
*'''δηκε''', -κᾱν ''l.'' a horn.
*'''δηνα''', -να ''t.'' man.
*'''δηνυ''', -να ''t.'' son's wife.
*'''δη·χενε''' ''v.'' to be long (in space)
*'''δηψῑ''', -ψῑν ''t.'' (pl. tant.) teachings.
*'''δλη·νε''' ''v.'' to be jovial.  '''δλη''', δληνα ''g.'' Dlē, the fifth day of the week.
*'''δρῑγι''', -γα ''t.'' zodiac; a sequence of eleven rhiki, about 23,100 days.
*'''δυλση''', -υνα ''g.'' flour.
*'''δῡνε''' (δυ·υνε) ''v.'' to mill, grind.
*'''δυ·ρνε''' ''v.'' to be round.

===Ε===
*'''εἰνε''' (ε·ενε) ''v.'' to be hot.
*'''εἱ·ννε''' ''v.'' to bless.
*'''ἑ·λνε''' ''v.'' to drink.
*'''ἑν''', ἑμα ''t.'' eye.
*'''ἑρνεζε''', ἑρνεινα ''g. irreg.'' a meal.
*'''ἐ·τυνε''' ''v.'' to wrap.

===Ζ===
*'''ζητα''', -τα ''t.'' louse.

===Η===
*'''ἠδα''' ''prep.'' before, in front of.  '''ἠδη''', -δανα ''g.'' front, face.
*'''ἠδε''', -δειν ''l.'' lake.  
*'''ἠζη''', ἠανα ''g.'' oats (the Henaudute is singular)
*'''ἠι''', ἡᾱν ''l.'' oat plant; ''Avena sativa''
*'''ἡ·νανε''' ''v.'' to be yellow.
*'''Ἥνατε''', -τα ''t.'' Henate, the first Hena king.
*'''ἡναυ''', -ναυδα ''t.'' ‘yellowtail’ (a fabulous monster).
*'''ἡνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' He, fourth nobrel of the lada.
*'''ἡτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' sylph. 
*'''ἡχε''' ''prep.'' behind.

===Θ===
*'''θαβε''', -βεν ''l.'' nose.
*'''θαλε''', -λεν ''l.'' tree.
*'''θεινε''' (θε·ενε) ''v.'' to burn.
*'''θεμε''', -μεν ''l.'' skin, leather.
*'''θεν''' ''pron. pers. 1pl. exclusive'' '''θενευ''' ''obl.''
*'''θημι''', -μα ''t.'' mother's father.
*'''θηνε''' (θα·ανε) ''v.'' to be far off.
*'''θο·κνε''' ''v.'' to be six. '''θοχθα''' ''num.'' six. '''θοκρα''' ''num.'' sixth.
*'''θρα·ννε''' ''v.'' to be holy; to go berserk.  '''θρανη''', -ννα ''g.'' Thranē, the second day of the week.
*'''θυ·τνε''' ''v.'' to be beautiful.  '''θυτη''', -τνα ''g.'' Thutē, sixth day of the week.

===Ι===
*'''ἱ''', ἱκα ''t.'' son.
*'''ἰγη''', -να ''g.'' salt.
*'''῾ῑθιτε·νε''' ''v.'' to be gray.
*'''ἰμαλδρα·λνε''' ''v.'' to fry.
*'''ἰμε''', -μεν ''l.'' grease, fat.
*'''᾿ῑνε''' (ἰ·ινε) ''v.'' to be many.
*'''ἱ·ννε''' ''v.'' to be one.  '''ἱν''' ''num.'' one. '''ἱνδρα''' ''num.'' first.
*'''ἰσ·νε''' ''v.'' to poison.  —Etym. uncertain.
*'''ἱ·τνε''' ''v.'' to spoil.
*'''῾ῑ·φινε''' ''v.'' to be black.

===Κ===
*'''και·χνε''' ''v.'' to be all.  '''καιχη''', -χνα ''g.'' whole.
*'''καλε''', -λεν ''l.'' neck.
*'''κεθανδα''', ''adv.'' how? in what way?
*'''κενε''', -νεν ''l.'' head.
*'''κη·νε''' ''v.'' to be three. '''κη''' ''num.'' three. '''κηρα''' ''num.'' third.
*'''κῑ·μινε''' ''v.'' to do.
*'''κιρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' leather.
*'''κουνε''' (κο·ονε) ''v.'' to rain.  '''κου''', κοα ''t.'' rain.
*'''κρατηρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' bowl. —''**kratēr-''

===Λ===
*'''λᾱδα''', -δα ''t.'' lada, or &quot;long year&quot;, about 700 days.
*'''λαιρη''', -ινα ''g.'' (food) a filling; stuffing.
*'''λαλη''', -λνα ''g.'' a day.
*'''λαλλι''', -λλα ''t.'' bitterness.
*'''λαλλιδρατη''', -τεν ''l.'' Lallidratē, fifth week of the month.
*'''λαν''', λαμα ''t.'' hand.
*'''λαρ''', -ρα ''t.'' ox. 
*'''λαρλασιτρη''', -ρανα ''g.'' kitchen.
*'''λε''' ''prep.'' through.
*'''λε''' ''pron. pers. 2sg.'' '''λευ''' ''obl.''
*'''λει''', λειεν ''l.'' flesh, skin.
*'''λε·τνε''' ''v.'' to fly.
*'''ληε''', ληᾱν ''l.'' star.
*'''λημβλαν''', λημβλαμα ''f.'' common or standard dialect.
*'''λιθη''', -θνα ''g.'' ritual.
*'''λι·θνε''' ''v.'' to be one hundred. '''λισθα''' ''num.'' hundred. '''λιθρα''' ''num.'' hundredth.
*'''λιφη''' -φνα ''g.'' mountain.
*'''λιχη''', -χνα ''g.'' sand.
*'''λογε''', -γεν ''l.'' ear.
*'''λο·ρνε''' ''v.'' to sleep.   '''λορῥολη''', -λανα ''g.'' pillow.
*'''λου''', λωα ''t.'' tiger. —''**lōhu-''
*'''λυ''', λυκα ''t.'' wolf.
*'''λῡε''', -εν ''l.'' water.
*'''λυ·κυνε''' ''v.'' to chop.
*'''λῡνωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Lu, the second nobrel of the lada.
*'''λῡσιφαγ·νε''' ''v.'' be [[Fanglutsen]].  '''λῡσιφαγγε''', -ᾱν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' a Fanglutsen person
*'''λῡτοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' undine.  
*'''λυσσα''', -σσα or '''λυττα''', -ττα ''t.'' young wolf.
*'''λω·χονε''' ''v.'' to hear.

===Μ===
*'''μα''', μαδα ''t.'' woman.
*'''μα·θνε''' ''v.'' to be good.
*'''μα·ινε''' ''v.'' to happen.
*'''μαριζη''', -ανα ''g.'' black pepper. —''**marica-''
*'''μαυ''', μαα ''t.'' hare.
*'''μενε''', -νεν ''l.'' belly.
*'''μερε''', -ρεν ''l.'' moon.
*'''μη·ανε''' ''v.'' to be night, dark. '''μηαθη''' or '''μηθη''', -θανα ''g.'' night.
*'''μηϊδρατη''', -τεν ''l.'' Mēidratē, fourth week of the month.
*'''μη·μανε''' ''v.'' to put.
*'''μημνε''', -να ''t.'' mother.
*'''μηχα''', -χα ''t.'' fright, fear.
*'''μι''' ''prep.'' in, within.  '''μιη''', μινα ''g.'' inside.
*'''μουρη''', -υνα ''g.'' a sieve or strainer.
*'''Μυλιφθα·νε''' ''v.'' to be from the Mu Mountains.  '''Μυλιφθασθα''', -θα ''t.'' Muliphthastha, the Henaudute dialect characteristic of the Mu Mountains (in Mu.: Mmyribdassa) 
*'''Μυλιφθη''', ᾱν ''l.'' the Mu Mountains, the major mountain range running northeast-southwest across the northwest edge of the Henaudute territory. (Mu.: Mmyribdahē)

===Ν===
*'''να''' ''prep.'' amid, between.  '''νακη''', -κνα ''g.'' center.
*'''να·δνα''' ''v.'' to swim.
*'''νακλα·νε''' ''v.'' to fill.
*'''ναι''', ναια ''t.'' daughter.
*'''ναμε''', -μεν ''l.'' egg.
*'''νατε''', -τεν ''l.'' body.
*'''ναυρ''', -ρα ''t.'' strength.
*'''νε''', ''pron. pers. 1sg.'' '''νευ''' ''obl.''
*'''νε·χινε''', ''v.'' to make; to form.
*'''νελε''', -λεν ''l.'' cloud.
*'''νερ''', ''prep.'' under.
*'''νολ''', -λλα ''t.'' hog.
*'''νοθε''', -θεν ''l.'' finger.
*'''νο·ρνε''' ''v.'' to go.
*'''νο·τνε''' ''v.'' to be five. '''νοσθα''' ''num.'' five. '''νοτρα''' ''num.'' fifth.
*'''νοτο·ρῥονε''' ''v.'' to have five flavors.
*'''νο·χινε''' ''v.'' to be silent.  '''νοχη''', -χινα ''g.'' Nochē, seventh day of the week.
*'''νυε''', νῡεν ''l.'' breast.
*'''νυ·ινε''' ''v.'' to stop, stand.
*'''νυρ''', ''prep.'' near; almost. '''νυρη''' -ρνα ''g.'' vicinity, surroundings, neighborhood.
*'''νωβρελ,''' -βρελα ''t.'' nobrel, or &quot;quinquemester&quot;, about 175 days.

===Ο===
*'''ὁμιθα''' ''adj.'' beloved, favorite.
*'''ὁ·πνε''' ''v.'' to eat.
*'''ὀρῥο''', -ῥα ''t.'' flavor.
*'''οὐνε''' (ὀ·ονε) ''v.'' to break.
*'''οὐνε''' (ὀ·ονε) ''v.'' to laugh.
*'''οὐλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the third lada of a rhike.
*'''ὁφη''', -φνα ''g.'' seed. 

===Π===
*'''παθε''', -θεν ''l.'' foot.
*'''πα·θνε''' ''v.'' to kill.
*'''παι''' ''prep.'' out of.
*'''παιπι·ρνε''' ''v.'' to emerge, come out.  —παι + πιρνε.
*'''παλλη''', -ανα ''g.'' &quot;palle&quot;, a type of edible tuber.
*'''πα·λνε''' ''v.'' to be white.
*'''πανδῑγι''', -γα ''t.'' panther.  —''**pan- + *dīgi''
*'''πε''', πεχα ''t.'' brother's child; son's child.
*'''πενε''', -νεν ''l.'' tooth.
*'''πενχε''', -χα ''t.'' child.
*'''πευ''', πεεν ''l.'' mouth.
*'''πε·χνε''' ''v.'' to be small.
*'''πιμβλαδα''', -δα ''t.'' the first lada of a rhike.
*'''πι·ρνε''' ''v.'' to come.
*'''πιτ·νε''' ''v.'' to spit.
*'''πουνε''' (πω·ονε) ''v.'' to be seven. '''ποσθα''' ''num.'' seven. '''πουρα''' ''num.'' seventh.
*'''πωλαλε''', -λεν  ''l.'' a week, seven days.

===Ρ===
*'''ῥαδη''', -δνα ''g.'' world.
*'''ῥα·γνε''' ''v.'' to cover.
*'''ῥα·μνε''' ''v.'' to walk.
*'''ῥαρτη''', -τεν ''l.'' Rhartē, first week of the month. 
*'''ῥα·υρανε''' ''v.'' to prepare.
*'''ῥα·χνε''' ''v.'' to be green.
*'''ῥε''' ''pron. pers. 3sg.'' '''ῥευ''' ''obl.''
*'''ῥε·δνε''' ''v.'' to be ten. '''ῥεσθα''' ''num.'' ten. '''ῥεδρα''' ''num.'' tenth.
*'''ῥε·υνε''' ''v.'' to shine.  '''ῥευτη''', -τενα ''g.'' Rheutē, the first day of the week.
*'''ῥηλε·νε''' ''v.'' to fill.
*'''ῥηνε''', -α ''t.'' cow.  '''ῥηνε''', -ειν ''l.'' beef.
*'''ῥικε''', -κιεν ''l.'' rhike, or cycle of three ladi, about 2,100 days.
*'''ῥῑνε''' (ῥι·ινε) ''v.'' to be cold.
*'''ῥο''', ῥοφα ''t.'' younger brother.
*'''ῥοθι''', -θα ''t.'' sister's husband.
*'''ῥοχυ''', -χα ''t.'' turtle. 

===Σ===
*'''σις''', -σα ''t.'' lion.  —''**sisi-''
*'''στρυη''', -ανα ''g.'' a dollop. —''**sruva-''

===Τ===
*'''ταιμα·νε''' ''v.'' to faint.
*'''τακε''', -κεν ''l.'' grass.
*'''ταλλα''', -λλακα ''t.'' phœnix.
*'''ταλλη''', -λλανα ''g.'' home.
*'''τα·μνε''' ''v.'' to die.
*'''ταν''', -να ''t.'' fire; high animate gender.
*'''ταννωβρελ''', -λα ''t.'' Tan, first nobrel of the lada.
*'''ταντοι''', -τοιχα ''t.'' salamander.
*'''ταρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' place.
*'''ταφε''', -φεν ''l.'' claw.
*'''ταχσιτρη''', -ανα ''g.'' market.
*'''τε''' ''pron. pers. 3pl.'' '''τευ''' ''obl.''
*'''τει''', τειεν ''l.'' hair, fur.
*'''τε·λνε''' ''v.'' to speak, to say.
*'''τημα''', -μα ''t.'' mother's mother; wife's mother; term of address, Mrs., Madam
*'''τη·νε''' ''v.'' to be.
*'''τιε''', τῑεν ''l.'' path, way.
*'''τιρῥι''', -ρῥα ''t.'' sister.
*'''τι·θνε''' ''v.'' to mix.
*'''το·φνε''' ''v.'' to be flat.
*'''τοχε''', -εν ''l.'' an onion.
*'''τοχον·νε''' ''v.'' to be obscure, be mysterious.  '''τοχονη''', -ννα ''g.'' Tochonē, fourth day of the week.
*'''τυ·γνε''' ''v.'' to give.

===Υ===
*'''ὑ''' ''prep.'' on top of.  '''ὑη''', ὑνα ''g.'' top (part).
*'''ὑ''' ὑτα ''t.'' daughter's husband.
*'''ὑδε''', -δεν ''l.'' tail.
*'''ὑ·δνε''' ''v.'' to be big.
*'''ὑλε''', -λεν ''l.'' muscle.
*'''ὑμμέ·τνε''', ''v.'' to refuse.
*'''ὑν-''' ''pref. neg.'' 

===Φ===
*'''φαγη''', -γνα　''g.'' leaf.
*'''φα·ρνε''' ''v.'' to bear, give birth.
*'''φεβε''', -βεν ''l.'' knee.
*'''φηνε''' (φα·ανε) ''v. irreg.'' to ask. 
*'''φι·ννε''' ''v.'' to be new.  '''φιννι''' ''adv.'' now.
*'''φο·κνε''' ''v.'' to collect, gather, harvest.
*'''φολ''' ''prep.'' below.  '''φολη''', -λνα ''g.'' bottom.
*'''φυρνατλεσσα''', -σσα ''t.'' a translator.
*'''φυτε''', -τεν ''g.'' blood.

===Χ===
*'''χᾱ''', χαυνα ''g.'' wheat.
*'''χα·μνε''' ''v.'' to see.
*'''χαρ''', -ρα ''t.'' heart (seen as the seat of emotions). '''χαρε''', -ρεν ''l.'' heart (body part).
*'''χατε''', -τεν ''l.'' bone.
*'''χει''', χειεν ''l.'' feather.  '''χεισιφαπε''', -πεν ''l.'' &quot;featherbark&quot;, an aromatic medicinal plant.
*'''χεν''' ''pron. pers. 1pl. inclusive'' '''χεισυ''' ''obl.''
*'''χευνε''', -νεν ''l. sg., t. pl.'' member of a tribe. '''χευνηδα''', -δα ''t.'' king, tribal chief.
*'''χηυλη''', -λανα ''g.'' stone, rock.
*'''χι·λνε''' ''v.'' to be like or similar.
*'''χο·βνε''' ''v.'' to be eight. '''χοφθα''' ''num.'' eight. '''χοβρα''' ''num.'' eighth.
*'''χοδα,''' -δα ''t.'' father's father; head of household; fiancée's father; respectful term of address, Mr., sir.
*'''χο·ονε''' ''v.'' to croak; to caw.  
*'''χοσι''', -σα ''t.'' fish.
*'''χουλα''', -λα ''t.'' charm, charisma.
*'''χυδη''', -δνα ''g.'' root.
*'''χυρ''' ''prep.'' next to.  '''χυρη''', -ρνα ''g.'' side.

===Ω===
*'''ὠθε''', -θουν ''l.'' liver.
*'''ὠ·μονε''' ''v.'' to smoke. '''ὠμο''', -μα ''t.'' smoke.
*'''ὡ·ρονε''' ''v.'' to drop, let go.
*'''Ὠραδιδηνα''', -να ''t.'' one of the [[Óradierra]], speakers of [[Óradiendelsa]].

[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Henaudute]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verb</title>
    <id>657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3985</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-01T16:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>modify links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''verb''' is a [[part of speech]] that usually denotes action (&quot;bring&quot;, &quot;read&quot;), occurrence (&quot;to decompose&quot; (itself), &quot;to glitter&quot;), or a state of being (&quot;exist&quot;, &quot;live&quot;, &quot;soak&quot;, &quot;stand&quot;). Depending on the [[language]], a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its [[tense]], [[aspect]], [[mood]] and [[voice]]. It may also agree with the [[person]], [[gender]], and/or [[number]] of some of its arguments (what we usually call subject, object, etc.).

==Valency==

The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its '''valency''', or [[valence]]. According to valency, a verb can be classified as one of:

* Intransitive (valency = 1): the verb only has a subject. For example: &quot;he runs&quot;, &quot;it falls&quot;.
* Transitive (valency = 2): the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example: &quot;she eats fish&quot;, &quot;we hunt rabbits&quot;.
* Ditransitive (valency = 3): the verb has a subject, a direct object and an indirect or secondary object. For example: &quot;I gave her a book&quot;, &quot;She sent flowers to me&quot;.

It's possible to have verbs with valency = 0. A few of these appear in [[Spanish]] and other languages and may be termed &quot;impersonal verbs&quot;. For example: ''Llueve'' = &quot;It rains&quot;. Such verbs don't exist in [[English]] because in this language every verb must have a subject, even if it's a dummy one like &quot;it&quot;.

English verbs are often flexible with regards to valency. A transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can be added an object and become transitive. Compare:

* ''I gave.'' (intransitive)
* ''I gave blood.'' (transitive)
* ''I gave blood for John.'' (ditransitive)

In the first example, the verb ''give'' describes the idea of giving, in the abstract; in the second, what was given is specified; in the third, both the gift and the recipient are set forth.   

In many languages other than English, such valency changes aren't possible like this; the verb must instead be inflected for voice in order to change the valency.

== Copula ==

A [[copula]] is a special kind of verb, sometimes called a ''linking verb'', that is used to describe its subject or equate or liken the subject with its predicate.  Because copulas do not describe actions being performed, they are usually analysed outside the transitive/intransitive distinction.  The most basic copula in English is ''to be''; there are others (''like'', ''seem'', ''become'', etc.).

Some languages (the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] family, [[Russian]], [[Chinese]] and others) can omit the simple copula equivalent of &quot;to be&quot;, especially in the present tense. In these languages a [[noun]] and [[adjective]] pair (or two nouns) can constitute a complete sentence. This construction is called ''[[copula|zero copula]]''.

== Verbal noun and verbal adjective ==

Most languages have a number of [[verbal noun]]s that describe the action of the verb.  In [[Indo-European languages]], there are several kinds of verbal nouns, including [[gerund]]s, [[infinitive]]s, and [[supine]]s.  English has gerunds, such as ''seeing'', and infinitives such as ''to see''; they both can function as nouns; ''seeing is believing'' is roughly equivalent in meaning with ''to see is to believe.''  These terms are sometimes applied to verbal nouns of non-Indo-European languages.  

In the Indo-European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called [[participle]]s.  English has an [[voice|active]] participle, also called a present participle; and a [[voice|passive]] participle, also called a past participle.  The active participle of ''give'' is ''giving'', and the passive participle is ''given''.  The active participle describes [[noun]]s that are wont to do the action given in the verb, e.g. ''a giving person''.  The passive participle describes nouns that have been the subject of the action of the verb, e.g. ''given money''.  Other languages apply tense and aspect to participles, and possess a larger number of them with more distinct shades of meaning.

==Agreement==

In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (what we tend to call the subject) in person, number and/or gender. English only shows distinctive agreement in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs (which is marked by adding &quot;-s&quot;); the rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb.

Spanish inflects verbs for tense/mood/aspect and they agree in person and number (but not gender) with the subject. [[Japanese]], in turn, inflects verbs for many more categories, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject. [[Basque]], [[Georgian]], and some other languages, have '''polypersonal agreement''': the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object and even the secondary object if present.

==See also==

* [[Linguistics]], [[grammar]], [[syntax]], [[phrase structure rules]]
* [[Tense]], [[aspect]], [[mood]], [[voice]]
* [[Verb framing]]

----
{{msg:Wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Royce</title>
    <id>658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9318</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cities</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''New Royce''' ([[Ibran]]: Нөјв Ро̄с, ''Noif Roes'', '''here:''' ''New York'') is the fourth largest city in North America, after Mexico City, Toronto, and Los Angeles.  It is the capital and largest city of New Ibria.

==History==
The history of New Royce begins in [[1626]] with the colonization of the area by Dutch and Ibrian settlers, the city originally being called Nieuw Amsterdam.  In [[1664]] the city was captured by the English and named ''New York''.  During the [[Wikipedia:Third Anglo-Dutch War|Third Anglo-Dutch War]], in [[1673]], the city was retaken, but was returned to England as part of the [[Wikipedia:Treaty of Westminster|Treaty of Westminster]].  The Ibrians refused to accept English government and created the country of New Ibria.  

[intervening periods...]

In [[2000]], the government instituted a spelling reform.   By pressure from neighboring nations it is in a modified [[Cyrillic]] script.  Reactions against it were heavy; New Royce's major newspaper, the ''Tieups,'' &lt;!-- yes, it's amusing in English --&gt; refused to adopt the new orthography altogether, calling it ''un scandal e abominazón.''    Currently, most signs on the streets are biscriptal and both systems are taught in the schools.  

==Boroughs==
*Брүклан, ''Bréuklen'' /bryˈklɐ̃/
*Влизінкс, ''Vléssinx'' /vleˈzĩks/ (''here:'' Queens)
*де Бронк, ''de Bronk'' /dɛˈbrɔ̃k/
*Іл-де-ʼТя̄тс, ''Isle-de-Staits'' /ˌildɛtˈtaːts/
*Манатан, ''Manhattan'' /ˌmɑnɑˈtɐ̃/

[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English</title>
    <id>659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35543</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-14T03:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;For information on the language and structure, go to [[Modern English]].&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''English''' is a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] language, serving basically as the lingua franca over much of the world; the most notable English-speaking countries are the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

=Stages of English=
There are 3 primary stages of English.  A fourth, is a brief period of transition time between Middle English and Modern English, known as Early Modern English.  They are as follows: &lt;br&gt;
[[Anglo-Saxon]] (also known as '''Old English''') &lt;br&gt;
[[Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Early Modern English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Modern English]] &lt;br&gt;

==The Dates of the Changes==
The Anglo-Saxon language formed from invading groups of Angles and Saxons from Northern Germany to England.  It was  also affected by the [[Celtic]] languages around it, and from a heavy [[Old Norse]] influx from invading Danish Vikings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The start of the Middle English era is marked by the battle of Hastings in 1066.  The French Normans (originally Vikings who were given land and gold in to protect France from other Vikings, Norman = North man) lead by William the Conqueror won the battle and took over the island from there.  The Norman French version of [[Old French]] was not the &quot;proper&quot; French of the time, but much of the Old Norse influence was replaced by the French vocabulary. Quite a bit of it mixed with the Anglo-Saxon language and eventually Middle English emerged. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The Early Modern English period is marked by the [[Great Vowel Shift]].  This is the primary sound shift that separates the dialects of Modern English to those of the Middle and Old English eras.  There were other sound shifts, but that was the primary and most important one.  [[Shakespeare]] is one of the more well known writers in this era.  This era also preserved forms such as the informal pronoun and many forms of the subjunctive. &lt;br&gt;

=English's Spread=
English was spread by the colonisation by the British Empire.  The Thirteen Colonies of America, Australia, India, and others were colonised by Britain and became primarily English speaking.  The colonies eventually became the United States, and Australia, after many years of being a penal colony, had too gained independence.  India also did so, many years later.  Canada was originally a French colony that was won during the French and Indian war by the British, and English became an important language in the country.   Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall, which were originally Celtic speaking were conquered by Anglo-Saxon or Norman French peoples and were eventually assimilated.  Although there are still Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Cornish speakers today, almost all can speak a dialect of English.  After the United States had been established as an International power (after World War II), the spread of English grew even more than it had before.
Today, English is the most spoken First and Second language in the world, mostly because of China's teaching it to most children in schools.  It has also become a powerful [[Lingua Franca]] throughout the world.

=Languages based on English=
==[[Creole]]s and natural descendants==
*[[Tok Pisin]]
*[[Scots]]
*[[Hawai'ian Creole]], also known as '''Hawai'ian Pidgin'''
*[[Spanglish]]
*[[Gullah]]

==Constructed languages==
*[[Volapük]] (with other sources)

==Sources==


Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].
----

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]

[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke/Spelling</title>
    <id>660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4030</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-05T03:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Notes on a revision of English orthography''

Basic principles:
* Institute two different spelling systems, one for native words and one for foreign ones.  Or put differently, spell Germanic words Germanically and Romance words Romantically.  (Give some way to discern orthographies, I'm thinking maybe use ''italics''.)   [This may not even be necessary.  Who knows? I'll discard it for now.]

* Morphophonemics is more important than strict phonemics, due to the prominence of stress alternation leading to different vowel realizations.  (The ’lauts in foot/feet, swim/swam/swum, would have to be handled differently.)  There may be cases where a morph has to be split though (?)

* Faithfulness to traditional spelling (yes/no?)  not sure

* Character repertoire (low ascii / windows charset / higher unicode bits?)  not sure

* Oh yeah.  And it's gotta match my idiolect &gt;;)

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, 
| Foer skoer ân se’n yeers âgo, ar fođđ’rs brot foerth âpon đis ''cóntinent'' â nu ''nation'',
|-
| conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
| ''concéved'' ân ''líberte'' ân ''dédicated'' tî đî ''próposition'' đîd ol men ar ''created'' ''equal''.
|}

==Spellings==
Round them up, compare them to phonemics and phonetics, see if we can come up with anything consistent.

* '''â''' (''a''; /@/, [∅])
* '''âgo''' (''ago'', /@&quot;go/, [go]). 
* '''ân''' (''and'', /@n/, [n=]).
* '''ân''' (''in'', /@n/, [n=]).
* '''âpon''' (''upon'', /@pAn/, [pAn]).
* '''ar''' (''are'', /Ar/, [Ar]).
* '''ar''' [or '''our'''?] (''our''; /Ar/, [Ar] or /{Ur/, [{wr=]).
* '''br’ɴ, brot''' (''bring, brought''; /brN=/, /brAt/; [brN=], [brAt]).
* '''''concéve''''' [or ''k’nseev''?] (''conceive'', /kn=&quot;siv/, [k1~&quot;siv]
* '''''cóntinent''''' [or ''kontân’nt''?] (''continent'', /&quot;kAnt@nn=t/, [&quot;kA~tn1~t])
* '''''creáte''''' [or ''kreaet''?] (''create'', /kri&quot;et/, [kri&quot;et])
* '''''dédicate''''' [or ''dedâkaet''?] (''dedicate'', /&quot;dEd@ket/, [&quot;dEdket])
* '''đî''' (''the''; /D1/, [d_d1]).
* '''đît''' (''that''; /D1t/, [d_d1t]); ''đîd'' before vowels.
* '''đis''' (''this'', /DIs/, [d_dIs]).
* '''equal''' [or ''equ’l''] (''equal'', /&quot;ikwl=/, [&quot;ikwl=]).
* '''fođđ’r''' (''father'', /&quot;fADr=/, [&quot;fADr=]).
* '''foer''' (''four'', /for/, [fOr(=)]).  
* '''foerth''' (/forT/, [fOrT]).
* '''''líberte''''' [or ''libb’rde''] (''liberty'', /&quot;lIbr=di/, [&quot;libr=4i]
* '''man''' ''pl.'' ''men'' (''man'', /m{n/, [m{n]).
* '''''nation''''' [or ''naex’n''?] (''nation'', /&quot;neSn=/, [&quot;neSn=]).
* '''''próposition''''' [or ''propâsix’n''?] (''proposition'', /&quot;prAp@zISn=/, [&quot;prApzISn=]
* '''nu''' (''new'', /nu/, [nu])
* '''ol''' (''all'', /Al/, [Al]).
* '''se’n''' (''seven'', /sEn=/, [sEn=]).
* '''skoer''' (''score'', /skor/, [skOr(=)]).
* '''tî''' (''to'', /t1/, [t1]).
* '''yeer''' ''pl.'' '''yeers''' (''year'', /yir/, [yir=]).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henaudute ceremonial calendar</title>
    <id>661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22849</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T21:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Rhikes of the Zodiac / Ῥικι Δρῑγα ''Rhici Drîga'' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the ceremonial [[calendar]] used by the [[Yellow Empire]].  The names are in [[Henaudute]].  This calendar has no relationship to seasons or solar years or whatnot; it is merely a conveniently-divided reckoning of time which counts upward from the date of the coronation of the king.

==Divisions of time==
===Days - Λαλη ''lalê'' ===
# '''ῥευτη''' ''rheutê'' — shining day
# '''θρανη''' ''thranê'' — holy day
# '''βορῥη''' ''borrhê'' — martial day
# '''τοχονη''' ''tochonê'' — obscure day
# '''δλη''' ''dlê'' — joyful day
# '''θυτη''' ''thutê'' — beautiful day
# '''νοχη''' ''nochê'' — silent day

===Weeks / Πωλαλι ''Pôlali''===
# '''ῥαρτη''' ''rhartê'' — Sun’s week
# '''βρερτη''' ''brertê'' — Moon’s week
# '''γραρτη''' ''grartê'' — Earth’s week
# '''μηϊδρατη''' ''mêïdratê'' — Mēïdē (Night-father)’s week
# '''λαλλιδρατη''' ''lallidratê'' — Lallidē (Day-father)’s week

===Months / Βρελῑ ''Brelî''===
# '''ναυρ''' ''naur'' — month of strength
# '''χουλα''' ''choula'' — month of charm
# '''δηψῑ''' ''dêpsî'' — month of teachings
# '''τοι'''¹ ''toe'' — month of a spirit
# '''λαλλι''' ''lalli'' — month of bitterness

¹ The name of this month depends on the quimmester.  In fact, during this month the quimmester does not need to be stated.  The names are of mythological creatures associated with the element of the quimmester:
* '''ταντοι''' ''tantoe'' — month of the tantech (or 'salamander') in the fire quimmester
* '''λῡτοι''' ''lûtoe'' — month of the lutech (or 'undine') in the water quimmester
* '''γαρτοι''' ''gartoe'' — month of the gartech (or 'gnome') in the earth quimmester
* '''ἡτοι''' ''hêtoe'' — month of the hetech (or 'sylph') in the air quimmester

===Quimmesters / Νωβρελῑ ''Nôbrelî''===
A ''quimmester'' is a period of five months; in this calendar, 175 days.

# '''ταννωβρελ''' ''tannôbrel'' — fire quimmester
# '''λῡνωβρελ''' ''lûnôbrel'' — water quimmester
# '''γαρνωβρελ''' ''garnôbrel'' — earth quimmester
# '''ἡνωβρελ''' ''hênôbrel'' — air quimmester

===Ladas / Λᾱδῑ ''Lâdî''===
A ''lada'' or &quot;long year&quot; is a period of twenty months; in this calendar, 700 days.

# '''πιμβλαδα''' ''pimblada'' — newborn year
# '''γοχλαδα''' ''gochlada'' — adolescent year
# '''οὐλαδα''' ''oulada'' — elder year

===Rhikes of the Zodiac / Ῥικι Δρῑγα ''Rhici Drîga''===
A ''rhike'' is a period of sixty months; in this calendar, 2,100 days.  The eleven rhikes make up one full zodiac, a period of 23,100 days.  The zodiac is the largest division of time in the calendar; after the zodiac is completed, it is restarted with an ordinal (second, third, fourth, etc.).

# '''σισεν''' ''sisen'' — lion’s rhike
# '''λυσσαν''' ''lussan'' — wolf-cub’s rhike
# '''ἁργλην''' ''harglên'' — jackal’s rhike
# '''νολλα''' ''nolla'' — hog’s rhike
# '''λαρα''' ''lara'' — ox’s rhike
# '''λωυν''' ''lôun'' — tiger’s rhike
# '''μαυν''' ''maun'' — hare’s rhike
# '''πανδῑγιν''' ''pandîgin'' — panther’s rhike
# '''λυκα''' ''luka'' — wolf’s rhike
# '''ῥοχυν''' ''rhochun'' — turtle’s rhike
# '''ταλλακα''' ''tallaca'' — phoenix’s rhike

==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/hena-calendar.shtml Today's date in Henaudute ceremonial calendar] (uses JavaScript)

[[Category:Henaudute]]
[[Category:Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ch-m- Tlondor</title>
    <id>662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29095</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Timespan: 20,000 years ago to present.  
*Setting: Tl-nd-, a fictional archipelago in the Atlantic.
*Author: [[User:JeffLilly|Jeff Lilly]]
This conlang is a language for a conculture I'm working on for a book.
Design principles:
* Inspired by Semitic, but with a twist:  arguments and predicates are morphologically bound and interleaved
* Lots of juicy consonant clusters


== Introduction ==

'''Sources'''

The single source for the language which I will refer to throughout the following monograph as “Ch-m- Tlondor” is a single ream of papers, tied together with twine, dating approximately to 1250 AD, written in rather vulgar Latin interspersed with stretches of 13th century French idiom.  The author claims to be one Claude d’Bisque, a Frenchman of Basque ancestry, and purports to record his journey to a previously undiscovered island in the Atlantic, about two day’s sail west of France.  The papers describe in tedious detail the particulars of how d’Bisque came to set out on the voyage, the Basque cod fishermen who guided him, the rather unremarkable ways of the inhabitants of the island, and the difficulties encountered on their attempt to leave.  This is followed by a lengthy appendix relating details of the language of the island, which is of considerable interest, since its syntactic system is unique in the world.  

It has frequently been asserted that d’Bisque invented the language, as well as the island and the whole history related in his document; but this seems unlikely, for the following reasons.  First, the linguistic appendix is written in the same handwriting and phraseology as the rest of the book, showing that d’Bisque is almost certainly the author.  However, d’Bisque was no linguist, as shown by the corrupted Latin which he wrote, and the difficulty he had in describing the language Ch-m- Tlondor.  The appendix consists of long word lists, lengthy passages of transcribed speech with margins filled with attempts at translation, and some completely misguided notes on grammar.  For example, d’Bisque asserts that Ch-m- Tlondor was like Latin, in preferring to place the verb last in the sentence; but this is certainly not the case in the examples he gives.  It is inconceivable that d’Bisque could have constructed this language himself from whole cloth.

In this monograph I attempt to set out an orderly description of the language.  I am no comparative linguist, and cannot hope to properly place it in the taxonomy of the world’s tongues; but I hope that this description will assist some other scholar to give it the attention it deserves.

'''The Voyage of d’Bisque'''

	It may interest some to hear a brief summary of d’Bisque’s voyage and description of the “terra Tlandae”, as he called the island.  In the early 13th century Basque fishermen had made long journeys into the Atlantic in search of cod, highly valued for its oil and meat.  They brought back many strange tales of their adventures.  D’Bisque hired some of these fishermen to take him to an island they had told of; the purpose of his journey was curiosity and a “caesarum cardorum”, perhaps a reference to a broken heart.  The islanders, it was told to him, were magicians and could do wonderful things.  D’Bisque brought along his sons Francis and Gerard.

	The voyage lasted two days, and at the end of that time they came to a single island rising from the middle of the Atlantic like the top of a mountain.  On arrival at shore they were greeted by farmers, who expressed wonder at their seaworthy craft.  These people, it seemed, never left their island.  The Basque fishermen knew a little of the language of terra Tlandae and d’Bisque was fascinated by it; as noted above, he compiled extensive word lists and examples of sentences.  The islanders could indeed do some magic, according to d’Bisque; they could call animals to them, move small objects with their minds, and see into the future.  

After spending a few days among the islanders, d’Bisque expressed an interest in climbing to the top of the mountain.  The islanders warned him strongly against it, saying that it was the realm of very powerful magicians; but d’Bisque and his sons climbed to the peak anyway, believing that God would save them from heathen magic.  At the top of the mountain, which took a day or so to climb, they saw no people.  On their return to the village, the islanders refused to speak with them.

They then took their leave, and sailed back toward France.  But almost as soon as they set out, d’Bisque’s son Francis fell ill, speaking feverishly of a great king that was calling to him in his mind, and of a lavish feast the king offered him, along with many other earthly pleasures.  As the voyage went on, Francis spoke with wild eyes of birds of iron, and horses with bellies of fire, and great underground cities.  At last Francis began to speak in Ch-m- Tlondor, and babbled furiously in that language for many hours.  At last he died, just as they reached France.

D’Bisque ends this rather tedious account with speculation concerning terra Tlandae – specifically, that it is all that remains of the continent of Atlantis, and that the magicians of that great land live under the ground of their submerged continent.  He closes with a prayer that God punish the magicians of that land for their wickedness.

== Overview of Ch-m- Tlondor ==

The first and most striking thing noted by the student of Ch-m- Tlondor is that almost all words of all grammatical categories are bound morphemes – that is, words cannot stand alone, but must be morphologically bound to other words.  This rule applies to all grammatical categories except adverbs, interjections, and some elements of the determiner class.  Other classes of words are somewhat like the consonantal and vowel roots of Arabic, in that they consist of sequences of consonants and vowels that must be interleaved to create a complete word.  For example, the noun “dog” is the consonantal sequence '''gm-ch-'''; it cannot appear alone, but must combine with a verb such as '''-ulm''', “run”, and an aspect infix (e.g. '''-a-''', perfective), to create '''gmachulm''', “the dog ran”.  The following table elaborates on this example:

{| border=1 
|The dog ran 
|Gmachulm
|- 
|The dog is running 
|Gmochulm
|- 
|The dog will run 
|Gmichulm
|- 
|The dog ate 
|Gmachich
|- 
|The dog slept 
|Gmachidrif
|- 
|The man ran 
|Namulm
|- 
|The man ate 
|Namich
|}

At this point it should be clear why “Ch-m- Tlondor”, with dashes to indicate where morphological material is required, is the unfortunate way in which the name of the language must be represented in English.  A name by itself is an argument; but since this language requires all arguments to be morphologically bound to predicates, it is impossible to write the name of the language alone, without predicating something of it.  The true name of the language is '''Ch-m Tlondor''', literally “speech of Tl-nd-“ ('''Tl-nd-''' being the true name of “terra Tlandae”).  Perhaps the closest one can come is to say &quot;The speech of Tl-nd- is/exists&quot;, i.e. '''Chimid Tlondor'''.


'''Phonology'''

''Phoneme inventory.''  Knowledge of Ch-m- Tlondor’s phonology is necessarily limited by the orthographic representation used by d’Bisque.  The language appears to have a small inventory of vowels:  i, e, o, a, u. It is unknown to what extent vowel quality may vary according to environment.  Sonorants m, n, r, and l may appear as vowels.  Ch-m- Tlondor does not have “ng” or “h”, or any voiced fricatives or affricates.  It also has almost no coronal fricatives -- only &quot;ch&quot;.  However, it does have the voiceless velar fricative “x”, written as “hh” by d’Bisque.  D’Bisque also appears to use “c” and “q” for “k”:  “c” before o, a, u, and “q” before i and e.  I have followed his orthography, except to use “x” for “hh”.

''Clusters.''  Ch-m- Tlondor admits a number of consonant clusters in both onset and coda position which English does not.  In general, the language admits any onset cluster of the forms:

*''(voiceless stop)(fricative)''
*''(voiced stop)(fricative)''
*''(voiceless stop)(sonorant)''
*''(voiced stop)(sonorant)''

Codas allow the same clusters, but in reverse order.  For example, the onset cluster “tl-“ is permitted, as in the noun '''tl-c-''', “chowder”, and the coda cluster “-lt”, as in the verb '''-olt''', “scamper”.  (This latter may be related to the noun '''l-t-''', “mouse”.)
Sonorants may in general not cluster, except –rn, -rm, -ln, and –lm.  Other apparent clusters of sonorants should be read as vocalic sonorants.  For example, '''nl-d-''', “marriage”, should be read with three syllables “n-lo-dor” in the phrase '''nlodor''', “of marriage”.

'''Morphology'''

A note on some peculiarities of morphology are in order.

''Predicatization.''  Nominals may be converted to predicates, either to create a new lexeme (analogous to the history of the English verb “access”), or to permit the nominal to be used attributively (see ''Copula Statements'' below).  The predicatization process inserts '''-o-''' between the consonant clusters of the nominal (note that '''-o-''' is the stative aspectual marker) and prior to the first cluster.  Thus the nominal '''n-m-''', “man”, may be predicatized to '''-onom''', meaning “to man” or perhaps “manly”, as in '''powonom''', “that boy is a man.”

''Argumentization.''  Predicates, such as adjectives or verbs, may be converted to arguments, either to name a new object whose purpose is to perform the action, or to name the action or property itself.  Argumentization reduplicates the final consonant of the predicate.  Thus the verb '''-idfil''', “poke/impale”, may be argumentized to be a noun, '''idfil-l''', “impaling”.  (The noun '''df-l-''', “spear”, is probably related as well.)  Thus one can say '''idfilolid bodach''', “spearing of fish is easy”; compare '''dfalidfil badach''', “The spear impaled the fish.”


'''Syntax'''

In the Ch-m- Tlondor sentence, a subject combines with a verb and an aspect infix morphologically to create a complete sentence.  Modifiers to the subject generally appear to the left of the verb; modifiers to the verb appear after.  Objects of the verb appear after the verb, generally marked with an adposition affix; modifiers to these objects appear after them.  Word order is thus fairly strict.
The above generalizations apply to simple declarative statements and wh-questions (which are in-situ).  Other categories have more complex forms:

''Polar questions.''  Here, the main verb is combined with an expletive nominal '''w-m-''' and moved to the beginning of the sentence.  The subject of the sentence appears immediately after the verb, marked with an adposition '''-o-or'''.  For example, “Is the man eating?” would be '''Womich nomor?'''

''Copula Statements.''  In cases in which two nominals are equated, as in “Tl-nd- is an island”, the second nominal undergoes a morphological process to change it into an adjectival element (see predicatization and argumentization below).  In this case, the noun '''dr-mt-''', “island”, is predicatized into '''-odromt''' and the sentence is '''Tlondodromt'''.

''Imperatives.''  Here, the main verb is combined with the pronoun '''w-w-''' (you sng.) or '''w-r-''' (you pl.) to indicate imperative.  Thus “Run!” would be translated as '''Wowulm!'''

''Subjunctives of Necessity (must, should, ought, need).''  The subjects of these sentences combine with the predicate '''-a-adrt''', and precede the verb, which combines with a pronoun indicating the subject.  For example, “the man should be eating” appears as '''namadrt gogich''' ('''g-g-''' being “he”).

''Subjunctives of Possibility (can, could, may, might).''  This is the same as subjunctives of necessity, except that the subject combines with predicate '''o-oxrt''', and the verb appears at the beginning of the sentence.  For example, “the dog can eat” appears as '''gogich nomoxrt'''.


* [[Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor]]
* [[Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues]]
* [[Conculture:  Tl-nd-]]

[[Category:Ch-m- Tlondor]]
[[Category:Tl-nd-]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JeffLilly</title>
    <id>663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4033</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-06T17:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JeffLilly</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am a computational linguist; my interests center around lexical semantics, syntax, and historical linguistics.  I am working on a book for older children, and am creating the conlang [[Ch-m- Tlondor]] and the conculture of [[Tl-nd-]] as background.  I would be very grateful for any feedback on this project.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sample Texts of Ch-m- Tlondor</title>
    <id>665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4035</id>
      <timestamp>2004-08-06T20:00:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JeffLilly</username>
        <id>5</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Dodid Lochor Don Chimim Tlondor ==

{| border=1
! Yoyeyorxn || woror || Tlondach
|-
|y-y- -o- -eyorxn || w-r- -o- -or || Tl-nd- -o- -ach
|-
|We-welcome || you-of || Tl-nd-at
|}
''Welcome to Tl-nd-.''


{| border=1
!Womayamch || woror || lpochor || don
|-
|w-m- + -o- + -ayamch || w-r- + -o- + -or || lp-ch + -o- + -or || don
|-
|interrogative-want || you-interrogative || rabbit-of || some
|}
''Would you like some rabbit?''

{| border=1
!Worobln || yolach
|-
|w-r- + -o- + obln || y-l + -o- + ach
|-
|You-from || where-at
|}
''Where are you from?''

{| border=1
!Chicharanx || dfalum
|-
|Chich-r- + -a- + anx || df-l- + -a- + -um
|-
|Chich-r-has-make || spear-new
|}
''Chich-r- has made a new spear.''

{| border =1
!Godfomtin || gogobrd || gogomx || gogoxrt || gorim || anam || pochnim || pochor || gogid || gogoxrt || bodach || don
|-
|Godf-mt- + -o- + -in || g-g- + -o- + -obrd || g-g- + -o- + omx || g-g- + -o-oxrt || g-r- + -o- + -im || anam || p-chn- + -o- + -im || p-ch- + -o- + -or || g-g- + -o- + id || g-g- + -o-oxrt || b-d- + -o- + -ach || don
|-
|Husband-my || he-foolish || he-knock || he-subj.possib. || hole-in || many || bottom-in || boat-of || he-see || he-subj.poss. || fish-at || some
|}
''My husband is foolish; he would knock holes in the bottom of a boat, to see the fish.''

{| border=1
!Dofowl || chocharld || chuchu
|-
|D-f- + -o- + -owl || ch-ch- + -o- + -arld || chuchu
|-
|Ship-your || it-large || excessively
|}
''Your ship is far too large.''

== Babel Text ==

* 1. And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. 
* '''Qec cor ladagab chamor mom qecadfax mamad.'''
* ''And whole earth-had language-of one and-speak one-as.''

* 2. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 
* '''Qec chachad yar dadac dachabln dach dadabmt brchor ramtim Shinaror caqimb darach.'''
* ''And it-was while they-travel east-from that they-found plain-of land-in Shinar-of and-lived there-at.''

* 3. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. 
* '''Qec dadochom dadoloch, yoyepicm, yiyanax ploxor, qiqupulm dodor doloyir.  Qec dadagab plaxor dchamobol, nateqec nlachlobol.'''
* ''And they-said eachother-to, we-start, we-make brick-of, burn-and them-of thoroughly.  And they-had brick-of stone-for, mud-and mortar-for.''


* 4. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city, and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 
* '''Qec dadochom, yoyepicm, yiyanax dachor dadopom, choyaleqec, chichilid dofoxrt chichor gibmimch; qecanax minor dodobol, od moch chichadxachl dnodmoxrt dodobol yit bodom lodor cor.'''
*''And they-said, we-start, we-make city-of us-for, tower-and, it-reach top-may it-of heaven-into; and-make name-of us-for, so not it-scatter something-subj.POSSIB. us-of widely surface-on earth-of whole.''

*5. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded.
*'''Qec Rlataxam gagatom gagit gogoxrt dochach choyaleqec, ra namor dratuprt chachor.'''
*''And Lord-come he-down he-see he-subj.POSSIB city-at tower-and, all man-of child-build it-of.''

Back to the main page of [[Ch-m- Tlondor]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etymology of Ch-m- Tlondor and Related Tongues</title>
    <id>666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6433</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:27:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category: ch-m- tlondor</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Ch-m- Tlondor's Language Family ==

It is not known whether Ch-m- Tlondor is a language isolate.  Almost certainly its unique system of morphological predication is unique, but it is known that this system developed from a more standard system near the end of the Era of the Garden.  Attempts to relate the language to other tongues based on lexical reconstruction have so far failed.

'''Chomiz Talonid Or''':''Speech of Talonid''

''Overview.''
This tongue, originally spoken on each of the Five Islands of Tl-nd-, was essentially agglutinative, with little in the way of inflectional morphology.  It appears that in its oldest form it had a strict prohibition against consonant clusters, allowing only ''(stop)(liquid)'' combinations, and then only if the two consonants did not match in place (e.g. &quot;pl&quot; was permitted, as in '''ploz''', &quot;bear&quot;, but not &quot;dl&quot;).  Its inventory of phonemes included a set of fricatives not found in Ch-m- Tlondor:  ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh.''

''Salient Features of Syntax.''
Chomiz Talonid Or was a strict SVO language.  Noun compounding was not permitted; adjectives and adpositional modifiers appeared after the head noun.  A rich set of auxiliary modifiers could be suffixed to a subject noun to indicate tense, aspect, necessity, possiblity, mood, and voice.

'''Changes between Chomiz Talonid Or and Ch-m- Tlondor'''

* Unstressed vowels were dropped.  Thus '''Chomiz Talonid Or''' became '''Chomz Tlond Or'''.
* Fricatives ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh'' were dropped if they violated the syllabic structure of the language.  Thus '''Chomz Tlond Or''' became '''Chom Tlond Or'''.
* Internal vowels of verbs began to agree with the vowels of the auxiliary suffix.  For example, the noun '''gimach''', &quot;dog&quot;, and the verb '''ulmso''', &quot;run&quot;, originally combined with the progressive '''-sho''' to create the form '''gimachsho ulmso'''.  When the internal vowels began to agree, the form became '''gomochsho ulmso''' (or '''gmochsho ulm''' after the phonological changes noted above).
* The internal vowels of subject nouns came to be seen as part of the marking on the noun, rather than phonological agreement.  In other words, the base form of &quot;dog&quot; ceased to be '''gmach''' and became '''gm-ch''', with the internal vowel decided by the suffixed auxiliary marker.
* As the base forms of nouns lost their internal vowels, the auxiliary marker vowel was used in other places in the clause.  For example, in &quot;he saw the dog&quot;, originally '''gegash ziti gimach zhach''', the auxiliary marker '''-ash''' (perfective) changed the internal vowel of '''geg''' (&quot;he&quot;) to '''a'''.  This '''a''' was then spread to other nouns in the clause to serve as the internal vowel, producing '''gagash it gmach zhach'''.
* All remaining instances of fricatives ''sh, s, z, th, dh, zh'' were lost.
* This phonological change contributed to the loss of the suffixed auxiliary markers, which were, in general, syllables of the form VC, with C a coronal fricative.  With this loss, speakers began to treat the verb as a suffix; thus '''gagash it gmach zhach''' became '''gagit gmach ach'''.
* The use of verbs as suffixes spread to other predicates, including postpositions and adjectives.  Thus '''gagit gmach ach''' became '''gagit gmachach''', and '''Ch-m- Tl-nd- Or''' became '''Ch-m- Tlondor'''.

'''Examples of change:  full sentences'''

'''Changes to Ch-m- Tlondor:  the Era of Union and the Era of Dominion'''

Development of the verb as feature marking on the subject noun:  a grid of nine features of voice + lenition, on the first consonant gives a core verb, on the second consonant gives domain.  Adpositional infixes develop into case marking; freer word order.

Back to the main page of [[Ch-m- Tlondor]].

[[Category:Ch-m- Tlondor]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piataia/Ibran/Paternoster</title>
    <id>675</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52918</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran/Paternoster]] to [[Piataia/Ibran/Paternoster]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Paternoster_in_Ibran]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Goals</title>
    <id>676</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4046</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-09T00:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:About</title>
    <id>678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47692</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T14:21:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conlangs otherwise described? */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is Frathwiki intended to include auxlangs, like Glosa, Esperanto, Loglan and my own Ceqli?

:Yes.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:24, 23 Aug 2004 (PDT)

...Um, so how is it not a place to promote auxlangs!? I'm interested as my main interest is 'practical' conlanging ( esp. Folkspraak). [[User:Xipirho|Xipirho]]

::Describe, yes.  Push, no.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

==What FrathWiki shouldn't be==
* ''A place to describe well-known creations such as Esperanto or Tolkien's worlds.'' They got their own forums, and besides Tolkien is well represented in Wikipedia.  We could have a page linking to Tolkien language stuff on Wikipedia, though. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 14:10, 6 Jun 2005 (PDT)
*Oops for got to mention my edit here. 
[[User:Leon math|Leon math]] 18:12, 2 November 2006 (PST)

*What about different spelling schemes for already existing languages? Cheers. [[User:Xipirho|Xipirho]]
*: Those are okay too.  I've got a couple out here myself.  (I thought we had a category, but I guess not; but there's [[Latin pinyin]], [[Hangraphy]], [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]], and probably others). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

== &quot;Frath&quot;? ==

A name suggests what something is.  I'm curious why this Wiki is called the &quot;Frathwiki&quot; -- any particular meaning to &quot;Frath&quot;?  I would infer a sense of the purpose of the Wiki from its name, but I am not familiar with &quot;Frath&quot;.  Interesting name!

:Hmm, I never noticed this comment x.x   &quot;Frath&quot; just happened to be my domain name (for various reasons), and as this was the wiki I was putting on it, the name just followed.  (Of course there are a couple of other wikis on [http://frath.net/ frath.net] now, so it's not ''the'' frath wiki anymore...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:47, 3 January 2007 (PST)

==Conlangs otherwise described?==
I have a website with some pages describing conlangs I thought worth putting info on. Is it acceptable to add this info on this Wiki as well? And how about pages copied from the ial.wikia.com site, which already are under a license compatible with putting on here? -- [[User:BRG|BRG]] 14:39, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

:Yes.  It's acceptable to make pages about languages described elsewhere here.  Just make sure that anything you add that you don't have the rights to personally has its license followed; some of them can be pretty weird in their requirements (for example, cc-by-sa requires a link to the cc-by-sa license, name of the source/author, title of the original work, link to the original, and relationship to the original [e.g. 'incorporates text from...']--all that can fit into a template, of course).   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:21, 24 July 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of mailing lists</title>
    <id>679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55295</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-28T09:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sel messitihildi</username>
        <id>1311</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>added some conlang related places</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is a list of mailing lists where conlanging and/or conculturing etc. are on-topic.  (A list of nat-stuff too, as a resource for ''a posteriori'' creators?)

This list is woefully incomplete, please contribute to it.

==Constructed language lists==
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list]
*:CONLANG is probably the largest constructed language list out there.  The listserv imposes a limit of 100 messages a day (which is occasionally reached) and there is a per-user limit of 5 messages a day to keep traffic down.  Auxlang advocacy is off-topic.

*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/auxlang.html AUXLANG mailing list]
*:AUXLANG was split off of CONLANG to provide a place for specific auxlang concerns.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/langmaker2 Langmaker2 Yahoogroup]
*:This group is associated with [http://www.langmaker.com/ langmaker.com].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romconlang Romconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Romance conlangs, formerly called [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/romanceconlang romanceconlang].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pieconlang PIE Conlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Proto-Indo-European]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/celticonlang Celticonlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for constructed languages based on [[Celtic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/westasianconlangs/ West Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on Turkic, Iranian, or Afro-Asiatic languages (or other languages of West Asia and North Africa).

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/eastasianconlangs/ East Asian Conlangs Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on languages of East Asia.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/slaviconlang/ Slaviconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Slavic languages]], Baltic, Greek, Albanian, or Uralic.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/germaniconlang/ Germaniconlang Yahoogroup]
*:A group for conlangs based on [[Germanic languages]].

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlang/ Lostlangs Yahoogroup]
*:The discussion group of the [[League of Lost Languages]].

*[http://espanol.groups.yahoo.com/group/ideolengua/ IdeoLengua Yahoogroup]
*:In Spanish.

*[http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/kunstsprachen/ Kunstsprachen Yahoogroup]
*:In German.

*[http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/conlang_learners-conlang.org conlang_learners], a group of people voting on [[Learners shortlist|a conlang to learn together]]

*[http://groups.google.com/group/conlang-card-game Conlang Card Game Development], discussion of Glossotechnia

==Constructed culture lists==
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture Conculture Yahoogroup]
*:A general conculture group split off of CONLANG.  &lt;s&gt;[[Ill Bethisad]]-related traffic tends to dominate it, though.&lt;/s&gt;
Not so any more, since most [[Ill Bethisad]] discussion has moved to the IB wiki.

==Natural language lists==
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/qalam Qalam Yahoogroup]
*:A group for discussion of writing systems of the world.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/ Cybalist Yahoogroup]
*:A group for Indo-European historical linguistics.

*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Nostratic-L/ Nostratic-L Yahoogroup]
*:A group for discussing the controversial [[Nostratic]] hypothesis.

== Message Boards ==
*[http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/ Zompist Bulletin Board]
*:The ZBB is a message board for discussing Almea, conlangs, linguistics...
*[http://conlanger.com/cbb/ Conlanger BBoard]
*:A friendly place to talk about conlangs and linguistics, to teach your conlangs and learn those of others and to translate text into your them.

== IRC Channels ==
*[irc://irc.freenode.org/conlang #conlang] - The IRC channel #conlang on Freenode
*[irc://irc.efnet.net/ConLang #ConLang] - The IRC channel #ConLang on EFNet

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piataia/Ibran/Swadesh list</title>
    <id>680</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52922</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran/Swadesh list]] to [[Piataia/Ibran/Swadesh list]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Swadesh_list_for_Ibran]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Wikipedia</title>
    <id>681</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4061</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T14:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MediaWiki:Wikipedia moved to Template:Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Wikipedia]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Romance conlangs</title>
    <id>683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42757</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T11:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]

Conlangs derived from Latin, or from other Romance languages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Indo-European conlangs</title>
    <id>684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22486</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-15T03:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/PreJz3|PreJz3]] ([[User_talk:PreJz3|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Muke|Muke]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
This category is for conlangs derived from Proto-Indo-European that are not in a more specific real-world family (such as [[:Category:Romance conlangs]]).

There may also eventually be a comparable [[:Category:Indo-European natlangs]].


[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Stub</title>
    <id>685</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4027</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T18:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MediaWiki:Stub moved to Template:Stub</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Stub]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:How does one edit a page</title>
    <id>686</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16679</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T01:20:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Help:Editing]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Editing]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Language questions</title>
    <id>687</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4023</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:10:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>FrathWiki:Language questions moved to Help:Language questions</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Language questions]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Nuts and bolts</title>
    <id>688</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16677</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T01:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Help:Nuts and bolts]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Nuts and bolts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Contents</title>
    <id>689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55639</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-21T01:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Jsmith|Jsmith]] ([[User talk:Jsmith|Talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Melroch|Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of help pages.

* [[Help:Editing]] - How does one edit a page? How does the wiki syntax work?

* [[Help:Goals]] - What is FrathWiki for?  What kinds of things can I add?

* [[Help:Language questions]] - How does language X handle feature Y?  Is this naturalistic?

* [[Help:Nuts and bolts]] - Why doesn't this program work?  I think I found a bug.  How do I...

* [[Help:How does one start a page]] - How ''does'' one start a page?

== All pages in the ''Help'' namespace ==

&lt;dpl&gt;
  namespace=Help
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Goals</title>
    <id>690</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5634</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-15T02:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:About]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Goals</title>
    <id>691</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4053</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-06T19:37:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>FrathWiki talk:Goals moved to Help talk:Goals</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help talk:Goals]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dele</title>
    <id>692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40411</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-02T01:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dele is a proto-language for [[Arda]] created by [[User:Dauyn|Aidan Grey]]. 

* [[Dele-English root list]]
* [[English-Dele root list]]

==Morphology==
===Case endings===
{|
! 
!colspan=2|   Fire
!colspan=2|  Water
!colspan=2|  Earth
|-
! !!  sg !! pl !! sg !! pl !! sg !! pl
|-
! nom 
|  +zero || -I: ||     -E ||        -I ||      -E: ||     +A
|-
! acc
| -E:N  ||  -YEN ||  +EN ||    -YAN ||    -AN ||     +A
|-
! dat
| -E:S ||  -YES ||    +ES ||       -YAS ||    -AS ||     +AS
|-
! gen
|      -N ||    +IN ||     +EN ||        +IN ||     +NA ||     -ANA
|-
! voc
|       +O ||    -YO ||     +A ||        -YA ||     -A ||      +A
|-
! ine
|       -NA: ||   -I:NA ||   -NA ||       +INA ||    -ANA ||    -ENA
|-
! abe
|       -LE ||   -LI: ||    -LA ||       -LI ||     -ELA ||    -ALA
|-
! loc 
|      -SE ||   -SI: ||    -SE ||       -SI ||     -AS ||     -ASA
|-
! ill       
| -MA: ||  -MI:     || -MA ||       -MI ||     -AMA ||    -AMA:
|-
! abl 
|      -O:S ||  -YO:S ||   +S ||        -YAS ||    +AS  ||    +ASA
|-
! all      
| -E:R ||  -YA:R ||   +ER ||       -YAR  ||   -AR ||     -ARA
|-
! perl
|      -NDA ||  -YAN ||    +NDA ||      -YANDA ||   -ANDA ||   -ANDAM
|-
! ess 
|      -RAS ||   -YARAS ||  +RAS ||      -YARAS ||  -ARDAS ||  -ARDAM
|-
! trans
|     +AM ||   -YAM   ||  +M ||        -YAM ||    -AM ||     -AMA
|-
! com
|     +AS ||   -YAS ||    +S ||        -YAS ||    -AS ||     +SA:
|-
! ins
|       -QO: ||  +IQO ||    -QA ||       +IQA  ||   +QA ||     -AQA:
|}

This is the 'easy-fied' table of declensions.  The minus &quot;-&quot; before a suffix indicates it replaces the final stem vowel, while the plus &quot;+&quot; indicates the vowel remains.

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Dele]]
[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dele-English root list</title>
    <id>693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6266</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-11T06:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#W|W]]  [[#Y|Y]]
|}

==A==
* '''a:''' (cry of joy)
* '''akha:''' (exclamation of pain)
* '''ala''' that
* '''ala''' that
* '''ana''' this
* '''ana''' this
* '''ara''' that yonder

==B==
* '''ba:yan''' helping; serving
* '''baban''' tip
* '''bada''' itter
* '''badha''' need, v.
* '''baga''' sickle
* '''bagha''' hide, v.
* '''baka''' flat of hand
* '''balu''' surge, v.
* '''bama''' help, v.
* '''bana''' reed
* '''bana''' scrape, v.
* '''banin''' dung; dark liquid
* '''bapa''' barley
* '''bapa''' be caught, v.
* '''bara''' greedy
* '''barat''' rip to pieces, v.
* '''basa''' coagulate, v.
* '''basam''' hit; weaken, v.
* '''bata''' liquid; wine
* '''batha''' twig; branch
* '''baya''' sow, v.
* '''bayan''' curse
* '''bebhe''' help, enable, v.
* '''beki''' cut in, v.
* '''bele''' collapse, v.
* '''beleh''' wander about, v.
* '''beler''' pole; mast
* '''beni''' slanting
* '''beqel''' twist to rope, v.
* '''beri''' hold in lap, v.
* '''beta''' fall, v.
* '''bewa''' turn, v.
* '''bha:ka''' rip up; open, v.
* '''bhabha''' wish, v.
* '''bhabu''' be mouldy, v.
* '''bhadha''' kill
* '''bhama''' life force
* '''bhami''' understand, v.
* '''bhani''' flame; burn, v.
* '''bhapa''' thrust; hit, v.
* '''bhara''' one-eyed
* '''bharu''' be depressed, v.
* '''bhatha''' shoulder; arm; thigh
* '''bhatu''' rub, v.
* '''bhayal''' hollow like a pipe
* '''bhayu''' smell, v.
* '''bhebe''' vein; tendon
* '''bhedu''' dip into, v.
* '''bhege''' hello
* '''bhekhe''' nephew
* '''bheku''' produce, v.
* '''bhere''' incline, v.
* '''bheseb''' shout, v.
* '''bhetha''' touch; press, v.
* '''bhethe''' crops
* '''bhidi''' celebrate, v.
* '''bhighi''' set in motion, v.
* '''bhigi''' groin
* '''bhimi''' spar
* '''bhini''' new
* '''bhini''' new
* '''bhisis''' grow, v.
* '''bhiyim''' oneself, for oneself
* '''bhnsn''' suck, v.
* '''bhoba''' humble, v.
* '''bhoko''' collect, v.
* '''bholo''' bottom
* '''bhoni''' sulky
* '''bhothi''' creep; crawl, v.
* '''bhubu''' backside; rump
* '''bhuhun''' intelligence
* '''bhuku''' become bloated, v.
* '''bhuru''' across; through
* '''bhutu''' blood
* '''bhuyuph''' beam; board
* '''bibhi''' slide, v.
* '''bidhi''' bleat, v.
* '''bidi''' move forward, v.
* '''biki''' sound, v.
* '''bili''' hoot, owl-noise
* '''bimir''' wrinkle up, v.
* '''bini''' tremble, v.
* '''binit''' feast, v.
* '''biniw''' struggle, v.
* '''bisi''' mud
* '''biyi''' tower up, v.
* '''biyil''' rib; breast
* '''blml''' spy; watch, v.
* '''blnll''' maple
* '''bmghm''' accustom oneself, v.
* '''boda''' bathe, v.
* '''boli''' war; army
* '''bomi''' attack, v.
* '''bona''' turn away, v.
* '''bono''' pipe
* '''boqo''' press; crowd, v.
* '''bowo''' hang, v.
* '''boyu''' open, v.
* '''brgr''' something of sticks
* '''bunu''' goat
* '''busu''' husband's mother
* '''buwud''' sheath

==D==
* '''da: ''' father
* '''da:ka''' horn
* '''da:na''' man
* '''da:pha''' colour (light)
* '''daba''' rope
* '''daga''' growl; snarl, v.
* '''daha''' around, both
* '''dala''' rotten
* '''dala, robho''' brother
* '''damu''' want; choose, v.
* '''dapap''' small, weak
* '''dara''' be strong, v.
* '''datha''' dry
* '''datha''' firm
* '''dathi''' water course
* '''dawad''' coal
* '''dawas''' stick; club
* '''dayap''' reach somewhere, v.
* '''de''' (emphasis)
* '''de:khe''' long
* '''de:nu''' daughter-in-law
* '''de:phe''' soon
* '''debe''' oath
* '''debe''' oath
* '''deda''' threaten, v.
* '''dede''' well up, v.
* '''deghe''' overpower, v.
* '''dehes''' dribble; drip, v.
* '''dekhe''' drone; bark, v.
* '''delad''' encourage, v.
* '''dele''' tongue
* '''dele''' tongue
* '''deli''' metal
* '''depe''' upwards
* '''dere''' twitter, v.
* '''desim''' trample, v.
* '''dethib''' show, v.
* '''dhaba''' nose
* '''dhaba''' nose
* '''dhabha''' think, v.
* '''dhaha''' far off
* '''dhana''' beech tree
* '''dhani''' dispute, v.
* '''dhapha''' smile, v.
* '''dhaphi''' slit, v.
* '''dharu''' steal; rob, v.
* '''dhasa''' bring,carry, v.
* '''dhasuk''' stretch, v.
* '''dhatha''' dive, v.
* '''dhatha''' ice
* '''dhawa''' trip; trample, v.
* '''dhe:se''' weasel
* '''dhedi''' resound, v.
* '''dhekhu''' change, v.
* '''dhekhu''' ferment, v.
* '''dhema''' heavy
* '''dheme''' skin
* '''dheme''' skin
* '''dhene''' slant; slope, v.
* '''dhese''' blue; plant dye
* '''dheseg''' freeze; cold, v.
* '''dhibi''' whale, large fish
* '''dhili''' dig, v.
* '''dhini''' be aware of, v.
* '''dhlll''' milk
* '''dhlnl''' throw, v.
* '''dhnqnr''' sharp
* '''dhokho''' onion
* '''dhono''' work, v.
* '''dhori''' behold
* '''dhosi''' contract a disease, v.
* '''dhotu''' intestines
* '''dhowak''' turn; wind, v.
* '''dhowom''' satisfy oneself, v.
* '''dhrwr''' quail
* '''dhusu''' behind
* '''dhutu''' beautiful
* '''di:gi''' wild animal
* '''didi''' bowel
* '''diliph''' hook
* '''dimi''' house
* '''dini''' thou
* '''dirir''' stand out, v.
* '''diyi''' middle
* '''dlll''' dirt
* '''dlylb''' work, do, v.
* '''dm:hm''' look out for, v.
* '''dmbhm''' mist; steam
* '''do:bhu''' doorpost
* '''do:ma''' significant talk
* '''domi''' tread; go, v.
* '''domo''' blood clot
* '''domu''' strew; sow, v.
* '''doni''' swallow, v.
* '''dopa''' glisten, v.
* '''dori''' plait, v.
* '''doro''' swing; spin, v.
* '''doyugh''' god (name of)
* '''drwrth''' strong; big
* '''dudu''' jaw
* '''dugu''' stretch out; broad, v.
* '''dukhu''' punch, thrust, v.
* '''dunus''' get over, v.
* '''duru''' round object
* '''duru''' round
* '''dusu''' mill, grind
* '''duwu''' gable; head
* '''duwudh''' hew, v.

==E==
* '''ese''' hot; warm

==G==
* '''gabha''' cream
* '''gabi''' bow; incline, v.
* '''gadha''' lie down, v.
* '''gagu''' bird-song
* '''gaka''' defecate, v.
* '''gala''' bird
* '''gala''' scorn, v.
* '''galu''' right place
* '''gana''' jump, v.
* '''ganu''' spout, v.
* '''gapha''' crouch down, v.
* '''gapha''' form
* '''gapi''' splash, v.
* '''gara''' earth
* '''gara''' lack
* '''garam''' wizard
* '''gasa''' flock; feather
* '''gasi''' hit; sharp, v.
* '''gathi''' narrow; thin
* '''gawal''' step back; shy, v.
* '''gawas''' below
* '''gaya''' scratch skin, v.
* '''ge''' you (pl.)
* '''ge:ne''' diaphragm; mind
* '''gedi''' spread legs, v.
* '''geghe''' henbane
* '''gehe''' bitter taste
* '''geke''' grunt, v.
* '''geme''' duck
* '''geni''' limb
* '''gephe''' awaken, v.
* '''gere''' rip up, v.
* '''geris''' rock
* '''gese''' without
* '''getha''' wet element
* '''gethu''' chin(bone)
* '''gewew''' bind, v.
* '''geyekh''' close in, v.
* '''gha:ki''' favourable
* '''gha:ra''' thigh; leg
* '''gha:wa''' carve, v.
* '''gha:yu''' warm; roast, v.
* '''ghabi''' body part (curved)
* '''ghada''' clothe, v.
* '''ghadi''' stake
* '''ghala''' stare, v.
* '''ghalad''' milk, wipe, v.
* '''ghali''' raised place
* '''ghama''' aspen tree
* '''ghama''' broad; flat
* '''ghama''' perish, v.
* '''ghana''' whistle; pipe, v.
* '''ghapha''' catch sight of, v.
* '''ghasag''' heel, back of knee;
* '''ghata''' squirrel; weasel
* '''ghawa''' relatives
* '''ghawu''' grain
* '''ghayat''' scab
* '''ghele''' nail; penis
* '''ghenas''' notice, v.
* '''ghene''' we, you and I
* '''gheni''' vine
* '''ghepu''' vault, v.
* '''ghesi''' shriek, cry, v.
* '''ghete''' young of animal
* '''gheye''' tread down, v.
* '''ghi:bi''' victory
* '''ghibhi''' climb, stride, v.
* '''ghibil''' arrange, v.
* '''ghini''' over; above
* '''ghisi''' secrete, v.
* '''ghiti''' butter, milk
* '''ghlkl''' hollow out, v.
* '''ghmdm''' press, v.
* '''ghmsm''' shut, v.
* '''gho:kho''' strong
* '''gho:ma''' miss; deceive, v.
* '''ghodhu''' envelop, v.
* '''ghosi''' foam; spray
* '''ghoti''' fish
* '''ghowa''' sing, v.
* '''ghowim''' rock; stone
* '''ghuru''' side
* '''ghuru''' side
* '''gidhi''' smooth; even
* '''gighi''' space; room
* '''ginid''' weave, v.
* '''glll''' pile up, v.
* '''gm:dm''' shadow
* '''gm:phm''' pull out, v.
* '''gmgm''' span of hand
* '''gmlm''' quack; croak, v.
* '''gmwmm''' heath; free land
* '''gnlnl''' burning; heat; anger
* '''gnrnkh''' trouble oneself, v.
* '''go:mokh''' ring
* '''gobhu''' beyond
* '''gobo''' skull
* '''gobu''' act secretly, v.
* '''goko''' torment; pain
* '''golo''' pleased, well inclined
* '''gomi''' reath
* '''gomo''' stink, v.
* '''gono''' sparkle, v.
* '''goro''' find; take, v.
* '''gosa''' human being
* '''gosol''' grow up, v.
* '''goto''' burden
* '''goyos''' fat; thick
* '''gr:mr''' lump
* '''gryr''' shake, v.
* '''gunu''' pot for cooking
* '''guru''' plait; weave, v.

==H==
* '''ha:da''' front, brow
* '''hagha''' bite, v.
* '''haku''' hiss, v.
* '''hala''' work with sharp tool, v.
* '''hamu''' grey
* '''hanu''' dwindle, v.
* '''hara''' sun
* '''hara''' rub; bore, v.
* '''hara''' spongy
* '''hara''' sun
* '''haya''' rob; rub, v.
* '''hayat''' name
* '''he:ge''' yesterday
* '''hedhi''' pit; hollow
* '''hephe''' quick
* '''hepi''' twine threads, v.
* '''heyek''' sound; drone, v.
* '''himi''' hollow
* '''hiri''' bend, to crook, v.
* '''hnsnw''' seek, v.
* '''ho:mo''' smoke, v.
* '''ho:mo''' smoke
* '''homo''' summer
* '''hoqo''' old
* '''hoqo''' laugh, v.
* '''horo''' taste something, v.
* '''hrthr''' twig (thin &amp; pliable)

==I==
* '''ihi''' many
* '''imi''' grease; fat

==K==
* '''ka:ba''' live, v.
* '''ka:na''' wave hand, v.
* '''kabu''' hail
* '''kadha''' version
* '''kagha''' woe; wolf
* '''kaka''' dense
* '''kala''' dampen; wet, v.
* '''kala''' neck
* '''kalah''' whole
* '''kama''' fly; gnat
* '''kama''' vulva
* '''kapa''' recognise, v.
* '''karak''' desire; lust for, v.
* '''karas''' choose, v.
* '''karudh''' wood; forest
* '''kasa''' attach, v.
* '''kasa''' three
* '''kasa''' press; maltreat, v.
* '''kasa''' three
* '''kata''' be warm, v.
* '''kawu''' humming sound
* '''kaya''' taste, v.
* '''kayagh''' draw; scoop, v.
* '''kayakh''' all
* '''ke''' we
* '''ke''' we
* '''ke:mu''' plug; pin
* '''ke:re''' pray, v.
* '''ke:se''' hesitate, v.
* '''kebe''' reward; pay
* '''kebhe''' hedgehog
* '''kedhi''' tip, sting
* '''keghe''' bird (large)
* '''kegu''' ster
* '''kele''' gnaw, v.
* '''kene''' head
* '''kera''' mow, v.
* '''kere''' mock; scorn, v.
* '''kese''' abuse, v.
* '''kesu''' baa
* '''keta''' slack; silly
* '''ketha''' lead, show the way, v.
* '''kethe''' (interrogative)
* '''kethe''' tired; weak
* '''kethem''' staff (as support)
* '''kha:ka''' stiff; rigid
* '''kha:la''' hunt; desire, v.
* '''kha:san''' lack
* '''kha:wal''' stone; rock
* '''kha:wal''' stone
* '''kha:wam''' shit; hole, v.
* '''kha:wan''' eiderduck
* '''khaba''' twig (pliable)
* '''khabha''' quiver, v.
* '''khaghu''' horse
* '''khaha''' move violently, v.
* '''khaka''' marrow; brain
* '''khama''' see, v.
* '''khama''' see
* '''khani''' stride, v.
* '''khapa''' unwilling; vexed
* '''khapi''' be at, be located
* '''khara''' heart
* '''kharu''' pole; rod
* '''khasa''' pole; stem
* '''khasa''' whirl, v.
* '''khata''' bone
* '''khata''' gravel; grit
* '''khawan''' reach; grip, v.
* '''khe:be''' sharp; pointed
* '''khe:ru''' pebble
* '''khedhe''' run; flow, v.
* '''kheghu''' think about, v.
* '''khehe''' feather
* '''khela''' aside; one's own
* '''khele''' grab, v.
* '''khenen''' dumbfound, v.
* '''khewen''' person
* '''khewen''' person
* '''khigi''' set, v.
* '''khili''' like, similar
* '''khini''' spring
* '''khinip''' plot; originate, v.
* '''khiniy''' pea; legume
* '''khiphi''' speak formally, v.
* '''khirigh''' clear, pure
* '''khisip''' shine; (colour), v.
* '''khitit''' shout; loud, v.
* '''khlnl''' loud
* '''khmqmh''' melt, v.
* '''khnbn''' master; lord
* '''khnln''' prattle, v.
* '''khobo''' eight
* '''khoda''' father-in-law
* '''khodo''' stay overnight, v.
* '''khoko''' belch, v.
* '''khoku''' fish (type of)
* '''khona''' cherry
* '''khophi''' force, use force, v.
* '''khora''' winnow grain, v.
* '''khoro''' row; herd
* '''khorom''' line up, v.
* '''khoru''' thrush
* '''khota''' sharp-edged
* '''khoti''' goose
* '''khowa''' babbling
* '''khowo''' croak (of frog or raven)
* '''khudu''' root (edible)
* '''khudu''' root
* '''khuru''' plaited container
* '''khuwu''' shriek, v.
* '''khuwul''' bee
* '''ki:mi''' do
* '''kiki''' penis
* '''kili''' narrow
* '''kimi''' stem; reed
* '''kiri''' leather
* '''kiwi''' colour (dark)
* '''kiwiy''' tire, make tired, v.
* '''kiyi''' scratch, v.
* '''kiyim''' promote; hurry, v.
* '''klhl''' swollen; thick
* '''klsl''' lumpy; knot
* '''km:pm''' goatskin
* '''knkn''' leprosy
* '''kobi''' press; pain, v.
* '''kohas''' peel; skin
* '''koho''' rain
* '''koho''' rain
* '''kokha''' warm
* '''konokh''' ground
* '''kori''' tear, v.
* '''korug''' man, life-force
* '''korun''' sift; riddle, v.
* '''kosa''' extinguish, v.
* '''kosor''' plait, weave, v.
* '''krrr''' opinion
* '''ku:ru''' rod
* '''ku:su''' scratch; dig, v.
* '''kunu''' elm
* '''kuru''' hard
* '''kusuth''' trickle, v.
* '''kutu''' steal; act secretly, v.

==L==
* '''la:na''' spiritual depression
* '''la:tha''' reach, v.
* '''la:wa''' bird-cry
* '''la:ya''' star
* '''la:ya''' sound; hear, v.
* '''la:ya''' star
* '''labha''' puddle; swamp
* '''lada''' ingernail; toenail
* '''lada''' run, v.
* '''laga''' blackbird
* '''lagha''' stick
* '''laka''' bird of prey
* '''laka''' gland
* '''lakha''' bulge, v.
* '''lala''' bore, stab, v.
* '''lali''' elbow; forearm
* '''lali''' raw; coarse; bitter
* '''lalu''' chequered
* '''lama''' hand
* '''lamap''' buy, v.
* '''lamu''' breathe, v.
* '''lana''' along
* '''lanar''' sole of foot
* '''lanir''' now
* '''lapa''' year
* '''lapha''' pitiful; small
* '''lapu''' tame, v.
* '''lara''' bullock, young ox
* '''lara''' to, with
* '''lari''' short
* '''lasa''' ash tree
* '''latad''' hazel
* '''lathu''' wool; woollen garment
* '''latu''' wet, v.
* '''lawa''' sober
* '''lawad''' pant, v.
* '''lawu''' pass away, v.
* '''layah''' break; grind, v.
* '''layar''' bank of river
* '''layaw''' suffer, v.
* '''layi''' fill up, v.
* '''le''' you
* '''le''' you
* '''le:su''' fabric (woven)
* '''lebhi''' on each other
* '''lebhu''' hum; buzz, v.
* '''lede''' dark
* '''ledhu''' honey
* '''ledu''' thrust, v.
* '''leghe''' wide
* '''leghedh''' stall
* '''lehe''' flesh; meat
* '''lehe''' go; stride, v.
* '''leke''' passage, narrow place
* '''lela''' moisten, v.
* '''lele''' soft; mild
* '''leli''' apportion, v.
* '''lema''' heavy; burdensome
* '''leme''' harm; crime
* '''lemeg''' break in, steal, v.
* '''lemi''' false
* '''lemu''' rip off, v.
* '''lene''' be bent, v.
* '''leni''' intend, v.
* '''lepe''' through
* '''lepe''' through
* '''lere''' scratch; slit, v.
* '''leres''' tense; tight
* '''lesedh''' prickly plant
* '''lesi''' lame
* '''lesid''' sweat, v.
* '''lete''' fly about, v.
* '''lewa''' worry, v.
* '''leyer''' damage, v.
* '''libhi''' mountain
* '''libhi''' snow
* '''lidhi''' hundred
* '''lidi''' lard; fat
* '''lighi''' pregnant animal
* '''likhi''' sand
* '''likhi''' sand
* '''lili''' unite, v.
* '''lilip''' suck(le); breast, v.
* '''limi''' hoof
* '''lini''' hem in; narrow, v.
* '''liphi''' door
* '''lipi''' deer
* '''liqi''' push away, v.
* '''liri''' linen
* '''lirith''' bitter plant
* '''lisi''' lurk, v.
* '''lithi''' rite, ceremony
* '''lithi''' rite, ceremony
* '''liti''' thick-haired
* '''liwi''' swirl, v.
* '''llslw''' sparrow; finch
* '''llthl''' fetlock
* '''llwlw''' sad, afflicted
* '''lm:dm''' appear; see, v.
* '''lm:km''' be damp, v.
* '''lm:mm''' share, v.
* '''lm:sm:p''' flee, v.
* '''lm:wm:l''' dangle, v.
* '''lmbm''' slack
* '''lmlm''' day
* '''lmwm''' torment, v.
* '''lo:gho''' hear, v.
* '''lo:ho''' quick; violent
* '''lo:si''' orphan
* '''loba''' kiss
* '''lobi''' throw; strew, v.
* '''logi''' scratch; comb, v.
* '''logo''' ear
* '''logo''' swelling
* '''loki''' year, to go
* '''loli''' bend; swing, v.
* '''lolo''' plait; string, v.
* '''lolu''' intestines
* '''lona''' wade, v.
* '''lono''' leg; bone
* '''loqor''' lean on, v.
* '''loro''' sleep, v.
* '''loro''' sleep
* '''losi''' taste; enjoy, v.
* '''losu''' twenty
* '''lota''' dung
* '''lothi''' worry about sth, v.
* '''loya''' buttock; hip
* '''loyom''' dry; thirst, v.
* '''loyus''' totter, v.
* '''lr:lr''' cook, v.
* '''lrwrg''' carp
* '''lu:nu''' respect; punish, v.
* '''lu:su''' water
* '''lu:su''' water
* '''ludu''' creaking
* '''luhu''' split; cut, v.
* '''luku''' wolf
* '''lulu''' eagle
* '''lusu''' grain (type of)
* '''luyun''' blue
* '''luyup''' jump happily, v.
* '''luyus''' hornless

==M==
* '''ma:''' mother
* '''ma:''' mother
* '''ma:ha''' night
* '''ma:ha''' night
* '''ma:kha''' fear, v.
* '''ma:ma''' put, v.
* '''ma:na''' strength
* '''maba''' place to stay
* '''mabha''' cough, v.
* '''mabha''' slide; slippery, v.
* '''mada''' flea
* '''mada''' woman
* '''mada''' woman
* '''madhi''' apart
* '''mahuh''' trip, v.
* '''maka''' press; crush, v.
* '''maku''' glue
* '''mala''' hit; thrust, v.
* '''malal''' be afraid, v.
* '''malu''' be friendly, v.
* '''mama''' knit; knot, v.
* '''mamu''' like; spare, v.
* '''mana''' noose, bow
* '''mana''' spray;, v.
* '''manag''' fold; to hide; skin, v.
* '''mapa''' stretch out hand for, v.
* '''mapha''' frisky
* '''maphi''' be worth, v.
* '''mara''' fabric; spun yarn
* '''masa''' weed
* '''masan''' cleft, hollow
* '''masu''' pledge
* '''matagh''' juice
* '''matha''' good
* '''maya''' happen, come to pass
* '''maya''' happen, v.
* '''maya''' rest, v.
* '''mayaq''' loose
* '''mayar''' blemish
* '''me:du''' lift; weigh, v.
* '''me:le''' weep, v.
* '''me:pe''' gnat
* '''me:we''' cat
* '''mede''' fist
* '''mege''' spin, v.
* '''meka''' tear
* '''mekhu''' spots (bright and dark)
* '''mele''' speckled
* '''meme''' swallow, v.
* '''memi''' miserable; naked
* '''memu''' pail (wooden)
* '''mene''' belly
* '''menu''' lick, v.
* '''mere''' moon
* '''meri''' vine; stem
* '''mesa''' body-part
* '''mese''' attend, pay attention, v.
* '''mesew''' udder
* '''mesu''' awl
* '''mete''' want; wish, v.
* '''mewu''' small animal
* '''meyagh''' lie; camp, v.
* '''meye''' go energetically, v.
* '''meyem''' raging
* '''mi''' in
* '''mi:khi''' cry, make wild noises, v.
* '''midhi''' woollen
* '''mighi''' stamp into pieces, v.
* '''migi''' mummy
* '''migin''' place, v.
* '''miki''' glowing coal
* '''mili''' skilled manually
* '''mimi''' grumble, v.
* '''mini''' pour, v.
* '''miriw''' beside; outside
* '''misi''' draw lots, v.
* '''misin''' old man
* '''mithi''' be hostile, v.
* '''ml:nlgh''' wet
* '''mlphl''' ant
* '''mlthl''' run away, v.
* '''mmmm''' light, v.
* '''mngn''' bunch
* '''mnmn''' tower; jut out, v.
* '''mo:du''' think of, v.
* '''mo:ra''' ship
* '''mo:tam''' sound; bellow, v.
* '''moba''' reproach, v.
* '''mobi''' light; pale
* '''mobu''' high; noble
* '''mogo''' vessel
* '''mola''' oak
* '''moli''' bud; twig
* '''momi''' rape (vegetable)
* '''momo''' below
* '''mono''' sip, v.
* '''monu''' rag
* '''mopho''' shine; look, v.
* '''mopo''' dish
* '''mora''' pant; breathe, v.
* '''moro''' glitter; white; birch , v.
* '''moru''' sieve, v.
* '''morugh''' lord
* '''moso''' help; use, v.
* '''mosodh''' embrace; bind, v.
* '''motho''' fear
* '''mowi''' crawl, v.
* '''mowo''' let; leave over, v.
* '''mowok''' creator; producer
* '''mowos''' row; oar, v.
* '''mrlr''' other, there
* '''mudu''' put away, v.
* '''muhum''' twig
* '''mulugh''' stop, v.
* '''mumu''' nape of the neck
* '''munu''' wetness; spring
* '''muyug''' pan

==N==
* '''na:bhi''' lamb
* '''na:gha''' stand up stiff, v.
* '''na:pa''' opious; much
* '''na:su''' lightning
* '''naba''' navel
* '''naba''' shrivel up, v.
* '''nada''' swim
* '''nada''' pay attention to, v.
* '''nada''' swim
* '''nadha''' fix, v.
* '''naga''' feed, v.
* '''nagha''' hold fast, v.
* '''naghu''' stream, v.
* '''nagi''' plough, v.
* '''naha''' barb; tip
* '''naka''' center
* '''naka''' hit, hew, v.
* '''nakha''' trail, v.
* '''nalam''' flicker; blink, v.
* '''nama''' be ensnared, v.
* '''nama''' egg
* '''nama''' healthy
* '''namagh''' shoulder; hip
* '''namu''' be influenced, v.
* '''nana''' sweet
* '''napa''' slack
* '''napa''' swill, v.
* '''napha''' opposite; towards
* '''napu''' cut, injure, v.
* '''naqa''' enjoy, v.
* '''nara''' limb of body
* '''nari''' seethe, v.
* '''nasa''' intestines; stomach
* '''nasu''' sing; rejoice, v.
* '''nata''' body; form
* '''nata''' drip, v.
* '''nata''' wool; flock
* '''nati''' damp
* '''nawar''' strength (of youth)
* '''naya''' daughter
* '''ne''' I
* '''ne:ke''' move, set in motion, v.
* '''ne:su''' pole; stick
* '''neba''' be heavy; pregnant, v.
* '''nebak''' hollow, cave
* '''nede''' fog; foggy
* '''nege''' living-space
* '''neghe''' bore through, v.
* '''neghi''' make; form, v.
* '''negi''' left
* '''neka''' hit; wound, v.
* '''neke''' wild boar
* '''nele''' cloud (dark)
* '''nemi''' hack; hoe, v.
* '''nemu''' suck(le), v.
* '''nene''' plaited work
* '''nephe''' scratch; slit, v.
* '''nepi''' stupid
* '''nera''' soft; tender
* '''nere''' under
* '''nese''' calf of leg
* '''nete''' stiff
* '''neye''' branch
* '''nidhi''' loins; kidney
* '''niki''' golden colour
* '''nini''' touch, v.
* '''niri''' separate, v.
* '''niriw''' axe
* '''niwi''' endure, v.
* '''niyik''' swarm; swell, v.
* '''nldhl''' piece of land
* '''nlkl''' bond; bundle
* '''nlylr''' tarry; live, v.
* '''nmbm''' be fat; swarm, v.
* '''nn:sn:d''' lay down, v.
* '''nnbn''' become thin, v.
* '''nnln''' pot; vat
* '''nnthn''' muddy
* '''nnwn''' plant (type of)
* '''no:hom''' beer, bitter
* '''nobhagh''' biting insects
* '''nodho''' finger
* '''noghi''' be silent, v.
* '''noho''' colour (type of)
* '''nokho''' act cautiously, v.
* '''noki''' summer; harvest
* '''noku''' jay
* '''nolat''' hurt, v.
* '''nolo''' be astonished, v.
* '''nomu''' sheep
* '''nomun''' light (in movement)
* '''nona''' like; love, v.
* '''nonu''' thud, dull noise
* '''nopu''' excite; rouse, v.
* '''norar''' ward off, v.
* '''noro''' go, v.
* '''nosol''' pig
* '''nosu''' kindle, set alight, v.
* '''noto''' five
* '''nrhrn''' wander; go, v.
* '''nrkr''' renounce, v.
* '''nrmr''' sacrificial animal
* '''nryr''' alone
* '''ntnr''' sister-in-law
* '''nu:bhu''' north wind
* '''nubu''' hurdle
* '''nudu''' shut off, v.
* '''numu''' wood (piece of)
* '''nuru''' near to
* '''nusu''' breasts
* '''nusu''' nipple; breast
* '''nutu''' wide; long
* '''nuwud''' cheer up, v.
* '''nuyu''' stand, v.
* '''nuyu''' stand

==O==
* '''o:dho''' liver
* '''o:yo''' (exclamation of joy)

==P==
* '''pa:pi''' strain, v.
* '''pa:tha''' possess, v.
* '''paba''' settle, v.
* '''pabha''' edge
* '''paghir''' long and thin
* '''pahi''' lead, v.
* '''pala''' white
* '''pala''' mummy, daddy
* '''pala''' scream, v.
* '''pala''' white
* '''palag''' earth; floor
* '''palidh''' bend; elbow, v.
* '''pama''' bull; cow
* '''pama''' praise aloud, v.
* '''pana''' sew, v.
* '''panu''' skin, v.
* '''para''' thrust, v.
* '''parar''' brown (dark), grey
* '''patha''' foot
* '''patu''' agape
* '''pawa''' swell up, v.
* '''pawap''' needy; sad; ill
* '''pawu''' clamber, v.
* '''paya''' out of
* '''paya''' outside
* '''paya''' swift; rapid
* '''peba''' sour; bitter
* '''pebe''' jug; pot
* '''pebha''' seize; grasp, v.
* '''pekhe''' small
* '''pekhe''' small
* '''pele''' religious concept
* '''peled''' swallow, v.
* '''pemib''' be happy, v.
* '''pena''' gird, v.
* '''pene''' tooth
* '''pene''' lofty
* '''pene''' tooth
* '''penek''' murmur, v.
* '''penu''' ride a vehicle, v.
* '''pepe''' throw; shoot, v.
* '''peqa''' tender; weak
* '''pesar''' naked
* '''pese''' dread; horror
* '''peseb''' tell lies, v.
* '''petha''' thousand
* '''pewe''' mouth
* '''peyeg''' injure, v.
* '''pha:ra''' up to
* '''pha:wadh''' be roused, v.
* '''phada''' seize, v.
* '''phaga''' leaf; bloom
* '''phala''' sneeze
* '''phali''' down
* '''phalu''' throw; toss, v.
* '''phama''' something bent
* '''phapa''' bark
* '''phapa''' mark; distinguish, v.
* '''phapa''' wither, v.
* '''phara''' bear, give birth to, v.
* '''phara''' left, on the left
* '''phara''' puddle; ditch
* '''pharam''' blame, v.
* '''phasa''' ask, v.
* '''phasath''' take; seize, v.
* '''phasi''' snore, v.
* '''phawa''' humming insect
* '''phayuh''' swamp; lake
* '''phe:ri''' divide, v.
* '''phebe''' knee
* '''phebe''' shine; light, v.
* '''phegu''' fragile, harm
* '''phele''' spear
* '''phema''' pack, v.
* '''pheme''' ruminate; throat, v.
* '''phepi''' bale
* '''phere''' destroy, v.
* '''pheri''' gain, earn, v.
* '''phethe''' mud
* '''phi:yin''' swarm, v.
* '''phibis''' bellow, v.
* '''phigi''' river, flowing water
* '''phikhi''' shine, light, v.
* '''phili''' vault; breast
* '''phini''' strip; beam
* '''phiri''' vomit, v.
* '''phisigh''' concubine
* '''phiti''' shimmer, v.
* '''pho:nar''' rage; tower up, v.
* '''pho:sut''' starling
* '''phobu''' pillar
* '''phoda''' abscess
* '''phophi''' fodder (green)
* '''phosus''' pelt
* '''phumul''' sheep; pelt
* '''pigi''' plait; weave, v.
* '''pimi''' young
* '''pini''' bow-wow
* '''pinib''' rise, v.
* '''piphi''' respect, v.
* '''pipi''' sweep, v.
* '''piri''' come forth, v.
* '''pithi''' be flat, v.
* '''piwit''' spit; spew, v.
* '''piwit''' spit
* '''plthl''' fight; struggle, v.
* '''pm:khm''' increase, v.
* '''pm:nm:gh''' rest comfortably, v.
* '''pmmm''' spleen; milt
* '''po:so''' seven
* '''po:so''' seven
* '''pogho''' wound; injure, v.
* '''pona''' knead, v.
* '''pono''' fit, suit, v.
* '''powak''' lattice-work
* '''pr:br''' lean; bow, v.
* '''prlrd''' bean
* '''putu''' unpleasant

==Q==
* '''qalik''' marry, v.
* '''qama''' sit, v.
* '''qama''' sit
* '''qeme''' explore, v.
* '''qenu''' run; roll, v.
* '''qeye''' (exclamation)
* '''qoha''' needy
* '''qoso''' break to pieces, v.
* '''qoyuk''' hurry, v.
* '''qrtr''' pointed; stake
* '''qryrt''' post

==R==
* '''r''' (demonstrative)
* '''ra''' it, one, they
* '''ra:pa''' swift
* '''ra:wap''' wane, v.
* '''ra:ya''' lessen; small, v.
* '''raba''' concern oneself with, v.
* '''rada''' world
* '''rada''' world
* '''radha''' poppy
* '''radhar''' clucking
* '''raga''' cover, v.
* '''raga''' scent, v.
* '''raga''' sprinkle, v.
* '''ragha''' sink in, v.
* '''raghi''' be guilty, v.
* '''ragi''' swamped by water
* '''raka''' enclosure
* '''rakha''' green
* '''rakha''' strive, v.
* '''rala''' arm
* '''ralar''' womb
* '''rama''' break, v.
* '''rama''' walk
* '''rama''' walk
* '''rama''' yawn, v.
* '''rami''' now, therefore
* '''rana''' complain, v.
* '''rana''' quake, v.
* '''ranadh''' leave behind, v.
* '''rapa''' abhor; detest, v.
* '''rapa''' squash, v.
* '''rapha''' plait, v.
* '''rapur''' lips
* '''rara''' crumble, v.
* '''rasa''' hoarse
* '''rasuy''' deep; hollow
* '''rata''' pole; stick; stem
* '''ratha''' hair; wool
* '''rati''' grain; kernel
* '''rawap''' sort out, v.
* '''rawar''' prepare, v.
* '''rayu''' shoes; leather
* '''re:be''' rot; stink, v.
* '''re:her''' bulb
* '''re:le''' full
* '''re:midh''' lack; empty, v.
* '''re:ne''' cow
* '''re:sil''' sulphur
* '''rebe''' smash, v.
* '''rebhes''' animals with armour
* '''rebur''' mussel
* '''rede''' ten
* '''rede''' rub past, v.
* '''rede''' ten
* '''redha''' watch closely, v.
* '''redi''' hobble, v.
* '''redu''' dwarf-like
* '''reghep''' be ashamed, v.
* '''reli''' butterfat
* '''relu''' thing
* '''reme''' short; small
* '''rene''' move, v.
* '''renuw''' plant; root
* '''rephe''' sad, out of humour
* '''rephi''' thin
* '''reri''' stretch; totter, v.
* '''rese''' disturb, v.
* '''reseb''' lest
* '''resi''' grove, small wood
* '''resil''' worm
* '''resu''' shine, v.
* '''reta''' pale; split
* '''rete''' support, v.
* '''reyit''' poke; hit, v.
* '''ri''' she
* '''ri''' she
* '''ri:bhi''' stick (hammer-shaped)
* '''ri:gi''' striped
* '''ri:ni''' hoe; mattock
* '''ri:si''' sprout, v.
* '''riqi''' turn, v.
* '''riqid''' cut, prick, v.
* '''ridi''' mud; swamp
* '''righi''' testicle
* '''rikhi''' prosper, v.
* '''riki''' bloom, v.
* '''rili''' stem
* '''rilir''' whistle (wind), v.
* '''rimi''' venerate, v.
* '''ripi''' straight
* '''risi''' cold
* '''risi''' grind, v.
* '''rlyll''' turn; twist, v.
* '''rmlm''' press together, v.
* '''rmsm''' mistake
* '''rmsmw''' blackberry
* '''rngn''' mouse; muscle
* '''rnkn''' sell; earn, v.
* '''rnsn''' fast; violent
* '''ro:ba''' older member of family
* '''ro:da''' thick; firm
* '''ro:ro''' protect, v.
* '''ro:yow''' calm; silent
* '''robha''' frog
* '''robho''' brother
* '''robu''' be fixed, v.
* '''roda''' slow
* '''rodi''' fall; sink, v.
* '''rodu''' like, v.
* '''rokha''' squeak, v.
* '''rokhu''' turtle
* '''roki''' knead clay, v.
* '''roko''' rip up; dig, v.
* '''roli''' bright
* '''romo''' sword
* '''ronoy''' husband's sister
* '''ropho''' dog
* '''ropo''' sharpen, v.
* '''rora''' lament, v.
* '''roru''' hang down, v.
* '''rothi''' brother-in-law
* '''rotu''' shin-bone
* '''rowo''' vulture
* '''royo''' cast off, v.
* '''rrkhr''' pluck, v.
* '''rrphr''' condense, v.
* '''ru''' he
* '''runu''' glitter brightly, v.
* '''rutu''' let fly at sth., v.
* '''ruwup''' eat; jaw; mouth, v.

==S==
* '''sa:qa''' bear
* '''sa:da''' dream
* '''sa:da''' yellow
* '''sa:ghi''' rub off, v.
* '''sa:na''' death; corpse
* '''sa:na''' yellow; brown
* '''sa:sa''' her
* '''saqa''' hunder, loud noise
* '''saba''' four
* '''sabi''' peel; break off, v.
* '''saga''' red
* '''saga''' red
* '''sahay''' pole; stake
* '''sakha''' tear to pieces, v.
* '''sama''' smoulder, v.
* '''sana''' sigh, v.
* '''sana''' skin; leather bag
* '''sani''' flow, v.
* '''sanu''' weave; plait, v.
* '''sapa''' chatter, v.
* '''sapha''' drop (of liquid)
* '''sapha''' think; feel, v.
* '''sara''' aim; go straight, v.
* '''sara''' prick, v.
* '''saru''' pliable
* '''sasan''' bald; bare
* '''sasar''' thrust together, v.
* '''sasu''' revile; abuse, v.
* '''satha''' know
* '''sawa''' two
* '''sawa''' two
* '''sawib''' break wind, v.
* '''saya''' wind, n.
* '''sayab''' next to, behind infront
* '''sayan''' anoint, v.
* '''sayan''' sanctify, v.
* '''se:ga''' jut out, v.
* '''se:khe''' back (direction, location)
* '''se:le''' dye, v.
* '''se:se''' drive; wound, v.
* '''se:tu''' injure; damage, v.
* '''seqi''' bristle, v.
* '''sebe''' look at, v.
* '''sebu''' announce, v.
* '''sege''' move, meal, v.
* '''segha''' wash, v.
* '''seghe''' follow, v.
* '''sela''' eyebrow
* '''sele''' fork of branch
* '''seleg''' dare, v.
* '''seli''' frothing up
* '''seme''' beard
* '''seme''' eye
* '''seney''' eat
* '''senu''' even; good
* '''sepa''' ploughshare
* '''sepi''' shrink, make small, v.
* '''sera''' frost
* '''sere''' slimy
* '''serer''' drive; thrust, v.
* '''sesa''' be hot; shine, v.
* '''sese''' stretch out, v.
* '''sesuth''' poplar
* '''sethe''' grass (type of), oats
* '''sewa''' roof
* '''sewel''' squash, v.
* '''sewi''' sparrow (?) name of bird
* '''seye''' sneeze, v.
* '''seyen''' bless, v.
* '''si:bhi''' black
* '''si:dhi''' ash
* '''si:gi''' be empty; leave, v.
* '''si:khi''' shut away, v.
* '''si:li''' find, v.
* '''si:ti''' young man
* '''sighi''' well-disposed
* '''sigikh''' sinew
* '''siki''' son
* '''simi''' cut off, v.
* '''sini''' one
* '''sini''' one
* '''sisi''' heel
* '''sisidh''' jutting object
* '''siti''' rot, v.
* '''siti''' spoil
* '''siyigh''' bubble up, v.
* '''siyis''' bump; swelling
* '''slml''' tumble down, v.
* '''slrl''' thick; big
* '''slsls''' overflow, v.
* '''sm:thm''' wasp
* '''smlmph''' be curved, v.
* '''so:bha''' stunned
* '''so:ma''' leave behind, v.
* '''so:ro''' doubt, be in doubt, v.
* '''so:ro''' release
* '''so:ro''' release
* '''soba''' grind one's teeth, v.
* '''sobo''' dress, v.
* '''sodho''' resin
* '''soghi''' disappear, v.
* '''soho''' hum; croon, v.
* '''soki''' build, v.
* '''solikh''' split, v.
* '''solo''' bird (water-bird)
* '''sona''' apple
* '''soni''' hand; arm
* '''sopha''' beaker
* '''sopo''' eat, v.
* '''sora''' grant; possess, v.
* '''soro''' offer a drink, v.
* '''soson''' active; healthy
* '''sosoph''' play; joke, v.
* '''soto''' press down, v.
* '''sowad''' guilt; duty
* '''sowop''' truly
* '''srhr''' blow softly, v.
* '''sryr''' press together, v.
* '''su''' top
* '''su''' top
* '''subu''' pour out, v.
* '''sudhu''' tire; rest, v.
* '''sudu''' tail
* '''sudu''' tail
* '''sulu''' muscle
* '''sumu''' thin shaft
* '''sunu''' stamp; thrust, v.
* '''supu''' tendril; trap
* '''suru''' duck down, v.
* '''susub''' grip, v.
* '''susuw''' dry out, v.
* '''sutu''' son-in-law
* '''sutu''' unripe
* '''suwukh''' gnawing insect
* '''suwup''' half

==T==
* '''ta:''' be, exist
* '''ta:ka''' hold, v.
* '''ta:nu''' barren
* '''ta:tha''' wine
* '''tabha''' cracking sound
* '''tagha''' buy; sell, v.
* '''taka''' grass
* '''taka''' stunted; curtailed
* '''tala''' grass (type of)
* '''talak''' wind, v.
* '''talum''' feel, v.
* '''tama''' die, v.
* '''tamu''' dust; sand
* '''tana''' fire
* '''tana''' vexacious
* '''tanaph''' weak; miserable
* '''tani''' scent
* '''tapa''' care; trouble, v.
* '''tapha''' claw
* '''tara''' place, location
* '''tara''' place, location
* '''tasal''' parade; show off, v.
* '''tasas''' stomach
* '''tata''' tie; bind, v.
* '''tathi''' chew, grind, v.
* '''tawab''' deceive, v.
* '''taya''' shoulder
* '''tayal''' corner
* '''tayar''' gall
* '''tayus''' peg
* '''te''' they
* '''te''' they
* '''te:ma''' mother-in-law
* '''te:ma''' mother-in-law
* '''tebe''' prettify, make happy, v.
* '''tedhe''' stumble, v.
* '''tege''' wax
* '''teghe''' stroke, v.
* '''teher''' split off, v.
* '''tekhe''' stick; stalk
* '''tela''' peg; wedge
* '''tele''' speak, v.
* '''tele''' speak
* '''tene''' guest; stranger
* '''tenel''' nut
* '''tera''' hit; cuff, v.
* '''tese''' hair
* '''tese''' purify, v.
* '''tesew''' berry (type of)
* '''tetu''' tie up, v.
* '''tha:mi''' maternal grandfather
* '''tha:ra''' run off (water), v.
* '''thadi''' stab, stick, v.
* '''thaga''' shut in, v.
* '''thaha''' torso, upper body
* '''thaha''' want, v.
* '''thala''' tree
* '''thala''' tree
* '''thalak''' sharpen, v.
* '''thama''' at
* '''thana''' dizziness; madness
* '''thapha''' have room, v.
* '''thara''' shout, raise voice, v.
* '''tharagh''' embrace, v.
* '''tharap''' pea
* '''thawal''' entrust, v.
* '''thawat''' roast; bake, v.
* '''thayan''' sky
* '''thebhi''' husband's brother
* '''thedha''' hop; tremble, v.
* '''thedi''' sea
* '''thela''' remain, v.
* '''themu''' pull, v.
* '''thene''' we, they and I
* '''thepa''' measure, v.
* '''thephun''' clash; fall, v.
* '''theqe''' burn, v.
* '''there''' companion
* '''thesa''' corpse; destruction
* '''thethi''' rip; rag, v.
* '''theti''' add, sum, v.
* '''theyul''' pointed
* '''thili''' rage, v.
* '''thimi''' look, v.
* '''thini''' swamp; blackish
* '''thipi''' apart; in two
* '''thlml''' rip, v.
* '''thnbhn''' worm; maggot
* '''tho:nom''' woo; marry, v.
* '''thodu''' streak past, v.
* '''thokho''' blind, dark
* '''thoko''' six
* '''thoko''' six
* '''thomi''' mud; mire
* '''thoya''' trough
* '''thoyokh''' and
* '''thuhu''' wish; want, v.
* '''thuhus''' meet, v.
* '''thumu''' snow; winter
* '''thuru''' hit, v.
* '''thusu''' polecat
* '''thuthu''' revulsion
* '''tibhi''' turn green, v.
* '''tighi''' shout; scream, v.
* '''timi''' stuff full, v.
* '''tirikh''' throat
* '''tiris''' sister
* '''tisi''' lung
* '''tithi''' mix, v.
* '''titi''' stain; dirty, v.
* '''tiwib''' shining bright
* '''tiyi''' path
* '''tiyi''' path
* '''tmdhm''' revile, v.
* '''tn:tn''' buzz, v.
* '''tnrn''' tree (type of)
* '''to:ro''' swell, v.
* '''tobho''' flat
* '''togho''' spirit
* '''toka''' stab, v.
* '''tomu''' evening
* '''toni''' drive, v.
* '''topho''' heal, v.
* '''tothu''' copulate, v.
* '''towan''' be excited, v.
* '''towos''' hair; beard
* '''toyoph''' hang slack, v.
* '''trsr''' pasture, v.
* '''trwr''' howl
* '''tugu, pheri''' give, v.
* '''tulu''' blow up, v.
* '''turu''' reduce; small, v.

==W==
* '''wa:ha''' time, occasion
* '''wa:su''' astonishment
* '''wa:ya''' kernel; corn
* '''waqa''' sap; resin
* '''waba''' scrape; gnaw, v.
* '''wala''' nine
* '''wala''' nine
* '''wali''' track; furrow, v.
* '''wama''' burst, v.
* '''wanu''' thick; dense
* '''wapa''' be glad, v.
* '''warith''' hungry
* '''wasa''' deformed
* '''watha''' thorn
* '''wathim''' throw shoot, v.
* '''waya''' evil; bad; mis-
* '''waya''' itch, v.
* '''we:de''' lake
* '''we:ma''' be hidden, v.
* '''we:re''' be able, v.
* '''we:re''' can, be able to
* '''weba''' spray, v.
* '''webe''' assail; assault, v.
* '''webu''' ball of dung; pill
* '''wegi''' gape, v.
* '''weke''' germ; sprout
* '''weli''' mite; louse
* '''weme''' unwilling
* '''wesa''' twig; bough
* '''wese''' empty, v.
* '''weye''' aweful
* '''wighi''' leather bag
* '''wighir''' fence of stakes
* '''wiki''' grasp for sth., v.
* '''wili''' wavy
* '''wl:yl''' perk
* '''wmtm''' wander, v.
* '''wmwmm''' mouse
* '''wonon''' heap
* '''woso''' warm time; summer
* '''wu:sul''' joint of animal
* '''wunu''' (negative particle)
* '''wunu''' not, no
* '''wunu''' no, not
* '''wusuph''' hold; grasp, v.
* '''wusus''' strangle, v.
* '''wuyup''' garlic; leek

==Y==
* '''ya''' (relative)
* '''ya:la''' buzz; hum, v.
* '''ya:ra''' howl, v.
* '''ya:ta''' louse
* '''yaga''' gather; collect, v.
* '''yama''' smear, v.
* '''yara''' snake
* '''yasa''' pinch, v.
* '''yasu''' tear up; open, v.
* '''yege''' dim; reddish
* '''yeghe''' call; cry, v.
* '''yeke''' enough
* '''yela''' sheep
* '''yele''' drink, v.
* '''yeli''' whole, well
* '''yephe''' harm, v.
* '''yera''' urinate, v.
* '''yesep''' sell, v.
* '''yeser''' alder tree
* '''yetu''' turn; wrap, v.
* '''yewegh''' strip
* '''yibhi''' away, off
* '''yigi''' salt
* '''yimi''' quickly
* '''ynqngh''' turn, v.
* '''ynnn''' slip, v.
* '''yo:qu''' tie, v.
* '''yo:ni''' be still; calm, v.
* '''yo:ri''' form a ball, v.
* '''yobho''' seed
* '''yobho''' scent out, v.
* '''yobho''' seed
* '''yodo''' pain; illness
* '''yolo''' move, hurry, v.
* '''yomi''' like; desire, v.
* '''yona''' push, v.
* '''yono''' statute; rule
* '''yonup''' thrust; injure, v.
* '''yoras''' buckle at the knees, v.
* '''yoro''' free, v.
* '''yotho''' show; be visible, v.
* '''yoyod''' talk, v.
* '''yrsr''' strap
* '''yudu''' big

[[Category:Dele]]
[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English-Dele root list</title>
    <id>694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6428</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+categories: general lexica, source material, dele</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{widetoc}}

==A==
* '''abhor; detest, v.''' rapa
* '''abscess''' phoda
* '''abuse, v.''' kese
* '''accustom oneself, v.''' bmghm
* '''across; through''' bhuru
* '''act cautiously, v.''' nokho
* '''act secretly, v.''' gobu
* '''active; healthy''' soson
* '''add, sum, v.''' theti
* '''agape''' patu
* '''aim; go straight, v.''' sara
* '''alder tree''' yeser
* '''all''' kayakh
* '''alone''' nryr
* '''along''' lana
* '''and''' thoyokh
* '''animals with armour''' rebhes
* '''announce, v.''' sebu
* '''anoint, v.''' sayan
* '''ant''' mlphl
* '''apart''' madhi
* '''apart; in two''' thipi
* '''appear; see, v.''' lm:dm
* '''apple''' sona
* '''apportion, v.''' leli
* '''arm''' rala
* '''around, both''' daha
* '''arrange, v.''' ghibil
* '''ash''' si:dhi
* '''ash tree''' lasa
* '''aside; one's own''' khela
* '''ask, v.''' phasa
* '''aspen tree''' ghama
* '''assail; assault, v.''' webe
* '''astonishment''' wa:su
* '''at''' thama
* '''attach, v.''' kasa
* '''attack, v.''' bomi
* '''attend, pay attention, v.''' mese
* '''awaken, v.''' gephe
* '''away, off''' yibhi
* '''aweful''' weye
* '''awl''' mesu
* '''axe''' niriw

==B==
* '''baa''' kesu
* '''babbling''' khowa
* '''back (direction, location)''' se:khe
* '''backside; rump''' bhubu
* '''bald; bare''' sasan
* '''bale''' phepi
* '''ball of dung; pill''' webu
* '''bank of river''' layar
* '''barb; tip''' naha
* '''bark''' phapa
* '''barley''' bapa
* '''barren''' ta:nu
* '''bathe, v.''' boda
* '''be able, v.''' we:re
* '''be afraid, v.''' malal
* '''be ashamed, v.''' reghep
* '''be astonished, v.''' nolo
* '''be at, be located''' khapi
* '''be aware of, v.''' dhini
* '''be bent, v.''' lene
* '''be caught, v.''' bapa
* '''be curved, v.''' smlmph
* '''be damp, v.''' lm:km
* '''be depressed, v.''' bharu
* '''be empty; leave, v.''' si:gi
* '''be ensnared, v.''' nama
* '''be excited, v.''' towan
* '''be fat; swarm, v.''' nmbm
* '''be fixed, v.''' robu
* '''be flat, v.''' pithi
* '''be friendly, v.''' malu
* '''be glad, v.''' wapa
* '''be guilty, v.''' raghi
* '''be happy, v.''' pemib
* '''be heavy; pregnant, v.''' neba
* '''be hidden, v.''' we:ma
* '''be hostile, v.''' mithi
* '''be hot; shine, v.''' sesa
* '''be influenced, v.''' namu
* '''be mouldy, v.''' bhabu
* '''be roused, v.''' pha:wadh
* '''be silent, v.''' noghi
* '''be still; calm, v.''' yo:ni
* '''be strong, v.''' dara
* '''be warm, v.''' kata
* '''be worth, v.''' maphi
* '''be, exist''' ta:
* '''beaker''' sopha
* '''beam; board''' bhuyuph
* '''bean''' prlrd
* '''bear''' sa:qa
* '''bear, give birth to, v.''' phara
* '''beard''' seme
* '''beautiful''' dhutu
* '''become bloated, v.''' bhuku
* '''become thin, v.''' nnbn
* '''bee''' khuwul
* '''beech tree''' dhana
* '''beer, bitter''' no:hom
* '''behind''' dhusu
* '''behold''' dhori
* '''belch, v.''' khoko
* '''bellow, v.''' phibis
* '''belly''' mene
* '''below''' momo
* '''below''' gawas
* '''bend, to crook, v.''' hiri
* '''bend; elbow, v.''' palidh
* '''bend; swing, v.''' loli
* '''berry (type of)''' tesew
* '''beside; outside''' miriw
* '''beyond''' gobhu
* '''big''' yudu
* '''bind, v.''' gewew
* '''bird''' gala
* '''bird (large)''' keghe
* '''bird (water-bird)''' solo
* '''bird of prey''' laka
* '''bird-cry''' la:wa
* '''bird-song''' gagu
* '''bite, v.''' hagha
* '''biting insects''' nobhagh
* '''bitter plant''' lirith
* '''bitter taste''' gehe
* '''black''' si:bhi
* '''blackberry''' rmsmw
* '''blackbird''' laga
* '''blame, v.''' pharam
* '''bleat, v.''' bidhi
* '''blemish''' mayar
* '''bless, v.''' seyen
* '''blind, dark''' thokho
* '''blood''' bhutu
* '''blood clot''' domo
* '''bloom, v.''' riki
* '''blow softly, v.''' srhr
* '''blow up, v.''' tulu
* '''blue''' luyun
* '''blue; plant dye''' dhese
* '''body part (curved)''' ghabi
* '''body; form''' nata
* '''body-part''' mesa
* '''bond; bundle''' nlkl
* '''bone''' khata
* '''bore through, v.''' neghe
* '''bore, stab, v.''' lala
* '''bottom''' bholo
* '''bow; incline, v.''' gabi
* '''bowel''' didi
* '''bow-wow''' pini
* '''branch''' neye
* '''break in, steal, v.''' lemeg
* '''break to pieces, v.''' qoso
* '''break wind, v.''' sawib
* '''break, v.''' rama
* '''break; grind, v.''' layah
* '''breasts''' nusu
* '''breathe, v.''' lamu
* '''bright''' roli
* '''bring,carry, v.''' dhasa
* '''bristle, v.''' seqi
* '''broad; flat''' ghama
* '''brother''' dala, robho
* '''brother-in-law''' rothi
* '''brown (dark), grey''' parar
* '''bubble up, v.''' siyigh
* '''buckle at the knees, v.''' yoras
* '''bud; twig''' moli
* '''build, v.''' soki
* '''bulb''' re:her
* '''bulge, v.''' lakha
* '''bull; cow''' pama
* '''bullock, young ox''' lara
* '''bump; swelling''' siyis
* '''bunch''' mngn
* '''burden''' goto
* '''burn, v.''' theqe
* '''burning; heat; anger''' gnlnl
* '''burst, v.''' wama
* '''butter, milk''' ghiti
* '''butterfat''' reli
* '''buttock; hip''' loya
* '''buy, v.''' lamap
* '''buy; sell, v.''' tagha
* '''buzz, v.''' tn:tn
* '''buzz; hum, v.''' ya:la

==C==
* '''calf of leg''' nese
* '''call; cry, v.''' yeghe
* '''calm; silent''' ro:yow
* '''can, be able to''' we:re
* '''care; trouble, v.''' tapa
* '''carp''' lrwrg
* '''carve, v.''' gha:wa
* '''cast off, v.''' royo
* '''cat''' me:we
* '''catch sight of, v.''' ghapha
* '''celebrate, v.''' bhidi
* '''center''' naka
* '''change, v.''' dhekhu
* '''chatter, v.''' sapa
* '''cheer up, v.''' nuwud
* '''chequered''' lalu
* '''cherry''' khona
* '''chew, grind, v.''' tathi
* '''chin(bone)''' gethu
* '''choose, v.''' karas
* '''clamber, v.''' pawu
* '''clash; fall, v.''' thephun
* '''claw''' tapha
* '''clear, pure''' khirigh
* '''cleft, hollow''' masan
* '''climb, stride, v.''' ghibhi
* '''close in, v.''' geyekh
* '''clothe, v.''' ghada
* '''cloud (dark)''' nele
* '''clucking''' radhar
* '''coagulate, v.''' basa
* '''coal''' dawad
* '''cold''' risi
* '''collapse, v.''' bele
* '''collect, v.''' bhoko
* '''colour (dark)''' kiwi
* '''colour (light)''' da:pha
* '''colour (type of)''' noho
* '''come forth, v.''' piri
* '''companion''' there
* '''complain, v.''' rana
* '''concern oneself with, v.''' raba
* '''concubine''' phisigh
* '''condense, v.''' rrphr
* '''contract a disease, v.''' dhosi
* '''cook, v.''' lr:lr
* '''copulate, v.''' tothu
* '''corner''' tayal
* '''corpse; destruction''' thesa
* '''cough, v.''' mabha
* '''cover, v.''' raga
* '''cow''' re:ne
* '''cracking sound''' tabha
* '''crawl, v.''' mowi
* '''creaking''' ludu
* '''cream''' gabha
* '''creator; producer''' mowok
* '''creep; crawl, v.''' bhothi
* '''croak (of frog or raven)''' khowo
* '''crops''' bhethe
* '''crouch down, v.''' gapha
* '''crumble, v.''' rara
* '''cry, make wild noises, v.''' mi:khi
* '''(cry of joy)''' a:
* '''curse''' bayan
* '''cut in, v.''' beki
* '''cut off, v.''' simi
* '''cut, injure, v.''' napu
* '''cut, prick, v.''' riqid

==D==
* '''damage, v.''' leyer
* '''damp''' nati
* '''dampen; wet, v.''' kala
* '''dangle, v.''' lm:wm:l
* '''dare, v.''' seleg
* '''dark''' lede
* '''daughter''' naya
* '''daughter-in-law''' de:nu
* '''day''' lmlm
* '''death; corpse''' sa:na
* '''deceive, v.''' tawab
* '''deep; hollow''' rasuy
* '''deer''' lipi
* '''defecate, v.''' gaka
* '''deformed''' wasa
* '''(demonstrative)''' r
* '''dense''' kaka
* '''desire; lust for, v.''' karak
* '''destroy, v.''' phere
* '''diaphragm; mind''' ge:ne
* '''die, v.''' tama
* '''dig, v.''' dhili
* '''dim; reddish''' yege
* '''dip into, v.''' bhedu
* '''dirt''' dlll
* '''disappear, v.''' soghi
* '''dish''' mopo
* '''dispute, v.''' dhani
* '''disturb, v.''' rese
* '''dive, v.''' dhatha
* '''divide, v.''' phe:ri
* '''dizziness; madness''' thana
* '''do''' ki:mi
* '''dog''' ropho
* '''door''' liphi
* '''doorpost''' do:bhu
* '''doubt, be in doubt, v.''' so:ro
* '''down''' phali
* '''draw lots, v.''' misi
* '''draw; scoop, v.''' kayagh
* '''dread; horror''' pese
* '''dream''' sa:da
* '''dress, v.''' sobo
* '''dribble; drip, v.''' dehes
* '''drink, v.''' yele
* '''drip, v.''' nata
* '''drive, v.''' toni
* '''drive; thrust, v.''' serer
* '''drive; wound, v.''' se:se
* '''drone; bark, v.''' dekhe
* '''drop (of liquid)''' sapha
* '''dry''' datha
* '''dry out, v.''' susuw
* '''dry; thirst, v.''' loyom
* '''duck''' geme
* '''duck down, v.''' suru
* '''dumbfound, v.''' khenen
* '''dung''' lota
* '''dung; dark liquid''' banin
* '''dust; sand''' tamu
* '''dwarf-like''' redu
* '''dwindle, v.''' hanu
* '''dye, v.''' se:le

==E==
* '''eagle''' lulu
* '''ear''' logo
* '''earth''' gara
* '''earth; floor''' palag
* '''eat''' seney
* '''eat, v.''' sopo
* '''eat; jaw; mouth, v.''' ruwup
* '''edge''' pabha
* '''egg''' nama
* '''eiderduck''' kha:wan
* '''eight''' khobo
* '''elbow; forearm''' lali
* '''elm''' kunu
* '''embrace, v.''' tharagh
* '''embrace; bind, v.''' mosodh
* '''(emphasis)''' de
* '''empty, v.''' wese
* '''enclosure''' raka
* '''encourage, v.''' delad
* '''endure, v.''' niwi
* '''enjoy, v.''' naqa
* '''enough''' yeke
* '''entrust, v.''' thawal
* '''envelop, v.''' ghodhu
* '''even; good''' senu
* '''evening''' tomu
* '''evil; bad; mis-''' waya
* '''excite; rouse, v.''' nopu
* '''(exclamation of joy)''' o:yo
* '''(exclamation of pain)''' akha:
* '''(exclamation)''' qeye
* '''explore, v.''' qeme
* '''extinguish, v.''' kosa
* '''eye''' seme
* '''eyebrow''' sela

==F==
* '''fabric (woven)''' le:su
* '''fabric; spun yarn''' mara
* '''fall, v.''' beta
* '''fall; sink, v.''' rodi
* '''false''' lemi
* '''far off''' dhaha
* '''fast; violent''' rnsn
* '''fat; thick''' goyos
* '''father''' da: 
* '''father-in-law''' khoda
* '''favourable''' gha:ki
* '''fear''' motho
* '''fear, v.''' ma:kha
* '''feast, v.''' binit
* '''feather''' khehe
* '''feed, v.''' naga
* '''feel, v.''' talum
* '''fence of stakes''' wighir
* '''ferment, v.''' dhekhu
* '''fetlock''' llthl
* '''fight; struggle, v.''' plthl
* '''fill up, v.''' layi
* '''find, v.''' si:li
* '''find; take, v.''' goro
* '''finger''' nodho
* '''fire''' tana
* '''firm''' datha
* '''fish''' ghoti
* '''fish (type of)''' khoku
* '''fist''' mede
* '''fit, suit, v.''' pono
* '''five''' noto
* '''fix, v.''' nadha
* '''flame; burn, v.''' bhani
* '''flat''' tobho
* '''flat of hand''' baka
* '''flea''' mada
* '''flee, v.''' lm:sm:p
* '''flesh; meat''' lehe
* '''flicker; blink, v.''' nalam
* '''flock; feather''' gasa
* '''flow, v.''' sani
* '''fly about, v.''' lete
* '''fly; gnat''' kama
* '''foam; spray''' ghosi
* '''fodder (green)''' phophi
* '''fog; foggy''' nede
* '''fold; to hide; skin, v.''' manag
* '''follow, v.''' seghe
* '''foot''' patha
* '''force, use force, v.''' khophi
* '''fork of branch''' sele
* '''form''' gapha
* '''form a ball, v.''' yo:ri
* '''four''' saba
* '''fragile, harm''' phegu
* '''free, v.''' yoro
* '''freeze; cold, v.''' dheseg
* '''frisky''' mapha
* '''frog''' robha
* '''front, brow''' ha:da
* '''frost''' sera
* '''frothing up''' seli
* '''full''' re:le

==G==
* '''gable; head''' duwu
* '''gain, earn, v.''' pheri
* '''gall''' tayar
* '''gape, v.''' wegi
* '''garlic; leek''' wuyup
* '''gather; collect, v.''' yaga
* '''germ; sprout''' weke
* '''get over, v.''' dunus
* '''gird, v.''' pena
* '''give, v.''' tugu, pheri
* '''gland''' laka
* '''glisten, v.''' dopa
* '''glitter brightly, v.''' runu
* '''glitter; white; birch , v.''' moro
* '''glowing coal''' miki
* '''glue''' maku
* '''gnat''' me:pe
* '''gnaw, v.''' kele
* '''gnawing insect''' suwukh
* '''go energetically, v.''' meye
* '''go, v.''' noro
* '''go; stride, v.''' lehe
* '''goat''' bunu
* '''goatskin''' km:pm
* '''god (name of)''' doyugh
* '''golden colour''' niki
* '''good''' matha
* '''goose''' khoti
* '''grab, v.''' khele
* '''grain''' ghawu
* '''grain (type of)''' lusu
* '''grain; kernel''' rati
* '''grant; possess, v.''' sora
* '''grasp for sth., v.''' wiki
* '''grass''' taka
* '''grass (type of)''' tala
* '''grass (type of), oats''' sethe
* '''gravel; grit''' khata
* '''grease; fat''' imi
* '''greedy''' bara
* '''green''' rakha
* '''grey''' hamu
* '''grind one's teeth, v.''' soba
* '''grind, v.''' risi
* '''grip, v.''' susub
* '''groin''' bhigi
* '''ground''' konokh
* '''grove, small wood''' resi
* '''grow up, v.''' gosol
* '''grow, v.''' bhisis
* '''growl; snarl, v.''' daga
* '''grumble, v.''' mimi
* '''grunt, v.''' geke
* '''guest; stranger''' tene
* '''guilt; duty''' sowad

==H==
* '''hack; hoe, v.''' nemi
* '''hail''' kabu
* '''hair''' tese
* '''hair; beard''' towos
* '''hair; wool''' ratha
* '''half''' suwup
* '''hand''' lama
* '''hand; arm''' soni
* '''hang down, v.''' roru
* '''hang slack, v.''' toyoph
* '''hang, v.''' bowo
* '''happen, come to pass''' maya
* '''happen, v.''' maya
* '''hard''' kuru
* '''harm, v.''' yephe
* '''harm; crime''' leme
* '''have room, v.''' thapha
* '''hazel''' latad
* '''he''' ru
* '''head''' kene
* '''heal, v.''' topho
* '''healthy''' nama
* '''heap''' wonon
* '''hear, v.''' lo:gho
* '''heart''' khara
* '''heath; free land''' gmwmm
* '''heavy''' dhema
* '''heavy; burdensome''' lema
* '''hedgehog''' kebhe
* '''heel''' sisi
* '''heel, back of knee;''' ghasag
* '''hello''' bhege
* '''help, enable, v.''' bebhe
* '''help, v.''' bama
* '''help; use, v.''' moso
* '''helping; serving''' ba:yan
* '''hem in; narrow, v.''' lini
* '''henbane''' geghe
* '''her''' sa:sa
* '''hesitate, v.''' ke:se
* '''hew, v.''' duwudh
* '''hide, v.''' bagha
* '''high; noble''' mobu
* '''hiss, v.''' haku
* '''hit, hew, v.''' naka
* '''hit, v.''' thuru
* '''hit; cuff, v.''' tera
* '''hit; sharp, v.''' gasi
* '''hit; thrust, v.''' mala
* '''hit; weaken, v.''' basam
* '''hit; wound, v.''' neka
* '''hoarse''' rasa
* '''hobble, v.''' redi
* '''hoe; mattock''' ri:ni
* '''hold fast, v.''' nagha
* '''hold in lap, v.''' beri
* '''hold, v.''' ta:ka
* '''hold; grasp, v.''' wusuph
* '''hollow''' himi
* '''hollow like a pipe''' bhayal
* '''hollow out, v.''' ghlkl
* '''hollow, cave''' nebak
* '''honey''' ledhu
* '''hoof''' limi
* '''hook''' diliph
* '''hoot, owl-noise''' bili
* '''hop; tremble, v.''' thedha
* '''horn''' da:ka
* '''hornless''' luyus
* '''horse''' khaghu
* '''hot; warm''' ese
* '''house''' dimi
* '''howl''' trwr
* '''howl, v.''' ya:ra
* '''hum; buzz, v.''' lebhu
* '''hum; croon, v.''' soho
* '''human being''' gosa
* '''humble, v.''' bhoba
* '''humming insect''' phawa
* '''humming sound''' kawu
* '''hunder, loud noise''' saqa
* '''hundred''' lidhi
* '''hungry''' warith
* '''hunt; desire, v.''' kha:la
* '''hurdle''' nubu
* '''hurry, v.''' qoyuk
* '''hurt, v.''' nolat
* '''husband's brother''' thebhi
* '''husband's mother''' busu
* '''husband's sister''' ronoy

==I==
* '''I''' ne
* '''ice''' dhatha
* '''in''' mi
* '''incline, v.''' bhere
* '''increase, v.''' pm:khm
* '''ingernail; toenail''' lada
* '''injure, v.''' peyeg
* '''injure; damage, v.''' se:tu
* '''intelligence''' bhuhun
* '''intend, v.''' leni
* '''(interrogative)''' kethe
* '''intestines''' dhotu
* '''intestines''' lolu
* '''intestines; stomach''' nasa
* '''it, one, they''' ra
* '''itch, v.''' waya
* '''itter''' bada

==J==
* '''jaw''' dudu
* '''jay''' noku
* '''joint of animal''' wu:sul
* '''jug; pot''' pebe
* '''juice''' matagh
* '''jump happily, v.''' luyup
* '''jump, v.''' gana
* '''jut out, v.''' se:ga
* '''jutting object''' sisidh

==K==
* '''kernel; corn''' wa:ya
* '''kill''' bhadha
* '''kindle, set alight, v.''' nosu
* '''kiss''' loba
* '''knead clay, v.''' roki
* '''knead, v.''' pona
* '''knee''' phebe
* '''knit; knot, v.''' mama
* '''know''' satha

==L==
* '''lack''' kha:san
* '''lack''' gara
* '''lack; empty, v.''' re:midh
* '''lake''' we:de
* '''lamb''' na:bhi
* '''lame''' lesi
* '''lament, v.''' rora
* '''lard; fat''' lidi
* '''lattice-work''' powak
* '''laugh, v.''' hoqo
* '''lay down, v.''' nn:sn:d
* '''lead, show the way, v.''' ketha
* '''lead, v.''' pahi
* '''leaf; bloom''' phaga
* '''lean on, v.''' loqor
* '''lean; bow, v.''' pr:br
* '''leather''' kiri
* '''leather bag''' wighi
* '''leave behind, v.''' so:ma
* '''leave behind, v.''' ranadh
* '''left''' negi
* '''left, on the left''' phara
* '''leg; bone''' lono
* '''leprosy''' knkn
* '''lessen; small, v.''' ra:ya
* '''lest''' reseb
* '''let fly at sth., v.''' rutu
* '''let; leave over, v.''' mowo
* '''lick, v.''' menu
* '''lie down, v.''' gadha
* '''lie; camp, v.''' meyagh
* '''life force''' bhama
* '''lift; weigh, v.''' me:du
* '''light (in movement)''' nomun
* '''light, v.''' mmmm
* '''light; pale''' mobi
* '''lightning''' na:su
* '''like, similar''' khili
* '''like, v.''' rodu
* '''like; desire, v.''' yomi
* '''like; love, v.''' nona
* '''like; spare, v.''' mamu
* '''limb''' geni
* '''limb of body''' nara
* '''line up, v.''' khorom
* '''linen''' liri
* '''lips''' rapur
* '''liquid; wine''' bata
* '''live, v.''' ka:ba
* '''liver''' o:dho
* '''living-space''' nege
* '''lofty''' pene
* '''loins; kidney''' nidhi
* '''long''' de:khe
* '''long and thin''' paghir
* '''look at, v.''' sebe
* '''look out for, v.''' dm:hm
* '''look, v.''' thimi
* '''loose''' mayaq
* '''lord''' morugh
* '''loud''' khlnl
* '''louse''' ya:ta
* '''lump''' gr:mr
* '''lumpy; knot''' klsl
* '''lung''' tisi
* '''lurk, v.''' lisi

==M==
* '''make; form, v.''' neghi
* '''man''' da:na
* '''man, life-force''' korug
* '''many''' ihi
* '''maple''' blnll
* '''mark; distinguish, v.''' phapa
* '''marrow; brain''' khaka
* '''marry, v.''' qalik
* '''master; lord''' khnbn
* '''maternal grandfather''' tha:mi
* '''measure, v.''' thepa
* '''meet, v.''' thuhus
* '''melt, v.''' khmqmh
* '''metal''' deli
* '''middle''' diyi
* '''milk''' dhlll
* '''milk, wipe, v.''' ghalad
* '''mill, grind''' dusu
* '''miserable; naked''' memi
* '''miss; deceive, v.''' gho:ma
* '''mist; steam''' dmbhm
* '''mistake''' rmsm
* '''mite; louse''' weli
* '''mix, v.''' tithi
* '''mock; scorn, v.''' kere
* '''moisten, v.''' lela
* '''moon''' mere
* '''mother''' ma:
* '''mother''' ma:
* '''mother-in-law''' te:ma
* '''mother-in-law''' te:ma
* '''mountain''' libhi
* '''mouse''' wmwmm
* '''mouse; muscle''' rngn
* '''mouth''' pewe
* '''move forward, v.''' bidi
* '''move violently, v.''' khaha
* '''move, hurry, v.''' yolo
* '''move, meal, v.''' sege
* '''move, set in motion, v.''' ne:ke
* '''move, v.''' rene
* '''mow, v.''' kera
* '''mud''' bisi
* '''mud''' phethe
* '''mud; mire''' thomi
* '''mud; swamp''' ridi
* '''muddy''' nnthn
* '''mummy''' migi
* '''mummy, daddy''' pala
* '''murmur, v.''' penek
* '''muscle''' sulu
* '''mussel''' rebur

==N==
* '''nail; penis''' ghele
* '''naked''' pesar
* '''name''' hayat
* '''nape of the neck''' mumu
* '''narrow''' kili
* '''narrow; thin''' gathi
* '''navel''' naba
* '''near to''' nuru
* '''neck''' kala
* '''need, v.''' badha
* '''needy''' qoha
* '''needy; sad; ill''' pawap
* '''(negative particle)''' wunu
* '''nephew''' bhekhe
* '''new''' bhini
* '''new''' bhini
* '''next to, behind infront''' sayab
* '''night''' ma:ha
* '''night''' ma:ha
* '''nine''' wala
* '''nine''' wala
* '''nipple; breast''' nusu
* '''no, not''' wunu
* '''noose, bow''' mana
* '''north wind''' nu:bhu
* '''nose''' dhaba
* '''nose''' dhaba
* '''not, no''' wunu
* '''notice, v.''' ghenas
* '''now''' lanir
* '''now, therefore''' rami
* '''nut''' tenel

==O==
* '''oak''' mola
* '''oath''' debe
* '''oath''' debe
* '''offer a drink, v.''' soro
* '''old''' hoqo
* '''old man''' misin
* '''older member of family''' ro:ba
* '''on each other''' lebhi
* '''one''' sini
* '''one''' sini
* '''one-eyed''' bhara
* '''oneself, for oneself''' bhiyim
* '''onion''' dhokho
* '''open, v.''' boyu
* '''opinion''' krrr
* '''opious; much''' na:pa
* '''opposite; towards''' napha
* '''orphan''' lo:si
* '''other, there''' mrlr
* '''out of''' paya
* '''outside''' paya
* '''over; above''' ghini
* '''overflow, v.''' slsls
* '''overpower, v.''' deghe

==P==
* '''pack, v.''' phema
* '''pail (wooden)''' memu
* '''pain; illness''' yodo
* '''pale; split''' reta
* '''pan''' muyug
* '''pant, v.''' lawad
* '''pant; breathe, v.''' mora
* '''parade; show off, v.''' tasal
* '''pass away, v.''' lawu
* '''passage, narrow place''' leke
* '''pasture, v.''' trsr
* '''path''' tiyi
* '''path''' tiyi
* '''pay attention to, v.''' nada
* '''pea''' tharap
* '''pea; legume''' khiniy
* '''pebble''' khe:ru
* '''peel; break off, v.''' sabi
* '''peel; skin''' kohas
* '''peg''' tayus
* '''peg; wedge''' tela
* '''pelt''' phosus
* '''penis''' kiki
* '''perish, v.''' ghama
* '''perk''' wl:yl
* '''person''' khewen
* '''person''' khewen
* '''piece of land''' nldhl
* '''pig''' nosol
* '''pile up, v.''' glll
* '''pillar''' phobu
* '''pinch, v.''' yasa
* '''pipe''' bono
* '''pit; hollow''' hedhi
* '''pitiful; small''' lapha
* '''place to stay''' maba
* '''place, location''' tara
* '''place, location''' tara
* '''place, v.''' migin
* '''plait, v.''' rapha
* '''plait, v.''' dori
* '''plait, weave, v.''' kosor
* '''plait; string, v.''' lolo
* '''plait; weave, v.''' guru
* '''plait; weave, v.''' pigi
* '''plaited container''' khuru
* '''plaited work''' nene
* '''plant (type of)''' nnwn
* '''plant; root''' renuw
* '''play; joke, v.''' sosoph
* '''pleased, well inclined''' golo
* '''pledge''' masu
* '''pliable''' saru
* '''plot; originate, v.''' khinip
* '''plough, v.''' nagi
* '''ploughshare''' sepa
* '''pluck, v.''' rrkhr
* '''plug; pin''' ke:mu
* '''pointed''' theyul
* '''pointed; stake''' qrtr
* '''poke; hit, v.''' reyit
* '''pole; mast''' beler
* '''pole; rod''' kharu
* '''pole; stake''' sahay
* '''pole; stem''' khasa
* '''pole; stick''' ne:su
* '''pole; stick; stem''' rata
* '''polecat''' thusu
* '''poplar''' sesuth
* '''poppy''' radha
* '''possess, v.''' pa:tha
* '''post''' qryrt
* '''pot for cooking''' gunu
* '''pot; vat''' nnln
* '''pour out, v.''' subu
* '''pour, v.''' mini
* '''praise aloud, v.''' pama
* '''prattle, v.''' khnln
* '''pray, v.''' ke:re
* '''pregnant animal''' lighi
* '''prepare, v.''' rawar
* '''press down, v.''' soto
* '''press together, v.''' sryr
* '''press together, v.''' rmlm
* '''press, v.''' ghmdm
* '''press; crowd, v.''' boqo
* '''press; crush, v.''' maka
* '''press; maltreat, v.''' kasa
* '''press; pain, v.''' kobi
* '''prettify, make happy, v.''' tebe
* '''prick, v.''' sara
* '''prickly plant''' lesedh
* '''produce, v.''' bheku
* '''promote; hurry, v.''' kiyim
* '''prosper, v.''' rikhi
* '''protect, v.''' ro:ro
* '''puddle; ditch''' phara
* '''puddle; swamp''' labha
* '''pull out, v.''' gm:phm
* '''pull, v.''' themu
* '''punch, thrust, v.''' dukhu
* '''purify, v.''' tese
* '''push away, v.''' liqi
* '''push, v.''' yona
* '''put away, v.''' mudu
* '''put, v.''' ma:ma

==Q==
* '''quack; croak, v.''' gmlm
* '''quail''' dhrwr
* '''quake, v.''' rana
* '''quick''' hephe
* '''quick; violent''' lo:ho
* '''quickly''' yimi
* '''quiver, v.''' khabha

==R==
* '''rag''' monu
* '''rage, v.''' thili
* '''rage; tower up, v.''' pho:nar
* '''raging''' meyem
* '''rain''' koho
* '''rain''' koho
* '''raised place''' ghali
* '''rape (vegetable)''' momi
* '''raw; coarse; bitter''' lali
* '''reach somewhere, v.''' dayap
* '''reach, v.''' la:tha
* '''reach; grip, v.''' khawan
* '''reath''' gomi
* '''recognise, v.''' kapa
* '''red''' saga
* '''red''' saga
* '''reduce; small, v.''' turu
* '''reed''' bana
* '''(relative)''' ya
* '''relatives''' ghawa
* '''release''' so:ro
* '''release''' so:ro
* '''religious concept''' pele
* '''remain, v.''' thela
* '''renounce, v.''' nrkr
* '''reproach, v.''' moba
* '''resin''' sodho
* '''resound, v.''' dhedi
* '''respect, v.''' piphi
* '''respect; punish, v.''' lu:nu
* '''rest comfortably, v.''' pm:nm:gh
* '''rest, v.''' maya
* '''revile, v.''' tmdhm
* '''revile; abuse, v.''' sasu
* '''revulsion''' thuthu
* '''reward; pay''' kebe
* '''rib; breast''' biyil
* '''ride a vehicle, v.''' penu
* '''right place''' galu
* '''ring''' go:mokh
* '''rip off, v.''' lemu
* '''rip to pieces, v.''' barat
* '''rip up, v.''' gere
* '''rip up; dig, v.''' roko
* '''rip up; open, v.''' bha:ka
* '''rip, v.''' thlml
* '''rip; rag, v.''' thethi
* '''rise, v.''' pinib
* '''rite, ceremony''' lithi
* '''rite, ceremony''' lithi
* '''river, flowing water''' phigi
* '''roast; bake, v.''' thawat
* '''rob; rub, v.''' haya
* '''rock''' geris
* '''rock; stone''' ghowim
* '''rod''' ku:ru
* '''roof''' sewa
* '''root''' khudu
* '''root (edible)''' khudu
* '''rope''' daba
* '''rot, v.''' siti
* '''rot; stink, v.''' re:be
* '''rotten''' dala
* '''round''' duru
* '''round object''' duru
* '''row; herd''' khoro
* '''row; oar, v.''' mowos
* '''rub off, v.''' sa:ghi
* '''rub past, v.''' rede
* '''rub, v.''' bhatu
* '''rub; bore, v.''' hara
* '''ruminate; throat, v.''' pheme
* '''run away, v.''' mlthl
* '''run off (water), v.''' tha:ra
* '''run, v.''' lada
* '''run; flow, v.''' khedhe
* '''run; roll, v.''' qenu

==S==
* '''sacrificial animal''' nrmr
* '''sad, afflicted''' llwlw
* '''sad, out of humour''' rephe
* '''salt''' yigi
* '''sanctify, v.''' sayan
* '''sand''' likhi
* '''sand''' likhi
* '''sap; resin''' waqa
* '''satisfy oneself, v.''' dhowom
* '''scab''' ghayat
* '''scent''' tani
* '''scent out, v.''' yobho
* '''scent, v.''' raga
* '''scorn, v.''' gala
* '''scrape, v.''' bana
* '''scrape; gnaw, v.''' waba
* '''scratch skin, v.''' gaya
* '''scratch, v.''' kiyi
* '''scratch; comb, v.''' logi
* '''scratch; dig, v.''' ku:su
* '''scratch; slit, v.''' nephe
* '''scratch; slit, v.''' lere
* '''scream, v.''' pala
* '''sea''' thedi
* '''secrete, v.''' ghisi
* '''see''' khama
* '''see, v.''' khama
* '''seed''' yobho
* '''seed''' yobho
* '''seek, v.''' hnsnw
* '''seethe, v.''' nari
* '''seize, v.''' phada
* '''seize; grasp, v.''' pebha
* '''sell, v.''' yesep
* '''sell; earn, v.''' rnkn
* '''separate, v.''' niri
* '''set in motion, v.''' bhighi
* '''set, v.''' khigi
* '''settle, v.''' paba
* '''seven''' po:so
* '''seven''' po:so
* '''sew, v.''' pana
* '''shadow''' gm:dm
* '''shake, v.''' gryr
* '''share, v.''' lm:mm
* '''sharp''' dhnqnr
* '''sharp; pointed''' khe:be
* '''sharp-edged''' khota
* '''sharpen, v.''' ropo
* '''sharpen, v.''' thalak
* '''she''' ri
* '''she''' ri
* '''sheath''' buwud
* '''sheep''' nomu
* '''sheep''' yela
* '''sheep; pelt''' phumul
* '''shimmer, v.''' phiti
* '''shin-bone''' rotu
* '''shine, light, v.''' phikhi
* '''shine, v.''' resu
* '''shine; (colour), v.''' khisip
* '''shine; light, v.''' phebe
* '''shine; look, v.''' mopho
* '''shining bright''' tiwib
* '''ship''' mo:ra
* '''shit; hole, v.''' kha:wam
* '''shoes; leather''' rayu
* '''short''' lari
* '''short; small''' reme
* '''shoulder''' taya
* '''shoulder; arm; thigh''' bhatha
* '''shoulder; hip''' namagh
* '''shout, raise voice, v.''' thara
* '''shout, v.''' bheseb
* '''shout; loud, v.''' khitit
* '''shout; scream, v.''' tighi
* '''show, v.''' dethib
* '''show; be visible, v.''' yotho
* '''shriek, cry, v.''' ghesi
* '''shriek, v.''' khuwu
* '''shrink, make small, v.''' sepi
* '''shrivel up, v.''' naba
* '''shut away, v.''' si:khi
* '''shut in, v.''' thaga
* '''shut off, v.''' nudu
* '''shut, v.''' ghmsm
* '''sickle''' baga
* '''side''' ghuru
* '''side''' ghuru
* '''sieve, v.''' moru
* '''sift; riddle, v.''' korun
* '''sigh, v.''' sana
* '''significant talk''' do:ma
* '''sinew''' sigikh
* '''sing, v.''' ghowa
* '''sing; rejoice, v.''' nasu
* '''sink in, v.''' ragha
* '''sip, v.''' mono
* '''sister''' tiris
* '''sister-in-law''' ntnr
* '''sit''' qama
* '''sit, v.''' qama
* '''six''' thoko
* '''six''' thoko
* '''skilled manually''' mili
* '''skin''' dheme
* '''skin''' dheme
* '''skin, v.''' panu
* '''skin; leather bag''' sana
* '''skull''' gobo
* '''sky''' thayan
* '''slack''' napa
* '''slack''' lmbm
* '''slack; silly''' keta
* '''slant; slope, v.''' dhene
* '''slanting''' beni
* '''sleep''' loro
* '''sleep, v.''' loro
* '''slide, v.''' bibhi
* '''slide; slippery, v.''' mabha
* '''slimy''' sere
* '''slip, v.''' ynnn
* '''slit, v.''' dhaphi
* '''slow''' roda
* '''small''' pekhe
* '''small''' pekhe
* '''small animal''' mewu
* '''small, weak''' dapap
* '''smash, v.''' rebe
* '''smear, v.''' yama
* '''smell, v.''' bhayu
* '''smile, v.''' dhapha
* '''smoke''' ho:mo
* '''smoke, v.''' ho:mo
* '''smooth; even''' gidhi
* '''smoulder, v.''' sama
* '''snake''' yara
* '''sneeze''' phala
* '''sneeze, v.''' seye
* '''snore, v.''' phasi
* '''snow''' libhi
* '''snow; winter''' thumu
* '''sober''' lawa
* '''soft; mild''' lele
* '''soft; tender''' nera
* '''sole of foot''' lanar
* '''something bent''' phama
* '''something of sticks''' brgr
* '''son''' siki
* '''son-in-law''' sutu
* '''soon''' de:phe
* '''sort out, v.''' rawap
* '''sound, v.''' biki
* '''sound; bellow, v.''' mo:tam
* '''sound; drone, v.''' heyek
* '''sound; hear, v.''' la:ya
* '''sour; bitter''' peba
* '''sow, v.''' baya
* '''space; room''' gighi
* '''span of hand''' gmgm
* '''spar''' bhimi
* '''sparkle, v.''' gono
* '''sparrow (?) name of bird''' sewi
* '''sparrow; finch''' llslw
* '''speak''' tele
* '''speak formally, v.''' khiphi
* '''speak, v.''' tele
* '''spear''' phele
* '''speckled''' mele
* '''spin, v.''' mege
* '''spirit''' togho
* '''spiritual depression''' la:na
* '''spit''' piwit
* '''spit; spew, v.''' piwit
* '''splash, v.''' gapi
* '''spleen; milt''' pmmm
* '''split off, v.''' teher
* '''split, v.''' solikh
* '''split; cut, v.''' luhu
* '''spoil''' siti
* '''spongy''' hara
* '''spots (bright and dark)''' mekhu
* '''spout, v.''' ganu
* '''spray, v.''' weba
* '''spray;, v.''' mana
* '''spread legs, v.''' gedi
* '''spring''' khini
* '''sprinkle, v.''' raga
* '''sprout, v.''' ri:si
* '''spy; watch, v.''' blml
* '''squash, v.''' sewel
* '''squash, v.''' rapa
* '''squeak, v.''' rokha
* '''squirrel; weasel''' ghata
* '''stab, stick, v.''' thadi
* '''stab, v.''' toka
* '''staff (as support)''' kethem
* '''stain; dirty, v.''' titi
* '''stake''' ghadi
* '''stall''' leghedh
* '''stamp into pieces, v.''' mighi
* '''stamp; thrust, v.''' sunu
* '''stand''' nuyu
* '''stand out, v.''' dirir
* '''stand up stiff, v.''' na:gha
* '''stand, v.''' nuyu
* '''star''' la:ya
* '''star''' la:ya
* '''stare, v.''' ghala
* '''starling''' pho:sut
* '''statute; rule''' yono
* '''stay overnight, v.''' khodo
* '''steal; act secretly, v.''' kutu
* '''steal; rob, v.''' dharu
* '''stem''' rili
* '''stem; reed''' kimi
* '''step back; shy, v.''' gawal
* '''ster''' kegu
* '''stick''' lagha
* '''stick (hammer-shaped)''' ri:bhi
* '''stick; club''' dawas
* '''stick; stalk''' tekhe
* '''stiff''' nete
* '''stiff; rigid''' kha:ka
* '''stink, v.''' gomo
* '''stomach''' tasas
* '''stone''' kha:wal
* '''stone; rock''' kha:wal
* '''stop, v.''' mulugh
* '''straight''' ripi
* '''strain, v.''' pa:pi
* '''strangle, v.''' wusus
* '''strap''' yrsr
* '''streak past, v.''' thodu
* '''stream, v.''' naghu
* '''strength''' ma:na
* '''strength (of youth)''' nawar
* '''stretch out hand for, v.''' mapa
* '''stretch out, v.''' sese
* '''stretch out; broad, v.''' dugu
* '''stretch, v.''' dhasuk
* '''stretch; totter, v.''' reri
* '''strew; sow, v.''' domu
* '''stride, v.''' khani
* '''strip''' yewegh
* '''strip; beam''' phini
* '''striped''' ri:gi
* '''strive, v.''' rakha
* '''stroke, v.''' teghe
* '''strong''' gho:kho
* '''strong; big''' drwrth
* '''struggle, v.''' biniw
* '''stuff full, v.''' timi
* '''stumble, v.''' tedhe
* '''stunned''' so:bha
* '''stunted; curtailed''' taka
* '''stupid''' nepi
* '''suck(le), v.''' nemu
* '''suck(le); breast, v.''' lilip
* '''suck, v.''' bhnsn
* '''suffer, v.''' layaw
* '''sulky''' bhoni
* '''sulphur''' re:sil
* '''summer''' homo
* '''summer; harvest''' noki
* '''sun''' hara
* '''sun''' hara
* '''support, v.''' rete
* '''surge, v.''' balu
* '''swallow, v.''' meme
* '''swallow, v.''' peled
* '''swallow, v.''' doni
* '''swamp; blackish''' thini
* '''swamp; lake''' phayuh
* '''swamped by water''' ragi
* '''swarm, v.''' phi:yin
* '''swarm; swell, v.''' niyik
* '''sweat, v.''' lesid
* '''sweep, v.''' pipi
* '''sweet''' nana
* '''swell up, v.''' pawa
* '''swell, v.''' to:ro
* '''swelling''' logo
* '''swift''' ra:pa
* '''swift; rapid''' paya
* '''swill, v.''' napa
* '''swim''' nada
* '''swim''' nada
* '''swing; spin, v.''' doro
* '''swirl, v.''' liwi
* '''swollen; thick''' klhl
* '''sword''' romo

==T==
* '''tail''' sudu
* '''tail''' sudu
* '''take; seize, v.''' phasath
* '''talk, v.''' yoyod
* '''tame, v.''' lapu
* '''tarry; live, v.''' nlylr
* '''taste something, v.''' horo
* '''taste, v.''' kaya
* '''taste; enjoy, v.''' losi
* '''tear''' meka
* '''tear to pieces, v.''' sakha
* '''tear up; open, v.''' yasu
* '''tear, v.''' kori
* '''tell lies, v.''' peseb
* '''ten''' rede
* '''ten''' rede
* '''tender; weak''' peqa
* '''tendril; trap''' supu
* '''tense; tight''' leres
* '''testicle''' righi
* '''that''' ala
* '''that''' ala
* '''that yonder''' ara
* '''they''' te
* '''they''' te
* '''thick; big''' slrl
* '''thick; dense''' wanu
* '''thick; firm''' ro:da
* '''thick-haired''' liti
* '''thigh; leg''' gha:ra
* '''thin''' rephi
* '''thin shaft''' sumu
* '''thing''' relu
* '''think about, v.''' kheghu
* '''think of, v.''' mo:du
* '''think, v.''' dhabha
* '''think; feel, v.''' sapha
* '''this''' ana
* '''this''' ana
* '''thorn''' watha
* '''thou''' dini
* '''thousand''' petha
* '''threaten, v.''' deda
* '''three''' kasa
* '''three''' kasa
* '''throat''' tirikh
* '''through''' lepe
* '''through''' lepe
* '''throw shoot, v.''' wathim
* '''throw, v.''' dhlnl
* '''throw; shoot, v.''' pepe
* '''throw; strew, v.''' lobi
* '''throw; toss, v.''' phalu
* '''thrush''' khoru
* '''thrust together, v.''' sasar
* '''thrust, v.''' ledu
* '''thrust, v.''' para
* '''thrust; hit, v.''' bhapa
* '''thrust; injure, v.''' yonup
* '''thud, dull noise''' nonu
* '''tie up, v.''' tetu
* '''tie, v.''' yo:qu
* '''tie; bind, v.''' tata
* '''time, occasion''' wa:ha
* '''tip''' baban
* '''tip, sting''' kedhi
* '''tire, make tired, v.''' kiwiy
* '''tire; rest, v.''' sudhu
* '''tired; weak''' kethe
* '''to, with''' lara
* '''tongue''' dele
* '''tongue''' dele
* '''tooth''' pene
* '''tooth''' pene
* '''top''' su
* '''top''' su
* '''torment, v.''' lmwm
* '''torment; pain''' goko
* '''torso, upper body''' thaha
* '''totter, v.''' loyus
* '''touch, v.''' nini
* '''touch; press, v.''' bhetha
* '''tower up, v.''' biyi
* '''tower; jut out, v.''' mnmn
* '''track; furrow, v.''' wali
* '''trail, v.''' nakha
* '''trample, v.''' desim
* '''tread down, v.''' gheye
* '''tread; go, v.''' domi
* '''tree''' thala
* '''tree''' thala
* '''tree (type of)''' tnrn
* '''tremble, v.''' bini
* '''trickle, v.''' kusuth
* '''trip, v.''' mahuh
* '''trip; trample, v.''' dhawa
* '''trouble oneself, v.''' gnrnkh
* '''trough''' thoya
* '''truly''' sowop
* '''tumble down, v.''' slml
* '''turn away, v.''' bona
* '''turn green, v.''' tibhi
* '''turn, v.''' riqi
* '''turn, v.''' bewa
* '''turn, v.''' ynqngh
* '''turn; twist, v.''' rlyll
* '''turn; wind, v.''' dhowak
* '''turn; wrap, v.''' yetu
* '''turtle''' rokhu
* '''twenty''' losu
* '''twig''' muhum
* '''twig (pliable)''' khaba
* '''twig (thin &amp; pliable)''' hrthr
* '''twig; bough''' wesa
* '''twig; branch''' batha
* '''twine threads, v.''' hepi
* '''twist to rope, v.''' beqel
* '''twitter, v.''' dere
* '''two''' sawa
* '''two''' sawa

==U==
* '''udder''' mesew
* '''under''' nere
* '''understand, v.''' bhami
* '''unite, v.''' lili
* '''unpleasant''' putu
* '''unripe''' sutu
* '''unwilling''' weme
* '''unwilling; vexed''' khapa
* '''up to''' pha:ra
* '''upwards''' depe
* '''urinate, v.''' yera

==V==
* '''vault, v.''' ghepu
* '''vault; breast''' phili
* '''vein; tendon''' bhebe
* '''venerate, v.''' rimi
* '''version''' kadha
* '''vessel''' mogo
* '''vexacious''' tana
* '''victory''' ghi:bi
* '''vine''' gheni
* '''vine; stem''' meri
* '''vomit, v.''' phiri
* '''vulture''' rowo
* '''vulva''' kama

==W==
* '''wade, v.''' lona
* '''walk''' rama
* '''walk''' rama
* '''wander about, v.''' beleh
* '''wander, v.''' wmtm
* '''wander; go, v.''' nrhrn
* '''wane, v.''' ra:wap
* '''want, v.''' thaha
* '''want; choose, v.''' damu
* '''want; wish, v.''' mete
* '''war; army''' boli
* '''ward off, v.''' norar
* '''warm''' kokha
* '''warm time; summer''' woso
* '''warm; roast, v.''' gha:yu
* '''wash, v.''' segha
* '''wasp''' sm:thm
* '''watch closely, v.''' redha
* '''water''' lu:su
* '''water''' lu:su
* '''water course''' dathi
* '''wave hand, v.''' ka:na
* '''wavy''' wili
* '''wax''' tege
* '''we''' ke
* '''we''' ke
* '''we, they and I''' thene
* '''we, you and I''' ghene
* '''weak; miserable''' tanaph
* '''weasel''' dhe:se
* '''weave, v.''' ginid
* '''weave; plait, v.''' sanu
* '''weed''' masa
* '''weep, v.''' me:le
* '''well up, v.''' dede
* '''well-disposed''' sighi
* '''wet''' ml:nlgh
* '''wet element''' getha
* '''wet, v.''' latu
* '''wetness; spring''' munu
* '''whale, large fish''' dhibi
* '''whirl, v.''' khasa
* '''whistle (wind), v.''' rilir
* '''whistle; pipe, v.''' ghana
* '''white''' pala
* '''white''' pala
* '''whole''' kalah
* '''whole, well''' yeli
* '''wide''' leghe
* '''wide; long''' nutu
* '''wild animal''' di:gi
* '''wild boar''' neke
* '''wind, n.''' saya
* '''wind, v.''' talak
* '''wine''' ta:tha
* '''winnow grain, v.''' khora
* '''wish, v.''' bhabha
* '''wish; want, v.''' thuhu
* '''wither, v.''' phapa
* '''without''' gese
* '''wizard''' garam
* '''woe; wolf''' kagha
* '''wolf''' luku
* '''woman''' mada
* '''woman''' mada
* '''womb''' ralar
* '''woo; marry, v.''' tho:nom
* '''wood (piece of)''' numu
* '''wood; forest''' karudh
* '''wool; flock''' nata
* '''wool; woollen garment''' lathu
* '''woollen''' midhi
* '''work with sharp tool, v.''' hala
* '''work, do, v.''' dlylb
* '''work, v.''' dhono
* '''world''' rada
* '''world''' rada
* '''worm''' resil
* '''worm; maggot''' thnbhn
* '''worry about sth, v.''' lothi
* '''worry, v.''' lewa
* '''wound; injure, v.''' pogho
* '''wrinkle up, v.''' bimir

==Y==
* '''yawn, v.''' rama
* '''year''' lapa
* '''year, to go''' loki
* '''yellow''' sa:da
* '''yellow; brown''' sa:na
* '''yesterday''' he:ge
* '''you''' le
* '''you''' le
* '''you (pl.)''' ge
* '''young''' pimi
* '''young man''' si:ti
* '''young of animal''' ghete

[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Source material]]
[[Category:Dele]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Widetoc</title>
    <id>695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5246</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-13T18:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added __NOTOC__</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|}
__NOTOC__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Latin characters</title>
    <id>696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4065</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-21T23:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>M</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==A==
===a===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| a || &amp;amp;#x0061; || Latin small letter a
|-
| ａ || &amp;amp;#xFF41; || Fullwidth Latin small letter a
|-
| ◌ͣ || &amp;amp;#x0363; || Combining Latin small letter a
|-
| 𝐚 || &amp;amp;#x1D41A; || Mathematical bold small a
|-
| 𝑎 || &amp;amp;#x1D44E; || Mathematical italic small a
|-
| 𝒂 || &amp;amp;#x1D482; || Mathematical bold italic small a
|-
| 𝒶 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B6; || Mathematical script small a
|-
| 𝓪 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EA; || Mathematical bold script small a
|-
| 𝔞 || &amp;amp;#x1D51E; || Mathematical Fraktur small a
|-
| 𝕒 || &amp;amp;#x1D552; || Mathematical double-struck small a
|-
| 𝖆 || &amp;amp;#x1D586; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small a
|-
| 𝖺 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BA; || Mathematical sans-serif small a
|-
| 𝗮 || &amp;amp;#x1D5EE; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small a
|-
| 𝘢 || &amp;amp;#x1D622; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small a
|-
| 𝙖 || &amp;amp;#x1D656; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small a
|-
| 𝚊 || &amp;amp;#x1D68A; || Mathematical monospace small a
|-
| ⓐ || &amp;amp;#x24D0; || Circled Latin small letter a
|-
| A || &amp;amp;#x0041; || Latin capital letter A
|-
| Ａ || &amp;amp;#xFF21; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter A
|-
| 𝐀 || &amp;amp;#x1D400; || Mathematical bold capital A
|-
| 𝐴 || &amp;amp;#x1D434; || Mathematical italic capital A
|-
| 𝑨 || &amp;amp;#x1D468; || Mathematical bold italic capital A
|-
| 𝒜 || &amp;amp;#x1D49C; || Mathematical script capital A
|-
| 𝓐 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D0; || Mathematical bold script capital A
|-
| 𝔄 || &amp;amp;#x1D504; || Mathematical Fraktur capital A
|-
| 𝔸 || &amp;amp;#x1D538; || Mathematical double-struck capital A
|-
| 𝕬 || &amp;amp;#x1D56C; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital A
|-
| 𝖠 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A0; || Mathematical sans-serif capital A
|-
| 𝗔 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D4; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital A
|-
| 𝘈 || &amp;amp;#x1D608; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital A
|-
| 𝘼 || &amp;amp;#x1D63C; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital A
|-
| 𝙰 || &amp;amp;#x1D670; || Mathematical monospace capital A
|-
| Ⓐ || &amp;amp;#x24B6; || Circled Latin capital letter A
|-
| ª || &amp;amp;#x00AA; || Feminine ordinal indicator
|-
| ᴬ || &amp;amp;#x1D2C; || Modifier letter capital A
|-
| ᵃ || &amp;amp;#x1D43; || Modifier letter small A
|-
| á || &amp;amp;#x00E1; || Latin small letter a with acute
|-
| Á || &amp;amp;#x00C1; || Latin capital letter A with acute
|-
| à || &amp;amp;#x00E0; || Latin small letter a with grave
|-
| À || &amp;amp;#x00C0; || Latin capital letter A with grave
|-
| ă || &amp;amp;#x0103; || Latin small letter a with breve
|-
| Ă || &amp;amp;#x0102; || Latin capital letter A with breve
|-
| ắ || &amp;amp;#x1EAF; || Latin small letter a with breve and acute
|-
| Ắ || &amp;amp;#x1EAE; || Latin capital letter A with breve and acute
|-
| ằ || &amp;amp;#x1EB1; || Latin small letter a with breve and grave
|-
| Ằ || &amp;amp;#x1EB0; || Latin capital letter A with breve and grave
|-
| ẵ || &amp;amp;#x1EB5; || Latin small letter a with breve and tilde
|-
| Ẵ || &amp;amp;#x1EB4; || Latin capital letter A with breve and tilde
|-
| ẳ || &amp;amp;#x1EB3; || Latin small letter a with breve and hook above
|-
| Ẳ || &amp;amp;#x1EB2; || Latin capital letter A with breve and hook above
|-
| â || &amp;amp;#x00E2; || Latin small letter a with circumflex
|-
| Â || &amp;amp;#x00C2; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex
|-
| ấ || &amp;amp;#x1EA5; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and acute
|-
| Ấ || &amp;amp;#x1EA4; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and acute
|-
| ầ || &amp;amp;#x1EA7; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and grave
|-
| Ầ || &amp;amp;#x1EA6; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and grave
|-
| ẫ || &amp;amp;#x1EAB; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and tilde
|-
| Ẫ || &amp;amp;#x1EAA; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and tilde
|-
| ẩ || &amp;amp;#x1EA9; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and hook above
|-
| Ẩ || &amp;amp;#x1EA8; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and hook above
|-
| ǎ || &amp;amp;#x01CE; || Latin small letter a with caron
|-
| Ǎ || &amp;amp;#x01CD; || Latin capital letter A with caron
|-
| å || &amp;amp;#x00E5; || Latin small letter a with ring above
|-
| Å || &amp;amp;#x00C5; || Latin capital letter A with ring above
|-
| Å || &amp;amp;#x212B; || Angstrom sign
|-
| ǻ || &amp;amp;#x01FB; || Latin small letter a with ring above and acute
|-
| Ǻ || &amp;amp;#x01FA; || Latin capital letter A with ring above and acute
|-
| ä || &amp;amp;#x00E4; || Latin small letter a with diaeresis
|-
| Ä || &amp;amp;#x00C4; || Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
|-
| ǟ || &amp;amp;#x01DF; || Latin small letter a with diaeresis and macron
|-
| Ǟ || &amp;amp;#x01DE; || Latin capital letter A with diaeresis and macron
|-
| ã || &amp;amp;#x00E3; || Latin small letter a with tilde
|-
| Ã || &amp;amp;#x00C3; || Latin capital letter A with tilde
|-
| ȧ || &amp;amp;#x0227; || Latin small letter a with dot above
|-
| Ȧ || &amp;amp;#x0226; || Latin capital letter A with dot above
|-
| ǡ || &amp;amp;#x01E1; || Latin small letter a with dot above and macron
|-
| Ǡ || &amp;amp;#x01E0; || Latin capital letter A with dot above and macron
|-
| ą || &amp;amp;#x0105; || Latin small letter a with ogonek
|-
| Ą || &amp;amp;#x0104; || Latin capital letter A with ogonek
|-
| ā || &amp;amp;#x0101; || Latin small letter a with macron
|-
| Ā || &amp;amp;#x0100; || Latin capital letter A with macron
|-
| ả || &amp;amp;#x1EA3; || Latin small letter a with hook above
|-
| Ả || &amp;amp;#x1EA2; || Latin capital letter A with hook above
|-
| ȁ || &amp;amp;#x0201; || Latin small letter a with double grave
|-
| Ȁ || &amp;amp;#x0200; || Latin capital letter A with double grave
|-
| ȃ || &amp;amp;#x0203; || Latin small letter a with inverted breve
|-
| Ȃ || &amp;amp;#x0202; || Latin capital letter A with inverted breve
|-
| ạ || &amp;amp;#x1EA1; || Latin small letter a with dot below
|-
| Ạ || &amp;amp;#x1EA0; || Latin capital letter A with dot below 
|-
| ặ || &amp;amp;#x1EB7; || Latin small letter a with breve and dot below
|-
| Ặ || &amp;amp;#x1EB6; || Latin capital letter A with breve and dot below
|-
| ậ || &amp;amp;#x1EAD; || Latin small letter a with circumflex and dot below
|-
| Ậ || &amp;amp;#x1EAC; || Latin capital letter A with circumflex and dot below
|-
| ḁ || &amp;amp;#x1E01; || Latin small letter a with ring below
|-
| Ḁ || &amp;amp;#x1E00; || Latin capital letter A with ring below
|-
| ㏂ || &amp;amp;#x33C2; || Square am
|-
| ℀ || &amp;amp;#x2100; || Account of
|-
| ℁ || &amp;amp;#x2101; || Addressed to the subject
|-
| ㏟ || &amp;amp;#x33DF; || Square a over m
|-
| ㍳ || &amp;amp;#x3373; || Square AU
|-
| ẚ || &amp;amp;#x1E9A; || Latin small letter a with right half ring
|-
| ᴀ || &amp;amp;#x1D00; || Latin letter small capital A
|}

=== æ (ash) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| æ || &amp;amp;#x00E6; || Latin small letter ae
|-
| Æ || &amp;amp;#x00C6; || Latin capital letter AE
|-
| ᴭ || &amp;amp;#x1D2D; || Modifier letter capital AE
|-
| ǽ || &amp;amp;#x01FD; || Latin small letter ae with acute
|-
| Ǽ || &amp;amp;#x01FC; || Latin capital letter AE with acute
|-
| ǣ || &amp;amp;#x01E3; || Latin small letter ae with macron
|-
| Ǣ || &amp;amp;#x01E2; || Latin capital letter AE with macron
|-
| ᴁ || &amp;amp;#x1D01; || Latin small capital AE
|}

=== ᴂ (turned ash) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ᴂ || &amp;amp;#x1D02; || Latin small letter turned ae
|-
| ᵆ || &amp;amp;#x1D46; || Modifier letter small turned ae
|}

=== ɐ (turned a) ===

{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɐ || &amp;amp;#x0250; || Latin small letter turned a
|-
| ᵄ || &amp;amp;#x1D44; || Modifier letter small turned a
|}

=== ɑ (alpha) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɑ || &amp;amp;#x0251; || Latin small letter alpha
|-
| ᵅ || &amp;amp;#x1D45; || Modifier letter small alpha
|}

===ɒ (turned alpha)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɒ || &amp;amp;#x0252; || Latin small letter turned alpha
|}

==B==
=== b ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| b || &amp;amp;#x0062; || Latin small letter b
|-
| ｂ || &amp;amp;#xFF42; || Fullwidth Latin small letter b
|-
| 𝐛 || &amp;amp;#x1D41B; || Mathematical bold small b
|-
| 𝑏 || &amp;amp;#x1D44F; || Mathematical italic small b
|-
| 𝒃 || &amp;amp;#x1D483; || Mathematical bold italic small b
|-
| 𝒷 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B7; || Mathematical script small b
|-
| 𝓫 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EB; || Mathematical bold script small b
|-
| 𝔟 || &amp;amp;#x1D51F; || Mathematical Fraktur small b
|-
| 𝕓 || &amp;amp;#x1D553; || Mathematical double-struck small b
|-
| 𝖇 || &amp;amp;#x1D587; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small b
|-
| 𝖻 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BB; || Mathematical sans-serif small b
|-
| 𝗯 || &amp;amp;#x1D5EF; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small b
|-
| 𝘣 || &amp;amp;#x1D623; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small b
|-
| 𝙗 || &amp;amp;#x1D657; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small b
|-
| 𝚋 || &amp;amp;#x1D68B; || Mathematical monospace small b
|-
| ⓑ || &amp;amp;#x24D1; || Circled Latin small letter b
|-
| B || &amp;amp;#x0042; || Latin capital letter B
|-
| Ｂ || &amp;amp;#xFF22; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter B
|-
| ℬ || &amp;amp;#x212C; || Script capital B
|-
| 𝐁 || &amp;amp;#x1D401; || Mathematical bold capital B
|-
| 𝐵 || &amp;amp;#x1D435; || Mathematical italic capital B
|-
| 𝑩 || &amp;amp;#x1D469; || Mathematical bold italic capital B
|-
| 𝓑 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D1; || Mathematical bold script capital B
|-
| 𝔅 || &amp;amp;#x1D505; || Mathematical Fraktur capital B
|-
| 𝔹 || &amp;amp;#x1D539; || Mathematical double-struck capital B
|-
| 𝕭 || &amp;amp;#x1D56D; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital B
|-
| 𝖡 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A1; || Mathematical sans-serif capital B
|-
| 𝗕 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D5; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital B
|-
| 𝘉 || &amp;amp;#x1D609; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital B
|-
| 𝘽 || &amp;amp;#x1D63D; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital B
|-
| 𝙱 || &amp;amp;#x1D671; || Mathematical monospace capital B
|-
| Ⓑ || &amp;amp;#x24B7; || Circled Latin capital letter B
|-
| ᴮ || &amp;amp;#x1D2E; || Modifier letter capital B
|-
| ᵇ || &amp;amp;#x1D47; || Modifier letter small b
|-
| ḃ || &amp;amp;#x1E03; || Latin small letter b with dot above
|-
| Ḃ || &amp;amp;#x1E02; || Latin capital letter B with dot above
|-
| ḅ || &amp;amp;#x1E05; || Latin small letter b with dot below
|-
| Ḅ || &amp;amp;#x1E04; || Latin capital letter B with dot below
|-
| ḇ || &amp;amp;#x1E07; || Latin small letter b with line below
|-
| Ḇ || &amp;amp;#x1E06; || Latin capital letter B with line below
|-
| ㍴ || &amp;amp;#x3374; || Square bar
|-
| ㏃ || &amp;amp;#x33C3; || Square Bq
|-
| ʙ || &amp;amp;#x0299; || Latin letter small capital B
|}

=== ƀ (struck b) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| ƀ || &amp;amp;#x0180; || Latin small letter b with stroke
|-
| ᴯ || &amp;amp;#x1D2F; || Modifier letter capital barred B 
|-
| ᴃ || &amp;amp;#x1D03; || Latin letter small capital barred B
|}

=== ɓ (hooked b) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɓ || &amp;amp;#x0253; || Latin small letter b with hook
|-
| Ɓ || &amp;amp;#x0181; || Latin capital letter B with hook
|}

===ƃ (top-barred b)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƃ || &amp;amp;#x0183; || Latin small letter b with topbar
|-
| Ƃ || &amp;amp;#x0182; || Latin capital letter B with topbar
|}

==C==
=== c ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| c  || &amp;amp;#x0063; || Latin small letter c
|-
| ｃ || &amp;amp;#xFF43; || Fullwidth Latin small letter c
|-
| ◌ͨ || &amp;amp;#x0368; || Combining Latin small letter c
|-
| ⅽ || &amp;amp;#x217D; || Small Roman numeral one hundred
|-
| 𝐜 || &amp;amp;#x1D41C; || Mathematical bold small c
|-
| 𝑐 || &amp;amp;#x1D450; || Mathematical italic small c
|-
| 𝒄 || &amp;amp;#x1D484; || Mathematical bold italic small c
|-
| 𝒸 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B8; || Mathematical script small c
|-
| 𝓬 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EC; || Mathematical bold script small c
|-
| 𝔠 || &amp;amp;#x1D520; || Mathematical Fraktur small c
|-
| 𝕔 || &amp;amp;#x1D554; || Mathematical double-struck small c
|-
| 𝖈 || &amp;amp;#x1D588; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small c
|-
| 𝖼 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BC; || Mathematical sans-serif small c
|-
| 𝗰 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F0; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small c
|-
| 𝘤 || &amp;amp;#x1D624; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small c
|-
| 𝙘 || &amp;amp;#x1D658; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small c
|-
| 𝚌 || &amp;amp;#x1D68C; || Mathematical monospace small c
|-
| ⓒ || &amp;amp;#x24D2; || Circled Latin small letter c
|-
| C || &amp;amp;#x0043; || Latin capital letter C
|-
| Ｃ || &amp;amp;#xFF23; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter C
|-
| Ⅽ || &amp;amp;#x216D; || Roman numeral one hundred
|-
| ℂ || &amp;amp;#x2102; || Double-struck capital C
|-
| ℭ || &amp;amp;#x212D; || Black-letter capital C
|-
| 𝐂 || &amp;amp;#x1D402; || Mathematical bold capital C
|-
| 𝐶 || &amp;amp;#x1D436; || Mathematical italic capital C
|-
| 𝑪 || &amp;amp;#x1D46A; || Mathematical bold italic capital C
|-
| 𝒞 || &amp;amp;#x1D49E; || Mathematical script capital C
|-
| 𝓒 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D2; || Mathematical bold script capital C
|-
| 𝕮 || &amp;amp;#x1D56E; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital C
|-
| 𝖢 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A2; || Mathematical sans-serif capital C
|-
| 𝗖 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D6; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital C
|-
| 𝘊 || &amp;amp;#x1D60A; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital C
|-
| 𝘾 || &amp;amp;#x1D63E; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital C
|-
| 𝙲 || &amp;amp;#x1D672; || Mathematical monospace capital C
|-
| Ⓒ || &amp;amp;#x24B8; || Circled Latin capital letter C
|-
| ć || &amp;amp;#x0107; || Latin small letter c with acute
|-
| Ć || &amp;amp;#x0106; || Latin capital letter C with acute
|-
| ĉ || &amp;amp;#x0109; || Latin small letter c with circumflex
|-
| Ĉ || &amp;amp;#x0108; || Latin capital letter C with circumflex
|-
| č || &amp;amp;#x010D; || Latin small letter c with caron
|-
| Č || &amp;amp;#x010C; || Latin capital letter C with caron
|-
| ċ || &amp;amp;#x010B; || Latin small letter c with dot above
|-
| Ċ || &amp;amp;#x010A; || Latin capital letter C with dot above
|-
| ç || &amp;amp;#x00E7; || Latin small letter c with cedilla
|-
| Ç || &amp;amp;#x00C7; || Latin capital letter C with cedilla
|-
| ḉ || &amp;amp;#x1E09; || Latin small letter c with cedilla and acute
|-
| Ḉ || &amp;amp;#x1E08; || Latin capital letter C with cedilla and acute
|-
| ℅ || &amp;amp;#x2105; || Care of
|-
| ℆ || &amp;amp;#x2106; || Cada una
|-
| ㏆ || &amp;amp;#x33C6; || Square C over kg
|-
| ㎈ || &amp;amp;#x3388; || Square cal
|-
| ㏄ || &amp;amp;#x33C4; || Square cc
|-
| ㏅ || &amp;amp;#x33C5; || Square cd
|-
| ㎝ || &amp;amp;#x339D; || Square cm
|-
| ㎠ || &amp;amp;#x33A0; || Square cm squared
|-
| ㎤ || &amp;amp;#x33A4; || Square cm cubed
|-
| ㏇ || &amp;amp;#x33C7; || Square co
|-
| ᴄ || &amp;amp;#x1D04; || Latin letter small capital C
|}

=== ƈ (hooked c) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƈ || &amp;amp;#x0188; || Latin small letter c with hook
|-
| Ƈ || &amp;amp;#x0187; || Latin capital letter C with hook
|}

===ɕ (curled c) ===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɕ || &amp;amp;#x0255; || Latin small letter c with curl
|}

==D==
=== d ===

{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| d || &amp;amp;#x0064; || Latin small letter d
|-
| ｄ || &amp;amp;#xFF44; || Fullwidth Latin small letter d
|-
| ◌ͩ || &amp;amp;#x0369; || Combining Latin small letter d
|-
| ⅾ || &amp;amp;#x217E; || Small Roman numeral five hundred
|-
| ⅆ || &amp;amp;#x2146; || Double-struck italic small d
|-
| 𝐝 || &amp;amp;#x1D41D; || Mathematical bold small d
|-
| 𝑑 || &amp;amp;#x1D451; || Mathematical italic small d
|-
| 𝒅 || &amp;amp;#x1D485; || Mathematical bold italic small d
|-
| 𝒹 || &amp;amp;#x1D4B9;  || Mathematical script small d
|-
| 𝓭 || &amp;amp;#x1D4ED; || Mathematical bold script small d
|-
| 𝔡 || &amp;amp;#x1D521; || Mathematical Fraktur small d
|-
| 𝕕 || &amp;amp;#x1D555; || Mathematical double-struck small d
|-
| 𝖉 || &amp;amp;#x1D589; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small d
|-
| 𝖽 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BD; || Mathematical sans-serif small d
|-
| 𝗱 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F1; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small d
|-
| 𝘥 || &amp;amp;#x1D625; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small d
|-
| 𝙙 || &amp;amp;#x1D659; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small d
|-
| 𝚍 || &amp;amp;#x1D68D; || Mathematical monospace small d
|-
| ⓓ || &amp;amp;#x24D3; || Circled Latin small letter d
|-
| D || &amp;amp;#x0044; || Latin capital letter D
|-
| Ｄ || &amp;amp;#xFF24; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter D
|-
| Ⅾ || &amp;amp;#x216E; || Roman numeral five hundred
|-
| ⅅ || &amp;amp;#x2145; || Double-struck italic capital D
|-
| 𝐃 || &amp;amp;#x1D403; || Mathematical bold capital D
|-
| 𝐷 || &amp;amp;#x1D437; || Mathematical italic capital D
|-
| 𝑫 || &amp;amp;#x1D46B; || Mathematical bold italic capital D
|-
| 𝒟 || &amp;amp;#x1D49F; || Mathematical script capital D
|-
| 𝓓 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D3; || Mathematical bold script capital D
|-
| 𝔇 || &amp;amp;#x1D507; || Mathematical Fraktur capital D
|-
| 𝔻 || &amp;amp;#x1D53B; || Mathematical double-struck capital D
|-
| 𝕯 || &amp;amp;#x1D56F; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital D
|-
| 𝖣 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A3; || Mathematical sans-serif capital D
|-
| 𝗗 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D7; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital D
|-
| 𝘋 || &amp;amp;#x1D60B; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital D
|-
| 𝘿 || &amp;amp;#x1D63F; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital D
|-
| 𝙳 || &amp;amp;#x1D673; || Mathematical monospace capital D
|-
| Ⓓ || &amp;amp;#x24B9; || Circled Latin capital letter D
|-
| ᴰ || &amp;amp;#x1D30;  || Modifier letter capital D
|-
| ᵈ || &amp;amp;#x1D48; || Modifier letter small d
|-
| ď || &amp;amp;#x010F; || Latin small letter d with caron
|-
| Ď || &amp;amp;#x010E; || Latin capital letter D with caron
|-
| ḋ || &amp;amp;#x1E0B; || Latin small letter d with dot above
|-
| Ḋ || &amp;amp;#x1E0A; || Latin capital letter D with dot above
|-
| ḑ || &amp;amp;#x1E11; || Latin small letter d with cedilla
|-
| Ḑ || &amp;amp;#x1E10; || Latin capital letter D with cedilla
|-
| ḍ || &amp;amp;#x1E0D; || Latin small letter d with dot below
|-
| Ḍ || &amp;amp;#x1E0C; || Latin capital letter D with dot below
|-
| ḓ || &amp;amp;#x1E13; || Latin small letter d with circumflex below
|-
| Ḓ || &amp;amp;#x1E12; || Latin capital letter D with circumflex below
|-
| ḏ || &amp;amp;#x1E0F; || Latin small letter d with line below
|-
| Ḏ || &amp;amp;#x1E0E; || Latin capital letter D with line below
|-
| ㍲ || &amp;amp;#x3372; || Square da
|-
| ㏈ || &amp;amp;#x33C8; || Square dB
|-
| ㎗ || &amp;amp;#x3397; || Square dl
|-
| ㍷ || &amp;amp;#x3377; || Square dm
|-
| ㍸ || &amp;amp;#x3378; || Square dm squared
|-
| ㍹ || &amp;amp;#x3379; || Square dm cubed
|-
| ǳ || &amp;amp;#x01F3; || Latin small letter dz
|-
| ʣ || &amp;amp;#x02A3; || Latin small letter dz digraph
|-
| ǲ || &amp;amp;#x01F2; || Latin capital letter D with small letter z
|-
| Ǳ || &amp;amp;#x01F1; || Latin capital letter DZ
|-
| ǆ || &amp;amp;#x01C6; || Latin small letter dz with caron
|-
| ǅ || &amp;amp;#x01C5; || Latin capital letter D with small letter z with caron
|-
| Ǆ || &amp;amp;#x01C4; || Latin capital letter DZ with caron
|-
| ʥ || &amp;amp;#x02A5; || Latin small letter dz digraph with curl
|-
| ʤ || &amp;amp;#x02A4; || Latin small letter dezh digraph
|-
| ᴅ || &amp;amp;#x1D05; || Latin letter small capital D
|}

=== đ (struck d) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| đ || &amp;amp;#x0111; || Latin small letter d with stroke
|-
| Đ || &amp;amp;#x0110; || Latin capital letter D with stroke
|}

===ɖ (tailed d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɖ || &amp;amp;#x0256; || Latin small letter d with tail
|-
| Ɖ || &amp;amp;#x0189; || Latin capital letter African D
|}

===ɗ (hooked d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɗ || &amp;amp;#x0257; || Latin small letter d with hook
|-
| Ɗ || &amp;amp;#x018A; || Latin capital letter D with hook
|}

===ƌ (top-barred d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƌ || &amp;amp;#x018C; || Latin small letter d with topbar
|-
| Ƌ || &amp;amp;#x018B; || Latin capital letter D with topbar
|}

===ȡ (curled d)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ȡ || &amp;amp;#x0221; || Latin small letter d with curl
|}

===ð (eth)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ð || &amp;amp;#x00F0; || Latin small letter eth
|-
| Ð || &amp;amp;#x00D0; || Latin capital letter eth
|-
| ᴆ || &amp;amp;#x1D06; || Latin letter small capital eth
|}

==E==
=== e ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| e || &amp;amp;#x0065; || Latin small letter e
|-
| ｅ || &amp;amp;#xFF45; || Fullwidth Latin small letter e
|-
| ◌ͤ || &amp;amp;#x0364; || Combining Latin small letter e
|-
| ℯ || &amp;amp;#x212F; || Script small e
|-
| ⅇ || &amp;amp;#x2147; || Double-struck italic small e
|-
| 𝐞 || &amp;amp;#x1D41E; || Mathematical bold small e
|-
| 𝑒 || &amp;amp;#x1D452; || Mathematical italic small e
|-
| 𝒆 || &amp;amp;#x1D486; || Mathematical bold italic small e
|-
| 𝓮 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EE; || Mathematical bold script small e
|-
| 𝔢 || &amp;amp;#x1D522; || Mathematical Fraktur small e
|-
| 𝕖 || &amp;amp;#x1D556; || Mathematical double-struck small e
|-
| 𝖊 || &amp;amp;#x1D58A; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small e
|-
| 𝖾 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BE; || Mathematical sans-serif small e
|-
| 𝗲 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F2; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small e
|-
| 𝘦 || &amp;amp;#x1D626; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small e
|-
| 𝙚 || &amp;amp;#x1D65A; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small e
|-
| 𝚎 || &amp;amp;#x1D68E; || Mathematical monospace small e
|-
| ⓔ || &amp;amp;#x24D4; || Circled Latin small letter e
|-
| E || &amp;amp;#x0045; || Latin capital letter E
|-
| Ｅ || &amp;amp;#xFF25; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter E
|-
| ℰ || &amp;amp;#x2130; || Script capital E
|-
| 𝐄 || &amp;amp;#x1D404; || Mathematical bold capital E
|-
| 𝐸 || &amp;amp;#x1D438; || Mathematical italic capital E
|-
| 𝑬 || &amp;amp;#x1D46C; || Mathematical bold italic capital E
|-
| 𝓔 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D4; || Mathematical bold script capital E
|-
| 𝔈 || &amp;amp;#x1D508; || Mathematical Fraktur capital E
|-
| 𝔼 || &amp;amp;#x1D53C; || Mathematical double-struck capital E
|-
| 𝕰 || &amp;amp;#x1D570; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital E
|-
| 𝖤 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A4; || Mathematical sans-serif capital E
|-
| 𝗘 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D8; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital E
|-
| 𝘌 || &amp;amp;#x1D60C; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital E
|-
| 𝙀 || &amp;amp;#x1D640; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital E
|-
| 𝙴 || &amp;amp;#x1D674; || Mathematical monospace capital E
|-
| Ⓔ || &amp;amp;#x24BA; || Circled Latin capital letter E
|-
| ᴱ || &amp;amp;#x1D31; || Modifier letter capital E
|-
| ᵉ || &amp;amp;#x1D49; || Modifier letter small e
|-
| é || &amp;amp;#x00E9; || Latin small letter e with acute
|-
| É || &amp;amp;#x00C9; || Latin capital letter E with acute
|-
| è || &amp;amp;#x00E8; || Latin small letter e with grave
|-
| È || &amp;amp;#x00C8; || Latin capital letter E with grave
|-
| ĕ || &amp;amp;#x0115; || Latin small letter e with breve
|-
| Ĕ || &amp;amp;#x0114; || Latin capital letter E with breve
|-
| ê || &amp;amp;#x00EA; || Latin small letter e with circumflex
|-
| Ê || &amp;amp;#x00CA; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex
|-
| ế || &amp;amp;#x1EBF; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and acute
|-
| Ế || &amp;amp;#x1EBE; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and acute
|-
| ề || &amp;amp;#x1EC1; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and grave
|-
| Ề || &amp;amp;#x1EC0; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and grave
|-
| ễ || &amp;amp;#x1EC5; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and tilde
|-
| Ễ || &amp;amp;#x1EC4; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and tilde
|-
| ể || &amp;amp;#x1EC3; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and hook above
|-
| Ể || &amp;amp;#x1EC2; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and hook above
|-
| ě || &amp;amp;#x011B; || Latin small letter e with caron
|-
| Ě || &amp;amp;#x011A; || Latin capital letter E with caron
|-
| ë || &amp;amp;#x00EB; || Latin small letter e with umlaut
|-
| Ë || &amp;amp;#x00CB; || Latin capital letter E with umlaut
|-
| ẽ || &amp;amp;#x1EBD; || Latin small letter e with tilde
|-
| Ẽ || &amp;amp;#x1EBC; || Latin capital letter E with tilde
|-
| ė || &amp;amp;#x0117; || Latin small letter e with dot above
|-
| Ė || &amp;amp;#x0116; || Latin capital letter E with dot above
|-
| ȩ || &amp;amp;#x0229; || Latin small letter e with cedilla
|-
| Ȩ || &amp;amp;#x0228; || Latin capital letter E with cedilla
|-
| ḝ || &amp;amp;#x1E1D; || Latin small letter e with cedilla and breve
|-
| Ḝ || &amp;amp;#x1E1C; || Latin capital letter E with cedilla and breve
|-
| ę || &amp;amp;#x0119; || Latin small letter e with ogonek
|-
| Ę || &amp;amp;#x0118; || Latin capital letter E with ogonek
|-
| ē || &amp;amp;#x0113; || Latin small letter e with macron
|-
| Ē || &amp;amp;#x0112; || Latin capital letter E with macron
|-
| ḗ || &amp;amp;#x1E17; || Latin small letter e with macron and acute
|-
| Ḗ || &amp;amp;#x1E16; || Latin capital letter E with macron and acute
|-
| ḕ || &amp;amp;#x1E15; || Latin small letter e with macron and grave
|-
| Ḕ || &amp;amp;#x1E14; || Latin capital letter E with macron and grave
|-
| ẻ || &amp;amp;#x1EBB; || Latin small letter e with hook above
|-
| Ẻ || &amp;amp;#x1EBA; || Latin capital letter E with hook above
|-
| ȅ || &amp;amp;#x0205; || Latin small letter e with double grave
|-
| Ȅ || &amp;amp;#x0204; || Latin capital letter E with double grave
|-
| ȇ || &amp;amp;#x0207; || Latin small letter e with inverted breve
|-
| Ȇ || &amp;amp;#x0206; || Latin capital letter E with inverted breve
|-
| ẹ || &amp;amp;#x1EB9; || Latin small letter e with dot below
|-
| Ẹ || &amp;amp;#x1EB8; || Latin capital letter E with dot below
|-
| ệ || &amp;amp;#x1EC7; || Latin small letter e with circumflex and dot below
|-
| Ệ || &amp;amp;#x1EC6; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex and dot below
|-
| ḙ || &amp;amp;#x1E19; || Latin small letter e with circumflex below
|-
| Ḙ || &amp;amp;#x1E18; || Latin capital letter E with circumflex below
|-
| ḛ || &amp;amp;#x1E1B; || Latin small letter e with tilde below
|-
| Ḛ || &amp;amp;#x1E1A; || Latin capital letter E with tilde below
|-
| ㋍ || &amp;amp;#x32CD; || Square erg
|-
| ㋎ || &amp;amp;#x32CE; || Square eV
|-
| ᴇ || &amp;amp;#x1D07; || Latin letter small capital E
|}

=== ǝ (schwa or turned e) ===

{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ǝ || &amp;amp;#x01DD; || Latin small letter turned e
|-
| Ǝ || &amp;amp;#x018E; || Latin capital letter reversed E
|-
| ᴲ || &amp;amp;#x1D32; || Modifier letter capital reversed E
|-
| ə || &amp;amp;#x0259; || Latin small letter schwa
|-
| Ə || &amp;amp;#x018F; || Latin capital letter schwa
|-
| ᵊ || &amp;amp;#x1D4A; || Modifier letter small schwa
|-
| ɚ || &amp;amp;#x025A; || Latin small letter schwa with hook
|}

===ɛ (epsilon)===
{| 
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɛ || &amp;amp;#x025B; || Latin small letter open e
|-
| Ɛ || &amp;amp;#x0190; || Latin capital letter open E
|-
| ℇ || &amp;amp;#x2107; || Euler constant
|-
| ᵋ || &amp;amp;#x1D4B; || Modifier letter small open e
|}

===ɘ (reversed e)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɘ || &amp;amp;#x0258; || Latin small letter reversed e
|}

===ɜ (reversed epsilon)===
{| 
! example !! entity !! name
| ɜ || &amp;amp;#x025C; || Latin small letter reversed open e
|-
| ᴈ || &amp;amp;#x1D08; || Latin small letter turned open e
|-
| ᵌ || &amp;amp;#x1D4C; || Modifier letter small turned open e
|-
| ɝ  || &amp;amp;#x025D; || Latin small letter reversed open e with hook
|}

===ɞ (reversed closed epsilon)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɞ || &amp;amp;#x025E; || Latin small letter closed reversed open e
|}

===ʚ (closed epsilon)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʚ || &amp;amp;#x029A; || Latin small letter closed open e
|}

===ɤ (rams horn)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɤ || &amp;amp;#x0264; || Latin small letter rams horn
|}

== F ==
===f===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| f || &amp;amp;#x0066; || Latin small letter f
|-
| ｆ || &amp;amp;#xFF46; || Fullwidth Latin small letter f
|-
| 𝐟 || &amp;amp;#x1D41F; || Mathematical bold small f
|-
| 𝑓 || &amp;amp;#x1D453; || Mathematical italic small f 
|-
| 𝒇 || &amp;amp;#x1D487; || Mathematical bold italic small f
|-
| 𝒻 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BB; || Mathematical script small f
|-
| 𝓯 || &amp;amp;#x1D4EF; || Mathematical bold script small f
|-
| 𝔣 || &amp;amp;#x1D523; || Mathematical Fraktur small f
|-
| 𝕗 || &amp;amp;#x1D557; || Mathematical double-struck small f
|-
| 𝖋 || &amp;amp;#x1D58B; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small f 
|-
| 𝖿 || &amp;amp;#x1D5BF; || Mathematical sans-serif small f
|-
| 𝗳 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F3; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small f
|-
| 𝘧 || &amp;amp;#x1D627; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small f
|-
| 𝙛 || &amp;amp;#x1D65B; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small f
|-
| 𝚏 || &amp;amp;#x1D68F; || Mathematical monospace small f
|-
| ⓕ || &amp;amp;#x24D5; || Circled Latin small letter f
|-
| F || &amp;amp;#x0046; || Latin capital letter F
|-
| Ｆ || &amp;amp;#xFF26; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter F
|-
| ℱ || &amp;amp;#x2131; || Script capital F
|-
| 𝐅 || &amp;amp;#x1D405; || Mathematical bold capital F
|-
| 𝐹 || &amp;amp;#x1D439; || Mathematical italic capital F
|-
| 𝑭 || &amp;amp;#x1D46D; || Mathematical bold italic capital F
|-
| 𝓕 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D5; || Mathematical bold script capital F
|-
| 𝔉 || &amp;amp;#x1D509; || Mathematical Fraktur capital F
|-
| 𝔽 || &amp;amp;#x1D53D; || Mathematical double-struck capital F
|-
| 𝕱 || &amp;amp;#x1D571; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital F
|-
| 𝖥 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A5; || Mathematical sans-serif capital F
|-
| 𝗙 || &amp;amp;#x1D5D9; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital F
|-
| 𝘍 || &amp;amp;#x1D60D; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital F
|-
| 𝙁 || &amp;amp;#x1D641; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital F
|-
| 𝙵 || &amp;amp;#x1D675; || Mathematical monospace capital F
|-
| Ⓕ || &amp;amp;#x24BB; || Circled Latin capital letter F
|-
| ḟ || &amp;amp;#x1E1F; || Latin small letter f with dot above
|-
| Ḟ || &amp;amp;#x1E1E; || Latin capital letter F with dot above
|-
| ℻ || &amp;amp;#x213B; || Facsimile sign
|-
| ﬀ || &amp;amp;#xFB00; || Latin small ligature ff
|-
| ﬃ || &amp;amp;#xFB03; || Latin small ligature ffi
|-
| ﬄ || &amp;amp;#xFB04; || Latin small ligature ffl
|-
| ﬁ || &amp;amp;#xFB01; || Latin small ligature fi
|-
| ﬂ || &amp;amp;#xFB02; || Latin small ligature fl
|-
| ㎙ || &amp;amp;#x3399; || Square fm
|-
| ʩ || &amp;amp;#x02A9; || Latin small letter feng digraph
|}

=== ƒ (hooked f) ===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƒ || &amp;amp;#x0192; || Latin small letter f with hook
|-
| Ƒ || &amp;amp;#x0191; || Latin capital letter F with hook
|}

== G ==
===g===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| g || &amp;amp;#x0067; || Latin small letter g
|-
| ｇ || &amp;amp;#xFF47; || Fullwidth Latin small letter g
|-
| ℊ || &amp;amp;#x210A; || Script small g
|-
| 𝐠 || &amp;amp;#x1D420; || Mathematical bold small g
|-
| 𝑔 || &amp;amp;#x1D454; || Mathematical italic small g
|-
| 𝒈 || &amp;amp;#x1D488; || Mathematical bold italic small g
|-
| 𝓰 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F0; || Mathematical bold script small g
|-
| 𝔤 || &amp;amp;#x1D524; || Mathematical Fraktur small g
|-
| 𝕘 || &amp;amp;#x1D558; || Mathematical double-struck small g
|-
| 𝖌 || &amp;amp;#x1D58C; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small g
|-
| 𝗀 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C0; || Mathematical sans-serif small g
|-
| 𝗴 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F4; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small g 
|-
| 𝘨 || &amp;amp;#x1D628; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small g
|-
| 𝙜 || &amp;amp;#x1D65C; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small g
|-
| 𝚐 || &amp;amp;#x1D690; || Mathematical monospace small g
|-
| ⓖ || &amp;amp;#x24D6; || Circled Latin small letter g
|-
| G || &amp;amp;#x0047; || Latin capital letter G
|-
| Ｇ || &amp;amp;#xFF27; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter G
|-
| 𝐆 || &amp;amp;#x1D406; || Mathematical bold capital G
|-
| 𝐺 || &amp;amp;#x1D43A; || Mathematical italic capital G
|-
| 𝑮 || &amp;amp;#x1D46E; || Mathematical bold italic capital G
|-
| 𝒢 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A2; || Mathematical script capital G
|-
| 𝓖 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D6; || Mathematical bold script capital G
|-
| 𝔊 || &amp;amp;#x1D50A; || Mathematical Fraktur capital G
|-
| 𝔾 || &amp;amp;#x1D53E; || Mathematical double-struck capital G
|-
| 𝕲 || &amp;amp;#x1D572; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital G
|-
| 𝖦 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A6; || Mathematical sans-serif capital G
|-
| 𝗚 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DA; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital G
|-
| 𝘎 || &amp;amp;#x1D60E; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital G
|-
| 𝙂 || &amp;amp;#x1D642; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital G
|-
| 𝙶 || &amp;amp;#x1D676; || Mathematical monospace capital G
|-
| Ⓖ || &amp;amp;#x24BC; || Circled Latin capital letter G
|-
| ᴳ || &amp;amp;#x1D33; || Modifier letter capital G
|-
| ᵍ || &amp;amp;#x1D4D; || Modifier letter small g
|-
| ǵ || &amp;amp;#x01F5; || Latin small letter g with acute
|-
| Ǵ || &amp;amp;#x01F4; || Latin capital letter G with acute
|-
| ğ || &amp;amp;#x011F; || Latin small letter g with breve
|-
| Ğ || &amp;amp;#x011E; || Latin capital letter G with breve
|-
| ĝ || &amp;amp;#x011D; || Latin small letter g with circumflex
|-
| Ĝ || &amp;amp;#x011C; || Latin capital letter G with circumflex
|-
| ǧ || &amp;amp;#x01E7; || Latin small letter g with caron
|-
| Ǧ || &amp;amp;#x01E6; || Latin capital letter G with caron
|-
| ġ || &amp;amp;#x0121; || Latin small letter g with dot above
|-
| Ġ || &amp;amp;#x0120; || Latin capital letter G with dot above
|-
| ģ || &amp;amp;#x0123; || Latin small letter g with cedilla
|-
| Ģ || &amp;amp;#x0122; || Latin capital letter G with cedilla
|-
| ḡ || &amp;amp;#x1E21; || Latin small letter g with macron
|-
| Ḡ || &amp;amp;#x1E20; || Latin capital letter G with macron
|-
| ㏿ || &amp;amp;#x33FF; || Square gal
|-
| ㎇ || &amp;amp;#x3387; || Square GB
|-
| ㎓ || &amp;amp;#x3393; || Square GHz
|-
| ㎬ || &amp;amp;#x33AC; || Square GPa
|-
| ㏉ || &amp;amp;#x33C9; || Square Gy
|-
| ɡ || &amp;amp;#x0261; || Latin small letter script g
|-
| ɢ || &amp;amp;#x0262; || Latin small capital letter G
|}

===ǥ (struck g)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ǥ || &amp;amp;#x01E5; || Latin small letter g with stroke
|-
| Ǥ || &amp;amp;#x01E4; || Latin capital letter G with stroke
|}

===ɠ (hooked g)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɠ || &amp;amp;#x0260; || Latin small letter g with hook
|-
| Ɠ || &amp;amp;#x0193; || Latin capital letter G with hook
|-
| ʛ || &amp;amp;#x029B; || Latin letter small capital G with hook
|}

===ɣ (gamma)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɣ || &amp;amp;#x0263; || Latin small letter gamma
|-
| Ɣ || &amp;amp;#x0194; || Latin capital letter gamma
|-
| ˠ || &amp;amp;#x02E0; || Modifier letter small gamma
|}

===ƣ (gha)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƣ || &amp;amp;#x01A3; || Latin small letter oi
|-
| Ƣ || &amp;amp;#x01A2; || Latin capital letter OI
|}

== H ==

===h===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| h || &amp;amp;#x0068; || Latin small letter h
|-
| ｈ || &amp;amp;#xFF48; || Fullwidth Latin small letter h
|-
| ◌ͪ || &amp;amp;#x036A; || Combining small letter h
|-
| ℎ || &amp;amp;#x210E; || Planck constant
|-
| 𝐡 || &amp;amp;#x1D421; || Mathematical bold small h
|-
| 𝒉 || &amp;amp;#x1D489; || Mathematical bold italic small h 
|-
| 𝒽 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BD; || Mathematical script small h
|-
| 𝓱 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F1; || Mathematical bold script small h
|-
| 𝔥 || &amp;amp;#x1D525; || Mathematical Fraktur small h
|-
| 𝕙 || &amp;amp;#x1D559; || Mathematical double-struck small h
|-
| 𝖍 || &amp;amp;#x1D58D; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small h
|-
| 𝗁 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C1; || Mathematical sans-serif small h
|-
| 𝗵 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F5; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small h
|-
| 𝘩 || &amp;amp;#x1D629; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small h
|-
| 𝙝 || &amp;amp;#x1D65D; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small h
|-
| 𝚑 || &amp;amp;#x1D691; || Mathematical monospace small h
|-
| ⓗ || &amp;amp;#x24D7; || Circled Latin small letter h
|-
| H || &amp;amp;#x0048; || Latin capital letter H
|-
| Ｈ || &amp;amp;#xFF28; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter H
|-
| ℋ || &amp;amp;#x210B; || Script capital H
|-
| ℌ || &amp;amp;#x210C; || Black-letter capital H
|-
| ℍ || &amp;amp;#x210D; || Double-struck capital H
|-
| 𝐇 || &amp;amp;#x1D407; || Mathematical bold capital H
|-
| 𝐻 || &amp;amp;#x1D43B; || Mathematical italic capital H
|-
| 𝑯 || &amp;amp;#x1D46F; || Mathematical bold italic capital H
|-
| 𝓗 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D7; || Mathematical bold script capital H
|-
| 𝕳 || &amp;amp;#x1D573; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital H
|-
| 𝖧 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A7; || Mathematical sans-serif capital H
|-
| 𝗛 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DB; ||  Mathematical sans-serif bold capital H
|-
| 𝘏 || &amp;amp;#x1D60F; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital H
|-
| 𝙃 || &amp;amp;#x1D643; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital H
|-
| 𝙷 || &amp;amp;#x1D677; || Mathematical monospace capital H
|-
| Ⓗ || &amp;amp;#x24BD; || Circled Latin capital letter H
|-
| ʰ || &amp;amp;#x02B0; || Modifier letter small h
|-
| ᴴ || &amp;amp;#x1D34; || Modifier letter capital H
|-
| ĥ || &amp;amp;#x0125; || Latin small letter h with circumflex
|-
| Ĥ || &amp;amp;#x0124; || Latin capital letter H with circumflex
|-
| ȟ || &amp;amp;#x021F; || Latin small letter h with caron
|-
| Ȟ || &amp;amp;#x021E; || Latin capital letter H with caron
|-
| ḧ || &amp;amp;#x1E27; || Latin small letter h with diaeresis
|-
| Ḧ || &amp;amp;#x1E26; || Latin capital letter H with diaeresis
|-
| ḣ || &amp;amp;#x1E23; || Latin small letter h with dot above
|-
| Ḣ || &amp;amp;#x1E22; || Latin capital letter H with dot above
|-
| ḩ || &amp;amp;#x1E29; || Latin small letter h with cedilla
|-
| Ḩ || &amp;amp;#x1E28; || Latin capital letter H with cedilla
|-
| ḥ || &amp;amp;#x1E25; || Latin small letter h with dot below
|-
| Ḥ || &amp;amp;#x1E24; || Latin capital letter H with dot below
|-
| ḫ || &amp;amp;#x1E2B; || Latin small letter h with breve below
|-
| Ḫ || &amp;amp;#x1E2A; || Latin capital letter H with breve below
|-
| ẖ || &amp;amp;#x1E96; || Latin small letter h with line below
|-
| ㏊ || &amp;amp;#x33CA; || Square ha
|-
| ㋌ || &amp;amp;#x32CC; || Square hg
|-
| ㏋ || &amp;amp;#x33CB; || Square HP
|-
| ㍱ || &amp;amp;#x3371; || Square hPa
|-
| ㎐ || &amp;amp;#x3390; || Square Hz
|-
| ʜ || &amp;amp;#x029C; || Latin letter small capital H
|}

===ƕ (hwair)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƕ || &amp;amp;#x0195; || Latin small letter hv
|-
| Ƕ || &amp;amp;#x01F6; || Latin capital letter hwair
|}

===ħ (struck h)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ħ || &amp;amp;#x0127; || Latin small letter h with stroke
|-
| ℏ || &amp;amp;#x210F; || Planck constant over two pi
|-
| Ħ || &amp;amp;#x0126; || Latin capital letter H with stroke
|}

===ɦ (hooked h)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɦ || &amp;amp;#x0266; || Latin small letter h with hook
|-
| ʱ || &amp;amp;#x02B1; || Modifier letter small h with hook
|}

===ɧ (hooked heng)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɧ || &amp;amp;#x0267; || Latin small letter heng with hook
|}

===ʻ (turned comma)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʻ || &amp;amp;#x02BB; || Modifier letter turned comma
|-
| ʽ || &amp;amp;#x02BD; || Modifier letter reversed comma
|}

== I ==

===i===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| i || &amp;amp;#x0069; || Latin small letter i
|-
| ｉ || &amp;amp;#xFF49; || Fullwidth Latin small letter i
|-
| ◌ͥ || &amp;amp;#x0365; || Combining Latin small letter i
|-
| ⅰ || &amp;amp;#x2170; || Small Roman numeral one
|-
| ℹ || &amp;amp;#x2139; || Information source
|-
| ⅈ || &amp;amp;#x2148; || Double-struck italic small i
|-
| 𝐢 || &amp;amp;#x1D422; || Mathematical bold small i
|-
| 𝑖 || &amp;amp;#x1D456; || Mathematical italic small i
|-
| 𝒊 || &amp;amp;#x1D48A; || Mathematical bold italic small i
|-
| 𝒾 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BE; || Mathematical script small i
|-
| 𝓲 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F2; || Mathematical bold script small i
|-
| 𝔦 || &amp;amp;#x1D526; || Mathematical Fraktur small i
|-
| 𝕚 || &amp;amp;#x1D55A; || Mathematical double-struck small i
|-
| 𝖎 || &amp;amp;#x1D58E; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small i
|-
| 𝗂 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C2; || Mathematical sans-serif small i
|-
| 𝗶 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F6; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small i
|-
| 𝘪 || &amp;amp;#x1D62A; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small i
|-
| 𝙞 || &amp;amp;#x1D65E; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small i
|-
| 𝚒 || &amp;amp;#x1D692; || Mathematical monospace small i
|-
| ⓘ || &amp;amp;#x24D8; || Circled Latin small letter i
|-
| I || &amp;amp;#x0049; || Latin capital letter I
|-
| Ｉ || &amp;amp;#xFF29; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter I
|-
| Ⅰ || &amp;amp;#x2160; || Roman numeral one
|-
| ℐ || &amp;amp;#x2110; || Script capital I
|-
| ℑ || &amp;amp;#x2111; || Black-letter capital I
|-
| 𝐈 || &amp;amp;#x1D408; || Mathematical bold capital I
|-
| 𝐼 || &amp;amp;#x1D43C; || Mathematical italic capital I
|-
| 𝑰 || &amp;amp;#x1D470; || Mathematical bold italic capital I
|-
| 𝓘 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D8; || Mathematical bold script capital I
|-
| 𝕀 || &amp;amp;#x1D540; || Mathematical double-struck capital I
|-
| 𝕴 || &amp;amp;#x1D574; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital I
|-
| 𝖨 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A8; || Mathematical sans-serif capital I
|-
| 𝗜 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DC; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital I
|-
| 𝘐 || &amp;amp;#x1D610; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital I
|-
| 𝙄 || &amp;amp;#x1D644; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital I
|-
| 𝙸 || &amp;amp;#x1D678; || Mathematical monospace capital I
|-
| Ⓘ || &amp;amp;#x24BE; || Circled Latin capital letter I
|-
| ᴵ || &amp;amp;#x1D35; || Modifier letter capital I
|-
| ⁱ || &amp;amp;#x2071; || Superscript Latin small letter i
|-
| ᵢ || &amp;amp;#x1D62; || Latin subscript small letter i
|-
| í || &amp;amp;#x00ED; || Latin small letter i with acute
|-
| Í || &amp;amp;#x00CD; || Latin capital letter I with acute
|-
| ì || &amp;amp;#x00EC; || Latin small letter i with grave
|-
| Ì || &amp;amp;#x00CC; || Latin capital letter I with grave
|-
| ĭ || &amp;amp;#x012D; || Latin small letter i with breve
|-
| Ĭ || &amp;amp;#x012C; || Latin capital letter I with breve
|-
| î || &amp;amp;#x00EE; || Latin small letter i with circumflex
|-
| Î || &amp;amp;#x00CE; || Latin capital letter I with circumflex
|-
| ǐ || &amp;amp;#x01D0; || Latin small letter i with caron
|-
| Ǐ || &amp;amp;#x01CF; || Latin capital letter I with caron
|-
| ï || &amp;amp;#x00EF; || Latin small letter i with diaeresis
|-
| Ï || &amp;amp;#x00CF; || Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
|-
| ḯ || &amp;amp;#x1E2F; || Latin small letter i with diaeresis and acute
|-
| Ḯ || &amp;amp;#x1E2E; || Latin capital letter I with diaeresis and acute
|-
| ĩ || &amp;amp;#x0129; || Latin small letter i with tilde
|-
| Ĩ || &amp;amp;#x0128; || Latin capital letter I with tilde
|-
| İ || &amp;amp;#x0130; || Latin capital letter I with dot above
|-
| į || &amp;amp;#x012F; || Latin small letter i with ogonek
|-
| Į || &amp;amp;#x012E; || Latin capital letter I with ogonek
|-
| ī || &amp;amp;#x012B; || Latin small letter i with macron
|-
| Ī || &amp;amp;#x012A; || Latin capital letter I with macron
|-
| ỉ || &amp;amp;#x1EC9; || Latin small letter i with hook above
|-
| Ỉ || &amp;amp;#x1EC8; || Latin capital letter I with hook above
|-
| ȉ || &amp;amp;#x0209; || Latin small letter i with double grave
|-
| Ȉ || &amp;amp;#x0208; || Latin capital letter I with double grave
|-
| ȋ || &amp;amp;#x020B; || Latin small letter i with inverted breve
|-
| Ȋ || &amp;amp;#x020A; || Latin capital letter I with inverted breve
|-
| ị || &amp;amp;#x1ECB; || Latin small letter i with dot below
|-
| Ị || &amp;amp;#x1ECA; || Latin capital letter I with dot below
|-
| ḭ || &amp;amp;#x1E2D; || Latin small letter i with tilde below
|-
| Ḭ || &amp;amp;#x1E2C; || Latin capital letter I with tilde below
|-
| ⅱ || &amp;amp;#x2171; || Small Roman numeral two
|-
| Ⅱ || &amp;amp;#x2161; || Roman numeral two
|-
| ⅲ || &amp;amp;#x2172; || Small Roman numeral three
|-
| Ⅲ || &amp;amp;#x2162; || Roman numeral three
|-
| ĳ || &amp;amp;#x0133; || Latin small ligature ij
|-
| Ĳ || &amp;amp;#x0132; || Latin capital ligature IJ
|-
| ㏌ || &amp;amp;#x33CC; || Square in
|-
| ㍺ || &amp;amp;#x337A; || Square iu
|-
| ⅳ || &amp;amp;#x2173; || Small Roman numeral four
|-
| Ⅳ || &amp;amp;#x2163; || Roman numeral four
|-
| ⅸ || &amp;amp;#x2178; || Small Roman numeral nine
|-
| Ⅸ || &amp;amp;#x2168; || Roman numeral nine
|-
| ı || &amp;amp;#x0131; || Latin small letter dotless i
|-
| ɪ || &amp;amp;#x026A; || Latin letter small capital I
|}

===ᴉ (turned i)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ᴉ || &amp;amp;#x1D09; || Latin small letter turned i
|-
| ᵎ || &amp;amp;#x1D4E; || Modifier letter small turned i
|}

===ɨ (struck i)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name 
|-
| ɨ || &amp;amp;#x0268; || Latin small letter i with stroke
|-
| Ɨ || &amp;amp;#x0197; || Latin capital letter I with stroke
|}

===ɩ (iota)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɩ || &amp;amp;#x0269; || Latin small letter iota
|-
| Ɩ || &amp;amp;#x0196; || Latin capital letter iota
|}

== J ==
===j===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|- 
| j || &amp;amp;#x006A; || Latin small letter j
|-
| ｊ || &amp;amp;#xFF4A; || Fullwidth Latin small letter j
|-
| ⅉ || &amp;amp;#x2149; || Double-struck italic small j
|-
| 𝐣 || &amp;amp;#x1D423; || Mathematical bold small j
|-
| 𝑗 || &amp;amp;#x1D457; || Mathematical italic small j
|-
| 𝒋 || &amp;amp;#x1D48B; || Mathematical bold italic small j
|-
| 𝒿 || &amp;amp;#x1D4BF; || Mathematical script small j
|-
| 𝓳 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F3; || Mathematical bold script small j
|-
| 𝔧 || &amp;amp;#x1D527; || Mathematical Fraktur small j
|-
| 𝕛 || &amp;amp;#x1D55B; || Mathematical double-struck small j
|-
| 𝖏 || &amp;amp;#x1D58F; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small j
|-
| 𝗃 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C3; || Mathematical sans-serif small j
|-
| 𝗷 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F7; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small j
|-
| 𝘫 || &amp;amp;#x1D62B; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small j
|-
| 𝙟 || &amp;amp;#x1D65F; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small j
|-
| 𝚓 || &amp;amp;#x1D693; || Mathematical monospace small j
|-
| ⓙ || &amp;amp;#x24D9; || Circled Latin small letter j
|-
| J || &amp;amp;#x004A; || Latin capital letter J
|-
| Ｊ || &amp;amp;#xFF2A; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter J
|-
| 𝐉 || &amp;amp;#x1D409; || Mathematical bold capital J
|-
| 𝐽 || &amp;amp;#x1D43D; || Mathematical italic capital J
|-
| 𝑱 || &amp;amp;#x1D471; || Mathematical bold italic capital J
|-
| 𝒥 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A5; || Mathematical script capital J
|-
| 𝓙 || &amp;amp;#x1D4D9; || Mathematical bold script capital J
|-
| 𝔍 || &amp;amp;#x1D50D; || Mathematical Fraktur capital J
|-
| 𝕁 || &amp;amp;#x1D541; || Mathematical double-struck capital J
|-
| 𝕵 || &amp;amp;#x1D575; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital J
|-
| 𝖩 || &amp;amp;#x1D5A9; || Mathematical sans-serif capital J
|-
| 𝗝 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DD; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital J
|-
| 𝘑 || &amp;amp;#x1D611; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital J
|-
| 𝙅 || &amp;amp;#x1D645; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital J
|-
| 𝙹 || &amp;amp;#x1D679; || Mathematical sans-serif monospace capital J
|-
| Ⓙ || &amp;amp;#x24BF; || Circled Latin capital letter J
|-
| ʲ || &amp;amp;#x02B2; || Modifier letter small j
|-
| ᴶ || &amp;amp;#x1D36; || Modifier letter capital J
|-
| ĵ || &amp;amp;#x0135; || Latin small letter j with circumflex
|-
| Ĵ || &amp;amp;#x0134; || Latin capital letter J with circumflex
|-
| ǰ || &amp;amp;#x01F0; || Latin small letter j with caron
|-
| ᴊ || &amp;amp;#x1D0A; || Latin letter small capital J
|}

===ʝ (crossed-tail j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʝ || &amp;amp;#x029D; || Latin small letter j with crossed tail
|}

===ɟ (dotless struck j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɟ || &amp;amp;#x025F; || Latin small letter dotless j with stroke
|}

===ʄ (dotless hooked and struck j)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʄ || &amp;amp;#x0284; || Latin small letter dotless j with stroke and hook
|}

== K ==

===k===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| k || &amp;amp;#x006B; || Latin small letter k
|-
| ｋ || &amp;amp;#xFF4B; || Fullwidth Latin small letter k
|-
| 𝐤 || &amp;amp;#x1D424; || Mathematical bold small k
|-
| 𝑘 || &amp;amp;#x1D458; || Mathematical italic small k
|-
| 𝒌 || &amp;amp;#x1D48C; || Mathematical bold italic small k
|-
| 𝓀 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C0; || Mathematical script small k
|-
| 𝓴 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F4; || Mathematical bold script small k
|-
| 𝔨 || &amp;amp;#x1D528; || Mathematical Fraktur small k
|-
| 𝕜 || &amp;amp;#x1D55C; || Mathematical double-struck small k
|-
| 𝖐 || &amp;amp;#x1D590; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small k
|-
| 𝗄 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C4; || Mathematical sans-serif small k
|-
| 𝗸 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F8; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small k
|-
| 𝘬 || &amp;amp;#x1D62C; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small k
|-
| 𝙠 || &amp;amp;#x1D660; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small k
|-
| 𝚔 || &amp;amp;#x1D694; || Mathematical monospace small k
|-
| ⓚ || &amp;amp;#x24DA; || Circled Latin small letter k
|-
| K || &amp;amp;#x004B; || Latin capital letter K
|-
| K || &amp;amp;#x212A; || Kelvin sign
|-
| Ｋ || &amp;amp;#xFF2B; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter K
|-
| 𝐊 || &amp;amp;#x1D40A; || Mathematical bold capital K
|-
| 𝐾 || &amp;amp;#x1D43E; || Mathematical italic capital K
|-
| 𝑲 || &amp;amp;#x1D472; || Mathematical bold italic capital K
|-
| 𝒦 || &amp;amp;#x1D4A6; || Mathematical script capital K
|-
| 𝓚 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DA; || Mathematical bold script capital K
|-
| 𝔎 || &amp;amp;#x1D50E; || Mathematical Fraktur capital K
|-
| 𝕂 || &amp;amp;#x1D542; || Mathematical double-struck capital K
|-
| 𝕶 || &amp;amp;#x1D576; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital K
|-
| 𝖪 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AA; || Mathematical sans-serif capital K
|-
| 𝗞 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DE; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital K
|-
| 𝘒 || &amp;amp;#x1D612; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital K
|-
| 𝙆 || &amp;amp;#x1D646; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital K
|-
| 𝙺 || &amp;amp;#x1D67A; || Mathematical monospace capital K
|-
| Ⓚ || &amp;amp;#x24C0; || Circled Latin capital letter K
|-
| ᴷ || &amp;amp;#x1D37; || Modifier letter capital K
|-
| ᵏ || &amp;amp;#x1D4F; || Modifier letter small k
|-
| ḱ || &amp;amp;#x1E31; || Latin small letter k with acute
|-
| Ḱ || &amp;amp;#x1E30; || Latin capital letter K with acute
|-
| ǩ || &amp;amp;#x01E9; || Latin small letter k with caron
|-
| Ǩ || &amp;amp;#x01E8; || Latin capital letter K with caron
|-
| ķ || &amp;amp;#x0137; || Latin small letter k with cedilla
|-
| Ķ || &amp;amp;#x0136; || Latin capital letter K with cedilla
|-
| ḳ || &amp;amp;#x1E33; || Latin small letter k with dot below
|-
| Ḳ || &amp;amp;#x1E32; || Latin capital letter K with dot below
|-
| ḵ || &amp;amp;#x1E35; || Latin small letter k with line below
|-
| Ḵ || &amp;amp;#x1E34; || Latin capital letter K with line below
|-
| ㎄ || &amp;amp;#x3384; || Square kA
|-
| ㎅ || &amp;amp;#x3385; || Square KB
|-
| ㎉ || &amp;amp;#x3389; || Square kcal
|-
| ㎏ || &amp;amp;#x338F; || Square kg
|-
| ㎑ || &amp;amp;#x3391; || Square kHz
|-
| ㏍ || &amp;amp;#x33CD; || Square KK
|-
| ㎘ || &amp;amp;#x3398; || Square kl
|-
| ㎞ || &amp;amp;#x339E; || Square km
|-
| ㏎ || &amp;amp;#x33CE; || Square KM capital
|-
| ㎢ || &amp;amp;#x33A2; || Square km squared
|-
| ㎦ || &amp;amp;#x33A6; || Square km cubed
|-
| ㎪ || &amp;amp;#x33AA; || Square kPa
|-
| ㏏ || &amp;amp;#x33CF; || Square kt
|-
| ㎸ || &amp;amp;#x33B8; || Square kV
|-
| ㎾ || &amp;amp;#x33BE; || Square kW
|-
| ㏀ || &amp;amp;#x33C0; || Square k ohm
|-
| ᴋ || &amp;amp;#x1D0B; || Latin letter small capital K
|}

===ƙ (hooked k)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƙ || &amp;amp;#x0199; || Latin small letter k with hook
|-
| Ƙ || &amp;amp;#x0198; || Latin capital letter K with hook
|}

===ʞ (turned k)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʞ || &amp;amp;#x029E; || Latin small letter turned k
|}

== L ==

===l===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| l || &amp;amp;#x006C; || Latin small letter l
|-
| ｌ || &amp;amp;#xFF4C; || Fullwidth Latin small letter l
|-
| ⅼ || &amp;amp;#x217C; || Small Roman numeral fifty
|-
| ℓ || &amp;amp;#x2113; || Script small l
|-
| 𝐥 || &amp;amp;#x1D425; || Mathematical bold small l
|-
| 𝑙 || &amp;amp;#x1D459; || Mathematical italic small l
|-
| 𝒍 || &amp;amp;#x1D48D; || Mathematical bold italic small l
|-
| 𝓁 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C1; || Mathematical script small l
|-
| 𝓵 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F5; || Mathematical bold script small l
|-
| 𝔩 || &amp;amp;#x1D529; || Mathematical Fraktur small l
|-
| 𝕝 || &amp;amp;#x1D55D; || Mathematical double-struck small l
|-
| 𝖑 || &amp;amp;#x1D591; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small l
|-
| 𝗅 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C5; || Mathematical sans-serif small l
|-
| 𝗹 || &amp;amp;#x1D5F9; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small l
|-
| 𝘭 || &amp;amp;#x1D62D; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small l
|-
| 𝙡 || &amp;amp;#x1D661; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small l
|-
| 𝚕 || &amp;amp;#x1D695; || Mathematical monospace small l
|-
| ⓛ || &amp;amp;#x24DB; || Circled Latin small letter l
|-
| L || &amp;amp;#x004C; || Latin capital letter L
|-
| Ｌ || &amp;amp;#xFF2C; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter L
|-
| Ⅼ || &amp;amp;#x216C; || Roman numeral fifty
|-
| ℒ || &amp;amp;#x2112; || Script capital L
|-
| 𝐋 || &amp;amp;#x1D40B; || Mathematical bold capital L
|-
| 𝐿 || &amp;amp;#x1D43F; || Mathematical italic capital L
|-
| 𝑳 || &amp;amp;#x1D473; || Mathematical bold italic capital L
|-
| 𝓛 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DB; || Mathematical bold script capital L
|-
| 𝔏 || &amp;amp;#x1D50F; || Mathematical Fraktur capital L
|-
| 𝕃 || &amp;amp;#x1D543; || Mathematical double-struck capital L
|-
| 𝕷 || &amp;amp;#x1D577; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital L
|-
| 𝖫 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AB; || Mathematical sans-serif capital L
|-
| 𝗟 || &amp;amp;#x1D5DF; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital L
|-
| 𝘓 || &amp;amp;#x1D613; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital L
|-
| 𝙇 || &amp;amp;#x1D647; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital L
|-
| 𝙻 || &amp;amp;#x1D67B; || Mathematical monospace capital L
|-
| Ⓛ || &amp;amp;#x24C1; || Circled Latin capital letter L
|-
| ˡ || &amp;amp;#x02E1; || Modifier letter small l
|-
| ᴸ || &amp;amp;#x1D38; || Modifier letter capital L
|-
| ĺ || &amp;amp;#x013A; || Latin small letter l with acute
|-
| Ĺ || &amp;amp;#x0139; || Latin capital letter L with acute
|-
| ľ || &amp;amp;#x013E; || Latin small letter l with caron
|-
| Ľ || &amp;amp;#x013D; || Latin capital letter L with caron
|-
| ļ || &amp;amp;#x013C; || Latin small letter l with cedilla
|-
| Ļ || &amp;amp;#x013B; || Latin capital letter L with cedilla
|-
| ḷ || &amp;amp;#x1E37; || Latin small letter l with dot below
|-
| Ḷ || &amp;amp;#x1E36; || Latin capital letter L with dot below
|-
| ḹ || &amp;amp;#x1E39; || Latin small letter l with dot below and macron
|-
| Ḹ || &amp;amp;#x1E38; || Latin capital letter L with dot below and macron
|-
| ḽ || &amp;amp;#x1E3D; || Latin small letter l with circumflex below
|-
| Ḽ || &amp;amp;#x1E3C; || Latin capital letter L with circumflex below
|-
| ḻ || &amp;amp;#x1E3B; || Latin small letter l with line below
|-
| Ḻ || &amp;amp;#x1E3A; || Latin capital letter L with line below
|-
| ŀ || &amp;amp;#x0140; || Latin small letter l with middle dot
|-
| Ŀ || &amp;amp;#x013F; || Latin capital letter L with middle dot
|-
| ǉ || &amp;amp;#x01C9; || Latin small letter lj
|-
| ǈ || &amp;amp;#x01C8; || Latin capital letter L with small letter j
|-
| Ǉ || &amp;amp;#x01C7; || Latin capital letter LJ
|-
| ㏐ || &amp;amp;#x33D0; || Square lm
|-
| ㏑ || &amp;amp;#x33D1; || Square ln
|-
| ㏒ || &amp;amp;#x33D2; || Square log
|-
| ʪ || &amp;amp;#x02AA; || Latin small letter ls digraph
|-
| ㋏ || &amp;amp;#x32CF; || Limited liability sign
|-
| ㏓ || &amp;amp;#x33D3; || Square lx
|-
| ʫ || &amp;amp;#x02AB; || Latin small letter lz digraph
|-
| ʟ || &amp;amp;#x029F; || Latin letter small capital L
|}

===ł (struck l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ł || &amp;amp;#x0142; || Latin small letter l with stroke
|-
| Ł || &amp;amp;#x0141; || Latin capital letter L with stroke
|-
| ᴌ || &amp;amp;#x1D0C; || Latin letter small capital L with stroke
|}

===ƚ (barred l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƚ || &amp;amp;#x019A; || Latin small letter l with bar
|}

===ɫ (tildate l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɫ || &amp;amp;#x026B; || Latin small letter l with middle tilde 
|}

===ɬ (belted l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɬ || &amp;amp;#x026C; || Latin small letter l with belt
|}

===ɭ (hooked l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɭ || &amp;amp;#x026D; || Latin small letter l with retroflex hook
|}

===ȴ (curled l)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ȴ || &amp;amp;#x0234; || Latin small letter l with curl
|}

===ɮ (lezh)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɮ || &amp;amp;#x026E; || Latin small letter lezh
|}

===ƛ (struck lambda)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ƛ || &amp;amp;#x019B; || Latin small letter lambda with stroke
|}

===ʎ (turned y)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ʎ || &amp;amp;#x028E; || Latin small letter turned y
|}

== M ==

===m===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| m || &amp;amp;#x006D; || Latin small letter m
|-
| ｍ || &amp;amp;#xFF4D; || Fullwidth Latin small letter m
|-
| ◌ͫ || &amp;amp;#x036B; || Combining Latin small letter m
|-
| ⅿ || &amp;amp;#x217F; || Small roman numeral one thousand
|-
| 𝐦 || &amp;amp;#x1D426; || Mathematical bold small m
|-
| 𝑚 || &amp;amp;#x1D45A; || Mathematical italic small m
|-
| 𝒎 || &amp;amp;#x1D48E; || Mathematical bold italic small m
|-
| 𝓂 || &amp;amp;#x1D4C2; || Mathematical script small m
|-
| 𝓶 || &amp;amp;#x1D4F6; || Mathematical bold script small m
|-
| 𝔪 || &amp;amp;#x1D52A; || Mathematical Fraktur small m
|-
| 𝕞 || &amp;amp;#x1D55E; || Mathematical double-struck small m
|-
| 𝖒 || &amp;amp;#x1D592; || Mathematical bold Fraktur small m
|-
| 𝗆 || &amp;amp;#x1D5C6; || Mathematical sans-serif small m
|-
| 𝗺 || &amp;amp;#x1D5FA; || Mathematical sans-serif bold small m
|-
| 𝘮 || &amp;amp;#x1D62E; || Mathematical sans-serif italic small m
|-
| 𝙢 || &amp;amp;#x1D662; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic small m
|-
| 𝚖 || &amp;amp;#x1D696; || Mathematical monospace small m
|-
| ⓜ || &amp;amp;#x24DC; || Circled Latin small letter m
|-
| M || &amp;amp;#x004D; || Latin capital letter M
|-
| Ｍ || &amp;amp;#xFF2D; || Fullwidth Latin capital letter M
|-
| Ⅿ || &amp;amp;#x216F; || Roman numeral one thousand
|-
| ℳ || &amp;amp;#x2133; || Script capital M
|-
| 𝐌 || &amp;amp;#x1D40C; || Mathematical bold capital M
|-
| 𝑀 || &amp;amp;#x1D440; || Mathematical italic capital M
|-
| 𝑴 || &amp;amp;#x1D474; || Mathematical bold italic capital M
|-
| 𝓜 || &amp;amp;#x1D4DC; || Mathematical bold script capital M
|-
| 𝔐 || &amp;amp;#x1D510; || Mathematical Fraktur capital M
|-
| 𝕄 || &amp;amp;#x1D544; || Mathematical double-struck capital M
|-
| 𝕸 || &amp;amp;#x1D578; || Mathematical bold Fraktur capital M
|-
| 𝖬 || &amp;amp;#x1D5AC; || Mathematical sans-serif capital M
|-
| 𝗠 || &amp;amp;#x1D5E0; || Mathematical sans-serif bold capital M
|-
| 𝘔 || &amp;amp;#x1D614; || Mathematical sans-serif italic capital M
|-
| 𝙈 || &amp;amp;#x1D648; || Mathematical sans-serif bold italic capital M
|-
| 𝙼 || &amp;amp;#x1D67C; || Mathematical monospace capital M
|-
| Ⓜ || &amp;amp;#x24C2; || Circled Latin capital letter M
|-
| ᴹ || &amp;amp;#x1D39; || Modifier letter capital M
|-
| ᵐ || &amp;amp;#x1D50; || Modifier letter small m
|-
| ḿ || &amp;amp;#x1E3F; || Latin small letter m with acute
|-
| Ḿ || &amp;amp;#x1E3E; || Latin capital letter M with acute
|-
| ṁ || &amp;amp;#x1E41; || Latin small letter m with dot above
|-
| Ṁ || &amp;amp;#x1E40; || Latin capital letter M with dot above
|-
| ṃ || &amp;amp;#x1E43; || Latin small letter m with dot below
|-
| Ṃ || &amp;amp;#x1E42; || Latin capital letter M with dot below
|-
| ㎧ || &amp;amp;#x33A7; || Square m over s
|-
| ㎨ || &amp;amp;#x33A8; || Square m over s squared
|-
| ㎡ || &amp;amp;#x33A1; || Square m squared
|-
| ㎥ || &amp;amp;#x33A5; || Square m cubed
|-
| ㎃ || &amp;amp;#x3383; || Square mA
|-
| ㏔ || &amp;amp;#x33D4; || Square mb small
|-
| ㎆ || &amp;amp;#x3386; || Square MB
|-
| ㎎ || &amp;amp;#x338E; || Square mg
|-
| ㎒ || &amp;amp;#x3392; || Square MHz
|-
| ㏕ || &amp;amp;#x33D5; || Square mil
|-
| ㎖ || &amp;amp;#x3396; || Square Ml
|-
| ㎜ || &amp;amp;#x339C; || Square mm
|-
| ㎟ || &amp;amp;#x339F; || Square mm squared
|-
| ㎣ || &amp;amp;#x33A3; || Square mm cubed
|-
| ㏖ || &amp;amp;#x33D6; || Square mol
|-
| ㎫ || &amp;amp;#x33AB; || Square MPa
|-
| ㎳ || &amp;amp;#x33B3; || Square ms
|-
| ㎷ || &amp;amp;#x33B7; || Square mV
|-
| ㎹ || &amp;amp;#x33B9; || Square MV mega
|-
| ㎽ || &amp;amp;#x33BD; || Square mW
|-
| ㎿ || &amp;amp;#x33BF; || Square MW mega
|-
| ㏁ || &amp;amp;#x33C1; || Square M ohm
|-
| ᴍ || &amp;amp;#x1D0D; || Latin letter small capital M
|}

===ɱ (hooked m)===
{|
! example !! entity !! name
|-
| ɱ || &amp;amp;#x0271; || Latin small letter m with hook
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help talk:Goals</title>
    <id>697</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4047</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-09T00:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Help talk:Goals moved to FrathWiki talk:About</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki talk:About]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vlad</title>
    <id>707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4073</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-08T03:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">☃</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vlad/Spelling</title>
    <id>708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4074</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-13T11:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Spelling System No. 1==
===Bad Example===
:There was movement at the station, for the word had passed around
:That the colt from old Regret had got away,
:And had joined the wild bush horses - he was worth a thousand pound,
:So all the cracks had gathered to the fray.
:
:Đê wəz mūvmnt æt đə stæiʃn, fô đə wĕd əd pâst əræun
:Đæt đə cołt frm ołd Rəgret əd got əwæi,
:Æn əd joind đə waiłd buʃ hôsəz - hī wəz wĕŧ ə ŧæuzn pæun,
:səu ôł đə cræcs əd gæđəd tə đə fræi.
{| border=1
| Letter
| Vlad's phones
| RP phoneme
|-
| Pp
| pʰ,p
| p
|-
| Tt
| tʰ,t
| t
|-
| Kk
| cʰ,c
| k
|-
| Bb
| b
| b
|-
| Dd
| d
| d
|-
| Gg
| ɡ
| ɡ
|-
| Cc
| kʰ,k
| k
|-
| ʼ
| ʔ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ff
| f
| f
|-
| Ťť (or perhaps Ŧŧ, Þþ)
| θ
| θ
|-
| s
| s
| s
|-
| Šš (or perhaps Ʃʃ)
| ʃ
| ʃ
|-
| Çç (or perhaps Ƕƕ)
| ç
| hj
|-
| Xx (or perhaps Ĥĥ,Ȟȟ,Ħħ)
| x
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Hh
| h,χ
| h
|-
| Vv
| v
| v
|-
| Ďď (or perhaps Đđ)
| ð
| ð
|-
| Zz
| z
| z
|-
| Žž (or perhaps Ƶƶ,Ʒʒ)
| ʒ
| ʒ
|-
| Čč (or perhaps tš/tʃ)
| tʃ
| tʃ,t
|-
| Jj
| dʒ
| dʒ,d
|-
| Mm
| m
| m
|-
| Nn
| n,ɱ
| n
|-
| Ņņ
| ɲ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ŋŋ (or perhaps Ňň)
| ŋ
| ŋ
|-
| Ww
| w
| w,ʍ
|-
| Yy
| j
| j
|-
| Ll
| l
| l
|-
| Łł (or perhaps Ľľ)
| ɫ
| l
|-
| Ļļ
| ʎ
| (borrowed words)
|-
| Ḓḓ (or perhaps Ḍḍ)
| ɾ
| t,d
|-
| Rr
| ɹ,ʋ̴
| r
|}
{| border=1
| Letter
| Vlad's phones
| RP phoneme
|-
| Īī
| iː,ɨː
| i
|-
| Ūū
| ʉː,yː
| u
|-
| Ii
| ɪ
| ɪ,ə
|-
| Îî
| ɪː
| ɪə,i
|-
| Uu
| ʊ,ʏ
| ʊ
|-
| Ûû
| ʊː
| ʊ
|-
| Ee (or perhaps Ɛɛ)
| e
| e
|-
| Êê
| eː
| eə
|-
| Oo (or perhaps Ɔɔ)
| ɔ
| ɒ
|-
| Ôô
| oː
| ɔː
|-
| Aa
| ɐ
| ʌ,ə
|-
| Ââ
| ɐː
| ɑ
|-
| Ææ
| æ,ɛ
| æ
|-
| Ǣǣ (Æ̂æ̂)
| æː
| æ
|-
| Əə
| ə
| ə
|-
| (Ə̂ə̂) (maybe Ĕĕ)
| ɜː
| ɜ
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Vlad</title>
    <id>709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34708</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T06:21:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epigraphist</username>
        <id>1233</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  Welcome to the wiki. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:03, 13 Sep 2004 (PDT)

Did you work on the proto-Klingon page?  Can you contact me : roger158 at msu.edu.  I'm involved in Klingon,too.

[[User:Epigraphist|Epigraphist]] 06:21, 31 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Races of Nother</title>
    <id>713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4079</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-27T11:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>134.169.20.16</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A list of the sentient races of the happentrack called [[Nother]], their descriptions and properties.

==Major races==
===Humans===
'''Humans''' are the most common race on Earth, thus of them little need be said; they are of negligible magical talent, and live the shortest lives: an average of 60 years in modern times, and a limit of about double that.  

===Demihumans===
The '''demihumans''' (or ''terras'' /ˈtɛrəs/, sg. and pl.) are second to humans in ubiquity.  Genetically they don't differ enough from humans to be considered a separate species; the greatest difference is their capacity for [[magic of Nother|magic]].  All normal demihumans can do illusionary magic to varying degrees, and many have additionally a talent of substantial magic.  This may contribute to their longer lifespans, an average of 75, a limit of about 150.

A demihuman's natural appearance ''can'' be purely human, though for the most part they bear any of a range of physical features on the human frame that distinguish them, the least of them being distinctive eye, hair, and skin colors; fur, or unusual hair patterns; short horns, ridges, and other protuberances; and unusual height or body proportions.  

===Rami===
The '''rami''' (/ˈrɑmi/, sg. and pl., variously spelled) are a nonhuman people, but roughly man-shaped; the most noticeable difference is the presence of a tail and wings.  The tail is prehensile; the wings manipulable but not powerful enough to enable actual flight.  Rami have no magical ability whatever; some claim them to lack imaginative faculties altogether, but this is disputed.  Rami live from 120 to 200 years.

Rami coloration varies similarly to human coloration, though instead of being along a basically peach–brown–dark-brown spectrum with other undertones, the basic colors are light-blue–blue-gray–dark-gray.

===Dragons===
The '''dragons''' are by nature polymorphs.  Their native form is draconic; they may assume easily a human or rami form, and for convenience that is generally how they present themselves.  They generally prefer the rami form, which retains more familiar anatomy.  They accumulate considerable substantive magic ability over the span of their lives.   They are solitary by nature, and have been known to live at least two hundred years.  

==Minor races==
*Trents
*Brownies
*Maccans (/məˈkæn/, /ˈmækən/)
*Griffins

==Preternatural† races==
(†for lack of a better word)
*Nightmare, or ''incubus''

[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother</title>
    <id>714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57693</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T05:28:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link timeline</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

==Languages of Nother==
*[[Atlantic]]
*[[Âdlantki]]
*[[Nother/Drake|Drake]]
*[[Kirumb]]
*[[Trentish]]

==Other articles==
*[[Races of Nother]]
*[[/Timeline/]]

[[Category:Nother]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Kirumb</title>
    <id>715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59154</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T01:25:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */ diphthongs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Kirumb (''Kirómbos'')|tu=[[Nother]]|pronounce=English: &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;/kəˈrʌm/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;Kirumb: &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;[kɪˈruːmβʊs]&lt;/span&gt;|species=[[Races of Nother|demihumans]]|in=Southeastern Europe&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|1st c. BC–500 AD]]|no=[no data]|script=[[../Kirumb alphabet/]]|tree=''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;''[[Satem]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Hadwan languages|Hadwan]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Kirumb'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Âdlantki]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Atlantic]]|morph=Fusional|ms=Tripartite|wo=[no data]|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2000}}

In [[Nother]], '''Kirumb''' (formerly '''Hadwan''' and '''Kaðuhhan''') was an Indo-European language spoken by demihumans in Greece and the Balkans in the early centuries AD.   The [[../Kirumbi|native speakers]] called the language ''Kirómbos,'' which was also the appellation of their own people.  In origin the word is an ordinary adjective applied to things of or pertaining to [[../kelvins|gryphons]], and was still occasionally so used in the historical period.  Inscriptions found at [[../Corinth|Corinth]] attest that ΚΙΡΟΥΜΒΟΣ or ΚΙΡΩΜΒΟΣ was a designation known to at least some [[Races of Nother|human]] (or at least Grecophone) inhabitants of the city.   The modern name used in English is Kirumb.

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
The [[Kirumb]] vowel system is simplified from the [[Proto-Indo-European|Indo-European]], the original mid vowels ''*e'' and ''*o'' having merged into the high vowels ''*i'' and ''*u''.

Kirumb {{IPA|/yː/}} has no short counterpart due to continuing a PIE diphthong ''*au'', an unusual change via a [[../Proto-Hadwan|Proto-Hadwan]] sound symbolized as ''*øː''.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i iː}} || ({{IPA|y}}) {{IPA|yː}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u uː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || ({{IPA|e eː}}) || || || || || || || ({{IPA|o oː}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ ɑː}}
|}

Parentheses denote phonemes found only in borrowed words (chiefly from [[Greek]]).  The mid back /o oː/ is harder to attest than the other foreign sounds, as it was, until relatively late, frequently spelled with the same letters as /u uː/—and those letters, ''o'' and ''ó'', were only the Greek omicron and omega.

The short vowels /i u e o/ were usually pronounced lax, as [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ].

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /ɑ/ || ''mita'' || /miˈtɑ/ || &quot;with&quot;
|-
| /ɑː/ || ''giná'' || /ɡiˈnɑː/ || &quot;woman&quot;
|-
| /i/  || ''biric'' || /ˈβiritʃ/ || &quot;he carries&quot;
|- 
| /iː/ || ''nír'' || /niːr/ || &quot;man&quot;
|-
| /u/ || ''gíotos'' || /ɡijuˈtus/ || &quot;life&quot;
|-
| /uː/ || ''tsamó'' || /tsɑˈmuː/ || &quot;human being&quot;
|-
| /y/ || ''kuríos'' || /ky.riˈjus/ || &quot;lord&quot; (κύριος)
|-
| /yː/ || ''ús'' || /yːs/ || &quot;ear&quot;
|}

There are few diphthongs appearing in native Kirumb words, with more appearing in Greek loans.

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /ɑʊ/ || ''lavjiros'' || /ˈlɑʊdʒɪrʊs/ || &quot;free&quot; (as in liberty)
|-
| /ɑɪ/ || ''kraistór'' || /krɑɪsˈtuːr/ || &quot;a judge&quot;
|}


===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || ({{IPA|p}}) ||  || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} ||  || || || {{IPA|s}} || ({{IPA|z}}) || {{IPA|ʃ}} ||  || || || ({{IPA|x}}) ||  || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ||  || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

The system is somewhat asymmetrical.

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /m/ || ''molbí'' || /mʊlˈβiː/ || &quot;an evil&quot;
|-
| /n/ || ''nava'' || /nɑˈwɑ/ || &quot;nine&quot;
|-
| /ŋ̩/ || ''hóŋos''&lt;br&gt;''ŋava'' || /huːˈŋʊs/&lt;br&gt;/ŋɑˈwɑ/ || &quot;a son&quot;&lt;br&gt;&quot;nine&quot; (''dialectal'')
|-
| /p/ || ''psalmos'' || /psɑlˈmʊs/ || &quot;a psalm&quot; (ψαλμός)
|-
| /β/ || ''boró'' || /βʊˈruː/ || &quot;a rami&quot;
|-
| /t/ || ''tó'' || /tuː/ || &quot;you&quot;
|-
| /d/ || ''dviflís'' || /dwɪˈfliːs/ || &quot;double&quot;
|-
| /k/ || ''kraima'' || /ˈkrɑɪ.mɑ/ || &quot;a judgment&quot;
|-
| /ɡ/ || ''gniió'' || /ɡniˈjuː/ || &quot;a dragon&quot;
|-
| /f/ || ''foktos'' || /fʊkˈtʊs/ || &quot;wounded&quot;
|-
| /s/ || ''só'' || /suː/ || &quot;a dog&quot;
|-
| /ʃ/ || ''šoŋ'' || /ʃʊŋ/ || &quot;I&quot;
|-
| /z/ || ''zéta'' || /ˈzeːta/ || &quot;zeta&quot; (ζῆτα)
|-
| /x/ || ''xé'' || /ˈxeː/ || &quot;xi&quot; (χεῖ)
|-
| /h/ || ''hilšóm'' || /ˈhɪl.ʃuːm/ || &quot;I throw out&quot;
|-
| /tʃ/ || ''coraŋc'' || /tʃʊˈrɑŋtʃ/ || &quot;in your presence&quot;
|-
| /dʒ/ || ''jaios'' || /dʒɑˈjʊs/ || &quot;a god&quot;
|-
| /w/ || ''vai'' || /ˈwɑɪ/ || &quot;we&quot;
|-
| /j/ || ''iohmót'' || /jʊhˈmuːt/ || &quot;because&quot;
|-
| /r/ || ''ravdóm'' || /ˈrɑʊduːm/ || &quot;I cry out&quot;
|-
| /l/ || ''lakkos'' || /lɑkˈkʊs/ || &quot;pool&quot;
|}

==Vocabulary==
:''Main article:'' [[../Kirumb lexicon/]]

==External links==
* Old website: http://frath.net/kirumb


[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Nother]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag med.png</title>
    <id>716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31731</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:05:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Conflag med.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang Flag</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang flag</title>
    <id>717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45996</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Christian Thalmann's original artwork of the Conlang flag at various sizes */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Conlang flag.svg|thumb|right|323px|The Conlang flag]]

The '''conlang flag''' consists of a rising sun behind a ziggurat or terraced tower.  The purple represents creativity, and the tower alludes to the [[wikipedia:Tower of Babel|Tower of Babel]] and to the never-ending building process involved in [[conlang]]ing.  

The flag was voted on by the members of the [[List of mailing lists|CONLANG]] mailing list in September [[2004]].  A rapid series of designs were created by many people, many iterating on earlier versions:  the design includes the suggestions of many.  

The final design was drawn by [[Christian Thalmann]].

{{stub}}

== Christian Thalmann's original artwork of the Conlang flag at various sizes ==

[[Image:Conflag big.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag big.png]]

[[Image:Conflag med.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag med.png]]

[[Image:Conflag sma.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag sma.png]]

[[Image:Conflag sim.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag sim.png]]

[[Image:Conflag dim.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag dim.png]]

[[Image:Conflag mic.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag mic.png]]

[[Image:Conflag thm.png|frame|center|Image:Conflag thm.png]]

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang flag</title>
    <id>718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43203</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-17T06:36:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Flag Creation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Now that's a pf**king cool flag!
That's really all I have to say. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 07:51, 25 Sep 2004 (PDT)
That is amazing! The artist could easily sell merchandise with that, IMHO.  [[User:Dazi|Dazi]] 17:15, 11 Aug 2005 (PDT)

I like the flag a lot. It reminds me also of a path going towards the sun. --[[User:Imploder|Imploder]] 00:42, 25 August 2006 (PDT)

===Wikipedia link===
I put in the Wikipedia link to the Tower of Babel.  The double brackets were already there, but there was no link.  [[User:Caeruleancentaur|Charlie]] 12:11, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

:Absolutely. Well done! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:43, 26 May 2008 (UTC)


===Flag Creation===
Hey, I thought I'd put a note here about everyone that had a hand in creating the flag.  There were actually quite a number of us.

(1) A fellow named Adrian (I forget his last name, and he's since disappeared) is the one who came up with the idea for having a flag, and he handled all the voting and hosted the site that showcased the proposals.

(2) The idea for the sun in the background and the two color bars came from my flag (David Peterson), that was originally a black band on the bottom, sky blue on the top, and a rising sun in the middle with the Egyptian glyph for &quot;tongue&quot; in black in the middle of the sun.

(3) Sai Emrys came up with the idea of using purple and black, since that color combination wasn't used in any other flag.

(4) Jeffrey Henning came up with the idea of using the Tower of Babel on the flag.

(5) Someone specific (though I forget who) came up with the idea of separating the purple from the black with a yellow band.

(6) Someone else specific also came up with the idea of a curved ground rather than a flat ground.

(7) Christian Thalmann came up with the design combining all these elements, and the final ziggurat design (he improved it significantly from Jeffrey's first sketch).

Just thought I should make a note of this somewhere, as it was kind of a community-wide effort on the Conlang-L.  [[User:Dedalvs|Dedalvs]] 20:07, 28 January 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indo-European languages</title>
    <id>719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51463</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* History */ unlinking dates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Indo-European languages''' are a [[language family|family]] of several hundred [[language]]s and dialects (443 according to the [[SIL International|SIL]] estimate), including most of the major languages of [[Europe]], as well as many in West, Central and [[Southern Asia]]. Contemporary languages in this family include [[Hindi]], [[Bengali]], [[German]], [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Spanish]] (each with more than [[1 E8|100 million]] native speakers), as well as numerous smaller national or minority languages. Indo-European is the largest family of languages in the world today, with its languages spoken by approximately 3 billion native speakers; the second largest family of tongues is [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]. There are other, controversial supergroupings.

==Descendants==
Languages descended from [[Proto-Indo-European]].  

===Natural languages===
''Category:'' [[:Category:Indo-European natlangs|Indo-European natlangs]]
{| valign=top
|
* [[Albanian]]
* [[Armenian]]
* [[Greek]]
* [[Illyrian]]
* [[Messapic]]
* [[Phrygian]]
* [[Tocharian]]
* [[Thracian]]
* [[Venetic]]
|
* [[Anatolian languages]]
* [[Balto-Slavic languages]]
* [[Celtic languages]]
* [[Germanic languages]]
* [[Indo-Iranian languages]]
* [[Italic languages]]
|}
===Constructed languages===
* ''Category:'' [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs|Indo-European conlangs]]


==Classification==
The various subgroups of the [[Indo-European]] family include (in historical order of their first attestation):

* [[Anatolian languages]] &amp;mdash; earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the [[Hittites]].
* [[Indo-Iranian languages]], descending from a common ancestor, [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
**[[Indo-Aryan languages]], including [[Sanskrit]], attested from the 2nd millennium BC
**[[Iranian languages]], attested from roughly 1000 BC, including [[Avestan]], [[Kurdish]] and [[Persian]]
**[[Dardic languages]]
**[[Nuristani languages]]
* [[Greek language]] &amp;mdash; fragmentary records in [[Mycenaean]] from the 14th century BC; [[Homer]] dates to the 8th century BC. See [[Proto-Greek language]], [[History of the Greek language]].
* [[Italic languages]] &amp;mdash; including [[Latin]] and its descendants, the [[Romance languages]], attested from the 1st millennium BC.
* [[Celtic languages]] &amp;mdash; [[Gaulish]] inscriptions date as early as the 6th century BC; [[Old Irish]] texts from the 6th century AD, see [[Proto-Celtic language]]. 
* [[Germanic languages]] (including [[Old English language|English]]) &amp;mdash; earliest testimonies in [[runic]] inscriptions from around the 2nd century, earliest coherent texts in [[Gothic language|Gothic]], 4th century, see [[Proto-Germanic language]].
* [[Armenian language]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 5th century.
* [[Tocharian languages]] &amp;mdash; extinct tongues of the [[Tocharians]], extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
* [[Balto-Slavic languages]], believed by many Indo-Europeanists to derive from a common proto-language later than Proto-Indo-European, while others are skeptical and think that Baltic and Slavic are no more closely related than any other two branches of Indo-European.
** [[Slavic languages]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 9th century, earliest texts in [[Old Church Slavonic]].
** [[Baltic languages]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 14th century, and, for languages attested that late, they retain unusually many archaic features attributed to [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].
* [[Albanian language]] &amp;mdash; attested from the 15th century (1462); relations with Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian proposed.

In addition to the classical ten branches listed above, there are several extinct languages, about which very little is known:
* [[Illyrian languages]] &amp;mdash; possibly related to Messapian or Venetic; relation to Albanian also proposed.
* [[Venetic language]] &amp;mdash; close to Italic.
* [[Liburnian language]] &amp;mdash; apparently grouped with Venetic.
* [[Messapian language]] &amp;mdash; not conclusively deciphered.
* [[Phrygian language]] &amp;mdash; language of ancient [[Phrygia]], possibly close to Greek, Thracian, or Armenian.
*[[Paionian language]] &amp;mdash; extinct language once spoken north of Macedon.
* [[Thracian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly close to Dacian.
* [[Dacian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly close to Thracian and Albanian.
* [[Ancient Macedonian language]] &amp;mdash; probably related to Greek, others propose relation to Illyrian, Thracian or Phrygian.
* [[Ligurian language]] &amp;mdash; possibly not Indo-European; possibly close to or part of Celtic

There were no doubt other Indo-European languages which are now lost without a trace. The fragmentary [[Raetian language]] cannot be classified with any certainty.

Further subfamilies have been suggested, among them [[Italo-Celtic]] and [[Graeco-Aryan]]. Neither of these is widely accepted. [[Indo-Hittite]] refers to the hypothesis that there is a significant separation between Anatolian and all the remaining groups.

===Satem and Centum languages===
[[Image:Centum Satem map.png|thumb|260px|Diachronic map showing the Centum (blue) and Satem (red) areals. The supposed area of origin of Satemization is shown in darker red ([[Sintashta-Petrovka|Sintashta]]/[[Abashevo culture|Abashevo]]/[[Srubna culture|Srubna]]  cultures).]]

The Indo-European sub-branches are often classified in a [[Satem]] and a [[Centum]] group. This is based on the varying treatments of the three original [[Velar consonant|velar]] rows. Satem languages lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds, and at the same time [[sibilant|assibilated]] the palatal velars. The centum languages, on the other hand, lost the distinction between palatal velars and pure velars. Thus, geographically, the  &quot;eastern&quot; languages are Satem (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, but not including Tocharian and Anatolian), and the &quot;western&quot; languages are Centum (Germanic, Italic, Celtic). The [[Satem-Centum isogloss]] runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (thought to be related by a number of scholars), with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that there may be some languages that classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian, Tocharian, and possibly Albanian). It should be noted that the grouping does not imply a claim of [[monophyly]]: there never was a &quot;proto-Centum&quot; or a &quot;proto-Satem&quot;, but the sound changes spread by areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say, during the 3rd millennium BC).

{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|[[Image:IndoEuropeanTreeA.PNG|thumb|800px| Indo-European Language Tree]]
|}

===Suggested superfamilies===
Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages are part of a hypothetical [[Nostratic language]] superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as [[South Caucasian languages]], [[Altaic languages]], [[Uralic languages]], [[Dravidian languages]], [[Afro-Asiatic languages]]. This theory is controversial, as is the similar [[Eurasiatic languages|Eurasiatic]] theory of [[Joseph Greenberg]], and the [[Proto-Pontic]] of John Colarusso.

==History==
{| align=right
|[[Image:IE5500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|late [[Proto-Indo-European language]] in the [[Kurgan]] framework]]
|-
|[[Image:IE4500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|mid 3rd millennium BC distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE3500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|mid 2nd millennium BC distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE2500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|distribution around 250 BC]]
|-
|[[Image:IE1500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|post- [[Roman Empire]] and [[Migrations period]] distribution]]
|-
|[[Image:IE0500BP.png|thumb|232px|right|late medieval distribution (after [[Islam]]ic, [[Hungary|Hungarian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] expansions)]]
|}

''See also: [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], [[Historical linguistics]], [[Glottochronology]].''

The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was first proposed by  [[Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn]] in 1647, proposing their derivation from &quot;[[Scythian]]&quot;. However, the suggestions of van Boxhorn did not become widely known and were not pursued. The hypothesis was again proposed by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]], who noticed similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time, [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Persian]]. Systematic comparison of these and other old languages conducted by [[Franz Bopp]] supported this theory, and Bopp's ''Comparative Grammar'', appearing between 1833 and 1852 is considered the starting point of [[Indo-European studies]] as an academic discipline. 

The common ancestral (reconstructed) language is called  [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE). There is disagreement as to the original [[geography|geographic]] location (the so-called &quot;[[Urheimat]]&quot; or &quot;original homeland&quot;) from where it originated. There are two main candidates today: 
# the steppes north of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] (see [[Kurgan]]) 
# [[Anatolia]] (see [[Colin Renfrew]]).
Proponents of the Kurgan hypothesis tend to date the proto-language to ca. 4000 BC, while proponents of Anatolian origin usually date it several millennia earlier, associating the spread of Indo-European languages with the Neolithic spread of farming (see [[Indo-Hittite]]).

===Kurgan hypothesis===
{{main|Kurgan hypothesis}}
The Kurgan hypothesis was originally suggested by [[Marija Gimbutas]] in the 1950s. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, early PIE was spoken in the [[chalcolithic]] steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Volga]].  

Currently, her theories do not hold credence with most reputable scholars. Ms. Gimbutas's so-called Kurgan peoples theory relies heavily on Kurgan burial mounds. Unfortunately, it is unproven that these so-called Kurgan peoples were ever members of the Indo-European culture-linguistic group. Precisely because '''known''' ancient Indo-European cultures, (i.e. the Indo-Aryans [people of India], the Greeks, Estruscan/Romans, and the ancient norse peoples), universally practiced '''cremation''' and '''not''' burial. This contradiction with known and recorded cultural practices of cremation amongst proven ancient, yet geographically diverse Indo-Europeans groups, casts doubt on the probability that the so-called Kurgan culture were Indo-European. With these caveats in mind, below is outlined Gimbutas' Kurgan hypothesis.

Timeline
*4500&amp;ndash;4000: '''Early PIE'''. [[Sredny Stog culture|Sredny Stog]], [[Dnieper-Donets culture|Dnieper-Donets]] and [[Samara culture|Sarama]] cultures, [[domestication of the horse]].
*4000&amp;ndash;3500: The [[Yamna culture]], the prototypical [[kurgan]] builders, emerges in the steppe, and the [[Maykop culture]] in the northern [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]]. [[Indo-Hittite]] models postulate the separation of [[Anatolian languages|Proto-Anatolian]] before this time.
*3500&amp;ndash;3000: '''Middle PIE'''. The Yamna culture is at its peak, representing the classical reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European society]], with [[Ukrainian stone stela|stone idols]], early two-wheeled proto-chariots, predominantly practicing [[animal husbandry]], but also with permanent settlements and [[hillfort]]s, subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers. Contact of the Yamna culture with late [[Neolithic Europe]] cultures results in the &quot;kurganized&quot; [[Globular Amphora culture|Globular Amphora]] and [[Baden culture|Baden]] cultures. The [[Maykop culture]] shows the earliest evidence of the beginning [[Bronze Age]], and bronze weapons and artefacts are introduced to Yamna territory. Probable early [[Satemization]].
*3000&amp;ndash;2500: '''Late PIE'''. The Yamna culture extends over the entire Pontic steppe. The [[Corded Ware culture]] extends from the [[Rhine]] to the [[Volga]], corresponding to the latest phase of Indo-European unity, the vast &quot;kurganized&quot; area disintegrating into various independent languages and cultures, still in loose contact enabling the spread of technology and early loans between the groups, except for the Anatolian and Tocharian branches, which are already isolated from these processes. The Centum-Satem break is probably complete, but the phonetic trends of Satemization remain active.
*2500&amp;ndash;2000: The breakup into the proto-languages of the attested dialects is complete. [[Proto-Greek]] is spoken in the [[Balkans]], [[Indo-Iranian languages|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] north of the Caspian in the [[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture. The Bronze Age reaches [[Central Europe]] with the [[Beaker culture]], likely composed of various Centum dialects. [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] (or alternatively, [[Proto-Slavic]] and [[Proto-Baltic]] communities in close contact) develops in north-eastern Europe. The [[Tarim mummies]] possibly correspond to proto-[[Tocharians]].
*2000&amp;ndash;1500: The chariot is invented, leading to the split and rapid spread of [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] from the [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] over much of [[Central Asia]], Northern [[India]], [[Iran]] and Eastern [[Anatolia]]. Proto-Anatolian is split into [[Hittite language|Hittite]] and [[Luwian]]. The pre-Proto-Celtic [[Unetice culture]] has an active metal industry ([[Nebra skydisk]]). 
*1500&amp;ndash;1000: The [[Nordic Bronze Age]] develops (pre-)[[Proto-Germanic]], and the (pre-)[[Proto-Celtic]] [[Urnfield]] and [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the [[Iron Age]].  [[Proto-Italic]] migration into the [[Italian peninsula]]. Redaction of the [[Rigveda]] and rise of the [[Vedic civilization]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Flourishing and decline of the [[Hittite Empire]]. The [[Mycenaean civilization]] gives way to the [[Greek Dark Ages]]. 
*1000 BC&amp;ndash;500 BC: The [[Celtic languages]] spread over Central and Western Europe. Northern Europe enters the [[Pre-Roman Iron Age]], the formative phase of [[Proto Germanic]]. [[Homer]] initiates Greek literature and early [[Classical Antiquity]]. The Vedic Civilization  gives way to the [[Mahajanapadas]]. [[Zoroaster]] composes the [[Gatha]]s, rise of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], replacing the [[Elamites]] and [[Babylonia]]. The [[Cimmerians]] ([[Srubna culture]]) are replaced by [[Scythians]] in the Pontic steppe. [[Armenians]] succeed the [[Urartu]] culture. Separation of Proto-Italic into [[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrian]] and [[Latin-Faliscan languages|Latin-Faliscan]], and foundation of [[Rome]]. Genesis of the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Old Italic alphabet|Old Italic]]  alphabets. A variety of [[Paleo-Balkan languages]] are spoken  in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are [[language death|extinct]].

===Competing hypotheses===
[[Colin Renfrew]] in 1987 suggested that the spread of Indo-European was associated with the [[Neolithic revolution]], spreading peacefully into Europe from [[Asia Minor]] from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming (''wave of advance''). Accordingly, all of [[Neolithic Europe]] would have been Indo-European speaking, and the Kurgan migrations would at best have replaced Indo-European dialects with other Indo-European dialects.

[[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in 1984 placed the Indo-European homeland on [[Lake Urmia]]. They suggested that [[Armenian language|Armenian]] was the language which stayed in the Indo-European cradle while other Indo-European languages left the homeland. They are also the originators of the [[Glottalic theory]].

Some people have pointed to the [[Black Sea deluge theory]], dating the genesis of the [[Sea of Azov]] to ca. 5600 BC, as a direct cause of the Indo-European expansion. This event occurred in still clearly Neolithic times and is rather too early to fit with Kurgan archaeology. It may still be imagined as an event in the remote past of the [[Sredny Stog culture]], and the people living on the land now beneath the Sea of Azov as possible  pre-Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Other theories exist, often with a nationalistic flavour, sometimes bordering on [[national mysticism]], typically positing the development ''in situ'' of the proponents' respective homes. One prominent example of such are the Indian theories that derive [[Vedic Sanskrit]] from the [[Indus valley civilization]], postulating that Vedic Sanskrit is essentially identical to Proto-Indo-European, and that all other dialects must ultimately trace back to the early Indus valley civilization of ca. 3000 BC. This theory is not widely accepted by scholars. See [[Indo-Aryan migration]] for a discussion. Another example may be the [[Paleolithic Continuity Theory]] proposed by Italian theorists that derives Indo-European from the European [[Paleolithic]] cultures.

==Sound changes==
{{main|Indo-European sound laws}}
As the  Proto-Indo-European language broke up, its sound system diverged as well, according to various [[sound law]]s in the daughter languages. Notable among these are [[Grimm's law]] in [[Proto-Germanic]], loss of prevocalic ''*p-'' in [[Proto-Celtic]], loss of prevocalic ''*s-'' in [[Proto-Greek]], [[Brugmann's law]] in [[Proto-Indo-Iranian]], as well as [[Satemization]] treated above.  [[Grassmann's law]] and [[Bartholomae's law]] may or may not have been still common Indo-European.

==References==
* {{cite book | last = Watkins | first = Calvert | title = The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 0618082506 }}

* [[August Schleicher]], ''A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages'' (1861/62).

* Leszek Bednarczuk (red.), ''Języki indoeuropejskie''. PWN. Warszawa. 1986 (in Polish). &lt;!-- is this a book? --&gt;.

==See also==
* [[Language family]]
* [[Proto-Indo-European language]]
* [[List of Indo-European roots]]
* [[List of Indo-European languages]]
* [[List of languages]]

== External links ==
;Databases
* [http://www.indoeuropean.nl The Indo-European Database]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90017 IE language family overview (SIL)]
* [http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/group?id=4 Indo-European] at the  LLOW-database
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html Indo-European Documentation Center] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]

;Evolution
* [http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/indoeuropean.html The Evolution of the Indo-European Languages, by Dr. C. George Boeree].
* [http://www.HJHolm.de A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages] by Hans J. Holm
* [http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/psych/research/Evolution/Gray&amp;Atkinson2003.pdf Gray &amp; Atkinson, article on PIE Phylogeny]

;Lexicon
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html Indo-European Roots, from the American Heritage Dictionary].
* [http://www.geocities.com/protoillyrian Indo-European Root/lemmas] (by Andi Zeneli)

[[Category:Indo-European languages|*]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germanic languages</title>
    <id>720</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42423</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T19:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Sound Changes in Germanic Languages=
==Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic==
''These may not be 100% accurate.''
* ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ → k, g, gʰ

===[[Grimm's law]]===
*bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → β, ð, ɣ, β/ɣ
*b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ/k
*p, t, k, kʷ → f, θ, x, xʷ

===[[Verner's law]]===
*f, θ, s, x, xʷ → β, ð, z, ɣ, ɣʷ (except initially or following IE stress)

===Vowel changes===
*aː → oː
*e → i
*eː → æː
*ei → iː
*eːi → eː (?)
*oi → ai
*oːi → oː (?)
*aːi → oː (?)
*eu → iu
*ou → au

==[[High German Consonant Shift]]==
This shift separates [[High German]] from other Germanic languages.
The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows:
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]],
# Geminated, [[Nasal|nasal]]-adjacent and [[Liquid|liquid]]-adjacent voiceless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Affricate|affricates]],
# Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
# All interdental fricatives (/[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ and /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /[[Voiced dental stop|d̻]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]/. &lt;br&gt;
The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].

The shift occurred in the period before [[Old High German]] existed, and in fact was the marker of Old High German.

==English [[Great Vowel Shift]]==
The Great Vowel Shift is where the vowels of [[Middle English]] were raised or diphthongised (for already high vowels).  This is the difference between Middle English and [[Modern English]].

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
| '''Diphthong''' || aj || ||aw
|-
|  '''High''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; i || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; u
|-
| '''Mid''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; e || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; o
|-
| '''Low''' || ↑&lt;br&gt;æ || ←  a ||
|}

==Norwegian and Swedish Back Vowel Chain Shift==
The back vowel chain shift of Norwegian and Swedish has the long vowels raise, and in the case of the highest vowels, fronted towards /yː/.  It would look as follows:

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! Front Rd.
! Central
! Back
|-
|  '''High'''  || ʉ* ← || ← || ←  u
|-
| '''Mid-High'''  || || ||  ↑ &lt;br&gt;   o
|-
| '''Mid-Low''' || || ||  ↑ &lt;br&gt;   ɔ
|-
| '''Low'''  || || a  ↗ ||
|}
*This symbol is used to contrast it with the Nor./Swed. /y/ sound.
All vowels are Long.

==Danish Front Vowel Shift==

=Listing of Germanic Languages=
* [[West Germanic]]
** [[German]]
*** Stages of High German:
****[[Old High German]]
****[[Middle High German]]
****[[Early New High German]]
****[[New High German]] or Modern (Standard) German
*** Stages of Low German
**** [[Old Saxon]]
**** [[Middle Low Saxon]]
**** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German
** Stages of Dutch:
*** [[Old Dutch]]
*** [[Middle Dutch]]
*** [[Dutch]]
**Anglo-Frisian
***Stages of Frisian:
****[[Old Frisian]]
****[[Frisian]]
*** [[English]]
****Stages of English:
*****[[Anglo-Saxon]]
*****[[Middle English]]
*****[[Early Modern English]]
*****[[Modern English]]
******[[Scots]]
*[[North Germanic]]
**[[Old Norse]]
***[[Old West Norse]]
****[[Icelandic]]
****[[Norwegian]]
***[[Old East Norse]]
****[[Old Swedish]]
****[[Swedish]]
****[[Old Danish]]
****[[Danish]]
*[[East Germanic]]
**[[Gothic]]

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Source material]]
[[Category:Germanic natlangs|!]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs|!]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Indo-European languages</title>
    <id>721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4086</id>
      <timestamp>2004-09-27T08:35:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sound changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sound changes from the thread at [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=1533&amp;postdays=0&amp;postorder=asc&amp;start=0 the ZBB] should probably be moved here under the appropriate languages, as they're a useful resource. I'll do so if I have time. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 01:35, 27 Sep 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang relay</title>
    <id>722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58789</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-31T11:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Current relay */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''conlang relay''' is a translation game involving conlangs.  It is similar to the game called by names such as Telephone or Chinese Whispers, where a message is whispered from person to person, often in the process being changed beyond recognition.  Instead of by whispers, in a relay the text is passed by translation:  it is translated from the conlang it is received in, into one's own conlang, and then passed to the next person to be translated.  The resulting text is generally much changed; a tendency noticed in early relays was for the original texts to mutate into creation myths.

==External links==
* [http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/relayrule.html Rules for the Conlang Relay Game]
* [http://www.valdyas.org/mailman/listinfo/relay CONLANG Translation Relay] — mailing list for organization of conlang relays
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/old_relays.html List of participants in previous relays] 
* [http://dedalvs.free.fr/relay/oldrelays.html David J. Peterson's list]  of old relays and their participants &amp;mdash; very complete up to Relay 16, LCC2 relay, and Inverse Relay #2
* [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/relay.cgi Preliminary Relay Scheduler] at [http://www.theiling.de/ Theiling Online]

===Current relay===
* [[Conlang Relay 18]] (currently running)

===Former relays===
* [http://www.valdyas.org/irina/valdyas/taal/hanleni_halsen/relay.html Starlings' Song Translation Relay]
* [http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/bastrelay2.html Bast Relay Translation Game of 1999]  (Second Relay)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/http%3A//www.geocities.com/nicole_eap/onaila/relay/ Third Conlang Translation Relay] [Internet Archive]
* [http://www.geocities.com/laopooh/tsiressa/relay.html Tenth Anniversary Conlang Relay] (Fourth Relay)
* [http://pii.firespeaker.org/relay/ First Planetpii relay]
* [http://www.valdyas.org/irina/relay5/ Fifth CONLANG Translation Relay]
* [http://nik_taylor.tripod.com/relay/ Sixth Conlang Translation Relay]
* [http://suzsoiz.free.fr/relay Relay 6.5]
* [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay7/ Seventh Conlang Translation Relay] (incomplete)
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay8/relay.html Conlang Translation Relay 8]
* [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ Conlang Relay 9]
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/index.html Conlang Relay 10/R]
* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/ Conlang Relay 11]
* [[Conlang Relay 12]]
* [http://www.conlang.info/relay/relay13.html Conlang Relay 13]
* [http://www.conlang.info/relay14 Conlang Relay 14]
* [http://dedalvs.com/relay/previous/lcc2summary.html LCC2 Relay]
* [http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/conlang/inverse1/inverse.htm Inverse Relay 1]
* [[Conlang Relay 15]]
* [http://qiihoskeh.conlang.org/rly/CTR16/JMain.htm Conlang Relay 16]
* [http://dedalvs.com/relay/previous/lcc3summary.html LCC3 Relay]
* [[Inverse Relay 2]] (incomplete)
* [[Conlang Relay 17]]

[[Category:Collaborations]] [[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hangraphy</title>
    <id>723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19219</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-14T02:39:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leon math</username>
        <id>270</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Characters */ italisice</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''This is a project anyone can contribute to.  Discuss changes on the [[Talk:Hangraphy|talk page]].''
----

Hangraphy (maybe 漢抓?) is a system for representing Indo-European roots with Han characters (漢字, ''hanzi'').  After having done so, we can add a kind of okurigana for inflections and such and we have a readymade scheme to represent all Indo-European languages.  Oversimplificated?  You betcha.

For an example, we can take the numbers, which are pretty basic.

{| cellpadding=5
| 1 || 一 || *oi-[no-] || en: ''one'', ru: ''один'', la: ''unus'', etc.
|-
| 2 || 二 || *dwo- || en: ''two'', es: ''dos'', grc: ''δύο'', ...
|-
| 3 || 三 || *tri- || en: ''three'', fr: ''trois'', de: ''drei'' ...
|-
| 4 || 四 || *kʷetwor- || en: ''four'', fr: ''quatre''
|-
| 5 || 五 || *penkʷe || en: ''five'', fr: ''cinq''
|-
| 6 || 六 || *(s)(w)eḱs || en: ''six'', fr: ''six''
|-
| 7 || 七 || *septem || en: ''seven'', fr: ''sept''
|-
| 8 || 八 || *oḱtō || en: ''eight'', fr: ''huit''
|-
| 9 || 九 || *newn || en: ''nine'', fr: ''neuf''
|-
| 10 || 十 || *deḱm || en: ''ten'', fr: ''dix''
|}

Since words get borrowed about so much, some diverse words in a language may be spelled with the same zi, e.g. 一 goes in English words derived from &quot;one&quot;, such as &quot;alone&quot; or &quot;only&quot;, but it also goes in words of Latin origin such as &quot;unique&quot; or &quot;union&quot;.

Of course some of these words inflect, so the Latin word for &quot;one&quot;, for example, won't just be 一, but perhaps something like 一us, 一a, 一um.
----
===Characters===
''I think a better approach would be to assign roots to each 字 first, and then flesh out the individual languages, rather than the other way around. The old stuff is still here, but commented out.'' --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 02:40, 8 Nov 2004 (PST)

:These assignments are not final - feel free to change if a better root fits.
{|
! zi !! root, ''meaning'' !! English !! Latin !! Greek !! Sanskrit !! notes
|-
| 一 || *oi-no-, ''one, unique'' || one, an, a || unus, una, unum
|-
| 二 || *dwo-, ''two'' || two || duo, duae
|-
| 三 || *trei-, ''three'' || three || tres, tria
|-
| 四 || *kʷetwer-, ''four'' || four || quattuor
|-
| 五 || *penkʷe, ''five'' || five || quinque
|-
| 六 || *s(w)eks, ''six'' || six || sex
|-
| 七 || *septm̥, ''seven'' || seven || septem
|-
| 八 || *oktō(u), ''eight'' || eight || octo
|-
| 九 || *newn̥, ''nine'' || nine || novem
|-
| 十 || *dekm̥, ''ten'' || ten || decem
|-
| 百 || *km̥-tom, ''hundred'' || hund[red] || centum || || ||  *''Is this unfair to the langs who form their hundred another way? Are there any?''
|-
| 男 || *wī-ro-, ''man'' || were[wolf] || vir
|-
| 女 || *gʷen-, ''woman'' || queen; quean || || gyne; gynaik-
|-
| 人 || *man-¹, ''man'' || man 
|-
| 土 || *dhghem-, ''earth'' || '''OE''' guma || humus; homo || || मनुः (manuḥ)
|-
| 不 || *no-, ''no''，''not'' || || || ||
|}

[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Hangraphy</title>
    <id>724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17182</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-07T05:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eritain</username>
        <id>280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unresolved Issues */ multiple reflexes of one root with different pronunciations: propose minimal furigana</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==OLD Issues==
*Will borrowed words from hanzi-using languages be written as in that language, like 大君 for ''tycoon''?
*:I should expect so.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*What do we do about concepts that differ between European and Asian langauges? There are hanzi for both ''older brother'' and ''younger brother'' while IE only has one, and there's no hanzi to distinguish ''cow'' from ''bull''. ''I'm working from Japanese; there may be other characters in use in other languages.''
*:Well, *gwou- appears to not be gender-specific to start with, so it could just use　牛.   Family terms may be a problem, we may just have to choose a &quot;nearby&quot; character arbitrarily and claim [[semantic drift]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
* I disagree with the usage of 男 and 女. For hero, there is the perfectly good 英 (Japanese: ei; Mandarin: ying1). For queen, there's 妃 (Japanese: kisaki; Mandarin: fei1) [primarily used for princess in Japanese though]. We could invent some, for instance, by composing 女皇, or we could use digraphs like Japanese; for instance, 明日 does not decompose into anything (in contrast to, say, something like 神風).
*:The roots of hero and queen originally had the basic meaning of &quot;man&quot; and &quot;woman&quot;. So there. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 07:47, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*Japanese has no word for &quot;in&quot;, expressing it as &quot;at the middle of&quot;. Is there a 字 we could use for it?
*:Hmm, there's 在, which is Chinese basically for &quot;is located at/in&quot;.  Prepositions may be another rough spot.  However maybe we could some of the 字 that stand for locations that Japanese doesn't use prepositions for ''as'' prepositions (though probably not 中, which could maybe stand better for *medhyo, En. middle, La. medium, Grc. mesos). —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
Out of the choices for *al- [old] that were put up, I suspect &quot;老&quot; would be the better choice, as its meaning from what I can tell is closest to the original (something like &quot;grow [old]&quot;).   Besides &quot;'''ol'''d&quot; and &quot;'''al'''tus&quot; it also shows up in &quot;'''al'''umnus&quot;, &quot;ad'''ol'''escent&quot;, &quot;ad'''ul'''t&quot;, etc.    [If not actually another character entirely? hmm...]

古 seems more likely for, say, *sen-, la: &quot;senex&quot;, whence senior, senate, etc. (though for such a simple character maybe it should go to a more common root)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:24, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*In Japanese, 古 (mostly) refers to the age of objects, not people, so I don't think it would be appropriate for senex. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 22:37, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*Thirteen is three-ten, and thirty is thrice-ten. How do we distinguish pairs like these? It looks like this'll produce a whole lot of homographs. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 01:58, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
**I like the word you coin for this. I suggest we fix this by writing down the infix, like in Japanese, ao(i)mori (green forest) vs. Aomori (place name). Maybe something like 三十 and 三回十 (or 三次十, or even 三ice十) (Granted, none of those will even look natural in Chinese or Japanese, the very fact is that they are ordering the morphememes in reverse is bad enough) - [[User:Zhen Lin|刘 (劉) 振霖]] 04:59, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*:The -ty is not the same &quot;ten&quot; as |ten| is.  It's from a Germanic element *tigu- (which may or may not be related) meaning something like &quot;decad, group of ten&quot; so we might use a separate character such as 拾 or perhaps better 什.  [Similar goes for like Latin, where -gint- marks decads and -decim teens].
==Unresolved Issues==
*Are there appropriate characters for prefixes and suffixes? A feminine suffix for ''regina'' and ''vixen'' would be useful, but not nearly as useful as the various suffixes Latin uses.
*:A lot of the prefixes are just the regular prepositions, so we could use their 字 for them...—[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*:Suffixes will be harder, as a lot of them outside a few basic ones like *-no- and *-to- they're pretty locally focussed.  For example the suffix of ''vixen'' (*-i(:)n-) doesn't appear to be the same suffix as that of ''regina'' (originally *-niH2-, apparently)... For suffixes, then, perhaps we can break the root-correspondence and go for functional correspondence instead (but that'll mean establishing a standard set of correspondences, and finding a way to handle synonymous suffixes...)... Either that or just spell suffixes out.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:08, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*How do we distinguish between a native word and a borrowed word using the same character? Will they be distinguished at all?
*:Hmm.  We could use a kind of furigana/ruby to spell out the word... or maybe use a 字 that represents the source language as determiner/disambiguator?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:15, 30 Sep 2004 (PDT)
*::Yeah, English in particular is going to have the onyomi/konyomi problem in spades. I recall a proposal (can't find it now) to use (optionally brush-stroke-styled) futhorc for okurigana. It would work for furigana, too, and it's an appealing proposal. But I wouldn't want to spell out every reading in full. I suggest minimal phonetic disambiguation. Let's take for an example ''break/frac-/frag-/-fring-/'' and kin. Assume (I haven't checked) that in English overall, ''break'' is the most common reflex. Then, in standard orthography, it gets the bare character. (Well, OK. Actually, some of the senses of ''brake'' count here too: sheet-metal brakes and canebrakes are cognate with ''break,'' but vehicular brakes are not. So we'll need to sample a corpus, see what fraction of ''brake'' citations have those senses, and adjust the frequency counts to inflate the frequency of ''break'' and deflate ''brake'' accordingly.) Maybe ''frac-'' is next, so we write it with the character plus a ruby ''f''; and then ''frag-'' with ''f,'' possibly a filler symbol, and ''g''. By the time we get down to ''frangible'' and ''infringe,'' we've added the ''n'' and a vowel character, and then we hit ''friable,'' where we spell the root ''fr'' and use a symbol that means there are '''not''' other unwritten consonants, but that we are spelling the reading out in full. Of course, that's the generic public-schools-and-newspapers standard; a scientific journal might adopt a house style guide that says ''frac-'' or ''frag-'' is written without ruby, and require a ''b'' for ''break;'' likewise a tort law publication would surely write ''infringe'' without annotating it every time. There's one other problem with this, which is the spelling of vowels; vowel systems of English dialects vary like mad even before you try to spell them with an orthography (like futhorc or Roman letters) that reflects an archaic form of the system. It's not such a problem for ''frangible'' and ''infringe,'' but there could easily be some IE root that has two reflexes in English that differ only in vowel, and whose vowels are pronounced very differently in different dialects. We could adopt the heavy approach, which is to declare or create a reference dialect and spell the vowels according to it, or we could adopt a lighter approach: Repurpose the vowel runes as vowel-quality runes that mean 'front,' 'back,' 'high,' 'low,' 'tense,' 'lax,' or what have you. (Faking up, of course, a fairly mnemonic pairing so that the 'i' rune means either 'high' or 'front', etc.) Then we write these pairs with minimal indication of the necessary contrast, and let each reader render the particulars of the vowel according to dialect. I think this is much prettier, more flexible, and more Han-like (Hanly? Hannish?) than trying to explicitly render the full pronunciation from one reference dialect would be. [[User:Eritain|Eritain]] 21:07, 6 December 2006 (PST)
*What's to be done about words that replace the original IE stem? If 犬 is to be English ''hound'', then what will ''dog'' be?
*What about taboo forms?

===-to- suffix===

For the suffix *-to-, which in most languages (except, um, Greek) represents a completed action, I suggest maybe 了, which in Chinese forms a similar function (marking perfective aspect).   So for example en: &quot;right&quot; and la: &quot;rect(us)&quot; would be 「王了」.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:35, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*I'm not sure, but I'm guessing this developed into the Latin perfect participle. What about the thematic vowel? Would that be written, or considered part of the root? That would be nice, as it makes the conjugations appear a lot more orderly. :) --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 22:05, 2 Oct 2004 (PDT)
::Yeah, it's the participle.  It's also the English participle and past tense in -ed, and also the ordinal number marker -th: 四了 = fourth/quart(us), and 十了 = tenth/tithe...  I think we can get away with dropping the stem vowel when there's no (or little) ambiguity, but it may become a problem later... that and ablaut.  It seems all fine to add letters to the end of a word but they don't look the same in the middle.  We may have to import [[wikipedia:Bopomofo|Bopomofo]] or some such. ;)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:44, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
::: Where do you get your information? :) I feel like I'm missing out. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 08:09, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
:::: My main sources are Calvert Watkins, ''American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots'' (much of which is available online, [http://bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html]),
:::: Andrew Sihler, ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin'',
:::: and Julius Pokorny, ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' (whose data is  at http://www.indoeuropean.nl/ )  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:22, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*Won't it look a bit odd, having all those English verbs of Latin origin ending with -ate written as though they were pas tense? And then reduplicating for the real past tense? Ugh.. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 23:24, 4 Oct 2004 (PDT)
*:Perhaps... I guess that's what we get for borrowing so many verbs in participle form :|  
*:For cleanliness' sake, isn't there a 字 that indicates the previous sign be doubled?  々, I believe.  We could use that for reduplication too, maybe.
*:Hmm, the basic sense of &quot;了&quot; is &quot;perfect&quot;, which is something that is basically default in English anyway: imperfects (&quot;progressives&quot;) are marked specially, with -ing.  Thus e.g. 予(na)了 &quot;donate&quot; doesn't get used in any imperfect constructions:  only in things like &quot;I donate [regularly]&quot; (habitual), &quot;[If] I donate&quot; (irrealis), and &quot;I [will/should/like to] donate&quot; (infinitive).  If it was past, we'd have &quot;予(na)了々&quot; (it will look like a &quot;rule&quot; that verbs in -了 take a ppl in -々)  or &quot;(was) 予(na)了ing&quot;.  So it mightn't look ''too'' odd, except in the case of verbs that have 了-less homographs....   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:19, 5 Oct 2004 (PDT)

=== Synonyms ===

What to do with all the synonyms? There are probably 5+ roots meaning &quot;to shine&quot;; I can't use the same hanzi for all of them! -- [[User:Ran|Ran]] 13:52, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)

:There are synonymous and near-synonymous hanzi as well.  Kanjidic has at least ten 字 with a gloss of at least &quot;shine&quot; as well: 輝照耀陽暉曄焜煥煕熈...  Ideally we'd pick 字 that have in their use connotations similar to those that show in their descendent words, though this mayn't always be possible.
:Note also that PIE meanings, though usually given pretty definitely, are somewhat flexible as well.  For example the basic form given for a root is a verb, although many are used just as much so for nouns as well (which means that even a &quot;verb&quot; root doesn't need to be spelled with a &quot;verb&quot; 字).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:13, 3 Oct 2004 (PDT)


Thinking of breathing life into this again..perhaps there's a better way of going about the assignment of 字 to roots? --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 03:03, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

:(Yeah, lack of action I partly blame on myself; I haven't been in a creative way at all lately, whether for conlangs or otherwise...)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:34, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

==Kokuji==
Would it be going to far to create our own 字? I was thinking for dog (and OE docga) we could have 犬 (hound) with some phonetic on the side. --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 04:42, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

:Hmm, I don't know.  Does unicode have a method for building 字 this way?  Or would they be all divided online?  (I suggest 狗, btw.)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:34, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

::I'm not sure. But if there is a way, there probably aren't any fonts that do it anyway... There is combining grapheme joiner (034F). :shrugs:--[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 21:49, 7 Nov 2004 (PST)

::Kind of -- there's the &quot;Ideographic Description Characters&quot; block at U+2FF0-U+2FFF which has metacharacters for things such as &quot;character composed of two characters side-by-side&quot; etc. -- [[User:Pne|pne]] 09:30, 10 July 2006 (PDT)

And so 犬狗 = hound-dog. Let's hear it for redundancy! :-P

== Archived stuff ==

Older content that may or may not be superseded:

{|
! !! IE !! Meaning !! English !! Latin !! Greek
|-
| 至 || *ad- || ''to, near, at'' || at || ad
|-
| 驅 / 趕 || *ag- || ''to drive, draw, move'' || || ag(o), ag(ere), eg(i), ac(tus)
|-
| 日 || *agh- || ''a day (considered as a span of time)'' || day, daw(n) (d- is a bit suss)
|-
| 田 || *agro- || ''field'' (probably derivative of *ag-) || acre || ager, agr(i)
|-
| 擁 || *aik- || ''to be master of, possess'' || ough(t), owe, ow(n)
|-
| 襲 ? || *aim- || ''copy'' || || aem(ulus); im(itor), im(itari), im(itatus)
|-
| 欲 || *ais- || ''to wish, desire'' || as(k)
|-
| 壽 ? || *aiw-, ayu- || ''vital force, life, long life, eternity'' || ? || aev(um); ae(tas); ae(ternus) || (→eon)
|-
| 鋒 || *ak- || ''sharp'' || egg (''to egg on''), ha(mmer)?  || ac(us); ac(er), ac(ris), ac(re)
|-
| 水 || *akʷ-ā- || ''water'' || is(land) || aqu(a)
|-
| 另 || *al- || ''beyond'' || o(ther), el(se)|| il(le)?; ul(s), ul(tra); al(ter); al(ius) || (→allo-)
|-
| 育 || *al- || ''to grow, nourish'' || ol(d), el(der) || al(tus); al(mus); al(o), al(ere), al(ui), al(tus)
|-
| 全 || *al- || ''all'' || all, al(beit), al(ready), al(so), al(though), al(ways)
|-
| 白 || *albho- || ''white'' || elf? || alb(us)
|-
| 幻 ? || *alu- || ''in words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication'' || ale
|-
| 圍 || *ambhi, m̥bhi || ''around'' (probably *ant-bhi, ''from both sides'') || ? || amb(io); amb(ulo)|| (→amphi-) 
|-
| || *an- || ''on'' || on
|-
| 気 || *anə- || ''spirit/breath, to breathe'' || || ani(mus); ani(mal); (''ha''lo &amp;lt; *ans-lo-?) || ἄνεμος
|-
| 緊 || *angh- || ''tight, painfully constricted, painful''
|-
| 鬼 ? || *ansu- || ''spirit, demon''
|-
| 前 || *ant- || ''front, forehead''
|-
| 離 || *apo-, ap- || ''off, away''
|-
| 合 || *ar-, arə- || ''to fit together''
|-
| 爍 || *arg- || ''to shine, white; the shining or white metal, silver''
|-
| 燃 ？ || *as- || ''to burn, glow''
|-
| 行 / 年 || *at- || ''to go; with germanic and latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as &quot;the period gone through, the revolving year&quot;)''
|-
| 火 || *āter- || ''fire''
|-
| 覺 || *au- || ''to perceive''
|-
| 增 || *aug- || ''to increase''
|-
| 耀 || *aus- || ''to shine''
|-
| 金 || *aus- || ''gold'' [may be same root as 耀 *aus- shine] || || aurum || 
|-
| 禽 / 鳥 / 隹 || *awi- || ''bird''
|-
| 伯 / 叔 / 舅 || *awo- || ''an adult male relative other than one's father''
|-
| 朝 || *ayer- || ''day, morning''
|-
| 銅 || *ayes- || ''a metal, copper or bronze''
|-
| 杖 || *bak- || ''staff used for support''
|-
| 強 || *bel- || ''strong''
|-
| 耀 ? || *bhā- || ''to shine''
|-
| 曰 / 云 || *bhā- || ''to speak''
|-
| || *bha-bhā- || ''broad bean''
|-
| 好 / 良 || *bhad- || ''good''
|-
| 分 || *bhag- || ''to share out, apportion, also to get a share''
|-
| 臂 || *bhāgu- || ''arm''
|-
| 柏 || *bhāgo- || ''beech tree''
|-
| 鬚 || *bhardh-ā- || ''beard''
|-
| 麥 || *bhares-, bhars- || ''barley''
|-
| 擊 || *bhau- || ''to strike''
|-
| 奔 || *bhegʷ- || ''to run''
|-
| 蜂 || *bhei- || ''a bee''
|-
| || *bheid- || ''to split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to 
hunting) and woodworking''
|-
| 信 || *bheidh- || ''to trust, confide, persuade''
|-
| 耀 ? || *bhel- || ''to shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors''
|-
| 脹 || *bhel- || ''to blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity''
|-
| 花 || *bhel- || ''flower, thrive, bloom'' || ''bloo''m, ''blo''ssom, [blood] || ''flo''s, ''fol''ium || φύλλον 
|-
| 膨 || *bhelgh- || ''to swell''
|-
| 繫 / 束 / 縛 || *bhendh- || ''to bind''
|-
| 負 / 孕 || *bher- || ''to carry; also to bear children''
|-
| || *bher- || ''bright, brown''
|-
| 亮 || *bherəg- || ''to shine; bright, white''
|-
| 隱 || *bhergh- || ''to hide, protect''
|-
| 高 || *bhergh- || ''high; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts''
|-
| 呼 / 吸 || *bhes- || ''to breathe''
|-
| 覺 / 察 || *bheudh- || ''to be aware, to make aware''
|-
| 存 / 生 || *bheuə-, bheu || ''to be, exist, grow''
|-
| 彎 || *bheug- || ''to bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects''
|-
| 吹 || *bhlē- || ''to blow''
|-
| 溢 || *bhleu- || ''to swell, well up, overflow''
|-
| 裸 || *bhoso- || ''naked''
|-
| 兄 / 弟 || *bhrāter- || ''brother, male agnate''
|-
| 斷 || *bhreg- || ''to break''
|-
| 沸 || *bhreu-, bhreuə-, bhreəu- || ''to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing''
|-
| 眉 || *bhrū- || ''eyebrow''
|-
| 分 || *dā- || ''to divide''
|-
| 分 || *dail- || ''to divide''
|-
| || *daiwer- || ''husband's brother''
|-
| 涙 || *dakru- || ''tear'' || lacri(ma) || δάκρυ(ον)
|-
| 此 / 是 || *de- || ''demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs''
|-
| 顯 / 宣 || *deik- || ''to show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects''
|-
| 納 || *dek- || ''to take, accept''
|-
| 十 || *dekm || ''ten''
|-
| 右 || *deks- || ''right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east)'' || || dex(ter) || δεξ(ιός)
|-
| 長 || *del- || ''long''
|-
| 計 / 數 || *del- || ''to recount, count''
|-
| 戶 || *dem- || ''house, household''
|-
| || *demə- || ''to constrain, force, especially to break in (horses)''
|-
| 学 || *dens- || ''learn, use one's mind'' || || || δάω (*dnso:) &quot;learn&quot;, redupl. δι-''δάσκ''ω (→ didact-) &quot;teach&quot;
|-
| 歯 || *dent- || ''tooth''
|-
| 剝 || *der- || ''to split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather''
|-
| 䁐 ? || *derk- || ''to see'' || || (draco) || δρᾰκών, δέρκομαι
|-
| 堅 / 木 || *deru-, dreu- || ''to be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses &quot;wood&quot;, tree&quot; and derivatives referring to objects made of wood''
|-
| 缺 || *deu- || ''to lack, be wanting''
|-
| || *deu- || ''to do, perform, show favor, revere''
|-
| 久 || *deuə-, dwaə || ''long (in duration)''
|-
| 領 || *deuk- || ''to lead''
|-
| 置 || *dhē- || ''to set, put''
|-
| 暖 || *dhegʷw- || ''to burn, warm''
|-
| 吮 || *dhē(i)- || ''to suck''
|-
| 建 / 築 || *dheigh- || ''to form, build''
|-
| 支 || *dher- || ''to hold firmly, support''
|-
| 勇 || *dhers- || ''to venture, be bold''
|-
| 示 / 祭 ? || *dhēs- || ''root of words in religious concepts''
|-
| 流 || *dheu- || ''to flow'' || dew
|-
| 死 / 亡 || *dheu- || ''to die'' || dea(d), dea(th), die
|-
| 深 / 虛 || *dheub-, dheubh- || ''deep, hollow'' || deep
|-
| 成 ? || *dheuə- || ''to close, finish, come full circle'' (probably related to *dheu-, ''to die'') || tow(n) || fu(nus)
|-
| 造 || *dheugh- || ''to produce something of utility'' || ? || || (teukhos)
|-
| 土 || *dhghem- || ''earth'' || ? || hum(us); hom(o), hom(inis) || (khthon)
|-
| 昨 || *dhgh(y)es- || ''yesterday'' || yes(terday)
|-
| 插 / 修 ? || *dhīgʷ- || ''to stick, fix'' || dig? || fig(o), fig(ere), fixi=fic(si), fixus=fic(sus); fi(bula)
|-
| || *dhreg- || ''to draw, glide'' || drink, drench, drow(n)
|-
| 驅 || *dreibh- || ''to drive, push; snow'' || drive, drove
|-
| 落 || *dhreu- || ''to fall, flow, drip, droop'' || drea(ry), dro(p), droo(p) || || (thruptein)
|-
| 女 / 閨 / 娘 || *dhugəter- || ''daughter''
|-
| 門 || *dhwer- || ''door, doorway'' (usually plural) || door || for(as); for(is); for(um) || (thura)
|-
| (play) 玩 / 耍 / 嬉 || *dlegh- || ''to engage oneself'' || play || ''maybe'' (in)dulg(eo)
|-
| 舌 || *dn̥ghū- || ''tongue'' || tongue || lingu(a)
|-
| 給 / 予 || *dō- || ''to give'' || || d(o), d(are), de-d(i), d(atus) || (didonai, dosis, doron)
|-
| 惡 || *dus- || ''bad, evil, mis-'' (derivative of *deu-, to lack) || || || (→dys-)
|-
| 二 || *dwo- || ''two'' || two, twe(lve), twe(lfth) || du(o), bi(s), bi(ni) || (duo)
|-
| 神 || *dyeu- || ''to shine (and in many derivatives &quot;sky, heaven, god&quot;)'' || Tue(sday) || di(es); de(us); div(us); di(s), di(tis); div(es), div(itis); Iup(piter), Iov(is); Iu(lius) || (Zeus, delos)
|-
| 食 || *ed- || ''to eat'' (original meaning &quot;to bite&quot;) || eat || ed(o), ed(ere), ed(i), ed(itus); (pran)d(ium) ''first meal''
|-
| 居 || *es- || ''to be'' || a(m), is; ye(s) || es(se), s(um), es, es(t), s(umus), es(tis), s(unt) || (einai)
|-
| 空 || *euH2- || ''empty; to give out, lack, leave'' || wane, want || ''va''n(us), ''va''c(are), ''va''st(us) || 
|-
| 來 || *gʷā-, gʷem- || ''to go, to come'' || come, (wel)come, (be)come || ven(ire) || (bainein)
|-
| 貝 || *ko(n)kho- || ''shell[fish]'' ||  –  || coc(h)lea  || ''κόγχ''ος, ''κόχλ''ος 
|-
| 犬 || *k'won- || ''dog'' || hound || canis || κύων
|-
| 左   || *laiwo- || ''left'' ||  || laevus || λαιός
|-
| 月 || *me:-n- || ''moon, month'' || moon, month || mensis || men, mene || μείς, μήνη
|-
| 無 || *ne || ''not''
|-
| 口  || *ōs- || ''mouth'' || || os, oris || 
|-
| 休 || *paus- || ''cease, stop, leave [behind]'' ||  || ''paus''a (from grc): || παύω 
|-
| 火 || *peH2wr || ''fire'' || fire ||  — || πῦρ, pyro-
|-
| 吸 || *pneu- || ''breath(e)'' || sneeze, snore, sneer || || πνέω, πνοή, πνεῦμα
|-
| 矯 / 王 ? || *reg- || ''to move in a straight line'', with derivatives meaning ''to direct in a straight line, lead, rule'' || righ(t)=矯了; rake (also ''rajah, maharajah'' from Sanskrit) || reg(o), reg(ere), rexi=rec(si), rec(tus)=矯了us; rex=rec(s); reg(ula); rog(o), rog(are), rog(are), rog(avi), rog(atus)=矯了us ''Homograph Alert!'' || (oregein)
|-
| 見 || *spek- || ''see, observe, examine'' || spy || specere, species || σκέπτομαι, σκοπός
|-
| 響 / 音 / 聲 || *swen- || ''to make sound'' || [swan] || ''son''o, ''son''are;  sonus=音us || —
|-
| 下 || *upo- || ''down, below, under'' || up [!] || sub || ὑπό, hypo-
|-
| 看 || *weid- || ''to see, know'' || wit, wi(se)=見了 || vid(eo), vid(ere), vid(i), vi(sus)
|-
| 勝 / 克 || *weik- || ''to fight, conquer'' || || vinc(o), vinc(ere), vic(i), vic(tus)=勝了us
|}

{|
! !! IE !! English !! Latin !! Greek !! German !! Mandarin Chinese !! Japanese
|-
| 生 || *seuH- [give birth] || so(n) || || || Soh(n) || shēng || じょう
|-
| 飲 || *peH₃(i)- [drink] || || po(tus), bi-b(o) || πόσ(ις), πί(νω) || || yǐn || の(む)
|-
| 耳 || *H₂eus- || ear || aur(is) || οὖς || Ohr || ěr || みみ
|-
| 目 || *okʷ- ||  eye || oc(ulus) || || Auge || mù || め
|-
| 父 || *pH₂ter- || father || pater, patr(is) || || Vater || fù || ちち
|-
| 魚 || *peisk- || fish || pisc(is) || || Fisch || yú || さかな
|-
| 制 / 法 / 規 || *yewes- [law] || || ius, iur(is), ius(tus) || || || zhì / fǎ / guī
|-
| 地 || *lendh- || land || || || Land || dì || ち
|-
| 男 / 雄 || *wiH-ro (or *Hner-?) [male] || (were-) || vir ||  || || nán / xióng || ひと
|-
| 女 / 雌 || *gʷenH- [female] || (queen) ||  || γυνή || || nǚ / cí || おんな
|-
| 中 || *medhi- || mid, midd(le) || medi(us) || || || zhōng || なか
|-
| 母 || *maH₂ter- || mother || mater, matr(is) || μήτηρ || Mutter || mǔ || はは
|-
| 鼠 || *mūs- || mouse || mus, mur(is) || μυς || Maus || shǔ || ねずみ
|-
| 雪 || *sneigʷh- || snow || nix=nic(s), niv(is) || *νίψ (νίφα) || Schnee || xuě || ゆき
|-
| 水 || *akʷa- [water] || is(land) || aqu(a) || || || shuǐ || みず
|-
| 濕 || *wed- || wat(er), wet, wint(er), hyd(ro)- || und(a) || hud(ōr) &lt;!-- I need to learn me some Greek.. --&gt; || Wass(er) || shī || しめ(る)
|-
| 冬 || *ghei-/*ghiems [winter] ||  || hiem(s), hiem(is) || || || dōng || ふゆ
|-
| 風 || *H₂weH₁-(nt)- || wind || vent(us) || || || fēng || かぜ
|-
| 狼 || *wlkʷ- || wolf || lup(us) || λύκ(ος) || Wolf || láng || おおかみ
|-
| 狐 || *wlp-e:- [fox] || || vulp(es) || ἀλώπηξ || || hú || きつね
|-
| 牛 || *gʷou- || cow || bo(s, -vis) || βοῦς || Kuh || niú ||うし
|-
| 古 / 老 / 高 || *al-(t-) || old, (eld) || alt(us) || || || gǔ / lǎo / gāo || ふる(い), お[い(る)], たか(い)
|- 
| 蜜 || *melit- [honey] || (mildew) || mel (mulsus) || μέλι || || mì || みつ
|-
| 雨　|| *reg- || rain || rig(are) || || regen || yǔ || あめ
|-
| 圓 / 丸　|| *wel- [round]  || || vol(vere) || ἕλ(ιξ) || || yuán / wán || まる（い）
|-
| 王 || *reg- [king, rule, right] || right || rex, reg(num), reg(ula) || || Reich || wáng ||  おう
|}

===English Words===
{|
| 男狼 || werewolf || *wiro-wl̥kʷo
|-
| 男育了 || world || *wiro-al²-to
|}

===Latin Words===
{|
| 飲飲o, 飲飲re, 飲飲i, 飲飲了us || bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus
|-
| 食ibilis || edibilis
|-
| 父icius || patricius
|-
| 魚ina || piscina
|-
| 飲io || potio
|-
| 飲to, 飲tare, 飲tavi, 飲tatus || poto, potare, potavi, potatus
|}

== New Additions ==

I added a few French words and will continue if you guys have no complaints. [[User:Eosp|Eosp]] 21:07, 19 February 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Copyright</title>
    <id>725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4090</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-05T22:52:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>clarifying license</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unless otherwise stated, this work is licensed under a $1.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of conlangs</title>
    <id>726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54979</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-11T23:50:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Conlangs on other wikis */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Conlangs on FrathWiki ==

{{DPL from category
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading==Conlangs on FrathWiki listed alphabetically=
  | namespace=
  | columns=3
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  | exclude category 3=Vocabulary
  | exclude category 4=For deletion
}}

{{DPL from category by category
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading==Conlangs on FrathWiki listed by subcategories and crosscategories=
  | namespace=
  | notopcategory=1
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  | exclude category 3=Vocabulary
  | exclude category 4=For deletion
}}

==Conlangs on other wikis==
*[[Conlangcity:Interlecto|Interlecto]]
*[http://lfn.wikia.com/wiki/Paje_xef Lingua Franca Nova]
*[[Conlangcity:Tokcir|Tokcir]], the New Generation Language
*[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Romanslavic Romanslavic] on Conlang.Wikia

==Conlangs on other sites==
*Mercator's [http://www.xapia.com/andanese/index.php Andanese]
*Ahribar's [http://www.geocities.com/zarathustra47/conlang.html Arêndron]
*Arthaey Angosii's [http://arthaey.mine.nu:8080/~arthaey/conlang/ Asha'ille]
*Eddy the Great's [http://terp.bravehost.com/conworld/tpconlang.html Bp&amp;#664;x&amp;#8217;ã&amp;#816;àókxá&amp;#816;]
*[http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig]
*Matt Arriola's [http://z500.8m.net/conlangs/index.html Igur, Noth, Erog, Seduk]
*[http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Ithkuil/ Ithkuil]
*[http://www.kli.org/ Klingon]
*K. Willis' [http://home.comcast.net/~kent.willis/site/ Calineg]
*[http://www.eskimo.com/~ram/Latejami/ Latejami] (''formerly Ladekwa, Latenkwa, Nasendi and Katanda'')
*[http://lingwadeplaneta.info/en/index.shtml/ Lingwa de Planeta]
*[http://www.lojban.org/ Lojban]
*Maknas' [http://www.xapia.com/serakus/language/malknarh/grammar.html Malknarh]
*Maknas' [http://www.xapia.com/serakus/language/mekhael/grammar.html Mekhael]
*[http://www.petercrisci.com/petaylish Petaylish]
*[http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling]'s [http://www.theiling.de/conlang/s7/ Qthyn|gai]
*[http://www.tokipona.org/ Toki Pona]
*'''Mark Rosenfelder's Verduria'''
::''Taëse''
:::''Eastern'' &amp;#8212; [http://www.zompist.com/eastern2.html Proto-Eastern]
::::''Karazi''
:::::''Cuzeian''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/cuezi.htm Cuêzi]
::::''Central''
:::::''Ca&amp;#271;inor''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/native.htm Ca&amp;#271;inor]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm Verdurian]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/bara.htm Barakhinei]
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/ismain.htm Ismaîn]
::::''Axunaic''
::::*[http://www.zompist.com/axunashin.htm Axuna&amp;#353;in]
:::::''Modern Axunaic''
:::::*[http://www.zompist.com/xurnash.htm Xurná&amp;#353;]
::::''[http://www.zompist.com/naviu.htm Naviu]''
::::''[http://www.zompist.com/chia.htm &amp;#268;ia-&amp;#352;a]''
:::''Monkhayic''
::::''Me&amp;#357;aiun''
::::*[http://www.zompist.com/kebreni.htm Kebreni]
:::''Wede:i-Mei''
:::*[http://www.zompist.com/wedei.html Wede:i]
::''Non-Human''
::*[http://www.zompist.com/elkaril.htm Elkarîl]
::*[http://www.zompist.com/flaidish.htm Flaidish]

:''This list is incomplete.  Please add to it.''

[[Category:Conlangs|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latin Pinyin</title>
    <id>727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18069</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T00:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>status: abandoned</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center;&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Author
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|-
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Status
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;abandoned&lt;/span&gt; (2004)
|}

[[Chinese]], literally Romanized:  a method for spelling Mandarin roughly as if it were [[Latin]].

This Romanization is lossy:  several Chinese phonemes may correspond to one Latin spelling.  Additionally, tone is not indicated.  The main impetus for this system was a way to Latinize Chinese names.

==General correspondences==
===Initials===
{|
! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin !! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; !! pinyin !! Latin
|-
| ''b'' || '''p''' || || ''p'' || '''ph''' || || ''m'' || '''m''' || || ''f'' || '''f'''
|-
| ''d'' || '''t''' || || ''t'' || '''th''' || || ''n'' || '''n'''	|| || ''l'' || '''l'''	
|-
| ''g'' || '''c''' || || ''k'' || '''ch''' || || ''h'' || '''h'''	
|-
| ''j'' || '''c(i)''' || || ''q'' || '''ch(i)''' || || ''x'' || '''s(i)'''
|-
| ''z'' || '''z''' || || ''c'' || '''s''' || || ''s'' || '''s'''	
|-
| ''zh'' || '''t(i)''' || || ''ch'' || '''th(i)''' || || ''sh'' || '''s(i)''' || || ''r'' || '''z'''&amp;dagger;	
|}

&amp;dagger; &quot;'''R'''&quot; might be keepable for ''r'', but I don't know if the ''r'' is a sound a Latin-speaker would hear as '''r'''.

* Aspirated consonants are spelled with &quot;h&quot;, extending the convention already used for [[Greek]].  
* Many of the sibilants fall together to the Latin ear.  
* The &quot;(i)&quot;s drop before ''i'', ''y'', and diphthongs beginning with ''u''.  If you were using ''j'' (not common these days) it would be used here instead of ''i''.

===Finals===
{| 
|               || ''i'' '''i''' || ''u'' '''u''' || ''ü'' '''y'''
|-
| ''a'' '''a''' || ''ia'' '''ia''' || ''ua'' '''ua'''
|-
| ''o'' '''o''' ||                 || ''uo'' '''uo'''
|-
| ''e'' '''e''' || ''ie'' '''ie''' ||              || ''üe'' '''ue'''
|-
| ''er'' '''er'''
|-
| ''ai'' '''ae''' ||               || ''uai'' '''uae'''
|-
| ''ei'' '''ei''' (i?) ||          || ''uei'' (=''ui'') '''uei''' (ui?)
|-
| ''ao'' '''au''' || ''iao'' '''iau''' 
|-
| ''ou'' '''ou''' (u?) || ''iou'' (=''iu'') '''iou''' (iu?)
|-
| ''an'' '''en''' || ''ian'' '''ien''' || ''uan'' '''uen''' || ''üan'' '''yen'''
|-
| ''en'' '''in'''	|| ''in''  '''in''' || ''uen'' (=''un'') '''uen''' || ''ün'' '''yn'''
|-
| ''ang'' '''an(g/c)''' || ''iang'' '''ian(g/c)''' || ''uang'' '''uan(g/c)'''
|-
| ''eng'' '''en(g/c)''' || ''ing'' '''in(g/c)''' || ''ueng'' '''uen(g/c)'''
|-
| ''ong'' '''on(g/c)''' || ''iong'' '''ion(g/c)'''
|}

* The (g/c) is something I'm not certain of.  Certainly &quot;ng&quot; ''could'' always be spelled out (and certainly sometimes it was used: e.g., [[wikipedia:la:Sungteius|Sungteius]] == [[wikipedia:Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi Emperor]]).  Myself I'd prefer a ''c'' to go before unvoiced consonants (thus at least ''-nct-'', ''-nch-''), if not actually dropped altogether before consonants (''-nt-'') — ''h'' not counting as a consonant here.    If it ''must'' be kept it should at least be dropped before aspirates, combinations such as ''-cth-'' being an Abhomination against Nature.

==Special correspondences==

{|
| ''zi'' '''z''' ||  ''ci'' '''s''' || ''si'' '''s'''
|-
| ''zhi'' '''t(i)''' || ''chi'' '''th(i)''' || ''shi'' '''s''' || ''ri'' '''z'''
|-
| ''ju'' '''cy''' || ''jue'' '''cye''' || ''juan'' '''cyen''' || ''jun'' '''cyn'''
|-
| ''qu'' '''chy''' || ''que'' '''chye''' || ''quan'' '''chyen''' || ''qun'' '''chyn'''
|-
| ''xu'' '''sy''' || ''xue'' '''sye''' || ''xuan'' '''syen''' || ''xun'' '''syn'''
|-
| ''yu'' '''y''' || ''yue'' '''ye''' || ''yuan'' '''yen''' || ''yun'' '''yn'''
|-
| ''ya'' '''ia''' || ''ye'' '''ie''' || ''yao'' '''iau''' || ''you'' '''iou''' (iu?)
|-
| ''yan'' '''ien''' || ''yin'' '''in''' || ''ying'' '''in(g/c)''' || ''yang'' '''ian(g/c)'''
|-
|  ''yong'' '''ion(g/c)'''
|-
| ''wu'' '''u''' || ''wa'' '''va''' || ''wo'' '''vo''' || ''wai'' '''vae'''
|-
| ''wei'' '''vei''' (vi?) || ''wan'' '''ven''' || ''wen'' '''ven''' || ''wang'' '''van(g/c)'''
|-
| ''weng'' '''ven(g/c)'''
|}

==Notes==
Is it accurate?  Who knows?  The [[wikipedia:Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi Emperor]] appeared in Latin as [[wikipedia:la:Sungteius|Sungteius]], which isn't far off from what we'd have gotten (Suntius, say).   Beijing comes out as Peicing or Picing [cf Peking!].

===Examples===
Reign names of [[Wikipedia:List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty|emperors of the Ming Dynasty]], transliterated and then made declinable:  ''Hongu, Cienven, Ionle, Honsi, Syente, Tienthon(g), Cinthae, Thiensuen, Thenchua, Honti, Tiente, Ciacin(g), Lonchin(g), Vanli, Thaethian(g), Thienchi, Thiontien''.

If we wanted to fully Latinize them, making them declinable, it would be as: ''Hong(u)us&amp;dagger;, Cienvenus, Ionleus, Honsius, Syenteus, Thienthongus, Cinthaeus, Thiensuenus, Thenchuas&amp;#x2021;, Hontius, Tienteus, Ciacingus, Lonchingus, Vanlius, Thaethiangus, Thienchius, Thiontienus.''

:&amp;dagger; Fourth declension, -us, -us ?
:&amp;#x2021; Greek first declension, -as, -ae, like ''Aeneas''.

[[Category:Latin]]
[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Muke/Spelling</title>
    <id>732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4114</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-18T15:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Biscriptal orthography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I think using that african alphabet for English would be bloody cool. But it seems to lack dental fricatives, as well some necessary vowelage... --[[User:Vlad|Vlad]] 04:58, 15 Oct 2004 (PDT)

== Biscriptal orthography ==

''Institute two different spelling systems, one for native words and one for foreign ones. Or put differently, spell Germanic words Germanically and Romance words Romantically. (Give some way to discern orthographies, I'm thinking maybe use italics.) [This may not even be necessary. Who knows? I'll discard it for now.]''

Back when Swedish/Danish/German were written with Fraktur
they used Antiqua (i.e. what we know as Roman) letters
for non-Swedish/Danish/German words.  The problem with 
using italics is that one then needs to use a lot of bold
for emphasis and then also '''''bold italic''''.  BTW italics
read poorly on-screen IMNSHO.   BTW, mind if I upload '''my'''
semiserious ideas on an English spelling reform? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:57, 10 May 2005 (PDT)

:Hmm, that's right and something I hadn't thought about (Fraktur/Antiqua).  Anyway, spelling reforms are certainly welcome here.  (This one is placed under my user page because, well, it's nameless for one, and I'm not really sure about a good naming convention either).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 09:11, 11 May 2005 (PDT)

::Except that in your case English [[Wikipedia:Blackletter|Blackletter]] is of course more appropriate than [[Wikipedia:Fraktur (typeface)|Fraktur]]!  There are plenty of fonts around, tho most of them lack accents and moreover the face has got too much of an association with Heavy Metal for general use, alas!  Perhaps you should design a &quot;Frathur&quot; style and make it official on your server! ;)
:: I call my spelling &quot;New AngloSaxon Spelling&quot;, with good reason since it uses þ, ð and accented letters, but with less good reason since it also uses ʃ ʒ ŋ as distinct letters (where ʒ is /dʒ/ rather than /ʒ/, BTW.
::(BTW how do you create the &lt;nowiki&gt;[[User Talk:Muke|✎]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; stamp?) [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 01:21, 13 May 2005 (PDT)
::: Sorry for the late reply.  Blackletter seems like a good idea ;) if a bit intrusive.  Possibly even just serif vs. sans-serif might be reasonable.  At any rate, I just set the &quot;your nickname&quot; field in [[Special:Preferences]] to &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; — though in recent versions you can just turn on &quot;raw signatures&quot; and put whatever you like in.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:41, 18 May 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial click</title>
    <id>733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4115</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-11T10:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʘ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Non-Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʘ 
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;O\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Z-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;O\&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;p_!&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || p!
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Click]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; 
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; 
'''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+round] &lt;br&gt; 
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; 
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

{{stub}}

===Bilabial Clicks in Natlangs===
'''[[!Xóõ]] bilabial clicks:'''
{|
| Plain || ʘ
|-
| [[Voiced]] || ʘg
|-
| [[Aspirated]] || ʘh
|-
| [[Plain]] with [[uvular ejective]] accompaniment || ʘq?
|}
===Bilabial Clicks in Conlangs===

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʘ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ʘ</title>
    <id>734</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4116</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T12:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial click]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>O\</title>
    <id>735</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4117</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T12:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial click]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</title>
    <id>736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52894</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]] to [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]:&amp;#32;standards</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 | &lt;big&gt;tˡɬ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| colspan=2 | Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || t͡ɬ ''or'' tɬ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;t_K&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;tK&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || t&lt;lat&gt;s&lt;lat&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Lateral]] [[affricate]]
|- align=&quot;left&quot;
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+lateral] 
|}

The lateral alveolar affricate is found in few natlangs. It consists of [[Voiceless lateral alveolar stop|tˡ]] followed by [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]], and it is the [[lateral]] equivalent of [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]].
===Lateral alveolar affricates in natlangs===
'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || tl || atlatl /atɬatɬ/
|}
===Lateral alveolar affricates in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Plain || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/phonemes/tlh.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (tlh)] || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (butlh) /butɬ/
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|tɬ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T͡ɬ</title>
    <id>737</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4119</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:03:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T l K</title>
    <id>738</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4120</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T K</title>
    <id>739</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4121</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal sibilant</title>
    <id>740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59036</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T14:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;ç&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ç
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;C&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || C
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Palatal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]] ([[sibilant]])
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+distributed] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+front] &lt;br&gt;
|}

The voiceless palatal fricative can be considered an [[unvoiced]] [[Palatal approximant|j]]. It often arises from a [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]][[Palatal approximant|j]] cluster.  It is often part of a [[voiceless palatal affricate]].

===Palatal fricatives in natlangs===
'''[[Modern English]]'''
{|
| h(u) || huge, human /hjudʒ hjumən/ [çuːʤ çuːmən]
|}
'''[[Japanese]]''' 
{|
| ひ(ゃ,ゅ,ょ) (hy(a,u,o)) || 百, /hyaku/, [çakɯ]
|}
'''[[High German]]'''
{|
|  ch (except next to back vowels) || Ich, Mädchen, möchten /ɪç metçən møçtən/
|}
'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
|  gi, ge, j (except next to back vowels),|| gente, jefe, genio /çɛnte çɛfe çenio/
|}
'''[[Norwegian]]'''
{|
|  kj, ky, ki || kjøre, kirke, kylling  /çørə çirkə çylɪŋ/
|}


===Palatal fricatives in conlangs===

'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Plain || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png|24px]] (sy) || syel, /çèl/
|}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ç]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal fricative</title>
    <id>741</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4123</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless palatal spirant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless palatal spirant</title>
    <id>742</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4127</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T13:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Voiceless palatal spirant moved to Voiceless palatal sibilant</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless palatal sibilant]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless bilabial stop</title>
    <id>743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47590</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:04:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See Also */ catsort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;p&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]] || p
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]] || &lt;tt&gt;p&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]] || p
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s:
| [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' 
|}

The voiceless bilabial stop is an extremely common sound, occuring in almost every natlang.  Notable exceptions include standard [[Arabic]].

===Bilabial stops in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || (s)p || spin /spɪn/ [spɪn]
|-
| Aspirated || p || pin /pɪn/ [pʰɪn]
|-
| Unreleased || p || cap /kæp/ [kʰæp̚]
|}

'''[[Ancient Greek]]'''
{|
| Plain || π (p) || πούς (pous) /púːs/
|-
| Aspirated || φ (ph) || φωνή (phōnē) /pʰɔːnɛ́ː/
|}

'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Plain || p || perro /perro/ [pero]
|}

===Bilabial stops in conlangs===
'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Plain || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png|24px]] (p) || pədre [pə̀dɾə]
|}

===See Also===
*[[Voiced bilabial stop|Voiced bilabial stop - b]]
*[[Bilabial ejective|Bilabial ejective  - pʼ]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|p]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velar nasal</title>
    <id>744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50464</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T10:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>IPA letter, distribution issues</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ŋ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ŋ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;N&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || N
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Nasal]] [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: ||
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; 
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+nasal] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
|}

The velar nasal is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is often an allophone of [[Alveolar nasal|/n/]] before a [[velar]] sound. In languages such as [[Mandarin]] Chinese it may be argued to be a syllable-final allophone of [[Bilabial nasal|/m/]].

It is unusually common for the velar nasal to be prohibited from appearing at the beginning of the word; this is the case in nearly all languages of Eurasia, for example (the [[Samoyedic languages]] and languages of southeast Asia are notable exceptions). This evidently is a consequence of the nasal being much rarer as a consonant [[phoneme]] than its [[Bilabial nasal|labial]] and [[Alveolar nasal|coronal]] counterparts: many languages that do have it as a phoneme have developed it from clusters such as /nk/ or /nɡ/ (the latter is the origin of the phoneme in [[Germanic languages]], for instance) that cannot occur word-initially. It is also not unlikely for the sound to be constrained entirely to the syllable-final position (again, see Mandarin).

The dedicated IPA letter &lt;ŋ&gt; is formed as an amalgamation of &lt;[[n]]&gt; and &lt;[[ɡ]]&gt;. There is also a [[IPA capitals|corresponding capital letter]], &lt;Ŋ&gt;; this comes in two [[allograph]]ic forms, the other resembling an &lt;N&gt; with a hook (preferred in [[Samic languages]]), the other a larger, descenderless form of the lowercase glyph (preferred in African languages using the letter).

===Velar nasals in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ng || sing /sɪŋ/
|-
| || n(k,g) || sank /sænk/ [sæŋk]
|}

'''[[Ancient Greek]]'''
{|
| Voiced || γ(γ,κ,ν,μ,χ)  || ἄγγελος  [áŋɡelos]
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || g(n) || magnus /magnus/ [maŋnʊs]
|}

===Velar nasals in conlangs===
'''[[Atlantic]]'''
{|
| Voiced || [[Image:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png|24px]] (ŋ) || viŋe [vìŋə]
|}

'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ņ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-5a.mp3 gaņiut /ɡaŋiut/]
|-
| Unvoiced || hņ
|-
| Voiced geminated || ņņ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-35b.mp3 sa’weņņün /saʔweŋŋʉn/]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ŋ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-capital-letter-saadi.png</title>
    <id>745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4130</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:08:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb capital letter śādī.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb capital letter śādī.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-saadi.png</title>
    <id>746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4131</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter śādī</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter śādī</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Voiceless palatal sibilant</title>
    <id>747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47883</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T21:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not a sibilant, yep</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is this really a sibilant?  It might be better to more generally list it mainly under [[voiceless palatal fricative]] instead.  It looks like only &quot;ɕ ɧ ʑ ʐ ʂ ʒ z ʃ s&quot; are technically sibilants.
:I agree, this is basically the spirant corresponding to /ɕ/. Largely similar to /x/, only farther front.--[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 21:38, 1 August 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-pee.png</title>
    <id>748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4133</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T16:49:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter pē</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter pē</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kirumb-small-letter-angma.png</title>
    <id>749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4134</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-16T17:12:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirumb small letter aŋma</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kirumb small letter aŋma</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless bidental fricative</title>
    <id>750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6615</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-11T18:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. phonetic segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;h̪͆&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || h̪͆
|-
| ''[[Z-SAMPA]]'': || &lt;tt&gt;h_t\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bidental]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || ?
|}

The voiceless bidental fricative is vanishingly rare. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced bidental fricative|ɦ̪͆]].

===Bidental fricatives in natlangs===
'''Shapsug [[Adyghe]]''' 
{|
| Plain || || /xə/ [h̪͆ə] (‘six’)
|}

===Bidental fricatives in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || hh || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-42a.mp3 hhöž /hhœʒ/ [h̪͆œʒ&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|h̪͆]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labial-velar approximant</title>
    <id>751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31895</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T17:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;w&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || w
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;w&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || w
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Labial-velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+approximant] &lt;br&gt;
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
[+voice] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+round] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+back] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+tense]
|}

The labial-velar approximant is a semi-vowel, and can be considered a consonantal version of the vowel [[High back rounded vowel|u]].  It's voiceless equivalent is [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|/ʍ/]]

{{stub}}

===Labial-velar approximants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || w || win /wɪn/
|-
| Unvoiced [[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|ʍ]] || (p,t,k)w; (q)u || twin /twɪn/ [t[[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|ʍ]]ɪn]
|}
The sound was originally Ƿ (wynn) which comes from the [[Runic]].

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Voiced || わ (wa) || 私 /watasi/
|}
'''[[Old Norse]]'''
{|
| Voiced || v || Vikingr /wikiŋgr/
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || v || vīdī /wiːdiː/
|}

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Voiced || hu, uh || cihuātl /siwaːtɬ/
|-
| || (c)u, u(c) || cuīca /kwiːka/
|}
===Labial-velar approximants in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Voiced || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (w) || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (wab) /wab/
===See Also===
*[[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|Voiceless labial-velar fricative - ʍ]]
*[[Palatal approximant|Palatal approximant - j]]
[[Category:Phonetic segments|w]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glottal stop</title>
    <id>752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38314</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-27T14:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʔ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʔ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || ?
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Glottal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+constricted glottis]
|}

The glottal stop is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is a part of the articulation of [[ejective]]s. It is impossible to voice a glottal stop.

=Glottal stops in natlangs=
==English==
===British English===
'''[[English]]''' ([[Cockney]] dialect)
{|
| Plain || t || bottle /bɒtəl/ [bɒʔɤ]
|}

===American English===
The sound between the vowels in '''uh-uh''', /əʔə/. 

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || h || huehxolotl /weʔʃoɬotɬ/
|}
=Glottal stops in conlangs=
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || ’ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-13b.mp3 ma’walg /maʔwalg/]
|}

'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Plain || &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (') || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/Qo%27.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (Qo') /qχoʔ/]
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʔ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labiovelar approximant</title>
    <id>753</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4138</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T05:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Labial-velar approximant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Labial-velar approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar trill</title>
    <id>754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59038</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T15:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;r&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || r
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;r&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || r&lt;trl&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Trill]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+trill] &lt;br&gt;  [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] 
|}

The alveolar trill is a sound common amongst European languages. It is a rhotic, often being changed for [[Alveolar flap|{{IPA|[ɾ]}}]] or [[Uvular trill|{{IPA|[ʀ]}}]]. It often [[Rhotacism|arises from]] [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|[z]}}]].

{{stub}}

===Alveolar trills in natlangs===
'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Voiced || rr || perro /pero/
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || r || Rōma /roːma/
|-
| Voiced geminated || rr || currō /kurroː/
|}

===Alveolar trills in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || rr || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-35d.mp3 rrig /riɡ/]
|}
===See Also===
*[[Alveolar flap|Alveolar flap - ɾ]]
[[Category:Phonetic segments|r]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial trill</title>
    <id>755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4140</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-11T10:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʙ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʙ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;B\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || b&lt;trl&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Trill]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+trill] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
|}

The bilabial trill is an easy sound for most people to make, yet it is used phonemically in very few natlangs.

{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʙ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Labial-velar approximant</title>
    <id>756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4141</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T14:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmm</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I don't think segments is a particularly descriptive name. Perhaps something more general, like &quot;sounds&quot;?

:Possibly.  &quot;Segments&quot; is what they are, though, as opposed to suprasegmentals (things like tone and stress).  &quot;Sounds&quot; though seems a bit over-inclusive.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:19, 17 Oct 2004 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless postalveolar affricate</title>
    <id>757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58595</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T02:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;tʃ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || t͡ʃ ''or'' ʧ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;tS&lt;/tt&gt; ''(see text)''
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || tS
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Postalveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Affricate]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+distributed]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+strident]
|}

The voiceless postalveolar affricate is a quite common sound cross-linguistically. It often arises from [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] before a high vowel or [[Palatal approximant|j]]. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced alveolar affricate|dʒ]]. It can also be ejective, [[Postalveolar ejective affricate|tʃʼ]].

In [[X-SAMPA]] it can be represented explicitly as &lt;tt&gt;[t_S]&lt;/tt&gt;, though for convenience it can also be represented as &lt;tt&gt;[tS]&lt;/tt&gt;. The disjunctor hyphen (thus &lt;tt&gt;[t-S]&lt;/tt&gt;) can be used when it is important to emphasize the separateness of the &lt;tt&gt;[t]&lt;/tt&gt; and the &lt;tt&gt;[S]&lt;/tt&gt;.

Americanistic, Uralistic etc. linguistic traditions use the symbol '''[[č]]''' for this sound.

Note that in [[shallow transcription]] it is common to use /tʃ/ as a catch-all symbol for a number of different affricates, such as the [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] [tʂ], [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] [tɕ], or even the [[voiceless palatal affricate]] [cç], if they do not contrast in the language in question with an actual postalveolar.

===Postalveolar affricates in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || chin /tʃɪn/
|}

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Plain || ち (chi) || 父 /titi/ [t͡ɕit͡ɕi]
|}
Note that this is one of the cases where the sound is actually not [tʃ].

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || tōchtli /toːtʃtɬi/
|}

'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| Plain || ch || coche /kotʃe/
|}

'''[[Turkish]]'''
{|
| Plain || ç || çiçek /tʃitʃec/
|}

===Postalveolar affricates in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Plain || č || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-3a.mp3 čuņ /tʃuŋ/]
|-
| Aspirated || čʰ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-38d.mp3 čʰed /tʃʰed/]
|-
| Ejective || č’ || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-39b.mp3 qömč’oi /qœmtʃʼoi/]
|}
===See Also===
*[[Voiceless alveolar affricate]]
*[[Postalveolar affricated click]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|tʃ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velarized alveolar lateral approximant</title>
    <id>758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48170</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ɫ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || lˠ
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;l_G&lt;/tt&gt; ''or'' &lt;tt&gt;5&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || l&lt;vzd&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]] ([[Velar]])
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Lateral]] [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+approximant] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+lateral] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The velarized lateral alveolar approximant is an 'l', pronounced with the tongue raised towards the [[velum]]. It is commonly an allophone of [[alveolar lateral approximant|/l/]].  It is also called '''dark l''', or in Latin studies '''l pinguis''' ‘fat l’.

===Velarized lateral alveolar approximants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || l || full /fʊl/ [fʊɫ]
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Voiced || l || volo /wolo:/ [ˈwɔɫoː]
|}
* [ɫ] appeared in Latin before any vowel but /i(ː)/, before any consonant but /l/, and word-finally.  It was more velarized before consonants than vowels.

===Velarized lateral alveolar approximants in conlangs===
'''[[Ithkuil]]'''
{|
| Voiced || ł || [http://home.inreach.com/sl2120/Sound_Files/cons-14a.mp3 łak (ɫak)]
|-
| Voiced Geminated || łł
|}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic segments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labial-velar stop</title>
    <id>759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47708</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T19:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>ahgr</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;k͡p&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || k͡p
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;k_p&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Labial-velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The labial-velar stop is rare sound, occuring in some African natlangs, mostly in the Sahel belt. It is a combined [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] and [[Voiceless labial stop|p]], articulated with simultaneous labial and velar closure. Commonly the velar closure is formed and released slighty erlier, hence the transcription /k͡p/ rather than /p͡k/. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced labial-velar stop|ɡ͡b]].  

It is hypothetized that [[bilabial click]]s may arise from labial-velar stops.
[[Category:Phonetic segments|k͡p]]


{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nahuatl</title>
    <id>760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9314</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category uto-aztecan natlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nahuatl''' is an [[Aztecan languages|Aztecan]] language, spoken by the Aztecs and their descendants in Mexico.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Lateral Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Stops || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || || || || [[Voiceless velar stop|c (k)]] || [[Glottal stop|h (ʔ &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Affricates || || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|tz (ts &lt;tt&gt;t_s&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricat|tl (tˡɬ &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ch (tʃ &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Fricatives || || [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|z (s)]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|l (ɬ &lt;tt&gt;K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar sibilant|x (ʃ &lt;tt&gt;S&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Nasals || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]]
|-
| Semi-vowels || || || || || [[Palatal approximant|y (j)]] || [[Labial-velar approximant|hu (w)]]
|}

*/w/ is spelt '''uh''' syllable-finally.
*/kw/ is spelt '''cu''', or '''uc''' syllable-finally.
*/s/ before '''i''' or '''e''' is spelt '''c''', and '''z''' elsewhere
*/k/ before '''i''' or '''e''' is spelt '''qu''', and '''c''' elsewhere
==Nahuatl words in English==
*atlatl
*avocado (←ahuacatl)
*axolotl
*chicle (←chictli)
*chili, chile, chilli (←chilli)
*chocolate (←xocolatl)
*cocoa, cacao (←cacahuatl)
*guacamole (←ahuacamolli)
*coyote (←coyotl)
*ocelot (←ocelotl)
*peyote, peyotl (←peyotl)
*tomato (←tomatl)
----
{{msg:stub}}

[[Category:Uto-Aztecan natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ɫ</title>
    <id>761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48169</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[IPA]] symbol ɫ ([[X-SAMPA]] &lt;tt&gt;5&lt;/tt&gt;) is ambiguous. It could mean:
*[[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|Velarized lateral alveolar approximant - lˠ]]
*[[Pharyngealized lateral alveolar approximant|Pharyngealized lateral alveolar approximant - lˤ]]

[[Category:Disambiguation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>5</title>
    <id>762</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4147</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T11:41:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vlad</username>
        <id>8</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect → ɫ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ɫ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Billabial trill</title>
    <id>763</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4148</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T20:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Billabial trill moved to Bilabial trill</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bilabial trill]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labiovelar stop</title>
    <id>764</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4149</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-17T20:41:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar stop]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar stop]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless alveolar sibilant</title>
    <id>765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4150</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-29T14:01:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>sort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;s&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || s
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;s&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || s
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]] ([[Sibilant]])
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+delayed release] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+strident]
|}

The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a very common sound, occuring in many languages. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]], and it is part of the affricate [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]].

===Voiceless alveolar sibilants in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Plain || s || sit /sɪt/
|-
| Voiced || s || dogs /dɒgs/ [dɒgz]
|}

'''[[Japanese]]'''
{|
| Plain || さ, す, せ, そ (sa,su,se,so) || 桜 (sakura) /sakura/
|-
| Retracted || し (shi) || 手裏剣 (shuriken) /sjuriken/ [ʃɯɽikeɴ] &lt;!-- is this accurate? --&gt;
|}

'''[[Latin]]'''
{|
| Plain || s || sol /sol/
|}

'''[[Nahuatl]]'''
{|
| Plain || z, c(i, e) || cihuātl /siwaːtɬ/
|}

[[Category:Phonetic segments|s]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Klingon</title>
    <id>766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48179</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T22:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ linkfix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Klingon''' is a conlang created by [[Marc Okrand]] for the Star Trek movies. It is intended to be a forceful, alien-sounding language.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar&lt;br/&gt;/ palatal !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
| Stops || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p (pʰ &lt;tt&gt;p_h&lt;/tt&gt;)]] · [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t (tʰ &lt;tt&gt;t_h&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || || [[Voiced retroflex stop|D (ɖ, &lt;tt&gt;d`&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || [[Glottal stop|' (ʔ &lt;tt&gt;?&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Affricates || || || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate|tlh (tˡɬ &lt;tt&gt;t_l_K&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ch (tʃ &lt;tt&gt;t_S&lt;/tt&gt;)]] · [[Voiced postalveolar affricate|j (dʒ &lt;tt&gt;d_Z&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || || || [[Voiceless uvular affricate|Q (qχ &lt;tt&gt;q_X&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Fricatives || [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || || || || [[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|S (ʂ &lt;tt&gt;s`&lt;/tt&gt;)]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|H (x)]] · [[Voiced velar fricative|gh (ɣ &lt;tt&gt;G&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Nasals || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || || || || [[Velar nasal|ng (ŋ &lt;tt&gt;N&lt;/tt&gt;)]]
|-
| Approximants || [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] || || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Palatal approximant|y (j)]]
|-
| Rhotic || || [[Alveolar trill|r]]
|}

==External links==
* [[kliwiki:Proto-Klingon|Proto-Klingon]]
* [http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Puns%20in%20the%20Vocabulary%20of%20tlhIngan%20Hol Puns in the Vocabulary of tlhIngan Hol] &lt;!-- interwiki doesn't work [yet] for pages with spaces in title--mediawiki converts them to underscores, which doesn't work for KLIwiki --&gt;

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Exolangs]]
{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velopharyngeal fricative</title>
    <id>767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50466</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T10:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Voiced velopharyngeal fricative]] to [[Velopharyngeal fricative]]:&amp;#32;Voicing ambiguous</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʩ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʩ
|-
| ''[[Z-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;f\&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velopharyngeal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]]
|-
|}

A '''velopharyngeal fricative''' is a snore- or snort-like phone articulated in an unusual way: by constricting the ''nasal'' passage with incomplete closure of the [[velum]]. As such, it is inherently nasalized. The sound's [[extIPA]] symbol - a digraph of [[f]] and [[ŋ]] - suggests the stereotypical articulation to be [[voiceless]] and with a [[velar]] closure as the oral part, but velopharyngeal friction can be combined with any phonation and [[buccal]] stop. A possible way to transcribe other variants may be appending a lowering diacritic to a nasal consonant: [m̞], [n̞] etc.

The sound is not used [[Phoneme|phonemically]] in any [[natlang]] (it is however a possible speech defect) nor in any known [[conlang]] in active development.

Contrast with other classes of nasal fricativs, the [[nareal fricative]]s (constricted at the nostrils) and [[nasalization|nasalized]] fricatives (constricted orally).

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʩ]]
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Z-SAMPA</title>
    <id>768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47585</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:phonabets</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Z-SAMPA''' is an extension of [[X-SAMPA]] created by members of the [[Zompist Bulletin Board]].
----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tengwar</title>
    <id>769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28422</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-01T21:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Markjreed</username>
        <id>1182</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rewrite font tags with CSS; use larger size so the Tengwar shows up in the Code200x fonts.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [http://code2000.net Code2000] font (or another font that implements Tengwar in the private use range specified in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]]) is required to view this page.  Tengwar has been proposed for, but is not yet included in, [[Plane 1]] of [[Unicode]], being roadmapped for a range starting at U+13000.
----
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
| Ⅰ || Ⅱ || Ⅲ || Ⅳ
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;29&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| &lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Code2001, Code2000, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/tengwar.html Tengwar ConScript Unicode Standard]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1641/n1641.htm Proposal to encode Tengwar in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2]

[[Category:Conscripts]]
----
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linear B</title>
    <id>771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4156</id>
      <timestamp>2004-10-20T04:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Syllabary */ + ha, ai, au, phu, rai/lai</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Linear B''' was used to write an archaic form of [[Greek]].
===Syllabary===
{| cellpadding=15 align=&quot;center&quot;
! !! a !! e !! i !! o !! u
|-
! 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀀&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀁&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀂&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀃&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀄&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! d
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀅&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀆&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀇&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀈&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀉&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! j
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀊&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀋&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀍&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀎&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! k
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀏&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀐&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀑&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀒&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀓&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! m
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀔&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀕&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀖&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀗&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀘&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! n
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀙&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀚&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀛&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀜&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀝&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! p
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀞&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀟&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀠&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀡&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀢&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! q
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀣&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀤&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀥&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀦&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|-
! r
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀨&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀩&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀪&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀫&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀬&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! s
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀭&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀮&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀯&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀰&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀱&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! t
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀲&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀳&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀴&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀵&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀶&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! w
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀷&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀸&lt;/font&gt; 
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀹&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀺&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|-
! z
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀼&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀽&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
| &lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐀿&lt;/font&gt;
| (none)
|}

Additional characters: 
* 𐁀 &quot;a₂&quot; = ''ha ''
* 𐁁 &quot;a₃&quot; = ''ai ''
* 𐁂 &quot;a₄&quot; = ''au ''
* 𐁆 &quot;pu₂&quot; = ''phu ''
* 𐁉 &quot;ra₃&quot; = ''rai / lai''

===Ideograms===
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂀&lt;/font&gt; — man
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂁&lt;/font&gt; — woman
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂂&lt;/font&gt; — deer
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂃&lt;/font&gt; — horse
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂄&lt;/font&gt; — mare
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂅&lt;/font&gt; — stallion
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂆&lt;/font&gt; — ewe
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂇&lt;/font&gt; — ram
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂈&lt;/font&gt; — nanny goat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂉&lt;/font&gt; — billy goat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂊&lt;/font&gt; — sow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂋&lt;/font&gt; — boar
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂌&lt;/font&gt; — cow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂍&lt;/font&gt; — bull
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂎&lt;/font&gt; — wheat
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂏&lt;/font&gt; — barley
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂐&lt;/font&gt; — olive oil
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂑&lt;/font&gt; — spice
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂒&lt;/font&gt; — cyprus
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂓&lt;/font&gt; — kapo
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂔&lt;/font&gt; — kanako
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂕&lt;/font&gt; — oil
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂖&lt;/font&gt; — wine
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂘&lt;/font&gt; — arepa
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂙&lt;/font&gt; — meri
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂚&lt;/font&gt; — bronze
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂛&lt;/font&gt; — gold
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂝&lt;/font&gt; — wool
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂠&lt;/font&gt; — horn
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂧&lt;/font&gt; — cloth
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂪&lt;/font&gt; — garment
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂫&lt;/font&gt; — armour
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂵&lt;/font&gt; — month
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐂷&lt;/font&gt; — tree
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃃&lt;/font&gt; — helmet
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃄&lt;/font&gt; — footstool
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃅&lt;/font&gt; — bathtub
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃆&lt;/font&gt; — spear
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃇&lt;/font&gt; — arrow
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃉&lt;/font&gt; — sword
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃌&lt;/font&gt; — wheeled chariot
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃍&lt;/font&gt; — chariot
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃎&lt;/font&gt; — chariot frame
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃏&lt;/font&gt; — wheel
*&lt;font face=&quot;Penuturesu,Code2001&quot; size=+5&gt;𐃘&lt;/font&gt; — dart
[[Category:Natscripts]]
----
{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khoisan languages</title>
    <id>773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8182</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:16:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Khoisan languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Descendants==
===Natural languages===
''Category:'' [[:Category:Khoisan natlangs|Khoisan natlangs]]

Hatsa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Hadza]]&lt;br&gt;
Sandawe&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Sandawe]]&lt;br&gt;
Southern Africa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hainǁum&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Haiǁom]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kwadi&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kwadi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Nama&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Korana]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nama]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Xiri]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Tshu-Khwe&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Deti]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;North Central&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Ganáda]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Shua]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Northeast&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Hietschware]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Northwest&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǁGana]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀAnda]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kxoe]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Southwest&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀGwi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Naro]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Northern&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ʼAkhoe]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǂKxʼauǁʼein]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Kung-Ekoka]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[JuǀʼHoan]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Maligo]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǃOǃung]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Vasekela Bushman]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Southern&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ǃKwi&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Seroa]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nǀu]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǀXam]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǁXegwi]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hua&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǂHua]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[ǃXóõ]]
===Constructed languages===
* ''Category:'' [[:Category:Khoisan conlangs|Khoisan conlangs]]

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Khoisan languages|!]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-SAMPA</title>
    <id>774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47535</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T10:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''X-SAMPA''' is an ASCII version of the [[IPA]].  It is a generalized extension of [[SAMPA]], a set of systems for transcribing the phonemes of various languages.

On the Conlang list, the X-SAMPA variant [[CXS]] is more popular than plain X-SAMPA.

==External links==
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm X-SAMPA summary] (HTML)
* [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ipasam-x.pdf X-SAMPA description] (PDF)
* [[Wikipedia:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]] — Wikipedia


----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part I</title>
    <id>775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11499</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Patsi.gif</title>
    <id>776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4002</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-01T04:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bicoherent</username>
        <id>12</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Description of Tilawa language, Patsi alphabet, etc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tilawa</title>
    <id>777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29250</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A more updated version is also [http://bicoherent.topcities.com/litter/patsi.gif available].

[[Image:Patsi.gif]]
 &lt;div id=&quot;ghsfg5dfhsdfhd&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;height:1px;&quot;&gt;[http://www.zorpia.com/replicawatch2 replica watch] &lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:How does one start a page</title>
    <id>778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31004</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T16:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>starting pages directly via URL</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Starting a new page from scratch is not something that wikis tend to make easy.  

The Wiki Way™ is to start from pages that already exist and follow links to pages that don't exist to create them.  

In practical terms, this means you can go to your user page (while logged in, click on your username in the bar across the top of the page) and add a link to the page title you'd like to create, for example &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Blastwegian]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[List of monarchs of Blastwegia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;.  (Placing a topic in double brackets will create a wiki link.  For more on wiki formatting, see [[Help:Editing]].)   After saving, the link will probably be red, indicating the page it points to doesn't exist yet.  Click on it to start editing your new page.

The link step is however not necessary, so if it happens that you don't want anyplace linking to your new page, it's possible to start a new one by simply typing the corresponding URL. Eg. set your browser for http://wiki.frath.net/ExampleTitle to start the page [[ExampleTitle]].

If the page title you want already has an article on it... things may get more complicated.  Ask [[User talk:Muke|Muke]] to do something about it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part II.</title>
    <id>779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4168</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T01:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Appendix III. The Sun and the North Wind. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==WORD FORMATION ''tan yèxnëmérvan''==
===General Rules===
*098. Senyecan has a well-developed system of word formation in which roots are modified by various prefixes, suffixes, and inflectional endings to form new words.  ''E.g.'', the root '''ed-''', eat, may give '''éda''', to eat; '''édon''', food; '''édïin''', edible; '''eðdémon''', restaurant; '''veédïin''', inedible; '''édun''', eater.

*099. A ''root'' is that part of a word which remains after its formative elements are removed.  It gives the meaning or abstract idea apart from its relations.  It is not necesssarily a monosyllable.

*100. A ''simple word'' is formed from a single root.  A ''compound'' word is formed by combining two or more roots.

*101. The verb is the most important part of speech in Senyecan.  A major part of the Senyecon lexicon is derived from verbs.  To the verbal root are added prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as nouns and adjectives, ''e.g.'', '''némv-a,''' to steam; '''némv-on''', steam; '''némv-in''', steamy.  In many languages this example would seem to be of a noun which has given rise to a verb.  It is not understood that way in Senyecan.  Words that are not derived from verbs are called ''non-derivative'' words.

*102. Other parts of speech formed from a verbal root are called ''deverbatives,''  ''e.g.'', '''rezréµan''', principality, from '''réßa''', to rule.

*103. There are eight categories of words in Senyecan.
**a. The verb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''tíírsa''', to defy; '''tíírsan''', defiance; '''tíírsin''', defiant; '''tììrsu''', nevertheless; '''tììrsa''', despite; '''tììrsi''', although.
**b. The non-derivative noun with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''rúðson''', metal; '''ruðsáágun''', metalworker; '''rúðsin''', metallic.
**c. The non-derivative adjective with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''súntin''', alert; '''súntëtan''', alertness.  Any non-derivative adjective can be used as a verb: '''musúnta''', I am alert.
**d. The non-derivative adverb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''ààru''', so, thus; '''ààri''', therefore.
**e. The non-derivative pronoun, ''e.g.'', '''mun''', I.
**f. The non-derivative postposition with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', '''bee''', outside of; '''béérin''', outer; '''béérun''', foreigner.
**h. The non-derivative conjunction, ''e.g.'', '''µo''', or.
**g. The non-derivative interjection, ''e.g.'', '''µái''', woe.

*104. The basic form of the Senyecan verb is called the triphonetic root.  In its simplest form, it consists of a consonant, a vowel(s), and a consonant (CVC, '''µen-'''), or a null, a vowel(s), and a consonant (0VC, '''aus-''').

*105. A lengthened triphonetic root can be formed by inserting a non-plosive consonant (N) before the last consonant (CVNC), ''e.g.'', '''semb''', '''0oln-'''.

*106. Compound verbs may be formed by adding a proclitic element to the triphonetic root, ''e.g.'', '''puµáða''', return.  These proclitic elements may be any part of speech.  As with enclitics, the proclitic element is pronounced on the basal pitch.

*107. To this triphonetic root are added the various prefixes and suffixes to form compound words, ''e.g.'', nouns from verbs.

*108. Syllabic augments are added to the complete verb and not to the proclitic or the triphonetic root, ''e.g.'', '''mupumáða''', I return; '''e-mupumáða''', I returned.

*109. Pronouns, non-derivative adverbs and postpositions, and non-derivative nouns and adjectives have their own forms independent of any triphonetic root.  To these also may be added the various prefixes and suffixes to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', '''múúsin''', moss; '''múúsmin''', mossy.

*110a. If the root of the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a vowel, the second element is added to the root of the first element, ''e.g.'', '''tíír-a''', scrape, + '''óndon''', stone = '''tiiróndon''', scouring stone.  '''óóšin''', swift, + '''óren''', hawk = '''oošóren''', goshawk.
**b. If the root of the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a consonant, the second element is added to the root, ''e.g.'', '''aabél-on''', apple, + '''ÿéélon''', wine = '''ààbelÿéélon''', cider.  But remember lenition, ''e.g.'', '''éda''', to eat + '''léépon''', plane = '''eðléépon'''.
**c. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a consonant, an epenthetic e is added for euphony, ''e.g.'', '''móðrin''', blue + '''rúðson''', metal = '''mòðrërúðson''', cobalt.
**d. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a vowel, the second element is added to the root, ''e.g.'', '''órv-a''', inherit + '''oíton''', unit = '''òrvoíton''', gene.
**e. If the first element in the compound word ends with a palatalized or labialized consonant, en epenthetic ë is added for euphony, ''e.g.'', '''mínö-in''', little + ''cááµen''', owl = '''mìnöecááµen''', little owl.

===Denominatives===

*111. Denominative words are compound words built on the root of a noun.

====Nouns from nouns====

*112a. Most of the names of animals have only one word for both sexes.  These are known as ''epicene'' words, ''e.g.'', '''ólšen''', moose.  In order to designate the sex of epicene words, a prefix is added.
**b. To designate a male animal, the prefix is '''øs-''', ''e.g.'', '''éšöen''', horse; '''øséšöen''', stallion.
**c. To designate a female animal, the prefix is '''ii-''', ''e.g.'', '''éšöen''', horse; '''iiéšöen''', mare.

*113. The noun suffix '''-ážen''' when added to the root denotes various kinds of small ungulates, ''e.g.'', '''ghooréton''', mountain ridge; '''ghòòretážen''', chamois.

*114. The noun suffix '''-áágun''' when added to the root denotes one who works with or is concerned with what is named in the noun root or one who makes or composes what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''naaúson''', boat; '''nààusáágun''', sailor.

*115. The noun suffix '''sééµan''' when added to the root denotes an inflammation of the body part named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ghelóndon''', stomach; '''ghelòndësééµan''', gastritis.

*116. The noun suffix '''-démon''' when added to the root denotes the residence of that which is named in the noun root or a building pertaining to that which is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''áµen''', bird; '''aµdémon''', aviary.

*117. The noun suffix '''-en''' when added to the root denotes animals that are characterized by what is name in the noun or adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''lášin''', speckled; '''lášen''', salmon.

*118. The noun suffix '''-íyon''' when added to the root denotes a collective noun, ''e.g.'', '''ÿélnon''', glass; '''ÿelníyon''', glassware.

*119. The noun suffixes '''-l-''' and '''-c-''' when added to the root denote diminutives of or terms of endearment for what is named in the noun root.  Because these suffixes are enclitics, the primary pitch remains on the original syllable of the root word.  When both are added to the noun root, '''-l-''' precedes '''-c-''', ''e.g.'', '''cááµen''', eagle owl; '''cááµlen''', Scops owl; '''cááµlëcen''', pigmy owl.

*120. The noun suffix '''-lïen''' when added to the root denotes the young of animals, ''e.g.'', '''šásnen''', hare; '''šásnëlïen''', leveret.

*121. The noun suffix '''-méton''' when added to the root denotes the instrument that measures what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ténan''', time; '''tenméton''', clock.

*122. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root denotes the pwerson in charge of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''aÞálon''', family; '''aÞálun''', head of the family.

*123. The noun suffix '''-run''' when added to the root denotes a person connected with, belonging to, a resident of, or of the nationality of the place named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''göóron''', mountain; '''göórërun''', mountaineer.

*124. The noun suffix '''-témun''' when added to the root denotes a person who works with the metal named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''aaúson''', gold; '''ààustémun''', goldsmith.

*125. The noun suffix '''-tan''' when added to the root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''áma''', mother; '''ámtan''', motherhood.

*126. The noun suffix '''-µídan''' when added to the root denotes the science, theory or study of what is named in the noun base, ''e.g.'', '''téren''', star; '''terµídan''', astronomy.

*127. The patronymic is formed by prefixing '''žoon-''' to the noun or name, ''e.g.'', '''žoontémun''', son/daughter of the smith.

====Nouns from adjectives====

*128. The noun suffix '''-on''' when added to the root denotes a concrete noun related to the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''réµin''', extensive; '''réµon''', country.

*129. The noun suffix '''-tan''' when added to the root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the adjective root, -ty, -ness, -tude, ''e.g.'', '''pééµin''', zesty; '''pééµtan''', zest.

*130. The noun suffix '''-ton''' when added to the combing form of numerals denotes nouns of quantity, ''e.g.'', '''seš''', six; '''séston''', sextet, hexad, half a dozen.

*131. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root denotes a person possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''mághin''', young; '''mághun''', youth.

*132. The noun suffix '''-úron''' when added to the root denotes a metal possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', '''óóžin''', shining; '''oožúron''', silver.

====Adjectives from nouns====

*133. The adjectival suffix '''-mérvin''' when added to the root of the noun indicates having the shape or form of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''ðúvon''', wedge; '''ðuvmérvin''', wedge-shaped, cuneiform.

*134. The adjectival suffix '''-min''' when added to the root of the noun denotes the existence of, possession of, or a relationship to what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''élon''', stripe; '''élmin''', striped.

*135. The adjectival suffix '''-µin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes pertaining to, connected with, belonging to, of the nature of, or characteristic of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''šöónen''', dog; '''šöónmin''', canine, doggish. (''cf.'' 137)

*136. The adjectival suffix '''-nin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', '''pìscen''', fish; '''pìscënin''', resembling a fish.

*137. The adjectival suffix '''-ónin''' when added to the palatalized base of the noun, denotes made of the material named in the noun, ''e.g.'', '''álµon''', tin; '''alµïónin''', made of tin.

*138. The adjectival suffix '''-pástin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes imperviousness to or the ability to resist or withstand what is named in the noun root, -proof, -tight, ''e.g.'', '''áµden''', water; '''àµdëpástin''', waterproof, watertight.

*139. The adjectival suffix '''-rin''' when added to the root of the noun denotes being full of what is named in the noun root, -ful, ''e.g.'', '''vøtan''', (good) luck, fortune; '''vøÞrin''', lucky, fortunate.

====Adjectives from adjectives====

*140. The adjectival suffix '''-est-''' when added to the root of the adjective denote somewhat or rather like what is named in the adjectival root, ''e.g.'', '''móðrin''', blue; '''moðréstin''', bluish.

===Deverbatives===

*141. Deverbative words are compound words built on the root of a verb.

====Nouns from verbs====

*142. The noun suffix '''-an''' when added to the root of the verb denotes an abstract noun derived from the verb, -ment, -ness, -tion, -tude, -ty, ''e.g.'', '''mízða''', pay; '''mízðan''', expense.

*143. The noun suffix '''-dáron''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the place where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', '''cöérïa''', buy; '''cöèrïedáron''', marketplace.

*144. The noun suffix '''-démon''' when added to the root of the verb denotes a building where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', '''álïa''', brew; '''àlïëdémon''', brewery.

*145. The noun suffix '''-en''' when added to the root of the verb denotes an animal that is characterized by the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''góµa''', to caw; '''góµen''', crow.

*146. The noun suffix '''-on''' when added to the root of the verb forms a concrete noun related to the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''mízða''', to pay; '''mízðon''', wages.

*147. The noun suffix '''töin''' when added to the root of the verb names a medicine or other substance used to perform the action expressed by the verb, ''e.g.'', '''lóµa''', to wash; '''lóµtöin''', soap.

*148. The noun suffix '''aÞun''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the recipient of the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''cóla''' to imprison; '''cólaÞun''', prisoner.  Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel.

*149. The noun suffix '''-un''' when added to the root of the verb denotes the agent of the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', '''déma''', to build; '''démun''', builder.

====Adjectives from verbs====

*150. The adjectival suffix '''-est-''' when added to the root of the verb denotes having a tendency toward or inclination to perform the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''dérga''', to attract; '''dérgestin''', attractive.  Note that the primary pitch remains on root vowel.

*151. The adjectival suffix '''-in''' when added to the palatalized root of the verb denotes having the capability of the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', '''ínða''', burn; '''ínðïin''', combustible.

===Adjectives from postpositions===

*152. The adjectival suffix '''-rin''' is used to form an adjective from a postposition.  This adjective may then, in turn, be used to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', '''be''', outside; '''bérin''', outer; '''bérun''', foreigner.

==&lt;center&gt;[[Senyecan, Part III]]&lt;/center&gt;==


==Appendix I. Senyecan Time and Calendar==

*The Eons. £ ð ø ö

Senyecan history/mythology is divided into seven eons ('''aayáni''') of 156,000 years each. The 1st eon is that of the Self-existent &amp;, in reality, stretches back eternally. At the end of that eon, s/he created light &amp; that is the 2nd eon. At the end of the 2nd, s/he created the cosmos &amp; that is the 3rd eon. At the end of the 3rd, s/he created the elements &amp; that is the 4th eon. At the end of the 4th eon, s/he created the loquent beings &amp; that is the 5th eon. The 5th eon is divided into 6 eras ('''mèÿdiitáni''') of 26,000 years each. At the beginning of each era, s/he created one of the loquent beings: Children of Air, of Fire, of Water, of Earth, of Wood, of Stone. After the era of the Children of Stone, there was the 6th eon of harmony among all the loquent beings. Then came the Great Sundering, during which many fell out of harmony. After allegiances were re-aligned, the 7th eon began, in which we live today. 

*The Solar Cycle. 
Both the solar &amp; the lunar cycles are used in the Senyecan calendar. The solar year begins at the winter solstice ('''ÿòòmsuulsáátan'''). Eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year. The primary celebations are the winter solstice, the vernal equinox ('''µèsnëmeðséntan'''), the summer solstice ('''lèèÞsuulsáátan'''), and the autumnal equinox ('''òsnëmeðséntan'''). The secondary celebrations are the cross-quarter days of midwinter ('''meðÿóóman''' [Imbolc]), midspring ('''meðµésnan''' [Beltane]), midsummer ('''meðléétan''' [Lughnasadh]), and midautumn ('''meðósnan''' [Samhain]). 

*The Lunar Cycle. 
The lunar cycle contains 13 months. The first month begins at sunrise on the day after the full moon after the winter solstice. The other months begin at sunrise on the day after the successive full moons. These months are known as winter moon ('''ÿoomlúxnan'''), late winter moon ('''qàsÿoomlúxnan'''), early spring moon ('''ààyerµèsnëlúxnan'''), spring moon ('''µèsnëlúxnan'''), late spring moon ('''qasµèsnëlúxnan'''), early summer moon ('''ààyerleeÞlúxnan'''), summer moon ('''leeÞlúxnan'''), late summer moon ('''qàsleeÞlúxnan'''), early autumn moon ('''ààyeròsnëlúxnan'''), autumn moon ('''òsnëlúxnan'''), late autumn moon ('''qasòsnëlúxnan'''), and early winter moon ('''ààyerÿoomlúxnan''').

*The Moon's Phases. 
Each of the phases of the moon begins a new &quot;week,&quot; known as a '''lùxnëmérvan''' (moon phase), or '''mérvan''' for short. Thus, the mérvan can vary in length from six to nine days. The &quot;week&quot; begins and celebrations are held on the day after each phase is at its fullest. The first six days of each phase are named after the avatar reverenced by each of the six loquent beings in the order of their creation: '''lùxnëdïéyan''' (Moon day - Children of Air); '''ààterdïéyan''' (Aaterun's day - Children of Fire); '''neerdïéyan''' (Neer's day - Children of Water); '''sèègïëdïéyan''' (Seegyun's day - Children of Earth); '''pèrcöëdïéyan''' (Percwun's day - Children of Wood); and '''puusdïéyan''' (Puusun's day - Children of Stone). Additional days in the phase bear the names '''alïòidïéyan''', one extra day; '''àlïëdöiidïéyan''', two extra day; and '''àlïëtirdïéyan''', three extra day. The names of the six days are used for the seven days of the contemporary week, being preceded by '''suuldïéyan''', Sun's day, a day dedicated to the Self-existent as s/he is in him/herself, not as an avatar. '''Néérun''' and '''Séégïun''' are female, the rest are male. 

P.S. The names of the six avatars are also used for the six visible moving heavenly bodies, treated as animate beings. '''lúxnen''' = moon; '''aatéren''' = Mercury; '''nééren''' = Venus; '''séégïen''' = Mars; '''pércöen''' = Jupiter; '''púúsen''' = Saturn.

==Appendix II. Senyecan Color Scheme==

*There are six basic colors: 
**red, '''rúúðin'''
**orange, '''véélrin'''
**yellow, '''bádïin'''
**green, '''ðálin'''
**blue, '''móðrin'''
**purple, '''vísöin'''

*Between each of these is an intermediary color:
**reddish-orange, '''sérin'''
**orangish-yellow, '''céncin'''
**yellowish-green, '''ÿélµin'''
**greenish-blue, '''lííµin'''
**bluish-purple, '''méélïin'''
**purplish-red, '''órbin'''

*Each of these twelve colors can then be modified by four different prefixes: 
**paler, '''£iid-'''
**pale, '''pel-'''
**dark, '''mel-'''
**darker, '''caal-'''

*There are also '''álin''' (white) and '''cøsin''' (black) which do not admit of shades.

*'''ÿéérµin''', gray, also has the five shades, but has '''šïéémin''' instead of '''*caalÿéérµin'''.

*There are two words for brown: '''vévrin''' for animate beings and '''véérin''' for inanimate beings.  Each of these can take the modifying prefixes, except that '''véérin''' has '''ðúscin''' instead of '''*caalvéérin'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Part II.</title>
    <id>780</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4167</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T13:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Part II. moved to Senyecan, Part II.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senyecan, Part II.]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan, Part II.</title>
    <id>781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4166</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T13:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[why I moved this page]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  I moved this page because the title wasn't specific enough.  You may move it to a better title if you have one in mind, but try to keep the name of the language in the title.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:48, 8 Nov 2004 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiced bilabial stop</title>
    <id>782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7299</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-22T10:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;b&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]] || b
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]] || &lt;tt&gt;b&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]] || b
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+LABIAL]'''
|}

The voiced bilabial stop is an extremely common sound, occuring in the majority of natlangs with a voicing distinction amongst stops. It is the voiced counterpart to [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]].

===Bilabial stops in natlangs===
'''[[English]]'''
{|
| Voiced || b || bin /bɪn/
|}

===Bilabial stops in conlangs===
'''[[Klingon]]'''
{|
| Voiced ||  (b) || [http://www.kli.org/tlh/sounds/ghobe%27.au &lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt; (ghobe') /ɣobɛʔ/]
|}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|b]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phonological feature</title>
    <id>783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10462</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-13T01:54:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Resources */ categ. phonology</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__
==List of phonological features==
* [±syllabic] The feature ''[[syllable|syllabic]]'' applies to segments that form the sonority peak of a syllable.  All [[vowel]]s are [+syllabic], as are syllabic consonants (marked in IPA with [◌̩].)

* [±stress] The feature ''[[stress]]'' applies to syllables pronounced more prominently than others.

* [±long] The feature ''[[length|long]]'' applies to segments pronounced with greater duration.

* [±consonantal] The feature ''[[consonant]]al'' applies to segments with a [[sonority hierarchy|sonority]] of liquid or less; it does not apply to vowels or semivowels.

* [±approximant] The feature ''[[approximant]]'' applies to segments with a sonority of liquid or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, and liquids.

* [±sonorant] The feature ''[[sonorant]]'' applies to segments with a sonority of nasal or greater, namely vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals.

* [±contin-artic] The feature ''continuous articulation'' applies to non-[[stop]] segments, namely vowels, semivowels, liquids, and fricatives.  It does not apply to affricates, oral stops, or nasals (nasal stops).

* [±contin-acous] The feature ''acoustic continuity''(?) applies to all segments except oral stops and affricates.

* [±delayed release] The feature ''delayed release'' applies to all segments except non-affricated oral and nasal stops. 

* [±flap] The feature ''flap'' applies to [ɾ], [ɺ], and [ɽ].

* [±trill] The feature ''trill'' applies to [ʙ], [r], and [ʀ].

* [±nasal] The feature ''nasal'' applies to nasal stops and other nasalized segments.

* [±voice] The feature ''voice'' applies to all voiced segments.

* [±implosive] The feature ''implosive'' applies to implosive segments. 

* [±spread gl] The feature ''spread glottis'' applies to all aspirated segments, [ʍ], [h], and [ɦ].

* [±constr gl] The feature ''constricted glottis'' applies to [ʔ] and ejectives.

* [±LABIAL] The feature ''labial'' applies to segments articulated with the lips.  This includes rounded vowels and labialized consonants.

* [±round] The feature ''round'' applies to rounded vowels, labialized consonants, and [ʘ]

* [±labiodental] The feature ''labiodental'' applies to segments articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

* [±CORONAL] The feature ''coronal'' applies to dentals, alveolars, retroflexes, palato-alveolars, alveolo-palatals, and palatals.

* [±anterior] The feature ''anterior'' applies to dentals and alveolars.  This feature is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±distributed] The feature ''distributed'' applies to segments articulated with the tongue blade. This includes all coronal sounds except alveolars and retroflexes.  This feature is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±strident] The feature ''strident'' applies to certain sibilant segments: [ʥ ʨ ʤ ʣ ʧ ʦ ʈʂ ɖʐ ɕ ɧ ʑ ʐ ʂ ʒ z ʃ s], and is undefined for [-CORONAL] segments.

* [±lateral] applies to lateral (l-like) segments. 

* [±DORSAL] applies to segments articulated with the body of the tongue, including vowels, palatals, velars, uvulars, and pharyngeals.

* [±high] applies to high vowels and semivowels, palatals, and velars.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±low] applies to low vowels and pharyngeals.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±front] applies to front vowels and semivowels, palatals, and fronted velars, and is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments.

* [±back] applies to back vowels and semivowels, uvulars, pharyngeals, and backed velars.  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments, nor for velars that are neither fronted nor backed.

* [±tense] applies to [ʍ w ɥ ɰ j o ø u y ɤ ɜ e ɞ ʉ ɯ ɨ i].  It is not defined for [-DORSAL] segments, [+consonantal] segments, or (sometimes) low vowels.

==Resources==
* [http://mypage.siu.edu/lhartman/ Phono] — A sound change modelling program that can model changes at the featural level.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jamastulu</title>
    <id>784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8172</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T20:57:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[category:conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">--[[User:Kurasmanja|Kurasmanja]] 14:29, 22 Nov 2004 (PST)

Question: What do you get when you take phonetic features from Georgian and Czech and mix them with a phonology based on Finnish?

Answer: Jamastulu.

Jamastulu is the brainchild of Rob Hoelz, and is being created for an RPG to give one its cultures a more realistic feel.  (And also to confuse the gamer!)  It has an as-of-yet unnamed sister language, and both languages are descended from a conlang known as Proto-Jama until a better name is created.  Rob is currently fleshing out the grammar of Proto-Jama and has already planned a great deal of sound changes to transform it into Jamastulu, and one of the other collaborators on the project is working to create the sister language.

Facts about Jamastulu:

- Jamastulu is literally translated as &quot;Tongue of the Desert.&quot;

- It is spoken by the Jamaskura (Shadows of the Desert).

- It has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and around eight cases (currently being worked on), but suprisingly barely distinguishes number.

- In spite of its somewhat complicated noun system, its verbs are relatively simple, not inflecting for person or number.

==Phonology==

The phonemes of Jamastulu are given with their transliteration and the X-SAMPA equivalent in brackets on the right.

==Consonants==

{|
! !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
! Plosives
| p[p], pp[p_&gt;] || - || t[t], tt[t_&gt;] || - || - || tj[c], ttj[c_&gt;] || k[k], kk[k_&gt;]
|-
! Nasals
| m[m] || - || n[n] || - || - || nj[J] || - 
|-
! Taps
| - || - || - || r[4] || - || - || -
|-
! Trills
| - || - || - || rr[r] || - || - || -
|-
! Fricatives
| - || v[v] || - || ss[s], zz[z] || s[S], z[Z] || sj[C], zj[j\] || - 
|-
! Approximants
| - || - || - || l[l] || - || j[j] || -
|}

The following sounds are pronounced approximately as in English:
p, t, k, m, n, v, l

Other sounds:
tj, nj, sj, zj: Palatal versions of their dental/alveolar counter parts. 

pp, tt, ttj, kk: Glottalized versions of their voiceless aspirated equivalents.

r, rr: Pronounced as Spanish r and rr respectively.  (Tapped and trilled r)

ss, zz: Pronounced as English s an z respectively.

s: Pronounced as English sh.

z: Pronounced as s in the English word mea'''s'''ure.

j: Pronounced as English y in '''y'''es.

==Vowels==

The vowels are very similar if not identical to those of Finnish:

a - as a in f'''a'''ther

e - as ay in d'''ay''' (only a pure vowel, not a diphthong)

i - as ee in f'''ee'''t

o - as oa in m'''oa'''t (also a pure vowel)

u - as oo in f'''oo'''d

y - no equivalent in English, as ü in German '''ü'''ber.  (If you don't know how that sounds, round your lips while pronouncing Jamastulu i.)

ö - no equivalent in English, as ö in German sch'''ö'''n.  (If you don't know how that sounds, round your lips while
pronouncing Jamastulu e.)

ä - similar to e in b'''e'''d.

==Word structure==

Jamastulu prefers open syllables, and each word (other than compounds) is usually no longer than two syllables in length.  A Jamastulu word typically has the following structure:

(C)V(V)(C)(C)(ss, r)V(V)(ss, r, or N)

where C is a consonant, V is a vowel, and nasal is one of the nasals.

NOTE: Words cannot end in dipthongs.

==Consonant clusters==

Consonant clusters can only occur in the middle of a word in Jamastulu, and only the following 
are allowed:

N + S (where the two are at the same place of articulation)

N + r

N + ss

S + r

S + ss (except for tss)

N + S + ss

N + S + r

where S is a stop and N is a nasal.

==Diphthongs==

Diphthongs can occur anywhere in the word other than the final position.  The diphthongs of Jamastulu are the following:

ai
au
oi

ou
ui
uo

ua
ue
yi

==Related articles==
[[Proto-Jama]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Kurasmanja</title>
    <id>785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4173</id>
      <timestamp>2004-11-23T00:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hi!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, and welcome!  You seem to have a pretty good grasp on the wiki so far, but if you have any more questions, feel free to [[User talk:Muke|ask]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:03, 22 Nov 2004 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part III</title>
    <id>786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10378</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bicoherent</title>
    <id>787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4170</id>
      <timestamp>2004-12-12T19:35:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>202.156.2.7</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Blah.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basque</title>
    <id>788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58592</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T02:09:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Basque is a [[language isolate]] spoken in the Pyrenees by approximately 700,000 people on either side of the France-Spain border. It is an [[agglutinating]] language with an extensive [[case system]] and verbal [[morphology]].

== Phonology ==
{|
! Point of Articulation
! Stop
! Nasal
! Trill
! Tap
! Fricative
! Lateral
! Approximant
! Affricate
|-
! Labial
| p b
| m
|
|
| f (1)
|-
! Alveolar
| t d
| n
| rr
| r
| s z (2)
| l
|
| ts tz
|-
! Post-Alveolar
| 
| 
| 
| 
| x&lt;br/&gt;[ʃ]
|
|
| tx&lt;br/&gt;[tʃ]
|-
! Palatal
| tt dd&lt;br/&gt;[c ɟ]
| ñ&lt;br/&gt;[ɲ]
| 
| 
| 
| ll&lt;br/&gt;[ʎ]
|-
! Velar
| k g
| 
| 
| 
| j
|}
# f is quite rare, and mostly occurs in loan words such as kafe. It is arguably not a sound originally present in Basque
# the distinction between s and z is not one of voicing, but rather s is apical (the tongue tip rather than the blade creates the sound). s sounds  somewhat like [S].
Voiced stops are also often softened inside words until they become fricatives (b → β, d → ð, g → ɣ) or vanish entirely.
The Basque vowel system is a standard i e a o u similar to Spanish, with no distinction for length, and no nasal vowels (except in one dialect). There are several diphthongs including eu au ai ei.

==The Noun Phrase==

The constituents of the [[Noun Phrase]] are ordered as follows:

relative_clause noun adjective adjective .... determiner

Every noun phrase must have a [[determiner]] and in almost every case it has exactly one. Most go at the end of the NP, but numbers greater than one and certain others such as zein &quot;which&quot; precede the NP. Note that Basque is somewhat unusual in that the heavy [[relative clause]] precedes the [[noun]] while [[adjectives]] follow it.

=== The Case System ===
====The Determiner -a====
The default determiner in Basque, often translated as &quot;the&quot;, is the suffix -a added onto the end of the noun phrase. THis often combines with the case affixes. For example:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

autobusa&lt;br&gt;
autobus-a&lt;br&gt;
bus-NP&lt;br&gt;
the bus&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

autobusean&lt;br&gt;
autobus-ean&lt;br&gt;
bus-loc&lt;br&gt;
in the bus&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

If these did not combine with would have *autobusan.

====Cases====
Basque has a large number of case affixes, including:&lt;br&gt;
* [[Ergative]]
* [[Absolutive]]
* [[Dative]]
* [[Instrumental]]
* [[Inessive]]
* [[Allative]]
* Possessive Genitive (1)
* [[Genitive]]

# The genitive and possessive genitive have different functions. The genitive is used for such things as origin (and never with animates), whereas the possessive genitive is used for possession and in the construction of some post-positional phrases.

The case endings in Basque always apply to noun phrases, and since adjectives always follow their noun this means that it is often not the noun itself which recieves the case marking. It is also common for [[determiners]] to recieve the case marking. Many of the determiners have slightly irregular case forms. For example: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kalean&lt;br&gt;
kale-a-n&lt;br&gt;
street-NP-loc&lt;br&gt;
In the street&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kale batean&lt;br&gt;
kale bat-ean&lt;br&gt;
street one-loc&lt;br&gt;
In a street&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kale zaharrean&lt;br&gt;
kale zahar-ean&lt;br&gt;
street old-loc&lt;br&gt;
In the old street&lt;br&gt;

The case system reflect number with a three way distinction: case ending with article (always singular), indefinite number (when the number is specified by a determiner or number elsewhere in the NP), and plural number. For example:

mendira&lt;br&gt;
mendi-ra&lt;br&gt;
to the mountain&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
mendietara&lt;br&gt;
mendi-e-ta-ra&lt;br&gt;
to the mountains&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
bi menditara&lt;br&gt;
bi mendi-ta-ra&lt;br&gt;
to two mountains&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

As you can see, when the NP is qualified by &quot;bi&quot; (two), then the plural -e- vanishes leaving the indefinite case ending, since the number is already specified.

====Ergativity====
Basque is probably most famous for being an [[ergative]] language (I have often seen it used as an example). What this means (in the case of Basque) is that in transitive clauses the [[Patient]] is unmarked, as is the single argument of an intransitive verb, and the [[Actor]] takes a separate marker. Some examples:&lt;br&gt;

mutila joan da&lt;br&gt;
mutil-a joan da&lt;br&gt;
boy-NP go pres.3st.sing.abs&lt;br&gt;
the boy goes&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

mutilak kafesnea nahi luke&lt;br&gt;
mutil-a-k kafesne-a nahi luke&lt;br&gt;
boy-NP-erg coffee-NP want cond.3rd.abs.3rd.erg&lt;br&gt;
the boy would like some coffee&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

As you can see, in the transitive sentence the Actor (the boy) takes an extra marker -k, whereas the Patient (coffee) does not. Interestingly, a common continuous construction results in agreement with the [[Actor]] only. For example: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

ni etxea egiten ari naiz&lt;br&gt;
ni etxea egi-ten ari naiz&lt;br&gt;
I-abs house-NP make-prog act pres.1st.abs&lt;br&gt;
I am making the house&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

here, an intransitive auxilliary agreeing with the [[Actor]] is used even though egin (to make) is transitive. Both arguments are marked as abs although the verb disambiguates in this case. This is because ari which has come into use as an auxilliary is an intransitive verb.

==The Verbal System==
The Basque verbal system works in a way relatively rare outside of the [[Caucassian Languages]]. Most verbs have no [[finite forms]] of their own, only participles and must be used with an auxilliary to obtain a finite form. There are at most 12 commonly used verbs with their own finite forms, including the verbs eduki &quot;to have&quot;, egon &quot;to be located&quot;, and izan &quot;to be&quot; (used as an auxilliary). However, the Basque verbal paradigm is still formidable, with two [[tenses]] past vs non-past, three [[aspects]] marked on the participles, various [[moods]] including [[indicative]], [[subjunctive]] and [[hypothetical]] and extensive person agreement with the [[Ergative]], [[Absolutive]] and [[Dative]] arguments if present. The verb may also agree with the gender of the [[2nd person]], if the Ergative or Dative &quot;slot&quot; is free. Some examples:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;


The preference for the use of non-finite forms whenever possibly is strong, with chains of participles without auxilliaries common in normal &quot;flowing&quot; speech. For example:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Isolate natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palatal approximant</title>
    <id>789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44927</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-26T05:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Anglo-Saxon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the Palatal Glide/Approximant.  It is also used as a semi-vowel, equivalent to the high front vowels /i/ or /ɪ/.  It is often written in diphthongs for this reason.  Thus /ai/ or /aɪ/ are similar or the same as /aj/.  It is comes from Germanic languages that use '''j''' for /j/.
{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;j&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 valign=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || j
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;j&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || j
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Palatal]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Approximant]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || 
[+consonantal] &lt;br&gt;
[+approximant] &lt;br&gt;
[+sonorant] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-artic] &lt;br&gt;
[+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt;
[+delayed release] &lt;br&gt;
[+voice] &lt;br&gt;
'''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+front] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+tense] 
|}

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic Languages]]==
===[[English]]===
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]====
In Anglo-Saxon, the Glide is represented by the symbol '''Ȝ''', '''ȝ''' (called yogh /jox/) and/or '''G''', '''g''' around a front vowel.  Thus, '''gear''' is /jæar/.  It was even used in the formation of diphthongs, so thus '''dæg''' is often pronounced like the modern Australian form /daj/.  A common grammatical prefix was '''ge-''' /yə-/, used to indicate the past tense.

====[[Middle English]]====
The symbol '''Ȝ''' was still used well into the Middle English era, and '''Y''', '''y''' was beginning to be pronounced /i/ or /ɪ/.  It was also used along with '''I''', '''i''' to form some diphthongs.  The prefix in Anglo-Saxon merged into '''y-''' but was pronounced /i-/ or /ji-/ depending on dialect.
====[[Modern English]]====
In all forms of Modern English, '''Y''', '''y''' is used as the glide and occasionally as the diphthong.  Thus '''year''' /yiɹ/ as a glide, and '''day''' /dej/ as the diphthong.
===[[High German]]===
In High German, the symbol used for this symbol is '''J''', '''j'''.  The word '''Jäger''' is pronounced /yegər/.  For diphthongs different symbols are used.  For /oj/, '''eu''' or '''äu''' is used, and for /aj/, '''ei''' or occasionally '''ai''' is used.


==[[Japanese]]==
{|
| Plain || や, よ, ゆ (ya, yo, yu) || 四, /jon/
|}

=Conlangs=
==[[Toki Pona]]==
{|
| Plain || j || jelo “yellow”
|}

==[[Etimri]]==
{|
| Plain || j || jof (fem) and jod (masc) “gross”
|}

----
{{stub}}
==Sources==
Back to [[IPA]]


[[Category:Phonetic segments|j]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirshenbaum</title>
    <id>790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8185</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>stub, [[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kirshenbaum''' or '''ASCII-IPA''' is a system for representing the [[IPA]] in [[ASCII]], developed by [[Evan Kirshenbaum]]. 

==External links==
* [http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII] (pdf, 238 kb)
* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII] (html version of above link)

==See also==
* [[X-SAMPA]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirschenbaum</title>
    <id>791</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4175</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-01T19:04:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Common misspelling)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Common misspelling)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ASCII-IPA</title>
    <id>792</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4176</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-01T19:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Alternate name)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kirshenbaum]] (Alternate name)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Caeruleancentaur</title>
    <id>793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19821</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-05T23:46:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Volf|Volf]] ([[User_talk:Volf|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Caeruleancentaur|Caeruleancentaur]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan, Part I</title>
    <id>794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4095</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-03T23:31:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Epsilon==
You should be able to use any character you like here, we've got Unicode.  If you can't copy/paste or type them directly, the codes are  &amp;amp;epsilon; = ε (Greek epsilon), or &amp;amp;#x025B; = ɛ (IPA epsilon).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:28, 3 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Part II</title>
    <id>795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10379</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan</title>
    <id>796</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4178</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T00:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Senyecan moved to Senyecan, Part I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senyecan, Part I]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan</title>
    <id>797</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4179</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-04T00:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Talk:Senyecan moved to Talk:Senyecan, Part I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Senyecan, Part I]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Translations</title>
    <id>798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11516</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Data</title>
    <id>799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10381</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japanese</title>
    <id>800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51466</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:23:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Notable features of Japanese */ &quot;Numbers&quot;?!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Japanese''' (日本語,　pronounced approximately /nihoŋgo/) is the main language of Japan.  It is either an [[Altaic languages|Altaic language]], related only to [[Korean]], or a language isolate.

==Notable features of Japanese==
* Japanese uses several different [[writing system]]s: 
** [[Kanji]], a morphemic writing system using Chinese characters ([[hanzi]])
** Two [[kana]] alphabets systems, [[katakana]] and [[hiragana]]
** Roomaji (or rōmaji, or roumaji), i.e., [[Latin alphabet|Latin characters]].

{{stub}}

[[Category:Isolate natlangs]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Culture: Table of Correspondences</title>
    <id>801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11518</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-25T14:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Jama</title>
    <id>802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4201</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-07T16:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>195.210.247.2</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi,
I'm collecting numbers from various sytems in different languages.
I politely ask you send me numbers from 1 to 10 in Proto-Jama, or from other your conlangs.
Thank you for your help!
My email is: j_gorenc@yahoo.com

Janko Gorenc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar nasal</title>
    <id>804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50151</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-06T13:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Features */ zap lung</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#dfdfdf;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;n&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || n
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;n&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || n
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Alveolar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+nasal] &lt;br&gt;  [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;CORONAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+anterior] 
|}

The '''alveolar nasal''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[nasal]]s is {{IPA|n}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is &lt;tt&gt;n&lt;/tt&gt;.

== Features ==

Features of the alveolar nasal:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop]] , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. 
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the [[alveolar ridge]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''. 
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation. 
* It is a [[nasal consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.

== In natural languages ==

===English===
The alveolar nasal occurs in [[English (language)|English]], and it is the sound denoted by the letter 'n' in ''nine'' or ''plan''. Some dialects of English, including most [[American English]] dialects, also have syllabic /n/, as in ''lemon''.

Note that the letter 'n' does not always denote the sound /n/.  The digraph 'ng' is usually pronounced either [&amp;#331;] ([[velar nasal]]), as in ''hang'', or [&amp;#331;g], as in ''finger''.  In most words where 'n' is followed by a 'k', it is also velarised to [&amp;#331;k], as in ''stink''.

===Spanish===
{|
| ''plain'' || n || nube /ˈnube/ &quot;cloud&quot;
|}

===Esperanto===
{|
| ''plain'' || n || nulo /ˈnulo/ &quot;zero&quot;
|}

==See also==
*[[Velar nasal|Velar nasal – ŋ]]


[[Category:Phonetic segments|n]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qanao language/Messy</title>
    <id>805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4183</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-14T12:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png|thumb|right|Qana'öžjinaet written in its native script]]
The '''Qanao language''' (Qanao: classical: ''qana'öžjinaet'' [qanaʔo.ʒ̞jɪnaət]) is an in-progress conlang.
=Writing system=
: ''See [[Qanao abugida]].''

=Phonology=
==Mora==
The following syllable types are one-mora:
* V
* VC
* CV
* CVC

The following syllable types are two-mora:
* CE
* CEC
* CVV
* CVVC

The following syllable types are three-mora:
* CEV
* CEVC
* CVE
* CVEC

==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;display: collapse;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
|-
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| p || t || ť || k || q || `
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| p || t || c || k || q || ʔ
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| b || d || ď || g ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| mb || nd || ɲɟ || ŋg ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| m || n || ň || ŋ || γ || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ || ɴ || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| φ || c || č ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| pɸ || ʦ || ʧ ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| f || s || š ||   ||   || h
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ɸʰ || sʰ || ʃʰ ||   ||   || h
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| v || z || ž ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| β̞ || z̞ || ʒ̞ ||   ||   ||
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| w || r || ř || y ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| w || ɹ̥ || ɹ̥ʲ || ʔj ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|   || l || ľ ||   ||   || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|   || l̥ || ʎ̥ ||   ||   || 
|}

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;display: collapse;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1.8em;&quot; |
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| i || í || ji || jí || e || u || ú || wu || wú
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| i || i: || ʲjɪ || ʲji: || ə || u || u: || ʷʊ || ʷu:
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || á || ja || já || ö || o || ó || wo || wó
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| a || a: || ʲja || ʲja: || o || ɔ || ɔ: || ʷɔ || ʷɔ:
|}

* Final ''o'' is realised as [o].

==Diphthongs==
There are two types of diphthongs in Qanao: short and long. A long diphthong is denoted by a grave accent over either the first or second vowel, i.e. '''aì''' or '''ìö'''. A short diphthong has a moraic length of the first vowel; a long diphthong has a moraic length of the preceding vowel plus one.

==Phonological processes==
* '''Chain palatalisation''': A palatalised consonant causes palatalisation of all consecutive preceding and successive consonants.
* '''Chain voicing''': /ɸ/ and /s/ become voiced when preceded or followed by voiced consonants.
* '''Deaspiration''': /ɸ/ and /s/ are not aspirated when followed by consonants.
* '''Metatheses''': 
** '''Diphthong splitting''': a VC mora preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant becomes CV - i.e. ''ziùl'' + ''ku'a'' &amp;rarr; ''ziluku'a''.
*  '''Cluster simplification''':
** '''Prenasals''': (Note that the nasal component remains voiced)
*** /mb.mb/ becomes [m.mb]; /nd.nd/ becomes [n.nd]; etc. 
*** /mb.nd/ becomes [mb.d]; /nd.mb/ becomes [nd.b]; etc.
** '''Affricates''':
*** /pɸ.pɸ/ becomes [p.pɸ]; /ts.ts/ becomes [t.ts]; etc.
*** /pɸ.ɸ/ becomes [p.pɸ]; /ts.s/ becomes [t.ts]; etc.
* '''Consonant gemination''': /ʔ/ assimilates to the previous consonant: ''am'' + '' 'ura'' &amp;rarr; ''ammura''. However, take note of cluster simplification.

==Accent==
Qanao has pitch accent, which is derived from a simplification of a natural pitch system. Most simple words do not undergo simplification, since it is rare to have more than two pitch changes in a two or three-syllabled word.

There are four possible pitch and tone contours: high-level, high-falling, low-rising, and low-level. They will henceforth be referred to as high, falling, rising, and level tone respectively.
* A rising tone on the first mora is equivalent to a high tone for most transformations.
* A rising tone on the last mora is equivalent to a low tone for most transformations.
* A falling tone on the first mora is equivalent to a low tone for most transformations.
* A falling tone on the last mora is equivalent to a high tone for most transformations.

To begin with, tone is assigned to each mora as follows:
* If it begins with an unvoiced consonant, it has a high tone.
** If it begins with an aspirated consonant, it has a falling tone.
** If it ends with a voiced or glottal consonant, it has a falling tone.
* If it begins with a voiced consonant or a glottal stop, it a has low tone.
** If it ends with an unvoiced, non-glottal consonant, it has a rising tone.
* If it does not begin with a consonant, it has an undetermined tone.
** If it ends with an unvoiced consonant, it has a high tone.
** If it ends with a voiced consonant or a glottal stop, it has a low tone.

Then, within each group:
* An undetermined tone becomes the tone of the following mora.
* An undetermined tone on the last mora:
** Becomes a falling tone if there are no pitch falls in the group.
** Becomes the tone of the preceding tone otherwise.
* Rising and falling tones are restricted to the first and last mora only.
** A rising tone preceded by a high tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone preceded by a low tone becomes a low tone.
** A rising tone followed by a high tone becomes a low tone.
** A falling tone followed by a low tone becomes a high tone.
** A rising tone followed by a falling tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone followed by a rising tone becomes a low tone.
** A non-level tone preceded and followed by a high tone becomes a high tone.
** A non-level tone preceded and followed by a low tone becomes a low tone.
** A rising tone followed by a rising tone becomes a low tone.
** A falling tone followed by a falling tone becomes a high tone.
* There must be at most one pitch fall within each polysyllabic group.
** If the whole group has a high tone, the last mora becomes a falling tone.
** If the whole group has a low tone, the first mora becomes a falling tone.
*** If the last mora has a rising tone, it becomes a low tone.
** If there are more, the last pitch fall is preserved, and all others are levelled.
* There must be at most one pitch rise within each polysyllabic group.
** If there are more, the second pitch rise is preserved, and all others are levelled.

Then, within each word:
* Non-core, word-medial monosyllabic groups in polysyllabic words have their tones deleted.
* The first two prefixed groups and all non-final suffixed groups are levelled:
** If the first mora has a falling tone, all following morae have a low tone.
** If the first mora has a rising tone, all following morae have a high tone.
** If the last mora has a falling tone, all preceding morae have a high tone.
** If the last mora has a rising tone, all preceding morae have a low tone.
** Otherwise, the group is levelled to the tone of the first mora, with the last mora becoming a contour tone if it differs from the first mora.
* An undetermined tone becomes the tone of the following mora.
* An undetermined tone on the last mora becomes a falling tone.
* Rising and falling tones are restricted to the first and last mora only. 
** A group-initial non-level tone becomes a low tone.
** Otherwise, the same transformation as group-medial non-level tones is applied.
* A non-level tone on the last mora is simplified:
** A rising tone preceded by a low tone becomes a high tone.
** A falling tone preceded by a high tone becomes a low tone.

Therefore:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Groups
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 'ádin
| nor
| 
| ac
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | múfúrí
| bi
| čjil
| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | múrcí
| riam
| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | muàril
| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | hussa
|-
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Syllables
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 'á
| din
| nor
| &amp;#8195;
| ac
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | fú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | rí
| bi
| čjil
| &amp;#8195;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | múr
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cí
| riam
| &amp;#8195;
| mu
| à
| ril
| &amp;#8195;
| hus
| sa
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Initial
| L
| L
| LH
| H
|
| H
| H
| -
| H
| -
| H
| -
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| -
| H
|
| H
| -
| H
|
| HL
| HL
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Group-transf.
| HL
| L
| LH
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| HL
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| HL
| H
|
| H
| H
| HL
|
| H
| HL
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right; background: #ccf&quot; | Word-transf.
| HL
| L
| L
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
|
| H
| H
| H
| H
| H
|
| H
| H
| HL
|
| H
| L
|}

==Eastern sound shifts==

* ji [ʲjɪ] &amp;rarr; e [ʲe]
* jí [ʲji:] &amp;rarr; é [ʲe:]
* e [ə] &amp;rarr; j [ɪ] after front vowels, w [ʊ] after back vowels.
* u [u] &amp;rarr; u [ɯ]
* ú [u] &amp;rarr; ú [ɯ:]
* wu [ʷʊ] &amp;rarr; ü [u]
* wú [ʷu:] &amp;rarr; û [u:]
* ja [ʲja] &amp;rarr; jä [ʲæ]
* já [ʲja:] &amp;rarr; jä [ʲæ:]
* ó [ɔ:] &amp;rarr; ó [o:]
* wó [ʷɔ:] ↔ wó [ʷɔ:]

* ai [ai] &amp;rarr; ë [ɛ]
* aì [a.i] &amp;rarr; êi [ɛ:i]
* ái [a:i] &amp;rarr; aì [a.i]
* aí [ai:] &amp;rarr; eí [ɛi:]
* ao [aɔ] &amp;rarr; å [ʌ]
* aò [a.ɔ] &amp;rarr; åò [ʌ.ɔ]
* áo [a:ɔ] &amp;rarr; aò [a.ɔ]
* aó [aɔ:] &amp;rarr; åô [ʌɔ:]
* au [au] &amp;rarr; o [ɔ]
* aù [a.u] &amp;rarr; ôu [ɔ:ɯ]
* áu [a:u] &amp;rarr; åù [ʌ.ɯ]
* aú [au:] &amp;rarr; åú [ʌɯ:]
* prevocalic i [i] &amp;rarr; j [j] with'''out''' compensatory lengthening of following vowel
* prevocalic ì [i.] &amp;rarr; j [j] with compensatory lengthening of following vowel:
** ìá [i.a:] &amp;rarr; ıá [jɪa:]
** ìí [i.i:] &amp;rarr; ıí [jɪi:]
** ìú [i.u:] &amp;rarr; ıû [ɥɪɯ:]
** ìó [i.ɔ:] &amp;rarr; ıó [ɥʏo:]
* ou [ɔu] &amp;rarr; ö [o]
* où [ɔ.u] &amp;rarr; óu [o:ɯ]
* óu [ɔ:u] &amp;rarr; öù [o.ɯ]
* oú [ɔu:] &amp;rarr; öú [oɯ:]
* ua [ua] &amp;rarr; wa [ʷa]
* uá [ua:] &amp;rarr; wá [ʷa:]
* wua [ʷʊa] &amp;rarr; üa [ua]
* wuá [ʷua:] &amp;rarr; üá [ua:]
* ui [ui] &amp;rarr; ï [y]
* uì [u.i] &amp;rarr; î [y:]
* úi [u:i] &amp;rarr; îi [y:i]
* uí [ui:] &amp;rarr; wí [ʷi:]
* wui [ʷʊi] &amp;rarr; wï [ʷy]
* wuì [ʷʊ.i] &amp;rarr; wî [ʷy:]
* wúi [ʷu:i] &amp;rarr; ûi [u:i]
* wuí [ʷui:] &amp;rarr; üî [uy:]

* nasals and prenasals cause nasalisation of previous vowel (does not operate through interword boundaries)
* nasals cause nasalisation of following vowel
* b [mb] &amp;rarr; b [b]; m [m] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* d [nd] &amp;rarr; d [d]; n [n] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* ď [ɲɟ] &amp;rarr; ď [ɟ]; ň [ɲ] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels
* g [ŋg] &amp;rarr; g [g]; ŋ [ŋ] if preceded or followed by unvoiced stops, nasal consonants or nasalised vowels

* φv [pββ̞] &amp;rarr; φv [bβ]
* fv [ββ̞] &amp;rarr; fv [β]
* vf [β̞βʰ] &amp;rarr; vf [βʰ]
* cz [tzz̞] &amp;rarr; cz [dz]
* sz [zz̞] &amp;rarr; sz [z]
* zs [z̞zʰ] &amp;rarr; zs [zʰ]

* v [β̞] &amp;rarr; v [w]
* z [z̞] &amp;rarr; z [ɹ]
* ž [ʒ̞] &amp;rarr; ž [ɹʲ]

* q [q] &amp;rarr; q [k] before front vowels, '''w''', and finally; ` [ʔ] before back vowels.
* γ [ɴ] &amp;rarr; ` [ʔ]; n [n] after alveolar consonants, ň after palatal consonants, ŋ after velar consonants and q.

=Grammar=
==Word formation==
Most words and many auxilliaries are derived from biconsonantal roots. There is some amount of vowel gradation within roots, but it is fairly limited.

There are also a series of monoconsonantal roots which form prefixes that further modify the meaning  of the word. Some are still productive, and a few require agreement with numerals.

===Vowel gradation===
Although changing vowel grades is generally not productive, it is possible to imagine that it once was, giving rise to such sets of words as '''zal''' (water), '''žjil''' (blood), '''zál''' (lake), '''zil''' (clear), '''zul''' (to liquify), '''zúl''' (to melt). 

* '''a-grade''' (n1) general: ''qana' '' &quot;Qana&quot;; ''patuk'' &quot;tree&quot;; ''zal'' &quot;water&quot;
* '''ja-grade''' (n2) living things: ''qjana' '' &quot;Qjana&quot;
* '''á-grade''' (n3) permanent things: ''ázal'' &quot;ocean&quot;; ''ápatuk'' &quot;forest&quot;
* '''ji-grade''' (n4) transcendecent: ''žjinat'' &quot;language&quot;; ''yìöàn'' &quot;universe&quot;; ''kjim'' &quot;world&quot;
* '''i-grade''' (q) qualities: '' 'ìökiem'' &quot;universal&quot;
* '''u-grade''' (va) active actions: ''mumút'' &quot;to cause to die&quot;; ''muzil'' &quot;to make clear, to declare&quot;
* '''ú-grade''' (vp) passive actions: ''mút'' &quot;to die&quot;; ''fúzal'' &quot;to rain&quot;

===Monoconsonantal roots===

* ''' ' '''
** ''' ya-''' important person
** ''' 'á-''' large place
** ''' yi-''' divine
** ''' 'ó-''' super-honorific
* ''' '-ö-''' all (vowel gradable)
* '''b'''
** '''bó-''' humble
* '''c''' primary [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''d''' interrogative [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''f''' &quot;to fall from the sky&quot; (vowel gradable)
* '''φ''' plural (with numerals, indicates plurality of groups)
** '''φ-''' &quot;many; together&quot; (vowel gradable)
** '''φo-''' plural actor
** '''-φ''' plural patient
** '''-φan''' &quot;several together&quot;
** '''-φur''' &quot;several times at once&quot; (vowel gradable)
* '''g'''
* '''h'''
* '''k'''
** '''kó''' honorific
* '''l'''
* '''m'''
** '''mu''' causative
** '''mú''' passive-causative
* '''n''' &quot;to exist&quot; (triform conjugation verb)
* '''ŋ'''
* '''γ''' indefinite [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''p'''
* '''q''' distal [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]; &quot;Qanao&quot;
** '''qó''' respective
* '''r''' verbaliser
* '''s'''
* '''t''' proximal [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''v''' medial [[#Demonstratives|demonstrative]]
* '''z'''

==Conjugation==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! n.
! vb.
! adj.
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | *
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Consonantal root
| z.l
| múf:r
| 'ìök.m
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 0
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Infix stem
| za.l
| múfú.r
| 'ìöki.m
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 1
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stem
| zal-
| múfúr-
| 'ìökim-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 2
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sentence-medial
| &amp;ndash;
| múfúr
| 'ìökim
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 3
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sentence-terminal
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 4
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Infinitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n.
| &amp;ndash;
| múfúà.r-
| 'ìökià.m-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 5
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Approximative adjective
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q.
| ázai.l-
| múfúi.r-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 5-6
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Approximative adverb
| ázaùl
| múfúòr
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 6
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Adverb
| &amp;ndash;
| múfór
| 'ìökium
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 7a
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Compounding (with noun)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ázalö-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | múfúrö-
| 'ìökimi-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | 7b
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; textalign: right;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Compounding (with non-noun)
| iokimö-
|}

The medial form is the citation form for most words.

==Particles==
* '''pr.''' - predicate, any of:
** '''p.t.''' - terminal predicate (not always - there are some auxilliaries that attach to these)
** '''p.s.''' - stem predicate
* '''&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;''' - suffix attaches to base specified in superscript instead of in the '''base''' column.
* '''&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;''' - vowel specified in subscript appears only to break illegal consonant clusters.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
! Type
! Base
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7a
! 7b
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Indicative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ø
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;a
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;i
| &lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;o 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q-1
| &amp;ndash;
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;u
| i
| o 
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Identitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-1
| ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| a.r
| &amp;ndash;
| ur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | rö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;d
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| u.d
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | od
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | dö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | q-1
| i.d
| di
| dö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative participle
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;r
| ir
| &amp;ndash;
| rai.r
| r&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.s
| or
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative participant
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;r
| ar
| &amp;ndash;
| ra.r
| rai.s
| &amp;ndash;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Absolutive participle
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;n
| in
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| n&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.s
| on
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Absolutive participant
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr.
| &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;n
| an
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| nai.s
| &amp;ndash;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Present
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| a
| aq
| a
| &amp;ndash;
| ai.r
| uq
| ari
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Preterite
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| i
| id
| i
| &amp;ndash;
| i.r
| ud
| idö
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Assertive aorist
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| á
| áp
| á
| &amp;ndash;
| á.r
| úp
| ápi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Future
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.t.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| ja
| jav
| ja
| &amp;ndash;
| jai.r
| jauv
| javi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Irrealis
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| já
| jáh
| já
| &amp;ndash;
| já.r
| jáuh
| jáhi
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Counterfactual
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| í
| íf
| í
| &amp;ndash;
| í.r
| úf
| ífö
| &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Approximative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | q.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-5-1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ø
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;5-0&lt;/sup&gt;a
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;u
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ö
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | vb-5-1
| &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;o
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| is
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| as
| us
| si
| sö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Perfective
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;c
| &lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;c
| &amp;ndash;
| cu.r
| ci.r
| uc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Negative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;z
| &lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;z
| &amp;ndash;
| za.r
| zi.r
| zur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Incorporative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| av
| ov
| &amp;ndash;
| va.r
| vi.r
| vur
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | vö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Partitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | ps-1
| oc
| oc
| &amp;ndash;
| a.c
| i.c
| uc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Possessive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| núc
| on
| &amp;ndash;
| ná.c
| ní.c
| nóc
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | onö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Genitive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| súm
| os
| &amp;ndash;
| sá.m
| sí.m
| sóm
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | osö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Subjunctive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| &lt;sub&gt;au&lt;/sub&gt;b
| &lt;sub&gt;au&lt;/sub&gt;b
| &amp;ndash;
| u.b
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| bi
| bö
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Nominative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| la
| al
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ol
| &amp;ndash;
| ol
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Passive
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| ľji
| jil
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| wul
| &amp;ndash;
| wul
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Accusative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| li
| il
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ul
| &amp;ndash;
| ul
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Oblique
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| ľja
| jal
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| wol
| &amp;ndash;
| wol
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ablative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| kur
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;k
| &amp;ndash;
| ka.r
| ki.r
| kor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ki
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Lative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| mud
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;m
| &amp;ndash;
| ma.d
| mi.d
| mor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mi
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| núr
| &lt;sub&gt;ia&lt;/sub&gt;n
| &amp;ndash;
| na.r
| ni.r
| nor
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ni
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Iterative
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | p.s.
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | n-1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;t
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| ut
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; | pr-1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;q
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| uq
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|}

===Infix particles===
* '''e''' (pr+) - topical, vocative
* '''i''' (n+, vb+) - approximative (non-productive)
* '''o''' (vb+), '''u''' (q+) - adverbial (non-productive)

===Usage===
* The '''present''' particle, without other aspect markers, generally has the habitual aspect.
* The '''assertive aorist''' particle indicates an assertion that is presently true and (believed by the speaker to be) true forever.
* The '''incorporative''' particle:
** Makes objects inalienably possessed by the complement: &quot;A human ''has 2 arms''&quot;; &quot;The ''bricks'' of a building&quot; etc.; and
** Indicates fundamental properties or habits: &quot;He ''walks'' to school daily&quot;; &quot;All living things ''die'' eventually&quot;; &quot;Water ''is wet''&quot;, &quot;The sky ''is blue''&quot; etc.
* The '''partitive''' particle:
** Makes objects classes of which the complement is a member of: &quot;He ''is '''a''' student''&quot;;
** Indicates an indefinite quantity of the object: &quot;(Any) three pages ''of (a) book''&quot;; &quot;He has done ''(some) work''&quot;; &quot;He ate ''a'' slice ''of bread''&quot; etc.
* The '''possessive''' particle makes objects alienably possessed by the complement: &quot;He ''has a house''&quot;; &quot;His ''ship''&quot; etc..
* The '''genitive''' particle indicates:
** A generic relationship between the object and the complement: &quot;Speech ''about truth''&quot;, &quot;''His'' wife&quot; etc.; and
** Reported speech: &quot;''Good morning,'' said he&quot;; &quot;I thought ''it was there''&quot; etc.
* The '''subjunctive''' particle makes:
** A temporal clause when attached to the future tense particle; 
** A conditional clause when attached to the irrealis particle or the counterfactual particle; and
** A reason when attached to the past tense particle or the present tense particle or the stem of any verb, noun or adjective.

=== Verbal arguments ===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! width=&quot;16%&quot; |
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Agent
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Experiencer
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Patient
! width=&quot;21%&quot; | Recipient
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Static
| 
| B
|
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Active
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Intransitive
| A
|
| 
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Transitive
| A
|
| C / D / E
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ditransitive
| A
|
| C
| D / E
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Passive
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Intransitive
| 
| B / E
| 
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Transitive
| A / F
| B / E
| B / C / D
|
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Ditransitive
| A / F
| B / E
| C
| B / C / D
|}

* '''A''' is the '''nominative''' case.
* '''B''' is the '''passive''' case.
* '''C''' is the '''accusative''' case.
* '''D''' is the '''oblique''' case.
* '''E''' is the '''lative''' case.
* '''F''' is the '''ablative''' case.

All but cases E and F can be replaced by the '''topical''' case. Although more than one noun can be marked with any case, all cases must be used consistently within one sentence, that is, if the passive case is used to indicate the experiencer in a passive-ditransitive sentence, it cannot also be used to mark the recepient; however, two or more nouns may be marked with the passive case to indicate two or more experiencers.

There is also a very limited form of agreement between cases and nouns - when possible, people take the oblique case instead of the accusative and lative cases; and the nominative case instead of the ablative case. Paradoxically, the lative and ablative cases are also used for people as a sign of profound respect.

The choice of which case to use can slightly alter the meaning of a sentence, for instance, compare:
* röqukjil múzil. &quot;It was made clear to Roquk.&quot;
* röqukiam múzil. &quot;It was made clear for Roquk.&quot;
In this case, the passive case has an oblique function, and the lative case has a benefactive function. Note, the benefactive function can be positive or negative:
* röqukiam qópjiniril múzili. &quot;Roquk benefited from his rights being made clear.&quot;
* röqukiam qópjiniril núsi. &quot;Roquk suffered from his rights being taken away.&quot;

==Demonstratives==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: auto; border: 1px solid #88a; border-collapse: collapse;  background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;
! 
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
! 4th
! Indet.
! Interr.
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Stem
| c-
| t-
| v-
| n-
| γ-
| d-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Personal prefix
| ac-
| at-
| av-
| an-
| uγ-
| id-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Polite personal prefix
| bó-
| kó-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | qó-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ndash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Agent-marking affix
| -s&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| -t&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ndash;
| -h&lt;sub&gt;u&lt;/sub&gt;.-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Agent-marked verb
| su.n-
| tu.s-
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| hu.m-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Patient-marking affix
| ic-
| it-
| (iv-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (in-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (uγ-) -l&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
| (id-) -h&lt;sub&gt;ú&lt;/sub&gt;.-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Patient-marked verb
| &amp;mdash;
| &amp;mdash;
| (iv)lú.p-
| (in)lú.p-
| (uγ)lú.p-
| hú.l-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Indeterminate prefix
| caùγ-
| taùγ-
| vaùγ-
| naùγ-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;mdash;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Demonstrative prefix
| ca-
| ta-
| va-
| na-
| γa-
| da-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative prefix
| cu'-
| to'-
| vo'-
| nu'-
| γu'-
| do'-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Personal pronoun
| aca.n-
| ata.n-
| ama.n-
| ana.n-
| uγa.n-
| ida.n-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Demonstrative pronoun
| cu'a.n-
| to'a.n-
| vo'a.n-
| nu'a.n-
| γu'a.n-
| do'a.n-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative pronoun
| cu.'-
| to.'-
| vo.'-
| nu.'-
| γu.'-
| do.'-
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ccf; text-align: right;&quot; | Locative verb
| cu.n-
| tu.n-
| vu.n-
| nu.n-
| γu.n-
| du.n-
|} 

The 1st, 2nd and 3rd person polite prefixes are derived from the humble, honorific, and respective prefixes respectively.

The agent-marked and patient-marked verbs are suppletive forms of the verb '' 'ur'' and '' 'úr'' respectively. It is from these that the agent-marking and patient-marking suffixes are derived. The locative verb is used instead of suffixing the locative particle to the locative pronoun.

The overt pronouns are used where it would be awkward to use affixes, or for emphasis. It is conjectured that the nominalising ''-an'' and verbalising ''-un'' suffixed to the pronouns are related to the irregular verb ''in'', to exist, or perhaps the absolutive participant particle, ''-an''.

Others say that the demonstrative ''n'', nominalising suffix ''-an'', verbalising ''-un'', absolutive participant particle ''-an'', locative particle ''-&lt;sub&gt;ai&lt;/sub&gt;n'' are all derived from a single root, '''''n'''''.

=Miscellaneous=
{|
| I want to become the person I would have become had I been born in (location).
|- 
| C: 'ádinnor acmúfúríb múricím muaril achusa. 
|-
| E: 'áninain múfûríbar čel múricíjam mwaril husa.
|}
* 'ádinnor &quot;Adin&quot; (n-'''loc'''-'''adv''')
** 'á &quot;place&quot; (n.pre)
** din &quot;peaceful&quot; (q)
* acmúfúríbičjil &quot;to become&quot; ('''1.pre'''-vb-'''ind'''-'''cf'''-'''subj'''-7a-'''1'''-'''pass''')
** mú &quot;to become&quot; (vb.pre)
** fúr &quot;to live&quot; (vb)
* múrcím &quot;to become (passive)&quot; (vb-'''perf'''-'''ind'''-'''cf'''-'''lat''')
* muaril &quot;to become (active)&quot; (vb-'''inf'''-'''acc''')
* achusa &quot;to want&quot; ('''1.pre'''-vb-'''ind'''-'''pres''')

{|
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|-
| C: ňja'imanvöpjinirul'ìökjimimuziael (ňjai'imanav pjiniril 'ìökim muziael)
|-
| E: ňä'imanvöpenirosöyökemimuzjajl (ňä'imanav peniros yökim muzjajl)
|}
* ňja'i &quot;person&quot; (n-5-7a)
* manvö &quot;living thing&quot; (n-'''corp'''-7a)
* pjinirul &quot;right&quot; (n-'''acc'''-7b)
** pji &quot;always&quot; (n.pre)
** nir &quot;permitted&quot; (q)
* 'ìökjimi &quot;universal&quot; (q-7a)
** 'ìö &quot;all&quot; (q.pre)
** kjim &quot;world&quot; (n)
* muziael &quot;declaration; clarification&quot; (vb-4-'''voc''')
** mu &quot;to cause to become&quot; (vb.pre) +
** zil &quot;to be clear&quot; (q)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

{|
| C: 'ir ňja'imanoec qóqúormúqdastwol qópjinirtwol liuráq 'ìötiuráq múfúrá.
|-
| E: 'ir ňä'imanowc mav qúormúqnašťel peniřťel ljuraq yötjuraq múfûrá.
|}
* 'ir &quot;all&quot; (q-2) 
* ňja'imanoec &quot;human being&quot; (n-'''part'''-'''top''')
* qóqúormúqdastwol &quot;dignity&quot; ('''resp'''-vb-'''deg'''-'''iter'''-'''pass'''-'''adv''')
** qúor &quot;to raise&quot; (vb-5-6)
** múq &quot;to be seen&quot; (vb)
* qópjinirtwol &quot;rights&quot; ('''resp'''-n-'''iter'''-'''pass'''-'''adv''')
* liráuq &quot;free&quot; (q-'''ind'''-'''aor'''-'''iter'''-'''adv''')
* 'ìötiráuq &quot;completely equal&quot; (q-'''ind'''-'''aor'''-'''iter'''-'''adv''')
** tir &quot;equal&quot; (q)
* múfúrá &quot;to be born&quot; (vb-'''ind'''-'''aor''')
** mú &quot;to become&quot; (vb.pre)
** fúr &quot;to live&quot; (vb)

{|
| C: rikö'umadtil löqjattil ammiqutcáq,
|-
| E: rikö'umantil löqättil mjam qutcáq
|}
* rikö'umadtil &quot;ability to think logically&quot; (n-'''iter'''-'''acc''')
** rikö &quot;logical&quot; (q-7b)
** 'umö &quot;to think&quot; (vb)
** ad &quot;ability&quot; (n)
* löqjattil &quot;conscience&quot; (n-'''iter'''-'''acc''')
** lö &quot;good&quot; (n.pre)
** qjat &quot;heart&quot; (n)
* ammiqutcár &quot;to receive (from Designer)&quot; ('''3.pre'''-'''ben'''-7b-vb-'''perf'''-'''ind'''-'''pres'''-2)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pne</title>
    <id>806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4202</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-17T18:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hi! I'm me!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi! I'm Philip Newton. I'm also &quot;[[Wikipedia:en:User:Pne|Pne]]&quot; on Wikipedia.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Talk</title>
    <id>807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4125</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-24T15:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;discuss this page&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Discuss this page</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Henaudute ceremonial calendar</title>
    <id>808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4126</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-25T07:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Interesting ... I've always had a fondness for arbitrary calendars.  :-) [[User:Nik|Nik]] 23:30, 24 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Christina</title>
    <id>809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51526</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-18T05:12:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Member of the Conculture list.  Creator of the [[Galhaf|Galhafan]] concultures.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhaf</title>
    <id>810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43227</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Galhaf''' is a planet in a binary star system, the fourth planet around its star.  The name is derived from the [[Ivetsian]] descendant of the [[Classical Kasshian]] ''wagallapa'' (Our World).  It is inhabited by humans, descendants of a failed Earth colony.

It, and its inhabitants, are the creation of [[User:Nik|Nik Taylor]]

*[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf itself]]
*[[Suns of Galhaf|Galhaf's Star System]]
*[[Prehistory of Humanity on Galhaf|The ancient past]]
*[[Biology of the Chihazh System]]
*Galhafan Cultures
**[[Blafu]]
**[[Category:Kasshi|Kasshi]]
**[[Sanle]]
**[[Oppai]]
**Famous Galhafans
***[[Chalanya]]
***[[Chila]]
***[[Chinikan]]
***[[Chinrasta]]
***[[Dzesa]]
***[[Navesh]]
*Galhafan Languages
**[[Kasshian languages|Kasshi Family]]
***[[Classical Kasshian]]
***[[Ivetsian]]
**[[Sanle (language)|Sanle]]
***[[Classical Sanle]]
*Galhafan Religions
**The [[Laughing Mystics]]
**[[Kalpanism]]
**[[Nrastaism]]
***[[Council of Twelve]]
*Other
**[[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy]]
**[[Odiran Standard Units]]
**[[Galhafan Governments]]

[[Category:Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Arda/Henaudute</title>
    <id>811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50965</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-08T03:33:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Henaudute]] to [[Talk:Arda/Henaudute]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Why does Henaudute use the Greek alphabet?

:Ironically, convenience.  The phonology was patterened after ancient Greek's (though the morphology is too different to really help recall it) and it just seemed easier to represent it that way.  Plus, the aesthetics :p
:There actually *is* a native [[abugida]]; it looks like ...  [http://frath.net/images/lang/hena-curse.gif] (old version)... but it's rather complicated, being written [[TTB]], with lots of [[ligature|ligation]] involved, and I havn't designed a font for it yet.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:46, 25 Jan 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grammar of Saxon English</title>
    <id>813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35212</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:43:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* GRAMMAR OF SAXON ENGLISH. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''This is a section of ''[[Pure Saxon English]]'', a book published by [[Elias Molee]] in [[1890]], which thus should be public domain.  The character &quot;inverted i&quot; (in Unicode, U+1D09) has not been used here due to lack of font support, and has been replaced by the small capital ɪ.''
:This page is also available [[Media:Grammar of Saxon English.pdf|as a PDF]] (147 KB).
----

==GRAMMAR OF SAXON ENGLISH.==
===PHONETIC SPELLING WITH OLD LETTERS.===
''Ai'' always sounds as in the word aim (Ger. e); ''q,'' ah, arm; ''a,'' an (Ger. ä); ''o,'' on, or (Ger. soll); ''ö'' (or ''oe)'' earn, word; ''oi,'' oil; ''ei,'' eye; ''au,'' house; ''ɯ,'' rule; ''ɔ,'' oh, old; ''ü'' (or ''ue),'' as in German, ''für;'' French, ''dur;'' Greek and Scandinavian, ''y'' as in ''syd;'' ''ɪ,'' eel; ''u,'' full or but; ''i,'' it; ''e,'' met; ''z,'' hard ''tsee'' (as in [[High German|German]], in order to have a clearer, oral distinction between ''z'' and ''s); y,'' yard; ''sh'', she; ''ch,'' church; ''th,'' the, thin; ''w,'' we; ''ks,'' x; ''kw,'' qu; ''k,'' ch (Christ, Kreist).  ''E'' before ''r'' has the sound of ''a'' (an); final ''o'' and ''u'' are long.  ''Oe'' is equal to ''ö,'' and ''ue'' equal to ''ü.''  This substitution is also allowed in the German language.  Capitals for the inverted ''c, i,'' and ''m,'' are O·ɔ, I·ɪ, U·ɯ; A·q.  We can not invert capitals on account of not lining, and the capital Q looks odd for ''q.''  We therefore indicate the proper sound of the capital letters by means of an inverted period.  Inverted ''c, i, m,'' for ''oh, ee, oo'' are advocated, and partly used already in America, England, and France.  It is the only way I can see, by which to get along with old letters only, and they are as good as new letters would be to the reader.  The type-setter must invert them, but they might easily be made in the future, so as to need no turning.  The letter ''ɔ'' is written as the figure ''2'' is written; ''ɪ'' is simply inverted ''i;'' it is as easy to dot under as over the line, and the distinction becomes all the more conspicuous.  Inverted ''m,'' or ''ɯ,'' is written as ''u'' and ''i'' without the dot.  The corresponding capitals of ''ɔ, ɪ, ɯ,'' and ''q,'' have always an inverted period on their right side, thus: ''O·K, ɔk'' (oak); ''I·L, ɪl'' (eel); ''U·z, ɯz'' (ooze); ''A·MS, qms'' (alms).  In remodeling the language, it is sometimes better to modify the pronunciation than the spelling, in order to preserve the old appearance of the word, and to make it more international, as ''kom'' (not ''kum);'' German, ''kommen;'' Dutch ''kommen;'' Scandinavian, ''komme; kql'' (not ''kol)'' as ''a'' or ''q'' is used for the same word by our cousins.  That form which is most internationally Gothic, is best.  It is as easy to say ''kom'' as ''kum; bql'' as ''bol,'' etc.  With phonetic spelling, we can tell near enough for practical purposes how to pronounce.  No spelling can become fully phonetic without having about two hundred letters, according to Ellis, but we can use consistently those letters we have.  In the beginning, we can continue the old pronunciation of Saxon words.

===GRAMMAR.===
RULE 1.	To form the ''plural number,'' and to increase vowel euphony, add ''a'' (an, at; Ger. ''ä),'' after words ending on consonants; and add ''s'' after words ending on vowels, as, one ''hand,'' two ''handa;'' one ''boi,'' two ''bois'' (boys); two ''hausa.''  ''A'' is a very fine and extensive plural sound, and was much employed by our forefathers.  [[Anglo-Saxon]], ''an hand, twa handa;'' [[High German|German]] ''zwei hände'' (handai); Old Frisic, ''hond,'' plural ''honda;'' twɔ ''hausa;'' Scandinavian, ''to huse;'' Latin, ''regnum,'' plural ''regna;'' Greek ''petron'' (wing), plural ''petra;'' Slavonic ''grad'' (castle), plural ''grada,'' or ''gradje;'' Irish, ''seamrog'' (shamrock), plural ''seamroga.''  The final ''a'' has the same sound as in ''Florida, America, Mathilda,'' etc.

RULE 2.	To form the ''possessive case,'' add ''o'' (oh) after consonants, and ''no'' after vowels, as ''girlo hat'' (girl’s hat), and ''boino buk'' (boy’s book).  The possessive form may precede or follow, as, ''hat girlo.''  This ''o'' is a contraction of our possessive word ''own'' (ɔn, ɔnership).  When words end on a vowel, a euphonistic ''n'' is inserted to prevent hiatus, and to blend consonants and vowels for ease of pronunciation.  It looks like an abbreviated plural Greek possessive ''logon'' (of words).  ''Girlo'' (girl’s, girl own); ''Godo haus'' (God’s house).  The preposition ''of'' is also used as before; but ''o'' and ''no'' are used for the short possessive; plural possessive, ''handano'' (of the hands), ''laidiso,'' etc.  It will be as easy to form the possessive of the plural as of the singular, by adding ''o'' after ''s,'' or ''no'' after ''a;'' ''hausano.''  As final ''o'' has the sound of ''oh,'' we write ''o'' instead of ''ɔ.''

RULE 3.	To form the ''past tense,'' add ''o'' after consonants, and ''do'' (doh), after vowels, as, ''Ei lovo'' (I loved), ''Ei gɔdo, ei sɪdo'' (I went, I saw).  The fact that the possessive and past tense signs are alike is no objection, because a noun and a verb stand in such obviously different relations that no mistake can follow.  It is different with the plural and possessive sign ''s,'' both being added to the same part of speech.  ''O'' is chosen because it is historical, being used as a past tense sign by the Anglo-Saxons with ''n,'' and by our Gothic cousins, the Swedes, without ''n.''  It is the most proper and musical vowel we can find for this purpose.

The Anglo-Saxons formed the plural past tense with ''on,'' as ''waron, sindon'' (were).  In Swedish, the ''n'' is worn off, while ''o'' remains, as, ''vi spunno, vi kommo, vi funno'' (we spun, we came, and we found).  In Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the past participle takes ''o; united'' and ''loved'' is ''unito,'' or ''unido,'' and ''amato,'' or ''amado.''  ''O·'' is a well tried past tense form.

RULE 4.	To form the present participle, add ''qnd;'' and to form the past participle, add ''en,'' as, ''Ei'' am ''skreibqnd,'' the ''runqnd hors.''  In the beginning we can use ''qnd'' only with the new words; but hɪ has ''loven, worken,'' etc.  The reason for having ''qnd'' for the present participle, when it is used as an adjective, instead of ''ing,'' is to prevent the extremely frequent repetition of the ringing sound of ''ing,'' which is still employed with verbal nouns.  The [[Anglo-Saxon]] ''and,'' or ''end,'' for the present participle, and ''ung,'' or ''ing,'' for verbal nouns.  [[Anglo-Saxon]], ''and;'' German and Dutch, ''end;'' Swedish, ''ande;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''ende;'' Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, ''endo,'' or ''ando;'' French, ''ent,'' or ''ant.''  The suffix ''en'' is a sign for the past participle in [[Anglo-Saxon]], and with all the Gothic people.  Being an easy flowing, liquid sound, it is made the only past participle form.  Chaucer, the morning star of English literature, employed ''and;'' but finally ''and'' and ''ing'' were confounded, as ''ed'' and ''en'' have been.

RULE 5.	To form the ''verbal noun,'' add ''ing,'' or ''ung,'' as, ''hɪring'' and ''erzɪung;'' and to form the ''infinitive noun,'' add ''qn,'' as, ''rɪdqn'' and ''skreibqn'' (Ger., ''lesen'' und ''schreiben;'' Scan. ''lesen'' og ''skriven).''  The infinitive noun will not be used much at first, but it will be convenient to be able to vary the expression at times.  The ''qn'' is the [[Anglo-Saxon]] infinitive ending, and the same method is used by the rest of our Gothic family.

RULE 6.	To form the ''masculine noun,'' add ''ɪ;'' and to form the ''feminine noun'' add ''in,'' and ''neuter it,'' as, ''frendɪ, frendin,'' and ''frendit.''  ''Ine'' is used in English—''hero, heroine;'' German and Dutch, ''in;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''inde;'' Swedish, ''ina.''  The suffix ''ɪ'' is a contraction from ''he,'' or ''hɪ,'' as the possessive sign ''o'' is a contraction from ''ɔn'' (own), and ''u'' from ''do'' (du).

RULE 7.	To verbalize a word, and to give it emphasis or make it more specific, add ''u'' from ''du'' (do); German, ''thu-en,'' as ''fy'' is from ''facio,'' in place of ''en, fy, ize, ate,'' etc., as, ''hqrdu'' (harden); ''raru,'' or ''rariku'' (rarify); ''erinu'' (memorize).  ''U'' is a contraction from ''du,'' and is very appropriate for this purpose, beside being a very easy sound to pronounce.  ''U'' is called by some orthoepists the natural vowel.  ''U'' is employed much in several languages as a final vowel, but especially in Latin, Italian, and Japanese.  It is used much in the vocabulary to distinguish a verb from an adjective or other part of speech.  In those words where ''u'' is a verbal sign, the verb and the noun remain alike, as, ''klasu,'' or ''klasiku'' (to classify), and ''klasu,'' or ''klasiku'' (classification).

RULE 8.	The ''definite article'' is before singular nouns ''the,'' as, ''the'' hand, ''the'' haus; but before plural nouns it is ''dɔ handa, dɔ hausa.''  ''Dɔ'' has been modified from the German ''die;'' Scandinavian ''de,'' and [[Anglo-Saxon]] ''dhe,'' or ''seo,'' so as to give us the best variety and clearest distinction from the singular, and from the plural sign ''a.''  ''Dɔ'' is different in consonant and vowel from the singular ''the,'' and the plural ending ''a.''  Both the Germanic and Romance languages have a plural form for the definite article.  French ''le'' (the) has plural ''les'' (dɔ); German, ''der,'' plural ''die;'' Scandinavian, singular ''den,'' or ''det,'' plural ''de.''  We have adopted a plural form in order not to be obliged to repeat ''the'' so extremely often; besides we need very much a plural form of the article to show whether the singular or plural is meant in hundreds of sentences.  Not to have a plural form for the article is a great defect.  We might use the article ''das'' before abstract nouns as ''das gudi,'' etc.

RULE 9.	When the ''adjective'' is used as a noun, it takes the plural sign, as, ''dɔ guda'' (the good ones).  This form will make the expressions clearer as to number.  This method prevails in all the Gothic tongues.  To have no plural form for the definite article, and no plural sign for the substantive adjective, appears to me to be very indefinite.  It is poor practice.

RULE 10.	To form the ''infinitive,'' add ''q'' to the indicative of those words that end on a consonant; as, to ''komq,'' to ''singq,'' to ''go,'' etc.  Words ending on vowels receive no addition.  This infinitive suffix ''q'' is a contraction of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] infinitive ending ''an,'' pronounced ''qn.''  Both the Gothic and Romanic people have a special infinitive form.  The French add ''er'' or ''ir, aimer'' (to lovq), ''finir'' (to finishq).  The Italians ''ere, ire,'' or ''are;'' as ''offendere'' (offendayray), ''punire,'' ''perdonare'' (perdohnahray).  Germans and Hollanders add ''en;'' the Anglo-Saxon ''an;'' the Danish and Norwegian ''e,'' and the Swedes ''a;'' as, att ''komma,'' att ''falla,'' att ''vandra'' (to ''komq,'' to ''fqlq,'' to ''wqnderq).''  This form will not only add many per cent. to the musicalness of our language, but make the imperative and indicative forms more easily distinguished.  We now say to ''come'' (infinitive), ''come'' (imperative), and I ''come'' (indicative); ''come, come, come.''  Only one form for all three ideas.  If we had a separate infinitive and imperative form, then would the indicative be clear to the eye and ear.  It can not be of more trouble to us to have an infinitive and imperative form than it is to other nations, and we need the form for clearness and euphony.  Even with the several vowels introduced, we will not have as many as the Italians or the Swedes.  Our English grammar is too simple and indefinite.

The infinitive form need not be used in the beginning.  The foregoing ten rules are the basis of Systematic English, which may or may not include phonetic spelling, but will include no new words.  Systematic English only systematizes the grammar without touching the vocabulary any further than to systematize the inflections.

===ADDITIONAL RULES OF SAXON ENGLISH.===
RULE 11.	The ''cardinal numbers'' are formed from the ten first units, and the higher numbers add ''tɪn'' (teen), ''ti'' (ty), ''hundred, thausand, heiyond'' (million, that is, high yonder), ''ɔveryond'' (billion), ''augyond'' (trillion, ''aug,'' eye, df. I): 1, ''an'' (one); 2, ''twɔ'' (pronounce ''w);'' 3, ''thrɪ;'' 4, ''fɔr;'' 5, ''feiv;'' 6, ''siks;'' 7, ''seven;'' 8, ''ait;'' 9, ''nein;'' 10, ''ten;'' 11, ''antɪn'' (an and ten, or tɪn); 12, ''twɔtɪn;'' 13, ''thrɪtɪn;'' 14, ''fɔrtɪn, feivtɪn, sikstɪn, seventɪn, aittɪn, neintɪn, twɔtɪ'' (twenty), ''twɔti-an'' (twenty-one), etc., ''thrɪti'' (thirty), ''fɔrti, feivti, siksti, seventi, aitti, neinti, hundred, thausand, heiyond'' (million), ''ɔveryond'' (billion), and ''augyond'' (trillion).  Only seventeen words need to be memorized by the world, and those short, easy, and well known ones.

RULE 12.	The ordinal numbers are formed by adding ''tq'' to the cardinal; Anglo-Saxon ''ta'' (pronounced ''tq);'' German and Dutch, ''te'' (pronounced ''tai);'' Danish and Norwegian, ''te;'' Swedish, ''ta'' (pronounced ''tq):'' feivtq, sikstq (5th, 6th); Anglo-Saxon, ''fif'' (five), ''fifta'' (fifth), ''sixta'' (sixth); German, ''fünfte, fünf'' (five); Danish and Norwegian, ''femte, fem'' (five); Swedish ''femta;'' Greek, ''pentos;'' Latin, ''quinta'' (pronounced ''quintq).''  We add ''tq'' rather than ''ta,'' because the latter ending is like our frequent plural sign ending ''a.''  This makes a fine historical suffix for ordinal numbers.  The numeral ''first'' is a general Gothic number, and hence preserved, but the regular forms are ''antq'' (first), ''twɔtq'' (second, pronounce ''w), thrɪtq'' (third), ''fɔrtq, feivtq, sikstq, seventq, aittq, neintq, tentq, antɪntq'' (eleventh), ''twɔtɪntq'' (twelfth), ''thrɪtɪntq, fɔrtɪntq, twɔtitq'' (twentieth), ''twɔti-antq'' (twenty-first), ''hundredtq'' (hundredth), ''thausandtq'' (thousandth), ''heiyondtq'' (millionth), etc.  The reiteratives are formed by simply adding ''teim: anteim'' (once), ''twɔteim'' (twice), ''thrɪteim, fɔrteim,'' etc.  The multiplicatives are formed by adding ''fɔld: anfɔld'' (simple), ''twɔfɔld'' (duplex), ''thrɪfɔld, fɔrfɔld,'' etc.  We also say ''annes'' (onenes), ''twɔnes'' (twones), etc.; also ''anhud'' (unity), ''twɔhud'' (duality), ''thrɪanikeit'' (trinity), ''thrɪanikeitlɔr'' (doctrine of the trinity), ''tenmanarɯl'' (decemvirate).  Inflections and compounds of known material are clearer, easier, and more comfortable than strange borrowing.  To denote fractional parts, ''el'' is added, an abbreviation from ''teil'' (part), ''fɔrel, feivel'' (fourth or fifth part); two-fifths is ''twɔ-feivtqs;'' nine-tenths is ''nein-tentqs,'' etc.

RULE 13.	Names of ''days'' and ''months'' are formed by simply taking the ordinal numbers and adding the first letter for ''day'' or ''month, d'' stading for ''day,'' and ''m'' standing for ''month;'' thus, ''antq'' is first, and by adding ''d,'' an abbreviation for ''day,'' we have ''Antqd'' (Sunday), ''Twɔtqd'' (Monday); and by adding ''m'' we have ''Antqm'' (January), ''Twɔtqm'' (February).  All must learn the ''numbers'' anyhow, and then by the slight addition of d and m they would know the names of the days of the week and the months; as, ''Antqd'' (Sunday), ''Twɔtqd'' (Monday), ''Thrɪtqd'' (Tuesday), ''Fɔrtqd'' (Wednesday), ''Feivtqd,'' ''Sikstqd'' and ''Seventqd. Months:  Antqm'' (January), ''Twɔtqm'' (February), ''Thrɪtqm'' (March), ''Tentqm'' (October), ''Antɪntqm'' (November), ''Twɔtɪntqm'' (December).  Here is a chance to show our good-will towards the whole world by making these names easy to learn, and at the same time use our own Saxon material.  The old names might be retained if desired, but they are longr and harder to learn and pronounce, and they are unnecessarily arbitrary.

RULE 14.	The ''personal pronouns'' remain as at present, with a very slight extension, as they are nearly alike in all the Gothic tongues, and are short and convenient, and all purely Gothic.

There is a defect in the feminine pronoun on account of ''her'' being both possessive and objective without any distinction in form.  This is too simple and indefinite to the eye and ear, hence ''her'' objective has been changed to ''shim'' from ''she,'' to compare with ''him'' from ''he.''  I saw ''him'' and ''shim'' (him and her).  Her is preserved for the possessive.  The personal pronouns are not very systematic, but they are short and well known, and they are so frequently spoken that they do not need to be systematic to be retained in the mind; besides, it is a great comfort to have as much familiar material upon which to rest the mind as possible.  Hence personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives remain as now, and they are nearly alike in all the Gothic languages.  The only change consists in phonetic spelling, and even that might be omitted with the personal pronouns.  Several grammarians have expressed a desire for a pronoun in the third person, applicable to both the masculine and feminine gender.  We have adopted ''ɪr, ɪro, ɪm'' for that purpose.  ''I·r'' is an old form of ''er'' (he); ''ɪro'' is 
''ɪr'' with the possessive sign ''o, ɪro'' (his or her); ''m'' being a general objective and dative sign, we have ''ɪm'' (Ger. ihm) for the objective.  By adopting ''ɪr, ɪro,'' and ''ɪm'' as a personal pronoun for the third person common gender, we give extra clearness to such words as ''hɪlɪr'' (he or she who heals); ''tɪchɪm'' (pupil), he or she who is being taught.  ''I·r'' as a suffix is used especially where we desire to indicate a higher class of actors, professional actors.  ''I·m'' is used to denote the recipient of an act; as, ''paiɪm'' (payee); ''selɪm'' (vendee).  The personal pronouns run thus:

{| align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1st Person. || 2d Person. || Masculine. || Feminine. || Neuter. || Com. Gender. 
|-
| ei || thau || hɪ || shɪ || it || ɪr
|-
| mei || thei || his || her || its || ɪro
|-
| mɪ || thɪ || him || shim || itm (it) || ɪm
|-
| wɪ || yu || thai || thai || thai || (ɪra)
|-
| aur || yur || thair || thair || thair || (ɪrano)
|-
| us || yum (yu) || them || them || them || (ɪma)
|}

Adding ''o'' or ''no'' is the same as adding ''of,'' in case we desire to lessen the number of the little weakening words; as, ''fulo'' (full of); ''manino'' (many of).  The inflected noun may stand first or last, as in German; the ''haus Godo'' (Ger., “Das Haus Gottes”); ''theno'' (of the); ''dɔno'' (of the, plural); objective form, ''thim'' and ''dɔm'' (to the).

The pronouns are defective in all the Gothic tongues in the third person plural.  The masculine, feminine, and neuter are alike, and yet it would be both easy and convenient to have distinctions.  The Russians have very complete pronouns.  They can even show whether the speaker or the one spoken to is male or female.  I think it would frequently add clearness to stories if there were different plural forms for the masculine, feminine, and neuter.  As the plural is now formed by adding ''a'' after consonants, and ''s'' after vowels, we might easily develop a separate masculine plural by adding ''s'' to ''hɪ: hɪs'' (they, masculine), and ''shɪs'' (they, feminine), ''ita'' (they, neuter).  The possessive forms would be respectively, ''hɪso, shɪso,'' and ''itano;'' and the objective, ''hem, shem, tem'' (arbitrary for brevity).  Although plural forms would often be convenient, I have not made it a part of the system, believing that this is one of the points that can be inserted afterwards, if the American and English people desire more distinctions than they now have.  The rest of the Gothic people have no more distinctions in this respect than we have.

''Em'' is an extra objective suffix placed after an object when we wish it to appear first or come between the subject and predicate; as, ''James Johnem struck.''  In an ordinary sentence, we can see from the position; by this means we can have as much freedom of position as was enjoyed by the classical languages.

''Sich'' is a reflexive pronoun used by the Gothic tongues, and is equivalent to ''him-, her-,'' or ''itself;'' as, he or she hurt him or herself; ''hɪ hurt sich, shɪ hurt sich;'' French and Latin, ''se.''

''Mqn'' is an indefinite pronoun, very convenient.  French, ''on;'' Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian, ''man; “mqn sai.”''  French, ''on dit;'' German, ''man sagt;'' Scandinavian, ''man siger,'' or ''man säger.''

RULE 15.	The ''auxiliary adjectives and verbs'' remain irregular as now, as they are more convenient as they are, being short, well known, and nearly alike in all Gothic languages.

====IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.====
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
1.	gud, beter, best.&lt;br&gt;
2.	bad, wors, worst.&lt;br&gt;
3.	litel, les, lɪst.
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
4.	mani, mer, mest.&lt;br&gt;
5.	much, mɔr, mɔst.&lt;br&gt;
''Mer'' (number), ''mɔr'' (quantity).
|}
 
The regular adjective adds ''er'' and ''est;'' as, ''long, longer, longest.''

====IRREGULAR VERBS.====
{| width=&quot;100%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
1.	werden, wurdi, worden.&lt;br&gt;
2.	hav, had, haden.&lt;br&gt;
3.	am, art, is, qr, was, wer, bin.&lt;br&gt;
4.	wil, wud, wuden.
|width=&quot;50%&quot;|
5.	shal, shud, shuden.&lt;br&gt;
6.	kan, kud, kuden.&lt;br&gt;
7.	mai, meit, meiten.&lt;br&gt;
8.	du, did, don.
|}

The first auxiliary verb ''werden'' would be very convenient to us, and help us to employ the troublesome ''will'' and ''shall'' more in harmony with their nature and original usage.  ''Will'' and ''shall'' are used very abnormally.  We say I ''shall'' and you ''will,'' we ''should'' and they ''would.''  Other verbs are alike for all persons in conjugation; as, I can, you can, he can, we can, etc.  There is an increased tendency to ignore the superfine and useless distinctions between would and should.  In Scotland and in our Southern States ''would'' and ''should'' are confounded by high authorities; as, I ''would'' (should) not have thought so; we ''would'' (should) have been there.  ''Will'' is employed to advantage only where volition is concerned, and ''shall'' where duty, obligation, or command is thought of.  We can not say “The house ''wil'' burn,” but “the house ''werden'' burn.”  The house can not ''will'' to burn, or have a will.  ''Werden'' is therefore introduced and modified from the Anglo-Saxon ''weordhan;'' German and Dutch, ''werden;'' Danish and Norwegian, ''vorde;'' Swedish, ''värda.'' All Gothic people use this very convenient and clear auxiliary verb in the sense of futurity without implying volition.  To use ''will'' and ''shall'' for volition, and also for futurity, is too indefinite.  We need an extra auxiliary verb for futurity very much; still it will be used sparingly at first, as it is rather new with us, though our forefathers used it.  It is only a revival of what we have had.  ''Thai werden bekom sik,'' not they ''will'' becme sick, for they can have no such will.

RULE 16.	To form ''animal derivative names,'' we take the easiest and best known generic name, masculine or feminine, and add thereto ''ɪ'' for masculine, ''in'' for feminine, and ''et'' for the diminutive; as, ''lion'' (common gender), ''lionɪ'' (masculine), ''lionin'' (feminine), ''lionet'' (diminutive), ''lionetɪ'' (masculine diminutive), ''lionetin'' (feminine diminutive); ''dog, dogɪ, dogin, doget, dogetɪ, dogetin.''  This will be a very convenient method by which to name the more inferior animals, but ''man, horse,'' and ''ox'' are excepted from the rule.

RULE 17.	The ''descriptive power of participles and adjectives'' is much extended, as in Anglo-Saxon and all the other Gothic tongues, by employing them as descriptive personal nouns.  By adding ''i'' as a general personal sign to participles and adjectives, we can say ''the lovqndi'' (the loving one), and by adding the gender signs ''ɪ, in,'' and ''it,'' we can specialize the idea so as to indicate whether the loving one ''(lovqndi),'' is a male, female, or a thing in the abstract; as, the ''lovqndɪ, lovqndin, lovqndit.''  In the same way we can take the adjective ''fein,'' and say the ''feini'' (the fine one in general); the ''feinɪ'' (the fine man or male); the ''feinin'' (the fine woman or female); the ''feinit'' (fine thing).  German, ''das Schöne'' or ''Feine;'' Greek, ''to kalon.''  We can, of course, use a circumlocution to express the same ideas, as ''the fine man, the fine woman, the fine thing,'' but the expression loses its neatness and forcibleness.  Our language is far behind in picturesque power.  This power is possessed by the Anglo-Saxon and other Gothic languages.  The Germans use different articles for masculine, feminine, and neuter, but it is easier to denote thes ideas by special suffixes, and not be troubled by so many articles as in German and Scandinavian.  The past participle follows the same rule; as, the ''fqleni'' (the fallen in general), the ''fqlenɪ'' (masculine), the ''fqlenin'' (feminine), the ''fqlenit;'' the ''donit'' (German, ''das Gemachte), saienit (gesagte).''  By prefixing the plural article ''dɔ'' (df. do, du), and by adding the plural signs to substantive adjectives, we obtain clear plurals:  ''Dɔ lovqnda'' (the loving ones); ''dɔ lovena'' (the loved ones); ''dɔ lovqndɪs'' (the loving men or males); ''dɔ lovqndina'' (the loving women or females); ''dɔ lovqndita'' (the loving things).  These expressions need not be used much at first, but if we desire, as we naturally must do, a highly descriptive language not excelled by any other people, we need these points.  We need them to make our language more poetical and picturesque.  At present our grammar is very prosaic and generic.  The few extra points required can be mastered in one day, and we have forever a thing of comfort and utility.

RULE 18.	''Adjectives'' derived from ''proper nouns'' follow the general usage of other adjectives by adding ''anik, ik, lik, leik, ish, som,'' etc., so that we can tell the adjective from the noun, and the noun from the adjective; thus, a ''Dutchman'' who is a native of Holland is called a ''Hollander,'' and the adjective becomes ''Hollandik.''  A native of ''Frans,'' a ''Franser'' or ''Fransi,'' and ''French'' is called ''Fransik.''  The frequent names of ''English'' and ''German'' are excepted from the rule, and we say ''English'' instead of ''Englandik,'' and ''Doich'' instead of ''Doichlandik.''  The names of the inhabitants of all other lands are obtained by adding the regular personal endings ''er, qr, ɪr, ist, an'' (one).  Countries whose names end on ''a,'' generally add ''n;'' as, ''Amerika, Amerikan'' (one from or in America), ''Russia,'' and ''Russian;'' but the adjective is made different from the derivative noun by adding ''ik'' on words ending with ''an,'' the most general adjective sign in both Gothic and Romanic languages; as, ''Amerikanik, Russianik, Assianik, Indianik, Afrikanik.''

Names of persons, being guarded by individual rights, remain intact unless their owners wish to spell them according to sound.  Friends can easily ascertain each other’s method of spelling, but that will not affect the language proper.  Names of countries and cities should adopt phonetic spelling as soon as possible; as, ''Nu York.''  Inhabitants—''Cheinar'' (Chinese); ''Japaner'' (Japanese); ''Judan'' (Jew from Juda); ''Nazarether'' (Nazarene); ''Greelyer'' (Greelyite); Kalvinist.  Only ''er, qr, ɪr, lqr, nqr, an,'' and ''ist'' must be suffixes.

RULE 19.	''Personal and impersonal agents'' are distinguished by the suffix ''qr'' or ''er'' and ''el.  Thresher'' is the person that thershes, and very often the threshing machine itself is called ''thresher;'' but we have adopted the suffix ''el'' to denote the impersonal or thing actor or agent; as, ''threshel.''  ''El'' is much used for this purpose now in the Gothic tongues; as, ''shovel'' (the thing which shoves) and ''shover'' (person); ''handel'' and ''hander; rɪpel, rɪper'' (person).  ''El'' means the thing acting or acted upon, or the product of an act.  The context will show which is meant.  ''Er'' may be retained with old familiar names, instead of ''qr.''  This ''el,'' taken from ''shovel'' and ''handel,'' etc., is, for some purposes, similar to an abbreviation of the Scandinavian ''else,'' as in ''fɔrthbringel,'' product; Scandinavian, ''frembringelse.''  This ''el'' is also convenient as a thing name for many acts where we do not think of the action, but of the result of the action.  For instance, ''production'' and ''product; fɔrthbringing'' and ''fɔrthbringel.  L'' is a very liquid, flowing sound.  It is a defect in many languages not to have a distinction between so frequent and broadly different ideas as the personal and impersonal agent or actor.

RULE 20.	The ''personal affix A·r'' (qr).  In order to make it clearer to the eye and ear, we have modified ''er,'' which is both a comparative sign and a personal sign.  When a personal suffix, it becomes ''qr,'' as in ''scholar, liar.''  I have used ''er'' in the vocabulary, but ''qr'' can easily be substituted.  It is sometimes doubtful whether a word is a comparative adjective or a personal noun; as, ''steadier.''  What does it mean?  More steady, one who steadies, or a thing which steadies?  Now, if ''qr'' is personal, ''er'' comparative, and ''el'' a thing sign, it all becomes very clear—''stediqr'' (one who steadies); ''stedier'' (more steady), and ''stediel'' (a thing which steadies).  The suffix ''qr'' (ar) is used by the Saxons and all other Gothic people as a personal ending, more or less; but, of modern peoples, none employ it as much as the Swedes and the Russians.  It is as easy to write ''qr'' as ''er,'' and we have a fine open distinction, in reading and hearing, between the comparative adjective and the personal noun.  Where ''ɪr, an, lqr, nqr,'' or ''ist'' is used, the distinction is clear.  With such words as ''father, mother, together, er'' is not a personal suffix, but an integral part of the word.  ''Accent'' is generally on the syllable next to the last, as in Spanish and Welsh, unless we wish to emphasis the last syllable or the qualifying part of the word.  Pronunciation of all new words is strictly according to the spelling; and the key words, except final ''o'' and ''u,'' are ''oh,'' ''oo.''  The sound of ''u'' in ''but, hut, rut,'' being a peculiar sound, is not much used in Saxon English; ''u'' in ''full, pull,'' or as in ''moon, soon,'' takes its place.

The emphatic imperative and optative forms may add ''ai'' to verbs ending on consonants, which is much like the sound employed by the other Gothic tongues; as, ''komai'' (come thou); ''spɪkai'' (speak, or please speak).

&lt;small&gt;Points whichi I have omitted to state formally may be gathered from the specimens.  All points not mentioned remain as at present.&lt;/small&gt;

In case more vowels should be desired, we might, as in Anglo-Saxon, and the other Gothic tongues, add a vowel to all adjectives after the definite articles in singular and plural; as, the ''gudq man,'' dɔ ''feina hausa.''

If we desire, we might form the ''direct passive,'' as in the Scandinavian, by adding ''qs'' or ''s'' to the indicative; as, ''ei lovqs'' (I am loved), Latin, ''amor;'' thau ''lovqs'' (thou art loved), Latin, ''amaris;'' thau ''lovos'' (thou wert loved), Latin, ''amabaris.''  A short passive form seems to be favored as a variety.

''His'' and ''sein.''—We ought to have a distinction between ''his'' when demonstrative, and ''his'' when reflexive, to prevent such ambiguity as ''John gave his brother his book'' (which book?—his own or his brother’s?)  If ''sein'' were used when reflexive, and ''his'' in all other cases, such uncertainty would be avoided.  ''Sein'' and ''his'' are thus employed in the Scandinavian.

In order not to have the ''to, too, two'' (the ''to-''sounds) too frequently, the infinitive sign ''to'' is pronounced ''tɔ'' (toh); the preposition ''to'' pronounced ''tu,'' and the numeral ''two twɔ (w'' pronounced with ''ɔ).''

We may increase the variety of the structure of sentences by allowing the predicate to precede the subject whenever something has first been said in a sentence.  This is the case in all the Gothic tongues, and partially so in English; as, for instance, “I am ready, said the man” (not the man said); “when I went into the street, met I a friend.”  And in order to increase our freedom of position, so as to be able to place first or last any word to which we may desire to call special attention in speech or poetry, we have adopted the Gothic objective sign ''em'' (m).  This is to be used only where we wish the object to occupy a different position from the ordinary one.  The ''boyem'' the man found, or the ''manem'' the boy found, or the ''manem'' found the boy; him found he, him he found, or him found he.  Where we have an objective sign, we can see what is the object, wherever the word is placed.

No more forms or words should be introduced in the beginning than indicated in the “Specimen Readings.”

==BRIEF KEYS TO SPELLING AND GRAMMAR.==
===SPELLING KEY.===
{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''Ai,'' aim,&lt;br&gt;
''q,'' arm,&lt;br&gt;
''a,'' an (Ger. ä),&lt;br&gt;
''o,'' or, on,&lt;br&gt;
''ö,'' earn,&lt;br&gt;
''oi,'' oil,&lt;br&gt;
''ei,'' eye,&lt;br&gt;
''au,'' owl,
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''ɯ,'' rule,&lt;br&gt;
''ɔ,'' old,&lt;br&gt;
''ü,'' für,&lt;br&gt;
''ɪ,'' eel,&lt;br&gt;
''u,'' full, oo,&lt;br&gt;
''u,'' but,&lt;br&gt;
''i,'' it,&lt;br&gt;
''e,'' met,&lt;br&gt;
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
''z,'' tsee,&lt;br&gt;
''y,'' yard,&lt;br&gt;
''sh,'' she,&lt;br&gt;
''ch,'' cheap,&lt;br&gt;
''th,'' the, thin,&lt;br&gt;
''w,'' we,&lt;br&gt;
''ks,'' x,&lt;br&gt;
''f,'' ph.
|width=&quot;25%&quot;|
'''CAPITALS.'''&lt;br&gt;
''A·q, O·ɔ, U·ɯ, I·ɪ.&lt;br&gt;
E'' before ''r'' has the sound of ''a'' in ''an.''&lt;br&gt;
Final ''o'' and ''u'' are ''oh'' and ''oo.''&lt;br&gt;
''Oe'' and ''ue'' equals ''ö'' and ''ü.''
|}

In writing draw a dash over the inverted ''ɯ'' to distinguish it from ''m'' or ''u'' and ''i.''

===GRAMMAR KEY.===
# Plurals add ''a'' after consonants, and ''s'' after vowels.
# The possessive case adds ''o'' after consonants, and ''no'' after vowels.
# The past tense adds ''o'' after consonants, and ''do'' after vowels.
# The present participle adds ''qnd,'' past participle ''en.''
# The verbal noun adds ''ing,'' the infinitive noun ''qn.''
# The masculine noun adds ''ɪ,'' the feminine ''in.''
# To verbalize a word, add ''u'' (gladu).
# Definite article—singular ''the,'' plural ''dɔ.''
# The substantive adjective takes the plural sign.
# To form the infinitive, add ''q.''
# Cardinals taken from the present numerals.
# Ordinals formed by adding to cardinals ''tq.''
# Names of days and months—add to ordinals ''d'' or ''m.''
# Personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs nearly as before.&lt;br&gt;
#:“ ''Sich'' and ''man'' (French, ''on)'' also employed.&lt;br&gt;
#:“ The suffix ''i'' after adjectives refers to persons in general.&lt;br&gt;
# Five irregular adjectives, and eight irregular verbs.
# Lion, lionɪ, lionin, lionetɪ, lionetin, lionet.
# Substantive adjectives add for sex, ''ɪ, in, it.''
# Adjectives from proper nouns regularly derived.
# The personal agent adds ''qr, ɪr,'' etc.; impersonal ''el.''
# The personal actor adds ''qr;'' comparative adjective ''er, est.''

''Accent'' generally on the last syllable but one, as in Spanish, or on the qualifying syllable.  ''His'' is demonstrative, and ''sein'' always reflexive; the subjunctive may add ''i.''  The emphatic imperative and the optative may add ''ai'' after consonants.  Points and words not provided for, remain as in English.  The Scandinavian passive adds ''qs'' to the present indicative, and ''s'' to the past tense; as, ''Ei lovqs'' (I am loved), Latin, ''amor; Ei lovos'' (I was loved).  ''Em'' added to a word to allow the object to precede the subject or predicate.  ''I·m,''  a recipient sign, ''ein,'' a receptacle sign; and ''to,'' an implement sign.  Not all the rules and words need be used at first.  The ''s'' for the third person singular present is abolished.

The “Specimen Readings” show the real Saxon English proposed; other forms are for future consideration.

==SYNOPSIS.==
===SYNOPSIS OF THE REASONS IN FAVOR OF ADOPTING A SYSTEMATIC, PURE SAXON ENGLISH.===
# Our scientific men and mechanics in general, and physicians in particular, could remember more facts with a self-defining speech.
# Country people and laborers could learn to read and write correctly, with systematic spelling and vocabulary, in from three to five years less time, and would understand and remember more of what they read.
# The sooner the elementary mechanical part of the language can be mastered, the more time will be left for the knowledge and practice of other things.
# By homogeneity we can economize affixes and basic words, and make the language easily acquired by the whole world, because more practical.
# The future mechanic and manufacturer will be obliged by foreign competition, which has come to the front within the last twenty-five years, to know more of nature, and this can only be acquired by an economical language.
# By regularity and simplicity of grammar we make our tongue easy to master by all foreign peoples with whom we deal, and by our infant population.
# By homogeneity we will make our language the chief representative and leader of the Gothic races, and make it easily learned, loved and supported by them, while, by promiscuous mixing of vocabularies, we can represent and lead no people well, mentally and emotionally.
# By the Saxon material our language will become international among the most commercial and intelligent people, who need an extra international language more than the rest of the world.
# Our own Gothic race can sympathize with us and understand us better than other races of men possibly can do. Every race has special inherited sentiments, as “history is a people’s intellectual soil, and language a people’s intellectual atmosphere.”
# By Saxon material we reconquer what we have lost through the Norman French Conquest, and preserve our good inheritance from our Saxon forefathers, as true and conservative children.  We become preservers, systematizers and refiners, and retain the beautiful picturesqueness and poeticalness of our ancient language; as, ''leaf-stalk'' for ''petiole.''  We shall not be innovators and iconoclasts in language, as we have been.  Other leading peoples have purified their language, and are still doing so.
# To simplify and purify is a duty we owe to rich and poor children, helping them to compete with the foreign schools having economical tongues.  We can not always have a virgin soil (U. S.) and monopolize commerce.
# We can not always play Romans and conquer territory, but must finally, as the Greeks, find more pleasure in art, poetry, music, science, philosophy, and higher literature; and “Pure Saxon English” prepares the way.
# With an easier understood and remembered language, people will find more pleasure in popular knowledge.
# More vowels will make our language more musical in conversation, in preaching, and singing at home, and become easier to pronounce by all men abroad.
# By a systematic Saxon English we will lessen taxation by at least one hundred millions per annum, and raise the average intelligence and happiness.
# Only a brief and simple grammar, as shown in “Russian Wolf Story” with 1800 new words, mostly self-defining, need to be learned, until final action is taken.  More new words in the beginning would weaken the effort.
# To facilitate education by means of systematization and simplification is in harmony with the spirit of our age and country.  Everything should be done for the benefit of the people that does not clash with legal, vested, and inherited rights.  An intelligent populace is safer and less subject to unreasonable fanaticism.
# This plan will make Saxon-Gothic English international, and be an everlasting honer to the powerful English-speaking people.

==SPECIMEN READINGS.==
===MATHU (MATTHEW).===
''(Pronounce q (ah); final o (oh), and final u (oo).  See the Beibel.)''
&lt;!-- originally in two columns, but this not easy in HTML --&gt;

'''HEDIT I.'''&lt;br&gt;
(Chapter I.)

The buk ov the geslekt (generation) of Jesus Kreist, the son ov David, the son ov Abraham.

2.  Abraham begeto isaak, and Isaak begeto Jakob; and Jakob begeto Judas and his brothera.&lt;br&gt;
''(And so on tu the sikstɪntq vers.)''

16.  And Jakob begeto Jɔsef, the husband ov Mairi, ov hum was birthen Jesus, hu is kqlen Kreist.

17.  So ql dɔ geslekta from Abraham tu David qr fɔrtɪn geslekta; and from David until the trqging (carrying) awai intu Babilon qr fɔrtɪn geslekta; and from the trqging awai intu Babilon untu Kreist qr fɔrtɪn geslekta.

18.  Nau the birth ov Jesus Kreist was on this weis.  When as his mother Mairi was betrothen (espoused) tu Jɔsef, befɔr thai komo tugether, shɪ was feinden mit cheild ov the Hɔli Geist (Ghost).

19.  Then Jɔsef her husband, bɪing (being) a gereitik (just) man, and not wiling to maik shim (her) an ofenli (public) beispɪl (example), was meinden to put shim awai heimli (privily).

20.  But wheil hɪ thinko on thɪs thinga, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheino (appeared) untu him in a drɪm, saiing, Jɔsef, thau son ov David, fɪr not to taik untu thɪ Mairi thei weif, for that which is infqngen (conceived) in shim is ov the Hɔli Geist.

21.  And shɪ shal bring fɔrth a son, and thau shalt kql his naim JESUS: for hɪ shal ret (save) his folk from thair sina.

22.  Nau ql this was don, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken ov the Lord bei the profet, saiing:

23.  Behɔld, a yungfrau (virgin) shal bɪ mit cheild, and shal bring fɔrth a son, and thau shal kql his naim Emmanuel, which bɪing twɪndoiten (interpreted) is, God mit us.

24.  Then Jɔsef bɪing raisen from slɪp did as the ainjel ov the Lord had biden him, and taiko untu him his weif.

25.  And nɔdo shim not til shɪ had bringen fɔrth her first birthen son: and hɪ kqlo his naim JESUS.

'''HEDIT II.'''&lt;br&gt;
(Chapter II.)

Nau when Jesus was birthen in Bethlehem ov Judea in dɔ dais ov Herod the king, behɔld there komo weis mana from the ɪst to Jerusalem,

2.  Saiing, Wher is hɪ that is birthen king ov dɔ Judana (Jews)? for wɪ hav sɪen his stqr in the ɪst, and qr komen to worship him.

3.  When Herod the king had hɪren thɪs thinga, hɪ was trubelen and ql Jerusalem mit him.

4.  And when hɪ had gatheren ql dɔ hed prɪsta and shriftlernika ov the folk sqmen (together), hɪ ferlqngo (demanded) ov them wher Kreist shud bɪ birthen.

5.  And thai saido untu him, In Bethlehem ov Judea, for thus is it skreiben bei the profet.

6.  And thau, Bethlehem, in the lqnd ov Juda, qr not the lɪst among dɔ fürsta (princes) ov Juda, for aut ov thɪ shal kom a staithɔldqr (governor) which shal rul mei folk Israel.

7.  Then Herod, when hɪ had heimli kqlen dɔ weis mana, nqkfrqgo (inquired) ov them fleisli (diligently) what teim the stqr ersheino.

8.  And sendo them tu Bethlehem, and saido:  Go and forsh (search) fleisli for the yung cheild; and when yɪ hav feinden him, bring me word agen, that ei mai kom and worship him qlso.

9.  When thai had hɪren the king, qbreiso (departed) thai; and lɔ, the stqr which thai sɪdo in the ɪst gɔdo befɔr them, til it komo and stando ɔver wher the yung cheild was.

10.  When thai sɪdo the stqr, thai erfroido (rejoiced) sich mit übermqsik (exceeding) grait froid (joy).

11.  And when thai wer komen intu the haus, sɪdo thai the yung cheild mit Mairi his mother, and fqlo daun and worshipo him; and when thai had ɔpenen thair shqtsa (treasures) thai fɔrthstelo (presented) untu him gifta, gɔld, rɪkel, and mira.

12.  And bɪing wqrnen ov God in a drɪm that thai shud not bakwend (return) tu Herod, qbreiso thai intu thair ɔn lqnd another wai.

13.  And when thai wer qbreisen, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheino tu Jɔsef in a drɪm, saiing: Areis and taik the yung cheild and his mother, and flɪ intu Egipt, and bɪ thau ther until ei bring thɪ word; for Herod wil sɪk the yung cheild to umbring (destroy) him.

14.  When hɪ areiso, taiko hɪ the yung cheild and his mother bei neit, and qbreiso intu Egipt.

15.  And was ther until the deth ov Herod, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken ov the Lord bei the profet, saiing: Aut ov Egipt hav ei kqlen mei son.

16.  Then Herod, when hɪ sɪdo that hɪ was mislɪden ov dɔ weis mana, was hɪ übermqsik roth, and sendo fɔrth, and slaido ql dɔ cheilda that wer in Bethlehem, and in ql dɔ kɔsta therov, from twɔ yɪra ɔld and under, anstimik (according) tu the teim which hɪ had fleisli nqkfrqgen ov dɔ weis mana.

17.  Then was fulfilen that which was spɪken bei Jeremi the profet, saiing,

18.  In Ramq was ther a stimi (voice) hɪren, wɔklqgi (lamentation) and wɪping, and grait mɔrning, Rachel wɪping for her cheilda, and wud not bɪ trɔsten (comforted), for that thai qr not.

19.  But when Herod was ded, behɔld, the ainjel ov the Lord ersheineth in a drɪm tu Jɔsef in Egipt,

20.  Saiing Areis and taik the yung cheild and his mother, and go intu the lqnd of Israel, for thai qr ded ho sɪko the yung cheildo leif.

21.  And hɪ areiso and taiko the yung cheild and his mother, and komo intu the lqnd ov Israel.

22.  But when hɪ hɪro that Archelaus did rul in Judea in the rɯm ov his fqther, Herod, was hɪ afraid to gɔ thither; notwithstanding, bɪing wqrnen ov God in a drɪm, wendo hɪ aseid intu dɔ teila (parts) ov Galilɪ.

23.  And hɪ komo and dwelo in a stqd (city) kqlen Nazareth, that it meit bɪ fulfilen which was spɪken bei the profeta.  Hɪ shal bɪ kqlen a Nazarether. 

===RUSSIAN WOLF STORY.===
[A very good and touching piece to speak at school exhibitions and at concerts.  It should be spoken slowly and distinctly.]

Som yɪra ago, a Russianik qdelman (nobleman) was reisqnd (traveling) on bisnes in the ineri (interior) ov Russia, hus wuda qr ful ov wolfa.  It was the beginning ov winter, but the frost had seten in erli.  His farein (carriage to fare in) rɔlo up to a gesthaus (hotel), and hɪ ferlqngo (demanded) a nuspan (relay) ov horsa to bring him tu the nekst standort (station), wher hɪ wisho tu spend the neit.  The gestkɪper telo him that ther was gefqr (danger) in reising (traveling) so lait, as dɔ wolfa wer aut.  But the qdelman thinko the gestkɪper ɔnli wisho to kɪp him so as tu fermɔr (increase) his rekening (bill) agenst him; hɪ saido, therfɔr, it was tu erli for dɔ wolfa to bɪ aut.  Hɪ then dreivo on mit his weif and cheild inseid the farein.

On the boks ov the farein was a leifɔnɪm (serf, slave), hu had bin birthen tu him on the qdelmano gɯt (estate), and tu hum hɪ was much tutein (attached), and hɪ lovo his master as hɪ lovo his ɔn leif.

Thai rɔlo over the hqrd sno, and ther sɪmo to bɪ no tɔken ov gefqr.  The mɯn shedo its soft leit on the silveri rɔd on which thai wer gɔing.  At length the litel girl saido tu her fqther: “What was the fremd (strange) haul that ei hɪro?”

“O·! nothing but the wind seiing thru dɔ forest trɪs,” ansero the fqther.

But sɯn shɪ saido agen:  “Listen, fqther; ’tis not leik the wind, ei think.”

The fqther listeno; and fqr, fqr awai in the qbstqnd (distance) beheind him, thru the klɪr frosti luft (air), hɪ hɪro lqrm (noise) ov which hɪ tu wel nɔdo (knew) the mɪning.

Hɪ then pulo daun the windo, and spɪko tu his dɪnqr (servant) and saido: “Dɔ wolfa qr after us, ei fɪr; maik haist; tel the man to dreiv faster, and get yur pistol redi.”

The dreivdɪnqr (postillion) dreivo faster.  But the saim mɔrnful laut (sound, noise) which thai had hɪren befɔr komo nɪrer and nɪrer.

It was klɪr a pak ov wolfa had smelen them aut.  The qdelman prüfo (tried) to stil the qnkstful fɪr ov his weif and doter.  At last the hauling ov the pak was doitli (distinctly) hɪren, so hɪ saido tu his dɪnqr: “When dɔ wolfa kom up tu us, pik thau aut an (one), and ei wil pik aut another; and, wheil the rest fersling (devour) them, wɪ shal get ahed.”

As hɪ pulo daun the windo, hɪ sɪdo the pak in ful krei beheind a grɔs (large) dogwolf at thair hed.  Two shota wer feiren and two wolfa fqlo.  The othera augblikli (instantly) ongrabo (attacked) them and ferslingo them, and meanwheil the farein rɔlo on and wino teim and graund.  But the smqk (taste) ov blud maiko them mɔr wütqnd (furious), and thai wer sɯn up tu the farein agen.  Agen two shota wer feiren, and two wolfa mɔr fqlo, and wer ferslingn.

But the farein was sneli (rapidly) ɔvertaiken, and the posthaus was yet fqr away in the qbstqnd (distance).  Then the qdelman ordero the dreivdɪnqr to lɯs (loose) an ov dɔ fɔrhorsa (leaders) that thai meit win a litel mɔr teim and graund.  This was don, and the qrm (poor) hors stürto (plunged) sich rqsqnd (frantically) intu the forest, and dɔ wolfa after him, and hɪ was kwikli zertaren (torn to pieces).  Then another hors was senden of and sharo the saim shiksql as the first.  The farein worko on as fast as it kud mit dɔ other horsa; but the posthaus was yet fqr awai.  At last the leifdɪnqr (serf) saido tu his master: “Ei hav dɪnen (served) yu ever sins ei was a cheild; ei lov yu as ei du mei ɔn leif.  Nothing kan ret (save) yu nau, auten (except) an thing.  Let mɪ ret yu!  Ei beten (pray) yu ɔnli to luk after mei weif and cheilda.”

The qdelman widerstreito (remonstrated), but nɔgivli (in vain).

When dɔ wolfa komo up agen the truful (faithful) dɪnqr thrɔdo sich among them.  Dɔ hqrdbrɪthing horsa hoplaufo (galloped) on mit the farein, and the gait ov the posthaus slɪso (closed) in after them as the fɪrful pak was on the point ov maiking the last deiik (fatal) ongrab (attack).  But the reisqnda (traveling ones) wer sicher (safe).

The nekst morning thai gɔdo (went) aut and sɪdo (saw) the plais wher the truful dɪnqr had bin pulen daun bei dɔ wolfa.  His bɔna ɔnli wer ther!  On that spot the qdelman aufrikto (erected) a thinkmqrk (monument), on which was skreiben, in grɔs gɔlden bukstafa (letters), thus:

&lt;center&gt;GRAITER LOV HATH NO MAN THAN THIS, THAT HI· LAI 
DAUN HIS LEIF FOR HIS FRENDA.&lt;/center&gt;

[REMARKS.—Before speaking the foregoing story at any school exhibition or concert, let the teacher or foreman explain to the audience that this is a proposed pure Saxon English language, and explain the formation of the plural possessive case, past tense, past participles, and plural article, ''dɔ.''  That will be enough for this piece.  Then pick out the words in parenthesis, and give their equivalents in English.  Then introduce the speaker, male or female, and the audience will be pleased.]

===RELIGIOUS SERVICE.===
Programme as usual.  Only a prayer and sermon given.
====GEBET.====
&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Prayer, ''gebet;'' Anglo-Saxon, ''gebed;'' German ''gebet;'' to pray, to ''beten.)''&lt;br&gt;Translated from Henry Ward Beecher.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
O Lord, aur God, in aur helplesnes help thau us.  For thau qrt qlsɪing, and wɪ kaum (scarcely) trunem (discern) at ql dɔ graiter thinga ov leif.  In our onstreivel (aspiration) wɪ flei but a litel wai, and tuwqrd the Unendik (Infinite) qr mqktles (powerless).

Daunkom (descend) then to us, sins wɪ kan not rɪch thɪ.  And bewilik (grant) tu us not ql nolej, but so much nolej ov theiself as that wɪ mai lov thɪ, and hav kindelen in aur hqrta dɔ teidinga mɔst froidful (joyful) that thau dost lov us, and qrt aur nurishing fqther, the dɪnqr (servant) ov mensha (men and women) in lov, that wɪ mai hav ql fɪr auflɯsen (dissolved) and ql ontrust (confidence) and hɔp befesten (established), and that aur leiva mai bɪ in thɪ.

And giv us the sens of thei qlbeibɪ (all-presence) on everi hand, trunemen (discerned) bei everi sens and bei everi fermögen (faculty), that aur leif mai bɪ heiden in thein.  For in thɪ wɪ liv and beweg (move) and hav aur bɪing.

And wɪ besɪch ov thɪ, O· God, that thau wilt qnnem (accept; Anglo-Saxon, nim) aur thanka for besunderik (special) bqrmhqrtikeita (mercies), for thinga entflɪen (escaped) which wɪ fɪro; for thinga erhɔlden (obtained) which wɪ kaum (scarcely) daro to hɔp for; for froid (joy) and lov, and for the weldu (benefaction) ov fernunft (reason) and its fɔrthdur (continuance), and for dɔ privilija ov leif, and, abov ql, for the nolej which thau qrt giving us ov thein ɔn self.

Annem (accept) aur thanka for dɔ teidinga ov seligkeit (salvation) thru Jesus Kreist, and for the ofenbarung (revelation) of the Godhed bei Him.

Bɪ gefqlen (pleased) to luk upon ql thɔs that qr fersqmelen (assembled) this morning hɪr mit fershɪdik (various) wanta; mit prüfunga (trials), mit worriinga, mit swqkheita (feebleness), mit siknes, mit wisha unerhɔlden (unobtained), mit fɔrhɔpa (aspirations) bleiten, under yɔka, under burdena; thɔs that qr in soro, thɔs that sit dqrkli in the tweileit ov kumer (grief), thɔs that qr ful ov fɪr, and luk aut from the dai intu the neit; ql that qr fersɪchen (tempted), ql that hav fqlen into fersɪching, and qr in qngest (anguish) ov gewisenpain (remorse, pain of conscience), ql that sɪm tu sichselfa tu hav ferlɪren (lost, df. loose) leif and spenden it unnutsli (uselessly), ql thɔs that hav lost hɔp.  Bɪ gefqlen (pleased) tu luk upon this fersqmelung (congregation) ov throbing hqrta, and thau qrt the hɪlɪr (physician), hɪl dɔ sika, strengthu dɔ wɪka, uplift thɔs that qr daunmutik (humble), giv mqkt (power) tu dɔ mqktlesa, and bring hɔm the herlikeit (glory) ov seligkeit (salvation) bei glaubi (faith) and lov tu everi wunden hqrt.

Taik kar of this grait lqnd ov Amerika.  As this is the tufleit (refuge) ov dɔ qrma (poor) and nɪdis, so fɔrthdur (continue), wɪ bɪsich thɪ, dɔ thota ov the heilikeit (sacredness) ov mensha.  Fɔrthdur thɔs grundlqga (foundations) on which aur fqthera stando to bild this grait fabrik, which is worthi ov the naim ov the tufleit ov dɔ qrma and ferlqsena (desolate).  Hɔld baak, wɪ beten (pray) thɪ, ql sinful (sinister) influsa (influences).  Giv grait mqkt tu ql weldnik (benificent) influsa.  Mai koleja and seminaris, academis and skula ov everi naim gedein (prosper).  Mɔr and mɔr mai inleit (intelligence) fɔrthhersh (prevail) among the folk (people).  Bewilik (grant) that ql kela (sources) ov nolej, ql paipera and ql buka, ql influsa that tend to fɪd the hunger ov the sɔl, mai bɪ klensen and reinikuen (purified), and maiken mɔr and mɔr mqktful.  We komend to thɪ the President ov dɔ Feranen Staita (United States) and thɔs that qr sqmfügen (joined) mit him in mqktreit (authority).  Wɪ beten (pray) thɪ, aur Fqther, that thau wil ɔpen thair auga (eyes) to dɔ wais ov truth and reinheit (purity).

Bles aur neibor-nashona.  Knit (k pronounced) us tugether mit them, not bei dɔ grɔb (rude) bonda ov selfishnes, but bei dɔ swɪter korder ov lov and mitfɪl (sympathy).  Wɪ beten for thei blesing upon ql nashona.  Erin (remember) dɔ folka that qr strugeling up slɔli, and sɪking festikeit (stability) in gereitikeit (justice) and nolej.  Let thei kingdom kom, let thei wil bɪ don on erth as it is in heven.
&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;A·MEN.

====PRI·CHEL (SERMON).====
&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Translated from the Rev. Dr. Thomas.  Printed in the Chicago Times of January 27, 1890.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
TEKST—''“Mei lɔrsqts (doctrine) is not Mein, but His that sendo Mɪ.”''  John vii, 16.

The teil (part) that man ausfür (performs) in the thot and work ov the world is ersheinli (apparently) grɔs (large), and often worthi ov prais; but it is ferhɔldik (relative) and bethingish (conditional), rather than absolut.  Hɪ kan not sɪ mitaut leit, nor brɪth mitaut luft (air), nor think mitaut somthing to think abaut, and dɔ lqs (laws) ov thot bei which to think.  That which man kql his ɔn, in a heier sens is not his ɔn.  To bekom what hɪ is, and to erwerb (acquire) what hɪ has, hɪ has drqen upon other bakkela (resources); hɪ has borɔen from dɔ krqfta (forces) and mqkta (powers) ov natur, and leif, and fernunft (reason). Hens Jesus Kreist kud sai:  “Mei lɔrsqts is not Mein, but His that sendo Mɪ.”  Ther is a nɪdwendik (necessary), a selftherbɪik (self-existent) kel (source) from which ql is, a bɪing ov bɪinga, hum wɪ kql “Aur Fqther.”

The fqrmer mai sai: “Thɪs qr mei fɪlda, mei bqrna, mei herda.  Ei hav bezqlen (paid) for the land, ei hav planten, ei hav bilden,” and in this sens thai qr his.  But hu ɔn the erth?  Hu ɔn dɔ yɪrteima (seasons), the sunshein and the rain?  Hu ɔn the geheimli (mysterious) somthing that wɪ kql leif, and the leifik (vital) stuflɔr (chemistry) bei which the gras gro and the grain reipu?  Man skreib a buk, and kql it his ɔn, but hu ɔn dɔ kendɪda (facts) ov histori that it ertel (relates), or dɔ trutha ov grundlɔr (philosophy) that it unfɔld, or dɔ grunda (principles) ov wisenshqft (science) that it erklɪr (explains)?  Mana (men) entwerf (project) gestɪringa (governments) and relijona, but thai du not klem (claim) to hav ershaipen (created) or to ɔn dɔ grunda ov frɪhud (liberty) and gereitikeit (justice); thai hav ɔnli brauken (used; Anglo-Saxon, ''brukan)'' what qlredi, therbɪdo (existed) in sqmbilding (constructing) a republik or a monqrki.  And so mensha (men and women; Anglo-Saxon, ''mennisk)'' bild relijona upon thair begrifa (conceptions) ov God, but thai du not klem to ɔn the Unendik (Infinite).

Jesus stando (stood) befɔr the sitlik (moral) order and lqs (laws) ov the worldql (universe).  Hɪ inbodien (embodied) thɪs lqs and livo them, and sɪko to ofenbar (reveal) them tu othera. And it is in this qnrɯf (appeal) tu the absolut, and drqing upon it and bringing sɔla intu leifik bezɪung (relation) mit it, that wɪ qr to feind the erklɪru (explanation) ov His fɔrthdurik (continuous) mqkt ɔver the grait hqrt ov the world.

Alexander, and Cæsar, and Napoleon wer grait mqkta in thair dai; but thai lɪvo beheind sich the ferwüstung (desolation) ov krɪg (war), and their mqkt (power) has pasen awai.  Galileo, and Kopernikus, and Newton wer mqkta in the world ov wisenshqft (science); and deiing, thai lɪvo the skei, and dɔ stqra, and the godik (divine) order ov dɔ hevena, and mit them thai lɪvo the grait buk ov natur, and dɔ inbrɪthinga (inspirations) to go on tu stil heier errɪchela (attainments).

Jesus Kreist lɪvo us the mqkt ov His beispɪl (example) ov self-opferung (self-sacrifice), and dɔ leidena (sufferings) ov lov to ret (save); Hɪ lɪvo dɔ hevena ql aglo mit the erinel (memory) ov a grait nu dai ov frɪd (peace), and the gud wil and the brutherhud ov man.  Jesus bringo nɪr and maiko wirkli (real) Godo leif in man, and hens His mqkt fermɔr (increase) sich as dɔ yɪrhundreda (centuries) kom and go.

And thus qr ql tru tɪchera daunmutik (humble) and argiving (honor-giving, reverent; Anglo-Saxon, ar, honor, reverence), as thai stand befɔr dɔ grait trutha ov the worldql; thair mqkt is not in themselfa, but in dɔ trutha thai erklar (declare), and in bringing other meinda in leifik bezɪunga (relations) mit thɪs trutha.

Relijon is that which feranu (unites) the sɔl tu God.

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Public domain]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Grammar of Saxon English.pdf</title>
    <id>814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4206</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-29T06:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PDF of [[Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  </comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">PDF of [[Grammar of Saxon English]], as of 28 January 2005.  </text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Trentish Morphology</title>
    <id>816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4207</id>
      <timestamp>2005-01-31T05:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmm</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thinking out loud here.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 21:34, 30 Jan 2005 (PST)

We can have ordinary kinds of verbs in Trentish but by far the most usual type should be generic motion or state markers:

:''(motion)''
::khepwu &quot;move from one place to another&quot;
::khlede &quot;rise, ascend, move upward without effort&quot;
::krrngohnyoh &quot;add to what already exists&quot;
::la &quot;move quickly&quot;
::luphi &quot;climb, move upward with effort&quot;
::ƛohmupu &quot;take away by pieces from what already exists&quot;
::qu &quot;stand up&quot; 
::sohpohne &quot;to lead, go along in front of&quot;
::thabal &quot;walk, go by foot&quot;

:''(state)''
::aphel &quot;have more ends on one side (fringe, bifurcate)&quot;
::küpeqyi &quot;to exist for a long time&quot;
::mena &quot;move back and forth irrationally&quot;
::nohku &quot;be still and silent&quot;

:most generic:
::kwr &quot;be (doing)&quot;
::shano &quot;be (characterized by)&quot;

Stuff like this would if necessary be modified by... other kinds of modifiers.

Also, the incorporable nouns would be a small class like counters: a generic marker standing for a whole class of things. e.g. ''u'' as a noun means 'trent' but as an incorporated noun could stand for any kind of person.  Have to think about this. 


----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhaf (planet)</title>
    <id>817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53047</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-19T09:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Galhaf'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 115,101,268 km&lt;br&gt;.7694 AU
|-
|Perhelion: || 107,540,594 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 122,661,942 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 259 d, 15 h, 36 m, 13.286 s (Earth)&lt;br&gt;244 d, 20 h, 53 m, 22.709 s (local)
|-
|'''[[Galhafan year|Mean Tropical Year]]''': || 259 d, 15 h, 18 m, 52.130 s (Earth)&lt;br&gt;244 d, 20 h, 37 m, 0.818 s (local)
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .065687
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 25 h, 20 m, 40.747 s
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 25 h, 26 m, 54.88 s
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 12,233 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 470,130,000 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 20.2º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 5.28962×10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;(.88541 Earth-masses)
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 9.43389 m/s²&lt;br&gt;.961989 g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || [[Moons of Galhaf|2]]
|}

'''Galhaf''' is the fourth [[Planets of Chihazh|planet]] orbiting [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]].

The planet's landmasses are more spread-out than Earth, broken up into a dozen or so mini-continents and two major continents.

Major continents are:
*[[Odirá]]
*[[Kraya]]

[[Category: Planets of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category: Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spanish</title>
    <id>818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41150</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-22T03:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diphthongs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{workinprogress}}
'''Spanish''' is a [[Romance Languages|Romance]] language, native to [[Spain]] but spoken throughout Central and South America, and the United States.  The dialect known as '''[[Castilian]]''' is from Spain only and has grammatical and phonological differences from southern Spain and all other dialects of Spanish.   
{{Language|
| English = Spanish
| native = Español
| dialect english = 
| country = Spain (among many others)
| nativecountry = España
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 400 million native.
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Italic languages| Italic]]
| subbranch = Romance &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[Latin]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ibero
| wordorder = SVO,
| type = Inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 15th century C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = violet
| width = 33%
}}
=Phonology and Orthography=
==Consonants==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ɲ || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t̪ || d̪ ||  ||  || || || || || k || g || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || β || f || || (θ) || (ð) || s || || (ʃ) || (ʒ) || ç ||  || x || ɣ || (h)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || ||  ||  || ʧ || (ʤ) || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || ||   || || || || || ||  || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || ɾ || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || || l/ɫ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* Many of the orthographic sounds in Spanish are similar to their IPA equivalents: p, k, t, n, m, l and f.
* The three voiced stops often become their fricative equivalents when they are in a inter-vocallic case, or between vowels.  This means /d̪/ becomes /ð/, /g/ becomes /ɣ/, and /b/ becomes /β/.  
* Most of the time orthographic '''v''' becomes /b/ or /β/ according to the rule above.
* The digraph '''ch''' is used for ʧ, but in some dialects it is pronounced /ʃ/ instead.
* Spanish distinguishes the full trill /r/ from the flap /ɾ/.  The full trill starts a word, is after a '''d''', or is more generally spelt '''rr'''.  This can be important in phrases and names, for example '''Costa Rica''' /costa rika/ is turned into an adjective as '''costarricense''' where the spelling has changed to include a '''rr'''. The flap is only spelt '''r''' inside a word.  There are minimal pairs such as '''pero''' (but) versus '''perro''' (dog).
* The letter '''ñ''' is pronounced /ɲ/.
* The letter '''c''' is pronounced /k/ when before a back vowel (a, o, u) or any consonant.  In Castilian Spanish, when the '''c''' is in front of a front vowel (i, e) it becomes /θ/.  In most other variations it becomes /s/.
* The letter '''z''' is pronounced /s/ in most Spanish dialects but is pronounced /θ/ in Castilian.
* The letter '''y''' or the digraph '''ll''' represents /j/, but in some dialects it is pronounced /ʤ/ or /ʒ/ instead.
* The letter '''j''' is pronounced /x/ after back vowels (a, o, u) and /ç/ after or before front vowels and consonants. Some variations have it as /h/ but not commonly.
* The letter '''g''' is pronounced /g/ after back vowels and consonants, but when before '''i''' or '''e''' it becomes /ç/.  Some variations have it is /h/ but not commonly.  When the '''g''' has a '''u''' after it, and then a '''i''' or '''e''', the /u/ is not pronounced and the combination '''gui''' is pronounced /gi/ and '''gue''' is pronounced /ge/.  If it spelt '''güe''' or '''güi''' then it is pronounced /gwe/ or /gwi/ respectively.

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  |||Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || i || || u
|- 
| Mid || e  ||  || o
|-
| Low ||   ||  a
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* All vowels are equivalent to the IPA forms. So '''i''' /i/, '''e''' /e/, '''a''' /a/, '''o''' /o/, '''u''' /u/.
* All vowels are either stressed or not stressed. Spanish, like most [[Romance Languages]], has penultimate stress (stress on the last syllable).  When the stress falls on a syllable other than the last, an accent is used.  This leads to '''í''', '''é''', '''á''', '''ó''', and '''ú'''.  The '''ü''' is used in Spanish to indicate when a /u/ would be pronounced after a '''g'''.  
* Accents on vowels are also used to show a difference in meaning.  This is important in question words, which have an accent when they are used as a question, and no accent when they are used in other ways, '''dónde''' vs. '''donde'''.  It's also used to show more specific meaning differences, such as '''el''' (the) vs. '''él''' (he), or '''tu''' (your) vs. '''tú''' (you).

==Diphthongs==
This is the list of diphthongs:
*'''ei''', '''ey''', '''ell''' /ej/
*'''ai''', '''all''', '''ay''' /aj/
*'''oi''', '''oy''', '''oll''' /oj/
*'''eu''' /ew/
*'''au''' /aw/
*'''ou''' /ow/
*'''ie''', '''lle''' /je/
*'''ia''', '''lla''' /ja/
*'''io''', '''llo''' /jo/
*'''iu''' /ju/
*'''ui''' /wi/
*'''ue''' /we/
*'''ua''' /wa/
*'''uo''' /wo/.

=Grammar=
==Nouns==
===Gender===
There are two genders in Spanish, Masculine and Feminine.  One sources uses the mnemonic L-O-N-E-R-S, to show which noun endings are masculine, and D-IÓN-Z-A for feminine nouns. 
*This would mean that words which ending in the first set of letters are almost always masculine, such as '''el baúl''' (trunk), '''el vino''' (wine), '''el pan''' (bread), '''el padre''' (father), '''el licor''' (liquor), and '''el dios''' (god).  The major exception in this group is the use of '''-e''' which is common for both genders.
*This would also mean that words ending in the second set of letters would be feminine, such as '''la verdad''' (truth), '''la mansión''' (mansion), '''la vejez''' (old age), and '''la pierna''' (leg).
There are certain endings which are usually one or the other.  An example would be that most nouns ending with '''-ma''' are masculine, such as '''el problema''', '''el programma''', '''el diploma''', '''el drama''', and more.

===Number===
Number in Spanish is fairly simple and straight forward.  The plural is usually formed by adding '''-s''' to a noun ending in a vowel, and '''-es''' to a noun ending in a consonant.  There are a few exceptions, but that's the basic system.

===Articles===
There are 2 kinds of articles in Spanish, definite and indefinite.  They also change by number and gender.  For the definite article ('''the''' in English), we have the following chart:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine''' || el || los
|-
| '''Feminine'''  || la || las
|}
The masculine article can also contract with the preposition '''á''' and '''de''' to make '''al''' and '''del'''.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The indefinite article in Spanish is derived from the word for '''one''', '''uno''' (this also occurs in [[High German]] and [[English]] amongst many others).  There is a plural form, which is similar to the word '''some''' in English.  The chart is as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Masculine''' || un || unos
|-
| '''Feminine'''  || una || unas
|}

==Pronouns==
===Subject Pronouns===
Subject pronouns in Spanish are as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Singular
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Plural
|-
| '''First''' || yo || nosotros/nosotras
|-
| '''Second informal'''  || tú || vosotros/vosotras
|-
| '''Second Formal''' ||Usted || Ustedes
|-
| '''Third Masculine'''  || él || ellos
|-
| ''''Third Feminine''' || ella || ellas
|}
Because of the extensive verb endings, in most cases the subject pronoun may be dropped.  When it is included in speech it is usually an indicator of stress or emphasis, or otherwise it would differentiate endings, such as that between the verb endings which are the same, such as between the '''Usted''' form form the '''él/ella''' forms and likewise in the plural.
Notes:
'''tú''' is used on in cases of familiarity, so that includes friends, children, family, and others.  The plural form, '''vosotros''' is being used less and less in places other than Spain.  A new pronoun '''vos''' has been forming in Central and South America and has been replacing '''tú'''.
'''Usted''' is used in formal cases, or cases where '''Sir/Ma'am/Miss''' would be used in English.
'''nosotras''' or '''vosotras''' are only when the group mentioned (either we or you) is entirely female.  Otherwise, the masculine forms are used.

===Direct Object Pronouns===
===Indirect Object Pronouns===
===Reflexive Pronouns===

==Adjectives==
Adjectives have 4 forms, masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine (and feminine combined) plural, and feminine plural.  With adjectives ending with masc. sing. '''-o''', the fem. sing. '''-a''', masc. pl. '''-os''', and fem. pl. '''-as'''.  With adjectives ending in an consonant or ending with '''-e''', the form is the same for both singular cases, and the plural is '''-es''' for endings of consonants and '''-s''' in the case of ending with '''-e'''.
There are other rules which have endings of '''-a''' after a consonant (such as masc. '''español''' vs fem. '''española''')

==Adverbs==
The most common way for an adverb to end is '''-mente''', which is added to the feminine singular form of the Adjective.

==Prepositions==
==Conjunctions==
==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Article: [[Spanish Verbs]] &lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
There are three major types of verbs, also called the three conjugations.  These depend on the ending of the infinitive, leaving with the three categories being called '''-ar''' verbs, '''-er''' verbs, and '''-ir''' verbs.
===Present===
The present tense in Spanish is equivalent to the Present, Present Progressive, and Emphatic tenses in English.  Remember that the Third person also includes &quot;Usted/Ustedes&quot; which are technically the Second Person.
The '''-ar''' verb '''amar''' (to love), the '''-er''' verb '''comer''', and the '''-ir''' verb '''vivir''' are conjugated in the Present tense as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amo  || amamos || como || comemos || vivo || vivimos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amas || amáis || comes || coméis || vives || vivís
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ama || aman || come || comen || vive || viven
|}

===Progressive===
The progressive in Spanish, which is similar to the English progressive, is formed with a form of the verb '''estar''' and an ending of '''-ndo''' ('''-ando''' for '''-ar''', and '''-iendo''' for '''-er''' and '''-ir''').  The present tense is usually used where the progressive might be used in English.  In Spanish, the progressive is often used as an adjective, although the verbal form is used as well.

===Preterite===

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Preterite tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amé  || amamos || comí || comimos || viví || vivimos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amaste || amastéis || comiste || comisteis || viviste || vivisteis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amó || amaron || comió || comieron || vivió || vivieron
|}

===Imperfect===
The imperfect past tense is used for things that happened habitually in the past.  Sometimes these things are continuing to the present, most this refers to the past really.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaba  || amábamos || comía || comíamos || vivía || vivíamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amabas || amabais || comías || comíais || vivías || vivíais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amaba || amaban || comía || comían || vivía || vivían
|}

===Future===
There are two ways of forming the future tense in Spanish.  The first is the standard form, which is mentioned below.  It is used for describing things that will happen.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaré || amaremos || comeré || comeremos || viviré || viviremos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amarás || amaréis || comeréis || comeréis || vivirás || viviréis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amará || amarán || comerá || comerán || vivirá || vivirán
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The second form involves a version of the verb '''ir''' (to go) + '''a'''.  This is equivalent to English '''to be going to'''.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future progressive tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || voy a amar || vamos a amar || voy a comer || vamos a comer || voy a vivir || vamos a vivir
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || vas a amar || vais a amar || vas a comer ||  vais a comer || vas a vivir ||  vais a vivir
|-
| '''3rd person''' || va a amar || van a amar || va a comer || van a comer || va a vivir || van a vivir
|}

===Conditional===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Conditional tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || amaría  || amaríamos || comería || comeríamos || viviría || viviríamos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || amaríais || amáis || comerías || comeríais || vivirías || viviríais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || amaría || amarían || comería || comerían || viviría || vivirían
|}

===Subjunctive===
====Present====

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Subjunctive present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || ame || amemos || coma || comamos || viva || vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || ames || améis || comas || comáis || vivas || viváis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ame || amen || coma || coman || viva || vivan
|}
====Past====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Subjunctive past tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	amara/amase || amáramos/amásemos || comiera/comiese || comiéramos/comiésemos|| viviera/viviese || viviéramos/viviésemos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	amaras/amases || amarais/amaseis || comieras/comieses || comierais/comieseis || 	viviera/vivieses || vivierais/vivieseis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || 	amara/amase || 	amaran/amasen || comiera/comiese ||  comieran/comiesen || viviera/viviese|| vivieran/viviesen
|}
===Imperative===
The imperative has two different forms, the affirmative and negative.  The forms used for the Imperative are often similar to the Subjunctive forms.
====Affirmative====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperative'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || - || amemos || - || comamos || - || vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || ama || amad || come || comed || vive || vivid
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ame || amen || coma || coman || viva || vivan
|}
====Negative====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Negative Imperative'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || - || no amemos || - || no comamos || - || no vivamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || no ames || no améis || no comas || no comáis|| no vivas || no viváis
|-
| '''3rd person''' || no ame || no amen || no coma || no coman || no viva || no vivan
|}

===Compound tenses===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present perfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Amar''' To love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Comer''' to eat ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Vivir''' to live
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	he amado || hemos amado || he comido || hemos comido || he vivido || hemos vivido 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	has amado|| habéis amado || has comido || habéis comido || has vivido || habéis vivido
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ha amado || han amado || ha comido || han comido || ha vivido || han vivido
|}

===The Verbs '''ser''', '''estar''' and '''ir'''===
Spanish has two standard verbs '''to be'''.  That with the verb '''to go''' are conjugated as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''ser''' To be || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''estar''' to be, to stay ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''ir''' to go
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	soy || somos || estoy || estamos || voy || vamos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	eres || sois || estás || estáis || vas || vais
|-
| '''3rd person''' || es || son || está || estan || va || van
|}
===The Verb '''Haber'''===
The auxiliary verb '''haber''' is used mostly for compounding for the perfect tenses.  It is used for that meaning more constrictively, and other verbs are used for other forms of English '''to have''', such as '''tener''', used for possessing something.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''haber''' To have 
|-
| || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || 	he || hemos
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || 	has || habéis 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ha || han
|}

=Languages based on Spanish=

==Creoles and natural descendants==

[[Ladino]]. Spoken by descendants of Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in the 15th century. It's spoken in certain areas around the world, mainly in Israel.

[[Portuñol]]. A mix of Spanish and Portuguese spoken in some southern Brazil areas.

==Constructed languages==
[[Montreiano]]

=External links=
[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/spanish.htm SAMPA for Spanish] &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.ling.northwestern.edu/~abradlow/bradlow-jasa95.pdf Comment about Spanish vowels.]  &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.studyspanish.com/ A good source for Beginners of Spanish, Study Spanish] &lt;br&gt;

=Sources=
The page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]


[[Category:Romance natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless velar stop</title>
    <id>819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50152</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-06T14:00:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Features */ zap lung</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;k&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || k
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;k&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Stop]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;DORSAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+high]
|}

The voiceless velar stop is a common sound. Its voiced equivalent is [[Voiced velar stop|g]]. 

Velar stops often palatalize before front vowels; this effect may be seen in many languages' traditional pronunciations of Latin &quot;c&quot;, originally /k/. It is denoted as [k] in IPA and &lt;tt&gt;k&lt;/tt&gt; in X-SAMPA

== Features ==

Features of [k]:

* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop]] , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. 
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[velar consonant|velar]]. 
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation. 
* It is a [[oral consonant]], which means air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.

===English===

It is a common phoneme in English, and can be represented with &lt;ch&gt; (chaos, /keIOs/), &lt;k&gt; (kit, /kIt/), or &lt;c&gt; (call, /kaL\/).


{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonetic segments|k]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fn</title>
    <id>820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4211</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-13T08:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup id=&quot;fn_{{{1}}}_back&quot; class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}}}#fn_{{{1}}}]&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fnb</title>
    <id>821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4212</id>
      <timestamp>2005-04-13T08:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite id=&quot;fn_{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;[[#fn_{{{1}}}_back|▲]]: &lt;/cite&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stop</title>
    <id>822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54496</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-10T19:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Stops in languages */ wait, that should go in examples</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''stop''' is a kind of [[consonant]] during which the flow of air through the mouth is entirely stopped.  Thus the term can refer to [[nasal]]s, though ''oral stops'' are usually meant.

[[Affricate]]s are also be subsumed under stops under the previous definition. The class of oral non-affricate stops is that of '''plosives'''.

Table of typical (non-affricate) stops:

{|
|-
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! Voiceless stops
| [[Voiceless labial stop|p]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]]
| [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]]* || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]*
|-
! Voiced stops
| [[Voiced labial stop|b]] || [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]
| [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiced velar stop|g]] || [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
|-
! [[Nasal]] stops
| [[Labial nasal|m]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]]
| [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| N/A || N/A
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; The [[IPA]] symbol for the epiglottal stop has no voicing defined; the voiced/voiceless distinction does not apply to the glottal stop.

==Stops in languages==
All [[natural language]]s have plosives; by far most have at least three out of the four of labial, coronal, velar and glottal. (This is sometimes stated in terms of /p t k ʔ/; however, this does not work in cases where the only labial stop is voiced /b/.)

From this we can sketch out subtypes.
* Both languages with and without the glottal stop are commonplace.
* Languages without labial stops are found in the Americas, including [[Iroquioan]] languages and [[Tlingit]], as well as around Northern Africa, including [[Arabic]] and [[Hausa]].
* [[Aleut]] lacks both labial plosives and /ʔ/ (though it does have /m/, and /p b/ occur in Russian loans).
* Possibly the only language without any coronal stops or affricates is [[Hawaiian]], however even it has /n/. Among the [[Khoisan]] languages, N|u bizarrely turns up lacking /t d/. It does have /n ts/.
* Languages without velar stops are found sparsely, including the pacific [[Samoan]] and the Brazilian [[Xavante]].

Nasal stops are also found in most languages. In some, including African languages as well as Amazonian languages like [[Pirahã]], they may be allophonic with oral stops (more rarely, with other sonorants eg. [m] ~ [ɓ], or [n] ~ [l]), and thus, missing phonemically but not phonetically. Tlingit again works as an example where nasals are lacking also phonetically. The same goes for the quite minimal [[Rotokas]].

:[[ANADEW]]: [[Pirahã]] has [m] only as an allophone of /b/, and [k] but possibly not /k/. [[Winnebago]] lacks /t/ but has /d/.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Chlewey</title>
    <id>823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4214</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-02T20:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>&quot;intereses&quot; -&gt; &quot;interests&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Carlos Eugenio Thompson Pinzón'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''|| November 29, 1972; [[Wikipedia:Bogotá|Bogotá]], [[Wikipedia:Colombia|Colombia]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''|| [[Wikipedia:Electronics engineering|Electronics Engineer]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Languages:'''|| [[Wikipedia:Spanish Language|Spanish]], [[Wikipedia:English Language|English]], [[Wikipedia:Swedish|Swedish]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''||
[[AltHist:Alternate history|Alternate history]], [[Conlangcity:|Constructed languages]], [[Wikipedia:Vexillology|Vexillology]], [[Wikipedia:Telecommunications|Telecommunications]], [[Wikipedia:Data networks|Data networks]]
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''||
[http://chlewey.org/ The Chlewey Site]&lt;br&gt;
[[IBWiki:User:Chlewey|at Ill Bethisad Wiki]]&lt;br&gt;
[[AltHist:User:Chlewey|at Alternate History Wiki]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Conlangcity:User:Chlewey|at Conlang Wikicity]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Wikipedia:User:Chlewey|at Wikipedia]]&lt;br&gt;
|}
'''Carlos Eugenio Thompson Pinzón''', AKA '''Chlewey''' is also described in:
*[[IBWiki:User:Chlewey|IB Wiki]]
*[[AltHist:User:Chlewey|Alternate History Wiki]]
*[[ConlangWiki:Chlewey|Conlang Wiki]]
*[[Conlangcity:Conlang Wikicity]]
*[http://www.chlewey.org The Chlewey Site]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homonyms Across Languages</title>
    <id>824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50787</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-27T17:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* M */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please add any homonyms from your language to the list! This page is new, so we still need to determine &quot;rules&quot;:

;Homonym display
:How are we writing the homonyms down? IPA or X-SAMPA would seem the best choice for a multilingual list.
::* I vote for IPA in Unicode, even though this is somewhat cumbersome to type. [[User:Arthaey|Arthaey]] 23:58, 1 Mar 2005 (PST)

;Requirements for addition
:Part of the reason for having this list centralized on the wiki is to make it easy to add only one's own words to the list, rather than compare one's entire lexicon against all other languages' lexicons. But does this mean that we eventually ''want'' to have a single page with the collective lexicons of all languages, arranged &quot;alphabetically&quot; by IPA character? That seems like a whole lot of words -- then again, that might be exactly what this list is ''supposed'' to be, in which case it's a good thing. Thoughts?
::* I've added an /ɑ/ section with all the Asha'ille words beginning with that phoneme. I also removed syllable stress indication from the /ɑ/ entries. Is this how we want to proceed with additions? [[User:Arthaey|Arthaey]] 02:47, 2 Mar 2005 (PST)

== The Homonyms ==
=== A ===

*alba
**Gobldi Guk ''snob''
**Old Albic ''Elf''
**Tundrian ''dawn, daybreak''

*aldea
**Ilaini ''sorrow''
**Kash ''name''
**Quenya ''arboreal, connected to trees''
**Verdurian ''village''

*ando
**[[Nadarian]] ''head'' (андо)
**Quenya ''gate'', ''door''

*anna
**[[Nadarian]] ''she'' (анна)
**Quenya ''gift''
**Sindarin ''give''

*aran
**Ilaini ''twenty''
**[[Nadarian]] ''friend'' (аран)
**Quenya ''king''
**Sindarin ''king''
**Verdurian ''cradle''

=== ɑ ===
*ɑ
**Asha'ille ''she''
**Njaama ''water''
**Kelenala ''one''
**Kamakawi ''now''
*ɑbɛɹɑ
**Asha'ille ''monkey''
*ɑtʃjɑ
**Asha'ille interjection of direct address
*ɑkið
**Asha'ille ''warm''
*ɑd
**Asha'ille reflexive
*ɑdɑdʒiɹɪv
**Asha'ille ''to attack''
*ɑdɑɹɛv
**Asha'ille ''to bring''
*ɑdɑʃɑv
**Asha'ille ''to reply''

=== E ===
*etin
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''they (mixed gender)''
**[[Nadarian]] ''God'' (еθин)

=== F ===
*fenutaz
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''to use''
*firan
**Ilaini ''weaver''
**Verdurian ''to ferment''
**Lauranthea ''to do(past tense)''
**Faranit ''cord, string''
*fokin
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''we''
*futesh
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''journey''
**[[Lâmian]] ''family''

=== G ===
*gali
**Ayeri ''juice''
**[[Henaudute]] ''birds''
**Ilaini ''script''
**Verdurian ''bath''
**Xinkutlan ''to look''
**[[Lâmian]] ''head''
*gran
**Ilaini ''sane''
**[[Nadarian]] ''branch'' (гран)
**Verdurian ''border''
**Tundrian ''grain''
*grel
**Gweydr ''list''
**Ilaini ''clean-shaven''
**Verdurian ''hail''
**Lauranthea ''grassland''
*grelan
**Ilaini ''barber''
**Verdurian ''to hail''
*gula
**Ilaini ''to descend''
**Verdurian ''bile''
**Lauranthea ''to fall (over)''
**Xinkutlan ''to be empty''

=== H ===
*host
**Ilaini ''white''
**Verdurian ''bone''
**Tundrian ''host, guest''

=== J ===
*jorat
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''earth (planet)''

=== L ===
*lest
**Ilaini ''blue''
**Telendlest ''language''
**Verdurian ''unit of distance''

=== M ===
*maha
**Neo Patwa ''big, great''
*mena
**Ferrine ''after''
**Ilaini ''to give''
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''face''
**Kontaxta ''time''
**[[Lánc]] 1st subjunctive person of verb menor, ''to pass''
**[[Nadarian]] ''change'' (мiенна)
**Sathir ''to release''
**Senyecan ''to await, to remain''
**Verdurian ''wave''
*mira
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''world''
*moba
**[[Nadarian]] ''language'', ''speech''; ''tongue'' (мобба)
*mura
**Ilaini ''to lie (flat)''
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''village''
**[[Nadarian]] ''laughter'' (мурха)
**Verdurian ''wonder''
**Xinkutlan ''(for) any reason''

=== N ===
*nebo
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''sky''

=== P ===
*pula
**Ilaini ''to harvest''
**Verdurian ''sphere''
**Lauranthea ''to change (intransitive)''

=== S ===
*sas
**[[Sasxsek]] ''Earth''
*sek
**[[Sasxsek]] ''say; state; communicate; communication; declare; mention; language''
*set
**[[Nadarian]] ''word'' (сеθ)
**[[Sasxsek]] ''set, group, flock, herd''
*sora
**Ilaini ''to hunt''
**Kontaxta ''curve''
**[[Nadarian]] ''hair'', ''beard'' (сорра)
**Senyecan ''to sour''
**Verdurian ''community''
**Xinkutlan ''body hair, fur''

=== T ===
*toran
**[[Kharos S'fik]] ''tower''
**[[Nadarian]] ''king'', also a first name (торан)
*torin
**Ilaini ''fame''
**Verdurian ''apart''

=== U ===
*ulu
**Kamakawi ''weak''
**Kelenala ''down''
**Neo Patwa ''dog''

[[Category:Trivia]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dedalvs</title>
    <id>825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42389</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T20:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">David Peterson is a language creator who has created the [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/zhyler/ Zhyler], [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/kamakawi/ Kamakawi], [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/kelenala/ Kelenala], and [http://dedalvs.conlang.org/epiq/ Epiq] languages, among others.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke/Sandbox</title>
    <id>826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4217</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-17T22:33:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>24.9.89.158</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>testing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;h1&gt;Lupus — ''[[Project:Lingua Latina|Latine]]''&lt;/h1&gt;
__TOC__
{| style=&quot;width:98%; padding:5px&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|style=&quot;width:49%; border-right:solid darkgray 1px;&quot;|
===Appellatio===
:/ˈlupus/ ''(classice)''
:/ˈlupus/ ''(ecclesiastice)''
|style=&quot;width:49%&quot;|
===Formae aliae===
===Notatio===
A lingua prisca Indeuropaea ''*vlk&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;v&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;os''.
|}

===Nomen===
{| style=&quot;width:98%; padding:5px&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
|style=&quot;width:49%; border-right:solid darkgray 1px&quot;|
'''I.''' '''lup'''|'''us, -i''' m, f: [[lupa]]
:√ Animal mammiferum speciei ''Canis lupus.''
----
'''Loci:'''
:Lupus et agnus pascentur simul. —''Vulgata''

'''Translationes:''' 
* Anglice: [[wolf]]:

|style=&quot;width:49%&quot;|
'''II.'''
* Piscis speciei ''Anarhichas lupus.''
----
'''Translationes:''' 
* Anglice: [[Atlantic]] [[wolffish]]:
|}

===Declinatio===
{| style=&quot;padding:5px; width:100%&quot;
! 
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| nom 
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| voc
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| acc
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| gen
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| dat
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| abl
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| sing
| [[lupus]] || [[lupe]] || [[lupum]] || [[lupi]] || [[lupo]] || [[lupo]]
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;whitesmoke&quot;| plur
| [[lupi]] || [[lupi]] || [[lupos]] || [[luporum]] || [[lupis]] || [[lupis]]
|}

===Dictiones derivatae===
* [[lupinus]]
* Francogallice: '''[[loup]]''', Hispanice: '''[[lobo]]''', Italice: '''[[lupo]]'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Homonyms Across Languages</title>
    <id>827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13459</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-11T00:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Should this include related terms, like aran in Quenya and Sindarin?  And how similar would they need to be?

I think that are most known as ''faux-amis''.—[[User:Conlanger|Conlanger]] 12:55, 28 Sep 2005 (PDT)

== What about... ==

...languages that are written in other alphabets, different than Roman? And what if one language has a word e. g. ''aran'' and another has ''yaran'', should that count as different things? --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' &lt;small&gt;''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''&lt;/small&gt; 17:33, 10 July 2006 (PDT)

==Confusion==
Um... if this is about homonyms, then why are there a lot of entries of only one language's meaning?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latin</title>
    <id>828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51498</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T17:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See also */ more links we won't need</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Latin''' is an [[classical language|ancient]] [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] originally spoken in the region around [[Rome]] called [[Latium]]. It gained wide usage as the formal language of the [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire]]. An [[inflection]]al and [[synthetic language]], Latin relies little on [[word order in Latin|word order]], conveying meaning through a system of [[affix]]es attached to [[word stem]]s. The [[Latin alphabet]], derived from the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], remains the most widely used [[alphabet]] in the world.

Although now widely considered an [[extinct language]] with very few fluent speakers, Latin has had a major influence on many languages that are still thriving, and continues to see wide use in areas such as [[academia]].  All [[Romance language]]s are descended from [[Vulgar Latin]], and many words adapted from Latin are found in other [[modern language]]s, such as [[English language|English]]. Moreover, in the [[Western world]], Latin was the ''[[lingua franca]]'', the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, eventually being replaced by French in the [[18th century]] and English in the late [[19th century|19th]]. [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] remains the formal language of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to this day, and thus the official language of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. The Church used Latin as its primary [[liturgical language]] until the [[Second Vatican Council]] in the [[1960s]]. Latin is also still used&amp;mdash;drawing heavily on [[Greek language|Greek]] roots&amp;mdash;to furnish the names used in the [[scientific classification]] of living things. The modern study of Latin, along with [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], is known as [[Classics]].

==History==
{{main|History of the Latin Language}}
[[Image:Duenos inscription.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Duenos inscription]], from the 6th century BC, is the second-earliest known [[Old Latin|Latin]] text.]]

Latin is a member of the family of [[Italic languages]], and its alphabet, the [[Latin alphabet]], is based on the [[Old Italic alphabet]], which is in turn derived from the [[Greek alphabet]]. Latin was first brought to the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula in the 9th or 8th century BC by migrants from the north, who settled in the [[Latium]] region, specifically around the River [[Tiber]], where the [[ancient Rome|Roman civilization]] first developed. Latin was influenced by the [[Italo-Celtic|Celtic dialects]] and the non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Etruscan language]] in northern Italy, and by [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] in southern Italy.

Although surviving [[Latin literature]] consists almost entirely of [[Classical Latin]], an artificial and highly stylized and polished [[literary language]] from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language of the Roman Empire was [[Vulgar Latin]], which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and eventually pronunciation. Also, although Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire, [[Greek language|Greek]] came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which became the [[Byzantine Empire]], Greek eventually supplanted Latin as both the written and spoken language.

===Legacy===
[[Image:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The language of [[ancient Rome|Rome]] has had a profound impact on later cultures, as demonstrated by this [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]] [[Bible]] from AD 1407.]]

The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and [[dialect]]ized in different locations, gradually shifting into a number of distinct [[Romance language]]s beginning around the 9th century. These were for many centuries only spoken languages, Latin still being used for writing. For example, Latin was the official language of [[Portugal]] until 1296, when it was replaced by [[Portuguese]]. Many of these languages, including Portuguese, [[Spanish]], [[French]], [[Italian]], and [[Romanian]], flourished, the differences between them growing greater over time.

Classical Latin and the Romance languages differ in a number of ways, and some of these differences have been used in attempts to reconstruct Vulgar Latin. For example, the Romance languages have distinctive stress, whereas Latin had distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and [[Sardo logudorese]], there is distinctive length of consonants and stress, in Spanish only distinctive stress, and in French even stress is no longer distinctive. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words, except for some pronouns. Romanian retains a direct case (nominative/accusative), an indirect case (dative/genitive), and a vocative.

There has also been a major [[Latin influence in English]]. Although [[English language|English]] is [[Germanic language|Germanic]] rather than Romanic in origin&amp;mdash;[[Britannia]] was a [[Roman province]], but the Roman presence in Britain had effectively disappeared by the time of the [[Anglo-Saxon]] invasions&amp;mdash;English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words, drawing from ecclesiastical usage and from Romance languages like French. In fact, after the [[Battle of Hastings]], the new King of England, [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], spoke [[French]], and French became the accepted language of the court and nobility, drastically changing the pre-invasion English language ([[Old English]]). However, [[English grammar]] is independent of [[Latin grammar]], though [[prescription and description|prescriptive grammarians]] in English have been heavily influenced by Latin. Attempts to make English grammar follow Latin rules&amp;mdash;such as the prohibition against the [[split infinitive]]&amp;mdash;have not worked successfully in regular usage.

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers created huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words were dubbed &quot;[[inkhorn]]&quot; or &quot;inkpot&quot; words, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some remain. ''Imbibe'', ''extrapolate'', ''dormant'' and ''inebriation'' are all inkhorn terms carved from Latin words. In fact, the word ''etymology'' is derived from the Greek word ''etymologia'', meaning &quot;true sense of the word&quot;. It is said that 80% of all scholarly English words are derived from Latin, in a large number of cases by way of French.

===Grammar===
{{main|Latin grammar}}

Latin is a [[Synthetic language|synthetic]] [[inflection]]al language: [[affix]]es (which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed [[stem (linguistics)|stem]]s to express [[grammatical gender|gender]], number, and [[grammatical case|case]] in [[adjective]]s, [[noun]]s, and [[pronoun]]s, which is called [[declension]]; and [[person]], number, [[tense]], [[voice]], [[mood]], and [[aspect]] in [[verb]]s, which is called [[Latin conjugation|conjugation]]. There are five declensions (''declinationes'') of nouns and four conjugations of verbs.

There are seven noun cases:

# [[Nominative case | Nominative]] (used as the subject of the verb or the predicate nominative), 
# [[Genitive case | Genitive]] (used to indicate relation or possession, often represented by the English ''of'' or the addition of '''s'' to a noun), 
# [[Dative case | Dative]] (used of the indirect object of the verb, often represented by the English ''to'' or  ''for''.  Common verbs used with this case include giving, showing, helping, trusting, and telling.)
# [[Accusative case | Accusative]] (used of the direct object of the verb, or object of the preposition in some cases), 
# [[Ablative]] (separation, source, cause, or [[instrumental case|instrument]], often represented by the English ''by'', ''with'', ''from''),
# [[Vocative]] (used of the person or thing being addressed),
# [[Locative case ]] (used for certain words such as &quot;house&quot;, &quot;ground&quot;, and &quot;countryside&quot;. The locative case also applies to city names such as &quot;Rome&quot;, &quot;Venice&quot; or &quot;Naples&quot;.)

Latin itself, being a very old language, is far closer to Proto-Indo-European than are most modern Western European languages; it has, in fact, about the same relationship with PIE as modern Italian or French has to Latin.

There are six general [[tense]]s in Latin (technically they are tense/aspect/mood complexes). The indicative mood can be used with all of them.  The subjunctive [[mood]], however, has only present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.  These tenses in the subjunctive mood do not completely correlate in meaning to the tenses in the indicative.  The following examples are of the first conjugation verb ''laudare'' (&quot;to praise&quot;) in the indicative mood and the active [[voice]]: 

;Present system tenses
# [[Present tense | Present]] (''laudo'', &quot;I praise,&quot; &quot;I am praising&quot;)
# [[Imperfect tense | Imperfect]] (''laudabam'', &quot;I was praising&quot;; ''laudabat'', &quot;he was praising&quot;)
# [[Future tense | Future]] (''laudabo'', &quot;I shall praise,&quot; &quot;I will praise&quot;)

;Perfect system tenses
# [[Perfect aspect | Perfect]] (''laudavi'', &quot;I praised,&quot; &quot;I have praised&quot;)
# [[Pluperfect tense | Pluperfect]] (''laudaveram'', &quot;I had praised&quot;)
# [[Perfect aspect | Future perfect]] (''laudavero'', &quot;I shall have praised,&quot; &quot;I will have praised&quot;)

The future perfect tense can also imply a normal future idea (like in &quot;When I will have run...&quot;).

== Education ==
[[Image:Latin_dictionary.jpg|thumb|250px|A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the University Library of Graz.]]

Although Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe, in recent years it has been supplanted by the study of many other languages; it is a requirement in relatively few places, and in some schools is not even offered. However, in Italy, Latin is still compulsory in secondary schools such as the ''Liceo Classico'' and ''Liceo Scientifico'', which are usually attended by people who aim to the highest level of education. In ''Liceo Classico'', [[ancient Greek]] is also a compulsory subject. In France, Latin is found in the Lycée Classique, and in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands at the highest level of high schools called Gymnasium. Latin was once taught in many of the schools in Britain with academic leanings&amp;mdash;perhaps 25% of the total.[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/teachem2/thennow/] However, the requirement for it was gradually abandoned in the professions such as law and medicine, and then, from around the late 1960s, for admission to university.  After the introduction of the Modern Language [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] in the 1980s, it was gradually replaced by other languages, although it is now being taught by more schools along with other classical languages.

The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in high schools or secondary schools, and in universities, is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it in oral communication. As such, the skill of reading is heavily emphasized, whereas speaking and listening skills are barely touched upon. However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the [[Living Latin]] movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can, or should, be taught in the same way that modern &quot;living&quot; languages are taught, that is, as a means of both spoken and written communication. One of the most interesting aspects of such an approach is that it assists speculative insight into how many of the ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; without understanding how the language is meant to be heard it is very difficult to identify patterns in Latin poetry. Institutions offering Living Latin instruction include the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] and the University of Kentucky. In [[Great_Britain|Britain]], the [[Classical Association]] encourages this approach, and there has been something of a vogue for books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus. In the [[United States]], there is a thriving competitive organization for high school Latin students, the National Junior Classical League (the second-largest youth organization in the world after the Boy Scouts), backed up by the Senior Classical League for college students.

Many would-be [[international auxiliary language]]s have been heavily influenced by Latin, and the moderately successful [[Interlingua]] considers itself to be the modernized and simplified version of the language (''le latino moderne international e simplificate'').

Latin translations of modern literature such as Paddington Bear, Winnie the Pooh, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Le Petit Prince, Max und Moritz, and The Cat in the Hat have also helped boost interest in the language.

== See also ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}&lt;!--related to Latin as a language--&gt;
* [[Latin grammar]]
** [[Ablative absolute]]
** [[Latin declension]]
** [[Latin conjugation]]
** [[Word order in Latin]]
* [[Latin spelling and pronunciation]]
* [[Latin alphabet]]
** [[ISO/IEC 8859-1|Latin-1]]
* [[List of Latin phrases]]
* [[Greek and Latin roots]]
* [[List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names]]
* [[List of Latin words with English derivatives]]
** [[Latin verbs]] with English derivatives
** [[Latin nouns]] with English derivatives
{{col-2}}&lt;!--other less language-specific topics--&gt;
* [[Ancient Rome]]
* [[Romance languages]]
* [[Simlish]]

{{col-end}}

== References ==
* Bennett, Charles E. ''Latin Grammar'' (Allyn and Bacon, Chicago, 1908)
* N. Vincent: &quot;Latin&quot;, in ''The Romance Languages'', M. Harris and N. Vincent, eds., (Oxford Univ. Press. 1990), ISBN 0195208293
* Waquet, Françoise, ''Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries'' (Verso, 2003) ISBN 1859844022; translated from the French by John Howe.
* Wheelock, Frederic. ''Latin: An Introduction'' (Collins, 6th ed., 2005) ISBN 0060784237

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=la}}
{{Wikibookspar||Latin}}
* [http://www.poetaexmachina.net/ Latin Poetry Text-to-Speech] Listen to a synthetic voice chant any poem in Latin.  Non-emotive but accurate.
* [http://latinforum.org/ Latin forum] Board for Latin learners. 
* [http://www.special-dictionary.com/latin/ Latin Phrases and Abbreviations] Large Collection of Latin phrases with search function. Special Dictionary.
* [http://latinquotes.net/ Latin quotes] Various topics.
* [http://latin-phrases.co.uk/dictionary/ Latin phrases dictionary] Alphabetical collection.
* [http://www.wheelockslatin.com/chapters/introduction/introduction.html Introduction to Latin Pronunciation] A page with spoken examples of pronunciation
* [http://www.jambell.com/latin.html Latin Phrases for after dinner conversation (Thanks to Elaine Poole)]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lat Ethnologue report for Latin]
* [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net Ephemeris] International news in latin and much more.
* [http://forumromanum.org/literature/index.html Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum] is a comprehensive webography of Latin texts and their translations.
* [http://www.alcuinus.net/GLL/index.htm Grex Latine Loquentium] mailing list IN Latin
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=Latin an interactive Latin dictionary].
* [http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe words by William whitaker] is a dictionary program online capable of looking up various word forms.
* [http://retiarius.org/ Retiarius.Org] includes a Latin text search engine.
* [http://www.nd.edu/~archives/latgramm.htm Latin-English dictionary and Latin grammar from U of Notre Dame]
* [http://latin-language.co.uk/ Latin language] History of Latin language, Latin texts with English translation and a collection of dictionaries.
* [http://avitus.alcuinus.net/scl/ Societas Circulorum Latinorum] gathers together Latin Circles all over the world.
* [http://www.mentalcode.com/latin Mentalcode Latin] - Interactive grammar and vocabulary exercises (free)
* [http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/latin LearnLatin.tk] - Free online course in Latin (learnlatin.tk appears to be unavailable, the link directs to a mirror site)
* [http://www.latintests.net/ LatinTests.net] - Lets Latin learners test their grammar and vocabulary with self-checking quizzes.
* [http://thelatinlibrary.com/ The Latin Library] contains many Latin etexts
* [http://www.textkit.com/ Textkit] has Latin textbooks and etexts.
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Latin-english/ Latin&amp;ndash;English Dictionary]: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
* [http://www.language-reference.com/ Language reference] Cross-foreign-language lexicon powered by its own search engine. All cross combinations between Latin and French, German, Italian, Spanish.
* [http://comp.uark.edu/~mreynold/rhetor.html Rhetor by Gabriel Harvey] was originally published in 1577 and never again reprinted.
* [http://freewebs.com/omniamundamundis omniamundamundis] Latin hypertexts from fourteen ancient Roman authors.
* [http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pron.htm Pronunciation of Biological Latin, Including Taxonomic Names of Plants and Animals]
* [http://www.yleradio1.fi/nuntii Nuntii Latini (News in Latin)], written and spoken (RealAudio) news in latin. Weekly review of world news in Classical Latin, the only international broadcast of its kind in the world, produced by [[Yleisradio|YLE]], the Finnish Broadcasting Company.
* [http://www.tranexp.com:2000/InterTran?url=http%3A%2F%2F&amp;type=text&amp;text=Replace%20Me&amp;from=eng&amp;to=ltt InterTran Latin], Translate from Latin to ENGLISH or vice versa.
* [http://avitus.alcuinus.net/schola_latina/ Schola Latina Universalis] is a school where you can learn to speak Latin.
* [http://www.latinvulgate.com Latin Vulgate] The Latin and English of the Old &amp; New Testaments in parallel, along with the Complete Sayings of Jesus in parallel Latin and English. 

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Latin]]

[[Category:Italic natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vornskr</title>
    <id>829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4018</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-27T21:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vornskr</username>
        <id>28</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello!  I'm Paul Sherrill (a.k.a. '''vornskr'''), student, conlanger, and complete wiki-newbie.  (Hence I'll probably be experimenting with formatting here until I'm more comfortable with all this.)

My conlangs include:
*[[Aèndelan]]
*[[Celo]]
*[[soshte]]

I've spent a little time investigating [[Marc Okrand]]'s conlang [[Atlantean]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Vornskr</title>
    <id>830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18548</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T03:04:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Locustaaquaerufae</username>
        <id>296</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Welcome!  If you need any help, just let [[User talk:Muke|me]] know and I'll do what I can.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:55, 27 Mar 2005 (PST)

Thanks!  Right now I'm learning a lot just by looking at how the various pages are put together.

Is there somewhere I should use to experiment, or is it alright if I do that in my profile?

[[User:Vornskr|Vornskr]] 18:51, 27 Mar 2005 (PST)

:You can either practice on your user page, or in ... well, the usual pagename for experimental edits is  [[Frathwiki:Sandbox]], which you may use (it's currently empty).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:09, 27 Mar 2005 (PST)

Hi!  My name is Lawrence Rogers.  I'm a university student too.  How can I get ahold of you?
ljrogers@mtu.edu  E-mail me, please.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial nasal</title>
    <id>831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12495</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-22T04:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>addition of faranit mikanah</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;m&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || m
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]]: || &lt;tt&gt;m&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]]: || m
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Nasal]] [[plosive]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [+consonantal] &lt;br&gt; [+sonorant] &lt;br&gt; [+contin-acous] &lt;br&gt; [+nasal] &lt;br&gt;  [+voice] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' 
|}

The bilabial nasal is among the most common sounds of natural languages. 

{{stub}}

===Alveolar nasals in natlangs===
'''[[Spanish]]'''
{|
| ''plain'' || m || mujer /muˈxer/ &quot;woman&quot;
|}

===Alveolar nasals in conlangs===
'''[[Esperanto]]'''
{|
| ''plain'' || m || mi /ˈmi/ &quot;I&quot;
|}

'''[[Faranit]]'''
{|
| ''plain'' || m || mikanah /mIkænæʔ/ &quot;raindrop&quot;

[[Category:Phonetic segments|m]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File talk:Qanaozjinaet.1000x253.png</title>
    <id>834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4224</id>
      <timestamp>2005-03-29T16:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Cool!  Very [[Devanagari|Devanagaresque]].  Is it derived from it, or just inspired?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 07:28, 29 Mar 2005 (PST)

Well, it's just similar looking. If anything, it's more like the [[Bengali script]]. (I like the sharp angles, curves and large blots better.) Not very inspired though, as you can see, there are only 8 core glyphs... It's almost as bad as [[Tengwar]], except the core glyphs are a bit more varied. - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]][[User talk:Zhen Lin|&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;]] 08:20, 29 Mar 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of rulers of the Yellow Empire</title>
    <id>836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8850</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-06T23:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category yellow empire</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">List of monarchs of the [[Yellow Empire]].  

* Hênate (Ἡνατε) the Legendary
* —
* Kenêna I (Κενηνα) the Famous
*:First ruler mentioned in historical records [though no dates] as father of Kentophre.  Hênate is described as being his χοδα, though this term is useless chronologically, as while its basic meaning is 'grandfather,' it may describe any number of relationships of greater distance [though not, at this time, of a non-familial nature, cf. the later use of χοδα as a term of respect].
* Kentophre (Κεντοφρε) the Inept [* 1492 AM – † 1547]
* Kenêna II [* 1509, r. 1547–1558]
* Kheuntophre (Χευντοφρε) [* 1533, r. 1558–1560]
*: [murdered—I forget how, grr, at the moment]
* Lema (Λεμα) [* 1540, r. 1560–1566]
*: Queen!
* Hênate II [* 1551]

[This appears to be time period relevant to the [[Henaudute]] language as described.  They haven't got much history yet!]

[[Category:Yellow Empire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bendeh</title>
    <id>837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6020</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T00:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bendeh''' is a conlang by [[Nathaniel Geoffrey Lew]]. It's an [[a priori conlang]] without any parts of speech. All words are classified as [[noun|nouns]].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Monobook.css</title>
    <id>839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6095</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T10:50:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Note to self: put @import rules at the top, not anywhere else.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">/* edit this file to customize the monobook skin for the entire site */

/* &lt;pre&gt; */
@import url(&quot;/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css&quot;);

body, #globalWrapper { font-family: inherit !important; }

#bodyContent .plainlinks a {
    background: none !important;
    padding: 0;
}

/* &lt;/pre&gt; */</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</title>
    <id>1032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58683</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-22T00:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Haven't heard any trouble.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitesupport-url</title>
    <id>1066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58201</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T22:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updating to frathwiki-specific link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">http://www.dreamhost.com/donate.cgi?id=14050</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:OlegPopov</title>
    <id>1179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4533</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-03T21:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OlegPopov</username>
        <id>30</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello!

My name '''Oleg Ivanovich Popov'''.

I live in Russia. My adress: Ryazan, RO 123056, 
Ul. Raketnaya D.85 Kv.13.

'''Education:''' Moscow State Institute of International Relations 
(University), 1992 to 1997 International Law School including three foreign languages: 
English, German, and Afrikaans. High Level Diploma - &quot;Several Aspects of International 
Copyright&quot;. Work Experience: Lawyer, International Law Firm Baker &amp; McKenzie, 
October 1998 to Present.

'''Skills &amp; Interests:''' Fluent in English, proficient in German, 
some knowledge of French and Afrikaans. Computer literate, large working 
experience on both PC (Windows and DOS) and Macintosh, have one of each at home. 
Some programming experience. I have 24/7 access to the Internet and my favourite hobby 
to read and study wiki sites :)

'''PS:''' I have the catalogue wiki sites - http://wiki4all.com/ and I shall be very 
grateful to the manager of this wiki site, if it will add wiki in my catalogue with 
the small description... :)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch</title>
    <id>1180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56252</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T14:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo revision 56251 by [[Special:Contributions/Melroch|Melroch]] ([[User talk:Melroch|talk]])</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{New talk}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big &gt;'''Benct Philip Jonsson, aka &quot;Melroch&quot;'''&lt;/big &gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;| [[Image:Paulasman.gif|center]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 1 December, 1966; [[Wikipedia:Gothenburg|Göteborg]], [[Wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Perpetual student (mainly of [[Wikipedia:historical linguistics|historical linguistics]])&lt;br /&gt;
translator, sometimes editor,&lt;br /&gt;
husband,&lt;br&gt;
dad
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''&lt;br /&gt;(In order of proficiency ↔ &lt;s&gt;deficiency&lt;/s&gt;!{{-)}}
|| [[Wikipedia:Swedish language|Swedish]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:English language|English]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:German language|German]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] (including [[Wikipedia:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]), &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;s&gt;[[Wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]]&lt;/s&gt;, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;s&gt;[[Wikipedia:French language|French]]&lt;/s&gt;, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;s&gt;[[Wikipedia:Italian language|Italian]]&lt;/s&gt;, &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Latin language|Latin]], &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;s&gt;Classical [[Wikipedia:Tibetan language|Tibetan]]&lt;/s&gt;, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;s&gt;[[Wikipedia:Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]&lt;/s&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Active created conlangs:'''
|| [[Sohlob]], [[Maerik|Mærik]], [[Slevan|Slvanjek]], [[Knoschke]] (aka &quot;B-Noric&quot;), [[Rhodrese]], [[Burgendish]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] [[Wikipedia:Sindarin|Sindarin]] and [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]],&lt;br /&gt;
Ray Brown's [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Briefscript/Index.html ~bax] [piˈaːʃi],&lt;br /&gt;
Jan van Steenbergen's [http://www.geocities.com/wenedyk/language/index.html Wenedyk]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Language|Language]],&lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhism]],&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conlangcity:|Constructed languages]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]],&lt;br /&gt;
[[AltHist:Alternate history|Alternate history]],&lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:|Phonetics]]
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| (As if you needed any! ;-)&lt;br /&gt;[[IBWiki:User:BenctPhilip]]
|}

== Who? ==
'''Melroch 'Aestan''' {{IPA|[ˌmɛlrɔχ ˌɑɛ̯stan]}} aka '''Benct Philip Jonsson''' {{IPA|[ˌbeŋkt ˌfiːlip ˈʑunsːon]}},
creator of several conlangs, '''[[Sohlob]]''' (including [[Kijeb]]), a romlang called '''[[Rhodrese]]''' and its coterritorial Germanic language '''[[Burgendish]]''', which both belong to my [[Althist:ATL|Alternative Timeline]] '''[[Lucus]]''' are the ones I currently do some work on.
'''[[Maerik|Mærik]]''' is the best documented of my languages, although it may not be complete. I'm not active on it ATM.  '''[[Slevan|Slvanjek]]''' really needs some revision, which I'll come around to eventually. '''[[Baazraamani|Bâzrâmani]]''' is only a sketch and very much on the backburner. '''[[Knoschke]]''' (formerly called &quot;B-Noric&quot;) used to be essentially abandoned, but with some talk last summer on reviving the [[Noric]] project I returned to it and revised its spelling system, which still needs to be documented.  There are still other conlangs which never made it into the internet, of course.

__TOC__

I have started a table of [[Labels for local cases]].

[[User:Melroch/Rhodrese|Rhodrese]] is basically some weird phonological and orthographic ideas.  It is was provisionally called &quot;Romlang #3&quot; (&quot;R#3&quot; or &quot;R3&quot;), not because it is the third romlang I ever made, but since it was my third active romlang at the time I found it a good idea to start counting! '''&lt;span class=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{-)}} &lt;/span&gt;'''

I'm putting together a page on [[User:Melroch/How to display your conscript on the wiki|how to display your conscript on the wiki]].

I begun a [[User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin|a description of Vulgar Latin]], or perhaps rather a romlangers' cookbook, but I'm not sure about the format.

Only after I renamed &quot;B-Noric&quot; as '''Knòškè''' did it occur to me that both '''Slvanjek''' and '''Knòškè''' mean 'language of (the) forest dwellers', but that they are separated by 2000 years and belong to different alternate timelines!

I'm also the perpetrator of the semiserious [[Ný AngloSaxon Speling]].  I am of the opinion that [[Wikipedia:English spelling|English spelling]] needs [[Wikipedia:Spelling reform|reform]], but also aware that the chances for it are slim, barring social and cultural upheavals humanity should probably better not experience!  After all it took a violent revolution to remove four unnecessary letters from [[Wikipedia:Russian orthography|Russian orthography]]!

There is also [[User:Melroch/Accents|a not so brief explanation of my use of accent marks]], namely a system to indicate stress and length with the standard three marks [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]], [[Wikipedia:grave accent|garve]] a nd [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] found for '''a e i o u''' in [[Wikipedia:Latin-1|Latin-1]].

&lt;!-- 
== My conlangs on this wiki ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;DPL&gt;
category=Conlangs by Melroch
namespace=
&lt;/DPL&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
--&gt;
==To-do list==
* Document the new [[Knoschke]] spelling.
* [[Template:Consonant table]]
* [[Template:Vowel table]]
* [[Kijeb#Verbs]]
*[[Labels for local cases]]
*&lt;s&gt;Create a [[Template:WIP|WIP template]] page.&lt;/s&gt; -- DONE!
*&lt;s&gt;Move/set up [[Maerik|Mærik]] vocabulary.&lt;/s&gt; -- DONE!
**&lt;s&gt;Change '''th &gt; tth''' and '''ch &gt; cch''' as appropriate?&lt;/s&gt; '''Nah!'''
*Move [[Sohlob]]/[[Sohldar]] stuff.
**Finish [[Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire]]!
*[[Slevan|Slvanjek]] vocabulary and grammar:
** Update grammar.
** Grand Master Plan (Hist. phonology).
*** &lt;s&gt;Discuss changes with JvS.&lt;/s&gt; &amp;mdash; Done.
**Vocabulary
*Put up some [[Maerik texts|Mærik texts]].
*Write a grammar description for [[Sohlob]].
*Move/rewrite [[Sohlob historical phonology]].
*Make a new Sohldar map.
*&lt;s&gt;[[Template:IPA]]&lt;/s&gt; -- Done and improved by Muke.
*&lt;s&gt;[[Template:Sohlob]]&lt;/s&gt; -- Done.
*&lt;s&gt;[[Template:red]]&lt;/s&gt; -- Done.
*Finish [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]
*&lt;s&gt;[[Longman Defining Vocabulary|The Longman Defining Vocabulary]]&lt;/s&gt; &amp;mdash; Done.
* &lt;s&gt;[[Free Unicode fonts]]&lt;/s&gt;

== Wiki maintenance ==

I have created some of utility stuff on this wiki.  I'll try to reference here:

* [[Help:Free Unicode fonts]]
* [[Help:Editing with an external editor in Windows]]

* I imported Wikipedias [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of_articles#Citations for footnotes and for linking|footnote system]] with [[Template:Ref]] and [[Template:Note]].
&lt;!-- 
=== The wiki's style sheets ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  namespace= MediaWiki
  titlematch= %.css
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowikI&gt;
=== My user pages ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{#dpl: namespace={{NAMESPACE}} | titlematch=%Melroch% }}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
=== Pages I created ===

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  createdby= Melroch
  notnamespace= Template
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

==== Templates I created ====

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  createdby= Melroch
  namespace= Template
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

=== Pages I modified but did not create ===

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  notcreatedby= Melroch
  modifiedby=Melroch
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

=== Pages I created which were last modified by someone else ===

I'm not paranoid, I just want to know when you guys improve on my work! {{smiley}}

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
 createdby= Melroch
 notlastmodifiedby= Melroch
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan grammar outline</title>
    <id>1181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46878</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:20:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

'''Note:''' This version of [[Slevan|Slvanjec]] is outdated especially as regards the development of the vowels and hence some endings too.  It will be updated ASAP. BPJ 10:06, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)


= Nouns and adjectives =

== Nouns ==

Nouns in Slevan inflect for number and case, and adjectives in addition inflect for gender. There are three main declensions, with a few subtypes within each declension.

=== First declension nouns ===

First declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. Those few masculines of the first declension that existed in Latin have as a rule been superseded by other formations, and loanwords that belong to the first declension masculine in Latin are normally assigned to the second declension in Slevan.

The paradigms for the first declension are '''roza''' 'rose' and '''vilja''' 'daughter, girl':

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|roza
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|roze
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|vilja
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|vilje
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|roze
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|rozár
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|vilje
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|viljár
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|roze
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|rozav
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|vilje
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|viljav
|}

=== Second declension nouns ===

The second declension in Slevan represents a merger of the second and fourth declension of Latin. The nouns belonging here are masculine, with a few exceptions like '''mán''' f. 'hand'. There is no neuter gender in Slevan, the neuter having merged into the masculine early on.

The paradigms for the second declension are '''mýr''' 'wall' and '''bánj''' 'bath':

{|  cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|mýr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|myry
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|bánj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|bani
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|myry
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|myrúr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|bani
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|banjúr
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|myru
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|myrov
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|banju
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|banjov
|}

The main subtypes of the second declension are represented by '''popol''' 'people' and '''lábelj''' 'lip'. Note the extra syllable in the nominative-accusative singular and the alternation between long and short vowel in the stem:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|popol
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|póply
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|lábelj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|labli
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|póply
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|póplúr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|labli
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|labljúr
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|póplu
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|póplov
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|lablju
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|labljov/lablv
|}

Two other subtypes are presented below. '''Áher''' 'field' is similar to the two previous types, while amec 'friend' together with other words which ended in ''-ICUS'' in Romance forms a subtype of their own:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|áher
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ahry
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|amec
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ameczi
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ahry
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ahrúr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ameczi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|amecúr
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ahru
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ahrov
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|amecu
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|amecov
|}

=== Third declension nouns ===

The third declension includes both masculine and feminine nouns, without any difference in inflection based on gender. There are however, like in the second declension, a number of subtypes due to differences in the final sound of the stem. The most distinctive trait of the third declension is the lack of an ending (but lengthening of the vowel of the final syllable of the stem) in the genitive plural.

The two basic types of inflection in the third declension are represented by '''súlj''' 'sun' and '''pastúr''' 'shepherd':

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|súlj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|sulje
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pastúr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pasturje
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|suli
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|súlj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pasturi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pastúr
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|suli
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|suljev
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pasturi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|pasturev
|}

Stems ending in '''cz''' and '''zs''' are represented by krcz 'cross' and '''ljézs''' 'law':

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krcz
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krcze
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljézs
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljezse
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krczi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krcz
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljezsi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljézs
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krczi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|krczev
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljezsi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|ljezsev
|}

== Adjectives ==

Adjectives in Slevan are declined exactly like nouns of the corresponding declensions and types.

=== First and second declension adjectives ===

The first and largest class of adjectives follow the first declension in the feminine and the second declension in the masculine, e.g. '''nóv''' 'new':

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Masculine
!valign=&quot;top&quot;| 
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Feminine
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|
|-
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|nóv
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novy
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|nova
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|nove
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novy
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novúr
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|nove
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novár
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novu
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novov
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|nove
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|novav
|}

=== Third declension adjectives ===

Third declension adjectives also are declined just like nouns. The adjectives '''hrúde''' 'big' and '''hrave''' 'stern' represent yet two other inflection types in this declension:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
!
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Singular
!valign=&quot;top&quot;|Plural
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Nominative, Accusative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrúdj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrúdje
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hráv
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hravje
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrúdi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrúdj
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hravi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hráv
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Dative'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrúdi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hrudjev
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hravi
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|hravev
|}

= Adverbs =

To be added

= Pronouns =

To be added

= Verbs =

Slevan verbs are traditionally, since the grammar of Pavel Mrác divided among three conjugations.  In reality the four conjugations of [[Wikipedia:Latin|Latin]] remain distinct in Slevan, but Mrác choose another categorization both in order to conform to the classification of other modern Romance languages, and because many Slevan verbs belong to conjugation 2.B. in the present but to 2.A. in the Simple past.

Slevan has three simple tenses &amp;mdash; ''Present'' ('''prezsátj'''), ''Imperfect'' ('''japravéc''') and ''Simple past'' ('''pasát''') &amp;mdash;, three compound tenses &amp;mdash; ''Perfect'' ('''pravéc'''), ''Pluperfect'' ('''plypravéc''') and ''Future'' ('''votýr''') &amp;mdash;, two moods &amp;mdash ''Indicative'' ('''jadecatív''') and ''Subjunctive'' ('''konjúcív''') &amp;mdash; and two voices &amp;mdash; ''Active'' ('''acív''') and ''Passive'' ('''pasív''').

== Simple tenses ==
=== The Indicative ===

{| style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
|+'''''Slevan simple tenses in the indicative'''''
|-
|  || ''1. conjugation'' || ''2. conjugation A'' || ''2. conjugation B'' || ''3. conjugation''
|-
| || ''Infinitive''
|-
|  || '''amár''' || '''taczér''' || '''rezser''' || '''dromír'''
|-
|  || 'love' || 'be silent' || 'rule' || 'sleep'
|-
| || ''Present''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amu''' || '''taczu''' || '''rehu''' || '''dromesku'''
|-
| 2. || '''amaj''' || '''taczej''' || '''rezsi''' || '''dromeszi'''
|-
| 3. || '''ama''' || '''tacze''' || '''rezse''' || '''dromesze'''
|-
| 1. pl. || '''amám''' || '''taczém''' || '''rezsem''' || '''dromím'''
|-
| 2. || '''amátj''' || '''taczétj''' || '''rezsetj''' || '''dromítj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amú''' || '''tacza''' || '''rehú''' || '''dromeszú'''
|-
|  || ''Imperative''
|-
| Sg. || '''ám''' || '''tácz''' || '''rézs''' || '''dromesz'''
|-
| Pl. || '''amátj''' || '''taczétj''' || '''rezsetj''' || '''dromítj'''
|-
| || ''Imperfect''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amaba''' || '''taczeba''' || '''rezseba''' || '''dromljeba'''
|-
| 2. || '''amabaj''' || '''taczebaj''' || '''rezsebaj''' || '''dromljebaj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amaba''' || '''taczeba''' || '''rezseba''' || '''dromljeba'''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amabám''' || '''taczebám''' || '''rezsebám''' || '''dromljebám'''
|-
| 2. || '''amabátj''' || '''taczebátj''' || '''rezsebátj''' || '''dromljebátj'''
|-
| 3. || '''amabú''' || '''taczebú''' || '''rezsebú''' || '''dromljebú'''
|-
| || ''Simple past''
|-
| 1. sg. || '''amaj''' || '''taký''' || '''rjeszi''' || '''dromí'''
|-
| 2. || '''amajsti''' || '''takysti''' || '''rjeszesti''' || '''dromísti'''
|-
| 3. || '''amaj''' || '''taký''' || '''rjész''' || '''dromí'''
|-
| 1. pl. || '''amajm''' || '''takým''' || '''rjeszem''' || '''dromím'''
|-
| 2. || '''amajszt''' || '''takýszt''' || '''rjeszeszt''' || '''dromíszt'''
|-
| 3. || '''amajerú''' || '''takyjerú''' || '''rjeszerú''' || '''dromijerú'''
|}

=== The subjunctive ===
TO BE ADDED

= Conjunctions =

To be added

= Interjections =

To be added

= Syntax = 

To be added

BPJ 13:06, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)


[[Category:Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik</title>
    <id>1182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46828</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T12:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Possible identity of the Mærik speakers */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Incipitmaerik.gif|Hic incipit lingua mærik]]

&quot;Here begins the Mærik language&quot; -- the Latin caption to the Mærik vocabulary in the manuscript.

= Mærik sections =

*[[Maerik grammar|Mærik grammar]]
*[[Maerik-English vocabulary|Mærik-English vocabulary]]
*[[English-Maerik vocabulary|English-Mærik vocabulary]]
*[[Maerik texts|Mærik texts]]

= About Mærik and its transmission =

One of the most valuable and unique, but also one of the least known manuscripts in the collections of the Swedish Royal Library is the so-called Buræan Glossary. Of its seventy-eight leaves scholars have generally been interested only in the first thirty leaves and the recto page of the thirty-first. These consist of a topically arranged list of Latin words with their Old Swedish translations.

At the top of the verso side of leaf 31 stand the Latin words ''Hic jncipit lingua mærik'' and there follows a seemingly random list of words with Latin translations. The problem with this second word list is that only the Latin words have appeared intelligible. Werner Schiöld, the only scholar who hitherto paid any attention to the latter 125 pages was of the opinion that these pages were either copied by a scribe who didn't know Old Swedish, it was a secret code or a secret language. Schiöld was actually on the right track since he favored the secret language explanation, but he said that &quot;an inspection of the Latin 'translations' [Schiöld's quotes] indicates that no new knowledge of Old Swedish vocabulary can be gained by cracking the code&quot;.

Although Schiöld thus used the term &quot;secret language&quot; he nevertheless took for granted that the non-Latin words of the latter 125 pages, apart from some inter­spersed Old Swedish words, were some kind of obfuscation of the corre­sponding Old Swedish words &quot;and probably a deliberate obfuscation, since even a scribe unfamiliar with Old Swedish would have got his transcriptions right most of the time&quot;. Schöld's foregone conclusion was thus that the text represented some kind of [[Wikipedia:Language game|language game]], similar to, but more complicated than, for example [[Wikipedia:Pig Latin|Pig Latin]].

A renewed inspection, especially of the syntax of the connected texts following the word-list and their Latin glosses, indicates that these strange words actually repre­sent a real language, distinct from both Latin and Old Swedish, even though the phonemic, or at any rate graphemic, shape of the language is deceptively similar to Old Swedish.

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:48, 6 May 2005 (PDT)

== Possible identity of the Mærik speakers ==

See [[Wikipedia:Hacker (folklore)]]!

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Maerik]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik grammar</title>
    <id>1183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46855</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:07:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Maerik/grammar]] moved to [[Maerik grammar]] over redirect: Yes, subpages are ugly in DPL lists!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Mærik grammar outline=
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:31, 8 May 2005 (PDT)

[[Maerik|Mærik]] was a [[Wikipedia:language isolate|language isolate]] spoken in medieval Sweden. It is known from a wordlist with Latin glosses and some short fairy tales preserved in a single manuscript. The spelling relies quite heavily on that of Old [[Wikipedia:Swedish language|Swedish]] and the sound structure of Mærik also seems to strongly resemble that of Old Swedish, yet Mærik is ''not'' [[Wikipedia:Language family|genetically related]] to Old Swedish or other [[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. Mærik words and sentences didn't make sense to somebody who only knew Old Swedish, and conversely Old Swedish would not have made sense to someone who only knew Mærik, although it is probable that all speakers of Mærik had also been speakers of North Scandinavian for very many generations. Although the [[Wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetic]] and [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemic]] similarities indicate some kind of [[Wikipedia:Sprachbund|Sprachbund]] relationship between Mærik and Old Swedish, there are on the other hand few similarities in vocabulary or grammatic structure.

==The name of the language==

''' Mærik''' or '''mæriik''' is actually the genitive of the first person plural exlusive pronoun. Speakers of North Germanic mistook the phrase '''mærik skaw''' as parallelling their own '''dansk tunga'''. Probably they didn't grasp that there were ''two'' first person plural pronouns in '''Mærik Skaw'''.

==Phonology==

Mærik phonology is very much similar to Old Swedish phonology, due to the Sprachbund relationship between the languages.

===Vowels===

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
!Front unrounded||Front rounded||Back unrounded||||Back rounded
|-
|i||y|| ||u/v||w
|-
|e||ø|| || ||o
|-
|æ|| ||a|| || 
|}

====Quantity====

Doubled vowels almost certainly represent long vowels. The status of '''u''' and '''w''' relative each other is not clarified. Possibly there is a single /u/ which is spelled '''w''' when long. Against this speaks the nonce occurrence of a '''ww''' spelling in '''nwwtlo''' 'ludere'. The other possibility is that there is one /u/ written '''w''' and one /ʉ/ written '''u/v''', and that the spelling normally fails to mark quantity for these phonemes.

It is also likely that stressed single-written vowels in open syllables are long as well.

Long ''i'' /i:/ is usually spelled '''ij''' rather than '''ii'''.

====Diphthongs====

Some diphthongs seem to be spelled with an &quot;extra&quot; following vowel, probably because Old Swedish lacked diphthongs of this type:
*'''browom''' phonologically /browm/,
*'''brøwegha''' phonologically {{IPA|/brøwɣa/ or /brøjɣa/ [brøɥɣa]}},
*'''gawana''' phonologically {{IPA|/gawna/}},
*'''jæwelia''' phonologically {{IPA|/jæwlja/ [jæɥlʲa]}},
*'''øwæmn''' phonologically {{IPA|/øwm/ or /øjm/ [øɥm]}},
*'''hæwey''' may be a spelling for {{IPA|/hæw/ [hæɥ]}},
*'''trøyel''' is probably {{IPA|/trøjl/ or /trøwl/ [trøɥl]}},
*'''øywe''' is probably {{IPA|/øje/ or /øwe/ [øɥe]}}.
*'''reyit''' is probably {{IPA|/rɛjt/}}.

====Umlaut====

There is i-umlaut caused by a following theme vowel '''*-i-''' which may be lost or preserved as '''-e-''', sometimes also spelled '''-i-'''.

===Consonants===

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
!||Labial||Dental||(Palatal)||Velar||(Labiovelar)||Glottal
|-
|'''Voiceless stops'''||''p''||''t''||(''ki'' {{IPA|[kʲ]}})||''k''||(''qw'' {{IPA|[kʷ/kw]}})|| 
|-
|'''Voiced stops'''||''b''||''d''||(''gi'' {{IPA|[gʲ]}})||''g''||(''gw'' {{IPA|[gʷ/gw]}})|| 
|-
|'''Nasals'''||''m''||''n''||(''ni'' {{IPA|[nʲ]}})||(''ng'' {{IPA|[ŋ]}})||(''ngw'' {{IPA|[ŋʷ/ŋw]}})|| 
|-
|'''Voiceless fricatives'''||''f''||(''th'' {{IPA|[θ, tθ]}})||(''hi'' {{IPA|[ç]}})||(''ch'' {{IPA|[x, kx]}})||(''hw'' {{IPA|[ʍ]}})||''h''
|-
|'''Voiced fricatives'''||''v/u/ffu'' {{IPA|[v]}}||''dh'' {{IPA|[ð]}}||''i'' {{IPA|[j]}}||''gh'' {{IPA|[ɣ]}}||''w''|| 
|-
|'''Sibilants'''|| ||''s''||(''si/ski'' {{IPA|[sʲ/ʃ]}})||||||
|-
|'''Lateral'''|| ||''l''||||||||
|-
|'''Trill'''|| ||''r''||||||||
|}

The letter '''z''' spells {{IPA|/ts/}} arising from underlying {{IPA|//ts//, //ds// or //ðs//}}, and similarly '''x''' spells {{IPA|/ks/}} arising from underlying {{IPA|//ks//, //gs// or //ɣs//}}.

It is not clear whether all these spellings represent distinct phonemes or whether they do so in all positions.

===Unresolved issues in the phonology===

The status of palatal(ized) and labiovelar sounds as phonemes or clusters also remains to be determined. Contemporary Old Swedish was in the process of developing palatal phonemes through palatalization of clusters ending in {{IPA|/j/}} and of velars before front vowels. In contemporary Old Swedish {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/sk/}} before {{IPA|/j/}} and front vowels were probably in the process of developing into {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. If the same was true of Mærik cannot be determined. The nonce appearance of '''sch''' in '''schee''' 'adferre' is hardly decisive.

The status of {{IPA|/w/ vs /v/}} is also to be determined. The many cases of '''w''' between vowels as opposed to '''ffu''' between vowels (e.g. '''priffua''' 'consolare') suggest that {{IPA|/w/}} was indeed a separate phoneme and more widespread than the [w] of Old Swedish.  It is therefore assumed that '''w''' is {{IPA|/w/}} while
initial '''v''' before vowels and '''ffu''' between vowels is {{IPA|/v/}}.  There are even two occurrences of ''initial'' '''ffu''' before vowels, viz. '''fuaa''' 'wash clothes' and '''ffuea''' 'clear land'.

At the same time inherited {{IPA|/kʷ/ and /gʷ/}} were probably not monophonemic any more in Old Swedish, while {{IPA|[w]}} had become an allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}. As {{IPA|/w/}} was probably still a phoneme in Mærik it may be that '''qw''' and '''gw''' in spite of their low frequency should be analyzed similarly.

===Sandhi allophones===

The phonemic status of '''th ''' and '''ch ''' is not fully determined. It seems as if '''th ''' between voiced sounds, or word finally after a voiced sound, always represents underlying phonemic {{IPA|/tð/}} and phonetically is {{IPA|[tθ]}}, and likewise '''ch''' between voiced sounds, or word finally after a voiced sound, represents phonemic {{IPA|/kɣ/}} and phonetic {{IPA|[kx]}}. Thus in Mærik {{IPA|[x] and [θ]}} only occur as assimilation of {{IPA|/ɣ/ or /ð/}} to a neighboring voiceless [[Wikipedia:obstruent|obstruent]]. On the other hand underlying {{IPA|//ðð// {and //ɣɣ//}} surface as {{IPA|/dd/ and /gg/}}, while '''ffu''' probably spells ''ungeminated'' voiced {{IPA|/v/}} in complementary distribution with geminated voiceless {{IPA|/ff/}} as in Old Swedish.

==Morphology==

===Nouns and Adjectives===

Case endings are as follows:

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
!||Modern name||Marker||English translation||Name in the manuscript
|-
|1||Nominative/Vocative:||'''-0''' (zero)||(subject) ||''nominativus vel vocativus''
|-
|2||Accusative:||'''-dh'''||(direct object)||''accusativus''
|-
|3||Dative:||'''-s'''||'for'||''dativus''
|-
|4||Genitive:||'''-k'''||'of'||''genitivus''
|-
|5||Ablative:||'''-r'''||'from'/'out of'||''ablativus''
|-
|6||Instrumental:||'''-gh'''||'with'||''ablativus instrumenti vel comitativus''
|-
|7||Locative:||'''-m'''||'at'/'in'||''ablativus loci''
|-
|8||Allative:||'''-i'''||'to'/'into'||''accusativus adeundi''
|}

The nominative marks the subject of the sentence.

The accusative marks the direct object.

Between these endings and the stem a theme vowel '''-e-''' or '''-o-''', sometimes appears. Variant spellings are '''-i-''' and '''-u/w-''' respectively. With the allative the front alternant is '''-ei/-ij/-i''' and the back alternant '''-oi/-ui/-wj'''.

====Suffixaufnahme====

Mærik has [[Wikipedia:Suffixaufnahme|Suffixaufnahme]] or &quot;case stacking&quot;, i.e. a noun carrying a genitive ending may take a further grammatical or local case ending, e.g. '''dølk''' 'the farmer's', '''dølks''' or '''dølx''' 'for the farmer's' (dative of genitive). The usual sandhi phenomena apply, such as ablative '''dølkær''' 'from the farmer's', accusative '''dølkth'''. Special note should be taken of the frequent instrumental genitives in '''-ch''', which suggest {{IPA|[kx]}} as a sandhi allophone for {{IPA|/kɣ/}}: '''dølch''' 'by the farmer's', '''hathfach''' {{IPA|[haθfakx] /haðfakɣ/}} 'by the horse's'.

====Plural====

The plural morpheme is '''-n'''. It appears written most often as '''-in''' and '''-un''' respectively, more rarely '''-en''' or '''-on/-wn'''. To these plural terminations the same case endings as in the singular are added as follows: 

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
|1||Nominative: || '''-n'''
|-
|2||Accusative: || '''-nd'''
|-
|3||Dative: || '''-ns/-nz'''
|-
|4||Genitive: || '''-nk'''
|-
|5||Ablative: || '''-nnær'''
|-
|6||Instrumental: || '''-ng'''
|-
|7||Locative: || '''-num'''
|-
|8||Allative: || '''-ni'''
|}

Note that in combining with the plural marker '''-n-''' the endings undergo some sandhi changes: the accusative '''-dh''' and the instrumental '''-gh''' become voiced stops. The dative has an optional epenthetic [t] (/nts/ written '''-nz''') and the ablative and locative receive [[Wikipedia:Svarabhakti|svarabhakti vowels]]. It is not clear whether the spelling '''-ni''' in the allative plural represents {{IPA|/ni/ or /nj/}}, since the spelling is deficient.

In ''Suffixaufnahme'' where the second ending takes the plural an [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis|epenthetic]] '''a''' vowel is inserted, e.g. '''vantkanz skonz''' 'for the men of the village'.

====Adjectives====

Adjectives inflect for case and number in congruence with their nouns, e.g. '''verghar trækker''' &quot;From a big house&quot;, '''hughand skond''' &quot;poor men (acc.)&quot;.

Sometimes the same word functions as an adjective and as a noun for the quality denoted by the adjective.

===Adverbs===

Most derived adverbs and some primary end in '''-m''' (with theme vowel). This formant is observed to coincide with the locative ending - probably not a coincidence!

===Pronouns===

Pronouns generally take adjectival inflection, i.e. with the plural ending '''-an'''

====Personal pronouns====
There are distinct inclusive and exclusive forms in first person plural.

'''wæll: ''' 'me - I'
'''wællk: ''' 'my/ mine'

'''ton: ''' 'you sg. (thou)'
'''tonk: ''' 'your(s) (thy/thine)'

'''ro: ''' 'he'
'''rook: ''' 'his'

'''ni: ''' 'she'
'''niik: ''' 'her(s)'

'''edd:''' 'it'
'''ettk/etk:''' 'its'

'''foott: ''' 'we incl.' ('I and you' or 'we and you')
'''foottuk: ''' 'our(s) incl.' ('Mine and yours' or 'Ours and yours')

'''mær: ''' 'we excl.' (We but not you)
'''mærik: ''' 'our(s) excl.' (Ours but not yours)

'''han: ''' 'you pl.'
'''hank: ''' 'your(s) pl.'

'''se: ''' 'they'
'''seek: ''' 'their(s)'

====Demonstrative pronouns====
'''ordh: ''' 'this', pl. '''ordhan''' 'these' (Lat. ''hic'')

'''ann: ''' that (nearby)' pl. '''annan''' 'those' (Lat. ''iste'')

'''edd: ''' 'that (far)' pl. '''eddan''' 'those' (Lat. ''ille'')


===== The enclitic demonstrative pronoun/definite article =====

The demonstrative pronouns are often enclitically postposed to a noun, in which case their meaning is similar to a definite article.  Both the noun and the &quot;article&quot; inflect for case.

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot;
|+ ''The enclitic demonstratives/article demonstrated on the noun ''luk'' 'child' ''
| || '''-ordh''' || '''-ann''' || '''-edd'''
|-
| ''Singular''
|-
| ''Nom.:'' || '''lukordh''' || '''lukan''' || '''luked''' || 'the child' (subject)
|-
| ''Acc.:'' || '''lukthord''' || '''lukthand''' || '''lukthed''' || 'the child' (direct object)
|-
| ''Dat.:'' || '''luxorz''' || '''luxanz''' || '''luxez''' || 'for the child'
|-
| ''Gen.:'' || '''lukkorthk''' || '''lukkank''' || '''lukketk''' || 'of the child'
|-
| ''Abl.:'' || '''lukrordhær''' || '''lukrannær''' || '''lukreddær''' || 'from the child'
|-
| ''Instr.:'' || '''luchordhgh''' || '''luchang''' || '''luchedg''' || 'with the child'
|-
| ''Loc.:'' || '''lukmordhum''' || '''lukmannum''' || '''lukmeddum''' || 'at/in the child'
|-
| ''All.:'' || '''lukiørdhi''' || '''lukiænni''' || '''lukieddi''' || 'to/into the child'
|-
| ''Plural''
|-
| ''Nom.:'' || '''lukunordhan''' || '''lukunan''' || '''lukuneddan''' || 'the children' (subject)
|-
| ''Acc.:'' || '''lukundordhan''' || '''lukundand''' || '''lukundeddan''' || 'the children' (direct object)
|-
| ''Dat.:'' || '''lukunzordhanz''' || '''lukunzanz''' || '''lukunzeddanz''' || 'for the children'
|-
| ''Gen.:'' || '''lukankordhank''' || '''lukunkank''' || '''lukunketank''' || 'of the children'
|-
| ''Abl.:'' || '''lukunærordhanær''' || '''lukunærannær''' || '''lukunæreddanær''' || 'from the children'
|-
| ''Instr.:'' || '''lukungordhang''' || '''lukungang''' || '''lukungeddang''' || 'with the children'
|-
| ''Loc.:'' || '''lukumordhanum''' || '''lukumannum''' || '''lukumeddanum''' || 'at/in the children'
|-
| ''All.:'' || '''lukuniørdhani''' || '''lukuniænni''' || '''lukunieddani''' || 'to/into the children'
|}

Note the frequent [[Wikipedia:Haplology|haplology]] in the plural of the '''-ann''' forms!  In practice it means that the plural marker of the '''-ann''' article disappears entirely, so that only the noun carries plural marking.  The locative plural is especially treacherous.

It should be observed that the '''-ann''' forms are often used where the context would properly call for the '''-ordh''' or '''-edd''' forms.

Where an adjective precedes the noun the preposed demonstrative is used: '''edd grøtth lukth''' 'that small child (acc.)'.

====Interrogative pronouns====
'''fiørn: ''' 'who?' pl. '''fiørnan'''

'''fann: ''' 'what?' pl. '''fannan'''

'''fwnn: ''' 'how much?' pl. '''fwnnan''' 'how many?'

'''følk: ''' 'which?' pl. '''følkian'''

'''faat: ''' 'when?' 

'''fedd: ''' 'where?'

'''fwdh: ''' 'why?'

====Relative pronouns====

'''iørn: ''' 'who' pl. '''iørnan'''

'''øll: ''' 'which' pl. '''øllian'''

'''aat: '''when

'''wdh: '''therefore

====Other pronouns====

'''vek: ''' 'self' (reflexive -- note genitive '''veck''' and dative '''vex'''!)
:pl. '''vekan''' 'selves'

'''hyyn: ''' 'each other' (pl.)

'''dødhzsk: ''' 'respectively' (formally a genitive singular)

'''sakt: ''' 'something, a thing' pl. '''saktan'''

'''gøm: ''' 'you, one, they (indefinite)' pl. '''gømian'''

'''siæn: ''' 'any'  pl. '''siænan'''

'''hwalt: ''' 'same'

===Verbs===

The present ends in '''-e/-o/-a''', probably derived from earlier long theme vowels ''*-ē, *-ō, *-ā''.

In not a few verbs the present marker contains a '''t''' (''*-tē, *-tō, *-tā''), most notably '''olto''' 'there is' and '''ganta''' 'not be'. Sometimes an intrusive '''-p-''' comes between the '''-t-''' present formant and a root ending in '''-m''' e.g. '''rampta''' 'know a person', with the past tense '''ramma'''.

The infinitive or gerund, the imperative and the supine all consist in the bare stem, and can be distinguished only by their function, except that the infinitive/gerund can be inflected like a noun and the imperative often but not always is followed by a pronoun in the nominative/vocative.

The past tense formant is '''-ma/-mo'''.

Where there is a '''-t-''' in the present tense formant this '''-t-''' disappears in the past tense: thus from the present '''olto''' there is the past '''olmo''', and from the present '''kræfte''' 'departs' there is the past '''kraffma''' (Note also the lack of i-umlaut in the past tense!). N.B. '''gamma''', the past of '''ganta''' (usually spelled '''gam̄a'''), and '''swmmo''' (also '''sunmo''') 'covered' from '''swnto'''. However sometimes the '''-t-''' is part of the root, e.g. '''lita''' 'hear', p.t. '''lijtma'''.

The subjunctive formant is '''-sa/-so'''.

These two are fused as '''-sma/-smo''' in past subjunctive.

Note that the subjunctive marker '''s''' goes after the present tense marker '''t''' if that is present, e.g. '''kræftza''' 'would depart', but before the past tense marker '''ma''', as in '''kræfsma''' 'would have departed'.

====Person inflection on verbs====

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
|''Singular'' 
|-
| 1. || '''-wl/-wVl/-l''' ('''-aw(a)l/-ew(e)l/-ol''')|| 'I'
|-
| 2. || '''-ck''' || 'you'(sg.), 'thou'
|-
| 3. || -∅ (zero)
|-
|''Plural'' 
|-
| 1. excl. || '''-ff''' || 'we'
|-
| 1. incl. || '''-rr''' || 'you and I', 'we and you'
|-
| 2. || '''-n''' || 'you'(pl.)
|-
|3. || '''-ss''' || 'they'
|}

====Participles====

There are active participles in '''-rt''' and passive participles in '''-t''' from both the present and past stems: 

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
| Present active: || '''lekart'''  || &quot;speaking&quot;
|-
| Present passive: || '''lekat''' || &quot;being spoken&quot;
|-
| Past active: || '''leekmart''' || &quot;been speaking&quot;
|-
| Past passive: || '''leekmat''' || &quot;spoken&quot;
|}

=====Compound tenses=====
There are some compound tenses and moods using participles. The most important is the passive formed with '''fere''' 'be' and the present passive participle:

'''Ferewæl lekat''' 'I am spoken'.

There is also a perfect and a pluperfect using '''fere''' and the past active participle:

'''Ferewæl leekmart''' 'I have spoken',

'''Fermawal leekmart''' 'I had spoken'.

Lastly there is a future using '''boko''' 'become' and the present active participle:

'''Bokwol lekart''' 'I will/shall/am going to speak'.

These compound tenses are not used nearly as often as the corresponding forms in English and other modern Germanic languages. Thus the simple present is usually found for future reference and the simple past for perfect and pluperfect reference.

====Negation====

Negation is made with the verb '''ganta''' 'there is not' + stem form of the verb + instrumental of agent:

'''ganta lek mærikth skawdh niigh''' 'she doesn't speak our language' (lit. 'there is not speak our language by her').

{| border=0 cellspacing=5
!gan||-ta||-0||lek||-0||mæri||-k||-th||skaw||-dh||nii||-gh
|-
|not.be||-PRES||-3.sg.||speak||-SUP||we.exclusive||-GEN||-ACC||tongue||-ACC||she||-INSTR
|}

Since the object stands in accusative this is not a true ergative, but may be indicative of transition between types.

==Syntax==

The main constituent order is VSO.

Mærik is a ''[[Wikipedia:Pro-drop_language|pro-drop language]]''.  As Mærik is concerned this means that subject pronouns in the nominative are normally left out since the subject is sufficiently expressed by the person ending on the verb, but object pronouns have to be expressed since the object is not expressed in the verb.

There are many idioms involving in particular the locative and the dative where other languages would use nominative or accusative.

Verbs of perception and experiencing take the experiencer in the dative.

The genitive can be used in partitive function.

Many adverbs are formally locatives of nouns or adjectives and constructed accordingly.

[[Category:Maerik]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>CXS</title>
    <id>1184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48081</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T15:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Conlang Extended X-SAMPA */  Typos</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Conlang Extended X-SAMPA=

'''CXS''' (an [[wp:acronym|acronym]] standing for ''CONLANG eXtended SAMPA'' (SAMPA= ''Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet''), where CONLANG in turn stands for the [[Conlang-L FAQ|Conlang Mailing List]]) is an unofficial extension of the [[wp:X-SAMPA|Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet]] (X-SAMPA) that is used by members of the Conlang Mailing List with the intention of improving the system for use in [[wp:constructed language|language construction]].

The main differences between the transcription systems are:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Phone, diacritic or&lt;br/&gt;suprasegmental
!IPA
!X-SAMPA
!CXS
! Notes
|-
| [[wp:Close central unrounded vowel|Close central unrounded vowel]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ɨ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | i\
| Original X-SAMPA symbol is also in use
|-
| [[wp:Close central rounded vowel|Close central rounded vowel]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ʉ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | }
| align=&quot;center&quot; | u\
|
|-
| [[wp:Open front rounded vowel|Open front rounded vowel]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ɶ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;\
|
|-
| [[wp:Near-open front unrounded vowel|Near-open front unrounded vowel]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|æ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &amp;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| Same transcription as in the [[wp:Kirshenbaum|Kirshenbaum]] system
|-
| [[wp:Palatalization|Palatalization]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ʲ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ' &lt;!-- or _j --&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ; &lt;!-- or _j   but omit these alternatives since they aren't a difference --&gt;
|-
| Primary [[wp:stress (linguistics)|stress]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ˈ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ' or &quot;
|-
| Secondary stress
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|ˌ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | %
| align=&quot;center&quot; | , or %
|-
| Tie bar (example)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | {{IPA|g͡b}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | g_b
| align=&quot;center&quot; | gb)
|
|}

==See also==
* [[wp:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)
* [[wp:International Phonetic Alphabet for English|International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]
* [[wp:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]]
* [[wp:SAMPA|SAMPA]], a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
* [[wp:SAMPA chart for English|SAMPA chart for English]]
* [[wp:Kirshenbaum|Kirshenbaum]], the other main [[wp:ASCII|ASCII]]fication system of the IPA.
* [[wp:List of phonetics topics|List of phonetics topics]]

== External links ==
* [http://listserv.brown.edu/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ CXS Overview and IPA Online Converter]

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire</title>
    <id>1185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51394</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlodar ethnographical questionnaire]] to [[Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Template:WIP}}

= Sohldar Ethnographical Questionnaire =


'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo]. I'll be filling it out intermittently.

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==


=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


Sohldar, the land of the Sohlshan, is located around the great lake known as the White Sohl, its tributary rivers Helender and Yahandar, and the river Linender which drains the White Sohl into the ocean, known as the Black Sohl. The Helender has its source in the Kejbrispeng mountains to the north, near the city of Kidil or Tidil. Between the Kejbrispeng mountains and the White Sohl lies the Doskoh or Green Plain, which is the main area of agriculture and settlement in Sohldar. Where the Helender flows into the White Sohl lies Sohlel, the greatest of the three cities of Sohldar. To the east lies Frohkehl, a desert plateau. West of the White Sohl the Linender river first flows through a rocky landscape before it reaches the coastal plain Xozdarkoh and empties itself into the Black Sohl under the walls of the city of Linel.

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons?===

The climate is rather hot and dry, although there is a cooler, rainy season when the Helender flows over and the Yahandar, which is dry at the height of the hot season, runs full with water. Most of the rainfall is over the Kejbrispeng, and the water is then relayed to the Doskoh by the Helender. It is the precipitation over the Kejbrispeng and the Frohkehl, transported to the White Sohl by the rivers, which makes the region, which would otherwise be a desert, amenable to agriculture (similar to ancient Egypt in our world).

The Xozdarkoh plain along the coast the soil is less fertile, so that the Lindeshan import their grain from the Doskoh area, but they keep their own sheep and cattle and have an important fishing economy.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to?===

Mostly earthquakes and the Helender river occasionally changing its course. The bedrock of Sohldar is of volcanic origin, but there were no active volcanoes in recorded history.

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods?===

Grain, vegetables and fruit.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats?===

Mutton and fowl. Fish along the coast.

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive?===

Beef. The higher up in society you are, the more beef you eat, while at the bottom of society you usually eat none at all.

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare?===

Wine and beer are common. Wine is rare among the lower classes. Distilled spirits are unknown.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population?===

Yes.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource?===

Grain, vegetables, fruit, sheep (and thus wool), linen.

=== What is its most valuable resource?===

Diamonds. They are exported to foreign sea-faring peoples at Linel.

=== What resource is it most lacking?===

=== How do people travel from one place to another?===

On foot, horseback or horse-drawn carriages. Ox-carts are not unknown but usually not used for person transports.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way?===

Semi-secure, in that the land is surrounded by mountains, ocean and desert. The Sohlshan themselves invaded from the north at the beginning of recorded history, and there has been one notable later invasion.

=== How many people live here?===

Betweeen one and two million.

=== Where in this place to they congregate?===

The cities; mainly Sohlel.

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why?===

The uninhabited area between the central plain and the coastal plain. It is haunted by outlaws and wild beasts.

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for?===

Sheep, used for food, clothing and leather. Goats, used for milk and leather. Fowl, used for eggs and food. Cows used for milk, food and leather. Dogs, used for guarding and herding. Cats, used for mousing. Horses used for transportation and racing.

=== What are the most common wild animals?===

Several wild bests are mentioned in the literature. Lions were both feared and admired.

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be?===

Cats and dogs and the occasional lamb. Some upper-class people keep singing birds. It would be odd to keep e.g. snakes as pets.

==Questions of Time==

===How far back does this society's written history go?===

Maybe two thousand years.

===How far back do its people believe it goes?===

Since creation.

===What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced?===

A year-long solar eclipse in mythological history. The Invasion.

===What was the best thing that every happened to them?===

Finding the land.

===What in their past makes them feel ashamed?===

Not being able to repel the Invaders.

===What in their past makes them proud?===

Founding the Empire and establishing peace among the Sohlshan.

===What are they afraid of happening again?===

An invasion

===What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely?===

N/A

===What do they assume the future will hold?===

The present state of affairs continuing forever.

===How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this?===

From a pastoral society to an agriculturall society to a semi-urbanized society. Class distinctions and differences in wealth have increased in the process. The current members are not aware of this; they think the current state of affairs has applied since shortly after creation.

===What are the most popular stories about the past?===

About the gods, spirits and heroes between creation and the founding of the Empire.

===Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain?===

The king who founded the Empire is the greatest hero.

===Do people think the present better or worse than the past?===

Worse.

===Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past?===

This is a matter of debate. Theologians are divided between Optimists and Pessimists. Many nobles are concerned how a future invasion may be prevented or repelled. There is a practical problem in having a standing army that usually has nothing to do.


==  Questions of Sex and Family ==

===How many spouses may a man or woman have?===

A man may have as many spouses or lovers as he can afford, while a woman may have only one husband. Ruling queens have been known to flout the rule on women not having many lovers. Commoners usually have only one wife, and only the highest nobles or riches citizens have more than one.

===Who decides on a marriage?===

People usually marry between the ages of 15 and 20, and then their parents decide, although the wishes of the spouses-to-be are usually listened to among the lower classes. A man over the age of 25 may decide on his own marriages, and so may in practice a widow over that age.

A marriage is more of a legal contract than of a religious matter, although sex and especially child-bearing have religious overtones. When a marriage is arranged a bride-price is usually payed by the groom or his family.

===Can a marriage end in divorce? How?===

A man may freely divorce a wife, although he has to see a lawyer about it. In theory the husband should return the bride-price, though the actual sum may be smaller, due to stipulations in the marriage contract, or if the wife is keen on getting divorced. A woman usually has to seek divorce through her close male relatives, although cases where a grown woman has gone to court to seek divorce due to physical maltreatment by the husband are not unheard of.

===Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason?===

Usually the father takes custody, though the opposite is not unheard of, in which case it is regulated by the divorce contract. In practice if a wife has born only daughters a father may be keen on getting rid of them along with the mother.

===How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides?===

Adultery is defined as a married woman having sex with someone else than her husband. Men may have lovers, though excessive and protracted neglect of a wife is seen as proper reason for a woman to seek divorce through her brothers. A husband may divorce an adulterous wife, in which case any yet unborn children come under her custody. A husband may bring a wife's lover to court and have him fined and/or flogged.

===How are families named?===

Only very noble families have actual family names.

===What happens to orphans?===

They should be taken care of by their father's family. Sometimes it is the mother's family instead, if they have a higher social status, or if they are more willing.

===How are boy and girl children treated differently?===

===Are premarital relations allowed?===

In theory they are allowed for men but not for women. There are prostitutes, and in practice nobody exercises any control over widows or divorcées -- even comparatively young ones.

===How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these?===

Incest is sex between close relatives, including inlaws. Cousin marriges occur among high nobles and royals, but are frowned upon. Rape is the taking of someone by violence, and is punishable. Rape of a virgin may even be punished by death, though that would require that she is noble and the rapist is not. Rape within marriage is another matter, though it is generally frowned upon and is seen as just cause for divorce. There may be a problem of proving it if the matter is taken to court. Paedophilia is punishable but nobles get away with it; among commoners the perpetrator will get beaten up sooner or later.

===What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift?===

Money, precious metals or stones, cattle, land or goods, all depending on the status of the involved families. When a widow or divorcée remarries the marriage gift may be wholly symbolic, like a ring.

===What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced?===

Homosexuality among the nobles. Bestiality with sheep among country boys. It is believed that young wives and concubines of older men have sex with each other or servant girls.

===What secret vice actually is practiced?===

Homosexuality. Bestiality occurs but is not as common as is supposed. As for the young wives and concubines lesbianism is probably not as common as supposed. In practice young wives of rich older men often have male lovers.

===What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners?===

Sodomy with women and bestiality.

===How do people react to homosexuality?===

It is frowned upon but not punishable. It is more accepted, and supposedly more common, among nobles.

===How do the genders dress?===

The common dress is squares of fabric wrapped around the body and held in place by belts and brooches. Women's dress is longer than men's. City women and noble women would normally not expose their breasts, although peasant women may do so in certain contexts.

===Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate?===

Female prostitution is legal but frowned upon.

===What professions or activities are considered masculine?===

Being a warrior and being a miner are the only male-only professions.

===What professions or activities are viewed as feminine?===

Looking after children and the household.

===What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female?===

This is an area that needs more research. The Sun is considered male and the Moon female, but they are also considered animate.

===What is the biggest sexual taboo?===

Mother-son incest. It leads to both mother and son being executed, whereas father-daughter incest would normally only lead to the father being executed. Father-son incest would probably be very taboo, but it is not even thought of.

===Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love?===

In theory, but it is only in the lower classes that marriage is actually based on love.

===What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it?===

It means an unpenetrated female, and it is very important at a woman's first marriage. 


==  Questions of Manners ==

===Who speaks first at a formal gathering?===

The most noble, eldest and most influential person, which qualities should ideally coincide.

===What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste?===

===How do younger adults address their elders?===

With honorific terms. Adressing an old person as &quot;father&quot; or &quot;mother&quot; when they are not your actual parent is considered condescending.

===What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death?===

===If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved?===

Among young men it would lead to actual fighting. Nobles may duel with swords if grave matters of honor are involved. Normally more sober men are expected to intervene.

===If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved?===

Women are not expected to fight physically. As with men intervention is expected.

===When is it rude to laugh at something funny?===

In the presence of an elder or a person nobler than yourself, or during a ceremony.

===What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all?===

Questions about sex are avoided in public and in polite company.

===How do people demonstrate grief?===

Crying is expected.

===What does this society do with their corpses?===

They are burned and the ashes buried.

===What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when?===

Necklaces, rings, chains fingerrings and earrings of precious metals, sometimes with precious stones. They are worn all the time but more at joyous ceremonies and festivities. Women are expected to were more jewelry than men, and nobles more than commoners. Brooches are used to pin clothes together, and are usually of precious material among nobles. Noble women often were jewelled head-dress, as do kings.

===Who inheirits property? Titles? Position?===

Sons, or in their absence brothers or brother's sons or unmarried/divorced daughters inherit property. It is usual for a wife to remain in possession of her husbands property until she dies. Titles and positions are in theory all bestowed rather than inherited, though ones basic social status as noble or common is inherited from the father at birth. In those rare cases where a noble woman has married a common man the children are considered noble; normally the man will have been ennobeled by the king before the marriage.

===What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness?===

They will be looked after by their relatives. If they have no relatives who are able to look after them they become beggars.

===What are the most popular games? How important are they?===

Various boardgames, ballgames and forms of play and sport exist. The only organized sports are chariot-racing and wrestling, which are very popular.

===What parts of the body are routinely covered?===

The genitals, the backside, and among noble women or women otherwise concerned about their virtue the breasts. Adult peasant women routinely go with their breasts bare while working in the fields or while feeding their babies.

===How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating?===

Defecating and urinating are private. Men may urinate rather more openly than women. Bathing is not considered private, though most women wouldn't, unlike men or children, bathe entirely naked.

===How do people react to physical deformity?===

It depends on the nature of the deformity.

===When and how does someone go from child to adult?===

Usually between age fifteen and age twenty, by marrying.  Philosophers however argue that a person is fully mature only at age twenty-five.  This is also the age when a priest is considered fully qualified to perform rites.

==  Questions of Faith ==

===Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized?===

Yes there is. They are organized into different ranks based on experience and seniority.

===What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this?===

The Sohlshan believe in rebirt. They believe that if the body isn't cremated after death rebirth will not happen untill the body has decomposed. Most religiously uneducated people believe that they will be reborn as people, but with their social position determined by their actions in this life. There are speculations about rebirth as higher or lower beings among certain clergy and certain sects.

===What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion?===

They are frowned upon but left alone as long as they do not protest against the religious habits of the majority.

===Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like?===

There are holy trees, holy stones and holy caves. There are also temples to the celestial deities. The White Sohl is considered holy in its entirety.

===What are the most popular rituals or festivals?===

The festivals of the solistices.

===What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it?===

===How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours?===

===What is the most commonly broken religious rule?===

===What is the least-violated religious rule?===

===What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete?===

===Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one?===

===How are those who follow different faiths treated?===

===What relationship do religious and political leaders have?===

===What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural events/beings do people fear? ===

== Questions of Government ==

===Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How?===

===What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why?===

===How are new laws created or old ones changed?===

===Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved?===

===Who has the right to give orders, and why?===

===What titles do various officials have?===

===How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person?===

===How do government officials dress?===

===Is the law written down? Who interprets it?===

===Once accused, what recourse does someone have?===

===Is torture allowed? What kinds?===

===How are people executed?===

===Who cannot rise to positions of leadership?===

===Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances?===

===What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it?===

===What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===

==  Questions of War ==

===Who declares war?===

The King. In practice the Sohlshan haven't started a war since the establishment of the empire, with the exception of the war of liberation from the Invaders. It was started by a minor noble, but he was made king of Sohlel after he conquered the city.

===Who has the power to declare conditions of peace?===

The king, but in practice the commander in the field would be the one actually negotiating the terms.

===What happens to prisoners taken in battle?===

===What form of warfare does this society use?===

===Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them?===

===How does someone get command of troops?===

===Where do the loyalties of military units lie?===

===Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military?===

===Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so?===

===Who are their enemies? Who's winning?===

===What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===

Harass the peasants. ☺

==  Questions of Education ==

===Does this society have its own language? Its own writing?===

===How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed?===

===What form and value are books?===

===Who teaches others? How do they teach?===

===Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe?===

===Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that?===

===How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness?===

===Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===

==  Questions of Art ==

===What are the favorite artforms?===

===What are the least-favorite?===

===How respected are artists?===

===Do artists require official or unofficial protection?===

===What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in?===

===How might a very successful artist live?===

===What forms of theatre does your society have?===

===How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art?===

===What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture?===

===Which artforms get the most and least respect?===

===What form does censorship take?===

===Who may not be an artist?===

===What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society?===

===What makes a man or woman especially beautiful?===

===How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===

== Questions of sex and marriage ==

===Is sex confined to marriage?===

===Or, is it supposed to be? What constitutes aberrant behavior?===

===Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct?===

===Are there laws about it? What about prostitution?===

===How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex?===

===What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple?===

===Do relationships allow multiple partners?===

===Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed?===

===And, of course, what about homosexuality? Is it frowned on? Encouraged? ===

==  Questions of death and burial ==

===What is their understanding of death and dying?===

===Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of?===

===Is the family responsible for the body?===

===What part do the priests play?===

===Are there cemeteries at all?===

===Or, does everyone have a crypt in back with all the relatives in it?===

===Do people visit the dead? If so, how often and why? ===

==  Questions of suicide ==

===What do people in this culture think about suicide?===

===Is it the greatest sin one can commit? Or is it a sin at all?===

===Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul?===

===Is it worse than murder? ===

[[Category:Sohldar]]</text>
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    <title>Template:Work in progress</title>
    <id>1186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40037</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-21T21:52:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;a major edit _or series of edits_&quot; - this conforms better to actual usage</comment>
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'''The contents are incomplete and in need of elaboration and/or change!'''&lt;br/&gt;
As a courtesy, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed, in order to avoid [[Wikipedia:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]].  If you need to know who is working on the article and when the edit session began, please check the [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} edit history][[Template:Inuse|.]]
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    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24419</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Turned into redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Work in progress]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wip</title>
    <id>1188</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24418</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:45:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Turned into redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Work in progress]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Templates</title>
    <id>1189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22681</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-01T22:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/EllWya|EllWya]] ([[User_talk:EllWya|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Melroch|Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== What is a template? ==

The [[Wikipedia:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] software used by FrathWiki has support for templates. This means standardized text chunks (such as [[Wikipedia:Template messages|boilerplate]] text) can be inserted into articles. For example, typing &lt;nowiki&gt;{{stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; will appear as:

{{stub}}

=== List of all templates on this wiki ===

Some of them are documented through &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;...&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags, some in their talk pages, but most not at all.
If you know what an undocumented template does, please add documentation in your spare time! {{-)}}

&lt;DPL&gt;
namespace = Template
&lt;/DPL&gt;

===Instructions===
To create a new user message, you need to make an article under the name '''Template:TEMPLATENAME'''. 

Messages can be used in two ways: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:TEMPLATENAME}} and {{TEMPLATENAME}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;tt&gt;subst&lt;/tt&gt; copies the user message into the text of the article you are working on. Without &lt;tt&gt;subst&lt;/tt&gt; the text of the user message is retrieved from the template space each time the article is opened. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{msg:TEMPLATENAME}} does the same thing as {{TEMPLATENAME}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 

If you create a new user message, please keep the list below updated.

== General-use templates ==

=== ABC ===
This [[Template:ABC]] replaces the table of contents with links to the headings of an alphabetized list such as a vocabulary. To insert it type &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:ABC}} &lt;/nowiki&gt; at the top of the edit window and save the page, then create headings named
&lt;pre&gt;
== A == 
== B == 
== C == 
&lt;/pre&gt;
etc.

&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;

There's also [[Template:widetoc]] which does similar.

=== Work in progress ===

To show that a page is under construction, under revision or otherwise incomplete you can type &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Workinprogress}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; at the top of of the page and it will appear as the following boilerplate:

{{Workinprogress}}

Equivalent code is &lt;nowiki&gt;{{WIP}} or {{Wip}} or {{wip}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

===See also===

This [[Template:Seealso|template]], using this code:

:::''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Seealso|this}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''

will insert the following text:

{{Seealso|this}}

=== User page template ===

This [[Template:Userpage]] is a ripoff of [[User:Chlewey]]'s elegant user page.
You can use it as a help to create your own user page.  To include it in your own page type &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Userpage}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; into your edit window, then save your page, then open your edit window again and edit the table that now appears.  Replace the text in UPPERCASE with information relevant to yourself.

===Disambiguation===

If ever you find the need for a disambiguation page, [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]] has copied the Wikipedia &lt;nowiki&gt;{{disambig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template over to Frath, including the image.

== Language templates ==

===Language summary===

This [[Template:Language|template]] was designed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg]] as a base for your language descriptions.  It contains a box in the upper right corner with basic language data (location, timeline/universe, number of speakers, genealogical classification) modelled after the similar boxes found in Wikipedia language articles.  To include it in your page, type 
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Language}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; into your edit window, then save your page, then open the edit window again and edit the table that now appears.

I suggest for a posteriori conlangs to use the colour of the family used in the Wikipedia.  For your own families, choose a colour that suits you.

===Language summary II===

An [[Template:Infobox|alternative template]] was designed by [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]] for more comprehensive language summarising (what an oxymoron, truth be told), including linguistic typology. It also uses a light grey background and smaller text than Jörg's template. To use this template, use the follwing code:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Infobox|name=|pronounce=|tu=|species=|in=|no=|script=|tree=|morph=|ms=|wo=|creator=|date=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

Open the link above to find out what each parameter stands for.

===Phonology===

For a simple table to use to describe your language's phonology, try [[Template:Consonants|this template]] for consonants and [[Template:Vowels|this one]] for vowels, by using ''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Consonants}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' or ''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Vowels}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' in your language's page, saving the page, and editing the table that appears afterwards. The above templates are designed with spaces for the most common sounds of natural languages and the symbols thereof pre-included. As the templates are meant to be inserted by means of a ''subst:'' command line, users are free to add necessary spaces or delete extraneous ones according to their needs.

=== Swadesh template ===

This template, adapted from the [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Swadesh template|Wiktionary:Swadesh template]] can be used to demonstrate the vocabulary of a conlang.  It can be seen [[Template:Swadesh|here]].
To include it in your own page type &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Swadesh}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; into your edit window, then save your page, then open your edit window again and edit the table that now appears.

=== IPA transcription ===

The [[Template:IPA|IPA Template]] can be used to select fonts for displaying special characters correctly in Internet Explorer.  It will also display a tooltip saying &quot;IPA transcription&quot;.  See [[Template talk:IPA]] for usage instructions.

===Transliteration===

Meant for the more elaborate language designers, [[Template:Translit|this template]] alerts readers to the existence of more than one transliteration system in the article, which may be due to, depending on the article and its subject, conworld political reasons, conlang etymological reasons etc. Made by [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]].

==Conworld templates==

[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]] has designed a [[Template:Succession box|template]]  that allows easy referencing between empires on a territory, dynasties of an empire, rulers of a dynasty, reign names of a ruler etc. Designed to be placed at the bottom of the page, although the top will do just fine as well.

== Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire ==

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and was placed by him in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo], and adapted for the wiki by [[User:Melroch|BPJ]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swadesh</title>
    <id>1190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45940</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-11T19:05:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>delinking entries - what is this, wikipedia?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This template shows the number and English for each word on the [[Swadesh List]].

Because of width limitations only a small number of languages can be shown on
a single page.  This template can be used as a basis for illustrating further
languages.

PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS PAGE. THIS IS A TEMPLATE ONLY. SEE [[Swadesh List]] FOR A LISTING OF SPECIFIC SWADESH LISTS (OR TO ADD NEW ONES THERE).

{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  Lang1
!c=02|  Lang2
!c=03|  Lang3
!c=04|  Lang4
!c=05|  Lang5
!c=06|  Lang6
!c=07|  Lang7
!c=08|  Lang8
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Userpage</title>
    <id>1191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4545</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-14T17:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''MY NAME'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| MY DATE OF BIRTH; MY PLACE OF BIRTH, MY COUNTRY OF BIRTH
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| MY PROFESSION
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| NATURAL LANGUAGES THAT I SPEAK/READ/WRITE
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| CONLANGS THAT I HAVE CREATED
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| CONLANGS THAT I KNOW/USE/AM INERESTED IN THAT OTHERS HAVE CREATED
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| MY INTERESTS
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| MORE INFORMATION
|}

ANY TEXT OF MY CHOICE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob</title>
    <id>1192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51402</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:16:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sohlodar -&gt; Sohldar, Sohloçan -&gt; Sohlçan</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Sohlob]] is the name both of a [[wp:language family|language family]] and of one of [[Sohlob languages|the members of that family]], more properly called [[Classical Sohlob]].  The [[Sohlçan]] didn't make any systematic distinction between [[wp:Dialect#.22Dialect.22_or_.22language.22|language and dialect]] the way we do, mainly because most of the languages they dealt with were more or less obviously related; thus a situation similar to that of [[wp:Varieties of Chinese|'dialects' of Chinese]] in our world.

== The Languages ==

* [[Sohlob sound system|Sound system]]
** [[Sohlob Latinization|Latinization]]
** [[Sohlob writing|Writing]]
** [[Sohlob historical phonology|Historical phonology]]
* [[Sohlob languages|The languages]]
** [[Kijeb|Kijeb]] the Ancient Language
**:Not quite the proto-language, but really archaic [[Kidilib]]!
*** [[Kijeb writing]]
***[[Kijeb texts]]
** [[Kidilib (Sohlob)|Kidilib]], the Language of the Ancient City
*** [[Old Kidilib (Sohlob)|Old Kidilib]]
**** [[Old Kidilib script (Sohlob)|Old Kidilib script]]
** [[Classical Sohlob|Classical Sohlob]], the language of books and of ceremony
** [[Heleb (City Sohlob)|Heleb]], the 'City language'
** [[Nandrab (River Sohlob)|Nandrab]], the Language of the River Valley
** [[Yahab (Southern Sohlob)|Yahab]], the Language of the South
** [[Linjeb (Western Sohlob)|Linjeb]], the Language of the West
* [[:Category:Sohlob writing|Writing]]
** [[Kijeb writing (Sohlob)|Kijeb writing]] 
**: A syllabary characterised by phonological underspecification.
** [[Old Kidilib script (Sohlob)|Old Kidilib script]] 
**: A younger version of the Kijeb syllabary.
** [[Sohlob alphabet]] 
**: The alphabet used to write the younger [[Sohlob languages|Sohlob languages]].  While it shares some features — notably phonological underspecification — with the Kijeb script there is no clear evidence how it may be derived from it.

== The Culture ==

* [[Sohldar|The Land]]
* [[Sohlosjan|The people]]
* [[Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire]]

== All pages in [[:Category:Sohlob]] ==

(Obviously some overlap with the above!)

&lt;dpl&gt;
  category= Sohlob
&lt;/dpl&gt;

----
[[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]

[[Category:Sohlob]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latinization of Sohlob</title>
    <id>1193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51392</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T18:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Various updates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Letter values in [[Sohlob]] Latinization are like IPA, except for the following:

'''p, t, c, k''' are aspirated.

Voiced stops and fricatives are devoiced word-finally before a voiceless sound and utterance-finally.

'''f''' is {{IPA|[v]}} word-internally between voiced sounds.

'''c''' is {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}. Alternative transcriptions are &lt;tt&gt;tj&lt;/tt&gt; and '''ch'''.

'''j''' is {{IPA|[dʑ] or [ʑ]}}. Alternative transcriptions are &lt;tt&gt;dj&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;zj&lt;/tt&gt;. The {{IPA|[ʑ]}} &lt;tt&gt;zj&lt;/tt&gt; variant occurs mainly before '''d'''. A ''j'' not preceded by any of the letters &lt;tt&gt;d, s, t,&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;z&lt;/tt&gt; can only be {{IPA|/dʑ/}}, since in the ASCII transcription ''j'' is not used outside these digraphs.

'''ç''' is {{IPA|[ɕ]}}. Alternative transcriptions are &lt;tt&gt;sj&lt;/tt&gt; and '''sh'''.

'''y''' is {{IPA|[j]}}, except in Linjeb where it is actually the vowel {{IPA|[y]}}!

'''æ''' is (surprise ☺) {{IPA|[æ]}}. It may be written &lt;tt&gt;ae&lt;/tt&gt; without confusion, since the rules of Sohlob vowel harmony don't allow '''a '''and''' e''' together in the same word.

'''e''' is {{IPA|[ɨ]}} in Classical Sohlob and Heleb. In Kidilib and Linjeb it is {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.

'''o''' is {{IPA|[ɒ]}} in Classical Sohlob, Heleb and. Kidilib. In Linjeb it is {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

'''ny''' is {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, except in Linjeb.

'''ng''' is {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, except in '''ngr''', which is actually {{IPA|[ŋɡr]}} and '''ngl''', which is actually {{IPA|[ŋɡl]}}.

'''hl''' is {{IPA|[ɬ]}}.

'''hr''' ([[Kidilib]]) is {{IPA|[r̥]}} (voiceless trill).

'''çr''' ([[Classical Sohlob]]) is {{IPA|[ʂ]}}.

'''hy''' (Kidilib) is {{IPA|[ç]}}.

In Kidilib '''t, d, s''' before '''i, e''' are pronounced as '''c, j, ç''', i.e. dentals and palatals merge before front vowels, and are pronounced as palatals but spelled as dentals in this position!

== The letter ñ ==

Some may wonder that I don't use the letter '''ñ''' for '''ny''' {{IPA|[ɲ]}}.
Alternately some people familiar with [[Wikipedia:J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] use of '''ñ''' for {{IPA|[ŋ]}} may wonder why I don't adopt that usage.  The answer is, as you may already have guessed, exactly the fact that I've encountered conflicting usages of '''ñ''', and so they make me confused, and I decided to use neither.  In fact I used to use '''ñ''' for [[Kijeb]] ''{{IPA|ŋ}}'' in my private vocabulary database, since it didn't accomodate Unicode!

== Heleb peculiarities ==

The [[Heleb]] dialect has a distinct pair of front rounded vowels ''ü'' and ''ö'' pronounced {{IPA|[y]}} and {{IPA|[œ]}}.  The Heleb Latinization uses '''ä''' for {{IPA|[æ]}}.
but this is only a difference in transcription.

Heleb has distinctive vowel length.  Long vowels are transcribed with doubled vowel letters.

'''e''' and '''a''' are fully back unrounded vowels {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and {{IPA|[ɑ]}} in Heleb.

'''ll''' indicates a velar(ized) {{IPA|/ɫ/}} or {{IPA|/ʟ/}} distinct from palatal '''l''' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}.  This arose when front-back vowel harmony caused some formerly back vowels to become front and ''vice versa'', since formerly ''*l'' had had a palatal allophone before front vowels and a velar allophone before back vowels; this difference became phonemic as the liquid retained its old quality when the following vowel changed its front/back value.  There was a similar allophony in ''*r'', but the palatal allophone  merged with '''y'''.  The remaining Heleb 'rhotic' '''r''' was probably realized as a retroflex fricative {{IPA|[ʐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɻ]}}.  

In the native script '''ll''' was written (from right to left) as {{Sohlob|rr}}, '''l''' as {{Sohlob|ir}} and '''r''' as {{Sohlob|r}}, if they were distinguished at all.

[[Category:Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob sound system</title>
    <id>1194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46918</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sound system]] moved to [[Sohlob sound system]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

==Classical Sohlob==

===Classical Sohlob vowels===

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot; 
| ||''Front''||''Central''||''Back''
|-
|''High''|| '''i''' || '''e''' {{IPA|/ɨ/}} || '''u'''
|-
|''Low''|| '''æ''' {{IPA|/æ/}} || '''a''' || '''o''' {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
|}

===Classical Sohlob consonants===

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot; 
| ||''Labial''||''Dental''||''Palatoalveolar''||''Velar''||''Glottal''
|-
|''Voiceless stops''||'''p''' {{IPA|/pʰ/}}||'''t''' {{IPA|/tʰ/}}||'''c''' {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}||'''k''' {{IPA|/kʰ/}}|| ('''h''' {{IPA|/ʔ/}})
|-
|''Voiced stops''||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''j''' {{IPA|/dʑ/}}||'''g'''|| 
|-
|''Voiced nasals''||'''m'''||'''n'''||'''ny''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}}||'''ng''' {{IPA|/ŋ/}}|| 
|-
|''Voiceless fricatives''||'''f'''*||'''s'''||'''ç''' {{IPA|/ɕ/}}||'''x'''||'''h'''
|-
|''Voiced fricatives''||'''v/f''' {{IPA|/v/}}*||'''z'''||('''j''' {{IPA|[ʑ]}})||'''q''' {{IPA|/ɣ/}}|| 
|-
|''Voiceless lateral fricative''|| ||'''hl''' {{IPA|/ɬ/}}|| || || 
|-
|''Voiced lateral''|| ||'''l'''|| || || 
|-
|''Voiceless trill''|| ||('''çr''' {{IPA|[r̥]}})|| || || 
|-
|''Voiced trill''|| ||'''r'''|| || || 
|-
|''Voiced approximants''||'''w'''|| ||'''y''' {{IPA|/j/}}|| || 
|}

:&amp;#42;Between voiced sounds '''f''' denotes {{IPA|/v/}}, but next to a voiceless sound or at the beginning or end of a word it denotes {{IPA|/f/}}.

== Kidilib ==

=== Kidilib Vowels===

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot; 
| ||''Front''||''Central''||''Back''
|-
|''High''|| '''i''' || || '''u'''
|-
|''Low''|| '''e''' {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || '''a''' || '''o''' {{IPA|/ɒ/}}
|}

===Kidilib consonants ===

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot; 
| ||''Labial''||''Dental''||''Palatoalveolar''||''Velar''||''Glottal''
|-
|''Voiceless stops''||'''p''' {{IPA|/pʰ/}}||'''t''' {{IPA|/tʰ/}}||'''c''' {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}||'''k''' {{IPA|/kʰ/}}||  ('''h''' {{IPA|/ʔ/}})
|-
|''Voiced stops''||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''j''' {{IPA|/dʑ/}}||'''g'''|| 
|-
|''Voiceless nasals''||'''hm''' {{IPA|/m̥/}}||'''hn''' {{IPA|/n̥/}}||'''hny''' {{IPA|/ɲ̊/}}||'''hng''' {{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}|| 
|-
|''Voiced nasals''||'''m'''||'''n'''||'''ny''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}}||'''ng''' {{IPA|/ŋ/}}|| 
|-
|''Voiceless fricatives''||'''f'''||'''s'''||'''ç''' {{IPA|/ɕ/}}||'''x'''||'''h'''
|-
|''Voiced fricatives''||'''v/f''' {{IPA|/v/}}||'''z'''||('''j'''{{IPA|[ʑ]}})||'''q''' {{IPA|/ɣ/}}|| 
|-
|''Voiceless lateral fricative''|| ||'''hl''' {{IPA|/ɬ/}}|| || || 
|-
|''Voiced lateral''|| ||'''l'''|| || || 
|-
|''Voiceless trill''|| ||'''hr''' {{IPA|/r̥/}}|| || || 
|-
|''Voiced trill''|| ||'''r'''|| || || 
|-
|''Voiceless approximant''||'''hw''' {{IPA|/ʍ/}}|| ||'''hy''' {{IPA|/ç/}} || || 
|-
|''Voiced approximants''||'''w'''|| ||'''y''' {{IPA|/j/}|| || 
|}
:&amp;#42;As in Classical Sohlob '''f''' between voiced sounds denotes {{IPA|/v/}}, but next to a voiceless sound or at the beginning or end of a word it denotes {{IPA|/f/}}.

[[Category:Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob alphabet</title>
    <id>1195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47321</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-17T20:17:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Remarks */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Used to write [[Sohlob]], [[Kidilib]] and [[Linjeb]].

[[Image:Sohlobalph.png|500px]]&lt;br&gt;
(Click on the image to see it in a larger size)
[[Category:Sohlob]]
[[Category:Sohlob writing]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]

:[[Media:Sohlob.ttf|Download the Sohlob alphabet font!]]

==Remarks==

*The diacritical marks -- the superscript dot for changing pronunciation and the underscore to indicate digraphs -- were usually only used to resolve perceived risk of incorrect reading.  In practice Sohlob writing was often ambiguous, since a scribes perception of risk of incorrect reading may differ from his readers'.

*The digraphs {{Sohlob|yd ys yt}} using '''y''' to indicate '''c, ç, j''' were normal in Kidilib writing, while the alternative graphies {{Sohlob|j ç c}} or {{Sohlob|z x xt}}  were usual in Classical Sohlob and Heleb.  Linjeb did not have these sounds.  Lindjeb also sometimes used {{Sohlob|ir}} '''ry''' to write /l/.

*Kidilib did not distinguish {{Sohlob|æ}} '''æ''' and {{Sohlob|e}} '''e''', but used the unadorned letter {{Sohlob|e}} for /ɛ/.

*The signs for voiceless stops {{Sohlob| K T P}} using a superimposed {{Sohlob|h}} '''h''' were the usual ones in Linjeb.  In the other dialects voiceless and voiced stops were not usually distinguished in writing.

*The form {{Sohlob|s}} for '''s''' looking like '''hh''' was in fact the usual one.  The form {{Sohlob|S}} looking like an '''h''' with a dot was only used where a scribe had inadvertently omitted one of the strokes of {{Sohlob|s}}.

*Lindjeb used a further digraph {{Sohlob|iu}} '''ui''' to write /y/.  Sometimes {{Sohlob|ü}}, which in the other dialects would be read as '''w''' was used.
----
The phrase {{Sohlob|bolhos qreç}} at the bottom of the image is a misspelling for {{Sohlob|bolhos qres}} '''serq sohlob'''.  I'm going to fix that eventually!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sohlob</title>
    <id>1196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51407</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:23:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sohlodar -&gt; Sohldar, Sohloçan -&gt; Sohlçan</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Sohlob]] is a family of [[A priori conlangs]] by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]].  They are spoken in [[Sohldar]].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Sohldar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:A priori conlangs</title>
    <id>1197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46341</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link main article</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''[[a priori conlang]]''' is a conlang that is ''not'' based on a [[Wikipedia:Natural language|natural language]].

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:A posteriori conlangs</title>
    <id>1198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30242</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-26T07:34:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''A posteriori conlang''' is a conlang that ''is'' based on a [[Wikipedia:Natural language|natural language]].

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Maerik</title>
    <id>1199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6000</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Maerik]] is an [[A priori conlangs|A priori conlang]] by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A priori conlang</title>
    <id>1200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46342</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>morcat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''a priori conlang''' is a [[conlang]] whose vocabulary is primarily not based on a [[natural language]].  A conlang whose vocabulary is primarily based on a natural language is called [[a posteriori conlang|a posteriori]].

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:A priori conlangs|!]]
[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category talk:A priori conlangs</title>
    <id>1201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22364</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">How come the category link to this page still appears red in the [[Sohlob]] page?  I have cleared the cache and it doesn't help.

:Works for me.  Perhaps the change hadn't yet hit the server's cache.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:34, 20 May 2005 (PDT)

::Weirdly I had to make a change to the Sohlob page, save that and '''then''' it worked!

:::You need to purge the server's cache. [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=purge}} Refresh this page]. - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]][[User talk:Zhen Lin|&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;]] 17:41, 21 May 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>League of Lost Languages</title>
    <id>1202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58975</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-19T05:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Damatir ando</username>
        <id>1453</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Welcome to the home page of the '''League of Lost Languages'''!

The League of Lost Languages ('''LLL''') is a kind of collaborative fiction-writing project in which the participants describe [[fictional language]]s that could exist or could once have existed in a world otherwise the same as the real world we all live in. The idea is that in the LLL world, some languages survived that died out in our world, without changing the world more than necessary to accomodate the languages in question. The LLL world is essentially our world with the same history and geography, just with a few extra languages.

This is a kind of &quot;what-if&quot; [[conworld]], i.e. a ''fictional'' version of our world in which the change from reality is limited to the existence of a few extra languages. Examples of such &quot;lost&quot; languages include European languages of pre-Indo-European origin, modern East Germanic languages, fictional branches of Indo-European, sister groups of real-world families and  isolates, etc. Of course, this is not limited to Europe. An LLL language could be yet another of the many diverse languages of the North American Pacific coast, a modern-day descendant of Sumerian or a pre-Bantu language in the Congo basin. It is also not ultimately necessary that the languages are spoken today; they might be extinct but having left written records.

The participants would contribute their [[conlang]]s, say where and when they are spoken, and write fake scholarly papers and similar stuff about them.

''This is '''not''' a research project about actually existing languages!  The languages described by our members are '''entirely fictional'''.''  We all do this ''just for fun''; we just love messing around with fictional languages.

A language contributed to the LLL must fulfill the following criteria:

# It is ''naturalistic'', i.e. it is plausible as a human language.
# It is ''spoken by humans''; non-human races (even Neanderthal survivals etc.) are out of bounds. (The [[Elves]] and [[Dwarves]] speaking [[Albic]] and [[Coric]] are no exception to this: they are humans, not the usual fantasy races.) 
# Its ''history is consistent'' with the known history of the real world. This means that all the major events are the same as in our world. This rule puts limits on conculturing, but it also helps avoiding awkward political and religious debates, and concentrating on the languages. 
# It is either ''extinct'' (having left behind written records) or spoken by a community ''small'' enough not to make a difference. (This is pretty much an implication of the criterion above.)

The LLL conducts its business on the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs lostlangs mailing list].

==The languages of the LLL==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Language
!Family
!Location
!Author
|-
| [[Albic]] family
|style=&quot;background-color:#CCFF00&quot;| [[Hesperic]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Albic
| British Isles
| [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
|-
| [[Alpic]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#B5EAAA&quot;| [[Danubian]]
| Switzerland
| [[User:TaylorS|Taylor Selseth]]
|-
| [[Attidian]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#CCFF00&quot;| [[Hesperic]]
| Italy
| [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
|-
| [[Channel Island Siouxan]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#ADE8E6&quot;| Siouxan
| Channel Islands
| [[Kuroda]]
|-
| [[Continental English]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Germanic
| Unknown (Europe)
| [[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]]
|-
| [[Coric]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#DEDEDE&quot;| isolate
| Scotland
| [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
|-
| [[Çomyopregi]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European
| Europe
| [[User:Damatir ando|Damátir Ando]]
|-
| [[Føtisk]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Germanic
| Denmark
| Tristan McLeay
|-
| [[Fusangese]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#FF6347&quot;| Sino-Tibetan&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chinese
| Mexico
| [[Kuroda]]
|-
| [[Hairo]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#DEDEDE&quot;| isolate
| Rügen, Germany
| Christian Thalmann
|-
| [[Hattic]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European
| Russia
| [[User:IJzeren Jan|Jan van Steenbergen]]
|-
| [[Hifahoshaj]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#DEDEDE&quot;| isolate
| Texas
| Bob Thornton
|-
| [[Kilda Kelen]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#9ADC32&quot;| Tungusic
| Kamchatka Peninsula
| [[Kuroda]]
|-
| [[Kuman Tyli]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#9ADC32&quot;| Turkic
| Russia/Ukraine
| Isaac Penzev
|-
| [[li~Rumaninu]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Romance
| Congo
| Patrick Dunn
|-
| [[Lu]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European
| Southern France and Northern Italy
| [[User:Humancadaver101|Schwhatever]]
|-
| [[Mærik]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#DEDEDE&quot;| isolate
| Sweden
| [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]
|-
| [[Noric]] family
|style=&quot;background-color:#DEFFDE&quot;| Noric
| Austria
| the group
|-
| [[Orinoco English]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Germanic
| Venezuela
| Rodlox R
|-
| [[Roman Germanech]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Romance
| Trier, Germany
| [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
|-
| [[Rugian]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Slavic
| Rügen, Germany
| Piotr Gepfert
|-
| [[Thagojian]]
|style=&quot;background-color:#7CFC00&quot;| Indo-European
| Egypt/Palestine/Israel
| Paul Bennett
|-
| [http://wycoval.googlepages.com Tseeyo]
|style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500&quot;| Niger-Congo
| Guinea
| Wycoval 
|}

==Seleted articles from the lostlangs list==

{|
! Date
! Author
! Title
|-
| 2004/07/03
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/9 Some thoughts about the linguistic landscape of Europe]
|-
| 2004/07/03
| Christian Thalmann
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/12 Hairo Script Brainstorming]
|-
| 2004/07/05
| Patrick Dunn
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/22 li~Rumaninu]
|-
| 2004/07/10
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/39 pre-Homo sapiens languages; Vinca script]
|-
| 2004/07/10
| Bob Thornton
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/44 Hifahos^aj]
|-
| 2004/07/19
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/72 The British Isles Linguistic Area]
|-
| 2004/07/22
| Isaac Penzev
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/75 First info about Kuman Tyli]
|-
| 2004/07/22
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/77 Some facts about Caucasian languages]
|-
| 2004/07/23
| Christian Thalmann
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/78 Hairo Grammar Brainstorm]
|-
| 2004/09/04
| Bob Thornton
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/139 Possessives within Hifahoshach]
|-
| 2004/09/12
| Bob Thornton
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/178 Hifahoshach Verb Conjugation]
|-
| 2004/10/03
| panchakahq
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/197 Turkish Loans in Neo-Khitanese]
|-
| 2004/10/05
| Christian Thalmann
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/205 Hairo Page in Progress]
|-
| 2004/11/29
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/260 Degrees of volition in Old Albic]
|-
| 2004/12/29
| Bob Thornton
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/263 Revised Hifahoshach phonology]
|-
| 2005/02/20
| Jörg Rhiemeier
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/289 Some Old Albic calendar and mythology stuff]
|-
| 2005/03/27
| Angel
| [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/295 Ynglesh Lawngwedg (Preview)]
|}


[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mærik</title>
    <id>1203</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4558</id>
      <timestamp>2005-05-26T15:39:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>217.253.3.200</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Maerik]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albic</title>
    <id>1204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50771</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-26T20:50:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Albic languages */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|| British Isles and elsewhere
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
|| [[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:'''Albic'''
::[[Proto-Albic]](†)
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Old Albic]](†)
:::[[Low Elvish]]
::::[[Glastonian]]
::::[[Sinjenrin]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::[[Azorese]]
::::[[Madeirese]]
::::[[Canarian]]
::::[[Sajelvirin]]
::::[[Caboverdese]]
::[[Neck Albic]]
:::[[Brishkan]]
::[[North Albic]]
:::[[Caledonian]]
:::[[Alfheimian]](†)
::[[West Albic]]
:::[[Ivernic]]
:::[[Borgarnesian]](†)
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2000-
|}

The '''Albic''' language family constitutes the main conlanging project
of [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is a family of languages spoken in the
British Isles and the Canary Islands (and a few other places where [[British Elves]] settled) in the [[League of Lost Languages]].
The name &quot;Albic&quot; is from the Old Albic self-designation '''Alba'''.
[[Old Albic]] was the dominant language of Britain before the immigration
of the Celts; its speakers, the [[British Elves]], were the bearers of a
unique ancient civilization which gave rise to the Celtic and Germanic
traditions of [[Elves]], the Greek tradition of Hyperborea and possibly
also of the Atlantis myth. They were essentially humans who behaved
pretty much like the Elves of J. R. R. Tolkien (whose languages were
influential on the creation of the Albic languages). The modern Albic
languages are spoken by tiny minorities which together make up about 50,000 people; they descend from various vernacular dialects of Old Albic.

Four branches of the Albic family can be distiguished: ''South Albic'',
consisting of Classical [[Old Albic]], [[Low Elvish]] and [[Macaronesian]];
''Neck Albic'' with the single language [[Brishkan]];
''North Albic'', represented by [[Caledonian]]; and ''West Albic'',
to which belongs [[Ivernic]].  These four branches already existed
as dialectal divisions in classical times, with Classical Old Albic showing
characteristic features of the South Albic branch.

The Albic languages belong to the [[Hesperic]] family and share a number of features (such as VSO word order and initial
mutations) with the Celtic languages of the British Isles as well as
with the [[Coric]] family; these three families thus form a linguistic
area (see [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/72 this article]
for details).  The Albic languages are active-stative languages
of the [[fluid-S]] subtype; other interesting features include
autosegmental behaviour of vowel features (leading to various
umlaut and vowel harmony phenomena),
marking of [[degrees of volition]] by various noun cases, 
[[suffixaufnahme]] (i.e., possessors agree with the possessee
in number and case in addition to their own number and case marking),
and a duodecimal (base 12) number system.

==The Albic languages==

* [[Proto-Albic]] (reconstructed, Britain)
* ''[[South Albic]]''
:* [[Old Albic]] (classical, Britain)
:* ''[[Low Elvish]]''
::* [[Glastonian]] (modern, southwest England)
::* [[Sinjenrin]] (modern, nomadic people in Britain)
:* ''[[Macaronesian]]''
::* [[Azorese]] (modern, Azores)
::* [[Madeirese]] (modern, Madeira)
::* [[Canarian]] (modern, Canary Isles)
::* [[Sajelvirin]] (modern, maritime nomads in the Atlantic)
::* [[Caboverdese]] (modern, Cape Verde islands)
* ''[[Neck Albic]]''
:* [[Brishkan]] (modern, Yorkshire, England)
* ''[[North Albic]]''
:* [[Caledonian]] (modern, Scotland)
:* [[Alfheimian]] (extinct, Sweden)
* ''[[West Albic]]''
:* [[Ivernic]] (modern, Ireland)
:* [[Borgarnesian]] (extinct, Iceland)

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[category:Diachronic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noric</title>
    <id>1205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29138</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:12:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Noric''' is a language family spoken in the Austrian [[Alpine languages|Alps]]
(with some outliers in other areas in central Europe) in the
[[League of Lost Languages]].  The Noric languages descend from
[[Proto-Noric]], which is assumed to have been spoken somewhere
between Vienna and Salzburg about 3000 years ago.  Soon after that,
Indo-European speakers entered the area and pushed Noric into the
deep valleys of the Austrian Alps, where some of the Noric languages
have survived until today.  All surviving Noric languages are spoken
only by very few speakers, all of whom are bilingual in German
(standard or the local dialect), and have no official status
in Austria.  Thus, the future of Noric remains uncertain.

Noric is a group effort; we are currently working out [[Proto-Noric]],
the common ancestor of the individual Noric languages.  When done that,
individuals and groups of members of the list will work out the
daughter languages.

==Noric languages==

{| border=0 cellpadding=6
!Language
!Location
!Author
|-
| [[Proto-Noric]] || Austria || the group
|-
| [[Knoshke]] || [[Wikipedia:Carpathians|Carpathians]] || [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]
|-
| &quot;[[P-Noric]]&quot; || ? || Paul Bennett
|}

[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Noric</title>
    <id>1206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55920</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-13T06:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tamfang</username>
        <id>1411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vocabulary */ columns</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Proto-Noric''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Noric]]
languages.  It was probably spoken about 3000 years ago in central
Austria, somewhere between Vienna and Salzburg.

&lt;s&gt;An essential part of the project is the [http://noric.allhyper.com/index.php Proto-Noric Dictionary and Root Generator].&lt;/s&gt;

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
| Stops, voiceless
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q'''
|-
| Stops, voiced
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||
|-
| Stops, aspirated
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] || '''*qh''' [qʰ]
|-
| Affricates, voiceless
| || '''*ts''' || '''*tc''' [tʃ] || || ||
|-
| Affricates, voiced
| || '''*dz''' || '''*dx''' [dʒ] || || ||
|-
| Affricates, aspirated
| || '''*tsh''' [tsʰ] || '''*tch''' [tʃʰ] || || ||
|-
| Fricatives, voiceless
| || '''*s''' || '''*c''' [ʃ] || || ||  || '''*h'''
|-
| Fricatives, voiced
| || '''*z''' || '''*x''' [ʒ] || || ||
|-
| Nasals
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||
|-
| Liquids
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||
|-
| Glides
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||
|}

===Vowels===

* Short: '''*a, *e, *i, *o, *u, *y''' [ɨ]
* Long: '''*â, *ê, *î, *ô, *û'''

===Root structure===

C(R)VC or CV(R)C

''Words'' however are minimally C(R)VCV or CV(R)CV and must end in a vowel (or vowel + sonant?)

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Nouns do not inflect much.  The ''plural'' marker is '''*-my'''; the ''topic'' marker is '''*-tâ''' (which attracts stress).  The plural topic marker is '''*-myta'''.  The genitive relation is expressed by the particle '''*nu''' placed between possessum and possessor, e.g. '''*a`tega nu ba`bâ''' (house GEN father) 'the father's house'.  (Open question: where does the topic marker go when such a NP is topicalized?)

===Pronouns===

* 1st person: singular '''*a’tê''', plural '''*’kimy''' (or '''’korymy'''?)
* 2nd person: singular '''*iw’ka''', plural '''*ka’kymy'''
* 3rd person masculine: singular '''*‘jaca''', plural '''‘jacamy'''
* 3rd person feminine: singular '''*‘jaci''', plural '''*‘jacimy'''
* 3rd person neuter: singularr '''*a’tâ''', plural '''*atâmy'''

===Verbs===

(to be filled in)

==Syntax==

(to be filled in)

==Vocabulary==

{|
|-
| `abî || Num || twelve
|-
| `abîdxa || Num || twelfth
|-
| a`cu || Num || ten
|-
| a`cudxa || Num || tenth
|-
| a`mâ || N || mother
|-
| `anta || Num || five
|-
| `antadxa || Num || fifth
|-
| a`tê || pron || I (1st pers.sing.)
|-
| a`tega || N || house, dwelling
|-
| ba`bâ || N || father
|-
| `badi || adj || yellow
|-
| `banki || N || hill
|-
| bne`gâ || adj || big, large
|-
| `cerka || N || ox
|-
| `côli || V || heal
|-
| `côphê || N || human being
|-
| cu`ju || Num || four
|-
| cu`judxa || Num || fourth
|-
| `daqû || Num || nine
|-
| `daqûdxa || Num || ninth
|-
| `dawno || N || river
|-
| -dxa || suffix || derives ordinal numbers from cardinals
|-
| dxê`lê || N || red deer
|-
| `gwîno || N || wine &gt;
|-
| `gyrdy || N || enclosure, courtyard
|-
| `hatû || Num || seven
|-
| `hatûdxa || Num || seventh
|-
| -ima || suffix || denotes inhabitant of X
|-
| `ipe || N || partridge
|-
| î`qha || Num || one
|-
| î`qhadxa || Num || first
|-
| iw`ka || pron || (2nd pers.sing.) thou
|-
| `îwsi || N || garden, field
|-
| `jûlthê || N || cow
|-
| `kantu || V || hold
|-
| `khorja || N || star; a constellation?
|-
| khrê`tha || N || roe deer
|-
| `kôri || N || tree bark
|-
| `korpi || N || forest
|-
| `kûrdo || adj || deaf
|-
| `kyrsa || N || bread
|-
| `laki || N || fish
|-
| `lintu || N || bird
|-
| lî`tcu || N || fox
|-
| `methu || N || mead
|-
| `mîtho || N || badger
|-
| `muto || V || cut
|-
| `nola || N || wood
|-
| no`ltcî || N || tree
|-
| ô`jtsi || Num || one thousand
|-
| ô`jtsidxa || Num || one thousandth
|-
| `pali || N || mountain
|-
| `pâre || V || show
|-
| `pasa || N || anger
|-
| `pasima || N || barbarian
|-
| `phloka || N || cloth
|-
| `qimâ || N || sky
|-
| `qûnâ || N || mountain
|-
| `qy- || prefix || place for X, place with X
|-
| `qylaki || N || pond
|-
| `qynoltcî || N || coppice, grove, forest
|-
| `qytshima || N || valley dweller
|-
| `qytsho || N || valley
|-
| `rêsi || N || grain, cereal
|-
| ri`wgu || N || marmot
|-
| `riwma || N || squirrel
|-
| `runthu || N || child
|-
| `selta || N || bridge
|-
| ta`ndu || N || ibex
|-
| `tchâqho || N || chamois
|-
| `tcholtsî || N || marten
|-
| tcî`by || N || Alpine cough
|-
| `têrzo || N || tree
|-
| `tôci || N || rope
|-
| `tsâhu || Num || two
|-
| `tsâhudxa || Num || second
|-
| `tsho || adposition || down
|-
| twa`tâ || Num || eight
|-
| twa`tâdxa || Num || eighth
|-
| `tylpa || adj || mute
|-
| `ûba || Num || three
|-
| `ûbadxa || Num || third
|-
| u`do || Num || twenty
|-
| u`dodxa || Num || twentieth
|-
| `ukhi || Num || one hundred
|-
| `ukhidxa || Num || one hundredth
|-
| `urnô || N || man
|-
| `warda || N || clan-house
|-
| `wewga || adj || wide
|-
| xu`lê || N || pheasant
|-
| `ytce || Num || eleven
|-
| `ytcedxa || Num || eleventh
|-
| `yto || Num || six
|-
| `ytodxa || Num || sixth
|-
| `ziwy || N || hare
|-
| zu`lkâ || N || aurochs
|}

==Semantic Spaces==

(Paul Bennett)

Do we need to discuss the partitioning of semantic space? It is obvious that the Noric people were subjected to and survived several waves of outside dominant cultures (by my eye Italo-Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Ugric and/or Turkic and Germanic again, more or less). That cultural overlay is going to lead to loan-words and the loaning of which things are culturally significant enough to have special terms for them. For instance, Noric people are likely to have grown wheat and barley, driven goats or sheep, drunk wine and mead --knowledge of both probably came with IE speakers (wine in turn probably came from Caucasian people (something like /ɣwinja/ IIRC)), and beer came later (around 1AD?) from the Romans (Latin ''cerevisia''), who got it from the Egyptians. They would have known about horses but probably not donkeys (knowledge of the horse (PIE *''ek^uo'') probably came with IE speakers), and had a concept of a home consisting of an entrance area and an inner area with a hearth. They would probably have had separate words for a village and a town (actually, the PIE word for &quot;town&quot; (cf. Greek ''polis'') was apparently borrowed from an unknown source -- might be worth thinking about). Plausibly, they traded in slaves (with a word for &quot;slave&quot; distinct to &quot;man&quot;, and a word for &quot;buy/sell slave(s)&quot; distinct from the general &quot;buy/sell&quot;). Plausibly they would draw a line between a libation and a &quot;regular&quot; drink, and maybe between sacrificial killing, killing in battle/&quot;slaying&quot;, and &quot;regular&quot; killing.

:Would they really have &quot;towns&quot; as opposed to &quot;villages&quot;.  BTW Greek ''polis'' may well be from Pelasgian -- that would be my first hypothesis lacking other evidence. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (PDT)

:At some point, yes they would. I'm not sure of the age of the ''polis'' words, but we're talking about a culture from the Copper or Bronze age all the way through to modern times. At some point, I suspect they'd have need of a distinction. [[User:PaulBennett|Pb]] 08:25, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

:Wouldn't they take up whatever word the dominant culture used, be it ''civitas, Stadt'' or ''város'' or whatever? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:55, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

:Possibly. Probably, in fact. However, the question is going to be at what point in time did the borrowing occur, and what was the dominant language at that time? Would there have been a *''bherg^h-''/''polis'' term as well as something in the ''Stadt'' range? I beleive *''bherg^h''s developed somewhere between villages and true cities, and indeed that's what they are. I think ''Stadt'' would make a perfectly servicable borrowing c. X to XV century (ish), when true cities became a reality. I think  *''bherg^h-'' would be borrowed to describe, well, a *''bherg^h-'' [[User:PaulBennett|Pb]] 15:02, 3 Jun 2005 (PDT)

:Agree.  Real towns would come only with the Romans, probably. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:03, 4 Jun 2005 (PDT)

[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coric</title>
    <id>1207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56118</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T21:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fc8; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project is currently dormant.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Coric'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||British Isles
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||'''Coric'''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Proto-Coric]](†)
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2005-
|}

'''Coric''' is a conlang family by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
that is spoken in the British Isles (by the &quot;British [[Dwarves]]&quot;) in the [[League of Lost Languages]].  So far, only a few cursory notes on Coric exist. The Coric languages
share a number of features (such as VSO word order and initial mutations)
with the [[Albic]] and Insular Celtic languages, though they are not
(known to be) related to any of the two. Rather, the three families in
question form a linguistic area (see
[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lostlangs/message/72 this article]
for details). The Coric languages show [[dechticaetiative]] ergative argument marking.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Coric]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Noric</title>
    <id>1208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6002</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Noric''' is a language family spoken in the Austrian Alps in the [[League of Lost Languages]].

[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:LLL</title>
    <id>1209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46824</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T12:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added cat conlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''League of Lost Languages''' is a collaborative project about the survival of languages that existed or could have existed in the world we live in, but disappeared without leaving any living
descendants.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elves</title>
    <id>1210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56374</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Examples of contemporary Elvish conlangs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Elves''' are a fictional race that has attracted conlangers
ever since the days of J. R. R. Tolkien.  However, there are
about as many different ideas of Elves as there are people
writing about them.

The origin of the concept lies in ''Germanic mythology'', where
Elves are a kind of middling race between humans and gods.
Similar beings (called '''Tuatha Dé Danann''' or '''Daoine Sidhe''')
also occur in Celtic mythology.  The elves survived Christianization
in folktales, but only in increasingly diminished form. In Victorian
fairy-tales, they are tiny (from mouse-sized to insect-sized), luminous,
playful and often winged.

==Elves in modern fantasy fiction==

It is the merit of J. R. R. Tolkien to reinstate the Elves into their
old nobility.  Tolkien's Elves are similar to humans but wiser,
stronger, more beautiful etc. and immortal (or rather, extremely
long-lived).  Gone were defacing traits such as the minute size
and the gossamer wings.  Tolkien also invented languages spoken
by the Elves, most notably [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] - or rather,
he invented the Elves to have speakers for his languages.

Tolkien's Elves have been the main model for Elves in modern
fantasy fiction, and Tolkien's example popularized the idea
that these beings speak languages of their own.  Since then,
numerous conlangers have made up their own Elvish languages.

==Examples of contemporary Elvish conlangs==

Andreas Johansson is the inventor of [[Meghean]], a language spoken by Elves in a fantasy world of his own devising.  Andreas's Elves are a separate species, not interfertile with humans.

Danny Wier has been working on and off for years on an Elvish language named [[Tech]].  Little is known about Tech, except that it is a very complex language with a huge phoneme inventory, based on the hypothetical [[Nostratic]] language family.  Danny tries to avoid Tolkienian clichés, and his Elves are actually incarnate djinn.

Elliott Lash has developed [[Silindion]], a highly developed language of Elf-like beings in his own fantasy world.

The ''Grey Company'', a guild of ''Ultima Online'' players, use [[Grey Company Elvish]], a language with a vocabulary partly taken from Tolkien's languages, and a simple grammar.

[[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]] has invented several languages for Elves from another planet, in a con-universe where most sapient beings are cute and furry.

[[User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]] has developed the [[Drow language|High Drow]] language, based on a less sophisticated conlang published by TSR, Inc., spoken by Elves in the [[Forgotten Realms]] who were exiled for worshipping an evil deity.

[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] developed, or rather is still developing, the [[Albic]] languages, a family of languages spoken by the [[British Elves]] in the [[League of Lost Languages]].  These Elves are entirely human.

Toms Deimonds Barvidis has developed the Elvish language [[Longrimol]].

==More info about Elves==

[[Wikipedia:Elf]]

[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>British Elves</title>
    <id>1211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56261</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T17:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''British Elves''' are the focus of an incipient [[legendarium]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  They are not really a separate race, but humans with
an 'Elvish' culture (similar to Tolkien's [[Elves]]). They were the
bearers of an ancient civilization that existed in the British Isles
before the immigration of the Celts, and are the source of the
[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] traditions of elves (hence 'British Elves'),
as well as the Greek tradition of [[Hyperborea]].  It is possible that
the [[Atlantis]] myth is based on a memory of the civilization of the
British Elves.

While tending to be tall and slender, they look like normal humans
of European origin (that means that they don't have large pointed
ears or any other non-human features commonly associated with 'elves').
They speak [[Albic]] languages; in Old Albic, they called themselves
'''Elbi''' (singular '''Alba''').  This self-designation was borrowed
into Germanic as ''*albaz'', hence English ''elf''.  The old
Celtic name of Britian, ''Inis Albion'', means 'Island of the Elves'.

Elvish society was egalitarian, liberal and democratic. There never
was an 'Elvish empire', only a loose confederacy of self-governed
polities with elected leaders, with a 'High Table' ('''Theleca Tara''')
set up as a coordinating and arbitrating council of representatives
elected in the polities.  The British Elves were great mariners and
sailed the Atlantic, establishing tradeposts along the shorelines.

The Elves believed that the purpose of humankind was to preserve
the world and enrich it by creating new and beautiful things,
and that in order to fulfill their Purpose, people had to be
free.  The social ideal was that of the free-lance artisan.

The Elves used a lunisolar calendar based on the Metonic cycle
(19 years = 235 months); the year 1 of the Elvish calendar
was the year 1823 BCE, the date of their legendary landtaking.
This is actually based on the date of the foundation of the
'''Theleca Tara''' which was in 815 BCE and said to have happened
'seven gross years after the landtaking'.  The year began on
the first new moon after the spring equinox.

Elvish astronomy was highly advanced, and Elvish scholars developed
a 'Copernican' cosmology, with the planets (including the Earth)
orbiting the Sun rather than the Earth, more than 300 years before
Aristarchos of Samos.

Elvish philosophy of nature was similar to modern morphic field theory.
Every living being has a soul ('''nára'''), and even inanimate objects 
have a '''phanara''', a kind of form-giving entity, gestalt, or morphic 
field that resonates with other '''phaneri'''. Everything, from the whole 
universe down to the smallest particles of matter has (or rather,
''is'') a '''phanara''', and thus the universe is a grand hierarchy
of nested '''phaneri'''; a '''nára''' is an espcially strong
'''phanara''' specific to an individual being.

The Elvish civilization reached the peak of its development around the 
year 600 BCE. A few decades later, wars with Phoenicians and Celts, 
combined with inner strife, brought fourth its demise, and the British 
Isles became dominated by Celtic tribes immigrating from continental 
Europe, absorbing the Elvish population.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hairo</title>
    <id>1212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22440</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-13T00:40:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Yv4B9v|Yv4B9v]] ([[User_talk:Yv4B9v|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:- andrew|- andrew]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://www.cinga.ch/langmaking/hairo.html Hairo - the Lost Ancient Language of Central Europe]

[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hattic</title>
    <id>1213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7906</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-14T21:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed ugly invisible spam</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://steen.free.fr/khadurian/hattic_grammar.html Hattic grammar]

[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roman Germanech</title>
    <id>1214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56112</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T20:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99FF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Roman Germanech'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Germany
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 5,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Italic languages|Italic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Western Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Roman Germanech'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO (V2), SOV in subclauses
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99FF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]|| 2001
|}

'''Roman Germanech''' ([ʀɔ'man ʒɛʀ'manɛç], also known as ''Mosel Romance'') is a conlang
invented by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is a Romance language of
Germany which was inspired by Andrew Smith's ''Brithenig''.
In the world of the [[League of Lost Languages]], it is spoken
in a few villages in the vicinity of Trier, Germany.

Roman Germanech has undergone certain sound changes similar to the ones of German, 
including the High German consonant shift and i-umlaut. Otherwise, it is a 
pretty normal Romance language without any &quot;cool&quot; features.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Germanech has the following consonant phonemes:

{|
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar
|-
| Voiceless stops || /p/ || /t/ || || || /k/
|-
| Voiced stops || /b/ || /d/ || || || /g/
|-
| Voiceless affricates || /pf/ || /ts/ || /tʃ/ || ||
|-
| Voiced affricates || || || /dʒ/ || ||
|-
| Voiceless fricatives || /f/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /ç/ || [x]
|-
| Voiced fricatives || /v/ || [z] || /ʒ/ || ||
|-
| Nasals || /m/ || /n/ || || || /ŋ/
|-
| Lateral || || /l/ || || ||
|-
| Trill || || || || || /ʀ/ (uvular)
|-
| Semivowel || || || || /j/ ||
|}

[x] is an allophine of /ç/ that occurs after back vowels.
[z] is an allophone of /s/ that occurs between vowels.

===Vowels===

Roman Germanech has the vowels /a ɛ i ɔ u/ (spelled '''a é i o u''') plus the front rounded vowels /œ y/ (spelled '''ö ü''') and schwa (spelled '''e''').  The letter '''ä''' represents the same vowel as '''é'''; it is used where the vowel represents an umlauted /a/.

===Alphabet and pronunciation===

The alphabet of Roman Germanech is the Latin alphabet with the special letters '''ä''', '''ö''' and '''ü''' (sorted as '''ae''', '''oe''', '''ue''', respectively).  There is also an accented '''é''' (sorted as '''e''').

The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following
exceptions:

{|
| '''c''' || like ''sh'' before front vowels, like ''k'' elsewhere
|-
| '''ch''' || as in German
|-
| '''cj''' || always like ''sh''
|-
| '''dj''' || like ''j'' in ''job''
|-
| '''g''' || like ''s'' in ''measure'' before front vowels, like ''g'' in ''good'' elsewhere
|-
| '''gj''' || like ''s'' in ''measure''
|-
| '''gu''' || as in ''guitar'' before front vowels
|-
| '''h''' || very lightly pronounced if at all
|-
| '''j''' || like ''y'' in ''yes'' (but see '''cj''', '''dj''', '''gj''' and '''tj''')
|-
| '''qu''' || like ''k'' before front vowels
|-
| '''r''' || uvular ''r'' as in French
|-
| '''s''' || like ''z'' in ''zone'' intervocalically, otherwise as in ''sing''
|-
| '''tj''' || like ''ch'' in ''chin''
|-
| '''x''' || the same as '''s'''
|-
| '''z''' || the same as '''s'''
|}

The vowels are pronounced as in German.

===Accent===

Accent falls on the last full (non-schwa) vowel.

==Morphology==

===Articles===

Germanech has a definite and an indefinite article.  The definite article is inflected for gender and number:

masc. sg. '''le''', masc. pl. '''les'''&lt;br&gt;
fem. sg. '''la''', fem. pl. '''las'''

The masculine definite article elides after prepositions that end in vowels:

'''a''' + '''le''' &gt; '''al'''&lt;br&gt;
'''de''' + '''le''' &gt; '''del'''

The indefinite genitive plural is expressed by the preposition '''des'''.  

The indefinite article is the same for both genders:

sg. '''un''', plural takes no article.

===Nouns===

Nominal morphology in Germanech is rather simple.

There are two genders, ''masculine'' and ''feminine''.  The Latin neuter has merged with the masculine.

The Latin case system has not survived in Germanech; thus, the noun is only inflected for number (''singular'' and ''plural'').   The plural is indicated by the suffix '''-s''' ('''-es''' after '''s''', '''z''', '''tz''', '''cj''', '''dj''', '''gj''', '''tj''').  Examples:

'''brach''' 'arm', pl. '''brachs'''&lt;br&gt;
'''camer''' 'room', pl. '''camers'''&lt;br&gt;
'''cas''' 'house', pl. '''cases'''&lt;br&gt;
'''catz''' 'cat', pl. '''catzes'''

There are a few irregular plurals, e.g.

'''corfs''' 'body', pl. '''corfres'''&lt;br&gt;
'''pfazer''' 'father', pl. '''pfatres'''

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thagojian</title>
    <id>1215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29248</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Thagojian''' is (or was) an Indo-European language, used up until the 
tenth or eleventh century along Mediterranian coastal regions between 
approximately Port Said and Tel Aviv. The language is known from very few 
extant documents, and research is currently at a very early stage. 

It is written in a script derived from uncial Greek (much like Coptic), and 
indeed shares a few additional glyphs with Coptic (specifically
''shai'', ''hori'' and ''qima''). There are also glyphs borrowed from
Hebrew (specifically ''yod'', ''ayin'' and ''tzadi''). There is also a 
single letter, which stands in the position of ''digamma'', and seems to 
have the same value (that is /u/), but the origin of the symbol itself 
(which looks like a roman-alphabet ‘s’) is unclear at this time.


Here’s the Latin-1 alphabet, with a following apostrophe on a consonant representing an acute.

a b g d e u ts é th i ë k l lh m n n' ks o p r s t ï ph kh ps ó s' h q

There are a number of phonetic readings of these letters, what follows seems to be the best average:

/A b g d e u ts) E T i @ k l K m n N ks) o p r\ s t i\ f x ps) O S h ?/

The greatest variation in pronunciation is in the realisation of
'''q''', which is variously thought to be any one of a number of uvular, 
pharyngeal, epiglottal or glottal sounds. What is certain is that it is 
the reflex of the PIE laryngeals '''*h2''' and '''*h3'''.

There is another transcription scheme, known as the “Germanic” scheme, which makes the following graphic and phonetic substitutions:

'''é''' -&gt; '''ä''', '''ë''' -&gt; '''ö''' /2/, '''ï''' -&gt; '''ü''' /y/, and '''ó''' -&gt; '''å'''

The value of '''r''' as /r\/ is somewhat disputed, but the main proof 
comes from the fact that Semitic ‘tapped’ ''resh'' is borrowed as '''d''' and not as '''r'''.

Since '''s''' and '''h''' are both valid single letters, in plain text,
a digraph is distinguished from two consecutive characters by placing a 
period between the latter. In typeset text, the intervening period becomes 
an underdot on the second letter.

The close vowels '''i''', '''ï''' and '''u''' seem to be able to be 
used as consonants, almost certainly representing the equivalent 
approximants (the most common consensus is /j/, /M\/ and /w/). Some authors transcribe these cases as '''y''', '''ÿ''' and '''w''',
but this is not consistent, and has lead to some minor controversy in 
cases where the syllabicity of a close vowel is unclear.

The most that can be said about the genealogy of the language at this 
stage (beyond its Indo-European heritage) is that it is more specifically 
of the ''satem'' branch, that it retains the PIE laryngeal phonemes in some positions, and that the sound changes from PIE seem to be very simple   
and straightforward, perhaps indicating that the phonological development 
of the language was somehow slowed down or frozen in place. There is 
speculation that the use of the language as a liturgical language is 
responsible in some way for this degree of conservatism, although the 
fraction of extant texts that are indeed liturgical is not especially 
high. Some doubt is also cast upon this theory by the degree of 
''grammatical'' change which has occured, which is very significant. 
Thagojian is quite inflectional, much more so than other Indo-European languages, and much more so than either Arabic or Hebrew. Some would say it is almost polysynthetic, although that is probably an overstatement.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwarves</title>
    <id>1216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56114</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T20:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Examples of contemporary Dwarvish conlangs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dwarves''' are a race almost as popular as speakers of conlangs as are 
[[Elves]]. Like the Elves, they originate in Germanic mythology and survived 
Christianization in folktales. The modern fantasy tradition of Dwarves is 
mostly based on J. R. R. Tolkien, who built his Dwarves on mythological 
models. He designed a conlang for the Dwarves named [[Khuzdul]].

==Examples of contemporary Dwarvish conlangs==

[[Andreas Johansson]] designed a (yet unnamed) language for Dwarves in his own fantasy conworld.

[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]'s [[Sethic languages]] are spoken by the Dwarves who live in the fictional world of [[Moynna]].

[[Toms Deimonds Barvidis]] has made a groups of related Dwarven tongues for his Dwarven Concultures.

==More info on Dwarves==

[[Wikipedia:Dwarf]]

[[Category:Races]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Races</title>
    <id>1217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6003</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:12:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Not all speakers of conlangs are humans!  There are many different '''races''' involved.

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suffixaufnahme</title>
    <id>1218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7021</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-17T09:33:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Suffixaufnahme''' is a grammatical device that occurs in some languages 
with case systems. It means that possessors are inflected for the case and 
number of the possessee as if they were adjectives. Here a few examples from 
[[Old Albic]]:

(1) '''mbar os nderos''' ‘the house of the man’

(2) '''mbaral orol nderorol''' ‘at/in the house of the man’

(3) '''mbaran oron nderoron''' ‘to the house of the man’

This can be nested:

(4) '''mbaran attoran nderomoloran''' ‘to the house of the father of the man’

In the last example, '''nderomolaran''' consists of the stem '''ndero''' 
‘man’, a locative ending (marking the inalienable possession) '''-mol''',
a genitive ending '''-as''' agreeing with the genitive of '''atto'''
‘father’, and the allative ending '''-an''' ‘to’ agreeing with the ending 
of '''mbar''' ‘house’.

For more on suffixaufnahme, and natlangs showing this phenomenon, see
[[Wikipedia: Suffixaufnahme]].

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Degrees of volition</title>
    <id>1219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7020</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-17T09:31:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Degrees of volition''' are a category of the noun that is expressed
by various subject cases or other formal means in some languages, such as [[Tokana]] and the [[Albic]] languages. (There may be natlangs with degree-of-volition marking, but I know of none.)

In [[Old Albic]], the degree of volition of an agent is marked by the case the 
agent appears in. If the agent acts out of its own volition, it is in the 
''agentive'' case. This is the unmarked degree. If it acts accidentally, 
it is in the ''dative'' case. If its action is the result of an external 
force, it is in the ''instrumental'' case, and the verb does not carry an 
agent agreement marker. The latter is the only degree of volition possible 
with an inanimate 'agent'. With verbs of perception, dative case marks 
cursory perception, and agentive case marks deliberate observation. Some 
examples:

{|
| (1a) || '''Ibretara o ndero am phath.'''
|-
| || AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-AGT man-AGT I-OBJ knife-OBJ
|}
{|
| (1b) || '''Ibretara on nderon am phath.'''
|-
| || AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-DAT man-DAT I-OBJ knife-OBJ
|}
{|
|(1c) || '''Ibreta ømi nderømi am phath.'''
|-
| || AOR-break-3SG:P M-INST man-INST I-OBJ knife-OBJ
|}

All three sentences can be translated as 'The man broke the knife', but 
(1b) emphasizes that the man did not mean to break the knife, but broke it 
accidentally, and (1c) that he was forced to break the knife.

The same kind of degree-of-volition marking applies to agentive intransitives.

See also [[fluid-S]].

[[category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fluid-S</title>
    <id>1220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6481</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-22T02:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category:grammar</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''fluid-S''' language is a language in which not so much subject and 
object are distinguished from each other but ''agent'' and ''patient''.
The subject of an intransitive verb is marked the same way as a transitive 
subject if it is an agent, and like a transitive object if it is not. Here 
are a few examples from [[Old Albic]]:

{|
| (1) || '''Ibretara o ndero am phath.'''
|-
| || AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-AGT man-AGT I-OBJ knife-OBJ
|-
| || `The man broke the knife.'
|}

{|
| (2) || '''Obosca o ndero.'''
|-
| || AOR-flee-3SG:A M-AGT man-AGT
|-
| || `The man fled.'
|}

{|
| (3) || '''Acara om nderom.'''
|-
| || AOR-sit-3SG:P M-OBJ man-OBJ
|-
| || `The man sat.'
|}

Both markings may be used with the same verb, depending on the agency of the subject:

{|-
| (4) || '''Acvamsa atto maso.'''
|-
| || AOR-come-3SG:A father-AGT 1SG-GEN-AGT
|-
| || `My father came.'
|}

{|
| (5) || '''Acvama gratath thas.'''
|-
| || AOR-come-3SG:P letter-OBJ 2SG-GEN-OBJ
|-
| || `Your letter came.'
|}

In the examples (2) and (4), the subject acts out of itself, it is an agent; hence it receives the same marking as the transitive subject in (1). The subjects in (3) and (5) are not agents, and are thus marked like the object in (1).

See also [[degrees of volition]].

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nostratic</title>
    <id>1221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27031</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T16:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nostratic''' is a hypothetical language family consisting of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], Uralic, Altaic, Kartvelian, Dravidian, Afro-Asiatic, and, according to some authors, miscellaneous other languages.  A similar hypothetical family, which may be a subfamily of Nostratic, is [[Eurasiatic]], consisting of Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Eskimo-Aleut, and a few other languages.

The majority of historical linguists is doubtful of Nostratic and Eurasiatic. This is because the evidence is considered insufficient, and several mutually exclusive reconstruction attempts are in circulation. The most commonly cited reconstructions are one by the Russian scholars Vladimir Illich-Svitych and Aaron Dolgopolsky (now in Israel), and one by Allan Bomhard and John Kerns. The two teams use different sound correspondences: at most one of the two correspondence sets can be correct - and it may very well be that ''both'' are wrong.  Clearly, a method that yields so many false positives must be unreliable.

Nevertheless, this gives opportunities for conlanging, and there are indeed Nostratic conlangs. (Of course, an Indo-European or Semitic conlang would be Nostratic by the definition above.) Danny Wier bases [[Tech]] on Nostratic, using roots reconstructed by Bomhard; [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]’s [[Albic]] family is related to Indo-European and thus also Nostratic, though the Nostratic theory has little bearing on this project and the author doesn't assume that Nostratic is valid (nor does he assume the opposite).

==See also==

* [[Wikipedia:Nostratic]]

[[Category:Protolanguages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Albic</title>
    <id>1222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56260</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This page is partly out of date and pending revision, though the main points of the treatment of the language can still be considered reasonably accurate.''--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 09:57, 28 September 2010 (PDT)

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Old Albic'''&lt;br&gt;'''''Elbirin'''''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||British Isles
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::'''Old Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO/head-initial, free
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating &gt; fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active, fluid-S
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] || 2001-
|}

'''Old Albic''' (native name '''Elbirin''' 'Elvish') is the oldest [[Albic]] language attested in writing.
The oldest surviving text fragments date back to the 7th century BCE.
Old Albic was the language of the [[British Elves]] prior to the
[[Tartessian War]] and the Celtic takeover in Britain.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

The Old Albic consonant system consists of 18 consonant phonemes.  The language has labial, dental and velar ''stops'', voiceless and voiced: '''p''', '''t''', '''c'''; '''b''', '''d''', '''g'''. These stops have two allophones each: lenis when following a vowel, and fortis everywhere else. If a stop-initial word is phonetically linked to a vowel-final word, the initial stop is lenis. The so-called ''aspirates'' transcribed '''ph''', '''th''', '''ch''' evidently already were fricatives [f θ x] in Classical times.  But while they are phonetically fricatives, they phonemically behave like stops. This indicates that they were stops in an earlier stage of the language. (This is also evidenced by the fact that they correspond to stops in North and West Albic languages; a stop articulation is also described as occuring in some rural dialects of Old Albic.) The aspirate '''th''' is dental (like voiceless English ''th''), in contrast to the alveolar '''s'''. The two phonemes thus did not fall together; it is certainly due to the heavy functional load of the distinction between '''th''' and '''s''' (cf. 2nd vs. 3rd person pronouns and endings!) that the merger was avoided. Other ''fricatives'' are the sibilant '''s''' and the laryngeal '''h''', which are preserved unchanged except in clusters composed of '''*s''' and another consonant, wherein '''s''' is deleted and the following consonant, if a stop, changed into a homorganic aspirate: '''*sp''' &gt; '''ph''', '''*st''' &gt; '''th''', '''*sc''' &gt; '''ch'''. The phoneme '''h''' occurs only before a vowel; in all other positions, it deletes and the preceding vowel is lengthened.

Sonorants are the nasals '''m''', '''n''', '''ŋ''' (the latter being velar as in ''sing''), the liquids '''l''', '''r''' (the latter is an alveolar flap), and the semivowels '''j''' (like ''y'' in English ''yes'') and '''v''' (like English ''w''). 

The full consonant inventory is thus as follows:

{|
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
||Stops, voiceless||'''p'''||'''t'''|| || ||'''c'''||
|-
||Stops, voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| || ||'''g'''||
|-
||Fricatives||'''ph'''||'''th'''||'''s'''|| ||'''ch'''||'''h'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''|| || ||'''ŋ'''||
|-
||Lateral|| || ||'''l'''|| || ||
|-
||Flap|| || ||'''r'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''v'''|| || ||'''j'''|| ||
|}

====Consonant alternations====

There are several consonant alternations observable in Old Albic: 

''Grassmann's Law'': every other aspirate in a word is turned into a voiceless stop. Precedence is from right to left, i.e. the penultimate aspirate is de-aspirated.
 
''Rhotacism'': intervocalic '''s''' becomes '''r'''.  However, many cases of rhotacism are removed by analogical levelling which restored the '''s'''.
 
''Metathesis'' of stops followed by '''s''', e.g. '''ts''' -&gt; '''st'''. 

'''h''' deletes with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel when not followed by a vowel.

===Vowels===
Old Albic has seven vowels: '''a, e, i, o, u, ø, y''', which occur both short and long (transcribed as '''á, é, í, ó, ú, ǿ, ý'''). Of these, '''ø''' and '''y''' are mid and high front vowels, respectively. The long vowels alternate with short vowels followed by the consonant h before vowels in various forms. Long vowels are tense /a: e: i: o: u: ø: y:/ while short vowels are lax /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ œ ʏ/.
 
The classical Elvish grammarians describe the vowels of Old Albic in terms of combinations of three features ('wide', 'sharp' and 'round', or, in modern terminology, open, front and rounded), and they are represented that way in the Old Albic script. Each of the seven vowels corresponds to one combination of features: 

{|
|| ||a||e||i||o||ø||u||y
|-
||[open]||+||+||-||+||+||-||-
|-
||[front]||-||+||+||-||+||-||+
|-
||[round]||-||-||-||+||+||+||+
|}

The harmony vowel '''°''', which occurs in several affixes and assimilates to the nearest vowel, can be considered an eighth vowel phoneme that lacks all three features and thus borrows the features from the neighbouring vowel. It is more useful, however, to consider what it actually is, namely a vowel position to which no features are attached. 

In lexical roots, the closed vowels ('''i, u, y''') are rare, and '''°''' does not occur. On the other hand, closed vowels and especially '''°''' occur frequently in affixes, while only few affixes contain open vowels. (See Morpheme structure.) 

====Umlaut====

The vowels '''a''', '''i''' and '''u''' (both short and long) cause changes in preceding vowels. These changes are called umlaut. According to the three umlaut-causing vowels, there are three kinds of umlaut: a-umlaut lowers high vowels, i-umlaut fronts back vowels, and u-umlaut rounds unrounded vowels. The changes are summarized in the following table: 

{|
||Radical||a-umlaut||i-umlaut||u-umlaut
|-
||'''a'''||'''a'''||'''e'''||'''o'''
|-
||'''e'''||'''e'''||'''e'''||'''ø'''
|-
||'''i'''||'''e'''||'''i'''||'''y'''
|-
||'''o'''||'''o'''||'''ø'''||'''o'''
|-
||'''ø'''||'''ø'''||'''ø'''||'''ø'''
|-
||'''u'''||'''o'''||'''y'''||'''u'''
|-
||'''y'''||'''ø'''||'''y'''||'''y'''
|}

Umlaut takes precedence from right to left. For example, if an '''a''' precedes an '''i''', it is umlauted to '''e''' and thus does not trigger a-umlaut in the vowel preceding it. If the vowel preceding the umlauting vowel belongs to a bisyllabic morpheme, both vowels of that morpheme are umlauted. Example: '''meceli''' 'by means of flesh' (from '''macal''' 'flesh' with instrumental ending '''-i''').

====Vowel harmony====

Many affixes undergo ''vowel harmony'': the vowel in the affix always matches the nearest vowel of the stem. The classical Elvish scholars analyzed this phenomenon as an eighth vowel phoneme that has none of the three possible vowel features and thus borrows them from the neighbouring vowel. Such a featureless vowel position in an affix is represented by the symbol '''°'''. 

====Ablaut====

Other vowel alternations occur in some derivations. The open vowels '''e''', '''o''' and '''ø''' alternate with the closed vowels '''i''', '''u''' and '''y'''; similarly, '''a''' alternates with '''°''' or zero. These alternations, known as ablaut, can be considered alternations in the feature [open]. There are also cases of schwebeablaut in which a vowel changes its position in the morpheme: '''CaRC''' ~ '''CRaC'''. 

====An autosegmental view of the vowel features====

The behaviour of vowel features in Old Albic can be aptly described by an ''autosegmental'' approach. This means that the vowel features are assumed to exist on a structural tier separate from the segmental tier. The segmental tier contains the consonants and the vowel positions; the vowel features exist on a tier on their own and bind not directly to vowel positions but to ''morphemes'' (which also means that no morpheme may have two vowels of different quality). In the phonetic realization, the vowel features are associated with the vowel positions and thus produce the vowels observed in actual speech. Umlaut and vowel harmony involve spreading of vowel features to neighbouring morphemes. 

Consider, for example, the word form '''semelbredimil''', which is the plural locative of '''semelbrad''' 'wheat bread'. This word consists of four morphemes: '''semel-''' `wheat', '''brad-''' 'bread', '''-im''' `plural' and '''-°l''' `locative'. On the segmental tier, the structure of the word is '''s°m°l-br°d-°m-°l'''. The first morpheme has the features [+front] and [+open] attached (giving '''semel-'''), the second morpheme [+open] (giving '''-brad-'''), the third, [+front] (giving '''-im'''), while the last morpheme has ''no'' vowel feature attached. The feature [+front] of the third morpheme spreads leftward (i-umlaut) such that both [+open] and [+front] attach to '''-br°d-''' giving '''-bred-''' and rightward (vowel harmony) resulting in the locative ending realized as '''-il'''. Graphically: 

&lt;pre&gt;
 [+open]  [+open]          [+open] [+open]
 [+front]  |  [+front]     [+front] |  [+front]
    |      |     |            |     |  /  |  \
  s°m°l- br°d-  -°m -°l --&gt; s°m°l- br°d- -°m -°l --&gt; semel-bred-im-il
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Phonotactics===

Most Old Albic syllables are CV or CVC, but CCVC, CVCC and even CCVCC syllables occur. Two-consonant onsets generally consist of an obstruent followed by a liquid or semivowel, or of a stop preceded by a homorganic nasal. Two-consonant codas consist of a liquid followed by an obstruent or nasal, or a nasal followed by a homorganic obstruent. Zero onsets occur, but only word-initially or after an open syllable. No more than three consonants may occur together between two vowels.

===Accent===

Old Albic has a phonetic stress accent that depends on syllable weight. Words with one or two syllables are always stressed on the first syllable. In words with three or more syllables, the accent falls on the antepenultimate (third-last) syllable if the penultimate syllable is light (i.e., it is open and has a short vowel), otherwise on the penultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable ends in a stop followed by a liquid or semivowel (e.g., '''cv''', '''thr'''), the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable.

===Linking===

In Old Albic, neighbouring words are often phonetically ''linked'', similar to the ''liaison'' in French. Linking occurs between the elements of a noun phrase, as well as between a verb or a preposition and the following adverb or noun phrase. While each of the linked words has its own stress, the words are phonetically run together. If two words are linked of which the first ends in a vowel and the second begins with a stop, that stop is pronounced as a lenis stop just like a stop following a vowel in the same word. Thus, Old Albic shows a subphonemic ''initial mutation''.

==Morphology==

Old Albic has a wealth of derivational and inflectional morphology. The noun distinguishes four genders, three numbers and eight cases; adjectives agree with the nouns in all these categories and have four degrees of comparison; verbs distinguish eight tense/aspect/mood forms and are conjugated for the person and number of their core arguments. Most of the Old Albic morphology is regular and agglutinating, though umlaut and other morpho-phonemic alternations cause several apparent irregularities in the paradigms.

===Morpheme structure===

====Roots====

Most lexical roots in Old Albic are of one of the forms CVC, CRVC or CVRC (wherein R is a resonant and V is a short vowel). There are a few roots with an initial homorganic nasal-stop cluster, e. g. '''ndar-''' 'man'. Some roots are of the form CV:C or CRV:C, with a long vowel V:. There are also bisyllabic roots with the structure CVCVC (e. g. '''macal-''' 'meat', '''semel-''' 'wheat'). In such bisyllabic roots, the two vowels always have the same quality. 

There are a few constraints regarding the distribution of stops in the root. In a true monomorphemic root, no two voiceless stops occur (forms such as '''tolt-''' '8' are actually compounds, in this example '''to-lt-'''); aspirates do not co-occur with voiced stops. The root vowel is '''a''' in the more than half of all roots; '''e''' and '''o''' also occur in a number of roots, while '''i''' and '''u''' are rare and '''ø''' and '''y''' do not occur.

====Affixes====

Affixes have rather simple structures. There are far more suffixes than prefixes. Most suffixes have the shape -C, -V, -VC or -CV; -CVC also occurs. Prefixes are usually CV-, sometimes C- or V-. Inflectional affixes do not contain voiceless stops. The vocalism of affixes is markedly different from root vocalism. The most common vowel in affixes is '''°''' (i. e., there is no vowel feature attached to the affix), also common are '''i''' and '''u'''. The open vowels '''a''', '''e''' and '''o''' occur only in few affixes. 

The striking differences in root and affix vocalism can be explained by the working of ablaut in conjunction with a Proto-Albic accent on the root syllable. Under this accent, the root was in full grade and thus its vowel received the feature [+open]. The affixes, being unaccented, were in reduced grade with the feature [-open].

===Word formation===

A word in Old Albic consists of at least one root to which zero or more derivational and/or inflectional morphemes are affixed. Verbs always carry at least one inflectional affix; in contrast, there are nouns consisting of a bare root, but derived nouns are more common. If both derivational and inflectional affixes are present, the derivations are closer to the root than the inflections. For example, '''maneri''' 'thinkers' is a word ('''man-''' 'think' + '''-°r''' 'agent' (derivation) + '''-i''' 'plural' (inflection)), while '''#meniir''' ('''man-i-°r''') is not.

====Derivation====

Derivation is mostly done by suffixing, though a few derivational prefixes (such as '''na-''' 'not, non-') exist. Derivational prefixes never change the word-class of the word (though they may change the valency of a verb), while suffixes often do.

====Compounding====

Compounding is a highly productive process in Old Albic. Compounds are generally head-final; the second element thus determines the word-class of the compound (which can, however, be changed by a derivational suffix). The first element of a compound is a bare stem (short objective stem in case of an animate noun); if the stem ends in an obstruent, a vowel matching the stem vowel of the first element is infixed between the first and second element of the compound. Example: '''att-''' 'father' + '''landa''' 'land, country' -&gt; '''Attalanda''' 'fatherland'. Most compounds are nouns. The largest group of nominal compounds are attributive compounds, i. e. the first element specifies the second one, e. g. '''semelbrad''' 'wheat bread'. There are also externally headed (''bahuvrihi'') compouds.

===Nouns===

====Animate and inanimate nouns; gender====

Nouns in Old Albic fall into one of two major classes: ''animate'' and ''inanimate''. Animate nouns denote living beings, spirits, collective entities of living beings, and a small number of other things which were for some reason (mostly mythological) considered animate, such as heaven, the earth, celestial bodies and certain forces of nature. Most nouns referring to non-living objects (both natural and man-made) are inanimate. Most abstract nouns are also inanimate, but there are exceptions. 

The importance of the animate-inanimate distinction for grammar is paramount. The animate noun has a greater number of cases; these extra cases are missing from the inanimate paradigm because certain arguments, such as agents, are ''required'' to be animate. 

Within the animate noun class, three ''genders'' are distinguished: ''masculine'', ''feminine'' and ''common/neuter''. These are marked by final vowels:

{|
||Masculine||'''-o'''
|-
||Feminine||'''-e'''
|-
||Common/Neuter||'''-a'''
|}

The masculine and feminine genders are used only for entities of the corresponding natural gender, i.e. male or female, respectively. Whenever the gender is unknown to the speaker, irrelevant to the discourse, or not applicable (e.g. in case of collective entities), the common form is used. There are a few mythologically motivated exceptions: '''Nabo''' 'heaven' and '''Sino''' 'moon' are masculine, '''Dage''' 'earth' and '''Are''' 'sun' are feminine. 

Many nouns exist in different gender forms, such as words for animal species, ethnic groups, professions etc. For example, the word for 'dog' is '''chvana'''; 'male dog' is '''chvano''' and 'female dog' is '''chvane'''. 'Elf' is '''alba''', 'male Elf' '''albo''', and 'female Elf' '''albe'''. A few nouns have fixed gender because the gender is part of the semantics of the word: '''atto''' 'father', '''amme''' 'mother'. Entities to which no gender can be ascribed are always common/neuter. This includes collective entities such as '''tamba''' `family', forces of nature such as '''phaja''' 'fire', or abstract notions such as '''phanara''' 'morphic field'. 

Inanimate nouns do not distinguish gender. 

====Number====

The Old Albic noun has three numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural'''. The dual is used only for matched pairs, e.g. of eyes, shoes, husband and wife, etc. It is no longer productive, and verbs agreeing with animate dual nouns take plural forms. 

Animate nouns take the number suffixes '''-u''' for dual and '''-i''' for plural. In the common/neuter gender, these suffixes replace the gender vowel '''-a'''. In the masculine and feminine genders, the suffix is affixed to the gender vowel, e.g. '''chvanei''' 'bitches'. In words with fixed gender, the number marker replaces the gender vowel: '''nderi''' 'men'. The number suffixes of the inanimate noun are '''-um''' for dual and '''-im''' for plural.

====Case====

In Old Albic, the noun is inflected for ten ''cases: agentive, genitive, dative, partitive; objective, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, perlative''. Only animate nouns have forms for all these cases; inanimate nouns have a defective paradigm without agentive, genitive, dative and partitive cases. 

The cases are based on two ''case stems'', the ''agentive stem'' (AS) and the ''objective stem'' (OS). Animate nouns have an AS and an OS, while inanimate nouns have only an OS. The animate agentive stem is the noun root with the gender/number vowel as discussed above. The objective stem is normally formed by adding '''-m''' to the agentive stem. Examples: '''cvastam''' 'human', '''chvanem''' 'bitch', '''elbim''' 'Elves'.  Another way of forming the OS, most commonly found in poetry, is the so-called ''short objective stem'', which is formed by clipping off the gender vowel. This is possible only in the singular.

The agentive, genitive, dative and partitive cases are formed from the agentive stem, the other cases from the objective stem using the following endings: 

{|
||Agentive     ||AS-Ø 
|-
||Genitive     ||AS-'''s'''
|- 
||Dative       ||AS-'''n''' 
|-
||Partitive    ||AS-'''l'''
|-
||Objective    ||OS-Ø 
|-
||Instrumental ||OS-'''i'''
|- 
||Locative     ||OS-'''°l'''
|- 
||Allative     ||OS-'''°n'''
|-
||Ablative     ||OS-'''°d'''
|-
||Perlative    ||OS-'''°th'''
|}

This means that inanimate nouns have no agentive, genitive, dative or partitive case as said above.


Examples: '''alba''' 'Elf', '''ont''' 'stone'.

{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural ||Singular ||Plural
|- 
||Agentive ||'''alba''' ||'''elbi''' ||--||-- 
|-
||Genitive ||'''albas''' ||'''elbis''' ||--||--
|- 
||Dative ||'''alban''' ||'''elbin''' ||--||-- 
|-
||Partitive ||'''albal''' ||'''elbil''' ||--||--
|-
||Objective ||'''albam''' ||'''elbim''' ||'''ont''' ||'''øntim'''
|-
||Instrumental ||'''albemi''' ||'''elbimi''' ||'''ønti''' ||'''øntimi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''albamal''' ||'''elbimil''' ||'''ontol''' ||'''øntimil'''
|-
||Allative ||'''albaman''' ||'''elbimin''' ||'''onton''' ||'''øntimin'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''albamad''' ||'''elbimid''' ||'''ontod''' ||'''øntimid'''
|-
||Perlative ||'''albamath''' ||'''elbimith''' ||'''ontoth''' ||'''øntimith'''
|}

The ''agentive'' is used to mark the animate, autonomous agent of the action denoted by the verb. Typically, the agent acts volitionally (see Degrees of volition, below). 

The ''genitive'' marks the (animate) alienable possessor of an object. The case of the possessum is marked on the genitive by suffixaufnahme. 

The ''dative'' has several functions: it marks the (animate) experiencer, the mentally affected object and the agent acting involuntarily out of accident (see Degrees of volition); it is also used with some prepositions that require an animate object. 

The ''partitive'' marks the whole something is part of, and (sometimes) the inalienable possessor (more commonly, inalienable possession is expressed by a possessor-possessum compound). It undergoes suffixaufnahme. It is also used with prepositions.

The ''objective'' marks the (animate or inanimate) undergoer of an action or event, or the entity that is in a particular state. 

The ''instrumental'' marks the (typically inanimate) instrument, way or means of an action, event or state, and is used to derive adverbs from adjectives. It also expresses an animate agent acting involuntarily under external force (see Degrees of volition). Furthermore, it is used as a comitative case (`together with') in which case it undergoes suffixaufnahme. 

The ''locative'' marks the place of an action or event, also (for inanimate nouns) the whole something is part of, and (sometimes) the inalienable possessor (more commonly, inalienable possession is expressed by a possessor-possessum compound). In the latter usage, it undergoes suffixaufnahme. It is also used with prepositions. 

The ''allative'' marks the direction or goal of an action or event.  Inanimate indirect objects also take the allative case.

The ''ablative'' marks the origin or source of an action or event.

The ''perlative'' marks the path along or space within an event takes place.

====Suffixaufnahme====

Whenever a noun modifies another noun, it acts like an adjective. It does not only carry its own case marker, but is also marked for the gender, number and case of the head noun. For example, the locative plural of 'the father's houses' is '''mberimil attøsimil''', wherein the analysis of the form '''attøsimil''' is composed as follows: '''atto''' 'father' + '''-s''' genitive + '''-im''' plural OS + '''-°l''' locative. This phenomenon is known as ''suffixaufnahme''. Suffixaufnahme is only mandatory if the dependent noun is moved away from the head noun; in ordinary speech, the secondary endings are usually omitted. 

====The construct state====

A noun modified by a possessor (genitive or locative) is in the ''construct state'': it is definite without taking a definite article. Often, the case and number marking on the noun is left out and only the bare short OS appears, as these categories are expressed on the possessor (suffixaufnahme).

===Adjectives===

The inflection of adjectives follows that of nouns; they agree with the head noun in animacy, gender, number and case. The ''singular objective stem'' of the adjective is the simplest form, consisting of the base of the adjective, i.e. the root or the root with derivational morphemes attached to it. The dual and plural OSs are formed by adding the suffixes '''-um''' (dual) or '''-im''' (plural) to the singular OS. Each adjective has three animate singular agentive stems, one for each gender, formed by adding the respective gender vowel ('''-o, -e, -a''') to the singular OS. The dual and plural ASs are formed with the vowels '''-u''' and '''-i''' suffixed to the singular OS; the dual and plural OSs from these ASs by adding '''-m'''. 

Sample paradigm ('''ban''' 'beautiful'): 

{|
|| ||AS||OS
|-
||Inanimate singular ||-- ||'''ban'''
|-
||Masculine singular ||'''bano''' ||'''ban'''
|-
||Feminine singular ||'''bane''' ||'''ban'''
|-
||Common animate singular ||'''bana''' ||'''ban'''
|-
||Dual (*) ||'''bonu''' ||'''bonum'''
|-
||Plural ||'''beni''' ||'''benim'''
|}

(*) The dual number of the adjective already was a dying category in classical times. There are numerous examples of dual nouns accompanied by plural adjectives, and in Late Old Albic the dual number of the adjective had faded away completely. 

====Comparison====

''Comparison'' is a morphological category particular to the adjective. The ''positive degree'' is unmarked. The ''comparative degree'' is marked with the suffix '''-°r ''' .  The ''superlative degree'' is marked with the suffix '''-°th ''' .  There is also an ''equative degree'' ('as ... as'), which is marked with the suffix '''-°ch ''' .  These forms are the singular OSs; non-singular number forms and agentive stems are formed from them as shown above. The ''standard of comparison'' (i.e., the entity to which is compared) is in the locative case. Examples: '''banach albamal''' 'as beautiful as an Elf'; '''banar chvanal''' 'more beautiful than a dog'; '''banath''' 'most beautiful'.

====Adverbs from adjectives====

The instrumental case of the adjective also serves as adverb: '''beni''' 'beautifully'. 

===The definite article===

Old Albic has a definite article, but no indefinite article. The definite article agrees with the noun in gender, number and case. It has the following forms:

{|
|| ||AS ||OS
|-
||Masculine singular ||'''o''' ||'''om'''
|-
||Feminine singular ||'''e''' ||'''em'''
|-
||Common animate singular ||'''a''' ||'''am'''
|-
||Inanimate singular ||-- ||'''am'''
|-
||Dual ||'''u''' ||'''um'''
|-
||Plural ||'''i''' ||'''im'''
|}

The cases are formed normally from the agentive and objective stems.

===Prepositions===

Compared to a language like English, Old Albic makes rather little use of prepositions, as many of the relations expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by noun cases. Nevertheless, there are several prepositions in Old Albic.  They are essentially case forms of inanimate nouns and govern the partitive (for animate objects) or the locative (for inanimate objects).

====Local prepositions====

An important subclass of prepositions are those expressing specific ''local relations'' such as 'above', 'below', 'inside', etc. These prepositions are actually inanimate ''nouns'' that are in turn inflected for case. Example: 

{|
||'''tharal amal(al) mbaral(al)''' (locative) 'behind the house'
|-
||'''tharan amal(an) mbaral(an)''' (allative) 'to behind the house'
|-
||'''tharad amal(ad) mbaral(ad)''' (ablative) 'from behind the house'
|}

(The suffixes in parantheses are secondary case suffixes (see suffixaufnahme) that are not mandatory, and usually omitted.) 

====Prepositional pronouns====

When the object of a preposition is a pronoun, the pronoun precedes the preposition (which thus acts as a postposition) and is combined with it into a single word.

===Pronouns===

The animate/inanimate opposition is a characteristic feature of the Old Albic pronoun system. With the exception of 1st and 2nd person pronouns (for obvious reasons), each pronoun has different, often suppletive, animate and inanimate forms. Prounouns are generally inflected like nouns.

====Personal pronouns====

The 1st and 2nd person pronouns are always animate. In the dual and plural, there is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive 1st person pronouns. The difference is that the inclusive pronouns are used if the addressee is a member of the 'we'-group. The pronouns have the following agentive stems:

{|
|| ||Singular ||Dual ||Plural
|-
||1st person (exclusive) ||'''ma''' ||'''mu''' ||'''mi'''
|-
||1st person (inclusive) || ||'''vu''' ||'''vi'''
|-
||2nd person (familiar) ||'''tha''' ||'''thu''' ||'''thi'''
|-
||2nd person (deferential) ||'''la''' ||'''lu''' ||'''li'''
|}

The objective stems are formed by adding '''-m''' to the agentive stems. The cases are formed in the same way as for nouns. Pronominal core arguments are redundant and usually omitted, but the pronouns are used emphatically.

====Anaphoric pronouns====

The anaphoric ('3rd person') pronouns have different animate and inanimate forms. The animate pronouns have masculine, feminine and common gender forms. The agentive stems of the animate forms are '''so''' 'he', '''se''' 'she', '''sa''' 'he/she/it'. The dual and plural ASs are '''su''' 'they both' and '''si''' 'they', respectively. The objective stems are formed, as with the 1st and 2nd person pronouns, with the suffix '''-m'''. The OS of the inanimate anaphoric pronoun is '''tath''' 'it' (dual '''tothum''', plural '''tethim'''). 

There is also a ''switch reference'' pronoun. It is '''ra''' in the agentive case and '''ram''' in the objective case. The form '''ra''' is corefernt with the patient, the form '''ram''' with the agent of the preceding clause. There is a poetic device called ''braiding'' in which chains of reciprocal action are narrated using these pronouns to switch the core arguments back and forth.

====Demonstratives====

There are three demonstratives: '''san''' 'this (near me)', '''than''' 'that (near you)', '''an''' 'that (over there)'. They are inflected like adjectives and are placed at the end of the NP which also has a definite article, e.g. '''am ont san''' `this stone' (lit. 'the stone this'; inanimate objective singular), '''in chvenin mechin thenin''' 'those large dogs' (lit. 'the dogs large those'; common gender animate dative plural).

====Interrogative pronouns====

The animate interrogative ('who?') has the agentive stem '''chva''' (OS '''chvam'''); the inanimate interrogative ('what?') is '''man'''.
 
====Table of correlatives====

{|
|| ||Which? ||This ||That ||Yon ||Some ||Every ||No
|- 
||Person (AS) ||'''chva''' ||'''sana''' ||'''thana''' ||'''ana''' ||'''hana'''   ||'''cvana''' ||'''nana'''
|-
||Person (OS) ||'''chvam''' ||'''sanam''' ||'''thanam''' ||'''anam''' ||'''hanam''' ||'''cvanam''' ||'''nanam''' 
|-
||Thing (OS) ||'''man''' ||'''san''' ||'''than''' ||'''an''' ||'''han''' ||'''cvan''' ||'''nan'''
|-
||Place ||'''mal''' ||'''sal''' ||'''thal''' ||'''al''' ||'''hal''' ||'''cval'''   ||'''nal'''
|- 
||Time ||'''mai''' ||'''sai'''  ||'''thai''' ||'''ai''' ||'''hai''' ||'''cvai'''   ||'''nai'''
|- 
||Way  ||'''meni''' ||'''seni''' ||'''theni''' ||'''eni''' ||'''heni''' ||'''cveni'''|| '''neni'''
|-
||Reason  ||'''mar''' ||'''sar''' ||'''thar''' ||'''ar''' ||'''har''' ||'''cvar''' ||'''nar'''
|}

===Verbs===

The Old Albic verb is inflected for tense, aspect and mood, and conjugated for the person and number of subject and object. The overall structure of the finite verb is

    A-PV-STEM-TM-OC-AC-M 
wherein the abbreviations stand for the following: 

{|
||A ||Augment: the first vowel of the verb is repeated to indicate perfective (aorist) aspect. 
|-
||PV ||Preverb: this is a prefix that raises an oblique argument to direct object. 
|- 
||TM ||Tense/Mood marker (see below). 
|-
||OC ||Objective conjugation. On transitive verbs, this refers to the direct object; on non-active intransitive verbs, to the subject. 
|- 
||AC ||Agentive conjugation; used only on active verbs, and only if the subject is in agentive or dative case. 
|-
||M ||Middle voice.
|}

====Active vs. stative verbs====

A very important distinction in Old Albic, as in all Albic languages, is between ''active'' and ''stative'' verbs. Active verbs are verbs referring to actions performed by the subject; stative verbs are all the others. Verbs of perception and emotion are a subclass of active verbs. Some verbs, especially verbs of motion, are ''fluid'' verbs, i.e. they can be active or stative, depending on whether the subject moves out of itself or not. 

All transitive verbs are active. Active verbs take agentive conjugation suffixes indicating person and number of the subject; transitive verbs also take objective conjugation suffixes indicating person and number of the object. Stative verbs take objective conjugation suffixes indicating person and number of the subject. 

This distinction also affects case marking. Subjects of active verbs are marked with the agentive or dative case, depending on the degree of volition of the subject. The basic case marking is agentive, except verbs of perception and emotion that usually take the dative case. (This also means that the subject ''has to'' be animate, though a zero-agent construction with an inanimate adjunct in instrumental case can be used to express notions such as 'The stone smashed the pot'.) In contrast, subjects of stative verbs as well as direct objects are marked with the objective case. 

====Strong vs. weak verbs====

Verbs can be divided into ''strong'' and ''weak'' verbs after the structure of the stem. Strong verbs are the more basic ones; their stem consists of a single root, or a root with a prefix, but no suffix. Weak verbs are verbs derived from nouns, adjectives, other verbs etc. All verbs with a derivational suffix are weak. This includes nominal and adjectival predicates. Verbs with a root-closing nasal or with two or more root-closing consonants are also weak. Strong and weak verbs differ in the form of certain inflectional markings, especially the imperfect and conditional, which have more regular, agglutinative forms with weak verbs. Thus, while the stem structure of weak verbs is more complex, their inflections are simpler.

====Preverbs====

Some verbs can take derivative prefixes called ''preverbs''. A preverb forms a transitive verb by raising an oblique NP to direct object status. If the underlying verb is transitive, the old object was demoted to instrumental case. 

====Tense/Mood/Aspect====

There are two ''moods'': indicative and subjunctive; the latter is also used as an imperative. In both moods, two ''aspects'', imperfective and perfective (aorist) are distinguished; the imperfective indicative is in turn divided into four ''tenses'': present, imperfect (past), future and conditional.

The ''present tense'' refers to an ongoing event in the present. It is marked by the suffix '''-a-''' following the stem. This suffix and the 3rd person singular objective suffix coalesce into '''-á-''': '''labáma''' 'I love him/her'.

The ''imperfect tense'' refers to an ongoing event (seen as uncompleted) in the past. The imperfect tense of a weak verb is marked by a suffix '''-°n-'''. In case of a strong verb, the suffix is '''-n-'''; if the root ends in a stop or fricative, the nasal is ''infixed'' before the final consonant, assimilating to the point of assimilation of the obstruent, e.g. '''boc-''' 'flee' -&gt; '''boñc-'''; '''boñcma''' 'I was fleeing'. Otherwise, the nasal is suffixed: '''sel-''' 'shine' -&gt; '''selna''' 'it shone'. An example of a weak verb: '''marar-''' 'kill' -&gt; '''mararanara''' 'he was killing him'. 

The ''future tense'' is used for ongoing events in the future. It is marked with a suffix '''-u-'''. 

The ''conditional'', morphologically a cross between imperfect and future (as in so many languages), is used to refer to hypothetical events, especially in antecedents of conditional clauses. It is marked by '''-u-''' suffixed to the imperfect, e.g. '''bongcu-''', '''sølnu-''', '''mararonu-'''. 

The ''aorist'' usually refers to completed events in the past and is used as the narrative tense. It thus contrasts mainly with the imperfect. However, an event referred to by the aorist need not be in the past; the aorist is also used to express ''anteriority'' in relation to another event, even if the event referred to is still ongoing or altogether in the future. For example, in a sentence such as 'When the sun sets, we will open the feast', the antecedent when the sun sets would be put in the aorist: 

'''Sí evessa Are, pathymi am matanal.'''
 
Another use of the aorist is the ''gnomic aorist'', which expresses timeless truth. The aorist is marked by the ''augment'', a prefix '''°-''' consisting of the root vowel. If the root has an initial vowel, an h is inserted between the augment and the root-initial vowel: 

'''Ahaussa Are.''' 'The sun has risen.' ('''aus-''' `to rise') 

The ''subjunctive'' is marked by the suffix '''-i-'''. The aorist subjunctive is marked by augment and '''-i-'''. The aorist subjunctive is used as a 'hearsay form' ('it may have been that...').

====Objective conjugation====

The objective conjugtion suffixes agree with an argument of the verb that appears in the objective case. This is the direct object of a transitive verb or the subject of a stative verb such as '''dat-''' 'to fall'.

{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||1st person ||'''-ha'''||'''-hi'''
|-
||2nd person ||'''-cha'''||'''-chi'''
|-
||3rd person ||'''-a'''||'''-i'''
|}

The verb agrees in number with the object only if the object is animate. If the object is inanimate, the conjugation is always singular ('''-a'''), regardless of the number of the object.

A ditransitive verb such as '''dan''' 'to give' also agrees with the indirect object.  For this purpose, the same endings are used (except that a 3rd person singular indirect object is indicated by zero if the direct object is also 3rd person singular), with the indirect object conjugation suffix preceding the direct object suffix: '''danacháma''' (&lt; '''dan-a-cha-a-ma''') 'I give it to you'.

====Agentive conjugation====

The agentive conjugation suffixes are used with active verbs and mark agreement with an agentive or dative subject (see degrees of volition below). A instrumental-case (instrumental) 'subject' triggers no agreement as it isn't really a subject but an oblique adjunct to a zero-agent clause.

{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||1st person ||'''-ma''' ||'''-mi'''
|-
||2nd person ||'''-tha''' ||'''-thi'''
|-
||3rd person ||'''-sa/-ra''' ||'''-si/-ri'''
|}

The 3rd person suffixes have several allomorphs. The forms '''-ra''' and '''-ri''' appear after vowels and '''r'''; after '''l''', the suffixes take the forms '''-la''' and '''-li'''. In all other cases, the suffixes are '''-sa''' and '''-si''', which are the underlying forms (the post-vocalic '''-ra''' and '''-ri''' forms result from rhotacism of intervocalic '''*s''', the forms that occur after '''l''' and '''r''' from assimilation). However, if the suffix follows a stop (including '''ph''', '''th''' and '''ch'''), metathesis occurs and the '''s''' of the suffix precedes the stop (example: '''obosca''' 'he fled').

====Middle====

The ''middle voice'' is marked with the suffix '''-r'''. It has two functions. Used intransitively, it has reflexive meaning; used transitively, it denotes the so-called ''subject version'', i.e. that the subject acts on behalf of itself. The middle ''never'' functions as a passive.

====Verbal noun====

The Old Albic verb has a single infinite form, the ''verbal noun'', an inanimate noun referring to the action/event/state denoted by the verb.  The verbal noun is formed by adding the suffix '''-°nth''' to the verb stem.  The arguments of the verbal noun are coded as possessors, with the agent appearing in the genitive case and the patient in the partitive or locative case:

'''hatanth ndarol chvanas''' 'the biting of the man by the dog'

The locative case of the verbal noun is used in a way similar to a participle.  Herein, the semantic role of the noun modified by the locative verbal noun is
indicated by a genitive or partitive/locative pronoun referring back to the
head noun:

'''ndaro terenthelo sorolo''' 'a seeing man' (lit., 'a man at his (gen.) seeing')&lt;br&gt;
'''ndaro terenthelo sololo''' 'a man being seen' (lit., 'a man at his (part.) seeing')

==Syntax==

The syntax of Old Albic is characterized by great freedom of word order, due to the rich inflectional morphology of the language, especially its extensive case marking. Nevertheless, there is a basic, unmarked order that is generally adhered to in normal speech as well as prose writing; the full freedom of word order is only exploited in poetry. In the basic order, the heads generally precede their dependents. Thus, adjectives follow nouns, and adverbs and arguments (unless topicalized) follow the verb.

===Clause structure===

====Phrase order====

The normal phrase order is Verb-Subject-Object (VSO); however, this order is often overridden by ''topicalization'', which moves the topic noun phrase (NP) into sentence-initial position. The topic NP can be any of the core arguments or an oblique argument. Hence, most main clauses practically have the verb in the second position after the topic, but subclauses are usually VSO. In poetry, ''any'' word order can be encountered.

====Zero-agent and zero-object constructions====

In Old Albic, there is neither a passive nor an antipassive voice. Instead, the grammar allows to leave away any (even both) of the core arguments. This also means that the verb takes no conjugation affix corresponding with the deleted NP. Such a construction can still take oblique complements. 

Thus, the Old Albic equivalent to a zero-agent passive (such as English `The ball is thrown') is the ''zero-agent construction'': the transitive verb is treated like a stative verb with the direct object as the sole core argument. Similarly, a transitive verb an be detransitivized by the ''zero-object construction''. Both constructions can even be combined in order to express notions such as `There was singing'. 

====Degrees of volition====

The subject of an active verb can appear in different cases depending on the ''degree of volition''. The normal case marking for a subject of an active verb (except for verbs of perception or emotion) is the ''agentive''; in order to express that the subject is acting accidentally rather than volitionally, it can be put in the ''dative'' case.

To ''negated'' verbs, this applies such that the agentive indicates that the subject purportedly fails to act, while the dative indicates that it fails to act out of error, e.g. attempts the action but fails, or forgot about it. Clearly, the dative case is the more neutral and more polite form to use with a negated verb.

''Verbs of perception and emotion'' normally take a ''dative'' subject. The subject, however, can also be put in agentive case to express an act of ''deliberate observation'' rather than cursory perception. For example, '''On nderon terara am chvan''', with dative subject, means 'The man sees the dog', while '''O ndero terara am chvan''', with agentive subject, means 'The man watches the dog'.

In a sense, there is a third degree of volition expressed by the ''instrumental''case. This expresses that the subject acts under external force, possibly against its will. If the subject is in instrumental case, the verb takes no agentive conjugation suffix. This is really nothing else than a zero-agent construction with an instrumental adjunct. The instrumental-case 'subject', unlike an agentive or dative subject, can be inanimate. 

Stative verbs naturally do not distinguish any degrees of volition, and their subjects are always marked with the objective case. ''Fluid'' verbs such as verbs of motion, however, distinguish degrees of volition normally when used as active verbs. Thus, they allow four different case markings on subjects. Examples:

{|
||'''O ndero achvamsa.''' (agentive) 'The man has come (volitionally).'
|-
||'''On nderon achvamsa.''' (dative) 'The man has come (accidentally).'
|-
||'''Ømi nderømi achvam.''' (instrumental) 'The man has come (under force).'
|-
||'''Om nderom achvama.''' (objective) 'The man has come (being carried).'
|}

These examples also demonstrate the different use of conjugation suffixes. 

====Nominal predicates====

Nouns and adjectives can be used as predicates. There is no explicit copula; instead, the predicate noun (or adjective) is inflected like a verb. Such predicate nouns are weak stative verbs. The verb stem is the objective stem, agreeing with gender (if animate) and number with the subject.

===The Noun Phrase===

In the noun phrase (NP), the article (if present) goes first; next come numerals. These elements precede the noun. Adjectives and attribute NPs (genitive or locative) follow the noun; so do relative clauses. Demonstratives are always placed at the end of the NP; only relative clauses, if present, are placed after the demonstrative. All elements are inflected to agree with the noun in gender, number and case. Adnominal genitives and locatives are treated like adjectives (suffixaufnahme); however, a possessed noun counts as definite and needs no article - it is in the construct state. Because of this extensive case marking, the elements of the NP can be rearranged quite freely in poetry, even placed at different locations in the clause with the verb or elements of other NPs in between!

====Possession====

There are two kinds of possession in Old Albic: ''alienable'' and ''inalienable'' possession. The difference is that alienably possessed items could be given away, sold, or otherwise change their possessor, while inalienably possessed items could not. Typical alienably possessed items include personal items (such as clothing), money, houses and other things, while body parts are inalienably possessed. Kinship terms also fall into the class of inalienably possessed nouns. 

These two kinds of possession are expressed differently. An alienable possessor is put in the genitive case, e. g. '''chat leitiros''' 'the wizard's hat', '''sach mas''' 'my shoe'. The common way of expressing inalienable possession is forming a possessor-possessum compound, e. g. '''chvanarath''' 'the dog's head' ('''chvana''' `dog', '''rath''' 'head'), '''manára''' 'my soul' ('''ma''' 'I', '''nára''' 'soul'). Another way of expressing inalienable possession is to put the possessor in the locative case, e. g. '''rath leitiromol''' 'the wizard's head'.

===Subclauses===

====Relative clauses====

Relative clauses usually follow the NP they modify. The relative clause is linked to the head noun by the particle, which is identical to the definite article and agrees with the gender, case and number of the head noun. In the clause itself, the verb occupies the first position. If the head noun occupies an oblique role in the relative clause, the relative clause contains a ''resumptive pronoun'' that refers back to the head noun. This resumptive pronoun is an anaphoric pronoun that agrees with the head noun in gender. If the head noun occupies a core (agentive or objective) role in the relative clause, the resumptive pronoun is not necessary. 

Examples:

{|
||'''o ndaro o matara am brad''' 'the man who eats the bread'
|-
||'''am brad ''am matara o ndaro''''' 'the bread which the man eats'
|-
||'''am coth am matara o ndaro am brad tathal''' 'the house which the man eats the bread in'
|}

Because the relative particle is inflected for the gender, case and number of the head noun, the relative clause can be moved to another position (e.g., to the end of the sentence to avoid center-embedding with nested relative clauses) without causing ambiguity: in the sentence 

'''O ndero melara im hinim o matara am mbas.'''

the relative clause '''o matasa am brad''' can only belong to '''o ndaro''' because '''o''', like '''o ndaro''', is masculine agentive singular (and the verb in the relative clause has a singular agent). If it belonged to the object '''im hinim''', the sentence would be 

'''O ndaro melara im hinim im materi am brad.'''
 
(Note also that the verb in the relative clause has a plural agent here.) 

====Complement clauses====

A complement clause is a clause that serves as the object of a verb (the matrix verb). These follow a similar syntax as relative clauses. The clause is introduced by the particle '''am'''; within the clause, the verb precedes its arguments. The matrix verb takes a singular objective conjugation suffix. 

Example: 

'''Terama am matara o ndaro am brad.''' 'I see that the man eats the bread.' 

However, this construction with a finite verb in the complement clause was already giving way in classical times to a construction with a verbal noun, in which the agent appears in the genitive and the patient in the locative case: 

'''Terama matanth amal bradal os ndaros.''' 'I see (the) eating of the bread by the man.'

==Selected Conlang mailing list articles on Old Albic==

''Attention'': The older of these posts predate later revisions of the language and are now partly out of date.

* (2004/06/22) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0406A&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R1449 Suffixaufnahme]
* (2004/06/23) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0406D&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R2756    Some bits on Old Albic culture]
* (2004/06/24) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0406D&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R7972 Something about Albic religion and demonology]
* (2004/07/27) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0407D&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R15311  Degrees of volition in Old Albic]
* (2005/05/20) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0502C&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R17236&amp;I=-3&amp;m=120227 Some calendar and mythology stuff]
* (2005/08/07) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0508a&amp;L=conlang&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=10112 Fluid-S pivot]
* (2005/09/04) [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0509a&amp;L=conlang&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=10933 An autosegmental view of the vowel features]

==Old Albic texts==

These texts are old and written in a partly outdated version of the language.

* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0410d&amp;L=conlang&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=9827 Babel Text]
* [http://steen.free.fr/relay10/old_albic.html Am talal am ñgohama ara am henam] (from the 10th Conlang Translation Relay)
* [http://www.theiling.de/conlang/relay11/old_albic.html A kitchen recipe] (from the 11th Conlang Translation Relay)

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Albic</title>
    <id>1223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8517</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-18T20:55:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Albic''' language family constitutes the main conlanging project of [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is a family of languages spoken in the British Isles and the Canary Islands in the [[League of Lost Languages]]. The name &quot;Albic&quot; is from the Old Albic self-designation '''Alba'''.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Knoschke</title>
    <id>1224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46825</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T12:47:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;b&gt;(formerly known as &quot;B-Noric&quot;)&lt;/b&gt;

'''Knoschke''' [ˈknɔʂkɛ] is a [[Noric]] language spoken in the [[Wikipedia:Carpathians|Carpathians]], perhaps attested in [[Wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman]] times, and then possibly remaining extant long enough to be again recorded in the ninth or tenth century.

When I first made a sketch of the phonology for a descendant of  [[Proto-Noric]] it had as yet no name.  In the meantime I called it &quot;B-Noric&quot;, short for &quot;[[User:Melroch|Benct's]] Noric language&quot;.

= History =

(To be filled in)

= Phonology =
== Sound system and transcription ==

Knoschke is transcribed into Latin letters as follows.  Unless otherwise indicated letters have their IPA values.

* An '''h''' following '''p, t '''or''' k''' indicates aspiration {{IPA|[ʰ]}}.
* A '''j''' following another consonant indicates palatalization {{IPA|[ʲ]}}.
* The vowel '''y''' is (still) {{IPA|[ɨ]}}.  In Knoschke it may also occur long. 
* Grave accent is used to indicate low mid vowels, so that '''è''' is {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and '''ò''' is {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
* Vowels with acute accent are long: '''á''' {{IPA|[aː]}}, '''é''' {{IPA|[eː]}}, '''í''' {{IPA|[iː]}}, '''ó''' {{IPA|[oː]}}, '''ú''' {{IPA|[uː]}}, '''ý''' {{IPA|[ɨː]}}.  Note especially '''ê''' for {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and '''ô''' for {{IPA|[ɔː]}}!
* The letters '''š '''and''' ž''' indicate retroflex fricatives {{IPA|[ʂ]}} and {{IPA|[ʐ]}}, with '''tš '''and''' dž''' for the corresponding affricates {{IPA|[ʈʂ]}} and {{IPA|[ɖʐ]}}.
* The letter '''q''' is used for the voiced velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}}.
* The letter '''ñ''' is used to indicate nasalization of the preceding vowel. 
 Should this be replaced with '''µ'''?

''NB:'' If the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/noric/b-noric.php B-noric sound-change applier] is run with the &quot;show the steps of the derivation&quot; option checked a number of forms with partly deviant letter-values are shown.  These transcriptions are a pure expedient of easy programming.  The values are as follows (with some letters changing their significance during the process):

* áéíóú are internal notation for long vowels
:Note that at a later stage èò are used for low-mid vowels
* àèìòùý are internal notation for stressed short vowels
:Note that at a later stage áéíóúý are used for long vowels
* âêîôû are internal notation for stressed long vowels
:Note that at a later stage êô are used for long low-mid vowels.
* þ is internal notation for {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
* ð is internal notation for {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
:Note that at no stage are there any dental non-sibilant affricates in Knoschke!
* c is internal notation for {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
* ç is internal notation for {{IPA|[ɦ]}}
* x is {{IPA|[x]}}!
* æ is long {{IPA|[æ:]}}, ä is short {{IPA|[æ]}}, Æ is stressed long {{IPA|['æ:]}}, ã is stressed short {{IPA|['æ]}}

12:25, 21 Jun 2005 (PDT)

== Historical sound changes ==

A Proto-Noric to B-Noric sound change applier program (not yet bug-free) is found [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/noric/b-noric.php here]. Unfortunately it doesn't work in Internet Exporer; try [http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/ Firefox] instead!

''NB'' that the description of the phonology below is not yet brought up-to-date.  Wherever the output of the program differs from what the text makes you expect the program is more reliable!

Transcriptions preceded by * are [[Proto-Noric#Phonology|the agreed-upon transcription]]. Other transcriptions (not always in slashes/brackets) are [[IPA]].

=== Before loss of unstressed vowels ===

&lt;big&gt;Liquid metathesis&lt;/big&gt;

'''*CVLC''' tends to be realized as '''CLVC''' when the first '''C''' is a stop.

&lt;big&gt;Obstruent weakening&lt;/big&gt;

Obstruents are weakened between vowels or between a vowel and a liquid, except where the [[wikipedia:Verner's law|except where the preceding vowel is stressed]]:

{| border=0 cellpadding=6
| '''*b''' &gt; [β] || '''*p''' &gt; [b] || '''*ph''' &gt; [f] || '''*tc''' &gt; [ʃ] || '''*ts''' &gt; [s] || '''*s/*c''' &gt; [h]
|-
| '''*d''' &gt; [ɾ] || '''*t''' &gt; [d] || '''*th''' &gt; [h] || '''*tch''' &gt; [ʃ] || '''*tsh''' &gt; [s] || '''*x''' &gt; [j]
|-
| '''*g''' &gt; [ɣ] || '''*k''' &gt; [g] || '''*kh''' &gt; [x] || '''*dx''' &gt; [ʒ] || '''*dz''' &gt; [z] || '''*h''' &gt; [ɦ]
|-
| || '''*q''' &gt; [ʔ] || '''*qh''' &gt; [h] ||
|}

Obviously this leads to some mergers in this position: '''*tc/*tch, *ts/*tsh, *dz/*z, *th/*qh/*s/*c''' and '''*x/*j'''. OTOH the phonemes '''*b/*p, *d/*t, *g/*k''' and '''*th/*h''' do not actually merge, although there was possibly some realignment.

&lt;big&gt;Merger of ''q(h)'' with ''k(h)''&lt;/big&gt;

Remaining '''*q''' and '''*qh''' merge with '''*k '''and''' *kh''' respectively.  The relative dating of this merger is impossible to determine.

&lt;big&gt;Prothesis of ''j'' and secondary palatalization&lt;/big&gt;

Front vowels ('''*i, *î, *e, *ê''') develop a prothetic [j] and  consonants are palatalized before the same vowels (though not before '''*y''').  Consonants before inherited '''*j''' of course palatalize as well.

Palatalized dentals and velars merge with each other.  They however remain distinct from the old &quot;palatals&quot; '''*tc, *tch, *dx, *c, *x''', the latter perhaps becoming retroflex, except for [ɣʲ] which merges with '''*j'''.  These two sets will be called ''primary palatals'' and ''secondary palatals'' respectively.  It should be noted that after primary palatals both primary and secondary '''j''' is lost, the preceding sibilant retaining its &quot;hard&quot; quality. 

Note that there also arises a series of palatalized or palatal sonants /ɲ ʎ rʲ/ contrasing with non-palatal(ized) /n l r ɾ/.  The non-palatal(ized) /l/ was probably realized with velarization ([ɫ] or [lˠ]) and perhaps non-palatal(ized) /r/ and /ɾ/ were also realized as velarized ([rˠ] and [ɾˠ]).

&lt;big&gt;Vowel palatalization&lt;/big&gt;

Vowels before /j/ front/palatalize.  For a while there were probably front rounded vowels, but these eventually merged with the unrounded front vowels.

: '''*a(:)j &gt; æ(:)j'''
: '''*o(:)j &gt; e(:)j'''
: '''*u(:)j &gt; i(:)j'''
: '''*yj &gt; ij'''

&lt;big&gt;Vowel labialization&lt;/big&gt;

Unrounded vowels round/retract before '''*w'''.  The front vowels probably become rounded central vowels at first, but eventually they become back rounded.  There arises no new phonemes, since '''*aw/*âw''' merge with '''*ow/*ôw''' as [o:].

: '''*a(:)w &gt; o(:)w'''
: '''*e(:)w &gt; o(:)w'''
: '''*i(:)w &gt; u(:)w'''
: '''*yw &gt; uw'''

&lt;big&gt;Monophthongization&lt;/big&gt;

All '''*VjC '''and''' *VwC''' sequences become '''V:C''', but there arises only one new phoneme /æ:/ from '''*ajC'''.


As a result of these changes the secondary palatals become distinct phonemes.

&lt;big&gt;Assimilation of [ɣ]&lt;/big&gt;

The [ɣ] allophone of /g/ merges with /j/ after /æ(:)/, /e(:)/ and /i(:)/ but with /w/ after other vowels.

&lt;big&gt;Labiodentalization of palatalized labials&lt;/big&gt;

Palatalized labial stops become labiodental fricatives. The [β] allophone of /b/ merges with the new /v/; /mʲ/ merges with /w/.

&lt;big&gt;Stopping of [w] (and sometimes [j])&lt;/big&gt;

Word initially and before vowels /w/ merges with /g/, probably by way of [gw].  Sporadically /j/ becomes /dʲ/ under the same circumstances, suggesting that there existed a dialect where the parallell change of '''j &gt; gj &gt; dʲ''' was general.

&lt;big&gt;Loss of unstressed short vowels&lt;/big&gt;

Unstressed short vowels are weakened and eventually lost.

This change is easy to describe, but has far-reaching consequences for the structure of the language.

&lt;big&gt;Shortening of unstressed long vowels&lt;/big&gt;

Unstressed long vowels shorten.  Perhaps distinctive stress is lost at the same time.

=== After loss of unstressed vowels ===

The consonant clusters that arose through the loss of unstressed short vowels are partly simplified through assimilation, dissimilation or loss.

&lt;big&gt;Loss of cluster-medial consonants&lt;/big&gt;

In any cluster of three or more consonants the middle consonant(s) drop.

&lt;i&gt;Main exceptions:&lt;/i&gt;

: All /VjC/ become /ViC/ and all /VwC/ become /VuC/ -- there is no ''phonetic'' change, but the /w/ phoneme disappears.

: Dentals before '''*j''' merge with the secondary palatals.  Also /xʲ/ and /hʲ/ ([ç]?) merge with /sʲ/, and [ɦj] merges with /j/.

: After palatals /j/ drops. The transcription of Knoschke however masks this fact.

: Non-sibilant consonants before a sibilant drop; thus '''C(C)SC''' becomes '''SC'''.  This affects affricates as well, so that they lose their closure part.

: A [d] next to an obstruent becomes [ɾ], except if that obstruent is [d], [z] or [ʒ].

&lt;big&gt;Assimilations&lt;/big&gt;

Progressive voicing assimilation between obstruents; /ʔ/ counts as a voiceless obstruent.

Complete assimilation of /ʔ/ to any neighboring consonants, except for /ʔ/ + sibilant which becomes an affricate.

&lt;big&gt;Fricative and stop cluster reorganization&lt;/big&gt;

All clusters of obstruent + obstruent become fricative + stop.  Exceptions:

:: '''pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg, ff, xx''' remain.

:: '''bv/vb &gt; bb, gɣ/ɣg &gt; gg, pf/fp &gt; ff, kx/xk &gt; xx'''.

&lt;big&gt;Assimilation of /h/ to fricatives&lt;/big&gt;

/h/ is wholly assimilated to an adjacent fricative.  After an affricate this means loss of /h/.  Non-affricate sibilants become geminate.

&lt;big&gt;Sibilants become affricates after sonants&lt;/big&gt;

Sonant + sibilant becomes sonant + affricate.

&lt;big&gt;Palatalization assimilation/dissimilation&lt;/big&gt;

Secondary palatals before non-palatalized sounds are de-palatalized, while dentals and velars before secondary palatals become palatals.

&lt;big&gt;Labial &gt; /v/ after velars&lt;/big&gt;

Velar + labial becomes velar + /v/.

&lt;big&gt;Rise of new voiceless stops and voiceless sonants&lt;/big&gt;

Any stop + /h/ or /h/ + stop becomes a voiceless aspirated stop, and sonant + /h/ or /h/ + sonant becomes a voiceless sonant.

Initial voiceless or voiced stops not standing in a cluster or followed by '''r/l/ɾ''' become voiceless aspirated stops.

&lt;big&gt;Loss of initial nasals before consonants&lt;/big&gt;

An initial nasal + voiceless stop becomes aspirated voiceless stop.

An initial nasal before a voiced stop is lost.

An initial nasal before a liquid becomes a voiced stop.

&lt;big&gt;Assimilation of nasals to preceding stops&lt;/big&gt;

/t/ + nasal becomes /tt/.  Also /pm/ becomes /pp/ but /pn/ remains.

Labial, dental or palatal voiced stop + nasal becomes geminate nasal with the point of articulation of the stop, while /g/ + nasal becomes/remains /gn/.

&lt;big&gt;Loss of initial sonants before stops&lt;/big&gt;

An initial sonant before a stop is lost.

&lt;big&gt;Simplification of initial geminates&lt;/big&gt;

Initial geminates are simplified.

&lt;big&gt;Metathesis of initial consonant + sibilant&lt;/big&gt;

Where an initial consonant is followed by a sibilant the two sounds metathesize, so that the sibilant comes to stand before the other consonant.

&lt;big&gt;Rise of geminate sonants&lt;/big&gt;

Clusters of '''l''' and another sonant become geminated '''ll''': '''nl/ln/rl/lr/ɾl/lɾ &gt; ll'''.

In clusters of two nasals the first is assimilated to the second:  '''mn &gt; nn''', '''nm &gt; mm'''.

A nasal preceding a rhotic ([r] or [ɾ]) is assimilated to the following sound: '''nr/nɾ/mr/mɾ &gt; rr'''.

The trill [r] is reanalysed as a geminate sound /rr/ when following a vowel '''Vr &gt; Vrr'''.  At the same time the tap [ɾ] when following a vowel is reanalysed as a non-geminate /r/ '''Vɾ &gt; Vr'''.  In other contexts the two sounds [r] and [ɾ] merge, probably realized either as a trill or tap depending on context.

&lt;big&gt;Rise of vowel tenseness distinction and loss of vowel length&lt;/big&gt;

The distinction of length in stressed vowels is replaced by a tenseness distinction, while all short vowels are laxed.  There are some mergers:

* ɪ/e &gt; e
* ɛ/æ/æː &gt; ɛ
* a/a: &gt; a
* ʊ/o &gt; o
* ɔ &gt; /ɔ/

&lt;big&gt;Merger and reallocation of /i/ and /ɨ/&lt;/big&gt;

The two phonemes /i/ and /ɨ/ merge, so that the new phoneme is realized as [i] after secondary palatals and /j/ and as [ɨ] elsewhere.

Later initial /ji/ becomes [i], so that a new marginal surface distinction between the two sounds arises.

&lt;big&gt;Loss of /ʔ/ and /ɦ/ and rise of new diphthongs and long vowels&lt;/big&gt;

/ʔ/ and /ɦ/ disappear, giving rise to a great variety of new diphthongs.  High mid vowels become high before and after other vowels ('''eV &gt; jV, Ve &gt; Vi,oV &gt; wV/vV, Vo &gt; Vu''', except '''ee &gt; e: and oo &gt; o:''' giving '''Vi''' and '''Vi''' diphthongs.  By contrast low-mid and low vowels merge completely with a preceding vowel '''Va/Vɛ/Vɔ &gt; V:''' give new long vowels.

Another source of long vowels is /h/ following vowels, since '''Vh''' becomes '''V:'''.  This also gives rise to new non-diphthongal vowel sequences, e.g. '''jéa''' 'one' '''&lt; *jiha &lt; *î`qha'''.

Initial /h/ remains.  It is also likely that a non-phonemic [ʔ] remains before initial vowels when the preceding word ends in a vowel.

&lt;big&gt;Final vowel + simple nasal becomes nasalized vowel&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Final geminates are simplified&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Rise of epenthetic vowels&lt;/big&gt;

When a sonant follos another consonant at the end of a word an epenthetic vowel arises as follows:

:before /r l n v/ the epenthetic vowel is /ɔ/ ('''ò''');

:before /rʲ ʎ ɲ/ the epenthetic vowel is /ɛ/ ('''è''');

:before /m/ the epenthetic vowel is /u/.

&lt;big&gt;De-fricativization of final '''v'''&lt;/big&gt;

Final '''Vv''' becomes '''Vw''', with '''uv''' becoming '''û'''.

=== Noric words 26.6.2005 ===

'''*`abî''' Num twelve '''&gt; ave'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`abîdxa''' Num twelfth '''&gt; ave&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*a`cu''' Num ten '''&gt; ho'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*a`cudxa''' Num tenth '''&gt; hod&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*a`mâ''' N mother '''&gt; ma &gt; mama'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`anta''' Num five '''&gt; ant'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`antadxa''' Num fifth '''&gt; and&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*a`tê''' pron I (1st pers.sing.) '''&gt; tje'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*a`tega''' N house, dwelling '''&gt; tjèg'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*ba`bâ''' N father '''&gt; ba &gt; baba'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`badi''' Adj yellow '''&gt; phadj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`banki''' N hill '''&gt; phantj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*bne`gâ''' adj big, large '''&gt; ma'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`cerka''' N ox '''&gt; &amp;#353;èrk'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`côli''' V heal '''&gt; &amp;#353;olj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`côphê''' N human being '''&gt; &amp;#353;ofè'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*cu`ju''' Num four '''&gt; &amp;#353;o'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*cu`judxa''' Num fourth '''&gt; &amp;#353;od&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`daqû''' Num nine '''&gt; thako'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`daqûdxa''' Num ninth '''&gt; thako&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`dawno''' N river '''&gt; thoñ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*-dxa''' suffix derives ordinal numbers from cardinals '''&gt; -d&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*dxê`lê''' N red deer '''&gt; d&amp;#382;èlje'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`gwîno''' N wine '''&gt; gyñ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`gyrdy''' N enclosure, courtyard '''&gt; khyrd'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`hatû''' Num seven '''&gt; hato'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`hatûdxa''' Num seventh '''&gt; hato&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*-ima''' suffix denotes inhabitant of X '''&gt; -m &gt; -um'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ipe''' N partridge '''&gt; jef'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*î`qha''' Num one '''&gt; jéa'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*î`qhadxa''' Num first '''&gt; jéad&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*iw`ka''' pron (2nd pers.sing.) thou '''&gt; joka'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`îwsi''' N garden, field '''&gt; jusj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`jûlthê''' N cow '''&gt; julhjè'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`kantu''' V hold '''&gt; khant'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`khorja''' N star; a constellation? '''&gt; khòrj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*khrê`tha''' N roe deer '''&gt; khrjêa'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`kôri''' N tree bark '''&gt; khorj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`korpi''' N forest '''&gt; khòrf'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`kûrdo''' Adj deaf '''&gt; khurd'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`kyrsa''' N bread '''&gt; khyrts'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`laki''' N fish '''&gt; latj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`lintu''' N bird '''&gt; ljent'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*lî`tcu''' N fox '''&gt; lje&amp;#353;o'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`methu''' N mead '''&gt; khèth'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`mîtho''' N badger '''&gt; khyth'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`muto''' V cut '''&gt; mot'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`nola''' N wood '''&gt; nòl'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*no`ltcî''' N tree '''&gt; t&amp;#353;y'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*ô`jtsi''' Num one thousand '''&gt; etsje'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*ô`jtsidxa''' Num one thousandth '''&gt; etsjed&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`pali''' N mountain '''&gt; phalj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`pâre''' V show '''&gt; pharj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`pasa''' N anger '''&gt; phas'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`pasima''' N barbarian '''&gt; phasum'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`phloka''' N cloth '''&gt; phlòk'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qimâ''' N sky '''&gt; thjema'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qûnâ''' N mountain '''&gt; khuna'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qy-''' prefix place for X, place with X '''&gt; khy-'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qylaki''' N pond '''&gt; khyldj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qynoltcî''' N coppice, grove, forest '''&gt; khynt&amp;#353;e'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qytshima''' N valley dweller '''&gt; khysum'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`qytsho''' N valley '''&gt; khys'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`rêsi''' N grain, cereal '''&gt; rjesj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*ri`wgu''' N marmot '''&gt; rjogo'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`riwma''' N squirrel '''&gt; rjuñ'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`runthu''' `N child '''&gt; ronh'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`selta''' N bridge '''&gt; sjèlt'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*ta`ndu''' N ibex '''&gt; to'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tchâqho''' N chamois '''&gt; &amp;#353;akh'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tcholtsî''' N marten '''&gt; &amp;#353;òltsje'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*tcî`by''' N Alpine cough '''&gt; t&amp;#353;evy'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`têrzo''' N tree '''&gt; thjerdz'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tôci''' N rope '''&gt; tho&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tsâhu''' Num two '''&gt; tsá'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tsâhudxa''' Num second '''&gt; tsa&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tsho''' adposition down '''&gt; sò'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*twa`tâ''' Num eight '''&gt; thra'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*twa`tâdxa''' Num eighth '''&gt; thrad&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`tylpa''' Adj mute '''&gt; thylp'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ûba''' Num three '''&gt; ub'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ûbadxa''' Num third '''&gt; ub&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*u`do''' Num twenty '''&gt; rò'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*u`dodxa''' Num twentieth '''&gt; ròd&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ukhi''' Num one hundred '''&gt; othj'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ukhidxa''' Num one hundredth '''&gt; ot&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`urnô''' N man '''&gt; ornò'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`warda''' N clan-house '''&gt; khard'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`wewga''' ADJ wide '''&gt; khog'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*xu`lê''' N pheasant '''&gt; &amp;#382;lje'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ytce''' Num eleven '''&gt; yt&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ytcedxa''' Num eleventh '''&gt; y&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`yto''' Num six '''&gt; yt'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ytodxa''' Num sixth '''&gt; yt&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*`ziwy''' N hare '''&gt; zjog'''&lt;br&gt;
'''*zu`lkâ''' N aurochs '''&gt; zga'''&lt;br&gt;

=== Examples ===

(Not yet debugged)

&amp;#42;kûdxî`lî &gt; kho&amp;#382;eli&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;khitî`do &gt; tjrjedò&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;uro`phâ &gt; fa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tcunhû`nzâ &gt; &amp;#353;ondza&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;duxi`jû &gt; thyju&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`âtcâza &gt; at&amp;#353;az&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`axurhe &gt; a&amp;#382;èrj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`dzîltshize &gt; dzisj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`diwdemo &gt; thjunj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;thu`negî &gt; tjèdje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`jarilda &gt; jarjd&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;wî`kajdxâ &gt; kheged&amp;#382;a&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;aqhi`zî &gt; si&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;uba`tsû &gt; sfu&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`inwâtshô &gt; jengasò&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`zûjara &gt; zuir&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;î`quthê &gt; juthjè&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;râ`rûsu &gt; rarrus&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tci`dxâqî &gt; &amp;#353;atje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;dîwû`zê &gt; thjogozje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;â`rnery &gt; arnjèr&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`othohi &gt; òthj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tsîse`jnu &gt; tsjesjèno&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;sâdi`ba &gt; sarjba&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tsi`dâlnô &gt; lanò&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`îbadu &gt; ibòr&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;putcû`rgâ &gt; &amp;#353;porqa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`bidxîbu &gt; ved&amp;#382;eu&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tchu`lnarha &gt; &amp;#353;narh&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tcîlî`je &gt; t&amp;#353;eljejè&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`isâzâ &gt; jesaza&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;bu`môqî &gt; motje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;î`dûkhû &gt; jerukho&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`ôwîmâ &gt; ojema&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`thedxûda &gt; thjèd&amp;#382;or&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;uzi`xû &gt; tsju&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;dxu`qhyla &gt; &amp;#382;yl&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;thûco`nxa &gt; tho&amp;#353;&amp;#353;a&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;âlku`qi &gt; alije&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;upu`gû &gt; ku&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`tchopajthi &gt; &amp;#353;òpèthj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tshî`nôtcho &gt; sjeno&amp;#353;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;îmbja`zê &gt; jeñvzje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;blo`khînu &gt; zjbyñ&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;ûtsô`co &gt; osô&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`ûrkharî &gt; urje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;etlî`tu &gt; ljedo&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`dxusûqhi &gt; d&amp;#382;ososj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`utelu &gt; otjòl&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;âtshu`tû &gt; asru&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;râ`ltshatû &gt; rassato&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;u`nilse &gt; njeltsj&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;tû`myru &gt; thomyr&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;obla`tche &gt; &amp;#353;fè&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;hinzu`kha &gt; zqa&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`olmadzî &gt; òldzje&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;u`thapha &gt; haph&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;a`zômba &gt; tsomb&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`rarcadô &gt; ra&amp;#353;rò&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#42;`akumu &gt; akòu&lt;br&gt;

== Spelling differences ==

This is a list of Knòškè words as spelled in the standard transcription, in the Latin alphabet of Roman times and in Hungarian runes (transcribed into standard Hungarian orthography).

There is now a revised, Hungarian-based [[Knoschke/Orthography|Latin-letter Knoschke orthography]] which replaces the old &quot;standard transcription&quot;, which thus con-historically nver existed!
The ancient Latinizations may however be con-historically the same anyway.

{|
! &quot;Knòškè&quot; || Latin || Hungarian runes
|-
| šakh || SACH || sak
|-
| šèrk || SERC || serk
|-
| šo || SO || so
|-
| šodž || SOZ/SODZ || sodzs
|-
| šofè || SOFE || sofe
|-
| šolj || SOL || soly
|-
| šòltsje || SOLTIE || salcje
|-
| žlje || ZLIE || zslye
|-
| andž || ANZ || andzs
|-
| ant || ANT || ant
|-
| ave || AVE || ave
|-
| avež || AVEZ || avezs
|-
| ba || BA || ba
|-
| baba || BABA || baba
|-
| -dž || -Z/DZ || -dzs
|-
| džèlje || ZELIE || dzselye
|-
| etsje || ETIE || ece/etye
|-
| etsjedž || ETIEZ || ecjedz
|-
| gyñ || GIN/GYN || gi
|-
| hato || HATO || hato
|-
| hatož || HATOZ || hatozs
|-
| ho || HO || ho
|-
| hodž || HOZ || hodz
|-
| jéa || IEA || jéa
|-
| jéadž || IEAZ || jéadzs
|-
| jef || IEF || jef
|-
| joka || IOCA || joka
|-
| julhjè || IVLHIAE || juhlje
|-
| jusj || IVS || jus/jusj
|-
| khant || CHANT || kant
|-
| khard || CHARD || kard
|-
| khèth || CHAETH || ket
|-
| khog || CHOG || kog
|-
| khòrf || CHORF || karf
|-
| khorj || CHOR || korj
|-
| khòrj || CHOR || karj
|-
| khrjêa || CHRIAEA || krjéa
|-
| khuna || CHVNA || kuna
|-
| khurd || CHVRD || kurd
|-
| khy-
|-
| khyldj || CHILZ || kilgy
|-
| khyntše || CHINTIE || kincse
|-
| khyrd || CHIRD || kird
|-
| khyrts || CHIRS || kirc
|-
| khys || CHIS || kis
|-
| khysum || CHISVM || kisum
|-
| khyth || CHITH || kit
|-
| latj || LAC || laty
|-
| lješo || LIESO || lyeso
|-
| ljent || LIENT || lyent
|-
| ma || MA || ma
|-
| mama || MAMMA || mama
|-
| mot || MOT || mot
|-
| nòl || NOL || nal
|-
| ornò || ORNO || orna
|-
| otš || OZ || ocs
|-
| othj || OTH || oty
|-
| phadj || PHAD/PHAZ || pagy
|-
| phalj || PHAL || paly
|-
| phantj || PHANT || panty
|-
| pharj || PHAR || parj/pajr
|-
| phas || PHAS || pasz
|-
| phasum || PHASVM
|-
| phlòk || PHLOC || plak
|-
| rjesj || RIES || rjes/rjesj/rjejs
|-
| rjogo || RIOGO || rjogo
|-
| rjuñ || RIVM || rju
|-
| rò || RO || ra
|-
| ròdž || ROZ/RODZ || radz
|-
| ronh || RONCH || rohn
|-
| sjèlt || SIELT || selt/sjelt
|-
| sò || SO || sza
|-
| tševy || ZEBI/CEBI || csevi
|-
| tšy || ZI/CI || csi
|-
| thako || THACO || tako
|-
| thakož || THACOZ || takozs
|-
| thjema || THIEMA || tyema
|-
| thjerdz || THIERZ || tyerdz
|-
| thoš || THOS || tos
|-
| thoñ || THON || to
|-
| thra || THRA || tra/tara
|-
| thradž || THRAZ || tradzs/taradzs
|-
| thylp || THILP || tilp
|-
| tje || TIE || tye
|-
| tjèg || TIAEG || tyeg
|-
| to || TO || to
|-
| tsá || ZA/TIA || cá
|-
| tsaš || ZAS/TIAS || cás
|-
| ub || UB || ub
|-
| ubž || UBZ || ubzs
|-
| -um || VM || um
|-
| yš || IS || is
|-
| yt || IT/YT || it
|-
| ytš || IZ/ITS || ics
|-
| zga || SGA || zga
|-
| zjog || ZOG || zsjog
|}

= Grammar =
== Numerals ==


{|
| one: || '''*î`qha &gt; jéa''' ||first: || '''*î`qhadxa &gt; jéad&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| two: || '''*`tsâhu &gt; tsá''' ||second: || '''*`tsâhudxa &gt; tsa&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| three: || '''*`ûba &gt; ub''' ||third: || '''*`ûbadxa &gt; ub&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| four: || '''*cu`ju &gt; &amp;#353;o''' ||fourth: || '''*cu`judxa &gt; &amp;#353;od&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| five: || '''*`anta &gt; ant''' ||fifth: || '''*`antadxa &gt; and&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| six: || '''*`yto &gt; yt''' ||sixth: || '''*`ytodxa &gt; yt&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| seven: || '''*`hatû &gt; hato''' ||seventh: || '''*`hatûdxa &gt; hato&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| eight: || '''*twa`tâ &gt; thra''' ||eighth: || '''*twa`tâdxa &gt; thrad&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| nine: || '''*`daqû &gt; thako''' ||ninth: || '''*`daqûdxa &gt; thako&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| ten: || '''*a`cu &gt; ho''' ||tenth: || '''*a`cudxa &gt; hod&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| eleven: || '''*`ytce &gt; yt&amp;#353;''' ||eleventh: || '''*`ytcedxa &gt; y&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| twelve: || '''*`abî &gt; ave''' ||twelfth: || '''*`abîdxa &gt; ave&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| twenty: || '''*u`do &gt; rò''' ||twentieth: || '''*u`dodxa &gt; ròd&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| hundred: || '''*`ukhi &gt; othj''' ||hundredth: || '''*`ukhidxa &gt; ot&amp;#353;'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| thousand: || '''*ô`jtsi &gt; etsje''' ||thousandth: || '''*ô`jtsidxa &gt; etsjed&amp;#382;'''&lt;br&gt;
|}

02:48, 23 Jun 2005 (PDT)
----
--[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 03:28, 27 Jun 2005 (PDT)

[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P-Noric</title>
    <id>1225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4582</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-03T15:36:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PaulBennett</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A [[Noric]] language. Right now, the page and language is in a very volatile state.


==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|
| || Labial || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal
|-
| Stops, voiceless
| '''*p''' || '''*t''' || || || '''*k''' || '''*q''' [ʔ]
|-
| Stops, voiced
| '''*b''' || '''*d''' || || || '''*g''' ||
|-
| Stops, aspirated
| '''*ph''' [pʰ] || '''*th''' [tʰ] || || || '''*kh''' [kʰ] ||
|-
| Affricates, voiceless
| || '''*c''' [ts] || '''*č''' [tʃ] || || ||
|-
| Affricates, voiced
| || '''*dz''' || '''*ǰ''' [dʒ] || || ||
|-
| Affricates, aspirated
| || '''*c' ''' [tsʰ] || '''*č' ''' [tʃʰ] || || ||
|-
| Fricatives, voiceless
| || '''*s''' || '''*š''' [ʃ] || || || '''*h'''
|-
| Fricatives, voiced
| || '''*z''' || '''*ž''' [ʒ] || || ||
|-
| Nasals
| '''*m''' || '''*n''' || || || ||
|-
| Liquids
| || '''*l,*r''' || || || ||
|-
| Glides
| '''*w''' || || || '''*j''' || ||
|}

===Vowels===

'''a''' /a/, '''ae''' /ɛ/, '''ai''' /aj/, '''ao''' /aw/, '''aw''' /ɔ/, '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', '''u''', '''y''' /ə/


==Sound Changes==


Before stress: 

a: &gt; aa 

e &gt; ai

e: &gt; aai

o &gt; au 

o: &gt; aau 

aa &gt; a3 


On or after stress: 

a: &gt; 3a 

e: &gt; ɛ 

i: &gt; ji 

o: &gt; ɔ 

u: &gt; wu 


Anywhere:

3h &gt; 3 

_h3 &gt; 0

3C &gt; C3

33 &gt; 3

? &gt; C[+v][=POA][+stop] / # _ {V,R}

R &gt; C[+v][=POA][+stop] / R _ R


The symbol &quot;3&quot; becomes the location of the pitch accent. Syllables before the accent are low tone, syllables including and after the accent are high tone. Depending on where in a diphthong the accent falls, diphthongs may also be rising tone, shown with a caron.


âêîôû

áéíóú

čšž


Some words, including a new romanization:


`wîlô &gt; wjiláu (More work required here for sure) &gt; wyjláo (?) Maybe /Ojlaw/?

`âdâ &gt; áda

qê`na &gt; daina

iw`ka &gt; iwka &gt; üka

`qotse &gt; doce

`wûdxa &gt; wwúdxa &gt; wúdža (?)

tsha:'xo &gt; ts_ha3Zo &gt; ts_haZ3o &gt; tsha_L.Zo_H |c'ažó|

'qu:tsy &gt; ?wuts)1 &gt; bwuts)_L |bwuc|

'a:nru: &gt; 3anrwu &gt; 3andwu &gt; an_H.dwu_H |ándwu| (syllable break position?)

e:'he &gt; a3ihe &gt; a_M.i_H.he_M &gt; aj_R.he_H |ǎihe|

'a:re &gt; 3are &gt; a_H.re_H |áre|

qa'tca &gt; ?atSa &gt; da_LtSa_L |dača|

o:'na &gt; a3una &gt; |ǎona| /aw_R.na_H/

aw'ku &gt; awku &gt; |aoku| /aw_L.ku_L/

'a:ko: &gt; 3akO &gt; |ákaw| /a_H.kO_H/

qa:'da: &gt; ?a3d3a &gt; dad3a &gt; |dadá| /da_L.da_H/


[[Category:Noric]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:League of Lost Languages</title>
    <id>1226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12943</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-30T09:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I removed links to Mærik posts, as these are superceded by the [[Maerik|Mærik]] page. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 02:54, 6 Jun 2005 (PDT)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
How do you undo the redirect from &quot;Talk:Kilda Kelen&quot; to here?
If you want to say something about Kilda Kelen, do you have to say it here?
If you try to say something about Kilda Kelen, why does it just disappear into the bit-bucket, instead of showing up in the wrong place (namely here)?

:When you are redirected, below the title a line appears saying &quot;Redirected from [''link to page redirected from'']&quot;.  

:: Yes, that is true.

:You can click on that and edit the page, removing the #REDIRECT line if you want to remove the redirect; 

:: No, that is not true.

:::# Click on the link in the &quot;Redirected from [''page'']&quot; page. You are taken to the page.  Its displayed content will be &quot; http://wiki.frath.net/skins/common/images/redirectltr.png [''link to page it is a redirect to'']&quot;
:::# Click &quot;edit&quot;.  The source will display &quot;#REDIRECT [''wikilink to page it is a redirect to''].&quot;  
:::# Remove this #REDIRECT line.  &quot;#REDIRECT&quot; is the magic word making the page a redirect.
:::# Add whatever content you wish.
::: When you edited [[Talk:Kilda Kelen]] you neglected the third step; [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Talk:Kilda_Kelen&amp;curid=2668&amp;diff=12899&amp;oldid=12854&amp;rcid=10252 I did it for you.]  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:43, 30 August 2006 (PDT)

:if #REDIRECT remains any other information on the page is considered to be a comment on the redirect and is normally not displayed.  —

:: That explains why my comment disappeared.

[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:52, 29 August 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Theiling</title>
    <id>1227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10821</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling], the current owner of the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list], and the following are my conlang projects:

* [[Fukhian]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s1/]: Agglutinative
* [[Tyl Sjok]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s2/]: Ambiguous
* [[Qþyn/gài]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s7/]: Polysynthetic
* [[Da Mätz se Basa]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s9/]: German Pidgin
* [[Tesäfköm]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s11/]: Univalent
* [[Þrjótrun]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/]: Romance/Icelandic
* [[Nıbuzıgu]] [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s21/]: Musical

==Links==
I also host a page for CXS/X-Sampa-IPA conversion with online converter and modules for several languages:
* [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ IPA/CXS conversion]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ My Homepage]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PaulBennett</title>
    <id>1228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4584</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-13T13:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PaulBennett</username>
        <id>2</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm Paul Bennett, a member of the Conlang mailing list, and the Livejournal conlang community. I'm more of a tinkerer than a serious language creator. I have several new projects a week, and occasionally actually do stuff to one of my more stable projects. These currently are a [[Noric]] language (currently under just a code name), [[Thagojian]], [[Br'ga]] and [[Lizardman]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Br'ga</title>
    <id>1229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20015</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-12T14:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* =Affixes */ Typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is a collection of notes. One day, I'll organise them.

Last major org was Feb 17, 2006.

=Phonology=

''Vowels''

IPA

{|
| i || || || || ɯ || u
|-
| || e || || ə ||ʏ || o
|-
| || || | a || || ɑ || ɒ
|}

''Consonants''

{|
| p b
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| t d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| k g 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| ʙ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| r
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʀ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| f
| s̪
| s
| ʃ
| &amp;nbsp;
| x
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| h

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| tʃ
| cç
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʋ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| j
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| w
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| l
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʟ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|}

Phonemic /n/ assimilates to the following consonant, even through a vowel. Phonemic /n/ without a following non-nasal consonant assimilates to the previous consonant, even through a vowel. Orthographically, /n/ is represented by n before apical sounds, ñ before laminal or dorsal sounds, and m before labial sounds.

=Orthography=

{|
| i || || || || ı || u
|-
| || e || || ʼ || ə || o
|-
| || || | ä || || a || å
|}

{|
| p b
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| t d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| k g 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| br
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| dr
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| gr
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| f
| z
| s
| sh
| &amp;nbsp;
| x
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| h

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ch
| tj
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| v
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| y
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| w
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| l
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ll
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;

|}

=Word Structure=

Every word consists of noun.stem-verb.stem.

A noun-stem is any root followed by any sequence of zero or more suffixes that ends with a noun-class suffix or root.

A verb-stem is any root followed by any sequence of zero or more suffixes that ends with a verb-class suffix or root.

===Affixes===

Some example verb→verb suffixes are:

{|
| -lun || makes an agent-focussed verb into a benefective-focussed verb, for instance learn→teach
|-
| -na || the reverse of that action, for instance learn→forget
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Sandbox</title>
    <id>1230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57096</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-22T22:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{V|yes|FH=y|BL=y|BF=y|ES=y|JH=y|RJ=y|MJ=y|o=nocat}}
{{V|no|FH=n|BL=n|BF=n|ES=n|JH=n|RJ=n|MJ=n|o=nocat}}
{{V|dunno|o=nocat}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan, Swadesh List</title>
    <id>1231</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52880</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:52:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan Swadesh list I]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Curlyjimsam</title>
    <id>1232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4097</id>
      <timestamp>2005-06-26T06:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Curlyjimsam</username>
        <id>35</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removed dead links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big &gt;'''Curlyjimsam'''&lt;/big &gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top|&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:picture.png|A non-existent picture]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Country:'''
|| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|-
|valign=top|'''Languages fluent in:'''
|| [[English]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Also able to speak:'''
|| French, German
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Vixen]], [[Telarian]], various others
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Conlanging, conworlding, and not a huge amount else.
|}

'''Curlyjimsam''' likes to think of himself as a conlanger. This is not entirely true. He is not much good. Nevertheless, nobody's complained - yet.

Updates to this page are highly unlikely, despite its incredible shortness.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vixen</title>
    <id>1233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29254</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:14:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Vixen''' is a conlang created by [[User:Curlyjimsam|Curlyjimsam]]. It is spoken on the planet Vix-Or (Venus) is his Alternate Solar System. 

In terms of a general conlang rating, Vixen is not very good. Its previous incarnation was even worse.

No examples of Vixen are as yet available, and the (revised) grammar is currently unfinished and therefore won't be posted here.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Telarian</title>
    <id>1234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29247</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:10:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Telarian''' (''Telaro'') is a conlang spoken widely on the Moon in Curlyjimsam's Alternate Solar System. Despite having a grammar which has reached a length which its creator would formally have regarded as impossible, it can hardly be described as a well-done piece of work, and will almost certainly be subject to a major revision in a few years time. Telarian is currently unfinished: ''Es giĺin'' ('I am metal') is the only grammatically correct extract of the language currently available.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:B-Noric</title>
    <id>1237</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45984</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>dubbelredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Knoschke]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ithkuil</title>
    <id>1238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49905</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T18:12:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Language description */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ithkuil''' (I&amp;#355;kuîl) is an extremely complicated [[constructed language|constructed human language]] created by American [[linguist]] [[John Quijada]] between 1978 and 2004.

In the author's description of Ithkuil: ''&quot;A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language&quot;'', it appears as a cross between an [[a priori]] [[philosophical language]] and a [[logical language]]. The creator attempts to show how human languages could or may function. Ithkuil is designed to convey large amounts of linguistic information using fewer and shorter words than naturally-evolved languages; most sentences in other languages will be shorter when translated into Ithkuil.

==Language description==
*'''Lexicon''': The lexicon potentially consists of about 3,600 [[Root|word roots]] (of which only about a thousand are implemented so far), each consisting of 2 or 3 [[consonant]]s; any root may be changed by extremely complex rules of grammar that make it possible to create a large number of [[Derivation|derivative]]s.
*'''Phonology''': Ithkuil uses a complicated [[phonology|phonological]] system (65 [[consonant]]s and 17 [[vowel]]s) based on sounds from a variety of languages such as [[Chechen]] or [[Abkhaz]].  It may be very difficult for a speaker of a typical western Indo-European language to pronounce some of the sounds.
*'''Morphophonology''': Ithkuil is primarily [[synthetic language|synthetic]] and secondarily [[agglutinative]]. Ithkuil [[morphophonology]] utilizes both [[Consonant_mutation|consonantal]] and vocalic mutation, shifts in syllabic stress and tone, and many different kinds of [[affix]]es, including prefixes, suffixes, infixes and interfixes.

==Possible advantages==
The [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] states that the language that a person speaks may affect his way of thinking. Stanislav Kozlovsky speculates&lt;sup&gt;[http://www.computerra.ru/offline/2004/550/34762/]&lt;/sup&gt; that a fluent speaker of Ithkuil, accordingly, would think up to five times faster than a speaker of a typical natural language. One may also argue that, Ithkuil being an extremely precise, [[synthetic language|synthetic]] language, its speaker would also have a clearer and deeper understanding of the world.

There exists no human who can speak Ithkuil, including its creator: “I don't speak Ithkuil, never have, never will, never claimed to.” — said John Quijada &lt;sup&gt;[http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?p=220511&amp;#220151]&lt;/sup&gt;.

After the publication of an article about Ithkuil in the Russian magazine ''Computerra''&lt;sup&gt;[http://www.computerra.ru/offline/2004/550/34762/]&lt;/sup&gt;, several Russian-speakers contacted Quijada and expressed interest in learning the language. Quijada recently stated &lt;sup&gt;[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0507b&amp;L=conlang&amp;D=0&amp;P=4360]&lt;/sup&gt; that he has &quot;worked out a complete revision of the language's morpho-phonology to reduce the number of phonemes from 82 to 62 in order to
make the language easier to pronounce (as requested by several people who claim they want to learn it)&quot;, but will not have time to revise the reference grammar website for some time to come.

== References ==
*[http://www.computerra.ru/offline/2004/550/34762/ «&amp;#1057;&amp;#1082;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1088;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1090;&amp;#1100; &amp;#1084;&amp;#1099;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1083;&amp;#1080;», &amp;#1057;&amp;#1090;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1085;&amp;#1080;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1083;&amp;#1072;&amp;#1074; &amp;#1050;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1079;&amp;#1083;&amp;#1086;&amp;#1074;&amp;#1089;&amp;#1082;&amp;#1080;&amp;#1081;] — (Russian) ''Speed of thought'' by Stanislav Kozlovsky, ''Computerra'', &amp;#8470;26-27, June 20, 200

==External link==

* [http://www.ithkuil.net/ithkuil-intro.htm Ithkuil grammar]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senyecan Alphabets</title>
    <id>1239</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52882</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:54:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan alphabets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bâzrâmani</title>
    <id>1240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43151</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-15T09:37:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Baazraamani]] moved to [[Bâzrâmani]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Bâzrâmani (or Bazramæni) =

{{last changed}}

Note that this Romano-Persian lang has undergone a name change. It used to be Râmâniyân, but is now '''Bâzrâmani''' &lt; VÓCEM RÓMÁNICAM.

== Phonemes ==
=== Consonants ===
{| cellspacing=28
| p
| t
| ch /tʃ/
| k
|-
| b
| d
| j /dʒ/
| g
|-
| f
| s
| sh /ʃ/
| kh /χ/
| h
|-
| v
| z
| zh /ʒ/
| gh /ɣ/
|-
| m
| n
| ny /ɲ/
|-
| || r
|-
| || l
|-
| || || y /j/
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| cellspacing=56
| i
| u
|-
| e
| o
|-
| a /æ/
| â /ɑ/
|}


== Bâzrâmani Grand Master Plan ==

=== Vowels ===
{| border=1 cellpadding=6
!Latin sounds 
! #_, C_C !! _C*{i,î} !! _C*{u,û} !! _#
|-
!a, â, au 
| /æ/ a || e || o || -e
|-
!e, ae 
| /(j)æ/ ((y)a) || (y)e || (y)o || Ø
|-
!o 
| /æ/ a || e || o || Ø
|-
!i 
| e || e || i || Ø
|-
!u 
| o || u || u || Ø
|-
!ê, î, oe 
| i || i || i || Ø
|-
!ô 
| /ɑ/ â || â || â || â 
|-
!û 
| u || u || u || Ø
|}

=== Consonants ===

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot;
! Latin sounds 
! #_ {{ref|geminates}} !! V_V !! _C !! _r/l !! #_r/l !! _#
|-
! k
| k || g || kh /χ/ || kh || kha || g
|-
! nc
| || ng|| || ng 
|-
! qu
| kh || kh
|-
! k /_{i,e}
| ch /tʃ/ || z || ch || ch || che
|-
! qu /_{i,e}
| k || g
|-
! nc /_{i,e}
| || nz || || nj 
|-
! sc /_{i,e}
| sh /ʃ/ || sh || sh ||sh || she
|-
! x (cs)
| sh || sh || sh || sh
|-
! g
| g || gh /ɣ/ || gh || gh || ga
|-
! g _{i,e}
| j /dʒ/ || z || j/z || j/z || je/ze
|-
! gn, mn, gm, nn
| ny /ɲ/ || ny
|-
! t
| t || d || s || s || ta || d
|-
! d
| d || y || z || z || da || y
|-
! n
| n || n || n || n || || Ø ||
|-
! nt
| || nd || || nd
|-
! s
| h || h || s || h || kha || h
|-
! p
| p || b || f || f || fa || (b)
|-
! b, v
| b || v || v || b/v || ba/va || v
|-
! m
| m || m || m || m || || Ø ||
|-
! mp
| || mb || || mb
|}


{{note|geminates}} [1] Geminate consonants are treated as if initial.

=== Special contexts ===

{| cellspacing=28
! liV, leV    
|     yV
|-
! tiV, teV    
|     sV
|-
! diV, deV    
|     zV
|-
! niV, neV, miV, meV      
|     nyV
|-
! riV, reV    
|     zhV /ʒ/
|-
! ll    
|     y
|-
! -cul-, -gul- 
| ly &gt; y

|-
! viC   
|     guC, e.g. '''vitium''' &gt; gus
|-
! -Cicum#     
|     Ci#
|-
!  -ellum 
| -oy &gt; ey
|-
! vo    
|     u
|-
! al,el,ol 
| u / _C e.g. '''altus''' &gt; ud.
|-
! ôl,ul,ûl 
| u / _C.
|-
! il,îl,êl 
| i / _C.
|}

As the last consonant in a cluster '''l'''  becomes /r/: '''Cl &gt; Cr''' e.g. '''clarus &gt; kharor'''.

Latin '''rd''' &gt; '''l''', e.g. '''ardore &gt; alar'''.

It will be seen that the consonant changes are essentially an outline of the changes between Old and Middle Persian with an occasional Old Iranian or Romance feature rearing its head. They are of course subject to future refinement.

The transcription '''zh''' for ''ry'' is actually somewhat inaccurate.  Lemontaigner as Râmani writers choose this transcription in order to more clearly distinguish ''ry'' '''ژ''' from ''ri'' '''ري''' in Arabic script.

== Morphology == 
=== Plurals of nouns ===
Bâzrâmani plurals continue the Latin accusative plurals. There has however been metathesis of the vowel and the final ''h'' &lt; {{sc|S}}. Thus we find:

{| cellspacing=28
! -âs
| -(e)hi (by analogy)
! fem'nae, rôtae, cistae
| famnhi, râdhi, chestehi
|-
! -ôs
| -(a)hâ
! caballôs, cattôs, diurnôs
| kaveyhâ, kotahâ, zornhâ
|-
! -ês
| -(e)hi
! ratiônês, fontês
| rasânhi, fantehi
|}

As in other Romance languages neuters have merged with the masculine, and the fourth declension has merged with the second,
thus {{SC|*genôs}} &gt; ''janhâ'' 'knees'.

Adjectives have become indeclinable, unless substantivized

=== Verb inflection ===

;amâre : amar
;amô : amâ
;amâs tû : amâst
;amat : amad
;amâmus : amomho, amomoh
;amâtis : amedhe, amedeh
;amant : amand


[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Log/delete</title>
    <id>1241</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4228</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-09T10:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>219.93.174.107</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Special:Log/delete]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ill Bethisad</title>
    <id>1242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32972</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T18:31:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ill Bethisad''' is a collaborative [[alternative history]] and [[alternative culture]] universe. Its history stretches back to the mid 1990s when Andrew Smith set out to devise a conlang that would plausibly answer the question &lt;i&gt;what would a modern British Romance language look and sound like?&lt;/i&gt; Akin to French, which is Vulgar Latin on a Gaulish substrate; he ended up with [[Brithenig]], Vulgar Latin on a Brythonic substrate. In short order, Brithenig was given some speakers and a country to be spoken in. In late 1997, several Interested Persons began discussing the language with Andrew. Within a few years, the language itself was largely settled and other people began to take an interest in the wider world. As of last count, some threesocre people have left their mark on this shared world.

While the project began as a conlanger's collaboration, and indeed the present iteration of the project is home of many conlangs, the languages themselves no longer play such a central role. Cultural and historical description is now the order of the day.

See [http://www.bethisad.com IB's homepage] for more!
----

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Slevan</title>
    <id>1243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18343</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-10T10:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reverted vandalism, user blocked 1 year.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Unresolved questions with the revision of Slevan =
(for the two Jans primarily)

I have been thinking of how best to map the Vulgar Latin and Common Slavic vowel systems to each other.  As Jan van Steenbergen pointed out to me it's quite unrealistic that VL ē maps to CS *ě and VL ĕ to CS *e; rather it should be the other way around with VL ĕ eventually becoming '''je''', or to state it abstractly vowel ''quality'' should be more important than vowel ''quantity'' in the mapping of VL to CS!

OTOH I do think it's realistic to have VL ō become '''u''' since in CS *u&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; developed from *ō which in turn developed from *au, and VL au in fact merged with ō, so that the product of this merger could have been qualitatively identified with CS *ō &lt; *au before this was raised to [u].

I'm now quite certain that ''unstressed'' VL ē and ō merge with ĭ and ŭ (*ь and *ъ) respectively -- ''except'' in absolute final position, since I need to &quot;preserve&quot; certain endings, notably the ablative singular of the second declension, the first person singular present indicative of verbs and the nom/acc plural of the third declension.

I've cheated with the liquid metathesis, having no qualitative change.  As JvS pointed out Mrác's ancestors should have been MORTIUS rather than MARTIUS!  Should I let myself get away with this?

----
''Consonants:'' I have decided that VL dj and gj become '''j''' à la Slovene since Slvanjec badly needs postvocalic '''j'''s.  So '''dz''' is out; MEDIUS becomes '''mjej''' and Mr. '''Hrodzán''' becomes '''Hroján'''; also MAGIS becomes '''maj''' by way of *MAGIUS. 

Last but not least I have cheated with the third palatalization and VL ct, assuming '''c, z''' in ''all'' contexts.  Actually I'm not too keen on changing this because I want more '''c'''s.
What do you think?  Is such an over-generalization permissible in a hybrid language? BPJ 10:37, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)

== Jan I's comments ==

:''I have been thinking of how best to map the Vulgar Latin and Common Slavic vowel systems to each other.  As Jan van Steenbergen pointed out to me it's quite unrealistic that VL ē maps to CS *ě and VL ĕ to CS *e; rather it should be the other way around with VL ĕ eventually becoming '''je''', or to state it abstractly vowel ''quality'' should be more important than vowel ''quantity'' in the mapping of VL to CS!''

Indeed, the other way around would be more logical. However, in Wenedyk I finally decided to stick with what I already had: 
*VL '''ē''' and '''oe''' match with CS '''ě'''
*VL '''ĕ''' and '''ae''' match with CS '''e'''
I know it is against my own advise, and I seriously contemplated the change. But my ultimate conclusion was that it would change Wenedyk beyond recognisability. And frankly, also beyond my taste; strange enough almost every example I tried with the &quot;new&quot; system just felt plain wrong to my intuition. So I decided to keep the old system. And I'm happy with it. ;)

:''OTOH I do think it's realistic to have VL ō become '''u''' since in CS *u&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; developed from *ō which in turn developed from *au, and VL au in fact merged with ō, so that the product of this merger could have been qualitatively identified with CS *ō &lt; *au before this was raised to [u].''

I agree, that's totally realistic. Frankly, I can't see why there should by any tension between this and point 1. If anything, the fronted counterpart of this would be '''e''' &gt; '''i''', which frequently happens in Slezan.

:''I'm now quite certain that ''unstressed'' VL ē and ō merge with ĭ and ŭ (*ь and *ъ) respectively -- ''except'' in absolute final position, since I need to &quot;preserve&quot; certain endings, notably the ablative singular of the second declension, the first person singular present indicative of verbs and the nom/acc plural of the third declension.''

That's an interesting thought. I haven't thought about that. Can you come up with a few samples? I just might adopt this idea into Wenedyk (provided that I won't have to rewrite 1/3 of my entire lexicon).

:''I've cheated with the liquid metathesis, having no qualitative change.  As JvS pointed out Mrác's ancestors should have been MORTIUS rather than MARTIUS!  Should I let myself get away with this?''

Why not? Names tend to behave a little differently from &quot;normal&quot; vocabulary. Another thing is that often names are from much later date than the era of the Roman (even in romlangs). And finally, ''Mrác'' could have other sources in Latin as well: Mǐratius or whathaveyou.

:''Consonants: I have decided that VL dj and gj become '''j''' à la Slovene since Slvanjec badly needs postvocalic '''j'''s.  So '''dz''' is out; MEDIUS becomes '''mjej''' and Mr. '''Hrodzán''' becomes '''Hroján'''; also MAGIS becomes '''maj''' by way of *MAGIUS. ''

A very sensible choice! I didn't know it happens in Slovene as well, but I dó know that it is standard in (most?) Romance languages. In fact, I think it is a great improvement; according to my sources, ''dj'' and ''gj'' were already pronounced /j/ in the Vulgar Latin period (Italian forms like ''maggio'' IIRC seem to be later scientific reborrowings).
&lt;br&gt;And of course, you always have the option of turning ''dj'' into ''dz'' anyway in certain cases, which then can very simply be explained as an early scientific reborrowing!

:''Last but not least I have cheated with the third palatalization and VL ct, assuming '''c, z''' in ''all'' contexts. ''

Could you please tell me what the exceptions are? I just might to change that in Wenedyk, because frankly, I think I ended up with a little too much of ''c''!

:''Actually I'm not too keen on changing this because I want more '''c'''s. What do you think?  Is such an over-generalization permissible in a hybrid language? ''

IMO it is. It's your language after all. Especially because Slvanjec is based on Slovak far more loosely than Wenedyk is based on Polish, I think you have quite some freedom in setting some of your own rules when that helps the final result.

Cheers, [[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 14:43, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)

==BPJ's comments on Jan I's comments==

=== On ē and ĕ ===

:''Indeed, the other way around would be more logical. However, in Wenedyk I finally decided to stick with what I already had:

:    * VL ē and oe match with CS ě
:    * VL ĕ and ae match with CS e'' 

I think leaving things as they are would also decrease the number of medial '''je'''s, which from my æsthetic POV would be a Good Thing, since there are '''dj lj nj tj''' all over the place already -- it's becoming a bit too parodic!

=== On ''e'' and ''o'' becoming jers ===

I'm not too sure about Ē and Ō becoming ĭ and ŭ if I don't change the reflexes of Ĕ and Ē.  I don't want to get jers all over the place and certainly not Ī and Ū coming up &quot;strong&quot; in the wrong places (where they wouldn't even be strong in Southern Romance) all over the place. BPJ 08:35, 17 Jul 2005 (PDT)

=== Slovene *dj &gt; j ===

It's actually only *dj which becomes ''j'' in Slovene, but letting DJ and GJ behave the same makes sense from a Romance POV.

Still I'm not totally convinced by your argument on Italian DJ: why would ''mezzo'' be a borrowing?, and at least NDJ becomes ''nz'' everywhere! Cf. Old French where even MJ and NJ often become /ndʒ/ e.g. SIMIA &gt; ''singe''.

=== Exceptions to third palatalization ===

Basically when an ''u'' or ''o'' vowel follows.  Strangely with following ''a'' the outcome is variable.  One book I read suggested that it may have to do with wether a preceding *i was from PIE *ī or *ei and that following ''u'' is the only sure exception, but Jan II and his wife (who is the family linguist) wouldn't agree! BPJ 15:01, 16 Jul 2005 (PDT)

==Jan I's comments on BPJ's comments on Jan I's comments==

:''I think leaving things as they are would also decrease the number of medial '''je'''s, which from my æsthetic POV would be a Good Thing, since there are '''dj lj nj tj''' all over the place already -- it's becoming a bit too parodic!''

Fully agreed. So that's settled then! :)

:''I'm not too sure about Ē and Ō becoming ĭ and ŭ if I don't change the reflexes of Ĕ and Ē.  I don't want to get jers all over the place and certainly not Ī and Ū coming up &quot;strong&quot; in the wrong places (where they wouldn't even be strong in Southern Romance) all over the place.''

Again, I agree. I've given it a little thought and finally decided against it. FWIW, in the development of Polish, stress didn't play a role at all.

:''Still I'm not totally convinced by your argument on Italian DJ: why would ''mezzo'' be a borrowing?, and at least NDJ becomes ''nz'' everywhere! Cf. Old French where even MJ and NJ often become /ndʒ/ e.g. SIMIA &gt; ''singe''.''

Yes, that's true. I must check my resources.

=== Exceptions to third palatalization ===

:''Basically when an ''u'' or ''o'' vowel follows.  Strangely with following ''a'' the outcome is variable.  One book I read suggested that it may have to do with wether a preceding *i was from PIE *ī or *ei and that following ''u'' is the only sure exception, but Jan II and his wife (who is the family linguist) wouldn't agree!''

I can't give any conclusive answer. From what I understood from Grzegorz Jagodziński's pages (if I recall correctly), third palatalisation happens very irregularly and most often doesn't take place at all. 
&lt;br&gt;But the way you formulated it, I got the impression that there are also exceptions to the KT &gt; TS rule. I that true?

Cheers, [[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 12:30, 18 Jul 2005 (PDT)

:Basically that same book as had strange ideas on the contexts of palatalization also had the idea that originally only *kti/*ktī becomes '''c''i'''''.
::The idea with the preceding monphthong/diphthong was of course meant to explain ''why'' 3d palatalization is irregular -- basically claiming that it is regular, but that it actually precedes monophthongization, and this influences its occurrence, to which the Havlišes objected. BPJ 13:41, 18 Jul 2005 (PDT)

== Jan II.'s comments ==

I am far from being competent to introduce your Slavo-romance discussion, but I can add some hints on history of Slavic lang:


'''On III. palatalisation:'''

It happens after '''i''', '''soft jer''' and '''e-nasal''' if the palatalised consonant is followed by vowel. If there is cluster '''V-C-hard jer''' (grěšnica X grěšnikU) or '''V-C-y''' (kUne.ndzI X kUne.gyni), the terminal '''hard jer''' or '''y''' prevented palatalisation of C, when V fulfils conditions for it. Quite often morphological “equilibration” has happened (nom. grěšnikU, gen. grěšnika). Quite often appeared doubletons (je.ga/je.dza). It should happen along with II. palatalisation, although there are not unified opinions on when in happened. It is also unclear when it begun. What is sure, it happened almost '''100 years after''' monophthongisation.


And here is the discussed topic, the Slavic glottochronology. The source 2 is newer and I found it more competent because of other issues. And for sure, source 2 knew source 1 and used it.

source 1 – G. Shevelov, The historical phonology of Common Slavic, 1964

source 2 – A. Lamprecht, The Common Slavic, 1987


{| border=1
! type of change
| source 1
| source 2
|-
! s &gt; ŝ (š, ch)
| before 400 EC
| before 400 EC
|-
! k’, g’ &gt; s, z
| before 400 EC
| before 400 EC
|-
! a, o &gt; å
| before 400 EC
| before 400 EC
|-
! I. palatalisation
| 400-500 EC
| 400-475 (±25) EC
|-
! monophtongisation
| 500-600 EC
| 510-585 (±15) EC
|-
! II. palatalisation
| 500-600 EC
| 575-650 (±25) EC
|-
! III. palatalisation
| 600-850 EC 
| 575-675 (±25) EC
|-
! palatalisation of alveolars
| N/A
| 675-750 (±25) EC
|-
! epenthetic l’
| N/A
| 710-785 EC
|-
! metathesis of liquids
| 700-850 EC
| 750-825 (±25) EC
|-
! appearance of nasals
| 600 EC
| 750-825 (±25) EC
|-
! appearance of jers
| 800 EC
| 800 EC
|-
! dispalat. ‘ě &gt; ‘a in Pol.
| N/A
| 850-925 EC
|-
! extinct. of nasals
| N/A
| 950-1025 EC
|-
! contraction VjV
| 900 EC
| 875-950 EC
|-
! vocalisation of jers
| 900-1150 EC
| 950-1025 EC
|}

===Benct's comments to Jan II's comments===

:''happens after '''i''', '''soft jer''' and '''e-nasal''' if the palatalised consonant is followed by vowel.''

Check. So far I got things right in Slvanjec.

:''terminal '''hard jer''' or '''y''' prevented palatalisation ''

Alas I wasn't aware of this restriction, hence the name of the lang is not '''Slvanjek ''' &lt; SILVÁNICUM, and because the name of the lang is quite well established I'm ''very'' reluctant to &quot;correct&quot; this.  Perhaps it will be permissible to over-apply 3. palatalization in a hybrid language, since having -ICUM become '''-jec''' rather than '''-jek''' gives a more distinct &quot;flavor&quot; to the language compared to other Romance languages!  

One possible reason might be that the Roman contingent in the original mix of peoples didn't grasp the restriction and over-generalized the palatalization, but alas that doesn't tally very well with the dating you give -- even though I'm suspicious of any absolute dating of pre-historic changes!  

Another possibility is that Vulgar Latin short U (hard jer) became a schwa-like sound earlier than what happened in true Slavic languages and so failed to block the 3. palatalization.  

In a way I ''would'' now have liked Slevan to agree better both with Wenedyk and the Slavic languages in this respect, but OTOH I feel a reversal of this feature to be too drastic at this point.  Also I don't want there to be too few instances of '''c''' and '''z''' in Slevan, and input to the 2. palatalization is already scarce as it is.  What do you (both) think? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] -- written at the library and hence no proper log-in or signing! :-(

::Why not to implement some &quot;morphological equilibrations&quot;? E.g. the genitive forms underwent the palatalisation and had affected the nominatives... thus it would be _slvanjec_ and not _slvanjek_ (I deduce, that NOM.SING had ending -ekU, but the genitive had vowel other than U or y). Or you may simply ignore this restriction (see, only one vowel _u_ in both forms '''u''' /ECSL/ &gt; '''U''' /CCSL/ or '''u:''' &gt; '''y''' stopped the III. palatalisation). [[User:Jan II.|Jan II.]]

:::There was analogical leveling out between the second and fourth declension, so that at some point the gen.sg. of all words from the 2. declension became '''-y''', e.g.   '''slváncy'''; otherwise it would be **'''slvánczi'''. Also the -ICU ending does not become -ekU, but the '''je''' is from a strong soft jer.  I looks like I will simply ignore this restriction, but I still would like an explanation for doing so. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 09:26, 19 Aug 2005 (PDT)

=== Jan I's comments on Jan II's comments and on Benct's comments to Jan II's comments ===

First of all, thanks for the interesting scheme you provided, Jan. If I may ask: which of the two columns has your own preference? And where do prof. Večerka's opinions fit?

Regarding third palatalisation: like I said before, I don't use it very often in Wenedyk. Grzegorz Jagodziński's pages were not clear about the circumstances under which it occurs, and therefore I mostly adopted the notion that it happens &quot;irregularly&quot;. In other words, I use it when it fits my taste. Jan II's input might cause some changes, though: I didn't know all that either, but it makes sense.

All in all, I think the principle of &quot;analogical levelling&quot; gives us plenty of space to follow our own tastes. Indeed, both Wenedyk and Slezan use something based on '''Slьvanьkъ''', fem. '''Slьvanьka'''. That might have spawned something like '''*slvanjek, *slvanjca''', which then became '''Ślewanik''', '''Ślewańka''' in Wenedyk and '''Slvanjec''', '''Slvanjca''' in Slevan. 

Of course, there '''is''' a remote possibility of having the whole pair. Say, '''slvanjek''' for the adjective, and '''slvanjec''' for the language (from '''LINGUA SILVANICA &gt; *lęgva sьlvanьka &gt; ljadzva slvanjca'''). 

Since I recently got into contact with Grzegorz himself, I might as well ask him personally what he thinks about 3rd palatalisation. 

--[[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 06:25, 20 Aug 2005 (PDT)

====Benct's comments on Jan I's comments on...====

Of course it is not the 3. palatalization that applies irregularly, but analogical levelling that happens irregularly!

It is a very good idea that analogy in Slevan may have started from the feminine.  I didn't think of that! Alas the name of the language can hardly be derived from '''LINGUA SILVANICA''': that would be adjectival use while language ''names'' in Latin are normally neuter; that's why you have '''Latinum, Italiano, Español, Français''', not '''Latina, Italiana, Española, Française'''.  BTW the current form of the feminine is '''Slvánca''' -- one of the changes between version 3 and 3.5. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:07, 20 Aug 2005 (PDT)

==== Jan II's comments on Jan I's comments on Jan II's comments and on Benct's comments to Jan II's comments ====

''First of all, thanks for the interesting scheme you provided, Jan. If I may ask: which of the two columns has your own preference? And where do prof. Večerka's opinions fit?''

As I said, the second column has my definite preferences. Our old Slavistic/Indoeuropeistic gang in Brno (Večerka-Lamprecht-Blažek) seems to be quite reliable. They included lots of new findings, which made their work quite rigorous. The is already a new generation (Rejzek-Palasová), with them I am in contact (although it looks they are not happy with any slaviconlanging). I have also ordered within amazon.co.uk a book about Slavic glottochronology by Alexander M. Schenker, but amazon is VERY slow in obtaining the copy for me.

Problems with III. palatalisation might be that different Slavic langs treated differently the new forms, as mentioned above. [[User:Jan II.|Jan II.]]

==== Input from Grzegorz Jagodziński ====

I asked Grzegorz Jagodziński (whose pages about Polish sound changes were a major inspiration to me in the creation of Wenedyk) about his opinion. He tried to edit this page himself, but was blocked for some reason. After that, he sent me a long mail instead. For now, I'll reproduce the Polish text below (sorry Bengan, but I though that's better than nothing); tomorrow, I hope to translate it into English. --[[User:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] 13:11, 22 Aug 2005 (PDT)


&lt;FONT color=#008000&gt;'''On III. palatalisation'''&lt;BR/&gt;It happens after '''i''', '''soft jer''' and '''e-nasal''' if the palatalised consonant is followed by vowel.&lt;/FONT&gt;

&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot; size=2&gt;According to the handbooks it also happens after syllabic ''ŕ̥'' (''&amp;lt; ьr &amp;lt; ir''). I know only two examples from OCS (Old Church Slavonic): ''mŕ̥cati'' 'to grow dusk' and ''rastŕ̥zati'' (''rastŕ̥ʒati'') 'to tear up'. Equivalents in other Slavic languages (including Polish) don't have palatalisation (Old Polish ''mierzkać'', now ''zmierzchać się'' with irregular ''ch'' instead of ''k''). Perhaps this is due to the fact that in West Slavic sonants appeared later, while in East Slavic they never appeared at all. After all, palatalisation ought not to take place after the group ''-ьr-''; and it didn't.

Not surprisingly, there were also differences between dialects: even the 2nd palatalisation didn't take place identically in all Slavic languages: ''*kwaita- &amp;gt; *květъ || *cvětъ'' (Polish ''kwiat'', but Russian ''cvet''). Besides, forms like ''kěna'' instead of Common Slavic ''cěna'' are known in the neighbourhood of Novgorod. So, perhaps there were dialects that did not undergo 2nd palatalisation at all.&lt;/FONT&gt;


&lt;FONT color=#008000&gt;If there is cluster '''V-C-hard jer''' (grěšnica X grěšnikU) or '''V-C-y''' (kUne.ndzI X kUne.gyni), the terminal '''hard jer''' or '''y''' prevented palatalisation of C, when V fulfils conditions for it. Quite often morphological “equilibration” has happened (nom. grěšnikU, gen. grěšnika). Quite often appeared doubletons (je.ga/je.dza).&lt;/FONT&gt;

&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot; size=2&gt;If 3rd palatalisation was indeed prevented by ''y'' or ''ъ'', we would have expected it when followed by another vowel. But ''-ika'' and ''-ica'' occur almost equally often! Likewise, we can equally often encounter -''ьca'' and ''-ьka, ''-''ьce'' and ''-ьko'', etc. For example: ''*polьʒa'' 'use' (OCS), but ''*ulьga'' 'relief' (Polish, with a different prefix); Old Polish has simultaneously ''jajce'' and ''jajko'' 'egg', ''miejsce'' and ''miastko'' ('place'; &amp;lt; ''*městьce'' || ''*městьko''), etc.

In my opinion one needs to look for: 1) morphological conditions (as assumed already by Jan Otrębski, who died in 1971), 2) dialectal differences. Here are a few examples:
* ''*děvica'', but ''*děvьka'' (OCS ''děvica'' 'virgin, girl', Pol. ''dziewica'' 'virgin', ''dziewka'' 'girl' (a little oldfashioned) - note that neither ''*děvikъ'' nor ''*děvьkъ'' exists,
* ''*žitnica'' 'stodoła' (OCS, ''żytnica'' was known even in Old Polish, I think), but (OCS) ''bližika'' 'close relative', ''ǫžika'' 'id. (relative)' - one can see that ''-ica'' is an impersonal noun and ''-ika'' a personal noun; however, we also have ''*děvica'' (personal!),
* OCS has ''naricaty'' 'to be called', ''dviʒati'' 'to move', Polish has only ''narzekać'' (with an entirely different meaning), ''dźwigać'',
* the hard jer didn't prevent palatalisation at all: ''*otьcь'' 'father', ''*zajęcь'' 'hare', ''*měsęcь'' 'month, moon', ''*pěnęʒь'' 'coin' (borrowed from Germanic), ''*kъnęʒь'' 'prince', ''*vьśь'' 'whole, entire' - all these words are derived from forms with hard stems: ''*otьkъ, *zajękъ, *měsękъ, *pěnęgъ, *kъnęgъ, *vьxъ'' - and none of these forms was preserved in any of the Slavic languages.
As you can see, it cannot be said that -''ъ'' stops 3nd palatalisation automatically. Of course, we almost exclusively have forms on -''ikъ'', and if the word in question is a male person , then the female equivalent is -''ika'', not ''-ica''. This is of course mainly a matter of equalising the forms of both genders. However, when the masculine form has a different meaning than the feminine form, or when only one of these forms exists, then this equalisating does not take place (compare Polish ''kierownik'' 'boss, chief' (person) with ''kierownica'' 'steering wheel' - the female person is ''kierowniczka'').

As for palatalisation being prevented by -y, things get more complicated. There are preciously little formants that start with ''-y-''. Above all, we have the formant ''-y'', gen. ''-ъve'' (f.ex.: ''*kry, *krъve'') or ''-ene'' (f.ex. ''*kamy, *kamene''), as well as the formant ''-yni''. Little nouns of this type existed in Common Slavic, and their inflection was complicated and not very transparant. Therefore a tendency existed to preserve the forms without 3rd palatalisation. However, things are more complicated than that. In Polish we have for example the masculine nouns ''obrońca, władca'' 'defender' resp. 'ruler' with their female equivalents ''obrończyni, władczyni''. It is hard to tell whether these forms are Common Slavic - the Polish forms would suggest a rivalling affix ''-ini'' (and 1st palatalisation): ''*obornьca, *voldьca : *obornьčini, *voldьčini &amp;lt; *-ikā : *-ikīnī''.

Obviously ''-y'' does not prevent palatalisation when it constitutes an ending: instr.pl. ''*vĺ̥ky'' 'wolves', ale ''*otьci'' 'fathers'. When necessary OCS adds the endings of the soft declension like in the acc.pl. ''*otьcę'' (according to *''mǫžę''), but ''*vĺ̥ky''. This also testifies that the choice between palatalised and non-palatalised forms is conditioned morphologically rather than phonetically.

As for these dialectal differences: forms with 3rd palatalisation occur in Old Church Slavonic more frequently than in Polish, where either the process was weaker or the effect of analogy was stronger. Polish remained unwritten for a longer time, and as long as there was no literary tradition, it was easier to replace forms with 3rd palatalisation by equalised forms without palatalisation.&lt;/FONT&gt;


&lt;FONT color=#008000&gt;It should happen along with II. palatalisation, although there are not unified opinions on when in happened. It is also unclear when it begun. What is sure, it happened almost '''100 years after''' monophthongisation. &lt;/FONT&gt;

&lt;FONT face=Arial size=2&gt;It is generally assumed that the 3rd palatalisation took place later than the 2nd, in the period when Common Slavic unity was falling apart, because the phenonemon is less universal. Besides, theorically it ought to take place also after ''-e-, -ě-'', but as far as I know, there is not a single example of that.&lt;/FONT&gt;


&lt;FONT color=#008000&gt;And here is the discussed topic, the Slavic glottochronology. The source 2 is newer and I found it more competent because of other issues. And for sure, source 2 knew source 1 and used it.

source 1 – G. Shevelov, The historical phonology of Common Slavic, 1964&lt;br&gt;
source 2 – A. Lamprecht, The Common Slavic, 1987 
&lt;BR&gt;
&lt;DIV&gt;
&lt;TABLE border=1&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;type of change &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;source 1 &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;source 2 &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;s &amp;gt; ŝ (š, ch) &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;k’, g’ &amp;gt; s, z &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;a, o &amp;gt; å &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;before 400 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;I. palatalisation &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;400-500 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;400-475 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;monophtongisation &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;500-600 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;510-585 (±15) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;II. palatalisation &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;500-600 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;575-650 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;III. palatalisation &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;600-850 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;575-675 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;palatalisation of alveolars &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;N/A &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;675-750 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;epenthetic l’ &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;N/A &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;710-785 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;metathesis of liquids &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;700-850 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;750-825 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;appearance of nasals &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;600 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;750-825 (±25) EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;appearance of jers &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;800 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;800 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;dispalat. ‘ě &amp;gt; ‘a in Pol. &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;N/A &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;850-925 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;extinct. of nasals &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;N/A &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;950-1025 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;contraction VjV &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;900 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;875-950 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
  &lt;TR&gt;
    &lt;TH&gt;vocalisation of jers &lt;/TH&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;900-1150 EC &lt;/TD&gt;
    &lt;TD&gt;950-1025 EC &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;

&lt;FONT face=Arial size=2&gt;The opinions differ strongly here. Czesław Bartula (''Podstawowe wiadomości z gramatyki staro-cerkiewno-słowiańskiej na tle porównawczym'', PWN Warszawa 1981) gives:
* 1st palatalisation: beginning of our era (1 A.D.) - turn of the 2nd/3rd century (200 A.D.)
* 2nd palatalisation: 4th - 6th century
* 3rd palatalisation: end of 7th century
Zdzisław Stieber (''Zarys gramatyki porównawczej języków słowiańskich'', Warszawa 1969) gives a different chronology:
* 1st palatalisation: 3rd and 4th century
* 2nd palatalisation: &quot;after the 6th century&quot;, i.e. the 7th of 8th century
* 3rd palatalisation: beginning of the 8th century

The confusion of PIE ''a, o &amp;gt; a'' is generally considered a very old phenomenon, dating back to the Proto-Indo-European era. After all, the vowels ''a'' and ''o'' kept their distinctness only in the Italic and Celtic languages as well as in Greek; everywhere else they got confused (even in Anatolian and in Tocharian). One should of course add PIE schwa here (with the exception of syllables near the end of a word, where it usually disappeared). Also, there is no reason at all to reconstruct ''å'' in the old days: even in the period of Slavic expansion it was most certainly pronounced as a short ''a''! Personally I believe that the rounding of Slavic ''a &amp;gt; o'' is a phenomenon dating back to the years 700-800, shortly before the appearance of the oldest written sources in Slavic. 

In any case, 1st palatalisation was already dead when the Slavs got in touch with the Goths. Indeed, at the moment I can think of only one example of a Germanic loan that underwent 1st palatalisation: ''*šelmъ'' (Old Polish ''szłom'', nowadays only ''hełm'' 'helmet', from Germanic ''*xelmaz''). Otherwise, words of Gothic descent only have 2nd palatalisation: ''ocьtъ'' 'vinegar' from Gothic ''aket'', ''*cęta'' from Gothic ''kintus'' 'name of a small coin'. 1st palatalisation was most certainly already dead by the time of Slavic expansion, which could have started a little before the year 500 A.D. In any case, when the ancestors of the Slovenians reached the territories where they live nowadays, they borrowed the name of the river ''Gīla'' as ''Zilja''.

Also, I don't understand why Lamprecht dates the appearance of nasals so late. As it seems, at least the appearance of ''ę'' must have preceded 3rd palatalisation: after all, it's easier to imagine the process ''-ęk- &amp;gt; -ęc-'' niż ''-enk- &amp;gt; -enc-''. The disappearance of nasals happens of course not in all Slavic languages: even nowadays nasals exist in Polish, and also in certain Slovenian dialects (hardly known to anybody). 

Finally, the contraction VjV was an irregular process, conditioned by usage frequency or by morphological factors. Even nowadays we have Russian ''stojat''' = Polish ''stać''. And even in Polish we have, next to the infinitives ''wiać, stać, bać się'', the uncontracted forms ''wieje, stoję, boję się''. Numerous other forms did not undergo contraction at all: ''kajać się, krajać'', even though contraction of ''-aja-'' seems easier than contraction of ''-oja-'' (''*stojati, *bojati sę'') or ''-ěja-''.

At last, the &quot;vocalisation of jers&quot; is a very imprecise concept. First of all, it didn't follow the same pattern in the various languages: in Russian and Polish the strong jers (on the even positions counting from the end of a word) mixed with other vowels. But in Bulgarian the hard jer kept its own, different pronunciation. In Polabian, on the other hand, jers in the first syllable were preserved as vowels with a particular colour. In some cases initial jers were kept in the East Slavic languages. In Kashubian and in the Sorbian languages there is the principle, that in words with more than two syllables the two final jers are weak. Thus, the changes of the jers happened differently (and in different times) in the various Slavic languages, and they don't have much in common with the Common Slavic era.

Similar remarks can be made about &quot;metathesis&quot; of liquids, which in East Slavic was no metathesis at all (but the insertion of a full vowel instead). We know that something similar happened also in Old Polish, namely f.ex. ''*-or- &amp;gt; *-ъro-'', and not immediately ''-ro-'' as it was once assumed. OCS kept a number of unmetathesised forms (albeit ''alkati''). Likewise ''-ar-'' is the norm in Kashubian, and certain words were kept in Polish until recently (''karw'', now entirely out of use and supplanted by ''wół'' 'ox' and ''byk'' 'bull').&lt;/FONT&gt;

==== Jan II.'s comments on Input from Grzegorz Jagodziński ====

My Polish is nothing special, but I already see there few issues:

1) Polish did not preserve old Slavic nasals, but they appeared ''de novo'' in similar or same position. That is what you can read in any historical glottochronology of Slavic, AFAIK.

2) Pleophony (polnoglasie) also went through metathesis of liquids, but went further (better, different way), according to my knowledge.

Definitelly, I need to read it in English :p and with Shevelov and Lamprecht by the hand ;) Anyway, if Slavists agree on anything one day, that would be a reason for a big festivity with flags, brass band and gallons of mead :)))) Jan II.

==== And comments from Grzegorz Jagodziński himself ====

My cordial greeting to everyone here,

1) Polish DID preserve old Slavic nasals. I do not know what literature you have studied but you (and the authors of the books) are simply wrong. However, there are two things everybody should know if he wants to tell people things on Polish nasals.
a) There were 2 nasal vowels in Common Slavic (or, Late Proto-Slavic), that is nasal ''e'' and nasal ''o'' (there are views according to which there were 4 nasals initially, those two plus nasal ''i'' and nasal ''u'' but it is nowhere attested). At the very end of Proto-Slavic language community there were 4 nasals again, as the two vowels both had two variants - a short one and a long one (it was connected with Slavic intonation) [anyway, it was so in the Western and Southern branches]. In prehistoric Polish (prehistoric means before any written documents were written) the nasals merged, preserving their length. So, in the Middle Age we had two nasals: a short one and a long one. Notice that they had never lost their nasality up to those time and the view that they appeared &quot;de novo&quot; is exotic. In the beginning of the Modern Age all pairs of short and long vowels differentiated in their pronunciation place or / and level while the length became the same for all vowels. Some of the differences have survived until the modern language: ''ó'' (earlier long ''o'') is pronounced just like ''u'' now, and the previous long nasal is ''ą'' (&quot;nasal ''o''&quot; - the spelling is confusive) while the previous short nasal is ''ę'' (&quot;nasal ''e''&quot;).
b) To tell the truth, in modern Polish, no nasal vowels exist at all (contrary to French for example). Instead, groups of a slightly nasalized vowel and a consonant are pronounced. For example, ''trąba'' reads [tromba], and ''kąta'' (gen.sg. of ''kąt'' 'corner') and ''konta'' (nom.pl. of ''konto'' 'account') are pronounced the same. Before a spirant (mainly s, z) and word-finally a nasal diphthong is pronounced, the second part of which is a kind of nasal [w] or a kind of fricative [&amp;#331;] (nga).
c) Despite the point b, it is commonly said that Polish is the only Slavic language which has never lost nasals. It is so because nasals became oral vowels in all the other Slavic languages (except some Slovene dialects, to be exact, but not in the literary Slovene). Even if old Slavic nasal vowels are not nasal vowels any longer in Polish, they are still nasal.

2) The hypothesis about polnoglasie is also wrong. The argument is the development of Polish prepositions. As you surely know, a yer was in a weak position when the next syllable contained a &quot;full&quot; vowel, a strong yer, or if the yer was a final vowel (a vowel in a final syllable). And a yer was strong before a syllable with a weak yer. Some Polish propositions have two variants, one of them were used before a word with a weak yer in the initial syllable, and the other were used elsewhere. It is because the composoition of a preposition and a noun developed as a single word. For example ''we/w, ze/z, pode/pod'' etc. Compare ''pode mną'' &lt; ''pod&amp;#1098; m&amp;#1100;noj&amp;#491;'' 'under me' and ''pod tobą'' &lt; ''pod&amp;#1098; toboj&amp;#491;'' 'under you'. In modern Polish analogical development and tendency to eliminate the ''-e'' variants blurred the picture but in Middle Aged Polish we can see clearly what I said. And, if there was a metathesis in the first syllable, the preposition is always in the strong version. If there is a consonant cluster but no yer and no metathesis, the preposition is in the weak version, so the test is correct. Example: ''*(j&amp;#1100;)z&amp;#1098; korljestva &gt; *(j&amp;#1100;)z&amp;#1098; k&amp;#1098;roljestva &gt; ze krolestwa'' (today '' z królestwa'').

Please forget any Western literature on Slavic, it is useless most often, especially if you do not know any of the native Slavic literature. It is very pitiful but sometimes the Western authors do not even know any Slavic language. And, as a rule, they heve not even read one book written in a Slavic language. Contrary, the literature on Slavic in Slavic languages is abundant. If you are really interested in Polish historical grammar, you really should start from ''Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego'' by Z. Klemensiewicz, T. Lehr-Spławiński and S. Urbańczyk, edited many times by PWN (I have the 4th edition from 1981). It is the absolutely basic source of knowledge. Of course it IS in Polish and no one could do anything with this. If you are interested in a (existing) language X, you really must learn it, next you should acknowledge yourself with the literature written in this language. And only then compare your knowledge with the stuff written by Western writers.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New AngloSaxon Spelling</title>
    <id>1244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46069</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-15T14:43:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=2007,&lt;br&gt;because it got too messy and I could go on fiddling with it forever without being satisfied.  I'd now prefer a system with only diacritics and '''þ''' like '''ċurċ, ṡip, ġuġ, róṣṣ, meṩr, yard(!), strut(!), kút, ċẙs''', since it is my contention that diacritics are more readable than new letters.  But how distinguish {{SC|mouth}} and {{SC|foot/goose}}? '''mẘþ, fůt''' or '''můþ, fo̊t'''; which is worse indeed!?}}

----

__TOC__
==Vowels==
{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot;
|Letter || Value || Example || TO || IPA || Name
|-
|'''i''' || {{IPA|ɪ}} || '''kit''' ||  || {{IPA|kɪt}} || {{IPA|ɪt}}
|-
|'''e''' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || '''dres''' || ''dress'' || {{IPA|drɛs}} || {{IPA|ɛt}}
|-
|'''a''' || {{IPA|æ}} || '''trap''' ||  || {{IPA|træp}} || {{IPA|æt}}
|-
|'''o''' || {{IPA|ɒ}} || '''lot''' ||  || {{IPA|lɒt/lɑt}} || {{IPA|ɒt/ɑt}}
|-
|'''y''' || {{IPA|ʌ}} || '''stryt''' || ''strut'' || {{IPA|strʌt}} || {{IPA|ʌt}}
|-
|'''u''' || {{IPA|ʊ}} || '''fut''' || ''foot'' || {{IPA|fʊt}} || {{IPA|ʊt}}
|-
|'''é''' || {{IPA|iː}} || '''flés''' || ''fleece'' || {{IPA|fliːs}} || {{IPA|iː}}
|-
|'''á''' || {{IPA|eɪ}} || '''fás''' || ''face'' || {{IPA|feɪs}} || {{IPA|eɪ}}
|-
|'''í''' || {{IPA|aɪ}} || '''prís''' || ''price'' || {{IPA|praɪs}} || {{IPA|aɪ}}
|-
|'''œ''' || {{IPA|ɔɪ}} || '''cœs''' || ''choice'' || {{IPA|tʃɔɪs}} || {{IPA|ɔɪ}}
|-
|'''ů (u)''' || {{IPA|uː}} || '''gůs''' || ''goose'' || {{IPA|ɡuːs}} || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
|'''ó''' || {{IPA|əʊ/oʊ}} || '''gót''' || ''goat'' || {{IPA|ɡəʊt/ɡoʊt}} || {{IPA|əʊ/oʊ}}
|-
|'''ú''' || {{IPA|aʊ}} || '''múþ''' || ''mouth'' || {{IPA|maʊθ}} || {{IPA|aʊ}}
|-
|'''ý''' || {{IPA|juː}} || '''kýt''' || ''cute'' || {{IPA|kjuːt}} || {{IPA|juː}}
|-
|'''ér''' || {{IPA|ɪə/ɪɹ}} || '''nér''' || ''near'' || {{IPA|nɪə/nɪɹ}} || 
|-
|'''ár''' || {{IPA|ɛə/ɛː/ɛɹ}} || '''skwár/squár''' || ''square'' || {{IPA|skwɛə/skwɛː/skwɛɹ}} || 
|-
|'''ór''' || {{IPA|oː/oɹ}} || '''fórs''' || ''force'' || {{IPA|foːs/foɹs}} || 
|-
|'''ýr''' || {{IPA|jʊə/jʊɹ}} || '''kýr''' || ''cure'' || {{IPA|kjʊə/kjʊɹ}} || 
|-
|'''ar''' || {{IPA|ɑː/ɑɹ}} || '''start''' || ''start'' || {{IPA|stɑːt/stɑɹt}} || 
|-
|'''or''' || {{IPA|ɔː/ɔɹ}} || '''norþ''' || ''north'' || {{IPA|nɔːθ/nɔɹθ}} || 
|-
|'''ur''' || {{IPA|ʊə/ʊɹ}} || '''pur''' || ''poor'' || {{IPA|pʊə/pʊɹ}} || 
|-
|'''yr''' || {{IPA|ɜː/ɜɹ}} || '''nyrs''' || ''nurse'' || {{IPA|nɜːs/nɜɹs}} || 
|-
|'''å''' || {{IPA|ɔː}} || '''þåt''' || ''thought'' || {{IPA|θɔːt}} || {{IPA|ɔːs}}
|-
|'''(a)''' || {{IPA|ɑː}} || '''faþer''' || ''father'' || {{IPA|fɑːðə/fɑːðɹ}} || {{IPA|ɑːk}}
|}

==Consonants==

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot;
|Letter || Value || Example || TO || Name
|-
| '''C c''' || {{IPA|tʃ}} || '''cyrc''' || ''church'' || {{IPA|tʃiː}}
|-
| '''Ç ç (S s)'''{{ref|cee}} ||  {{IPA|s}} || '''çíkl, ráç''' || ''cycle, race'' || {{IPA|siː}}
|-
| '''Ʒ ʒ'''{{ref|jay}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || '''ʒyʒ''' || ''judge'' || {{IPA|dʒiː}}
|-
| '''J j''' || {{IPA|j}} || '''jard''' || ''yard'' || {{IPA|jeɪ}}
|-
| '''{{Esh}} ʃ'''{{ref|esh}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || '''ʃip, fiʃ, {{Esh}}å''' || ''ship, fish, Shaw'' || {{IPA|ɪʃ}}
|-
| '''Ƨ ƨ/Z z'''{{ref|zed}} || {{IPA|z}} || '''róƨeƨ, zéró''' || ''roses, zero'' || '''Ƨƨ''' {{IPA|[ziː]}}, '''Zz''' {{IPA|[zɛd]}}
|-
| '''Þ þ''' || {{IPA||θ, ð}} || '''þéƨ klóþƨ''' || ''these clothes'' || {{IPA||θɔɹn}}
|}}

:{{note|cee}} '''Çç''' is used only for etymological ''c'' in foreign words, else '''Ss''' is used: '''sé''' ''see'', '''mís''' ''mice''.
:{{note|jay}} Where {{IPA|/dʒ/}} represents etymologic ''j'' a dotted '''ʒ̇''' may be used.
:{{note|esh}} NB '''{{Esh}}''' is only a place-holder until Unicode includes a capital ʃ looking like {{Esh}}, since the sigma-like symbol feels quite wrong. U+A784 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR S '''Ꞅ''' can also be used if available, but U+A785 LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR S '''ꞅ''' looks too much like an '''r''' in most fonts.
:{{note|zed}} '''Zz''' is used only in foreign words. '''Ƨƨ''' is used in both native and foreign words for etymologic ''s''.

The sound {{IPA|/ʒ/}} is spelled differently depending on etymology: '''Áƨja''' ''Asia'', '''mèƨýr''' ''measure'', '''azýr''' ''azure'', '''Ƹƹ''': '''garàƹ'''.

(Perhaps '''Zz''' should be used for all instances of {{IPA|/z/}} and '''Ƹƹ''' for all instances of {{IPA|/ʒ/}}?)

The plural ''and'' possessive ending is always spelled ''' 'ƨ''' ('''bœ'ƨ''' ''boy's, boys, boys'&amp;zwnj;''), and the past tense ending is always spelled ''' 'd''' ('''kep'd, skor's, fád'd''').

== The Ʒ ʒ character ==

The preferred shape of the letter '''{{IPA|Ʒ ʒ}}''' is '''''not''''' like the IPA ''ezh'', but like the [[Wikipedia:Insular G|Insular ''G'']], &lt;big&gt;'''{{IPA|ᵹ}}'''&lt;/big&gt; (\u1D79), the capital version of which however is not adopted in Unicode yet.  I use '''{{IPA|Ʒ ʒ}}''' (''ezh'') provisionally  since the capital version of Insular ''G'' is not adopted in Unicode yet, and the small letter also is missing from most Unicode fonts.  The preferred shape is shown in this image:

[[Image:Nasdzh.gif]]

It should be noted that in NAS this letter denotes the phoneme {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and not the phoneme {{IPA|/ʒ/}} which is written as if it were {{IPA|/zj/}} or with '''Ƹƹ'''.

== The '''{{IPA|ʃ}}''' character ==

In place of '''SC sc''' one may use the '''ʃ''' character with its IPA value.  Note that it should have a descender, unlike the Latin letter Long s '''ſ''', in order to be maximally distinct from '''f'''.  The preferred capital form is {{Esh}}, like a J turned 180 degrees or an Armenian Ր, in order to distinguish it from the lower-case form, and from  capital '''S'''.  Since this capital form is unavailable in standard fonts the forms '''{{MUFI|}}''' (the Insular capital '''S''') or '''{{IPA|Ʃ}}''' (the 'African' capital '''{{IPA|ʃ}}'''&amp;nbsp;) may be used, though care should be taken to distinguish '''{{MUFI|}}''' from '''{{MUFI|}}/{{IPA|Ʒ}}'''.

== Alternative graphies ==

Letters with acute diacritics may be replaced with digraphs as follows '''á &gt; aa, é &gt; ee, í &gt; ij, ó &gt; eo, ú &gt; ou, ý &gt; yy, œ &gt; oe, {{IPA|ů}} &gt; uo, å &gt; oa'''.

'''Þ, þ''' may be replaced with '''Th th''', '''{{Esh}} ʃ''' may be replaced with '''Sh sh''' or '''Sj sj''' and '''{{IPA|Ʒ ʒ}}''' may be replaced with '''Cg cg''' or '''Gj gj'''.

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 02:04, 25 February 2006 (PST)
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 05:14, 3 August 2006 (PDT)

== Alternative vowel glyphs  — NASS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ==

[[Image:NASS2.svg|thumb|200px|center|Due to font problems the alternative vowel glyphs have to be shown as an image]]
=== The ɑ a {{ei}} glyphs ===
My preference would be to use '''{{big|ɑ}}ɑ''' for {{sc|trap}} and {{sc|father}} but ordinary '''{{big|A, a}}''' for {{sc|face}} (with '''''&lt;span class=big&gt;{{EI}}, {{ei}}&lt;/span&gt;''''' as cursive form). In the meantime '''{{big|ɑ}}ɑ''' {{big|A, a}} as free variants for {{sc|trap}} and {{sc|father}} and &lt;span class=big&gt;{{EI}}, {{ei}}&lt;/span&gt; for {{sc|face}} is preferable, since even unligatured ƐƖ ɛɩ is preferable to losing the distinction! Thus although I'd prefer example (1) below (2) is clearer.

[[Image:Nass2examples.svg|thumb|700px|center|Due to font problems the examples must be shown as an image]]

It's all a service to the Anglo ''terror diacriticorum'' anyway: if nearly all other languages uses diacritics, then why not English?

Last changed by [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 06:26, 2 August 2006 (PDT)

== A forerunner ==

None less than [[wp:Alexander Melville bell|Alexander Melville bell]] has been down the same road as I with his [http://www.archive.org/details/worldenglishuniv00bell World English Spelling]].  But why on Earth not '''ī''' for {{IPA|[aɪ]}} when he otherwise used the macron for the 'long' values? Funny how his [ʍ] is as close as can be to my [ju] '''ꝡ'''! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:50, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:IJzeren Jan</title>
    <id>1245</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22366</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[IBWiki:User:IJzeren Jan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Teamouse</title>
    <id>1246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4600</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-03T01:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Herman Miller'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| Nov. 22, 1964; Lansing, Michigan, USA
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Software Engineer
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| Minza, Tirelat, Jarda, etc.
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| Esperanto
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Music, reading, video games
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| MORE INFORMATION
|}

This page is intended to contain information about the world of [[Azir]] and the languages spoken by the non-human inhabitants of Azir, in particular the [[Zireen]]. As a first step, I intend to document the basics of the Zireen language [[Yasaro]]. Pages describing [[Zireen music]] and other aspects of Zireen culture will also be included here. More to come....

* [[Azirian numbers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yasaro</title>
    <id>1247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29255</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Yasaro (''níñsi jasǎro'') is one of around 70,000 [[Zireen]] languages spoken on the planet Rishai. This is a brief introduction to the language, which will eventually grow to include more aspects of phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.

Consonants:

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| p
| th [t̪]
| t
| 
| č [tʃ]
| k
|-
| m
| nh [n̪]
| n
| 
| ň [ɲ]
| ŋ
| ñ*
|-
| v
| l
| s [s~z]
| r [ʐ]
| j
| h
|}

* /ñ/ is the Yasaro syllable-final nasal phoneme, contrasting with /m/ (in some dialects) and /ŋ/. See below for pronunciation.

Vowels:

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| i
| 
| u
|-
| e
| 
| (ɔ)
|-
| (ɛ)
| a
| 
|}

Pronunciation of vowel + syllable-final nasal /ñ/:
*short vowel + homorganic nasal before stops: ''lèñpa'' = [ˈlɛ̂mba], ''tòñtu'' = [ˈtɔ̂ndɯ]
*a long and nasal vowel before fricatives: ''níñsi'' = [ˈnɪ̌ː̃zi], ''kelòñra'' = [keˈlɔ̂ː̃ʐa]
*short and non-nasal at end of words: ''jasǎro(ñ)'' = [ʝaˈsǎʐɔ]

Final [ɛ] (from -/eñ/) contrasts with /e/ in some words. Before /ñ/, the distinction between /a/ and /u/ is neutralized to an [ɔ] sound, which is represented here as a phoneme /o/ (since it contrasts with both /a/ and /u/ at the ends of words).

Pitch accent:
Underlying stress can fall on any syllable of the main root, but word-final syllables are never stressed. Stressed syllables on non-final syllables are pronounced with a falling tone. When a word ends with a syllable that would ordinarily be stressed, the preceding syllable gets the stress instead, but is pronounced with a rising tone. The stress remains on the final syllable of the root if a suffix is added (for example, ''tóñpa'' [ˈtɔ̌mba] &quot;head&quot;, but ''toñpà-ta'' [tɔmˈpâɾa] &quot;my head&quot;).

== Writing ==

Yasaro is written using the [[Lelimi]] script (Yasaro ''lelímī'' &quot;alphabet&quot;), which is closely related to the Vlika script. The spelling of native Yasaro words is largely based on the pronunciation of an earlier stage of the language, Middle Yasaro, while retaining some features of Old Yasaro pronunciation. Borrowed words are spelled in various ways depending on when the words were borrowed and from which language.

Long vowels in modern Yasaro were still diphthongs in the Middle Yasaro period when the spelling conventions were established, so for instance /vǐ:la/ &quot;reed organ&quot; is spelled ‹veilá›, and /čěte:/ &quot;ice&quot; is spelled ‹tletéu›. The spelling of /č/ is especially variable; it developed from various consonant clusters such as /tl/ and /kr/, as well as /k/ before /i/. (Most occurrences of /ki/ in modern Yasaro are from /ke/ in Old Yasaro.) Yasaro spelling also preserves syllable-final consonants which were lost, as in the words /čâ:ŋa/ ‹krávga› &quot;to eat&quot; and /mǐra/ ‹birás› &quot;sun&quot;. Double consonants such as ‹ss› and ‹hh› represent lengthened consonants in earlier versions of the language which are pronounced as single consonants in the modern language. The name of the language itself has one of these double consonants: ‹jassavráň›.

== Vocabulary ==
[[Yasaro Colors|Colors]]

[[Zireen music]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zireen</title>
    <id>1248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4602</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-06T00:36:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Zireen are small, furry humanoid people who live on the planet [[Rishai]] (one of the worlds in the alternate reality of [[Azir]]). They have around 70,000 different languages.

== Languages ==
* [[Jaradh]]
* [[Simik]]
* [[Tenai]]
* [[Virelli]]
* [[Vizaki]]
* [[Yasaro]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zireen-colors.png</title>
    <id>1249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4603</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-27T00:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A chart of Zireen colors, with names from the Yasaro language</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A chart of Zireen colors, with names from the Yasaro language</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yasaro Colors</title>
    <id>1250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4604</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-27T01:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zireen-colors.png]]

[[Zireen]] and Sangari have an additional dimension of color compared to humans. While human colors can be more or less represented by combinations of red, green, and blue light (with the exception of some highly saturated colors), Zireen/Sangari color vision has four primary colors. In the Zireen language [[Yasaro]], the names of the primary colors are ''rúsu'', ''kàju'', ''vári'', and ''núri''. Because these are pure spectral colors, we can associate them with human color names: yellow, turquoise, indigo, and ultraviolet.

But that is just the start of the complexity. The equivalent of hue in the Zireen/Sangari color system can be represented on the surface of a sphere, with the pure spectral hues on a line winding around the sphere like the seam of a baseball. The primary hues can be placed at non-adjacent corners on an inscribed cube. Intermediate spectral hues can be placed on lines drawn on the surface of the sphere from one primary corner to another: ''nhèňu'' (green) between ''rúsu'' and ''kàju'', ''kìva'' (blue) between ''kàju'' and ''vári'', ''lèvi'' (violet) between ''vári'' and ''núri'', and finally ''sų̀pi'' (no human equivalent) to close the circle from ''núri'' back to ''rúsu''. The remaining corners of the cube can be filled with complementary colors: ''ję́thi'' (the complement of ultraviolet) is a color which appears white to humans, ''číla'' and ''tą́vi'' are combinations of ulraviolet with green and blue, and ''pàmę'' (the complement of turquoise) is another unique Zireen color with no human equivalent. The two remaining faces may be considered as the north and south poles of the sphere; they are unique Zireen colors with no single dominant wavelength. On this diagram, the top color is ''hìŋi'', a combination of yellow and indigo, and the one at the bottom is ''mį̀ru'', a combination of turquoise and ultraviolet.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang</title>
    <id>1251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31722</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-25T16:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang is the abbreviation of 'constructed language', a language completely made up by people.  That's what this Wiki is all about.

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pro-Drop</title>
    <id>1252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10464</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-13T01:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. grammar</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A language feature: content words that can be inferred from context may be dropped from clauses.  This mainly applies to pronouns, which need
not be used is pro-drop languages.

Natlang examples are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, but the phenomenon is quite common, so there are many other examples.

A conlang example is [[Tyl Sjok]], but again, there are many others.

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tyl Sjok</title>
    <id>1253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10826</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tyl Sjok is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* isolating
* SVO
* active system ([[Fluid-S]])
* no phonemic lip movement (no labial consonants, no rounded vowels)
* all particles are optional
* [[Pro-Drop|pro-drop]]
* usually highly ambiguous

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s2 Tyl Sjok Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Panslavien</title>
    <id>1254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29140</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:13:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Govor panslavien — eto noven proekt de vseslavien iskustven govor, koï davaä da govoriä mej qelovekovi de razen slavien nacievi.

*[http://poliglos.info/lingva/pnsl.php Sa&amp;iuml;t panslavien]
*[http://poliglos.info/_langid.php?id=pnsl Russian-Panslavic dictionary]
*[http://inter.poliglos.info/result.php?from=eng&amp;into=pnsl&amp;meta=rus&amp;ifc=eng&amp;in=21958&amp;out=179 English-Panslavic dictionary]

[[Category:Slavic conlangs]]
[[Category:Panslavien|*]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Panslavien</title>
    <id>1255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6007</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Slavic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Teamouse</title>
    <id>1256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22324</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-10T17:12:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Oq7R0n|Oq7R0n]] ([[User_talk:Oq7R0n|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Teamouse|Teamouse]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nice work with the Yasaro page!  Just a technical tip: phonology tables look a lot better if you add a quite large amount of cellpadding:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

See [[Baazraamani#Vowels]] and the code to that section! BPJ 12:35, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)

Thanks for the tip! I've only just started learning how to use this thing, so feel free to make any comments about formatting and such.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan</title>
    <id>1257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46837</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| english = [[Slevan]]
| native = {{SLVL}}
| country = Slevania
| nativecountry = Slvanja
| universe = [[Ill Bethisad]]
| speakers = 6 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Romance
| subbranch = North-Eastern Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[User:Melroch|BP Jonsson]]
| date = 2003
| background-color = white
| heading-background = lightgreen
| width = 33%
}}

= {{SLVL}} -- the Slevan language =

{| cellpadding=6 style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc3&quot; 
! « Popol szne ljazva jé popol szne kór »
|}
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''{{SLVL}}''' {{IPA|[ˈsl̩vaɲɛts]}}, or in English ''Slevan'' {{IPA|[ˈslɛvən]}}, is spoken primarily in the republic of Slevania {{IPA|[slɪˈveɪniə]}} ('''Slvanja''' {{IPA|[ˈsl̩vaɲa]}}), but also by sizeable populations in the neighboring countries Hungary, the Republic of the Two Crowns and the Bohemian Kingdom, and by a few thousand persons in Austria. Together with Wenedyk, one of the official languages of the Republic of the Two Crowns, and Slezan it forms the north-eastern branch of the Romance languages, also known as the Slavo-Romance languages.


*[[History of Slevan]]

*[[Slevan historical phonology|Historical phonology]] (Grand Master Plan) -- '''under construction!'''

*[[Slevan spelling and pronunciation|Spelling and pronunciation]]

*[[Slevan grammar outline|Grammar outline]]

*[[Mracian orthography of Slevan|The Mrácian orthography]]

*[[Slevan dialects|Dialects]]

*[[Slevan texts|Texts]]

BPJ 13:02, 27 Jul 2005 (PDT)

[[Category:Slevan]]
[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zireen music</title>
    <id>1258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4612</id>
      <timestamp>2005-07-29T04:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

The fundamental building blocks of Zireen music, as with all kinds of music, are pitch, rhythm, and timbre. For purposes of illustration, the elements of Zireen music will be described with anglicized versions of words from the [[Yasaro]] language. Other Zireen languages tend to have similar concepts, although the words used to describe them are different.

== Pitch and intervals ==

The basis for all intervals in Zireen music is the '''tilar''' (Yasaro: ''tílar''), which is a '''tempered octave'''. All other intervals are constructed by subdividing the tilar into smaller parts (such as fifths, fourths, and thirds), according to a rough approximation of the harmonic series, or by stacking two or more of these basic intervals. &quot;Superparticular&quot; intervals (pitch ratios of the form n+1/n) are considered the most basic of the Zireen musical intervals. Note that although these intervals are expressed as pitch ratios, actual Zireen music almost invariably alters these ratios to produce a slight beating effect. This beating ranges from subtle to extreme, but it is almost always present, even in the octaves.

=== The basic musical intervals ===

The first division of the tilar produces a pair of intervals called '''napi''' (Yasaro: ''nhàpī''), which correspond to the perfect fifth (3/2) and perfect fourth (4/3). The smaller of a pair of intervals is called a '''muri''', or &quot;shadow&quot;, of the larger interval (Yasaro: ''mùri''). The major napi is divided into two '''pindu''' (''pį́tu''), which are the equivalent of the major and minor third, and the shadow napi is divided into two '''laira''' (''lâira''), which are 7-limit intervals: a &quot;subminor third&quot; (7/6) and a &quot;supermajor second&quot; (8/7). Further subdivisions are defined as follows:
* '''tondu''' (whole tones): 9/8 (''tą̀tu''), 10/9 (''tą̀tu mùri'').
* '''yombi''' (neutral seconds): 11/10 (''ją́pi''), 12/11 (''ją́pi mùri'').
* '''chulu''' (13-limit small steps): 13/12 (''čùlu''), 14/13 (''čùlu mùri'').
* '''kima''' (semitones): 15/14 (''kíma''), 16/15 (''kíma mùri'').

=== Tuning systems (''nai'') ===

The notation and tuning of Zireen music, especially instrumental music, is based on the tradition of music for the '''vila''' (Yasaro: ''vǐla''), a kind of reed organ with an array of round buttons as a keyboard (similar to the arrangement of a button accordion). A particular arrangement of buttons is called a '''nai''' (Yasaro: ''nâi''), and there are many different kinds of nai in Zireen music. As an illustration, nai seret (''nâi sèret'') is an arrangement of buttons associated with what we call '''meantone temperament''', which is a historical tuning based on tempering out the small interval called a '''syntonic comma''' (which has a ratio of 81/80). In Zireen music, nai seret includes intervals down to the size of a shadow laira (supermajor second), which makes it a 7-limit temperament. In addition to 81/80, nai seret also tempers out 126/125 (or equivalently, 225/224). This tempering out of small intervals allows a limited set of buttons to represent a much larger set of theoretical intervals that differ from each other by only small amounts. The slight beating introduced by this detuning is generally considered as a desirable effect, but Zireen cultures vary as to how much beating is desirable. Here is a list of some of the more common nais, with a description of which small intervals are tempered out.

* ''nâi hanákī'' (&quot;bug&quot;): 27/25
* ''nâi jùluŋ'' (&quot;father&quot;): 16/15
* ''nâi kénet'' (&quot;mavila&quot;): 135/128
* ''nâi lę̀pa'' (&quot;lemba&quot;): 50/49, 525/512
* ''nâi mahǎli'' (&quot;superpelog&quot;): 49/48, 135/128
* ''nâi pilîna'' (&quot;blacksmith&quot;): 28/27, 49/48
* ''nâi sèret'' (&quot;meantone&quot;): 81/80, 126/125
* ''nâi sį̀kā'' (&quot;keemun&quot;): 49/48, 225/224

=== Scales (''yemet'') ===

While a nai can theoretically include an unlimited number of pitches by extending the array of buttons in the vertical direction, actual music uses only a limited subset of these pitches, in arrangements called '''yemet''' (Yasaro: ''jémet''). Yemets are categorized by the number of different steps of one size or another within the range of a tilar (tempered octave), as well as the variations in the scale pattern as a melody develops. For instance, a particular yemet might have one form when ascending, and a different one when descending, or a different pattern in each octave. A yemet typically has only two different sizes of steps, which are combined in specific numbers to reach an octave, like the diatonic scale of 5 whole steps and 2 half steps in Western music. '''Yemet kerasi''', for instance (Yasaro: ''jémet kerâsi'') is the Zireen equivalent of the pentatonic scale, with 2 large steps and 3 small steps per octave (abbreviated &quot;2+3&quot;); this yemet is typically associated with the button arrangement '''nai seret''' (meantone). '''Yemet veriko''', on the other hand (''jémet vèriką''), is a bizarre scale associated with nai yulung, which has 3 large steps and 2 small steps (3+2).

== External links ==
[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/music/zireen-music.html The music of the Zireen]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Slevan</title>
    <id>1260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6006</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:13:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Slevan]] is a Slavo-Romance language of [[Ill Bethisad]], created by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]].

[[Category:Slavic conlangs]] [[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kobold</title>
    <id>1261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8190</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">http://koboxora.free.fr/index.htm

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azirian numbers</title>
    <id>1262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9092</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-20T22:15:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>comparison of Zireen languages added</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is an overview of number systems in various Azirian languages.

== Jarda ==

In Jarda, numbers can be represented in any base which is convenient, up to base 12.

* 1: ju {{IPA|[ju]}}
* 2: řal {{IPA|[ɻal]}}
* 3: đağ {{IPA|[ɟaɣ]}}
* 4: kun {{IPA|[kun]}}
* 5: raz {{IPA|[raz]}}
* 6: kóv {{IPA|[kov]}}
* 7: noś {{IPA|[nɔɕ]}}
* 8: řóm {{IPA|[ɻom]}}
* 9: kóř {{IPA|[koɻ]}}
* 10: jum {{IPA|[jum]}}
* 11: vaź {{IPA|[vaʑ]}}
* 12: źév {{IPA|[ʑev]}}

== Jirra ==

The Jirra language is related to Lindiga. Compare these numbers with the corresponding Lindiga words:

* 1: swai {{IPA|[sʷai]}}
* 2: koči {{IPA|[kotʃi]}}
* 3: miči {{IPA|[mitʃi]}}
* 4: sirwi {{IPA|[siɾʷi]}}
* 5: ngwëswi {{IPA|[ŋwəzʷi]}}
* 6: issi {{IPA|[issʲi]}}
* 7: xasci {{IPA|[xasci]}}
* 8: kwasi {{IPA|[kʷazʲi]}}
* 9: ütti {{IPA|[ʉttʲi]}}
* 10: cië {{IPA|[ciə]}}

== Lindiga ==

* 1: rsai {{IPA|[ʂɛi]}}
* 2: koti {{IPA|[kɔʧi]}}
* 3: miti {{IPA|[miʧi]}}
* 4: siři {{IPA|[ʃiɽi]}}
* 5: ngüorsi {{IPA|[ŋuəʐi]}}
* 6: issi {{IPA|[iʃʃi]}}
* 7: chaski {{IPA|[xaski]}}
* 8: pasi {{IPA|[paʒi]}}
* 9: ykki {{IPA|[ykki]}}
* 10: kie {{IPA|[kiə]}}

Lindiga is also the source for basic numbers in the Minza language: šei, koči, miči, širi, ňuoži, iši, xaski, paži, yki, kie.

== Siralla ==

Siralla numbers use base 8:

* 1: ik {{IPA|[ik]}}
* 2: nar {{IPA|[nar]}}
* 3: gar {{IPA|[ɡar]}}
* 4: zek {{IPA|[zɛk]}}
* 5: chek {{IPA|[tʃɛk]}}
* 6: rev {{IPA|[rɛv]}}
* 7: yel {{IPA|[jɛl]}}
* 8: kemel {{IPA|[kɛmɛl]}}

Numbers after 8 add the suffix -mel: ikmel &quot;nine&quot;, narmel &quot;ten&quot;, etc.

== Tirelat ==

Tirelat uses base 12.

* 1: lii {{IPA|[liː]}}
* 2: dłaa {{IPA|[dɮaː]}}
* 3: kim {{IPA|[kim]}}
* 4: reega {{IPA|[reːɡa]}}
* 5: vakki {{IPA|[vakki]}}
* 6: zem {{IPA|[zɛm]}}
* 7: telił {{IPA|[tɛliɬ]}}
* 8: syt {{IPA|[sɨt]}}
* 9: lañu {{IPA|[laŋu]}}
* 10: nidi {{IPA|[nidi]}}
* 11: foža {{IPA|[fɔʒa]}}
* 12: kaž {{IPA|[kaʒ]}}

== Virelli ==

Virelli, as is typical of Zireen languages, uses base 8.

* 1: hú {{IPA|[hú]}}
* 2: zá {{IPA|[zá]}}
* 3: néri {{IPA|[néʐì]}}
* 4: ņa’i {{IPA|[ɲàʔì]}}
* 5: séða {{IPA|[séðà]}}
* 6: háka {{IPA|[hákà]}}
* 7: gira {{IPA|[ɣìʐà]}}
* 8: hļú {{IPA|[ɬʲú]}}

== Vizaki == 

Another Zireen language which uses base 8.

* 1: a {{IPA|[a]}}
* 2: ti {{IPA|[ti]}}
* 3: fhei {{IPA|[hei]}}
* 4: nyy {{IPA|[nɨː]}}
* 5: šia {{IPA|[ʃia]}}
* 6: t'aša {{IPA|[tʼaʃa]}}
* 7: yša {{IPA|[ɨʃa]}}
* 8: zei {{IPA|[zei]}}

== Zariva ==

The [[Zariva]] number system uses a combination of base 5 and base 7.

The numbers 1-7 are:

* 1: ai {{IPA|[ai]}}
* 2: ilai {{IPA|[ilai]}} (&quot;twice one&quot;)
* 3: ith {{IPA|[iθ]}}
* 4: sai {{IPA|[sai]}}
* 5: min {{IPA|[min]}}
* 6: minda {{IPA|[minda]}} (&quot;one more than 5&quot;)
* 7: thú {{IPA|[θuː]}}

Certain multiples of 5 and 7 have specific names:

* 10: hi {{IPA|[hi]}}
* 15: mist {{IPA|[mist]}}
* 25: ming {{IPA|[miŋ]}}
* 125: léshek {{IPA|[leːʃɛk]}}
* 15,625 (125&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;): agálik {{IPA|[aɡaːlik]}}
* 1,953,125 (125&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;): nuruthkest {{IPA|[nuruθkɛst]}}

* 49: thúsi {{IPA|[θuːsi]}}

The numbers from 1 to 125 use various combinations of 5 and 7 with the
following affixes: an- (one less), adan- (two less), -ra (one more) -rad
(two more), il- (twice), ith (3) and sai (4).

* 8: thúra {{IPA|[θuːra]}} (7+1)
* 9: anghi {{IPA|[aŋhi]}} (10-1)
* 10: hi {{IPA|[hi]}}
* 11: hina {{IPA|[hina]}} (10+1)
* 12: hinad {{IPA|[hinad]}} (10+2)
* 13: adammist {{IPA|[adammist]}} (15-2)
* 14: ilthu {{IPA|[ilθu]}} (2*7)
* 15: mist {{IPA|[mist]}}
* 16: mistra {{IPA|[mistra]}} (15+1)
* 17: mistrad {{IPA|[mistrad]}} (15+2)
* 18: mistith {{IPA|[mistiθ]}} (15+3)
* 19: mistsai {{IPA|[mistsai]}} (15+4)
* 20: mistmin {{IPA|[mistmin]}} (15+5)
* 21: ithú {{IPA|[iθuː]}} (3*7)
* 22: ithúra {{IPA|[iθuːra]}} (3*7+1)
* 23: adamming {{IPA|[adammiŋ]}} (25-2)
* 24: amming {{IPA|[ammiŋ]}} (25-1)
* 25: ming {{IPA|[miŋ]}}
* 26: mingna {{IPA|[miŋna]}} (25+1)
* 27: mingnad {{IPA|[miŋnad]}} (25+2)
* 28: saithú {{IPA|[saiθuː]}} (4*7)
* 29: saithúra {{IPA|[saiθuːra]}} (4*7+1)
* 30: ilmist {{IPA|[ilmist]}} (2*15)
* 31: ilmistra {{IPA|[ilmistra]}} (2*15+1)
* 32: mingthú {{IPA|[miŋθuː]}} (25+7)
* 33: mingthúra {{IPA|[miŋθuːra]}} (25+7+1)
* 34: amminthú {{IPA|[amminθuː]}} (5*7-1)
* 35: minthú {{IPA|[minθuː]}} (5*7)
* 36: minthúra {{IPA|[minθuːra]}} (5*7+1)
* 37: minthúrad {{IPA|[minθuːrad]}} (5*7+2)
* 38: mingadammist {{IPA|[miŋadammist]}} (25+15-2)
* 39: mingilthú {{IPA|[miŋilθuː]}} (25+2*7)
* 40: mingmist {{IPA|[miŋmist]}} (25+15)
* 41: mingmistra {{IPA|[miŋmistra]}} (25+15+1)
* 42: mindathú {{IPA|[mindaθuː]}} (6*7)
* 43: mindathúra {{IPA|[mindaθuːra]}} (6*7+1)
* 44: anithmist {{IPA|[aniθmist]}} (3*15-1)
* 45: ithmist {{IPA|[iθmist]}} (3*15)
* 46: ithmistra {{IPA|[iθmistra]}} (3*15+1)
* 47: adanthúsi {{IPA|[adanθuːsi]}} (7*7-2)
* 48: anthúsi {{IPA|[anθuːsi]}} (7*7-1)
* 49: thúsi {{IPA|[θuːsi]}} (7*7)

After 49, multiples of 7 are less frequently used, and it starts to look
more like a base-5 system.

== Zharranh ==

Zharranh uses a base 8 system. Numbers 1-8:

* 1: žar {{IPA|[ʒar]}}
* 2: k{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu {{IPA|[kɭiʝu]}}
* 3: tiva {{IPA|[tiva]}}
* 4: ziđa {{IPA|[zid̪a]}}
* 5: ni{{IPA|ʈ}}a {{IPA|[niʈa]}}
* 6: disa {{IPA|[disa]}}
* 7: krina {{IPA|[krina]}}
* 8: mimi {{IPA|[mimi]}}

Numbers 9-15 are formed by adding the prefix mi- to numbers 1-8 (e.g. nine is &quot;mižar&quot; and 10 is &quot;{{IPA|mikɭiĵu}}&quot;).

== Zireen languages ==

Zireen languages commonly use base eight. Numbers above eight are represented by various means: prefixes (such as Zharranh &quot;mi-&quot;), suffixes (such as Yasaro &quot;-na&quot;), or just saying &quot;eight one&quot;, &quot;eight two&quot;, and so on as separate words. Here is a comparison of basic numbers in some of the Zireen languages:
 
{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! 
| Virelli
| Vizaki
| Zharranh
| Jaradh
| Yasaro
| Simik
|-
! one
| hú
| a
| žar
| jar
| àu
| vá:
|-
! two
| zá
| ti
| k{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu
| griizhiu
| nhúlu
| zain
|-
! three
| néri
| fhei
| tiva
| t'iiwa
| làku
| yaika
|-
! four
| ņa'i
| nyy
| ziđa
| ziitha
| čę́pi
| xu:
|-
! five
| séða
| šia
| ni{{IPA|ʈ}}a
| diidra
| tìa
| íx
|-
! six
| háka
| t'aša
| disa
| tuisa
| są̀rę
| tazâ
|-
! seven
| gira
| yša
| krina
| griida
| vǔki
| zizâ
|-
! eight
| hļú
| zei
| mimi
| miimui
| nùa
| câi
|-
! nine
| hļú hú
| azei
| mižar
| muijar
| aúna
| vá:câi
|-
! ten
| hļú zá
| tizei
| mik{{IPA|ɭ}}iĵu
| muigriizhiu
| nhúna
| zaincâi
|}

[[Category:Azir]]
[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zariva</title>
    <id>1263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4617</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-06T00:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Zariva is a [[Nithra]] language spoken on the planet Thersenia.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nithra</title>
    <id>1264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9321</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:57:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category azir, races</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nithra are small furry people distantly related to the [[Zireen]] and [[Sangari]]; they inhabit the planet Thersenia, and their closest relatives are the [[Hralta]]. Nithra are adapted to living in cold climates, and have thicker fur than their relatives. The average height of a Nithra is 90 cm.

== Nithra languages ==
* [[Zariva]]
* [[Siralla]]

[[Category:Azir]]
[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azir</title>
    <id>1265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33045</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T06:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Azir is a collection of separate worlds connected by Impossible Gates (portals which open at regular or unpredictable intervals, and stay open for relatively brief periods of time). 

== Worlds of Azir ==
* [[Striezarait]] (Mizar)
* [[Rishai]]
* [[Thersenia]]
* [[Kallarilan]]

== People of Azir ==
* Mizarians (humanoid rodents)
** [[Zaik]]
* Furry people
** [[Zireen]]
** [[Sangari]]
** [[Kireethin]]
** [[Nithra]]
** [[Hralta]]
** [[Zoray]]
** [[Binda]]
* Nikta and relatives
** [[Nikta]]
** [[Neyasai]]
* &quot;Elves&quot; (pointy eared humanoids)
** [[Yitha]]
** [[Nelya]]
** [[Kaltani]]
** [[Miri]]
** [[Lialia]]

Also see the [[Azirian Culture]] quick-guide and [[Azirian Phylogeny]].

[[Category:Azir]]
[[Category:Planets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kireethin</title>
    <id>1266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8184</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:19:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Azir]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Kireethin languages ==
[[Zharranh]]

[[Category:Azir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zaik</title>
    <id>1267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4621</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-06T00:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Zaik are human-sized bipedal rodents who live on a planet near the star Mizar.

== Zaik languages ==
* [[Chispa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sangari</title>
    <id>1268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4622</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-06T00:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sangari are furry people closely related to the [[Zireen]], but taller (average height 140 cm).

== Sangari languages ==
[[Tirelat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nelya</title>
    <id>1269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9316</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category azir, races</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nelya are human-like &quot;elves&quot;, slightly shorter than humans (average height 150 cm), who live on the planet [[Kallarilan]]. Nelya are known for their greater than usual interest in and skill with magic.

== Nelya languages ==

* [[Rynnan]]
* [[Cythin]]
* [[Alzećan]]

[[Category:Azir]]
[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yitha</title>
    <id>1270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5383</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-03T01:52:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Yitha are the most human-like of the &quot;elves&quot; of [[Azir]]. Except for their pointy ears and somewhat larger eyes, they look very much like humans, and are around the same size.

== Yitha languages ==
* [[Jirra]]
* [[Lindiga]]
* [[Kazvarad]]
* [[Olaetian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Virelli</title>
    <id>1271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4177</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-08T04:45:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Virelli is a language spoken by [[Zireen]].

== Pronunciation ==

=== Consonants ===
{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| 
| labial
| dental
| alveolar
| retroflex
| palatal
| velar
| glottal
|-
| stops
| 
| th
| t
| 
| ķ
| k
| ’
|-
| nasals
| m
| 
| n
| 
| ņ
| 
| 
|-
| fricatives
| v
| d
| s z
| hr r
| hj j
| g
| h
|-
| lat. fric.
| 
| 
| hl l
| 
| hļ ļ
| 
| 
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| 
| front
| central
| back
|-
| high
| i
| 
| u
|-
| mid
| e
| o
| 
|-
| low
| 
| a
|
|}

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

Nouns have three cases: Absolutive, Ergative, and Dative. Nouns ending in a vowel add the case ending in a relatively straightforward manner (although the ending varies according to the gender of the noun).

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
|
| &quot;person&quot;
| &quot;fire&quot;
| &quot;sea&quot;
| &quot;Rishai&quot;
| &quot;air&quot;
|-
| Gender:
| I
| II
| III
| IV
| V
|-
| stem
| írrá-
| ’ahrí-
| zúlí-
| uļí-
| thú’a-
|-
| absolutive
| írrát
| ’ahrít
| zúlíl
| uļí
| thú’a
|-
| ergative
| írrájuk
| ’ahríjuk
| zúlísík
| uļísík
| thú’alik
|-
| dative
| írránu
| ’ahríņu
| zúlímu
| uļíņí
| thú’ají
|}

Nouns with consonant-ending stems alter the stems or the endings in various ways according to phonological rules. Examples:

* ''kaļút-'' &quot;ice&quot; (gender I) + ergative ''-juk'' &gt; ''kaļúķuk''
* ''kaļút-'' &quot;ice&quot; (gender I) + dative ''-nu'' &gt; ''kaļúntu''
* ''karas-'' &quot;stream&quot; (gender III) + absolutive ''-l'' &gt; ''karahl''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Channel Island Siouxan</title>
    <id>1272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9744</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-31T15:08:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kuroda</username>
        <id>171</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added more categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This not-yet-properly-named member of the [[League of Lost Languages]] is today spoken by a small number of people in the United Kingdom, for now in the Channel Islands but perhaps on the coast of the British mainland or on the Isles of Scilly. They are descended from a group of Native Americans from what is today North Carolina who emigrated wholesale across the Atlantic c. 1680-1700, followed by a second infusion approx. 1712-1713 under pressure from the Tuscaroras. 

Their language, possibly identical to the Carolina Siouxan language known to us as Woccon, is still spoken  today, though it shows massive lexical replacement and syntactic interference from English. Nevertheless it is the best-preserved and only viable member of this branch of the Siouxan family, and is thus of great interest to comparative linguists as well as to anthropologists.

There are currently about a hundred native speakers; it is traditionally written, in limited circumstances (parish records, hymnals, diaries, collections of folktales, and genealogical materials) in a vernacular English-based orthography.

'''Example sentence:'''
''Tey whiyaupany leenky whawausitty whashley eickelauspawda yeckeny iwisoo iseedy.'
&quot;It seems that this young beaver here was chewing up my big pine trees with his yellow teeth.&quot;

[[Category:LLL]][[Category:A posteriori conlangs]][[Category:Amerindian conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kilda Kelen</title>
    <id>1273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46382</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T21:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Ethnographic Background Information */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;yellowgreen&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Kilda Kelen'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Kamchatka Peninsula, Northeast Siberia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Possibly the [[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||At least 50,000.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||''disputed''&lt;br&gt;
Altaic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Tungusic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;North Tungusic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Kïlda'''&lt;br&gt;
''or''&lt;br&gt;
Altaic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Mongolic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kitan&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Kïlda'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order: 
|| SOV&lt;br&gt;AdjN&lt;br&gt;GenN&lt;br&gt;RelHead
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type: 
|| Agglutinative
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment: 
|| Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;yellowgreen&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Kuroda ||1996-
|}

The language of the '''Kïldamnï''' (gentile noun; individually, '''Kïldaï''') is likely a member of the League of Lost Languages that is spoken today on the [[Wikipedia:Kamchatka_Peninsula|Kamchatka Peninsula]] in northeastern Siberia. Foreign scholars universally consider '''Kïlda''' to be an [[Wikipedia:Altaic_languages|Altaic language]] -- the family consisting of the [[Wikipedia:Turkic_languages|Turkic]], [[Wikipedia:Mongolic_languages|Mongolian]], and [[Wikipedia:Tungusic_languages|Tungusic]] language groups, and according to some, [[Wikipedia:Korean_language|Korean]] or [[Wikipedia:Japanese_language|Japanese]]. However, contemporary native Kïldamnï scholarship rejects the &quot;Altaic Hypothesis&quot; and considers these three (or five) groups to be related only through prolonged contact and mixing. In any event, it would be safe to say that the Kïlda language is closely related to both Tungusic and Mongolic languages, whether by descent or affiliation. Today, arguments on the genetic roots of Kïlda fall into one of two camps: Tungusic with heavy adstratum influence from Para-Mongolic or Pre-Classical Mongolian, vs. Para-Mongolic with heavy substratum influence and later borrowing from North Tungusic languages, specifically [[Wikipedia:Evenki_language|Evenki (or &quot;Tungus&quot;)]] and [[Wikipedia:Even_language|Even (or &quot;Lamut&quot;)]]. The position that Kïlda is a separate branch of Altaic was popular earlier in the 20th century but is now held only by a small, crackpot fringe.

==Phonology==
Kïlda has a regular system of so-called front/back vowel harmony, in which lexical stems determine the vowel quality of their affixes. &quot;Front&quot; vowels are /'''ə i u o'''/ (in standard Latin orthography {'''e i ü ö'''}) while &quot;back&quot; vowels are /'''a ɪ ʊ ɔ'''/ (Latin orthography: {'''a ï u o'''}). The latter series is described, by different researchers, as &quot;tense&quot;, &quot;pharyngialized&quot;, or &quot;retracted tongue root (RTR, -ATR)&quot;. There is also limited &quot;rounding harmony&quot; where the vowels /'''a ə'''/ appear as /'''ɔ o'''/ (respectively) in suffixes when attached to stems containing only /'''ɔ o'''/. Vowel length is additionally distinguished (though not in many orthographies), which also affects vowel quality (e.g., /ə əː/ = [ə ɛ], /ʊ ʊː/ = [ʊ ɯ]) and stress allocation. Two additional phonemes are recognized by the Kïldamnï as diphthongs, in Latin orthography {'''ei''', '''ê'''} (/'''eʲ''', '''ɛj'''/) and {'''ai'''} (/'''aj''', '''æʲ'''/).

Consonantal phonology is fairly unexceptional. The two series of obstruents are distinguished primarily by voicing: /'''b d ʤ g'''/ {'''b d j g'''} are voiced, while /'''p t ʧ k'''/ {'''p t c k'''} are voiceless and strongly aspirated in most positions. While /'''k'''/ has velar and uvular allophones, conditioned by front vs. back vowel harmony (respectively), these are not phonemic and are ignored in native orthographies (though not in most foreign transcriptions). /'''p'''/ is ['''ɸ'''] (orthographically {'''f'''}) before back vowels (and in some cases /'''ɪ'''/), though this is irregular due to many loanwords and ideophones - so some analyses present /'''ɸ'''/ as a separate phoneme.

Like most genetically and areally related languages, there is a phonemic palatal nasal /'''ɲ'''/ {'''ñ'''} or {'''ni-'''}. Unlike other Tungusic languages and neighbors (but like Manchu and Mongolic and Turkic languages), the velar nasal /'''ŋ'''/ {'''ng'''} cannot occur before a vowel. The hissing sibilant /'''s'''/ {'''s'''} is always pronounced &quot;palatalized&quot; (actually, retracted and grooved) before high front vowels (/'''i'''/ and /'''ı'''/) and thus merges with /'''ʃ'''/ {'''sh'''} or {'''š'''}. The phoneme /'''r'''/ {'''r'''} does not occur word-initially in native words or in loanwords from before the mid-19th century: /'''ɔrɔm'''/ &quot;rum&quot; (1820s) but /'''rɔkınrɔl'''/ &quot;rock and roll&quot; (1970s). Foreign descriptions cast /'''l'''/ {'''l'''} as a lateral fricative, voiceless in most but not all positions (['''ɬ'''] and ['''ɮ''']), but native accounts persist in calling it a lateral approximant. Likewise, according to Kilda sources /'''w'''/ {'''w''', '''v'''} is not a labiovelar, but a bilabial approximant or fricative (realized as ['''β̞''', '''β''']), while many foreign scholars describe it as a velar approximant pronounced with lip compression, ['''ɰ''']. The phoneme given here as /'''h'''/ has allophones ranging from voiceless velar and uvular fricatives ['''x, χ'''] to voiceless pharyngeal or epiglottal fricatives ['''ħ, ʜ'''] (identification is disputed) to voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives ['''h, ɦ'''] - depending on vowel harmony, syllable position, and dialect or idolect. 

Syllable structure is generally simple and of (C)V(C) form, and the language permits no internal clusters of more than two consonant phonemes. Word-initial or word-final consonant clusters are very rare even in loanwords. (E.g., /'''smiki'''/ &quot;wandering tattler (a bird)&quot;, /'''tɔsk'''/ &quot;riverbed sand&quot;.) By default, primary stress falls on the first syllable, but is attracted to syllables with long vowels.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Dental-Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || ||{{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|r}} || || || {{IPA|j}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| +FRONT ||colspan=2| -FRONT
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;|  || +ATR || -ATR || +ATR || -ATR
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| +HIGH || {{IPA|ɪ}}  || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ʊ}} || {{IPA|u}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| -HIGH || {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|o}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt; 

==Morphology and Syntax==
Grammatically, Kïlda is highly agglutinative and almost exclusively suffixing. It has basic SOV word order, accusative syntax, and a wealth of non-finite verb forms, many tense and aspect distinctions, and a fairly elaborate system of local cases. In all these respects it is a quite typical North Tungusic language. Though it has a slightly reduced and simplified inflectional morphology compared to its closest relatives, most morphological and syntactic constructions can be directly matched to corresponding forms in Even and/or Evenki.

Inflectional morphology for verbal elements recognizes categories of finiteness, mood or modality, aspect, tense, evidentiality, person and number (of subject only), and switch-reference (in non-finite verbs only). There is a rich variety of verbal nouns (or &quot;participles&quot;) which can serve as finite and non-finite verbs, attributive modifiers, and nominals. In addition there are a number of important periphrastic constructions to express certain TAM combinations (e.g., contact causation, pluperfect and future perfect) and in polite and honorific language.

Finite endings can loosely be defined as those verbal inflections which occur only in the heads of verb phrases serving predicative roles in the sentence, and which do not permit subordination to another verb phrase. However, not all such VP heads take finite endings; participial and converbal forms can and often do occur in that role. In fact, in Kilda finite verbs proper are largely limited to imperatives and a number of modal-epistemic forms. The finite endings are followed by pronominal suffixes (except as noted below).

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Finite Verb Endings'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Name''' ||colspan=2| '''Suffix''' ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near Future || '''-jai-''' || Near or immediate future tense
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Inferential Future || '''-mna-''' || More distant future tense, with less certainty about the action or state actually happening; also used to state probabilities or likelihoods in general or abstract times, or in customary behavior
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Subjunctive || '''-mca-''' || Consequence of counterfactual conditionals
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near Probabilative || '''-na-''' || Possible event or action at a time close to the present
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Distant Probabilative || '''-rka-''' || As above, but for events or actions in the more remote past
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mirative || '''-jug-''' || Actions or states which turn out to be the case, counter to expectation or in a narrative twist; usually with a pluperfect tense-aspect meaning.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Admonitive || '''-jik''' || Warning or reminding about the verbal action: &quot;look out for..., be sure to..., beware of...&quot;. Only with second person reference.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Imperative || '''-kar''' (sg.), '''-karsu''' (pl.), '''-hun''' (polite) || Orders and commands to direct addressees.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prescriptive || '''-tugin''' (sg.), '''-tuktin''' (pl.) || Instructions and remote commands to non-present third persons; in some cases, to direct addressees but concerning actions to take in the future or in a distant location.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Voluntative || '''-su''' (sg.), '''-ya''' (pl. incl.), '''-gat''' (pl. excl.) || Instructions, exhortations, and expressions of volition about the speaker or the speaker's group.
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 


Nonfinite verb forms function as attributes, subordinated predicates, and finite or independent predicates. Nonfinite verbs never take modal markers, and rarely occur with certain categories of voice. They fall into three general categories: participles, or verbal nouns; inflecting converbs; and non-inflecting converbs. 

As attributives, participles always agree in number with the head of their NP, but not in person or case. As predicates, they require the periphrastic verb '''bi-''' (&quot;be&quot;), except third person nonfuture participial predicates.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Participles (Verbal Nouns/Nominalized Verbs)'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Name''' ||colspan=2| '''Suffix''' ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nonfuture || '''-ra-, -da-, -sa-, -na-''' (pred.), '''-ri-, -ri-, -si-, -di-''' (attrib./dependent) || Complicated range of meanings and functions; very widely used -- possibly the most frequent verb form in the language. Can refer to the recent past (of single perfective events or actions), simultaneity or present tense (of prolonged actions), imperfective past (of a small number of activity verbs); regardless, if it refers to any situation in the past, it must be one that was directly observed or experienced by the speaker. It thus has an evidential force as well. It also functions as the coreferential equivalent of the Purposive converb '''-da-''' (see below), and is sometimes referred to as &quot;the infinitive form&quot;. (It is also the traditional citation form of verbs in Kilda dictionaries.) The forms with the low front vowels occur when used in predicative roles; those with high front vowels when the participle serves as a modifier or nominal. Verb stems fall into four classes, distinguished by the form of their nonfuture participle; they are not phonologically or semantically predictable. The '''-ra-/-ri-''' form is by far the most common.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Perfect || '''-ca-, -ka-''' || Describes events of longer duration or further in the past than the Nonfuture participle; also those events or states which the speaker did not directly witness or experience -- i.e., with inferential or quotative evidential force. Despite the name &quot;perfect&quot;, it does not always imply completed action. The alternation of '''-ca-''' and '''-ka-''' is again lexically determined; the former is more frequent.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Hypothetical || '''-jiŋga-''' || Possible or future indefinite events; to the degree it implies uncertainty, it conveys categorical probability or likelihood and not the speaker's subjective opinion.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Past Iterative || '''-jaŋki-''' || Actions that occurred many times in the past or states that frequently or on many occasions were true. (But not habitual or natural conditions.)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Contact Posterior || '''-ltak-''' || Events that are just about to happen, on the cusp of transpiring. Rather rare, but does occur in both predicative and attributive roles.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Optative || '''-(ŋ)gati-''' || Describes circumstances which the speaker would like to happen or would consider favorably. Usually only as a predicate.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Necessitative || '''-nna-''' || Actions or events that are necessary or required from an impersonal or universal perspective, or that are logically necessary.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Debitive || '''-mcin-''' || Like the Necessitative, but those situations that are personally or subjectively obligatory
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 


Converbs have only a predicative function; they never serve in attributive or substantive roles. As the heads of VPs, they are limited to non-finite clauses. They come in two varieties: inflecting (switch-reference, SR) and non-inflecting (coreferential, CR). The former are used where the subject of the converb is different from the subject of the main VP; the latter, where the subject is the same in both the subordinate and main VPs.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Converbs'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Name''' ||colspan=2| '''Suffix''' ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Conditional || '''-mi''' (CR), '''-raki-, -daki-, -saki-, -naki-''' (SR) || Covers both temporal and causal conditions: &quot;if she Xes, (then she Ys)&quot; and &quot;when she Xes, (then she Ys)&quot;. 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Imperfective || '''-mnak''' (CR), '''-ŋsi-''' (SR) || Past events that were simultaneous with the action or state described by the main verb. &quot;While she was Xing (she was Ying).&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Perfective || '''-psa''' (CR), '''-cala-''' (SR) || Events or states that were completed or achieved before the main verb. 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Terminative-Resultative || '''-(ŋ)kan''' (CR only) || Actions or states up until which the main verb continues, or at the point of which the main verb begins. 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Negated || '''-r''' (CR only) || Serves as the periphrastic complement of the auxiliary negative verb.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Purposive || '''-ri, -ri, -si, -di''' (CR), '''-da-''' (SR) || The reason, goal, or purported outcome of the main verb.
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 


Inflectional morphology for nominals is less complicated, but includes categories of number (singular vs. plural, with a fair number of suppletive forms to indicate plurality; also collectives and an obsolete/nonproductive dual form), possessor, inalienable possession, and case (around ten in number, depending on whether one categorizes certain local case forms as proper cases or as clitics). 
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Noun Case System'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Name''' ||colspan=2| '''Suffix''' ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nominative || '''-0''' || Subject; nonreferential/indefinite objects; citation form
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Accusative || '''-wa''' || Specific direct object; distances of travel; durations of time; reference of communication
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Designative || '''-ga''' +[personal possessive suffix] || Direct object with beneficiary function assigned to possessor; can function as subject with some intransitive verbs with benefactive function; designation of direct object in double-accusative verb phrases
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Instrumental || '''-ji'''/'''-ic''' || Tool or means of action, function of use, mode of transport, material or source of creation, source of emotional reaction. ('''-ji''' with stems ending in vowels or nasal consonants; '''-ic''' with stems ending in non-nasal consonants)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Sociative || '''-g(a)li''' || Along with, together with, in the company of, bringing along (usu. with non-animate nouns)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Comitative || '''-nan''' / '''-ñun''' || Together with, along with (usu. with animate nouns)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Ablative || '''-dok''' || Motion from source; time after which; general source; object of comparison; source of taking; (raw) material of creation or making; location of action of certain verbs; partitives of numbers
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Allative/Directional || '''-t(a)ki''' || Motion to point/location at which action is completed, but does not begin; motion in direction of which but not up to; in many possession constructions; object of some verbs; addressee of communication; dative of giving; object of active perception verbs; source of emotional reactions when not controlled or intentional
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Essive/Dative || '''-du''' || Location at rest; location of action/event/topic with animate subjects; end point of motion with emphasis on final position (rather than motion); causee of some derived causatives/adversatives; dative of purpose or benefactive; ending usually applied to spatial postpositions; time of completed/general/discrete action; subject and object complements
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prolative || '''-li''' || Motion through, within, or across; route of process or event; punctual future times, time past or through which event will occur; prices or values of exchange; reference of communication verbs
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Illative || '''-la''' || Motion to point with emphasis on course of motion; location within which action takes place (atelic verbs only); time up to which; used to create possession predicates
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Terminative || '''-gla''' || Motion past or along edge of feature; benefactive of destination or work; time up to which; substitution (&quot;in place of...&quot;, &quot;instead of...&quot;)
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 

There is a large residual class of word forms including &quot;adverbs&quot; and/or &quot;adverbials&quot;, &quot;clitics&quot;, &quot;conjunctions&quot;, &quot;particles&quot;, etc. - and about as many different schemes of classification as there are scholars of the language. 

==Lexicon==
See [[Neo-Khitanese_Lexicon]]

==Genetic Affiliations and History==
Despite its morphosyntactic affinity with the North Tungusic languages, the Tungusic lexicon of Kïlda shows signs of being more archaic than either Evenki or Even. Most noticeable is its preservation of initial '''*p-''' as '''p-''' or '''f-''', which has gone &gt; '''h-''' &gt; '''0-''' in the other North Tungusic languages. E.g., PTg '''*pesin''' &quot;handle&quot; &gt; Evenki, Even, Negidal, Oroch '''hesin''', Udihe '''hehi''' vs. Ulcha, Orok, Nanai '''pesi(n)''', Manchu '''fesin''', but Kilda '''pesi(n)'''; or before back vowels, PTg '''*po:si-''' &quot;glowing ember&quot; &gt; Evenki '''ho:sin''', Negidal '''xosinca''' &quot;hot coal&quot; vs. Ulcha and Orok '''posi''', Nanai '''posi(n)''' &quot;spark, burning coal&quot;, Manchu '''foson''' &quot;sunlight, sun ray, glow of fire&quot;, but Kilda '''fo:sïn''' &quot;ember, glowing coal&quot;. Likewise, PTg '''*ü''' in the first syllable of a word typically becomes '''i''' in North Tungusic but '''u''' in South Tungusic and also in Kïlda: PTg '''*tügde''' &quot;rain&quot; &gt; Evenki/Negidal/Oroch/Udighe '''tigde''', Solon '''tiki-''' &quot;to rain&quot;, Even '''tīd''' vs. Ulcha/Nanai/Kilda '''tugde''', Orok '''tugde/tugje''', Manchu '''tuhe-''' id.  Moreover, Kilda has many lexemes that are found only in the southern Tungusic languages and absent entirely from the northern ones.

These two factors give Kilda the superficial appearance of being more closely related to South (or &quot;Amuric&quot;) Tungusic languages than the North Tungusic languages. All Tungusic etymologies of Kilda lexemes are, moreover, complicated by a sizable number of relatively loanwords from Even and Evenki into Kilda, in some cases supplanting an earlier or inherited lexeme. 

Additionally, there is a large quantity of what are either inherited Para-Mongolic terms or early borrowings from Preclassical or Middle Mongolian, depending on individual scholars' interpretations. These, combined with quantities of &quot;high culture&quot; vocabulary items borrowed from Old Turkic, are nowadays generally accepted as evidence in support of the traditional Kïldamnï belief that they are descendants of the [[Wikipedia:Khitan|Khitans]] who ruled northern China, Manchuria, and parts of modern Mongolia under the [[Wikipedia:Liao_Dynasty|Liao dynasty]] (907-1125 CE). While of restricted use, there even exists a sizable body of [[Indo-Iranian_Loans_in_Kilda|Indian and Iranian loanwords]].

The Kïlda language has furthermore absorbed very large numbers of lexical items from languages indigenous to Kamchatka (Kurile [[Wikipedia:Ainu_Language|Ainu]], Southern and Eastern &quot;dialects&quot; of [[Wikipedia:Itelmen_language|Itelmen]]) and from languages neighboring Kamchatka: the [[Wikipedia:Koryak_language|Koryak]] and [[Wikipedia:Alutor_language|Alutor]] languages, and later from [[Wikipedia:Aleut_language|Aleut]] and even Pacific Yupik -- confusingly now called [[Wikipedia:Alutiiq|Alutiiq]]. (Kïlda thus has been influenced by &quot;Alutor&quot;, &quot;Aleut&quot;, and &quot;Alutiiq&quot;, actually three different languages belonging to three different language families or branches thereof.) There are also a smaller number of foreign loans from the early modern period (primarily Portuguese, French, English, Japanese, and Russian, but also Chinese and [[Wikipedia:Chinook_Jargon|Chinook Jargon]]).  Perhaps as much as 1/4 or even 1/3 of the total lexicon is of non-Altaic or non-Tungusic origin. In the 19th and 20th century, it proved much more conservative towards foreign influence than in the past, and has (relatively) few &quot;global&quot; or &quot;international&quot; items of vocabulary taken from English or Russian.

==Writing Systems==
The Kïldamnï in Kamchatka used forms of the [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khitan.htm Khitan logosyllabic writing system] until the early 1800s, when Latin orthographies were adopted. The original Khitan &quot;Large Script&quot; and &quot;Small Script&quot; writing systems of the Liao dynasty seem to have died out by approximately 1300 and are documented in Kamchatka only by a few short and poorly-preserved inscriptions in stone. They did, however, give rise to a third related script first attested around the same time; this writing system consisted of 1200-1600 graphemes and during its period of use (c. 1325-1825) became gradually more and more regularized and rationalized. 

Since the 1820s the official and generally used orthrography for Kïlda has been one of several Latinate systems (also successively modified and modernized over the decades). The language has also been written in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet (primarily by Orthodox missionaries, priests, and converts beginning in the early 1700s), Japanese katakana (during 1941-1945), and to a very limited extent in a &quot;runic&quot; syllabary devised at the turn of the twentieth century that was inspired by the recently-discovered [[Wikipedia:Orkhon_script|Old Turkic &quot;runic&quot; script]] from the Orkhon and Yenesei valleys in Central Asia.

==Ethnographic Background Information==
[[Kildamni Ethnographic Questionnaire]]


[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Altaic conlangs]]
[[Category:Kilda Kelen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simik</title>
    <id>1275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4627</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-10T03:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Simîk is one of many languages spoken by the [[Zireen]] of the planet Rishai.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| 
| labial
| alveolar
| retroflex
| alv-palat.
| palatal
| velar
|-
| stops
|
| t
|
|
|
| k
|-
| nasals
| m
| n
|
|
|
|
|-
| fricatives
| v
| s z
| š r
| ś ź
| c j
| 
|-
| lat. appr.
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| 
| front
| central
| back
|-
| high
| i
| 
| u
|-
| mid
| e
| 
| 
|-
| low
| 
| a
|
|}

=== Tones ===

Simîk has four tones:

* high rising: á é í ú
* high falling: â ê î û
* low rising: ǎ ě ǐ ǔ
* low falling: à è ì ù

For convenience, the low rising tone is written without a tone mark. Each of these tones may also occur on long vowels (or diphthongs), so it is often said that Simîk has eight tones.

There should be 16 possible combinations of tones in two-syllable Simik words. However, most of these combinations only appear in compounds and foreign words. If you account for vowel length separately, only four or five of the possible tone patterns are common in native Simik roots, and many of the exceptions are emphatic forms that are derived from shorter roots. Historically, Simik developed from a language with pitch accent. The five tone patterns are especially apparent in words with short vowels:

* pattern 1 (HF-LR): jûma &quot;dream&quot;, mâjar &quot;to carry&quot;, nârik &quot;right-hand&quot;
* pattern 2 (HR-LR): nécla &quot;[[Yitha]]&quot;, tílma &quot;logic&quot;, źálin &quot;to assemble&quot;, źérit &quot;bird&quot;
* pattern 3 (LR-HF): imâk &quot;metal&quot;, mekî &quot;puzzle&quot;, tazâ &quot;six&quot;, valâr &quot;finger&quot;
* pattern 4 (LR-HR): izá &quot;cat&quot;, jaśí &quot;imbalance&quot;, saré &quot;right, proper&quot;
* pattern 5 (LR-LF): jerìn &quot;left-hand&quot;, njeźà &quot;lubricant&quot;, rizù &quot;to thank&quot;

In the ancient language, at most one syllable of a word received a stress, which could be rising or falling. The fifth pattern is accounted for by words without inherent stress. The various tone patterns of modern Simîk arise from different combinations of pitch accent, vowel length, and other factors.

{| border=1 cellpadding=5
| ancient:
| jùma
| néškla
| imàk
| iðá
| ježin
|-
| modern:
| jûma
| nécla
| imâk
| izá
| jerìn
|}

== Morphology ==

=== Verbs ===

There are three conjugation patterns for verbs. 

* 1st conjugation (intransitive verbs)
{|
| ''taacèi''
| I sleep
|-
| ''nîicèi''
| you sleep
|-
| ''nâacèi''
| we; you and I sleep
|-
| ''secèi''
| he/she/it/they sleep(s)
|-
| ''kúucèi''
| we; he/she/it/they and I sleep
|}

* 2nd conjugation (transitive verbs)
{|
| ''kítai''
| I like myself
|-
| ''sîitai''
| I like you
|-
| ''setai''
| I like him/her/it/them
|-
| ''síitai''
| you like me
|-
| ''kíitai''
| you like yourself
|-
| ''séetai''
| you like him/her/it/them
|-
| ''leetái''
| he/she/it/they like(s) me
|-
| ''iitái''
| he/she/it/they like(s) you
|-
| ''àtai''
| he/she/it/they like(s) him/her/it/them
|-
| ''kàtai''
| he/she/it/they like(s) himself/herself/itself/themselves
|}

* 3rd conjugation (reciprocal verbs)
{|
| ''núilic''
| you and I kiss
|-
| ''śilic''
| he/she/it and I kiss
|-
| ''zilic''
| you and he/she/it kiss
|-
| ''valic''
| they kiss
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fukhian</title>
    <id>1276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10825</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fukhian is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* agglutinating
* VSO (but also free)
* nominative case system
* case system inspired mostly by Finnish
* chaotic ad-hoc phonotactics (I did not know better)
* nouns and verbs are indistinguishable, but adjectives are a lexical class on their own

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s1 Fukhian Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qþyn/gài</title>
    <id>1277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10827</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Qþyn|gài is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* agglutinating/polysynthetic
* VOS
* active system ([[Fluid-S]])
* some dialects have no phonemic lip movement (no labial consonants, no rounded vowels)
* only one open lexical class (nouns, verbs, adjectives are all the same)
* most 'normal' categories' affixes are optional
* evidence/mood and valence affixes are mandatory
* [[Pro-Drop|pro-drop]]
* no ad-hoc compounding, only well-defined derivation
* very long words
* clicks and tones

  Kxàustùnǂgístiuqþakxáuqlái syqlùstỳxáuqþúihhítlùxkiu.

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s7/ Qþyn|gài Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Da Mätz se Basa</title>
    <id>1278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32191</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Da Mätz se Basa is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* isolating
* V2 word order (like many Germanic langs)
* a posteriori language: a Modern [[High German]] creole
* designed to sound funny to German (and [[Dutch]]) ears

  Dom heis de Kota „Babel“, ombat de Hir do da du 
  Wirl se Basa hat kofün ja, un ombat de Hir fon 
  do di Mätz irde du Meil hat foteil ja.

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s9/ Da Mätz se Basa se Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tesäfköm</title>
    <id>1279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10823</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:27:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tesäfköm is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* isolating? agglutinating? polysynthetic?  It's a bit hard to say since most of the words are conjoined due to clitic phenomena and there is not too much morphology apart from derivation, which in turn is very productive.
* nouns and verbs
* verbs always have exactly one argument (and not more!)
* OV
* heavy use of serial verb constructions (SVC)
* complex vowel harmonies
* complex sandhi
* vowel-consonant assimilation
* [[Pro-Drop|pro-drop]]

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s11/ Tesäfköm Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meghean</title>
    <id>1280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8962</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-12T05:18:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ a priori conlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A language of [[Elves]] constructed by Andreas Johansson.

[http://andjo.free.fr/conlang/meghean.html An Introduction to Meghean]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:201.255.90.99</title>
    <id>1290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4635</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-12T02:13:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!  Welcome to FrathWiki.  Do consider [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]] so we can recognize you.  Also, please take care to give your pages titles that will not conflict with other use; instead of [[Accusative]], something like, [[Dwendi accusative]] (if it really merits a full page to itself).  I am merging these new pages you have added with [[Dwendi grammar]]. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:57, 11 Aug 2005 (PDT)

:(Tu IP dice que tu eres in in Argentina... si no eres anglohablante puedes escribir tus paginas en español o en cualquier idioma que te gusta.) —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:13, 11 Aug 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Bluetable</title>
    <id>1292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6639</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-12T03:50:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">style=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot; class=&quot;bluetable&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zhen Lin/Monobook.css</title>
    <id>1296</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>4640</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-16T06:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User:Zhen Lin/Monobook.css moved to User:Zhen Lin/monobook.css</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Zhen Lin/monobook.css]]
</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Historical phonology of Slevan</title>
    <id>1298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46876</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}
== [[Wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]] sound changes ==

{{big|Latin to Vulgar Latin (Pre-Romance) ? -150 C.E.}}

{{GMPtable|Latin}}
|-
|m||word-finally||disappears||{{small|CAELUM}} &gt; *kaelu &gt; czál
|-
|{{IPA|y̆, ȳ}} || everywhere || ĭ, ī || {{small|CYGNU}} &gt; *kignu &gt; czenj
|-
|rowspan=2|ae|| word-finally|| {{IPA|ǣ}} || {{small|ROSAE}} &gt; *{{IPA|rosǣ}} &gt; roze
|-
|elsewhere || ĕ {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || {{small|CAELU}} &gt; *kelu &gt; czál
|-
|oe|| || ē || {{small|FOEDU}} &gt; *fēdu &gt; véd
|-
|au|| || ō || {{small|CAUSA}} &gt; *kōsa &gt; kuza
|-
|eu|| || jū ||
|-
|ui|| || ū ||
|-
|ĭ,ĕ || before another vowel || j || {{small|SPATIU}} &gt; *spatju &gt; spóc&lt;br&gt; {{small|LĪNEA}} &gt; līnja &gt; linja
|-
| ŭ || before another vowel || w || {{small|VIDUA}} &gt; *vidwa &gt; vedva
|-
| h || disappears || || {{small|HODIĒ}} &gt; odjē &gt; voj&lt;br&gt; {{small|COLAPHU}} &gt; *kolapu &gt; klóp&lt;br&gt; {{small|CATHEDRA}} &gt; *katedra &gt; kotjedra &lt;br&gt; {{small|MĀCHINA}} &gt; *mākina &gt; máczna
|-
| ns || || s || {{small|ĪNSULA}} &gt; *īsula &gt; ízla
|-
| nct, mpt || nt || || {{small|SANCTU}} &gt; *sàntu-ju &gt; sútý&lt;br&gt;
{{small|PRŌMPTUM}} &gt; *prōntu &gt; prútý
|-
|nj, cn, gn, mnj || || ň {{IPA|[ɲ]}} || {{small|LĪNEA}} &gt; *līňa &gt; linja&lt;br&gt; {{small|CYGNU}} &gt; *kiňu &gt; czenj &lt;br&gt; {{small|SOMNIU}} &gt; *soňu &gt; sonj
|-
| mn || || nn || {{small|DAMNU}} &gt; *dannu &gt; dón
|-
| mĭn || between vowels || mn || {{small|DOMINU}} &gt; *domnu &gt; dún
|-
| lj || || ľ {{IPA|[ʎ]}} || {{small|FĪLĬU}} &gt; *fīľu &gt; vílj
|-
| per- || word initially || par- || {{small|PERAMBULĀRE}} &gt; *parambulāre &gt; porúblár &lt;br&gt; {{small|PERDERE}} &gt; *pàrdere &gt; pradír &lt;br&gt; {{small|PERSŌNA}} &gt; *parsōna &gt; prasuna
|-
| b || between vowels || v {{IPA|[β]}} || {{small|LĂBŌRĀRE}} &gt; *lavōrare &gt; lóvrár
|-
| s || between vowels || z || {{small|ĪNSULA}} &gt; *īzula &gt; ízla &lt;br&gt; {{small|CAUSA}} &gt; *kōza &gt; kuza
|-
| sp, st, sc [sk] || word initial ||ĭsp, ĭst, ĭsk || {{small|SPŌNSA}} &gt; *ispōza &gt; spuza &lt;br&gt; {{small|STUDIU}} &gt; *istudju &gt; stuj &lt;br&gt; {{small|SCHOLA}} &gt; *iskola &gt; skola
|}

* It is possible that the Greek '''y''' sound was adopted as '''i''' by Vulgar Latin from the beginning.

* Note that '''h''' was lost ''everywhere'', also in the Greek aspirates '''ph, th, ch'''.  It is especially noteworthy that '''ph''' became '''p''', not '''f''' in the kind of Vulgar Latin that led to Slevan.

== Northeast Romance sound changes ==

{{big|Vulgar Latin to Early Northeast Romance 150 - 600 C.E.}}

{{GMPtable|V.L.}}
|-
|rowspan=2| ă, ā || open stressed, or unstressed final, syllable || a || {{small|MĀRE}} &gt; *mare &gt; már&lt;br&gt;{{small|RŌMA}} &gt; *rōma &gt; Ruma
|-
| closed stressed, or an unstressed, syllable || o {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{small|CAPRA}} &gt; *kopra &gt; kopra&lt;br&gt;{{small|PĀGĀNU}} &gt; *poganŭ &gt; pohán&lt;br&gt;{{small|ĂRĀNEA}} &gt; *oraňa &gt; oranja
|-
|rowspan=2| ē, ĭ || stressed syllable || e || {{small|TĒLA}} &gt; *tela &gt; tela&lt;br&gt;{{small|SĬTE}} &gt; *setĭ &gt; sétj
|-
| unstressed non-final syllable || ĭ {{IPA|[ɪ]}}|| 
|-
| ē || unstressed final syllable || i || {{small|CANĒS}} &gt; *kanis &gt; kani&lt;br&gt;{{small|TACĒS}} &gt; *takis &gt; taczi
|-
|rowspan=3| ĕ || stressed open syllable || jě {{IPA|[jæ]}} || {{small|CAELŬ}} &gt; *kjělŭ &gt; czál
|-
| stressed closed syllable || ě {{IPA|[æ]}} || {{small|TĔRRA}} &gt; *těrra &gt; tjera
|-
| unstressed syllable || ĭ  || {{small|RĔGĔRĔ}} &gt; *rjěgěrĭ &gt; rezsár&lt;br&gt;{{small|ĂPĔRĪRĔ}} &gt; *opěrjirĭ &gt; opjerír
|-
| {{IPA|ǣ}} || unstressed final syllable || e || {{small|ROSAE}} &gt; *rŭoze &gt; roze
|-
|rowspan=2| ī || stressed open syllable || ji || {{small|SĪGNŬ}} &gt; *sjiňŭ &gt; színj
|-
| elsewhere || i || {{small|CĪVĪLĔ}} &gt; *kivjilĭ-jŭ &gt; czivílí
|-
|rowspan=2| ō,ŭ || stressed syllable || ō {{IPA|[o]}} || {{small|DŌNŬ}} &gt; *dōnŭ &gt; dún&lt;br&gt; {{small|PŬTĔŬ}} &gt; *pōtjŭ &gt; púc&lt;br&gt; {{small|ŬTĔRŬ}} &gt; *ōtĭrŭ &gt; utjer
|-
| unstressed non-final syllable || ŭ || {{small|SŌLĔMNĔ}} &gt; *sŭlěnnĭ-jŭ &gt; sléní&lt;br&gt; {{small|ĔPĪSTŬLA}} &gt; *ěpistŭla &gt; pístla
|-
|rowspan=3| ŏ || stressed open syllable || ŭo || {{small|BŎNŬ}} &gt; *bŭonŭ-jŭ &gt; bóný
|-
| stressed closed syllable || o || {{small|NŎCTĔ}} &gt; *noktĭ &gt; nóc
|-
| unstressed syllable || ŭ || {{small|MŎNASTĒRĬŬ}} &gt; *mŭnasterjŭ &gt; mnostér
|-
| f || || v || {{small|FĪLĬŬ}} &gt; *viľŭ &gt; vílj&lt;br&gt; {{small|ŎFFĬCĬŬ}} &gt; *ovvekjŭ &gt; ovécz
|-
| k || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| č || {{small|CĔNTŬ}} &gt; *čěntŭ &gt; czút&lt;br&gt; {{small|DŬCĔ}} &gt; *dōčĭ &gt; dúcz
|-
| kj || || {{small|ŎFFĬCĬŬ}} &gt; *ovvečŭ &gt; ovécz
|-
| g || before ĭ, i, ě  at the beginning of a word or after a gonsonant || ž || {{small|GĔNTĔ}} &gt; *žěntĭ &gt; zsútj
|-
| g || between a vowel and ĭ, i ||rowspan=2| j || {{small|RĔGĬT}} &gt; *rějĭt &gt; reje&lt;br&gt; {{small|MĂGĬS}} &gt; *majĭs &gt; maj&lt;br&gt; {{small|LĒGE}} &gt; *lejĭ &gt; lej
|-
| gj, dj || between vowels || {{small|ĔXĂGĬŬM}} &gt; *ěχajŭ &gt; jachaj&lt;br&gt; {{small|MĔDĬŬ}} &gt; *mjějŭ &gt; mljaj
|-
| x || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| š ||
|-
| xj || || {{small|NŎXĬŬ}} &gt; *nŭošŭ &gt; nósz
|-
| sk, kk || before ĭ, i, ě ||rowspan=2| šč || {{small|PĬSCĔ}} &gt; *peščĭ &gt; pészt&lt;br&gt; {{small|ŎCCĪDĔRĔ}} &gt; *oščiděrĭ &gt; osztidír
|-
| skj, kkj || || {{small|ASCĬŎLA}} &gt; *oščŭla &gt; ósztla&lt;br&gt; {{small|BRĀCCHĬŬ}} &gt; *broščŭ &gt; brószt
|}
[[Category:Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kythish</title>
    <id>1299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42425</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T19:48:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''This page is currently undergoing a major revision.'''

==Introduction==
'''Kythish''', also known as Hacean (more properly a dialect of Kythish), is a Germanic language spoken in the cantons of the [[Kythe]]. Its closest relative is [[Partish]], situated to the north of the Kythish-speaking area, which it exists in a dialect continuum with. Other relatives on the world of [[Oktosïï]] include [[Nordaþ language|Nordaþ]], a more distant [[Germanic]] language which has influenced Kythish to a degree.

Kythish does not have a national or otherwise unifying standard&amp;mdash;indeed, the Kythe itself is not a unified entity despite its relative linguistic uniformity&amp;mdash;but is heavily fragmented among competing regional standards and traditions, both in speech and writing. This article focuses on three of the most important of these (discussed below), although attention is given to other forms where appropriate and examples are sometimes taken from them. The lack of a coherent national standard for Kythish necessitates that any account of the Kythish language either specify the dialect material is taken from or analyse more than one dialect; otherwise, one is in danger of giving a skewed presentation of the language as whole. This, which is intended as an overview of the language as whole, as mentioned, concentrates on three different standards. These dialects do not represent the extremes of the language, nor are they necessarily representative of any major dialectal groupings; rather, they have been chosen due to a perceived importance, either historical or modern, within the Kythe and influence on the language. They are: Metropolitan and Broads Hacean (hereafter MBH or Hacean), which is a traditionally important standard, dominant in this form throughout much of the northeast centring on the large and influential city of Hacei (seat of the supranational Kythish Federal Parliament), but its norms have been influential throughout the Kythish linguistic area; the Thwalish Eastern Standard (TES or Thwalish), which is an old standard originating in the academic institutions of the city of Thwale that was for a long time the most prestigious written dialect in the region, since superseded by MBH; and University Tansuan, more properly the JEC Tansu Standard (JTS or Tansuan), where JEC Tansu stands for ''Jóŋŋ-Eiźhóc-Ceinræí Tánsú'', the name of the university that codified the standard, which has been gaining influence in academic circles for quite a while and has recently received a boost due to its adoption by the Tansu government and that city's speedily growing economy. Tansuan is the form used for glosses, translations and as a baseline for comparison with other lects, except where noted.

==Phonology &amp; Orthography==
These are considered together here as a simultaneous understanding of both is important for the understanding of further Kythish material.

Kythish dialects are typified by high vocalic complexity, with long &amp; short and tense &amp; lax distinctions, and a wide range of diphthongs. This is less true in the north and northwest, close to Nordath- and Säämi-speaking areas, where many phonemic distinctions have been levelled and greater vowel harmony between roots and affixes has developed than in their more southerly counterparts. Vowels will be covered first, followed by a discussion of the consonantal inventories of the various dialects.

===Vowels===
====Tansuan====
{| cellpadding=2 align=left
|+ Short vowels
! !! front !! near-front !! central !! near-back !! back	
|-
! close
| || || || ||
|-
! near-close
| || ɪ·ʏ || || ·ʊ ||
|-
! close-mid 
| || || || ||
|-
! mid 
| || || ə· || ||
|-
! open-mid 
| ɛ·œ || || || || ʌ·ɔ
|-
! near-open
| æ· || || || ||
|-
! open 
| || || || ||
|}
{| cellpadding=2 align=right
|+ Long vowels
! !! front !! near-front !! central !! near-back !! back	
|-
! close
| iː·yː || || || || ·uː
|-
! near-close
| || ɪː·ʏː || || ·ʊː ||
|-
! close-mid 
| eː·øː || || || || ·oː
|-
! mid 
| || || əː· || ||
|-
! open-mid 
| ɛː·œː || || || || ·ɔː
|-
! near-open
| æː· || || || ɐ̠ː· ||
|-
! open 
| aː· || || || || ɑː·
|}

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Kythish]]
[[Category:Oktosïï]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kythish phonemes</title>
    <id>1300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8199</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Kythish]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Vowels===
Kythish has 7 'short' vowels (a, e, i, o, u, w, and y) and 7 roughly equivalent 'long' vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú, ẃ, and ý). The terminology is based on the fact that long vowels, when stressed, have a longer duration than their short equivalents.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border: none;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! Vowel
! IPA Equivalent
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Notes
|-
| a
| [æ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Heightened to [ɛ] in a diverse number of dialects.
|-
| á
| [a]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [aː] when stressed.
|-
| e
| [ɛ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| é
| [e]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [eː] when stressed.
|-
| i
| [ɪ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| í
| [i]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [iː] when stressed.
|-
| o
| [ɔ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Relaxed to [ɞ] in eastern dialects.
|-
| ó
| [o]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Relaxed to [ɵ] in the east; [oː] ([ɵː]) when stressed.
|-
| u
| ''see notes''
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Ranges from back open-mid ([ʌ]) in the north and west through back near-open, near-back near-open in the south and centre to central near-open ([ɐ]) in the east. Most lexicographers give it as [ʌ], as this is the pronunciation most often heard in and around hácei.
|-
| ú
| [ɑ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [ɑː] when stressed.
|-
| w
| [ʊ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ẃ
| [u]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Relaxed to /ʉ/ in the east, or retained as /y/ or /ʏ/ in many rural areas; /uː/ (/ʉː/, /yː/, /ʏː/) when stressed.
|-
| y
| [ə]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | In some dialects, [ɘ] when stressed.
|-
| ý
| [ɜ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [ɜː] when stressed.
|}

In addition, the dialectal vowels ø and ǿ are pronounced thus:

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border: none;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! Vowel
! IPA Equivalent
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Notes
|-
| ø
| [œ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ǿ
| [ø]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [øː] when stressed.
|}

===Consonants===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border: none;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! Consonant
! IPA Equivalent
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Notes
|-
| b
| [b]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [p] initially and medially for many speakers.
|-
| bh
| [β]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Considered allophonic with v.
|-
| c
| [kʰ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Finally and in clusters, [k].
|-
| ch
| [x]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ć
| [x]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| d
| [d]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [t] initially and medially for many speakers.
|-
| dh
| [ð] ''or'' [z]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Depends on whether d is realised as dental or alveolar (usually the former).
|-
| ð
| [ð]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| f
| [f]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| g
| [g]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [k] initially and medially for many speakers.
|-
| gh
| [ɣ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ǵ
| [ɣ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| h
| [h]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| hƿ
| [hʍ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | [ʍ] in a diverse number of dialects.
|-
| j
| [j]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| l
| [l]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ĺ
| [ɬ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| m
| [m]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| n
| [n]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ŋ
| [ŋ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| p
| [pʰ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Finally and in clusters, [p].
|-
| ph
| [ɸ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Considered allophonic with f.
|-
| r
| ''see notes''
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Adjacent to a fricatives, [ɹ], otherwise, [r], and shortened to [ɾ] in quick speech. (Gutturalised as [xɹ] or [χɹ] in southern and some metropolitan dialects).
|-
| ŕ
| [ʀ̥]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| s
| [s]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ś
| [ʃ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| t
| [tʰ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Finally and in clusters, [t].
|-
| th
| [θ] or [s]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Depends on whether t is realised as dental or alveolar (usually the former).
|-
| þ
| [θ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| v
| [v]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ƿ
| [w]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Adjacent to voiceless consonants, [ʍ].
|-
| z
| [z]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ź
| [ʒ]
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

In addition, the dialectal consonants ç and ḉ, and digraph çh, are pronounced thus:

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border: none;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! Consonant
! IPA Equivalent
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Notes
|-
| ç
| [cʰ]
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Finally and in clusters, [c].
|-
| çh
| [ç]
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| ḉ
| [ç]
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

[[Kythish|Return to Kythish]].

[[Category:Kythish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kythish lexicon</title>
    <id>1301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8198</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:43:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Kythish]], [[Category:General Lexica]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a list of [[Kythish]] words.

Entries are ordered thus: '''spelling''' /pronunciation/ ''part of speech'' definition &amp;mdash; notes &amp; etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values.

''n.'' = noun; ''v.'' = verb; ''a.'' = adjective or adverb; ''p.'' = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); ''c.'' = conjunction; ''f.'' = affix; ''i.'' = interjection; ''pp.'' = preposition

''dial.'' = dialectal; ''colloq.'' = colloquial; ''irreg.'' = irregular; ''obs.'' = obsolete

==a==
*'''a'''- /æ/ ''f.'' Affix form of ''aa'', below. — Mostly used to form adjectives from verbs. Usually unstressed.
*'''aa''' /æː/ ''pp.'' At. — Old English ''æt''.
*'''aaś''' /æːʃ/ ''n.'' The letter a. — Old English ''æsc'', ash (see ''aś''). Long vowel is common to all letter names.
*'''abawƿ''' /ˈæbæʊw/ ''n.'' Apple. — Either Old English ''æppel'' or Welsh ''afal''. Influence of both is likely.
*-'''an''' /æn/ ''f.'' Marks the infinitive of verbs. — Irregular derivation of Old English -''an''.
*'''aŋywƿ''' /ˈæŋəʊw/ ''n.'' Angel; saintly person. — Old English ''ængel'', variant of ''engel'', angel.
*'''asće''' /ˈæsxə/ ''n.'' Ash (dust formed from burning). — Old English ''æsce'', ashes.
*'''asom''' /æˈsɔm/ ''a.'' Fitting. — Affixation of ''a''- to ''soman'', q.v.
*'''aś'''¹ /æʃ/ ''n.'' Ash tree; pole or polearm. — Old English ''æsc'', ash.
*'''aś'''² /æʃ/ ''p.'' ''dial.'' I. — Metropolitan variant of ''eś'', q.v.
*'''aþẃrs''' /æˈθuːrs/ ''a.'' Thirsty. — Affixation of ''a''- to ''þẃrsan'', q.v.
*'''awgoŋ''' /ˈæʊɡɔŋ/ ''n.'' Exit, out-door. — Old English ''útgang'', exit.
*'''aẃ''' /æuː/ ''n.'' ''slang'' Outdoors, countryside. — Middle Hacean ''auu'', from Old English ''út'', out. See ''ẃ''.

==á==
*'''áneí''' /ˈaːnɛi/ ''a.'' Any. — Old English ''ǽnig'', ''ǽneg'', any.

==b==
*'''baiwƿ''' /bæɪʊw/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Bug, creepy-crawly. — Old English ''bétel'', beetle; see ''béle''.
*'''beyśe''' /ˈbɛəʃə/ ''n.'' Female animal; pejoratively, woman. — Old English ''bicce'', bitch.
*'''béjan''' /ˈbeːjæn/ ''v.'' To bite; to cut off a small piece. — Old English ''bítan''. Base form is '''bé'''.
*'''béje''' /ˈbeːjə/ ''n.'' Bite, chunk. — From the verb.
*'''béjyne''' /ˈbeːjənə/ ''n.'' Bite (act of biting).
*'''béle''' /ˈbeːlə/ ''n.'' Beetle. — Old English ''bítela''.
*'''bjowm''' /bjɔʊm/ ''n.'' Tree. — Old English ''beám''.
*'''bown''' /bɔʊn/ ''n.'' Bone (as an object). — Old English ''bán''.
*'''bownas''' /ˈbɔʊnæs/ ''n.'' Bone (as a material). — Merely a compound of ''bown'' and -''nas''.
*'''bózym''' /ˈboːzəm/ ''n.'' Chest, bosom; torso. — Old English ''bósm''.
*'''bwŕ''' /bʊʀ/ ''n.'' Fort, castle, palace, large building. — Old English ''burh'', fort.
*'''bẃ''' /buː/ ''n.'' Settlement; farm dwellings. — Old English and Old Norse ''by''.
*'''bẃrgan''' /ˈbuːrɡæn/ ''v.'' To entomb. — Back-formation from ''bẃrǵaws'', q.v.
*'''bẃrǵaws''' /ˈbuːrɣæʊs/ ''n.'' Tomb, mausoleum. — Variant of ''bẃrǵywƿs'', on the notion that it stood for *''bẃrg''-''haws'', see ''bẃrgan'' and ''haws''.
*'''bẃrǵywƿs''' /ˈbuːrɣəʊws/ ''n.'' Tomb. — Old English ''byrgels'', tomb. See also ''bẃrǵaws''.
*'''bẃreíjan''' /buˈrɛijæn/ ''v.'' To bury (an object, not a person). — Old English ''byrigan''.
*'''byconan''' /bəˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To enable, make able. — Causative form of ''conan'', q.v.
*'''bycwynan''' /bəˈkʊənæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To teach. — Affixation of ''by''-, a causative, to ''cwynan'', q.v. Normal verb of teaching is ''ceinan''.
*'''bycwynár''' /bəˈkʊənar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Teacher.
*'''bymoŋan''' /bəˈmɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To mix (together). — Causative form of ''moŋan'', q.v.
*'''byryjan''' /bəˈrəjæn/ ''v.'' To pledge, promise. — Middle Hacean ''bureian'' (''burejan''), from Old English ''borgian''.
*'''bysćúźan''' /bəˈsxɑːʒæn/ ''v.'' To ruffle (hair). — Affixation of ''by''- to ''sćúźe'', q.v.
*'''bysturc''' /bəˈstʌrk/ ''i.'' ''slang'' Woot! Yes! etc., indicates victory or successful completion of a task. — From the verb, on the notion that one has been 'placed higher' by succeeding.
*'''bysturcan''' /bəˈstʌrkæn/ ''v.'' To raise up, place higher. — Formed from ''by''- and ''sturc'', q.v.
*'''bywć''' /bəʊx/ ''n.'' Cow. — Welsh ''buwch'', cow.
*'''býr''' /bɜːr/ ''n.'' Beer. — Old English ''beor''.
*'''býrǵan''' /ˈbɜːrɣæn/ ''v.'' To protect, hide away; to keep. — Old English ''beorgan'', to protect.
*'''býrǵáiþ''' /ˈbɜːrɣaɪθ/ ''n.'' Protection.
*'''býrǵe''' /ˈbɜːrɣə/ ''n.'' Stash, caché; hideaway. — From the verb.
*'''býŕ''' /bɜːʀ/ ''n.'' Mound, pile; stash. — Old English ''beorh'', mound or hill. Second sense is due to influence of ''býrǵe'', q.v.

==c==
*'''caes''' /kæɛs/ ''n.'' Hate, hatred. — Welsh ''cas''.
*'''caesan''' /ˈkæɛsæn/ ''v.'' To hate. — Formed from ''caes''.
*'''caese''' /ˈkæɛsə/ ''n.'' Hatred. — From the verb.
*'''caesfowƿ''' /ˈkæɛsfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Hateful; evil.
*'''cawðan''' /ˈkæʊðæn/ ''v.'' To be famous. — Either Old English ''cúð'', known, or Kythish ''cwynan'', q.v. Not found in Middle Hacean.
*'''cawðáiþ''' /ˈkæʊðaɪθ/ ''n.'' Fame.
*'''cawðár''' /ˈkæʊðar/ ''n.'' Celebrity.
*'''cawðswm''' /ˈkæʊðzʊm/ ''a.'' Famous.
*'''ceinan''' /ˈkɛɪnæn/ ''v.'' To teach. — Old English ''cennan'', to cause to know.
*'''ceináiþ''' /ˈkɛɪnaɪθ/ ''n.'' Education.
*'''ceinár''' /ˈkɛɪnar/ ''n.'' Teacher.
*'''ceine''' /ˈkɛɪnə/ ''n.'' Lesson. — From the verb.
*'''ceinhaws''' /ˈkɛɪnhæʊs/ ''n.'' School. — Literally &quot;lesson-building&quot;, compound of ''ceine'' and ''haws'', q.v.
*'''ceinlýs''' /ˈkɛɪnlɜs/ ''a.'' Uneducated. — Literally &quot;lessonless&quot;, from ''ceine'' and the suffix -''lýs''.
*'''ceinon''' /ˈkɛɪnɔn/ ''n.'' Student.
*'''cíþrár''' /ˈkiːθrar/ ''n.'' Close or intimate friend. — Possibly connected to ''cwiþár'' via an unattested form *''cwiþyrár''.
*'''cíþrárnas''' /kiθˈraːrnæs/ ''n.'' Friendship group. — Affixation of -''nas'' to ''cíþrár'', q.v.
*'''cíþráráiþ''' /kiθˈraːraɪθ/ ''n.'' Close friendship.
*'''conan''' /ˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To be able. — Old English ''can''.
*'''confowƿ''' /ˈkɔnfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Full of ability; well-suited to a particular task.
*'''conlýs''' /ˈkɔnlɜs/ ''a.'' Without ability; weak; stupid.
*'''conlýsáiþ''' /kɔnˈlɜːsaɪθ/ ''n.'' ''pejor.'' Weakness. — From the adjective, and influenced by ''conlýsár''.
*'''conlýsár''' /kɔnˈlɜːsar/ ''n.'' ''pejor.'' Weakling. — From the adjective.
*'''conswm''' /ˈkɔnsʊm/ ''a.'' Able.
*'''coo''' /kɔː/ ''n.'' Cat. — Old English ''cat''.
*'''coostopan''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpæn/ ''v.'' To tip-toe, to creep. — Literally &quot;cat-step&quot;; compound of ''coo'', cat, and ''stopan'', to walk, q.v.
*'''coostopár''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpar/ ''n.'' One who creeps, or a creeper (plant).
*'''coostopyrár''' /ˌkɔːˈstɔpərar/ ''n.'' A spy or cat-burgler. — Frequentative of ''coostopár''.
*'''cowƿ''' /kɔʊw/ ''n.'' Basket; sack. — Old English ''caul'', basket, from Latin ''cavellum''.
*'''cuwn''' /kʌʊn/ ''a.'' Chewed, mangled. — Old English ''coƿen'', past participle of ''ceóƿan'', see ''śjóƿan''.
*'''cwiðan''' /ˈkʊɪðæn/ ''v.'' To reveal. — Old English ''cýðan'', to make known.
*'''cwiðyne''' /ˈkʊɪðənə/ ''n.'' Revealing, unveiling. — From the continuative of ''cwiðan''.
*'''cwiþár''' /ˈkʊɪθar/ ''n.'' Fellow countryman. — Derived from ''cwiþe''.
*'''cwiþe''' /ˈkʊɪθə/ ''n.'' One's homeland; the Kythe. — Old English ''cýððe'', native land, kindred.
*'''cwnan''' /ˈkʊnæn/ ''n.'' To test; to inquire. — Old English ''cunnian'', to seek to know, to test.
*'''cwnár''' /ˈkʊnar/ ''n.'' Tester.
*'''cwne''' /ˈkʊnə/ ''n.'' Test. — From the verb.
*'''cwnyrár''' /ˈkʊnərar/ ''n.'' Scientist. — Frequentative of ''cwnár''.
*'''cwnyráráiþ''' /kʊnəˈraːraɪθ/ ''n.'' Science.
*'''cwynan''' /ˈkʊənæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To know. — Old English ''cunnan''. 
*::1st person imperfect past: '''cawð''' /kæʊð/
*::2nd person imperfect past: '''cawþs''' /kæʊθs/
*::3rd person imperfect past: '''cawþ''' /kæʊθ/
*::Perfective past: '''cawðaf''' /ˈkæʊðæf/
*'''cwynáiþ''' /ˈkʊənaɪθ/ ''n.'' Knowledge. — From the verb.
*'''cwyne''' /ˈkʊənə/ ''n.'' Something known; a piece of information. — From the verb.
*'''cwynyran''' /ˈkʊənəræn/ ''v.'' To be knowledgeable. — Frequentative of ''cwynan''.
*'''cwynyrár''' /ˈkʊənərar/ ''n.'' A sage.
*'''cyn'''- /kən/ ''f.'' Can, able to (indicates ability to do something). — From ''conan'', q.v. Usually unstressed.
*'''cynƿóć''' /ˈkənwox/ ''a.'' Bendy, bendable, malleable. — Literally 'can-bend', see ''cyn''- and ''ƿóćan''. Note unusual stress.

==ć==
*'''ćjaap''' /xjæːp/ ''n.'' A lean or worthless sheep, specifically one from a highland area; humorously, a goat. — Originally a dialectal variation of ''sćjowp'', sheep, presumably from around the banoǵacei region.

==d==
*'''daí''' /dæi/ ''n.'' Day. — Old English ''dæg''.
*'''daw''' /dæʊ/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Two. — Welsh ''dau''.
*'''drwǵðe''' /ˈdrʊɣðə/ ''n.'' Drought. — Old English ''drugaðe''. Related to ''drwíjan'' and ''drẃǵ'', q.v.
*'''drwíjan''' /ˈdrʊijæn/ ''v.'' To (make) dry. — Old English ''drugian'', to dry. Related to ''drẃǵ'' and ''drwǵðe'', q.v.
*'''drẃǵ''' /druːɣ/ ''a.'' Dehydrated, dried. — Old English ''dryge'', dry. Compare with ''zjowr''. Related to ''drwíjan'' and ''drwǵðe'', q.v.
*'''duźe''' /ˈdʌʒə/ ''n.'' Pet dog, or broadly, any pet. — Old English ''docga'', dog.
*'''duźwc''' /ˈdʌʒʊk/ ''n.'' Small or juvenile pet. — Diminutive of ''duźe''.
*'''dwnrainyn''' /dʊnˈræɪnən/ ''i.'' ''colloq.'' It's raining (down). — From ''dwn''-, down, and ''rainyn'', continuative of ''rainan'', q.v.
*'''dwyn''' /dʊən/ ''a.'' Dark, murky. — Old English ''dunn''.
*'''dẃdan''' /ˈduːdæn/ ''v.'' To delay, to deceive. — Probably Old English ''dydrian'', to lead hither and thither.
*'''dẃdáiþ''' /ˈduːdaɪθ/ ''n.'' Deception. 
*'''dẃdár''' /ˈduːdar/ ''n.'' Delayer, deceiver; one who obstructs.
*'''dẃdáran''' /duˈda:ræn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' ''pejor.'' To be employed by the government. — From ''dẃdár'', on the notion that to work for the government is to be a delayer, deceiver or both.
*'''dẃdáráiþ''' /duˈda:raɪθ/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' ''pejor.'' Government employment.
*'''dẃdáre''' /duˈda:rə/ ''n.'' Filibuster (in politics). — From ''dẃdár'', as it is 'something that delays'.
*'''dẃde''' /ˈduːdə/ ''n.'' Delay. — From the verb.
*'''dẃdre''' /ˈduːdrə/ ''n.'' Winding path, trail. — Formerly dialectal. Likely from Old English ''dydrian'', and thus related to ''dẃdan'', q.v.
*'''dẃdyran''' /ˈduːdəræn/ ''v.'' To con. — Frequentative of ''dẃdan'', q.v.
*'''dẃdyrár''' /ˈduːdərar/ ''n.'' Con artist.
*'''dẃdyre''' /ˈduːdərə/ ''n.'' Con. — From the verb.
*'''dẃiráin''' /duɪˈraɪn/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' A downpour. — Nordaþ ''dyrain'', itself a borrowing of Kythish ''dwnrainyn'', q.v. Nordaþ territory is significantly wetter than much of the Kythe, so their rain is a Kythishman's torrent.
*'''dẃiráinan''' /duɪˈraɪnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To pour with rain. — From the noun.
*'''dẃn''' /duːn/ ''a.'' Dusky, dark (of a colour). — Welsh ''dwn''.
*'''dẃnrywd''' /ˈduːnrəʊd/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Dark red. — Compound of ''dẃn'' and ''rywd'', q.v.
*'''dẃran''' /ˈduːræn/ ''v.'' To ramble, to hike. — Probably derived from either ''dẃdre'' or its Old English etymon, ''dydrian''.
*'''dẃrár''' /ˈduːrar/ ''n.'' Rambler, hiker.
*'''dẃre''' /ˈduːrə/ ''n.'' Ramble, hike. — From the verb.

==ð==
*'''ða''' /ðæ/ ''p.'' Thou. — Old English ''ðú''. A better form is ''ðaw'', q.v.
*'''ðaa''' /ðæː/ ''c.'' That. — Old English ''ðæt'', neuter singular of ''ðe'' or ''se'', the. 
*'''ðaðar''' /ˈðæðær/ ''p.'' That (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa ðar'', that there; see ''ðaa'' and ''ðar''. The animate equivalent is ''sei''.
*'''ðahair''' /ˈðæhæɪr/ ''p.'' This (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa heer'', that here; see ''ðaa'' and ''hair''. The animate equivalent is ''ðeis''.
*'''ðajun''' /ˈðæjʌn/ ''p.'' Yon (inanimate object or concept). — Middle Hacean ''ðaa giun'', that yonder; see ''ðaa'' and ''jun''. The animate equivalent is ''seijun''.
*'''ðar''' /ðær/ ''a.'' There. — Old English ''ðær''.
*'''ðaw''' /ðæʊ/ ''p.'' dial. Thou. — A large number of rural dialects retain this instead of the standard ''ða'', where the final -w was lost for unknown reasons.
*'''ðeis''' /ðɛɪs/ ''p.'' This (animate object). — Old English ''ðes'', this. The inanimate equivalent is ''ðahair''.

==e==
*'''en''' /ɛn/ ''a.'' In. — Old English ''in''.
*'''enýrþan''' /ɛnˈɜːrθæn/ ''v.'' To plant. — Compound of ''en'' and ''ýrþ'', q.v.
*'''eŋoŋ''' /ˈɛŋɔŋ/ ''n.'' Entrance, in-door. — Old English ''ingang'', entrance.
*'''eś''' /ɛʃ/ ''p.'' I. — Old English ''ic''. In metropolitan hácei and þýcod, ''aś''² is also commonly used.

==é==


==f==
*'''faa''' /fæː/ ''n.'' Fat. — Old English ''fæt''.
*'''faafowƿ''' /ˈfæːfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Fat, obese. — Literally &quot;full of fat&quot;.
*'''feś''' /fɛʃ/ ''n.'' Fish. — Old English ''fisc''.
*'''féylan''' /ˈfeəlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To fell, cause to fall. — Old English ''fellan''.
*::1st person imperfect present: '''féwƿ''' /feʊw/
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''féwƿs''' /feʊws/
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''féwƿþ''' /feʊwθ/
*'''fjówr''' /fjoʊr/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' ''dial.''/''colloq.'' Four. — Old English ''feówer''. Though nonstandard, this word is common enough to merit inclusion. The standard word is ''pydwyr'', q.v.
*'''fjúþ''' /fjɑːθ/ ''n.'' Hate. — Nordaþ ''fjaþ'', hate. Largely replaced native ''caes'', q.v.
*'''fjúþan''' /ˈfjɑːθæn/ ''v.'' To hate. — As above. Largely replaced native ''caesan'', ''hooƿan'', q.v.
*'''fjúþár''' /ˈfjɑːθar/ ''n.'' Hater.
*'''fjúþon''' /ˈfjɑːθɔn/ ''n.'' Subject of hate.
*'''fjúþyrár''' /ˈfjɑːθərar/ ''n.'' Enemy, esp. political. — Political rhetoric, literally &quot;habitual hater&quot;. See also ''fjýþyrar''.
*'''fjúþyron''' /ˈfjɑːθərɔn/ ''n.'' Victim, as of hate crimes. — Political rhetoric.
*'''fjúþyronan''' /fjɑˈθərɔnæn/ ''v.'' To victimise. — Not commonly used outside of political correctness camps, where it originates.
*'''fjýþyrar''' /ˈfjɜːθərar/ ''n.'' Humorously, any leftist. — Representation of the pronunciation of ''fjúþyrár'' by teofan schjómocar (who spoke with a caźowm accent, a southern dialect), a right-wing politician famed for accusing anyone he disliked of being an 'enemy of the Kythe'.
*'''fúlan''' /ˈfɑːlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To fall. — Old English ''feallan''.
*::1st person imperfect present: '''fúwƿ''' /fɑʊw/
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''fúwƿs''' /fɑʊws/
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''fúwƿþ''' /fɑʊwθ/
*'''fwǵ''' /fʊɣ/ ''n.'' Bird. — Old English ''fugol''. The original -ywƿ ending was confused with the diminutive in -wƿ and lost.
*'''fwǵwƿ''' /ˈfʊɣʊw/ ''n.'' Small or domesticated bird; occasionally, wing. — Diminutive of ''fwǵ'', q.v.
*'''fwir''' /fʊɪr/ ''n.'' Fire. — Old English ''fýr''.
*'''fwiran''' /ˈfʊɪræn/ ''v.'' To set on fire; to start a fire. — From the noun.
*'''fwirár''' /ˈfʊɪrar/ ''n.'' Firestarter, arsonist.
*'''fwidyrár''' /ˈfʊɪdərar/ ''n.'' Pyromaniac. — Formed by dissimilation from *''fwiryrár'' (not attested), frequentative of ''fwirár''.
*'''fwŕ''' /fʊʀ/ ''n.'' Fir, any conifer. — Old English ''furh''.

==g==
*'''geiŋe''' /ˈɡɛɪŋə/ ''n.'' Traveller; regular (as of a bar). — Old English ''genga'', goer.
*'''goŋ''' /ɡɔŋ/ ''n.'' Journey, adventure. — Old English ''gang'', journey.
*'''goŋan''' /ˈɡɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To go; to move. — Old English ''gangan'', to go. Doublet of ''gown'', q.v.
*'''goŋáiþ''' /ˈɡɔŋaɪθ/ ''n.'' Movement. — From '''goŋan'''.
*'''goŋár'''¹ /ˈɡɔŋar/ ''n.'' One who goes; go-getter. — From ''goŋan''.
*'''goŋár'''² /ˈɡɔŋar/ ''n.'' Adventurer. — From ''goŋ''.
*'''goŋswm''' /ˈɡɔŋsʊm/ ''a.'' Adventurous. — From ''goŋ''.
*'''goŋyran''' /ˈɡɔŋəræn/ ''v.'' To travel (continuously). — Frequentative of ''goŋan'', q.v.
*'''goŋyrár''' /ˈɡɔŋərar/ ''n.'' Nomad.
*'''gown''' /ɡɔʊn/ ''p.'' Indicates future tense of verb it appears before. — Old English ''gán'', to go. Doublet of ''goŋan'', q.v.
*'''gowr''' /ɡɔʊr/ ''n.'' Barb, sharp point. — Old English ''gár'', spear.
*'''gowrstaf''' /ˈɡɔʊrstæf/ ''n.'' Spear, pike. — Compound of ''gowr'' and ''staf'', q.v.
*'''gud''' /ɡʌd/ ''n.'' God. — Old English ''god''.
*'''gudazolyr''' /ˌɡʌdæˈzɔlər/ ''n.'' Place of death; old battlefield. — Literally &quot;god's altar&quot;, compound of ''gudas'', genitive of ''gud'', and ''olyr'', an archaic form of ''owƿr'', q.v. The exact connection between the literal meaning and the modern sense is obscure.

==ǵ==
*'''ǵrám''' /ɣraːm/ ''a.'' Hostile, actively dangerous. — Related to ''ǵrem'' and ''ǵrom'', but origin uncertain; possibly from the same root as ''ǵrom'' via dialectal usage.
*'''ǵrem''' /ɣrɛm/ ''a.'' Fierce, aggressive. — Old English ''grim''. Related to ''ǵrom'' and ''ǵrám'', q.v.
*'''ǵrom''' /ɣrɔm/ ''a.'' Furious. — Old English ''gram'', angry. Related to ''ǵrem'' and ''ǵrom'', q.v.
*'''ǵromáiþ''' /ˈɣrɔmaɪθ/ ''n.'' Fury. — From the adjective.

==h==
*'''haa''' /hæː/ ''n.'' Top, pinnacle. — Old English ''hæt'', hat.
*'''hai''' /hæɪ/ ''p.'' He; she. — Old English ''hé'', he. Kythish has lost the distinction between masculine and feminine that English has, and gained a much more pronounced distinction between animate and inanimate, see ''hee''. Though largely obsolete, one may also find ''hjó'' in highly 'backward' dialects.
*'''hair''' /hæɪr/ ''a.'' Here. — Old English ''hér''.
*'''haws''' /hæʊs/ ''n.'' Small building, shed; (in compounds) any building. — Old English ''hús'', house.
*'''hee''' /hɛː/ ''p.'' It. — Old English ''hit'', neuter of ''hé'', see ''hai''.
*'''hjó''' /hjoː/ ''p.'' ''obs.''/''dial.'' She. — Old English ''heó'', feminine of ''hé'', see ''hai''.
*'''howm''' /hɔʊm/ ''n.'' House, abode. — Old English ''hám''.
*'''hód''' /hoːd/ ''n.'' Hood, hat. — Old English ''hód'', hood.
*'''hwnd''' /hʊnd/ ''n.'' Hound, dog. — Old English ''hund'', hound.
*'''hwndan''' /ˈhʊndæn/ ''v.'' To track or chase. — From ''hwnd'', above.
*'''hwndár''' /ˈhʊndar/ ''n.'' Tracker.
*'''hẃd''' /huːd/ ''n.'' Guard dog. — Middle Hacean ''huud'', dialectal form of ''huund'', ''hund'' (= ''hwnd'', q.v.).
*'''hẃdan''' /ˈhuːdæn/ ''v.'' To guard (as a dog). — From ''hẃd'', above.
*'''hẃdár''' /ˈhuːdar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Bouncer (of a night club). — On the notion that they guard like dogs.
*'''hẃĺ''' /huːɬ/ ''a.'' Ugly, disfigured. — Welsh ''hyll'', ugly.
*'''hẃĺan''' /ˈhuːɬæn/ ''v.'' To disfigure. — From the adjective, but confer with Welsh ''hyllu'', to mar, disfigure.

==i==
*'''irce''' /ˈɪrkə/ ''n.'' Space between spread legs. — Middle Hacean ''irca'', further etymology unknown.

==í==


==j==
*'''jiþućt''' /jɪˈθʌxt/ ''n.'' Thought, idea. — Old English ''geþoht''. Related to ''þeiŋcan'', q.v.
*'''jiþućtáiþ''' /jɪˈθʌxtaɪθ/ ''n.'' Thought (uncountable).
*'''jowpan''' /ˈjɔʊpæn/ ''v.'' To gape, yawn. — Old English ''geápan'', to gape.
*'''jowpynmawþ''' /ˈjɔʊpənˌmæʊθ/ ''n.'' Simpleton, idiot. — Literally &quot;gaping-mouth&quot;, from ''mawþ'' and the continuative of ''jowpan'', q.v.
*'''jun''' /jʌn/ ''a.'' Yonder. — Old English ''geon'', yon.
*'''júrd''' /jɑːrd/ ''n.'' Garden. — Old English ''geard''.
*'''júre''' /ˈjɑːrə/ ''a.'' Prompt, ready. — Old English ''gearu'', ''gearo'', quick, ready.
*'''jẃrd''' /juːrd/ ''n.'' Pole, post. — Old English ''gyrd'', rod.

==l==
*'''ládan''' /laːd/ ''v.'' To lead, conduct. — Old English ''lǽdan''.
*'''ládár''' /ˈlaːdar/ ''n.'' Leader, conductor.
*'''ládáre''' /laˈdaːrə/ ''n.'' Lead, leash.
*'''léðan''' /ˈleːðæn/ ''v.'' To travel, move from one place to another. — Old English ''líðan''.
*'''léðyran''' /ˈleːðəræn/ ''v.'' To go abroad, on holiday. — Frequentative of ''léðan'', q.v.
*'''léðyrdaínas''' /ˌleðərˈdæinæs/ ''n.'' Vacation. — Literally abroad-days, from ''léðyran'', ''daí'' and -''nas''.
*'''ljowd''' /ljɔʊd/ ''n.'' Lead (the metal). — Old English ''leád''.
*'''loc''' /lɔk/ ''n.'' Mountain lake, tarn. — Old English ''lac'', from Latin ''lacus''.
*'''loǵe''' /ˈlɔɣə/ ''n.'' Lake. — Old English ''lagu'', lake.
*'''lond''' /lɔnd/ ''n.'' Land, ground. — Old English ''land''.
*'''lups''' /lʌps/ ''n.'' Lobster. — Contraction of Old English ''lopust'', corruption of Latin ''locust''.
*'''lwst''' /lʊst/ ''n.'' Pleasure; joy. — Old English ''lust''.
*'''lwstan''' /ˈlʊstæn/ ''v.'' To enjoy. — From the noun. Doublet of ''lẃstan''.
*'''lẃ''' /luː/ ''a.'' Few, not many; little, small. — Old English ''lyt'', few, little. Second sense is from confusion with ''lẃƿ'', q.v.
*'''lẃst''' /luːst/ ''n.'' Desire. — Formed on analogy with ''lwst'', q.v.
*'''lẃstan''' /ˈluːstæn/ ''v.'' To desire, want. — Old English ''lystan''. Doublet of ''lwstan''.
*'''lẃƿ''' /luːw/ ''a.'' Little, small. — Old English ''lytel'', little. Closely related to ''lẃ'' and ''lẃƿe'', q.v.
*'''lẃƿe''' /ˈluːwə/ ''n.'' Trivial thing; in the plural, small fry. — Almost certainly directly from ''lẃƿ''.

==ĺ==
*'''ĺáiþ''' /ɬaɪθ/ ''n.'' Milk. — Welsh ''llaeth'', milk.
*'''ĺowf''' /ɬɔʊf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Loaf. — Old English ''hláf''.
*::Dual: '''ĺowvaz''' /ˈɬɔʊvæz/
*::Plural: '''ĺowvaen''' /ˈɬɔʊvæɛn/

==m==
*'''mawþ''' /mæʊθ/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Mouth. — Old English ''múð''.
*::Dual: '''mawðaz''' /ˈmæʊðæz/
*::Plural: '''mawðaen''' /ˈmæʊðæɛn/
*'''maś''' /mæʃ/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Mixed mass; mashed vegetables; animal feed. — Origin obscure, but related to ''meśan''.
*'''maysan''' /ˈmæəsæn/ ''v.'' To worship. — From the noun.
*'''mayse''' /ˈmæəsə/ ''n.'' Religious devotion; worship. — Old English ''mæsse'', from Latin ''missa'', mass.
*'''maysyre''' /ˈmæəsərə/ ''n.'' Religious fervour, fanaticism. — Frequentative of ''mayse'', q.v.
*'''meiŋan''' /ˈmɛɪŋæn/ ''v.'' To mess up; to vandalise. — Old English ''mengan'', to mix.
*'''meśan''' /ˈmɛʃæn/ ''v.'' To mash, to paste, to pulp. — Old English ''miscan'', to mix.
*'''mueć''' /mʌɛx/ ''n.'' Pig. — Welsh ''moch'', pigs (the singular being ''mochyn'').
*'''moǵan''' /ˈmɔɣæn/ ''v.'' To digest. — From the noun.
*'''moǵe''' /ˈmɔɣə/ ''n.'' Stomach, belly. — Old English ''maga''.
*'''mon''' /mɔn/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Man. — Old English ''man''. Common in compounds, but less used than ''ƿeir'' when referring to a male adult. 
*::Dual: '''meinaz''' /ˈmɛɪnæz/ or '''monaz''' /ˈmɔnæz/
*::Plural: '''mein''' /mɛɪn/
*'''moŋ''' /mɔŋ/ ''n.'' Mixture; crowd. — Old English ''mang''.
*'''moŋan''' /ˈmɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To mix with, mingle. — From the noun.
*'''moŋáiþ''' /ˈmɔŋaɪθ/ ''n.'' Chaos. — From ''moŋ'', q.v.
*'''mó''' /moː/ ''n.'' Meeting; council. — Old English ''mót'', meeting. Related to ''ƿiinjó'', q.v.
*'''mór''' /moːr/ ''n.'' Peat, mud. — Old English ''mór'', moor.
*'''mórlond''' /ˈmoːrlɔnd/ ''n.'' Moor, bog, moorland. — Compound of ''mór'' and ''lond'', q.v.
*'''mwmbýŕ''' /ˈmʊmbɜʀ/ ''n.'' Boundary wall, dyke; rampart. — Middle Hacean ''mwndbeurr'', ''mwmbeurgh'', from Old English ''mund-beorg'', protective mound.
*'''mwnd''' /mʊnd/ ''n.'' Protection, defence. — Chiefly legal usage. Old English ''mund'', protection. Related to ''mwmbýŕ'', q.v.
*'''mwndan''' /ˈmʊndæn/ ''v.'' To defend. — From the noun.
*'''mwwn''' /mʊːn/ ''n.'' Steep hill. — Old English ''munt'', from Latin ''mont''-, stem of ''mons'', hill.
*'''mýwƿc''' /mɜʊwk/ ''n.'' The milky substance found in the stems of some plants; also, coconut milk. — Old English ''meolc'', milk.

==n==
*'''nú''' /nɑː/ ''n.'' Livestock animal. — Old English ''neata'', cattle.
*'''núnas''' /ˈnɑːnæs/ ''n.'' Livestock.

==ŋ==
*'''ŋećt''' /ŋɛxt/ ''n.'' Servant, assistant. — Old English ''cniht'', servant, youth.
*'''ŋjoẃƿan''' /ˈŋjɔuwæn/ ''v.'' To argue, to contend. — Old English ''cneátian'', to argue. Base form is '''ŋjoẃ'''.
*'''ŋowƿan''' /ˈŋɔʊwæn/ ''v.'' ''slang'' To have a gut feeling for, to strongly feel. — Old English ''cnáwan'', to know.
*'''ŋúr''' /ŋɑːr/ ''n.'' Small ship (e.g. a yacht). — Old English ''cnear'', ''cnearr'', from a Norse source, akin to Icelandic ''knörr''.
*'''ŋúran''' /ˈŋɑːræn/ ''v.'' To pilot a small ship; to sail leisurely. — From the noun.
*'''ŋúrmon''' /ˈŋɑːrmɔn/ ''n.'' A yachter. — Literally &quot;yacht-man&quot;; compound of ''ŋúr'' and ''mon'', q.v.
*'''ŋwcan''' /ˈŋʊkæn/ ''v.'' To knock something (over), make a noise by knocking. — Old English ''cnucian''.
*'''ŋwcymvwǵ''' /ˈŋʊkəmvʊɣ/ ''n.'' ''dial.'' Woodpecker. — Middle Hacean ''gnuucenfugh''. Literally &quot;knocking-bird&quot;; compound of ''ŋwcyn'', continuative of ''ŋwcan'', and ''fwǵ'', q.v.

==o==
*'''ocan''' /ˈɔkæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To ache. — Old English ''acan''.
*::Imperfect past: '''óc''' /oːk/
*::Perfect: '''ac''' /æk/
*::Perfect past: '''aćt''' /æxt/
*'''oce''' /ˈɔkə/ ''n.'' Ache. — From the verb.
*'''on'''- /ɔn/ ''f.'' Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a consonant. — Old English ''and''-. Before a vowel, ''ond''- is used.
*'''onbyconan''' /ɔnˈbəkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To disable. — Affixation of ''on''- to ''byconan'', q.v.
*'''ond'''- /ɔnd/ ''f.'' Indicates reversal of the action denoted by a verb beginning with a vowel. — Old English ''and''-. Before a consonant, ''on''- is used.
*'''ondocan''' /ɔndˈɔkæn/ ''v.'' To ease pain. — Affixation of ''ond''- to ''ocan'', q.v.
*'''oor''' /ɔːr/ ''n.'' Otter. — Old English ''otor'', otter.
*'''owc''' /ɔʊk/ ''n.'' Oak. — Old English ''ác''.
*'''owƿr''' /ɔʊwr/ ''n.'' Altar; occasional table. — Old English ''alter'', from Latin ''altar''.

==ó==


==p==
*'''peiź''' /pɛɪʒ/ ''n.'' Piglet; small, fat child. — Old English ''pecg'', pig.
*'''ploon''' /plɔːn/ ''n.'' Plant. — Old English ''plant'', from Latin ''planta''.
*'''ploonas''' /ˈplɔːnæs/ ''n.'' Vegetation. — Merely ''ploon'' + -''nas''.
*'''pẃmf''' /puːmf/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Five. — Welsh ''pump'', probably with influence of Old English ''fíf''.
*'''pẃ''' /puː/ ''n.'' Hole, shaft. — Old English ''pyt'', from Latin ''puteus''.
*'''pydwyr''' /ˈpədʊər/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Four. — Welsh ''pedwar''. See also ''fjówr''.
*'''pysc''' /pəsk/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Seasnake. — Welsh ''pysg'', fish.
*::Dual: '''pyzǵaz''' /ˈpəzɣæz/
*::Plural: '''pyzǵaen''' /ˈpəzɣæɛn/

==r==
*'''raa''' /ræː/ ''n.'' Rat, rodent; petty thief. — Old Engish ''ræt''.
*'''raajan''' /ˈræːjæn/ ''v.'' To take away something another needs. — From the noun, ''raa''.
*'''rain''' /ræɪn/ ''n.'' Rain. — Old English ''rén'', rain.
*'''rainan''' /ˈræɪnæn/ ''v.'' To rain. — From the noun.
*'''ród''' /roːd/ ''n.'' Pole, girder. — Old English ''ród''.
*'''rywd''' /rəʊd/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Red. — Middle Hacean ''riood'', from Old English ''reád''.
*'''rywdẃn''' /ˈrəʊdun/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Innards, internal body matter. — Literally, &quot;dark red&quot; or &quot;red dark&quot;. Compound of ''rywd'' and ''dẃn'', q.v.

==ŕ==
*'''ŕaybe''' /ˈʀæəbə/ ''n.'' Crab, crayfish.
*'''ŕowƿan''' /ˈʀɔʊwæn/ ''v.'' To crow; to croak. — Old English ''cráƿan'', to crow. Base form is '''ŕowƿ'''.
*'''ŕowƿár''' /ˈʀɔʊwar/ ''n.'' Crow. — Formed from the verb, but less common than ''ŕowƿe'', below.
*'''ŕowƿe''' /ˈʀɔʊwə/ ''n.'' Crow. — Old English ''cráƿe'', a crow (literally 'crower').
*'''ŕueg''' /ˈʀʌɛɡ/ ''n.'' Intersection, cross; gibbet. — Welsh ''crog'', cross.
*'''ŕwc''' /ʀʊk/ ''n.'' Cross. — Old English ''cruc'', from Latin ''crucem''.

==s==
*'''saiman''' /ˈsæɪmæn/ ''v.'' To satisfy; to honour; to compromise (only when subject is plural). — Old English ''sémen''. Related to ''some'', q.v.
*'''saimáiþ''' /ˈsæɪmaɪθ/ ''n.'' Satisfaction.
*'''sá''' /saː/ ''n.'' Sea. — Old English ''sǽ''.
*'''ságeiŋe''' /saˈɡɛɪŋə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Passenger. — Old English ''sǽgenga'', seagoer. Originally applied only to passengers on ships, but now more generally.
*'''sámon''' /ˈsaːmɔn/ ''n.'' Sailor, seaman. — Compound of ''sá'' and ''mon'', q.v.
*'''sćaí''' /sxæi/ ''n.'' Sheet. — Old English ''scéte''.
*'''sćembown''' /ˈsxɛmbɔʊn/ ''n.'' Shinbone. — Old English ''scinbán'', with assimilation of the n to an m. See ''sćene'' and ''bown''.
*'''sćene''' /ˈsxɛnə/ ''n.'' Shin; splint. — Old English ''scina''.
*'''sćjowp''' /sxjɔʊp/ ''n.'' Sheep. — Old English ''sceáp'', sheep. See also ''ćjaap''.
*'''sćjoẃ''' /sxjɔu/ ''n.'' Fold; tuft of wool. — Old English ''sceát'', corner of a sail, fold of a garment. Second sense is influenced by popular etymology connecting it to ''sćjowp'', q.v.
*'''sćjóƿan''' /ˈsxjoːwæn/ ''v.'' To shoot. — Old English ''sceótan''. Base form is '''sćjó'''.
*'''sćóijan''' /ˈsxoɪjæn/ ''v.'' To dart, to sprint. — Old English ''scótian'', secondary verb formed from ''sceótan'', see ''sćjóƿan''.
*'''sćóifowƿ''' /ˈsxoɪfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Very swift. — From ''sćóijan''.
*'''sćúźe''' /ˈsxɑːʒə/ ''n.'' Messy hair. — Old English ''sceacga'', rough hair.
*'''sćúźeg''' /ˈsxɑːʒɛg/ ''a.'' Unkempt. — From ''sćúźe''.
*'''sćúźwƿ''' /ˈsxɑːʒʊw/ ''n.'' Stubble. — Diminutive of ''sćúźe''.
*'''sćẃƿ''' /sxuːw/ ''n.'' Dish, plate. — Old English ''scutel'', from Latin ''scutella'', small tray.
*'''sei''' /sɛɪ/ ''p.'' That (animate object). — Old English ''se'', the. The inanimate equivalent is ''ðaðar''.
*'''seijun''' /ˈsɛɪjʌn/ ''p.'' Yon (animate object). — Appears to be an artificial compound of ''sei'' and ''jun'', on analogy to the inanimate equivalent, ''ðajun'', q.v.
*'''seiźan''' /ˈsɛɪʒæn/ ''v.'' To say, to utter. — Old English ''secgan'', to say. Not the basic verb of speech, which is ''sfreican'', q.v.
*'''sfreican''' /ˈsfrɛɪcæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To speak, to say. — Old English ''sprecan'', to speak. 
*::Imperfect past: '''sfrac'' /sfræk/
*'''sja''' /sjæ/ ''n.'' Romantic love. — Middle Hacean ''sia'', further etymology unknown.
*'''sjowp''' /sjɔʊp/ ''a.'' Steep. — Middle Hacean ''stioap'', from Old English ''steáp''. See also ''śóp''.
*'''sjoran''' /ˈsjɔræn/ ''v.'' To become dry, dry up, dry out. — Old English ''seáran''. Related to ''zjowr'', q.v.
*'''sjór''' /sjoːr/ ''n.'' Bull, male bovine. — Old English ''steór'', steer, bull.
*'''soman''' /ˈsɔmæn/ ''v.'' To suit, befit. — Presumably from the noun.
*'''some''' /ˈsɔmə/ ''a.'' Same; same as, just like. — Old English ''sama''. Related to ''saiman'', q.v.
*'''sonþe''' /ˈsɔnθə/ ''n.'' One's superior; as a form of address, sir or madam. — Origin unknown.
*'''spur''' /spʌr/ ''n.'' Track, footpath. — Old English ''spor'', a foot-track. Related to ''spwre'' and ''spẃran'', q.v.
*'''spurn''' /spʌrn/ ''a.'' Disliked, outcast. — Middle Hacean ''spurnn'', from Old English ''spornen'', past participle of ''speornan'', see ''spýrnan''.
*'''spurnan''' /ˈspʌrnæn/ ''v.'' To cast out; to reject. — From the adjective.
*'''spwran''' /ˈspʊræn/ ''v.'' To spur on, goad. — From the noun.
*'''spwre''' /ˈspʊrə/ ''n.'' Spur, goad. — Old English ''spura'', ''spora'', related to Old English ''spor'' and ''speornan''; see ''spur'' and ''spýrnan''.
*'''spẃdyran''' /ˈspuːdəræn/ ''v.'' To investigate. — Middle Hacean ''spuyreran'', ''spuureran'', frequentative of ''spuuran'', see ''spẃran''. Doublet of ''spẃyran'', q.v.
*'''spẃdyráiþ''' /ˈspuːdəraɪθ/ ''n.'' (Process of) Investigation.
*'''spẃdyryne''' /spuˈdərənə/ ''n.'' Investigation, case. — Formed from the continuative of ''spẃdyran''.
*'''spẃran''' /ˈspuːræn/ ''v.'' To ask, interrogate. — Old English ''spyrian'', to ask, track down, related to Old English ''spor'', see ''spur''. See also ''spẃdyran'' and ''spẃyr''.
*'''spẃyr''' /spuər/ ''n.'' Quibble, query. — Originally dialectal. Middle Hacean ''spuyryr'', from ''spuyreran'', see ''spẃdyran''.
*'''spẃyran''' /ˈspuəræn/ ''v.'' To quibble, disagree, raise a point. — From the noun. Doublet of ''spẃdyran'', q.v.
*'''spẃyrnan''' /ˈspuərnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To bitch, whine. — Jocular formation, based on slurred, young metropolitan pronunciation of ''spẃyryryne'', alluding to the opinion that all teenage discussions are merely bitching sessions.
*'''spẃyryran''' /ˈspuərəræn/ ''v.'' To discuss (a point). — Modern derivative of ''spẃyran'', and thus a double frequentative (or rather, modernly, a double augmentative.)
*'''spẃyryryne''' /spuəˈrərənə/ ''n.'' Discussion, argument.
*'''spýrnan''' /ˈspɜːrnæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To kick away, push with the foot. — Old English ''speornan'', to kick against, related to Old English ''spura'', ''spora'', see ''spwre''.
*::Imperfect past: '''spúrn''' /spɑːrn/
*'''srac''' /sræk/ ''a.'' Violent. — Old English ''stræc'', variant of ''stearc'', strong.
*'''srá''' /sraː/ ''n.'' Street, road. — Old English ''strǽt''.
*'''srond''' /srɔnd/ ''n.'' Edge, margin; poetically, shoreline. — Old English ''strand'', shore.
*'''sroŋ''' /srɔŋ/ ''a.'' Strict, stern. — Old English ''strang'', strong.
*'''srywm''' /srəʊm/ ''n.'' Stream; trail (as left by a snail, for example). — Old English ''streám''.
*'''srywman''' /ˈsrəʊmæn/ ''v.'' To trickle. — From the noun.
*'''srup''' /srʌp/ ''n.'' Strap, bracelet, strip of fabric. — Old English ''stropp'', from Latin ''struppus'', strap.
*'''staf''' /stæf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Staff, stick; polearm. — Old English ''stæf''.
*::Dual: '''stavaz''' /ˈstævæz/
*::Plural: '''stavaen''' /ˈstævæɛn/
*'''staþ''' /stæθ/ ''n.'' Bank (of a river). — Old English ''stæð'', bank, shore.
*'''stape''' /ˈstæpə/ ''n.'' A footstep, a pace. — Old English ''stæpe'', a step. Doublet of ''stope''.
*'''stavne''' /ˈstævnə/ ''n.'' Trunk of a tree, stem of a plant. — Old English ''stæfna'', ''stæfn''. Related to ''staf'' and ''steim'', q.v.
*'''steim''' /stɛɪm/ ''n.'' Prow of a vessel. — Old English ''stemn'', stem or prow of a vessel, related to Old English ''stæfn'', ''stæfna''; see ''stavne''.
*'''stopan''' /ˈstɔpæn/ ''v.'' To walk. — Old English ''stapan'', to go or advance.
*'''stope''' /ˈstɔpə/ ''n.'' A style of walk. — From the verb. Doublet of ''stape''.
*'''stopyne''' /ˈstɔpənə/ ''n.'' A walk, a trek. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.
*'''stól''' /stoːl/ ''n.'' Seat, chair. — Old English ''stól''.
*'''sturc''' /stʌrk/ ''n.'' Stork. — Old English ''storc''.
*'''stúrc''' /stɑːrk/ ''a.'' Strong. — Old English ''stearc''.
*'''stwipe''' /ˈstʊɪpə/ ''n.'' Tower, turret. — Probably simplified form of a derivative of Old English ''stýpel'', steeple, but none are found in Middle Hacean.
*'''stwydan''' /ˈstʊədæn/ ''v.'' To look after, to provide for. — Old English ''studdian'', to take care of, from Latin ''studere''.
*'''stwydynhaws''' /ˈstʊədənˌhæʊs/ ''n.'' Hostel. — Literally 'providing-house', see ''stwydan'' and ''haws''.
*'''stýre''' /ˈstɜːrə/ ''n.'' Star. — Old English ''steorra''.
*'''sƿeivnan''' /ˈswɛɪvnæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To dream. — From ''sƿeivyn'', q.v.
*::1st person imperfect present: '''sƿeivyn''' /ˈswɛɪvən/
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''sƿeivyns''' /ˈswɛɪvəns/
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''sƿeivynþ''' /ˈswɛɪvənθ/
*'''sƿeivyn''' /ˈswɛɪvən/ ''n.'' Dream. — Old English ''swefn''.

==ś==
*'''śaize''' /ˈʃæɪzə/ ''n.'' Cheese. — Old English ''cése''.
*'''śen''' /ʃɛn/ ''n.'' Chin. — Old English ''cin''.
*'''śjóƿan''' /ˈʃjoːwæn/ ''v.'' To chew, ruminate. — Old English ''ceóƿan''. Base form is '''śjóƿ'''.
*'''śóp''' /ʃoːp/ ''a.'' ''dial.'' High; upright. — Middle Hacean ''tsioop'', metathesis of ''stioap'', see ''sjowp''.
*'''śẃste''' /ˈʃuːstə/ ''n.'' Box, (treasure) chest; chest cavity. — Old English ''cyste''.

==t==
*'''traf''' /træf/ ''irreg.'' ''n.'' Village, hamlet. — Welsh ''tref'', hamlet.
*::Dual: '''travaz''' /ˈtrævæz/
*::Plural: '''travaen''' /ˈtrævæɛn/
*'''treí''' /trɛi/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' Three. — Welsh ''tri''.
*'''tryw''' /trəʊ/ ''n.'' Timber, dead wood. — Old English ''treó'', timber.

==þ==
*'''þeiŋcan''' /ˈθɛɪŋkæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To think. — Old English ''þencan''. Related to ''þeiśan'', ''þẃŋcan'', ''þoŋc'', ''þuŋc'' and ''jiþućt'', q.v.
*::Imperfect past: '''þućty''' /ˈθʌxtə/
*'''þeiśan''' /ˈθɛɪʃæn/ ''v.'' To feel (an emotion). — Old English ''þencean'', variant of ''þencan''; see ''þeiŋcan''.
*'''þeiśáiþ''' /ˈθɛɪʃaɪθ/ ''n.'' Emotion (uncountable).
*'''þeiśe''' /ˈθɛɪʃə/ ''n.'' Feeling, emotion (countable). — From the verb.
*'''þeiśfowƿ''' /ˈθɛɪʃfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Emotional.
*'''þneic''' /θnɛɪk/ ''n.'' Neck. — Old English ''hnecca''.
*'''þnẃ''' /θnuː/ ''n.'' Nut. — Old English ''hnutu''.
*'''þoŋc''' /θɔŋk/ ''n.'' Goodwill, thanks. — Old English ''þanc''. Related to ''þuŋc'', q.v.
*'''þoŋcan''' /ˈθɔŋkæn/ ''v.'' To thank. — From the noun.
*'''þuŋc''' /θʌŋk/ ''n.'' Favour. — Old English ''þonc'', variant of ''þanc''; see ''þoŋc''.
*'''þuŋcan''' /ˈθʌŋkæn/ ''v.'' To favour, treat well. — From the noun.
*'''þurp''' /θʌrp/ ''n.'' Village, small town. — Old English ''þorp''.
*'''þwŕ''' /θʊʀ/ ''a.'' Through. — Old English ''þurh''.
*'''þẃŋcan''' /ˈθuːŋkæn/ ''v.'' To seem. — Old English ''þyncan''. Related to ''þeiŋcan'', q.v.
*'''þẃrs''' /θuːrs/ ''n.'' Thirst. — Old English ''þyrst''.
*'''þẃrsan''' /ˈθuːrsæn/ ''v.'' To thirst, be thirsty. — Old English ''þyrstan''.

==u==
*'''un''' /ʌn/ ''p.'' On. — Old English ''on''.
*'''unfúlan''' /ʌnˈfɑːlæn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To attack. — Literally 'to fall on', compound of ''un'' and ''fúlan'', q.v.
*::1st person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿ''' /ʌnˈfɑʊw/
*::2nd person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿs''' /ʌnˈfɑʊws/
*::3rd person imperfect present: '''unfúwƿþ''' /ʌnˈfɑʊwθ/
*'''uŋoŋan''' /ʌˈŋɔŋæn/ ''v.'' To approach. — Middle Hacean ''ungongan'', modelled on Old English ''ongán'', to approach.
*'''urǵywƿ''' /ˈʌrɣəʊw/ ''n.'' Organ (musical instrument). — Old English ''orgel'', from Latin ''organum''. See also ''yrǵone''.

==ú==


==v==


==w==
*'''wn'''- /ʊn/ ''f.'' Indicates negativity. — Old English ''un''-. See also ''on''-/''ond''-.
*'''wnconan''' /ʊnˈkɔnæn/ ''v.'' To be unable. — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''conan'', q.v.
*'''wnconswm''' /ʊnˈkɔnsʊm/ ''a.'' Not able; disabled (of a creature born so). — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''conswm'', q.v. See also ''onbyconswm''.
*'''wncwiþár''' /ʊnˈkʊɪθar/ ''n.'' Foreigner. — Affixation of ''wn''- to ''cwiþár'', q.v.
*'''wnsƿeivyn''' /ʊnˈswɛɪvən/ ''n.'' Nightmare. — Affixation of ''wn''- and ''sƿeivyn'', q.v.

==ẃ==
*'''ẃ''' /uː/ ''a.'' Out. — Monophthongisation of Middle Hacean ''auu'', from Old English ''út''. Related to ''aẃ''.
*'''ẃm''' /uːm/ ''a.'' Around. — Old English ''ymb''.
*'''ẃn''' /uːn/ ''a.'' &amp; ''n.'' One. — Welsh ''un''.

==ƿ==
*'''ƿaar''' /wæːr/ ''n.'' Water. — Old English ''ƿæter'', water.
*'''ƿaaran''' /ˈwæːræn/ ''v.'' To water. — From the noun.
*'''ƿaarcowƿ''' /ˈwæːrkɔʊw/ ''n.'' Canvas bottle for carrying water. — Literally water-bag, see ''ƿaar'' and ''cowƿ''.
*'''ƿá''' /waː/ ''a.'' Wet. — Old English ''ƿǽt'', wet.
*'''ƿájan''' /ˈwaːjæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To wet. — Formed from the noun in lieu of ''ƿán'', q.v.
*'''ƿán''' /waːn/ ''irreg.'' ''v.'' To wet. — Old English ''ƿǽtan'', to wet. Only the infinitive is irregular, all other forms inflect from a root of '''ƿá'''. See also ''ƿájan''.
*'''ƿeir''' /wɛɪr/ ''n.'' Man, male. — Old English ''ƿer''.
*'''ƿiinjó''' /ˈwɪːnjo/ ''n.'' Government; parliament. — Contraction of Middle English ''ƿiin iemo'', ''ƿiiniemo'' (also ''ƿeen iemo'', a more regular derivation), from Old English ''witena gemót'', meeting of wise men, parliament; see ''mó''.
*'''ƿóć''' /woːx/ ''a.'' Bent. — Old English ''ƿóh''.
*'''ƿóćan''' /ˈwoːxæn/ ''v.'' To bend. — From ''ƿóć''.
*'''ƿóće''' /ˈwoːxə/ ''n.'' Bend, curve. — From the verb.
*'''ƿóí''' /woi/ ''a.'' Favourably inclined. — Middle Hacean ''ƿooi'', related to ''ƿooian'', see ''ƿóíjan''.
*'''ƿóíd''' /woid/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' One's lover or significant other. — Probably from the past tense of ''ƿóíjan'', (i.e. 'one's wooed') more specifically Middle Hacean ''ƿooian'', but not attested.
*'''ƿóíjan''' /ˈwoijæn/ ''v.'' To woo; to persuade. — Old English ''ƿógian'', to woo, bend towards oneself.
*'''ƿẃn''' /wuːn/ ''n.'' The letter ƿ, wynn. — Old English ''wynn'', see ''ƿẃyn''.
*'''ƿẃyn''' /wuən/ ''n.'' Joy, happiness. — Old English ''wynn''. See also ''ƿẃn''.
*'''ƿẃynfowƿ''' /ˈwuənfɔʊw/ ''a.'' Joyful, happy.
*'''ƿẃynlýs''' /ˈwuənlɜs/ ''a.'' Joyless, listless; boring.
*'''ƿywf''' /wəʊf/ ''n.'' Wolf. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ''ƿuƿf'', ''ƿuuƿf'', from Old English ''ƿulf''. Related to ''ƿywƿan'', q.v.
*'''ƿywƿan''' /ˈwəʊwæn/ ''v.'' To gnaw; to nibble at the edge of something. — Middle Hacean ''ƿuƿfan'', to rend or maim, from ''ƿuƿf''; see ''ƿywf''. Base form is '''ƿywƿ'''.

==y==
*'''ypestywƿ''' /əˈpɛstəʊw/ ''n.'' Letter (of correspondance). — Old English ''epistol'', from Latin ''epistula''.
*'''ypestywƿan''' /əpɛsˈtəʊwæn/ ''v.'' To correspond; to send a letter. — From the noun.
*'''ypestywƿáiþ''' /əpɛsˈtəʊwaɪθ/ ''n.'' Correspondance.
*'''yrǵonan''' /ərˈɣɔnæn/ ''v.'' ''colloq.'' To play a musical instrument. — From ''yrǵone''.
*'''yrǵonár''' /ərˈɣɔnar/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Musician.
*'''yrǵone''' /ərˈɣɔnə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Musical instrument. — Weakening of Middle Hacean ''aurgone'', from Old English ''organe'', organ, applied vaguely to musical instruments. See also ''urǵywƿ''.
*'''yrǵonyne''' /ərˈɣɔnənə/ ''n.'' ''colloq.'' Music. — Formed from the continuative of the verb.

==ý==
*'''ýrþ''' /ɜːrθ/ ''n.'' Earth, ground. — Old English ''eorþ''.

==z==
*'''zjowr''' /zjɔʊr/ ''a.'' Dry. — Old English ''seár'', dry. Compare with ''drẃǵ''. Related to ''sjoran'', q.v.

==ź==

[[Category:Kythish]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kythish verbal paradigm</title>
    <id>1302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8200</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Kythish]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! -seiź-
! -cein-
! -sei-
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! Infinitive
| seiźan
| ceinan
| seijan
|-
! Present
! Indicative Imperfect
! 1st
| seiź
| cein
| sei
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźes
| ceins
| seis
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźeþ
| ceinþ
| seiþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Continuative Imperfect (-n)
! 1st
| seiźyn
| ceinyn
| sein
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźyns
| ceinyns
| seins
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźynþ
| ceinynþ
| seinþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Frequentative Imperfect (-yr)
! 1st
| seiźyr
| ceinyr
| seijyr
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźyrs
| ceinyrs
| seijyrs
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźyrþ
| ceinyrþ
| seijyrþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Indicative Perfect (-a(f))
! 1st
| seiźaf
| ceinaf
| seijaf
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźas
| ceinas
| seijas
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźaþ
| ceinaþ
| seijaþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Continuative Perfect (-na(f))
! 1st
| seiźynaf
| ceinynaf
| seinaf
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźynas
| ceinynas
| seinas
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźynaþ
| ceinynaþ
| seinaþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Frequentative Perfect (-yra(f))
! 1st
| seiźyraf
| ceinyraf
| seijyraf
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźyras
| ceinyras
| seijyras
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźyraþ
| ceinyraþ
| seijyraþ
|-
! Past
! Indicative Imperfect (-ot)
! 1st
| seiźot
| ceinot
| seijot
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźots
| ceinots
| seijots
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźotþ
| ceinotþ
| seijotþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Continuative Imperfect (-not)
! 1st
| seiźynot
| ceinynot
| seinot
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźynots
| ceinynots
| seinots
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźynotþ
| ceinynotþ
| seinotþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Frequentative Imperfect (-yrot)
! 1st
| seiźyrot
| ceinyrot
| seijyrot
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźyrots
| ceinyrots
| seijyrots
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźyrotþ
| ceinyrotþ
| seijyrotþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Indicative Perfect (-at)
! 1st
| seiźat
| ceinat
| seijat
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźats
| ceinats
| seijats
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźatþ
| ceinatþ
| seijatþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Continuative Perfect (-nat)
! 1st
| seiźynat
| ceinynat
| seinat
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźynats
| ceinynats
| seinats
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźynatþ
| ceinynatþ
| seinatþ
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
! Frequentative Perfect (-yrat)
! 1st
| seiźyrat
| ceinyrat
| seijyrat
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 2nd
| seiźyrats
| ceinyrats
| seijyrats
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
! 3rd
| seiźyratþ
| ceinyratþ
| seijyratþ
|}

[[Category:Kythish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:WeepingElf</title>
    <id>1303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56256</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:27:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Jörg Rhiemeier'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:trench1.jpg]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| December 5, 1969; Lemgo, Germany
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| free-lance artist, independent scholar, futurist, librarian
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| German, English and a bit of Latin, French, Spanish and Japanese
|-
|valign=top|'''My conlangs:'''
|| [[Old Albic]] and [[User:WeepingElf/My conlangs|a few others]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Favourite other conlangs:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]], [[Wikipedia:Sindarin|Sindarin]], [[Tokana]], [[Silindion]], [[Brithenig]], [[Verdurian]] and other well-designed [[naturalistic artlang]]s
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Progressive_rock|progressive rock]] music, science fiction, writing, future studies, linguistics, history and many others 
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| [http://www.joerg-rhiemeier.de/ Jörg Rhiemeier's home page]
|}

Hi, I am Jörg Rhiemeier, the Weeping Elf, founder of the [[League of Lost Languages]] and creator of the (currently dormant) [[UKW World]].  I have been into worldbuilding since I was about ten; at the same age, I contracted the 'language bug' from my elder brother's Latin school grammar; and when I was about 16 years old, I started my first real conlang which, however, never got far (and was little more than a relex of German with an ill-defined phonology).  In the following years, I didn't conlang much, until I started what was later to become [[Albic]] in the spring (northern hemisphere) of the year 2000.

My interest in conlangs is actually pretty much an outcrop of my interest in worldbuilding.  I have been inventing worlds since the tender age of ten, often together  with a cousin of mine; it is only natural, then, that I enjoy reading fantasy and science fiction, and used to play role-playing games for a long time (though I am currently not playing them).

At this time, I have two main worldbuilding projects underway.  One is a near-future world influenced by cyberpunk SF but lighter in tone (which, however, doesn't involve any conlangs, only a handful of neologisms), the other is the [[legendarium]] associated with the [[British Elves]] (in which conlangs, chiefly of the [[Albic]] family, feature prominently).

What makes a good conlang?  It depends on what it is made for.  The kind of languages I am most interested in are fictional human languages, and a good fictional human language ought to resemble a natlang.  This is also my personal taste: to me, [[naturalistic artlang]]s are beautiful, the more naturalistic, the better.  Most non-naturalistic conlangs are rather ugly to my taste, though there are a few I find beautiful for some other reason.  (I haven't seen a natlang yet that struck me as ugly.  Not even languages with lots of uvulars, ejectives and wicked consonant clusters such as [[Wikipedia:Georgian language|Georgian]] - which actually doesn't sound harsher than, e.g., Russian.) To me, among the greatest conlangs ever created are [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]] and [[Wikipedia:Sindarin|Sindarin]], while I find [[Wikipedia:Klingon language|Klingon]] rather unappealing.  I especially like it when an author invents an entire ''family'' of related languages, with sound changes and all that.  This is also what I am trying to do with [[Albic]].

I have also made the experience that in conlanging, the amateurs often outshine the professionals.  Most conlangs made for movies, TV series, games etc. are little more than relexes of English, and the scripts encountered in such media often merely assign
alternative glyphs to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet (and the inscriptions seen are often just plain English).  Most of the conlangs and conscripts from the CONLANG community are much better than that, even those designed by people who are not professional linguists.

I have made a similar observation regarding auxlangers vs. artlangers.  Many [[auxlang]] proposals I have seen are linguistically naïve, and the intellectual and linguistic brilliance I have found in many of the artlangs done by CONLANG list members is barely even approached.  (Of course, auxlang proposals are usually addressed at non-linguists, and many of the 'interesting' linguistic features found in some artlangs would conflict with the auxlang ideal of easy use and learning.  On the other hand, there ''are''  auxlangs that are linguistically brilliant.)  And then, of course, auxlangers are way too serious about their proposals.

It also seems to me that the 'auxlang race' has already been run - and English is the winner.  English is part of the educational canon in most Western and many non-Western countries; it is the language of most of the Internet, and the language most people today take recourse to whenever they assume that the person they are talking to is not of the same native language, etc. p. p.  I frankly don't see how any artificial IAL will be able to challenge this position in the forseeable future - not even Esperanto.

Another language-related interest of mine is ''historical linguistics'', especially proposals of long-range relationships such as [[Nostratic]] (see [[Jörg's ideas about Nostratic]]), and the exploration of the lost world of [[Old European languages]].

What else is important in my life is ''music''.  I especially like progressive rock, and would like very much to be in a progressive rock band (however, those grapes are hanging too high for me right now - I need to practice a lot).  I am currently a member of a popular music choir.

You may ask, why 'Weeping Elf'?  Well, I have a somewhat [[Elves|Elvish]] mindset, and the madness of this world quite often makes me weep.  That's why.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Trench1.jpg</title>
    <id>1304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4025</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-24T19:14:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ndvanderhoofven</title>
    <id>1305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4647</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-26T18:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndvanderhoofven</username>
        <id>44</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nobalingos]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nobalingos</title>
    <id>1306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11188</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Nobalingos ==

Nobalingos is my conlang.  It is based mostly on Esperanto, with some words from Greek and Russian.  The adjectival form is Nobalinga; thus, the Nobalinga language. Nobalingos comes from two words: '''noba''', meaning new, and '''lingos''', meaning language or toungue.&lt;br&gt;

1.0 Alphabet&lt;br&gt;
1.1 Vowels:&lt;br&gt;
'''a''' = short a, as in ''bat''&lt;br&gt;
'''au''' = either short o, as in ''bought'', or ow, as in ''bout''&lt;br&gt;
'''ay''' = long a, as in ''bait''&lt;br&gt;
'''e''' = either short e, as in ''bet'', short i, as in ''bit'', or, at the end of a word, long a, as in ''bait''&lt;br&gt;
'''eu''' = you, as in ''butte''&lt;br&gt;
'''ey''' = long a. This is an alternate form of '''ay'''.&lt;br&gt;
'''i''' = long e, as in ''beet''&lt;br&gt;
'''iy''' = long i, as in ''bite''&lt;br&gt;
'''o''' = long o, as in ''boat''&lt;br&gt;
'''oy''' = oy, as in ''boy''&lt;br&gt;
'''u''' = long u, as in ''boot''&lt;br&gt;

1.2 Consonants:&lt;br&gt;
'''b''' = b,v&lt;br&gt;
'''d''' = d,t&lt;br&gt;
'''g''' = g,j and sometimes q,h&lt;br&gt;
'''l''' = l&lt;br&gt;
'''m''' = m&lt;br&gt;
'''n''' = n&lt;br&gt;
'''p''' = p,f&lt;br&gt;
'''r''' = r&lt;br&gt;
'''s''' = s,z&lt;br&gt;
'''x''' = ch,k,kh(as in ''bach''), and sometimes h&lt;br&gt;
'''y''' = y&lt;br&gt;
'''z''' = sh,zh, and sometimes j&lt;br&gt;

Not used (except in foreign words):
c,f,h,j,k,q,t,w,v

1.3 Capitalization&lt;br&gt;
All words use the lower case, except for foreign words, newly created words, and some proper names.

2.0 Nouns&lt;br&gt;
Nobalinga nouns have an ending which show the case.&lt;br&gt;
2.1  Nominative case&lt;br&gt;
Nouns in the nominative case end in -s (usually -os, but other endings are also possible, such as -as).  In Esperanto, nouns end in -o, so just add an 's' and make other changes as needed for the spelling.  For example: ''hundo'' (dog) becomes '''xundos'''.&lt;br&gt;

2.1.1 Plural nominative. To make a noun plural, replace the s with a y.  For example:  dogs = '''xundoy'''.  The ending -aros can also be used to indicate a collection of items.  For example: tree = '''arbos'''; trees = '''arboy'''; forest = '''arbaros'''; forests = '''arbaroy'''.&lt;br&gt;

2.2 Accusative case&lt;br&gt;
Nouns in the accusative case end in -n (usually -on). This is the same as Esperanto.&lt;br&gt;

2.3 Genitive case&lt;br&gt;
Nouns in the genitive case end in -a.  For example: house of God = '''domos dia'''.  The English words 'of' and 'from' are translated with this case.&lt;br&gt;

2.4 Prepositional case&lt;br&gt;
Nouns in the prepositional case end in -e.  If the preposition is omitted, the preposition at is implied.  For example: at home = '''dome'''&lt;br&gt;

2.5 Dative case&lt;br&gt;
Nouns in the dative case end in -u.  Here is an example that shows both the genitive case and the dative case: from the earth to the moon = '''dera lunu'''.&lt;br&gt;

3.0 Pronouns&lt;br&gt;
The pronoun system has not been finalized, and is subject to change.&lt;br&gt;
'''mis''' = I&lt;br&gt;
'''dis''' or '''dus''' = you&lt;br&gt;
'''onis''' = he,she,it&lt;br&gt;
'''zis''' = she&lt;br&gt;
'''miy''' = we&lt;br&gt;
'''oniy''' = they&lt;br&gt;
Pronouns are declined the same way as nouns.  For example: my = '''ma'''; me = '''min'''; to me = '''mu'''.&lt;br&gt;

4.0 [[NobalingaVerbs]]

5.0 Adjectives.&lt;br&gt;
Adjectives end in -a, the same as in Esperanto. Since this is the same ending as the genitive case, it is ambiguous as to whether a word is an adjective or a noun in the genitive case.  For example: '''domos dia''' = either &quot;house of God&quot; or &quot;Godly house&quot;.&lt;br&gt;

6.0 Adverbs.&lt;br&gt;
Adverbs end in -e, the same as in Esperanto.  Since this is the same ending as the prepositional case, it is ambiguous as to which type of word it is, but usually this is not a problem.  For example:&lt;br&gt;
'''dre''' = very&lt;br&gt;
'''gene''' = in the beginning&lt;br&gt;

7.0 Conjunctions and Prepositions&lt;br&gt;
These are the same as in Esperanto, except where noted.&lt;br&gt;

8.0 [[Nobalingos-English]] Dictionary

9.0 Texts

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Nobalingos]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nobalingos-English</title>
    <id>1307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35213</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Nobalingos-English Dictionary ==
See the overview of [[Nobalingos]].&lt;br&gt;
(Abbreviations: en: [[Modern English]]; eo: Esperanto; gr: Greek; ru: Russian.)&lt;br&gt;

aguos: water. (eo: akvo)&lt;br&gt;
debe: must,should,ought&lt;br&gt;
debos: debt,obligation,duty&lt;br&gt;
demos: people. (gr: demos; eo: popolo,gento)&lt;br&gt;
dre: very (eo: tre)&lt;br&gt;
domos: house,home&lt;br&gt;
deros: earth,ground. (eo: tero)&lt;br&gt;
dios: God. (eo: Dio)&lt;br&gt;
dopos: place. (gr: topos; eo: loko)&lt;br&gt;
fazos: face. (eo: vizagho)&lt;br&gt;
gene: in the beginning (eo: en la komenco)&lt;br&gt;
genos: the start, the beginning. (eo: komenco)&lt;br&gt;
glupa: stupid (ru: glupyj; eo: stulta)&lt;br&gt;
gonis: knowledge (eo: kono, scio)&lt;br&gt;
lingos: language, toungue (eo: lingvo)&lt;br&gt;
lubos: love (eo: amo; ru:lyubov)&lt;br&gt;
lunos: moon&lt;br&gt;
mamos: chest,breast (eo: mamo,brusto)&lt;br&gt;
noba: new. (eo: nova)&lt;br&gt; 
onis: a person,it,he (eo: oni)&lt;br&gt;
padros: father (eo: patro)&lt;br&gt;
penumos: spirit,wind (gr: pneumos; eo: spirito, vento)&lt;br&gt;
pordos: door, port (eo: pordo)&lt;br&gt;
sdara: old. (ru: staryj)&lt;br&gt;
una: first&lt;br&gt;
unos: one person or thing. (eo: unu).&lt;br&gt;
uranos: sky,heaven (gr: ouranos; eo: chielo)&lt;br&gt;
xaos: chaos&lt;br&gt;
xronos: time (eo: tempo)&lt;br&gt;
xundos: dog (eo: hundo)&lt;br&gt;
zerxos: church (eo: eklezio, ru: tserkov)&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Nobalingos]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lara</title>
    <id>1308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46386</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Babel Text (Genesis 11:1-9) */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lara''' is an [[Wikipedia:Artistic language|artistic]] [[Wikipedia:fictional language|fictional language]] began in 1991 by Alex-Lexa. Initially it was created for amusement, but at present it has a vocabulary of more than 7000 words and a complete grammar.

== '''Grammar''' ==
The salient characteristic of the grammar is extreme simplicity, with the aim of making the language easy to learn.

Most of the words consist of only 2 syllables.  The alphabet consists of 27 letters. Pronunciation is as in [[Wikipedia:Latin language|Latin]] except for ''&amp;#269;'' (or ''ch''= '''''ch'''''inese), ''k'' (= '''''k'''''iss), ''j'' (= french ''g''), ''h'' (always to be aspirate), ''q'' (= '''''qu'''''ality), ''&amp;#353;'' (or ''sh''= '''''sh'''''ow), ''y'' (short ''i''= pla'''''i'''''n) and ''w'' (short ''u''= '''''w'''''onder).

The [[Wikipedia:accent|accent]] is always on the penultimate syllable.

[[Wikipedia:noun|Nouns]] always end with ''-a'', [[adjectives]] and [[adverbs]] always with ''-i''. It needs only to add ''-s'' to the word in order to obtain the [[plural]].

The [[article]] doesn’t exist.

Also the [[Wikipedia:verb|verb]] &quot;''to be''&quot; is almost always omitted.

== Cultural aspects ==
At present a Lara Language [[Cultural Association]] exists, open to everyone. By the active collaboration and creativity of its members, it sets the goal to create a new fantasy world, with its own fantasy culture and fantasy people. [[Image:SimboloLara.jpg|200px|right]]

A Lara [[philosophy]] is already widely developed. It has a peculiar [[symbol]] (see figure at side) and is based on the comparison between the grammatical, phonetic and syntactical simplicity of the language, that leads to serenity (=''moba'') of thinking and of its expression, and nature simplicity that leads to serenity of the spirit. On the base of this concept, brief tales were produced (the ''Syubas''), real allegories the aim of which is to determine a condition of mind serenity through the lecture of an essential narration, characteristic of the [[allegory]], in a so called natural language. You find an example of ''Syuba'' in the following section.

== '''Examples''' ==
=== '''&quot;Zizi grumi&quot;'''-''Syuba'' === 
[[Image:VecchioRiccoLara.jpg|320px|right]]

''Zizi grumi sen pyuka bolyun u wafa i gomen oye gume kora. Mati meden tawta i katen pu gruvi byeli fita kin gungi stifas pamel grâ. Sa glaen ye huma in e tiel: “Ai o lwi luki kapir goi grâ i lâ ku pyuka i kinkir dri fidas tu stifas sin mizi fita”. Ni glâ somen su tien imi ga. Esi planyen su gi tias i hota tuen ye hogas su hali fiva nu bora i vyuvas. Ami luhaken ga e luk’i dri. Su mami naka hunen ga i zari fiba yuen u šofi tlas. Huen fita i pelen ku pyuka. U tai maen gume balali pra. Upi gruvi fita, hunel ga droi i gili toga. Sa blaka zizin grumi. Trifa melen ni fiba lonen pu fita yu ti pa.''

=== ''Translation:'' &quot;The old rich man&quot; (''Syuba'') ===
An old rich man saw a hill sorrounded by a wood and liked to climb it to watch at the panorama. Soon he felt exhaustion and sat down under an old bent tree the skeletal branches of which touched the ground. This saddened his heart and he thought: &quot;If I was still young I would bring good earth and water up the hill and tie up the branches of this poor tree with strong poles&quot;. But his sadness increased since he thought over himself. So he fell asleep with this thoughts and his breath filled with the fresh smell of the sky and the flowers. When he woke up again he was young and strong. Being wondering he stood up and a diamond ring slipped off his restless fingers. He said goodbye to the tree and ran up the hill. He could watch at the wonderful nature from above. A mighty green oak rised at the place of the tree. This is the story of the old rich man. The magpie passed by but the ring remained under the tree since then.


=== Babel Text (''Genesis 11:1-9'') ===


&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;1 Dai rava den pli pi tega in imi blas.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;2 Peas su felle yu faga hegen tavya du kura nu Senayros i tai staken.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;3 Ken pitì: &quot;Ales, pes sdugas i hures su râ&quot;. Sdug'aden ens gu tekla i gagya gu rora.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;4 Yai ey ken: &quot;Ales, talles mara i vuna kin yuva pames bora i pes ons aka vu mi ga vuhe lu dai grâ&quot;.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;5 Ni Pia uyen se mara i vuna peas men talle.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;6 Pia ken: &quot;Sai, ey pli pi fora i de pli pi tega; s'anda yanka nyen i yoi ta ey dike pe mi ens mimasi.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;7 Igi oy uyes i beges tega yen gai pi nwi netes mitin tega&quot;.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;8 Pia vuhen nes u tai lu dai grâ in ey nwi tallen mara.

&lt;font face=&quot;Book Antiqua&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=3&gt;9 Sovi aon Babelus, Pia su begen tai tega nu dai rava in u tai vuhen nes lu dai grâ.
&lt;/font face&gt;&lt;/font size&gt;


The complete grammar is available in the [http://it.geocities.com/alexped/indexengl.html official web-site of the Lara language]

Other examples of Lara language texts are available in [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page:Lara Wikisource]

The [http://lara-language.wikispaces.com/ Lara Cultural Project] on Wikispace


[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:SimboloLara.jpg</title>
    <id>1309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4652</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-30T18:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexped</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taken from personal web-page: http://it.geocities.com/alexped/</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Taken from personal web-page: http://it.geocities.com/alexped/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:VecchioRiccoLara.jpg</title>
    <id>1310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4653</id>
      <timestamp>2005-08-30T19:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexped</username>
        <id>45</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Taken from personal web-page: http://it.geocities.com/alexped/</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Taken from personal web-page: http://it.geocities.com/alexped/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:TOCleft</title>
    <id>1312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4589</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-19T04:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.5em; float: left; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;&quot;
|
__TOC__
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Language</title>
    <id>1314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41443</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-01T21:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' }} }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | &lt;br&gt; }} }} '''''{{{dialect native|}}}'''''  }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} || {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | '''{{{English|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | '''{{{english|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | | '''English name''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{native|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{native|}}}'''''| '''''{{{native|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Native name'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||{{{country|(country)}}} {{ #if: {{{native-country|}}} | ({{{native-country|}}}) | {{ #if: {{{nativecountry|}}} | ({{{nativecountry|}}}) }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||{{{universe|(universe)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||{{{speakers|(number of speakers)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||{{{family|(Family)}}}
:{{{branch|(Branch)}}}
::{{{subbranch|(Subbranch)}}}
:::{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}{{{english|{{{English|{{{native|(Language)}}}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}
{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} |::::''' {{{dialect english|{{{dialect English|}}}}}} (''{{{dialect native|}}}'')''' | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' | }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||{{{word-order|{{{wordorder|}}}}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||{{{morphological-type|{{{type|}}} }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|{{{alignment|}}} }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||{{{author|author}}} ||{{{date|date}}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Named parameters for this template ==

This template recognises the following named parameters:

&lt;div style=&quot;width: 250px; border: 1px solid; padding: 6px; float: none;&quot;&gt;
'''''Legend:'''''
;parameter name
:;[alternate parameter name] :explanation
&lt;/div&gt;

Parameter names are lowercase by default, although '''English''' may be Uppercase

;english
:;English :The English name of the language, e.g. ''Swedish''.
;native :The native name of the language, e.g. ''Svenska''.
;country :The name of the country where the language is spoken, e.g. ''Sweden''.
;native-country
:;nativecountry : The native name of the country (if different from '''country'''), e.g. ''Sverige''.
;universe : The name of the universe or timeline where the language is spoken, e.g. ''Real world''.
;speakers :The number of speakers of the language, e.g. ''9 million''.
;family :The name of the language family the language belongs to, e.g. ''Indo-European''.
;branch :The name of the branch within its language family the language belongs to, e.g. ''Germanic''.
;subbranch :The name of the subbranch within its language family the language belongs to, e.g. ''North Germanic''.
;word-order
:;wordorder :The basic word order type of the language, e.g. ''SVO'' (although Swedish is rather ''V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''! {{-)}})
;morphological-type
:;type :The basic morphological type of the language, e.g. ''inflecting''.
;morphosyntactic-alignment
:;alignment :The basic morphosyntactic alignment of the language, e.g. ''Nominative-Accusative''.
;author :The name of the author of the language (probably your name).
;date :The date when the language was created (begun or completed), usually abbreviated to the year.

=== Optional data parameters ===
;dialect native : the native name of the dialect, if the article is about a dialect rather than about a language.
;dialect english
:;dialect English : the English name of the dialect if the article is about a dialect rather than about a language.

=== Optional formatting parameters ===
;background-color
:;background :The background color of the table (default value: #f9f9f9).
;heading-background
:;headingbg :The background color of the heading cells (default value: #CCCCCC).
;width :The width of the table; defaults to 50% of window width, but can be defined in pixels (e.g. ''300'') or a percentage of the window width (e.g. ''33%'')

== Example ==

(I choose a real-world example so that everyone will recognise everything!)

Use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[:Template:Language-new]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;!

{{Language|
| English = Swedish
| native = Svenska
| country = Sweden
| nativecountry = Sverige
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 9 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = North Germanic
| wordorder = SVO/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1000 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 50%
}}

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Language|
| English = Swedish
| native = Svenska
| country = Sweden
| nativecountry = Sverige
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 9 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = North Germanic
| wordorder = SVO/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1000 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Example of a dialect ===

{{Language|
| English = Swedish
| native = Svenska
| dialect native = Göteborgska
| dialect english = Gothenburgish
| country = Sweden
| nativecountry = Sverige
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 9 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = North Germanic
| wordorder = SVO/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1650 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 50%
}}

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Language|
| English = Swedish
| native = Svenska
| dialect native = Göteborgska
| dialect english = Gothenburgish
| country = Sweden
| nativecountry = Sverige
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 9 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = North Germanic
| wordorder = SVO/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1650 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kaltani</title>
    <id>1315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8177</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Azir]] (?), [[Category:Races]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kaltani are medium-sized &quot;elves&quot; (pointy-eared humanoids) distantly related to the [[Nelya]]. Their languages are typically written in a script known as [[Serivelna]].

[[Category:Races]]
[[Category:Azir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Serivelna.jpg</title>
    <id>1316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4657</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-21T02:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Consonants of the Serivelna writing system</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Consonants of the Serivelna writing system</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serivelna</title>
    <id>1317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4658</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-21T02:19:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Serivelna is a script used to write languages spoken by the [[Kaltani]] &quot;elves&quot;.

[[Image:Serivelna.jpg]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Serivelna</title>
    <id>1318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4659</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-23T17:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kh and vowels?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Where is the letter for '''kh'''?
Also are vowels unwritten or will there be vowel signs too? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:12, 23 Sep 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Conlanger</title>
    <id>1319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4660</id>
      <timestamp>2005-09-28T20:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conlanger</username>
        <id>46</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [http://conlang.wikicities.com/wiki/User:Conlanger My user page] in Conlang Wikicities</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mracian orthography of Slevan</title>
    <id>1320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46877</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:19:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The Mrácian orthography for Slvanjec ==
__TOC__
=== From Mrácian to modern orthography ===

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|&lt;big&gt;Mrácian&lt;/big&gt;
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|&lt;big&gt;Modern&lt;/big&gt;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|&lt;big&gt;Description&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''â, ê, î, ô, oû, û'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''á, é, í, ó, ú, ý'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Long vowels are marked with acute accent in the modern orthography but with circumflex in the Mrácian orthography.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''c'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''cz/k'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''C c''' was pronounced as {{IPA|/tʃ/}} before the letters '''e, ê, i, î''' and when it followed '''i, î''' before a consonant or at the end of a word.  Before other vowels or consonants it denoted the sound {{IPA|/k/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ç'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''c'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''Ç ç''' was pronounced as {{IPA|/ts/}} in all positions.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''k'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Ch ch''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/k/}} when preceding or following any of the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', e.g. '''çêch''' (modern '''cék''') 'blind'.  It was also used for the sound {{IPA|/x/}} before a consonant at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''Chrextân''' (modern '''Chrsztán''').
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''d'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''d/dj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''D d''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/d/}}, except before or after the vowels '''i''' and '''î''' where it denoted the palatal {{IPA|/ɟ/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''g'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''g/zs'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''G g''' was pronounced as {{IPA|/ʒ/}} before the letters '''e, ê, i, î''' and when it followed '''i, î''' before a consonant or at the end of a word.  Before other vowels or consonants it denoted the sound {{IPA|/g/}}, e.g. '''gât''' (modern '''gát''') 'cat'.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''gh'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''g'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Gh gh''' was used for the infrequent sound {{IPA|/g/}} when preceding or following any of the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', e.g. '''ghesel''' (modern '''gezel''') 'yourneyman'.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''i'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''i'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''I i''' not only denoted the vowel {{IPA|/i/}}; when preceding or following another vowel it indicated the palatal value of a preceding or following consonant '''c''' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, '''d''' {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, '''g''' {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, '''l''' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, '''n''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}} or '''t''' {{IPA|/c/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''iu, îu'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''i'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Iu iu''' denoted the vowel {{IPA|/i/}}; when preceding one of the consonants '''c, d, g, l, n''' or '''t''' with its unpalatalized value ({{IPA|/k, d, g, l, n, t/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''j'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''J j''' was pronounced as {{IPA|/x/}} in all positions.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''l'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''l/lj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''L l''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/ɫ/}}, except before or after the vowels '''i''' and '''î''' where it denoted the palatal {{IPA|/ʎ/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''n'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''n/nj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''N n''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/n/}}, except before or after the vowels '''i''' and '''î''' where it denoted the palatal {{IPA|/ɲ/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ou, oû'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''u, ú'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Ou, ou''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/u/}}, and '''Oû oû''' for the corresponding long vowel {{IPA|/u:/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''qu'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''kv'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Qu qu''' was used for the sound sequence {{IPA|/kv/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''sc'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''sz/sk'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Sc sc''' was pronounced as {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before the letters '''e, ê, i, î'''.  Before other vowels or consonants it denoted the sequence {{IPA|/sk/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''sch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''sk'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Sch sch''' was used for the sequence {{IPA|/sk/}} when preceding or following any of the vowels '''e, ê, i, î'''. Cf. '''ch''' and '''x'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''t'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''t/tj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''T t''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/t/}}, except before or after the vowels '''i''' and '''î''' where it denoted the palatal {{IPA|/c/ or /tʲ/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''u, û'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''y, ý'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter'''U, u''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, and '''Û û''' for the corresponding long vowel {{IPA|/ɨː/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ui, uî'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''y, ý'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The digraph '''Ui, ui''' was used for the sound {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, and '''Û û''' for the corresponding long vowel {{IPA|/ɨː/}} when followed by one of the palatalized consonants '''c''' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, '''d''' {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, '''g''' {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, '''l''' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, '''n''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}} or '''t''' {{IPA|/c/}}.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''x'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''sz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''X x''' was used to denote the sound {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before a consonant or at the end of a word.  The rare sequence {{IPA|/ks/}} was written '''cs'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''y'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''j'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''Y y''' denoted the consonant {{IPA|/j/}} in all positions.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''z'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''z'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The letter '''Z z''' denoted the sound {{IPA|/z/}} at the beginning of a word or where it was etymologicallly derived from a word spelled with '''z''' -- or rather usually Greek words spelled with '''ζ'''.
|}

=== From modern to Mrácian orthography ===
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot; 
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|&lt;big&gt;Modern&lt;/big&gt;
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|&lt;big&gt;Mrácian&lt;/big&gt;
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|&lt;big&gt;Description&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''á, é, í, ó, ú, ý'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''â, ê, î, ô, oû, û'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Long vowels are marked with acute accent in the modern orthography but with circumflex in the Mrácian orthography.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''c'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''ç'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ts/}} was consistently denoted by '''Ç ç''', e.g. '''çêch''', modern '''cék'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''j/ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/x/}} was consistently denoted by '''J j''', except before another consonant at the beginning of a word, where it was denoted by '''Ch ch''' e.g. '''Chrextân''', modern '''Chrsztán'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''cz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''c/ci/ic'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/tʃ/}} was consistently denoted by '''C c''' before the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', and by '''Ci ci''' before other vowels.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it was denoted by '''ic'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''dj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''d/di/id'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ɟ/}} was consistently denoted by '''D d''' before the vowels '''i''' and '''î''', and by '''Di di''' before other vowels, including '''e''' and '''ê'''.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it is denoted by '''id'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''g'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''g/gh'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/g/}} was denoted by '''Gh gh''' before the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', and by '''G g''' before other vowels and consonants.  Where it occurred word-finally and preceded by one of the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''' it was written '''gh''' for extra clarity.  The graphy '''gh''' was in practice very rare, since the sound /g/ is rare in Slvanjec.  One of the few words where it occurred was '''ghesel''' (modern '''gezel''') 'yourneyman'.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''i''' and '''í'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''i/iu''' and '''î/îu'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/i/}} was denoted by '''I i''', and its long counterpart {{IPA|/i:/}} by '''Î î''', except when followed by an unpalatalized '''c''' {{IPA|/k/}}, '''d''' {{IPA|/d/}}, '''g''' {{IPA|/g/}}, '''l''' {{IPA|/ɫ/}}, '''n''' {{IPA|/n/}} or '''t''' {{IPA|/t/}}, where they are spelled '''iu''' and '''îu''' respectively.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''j'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''y/i/ï'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/j/}} was denoted by '''Y y''', except between a consonant and a vowel, where it was written '''i''', and  when it occurred before a palatalized '''c''' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, '''d''' {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, '''g''' {{IPA|/ʒ/}},  '''l''' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, '''n''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}} or '''t''' {{IPA|/c/}} where it was written '''ï'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''k'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''c/ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/k/}} was denoted by '''Ch ch''' before the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', and by '''C c''' before other vowels and consonants.  Where it occurred word-finally and preceded by one of the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''' it was written '''ch''' for extra clarity. 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''kv'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''qu'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The combination {{IPA|/kv/}} was written '''Qu qu'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''l'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''le'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The syllabic {{IPA|/l̩/}} was written '''Le le''' in accordance with a minority pronunciation, e.g. '''dleic''' (modern '''dlcz''') 'sweet'.  This was one of the points where Mrác consciously diverged from a phonemic orthography for reasons of his aesthetic predilections.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''lj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''l/li/il'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ʎ/}} was consistently denoted by '''L l''' before the vowels '''i''' and '''î''', and by '''Li li''' before other vowels, including '''e''' and '''ê'''.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it is denoted by '''il'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''nj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''n/ni/in'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ɲ/}} was consistently denoted by '''N n''' before the vowels '''i''' and '''î''', and by '''Ni ni''' before other vowels, including '''e''' and '''ê'''.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it is denoted by '''in'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''r'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''re'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The syllabic {{IPA|/r̩/}} was written '''Re re''' in accordance with a minority pronunciation, e.g. '''creic''' (modern '''krcz''') 'cross'.  This was one of the points where Mrác consciously diverged from a phonemic orthography for reasons of his aesthetic predilections.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''s'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''s/ss'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/s/}} was usually denoted by '''S s''', but was written '''ss''' between vowels and finally after a vowel.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''sz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''sc/sci/x'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ʃ/}} was consistently denoted by  '''Sc sc''' before the vowels '''e, ê, i, î''', and by '''Sci sci''' before other vowels.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it was denoted by '''x'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''tj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''n/ni/in'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/c/}} was consistently denoted by '''T t''' before the vowels '''i''' and '''î''', and by '''Ti ti''' before other vowels, including '''e''' and '''ê'''.  Before other consonants and at the end of words it is denoted by '''it'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''u''' and '''ú'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''ou''' and '''oû'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/u/}} was consistently denoted by '''Ou ou''' and its long counterpart {{IPA|/u:/}} by '''Oû oû'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''y''' and '''ý'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''u/ui''' and '''û/ûi'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/ɨ/}} was consistently denoted by '''U u''' and its long counterpart /ɨ:/ by '''Û û''', except when it occurred before a pre-consonantal or word-final palatalized '''c''' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, '''d''' {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, '''g''' {{IPA|/ʒ/}},  '''l''' {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, '''n''' {{IPA|/ɲ/}} or '''t''' {{IPA|/c/}} where they were written '''ui''' and '''ûi'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''z'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|'''z/s'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|The sound {{IPA|/z/}} at the beginning of a word was denoted by '''Z z''', but between vowels and after a vowel at the end of a word it was written '''s''', except where it was etymologicallly derived from a word spelled with '''z''' -- or rather usually Greek words spelled with '''ζ'''.
|}

[[Category:Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azirian Culture</title>
    <id>1321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5964</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-01T00:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. azir</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Work in progress!

This quick guide to [[Azir|Azirian]] cultures was originally inspired by Jefferson Wilson's [http://www.meanspc.com/~jeff_wilson63/rpg/align12.html Cultural Attitudes] page.

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
!
! +2
! +1
! 0
! -1
! -2
|-
! Authority
| Obey authority without question.
| Have faith in authority; follow where you are led.
| Respect the wisdom and experience of authority, but make your own decisions.
| When in doubt, trust authority, but feel free to ignore nonsense.
| Never trust authority. Make your own rules.
|-
! Generosity
| Share everything that you have.
| Help out those in need.
| Share with your family and friends.
| Give only as required.
| Take all that you can and keep it for yourself.
|-
! Novelty
| ''Radical:''&lt;br/&gt;Try something new at every opportunity. Be bold.
| ''Innovative:''&lt;br/&gt;Always look for ways to improve things, but keep a sound foundation.
| ''Progressive:''&lt;br/&gt;Be cautious about change, but fix things that can be improved.
| ''Conservative:''&lt;br/&gt;Keep things the way they are. Distrust novelty.
| ''Reactionary:''&lt;br/&gt;The old ways are best. Go back to the way things used to be.
|-
! Pleasure
| ''Hedonistic:''&lt;br/&gt;Pleasure is the most important thing in life. Seek it at all cost.
| Pleasure in moderation is a good thing. Work to achieve it.
| Enjoy life when you can; avoid needless suffering.
| It can be virtuous to endure suffering, but pleasure is not a bad thing.
| ''Ascetic:''&lt;br/&gt;Pleasure is a dangerous addiction. Keep it to a minimum.
|-
! Ritual
| ''Obsessive:''&lt;br/&gt;Life revolves around rituals. Nothing is more important.
| ''Ritualistic:''&lt;br/&gt;Rituals are important, but should not rule your life.
| ''Habitual:''&lt;br/&gt;It can be useful to follow a routine.
| ''Creative:''&lt;br/&gt;Do your own thing. Improvise.
| Don't bother with rituals. They're a waste of time.
|-
! Sociability
| ''Gregarious:''&lt;br/&gt;The more the merrier. Party on!
| ''Sociable:''&lt;br/&gt;It's best to be with others. It's no fun to be alone.
| ''Friendly:''&lt;br/&gt;Having a small group of close friends is best.
| ''Polite:''&lt;br/&gt;Be social when you must, but prefer to be alone.
| ''Reclusive:''&lt;br/&gt;Solitude is the best. Peace and quiet!
|}

[[Category:Azir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Mediawarning</title>
    <id>1645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6104</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T20:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>less acid wording of warning (maybe could still be better?)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Warning''': The system does not test files for malicious code. Be aware that by executing strange files your system may be compromised.  
&lt;hr&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ABC</title>
    <id>1752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5218</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-09T20:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:ABC</title>
    <id>1753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5223</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-10T02:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>also</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There's also [[Template:widetoc]] which does similar.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:04, 9 October 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css</title>
    <id>1754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5230</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-10T23:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The &lt;code&gt;font: inherit&lt;/code&gt; makes the font size here much too large for me. Could I request to have it changed to &lt;code&gt;font-family: inherit&lt;/code&gt;, if that was what was intended? - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]][[User talk:Zhen Lin|&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;]] 01:59, 10 October 2005 (PDT)

:Done!  Thanks for the suggestion and sorry for any inconvenience.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:05, 10 October 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tt</title>
    <id>1755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5232</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-13T08:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;explain&quot; title=&quot;{{{2}}}&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:C</title>
    <id>1756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5237</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-13T08:47:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant: small-caps&quot; title=&quot;{{{2}}}&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:C</title>
    <id>1757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5238</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-13T08:47:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Usage=
* '''With a tooltip''': &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{c|gen|genitive}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; {{c|gen|genitive}}
* '''Without''': &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{c|gen|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; {{c|gen|}} ''note the bar after the abbreviation''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Tt</title>
    <id>1758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5293</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-15T08:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">How do you use this? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:50, 13 October 2005 (PDT)

&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{tt|Text|Tooltip}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;rarr; {{tt|Text|Tooltip}} - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]][[User talk:Zhen Lin|&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;]] 01:51, 15 October 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English-Maerik vocabulary</title>
    <id>1759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46858</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Maerik/vocabulary/English-Maerik]] moved to [[English-Maerik vocabulary]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Maerik]]

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|}
__NOTOC__

[[Maerik-English vocabulary|Mærik-English vocabulary]]

[[Maerik|Mærik page]]
==A==
: a hole in the wall: ''' tha ''' ''  ''
: accuse: ''' werita ''' '' v. '' 
: across, through: ''' fyrgh ''' '' adv. '' 
: add: ''' styghdia ''' '' v. '' 
: afraid: ''' vin ''' '' adj. '' 
: after: ''' witt ''' ''  '' 
: afternoon: ''' frodh ''' ''  '' 
: all: ''' slat ''' '' pron. '' 
: all gone: ''' gan ''' '' adj. '' 
: allow: ''' saka ''' '' v. '' 
: almost, nearly: ''' jngum ''' '' adv. '' 
: already: ''' mandrom ''' '' adv. '' 
: also, too: ''' bætum ''' '' adv. '' 
: although: ''' brøø ''' ''  '' 
: always: ''' slatrand ''' '' adv. '' 
: amputate: ''' tassa ''' '' v. '' 
: and: ''' bæt ''' '' conj. '' 
: anger: ''' køøw ''' '' n. '' 
: angry: ''' køø ''' '' adj. '' 
: animal: ''' fia ''' ''  '' 
: another, other: ''' tiæll ''' '' pron. '' 
: answer: ''' tænlita ''' '' v. '' 
: ant: ''' prukul ''' ''  '' 
: any: ''' siæn ''' ''  '' 
: appear: ''' faghna ''' '' v. '' 
: approach: ''' skirkta ''' '' v. '' 
: archer's bow: ''' thia ''' ''  '' 
: arm: ''' lagn ''' ''  '' 
: army, host: ''' sagh ''' '' n. '' 
: arrange: ''' jono ''' '' v. '' 
: arrive: ''' wørføghe ''' '' v. '' 
: arrow: ''' biw ''' ''  '' 
: ashamed: ''' toff ''' '' adj. '' 
: ashes: ''' jamn ''' ''  '' 
: ask: ''' adhzo ''' '' v. '' 
: askew: ''' yffl ''' '' adj. '' 
: assemble: ''' koro ''' '' v. '' 
: associate: ''' lægh ''' ''  '' 
: at: ''' wæm ''' '' prep. '' 
: athwart: ''' siætr ''' '' adj. '' 
: aunt: ''' nos ''' ''  '' 
: avoid: ''' hingia ''' '' v. '' 
: axe: ''' ott ''' ''  '' 
==B==
: back: ''' klædh ''' ''  '' 
: bad: ''' saargh ''' '' adj. '' 
: bad tasting: ''' gonat ''' '' adj. '' 
: bake: ''' eera ''' '' v. '' 
: bald: ''' thor ''' '' adj. '' 
: banana: ''' nort ''' ''  '' 
: bandage: ''' øssiæle ''' '' v. '' 
: banyan tree: ''' ræmpt ''' ''  '' 
: bare: ''' alzsk ''' '' adj. '' 
: bargain: ''' grata ''' '' v. '' 
: bark (dog): ''' thelbra ''' '' v. '' 
: bark cloth: ''' berl ''' ''  '' 
: barley: ''' sæl ''' ''  '' 
: barren: ''' dych ''' '' adj. '' 
: basket: ''' trow ''' ''  '' 
: bat: ''' hæl ''' ''  '' 
: bathe: ''' skonkto ''' '' v. '' 
: bay: ''' send ''' ''  '' 
: be: ''' fere ''' '' v. '' 
: be ...ing: ''' stædhle ''' '' v. '' 
: be born: ''' malda ''' '' v. '' 
: be familiar, be accustomed: ''' lospro ''' '' v. '' 
: beach: ''' lukt ''' ''  '' 
: bear: ''' qwisydh ''' '' n. '' 
: beard: ''' fyllew ''' ''  '' 
: beautiful: ''' rii ''' '' adj. '' 
: because: ''' farkt ''' ''  '' 
: become: ''' boko ''' '' v. '' 
: bed: ''' fienn ''' ''  '' 
: bee: ''' wæn ''' ''  '' 
: beer: ''' oll ''' '' n. '' 
: before: ''' bodhom ''' '' adv. '' 
: believe: ''' para ''' '' v. '' 
: bet: ''' dalla ''' '' v. '' 
: big: ''' vergh ''' '' adj. '' 
: bile: ''' vn ''' ''  '' 
: bird: ''' rymben ''' ''  '' 
: bite (into something): ''' odho ''' '' v. '' 
: bite (of animals): ''' kogho ''' '' v. '' 
: bitter: ''' an ''' '' adj. '' 
: black: ''' plagh ''' '' adj. '' 
: blanket: ''' vilsom ''' ''  '' 
: blind: ''' søtil ''' '' adj. '' 
: blink: ''' farma ''' '' v. '' 
: blizzard: ''' hul ''' ''  '' 
: blood: ''' tedd ''' ''  '' 
: bloom: ''' tomo ''' '' v. '' 
: blue: ''' wæghn ''' '' adj. '' 
: board: ''' rut ''' ''  '' 
: boat: ''' lest ''' ''  '' 
: body: ''' kos ''' ''  '' 
: body-hair: ''' ler ''' ''  '' 
: boil: ''' sielghd ''' ''  '' 
: bone: ''' mwrgh ''' ''  '' 
: borrow: ''' tytzne ''' '' v. '' 
: bowl: ''' smældr ''' ''  '' 
: bracelet: ''' rypt ''' ''  '' 
: brain: ''' høwin ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: branch: ''' offtot ''' ''  '' 
: brave: ''' ør ''' '' adj. '' 
: break: ''' gridhia ''' '' v. '' 
: break off: ''' siipna ''' '' v. '' 
: break open: ''' tina ''' '' v. '' 
: breast: ''' ron ''' ''  '' 
: breath: ''' blidh ''' ''  '' 
: breathe: ''' hyngsia ''' '' v. '' 
: bridge: ''' sudhzsl ''' ''  '' 
: bright: ''' sæ ''' '' adj. '' 
: bring: ''' schee ''' '' v. '' 
: broken: ''' vndan ''' '' adj. '' 
: brother: ''' qwidd ''' ''  '' 
: brother-in-law: ''' blodd ''' ''  '' 
: bruise: ''' waromp ''' ''  '' 
: brush: ''' prugh ''' ''  '' 
: bucket: ''' thna ''' ''  '' 
: build: ''' myre ''' '' v. '' 
: bull: ''' øbill ''' ''  '' 
: bunch (of fruits): ''' criis ''' ''  '' 
: burn: ''' seta ''' '' v. '' 
: burnt smell: ''' norn ''' '' adj. '' 
: burst: ''' lerdha ''' '' v. '' 
: but: ''' trøørr ''' ''  '' 
: butterfly: ''' akopp ''' ''  '' 
: buttocks: ''' vplænd ''' ''  '' 
: buy: ''' tana ''' '' v. '' 
: by means of: ''' march ''' ''  '' 
==C==
: cabbage: ''' blægh ''' ''  '' 
: calf: ''' gio ''' ''  '' 
: call: ''' mistia ''' '' v. '' 
: calm (water): ''' myyn ''' '' adj. '' 
: can (capable of): ''' offua ''' '' v. '' 
: canoe: ''' nom ''' ''  '' 
: capable: ''' skyrl ''' '' adj. '' 
: cape: ''' grest ''' ''  '' 
: carpenter's plane: ''' nyttl ''' ''  '' 
: carry: ''' marna ''' '' v. '' 
: carry - hand: ''' jæwelia ''' '' v. '' 
: carry - head: ''' gøthne ''' '' v. '' 
: carry - hip: ''' hymme ''' '' v. '' 
: carry on the shoulder: ''' noko ''' '' v. '' 
: carve, (write): ''' ringwa ''' '' v. '' 
: cat: ''' drøø ''' ''  '' 
: cause: ''' sønc ''' '' v. '' 
: cave: ''' dwardh ''' ''  '' 
: ceiling: ''' gild ''' ''  '' 
: certain: ''' kaan ''' '' adj. '' 
: chain: ''' budhr ''' ''  '' 
: chair: ''' warsn ''' ''  '' 
: chalk: ''' vnge ''' ''  '' 
: change: ''' jæmykte ''' '' v. '' 
: channel: ''' skadh ''' ''  '' 
: chant: ''' mæreeta ''' '' v. '' 
: charcoal: ''' swesn ''' ''  '' 
: chase: ''' klidha ''' '' v. '' 
: cheap: ''' lik ''' '' adj. '' 
: cheek: ''' ban ''' '' n. '' 
: chest: ''' gadh ''' ''  '' 
: chew: ''' strooko ''' '' v. '' 
: chicken: ''' bloff ''' ''  '' 
: child: ''' luk ''' ''  '' 
: chin: ''' gømp ''' ''  '' 
: chisel: ''' een ''' ''  '' 
: choke (on food): ''' faaka ''' '' v. '' 
: choose: ''' osso ''' '' v. '' 
: chop: ''' sedda ''' '' v. '' 
: chop fine: ''' thoo ''' '' v. '' 
: circumcized: ''' hæmhæm ''' ''  '' 
: clean: ''' swyl ''' '' adj. '' 
: clear: ''' siel ''' '' adj. '' 
: clear (water): ''' gree ''' '' adj. '' 
: clear land: ''' ffuea ''' '' v. '' 
: clearing in the forest: ''' ræmpn ''' ''  '' 
: clever: ''' løs ''' '' adj. '' 
: climb: ''' helnga ''' '' v. '' 
: climb a mountain: ''' yynde ''' '' v. '' 
: close: ''' siersta ''' '' v. '' 
: close the eyes: ''' sææradha ''' '' v. '' 
: clothes, garment: ''' swadh ''' '' n. '' 
: cloud: ''' hæwey ''' ''  '' 
: coarse: ''' sonagh ''' '' adj. '' 
: cock's spur: ''' sigh ''' ''  '' 
: cockfight: ''' kææten ''' ''  '' 
: cold: ''' frigg ''' '' adj. '' 
: collapse: ''' salska ''' '' v. '' 
: color: ''' skatt ''' ''  '' 
: comb: ''' fæng ''' ''  '' 
: come: ''' høkte ''' '' v. '' 
: command: ''' liketa ''' '' v. '' 
: common: ''' stunn ''' '' adj. '' 
: common people: ''' skirk ''' ''  '' 
: communicate: ''' mondo ''' '' v. '' 
: compose: ''' fina ''' '' v. '' 
: confused: ''' mil ''' '' adj. '' 
: console: ''' priffua ''' '' v. '' 
: cook: ''' byrlika ''' '' v. '' 
: cooking vessel: ''' marst ''' ''  '' 
: (cooking)pot: ''' kænt ''' ''  '' 
: copper: ''' længeb ''' ''  '' 
: coral: ''' bonn ''' ''  '' 
: corn: ''' blen ''' ''  '' 
: corpse: ''' hordh ''' ''  '' 
: cotton: ''' stadh ''' ''  '' 
: cough: ''' fænødhe ''' '' v. '' 
: count: ''' keetha ''' '' v. '' 
: cousin: ''' jæt ''' ''  '' 
: cover: ''' swnto ''' '' v. '' 
: cow: ''' lædhl ''' ''  '' 
: crab: ''' her ''' ''  '' 
: crazy: ''' skar ''' '' adj. '' 
: crippled: ''' gisgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: cross: ''' heta ''' '' v. '' 
: crossroads: ''' bre ''' ''  '' 
: cry: ''' næte ''' '' v. '' 
: cry out: ''' jonko ''' '' v. '' 
: cry over: ''' trøte ''' '' v. '' 
: cucumber: ''' gulw ''' ''  '' 
: cup: ''' vnk ''' ''  '' 
: curly (hair): ''' landn ''' '' adj. '' 
: current: ''' gamnn ''' ''  '' 
: curtain: ''' gin ''' ''  '' 
: curving: ''' æng ''' '' adj. '' 
: cut: ''' børe ''' '' v. '' 
: cut into: ''' fyre ''' '' v. '' 
: cut off: ''' mata ''' '' v. '' 
: cut open: ''' renasta ''' '' v. '' 
: cut unevenly: ''' scrika ''' '' v. '' 
: cut up: ''' lædhe ''' '' v. '' 
==D==
: dagger: ''' haff ''' ''  '' 
: damaged: ''' røø ''' '' adj. '' 
: dance: ''' kraa ''' '' v. '' 
: dark: ''' tiæls ''' '' adj. '' 
: daughter: ''' læn ''' ''  '' 
: day: ''' trænn ''' ''  '' 
: daydream: ''' alffta ''' '' v. '' 
: deaf: ''' mwr ''' '' adj. '' 
: death: ''' sijt ''' '' n. '' 
: decorate: ''' brwnto ''' '' v. '' 
: deep: ''' smee ''' '' adj. '' 
: deer: ''' thoffu ''' ''  '' 
: defeat: ''' tiusama ''' '' v. '' 
: defeated: ''' likema ''' '' v. '' 
: deliver: ''' rædhe ''' '' v. '' 
: deny: ''' fæghle ''' '' v. '' 
: depart: ''' kræfte ''' '' v. '' 
: descend: ''' fama ''' '' v. '' 
: desert, abandon, forsake: ''' widhne ''' '' v. '' 
: deviate: ''' sigha ''' '' v. '' 
: dew: ''' wiist ''' ''  '' 
: die: ''' sita ''' '' v. '' 
: difficult: ''' sæghr ''' '' adj. '' 
: dig: ''' jæle ''' '' v. '' 
: dipper: ''' vng ''' ''  '' 
: direct: ''' skers ''' '' adj. '' 
: dirt on the skin: ''' wardh ''' ''  '' 
: dirty: ''' øspis ''' '' adj. '' 
: disappear: ''' jdhe ''' '' v. '' 
: disappointed: ''' din ''' '' adj. '' 
: ditch: ''' hoo ''' ''  '' 
: dive: ''' frika ''' '' v. '' 
: divide: ''' hiomo ''' '' v. '' 
: divide into portions: ''' bruo ''' '' v. '' 
: dizzy: ''' thij ''' '' adj. '' 
: do not...: ''' gwaara ''' '' v. '' 
: dog: ''' hugg ''' ''  '' 
: door: ''' fordh ''' ''  '' 
: dove: ''' foo ''' ''  '' 
: down: ''' ho ''' '' prep. '' 
: downstream: ''' homwm ''' '' adj. '' 
: dragon: ''' førdh ''' ''  '' 
: draw a sword: ''' køthe ''' '' v. '' 
: dream: ''' kloogho ''' '' v. '' 
: dregs: ''' rom ''' ''  '' 
: drift: ''' førghita ''' '' v. '' 
: drill: ''' guto ''' '' v. '' 
: drink: ''' rena ''' '' v. '' 
: drip: ''' riikta ''' '' v. '' 
: drizzle: ''' swit ''' ''  '' 
: dropsy: ''' badh ''' ''  '' 
: drown: ''' mena ''' '' v. '' 
: dry: ''' gømul ''' '' adj. '' 
: duck: ''' bren ''' ''  '' 
: dull: ''' kæmp ''' '' adj. '' 
: during: ''' dand ''' ''  '' 
: dusk: ''' slaghd ''' ''  '' 
: dust: ''' weloff ''' ''  '' 
: dwell, live: ''' trække ''' ''  '' 
: dysentery: ''' kap ''' ''  '' 
==E==
: each: ''' kynt ''' '' pron. '' 
: each other: ''' hyy ''' ''  '' 
: ear: ''' wlund ''' '' n. '' 
: ear (of grain): ''' bloon ''' ''  '' 
: earring: ''' wisa ''' ''  '' 
: earth: '''  hawadh ''' ''  '' 
: earthquake: ''' mardh ''' ''  '' 
: east: ''' føghn ''' ''  '' 
: easy: ''' fyyr ''' '' adj. '' 
: eat: ''' hydhe ''' '' v. '' 
: edge: ''' stom ''' ''  '' 
: egg: ''' amm ''' ''  '' 
: eight: ''' førn ''' '' num. '' 
: eighteen: ''' forman ''' '' num. '' 
: eighty: ''' førnias ''' '' num. '' 
: elbow: ''' vændb ''' ''  '' 
: eleven: ''' sark ''' '' num. '' 
: Elf: ''' alff ''' '' n. '' 
: embrace: ''' sjdhia ''' '' v. '' 
: embroider: ''' thøffue ''' '' v. '' 
: (emphatic): ''' jæ ''' '' particle '' 
: empty: ''' brenn ''' '' adj. '' 
: empty: ''' brenne ''' '' v. '' 
: endure: ''' ærte ''' '' v. '' 
: enemy: ''' ster ''' ''  '' 
: enough: ''' warm ''' '' adv. '' 
: enter: ''' æria ''' '' v. '' 
: even: ''' then ''' '' adj. '' 
: event, occasion: ''' røøw ''' '' n. '' 
: ever: ''' stanskom ''' '' adv. '' 
: every: ''' drøment ''' '' pron. '' 
: everyday: ''' tænkn ''' '' adj. '' 
: excessive: ''' aldan ''' '' adj. '' 
: exchange: ''' mina ''' '' v. '' 
: excrement: ''' skin ''' ''  '' 
: expensive: ''' færliw ''' '' adj. '' 
: extend: ''' dradha ''' '' v. '' 
: extra work: ''' bargh ''' ''  '' 
: eye: ''' redhn ''' '' n. '' 
: eyebrow: ''' wenn ''' '' n. '' 
==F==
: fade: ''' føre ''' '' v. '' 
: fall: ''' tena ''' '' v. '' 
: fall down: ''' saadhra ''' '' v. '' 
: false: ''' sa ''' '' adj. '' 
: family: ''' bortru ''' ''  '' 
: far: ''' sør ''' '' adj. '' 
: farmer: ''' døll ''' '' n. '' 
: fast: ''' attll ''' '' adj. '' 
: fat: ''' sæmpn ''' '' adj. '' 
: father: ''' les ''' ''  '' 
: fathom: ''' non ''' ''  '' 
: fear: ''' vin ''' '' n. '' 
: fear: ''' vina ''' '' v. '' 
: feather: ''' onadh ''' ''  '' 
: feed: ''' fwrto ''' '' v. '' 
: feel: ''' wilpa ''' '' v. '' 
: fence: ''' fiidh ''' ''  '' 
: fester: ''' nin ''' ''  '' 
: few: ''' stu ''' '' pron. '' 
: ficus: ''' fan ''' ''  '' 
: field: ''' lwdh ''' ''  '' 
: fifteen: ''' tramman ''' '' num. '' 
: fifty: ''' trænias ''' '' num. '' 
: fight: ''' hymne ''' '' v. '' 
: file: ''' vræntfe ''' '' v. '' 
: filter: ''' mara ''' '' v. '' 
: finch: ''' lodd ''' ''  '' 
: fine, excellent, superior: ''' liwn ''' '' adj. '' 
: finger: ''' dott ''' ''  '' 
: fingernail: ''' kempn ''' ''  '' 
: fire: ''' apn ''' ''  '' 
: fire water (distilled alcoholoic beverage): ''' apnhus ''' '' n. '' 
: firefly: ''' knw ''' ''  '' 
: first: ''' særøs ''' '' adj. '' 
: fish: ''' matund ''' ''  '' 
: fish poison: ''' skyr ''' ''  '' 
: fish-hook: ''' gømeet ''' ''  '' 
: fish-trap: ''' bardh ''' ''  '' 
: fishing net: ''' norm ''' ''  '' 
: fist: ''' føll ''' ''  '' 
: five: ''' træn ''' '' num. '' 
: flame: ''' godhat ''' ''  '' 
: flat: ''' æll ''' ''  '' 
: flatulence: ''' mælffdh ''' ''  '' 
: flay: ''' foldata ''' '' v. '' 
: float: ''' skulo ''' '' v. '' 
: flood: ''' kardhn ''' ''  '' 
: floor: ''' skyt ''' ''  '' 
: flow: ''' kylde ''' '' v. '' 
: flower: ''' len ''' ''  '' 
: fluid: ''' sudh ''' ''  '' 
: fly: ''' browom ''' ''  '' 
: foam: ''' hws ''' ''  '' 
: fog: ''' bisnl ''' ''  '' 
: foot: ''' gæw ''' ''  '' 
: forbid: ''' bortuuo ''' '' v. '' 
: forbidden: ''' bortwat ''' '' v. '' 
: forehead: ''' dwar ''' '' n. '' 
: forget: ''' fræpe ''' '' v. '' 
: formerly: ''' hæm ''' '' adv. '' 
: forty: ''' flusas ''' '' num. '' 
: four: ''' flus ''' '' num. '' 
: fourteen: ''' flusman ''' '' num. '' 
: fox: ''' erc ''' ''  '' 
: fragrant: ''' siæll ''' '' adj. '' 
: free: ''' ælsk ''' '' adj. '' 
: fresh: ''' trw ''' '' adj. '' 
: friend: ''' tor ''' ''  '' 
: fringe: ''' gren ''' ''  '' 
: from: ''' fot ''' ''  '' 
: fruit: ''' begh ''' ''  '' 
: fry: ''' tadhasta ''' '' v. '' 
: full: ''' het ''' '' adj. '' 
: full moon, month: ''' lædh ''' ''  '' 
: funnel: ''' skorn ''' ''  '' 
==G==
: gall: ''' wis ''' ''  '' 
: garbage heap: ''' torst ''' ''  '' 
: garden: ''' wæntiin ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: garlic: ''' lia ''' ''  '' 
: gasp: ''' skiisa ''' '' v. '' 
: gather (things) together: ''' gudha ''' '' v. '' 
: general, military leader: ''' sachtws ''' '' n. '' 
: get: ''' hwnno ''' '' v. '' 
: get up (from bed): ''' criina ''' '' v. '' 
: get up (from sitting): ''' bena ''' '' v. '' 
: ghost: ''' band ''' ''  '' 
: gift: ''' pæmp ''' '' n. '' 
: ginger: ''' væll ''' ''  '' 
: give: ''' pæmpe ''' '' v. '' 
: glass: ''' bwtar ''' ''  '' 
: glittering: ''' tri ''' '' adj. '' 
: glowing coals: ''' strø ''' ''  '' 
: go: ''' tyre ''' '' v. '' 
: go around: ''' mykke ''' '' v. '' 
: go out: ''' scriffua ''' '' v. '' 
: go to the side: ''' sallo ''' '' v. '' 
: go up: ''' sargha ''' '' v. '' 
: goat: ''' qwik ''' ''  '' 
: god: ''' all ''' ''  '' 
: gold: ''' stræn ''' ''  '' 
: good: ''' wærgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: good tasting: ''' tyrgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: goods: ''' jom ''' ''  '' 
: gouge: ''' budhzno ''' '' v. '' 
: grain: ''' sudd ''' ''  '' 
: grainfield: ''' øbrøgh ''' ''  '' 
: grandchild: ''' tielif ''' ''  '' 
: grandfather: ''' daboh ''' ''  '' 
: grandmother: ''' kilik ''' ''  '' 
: grass: ''' tolffm ''' ''  '' 
: gravel: ''' dyst ''' ''  '' 
: gravy: ''' vtit ''' ''  '' 
: great: ''' wæn ''' '' adj. '' 
: greedy: ''' abogh ''' '' adj. '' 
: green: ''' but ''' '' adj. '' 
: grey: ''' fæl ''' '' adj. '' 
: grey-haired: ''' twn ''' '' adj. '' 
: grow: ''' weetla ''' '' v. '' 
: guts: ''' haghd ''' ''  '' 
==H==
: hack: ''' torto ''' '' v. '' 
: hair: ''' hollun ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: half: ''' hyr ''' '' adj. '' 
: hammer: ''' vat ''' ''  '' 
: hand: ''' wall ''' ''  '' 
: handle: ''' rænnge ''' '' v. '' 
: hang: ''' swegna ''' '' v. '' 
: happen, occur, pass: ''' røwe ''' '' v. '' 
: happiness: ''' øywer ''' '' n. '' 
: happy: ''' øywer ''' '' adj. '' 
: hard: ''' op ''' '' adj. '' 
: hard (blow): ''' vw ''' '' adj. '' 
: hard (especially of wood): ''' enn ''' '' adj. '' 
: harrow: ''' ærighto ''' '' v. '' 
: hatchet: ''' warn ''' ''  '' 
: hate: ''' alagha ''' '' v. '' 
: have: ''' førsse ''' '' v. '' 
: have sexual intercourse: ''' ryghne ''' '' v. '' 
: have to, need: ''' tinga ''' '' v. '' 
: haze: ''' haffn ''' ''  '' 
: hazel: ''' hallok ''' ''  '' 
: hazelnut: ''' vels ''' ''  '' 
: he: ''' ro ''' '' pron. '' 
: head: ''' klædd ''' '' n. '' 
: heal: ''' vrto ''' '' v. '' 
: healer, doctor: ''' vrtull ''' '' n. '' 
: hear: ''' lita ''' '' v. '' 
: heart: ''' dra ''' ''  '' 
: heart-of-palm: ''' kuld ''' ''  '' 
: heat: ''' moolmo ''' '' v. '' 
: heavy: ''' hwar ''' '' adj. '' 
: help: ''' sølle ''' '' v. '' 
: her: ''' nist ''' ''  '' 
: here: ''' thils ''' ''  '' 
: hers: ''' niik ''' '' pron. '' 
: hey: ''' ay ''' '' int. '' 
: hiccough: ''' høxte ''' '' v. '' 
: hide: ''' lik ''' ''  '' 
: high: ''' gij ''' '' adj. '' 
: hill: ''' skio ''' ''  '' 
: hinge: ''' malln ''' ''  '' 
: his: ''' rook ''' '' pron. '' 
: hit: ''' hoso ''' '' v. '' 
: hoarse: ''' væp ''' '' adj. '' 
: hoe: ''' gørtn ''' ''  '' 
: hold the breath: ''' sæte ''' '' v. '' 
: hold, keep, persist: ''' helika ''' '' v. '' 
: holy: ''' al ''' '' adj. '' 
: honey: ''' qwis ''' ''  '' 
: hook: ''' sta ''' ''  '' 
: hope: ''' fundo ''' '' v. '' 
: hope: ''' fund ''' '' n. '' 
: horn: ''' mand ''' ''  '' 
: horse: ''' hathf ''' ''  '' 
: hot: ''' vill ''' '' adj. '' 
: house: ''' trækk ''' ''  '' 
: house-poles: ''' stit ''' ''  '' 
: how: ''' stlen ''' ''  '' 
: how much/many?: ''' fwnn ''' ''  '' 
: hulled corn: ''' wærn ''' ''  '' 
: hungry: ''' ach ''' '' adj. '' 
: hunt: ''' likska ''' '' v. '' 
: hunting net: ''' rin ''' ''  '' 
: husband: ''' braffw ''' ''  '' 
==I==
: I. NUMBERS: '''  ''' ''  '' 
: if: ''' mærgh ''' ''  '' 
: II. BODY PARTS: '''  ''' ''  '' 
: III. KINSHIP TERMS, ETC.: '''  ''' ''  '' 
: in: ''' swe ''' ''  '' 
: in a row/line: ''' taff ''' '' adv. '' 
: in back: ''' kel ''' ''  '' 
: in front: ''' nan ''' ''  '' 
: in vain: ''' walw ''' ''  '' 
: increase: ''' herlna ''' '' v. '' 
: indefinite: ''' gøm ''' ''  '' 
: inform: ''' driilda ''' '' v. '' 
: inherit: ''' brwto ''' '' v. '' 
: inland: ''' hælb ''' ''  '' 
: inlay: ''' sumo ''' '' v. '' 
: insect: ''' hedh ''' ''  '' 
: inside: ''' mik ''' ''  '' 
: interior: ''' hingn ''' ''  '' 
: interval: ''' nytzm ''' ''  '' 
: invulnerable: ''' elidhiw ''' '' adj. '' 
: iron: ''' last ''' ''  '' 
: irrigation canal: ''' add ''' ''  '' 
: island: ''' lan ''' ''  '' 
: itch: ''' sloo ''' '' v. '' 
: IV. ANIMALS, PLANTS: ''' thin ''' ''  '' 
: IX. PRONOUNS ETC.: '''  ''' ''  '' 
==J==
: jagged: ''' therb ''' '' adj. '' 
: jar (water): ''' øsægh ''' ''  '' 
: jerk: ''' onsklo ''' '' v. '' 
: job: ''' vmgang ''' ''  '' 
: jump: ''' syyse ''' '' v. '' 
: just in case: ''' swenn ''' ''  '' 
==K==
: kick: ''' ridhza ''' '' v. '' 
: kill: ''' wetta ''' '' v. '' 
: kill by squashing: ''' hunno ''' '' v. '' 
: king: ''' twssill ''' ''  '' 
: kinship: ''' øwæmn ''' '' n. '' 
: kiss: ''' vrea ''' '' v. '' 
: kitchen: ''' tapadh ''' ''  '' 
: knead: ''' banzska ''' '' v. '' 
: knee: ''' henzsk ''' ''  '' 
: kneel: ''' hundo ''' '' v. '' 
: knife: ''' bald ''' ''  '' 
: knock: ''' børtre ''' '' v. '' 
: know (a person): ''' rampta ''' '' v. '' 
: know (facts): ''' barwa ''' '' v. '' 
==L==
: ladder (in general): ''' hærr ''' ''  '' 
: ladder (to the house): ''' frædh ''' ''  '' 
: ladle: ''' skogh ''' ''  '' 
: lake: ''' mæssn ''' ''  '' 
: lament: ''' arrapa ''' '' v. '' 
: lamp: ''' bidhukk ''' ''  '' 
: land-turtle: ''' vænt ''' ''  '' 
: land,country: ''' fesn ''' ''  '' 
: lap: ''' thedd ''' ''  '' 
: last: ''' boz ''' '' adj. '' 
: late night: ''' wom ''' ''  '' 
: lathe: ''' mil ''' ''  '' 
: laugh: ''' løøthe ''' '' v. '' 
: leaf: ''' sonsk ''' ''  '' 
: leak: ''' køn ''' ''  '' 
: lean on: ''' sælikta ''' '' v. '' 
: lean something against: ''' maxta ''' '' v. '' 
: learn: ''' graghla ''' '' v. '' 
: leer: ''' akormo ''' '' v. '' 
: left (hand): ''' widh ''' ''  '' 
: leg: ''' haw ''' ''  '' 
: lend: ''' tolffuo ''' '' v. '' 
: less: ''' bungs ''' '' adv. '' 
: let down (rope): ''' tyghe ''' '' v. '' 
: lick: ''' tyzsle ''' '' v. '' 
: life: ''' mynd ''' ''  '' 
: light: ''' tøøn ''' ''  '' 
: lightning: ''' ær ''' ''  '' 
: like: ''' ræffte ''' '' v. '' 
: like, as: ''' høghliom ''' '' adv. '' 
: line: ''' skarfr ''' ''  '' 
: lips: ''' sæliwn ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: liquid: ''' hus ''' ''  '' 
: listen: ''' lijtio ''' '' v. '' 
: little: ''' amnot ''' '' adj. '' 
: live: ''' lima ''' '' v. '' 
: liver: ''' sadd ''' ''  '' 
: loincloth: ''' rynn ''' ''  '' 
: lonely: ''' yyndek ''' '' adj. '' 
: long: ''' bret ''' '' adj. '' 
: look at, watch: ''' cridha ''' '' v. '' 
: look for: ''' øwia ''' '' v. '' 
: look up: ''' stridhsa ''' '' v. '' 
: loom: ''' vælsk ''' ''  '' 
: loom part: ''' øpett ''' ''  '' 
: loose: ''' gøø ''' '' adj. '' 
: lord, lady, mr., mrs., miss: ''' tws ''' '' n. '' 
: loss: ''' lynd ''' ''  '' 
: loud: ''' kon ''' '' adj. '' 
: louse: ''' stuu ''' ''  '' 
: love: ''' wina ''' '' v. '' 
: low: ''' hir ''' '' adj. '' 
: lower: ''' liffua ''' '' v. '' 
==M==
: make happy, bless: ''' øywe ''' '' v. '' 
: make nets: ''' drønisa ''' '' v. '' 
: make smaller: ''' klæghia ''' '' v. '' 
: make, do: ''' tera ''' '' v. '' 
: man: ''' sko ''' ''  '' 
: manner: ''' høghl ''' '' n. '' 
: many: ''' haan ''' '' pron. '' 
: massage: ''' swono ''' '' v. '' 
: mast: ''' bøn ''' ''  '' 
: mate: ''' tækipta ''' '' v. '' 
: may: ''' mangna ''' '' v. '' 
: me - I: ''' wæll ''' '' pron. '' 
: mead: ''' qwisn ''' ''  '' 
: measure: ''' renna ''' '' v. '' 
: meat: ''' regh ''' ''  '' 
: meet: ''' kalda ''' '' v. '' 
: midday: ''' friff ''' ''  '' 
: middle: ''' lø ''' '' adj. '' 
: milk: ''' dron ''' '' n. '' 
: millipede: ''' sween ''' ''  '' 
: mine, my: ''' wællk ''' ''  '' 
: mist: ''' ion ''' ''  '' 
: mix: ''' kroo ''' '' v. '' 
: monster: ''' vintull ''' '' n. '' 
: moon, month: ''' ent ''' ''  '' 
: moose, elk: ''' bolszull ''' '' n. '' 
: more: ''' fiel ''' '' adv. '' 
: morning: ''' hwmagn ''' ''  '' 
: mortar: ''' brøl ''' ''  '' 
: morter: ''' lykkn ''' ''  '' 
: mosquito: ''' logh ''' ''  '' 
: mosquito net: ''' ilp ''' ''  '' 
: moss: ''' øørdh ''' ''  '' 
: mother: ''' rik ''' ''  '' 
: mouldy: ''' amptogh ''' '' adj. '' 
: mountain: ''' wergh ''' ''  '' 
: mouse: ''' wntun ''' ''  '' 
: mouth: ''' winn ''' ''  '' 
: move: ''' sætne ''' '' v. '' 
: move something: ''' riffwo ''' '' v. '' 
: move something away: ''' plænde ''' '' v. '' 
: move something closer: ''' bitta ''' '' v. '' 
: much: ''' haa ''' '' pron. '' 
: mud: ''' forgh ''' ''  '' 
: muddy: ''' warot ''' '' adj. '' 
: mush: ''' foop ''' ''  '' 
: mussel: ''' døthn ''' ''  '' 
: must: ''' sakla ''' '' v. '' 
: my: ''' wællk ''' ''  '' 
==N==
: nail: ''' fyerm ''' ''  '' 
: naked: ''' døm ''' ''  '' 
: name: ''' sær ''' '' n. '' 
: namely: ''' særum ''' '' conj. '' 
: narrate: ''' swia ''' '' v. '' 
: narrow: ''' kerl ''' '' adj. '' 
: navel: ''' ald ''' ''  '' 
: near: ''' jng ''' '' adj. '' 
: neck: ''' fodh ''' ''  '' 
: needle: ''' lææst ''' ''  '' 
: nephew: ''' raskn ''' ''  '' 
: nervous: ''' galdot ''' '' adj. '' 
: nettle: ''' lat ''' ''  '' 
: never: ''' gøntem ''' '' adv. '' 
: new: ''' gamm ''' '' adj. '' 
: next to: ''' wissna ''' '' v. '' 
: next, following: ''' jngs ''' '' adj. '' 
: niece: ''' glædd ''' ''  '' 
: night: ''' tak ''' ''  '' 
: nine: ''' flew ''' '' num. '' 
: nineteen: ''' flewman ''' '' num. '' 
: ninety: ''' flewas ''' '' num. '' 
: no: ''' gan ''' '' v. '' 
: nobility: ''' vin ''' ''  '' 
: noise: ''' monadh ''' ''  '' 
: noisy: ''' ow ''' '' adj. '' 
: north: ''' taargh ''' ''  '' 
: nose: ''' hær ''' '' n. '' 
: not yet: ''' gwarum ''' '' v. '' 
: now: ''' vro ''' ''  '' 
: nut: ''' fre ''' ''  '' 
==O==
: oar: ''' twnor ''' ''  '' 
: obtain: ''' vpstogho ''' '' v. '' 
: octopus: ''' førip ''' ''  '' 
: odd: ''' fas ''' '' adj. '' 
: often: ''' reu ''' ''  '' 
: ogle: ''' næmpne ''' '' v. '' 
: oil: ''' sæmkæt ''' ''  '' 
: old: ''' liws ''' '' adj. '' 
: older brother: ''' yffdh ''' ''  '' 
: on top: ''' sen ''' ''  '' 
: once: ''' sarwal ''' '' adv. '' 
: one: ''' sar ''' '' num. '' 
: one hundred: ''' dør ''' '' num. '' 
: one thousand: ''' kiom ''' '' num. '' 
: onion: ''' tap ''' ''  '' 
: open: ''' swenda ''' '' v. '' 
: or: ''' hardh ''' ''  '' 
: order: ''' waghta ''' '' v. '' 
: ornament: ''' ett ''' ''  '' 
: otherwise, on the other hand: ''' tiællum ''' '' adv. '' 
: our excl.: ''' mærik ''' ''  '' 
: our incl.: ''' foottuk ''' ''  '' 
: ours excl.: ''' mærik ''' ''  '' 
: ours incl.: ''' foottuk ''' ''  '' 
: out: ''' tugh ''' ''  '' 
: outrigger: ''' bædherdh ''' ''  '' 
: outside: ''' tughom ''' ''  '' 
: owe: ''' onno ''' '' v. '' 
==P==
: paddle: ''' fogh ''' ''  '' 
: pain (head or body): ''' ladh ''' ''  '' 
: painful: ''' lukkl ''' '' adj. '' 
: paint: ''' ført ''' ''  '' 
: palm of hand: ''' søk ''' ''  '' 
: palm-wine: ''' koo ''' ''  '' 
: pan: ''' hyltek ''' ''  '' 
: pandanus: ''' tre ''' ''  '' 
: pant: ''' fææe ''' '' v. '' 
: parents-in-law: ''' nomun ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: partner: ''' øøll ''' ''  '' 
: past (time): ''' bodh ''' '' n. '' 
: past, previous: ''' bot ''' '' adj. '' 
: pay: ''' gørdhe ''' '' v. '' 
: pay out rope: ''' gono ''' '' v. '' 
: peaceful: ''' væk ''' '' adj. '' 
: peel: ''' hertla ''' '' v. '' 
: peg: ''' jer ''' ''  '' 
: penis: ''' wer ''' ''  '' 
: pepper: ''' peppar ''' ''  '' 
: perfect, complete: ''' opa ''' '' v. '' 
: perhaps: ''' sørdh ''' ''  '' 
: permit: ''' brewyne ''' '' v. '' 
: person: ''' kensk ''' ''  '' 
: Peter: ''' Petær ''' '' p.n. '' 
: pick up: ''' swnga ''' '' v. '' 
: pig: ''' thøk ''' ''  '' 
: pigeon: ''' tadhall ''' ''  '' 
: pile up: ''' prea ''' '' v. '' 
: pillow: ''' gull ''' ''  '' 
: pineapple: ''' raxadh ''' ''  '' 
: pity: ''' misa ''' '' v. '' 
: place, locate: ''' wiis ''' '' n. '' 
: place, location: ''' wiisgha ''' '' v. '' 
: plain, ordinary: ''' døt ''' '' adj. '' 
: plank: ''' bor ''' ''  '' 
: plant: ''' kia ''' ''  '' 
: plant fiber: ''' meld ''' ''  '' 
: plate: ''' hold ''' ''  '' 
: play: ''' fadha ''' '' v. '' 
: play (games): ''' nwwtlo ''' '' v. '' 
: plow: ''' døe ''' '' v. '' 
: point: ''' plærkia ''' '' v. '' 
: poison: ''' sir ''' ''  '' 
: poke: ''' daghnda ''' '' v. '' 
: polish: ''' vilsa ''' '' v. '' 
: poor: ''' hugh ''' '' adj. '' 
: popular: ''' kij ''' '' adj. '' 
: porrige: ''' trøyel ''' ''  '' 
: pot: ''' qwidh ''' ''  '' 
: pounder: ''' gom ''' ''  '' 
: pour: ''' tøte ''' '' v. '' 
: praise: ''' wffwo ''' '' v. '' 
: pregnant: ''' klæn ''' '' adj. '' 
: press: ''' ocho ''' '' v. '' 
: press out: ''' prydhia ''' '' v. '' 
: pretending: ''' krom ''' ''  '' 
: profit: ''' winnadh ''' ''  '' 
: promise: ''' wlffrwo ''' '' v. '' 
: prune: ''' kæme ''' '' v. '' 
: pull: ''' synnge ''' '' v. '' 
: pull out: ''' pørdhisa ''' '' v. '' 
: pus: ''' kælskin ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: push: ''' øøte ''' '' v. '' 
==Q==
: quantity: ''' haar ''' '' n. '' 
: quiet: ''' lyck ''' '' adj. '' 
==R==
: rafters: ''' klann ''' ''  '' 
: rain: ''' fas ''' ''  '' 
: rain shelter: ''' øffn ''' ''  '' 
: raise: ''' glatta ''' '' v. '' 
: rancid smell: ''' idherr ''' '' adj. '' 
: rare: ''' rygh ''' '' adj. '' 
: rasp: ''' erdhra ''' '' v. '' 
: rat: ''' stardh ''' ''  '' 
: ray: ''' skern ''' ''  '' 
: read: ''' vpstena ''' '' v. '' 
: recede: ''' swdho ''' '' v. '' 
: receive: ''' hoffuo ''' '' v. '' 
: recite: ''' bængia ''' '' v. '' 
: red: ''' borm ''' '' adj. '' 
: reduce: ''' mædherdha ''' '' v. '' 
: regret: ''' swilka ''' '' v. '' 
: remain: ''' vple ''' '' v. '' 
: remember: ''' gøre ''' '' v. '' 
: remove pot from the fire: ''' bezska ''' '' v. '' 
: rent: ''' kara ''' '' v. '' 
: repair: ''' gawana ''' '' v. '' 
: repay: ''' hwaa ''' '' v. '' 
: requite: ''' hænte ''' '' v. '' 
: respectively: ''' dødhzsk ''' ''  '' 
: restore: ''' giølghia ''' '' v. '' 
: return: ''' mwnaa ''' '' v. '' 
: return home: ''' lanna ''' '' v. '' 
: return something: ''' owta ''' '' v. '' 
: revolve: ''' malwomo ''' '' v. '' 
: ribs: ''' hor ''' ''  '' 
: rich: ''' reiy ''' '' adj. '' 
: right (hand): ''' lwkogh ''' '' adj. '' 
: ring: ''' nækiwt ''' ''  '' 
: rinse: ''' fallna ''' '' v. '' 
: rip: ''' birghna ''' '' v. '' 
: ripe: ''' twal ''' '' adj. '' 
: rise (sun): ''' ræghia ''' '' v. '' 
: rise up: ''' tæwitha ''' '' v. '' 
: river: ''' gikedhr ''' ''  '' 
: river mouth: ''' sidh ''' ''  '' 
: road: ''' wit ''' ''  '' 
: roast: ''' vpaa ''' '' v. '' 
: roof: ''' sydherl ''' ''  '' 
: roof-peak: ''' mistr ''' ''  '' 
: room: ''' eliorgh ''' ''  '' 
: root: ''' tæll ''' ''  '' 
: rope: ''' bamn ''' ''  '' 
: rotate: ''' gridhna ''' '' v. '' 
: rotten: ''' fyrk ''' '' adj. '' 
: round: ''' swøl ''' '' adj. '' 
: royal: ''' dodhukt ''' ''  '' 
: rub: ''' arsta ''' '' v. '' 
: rudder: ''' hin ''' ''  '' 
: run: ''' vilpna ''' '' v. '' 
==S==
: sad: ''' dæyir ''' '' adj. '' 
: sago: ''' sto ''' ''  '' 
: sago palm: ''' sadhow ''' ''  '' 
: sail: ''' rok ''' '' n. '' 
: sail: ''' roko ''' '' v. '' 
: sail into the wind: ''' swndo ''' '' v. '' 
: sailor: ''' mælrok ''' '' n. '' 
: salt: ''' swæn ''' '' n. '' 
: salty: ''' swæn ''' '' adj. '' 
: same: ''' hwalt ''' '' pron. '' 
: sand: ''' børliu ''' ''  '' 
: sap: ''' moot ''' ''  '' 
: sated: ''' sæntf ''' '' adj. '' 
: sauce: ''' krodhom ''' ''  '' 
: saw: ''' far ''' ''  '' 
: sax-sword: ''' brøtt ''' ''  '' 
: say: ''' bræmte ''' '' v. '' 
: scales: ''' hangun ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: scarf: ''' nyll ''' ''  '' 
: scatter: ''' seedda ''' '' v. '' 
: scissors: ''' nywen ''' '' n.pl. '' 
: scoop: ''' liwll ''' ''  '' 
: scrape: ''' nagha ''' '' v. '' 
: scratch: ''' riwa ''' '' v. '' 
: scrotum: ''' nøneem ''' ''  '' 
: sea: ''' mæll ''' ''  '' 
: sea-turtle: ''' redd ''' ''  '' 
: second: ''' tørdhøs ''' '' adj. '' 
: second job: ''' troot ''' ''  '' 
: see: ''' tadha ''' '' v. '' 
: seed: ''' forld ''' ''  '' 
: -self (intensifier): ''' siætr ''' '' adj. '' 
: self (reflexive): ''' vex ''' '' pron. '' 
: sell: ''' friffwo ''' '' v. '' 
: send: ''' alnka ''' '' v. '' 
: separate: ''' rwghasa ''' '' v. '' 
: sesame: ''' aff ''' ''  '' 
: settle: ''' hughno ''' '' v. '' 
: seven: ''' synn ''' '' num. '' 
: seventeen: ''' swmman ''' '' num. '' 
: seventy: ''' syynnias ''' '' num. '' 
: several: ''' wærin ''' '' pron. '' 
: sew: ''' treta ''' '' v. '' 
: shade: ''' lin ''' ''  '' 
: shadow: ''' løøt ''' ''  '' 
: shake: ''' kændria ''' '' v. '' 
: shallow: ''' snøø ''' '' adj. '' 
: shark: ''' van ''' ''  '' 
: sharp: ''' gæln ''' '' adj. '' 
: sharp stakes: ''' herkin ''' ''  '' 
: sharpen: ''' gælna ''' '' v. '' 
: shave: ''' dara ''' '' v. '' 
: she: ''' ni ''' '' pron. '' 
: sheath: ''' hym ''' ''  '' 
: shell: ''' rit ''' ''  '' 
: shelter: ''' wplagha ''' '' v. '' 
: shine: ''' selnet ''' '' adj. '' 
: ship: ''' kioll ''' '' n. '' 
: shirt: ''' blin ''' ''  '' 
: shoes: ''' jwa ''' ''  '' 
: shoot a bow: ''' dømde ''' '' v. '' 
: shore: ''' skit ''' ''  '' 
: short: ''' goom ''' '' adj. '' 
: shoulder: ''' gladd ''' ''  '' 
: shout: ''' togho ''' '' v. '' 
: shrimp: ''' ænderr ''' ''  '' 
: sick: ''' ræghn ''' '' adj. '' 
: side: ''' tann ''' ''  '' 
: side by side: ''' førghe ''' '' v. '' 
: side-dishes: ''' margh ''' ''  '' 
: silver: ''' wærr ''' ''  '' 
: since: ''' teriis ''' ''  '' 
: sing: ''' vpstaa ''' '' v. '' 
: single: ''' sær ''' '' adj. '' 
: sink: ''' øønnde ''' '' v. '' 
: sink in the mud: ''' hælse ''' '' v. '' 
: sip: ''' bukklo ''' '' v. '' 
: sister: ''' laadh ''' ''  '' 
: sit: ''' samnga ''' '' v. '' 
: sit next to: ''' bara ''' '' v. '' 
: sit side by side: ''' vtheena ''' '' v. '' 
: sit with legs crossed: ''' joaa ''' '' v. '' 
: sit with legs stretched out: ''' daffua ''' '' v. '' 
: six: ''' bragh ''' '' num. '' 
: sixteen: ''' braghman ''' '' num. '' 
: sixty: ''' braghas ''' '' num. '' 
: skewer: ''' hall ''' ''  '' 
: skin: ''' bidh ''' ''  '' 
: skull: ''' ør ''' '' n. '' 
: sky: ''' lwcop ''' ''  '' 
: slash: ''' førlika ''' '' v. '' 
: slaughter: ''' kære ''' '' v. '' 
: sleep: ''' bodhno ''' '' v. '' 
: sleepy: ''' bødhet ''' '' adj. '' 
: slice: ''' gullaka ''' '' v. '' 
: slide: ''' vanmna ''' '' v. '' 
: slip: ''' bezsna ''' '' v. '' 
: slippery: ''' husfl ''' '' adj. '' 
: sloping: ''' ørgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: slow: ''' fras ''' '' adj. '' 
: small: ''' grøt ''' '' adj. '' 
: small lizzard: ''' bet ''' ''  '' 
: smarting: ''' sior ''' '' adj. '' 
: smell: ''' føllet ''' ''  '' 
: smell something: ''' swodho ''' '' v. '' 
: smoke: ''' daw ''' ''  '' 
: smooth: ''' plægh ''' '' adj. '' 
: snail: ''' badd ''' ''  '' 
: snake: ''' offsom ''' ''  '' 
: sneeze: ''' budhzo ''' '' v. '' 
: snout: ''' spor ''' ''  '' 
: soft: ''' gior ''' '' adj. '' 
: solder: ''' hisk ''' ''  '' 
: some: ''' fryyt ''' '' pron. '' 
: someone: ''' fryy ''' '' pron. '' 
: something: ''' fryydh ''' '' pron. '' 
: son: ''' sydh ''' ''  '' 
: son-in-law: ''' syn ''' ''  '' 
: sore: ''' nykk ''' ''  '' 
: soul: ''' olm ''' ''  '' 
: sound: ''' førliw ''' ''  '' 
: sour: ''' fliis ''' '' adj. '' 
: south: ''' boonck ''' ''  '' 
: sow: ''' brøwegha ''' '' v. '' 
: space between: ''' swæpt ''' ''  '' 
: spark: ''' twe ''' ''  '' 
: sparrow: ''' nægh ''' ''  '' 
: spatter: ''' gylffte ''' '' v. '' 
: speak: ''' leka ''' '' v. '' 
: spear: ''' thiel ''' ''  '' 
: spices: ''' faa ''' ''  '' 
: spicy hot: ''' bidhen ''' '' adj. '' 
: spider: ''' hedd ''' ''  '' 
: spill: ''' lostogho ''' '' v. '' 
: spit: ''' wæærwo ''' '' v. '' 
: splice: ''' gema ''' '' v. '' 
: split: ''' hørske ''' '' v. '' 
: spoon: ''' fis ''' ''  '' 
: spotted: ''' innorgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: sprain: ''' boa ''' ''  '' 
: spray: ''' kioo ''' '' v. '' 
: spread out: ''' lætte ''' '' v. '' 
: squat: ''' wala ''' '' v. '' 
: squeeze: ''' smøthe ''' '' v. '' 
: squid: ''' swænd ''' ''  '' 
: squirm, wriggle: ''' vikio ''' '' v. '' 
: stab: ''' parna ''' '' v. '' 
: stable: ''' slankt ''' ''  '' 
: stand: ''' landba ''' '' v. '' 
: star: ''' werb ''' ''  '' 
: stare: ''' wængne ''' '' v. '' 
: stay: ''' mendra ''' '' v. '' 
: steal: ''' føreta ''' '' v. '' 
: steam: ''' daarkta ''' '' v. '' 
: step in a hole: ''' jordho ''' '' v. '' 
: stick: ''' sudharf ''' ''  '' 
: sticky: ''' døw ''' '' adj. '' 
: stingy: ''' fesnc ''' '' adj. '' 
: stir: ''' swina ''' '' v. '' 
: stomach: ''' legg ''' ''  '' 
: stone: ''' ris ''' ''  '' 
: stop by: ''' ræne ''' '' v. '' 
: stop, finish, cease: ''' gærio ''' '' v. '' 
: storm: ''' drisfr ''' ''  '' 
: stove: ''' gleng ''' ''  '' 
: straight: ''' æffræk ''' '' adj. '' 
: straits: ''' brut ''' ''  '' 
: straw: ''' fordhru ''' ''  '' 
: stream: ''' mwm ''' '' n. '' 
: stretch: ''' hoghlo ''' '' v. '' 
: stretch out: ''' faghda ''' '' v. '' 
: string: ''' fæærn ''' ''  '' 
: strip (leaves): ''' bolzso ''' '' v. '' 
: strong: ''' vers ''' '' adj. '' 
: study: ''' sarska ''' '' v. '' 
: stupid: ''' horat ''' '' adj. '' 
: substitute: ''' forghno ''' '' v. '' 
: suck: ''' troo ''' '' v. '' 
: suckle: ''' haffra ''' '' v. '' 
: suckling, baby: ''' haffrull ''' '' v. '' 
: suffer: ''' thoslo ''' '' v. '' 
: sugar: ''' sukkær ''' ''  '' 
: sun: ''' swægh ''' ''  '' 
: surface: ''' var ''' ''  '' 
: swallow: ''' miølle ''' '' v. '' 
: sway: ''' fyera ''' '' v. '' 
: sweep: ''' rægne ''' '' v. '' 
: sweet: ''' gudh ''' '' adj. '' 
: swim: ''' dana ''' '' v. '' 
: swollen: ''' spadh ''' ''  '' 
: sword: ''' brand ''' ''  '' 
==T==
: table: ''' slærn ''' ''  '' 
: &quot;tack&quot;: ''' hestr ''' ''  '' 
: tail: ''' sædh ''' ''  '' 
: take: ''' nywe ''' '' v. '' 
: tale: ''' oop ''' '' n. '' 
: tall: ''' swan ''' '' adj. '' 
: tame: ''' blij ''' '' adj. '' 
: taste: ''' adh ''' '' v. '' 
: tasteless: ''' fuat ''' '' adj. '' 
: teach: ''' grea ''' '' v. '' 
: teacher: ''' grell ''' '' n. '' 
: tear: ''' gudho ''' '' v. '' 
: tell: ''' oopno ''' '' v. '' 
: tell a lie: ''' biænge ''' '' v. '' 
: tempest: ''' løgh ''' ''  '' 
: ten: ''' sman ''' '' num. '' 
: termite: ''' sæænd ''' ''  '' 
: that (far), it: ''' edd ''' ''  '' 
: that (nearby): ''' ann ''' ''  '' 
: that, which: ''' øll ''' ''  '' 
: thatch: ''' yfft ''' ''  '' 
: the warp: ''' gaffu ''' ''  '' 
: the woof: ''' loffw ''' ''  '' 
: their: ''' seek ''' ''  '' 
: theirs: ''' seek ''' ''  '' 
: there (far): ''' eddem ''' ''  '' 
: there (near): ''' annom ''' ''  '' 
: there is: ''' olto ''' '' v. '' 
: there is not: ''' ganta ''' '' v. '' 
: they: ''' se ''' ''  '' 
: thich: ''' lægh ''' '' adj. '' 
: thick: ''' skip ''' '' adj. '' 
: thigh: ''' odd ''' ''  '' 
: thin: ''' flyket ''' '' adj. '' 
: thing: ''' sakt ''' ''  '' 
: think: ''' wargha ''' '' v. '' 
: third: ''' hænøs ''' '' adj. '' 
: thirst: ''' pusf ''' '' n. '' 
: thirst: ''' pusfo ''' '' v. '' 
: thirsty: ''' pusfær ''' '' adj. '' 
: thirteen: ''' hamman ''' '' num. '' 
: thirty: ''' thanas ''' '' num. '' 
: this: ''' ordh ''' ''  '' 
: thorn: ''' wildr ''' ''  '' 
: thread: ''' bes ''' ''  '' 
: three: ''' than ''' '' num. '' 
: throw: ''' rænde ''' '' v. '' 
: thunder: ''' tæktek ''' ''  '' 
: thus: ''' wdh ''' ''  '' 
: tie: ''' læke ''' '' v. '' 
: tight: ''' nøms ''' '' adj. '' 
: tighten: ''' æwistra ''' '' v. '' 
: time: ''' trand ''' ''  '' 
: tip: ''' fynn ''' ''  '' 
: tired: ''' thee ''' '' adj. '' 
: to: ''' jwn ''' ''  '' 
: to blow: ''' fua ''' '' v. '' 
: to face: ''' tytzeta ''' '' v. '' 
: to pry: ''' skella ''' '' v. '' 
: today: ''' blenk ''' ''  '' 
: toilet: ''' hond ''' ''  '' 
: tomorrow: ''' wodh ''' ''  '' 
: tomorrow +1: ''' ænd ''' ''  '' 
: tongue, language: ''' skaw ''' '' n. '' 
: tooth: ''' skudd ''' ''  '' 
: torch: ''' dodh ''' ''  '' 
: torn: ''' yfftn ''' '' adj. '' 
: touch: ''' skylffue ''' '' v. '' 
: transverse: ''' søl ''' '' adj. '' 
: tree: ''' stan ''' ''  '' 
: tree-trunk: ''' val ''' ''  '' 
: trim: ''' siældia ''' '' v. '' 
: trip: ''' salla ''' '' v. '' 
: true: ''' woorgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: trust: ''' saghafa ''' '' v. '' 
: try, attempt: ''' stapa ''' '' v. '' 
: tuber: ''' modh ''' ''  '' 
: tunic: ''' ridh ''' ''  '' 
: turmeric: ''' mang ''' ''  '' 
: turn: ''' tykne ''' '' v. '' 
: turn around: ''' traa ''' '' v. '' 
: twelve: ''' tork ''' '' num. '' 
: twenty: ''' tordhas, has ''' '' num. '' 
: twice: ''' tordhwal ''' '' adv. '' 
: twins: ''' tradd ''' ''  '' 
: twist: ''' torgho ''' '' v. '' 
: two: ''' tordh ''' '' num. '' 
: two hundred: ''' tørdør ''' '' num. '' 
==U==
: ugly: ''' skø ''' '' adj. '' 
: uncircumcized: ''' æt ''' '' adj. '' 
: uncle: ''' owadh ''' ''  '' 
: under: ''' hwl ''' ''  '' 
: unripe: ''' futwal ''' '' adj. '' 
: unsteady: ''' skoncho ''' '' v. '' 
: up: ''' gra ''' '' prep. '' 
: uproot: ''' sina ''' '' v. '' 
: upstream: ''' gramwm ''' '' adj. '' 
: urine: ''' swald ''' ''  '' 
: urine smell: ''' vil ''' '' adj. '' 
: use: ''' gika ''' '' v. '' 
: usual: ''' sighess ''' '' adj. '' 
==V==
: V. NATURE: ''' marw ''' ''  '' 
: vague: ''' idhaw ''' '' adj. '' 
: vein: ''' sedh ''' ''  '' 
: very: ''' lundn ''' '' adj. '' 
: VI. EVERYDAY LIFE: '''  ''' ''  '' 
: VII. VERBS: '''  ''' ''  '' 
: VIII. ADJECTIVES: ''' slas ''' ''  '' 
: village: ''' vand ''' ''  '' 
: vinegar: ''' tar ''' ''  '' 
: virgin: ''' giw ''' ''  '' 
: viscous: ''' færn ''' '' adj. '' 
: visit: ''' blingia ''' '' v. '' 
: vocative particle: ''' hey ''' '' particle '' 
: voice: ''' har ''' ''  '' 
: vomit: ''' sidhla ''' '' v. '' 
: vulva: ''' likn ''' ''  '' 
==W==
: waist: ''' vnd ''' ''  '' 
: wait: ''' bordha ''' '' v. '' 
: wake up: ''' granda ''' '' v. '' 
: walk: ''' ørre ''' '' v. '' 
: wall: ''' jwll ''' ''  '' 
: want, lack: ''' sidha ''' '' v. '' 
: wash: ''' mwngno ''' '' v. '' 
: wash clothes: ''' ffuaa ''' '' v. '' 
: wash dishes: ''' vatha ''' '' v. '' 
: wasp: ''' reemn ''' ''  '' 
: watchful, attentive, observant: ''' cridhet ''' '' adj. '' 
: water: ''' æmpn ''' ''  '' 
: wave: ''' dygh ''' ''  '' 
: we excl.: ''' mær ''' ''  '' 
: we incl.: ''' foott ''' ''  '' 
: weak: ''' frikas ''' '' adj. '' 
: weapon: ''' hørdh ''' '' n. '' 
: wear: ''' foro ''' '' v. '' 
: wear, wearing: ''' for ''' '' n. '' 
: weave: ''' førnde ''' '' v. '' 
: wedge: ''' hergh ''' ''  '' 
: weigh: ''' køpmesa ''' '' v. '' 
: well: ''' vr ''' '' adj. '' 
: well, anyway, now then...: ''' trioo ''' '' int. '' 
: west: ''' sand ''' ''  '' 
: wet: ''' ton ''' '' adj. '' 
: what the...: ''' fann berdhær ''' '' idiom '' 
: what?: ''' fann ''' ''  '' 
: wheeze: ''' sidhagha ''' '' v. '' 
: when: ''' aat ''' ''  '' 
: when: ''' ap ''' ''  '' 
: when?: ''' faat ''' ''  '' 
: where?: ''' fedd ''' ''  '' 
: which?: ''' følk ''' ''  '' 
: whirlwind: ''' hymnn ''' ''  '' 
: white: ''' høgh ''' '' adj. '' 
: whitewash: ''' vinn ''' ''  '' 
: who: ''' iørn ''' ''  '' 
: who?: ''' fiørn ''' ''  '' 
: why?: ''' fwdh ''' ''  '' 
: wick: ''' valln ''' ''  '' 
: wide: ''' fæ ''' '' adj. '' 
: widow: ''' fagh ''' ''  '' 
: wife: ''' wld ''' ''  '' 
: wild: ''' rastap ''' '' adj. '' 
: will,want: ''' giaa ''' '' v. '' 
: willing: ''' blytn ''' '' adj. '' 
: win: ''' lega ''' '' v. '' 
: wind: ''' løtert ''' ''  '' 
: wind up: ''' bryngia ''' '' v. '' 
: wind/roll up: ''' henlita ''' '' v. '' 
: window: ''' swen ''' ''  '' 
: wine: ''' wijn ''' ''  '' 
: wing: ''' fang ''' ''  '' 
: wink: ''' dagha ''' '' v. '' 
: winnow: ''' tornko ''' '' v. '' 
: winter: ''' frygg ''' ''  '' 
: wipe: ''' glabadha ''' '' v. '' 
: wire: ''' køgh ''' ''  '' 
: wish: ''' follagha ''' '' v. '' 
: with: ''' fing ''' ''  '' 
: woman: ''' wan ''' ''  '' 
: womb: ''' son ''' ''  '' 
: wood: ''' glagh ''' ''  '' 
: woods, forest: ''' berdh ''' ''  '' 
: work: ''' hoffw ''' ''  '' 
: worm: ''' tytzsk ''' ''  '' 
: wound: ''' ste ''' ''  '' 
: wrap: ''' nadha ''' '' v. '' 
: wrap (a corpse): ''' amagha ''' '' v. '' 
: write: ''' bidhla ''' '' v. '' 
: writer, scribe: ''' bidhlull ''' '' v. '' 
==Y==
: year: ''' siæl ''' ''  '' 
: yellow: ''' berk ''' '' adj. '' 
: yes: ''' ol ''' '' excl. '' 
: yesterday: ''' hædhem ''' ''  '' 
: yesterday -1: ''' bodhnædh ''' ''  '' 
: you pl. : ''' han ''' '' pron. '' 
: you sg. (thou): ''' ton ''' ''  '' 
: young: ''' hæn ''' '' adj. '' 
: young girl: ''' menn ''' ''  '' 
: younger brother: ''' hend ''' ''  '' 
: your (thy): ''' tonk ''' ''  '' 
: your pl. : ''' hank ''' ''  '' 
: yours (thine): ''' tonk ''' ''  '' 
: yours pl.: ''' hank ''' ''  ''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik-English vocabulary</title>
    <id>1760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46860</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:10:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Maerik/vocabulary/Maerik-English]] moved to [[Maerik-English vocabulary]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Maerik]]

''N.B.''  Mærik is sorted according to Scandinavian conventions with '''Æ''' and '''Ø''' at the end of the alphabet!

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] [[#Æ|Æ]] [[#Ø|Ø]]
|}
__NOTOC__

[[English-Maerik vocabulary|English-Mærik vocabulary]]

[[Maerik|Mærik page]]

==A==
: ''' aat ''' ''  '' :when
: ''' abogh ''' '' adj. '' :greedy
: ''' ach ''' '' adj. '' :hungry
: ''' add ''' ''  '' :irrigation canal
: ''' adh ''' '' v. '' :taste
: ''' adhzo ''' '' v. '' :ask
: ''' aff ''' ''  '' :sesame
: ''' akopp ''' ''  '' :butterfly
: ''' akormo ''' '' v. '' :leer
: ''' al ''' '' adj. '' :holy
: ''' alagha ''' '' v. '' :hate
: ''' ald ''' ''  '' :navel
: ''' aldan ''' '' adj. '' :excessive
: ''' alff ''' '' n. '' :Elf
: ''' alffta ''' '' v. '' :daydream
: ''' all ''' ''  '' :god
: ''' alnka ''' '' v. '' :send
: ''' alzsk ''' '' adj. '' :bare
: ''' amagha ''' '' v. '' :wrap (a corpse)
: ''' amm ''' ''  '' :egg
: ''' amnot ''' '' adj. '' :little
: ''' amptogh ''' '' adj. '' :mouldy
: ''' an ''' '' adj. '' :bitter
: ''' ann ''' ''  '' :that (nearby)
: ''' annom ''' ''  '' :there (near)
: ''' ap ''' ''  '' :when
: ''' apn ''' ''  '' :fire
: ''' apnhus ''' '' n. '' :fire water (distilled alcoholoic beverage)
: ''' arrapa ''' '' v. '' :lament
: ''' arsta ''' '' v. '' :rub
: ''' attll ''' '' adj. '' :fast
: ''' ay ''' '' int. '' :hey
==B==
: ''' badd ''' ''  '' :snail
: ''' badh ''' ''  '' :dropsy
: ''' bald ''' ''  '' :knife
: ''' bamn ''' ''  '' :rope
: ''' ban ''' '' n. '' :cheek
: ''' band ''' ''  '' :ghost
: ''' banzska ''' '' v. '' :knead
: ''' bara ''' '' v. '' :sit next to
: ''' bardh ''' ''  '' :fish-trap
: ''' bargh ''' ''  '' :extra work
: ''' barwa ''' '' v. '' :know (facts)
: ''' begh ''' ''  '' :fruit
: ''' belagh ''' ''  '' :
: ''' bena ''' '' v. '' :get up (from sitting)
: ''' berdh ''' ''  '' :woods, forest
: ''' berk ''' '' adj. '' :yellow
: ''' berl ''' ''  '' :bark cloth
: ''' bes ''' ''  '' :thread
: ''' bet ''' ''  '' :small lizzard
: ''' bezska ''' '' v. '' :remove pot from the fire
: ''' bezsna ''' '' v. '' :slip
: ''' bidh ''' ''  '' :skin
: ''' bidhen ''' '' adj. '' :spicy hot
: ''' bidhla ''' '' v. '' :write
: ''' bidhlull ''' '' v. '' :writer, scribe
: ''' bidhukk ''' ''  '' :lamp
: ''' birghna ''' '' v. '' :rip
: ''' bisnl ''' ''  '' :fog
: ''' bitta ''' '' v. '' :move something closer
: ''' biw ''' ''  '' :arrow
: ''' biænge ''' '' v. '' :tell a lie
: ''' blen ''' ''  '' :corn
: ''' blenk ''' ''  '' :today
: ''' blidh ''' ''  '' :breath
: ''' blij ''' '' adj. '' :tame
: ''' blin ''' ''  '' :shirt
: ''' blingia ''' '' v. '' :visit
: ''' blodd ''' ''  '' :brother-in-law
: ''' bloff ''' ''  '' :chicken
: ''' bloon ''' ''  '' :ear (of grain)
: ''' blytn ''' '' adj. '' :willing
: ''' blægh ''' ''  '' :cabbage
: ''' boa ''' ''  '' :sprain
: ''' bodh ''' '' n. '' :past (time)
: ''' bodhno ''' '' v. '' :sleep
: ''' bodhnædh ''' ''  '' :yesterday -1
: ''' bodhom ''' '' adv. '' :before
: ''' boko ''' '' v. '' :become
: ''' bolszull ''' '' n. '' :moose, elk
: ''' bolzso ''' '' v. '' :strip (leaves)
: ''' bonn ''' ''  '' :coral
: ''' boonck ''' ''  '' :south
: ''' bor ''' ''  '' :plank
: ''' bordha ''' '' v. '' :wait
: ''' borm ''' '' adj. '' :red
: ''' bortru ''' ''  '' :family
: ''' bortuuo ''' '' v. '' :forbid
: ''' bortwat ''' '' v. '' :forbidden
: ''' bot ''' '' adj. '' :past, previous
: ''' boz ''' '' adj. '' :last
: ''' braffw ''' ''  '' :husband
: ''' bragh ''' '' num. '' :six
: ''' braghas ''' '' num. '' :sixty
: ''' braghman ''' '' num. '' :sixteen
: ''' brand ''' ''  '' :sword
: ''' bre ''' ''  '' :crossroads
: ''' bren ''' ''  '' :duck
: ''' brenn ''' '' adj. '' :empty
: ''' brenne ''' '' v. '' :empty
: ''' bret ''' '' adj. '' :long
: ''' brewyne ''' '' v. '' :permit
: ''' browom ''' ''  '' :fly
: ''' bruo ''' '' v. '' :divide into portions
: ''' brut ''' ''  '' :straits
: ''' brwnto ''' '' v. '' :decorate
: ''' brwto ''' '' v. '' :inherit
: ''' bryngia ''' '' v. '' :wind up
: ''' bræmte ''' '' v. '' :say
: ''' brøl ''' ''  '' :mortar
: ''' brøtt ''' ''  '' :sax-sword
: ''' brøwegha ''' '' v. '' :sow
: ''' brøø ''' ''  '' :although
: ''' budhr ''' ''  '' :chain
: ''' budhzno ''' '' v. '' :gouge
: ''' budhzo ''' '' v. '' :sneeze
: ''' bukklo ''' '' v. '' :sip
: ''' bungs ''' '' adv. '' :less
: ''' but ''' '' adj. '' :green
: ''' bwtar ''' ''  '' :glass
: ''' bygg ''' ''  '' :
: ''' byrlika ''' '' v. '' :cook
: ''' bædherdh ''' ''  '' :outrigger
: ''' bængia ''' '' v. '' :recite
: ''' bæt ''' '' conj. '' :and
: ''' bætum ''' '' adv. '' :also, too
: ''' bødhet ''' '' adj. '' :sleepy
: ''' bøn ''' ''  '' :mast
: ''' børe ''' '' v. '' :cut
: ''' børliu ''' ''  '' :sand
: ''' børtre ''' '' v. '' :knock
==C==
: ''' cridha ''' '' v. '' :look at, watch
: ''' cridhet ''' '' adj. '' :watchful, attentive, observant
: ''' criina ''' '' v. '' :get up (from bed)
: ''' criis ''' ''  '' :bunch (of fruits)
: ''' crik ''' ''  '' :
==D==
: ''' daboh ''' ''  '' :grandfather
: ''' daffua ''' '' v. '' :sit with legs stretched out
: ''' dagha ''' '' v. '' :wink
: ''' daghnda ''' '' v. '' :poke
: ''' dalla ''' '' v. '' :bet
: ''' dana ''' '' v. '' :swim
: ''' dand ''' ''  '' :during
: ''' dara ''' '' v. '' :shave
: ''' daw ''' ''  '' :smoke
: ''' din ''' '' adj. '' :disappointed
: ''' dodh ''' ''  '' :torch
: ''' dodhukt ''' ''  '' :royal
: ''' dott ''' ''  '' :finger
: ''' dra ''' ''  '' :heart
: ''' dradha ''' '' v. '' :extend
: ''' driilda ''' '' v. '' :inform
: ''' drisfr ''' ''  '' :storm
: ''' dron ''' '' n. '' :milk
: ''' drøment ''' '' pron. '' :every
: ''' drønisa ''' '' v. '' :make nets
: ''' drøø ''' ''  '' :cat
: ''' dwar ''' '' n. '' :forehead
: ''' dwardh ''' ''  '' :cave
: ''' dych ''' '' adj. '' :barren
: ''' dygh ''' ''  '' :wave
: ''' dyst ''' ''  '' :gravel
: ''' dæyir ''' '' adj. '' :sad
: ''' dødhzsk ''' ''  '' :respectively
: ''' døe ''' '' v. '' :plow
: ''' døll ''' '' n. '' :farmer
: ''' døm ''' ''  '' :naked
: ''' dømde ''' '' v. '' :shoot a bow
: ''' dør ''' '' num. '' :one hundred
: ''' døt ''' '' adj. '' :plain, ordinary
: ''' døthn ''' ''  '' :mussel
: ''' døw ''' '' adj. '' :sticky
: ''' daarkta ''' '' v. '' :steam
==E==
: ''' edd ''' ''  '' :that (far), it
: ''' eddem ''' ''  '' :there (far)
: ''' een ''' ''  '' :chisel
: ''' eera ''' '' v. '' :bake
: ''' elidhiw ''' '' adj. '' :invulnerable
: ''' eliorgh ''' ''  '' :room
: ''' enn ''' '' adj. '' :hard (especially of wood)
: ''' ent ''' ''  '' :moon, month
: ''' erc ''' ''  '' :fox
: ''' erdhra ''' '' v. '' :rasp
: ''' ett ''' ''  '' :ornament
==F==
: ''' fadha ''' '' v. '' :play
: ''' fagh ''' ''  '' :widow
: ''' faghda ''' '' v. '' :stretch out
: ''' faghna ''' '' v. '' :appear
: ''' fallna ''' '' v. '' :rinse
: ''' fama ''' '' v. '' :descend
: ''' fan ''' ''  '' :ficus
: ''' fang ''' ''  '' :wing
: ''' fann ''' ''  '' :what?
: ''' fann berdhær ''' '' idiom '' :what the...
: ''' far ''' ''  '' :saw
: ''' farkt ''' ''  '' :because
: ''' farma ''' '' v. '' :blink
: ''' fas ''' '' adj. '' :odd
: ''' fas ''' ''  '' :rain
: ''' fedd ''' ''  '' :where?
: ''' fere ''' '' v. '' :be
: ''' fesn ''' ''  '' :land,country
: ''' fesnc ''' '' adj. '' :stingy
: ''' ffuea ''' '' v. '' :clear land
: ''' ffuaa ''' '' v. '' :wash clothes
: ''' fia ''' ''  '' :animal
: ''' fiel ''' '' adv. '' :more
: ''' fienn ''' ''  '' :bed
: ''' fiidh ''' ''  '' :fence
: ''' fiisk ''' ''  '' :
: ''' fina ''' '' v. '' :compose
: ''' fing ''' ''  '' :with
: ''' fis ''' ''  '' :spoon
: ''' fiørn ''' ''  '' :who?
: ''' flew ''' '' num. '' :nine
: ''' flewas ''' '' num. '' :ninety
: ''' flewman ''' '' num. '' :nineteen
: ''' fliis ''' '' adj. '' :sour
: ''' flus ''' '' num. '' :four
: ''' flusas ''' '' num. '' :forty
: ''' flusman ''' '' num. '' :fourteen
: ''' flyket ''' '' adj. '' :thin
: ''' fodh ''' ''  '' :neck
: ''' fogh ''' ''  '' :paddle
: ''' foldata ''' '' v. '' :flay
: ''' follagha ''' '' v. '' :wish
: ''' foo ''' ''  '' :dove
: ''' foop ''' ''  '' :mush
: ''' foott ''' ''  '' :we incl.
: ''' foottuk ''' ''  '' :our incl.
: ''' foottuk ''' ''  '' :ours incl.
: ''' for ''' '' n. '' :wear, wearing
: ''' fordh ''' ''  '' :door
: ''' fordhru ''' ''  '' :straw
: ''' forgh ''' ''  '' :mud
: ''' forghno ''' '' v. '' :substitute
: ''' forld ''' ''  '' :seed
: ''' forman ''' '' num. '' :eighteen
: ''' foro ''' '' v. '' :wear
: ''' fot ''' ''  '' :from
: ''' fras ''' '' adj. '' :slow
: ''' fre ''' ''  '' :nut
: ''' friff ''' ''  '' :midday
: ''' friffwo ''' '' v. '' :sell
: ''' frigg ''' '' adj. '' :cold
: ''' frika ''' '' v. '' :dive
: ''' frikas ''' '' adj. '' :weak
: ''' frodh ''' ''  '' :afternoon
: ''' from ''' ''  '' :
: ''' frwdh ''' ''  '' :
: ''' frygg ''' ''  '' :winter
: ''' fryy ''' '' pron. '' :someone
: ''' fryydh ''' '' pron. '' :something
: ''' fryyt ''' '' pron. '' :some
: ''' frædh ''' ''  '' :ladder (to the house)
: ''' fræpe ''' '' v. '' :forget
: ''' fua ''' '' v. '' :to blow
: ''' fuat ''' '' adj. '' :tasteless
: ''' fund ''' '' n. '' :hope
: ''' fundo ''' '' v. '' :hope
: ''' futwal ''' '' adj. '' :unripe
: ''' fwdh ''' ''  '' :why?
: ''' fwnn ''' ''  '' :how much/many?
: ''' fwrto ''' '' v. '' :feed
: ''' fyera ''' '' v. '' :sway
: ''' fyerm ''' ''  '' :nail
: ''' fyllew ''' ''  '' :beard
: ''' fynn ''' ''  '' :tip
: ''' fyre ''' '' v. '' :cut into
: ''' fyrgh ''' '' adv. '' :across, through
: ''' fyrk ''' '' adj. '' :rotten
: ''' fyyr ''' '' adj. '' :easy
: ''' fæ ''' '' adj. '' :wide
: ''' fæghle ''' '' v. '' :deny
: ''' fæl ''' '' adj. '' :grey
: ''' fæng ''' ''  '' :comb
: ''' fænødhe ''' '' v. '' :cough
: ''' færliw ''' '' adj. '' :expensive
: ''' færn ''' '' adj. '' :viscous
: ''' fææe ''' '' v. '' :pant
: ''' fæærn ''' ''  '' :string
: ''' føghn ''' ''  '' :east
: ''' følk ''' ''  '' :which?
: ''' føll ''' ''  '' :fist
: ''' føllet ''' ''  '' :smell
: ''' førdh ''' ''  '' :dragon
: ''' føre ''' '' v. '' :fade
: ''' føreta ''' '' v. '' :steal
: ''' førghe ''' '' v. '' :side by side
: ''' førghita ''' '' v. '' :drift
: ''' førip ''' ''  '' :octopus
: ''' førlika ''' '' v. '' :slash
: ''' førliw ''' ''  '' :sound
: ''' førn ''' '' num. '' :eight
: ''' førnde ''' '' v. '' :weave
: ''' førnias ''' '' num. '' :eighty
: ''' førsse ''' '' v. '' :have
: ''' ført ''' ''  '' :paint
: ''' føødd ''' ''  '' :
: ''' faa ''' ''  '' :spices
: ''' faaka ''' '' v. '' :choke (on food)
: ''' faat ''' ''  '' :when?
==G==
: ''' gadh ''' ''  '' :chest
: ''' gaffu ''' ''  '' :the warp
: ''' galdot ''' '' adj. '' :nervous
: ''' gamm ''' '' adj. '' :new
: ''' gamnn ''' ''  '' :current
: ''' gan ''' '' adj. '' :all gone
: ''' gan ''' '' v. '' :no
: ''' ganta ''' '' v. '' :there is not
: ''' garaw ''' ''  '' :
: ''' gawana ''' '' v. '' :repair
: ''' gema ''' '' v. '' :splice
: ''' gij ''' '' adj. '' :high
: ''' gika ''' '' v. '' :use
: ''' gikedhr ''' ''  '' :river
: ''' gild ''' ''  '' :ceiling
: ''' gin ''' ''  '' :curtain
: ''' gio ''' ''  '' :calf
: ''' gior ''' '' adj. '' :soft
: ''' gisgh ''' '' adj. '' :crippled
: ''' giw ''' ''  '' :virgin
: ''' giølghia ''' '' v. '' :restore
: ''' giaa ''' '' v. '' :will,want
: ''' glabadha ''' '' v. '' :wipe
: ''' gladd ''' ''  '' :shoulder
: ''' glagh ''' ''  '' :wood
: ''' glatta ''' '' v. '' :raise
: ''' gleng ''' ''  '' :stove
: ''' glædd ''' ''  '' :niece
: ''' godhat ''' ''  '' :flame
: ''' gom ''' ''  '' :pounder
: ''' gonat ''' '' adj. '' :bad tasting
: ''' gono ''' '' v. '' :pay out rope
: ''' goom ''' '' adj. '' :short
: ''' gra ''' '' prep. '' :up
: ''' graghla ''' '' v. '' :learn
: ''' gramwm ''' '' adj. '' :upstream
: ''' granda ''' '' v. '' :wake up
: ''' grata ''' '' v. '' :bargain
: ''' grea ''' '' v. '' :teach
: ''' gree ''' '' adj. '' :clear (water)
: ''' grell ''' '' n. '' :teacher
: ''' gren ''' ''  '' :fringe
: ''' grest ''' ''  '' :cape
: ''' gridhia ''' '' v. '' :break
: ''' gridhna ''' '' v. '' :rotate
: ''' grøt ''' '' adj. '' :small
: ''' gudh ''' '' adj. '' :sweet
: ''' gudha ''' '' v. '' :gather (things) together
: ''' gudho ''' '' v. '' :tear
: ''' gull ''' ''  '' :pillow
: ''' gullaka ''' '' v. '' :slice
: ''' gulln ''' ''  '' :
: ''' gulw ''' ''  '' :cucumber
: ''' guto ''' '' v. '' :drill
: ''' gwarum ''' '' v. '' :not yet
: ''' gwaara ''' '' v. '' :do not...
: ''' gylffte ''' '' v. '' :spatter
: ''' gæln ''' '' adj. '' :sharp
: ''' gælna ''' '' v. '' :sharpen
: ''' gærio ''' '' v. '' :stop, finish, cease
: ''' gæw ''' ''  '' :foot
: ''' gøm ''' ''  '' :indefinite
: ''' gømeet ''' ''  '' :fish-hook
: ''' gømp ''' ''  '' :chin
: ''' gømul ''' '' adj. '' :dry
: ''' gøntem ''' '' adv. '' :never
: ''' gørdhe ''' '' v. '' :pay
: ''' gøre ''' '' v. '' :remember
: ''' gørtn ''' ''  '' :hoe
: ''' gøthne ''' '' v. '' :carry - head
: ''' gøø ''' '' adj. '' :loose
==H==
: ''' haff ''' ''  '' :dagger
: ''' haffn ''' ''  '' :haze
: ''' haffra ''' '' v. '' :suckle
: ''' haffrull ''' '' v. '' :suckling, baby
: ''' haghd ''' ''  '' :guts
: ''' hall ''' ''  '' :skewer
: ''' hallok ''' ''  '' :hazel
: ''' hamman ''' '' num. '' :thirteen
: ''' han ''' '' pron. '' :you pl. 
: ''' hangun ''' '' n.pl. '' :scales
: ''' hank ''' ''  '' :your pl. 
: ''' hank ''' ''  '' :yours pl.
: ''' har ''' ''  '' :voice
: ''' hardh ''' ''  '' :or
: ''' hathf ''' ''  '' :horse
: ''' haw ''' ''  '' :leg
: '''  hawadh ''' ''  '' :earth
: ''' hedd ''' ''  '' :spider
: ''' hedh ''' ''  '' :insect
: ''' helika ''' '' v. '' :hold, keep, persist
: ''' helnga ''' '' v. '' :climb
: ''' hend ''' ''  '' :younger brother
: ''' henlita ''' '' v. '' :wind/roll up
: ''' henzsk ''' ''  '' :knee
: ''' her ''' ''  '' :crab
: ''' hergh ''' ''  '' :wedge
: ''' herkin ''' ''  '' :sharp stakes
: ''' herlna ''' '' v. '' :increase
: ''' hertla ''' '' v. '' :peel
: ''' hestr ''' ''  '' :&quot;tack&quot;
: ''' het ''' '' adj. '' :full
: ''' heta ''' '' v. '' :cross
: ''' hey ''' '' particle '' :vocative particle
: ''' hin ''' ''  '' :rudder
: ''' hingia ''' '' v. '' :avoid
: ''' hingn ''' ''  '' :interior
: ''' hiom ''' ''  '' :
: ''' hiomo ''' '' v. '' :divide
: ''' hir ''' '' adj. '' :low
: ''' hisk ''' ''  '' :solder
: ''' ho ''' '' prep. '' :down
: ''' hoffuo ''' '' v. '' :receive
: ''' hoffw ''' ''  '' :work
: ''' hoghlo ''' '' v. '' :stretch
: ''' hold ''' ''  '' :plate
: ''' hollun ''' '' n.pl. '' :hair
: ''' homwm ''' '' adj. '' :downstream
: ''' hond ''' ''  '' :toilet
: ''' hoo ''' ''  '' :ditch
: ''' hor ''' ''  '' :ribs
: ''' horat ''' '' adj. '' :stupid
: ''' hordh ''' ''  '' :corpse
: ''' hoso ''' '' v. '' :hit
: ''' hugg ''' ''  '' :dog
: ''' hugh ''' '' adj. '' :poor
: ''' hughno ''' '' v. '' :settle
: ''' hul ''' ''  '' :blizzard
: ''' hundo ''' '' v. '' :kneel
: ''' hunno ''' '' v. '' :kill by squashing
: ''' hus ''' ''  '' :liquid
: ''' husfl ''' '' adj. '' :slippery
: ''' hwalt ''' '' pron. '' :same
: ''' hwar ''' '' adj. '' :heavy
: ''' hwl ''' ''  '' :under
: ''' hwmagn ''' ''  '' :morning
: ''' hwnno ''' '' v. '' :get
: ''' hws ''' ''  '' :foam
: ''' hwaa ''' '' v. '' :repay
: ''' hydhe ''' '' v. '' :eat
: ''' hyltek ''' ''  '' :pan
: ''' hym ''' ''  '' :sheath
: ''' hymme ''' '' v. '' :carry - hip
: ''' hymne ''' '' v. '' :fight
: ''' hymnn ''' ''  '' :whirlwind
: ''' hyngsia ''' '' v. '' :breathe
: ''' hyr ''' '' adj. '' :half
: ''' hyy ''' ''  '' :each other
: ''' hædhem ''' ''  '' :yesterday
: ''' hæl ''' ''  '' :bat
: ''' hælb ''' ''  '' :inland
: ''' hælse ''' '' v. '' :sink in the mud
: ''' hæm ''' '' adv. '' :formerly
: ''' hæmhæm ''' ''  '' :circumcized
: ''' hæn ''' '' adj. '' :young
: ''' hænte ''' '' v. '' :requite
: ''' hænøs ''' '' adj. '' :third
: ''' hær ''' '' n. '' :nose
: ''' hærr ''' ''  '' :ladder (in general)
: ''' hæwey ''' ''  '' :cloud
: ''' høgh ''' '' adj. '' :white
: ''' høghl ''' '' n. '' :manner
: ''' høghliom ''' '' adv. '' :like, as
: ''' høkte ''' '' v. '' :come
: ''' hørdh ''' '' n. '' :weapon
: ''' hørske ''' '' v. '' :split
: ''' høwin ''' '' n.pl. '' :brain
: ''' høxte ''' '' v. '' :hiccough
: ''' haa ''' '' pron. '' :much
: ''' haan ''' '' pron. '' :many
: ''' haar ''' '' n. '' :quantity
==I==
: ''' idhaw ''' '' adj. '' :vague
: ''' idherr ''' '' adj. '' :rancid smell
: ''' ilp ''' ''  '' :mosquito net
: ''' innorgh ''' '' adj. '' :spotted
: ''' ion ''' ''  '' :mist
: ''' iørn ''' ''  '' :who
==J==
: ''' jamn ''' ''  '' :ashes
: ''' jdhe ''' '' v. '' :disappear
: ''' jer ''' ''  '' :peg
: ''' jng ''' '' adj. '' :near
: ''' jngs ''' '' adj. '' :next, following
: ''' jngum ''' '' adv. '' :almost, nearly
: ''' jom ''' ''  '' :goods
: ''' jonko ''' '' v. '' :cry out
: ''' jono ''' '' v. '' :arrange
: ''' jordho ''' '' v. '' :step in a hole
: ''' joaa ''' '' v. '' :sit with legs crossed
: ''' jwa ''' ''  '' :shoes
: ''' jwll ''' ''  '' :wall
: ''' jwn ''' ''  '' :to
: ''' jæ ''' '' particle '' :(emphatic)
: ''' jæle ''' '' v. '' :dig
: ''' jæmykte ''' '' v. '' :change
: ''' jæt ''' ''  '' :cousin
: ''' jæwelia ''' '' v. '' :carry - hand
==K==
: ''' kalda ''' '' v. '' :meet
: ''' kann ''' ''  '' :
: ''' kap ''' ''  '' :dysentery
: ''' kara ''' '' v. '' :rent
: ''' kardhn ''' ''  '' :flood
: ''' keetha ''' '' v. '' :count
: ''' kel ''' ''  '' :in back
: ''' kelgh ''' ''  '' :
: ''' kempn ''' ''  '' :fingernail
: ''' kensk ''' ''  '' :person
: ''' kerl ''' '' adj. '' :narrow
: ''' kia ''' ''  '' :plant
: ''' kij ''' '' adj. '' :popular
: ''' kilik ''' ''  '' :grandmother
: ''' kioll ''' '' n. '' :ship
: ''' kiom ''' '' num. '' :one thousand
: ''' kioo ''' '' v. '' :spray
: ''' klann ''' ''  '' :rafters
: ''' klidha ''' '' v. '' :chase
: ''' kloogho ''' '' v. '' :dream
: ''' klædd ''' '' n. '' :head
: ''' klædh ''' ''  '' :back
: ''' klæghia ''' '' v. '' :make smaller
: ''' klæn ''' '' adj. '' :pregnant
: ''' knw ''' ''  '' :firefly
: ''' kogho ''' '' v. '' :bite (of animals)
: ''' kom ''' ''  '' :
: ''' kon ''' '' adj. '' :loud
: ''' konkt ''' ''  '' :
: ''' koo ''' ''  '' :palm-wine
: ''' koro ''' '' v. '' :assemble
: ''' kos ''' ''  '' :body
: ''' krodhom ''' ''  '' :sauce
: ''' krom ''' ''  '' :pretending
: ''' kroo ''' '' v. '' :mix
: ''' kræfte ''' '' v. '' :depart
: ''' kraa ''' '' v. '' :dance
: ''' kuld ''' ''  '' :heart-of-palm
: ''' kylde ''' '' v. '' :flow
: ''' kynt ''' '' pron. '' :each
: ''' kælskin ''' '' n.pl. '' :pus
: ''' kæme ''' '' v. '' :prune
: ''' kæmp ''' '' adj. '' :dull
: ''' kændria ''' '' v. '' :shake
: ''' kænt ''' ''  '' :(cooking)pot
: ''' kære ''' '' v. '' :slaughter
: ''' kææten ''' ''  '' :cockfight
: ''' køgh ''' ''  '' :wire
: ''' køn ''' ''  '' :leak
: ''' køpmesa ''' '' v. '' :weigh
: ''' køthe ''' '' v. '' :draw a sword
: ''' køø ''' '' adj. '' :angry
: ''' køøw ''' '' n. '' :anger
: ''' kaan ''' '' adj. '' :certain
==L==
: ''' ladh ''' ''  '' :pain (head or body)
: ''' lagn ''' ''  '' :arm
: ''' lan ''' ''  '' :island
: ''' landba ''' '' v. '' :stand
: ''' landn ''' '' adj. '' :curly (hair)
: ''' lanna ''' '' v. '' :return home
: ''' last ''' ''  '' :iron
: ''' lat ''' ''  '' :nettle
: ''' lega ''' '' v. '' :win
: ''' legg ''' ''  '' :stomach
: ''' leka ''' '' v. '' :speak
: ''' len ''' ''  '' :flower
: ''' ler ''' ''  '' :body-hair
: ''' lerdha ''' '' v. '' :burst
: ''' les ''' ''  '' :father
: ''' lest ''' ''  '' :boat
: ''' lia ''' ''  '' :garlic
: ''' liffua ''' '' v. '' :lower
: ''' lijtio ''' '' v. '' :listen
: ''' lik ''' ''  '' :hide
: ''' lik ''' '' adj. '' :cheap
: ''' likema ''' '' v. '' :defeated
: ''' liketa ''' '' v. '' :command
: ''' likn ''' ''  '' :vulva
: ''' likska ''' '' v. '' :hunt
: ''' lima ''' '' v. '' :live
: ''' lin ''' ''  '' :shade
: ''' lita ''' '' v. '' :hear
: ''' liwll ''' ''  '' :scoop
: ''' liwn ''' '' adj. '' :fine, excellent, superior
: ''' liws ''' '' adj. '' :old
: ''' lodd ''' ''  '' :finch
: ''' loffw ''' ''  '' :the woof
: ''' logh ''' ''  '' :mosquito
: ''' lospro ''' '' v. '' :be familiar, be accustomed
: ''' lostogho ''' '' v. '' :spill
: ''' luk ''' ''  '' :child
: ''' lukkl ''' '' adj. '' :painful
: ''' lukt ''' ''  '' :beach
: ''' lundn ''' '' adj. '' :very
: ''' lwcop ''' ''  '' :sky
: ''' lwdh ''' ''  '' :field
: ''' lwkogh ''' '' adj. '' :right (hand)
: ''' lyck ''' '' adj. '' :quiet
: ''' lydhn ''' ''  '' :
: ''' lykkn ''' ''  '' :morter
: ''' lynd ''' ''  '' :loss
: ''' lædh ''' ''  '' :full moon, month
: ''' lædhe ''' '' v. '' :cut up
: ''' lædhl ''' ''  '' :cow
: ''' lægh ''' ''  '' :associate
: ''' lægh ''' '' adj. '' :thich
: ''' læke ''' '' v. '' :tie
: ''' læn ''' ''  '' :daughter
: ''' længeb ''' ''  '' :copper
: ''' lætte ''' '' v. '' :spread out
: ''' lææst ''' ''  '' :needle
: ''' lø ''' '' adj. '' :middle
: ''' løgh ''' ''  '' :tempest
: ''' løs ''' '' adj. '' :clever
: ''' løtert ''' ''  '' :wind
: ''' løøt ''' ''  '' :shadow
: ''' løøthe ''' '' v. '' :laugh
: ''' laadh ''' ''  '' :sister
==M==
: ''' malda ''' '' v. '' :be born
: ''' malln ''' ''  '' :hinge
: ''' malwomo ''' '' v. '' :revolve
: ''' mand ''' ''  '' :horn
: ''' mandrom ''' '' adv. '' :already
: ''' mang ''' ''  '' :turmeric
: ''' mangna ''' '' v. '' :may
: ''' mara ''' '' v. '' :filter
: ''' march ''' ''  '' :by means of
: ''' mardh ''' ''  '' :earthquake
: ''' margh ''' ''  '' :side-dishes
: ''' marna ''' '' v. '' :carry
: ''' marst ''' ''  '' :cooking vessel
: ''' marw ''' ''  '' :V. NATURE
: ''' mata ''' '' v. '' :cut off
: ''' matund ''' ''  '' :fish
: ''' maxta ''' '' v. '' :lean something against
: ''' meld ''' ''  '' :plant fiber
: ''' mena ''' '' v. '' :drown
: ''' mendra ''' '' v. '' :stay
: ''' menn ''' ''  '' :young girl
: ''' mik ''' ''  '' :inside
: ''' mil ''' ''  '' :lathe
: ''' mil ''' '' adj. '' :confused
: ''' mina ''' '' v. '' :exchange
: ''' misa ''' '' v. '' :pity
: ''' mistia ''' '' v. '' :call
: ''' mistr ''' ''  '' :roof-peak
: ''' miølle ''' '' v. '' :swallow
: ''' modh ''' ''  '' :tuber
: ''' monadh ''' ''  '' :noise
: ''' mondo ''' '' v. '' :communicate
: ''' monnd ''' ''  '' :
: ''' moolmo ''' '' v. '' :heat
: ''' moot ''' ''  '' :sap
: ''' mwm ''' '' n. '' :stream
: ''' mwngno ''' '' v. '' :wash
: ''' mwnaa ''' '' v. '' :return
: ''' mwr ''' '' adj. '' :deaf
: ''' mwrgh ''' ''  '' :bone
: ''' mykke ''' '' v. '' :go around
: ''' mynd ''' ''  '' :life
: ''' myre ''' '' v. '' :build
: ''' myyn ''' '' adj. '' :calm (water)
: ''' mædherdha ''' '' v. '' :reduce
: ''' mælffdh ''' ''  '' :flatulence
: ''' mæll ''' ''  '' :sea
: ''' mælrok ''' '' n. '' :sailor
: ''' mær ''' ''  '' :we excl.
: ''' mæreeta ''' '' v. '' :chant
: ''' mærgh ''' ''  '' :if
: ''' mærik ''' ''  '' :our excl.
: ''' mærik ''' ''  '' :ours excl.
: ''' mæssn ''' ''  '' :lake
==N==
: ''' nadha ''' '' v. '' :wrap
: ''' nagha ''' '' v. '' :scrape
: ''' nan ''' ''  '' :in front
: ''' ni ''' '' pron. '' :she
: ''' niik ''' '' pron. '' :hers
: ''' nin ''' ''  '' :fester
: ''' nist ''' ''  '' :her
: ''' noko ''' '' v. '' :carry on the shoulder
: ''' nom ''' ''  '' :canoe
: ''' nomun ''' '' n.pl. '' :parents-in-law
: ''' non ''' ''  '' :fathom
: ''' norm ''' ''  '' :fishing net
: ''' norn ''' '' adj. '' :burnt smell
: ''' nort ''' ''  '' :banana
: ''' nos ''' ''  '' :aunt
: ''' nwwtlo ''' '' v. '' :play (games)
: ''' nykk ''' ''  '' :sore
: ''' nyll ''' ''  '' :scarf
: ''' nyttl ''' ''  '' :carpenter's plane
: ''' nytzm ''' ''  '' :interval
: ''' nywe ''' '' v. '' :take
: ''' nywen ''' '' n.pl. '' :scissors
: ''' nægh ''' ''  '' :sparrow
: ''' nækiwt ''' ''  '' :ring
: ''' næmpne ''' '' v. '' :ogle
: ''' næte ''' '' v. '' :cry
: ''' nøms ''' '' adj. '' :tight
: ''' nøneem ''' ''  '' :scrotum
==O==
: ''' ocho ''' '' v. '' :press
: ''' odd ''' ''  '' :thigh
: ''' odho ''' '' v. '' :bite (into something)
: ''' offsom ''' ''  '' :snake
: ''' offtot ''' ''  '' :branch
: ''' offua ''' '' v. '' :can (capable of)
: ''' ol ''' '' excl. '' :yes
: ''' oll ''' '' n. '' :beer
: ''' olm ''' ''  '' :soul
: ''' olto ''' '' v. '' :there is
: ''' onadh ''' ''  '' :feather
: ''' onno ''' '' v. '' :owe
: ''' onsklo ''' '' v. '' :jerk
: ''' oop ''' '' n. '' :tale
: ''' oopno ''' '' v. '' :tell
: ''' op ''' '' adj. '' :hard
: ''' opa ''' '' v. '' :perfect, complete
: ''' ordh ''' ''  '' :this
: ''' osso ''' '' v. '' :choose
: ''' ott ''' ''  '' :axe
: ''' ow ''' '' adj. '' :noisy
: ''' owadh ''' ''  '' :uncle
: ''' owta ''' '' v. '' :return something
==P==
: ''' para ''' '' v. '' :believe
: ''' parna ''' '' v. '' :stab
: ''' peppar ''' ''  '' :pepper
: ''' Petær ''' '' p.n. '' :Peter
: ''' plagh ''' '' adj. '' :black
: ''' plægh ''' '' adj. '' :smooth
: ''' plænde ''' '' v. '' :move something away
: ''' plærkia ''' '' v. '' :point
: ''' prea ''' '' v. '' :pile up
: ''' priffua ''' '' v. '' :console
: ''' prugh ''' ''  '' :brush
: ''' prukul ''' ''  '' :ant
: ''' prydhia ''' '' v. '' :press out
: ''' pusf ''' '' n. '' :thirst
: ''' pusfo ''' '' v. '' :thirst
: ''' pusfær ''' '' adj. '' :thirsty
: ''' pæmp ''' '' n. '' :gift
: ''' pæmpe ''' '' v. '' :give
: ''' pørdhisa ''' '' v. '' :pull out
==Q==
: ''' qwidd ''' ''  '' :brother
: ''' qwidh ''' ''  '' :pot
: ''' qwik ''' ''  '' :goat
: ''' qwis ''' ''  '' :honey
: ''' qwisn ''' ''  '' :mead
: ''' qwisydh ''' '' n. '' :bear
==R==
: ''' rampta ''' '' v. '' :know (a person)
: ''' raskn ''' ''  '' :nephew
: ''' rastap ''' '' adj. '' :wild
: ''' raxadh ''' ''  '' :pineapple
: ''' redd ''' ''  '' :sea-turtle
: ''' redhn ''' '' n. '' :eye
: ''' reemn ''' ''  '' :wasp
: ''' regh ''' ''  '' :meat
: ''' reiy ''' '' adj. '' :rich
: ''' rena ''' '' v. '' :drink
: ''' renasta ''' '' v. '' :cut open
: ''' renna ''' '' v. '' :measure
: ''' reu ''' ''  '' :often
: ''' ridh ''' ''  '' :tunic
: ''' ridhza ''' '' v. '' :kick
: ''' riffwo ''' '' v. '' :move something
: ''' rii ''' '' adj. '' :beautiful
: ''' riikta ''' '' v. '' :drip
: ''' rik ''' ''  '' :mother
: ''' rin ''' ''  '' :hunting net
: ''' ringwa ''' '' v. '' :carve, (write)
: ''' ris ''' ''  '' :stone
: ''' rit ''' ''  '' :shell
: ''' riwa ''' '' v. '' :scratch
: ''' ro ''' '' pron. '' :he
: ''' rok ''' '' n. '' :sail
: ''' roko ''' '' v. '' :sail
: ''' rom ''' ''  '' :dregs
: ''' ron ''' ''  '' :breast
: ''' rook ''' '' pron. '' :his
: ''' rut ''' ''  '' :board
: ''' rwghasa ''' '' v. '' :separate
: ''' rygh ''' '' adj. '' :rare
: ''' ryghne ''' '' v. '' :have sexual intercourse
: ''' rymben ''' ''  '' :bird
: ''' rynn ''' ''  '' :loincloth
: ''' rypt ''' ''  '' :bracelet
: ''' rædhe ''' '' v. '' :deliver
: ''' ræffte ''' '' v. '' :like
: ''' ræghia ''' '' v. '' :rise (sun)
: ''' ræghn ''' '' adj. '' :sick
: ''' rægne ''' '' v. '' :sweep
: ''' ræmpn ''' ''  '' :clearing in the forest
: ''' ræmpt ''' ''  '' :banyan tree
: ''' rænde ''' '' v. '' :throw
: ''' ræne ''' '' v. '' :stop by
: ''' rænnge ''' '' v. '' :handle
: ''' røwe ''' '' v. '' :happen, occur, pass
: ''' røø ''' '' adj. '' :damaged
: ''' røøw ''' '' n. '' :event, occasion
==S==
: ''' sa ''' '' adj. '' :false
: ''' sachtws ''' '' n. '' :general, military leader
: ''' sadd ''' ''  '' :liver
: ''' sadhow ''' ''  '' :sago palm
: ''' sagh ''' '' n. '' :army, host
: ''' saghafa ''' '' v. '' :trust
: ''' saka ''' '' v. '' :allow
: ''' sakla ''' '' v. '' :must
: ''' sakt ''' ''  '' :thing
: ''' salla ''' '' v. '' :trip
: ''' sallo ''' '' v. '' :go to the side
: ''' salska ''' '' v. '' :collapse
: ''' samnga ''' '' v. '' :sit
: ''' sand ''' ''  '' :west
: ''' sar ''' '' num. '' :one
: ''' sargha ''' '' v. '' :go up
: ''' sark ''' '' num. '' :eleven
: ''' sarska ''' '' v. '' :study
: ''' sarwal ''' '' adv. '' :once
: ''' schee ''' '' v. '' :bring
: ''' scriffua ''' '' v. '' :go out
: ''' scrika ''' '' v. '' :cut unevenly
: ''' se ''' ''  '' :they
: ''' sedda ''' '' v. '' :chop
: ''' sedh ''' ''  '' :vein
: ''' seedda ''' '' v. '' :scatter
: ''' seek ''' ''  '' :their
: ''' seek ''' ''  '' :theirs
: ''' selnet ''' '' adj. '' :shine
: ''' sen ''' ''  '' :on top
: ''' send ''' ''  '' :bay
: ''' seta ''' '' v. '' :burn
: ''' sidh ''' ''  '' :river mouth
: ''' sidha ''' '' v. '' :want, lack
: ''' sidhagha ''' '' v. '' :wheeze
: ''' sidhla ''' '' v. '' :vomit
: ''' siel ''' '' adj. '' :clear
: ''' sielghd ''' ''  '' :boil
: ''' siersta ''' '' v. '' :close
: ''' sigh ''' ''  '' :cock's spur
: ''' sigha ''' '' v. '' :deviate
: ''' sighess ''' '' adj. '' :usual
: ''' siipna ''' '' v. '' :break off
: ''' sijt ''' '' n. '' :death
: ''' sina ''' '' v. '' :uproot
: ''' sior ''' '' adj. '' :smarting
: ''' sir ''' ''  '' :poison
: ''' sita ''' '' v. '' :die
: ''' siæl ''' ''  '' :year
: ''' siældia ''' '' v. '' :trim
: ''' siæll ''' '' adj. '' :fragrant
: ''' siæn ''' ''  '' :any
: ''' siætr ''' '' adj. '' :athwart
: ''' siætr ''' '' adj. '' :-self (intensifier)
: ''' sjdhia ''' '' v. '' :embrace
: ''' skadh ''' ''  '' :channel
: ''' skar ''' '' adj. '' :crazy
: ''' skarfr ''' ''  '' :line
: ''' skatt ''' ''  '' :color
: ''' skaw ''' '' n. '' :tongue, language
: ''' ske ''' ''  '' :
: ''' skella ''' '' v. '' :to pry
: ''' skern ''' ''  '' :ray
: ''' skers ''' '' adj. '' :direct
: ''' skiisa ''' '' v. '' :gasp
: ''' skin ''' ''  '' :excrement
: ''' skio ''' ''  '' :hill
: ''' skip ''' '' adj. '' :thick
: ''' skirk ''' ''  '' :common people
: ''' skirkta ''' '' v. '' :approach
: ''' skit ''' ''  '' :shore
: ''' sko ''' ''  '' :man
: ''' skogh ''' ''  '' :ladle
: ''' skoncho ''' '' v. '' :unsteady
: ''' skonkto ''' '' v. '' :bathe
: ''' skorn ''' ''  '' :funnel
: ''' skudd ''' ''  '' :tooth
: ''' skulo ''' '' v. '' :float
: ''' skylffue ''' '' v. '' :touch
: ''' skyr ''' ''  '' :fish poison
: ''' skyrl ''' '' adj. '' :capable
: ''' skyt ''' ''  '' :floor
: ''' skø ''' '' adj. '' :ugly
: ''' slaghd ''' ''  '' :dusk
: ''' slankt ''' ''  '' :stable
: ''' slas ''' ''  '' :VIII. ADJECTIVES
: ''' slat ''' '' pron. '' :all
: ''' slatrand ''' '' adv. '' :always
: ''' sloo ''' '' v. '' :itch
: ''' slærn ''' ''  '' :table
: ''' sman ''' '' num. '' :ten
: ''' smee ''' '' adj. '' :deep
: ''' smældr ''' ''  '' :bowl
: ''' smøthe ''' '' v. '' :squeeze
: ''' snøø ''' '' adj. '' :shallow
: ''' son ''' ''  '' :womb
: ''' sonagh ''' '' adj. '' :coarse
: ''' sonsk ''' ''  '' :leaf
: ''' spadh ''' ''  '' :swollen
: ''' spor ''' ''  '' :snout
: ''' sta ''' ''  '' :hook
: ''' stadh ''' ''  '' :cotton
: ''' stan ''' ''  '' :tree
: ''' stanskom ''' '' adv. '' :ever
: ''' stapa ''' '' v. '' :try, attempt
: ''' stardh ''' ''  '' :rat
: ''' ste ''' ''  '' :wound
: ''' ster ''' ''  '' :enemy
: ''' stit ''' ''  '' :house-poles
: ''' stlen ''' ''  '' :how
: ''' sto ''' ''  '' :sago
: ''' stom ''' ''  '' :edge
: ''' stridhsa ''' '' v. '' :look up
: ''' strooko ''' '' v. '' :chew
: ''' stræn ''' ''  '' :gold
: ''' strø ''' ''  '' :glowing coals
: ''' stu ''' '' pron. '' :few
: ''' stunn ''' '' adj. '' :common
: ''' stuu ''' ''  '' :louse
: ''' styghdia ''' '' v. '' :add
: ''' stædhle ''' '' v. '' :be ...ing
: ''' sudd ''' ''  '' :grain
: ''' sudh ''' ''  '' :fluid
: ''' sudharf ''' ''  '' :stick
: ''' sudhzsl ''' ''  '' :bridge
: ''' sukkær ''' ''  '' :sugar
: ''' sumo ''' '' v. '' :inlay
: ''' swadh ''' '' n. '' :clothes, garment
: ''' swald ''' ''  '' :urine
: ''' swan ''' '' adj. '' :tall
: ''' swdho ''' '' v. '' :recede
: ''' swe ''' ''  '' :in
: ''' sween ''' ''  '' :millipede
: ''' swegna ''' '' v. '' :hang
: ''' swen ''' ''  '' :window
: ''' swenda ''' '' v. '' :open
: ''' swenn ''' ''  '' :just in case
: ''' swesn ''' ''  '' :charcoal
: ''' swia ''' '' v. '' :narrate
: ''' swilka ''' '' v. '' :regret
: ''' swina ''' '' v. '' :stir
: ''' swit ''' ''  '' :drizzle
: ''' swmman ''' '' num. '' :seventeen
: ''' swndo ''' '' v. '' :sail into the wind
: ''' swnga ''' '' v. '' :pick up
: ''' swnto ''' '' v. '' :cover
: ''' swodho ''' '' v. '' :smell something
: ''' swono ''' '' v. '' :massage
: ''' swyl ''' '' adj. '' :clean
: ''' swægh ''' ''  '' :sun
: ''' swæn ''' '' n. '' :salt
: ''' swæn ''' '' adj. '' :salty
: ''' swænd ''' ''  '' :squid
: ''' swæpt ''' ''  '' :space between
: ''' swøl ''' '' adj. '' :round
: ''' sydh ''' ''  '' :son
: ''' sydherl ''' ''  '' :roof
: ''' syn ''' ''  '' :son-in-law
: ''' synn ''' '' num. '' :seven
: ''' synnge ''' '' v. '' :pull
: ''' syynnias ''' '' num. '' :seventy
: ''' syyse ''' '' v. '' :jump
: ''' sæ ''' '' adj. '' :bright
: ''' sædh ''' ''  '' :tail
: ''' sæghr ''' '' adj. '' :difficult
: ''' sæl ''' ''  '' :barley
: ''' sælikta ''' '' v. '' :lean on
: ''' sæliwn ''' '' n.pl. '' :lips
: ''' sæmk ''' ''  '' :
: ''' sæmkæt ''' ''  '' :oil
: ''' sæmpn ''' '' adj. '' :fat
: ''' sæntf ''' '' adj. '' :sated
: ''' sær ''' '' adj. '' :single
: ''' sær ''' '' n. '' :name
: ''' særum ''' '' conj. '' :namely
: ''' særøs ''' '' adj. '' :first
: ''' sæte ''' '' v. '' :hold the breath
: ''' sætne ''' '' v. '' :move
: ''' sæænd ''' ''  '' :termite
: ''' sææradha ''' '' v. '' :close the eyes
: ''' søk ''' ''  '' :palm of hand
: ''' søl ''' '' adj. '' :transverse
: ''' sølle ''' '' v. '' :help
: ''' sønc ''' '' v. '' :cause
: ''' sør ''' '' adj. '' :far
: ''' sørdh ''' ''  '' :perhaps
: ''' søtil ''' '' adj. '' :blind
: ''' saadhra ''' '' v. '' :fall down
: ''' saargh ''' '' adj. '' :bad
==T==
: ''' tadha ''' '' v. '' :see
: ''' tadhall ''' ''  '' :pigeon
: ''' tadhasta ''' '' v. '' :fry
: ''' taff ''' '' adv. '' :in a row/line
: ''' tak ''' ''  '' :night
: ''' tana ''' '' v. '' :buy
: ''' tann ''' ''  '' :side
: ''' tap ''' ''  '' :onion
: ''' tapadh ''' ''  '' :kitchen
: ''' tar ''' ''  '' :vinegar
: ''' tassa ''' '' v. '' :amputate
: ''' tedd ''' ''  '' :blood
: ''' tena ''' '' v. '' :fall
: ''' tera ''' '' v. '' :make, do
: ''' teriis ''' ''  '' :since
: ''' tha ''' ''  '' :a hole in the wall
: ''' than ''' '' num. '' :three
: ''' thanas ''' '' num. '' :thirty
: ''' thedd ''' ''  '' :lap
: ''' thee ''' '' adj. '' :tired
: ''' thelbra ''' '' v. '' :bark (dog)
: ''' then ''' '' adj. '' :even
: ''' therb ''' '' adj. '' :jagged
: ''' therm ''' ''  '' :
: ''' thia ''' ''  '' :archer's bow
: ''' thiel ''' ''  '' :spear
: ''' thij ''' '' adj. '' :dizzy
: ''' thils ''' ''  '' :here
: ''' thin ''' ''  '' :IV. ANIMALS, PLANTS
: ''' thna ''' ''  '' :bucket
: ''' thoffu ''' ''  '' :deer
: ''' thoo ''' '' v. '' :chop fine
: ''' thor ''' '' adj. '' :bald
: ''' thoslo ''' '' v. '' :suffer
: ''' thøffue ''' '' v. '' :embroider
: ''' thøk ''' ''  '' :pig
: ''' tielif ''' ''  '' :grandchild
: ''' tina ''' '' v. '' :break open
: ''' tinga ''' '' v. '' :have to, need
: ''' tiusama ''' '' v. '' :defeat
: ''' tiæll ''' '' pron. '' :another, other
: ''' tiællum ''' '' adv. '' :otherwise, on the other hand
: ''' tiæls ''' '' adj. '' :dark
: ''' toff ''' '' adj. '' :ashamed
: ''' togho ''' '' v. '' :shout
: ''' tolffm ''' ''  '' :grass
: ''' tolffuo ''' '' v. '' :lend
: ''' tomo ''' '' v. '' :bloom
: ''' ton ''' '' adj. '' :wet
: ''' ton ''' ''  '' :you sg. (thou)
: ''' tonk ''' ''  '' :your (thy)
: ''' tonk ''' ''  '' :yours (thine)
: ''' tor ''' ''  '' :friend
: ''' tordh ''' '' num. '' :two
: ''' tordhas, has ''' '' num. '' :twenty
: ''' tordhwal ''' '' adv. '' :twice
: ''' torgho ''' '' v. '' :twist
: ''' tork ''' '' num. '' :twelve
: ''' tornko ''' '' v. '' :winnow
: ''' torst ''' ''  '' :garbage heap
: ''' torto ''' '' v. '' :hack
: ''' tradd ''' ''  '' :twins
: ''' tramman ''' '' num. '' :fifteen
: ''' trand ''' ''  '' :time
: ''' tre ''' ''  '' :pandanus
: ''' treta ''' '' v. '' :sew
: ''' tri ''' '' adj. '' :glittering
: ''' trioo ''' '' int. '' :well, anyway, now then...
: ''' troo ''' '' v. '' :suck
: ''' troot ''' ''  '' :second job
: ''' trow ''' ''  '' :basket
: ''' trw ''' '' adj. '' :fresh
: ''' trækk ''' ''  '' :house
: ''' trække ''' ''  '' :dwell, live
: ''' træn ''' '' num. '' :five
: ''' trænias ''' '' num. '' :fifty
: ''' trænn ''' ''  '' :day
: ''' trætit ''' ''  '' :
: ''' trøte ''' '' v. '' :cry over
: ''' trøyel ''' ''  '' :porrige
: ''' trøørr ''' ''  '' :but
: ''' traa ''' '' v. '' :turn around
: ''' tugh ''' ''  '' :out
: ''' tughom ''' ''  '' :outside
: ''' twal ''' '' adj. '' :ripe
: ''' twe ''' ''  '' :spark
: ''' twn ''' '' adj. '' :grey-haired
: ''' twnor ''' ''  '' :oar
: ''' tws ''' '' n. '' :lord, lady, mr., mrs., miss
: ''' twssill ''' ''  '' :king
: ''' tyghe ''' '' v. '' :let down (rope)
: ''' tykne ''' '' v. '' :turn
: ''' tyre ''' '' v. '' :go
: ''' tyrgh ''' '' adj. '' :good tasting
: ''' tytzeta ''' '' v. '' :to face
: ''' tytzne ''' '' v. '' :borrow
: ''' tytzsk ''' ''  '' :worm
: ''' tyzsle ''' '' v. '' :lick
: ''' tækipta ''' '' v. '' :mate
: ''' tæktek ''' ''  '' :thunder
: ''' tæll ''' ''  '' :root
: ''' tænkn ''' '' adj. '' :everyday
: ''' tænlita ''' '' v. '' :answer
: ''' tæwitha ''' '' v. '' :rise up
: ''' tørdhøs ''' '' adj. '' :second
: ''' tørdør ''' '' num. '' :two hundred
: ''' tøte ''' '' v. '' :pour
: ''' tøøn ''' ''  '' :light
: ''' taargh ''' ''  '' :north
==V==
: ''' val ''' ''  '' :tree-trunk
: ''' valln ''' ''  '' :wick
: ''' van ''' ''  '' :shark
: ''' vand ''' ''  '' :village
: ''' vanmna ''' '' v. '' :slide
: ''' var ''' ''  '' :surface
: ''' vat ''' ''  '' :hammer
: ''' vatha ''' '' v. '' :wash dishes
: ''' vels ''' ''  '' :hazelnut
: ''' ver ''' ''  '' :
: ''' vergh ''' '' adj. '' :big
: ''' vers ''' '' adj. '' :strong
: ''' vex ''' '' pron. '' :self (reflexive)
: ''' vikio ''' '' v. '' :squirm, wriggle
: ''' vil ''' '' adj. '' :urine smell
: ''' vill ''' '' adj. '' :hot
: ''' vilpna ''' '' v. '' :run
: ''' vilsa ''' '' v. '' :polish
: ''' vilsom ''' ''  '' :blanket
: ''' vin ''' ''  '' :nobility
: ''' vin ''' '' adj. '' :afraid
: ''' vin ''' '' n. '' :fear
: ''' vina ''' '' v. '' :fear
: ''' vinn ''' ''  '' :whitewash
: ''' vintull ''' '' n. '' :monster
: ''' vmgang ''' ''  '' :job
: ''' vn ''' ''  '' :bile
: ''' vnd ''' ''  '' :waist
: ''' vndan ''' '' adj. '' :broken
: ''' vng ''' ''  '' :dipper
: ''' vnge ''' ''  '' :chalk
: ''' vnk ''' ''  '' :cup
: ''' vple ''' '' v. '' :remain
: ''' vplænd ''' ''  '' :buttocks
: ''' vpstena ''' '' v. '' :read
: ''' vpstogho ''' '' v. '' :obtain
: ''' vpstaa ''' '' v. '' :sing
: ''' vpaa ''' '' v. '' :roast
: ''' vr ''' '' adj. '' :well
: ''' vrea ''' '' v. '' :kiss
: ''' vro ''' ''  '' :now
: ''' vrto ''' '' v. '' :heal
: ''' vrtull ''' '' n. '' :healer, doctor
: ''' vræntfe ''' '' v. '' :file
: ''' vtheena ''' '' v. '' :sit side by side
: ''' vtit ''' ''  '' :gravy
: ''' vw ''' '' adj. '' :hard (blow)
: ''' væk ''' '' adj. '' :peaceful
: ''' væll ''' ''  '' :ginger
: ''' vælsk ''' ''  '' :loom
: ''' vændb ''' ''  '' :elbow
: ''' vænt ''' ''  '' :land-turtle
: ''' væp ''' '' adj. '' :hoarse
==W==
: ''' waghta ''' '' v. '' :order
: ''' wala ''' '' v. '' :squat
: ''' wall ''' ''  '' :hand
: ''' walw ''' ''  '' :in vain
: ''' wan ''' ''  '' :woman
: ''' wardh ''' ''  '' :dirt on the skin
: ''' wargha ''' '' v. '' :think
: ''' warm ''' '' adv. '' :enough
: ''' warn ''' ''  '' :hatchet
: ''' waromp ''' ''  '' :bruise
: ''' warot ''' '' adj. '' :muddy
: ''' warsn ''' ''  '' :chair
: ''' wdh ''' ''  '' :thus
: ''' weetla ''' '' v. '' :grow
: ''' weloff ''' ''  '' :dust
: ''' wenn ''' '' n. '' :eyebrow
: ''' wer ''' ''  '' :penis
: ''' werb ''' ''  '' :star
: ''' wergh ''' ''  '' :mountain
: ''' werita ''' '' v. '' :accuse
: ''' wetta ''' '' v. '' :kill
: ''' wffwo ''' '' v. '' :praise
: ''' widh ''' ''  '' :left (hand)
: ''' widhne ''' '' v. '' :desert, abandon, forsake
: ''' wiis ''' '' n. '' :place, locate
: ''' wiisgha ''' '' v. '' :place, location
: ''' wiist ''' ''  '' :dew
: ''' wijn ''' ''  '' :wine
: ''' wildr ''' ''  '' :thorn
: ''' wilpa ''' '' v. '' :feel
: ''' wina ''' '' v. '' :love
: ''' winn ''' ''  '' :mouth
: ''' winnadh ''' ''  '' :profit
: ''' wis ''' ''  '' :gall
: ''' wisa ''' ''  '' :earring
: ''' wissna ''' '' v. '' :next to
: ''' wit ''' ''  '' :road
: ''' witt ''' ''  '' :after
: ''' wld ''' ''  '' :wife
: ''' wlffrwo ''' '' v. '' :promise
: ''' wlund ''' '' n. '' :ear
: ''' wntun ''' ''  '' :mouse
: ''' wodh ''' ''  '' :tomorrow
: ''' wom ''' ''  '' :late night
: ''' woorgh ''' '' adj. '' :true
: ''' wplagha ''' '' v. '' :shelter
: ''' wæghn ''' '' adj. '' :blue
: ''' wæll ''' '' pron. '' :me - I
: ''' wællk ''' ''  '' :my
: ''' wællk ''' ''  '' :mine, my
: ''' wælwel ''' ''  '' :
: ''' wæm ''' '' prep. '' :at
: ''' wæn ''' ''  '' :bee
: ''' wæn ''' '' adj. '' :great
: ''' wængne ''' '' v. '' :stare
: ''' wæntiin ''' '' n.pl. '' :garden
: ''' wærgh ''' '' adj. '' :good
: ''' wærin ''' '' pron. '' :several
: ''' wærn ''' ''  '' :hulled corn
: ''' wærr ''' ''  '' :silver
: ''' wæærwo ''' '' v. '' :spit
: ''' wørføghe ''' '' v. '' :arrive
==Y==
: ''' yffdh ''' ''  '' :older brother
: ''' yffl ''' '' adj. '' :askew
: ''' yfft ''' ''  '' :thatch
: ''' yfftn ''' '' adj. '' :torn
: ''' yynde ''' '' v. '' :climb a mountain
: ''' yyndek ''' '' adj. '' :lonely
==Æ==
: ''' æffræk ''' '' adj. '' :straight
: ''' æll ''' ''  '' :flat
: ''' ælsk ''' '' adj. '' :free
: ''' æmpn ''' ''  '' :water
: ''' ænd ''' ''  '' :tomorrow +1
: ''' ænderr ''' ''  '' :shrimp
: ''' æng ''' '' adj. '' :curving
: ''' ær ''' ''  '' :lightning
: ''' æria ''' '' v. '' :enter
: ''' ærighto ''' '' v. '' :harrow
: ''' ærte ''' '' v. '' :endure
: ''' æt ''' '' adj. '' :uncircumcized
: ''' æwistra ''' '' v. '' :tighten
==Ø==
: ''' øbill ''' ''  '' :bull
: ''' øbrøgh ''' ''  '' :grainfield
: ''' øffn ''' ''  '' :rain shelter
: ''' øll ''' ''  '' :that, which
: ''' øpett ''' ''  '' :loom part
: ''' ør ''' '' n. '' :skull
: ''' ør ''' '' adj. '' :brave
: ''' ørgh ''' '' adj. '' :sloping
: ''' ørre ''' '' v. '' :walk
: ''' øspis ''' '' adj. '' :dirty
: ''' øssiæle ''' '' v. '' :bandage
: ''' øsægh ''' ''  '' :jar (water)
: ''' øwia ''' '' v. '' :look for
: ''' øwæmn ''' '' n. '' :kinship
: ''' øywe ''' '' v. '' :make happy, bless
: ''' øywer ''' '' adj. '' :happy
: ''' øywer ''' '' n. '' :happiness
: ''' øøll ''' ''  '' :partner
: ''' øønnde ''' '' v. '' :sink
: ''' øørdh ''' ''  '' :moss
: ''' øøte ''' '' v. '' :push</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gid</title>
    <id>1761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6514</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category Redlands saga ... oho, a missing link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An ancient city that was once home to the [[Giddite]]s. The people were a [[Cimmerian]] peoples who built the city from scratch. The city of Gid was destroyed by Dios when the Giddites made him angry. The city was occupied by various like the Essenes, Gidenes, and Gadenes the dominant political group of Giddites in the [[Redlands]].


== See also ==
 
[[Conculture]]

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Redlands</title>
    <id>1762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10791</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T00:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A once glorious place now in ruins by a plague.


See [[Gid]]

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canta</title>
    <id>1763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6199</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-08T04:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>category redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A district of the [[Redlands]] to the West of the city of [[Gid]].

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ridder</title>
    <id>1764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10790</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T00:49:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A member of the secret society of knights in [[Colonial America]] and the [[Dutch Knights Order]]. Their name came from ''ridder'' is a Dutch word for &quot;knight&quot;. Now part of the ''[[Redlands Saga]]''.

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Redlands Saga</title>
    <id>1765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6524</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T08:39:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A chain of stories written by a hidden writer in the 1600s, they tell of adventure, drama, and fantasy. 


== The Beginning ==
 
Once upon a city called [[Metro City]] that was settled in 1655 under the Dutch name ''Oud Kamperende Grond'' meaning &quot;Old Camping Ground&quot; the Dutch had to camp there as they were trying to maintain their territories. They say the Dutch were magical people who were part of a secret society called Bevrijd Denkers Vereniging meaning &quot;Free Thinkers Guild&quot; who practiced the arts of the Knights of the Old World also called Ridders van het Ouderwetse the name Ridder was a noun for a member of this group.


Once upon a colony in Delaware called [[New Netherlands]] a group of [[Dutch Knights]] called Ridders fought the Devil and his evil forces. Then one day a Ridder decided to fight Faust the Evil One who tampered with the forces of evil and his soul was damned to Hell. The Ridder who was named Jaan Van Ridderschap went to the Knickerbockers to get some weapons for the defense of the colony. Then Jaan went to New Amsterdam and purchased a bottle of holy water and a cross of Jesus.


The Knights were thought to be ancesters of the Giddite Order, and their code they written in was lost and then found. Some linked them to the German Knights who planned to fight the real witches of New England but were ousted by the English.


== The Rise of Hissler ==


[[Hissler]], the most evil person to ever live hunted the Ridders and their student. But the Ridders had a suprise party for him which they poisoned him with the most toxic tonic that was ever made. But [[Hissler]] was again sent out of Hell to finish the job but the [[Ridder]]s had God and Jesus on their side. Then Hissler saw that he was outnumbered but fought anyway with all the Darkest Power he had but was cast into his own prison as the Earth swallowed him whole.

[[Category:Redlands Saga|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dutch Knights</title>
    <id>1766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6267</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-11T06:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categ. redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An old knightly order of Dutch Knights who fought the most vile creatures of the New Colonies. They came from the Netherlands in 1605 and settled in the [[Metro City]] area in the 1630s. 

see [[Knights of the Old World]]

[[category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Knights of the Old World</title>
    <id>1767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8189</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A [[secret society]] of knights who escaped from [[Europe]] and came to America to start a new life. They how ever found a more dangerous like in [[America]] complete with dark forces that plagued the people of [[New England]] who burnt people alive thinking they were witches. [[The Ridder's Dynasty]] set some ground rules for then trials which included fair treatment for the accused people.

See [[Gid]]

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Ridder's Dynasty</title>
    <id>1768</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5395</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-04T18:37:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wytukaze</username>
        <id>42</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I guess this was intended as a redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ridder]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dutch Knights Order</title>
    <id>1769</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5394</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-04T18:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wytukaze</username>
        <id>42</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I guess this was intended as a redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dutch Knights]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Trebor</title>
    <id>1770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5330</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-16T01:20:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>64.231.141.79</ip>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm so great.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sectori</title>
    <id>1771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47712</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T21:45:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Sectori'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Nascio:'''
|| Ottobre, 1991; Torino, Carune
|-
|valign=top|'''Funzio:'''
|| Primero Ministro de Carune
|-
|valign=top|'''Lingue Naturali:'''
|| Inglese, Spagnolo, Giaponese, Greco Antiquo, Gòtico, Francese
|-
|valign=top|'''Forgialingue:'''
|| [[Carune]], [['Ukana'akau]], Inote (rifatto), [[Elbic|Hèlvica]], e d'altri.
|-
|valign=top|'''Forgialingue Che Ama:'''
|| Vrialese (disparato), Arvorec, [[Ibran]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interesse:'''
|| Forgialinguare, RPGi
|-
|valign=top|'''Più d'Informazione:'''
|| Amo molto le lingue chèltiche, e posson parlare un poco del gòtico conversazionalemente.
|}

I have been part of Ill Bethisad periodically, but I keep fading out and then I feel guilty about coming back. I'm prone to fits of activity and then prolonged disappearances.

Please keep in mind that Carune and Elbic have now been abandoned, although I may at some point return to Carune.

My computer died in March, meaning I lost the majority of my work on a revised Carune and a new and improved Old Elbic, as well as my Ibran-inspired Old Vedran, my Iberian Auvaese, and West Germanic Belmarnian. I'm currently working on recovering from that loss.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inote</title>
    <id>1772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8997</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-13T21:58:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Inote
|pronounce=/InOte/
|tu=????
|species=[[Inote (race)|Inote]]
|in=[[Nenekir]]
|no=8 million
|script=[[Inote Alphabetic Script]]
|tree=[[Keru-Inoten]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Inotic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''[[Inote]]'''
|morph=Agglutinating
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]
|date=September 2005}}
The Inote language is a simple agglutinating language. It was originally Sectori's n00blang, but underwent a major grammar revision in late April 2006.

==Phonology/Orthography==
Inote should be written with their own alphabet, untypeable. For convenience, this article will be transcribed in the Latin script.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || ({{IPA|i}}) || || || || || || || || || ({{IPA|u}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || {{IPA|ɪ}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ʊ}} || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || ({{IPA|e}}) || || || || || || || ({{IPA|o}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || ({{IPA|ə}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

The vowels enclosed in parentheses occur only word-finally. Inote is (C)V(C). However, as a rule, Inote does not allow two vowels or two consonants to come in contact in the same word. Orthographically, /{{IPA|ə}} {{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|ɪ}} {{IPA|ɔ}} {{IPA|ʊ}}/ are represented as &lt; a e i o u &gt;, as are /a e i o u/ &lt; a e i o u &gt;.

==Nominal Morphology==
Nouns agglutinate to show their case: nominative, accusative, genitive, or dative. These cases show a noun's function in a sentence. The '''nominative''' case marks the ''subject'' of a sentence, the one who completes a verb action. The '''accusative''' case marks the ''direct object'' of a sentence, the one who is acted upon by the subject. The '''dative''' case marks the ''indirect object'' of a sentence, the one for whom a verb is done. The '''genitive''' case marks ''possession''. In addition to their normal functions, the accusative and dative cases function as the objects of certain prepositions. Which case a preposition causes will be indicated in the preposition's definition.

===Noun Declension===
All nouns decline the same way: by adding one of seven suffixes to their end to mark case. Those eight suffixes are as follows:

{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ø  || -(e)n
|-
| Acc  || -(n)a  || -(a)n
|-
| Dat  || -(n)i  || -(i)n
|-
| Gen  || -(n)o  || -(o)n
|}

The vowels and '''n'''s enclosed in parentheses are to make sure that a word does not place a vowel next to a vowel or a consonant next to a consonant. Here is the declension of a sample noun: '''iner''' (''hunt'', ''cf''&lt;'''ineru''', ''to hunt'')

{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || iner-ø  || iner-en
|-
| Acc  || iner-a  || iner-an
|-
| Dat  || iner-i  || iner-in
|-
| Gen  || iner-o  || iner-on
|}
Here is the declension of a sample noun that ends in a vowel: '''nina''' (''cloud'', ''cf''&lt;'''niner''', ''far'')
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || nina-ø  || nina-n
|-
| Acc  || nina-na  || nina-n
|-
| Dat  || nina-ni  || nina-n
|-
| Gen  || nina-no  || nina-n
|}
This declension pattern is true of pronouns as well. Pronouns will be covered more later.

==Verbal Morphology==
Inote verbs, like nouns, agglutinate. As with many of Sectori's languages, Inote verbs show three moods: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. Similar to, for example, [['Ukana'akau]], Inote also shows three tenses: past, present, and future. Finally, verbs show person, number, and time of day. Yes, you read that correctly. Time of day. Inote verbs reflect whether their actions occur between sunrise and sunset or between sunset and sunrise. Inote verb infinitives end in '''-ru'''. Here is a table of verb affixes, which replace the infinitive ending.

{| border=1
| || Ind. Pres. || Ind. Past || Ind. Fut. || Subj. Pres. || Subj. Past. || Subj. Fut. || Imp. Pres.
|-
| 1Ps Day  || -runa || -rana || -rona || -runat || -ranat || -ronat || -runak
|-
| 1Ps Night  || -rune || -rane || -rone || -runet || -ranet ||-ronet || -runet
|-
| 2Ps Day  || -ruta || -rata || -rota || -rutat || -ratat || -rotat || -rutak
|-
| 2Ps Night  || -rute || -rate || -rote || -rutet || -ratet || -rotet || -rutek
|-
| 3Pm Day  || -rura || -rara || -rora || -rurat || -rarat || -rorat || -rurak
|-
| 3Pm Night  || -rure || -rare || -rore || -ruret || -raret || -roret || -rurek
|-
| 3Pf Day  || -ruka || -raka ||-roka || -rukat || -rakat || -rokat || -rukak
|-
| 3Pf Night  || -ruke || -rake || -roke || -ruket || -raket || -roket || -rukek
|-
| 3Ps Day  || -rupa || -rapa || -ropa || -rupat || -rapat || -ropat || -rupak
|-
| 3Ps Night  || -rupe || -rape || -rope || -rupet || -rapet || -ropet || -rupek
|-
| 1Pp Day  || -runan || -ranan || -ronan || -runanet || -rananet || -ronanet || -runanik
|-
| 1Pp Night  || -runen || -ranen || -ronen || -runenet || -ranenet || -ronenet || -runenik
|-
| 2Pp Day  || -rutan || -ratan || -rotan || -rutanet || -ratanet || -rotanet || -rutanik
|-
| 2Pp Night  || -ruten || -raten || -roten || -rutenet || -ratenet || -rotenet || -rutenik
|-
| 3Pp Day  || -rupan || -rapan || -ropan || -rupanet || -rapanet || -ropanet || -rupanik
|-
| 3Pp Night  || -rupen || -rapen || -ropen || -rupenet || -rapenet || -ropenet || -rupenik
|}

The key to the abbreviations may be found [[Sectori's Abbreviation Key|here]].

===Uses of the Subjunctive===
Important to know, always. The subjunctive is used, as in most of Sectori's languages, in relative clauses, or following relative pronouns or conjunctions other than ''and'' and ''or''. It also is used in sentences expressing doubt, possibility, and insecurity. So, '''per inerutat''', ''but you might hunt'', but not '''an inerutat''', ''and you might hunt''.

===Compound Tenses===
There are a number of verb constructions that can be used to make so-called &quot;compound&quot; tenses: perfect, imperfect, progressive. To form the perfect tense, you need to know how to form the past participle (also the adjective form) of a verb. The past participle is made by replacing the final -u in the infinitive with -onu.

*'''iperu'''&gt;'''iperonu'''
*'''tireru'''&gt;'''tireronu'''

Then, form the perfect tense by placing the past participle after an appropriately conjugated form of '''inuru''' (a verb in and of itself, ''to live''). The perfect is equivalent to such constructions as English ''I have run'', ''I will have lived'', and the like.

*'''inurana iperonu''': I had lived
*'''inurutat tireronu''': you might have burned

To form the imperfect and progressive tenses, you must know how to form the present participle of a verb. The present participle is formed by replacing the final -u in the infinitive with -ot.

*'''iperu'''&gt;'''iperot'''
*'''tireru'''&gt;'''tirerot'''

Then, form the imperfect tense by placing the present participle of a verb after an appropriately conjugated form of '''iperu''' (''to be''). The imperfect is similar to such English constructions as ''I am running'', ''I will be living'', and the like. Form the progressive by placing the present participle of a verb after an appropriately conjugated form of '''tanoru''' (''to go''). The progressive is equivalent to English ''I am going to run'', ''I was going to live'', and the like.

*'''iperuna iperot''': I am being
*'''tanorana tirerot''': I was going to burn

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:No Anonymous Edits</title>
    <id>1773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5366</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-19T21:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Recently this Wiki's settings were changed so that users must be logged in to edit pages.  The reasons for this are twofold:

# As a small measure against spambots
# To help distinguish vandalism from honest edits

This latter may need some explanation:  Much of the contents of this wiki are not verifiable from sources outside of their creators' minds.  If a user anonymously edits a page—perhaps deleting a large amount of text, perhaps only making a small but substantive change to material—there is little hope of discerning whether this is a) vandalism by any random person, or b) an honest reflection of a change by the creator in the item being described.  In a wiki one should ideally [[Wikipedia:WP:FAITH|Assume Good Faith]], but this is harder to do in a project where, in general, not more than a few people at a time will really be knowledgeable on a subject.

(This does not mean that Real Names™ are necessary; this is merely a call for consistent identities.) 

Hopefully this will not be an inconvenience.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:20, 19 October 2005 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Non-admin Muke</title>
    <id>1774</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5367</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-20T17:43:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Non-admin Muke</username>
        <id>49</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Muke]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Non-admin Muke</title>
    <id>1775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5380</id>
      <timestamp>2005-10-26T21:49:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Non-admin Muke</username>
        <id>49</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">test</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jirra</title>
    <id>1777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8174</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T20:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Azir]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Jirra (or swi-Jirra) is a language spoken by a population of [[Yitha]] (the [[Azir|Azirian]] equivalent of humans) who call themselves the Hyitha Jirra. The word &quot;yitha&quot; and related words (such as Chispa &quot;yieta&quot;) are derived from the Jirra word &quot;hyitha&quot; [ˈçiθa], which is pronounced &quot;yitha&quot; [ˈʝiθa] in compounds.

[[Category:Azir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaaziketti: Lexicon</title>
    <id>1778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6510</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:00:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See also: 

[[Gaaziketti]]

[[Gaaziketti: Experimental page]]

This started out as a completely random sample from the lexicon. But I've started deliberately adding some of the more useful words to it and hope to add more over time. 

Almost all morphemes are disyllabic, with a long syllable followed by a short syllable, though some very common words are monosyllabic, or even consist of only one phoneme (e.g. '''l''' meaning 'the' (singular)).

You can form compound words by juxtaposition, head word last. E.g. a '''moogimotti''' is an ant-egg. '''Kossakaidu''' means 'jeweller' - literally &quot;jewel-worker&quot;.

= Frequently used words =
=== Copula ===
*'''paa''' to be (Only used for linking two '''noun phrases''', both of which are put in the nominative. Do not use for adjectives.)

=== Demonstratives ===
*'''taa'''          that, those. N. B. you need to add a (case-inflected) article. As adjective, comes after noun, before article (rather than before the noun like most adjectives). As a pronoun, just add the article. E.g.: '''Kooba taa le''', ''that jacket'' (nom.). '''Taa le''', ''that'' (as pronoun). '''Taa ke''', ''those'' (nom.). '''Kooba taa se''', ''one of those jackets'' (nom.). 
*'''	nii	   '''	this, these. You need to add an article: same rules as for '''taa''', ''that''.

=== Postpositions ===
All govern the genitive/accusative case

*'''baa''' with, using, via, by means of.
*'''bii''' in
*'''coo''' for, for the benefit of, for the purpose of
*'''daaqi''' near, close to
*'''meepi''' like, similar to
*'''nuuta''' on
*'''zaa''' at

=== Articles ===
These are placed ''after'' their nouns, and declined for case ('''-e, -o, -ai''' for nominative, accusative/genitive, and dative, respectively.) 

*'''le, lo, lai''' the (singular)
*'''ke, ko, hai''' the (plural)
*'''se, so, sai''' (indefinite singular article)
*'''me, mo, mai''' (indefinite plural article)

= Less frequently used words =
*'''	beetu	   '''	garden
*'''	booru	   '''	to drown (intrans.)
*'''	cainu	   '''	mustard
*'''cecca''' soldier
*'''	ceeza	   '''	army
*'''cooqi''' to be silent
*'''	cuuku	   '''	wife
*'''	daubu	   '''	organ (of body)
*'''deela''' enemy
*'''	gooma	   '''	referee, umpire
*''' haiga''' movie
*'''	hauka	   '''	curtain
*'''kaidu''' worker
*'''	kauna	   '''	populace
*'''	kooba	   '''	jacket
*'''kossa''' jewel
*'''kuubu''' slave
*'''	luudi	   '''	goat
*'''	luuli	   '''	pan, frying pan
*'''mennu''' name (n.)
*'''	moogi	   '''	ant
*'''	motti	   '''	egg
*'''	naapa	   '''	cotton
*'''nauzu''' to be original
*''' paumu''' person
*'''	pauqa	   '''	sign (as in a streetsign or public notice)
*''' qassi''' to have
*'''	qeetu	   '''	mirror
*'''	qocci	   '''	beard
*'''	raalu	   '''	arrow
*'''raazu''' to criticise
*'''	raucu	   '''	wealthy, rich
*'''	riigu	   '''	scale (as in measuring device)
*'''	sombi	   '''	to run
*'''	tiicu	   '''	pig
*'''	tuuza	   '''	helmet

[[Category:Gaaziketti]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaaziketti</title>
    <id>1779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56649</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-09T13:03:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Some illustrative sentences */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See also: 

[[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]]

[[Gaaziketti: Experimental page]]

[[Taaluketti]]

= Pronunciation and orthography =

The following Roman letters are used.

'''a b c d e g h i k l m n o p q r s t u v z'''

The vowels are read approximately as in Spanish. But double vowels are pronounced long. Double consonants are pronounced double. Like Finnish.

'''q''' is pronounced like the 'ni' in 'onion'.

'''c''' is pronounced like the 'ch' is 'chair'.

'''n''' when at the ''end'' of a word (or medially immediately before 'g' or 'k') is pronounced like the 'ng' is 'song', or else is assimilated to the following consonant, as in Japanese. Elsewhere, it is pronounced like the 'n' in 'sonnet'.

'''r''' is rolled

'''ng''' is pronounced as in 'finger', not as in 'singer'.

'''ai''' is pronounced like 'eye' in 'eye'.

'''au''' is pronounced like the 'ow' in 'cow'.

Other sounds are pretty much pronounced as one would expect. But unvoiced stops are not aspirated. E.g. '''p''' is pronounced always as in 'spot', never as in 'pack'.

In a word with more than one syllable, the first syllable takes the stress.

= Sample lexicon =
I have arbitrarily picked the following words for the purposes of illustrating grammar.
See [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]] for more words. 

'''kossakaidu'''         jeweller

'''nauzu'''              to be original

'''mennu'''              name

'''raazu'''              to criticise

'''cooqi'''              to be silent

'''haiga'''              movie

'''kuubu'''               slave

'''deelu'''               enemy

'''cecca'''               soldier

'''paa'''                 to be (only for linking noun phrases)

= Grammar =
== Basic syntax ==
In Gaaziketti, just about any kind of word can modify (qualify) just about any other kind of word. Verbs, nouns and adjectives fall into essentially a single part of speech.

For example, '''kossakaidu''' means 'jeweller' -- if thought of as a noun.

But consider this one-word sentence: '''Kossakaidu.''' 

Here '''kossakaidu''' acts as a verb, meaning: 'There is/are a jeweller/ some jewellers.'

'''Kossakaidu le raazu.''' means 'The jeweller criticises (something).'

But '''raazu''', thought of as a noun, means 'criticising' (n.) or 'criticism'.

Thus &quot; '''Kossakaidu le raazu.''' &quot; can be read as 'There is criticising by the jeweller.'

Adjectives are generally treated as verbs. E.g. '''cooqi''': to be silent. For such an &quot;adjective&quot; (which is really a verb), if you want to treat it as an attributive adjective, e.g. as in 'the silent movie', then you put it like this: 'the movie which is silent'. This isn't particularly unwieldy in Gaaziketti, because there is a concise relative pronoun ('''d'''). Thus '''cooqi de haiga le''' means 'the movie which is silent'/ 'the silent movie'.

The syntax tends to be agglutinative.

=== Parsing markers ===
These markers indicate exactly what qualifies what. One must compulsorily be tacked onto the end of any morpheme ending in a vowel (or diphthong) (noting that one of these parsing markers is a null).

Gather one element, modify next element			'''(nil)'''

Gather one element, do not modify next element	        '''-s'''

Gather two elements, modify next element		'''-n'''

Gather two elements, do not modify next element	        '''-k'''

These markers work in the following way. If you've got a noun phrase, say, and it's modifying the next phrase to appear in the sentence, and its the ''only'' phrase modifying that next phrase, then you don't need to tack on any parsing marker at all - its gets the '''(nil)''' marker. But say you want noun phrase X ''not'' to modify the very next phrase in the sentence. Then you generally would tack on '''-s'''. (Although is some situations, as will be described shortly, you would tack on -k.) Now, suppose the order of phrases is XYZ. Say you want X to modify Z ''and'' you want Y to modify Z. This occurs, for example, when Z is appearing as a verb, and X and Y are its subject and object respectively. Then X gets '''-s''' and Y gets '''-n'''. The '''-s''' stops X from modifying Y; and the '''-n''' gathers two elements, viz. X and Y, and indicates that each of these gathered elements modifies the next element, Z. Suppose you've got WXYZ. You want W, X and Y each to modify Z. Then W gets '''-s''', X gets '''-k''' (which serves to &quot;gather&quot; W and X into a unit containing two phrases, both of which will end up modifying the same unit, ''without'' modifying the very ''next'' unit), and Y gets '''-n'''. Note that Z gets no marker in any of these examples, because it appears at the end of a sentence. Since there is no &quot;next&quot; element that Z could modify, there is no need to append '''-s''' to Z (and indeed it would be incorrect to do so).

=== Word order ===
SOV (usual)

or

OSV

In general, a modifier precedes what it modifies.

== Noun phrases ==
=== Articles ===
These ''follow'' the noun and are, in general, ''compulsory'', for any phrase intended to function as a noun phrase. But pronouns, of course, do not need articles.

(Syntactically speaking, the noun is thought of as &quot;modifying&quot; its article, even though semantically speaking, it seems to be the other way round. This is why the article comes at the end of the noun phrase.) 

Articles receive compulsory ''case endings''. (See below.) Nouns aren't inflected at all as such: articles indicate number and case for noun phrases. 

Sing. def. '''l'''

Pl. def. '''k'''

Sing. indef. '''s'''

Pl. indef. '''m'''

=== Case endings ===
nominative '''-e'''

accusative/ genitive '''-o'''

dative '''-ai'''

Note that these are added to articles and pronouns, but not to nouns, and not to demonstratives.

== Verbal endings ==
Verbal endings indicate aspect, tense and mood. But there is no passive voice as such; and verbs are not altered for number or person.

=== Mood ===
These come last of all.

Indicative “there is”		'''(nil)'''

Imperative (short form)	        '''-p'''

Imperative (long form) (see below)	'''-vaa'''

Infinitive			'''-ce'''

The short form of the imperative corresponds to the familiar English imperative. '''Raazup!''' means simply &quot;Criticise!&quot; The long form, however, is better translated as &quot;make there be...&quot; or &quot;let there be...&quot;. Thus '''Raazuvaa!''' means &quot;let there be criticising!&quot; It does not imply that the person the speaker is addressing is being commanded to do the criticising themselves. They are being commanded to cause that there is criticising performed by someone.

In fact, the short imperative '''Raazup''' can be regarded as concise form of '''Ve raazuvaa.''' i.e. &quot;Let there be criticising ''by you''.&quot;

=== Tense ===
These come just before the mood marker.

Present (usually ommitted) '''-nee-'''

Past (sometimes ommitted if context allows) '''-co-'''

Future '''-tau-'''

=== Aspect ===
These come just before the tense marker.

simple '''(nil)''' 

habitual '''-baa-'''

continuous '''-nii-'''

perfect '''-haa-'''

future '''-tau-''' (same as tense)

=== Examples ===
'''raazuco''', ''criticised''

'''raazuhaaco''', ''had criticised''

'''raazutauce''', ''to be going to criticise (in the future)''

'''raazup''', ''criticise!''

'''raazutauco''', ''was going to criticise''

'''raazubaaco''', ''used to criticise''

== Pronouns ==
For demonstratives, see the next section.

=== Personal pronouns ===
These are listed below in order of nom., acc., dat. forms. Possessive (genitive) forms, as attributive, precede the noun phrase, and the noun must still take the article, e.g.: '''qo haiga le''', ''my movie''; '''hos nauzun mennu ke''', ''their original names''.

1st person singular: '''qe, qo, qai'''; plural '''goqe, goqo, goqai'''.
 
2nd person singular: '''ve, vo, vai'''; plural: '''gove, govo, govai'''. 

3rd person animate singular: '''te, to, tai'''; plural: '''he, ho, hai'''.

3rd person inanim. singular: '''ze, zo, zai'''; plural: '''he, ho, hai'''.

=== Relative pronouns ===
These are quite frequently used. The relative clause precedes the modified noun. 

There are two relative pronouns. There is a concise one, which cannot handle more complicated types of construction; and there is a less concise one, which can handle complex constructions.


''The concise option'':		'''d-'''

Declined according to the modified noun's case with respect to the verb in the relative clause.

Placed directly ''after'' the relative clause's verb. The relative clause's verb is in the indicative.


''The flexible option'':		'''siim-'''

Declined according to case within relative clause.

Placed within the relative clause itself, i.e. somewhere ''before'' the relative clause's verb.

The relative clause's verb is in put into the infinitive.

== Demonstratives ==
These can serve as adjectives or as pronouns. As an (attributive) adjective, the order is: noun-demonstrative-article. The article is compulsory. As a pronoun, the construction is demonstrative-article. Again the article is compulsory.

'''taa'''          that, those 

'''	nii	   '''	this, these 

E.g.: '''kooba taa le''', ''that jacket'' (nominative); '''nii lo''', ''this'' (as pronoun, accusative); '''taa kai''', ''those'' (dative); '''Kooba nii se''', ''one of these jackets'' (nom.).

== Postpositions ==
These come after the article, which must be in the genitive/accusative case. See [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]] for more postpositions.

'''baa''' with, using, via, by means of.

'''bii''' in

'''nuuta''' on

== Some illustrative sentences ==
'''Kuubu lo deelu les cecca sen paa.'''
The slave’s enemy is a soldier.

'''Kossakaidu les haiga lo mennu lon raazu.''' 
The jeweller criticises the movie’s name.

'''Kossakaidu les siimo mennu lon raazuce haiga le nauzu.'''
The movie whose name the jeweller criticised is original.

'''Haiga lo mennu lo raazu de kossakaidu le cooqi.'''
The jeweller who criticises the movie’s name is silent.

'''Cooqi de kossakaidu les haiga lon raazu.'''
The silent jeweller critises the movie.

'''Kossakaidu les haiga lok cooqi den raazu.'''
The jeweller criticises the movie silently.
(Can be read as: &quot;There is some criticising, which is (a) by the jeweller, (b) of the movie, and (c) silent.&quot;.)

= Lexicon =
See [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]]

= Background =
I invented Gaaziketti for the fun of it. I wanted it - among other things - to have a grammar which parses unambiguously, i.e. so that you always know what qualifies what in a sentence, and furthermore so that (even ignoring the written spaces between words) it is always possible to figure out where the boundaries between morphemes are (say if you are a computer). (Basically, '''i''', '''a''' and '''u''' occur as ''single'' vowels only in the second and subsequent syllables of a morpheme, and no other vowel can occur in such a syllable.) I also wanted the grammar to be flexible and uniform, i.e. to be very ''general'', with few or no exceptions and few &quot;sub-rules&quot;. Also it had to be reasonably concise, but while being fairly easily pronounceable, having few consonant clusters, few vowels and diphthongs, and few rare consonants. Also, I wanted to minimise the number of pairs of words in the lexicon that differed only ''slightly'', i.e. I built redundancy into it, as in real languages (although the way I built it in was somewhat artificial and &quot;automatic&quot;). Also I wanted to respect as far as possible the language &quot;universals&quot; that are true of most natural languages. And I wanted easily to be able to make new words by just conjoining two existing ones. On the other hand, I didn't care about resemblance between the Gaaziketti lexicon and that of natural languages.  

Trying to reconcile all these goals was something of a challenge, but I think I've got something I'm reasonably happy with.

There is a bit more to it than what is above, incl. a (lazily auto-generated) provisional vocab of 1600 words. But I've yet to finalise a lot of the &quot;small&quot; words like personal pronouns, postpositions, conjunctions, tense-markers and so forth.

I am also (extremely slowly) developing a language called [[Taaluketti]], which shares similar goals as the above, but with a different underlying grammar.

[[Category:Gaaziketti]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gattikettu</title>
    <id>1780</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6512</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>undoubling redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Gaaziketti]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaazikettu: Lexicon</title>
    <id>1781</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5412</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-06T23:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo</username>
        <id>51</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gaazikettu: Lexicon moved to Gaaziketti: Lexicon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran sound changes</title>
    <id>1782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7210</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. ibran, categ. sound changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sound changes from [[Latin]] to [[Ibran]]. 

== Common changes ==
(Changes to Ibran-flavored [[Vulgar Latin]].)

# Word-final /m/ &amp;rarr; ∅  
#: In some function words (e.g. ''meum,'' ''iam'') this /m/ |M| &amp;rarr; /n/ |N|
# /mn/ &amp;rarr; /nn/
# Final /t/ &amp;rarr; ∅
# /h/ &amp;rarr; ∅
# /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult &amp;rarr; /j/ |I| (transcribed as |''j''|)
# V in unstressed penult &amp;rarr; ∅
# /tk/ &amp;rarr; /tʃ/ |Z|
# Word-stress vowels:
#: /aː a/ &amp;rarr; /ɑ/ |A| 
#: /e aj/ &amp;rarr; /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |''ę''|)
#: /i eː oj/ &amp;rarr; /e/ |E| (tr. |''ẹ''|)
#: /iː/ &amp;rarr; /i/ |I|
#: /o/ &amp;rarr; /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |''ǫ''|)
#: /u oː aw/ &amp;rarr; /o/ |O| (tr. |''ọ''|)
#: /uː/ &amp;rarr; /u/ |V| (tr. |''u''|)
# Unstressed vowels:
#: /aː a/ &amp;rarr; /ɑ/ |A|
#: /i eː e oj aj/ &amp;rarr; /ɛ/ |E|
#: /iː/ &amp;rarr; /i/ |I|
#: /u oː o aw/ &amp;rarr; /ɔ/ |O|
#: /uː/ &amp;rarr; /u/ |V| (tr. |''u''|)

=== Verb endings ===
Latin verbs in -ere ''generally'' merge with those in -ēre.  The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

'''Verbs in -āre (''-áre'')'''
* Present: ''-o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.''
* Imperfect: ''-á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.''
* Preterite: ''-ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.''
* Present subjunctive: ''-e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.''
* Imperfect subjunctive: ''-ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.''

'''Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (''-ẹ́re'')'''
* Pres. ''-jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.''
* Impf. ''-ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.''
* Pret. ''-i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.''
* Pr.subj. ''-a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.''
* Impf.subj. ''-ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.''

'''Verbs in -īre (''-íre'')'''
* Pres. ''-jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.''
* Impf. ''-jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.''
* Pret. ''-í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.''
* Pr.subj. ''-ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.''
* Impf.subj. ''-ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.''

== Early changes ==
# /[voiced consonant]j/ &amp;rarr; /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |''j''|)
# /[unvoiced cons.]j/ &amp;rarr; /tʃ/ |Z|
# /j/ &amp;rarr; /dʒ/ (V)_V
#: Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
# /nn nj/ &amp;rarr; /ɲ/ |NH|
# /ll lj/ &amp;rarr; /ʎ/ |LL|
# /d ɡ/ &amp;rarr; ∅  V_V
# /b/ &amp;rarr; /v/ |V| V_V
# /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ &amp;rarr; /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |''ęj''|)
# /eɛ ei/ &amp;rarr; /ej/ |EI| (tr. |''ẹj''|)
# /ɔi oi/ &amp;rarr; /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |''ǫj'' ''ọj''|)
#: These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &amp;rarr; /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+front]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &amp;rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[a]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &amp;rarr; /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+back]
# /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ &amp;rarr; /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|''gu''|) V_V
#: An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (''oblitare'' &amp;rarr; ''*obdilare'')
#: An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (''veritatem'' &amp;rarr; ''*verilade'')
# /p t k/ &amp;rarr; /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
# /f/ &amp;rarr; /v/ |V| _[r,l]
# /tt kk ss rr/ &amp;rarr; /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
# /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] &amp;rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
# /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] &amp;rarr; /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|''ae ęj ẹj oe ọj''|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
#: But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ &amp;rarr; /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/ 
#:(complicated... but basically:
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &amp;rarr; aeT aeN aeS
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &amp;rarr; eiT eiN eiS
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &amp;rarr; éiT éiN '''iSS'''
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &amp;rarr; oeT oeN oeS
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &amp;rarr; óiT óiN '''uSS''')
#:The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
#::aKT aKN aKS/aTS &amp;rarr; aTT aNN aSS
#::eKT eKN eKS/eTS &amp;rarr; eTT eNN eSS
#::iKT iKN iKS/iTS &amp;rarr; iTT iNN iSS
#::oKT oKN oKS/oTS &amp;rarr; oTT oNN oSS
#::uKT uKN uKS/uTS &amp;rarr; uTT uNN uSS
# /o u/[-stress] &amp;rarr; /a &amp;oelig;/ |A EV| (|''à eu''|) _C[V+front]
# /ɑ e o/ &amp;rarr; /a i &amp;oelig;/ |A I EV| (|''à i eu''|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
# /ɑrj erj orj/ &amp;rarr; /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
# /ɑ/ &amp;rarr; /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
# /ɛ e ɔ o/ &amp;rarr; /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
#: ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
#: uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones.  (The spelling |''uo''| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
# /f/ &amp;rarr; /h/ |''h''| _[V+round]
# final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ &amp;larr; ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
# final /ɑ/ &amp;rarr; /ə/ |''e''|
# /ɑ/ before the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |''a''|
# other vowels before the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |''e''| if not
# plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es|  (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
# initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
# /m/ &amp;rarr; /w̃/ |''ũ''| _C
# [labial,lateral] &amp;rarr; /w/ |''u''| _C
# /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ &amp;rarr; /oː/
# /ɛw ew iw/ &amp;rarr; /œː øː yː/
# /ɔw ow uw/ &amp;rarr; /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

== Later changes ==

# Nasalized vowels denasalize
# /Vn/ &amp;rarr; /V~/ finally and before consonants
# Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
# /u/ &amp;rarr; /y/
# /ʎ/ &amp;rarr; /j/ (/iʎ/ &amp;rarr; /iː/ finally or before consonants)
# /ɡl/ &amp;rarr; /lː/
# /tʃ tʃː/ &amp;rarr; /ç tʃ/
# /i/ in hiatus &amp;rarr; /ji/


'''Roesan changes'''
# /õ ã/ &amp;rarr; /ũ ɐ̃/
# syllable-initial /j/ &amp;rarr; /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ &amp;rarr; /ɟʝ cç ç/
# /s/ assimilates to following consonants 
# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ &amp;rarr; /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables 
# /w/ &amp;rarr; ∅ _[V+rounded]
# /kʲ/ &amp;rarr; /tʃ/
# /k/ &amp;rarr; /kʲ/
# /k̠/ &amp;rarr; /k/
# final stops devoice
# loss of schwa in final syllables
# loss of /h/
# /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ &amp;rarr; /ɔː aː/
# /ej ɛj/ &amp;rarr; /ɛj/
# /oj ɔj/ &amp;rarr; /œj/

'''Paysan changes'''
# /ĩ õ ỹ/ &amp;rarr; /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
# /a (ã)/ &amp;rarr; /æ (æ̃)/
# /s/ &amp;rarr; ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ &amp;rarr; /ɛC ɔC/)
# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ &amp;rarr; /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables 
# Unstressed short vowels &amp;rarr; /ə/  (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
# /kʲ/ &amp;rarr; /tʃ/
# /k̠/ &amp;rarr; /k/
# /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
# /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ &amp;rarr; /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
# /ɡ/ &amp;rarr; /x/

[[Category:Ibran]]
[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaaziketti: Experimental page</title>
    <id>1783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56213</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-26T01:52:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Taaluketti */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is for experimenting with changes to the grammar of [[Gaaziketti]].

===Infinitive and imperative constructions===
The role of the inf. and imp. moods is not clear, given that verbs are supposed to be essentially verbal nouns. Does '''raazup!''' mean ''criticise!'' or does it mean ''make there be some criticising (by someone, not nec. you)''. If it meant the second thing, one could say '''Ve raazup''' to mean ''criticise!'' 

Similar questions surround the infinitive. 

Probably a solution is to have a short inflexible form, &amp; a less compact, but more flexible alternative form (as with the relative pronoun).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Fofofo</title>
    <id>1784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48397</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-15T05:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fofofo5 and Fofofo are one and the same person.
The username &quot;Fofofo&quot; is defunct as of 15 Aug. 2009, having been replaced by &quot;Fofofo5&quot;.

=== Common words (adapted from Swadesh list) ===

= (Work in progress) =

I/me/my/mine ''qe, -o, -ai'' you/your/yours ''ve, -o, -ai'' he/she/it-animate/him/her/his/hers/its-animate ''te, -o, -ai'' we/us/our/ours ''goqe, -o, -ai'' you/your/yours-singular '''ve, -o, -ai''' you/your/yours-plural '''gove, -o, -ai''' 
	 
	they, them, their, theirs, '''he, -o, -ai''' 
	 
	this, these, '''nii''' (takes inflected article)
	 
	that, those, '''taa''' (takes inflected article)
 
	here, '''liiga''' (takes inflected article) 
	 
	there, '''cooda''' (takes inflected article)
 	 
	who, .... 
	 
	what, ... 
	 
	where, ... 
	 
	when, ... 
	 
	how, ... 
	 
	not, '''qau''' (follows indicative verb)
 	 
	all, ... 
	 
	many, ... 	
 
	some, '''me, -o, -ai''' 
	 
	few, ...
 	 
	other, ...

zero, '''celli''' 
	 
	one, ... 	
 
	two, '''gaulu''' 	
 
	three, '''liiru''' 	
 
	four, '''qendu'''
 	 
	five, '''seppu'''

six, '''tuuma'''

seven, '''niimu'''

eight, '''kaupa'''

kaati, '''nine'''

heebu, '''ten''' 
	 
	big, ...  	 
	

long 	 
	wide 	 
	thick 	 
	heavy 	 
	small 	 
	short 	 
	narrow 	 
	thin 	 
	woman 	 
	man 	 
	person 	 
	child 	 
	wife 	 
	husband 	 
	mother 	 
	father 	 
	animal ''coocu'' 	 
	fish 	 
	bird 	 
	dog 	 
	louse 	 
	snake 	 
	worm 	 
	tree 	 
	forest 	 
	stick  	 
	fruit 	 
	seed 	 
	leaf 	 
	root 	 
	bark 	 
	flower 	 
	grass 	 
	rope 	 
	skin 	 
	meat 	 
	blood 	 
	bone 	 
	fat (n.) 	 
	egg ''motti''	 
	horn 	 
	tail 	 
	feather 	 
	hair 	 
	head 	 
	ear 	 
	eye ''mombi''	 
	nose 	 
	mouth 	 
	tooth 	 
	tongue
face '' 	 
	fingernail 	 
	foot 	 
	leg 	 
	knee 	''gooti'' 
	hand 	 
	wing 	 
	belly 	 
	guts 	 
	neck 	 
	back 	 
	breast 	 
	heart 	 
	liver ''neenu'' 	 
	drink 	 
	eat 	 
	bite 	 
	suck 	 
	spit 	 
	vomit 	 
	blow 	 
	breathe 	 
	laugh 	 
	see 	 
	hear 	 
	know 	 
	think 	 
	smell 	 
	fear 	 
	sleep 	 
	live 	 
	die 	 
	kill 	 
	fight 	 
	hunt 	 
	hit 	 
	cut 	 
	split 	 
	stab 	 
	scratch 	 
	dig 	 
	swim 	 
	fly (v.) 	 
	walk 	 
	come 	 
	lie 	 
	sit 	 
	stand 	 
	turn 	 
	fall 	 
	give 	 
	hold 	 
	squeeze 	 
	rub 	 
	wash 	 
	wipe 	 
	pull 	 
	push 	 
	throw 	 
	tie 	 
	sew 	 
	count 	 
	say 	 
	sing 	 
	play 	 
	float 	 
	flow 	 
	freeze 	 
	swell 	 
	sun 	''laada'' 
	moon 	 ''naaki''
	star 	 ''taazu''
	water 	 
	rain 	 ''siina''
	river 	 
	lake 	 ''kammu''
	sea 	 ''bellu''
	salt 	 
	stone 	 
	sand 	 
	dust 	 
	earth 	 ''mallu''
	cloud 	 
	fog 	 ''qaapi''
	sky 	 
	wind 	 
	snow 	 
	ice 	 
	smoke 	 
	fire 	 
	ashes 	 
	burn 	 
	road 	 
	mountain 	 ''rotta''
	red 	 
	green 	 
	yellow 	 
	white 	 
	black 	 
	night 	 
	day 	 
	year 	 
	warm 	 
	cold 	 
	full 	 
	new 	 
	old 	 
	good 	 
	bad 	 
	rotten 	 
	dirty 	 
	straight 	 
	round 	 
	sharp 	 
	dull 	 
	smooth 	 
	wet 	 
	dry 	 
	correct 	 
	near 	 
	far 	 
	right 	 
	left 	 
	at 	 
	in 	 
	with 	 
	and 	 
	if 	 
	because 	 
	name</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Swadesh list for Ibran</title>
    <id>1785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5555</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-21T22:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Recovery of processes */ ill / ij ✔</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Recovery of processes ==
I found that I didn't have all my Ibran sound change rules annotated—just the old Ibran stage, after which everything is incomplete.  So I'm going to try and recover the rules &amp; fix any mistakes working from my old notes and this page, which was somewhat updated from them.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:28, 9 November 2005 (PST)

'''I''' (ego)
* Old Ibran: ''ye'' [ˈjɛ] ✔
* Roesan: ''ye'' [ˈʝɛ] ✔ (ё) 
* Paysan: ''ye'' [ˈjɛ] ✔

'''thou''' (tu)
* Old Ibran: ''tu'' [ˈtu] ✔
* Roesan: ''tu'' [ˈty] ✔ (тү) 
* Paysan: ''tu'' [ˈty] ✔

'''he''' (illum)
* Old Ibran: ''ill'' [ˈiʎ] ✔
* Roesan: ''ill'' [ˈiː] ✔ (ī)
* Paysan: ''ij'' [ˈiː] ✔

'''we''' (nosalteros)
* Old Ibran: ''nosautres'' [nɔˈzoːtrəs]
* Roesan: ''nosautrs'' [nɔˈzoːtrs] (нозѡ̄търс)
* Paysan: ''nosautrăs'' [nəˈzoːtrəs]

'''you''' (vosalteros)
* Old Ibran: ''vosautres'' [vɔˈzoːtrəs]
* Roesan: ''vosautrs'' [vɔˈzoːtrs] (возѡ̄търс)
* Ibran: ''vosautrăs'' [vəˈzoːtrəs]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Matsu</title>
    <id>1786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6060</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T22:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsu</username>
        <id>52</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;h1&gt;So. Hu em aí?&lt;/h1&gt;

Ðät íz é güd kwestšín. Aí em é studínt év sevèrèl lëŋgwídžíz (Lätín, Späníšh, Džèrmín), bét kèríntli em onli fluínt ín wén (Iŋglíš). Aí häv kriëtíd onli wén kanlëŋ bifor, &quot;Matsui&quot;. Kanlëŋz änd kankéltšèrz fäsínët mi äs é wë tu madèl sosaíjíti änd ðé wèrèld tu é mor plezent tun ðän wét ðé kèrínt wèrèld simz tu afèr.

&lt;h1&gt;So jor ë kanlëŋgír. Eniþiŋ els?&lt;/h1&gt;

Bét év kors. Aí lív ív Erízoné (Arisona ín Späníš) änd äm wén év ðé tap äkédemík pèrformèrz an maí kämpés. Haüevèr, wen ít kémz tu eniþiŋ ekstrékèríkjulèr - sétš äz wèrkiŋ an maí kanlëŋ, aí bikém ekstrimli lëzi wítš íz waí aí'd prifèr íf aí häd sevèrèl pipèl tu wèrk wíþh mi an divelépiŋ maí leksíkan. Ít'd bi íntèrestiŋ tu si wét éðèr ínfluensíz aí küd émäs ðät wë.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ language</title>
    <id>1787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54277</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-24T10:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsuzuma</username>
        <id>1389</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

The '''Nordaþ''' language (Nordaþ: ''Nordaþïsk'') is a [[Germanic]] language spoken in [[Terra Matsu]], and parts of [[Kart-Hadašt]] and [[Mitsujiya]]. There are about 4 billion speakers, most of which live in Terra Matsu. Nordaþ is related to [[Kythish]], a language Germanic in origin. These languages borrow from each other sparsely.

== Geographic distribution ==
Nordaþ is spoken primarily in Terra Matsu, in half of Mitsujiya, and in a quarter of Kart-Hadašt. Nordaþ is also spoken on the extreme western edges of Kythe. [[Säämiki]] has its own set of Nordaþ dialects within its small territories. In the places that do speak Nordaþ there, most master the standard dialect.

== History ==
Nordaþ arrived with several stranded ships carrying Germanic-speaking peoples. No records exist of the language before it was in its current state at the time. However, Nordaþ soon developed many dialects as the populace began to grow and the people parted, often being separated by deep forests, rivers, and large mountains.

During the formation of the Matsui Empire, literature began to boom. As the Empire encountered the Säämi peoples to the north, the small empire assimilated their concept of vowel harmony. However, only the northern parts of the empire had began to assimilate it. This disunification increased the difficulty in authors' striving to write works that were comprehensible within the majority of the nation. Writers were the sole power in unifying the language as they worked to produce titles understandable in the widest area possible. Most writers of the time adopted vowel harmony, which eventually was fully integrated into every part of the growing land.

As the empire's influence grew, this gradual standardisation became quicker. Children began being educated in the standard dialect and not in their local dialect. Gradually, the dialects of major cities and many regions dissolved, and eventually, so too did the more rural and obscure dialects. As the language unified, the grammar solidified. Nordaþ shifted into a pro-drop language and became more inflectional. The production of the Nordaþ Dictionary marked the first official lingual resource for the language and marked the begining of modern Nordaþ. Before the empire dissolved, a spelling reform was instituted to correct the difference in the spelling system of Nordaþ, which then reflected Late Old Nordaþ, to properly reflect modern Nordaþ. This reform ushered in the completion of the maturity of Nordaþ.

== Writing system/Phonology ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|Nordaþ language
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

Nordaþ is written using a variant of the Latin alphabet, and has a phonemic orthography - pronunciation can be exactly determined from the written language. Nordaþ's alphabet omits a few letters from the Latin alphabet. Accented letters (''äëï'') are considered separate letters in Nordaþ. Nordaþ's alphabet includes the following:

&lt;code&gt;a ä b d ð e ë f g h i ï j k l m n o p r s š t þ u ü v w y z ž&lt;/code&gt;

An extra letter, 'ü', exists only in the diphthong 'aü'. It has the sound value of '{{IPA|ʊ}}'.

Additionally, the Nordaþ language can optionally be written in the Cyrillic alphabet to which there is a one-to-one correspondence. However, usage of the Cyrillic alphabet with the language isn't officially sanctioned.

&lt;code&gt;а ӑ б д џ е є ф г х и й ј к л м н о п р с ш т ц у ӳ в ү ў з ж&lt;/code&gt;

Stress falls on the penultima in Nordaþ, unless the final syllable or prepenultima has a double vowel. However, words with only one syllable have no stress.

''See [[Nordaþ phonology]] for a table including Nordaþ's alphabet and IPA equivalents''

== Grammar ==

:''See the main article [[Nordaþ grammar]]''
Nordaþ is a highly inflected language, with over a hundred verb forms and over thirty noun declensions.

Syntax is largely unbounded, although an idea to be stressed will often be put in the beginning of the sentence.

''See also [[Nordaþ lexicon]]''

=== Noun Inflection ===
Nordaþ nouns inflect into:
*One of two numbers: singular, plural
*49 cases/postpositional attachments

Nordaþ forms left-branching noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second. Unlike English, which uses a space between the modifying noun and the second noun, Nordaþ merges the words. Vowel harmony is only recognised within the individual nouns and no changes must be made to the entire compound for harmony. Nordaþ allows for arbitrarily long compounds.

=== Verb inflection ===
All Nordaþ verbs are 'weak'. Thus, there are no irregular verbs within the language. Additionally, all verbs inflect:
* By nine pronouns
* Into five moods: Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Passive, and Imperative
* By three aspects: Perfect, imperfect, and progressive

== Cognates with [[English]] ==
{|
|-
! '''Nordaþ word'''
!  English cognate
|-
|ädeese || address
|-
|alas || all
|-
|baaþ || bath
|-
|blasos || blaze
|-
|kaltïs || cold
|-
|laiþra || ladder
|-
|lipäs || lip
|-
|netä || net
|-
|renes || rain
|-
|sunþa || south
|-
|watras || water
|-
|}

== Name order ==
Nordaþ uses uses the &quot;eastern&quot; name order, wherein the family name comes before the surname. Unlike many languages, these words are declined regularly - that is to say, the family name is given the appropriate noun suffix, and the surname is given the adjective suffix. Referring to someone by their given name is considered inappropriate unless the person speaking is both talking specifically to  the person they are referring to, and even then only if they are close friends (or in any relationship more intimate). In that case, the given name is declined as a noun instead of an adjective.

== Examples ==
* Nordaþan (person): ''Nordaþvame'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[noɹ.daθ.ˈva.mɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Nordaþ (language): ''Nordaþïsk'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[noɹ.ˈdaθ.ɪsk]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* hello: ''halo'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈha.lo]&lt;/nowiki&gt; (used formally and casually)
* hey: ''haaj'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[haːj]&lt;/nowiki&gt; (used intimately)
* goodbye: ''näkemi'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[næ.ˈkɛ.mɪ]&lt;/nowiki&gt; (used formal/casual)
* bye: ''djaa'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[djaː]&lt;/nowiki&gt; (used intimately)
* please: ''beles'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈbɛ.lɛs]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* I would like ___, please: ''Wyle ___, betles'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[wy.ˈlɛ ___, ˈbɛ.lɛs]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* sorry: ''lene änsyes'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈlɛ.nɛ æn.ˈsy.ɛs]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* thank you: ''danke su-tei'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈdan.kɛ ˈsu.tɛ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* that/this: ''þes'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[θɛs]&lt;/nowiki&gt; ''þäs'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[θæs]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* how much?: ''kases taku?'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈka.sɛs ˈta.ku]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* how much does it cost?: ''kases taku-tei djyriþe?'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈka.sɛs ˈta.ku.tɛ.i djy.ˈri.θɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* yes: ''ja'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ja]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* no: ''nej'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈnɛj]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* I don't understand: ''nan alsate'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[nan al.ˈsa.te]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* where's the bathroom?: ''vesa lene kas-äeti?'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈvɛ.sa ˈlɛ.nɛ ˈkas.æ.ɛ.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* juice: ''sab'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[sab]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* water: ''watra'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈwa.tɾa]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* tea: ''të'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[te]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* milk: ''melk'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[mɛlk]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Do you speak English?: ''þykje Inglïndïsk-tei?'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈθyk.jɛ in.ˈɡlɪnd.ɪsk.tɛ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* I love you: ''su-tei libe'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈsu.te.i ˈli.bɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* I love you (platonic or otherwise): ''su-tei liepe'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈsu.te.i li.ˈɛ.pɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* help!: ''redekäse!'' &lt;nowiki&gt;[ɾɛ.dɛ.ˈkæ.sɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=== Numbers ===
These numbers listed have been declined as nouns in the nominative case. A comma used here is to be considered a decimal point, and a period to be considered a hundreds divider.

* 0: niili &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈniː.li]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ,0001: milenþäi &lt;nowiki&gt;[mi.lɛn.ˈθæ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ,001: daüsneþäi &lt;nowiki&gt;[daʊs.nɛ.ˈθæ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ,01: hyntþäi &lt;nowiki&gt;[hyn.ˈθæ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* ,1: däksþäi &lt;nowiki&gt;[de.ˈkæːs.θæ.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 1: sëëme &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈseː.mɛ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 2: doi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈdo.i]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 3: tresi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈtɾɛ.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 4: käesi &lt;nowiki&gt;[kæ.ˈɛ.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 5: penki &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈpɛn.ˈki]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 6: skesi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈskɛ.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 7: septi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈsɛp.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 8: okti &lt;nowiki&gt;[ok.ˈti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 9: nääsi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈnæːsi]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 10: däksi &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈdæk.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 11: sëëmeondäksi &lt;nowiki&gt;[seː.mɛ.on.ˈdæk.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 12: doiondäksi &lt;nowiki&gt;[do.i.on.ˈdæk.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 20: doesdäksi &lt;nowiki&gt;[do.ɛs.ˈdæk.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 21: sëëmeondoiesdäksi &lt;nowiki&gt;[seː.mɛ.on.do.i.ɛs.ˈdæk.si]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 100: hynti &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈhyn.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 101: sëëmeonhynti &lt;nowiki&gt;[seː.mɛ.on.ˈhyn.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 110: däksionhynti &lt;nowiki&gt;[dæk.si.on.ˈhyn.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 111: sëëmeondäksionhynti &lt;nowiki&gt;[seː.mɛ.on.dæk.si.on.ˈhyn.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 200: doeshynti &lt;nowiki&gt;[do.ɛs.ˈhyn.ti]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 1.000: daüsni &lt;nowiki&gt;[ˈdaʊs.ni]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 10.000: däksesdaüsni &lt;nowiki&gt;[dæk.sɛs.ˈdaʊs.ni]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 100.000: hyntesdaüsni &lt;nowiki&gt;[hyn.tɛs.ˈdaʊs.ni ]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* 1.000.000: mileni &lt;nowiki&gt;[mi.ˈlɛ.ni]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=== Translations ===
==== Rights during arrest ====

Mäg ei-pidätäi su-tei ___frymi, alsate su? Su habe þe oïku-tei paveä ja käskä asnaja-tei vivyty-änmi. Si su nan kune laïsä ne palvelu-tei asnaja-isi, ne asnaja estat-isi feber-gebe su-aivi kustanu-änmi, alsate su? Su nan vevoïtes sakä jene-tei, ava se su keuse kivä jene-tei su sake se fe-kane käytä gerektrym-inäni tödit-geki, alsate su?

I am arresting you for ___, do you understand? You have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay. If you cannot afford the services of a lawyer, a lawyer from the State will be provided for you without charge. Do you understand? You are not obliged to say anything, but if you choose to do so anything you say may be used in court as evidence. Do you understand?

[[Category:Nordaþ|*]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ phonology</title>
    <id>1788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9337</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article deals with representing the graphemes and their phonetic values in the [[Nordaþ language]].

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
'''Phonology'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Vowels ==
The following table represents Nordaþ vowels and diphthongs. It also reveals vowel placements (back/front/middle).

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Grapheme/Diphthong
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|IPA Value
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Middle-Vowel
|-
|a||&lt;nowiki&gt;a/ɑ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||+||-||-
|-
|aï||&lt;nowiki&gt;aɪ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||-||+
|-
|ä||æ||-||+||-
|-
|aü||&lt;nowiki&gt;aʊ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||-||+
|-
|e||&lt;nowiki&gt;ɛ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||+||-
|-
|ë||&lt;nowiki&gt;e/ɛɪ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||+||-
|-
|i||i||-||+||-
|-
|ï||&lt;nowiki&gt;ɪ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||-||+
|-
|o||&lt;nowiki&gt;o/ɔ/əʊ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||+||-||-
|-
|oï||&lt;nowiki&gt;ɔɪ&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||-||+
|-
|u||u||+||-||-
|-
|y||&lt;nowiki&gt;y&lt;/nowiki&gt;||-||+||-
|}

== Consonants ==
This table deals with the graphemes and IPA realisations of the graphemes. Unlike with vowels, there are no front, back, or middle consonants realised.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Grapheme
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|IPA Value
|-
|b||&lt;nowiki&gt;b/β&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|d||d
|-
|f||f
|-
|g||g
|-
|h||h
|-
|j||&lt;nowiki&gt;j&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|k||k
|-
|l||&lt;nowiki&gt;l/ɫ&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|m||&lt;nowiki&gt;m/ɱ&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|n||&lt;nowiki&gt;n&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|ng||&lt;nowiki&gt;ŋ&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|p||p
|-
|r||&lt;nowiki&gt;ɾ (ɹ&lt;/nowiki&gt; is used following short vowels and at the end of syllables which are not followed by a vowel&lt;br /&gt;
sound. If they are and the proceeding sound to the 'r' is a long/middle vowel, then ɾ is used instead)
|-
|s||s
|-
|š||&lt;nowiki&gt;ʃ&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|t||t
|-
|þ||&lt;nowiki&gt;θ/ð&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|v||v
|-
|w||w
|-
|z||z
|-
|ž||&lt;nowiki&gt;ʒ&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Writing system of Nordaþ</title>
    <id>1789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5800</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-29T04:12:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsu</username>
        <id>52</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alphabet */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article deals with the alphabet, punctuation and orthographic rules of the [[Nordaþ language]]. For detailed information on the pronunciation not found here, see also [[Nordaþ phonology]].

== Alphabet ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Writing system'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Names of the Letters ===
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Modern letter names
|-
| style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | A || style=&quot;width: 11em;&quot; | '''aï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈa.ɪ/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | Ï || style=&quot;width: 11em;&quot; | '''i bïdonmïdïï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/i bɪ.don.mɪ.ˈdɪː/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| style=&quot;width:1.5em;&quot; | Š || style=&quot;width: 11em;&quot; | '''šei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˌʃɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| Ä || '''aï bïdonmïdïï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈa.ɪ bɪ.don.mɪ.ˈdɪː/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| J || '''jei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈjɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| T || '''tei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈtɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| B || '''bei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈbe.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| K || '''kei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈkɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Þ || '''þei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈθɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| D || '''dei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈdɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| L || '''lei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈlɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| U || '''uï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈu.ɪ/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| E || '''ei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| M || '''mei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈmɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| V || '''vei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈvɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| Ë || '''ei bïdonmïdïï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈˌɛ.i bɪ.don.mɪ.ˈdɪː/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| N || '''nei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈnɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| W || '''wei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈwɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| F || '''fei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈfɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| O || '''oï''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈo.ɪ/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Y || '''yi''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈy.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| G || '''gei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈɡɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| P || '''pei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈpɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Z || '''zei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈzɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| H || '''hei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈhɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| R || '''rei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈɾɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| Ž || '''žei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈʒɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| I || '''ii''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/iː/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| S || '''sei''' &lt;nowiki&gt;/ˈsɛ.i/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}

== Punctuation ==
While Nordaþ uses standard sentence endings, Nordaþ uses quotation marks in a different manner than English. ''‚'' and ''‘'' are used to begin initial quotes. ''„'' and ''“'' are used for quotes within quotes.

== Stress ==
Nordaþ words are stressed in the penultima, typically. However, if the word ends in a doubled vowel, then the ultima receives the stress. Compounded words are stressed as if each word within were a separate word.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ noun cases</title>
    <id>1790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54171</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-16T23:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsuzuma</username>
        <id>1389</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eliminated vocative, finished examples for the named cases</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

[[Nordaþ language|Nordaþ]] uses 50 different noun inflections. There are 22 cases named in English - the rest are formed with affixed postpositions. As how in English prepositions can become adverbs, so too can affixed postpositions in Nordaþ. The singular neuter form is always taken and the suffix &quot;lis&quot; is attached to it. As an adverb, it stands alone.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br/&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br/&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br/&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br/&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br/&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br/&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br/&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br/&gt;
|}

== Named cases ==
There are 31 named cases in Nordaþ. This section describes them in detail as well as gives samples.

=== Abessive ===
The abessive case marks &quot;without&quot;. It is the opposite of the comitative/sociative case. It is applied as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''änmi''||Mäg nän kyne su-änmi leibän.
|-
|||I can't live without you.
|}

=== Ablative ===
The ablative case marks &quot;from off of&quot; or &quot;away from&quot;. It is applied as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''älti''||Hus-älti de-drive þe ilkarapaan.
|-
|||The car drove away from the house.
|}

=== Accusative ===
The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. If there is a preceeding ï in front of this suffix, it is eliminated (but only for the back-vowel form). It is applied as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''tei''||Mäg äte Krysli-tei.
|-
|||I eat Krysli.
|}

=== Addesive ===
The addessive case replaces the preposition &quot;on&quot;. It is applied as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''äni''||E lene þe käütš-äni.
|-
|||It's on the couch.
|}

=== Allative ===
The allative case replaces in many languages what is the preposition for &quot;onto&quot;. It is attached to the noun as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''änti''||Þe käütš-änti þe kägi-tei re-pyte, betlis.
|-
|||Please put the keys on the couch.
|}

=== Causal ===
The causal case marks &quot;because of&quot;. If there is a preceeding 'f' in front of this suffix, that letter will be dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''frymi''||Þes lene allis su-frymi.
|-
|||This is all because of you.
|}

=== Causal-Final ===
The causal-final case marks &quot;for&quot; or &quot;in order to have a&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''änsi''||De-lainate raha-tei ne hus-änsi.
|-
|||I borrowed money for a house.
|}

=== Comitative/Sociative ===
The comitative/sociative case replaces &quot;with&quot;. It is the opposite of the abessive case.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''midi''||Þe ilkarapaan lene klangsystem-midi fe-salje. 
|-
|||The car is sold with a sound system.
|}

=== Dative ===
This case replaces the &quot;to the&quot; (direction) prepositional phrase.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''äti''||Re-gehe iei þe hus-äti järvu-äeti.
|-
|||Let's go to the lake house.
|}

=== Distributive ===
The distributive case is the equivalent of English's &quot;per&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''peri''||E lene penkesi euro-peri.
|-
|||It's five for a Euro.
|}


=== Elative ===
Elative replaces the &quot;out of&quot; prepositional phrase in English. It is used as follows:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''esvi''||Hus-esvi de-rääne lä.
|-
|||He walked out of the house.
|}

=== Essive ===
The essive case marks &quot;as the&quot;, a temporary state of being.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''ivi''||Kilt-ivi me-ride þe bus-tai.
|-
|||As a child, I rode the bus.
|}

=== Genitive ===
The genitive case marks possession. In English, it is usually &quot;'s&quot; or &quot;of the&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''isi''||Mäg-isi lene!
|-
|||It's mine!
|}

=== Illative ===
The illative case replaces &quot;into&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''ämi''||Lä gehei þe tunele-ämi Kyväni-Mjot, lopu.
|-
|||He's going into the Kyväni-Mjot tunnel, over.
|}

=== Inessive ===
The inessive case marks &quot;inside of&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''inäni''||Þe gerektrym-inäni lene þe kilt.
|-
|||The child is in the courtroom.
|}

=== Instrumental ===
The instrumental case marks &quot;by means of&quot;. This is not to be confused with &quot;via&quot;, which means &quot;by way of&quot;.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''þairi''||Gehe luda-ändi bylgang-þairi.
|-
|||I go to school by subway.
|}

=== Lative ===
The lative case is used where English would use &quot;towards&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''ändi''||Re-gehe nän lukta-ändi!
|-
|||Don't walk towards the light!
|}

=== Locative ===
The locative case is used where English would use &quot;at&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''äeti''||Mäges libliest kafeïkyf lene 99-äeti ja H-äeti.
|-
|||My favourite coffee shop is at 99th and H.
|}

=== Nominative ===
The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.

The nominative case is unmarked; however, nouns in the nominative often end in -e.

=== Prolative ===
The prolative case is used for &quot;via&quot; - by way of.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''vii''||Mäg sekle veklis Stukse Flus-vii.
|-
|||I'm sailing away on the River Styx.
|}

=== Prosecutive ===
The prosecutive case marks &quot;along&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Postposition
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Example
|-
|''yti''||Mäg ja lä bortwek-yti de-rääne.
|-
|||She and I walked along the boardwalk.
|}

== Postpositions ==
The untitled inflections are self-explanatory. They replace postpositions.

=== About ===
About is not used for &quot;near&quot;, but as a descriptor.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''bï''||''be''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''bïa''||''biä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''bïï''||''bi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''bïn''||''ben''
|}

=== Above ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ubï''||''ybe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''uba''||''ybä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ubïï''||''ybi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ubïn''||''yben''
|}

=== Across ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''apï''||''äpe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''apa''||''äpä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''apïï''||''äpi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''apïn''||''äpen''
|}

=== After ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''avï''||''äve''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ava''||''ävä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''avïï''||''ävi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''avïn''||''även''
|}

=== Against ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''agï''||''äge''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''aga''||''ägä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''agïï''||''ägi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''agïn''||''ägen''
|}

=== Among ===
Preceeding m's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''mangï''||''mänge''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''manga''||''mängä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''mangïï''||''mängi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''mangïn''||''mängen''
|}

=== Around ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''unbï''||''ynbe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''unba''||''ynbä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''unbïï''||''ynbi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''unbïn''||''ynben''
|}

=== As ===
In the condition or role of. Preceeding g's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''gïkï''||''geke''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''gïka''||''gekä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''gïkïï''||''geki''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''gïkïn''||''geken''
|}

=== Before ===
Preceeding in time.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''airï''||''aire''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''aira''||''airä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''airïï''||''airi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''airïn''||''airen''
|}

=== Below ===
Preceeding d's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''dïþï''||''deþe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''dïþa''||''deþä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''dïþïï''||''deþi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''dïþïn''||''deþen''
|}

=== Beneath ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''afï''||''äfe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''afa''||''äfä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''afïï''||''äfi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''afïn''||''äfen''
|}

=== Beside ===
Preceeding n's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''nïkï''||''nike''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''nïka''||''nikä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''nïkïï''||''niki''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''nïkïn''||''niken''
|}

=== Between ===
Preceeding t's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''tïkï''||''tike''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''tïka''||''tikä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''tïkïï''||''tiki''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''tïkïn''||''tiken''
|}

=== Beyond ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïþï''||''iþe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïþa''||''iþä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïþïï''||''iþi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïþïn''||''iþen''
|}

=== Despite ===
Preceeding b's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''baidï''||''baide''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''baida''||''baidä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''baidïï''||''baidi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''baidïn''||''baiden''
|}

=== During ===
Preceeding m's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''mïþï''||''mïþe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''mïþa''||''mïþä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''mïþïï''||''mïþi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''mïþïn''||''mïþen''
|}

=== For ===
Intended for.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''aivï''||''aive''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''aiva''||''aivä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''aivïï''||''aivi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''aivïn''||''aiven''
|}

=== For ===
On behalf of, concerning, or representing.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''jïnï''||''jene''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''jïna''||''jenä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''jïnïï''||''jeni''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''jïnïn''||''jenen''
|}

=== For ===
In favour of.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''unï''||''yne''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''una''||''ynä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''unïï''||''yni''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''unïn''||''ynen''
|}

=== For ===
Because of.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''danï''||''däne''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''dana''||''dänä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''danïï''||''däni''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''danïn''||''dänen''
|}

=== For ===
In exchange for. Preceeding p's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''prï''||''pre''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''pra''||''prä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''prïï''||''pri''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''prïn''||''pren''
|}

=== For ===
Indicating distance.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïkï''||''ïke''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïka''||''ïkä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïkïï''||''ïki''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïkïn''||''ïken''
|}

=== From ===
Preceeding f's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''famï''||''fäme''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''fama''||''fämä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''famïï''||''fämi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''famïn''||''fämen''
|}

=== Outside ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''asï''||''äse''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''asa''||''äsä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''asïï''||''äsi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''asïn''||''äsen''
|}

=== Over ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''ïvï''||''ive''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''ïva''||''ivä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''ïvïï''||''ivi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''ïvïn''||''iven''
|}

=== Unlike ===
Preceeding v's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''vïrï''||''vere''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''vïra''||''virä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''vïrïï''||''viri''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''vïrïn''||''viren''
|}

=== Until ===
Preceeding v's are dropped.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''untï''||''ynte''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''unta''||''yntä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''untïï''||''ynti''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''untïn''||''ynten''
|}

=== Up ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Gender/Number
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Back-Vowel
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Front-Vowel
|-
|Singular Feminine||''abï''||''äbe''
|-
|Singular Masculine||''aba''||''äbä''
|-
|Singular Neuter||''abïï''||''äbi''
|-
|Plural (Neuter)||''abïn''||''äben''
|}

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ grammar</title>
    <id>1791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9328</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category Nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The order of words in a sentence are not determined by individual word functions but instead are largely free. However, if a word is to be stressed, it is put at the beginning of the sentence and stressed harder than normally.

Nordaþ is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language synthetic language], and is undefinable further as an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language agglutinative] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language fusional] language as it exhibits signs of both. In language, agglutination is where there are several &quot;chunks&quot; - affixes which come together at the end of a word to give it meaning. Such languages include [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language Turkish], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_language Nahuatl] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language Japanese]. Fusional languages, however, only use one affix to give meanings. These affixes carry more than one meaning, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language Spanish] ''com'''í''''', wherein '''''í''''' carries the meanings of indicative mood, past tense, first person singular subject and perfect aspect.

''See also [[Nordaþ wordhoard]]''

== Vowel Harmony ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Grammar'''&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

Nordaþ is unique from all other Germanic (and PIE) languages in the fact that it has vowel harmony. Vowel harmony was inherited from a neighbouring language when the language was young - Proto-Säämi. In Nordaþ, there are three types of vowels: Front (''ä, e, ë, i, y''), middle (''ï, ai, äu, oi''), and back (''a, o, u''). Front vowels cannot under any circumstance appear with a back vowel, though they can appear with each other and middle vowels (same for back vowels). Affixes to words in Nordaþ must also follow vowel harmony according to the word they are inflecting. Affixes will have either front/neutral forms, or neutral/back forms. It is improper for a front-vowel word to take a middle affix if it could take a front affix instead - the same is true of back-vowelled words. However, a word with all middle vowels will take a front-vowel affix.

== Nouns ==
Nouns are given their function by suffixes attached to the stem, of which 22 cases and 27 &quot;prepositional cases&quot; are used to give the stem its noun role. Other suffixes, however, attach to the stem before the main case suffixes - these are used to indicate such things as the one which does the act, the one which receives the act, etc. For example:

''dekäsdeeri'' (The helper) vs. ''dekäseneri'' (A helper), ''dekäsdenäi'' (The helped) vs. ''dekäsenäi'' (A helped), and ''dekäsdei'' (The help).

Prefixes are additionally added to convey extra meaning, such as &quot;self-&quot; or &quot;mis-&quot;. For example:

:''mïswaktjanï''
:mis observation-(nominative)
:misobservation

As another example:

:''ilkäelewäräneren''
:self password-(performer noun)-(nominative plural)
:self-passworders

Nordaþ nouns are used for the same purposes as English nouns, that is, they represent both concrete ideas and abstract ones. Like English, there are countable and uncountable nouns. Like English, Nordaþ pluralises nouns when necessary. Unlike English, however, Nordaþ has three noun genders: Masculine, feminine, and neuter. Most nouns take on the neuter ending. The only ones that don't are animate objects which actually take gender and inanimate objects strongly assosciated with something of a particular gender. However, such words are few as Nordaþ peoples don't tend to wear gender-specific clothing (if they're actually wearing clothing at all).


''See also [[Nordaþ noun cases]] and [[Nordaþ affixes]]''

== Verbs ==
Nordaþ verbs can take on a maximum of 180 conjugations. Verbs conjugate by pronoun and tense/aspect/mood. Subjects of verbs are always omitted as the verb inflection carries this information. Like nouns, verbs can take on prefix modifiers to indicate, for example, in what fashion actions are completed. For example:

:''mïsdeasmïganþ''
:mis understand-(indicative past)
:he misunderstood

''See also [[Nordaþ verbs]]''

== Adverbs ==
Adverbs follow the same pattern of word order that adjectives do. They follow the verb they modify unless the adverb is being stressed. Adverbs always carry their suffix, and are never declined any differently.

== Adjectives ==
:''Main article: [[Nordaþ adjectives]]''
Adjectives follow the noun they describe. Unlike in Latin, adjectives are not declined to match the noun, adjective, or adverb they describe. Instead, they are declined merely according to the comparitive/superlative/regular standard. However, adjectives don't always come after the noun they describe. This exception is permissable when the adjective is being stressed, such as &quot;a green lawn&quot; vs. &quot;a blue lawn&quot; or something of that sort. This reminds of the case with general word order in Nordaþ wherein the word being most stressed in the sentence will come first with appropriate emphasis on the spoken word.

Additionally, Nordaþ allows nouns acting as adjectives to be merged with the noun. They attach in front of the noun, unlike standard adjective behaviour. In English, these words are typically written in structures like this:

&lt;code&gt; the-paragraph-of-descriptions-about-equality &lt;/code&gt;

(This particular word, however, would be written something like &quot;the equality descriptions paragraph&quot; in Nordaþ. Not all clusters of words will drop their prepositions and conjunctions etc.)

They are also written as standard compound words in English, such as &quot;Freedom killer&quot;. Additionally, they are sometimes written as &quot;creator of love&quot;.

Unlike in Rejistanian, ordinals are regular. They are declined according to the adjectival guideline (or adverbal).

Comparison in Nordaþ is simple. Since &quot;than&quot; is considered a noun case, its suffix is appended to the root of the noun. &quot;Less&quot; and &quot;more&quot; are considered nouns when following a verb such as &quot;to have&quot; or &quot;to be&quot;, but adverbs when following another noun in English, such as &quot;years&quot;, and are declined as direct objects. Such words as &quot;much/many&quot; and &quot;by far&quot; are treated as standard adjectives and modify the less/more noun/adverb.

For example:

:''Häbiene minieiti jerämynen oktosïs altaïsïï.''
:I have less than eight years of age.

:''Häbiene minilës jerämeiti oktosïs altaïsïï hiynen.'' 
:I have eight years age less than he has.

:''Häbiene mäzereiti manïgïs ïlkaraapanïrunïn dekääses.''
:I have many more than ten automobiles.

== Determiners ==
:''Main article: [[Nordaþ determiners]]''
Determiners function in the same way as adjectives with the exception of possessive adjectives. Declining possessive adjectives in the manner of adjectives is considered uneducated.

== Pronouns ==
:''Main article: [[Nordaþ pronouns]]''
Nordaþ has several pronouns that are all declined like regular nouns.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Pronoun
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Prynäuvi
|-
|I/We (inc)||''Ik''
|-
|You/You all||''Þu''
|-
|We (exc)||''Vi''
|-
|He||''He''
|-
|She||''Si''
|-
|It/They (Neuter)/They (Plural)||''Het''
|}

== Prepositions ==
Nordaþ has no true prepositions, though it has many adverbs that an English speaker may mistake for a preposition - despite the fact that even in English the usage of these words would indicate that they are in-fact an adverb.

== Conjunctions ==
Conjunctions are truly the only class of words which may be considered irregular, at least within itself. Conjunctions have no set endings. They include, for example: ''ja'' (and), ''deme'' (but), ''kot'' (because), ''neke'' (neither), ''neki'' (nor), ''veeke'' (either), ''veki'' (or), ''dym'' (while, until), ''kaike'' (also, too), ''iteke'' (and so), ''vaka'' (although), ''tamï'' (however), ''kyn'' (when), ''kïvasï'' (as if), ''batsï'' (even if), ''si'' (if), ''yt'' (so that, in order that), ''þäs'' (that), ''den'' (then)

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ affixes</title>
    <id>1792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9326</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nordaþ]] uses prefixes and suffixes (affixes) to convey additional meaning besides simple noun cases and verb conjugations. Below is an exhaustive list of such affixes and their English equivalents.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**'''Affixes'''&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== Prefixes ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|English Prefix
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Meaning
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|English Example
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Prefix (back/front)
|-
|a(n)-||not, without||atonality, asexuality, amoral, anarchy, anonymous||''am/äm-''
|-
|aero-||air||aeronautics, aerodrome, aeroplane, aerodynamics||''brï/bre-''
|-
|anti-||against||antidote, antibody, anticlockwise||''antï/änti-''
|-
|auto-||self||autonomy, autobiography, automobile, autopilot||''ïlka/ilkä-''
|-
|circum-||around||circumnavigation, circumlocution, circumference||''rïng/ring-''
|-
|co/com/col/cor/con-||with, together||cooperative, conference, connotation, context, congregation||''mïd/mid-''
|-
|contra-||opposite||contradictory, contraception||''angï/änge''
|-
|deca/deka-||ten||dekametre||''dak/dek-''
|-
|deci-||tenth||decimetre||''dakþa/dekþä-''
|-
|di-||two||diurnal||''du/dy-''
|-
|dia-||through||diagonal, diagnosis||''þur/þyr-''
|-
|dys-||deformed, abnormal||dyspepsia, dystrophy||''nat/nät-''
|-
|ec(o)-||house||ecology, economy, ecotourism||''haim-''
|-
|electr(o)-||electricity||electrocution, electroencephalogram||''lïman/limän-''
|-
|encephalo-||brain||encephalitis||''bra/brä-''
|-
|end(o)/ent(o)-||inside||endoscope, endothermic||''ïn/en-''
|-
|erg(o)-||work||ergonomics||''arbai/ärbai-''
|-
|ex(o)-||outside||exoskeleton||''au-''
|-
|hyper-||excessively||hyperactive, hyperthyroidism||''su/sy-''
|-
|hypo-||far below normal||hypothermia, hypodermic||''lu/ly-''
|-
|in/im/il/ir-||not||immorality, illiteratacy, infallibility||''nï/ne-''
|-
|inter-||between||internet, international||''ma/mä-''
|-
|intra-||within||intramural, intravenous||''ïïn/en-''
|-
|kilo-||thousand||kilogram, kilometre||''tau-''
|-
|macro-||big||macroscopic||''kru/kry-''
|-
|mega-||million||megabyte||''mïl/mil-''
|-
|micro-||millionth, very small||microgram, microscopic, microorganism||''mïlþa/milþä-''
|-
|mid-||middle||mid-terms||''mïd/mid-''
|-
|milli-||thousandth||milligram, millimetre||''täuþa/täuþä-''
|-
|mis-||wrong||misanthropy, miscarriage, misogyny||''mïs/mis-''
|-
|over-||excessiveness||über, overanxious||''uubïr/yyber-''
|-
|over-||above||overview||''ubïr/yber-''
|-
|post-||after||postpartum depression, postmodernity, postmodernism||''aftï/äfte-''
|-
|pre-||before||prediction, preview, precedent, prenatal care||''far/fär-''
|-
|psycho-||mind, mental||psychology, psychosomatic||''mund/mynd-''
|-
|re-||again||return, review, remark||''aib-''
|-
|rect(i)-||straight, upright||rectangle, rectify||''rïk/rek-''
|-
|retro-||backwards, reverse||retrograde||''baa/bää-''
|-
|sub-||below, less than, under||subset, subsonic, subway, subtitles||''bulg/bylg-''
|-
|super-||extremely, more than||superhuman, Superego, supersonic||''maa/mää-''
|-
|syn-||along with, together, at the same time||synergy, synchronicity||''aal/ääl-''
|-
|tel(e)/tel(o)- ||(the other) end, far, over a long distance||telecommunications, television, telephoto lens, telodynamic||''tïl/tel-''
|-
|trans-||across||transfer, transatlantic, Trans-Siberian railway||''tran/trän-''
|-
|trans-||beyond||transubstantiation||''ïþ/eþ-''
|-
|tri-||three||triangle||''trï/tre-''
|-
|un-||taking something away||undo, undelete||''rïm/rem-''
|-
|uni-||one||unilateral||''un/yn-''
|}

== Suffixes ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|English Suffix
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Meaning
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|English Example
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Suffix (back/front)
|-
| -arch||ruler, leader||monarch, tetrarch||''-for/fyr*''
|-
| -cide||murder||regicide, homicide, genocide||''-däud*''
|-
| -cide||killing agent||pesticide, insecticide||''-däudïr/däuder*''
|-
| -cracy||rule||kakistocracy, democracy, androcracy||''-rïïk/rik*''
|-
| -cy||expressing the quality of an adjective||peccancy, agency, idiocy||''-sïï/si*''
|-
| -ectomy||surgical removal||laryngectomy, vasectomy||''-nïm/nim*''
|-
| -esque||in style of||Pythonesque, Romanesque||''-gïk/gek*''
|-
| -ful||full of, having some or much||hopeful, useful||''-ful/fyl*''
|-
| -gon||geometric shape||octagon, polygon||''-häu*''
|-
| -hedron||geometric solid||tetrahedron||''-hïran/hirän*''
|-
| -holic||love, addiction||alcoholic, workaholic||''-naik*''
|-
| -ics||study of||economics, astronomics||''-ïk/ik*''
|-
| -ish/i/ese||language||English, Punjabi, Chinese||''-ïsk/esk*'' 
|-
| -ish/i/ese||ethnicity||Pakistani, Finnish, Japanese||''-vam/väm*''
|-
| -ism||doctrine, act, practice, condition||Protestantism, alcoholism, Buddhism, southernism||''-ïsmï/esme*''
|-
| -ist||person (to be used only when ''-ïr/er'' is unsuitable||dentist, optometrist||''-ïst/est*''
|-
| -itis||disease or inflammation||gingivitis, hepatitis||''-ait*''
|-
| -ity||expressing state or condition||normality, formality, banality||''-ïït/it*''
|-
| -less||lack of||homeless, useless||''-läus*''
|-
| -let||diminutive, or denoting a relation to some part of the body||ringlet, hamlet, anklet||''-lït/let*''
|-
| -ly||-like, having the attributes of (non-inclusive of adverbs)||quickly||''-lo/ly*''
|-
| -mania||an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action||kleptomania, megalomania, mythomania||''-manja/mänjä*''
|-
| -ography/gram||writing, description||stenography, geography, ideogram||''-srïï/sri*''
|-
| -onomy||knowledge||astronomy||''-anam/änäm*''
|-
| -osis||process, action||mitosis, osmosis||''-amal/ämäl*''
|-
| -osis||formation||ostosis||''tïm/tim*''
|-
| -phone||sound, audio||telephone, homophone||''-lud/lyd*''
|-
| -scope||from Greek skopos, view; instrument for viewing and observing spaces||microscope, telescope||''-sï/se*''
|-
| -ward/wise||direction||clockwise, northward||''-stï/ste*''
|}

=== Other suffixes ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|English Part of Speech
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Additional Information
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Suffix (back/front)
|-
|Ability Nouns||-able||''-daas/dääs*''
|-
|Act of Doing||-tion/ing (gerund)||''-song/syng*''
|-
|Action Nouns||-er/or*||''-ïr/er*''
|-
|Action Receiver Nouns||-ed||''-ït/et*''
|-
|Adjective||(Excluding the -er/-est bits)||''-ïs/es*''
|-
|Adverb||&amp;nbsp;||''-lïïs/lës''
|-
|Comparative||&amp;nbsp;||''-ïïr/ër''
|-
|Conjunction||&amp;nbsp;||''-(ai)nd''
|-
|Definite Article||the||''-dï/de*''
|-
|Indefinite Article||a/an||''-ïn/en*''
|-
|Interjection||&amp;nbsp;||''-jï/je''
|-
|&quot;ness&quot;||-ness||''-nïs/nes*''
|-
|Superlative||&amp;nbsp;||''-ït/et''
|}

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ pronouns</title>
    <id>1793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9338</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Time */ categ. nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Personal pronouns ==

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Pronouns'''&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

Here is a list of personal pronouns in the most common usages. The next section explains their usage.

'''Subject (&quot;Nominative case&quot;)'''
*ike/ikä, þuï/þua/þuïï, iken, þuïn, vien, heä, sie, heti, heten

'''Object (&quot;Accusative case&quot;)'''
*ikeite/ikeitä, þuïïtï/þuïïta/þuïïtïï, ikeiten, þuïïtïn, vieiten, heeitä, sieite, heteiti, heteiten

'''Indirect Object (&quot;Dative case&quot;)'''
*ikäte/ikätä, þuatï/þuata/þuatïï, ikäten, þuatïn, viäten, heätä, siäte, hetäti, hetäten

'''Possessive (&quot;Genitive case&quot;)'''
*ikise/ikisä, þuïsï/þuïsa/þuïsïï, ikisen, þuïsïn, viisen, heisä, siisen, hetisi, hetisen

Pronouns can be declined in other ways, as well: Refer to [[Nordaþ noun cases]]

== General explanation of usage ==
The dative pronouns (icäte/icätä, duatï/duata/duatïï, et al) are used to replace the indirect object of a sentence. They are generally placed in front of any accusative pronouns. The accusative pronouns are used to replace the direct object of the sentence. These are generally put directly before the verb. The genitive forms are akin to the English terms &quot;of me&quot;, &quot;of you&quot;, &quot;of him&quot; etc. However, they are not restricted to either the front or the back of the word which is owned. Additionally, they can stand alone and function as the noun forms &quot;mine&quot;, &quot;yours&quot;, &quot;his&quot; etc. while still literally saying &quot;of me&quot; et al.

== Demonstrative pronouns ==
*Near the speaker (&quot;this&quot;): þesämä, þesämi, þesäme
*Near the listener (&quot;that&quot;): þasemä, þasemi, þaseme
*Away from both the speaker and listener (&quot;that over there&quot;): þesemä, þesemi, þeseme&lt;br /&gt;
(Note that the above are only given in the nominative forms and always decline regularly)

== Relative pronouns ==
=== Ke* ===
''Ke*'' is derived from the Latin ''QVID'' and means 'that' or 'which'.
:''Þäsemi, kei senþ, senþ. Þäsemi, kei nänsenþ, nänsenþ. Senþ þäsemi esi? Esi senþ.''
:That, that is, is. That, that is not, is not. Is that it? It is.

Ke* inflects for the gender of the item it is describing and declines as a regular noun in every form.

=== Ve* ===
''Ve*'' is derived from the ancient Proto-Germanic ''χwas'', and means 'who'/'whom'. It inflects for number and gender. Ve* can replace ke* when the subject is a person.

=== Kwis*, Van*, Kwe* ===
''Kwis*'' means where. Van* signifies when. Kwe* means how.

==== Location &amp; movement ====
Like ve*, kwis* can replace ke* when the subject is a location. This expression must utilise the locative case.
*Letjendei, keääti/kwiääti sene. ''The place that/where I am at.''

==== Manner ====
Kwe* can replace ke* when the subject concerns the manner in which something is performed. This expression must utilise the instrumental case.
*Formdei, keþairi/kweþairi deädfikst þuïn.  ''The way that/how you all reacted.''

==== Time ====
Van* can replace ke* when the subject deals with time. This expression utilises the postpositional case of &quot;during&quot;.
Van* tends to be used in non-defining clauses, whereas ke* is usually used with defining clauses. However, they are still interchangeable.
*Äugustmïþïï, vanmïþïï/kemïþi vekaien häbiþ fraidägeiten, byrkdei besenþ läuseis. ''In August, during when/during that the people have holidays, the town will be empty.''

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ verbs</title>
    <id>1794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54111</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-10T03:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsuzuma</username>
        <id>1389</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

'''[[Nordaþ_language|Nordaþ]] verbs''' are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms.

== Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Verbs'''&lt;br /&gt;
|}

To illustrate the behaviour of verb conjugations in Nordaþ, let us use ''dekäsän'' &quot;to help&quot;. First, here is the non-finite conjugation of the verb:

=== Infinitive ===
To help: ''dekäsän''

In Nordaþ, verbs do not conjugate to person or number; instead, verbs are used (when context does not provide) with pronouns. For the active, conjugated verb, the -än ending is dropped and -e is added to it. Hence, mäg dekäse, iei dekäse, and so forth.

=== Indicative ===
Next, there is the indicative mood with its eleven tenses. The indicative mood is used to describe factual events.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|'''Indicative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|Present||&amp;nbsp;||dekäse||I help
|-
|Present Perfect||er-||er-dekäse||I have helped
|-
|Present Progressive||ei- + -i||ei-dekäsei||I am helping
|-
|Present Perfect Progressive||er- + -i||er-dekäsei||I have been helping
|-
|Praeterite||de-||de-dekäse||I helped
|-
|Pluperfect||der-||der-dekäse||I had helped
|-
|Praeterite Progressive||de- + -i||de-dekäsei||I was helping
|-
|Pluperfect Progressive||der- + -i||der-dekäsei||I had been helping
|-
|Future||be-||be-dekäse||I will help
|-
|Future Perfect||ber-||ber-dekäse||I will have helped
|-
|Future Progressive||be- + -i||be-dekäsei||I will be helping
|-
|Future Perfect Progressive||ber- + -i||ber-dekäsei||I will have been helping
|-
|Imperfect||ke-||ke-dekäse||I used to help
|-
|Imperfect Perfect||ker-||ker-dekäse||I have used to help
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect||me-||me-dekäse||I had used to help
|-
|Imperfect Progressive||ke- + -i||ke-dekäsei||I used to be helping
|-
|Imperfect Perfect Progressive||ker- + -i||ker-dekäsei||I have used to be helping
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive||me- + -i||me-dekäsei||I had used to be helping
|}

=== Subjunctive ===
The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle &quot;se&quot; to indicate the subjunctive.

==== Hypothetical ====
Also referred to by the term &quot;second conditional&quot;, the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit &quot;if&quot; in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.

Present

If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)&lt;br /&gt;
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

:''Si se de-lene su, se puhuai lä-äti.''
:If I were you, I would talk to her.

Present II

If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)&lt;br /&gt;
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

:''Si se ätei, se istyäe.''
:Were I eating, I should sit.

==== Jussive ====
The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use &quot;se&quot;, but &quot;si&quot; cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.

I. Subordinate

that + subjunctive (English)&lt;br /&gt;
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)

:''Vaatjae, þäs Napoleon se selenþe.''
:I demand that Napoleon surrender.

II. Present

se + present tense (Nordaþ)

:''Se lene e e-geki se lene.''
:Be that as it may (be).

:''Keve yt se su keve.''
:I give so that you may give.

III. Praeterite

se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)

:''Se de-lene e-geki''
:As it were

==== Third Conditional ====

If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)&lt;br /&gt;
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)

:''Si se der-lieme erei-mïþi Elisebeþ-isi, se de-hoite alas plei-isi Šëkspir-isi.''
:If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.


=== Imperative ===
The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.

The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re-

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|'''Imperative'''||Affixes||Example||English usage
|-
|Present||re-||re-dekäse su||You help
|-
|Future||re-||rebe-dekäse su||You will help
|-
|Future Progressive||re-||rebe-dekäsei su||You will be helping
|}

:''Rebe-dekäsei su. Nuv-ääti.''
:You will be helping. Now.

=== Passive ===
The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is &quot;fe/fï&quot;.

:''Lä-eiti fede-dekäse Tod.''
:He was helped by Tod.

=== Negation ===
To express negativity, nan is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense.

:''Nan re-dekäse!''
:Don't help!

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ verb paradigm</title>
    <id>1795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9340</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:06:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Second declension (back vowels) */ categ. nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''Main article: [[Nordaþ verbs]]''
This is a paradigm of [[Nordaþ_language|Nordaþ]] verbs - a set of conjugation tables for the two declensions.

These tables include every possible conjugation of a verb.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ prepositions|Prepositions]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
**'''Conjugation'''&lt;br /&gt;
|}

== First (Front/middle) declension ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Non-finite||colspan=&quot;9&quot;|
|-
|Infinitive||colspan=&quot;9&quot;|''libiäm'' (to love)
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Indicative||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present*||''libiie''||''libiäs''||''libiän''||''libiiäþ''||''libiieþ''||''libiäþ''||''libieþ''||''libioiþ''||''libiäuþ''
|-
|Present Progressive*||''libide''||''libidäs''||''libidän''||''libidiäþ''||''libidieþ''||''libidäþ''||''libideþ''||''libidoiþ''||''libidäuþ''
|-
|Present Perfect Progressive*||''libise''||''libisäs''||''libisän''||''libisiäþ''||''libisieþ''||''libisäþ''||''libiseþ''||''libisoiþ''||''libisäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect*||''libime''||''libimäs''||''libimän''||''libimiäþ''||''libimieþ''||''libimäþ''||''libimeþ''||''libimoiþ''||''libimäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect Perfect*||''libize''||''libizäþ''||''libizän''||''libiziäþ''||''libizieþ''||''libizäþ''||''libizeþ''||''libizoiþ''||''libizäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive||''libiše''||''libišäs''||''libišän''||''libišiäþ''||''libišieþ''||''libišäþ''||''libišeþ''||''libišoiþ''||''libišäuþ
|-
|Imperfect Progressive||''libire''||''libiräs''||''libirän''||''libiriäþ''||''libirieþ''||''libiräþ''||''libireþ''||''libiroiþ''||''libiräuþ''
|-
|Pluperfect*||''libine''||''libinäs''||''libinän''||''libiniäþ''||''libinieþ''||''libinäþ''||''libineþ''||''libinoiþ''||''libinäuþ''
|-
|Pluperfect Progressive*||''libike''||''libikäs''||''libikän''||''libikiäþ''||''libikieþ''||''libikäþ''||''libikeþ''||''libikoiþ''||''libikäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite*||''libite''||''libitäs''||''libitän''||''libitiäþ''||''libitieþ''||''libitäþ''||''libiteþ''||''libitoiþ''||''libitäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite Progressive*||''libive''||''libiväs''||''libivän''||''libiviäþ''||''libivieþ''||''libiväþ''||''libiveþ''||''libivoiþ''||''libiväuþ''
|-
|Future*||''libife''||''libifäs''||''libifän''||''libifiäþ''||''libifieþ''||''libifäþ''||''libifeþ''||''libifoiþ''||''libifäuþ''
|-
|Future Progressive*||''libile''||''libiläs''||''libilän''||''libiliäþ''||''libilieþ''||''libiläþ''||''libileþ''||''libiloiþ''||''libiläuþ''
|-
|Future Perfect*||''libice''||''libicäs''||''libicän''||''libiciäþ''||''libicieþ''||''libicäþ''||''libiceþ''||''libicoiþ''||''libicäuþ''
|-
|Future Perfect Progressive*||''libibe''||''libibäs''||''libibän''||''libibiäþ''||''libibieþ''||''libibäþ''||''libibeþ''||''libiboiþ''||''libibäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Conditional||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||''libiäke''||''libiäkäs''||''libiäkän''||''libiäkiäþ''||''libiäkieþ''||''libiäkäþ''||''libiäkeþ''||''libiäkoiþ''||''libiäkäuþ''
|-
|Perfect||''libiäde''||''libiädäs''||''libiädän''||''libiädiäþ''||''libiädieþ''||''libiädäþ''||''libiädeþ''||''libiädoiþ''||''libiädäuþ''
|-
|Perfect Progressive||''libiäve''||''libiäväs''||''libiävän''||''libiäviäþ''||''libiävieþ''||''libiäväþ''||''libiäveþ''||''libiävoiþ''||''libiäväuþ''
|-
|Progressive||''libiäne''||''libiänäs''||''libiänän''||''libiäniäþ''||''libiänieþ''||''libiänäþ''||''libiäneþ''||''libiänoiþ''||''libiänäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Subjunctive||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Jussive||''libiyke''||''libiykäs''||''libiykän''||''libiykiäþ''||''libiykieþ''||''libiykäþ''||''libiykeþ''||''libiykoiþ''||''libiykäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Potential||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||''libikäne''||''libikänäs''||''libikänän''||''libikäniäþ''||''libikänieþ''||''libikänäþ''||''libikäneþ''||''libikänoiþ''||''libikänäuþ''
|-
|Progressive||''libisäne''||''libisänäs''||''libisänän''||''libisäniäþ''||''libisänieþ''||''libisänäþ''||''libisäneþ''||''libisänoiþ''||''libisänäuþ''
|-
|Perfect||''libiväne''||''libivänäs''||''libivänän''||''libiväniäþ''||''libivänieþ''||''libivänäþ''||''libiväneþ''||''libivänoiþ''||''libivänäuþ''
|-
|Perfect Progressive||''libitäne''||''libitänäs''||''libitänän''||''libitäniäþ''||''libitänieþ''||''libiränäþ''||''libiräneþ''||''libiränoiþ''||''libiränäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite||''libiräne''||''libiränäs''||''libiränän''||''libiräniäþ''||''libiränieþ''||''libiränäþ''||''libiräneþ''||''libiränoiþ''||''libiränäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Imperative||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||&amp;nbsp;||''libinäs''||''libinän''||''libiniäþ''||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|}

== Second declension (back vowels) ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Non-finite||colspan=&quot;9&quot;|
|-
|Infinitive||colspan=&quot;9&quot;|''altaam'' (to age)
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Indicative||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present*||''altaïï''||''altaas''||''altaan''||''altaïaþ''||''altaïïþ''||''altaaþ''||''altaïþ''||''altaoiþ''||''altaäuþ''
|-
|Present Progressive*||''altadï''||''altadas''||''altadan''||''altadïaþ''||''altadïïþ''||''altadaþ''||''altadïþ''||''altadoiþ''||''altadäuþ''
|-
|Present Perfect Progressive*||''altasï''||''altasas''||''altasan''||''altasïaþ''||''altasïïþ''||''altasaþ''||''altasïþ''||''altasoiþ''||''altasäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect*||''altamï''||''altamas''||''altaman''||''altamïaþ''||''altamïïþ''||''altamaþ''||''altamïþ''||''altamoiþ''||''altamäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect Perfect*||''altazï''||''altazas''||''altazan''||''altazïaþ''||''altazïïþ''||''altazaþ''||''altazïþ''||''altazoiþ''||''altazäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect Pluperfect Progressive||''altašï''||''altašas''||''altašan''||''altašïaþ''||''altašïïþ''||''altašaš''||''altašïþ''||''altašoiþ''||''altašäuþ''
|-
|Imperfect Progressive||''altarï''||''altaras''||''altaran''||''altarïaþ''||''altarïïþ''||''altaraþ''||''altarïþ''||''altaroiþ''||''altaräuþ''
|-
|Pluperfect*||''altanï''||''altanas''||''altanan''||''altanïaþ''||''altanïïþ''||''altanaþ''||''altanïþ''||''altanoiþ''||''altanäuþ''
|-
|Pluperfect Progressive*||''altakï''||''altakas''||''altakan''||''altakïaþ''||''altakïïþ''||''altakaþ''||''altakïþ''||''altakoiþ''||''altakäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite*||''altatï''||''altatas''||''altatan''||''altatïaþ''||''altatïïþ''||''altataþ''||''altatïþ''||''altatoiþ''||''altatäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite Progressive*||''altavï''||''altavas''||''altavan''||''altavïaþ''||''altavïïþ''||''altavaþ''||''altavïþ''||''altavoiþ''||''altaväuþ''
|-
|Future*||''altafï''||''altafas''||''altafan''||''altafïaþ''||''altafïïþ''||''altafaþ''||''altafïþ''||''altafoiþ''||''altafäuþ''
|-
|Future Progressive*||''altalï''||''altalas''||''altalan''||''altalïaþ''||''altalïïþ''||''altalaþ''||''altalïþ''||''altaloiþ''||''altaläuþ''
|-
|Future Perfect*||''altacï''||''altacas''||''altacan''||''altacïaþ''||''altacïïþ''||''altacaþ''||''altacïþ''||''altacoiþ''||''altacäuþ''
|-
|Future Perfect Progressive*||''altabï''||''altabas''||''altaban''||''altabïaþ''||''altabïïþ''||''altabaþ''||''altabïþ''||''altaboiþ''||''altabäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Conditional||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||''altaakï''||''altaakas''||''altaakan''||''altaakïaþ''||''altaakïïþ''||''altaakaþ''||''altaakïþ''||''altaakoiþ''||''altaakäuþ''
|-
|Perfect||''altaadï''||''altaadas''||''altaadan''||''altaadïaþ''||''altaadïïþ''||''altaadaþ''||''altaadïþ''||''altaadoiþ''||''altaadäuþ''
|-
|Perfect Progressive||''altaavï''||''altaavas''||''altaavan''||''altaavïaþ''||''altaavïïþ''||''altaavaþ''||''altaavïþ''||''altaavoiþ''||''altaaväuþ''
|-
|Progressive||''altaanï''||''altaanas''||''altaanan''||''altaanïaþ''||''altaanïïþ''||''altaanaþ''||''altaanïþ''||''altaanoiþ''||''altaanäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Subjunctive||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Jussive||''altaukï''||''altaukas''||''altaukan''||''altaukïaþ''||''altaukïïþ''||''altaukaþ''||''altaukïþ''||''altaukoiþ''||''altaukäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Potential||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||''altakanï''||''altakanas''||''altakanan''||''altakanïaþ''||''altakanïïþ''||''altakanaþ''||''altakanïþ''||''altakanoiþ''||''altakanäuþ''
|-
|Progressive||''altasanï''||''altasanas''||''altasanan''||''altasanïaþ''||''altasanïïþ''||''altasanaþ''||''altasanïþ''||''altasanoiþ''||''altasanäuþ''
|-
|Perfect||''altavanï''||''altavanas''||''altavanan''||''altavanïaþ''||''altavanïïþ''||''altavanaþ''||''altavanïþ''||''altavanoiþ''||''altavanäuþ''
|-
|Perfect Progressive||''altatanï''||''altaranas''||''altaranan''||''altaranïaþ''||''altaranïïþ''||''altaranaþ''||''altaranïþ''||''altaranoiþ''||''altaranäuþ''
|-
|Praeterite||''altaranï''||''altaranas''||''altaranan''||''altaranïaþ''||''altaranïïþ''||''altaranaþ''||''altaranïþ''||''altaranoiþ''||''altaranäuþ''
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Imperative||''ic''||''du''||''oic''||''ver''||''ïr''||''er''||''si''||''lec''||''läc''
|-
|Present||&amp;nbsp;||''altanas''||''altanan''||''altanïaþ''||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|}

* denotes a verb that can be put into the passive voice by adding ym/um to the front of it

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ determiners</title>
    <id>1796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9327</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Nordaþ language]] uses determiners in a mostly similar way to English. The main difference is that that they &quot;agree&quot; with what they refer to in terms of both number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine) and inflect to show placement.

== Demonstrative determiners ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Determiners'''&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

Nordaþ has three levels of demonstrative adjectives:
:1. Closest to the speaker (proximal): þesämis
:2. Closest to the hearer (distal): þäsemis
:3. Far from both (distal): þesemis

== Articles ==
=== Definite article ===
The definite article in Nordaþ is -de*/-dï*, and attaches directly to the stem word. Any inflections to it are added after the de/dï. The D is dropped if the stem ended in a D.

=== Indefinite article ===
The indefinite article in Nordaþ is -en*/-ïn*, and is used the same way that -de*/-dï* is. The E is only dropped if the stem ended in two.

== Possessive determiners ==
Unlike Romance languages, Nordaþ does not distinguish between genitive pronouns and genitive adjectives - they are both genitive pronouns in Nordaþ. (See also [[Nordaþ pronouns]].)

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ nouns</title>
    <id>1797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9336</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ nordaþ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Nordaþ language]] has nouns that express concrete objects, groups and classes of objects, qualities, feelings and other abstractions. All nouns have a conventional grammatical gender. Countable nouns inflect for number (singular and plural).

== Gender ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Nouns'''&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

All Nordaþ nouns have one of three grammatical genders: Masculine, neuter, and feminine. Unlike most languages, Nordaþ uses mostly the neuter gender as its genders are not arbitrarily assigned. Unlike many other languages, adjectives do not agree in number nor gender with nouns and they usually come before the noun. Additionally, they do not inflect as in Latin.

Pronouns also take gender. When any pronoun is unknown, the neuter may be used. It is akin to English &quot;it&quot;, though without the negative conotations. Nordaþ also has an &quot;it&quot; that takes English's singular &quot;they&quot; function. It only ever takes the neuter gender. Note - Nordaþ has a separate it with which verbs from &quot;it&quot; are conjugated as they would 'lec' (they).

Proper names when not referring to a person are usually neuter. The exception is when a word in the proper segment takes a masculine or feminine gender.

Like pronouns, verbs, et al their endings are based on whether they are a front-vowelled word or a back-vowelled word.

== Number ==
Nouns in the Nordaþ language are inflected to show singular and plural. Plurals end in -en and are all considered to be neuter. Also, in some cases, Nordaþ will use a singular where English uses plural. For example, the English &quot;pants&quot; can be taken to mean either one pair of pants or many. In Nordaþ, the singular word is ''broksaïï'', but the plural is ''broksaïn''. In this case, the singular refers to only one.

== Diminutive ==
In Nordaþ, the diminutive is -let*/-lït*. It conveys the meaning of smallness or dearness. The L is dropped if the stem ended with an L.

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ adjectives</title>
    <id>1798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54169</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-16T21:50:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsuzuma</username>
        <id>1389</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Nordaþ language]] uses adjectives in a very similar fashion to English. One difference is in that adjectives' endings reflect the type of vowels (front or back) in the word.

== Descriptive and attributive uses ==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em&quot;
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1px&quot;|[[Nordaþ language]]
|- 
!bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|
|- 
|bgcolor=&quot;#F9F9F9&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px&quot;|
[[Nordaþ phonology|Pronunciation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Writing system of Nordaþ|Writing system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nordaþ grammar|Grammar]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ determiners|Determiners]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ noun cases|Cases]]&lt;br /&gt;
**[[Nordaþ affixes|Affixes]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br /&gt;
*'''Adjectives'''&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nordaþ verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Comparative ===
Adjectives take on suffixes to distinguish comparative and superlative. Adjectives take on the -er endings to reflect comparativeness.

''belides'' (popular) → ''belider'' (more popular)&lt;br /&gt;
''dukases'' (able) → ''dukaser'' (more able)

=== Superlative ===
The superlative uses -ït/et in the same way as the comparative suffix is attached to the adjective.

''nisnäes'' (bendy) → ''nisnäest'' (most bendy)&lt;br /&gt;
''falïþes'' (faded) → ''falïþest'' (most faded)

[[Category:Nordaþ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ prepositions</title>
    <id>1799</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5524</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-12T18:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsu</username>
        <id>52</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nordaþ noun cases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial consonant</title>
    <id>1800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31663</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-21T20:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of bilabial consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bilabial''' consonants are those whose production involves contact between the lower lip and the upper lip.  

They are widespread among human languages, and the [[bilabial nasal]] exists in most natural languages.   

== List of bilabial consonants ==
* /m/ - [[Bilabial nasal]]
* /b/ - [[Voiced bilabial stop]]
* /p/ - [[Voiceless bilabial stop]]
* /β/ - [[Voiced bilabial fricative]]
* /φ/ - [[Voiceless bilabial fricative]]
* /ʙ/ - [[Bilabial trill]]
* /ʘ/ - [[Bilabial click]]
* /w/ - [[Labial-velar approximant|Bilabial/Velar approximate]]
* /ʍ/ - [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|Voiceless Bilabial/Velar approximate]]

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bilabial</title>
    <id>1801</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5535</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-14T02:31:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bilabial moved to Bilabial consonant</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Bilabial consonant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karkl</title>
    <id>1802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8178</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:06:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[category:conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This language is intended to be simple to learn and simple to speak and write. It follows a few simple rules:

* Static conjugation
* Static declension
* No gramatical gender
* No diacritic marks

== Sounds and Phonetics ==

== Letters ==

* abcdefghijlmnoprstuvxz – Pronounced like in Latin
* k = k in English
* y = ы in Russian (like 'e' in 'roses' when muttered through the teeth)
* w = short u

== Letter groups ==
* sh    = “sh” in English /ʃ/ 
* ts    = “ts” in English /ʦ/
* zh    = “zh” in English /ʒ/
* ce,ci = “che” , “chi” in English /ʧ/

== Diphtongs ==

AW ; AJ ; EW ; EJ ; OW ; OJ ; UJ ; YJ ; WA ; WE ; WO ; JA ; JE ; JO ; JU ; JY

Everything else in in separate syllables.

== Grammar and Morphology ==

== Noun ==

 Static declension
 No gramatical gender
 Definite article sg: lo
 Definite article pl: le (plural is achieved by adding an i to the noun)
Can be: 
 -	Subject - DIR
 -	Predicative Denominator - DIR
 -	Apposition - DIR
 -	Direct, Indirect, Circumstantial Object – DIR;IND;IND
 -	Attribute – IND
 -	Agent Object - DIR

* Has 2 cases N/A ; G/D = Direct ; Indirect = Dir ; Ind
* For case-specific prepositions see ‘Prepositions’ section

Ex:

Crat ; lo Crat ; Vaka ; lo Vaka

== Verb ==
Static conjugation

* grI  &lt;=&gt; R = X + [consonant]
* grII &lt;=&gt; R = X + [vowel]

Indicative:
    Past  &gt;  Present  &gt;  Future
     ||        | |         ||
     \/        \ /         \/
    R+ec        R         R+av
 [esec;irec] [es;ir]  [esav;irav]

 Infinitive: R + ‘at’  [esat ; irat]
 Gerund: R + ‘and’ [esand ; irand]
 Participle: R + ‘it’  [esit ; irit]
 Conditional: R + ‘-ko’ [es-ko ; ir-ko]
 Imperative: for grI : R + last cons of R + ‘i’ [essi ; irri]
 Imperative: for grII: R + ‘i’                   [moi ; saj]
 Imperative: for pl. and politeness = Imp + ‘te’ [essite;sajte]

Copulative verbs:

 -	Esat    = to be         |
 -	Menat   = to mean       |
 -	Numat   = to be called  |+ what OR how
 -	Rodat   = to be born    |
 -	Devenat = to become     |

== Pronoun ==
Personal:
 ____________________
 pI    | Jo  || Mi  |
 pII   | Tu  || Vu  |
 pIIIm | Il  || Ili |
 pIIIf | Ilo || Ili |
  Imp  | Ilo ||  X  |
  Refl |    Sinu    |

Posessive: Personal + ‘m’ [Jom ago ; Tum ago]

Demonstrative: 
    ke  |ka  = this     |that
    ket |kat = this+noun|that+noun
Relative / Interrogative:
    Ho  - What
    Hno – Who
    Ki - which
Negative:
    Nihno - Nobody
    Niho  - Nothing
Indefinite:
    Hemi         - all
    Hemiti + noun – all + noun

== Numeral ==

Cardinal: 

Simple:
 on duv trej shtar sen sei set pot nov tsek sent limm milion
 1  2   3    4     5   6   7   8   9   10   100  1000 1000000
Compound:
 tsek-on tsek-duv sent-duvtsek-duv
 11      12       122             

Ordinal = Cardinal + ‘st’
Divisive: x/y = Xcard + Ydivisive ; Divisive = Cardinal + ‘ton’

Ex:

* 19,382,948,395,280 = 19 limm 382 sent miliardi 948 milioni 395 limm 282
* 1,248,225 = on milion duvsent-shtartsek-pot limm duvsent-duvtsek-sen
* 285,482,333 = duvsent-pottsek-sen milioni shtarsent-pottsek-duv limm trejsent-trejtsek-trej

== Preposition ==
Direct Case:

DObj: 
 ‘po’ 
 Ø
AgObj:
 ‘de’

Indirect Case:
CObj
 ‘cam’ – CM = like
 ‘po’  – CL = on
 ‘o’   - CL = to
  ...etc... (indicating time,place,manner,scope,cause)
Atribute
 ‘o’ = lo Crat o lo mad = the house of the girl
IObj
 ‘o’ = Io saj o lo mad = I say to the girl
 ‘so’ = with
 ...etc... (any other)


== Adjective / Adverb ==

* Lo ret crat.     – Attribute    , IND &lt;- Adject
* Lo crat es ret.  – Pred. Denom. , DIR &lt;- Adject
* Lo mad scrib ret – Cobj         , IND &lt;- Adverb

Comparative Degree:

 -Positive      = ret
 -Comparative
 -	Superior  = reter     |\
 -	Inferior  = sam ret   | + cam [smth]
 -	Equal     = puste ret |/
 -Superlative
 -	Absolute  = forte ret
 -	Relotive  = retest

* Evidentalmente - obviously
* Clasicalmente  - classically

== Translation Samples ==

English:

 A chemical reaction is a process involving one, two or more substances (called reactants), characterized by a chemical change and
 yielding one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. 
 Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that
 strictly involve the motion of electrons, although the general concept of a chemical reaction (in particular the notion of a
 chemical equation) is applicable to transformations of elementary particles, as well as nuclear reactions.

Karkl:

 On reactsion kimik es on proces implicand on, duv aj multer substantsi (numiti reactanti), caracterizati de on camb kimik ej
 rezultand on aj multer product(i) ki es diferent(i) o le reactanti.
 Clasicalmente, reactsioni kimiki avolget cambi ki
 strictalmente impliket lo motsion o electroni, ben ke lo concept general o reactsii kimiki (spetsialmente lo notion o ekuatsion  
 kimik) es aplicable o le transformatsionii o particuli elementari, cam es reactii nucleari


[[User:Danielsavoiu|Danielsavoiu]] 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST)

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Demui</title>
    <id>1803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5545</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-16T20:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mri</username>
        <id>54</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>a quick info boost.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Brainstorming Period==
&lt;br&gt;
Demui is my conlang, and It is still in the planning phase. So don't expect a lot of information soon. I will, however, be updating every wedseday. Or at least, I hope too. ^p^ I'm horrible with that stuff. :^)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantisite</title>
    <id>1804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6515</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:11:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>-&gt; category redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A native stone found on [[Atlantis]]

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantis</title>
    <id>1805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56267</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T18:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Atlantis''' is a lost island civilization of [[Earth]] mentioned and described in two dialogues of Plato, ''Timaeus'' and ''Critias''.  These two dialogs are the only sources we have for this myth.  According to Plato, who cites Solon the Lawgiver as his source, Atlantis was a large island in the &quot;Atlantic Sea&quot; somewhere beyond the Pillars of Hercules.  The Atlanteans originally were a virtuous race, but later erred from the path of virtue and attempted to conquer the entire Mediterranean world, getting involved in a war with Athens and Egypt.  The gods punished Atlantis by destroying the island, which is said to have happened 9,000 years before Solon's visit in Egypt where he received the tale.

Most scholars now think that Plato simply made up the tale; but many (both serious academics and amateurs) have sought Atlantis in many different locations, some blatantly implausible, others reasonably conceivable.  A popular image is that of a lost continent in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, but geological evidence speaks against that, and it is not certain whether the &quot;Atlantic Sea&quot; of Plato's tale can be simply equated with what is now called the Atlantic Ocean.  Other popular ideas, though entirely unsupported by the source, are that Atlantis was the &quot;mother culture&quot; of all ancient civilizations of Earth, and that it possessed technology and scientific knowledge far superior to that of the early 21st century.  Also, it has been speculated that Atlantis was the same place as [[Hyperborea]], another legendary country of Greek mythology.

The most frequently discussed of the less implausible localizations equates Atlantis with the [[Wikipedia:Minoan civilization|Minoan civilization]] and the fall of Atlantis with the [[Wikipedia:Minoan eruption|eruption of the Santorini volcano]]; however, the Minoan civilization was obviously not &quot;beyond the Pillar of Hercules&quot;, and the years elapsed after the catastrophe would have to be divided by 10 (perhaps a translation error?).

[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] speculates that in the Atlantis tale, the downfall of the Minoan civilization was confused with the story of another civilization, the [[British Elves]].  Atlantis would then have been Britain, and the &quot;Atlantic Sea&quot; the North Sea.

Atlantis has been the subject of many novelizations and media adaptations, such as the 2001 animated film ''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'', which features [[Atlantean|a conlang]].  Another famous Atlantis adaptation is ''Númenor'' in ''The Silmarillion'' by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], which features [[Adûnaic|another conlang]].

[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Earth</title>
    <id>1806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5569</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-27T17:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Duccio</username>
        <id>58</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The realm of people, demons who wants to take over the world and more nightmares. Earth also is in trouble with terrorists, and madmen.The languages of Earth are very known from [[English]] to [[Chinese]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Duccio</title>
    <id>1809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5577</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-28T16:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>welcome and suggestion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, welcome to the wiki!

Feel free to enter what information about worlds and languages you like, but keep in mind that the namespace is shared among everybody, so choose page titles carefully when writing about things with everyday names.  For example, if you are writing about language in world X, it is better to have a page titled something like [[Language in world X]] than just [[Language]].  However if you are writing about things that are true or common mythology *here* you can use a more general name (so [[Atlantis]] as it stands now would be okay, but if you were to make it about your own or your group's Atlantis it would be better to choose a different page title).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:37, 28 November 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Naming conventions</title>
    <id>1810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5578</id>
      <timestamp>2005-11-28T17:10:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; 
|-
||'''This page is a proposed FrathWiki  policy.  Please consider improving it or discussing improvements on the [[Frathwiki talk:Naming conventions|talk page]].'''  
|}


&lt;center&gt;''Be patient, for the world is broad and wide.''&lt;/center&gt;

[[Project:What FrathWiki is|FrathWiki is]] a place where anyone may write about constructed worlds, cultures, and languages.  

However, as many of the same things exist across worlds, it is important to name pages in a way that they don't interfere with the creations of others, or with those who are searching for factual information to further their own creations.

== Suggested guidelines ==
=== Reality gets priority ===
An article titled [[Mars]] should be about Mars ''here,'' not alternate versions of it.  It may, of course, mention alternate versions of Mars, or discuss its conceptions in popular mythology ''here,'' but such things should be noted as fiction, not presented as facts, and it should if possible be secondary to facts.   (As not everyone agrees on what the facts may be, try to write reality-based articles from a [[Project:Neutral Point of View|Neutral Point of View]].)

If you wish to write an article about Mars in another reality—whether as fact or as fiction—choose a different name, either descriptive or perhaps a native one:  [[Mars in Ill Bethisad]], [[Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars]], or [[Malacandra]].   (Then be sure to link to it from [[Mars]] so those interested in alternate Martianity can find it.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sohlobalph.png</title>
    <id>1811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5583</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-06T22:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improved image of Sohlob alphabet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Improved image of Sohlob alphabet</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Evenstar Flag</title>
    <id>1825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35507</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-13T00:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Litrc4tmon|Litrc4tmon]] ([[User talk:Litrc4tmon|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Muke|Muke]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Evenstar Flag''' ([[Low Elvish]] '''Dannar Sar Vestal''') is the national flag of the [[British Elves]].  The flag shows a white eight-pointed star in a blue field.

[[Image:Star3.gif]]

==History==

It is not known with certainty when this flag was first used, but tradition has it that it dates back to the ancient Elvish civilization, and the white 8-pointed star in a blue field appears to have been used as a device representing the British Elves at least since early Mediaeval times.  It is not only traditionally used by the Elves of the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]], but also by their cousins in [[Macaronesia]], whose coat of arms also contains the Evenstar.

==Usage==

In the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]], the Evenstar Flag is the official flag of the [[Province of Elfham]] and displayed on public building together with the flags of the UKW and the [[European Confederation]].

[[Category:UKW]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>United Kingdom of the Westlands</title>
    <id>1826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49900</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T12:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* History */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''United Kingdom of the Westlands''' ('''UKW''') is a country located off the northwestern coast of Europe (in the [[UKW World]]), surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean.  The territory of the UKW consists of the Westlands, or British Isles.

The UKW is composed of seven constitutent nations, in alphabetical order:

*[[Cambria (UKW)|Cambria]]
*[[Cornwall (UKW)|Cornwall]]
*[[Elfham]]
*[[England (UKW)|England]]
*[[Isle of Man (UKW)|Isle of Man]]
*[[Ireland (UKW)|Ireland]]
*[[Scotland (UKW)|Scotland]]

==History==

The Westlands have been settled by humans since Palaeolithic times.  Written history in the Westlands begins with the [[Commonwealth of the Elves]], which according to tradition was established in the year 671 BC, though many historians assume that it was really established at a later date.

After the [[Tartessian War]], the Westlands were taken over by Celtic tribes, and the history of this era remains largely unwritten until the Roman conquest of southern Britain in 43 CE.  Southern Britain remained part of the Roman Empire until 410.

In the 5th century, Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, conquered most of southern Britain.  This part of Britain became the nation of England, which was unified in the 9th century by Alfred the Great.  At about the same time, Scotland and Ireland became unified kingdoms.  England was conquered by Norman French nobles under William the Bastard, who thus earned the name the Conqueror, in 1066.

The Pendragon kings of the remaining Kingdom of Cambria, however, would eventually inherit the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.  By the year 1600, all four crowns of the Westlands were worn by the same head, and in 1701, the four kingdoms were officially united as the United Kingdom of the Westlands.

==Government and Politics==

The UKW is a constiutional monarchy.  The executive power is exercised on behalf of the monarch (King or Queen) by the Prime Minister and the cabinet.  The cabinet is drawn from and responsible to Parliament, the legislative branch of the government.

Parliament is a bicameral organ, consisting of the virtually powerless House of Lords and the democratically elected House of Commons.  Since 1922, the [[Wikipedia: Single Transferable Vote|single transferable vote]] system has been used to elect the members of the House of Commons.

The two largest parties of the UKW are the Labour Party and the Conservative Party; other important parties are the Liberal Party, the Green Party and the Alliance of Free Nations which consists of the Irish Parliamentary Party, the Scottish National Party, Plaid Cymru (Cambria), Arthad Elbhrin (Elfham) and Mebyon Kernow (Cornwall).

===Subdivisions===

The UKW is a federal state; each of the seven constituent nations has its own executive and legislature.
England, Cambria, Scotland and Ireland are subdivided into counties.  Ireland is also subdivided into four traditional provinces (Ulster, Connacht, Leinster and Munster), each with an elected Provincial Council.  England is subdivided into seven regions at an intermediate level (above counties).

==Languages==

There are several different languages spoken in the UKW.  The most important language of the UKW is English, which is the native language of the vast majority of the population.  It is the only official language of England, but it is also official in all other constituent nations.  Closely related is Scots, which is spoken in the Scottish Lowlands and has official status in Scotland.

The Celtic languages of the UKW fall into two groups: Brythonic and Goidelic.  The Brythonic languages of the UKW are Cambrian (official in Cambria, spoken by about 40% of the population of Cambria) and Cornish (official in Cornwall, spoken by about 10% of the population of Cornwall).  The Goidelic languages are Irish (official in Ireland), Manx (official in the Isle of Man) and Scots Gaelic (spoken in the Scottish Highlands and islands, official in Scotland).

Other languages include Shelta, Polari and Romani.  Besides these, two non-Indo-European families are indigenous to the Westlands.  The [[Albic]] languages include [[Low Elvish]] (official language of Elfham), and the tiny minority languages [[Caledonian]] in Scotland and [[Iverinian]] in Ireland.  [[Pictish]], an unrecognized minority language of Scotland, is the sole survivor of the [[Coric]] family.

Besides these, numerous immigrant languages are spoken in the UKW, mostly languages from former colonies of the kingdom.  These include Hindustani, Panjabi, Tamil, Swahili and many others.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>UKW World</title>
    <id>1827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47433</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:47:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''UKW World''' is an alternative history invented by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is named after the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]], a nation occupying the Britsh Isles in said universe.  The UKW world is in most aspects similar to our world, with much of its history running in parallel.

The point of divergence lies in the Dark Ages of Britain, and much of it is unclear (less unclear from the UKW World's side than from our viewpoint).  Apparently, it involved King Arthur ''not'' campaigning against the Elves of [[Elfham]]; the result was that the Battle of Camlann never occured, but Arthur became the founder of a royal dynasty that united the Britons againt the Anglo-Saxons.  Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Cambria suffered losses at the English in later centuries, though it fared better than Wales in our timeline.  Eventually, through a series of dynastic marriages, the Pendragon dynasty would acquire the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland, which were united in the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]] in 1701.

==Countries in the UKW World==

This list is of course incomplete.

*[[Commonwealth of North America]]
*[[Macaronesia]]
*[[United Kingdom of the Westlands]]

===Historical countries===

*[[Commonwealth of the Elves]]

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Still</title>
    <id>1828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5650</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-16T21:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Still</username>
        <id>66</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Language: [[Mvaqi]]
Is currently being developed for a book. The language is not an live language in the story, but is developed by one of the characters for academic purposes. Someone else then appropriates this language and uses it to create a national identity for a group of ex-pats on a remote island.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mvaqi</title>
    <id>1829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8965</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-12T05:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. conlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==History==
Mvaqi has two histories. The first history is that it was created by a graduate student of linguistics, Nathan Plains, as an academic exercise over the course of four years. The second is it is the indigenous language of the Mvaq people, whose origins are lost to the mists of time.

The Mvaq people share many common characteristics with other Pacific Islander natives and Native Americans. However, their language does not resemble in any way either of those two groups.

Original Mvaqi was not a written language until the 16th century, when Spanish/Portuguese explorer Mateo de la Nuestra Nostra Brisia de Orpheo Caltha landed on the shores of Mvaqi, an island chain in the eastern Pacific, 90 miles off the coast of Oregon. Since he was hard of hearing, he ordered that the native language of the Mvaq people be transcribed so that he may communicate with them. The Mvaqi written language has evolved slightly, but not much, from the original transcription.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shadow Realm</title>
    <id>1831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14703</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T01:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category for context</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A place where tortured sould go if they destroy [[Gid]]. [[Hissler]], the most evil person to ever live hunted the Ridders and their student. But the Ridders had a suprise party for him which they poisoned him with the most toxic tonic that was ever made. But Hissler was again sent out of Hell to finish the job but the Ridders had God and Jesus on their side. Then Hissler saw that he was outnumbered but fought anyway with all the Darkest Power he had but was cast into his own prison as the Earth swallowed him whole.


He was a target for the Shadow Realm when he tried to burn a church and massacre a whole town called [[Glenwitz]] but fail to do so he was forces into exile.

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hissler</title>
    <id>1832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12101</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-10T13:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>El Duccio del Pieta</username>
        <id>209</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The follower of [[Faust]] and a master of dark magic he is the one who caused the world to be a terrible place. He caused families to fight to the death over money and power. He has the power to speak a number of tongues but the majority of languages are evil. 


[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spelldown</title>
    <id>1837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14704</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T01:49:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">衝魃 戰士 Great Demon Fighter 


A great fighter of Demons who grew up in Northern [[China]] as  ''Zhàn shì'' meaning &quot;fighter&quot; in [[Chinese]]. His title Spelldown came from an [[Old English]] title meaning &quot;a pledge done by a reaping hook&quot;.

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Spelldown</title>
    <id>1839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5677</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-19T02:14:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Spelldown</username>
        <id>69</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Spelldown]] is a title of his own he is also called El Duccio</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Language</title>
    <id>1841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47546</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See also */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Language is what this whole wiki is about!

A language is a system of signals used by two beings to communicate with one another. Language is set apart from other form of communication chiefly by it's capacity for abstraction and reference to things not present. Languages are most commonly spoken or signed, with the vast majority of languages being spoken, and a few being expressed in some other manner.

Telling one language apart form another is usually quite simple, but there are cases where it can be difficult to say wheather or not two dialects belong to the same language, or if they are two different languages. This is because language, like living organisms, is subject to evolution, and therefore each language is analgogous to a species, and languages can in fact be classified genetically like living things can.
Take for example English, English is a very large language, with very many dialects, sometimes two people who both speak english, but who speak different dialects, will not be able to understand one another, however, we can still call both dialects english, because there is a chain of dialects that can understand each other that lies between the two dialects, however, if for some reason everyone who spoke the dialects in between the two languages changed how they spoke enough that there was no longer a continum of understanding between the two dialects, they would then be different languages. Linguists think that this is how all languages came to be from thier parent language.
In this example, we would have a new language that had english as a parent langauge.


== See more articles on: ==
 
[[Latin]], [[Chinese]], [[Spanish]], [[Greek]], [[Albanian]]

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Language|Wikipedia's description of language]]

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Growth and love</title>
    <id>1843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6518</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:17:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A way of thinking about people and their behavior in life with each other as a [[community]] of peace. Like in the communes where one [[language]] is spoken but another takes the place.


In their words or languages:

[[Chinese]]: [[成長和愛]] 

[[Greek]]: [[Αύξηση και αγάπη]]

[[Japanese]]: [[成長及び愛]]

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pomo</title>
    <id>1847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47787</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T11:20:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>not in use</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A group of [[Native American]] peoples inhabiting an area of the [[Coast Ranges]] of northern [[California]]. 


The Pomo, like other Northern Californian Native Americans lived in small groups with a decentralized political structure, and lived from hunting and gathering.

There were about 8,000 Pomo in 1770. The 1910 Census reported 777 Pomo, but that is probably low. Kroeber estimated 1,200 in the same year. According to the 1930 census there were 1,143.


== Location ==
 
Pomo is a word believed to be derived from Poma, the village name given by anthropologists at the beginning of the century.  The Pomo originated in [[California]] and were divided into three regions, the coast, the valley, and the lake regions of northern, central and southern California. They inhabited Mendicino, Sonoma and Lake counties. They also resided in the [[Russian River Valley]] and still reside in these areas today. The northern Pomo are named the Bokeya, the central are the [[Yokiya]], and the southern Pomo are the [[Kashia]]. 


== Language ==
 

It is believed that there were originally seven different languages but only three are still spoken including [[Hokan]].


== History ==


In the early 1800's, the Pomo had become close allies with the Russian fur traders and constantly traded items between the two camps. The Russian fur traders believed having Indians on their side was to their advantage. The Pomo were forced into Spanish missionaries or onto Indian reservations. During the 1830's &amp; 1840's, they were subjected to numerous raids by the Mexican camps who attempted to secure slaves. There was also dramatic increases in the number of people who contracted smallpox and other deadly diseases. In 1857, the U.S. government set up a reservation for the Pomo Indians at Fort Bragg, California. Ten years later it was deserted and the Pomo were sent to live on other reservations throughout [[California]]. 

Daily Life: The daily life of the Pomo was all based on simplicity. The men were often naked and the women wore short, thick kilts and shirts made of deerskin. One source of warmth during cold weather came from rabbit robes. Their houses were shaped like an elliptical circle and consisted of three layers held by poles. Their daily diet included acorns, berries, fish and  meat. The Pomo had two ceremonial rituals including the “Ghost Dance,” during which the dead were recognized and the “Far South,” which was a rite of passage for children of the tribe. 

Because the Pomo Indians lived in a variety of environments, there was a large variety of food available to them. The communities living inland made journeys to the coast for sea food, and the coastal communities made journeys inland to gather foods not found in their local environment. The Pomo Indians ate nuts from acorns, chestnuts, buckeyes, pepperwood, and conifer trees. They also ate wild grapes and berries. “Almost all species of mammals, birds, fishes, etc. were utilized, chiefly as sources of food.” (Material Aspects of Pomo Culture. page. 96). Among these were land birds like quail, pigeons, doves, woodpeckers, and blue jays. The clear lake communities had access to ducks, geese, swan, cormorants, cranes, egrets, herons, bitterns, and snipe. There were also certain animals that were considered taboo to hunt or eat. Here is a small list of some of these animals and reasons not hunted.


See: [[language]]

{{wikipedia|Pomo}}
[[Category:Off topic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Násilí Proti Čech</title>
    <id>1852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5713</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-25T02:38:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Spelldown</username>
        <id>69</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Násilí Proti Čech'' means lit. &quot;Violence Against Czechs&quot; in [[Czech]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Czech</title>
    <id>1853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47460</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T08:26:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>concentrating redlinks ;)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A [[West Slavic]] language spoken in the Czech Republic.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Slavic natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Spelldown</title>
    <id>1854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5732</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T06:40:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please stop the copyright violations. - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:Zhen Lin|T]]&lt;/sub&gt; 21:09, 24 December 2005 (PST)

----

Hi,&lt;br&gt;
please try and focus your contributions to the topic of the wiki, namely the invention of languages and cultures.  If pages like [[Non futurus duco ut populus inter nostrum natio nationis]] have relevance to this topic, you may help make this clear by putting it in a category comprising your creations, or by adding it to a more comprehensive writeup.  

Also, violations of copyright are not permitted here and may subject you to being blocked.  Wikipedia content is possible (if marked with &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikipedia}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; and a link to the original wikipedia article, but there is really no point in duplicating the information (it will only go stale here compared to there), and it may be more prudent to contribute new information or rewrite for a point of view useful to the wiki.     —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 22:40, 25 December 2005 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Non futurus duco ut populus inter nostrum natio nationis</title>
    <id>1855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47557</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>&gt;cat:latin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Non futurus duco ut populus inter nostrum natio nationis'' Latin for &quot;Not to be counted as people among our race&quot; this was a common phrase used against people who did not speak [[Latin]].

[[Category:Latin]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Michał P.</title>
    <id>1864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5735</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-26T22:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Michał P.</username>
        <id>75</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Le Pommeranais]] - artificial language of Pomerania</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cimmerian</title>
    <id>1879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32408</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-06T16:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A now long long gone group of languages spoken by the [[Medes]].

[[Category:Indo-Iranian natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Medes</title>
    <id>1880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5755</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-27T01:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Spelldown</username>
        <id>69</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Pastoralist]] wiped these people from the Earth and killed them in the [[Caucasia]] region.


== See also ==
 

[[Mede]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tabletas</title>
    <id>1883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5765</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-27T01:31:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Spelldown</username>
        <id>69</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The name for tablets or [[ancient inscriptions]] or ''inscripciones anciente'' for writing and for keeping busy little linguists up to their knees in work.


== Alphabet &amp; sounds ==
 

 [[۞]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pahlavi</title>
    <id>1885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32409</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-06T16:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The dialect of [[Persian]] well known to be hard to speak.


Here are some sounds:

š (sh) ç (ch) 


[[Category:Indo-Iranian natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Italic languages</title>
    <id>1890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45929</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-11T13:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Oscan]], [[Umbrian]], and [[Latin]] are all Italic languages.
The languages derived from Latin are technically Italic as well, but are normally referred to as '''Romance languages'''.  

*Romance Languages
**[[Latin]]
***[[Vulgar Latin]]
***Ibero Romance Languages
****[[Old Spanish]]
****[[Spanish]]
****[[Old Portuguese]]
****[[Portuguese]]
***Italic Romance
****[[Old Italian]]
****[[Italian]]
***Gallo Romance
****[[Old French]]
****[[Middle French]]
****[[French]]
*****[[Old Norman French]]
*****[[Norman French]]
***Slavo Romance
****[[Old Romanian]]
****[[Romanian]]

== Italic conlangs ==
*  [[Lingvo Rustico]] 

----
{{stub}}

[[Category:Italic natlangs]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingvo Rustico</title>
    <id>1891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22363</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:16:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Lit.'' &quot;rustic language&quot; a dialect that is getting in the process of getting created. Based on all the [[Italian]] dialects for wider communications.

[[Category:Italic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kyratopian</title>
    <id>1892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12048</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-07T21:20:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>El Duccio del Pieta</username>
        <id>209</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The true language of [[Spelldown]] a language based on [[Italian]] and [[Germanic]] languages. [[El Duccio]] the title of the leader of [[Kyratopia]].


== Alphabet ==
 
a, e, i, o, u, ou, ue, eu, oe, oi, ie 

b, c, cc, d, f, g, gn, h, g(j), k, l, m, n, p, q, rr, s, sc(sh), t, th, v, w, x, y, z(ts)


== Dialects ==
 
Many in regions [[Boscovian]], [[Giallonse]]


Standard Kyratopian sample:'' El noticios und condiciones del mundo''... Boscovian sample: ''Das momento und koendition den weelt''... Translation: The news and conditions of the world... 

== See also ==
 

[[Kyratovsko al español]]
{{stub}}

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Italic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Newsburg</title>
    <id>1895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T13:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. redlands saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An old settlement on the conworld [[Chaldea]] invaded by [[Felinid]] armies and changed to [[Urbis Felinus Nostrum]]. 


== People ==
 

Their mostly [[Italian]]-speakers in this commune and [[English]] or [[Itanglian]]s

[[Category:Redlands Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dauyn</title>
    <id>1896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7500</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T04:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Dauyn'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| May 11, 1971 in Sacramento, California
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Photography Coordinator
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English, Chinese Mandarin, Irish (Old and Modern), Welsh (Middle and Modern), Latin, French, Spanish, Italian
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Taalen]], Aelya (now defunct and no longer developed); [[Dele]] and Taxa, proto-Langs for use in the Ardalang project.
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs I like:'''
|| Tokana, Kelen, Glide, Brithenig and other &quot;Celtic&quot; langs in Ill Bethisad
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Hiking, gaming, camping, cooking
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| Gay bearded right-handed
|}
'''Dauyn, aka Aidan Grey''' &lt;br&gt;
Primary conlang: [[Taalen]] &lt;br&gt;
Primary conworld: Sovrandas, a Realm in the Plasm&lt;br&gt;


==Language==
[[Taalen]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Taalen_Phonology | Taalen Phonology]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Taalen_Morphology | Taalen Morphology]]&lt;br&gt;

==Tell and Plasm==
[[Plasm]]


==Crux==
nothing yet</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taalen</title>
    <id>1897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40385</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-01T03:03:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Taalen'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|| Sovrandas /soˈvran.dəs/
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
|| The Coil (the Crux universe)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
|| 2.8 million (or something)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
|| Súren branch of the Sovrandian family
|}

'''Pronounced /'tɑ.lɛn/.''' &lt;br&gt;
From ''tal'' 'tree' + ''ra'' 'speak' + ''-en'' agentive suffix: 'Treespeaker', used metonymically. If compounded currently instead of anciently, this results in ''tallen'', which is used to indicate the individual Treespeaker (roughly equivalent to a shaman) as opposed to the language.


[[Taalen_Phonology | Taalen Phonology]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Taalen_Morphology | Taalen Morphology]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taalen Morphology</title>
    <id>1899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6276</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-11T15:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Links */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Nominals=

==Plurals==


==Cases==

===Agentive===
===Patientive===
===Focal===
===Genitive and Possessive Structures===

The marker of the genitive case is ''-(e)n'' in the singular, and ''??'' in the plural.

Taalen is dependent marking, meaning that the possessor is explicitly marked as such, while the possessum is marked with the case corresponding to its grammatical role in the sentence.

{|
| '''mau''' || '''Saran''' || style=&quot;width:60px&quot; | ||  '''mau''' || '''men'''
|-
| mau-0 || Sara-n || || mau-0 || me-n
|-
| cat-PAT || Sara-GEN || || cat-PAT || 1+2-GEN
|-
| colspan=2 | ''Sarah's cat'' || || colspan=2 | ''Our cat''
|}


This structure is a generic situation, making no reference to the alienability of the relationship. Taalen does distinguish alienable from inalienable relationships, which can change the meaning of a word. Some words (notably relationships, parts of the body, and spiritual and magical concepts) always require overt alienability marking.

Alienable relationships are those which can be broken, and alienable possessions can be lost, given away, or otherwise destroyed. They are marked with suffixes corresponding to person. In cases where the possessor is explicitly mentioned, both the possessor (in the genitive) and the person marker are required.

{| 
| '''mava''' || '''Saran'''
|-
| mau-a-0 || Sara-n
|-
| cat-3an.AGT-PAT || Sara-GEN
|}
''Sara's cat (i.e. the one she found, or just received as a gift)''

{|
| '''mavamme''' || || '''mavamme''' || '''men'''
|-
| mau-amme-0 || style=&quot;width:60px&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | VS. || mau-amme-0 || me-n
|-
| cat-1+2.AGT-PAT || || cat-1+2.AGT-PAT || 1+2-GEN
|-
| ''Our cat'' || || colspan=2 | '''OUR''' cat
|}

Note that the second example ('our cat') has the same implications as the first, namely that the cat is not closely or permanently assicated with us. Instead, it is the cat we saw, or found, are betting on, or are otherwise loosely and alienably connected to.

Inalienable possession follows a similar structure, though with personal prefixes instead of suffixes. 

{|
| '''mau''' || '''Saran''' || style=&quot;width:60px&quot; | || '''samau''' || '''emethen''' || style=&quot;width:60px&quot; | ||'''timau'''
|-
| 0-mau-0 || Sara-n || || sa-mau-0 || emeth-en || || ti-mau-0
|-
| 3an.PAT-cat-PAT || Sara-GEN || || 3in.PAT-cat-PAT || shrine-GEN || || 2.PAT-cat-PAT
|-
| colspan=2 | ''Sara's cat'' || || colspan=2 | ''shrine's cat'' || || ''Your cat''
|}

Note that in the 3an, this is identical to the unmarked forms above. In all of these cases, the implication is that the cat is in an inherent and inalienable relationship. Sara has had the cat for years, or raised in, or the cat is named for her, and the shrine's cat was likely born there.

===Allative===
===Ablative===
===Locative===
===Perlative===
===and something else I haven't figured out yet===

==Pronouns==
The pronominal system of Taalen distinguishes for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and an obviative 4th) and animacy (in the 3rd person), but not number. Number is instead handled by ''complex'' pronouns, wherein the semantics of the pronoun are concatenations of person:

1+2 : 'I and you'; inclusive 'we'&lt;br&gt;
1+3 : 'I and s/he or them'; exclusive 'we'&lt;br&gt;
2+3 : 'you and s/he or them'; you, pl. &lt;br&gt;
:::This is not quite the same as the usual 2nd pl. pronoun, as it does not address directly more than one person. Instead it focuses on one individual as representative of a group.
1+2+3 : 'I and you and s/he or them'; people, the ubiquitous &quot;they&quot;, a generic plural&lt;br&gt;
4 : the other, one, a generic singular 
:::Implies more time or location specific identity than 1+2+3

Each person has a characteristic consonant and epenthetic vowel, used when marking verbs and nouns.

{| cellpadding=5
! Person !! Consonant !! Vowel !! Prefixed (V-/C-) !! Suffixed (-V/-C)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1 || n || e || n-/ne- || -n/-en
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 2 || t / h || i || t-/ti- || -h/-ih
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 3an || 0 (null) || a || 0-/a- || -0/-a
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 3in || s || a || s-/sa- || -s/-as
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 4 || r || o || r-/o- || -r/-o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1+2 || m || e || m-/me- || -me/-amme
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1+3 || th || e || th-/the- || -th/-atthe
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 2+3 || v || u || v-/u- || -v/-u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| 1+2+3 || l || o || l-/lo- || -l/-o
|}

As can be seen from the verbal complex, these pronominal affixes are agentive when suffixed, and patientive when prefixed. The prefix/suffix distinction holds on nouns as well, prefixed to indicate inalienable possession and suffixed for the alienable variety.

Alternation between vowel or consonant initial or final roots, for both patientive/inalienable (prefixed) and agentive/alienable (suffixed) morphemes. Agentively, note that 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 1+2+3 are indentical, when affixed to a consonant-final root. 

{| cellpadding=5
! mode !! shouva 'picture' !! ora 'water' !! tal 'tree'
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Pref. || ''neshouva'' 'the picture I took' || ''tora'' 'your urine' || ''adal'' 'her tree that she planted'
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Suff. || ''shouvan'' 'the picture of me' || ''orah'' 'your water' || ''tala'' 'her tree'
|}

=Verbs=

==Verbal Complex==

{| cellpadding=5
! PAT !! ASP&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! DER&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; !! ROOT !! DER&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !! ASP&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; !! AGT
|}

PAT : Patient: the patient or experiencer of the verb&lt;br&gt;
ASP&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; : Aspect prefix: provides specialization of primary (ASP&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) aspectual marker&lt;br&gt;
DER&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; : Derivative prefix: instrumental and claassifying prefixes&lt;br&gt;
ROOT : the verb itself&lt;br&gt;
DER&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; : Derivative suffix: directionals, applicatives, evidentials&lt;br&gt;
ASP&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; : Aspect suffix: primary aspectual marker&lt;br&gt;
AGT : Agent : the agent or causative force of the verb&lt;br&gt;

=Particles=


=Links=
[[Taalen_Phonology | Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A priori conlangs</title>
    <id>1900</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>5927</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A priori conlangs moved to A priori conlang: singular in title</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[A priori conlang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlangs</title>
    <id>1901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55123</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-17T14:28:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mert1295</username>
        <id>1404</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for conlangs which have not been better identified as  [[:Category:a priori conlangs|a priori conlangs]] or [[:Category:a posteriori conlangs|a posteriori conlangs]].  

If one of these languages is yours, please recategorize it more aptly.

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Phonetic segments</title>
    <id>1902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5933</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>description</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">List of articles treating phonetic segments.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Atlantic</title>
    <id>1904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5951</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Atlantic]] is an Indo-European conlang by [[User:Muke]].

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Nother]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nother</title>
    <id>1905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5952</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nother''' is a generic alternate [[Earth]] envisioned by [[User:Muke]].


[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lexica</title>
    <id>1906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5953</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of pages containing conlang wordlists, glossaries, lexica, etc. 

[[Category:Language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Dele languages</title>
    <id>1907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5955</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:48:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of languages derived from [[User:Dauyn|Aidan Grey]]'s [[Dele]] for the conworld [[Arda]].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Dele]]
[[Category:Arda]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Collaborations</title>
    <id>1908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5957</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of collaborative conlang and conculture projects, whether coordinated on FrathWiki or elsewhere.

[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Middle-earth</title>
    <id>1909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45971</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>broken link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Middle-earth is a very famous and influential conworld developed by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].  

(Contributions to this category should keep in mind avoiding copyright violations.)

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Swadesh lists</title>
    <id>1910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5961</id>
      <timestamp>2005-12-31T23:54:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of pages with [[Swadesh list]]s for various languages.

[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Incipitmaerik.gif</title>
    <id>1911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5968</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-01T00:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;Here begins the language Mærik&quot; in Latin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&quot;Here begins the language Mærik&quot; in Latin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Azir</title>
    <id>1912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5997</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are articles about the [[conworlds]] of [[Azir]].

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:General lexica</title>
    <id>1913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5979</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conscripts</title>
    <id>1914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5980</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Natscripts</title>
    <id>1915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5981</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Isolate natlangs</title>
    <id>1916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5982</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Romance natlangs</title>
    <id>1917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42758</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T11:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Italic natlangs</title>
    <id>1918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5984</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:04:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conworlds</title>
    <id>1919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28866</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-14T01:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Language</title>
    <id>1920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40187</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Natlangs</title>
    <id>1921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5987</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:06:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Scripts</title>
    <id>1922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5988</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Grammar</title>
    <id>1923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22375</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-11T04:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert: almost missed this one</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Germanic natlangs</title>
    <id>1924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42763</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T12:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Phonology</title>
    <id>1925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47537</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T10:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Articles relating to [[phonology]], but also [[phonetics]].

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Linguistics</title>
    <id>1926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40186</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:12:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Science]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Slavic conlangs</title>
    <id>1927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6009</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T05:15:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plasm</title>
    <id>1928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6014</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-03T07:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Plasm is the Otherworld of mythology, populated by every imagined being, living in every imagined world. Each of those worlds is a Realm.

More detail coming...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Imported from Wikipedia</title>
    <id>1929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6022</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:01:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">List of articles imported from Wikipedia.  Should be marked with the template &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:wikipedia|wikipedia]]}}&lt;/tt&gt;. 

There is probably not much call to import articles here.  People know where Wikipedia is and moved information will only grow stale here.  It may be better to rewrite these articles to better conform to the conlanger/conculturer's point of view.

[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Top-level categories</title>
    <id>1930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6023</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Category of categories that can't be further sorted.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Spelldown</title>
    <id>1931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6025</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>can replace this with something better when you get to it</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Contributions of [[User:Spelldown]] / [[User:Duccio]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Source material</title>
    <id>1932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6026</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Index of things that may be useful to those looking for material to work with. 

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arda</title>
    <id>1933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6027</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:08:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A now mostly-dormant collaborative world project.

See:
* [[Arda]]
* http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Arda-Lang/

Not to be confused with [[:Category:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]].

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Dele</title>
    <id>1934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6028</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T01:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One of the proto-languages of [[Arda]].

See:
* [[Dele]]

[[Category:Arda]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:IPA</title>
    <id>1935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6088</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T07:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmkay...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:IPA</title>
    <id>1936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6035</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T18:35:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Usage: {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA|[fouˈnɛtɪk tɹænˌskrɪpʃn]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sohlob</title>
    <id>1937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9742</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-31T13:49:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Font size</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span title=&quot;Sohlob alphabet&quot; class=&quot;red&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Sohlob; font-size: 120%;&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Sohlob</title>
    <id>1938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6041</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-04T19:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Sohlob|borhos}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Red</title>
    <id>1939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9355</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>changed to class</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordaþ lexicon</title>
    <id>1940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54187</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-19T02:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matsuzuma</username>
        <id>1389</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a list of [[Nordaþ language|Nordaþ]] words.

Entries are ordered thus: '''spelling''' /pronunciation/ ''part of speech'' definition &amp;mdash; notes &amp; etymology. Where irregular forms are listed, only the relevant inflections are given. Pronunciations are broadly transcribed, with canonical, phonemic values.

This lexicon follows the Nordaþ -&gt; English format.

''n.'' = noun (root); ''p.'' = pronoun (personal, interrogative or demonstrative); ''c.'' = conjunction; ''f.'' = affix; ''i.'' = interjection; ''part.'' = particle

''dial.'' = dialectal; ''colloq.'' = colloquial; ''obs.'' = obsolete

==a==
*'''Afganïstan''' /{{IPA|af.ga.ˈnɪ.stan}}/ ''n.'' Afghanistan. &amp;mdash; Pash. ''افغانستان  (Afğānistān)''
*'''aiv''' /{{IPA|ˈa.iv}}/ ''n.'' Ever. &amp;mdash; O.Eng. ''æfre''
*'''akiivat''' /{{IPA|ˈa.kiː.vat}}/ ''n.'' Acceptance of item. &amp;mdash; L. ''acceptare'' &quot;To receive willingly&quot;.
*'''Akrotiri''' /{{IPA|a.kɹo.ˈti.ɹi}}/ ''n.'' Akrotiri. &amp;mdash; Gk. ''Ακρωτήρι'' (Akrotéri)
*'''allennes''' /{{IPA|a.lːɛn.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Aloneness.
*'''alsat''' /{{IPA|ˈal.sat}}/ ''n.'' Understanding. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*alnaz'' &quot;Everything&quot; + ''*satjan'' &quot;To place, set.&quot;
*'''amalsat''' /{{IPA|a.ˈmal.sat}}/ ''n.'' Abstrusity. &amp;mdash; ''am'' &quot;Un-&quot; + ''alsat'' &quot;Understanding&quot;.
*'''amaiv''' /{{IPA|a.ˈma.iv}}/ ''n.'' Never. &amp;mdash; ''am'' &quot;Un-&quot; + O.Eng. ''æfre''
*'''amilust''' /{{IPA|ˈa.mi.lust}}/ ''n.'' Apathy. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*andi lustaz'' &quot;Without want&quot;. Irregular stress.
*'''amtraünes''' /{{IPA|am.ˈtɾaʊ}}/ ''n.'' Falsity. &amp;mdash; ''am'' Un- + ''traünes'' &quot;Trustworthyness&quot;.
**'''amtraüe onkata''' /{{IPA|am.ˈtɾaʊ.ɛn on.ˈka.ta}}/ ''n.'' Hallucination. &amp;mdash; ''am'' &quot;Un-&quot; + ''traü'' &quot;Trustworthy&quot; + ''onketa'' &quot;Perception&quot;.
**'''amtraüe reveekti''' /{{IPA|am.ˈtɾaʊ.ɛn ɾɛ.ˈvɛːk.ti}}/ ''n.'' Mirage. &amp;mdash; ''am'' &quot;Un-&quot; + ''traü'' &quot;Trustworthy&quot; + ''refekti'' &quot;Reflection&quot;.
**'''amtraüe sek''' /{{IPA|am.ˈtɾaʊ.ɛn sɛk}}/ ''n.'' Illusion. &amp;mdash; ''am'' &quot;Un-&quot; + ''traü'' &quot;Trustworthy&quot; + ''sek'' &quot;Sight&quot;.
*'''anarva''' /{{IPA|ˈan.aɹ.va}}/ ''n.'' Work on. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''an'' &quot;On&quot; + ''arva'' Work.
*'''anbiiri''' /{{IPA|an.ˈbiː.ɹɪ}}/ ''n.'' Abide. &amp;mdash; OE. ''anbidian''
*'''Apsnï''' /{{IPA|ˈap.snɪ}}/ ''n.'' Abkhazia. &amp;mdash; Abk. ''Аҧсны'' (Aphsny)
*'''Aprise''' /{{IPA|ap.ˈɹi.sɛ}}/ ''n.'' Revolution. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*up-'' &quot;Up&quot; + ''*risanan'' &quot;Rise&quot;.
*'''arva''' /{{IPA|ˈaɹ.va}}/ ''n.'' Labour. &amp;mdash; O.H.G. ''arabeit''
**'''arvasok''' /{{IPA|ˈaɹ.va.ˌsok}}/ ''n.'' Worktools.
**'''arvasumaria''' /{{IPA|ˌaɹ.va.su.ma.ˈɾi.a}}/ ''n.'' Résumé. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*arbaiðaz'' &quot;Labour&quot; + L. ''summaria'' &quot;Pertaining to the sum or substance&quot;.
*'''ask''' /{{IPA|ask}}/ ''n.'' Ash. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc ''*askon''
*'''aübyr''' /{{IPA|ˈaʊ.byɹ}}/ ''n.'' Abbess, abbot. &amp;mdash; OE. ''abudisse'', ''abbod''
*'''aübyrë''' /{{IPA|aʊ.ˈby.ɾe}}/ ''n.'' Abbey.
*'''aük''' /{{IPA|aʊk}}/ ''n.'' Eye. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*augon''
**'''aükpek''' /{{IPA|ˈaʊk.pɛk}}/ ''n.'' Optical illusion. ''aük'' &quot;Eye&quot; + ''pek'' &quot;Play&quot;.
*'''ava''' /{{IPA|ˈa.va}}/ ''c.'' But. &amp;mdash; cf. Ger. ''aber''
*'''avaïka''' /{{IPA|a.ˈvaɪ.ka}}/ ''n.'' Abdication. &amp;mdash; L. ''abdicatio''
*'''avorïka''' /{{IPA|a.vo.ˈɾɪ.ka}}/ ''n.'' Abduction. &amp;mdash; OE. ''forwgan''
*'''avotï''' /{{IPA|a.ˈvo.tɪ}}/ ''n.'' Abortion. &amp;mdash; L. ''abortio''
*'''avoradï''' /{{IPA|a.vo.ˈɾa.dɪ}}/ ''n.'' Abrasion. &amp;mdash; L. ''abradere''
*'''Azïrbaïdžan''' /{{IPA|a.zɪɾ.ˈbaɪ.dʒan}}/ ''n.'' Azerbaijan. &amp;mdash; Az. ''Azərbaycan''

==ä==
*'''äänines''' /{{IPA|æː.ˈni.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Suddenness. &amp;mdash; Goth. ''anaks'' &quot;Suddenly&quot;.
*'''ääpel''' /{{IPA|ˈæː.pɛl}}/ ''n.'' Apple. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*apalaz''
*'''ääpsä''' /{{IPA|ˈæːp.sæ}}/ ''n.'' Abstract (computer). &amp;mdash; Matsu Eng. ''äbsträkt''
*'''ääpsin''' /{{IPA|ˈæːp.sin}}/ ''n.'' Absinthe. &amp;mdash; Fr. ''absinthe''
*'''äles''' /{{IPA|ˈæ.lɛs}}/ ''n.'' Eel. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ælaz''
*'''ärme''' /{{IPA|ˈæɾ.mɛ}}/ ''n.'' Arm. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*armaz''
*'''äririin''' /{{IPA|æ.ɾi.ˈɾiːn}}/ ''n.'' Assembly. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*harihringa''
*'''ävääke''' /{{IPA|æ.ˈvæː.kɛ}}/ ''n.'' Abdomen. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*bukaz''
*'''ävyse''' /{{IPA|æ.ˈvy.sɛ}}/ ''n.'' Abyss. &amp;mdash; Gk. ''αβυσσος'' through L.L. ''abyssus''

==b==
*'''bäkäli''' /{{IPA|ˈbæk.ˌæ.li}}/ ''n.'' Alley. &amp;mdash; Eng. ''back alley''
*'''bäki''' /{{IPA|ˈbæ.ki}}/ ''n.'' Shore of a river. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*bakiz''
*'''beres''' /{{IPA|ˈbɛ.ɾɛs}}/ ''n.'' Baby. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*bernaz''
*'''bïdon''' /{{IPA|ˈbɪ.don}}/ ''n.'' Accent mark. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.
*'''bikini''' /{{IPA|bi.ˈki.ni}}/ ''n.'' Bikini top. &amp;mdash; Polynesian language of Marshall Islands. ''Pikinni''
*'''bildyng''' /{{IPA|ˈbil.dyŋ}}/ ''n.'' Education. &amp;mdash; O.H.G. ''bildunga''
*'''bisang''' /{{IPA|ˈbi.saŋ}}/ ''n.'' Banana. &amp;mdash; Bahasa Indonesia ''Pisang''
*'''blosa''' /{{IPA|ˈblo.sa}}/ ''n.'' Flower. &amp;mdash; O. Eng. ''blostma''
*'''bonsai''' /{{IPA|bon.ˈsa.i}}/ ''n.'' Bonsai. &amp;mdash; Jpn. ''盆'' (''bon'') &quot;Tray&quot; + ''栽'' (''sai'') &quot;Gardening&quot;
*'''brest''' /{{IPA|bɹɛst}}/ ''n.'' Breast. &amp;mdash; ''*breustam''
*'''brestkald''' /{{IPA|ˈbɹɾɛst.kald}}/ ''n.'' Bra. &amp;mdash; ''breste'' &quot;Breast&quot; + ''kalda'' &quot;To hold&quot;.

==d==
*'''dasa''' /{{IPA|ˈda.sa}}/ ''c.'' That.
*'''däg''' /{{IPA|dæg}}/ ''n.'' Day. &amp;mdash; ''*dagaz''
*'''Dekeleïe''' /{{IPA|dɛ.kɛ.ˈlɛɪ.ɛ}}/ ''n.'' Dhekelia. &amp;mdash; Gk. ''Δεκέλεια'' (Dēkḗlēa)
*'''de''' /{{IPA|dɛ}}/ ''part.'' Subjunctive marker.
*'''den''' /{{IPA|dɛn}}/ ''adv/adj/n.'' Then. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ðana''
*'''doka''' /{{IPA|ˈdo.ka}}/ ''c.'' But, just, though. &amp;mdash cf. Ger. ''doch''
*'''döte''' /{{IPA|ˈdø.tɛ}}/ ''n.'' File. &amp;mdash; Ger. ''datei''
*'''dukas''' /ˈ{{IPA|du.kas}}/ ''n.'' Ability. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*duχtas''
*'''dykpryk''' /{{IPA|ˈdyk.pɹyk}}/ ''n.'' Access. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc ''*duχtas'' &quot;Able&quot; + ''*brûkjan'' &quot;Use&quot;.

==e==
*'''ejäke''' /{{IPA|ɛ.ˈjæ.kɛ}}/ ''n.'' Ejaculation. &amp;mdash; L. ''ex'' &quot;Out&quot; + ''jacere'' &quot;To throw&quot;.
*'''ekente''' /{{IPA|ɛ.ˈkɛn.tɛ}}/ ''n.'' Accent of speech. &amp;mdash; L. ''accentus'' &quot;Song added to speech&quot;.
*'''elen''' /{{IPA|ˈɛ.lɛn}}/ ''v.'' To be.
*'''eleþän''' /{{IPA|ɛ.ˈlɛ.θæn}}/ ''n.'' Abandonment. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*lêðan''
*'''engang''' /{{IPA|ˈɛn.gaŋ}}/ ''n.'' Entrance. &amp;mdash; ''en'' &quot;In&quot; + ''gang'' &quot;Way&quot;.
*'''ensek''' /{{IPA|ˈɛn.sɛk}}/ ''n.'' View. &amp;mdash; ''en'' &quot;In&quot; + ''sek'' &quot;Sight&quot;.
*'''erþ''' /{{IPA|ɛɹθ}}/ ''n.'' Earth, ground. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*erðo''
*'''es''' /{{IPA|ɛs}}/ ''p.'' It.
**'''esit''' /{{IPA|ˈɛs.it}}/ ''p.'' They (inanimate).
*'''estat''' /ɛ.ˈstaːt/ ''n.'' State. &amp;mdash; Matsu Eng. ''stët'' from L. ''status'' &quot;state or condition&quot;, from root of ''stare'' &quot;to stand&quot;, from PIE base ''*sta-'' &quot;to stand&quot;

==f==
*'''faüta''' /{{IPA|ˈfaʊ.ta}}/ ''n.'' Dread. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*faurχtjan''
*'''foka''' /{{IPA|ˈfo.ka}}/ ''n.'' Fuck. &amp;mdash; Swedish dial. ''focka'' &quot;Copulate, strike, push&quot;.
*'''foksali''' /{{IPA|fok.ˈsa.li}}/ ''n.'' Prostitution. ''foka'' &quot;To fuck&quot; + ''salja'' &quot;To sell&quot;.
*'''frines''' /{{IPA|ˈfɹi.nɛs}}/  ''n.'' Freedom. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*frijaz''

==g==
*'''gang''' /{{IPA|gaŋ}}/ ''n.'' Way. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*gai-/*gæ-'' &quot;Go&quot;.
*'''ge''' /{{IPA|gɛ}}/ ''n.'' Going. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*gai-/*gæ-''
*'''geft''' /{{IPA|gɛft}}/ ''n.'' Gift. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*giftaz''
*'''gelis''' /{{IPA|ˈgɛ.lis}}/ ''n.'' Gill. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*geliz''
*'''genaüi''' /{{IPA|gɛ.ˈnaʊ.i}}/ ''adv.'' Indeed. &amp;mdash; cf. Ger. ''genau''
*'''geta''' /{{IPA|ˈgɛ.ta}}/ ''c.'' Yet. &amp;mdash; O.Eng. ''get''
*'''gev''' /{{IPA|gɛv}}/ ''n.'' Giving. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*gebanan''
*'''gotnes''' /{{IPA|ˈgot.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Goodness. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*goðaz''

==h==
*'''halkepa''' /{{IPA|hal.ˈkɛ.pa}}/ ''n.'' Abortion (medical). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*halðan'' &quot;Stop&quot; + ''*gaburðis'' &quot;Birth&quot;
*'''halt''' /{{IPA|halt}}/ ''n.'' Stop. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*halðan''
*'''halþ''' /{{IPA|halθ}}/ ''n.'' Embrace. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χaldanan'' &quot;To hold&quot;.
*'''hapnes''' /{{IPA|ˈhap.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Existence. The verb form can mean &quot;there is&quot;, in addition. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χaf-''
*'''haši''' /{{IPA|ˈha.ʃi}}/ ''n.'' Chopstick(s). &amp;mdash; Jpn. ''箸''
*'''hät''' /{{IPA|hæt}}/ ''p.'' Reflexive pronoun. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. base ''*χi''
*'''he''' /{{IPA|hɛ}}/ ''p.'' He. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. base ''*χi''
*'''heim''' /{{IPA|hɛɪm}}/ ''n.'' Home. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χaim-''
*'''help''' /{{IPA|hɛlp}}/ ''n.'' Help. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χalpanan''
*'''heronaüti''' /{{IPA|hɛɹ.on.ˈaʊ.ti}}/ ''adv.'' Henceforth.
*'''hert''' /{{IPA|hɛɹt}}/ ''n.'' Heart. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*khertan-''
*'''het''' /{{IPA|hɛt}}/ ''p.'' They (singular animate). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. base ''*χi''
**'''hetit''' /{{IPA|ˈhɛ.tit}}/ ''p.'' They (plural animate). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. base ''*χi''
*'''hi''' /{{IPA|hi}}/ ''p.'' She. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. base ''*χi''
*'''him''' /{{IPA|him}}/ ''n.'' Sky. &amp;mdash; O. Eng. ''heofon''
*'''hoïta''' /{{IPA|ˈhɔɪ.ta}}/ ''n.'' Attendance. &amp;mdash; Fin. ''hoita'' &quot;Attend&quot;.
*'''horizon''' /{{IPA|ho.'ɹi.zon}}/ ''n.'' Horizon.
**'''horizonlink''' /{{IPA|ho.'ɹi.zon.ˌliŋk}}/ ''n.'' Horizon light.
*'''hus''' /{{IPA|hus}}/ ''n.'' House. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χusan''
*'''hytnes''' /{{IPA|ˈhyt.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Hiddenness. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*χuθjanan''

==i==
*'''ilkarapaan''' /{{IPA|il.ka.ɾa.ˈpaːn}}/ ''n.'' Automobile. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ilka'' &quot;Self&quot; + ''*hrapan'' &quot;Move&quot;.
*'''imä''' /{{IPA|ˈi.mæ}}/ ''n.'' Absorption. &amp;mdash; Fin. ''imeä'' &quot;Absorb&quot;.
*'''is''' /{{IPA|is}}/ ''p.'' I. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*eke''
**'''isit''' /{{IPA|ˈi.sit}}/ ''p.'' We (exclusive)

==ï==


==j==
*'''ja''' /{{IPA|ja}}/ ''c.'' And. &amp;mdash; Fin. ''ja''
*'''je''' /{{IPA|jɛ}}/ ''i.'' Yes. &amp;mdash; O.Eng. ''gise'' &quot;So be it&quot;.
*'''jeräm''' /{{IPA|ˈjɛ.ɾæm}}/ ''n.'' Year. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*jêram''

==k==
*'''kalda''' /{{IPA|ˈkal.da}}/ ''n.'' Hold. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*khaldanan'' &quot;To hold&quot;.
*'''kaltnes''' /{{IPA|ˈkalt.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Coldness.
*'''kamote''' /{{IPA|ka.ˈmo.tɛ}}/ ''n.'' Sweet potato. &amp;mdash; Spn. ''camote''
*'''kejen''' /{{IPA|ˈkɛ.jɛn}}/ ''v.'' To go on (mental)
*'''kemät''' /{{IPA|ˈkɛ.mæt}}/ ''n.'' Absurdity. &amp;mdash; OE. ''*gemædan'' &quot;To make insane or foolish&quot;.
*'''kene''' /{{IPA|ˈkɛ.nɛ}}/ ''adj.'' No
*'''kerit''' /{{IPA|ˈkɛ.ɾit}}/ ''n.'' Government. &amp;mdash; OE. ''gerihtan'' &quot;To direct&quot;.
*'''keriter''' /{{IPA|kɛ.ˈɾi.tɛr}}/ ''n.'' Administration.
*'''kivo''' /{{IPA|ˈki.vo}}/ ''n.'' Speech. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*kwiðô'' &quot;Speak&quot;.
*'''kraüen''' /{{IPA|ˈkɹaʊ.ɛn}}/ ''n.'' Abhorrence. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*grûwan''
*'''krotš''' /{{IPA|ˈkɹotʃ}}/ ''n.'' Crotch. &amp;mdash; O.N.Fr. croche &quot;shepherd's crook&quot;
*'''kungalï''' /{{IPA|kun.ˈga.lɪ}}/ ''n.'' Aborigine. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.
*'''kural''' /{{IPA|ˈku.ɾal}}/ ''n.'' Abeyance. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.
*'''kynink''' /{{IPA|ky.niŋk}}/ ''n.'' King. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*kuningaz''

==l==
*'''lanžïreï''' /{{IPA|lan.ˈʒɪ.ɾɛɪ}}/ ''n.'' Lingerie. &amp;mdash; Fr. ''lingerie''
*'''lauv''' /{{IPA|ˈla.uv}}/ ''n.'' Leaf. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*laubaz''
*'''laüp''' /{{IPA|laʊp}}/ ''n.'' Permission. &amp;mdash; Lat. ''allaudare'', compound of ''ad-'' &quot;to&quot; + ''laudare'' &quot;to praise&quot;
*'''leuv''' /{{IPA|ˈlɛ.uv}}/ ''n.'' Left. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*hlêumas'', possibly affected by dialectal ''*lubtan''
*'''lib''' /{{IPA|lib}}/ ''n.'' Love. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*lubo''
*'''link''' /{{IPA|ˈliŋ.kɛ}}/ ''adj.'' Light(ness). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*lingkhtaz''
*'''lisne''' /{{IPA|ˈlis.nɛ}}/ ''n.'' Lesson. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*liznojan''
*'''luda''' /{{IPA|ˈlu.da}}/ ''n.'' Academy, school. &amp;mdash; L. ''ludus''
*'''lukta''' /{{IPA|ˈluk.ta}}/ ''n.'' Light. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*leukhtam''
*'''lykerne''' /{{IPA|ly.ˈkɛɹ.nɛ}}/ ''n.'' Lamp. &amp;mdash; L. ''lucerna''
*'''lykjän''' /{{IPA|ˈly.kjæn}}/ ''n.'' Aberration. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.

==m==
*'''maïsikra''' /{{IPA|maɪ.ˈsi.kɾa}}/ ''n.'' Acceleration. &amp;mdash; ''*maizera'' More + ''*higas'' &quot;Fast&quot; + ''*hrapan'' &quot;Move&quot;.
*'''mal''' /{{IPA|mal}}/ ''n.'' Mail. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*malho-''
**''malstamves'' /{{IPA|ˈmal.ˌstam.vɛs}}/ ''n.'' Postage stamp. &amp;mdash; ''mal'' &quot;Mail&quot; + ''stamves'' &quot;Stamp&quot;.
*'''marja''' /{{IPA|ˈmaɹ.ja}}/ ''n.'' Abbreviation. &amp;mdash; Goth. ''ga-maúrgjan'' &quot;To cut short&quot;.
*'''mer''' /{{IPA|mɛɹ}}/ ''n.'' More. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*mais''

==n==
*'''nakas''' /{{IPA|na.ˈka.sa}}/ ''n.'' Nude. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*nakwathaz'' &quot;Clothesless&quot;.
*'''Napoleon''' /{{IPA|na.po.ˈlɛ.on}}/ ''n.'' Napoleon. &amp;mdash; Fr. ''Napoleon''
*'''näni''' /{{IPA|ˈnæ.ni}}/ ''adv.'' Not.
*'''nänþääv''' /{{IPA|ˈnæn.θæːv9}}/ ''n.'' Abstinence. &amp;mdash; Goth. ''ga-þarban'' &quot;To abstain from&quot;.
*'''nänwer''' /{{IPA|'næn.wɛɹ}}/ ''n.'' Abstraction. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.
*'''ne''' /{{IPA|nɛ}}/ ''adj.'' A, an. &amp;mdash; Inversion of Kyþ. ''ẃn'' &quot;One&quot;.
*'''nep''' /{{IPA|nɛp}}/ ''n.'' Nipple. &amp;mdash; M.Eng. ''neble''
*'''nettai''' /{{IPA|nɛt.ˈta.i}}/ ''n.'' Tropics. &amp;mdash; Jpn. ''熱'' &quot;Heat&quot; + ''帯'' &quot;Band&quot;.
*'''niima''' /{{IPA|ˈniː.ma}}/ ''n.'' Acceptance of the way things are. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*nimman'' &quot;Take&quot; + ''*haban'' &quot;Have&quot;.
*'''njame''' /{{IPA|ɲame}}/ ''n.'' Yam. &amp;mdash; Wolof ''nyami''
*'''nuukas''' /{{IPA|ˈnuː.kas}}/ ''n.'' Point. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χnukkaz''

==o==
*'''oktos''' /{{IPA|ˈok.tos}}/ ''n.'' Eight. &amp;mdash; PIE. {{IPA|''*oḱtō'', ''*oḱtou'' or ''*h₃eḱtō'', ''*h₃eḱtou''}}
*'''Oland''' /{{IPA|ˈo.land}}/ ''n.'' Åland.
*'''onkata''' /{{IPA|on.ˈka.ta}}/ ''n.'' Perception. &amp;mdash; OE. ''ongietan''
*'''orkama''' /{{IPA|oɹ.ˈka.ma}}/ ''n.'' Orgasm. &amp;mdash; Gk. ''οργασμός'' &quot;Excitement, swelling&quot;.

==p==
*'''papa''' /{{IPA|ˈpa.pa}}/ ''n.'' Potato. &amp;mdash; Quechua ''papa'
*'''pek''' /{{IPA|pɛk}}/ ''n.'' Play. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*plegan''
*'''pendžing''' /{{IPA|ˈpɛn.dʒiŋ}}/ ''n.'' Penjing. &amp;mdash; Mandarin Chinese ''盆'' (''pén'') &quot;Tray&quot; + ''景'' (''jǐng'') &quot;Scenery&quot;
*'''plat''' /{{IPA|plat}}/ ''n.'' Place. &amp;mdash; L. ''platea'' &quot;Courtyard, open space, broad street&quot;
**'''platkald''' /{{IPA|ˌplat.ˈkald}}/ ''n.'' Placeholder, bookmark. &amp;mdash; ''plat'' &quot;Place&quot; + ''kald'' &quot;Hold&quot;
*'''purka''' /{{IPA|ˈpuɹ.ka}}/ ''n.'' City. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*burgaz''
*'''purkaïs''' /{{IPA|puɹ.ˈka.ɪs}}/ ''adj.'' Public.
*'''purterv''' /{{IPA|ˈpuɹ.tɛɹv}}/ ''n.'' Police.

==r==
*'''räänän''' /{{IPA|ˈɹæː.næn}}/ ''n.'' Walk, stroll. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*trampan'' &quot;To walk&quot;.
*'''renti''' /{{IPA|ˈɹɛn.ti}}/ ''n.'' Division. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc ''*rendijan'' &quot;To split&quot;.
*'''rekt''' /{{IPA|ɹɛkt}} ''n.'' Right (opposite of left). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc ''*reχtaz'' &quot;Straight&quot;.
*'''run''' /{{IPA|ɾun}}/ ''n.'' Rune. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*runo'' &quot;Secret&quot;.
*'''rybje''' /{{IPA|ˈɹyb.jɛ}}/ ''n.'' Abundance. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*rubjas''
*'''rynlaï''' /{{IPA|ˈɹyn.laɪ}}/ ''n.'' Abscond. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*runo'' &quot;Secret&quot; + ''*laibjan'' &quot;Leave&quot;.
*'''ryn''' /{{IPA|ɹyn}}/ ''n.'' Secret. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*runo''

==s==
*'''sak''' /{{IPA|sak}}/ ''n.'' Spoken utterance. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*sagjanan'' &quot;To utter, say&quot;.
*'''salja''' /{{IPA|ˈsal.ja}}/ ''v.'' Sell. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*saljanan''
*'''saüna''' /{{IPA|ˈsaʊ.na}}/ ''n.'' Sauna. &amp;mdash; Fin. ''sauna''
*'''se''' /{{IPA|sɛ}}/ ''adj.'' The. &amp;mdash; O.Eng. ''se''
*'''sek''' /{{IPA|sɛk}}/ ''n.'' Sight. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*sekh(w)-''
*'''selen''' /{{IPA|ˈsɛ.lɛn}}/ ''n.'' To surrender. &amp;mdash; OHG. ''sellen'' &quot;To surrender&quot;.
*'''sem''' /{{IPA|sɛm}}/ ''n.'' One. &amp;mdash; PIE. ''*sem'' &quot;One&quot;.
*'''semönnes''' /{{IPA|ˈsɛ.møn.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Properness. &amp;mdash; cf. Ger. ''ziemen'' &amp; Kyþ. ''asom''
*'''semnes''' /{{IPA|ˈsɛm.nɛs}}/ Unity. &amp;mdash; PIE. ''*sem'' &quot;One&quot;.
**'''Semnesen Estaat-i Emerikeisi''' /{{IPA|sɛm.ˈnɛ.sɛn ɛ.ˈstaːt-i ɛ.mɛ.ɾi.kɛ.ˈi.si}}/ ''n.'' United States of America. &amp;mdash; Nor. ''semnes'' &quot;United&quot; + Nor. ''stat'' &quot;State&quot; + Eng. ''America''
*'''sernes''' /{{IPA|'sɛɹ.nɛs}}/ Tenderness. &amp;mdash; Of unknown origin.
*'''sleng''' /{{IPA|slɛŋ}}/ ''n.'' Sling. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*slenganan''
*'''sa''' /{{IPA|sa}}/ ''c.'' If.
*'''sneï''' /{{IPA|snɛɪ}}/ ''n.'' Snow. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*snaiwaz''
*'''sok''' /{{IPA|sok}}/ ''n.'' Tools. &amp;mdash; Ger. ''zeug''
*'''spän''' /{{IPA|spæn}}/ ''n.'' Spoon. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*spænuz''
*'''sprek''' /{{IPA|sprɛk}}/ ''n.'' Speech. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*sprekanan''
*'''sran''' /{{IPA|sɾan}}/ ''n.'' Beach. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*strandas''
*'''stakoja''' /{{IPA|sta.ˈko.ja}}/ ''v.'' Stalk. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*stalkojanan''
*'''stamves''' /{{IPA|ˈstam.vɛs}}/ ''n.'' Stamp. &amp;mdash; .Gmc. ''*stampojanan''
*'''stehen''' /{{IPA|ˈstɛ.hɛn}}/ ''v.'' To stand.
*'''stran''' /{{IPA|stɾan}}/ ''n.'' String. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*strangiz''
*'''sun''' /{{IPA|sun}}/ ''n.'' Sun. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*sunnon
**'''sunlink''' /{{IPA|ˈsun.liŋk}}/ ''n.'' Sunlight. &amp;mdash; ''sun'' &quot;Sun&quot; + ''link'' &quot;Light&quot;.
**'''sunglo''' /{{IPA|ˈsun.glo}}/ ''n.'' Dawn. &amp;mdash; ''sun'' &quot;Sun&quot; + ''glo'' &quot;Glow&quot;.
*'''suran''' /{{IPA|ˈsu.ɹan}}/ ''n.'' Disturbance. &amp;mdash; Origin unknown
*'''swenje''' /{{IPA|ˈswɛn.jɛ}}/ ''v.'' To swim. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*swemjanan''
*'''swenvasï''' /{{IPA|swɛn.ˈva.sɪ}}/ ''n.'' Swimsuit. &amp;mdash; ''swenje'' &quot;Swim&quot; + ''vesja'' &quot;Clothing&quot;.
*'''syk''' /syk/ ''n.'' Suck. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*sukan''
*'''Škiperise''' /{{IPA|ʃki.pɛ.ˈɾi.sɛ}}/ ''n.'' Albania. &amp;mdash; Alb. ''Shqipërisë''

==t==
*'''taïhu''' /{{IPA|ˈtaɪ.hu}}/ ''n.'' Hurricane. &amp;mdash; Jpn. ''台'' (''tai'') &quot;big&quot; + ''風'' (''fuu'') &quot;Wind&quot;.
*'''takra''' /{{IPA|ˈtak.ɹa}}/ ''n.'' Tear. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*takh-'', ''*tagr-''
*'''tataü''' /{{IPA|ˈta.taʊ}}/ ''n.'' Tattoo. &amp;mdash; Tahitian &amp; Samoan ''tatau'', Marquesan ''tatu'' &quot;Puncture, mark made on skin&quot;.
*'''täkid''' /{{IPA|ˈtæ.kid}}/ ''n.'' Play. &amp;mdash; Gk. ''τραγῳδία'' through L. ''tragoedia'' &quot;Tragedy&quot;.
*'''teväs''' /{{IPA|ˈtɛ.væs}}/ ''n.'' Order (legal). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*tewaz''
*'''tere''' /{{IPA|ˈtɛ.ɹɛ}}/ ''n.'' Planet earth. &amp;mdash; Lat. ''terra''
*'''traüm''' /{{IPA|tɹaʊm}}/ ''n.'' Dream. &amp;mdash; W.Gmc. ''*draugmas'' &quot;deception, illusion, phantasm&quot;
*'''traünes''' /{{IPA|ˈtɹaʊ.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Trustworthyness. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*trewwjaz''
*'''trej''' /{{IPA|tɹɛj}}/ ''n.'' Three. &amp;mdash; PIE ''*trejes''
*'''trepun''' /{{IPA|ˈtɹɛ.pun}}/ ''n.'' Triangle. ''trej'' Three + ''pun'' &quot;Point'.
*'''triänkyli''' /{{IPA|tɹi.æn.ˈky.li}}/ ''n.'' Bottom piece of bikini. &amp;mdash; L. ''triangulus'' &quot;Triangle&quot;.
*'''tsunami''' /{{IPA|tsu.ˈna.mi}}/ ''n.'' Tsunami. &amp;mdash; Jpn. ''津'' (''tsu'') &quot;Harbour&quot; + ''波'' (''nami'') &quot;Wave&quot;.
*'''tyfön''' /{{IPA|ty.ˈføn}}/ ''n.'' Typhoon. &amp;mdash; Gk. Τυφών (''tyfón'')
*'''Tyrkije''' /{{IPA|tyɹ.ˈki.je}}/ ''n.'' Turkey. &amp;mdash; Tur. ''Türkiye''

==þ==
*'''þat''' /{{IPA|θat}}/ ''p.'' That (hearer-proximal).
*'''þäs''' /{{IPA|θæs}}/ ''p.'' That (deixis).
*'''þät''' /{{IPA|θæt}}/ ''p.'' That (Speaker &amp; hearer distal).
*'''þis''' /{{IPA|θis}}/ ''p.'' This (deixis).
*'''þit''' /{{IPA|θit}}/ ''p.'' This.
*'''þeljäs''' /{{IPA|ˈθɛl.jæs}}/ ''n.'' Board. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ðiljaz''
*'''þong''' /{{IPA|θoŋ}}/ ''n.'' Thong. &amp;mdash; OE. ''þwong'' &quot;Thin strip of leather&quot;.
*'''þu''' /{{IPA|θu}}/ ''p.'' Thou. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ðu''
**'''þuit''' /{{IPA|ˈθu.it}}/ ''p.'' You.

==u==

==v==
*'''vas''' /{{IPA|vas}}/ ''p.'' Who. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χwas, *χwes, *χwo''
*'''vasja''' /{{IPA|ˈva.sja}}/ ''n.'' Clothes, -wear, suit. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*wazjanan'' &quot;To clothe&quot;.
*'''vatja''' /{{IPA|ˈva.tja}}/ ''n.'' Demand. &amp;mdash; Fin. ''vaatia''
*'''vänderen''' /{{IPA|væn.ˈdɛ.ɹɛn}}/ ''v.'' To change.
*'''vekis''' /{{IPA|ˈvɛ.kis}}/ ''n.'' Person. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*weχtiz''
*'''vekiski''' /{{IPA|vɛ.ˈkis.ki}}/ ''n.'' Public.
*'''velitnes''' /{{IPA|vɛ.ˈlit.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Beauty.
*'''venþ''' /{{IPA|vɛnθ}}/ ''n.'' Wind. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*winkja'' likely influenced by archaic dialectal form ''wenkþ''
*'''veraünes''' /{{IPA|vɛ.ˈɹaʊ.nɛs}}/ ''n.'' Intimacy.
*'''ves''' /{{IPA|vɛs}}/ ''p.'' What. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*χwat''
*'''vil''' /{{IPA|vil}}/ ''n.'' Want. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*welljan''

==w==
*'''watras''' /{{IPA|ˈwa.tɹas}}/ ''n.'' Water. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*watraz''
*'''wes''' /{{IPA|wɛs}}/ ''p.'' We (inclusive). &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*wiz''
*'''wit''' /{{IPA|ˈwi.tɛ}}/ ''n.'' Knowledge. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*witjan'' &quot;knowledge, understanding, intelligence, mind&quot;

==y==
*'''ybjä''' /{{IPA|ˈyb.jæ}}/ ''n.'' Excessiveness. &amp;mdash; P.Gmc. ''*ubjo'' &quot;Excess&quot;.

==z==

[[Category:Nordaþ]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Common.css</title>
    <id>1941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53104</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T01:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>requested addition for [[Template:gl]]</comment>
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*/
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/* &lt;/pre&gt; */</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templates</title>
    <id>1942</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6090</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T10:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Templates moved to FrathWiki:Templates: Meta-stuff.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[FrathWiki:Templates]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sohlob.ttf</title>
    <id>1943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6098</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T18:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Sohlob alphabet font</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Sohlob alphabet font</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/monobook.css</title>
    <id>1944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34471</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-24T10:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">/* &lt;pre&gt; */
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a:link, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
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a:visited { color: #a00 }

a.new, #p-personal a.new {
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/* &lt;/pre&gt; */</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cornwall (UKW)</title>
    <id>1949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49901</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T12:39:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Duchy of Cornwall''' is the second-smallest of the constituent nations of the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]].  It is located on the southwestern tip of Great Britain.  Cornwall has about 500,000 inhabitants; the capital is Truro.  Most of the population is English-speaking, but the Cornish language, a Celtic language closely related to Breton and Cambrian (Welsh), survives in some villages in the west of Cornwall.

[[Category:UKW]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elfham</title>
    <id>1950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47424</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:32:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Province of Elfham''' is one of the constituent nations of the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]].  It is located in the southwest of Britain between [[England (UKW)|England]] and [[Cornwall (UKW)|Cornwall]].  Elfham has 1.1 million inhabitants; its capital is [[Glastonbury (UKW)|Glastonbury]].

==Languages of Elfham==

[[Low Elvish]], an [[Albic]] language, is considered the national language of Elfham and has official status; it is spoken by about 60% of the population as native language and by further 15% as second language.  Virtually all native speakers of Low Elvish are bilingual in English, the other official language of Elfham.  Bilingual signage (in Low Elvish and English) is seen everywhere in the province.

==Flag of Elfham==

The flag of Elfham (known as the [[Evenstar Flag]]) shows a white eight-pointed star in a blue field.

==Politics of Elfham==

The province's parliament, the '''Theleg Dar''', is one of the world's oldest sitting parliaments; its tradition reaches back into the time of the [[Commonwealth of the Elves]].  The Theleg Dar is a unicameral legislature elected using the [[Wikipedia:Single Transferable Vote|single transferable vote]] system.

==Economics of Elfham==

The Province of Elfham is the wealthiest of the constituent nations of the UKW.  The province has a long-standing tradition of craftsmanship, which resulted in a well-developed industry of fine mechanics, optics, electronics and, more recently, information technology and renewable energy technology.  The province's agriculture is based on dairy and arable farming.  Tourism also plays an important role.

[[Category:UKW]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glastonbury (UKW)</title>
    <id>1951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47425</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:36:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Glastonbury''' ([[Low Elvish]] '''Glathmar''') is a city in the [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]].  It is the capital of [[Elfham]] and center of [[British Elves|British Elvish]] culture.  With 240,000 inhabitants, it is also the biggest city of the province.  Glastonbury is seat of the Elfham provincial government and an Anglican bishop; it also has one of the oldest universities of the Westlands.  In 1967, Glastonbury hosted the biannual Westlands Fair.

==Transportation==

Glastonbury is located on the southern branch of the Great Western Railway and served by high-speed trains.  Travel time to London is a little more than two hours.

The backbone of public transit in Glastonbury is its tram system.  The first horse trams commenced service in 1876; in 1893 the system was electrified.  Today, it is one of the world's most modern tram systems, with state-of-the-art low floor vehicles.  There is also a monorail line which was built on occasion of the 1967 Westlands Fair, and a network of bus routes supplementing the tram network.

==Economy==

Glastonbury is the economic centre of Elfham.  The most important industries are information technology, electronics, optics and fine mechanics.  Glastonbury has one of the highest average incomes in the entire UKW.

==Culture==

Glastonbury is the centre of Westlands Elvish culture and has a very vibrant art and music scene.  Especially famous is the ''Glastonbury scene'' of progressive rock bands.  Since 1969, Glastonbury is host of the annual ''Glastonbury Progressive Rock Festival''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Commonwealth of the Elves</title>
    <id>1952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29390</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-25T21:07:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Commonwealth of the Elves''' was the political body that united the [[British Elves]] prior to the [[Tartessian War]].  According to tradition, it was established in the year 671 BC.

The Commonwealth consisted of twelve tribes ('''tøthi'''), each of which was subdivided into twelve 'shiphoods' ('''ciphrili''').  Each '''ciphrela''' elected a representative into the 'High Table' ('''Theleca Tara'''), the legislature of the Commonwealth, which thus consisted of 144 members.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JonMoore</title>
    <id>1953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6144</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-07T03:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dcueâ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dcuea</title>
    <id>1954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6459</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-19T20:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=10| ''Vowels''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || e || i || u ||  aa || ee || ii || uu
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /ah/ || /schwa/ || /ih/ || /uh/ || /aa/ || /eh/ || /ee/ || /oo/
|}

==Declension==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''1st declension: Ending in&lt;br /&gt; vowels or double vowels'''||colspan=3|&lt;center&gt;''aattu'', &quot;woman&quot;&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;center&gt;''dceaa'', &quot;foot&quot;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
!Singular!!Plural!!Dual!!Singular!!Plural!!Dual
|-
|[[wikipedia:Absolutive case|Absolutive]]||aattu||aattue||aattuekc||dceaa||dceaak||dceaakc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ergative case|Ergative]]||aattui||aattuiu||aattuiukc||dceaai||dceaaiu||dceaaiukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]||aattuvaa||aattuvaak||aattuvaakc||dceaavaa||dceaavaak||dceaavaakc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lative case|Lative]]||aattuttee||aattutteeu||aattutteeukc||dceaattee||dceaatteeu||dceaatteeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Absolutive case|Ablative]]||aattum||aattumk||aattumkc||dceaam||dceaamk||dceaamkc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Prolative case|Prolative]]||aattuz||aattuzzeu||aattuzzeukc||dceaaz||dceaazeu||dceaazeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]||aattunnai||aattunnaik||aattunnaikc||dceaannai||dceaannaik||dceaannaikc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]]||aattus||aattusseu||aattusseukc||dceaas||dceaasseu||dceaasseukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comitative case|Comitative]]||aattugc||aattuggceu||aattuggceukc||dceaagc||dceaaggceu||dceaaggeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]||aattutc||aattuttceu||aattuttcekc||dceaatc||dceaattceu||dceaattceukc
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''2nd declension: Ending in&lt;br /&gt; consonants'''||colspan=3|&lt;center&gt;''dcek'', &quot;man&quot;&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;center&gt;''auuz'', &quot;flower&quot;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
!Singular!!Plural!!Dual!!Singular!!Plural!!Dual
|-
|[[wikipedia:Absolutive case|Absolutive]]||dcek||dcekkeu||dcekkeukc||auuz||auuzzeu||auuzzekc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ergative case|Ergative]]||dcekkei||dcekkeiu||dcekkeiukc||auuzzei||auuzzeiu||auuzzeiukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]||dcekfaa||dcekfaak||dcegvaakc||auuzvaa||auuzvaak||auuzvaakc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lative case|Lative]]||dcektee||dcekteeu||dcekteeukc||auuzdee||auuzdeeu||auuzdeeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Absolutive case|Ablative]]||dcekkem||dcekkemk||dcekkemkc||dceaam||dceaamk||dceaamkc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Prolative case|Prolative]]||aattuz||aattuzzeu||aattuzzeukc||dceaaz||dceaazeu||dceaazeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]||aattunnai||aattunnaik||aattunnaikc||dceaannai||dceaannaik||dceaannaikc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]]||aattus||aattusseu||aattusseukc||dceaas||dceaasseu||dceaasseukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comitative case|Comitative]]||aattugc||aattuggceu||aattuggceukc||dceaagc||dceaaggceu||dceaaggeukc
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]||aattutc||aattuttceu||aattuttcekc||dceaatc||dceaattceu||dceaattceukc
|}


Dcuea is an [[wikipedia:Ergative-absolutive language|Ergative-absolutive language]].

==Alphabet==
a aa b d dc e ee f g gc i ii k kc m n p s sc t tc u uu v z zc

*The man sees the woman.
*''Aattu kii dcekkei''


Some transitive and intransitive verbs have different forms:
''nevuu'' to boil (something, transitive)
''naffeu'' to (be) boiled (intransitive)

''Kaffiu nev dcekkei.''
The man boils the coffee.

''Kaffiu naffe.''
The coffee boils. (becomes boiled)

''kiu'' to see something (tr)
''kigguu'' to (be) seen (intr)

''Ueiz kii zcuei.''
The dog sees the tree.

''Zcui kigg.''
The dog is seen.

BUT

''Zcui kii.''
The dog sees (engages in the act).

Using a noun in the absolutive by itself with an inherently transitive noun also may create a reflexive sentence:

aeizuu'' to shave

''Zcui aeiz dcekkei.''
The man shaves the dog.

''Dcek aeiz.''
The man shaves (himself).

==Plurals==
*after  -uu = -uue 
*after -u, = -ue ''kceiu'' tea, ''kceiue'' teas, ''aattu'' woman, ''aattue'' women
*after -aa, -ee, -ii = -aak, -eek, -iik ''dceaa'' foot, ''dceaak'' feet
*after -a, -e, -i = -au, -eu, -iu
*after -m, -n = -mk, -nk ''iaim'' lip ''iaimk'' lips
*after all other consonants(usually doubled cononant) = -eu (-ggeu, -zzeu, etc)

===Dual===
Dcuea also has a dual plural, which is simply the normal plural + -kc.

[[Category:Conlangs]]

==Lexicon==
dezcaa
azea
augc
affei
iaum
gcaee
zcaiu
ekcui
tcai
iikcaa
utiai</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spelling and pronunciation of Slevan</title>
    <id>1955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46880</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Slevan alphabet consists of the following letters:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #fc9&quot;
!a á b c ch cz d dj dz dzs e é f g h i í j k l lj m n nj o ó p r s sz t tj u ú v y ý z zs
|}

The letters '''b d f h k m n p t z''' have approximately the same pronunciation as in English.

The pronunciation of the other letters is as follows:

=== Vowels ===

In general the vowels have the same pronunciation as in Italian or Spanish. Native speakers of English should note the following:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''a'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=50|{{IPA|[a]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|as in English ''father'', but shorter.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''e'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|as in English ''dress''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''i'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[i]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|as in English ''machine'', but shorter.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''o'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[o]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|as in English ''north'', but shorter.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''u'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[u]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|as in English ''brute'', but shorter.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''y'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is usually pronounced the same as '''i''', but in some dialects '''y''' is pronounced similarly to English ''i'' in ''kit'', though darker. Polish ''ryba'' or Russian ''рыба'' has the exact sound.
|}

=== Vowel length ===

Vowels with an acute accent above ('''á é í ó ú ý''') are in general pronounced the same as the vowels without such a mark, but longer. The exceptions are '''é''' and '''ó''', which for many speakers -- perhaps a majority, although this pronunciation is not considered part of the standard language -- are pronounced as rising diphthongs {{IPA|[iɛ]}} and {{IPA|[uo]}}, similar to ''ye'' in English ''yes'' and ''wa'' in English ''want'' respectively. In the pronunciation of these speakers the spellings '''é''' and '''je''' are pronounced the same.

Slvanjec vowel length does usually ''not'' reflect Latin vowel length, which was lost in [[Wikipedia:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]],
but was caused by the loss of a short ''ĭ'' or ''ŭ'' in the following syllable, hence the long vowels in the final syllable of the nominative/accusative of most second declension nouns.

There is a number of loanwords that have long vowels adopted from the pronunciation of other languages, e.g. '''táler''' 'dollar' from German ''Taler'', or '''skóla''' from the Renaissance pronunciation of Latin.

== Stress ==

The word stress in Slevan always falls on the first syllable of the word. It should be carefully noted that the acute accent mark does ''not'' indicate stress, but vowel length.

== Consonants ==

The consonant letters and digraphs that differ from English are as follows:

{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid; background: #cfc&quot; 
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''c'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot; width=60|{{IPA|[ts]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is in all positions pronounced like the ''tz'' in English ''waltz''. English speakers should take special care to preserve this pronunciation also at the beginning of words, e.g. in '''cék''' 'blind'.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''ch'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[χ] or [x]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced as in Scots ''loch'' or in German ''Bach'', or in the English interjection ''yech''. It is not a very frequent sound in Slevan.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''cz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[tʃ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like the English ''ch'' in ''church''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''dj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced approximately like the ''di'' in English ''medium''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''dz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[dz]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like the ''ds'' in English ''beds''. It is an infrequent sound in Slevan, having mostly been replaced by simple '''z'''.  As with '''c''' English speakers should take care to preserve the correct pronunciation at the beginning of words.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''dzs'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[dʒ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like ''j'' or ''dg'' in English ''judge''.  It is an infrequent sound in Slevan, having mostly been replaced by simple '''zs'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''g'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is always hard, like in English ''go'' or ''get'', never soft like in English ''gem'', e.g. '''gezél''' 'yourneyman'. The '''g''' sound isn't very frequent in Slevan, since it is found only in loan words.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''j'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[j]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|has the sound of the English consonantal ''y'' in ''you, yet, yard''. The English sound of ''j'' in ''judge'' is written '''dzs''' in Slevan, but this combination has in most cases been replaced by the simple '''zs'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''l'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɫ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|at the beginning of a word before the vowels '''a á o ó u ú y ý''' has the dark sound of ''l'' in English ''loll''. Before the vowels '''e é i í''' or before '''dj nj tj''' the letter '''l''' is pronounced like the ''li'' in English ''million'', i.e. the same as Slevan '''lj'''. Before other consonants or at the end of a word many speakers pronounce '''l''' like an English ''w'', but this pronunciation is not considered part of the standard language.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''lj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ʎ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like the ''li'' in English ''million''. Some speakers tend to pronounce '''lj''' as a simple (Slevan) '''j''' in some positions, but this is not considered part of the standard language.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''nj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ɲ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like the ''ny'' in English ''canyon'', or more exactly like the ''ñ'' in Spanish ''cañón'' !
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''r'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[r]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is a rolled sound like in Italian or Spanish ''carro''. Note that Slevan '''r''' is never silent as in British English.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''s'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[s]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is always pronounced voiceless like in English '''sit, miss''', never voiced, like ''z''. When a voiced ''s'' occurs in loanwords it is replaced by '''z''', e.g. in '''prezident'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''sz'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like the English ''sh'' in '''ship'''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''tj'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[c]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced approximately like the ''te'' in the English word ''meteor''.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''v'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[v] and [w]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|is pronounced like in English, but before another consonant or at the end of a word many speakers pronounce '''v''' like an English ''w''. Unlike the similar pronunciation of '''l''' this is accepted as part of the standard language. 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''zs'''
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|{{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|has the sound of ''z'' in English ''azure'' or of ''j'' in French ''jour''. Cf. '''j'''.
|}

The letters ''q'' and ''x'' are never used in Slevan. They are always replaced by '''k''' and '''ks''' respectively,

e.g. '''kvarc''' 'quartz' and '''tekst'''.

== Syllabic liquids ==

The letters '''l''' and '''r''' can in Slevan form a syllable of their own without a supporting vowel, e.g. '''slván''' 'Slevan man', '''blb''' 'onion', '''dzrn''' 'diurnal span, date', '''krce''' 'cross'.

A native Slevan speaker would never confuse '''tj''' with '''cz''' or '''dj''' with '''dzs''', but Slevans are rather used to speakers of German or Romany confusing these pairs of sounds.

[[Category:Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taaluketti</title>
    <id>1956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56653</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-09T13:14:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronunciation and orthography */  simplify pronunciation of ''n&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See also

[[Taaluketti:Lexicon]]

= Background =

'''Taaluketti''' developed from [[Gaaziketti]]. It is considered by its creator to be better than Gaaziketti at fulfilling the goals of grammatical generality and flexibility. The below is an outline of the structure of this language at its most general level. It remains to generate a lexicon of morphemes that would enable this structure to be applied to achieving the expressive capabilities of natural language.

Taaluketti may be broadly categorised as a highly regular SOV type language which makes use of particles rather than inflexions to indicate such things as case and tense. Like Gaaziketti, it uses parsing markers to enable any sentence to be unambiguously parsed. However, while Gaaziketti took the ''noun'' to be basic, in Taaluketti the basic part of speech is the ''verb''. In some ways Taaluketti is similar to Loglan. However, Taaluketti aims to be more flexible and intuitive than Loglan. Each &quot;verb&quot; (or rather, predicate) in Loglan has associated with it a certain place structure, and it is this place structure, rather than the use of adpositions or case endings, that enables one to know where each noun phrase stands in relation to the verb/predicate. In Taaluketti, however, a verb will come with no fixed place structure. Rather, any number of noun phrases may be coupled with a given verb, and their relation to the verb is indicated by the use of postpositions (such as '''ko''' to indicate the accusative case).

= Pronunciation and orthography =

The following 21 Roman letters are used.

'''a b c d e g h i k l m n o p q r s t u v z'''

The vowels are read approximately as in Spanish. But double vowels are pronounced long.

'''ai''' is pronounced like 'eye' in 'eye'.

'''au''' is pronounced like the 'ow' in 'cow'.

'''q''' is pronounced like the 'ni' in 'onion'.

'''c''' is pronounced like the 'ch' is 'chair'.

'''s''' is always unvoiced.

'''r''' is rolled.

The other consonants are pronounced as in English. But unvoiced stops are not aspirated. E.g. '''p''' is pronounced always as in 'spot', never as in 'pack'.

Double consonants are pronounced double, as in Italian, Finnish, etc..

'''ng''' is pronounced as in 'finger', not as in 'singer'.

In a word with more than one syllable, the first syllable takes the stress.

= Syntax =

== Parsing markers, modification, functors and phrases ==

Every word-token (i.e. individual occurrence of a word in a sentence) will take one of four ''parsing markers'':

(null)		&quot;leftmost and only argument of its phrase&quot;

'''-s''' 		&quot;leftmost argument, but not only argument, of its phrase&quot;

'''-n'''		&quot;final argument, but not only argument, of its phrase&quot;

'''-k'''		&quot;neither the first argument, not the last argument, of its phrase&quot;

Parsing markers are not treated as words –  they are “spoken punctuation”. All other morphemes are treated as words except those which are sub-elements of a compound-word. (Compound words are treated as words. Compounds words are strings of morphemes which morphemes, if they were words, would be verbs – see below.)

Parsing markers clarify the structure of ''modification'' relations within a sentence. ''Modification'' is a relationship between one individual word-token, and another. 

Each word-token is modified by some number (possibly zero) of other word-tokens. No word-token modifies more than one word-token. No word-token modifies a word-token in another sentence. No word-token modifies itself. No word-token modifies a word-token to its left.

Each word-token is in fact a ''functor'', and the words that modify it are the heads of the phrases which are its ''arguments''. 

As functors, word-token always pick up their arguments from their left (the opposite of standard mathematical notation). So suppose you’ve got a chain of word-tokens each (except the first) being modified just by its predecessor. (The only parsing marker punctuating such a chain would be the ''null'' marker.) Then you would assume a “((wx)y)z” type of phrasal pattern - ''i.e.'' the default is that brackets cluster to the left.  

A functor ''f'' together with its arguments forms a phrase, and ''f'' is said to be the ''head'' of that phrase. When a functor modifies some other functor, this means that the phrase of which the modifying functor is the head is an argument of that other functor.

The use of parsing markers to show what modifies what is perhaps best explained as follows. Parsing markers are shown in bold.

The structure of a phrase is like this: (x1, x2, ... xn)y. 

Here y is the head of the phrase, and x1, x2, ..., xn are the n different arguments of y. 

Suppose n=0. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;y&quot;.

Suppose n=1. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;x1 y&quot;.

Suppose n=2. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;x1'''s''' x2'''n''' y&quot;.

Suppose n=3. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;x1'''s''' x2'''k''' x3'''n''' y&quot;.

Suppose n=4. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;x1'''s''' x2'''k''' x3'''k''' x4'''n''' y&quot;.

Suppose n=5. Then we have a phrase of this form: &quot;x1'''s''' x2'''k''' x3'''k''' x4'''k''' x5'''n''' y&quot;.

== Phrase types ==

Phrases (including word-tokens, which are themselves phrases) may be classified into ''types'' (also called ''classes''). 

The notation “[x…x&gt;y]” means that an item of the type [x...x&gt;y] is a functor which takes any number of arguments of class x and, together with these arguments, forms a phrase of class y. So the class of the functor itself is [x…x&gt;y]. In other words, if a functor ''f'' belongs to the class [x...x&gt;y], any phrase of which it is the head is of the class [y]; and each of its arguments is of the class [x].

The most general class is simply the ''phrase'' [F]. All phrases belong to type [F].

== Statements [S] ==

A very basic type is the ''statement'' [S]. Semantically, a statement may be thought of as a phrase which ''says of something that it is the case''.

== Adverbial phrases [A], noun phrases [N] and postpositions [N&gt;A] ==

Another basic type is the adverbial phrase [A].

There are two kinds of adverbial phrase. There are nominative adverbial phrases, which are just noun-phrases [N]. And there are complex adverbial phrases, which consist of a noun-phrase followed by a postposition. Postpositions are functors which take a single argument of class [N] and form a phrase of class [A], i.e. postpositions are of class [N&gt;A]. 

A common postposition is '''ko''', which essentially serves to mark the accusative case. 

In summary: any noun-phrase is an adverbial phrase. And any phrase consisting of a single noun-phrase modifying a postposition is an adverbial phrase.

=== Pronouns ===

A basic kind of noun phrase is the pronoun. Some common pronouns are as follows.

1st person singular   '''qe'''

1st person plural   '''quu'''
 
2nd person singular   '''ve'''

2nd person plural   '''vuu'''

3rd person animate singular   '''taa''' 

3rd person inanim. singular   '''zo'''

3rd person plural (animate or inanimate)   '''dau'''

Like other noun phrases, pronouns take postpositions, such as '''ko'''.

== Verbs [A…A&gt;S] ==

Words of the class [A…A&gt;S] are called ''verbs''. A verb in Taaluketti is a bit like a predicate in Loglan; ''however'', it doesn’t have an order-based place-structure; and it doesn't have a fixed number of arguments. Syntactically speaking, a verb can take any number of arguments (including 0) (even though some combinations of arguments might not make sense ''semantically'' speaking). Each of the arguments of a verb will be an adverbial phrase [A]. The phrase thus formed will be a statement [S].

== Articles [S&gt;N] ==
To make a noun-phrase [N], you need an ''article'' [S&gt;N]. A common article is '''de''', which, roughly speaking, corresponds to the definite singular article. A phrase of the form &quot;Y '''de'''&quot; (&quot;Y&quot; being some phrase that is an argument of '''de''') is a noun-phrase [N], meaning &quot;the (single) person/object x (in a given context) such that &quot;x Y&quot; would be a true sentence&quot;, i.e. &quot;the x which satisfies &quot;Y&quot; &quot;. If many Ys each modify '''de''', then '''de''' picks out the single x that satisfies ''all'' of those Ys.

The four most common articles are the following.

'''de''' ''definite singular article''

'''go''' ''definite plural article''

'''so''' ''indefinite singular article''

'''ve''' ''indefinite plural article''

== Verbal particles [V&gt;V] ==

Verbal particles are added after a verb, and form an extension of the verb. These are generally used to indicate verbal aspect, tense and mood.

=== Aspect ===

The following verbal particles come immediately after a verb and are used to indicate aspect.

Simple ''(nil)''

Habitual '''baa'''

Continuous '''nii'''

Perfect '''haa'''

Future '''tau'''

=== Tense ===

The following verbal particles come immediately after the aspect particle (if there is one), and are used to indicate tense. 

Present (usually omitted) '''nee'''

Past (sometimes omitted if context allows) '''co'''

Future (same as aspect marker for future) '''tau'''

=== Mood ===

The following verbal particles come immediately after the aspect and tense particles (if there are any), and are used to indicate mood.

Indicative ''(nil)''

Imperative '''vaa'''

Infinitive ''(nil)''

= Example phrases =

Here are some example phrases (some of which are complete sentences), written first with the parsing markers, and then with brackets ''instead'' of parsing markers, in order to show the grammatical structure – the brackets surround a bunch of phrases each of which is an argument of the functor just after the brackets. 


'''haara de'''	&lt;&gt; the (one that is a) woman

(haara)de	


'''hecci de''' &lt;&gt; the one that climbs

(hecci)de


'''heccis haaran de''' &lt;&gt; the one that both climbs and is a woman; the woman that climbs

(hecci.haara)de


'''ko hecci de''' &lt;&gt; the one that is climbed

((ko)hecci)de


'''Gaazi de ko hecci.''' &lt;&gt; The hill is climbed.

(((gaazi)de)ko)hecci


'''Haara de hecci.''' &lt;&gt; The woman climbs.

((haara)de)hecci


'''gaazi de ko hecci de''' &lt;&gt; the one that climbs the hill

((((gaazi)de)ko)hecci)de


'''Haara des gaazi de kon hecci.''' &lt;&gt; The woman climbs the hill.

((haara)de.((gaazi)de)ko)hecci


'''gaazi de ko heccis haaran de''' &lt;&gt; the woman that climbs the hill

((((gaazi)de)ko)hecci.haara)de  

	
'''kos haara den heccis gaazin de''' &lt;&gt; the hill which the woman climbs

((ko.(haara)de)hecci.gaazi)de


'''Hecci de haara.''' &lt;&gt; The one that climbs is a woman.

((hecci)de)haara


'''kos hecci den heccis gaazin de''' &lt;&gt; the hill which the one that climbs climbs

((ko.(hecci)de)hecci.gaazi)de


'''kos haara len hecci de''' &lt;&gt; the one which the woman climbs

((ko.(haara)de)hecci)de

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Taaluketti]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ch-m- Tlondor</title>
    <id>1957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6210</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-08T05:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Ch-m- Tlondor]] is a constructed language developed by [[User:JeffLilly]].

[[Category:Tl-nd-]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tl-nd-</title>
    <id>1958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6211</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-08T05:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tl-nd- is a conworld setting developed by [[User:JeffLilly]].

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Phonetic alphabets</title>
    <id>1959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6212</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-08T05:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A phonetic alphabet is a tool used to transcribe speech.  It is generally not tied to a particular language's orthography, whose relation to its spoken form may change over time.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Redlands Saga</title>
    <id>1960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6516</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-27T03:12:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmkay</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Redlands Saga]] was described by an [[User:Spelldown]]/[[User:Duccio]] and several IPs who may or may not be the same person (?).  

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Slavic natlangs</title>
    <id>1961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47554</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:IE</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Slavic languages are those spoken by the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe.  Examples are [[Polish]], [[Czech]], [[Bosnian]], and [[Russian]].

Closely related are [[:Category:Baltic natlangs|Baltic languages]].

[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Indo-Iranian natlangs</title>
    <id>1962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6215</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-08T05:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Before the discovery of [[Tocharian]], the Indo-Iranian languages  constituted the easternmost group of Indo-European languages.  The ancient representatives include [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]], and among the modern descendants are [[Hindi]], [[Persian]] (Farsi) and [[Bengali]].

[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:UKW</title>
    <id>1963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22806</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-05T20:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[UKW World]] is developed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dcueâ</title>
    <id>1964</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16678</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T01:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>undouble redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Dcuea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12</title>
    <id>1965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32402</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-06T16:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Relay 12=

This relay was a scheduleless relay run by Jeffrey Henning.  Unfortunately, Jeffrey completely disappeared during the course of the relay, which is quite eldritch.  We all hope he is well and found no time for the relay only because he is involved in real-life occupations.

This page aims at gathering the texts of relay 12.

==Order of participants==

Apparent order of participants in this relay was:

#Jeffrey Hennning, [[Conlang Relay 12#Zyvlusda|Zyvlusda]]
#Philip Newton, [[Conlang Relay 12#Klingon|Klingon]]
#Rebecca Harbison, [[Conlang Relay 12#Darynese|Darynese]]
#Henrik Theiling, [[Conlang Relay 12#Da Mätz Se Basa|Da Mätz Se Basa]]
#Jan van Steenbergen, [[Conlang Relay 12#Wenedyk|Wenedyk]]
#Herman Miller, [[Conlang Relay 12#Minza|Minza]]
#Benct Philip Jonsson, [[Conlang Relay 12#Mærik|Mærik]]
#Sylvia Sotomayor, [[Conlang Relay 12#K&amp;#275;len|K&amp;#275;len]]
#Steg Belsky, [[Conlang Relay 12#Rokbeigalmki|Rokbeigalmki]]
#Adam Walker, [[Conlang Relay 12#Carrajena|Carrajena]]
#Amanda Babcock Furrow, [[Conlang Relay 12#Toma Heylm|Toma Heylm]]
#René Uittenbogaard, [[Conlang Relay 12#Calénnawn|Calénnawn]]
#Jonathan North Washington, [[Conlang Relay 12#Tæĺf|Tæĺf]]
#Yann Kiraly, [[Conlang Relay 12#nala na ti ka'i|nala na ti ka'i]]
#Phurrball, [[Conlang Relay 12#Etora|Etora]]
#Ángel Serrano, [[Conlang Relay 12#Aingelj.C3.A3|Aingelj&amp;atilde;]]
#P. A. Kramm, [[Conlang Relay 12#Dewagistarah|Dewagistarah]]

Arthaey Angosii also did a translation from Minza into [[Conlang Relay 12#Asha'ille|Asha'ille]], but had to drop out.

[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/ Previous Relay 11 (Irina Rempt)]
[http://www.conlang.info/relay/relay13.html Next Relay 13 (Henrik Theiling)]

==Zyvlusda==

(as received by Philip)

===Gutpodin Guta Vuta: Fulvuta Zyvgezer===

; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Gutsaleb :  Busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Pankesid :  Raralar!
; Gutsaleb :  Gutpodin move, o relpodin. Ukakip kepazu.  Busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Pankesid :  Raralar!!
; Gutsaleb :  Dinep suke serobe.
; Gutpodin :  Vuvufuv, ak anam bina unt ak fule a akgezer.
; Gutsaleb :  Raralar!!!
; Pankesid :  Fifivif?
; Gutsaleb :  Sosozos, busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Gutpodin :  Dispodin izekpuvir keni disevi kenmi i ak? Sudira ak teba lasuba kafkenmi a esvatra.
; Pankesid :  Zekpodin vute?
; Gutpodin :  Liliril, o fozfe, ak suke lebgefvu e ul.  Ak anam asograkef lasa makid e &quot;Vymtutie&quot;.  Ilas inam maki ak i ulgibin. Alagas rilisa.
; Pankesid :  Akgibin suke diseve dipba. Lebta azekrakif puve akgibin?
; Gutsaleb :  Akvatra suke kepaze esvatra e unt ak dibo gutboreg.  
; Gutpodin :  Ak sura tinra e makid e Rekio. Ulgibin suke lasube makid. Maki ak &quot;Rekio&quot;.
; Pankesid :  Nenemen!
; Gutpodin :  Ak suke ferdarole, teas ak unam - mumunum - babferu.
; Gutsaleb :  Dozi logtenbei, sosozos, Rekio.
; Gutpodin :  A zobzoa tuske ak fera bufferyb.
; Pankesid :  Nenemen!
; Gutpodin :  Nenemen!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.

Kafmonit e dopuze lekmonit a lapugu lekzi mone, &quot;Gutpodin Guta Vuta: Fulvuta Zyvgezer.&quot;

===Details===

[[Conlang Relay 12/Zyvlusda]]

==Klingon==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Klingon|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===yIbej! jatlh vay'!===
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghojmoq : yIyuvtaH, chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; ghojmoq : ghu nach vIleghlaH, chaj. tlhoS Data'pu'. yIyuvqa', chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghojmoq : narghbejpu' nach.
; ghu :     toH. Daqvam vIlegh not 'e' vIQub.
; ghojmoq : ghuy'cha'!
; be'nal :  qaS nuq?
; ghojmoq : yIqImHa'! yIyuvqa', chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghu :     jIHvaD Sut yItuQmoH! roD Sut Doj wItuQ.
; be'nal :  jatlhtaH 'Iv?
; ghu :     HI'Ij, SoS. puqloDlI' jIH. pong &quot;qonnor&quot; vIpar. 'Iq pongvam lughajbogh ghot'e'.
; be'nal :  wItojlu'law'. chay' jatlh loDHom?
; ghojmoq : DaH SoS ghu je rarbogh tlhegh'e' vIpe'ta'.
; ghu :     Heghpu'bogh SuvwI' vISov. &quot;petroS&quot; 'oH pongDaj'e'. QaQ pongvam. jIHvaD &quot;petroS&quot; yIpong!
; ghu :     jI'oj, 'ach rolIjDaq jItlhutlhQo'.
; ghojmoq : yIvIHQo', petroS.
; ghu :     Hut wen, 'Iw HIq vItlhutlh.
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!

jaj veb, ghItlh ja'wI', jatlh: &quot;boghpu' jatlhlaHbogh ghu! Suto'vo'qor Del.&quot;
|
===Look! Someone is talking!===
; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Nurse :   Push, dear, push!
; Nurse :   I can see the baby's head, dear. You have nearly accomplished it. Push again, dear, push!
; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Nurse :   The head has definitely appeared.
; Baby :    Well. I never thought I would see this place.
; Nurse :   *@$%!
; Wife :    What's happening?
; Nurse :   Pay no attention! Push again, dear, push!
; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Baby :    Put clothes on me! I used to wear impressive clothing.
; Wife :    Who's talking?
; Baby :    Listen to me, mother! I'm your son. I dislike the name &quot;Kon'nor&quot;. There are too many people who have that name.
; Wife :    Somebody seems to be tricking us. How does the boy speak?
; Nurse :   I have now successfully cut through the cord which connects the mother and the child.
; Baby :    I know a dead warrior; his name was &quot;Pet'rosh&quot;. That name is good. Call me &quot;Pet'rosh&quot;!
; Baby :    I am thirsty, but I refuse to drink at your torso.
; Nurse :   Don't move, Pet'rosh.
; Baby :    Nine months ago, I drank bloodwine.
; Husband : Success! Be brave!

The next day, a reporter wrote, saying: &quot;A baby that could speak was born! It
described Sto-vo-kor.&quot;
|}

==Darynese==

===Dorunyaera! Nyaram, ilaetraenyaera!===

; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!
; Saerai : Saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
; Saerai : Yaetai! Emilonaime mati dorusetas raikae. Yaemi deles se daibe!
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!
; Emilo : A! Teoro dorunyaetas raokae!
; Saerai : rarurileyiza!
; Mizaebaiai : Latrimaelnaor?
; Saerai : Pasaeranyaepara! Aesem saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!
; Emilo : Raokae taekonyaera! Yaope tazembo ranneos teonzanyae raokae.
; Mizaebaiai : Taeyinnaor ilaetraese?
; Emilo : Eyilai. Raokaekul laemtraenyaera. Daibenaimao ineyilao zaitrinyae raokae. 'Konor' tusreonyaepa raokae. Taenae menyae yaemi.
; Mizaebaiai : Nanenaor? Ilaetraese emilo!
; Saerai : Emilseyai sem datae raikae.
; Emilo : Nenkenaimeo naer leobysunyae raokae. Yilae aon leobysunyae raokae.'Petros' zaitrinyae raokaenaimae aon.
; Emilo : Aotaelao menyae raokae. Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelonyaepa raokae.
; Saerai : Petros! Ebenyaepara!
; Emilo : Ner trais binyin keoru, saisinsu zelnelonyae raokae.
; Mizaebaiao : Marinyaera!

Ereo mokeorul donyose donyoao -- 'Ilaetraerilo emilo! Taomaenaime kaodi!'

===Details===

[[Conlang Relay 12/Darynese]]

==Da Mätz Se Basa==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Da Mätz Se Basa|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===De kuk un kuja ja he===
; Ä Man : Diu häl dur to.
; Doto :  Ü drük to.  Muin Quän, ü drük to. Muin Quän, ich kan da Bäbi s' Kop ol sä höma. Ü hat de bäna saf ja.
; Man :   Diu häl dur to.
; Bäbi :  Säo, ich kan de hir Urt sä ima.
; Doto :  Chofadem!
; Quän :  Wat is he?
; Doto :  Ü wot nich bang nä to. Ü drük noma to, muin Quän, ü drük to.
; Man :   Diu häl dur to.
; Bäbi :  Ich wil wat dräk an höma. Ich drach of gui Zuich ja.
; Quän :  De kan kuja ima.
; Bäbi :  Diu fan Modo hur ma ze to. Ich is duin Anak. Un ich wil nich &quot;Konol&quot; heis nä höma, omdat de ze tawal is ja.
; Quän :  De do is ne Drik he.  De Bäbi kuja he.
; Doto :  Ich wirt gätz de Nalsur snä dur.
; Bäbi :  Ich hat na Gäral se Maut hat. Un ich hat ne hau Nam ja, nämich heis ich &quot;Pädrus&quot;. Un ich hat ne Durs ja, ma ich wil kein Nai nä höma.
; Doto :  Pädrus, diu zape nich säo nä to.
; Bäbi: Di lätz ach Mat hat ich ne Woka drik.
; Man :  Diu häl dur to.
Ana näs Dach sir di Sir-Mätz: &quot;Ne kuja s' Bäbi höma!  Ne da Got se Sänk ja!&quot;
|
===It looks and talks!?===
; Husband : Persevere!
; Doctor :  Push!  Madam, push! Madam, I can see the baby's head already! You have almost done it!
; Man : Persevere!
; Baby :  Well!  I can see this place, right!?
; Doctor : Damnit!
; Woman : What is it?
; Doctor :  Don't get disturbed! Push again, madam, push again!
; Man : Persevere!
; Baby :  I want to wear something! I often wear precious clothes!
; Woman : It can talk!?
; Baby : Mother, listen to me! I am your son. And I don't want to be called 'Konor', because that's too common.
; Woman : This is a trick, right?  The baby talks!?
; Doctor :  I will now cut the umbilical cord.
; Baby :    I had a general's death. And I have a good name, that is, I'm called 'Petrus'.&lt;br&gt;And I am thirsty, but I don't want any milk.
; Doctor :  Petrus, don't squirm like that!
; Baby :   The last eight months I drank vodka.
; Man : Persevere!

The next day, the writers wrote: A talking baby! A gift of God indeed!
|}

== Wenedyk ==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Wenedyk|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
=== IŁ ŚPIECZE I PARŁA?! ===
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Miedziek:   Brzosar, kieru donie, w donia brzosarszy! Kieru, kieru, ża posu widziar kapu nieparłarzu. Awie donia tot przeście ża po sie.
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Nieparłarz: No no, kódże, jo posu widziar łok wądź nu ździem.
; Miedziek:   A dzabeł!
; Fiemnia:    Kód pasie?
; Miedziek:   W donia szy nie trzebdar. Fali brzosar, kieru donie, brzosar fali!
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Nieparłarz: Jo włu alkód awieścier, no. Ej, su syt a protar karze szmacie!
; Fiemnia:    Ił pocie parłar.
; Nieparłarz: Uszkiełtaż tu, macierz. Jo su twej nat. Maż nie włu apiołar sie &quot;Konórz&quot;, no nie no, nąk łu jest mółt trów rodnarz.
; Fiemnia:    Łu jest prostokód jo trów mółt biewszy, wiartać? Szy ił nieparłarz parła?
; Miedziek:   Stawiecz partalaru li kroda węblikała.
; Nieparłarz: Przej mroci świe fy generał, szczycie. Maż protu bon nomię, nonialemięć, &quot;Piotr&quot; sie apiołu. I biar mi sie włu, kura, maż nułu łacy nie włu!
; Miedziek:   Piotrze, parsta ża śrepiętar komód wrzem, tu!
; Nieparłarz: Par wółćmie ocu miesiu nie biewa akwiały...
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!

Postru dzei skrzywie skrzyptórz: ''&quot;NIEPARŁARZ PARŁĘĆ! ŁU DON DZIEWIN!&quot;''
|
=== HE LOOKS AND TALKS?! ===
; Man:    Keep up!
; Doctor: Press, madam, you must press! Now look here, I can see the baby's head already. Soon you will have everything behind you.
; Man:    Keep up!
; Baby:   Well, hey, I can see the place where we are.
; Doctor: Oh hell!
; Woman:  What happened?
; Doctor: Please don't worry. You need to press, madam, you must press!
; Man:    Keep up!
; Baby:   I want to put on something, okay? Hey, I'm used to wearing expensive stuff!
; Woman:  He can talk.
; Baby:   Listen up, mother. I am your child. But I don't want to be called &quot;Konórz&quot;, oh no, because that is way too ordinary.
; Woman:  It is because I drank too much, right? Is this baby talking?
; Doctor: Now I will cut through his umbical chord.
; Baby:   Before my death I was a general, you know. And I carry a good name, namely, my name is &quot;Piotr&quot;. And I would like a drink, dammit, but I don't want any milk!
; Doctor: Piotr, stop squirming like a worm, you!
; Baby:   I haven't had any vodka for eight months...
; Man:    Keep up!

The next day, the writer writes: ''&quot;A TALKING BABY! A GIFT FROM GOD!&quot;''
|}

==Minza==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Minza|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;45%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===IPLIMU AI IŠONU?!===
; Xažla: Mimo!
; Čaghyl: Taugho xöy, seira nataughi öyxe! Šöy łe, kazmi kaini ymigi lan rašat! Teka omba öyxu sinatemu aka nymat.
; Xažla: Mimo!
; Raša: Šöy ze, kazmi ymigi tan'ga, đa riteka jexu.
; Xažla: Igá!
; Kövu: Kala čui?
; Čaghyl: Tego łe naziri. Seira nataughi xöy, seira nataughi!
; Xažla: Mimo!
; Raša: Ymagha šöy kö čilaskat. Wei! Yđevu čilas fynarit beži kame!
; Kövu: Zmi išoni va!
; Raša: Duro tö, i viraka. Kari raša öyxat. Ła ymagha de ynšadi šy Konušat, šöy ze de, ži vyönu ghovi nöki nyn.
; Kövu: Ri nevek đa yglibu wöli ghovi kame ža. Fie đa šona rašale?
; Čaghyl: Yreka šöy zörin nalanavat.
; Raša: Vyö xörykakamu, katuonžananu, našara. Epi kamu loga teski, fie ynšadu šy Petrosat. Ai ymaghi yglibi, i peš, ła ymaghu de yglibi kura öli kame!
; Xažla: I Petros, xisčo kaini möghas šy rylat, i öyx!
; Raša: Đo ličimu paže vige, ygliba de lašeunat....
; Xažla: Mimo!
Lišu zy jagu nauke lišyle: &quot;MOZU ŠONYLI! MOREVANU LUGHI VA!&quot;
|
===He observes and talks?!===
; Man: Persist!
; Doctor: Push, madam, you need to push! Now, I can already see the baby's head! You almost have the whole of the event in your past.
; Man: Persist!
; Baby: Well, now I can see the place where we are.
; Man: What the...!
; Woman: What's happening?
; Doctor: Please don't be afraid. You must push, madam, you must push!
; Man: Persist!
; Baby: Now I want something to wear. Hey! I am accustomed to wearing expensive clothes!
; Woman: He can talk!
; Baby: Now listen, my mother. I am your child. But I don't want to be called Konush, well not now, since that is much too ordinary.
; Woman: It's because I drank too much [alcohol], isn't it? That the baby is talking?
; Doctor: I am now cutting his umbilical cord.
; Baby: Before my death, I was a general, you know. I also had a fine name; I called myself Peter. And I want to drink, you fiend, but I don't want any milk!
; Man: Peter, stop squirming like a worm already, you!
; Baby: For the last eight months, I was not drinking any vodka [lit. &quot;firewater&quot;]....
; Man: Persist!

A writer wrote the next day: &quot;Talking baby! He is a holy gift!&quot;
|}

==Mærik==

For grammar and vocabulary see [[Maerik|the Mærik page]]

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===FERMA CRIDHETT BÆT LEKMA===

'''Bræmte skonn:''' Helik!

'''Br. vrtullann:''' pryydh, tws, saklack pryydh!  Vro offsaw taadh mandrom klædd lukth!  Olta jngum tonkum bodhom røwann.

'''Br. skonn:''' Helik!

'''Br. lukann:''' Vro offuaw taadh vrt, øll fere ordhum wisum.

'''Br. skonn:''' Fann berdhær!

'''Br. wanann:''' Fann røwe?

'''Br. vrtullann:''' Ganz vint tonum. saklack pryydh tws, saklack pryydh!

'''Br. skonn:''' Helik!

'''Br. lukann:''' giaaw vro fryydd fors. Ay! Losprow forortz færliwth swadd!

'''Br. wanann:''' Edd offua leeks!

'''Br. lukann:''' Jæ lijt, rik wællk. Ferew luk tonk. Ganta trøør fund wællg øll mistian wælld Konusch, farkt fere edd aldant døtt.

'''Br. wanann:''' Ferso sønc orz øll rensma aldanth bioordh. Fann leka lukann?

'''Br. vrtullann:''' Offaw vro mat aldkth fæærnd.

'''Br. lukann:''' Barwan, fermaw bodhom wællkum situm sachtws.  Ferma bætum wællx liwnt sær, bæt fermaw mistiat Petær.  Bæt fundow renz, vintull tonk, tiællum ganta sidh wællg renz siæn haar dronk!

'''Br. skonn:''' Hey Petær, gær ton vik høghliom tytzskum!

'''Br. lukann:''' Ganta rena wællg førnum entinum apnhusk...

'''Br. skonn:''' Helik!

Bidhalma trænnum jngstum bidhlull fryy: &quot;LEKA HAFRULL! EDD ALT PÆMP!&quot;
|
===IT WAS SEEN AND TOLD===

'''The man says:''' Persist!

'''The healer says:''' Press out, lady, you must press out!  Now I can see the child's head already!  You are almost through with the event.

'''The man says:''' Persist!

'''The child says:''' Now I can see well, what place this is.

'''The man says:''' What the...

'''The woman says:''' What happens?

'''The healer says:''' There is nothing for you to be afraid of.  You must press out, lady, you must press out!

'''The man says:''' Persist!

'''The child says:''' I want something to wear. Hey!  I'm accustomed to wearing expensive clothes!

'''The woman says:''' It can speak!

'''The child says:''' Listen up, my mother.  I'm your child. I hope you will not call me Konusch, because that is too plain.

'''The woman says:''' May all this be because I've drunk too much beer?  What is the child saying?

'''The healer says:''' I can now cut the umbilical chord.

'''The child says:''' You know, before my death I was a general.  I also had an excellent name, and was called Peter.  And I hope I'll get a drink, you monster, on the other hand I will not drink any milk!

'''The man says:''' O Peter, you stop wriggle like a worm!

'''The child says:''' I have not drunk fire-water for eight months...

Next day some scribe wrote: &quot;A BABY TALKS! IT IS A HOLY GIFT!&quot;
|}

==K&amp;#275;len==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/K&amp;#275;len|here]] for details.''

This text contains &amp;#257; (a-macron), &amp;#275; (e-macron), &amp;#299; (i-macron), &amp;#333; (o-macron), &amp;#363; (u-macron), &amp;#241; (n-tilde), &amp;#254; (thorn), &amp;lambda; (lambda), and &amp;#331;&amp;#331; (double-eng)

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===K&amp;#275;len===

tema j&amp;#257;o &amp;#275; mo sar&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a &amp;#275; mo sas&amp;#257;ra;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temme ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien l&amp;#257;mac&amp;#275;na &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; h&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; c&amp;#275;ja
anele m&amp;#299;sa s&amp;#333;lle mo ler&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a; &amp;#241;i antam&amp;#333;l ant&amp;#333;rren anni&amp;#254;en;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien c&amp;#275;ja anele jas&amp;#333;&amp;#254;a &amp;#254;&amp;#333; mo ler&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien an j&amp;#257;o ja-k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temme ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien pa ri&amp;#275;n anm&amp;#299;ra w&amp;#275;; h&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; l&amp;#257;mac&amp;#275;na &amp;#241;arra
jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa j&amp;#299;&amp;lambda;&amp;#299;ke; &amp;#275; l&amp;#257;, luha&amp;#241;en pa li&amp;#275;n j&amp;#299;&amp;lambda;&amp;#299;ke
jaw&amp;#257;len;

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien c&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;amma ans&amp;#333;ri l&amp;#257;!

temme ke m&amp;#299;sa ien l&amp;#257;-m&amp;#257;lmara. la li&amp;#275;n m&amp;#299;s-&amp;#275;ri; c&amp;#275;xeja rehirnele jaw&amp;#275;ra k&amp;#333;nux
w&amp;#257; t&amp;#333; la jaw&amp;#275;ra ja&amp;#331;&amp;#331;&amp;#299;ra n&amp;#257;pie;

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien an j&amp;#257;o to anh&amp;#275;&amp;#331;&amp;#331;i n&amp;#257;pie; tamma ke m&amp;#299;sa ja-k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temirne ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien c&amp;#275;ja analla anp&amp;#275;ra mo sas&amp;#275;rja jap&amp;#363;sa;

temirne ant&amp;#275;li ke m&amp;#299;sa ien il anni&amp;#254;en &amp;#241;i li&amp;#275;n jan&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a il la li&amp;#275;n mac&amp;#333;n&amp;#333;n
mat&amp;#333;ntanen; &amp;#275; pa li&amp;#275;n jaw&amp;#275;ra anc&amp;#257;la n&amp;#257; &amp;#275; tele jaw&amp;#275;ra p&amp;#299;ter; &amp;#299; sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa
jah&amp;#275;&amp;#241;a l&amp;#257;-map&amp;#299;&amp;#241;&amp;#241;ennon ew w&amp;#257; sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa ank&amp;#257;&amp;lambda;i honahan.

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien l&amp;#257;-p&amp;#299;ter wa ri&amp;#275;n ma&amp;#241;iw&amp;#275;&amp;lambda;a &amp;#241;e jap&amp;#299;la;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien w&amp;#257; sele anham&amp;#257;ri il jas&amp;#275;ll&amp;#363;i &amp;#257;nor;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

il jal&amp;#333;na antielen il tamma j&amp;#299;lke ke manahan ien pa m&amp;#299;sa ans&amp;#333;ri l&amp;#257;; la jal&amp;#299;la
jak&amp;#275;ra l&amp;#257;;
|
===English===

This was seen (by someone) and heard.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the healer (to the woman): Woman, make pushes. You must make pushes. I can see the baby's head. The birth becomes over soon.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the baby (to all present): I can see this place.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): Huh?

Said the woman (to all present): What is it?

Said the healer (to the woman): Don't have fear. You must make pushes.
Woman, you must push.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the baby (to all present): I wish for clothes. Hey, usually I have expensive clothes.

Said the woman (to all present): He can make words!

Said the baby (to the woman): My mother. I am your baby. Hopefully you (the clan) will not give me the name Konush because it is a too common name.

Said the woman (to all present): This is from too much beer. What did the baby (say)?

Said the healer (to all present): I can cut the navel cord (now).

Said the baby (to all present) the facts: Before I became dead, I was a high-ranking soldier.  I had a valuable name and the name was Piter.  And, I want a drink, you monster, but I don't want any milk.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): Piter, don't be a wiggler like a worm.

Said the baby (to all present): I haven't had whiskey in 8 'months'.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): make yourself steadfast.

The next day, someone wrote: The baby has words! It's a holy gift!
|}

==Rokbeigalmki==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Rokbeigalmki|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===Rokbeigalmki===

za'dhaz t̂ahaot̂ahao fa'waur khaz fa'waur thwel uzú.

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;sudoitr kha ezé!&quot;

datãv-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;ei-i-mald-a!  eze-dabrol!  eze-beig wa'dabrol; aza-kaun wa'khaz sha'uth-a tze-a ya'ekham — t̂epb̂ard-a uza-telb!&quot;

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;sudoitr kha ezé!&quot;

uth-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;aza-kaun wa'khaz a-kaz.&quot;

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;ha'—?&quot;

mald-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;hawa dhu?&quot;

datãv-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;eze'nyih-telos — eza-beig wa'dabrol!  eze-dabrol, ei-i-mald-a, ezé!&quot;

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;sudoitr kha ezé!&quot;

uth-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;azoi-shus sha'nguhraash; i uzoi-vek wa'tezat oolu-dawaz-ad elikuh-tub!&quot;

mald-a izu-chayik, &quot;uhzoi-kaun wa'gũb!&quot;

uth-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;ei-maba ei-tzii-a, eze'nyih-dasyem ash kónush kha; sem ilúka sudstamb uz.&quot;

mald-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;hawa uzú?  ha'azu-dagul sha'lip sudzid?&quot;

datãv-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;aza-kaun taz wa'oojhg tzuh chong oungki.&quot;

uth-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;tawa ga'azii-met, matóntanen ta'r̂engôktadhm-a azíí -- i tzii sem, píder, uzii-tein kurad-ad-tzat.  ei-miplatz-a!  aza-shus wa'dagul tahao, akh nyeng sha'lẽĩl nilmao!&quot;

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;ei-píder, eze'nyih-kemet ka'yagul yag-ad.&quot;

uth-a uhzu-guvdhab, &quot;aza-shus anhamári nga'tei mefsatm ta'tratz-a.&quot;

gaheish-a izu-guvdhab, &quot;sudoitr kha ezé!&quot;

ta'rezat-a oolu-dume, uzu-thes-ad ya'tazao: &quot;uth uhzu-gũb.  daalnad sudahya uhzú!&quot;
|
===English===

This was something to see and hear.

The [female] elder said, &quot;Please be persevering!&quot;

The healer said, &quot;Woman!  Push out!  You must push out; I can see your baby with my eyes — the end of the birth is coming closer!&quot;

The elder said, &quot;Please be persevering!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I can see here.&quot;

The elder said, &quot;Is—?&quot; (or: &quot;Huh?&quot;)

The woman said, &quot;What's that?&quot;

The healer said, &quot;Do not fear — you need to push out!  Push out, woman, do it!&quot;

The elder said, &quot;Please be persevering!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I want clothing (or: a sarong); and it must be well-made!&quot;

The woman screamed, &quot;[The baby] can communicate!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;My mom, please do not name me Kónush; it's such an ordinary name.&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What was it?  Did I drink too much wine?&quot;

The healer said, &quot;I can now cut [the baby]'s 'womb-stem'.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;When I die, I will be a ''matóntanen'' in the order of warriors — and my name, Píder, will have honor.  Hey monster!  I want to drink something, but not at all any mother's milk!&quot;

The elder said, &quot;Píder, don't spasm like a fished fish.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I want ''anhamári'' that's at least eight months old.&quot;

The elder said, &quot;Please be persevering!&quot;

The following day, it was written by someone: &quot;A baby communicated.  [The baby] was a holy gift!&quot;
|}

==Carrajena==

(as received by Amanda Babcock Furrow)

===Carrajena===

This text contains ñ (n-tilde), « (double open
brackets), » (double closed brackets), ¿ (inverted
question mark), ¡ (inverted exclamation point)

THE TEXT

Esti ul fistu junu minchu miravuisimu.

Diched al presbideja, «¡Esperi!»

Diched al jalada, «¡Forchi, huiña!  Nexida nadari. 
Podju videri ul bambinu cun uls ocuus.  Tembra
compuedejid il nadali.”

Diched al presbideja,  «¡Esperei!»

Diched ul bambinu, «Podju videri ul fistu mundu.»

Diched al presbideja, «¿Man?»

Diched al huiña, «¿Esti?»

Diched al jalada, «Nu timi.  Nexida forchari. 
¡Forchi, huiña!»

Diched al presbideja, «¡Esperi!»

Diched ul bambinu, «Feru junu coxudu, ed nexidad bini
nifaladud.»

Firidud al huiña, «¡Ajovid!»

Diched ul bambinu, «Marri miu, nu cuami mi juni numi
pomu ul Cunux, pervia esti medjogri.»

Diched al huiña, «¿Fid esti?  Bivi ul vinu tan mutu.»

Diched al jalada, «Agora, podju currari ad il fumi
umbuigu.»

Diched ul bambinu, «Pochini morriju, eseju ul
djinerali, ed undrajid il mi numi, ul Perru.  Feru
siñunu, junu bivudu, peru ¡nun lapi!»

Diched al presbideja, «Nu fali ils spazmis pomu juni
pixi in ul molu.»

Diched ul bambinu, «Feru juni cauxi djul vinu djils
opu minchis maduradu.»

Diched al presbideja, «¡Esperi!»

Il dji debosti, niscrived, «Diched ul bambinu, &lt;Fuid
juni nudji sampi.&gt;»

===Details===

[[Conlang Relay 12/Carrajena]]

==Toma Heylm==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Toma Heylm|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
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===Toma Heylm===

akot edra ey anyelis tamya.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;anya, file!  lo sokril simelal!  eff tisanot kipayu nes oleye efim.  lo delye silkot oriya syin simelalu.&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff tisanyik dampeyu edra&quot;.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;aa?&quot;.

syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure?&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi kakrot lek.  lo sokril filet.  file!&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok sipoyu, lir syim delye mi marelis&quot;.

syin anya seta tamot &quot;sem seta tomyok!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;haya efim, lo delye datil lek tef operu yiv &quot;Cunux&quot;, tal sem ey sureli&quot;.

syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure dava keryik?  eff seta sipil fhasayu tamamelis&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;eff kardot kastet hiya biliyu&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;tarya eff delye elyik dodeyi, eff delye kupra, lir Petra delye haldyik operu efim.  eff sokryok bolgeyu lir syin sipetu, rel eff delye sipyok lek rumiyu&quot;.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi tulyik lek yiv kuyon la yumela&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok topayu mini fhasa seta fharot dolva okostel.&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

elyi seta peyrai yumola kareli &quot;syin kipa seta tomil 'edra seta todat rigeli'&quot;.
|
===English===

This story is very marvelous.

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Woman, push!  You need to give birth!  I see the baby with my eyes.  You will soon complete the birth.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Huh?&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife said &quot;You should not fear.  You need to push.  Push!&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a blanket, and it should be well-made.&quot;

The woman shouted, &quot;He spoke!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;My mother, you will not give me a name like 'Cunux', because it is ordinary.&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What is happening?  I have drunk too much wine.&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Now I am able to cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;When I should die [lit: become dead], I would be a military general, and Peter will honor my name.  I need a monster and a drink, but I won't drink milk.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on the dock.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a cup of wine that has fermented eight months.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

They wrote the next day, &quot;The baby said 'This was a sacred gift'.&quot;
|}

==Calénnawn==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Calénnawn|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;55%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===Calénnawn===

Zévo órmulxo óhucsìnu-qi.

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Réfno, áymo-qoy!1 Stu
astóri-benco!1 Épanaleya so sten uráronur iw lúdi. Sónnti orgre
astórivra.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Épanaleya zévo rofíltu.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e qúmpatme itt &quot;Ay!2&quot;

O réfni$e qúmpatme itt &quot;Qo?3&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu hi búhu-qoy. Áymo-benco!1
Áymo-qoy!1&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Ílmon losówp-benco pélo byu ðálbo-qoy.&quot;

O réfni$e gárpu be qúmpatme itt &quot;Fa$e qúmpatme!2&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Iw re-ganúno, hi lúxci-qoy s-nalástuxo
sum e pélo 'Cúnucs' pso-zóro fa ópalc.&quot;

O réfni$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Qo séffiðes?1 El or nalétuvra f-óttu
móri.&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Émafo qod-gáwna s-heðérro.&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;El orgla áduxavran fáygann égla úceyl
sno Pétergla dópi iw nalástuxo. Épalemo se hínnod s-nalétuxo pey sófa
égla hi nalétu f-ttizáfe.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu hi túggat-dal glaz sínu bórmo
zizawpósse níñciv.&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Épalemo sen úrmed fh tar óttu pélo or
sotáwvra$ úggu-úmper xo el.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

$e zelétt dull o gréra awn itt &quot;O sten bánxa be qúmpatme itt 'Ze$e
úyfin lúxcixo.'&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===English===

This is a very marvelous story.

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Woman, push! You need to give birth! I see the baby with
my eyes. You will soon complete giving birth.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Huh?&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;You should not fear. You need to push. Push!&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a blanket and it should be thick.&quot;

The woman shouted, &quot;He spoke!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;My mother, do not give me a name like 'Cunux' because
that one is ordinary.&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What is happening? I drank too much wine.&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;I can now cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;When I will die, I will be a military general and Peter
will honor my name. I need a monster and the drink, but I will not drink
milk.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on a dock.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a cup of wine that has ripened for eight months.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

They wrote on the next day, &quot;The baby said, 'This was a sacred gift.'&quot;
|}

==Tæĺf==
''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Tæĺf|here]] for details''

===Smooth English from Calénnawn===
This is a very marvelous narration.

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;Woman, push!  You need to give birth!  I see the baby using my eyes.  You are about to give birth.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Oy!&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;Do not fear.  You need to push!  Push!&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I need a blanket, and may it be thick.&quot;

The woman screamed and said, &quot;S/he/it spoke!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;My mother, do not give unto me the name 'Cúnucs' because it is common/ordinary.&quot;

The woman spoke and said, &quot;What is happening?  I have drunk too much wine.&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;I am able to cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;When I die, I will have been a military general and Peter will honour my name.  I need a monster and I need to drink, but I will not drink the milk.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on a dock.&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I need a cup of wine aged 12 months.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

It was written the next day, &quot;The baby speaks and says, 'This is a sacred gift.'&quot;

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===Tæĺf===
Het - her ðeþrek færl.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Þændət, rizdetsaŋajás!

Hasyɬjáp áwrərzydáftōjás kəmzyjáwnō!&quot; keft bindejtsājáð, &quot;Ho blejo sylmōjəlajo mij myśsoh þá riśtsājo.  Hasyɬjáp áwrərzydáftōjás soɣr kəklybám kīláð,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;Het byjðos þá rijo,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Hojś!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

&quot;Nō?&quot; keft þændət fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Tirblāsaŋajás,&quot; keft, &quot;hasyɬjáp áwrəfsyhám kəmzyjáwnō!  Fishysaŋajás!&quot; keft bleŋk giŋ́ftsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

&quot;Həwyðeā læfs kəmzyjáwnō,&quot; keft mæśsəh, &quot;Tiĺĺsaŋajáð&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þændət &quot;Bitnytsājáð!&quot; keft giśtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;Mymo,&quot; keft laśkrygám, &quot;Həwyðeā 'Kūnuxs' kesm sym þá dińtylāsaŋajás, háð - naxl,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þændət &quot;Nō liryś kīláð?  Ho tefr kuhkaɬ þyrros þá fiśttsājo&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;hojā mæśs-y-kymbō þá liryssydámo momgyn&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;mykkō biŕk tēməŕk áwrədrykám dińto, áwrərnylámo beā, 'Kristśin' kesm mylnō biŕk zywrō tēməþkylám sym þá áwrəssyláfsō dińtáð,&quot; keft mitnytsājáð, &quot;həwyðeā kæĺk, áwrəfjytám kəmzyjáwnō, jelyj dyɣgop þá áwrəfjytám dińtlajo.&quot;

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;hasyɬjáp hylðō yðeā hymjok ðek liryɣgyfámás kəlamzyjānā&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;həðəjáp rep jyl kətjydám þyrros sytkonáð kəmzyjáwnō&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Áwrəklybám kyn brer &quot;mæśsəh 'het - kajprykám dæńt' keft firláð&quot; keft kəfðyrám kiśtsājáð.
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
===English===
This is a very marvelous story.

The priestess said &quot;Hope!&quot;

The birth-assistant-woman (midwife) exclaimed, &quot;Woman, push!  You must give birth!&quot;  She said, &quot;I saw the baby with my own eyes.  You are in a state of giving birth soon (you are about to give birth).&quot;

The priestess said &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby said &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said &quot;Oy!&quot;

The woman said &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Do not fear,&quot; and commanded &quot;You must push!  Push!&quot;

The priestess said &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a blanket,&quot; and said &quot;may it be thick.&quot;

The priestess screamed, &quot;It spoke!&quot;

The baby addressed, &quot;My mother,&quot; and said, &quot;Don't give me the name Kūnuxs, it is ordinary.&quot;

The woman said &quot;What stays going (what's going on)?  I drank too much wine.&quot;

The midwife said &quot;It is possible for me to cut the life-rope (umbilical cord).&quot;

The baby declared, &quot;When I die, I will have become a military general, and the Christian-religion gate-keeper (Peter) will honour my name,&quot; [and continued,] &quot;I need a monster and to drink, but don't give me milk.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;It is unnecessary for you to give commands as a hamster to a cougar.&quot;

The baby said &quot;I need a cup of 1-year-aged wine.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The next day it was written, &quot;The baby says, 'This is a blessèd gift.'&quot;

|}

==Etora==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Etora|here]] for details.''


===Mad mar===

Zhi macheu fel nona fech arala:  &quot;Eshaï.&quot;

Zhi melen ozh matiro fech arala:  &quot;Macheu onalizach mela.  Asa mel mad.  Onalizach e eni!&quot;

Macheu fel nona fech arala:  &quot;Eshaï.&quot;

Onali fech arala: &quot;Selach eni.&quot;

Macheu fel nona fech arala:  &quot;Ai!&quot;

Macheuta fech arala: &quot;Ai?  Pei chíra osim.  Asa doc mad. Pei li-docim!&quot;  matiro arala.

Macheu fel nona fech arala:  &quot;Eshaï.&quot;

Onali fech arala: &quot;Seich cizhon mad.  Dri cici.&quot;

Macheu fech arala: &quot;Onaliza araäyo!&quot;

Onali fech arala:  &quot;Daä shanadi!  Isai &quot;Kunukúlu&quot; mad nom adim.&quot;

Macheu fech arala, &quot;E ba?  Trach dólcach paninezhon fich cos!&quot;

Matiro fech arala, &quot;Mal psapsi!&quot;

Onali fech arala, &quot;Pei seich arom.  Ko-vani hana ich Kilitíni ko-nomi.   Mal azhei roch uso.&quot;

Macheu fel nona fech arala:  &quot;Eshaï.&quot;

In hli gapshash lwev lweu van.  Mar gapsha hana sal iönaliza selayo.


===English translation===
English translation missing


==Aingelj&amp;atilde;==

''Click [[Conlang Relay 12/Aingelj&amp;atilde;|here]] for details.''

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
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===Una bona historja===

&amp;#360; dïe una mara diçé pensatïuament: &quot;J’heh fè&quot;.

Denn al’aixillatora dou part diçé super ou naçament: &quot;Una mara pare &amp;#361; piceu cjude. Tou naçament eh b&amp;otilde;. Ou cjude vide!&quot;

A mara diçé pensatïuament: &quot;J’heh fè&quot;.

Ou cjude risponé: &quot;Jo vid ou mond&quot;.

A mara diçé pensatïuament: &quot;Au!&quot;.

Al’autra fama diçé: &quot;Au? N&amp;otilde; tema. Toul’intent eh b&amp;otilde;. Sega intentant! Diçé al’aixillatora dou part.

A mara diçé pensatïuament: &quot;J’heh fè&quot;.

Ou cjude diçé: &quot;Tu mantenes-mi caude. Tu caudes-mi mout.&quot;

A mara risponé: &quot;Ou cjude parle!&quot;

Ou cjude diçé : &quot;Asdouz vos ets moutas. &amp;#360; b&amp;otilde; nome pur tu eh Cunucoul.&quot;

A mara diçé: &quot;Perd&amp;otilde;? T’has bewat &amp;#361; wisci!&quot;

Al’aixillatora dou part diçé: &quot;Jo n&amp;otilde; sent-mi bain.&quot;

Ou cjude diçé: &quot;Protegga-mi. A qwe apelle-si Cilit&amp;#297;n hast venat tantbain. Ou mau rode ma morta.&quot;

A mara risponé: &quot;J’heh fè&quot;.

Ad ou f&amp;#297;n ou temp pasaré. Ou f&amp;#297; dal’historja esaré scriwat tantbain pur ou cjude.

|
===A good story===
One day a mother said thoughtfully: &quot;I hope.&quot;

Then the midwife said about the birth: &quot;A mother gives birth to a little child. Your birth is good. The child sees!&quot;

The mother said thoughtfully: &quot;I hope.&quot;

The child answered: &quot;I see the world.&quot;

The mother said thoughtfully: &quot;Ouch.&quot;

The other woman said: &quot;Ouch? Don’t be afraid. Your try is OK. Keep on trying!&quot; said the midwife.

The mother said thoughtfully. &quot;I hope.&quot;

The child said: &quot;You keep me warm. You warm me much.&quot;

The mother answered: &quot;The child talks!&quot;

The child said: &quot;You both are many. A good name for you is Kunukúlu.&quot;

The mother said: &quot;Pardon? You have drunk a whisky!&quot;

The midwife said: &quot;I don’t feel well.&quot;

The child said: &quot;Protect me. The one who is called Kilitíni has come too. The badness surrounds my death.&quot;

The mother answered: &quot;I hope.&quot;

In the end the time will go by. The end of the story will also be written by the child.

|}

== Dewagistarah ==

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
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=== Tara katsha ===

For mikhet, prasu te ahatuja met tark: &quot;Ek hafja azamsah.&quot;

Dan krtiah af manukh-shap te ahatuja ufar manukh-shap: &quot;Prasu manukh-shapja leitil bala. Manukh-shap af du isja tara. Bala seja!&quot;

Prasu ta ahatuja met tark: &quot;Ek hafja azamsah.&quot;

Bala antwartja: &quot;Ek seja bcjuloka.&quot;

Prasu ta ahatua met tark: &quot;Au!&quot;

Andara fru te ahatuja: &quot;Au? Isja ni bcjajalu.&quot;

&quot;Farsokh af du isja tara. Farsokhja mikhet!&quot; te ahatuja krtiah af manukh-shap.

Prasu ta ahatuja met tark: &quot;Ek hafja azamsah.&quot;

Bala te ahatuja: &quot;Du haltja ek pratap. Du pratapja ek mikhet.&quot;

Prasu te antwartja: &quot;Bala bcjasaja!&quot;

Bala te ahatuja: &quot;Du twa isja mikhet. Tara nam fir du isja Kunukul.&quot;

Prasu te ahatuja: &quot;Unshiltja? Du hafja drikja wiski!&quot;

Krtiah af manukh-shap te ahatuja: &quot;Ek ni folja tara.&quot;

Bala te ahatuja: &quot;Niwaraja ek. Nara ko ga namja Kilitin okhsa isja komja. Muska omgipja tot af ek.&quot;

Prasu te antwartja: &quot;Ek hafja azamsah.&quot;

In ent kala fargaja. Ent af katsha okhsa te isja skrifja fir bala.

|
===A good story===
One day, a mother said thoughtfully: &quot;I have hope.&quot;

Then the birth helper said about the birth: &quot;A mother bears a little child. Your birth is good. The child looks!&quot;

The mother said thoughtfully: &quot;I have hope.&quot;

The child answered: &quot;I see the world.&quot;

The mother said thoughtfully: &quot;Ow!&quot;

An other woman said: &quot;Ow? Don't be afraid.&quot;

&quot;Your try is good. Keep trying!&quot; said the birth helper.

The mother said thoughtfully: &quot;I have hope.&quot;

The child said: &quot;You keep me warm. You warm me much.&quot;

The mother answered: &quot;The child talks!&quot;

The child said: &quot;You two are many. A good name for you is Kunukul.&quot;

The mother said: &quot;Pardon? You have drunken whiskey!&quot;

The birth helper said: &quot;I don't feel well.&quot;

The child said: &quot;Protect me. He who is called Kilitin has also come. The mouse surrounds my death.&quot;

The mother answered: &quot;I have hope.&quot;

In the end the time passed. The end of the story was written also for the child.

|}

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|*]] [[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Da Mätz Se Basa</title>
    <id>1966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6345</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Conlang Relay 12]] -- [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s9 Da Mätz se Basa] -- [http://www.theiling.de Henrik Theiling]=

==Darynese -- Running Text==
 Dorunyaera! Nyaram, ilaetraenyaera!

 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Saerai: Saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Saerai: Yaetai! Emilonaime mati dorusetas raikae. Yaemi deles se daibe!
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Emilo: A! Teoro dorunyaetas raokae!
 Saerai: rarurileyiza!
 Mizaebaiai: Latrimaelnaor?
 Saerai: Pasaeranyaepara! Aesem saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Emilo: Raokae taekonyaera! Yaope tazembo ranneos teonzanyae raokae.
 Mizaebaiai: Taeyinnaor ilaetraese?
 Emilo: Eyilai. Raokaekul laemtraenyaera. Daibenaimao ineyilao zaitrinyae
 raokae. 'Konor' tusreonyaepa raokae. Taenae menyae yaemi.
 Mizaebaiai: Nanenaor? Ilaetraese emilo!
 Saerai: Emilseyai sem datae raikae.
 Emilo: Nenkenaimeo naer leobysunyae raokae. Yilae aon leobysunyae raokae.
 'Petros' zaitrinyae raokaenaimae aon.
 Emilo: Aotaelao menyae raokae. Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelonyaepa raokae.
 Saerai: Petros! Ebenyaepara!
 Emilo: Ner trais binyin keoru, saisinsu zelnelonyae raokae.
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!

==Darynese -- Interlinears==

This is how I broke it down.

 Dorunyaera!  Nyaram, ilaetraenyaera!
 Doru-nyaera! Nyaram, ilaetrae-nyaera!
 see-IMPER!   And     speak-IMPER!
 Look!  And speak!
 
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Mari-nyaera!
 husband:    persevere-IMPER
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Saerai: Saenyanyaera!  Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Saerai: Saenya-nyaera! Yaetai! saenya-nyaera!
 priest: push-IMPER     Ma'am   push-IMPER
 Doctor: Push! Ma'am, push!
 
 Saerai: Yaetai! Emilonaime       mati dorusetas   raikae.
 Saerai: Yaetai! Emilo-naim-e     mati doru-setas  raikae.
 priest: Ma'am   baby-POSS-thing  head see-POL.POS I.ADULT.FEM
 Doctor: Ma'am! I see the baby's head!
 
 Yaemi  deles    se         daibe!
 Yaemi  deles    se         daibe!
 it     almost   do.POL.POS you.ADULT.FEM
 You have alsmost done it!
 
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Mari-nyaera!
 husband:    persevere-IMPER
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Emilo: A!       Teoro      dorunyaetas     raokae!
 Emilo: A!       Teo-ro     doru-nyaetas    raokae!
 baby:  ah/well! place-this see-POS.UNCERT  I.ADULT.MASC
 Baby: Ah!  I think I see this place!
 
 Saerai: Rarurileyiza!
 Saerai: Rarurileyiza!
 priest: damnit!
 Doctor: Damnit!
 
 Mizaebaiai: Latrimaelnaor?
 Mizaebaiai: Latrimael-naor?
 wife:       any.abstract.idea-QUERY?
 Wife: What?
 
 Saerai: Pasaeranyaepara!          Aesem saenyanyaera!  Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Saerai: Pasaera-nyaepara!         Aesem saenya-nyaera! Yaetai! saenya-nyaera!
 priest: darken.in.mood-NOT-IMPER  again push-IMPER     Ma'am   push-IMPER
 Doctor: Don't get in a bad mood!  Push again, Ma'am, push!
 
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Mari-nyaera!
 husband:    persevere-IMPER
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Emilo: Raokae       taekonyaera!  Yaope      tazembo ranneos        teonzanyae  raokae.
 Emilo: Raokae       taeko-nyaera! Yaope      tazembo ranneos        teonza-nyae raokae.
 baby:  I.ADULT.MASC dress-IMPER   rich-THING clothing much/lot/often wear-POS    I.ADULT.MASC
 Baby:  I want to dress! I often wear expensive clothing.
 
 Mizaebaiai: Taeyinnaor    ilaetraese?
 Mizaebaiai: Taeyin-naor   ilaetrae-se?
 wife:       person-QUERY  speak-POL.POS
 Wife: It can speak?
 
 Emilo: Eyilai.  Raokaekul     laemtraenyaera.
 Emilo: Eyilai.  Raokae-kul    laemtrae-nyaera.
 baby:  mother   I.ADULT.MASC  listen-IMPER
 Baby:  Listen to me, mother.
 
 Daibenaimao                   ineyilao zaitrinyae  raokae.
 Daibe-naim-ao                 ineyilao zaitri-nyae raokae.
 you.ADULT.FEM-POSS-ADULT.MASC son      be-POS      I.ADULT.MASC.
 I am your son.
 
 'Konor' tusreonyaepa  raokae.        Taenae         menyae yaemi.
 'Konor' tusreo-nyaepa raokae.        Taen-ae        me-nyae yaemi.
 'Konor' wish-NEG      I.ADULT.MASC   common-CONCEPT is-POS  it
 I don't want (to be called) 'Konor', that's too common.
 
 Mizaebaiai: Nanenaor?                  Ilaetraese    emilo!
 Mizaebaiai: Nane-naor?                 Ilaetrae-se   emilo!
 wife:       malicious.lie/trick-QUERY  speak-POL.POS baby
 Wife: Is that a trick?  The baby speaks!
 
 Saerai: Emilseyai    sem datae raikae.
 Saerai: Emilseyai    sem datae raikae.
 priest: Nabelschnur  now cut   I.MASC
 Doctor: I will now cut the umbilical cord.
 
 Emilo: Nenkenaimeo                   naer  leobysunyae       raokae.
 Emilo: Nenke-naim-eo                 naer  leobysu-nyae      raokae.
 baby:  General-POSS-place/time/event death exist/possess-POS I.ADULT.MASC
 Baby:  I had the death of a General.
 
 Yilae             aon  leobysunyae       raokae.
 Yil-ae            aon  leobysu-nyae      raokae.
 good-concept/idea name exist/possess-POS I.ADULT.MASC
 I have a good name.
 
 'Petros' zaitrinyae  raokaenaimae                   aon.
 'Petros' zaitri-nyae raokae-naim-ae                 aon.
 'Petrus' be-POS      I.ADULT.MASC-POSS-concept/idea name
 My name is 'Petrus'.
 
 Emilo: Aotaelao            menyae  raokae.
 Emilo: Aotael-ao           me-nyae raokae.
 baby:  thirsty-ADULT.MASC  is-POS  I.ADULT.MASC
 Baby:  I am thirsty.
 
 Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelonyaepa   raokae.
 Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelo-nyae-pa raokae.
 However,  milk   drink-AUTH-NEG  I.ADULT.MASC
 But I don't want to drink milk.
 
 Saerai: Petros!  Ebenyaepara!
 Saerai: Petros!  Ebe-nyae-pa-ra!
 priest: Petrus!  zappeln-AUTH-NEG-IMPER!
 Doctor: Petrus!  Don't squirm like that!
 
 Emilo:  Ner      trais binyin   keoru,   saisinsu zelnelonyae    raokae.
 Emilo:  Ner      trais binyin   keoru,   saisinsu zelnelo-nyae   raokae.
 baby:   previous five  one.half 44.days  vodka    drink-AUTH.POS I.ADULT.MASC
 Baby:   I drank vodka the last 8 months.
 
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Mari-nyaera!
 husband:    persevere-IMPER
 Husband:    Persevere!
 
 Ereo                  mokeorul donyose       donyoao --
 Er-eo                 mokeorul donyo-se      donyoao --
 next-place/time/event day      write-POL.POS writer
 The next day, the writer wrote:
 
 'Ilaetraerilo        emilo! Taomaenaime    kaodi!'
 'Ilaetrae-ril-o      emilo! Taomae-naim-e  kaodi!'
  speak-PART-JUV.MASC baby!  God-POSS-thing gift!
 'A speaking baby!  A gift of God!
 
==Darynese -- Smooth English==
 
 Look! It speaks!
 
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Doctor:  Push! Ma'am, push!
 
          Ma'am! I see the baby's head!
          You have alsmost done it!
 
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Baby:    Ah!  I think I see this place!
 
 Doctor:  Damnit!
 
 Wife:    What?                                  
                                                 
 Doctor:  Don't get in a bad mood!               
          Push again, Ma'am, push!               
 
 Husband: Persevere!
                                                 
 Baby:    I want to dress!
          I often wear expensive clothing.        
                                                 
 Wife:    It can speak?
 
 Baby:    Listen to me, mother.
          I am your son.
          I don't want to be called 'Konor',
          that's too common.
 
 Wife:    Is that a trick?  The baby speaks!
 
 Doctor:  I will now cut the umbilical cord.
 
 Baby:    I had the death of a General.
          I have a good name.
          My name is 'Petrus'.
 
          And I am thirsty,
          but I don't want any milk.
 
 Doctor:  Petrus!  Don't squirm like that!
 
 Baby:    I drank vodka the last 8 months.
 
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 The next day, the writer wrote:
 'A speaking baby!  A gift of God!

==Da Mätz se Basa -- Running Text==

 De kuk un kuja ja he
 
 
 Ä Man: Diu häl dur to.
 
 Doto:  Ü drük to.  Muin Quän, ü drük to.
        Muin Quän, ich kan da Bäbi s' Kop ol sä höma.
        Ü hat de bäna saf ja.
 
 Man:   Diu häl dur to.
 
 Bäbi:  Säo, ich kan de hir Urt sä ima.
 
 Doto:  Chofadem!
 
 Quän:  Wat is he?
 
 Doto:  Ü wot nich bang nä to.
        Ü drük noma to, muin Quän, ü drük to.
 
 Man:   Diu häl dur to.
 
 Bäbi:  Ich wil wat dräk an höma.
        Ich drach of gui Zuich ja.
 
 Quän:  De kan kuja ima.
 
 Bäbi:  Diu fan Modo hur ma ze to.
        Ich is duin Anak.
        Un ich wil nich &quot;Konol&quot; heis nä höma,
        omdat de ze tawal is ja.
 
 Quän:  De do is ne Drik he.  De Bäbi kuja he.
 
 Doto:  Ich wirt gätz de Nalsur snä dur.
 
 Bäbi:  Ich hat na Gäral se Maut hat.
        Un ich hat ne hau Nam ja, nämich heis ich &quot;Pädrus&quot;.
        Un ich hat ne Durs ja, ma ich wil kein Nai nä höma.
 
 Doto:  Pädrus, diu zape nich säo nä to.
 
 Bäbi:  Di lätz ach Mat hat ich ne Woka drik.
 
 Man:   Diu häl dur to.
 
 Ana näs Dach sir di Sir-Mätz: &quot;Ne kuja s' Bäbi höma!  Ne da Got se Sänk ja!&quot;
 
==Da Mätz se Basa -- Interlinears==

 De         kuk  un  kuja ja  he
 DEF.NOM.SG look and talk POS UNCERT
 It looks and talks!?
 
 Ä Man:           Diu  häl  dur     to
 Matrimonial man: Thou hold through IMPER
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Doto:   Ü      drük  to.    Muin Quän,  ü      drük to.
 Doctor: you.SG push  IMPER  My   woman  you.SG push IMPER
 Doctor: Push!  Madam, push!
 
       Muin Quän, ich kan da         Bäbi s'  Kop  ol      sä  höma
       my   woman I   can DEF.DAT.SG baby REL head already see EMPHAT
       Madam, I can see the baby's head already!
 
       Ü      hat  de         bäna   saf  ja
       you.SG have DEF.NOM.SG almost made POS
       You have almost done it!
 
 Man:  Diu  häl  dur     to
 Man:  Thou hold through IMPER
 Man:  Persevere!
 
 Bäbi: Säo,  ich kan de         hir  Urt   sä  ima
 Baby: Well, I   can DEF.NOM.SG here place see VAGUE
 Baby: Well, I can see this place, then...
 
 Doto:   Chofadem!
 Doctor: Damnit!
 Doctor: Damnit!
 
 Quän:  Wat  is he?
 Woman: what is INTERROG
 Woman: What is it?
 
 Doto:   Ü      wot    nich bang    nä  to
 Doctor: you.sg become not  anxious NEG IMPER
 Doctor: Don't get disturbed!
 
         Ü      drük noma  to,   muin Quän,  ü      drük to
         you.sg push again IMPER my   woman  you.sg push IMPER
         Push again, madam, push again!
 
 Man:  Diu  häl  dur     to
 Man:  Thou hold through IMPER
 Man:  Persevere!
 
 Bäbi: Ich wil  wat  dräk an   höma
 Baby: I   want what pull onto EMPHAT
 Baby: I want to wear something!
 
       Ich drach of gui Zuich ja
       I often wear precious clothes
 
 Quän:  De         kan kuja ima
 Woman: DEF.NOM.SG can talk VAGUE
 Woman: It can talk!?
 
 Bäbi: Diu fan   Modo   hur  ma      ze to
 Baby: You APPOS mother hear 1SG.DAT to SUG mother
 Baby: Mother, listen to me!
 
       Ich is duin Anak
       I   be your son/daughter.
       I am your son.
 
       Un  ich wil  nich 'Konol' heis      nä  höma,
       And I   want not  'Konor' be.called NEG EMPHAT
       And I don't want to be called 'Konor',
 
       omdat   de         ze  tawal  is ja
       because DEF.NOM.SG too normal be ja
       because that's too common.
 
 Quän:  De         do    is ne Drik  he.     De         Bäbi kuja he.
 Woman: DEF.NOM.SG there be a  trick UNCERT  DEF.NOM.SG baby talk UNCERT
 Woman  This is a trick, right?  The baby talks!?
 
 Doto:   Ich wirt gätz de         Nalsur         snä dur.
 Doctor: I   will now  DEF.NOM.SG umbilical.cord cut through.
 Doctor: I will now cut the umbilical cord.
 
 Bäbi: Ich hat  na           Gäral   se  Maut  hat.
 Baby: I   have INDEF.DAT.SG general REL death have.
 Baby: I had a general's death.
 
       Un  ich hat  ne           hau  Nam  ja,
       And I   have INDEF.NOM.SG good name POS,
       And I have a good name,
 
       nämich heis      ich 'Pädrus'.
       namely be.called I   'Petrus'
       that is, I'm called 'Petrus'.
 
       Un  ich hat  ne           Durs   ja,
       And I   have INDEF.NOM.SG thirst POS
       And I am thirsty,
 
       ma  ich wil  kein Nai  nä  höma
       but I   want no   milk NEG EMPHAT
       but I don't want any milk.
 
 Doto:   Pädrus, diu zape  nich säo nä  to
 Doctor: Petrus, you quirm not  so  NEG IMPER
 Doctor: Petrus, don't squirm like that!
 
 Bäbi: Di         lätz ach   Mat   hat  ich ne           Woka  drik
 Baby: DEF.NOM.PL last eight month have I   indef.nom.sg vodka drink.
 Baby: The last eight months I drank vodka.
 
 Man:  Diu  häl  dur     to
 Man:  Thou hold through IMPER
 Man:  Persevere!
 
 Ana    näs  Dach sir   di         Sir-Mätz:
 on.the next day  write DEF.NOM.PL write-person:
 The next day, the writers wrote:
 
 'Ne           kuja s'  Bäbi höma!   Ne           da         Got se  Sänk ja!'
 'INDEF.NOM.SG talk REL baby EMPHAT  INDEF.NOM.SG DEF.DAT.SG god REL gift POS!'
 A talking baby! A gift of God indeed!

==Da Mätz se Basa -- Smooth English==

 It looks and talks!?
 
 Husband: Persevere!
 
 Doctor:  Push!  Madam, push!
          Madam, I can see the baby's head already!
          You have almost done it!
 
 Man:     Persevere!
 
 Baby:    Well!  I can see this place, right!?
 
 Doctor:  Damnit!
 
 Woman:   What is it?
 
 Doctor:  Don't get disturbed!
          Push again, madam, push again!
 
 Man:     Persevere!
 
 Baby:    I want to wear something!
          I often wear precious clothes!
 
 Woman:   It can talk!?
 
 Baby:    Mother, listen to me!
          I am your son.
          And I don't want to be called 'Konor',
          because that's too common.
 
 Woman    This is a trick, right?  The baby talks!?
 
 Doctor:  I will now cut the umbilical cord.
 
 Baby:    I had a general's death.
          And I have a good name,
          that is, I'm called 'Petrus'.
          And I am thirsty,
          but I don't want any milk.
 
 Doctor:  Petrus, don't squirm like that!
 
 Baby:    The last eight months I drank vodka.
 
 Man:     Persevere!
 
 The next day, the writers wrote:
 A talking baby! A gift of God indeed!

==Grammar==
   - Da Mätz se Basa is an a posteriori language derived from Modern
     High German.
     Some influence from Dutch, Afrikaans, Chinese, Bahasa Indonesia and
     several other languages can be found, mainly in the lexicon, but
     sometimes also in the grammar.
 
   - The language is mostly isolating, with a few frequent words being
     fosilised fused forms, and with a few bound morphemes.  Further,
     compound nouns and verbs exist. They are listen in the lexicon.
 
   - Case:   nominative, dative.
   - Number: singular, plural.
   - Definiteness: definite, indefinite
 
   - Case, number and definiteness are all marked on the article.
 
   - Adjectives, relative clauses and possessives precede the
     phrase they modify.
 
   - Articles precede nouns (and their modifiers) and are optional in
     front of relative clauses, and possessive pronouns, and is
     forbidden before determiners (&quot;some&quot;, &quot;no&quot;, etc.).
 
     If left out in front of relative clauses, definiteness, case and
     number information is lost for that phrase, and must be inferred.
     (In ancient times, the relative particle would then be inflected,
     but this feature was lost is earlier times.)
 
   - For prepositions that can be followed by both nominative and dative
     case, nom. denotes a direction, dat. a location.
 
   - Articles and 3rd person pronouns are indistinguishable.  These
     word is glossed with DEF or INDEF.
 
   - Preposition + 3rd person pronoun/article fused into one word if
     adjacent, even if they belong to different phrases.
     This is a phonological fusion.
 
   - In a verb phrase, auxiliaries precede the main verb.  The first
     verb in such a phrase, the head verb, is shifted to first
     or second position when the word order changes.
 
   - There are three word orders:
 
         V-Last Order (this is the basic order):
             SOV: in certain subordinate clauses
 
         V1-Order:
             The first verb of the verb phrase is shifted to the front:
 
             In questions, suggestives, and in certain subordinate
             clauses triggered by some conjunctions.
 
         V2-Order:
             Starting from V1-order, the subject or an adverb is
             shifted to the front:
 
             Normal propositional order: the fronted constituent
             is the topic.  By default, this is the subject, so you
             get SVO order here.
 
     In the lexicon, conjunctions will show which order is selected.
 
   - The very end of a clause is often marked with a complement
     for truth value (&quot;ja&quot;, &quot;nä&quot;, &quot;ima&quot;) and/or for speech act
     (&quot;höma&quot;, &quot;to&quot;, &quot;he&quot;).  &quot;ja&quot; (positive truth value) and
     &quot;höma&quot; (propositional speech act) are optional -- if they
     are present, they are emphatic.
 
   - 'se': modification.
     In the construction:
          A 'se' B
     Here, A is a general modification of B.  This is used for
     relative clauses, possessives, and composition.  A bit like
     Chinese 'de' or Japanese 'no'.  In the neighbourhood of
     vowels, the word reduces to  s' .
 
     In possessives formed with 'se', the first part (A), a noun
     phrase, will be in dative case.  An optional determiner may
     precede the whole construction.
 
   - 'fan': apposition.
     In the construction:
          A 'fan' B
     A is the same as B.  In English, the translation could be
     simply &quot;A B&quot; (e.g. &quot;Doctor Smith&quot;) or &quot;A of B&quot; (e.g.
     &quot;city of New York&quot;).  Both A and B are in the the same case.
 
   - All nouns are capitalised.
 
   - Note that due to the speech act and truth value complements,
     the use of exclamation and question marks is very much reduced
     in this language.
 

==Vocab==

 Ä          - n.          - marriage
 ä          - adj.        - matrimonial
 ach        - num.        - eight
 an         - prep.+dat.  - on, at (place); on, at (time)
            - prep.+nom.  - to, onto (place)
            - aux.        - see &quot;dräk an&quot;
 ana        - fus.        - &quot;an&quot; + &quot;da&quot;; &quot;an&quot; + &quot;na&quot;
 Anak       - n.          - child: son; daughter
 Bäbi       - n.          - baby
 bäna       - adv.        - almost
 bang       - adj.        - anxious, fearful
 Chofadem   - interj.     - Damnit!
 da         - det.        - def.dat.sg.
 Dach       - n.          - day
 de         - det.        - def.nom.sg.
 de do      - comp.det.   - def.nom.sg distant: that
 di         - det.        - def.nom.pl.
 diu        - pron.       - 2.sg.nom. informal
 do         - adv.        - there; after det. indicates distance, see &quot;de do&quot;
 Doto       - n.          - doctor
 drach      - v.          - carry; wear
 dräk       - v.          - to pull
 dräk an    - comp.v.     - to don
 drik       - v.          - to drink
 drük       - v.          - to push, to press
 duin       - poss.pron.  - 2.sg. informal
 dur        - adv.        - through
            - aux.        - see &quot;snä dur&quot;
            - aux.        - see &quot;häl dur&quot;
 Durs       - n.          - thirst
 fan        - part.       - apposition particle (see grammar)
 Gäral      - n.          - (military) general (or s.o. of similar rank)
 gätz       - adv.        - now
 Got        - n.          - God
 gui        - adj.        - expensive; precious
 häl        - v.          - to hold
 häl dur    - comp.v.     - to keep up, to persevere; to withstand
 hat        - v.          - to have; in a compound verb, marks past tense
 hau        - adj.        - good
 he         - compl.+V1   - question marker
            - compl.+V2   - uncertainty marker or still a question marker
                            (when an interrogative pronoun is in the clause)
 heis       - v.          - to be called
 hir        - adv.        - here
 höma       - compl.      - proposition marker
 hur        - v.          - to hear
 hur ze     - comp.v.     - to listen
 ich        - pron.       - 1.sg.nom.
 ima        - compl.      - vague proposition marker
 is         - v.          - to be
 ja         - compl.      - positive complement
 kan        - v.          - to be able to
 kein       - det.        - nom.sg.: no; no-one
 Konol      - n.prop.     - &quot;Konor&quot;
 Kop        - n.          - head
 kuja       - v.          - to talk
 kuk        - v.          - to look
 lätz       - adj.        - last
 ma         - conj.       - but
 Man        - n.          - man
 Mat        - n.          - month
 Mätz       - n.          - person
 Mätz       - suff.       - forms subject noun: the person who ...
 Maut       - n.          - death
 Modo       - n.          - mother
 muin       - poss.pron.  - 1.sg.
 na         - det.        - indef.dat.sg.
 nä         - compl.      - negative complement
 Nai        - n.          - milk
 Nalsur     - n.          - umbilical cord
 Nam        - n.          - name
 nämich     - adv.        - that is..., namely
 näs        - adj.        - next
 ne         - det.        - indef.nom.sg.
 nich       - adv.        - not
 noma       - adv.        - again
 of         - adv.        - often
 ol         - adv.        - already
 omdat      - conj.+Vlast - because
 Pädrus     - n.prop.     - &quot;Petrus&quot;
 Quän       - n.          - woman
 s'         - part.       - = &quot;se&quot; (adjacent to vowels)
 sä         - v.          - to see
 saf        - v.          - to manage; to accomplish
 Sänk       - n.          - present, gift
 säo        - adv.        - so, this way
            - interj.     - well!, aha!
 se         - part.       - modification particle (see grammar)
 sir        - v.          - to write
 snä        - v.          - to cut
 snä dur    - comp.v.     - to cut through, to transect
 tawal      - adj.        - common, ordinary, normal
 to         - compl.+V1   - imperative marker
 ü          - pron.       - 2.sg.nom. formal
 un         - conj.       - and
 Urt        - n.          - place, location
 wat        - int.pron.   - what
 wil        - v.          - to want
 wirt       - v.          - auxiliary to form future tense
 Woka       - n.          - vodka
 wot        - v.          - to become
 zape       - v.          - to squirm
 ze         - adv.        - too; too much
            - v.          - see &quot;hur ze&quot;
 Zuich      - n.          - stuff; clothing
 

==Abbreviations==
 
 1.           - first person
 2.           - second person
 adj.         - adjective
 adv.         - adverb
 aux.         - auxiliary verb
 comp.        - compound
 compl.       - complement: a word at the end of clauses to determine
                the speech act or the truth value
 compl.+V1    - complement that requires V1 word order.  Note that some
                complements may mean different things with different
                word orders.
 compl.+V2    - complement that requires V2 word order
 conj.        - conjunction.  Word order in this clause is either V1 or V2,
                depending on type of clause and on complement.
 conj.+Vlast  - conjunction that requires Vlast word order: this is a
                subordinate clause that cannot have speech act complements.
                (But it may contain truth value complements.)
 dat.         - dative case
 def.         - definite
 det.         - determiner or article
 fus.         - fused word: the original words are given
 indef.       - indefinite
 int.pron.    - interrogation pronoun
 interj.      - interjection
 n.           - noun
 n.prop.      - proper noun
 nom.         - nominative case
 num.         - numeral
 part.        - particle: see the grammar for these words
 pl.          - plural
 poss.pron.   - possessive pronoun
 prep.        - preposition: the required case will be given.  Note that
                some prepositions may be followed by different cases and
                mean different things.
 pron.        - pronoun
 sg.          - singular
 suff.        - suffix: second part of a compound
 v.           - verb.  Note that some verbs only occur in compound verbs
                and may have other functions when used alone.

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Da Mätz Se Basa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Minza</title>
    <id>1967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6347</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:58:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Details for the [[Minza]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

==Minza text and interlinear translation==

 IPLIMU AI IŠONU?!
 I-PLIM-U AI I-ŠON-U?!
 3s.ERG-observe-PF and 3s.ERG-talk-PF?!
 He observes and talks?!
 
 Xažla: Mimo!
 Xažla: Mim-o!
 man-ABS: persist-IMP!
 Man: Persist!
 
 Čaghyl: Taugho xöy, seira nataughi öyxe!
 Čaghyl: Taugh-o xöy, seir-a na-taugh-i öyx-(l)e!
 doctor-ABS: push-IMP madam-ABS, must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB you-ERG!
 Doctor: Push, madam, you need to push!
 
 Šöy łe, kazmi kaini ymigi lan rašat!
 Šöy łe, ka-zmi kaini y-mig-i lan raša-(a)t!
 now (polite), 1s.ABS-can already 1s.ERG-see-SUB head-ABS baby-GEN!
 Now, I can already see the baby's head!
 
 Teka omba öyxu sinatemu aka nymat.
 Tek-a omba öyx-(m)u sina-(e)te-mu aka nym-at.
 3s.ABS-sit-IPF almost you-LOC past-your-LOC whole-ABS event-GEN.
 You almost have the whole of the event in your past.
 
 Xažla: Mimo!
 Xažla: Mim-o!
 man-ABS: persist-IMP!
 Man: Persist!
 
 Raša: Šöy ze, kazmi ymigi tan'ga, đa riteka jexu.
 Raša: Šöy ze, ka-zmi y-mig-i tan'ga, đa ri-tek-a jex-(m)u.
 baby-ABS: now then, 1s.ABS-can 1s.ERG-see-SUB place-ABS, that 1p.ABS-sit-IPF this-LOC.
 Baby: Well, now I can see the place where we are.
 
 Xažla: Igá!
 Xažla: Igá!
 man-ABS: what.the...!
 Man: What the...!
 
 Kövu: Kala čui?
 Kövu: Kal-a čui?
 woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-happen-IFP what-ABS?
 Woman: What's happening?
 
 Čaghyl: Tego łe naziri.
 Čaghyl: Teg-o łe na-zir-i.
 doctor-ABS: avoid-IMP (polite) 2s.ERG-fear-SUB.
 Doctor: Please don't be afraid.
 
 Seira nataughi xöy, seira nataughi!
 Seir-a na-taugh-i xöy, seir-a na-taugh-i!
 must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB madam, must-IPF 2s.ERG-push-SUB!
 You must push, madam, you must push!
 
 Xažla: Mimo!
 Xažla: Mim-o!
 man-ABS: persist-IMP!
 Man: Persist!
 
 Raša: Ymagha šöy kö čilaskat.
 Raša: Y-magh-a šöy kö čil-as-(a)ka-(a)t.
 baby-ABS: 1s.ERG-want-IPF now something-ABS wear-ACT-my-GEN.
 Baby: Now I want something to wear.

 Wei! Yđevu čilas fynarit beži kame!
 Wei! Y-đev-u čil-as fyna-ri-(a)t bež-i kam-(l)e!
 hey! 1s.ERG-accustomed.to-PF wear-ACT-ABS clothes-PL-GEN expensive-GEN I-ERG!
 Hey! I am accustomed to wearing expensive clothes!
 
 Kövu: Zmi išoni va!
 Kövu: Zmi i-šon-i va!
 woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-can 3s.ERG-talk-SUB he-ABS!
 Woman: He can talk!
 
 Raša: Duro tö, i viraka. Kari raša öyxat.
 Raša: Dur-o tö, i vira-(a)ka. Ka-ri raša öyx-at.
 baby-ABS: listen-IMP (emphatic), VOC mother-my-ABS. 1s.ABS-be child-ABS you-GEN.
 Baby: Now listen, my mother. I am your child.
 
 Ła ymagha de ynšadi šy Konušat, šöy ze de, ži vyönu ghovi nöki nyn.
 Ła y-magh-a de y-n-šad-i šy Konuš-at, šöy ze de, ži vyön-u ghov-i nök-i nyn.
 but 1s.ERG-want-IPF not 1s.ERG-REFL-call-SUB as Konuš-GEN, now well not, since 3s.ABS-ordinary-PF too-ABS much-ABS that-ABS.
 But I don't want to be called Konush, well not now, since that is much too ordinary.
 
 Kövu: Ri nevek đa yglibu wöli ghovi kame ža. Fie đa šona rašale?
 Kövu: Ri nevek đa y-glib-u wöli ghovi kam-(l)e ža. Fie đa šon-a raša-le?
 woman-ABS: 3s.ABS-be reason-ABS that 1s.ERG-drink-PF alcohol-ABS too.much-ABS I-ERG isn't.it? namely that 3s.ERG-talk-IPF baby-ERG?
 Woman: It's because I drank too much [alcohol], isn't it? That the baby is talking?
 
 Čaghyl: Yreka šöy zörin nalanavat.
 Čaghyl: Y-rek-a šöy zörin nalan-ava-(a)t.
 doctor-ABS: 1s.ERG-cut-IPF now cord-ABS navel-his-GEN.
 Doctor: I am now cutting his umbilical cord.
 
 Raša: Vyö xörykakamu, katuonžananu, našara.
 Raša: Vyö xör-yk-aka-mu, ka-tuon-žan-an-u, na-šar-a.
 baby-ABS: before death-my-LOC, 1s.ABS-general-be-PF, 2s.ERG-know-IFP.
 Baby: Before my death, I was a general, you know.
 
 Epi kamu loga teski, fie ynšadu šy Petrosat.
 Epi kam-(m)u loga tesk-i, fie y-n-šad-u šy Petros-at.
 also I-LOC name-ABS fine-ABS, namely 1s.ERG-REFL-call-PF as Peter-GEN.
 I also had a fine name; I called myself Peter.
 
 Ai ymaghi yglibi, i peš, ła ymaghu de yglibi kura öli kame!
 Ai y-magh-i y-glib-i, i peš, ła y-magh-u de y-glib-i kura öl-i kam-(l)e!
 and 1s.ERG-want-SUB 1s.ERG-drink-SUB, VOC fiend-ABS, but 1s.ERG-want-PF not 1s.ERG-drink-SUB milk-ABS any-ABS I-ERG!
 And I want to drink, you fiend, but I don't want any milk!
 
 Xažla: I Petros, xisčo kaini möghas šy rylat, i öyx!
 Xažla: I Petros, xisč-o kaini mögh-as šy ryl-at, i öyx!
 man-ABS: VOC Peter-ABS, stop-IMP already squirm-ACT-ABS like worm-GEN, VOC you!
 Man: Peter, stop squirming like a worm already, you!
 
 Raša: Đo ličimu paže vige, ygliba de lašeunat....
 Raša: Đo lič-(r)i-mu paž-e vig-e, y-glib-a de laš-euna-(a)t....
 baby-ABS: during month-PL-LOC eight-LOC last-LOC, 1s.ERG-drink-IFP not fire-water-GEN....
 Baby: For the last eight months, I was not drinking any vodka [lit. &quot;firewater&quot;]....
 
 Xažla: Mimo!
 Xažla: Mim-o!
 man-ABS: persist-IMP!
 Man: Persist!
 
 Lišu zy jagu nauke lišyle: &quot;MOZU ŠONYLI! MOREVANU LUGHI VA!&quot;
 Liš-u zy jag-(m)u nauk-e liš-yl-e: &quot;MOZU ŠON-YL-I! MOREV-AN-U LUGH-I VA!
 3s.ABS-write-PF the.following day-LOC next-LOC writer-ERG: &quot;baby-ABS talk-ing-ABS! 3s.ABS-gift-is-PF holy-ABS he-ABS!&quot;
 A writer wrote the next day: &quot;Talking baby! He is a holy gift!&quot;

==Grammatical notes==

[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Minza/index.html Minza web site]

Minza is a relatively new language, intended as a &quot;bridge&quot; between the human world and the fictional worlds of Azir. Much of the Minza vocabulary is borrowed from other languages: Lindiga, Tirelat, Jarda, Kisuna, Zharranh, Kirezagi, and so on. The grammar is mainly based on Lindiga, although other recent languages such as Yasaro have contributed.

Basic word order is VOS, with the subject at the end of the sentence. Minza is an ergative language; the subject of a transitive clause is expressed with the ergative suffix -(l)e, while the object of a transitive clause is like the subject of an intransitive clause, in the absolutive case, without a case suffix added. In general, modifying words or phrases in Minza follow the words they modify: adverbs follow verbs, adjectives follow nouns, and so on.

Minza is an agglutinative language, without any major alteration of roots or affixes when combined, although many suffixes have alternative forms depending on whether they are appended to a vowel or a consonant. It shouldn't be too hard to separate the roots from the affixes, but in case you get stuck or want to skip this step, I've included a morpheme breakdown at the end of the message.

===Nouns===

Minza has six cases for nouns: absolutive, genitive, ergative, dative, locative, and instrumental. These cases are formed by adding a suffix to the noun root. This suffix can take one of two forms depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or a vowel. Consonant-ending roots take suffixes beginning with a vowel, and vice versa. This is a general characteristic of suffixes in Minza; suffixes in the vocabulary are notated with an optional letter in parentheses: -(l)e for the ergative suffix, or -(r)i for the plural suffix.

There is also a vocative form, which is marked with the particle &quot;i&quot;, although this is considered to be a preposition that governs the absolutive case. The vocative particle marks the person the speaker is talking to.

The locative case can represent possession as well as location: the example from the Minza web page is &quot;kyrlu miezu&quot; (&quot;the mouse's tail&quot;), which literally means &quot;(the) tail at (the) mouse&quot;. If the locative noun comes first, the resulting verbless sentence can be translated with &quot;have&quot; in English (&quot;miezu kyrlu&quot; = &quot;the mouse has a tail&quot;, literally &quot;at the mouse (is) a tail&quot;).

Minza has &quot;transitive nouns&quot;, which are nouns that take an optional &quot;argument&quot; (in the genitive case). Inherently possessed nouns, such as family relations and body parts, belong to this category. Another use of the genitive case which occurs in this text is the partitive usage, which refers to a quantity out of the total; this is found after verbs.

Nouns can also have possessive suffixes added to them; &quot;my mother&quot; for instance would be &quot;viraka&quot;, with the suffix -(a)ka (my) added after the root for &quot;mother&quot; (vira). Another use for possessive suffixes is to specify the subject of a verbal noun (a noun derived from a verb root). The case suffix (if any) comes after other suffixes.

The suffix -(a)ni, which converts a noun into a verb, is one way of expressing the verb &quot;to be&quot;. The difference between -(a)ni and the copula (ri) is similar to the difference between the definite and indefinite articles in English: &quot;I am *the* walrus&quot; uses the copula, while &quot;I am *a* jelly doughnut&quot; uses the suffix -(a)ni. The copula equates two things, while the noun-to-verb suffix defines one thing as belonging to a class.

Noun suffixes
 -(a)ka    my
 -(a)ni    to be.
 -(a)t     of (genitive case).
 -(a)va    his, her, its
 -(e)te    your (s.)
 -(l)e     (ergative).
 -(m)u     in, at (locative).
 -(r)i     (plural)

===Adjectives===

Adjectives only have four case suffixes: absolutive, genitive, and ergative cases all take the ending -i. The only other adjective case suffix in this text is -e, which marks the locative case. Adjectives typically follow nouns or other adjectives. Additionally, any adjective root can be used as a main verb. Note that numbers are regular adjectives in Minza, and follow the noun like other adjectives!

Adjective suffixes
 -e    in, at (locative).
 -i    (absolutive, genitive, or ergative).

===Verbs===

The dictionary form of a verb ends in -i; verbs are inflected for person and number of both the subject and the object by adding prefixes, and for aspect by adding suffixes. The third person singular absolutive lacks a prefix. When the subject and object refer to the same thing, a reflexive prefix -n- is added after the subject prefix. There are also numerous derivational suffixes for converting verbs to nouns and adjectives, but the only ones necessary for this text are -as (which forms a noun describing the activity of doing something), -yl (the ergative verbal noun, like English -er), and -yli (the ergative participle, like English -ing).

There are two main aspects in Minza: perfective (-u) and imperfective (-a). The difference is that perfective generally refers to activities in the past or future, seen from outside, or events not specific to time; imperfective refers to ongoing, repeated, or habitual activities at any time. The subjunctive form is used in conjunction with auxiliary verbs, or as a more generic form to soften the effect of words like &quot;maghi&quot; (&quot;ymaghi&quot; could be translated &quot;I would like&quot;, as opposed to &quot;ymagha&quot; which is &quot;I want&quot; or &quot;I am hoping for&quot;). In many cases the subjunctive form is used in situations where other languages would use an infinitive.

Certain auxiliary verbs (smi, &quot;can / is able&quot;, for instance), as well as the copula (ri), are not inflected for aspect, although they do take personal prefixes. In these cases, the -i is not a marker of the subjunctive form, but simply a part of the verb root. The copula is unlike most Minza verbs in that it takes two absolutive arguments.

The auxiliary + main verb construction is frequent in Minza: in many cases, the subject of the auxiliary is shared with the main verb, although the two subjects might not be in the same case. &quot;I want to go&quot; would be translated &quot;I want (imperfective) I go (subjunctive)&quot;, for instance. Some auxiliaries, on the other hand (such as &quot;seiri&quot;) are used without a subject prefix; &quot;seira&quot; might be translated &quot;it is necessary&quot;. Adverbs and other phrases can come between the auxiliary and the main verb, but the subject and other noun phrases go after the main verb.

Although the verb is usually the first element of a sentence, any single phrase can be moved before the verb for variety or emphasis. Generally, though, the noun phrases are left after the verb.

Verb prefixes
 ka-    I/me (1s abs.)
 i-     he, she, it (3s erg.)
 n-     (reflexive)
 na-    you (2s erg.)
 ri-    we/us (1p abs.)
 y-     I (1s erg.)

Verb suffixes
 -a     (imperfective)
 -as    (activity of doing).
 -i     (subjunctive)
 -o     (imperative)
 -u     (perfective)
 -yl    (ergative verbal noun; one who does).
 -yli   (ergative participle).

===Adverbs===

Usually an adverb will come directly after a verb, either a main verb or an auxiliary verb. Many adverbs can also follow adjectives (which in many respects are similar to verbs). Adverbs may be placed before the verb for emphasis or stylistic variation.

===Prepositions===

Prepositions precede nouns, and govern a particular case of the noun. For example, nouns used with the preposition &quot;vyö&quot; (before) are always marked with the locative case suffix. Certain verbs take arguments that require a particular preposition.

===Enclitics and other particles===

Minza has a number of &quot;little words&quot; that pop up in various places. Some of them (such as &quot;łe&quot;, which adds politeness, or &quot;tö&quot; which emphasizes a phrase) are enclitics, which are always placed after the first word in a phrase. There are also clause-initial and clause-final particles; the final particle &quot;ža&quot; acts rather like the French expression &quot;n'est-ce pas?&quot; except that it is pronounced with the inflection of a statement rather than a question. Interjections can be used by themselves.


==Vocabulary==

 adv    adverb (follows verb or auxiliary verb)
 aux    auxiliary verb
 conj   conjunction
 enc    enclitic particle (attached after the first word of a phrase)
 int    interjection
 n0     intransitive noun
 n1     transitive noun (inherently possessed, with its object following in the genitive case)
 p.n.   proper name
 pron   pronoun
 v1     intransitive verb
 v2     transitive verb

 ai       conj and.
 aka      n1 whole, entirety.
 beži     a0 expensive, costly.
 čaghyl   n0 doctor, healer.
 čili     v2 to wear (clothing).
 čui      pron who, what, which?
 de       adv not.
 duri     v2 to listen to.
 đa       conj that, which.
 đevi     v2 to be familiar with, accustomed to.
 đo       prep +LOC during, over (time).
 epi      adv also, too.
 fie      conj namely (used more frequently in Minza than in English).
 fyna     n0 cloth, garment.
 glibi    vt to drink.
 ghovi    adj excessive, too (much).
 i        prep +ABS (vocative)
 igá      int what the ... ?!; what in the world is that?
 jag      n0 date, day, period of planetary rotation
 jex      pron this (the one over here).
 kaini    adv already, yet.
 kali     vi to occur, happen, come to pass.
 kam      pron I, me.
 Konuš    pn Konush (name).
 kö       pron something.
 kövu     n0 woman (adult female human).
 kura     n0 milk.
 lan      n1 head (anat.)
 lašeuna* n0 a clear distilled alcoholic beverage.
 lič      n0 month.
 liši     vt to write.
 loga     n1 name, label.
 lughi    adj holy, sacred.
 ła       conj but (in contrast), on the other hand.
 łe       enc (marker of polite speech)
 maghi    v2 to hope, wish for, desire, want.
 migi     v2 to see.
 mimi     v1 to remain, endure, persist.
 morev    n0 gift, present.
 mozu     n0 baby, infant.
 möghi    v1 to squirm, wriggle.
 nalan    n1 navel.
 nauki    adj following, next.
 nevek    n1 a cause of (an event), reason for.
 nöki     adj much, a lot, many.
 nym      n0 event, occasion.
 nyn      pron that (the one over there).
 omba     adv almost.
 öli      adj any quantity of.
 öyx      pron you (sing.).
 paži     adj eight.
 peš      n0 fiend, monster.
 Petros   pn Peter
 plimi    v2 to be attentive, observant, watchful of; to pay attention.
 raša     n1 child, offspring.
 reki     vt to cut, to slice.
 ri       v1 to be (copula).
 ryl      n0 worm.
 seiri    aux must, have to, need to.
 sina     n0 the past (time).
 šadi*    v2 to call, name.
 šari     v2 to be reasonably certain of; know (facts).
 šoni     v2 to speak, say, talk.
 šöy      adv now.
 šy*      prep +GEN in the manner of; like, as.
 tan'ga   n0 place, location.
 taughi   v2 to push, to press.
 tegi     v2 to avoid.
 teki*    v1 to sit, be (located).
 teski    adj fine, excellent (of superior quality).
 tö       enc (emphatic)
 tuonžan* n0 admiral; general (military rank).
 va       pron he, she, it.
 vigi     adj previous, preceding, last.
 vira     n1 mother.
 vyö      prep +LOC before (in time)
 vyöni    adj ordinary, plain.
 wei      int hey!
 wöli     n0 alcoholic beverage.
 xažla    n0 man (adult male human).
 xisči    v2 to quit, stop, cease.
 xöryk    n1 death.
 xöy      pron Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms.; sir, madam
 ze       enc well, anyway, now then, ...
 ziri     v2 to fear, be afraid of.
 zmi      aux can (capable of).
 zörin    n1 string, cord, wire.
 zy       pron the following:
 ža       adv isn't it?
 ži       conj because, since.

* Vocabulary notes

The derivation of &quot;lašeuna&quot; is: laš &quot;fire&quot; + euna &quot;water&quot; (i.e., a clear liquid)

&quot;šadi&quot; (to name) has two core arguments: the namer (ergative) and the one being named (absolutive); the name is an oblique argument, preceded by the preposition &quot;šy&quot;.

&quot;teki&quot; has a number of idiomatic uses; in this text, &quot;teki&quot; along with a pronoun in the locative case might best be translated as &quot;have&quot;.

The derivation of &quot;tuonžan&quot; is tuon &quot;overall, general&quot; + žan &quot;military officer&quot;.

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Minza]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taalen Phonology</title>
    <id>1968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40513</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-05T03:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mutations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Phonology=
==Phonemic Inventory==


===Consonants===
The Taalen phonemic inventory contains 21 consonants. There are bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops, occurring in aspirated and non-aspirated pairs, as well as the single glottal stop. Of these six, the three non-aspirated stops, '''p t k''', are realized as voiced stops in free variation. 


The language contains the voiced, and unvoiced, bilabial, alveolar, and velar nasal sonorants as well, '''m n ŋ m̥ n̥ ŋ̥'''. Of these, '''n''' may appear as a syllabic resonant, '''n̩'''. When subject to the Aspirate mutation, the nasals usually realize as their voiceless counterparts. 


The single alveolar tap '''ɾ''' may also be realized as the alveolar approximant '''ɹ''' in some dialects. 


There are four unvoiced fricatives: the alveolar '''s''', the post-alveolar '''ʃ''', the glottal '''h''', and the lateral '''ɬ'''. Of these, the glottal fricative '''h''' appears as '''ç''' near the front vowels '''i''' and '''e''' (or their lax counterparts), and often as '''x''' when final. The occasionally occurring palatized alveolar fricative '''sʲ''' is usually realized as the post-alveolar fricative '''ʃ'''. 


The approximant inventory consists of a voiced bilabial or labio-velar '''w''', a voiced palatal '''j''', and the alveolar lateral approximant '''l'''. The lateral approximant may also appear as a syllabic resonant '''l̩''', and when pre-aspirated, becomes the voiceless lateral fricative. 


Finally, Taalen contains 3 unvoiced affricates, the laminodental '''tθ''', the alveolar '''ts''', and the lateral '''tɬ'''. 


The full phonemic consonant inventory can be summarized in the table below:

{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=1
! || Bilabial || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal 
|- align=&quot;center&quot; 
| '''Stop''' || '''pʰ p''' || || || '''tʰ t''' || || '''kʰ k''' || '''ʔ'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Nasal''' || '''m m̥''' || || || '''n n̥''' || || || '''ŋ ŋ̥''' ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Tap''' || || || || '''ɾ''' || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Fricative''' || || || || '''s''' || '''ʃ''' || ||  '''h'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Lat. Fric.''' || || || || '''ɬ''' || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Approximant''' || '''w''' || || || || '''j''' || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Lat. App.''' || || || || '''l''' || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Affricate''' || || '''tθ''' || '''ts''' || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Lat. Aff.''' || || || || '''tɬ''' || || || ||
|}

There are morphological and composition process that can change the phonetic realization of the consonantal phonemes; these are discussed in the Transformations section.

===Vowels===
Taalen makes use of a simple 6-vowel system:

{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=1
! || '''Front''' || || '''Central''' || || '''Back'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''High''' || '''i''' || || || || '''u''' 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Mid''' || || '''e''' || || '''o''' ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Low-mid''' || || || '''ʌ'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Low''' || || || '''a''' || ||
|}

The Low-mid unrounded vowel '''ʌ''' is usually nasalized, as in Cherokee.


A single resonant may also be syllabic: '''n̩''' as in English ''button''.


Vowel length is not phonemic, though stressed vowels tend to be held longer, and unstressed vowels tend to be weakened.


Before clusters (i.e. pre-aspirated or pre-nasalized consonants, consonants followed by a glide + vowel, glottal stop + consonant), high and mid vowels tend to realize as their lax counterparts:

'''i''' &gt; '''ɪ''',   '''e''' &gt; '''ɛ''',   '''u''' &gt; '''ʊ''',   '''o''' &gt; '''ɔ'''


===Diphthongs===
There are eight diphthongs, all falling: '''aj''', '''ej''', '''oj''', '''ʌj''', '''aw''', '''ew''', '''ow''', and '''ʌw'''. The diphthongs in '''ʌ''' maintain the phoneme's nasalization throughout.


==Phonotactics==
Syllables generally begin with any single consonant or any consonant followed by a glide. The latter are uncommon, and subject to the following rules:

• a glide cannot follow another glide or a glottal stop in the same syllable: *'''jwa''' and *'''ʔja''' are both impossible.

• '''s''' and '''ʃ''' cannot be followed by '''j'''. In composition, they both become '''ʃ'''.


Only initial syllables can have null onsets, i.e. begin with a vowel. Vowels may not remain in hiatus;  they will become a diphthong, the initial high vowel will be fortified to a glide, or a glottal stop will be inserted. 


Syllabic nuclei consist of a single vowel, a diphthong, or the rare syllabic resonant '''n̩''' (which is always preceded by '''ʔ'''). 


In the coda of initial or internal syllables, only a nasal, '''h''', '''l''', '''s''', or '''ʔ''' may appear. These phonemes interact with the consonants of following syllables in complex ways, in effect limiting medial clusters; these phonological changes are discussed below. 


In word final syllables, the consonants '''ʃ''' and '''ɬ''' may also appear.


The syllable of Taalen may thus appear as CV, CVC, VC, or V, where V is any possible nucleus.

==Prosody==
===Stress===
Taalen words are regularly stressed on the penultimate syllable. Suffixes may cause the stress to shift.


===Weight===
Taalen prosodics divide syllables into rising, falling, and balanced. Rising syllables are open and do not contain a diphthong, while balanced syllables are open and do contain a diphthong. Falling syllables are closed syllables.

A syllable is considered light if it is open and does not contain a diphthong. All other syllables are considered heavy.

• '''pʰi''' is rising &lt;br&gt;
• '''tew''' is balanced &lt;br&gt;
• '''kel''' is falling &lt;br&gt;

The the syllables of the name '''so.wʌ.ɾan.das''' are rising, rising, falling, and falling respectively, for example.


==Mutations==
Taalen is rich in transformation, a common result of any polysynthetic typology. There are five primary types of mutation that affect consonants: aspirate, nasal, lateral, sibilant, and glottal. Two other common mutations affect vowels and diphthongs: diphthongization, which includes the change of consonants into vowels, and simplification, which concerns diphthongs becoming simple vowels in specific environments. The first five transformations are named according to the class of phoneme which trigger them, and are distinct from the usual terms. That is, the aspirate transformation is not similar or related to aspiration. Where there is another term widely used in linguistic works, it will be noted, but even these other terms are rarely precise descriptions. It is for this reason that the native Taalen terms are used instead.


These processes are phonological in nature, though there are morphemes that exist only as manifestations of these mutations. Because of the nature of some morphemes, it can be difficult to see this, as the surface realization of a particular marker might only be a subtle transformation.


These mutations, unlike the Celtic types or Sanskrit's sandhi, apply only within a single word. A word ending in '''s''' preceding a word starting with another consonant will not cause the Sibilant mutation to apply.


The mutations are discussed using standard Taalen [[Taalen_Writing#Romanization|romanization]]. If the triggering phoneme does not appear in the result (i.e. after the &quot;&gt;&quot;), it disappears after causing its changes. Compensatory lengthening is often a by-product of the mutations; these are marked with '''+''', and the process itself is discussed under Diphthongization. 

===Aspirate===
Also called pre-aspiration, the Aspirate mutation is generally the result of contact with a syllable final '''h'''. It causes the following changes:

- Aspirated stops, glides, the glottal fricative, and the alveolar and lateral affricates show no change: '''p t k w y h ts tl''' &gt; '''hp ht hk hw hy h hts htl'''&lt;br&gt;
- Non-aspirated stops become aspirated: '''b d g''' &gt; '''hp ht hk'''&lt;br&gt;
- Nasals become pre-aspirated or voiceless, depending on dialect: '''m n ñ''' &gt; '''hm hn hñ'''&lt;br&gt;
- The glottal stop is lost: ''' ' ''' &gt; '''h'''&lt;br&gt;
- Laterals become the lateral fricative: '''l lh''' &gt; '''lh'''&lt;br&gt;
- The tap become an aspirated alveolar stop: '''r''' &gt; '''ht'''&lt;br&gt;
- Sibilants become an alveolar affricate: '''s sh''' &gt; '''hts'''&lt;br&gt;
- The laminodental affricate becomes the aspirated alveolar stop: '''th''' &gt; '''ht'''&lt;br&gt;

When a morpheme ends in one consonant, and is followed by '''h''' in a subsequent morpheme, the Aspirate mutation applies, in a way somewhat similar to '''h'''-metathesis. Certain word initial morphemes also cause this mutation, though the '''h''' that triggers the mutation never appears with occlusives (i.e. '''b th''' &gt; '''p t''', not '''hp ht'''), only with resonants ('''hm hn hñ hw hy''').

===Nasal===
The Nasal mutation, sometimes called pre-nasalization, is the result of consonant contact with a nasal. The nasal generally assimilates homorganically.

- Aspirated stop are deaspirated (and/or voiced): '''p t k''' &gt; '''mb nd ñg'''&lt;br&gt;
- Unaspirated stops become nasals: '''b d g''' &gt; '''m n ñ'''&lt;br&gt;
- Glides are unaffected: '''w y''' &gt; '''ñw ny'''&lt;br&gt;
- The glottal stop is lost: ''' ' ''' &gt; '''n''' &lt;br&gt;
- Liquids and the alveolar tap become the lateral affricate: '''l lh r''' &gt; '''+tl''' &lt;br&gt;
- Sibilants become the alveolar affricate: '''s sh''' &gt; '''+ts''' &lt;br&gt;
- The glottal fricative becomes a voiceless nasal: '''h''' &gt; '''hn''' &lt;br&gt;
- Nasals and affricates result in compensatory lengthening alone: see Diphthongization&lt;br&gt;

Certain morphemes cause this mutation initially and disappear. As with the Aspirate mutation, the nasal itself only appears initially with resonants. 

===Lateral===
The Lateral mutation occurs with contact with the laterals '''l lh''' and the alveolar tap '''r'''. It is the most likely mutation to cause no effect other than compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding the sonorant.

- Aspirated stops are deaspirated: '''p t k''' &gt; '''+b +d+ +g'''&lt;br&gt;
- Unaspirated stops , nasals, and affricates show no affect: '''b d g m n ñ ts tl th''' &gt; '''+b +d +g +m +n +ñ +ts +tl +th'''&lt;br&gt;
- Glides create clusters with the lateral approximant: '''w y''' &gt; '''lw ly'''&lt;br&gt;
- The glottal stop, the tap, and the glottal fricative become the lateral affricate: ''' ' r h''' &gt; '''tl'''&lt;br&gt;
- Liquids become the lateral approximant: '''l lh''' &gt; '''+l'''&lt;br&gt;
- Sibilants become the alveolar affricate: '''s sh''' &gt; '''ts'''&lt;br&gt;

===Sibilant===
Contact with the sibilants '''s''' and '''sh''' causes the Sibilant mutation, as one might expect. It is very similar to the Aspirate mutation, and in some dialects, has disaapeared entirely in favor of the Aspirate.

- All non-glottal stops become pre-aspirated aspirates: '''p t k b d g''' &gt; '''hp ht hk hp ht hk'''&lt;br&gt;
- Nasals are pre-aspirated or devoiced: '''m n ñ''' &gt; '''hm hn hñ'''&lt;br&gt;
- The labiovelar glide is pre-aspirated, while the palatal becomes the postalveolar fricative: '''w y''' &gt; '''hw sh'''&lt;br&gt;
- The glottal stop becomes the alveolar affricate: ''' ' ''' &gt; '''ts'''&lt;br&gt;
- Liquids become the lateral fricative: '''l lh''' &gt; '''lh'''&lt;br&gt;
- The tap becomes a pre-aspirated aspirated alveolar stop : '''r''' &gt; '''ht'''&lt;br&gt;
- Sibilants and the glottal fricative all become the postalveolar fricative: '''s sh h''' &gt; '''sh'''&lt;br&gt;
- Alveolar and lateral affricates are pre-aspirated: '''ts tl''' &gt; '''hts htl'''&lt;br&gt;
- The laminodental affricate becomes the aspirated alveolar stop: '''th''' &gt; '''ht'''&lt;br&gt;

Affricates and stops lose the '''h''' when occurring initially as the result of a sibilant morpheme.

===Glottal===


===Lengthening &amp; Diphthongization===
The most common and complex mutation, vocalization is the primary means by which medial clusters are simplified in Taalen. In addition to voiced consonants becoming vowels, unvoiced consonants usually cause other changes. Some vowels arise simply as a result of compensatory lengthening, which is not technically vocalization, but has been classed as such by the Elder grammarians. In a similar vein, some consonants do not vocalize, but aspirate or otherwise mutate eiether themselves of consecutive consonants or vowels, and these are classed as vocalization mutations as well.

The diphthong-rich vocabulary of Taalen owes much of it's existence to this mutation historically. Many of the non-voiced phonemes caused compensatory lengthening (noted as ''Long'' in the summary below), prior to the breaking of long vowels into diphthongs. Here is a characteristic example:

''rag-'' 'to carry' 

with

''-de'' a resultative suffix

becomes

''raede'' /ɾəɪ.dɛ/ : stative verb 'to be borne, carried'


===Simplification===


===Summary of Consonant Mutations===
{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=1
!| '''Phoneme''' || '''Aspirate''' || '''Nasal''' || '''Lateral''' || '''Sibilant''' || '''Glottal'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| p t k || hp ht hk || mb nd ñg || +b +d+ +g || hp ht hk ||  
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| b d g || hp ht hk || m n ñ || +b +d+ +g || hp ht hk || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| m n ñ || hm hn hñ || +m +n +ñ || +m +n +ñ || hm hn hñ ||  
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| w || hw || ñw || lw || hw || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| y || hy || ny || ly || sh || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ' || h || n || tl || ts ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| l lh || lh || +tl || +l || lh || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| r || ht || +tl || tl || ht || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| s sh || hts || +ts || ts || sh || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| h || h || hn || tl || sh || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ts || hts || +ts || +ts || hts || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| tl || htl || +tl || +tl || hts ||  
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| th || ht || +th || +th || ht ||
|}

=Links=
[[Taalen|Taalen Ethnography]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Taalen_Writing|Taalen Writing]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Taalen_Morphology|Taalen Morphology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Toma Heylm</title>
    <id>1969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6349</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:59:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Details for the [[Toma Heylm]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

==The text==

akot edra ey anyelis tamya.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;anya, file!  lo sokril simelal!  eff tisanot kipayu nes oleye efim.  lo delye silkot oriya syin simelalu.&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff tisanyik dampeyu edra&quot;.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;aa?&quot;.

syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure?&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi kakrot lek.  lo sokril filet.  file!&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok sipoyu, lir syim delye mi marelis&quot;.

syin anya seta tamot &quot;sem seta tomyok!&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;haya efim, lo delye datil lek tef operu yiv &quot;Cunux&quot;, tal sem ey sureli&quot;.

syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure dava keryik?  eff seta sipil fhasayu tamamelis&quot;.

syin kusot seta tomil &quot;eff kardot kastet hiya biliyu&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;tarya eff delye elyik dodeyi, eff delye kupra, lir Petra delye haldyik operu efim.  eff sokryok bolgeyu lir syin sipetu, rel eff delye sipyok lek rumiyu&quot;.

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi tulyik lek yiv kuyon la yumela&quot;.

syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok topayu mini fhasa seta fharot dolva okostel.&quot;

syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.

elyi seta peyrai yumola kareli &quot;syin kipa seta tomil 'edra seta todat rigeli'&quot;.

==Interlinear==

   akot edra ey  anyelis tamya.
   N.f  ADJ  COP ADJ.f   ADV

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f    3.p MOD  MOD V.pl      

   syin kusot seta tomil &quot;anya, file!  lo  sokril simelal!  eff tisanot kipayu 
   ART  N.f   MOD  V.f    N.f   V.imp  2.s V.f    V.inf     1.s V.f     N.f.ACC
   
   nes  oleye    efim.    lo  delye silkot oriya syin simelalu.&quot;
   PREP INST.N.? 1.s.GEN  2.s MOD   V.f    ADV   ART  V.inf.ACC

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f    3.p MOD  MOD V.pl     

   syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff tisanyik dampeyu edra&quot;.
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    1.s V.m      N.m.ACC ADJ 

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;aa?&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f   INTERJ

   syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure?&quot;.
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    N.m  

   syin kusot seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi  kakrot lek.  lo sokril filet.  file!&quot;
   ART  N.f   MOD  V.f    2.s MOD  MOD V.f    ADV   2.s V.f   V.inf   V.imp

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f    2.p MOD  MOD V.pl     

   syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok sipoyu, lir syim delye mi marelis&quot;.
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    1.s V.m     N.f.ACC CONJ ART MOD  MOD ADJ.f   

   syin anya seta tamot &quot;sem seta tomyok!&quot;.
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    3.s.m MOD V.m    

   syin kipa seta tomil &quot;haya efim,   lo  delye datil lek tef     operu   yiv 
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    N.f  1.s.GEN 2.s MOD   V.f   ADV 1.s.DAT N.m.ACC PREP 
   
   &quot;Cunux&quot;, tal  sem   ey  sureli&quot;.
   name     CONJ 3.s.m COP ADJ.m  

   syin anya seta tomil &quot;ure dava keryik?  eff seta sipil fhasayu tamamelis&quot;.
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    N.m MOD  V.m      1.s MOD  V.f   N.f.ACC ADJ.f    

   syin kusot seta tomil &quot;eff kardot kastet hiya biliyu&quot;.
   ART  N.f   MOD  V.f    1.s V.f    V.inf  ADV  N..m.ACC

   syin kipa seta tomil &quot;tarya eff delye elyik dodeyi, eff delye kupra, lir Petra
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    ADV   1.s MOD   V.m   ADJ.m   1.s MOD   N.m    CONJ name
   
   delye haldyik operu   efim.   eff sokryok bolgeyu lir syin sipetu,   rel  eff
   MOD   V.m     N.m.ACC 1.s.GEN 1.s V.m     N.m.ACC CONJ ART V.inf.ACC CONJ 1.s
   
   delye sipyok lek rumiyu&quot;.
   MOD   V.m    ADV N.m.ACC

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lo delye mi tulyik lek yiv  kuyon la   yumela&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f    2.s MOD  MOD V.m   ADV PREP N.f   PREP LOC.N.f 

   syin kipa seta tomil &quot;eff sokryok minu    topa fhasayi seta fharot dolva 
   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    1.s V.m     REL.ACC N.f  N.f.GEN MOD  V.f    NUM   
   
   okostel.&quot;
   INST.N.f

   syin rigyana seta tomil &quot;lhi delye sa testdre!&quot;.
   ART  N.f     MOD  V.f    3.p MOD  MOD V.pl     

   elyi seta peyrai yumola  kareli &quot;syin kipa seta tomil 'edra seta todat 
   3.p  MOD  V.pl   LOC.N.m ADJ.m   ART  N.f  MOD  V.f    ADJ  MOD  N.m   
   
   rigeli'&quot;.
   ADJ.m  

==Vocabulary==

   aa?	an exclamation of surprise
   akot	n. story (f)
   anya	n. woman (f)
   anyeli	adj. marvelous
   bili	n. umbilical cord (m)
   bolge	n. monster, demon (m)
   Cunux	a foreign name
   dampe	n. world (m)
   datet	v. to give
   dava	imperfective modal
   delye	irrealis/future modal
   dodeyi	adj. dead
   dolva	numeral eight
   edra	adj. this
   eff	pron. 1st person sing. nom.
   efim	pron. 1st person sing. gen.
   elal	v. to become
   elyi	pron. 3rd person pl. nom.
   ey		copula (v. to be)
   fharal	v. to ripen, to ferment
   fhasa	n. wine (f)
   filet	v. to push
   haldal	v. to honor
   haya	n. mother (f)
   hiya	adv. now
   kakral	v. to fear
   kardal	v. to be able
   kareli	adj. next, following
   kastet	v. to cut
   keral	v. to happen, take place
   kipa	n. baby (f)
   kostel	n. month (f)
   kupra	n. military general (m)
   kusot	n. midwife (f)
   kuyon	n. fish (f)
   la		prep. on; takes locative
   lek	adv. not
   leye	n. eye (m)
   lhi	pron. 2nd person pl. nom.
   lir	conj. and
   lo		pron. 2nd person sing. nom.
   mareli	adj. sturdy, well-made
   mela	n. dock (f)
   mi		delye mi: should
   min	relative particle; see grammar notes
   mola	n. day (m)
   nes	prep. with; takes instrumental
   oriya	adv. soon
   oper	n. name (m)
   Petra	Peter
   peyet	v. to write
   rel	conj. but
   rigeli	adj. sacred
   rigyana	n. priestess, wisewoman (f)
   rumi	n. milk (m)
   sa		delye sa: optative mood
   sem	pron. 3rd person sing. nom. (m)
   seta	past-tense modal
   silkal	v. to complete
   simelal	v. to give birth
   sipo	n. blanket (f)
   sipet	v. to drink
   sokret	v. to need
   sureli	adj. ordinary, common
   syim	pron. 3rd person sing. nom. (f)
   syin	definite article
   tal	conj. for, because
   tamal	v. to shout, to scream words
   tamameli	adj. too much
   tamya	adv. much, very
   tarya	adv. when
   tef	pron. 1st person sing. dative
   testyal	v. to hope.  Plural form testdre.
   tisanal	v. to see
   todat	n. gift (m)
   tomet	v. to say, to speak
   topa	n. cup (f)
   tulal	v. to flop about
   ure	n. what (m)
   yiv	prep. like

==Grammar Notes==

I hope I didn't leave any words or affixes out!  If I did they may be in
the glossary linked from [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/toma/grammar/ Grammar of Toma Heylm].

Grammar notes (longer version with charts at the above URL):

   Word order is SVO.  

   Articles, number and prepositions precede nouns, and adjectives follow them.  
   Nouns have gender, but it is not marked on the nouns; it is marked on the 
   adjectives that modify them and the verbs for which they are the subject.

   Nouns inflect for case, of which there are seven (nominative, accusative,
   genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, causative).  Inflection is by a 
   mix of prefixes and suffixes according to the following chart:
   
           Nominative     [none]     shadow - edior world - dampe
           Accusative     -u, -yu        edioru        dampeyu
            Genitive      -i, -yi        ediori        dampeyi
             Dative       a-, ay-       ayedior        adampe
          Instrumental    o-, oy-       oyedior        odampe
            Locative     uy-, yu-       uyedior        yudampe
           Causative     hi-, iy-       iyedior        hidampe

   Pronouns inflect irregularly for case and are given in their inflected
   forms in the vocabulary. 

   Adjectives follow the noun and agree with it in gender (if singular)
   or number (if plural).  In the singular, no suffix indicates a male 
   noun, and -s indicates a female noun.  -d indicates a plural noun.   

   Adjectives can modify a noun or be the object of the copula.

   Verbs come in two flavors, -et and -al.  In this dialect, there is an
   imperative form created by dropping the final consonant.  Verbs decline 
   for gender and/or number as follows (chart best viewed in non-proportional 
   font):
   
                             Verbs in -al     Verbs in -et
   
      infinitive           to see - tisanal  to go - dimitet
      imperative           tisana!           dimite!
      male                 tisanyik          dimityok
      female               tisanot           dimitil
      plural               tisandre          dimitrai

   Modals precede verbs, and adverbs follow them.  Verbs conjugate for gender
   or number of the subject (gender if singular, number if plural).  Tense,
   mood, and aspect are indicated by the modals.  Verbs in the infinitive
   can follow the conjugated verb to modify it.

   The modal verb system is based on the three-part Creole system:
   
     * seta indicates past tense.
     * delye indicates irrealis mode, and has its own auxiliary particles
       to indicate certain moods; it is used for future events, probable,
       potential, wished-for, hypothetical, conditional, and
       &quot;coulda/shoulda/woulda&quot; constructions.
     * dava indicates imperfective aspect, including progressive,
       iterative, and habitual aspects.
   
   The modals always appear in the order &quot;seta delye dava&quot;.  No modals
   indicates non-past indicative, aka the simple present.  All three 
   modals would indicate &quot;would have been doing&quot;, or &quot;was about to be
   doing&quot;, or &quot;intended to be doing&quot;...

   The copula, ey, disappears in the presence of modals.  Therefore, 
   modals without a verb after them should be considered a form of the
   copula.  Since the copula is considered naturally imperfective, dava 
   is not used with it.

   Adverbs usually end in &quot;ya&quot;.  Some adverbs have comparative and 
   superlative forms, which are listed in the vocabulary where appropriate.

   Verb phrases can be nominalized by putting the definite article 
   &quot;syin&quot; before the verb, which then takes noun case marking.  The 
   former object of the verb takes genitive case.

   When quoting speech, the speech verb will agree in gender with the noun 
   used as the subject.  If that is different from the speaker's natural 
   gender, then any &quot;I-sentences&quot; within the quoted speech will be at variance 
   with the artificial gender of the speech verb.
   
   For example, if quoting a female farmer, one would write:
   
      Syin pason seta tomyok, &quot;Eff delye tandot dereval tam herimu&quot;.
      ART  N.m   MOD  V.m      1s  MOD   V.f    V.inf   PL  N-ACC
      The  farmer did say(male), &quot;I will make(female) to bloom the flowers&quot;.

   The particle &quot;sil&quot; begins nominal clauses such as &quot;that the flowers are red&quot;.

   Relative clauses are a different matter.  Toma Heylm has internally 
   headed relative clauses.  This is very different from the way which 
   English does things.  For example:
   
      I see the woman
      eff    tisanot syin anya-yu
      I(NOM) see(f)  the  woman-ACC
   
      The woman gives a book to the man
      syin anya       datil   mind-u   syin ay-alam
      the  woman(NOM) give(f) book-ACC the  DAT-man
   
      I see the woman who gives a book to the man
      eff    tisanot [min-u   syin anya       datil   mind-u   syin ay-alam]
      I(NOM) see(f)  [REL_ACC the  woman(NOM) give(f) book-ACC the  DAT-man]
   
      I see the man to whom the woman gives a book
      eff    tisanot [syin anya       datil   mind-u   min-u   syin ay-alam]
      I(NOM) see(f)  [the  woman(NOM) give(f) book-ACC REL-ACC the  DAT-man]
   
      I see the book which the woman gives to the man
      eff    tisanot [syin anya       datil   min-u   mind-u   syin ay-alam]
      I(NOM) see(f)  [the  woman(NOM) give(f) REL_ACC book-ACC the  DAT-man]
   
      The woman who gives the book to the man sees me
      [min syin anya       datil   mind-u   syin ay-alam] tisanot lifa
      [REL the  woman(NOM) give(f) book-ACC the  DAT-man] see(f)  me(ACC)
   
      The man to whom the woman gives a book sees me
      [syin anya       datil   mind-u   min syin ay-alam] tisanyik lifa
      [the  woman(ACC) give(f) book-ACC REL the  DAT-man] see(m)   me(ACC)
   
      The book which the woman gives to the man is about me
      [syin anya       datil   min mind-u   syin ay-alam] sayok       lifa
      [the  woman(NOM) give(f) REL book-ACC the  DAT-man] be.about(m) me(ACC)
   
      I give the book the woman saw to the man
      eff    datil   [syin anya       seta tisanot min-u   syin mind-u]   syin ay-alam
      I(NOM) give(f) [the  woman(NOM) did  see(f)  REL-ACC the  book-ACC] the  DAT-man
   
      I give the book to the man the woman saw
      eff    datil   syin mindu    [syin anya       seta tisanot a-min   syin alam-u]
      I(NOM) give(f) the  book-ACC [the  woman(NOM) did  see(f)  DAT-REL the  man-ACC]
   
   The relativizer min comes directly before the internal head noun of the 
   relative clause.  It gets the case marking that the head noun would have
   had in the OUTER sentence; the head noun retains the case marking that it 
   gets in the INNER sentence.  (Backwards of the way Russian does it.)

Charts of verb conjugations, noun declensions, and the pronoun matrix can 
be seen at [http://www.quandary.org/~langs/toma/grammar/ Grammar of Toma Heylm].

==Smooth Translation==

This story is very marvelous.

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Woman, push!  You need to give birth!  I see the baby with my eyes.  You will soon complete the birth.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Huh?&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife said &quot;You should not fear.  You need to push.  Push!&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a blanket, and it should be well-made.&quot;

The woman shouted, &quot;He spoke!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;My mother, you will not give me a name like 'Cunux', because it is ordinary.&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What is happening?  I have drunk too much wine.&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Now I am able to cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;When I should die [lit: become dead], I would be a military general, and Peter will honor my name.  I need a monster and a drink, but I won't drink milk.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on the dock.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a cup of wine that has fermented eight months.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

They wrote the next day, &quot;The baby said 'This was a sacred gift'.&quot;

Back to [[Conlang Relay 12]]

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Toma Heylm]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Wenedyk</title>
    <id>1970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6346</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Details for the [[Wenedyk]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

=== IŁ ŚPIECZE I PARŁA?! ===

; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Miedziek:   Brzosar, kieru donie, w donia brzosarszy! Kieru, kieru, ża posu widziar kapu nieparłarzu. Awie donia tot przeście ża po sie.
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Nieparłarz: No no, kódże, jo posu widziar łok wądź nu ździem.
; Miedziek:   A dzabeł!
; Fiemnia:    Kód pasie?
; Miedziek:   W donia szy nie trzebdar. Fali brzosar, kieru donie, brzosar fali!
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!
; Nieparłarz: Jo włu alkód awieścier, no. Ej, su syt a protar karze szmacie!
; Fiemnia:    Ił pocie parłar.
; Nieparłarz: Uszkiełtaż tu, macierz. Jo su twej nat. Maż nie włu apiołar sie &quot;Konórz&quot;, no nie no, nąk łu jest mółt trów rodnarz.
; Fiemnia:    Łu jest prostokód jo trów mółt biewszy, wiartać? Szy ił nieparłarz parła?
; Miedziek:   Stawiecz partalaru li kroda węblikała.
; Nieparłarz: Przej mroci świe fy generał, szczycie. Maż protu bon nomię, nonialemięć, &quot;Piotr&quot; sie apiołu. I biar mi sie włu, kura, maż nułu łacy nie włu!
; Miedziek:   Piotrze, parsta ża śrepiętar komód wrzem, tu!
; Nieparłarz: Par wółćmie ocu miesiu nie biewa akwiały...
; Maszkieł:   Parświara!

Postru dzei skrzywie skrzyptórz: ''&quot;NIEPARŁARZ PARŁĘĆ! ŁU DON DZIEWIN!&quot;''

=== HE LOOKS AND TALKS?! ===

; Man:    Keep up!
; Doctor: Press, madam, you must press! Now look here, I can see the baby's head already. Soon you will have everything behind you.
; Man:    Keep up!
; Baby:   Well, hey, I can see the place where we are.
; Doctor: Oh hell!
; Woman:  What happened?
; Doctor: Please don't worry. You need to press, madam, you must press!
; Man:    Keep up!
; Baby:   I want to put on something, okay? Hey, I'm used to wearing expensive stuff!
; Woman:  He can talk.
; Baby:   Listen up, mother. I am your child. But I don't want to be called &quot;Konórz&quot;, oh no, because that is way too ordinary.
; Woman:  It is because I drank too much, right? Is this baby talking?
; Doctor: Now I will cut through his umbical chord.
; Baby:   Before my death I was a general, you know. And I carry a good name, namely, my name is &quot;Piotr&quot;. And I would like a drink, dammit, but I don't want any milk!
; Doctor: Piotr, stop squirming like a worm, you!
; Baby:   I haven't had any vodka for eight months...
; Man:    Keep up!

The next day, the writer writes: ''&quot;A TALKING BABY! A GIFT FROM GOD!&quot;''

=== Glossary ===

'''a''' (prep.) to, unto, on, at
&lt;br&gt;'''akwiała''' (f.) vodka
&lt;br&gt;'''alkód''' (pron.indef.) something
&lt;br&gt;'''apiołar''' (v.) to name, to call
&lt;br&gt;'''awiar''' (v.) to have
&lt;br&gt;'''awieścier''' (v.) to don, to dress, to clothe
&lt;br&gt;'''biar''' (v.) to drink
&lt;br&gt;'''bon''' (adj.) good
&lt;br&gt;'''brzosar''' (v.) to press, to push
&lt;br&gt;'''don''' (n.) gift, present
&lt;br&gt;'''donia''' (f.) lady, Mrs., you (polite form, to a woman)
&lt;br&gt;'''dzabeł''' (m.) devil
&lt;br&gt;'''dzej''' (m.) day
&lt;br&gt;'''dziewin''' (adj.) divine, godly
&lt;br&gt;'''ej''' (intj.) hey!
&lt;br&gt;'''fali''' (v.impers.) it is necessary
&lt;br&gt;'''fiemnia''' (f.) woman
&lt;br&gt;'''fy''': perf.1/3.sg. of '''szer'''
&lt;br&gt;'''generał''' (m.) (military) general
&lt;br&gt;'''i''' (conj.) and
&lt;br&gt;'''ił''' (pron.dem.) this, that
&lt;br&gt;'''ił''' (pron.pers.) he
&lt;br&gt;'''jest''': pres.3.sg. of '''szer'''
&lt;br&gt;'''jo''' (pron.pers.) I
&lt;br&gt;'''kapu''' (n.) head
&lt;br&gt;'''kar''' (adj.) dear, expensive
&lt;br&gt;'''kieru''' (v.) please (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''komód''' (adv.) how, as, if, like
&lt;br&gt;'''Konórz''' (m.) Konórz (name)
&lt;br&gt;'''kód''' (pron.int.) what
&lt;br&gt;'''kódże''' (intj.) whatever, anything (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''kroda''' (f.) string
&lt;br&gt;'''kura''' (f.) care (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''li''': dat.sg. of '''ił''' (2)
&lt;br&gt;'''łac''' (n.) milk
&lt;br&gt;'''łok''' (m.) place, location
&lt;br&gt;'''łu''' (pron.pers.) it
&lt;br&gt;'''macierz''' (f.) mother
&lt;br&gt;'''maszkieł''' (m.) man
&lt;br&gt;'''maż''' (conj.) but, and
&lt;br&gt;'''mi''': dat.sg. of '''jo'''
&lt;br&gt;'''miedziek''' (m.) doctor, physician
&lt;br&gt;'''mieś''' (f.) month
&lt;br&gt;'''mółt''' (adj./adv.) many, much, very
&lt;br&gt;'''mroć''' (f.) death
&lt;br&gt;'''nat''' (m.) child
&lt;br&gt;'''nąk''' (conj.) because
&lt;br&gt;'''nie''' (adv.) not
&lt;br&gt;'''nie''' (intj.) no
&lt;br&gt;'''nieparłarz''' (m.) baby
&lt;br&gt;'''no''' (intj.) now, well, so
&lt;br&gt;'''nomię''' (n.) name
&lt;br&gt;'''nonialemięć''' (adv.) namely, that is, i.e.
&lt;br&gt;'''nu''' (pron.pers.) we
&lt;br&gt;'''nuł''' (adj.) no, not a single
&lt;br&gt;'''ocu''' (num.) eight
&lt;br&gt;'''par''' (prep.) through
&lt;br&gt;'''parłar''' (v.) to talk, to speak
&lt;br&gt;'''parstar''' (v.) to stop
&lt;br&gt;'''parświarar''' (v.) to persevere, to endure, to keep up
&lt;br&gt;'''partalar''' (v.) to cut through
&lt;br&gt;'''pasar''' (v.) to happen
&lt;br&gt;'''Piotr''' (m.) Peter (name)
&lt;br&gt;'''po''' (prep.) behind, after
&lt;br&gt;'''pocier''' (v.) can, to be able
&lt;br&gt;'''posu''': pres.1.sg. of '''pocier'''
&lt;br&gt;'''pościór''', gen. '''postru''' (adj.) next, following
&lt;br&gt;'''prostokód''' (conj.) because
&lt;br&gt;'''protar''' (v.) to wear, to carry
&lt;br&gt;'''przej''' (prep.) before, in front of
&lt;br&gt;'''przeście''' (adv.) almost
&lt;br&gt;'''rodnarz''' (adj.) normal, ordinary
&lt;br&gt;'''sie''' (pron.refl.) oneself
&lt;br&gt;'''skrzyptórz''' (m.) writer
&lt;br&gt;'''skrzywier''' (v.) to write
&lt;br&gt;'''stawiecz''' (adv.) now
&lt;br&gt;'''su''': pres.1.sg. of '''szer'''
&lt;br&gt;'''swej''' (pron.poss.) one's own
&lt;br&gt;'''syt a''' (adj.) used to, accustomed to
&lt;br&gt;'''szczer''' ('''szczycie''') (v.) to know
&lt;br&gt;'''szer''' (v.) to be
&lt;br&gt;'''szmata''' (f.) rag (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''szy''' (conj.) whether, if; particle introducing a question
&lt;br&gt;'''śpieczer''' (v.) to look, to watch
&lt;br&gt;'''śrepiętar''' (v.) to squirm
&lt;br&gt;'''świe''': f.gen.sg. of '''swej'''
&lt;br&gt;'''tot''' (adj.) each, every
&lt;br&gt;'''tot''' (pron.int.) everything
&lt;br&gt;'''trów''' (adv.) too, too much
&lt;br&gt;'''trzebdar''' (v.) to fear, to be afraid
&lt;br&gt;'''tu''' (pron.pers.) you, thou
&lt;br&gt;'''twej''' (pron.poss.) your, thy
&lt;br&gt;'''uszkiełtar''' (v.) to listen
&lt;br&gt;'''w''' (particle) (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''wądź''' (adv.) where
&lt;br&gt;'''węblikał''' (adj.) navel, umbilical
&lt;br&gt;'''wiartać''' (f.) truth
&lt;br&gt;'''widziar''' (v.) to see
&lt;br&gt;'''wlar''' (v.) to want (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''włu''': pres.1/3.sg. of '''wlar'''
&lt;br&gt;'''wółcim, -ćma''' (adj.) last
&lt;br&gt;'''wrzem''' (m.) worm
&lt;br&gt;'''ździar''' (v.) to sit
&lt;br&gt;'''-ż''' (SEE NOTES)
&lt;br&gt;'''ża''' (adv.) already

=== Grammar ===

Wenedyk is a Slavo-Romance language that basically deals with the question what Polish would have looked like if it had been a Romance language. As a result, phonology, grammar and syntax are largely based on Polish. Wenedyk exists within the alternative timeline of Ill Bethisad, where it is spoken in the Republic of the Two Crowns.

Word order is mostly free, but SVO by default. 

Nouns, pronouns and adjectives can have three cases (direct case, genitive, dative), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). There are no articles. Adjectives agree with the noun in number, gender and case. They can be placed both before and after it. 

The Verb moods and tenses are: present, imperfect, perfect, future I, future II, imperative, and subjunctive. All appear in this relay text. Future I (imperfective future) indicates an action or state that will take place in the future.  
Future II (perfective future) focuses on the result of an action that will be completed in the future; depending on the context, it can be translated as a future tense, a perfect tense or a present tense in English. The subjunctive mood can be used in many ways, also as optative and conditional. 

In this text, you will encounter the following forms and endings. |'| indicates palatalisation of the preceding consonant (r'e &gt; rze, t'e &gt; cie, etc.).

* Verb endings:
*: -a: imperative 2.sg.
*: -a, -'e: pres.3.sg.
*: -cie: pres.2.pl.
*: -'e: perf.1.sg. (of a-stems)
*: -ęć: present active participle
*: -m: pres.1.pl.
*: -r: infinitive
*: -rszy: subj.1/3.sg. (*)
*: -ru: futII.1.sg.
*: -u: pres.1.sg.
*: -wa: impf.1/3.sg.
*: -wie: futI.3.sg.
*: -wszy: perf.1/3.sg. (of stems other than a-stems)

* Noun endings:
*: -a: f.dir.sg.
*: -'e: f.dat.sg.
*: -'e: f.dir.pl.
*: -'e: m.voc.sg	
*: -i/-y: gen.sg.
*: -u: m/n.gen.sg.
*: -'u: m/n.gen.pl.

* Adjective endings:
*: -a: f.dir.sg.
*: -'e: f.dir.pl.
*: -u: m.gen.sg.

=== Notes ===

* '''Kieru''' means &quot;please&quot; and is extremelyy often used in polite speech. The combination '''kieru doni''' (to a man) and '''kieru donie''' (to a woman) can usually mean &quot;sir&quot; or &quot;madam&quot; respectively, and can often be left untranslated.
* '''Kódże''': difficult to translaate, mostly used as an emphatic interjection along the lines of &quot;well well&quot;, &quot;okay&quot;, &quot;anyway&quot;, &quot;whatever&quot;, etc. Often used to express indifference.
* '''Kura''' literally means &quot;care&quot;, and nothhing else. It is used as a curse only because it sounds similar to the word '''kurwa''' &quot;whore&quot;. Depending on the speaker's level of civilisation, both are used very frequently in Wenedyk. 
* '''Szmata''' literally means &quot;rag&quot;, but in  equally less civilised speech the plural form is often used for &quot;clothes&quot;.
* In combination with the subjunctive moood, '''w''' fulfills the function of an optative particle. This construction is also used as a polite imperative.
* The third person singular of '''wlar''', '''wwłu''', can be used in conjunction with the reflexive pronoun '''sie''', in which case it become an impersonal verb with a weaker meaning than &quot;want&quot;, something along the lines of &quot;would like&quot;. The subject is in the dative case.
* '''-ż''', '''-że''', '''ż''', '''-༨e''': particle that acts like an intensifier.
* It is important to realise that the subbjunctive ending '''-rszy-''' is constructed from the infinitive and forms of the verb '''szer'''. In certain environments these two constituents can be separated from each other.

=== Abbreviations ===

adj. - adjective  &lt;br /&gt;
adv. - adverb &lt;br /&gt;
conj. - conjunction &lt;br /&gt;
dat. - dative case &lt;br /&gt;
dir. - direct case &lt;br /&gt;
f. - feminine &lt;br /&gt;
futI. - future I &lt;br /&gt;
futII. - future II &lt;br /&gt;
gen. - genitive case &lt;br /&gt;
impf. - imperfective tense &lt;br /&gt;
intj. - interjection &lt;br /&gt;
m. - masculine  &lt;br /&gt;
n. - neuter  &lt;br /&gt;
num. - numeral &lt;br /&gt;
perf. - perfect tense &lt;br /&gt;
pl. - plural  &lt;br /&gt;
prep. - preposition  &lt;br /&gt;
pres. - present tense &lt;br /&gt;
pron.dem. - demonstrative pronoun  &lt;br /&gt;
pron.indef. - indefinite pronoun &lt;br /&gt;
pron.int. - interrogative pronoun &lt;br /&gt;
pron.pers. - personal pronoun  &lt;br /&gt;
pron.poss. - possessive pronoun &lt;br /&gt;
pron.refl. - reflexive pronoun &lt;br /&gt;
sg. - singular  &lt;br /&gt;
subj. - subjunctive mood &lt;br /&gt;
v. - verb  &lt;br /&gt;
v.impers. - impersonal verb &lt;br /&gt;
voc. - vocative case &lt;br /&gt;
1, 2, 3 - 1st, 2nd, 3rd person

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Wenedyk]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Calénnawn</title>
    <id>1971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6350</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Details for the [[Calénnawn]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

==The Text==

Zévo órmulxo óhucsìnu-qi.

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Réfno, áymo-qoy!1 Stu astóri-benco!1 Épanaleya so sten uráronur iw lúdi. Sónnti orgre astórivra.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Épanaleya zévo rofíltu.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e qúmpatme itt &quot;Ay!2&quot;

O réfni$e qúmpatme itt &quot;Qo?3&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu hi búhu-qoy. Áymo-benco!1 Áymo-qoy!1&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Ílmon losówp-benco pélo byu ðálbo-qoy.&quot;

O réfni$e gárpu be qúmpatme itt &quot;Fa$e qúmpatme!2&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Iw re-ganúno, hi lúxci-qoy s-nalástuxo sum e pélo 'Cúnucs' pso-zóro fa ópalc.&quot;

O réfni$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Qo séffiðes?1 El or nalétuvra f-óttu móri.&quot;

O tawvágu$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Émafo qod-gáwna s-heðérro.&quot;

O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;El orgla áduxavran fáygann égla úceyl sno Pétergla dópi iw nalástuxo. Épalemo se hínnod s-nalétuxo pey sófa égla hi nalétu f-ttizáfe.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu hi túggat-dal glaz sínu bórmo zizawpósse níñciv.&quot;


O sten$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Épalemo sen úrmed fh tar óttu pélo or sotáwvra$ úggu-úmper xo el.&quot;

O re-gíxe$e bánxa be qúmpatme itt &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;

$e zelétt dull o gréra awn itt &quot;O sten bánxa be qúmpatme itt 'Ze$e úyfin lúxcixo.'&quot;

==Interlinear==

   Zévo órmulxo óhucsìnu-qi.
   This tale    marvel-like-very.

   O       re-gíxe$e       bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu       múla-qoy!1&quot;
   ART.NOM FEM-priest-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;2SG.DEONT hope-IMP&quot;

   O       tawvágu$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Réfno,     áymo-qoy!1 
   ART.NOM midwife-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;Woman-VOC, push-IMP! 
   
   Stu       astóri-benco!1
   2SG.DEONT give_birth-need!

   Épanaleya so      sten uráronur iw lúdi.    Sónnti    orgre 
   1SG-see   ART.ACC baby with     my eyes-PL. 2SG.EPIST PERF.IMM_FUT 
   
   astórivra.
   give_birth.PERF.

   O       re-gíxe$e       bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu       múla-qoy!1&quot;
   ART.NOM FEM-priest-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;2SG.DEONT hope-IMP&quot;

   O       sten$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Épanaleya zévo rofíltu.&quot;
   ART.NOM baby-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;1SG-see   this world.&quot;

   O       re-gíxe$e       qúmpatme itt   &quot;Ay!2&quot;
   ART.NOM FEM-priest-PAST said     QUOTE &quot;Huh?&quot;

   O       réfni$se   qúmpatme itt   &quot;Qo?3&quot;
   ART.NOM woman-PAST said     QUOTE &quot;What?&quot;

   O       tawvágu$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu       hi  búhu-qoy. 
   ART.NOM midwife-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;2SG.DEONT not fear-IMP. 
   
   Áymo-benco!1 Áymo-qoy!1&quot;
   Push-need!   Push-IMP!&quot;

   O       re-gíxe$e       bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu múla-qoy!1&quot;
   ART.NOM FEM-priest-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;2SG.DEONT hope-IMP&quot;

   O       sten$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Ílmon     losówp-benco pélo byu 
   ART.NOM baby-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;1SG.DEONT have-blanket-need and 
   
   ðálbo-qoy.&quot;
   3SG.DEONT thick-SBJNC.&quot;

   O       réfni$e    gárpu   be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Fa$e     qúmpatme!2&quot;
   ART.NOM woman-PAST shouted and said     QUOTE &quot;3SG-PAST spoke!&quot;

   O       sten$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Iw re-ganúno,
   ART.NOM baby-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;My FEM-parent,
   
   hi  lúxci-qoy s-nalástuxo  sum e       pélo  'Cúnucs' pso-zóro 
   not give-IMP  ART.ACC-name to  1SG.NOM CNJNC 'Cunucs' because-of-fact_that 
   
   fa  ópalc.&quot;
   3SG ordinary.&quot;

   O       réfni$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Qo   séffiðes?1   El  or 
   ART.NOM woman-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;What happen-CONT? 1SG PERF 
   
   nalétuvra  f-óttu   móri.&quot;
   drink-PERF ART.MASS.ACC-wine too_much.&quot;

   O       tawvágu$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Émafo   qod-gáwna 
   ART.NOM midwife-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;1SG-now cut-can 
   
   s-heðérro.&quot;
   ART.ACC-umbilical_cord.&quot;

   O       sten$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;El  orgla    áduxavran fáygann 
   ART.NOM baby-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;1SG PERF-FUT die&lt;PERF&gt; when 
   
   égla    úceyl            sno Pétergla  dópi  iw nalástuxo. Épalemo 
   1SG-FUT military_general and Peter-FUT honor my name.      1SG-need 
   
   se            hínnod  s-nalétuxo        pey sófa égla    hi  nalétu 
   ART.INDEF.ACC monster ART.DEF.ACC-drink and but  1SG-FUT not drink 
   
   f-ttizáfe.&quot;
   ART.MASS.ACC-milk.&quot;

   O       re-gíxe$e       bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu       hi  túggat-dal 
   ART.NOM FEM-priest-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;2SG.DEONT not flop-should 
   
   glaz  sínu                 bórmo zizawpósse níñciv.&quot;
   about like [ART.INDEF.NOM] fish  on         dock.&quot;

   O       sten$e    bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Épalemo  sen           úrmed
   ART.NOM baby-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;1SG-need ART.INDEF.ACC cup 
   
   fh           tar óttu pélo  or   sotáwvra$   úggu-úmper   xo  el.&quot;
   ART.MASS.ACC of  wine CNJNC PERF ripen&lt;PERF&gt; month-during ten two.&quot;

   O   re-gíxe$e       bánxa be  qúmpatme itt   &quot;Stu       múla-qoy!1&quot;
   The FEM-priest-PAST spoke and said     QUOTE &quot;You.DEONT hope-IMP&quot;

   $e   zelétt dull o       gréra awn itt   &quot;O       sten bánxa be  qúmpatme 
   PAST write  on   ART.NOM next  day QUOTE &quot;ART.NOM baby spoke and said 
   
   itt   'Ze$e      úyfin  lúxcixo.'&quot;
   QUOTE 'This-PAST sacred gift.'&quot;

===Abbreviations used===

 1SG    first person singular
 2SG    second person singular
 3SG    third person singular
 ACC    accusative
 ART    article
 CNJNC  conjunction
 CONT   continuitive aspect
 DEONT  deontic
 EPIST  epistemic
 FEM    female
 FUT    future tense
 IMP    imperative
 MASS   mass, uncountable
 NOM    nominative
 PAST   past tense
 PERF   perfective aspect
 PRES   present tense
 QUOTE  particle introducing quote
 SBJNC  subjunctive
 VOC    vocative

==Vocabulary==

 áduxan    verb      to die
 astóri    verb      to give birth
 awn       noun      day
 ay        interj.   (exclamation indicating surprize)
 áymo      verb      to push
 bánxa     verb      to speak (to someone)
 be        conj      and (see note (11))
 -benco    suffix    need to (see note (5))
 bórmo     noun      fish
 búhu      verb      to fear
 byu       pron      he/she/it (3SG, nominative, deontic)
 Cúnucs    name      (foreign name)
 -dal      suffix    should
 din       verb      to have beneficial effect for
 dínnur    prep      for, in behalf of, having a beneficial effect for
 dópi      verb      to honor
 drámor    prep      with
 dull      prep      on (time)
 ðálbo     adj       thick
 e-        proclitic I (1SG, nominative, epistemic)
 e(l)      pron      I (1SG, nominative, epistemic)
 el        numeral   two (see note (20))
 en        pron      me (1SG, accusative)
 -(e)s     suffix    (continuitive aspect)
 f-        proclitic the, a (accusative, uncountable)
 fa        pron      he/she/it (3SG, nominative, epistemic)
 fáygann   conj      when (see note (15))
 fésni     verb      to eat
 fh /f@/   art       the, a (accusative, uncountable)
 ganúni    noun      parent
 gárpu     verb      to scream, to yell
 gáwna     verb      to be able
 gíxe      noun      priest
 gla       adv       (or enclitic, see note (10): tense: future)
 glaz      adv       around, about
 gre       adv       (or enclitic, see note (10): tense: immediate future)
 gréra     adj       next (in time)
 h  /@/    art       the, a (nominative, uncountable)
 heðérro   noun      umbilical cord
 hi        adv       not
 hínnod    noun      monster
 hn /@n/   art       the, a (nominative, uncountable)
 ílmon     pron      I (1SG, nominative, deontic)
 itt       prep      (introduces quotation)
 iw        poss.pron my
 lo-       prefix    to have (see note (8))
 lúda      noun      eye (see note (7))
 lúxci     verb      to give sth.
 máfo      adv       now (or enclitic, see note (10): tense: present)
 móri      numeral   too much (mass numeral) (see note (13))
 múla      verb      to hope
 nalástuxo noun      name
 nalétu    verb      to drink sth.
 níñciv    noun      dock
 -nur      suffix    (gerund as preposition, see note (6))
 o         art       the (nominative, definite, countable)
 óhuc      noun      marvel
 ópalc     adj       ordinary, common
 or        adv       (&quot;or .. -vra&quot;: perfective aspect) (see note (14))
 órmul     verb      to tell, narrate (see note (17))
 óttu      noun      wine
 palémo    verb      to need sth.
 panaléya  verb      to see
 pélo      conj      and (see note (9))
 Péter     name      (proper name)
 pey       conj      and, also (see note (16))
 pso       prep      because of
 -qi       suffix    very
 qo        pron      what
 qod       verb      to cut
 qoy       verb      to do (as enclitic: imperative or subjunctive, see note (3))
 qúmpatme  verb      to say sth.
 re-       prefix    female
 réfni     noun      woman (see note (4))
 rofíltu   noun      world
 s-        proclitic the (accusative, definite, countable)
 se(n)     art       a (indefinite, accusative, countable)
 séffið    verb      to happen, to occur
 sínu      prep      like
 -sìnu     suffix    -like (converts noun to adj)
 so        art       the (accusative, definite, countable)
 sófa      conj      but
 sónnti    pron      you (2SG, nominative, epistemic)
 sotáw$    verb      to ripen
 sówp      noun      blanket
 sten      noun      baby
 stu       pron      you (2SG, nominative, deontic)
 sum       prep      (when used with lúxci:) to
 $e        adv       (often used as enclitic, see note (10): tense: past)
 tar       prep      (amount: see note (19))
 tawvágu   noun      midwife
 ttizáfe   noun      milk
 túggat    verb      to flop
 úceyl     noun      military general
 úggu      noun      month
 -úmper    prep      during (enclitic)
 uráro     verb      to use
 Úrða      noun      Earth
 úrmed     noun      cup, beaker
 úyfin     adj       sacred, holy
 -vra      suffix    (&quot;or .. -vra&quot;: perfective aspect) (see note (14))
 xo        numeral   ten (see note (20))
 -xo       suffix    (converts verb to noun, see note (17))
 zawpósse  prep      on, on top of
 ze        pron      this (3SG)
 zévo      adj       this
 zelétt    verb      to write
 zi-       prefix    (see note (18))
 zóro      conj      the fact that (see note (12)) 

==Interpunction==

 !1        used for commands etc.
 !2        used for exclamations belonging to an emotional reaction
 ?1        informing question
 ?3        question intended to verify the speaker's own knowledge

==Pronunciation of the sounds occurring in proper names==

 |p|       /p/
 |e|       /e/
 |t|       /t/
 |r|       /R\/
 |c|       /k/
 |u|       /u/
 |n|       /n/
 |s|       /s/ 

==Grammar==

===Introduction===

Calénnawn is a pro-drop language with SVO word order.  Pronouns may
be elided.  Adjectives precede the nouns, but can also occur standalone
(e.g. the big [one]). In compound words, the first part is the modifying
part. Absence of an article in the nominative indicates indefiniteness.
All prepositions govern the nominative. There is no copula &quot;to be&quot;: the
noun or adjective may be used as predicate directly.

===Grammar notes===

    The dollar sign is an alternative spelling for s-caron for non-UTF-8
    environments. These represent the same letter (/S/).

    Acute and grave accents denote primary and (in compounds) secondary
    stress, respectively. The letters a, á and à are not fundamentally
    different, since the stress can shift when words are combined into
    compound words.

    The imperative and subjunctive are both formed by suffixing the
    verb with &quot;-qoy&quot;. The imperative then requires the subject to
    be epistemic, the subjunctive requires a deontic subject:
    Sónnti panaléya-qoy!        See!
    Stu panaléya-qoy.           May you see.

    The vocative singular is formed by adding an &quot;-o&quot; suffix, replacing
    any final vowel:
    Tawvágo!                    Midwife!

    The expression &quot;need to &lt;verb&gt;&quot; is expressed by the suffix &quot;-benco&quot;
    on the verb and forces a deontic subject:
    Stu bánxa-benco.            You need to speak.

    &quot;-nur&quot; forms the gerund of a verb.
    
    If the verb is transitive, the gerund can be followed by its direct
    object; however, the gerund is then considered a preposition,
    therefore its object takes the nominative.
    
    If the gerund is used standalone, then it functions as an adverb.
    
    Examples:
    
    Sónnti din en.              You have_a_beneficial_effect_on me.
    Sónnti bánxa dínnur e.      You speak for(benefactive) me.
    Sónnti bánxa dínnur.        You speak, having_a_benificial_effect.

    The plural forms are formed by replacing the last vowel in a word
    with |i|:
    lúda - lúdi                 eye - eyes
    sten - stin                 baby - babies

    The prefix &quot;lo-&quot; is used to create verbs expressing arbitrary rela-
    tions (&quot;to have&quot;). The formed verb is transitive, and its object
    can be used to specify who or what fulfills the indicated role.
    Sónnti loóttu.              You have_got_wine.
    Sónnti lorofíltu Úrða.      I have_for_world Earth.
                                (i.e. Earth is my world).

    &quot;pélo&quot; is a conjunction that indicates that the object of the
    first sentence is identical to the subject of the second sentence.

    Tense is indicated by the particles &quot;$e&quot; (past), &quot;máfo&quot; (present),
    &quot;gla&quot; (future), or &quot;gre&quot; (immediate future), which are
    often used as an enclitic on the subject or on the particle &quot;or&quot;.
    They are never used on the verb.

    &quot;be&quot; is a conjunction that indicates that the subject of the first
    sentence is identical to the subject of the second sentence.
    Sometimes this constitutes a fixed expression, e.g.:
    X bánxa Y be qúmpatme Z      X says Z to Y

    &quot;zóro&quot; is a conjunction that is always compounded with a
    preposition.  It indicates that the prepositional object of the
    first sentence is identical to the _fact_ described by the second
    sentence.

    Numerals are placed after the noun they modify.

    The perfective aspect suffix &quot;-vra&quot; is used as an infix if the
    verb ends in a consonant:
    El or qovrad.              I have cut.

    The conjunction &quot;fáygann&quot; is translated as follows:
    X fáygann Y.               when X, Y.

    The conjunction &quot;pey&quot;, in the meaning &quot;and&quot;, follows the two noun
    phrases (postfix notation):
    hn óttu h ttizáfe pey       wine and milk

    &quot;-xo&quot; creates nouns which can function as object of the verb:
    órmul - órmulxo            to narrate - a narration

    &quot;zi&quot; indicates that the next prepositional phrase is not attached
    to the entire sentence, but to the previous noun phrase instead:
    Éfesni fh bórmo zidrámor h baranúya.     I eat fish with bread.
    Éfesni fh bórmo drámor Bóbo.             I eat fish with Bobo.

    &quot;tar&quot; indicates an amount/quantity. Its position may be &quot;crossed
    over&quot; with the article of the following noun phrase:
    úrmed h tar ttizáfe        a cup of milk
    As direct object, both noun phrases are put in the accusative.

    Counting in Calénnawn is base-6.
    xo el              twelve
    élxo               twenty

==Smooth translation==

This is a very marvelous story.

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;Woman, push! You need to give birth! I see the baby with
my eyes. You will soon complete giving birth.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Huh?&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;You should not fear. You need to push. Push!&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a blanket and it should be thick.&quot;

The woman shouted, &quot;He spoke!&quot;

The baby said, &quot;My mother, do not give me a name like 'Cunux' because
that one is ordinary.&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What is happening? I drank too much wine.&quot;

The midwife said, &quot;I can now cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;When I will die, I will be a military general and Peter
will honor my name. I need a monster and the drink, but I will not drink
milk.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on a dock.&quot;

The baby said, &quot;I need a cup of wine that has ripened for eight months.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;May you hope!&quot;

They wrote on the next day, &quot;The baby said, 'This was a sacred gift.'&quot;

==Back to Conlang Relay 12==

Back to [[Conlang Relay 12]]

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Calénnawn]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Kēlen</title>
    <id>1972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6348</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Details for the [[Kēlen]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

==Text==

tema j&amp;#257;o &amp;#275; mo sar&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a &amp;#275; mo sas&amp;#257;ra;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temme ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien l&amp;#257;mac&amp;#275;na &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; h&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; c&amp;#275;ja
anele m&amp;#299;sa s&amp;#333;lle mo ler&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a; &amp;#241;i antam&amp;#333;l ant&amp;#333;rren anni&amp;#254;en;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien c&amp;#275;ja anele jas&amp;#333;&amp;#254;a &amp;#254;&amp;#333; mo ler&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien an j&amp;#257;o ja-k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temme ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien pa ri&amp;#275;n anm&amp;#299;ra w&amp;#275;; h&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;arra jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;; l&amp;#257;mac&amp;#275;na &amp;#241;arra
jac&amp;#275;tti k&amp;#257;;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa j&amp;#299;&amp;lambda;&amp;#299;ke; &amp;#275; l&amp;#257;, luha&amp;#241;en pa li&amp;#275;n j&amp;#299;&amp;lambda;&amp;#299;ke
jaw&amp;#257;len;

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien c&amp;#275;ja &amp;#241;amma ans&amp;#333;ri l&amp;#257;!

temme ke m&amp;#299;sa ien l&amp;#257;-m&amp;#257;lmara. la li&amp;#275;n m&amp;#299;s-&amp;#275;ri; c&amp;#275;xeja rehirnele jaw&amp;#275;ra k&amp;#333;nux
w&amp;#257; t&amp;#333; la jaw&amp;#275;ra ja&amp;#331;&amp;#331;&amp;#299;ra n&amp;#257;pie;

temirne ke mac&amp;#275;na ien an j&amp;#257;o to anh&amp;#275;&amp;#331;&amp;#331;i n&amp;#257;pie; tamma ke m&amp;#299;sa ja-k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;?

temirne ke m&amp;#257;ltanen ien c&amp;#275;ja analla anp&amp;#275;ra mo sas&amp;#275;rja jap&amp;#363;sa;

temirne ant&amp;#275;li ke m&amp;#299;sa ien il anni&amp;#254;en &amp;#241;i li&amp;#275;n jan&amp;#333;&amp;#241;a il la li&amp;#275;n mac&amp;#333;n&amp;#333;n
mat&amp;#333;ntanen; &amp;#275; pa li&amp;#275;n jaw&amp;#275;ra anc&amp;#257;la n&amp;#257; &amp;#275; tele jaw&amp;#275;ra p&amp;#299;ter; &amp;#299; sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa
jah&amp;#275;&amp;#241;a l&amp;#257;-map&amp;#299;&amp;#241;&amp;#241;ennon ew w&amp;#257; sele ank&amp;#299;&amp;#241;a pa ank&amp;#257;&amp;lambda;i honahan.

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien l&amp;#257;-p&amp;#299;ter wa ri&amp;#275;n ma&amp;#241;iw&amp;#275;&amp;lambda;a &amp;#241;e jap&amp;#299;la;

temirne ke m&amp;#299;sa ien w&amp;#257; sele anham&amp;#257;ri il jas&amp;#275;ll&amp;#363;i &amp;#257;nor;

temme ke m&amp;#257;rja ien &amp;#241;ere&amp;#241; mak&amp;#275;spen c&amp;#299;;

il jal&amp;#333;na antielen il tamma j&amp;#299;lke ke manahan ien pa m&amp;#299;sa ans&amp;#333;ri l&amp;#257;; la jal&amp;#299;la
jak&amp;#275;ra l&amp;#257;;

==Orthography==

&amp;#257; should be a-macron &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#275; should be e-macron &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#299; should be i-macron &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#333; should be o-macron &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#363; should be u-macron &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#241; should be n-tilde &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#254; should be thorn &lt;br&gt;
&amp;lambda; should be lj or lambda &lt;br&gt;
&amp;#331;&amp;#331; should be nng or double-eng

==Vocabulary==

 -alla (PN) 1p.sg.agent/source;
 -amma (PN) 3p.sg.agent/source;
 an (REL) the present progressive form of LA;
 an- (REL) the present progressive form of SE;
 anni&amp;#254;en (POST.MOD) before in time; (MOD) soon;
 antielen (POST.MOD) after in time;
 -a&amp;#331;&amp;#331;&amp;#299;r- (N.BASE) common, plain, ordinary;
 -arra (PN) 2p.sg.agent/source;
 -&amp;#257;lmar- (N.BASE) my mother;
 -&amp;#257;ltanen- (N.BASE) healer, doctor, midwife;
 &amp;#257;nor (POST.MOD) 10 base 8, eight;
 -&amp;#257;rj- (N.BASE) grandmother, female ancestor, female in charge, older woman;
 -c&amp;#257;l- (N.BASE) value;
 c&amp;#275;ja (MOD) can, be able;
 -c&amp;#275;n- (N.BASE) woman;
 -c&amp;#275;tt- (N.BASE) push;
 c&amp;#275;xeja (MOD) hopefully;
 c&amp;#299; (MOOD) commissive mood marker, polite imperative mood marker;
 -c&amp;#333;n&amp;#333;n- (N.BASE) soldier;
 -ele (PN) 1p.sg.experiencer/goal/patient;
 -ema (PN) 3p.sg.experiencer/goal/patient;
 -emirne (PN) 3p.sg.agent/source+2p.paucal experiencer/goal/patient;
 -emme (PN) 3p.sg.agent/source+3p.sg.experiencer/goal/patient;
 -ere&amp;#241; (PN) 2p.sg.reflexive;
 &amp;#275;...&amp;#275; (CONJ) and;
 &amp;#275; l&amp;#257; (INTERJECTION) hey!;
 -&amp;#275;ri (PN) 2p.sg.possessive;
 -ham&amp;#257;r- (N.BASE) whiskey/aquavit;
 h&amp;#275;ja (MOD) obligatory, should, ought;
 -h&amp;#275;&amp;#241;- (N.BASE) drink;
 -h&amp;#275;&amp;#331;&amp;#331;- (N.BASE) beer/mead;
 honahan (PN) any manner, any quantity;
 ien (CASE) quotative;
 il...il (CONJ) then, when...then, when, during;
 &amp;#299;...ew (CONJ) and...but;
 -&amp;#299;lk- (N.BASE) writing;
 -&amp;#299;&amp;lambda;&amp;#299;k- (N.BASE) clothing;
 -irnele (PN) 2p.paucal agent/source+1p.sg.experiencer/goal/patient;
 -&amp;#299;s- (N.BASE) baby;
 ja (PN) 3p.inanimate;
 ja-k&amp;#275;&amp;#241; (MOOD) inflected interrogative mood marker: what;
 j&amp;#257;o (PN) 3p abstract, generic demonstrative pronoun;
 k&amp;#257; (MOOD) imperative mood marker;
 -k&amp;#257;&amp;lambda;- (N.BASE) milk;
 ke (CASE) marks an agent or animate source;
 k&amp;#275;&amp;#241; (MOOD) interrogative mood marker;
 -k&amp;#275;r- (N.BASE) holy;
 -k&amp;#275;spen- (N.BASE) keeping on, steadfast, persistent;
 -k&amp;#299;&amp;#241;- (N.BASE) wish, want;
 -k&amp;#333;nux- (N.BASE) not a K&amp;#275;len word;
 la (REL) generic tense of LA;
 l&amp;#257; (MOOD) emphatic or exclamatory mood marker;
 l&amp;#257;- (CASE) vocative;
 li&amp;#275;n (PN) 1p.sg.;
 -l&amp;#299;l- (N.BASE) gift;
 -l&amp;#333;n- (N.BASE) day, as defined from sunrise to sunrise;
 luha&amp;#241;en (MOD) habitually;
 manahan (PN) anyone, anybody;
 -m&amp;#299;r- (N.BASE) fear;
 mo (CASE) marks a beneficiary or experiencer or goal;
 n&amp;#257; (POST.MOD) many, much, more;
 n&amp;#257;pie (POST.MOD) too many, too much, excessive;
 -n&amp;#333;&amp;#241;- (N.BASE) dead;
 &amp;#241;e (CONJ) like, as, same as;
 &amp;#241;(i)- (REL) NI;
 -&amp;#241;iw&amp;#275;&amp;lambda;- (N.BASE) turning, wiggling, wagging;
 -&amp;#333;ll- (N.BASE) head;
 pa (REL) PA;
 -p&amp;#275;r- (N.BASE) cut;
 -p&amp;#299;l- (N.BASE) worm;
 -p&amp;#299;&amp;#241;&amp;#241;ennon- (N.BASE) monster
 -p&amp;#299;ter- (N.BASE) not a K&amp;#275;len word;
 -p&amp;#363;s- (N.BASE) cord, string;
 reh- (REL) obligatory (future) of SE;
 ri&amp;#275;n (PN) 2p.sg.;
 -r&amp;#333;&amp;#241;- (N.BASE) eye(s);
 -s&amp;#257;r- (N.BASE) ear(s);
 s(e)- (REL) generic tense of SE;
 -s&amp;#275;ll&amp;#363;- (N.BASE) period of 32 days;
 -s&amp;#275;rj- (N.BASE) navel, bellybutton;
 -s&amp;#333;r- (N.BASE) word;
 -s&amp;#333;&amp;#254;- (N.BASE) place;
 -tam&amp;#333;l- (N.BASE) birth;
 t(e)- (REL) past tense of SE;
 -t&amp;#275;l- (N.BASE) fact;
 to (CASE) marks a source or an inanimate or non-volitional agent;
 t&amp;#333; (CONJ) because, for;
 -t&amp;#333;ntanen- (N.BASE) master (rank);
 -t&amp;#333;rren- (N.BASE) finished;
 &amp;#254;&amp;#333; (PN) this, this here, here;
 wa (REL) negative of LA;
 w&amp;#257; (MOD) negative, no, not, none;
 -w&amp;#257;len- (N.BASE) fine, excellent, high quality;
 w&amp;#275; (MOOD) prohibitive mood marker;
 -w&amp;#275;r- (N.BASE) name;

==Grammar==

===Nouns (N.BASE)===

Nouns are cited as noun bases. They come in three classes: inanimate, animate,
and obligatorily possessed. Inanimate nouns inflect as follows (the N stands
for the base):
       j(a)-N-a/e/0 inanimate singular
       j(a)-N-i inanimate plural
       an-N-i inanimate collective, set of X
       an-N-a/e/0 state of being X, act/event of X
animate nouns:
       m(a)-N-a/e/0 animate singular
       m(a)-N-i animate collective or plural
obligatorily possessed nouns (like body parts):
       l(e)-N-a/e/0 possessed by 1p entity
       r(i)-N-a/e/0 possessed by 2p entity
       s(a)-N-a/e/0 possessed by 3p entity
Uninflected noun bases are interpreted as proper names.

===Pronouns (PN)===

Pronouns can stand alone or be suffixed to nouns and relationals.

===Modifiers (MOD &amp; POST.MOD)===

Modifiers can either modify a clause, in which case they can come anywhere in
the sentence, but are usually positioned on either end of the clause of phrase.
Postpostional modifiers modify the noun or pronoun that they follow.

===Conjunctions (CONJ)===

Conjunctions generally precede the phrases or clauses that they connect. Some
conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions, meaning that they precede all of
the phrases or clauses that they connect.

===Relationals (REL)===

These are the K&amp;#275;len equivalent of verbs. There are only 4 of them, though 2 of them inflect for tense. The 4 relationals are LA, SE, NI, and PA.

   LA takes a single object: something that exists in a state or a location.
   NI takes a single object: something that has undergone a change of state or
       location.
   SE takes a single object: something that has a source and/or a goal.
   PA takes two objects: a whole and its part.

===Case (CASE)===

Case markers precede their objects.

===Mood (MOOD)===

Mood markers come at the end of the sentence. One of them, k&amp;#275;&amp;#241;, can be
inflected. The commissive marker, c&amp;#299;, can act like an imperative when used
with a second person reference. When used with a first person reference, it
commits the speaker to whatever was said.

===Word Order===

A K&amp;#275;len sentence consists minimally of a relational and its core argument, or REL NP. To this can be added case phrases, modifiers, and mood:
 (MOD) REL NP (POST.MOD) (CASE) (MOD) (MOOD).

Nouns in apposition, if inflected identically, refer to the same entity. If
inflected differently, they refer to different entities, with usually the
whole or the more important noun coming first, followed by the part or the
less important noun.

==Smooth Translation==

This was seen (by someone) and heard.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the healer (to the woman): Woman, make pushes. You must make pushes. I can see the baby's head. The birth becomes over soon.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the baby (to all present): I can see this place.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): Huh?

Said the woman (to all present): What is it?

Said the healer (to the woman): Don't have fear. You must make pushes.
Woman, you must push.

Said the grandmother (to the woman): make yourself steadfast.

Said the baby (to all present): I wish for clothes. Hey, usually I have expensive clothes.

Said the woman (to all present): He can make words!

Said the baby (to the woman): My mother. I am your baby. Hopefully you (the clan) will not give me the name Konush because it is a too common name.

Said the woman (to all present): This is from too much beer. What did the baby (say)?

Said the healer (to all present): I can cut the navel cord (now).

Said the baby (to all present) the facts: Before I became dead, I was a high-ranking soldier.  I had a valuable name and the name was Piter.  And, I want a drink, you monster, but I don't want any milk.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): Piter, don't be a wiggler like a worm.

Said the baby (to all present): I haven't had whiskey in 8 'months'.

Said the grandmother (to the baby): make yourself steadfast.

The next day, someone wrote: The baby has words! It's a holy gift!

==Back to Conlang Relay 12==

Back to [[Conlang Relay 12]]

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Kēlen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Klingon</title>
    <id>1973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6344</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlang Relay 12]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page contains details on the [[Klingon]] portion of [[Conlang Relay 12]].

==Text==

===yIbej! jatlh vay'!===

; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghojmoq : yIyuvtaH, chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; ghojmoq : ghu nach vIleghlaH, chaj. tlhoS Data'pu'. yIyuvqa', chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghojmoq : narghbejpu' nach.
; ghu :     toH. Daqvam vIlegh not 'e' vIQub.
; ghojmoq : ghuy'cha'!
; be'nal :  qaS nuq?
; ghojmoq : yIqImHa'! yIyuvqa', chaj, yIyuvtaH!
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!
; ghu :     jIHvaD Sut yItuQmoH! roD Sut Doj wItuQ.
; be'nal :  jatlhtaH 'Iv?
; ghu :     HI'Ij, SoS. puqloDlI' jIH. pong &quot;qonnor&quot; vIpar. 'Iq pongvam lughajbogh ghot'e'.
; be'nal :  wItojlu'law'. chay' jatlh loDHom?
; ghojmoq : DaH SoS ghu je rarbogh tlhegh'e' vIpe'ta'.
; ghu :     Heghpu'bogh SuvwI' vISov. &quot;petroS&quot; 'oH pongDaj'e'. QaQ pongvam. jIHvaD &quot;petroS&quot; yIpong!
; ghu :     jI'oj, 'ach rolIjDaq jItlhutlhQo'.
; ghojmoq : yIvIHQo', petroS.
; ghu :     Hut wen, 'Iw HIq vItlhutlh.
; loDnal :  Qapla'! yIyoH!

jaj veb, ghItlh ja'wI', jatlh: &quot;boghpu' jatlhlaHbogh ghu! Suto'vo'qor Del.&quot;

==Smooth translation==

===Look! Someone is talking!===

; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Nurse :   Push, dear, push!
; Nurse :   I can see the baby's head, dear. You have nearly accomplished it. Push again, dear, push!
; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Nurse :   The head has definitely appeared.
; Baby :    Well. I never thought I would see this place.
; Nurse :   *@$%!
; Wife :    What's happening?
; Nurse :   Pay no attention! Push again, dear, push!
; Husband : Success! Be brave!
; Baby :    Put clothes on me! I used to wear impressive clothing.
; Wife :    Who's talking?
; Baby :    Listen to me, mother! I'm your son. I dislike the name &quot;Kon'nor&quot;. There are too many people who have that name.
; Wife :    Somebody seems to be tricking us. How does the boy speak?
; Nurse :   I have now successfully cut through the cord which connects the mother and the child.
; Baby :    I know a dead warrior; his name was &quot;Pet'rosh&quot;. That name is good. Call me &quot;Pet'rosh&quot;!
; Baby :    I am thirsty, but I refuse to drink at your torso.
; Nurse :   Don't move, Pet'rosh.
; Baby :    Nine months ago, I drank bloodwine.
; Husband : Success! Be brave!

The next day, a reporter wrote, saying: &quot;A baby that could speak was born! It
described Sto-vo-kor.&quot;

==Lexicon==

===Suffixes=== 

; -'e'  : ''(nsuff)'' topic. Also marks the head noun in relative clauses and in &quot;to be&quot; constructions.
; -Daj  : ''(nsuff)'' his/her/its (3rd singular possessive)
; -Daq  : ''(nsuff)'' locative: in/at/on/by
; -Qo'  : ''(vsuff)'' with imperatives: &quot;don't (verb)&quot;; otherwise: &quot;(subject) refuses to (verb)&quot;
; -bej  : ''(vsuff)'' certainly, undoubtedly
; -bogh : ''(vsuff)'' relative clause marker
; -lI'  : ''(nsuff)'' thy (2nd singular possessive, animate possession)
; -lIj  : ''(nsuff)'' thy (2nd singular possessive, inanimate possession)
; -laH  : ''(vsuff)'' be able to, can
; -law' : ''(vsuff)'' apparently; it seems that ...
; -lu'  : ''(vsuff)'' indefinite subject/pseudo-passive. See grammar sketch.
; -pu'  : ''(vsuff)'' marks perfective aspect
; -qa'  : ''(vsuff)'' &quot;again&quot;. Using this suffix implies that an action had been taking place, then it stopped, and then it began again.
; -ta'  : ''(vsuff)'' marks perfective aspect; implies that the result of the verb was on purpose or that the activity was deliberately undertaken, the implication being that someone set out to do something and in fact did it. (The difference between '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-pu'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' and '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-ta'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' is not necessarily reflected in an English translation.)
; -taH  : ''(vsuff)'' marks continuous aspect; indicates that an action is ongoing.
; -vaD  : ''(nsuff)'' for, for the benefit of, on behalf of; used for indirect objects.
; -vam  : ''(nsuff)'' this (demonstrative; indicates something near or that has been a recent topic of conversation)

===Prefixes===

; Da- : subject = thou, object = him/her/it/them
; HI- : (imperative) subject = thou/you, object = me
; jI- : subject = I, no object
; lu- : subject = they, object = him/her/it
; vI- : subject = I, object = him/her/it/them
; wI- : subject = we, object = him/her/it
; yI- : (imperative) subject = thou/you, object = him/her/it or no object
; (zero) : subject = him/her/it, object = him/her/it/them or no object; subject = they, object = them or no object

===Words===

; be'nal : ''n.'' wife
; bej : ''v.'' watch
; bogh : ''v.'' be born
; chaj : ''n.'' dear (term of affection used between two women who are very close friends)
; chay' : ''adv.'' how?
; DaH : ''adv.'' now
; Daq : ''n.'' location
; Del : ''v.'' describe
; Doj : ''adj.'' impressive
; ghaj : ''v.'' to have, possess
; ghItlh : ''v.'' to write
; ghojmoq : ''n.'' nurse
; ghot : ''n.'' person
; ghu : ''n.'' baby
; ghuy'cha' : ''interj.'' *@$% (used, for example, after hearing something unsettling)
; Hegh : ''v.'' die
; HIq : (see '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'Iw HIq&lt;/nowiki&gt;''')
; Hut : ''num.'' nine
; ja'wI' : ''n.'' reporter
; jaj : ''n.'' day
; jatlh : ''v.'' speak, say
; je : ''conj.'' and (*follows* the terms to be joined)
; jIH : ''pron.'' I; ''v.'' I am
; legh : ''v.'' see
; loDHom : ''n.'' boy
; loDnal : ''n.'' husband
; nach : ''n.'' head
; nargh : ''v.'' escape; appear
; not : ''adv.'' never
; nuq : ''pron.'' what?
; par : ''v.'' dislike
; pe' : ''v.'' cut
; petroS : ''proper n.'' A name, Petrosh
; pong : ''n.'' name; ''v.'' name (DO = name, IO = named thing)
; puqloD : ''n.'' son
; Qapla' : ''interj.'' Success! (also used as a farewell or as encouragement)
; QaQ : ''adj.'' good
; qaS : ''v.'' happen, occur
; qImHa' : ''v.'' disregard, pay no attention (to)
; qonnor : ''proper n.'' A name, Kon'nor
; Qub : ''v.'' think
; rar : ''v.'' connect
; ro : ''n.'' torso, trunk (of the body), chest
; roD : ''adv.'' usually, customarily, habitually
; SoS : ''n.'' mother
; Sov : ''v.'' know
; Sut : ''n.'' clothing
; Suto'vo'qor : ''proper n.'' Sto-vo-kor; Klingon afterlife for the honoured dead, where all true warriors go after they die to fight an eternal battle. The closest Klingon equivalent to heaven.
; SuvwI' : ''n.'' warrior
; ta' : ''v.'' accomplish
; tlhegh : ''n.'' rope, line
; tlhoS : ''adv.'' almost, nearly
; tlhutlh : ''v.'' drink
; toH : ''interj.'' So! Well!
; toj : ''v.'' trick, deceive
; tuQ : ''v.'' wear (clothing)
; tuQmoH : ''v.'' put on (clothing) (DO = clothing; IO = person clothed)
; vay' : ''pron.'' someone, something
; veb : ''adj.'' next, following (in a series or sequence)
; vIH : ''v.'' move, be in motion
; wen : ''n.'' months ago
; yoH : ''v.'' be brave
; yuv : ''v.'' push
; 'Ij : ''v.'' listen (to)
; 'Iq : ''v.'' be too many, be too much
; 'Iv : ''pron.'' who?
; 'Iw HIq : ''n.'' bloodwine (an alcoholic drink typically drunk by warriors)
; 'ach : ''conj.'' but
; 'e' : ''pron.'' that (refers to a preceding sentence which is the object of this verb's sentence; see grammar)
; 'oH : ''pron.'' it; ''v.'' it is
; 'oj : ''v.'' be thirsty

==Grammar sketch==

* Klingon has an OVS sentence structure. Adverbs and temporal/locative/ indirect object phrases come at the very beginning of a clause.
* Verbs have a prefix which indicates subject and object as well as mood (indicative vs imperative). A special case is the null prefix, which indicates a third-person subject and either no object or a third-person object (except for the combination 3pl subject/3sg object, which has the prefix '''lu-'''). For example, '''legh''' ''see'' could mean &quot;he sees her&quot;, &quot;they see&quot;, or &quot;she sees them&quot;, among other things.
* Verbs can take a number of suffixes, which fall into certain classes.  Specifics are not important here, except for the fact that suffixes must occur in a certain order, depending on the class of each suffix; this order may or may not correspond to the &quot;natural&quot; order that the translations would take in English (e.g. '''poSnISmoH''' ''need to open'' from '''poS''' ''be open'' + '''-moH''' ''causative'' + '''-nIS''' ''need'', but with suffix order '''-nISmoH''' not '''-moHnIS''').
* Verbs are optionally marked for aspect (continuous or perfective) but are not marked for tense. An unmarked verb may have a past, present, or future interpretation, which must be determined from context. Even a verb with a perfective suffix need not refer to a past event.
* Relative clauses use the marker -bogh on the verb in the subordinate cluase.  If it is not clear whether the head of the subordinate clause is the subject or the object of that clause, the head may be made explicit by attaching the topic marker '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' to the head.
* Nouns can also takes suffixes, which also come in classes. The ones used in this text should be fairly self-explanatory.
* Two nouns next to one another modify one another in the order modifier-modified, e.g. '''qun paq''' ''history book'' from '''qun''' ''history'' + '''paq''' ''book'', or '''qeylIS betleH''' ''Kahless's bat'leth'', from '''qeylIS''' ''Kahless (proper name)'' + '''betleH''' ''bat'leth (type of weapon)''.
* Pronouns can function like nouns (I, thou, he, etc.) or as verbs (I am, thou art, he is, etc.). A special case is the &quot;to be&quot; sentence for a third-person subject, which consists of object + 3rd person pronoun + subject noun with topic marker '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' (e.g. '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Qel ghaH loDvam'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''this man is/was a doctor'', from '''Qel''' ''doctor'', '''ghaH''' ''he (is)'', '''&lt;nowiki&gt;loDvam'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''this man (top.)''.
* Reported speech always uses the verb '''jatlh''' ''speak, talk, say'', possibly in connection with a different verb of speech such as '''ghItlh''' ''write'' or '''jang''' ''reply''. For example, &quot;He replied, 'I will not kill him'&quot; would be '''jang, jatlh: «vIHoHQo'»''' -- literally: &quot;He replied; he said, 'I will not kill him'&quot;.
* Sentences can take previous sentences as objects; in this case, the previous sentence is replaced with the special pronoun '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. Any adverbials etc.  precede this object, as they do other objects. For example, '''paq DalaDpu' wej 'e' vIHar''' ''I do not yet believe that you have read the book'' ('''paq''' ''book'', '''&lt;nowiki&gt;DalaDpu'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''you have read it (perf.)'', '''wej''' ''not yet'', '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''that (refers back to previous sentence as an object)'', '''vIHar''' ''I believe it''). NB do not confuse the pronoun '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' with the noun suffix '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' (topic marker). (The first always stands alone; the second is always attached to a word.)
* It may be easiest first to identify the main verb in each clause; anything before it is adverbs, temporal/locative/indirect object phrases, or the object of the verb; anything after it is the subject. If the subject or the object is a relative clause, next identify whether the subordinate verb has anything before or after it, indicating the object and/or subject of the subordinate clause. If the second sentence uses the sentence-as-object pronoun '''&lt;nowiki&gt;'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', try to determine where the first sentence ends (e.g. by looking for adverbials etc. which must come at the beginning of a sentence).
* Verbs with '''&lt;nowiki&gt;-lu'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' indicate an unknown or unspecified subject. In such cases, the prefixes take on a different meaning; with subject and object trading places. For example, '''Da-''' (which usually means &quot;you - him/her/it/them&quot;) means &quot;someone/something - you&quot;, e.g. '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Daleghlu'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' ''someone sees you''. Such verbs can sometimes be translated as passives; in the example, &quot;You are seen&quot;.

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Klingon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Zyvlusda</title>
    <id>1974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6351</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T21:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rough translation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are the details of the [[Zyvlusda]] text of [[Conlang Relay 12]], as received by [[User:Pne|Philip Newton]] (so no smooth translation by the author, among other things). [[User:Pne|I]]'ve decided to add a rough translation, though -- the working translation I made for myself.

==Text==

===Gutpodin Guta Vuta: Fulvuta Zyvgezer===

; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Gutsaleb :  Busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Pankesid :  Raralar!
; Gutsaleb :  Gutpodin move, o relpodin. Ukakip kepazu.  Busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Pankesid :  Raralar!!
; Gutsaleb :  Dinep suke serobe.
; Gutpodin :  Vuvufuv, ak anam bina unt ak fule a akgezer.
; Gutsaleb :  Raralar!!!
; Pankesid :  Fifivif?
; Gutsaleb :  Sosozos, busi, o relpodin, busi!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.
; Gutpodin :  Dispodin izekpuvir keni disevi kenmi i ak? Sudira ak teba lasuba kafkenmi a esvatra.
; Pankesid :  Zekpodin vute?
; Gutpodin :  Liliril, o fozfe, ak suke lebgefvu e ul.  Ak anam asograkef lasa makid e &quot;Vymtutie&quot;.  Ilas inam maki ak i ulgibin. Alagas rilisa.
; Pankesid :  Akgibin suke diseve dipba. Lebta azekrakif puve akgibin?
; Gutsaleb :  Akvatra suke kepaze esvatra e unt ak dibo gutboreg.  
; Gutpodin :  Ak sura tinra e makid e Rekio. Ulgibin suke lasube makid. Maki ak &quot;Rekio&quot;.
; Pankesid :  Nenemen!
; Gutpodin :  Ak suke ferdarole, teas ak unam - mumunum - babferu.
; Gutsaleb :  Dozi logtenbei, sosozos, Rekio.
; Gutpodin :  A zobzoa tuske ak fera bufferyb.
; Pankesid :  Nenemen!
; Gutpodin :  Nenemen!
; Lebkesid :  Suku bobaru, o pezdagli.

Kafmonit e dopuze lekmonit a lapugu lekzi mone, &quot;Gutpodin Guta Vuta: Fulvuta Zyvgezer.&quot;

==Rough translation (by Philip)==

===A baby was born talking: it described heaven===

; Husband : It'll be all right, honey.
; Midwife : Push, dear, push!
; Wife : Arghh!
; Midwife : The baby is crowning, dear. It's nearly over. Push, dear, push!
; Husband : It'll be all right, honey.
; Wife : Arghh!!
; Midwife : The head is outside.
; Baby : Wow, I didn't think that I would see this place.
; Midwife : Arghh!!!
; Wife : Huh?
; Midwife : Um, push, dear, push!
; Husband : It'll be all right, honey.
; Baby : Someone should put some clothes on me! All of us had fine robes in the past.
; Wife : Who is talking?
; Baby : Hi, mother, I'm your son. I didn't like the name &quot;Connor&quot;. Please do not name me that. It was too trendy.
; Wife : This is some kind of trick. Male how does this?
; Midwife : Now I am after cutting the umbilical cord.
; Baby : I knew an angel with the name &quot;Peter&quot;. That's a good name. Name me &quot;Peter&quot;.
; Wife : Aaaaaah!
; Baby : I am thirsty, but I will not - no, no, no - drink at the breast.
; Midwife : Stay still, um, Peter.
; Baby : Nine months ago I drank wine.
; Wife : Aaaaaah!
; Baby : Aaaaaah!
; Husband : It'll be all right, honey.

The headline of an important newspaper the next day writes, &quot;A baby was born talking: it described heaven.&quot;

==Grammatical Sketch==

; CVCV : verb
; VCVC : verb modifier
; CVCVC, CVCCV : noun
; CVCVCV : adjective (noun/pronoun modifier)
; VCVCVC : adjective modifier
; CVCVCVC : interjection
; CVCVV, CVCCVCVV : name
; VC : pronoun 
; CVVC : conjunction
; VCC : particle
; V : case marker

Most words can take CVC- prefixes (typically truncations of CVCVC roots).


===Verbal suffixes===
; -a, : past tense
; -e, : present tense
; -i, : imperative mood
; -o, : infinitive
; -u, : future tense

Adjectives take tense markers.


===Word Order===

SVO, with agentive and patientive cases indicated solely by word order (AVP)

Modifiers precede the words they modify.

===Case Prepositions===
; a : ''prep.'', locative, temporal
; e : ''prep.'', of, with
; o : ''prep.'', vocative
; i : ''prep.'', indirect object


==Lexicon==

; ak : first-person pronoun
; akgezer : [&lt; ak+gezer.] this place, here
; akgibin : [&lt; ak+gibin.] this one
; akvatra : [&lt; ak+vatra.] this time, now
; azekrakef : [&lt; zeket+rakef.] how (present tense)
; babab : breast, mammary gland
; bined : thought
; bobar : acceptableness
; boreg : rope, cord
; bufferyb : [&lt; bufla+feryb.] wine
; bufla : grape
; bus : to push
; dagli : liquid
; darol : requirement
; dib : cut
; dinep : head
; dipba : trick
; disev : something
; dispodin : [&lt; disev+podin.] someone
; dopuz : importance
; doz : remain, stay
; es : fifth-person pronoun
; esvatra : [&lt; es+vatra.] past
; ferdarol : [&lt; feryb+darol.] thirsty
; feryb : a drink
; fifivif : huh?
; fozfe : mother
; fulel : sight
; fulvuter : [&lt; fulel+vuter.] description
; gefvu : offspring
; gezer : place
; gibin : thing, object
; gutboreg : [&lt; gutus+boreg.] umbilical cord
; gutpodin : [&lt; gutus+podin.] baby
; gutsaleb : [&lt; gutus+saleb.] midwife
; gutus : birth
; if : third-person pronoun
; kafkenmi : [&lt; kafmi+kenmi.] robe
; kafmi : top, superior position
; kafmonit : [&lt; kafmi+monit.] headline
; kakip : near completeness
; kenmi : garment
; kepaz : completion, finishedness, definiteness
; kesid : spouse
; lagas : excessiveness
; lapug : next
; lasub : goodness, favorableness
; lebkesid : [&lt; lebta+kesid.] husband
; lebta : male
; lekmonit : [&lt; lekzi+monit.] newspaper
; lekzi : day
; liliril : hi, hello
; logak : motion
; logtenbe : [&lt; logak+tenbe.] stillness, motionlessness
; lusda : language
; makid : name
; monit : writing, document
; mov : to crown, to reach the stage of labor where the fetal scalp is first visible
; mumunum : no, no, no!
; namuz : negation
; nenemen : aaaaaah!
; ol : fourth-person pronoun
; pankesid : [&lt; panun+kesid.] wife
; panun : female
; pezdagli : [&lt; pezez+dagli.] honey
; pezez : bee
; podin : person
; puvir : to do
; rakef : manner
; raralar : arghh!
; rekna : stone, rock
; relgi : affectionate
; relpodin : [&lt; relgi+podin.] dear
; rilis : fashionableness, trendiness
; saleb : professional
; serob : outside
; sogna : any
; sosozos : um
; sudir : total
; suk : to be
; surbi : knowledge
; teas : but
; teblu : possession
; tenbe : absence
; tinra : angel
; tuske : month
; tutol : lover
; ul : second-person pronoun
; ulgibin : [&lt; ul+gibin.] that one
; unt : particle encapsulating a clause as an argument of a verb
; vatra : time
; vuter : to talk
; vuvufuv : wow
; vymil : dog, canine
; Vymtutie : [&lt; vymil+tutol.] Connor
; zeket : interrogative relation pronoun
; zekpodin : [&lt; zeket+podin.] who
; zekpuvir : [&lt; zeket+puvir.] would
; zibga : spirit, soul, breath
; zobzo : nine
; zyvan : inspiration
; zyvgezer : [&lt; zyvan+gezer.] heaven
; Zyvlusda : [&lt; zyvan+lusda.] Zyvlusda, the Inspired Language

[[Category:Conlang Relay 12|Zyvlusda]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relay 12: Da Mätz Se Basa -- Full Information</title>
    <id>1975</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6327</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 12: Da Mätz Se Basa -- Full Information moved to Conlang Relay 12/Da Mätz Se Basa: Uniform format - make all detail pages be subpages of the relay page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Conlang Relay 12/Da Mätz Se Basa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relay 12: Minza -- Full Information</title>
    <id>1976</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6329</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 12: Minza -- Full Information moved to Conlang Relay 12/Minza: Uniform format - make all detail pages be subpages of the relay page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Conlang Relay 12/Minza]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relay 12: Kēlen -- Full Information</title>
    <id>1977</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6331</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 12: Kēlen -- Full Information moved to Conlang Relay 12/Kēlen: Uniform format - make all detail pages be subpages of the relay page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Conlang Relay 12/Kēlen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relay 12: Toma Heylm -- Full Information</title>
    <id>1978</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6333</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 12: Toma Heylm -- Full Information moved to Conlang Relay 12/Toma Heylm: Uniform format - make all detail pages be subpages of the relay page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Conlang Relay 12/Toma Heylm]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relay 12: Calénnawn -- Full Information</title>
    <id>1979</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6335</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T20:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 12: Calénnawn -- Full Information moved to Conlang Relay 12/Calénnawn: Uniform format - make all detail pages be subpages of the relay page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Conlang Relay 12/Calénnawn]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlang Relay 12</title>
    <id>1980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16151</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:15:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category relates to [[Conlang Relay 12]], started by Jeffrey Henning.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ababcock</title>
    <id>1981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6357</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-12T23:37:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ababcock</username>
        <id>91</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, this is Amanda Babcock Furrow, conlangs at http://www.quandary.org/~langs/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Darynese</title>
    <id>1982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6363</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-13T04:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Darynese=

Smooth translation is currently missing.

==Smooth Darynese==
 Dorunyaera! Nyaram, ilaetraenyaera!
 
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Saerai: Saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Saerai: Yaetai! Emilonaime mati dorusetas raikae. Yaemi deles se daibe!
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Emilo: A! Teoro dorunyaetas raokae!
 Saerai: rarurileyiza!
 Mizaebaiai: Latrimaelnaor?
 Saerai: Pasaeranyaepara! Aesem saenyanyaera! Yaetai! saenyanyaera!
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!
 Emilo: Raokae taekonyaera! Yaope tazembo ranneos teonzanyae raokae.
 Mizaebaiai: Taeyinnaor ilaetraese?
 Emilo: Eyilai. Raokaekul laemtraenyaera. Daibenaimao ineyilao zaitrinyae
 raokae. 'Konor' tusreonyaepa raokae. Taenae menyae yaemi.
 Mizaebaiai: Nanenaor? Ilaetraese emilo!
 Saerai: Emilseyai sem datae raikae.
 Emilo: Nenkenaimeo naer leobysunyae raokae. Yilae aon leobysunyae raokae.
 'Petros' zaitrinyae raokaenaimae aon.
 Emilo: Aotaelao menyae raokae. Subenyai, ilaoba zelnelonyaepa raokae.
 Saerai: Petros! Ebenyaepara!
 Emilo: Ner trais binyin keoru, saisinsu zelnelonyae raokae.
 Mizaebaiao: Marinyaera!

 Ereo mokeorul donyose donyoao -- 'Ilaetraerilo emilo! Taomaenaime kaodi!'

==Glossary==
 A - exclamation, like 'well' or 'so' in English
 aesem - again
 ai - to do
 aon - name
 aotael - thirsty
 binyin - one half
 daibe - you (adult feminine)
 datae - to cut, to slice
 deles - almost, nearly
 donyo - write
 donyoao - writer (adult masculine)
 doru - see, watch
 ebe - fidget, squrim
 emilo - baby (juvenile masculine)
 emilseyai - umbilical cord
 er - next
 eyilai - mother
 ilaetrae - speak, talk
 ilaoba - milk
 ineyilao - son (adult masculine)
 kaodi - gift
 keoru - unit of time, about 44 days
 laemtrae - listen
 latrimael - (any abstract idea)
 leobysu - exist, have, possess
 mari - to perservere
 mati - head
 me -- describe, be [used to connect an adjective to a noun]
 mizaebaiai - wife
 mizaebaiao - husband
 mokeorul - day
 naer - death
 nane - malicious lie or trick
 nenke - military leader, general
 ner - previous
 nyaram - and (used to join clauses/sentences)
 pasaera - to darken in mood (lit. to become ill)
 raikae - I (adult feminine)
 raneos -- much, a lot, often
 raokae - I (adult masculine)
 rarurileyiza -  damn it [lit. scorched soil. Impolite]
 saenya - push
 saerai - literally priest, but used to indicate members of hte medical
 professions as well.
 saisinsu - a Darynese drink made form a mix of fermented fruit juices and
 teas. Highly intoxicating to pretty much all known species of intelligent
 life.
 se - (irregular) positive polite form of 'ai'
 sem - now
 subenyai - however, but
 taeko - to dress
 taen - common, popular
 taeyin -- (neuter) person
 taomae - most prominent god in the major Darynese religion.
 tazembo - clothing
 teo - place
 teonza - to wear
 trais - five
 tusreo -- wish, want, desire
 yaemi - it (concept, idea or anything abstract)
 yaetai - ma'am
 yaop - rich, expensive
 yil - good
 zaitri - be (used to connect nouns A=B)
 zelnelo - drink
 
 -ae - concept/idea
 -ao - adult masculine
 -e - thing/object
 -eo - place/time/event
 -kul - indirect object
 -naim - indicates possessive
 -nyaepa - authoritative negative tense
 -nyaepara - negative imperative
 -nyaera - imperative tense
 -nyaetas - authoritative positive-uncertain tense
 -naor - query pronoun
 -o - juvenille masculine
 -ril - forms particle or adjective from verb
 -ro - this (demonstrative pronoun -- used for something close to the speaker)
 -se - polite positive tense
 -setas - polite positive-uncertain tense

==Grammar== 
 The overall syntax of Darynse is OVS. The verbs are conjugated based on
 politeness level and evidentiality. There are four levels of politeness in
 Darynse. 'Casual' is used for two equals in an informal setting. It is
 usually only used among family or close friends. 'Polite' is the standard
 tense for two equals. 'Authoritative' is used when the speaker is in
 charge of the listener -- most often with teachers, bosses, and adult
 relatives speaking to students/employees/children. Using it all the time
 makes you look rather egotistical.
 
 As for the evidentiality, Darynese verbs can be conjugated based on
 whether they are positive (the speaker knows this to be true), negative
 (the speaker knows this to be false) or positive or negative hearsay (the
 speaker
 is uncertain of the truth of the statement, but thinks it is either true
 or false).
 
 The Darynese verb ai (to do) is irregular.
 
 Adding /-ra/ to the end of the verb changes the meaning. For an
 authoritative verb, it turns the sentence into a command. The suffix -ril
 is used to turn a verb into a participle.
 
 Adjectives and adverbs proceed the word they modify, and change ending to
 match th gender of the noun. Darynese has ten genders. The ones used in
 the above paragraph are listed in the suffix part of the glossary. Adverbs
 are left in the root forms. Note that these rules are also used on
 participles.
 An indirect object is indicated by the suffix /-kul/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kharos S'fik</title>
    <id>1983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8938</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-10T21:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== About ==
Traditional Kharos S'fik was created 1/2006 by Pascal A. Kramm. It is the predecessor of  Modern [[Charos S'fik]].

It is used in [http://www.conlang.info/relay/relay13.html Conlang Relay 13].

As the Relay is over now, look below for the Relay text.

== Culture ==
The speakers of Kharos S'fik, the Hoka, are living majorly on Hokkaido (Japan's northern-most island), but a good amount of them also live on Honshû (the Japanese main island), and there mostly in the Kantô region. A small amount is still living on the Russian island Sakhalin north of Hokkaido.&lt;br&gt;
Their name stems back from the late 16th century, when they first made contact with westerners (most likely Portuguese) who named them &quot;Hocaidoes&quot;. They eventually adapted the name for themselves, but shortened it to &quot;Hoka&quot;.

== Origin ==
When analyzing their language, and also judging from their original Phoenician-derived script, it seems most likely that the Hoka were originally tribes coming from today's Germany and Scandinavia, as you can still find Germanic-sounding words in their vocabulary. From their original habitat, they moved more and more eastwards, crossing all of Russia on the way (which had quite an impact on their language), always looking for a good place to stay. They eventually set over to Sakhalin, and from there to Hokkaido, where they finally started settling down, while some moved on to Honshû and settled mostly in the Kantô region. Their language became strongly influenced by Japanese over time.&lt;br&gt;
With the Modernisation, triggered by the Meiji Restauration of 1868, the language evolved into Modern [[Charos S'fik]].

== Grammar ==
Sentences have '''SOV''' order. All words consist of '''sound units''' which are usually made up of '''CV''' (consonant-vowel) pairs, though vowel-only or consonant-only units are also possible.&lt;br&gt;
Final consonants are tacked onto the preceding unit. Every unit takes the same time to pronounce.&lt;br&gt;
The stress lies on the first consonant-only unit or otherwise on the last unit.

== Script ==
Traditional Kharos S'fik has three scripts, two of which are still used today.&lt;br&gt;
The transcriptions into the roman script for all three scripts were devised by a German merchant around the 1870s to faciliate trade, after Japan had ended its period of isolation with the Meiji Revolution in 1868 and opened itself to trade with foreigners again.

===Fenix script===
[[image:Fenix-script.png|left|thumb|150px|Fenix Script]] The Fenix script is the original and oldest script. Like many other scripts (including our roman script), it probably developed from the phoenician script.&lt;br&gt;
Its use today is limited to formal occassions, for headlines, or to express special emphasis (where the roman script would use bold or italic text).
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

===Khaful script===
[[image:Khaful-scipt.png|left|thumb|150px|Khaful Script]] The Khaful script appeared some time after the Fenix script. It uses the same vowels and vowel marks, but completely different chars for all consonants.&lt;br&gt;
It was apparently only used for a short time period alongside with the Fenix script and disappeared again soon.&lt;br&gt;
It is not used at all anymore today.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

===Tifet HW script===
[[image:Tifet-script.png|left|thumb|150px|Tifet HW Script]] When Buddhist scriptures arrived, people were very fond of the Tibetan handwriting the scriptures were composed in. Compared to the Fenix script, it seemed much more practical as letters were connected, and thus it could be written more fluently.&lt;br&gt;
Aesthetical considerations probably further helped it to eventually replace the Fenix script as the everyday purpose script.&lt;br&gt;
Today, this is still the main script used for most occassions in which Traditional Kharos S'fik is used, with few exceptions where the Fenix script is still used.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

== Phonology ==
This table presents the alphabet (khakra) in its proper order.
{|border=1
! Sound ||  Ipa  || Initial || Medial || Final || Unit by itself
|-
| a || a,ʌ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ä || æ || O || O || O || O
|-
| i || i,ɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| u || u,ʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| au || aʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| e || e,ɛ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ei || aɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| o || o,ɔ || O || O || O || O
|-
| eu || oɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| k || k || - || O || O || -
|-
| kh || ç || O || -/- || -/- || -/-
|-
| kh || x || -/- || O || O || -
|-
| kr || kʁ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ch || ç || O || O || O || O
|-
| cj || ʝ || O || O || - || -
|-
| nj || ɲ || O || O || - || -
|-
| t || t || O || O || O || -
|-
| d || d || O || O || - || -
|-
| n || n || O || O || O || -
|-
| p || p || - || O || O || -
|-
| f || f || O || O || O || O
|-
| w || v || O || O || - || -
|-
| m || m || O || O || O || -
|-
| ts || ts || O || O || O || -
|-
| j || j || O || O || - || -
|-
| r || ʁ || O || O || - || -
|-
| l || l || O || O || O || -
|-
| (q) || kw || O || O || - || -
|-
| x || ks || O || O || O || -
|-
| sh || ʃ || O || O || O || O
|-
| s || s || O || O || O || O
|-
| h || h || O || O || - || -
|}
* kr is regarded as a single consonant
* Modern Tifet uses 'ku' instead of 'q'


== Human Rights ==
[[image:Fenix-hr1.png|left|thumb|150px|Human Rights (Art. 1) in Fenix HW script]][[image:Khaful-hr1.png|left|thumb|150px|Human Rights (Art. 1) in Khaful script]][[image:Tifet-hr1.png|left|thumb|150px|Human Rights (Art. 1) in Tifet HW script]] F'seuwash Dekrarats af Uman F'rawi, Atikhal 1.
S'fet uman f'ri ta kha tanakh okh ch'tosh ikren okh f'rawi ha. Etin rikhuts okh krefis kha aus'tat okh s'jäl khom f'rat s'kal letsit.

'''Original text:'''&lt;br&gt;
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1.&lt;br&gt;
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;


== Babel text ==
'''Note:'''
* An apostrophe (') after a consonant signifies that the consonant has to be pronounced long (consonant-only unit).
* The midpoint (·) is used in order to indicate unit boundaries. Treat it like a glottal stop.

'''Bereshit''' (Book of Genesis) ''Chapter 11, 1-9''
* '''1''' Tep khanats mira en s'parakh sam khotop de ta ha.
* '''2''' Osot e in futesh ch'mas, umanen Shinara ni falakh ta tarof okh dä nifik ta ch'mas.
* '''3''' Etin s'jäl ni ta tal: &quot;Jo f'rokhot! Fokin tikhel jo ch'mas okh taxan etin jo s'cjikrat!&quot; Etin tikhel f'samen ishi okh tajäl f'samen morat ta nits.
* '''4''' Tokrat etin ta tal: &quot;Jo f'rokhot! S'tat toran de newo e fokin fa jo s'dani, s'da fokin khanats jorat s'fa nei s'ka kha s'farak.&quot;
* '''5''' Awa HaShem ch'ta ta f'rokhot fa s'tat okh toran fidet som ch'toen in ta s'dani.
* '''6''' HaShem ta tal: &quot;Fal khom en ch'toen de en s'parakh etin khon tata fechin ch'mas, nada etin khikak ch'mas nei wo·s'mos etin fa s'ka ilu.
* '''7''' Jo f'rokhot! Fokin ch'ta jo iti okh s'parakh af etin jo s'mu·s'jen, s'da etin s'jäl nei s'ka f'seh.&quot;
* '''8''' S' HaShem etin khanats jorat s'fa ta s'farak, okh etin s'tat ta f'rek s'dani.
* '''9''' Dakha s'tat Fafel ta kha nam, khara HaShem dä s'parakh af khanats mira s'mu·s'jen; dä khal, HaShem etin khanats jorat s'fa ta s'farak.


'''Literal:''' (word-by-word)
* '''1''' now whole world one language same word with *past* have.
* '''2''' east towards *continuous* travel make, human-*plural* Shinar in flat *past* find and there settlement *past* make.
* '''3''' they self to *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! We brick *cohortive* make and much they *cohortive* burn!&quot; they brick instead-of stone and tar instead-of mortar *past* use.
* '''4''' then they *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! city tower with sky towards we for *cohortive* build, so-that we over whole earth not *future* *passive* scatter.&quot;
* '''5''' but HaShem down *past* come for city and tower see that man-*plural* *continuous* *past* build.
* '''6''' HaShem *past* say: &quot;if as one people with one language they this *perfect* begin do, nothing they plan do not-possible they for *future* be.
* '''7''' *cohortive* come! we down *cohortive* go and language of they *cohortive* confuse, so-that they self not *future* understand.&quot;
* '''8''' so HaShem they whole world over *past* scatter, and they city *past* stop build.
* '''9''' therefore city Babel *past* passive* name, because HaShem there language of whole world confuse; there from, HaShem they whole earth over *past* scatter.


'''Translation:'''
* '''1''' Now the whole world had one language with the same words.
* '''2''' Journeying eastwards, men found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
* '''3''' They said to one another: &quot;Come! Let's make brick and burn it thorougly!&quot; They used bricks instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.
* '''4''' Then they said: &quot;Come! Let's build a city for us with a tower up to the sky, to make a name for us, so that we are not scattered over the whole earth.&quot;
* '''5''' But HaShem came down to see the city and the tower men were building.
* '''6''' HaShem said: &quot;If as one people with one language they have begun doing this, nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
* '''7''' Come! Let's go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand each other.&quot;
* '''8''' So HaShem scattered them over the whole earth, and they stopped building the city.
* '''9''' Therefore the city was named Babel, because there HaShem confused the language of the whole world; from there HaShem scattered them over the whole earth.


== Relay 13 ==
''Shol'en khonta waluk khimosh af moros tokh''

En asa af des daf mesats khonta af kha'af f'rek u tsena dekia fidet.

Dä metsot khala doh khako e niwa foa ilu okh futol kras'ni otokh neko s'kulat af han u ilu. Tia khorosh hehko dekia medan metsot et ch'ta farof s'tarakh. Medan khon han al tamea fanik ha khara han s'koro kha'af s'ka f'rokhot shil. Dä neko cjama ch'mas. En tokh han ashi s'poa u krasat awa dä tarop kholot khasat okh s' han s'jäl r'kasak af khako metsot u hik. Näa han feqem tata ch'mas, kha'af f'rokhot.

S'lut cjoran af neko fis intares ta ilu.


'''Translation:'''&lt;br&gt;
''Steps against bad feelings of the frost time''

One morning of the twelfth month on the other side of the bus stop, (this) scene can be seen.

There, a boy clearly on the way to the school is in front of a garden and a fat red male cate is on his shoulder. The animal can balance (itself) well while the boy tries to shake it down. During this he has more and more panic because he knows that the bus will come soon. There the cat creates disturbance. One time he puts a paw on the fence, but it seems (to be) too cold, so it pulls itself back on the school boy's backpack. As it has made (itself) comfortable, the bus comes.

Finally, the cat's day was surely interesting.


== Lexicon ==
&lt;code&gt;
{|
! Kharos S'fik || Ipa || English
|-
! A
|-
| af || [ʌf] || of
|-
| af'to || [af'to] || car
|-
| atikhal || [atixʌl] || article
|-
| al tamea || [ʌl tameʌ] || more and more
|-
| asa || [asʌ] || morning
|-
| ashi || [aʃɪ] || paw
|-
| au·s'tat || [aʊ'sːtat] || equip; equipment
|-
| awa || [avʌ] || but
|-
! CH
|-
| chak || [çʌk] || hundred
|-
| ches || [çɛs] || six
|-
| ch'mas || [çːmas] || to make, to do
|-
| ch'ta || [çːta] || down, downwards
|-
| ch'to || [çːto] || man, person
|-
| ch'tosh || [çːtoʃ] || same
|-
! CJ
|-
| cjama || [ʝamʌ] || disturbance
|-
| cjoran || [ʝoʁʌn] || day
|-
! D
|-
| dä || [dæ] || there
|-
| daf || [dʌf] || two
|-
| dakha || [daxʌ] || therefore
|-
| de || [de] || with
|-
| dekia || [dekiʌ] || can; ability, skill
|-
| dekrarats || [dekʁaʁʌts] || declaration
|-
| des || [dɛs] || ten
|-
| doh || [doː] || way, street, path
|-
! E
|-
| e || [e] || to, towards
|-
| -en || [ɛn] || plural suffix (infrequently used)
|-
| en || [ɛn] || one
|-
| et || [ɛt] || it
|-
| etin || [ɛt'in] || they (mixed gender)
|-
! F
|-
| fa || [fa] || for
|-
| fal || [fʌl] || if
|-
| falakh || [falʌx] || flat; a plain
|-
| fanik || [fanɪk] || panic
|-
| farof || [faʁɔf] || try
|-
| fea || [feʌ] || four
|-
| fechin || [feçɪn] || begin; beginning
|-
| feqem || [fekwɛm] || comfort; comfortable
|-
| fidet || [fidɛt] || see; view, sight (what is visible)
|-
| fif || [fɪf] || five
|-
| fis || [fɪs] || sure, surely
|-
| foa || [foʌ] || in front of; before
|-
| fok || [fɔk] || I
|-
| fokin || [fokɪn] || we
|-
| f'rat || [fːʁat] || brother
|-
| f'rawi || [fːʁavi] || right (as in &quot;human rights&quot;)
|-
| f'ri || [fːʁi] || free; freedom
|-
| f'rek || [fːʁek] || stop
|-
| f'rokhot || [fːʁoxot] || come
|-
| f'samen || [fːsamen] || instead (of)
|-
| f'seh || [fːseː] || understand; understanding
|-
| f'seuwash || [fːsoɪvaʃ] || universal
|-
| futesh || [futeʃ] || journey
|-
| futol || [futɔl] || fat
|-
! H
|-
| ha || [hʌ] || have (possession of material+immaterial things)
|-
| hakh || [hʌx] || eight
|-
| han || [hʌn] || he (also used for animals)
|-
| hehko || [heːkɔ] || balance
|-
| hik || [hɪk] || pull
|-
! I
|-
| ikren || [ikʁɛn] || dignity
|-
| ilu || [ilʊ] || to be; being
|-
| in || [ɪn] || continuous action particle
|-
| intares || [intaʁɛs] || interesting
|-
| ishi || [iʃɪ] || stone
|-
| iti || [itɪ] || go
|-
! J
|-
| jo || [jo] || cohortive particle
|-
| jorat || [joʁʌt] || earth
|-
! KH
|-
| kha || [ça] || passive particle
|-
| khako || [çakɔ] || school
|-
| khakra || [çakʁʌ] || alphabet (derived from the first two consonants)
|-
| khal || [çʌl] || from
|-
| khala || [çalʌ] || clear; clearly
|-
| khanats || [çanʌts] || whole
|-
| khara || [çaʁʌ] || because (of)
|-
| kharos || [çaʁɔs] || great; big
|-
| khasat || [çasʌt] || seem, look like
|-
| khikak || [çikʌk] || plan
|-
| khimosh || [çimɔʃ] || feeling
|-
| khiu || [çiʊ] || nine
|-
| kholot || [çolɔt] || cold; coldness
|-
| khom || [çɔm] || as
|-
| khomput || [çompʊt] || computer; compute, calculate
|-
| khon || [çɔn] || this
|-
| khonta || [çontʌ] || against; ~ af: other side of
|-
| khorosh || [çoʁɔʃ] || good; well
|-
| khotop || [çotɔp] || word
|-
! KR
|-
| krasat || [kʁasʌt] || put, place
|-
| kras'ni || [kʁasːni] || red
|-
| krefis || [kʁefɪs] || conscience
|-
! L
|-
| letsit || [letsɪt] || treat
|-
! M
|-
| medan || [medʌn] || while; during
|-
| mesats || [mesʌts] || month
|-
| mets || [mɛts] || half
|-
| metsot || [metsɔt] || boy (contracted from &quot;mets otokh&quot;)
|-
| mira || [miʁʌ] || world
|-
| morat || [moʁʌt] || mortar
|-
| moros || [morɔs] || frost
|-
! N
|-
| näa || [næʌ] || when, as
|-
| nada || [nadʌ] || nothing
|-
| nam || [nam] || name
|-
| neko || [nekɔ] || cat (gender neutral)
|-
| newo || [nevɔ] || sky
|-
| nei || [naɪ] || not
|-
| ni || [ni] || in
|-
| nifik || [nifɪk] || settlement
|-
| nits || [nɪts] || use
|-
| niwa || [nivʌ] || garden
|-
! O
|-
| okh || [ɔx] || and
|-
| osot || [osɔt] || east
|-
| otokh || [otɔx] || man; male
|-
! R
|-
| rikhuts || [ʁixʊts] || reason (as in &quot;reasonable&quot;)
|-
| r'kasak || [ʁːkasak] || backpack
|-
! S
|-
| sam || [sʌm] || same
|-
| s'cjikrat || [sːʝikʁat] || burn; fire
|-
| s'da || [sːda] || so that
|-
| s'dani || [sːdani] || build; building
|-
| sem || [sɛm] || seven
|-
| s'fa || [sːfa] || over
|-
| s'farak || [sːfaʁak] || spread, scatter
|-
| s'fet || [sːfet] || all
|-
| s'fik || [sːfik] || development; reserach; processing (phot.)
|-
| shil || [ʃɪl] || know; knowledge
|-
| shol || [ʃɔl] || measure, step
|-
| s'jäl || [sːjæl] || self, oneself, one another
|-
| s'ka || [sːka] || future particle
|-
| s'kal || [sːkal] || should, ought to
|-
| s'koro || [sːkoʁo] || soon
|-
| s'kulat || [sːkulat] || shoulder
|-
| s'lut || [sːlut] || final, finally
|-
| s'mu·s'jen || [sːmu'sːjen] || confuse; confusion
|-
| som || [sɔm] || that, that which
|-
| s'parakh || [sːpaʁax] || language
|-
| s'poa || [sːpoa] || fence
|-
| s'tarakh || [sːtaʁax] || shake
|-
| s'tat || [sːtat] || city, town
|-
! T
|-
| ta || [ta] || past particle
|-
| tajäl || [tajæl] || tar
|-
| tal || [tʌl] || say
|-
| tanakh || [tanʌx] || birth; (creation)
|-
| tari || [taʁɪ] || three
|-
| tarof || [taʁɔf] || find
|-
| tarop || [taʁɔp] || too much, too ...
|-
| tata || [tatʌ] || perferct particle
|-
| taxan || [taksʌn] || much, many, a lot
|-
| tep || [tɛp] || now
|-
| tia || [tiʌ] || animal
|-
| tikhel || [tixɛl] || brick
|-
| tokh || [tɔx] || time
|-
| tokrat || [tokʁʌt] || then
|-
| tsena || [tsenʌ] || scene
|-
! U
|-
| u || [u] || on
|-
| uman || [umʌn] || man, human
|-
! W
|-
| waluk || [valʊk] || evil; bad
|-
| wo·s'mos || [vo'sːmos] || possible
|}&lt;/code&gt;


== Numbers ==
  1 en
  2 daf
  3 tari
  4 fea
  5 fif
  6 ches
  7 sem
  8 hach
  9 khiu
 10 des
 11 des en
 12 des dua
 13 des tari
 14 des fea
 ...
 20 dua des
 30 tari des
 42 fea des dua
 ...
 99 kiu des kiu

 100 chak
 1,000 sen
 10,000 des sen
 100,000 chak sen

 1,000,000 mijon
 10,000,000 des mijon
 100,000,000 chak mijon

As they originally didn't have separate numbers for 8 and 9, they adopted those from Japanese into their language.&lt;br&gt;
Same goes for the words for 100, 1,000 and 10,000.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kharos Sfik</title>
    <id>1984</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6383</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-14T17:55:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IJzeren Jan</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kharos S'fik]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kerno</title>
    <id>1985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29125</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T19:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;blue&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Kerno
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
| Dûnein, [http://www.ib.frath.net/w/Kemr Kemr], Cornouaille, [http://www.ib.frath.net/w/France France], [http://www.ib.frath.net/w/NAL-SLC NAL], [http://www.ib.frath.net/w/Australasia Australasia]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Region:
| Southern Kemr
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| several millions worldwide
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Italic languages|Italic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Romance languages|Romance]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Western Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Britanno-Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Kerno'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;purple&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Discoverer:
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Elemtilas|Padraic Brown]] | [[User Talk:Elemtilas|Elemtilas]] 
|}

== Introduction ==
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kerno is one of several Western Britanno-Romance languages that exist in [http://www.bethisad.com Ill Bethisad]. Kerno was born of the proliferation of Vulgar Latin and British Romance in the aftermath of the evacuation of Roman troops during the 5th century. Three principal dialect centres coalesced: the &lt;i&gt;Eastern&lt;/i&gt; at Londinium, the &lt;i&gt;Northern&lt;/i&gt; at Castra Legionis (Castreleon) and the &lt;i&gt;Western&lt;/i&gt; at Esca Dumnonum (Ysca). Between 700 and 1350 AD, Kerno flourished as a literary language, and much prose, poetry and scholarly material was produced. The Arthurian legendarium was also expressed in Kerno. After the late XIV century, [http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig] became ascendant and by turns became the official language of government, business and society in general. Between 1425 and 1875 practically nothing of note was written in Kerno; but the last quarter of the XIX century saw a cultural renaissance in Kemr. It was this movement that spurned the resurgence of Kerno as a literary language and paved the way for the dismantling of the Brithenig only policies that had become enshrined in law and tradition. In the first decade of the XXJ century, one finds that Kerno is moribund in its own homeland. Much blame has been placed on the Language Boards who were charged with choosing a standard form of the language and devising a standard orthography. They failed in their challenge, leaving the province's schools a shambles and causing about 75% of the population to become L1 Paesan (Brithenig) speakers. The language is flourishing in all the lands it has colonised.

&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kerno's immediate relatives include [[Brehonecq]] (the form spoken in France) and Duro, spoken in the southeastern quarter of Dûnein. Near kin include [[Paesan]] (a dialect of Brithenig) and [http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig] itself.

&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Dûnein is a rather cosmopolitan province, and especially its capital city, Ysca. Other languages spoken in the province are Castilian, Francien, Angli, Cantonese and Gaulhosc. Kerno is planned for use in Relay 13.

== Phonology ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;full&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;green&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;|Sounds
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Consonants&lt;br&gt;
b, as in ball: /b/&lt;br&gt;
bh, as in veil: /v/&lt;br&gt;
c, before e or i as in cell or church: /s/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/&lt;br&gt;
c, before a, o or u as in call: /k/&lt;br&gt;
ch, as in loch: /x/&lt;br&gt;
ci, as in ship: /ʃ/&lt;br&gt;
ck, as in clock: /k/&lt;br&gt;
coeu and cou, as in quick: /kw/&lt;br&gt;
d, as in day: /d/&lt;br&gt;
dd and dh, as in them: /D/&lt;br&gt;
f, as in fish: /f/&lt;br&gt;
g, as in go: /g/&lt;br&gt;
geo, as in lozenge: /ʒ/&lt;br&gt;
gh, like ch but voiced: /ɣ/&lt;br&gt;
goeu and gou, as in Gwent: /gw/&lt;br&gt;
h, like high: /h/&lt;br&gt;
j, as in jump: /dʒ/&lt;br&gt;
jeo, as in azure: /ʒ/&lt;br&gt;
k, as in call: /k/&lt;br&gt;
kh, as in loch: /x/&lt;br&gt;
l, as in look: /l/&lt;br&gt;
ll, often as in look: /l/; sometimes h and l together: /hl/&lt;br&gt;
m, as in milk: /m/&lt;br&gt;
mh, as in veil: /v/&lt;br&gt;
n and nh, as in new: /n/&lt;br&gt;
p, as in pick: /p/&lt;br&gt;
ph, as in flip: /f/&lt;br&gt;
r, can be rolled or back in the throat: /r/, /ʁ/&lt;br&gt;
rh, like h and r together: /hr/&lt;br&gt;
s, as in sit: /s/&lt;br&gt;
si, as in ship: /ʃ/&lt;br&gt;
t, as in tell: /t/&lt;br&gt;
th and ti, as in thorn: /θ/&lt;br&gt;
v, as in van or wall: /v/, /w/&lt;br&gt;
w, as in wall: /w/&lt;br&gt;
x, as in loch, shape or rex: /x/, /ʃ/, /ks/&lt;br&gt;
y, as in yet: /j/&lt;br&gt;
z, as in zing or breathe: /z/, /ð/&lt;br&gt;
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Vowels&lt;br&gt;
a, as in father or cut: /a/, /ə/&lt;br&gt;
e, as in pay or pen: /e/, /ɛ/&lt;br&gt;
i, as in sleep or kin: /i/, /ɪ/&lt;br&gt;
o, as in broken or pot: /o/, /ɔ/&lt;br&gt;
u, as in food or mud: /u/, /ʌ/&lt;br&gt;
y, as in sleep: /i/&lt;br&gt;
ao, as in coo: /u/&lt;br&gt;
ay, as in eye: /aɪ/&lt;br&gt;
aw, as in cow: /aw/&lt;br&gt;
ea, “eh” followed by “uh”: /eʌ/&lt;br&gt;
ei, as in say: /eɪ/&lt;br&gt;
eo, “eh” followed by “eu”: /eø/&lt;br&gt;
ey, as in pay: /eɪ/&lt;br&gt;
eu, as in French “heure”: /ø/&lt;br&gt;
eou, as in “eh” plus “eu”: /eø/&lt;br&gt;
ew, “eh” followed by “oo”: /eu/&lt;br&gt;
io, as in yoke: /jo/&lt;br&gt;
iw, as in yew: /ju/&lt;br&gt;
oa, “eu” plus “oh” plus “ah”: /oa/&lt;br&gt;
oi, as in boy: /oj/&lt;br&gt;
ou, as in owe: /ow/&lt;br&gt;
oy, as in boy: /oj/&lt;br&gt;
ui, as in hay: /e/&lt;br&gt;
|}

== Grammar Notes ==
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kerno is VSO in nature; still exhibits word initial mutations; has articles definite and indefinite; nouns of masc., fem. and epicene genders; no adj-noun agreement; two nominal cases, nominative and oblique with vestigial dative, possessive and instrumental; base-20 number system; full supply of personal, reflexive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns; object pronouns are usually found conjoined to preverbs (preverbs are kind of like nominal prepositions); three verbal conjugations with a variety of simple and compound tenses, the latter of which can become rather complicated; there are a large number of irregular nouns and verbs. The copula is often omitted, and sometimes the personal pronoun when the antecedant is not (or should not be) in question.

== Sample Text ==
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The Tower of Babel myth is a very common sample text, and can be found in the texts page linked to below. Here, I'll offer a little snippet from &lt;i&gt;Lla Sul&lt;/i&gt;, one of Kemr's preeminent news papers, from 14 July, 1898:

&lt;b&gt;dol' omèn il sezlonds le llongfrangeièn: Pernauigasot c' om perry vor, et durant ke domonis.se az al isel, rompus sa la sew llonga. Gouiuefas y pluzeor ans; et-z-eliverasot-el la Armada Reyal. Dondrhuasot-li il capetans: ''Quhit wye daes ye hae twae kirkes, mon?'' Savus il capetans, Albaneck, ionte a nemez y Chomrow, mays y chapeuw y zew per li yen omèn ast po en var! Doponus il wortó a-z-el yen et deckis: ''C' aquel, moniem a nemez y Zi la Sulis.'' ''An at yin thonder?'' rhuasot il capetans. ''Ay, c' aquels. Ieo n' moniem pass nonck a nemez y Zi la Sulis!''&lt;/b&gt;

The Story of the Shipwrecked Man: A man was sailing upon the sea and as he approached an island, his boat wrecked. He lived several years and at last was recued by the Royal Navy. The captain asked him: &quot;Why do you have two chapels here?&quot; The captain, a Scot, knew that the Comro were ardent church goers, but two chapels for one man is too much! He pointed out one of them and said: &quot;That's where I go to church of a Sunday.&quot; &quot;And the other?&quot; asked the captain. &quot;Ah, that one. I don't never go there of a Sunday!&quot;

To get a feel for what the Kerno speaker is actually reading:

At the man, the story of the shipwreck: Sailed this man upon the sea, and while that he came on to the island, broke she his ship. Lived several years; and rescued-him the Royal Navy. To him asked the captain: &quot;Quit wye daes ye hae twae kirkes, mon?&quot; Knew the captain, a Scot, goers to church the Comro, but chapels two for the one man is at the beyond! He put-to the finger at the one and said: &quot;That thonder, go I to church the Sunday.&quot; &quot;An at yin thonder?&quot; asked the captain. &quot;Ay. That thonder. I don't never go to church (there) at all the Sunday!&quot;

== Links ==
See this [http://www.bethisad.com/kerno_grammar_paradigms.htm article] for a good synopsis of Kerno grammar. All the chief paradigms are here along with some detailed paragraphs on the history and inner workings of the language.

See this [http://www.bethisad.com/kerno_texts.htm page] for a wide variety of text samples.

See this [http://www.bethisad.com/kerno.htm page] for links to the forgoing as well as to the lexicon pages.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Ill Bethisad]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Entrelenga</title>
    <id>1986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29101</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Escrita==
===Alfabeto===
Entrelengua a vente una letras regolaras:&lt;br /&gt;
Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ii, Jj, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Zz

====Restricións====
La letra &quot;Q&quot; sol se escrie en las combinacións &quot;que&quot; i &quot;qui&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
No se usa &quot;J&quot; ante de &quot;E&quot; o &quot;I&quot;. Se escrie &quot;ge&quot; i &quot;gi&quot;.
No se usa &quot;Z&quot; ante de &quot;E&quot; o &quot;I&quot;. Se escrie &quot;ce&quot; i &quot;ci&quot;.

====Otras Letras====
Ademai, a cinz letras que se usan sol en parolas internacionalas:&lt;br /&gt;
Hh, Kk, Ww, Xx, Yy

===Acento Grafico===
L'acento agú se usa en las parolas ositonas (acentás en l'ultima silaba) que an final Vn?s? (vogala seguia o no de &quot;n&quot;, &quot;s&quot; o &quot;ns&quot;):&lt;br /&gt;
cidá, paés, parlará&lt;br /&gt;

Tambén se usa l'acento agú co fonción diferenciala:&lt;br /&gt;
lá (averbo de logo), la (artigol)&lt;br /&gt;

L'acento grave se usa nel infinitivo i nel participo pasao dels verbos de la terza coniugación:&lt;br /&gt;
comprènder, confùs, fàemo, dìez&lt;br/ &gt;

Ma:&lt;br /&gt;
restringerá, veeremo, leerean

==Fonologia==
===Vogalas===
a: [a] como &quot;a&quot; en &quot;casa&quot; espagnol o [ə] como &quot;a&quot; en &quot;about&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
e: [e] como &quot;e&quot; en &quot;leche&quot; espagnol o [ɛ] como &quot;e&quot; en &quot;bet&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
i: [i] como &quot;i&quot; en &quot;hijo&quot; espagnol&lt;br /&gt;
o: [o] como &quot;o&quot; en &quot;poco&quot; espagnol o [ɔ] como &quot;o&quot; en &quot;bonne&quot; francés&lt;br /&gt;
u: [u] como &quot;u&quot; en &quot;sur&quot; espagnol o [y] como &quot;u&quot; en &quot;sur&quot; francés&lt;br /&gt;

===Consonas===
b: [b] como &quot;b&quot; en &quot;boat&quot; anglés; [v] como en &quot;vote&quot; anglés o [β] como &quot;b&quot; en &quot;bany&quot; catalán&lt;br /&gt;
c (eceto &quot;ce&quot; i &quot;ci&quot;): [k] como &quot;c&quot; en &quot;scanner&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
ce, ci: se prononza como &quot;z&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
d: [d] como &quot;d&quot; en &quot;day&quot; anglés o [ð] como &quot;th&quot; en &quot;though&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
f: [f] como &quot;f&quot; en &quot;for&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
g (eceto &quot;ge&quot; i &quot;gi&quot;): [g] como &quot;g&quot; en &quot;got&quot; anglés o [ɰ] como &quot;g&quot; en &quot;lago&quot; espagnol&lt;br /&gt;
ge, gi: se prononza como &quot;j&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
gue, gui: [g] como &quot;g&quot; o [gw] como &quot;gu&quot; en &quot;language&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
j: [ʒ] como &quot;j&quot; en &quot;jour&quot; francés; [ʤ] como &quot;j&quot; en &quot;jam&quot; anglés o [x] como &quot;j&quot; en &quot;jarro&quot; espagnol&lt;br /&gt;
l: [l] como &quot;l&quot; en &quot;load&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
m: [m] como &quot;m&quot; en &quot;man&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
n: [n] como &quot;n&quot; en &quot;not&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
gn: [ɲ] como &quot;ñ&quot; en &quot;año&quot; espagnol o [nj] como &quot;ni&quot; en &quot;junio&quot; espagnol&lt;br /&gt;
p: [p] como &quot;p&quot; en &quot;sports&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
que, qui: [k] como &quot;c&quot; o [kw] como &quot;qu&quot; en &quot;questo&quot; italián&lt;br /&gt;
r: [ɾ] como &quot;r&quot; en &quot;cara&quot; espagnol; [r] como &quot;r&quot; en &quot;ratón&quot; espagnol o [ʁ] como &quot;r&quot; en &quot;rue&quot; francés&lt;br /&gt;
rr: se prononza como &quot;r&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
s: [s] como &quot;s&quot; en &quot;seven&quot; anglés o [z] como &quot;z&quot; en &quot;frozen&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
sce, sci: se prononza como &quot;sz&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
sz: [sʦ] como &quot;sts&quot; en &quot;guests&quot; anglés;  [sʧ] como &quot;sch&quot; en &quot;mischief&quot; anglés; [zʣ] como &quot;zd-z&quot; en &quot;used zone&quot; anglés o [ʃ] como &quot;sh&quot; en &quot;show&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
t: [t] como &quot;t&quot; en &quot;still&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
v: se prononza como &quot;b&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
z: [ʦ] como &quot;z&quot; en &quot;zio&quot; italián; [θ] como &quot;th&quot; en &quot;think&quot; anglés; [ʧ] como &quot;ch&quot; en &quot;chico&quot; espagnol o [ʣ] como &quot;ds&quot;  en &quot;woods&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;

====Semivogalas====
i: [j] como &quot;y&quot; en &quot;yet&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;
u: [w] como &quot;w&quot; en &quot;what&quot; anglés&lt;br /&gt;

==Sostantivos==
===Cas===
Los sostantivos no declinan en cas.

===Gener===
A doi geners: mascolín i femenín.&lt;br /&gt;
Lo betumen, lo cas, lo cel, lo cemento, lo cumen, lo fil, lo fogo, lo ladril, l'omen, l'oriente, lo paés, lo povol, lo segnor, lo serviz, lo pe, l'artista.&lt;br /&gt;
La cidá, la ianura, la lengua, la parola, la pedra, la terra, la torre, la fe, l'artista.

===Numer===
A doi numers: plural i singolar. Los sostantivos co final -j, -s o -z an plural en -os si son mascolíns o en -as si son femeníns. Todos los otros sostantivos an plural en -s.&lt;br /&gt;
Los fils, los omens, los povols.&lt;br /&gt;
los casos, los paesos, los servizos.&lt;br /&gt;
las cidás, las lenguas, las torres.

==Pronomens==
===Personals===
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Nominativo'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;'''Acusativo'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Dativo'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Preposicional'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;'''Reflesivo'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Genitivo'''
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eo
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;me
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;me
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;me
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;me
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;meo, mea
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tu
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;te
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;te
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;te
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;te
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tuo, tua
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;el
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;lo
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;le
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;el
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;se
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;suo, sua
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ea
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;la
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;le
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ea
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;se
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;suo, sua
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;noi
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ne
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ne
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;noi
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ne
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nostro, nostra
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;voi
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ve
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ve
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;voi
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ve
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vostro, vostra
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;els
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;los
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;les
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;els
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;se
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;lor, lora
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eas
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;las
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;les
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eas
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;se
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;lor, lora
      &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Artigols==
===Definís===
lo ladril, la cidá&lt;br /&gt;
l'amí, l'amia&lt;br /&gt;
los ladrils, las cidás&lt;br /&gt;
los amís, las amias

===Indefinís===
&lt;p&gt;un povol, una terra&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;un omen, un'atriza&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;uns povols, unas terras&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;uns omens, unas atrizas&lt;/p&gt;

===Contracións===
a + lo(s) = al(s)&lt;br /&gt;
co + lo(s) = col(s)&lt;br /&gt;
de + lo(s) = del(s)&lt;br /&gt;
en + lo(s) = nel(s)&lt;br /&gt;
pe + lo(s) = pel(s)&lt;br /&gt;

==Verbos==
===Prima Coniugación===
parlar (arrivar, cesar, comenzar, dispersar, encontrar, nomenar)

====Modo Indicativo====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Imperfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Mai Ca Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Futur'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ao parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveo parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlarao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;as parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveas parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlarás&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parla&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlava&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;a parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avea parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlará&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;emo parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveamo parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlaremo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avez parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveaz parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlaraz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;an parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avean parlao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlarán&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Otros Modos====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Pasao'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Condicional'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo Negativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;


&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parle&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlareo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parles&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlareas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parla&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no parles&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parle&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlava&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlarea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlemo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlareamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlemo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no parlemo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlareaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no parlaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlen&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlavan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parlarean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Formas Nomenalas====
Infinitivo: parlar&lt;br /&gt;
Participo I: parlando&lt;br /&gt;
Participo II: parlao/parlá

===Segonda Coniugación===
bever (conoscer, creer, saver, voler, aparer, tener)

====Modo Indicativo====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Imperfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Mai Ca Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Futur'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ao bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveo bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beves&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;as bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveas bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverás&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beve&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;a bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avea bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverá&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevemo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;emo bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveamo bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveremo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avez bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveaz bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveraz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beven&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;an bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avean bevú&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverán&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Otros Modos====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Pasao'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Condicional'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo Negativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;


&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beva&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevereo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevereas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beve&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no bevas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beva&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevereamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no bevamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beveaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevereaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no bevaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;bevean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;beverean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Formas Nomenalas====
Infinitivo: bever&lt;br /&gt;
Participo I: bevendo&lt;br /&gt;
Participo II: bevú/bevua

===Terza Coniugación===
fàer (còcer, comprènder, confùnder, costrùer, descènder, dìer, propòner, restrìnger, vèer)

====Modo Indicativo====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Imperfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Mai Ca Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Futur'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;fao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ao fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveo fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faes&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;as fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveas fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerás&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;fae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;a fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avea fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerá&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faemo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;emo fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveamo fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeremo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avez fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveaz fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeraz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faen&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;an fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avean fato&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerán&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Otros Modos====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Pasao'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Condicional'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo Negativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;


&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faa&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faereo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faereas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;fae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no faas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faa&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faereamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no faamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faeaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faereaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faez&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no faaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;faerean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Formas Nomenalas====
Infinitivo: fàer&lt;br /&gt;
Participo I: faendo&lt;br /&gt;
Participo II: fato/fata, coto/cota, comprèns/comprensa, confùs/confusa, costruto/costruta, descèns/descensa, dito/dita, proposto/proposta, restrito/restrita, visto/vista

===Carta Coniugación===
partir (establir, venir, servir, esir)&lt;br /&gt;

====Modo Indicativo====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Imperfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Pasao Mai Ca Perfeto'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Futur'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parto&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ao partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveo partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partis&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partias&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;as partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveas partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirás&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parti&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partia&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;a partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avea partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirá&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partimo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;emo partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveamo partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiremo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avez partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;aveaz partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiraz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partin&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partian&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;an partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;avean partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirán&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Otros Modos====
&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Presente'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Sojontivo Pasao'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Condicional'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;'''Imperativo Negativo'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;


&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;eo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parta&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partí&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partireo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partias&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partireas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parti&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no partas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;el, ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;parta&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partia&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;noi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partireamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no partamo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;voi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partireaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partiz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;no partaz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;els, eas&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partan&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partian&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;partirean&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Formas Nomenalas====
Infinitivo: partir&lt;br /&gt;
Participo I: partindo&lt;br /&gt;
Participo II: partí/partia

===aver (sol las formas irregolaras)===
====Modo Indicativo====
Presente&lt;br /&gt;
eo ao, tu as, el a, noi emo, voi avez, els an

====Modo Sojontivo====
Presente&lt;br /&gt;
eo aia, tu aias, el aia, noi aiamo, voi aiaz, els aian&lt;br /&gt;

===eser (sol las formas irregolaras)===
====Modo Indicativo====
Presente&lt;br /&gt;
eo so, tu es, el e, noi somo, voi soz, els son&lt;br /&gt;

Pasao Imperfeto&lt;br /&gt;
eo ero, tu eras, el era, noi eramo, voi eraz, els eran&lt;br /&gt;

Futur&lt;br /&gt;
eo serao, tu serás, el será, noi seremo, voi seraz, els serán&lt;br /&gt;

====Modo Sojontivo====
Presente&lt;br /&gt;
eo sea, tu seas, el sea, noi seamo, voi seaz, els sean

====Modo Condicional====
eo sereo, tu sereas, el serea, noi sereamo, voi sereaz, els serean

====Formas Nomenalas====
eser, sendo, estao

==Numers==
===Numers Cardenals===
cer, un, doi, trei, quatro, cinz, sei, sete, oto, nove&lt;br /&gt;
dez, onz, doz, trez, quatorz, quinz, dez sei, dez sete, dez oto, dez nove&lt;br /&gt;
vente, trenta, caranta, cinquanta, sesanta, setanta, otanta, novanta&lt;br /&gt;
cento, doicento, treicento, quatrocento, cinzcento/cincento, seicento, setecento, otocento, novecento&lt;br /&gt;
mil

===Numers Ordenals===
primo, segondo, terz, quarto, quinto, sesto, setemo, otavo, nono&lt;br /&gt;
decemo, oncemo, docemo, trecemo, quatorcemo, quincemo, dez sesto, dez setemo, dez otavo, dez nono&lt;br /&gt;
ventemo, vente primo, vente segondo, trentemo, quarantemo...&lt;br /&gt;
centesimo, milesimo&lt;br /&gt;

==La Torre de Babel==

1. Atonz toda la terra avea una sola lengua i las memas parolas.
2. Quando an partí del oriente, an encontrao una ianura nel paés de Senar i lá se an establí.
3. I an dito los uns als otros: &quot;veniz, faamo ladrils i cozamo-los co fogo.&quot; I los ladrils les an serví de pedra i lo betumen de cemento&quot;.
4. Poi an dito: &quot;veniz, costruamo-ne una cidá i una torre, lo cumen de la qual arrive al cel, i faamo-ne famosos, afinde que no ne dispersemo sor toda la terra&quot;.
5. Ma lo Segnor a descèns afinde vèer la cidá i la torre que los fils dels omens costruean.
6. I lo Segnor a dito: &quot;Els son un sol povol i parlan una sola lengua;
esto e ce an comenzao fàer; aora nul no los restringerá de fàer todo ce se proponan.
7. Atonz descendamo i confundamo lora lengua, afinde que no comprendan mai la lengua los uns dels otros&quot;.
8. I lo Segnor los a dispersao de lá sor toda la terra; i an cesao de costrùer la cidá.
9. Pe esto esta cidá se a nomenao Babel, pe que lá lo Segnor a confùs la lengua de toda la terra, i de lá lo Segnor los a dispersao sor toda la terra.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Ipsius linguae]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 12/Tæĺf</title>
    <id>1987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6423</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T12:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Firespeaker</username>
        <id>93</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>genesis</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Smooth English from Calénnawn ==
This is a very marvelous narration.

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;Woman, push!  You need to give birth!  I see the baby using my eyes.  You are about to give birth.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I see this world.&quot;

The priestess said, &quot;Oy!&quot;

The woman said, &quot;What?&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;Do not fear.  You need to push!  Push!&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I need a blanket, and may it be thick.&quot;

The woman screamed and said, &quot;S/he/it spoke!&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;My mother, do not give unto me the name 'Cúnucs' because it is common/ordinary.&quot;

The woman spoke and said, &quot;What is happening?  I have drunk too much wine.&quot;

The midwife spoke and said, &quot;I am able to cut the umbilical cord.&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;When I die, I will have been a military general and Peter will honour my name.  I need a monster and I need to drink, but I will not drink the milk.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;You should not flop about like a fish on a dock.&quot;

The baby spoke and said, &quot;I need a cup of wine aged 12 months.&quot;

The priestess spoke and said, &quot;Hope!&quot;

It was written the next day, &quot;The baby speaks and says, 'This is a sacred gift.'&quot;

== Tæĺf with Interlinear ==
Het - her ðeþrek færl.
This - very marvel.postBF2 story.


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
priest-woman &quot;hope.postBF-IMP-2nd.PL!&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Þændət, fiśsaŋajás!
birth.postBF-[]-doer-assist.postBF &quot;Woman, push.postBF-IMP-2nd.sg!

Hasyɬjáp áwrərzydáftōjás kəmzyjáwnō!&quot; keft 
2nd.sg-GEN futGER-giving.birth.preBF-2nd.sg necessary!&quot; QUOT1

bindejtsājáð, &quot;Ho blejo sylmōjəlajo mij
exclaim.postBF-past-3rd.sg, &quot;I own-1st.sg eye-PL-1st.sg INST 

myśsoh þá riśtsājo.  Hasyɬjáp
baby.postBF ACC see.postBF-past-1st.sg.  2nd.sg-GEN 

áwrərzydáftōjás soɣr kəklybám
futGER-giving.birth.preBF-2nd.sg soon passPart-come.preBF 

kīláð,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
stay.postBF-3rd.sg,&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
priest-woman &quot;hope.postBF-IMP-2nd.PL!&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Mæśsəh &quot;Het byjðos þá rijo,&quot; keft 
baby &quot;This world.postBF ACC see.postBF-1st.sg,&quot; QUOT1

fiŕĺtsājáð.
say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Hojś!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
priest-woman &quot;Oy!&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


&quot;Nō?&quot; keft þændət fiŕĺtsājáð.
&quot;What?&quot; QUOT1 woman say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Tirblāsaŋajás,&quot; keft,
birth.postBF-[]-doer-assist.postBF &quot;fear.postBF-NEG-IMP-2nd.sg&quot; QUOT1

&quot;hasyɬjáp áwrəfsyhám kəmzyjáwnō!  
&quot;2nd.sg-GEN futGER-push.preBF-2nd.sg necessary!

Fishysaŋajás!&quot; keft bleŋk giŋ́ftsājáð.
Push.postBF-IMP-2nd.sg!&quot; QUOT1 again command.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
priest-woman &quot;hope.postBF-IMP-2nd.PL!&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


&quot;Həwyðeā læfs kəmzyjáwnō,&quot; keft mæśsəh,
&quot;1st.sg.postBF-DAT blanket necessary,&quot; QUOT1 baby,

&quot;Tiĺĺsaŋajáð&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
&quot;be.thick.postBF-IMP-3rd&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Þændət &quot;Bitnytsājáð!&quot; keft giśtsājáð.
woman &quot;speak.postBF-past-3rd.sg&quot; QUOT1 scream.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Mæśsəh &quot;Mymo,&quot; keft laśkrygám,
baby &quot;mother.postBF-1st.sg,&quot; QUOT1 pastPart-addressed.preBF,

&quot;Həwyðeā 'Kūnuxs' kesm sym þá
&quot;1st.sg.postBF-DAT 'Cúnucs' QUOT2 name.postBF ACC

dińtylāsaŋajás, háð - naxl,&quot; keft 
give.postBF-NEG-IMP-2nd.sg, it - ordinary,&quot; QUOT1

fiŕĺtsājáð.
say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Þændət &quot;Nō liryś kīláð?  Ho tefr kuhkaɬ
woman &quot;what presPart-go.preBF stay.postBF-3rd.sg?  I too much

Þyrros þá fiśttsājo&quot; keft
wine.postBF ACC drink.postBF-past-1st.sg&quot; QUOT1

fiŕĺtsājáð.
say.postBF-past-1st.sg.


Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;hojā mæśs-y-kymbō
birth.postBF-[]-doer-assist.postBF &quot;1st.sg-GEN life-[]-rope.postBF

þá liryssydámo momgyn&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
ACC presGER-cut.preBF-1st.sg possible&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-1st.sg.


mæśsəh &quot;mykkō biŕk tēməŕk áwrədrykám
baby &quot;army.postBF in-DIST ER-lead.postBF futPart-become.preBF

dińto, áwrərnylámo beā, 'Kristśin' kesm
give.postBF-1st.sg, futGER-die.preBF.1st.sg LOC, Christian QUOT2

mylnō biŕk zywrō tēməþkylám sym
religion.postBF in-DIST gate.postBF ER-keep.preBF name.postBF-1st.sg

þá áwrəssyláfsō dińtáð,&quot; keft
ACC futPart-honour.preBF give.postBF-3rd.sg,&quot; QUOT1

mitnytsājáð, &quot;həwyðeā kæĺk, áwrəfjytám
declare.postBF-past-3rd.sg, &quot;1st.sg.postBF-DAT monster, futGER-drink.preBF

kəmzyjáwnō, jelyj dyɣgop þá áwrəfjytám
necessary, but milk.postBF ACC futPart-drink.preBF

dińtlajo&quot;
give.postBF-NEG-1st.sg&quot;


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;hasyɬjáp hylðō yðeā hymjok ðek
priest-woman &quot;your cougar.postBF DAT hamster.postBF like

liryɣgyfámás kəlamzyjānā&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
presGER-command.preBF-2nd.sg unnecessary&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg


Mæśsəh &quot;həwyðeā rep jyl kətjydám
baby &quot;1st.sg.postBF-DAT one year.postBF passPart-age.preBF 

þyrros sytkonáð kəmzyjáwnō&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
wine.postBF cup.postBF-3rd.sg necessary,&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-3rd.sg


Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.
priest-woman &quot;hope.postBF-IMP-2nd.PL!&quot; QUOT1 say.postBF-past-3rd.sg.


Áwrəklybám kyn brer &quot;mæśsəh 'het - kajprykám dæńt'
futPart-come.preBF day.postBF LOC &quot;baby 'this - causPart-bless gift'

keft firláð&quot; keft kəfðyrám kiśtsājáð.
QUOT1 say.postBF-3rd.sg&quot; QUOT1 passPart-write.preBF put.postBF-past-3rd.sg

== Notes passed to next participant ==
&lt;pre&gt;
General Info
------------

Tæĺf can be classified so:
- SOV
- adjectives precede nouns
- postpositional

Tæĺf uses consonant stems as the basis for vocabulary building.  Because of this, word formation paradigms call for consonants A, B, C, etc.  For example, in the [particularly long, for sake of example] stem SFRNZ, consonant A is S, and consonant E is Z.

In the lexicon, most noun/verb/adjective citations are given as the stem with the citation form in ()s; other forms can be derived/identified in the next section on important forms.

See final comments.


Important Forms
---------------

See note 4 (before 4a); applies generally to verbs as well.

Verbal participles/gerunds:
- liry + preBF    present part/ger
- laj + preBF     past part/ger
- áwrə + preBF    future part/ger
- kə(/ke) + preBF passive or perfective part/ger
- kaj + preBF     causative part/ger

Verbal forms:
- citation form:
  - AáwB (AáfB)
  - AāBaCá
  - AāBaCáDī
  - AāBaCáDiE
- pre-bound form:
  - -AB
  - -AByCám / -AByCáp
  - -AByCá(w/f)Dō
  - -AByCá(w/f)DoE
- post-bound form:
  - A(ī/i)B-
  - AiBC-
  - AiBC(ē/e)D-
  - AiBCeDE-

Noun forms:
- citation form:
  - AæB(C(əD))
- pre-bound form:
  - -ABo(C(əD))
- post-bound form:
  - AyB-
  - AyBCō-
  - AyBC(ō/o)D-
- post-bound form 2 (denominal adjectives):
  - AeB(C(eD))
  - sometimes: AeBCe or AaBC

Final-bound pronouns:
-o    -áwŋ
-ás   -áfþ
-áð   -áwn


Notes
-----

(1) - indicates a missing copula, although a copula would normally not come in the position - is found.  Normal word order in Tæĺf would be X Y COP, but when there's no copula, the order is X - Y.

(2) Because of the history of Tæĺf, many potentially confusing allophonic variations of consonants may exist:
- The following are quite common: l/ĺ/ɬ(/f), g/ɣ/k, k/x, (v/)b/p/w/f, r/ŕ, n/ń, j/ś, m/ḿ, n/ŋ́/g, and a few others that are much less common
(2a) In addition, some other things should be taken into account:
- roots ending in h often won't show their h in certain forms, since h drops at the end of syllables after fricatives
- there are some vowel variations too, most of which shouldn't be too opaque, some of which may be typos.

(3) Quotatives are used for any material that's typically quoted.  In Tæĺf, there are two common quotatives:
- keft is used for things which are said.  Think of &quot;person 'X' keft verb&quot; as &quot;person, having said 'X', verb&quot;.  There are many other ways of dealing with this in English, depending on the verb; also, as long as keft comes immediately after the quoted material, the rest of the sentence's syntax is pretty loose.
- kesm is used for names.  &quot;'X' kesm thing&quot; can be thought of as &quot;thing called 'X'&quot;, or, English-permitting, &quot;'X' thing&quot;.

(4) The post-bound form (postBF) of the noun is used to show that something slightly less salient than the noun follows it:
- for oblique case, after which case markers / postpositions follow
- postBF nouns can precede other nouns (which can change in form depending on the resulting noun phrase's use): e.g., music.postBF disc = music disc, disc of music.
(4a) Also, compound nouns don't have to use the post-bound form, and instead simply the citation form.  Alternatively, the 2nd noun can be in preBF.  In these instances, the filler vowel 'y' is often inserted between the nouns so that the phonology comes out okay.
(4b) Some compounds may not be semantically obvious, even in context; if there seems to be ambiguity, contact me and I will provide compounds as if they are pieces of the lexicon previously not included.

(5) Distributive prepositions can be thought of as mini relative clauses: þyndot beāk hæńf (temple.postBF at-DIST woman) = the woman at the temple, the woman who is at the temple


Final Comments - Contact me!
----------------------------

   As with any relay, if any questions come up, please contact me.  I realise the syntax may be difficult for people unfamiliar with SOV languages; again, all questions are welcome, especially if something Just Doesn't Make Sense--everything should come out fairly simple and should make sense at least outside the context of everything else (you know how relays can be...), except perhaps the last sentence, which shouldn't be terrible, but is slightly complicated.
   If my server were up (it will be in about a week, but that does you little good now), I'd direct you to more complete info on Tæĺf, though I think I've sent everything that'll be necessary to tackle the relay.  If you need any futher information, however, contact me.
   If there are unicode issues, contact me.  I can easily provide pdf files which will present things as they're supposed to look.
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Vocab ==
&lt;pre&gt;
-			indicates missing copula (see note 1)
-k			distributiviser/relativiser, for postpositions (see note 5)
áwrə + verb.preBF		future gerund or participle
áwrə + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun   future gerund
beā			locative, at
bir			in
BJÐS (bæjðəs)		world
bleŋk			again
ble + j + pronoun	[pronoun]'s own (e.g., 'blejás' = 'your own')
brer			temporal locative, during, at the time of
DGGW (dæɣgəp)		milk
ðek			like, as (postposition)
DNT (dæńt)		gift
DNT (dānatá)		give
DRK (dāraká)		become
ÐÞRK (ðæþrək)		amazing thing, marvel
ÐKL (ðākalá)		keep
FÐR (fæðr)		writing implement (pen, pencil, quill)
FÐR (fāðará)		write
FJT (fājatá)		drink (verb)
FRL (færl)		story
FRL (fāralá)		say (archaic: recount)
FSH (fāsahá)		push
FSH (fāsahá)		push (see note 2a)
futGerund + pronoun + [necessary]   [it is necessary that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is necessary], subject [needs to] verb, subject [should] verb
futGerund + pronoun + [possible]   [it is possible that] subject verb[s], subject['s] verb[ing is possible], subject [is able to / can] verb
futGerund + [come]		verb tense: immediate future
futParticiple + [give]	verb tense: future
GŊF (gæŋ́f)		command (noun)
GŊF (gāgafá)		command (verb)
ŊJ (gawś)			scream, cry out, shriek
háð			s/he/it (3rd.sg.nom)
háfþ			you (2nd.pl.nom)
hás			you (2nd.sg.nom)
háwŋ			we (1st.pl.nom)
háwn			they (3rd.pl.nom)
həwyðeā			me (1st.sg.dat)
hasyɬjáp			your (2nd.sg.gen)
her			very
het			this
HLÐ (hæĺþ)		cougar
HMJK (hæmjək)		hamster; any small rodent (e.g., mouse, gerbil; most squirrels and rats would be considered large rodents)
ho			I (1st.sg.nom)
hojā			my (1st.sg.gen)
hojś!			exclamation of surprise: &quot;oy!&quot;, &quot;ay!&quot;, &quot;omg!&quot;
jelyj			but
JH (jáf)			go (see note 2a)
JL (jæɬ)			year
kə (/ke) + verb.preBF	passive participle
kəlamzyjānā		unnecessary
kəmzyjáwnō		necessary
kaj + verb.preBF		causative gerund or participle
kaj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun   causative gerund
keft			QUOT1 (see note 3)
kesm			QUOT2 (see note 3)
KJ (káfś)			put
KL (kawl)			stay
KLK (kæĺk)		wolf; scary or dangerous animal, monster
KLV (kālabá)		come
KMV (kæḿp)		rope, string
KN (kæn)			sun; day
KRŊ (kāragá)		address, hail
kuhkaɬ			much
laj + verb.preBF		past gerund or participle
laj + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun   past gerund
liry + verb.preBF		present gerund or participle
liry + verb.preBF + (j +) pronoun   present gerund
LVS (læfs)		blanket, cover, covering (sometimes: rug, carpet)
LVS (lābasá)		cover (verb)
mij			instrumental
MJS (mæśs)		life
MJSH (mæśsəh)		baby (see note 2a)
MKK (mæxk)		any sort of armed force: army, military, police, etc
MLN (mæln)		belief, faith, religion 
MM (mæm)			mother
momgyn			possible
MTN (mætn)		declaration
MTN (mātaná)		declare
nō			what, which
NKL (naxl)		ordinary, plain, normal
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.citeF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.citeF-[y-]noun.preBF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
noun.postBF		oblique (followed by cases/postpositions)
noun.postBF + (j +) pronoun   possessed/ive form
noun.postBF + (j +) əla (+ j + pronoun)   plural
noun.postBF noun		distributive (see note 4)
noun.postBF-[y-]noun.citeF	compound noun phrase (see note 4a)
passParticiple + [put]	finite form of passive voice
passParticiple + [stay]	verb tense: [such a situation definitely exists]
presParticiple + [stay]	verb tense: [such a situation exists]
rep			one
RG (ráfk)			lead (verb)
RJ (ráfś)			see
RNL (rānalá)		die
RZDT (ræzdət)		birth (noun)
RZDT (rāzadátī)		give birth (verb)
SFRNZ (sāfaránis)		hope; pray non-secularly
SLM (sæɬm)		eye
SM (sæm)			name (noun)
soɣr			soon
SSLS (sæsləs)		honour (noun)
SSLS (sāsalásī)		honour (verb)
STKN (sætkən)		mug, cup, glass, goblet; any container with a wide, open top which liquid is poured into and drunk from (e.g., not a flask)
tēmə + noun.postBF	doer, agent; more generally, person whose job deals with noun
tefr			too
TJD (tæśt)		age, oldness (noun)
TJD (tājadá)		age (verb)
TJD (teśt,tejde)		aged, old (adj)
TLL (tæĺĺ)		thickness
TLL (tālalá)		to be thick
TLL (teɬle)		thick
TRV (tæŕf)		fear (noun)
TRV (tārabá)		fear (verb)
tsáŋ			because of, since, for
þá			accusative
ÞNDT (þændət)		woman, any female creature
ÞRFN (þæŕfən)		priest, any religious leader
ÞRRS (þærrəs)		alcoholic beverage, spirits: usually cider, but also applies to wine, beer, ale, vodka, etc. (of these, only cider and various wines are native to Tæĺf speakers)
verb.citeF		infinitival form
verb.postBF (+ j) + pronoun   finite form, usually present tense
verb.postBF + (y + ) lā(/laj)   negative
verb.postBF + (y +) tsā + j + pronoun   past tense
verb.postBF + saŋa + j + pronoun   imperative
VNTJ (bānatájī)		exclaim, sound/peal (of a horn/bell)
VRK (bāraká)		bless, make holy/divine; make non-secularly divine/special  
VRTZ (bāratázī)		help, assist
VTN (bātaná)		speak, talk
yðeā			dative, to
ZSD (zāsadá)		cut, slice; split, divide
ZVR (zæwr)		gate, opening
&lt;/pre&gt;

== The Text in Tæĺf ==
Het - her ðeþrek færl.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Þændət, rizdetsaŋajás!

Hasyɬjáp áwrərzydáftōjás kəmzyjáwnō!&quot; keft bindejtsājáð, &quot;Ho blejo sylmōjəlajo mij myśsoh þá riśtsājo.  Hasyɬjáp áwrərzydáftōjás soɣr kəklybám kīláð,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;Het byjðos þá rijo,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Hojś!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

&quot;Nō?&quot; keft þændət fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;Tirblāsaŋajás,&quot; keft, &quot;hasyɬjáp áwrəfsyhám kəmzyjáwnō!  Fishysaŋajás!&quot; keft bleŋk giŋ́ftsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

&quot;Həwyðeā læfs kəmzyjáwnō,&quot; keft mæśsəh, &quot;Tiĺĺsaŋajáð&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þændət &quot;Bitnytsājáð!&quot; keft giśtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;Mymo,&quot; keft laśkrygám, &quot;Həwyðeā 'Kūnuxs' kesm sym þá dińtylāsaŋajás, háð - naxl,&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þændət &quot;Nō liryś kīláð?  Ho tefr kuhkaɬ þyrros þá fiśttsājo&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Ryzdot-y-tēməwrytáwzō &quot;hojā mæśs-y-kymbō þá liryssydámo momgyn&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;mykkō biŕk tēməŕk áwrədrykám dińto, áwrərnylámo beā, 'Kristśin' kesm mylnō biŕk zywrō tēməþkylám sym þá áwrəssyláfsō dińtáð,&quot; keft mitnytsājáð, &quot;həwyðeā kæĺk, áwrəfjytám kəmzyjáwnō, jelyj dyɣgop þá áwrəfjytám dińtlajo.&quot;

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;hasyɬjáp hylðō yðeā hymjok ðek liryɣgyfámás kəlamzyjānā&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Mæśsəh &quot;həðəjáp rep jyl kətjydám þyrros sytkonáð kəmzyjáwnō&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Þæŕfən-þændət &quot;Sifreńssaŋajáfþ!&quot; keft fiŕĺtsājáð.

Áwrəklybám kyn brer &quot;mæśsəh 'het - kajprykám dæńt' keft firláð&quot; keft kəfðyrám kiśtsājáð.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ipsius linguae</title>
    <id>1988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6431</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>whee</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Category for texts describing conlangs (and concultures) written in the conlang itself.  

[[Category:Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Texts</title>
    <id>1989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6435</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-17T22:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Category for texts written in conlangs, or for translation into conlangs.

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Germanic conlangs</title>
    <id>1990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46015</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>under Germanic</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for conlangs derived from Proto-Germanic or from attested Germanic languages.

[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dcueaa</title>
    <id>1991</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6444</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-18T20:46:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dcueaa moved to Dcuea: Another orthography change...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Dcuea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vemiesiire</title>
    <id>1992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6464</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-21T07:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erika00177</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;h3&gt;History&lt;/h3&gt;
'''Vemiesiire''' is a [[constructed language]] and proposed [[International Auxiliary Language]] created over the course of the past ten years.  Erika Heidewald, the language's creator, is an amateur Indiana linguist whose knowledge of Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Chinese led her to create a language using the advantages to each language, and eliminating unnecessary linguistic hardships.  Vemiesiire means &quot;the people's language,&quot; coming from the Vemiesiire words &quot;vemieye,&quot; meaning person, and &quot;siire,&quot; meaning language.  Vemiesiire has a distinct alphabet but can easily be written with an alphabet similar to that of [[Spanish]].  The language was created to fulfill three main goals: aesthetic beauty, easy learning, and logical structure. Vemiesiire is interesting in that it is one of the only [[constructed languages]] actively being expanded and promoted currently. 
&lt;h3&gt;The Sound&lt;/h3&gt;
Vemiesiire uses the basic alphabet of [[English]], with the added letters ñ, forming the [[Spanish]] &quot;enye&quot; sound, and &quot;sch,&quot; similar to the English sh sound.  The most frequent sounds are the most pleasing to the ear, and harsh letters such as g, pronounced as in the English word &quot;get,&quot; denote negative words.  I is pronounced like the English &quot;ee,&quot; c as &quot;ch,&quot; and q as &quot;qu,&quot; as in &quot;question,&quot; except for when at the end of a word.
&lt;h3&gt;Grammar&lt;/h3&gt;
[[Grammar]] is very simple in Vemiesiire.  Any word can be made into an adjective by adding the prefix -ja, the j sound being similar to that of [[French]].  Nouns and verbs are often the same word, adding the suffices -el to mean &quot;a place where it is done&quot; and -it to mean &quot;one who does this.&quot;  Unlike some constructed languages such as [[Esperanto]], Vemiesiire has no noun gender.  Vemiesiire distinguishes no difference between adjectives and adverbs, but simply describing both as &quot;taresjaa savaca,&quot; or &quot;descriptors.&quot;  The word &quot;you&quot; is &quot;zie&quot; or &quot;ziea&quot; for multiple parties.  Similar to English, there is no pronoun of respect such as the &quot;Usted&quot; of Spanish, the &quot;Sie&quot; of German, or the &quot;lei&quot; of Italian.  Verb conjugation is simple and retains the same form for all pronouns (I, you, he, she, we, they).  Pronouns don't change based on the subject of the sentence, similar to &quot;you&quot; in the English language.  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;&quot;
! Pronoun
! English Equivalent
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! dela  
| {{IPA|I, me}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! zie 
| {{IPA|you}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! kanai 
| {{IPA|he, him}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! kenai 
| {{IPA|she, her (not poss.)}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! zi 
| {{IPA|it}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! kaerne 
| {{IPA|we, us}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''zedei'''
| {{IPA|they, them}}
|}

Because of the flexible sentence structure and simple verb conjugations, Vemiesiire takes little effort to learn, only practice.  

Vemiesiire is relatively new and at this point has few speakers. It is, however, steadily gaining popularity, especially near its place of origin, America's midwest.


== Sample ==

The following is a Vemiesiire translation of the first nine lines of the book of [[Genesis]], traditionally used to compare languages.

1. Setia ko misirianci zentilia jehnana qena vox siire, setia qena vox vecir.

2. Setia zi venana na tal veu zedei iqeana xenasiey ko Eieh, komina zedei zita'ana l ischire soluste ko angye qena Schinar, setia zedei mystikeana exete.

3. Setia zedei siirteana na vana oarno, Zijai na, lekaere zel rhéet, setia hasecce zedei amas.  Setia zedei zelana rhéet na sélleh, setia stikhiet zedei zelana nea schayen.  

4. Setia zedei siirteana, Zijai na, lekaere farraj l solvian setia l sespa, derina'elat xaíze ohme zao na Mistijare, setia ohme kaerne zel l zihie, lien-se kaerne jehn schivehr gitclen yeko ko vera qena ko misirianci zentilia.

5. Setia ko Díoz venana iau na eneuvre ko solvian setia ko sespa, oziy ko vanaia qena enaia farrajana.

6. Setia ko Díoz siirteana, Xaielaene, ko vemieyea jehn vox, setia zedei kiis zel vox siire, setia kesiko zedei xizar na rie, setia oqeni vayán khie jehn zohpeja xenasiey zedei, oziy zedei sisé índiiana na rie.

7. Zijai na, lekaere zijai iau, setia exete sehuw zedeir siire, komina zedei ohme lem añia vana oarno'elat vecir.

8. Ove, ko Díoz xambeana ko vemieyea gitclen xenasiey exete yeko ko vera qena kiis ko zentilia, setia zedei zohpeana na farraj ko solvian.

9. Ove, ziña zihie jehn Babel, oá ko Díoz exete sehuwana ko siire setia xenasiey exete ko Díoz xambeana zedei gitclen ko vera qena kiis ko zentilia.


== Links ==
[http://www.geocities.com/erika0100/vemiesiire.html]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ný AngloSaxon Speling</title>
    <id>1993</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6466</id>
      <timestamp>2006-01-21T12:55:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ný AngloSaxon Speling moved to New AngloSaxon Spelling: The old URL was messy</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Gaaziketti</title>
    <id>1997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56643</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-09T12:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Gaaziketti]] is a conlang developed by [[User:Fofofo]] (=[[User:Fofofo5]]). It is closely related to [[Taaluketti]].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Auxlangs</title>
    <id>1998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6538</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-02T05:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Auxlang]]s, or auxiliary languages.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlanging culture</title>
    <id>1999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6539</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-02T05:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Meta topics about conlangers and conlanging groups.


[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Henaudute</title>
    <id>2000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6540</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-02T05:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages concerning [[Henaudute]], a conlang by [[User:Muke]]. 
[[Category:Dele languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Public domain</title>
    <id>2001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6541</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-02T05:30:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Source materials that are in the public domain.

[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Trivia</title>
    <id>2002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6542</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-02T05:32:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hystudian</title>
    <id>2003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29121</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T19:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Hystudian Conlang and conculture were created by Daniel Jewell. 

==Overview==
==Real World History==
==History==
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Canjo</title>
    <id>2004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6549</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-05T04:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Canjo</username>
        <id>112</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Eylastal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eylastal</title>
    <id>2005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15337</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-10T22:43:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Canjo</username>
        <id>112</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Eylastal''' is my language; it's both an artistic and personal constructed language. It is an inflected fusional language with two grammatical genders and 

It is based on no other language, but it is nonetheless mostly conventional.

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| border=1
!Vowel||[[IPA]]
|-
|a||{{IPA|[a, ə]}}
|-
|e||{{IPA|[&amp;#x025B;]}}
|-
|ê||{{IPA|[eɪ, e]}}
|-
|i||[i]
|-
|o||{{IPA|[&amp;#x0254;]}}
|-
|ô||{{IPA|[oʊ]}}
|-
|u||[u]
|}

* At the end of a word, r can also serve as a vowel.
* When two vowels are juxtaposed, o = ô and e = ê. Hence ear [eɪ.ar]
* er = [er], not [ɜr]

===Diphthongs===
{| border=1
!Diphthong||[[IPA]]
|-
|ay||{{IPA|[aɨ]}}
|-
|oy||{{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
|-
|uy||[uɪ]
|-
|aw||{{IPA|[aʊ]}}
|-
|ew||{{IPA|[eʊ]}}
|}

===Consonants===
{| border=1
!Consonant||[[IPA]]
|-
|b||[b]
|-
|c||[k]
|-
|ch||[{{IPA|ʧ}}]
|-
|d||[d]
|-
|dh||[&amp;eth;]
|-
|f||[f]
|-
|g||[g]
|-
|h||[h]
|-
|k||[x]
|-
|l||[l]
|-
|m||[m]
|-
|n||[n]
|-
|ng||[&amp;#x014B;]
|-
|p||[p]
|-
|r||[r]
|-
|s||[s]
|-
|sh||{{IPA|[&amp;#x0283;]}}
|-
|t||[t]
|-
|th||[&amp;theta;]
|-
|v||[v]
|-
|w||[w]
|-
|x||[ks]
|-
|y||[j]
|-
|z||[z]
|}

At the end of a word, o is pronounced as ô and e as ê.


===Stress===
Stress falls on the first syllable unless there is an accented vowel:
* a -&gt; á
* e -&gt; é
* ê -&gt; è
* o -&gt; ò
* ô -&gt; ó
* u -&gt; ú

which, naturally, takes the stress. Also, any diphthong automatically takes the stress, including the &quot;diphthongs&quot; ar, er, ir, or, and ur, unless there is an accent mark, which always overrides it; however, stress cannot fall on the last syllable unless there is an accent written. Thus, &quot;sathay&quot; is pronounced ['saθaɪ] whereas &quot;satháy&quot; is pronounced [saθ'aɪ].  


===Syllable rules===
Where C represents any consonant above and V any vowel, generally:

Word-initially, a syllable may take the form CCVC;
Medially, a syllable may take the form CVC;
Word-finally, a syllable may take the form CVC.

This boils down to a word structure of CCVCCVCCVCCVC, at most. In other words, you can never have more than two consonants next to each other, including liquids. 

Some exceptions: 
* After a diphthong, only one consonant is allowed (in effect, the y or w at the end of the diphthong counts as a consonant even though it really isn't one).

* If the last consonant is a spirant [s] or [z], the final syllable can take the form CVCs.

* When the last consonant is r functioning as a vowel, the cluster can end in CCVCr or even theoretically CCVCsr. For example, &quot;tiryatr&quot; (to the kingdom), &quot;èmatr&quot; (to the animal), &quot;cutsr&quot; (to the cube).
 

When a voiced consonant comes in contact with an unvoiced consonant, the whole consonant cluster becomes voiced. Thus,
satha (white) + varósa (clothed) = sadhvarósa (white-clothed)
vekti (verb, to think) + ya (3rd person sing. pres. ind.) = vekta

Two plosives can never be juxtaposed. When there is a consonant cluster of the form PP (where P is a plosive), it will become FP, where F is the fricative equivalent according to the following rule:

* p -&gt; f
* b -&gt; v
* t -&gt; th
* d -&gt; dh
* ch -&gt; sh
* c -&gt; k
* g -&gt; g

The resultant is then voiced if necessary; since there is no voiced equivalent of k, it simply disappears.

The following clusters will change as follows, where P is any plosive, V any vowel, and F any fricative, N any nasal and P(n) that nasal's plosive equivalent:

* PvV -&gt; PwV
* PgV -&gt; PyV
* kyV -&gt; shV
* hyV -&gt; cyV
* NN  -&gt; P(n)N

This transformations are performed before applying the two-consonant rule to reduce clusters. Hence, nelki (to hate) + ya (3rd person singular present) = nelsha

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Eylastali nouns have the following properties:
* Two genders: masculine and feminine;
* Two numbers: singular and plural. Gender is lost in the plural.
* Six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, and vocative;
* Two &quot;aspects&quot;: definite and indefinite;
* Two &quot;verities&quot;: positive and negative.

I can't figure out how to do a fancy table so bear with me here:

For the prototypical masculine noun I here use &quot;neldas&quot; (the nose), for the prototypical feminine &quot;etwês&quot; (the star).

Not all nouns are regular; many nouns end simply in a consonant rather than the -a or -e gender ending. These words must simply be memorized along with their gender (normally denoted by the nominative pronoun they take, &quot;ga&quot; (masculine) or &quot;e&quot; (feminine)).

====Regular masculine paradigm====
* Nominative positive: nelda (a nose), neldas (the nose)
* Nominative negative: nelday (not a nose), neldays (not the nose)

* Accusative positive: neldo (a nose), neldos (the nose)
* Accusative negative: neldoy (not a nose), neldoys (not the nose)

* Genitive positive: nelden (a/the nose's)
* Genitive negative: neldedmá (not a/the nose's)

* Dative positive: neldar (to a/the nose)
* Dative negative: neldamá (not to the nose)

* Locative positive: neldov (at the nose)
* Locative negative: neldoyv (not at the nose)

* Vocative positive: neldat (O nose!)
* Vocative negative: neldayt (O non-nose!)

====Regular feminine paradigm====
* Nominative positive: etwe (a star), etwês (the star)
* Nominative negative: etweya (not a star), etwêsmá (not the star)

* Accusative positive: etwo (a star), etwôs (the star)
* Accusative negative: etwoy (not a star), etwôsmá (not the star)

* Genitive positive: etwin (a/the star's)
* Genitive negative: etwidmá (not a/the star's)

* Dative positive: etwiz (to a/the star)
* Dative negative: etwemá (not to the star)

* Locative positive: etwon (at the star)
* Locative negative: etwoyn (not at the star)

* Vocative positive: etwêt (O star!)
* Vocative negative: etwêtmá (O non-star!)

====Regular plural paradigm====
* Nominative positive: etwi (stars), etwis (the stars)
* Nominative negative: etwiya (not stars), etwismá (not the stars)

* Accusative positive: etwu (stars), etwus (the stars)
* Accusative negative: etwuy (not stars), etwusmá (not the stars)

* Genitive positive: etwanir (a/the stars')
* Genitive negative: etwadmá (not a/the stars')

* Dative positive: etwalir (to a/the stars)
* Dative negative: etwalmá (not to the stars)

* Locative positive: etwanon (among the stars)
* Locative negative: etwanoyn (not among the stars)

* Vocative positive: etwit (O stars!)
* Vocative negative: etwitmá (O non-stars!)

===Pronouns===
I'm going to sleep now

==A finished text in Eylastal==
Chalaylas Urov swa Driov

Aharo cwi aványir adzelir                   
swa sewlir sadhalir kay egmov so,           
cyat nwa voydhósa laylim ivlir te           
ti ecyo aynon sunanon efró.                
A sadhar so ek Uren tartebla,               
ol èov tiryo Dria egmo sco,                
agáhte Uras agadríabla,                     
ga nelsho glarion ta tiryatôs.             

Ga onlo Uras genwon Driathon,               
e naryo norov opyês egmien,                 
swa onlu fehi engei ton so,                 
shta edzu asi kay mot áveken;             
cha'y naru prôvilúlis evrulon,              
swa genulnon athoron Driathen,              
swa'y obnu Fortesmo, ga bliov sa,           
cha'y gyaru Driar fi mot zahus men.       

Niy aysho adzel Rahas Uzar ko               
swa tasco &quot;Urat lei nari sha,               
ti trefi bladhi gyatsu athelon,             
è semza ga, ta nelki, cetson sa?          
Heth twari bladhim athriôs nwa fo           
am adri engi adzelis selát;                 
te bladhu amon fo el roy swa cwar           
swa shtendi vekti; nol anari sha.&quot;        

Agáhte sfetyo Uras adzelar,
&quot;Shtalá cyatari sha tor athron men?&quot;
Swa tar côcharya Rahas, &quot;Tiryaví
sca sha aványa Driacétsien!&quot;          
Cha tasco Uras, &quot;asi tirim shwi,
shtalá nwa cetson si ef aprien?&quot;
Niy cyuriécyo Rahas sadhazar,
rwa tasco &quot;Charismá to malpien!       

Sha karaví athoriz niyov ha,
swa ihu prôvilúlus tólki fa,
rwa harbi sfia ta swa metri ta,
ti semza cetson scaya tira sa;                 
cha adzelbúloy ceri sfia noy,
cay Urat ti achari adzel sha,
swa asi scoy ek tarim ivlir sco,
sha voydhi say' numeya vanyêsmá.&quot;      

Ga shwendo Rahas Uren swa niylá,
ga aysho Driar genwon cetson lo,
swa taryo sfeto &quot;Driel driathon,
heth twas ga hagya Urel cura fo                 
amétra heth swa prôvilúla sa,
swa trefya gyatsu harba tiryatôs.&quot;
&quot;Sa zweri mo!&quot; tas Dria pelion,
shta peliécyo 'haryo ágano.             

Ol evrulon tiz shwendo Uras ko,
kay feflu sheflis nubnon shtecanon
swa'y eliu ayni etwis tôvaltá;
ga hokto Uras saknon bednanon.         
Rwa haryo hesyu, beldatúus vef,
scay pomdu garis evron calanon,
swa te byo Uras froyo shtahte lo,
cul desfr samu kay ol eyanon.          
             
Sadhari naru samu kay amtá,
sarlúlis so, swa elitsus bu kay,
kay eliálu monyu capsius
cha evriul swa omris eliáy.            
&quot;Sarlúlit cay!&quot; tas Uras pelion,
&quot;Vwex naro sfia engi vodhi say'!&quot;
Cha tar côcharyo mona &quot;Asi soy;
ca aydhu amel sta swa driôráy.&quot;                  

Niy thesis corvu Uzar swa niylá,
kay aniarlu tar el enlias:                        
ga Mawgras, Ublas, Bednas swa selát,
ga Shakas, Hèas, Genas, Eshentas;      
cha Sarlas monya naryo nei si,
shtahtá ektaryo Genas swa ga tas                   
&quot;Ga trefya shawya Eriádnôs sca,
te hagya ga niy engov, Sarlias.&quot;       

Am icnon Uras vrner thoriz ko
ton genulir èn prôvilulanir,
swa óra onli kulis anfu kay
ti thokti sádharis kay niyalir         
atólku aga driacetsôs shu.
&quot;Hex adzelcélit&quot; hesyis galanir
è iku thoktis ko; ga 'ceryo lo
tarósus Rahen &quot;Bulôsmá ibnir!&quot;         

Niy nol a golga so ek enlôsáy,
ga Golgas tartel engir golgalir
--shta ahi ayshu engi tartelis--
sadhara mona drien vewzanir            
kay 'numon enanon ol egmov ko;
ga anwaharyo engir sadhalir
è sfetu kay swa fevlu Uzar fo,
swa ga akarso Golgas evrulir.          

Ton apro noron numon Ragnas so,        
ga gulmo ehaharyus golgen mo.
&quot;Cay Ragnel bwi haróso pelya heth!&quot;
tas Golgas ishu holwiz Ragnen ko,      
swa chio, &quot;Cektu niyi bubis na
ek seku chagu genwo diulôs
el vecthelis, ta tólka Uras fa,
ga insa bladhanu, ga neli so!&quot;         

Ol genul samyo Uras icnon so
kay obnu ta en lugal adzelnir
en helcanu, ga atra bulo ash,
swa tasco &quot;Urel tólkanu imlir,         
cay pelyêt, ga mektáfya Drio sca!&quot;
E ánwe froy ko Uzar vektalir. 
Ga Fèmas banranu tar tasco lo,
&quot;E nerya tirês heth ha sèmbilir.&quot;     

Ton sèmbion e anfo tirês ko            
tsi ímar Urov corva ek firáy,
swa tasco &quot;Adzelcélat, vanya sha,
shtalá bir sha ek gala sefyeráy?&quot;  
Cyahtá aceryo ga azeryo tir
miánwiôs, e Uros mihaláy, 
swa aysho tiriz roy arnúilir,
swa cyuriblo cyataryo &quot;Culiáyt!  

Shtalá shwi emlim eth, ti mawgi ha!
nwa adzelúle vweti hihu na,
ti hescu himu nalinir kay fa,                   
swa swari sha cyatari atri sha  
ni bulo adzelnir, e narye soy;
ga aysha monya glawdas teya sa.&quot;                
Swa árso Uras adzelroy ton lo			
aceryo tirês scaya Rahias.   

È samyo Uras imov tiron so,
kay huytu evrulir kay vecis ko.
Niy naru calis insuiya si,
swa ishu vecis diuliz tov lo   
è blias siralir atyár ga ko:
swa'y hexu drio tartelio sco
swa sfetu driar ehaharius
swa agatiru huytiya búbnaro.    

Casamyo Dria cetsin lurah lo                       
'k misúmya rahroy badwar arnunon;                  
swa tasco, &quot;Tiryat men, e narya glad:
ga vlatya galu 'f monon plistanon                 
è pomdu amen egmov: cha selát,                     
Ni gladen glawden bwanro Ayvathon;
swa niy mektáfya agadriablus.
Alyár abánris tiren driathon!&quot;        

Athoron sèmbon tirin sfetu kay
ek cyuribla, kay roybli arnunon,
e tasco Elês, &quot;Tya, lo zeri sha
tor galnon nol, kay engov genulnon,   
kay saru nelyov drio athelôs? 
È aru laya, voydhu froyanon.&quot;
Ca Uras, ga vivékto sreto lo,
ga tas, &quot;Bu amen enlus edhanon!&quot;       

&quot;Ek mawgi sha!&quot; e taryo shuylon sco,             
swa tiz côcharyo Uras, &quot;Asi mo,
ga Rahas aga himu sa, tya èn,
trefúla tar nol ayvathon nwa so        
swa cweri ta, ti èn isewa sa,
miroybla sa, swa monyo egmar ko
tsi onla royon royamawgranon
swa seku amen ftetu adzelo.                       

Selát vex kay ek genulnon ta scoy
ek bulya adzel himu noy: èn sa,
ash kay aceru scoy, rwa harbu èn,
swa chagu amen luya Drios fa.            
Swa twari chio luya shta asi sa,
kay hescuví sfiiya Driar sca,
kay shtendi vewzis tay swa nelei.
Niy twari eltá fteti Rahos fa.&quot;      

E tasco Elês, &quot;Èna sreta sa;
visúnov èn lupòmdu 'men alyár.&quot;
È beldu kay tso sèmbin, a suna so,
swa'y pelyahúlwu prôvilulis tar,          
ti atra bulo vanyan Rahen sco.
Ektesyanir tay Uren Eshentar
lutréfu kay ekcapso Rahen fo,
ga goga hovlin hewliz adzelar.          

Visúnov veldon gyarin pomdu kay
ek banris vuyblir prôvilúlanir;
swa bu kay gogo capso flason ko,                       
swa'y meldu gladu gyaru feknalir.        
Swa felwe fenwin Rahen ko atyár,                       
ga bulnu vuyôs agnir sadhanir
dra ash mot vektius, kay samyu nol
ek saru adwir diulgenwalir.                            

Niylá lupòmdo ágabanras ha
cha sfetyo icnon froyin adzelar
ga tólka agnus harbon afi ga.
Kay deftu veci drilulnir alyár           
tsi banralir aványan Prôvilyen
cha Ragnas, ga atólko banros tar,
ga fwasyo glado taryo ráhroyon                           
amétra ta ti shwenda banriar.            

Alyár abánris, cha eís anyár
ga aysho Rahas edhanir nol lo
chahúlwo ga caroyen malpien
anélko swa aráho Uzar sco,              
&quot;Niy búbit bwuli hivu sefya noy!
Swa ni ekcapsas vyacha mawga so;
ek deftôm adzelcharnu bulôsáy!
Niy sarex adzelo chanáliôs!&quot;             

Ga shwendo ko cha ayshu royis lo,
kay omru veldo fwasyir dhèlanir,
swa siris rayi óra banranon,
ta vlatyo benda hosen hovlanir           
paroyan gogan capsen lófanon.
Swa tas drilúlis sfeto hemanir
&quot;Ek ngawge froy, bu kay ni galis nol
caroyôs Rahen icnon gyaralir!&quot;            

Niy shwendu kay, ti seku, caliz ko,
swa'y samu nol sfiiya driar mo,
kay gyaru adri adru hosanon
swa'y banranúis Ragnalúlus sco,    
ga Fèmas aga Ragnar gliadnon.
Pagládnon anwakaru thekti ko
tsi povalir gogen driadiulin;
rwa Uras swa sarlúlis oltá so.       

Kay diulon lugénwin haru ta,
ti harbahúlwo noron veldanon,
cha monyi hesyatsúi kay nol so
shta úo pómbi genis sèmbanon.        
Aceru elitsúnon vewzu lo,
kay vewzis ralen kalon driulon;
kay clèvi naru dhemzu vanyalir
swa'y ftetu fo sarlúlus gyaranon.    

Monúa anfo Uras èn alyár
swa shawyo súo tiro vewzo sco,
ga onlan icyan gladen meldion;
rwa ga izvésyo Uras glados ko,       
swa gyaron kay anyár, swa glar atyár;
cha tov asámyo Urov gladlays so,
ga vektanir swa royin cwarin èn
mot Rahen; feho ga chagósa fo.      

Cha hetlo aysho nelyen gara lo,
swa gliad samyo vewzov glaribla,
swa saryo Uras ta swa tasco, &quot;Sha!
ek nei, ti ek evrulinon sa!&quot;
Swa tar côchásco Sarlas, &quot;Asi soy,
ca nwari ivnon anwo, Uriat;
sesyósoy nwanfi niyov enlinon.&quot;
Swa ecyo sadhvarósov elias.

Amtá kay sèmbiz cetsin Drien ko,
swa tóval poviz ko tsi iliz tay.
E Enês Etwanir nol tartebla,
shta raryu etwis kulanon caláy,
swa opyon semzo tira Dria so
ek engatir cha culon tiriays.
Swa byo ga onlo lesto shnaro nol
swa dimu arnuu ek misatháy.

Ga tasco veclir ímov cetsien:
&quot;Hex adzelcélit, tirnu egmiar!
Mizeri sfia scaya amen cèn
ek tirnis aprov monyar Fortesmar?       
Niy sèmbon narya enga nalias
en sèmbon calov bliov; nwa ta tar.
Cay Sarlat, tirat egmar agmanir,
swa Urat galir vuyiz, nwesyiar!&quot;

Ga tasco Sarlas, &quot;Tira nelyar sha,
sha cèar shethar soy swa nesyadmá!&quot;
Swa kay izvésyu vecis gladius,
swa tasco Uras, &quot;Tiryat ulta sa.
Sha driya tira semzaví nol soy
cyat nisyen men, ta celu Nalis fa;
swa tirya vewle tiryat niy anát
ca venrays nayan tiraveken sca.&quot;

Ga tasco Dria, &quot;Vekti sfia scay'
abúlya hivu nali adzelis,
dra cèa lèru kay tor ivu nay'?
Kay vyehu icnon engi aydhiis
en monov plistov arnunir, kay ha,
swa engi pelyis imir, sòrênis,
swa aftaliri, agaveki, hwi
swa afta ehu icnon sewsliis.

Tya èn, selát, ga Rahas omr ko
swa sfetyo omr sretus ivir sco.&quot;
Swa tasco Uras, &quot;Chio tasco omr
ga cula sta; a tiradmá heth fo.&quot;
Rwa sfetyo sfeto Dria cetsion,
&quot;Ga bulya nelyo metri nesyio;
shta afi adra metratira sha,
swa voydhi ason genwanon efró!&quot;

Swa hulwo Dria vózon galedmá,
Acènu tartalu lugénwalir
swa vewzis tay, kay diulon èn stu,
kay eylu tartus edhielanir
'hu balyo iclir Rahas sunefró;
swa ahi lemzu genis pòvanir
swa apru pulti hihu engov lo.
Kay haru froyon vecis hesyalir.

Niy cyuriécyo Uras; alyár ga ko
swa samyo Drion gladen ili so,
cha hèvyo Dria venros Uzar sco
swa temzo tóval sèmbo galo lo;
ga hacyo flaylon tira cetsion
è èn ahèvyo Sarlas enlo sco
swa myatyo ta lusèmbin huyto ko
swa'y calshu genwi pòvis ómov fo.

Ga Uras beldalir è kay erèn,
cha sto kay anfu èn lugenwanon;
rwa vyehu kay palémzir pòvalir
swa'y ktahu sfinon lemzon genwanon
swa ulto tóval genwus cultanir
swa tóval pòviz, samu ehwanon
swa saru chagôs prôvilúlien.
Ênúe chage noron sunanon.

Tya èn! Drilúlis prôvilulus so,
swa ehu trefu ayno athelo
swa tiryo Uras vewlon sunanon,
swa Sarlas evruliz anát ga ko.
Cha aydho Dria sto diulion
sewzósa genanir, cha tirya sto
ta banranuus; diul bednar ko
swa pómbo 'l egmov semza cetson so.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kotava</title>
    <id>2006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46396</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">http://www.kotava.org

[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan texts</title>
    <id>2007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46879</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Patr nostrý ==

:Patr nostrý ky jej ja czalev
:szej sútvóc tú núm;
:szej odvínta tva koróltátj.  Szej vóc tva volútátj
:kumód ja czelu kók ja tjera.
:Nostrý panj kótjéný duna nób oj.
:I dimétj nostrý débty,
:kumód nu dimetjem diturev nostrv.
:I njej jadykaj nu ja tjatocínj;
:maj libjera nu ze malu.

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 15:45, 10 February 2006 (PST)
[[Category:Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:SLVL</title>
    <id>2008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6568</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-10T23:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Slvanjek</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:GMPtable</title>
    <id>2011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9309</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T09:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>class=&quot;gridtable&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| width=&quot;100%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;12%&quot; | {{{1}}}
!width=&quot;33%&quot;| Condition 
!width=&quot;12%&quot;| Result 
!width=&quot;44%&quot;| Example(s)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Small</title>
    <id>2012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10671</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-02T20:33:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed definition to class=&quot;small&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;small&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Big</title>
    <id>2014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11884</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T13:37:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;big&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Graytable</title>
    <id>2015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6638</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-12T03:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">style=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot; class=&quot;graytable&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Greytable</title>
    <id>2016</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>6636</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-12T03:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template:Greytable moved to Template:Graytable</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template:Graytable]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jörg's ideas about Nostratic</title>
    <id>2017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27032</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T16:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a page where [[User:WeepingElf|I]] present my half-baked ideas about the hypothetical [[Nostratic]] language family.  Read at your own risk ;-)

This page used to contain more material, but I have deleted it because it no longer reflects my current thinking about Nostratic.

I really don't know what to think of Nostratic.  I am far from being a firm believer in it, but there are things such as similar pronoun roots, verb conjugations, etc., which look as if there was more to it than mere chance.  There is this sense of familiarity one gets (or at least, I get it) from reading a grammar of Finnish or Turkish, as opposed to, say, a grammar of Mandarin or Lakota.  I mean, it looks all so ''familiar'' from an Indo-European standpoint.

However, most of what has been published in books or on the web on this matter so far failed to convince me (including my own stuff - I am ''not'' really convinced that what I write here is right).

I think system comparison - the application of the comparative method to phonological and morphological inventories rather than lists of lexemes - is the most useful approach to such long distance relationships.  At the time depths involved (more than 10,000 years), the degree of lexical replacement is so high and the sound changes are so many that few if any lexical cognates can be found.

I reject the method of mass lexical comparison used by some long-range comparatists.  This method registers only ''similarities'' but not ''cognates''.  It is at best a heuristic for finding relationship ''candidates'' which then must be explored using the comparative method, at worst a snake oil technique by which everything and nothing can be 'proven'.

I also reject glottochronology.  The basic assumption of it - that the rate of change is uniform across time and languages - has turned out to be false (as the mere existence of more conservative and more innovative languages - e.g. Icelandic vs. English - demonstrates).  It is also not meant to establish new relationships but to assign time depths to ''established'' relationships (because what is counted are not 'similarities' but ''cognates'') - and fails at even that.

The question whether all those languages are related or not remains open.  While I think that the languages sometimes referred to as [[Eurasiatic]] - [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Uralo-Siberian languages|Uralo-Siberian]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] - are too similar to each other to be unrelated (and Kartvelian might be distantly related to them, too), the relationship of this '[[Mitian]]' group to Afro-Asiatc or Dravidian seems doubtful to me.  The question of the homeland becomes very difficult, and the languages are not particularly similar.  Nevertheless, such hypotheses are a possible source of inspiration for conlangs.

[[Category:Protolanguages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mitian</title>
    <id>2018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56166</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T19:06:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mitian''' is a hypothetic language family proposed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]], consisting of [[Europic]], [[Uralo-Siberian languages|Uralo-Siberian]], Altaic and perhaps Kartvelian, though the latter case is doubtful.
Possible further members are Sumerian and Etruscan-Lemnian, but these languages are only poorly known and much is still controversial about them.  Mitian is thus a subfamily of [[Nostratic]].
The name is derived from the characteristic shapes of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns which are '''*mi''' and '''*ti''', respectively, or similar.

==Classification==

Within Mitian, Europic, Uralo-Siberian and Altaic seem to form a closer group, for which many long-range comparatists use the term [[Eurasiatic]], while Kartvelian, if it belongs here at all, appears to form an early divergent branch.

* '''Mitian'''
:* ???Kartvelian
:* [[Eurasiatic]]
::* [[Europic]]
:::* Indo-European
:::* possibly further languages ([[Hesperic]], [[Danubian]])
::* Uralo-Siberian
:::* Uralic-Yukaghir
::::* Uralic
::::* Yukaghir
:::* Beringian
::::* Chuktoko-Kamchatkan
::::* Eskimo-Aleut
::* Altaic
:::* Turkic
:::* Mongolic
:::* Tungusic

[[Category:Historical linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Europic</title>
    <id>2019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56151</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T13:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Classification */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Europic''' is a hypothetical language family proposed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It consists of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and various smaller language groups of Europe which are all extinct and lost in history (in the real world; in the world of the [[League of Lost Languages]], some of them are still alive). 

Proto-Europic may have been spoken about 8,000 years ago in southeastern Europe, perhaps by the group of people known to archaeologists as the [[Wikipedia:Starčevo culture|Starčevo culture]].  From there, one branch of Europic spread northeastward into the Pontic Steppe and became [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]].  Another branch spread northwestward into Central Europe and became [[Hesperic]].  A third group may have stayed put and become the language of the [[Wikipedia:Vinča culture|Vinča culture]].  That language may have been the world's first ''written'' language, if the [[Wikipedia:Vinča symbols|Vinča symbols]] are indeed writing, but that is controversial.

==Classification==

* Europic
** [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
** [[Danubian]]
*** Language of the [[Vinča culture]]
*** [[Alpic]] (conlang by [[User:TaylorS|Taylor Selseth]])
** [[Hesperic]]
*** Unknown language of the &quot;[[Old European languages|Old European hydronymy]]&quot;
*** [[Albic]] (conlang family by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]])

==Proto-Europic Phonology==

The main feature that distinguishes Europic from the other branches of [[Eurasiatic]] is its vowel system, which included only three vowels: '''*a''', '''*i''' and '''*u''', of which '''*a''' was much more frequent than the others.  This system is the result of a sound change, the ''Great Vowel Collapse'' (GVC), a merger of all Proto-Eurasiatic vowels ''except'' '''*i''' and '''*u''' into '''*a'''.  Before the GVC, pre-Proto-Europic underwent another change in the vowel system: ''Resonant-Conditioned Lowering'' (RCL).  Under this rule, high vowels followed by resonants were lowered.  The lowered vowels then fell victim to the GVC.  This explains the apparent lack of *CeiR- and *CeuR- roots in PIE.

This three-vowel system is attested in the Old European hydronymy and can be reconstructed for pre-ablaut Indo-European.  In PIE, '''*a''' became '''*e'''/'''*o'''/Ø, '''*i''' became '''*ei'''/'''*oi'''/'''*i''' and '''*u''' became '''*eu'''/'''*ou'''/'''*u'''.  In West Europic, the Proto-Europic vowel system was preserved, as evidenced by the Old European river names.  It apparently also remained intact in East Europic long enough to influence the Eastern (Indo-Iranian) subbranch of Indo-European in which PIE '''*a''', '''*e''' and '''*o''' all merged into '''*a''' - it appears as if Eastern IE had undergone the GVC ''twice''.

The consonant inventory of Proto-Europic is essentially that of Proto-Indo-European as it is posited by the adherents of the glottalic theory, i.e. the (traditional) PIE voiced stops evolved from glottalized (ejective) stops.

==See also==

* [[Nostratic]]
* [[Mitian]]
* [[Eurasiatic]]
* [[Hesperic]]

[[Category:Historical linguistics]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old European languages</title>
    <id>2020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53007</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-10T19:06:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Old European''' is a designation for the (mostly unknown) languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family which dominates the continent today.  In this sense, [[Basque]] and the [[Wikipedia:Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] are Old European languages (however, the languages spoken today are certainly not identical with the languages that were spoken before the spread of Indo-European - they certainly changed a lot over time).  The term '''Old European''', however, is often used more narrowly with reference to the unknown languages of the first Neolithic farmers in central Europe, who appear to have immigrated from the east around the year 6000 BC.

These Old European languages are not attested in writing (but see [[Wikipedia:Old European Script|Old European script]] for a set of undeciphered signs that were used in the easternmost parts of the Old European area, which may or may not have been a writing system, but are at any rate undeciphered).  The only access to it we have are place names and especially [[Old European hydronymy|river names]] that are found all over central and western Europe, and possibly loanwords in the Indo-European languages now spoken there.  The area across which these Old European river names occur largely coincides with the area where material remains of the central European Neolithic (the so-called [[Wikipedia:Linear Pottery culture|Linear Pottery culture]]) and its daughter cultures, such as the [[Wikipedia:Beaker culture|Beaker culture]], have been found.

There are many theories about these languages.  The German linguist Theo Vennemann assumes that most languages of Neolithic Europe were related to Basque, and claims to have found evidence for this in the [[Old European hydronymy]].  Most of his colleagues, however, remain unconvinced.  [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] speculates that some, but by far not all of the extinct Old European languages belonged to a lost family which he calls &quot;[[Hesperic]]&quot; and assumes to be related to the [[Indo-European languages]].

If anything can be said about the lost Old European languages on the basis of what we find in the attested ones - Basque, the Caucasian languages and Etruscan -, we can say that the Old European were synthetic languages with rich inflectional morphology and diverse [[morphosyntactic alignment]]s (Basque and most Caucasian languages are ergative, Georgian split between accusative and active/stative, Etruscan is accusative).  The Caucasian languages have very rich phoneme inventories and seems to always have had, but Basque and Etruscan have more moderate phoneme inventories, perhaps reflecting an old east-west cline.

==Old European conlangs==

Naturally, this lost world has inspired some conlangers to come up with fictional re-creations of these languages.  There are several conlangs which represent Old European languages.  Some of these are:

* [[Albic]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
* [[Hairo]] by Christian Thalmann
* [[Maerik]] by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]
* [[Thalassan]] by [[User:RHaden|Rob Haden]]

* See also [[League of Lost Languages]]

[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uralo-Siberian languages</title>
    <id>2021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47612</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources */ cat:from WP</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Uralo-Siberian''' is a hypothetical [[language family]]
consisting of the following language families:

* Uralic
* Yukaghir
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Eskimo-Aleut

==History==

Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskimo-Aleut languages
were observed early.  In 1746, the Danish theologian Marcus Wöldike
compared Greenlandic to Hungarian.  In 1818, Rasmus Rask considered
Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages, and presented
a list of lexical correspondences.  (Rask also considered
Uralic and Altaic to be related to each other.)  In 1959,
Knut Bergsland published the paper ''The Eskimo-Uralic Hypothesis'',
in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of
grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences.
In 1962, Morris Swadesh proposed a relationship between the
Eskimo-Aleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families.
In 1998, Michael Fortescue put all the strings together in his
book, ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''.

==Evidence==

===Phonology===

The consonant inventories of the reconstructed protolanguages of the
four Uralo-Siberian families are very similar to each other.  A common
feature is that there are only voiceless and no voiced stops, while
there is a set of voiced (but no voiceless) non-sibilant fricatives
with the same places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and
velar; in Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut, also uvular).
There are also nasals in the same places of articulation.  In addition,
there are three sibilants, and liquids and semivowels.

===Morphology===

Apparently shared elements of Uralo-Siberian morphology include
the following:

{|
| '''*-t''' || plural
|-
| '''*-k''' || dual
|-
| '''*m-''' || 1st person
|-
| '''*t-''' || 2nd person
|-
| '''*ka''' || interrogative pronoun
|-
| '''*-n''' || genitive case
|}

===Lexicon===

Fortescue (1998) lists 95 lexical correspondence sets
with reflexes in at least three of the four language families,
and even more shared by two of the languages.  Examples are
'''*ap(p)a''' 'grandfather', '''*kað'a''' 'mountain' and
many others.

==Sources==

*Knut Bergsland (1959) The Eskimo-Uralic hypothesis. ''Journal de la Societé Finno-Ougrienne'', 61, 1-29.
*Michael Fortescue (1998) ''Language Relations across Bering Strait''. ISBN 0-304-70330-3.

''This article is a copy of the [[Wikipedia:Uralo-Siberian languages|Wikipedia]] article.''

[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eurasiatic</title>
    <id>2022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47541</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:08:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Eurasiatic''' is a hypothetic language family.

The name 'Eurasiatic' was first proposed by Joseph Greenberg for a family consisting of:

* Indo-European
* Etruscan
* Uralic
* Altaic
* Korean
* Japanese
* Ainu
* Nivkh (Gilyak)
* Yukaghir
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Eskimo-Aleut

Greenberg's work, however, is dismissed by many linguists due to his method of mass lexical comparison which only registers similarities but not regular correspondences.

Many adherents of the [[Nostratic]] hypothesis use the term 'Eurasiatic' for a branch of Nostratic that includes Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic, but not necessarily all the other languages listed by Greenberg.

==See also==

* [[Nostratic]]
* [[Mitian]]
* [[Wikipedia: Eurasiatic languages]]

[[Category:Protolanguages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia</title>
    <id>2023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54330</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-31T10:37:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;margin-left:1em; border:1px solid #000000; background-color:#f2f2f2; padding:2px; float:right;&quot; 
|style=&quot;padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center; font-size:85%;&quot; | Sandboxes
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandbox|Sandbox I]]
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandboxII|Sandbox II]]
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandboxIII|Sandbox III]] 
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandboxIV|Sandbox IV]] 
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandboxV|Sandbox V]]
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/sandboxVI|Sandbox VI]]
|-
|style=&quot;padding: 0 5px; background: #ccf;text-align: center; font-size:85%;&quot; | Fonts
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot; |[[User:Bukkia/charinsert|Charinsert]]
|}
Languages and other related pages:

*'''[[Nytal]]'''
**[[Nytal biblical texts]]
**[[Nytal-English dictionary]]
**[[States of the World (Nytal)]]
***[[States of Europe (Nytal)]]
***[[States of Asia (Nytal)]]
***[[States of Africa (Nytal)]]
***[[States of America (Nytal)]]
***[[States of Oceania (Nytal)]]
**[[Swadesh list for Nytal]]
**[[Specific Nytal lexycon]]

*'''[[Slevian]]'''

*'''[[Lišěč]]'''
**[[Lišěč-English dictionary]]

*'''[[Itëłan]]'''

*'''[[Lánc]]'''
**[[Lánc-English-Lánc dictionary]]
***[[Lánc-English dictionary]]
***[[English-Lánc dictionary]]
***[[States of the world (Lánc)]]
**[[Lánc dialogues]]
**[[Lánc phonology]]
***[[Lánc vowel scheme]]
**[[Lánc conjugation tables]]
**[[Lánc syntax]]

*'''[[Keβag]]'''
**[[Keβag-English dictionary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandbox</title>
    <id>2024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51146</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T13:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+3&quot; color=&quot;red&quot; family=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Banya Déno Svútuštádwo ši Déno Lójýswo!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+2&quot; color=&quot;blue&quot; family=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Merry Christmas and an Happy New Year!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nytal</title>
    <id>2025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31289</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-13T20:15:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Word order */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nytal''' is a constructed fantasy language, born to be isolated and not related to any linguistic family in the world.

==Phonology and Pronounce==

===Basical pronounce===

* '''''a''''' = like '''a''' in ''father''

* '''''b''''' = as in English

* '''''c''''' = always like '''ch''' in ''church''

* '''''d''''' = as in English

* '''''e''''' = like '''e''' in ''men'' (close-mid front unrounded vowel)

* '''''f''''' = as in English

* '''''g''''' = always like '''g''' in ''get''

* '''''h''''' = like '''ch''' of Scottish ''loch''

* '''''i''''' = always like '''ee''' in ''meet''

* '''''j''''' = always like '''y''' in ''you''

* '''''k''''' = as in English

* '''''l''''' = always like '''l''' in ''lane''

* '''''lj''''' = as in Spanish '''ll''' or Italian '''gl'''

* '''''m''''' = as in English

* '''''n''''' = as in English

* '''''nj''''' = as in Spanish '''ñ'''

* '''''o''''' = like '''o''' in ''rock'' (open-mid back rounded vowel)

* '''''p''''' = as in English

* '''''q''''' = a ''labialized voiceless velar plosive'' [{{IPA|kʷ}}], similar to sound of Italian letters ''qu''.

* '''''r''''' = rolled Italian/Spanish-like '''r'''

* '''''s''''' = as in English, but can only be '''unvoiced'''

* '''''š''''' = like '''sh''' in ''shop''

* '''''t''''' = as in English

* '''''u''''' = like '''u''' in ''put''

* '''''v''''' = as in English

* '''''x''''' = as in English

* '''''y''''' = this is the most difficult vowel to pronounce, because it appears rarely in romance or germanic languages. Instead, it is present in English, it is the '''schwa'''. A romance or germanic speaker can pronounce it by saying the '''ee''' of ''meet'' (or '''i''' in &quot;ilusiòn&quot; for Spanish, &quot;illusion&quot; for French and German) but lowering the tongue in the middle of the oral cavity and obtaining a sound middle-way between ''close e'' and ''ee''.

* '''''z''''' = as in English, but it can be only ''unvoiced''

* '''''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''''' = this grapheme represents a phoneme which is unknown to the most European languages: the '''''glottal stop'''''. It is present in the Danish language which uses it very often for distinguishing words but does not give it an alphabetic sign. Semitic languages use it more and more largerly, in fact it is considered as a single consonant. It is not easy to pronounce it, in English we can find some examples in the stop we make when we pronounce ''Bat'man''. The real glottal stop is a fast movement open/closed of the vocal cords, but for the speakers who do not know how to pronounce it we advise to pronounce it as a little stop during pronunciation.

===Phonology in IPA===

====Consonants====

This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:

{| {{prettytable}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | 
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Bilabial
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Labio-&lt;br/&gt;dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Palatal
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Velar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Glottal
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Plosive
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}&lt;/center&gt;
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ʔ}}&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Nasal
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|m}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[{{IPA|ɱ}}] &lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|n}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[{{IPA|ŋ}}] &lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Vibrant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|r}}&lt;/center&gt; 

| 
| 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Fricative
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|s}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʃ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|x}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Affricate
| 
|
|
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʦ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʧ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Approximant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|j}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɰ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral approximant
| 
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|l}}&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ʎ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|  
|}

*&lt;small&gt;1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants&lt;/small&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant&lt;/small&gt;

====Vowels====

This is the vowel system in IPA vowel table:

{| cellspacing=&quot;0px&quot; cellpadding=0 style=&quot;text-align:left; background:transparent;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:smaller;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:70px; text-align:right;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Central'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-back'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Back'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close'''
| style=&quot;height:210px;&quot; colspan=5 rowspan=7 | &lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;&quot; |

&lt;!-- CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|i(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|u(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|e(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:23%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:57%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ə(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; --&gt;

&lt;!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɔ(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- OPEN VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|a(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open'''
|}

Nytal owns both short and long vowels, but they are not distinctive in words. '''Fyr''' (''fire'') is usually pronounced /{{IPA|fə:r}}/, but it does not change its meaning if pronounced /{{IPA|fər}}/.

Anyway long vowels tends to move the ''stress'' above themselves.

==Morphology==

Nytal is an '''''isolating language'''''. It means that its particles (''substantives'', ''pronouns'', ''adjectives'', ''verbs'', etc...) '''never flect''' according to their quality or function.

===Substantives===

Nytal substantives '''''never''''' flect for ''genre'', ''number'' or ''cases''.

They only can be accompanied by the ''pluralizing particle'' '''le''' which is placed ''before'' them

* ''city'': '''syr'''

* ''cities'': '''le syr'''

There are '''no articles at''' all, neither ''definite'' articles nor ''indefinite'' ones. 

===Adjectives===

Nytal adjectives '''''never''''' flect according to their substantive. They are placed always '''after''' their substantive.

* ''the big city'': '''syr haron'''

* ''the big cities'': '''le syr haron'''

====Adjectival comparison====

Nytal has two degrees of comparison: the ''comparative'' and the ''superlative'':

* '''Comparative'''. Adjectives build their comparative by placing the particle '''''ty''''' ''before'' the adjective. The second term is expressed by particle '''ud'''.

They do not usually use less-comparative.

* '''Superlative'''. Adjectives build their superlative by placing the particle '''''irje''''' ''before'' the adjective. The second term can be expressed with the preposition '''yd''' (''of'') or '''okled''' (''between'', ''among'') 
** ''she is the most beautiful woman of the entire city'': '''si ad’jo mec irje skon yd syr vsi'''

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

Nytal has only three forms for personal pronouns:


{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;Person&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Pronoun&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''First person''&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''ni'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Second person''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ok'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Third person''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''si'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

They '''''never''''' flect for ''genre'', ''number'' or ''cases''. They can only be accompanied by their pluralizing particle '''la''', which is placed ''after'' them.

* ''I love'': '''ni a'ljek'''

* ''we love'': '''ni la a'ljek'''

* ''I love you'': '''ni a'ljek ok'''

* ''you love me'': '''ok a'ljek ni'''

The role played by the pronoun is decided by the ''position'' in the sentence word order, not as in English where there are different form like ''I'' / ''me''.

If a personal pronoun is placed ''after a substantive'', it plays the role of a '''possessive adjective''':

* ''my husband'': '''sik ni'''

* ''their cities'': '''le syr si la'''

It exists also a proper reflexive possessive pronoun, '''''su''''', which is used when the subject and the owner are the same, for all persons.

* ''I love my wife'': '''ni a'ljek mec su'''

In third person, if it is used the proper third person pronouns, it means that the owner is not the subject itself:

* '''si a'ljek mec su''': ''He loves his own wife''

* '''si a'ljek mec si''': ''He loves his wife (of another man)''.

====Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives====

They can be used both as pronouns and adjectives.
{|
|-
!
!
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''This''&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''tjel'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''That'' (&lt;small&gt;near to the listener&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''afris'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''That'' (&lt;small&gt;far from both speakers&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ski'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}
 
When they are used as pronouns they can take the pluralizing particle '''la''' after themselves, when they are used as adjectives they follow all adjectives' rules.

====Relative pronoun====

There is only one indeclinable relative pronoun '''ki'''.

* ''The cows you see belong to my husband'' (''the cows, which you see, are of my husband''): '''le desti, ki ok a'ljub, ad'jo yd sik ni'''

====Interrogative pronouns====

These are the interrogative pronouns; they are all indeclinable.
{|
|-
!
!
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''who''&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''ejik'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''what''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ejek'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''which''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''kjel'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''how much/many''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''tyka'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

===Adverbs===

Nytal adverbs, which are derived from an adjective, are distinguished by the particle '''klo''' which is placed just ''before'' the adjective. They can be found many isolated adjectives, used as adverbs anyway.

* ''finally'': '''klo blek'''

===Numbers===

====Cardinal====
Nytal number system is a 10 base one:

{|
|-
!
!
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''is'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''do'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;3&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''vif'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;4&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ti'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;5&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''so'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;6&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''kha'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;7&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ejk'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;8&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''tihr'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;9&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''von'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;10&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''dineh'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

Numbers over 10 are constructed: 

* numbers x 10: add -'''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;din'''.

* numbers x 100: add -'''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;odhi'''

* numbers x 1000: add -'''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;medih'''


composed numbers are formed with '''a''' (and). Examples:

* 25: '''do&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;din a so''' (''twenty and five'')

* 456: '''ti&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;odhi a so&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;din a kha''' (''four hundert and fifty and six'')

Each number has to be intended as an adjective but it can be placed before its substantive.

====Ordinal====

The ordinal numbers are formed by placing the particle ''tjux'' after all simple numbers:

* ''first'': '''is tjux'''

* ''fifteenth'': '''dineh a so tjux'''

and they follow all adjectives' rules.

* ''the fifth city'': '''syr so tjux'''

===Preposition===
{|
|-
!
!
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Of (genitive)''&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''yd'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''To (dative)''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''er'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''In (state)''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ju'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''In/to (motion)''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ka'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''From''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''de'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''About''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ob''''' &lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''With''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''vis'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Without''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''karim'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Until''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''tljuk'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Near''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''ojks'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Between/among''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''okled'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

===Verbs===

Nytal verbs do not decline as Indo-European verbs do according to number and tenses.

They only take some particles which indicate the temporal position of the action.

{|
|-
!
!
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Infinitive''&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;'''''-''''' (''zero'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Present''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''a&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-/ad&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Past''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''be&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-/bed&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Future''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''fi&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-/fid&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Conditional''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''bif&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;-'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;''Imperative''&lt;/center&gt;|| &lt;center&gt;'''''-''''' (''zero'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

* -[d] is added only before a vowel or a semivowel.

As in English, Nytal verbs ''always require'' the presence of a '''subjects''', substantives and personal or demonstrative pronouns.

To negate a verb you have to place the particle '''''ta''''' just ''before'' the verb.

* ''I love you'': '''ni a'ljek ok'''

* ''I do not love you'': '''ni ta a'ljek ok'''

From the verb we can obtain an ''adjective'' with a ''passive meaning'' which corresponds to our ''past participle'', by placing ''-&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;lo'' after the verb

* ''to see'': '''ljub'''

* ''seen'': '''ljub'lo'''

This is a special form because Nytal verbs '''''do not have a passive form'''''.

Each verb has to be intended as ''transitive'' and ''intransitive'' if possible: With an object it must be translated it with the transitive form, without any object it must be considered as an intransitive verb.

In English it is the same in the sentences: ''The boy broke the window'' (transitive) / ''The window broke'' (intransitive)

* ''the man broke the window'': '''sik be'krijg eknje'''

*''the window broke'': '''eknje be'krijg'''

====Infinitival form====
Nytal verbs have an infinitival form, that is what can be found in dictionaries. This form, however, can act as substantive, as an adjective, etc.

Within a sentence we won't find an infinitival form, because it can be something other! Thus, with modal verbs as ''mbit'' (to can), ''blinj'' (to must, to have to), and others, Nytal uses another construction, typical of languages which do not have an infinitival form for their verbs, like Bulgarian or Romanian languages:

Instead of constructions as ''I want to see'', the sentence is built in this way: ''I want that I see''. It would be as if in English we said: ''I want me to see''. 

Thus in Nytal the sentence is:

* '''Ni ad'ehohi li ni a'ljub''', I [PRES]want that I [PRES]see

The second verb agrees with the modal verb according to this rule:

* The verb gets the present adfix if the action is ''contemporaneous'' to the first one.
* The verb gets the past adfix if the action is ''prior'' the first one.
* The verb gets the future adfix if the action is ''subsequent'' to the first one.

* '''Ok la bed'ehohi li ok la ad'jole''', You[PLUR] [PAST]want that you[PLUR] [PRES]eat, ''you wanted to eat''.

===Derivational morphology===

Since all words in Nytal language could, in theory, play the rule of ''substantive'', ''adjective'', (pronoun) and ''verb'', the derivational morphology was almost nonexistent. Some traces of a derivational morphology existed, a very few processes of derivations:

- the couple &quot;''prefix'' '''me-''' + word + ''suffix'' '''-(j)er'''&quot;, added to a verb, create a new word with the leading meaning of &quot;''one who makes the action''&quot;, equivalent to the English suffix ''-er''. The new word could be used as adjective or as verb too.

* '''skit''', ''to write'' → '''''meskitjer''''', ''writer''

* '''xenoj''', ''to take care'' → '''''mexenojer''''', ''caretaker''

* '''finans''', ''debt, to be in debt'' → '''''mefinanser''''', ''debtor''

This prefix and this suffix were maybe born as independent particles, because of the isolating nature of the language, and only after the continuos usage they were felt as an added prefix and suffix.

==Syntax==

===Word order===

Nytal is a strictly '''''SVO''''' language, i.e. its components in the independent sentences are placed '''Subject''' - '''Verb''' - '''Object'''.

This word order is respected in every kind of sentences, dependent and independent; only by this the words can play their exact role in the sentences, because no word has cases or changes according to its function as in Indo-European languages does:

* '''ni a'ljek si''': ''I love her'' but if the pronouns' position changes, the sense of the sentences changes: '''si a'ljek ni''': ''She loves me''.

There are only a few cases where the word order can change:

- In the relative sentence we can find an '''''OSV''''' order, because the relative pronoun is the ''object'', ''accusative'':

* ''the man which you see'': '''sik ki ok a'ljub'''

- In direct questions we can find an '''''OSV''''' order, because the interrogative pronoun is the ''object'', ''accusative'':

* ''Which city did you visit?'': '''kjel syr ok be'ljeuben?'''

====Positions of all words inside the sentences====

All the words inside the Nytal sentences are disposed in order to accord to strict word order rules and it also deals with particles, like pronouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, ecc.. In this table there is an easy explanation of all rules:


{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Adverb!!Complements!!style=&quot;background-color:orange;&quot;|Subject!!Adjective!!Possessive!!style=&quot;background-color:lime;&quot;|Verb!!Adverb!!style=&quot;background-color:magenta&quot;|Object!!Adjectives!!Possessive!!Complements
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|Nu||vis ni||style=&quot;background-color:#FFD482;&quot; |babu||fols||ni||style=&quot;background-color:#83FF82;&quot;|a'sakar||klo blek||style=&quot;background-color:#FF82FF;&quot;|mesityeker||aln||ni la||fre kuku vsi
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|''Now''||''with me''||style=&quot;background-color:#FFD482;&quot; |''father''||''good''||''my''||style=&quot;background-color:#83FF82;&quot;|''buys''||''finally''||style=&quot;background-color:#FF82FF;&quot;|''car''||''new''||''our''||''for family-all''
|}


The tablets with colors refer to the most important parts of the sentence: ''Subject''-''Verb''-''Object'', the minimal constituents of a sentence (even if an intransitive verb ''does not own any object''). The other parts are optional, but they have to follow these space rules.

===Usage of words===

Nytal words can have more than an unique function:

A ''substantive'' can be easily used as an ''adjective'' or a ''verb'':

* ''love'': '''ljek''' → ''to love'' → ''relative to the love''
** ''I love my wife, it's a great love'': '''ni a'ljek mec su, tjel ad'jo ljek haron'''

* ''to see'': '''ljub''' → ''seeing, vision''

* ''beautiful'': '''skon''' → ''beauty'' → ''to get beautiful'' → ''to make beautiful''
** ''I am beautiful'': '''ni ad'jo skon'''
** ''I got beautiful'': '''ni be'skon'''
** ''She will make her own house beautiful'': '''si fi'skon toj su'''

* ''man, husband'': '''sik''' → ''human, masculine, male''

* ''to stop, to finish'': '''blek''' → ''end, termination'' → ''final''

So many words have different functions, which can be recognized because of their accompaining particles.

==Lexycon==

* '''[[Nytal biblical texts]]'''
* '''[[Nytal-English dictionary]]'''
* '''[[States of the World (Nytal)|States of the World]]'''
* '''[[Specific Nytal lexycon|Everyday lexycon]]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Nytal| ]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nytal biblical texts</title>
    <id>2026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46276</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-22T13:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bleys klinij'lo, The lost sheep */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there are some collected texts from the '''Holy Bible''', translated into Nytal.

Each text is presented in tre versions: the Nytal one, the transcription word by word, and the translation into English.

==Torin yd Babel, the tower of Babel==

Bajus vsi bed’oraj skal smi a le vorin smi 

Nhi si la be’nori de Trons, le sik be’bjela ka fenne ju bajus yd Šinear a si la be’blek 

Si la be’pih okled su la «Nori, nut le ahlup kjeki’lo vis fyr!» Si la be’ljos le ahlup ju mjest yd le štani a štani fjesi’lo ju mjest yd štani krijg’lo. 

Net si la be’pih «Nori, sindak syr a torin hokje tljuk ojl, ni la a’ljsenf su, ahoj ni la ta fi’klinj sip bajus vsi» 

Po be‘šli ka veljer a be’ljub torin a syr ki le cilo yd le sik be’sindak 

Po be’pih «Ljub, si la ad’jo sikelt is a ad’oraj skal is; tjel ad’jo bolsenj yd rbijt si la; nu si la a’mbit li si la a'nut vsi ki si la ad‘ehoi» 

«Šli ka veljer a mejx skal si la ahoj ta behd sok ad’uden skal yd ijls!» 

A Po be’mejx si la sip bajus vsi a si la be’blek sindak yd syr. 

Fri tjel Po bed’ole er syr noym yd Babel, ahoj kien Po be'mejx skal yd bajus vsi a de kjonej Si be’mejx si la sip bajus vsi. 

* Trascription:

''World all [PAST]speak language same and [PLUR]word same''

''When he[PLUR] [PAST]come from East, [PLUR]man [PAST]arrive to plane in land of Shinear and he[PLUR] [PAST]stop''

''He[PLUR] [PAST]say among [REFLEX. PARTICLE][PLUR]  «Come[IMPER], make[IMPER] [PLUR]brick cook[PAST PARTICIPLE] with fire!» He[PLUR] [PAST]use [PLUR]brick in place of [PLUR]stone and stone melt[PAST PARTICIPLE](bitumen) in place of stone break[PAST PARTICIPLE](lime)''

''Then he[PLUR] [PAST]say «Come[IMPER], build[IMPER] city and tower high until sky, I[PLUR] [PRES]make famous [REFLEXIVE PARTICLE], because I[PLUR] not [FUT]lose over world all»''

''Lord [PAST]go to low down and [PAST]see tower and city that [PLUR]son of [PLUR]man [PAST]build''

''Lord [PAST]say «See[IMPER], he[PLUR] [PRES]be population one(only) and [PRES]speak language one(only); this [PRES]be beginning of work-he[PLUR]; now he[PLUR] [PRES]can that he[PLUR] [PRES]do all that he[PLUR] [PRES]want»''

''«Go[IMPER] to low down and mix[IMPER] language-he[PLUR] because not some people [PRES]understand language of other»''

''And Lord [PAST]mix he[PLUR] over world all and he[PLUR] [PAST]stop construction of city.''

''Because of this Lord [PAST]give to city name of Babel, because there Lord [PAST]mix language of world all and from there He [PAST]mix he[PLUR] over world all.''

* Translation:

The entire world spoke the same language and the same words

While they came from the East, men arrived to a plane in the land of Shinear and they stop (their journey)

They said among themselves «Come, let's make some bricks cooked with the fire!» They used bricks instead of stones and bitumen instead of lime

Then they said «Come, let's build a high tower until the sky, we get famous, so that we will not disperse all over the world»

The Lord went down and saw the tower and the city, the sons of men were building'''

The Lord said «Watch, they are an unique population and speak an unique language; this is the beginning of their work: now they can do all that they want»

«Go down and mix their language, so that nobody understand the language of the other one»

And the Lord dispersed them all over the wold and they stop the construction of the city.

So the Lord gave the city the name of Babel, because there the Lord mixed the language of the entire world and from there He dispersed them all over the world.

==Babu ni la, Lord's prayer==

Babu ni la, ki ad’jo ju ojl

Ni la a’šijnt noym Ok

Nori sliknost Ok

Ni la a’nut ehoj Ok

Iknijt ju ojl, Iknijt sjep bajus vsi

Ole tyahri er ni la ejs ni la

A vlup er ni la le finans ni la

Iknijt gek ni la a’vlup er le mefinanser ni la

A ta nenijt ni la ka medoljem

U vrij ni la de olim

Amen


* Trascription:

''Father-I[PLUR], that [PRES]be in sky''

''I[PLUR] [PRES]make holy name-Thou''

''Come[IMPER] kingdom-Thou''

''I[PLUR] [PRES]make will-Thou''

''So in sky, so over world all''

''Give[IMPER] today to I[PLUR] bread-I[PLUR]''

''And forgive[IMPER] to I[PLUR] [PLUR]debt-I[PLUR]''

''So how I[PLUR] [PRES]forgive to [PLUR]debtor-I[PLUR]''

''And not take[IMPER] I[PLUR] to temptation''

''But make free[IMPER] I[PLUR] from evil''

''Amen''

* Traslation:

Our Father, who are in heaven

We hallow Your name

Your kingdom come

We make Your will

So in heaven, so all over the world

Give us today our bread

And forgive us our debts

As we forgive our debtors

And do not lead us to temptation

But deliver us from evil

Amen

==Ave Marija, Holy Mary==

Ave Marija, vald vis foljsent 

Po ad’jo vis ok 

Si a’folepih ok okled le mec 

A folepih’lo ad’jo ohlse yd beet ok, Jesu 

Šijnt Marija, miri yd Po 

Orjein fre ni la, le mekoljomjer 

Nu a ju xomeš yd ahlen ni la 

Amen

* Trascription:

''Ave Maria, full with grace''

''Lord [PRES]be with you''

''He [PRES]bless you among [PLUR]woman''

''And bless[PAST PARTICIPLE] [PRES]be fruit of womb-you, Jesus''

''Holy Maria, mother of God''

''Pray for I[PLUR], [PLUR]sinner''

''Now and in moment of death-I[PLUR]''

''Amen''

* Traslation:

Ave Maria, full of grace

The Lord is with you

He bless you among the women

And blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus

Holy Maria, mother of God

Pray for us sinners

Now and in time of our death

Amen

==Bleys klinj'lo, The lost sheep==

From the Gospel for Mathew, Cfr 18,12-14 

'''Bleys klinj’lo'''. Ejek ok la a’tikli ob tjel? Giv sik ad’ejen is’odhi le bleys a si a’klinj js okled le bleys vsi, si ta fi’relijk mbido von’din a von le bleys ijls a si fi’posik bleys klinj’lo? Giv si fi’mbijt li si a'zabyd si, si fid’jo optimij fri bleys skj a ta fri von’din a von le bleys ijls ki ta be’klinj. Iknijt Babu ok la ju ojl ta ad’ehohi li js okled le fili tjel a’klinj. 

* Transcription:
'''''Sheep lose[PAST PARTICIPLE]'''. What you[PLUR] [PRES]think about this? If man [PRES]have one hundred [PLUR]sheep and he [PRES]lose one among [PLUR]sheep all, he not [FUT]leave maybe ninety-and-nine [PLUR]sheep other and he [FUT]search sheep lose[PAST PARTICIPLE]? If he [FUT]can that he [PRES]find it, he [FUT]be happy for sheep that and not for ninety-and-nine [PLUR]sheep other that not lose[PAST]. So Father you[PLUR] in sky not [PRES]want that one among [PLUR]little this [PRES]lose.''

* Translation:
'''The lost sheep'''. What do you think about that? If a man has one hundred sheeps and lose one of them, maybe will he not leave the other ninety nine sheeps and will search for the lost sheep? If he finds it, he will be happy for that sheep and not for the other ninety nine ones that did not lose their way. So your Father in the sky do not want one among this little children to lose his own way.

==Eukaristija, Eucharist==

From the Gospel for Mathew, Cfr 26,26-29 

'''Eukaristija'''. Nu, nhi si la bed’jole, Jesu be’lole ejs, a riet si be’pih folepih, si be’krage ejs a bed’ole ski er le diskip su a be’pih «Lole a jole, tjel ad’jo bus ni». Rjet si be’lole ješon, a rjet si be’puhlen Po, si bed’ole ješon er si la a be’pih: «Ok la vsi kaj, ahoj tjel ad’jo flus ni yd zenoj, klerse’lo fre le sok sir, fre ulup yd le koljom. Ni a’pih er ok la, li de nu ni ta sop fi’kaj ohlse tjel yd bulšenk tljuk ahriyd ni fi’kaj si vis ok la ju sliknost yd Babu ni». 

* Transcription:

'''''Eucharist'''. Now, when he[PLUR] [PAST]eat, Jesus [PAST] bread, and after he [PAST]say benediction, he [PAST]split bread and [PAST]give to [PLUR]disciple- [REFLEXIVE PARTICLE] and [PAST]say «Take[IMPER] and eat[IMPER], this [PRES]be body-I». After he [PAST]take cup, and after he [PAST]thank Lord, he [PAST]give cup to he[PLUR] and [PAST]say: «You[PLUR] all drink[IMPER], because this [PRES]be blood-I of alliance, pour[PAST PARTICLE] for [PLUR]person much, for forgiveness of [PLUR]sin. I [PRES]say to you[PLUR], that from now I not more [FUT]drink fruit this of grapewine until day I [FUT]drink it with you[PLUR] in kingdom of Father-I».''

* Translation:

'''Eucharist'''. Now, when they were eating, Jesus took the bread, and after he had pronounced the benediction, he splitted the bread and gave to his disciples and said: «Take and eat, this is my body». After that, he took the cup, and after he thanked the Lord, he gave them the cup and say «You all drink, because this is my blood of the alliance, poured for many people, for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, that from now I will drink this fruit of grapewine no more, until the day I will drink it with you in the kingdom of my Father»

==Folninj sliknost gek le cel, Greeting the kingdom like children==

From the Gospel for Luke, 18,15-17 

'''Folninj sliknost gek le cel'''. Si la be’kan er si le cel, ahoj si be’stakit si la; u le diskip be’ljub a be’bjelimse si la. Tjelcaj Jesu be’kale le diskip o be’pih: «Ta šunfec li le cel a’nori er nu, ahoj sliknost yd Po ad’jo yd afris le sok ki ad’jo gek si la. Ju loj nu a’pih er ok la: ejik ta fi’stakit sliknost yd Po gek cel, si ta fid’jušli kjonej» 

* Transcription:

'''''Greet kingdom like [PLUR]child'''. He[PLUR] [PAST]take to he [PLUR]child, so that he [PAST]caress he[PLUR]; but [PLUR]disciple [PAST]see and [PAST]rebuke he[PLUR]. Then Jesus [PAST]call [PLUR]disciple and [PAST]say « Not [IMPER]impede that [PLUR]child [PRES]come to I, because kingdom of God [PRES]be of that [PLUR]person which [PRES]be like he[PLUR]. In truth I [PRES]say to you[PLUR]: who not [FUT]greet kingdom of God like child, he not [FUT]enter there »'' 

* Translation:

'''Greeting the kingdom like children'''. They took him the children, so that he could caress them; but the disciples saw and rebuked them. Then Jesus called the disciples and said «Do not impede the children to come to me, because the kingdom of God belongs to whom is like them. In truth I tell you: who will not greet the kingdom of God like a child, he will not enter there»

==Sonud yd ojl a bajus, Creation of heaven and earth==

From the Genesis, 1,1-13, 

Ju bolsenj Po be’sonud ojl a bajus. Bajus ta bed’ejen naht a bed’jo karinsek a klur be’sdjelat glokeš a ka yd Po bed’otjez sip mej. Po be’pih: «Ons jo!». A ons bed’jo. Po be’ljub li ons bed’jo xade fols a bed’umjet ons de klur a be’noym ons ahriyd a klur klidir. A njosi bed’jo a kredi bed’jo: ahriyd is tjux. Po be’pih: «Ahejl jo acevje le mej ahoj si ad’umjet le mej de le mej» Po be’sonud ahejl a bed’umjet mej, kj ad’jo vjalje ahejl, de mej, kj ad’jo sip ahejl. A iknijt si be’kojle. Po be’noym si ojl. A njosi bed’jo a kredi bed’jo: ahriyd do tjux. Po be’pih: «Mej ki ad’jo vjalje ojl, falolen ju is mjest a comjo bakald». A iknijt si be’kojle. Po be’noym bakald bajus a mej falolen’lo soh. A Po be’ljub li si bed’jo xade fols. A Po be’pih: «Bajus fuxi le škrafsi, le grasi ki a’fuxi dox a le cirill fre le ohlse, ki fi’fuxi le ohlse vis dox sip bajus». A iknijt si be’kojle: bajus be’fuxi le škrafsi, le grasi ki a’fuxi dox, a le cirill kj a’fuxi le ohlse vis dox. Po be’ljub li si bed’jo xade fols. A njosi bed’jo a kredi bed’jo: ahriyd vif tjux. 

* Transcription:

''In beginning God [PAST]create heaven and earth. Earth not [PAST]have form and [PAST]be desert and darkness [PAST]cover depth and spirit of God [PAST]fly over water. God [PAST]say: «Light [IMPER]be». And light [PAST]be. God [PAST]see that light [PAST]be thing good and [PAST]separate light from darkness and [PAST]nominate light day and darkness night. And evening [PAST]be and morning [PAST]be: day first. God [PAST]say: «Sky [IMPER]be in-the-middle-of [PLUR]water so that it [PRES]separate [PLUR]water from [PLUR]water» God [PAST]create sky and [PAST]separate water, that [PRES]be under sky, from water, that [PRES]be over sky. And so it [PAST]happen. God [PAST]nominate it heaven. And evening [PAST]be and morning [PAST]be: day second. God [PAST]say: «Water that [PRES]be under sky, [IMPER]come-together in only place and [IMPER]appear dry-land». And so it [PAST]happen. God [PAST]nominate dry-land earth and water reunite[PAST PARTICIPLE] sea. And God [PAST]see that it [PAST]be thing good. And God [PAST]say: «Earth [IMPER]produce [PLUR]offshoot, [PLUR]grass that [PRES]produce seed and [PLUR]tree for [PLUR]fruit, that [FUT]produce [PLUR]fruit with seed over earth». And so it [PAST]happen: earth [PAST]produce [PLUR]offshoot, [PLUR]grass that [PRES]produce seed, and [PLUR]tree, that [PRES]produce [PLUR]fruit with seed. God [PAST]see that it [PAST]be thing good. And evening [PAST]be and morning [PAST]be: day third.''

* Translation:

In the beginning God created heaven and earth. Earth had no form and was desert and darkness covered the depth and the spirit of God flew over the water. God said: «Be the light». And the light was. God saw that light was a good thing and separated light from darkness and called the light “day” and the darkness “night”. And it was evening and it was morning: first day. God said «Be the sky in the middle of the waters so that it can separate waters form waters». God created the sky and separate the water, that are under the sky, from water that are over the sky. And so it happened. God called it “heaven”. And it was evening and it was morning: second day. God said: «The water, that are under the sky, must come together in an only place and appear the dry land». And so it happened. God called the dry land “earth” and the reunited water “sea”. And God saw it was a good thing. And God said «The Earth will produce offshoots, grasses which can produce seed, and fruit trees, which will produce fruits with seed over the earth». And so it happened: the earth produced offshoots, grasses which produce seed, and trees that produce fruits with seed. God saw it was a good thing. And it was evening and it was morning: third day.

==Sonud yd mec, Creation of woman==

From the Genesis 2,15-25 

Have Po be’lole sik a be’lank si ka ordhat yd Eden, ahoj si be’pisat a be’xenoj si. Have Po be’škapige er sik «Ok fi’mbit li ad'jole le ohlse yd le cirill vsi yd ordhat, u ok ta a’blinj  li ad'jole le ohlse yd cirill yd rinj, ahoj, giv ok fid’jole si la, ok klo laxes fid’ahlen».

Rjet Have Po be’pih «Sik ad’jo ejf, tjel ta ad’jo klo fols, ni ad’ehohi li ni a'nut goda fre si ki ad’adkhol si». Rjad Have Po be’nut de boješ le kosul sir batarige a le otisa vsi yd ojl a si be’nenijt ka sik, ahoj si be’lijub gek sik bif’noym si la: gek sik be’noym kosul evre, ski be’blinj li bed'jo noym si. Iknijt sik bed’ole noym er kosahjul vsi, er le otisa vsi yd ojl a er le kosul vsi betarige, u si ta be’zabyd goda ki bed’adhkol si. Rjad Have Po be’majsajr sik; si be’beklave is okled le oxabeta si a be’lank mleka. Have Po be’nut vis oxabeta, ki si be’beklave de sik, mec, a be’nenijt mec ka sik. Rjad sik be’pih:

«Nu si

ad’jo mleka yd mleka ni

a oxo de le oxo ni

si fi’noym “mec” 

ahoj Po be’beklave si de sik». 

Fri tjel sik fi’relijk babu su a miri su a fi’bojsitan vis mec su a si la do fid’jo is mleka. Nu si la vsi do bed’jo nakoš, sik a mec su, u si la ta be’palindros

* Transcription:

''Lord God [PAST]take man and [PAST]leave he in garden of Eden, so that he [PAST]cultivate and [PAST]look after it. Lord God [PAST]order to man «you [FUT]can that you [PRES]eat [PLUR]fruit of [PLUR]tree all of garden, but you not [PRES]must that you [PRES]eat [PLUR]fruit of tree of knowledge, because, if you [FUT]eat it[PLUR], you [AVV]certain [FUT]die»''

''After Lord God [PAST]say «Man [PRES]be alone, this not [PRES]be [AVV]good, I [PRES]want that I [PRES]do help for he that [PRES]resemble he». Then Lord God [PAST]make from soil [PLUR]animal much wild and [PLUR]bird all of sky and he [PAST]took to man, so that he [PAST]see how man [COND]nominate it[PLUR]: how man [PAST]nominate animal every, that [PAST]must that it [PRES]be name-he. So man [PAST]give name to livestock all, to [PLUR]bird all of sky and to [PLUR]animal all wild, but he not [PAST]find help that [PAST]resemble he. Then Lord God [PAST]send-to-sleep man; he [PAST]take-away one among [PLUR]rib-he and [PAST]put meat. Lord God [PAST]make with rib, that he [PAST]take-away from man, woman, and [PAST]take she to man. Then man [PAST]say:''

''«Now she''

''[PAST]be meat of meat-I''

''and bone of [PLUR]bone-I''

''she [FUT]nominate &quot;woman&quot;''

''because God [PAST]take-away from man».''

''For this man [FUT]leave father-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE] and mother-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE] and [FUT]unite with woman-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE] and he[PLUR] two [FUT]be one(only) meat. Now he[PLUR] all two [PAST]be naked, man and woman-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE], but he[PLUR] not [PAST]be-ashamed.''

* Translation:

The Lord God took man and left him in the garden of Eden, so that he should cultivate and look after it, the Lord God ordered to man «you can eat the fruits of all trees in the garden, but you must not eat the fruits of the tree of knowledge, because, if you eat them, you will certainly die»

After that the Lord God said «The man is alone, this is not well, I want to make an help for him which can resemble him» Then the Lord God shaped from soil many wild animals and all the birds of the sky and took them to the man, so that he could see how the man would have nominate them. How the man called every animal, that should be its own name. So the man gave name to all the livestock, to all the birds of sky and to all the wild animals, but he did not find an help which can resemble him. Then the Lord God send the man to sleep; he take away one among his own ribs and put meat instead. The Lord God shaped with the rib, which he had taken away from man, the woman, and took her to the man. Then the man say:

«Now she

is meat of my own meat

and bone of my own bones

her name is &quot;woman&quot;

because God take her away from man»

Because of this the man will leave his own father and mother and will unite himself with his own wife and they two will be one only meat. Now they all two were naked, the man and his own wife, but they were not ashamed.

==Koljom bolsenij, The original sin==

From the Genesis, 3,1-24

Cans bed’jo irje tarces okled le kosul betarige, ki Have Po be’nut. Si be’pih er mec: «Tjel ad’jo loj li Po be’pih “Ok la a’blinj li ok la ad'jole ta ohlse yd le cirill vsi yd ordhat”?» Mec be’coldha er cans «Ni la ad’ehohi li ni la ad'jole le ohlse vsj yd le cirill yd ordhat, u ob ohlse yd cirill ki a’fuse aceva ordhat Po be’pih: “Ok la ta a’blinj li ok la ad'jole a takat si, bjecastan ok la bif’ahlen». U cans be’pih er mec «Ok la ta bif’ahlen! Po a’rinj li, giv ok la ad’jole si, le of ok la bif’kroge a ok la bif’blivje tecej er Po, a bif’rinj fols a olim». Rjad mec be’ljub li cirill bed’jo fols, skon fre le of, a li si be'mbit li si be'salar renjel; si be’lole ohlse a bed'jole si, rjet si bed’ole si er sik su, ki bed’jo vis si, a si bed’jole ski. Iknijt le of si la be’kroge a si la be’ljub li si la bed’jo makoš; si la pacotav le kolos yd toscon a be’sdjelat. Rjet si la bed’edjo Have Po ki manšel ju ordhat vis aer yd arhiyd a sik vis mec su be’xoceti de Have Po, okled le cirill yd ordhat. U Have Po be’kale sik a be’pih er si «Hvo ok ad’jo?» Si be’coldha: «Ni bed’edjo many ok ju ordhat, ni be'šocali, ahoj ni ad’jo makoš a be’xoceti» A Po: «Gek ok a’rinj li ok ad’jo makoš? Ok mbido bed’jole le ohlse yd cirill ki ni be’škapige li ok ta bed’jole?» Sik be’coldha: «Mec, ki ok be’lank ojks ni, bed’ole er ni ohlse yd cirill a ni bed’jole si» Have Po be’pih er mec: «Ejek ok be’nut?» Mec coldha: «Cans be'putris ni a ni bed’jole si» 

Rjad Have Po be’pih er cans: 

:«Ahoj ok be’nut tjel, 

:ni ad’olipih ok sop okled kosahjul vsi 

:a sop okled le kosul betarige vsi; 

:ok fi’manšel vis beet ok 

:a fi’jole cuti 

:mec bed’jo osrešej ok, 

:glor ok 

:a glor si 

:si fi‘stašet khpit ok 

:a ok fi’cesurat valcutef si» 

:Si be’pih er mec: 
  

:«Ni fi’nut sir 

:le naf ok a le vating ok, 

:vis naf ok fi’saje le cilo su, 

:ok fi’šol ka sik su 

:u si fi’calut ok». 

:Si be’pih er sik: «Ahoj ok be’ljobist var yd mec su, a be’jole ohlse yd cirill, ob kj ni be’škapige “Ta jole”, ni ad’olipih bajus fri ok! 

:vis naf ok fi’lole axal 

:fre le ahriyd vsi yd šak ok. 

:Si fi’fuxi le lanzak a le tljakoviz fre ok 

:a ok fid’jole grasi yd forold 

:ok fid’jole ejs vis kolepson yd mol ok 

:tljuk ok fi'bešol ka bajus 

:ahoj de ski ni be’nut ok 

:ok ad’jo cuti a ok fid’jo cuti!» 

:Sik be’noym mec Eva, ahoj si bed’jo miri yd le sik vsi.

Have Po be’nut le otoxol fre sik a mec a si bed’otaxi si la. 

Have Po be’pih rjad:  «Ljub, sik be’blivje gek is okled ni la, fri rinj yd fols a olim. Nu si ta fi’pšoli ond su, ta fi’lole le ohlse yd cirill yd šak, ta fi’jole a ta fi’ šak fri kalos!» 

Have Po be’pataljex si de ordhat yd Eden, ahoj si be’pisat bajus, vis ki Po be’nut si. 

Si be’pataljex sik a be’lank ju trons de ordhat yd Eden le engel a fyr yd kartoc mesacatjenjer, ahoj si la be’xenoj veg ka cirill yd šak. 

* Transcription:

''Serpent [PAST]be most astute among [PLUR]animal wild, that Lord God [PAST]make. It [PAST]say to woman: «This [PRES]be real that God [PAST]say &quot;You[PLUR] [PRES]must that you[PLUR] [PRES]eat no fruit of [PLUR]tree all of garden&quot;?». Woman [PAST]answer to serpent: «I[PLUR] [PRES]can that I[PLUR] [PRES]eat [PLUR]fruit all of [PLUR]tree of garden, but about fruit of tree that [PRES]stay in-the-middle-of garden God [PAST]say &quot;You[PLUR] not [PRES]must that you[PRES] [PRES]eat and touch it, otherwise you[PLUR] [COND]die&quot;» But serpent [PAST]say to woman «You[PLUR] not [COND]die! God [PRES]know that, if you[PLUR] [PRES]eat it, [PLUR]eye-you[PLUR] [COND]open and you[PLUR] [COND]become equal to God, and [COND]know asset and evil». Then woman [PAST]see that tree [PAST]be good, beautiful for [PLUR]eye, and that she [PAST]can that she [PAST]aquire wisdom; she [PAST]take fruit and [PAST]eat it, after she [PAST]give it to man-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE], that [PASt]be with she, and he [PAST]eat that. So [PLUR]eye-he[PLUR] [PAST]open and he[PLUR] [PAST]see that he[PLUR] [PAST]be naked; he[PLUR] [PAST]weave [PLUR]leaf of fig and [PAST]cover. After he[PLUR] [PAST]hear Lord God that [PAST]walk in garden with wind of day and man with woman-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE] [PAST]hide from Lord God, among [PLUR]tree of garden. But Lord God [PAST]call man and [PAST]say to he: «Where you [PRES]be?» He [PAST]answer: «I [PAST]hear foot-you in garden, I [PAST]be-afraid, because I [PRES]be naked and [PAST]hide». And God: «How you [PRES]know that you [PRES]be naked? You maybe [PAST] eat [PLUR]fruit of tree that I [PRES]order that you not [PAST]eat?». Man [PAST]answer: «Woman, that you [PAST]place near I, [PAST]give to I fruit of tree and I [PAST]eat it». Lord God [PAST]say to woman «What you [PAST]do?» Woman [PAST]answer: «Serpent [PAST]deceive I and I [PAST]eat it».''

''The Lord God [PAST]say to serpent:''

:''«Because you [PAST]make this,''

:''I [PRES]curse you more among livestok all''

:''and more okled [PLUR]animal wild all''

:''you [FUT]walk with womb-you''

:''and [FUT]eat dust''

:''woman [FUT]be enemy-you''

:''progeny-you''

:''and progeny-she''

:''she [FUT]tread-on head-you''

:''and you [FUT]make-attempt-to heel-bone-she»''

:''He [PAST]say to woman:''


:''«I [FUT]make many''

:''[PLUR]pain-you and [PLUR]pregnancy-you''

:''with pain you [FUT]birth [PLUR]son-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE]''

:''you [FUT]go towards your man''

:''but he [FUT]dominate you».''

:''He [PAST]say to man: «Because you [PAST]listen-to voice of woman-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE], and [PAST]eat fruit of tree,''

:''about which I [PAST]order &quot;Not eat[IMPER]&quot;, I [PRES]curse earth because-of you!''

:''with pain you [FUT]take food''

:''for [PLUR]day all of life-you''

:''It [FUT]produce [PLUR]thorn and [PLUR]bramble for you''

:''and you [FUT]eat grass of field''

:''you [FUT]eat bread with sweat of face-you''

:''until you [FUT]come-back to earth''

:''because from that I [PAST]make you''

:''you [PRES]be dust and you [FUT]be dust!».''

:''Man [PAST]nominate woman Eva, because she [PAST]be mother of [PLUR]man all''

''Lord God [PAST]make [PLUR]tunic for man and woman and he [PAST]dress he[PLUR].''

''Lord God [PAST]say then: «Watch, man [PAST]become like one among I[PLUR], for knowledge of asset and evil. Now he not [FUT]lay hand-[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE], not [FUT]take [PLUR]fruit of tree of life, not [FUT]eat and not [FUT]live for ever.''

''Lord God [PAST]expel he from garden of Eden, because he [PAST]cultivate earth, with that God [PAST]make he.''

''He [PAST]expel man and [PAST]place in east from garden of Eden [PLUR]angel and fire of sword striking, because he[PLUR] [PAST]take-care-of way to tree of life.''

* Translation:

The serpent was the most astute among the wild animals, which the Lord God created. It told the woman: «Is it real that God said &quot;You can eat no fruit from all trees of the garden&quot;?». The woman answered to the serpent: «We can eat all fruits of the tree of the garden, but about the fruits of the tree which is in the middle of the garden God said &quot;You must not must eat and touch it, otherwise you would die&quot;» But the serpent told the woman: «You would not die! God knows that, if you eat it, your eyes would open and you will become equal as God, and would know the asset and the evil». Then the woman saw that the tree was good, beautiful for the eyes, and that she could aquire the wisdom; she took the fruit and ate it, afterwards she gave it to her man, who was with her, and he ate it. So their eyes opened and they saw they were naked; they weaved leaves of fig and covered themselves. Afterwards they heard the Lord God walking in the garden with the wind of the afternoon and the man with his woman hide from the Lord God among the trees of the garden. But the Lord God called the man and told him: «Where are you?» He answered: «I hear your steps in the garden, I was afraid, because I am naked and I hid». And God: «How do you know you are naked? Did you maybe eat the fruits of the tree which I ordered that you did not eat?». The man answered: «The woman, who you placed near me, gave me the fruit of the tree and I ate it». The Lord God told the woman «What did you do?» The woman answered: «The serpent deceived me and I ate it».

The Lord God told the serpent:

:«Since you did this,

:I curse you among all livestok

:and among all wild animals

:you will walk on your womb

:and will eat dust

:the woman will be your enemy

:your progeny

:and her progeny

:she will tread on your head

:and you will make attempt to her heel-bone»

:He told the woman:


:«I will multiplicate

:your pains and your pregnancies

:with pain you will birth your children

:you will tend to go towards your man

:but he will dominate you».

:He told the man: «Since you listened to the voice of your woman, and ate the fruit of the tree,

:about which I ordered you &quot;Do not eat&quot;, I curse the earth because of you!

:with pain you will take the food

:for all days of your life

:It will produce thorns and brambles for you

:and you will eat the grass of the fields

:you will eat the bread with the sweat of your face

:until you will come back to the earth

:because with that I shaped you

:you are dust and you will be dust!».

:The man called the woman Eva, because she was the mother of all men

The Lord God made tunics for the man and the woman and he dressed them.

The Lord God then said: «Watch, the man became like one of us, for his knowledge of the asset and the evil. Now he will not lay his own hand, will not take the fruits of the tree of life, will not eat and will not live for ever.

The Lord God expelled him from the garden of Eden, so that he cultivated the earth, which God shaped him with

He expelled the man and placed east from the garden of Eden the angels and the fire of strikings word, so that they could take care of way to the tree of life.

==Legend==
In the trascription, to translate the meaningless particles, that have only grammatical functions, some abbreviations between brackets. Here is explained their function:

For verbs:

* ''[PRES]'': marks the particle for the '''present tense'''
* ''[PAST]'': marks the particle for the '''past tense'''
* ''[FUT]'': marks the particle for the '''future tense'''
* ''[COND]'': marks the particle for the '''conditional mood'''
* ''[IMPER]'': marks the particle for the '''imperative tense'''
* ''[PAST PARTICIPLE]'': marks the particle for the '''past participle'''

For substantives and pronouns

* ''[PLUR]'': marks the particle for the '''plural number'''
* ''[REFLEXIVE PARTICLE]'': marks the particle for the '''reflexive pronoun or adjective'''

If a pronouns is written linked to a substantive before itself, it plays the role of a possessive adjective:

''work-he[PLUR]'': '''their work'''

[[Category:Nytal]]
[[Category:Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nytal-English dictionary</title>
    <id>2027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43892</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T17:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* M */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}This is a little ''Nytal-English'' dictionary with the main words of the Nytal lexycon.

==A==
'''a'''; /{{IPA|a:}}/ 1, ''conj'', and

'''aceva'''; /{{IPA|aʧeva}}/ 1, ''adv'', always; 2, ''adj'', continuos; '''''fri aceva''''' for ever

'''aer'''; /{{IPA|aer}}/ 1, ''n'', wind; 2, ''adj'', windy

'''ahal'''; /{{IPA|a:xal}}/ 1, ''n'', river; 2, ''adj'', fluvial

'''ahlen'''; /{{IPA|axlen}}/ 1, ''vb'', to die; 2, ''n'', death

'''aln'''; /{{IPA|a:ln}}/ 1, ''adj'', new; 2, ''n'', new, news; 3, ''vb'', get new, to renew; 4, ''vb'', to make new, to renew

'''ara'''; /{{IPA|a:ra}}/ 1, ''n'', moon; 2, ''adj'', moon, lunar

'''arma'''; /{{IPA|arma}}/ 1, ''n'', soldier; 2, ''adj'', military

'''axal'''; /{{IPA|aksal}}/ 1, ''n'', food; 2, ''vb'', to feed

==B==
'''babu'''; /{{IPA|ba:bu}}/ 1, ''n'', father, dad, daddy; 2, ''adj'', paternal

'''bajus'''; /{{IPA|bajus}}/ 1, ''n'', earth, world; 2, ''adj'', earth

'''bjela'''; /{{IPA|bjela}}/ 1, ''vb'', to arrive; 2, ''n'', arrival

'''bin'''; /{{IPA|bin}}/ 1, ''n'', fish; 2, ''adj'', fish; 3, vb, to fish, to net

'''blinj'''; /{{IPA|bli:ɲ}}/ 1, ''vb'', to must, to have to; 2, ''n'', must

'''blivje'''; /{{IPA|blivje}}/ 1, ''vb'', to become

'''bojsitan'''; /{{IPA|bɔjsita:n}}/ 1, ''vb'', to unit; 2, ''n'', union; 3, ''adj'', relative to the union

'''bus'''; /{{IPA|bu:s}}/ 1, ''n'', body; 2, ''adj'', body

==C==
'''caj'''; /{{IPA|ʧaj}}/, 1, ''n'', time; 2, ''n'', tense; 3, ''adj'', temporal, time

'''cans'''; /{{IPA|ʧa:ns}}/, 1, ''n'', serpent

'''cilo'''; /{{IPA|ʧilɔ}}/ 1, ''n'', son, daughter; 2, '''''le cilo''''', ''n'', children; 3, ''adj'', infantile

'''co'''; /{{IPA|ʧɔ:}}/ 1, ''vb'', to be born; 2, ''n'', birth

'''coldha'''; /{{IPA|ʧɔldxa}}/ 1, ''n'', answer; 2, ''vb'', to answer; 3, ''vb'', to give an answer

'''comjo'''; /{{IPA|ʧɔmjɔ}}/ 1, ''vb'', to appear; 2, ''n'', appearance

'''cuti'''; /{{IPA|ʧuti}}/ 1, ''n'', dust; 2, ''adj'', dusty

==D==
'''danek'''; /{{IPA|da:nek}}/ 1, ''vb'', to believe; 2, ''n'', belief

'''dremis'''; /{{IPA|dremis}}/ 1, ''n'', shoulder

'''dile'''; /{{IPA|di:le}}/ 1, ''n'', goose

'''dosejn'''; /{{IPA|dɔsejn}}/ 1, ''n'', boy

==E==
'''edjo'''; /{{IPA|edjɔ}}/ 1, ''vb'', to hear

'''ehohi'''; /{{IPA|exɔxi}}/ 1, ''vb'', to want; 2, ''n'', will; 3, ''adj'', volitive

'''eknje'''; /{{IPA|ekɲe}}/ 1, ''n'', window

'''ejen'''; /{{IPA|ejen}}/ 1, ''vb'', to have, to onw

'''ejs'''; /{{IPA|ejs}}/ 1, ''n'', bread

'''engel'''; /{{IPA|engel}}/ 1, ''n'', angel; 2, ''adj'', angelic

'''estijl'''; /{{IPA|estijl}}/ 1, ''n'', summer; 2, ''adj'', summer

'''evre'''; /{{IPA|evre}}/ 1, ''adj'', ''pr'', every

==F== 
'''fiensit'''; /{{IPA|fje:nsit}}/ 1, ''n'', west; 2, ''adj'', west, western

'''fili'''; /{{IPA|fili}}/ 1, ''adj'', little, small

'''floj'''; /{{IPA|flɔj}}/ 1, ''n'', war; 2, ''adj'', bellic, war; 3, ''vb'', to make war, to be in war

'''flus'''; /{{IPA|flu:s}}/ 1, ''n'', blood; 2, ''adj'', blood; 3, ''vb'', to bleed

'''fordag'''; /{{IPA|fɔrdag}}/ 1, ''adv'', tomorrow

'''fundienz'''; /{{IPA|fundjents}}/ 1, ''n'', tin; 2, ''adj'', tin

'''fuxi'''; /{{IPA|fuksi}}/ 1, ''vb'', to produce; 2, ''n'', production

'''fyr'''; /{{IPA|fə:r}}/ 1, ''n'', fire; 2, ''vb'', to be on fire; 3, ''vb'', to burn

==G==
'''gad'''; /{{IPA|gad}}/ 1, ''n'', year; 2, ''adj'' annual, year-

'''gek'''; /{{IPA|gek}}/ 1, ''adv'' ''conj'', how

'''gino'''; /{{IPA|ginɔ}}/ 1, ''n'', knee; 2, ''adj'', knee

'''gloky'''; /{{IPA|glɔkə}}/ 1, ''adj'', deep; 2, ''n'', depth

'''grasi'''; /{{IPA|grasi}}/ 1, ''n'', grass

==H==
'''haron'''; /{{IPA|xarɔn}}/ 1, ''adj'', big, great; 2, ''n'', bigness, greatness; 3, ''vb'', to get big, to get great 

'''hokje'''; /{{IPA|xɔkje}}/ 1, ''adj'', high; 2, ''n'', height

'''hojds'''; /{{IPA|xɔjds}}/ 1, ''n'', mount, mountain; 2, ''adj'', mountain

'''hon'''; /{{IPA|xɔn}}/ 1, ''n'', dog; 2, ''adj'', dog, canine

'''hvjor'''; /{{IPA|xvjɔr}}/ 1, ''adv'' ''conj'', where (''motion'')

'''hvo'''; /{{IPA|xvɔ:}}/ 1, ''adv'' ''conj'', where (''state'')

'''hy'''; /{{IPA|xə}}/ 1, ''conj'', or

==I==
'''isen'''; /{{IPA|isen}}/ 1, ''n'', iron; 2, ''adj'', iron

'''isar'''; /{{IPA|isar}}/ 1, ''vb'', to sleep; 2, ''n'', sleep

==J==
'''jiknijt'''; /{{IPA|ji:knijt}}/ 1, ''adv'' ''conj'', so

'''jo'''; /{{IPA|jɔ:}}/ 1, ''vb'', to be

'''jušli'''; /{{IPA|juʃli}}/ 1, ''vb'', to go in, to enter; 2, ''n'', enter, entry

==K==
'''ka'''; /{{IPA|ka:}}/ 1, ''n'', soul

'''kale'''; /{{IPA|kale}}/ 1, ''vb'', to call; 2, ''n'', call

'''kanj'''; {{IPA|/kaŋ/}} 1, ''vb'', to invite; 2, ''n'' invitation

'''kepr'''; /{{IPA|ke:pr}}/ 1, ''n'', copper; 2, ''adj'', copper

'''kilo'''; /{{IPA|kilɔ}}/ 1, ''n'', finger

'''khpit'''; /{{IPA|kxpit}}/ 1, ''n'', head; 2, ''n'', head, chief

'''klur'''; /{{IPA|klur}}/ 1, ''adj'', dark; 2, ''n'', darkness

'''kold'''; /{{IPA|kɔld}}/ 1, ''adj'', warm, hot; 2, ''n'', heat, warmth

'''koljom'''; /{{IPA|kɔljɔm}}/ 1, ''n'', sin; 2, ''vb'', to sin

'''kolon'''; /{{IPA|kɔlɔn}}/ 1, ''vb'', to hate; 2, ''n'', hate

'''kosud'''; /{{IPA|kɔsud}}/ 1, ''n'', animal; 2, ''adj'', animal

'''krijg'''; /{{IPA|kri:jg}}/ 1, ''vb'', to break; 2, ''n'', break

'''kuku'''; /{{IPA|kuku}}/ 1, ''n'', family; 2, ''adj'', family, familiar

==L==
'''la'''; /{{IPA|la}}/ ''pluralizing particle, it falls always after its pronoun''

'''ljek'''; /{{IPA|ljek}}/ 1, ''n'', love; 2, ''vb'', to love; 3, ''adj'', relative to love

'''le'''; /{{IPA|le}}/ ''pluralizing particle, it falls always before its substantive''

'''li'''; /{{IPA|li:}}/ 1, ''conj'', that

'''ljobist'''; /{{IPA|ljɔbist}}/ 1, ''vb'', to listen to; 2, ''n'', listening

'''ljos'''; /{{IPA|ljɔs}}/ 1, ''vb'', to use; 2, ''n'', usage

'''ljub'''; /{{IPA|ljub}}/ 1, ''v'', to see, to look at, to watch; 2, ''n'', vision; 3, ''adj'', visual, optical

'''ljump'''; /{{IPA|ljump}}/ 1, ''v'', to grow up; 2, ''n'', growing

'''lobi'''; /{{IPA|lɔbi}}/ 1, ''n'', cat

'''loj'''; /{{IPA|lɔj}}/ 1, ''adj'', real; 2, ''n'', reality

'''lys'''; /{{IPA|ləs}}/ 1, ''n'', sun; 2, ''adj'', sun, solar

==M==
'''many'''; /{{IPA|manə}}/ 1, ''n'', foot

'''mec'''; /{{IPA|me:ʧ}}/ 1, ''n'', women; 2, ''adj'', feminine, female

'''mej'''; /{{IPA|mej}}/ 1, ''n'', water; 2, ''adj'', acquatic, water

'''mejx'''; /{{IPA|mejks}}/ 1, ''vb'', to confuse; 2, ''vb'', to mix; 3, ''n'', mixage, mixing; 4, ''n'', confusion; 5, ''n'', jam

'''merinsjer'''; /{{IPA|merinsje:r}}/ 1, ''n'', gouvernour

'''metitaxos'''; /{{IPA|metitaksos}}/ 1, ''n'', helmet, beaver

'''mijst'''; /{{IPA|mijst}}/ 1, ''n'', mouse

'''min'''; /{{IPA|mi:n}}/ 1, ''n'', mouth; 2, ''adj'', oral

'''miri'''; /{{IPA|miri}}/ 1, ''n'', mother; 2, ''adj'', maternal

'''mjest'''; /{{IPA|mjest}}/ 1, ''n'', place, location; 2, ''vb'', to place, to locate

'''mleka'''; /{{IPA|mleka}}/ 1, ''n'', meat; 2, ''adj'', meat

'''mol'''; /{{IPA|mɔl}}/ 1, ''n'', face; 2, ''adj'', facial

'''mullen'''; /{{IPA|mul:en}}/ 1, ''adv'', yesterday

==N==
'''naf'''; /{{IPA|na:f}}/ 1, ''n'', pain, ache; 2, ''vb'', to suffer, to ache

'''njosi'''; /{{IPA|njɔsi}}/ 1, ''n'', evening; 2, ''adj'', evening

'''norjein'''; /{{IPA|nɔrjein}}/ (contraction of '''''ni + orjein''''', ''I pray) 1, ''adv'', please

'''noym'''; /{{IPA|nɔəm}}/ 1, ''n'', name, noun; 2, ''adj'', nominal; 3, ''vb'', to nominate; 4, ''vb'', to be called, to have a name; '''''ni a'noym...''' My name is...

'''nori'''; /{{IPA|nɔri}}/ 1, ''vb'', to come

'''nu'''; /{{IPA|nu:}}/ 1, ''adv'', now

'''nut'''; /{{IPA|nut}}/ 1, ''vb'', to do, to make, to prepare; 2, ''n'', the act of making

==O==
'''of'''; /{{IPA|ɔ:f}}/ 1, ''n'', eye; 2, ''adj'', of the eyes, relative to the eyes

'''ojl'''; /{{IPA|ɔjl}}/ 1, ''n'', sky, heaven; 2, ''adj'', celestial, sky

'''ole'''; /{{IPA|ɔle}}/, 1, ''vb'', to give

'''ons'''; /{{IPA|ɔns}}/, 1, ''n'', light

'''optimij'''; /{{IPA|ɔptimi:j}}/ 1, ''adj'', happy; 2, ''n'', happiness; 2, ''vb'', to make happy; 4, ''vb'', to get happy

'''oraj'''; /{{IPA|ɔraj}}/ 1, ''vb'', to talk, to speak

'''orjein'''; /{{IPA|orjein}}/ 1, ''vb'', to pray; 2, ''n'', prayer

'''oskom'''; /{{IPA|ɔskɔm}}/ 1, ''n'', ship; 2, ''adj'', naval

'''osrešoj'''; /{{IPA|ɔsreʃɔj}}/, 1, ''n'', enemy, 2, ''adj'', enemy

'''oxo'''; /{{IPA|ɔksɔ}}/ 1, ''n'', bone; 2, ''adj'', bome

==P==
'''pih'''; /{{IPA|pix}}/ 1, ''vb'', to say, to tell

'''pisat'''; /{{IPA|pisat}}/ 1, ''vb'', to cultivate; 2, ''n'', cultivation, agricolture; 3, ''adj'', agricultural

'''Po'''; /{{IPA|pɔ:}}/ 1, ''n'', God; 2, ''n'', Lord; 3, ''adj'', divine

'''pohgor'''; /{{IPA|pɔxgɔ:r}}/ 1, ''n'', winter; 2, ''adj'', winter

'''poljedonis'''; /{{IPA|pɔljedɔni:s}}/ 1, ''n'', priest

==Q==

'''qarh'''; /{{IPA|kʷa:rx}}/ 1, ''adj'', easy; 2, ''n'', ease, facility

'''qolt'''; /{{IPA|kʷɔ:lt}}/ 1, ''n'' cape [GEO]

==R==
'''raši'''; /{{IPA|raʃi}}/ 1, ''n'', friend; 2, ''adj'', friendly

'''rbijt'''; /{{IPA|rbi:jt}}/ 1, ''vb'', to work; 2, ''n'', work; 3, ''adj'', working

'''riet'''; /{{IPA|rjet}}/ 1, ''adv'', afterwards, then

'''rinj'''; /{{IPA|riɲ}}/ 1, ''vb'', to know; 2, ''n'', knowing, knowledge

'''rjun'''; /{{IPA|rjun}}/ 1, ''prep'', after

==S==
'''sakar'''; /{{IPA|sakar}}/ 1, ''vb'', to buy, to purchase; 2, ''n'', purchase

'''sindak'''; /{{IPA|sindak}}/ 1, ''vb'', to build; 2, ''n'', construction

'''sijve'''; /{{IPA|sijve}}/ 1, ''vb'', to save; 2, ''n'', salvation, rescue

'''sikelt'''; /{{IPA|sikelt}}/ 1, ''n'', population; 2, ''adj'', people, popular; 3, ''adj'', popular, democratic (COMMUN)

'''sir'''; /{{IPA|si:r}}/ 1, ''adj'', much, many; 2, ''pron'', much, many, 3, ''adv'', very 

'''skal'''; /{{IPA|skal}}/ 1, ''n'', language

'''skit'''; /{{IPA|ski:t}}/ 1, ''vb'', to write; 2, ''n'', writing

'''skon'''; /{{IPA|skɔ:n}}/ 1, ''adj'', beautiful; 2, ''n'', beauty; 3, ''vb'', to get beautiful; 4, ''vb'', to make beautiful 

'''slik'''; /{{IPA|slik}}/, 1, ''n'', king

'''sliknost'''; /{{IPA|sliknost}}/, 1, ''n'', kingdom, reign

'''smi'''; /{{IPA|smi:}}/, 1, ''adj'', same

'''soh'''; /{{IPA|sɔ:x}}/ 1, ''n'', sea; 2, ''adj'', marine

'''sok'''; /{{IPA|sɔk}}/ 1, ''n'', person; 2, ''adj'', personal; '''''le sok''''' people

'''sonud'''; /{{IPA|sɔnud}}/ 1, ''v'', to create; 2, ''n'', creation

'''spind'''; /{{IPA|spind}}/ 1, ''n'', star; 2, ''adj'', star, stellar

'''suh'''; /{{IPA|su:x}}/ 1, ''n'', market; 

'''svjet'''; /{{IPA|svjet}}/ 1, ''vb'', to win; 2, ''n'', victory

'''syr'''; /{{IPA|sə:r}}/ 1, ''n'', city, town; 2, ''adj'', city, town, urban

==Š==
'''šijnt'''; /{{IPA|ʃi:nt}}/ 1, ''adj'', saint, holy; 2, ''n'', Saint, an holy person; 3, ''vb'', to get holy, to become saint; 4, ''n'', to make holy, to santificate

'''šli'''; /{{IPA|ʃli:}}/ 1, ''vb'', to go

'''šolit'''; /{{IPA|ʃɔlit}}/ 1, ''n'', south; 2, ''adj'', southern

'''štani'''; /{{IPA|ʃtani}}/ 1, ''n'', stone; 2, ''adj'', stone

==T==
'''tikli'''; /{{IPA|tikli}}/ 1, ''vb'', to think; 2, ''n'', thought, thinking

'''tiron'''; /{{IPA|tirɔn}}/ 1, ''n'', tower

'''toj'''; /{{IPA|tɔj}}/ 1, ''n'', house, home; 2, ''adj'', domestic, home 

'''tolk'''; /{{IPA|tɔlk}}/ 1, ''adj'', old; 2, ''vb'', to get old, to age, to grow old 3, ''n'', obsolescence

'''trimsbajun'''; /{{IPA|trimsbajun}}/ 1, ''n'', earthquake; 2, ''adj'', sismic

'''trons'''; /{{IPA|trɔns}}/ 1, ''n'', east; 2, ''adj'', east, eastern

'''tyahri'''; /{{IPA|təaxri}}/, 1, ''adv'', today; 2, ''adj'', today

==U== 
'''u''' /{{IPA|u:}}/ 1, ''conj'', but

'''udem'''; /{{IPA|udem}}/ 1, ''vb'', to understand; 2, ''n'', understanding, comprehension; 3, ''adj'', all-understanding

'''ulup'''; /{{IPA|ulup}}/ 1, ''vb'', to forgive; 2, ''n'', forgiveness, pardon

'''umjet'''; /{{IPA|umjet}}/ 1, ''vb'', to divide, to subdivide, to separate; 2, ''n'', division, separation, secession; 3, ''n'', section

==V==
'''vald'''; /{{IPA|vald}}/ 1, ''adj'', full

'''vand'''; /{{IPA|vand}}/ 1, ''n'', wall

'''var'''; /{{IPA|var}}/ 1, ''n'', voice; 2, ''adj'', vocal

'''veljer'''; /{{IPA|velje:r}}/ 1, ''adj'', low, small; 2, ''adv'', down

'''vorin'''; /{{IPA|vɔrin}}/ 1, ''n'', word; 2, ''adj'', word

'''vrij'''; /{{IPA|vri:j}}/ 1, ''adj'', free; 2, ''vb'', to get free, to be free, 3, ''vb'', to make free, to deliver, 4, ''n'', freedom, liberty

'''vruq'''; /{{IPA|vru:kʷ}}/ 1, ''n'', coast; 2 ''adj'', coastal

'''vsi'''; /{{IPA|vsi}}/ 1, ''adj'', all; 2, ''n'', all

==X==
'''xoj'''; /{{IPA|ksɔj}}/ 1, ''n'', metall; 2, ''adj'', metallic

==Y==
'''ylofik'''; /{{IPA|əlɔfik}}/ 1, ''n'', north; 2, ''adj'', northern

==Z==
'''zan'''; /{{IPA|ʦa:n}}/ 1, ''n'', tooth

[[Category:Nytal]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lišěč</title>
    <id>2028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49784</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-17T01:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lightgrey&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;| Lišĕč (Lišĕčna/Лишĕчна)
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
| Poland, Ukraine
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Region:
| Galitia
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
| 85.000 speakers
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]&lt;br&gt;[[Language families and languages|classification]]:
|[[Language isolate]] or&lt;br&gt; ''Altaic family''&lt;br&gt;:''Uralic languages''&lt;br&gt;::''Lišĕč languages''&lt;br&gt;:::'''''Lišĕč'''''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;lightgrey&quot;|Extra information
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|Author: 
| valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[User:Bukkia|Bukkia]]
|}

'''Lišĕč''' is a language, spoken in Galitia, on the border line between Poland and Ukraine. It’s an highly agglutinative language, and it‘s similar to ''Finnish'', ''Estonian'' and ''Hungarian'' languages, maybe related to the ''Uralic'' family, but it has many differences, that show the influence of ''Slavic'' and ''German'' languages. It is unknow if it is an isolated language with influences from both Uralic and Indo-European languages, or an Uralic language with a unknown substrate and influences from Indo-European languages.

It can be written both with '''''Latin Alphabet''''' and with '''''Cyrillic alphabet'''''.

==Phonology==

===Vowel harmony===
The '''vowel harmony''' is typical phenomenon of non-Indo-european languages in Europe.

The vowels of interchangeable endings change according to the last vowel in the last syllable of the word.

The interchangeable vowels in the endings are:

* '''''-e-''''': for a last '''front vowel''' in the world
* '''''-a-''''': for a last '''central vowel''' in the world
* '''''-o-''''': for a last '''back vowel''' in the world

Examples: The plural endings are: ''-nes, -nas, -nos'' / ''-нес, -нас, -нос''

Lin (''man'') → Linnes / Лин (''man'') → Линнес&lt;br&gt;
Tanõk (''sea'') → Tanõknos / Танõк (''sea'') → Танõкнос&lt;br&gt;
Sava (''river'') → Savanas / Сава (''river'') → Саванас&lt;br&gt;

===Vowels===

{| cellspacing=&quot;0px&quot; cellpadding=0 style=&quot;text-align:left; background:transparent;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:smaller;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:70px; text-align:right;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Central'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-back'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Back'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close'''
| style=&quot;height:210px;&quot; colspan=5 rowspan=7 | &lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;&quot; |

&lt;!-- CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|i&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;y}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
{{IPA|ɨ}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|u}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|e}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|o}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:23%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:57%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ə}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; --&gt;

&lt;!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɛ&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;œ}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɔ}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:37%; width:1.33em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|æ}}&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;!-- OPEN VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
{{IPA|a}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open'''
|}

===Consonants===

{| {{prettytable}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | 
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Bilabial
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Labio-&lt;br/&gt;dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Palatal
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Velar
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Plosive
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}&lt;/center&gt;
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Nasal
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|m}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɱ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|n}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Vibrant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|r}}&lt;/center&gt; 

| 
| 
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Fricative
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|θ}} {{IPA|ð}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʃ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Affricate
| 
|
|
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʦ}} {{IPA|ʣ}}&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʧ}} {{IPA|ʤ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Approximant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|j}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɰ}}&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral approximant
| 
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|l}}&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ʎ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|}

===Writing systems===

Lišěč can be written with both a modified version of Latin alfabet (called '''Latinka'''/'''Латинка''') and a modified version of Cirillic alfabet (сalled '''Kirilica'''/'''Кирилица''').

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;IPA consonant&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Cyrillic&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|p}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''p'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''п'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|b}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''b'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''б'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|t}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''t'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''т'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|d}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''d'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''д'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|k}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''k'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''к'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|g}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''g'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''г'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|m}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''m'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''м'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|n}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''n'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''н'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɲ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ň'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''њ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʦ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''c'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ц'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʣ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''z'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ѕ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʧ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''č'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ч'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʤ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ğ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ђ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|f}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''f'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ф'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|v}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''v'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''в'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|θ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ţ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ө'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ð}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''đ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ћ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|s}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''s'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''с'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|z}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ś'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''з'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʃ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''š'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ш'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|r}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''r'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''р'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|j}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''j'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''й'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɰ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''u'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''у'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|l}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''l'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''л'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʎ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ł'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''љ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;IPA vowel&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Cyrillic&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|i}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''i'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''и'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|y}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ü'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ÿ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɨ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''y'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ы'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|u}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''u'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''у'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|e}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''e'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''е'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɛ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ĕ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ĕ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ə}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ë'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ё'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|œ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ö'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ö'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|æ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ä'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ä'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|a}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''a'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''а'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɔ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''õ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''õ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|o}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''o'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''о'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

==Morphology==

Lišĕč has an agglutinative morphology, i.e, words are declined and take endings, but these endings have only one meaning, instead of the multiple meanings of an Indo-european desinence.

Exemple:

* Latin: '''Urbium''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''urb'' + desinence ''-ium'', the desinence has the meaning of both plural and genitive case.
* Lišĕč: '''Gradanasal''' (genitive plural ''of the cities''): root ''grada'' + plural desinence ''-nas-'' + genitive desinence ''-al''

===Substantives===

Substantives have ''no genre'', but they decline according to ''number'' ('''''singular''''', '''''plural''''' and '''''collective''''') and ''cases'' ('''''30 cases'''''):

====Number====

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Number||Latin||Cyrillic
|-
|Singular||-||-
|-
|Plural||'''-nas/nes/nos'''||'''-нас/нес/нос'''
|-
|Collective||'''-ałij/ełij/ołij'''||'''-аљий/ељий/ољий'''
|-
|}

The '''''collective number''''' means a ''defined group'' of objects or beings, while '''''plural number''''' indicates an ''undefined number'' of objects or things (both functions are covered by plural in Indo-european languages):

The '''collective''' should be used:

* With ''cardinal numbers''
* Without numbers to indicate “''a group of''” or with ''uncountable nouns'' to indicate “''a little of''”, “''a bit of''”

====Case====

The '''case''' indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has '''''30 cases''''', many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Case||Latin||Cyrillic||Case function
|-
|''Nominative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''subject'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Genitive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-al/el/ol'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ал/ел/ол'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''possession'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Dative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-am/em/om'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ам/ем/ом'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''indirect object'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Accusative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-an/en/on'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ан/ен/он'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''direct object'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Partitive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-a/e/o'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-а/е/о'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''ripartition'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with the adjectives ''some'' ''any''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Essive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-as/es/os'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ас/ес/ос'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''existence'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with the word ''as''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Causal''||&lt;center&gt;'''-fal/fel/fol'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-фал/фел/фол'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''causes'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with prepositions ''because of'' ''for''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Originative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-dala/dele/dolo'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-дала/деле/доло'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''origin'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with prepositions ''from'' ''of''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Instrumental''||&lt;center&gt;'''-kam/kem/kom'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-кам/кем/ком'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''instrument'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with prepositions ''with'' ''by''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Comitative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-sam/sem/som'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-сам/сем/сом'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''company'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with preposition (''together'') ''with''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Agentive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-õlna/õlne/õlno'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-õлна/õлне/õлно'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''agent'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with the preposition ''by''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Finalitative-&lt;br&gt;benefactive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ossa/osse/osso'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-осса/оссе/оссо'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''finality''' and '''benefice'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with preposition ''for''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Abessive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-baś/beś/boś'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-баз/без/боз'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''absence'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with preposition ''without''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Temporal''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ňal/ňel/ňol'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-њал/њел/њол'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''time'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with prepositions ''at'' ''during''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Terminative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-õňa/õňe/õňo'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-õња/õње/õњо'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''end'''&lt;br&gt;It can be translated with preposition ''until''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Argomentative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-asta/esta/osta'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-аста/еста/оста'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Case of '''argument'''&lt;br&gt;It can be traslated with preposition ''about''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Inessive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ka/ke/ko'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ка/ке/ко'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Elative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-kaňa/keňe/koňo'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-кања/кење/коњо'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Illative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-kaţun/keţun/koţun'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-каөун/кеөун/коөун'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Superessive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-sõda/sõde/sõdo'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-сõда/сõде/сõдо'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Delative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-šanë/šenë/šonë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-шанë/шенë/шонë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Sublative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-sõğa/sõğe/sõğo'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-сõђа/сõђе/сõђо'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Adessive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-đyna/đyne/đyno'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ћына/ћыне/ћыно'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Ablative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-daţë/deţë/doţë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-даөë/деөë/доөë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Allative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-adanë/edenë/odonë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-аданë/еденë/одонë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Interjective''||&lt;center&gt;'''-rağä/reğä/roğä'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-рађä/ређä/рођä'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Transitive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-rakä/rekä/rokä'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ракä/рекä/рокä'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Translative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-arykë/erykë/orykë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''See table below''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

The last 12 cases in table above are '''''Locative cases'''''. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for '''interior''' (''inside''), '''surface''' (''on, above'') and '''adjacency''' (''near''), and with the four locative complements: ''statement in'', ''movement to'', ''movement from'' and ''movement across''.

So, for example, the ''sublative case'' means a movement ''towards above'', or a ''movement over a surface''.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Case System
|-
|||&lt;center&gt;''interior''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''surface''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''adjacency''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''statement in''||&lt;center&gt;'''inessive'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''superessive'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''adessive'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''movement to''||&lt;center&gt;'''illative'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''sublative'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''allative'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''movement from''||&lt;center&gt;'''elative'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''delative'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''ablative'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''movement across''||&lt;center&gt;'''interjective'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''transitive'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''translative'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

===Adjectives===

Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of '''case''' and '''number'''. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always '''''before''''' their substantives. Only ''past participles'' (which are adjectives) can be placed ''after'' the substantive.

There is '''''no article''''' at all.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: '''-õkša/õkše/õkšo''','''-õкша/õкше/õкшо'''

====Locative adverbs====

Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: '''''they decline'''''. They take the same ''locative endings'' of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:

'''Sinaan/Синаан''' has the unspecified meaning of ''there'', but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:

With the '''''elative''''' ending, '''Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања''', it specifies its meaning in ''from there inside''

With the '''''adessive''''' ending, '''Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына''', it specifies its meaning in ''there (statement) near''.

And so the other locative adverbs decline.

===Pronouns===
====Personal Pronouns====

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;Pronouns&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Cyrillic&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;I&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''kaj'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''кай'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Thou&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''le'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ле'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;He/she/it&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''am'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ам'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;We (exclusive)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''fi'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''фи'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;We (inclusive)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''fikaj'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''фикай'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;You&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''lěni'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''лěни'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;They&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''amini'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''амини'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

Personal pronouns use the same endings substantives to decline. Personal pronouns in nominative '''are not needed''' before declined verbs, since they already show their person with desinences.

Personal pronouns declined in '''genitive''' play the role of our '''''possessive adjectives/pronouns'''''. They are placed ''before'' the substantive but they are not adjectives and they ''do not decline'' (note: they are already declined in genitive). Other Uralic languages have particular personal desinence to express our possessive adjectives, and maybe Lišěč had but surely lost them.

''My mother'': kajal anja/кайал анйа

====Interrogative Pronouns====

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;Pronouns&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Cyrillic&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;What&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''nik'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ник'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Who&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''këta'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''кëта'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Which&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''jõgë'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''йõгë'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;How Much&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''skolg'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''сколг'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

Interrogative pronouns use the same endings for substantives to decline.

===Numerals===

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;Number&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Cyrillic&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;0&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''nõl'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''нõл'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ögši'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''öгши'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''kägśi'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''кäгзи'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''öłne'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''öљнë'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;4&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ňiła'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''њиља'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''biśi'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''бизи'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;6&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''güśij'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''гÿзий'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;7&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''sjěn'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''сйěн'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;8&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''vaśën'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''вазëн'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;9&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''điviţ'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ћивиө'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;10&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''kyme'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''кыме'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

===Verbs===

Verbs do conjugate according to '''''persons''''', '''''moods''''' (''indicative, subjunctive, conditional, accusative, imperative'') and '''''tenses''''' (''present, aorist, perfect past, imperfect past, ancient past, anterior past, recent future, far future, anterior future'')

Verbs do conjugate according to persons by adding some '''personal endings''':

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Personal Desinence||Latin||Cyrillic
|-
|''I''||&lt;center&gt;'''-alm/elm/olm'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-алм/елм/олм'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Thou''||&lt;center&gt;'''-atë/etë/otë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-атë/етë/отë'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''He/She/It''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ast/est/ost'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-аст/ест/ост'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''We (exclusive)''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ammë/emmë/ommë'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-аммë/еммë/оммë'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''We (inclusive)''||&lt;center&gt;'''-amäl/emäl/omäl'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-амäл/емäл/омäл'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''You''||&lt;center&gt;'''-atëni/etëni/otëni'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-атëни/етëни/отëни'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''They''||&lt;center&gt;'''-astyn/estyn/ostyn'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-астын/естын/остын'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

This makes the nominative personal pronouns completely '''''useless''''' to conjugate verbs.

Before adding the personal endings, you have to indicate the verb’s mood, by adding '''modal endings''':

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Mood||Latin||Cyrillic
|-
|''indicative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''subjunctive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-šaš/šeš/šoš'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-шаш/шеш/шош'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''conditional''||&lt;center&gt;'''-laň/leň/loň'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-лањ/лањ/лањ'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''accusative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-nan/nen/non'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-нан/нен/нон'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''imperative''||&lt;center&gt;'''-aj/ej/oj'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ай/ей/ой'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

* The '''''Indicative''''' mood marks certain facts and it’s the mood of the reality.

* The '''''Subjunctive''''' mood marks uncertain facts, doubts, and possibility..

* The '''''Conditional''''' mood marks facts under a specified condition, possibility, unreality.

* The '''''Accusative''''' mood marks actions in subordinated clauses. It can only appear in this kind of clauses, which so do not require particular conjunctions. It can be added together with subjunctive or conditional endings, if the meaning of the verbal action requires them.

* The '''''Imperative''''' mood marks orders. It '''does not require personal endings'''.

At last, but before the personal endings, you should add the '''temporal endings''', to indicate the verb’s tense:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Tense||Latin||Cyrillic
|-
|''Present''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ak/ek/ok'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ак/ек/ок'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Aorist''||&lt;center&gt;'''-as/es/os'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ас/ес/ос'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Perfect Past''||&lt;center&gt;'''-amt/emt/omt'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-амт/емт/омт'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Imperfect Past''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ostal/ostel/ostol'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-остал/остел/остол'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Ancient Past''||&lt;center&gt;'''-akaš/ekeš/okoš'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-акаш/екеш/окош'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Anterior Past''||&lt;center&gt;'''-đarn/đern/đorn'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ћарн/ћерн/ћорн'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Recent Future''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ňaţ/ňeţ/ňoţ'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-њаө/њеө/њоө'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Far Future''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ssan/ssen/sson'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ссан/ссен/ссон'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Anterior Future''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ülaj/ülej/üloj'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ÿлай/ÿлей/ÿлой'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

* The '''''Present tense''''' marks an action which takes place in present time.

* The '''''Aorist tense''''' marks an action, which took place in past time, but without any time reference, and any aspectual reference.

* The '''''Perfect Past tense''''' marks an action in a specified past, with the meaning of the completeness of the action itself. The expressed action is complete and with no links with present time.

* The '''''Imperfect Past tense''''' marks an action in a specified past, with the meaning of incompleteness of the action itself. The expressed action is not complete or it has some links with present time, or we talk about the time of last of the action itself.

* The '''''Ancient Past tense''''' marks an action, which took place before an action expressed by the Aorist tense.

* The '''''Anterior Past tense''''' marks an action, which took place before an action expressed by the Perfect Past tense or Imperfect Past tense.

* The '''''Recent Future tense''''' marks an action, which will take place in a future not far from present time.

* The '''''Far Future tense''''' marks an action, which will take place in a far future from present time.

* The '''''Anterior Future tense''''' marks an action, which will take place before an action expressed by Recent Future tense or Far Future tense.

There are some other verbal endings, which are the ''infinitival'' ending and ''participial'' endings:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!bgcolor=&quot;#E0E0FF&quot;|Mood||Latin||Cyrillic
|-
|''Infinitive''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ajn/ejn/ojn'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-айн/ейн/ойн'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Present Participle''||&lt;center&gt;'''-ağanđ/eğenđ/oğonđ'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ађанћ/еђенћ/ођонћ'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|''Past Participle''||&lt;center&gt;'''-at/et/ot'''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ат/ет/от'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

* '''''Infinitive'''''  is the form you find in dictionaries, and, together with accusative modal endings, it follows modal verbs.

* The '''''Present Participle'''''  is an adjectival endings, which form an adjective with the meaning ''one who does…'' ''that which does…'' in present form.

* The '''''Past Participle'''''  is an adjectival endings, which form an adjective with a ''passive meaning'' for transitive verbs, and simple ''past meaning'' for intransitive verbs.


To negate a verb you may place the adverb '''ěłi/ěљи''' before the verb.

==Syntax==
===Verb &quot;to have&quot;===
Lišĕč language does not have a verb similar to English verb “to have”. This is a main feature also of all languages in Uralic family. To express possession you can use the construction:

Owned thing or being in '''Nominative''' + '''Õłojn/Õљойн''' (''to be'') + ''Dative'' of the owner:

* ''They have two children'' → '''Aminiem õłokostyn kägśi pëkaałij / Аминием õљокостын кäгзи пëкаљий'''

==Lexycon==
:''See: [[Lišěč-English dictionary]]''

===Useful expression===
* Üvëen Amüen / Ÿвёен Амÿен: ''Good morning''
* Üvëen Pĕinaan / Ÿвёен Пĕинаан: ''Good afternoon (day)''
* Üvëen Vičĕren / Ÿвёен Вичĕрен: ''Good evening''
* Üvëen Jõon / Ÿвёен Йõон: ''Good night''

* Üvëõške mënnat / Ÿвёõшке мённат: ''Welcome''

* Puaakalm lišĕčnaan / Пуаакалм лишĕчнаан: ''I speak Lišěč''
* Ĕłi puaakalm lišĕčnaan / Ĕљи пуаакалм лишĕчнаан: ''I don't speak Lišěč''
* Puaakatë anglaśnaan? / Пуаакатё англазнаан?: ''Do you speak English?''
* Jõgëan kelen puakaatë? / Йõгёан келен пуаакате?: ''Which language do you speak?

===Lord's prayer===
{|
|
:Fial Ipa, ktõr õłokotë tajväka
:sanktakammë leel nimien
:mënnajast leel küningrik
:tĕdaekemmë leel vylen
:śo tajväka, śo mälmake
:đnes antajatë fiam đnesmasen lĕjpäen
:õnt fergepejetë fial velkĕnesen
:śo fi fergepekemmë fial velketelnesem
:õnt ĕłi oğiatojotë ferśukedenë
:õnt svobõdojotë fian pakadaţë
:Amen
||
:Фиал Ипа, ктõр õљокотё тайвäка
:санктакаммё леел нимиен
:мённайаст леел кÿнингрик
:тĕдаекеммё леел вылен
:зо тайвäка, зо мäлмаке
:ћнес антайатё фиам ћнесмасен лĕйпäен
:õнт фергепейетё фиал велкĕнесен
:зо фи фергепекеммё фиал велкетелнесем
:õнт ĕљи ођиатойотё ферзукеденё
:õнт свобõдойотё фиан пакадаθё
:Амен
|}

===Babel text===
:Allë mälma puaasast ögšien kelen õnt śĕlpnesen sänanesen
:Koške mënnasastyn vasţõkšonë, linnes sapuaasastyn ebensöğe Šinĕarsöğe õnt pyśattuaasastyn sinaansöğe.
:Õnt säňoesestyn: &quot;Mënnajatëni, valmystaajamäl cigëlnese õnt kĕjttaejemäl aminian tulikom&quot;. Bëňücesestyn cigëlnesen päjkake kivinesel õnt bitumeen päjkake kalkaal.
:Õnt säňoesestyn: &quot;Mënnajatëni, rakenajamäl gradaan õnt kõrgëon turnon tajväõňa, õłokňoţomäl tuntaotnosos õnt ĕłi ferirňeţemäl mälmarekä&quot;.
:Erra alasõlasast nädänenesest turnon õnt gradaan, ktõrnoson pëkanas linnesel rakenostalastyn.
:Erra säňoesest: &quot;Nädäejetë, õłokostyn ögšies folkos õnt puaakastyn ögšien kelen. Täme õłokost algaas aminial tyõol. No könnekestyn tĕdanenekestyn tuyon, ktõron vylakastyn&quot;.
:&quot;Alasõlajatë mešenneneketë aminial kelen, śo ĕjkuga ümĕrtekňeţestyn kelen müynesel linnesel&quot;.
:Õnt Erra äjotteesest linnesen mälmarekä, śo kĕsgetesestyn rakennanasastyn gradaan.
:Śo Erra inimiesest gradaam Babel, śiksi tüksõdo Erra mešenesest kelnesen mälmael õnt tükšonë äjotteesest linnesen mälmarekä.

:Аллë мäлма пуаасаст öгшиен келен õнт зĕлпнесен сäнанесен
:Кошке мённасастын васθõкшонë, линнес сапуаасастын ебенсöђe Шинĕрасöђе õнт пузаттуаасастын синаансöђе.
:Õнт сäњоесестын: &quot;Мённайатёни, валмыстаайамäл цигёлнесе õнт кĕиттаейемäл аминиан туликом&quot;. Бёњÿцесестын цигёлнесен пäйкаке кивинесел õнт битумеен пäйкаке калкаал.
:Õнт сäњоесестын: &quot;Мённайатёни, ракенайамäл градаан õнт кõргëон турнон тайвäõња, õљoкњoθомäл тунтаотносос õнт ĕљи ферирњеθемäл мäлмарекä&quot;.
:Ерра аласõласаст нäдäненесест турнон õнт градаан, ктõрносон пëканас линнесел ракеносталастын.
:Ерра сäњoесест: &quot;Нäдäейетë, õљокостын öгшиес фолкос õнт пуаакастын öгшиен келен. Тäме õљокост алгаас аминал тыõол. Но кöннекестын тĕданенекестын туыон, ктõрон вылакастын&quot;.
:&quot;Аласõлайатë мешенненекетё аминиал келен, зо ĕйкуга ÿмĕртекњеθестын келен мÿыиесел линнесел&quot;.
:Õнт Ерра äйоттеесест линнесен мäлмарекä, зо кĕсгетесестын ракеннанасастын градаан.
:Зо Ерра инимиесест градаам Бабел, зикси тÿксõдо Ерра мешенесест келнесен мäлмаел õнт тÿкшонё äйоттеесест линнесен мäлмарекä.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Uralic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grammar of Silindion</title>
    <id>2029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41058</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-19T02:02:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subjunctive */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Historical Silindion Grammar.
{{Workinprogress}} 

  This will eventually contain a grammar of the Silindion language according to the following plan:

     A) Letters and Orthography
     B) Phonology
         1) Vowels and Consonants of Silindion
           a) Vowels
           b) Stops
           c) Fricatives
           d) Other
         2) Historical Development 
           a) Vowels
           b) Consonants
           c) Lenition 
           d) Stress
              i. Syncope
              ii. Metathesis
         3) Vowel Harmony 
     C) Morphology
         1) Case Usages in Silindion
         2) Nouns 
             a) Vowel Stems 
             b) Consonant Stems
             c) Rare or Irregular Stems
         3) Demonstratives
         4) Personal Pronouns
             a) Nominative 
             b) Oblique Stem
             c) Enclitic 
             d) Possessive 
             e) Possessive Enclitics
         5) Non-personal Pronouns
             a) Interogative
             b) Other
         6) Relative Particles and Prefixes
         7) Adjectives
             a) Base form
                i. derivation from nouns
                ii. non-derivative
             b) Comparative
             c) Superlative
             d) Equative Constructions
             e) Prefixes with Adjectives
         8) Tense Usages 
         9) Verbs
              a) Stem Classes
              b) Infinite Forms
                  i. Infinitives
                  ii. Participles
                       1) Present
                       2) Past
                  iii. Gerunds
                       1) Nominal 
                       2) Conjunctive
                       3) Anterior
                       4) Abessive
                       5) Adjectival
              c) Active Finite Forms
                 i. Present Classes
                 ii. Imperfect
                 iii. Past Classes
                 iv. Optative/Future
                 v. Subjunctive
                     1) Present
                     2) Past
              d) Passive Finite Forms
                 i. Present 
                     1) Impersonal 3s
                 ii. Imperfect
                 iii. Past
                 iv. Optative/Future
                 v.  Subjunctive
                     1. Present
                     2. Past
           10) Prepositions
           11) Adverbs 
               i. non-derived
               ii. derived from nouns
               iii. derived from adjectives
           12) Numerals
               i. basic forms
               ii. composition forms
               iii. ordinals
           13) Conjunctions 
         D) Syntax That Is Not In Morphology

=='''Letters and Orthography'''==

Here is a preliminary scan of the alphabet and an example of its use:

[[Image:silindionalphabet.jpg]]

[[Image:silindionexample.jpg]]


'''Id i phendenya mornë Uristiénëa'''
'''ievissa mirto i nossë mirnanólmëa.'''
'''Filisi no i yénëanna istankómëa,'''
'''teldenvi ya ropavi elkaniri.'''

''Behold the shaded western hills''
''where the winter snows are falling.''
''I come to the new-year's feast,''
''In silence, under star-host watch.''

=='''Case Usage'''==

Silindion nouns can be inflected in 14 cases. The cases are nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, allative, comitative, instrumental, copulative, essive, topical, adjectival. The last case, the benefactive, is an extension of the dative, and is not in use in the modern language, except for in some grammatical tracts. In older forms of the language, it is widespread in the usage given below. The topical is also called relative, since it relates one noun to another, as explained below. 

*Nominative indicates the subject of a verb. It is also used adpositionally, as in &lt;'''Nanthalonis, i nista'''&gt; &quot;Nanthalonis, the king&quot;. 

*Accusative indicates the object of a verb. It also indicates motion through a place or time, and is used with prepositions such as ‹'''ono'''› &quot;through&quot;, ‹'''pero'''› &quot;across&quot; or ‹'''erë'''› &quot;during&quot;. 

*Genitive indicates the possessor. It is also used with various prepositions, such as ‹'''ess'''› &quot;inside of&quot; or ‹'''omë'''› &quot;because of&quot;. It is also used as the object of a few verbs, namely &lt;'''anëallo'''&gt; &quot;to promise&quot;, which is intransitive in High Silindion.  

*Dative indicates the indirect object and the person or thing for which an action is done. The last usage is called the benefactive use, and in Old, Middle and some High Silindion texts, is indicated by an extra ‹-r› to the dative ending. An example of this is, &lt;'''nistanu'''&gt; &quot;to the king&quot; (dative)  =&gt;  &lt;'''nistanur'''&gt; &quot;for the king&quot; (benefactive). 

*Ablative indicates separation, and is mostly used to translate 'from'. It is used with prepositions such as ‹'''ka'''› &quot;away from&quot; or ‹'''eis'''› &quot;from out, out of&quot;. It is also used as the object of a few verbs, namely &lt;'''moniello'''&gt; &quot;to hear&quot;, which is intransitive in High Silindion. In comparative constructions it introduces the standard. An example of this usage is the following, &lt;'''ëan i nari më pantio nattolim'''&gt; &quot;this bird is smaller than the other&quot;. The word &lt;'''nattolim'''&gt;, indicating meaning &quot;than the other&quot;. 

*Locative indicates place. It is used with prepositions such as ‹'''o'''› &quot;in&quot;, ‹'''a'''› &quot;at&quot;, ‹'''emë'''› &quot;on&quot;, ‹'''eiva[n]'''› &quot;within&quot;, ‹'''ina'''› &quot;near&quot; and many others. Metaphorically it also indicates time, and thus is used with prepositions like ‹nor› &quot;before&quot;. It is also used, with the preposition &lt;'''ompo'''&gt; &quot;over&quot;, to indicate the object of the verb &lt;'''línyello'''&gt; &quot;to play an instrument&quot;. An example of this usage is, &lt;'''lir empindo ompo i yalmavi'''&gt; &quot;the cantor plays upon a harp&quot;. 

*Allative indicates motion towards a place. It is used with prepositions like ‹'''noro'''› 'towards' or ‹'''noss'''› &quot;into&quot;. It is also used as the animate agent in passive sentences. 

*Comitative means 'together with'. If two or more nouns are animate, they may be connected by adding the comitative suffix to the last noun. An example of this usage is, &lt;'''pëa mëamma'''&gt; &quot;a father and a mother&quot;. Occasionally this usage is seen with inanimate nouns as well. 

*Instrumental indicates the instrument with which something is done, or how something is done. Thus it means both 'using X' and 'by doing X'. It also indicates what something is made out of. It is not often used with animate nouns.  

*Copulative is attached to a noun or interrogative pronoun to form sentences meaning 'X = Y'. An example of this is, &lt;'''i nar lavando'''&gt; &quot;the man is a hunter&quot;. It is only used to link two [pro]nouns together, not a [pro]noun with an adjective.

*Essive is attached to a predicate nominative or interrogative pronoun to form sentences meaning 'It = Y'. That is, when the predicate nominative is the only element present. It is mostly used with a definite predicate, although indefinite predicates may occur as well. An example of this is, &lt;'''kirmeihya'''&gt; &quot;it is my ship&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''kirma'''&gt; &quot;ship&quot;). The essive also means 'as' or 'when', such as in the following sentence, &lt;'''nópië, asui Eril nëa némpian niva'''&gt; &quot;as a poet, Eril created many beautiful poems&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''nopio'''&gt; &quot;poet&quot;). Finally, in Poetic High Silindion only, the essive may be used to derive an adjective from a noun. However, in Low Silindion this is done with the adjectival. In some poems, the essive seems to have the same meaning as the topical, depending on translation. 

*Relative/Topical indicates the topic of the sentence. In this sense, it can be translated as 'as for X' or 'about X'. Most of the time however, the relative is used to derive an adjective meaning 'X-like', such as the word ‹'''rilitma'''› &quot;jewel-like&quot;. The topical is also used to mean 'as X', after an equative adjective. Another use of the relative is to mean 'but' after the conjunction ‹'''në'''› &quot;and&quot;. However, this use is restricted to sentences of the form 'X, but as for Y'. An example of this is, &lt;'''ihyotma, ë niva, në tahyotma, ië nukil'''&gt; &quot;today, (it) is beautiful, but (as for) yesterday, (it) was cloudy&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''tahyón'''&gt; &quot;yesterday&quot;). 

*Adjectival derives an adjective from a noun. Mostly the meaning is transparent, such as in the following examples, &lt;'''vierya émëa'''&gt; &quot;forest paths, paths of the forest&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''ema'''&gt; &quot;forest&quot;), &lt;'''nerendo núkëa'''&gt; &quot;wilderness dweller, dweller in the wilderness&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''nuko'''&gt; &quot;wilderness&quot;). However, sometimes the meaning is not that obvious, such as in the following examples, &lt;'''sílnëa'''&gt; &quot;silver&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''silni'''&gt; &quot;star&quot;), &lt;'''ílië'''&gt; &quot;holy&quot; (&lt;- &lt;'''ilë'''&gt; &quot;god&quot;).

=='''Personal Pronouns'''==

Personal pronouns have multiple stem forms, for differing usages. The first stem form is the nominative, a bare stem form which is not used in derivation. The second is the oblique stem, to which unique pronominal case endings can be added to create a paradigm. Then there are the two enclitic stems; one oblique and one possessive. These are non-derivational and are suffixed at the end of a fully inflected verb, noun or prepositional form. Lastly, there are free possessives, which are also non derivational, they tend to precede an associated noun. 

==='''Nominative Pronouns'''===


{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
| 1st Person
| '''si'''
| '''hyan'''
|-
| 2nd Person
| '''lë'''
| '''nassa'''
|- 
| 3rd Person epicene
| '''ein'''
| '''anto'''
|- 
| 3rd Person masculine
| '''eino'''
| '''ento'''
|-
| 3rd Person feminine
| '''éinië''' 
| '''éntië'''
|- 
| 3rd Person neuter 
| '''ess'''
| '''enta[ssë]''' 
|}


===='''Epicene pronouns'''==== 
These are used when a specific gender is not needed or when the speaker wishes to conceal the gender. &lt;'''enta'''&gt; seems to be a more common variant of &lt;'''entassë'''&gt;, which is a High Silindion form. 


===='''Gendered Pronouns'''====
When referring to a limited number of words, such as &lt;'''larë'''&gt; &quot;moon&quot;,  gendered pronouns are used, mostly in poetic situations. The appropriate pronoun for &lt;'''larë'''&gt; is &lt;'''éinië'''&gt;.


===='''Variants and Other Forms'''==== 
There are also several other forms, which are less common:

* '''hyanna''' &quot;all of us&quot; (inclusive 1pl)
* '''tai''' &quot;both of them&quot; (dual 3pl)

==='''Oblique Pronouns'''===
The following are the oblique pronominal stems:


{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
| 1st Person
| '''siT'''
| '''[hy]aT/[hy]an'''
|-
| 2nd Person
| '''liT'''
| '''anaT'''
|- 
| 3rd Person epicene
| '''o'''
| '''tei'''
|- 
| 3rd Person masculine
| '''o'''
| '''tei'''
|-
| 3rd Person feminine
| '''ie''' 
| '''tei'''
|- 
| 3rd Person neuter 
| '''o'''
| '''tei''' 
|}


===='''Pronouns with T-stems'''====
All those pronouns with stems ending in _T_ are changeable, and can appear as &lt;'''sit, lit, at, hyat'''&gt;, &lt;'''siss, liss, ass, hyass'''&gt; or &lt;'''si, li, a, hya'''&gt;.


===='''Variation in 1st Person Plural'''====
The variation in the first person plural is due to both stylistic and dialectic differences. Those forms ending in _T_ are northern dialectal forms. Those forms beginning in _hy_ are Low Silindion (i.e. colloquial or non-courtly/scholarly). 


===='''Oblique Stem + Case Suffixes'''====

{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Acc. -ti/-ssi'''
! '''Dat. -ni'''
! '''Abl. -lim'''
! '''Rel. -tma'''
! '''All. -nna'''
! '''Loc. -vi'''
! '''Inst. -i'''
! '''Comm. -mma'''
! '''Cop. -(a)r'''
|-
| 1st s. 
| ''sitti''
| ''sinti''
| ''silim''
| ''sitma''
| ''sinta''
| ''sivi''
| ''sissi''
| ''sinta''
| ''sissar''
|-
| 1st pl.
| ''[hy]anti''
| ''[hy]anni''
| ''[hy]alim''
| ''[hy]atma''
| ''[hy]anna''
| ''[hy]avi''
| ''[hy]ani''
| ''[hy]amma''
| ''[hy]anar''
|- 
| 3rd m.
| ''ossi''
| ''oni''
| ''olim''
| ''otma''
| ''onna''
| ''ovi''
| ''ë''
| ''omma''
| ''or''
|- 
| 3rd f. 
| ''iessi''
| ''ieni''
| ''ielim''
| ''ietma''
| ''ienna''
| ''ievi''
| ''ië''
| ''iemma''
| ''ier''
|-
|}

*note, like &lt;'''ie-'''&gt; is &lt;'''tei-'''&gt;, and like &lt;'''hyaT-'''&gt; is &lt;'''anaT'''&gt;.

==='''Enclitic Oblique Pronouns'''===
Enclitic oblique pronouns are attached to verbs and prepositions to indicate either the direct or indirect object. They are indeclinable and, except for the 1st person plural, have only one form per person and number.


{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
| 1st Person
| '''-sis'''
| '''-hyass/syass, -na'''
|-
| 2nd Person
| '''-li'''
| '''-nass'''
|- 
| 3rd Person masculine/neuter
| '''-o'''
| '''-ta/-ssa'''
|- 
| 3rd Person feminine
| '''-ië'''
| '''-ta/-ssa'''
|}


===='''Variation in 1st Person Plural'''====
The form &lt;'''-hyass/-syass'''&gt; is used with third person singular verb forms. The form &lt;'''-syass'''&gt; takes the place of the third person singular present ending &lt;'''-n/r'''&gt;. The form &lt;'''-hyass'''&gt; is used in all other tenses. The form &lt;'''-na'''&gt; is used with all other persons and with prepositions. 

===='''Variation in 3rd Person Pronouns'''====
The third person plural form &lt;'''-ssa'''&gt; is used after vowels. The third person singular forms &lt;'''-o, -ië'''&gt; assimilate to preceding vowels, according to the standard assimilation rules. 


===='''Double Enclitic Pronouns'''====
Two enclitic pronouns may be found on the same word. If this is the case, the first indicates the indirect object:


1)
{| border = 1
|-
| '''nésyasso.'''
|-
| '''ne-'''
| '''-n-'''
| '''-syass'''
| '''-o'''
|-
| give
| 3rd person singular subject
| 1st person plural
| 3rd person singular
|-
|}

'''He gives it to us.'''


===='''Possession with Enclitic Pronouns'''====
Enclitic pronouns may also be attached to the noun + copulative case/enclitic complex to indicate possession: 


2) 
{| border = 1
|-
| '''lankalli.'''
|-
| '''lanka-'''
| '''-r-'''
| '''-li'''
|-
| horse
| copulative
| to you
|-
|}

'''You have a horse.'''


===='''Stylistic Repositioning of Enclitics'''====
In poetry only (and very exceptionally indeed) these enclitic pronouns can be repositioned. That is, they can become proclitics that can attach to a wider range of words, such as nouns and adjectives as well. In this capacity, the normally forms are: '''sis, li, o, ye, na, nass, ta'''. 


3) 
{| border = 1
|-
| '''Nan'''
| '''ka'''
| '''salim'''
| '''na'''
| '''rómpëa.'''
|-
| Light
| from
| EVIL-ablative
| us
| PROTECT-adjectival.gerund 
|}

'''A light which protects us from evil.'''

==='''Possessive Pronouns'''===
Possessive pronouns have two functions. Either they represent the genitive of the personal pronouns (i.e. 'mine', 'yours', etc.) or they are used to indicate possession (i.e. 'my, your', etc.). These two uses are fairly distinct, as the second is usually used in poetry or High Silindion. The following are the forms of these pronouns:

{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
| 1st Person
| '''ehya'''
| '''anya'''
|-
| 2nd Person
| '''elya'''
| '''anatya'''
|- 
| 3rd Person epicene
| '''eya'''
| '''taya'''
|- 
| 3rd Person masculine
| '''enya'''
| '''taya'''
|-
| 3rd Person feminine
| '''enyë''' 
| '''taya'''
|- 
| 3rd Person neuter 
| '''enya'''
| '''taya''' 
|}

==='''Enclitic Possessive Pronouns'''===
Enclitic Possessive Pronouns are attached to nouns (after all case endings) to indicate possession. They are indeclinable and have only phonological not grammatical variants. The following table gives the forms of these pronouns:


{| border = 1
! '''Person'''
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
| 1st Person
| '''-hya/sya'''
| '''-nya'''
|-
| 2nd Person
| '''-lya'''
| '''-natya'''
|- 
| 3rd Person masculine/neuter
| '''-nya'''
| '''-tëa/-ssëa'''
|- 
|3rd Person epicene
|'''-ëa'''
|'''-tëa/-ssëa'''
|-
| 3rd Person feminine
| '''-nyë'''
| '''-tëa/-ssëa'''
|}


===='''1st Person Singular Possessive'''====
The first person form &lt;'''-sya'''&gt; is attached to a final consonant. This final consonant may sometimes be the original final consonant of the stem, which has, in other cases, been either lost or altered. This usually only happens in High Silindion; Low Silindion preferring to attach the suffix to the synchronic ending of the noun : 


1)
{| border = 1
|-
| '''velesya'''
|-
| '''veleT-'''
| '''-sya'''
|-
| knot
| 1st person singular possessive
|-
|}

&quot;My knot&quot;  (High Silindion for &lt;'''vélteihya'''&gt; from &lt;'''veltë'''&gt;.


===='''3rd Person Plural Possessive'''====
The third person form &lt;'''-tëa'''&gt; attaches to a consonant. Just like &lt;'''-sya'''&gt;, it is used, in High Silindion to attach to consonants which were originally present but have been altered diachronically. 


2)
{| border = 1
|-
| '''ranátëa'''
|-
| '''ranaD-'''
| '''-tëa'''
|-
| property
| 3rd person plural possessive
|-
|}

&quot;Their property&quot; (High Silindion for &lt;'''ranássëa'''&gt; from &lt;'''rana'''&gt;.

----
----

=='''Verbs'''==

A) Finite Verbs are conjugated for (present, imperfect, past, future), mood (indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative), voice (passive, active, impersonal) and number (singular, plural). Present and past tenses can be either '''thematic''' or '''athematic'''. Thematic tenses have suffixes beginning in a vowel, athematic tenses have suffixes beginning in a consonant. 


B) Infinite verbs consist of an infinitive, gerunds and participles, as well as various verbal adjectives and sometimes a verbal noun. The last two categories are not normally grammaticalised, but depend on the lexical root itself, that is, they are not part of the verbal paradigm.


C) A verbal paradigm is arranged into '''stem classes''' and '''principle parts'''. Both of these categories help in classifying and conjugating the verb correctly. 


D) The are five main stem classes: vowel stems, regular consonant stems, changeable consonant stems, semi-vowel stems, and compound stems. There is also an irregular group, which consist of verbs which add _l_ or _n_ to a vowel.


E) From the seven principle parts, one can make the entire verbal paradigm, according to this schema:

{| border = 1
|- 
|'''1st Principle Part'''
|'''2nd Principle Part'''
|'''3rd Principle Part'''
|'''4th Principle Part'''
|'''5th Principle Part'''
|'''6th Principle Part'''
|'''7th Principle Part'''
|-
|infinitive
|nominal, conjunctive, abessive, adjectival, necessitive gerund, impersonal
|passive, passive participle
|present
|past
|imperfect, subjunctives, anterior-gerund, imperative-sg., present participle
|imperative-pl. 
|}


Certain verbs deviate from this pattern and will be mentioned in the appropriate section below. Furthermore, some verbs have &quot;irregular&quot; principle parts, that is, deviations that do not fall into the normal range of variant patterns. The following shall serve as examples:


*The verbs &lt;'''askello'''&gt; &quot;to shake hands&quot; and &lt;'''terskello'''&gt; &quot;to hammer&quot; have ''i-stems'', &lt;'''aski-'''&gt; and &lt;'''terski-'''&gt;, despite the lack of _i_ in the infinitive (1st principle part). The verb &lt;'''niniello'''&gt; &quot;to desire&quot;, has an irregular past participle (3rd principle part): '''nirë'''. The verbs &lt;'''surollo'''&gt; &quot;to rustle&quot;, &lt;'''piello'''&gt; &quot;to touch&quot;, &lt;'''tiello'''&gt; &quot;to take&quot;, have irregular past tenses (5th principle part): '''asulti''', '''aphiksi''', '''istë''', respectively. The verbs '''antandiello'''&gt; &quot;dedicate&quot;, &lt;'''falyallo'''&gt; &quot;awaken&quot; have irregular gerunds (2nd principle part): '''antana''', '''falina''', respectively. 

==='''Verbal Stem Classes'''===

Verbs are classified according the last phonological element in the word, be it semi-vowel, consonant, or vowel. This is termed the '''stem-sound'''. Usually, despite other changes in the word morphologically, the stem-sound stays constant. However, there are three cases in which this is not the case: 

*A certain class of consonant stems have at most four different stem sounds. These are termed the '''changeable''' stems. 

*A certain class of vowel stems whose 3rd, 5th and 6th principle parts add either _l_ or _n_. These termed are termed the '''augmented''' stems. 

*Regular morphophonemic changes may affect the stem, such as in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 7th principle part of some verbs as well as in athematic verbs (of various tenses). These are completely predictable, and involve processes like vowel contraction, assimilation and metathesis. These changes are not the same as those that occur in changeable consonant stems which are fairly irregular.


===='''Vowel Stems'''====
Verbs with stems ending in a vowel may end in the following vowels or vowel/consonant combinations: '''a,ya,o,ëo,u,i,ē,e'''.


====='''A-stems'''=====
Those stems ending in &lt;'''a'''&gt; and &lt;'''ya'''&gt; are not formally distinct from each other except in the first principle part. 


====='''E-stems'''=====
Those ending in &lt;'''ē'''&gt; are distinct from those ending in &lt;'''e'''&gt; throughout their conjugation, except in some derivatives of the 6th principle part, i.e., the imperative singular, the present participle, the present and past subjunctive and the anterior gerund. 


====='''O-stems'''=====
Those stems in &lt;'''o'''&gt; differ from those in &lt;'''ëo'''&gt; only due to the presence of an _e_ in ''ëo-verbs'', which becomes _i_ in the subjunctives, optative/future and past (where the past tense is an ''ë-past'').


===='''Consonant Stems'''====
There are four types of consonant stems: regular, changeable, semi-vowel, and compound stems. 


====='''Regular Stems'''=====
The regular stems are: '''t,p,k,l,r,n,m,ng-stems'''.


====='''Changeable Stems'''=====
The changeable stems are: '''T,D/L,P,B,K,G,Gw,s'''. Note that they are written with a capital letter (save for ''s-stems''). They have at most four different stems: ''pre-constonant'', ''pre-vowel'', ''pre-y'' and ''other''. Examples of Changeable Consonant stems are the following:

* &lt;'''peT-'''&gt; &quot;to eat&quot;: 
Pre-Consonant: ''pet''
Pre-Vowel: ''pess''

* &lt;'''laD-'''&gt; &quot;to steal&quot;:
Pre-Consonant: ''lad''
Pre-Vowel: ''lar''
Pre-y: ''lan''

* &lt;'''roL-'''&gt; &quot;to defend&quot;: 
Pre-Consonant: ''rod''
Pre-vowel: ''rol''

* &lt;'''neP-'''&gt; &quot;to sing&quot;: 
Pre-consonant: ''nep''
Pre-vowel: ''neph''

* &lt;'''reB-'''&gt; &quot;to row&quot;: 

Pre-consonant: ''reb''
Pre-vowel: ''rev''
Pre-y: ''rem''
Other:  ''rep''

* &lt;'''reK-'''&gt; &quot;to reach&quot;:
Pre-consonant: ''rek''
Pre-vowel: ''re''

* &lt;'''faG-'''&gt; &quot;to spit&quot;: 
Pre-consonant: ''fag''
Pre-vowel: ''fa''

* &lt;'''ruGw-'''&gt; &quot;to follow&quot;: 
Pre-consonant; ''rug''
Pre-vowel: ''ruv''
Other: ''ru''

* &lt;'''pos-'''&gt; &quot;to heal&quot;:  
Pre-Consonant: ''por''
Pre-vowel: ''pos''
Pre-y: ''poh''


====='''Semi-Vowel Stems'''=====
The semi-vowel stems are: '''(y),(w),y,w'''.


====='''Compound Stems'''=====
The compound stems are: '''st,nt,nd,ld,nn,rn,mp,mm,sk'''.


===='''Augment Stems'''====
This is a small class of verbs which have a basic stem in a vowel. However, in certain principle parts, this vowel can be augmented by either an _l_ or an _n_. 


====='''Use of Augment in Augment Stems'''=====
The augment occurs in the 3rd principle part and derivatives of the 6th principle part. Namely, it occurs in the anterior gerund, the subjunctive, the optative/future, and sometimes in the imperfect and present participle (according to stylistic and dialectal variation). Certain verbs also have the augment in the 5th principle part. Furthermore, they are distinguished from all other groups of verbs in the 1st principle part, which has the ending &lt;'''-llë'''&gt; rather than &lt;'''-llo'''&gt;. The verbs in this group are:

* &lt;'''ya-'''&gt; &quot;to go&quot;:           ''yan'' (3rd, 5th, 6th)
* &lt;'''ne-'''&gt; &quot;to give&quot;:         ''nel'' (3rd, 5th, 6th)
* &lt;'''u-'''&gt; &quot;to gleam&quot;:         ''ul''  (3rd, 5th, 6th)
* &lt;'''ni-'''&gt; &quot;to negate&quot;:       ''nin'' (3rd, 5th, 6th)
* &lt;'''si-'''&gt; &quot;to shine&quot;:        ''sil'' (3rd, 5th, 6th)
* &lt;'''onëa-'''&gt; &quot;to disappear&quot;:  ''onëan'' (3rd, 5th, 6th) 
* &lt;'''këa-'''&gt; &quot;to leave&quot;:       ''këan'' (3rd, 5th, 6th) 
* &lt;'''faya-'''&gt; &quot;to extinguish&quot;: ''fayan'' (3rd, 5th 6th) 
* &lt;'''hya-'''&gt; &quot;to age&quot;:         ''hyan'' (3rd, 5th, 6th) 
* &lt;'''se-'''&gt; &quot;to clasp&quot;:        ''sen'' (only in 5th, otherwise ''e-stem''.)
* &lt;'''ra-'''&gt; &quot;to hold&quot;:         ''ran'' (only in 3rd, otherwise ''a-stem''.)
* &lt;'''se-'''&gt; &quot;to seem&quot;:        (only 1st &lt;'''sellë'''&gt;, otherwise ''e-stem''.)

==='''Infinitives'''===

In Silindion, there is one main inifinitive, although in certain registers there can be up to four infinitives: '''present, present 2, future, perfect'''. The present infinitive is the first principle part. All other infinitives are formed from 6th principle part.

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===='''Present [First Infinitive]'''====

The present or first infinitive formed in 8 different ways. The choice between the eight types is conditioned by factors such as verbal stem-type, stress pattern, vowel harmony, register and derivation. The eight suffixes are: '''''-iello, -eallo, -yello, -yallo, -ello, -ollo, -llo, -lle'''''. The can be divided into 4 groups for descriptive purposes. Group A: thematic suffixes: '''''-iello, -eallo'''''; Group B athematic y-suffixes: '''''-yello, -yallo'''''; Group C athematic vowel-suffixes: '''''-ello, -ollo''''', Group D: simple suffixe: '''''-llo, -lle'''''. 

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====='''Group A suffixes'''=====

These suffixes are found in many types of verb. They are termed 'thematic' because they are formed by combining a vowel -e- with the athematic y-suffixes, which is then contracted in various ways. Thus, ''-e-yello'' becomes '''''-iello''''' and ''-e-yallo'' becomes '''''-eallo'''''. The suffix '''''-iello''''' is rather common, '''''-eallo''''' is considerably less so. 


======'''-IELLO'''======
The suffix '''''-iello''''' is found with the following stem types: ''t-stems'', ''k-stems'', ''r-stem'', ''l-stems'', ''n-stems'', ''w-stems'', ''nd-stems'', ''nt-stems'', ''nn-stems'', ''rn-stems'', ''ng-stems'', ''mp-stems'', ''ld-stems'', ''T-stems'', ''D/L-stems'', ''P-stems'', ''B-stems'', ''Gw-stems''.

It is the default suffix for stems whose root is unstressed (i.e. with stress on the ending). It is also the default for non-derived T and n stems (accounting for a small percentage of primary verbs, unlike '''inchoative ''yaT-verbs''''' and '''denominal ''n-verbs'''''). In contast, it is the default for derived ''r-stems'' ending in the stativizing suffix '''''-ár'''''. It also seems to be the preferred ending for ''P-stems'' (even if the root is stressed).  The above are the main tendencies in the usage of this suffix. It is likely that no hard and fast rules can be made.  There are a few roots that take this suffix that do not conform to any of the above generalities:  '''kusiello''' from &lt;'''nkus-'''&gt; 'lose' (''s-stem''), '''ernóriello''' from &lt;'''ernór-'''&gt; 'be located in, settle' (stressed ''r-stem'') and several others. 


'''Changeable Stems:'''
For changeable stems, their pre-vowel form is always used before this suffix.


'''Examples of ''-iello'''''

*&lt;'''fat-'''&gt; 'do'  -&gt;  '''fatiello'''
*&lt;'''vuk-'''&gt; 'spin' -&gt; '''vukiello'''
*&lt;'''lor-'''&gt; 'open' -&gt; '''loriello'''
*&lt;'''thel-'''&gt; 'generate' -&gt; '''theliello'''
*&lt;'''ren-'''&gt; 'move slowly' -&gt; '''reniello'''
*&lt;'''diw-'''&gt; 'be powerful' -&gt; '''diviello'''
*&lt;'''fingand-'''&gt; 'go swimming' -&gt; '''fingandiello'''
*&lt;'''sint-'''&gt; 'sew' -&gt; '''sintiello'''
*&lt;'''sonn-'''&gt; 'shake' (tr.) -&gt; '''sonniello''' 
*&lt;'''leurn-'''&gt; 'clean' -&gt; '''leurniello''' 
*&lt;'''ling-'''&gt; 'ring' -&gt; '''lingiello'''
*&lt;'''namp-'''&gt; 'hammer' -&gt; '''nampiello'''
*&lt;'''mald-'''&gt; 'move' (tr.) -&gt; '''maldiello'''
*&lt;'''aT-'''&gt; 'nurture' -&gt; '''assiello'''
*&lt;'''siD-'''&gt; 'recline' -&gt; '''siriello'''
*&lt;'''sóP-'''&gt; 'sleep' -&gt; '''sóphiello''' 
*&lt;'''leB-'''&gt; 'laugh' -&gt; '''leviello'''
*&lt;'''ruGw-'''&gt; 'follow' -&gt; '''ruviello''' 
*&lt;'''namár-'''&gt; 'be named' -&gt; '''namáriello'''


======'''-EALLO'''======
The suffix '''''-eallo''''' is found in a small group verbs having an unstressed '''-a-''' in the first syllable that end in nasals, l, r, rr, nd, and T. There are four verbs which do not follow this tendency: &lt;'''mál-'''&gt; 'prosper' (stressed '''-a-'''), &lt;'''mén-'''&gt; 'rise' ('''-e-'''), &lt;'''ilmen-'''&gt; 'raise' ('''-e-'''), &lt;'''nen-'''&gt; 'despair' ('''-e-''').  


'''Examples of ''-eallo'''''

*&lt;'''ilkam-'''&gt; 'quieten'  -&gt;  '''ilkameallo'''
*&lt;'''kan-'''&gt; 'surprise' -&gt; '''kaneallo'''
*&lt;'''ilpar-'''&gt; 'fill' -&gt; '''ilpareallo'''
*&lt;'''harr-'''&gt; 'meet for the first time' -&gt; '''harreallo'''
*&lt;'''mond-'''&gt; 'drag' -&gt; '''mondeallo'''
*&lt;'''paT-'''&gt; 'diminish, wane' -&gt; '''passeallo'''

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====='''Group B Suffixes'''=====
These suffixes are termed athematic y-suffixes', because they are formed by added '''ye/ya''' directly to the infinitival ending '''-llo''', resulting in 
'''''-yello, -yallo'''''. The suffix '''''-yello''''' is very common, while '''''-yallo''''' is considerably less so. 


======'''-YELLO'''======
The suffix '''''-yello''''' is used with vowel stems, and the following consonant stems: ''t-stems'', ''k-stems'', ''r-stems'' (rare), ''l-stems'', ''n-stems'', ''y-stems'', ''w-stems'', ''ng-stems'', ''st-stems'', ''T-stems'', ''D-stems'', ''B-stems'', ''K-stems'', ''G-stems'', ''s-stems'', and the semi-vowel stems ending in (y) and (w). A verb which take -yello but does not come from any of the above stems in &lt;'''sérn-'''&gt; '''be ready'''. 

This ending is the default in stems having a stressed vowel (except for those stem types mentioned above). Because adding this suffix to a consonant stem results in a cluster, various phonological rules operate in order to reduce or modify the cluster. Also, all vowel stems exhibit diphthong reduction and other attendant changes.


'''Consonant Stems:''' 
The following consonant stems exhibit some phonological changes:

''y-stems'':
These stems lose their _y_ before the suffix. Thus there is '''noyello''' from &lt;'''noy-'''&gt; 'consecrate'. 


''w-stems'': 
These stems make a distinction between HS and LS forms. In HS, the ''w'' of the stem is lost in stems with the vowel _u_. Thus, there is '''nuyello''' from &lt;'''nuw-'''&gt; 'tune'.  The ''w'' is also lost in stems ending in _aw_, after rounding the _a_ to an _o_. Thus, there is '''doyello''' from &lt;'''daw-'''&gt; 'roar. This is true for both HS and LS.  In LS, all other stem types, change the stem final consonant to _m_. Thus, we have '''numyello''' from &lt;'''nuw-'''&gt;, '''timyello''' from &lt;'''tiw-'''&gt; 'use, shape' (compare HS '''tiuyello'''). 


''ng-stems'':
These stems change their final consonant to _n_ before the suffix. Thus there is '''fínyello''' from &lt;'''fíng-'''&gt; 'swim'. 


''st-stems'':
These stems lose the final _t_ before the suffix. Thus there is '''lisyello''' from &lt;'''list-'''&gt; 'think'.


''(w)-stems'' and ''(y)-stems''
These stems lose their semi-vowels. In this respect, ''(w)-stems'' behave exactly like ''w-stems''. However, ''(y)-stems'' behave differently.  Since all ''(y)-stems'' end in _ay_, these behave like ''a-stems'' in the infinitive. Thus, for example, we have '''persiello''' from &lt;'''persa(y)-'''&gt; 'encompass, include'.


The changeable stems ending in ''T'', ''D'', ''B'', and ''S'' end in their pre-y form, if they have one. Otherwise, they end in their pre-consonant form. The changeable stems ending in ''G'' and ''K'' end in their pre-vowel form.

'''Vowel Stems:'''
The following changes happen to vowel-stems. The final vowel of vowel-stems combines with the suffix to produce '''''-iello''''' (equivalent to the thematic suffix above). Because stems ending in vowels usually take athematic endings in other forms, it is preferable to view their infinitives as being athematic as well - even though the forms would be the same if their infinitive were thematic. For _ya_ stems, the combined form ''-yiello'' is further reduced to '''''-iello'''''. Thus we have '''kaniello''' from &lt;'''kanya-'''&gt;. 


'''Examples of ''-yello''

* &lt;'''huila-'''&gt; 'rain' -&gt; '''huiliello'''
* &lt;'''malya-'''&gt; 'move' (intr) -&gt; '''maliello'''
* &lt;'''nanke-'''&gt; 'uncover, discover' -&gt; '''nankiello'''
* &lt;'''lē-'''&gt; 'show, point out' -&gt; '''liello'''
* &lt;'''sari-'''&gt; 'farm' -&gt; '''sariello'''
* &lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; 'live' -&gt; '''lissiello'''
* &lt;'''néit-'''&gt; 'increase' -&gt; '''néityello'''
* &lt;'''nek-'''&gt; 'hurt, cause pain' -&gt; '''nekyello'''
* &lt;'''sëur-'''&gt; 'get torn, ripped, cut' -&gt; '''sëuryello'''
* &lt;'''vel-'''&gt; 'tie' -&gt; '''velyello'''
* &lt;'''nalpín-'''&gt; 'play a piano' -&gt; '''nalpínyello'''
* &lt;'''náy-'''&gt; 'be permitted'  -&gt; '''náyello'''
* &lt;'''mew-'''&gt; 'gleam' -&gt; '''meuyello/memyello'''
* &lt;'''fíng-'''&gt; 'swim' -&gt; '''fínyello'''
* &lt;'''mist-'''&gt; 'sit' -&gt; '''misyello'''
* &lt;'''iT-'''&gt; 'poke, prick' -&gt; '''ityello'''
* &lt;'''saD-'''&gt; 'cultivate' -&gt; '''sanyello'''
* &lt;'''reB-'''&gt; 'row' -&gt; '''remyello'''
* &lt;'''seK-'''&gt; 'write' -&gt; '''seyello'''
* &lt;'''faG-'''&gt; 'spit' -&gt; '''fayello'''
* &lt;'''dles-'''&gt; 'freeze' -&gt; '''lehyello'''
* &lt;'''kó(w)-'''&gt; 'bark' -&gt; '''kóyello'''
* &lt;'''a(y)-'''&gt; 'be' -&gt; '''iello'''

 
======'''-YALLO'''======


-ello: sk, lk
-yallo:  e:, e, a, y (if -a- in first syllable), ya 
-ollo:  -o- in first syllable
-llo:  eo, a, o, 
-lle: augment stems

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==='''Participles'''===

Silindion has two participles an active present participle and a passive participle. They differ from gerunds in the fact that they function not as verbs but as adjectives solely. This means that they do not have verbal argument structure and thus cannot take objects (even if the verb they are related to is transitive). 

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===='''Active Present Participle'''====
The active present participle is an adjective formed from an old verbal noun in an ''a-stem''. This ''a-stem'' noun usually does not exist apart from its adjectival derivative, however a few examples do survive: 

* &lt;'''doa'''&gt;  &quot;roaring&quot;             : &lt;'''daw-'''&gt; &quot;to roar&quot;
* &lt;'''koa'''&gt;  &quot;barking&quot;            : &lt;'''ka(w)-'''&gt; &quot;to bark&quot;
* &lt;'''lesa'''&gt;  &quot;frost&quot;                 : &lt;'''les-'''&gt; &quot;to freeze&quot;


====='''Derivation'''=====
The active participle is formed by adding the adjectival ending &lt;'''-ni'''&gt; to this ''a-stem'' noun. The participle appears to be formed from the 6th principle part with a suffix &lt;'''-ani'''&gt;, due to various sound-changes (see below for the root: &lt;'''daw-'''&gt;). When added to ''a-stem'' verbs, the two _a_ vowels coalesce to form _o_. When added to ''o-stem'' verbs, the vowels coalesce to form _u_. All other stem types show no change (other than normal changes that occur in the 6th principle part, such as alternative stem forms in changeable stems, or augmented stem forms in augmented stems). 

{| border = 1
! Stem Type
! Assimilation
! Example 
|-
|  ''a''
|  -a+ani -&gt; -oni 
|   &lt;'''lia-'''&gt; &quot;to glow&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''lioni'''&gt; &quot;glowing&quot;     
|-
|  ''ya''  
|  -ya+ani -&gt; -yoni 
|   &lt;'''kuiya-'''&gt; &quot;to form&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''kuiyoni'''&gt; &quot;forming&quot;    
|-
|  ''o''
|  -o+ani -&gt; -uni 
|  &lt;'''tildo-'''&gt; &quot;to frequently see&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''tilduni'''&gt; &quot;frequently seeing&quot;   
|-
|}

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==='''Gerunds'''===

In Silindion, there are six different gerunds, which are used to indicate the relation of one action to the action of the main verb. The types of gerunds are the following: '''nominal, anterior, abessive, conjunctive, necessitive, adjectival'''.  Except for the anterior gerund, these forms are made from the second principle part.

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===='''Nominal Gerund'''====
The nominal gerund is a nominalisation of the verbal root, essentially expressing either a noun ending in _-ing_, in English or a verbal noun ending in _-tion_.


====='''Derivation'''=====
The nominal gerund is formed by adding the ending &lt;'''-na'''&gt;  to the stem of the verb, this forms the 2nd principle part. For vowel stems, the nominal gerund is a ''d-stem''. An example of this type of verb is:

*  &lt;'''mi-'''&gt; &quot;to fall&quot;   -&gt;  &lt;'''mina'''&gt; &quot;falling&quot;


======'''Assimilation in Consonant Stems'''======
For consonant stem verbs, various assimilations occur when the gerund ending is added. Also, note, that the gerund is an ''a-stem'' in consonant verbs (except for gerunds of ''n-stems'' which are ''d-stems'').
    
{| border = 1
! Stem Type
! Assimilation
! Example 
|-
|  ''T/t''
|  -t+na -&gt; -nta 
|   &lt;'''peT-'''&gt; &quot;to eat&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''penta'''&gt; &quot;eating&quot;     
|-
|  ''D/L''  
|  -d+na -&gt; -nda 
|   &lt;'''siD-'''&gt; &quot;to sit&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''sinda'''&gt; &quot;sitting&quot;    
|-
|  ''P/p''
|  -p+na -&gt; -mpa 
|  &lt;'''neP-'''&gt; &quot;to sing&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''nempa'''&gt; &quot;singing&quot;   
|-
|  ''B''
|   -b+na -&gt; -mba
|   &lt;'''reB-'''&gt; &quot;to row&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''remba'''&gt; &quot;rowing&quot; 
|-
|  ''K/k''
|   -k+na -&gt; -nka
|   &lt;'''reK-'''&gt; &quot;to reach&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''renka'''&gt; &quot;reaching&quot;
|-
|  ''G(w)''
|   -g+na -&gt; -nga
|   &lt;'''faG-'''&gt; &quot;to spit&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''fanga'''&gt; &quot;spitting&quot;
|-
|  ''s''
|   -s+na -&gt; -rna
|   &lt;'''pos-'''&gt; &quot;to heal&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''porna'''&gt; &quot;healing&quot;
|-
|  ''l'' 
|  -l+na -&gt; -lda 
|   &lt;'''thel-'''&gt; &quot;to create&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''thelda'''&gt; &quot;creating&quot;
|-
|  ''r'' 
|  -r+na -&gt; -rna 
|   &lt;'''ker-'''&gt; &quot;to halve&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''kerna'''&gt; &quot;halving&quot;
|-
|  ''n'' 
|  -n+na -&gt; -nna 
|   &lt;'''lin-'''&gt; &quot;to play&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''linna'''&gt; &quot;playing&quot;  (accusative: '''lindán''')
|-
|  ''m'' 
|  -m+na -&gt; -mma 
|   &lt;'''nam-'''&gt; &quot;to name&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''namma'''&gt; &quot;naming&quot;      
|-
|  ''ng'' 
|  -ng+na -&gt; -nga 
|   &lt;'''ling-'''&gt; &quot;to ring&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''linga'''&gt; &quot;ringing&quot;   
|}


======'''Semi-vowel Stems'''======
For the semi-vowel verbs, the ending is &lt;'''-na'''&gt;, just like the vowel stems. For these verbs the nominal gerund is a ''d-stem''. Examples of this type of verb are:

*  &lt;'''persa(y)-'''&gt; &quot;to include&quot; -&gt;  &lt;'''perseina'''&gt; &quot;including&quot;
*  &lt;'''pay-'''&gt; &quot;to keep vigil&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''paina'''&gt; &quot;keeping vigil&quot;
*  &lt;'''ko(w)-'''&gt; &quot;to bark&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''kona'''&gt; &quot;barking&quot;
*  &lt;'''mew-'''&gt; &quot;to glitter&quot; -&gt;  &lt;'''meuna'''&gt; &quot;glittering&quot;


======'''Compound Stems'''======
For compound verbs, the ending is &lt;'''-a'''&gt;, save for ''st-stems'', which have the ending &lt;'''-na'''&gt; and a stem ending in _s_. The gerund is an ''a-stem'' for this type of verb.

* &lt;'''mald-'''&gt; &quot;to move X&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''malda'''&gt; &quot;moving&quot;
* &lt;'''kest-'''&gt; &quot;to divide&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''kesna'''&gt; &quot;dividing&quot;


====='''Usage'''===== 
The nominal gerund is normally used as a noun, and may take case endings. It can also be used as a substitute to full complement clauses, which are normally formed with the conjunction &lt;'''ta'''&gt; and the indicative or subjunctive. 


1) Nominal: 

{| border = 1 
| '''ahwáteisi 
| '''liu'''
| '''pentán'''
|-
| aug.-DO-past-1st.sing.   
| perfect particle
| EAT-gerund-accusative
|}

'''I have just finished eating'''.


2) Indicative Future Complement:

{| border = 1
| '''avavissi 
| '''i'''
| '''lio''' 
| '''ninmanye'''
|- 
|aug.-RUMOR-past.3rd.sing.
|the
|woman
|MARRY-gerund-topical-3rd.sing.possessive
|}

'''The woman rumored that she would get married'''.


3) Subjunctive Purpose Complement:

{| border = 1
| '''sunu'''
| '''sinti'''
| '''tandán'''
| '''i'''
| '''nistari'''
|- 
| WANT-impersonal.passive
| ME-dative
| RULE-gerund-accusative
| the
| KING-genitive
|}

'''I want the king to rule'''.


* '''Note:''' The subject of a nominal gerund is either a possessive suffix or a genitive noun. (see examples 2 and 3 above).

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===='''Conjunctive Gerund'''====
This gerund is used to express events that occur simultaneously with the main verb, that is, it can translate clauses beginning with &quot;while&quot;. It can also have the circumstantial connotations, like &quot;since&quot; or &quot;because&quot;.  As the examples will show, it is essentially timeless. In its simultaneous function, it is often accompanied by the conjunction &lt;'''ve'''&gt; &quot;as&quot;. 


====='''Derivation'''=====
The Conjunctive Gerund is formed by adding the prefix &lt;'''i-'''&gt; to the 2nd principle part. With verbs beginning in a vowel, the prefix becomes the on-glide &lt;'''y-'''&gt;. Examples of the formation are:

*  &lt;'''til-'''&gt; &quot;to see&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''issilda'''&gt;  &quot;while seeing&quot;
*  &lt;'''empi-'''&gt; &quot;to chant&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yempina'''&gt; &quot;while chanting&quot;.


====='''Stylistic i-Dropping'''=====
In some texts (especially poetry) the prefix &lt;'''i-'''&gt; is written as a detached word and may be found before other material, instead of the verb. It also may be omitted completely.

====='''Usage'''=====

1) Circumstantial 

{| border = 1 
| '''isompa,''' 
| '''en'''
| '''filiello'''
| '''iss'''
|-
| conjunctive-SLEEP-gerund  
| NOT-3rd.sg.
| COME-inf.
| here
|}

'''Because he's sleeping, he can't come here'''.


2) Simultaneous 

{| border = 1 
| '''vë'''
| '''yempina,'''
| '''roponë'''
| '''i'''
| '''nimán'''
|-
| as
| conjunctive-SING-gerund
| WATCH-impf.
| the
| CROWD-acc.
|}

'''As he was singing, he was watching the crowd'''.

---

===='''Anterior Gerund'''====
This Gerund is used to express events that have already occured and have been thoroughly completed. It is usually translated as &quot;after having X-ed&quot;. 


====='''Derivation'''=====
It is formed by adding the suffix &lt;'''-isë'''&gt; to the root of the 6th principle part. This is for the most part straightforward. However, in two cases this is a problem. 


======'''Phonological Change in Vowel Stems'''======
In the case of verbs ending in a vowel certain morphophonemic changes occur. For ''a-stem'' verbs, the combination yields _ei_. For ''e-stem'' and ''ē-stem'' verbs, the combination yields _i_. For ''o-stem'' verbs, the combination yield _ei_, for ''ëo-stem'' verbs, the combination yields _iei_. For ''u-stem'' verbs, the combination yields _i_.   


======'''K-stems &amp; y-stems'''======
In the case of verbs ending in a changeable ''K-stem'' and a ''y-stem'', one adds the ending to a reduced form of the root. Hence for the verb &lt;'''reK-'''&gt; &quot;to reach&quot;, one adds the ending to &lt;'''r-'''&gt;, instead of &lt;'''re-'''&gt; and for the verb &lt;'''noy-'''&gt; &quot;to consecrate&quot;, one adds the ending to &lt;'''no-'''&gt; instead of &lt;'''noy-'''&gt;. 

* &lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; &quot;to live&quot;        -&gt;   &lt;'''lissisë'''&gt; &quot;having lived&quot;
* &lt;'''saT-'''&gt; &quot;to raise up&quot;      -&gt;   &lt;'''sassisë'''&gt; &quot;having raised up&quot; 
* &lt;'''noy-'''&gt; &quot;to consecrate&quot;   -&gt;   &lt;'''noisë'''&gt; &quot;having consecrated&quot;
* &lt;'''fat-'''&gt; &quot;to do&quot;            -&gt;   &lt;'''fatisë'''&gt; &quot;having done&quot;
* &lt;'''reK-'''&gt; &quot;to reach&quot;        -&gt;   &lt;'''risë'''&gt; &quot;having reached&quot;


====='''Usage'''=====
The Anterior Gerund can be used in three main functions. The first as a non-grammaticalised perfective aspect with certain auxiliary verbs. It is usually used as such in High Silindion, other varieties having other ways of expressing this aspect. For a more thorough look at aspect, see the appropriate section. Another usage is similar to the conjunctive gerund, that is, as a sentential adjunct. However, it is used exclusively to show previous time. The last is as a non-passive nominal modifier. In this usage it is usually found before the noun being modified. 


1) Pefective Aspect
{| border = 1
| '''aniksisi'''
| '''liu'''
| '''pessisë'''
|- 
| aug.-ARRIVE-past-1st.sing. 
| perfect particle
| EAT-anterior.gerund
|}

'''I have just eaten.'''


2) Sentential Adjunct
{| border = 1
| '''Purisë'''
| '''myentán,'''
| '''onuyanë'''
| '''i'''
| '''nuno'''
|- 
| SAY-anterior.gerund
| THIS-accusative
| LEAVE-past
| the
| young man
|}

'''Having said this, the young man left.'''


3) Nominal Modifier
{| border = 1
| '''eillini'''
| '''i'''
| '''rutalo'''
| '''misisë'''
| '''limmo'''
| '''osso'''
| '''rulín'''
|- 
| aug.-PLANT-past 
| the 
| since
| FALL-anterior.gerund
| by means of
| WIND-pl-instrumental
| SAPLING-accusative
|}

'''He planted the sapling, which has since fallen because of the wind.'''

----

===='''Abessive Gerund'''====
This Gerund is used to express events that have not occured. It is used as the negative of both the anterior gerund and the conjunctive gerund. It can also be used as a negative of the nominal gerund, if needed. It is usually translated by &quot;without&quot;. 


====='''Derivation'''=====
It is formed by adding the prefix &lt;'''en-'''&gt; to the 2nd principle part. This prefix assimilates to verbs beginning in '''l''', '''s''', '''p''', '''f''', '''v''', '''m''', and '''r'''. A further change occurs in verbs beginning with '''hw''' and '''th'''.  In these verbs, the prefix becomes &lt;'''e-'''&gt;, and the initial combinations become '''sw''' and '''st''' respectively. In verbs beginning with '''h''', the the initial changes to '''k'''. Verbs beginning with other consonants undergo no change. 


* &lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; &quot;to live&quot;        -&gt;   &lt;'''ellissuna'''&gt; &quot;without living&quot;
* &lt;'''saT-'''&gt; &quot;to raise up&quot;      -&gt;   &lt;'''essanta'''&gt; &quot;without raising up&quot; 
* &lt;'''pay-'''&gt; &quot;to be vigilant&quot;   -&gt;   &lt;'''empaina'''&gt; &quot;without being vigilant&quot;
* &lt;'''fat-'''&gt; &quot;to do&quot;            -&gt;   &lt;'''efanta'''&gt; &quot;without doing&quot;
* &lt;'''vuk-'''&gt; &quot;to weave&quot;         -&gt;   &lt;'''evunka'''&gt; &quot;without weaving&quot;
* &lt;'''mew-&gt;'''&gt; &quot;to glitter&quot;      -&gt;   &lt;'''emmeuna'''&gt; &quot;without glittering&quot;
* &lt;'''runi-'''&gt; &quot;to soar&quot;         -&gt;   &lt;'''errunina'''&gt; &quot;without soaring&quot;
* &lt;'''hyeK-'''&gt; &quot;to fight&quot;        -&gt;   &lt;'''esyenka'''&gt; &quot;without fighting&quot;
* &lt;'''thR-'''&gt; &quot;to cover&quot;         -&gt;   &lt;'''estarna'''&gt; &quot;without covering&quot;
* &lt;'''hum-'''&gt;  &quot;to soothe, calm&quot; -&gt;   &lt;'''enkumma'''&gt; &quot;without calming&quot;
* &lt;'''til-'''&gt;  &quot;to see&quot;          -&gt;   &lt;'''entilda'''&gt; &quot;without seeing&quot;
* &lt;'''del-'''&gt;  &quot;to bundle&quot;       -&gt;   &lt;'''endelda'''&gt; &quot;without bundling&quot;
* &lt;'''yaT-'''&gt;  &quot;to happen&quot;       -&gt;   &lt;'''enyanta'''&gt; &quot;without happening&quot;
* &lt;'''nalpin-'''&gt; &quot;to play piano&quot; -&gt;   &lt;'''ennalpinna'''&gt; &quot;without playing piano&quot;


====='''Usage'''=====
The translation of this form varies according to use. If it negates a nominal gerund it is usually translated &quot;not X-ing&quot;. If it negates a conjunctive gerund it is usually translated as &quot;without X-ing&quot;. If it negates an anterior gerund it is usually translated as &quot;having not X-ed&quot;. 


1) Nominal Gerund Negation

{| border = 1
| '''empurnonya,'''
| '''varilië'''
| '''i'''
| '''laro'''
| '''sammanna'''
|- 
| abessive-SPEAK-gerund-instrumental-3s.poss. 
| CONDEMN-passive-past 
| the
| thief 
| DEATH-allative
|}

'''By not speaking, the thief was condemned to death.'''
 

2) Anterior Gerund Negation

{| border = 1
| '''empenta'''
| '''erë'''
| '''nani'''
| '''urón,'''
| '''eimpetyassi'''
|- 
| abessive-EAT-gerund
| during 
| whole 
| DAY-accusative
| aug.-BECOME.HUNGRY-past 
|}

'''Having not eaten for a whole day, he became hungry.'''


3) Conjunctive Gerund Negation

{| border = 1
| '''enostona,'''
| '''ahwingi'''
| '''pero'''
| '''i'''
| '''nirnë'''
|- 
| abessive-BREATHE-gerund
| aug.-SWIM-past 
| across
| the 
| RIVER-accusative
|}

'''Without breathing, he swam across the river.'''

----

===='''Necessitive Gerund'''====
The necessitive gerund is used to express the same ideas as the Latin Gerundive. That is, it can be translated as &quot;should/must X&quot; or &quot;fit to be X-ed&quot;. It occasionally is used in a purposive sense, that is &quot;in order that&quot;. The theme or patient is usually  in the nominative case (or is expressed as a personal ending on the verb). The agent is usually placed in the allative case. However, if the meaning of the construction is &quot;must&quot;, the theme is in the genitive and the agent is expressed as a personal ending on the verb. If the meaning of the construction is &quot;in order that&quot; then the theme is in the nominative.  


====='''Derivation'''=====
It is formed from the 2nd principle part by adding the dative case ending, according to either the rule for nominal ''a-stems'' or ''d-stems''. 

====='''Usage'''=====

1) Should

{| border = 1
| '''Vávëa'''
| '''ëan'''
| '''pentanu'''
| '''sinta?'''
|- 
| how 
| BE-present-3s 
| EAT-necessitive
| ME-allative
|}

'''How should I eat it?'''


2) Must

{| border = 1
| '''ëalë'''
| '''nenkanu'''
| '''neketyari.'''
|- 
| BE-present-2s
| ENDURE-necessitive 
| HARDSHIP-pl-genitive
|}

'''You must endure hardships.'''

* '''Note:''' In this construction, the theme is in the genitive case.


3) In order to

{| border = 1
| '''Kesema'''
| '''nekéssëa'''
| '''fantanu...'''
|- 
| participle
| passive 
| MAKE-necessitive
|}

'''In order to form the past participle...'''

* '''Note:''' In this construction, the theme is in the nominative case.

----

===='''Adjectival Gerund'''====
The adjectival gerund is used the verbal equivalent to the present participle. What this means is that, unlike the present participle, the adjectival gerund can both describe a particular noun and have argument structure of its own. It is usually best translated as a relative clause, however, this will depend on the context.


====='''Derivation'''=====
It is formed from the 2nd principle part by adding the adjectival case ending according to the nominal rules for ''d-stems'' or ''a-stems'', depending of verb-class. In some cases however, especially for ''s-stem, r-stem'', and ''rn-stem'' verbs, the adjectival gerund is formed by adding the adjectival case ending according to the ''d-stem'' rules, despite the fact the the principle part is an ''a-stem''. However, this is not a hard and fast rule, and occasionally ''a-stem'' forms are found as well. Also, hybrid forms are used on occasion.

* '''mirna''' &quot;falling&quot; -&gt; '''mírdëa''' / '''mírnëa''' /  '''mírndëa''' 


====='''Usage'''=====
In addition to the &quot;collapsed-relative-clause&quot; usage, some verbs (especially intransitive ones) use this form to translate various different '''verbal adjectives''', such forms similar to English adjectives ending in -ous or -y. In this sense it is just a &quot;second present participle&quot; or sorts, that is, it has no verbal function at all.


1) Relative Clause

{| border = 1
| '''Nórë'''
| '''anti'''
| '''lénëan'''
| '''mórnië'''
| '''neldéndëa.'''
|-
| tree
| US-dative
| SHELTER-accusative
| shady
| PRESENT-adjectival.gerund
|}

'''A tree which presents us a shady shelter.'''


2) Verbal Adjective 

{| border = 1
| '''këasi'''
| '''pero'''
| '''i'''
| '''narnán
| '''mëundëa.'''
|-
| LEAVE-1st.singular
| across
| the
| SEA-accusative
| GlITTER-adjectival.gerund
|}

'''I leave across the glittery sea.'''

----
----

==='''Active Finite Forms'''===

===='''Imperfect'''====
The Imperfect has one formation for all types of stem, it is based on the root of the 6th principle part. For vowel stem verbs, the imperfect is athematic, except for ''ē-stems''. For consonant stems and ''ē-stems'', itis a thematic formation, consisting of a variable theme vowel _V_ followed by the tense suffix, &lt;'''-në'''&gt;. The theme vowel is usually the same as the present theme vowel. In those cases where the present tense of the verb is athematic, the theme vowel is the same as the root vowel. Some verbs with _u_ as the root vowel use _o_ as the theme vowel.

Examples:

*&lt;'''tad'''&gt; &quot;to rule&quot;   -&gt; &lt;'''taranë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''fat'''&gt; &quot;to do&quot;     -&gt; &lt;'''fatanë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''yaT'''&gt; &quot;to become&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yassanë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''rev'''&gt; &quot;to row&quot;    -&gt; &lt;'''revenë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''til'''&gt; &quot;to see&quot;    -&gt; &lt;'''tilinë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''rop'''&gt; &quot;to watch&quot;  -&gt; &lt;'''roponë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''muK'''&gt; &quot;to sail&quot;   -&gt; &lt;'''muonë-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''pur'''&gt; &quot;to speak&quot;  -&gt; &lt;'''puronë-'''&gt;

----

===='''Subjunctive'''====
The Subjunctive has one formation for all types of stem. 


====='''Present Subjunctive'''=====
In the present, it is formed by suffixing &lt;'''-i'''&gt; to the stem of the verb. I


======'''Vowel Stems'''======
n the case of ''a-stems'', ''o-stems'', ''e-stems'' and ''ē-stems'', the vowels coalesce into _ei_. For ''ëo-stems'', the vowels coalesce to become _iei_. In the case of ''i-stems'' and ''u-stems'', the vowels coalesce to become _i_.

*&lt;'''yalma-'''&gt; &quot;to play the harp&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yalmei-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''ilno-'''&gt;  &quot;to make bloom&quot;    -&gt; &lt;'''ilnei-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''lē-'''&gt; &quot;to show&quot;             -&gt; &lt;'''lei-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''de-'''&gt; &quot;to gather&quot;           -&gt; &lt;'''dei-'''&gt; 
*&lt;'''dorëo-'''&gt; &quot;to finish&quot;        -&gt; &lt;'''doriei-'''&gt;  
*&lt;'''moni-'''&gt; &quot;to hear&quot;           -&gt; &lt;'''moni-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; &quot;to live&quot;          -&gt; &lt;'''lissi-'''&gt;


======'''Consonant Verbs'''======
Consonant verbs take the suffix &lt;'''-i'''&gt;, to the root of the 6th principle part.  Note that in changeable verbs, this usually means that a special stem form is used, see the two examples below.

*&lt;'''muK-'''&gt; &quot;to sail&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''mui-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''taD-'''&gt; &quot;to rule&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''tari-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''fat-'''&gt; &quot;to do&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''fati-'''&gt;


====='''Past Subjunctive'''=====
The past subjunctive is formed by suffixing &lt;'''-u'''&gt; to the root of the 6th principle part. 


======'''Vowel Stems'''======
In the case of ''a-stems'', this combination becomes _o_. In the case of ''o-stems'', this combinations becomes _u_. In the case of ''e-stems'' and ''ē-stems'', this combination becomes _ëu_. In the case of all stems ending with _o_ and _u_, the suffix itself disappears in combination. It also has the '''augment''' (for which see below). 

*&lt;'''yalma-'''&gt; &quot;to play the harp&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''ayalmo-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''ilno-'''&gt;  &quot;to make bloom&quot;    -&gt; &lt;'''eilno-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''lē-'''&gt; &quot;to show&quot;             -&gt; &lt;'''alëu-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''de-'''&gt; &quot;to gather&quot;           -&gt; &lt;'''adëu-'''&gt; 
*&lt;'''dorëo-'''&gt; &quot;to finish&quot;        -&gt; &lt;'''adorëo-'''&gt;  
*&lt;'''moni-'''&gt; &quot;to hear&quot;           -&gt; &lt;'''amoniu-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; &quot;to live&quot;          -&gt; &lt;'''alissu-'''&gt;


======'''Changeable Stems'''======
The final consonant of changeable consonant verbs undergoes the same modification as in the subjunctive present. 

*&lt;'''eT-'''&gt; &quot;to lack&quot;  -&gt; &lt;'''eissu-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''neP-'''&gt; &quot;to sing&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''anephu-'''&gt;


======'''w-Stems'''======
Some verbs with stems in _w_, have two alternative forms for this tense, one reflecting a more recent analogical change, the other being the historically developed form.

*&lt;'''daw-'''&gt; &quot;to roar&quot;        -&gt; &lt;'''adau-'''&gt;  ''or'' &lt;'''adavu-'''&gt;
*&lt;'''diw-'''&gt; &quot;to be powerful&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''adiu-'''&gt;  ''or'' &lt;'''adivu-'''&gt;

----

===='''Preterite'''====
The preterite has two formations and eight suffixes. It is the 5th principle part of the verb and is the most unpredictable. The two formations are termed the '''root-preterite''' and '''zero-grade preterite'''. The root-preterite is by far the more common. The root-preterite is formed from the root of the verb, with no modification, beyond the addition of the '''augment''' (see below) and the addition of one of the eight suffixes. The zero-grade preterite however, is formed by modifying the vowel of the root in some way, usually unpredictably. 


====='''The Preterite Augment'''=====
Almost all preterites have a prefix which is, essentially, &lt;'''a-'''&gt;. This is termed the '''augment'''. It causes lenition to consonant initial verbs and vowel contraction to vowel initial verbs. In the case of verbs beginning of _k_, lenition causes the _k_ to drop completely and then various changes occur: _a_+_e/i_ -&gt; _ai_, _a_+_o/u_ -&gt; au, _a_+_a_ -&gt; _a_. Certain verbs behave a bit unpredictably however, reflecting earlier forms of the root, or various other irregularities:

*&lt;'''ya-'''&gt; &quot;to go&quot;  -&gt;  '''ayanë''' and not '''*ëanë''' (with vowel contraction).
*&lt;'''kus-'''&gt; &quot;to lose&quot; -&gt; '''ankusi''' and not '''*ausi''' (with lenition).
*&lt;'''ë-'''&gt; &quot;to be&quot; -&gt;     '''ië''' and not '''*ai''' (with vowel contraction).


======'''The Augment with Compound Verbs'''======
In certain compound verbs (formed by prefixing a prepositional element to the root of a verb), the augment is found between the prefix and the root. The only common verb displaying this property is:

*&lt;'''onëa-'''&gt; &quot;to leave&quot; -&gt; '''onuyanë''', where the medial _u_ represents the augment, after vowel contraction with the original ending of the preposition &lt;'''ono'''&gt;. 


======'''Verbs with no Augment'''======
The verbs &lt;'''vo(w)-'''&gt; &quot;to be&quot;, &lt;'''thiello'''&gt; &quot;to be necessary&quot;, &lt;'''siello'''&gt; &quot;to sneeze&quot; and the defective verb &lt;'''hur'''&gt; &quot;it is raining&quot; do not have an augment: being in the past tense &lt;'''vusi'''&gt;, &lt;'''thi'''&gt;, &lt;''''si'''&gt; (although &lt;'''assi'''&gt; is found) and &lt;'''huksi'''&gt; respectively. This lack of an augment is more widespread in poetry. 


====='''Preterite Suffixes'''=====
The eight suffixes are, in order of decreasing frequency, &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;, &lt;'''-i'''&gt;, &lt;'''-si'''&gt;, &lt;'''-ti'''&gt;, &lt;'''-zero'''&gt;, &lt;'''-ssi'''&gt;, &lt;'''-na'''&gt;, and &lt;'''-në'''&gt;. These are added to both types of formations. 


======'''Nasal Suffixes'''======
The nasal suffixes, &lt;'''-në'''&gt; and &lt;'''-na'''&gt; are not at all common, being present in a total of eight verbs. They are usually part of the more formal register, known as High Silindion and may alternate with more common suffixes in some verbs. The following list gives all the verbs that take these suffixes, with any  variant past tenses as well:

*&lt;'''ra-'''&gt; &quot;to have, hold&quot; -&gt; '''arena, arti'''
*&lt;'''se-'''&gt; &quot;to attach, clasp together&quot; -&gt; '''asenë, asessi'''
*&lt;'''se-'''&gt; &quot;to seem&quot; -&gt; '''asena, asti'''
*&lt;'''neit-'''&gt; &quot;to increase&quot; -&gt; '''aneintë''' 
*&lt;'''vow-'''&gt; &quot;to have existance&quot; -&gt; '''avona, avovë''' 


The following three verbs have nasal past tenses, especially in poetry and older varieties of the language, but they share special properties to be discussed below:  &lt;'''sëur-'''&gt; &quot;to get ripped, torn, cut&quot;, &lt;'''yeir-'''&gt; &quot;to get weighed, weigh&quot;, &lt;'''sar-'''&gt; &quot;to get hot/burned&quot;. 


======'''Other Suffixes'''======
The distribution of the other suffixes can be outlined broadly, however, even so, the formation of a preterite is the least obvious of all of the principle parts.


'''Suffix with Vowel Stems:'''
For most vowel stems, the suffix is &lt;'''-i'''&gt;. When added to an ''a-stem'', ''e-stem'' and ''o-stem'', the combination becomes 
&lt;'''-ë'''&gt;. When added to an ''ëo-stem'', the combination becomes &lt;'''-ië'''&gt;. When added to a ''u-stem'', the combination becomes &lt;'''-i'''&gt;. Examples of these stem types are:

*&lt;'''nalla-'''&gt; &quot;to pound&quot; -&gt; '''anallë''' 
*&lt;'''hwanske-'''&gt; &quot;to wound with a bow&quot; -&gt; '''ahwanskë'''
*&lt;'''nayo-'''&gt; &quot;to permit, allow&quot; -&gt; '''anayë'''
*&lt;'''lissu-'''&gt; &quot;to live&quot; -&gt; '''alissi''' 


'''Zero Suffix &amp; -ssi:'''
''i-stems'' have no suffix, while ''ē-stems'' usually have the suffix &lt;'''-ssi''''&gt;, with a few exceptions. 

*&lt;'''moni-'''&gt; &quot;to hear&quot; -&gt; '''amoni'''
*&lt;'''vē-'''&gt; &quot;to gossip&quot; -&gt; '''avissi'''


'''Suffixes with Changeable Stems:'''
For changeable stems, the following broad rules apply: ''B-stems'' have &lt;'''-si'''&gt;, ''D-stems'' have &lt;'''-ti'''&gt;, ''G-stems'' (and ''Gw-stems'')
have &lt;'''-i'''&gt;, P-stems have &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;, T-stems have &lt;'''-si'''&gt; (with some &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;), '''K-stems''' have &lt;'''-si'''&gt;. '''s-stems''' have &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;. Where these rules do not apply, &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; is default (see below however for vowel-harmony rules with this suffix). 

*&lt;'''reB-'''&gt; &quot;to row&quot; -&gt; '''arepsi'''
*&lt;'''saD-'''&gt; &quot;to plant&quot; -&gt; '''asatti'''
*&lt;'''faG-'''&gt; &quot;to spit&quot; -&gt; '''ahwai'''
*&lt;'''neP-'''&gt; &quot;to sing&quot; -&gt; '''anephë'''
*&lt;'''ermissiaT-'''&gt; &quot;to fall in love&quot; -&gt; '''eirmissiassi'''
*&lt;'''seK-'''&gt; &quot;to write&quot; -&gt; '''aseksi'''
*&lt;'''dles-'''&gt; &quot;to freeze&quot; -&gt; '''aldesë'''


'''Harmonic Suffixes with Consonant Stems:'''
Other simple consonant stems (together with augmented stems) take mostly &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;, using &lt;'''-i'''&gt; as an harmonic allomorph in certain circumstances. This vowel harmony actually applies in all cases when &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; is used. Basically, &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; is used whenever the root vowel (the vowel preceding the suffix) is '''_a_''' (and '''_ai_'''), '''_e_''' (and '''_ei_''') or '''_o_''', that is, the low vowels and the central vowel. The &lt;'''-i'''&gt; suffix is used if the root vowel is '''_i_''' or '''_u_''', that is, the high vowels. There are very few exceptions to this rule; those that do exist have historical explanations. The following examples illustrate this contrast:

*&lt;'''fal-''' &quot;to wander&quot; -&gt; '''aphalë'''
*&lt;'''fil-''' &quot;to come&quot; -&gt; '''ahwili'''
*&lt;'''pel-''' &quot;to seek&quot; -&gt; '''aphelë'''
*&lt;'''sun-''' &quot;to walk&quot; -&gt; '''asuni'''
*&lt;'''ol-''' &quot;to sparkle&quot; -&gt; '''ulë''' ('''a-ol-ë''')


The main exceptions to this rule are: &lt;'''sul-'''&gt; &quot;to flow&quot; ('''asulë''' &lt; '''aso:lë'''), &lt;'''si(l)-'''&gt; &quot;to shine&quot; ('''asili, asilë'''), &lt;'''nun-'''&gt; &quot;to detect scent&quot; ('''anunë'''), &lt;'''perophur-'''&gt; &quot;to relate&quot; ('''apherophurë, peruphurë'''), &lt;'''pur-'''&gt; &quot;to speak&quot; ('''aphurë'''), &lt;'''sur-'''&gt; &quot;to rustle&quot; ('''asulti, asurë'''), &lt;'''tusk-'''&gt; &quot;to hoot&quot; ('''assuskë'''), &lt;'''nuw-'''&gt; &quot;to tune&quot; ('''anuvë'''), &lt;'''ling-'''&gt; &quot;to ring&quot; ('''alingë''').


'''Suffixes with N-stems:'''
''n-stems'' take either &lt;'''-ti'''&gt; or &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; (with harmonic alteration). There are also a few instances of &lt;'''-si'''&gt;. The consonantal past tense suffixes are associated, for the most part, with verbs which have been derived from a noun by means of the deverbal suffix &lt;'''-n'''&gt;. While this is not a hard and fast rule, it does cover a large number of ''n-stems''. Otherwise, the suffix is usually &lt;'''-ë'''&gt;. The examples below show both the noun (if any) and the derived verb:

*&lt;'''nossa'''&gt; &quot;snow&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''nossan-'''&gt; &quot;to snow&quot; -&gt; '''anossanti'''
*&lt;'''riska''' &gt; &quot;popping, swelling&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''riskan-'''&gt; &quot;to swell, pop&quot; -&gt; '''ariskassi''' ('''a-riskan-si''')
*&lt;'''nomben-'''&gt; &quot;to get engaged&quot; -&gt; '''anombenë'''
*&lt;'''ndun-'''&gt; &quot;to rush&quot; -&gt; '''anduni'''


'''Suffixes with ''y-stems'':'''
These take either &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; or no suffix, rather indiscriminately. 

*&lt;'''nay-'''&gt; &quot;to be permitted&quot; -&gt; '''anai'''
*&lt;'''nankoy-'''&gt; &quot;to apply to&quot; -&gt; '''anankoyë'''


'''Suffixes with Compound Stems:''' 
Compound stems take either &lt;'''-ë'''&gt; (with harmony) for the most part, or &lt;'''-si'''&gt; only in ''nd-stems'', ''nt-stems'' and ''rn-stems'' to some extent.

*&lt;'''teld-'''&gt; &quot;to silence&quot; -&gt; '''asseldë'''
*&lt;'''pelk-'''&gt; &quot;to ask&quot; -&gt; '''aphelkë'''
*&lt;'''namp-'''&gt; &quot;to hammer&quot; -&gt; '''anampë'''
*&lt;'''yathend-'''&gt; &quot;to be obligated&quot; -&gt; '''ayathensi'''  (note, not '''*ëathensi''' with vowel contraction)
*&lt;'''sint-'''&gt; &quot;to sew&quot; -&gt; '''asinsi'''
*&lt;'''vovern-'''&gt; &quot;to answer&quot; -&gt; '''avoversi'''
*&lt;'''harr-'''&gt; &quot;to meet for the 1st time&quot; -&gt; '''aharrë'''
*&lt;'''mersk-'''&gt; &quot;to conceal&quot; -&gt; '''amerskë'''
*&lt;'''risk-'''&gt; &quot;to swell&quot; -&gt; '''ariski'''
*&lt;'''misp-'''&gt; &quot;to destroy&quot; -&gt; '''amispi'''
*&lt;'''list-'''&gt; &quot;to begin to think&quot; -&gt; '''alisti'''

====='''Zero-Grade Preterites'''=====

* &lt;'''ra-'''&gt; &quot;hold&quot; -&gt; '''a-r-ti'''   (augment + zero-grade-root + suffix) (but, '''arena''' is also found).
* &lt;'''se-'''&gt; &quot;seem&quot; -&gt; '''a-s-ti''' (augment + zero-grade-root + suffix) (but, '''asena''' is also found). 
* &lt;'''vo(w)-'''&gt; &quot;exist&quot;  -&gt; '''vu-si'''  (zero-grade-root + suffix).
* &lt;'''the-'''&gt; &quot;be necessary&quot; -&gt; '''th-i''' (zero-grade-root + suffix).
* &lt;'''tildo-'''&gt; &quot;frequently see&quot; -&gt; '''-assil-ti''' (a-tild-ti)  (augment + zero-grade-root + suffix).  
* &lt;'''ren-'''&gt; &quot;drown&quot; (High Silindion) -&gt; '''a-r-si''' (a-rn-si) (augment +zero-grade-root + suffix)  (but, '''aressi''' &amp; '''arenti''' are also found).
*&lt;'''tera-'''&gt; &quot;work metal&quot; -&gt; '''a-sser-ti''' (augment + zero-grade-root + suffix) (but, '''asserë''' is also found).


====='''Irregular Past Tenses'''=====
These are past tenses which are not formed according to the two normal formations (root or zero-grade) or having special suffixes. 


======'''Stative Pasts'''======
The irregular nasal past tenses of &lt;'''sëur-'''&gt; &quot;to get ripped, torn, cut&quot;, &lt;'''yeir-'''&gt; &quot;to get weighed, weigh&quot;, &lt;'''sar-'''&gt; &quot;to get hot/burned&quot;. 

These verbs form past tenses from stems that do not end in '''_r_'''. This is because '''_r_''' was originally a derivational suffix indicating process. When viewed from the past, process and state sometimes become synonymous. That is &quot;got ripped&quot; and &quot;have been ripped&quot; mean basically the same thing. This was indicated in Old Silindion by replacing the process suffix '''_r_''' with a stativizing '''_n_''', followed by a harmonic vowel. This resulted in the (original) past tenses:

*&lt;'''sëur-'''&gt;  -&gt; '''senkë'''   ('''sekw-n-e''')
*&lt;'''yeir-'''&gt;   -&gt; '''yeina'''    ('''yay-n-a''')
*&lt;'''sar-'''&gt;    -&gt; '''salda'''    ('''sal-n-a''')

Eventually, these were replaced by '''asëurë''', '''ayeirë''', and '''asarë''' respectively. 


======'''Pia-'''======
The past tense of &lt;'''pia-'''&gt; &quot;to touch&quot; is irregular. This verb becomes a ''k-stem'' in the past tense, taking the suffix &lt;'''-si'''&gt;: '''aphiksi'''.


======'''Fē-'''======
The past tense of &lt;'''fē-'''&gt; &quot;to flee&quot; is irregular. This verb sometimes takes the peculiar suffix &lt;'''-essi'''&gt;: '''aphiessi''' (but '''aphissi''' is also found). 


======'''Su-'''====== 
The past tense of &lt;'''su-'''&gt; &quot;to want&quot; is irregular. This verb is almost always used in the passive, thus the past tense is &lt;'''súrië'''&gt;.


======'''Mot- &amp; Thor-'''======
The irregular verbs &lt;'''mot/mar/mat-'''&gt; &quot;to hide&quot; and &lt;'''thor/thar/tha-'''&gt; &quot;to cover&quot; are irregular in the past tense as well. These verbs have the past tenses '''amatë''' and '''athasi''' (also '''athorë''') respectively. 


======'''Ti-'''======
The verb &lt;'''ti-'''&gt; &quot;to take&quot; is irregular.  This verb is defective and has no past tense. The past tense is supplied by the synonym &lt;'''ist-'''&gt;, which only exists in this tense. Thus the past is &lt;'''eistë'''&gt;. This root is also used for the past tense of &lt;'''vayanti-'''&gt; &quot;to choose a path&quot;, which is &lt;'''vayaneistë'''&gt; in the past tense. (Note internal augmentation).


======'''Sur-'''======
The verb &lt;'''sur-'''&gt; &quot;to rustle&quot; is irregular. In addition to having the past tense &lt;'''asurë'''&gt;, this verb also becomes an ''l-stem'' in the past tense, making &lt;'''asulti'''&gt;. This is probably due to contamination with &lt;'''sul-'''&gt; &quot;to flow&quot;.

----

===Regular and Irregular Principle parts===
In this section common verbs will all of their principle parts shall be given. In addition, those verbs which have &quot;irregular&quot; principle parts of some kind will be listed.

===='''Regular Principle Parts'''====

{| border = 1 
! Stem Class
! 1st 
! 2nd
! 3rd
! 4th 
! 5th
! 6th
! 7th 
|-
|''o-stem''
|niello
|nona
|norë
|non
|anë,
|nonë
|nossë
|-
|''u-stem''
|lissiello
|lissuna
|lissurë
|lissún,
|alissi
|lissunë
|lissussë
|-
|''i-stem''
|sariello
|sarina
|sarilë
|sarín
|asari
|sarinë
|sarissë
|-
|''ē-stem''
|vëallo
|vinë
|virë
|vién
|avissi
|vienë
|vissë
|-
|''e-stem''
|nankiello
|nankena
|nankerë
|nankén
|anankë
|nankenë
|nankessë
|-
|''a-stem''
|silliello
|sillana
|sillarë
|sillán
|asillë
|sillanë
|sillassë
|-
|''ëo-stem''
|delëollo
|delëona
|delëorë
|delëon
|adélië
|delëonë
|delëossë
|}

----
----

=='''Syntax'''==

==='''Standard of Comparison'''===

A) In Silindion, the standard of comparison (i.e. &quot;than-phrases&quot;) are formed in two ways according to the type of comparative. 


B) If the comparative is used adjectively to denote the attributes of a referential noun phrase, then the standard of comparison is a noun phrase as well. 
The standard of comparison is inflected for ablative case. 


C) If the comparative is used adverbially to denote the manner by  or degree to which something is done, then the standard of comparison is a prepositional relative with a resumptive pronoun (for more information, see the appropriate section).


1)  Standard of Comparison = Noun Phrase

{| border = 1
|- 
| '''ëan'''
| '''i'''
| '''nari'''
| '''më'''
| '''pantio'''   
| '''nattolim'''
|-
| BE-present-3rd-sing.
| the
| BIRD
| this
| SMALL-comparative
| OTHER-ablative
|}

&quot;This bird is smaller that the other one.&quot;


2) Standard of Comparison = Relative Clause

{| border = 1
|-
| '''purontë'''  
| '''layo'''
| '''ta(lim)'''
| '''yova'''
| '''phurosi'''
| '''ulo'''
|- 
| SPEAK-present-3rd-plural
| GOOD-comparative
| which-(ablative)
| relative
| SPEAK-present-1st-sing.
| BEYOND-it
|}

&quot;They speak better than I speak.&quot;

----

==='''Subordination'''===

===='''Complement Clauses'''====

===='''Purpose Clauses'''====

===='''Relative Clauses'''====

A) Relative clauses in Siliindion are formed in a number of ways depending on dialect and register. In the following sections, Standard Low Silindion (the vernacular language in use for every day life as well as so-called 'vulgar literature' and some poetry will be described. A separate section, entitled Relative Clauses in High Silindion will deal with the court language and the language of religion, epic poetry and other 'higher' forms of literature. 


B) In Low Silindion (hereafter: Silindion), the relative clause is formed by means of two elements: the '''relative pronoun''' and the '''subordinating conjunction'''. The both the relative pronoun and the subordinating conjunction are vary with regard to animacy. The pronoun varies with regard to number only for inanimates. The following table gives the forms of both the relative pronoun and the subordinating conjunction. The forms of the pronoun are found under the labels 'singular' and 'plural'. 


{| border = 1 
|-
! Animacy 
! Singular
! Plural  
! Subordinator
|-
|'''Animate'''
|të
|të
|yo
|-
|'''Inanimate'''
|ta
|tona
|yova
|-
|}


C) The animate subordinator is usually prefix that attaches to the following verb. Vowels are changed as in the following chart.
Consonants that can be lenited, are lenited (except for _k_, which remains unchanged). The only time that the subordinator is not a prefix
is if the verb begins in a diphthong. 


{| border = 1
! Verb Initial
! Assimilation
! Example 
|-
|  ''a''
|  yo + a &gt; yu 
|   &lt;'''aski-'''&gt; &quot;to shake hands&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yuski-'''&gt; &quot;relative-shake.hands&quot;     
|-
|  ''o''  
|  yo + o -&gt; yu
|   &lt;'''or-'''&gt; &quot;to speak&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yur-'''&gt; &quot;relative-speak&quot;    
|-
|  ''i''
|  yo + i -&gt; yei 
|  &lt;'''ilor-'''&gt; &quot;to terrify&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yeilor'''&gt; &quot;relative-terrify&quot;
|- 
| ''u''
| yo + u -&gt; yu
| &lt;'''urr-'''&gt; &quot;to swallow&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yurr-'''&gt; &quot;relative-swallow&quot;   
|-
| ''e'' / ''ei''
| yo + e -&gt; yoi
| &lt;'''es-'''&gt; &quot;to jump&quot; -&gt; &lt;'''yois-'''&gt; &quot;relative-jump&quot;
|-
|}


D) The pronoun may be inflected for any of the cases (except for the essive, copulative and adjectival). Examples of the inflected pronoun are found in the following sections.


E)  With inanimate antecedents, the number distinction (&lt;'''ta'''&gt; ''singular''; &lt;'''tona'''&gt; ''plural'') found in the relative pronoun is optional. This does not correlate with restrictiveness vs. non-restrictiveness and is likely a free variant. The number distinction is more common in literature and in High Silindion.


1) Number Agreement:

{| border = 1
| '''i'''
| '''mar'''
| '''në'''
| '''i'''
| '''ssorma'''
| '''tonán'''
| '''yova'''
| '''lenyáneinto'''
| '''i'''
| '''deni...'''
|- 
| the
| CITY
| and
| the
| TOWER
| which-plural-accusative
| relative
| BUILD-imperfect-3rd.plural
| the
| PEOPLE
|}

&quot;the city and tower that the people were building...&quot;


2) Non-Number Agreement:

{| border = 1
| '''ya'''
| '''i'''
| '''nóriavi'''
| '''ta'''
| '''malyanto'''
| '''o'''
| '''ostervi...'''
|- 
| under
| the
| TREE-plural-locative 
| which
| MOVE-pres.-3rd.-plural
| in
| WIND-locative
|}

&quot;Under the trees that move in the wind...&quot;
 

F)  With non-human animate nouns (such as animals) as antecedents, both the inanimate and animate pronouns may be used, together with either the animate or inanimate subordinator. This tendency to restrict animacy marking to humans is very usual in spoken Silindion. 


3)  Animal = Animate

{| border = 1
| '''Nissa'''
| '''phessina'''
| '''i'''
| '''lëorna'''
| '''tein'''
| '''yulavassë'''
| '''apa'''
|- 
| let
| EAT-subj.-1st-plural
| the
| WHITE.DEER-accusative
| which-accusative
| rel.-aug.-CATCH-past-3rd-sing.
| father
|}

&quot;Let's eat the white deer that father caught.&quot;


4) Animal = Inanimate

{| border = 1
| '''Nissa'''
| '''phessina'''
| '''i'''
| '''lëorna'''
| '''tan'''
| '''yova'''
| '''alavassë'''
| '''apa'''
|- 
| let
| EAT-subj.-1st-plural
| the
| WHITE.DEER-accusative
| which-accusative
| relative.inanimate 
| aug.-CATCH-past-3rd.-sing.
| father
|}


====='''Headed Relative Clauses'''=====

Headed relative clauses have an antecedent, headless relative clauses do not. 

======'''Argument Relative Clauses'''======


A) The pronoun may either be inflected for the case that the argument has in the relative clause or the case that the antecedent has (this is called '''case attraction'''). 


1) Non-case attraction:

{| border = 1
| '''Monienta'''
| '''i'''
| '''vurmán'''
| '''Alarieli'''
| '''të'''
| '''yossarán'''
| '''emë'''
| '''turnivi.'''
|- 
| HEAR-optative/future.2nd.plur 
| the 
| STORY-accusative
| Alarië-genitive
| who-nominative
| rel.-RULE-pres.-3rd.sing.
| on
| NIGHT-locative 
|}

&quot;You shall hear the story of Alarië who rules over night.&quot;

* '''Note:''' The pronoun is inflected as a nominative, as it is acting as the subject of the relative clause. This is despite the fact that the antecedent is in the genitive.


2) Case Attraction:

{| border = 1
| '''a'''
| '''hweya'''
| '''Rilméveri,'''
| '''të'''
| '''yumiri'''
| '''apanya...'''
|- 
| oh
| DAUGHTER-nominative
| Rilmevë-genitive
| WHO-nominative
| rel.-aug.-LOVE-past-3rd.sing.
| FATHER-nominative-our
|}

&quot;Oh daughter of Rilmevë, whom our father loved...&quot;

*'''Note:''' The pronoun is inflected as nominative. This is despite the fact that it is acting as the object of the relative clause. However, because it is in apposition to the antecedent, 'daughter', it is inflected as nominative; i.e. it is attracted to the case of the antecedent. 


B) Unusually (from the point of view of language-typology), case attraction is only found when the relative clause is '''non-restrictive''', i.e. appositive (as an option). The explanation is likely that the relative pronoun is functioning like an antecedent in its own right, hence it must have case appropriate to its clause, not the relative clause. This phenomenon is also found in embedded questions, for which see the appropriate section.

======'''Prepositional Relative Clauses'''======


A) There are two methods of forming a prepositional relative clause (i.e. when the the relation between relativized element and subordinate clause is a prepositional relation). 


B) The most common method is to inflect the relative pronoun in an oblique case (dative, ablative, allative, comitative, locative, instrumental, relative, benefactive) and place the relative pronoun between the antecedent and the relative clause, which is introduced by the subordinator. 


C) The second method is to add a preposition with a resumptive pronoun.  In this case, the relative pronoun remains uninflected (normally, although inflection in an oblique case appropriate to the preposition is sometimes found).


D) In the first sentence type, no prepositions are found. In the second type, prepositions are required. The difference is one of specificity, i.e. whenever a more specific prepositional relation is required (i.e. meanings such as &quot;beyond&quot; or &quot;above&quot;) the preposition+resumptive strategy would be used. Whenever a generic prepositional relation is meant (i.e. &quot;at&quot;, &quot;in&quot;) the normal method is used. 


1) No Preposition + Resumptive

{| border = 1
|-
| '''arti''' 
| '''haitín'''
| '''to'''
| '''yova'''
| '''aropsi''' 
| '''i'''
| '''siryán'''
|-
| aug.-HOLD/HAVE-past-3rd-sing.
| SWORD-accusative
| which-instrumental
| relative
| aug.-PROTECT/GUARD-past-3rd-sing.
| the
| GATE-plural-accusative
|}

&quot;He had a sword with which he guarded the gates.&quot;


2) Preposition + Resumptive

{| border = 1
|-
| '''ië'''
| '''noldi'''
| '''i'''
| '''morno'''
| '''ta'''
| '''yova'''
| '''amisti''' 
| '''yo'''
|-
| was
| COOL
| the
| SHADE
| which
| relative
| aug.-SIT-past-3rd-sing.
| beneath-it
|}

&quot;The shade under which he sat was cool.&quot;

('''ië	noldi i morno tavi yova amisti''' would mean &quot;the shade in which/where he sat was cool.&quot;


======'''Genitival Relative Clauses'''======


A) There are two ways of forming a relative clause which has a genitival relation, i.e. which can be translated as &quot;whose&quot;.


B) The first way, found commonly in poetry, is to place the pronoun (in the genitive) after the antecedent followed immediately by the subordinate clause, with no intervening subordinator. This seems to be found with animate antecedents. Note that in this construction, the object possessed by the antecedent is usually (but not always) placed at the end of the subordinate clause, as in the example.


1) Non-Fronting Construction

{| border = 1
|-
| '''a'''
| '''noirë'''
| '''na'''
| '''teiri'''
| '''rento'''
| '''sinta'''
| '''i'''
| '''nempë'''
|-
| oh
| HOLY
| ONE
| who-genitive
| REACH-3rd-plural
| ME-allative
| the
| SONG-plural
|}

&quot;Oh holy one, whose songs reach me...&quot;


C) The second way of forming a genitival relative, found most often with inanimate antecedents, is to inflect the relative pronoun and front the possessed object to before the subordinated verb. In this construction, the subordinator is found. However, it may be best to analyze the subordinator and the relative pronoun has one grammatical element. In fact, it is occasionally written as one, i.e. as '''tariyova'''.


2) Fronting Construction

{| border = 1
|-
| '''silinya'''
| '''tariyova'''
| '''nan'''
| '''ahwili''' 
| '''mi'''
|- 
| STAR-plural
| whose
| LIGHT
| aug.-FALL-past-3rd-sing.
| down
|-
|}

&quot;Stars whose light falls down.&quot; 

* ''''Note:''' In this construction, '''tari''' is not inflected for number. This is another indication, perhaps, that this has become divorced from the relative pronoun '''ta'''.

====='''Headless Relative Clauses'''=====


====='''High Silindion Relative Clauses'''=====


====='''Poetic Relative Clauses'''=====


====='''Copular Relative Clauses'''=====

===='''Embedded Questions'''====

----

==='''Quotation'''===

----

==='''Conditional Clauses'''===

----

==='''Information Structure'''===

===='''Topicalization'''====

===='''Focalization'''====

----

==='''Copular Clauses'''===

===='''Descriptive'''====

===='''Identificational'''====

===='''Emphatic'''====

===='''Existential'''====

----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Case Usages in Silindion</title>
    <id>2030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7205</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Denihilonihil</title>
    <id>2032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49329</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T18:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Arophanic language family */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Gigni de nihilo nihil, in nihilo nil posse reverti==

[[Image:Blossom.jpg]]

From this famous quote by the Roman poet and satirist Persius was derived my username.

:'''yu.''' high school student from the tropical island of Singapore.&lt;br /&gt;
:would like to be intellectual some day.

For more personal information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Denihilonihil my Wikipedia userprofile].

==Alternative history of East Asia and colonialism==

===States===
*[[Freschzierra D'Olascheiy]]
**Provinces: [[Csecer]], [[Vledine]], Aldan, Arraron, Charchup, Estanove, Geldan, Lillue, Okhotsk (Ochotysque), Verkhovsk (Verchovysque)
**[[Januet Empire]], [[Fresch Civil War]], [[1736 Revolution]], [[First Fresch Republic]], [[1760 Revolution]], [[Fresch Treaty of Unification]]
*[[Zelma]]
**[[Zelman Soviet Socialist Republic]]
*Altonia
*Aluevea
*Dharesia (also Dharis)
*Frivest

===Languages===
*[[Fresch]] (or Fresque; standard Csecerean dialect)
**Dialects: [[Ammerian]], [[Lillian]], [[Irions]]
**Descended from: [[Zaenistian]]
*[[Zelman]]
*Altonian
*Aluevèan
*Dharesian
*[[Frivestian]]

==Ilethes==

*[[Ilethes]], the planet ([[:Category: Ilethes]])
*[[References to Earth in the design of Ilethes]]

===Geography===
'''Continents:'''
*[[Arophania]]
*[[Canthres]]
*[[Eresphria]]
*[[Istheusia]]
*[[Marcasia]]

'''Oceans, Seas, Rivers'''
*[[Artya]]
*[[As am Iraph]]
*[[Auzirean Sea]]
*[[Chisthian Sea]]
*[[Deis Paphresis]]
*[[Hibondassian Sea]]
*[[Issol A'i]]
*[[Nes river]]
*[[Pelassian Sea]]
*[[Theph river]]
*[[Thorfu]]

===Anthropography===
*[[Dethrians]]
**[[Hagean Alliance]], later [[Hagean Empire]]
**[[Vichau States]]
**[[Dethria]]
*[[Areth]]
**[[Lazeian Empire]]
**[[Arithia]]
*[[Karyaba]]
*[[Ivir]]
*[[Andu]]

==General unclassified languages==
*[[Parseltongue-inspired]]

==Raw material==
====Arophanic language family====

The table below lists the genealogy of the largest Arophanic languages in Ilethes today.

[[Image:Arophanic_Family_Tree.png]]

*[[Arophanic languages]]
**[[Proto-Arophanic]]†
**[[Arithidic languages]]
***[[Proto-Arithidic]]†
****[[Herallian language]]
****[[Arithide language]]
****[[Ancient Arithide|Ancient Arithide/Old Arithide]]†
*****[[Classical Arithide]]
******[[Koine Arithide]]†
*******[[Middle Arithide]]†
********[[Modern Arithide]]
********[[Charian language]]
********[[Docau language]]
******[[Lazeic languages]]
*******[[High Lazeic]]†
********[[Lezina]]†
*********[[Litsena]]
*********[[Samecian language]]
********[[Vethudic]]
*******[[Low Lazeic]]†
********[[Hyrrgonian language]]
**[[Sypric languages]]
***[[Proto-Sypric]]†
****[[Old Sypric]]†
*****[[Sypric]]†
******[[New Sypric]]†
*******[[Syprian language]]
********[[Basson]]
*****[[Ivinian language]]†
****[[Torugian language]]†

====Hesperidian language family====
Named after the daughters of Hesperus in Roman mythology in English, the corresponding name of this language family in [[Dethric]], ''Erespha'', is the god that governs the setting of the sun in [[Dethria]]n lore.

(genealogy tba)


====Lytho-Grisic language family====

(genealogy tba)

==To Do==

*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]], esp. personal pronouns table
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide numerals]]
*update [[Arithide Sample Text Corpus]]
*update [[List of Classical Arithide irregular nouns]]
*[[Koine Arithide]]


*[[History of Classical Arithide]]
*[[Modern Arithide]]
*[[Av (Arithide)]]


*[[Zesou Crisis]]
*[[History of the Areth]]
*[[Arithia]]
*[[Dethric language]]
*[[Time on Ilethes]]
*[[Athebian calendar]]
*[[Pisex Treaty]]
*[[Lazea]], [[Lazaea]], [[Lazeia]]
*[[Calagia]]
*[[Arithian Soldierate]]
*[[Tannea]]
*[[Tannaea (province)]]

==Assorted notifications and contributions==

*[[Template:Succession box]] is now created. Free to use for rulers and dynasties of conworlds! (23 Feb 2006)
*[[Template:Infobox]] is now created. Free to use for summarising languages! (23 Feb 2006)
*[[Template:Consonants]] and [[Template:Vowels]] are now created and free for use in documenting phonologies! (24 Feb 2006)
*[[Template:Warbox]] is now created. Free to use for conworld military conflicts! (08 Oct 2006)
*[[Template:Translit]] is now created. Free to use for conlang transliteration points-to-note! (15 Oct 2006)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Case Usages</title>
    <id>2033</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>7066</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-17T16:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Case Usages moved to Case Usages in Silindion: Merge, part II</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Case Usages in Silindion]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gerunds in Silindion</title>
    <id>2034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7203</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T01:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Eosp</title>
    <id>2035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27067</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-27T23:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eosp</username>
        <id>122</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed contact info</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big &gt;'''Eosp'''&lt;/big &gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Student,&lt;br /&gt;
translator&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''&lt;br /&gt;(In order of proficiency ↔ &lt;s&gt;deficiency&lt;/s&gt;! :)
|| [[Wikipedia:English language|English]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:French language|French]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Esperanto|Esperanto]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Active created conlangs:'''
|| [[Cenoji]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Language|Languages]],&lt;br /&gt;
[[Conlangcity:|Constructed languages]], &lt;br /&gt;
|}

Hello!  I am eosp, a conlanger and all-around crazy person.

Feel free to edit this, but please don't vandalize it, because I wouldn't do it to your page.

== Languages I've Created ==
I have worked on the following languages:

* [[Cenoji]]: Really agglutinative, somewhat in development.  Part of the Conworld [[Njetoluhi]].  (Pronounced /'nje.T2.lY.xi/, but I can't spell it.  Or pronounce it well, for that matter. :) )</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cenoji</title>
    <id>2036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8476</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-17T16:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eosp</username>
        <id>122</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Cenoji'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||[[Njetoluhi]], by the Sea Elves
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||~3 000, distributed in clans of about 20 people.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Njetoluhi
:Elfin
::Sea Races
:::Eastern Coast
::::'''Cenoji'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[User:Eosp|Eosp]]||2006
|}

== Phonology ==
The vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u] are pronounced /{/, /e/, /i/, /2/, and /y/, respectively.  [i] is pronounced /I/ if directly preceded by the letter [j].

The consonants are [c], [f], [h], [j], [l], [m], [n], [s], [t].  All of these are pronounced like their lower-case X-SAMPA counterparts, except for the following:
* [c] = /s/
* [h] = /C/
* [s] = /S/
* [t] = /T/

All of the consonants except [j] and [s] can be followed by [j] to make a cluster.  Example: [lju] is pronounced /'ljy/.

The syllable structure is &lt;CV&gt;.  C is a consonant (or cluster) and V is a vowel.

Emphasis starts high and declines towards the end of the word, but then rises about halfway on the last syllable.

A small pause is placed between grammatical inflections and roots.  This is optional but helps when dealing with large words.  No such pause is needed between words, because the tone helps clarify this.

== Grammar ==
=== Cases ===
* Nominative: indicates the subject of the sentence.
* Accusative: indicates the object of the sentence.
* Temporal: indicates the time an event took place.
* Facilitative: indicates a noun that helps the event take place.  In the case of a three-noun sentence (such as ''I gave a letter to John''), ''letter'' would be in the nominative and ''I'' would be in the facilitative.  (this sentence would probably be closer to ''With my help, a letter gave itself to John.'')
* Obstructive: indicates a noun that prevents or hinders an event.
* Result: Indicates the result of a sentence.

=== Syntax and Rules ===
* The basic order is Subject-Object-Verb, although any order is valid.  The item appearing first is given the emphasis.  Example: ''joe.NOM mary.ACC like'' indicates that Joe likes Mary, as opposed to Bill liking Mary.  If we were to say that Joe likes Mary, as opposed to Joe liking Felicia, we would say ''mary.ACC joe.NOM like'' instead.
* Three numbers exist: singular, few (undefined, but usually for numbers less than five or six), and many (anything larger than few).
* Adjectives must agree with their noun in number (singular, few, or many) and case.
* Subclauses are simply sentences with a [na] particle on each end.  The equivalents to prepositions (but, therefore) are marking the ending [na] particle with the proper case.  Example: ''I would go skiing, but I had a concussion'' would be ''I would go skiing na I had a concussion na.OBSTRUCTIVE''.
* There are no definite or indefinite articles.
* Any number of cases may be added to a word to express an added meaning.  Example: in a reflexive action, the noun would have both the nominative and accusative.
* The temporal case does not have plural endings.
* There is no future tense, you use the &quot;I plan to ''verb''&quot; construction.  This is a cultural consideration, since the Elves firmly believe that the future cannot be predicted and can always change.
* Possession with pronouns ('''I''', '''you''', '''he''', as opposed to '''Bob''') is indicated using the inflections in the table below.  Possession for other nouns ('''Bob''', or '''the tree''') is indicated using subclauses and auxiliary verbs, as in: ''(george.NOM possess.PRESENTINDICATIVE.3PSINGULAR tent.ACC).NOM has-property.PRESENTINDICATIVE.3PSINGULAR green.ACC'', which means ''George's tent is green''.
* Verbs are inflected for their pronoun in the table below and the tense, also in one of the below tables.

=== Grammatical Markers ===
==== Case Table ====
{|
|| '''Case''' || '''Singular''' || '''Few''' || '''Plural''' || '''Notes'''
|-
|| Nominative || (none) || -hi || -hitja ||
|-
|| Accusative || -he || -ne || (remove previous vowel)-etja ||
|-
|| Temporal || -ju || (N/A) || (N/A) || Only used in the singular.
|-
|| Facilitative || -homja || -homjita || -homitja ||
|-
|| Obstructive || -hoho || -huho || -huho || No inflection for &quot;plural&quot;.
|-
|| Result || -mji || -mjuli || -mjitja ||
|}

==== Verb Tenses ====
{|
|| '''Mode''' || '''Past''' || '''Present''' || '''Conditional''' || '''Notes'''
|-
|| Indicative || -lolahi || -ninahi || -fjofahi || Only used when talking factually.
|-
|| Subjunctive || -lunalju || -minamju || -ninanju || Used in storytelling, lies, possible truths, etc.
|-
|| Imperative || -nitu || -ljatu || -fehija || Command form.
|}

==== Verb Inflections to Serve as Pronouns ====
{|
|| '''Person''' || '''Singular''' || '''Few''' || '''Plural''' || '''Notes'''
|-
|| First || -ji || -je || -je ||
|-
|| Second || -li || -le || -lja ||
|-
|| Third || -hi || -he || -hja || Not inflected for gender.
|}

==== Possessive Noun Inflections ====
These are added to the noun they modify.  Plurality is based on the noun, not the pronoun.  Gender is optional and is based on the gender of the person.
{|
|| '''Person''' || '''Singular''' || '''Few''' || '''Plural''' || '''Male''' || '''Female'''
|-
|| First || -ni || -ne || -nja || -nu || -nju
|-
|| Second || -li || -le || -lja || -lu || -lju
|-
|| Third || -hi || -he || -hja || (N/A) || (N/A)
|}

== Wordlist ==
* Ce /'ce/. Mother or inspirer, to create, inspiring.  Swadesh #42.
* Colji /'co.ljI/.  Love, to love, loving.
* Meli /'me.li/.  Servant, child, descendant, to serve or descend from, subservient.  First person pronoun.  Swadesh #1, #4.
* Mutja /'my.Tj&amp;/.  To believe or follow.  Believer or follower (in a religious sense), devout.
* Njetoluhi /'nje.T2.ly.xi/. World, to exist or live, in existence or living.
* Naha /'n&amp;.x&amp;/.  Master, to rule, dominant.  Second person pronoun.  Swadesh #2, #5.
* Noji /'n2.ji/. Language, to speak, spoken.
* Sama /'S&amp;.m&amp;/.  Generous, to give.
* Salite /'S&amp;.li.Te/.  Verb used to assign adjectives to nouns.
* Tuseji /'Ty.Se.jI/.  Monolith or giant, to enlarge, large, overall.  Swadesh #27.
* Tana /'T&amp;.n&amp;/. Genitive verb.
* Tunja /*Ty.nj&amp;/.  &quot;Therefore&quot; particle.
* Tosu /'T2.Sy/.  Feet or legs, to walk or move, moving.

== Example Sentences ==
* Melihi cenojihe nojijeninahi.  We speak Cenoji.
* Na meli ceninuhe tanajeninahi na na tuseji tananinahi nojihjahe nahe nojihilunalju.  My mother speaks the language of the giants.
* Na meli njetoluhiheni tanajiminamju na nahahe salitefjofahihi.  That which might be my world might be chief in its class.

== Translations ==
* For this is the way God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.  -- John 3:16 Na naha njetoluhihe coljihilolahi na tunja na melihe samahilolahi nahe tunja na mutjahitja njetoluhihjafjofahi nahehe.  -- Janu 3:16

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gerunds</title>
    <id>2037</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>7105</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-18T02:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gerunds moved to Gerunds in Silindion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Gerunds in Silindion]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Anurisiya</title>
    <id>2038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7141</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-20T04:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anurisiya</username>
        <id>124</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Real name: Wilson

Location: Singapore, Singapore

Languages in progress:
*[[Ërun Rymeth|Rymeth]]
*[[Ilerigir Kangeyazin|Kangeyazin]]

Cultures in Progress:

''World of Eraminä''
*[[Rymethus]]
**[[Rymeth Sèvayn]]
**[[Hazeryneth]]
**[[Isheyneth]]
**[[Seraineth]]
**[[Ugereth]]

*[[Kangeya]]
**[[Kangeyazin]]
**[[Shamazin]]

''The Lein Saga''
*[[Lein Empire]]
*[[Thridan]]
*[[Kal Usuk]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ërun Rymeth</title>
    <id>2039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11333</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-22T10:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Ërun Rymeth|pronounce='jɛrun rɪ'mɛθ|tu=Eraminä|species=Human&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rymeth Sèvayn|in=Rymethus, Rymeth Empire|no=|script=|tree=|morph=Agglutinative|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Anurisiya|Anurisiya]]|date=}}

'''Ërun Rymeth''' is a language spoken by the [[Rymeth Sèvayn]] people, of the continent of [[Rymethus]] in the land of [[Eraminä]]. The name literally means 'Tongue of the Inheritors'. It has Subject-Object-Verb ('Cow grass eat') word order, and is agglutinative with both prefixes and suffixes.


== Distribution ==

Ërun Rymeth, with wide dialectal differences (so wide that many of the dialects are in fact mutually unintelligible), is spoken all over the [[Rymeth Empire]], which occupies approximately the southern one-third of the whole continent. Besides this, the sheer size and cultural weight of the Empire also makes the language the lingua franca of the whole continent, such that even the Seraineth, who have for past millenia been frequently at odds with the Empire, make use of this language in commerce and trade.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilethes</title>
    <id>2040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16939</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T17:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ilethes''' is one of the outermost planets orbiting the star [[Dephelis]], and has no satellite in its orbit. Instead, it is engaged in mutual orbit with the planet of [[Valmante]]. Ilethes is believed to be 6.332 billion years old.

==Names==

==History==

{{seealso|Maguera}}

In the beginning, the planet now known as Ilethes was a swift-moving ball of rock, growing rapidly as it gathered ever more debris on its surface as it moved through space, and occasionally in collisions with asteroids and other assorted cosmophernalia. As the planet grew larger in mass, so concomitantly grew its gravitational pull, which led to what might be called cosmological sedimentation, as increasing amounts of debris, of increasing mass, settled on the surface of the planet, eventually weighing it down enough for it to be pulled into a mutual orbit with the planet [[Valmante]].

In time, the core of Ilethes melted, due to the immense heat generated by the great pressure of cosmic debris and other matter that had accumulated on its surface, and the barren, rocky mass which once could not have supported life now began to decompose, irradiating its surrounding matter, and its riches of minerals seeped into the looser, more permeable outer layers of the planet; at the same time, the melting core emanated large amounts of heat, which diffused outwards and consumed the matter of the planet from the inside, enlarging the molten core and creating currents of molten matter of enormous strength that circulated inside the planet and set it in rotation, occasionally pressing hard enough against the still-solid crust to cause bulges, protrusions and other deformities on the surface. At times, velocity differentials between different currents led to tectonic activity, splitting up the crust into various “plates” that moved at different speeds in different directions, in turn leading to new tectonic landforms such as buckled mountains at convergent plate boundaries, and upsurges of molten material from the core which solidified as they reached the surface forming new crust of significantly decreased thickness and lower altitude. Plate boundaries were, however, not fixed due to the constantly changing directions of the currents; new plates splintered from old as regularly as did old plates coalesce into new.

As the core continued to give off heat, the entire surface of the planet was warmed, and eventually heated up sufficiently that volatile elements and compounds had already escaped some distance from the planet to form its atmosphere, while other less volatile ones had also melted, and formed running streams and rivers, which were found especially often midway up mountains, collecting into lakes and seas of mixed substance where the altitude was lower, especially in depressions. By far, the substance present in the largest quantity had been dihydrogenated oxygen, which quickly evaporated into the atmosphere as the planet heated up, but which also condensed rapidly upon contact with the far colder temperatures further away from Ilethes’ surface, forming an atmospheric zone at the upper extent of which it constantly rained, and at the lower limit of which falling rain constantly evaporated and returned within the zone.

Eventually, however, the currents in the core began to slow as its energy had dissipated in the form of outbound heat, and the planet’s rotation slowed significantly, as temperatures fell and rain began to fall on the surface of Ilethes. With water, the planet’s surface underwent a host of changes—rivers accentuated previously milder landforms such as valleys and lakes, while eroding many once stark features, such as mountains; erosion of the surface resulted in the development of a rich layer of soil, fertilized by minerals both carried in the water and eventually deposited, and held within the ground and brought close to the surface by the water. Repeated cycles of such heating and cooling of the planet gave rise to a host of proto-lifeforms that seasonally alternated between activity and dormancy, surviving on nutrients released by the presence of water and reverting to suspended animation in periods of drought and global freezing. The planet eventually settled around an equilibrium rotation-speed that had currents in the core flowing considerably faster around the “equator” than at the “poles”, leaving temperatures at the equator high with little precipitation, and temperatures at the poles low with most precipitation solidified on the ground.

At this time Ilethes was not an illuminated planet. In its mutual orbit with [[Valmante]] neither was able to give off light in the same way that both emitted heat from within; lifeforms on both planets had, significantly, developed strong abilities to “see” in infra-red, while photosensitivity was an area of relative impairment. Yet while the planets maintained constant, stable revolutions around each other, neither drawing nearer nor drifting apart, as a unit they had been in motion, albeit slower than they had been individually, towards a light-emitting star, namely, [[Dephelis]].

==Dual-planet system==

===Magnetic field===

===Day &amp; night===

==Physical characteristics==

===Chemical composition===

===Shape===

===Position in orbit===

===Internal structure===

===Tectonic plates===

==Geography==

===Terrain===

===Continents===

===Hydrosphere===

===Atmosphere===

===Climate===

===Biosphere===

===Natural resources===

===Natural hazards===

==Human interaction==

===Land use===

===Depictions &amp; descriptions===

====Western culture====

====Eastern culture====

====Fiction====

===Environmentalism===

==See also==

*[[D-2 dual-planet system]]
*[[Valmante]]
*[[List of countries of Ilethes]]

[[Category:Conworlds]]
[[Category: D-2 dual-planet system]]
[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Empire</title>
    <id>2041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14214</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-06T03:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Lein Dynasty''' was a dynasty of the Empire, of that civilisation which was anciently known as the Yesan, preceded by the [[Har Dynasty]] and succeeded by the [[Yech Dynasty]]. It was ruled by the family of the same name, and ruled for around 500 years (depending on the definition of the ending of the dynasty, since it split into two at its end); founded by [[Lein Durun berHikas]], it had either 20 or 21 Emperors in all (again, depending on definition). See [[Genealogy of the Lein Emperors]].

The Lein Dynasty was the fourth unified dynasty of the Yesan, and in terms of historical impact one of the greatest ever. During the dynasty the Empire [[expansion of the Lein Dynasty|more than doubled in area]], and [[Order of the World|extended military and political control over four continents]], to the extent of carving up entire continents into properly-defined states, all of which were them placed under the protection and suzerainty of the Imperial Court. Meanwhile, artistically the Lein was also a golden age, with new styles of sculpting, painting and other graphic arts imported from all over the world, while poetry evolved from the old, relatively rigid style of the 'ode' to the new 'song' and 'assertion' forms. At the same time other art forms also flourished, from painting to music to sculpture; the [[Tomb of Areya]], for example, contained no less than 600 stone sculptures, to serve as handmaidens, servants and guards for the [[Nim Areya|Empress]] buried within.

== Beginnings ==

The founding of the Lein Dynasty had its roots in the corruption and terror which occupied the last decades of the Har Dynasty. During the reign of the last two Har Emperors, the country was slipping into ever-greater chaos; while many families, granted Imperial Approvals to monopolise trade in certain regions and to pay the taxes to the government, were rapidly growing into political powers of their own right, the princes, families of the imperial consorts (the [[Outer Kin]]) and the officials were being engaged in bitter factional infighting in the power centre.

At the same time, a series of agricultural crises and famines in the last decades of Har rule resulted in great hardship in the southern regions, which since time immemorial had been the economic power base of the Har Emperors; huge movements of population were at first held back, then slaughtered by the army, and before long these impoverished peasants began to fight back. A series of large agrarian revolts shook the South, while in the north tensions were also running high as officials stopped receiving salaries (all money going towards the war effort) and the [[Thridan]] people from the northern border ceaselessly building up large camps as though preparing to invade the Empire on a massive scale. 

It was into this political mess that Lein Durun berHikas, the founder of the Dynasty, plunged with a small army of his own. He first claimed that he would capture the provincial capital of Kurad Province, the large city of Alemos, in order to fortify against the outer enemy and to return peace to the inner lands - an ostensibly pro-Imperial message which earned him the support of officials still loyal to the old regime. By the time he reached Alemos his ranks had swelled tenfold to more than 80,000 men, and the city surrendered without a fight, starting the [[Lein Founding War]] as Lein Durun's army fought both the peasant uprisings and, eventually, the very same government it had allied with against those peasant uprisings. Five years later, aged 40, Lein Durun captured the capital city of Meiron and was crowned in [[Ansagin Palace]] as the First Emperor of the Lein Dynasty.

==Early Period==

The so-called Early Period of the Lein Dynasty refers mostly to the reigns of the first three Emperors, stretching across 59 years: Durun, his son Kasan, and his grandson Onge; it was marked first by great reforms which paved the way for an early burst of prosperity, before the tyranny and misrule of Onge nearly brought the whole Empire to its knees. 

Lein Durun, with the assistance of his [[Grand Chancellor]] [[Aran Ozei berKami]], set in motion sweeping reforms to the original laws of the Har Dynasty. Firstly, he simplified the increasingly labyrinthine legal code of the Har, and created the [[Code of the Progenitor]], which besides being a legal code was also a set of rules for the behaviour of officials, and the standards expected of all Emperors after him. The next and even more important reform was that of land; millions of squares of land had either been left unused due to the revolts and the Founding War, or were producing very inefficiently due to their being owned by large absentee landowners (who often did not put money into ensuring the productiveness of their land). To solve this, Durun and Aran Ozei created a system whereby peasants were encouraged to move and organise their own land, pooling their money (together with considerable Imperial subsidies) to purchase agricultural tools, while the large army which had fought in the Founding War was put to good use building irrigation and water conservancy systems so as to increase the yield of the lands, especially the highly fertile southwestern fields - which, by the end of Durun's reign, was routinely producing three crops a year.

'''Famous Rulers'''
*[[Lein Durun berHikas]]
*[[Lein Loran berOnge]]
*[[Lein Atha berLoran]]
*[[Lein Sora berAtha]]

'''See also'''
*[[Lein Imperial Regalia]]
*[[Lein Imperial Army]]
*[[The High Houses]]

{{succession box|title=Lein Dynasty|years= ruled 518 ''or'' 526|before=[[Har Dynasty]]|after=[[Yech Dynasty]]}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genealogy of the Lein Emperors</title>
    <id>2042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7497</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T02:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anurisiya</username>
        <id>124</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The following list is a '''genealogy of the Lein Emperors''', of the [[Lein Empire]].

{{emperor|order=Founding|given=Lein Durun berHikas|b=-40|d=16|rn=Hikri Darusa (lit. &quot;the Light is Rising&quot;)|rp1=0|rp2=16|pt=Grand Progenitor of the Lein Dynasty}}

{{emperor|order=Second|given=Lein Kasan berDurun|b=-11|d=35|rn=Osha Kanmre, literally ‘Prosperous and Mighty’|rp1=16|rp2=35|pt=The Learned Emperor}}

{{emperor|order=Third|given=Lein Onge berKasan|b=9|d=59|rn=Nawan Kanom, literally ‘Unmatched Might’|rp1=35|rp2=59|pt=The Dethroned (No Imperial title bestowed)}}

{{emperor|order=Fourth|given=Lein Loran berOnge|b=31|d=85|rn=Hikri Hayei, literally ‘Radiant Learning’|rp1=59|rp2=85|pt=The Civil Emperor}}

{{emperor|order=Fifth|given=Lein Atha berLoran|b=69|d=117|rn=Chievan Anomre, literally ‘Enlightened Prospect’|rp1=85|rp2=117|pt=The Enlightened Emperor}}

{{emperor|order=Sixth|given=Lein Sora berAtha|b=99|d=177|rn=Doyon Kanom, ‘Benevolent Might’ (117-157)
Telrene Anir, ‘Time of Great Peace’ (157-177)|rp1=117|rp2=177|pt=The Great Martial Emperor}}

{{emperor|order=Seventh|given=Lein Kera berSora|b=125|d=194|rn=Toware Gisa, ‘Peaceful Rise’
|rp1=177|rp2=194|pt=The Honoured Emperor}}


'''Eighth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Aghe berSuman
Lifetime: 169-203
Reign name: Hawan Odomir, ‘Inaugural Administration’
Reign Period: 194-197
Posthumous Title: None (deposed)

'''Ninth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Dosem berSuman
Lifetime: 174-203
Reign name: Hawan Odomir (left unchanged from previous reign)
Reign Period: 197-203
Posthumous Title: None (deposed)

'''Tenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Dora berKera
Lifetime: 176-228
Reign name: Edei Odomir, ‘Blessed Administration’
Reign Period: 203-228
Posthumous Title: The Radiant Emperor

'''Eleventh Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Temira berDora
Lifetime: 202-243
Reign name: Kinim Towar, ‘Respected Peace’
Reign Period: 228-243
Posthumous Title: The Conscientious Emperor

'''Twelfth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Ademre berChisane
Lifetime: 216-271
Reign name: Awanar Oshai, ‘Lasting Prosperity’
Reign Period: 243-271
Posthumous Title: The Perceptive Emperor

'''Thirteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Dasera berAdemre
Lifetime: 253-287
Reign name: Towaran Odomir ‘Peaceful Administration’
Reign Period: 271-287
Posthumous Title: The Respected Emperor

'''Fourteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Torol berSarun
Lifetime: 278-323
Reign name: Shanoi Runagan ‘Soaring Drake’
Reign Period: 287-323
Posthumous Title: The Naïve Emperor

'''Fifteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Izora berTorol
Lifetime: 304-357
Reign name: ‘All-encompassing Benevolence’ 
Reign Period: 323-357
Posthumous Title: The Just Emperor

'''Sixteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Odare berIzora
Lifetime: 336-393
Reign name: ‘Prosperous Tranquility’
Reign Period: 357-393
Posthumous Title: The Rebuilding Emperor

'''Seventeenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Karuna berOdare
Lifetime: 361-409
Reign name: ‘Just and Moral’
Reign Period: 393-409
Posthumous Title: The Peaceable Emperor

'''Eighteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Nuren berHasich
Lifetime: 396-451
Reign name: ‘Martial Industriousness’ 
Reign Period: 409-451
Posthumous Title: The Juvenile Emperor

After this, the Lein Dynasty splits into two: the Eastern and Western Courts; both claimed to be the original Lein Dynasty.

'''Eastern Emperors'''

----

'''Nineteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Ukad berNuren
Lifetime: 421-478
Reign name: ‘Three Phoenixes’
Reign Period: 451-478
Posthumous Title: The Discerning Emperor

'''Twentieth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Danel berUkad
Lifetime: 452-494
Reign name: ‘Divine Vastness’
Reign Period: 478-494
Posthumous Title: The Ambitious Emperor

'''Twenty-First Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Alez berDanel
Lifetime: 484-526
Reign name: ‘Enduring Glory’
Reign period: 494-515
Posthumous Title: The Rash Emperor

'''Western Emperors'''

----

'''Nineteenth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Umir berNuren
Lifetime: 435-489
Reign name: ‘Blessed Contentment’
Reign Period: 451-489
Posthumous Title: The Humble Emperor

'''Twentieth Emperor'''
Given name: Lein Kedin berUmir
Lifetime: 468-518
Reign name: ‘Blessed Might’
Reign Period: 489-510
Posthumous Title: The Tolerant Emperor

The Western Court fell to the then-Imperial High Commissioner of Finances, Yech Asal, in 510; his treatment of Lein Kedin and the Lein family, to whom he allocated a palace near Kiron and allowed them to keep their property, impressed many in the world. After a brief struggle with the Yech, the Eastern Court also decided to surrender; again Yech Asal treated his predecessors with magnanimity, and thus the Lein ended without much massive bloodshed (compared to ~2 million dead for the Lein Founding War, the war which established Yech control over the whole Empire cost around 250,000 lives).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Low Elvish</title>
    <id>2043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50197</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Low Elvish'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||southwestern Britain
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::'''Low Elvish'''
::::[[Glastonian]]
::::[[Sinjenrin]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative ([[fluid-S]])
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Jörg Rhiemeier||2000-
|}

'''Low Elvish''' is a branch of the [[South Albic]] group of languages.  It consists of two closely related languages: [[Glastonian]], spoken in the vicinity of Glastonbury, and [[Sinjenrin]], the language of the Moonchildren, a group of nomadic Elves in Britain.  The languages differ most prominently in vocabulary: Sinjenrin has many more foreign loanwords, especially from [[Wikipedia:Romani language|Romani]] and [[Wikipedia:Shelta language|Shelta]].

Over time, the languages have undergone some fundamental changes.  For example, the Old Albic case endings are lost, but a new system of case marking has arisen by initial mutations.  The developments can be compared to similar developments that occured at the same time in other languages of western Europe.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>South Albic</title>
    <id>2044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50261</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T20:38:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''South Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||southern Britain and elsewhere
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::'''South Albic'''
:::[[Old Albic]]
:::[[Low Elvish]]
::::[[Glastonian]]
::::[[Sinjenrin]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::[[Azorese]]
::::[[Madeirese]]
::::[[Canarian]]
::::[[Sajelvirin]]
::::[[Caboverdese]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2001-
|}

'''South Albic''' is a branch of the [[Albic]] family spoken in southern Britain and several colonial areas including [[Macaronesia]].  It includes the classical form of [[Old Albic]] as well as the modern [[Low Elvish]] and [[Macaronesian]] languages.

South Albic is the largest branch of Albic in terms of both languages belonging to it and speakers of those languages.

The classical [[Old Albic]] language is based on the South Albic dialects of the classical period, and the modern South Albic languages can be considered more or less direct descendants of it.

[[category:LLL]]
[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gobldi Guk</title>
    <id>2045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54630</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-16T19:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Gobldi Guk'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||various countries, by goblins
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||''[[Wikipedia:Harry Potter|Harry Potter]]'' or somewhere else
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Language isolate (non-human)&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Gobldi Guk'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2006
|}

'''Gobldi Guk''' (which means 'language of the Goblins') is a language spoken by Goblins.  The inspiration for this language is from the ''[[Wikipedia:Harry Potter|Harry Potter]]'' series of books, wherein the word ''Gobbledygook'' is used as the name of the language of goblins.  Gobldi Guk could be that language.

Gobldi Guk is a simple language.  It is not an especially ambitious project and not meant to ever reach the degree of sophistication I intend to reach with [[Albic]] (to which it is entirely unrelated).  It is just a little side project - a ''[[funlang]]''.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{|
|| ||Labials ||Alveolars ||Velars
|-
||Voiceless stops ||'''p''' ||'''t''' ||'''k'''
|-
||Voiced stops ||'''b''' ||'''d''' ||'''g'''
|-
||Voiced lateral || ||'''l''' ||
|}

The lateral can be syllabic.

===Vowels===
{|
|| ||Front ||Central ||Back
|-
||High ||'''i''' ||'''y''' ||'''u'''
|-
||Mid  ||'''e''' || ||'''o'''
|-
||Low  ||'''ä''' ||'''a''' ||'''&amp;aring;'''
|}

The back vowels are rounded, the others unrounded.  All vowels are creaky voiced.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

====Number====

Nouns in Gobldi Guk are not inflected for number.
  
====Case====

Nouns in Gobldi Guk take the following case endings:

{|
||Absolutive || -Ø
|-
||Ergative || '''-gä'''
|-
||Genitive || '''-di'''
|-
||Locative || '''-bo'''
|}

===Pronouns===

{|
||1st person ||'''ba'''
|-
||2nd person ||'''kä'''
|-
||3rd person ||'''le'''
|-
||Reflexive ||'''ga'''
|}

Unlike nouns, these pronouns have plural forms, which are formed with the ending '''-ly'''.  Cases are formed the same way as with nouns, e.g. '''balydi''' 'I-PL-GEN = our'.

===Verbs===

Verbs are inflected only for tense:

{|
||Non-past || -Ø
|-
||Past || '''-ka'''
|}

==Vocabulary==

'''alba''' n. snob.

'''bäbä''' n. mother.

'''burbur''' adj. green.

'''dädä''' n. father.

'''gobl''' n. goblin.

'''gugl''' v. to speak.

'''guk''' n. tongue, language.

'''lälog''' n. friend.

'''oggog''' v. kill.

'''uglug''' n. enemy.

[[Category:Funlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Funlang</title>
    <id>2046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46345</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''funlang''' is a 'just for fun' conlang.  Of course, many conlangs - including many famous and ambitious ones - are made just for fun.  In this sense, Quenya and Sindarin could be considered funlangs.

More specifically, however, a '''funlang''' is a small conlang project done without much afterthought or high aspiration, as a distraction from more 'serious' conlang projects.  A funlang in this sense usually has no detailed conculture or conhistory attached, the grammar is and will remain sketchy, the vocabulary is small, etc.  It is done without much effort.  An example of a funlang is [[Gobldi Guk]], as opposed to the more ambitious [[Albic]] project of the same author.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Self-segregating morphology</title>
    <id>2047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48162</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T20:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>list now local</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Self-segregating morphology''' is a [[morphology]] designed such that the morpheme boundaries can be easily determined from the phoneme sequence alone.  Thus, parsing the language is much simplified and a major source of ambiguity is eliminated.  Self-segregating morphology is frequently found in [[engineered language|engelang]]s.  A pure form of this is not found in natlangs and thus out of place in a [[naturalistic artlang]].  However, some natlangs have strict rules about [[accent]] placement within a word (e.g. Polish), or all vowels at the start of a morpheme may have a glottal stop (e.g. German).

A simple example of a self-segregating morphology is the following: Each morpheme consists of an alternating sequence of consonants and vowels, beginning and ending with a consonant.  Under this rule, morpheme boundaries are marked by consonant clusters.  For example, the wordform '''balaklamballan''' can only be segmented as '''balak-lam-bal-lan'''.

==See also==

[[List of self-segregating morphology methods]]

[[Category:Morphology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naturalistic artlang</title>
    <id>2048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55874</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T20:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''naturalistic artlang''' is an [[artlang]] that is designed to resemble a [[natlang]].  A good naturalistic artlang has a grammar as complex as grammars of natlangs and avoids unnatural features such as [[self-segregating morphology]] or a [[philosophical language|taxonomic vocabulary]].  Famous examples of naturalistic artlangs are [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]], [[Wikipedia:Sindarin|Sindarin]], [[Wikipedia:Brithenig|Brithenig]] and [[Wikipedia:Verdurian language|Verdurian]].  Many naturalistic artlangs are [[diachronic conlang]]s and come with a fictional history and an elaborated conculture associated with it; some conlangers create entire families of interrelated naturalistic artlangs.

This usage of the adjective 'naturalistic' is to be distinguished from the [[naturalistic auxlang|usage]] among auxlangers. 

==The Naturalist Manifesto==

Jesse Bangs posted a manifesto to the CONLANG mailing list on March 11, 2002:

[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0203B&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R13933&amp;I=-3 Lighting Some Flames: Towards conlang artistry]

[[User:WeepingElf|I]] whole-heartedly subscribe to the first of the three goals stated therein, ''naturalness''.  The second goal, ''completeness'', warrants some criticism.  As in most other arts, there is merit in both large (complete conlangs) and small forms (sketchlangs) of conlanging.  I'd always prefer an ingenious and original sketchlang over a language with 10,000 words that turns out to be a relex of English (or Lojban, or Esperanto).  The third goal, ''creativity'', is of course self-evident, but I don't think it can be measured by typological distance from the languages one is familiar with.  Of course, relexes and euroclones done out of laziness are bad.  But that doesn't mean one has to go on an anti-L1 binge and cram  every single 'exotic' feature one can find into one's conlang.  Take [[Germanech]], for example.  That language does nothing not found in various western European languages.  Everything you can find in Germanech occurs in German, in French or in some other major European language.  But that only makes sense - it is ''meant'' to be a pretty ordinary European language, because that's where it is set, and it is intended as a Romance language that has undergone the characteristic sound changes of German.  And those changes won't turn Vulgar Latin into a bizarre monster with clicks, split-ergative morphosyntax, or whatever.  Everything else than a &quot;humdrum European language&quot; would not be what is called for here.

[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Types of conlangs]]
[[Category:Naturalistic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flafi</title>
    <id>2049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54629</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-16T19:01:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Flafi'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||unknown, by small furry beings
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Language isolate (non-human)
&amp;nbsp;'''Flafi'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2006
|}

'''Flafi''' is a [[funlang]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is meant to be spoken by an unspecified race of small furry beings.

==Phonology==

Flafi has a very small phoneme inventory: only two consonants and two vowels.

===Consonants===

{|
|| ||Labial ||Alveolar
|-
||Voiceless fricative ||'''f''' ||
|-
||Voiced lateral || ||'''l'''
|}

The only allowed consonant cluster, besides the geminates '''ff''' and '''ll''', is '''fl''', which, unlike the geminates, may occur initially.  No final clusters or geminates.

===Vowels===

{|
|| ||Front ||Central
|-
||High ||'''i''' ||
|-
||Low || ||'''a'''
|}

Both vowels are unrounded.

===Syllable structure===

Maximally, CCVC.

==Morphosyntax==

Flafi is entirely isolating.  Word order is OSV.

==Sample text==

'''Flafi lilaf flafi.''' -- ''Lilaf speak language.''

'''Lilaf falaialal al fali.''' -- ''Lilaf live on (the) planet.''

==Vocabulary==

'''al''' locative particle; in, on. 

'''falaialal''' n. land, planet.

'''fali''' v. exist, live.

'''flafi''' v. speak; n. language.

'''lilaf''' n. lilaf (a small furry being).
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jörg's funlangs</title>
    <id>2050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8175</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T20:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Funlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists the [[funlang]]s I have made.  Of course, ''all'' my conlangs are made just for fun and thus could be listed here.  What I mean with 'funlang' is a small, quickly created and very incomplete minilang that doesn't try to be [[naturalist artlang|naturalistic]] or anything else, but is rather a caricature of a language.

* [[Flafi]]
* [[Gobldi Guk]]

[[Category:Funlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parseltongue</title>
    <id>2051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29141</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Parseltongue''' is a fictional language spoken by snakes in the ''Harry Potter'' series of novels (author: J. K. Rowling), whose known human speakers include the Lord Voldemort and Harry Potter. This language has, however, not been publicly described by Rowling and has no known form.

Indeed, it is unlikely that a dictionary or a grammar of Parseltongue was ever written even in the ''Harry Potter'' wizarding world itself.  The reason for this is that Parseltongue is not as much a learnable language as an innate magical ability.  Either you are born a ''Parselmouth'', in which case you can speak and understand Parseltongue without ever learning it, or you are not, in which case you will never ever be able to speak or understand Parseltongue.

What a Parselmouth hears when he listens to a snake (or another Parselmouth) are the natural hissing sounds of the snake (or, respectively, their imitation by the Parselmouth), and at the same moment, he magically knows what the snake (or the Parselmouth) wants to tell him.  When he speaks Parseltongue, the Parselmouth subconsciously 'translates' his thoughts into snake-sounds.  The knowledge of the grammar and the lexicon of Parseltongue  is subconscious and cannot be told to someone else or written down.

===Related or descended conlangs===
* [[Parseltongue-inspired]], aka ''Fispa''

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Njetoluhi</title>
    <id>2052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7296</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-21T22:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eosp</username>
        <id>122</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Filled Pools */ changed some stuff</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Njetoluhi is a &quot;water world.&quot;  Civilization is limited, and is distributed on small islands and ''filled pools''.

== Filled Pools ==
A filled pool is essentially a whirlpool that is so powerful that it has filled itself with flotsam.  Curiously, although these are typically about 15 meters below the surface, they are stable and livable.  The water simply flows around the outside.  Unfortunately, they are almost completely cut off from the outside world, since any ship approaching will probably be destroyed.  (Approaching fish can be netted.)  There are two ways to enter a filled pool.  One, usually used by humans, is to take a large wooden ring with a deck and platform.  Once this is towed (by a large fleet of ships, although some have ''very'' large sails instead) into place, you can simply throw down a rope--although this makes people dizzy.  The Elves can also use magic to freeze the whirlpool.

Filled pools are relatively common, and about 20 people can live comfortably in one.  Although it can serve as a trading base, it is typically safer to store items above.

== Cenoji ==
[[Cenoji]] is the main language of the Sea Elves.  These Elves do not live underwater, although they can go under for long periods (about half a day).  The Elves typically live in clans aboard the aforementioned wooden rings.  Their society is ''de facto'' decentralized and peaceful, but in law the High King of All Elves maintains rule.

Cenoji is a simple language yet heavily agglutinating.  See the link above for more information.

== Society ==
Most of the Elves are traders.  Some live in filled pools, others live on small islands, some stay permanently on their boats, and the rest live on the &quot;mainland.&quot;  This is really a fringe of livable beach, with an impenetrable forest past it.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Philosophical language</title>
    <id>2053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57758</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Modern times */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''philosophical language''' is an [[engineered language]] implementing some kind of philosophical idea.

Often, the term is understood to refer to an [[a priori]] conlang with a vocabulary based on a general taxonomy of ideas.  Words are derived from more general words.  For example, 'cat' would be a derivative of 'mammal' (perhaps with a few levels in between) which would be a derivative of 'animal', etc.  While this works well with some fields of discourse where a natural taxonomy exists (as in the 'cat' example above), it fails in most others where any taxonomy remains arbitrary.  Philosophical languages also suffer from the problem that words with similar meaning are also very similar in form, which can lead to misunderstandings.

An interesting variation of this approach is the [[arithmographic language]], as first envisioned by Leibniz.

Philosophical languages were popular in the 17th century, but some were designed later - until the present day.

==Some philosophical languages==

===17th century===

* [[Ars signorum]] (1661) by George Dalgarno
* [[An Essay towards a Real Character]] (1668) by John Wilkins
* [[Characteristica universalis]] by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

===Modern times===

* [[Ro]]  (1904) by Edward Powell Foster
* [[Ygyde]] by Andrew Nowicki

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:WeepingElf</title>
    <id>2054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50257</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T17:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Canarese */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">oh my god hahahaha [[Flafi]] is such a hilarious language. it's like pokémon, which can only say their own name, truncations of it, repetitions of it but nothing else. hahahaha you've made my day oh gosh this is too funny. -grin --[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 08:13, 22 February 2006 (PST)
----

Joerg, I've updated more of the Silindion page, if you'd like to take a look. [[User:Erelion12]]

== Canarese ==

You do know, I suppose, that 'Canarese' is an older English term for the Dravidian language Kannaḍa.  Actually [[wp:Canarese]] redirects to [[wp:Kannada language]]!  Why not 'Canarian' to resolve the ambiguity? [[wp:Canarian]] redirects to a page about the modern people of the Canary Islands.  The OTL aborigines and their language are called [[wp:Guanche|Guanche]]. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:21, 9 November 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-1</title>
    <id>2055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52155</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T20:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''X-1'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||a priori experimental language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO (sort of)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating, polysynthetic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||[[logical language]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2005-2010
|}

'''X-1''' (for 'eXperimental language #1') is the provisional designation for an [[X-languages|experimental language]] that is intended to be a [[briefscript]] as well as a [[logical language|loglang]].  X-1 has only one open word class, the ''predicate words'' fulfilling the fuctions of nouns, verbs, adjectives etc. in natlangs, and a [[self-segregating morphology]].

X-1 is based on a 2005 discussion in the CONLANG mailing list about an article by Jeff Prothero titled &quot;Near-optimal loglan syntax&quot; and incorporates ideas from Ray Brown and others.  It was formerly named '''brz''' (a name coined by Ray Brown) but I dropped that name because it was meaningless and not even a morphologically correct expression in the language: '''b''' would be a uniliteral morpheme, and '''rz''' a fragment of a triliteral one - hence, '''brz''' would be garbage.

X-1 owes a lot to other people:

* to Jeff Prothero, the self-segregation system based on morpheme lengths indicated by the number of initial consecutive '1' bits;
* to Raymond A. Brown, the phonology;
* to [[User:Eosp|veritosproject]], the variable-based syntax.

==Phonology==

X-1 is fundamentally a language of ''bits''.  An X-1 utterance is, at least underlyingly, a bit stream.  Each morpheme consists of one or more bit quartets. For purpose of writing it in a more human-readably way, the language uses the following 16 letters, each representing one of the 16 possible bit quartets:

'''j g l z ñ d µ b p m t n s r k h'''

How is this pronounced?  The letters are mapped onto a system of
seven consonants (/p t k s l m n/) and four vowels (/i E O u/)
by the following rules:

Each letter has a consonantal value followed by a vowel.  The vowels are inserted according to an automatic rule that is described below. 

The letters are realized thus:

{|
||Bits ||Letter ||Pronunciation
|-
||0000 ||'''j''' ||zero followed by a front vowel
|-
||0001 ||'''g''' ||[k]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||0010 ||'''l''' ||[l]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||0011 ||'''z''' ||[s]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||0100 ||'''ñ''' ||[n]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||0101 ||'''d''' ||[t]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||0110 ||'''µ''' ||[m]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||0111 ||'''b''' ||[p]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||1000 ||'''p''' ||[p]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||1001 ||'''m''' ||[m]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||1010 ||'''t''' ||[t]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||1011 ||'''n''' ||[n]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||1100 ||'''s''' ||[s]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||1101 ||'''r''' ||[l]  followed by a back vowel
|-
||1110 ||'''k''' ||[k]  followed by a front vowel
|-
||1111 ||'''h''' ||zero followed by a back vowel
|}

When looking closer at this chart, you will notice some regularities.
The second half contains the same consonant values as the first half,
in reverse order.  In fact, a bit pattern and its ''one's complement'' (i.e., what you get when you flip all the bits) have the same consonant value.  The frontness is indicated by the last bit of the literal: 0 gives a front vowel, 1 a back vowel.

The consonant values of the first half of the chart are not
assigned arbitrarily.  The odds are obstruents, the evens are
sonorants.  The systematic becomes clear in the following chart:

{|
||0000  ||zero   ||0001  ||/k/
|-
||0010  ||/l/    ||0011  ||/s/
|-
||0100  ||/n/    ||0101  ||/t/
|-
||0110  ||/m/    ||0111  ||/p/
|}

There are four vowels, namely /E/, /i/, /O/ and /u/.  Whether
the vowel is high (/i/, /u/) or low (/E/, /O/) is indicated by
the first bit of the ''following'' literal.  A 0
gives a high vowel, a 1 a low vowel.  If there is no literal
following, the vowel is high.  (Hint: nothing counts as zero.)

For example, '''dt''' is pronounced [tOti] because the bit pattern
is ''0101 1010''.  Both literals have the consonantal value /t/.
The LSB of '''d''' is 1: back vowel.  The MSB
of '''t''' is 1: low vowel.  The low back vowel is /O/.  The LSB
of '''t''' is 0: front vowel.  There is no following literal: high vowel.  The high front vowel is /i/.

==Morphology==

Morphology of X-1 is self-segregating.  The length of a morpheme (in quartets) is indicated by the number of consecutive 1s at the begin of the morpheme, plus one.  (This is a slight modification of the rule in Jeff Prothero's Plan B: I count the bits that come ''first in the bit stream'', while Prothero counts ''least significant'' bits.  But position values of bits do not matter in this scheme, only the bits themselves.)  So, the morpheme length can be told by the first bits, or the first letter:

{|
||Letter ||Bits &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ||Morpheme length (in quartets)
|-
||'''j''' ||0000 ||1
|-
||'''g''' ||0001 ||1
|-
||'''l''' ||0010 ||1
|-
||'''z''' ||0011 ||1
|-
||'''ñ''' ||0100 ||1
|-
||'''d''' ||0101 ||1
|-
||'''µ''' ||0110 ||1
|-
||'''b''' ||0111 ||1
|-
||'''p''' ||1000 ||2
|-
||'''m''' ||1001 ||2
|-
||'''t''' ||1010 ||2
|-
||'''n''' ||1011 ||2
|-
||'''s''' ||1100 ||3
|-
||'''r''' ||1101 ||3
|-
||'''k''' ||1110 ||4
|-
||'''h''' ||1111 ||5+
|}

If the first letter of the morpheme is '''h''' , the sequence of consecutive 1s extends to the next bit quartet.  For example, a morpheme beginning with '''ht''' is six bit quartets long.  This way, you can have infinitely many morphemes.

Morphemes with at least three quartets are ''predicate words'', which are the only open lexical class of X-1, taking the functions of nouns, adjectives and verbs.  (Yes, ''nouns'' are predicate symbols, too.  Think about it.)  Biliteral morphemes (2 quartets) are ''connectives'', and uniliterals (1 quartet) are ''variables'' (except '''j''', which is a ''scope delimiter'', indicating that variables in following clauses are not coreferent with variables in preceding clauses).

The ''arity'' (or valency, i. e. the number of arguments) of a predicate word is indicated by its length.  The arity is always the length (in quartets) of the predicate word minus 2.  Thus, 3-quartet predicates are unary, 4-quartet predicates are binary, etc.

==Syntax==

A sentence consists of a sequence of clauses, which consist of a predicate word followed by one or more arguments.  Each predicate word has a fixed number of arguments (see above).  Arguments can be proper names or ''variables''.

==Example==

An X-1 sentence could look like this:

'''strgrlggrdrgstllrkklkrbpgl'''&lt;br&gt;
[sEtElukOlulitukulutOlukOsEtililElOkEkilEkElipOpikuli]&lt;br&gt;
'''str-g-rlg-g-rdr-g-stl-l-rkk-l-krbp-g-l'''&lt;br&gt;
''fox x; brown x; quick x; dog y; lazy y; jump.over x y;''&lt;br&gt;
'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'
[[Link title]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aganean</title>
    <id>2056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21690</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-07T16:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Aganean''' (Agn: ''Cucg ua håcg'') is the primary language of the Kingdom of Ag (Agn: ''Håcgrum ua cgysrå'')

==Alphabet and orthography==
The Aganean alphabet consists of the following 20 letters:

'''a å b c cg d dg e ë g h hg l m p r s s´ u y (aë)'''

Digraphs are considered their own letters for collation purposes. Two letters, ''ô'' and ''y'' have the variations ''oë'' and ''aë'' respectively. They are considered the same letter, as ''ô'' and ''y'' are used only internally within a word with ''oë'' and ''aë'' used when the sounds begin or end a word. The letter ''y'' is always a vowel.

The letter ''u'' has two sounds, before a consonant or at the end of a word it sounds like ''oo'', before another vowel, it sounds like an English ''y'' or German ''j''.  If the letter ''u'' is sounded as an ''oo'' before any vowel, it is written ''ù'', but still collated as if it were ''u''. The same goes for ''à'' and ''ò'' which are used only before ''ë'' to show both vowels are sounded seperately, as opposed to ''oë'' and ''aë''.  The letters ''à'' and ''ò'' are not used when ''oë'' and ''aë'' occur internally within a word, since ''oë'' and ''aë'' are never used as a diphthong in such cases.

==Vocabulary==
See: [[Aganean lexicon]]

==Grammar==
Aganean is an isolating language. Aganean has no inflections, but uses particles for these functions.

===Nouns===
Aganean has no plural, and uses numbers to show these functions, as well as particles: ''ca'': &quot;some, a few&quot;, ''hgepd'': &quot;large group, herd&quot;.  These are not always necessary, since context can usually sort it out. There are a few words which are inherently plural; compare ''mus´cgyl'': ''boy'' and ''cårcgaë'': &quot;boys, children&quot;; ''ryc'': &quot;mountain, mountaintop&quot;, ''mascgyl'', &quot;mountains, mountain range&quot;.

Aganean is an ergative-absolutive language, and the word order is patient-verb-agent. The particle ''e/ë'' is used to signify the agent. The patient  is usually left unmarked, but may be marked with ''aë'' if desired, although this often sounds awkward.

====Pronouns====

Pronouns in Aganean are invariable, and with the exception of &quot;we&quot; are also not marked for plural:

*uë - I
*es´, huës - you 
*u - he, she, they
*ul - it, they
*ùëc - we (you + I)
*ùër - we (you + I + he/she/they)
*ùëm - we (he/she/they + I)
*gu - this/that/these/those (one[s])

ë à ò ù s´ å

===Verbs and adverbs===
Aganean has no tenses, but three aspects, perfective, continuous and habitual. Aganean uses particles to conjugate verbs:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!Aganean verbs!!perfective!!continuous!!habitually!!negative
|-
|'''imperative'''||ma||sgë||aëm||ra
|-
|'''would'''||mar||sar||aër||ar
|-
|'''negative'''||mycg||sycg||aërecg||aërcg
|-
|'''want'''||më||së||aërë||rë
|-
|'''must'''||moë||soë||aëroë||roë
|-
|'''can'''||mus´||sus´||aërus´||rus´
|-
|'''need'''||mu||su||aëu||ru
|-
|'''become'''||mo||has´||aës´||aës´
|-
|'''make'''||pam||pas||aëpd||oëpd
|-
|}

''ru ba gycamd leu e uë.'' I don't need to go to the hospital.

*''ru'' - not need
*''ba'' - to, at, in
*''gycamd'' - hospital
*''leu'' - to go
*''e/ë'' - indicates agent of sentence
*''uë'' - I, me


ë à ò ù s´</text>
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    <title>Template:Succession box</title>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;br/&gt;
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|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|style=&quot;width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br/&gt;{{{years}}}
|style=&quot;width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
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      <text xml:space="preserve">|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
|-</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto; clear: both; font-size:95%;&quot;
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        <id>119</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{{else{{{test|}}}|{{{test{{{test|}}}|{{{then|}}}}}}}}}</text>
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    <id>2064</id>
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        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| {{{name}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{pronounce}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{tu}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{species}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{in}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{no}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{script}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{tree}}}
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{morph}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{ms}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{wo}}}
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{creator}}}
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{date}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Consonants</title>
    <id>2065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7441</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T10:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logical language</title>
    <id>2066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46348</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External links */ morcat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''logical language''' (or short, '''loglang''') is an [[engineered language]] that attempts to implement formal logic. 
Logical languages are meant to allow (or enforce) unambiguous statements. They are typically based on predicate logic but can be based on any system of formal logic. The two best-known logical languages are the predicate languages [[Wikipedia:Loglan|Loglan]] and its successor [[Wikipedia:Lojban|Lojban]], which aim to eliminate syntactical ambiguity and reduce semantic ambiguity to a minimum.

==External links==

*[http://minyeva.alkaline.org/links.htm Garrett's Links to Logical Languages]
*[http://www.loglan.org/ The Loglan Institue]
*[http://www.lojban.org/ The Logical Language Group]

[[Category:Loglangs|*]]
[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Engineered language</title>
    <id>2067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46346</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''engineered language''' (or short, '''engelang''') is a conlang designed to test or prove some hypothesis about how languages work or might work.  Usually, engineered languages have testable design goals, such as unambiguity or self-segregation.  Two important subgroups of engineered languages are [[philosophical language]]s and [[logical language]]s.

Engineered languages are usually not associated with [[worldbuilding]] and have no [[conculture]]s attached.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Briefscript</title>
    <id>2068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49902</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T18:00:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Briefscript''' is a term coined by Ray Brown for an [[engineered language]] that, at least in written form, has much shorter words than most natural languages.  Some briefscripts are also [[speedtalk]]s, i.e. languages that are also very concise in spoken form, but that is not necessary.  Some briefscripts use the Latin alphabet as a syllabary; to this purpose, a highly restricted phonology with a very small phoneme inventory is used, i.e. the exact opposite of R. A. Heinlein's speedtalk idea (which uses so many phonemes that each morpheme of an [[oligosynthetic language]] can be just one phoneme long).

==External link==

* [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Briefscript/Index.html The Briefscript Project] by R. A.  Brown</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-languages</title>
    <id>2069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21821</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-22T11:53:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of X-languages */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''X-languages''' are [[engineered language|experimental languages]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  They are called this way because they are designated by the letter &quot;X&quot; followed by a number.  The &quot;X&quot; stands for &quot;eXperimental language&quot;.

The X-languages are quite different from each other and do not form a unified family of any sort.  They surely aren't cognate in the historical linguistic sense as, for example, [[Low Elvish]] and [[Macaronesian]] are cognate.  None of the X-languages has a conculture attached, and none is intended to be [[naturalist artlang|naturalistic]].

What I am ''not'' going to do is to propose ''any'' of the X-languages as an [[auxlang]] or anything like that.  They are ''experimental'' and way too bizarre to be actually used (for example, I doubt that any human can parse an [[X-2]] sentence which makes ample use of the language's stack-manipulation tricks in real time); and I am doing this (as all of my conlangs) just for ''fun ''.

I am also not going to say goodbye to [[naturalist artlang|naturalist artlanging]].  My ''main'' conlang project is still [[Albic]].  But there are some really crazy ideas in my head that fit neither there nor in any other naturalist language, and want to be let loose in experimental languages.

It is also very unlikely that any of these projects will ever reach a high level of development.  My interest in these projects (and the knowledge that would be required to do them properly) is too limited to follow through on them.

==List of X-languages==

* [[X-1]], a briefscript loglang
* [[X-2]], a stack-based language
* [[X-3]], a speedtalk-like langauage with a large phoneme inventory
* [[X-4]], a speakable musical language
* [[X-5]], an [[arithmographic language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-2</title>
    <id>2070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52156</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T20:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''X-2'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||a priori experimental language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||stack-based (superficially, VSO)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||isolating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||split-S
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2006
|}

'''X-2''' is an [[X-languages|experimental language]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  Like its older cousin [[X-1]], it is not meant to be [[naturalist artlang|naturalistic]] and has no conculture attached.

The syntax of X-2 is not based on tree structures as in human natural languages (as well as in the vast majority of conlangs),  but on a ''LIFO stack'', similar to the [[Wikipedia:Forth programming language|Forth]] programming language and Jeffrey Henning's [[Fith]].  Its syntactic approach, however, is quite different from Fith, despite using a stack like Fith does.  X-2 does not distinguish between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, but (like [[X-1]]) has only one single open word class  encompassing all of these.  It also features (again like [[X-1]]) a [[self-segregating morphology]].

Credits go to Raymond A. Brown for suggesting the kind of syntax used in X-2 in a discussion in the CONLANG mailing list in February 2005.

X-2 is still very much under construction.

==Phonology==

X-2 lacks labial consonants and rounded vowels and thus can be spoken without  moving the lips.  The orthography is strictly phonemic.

===Consonants===

{|
|| ||Alveolar ||Postalveolar ||Velar ||Glottal
|-
||Voiceless stops ||'''t''' || ||'''k''' ||
|-
||Voiced stops ||'''d''' || ||'''g''' ||
|-
||Voiceless fricatives ||'''s''' ||'''c''' [ʃ] ||'''x''' ||'''h'''
|-
||Voiced fricatives ||'''z''' ||'''j''' [ʒ] || ||
|-
||Click ||'''q''' [!] || ||
|-
||Lateral ||'''l''' || || ||
|-
||Trill ||'''r''' || || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|
|| ||Front ||Central ||Back
|-
||High ||'''i''' || ||'''u''' [ɯ]
|-
||Mid ||'''e''' || ||'''o''' [ɤ]
|-
||Low || ||'''a''' ||
|}

All vowels (including the back ones) are unrounded.  There are no length dístinctions and no diphthongs.

==Morphology==

X-2 is an isolating language; there are no derivational or inflectional affixes.    The morphology used is self-segregating.  Each morpheme is an alternating sequence of consonants and vowels beginning and ending with a consonant.  Thus, there are no vowel clusters and no consonant clusters ''within'' morphemes.  On the other hand, all morpheme ''boundaries'' are marked by a consonant following a consonant.  For example, the phoneme sequence '''galakturjeristol''' can only be broken up into morphemes as '''galak-tur-jeris-tol'''.

There are three classes of words in X-2.  One are the ''lexemes'', or content words.  These have two or more syllables.  The lexemes of X-2 correspond to nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs  in natural languages.  Lexemes are pushed onto the stack.  The lexemes are the only open word class in X-2.

The second class of words are the ''relationals'', which express relations between lexemes.  A relational pops expressions from the stack, combines them into a complex expression, and pushes that expression back onto the stack.  The relationals can be likened to case endings and prepositions in human languages.  However, they encode ''semantic'' roles rather than notions such as 'subject' or 'object'.

The third (and smallest) word class in X-2 are the ''stack operators''.  These do such things as duplicating the top item of the stack, swapping the topmost two items, and similar things.

Morphemes of the shape CVCVC or longer are lexemes.  Morphemes of the shape CVC are grammatical morphemes (relationals and stack operators).  There is a single morpheme consisting of a single consonant: '''q''', which finishes a sentence.

===Relationals===

In the following definitions, 'E1' refers to the top expression on the stack and  'E2' to the expression immediately below it.

'''cil''' E1 is attribute of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''dag''' E1 is agent of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''les''' E1 is patient of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''rut''' E1 is location of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''set''' E1 is source of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''tut''' E1 is goal of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''xaz''' E1 is part of E2.&lt;br&gt;
'''zil''' E1 is possessor of E2.

===Stack operators===

'''dud''' doubles the top element of the stack.&lt;br&gt;
'''kik''' discards the top element of the stack.&lt;br&gt;
'''lit''' swaps the top two elements of the stack.&lt;br&gt;
'''q''' finishes the sentence (popping the top expression from the stack).&lt;br&gt;

==Syntax==

The syntax of X-2 is based on a ''stack'', i. e. a data structure supporting only two basic operations.  Imagine, for example, a stack of cards.  You can either ''push'' an item onto the top of the stack, or ''pop'' the top item from the stack.  The stack used in X-2 holds ''expressions'' which are either single lexemes or multiple lexemes connected by relationals (see below).  An expression can be the equivalent of a word, a phrase, a clause or a whole sentence.

The stack-based syntax allows for many complicated syntactic rearrangements.  Lexemes can be pushed onto the stack and left there for a long time before anything is done with them.

==Sample text==

'''salat kakal cixil cil talag cil dag kahak jujur cil tohok xaz rut q'''&lt;br&gt;
''jump fox quick ATTR brown ATTR AGT dog lazy ATTR above PART LOC .''&lt;br&gt;
'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Eldin raigmore</title>
    <id>2071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37590</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-12T16:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added link to Dr. Helen Charters's professional artlang &quot;Vampiric&quot;, used in the &quot;30 Days of Night&quot; movies.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''eldin raigmore'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| HERE IS PLACE FOR A PICTURE, MAYBE A PICTURE OF ME! :)&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 1952 C.E.; City of Texarkana, Miller County, State of Arkansas, United States of America
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| MY PROFESSION
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages that I write:'''
|| U.S.American English
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages that I read well:'''
|| English
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages that I speak well:'''
|| 
Southron U.S.American English, Trans-Mississippi Confederacy regional dialect; 

Southron U.S.American English, Western Confederacy regional dialect; 

Southron U.S.American English, white ethnic dialect; 

Southron U.S.American English, black ethnic dialect.
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages that I (questionably) understand:'''
|| 
non-Southron U.S.American English; 

non-black, non-white dialects of U.S.American English; 

non-U.S.American English; 

French; 

German.
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages that I read sort-of well:'''
|| 
French; 

German.
|-
|valign=top|'''Other natural languages I know a bit of:'''
|| 
Hindi; 

Mandarin; 

Russian; 

Spanish; 

Tamil.
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| 
A handful or two of unnamed sketchlangs; 

A not-yet-completed interstellar-multispecies conlang provisionally named [[Reptigan]]; 

A not-yet-completed ancient-medieval conlang provisionally named [[Adpihi]]; 

An unnamed, contemplated possible diachronic link from [[Adpihi]] to [[Reptigan]].
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| CONLANGS THAT I KNOW/USE/AM INERESTED IN THAT OTHERS HAVE CREATED
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| MY INTERESTS
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| MORE INFORMATION
|}

I am trying to make this cohesive.  (&quot;Coherent&quot; will do, I suppose, if &quot;cohesive&quot; is out of my reach.)

-----

I) Source of Pseudonym.

The name &quot;eldin raigmore&quot; is a pseudonym.  That's why I don't capitalize it.

I borrowed it without asking from the novel (it's the hero's name) &quot;World Out of Mind&quot; by the Scottish S.F. writer J.T. McIntosh, whose middle initial might be I or L instead of T, and whose last name might be M'Intosh instead of McIntosh.

{{seealso|see=[[http://www.booksandwriters.co.uk/website/page.asp?pagetext=writer&amp;method=display&amp;id=27697&amp;bookmark=1&amp;recordcount=1]]}}

I would have asked, but I couldn't find out either the author's name nor the title of the novel until after I had already begun using it.  Now it's easier to just keep using it unless and until somebody tells me I've violated someone's right to the name.  If I have done so, I apologize, and will cease immediately; but I'm hoping and guessing it's O.K.

-----

II) My personal linguistic history.

I was born 1952 C.E. in City of Texarkana, Miller County, State of Arkansas, United States of America.  I was raised until about age 21 mostly in City of Texarkana, Bowie County, State of Texas, United States of America.  The East Texas version of American English is my L1 and various American Englishes are the only language everyone agrees I'm fluent in. 

In 1959 my parents decided to become missionaries.  The (American) Methodist Board of Global Missions decided to send my father (then the only pathologist/coroner/medical examiner for the &quot;Four States Area&quot; -- the parts of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma that are nearest each other) -- to teach at the Christian Medical College and Hospital in City of Vellore, State of Tamil Nadu (then known as State of Madras), India.

My parents went to Scarrett College in Nashville Tennesse to learn Urdu and Hindi.  While we were there, we four children -- my older sister, me, my brother (younger than me), and our sister (the &quot;baby&quot; of the family) -- were all taught in experimental classes at teachers' colleges.  I was taught Spanish, so I guess Spanish is my first L2.  (My father could actually speak Spanish, including quoting poems; and my wife speaks Spanish well enough to be the one called to the phone by the medical-supply firms and law firms she works for.  Me, I don't speak it so well.)

We traveled to India, originally for a 2-year contract; but while there we extended it to a five-year contract.  However, after just 19 months, we had to come home, because both of my parents had to be hospitalized.

In India I attended two English-speaking schools.  The one I attended most was Vidhyalayam, in the village of Bhagyam, a suburb of Vellore.  All of the children in the Medical Compound (where foreign doctors, foreign hospital staff, foreign medical-college faculty, etc., lived) attended that school; and Indian families who worked at the College or Hospital and had an English-speaking child could send their children there, too. 

Almost all of our teachers were Indian ladies.  All but the Principal were Christians.

Not many people there were Americans, and only we were Southrons.

My sister was asked to spell &quot;Puzzle&quot; by her Indian teacher and spelled it &quot;Pea you zee zee ell ee&quot;.  She was shocked and disconcerted to hear her teacher tell her that was &quot;wrong&quot;.  Her British classmates came to her defense; &quot;No, Miss! American children say 'zee' instead of 'zed'!&quot;. 

So, in addition to learning about Seventh Day Adventists going to church on Saturday and not eating meat, and Australian doctors having trouble talking to Indian policemen [Dr.:&quot;B-A-S-E.&quot;  Cop:&quot;B-I-S-E.&quot;  Dr.:&quot;No, 'A'! 'A', the first letter of the alphabet!&quot; Cop:&quot;But,.. 'I' isn't the first letter of the alphabet?!?&quot;], and learning to spell &quot;chapel&quot; as &quot;sea hech yay pea yee yell&quot;, I was taught Hindi and Tamil.

So Tamil and Hindi are my second and third L2s.  We were in a Tamil-speaking area so I picked up a lot of Tamil vocabulary and can still read and pronounce some Tamil script and understand some Tamil words.  Most of it has faded, however.  I was not at an age where I was worried about grammar at all, so I doubt I learned any Tamil grammar.

Nobody spoke Hindi where we lived.  Most people would fall back on English whenever Tamil didn't work; most of the rest would do the reverse, falling back on Tamil whenever English didn't work.  So my Hindi education was no better than my Spanish education.

My parents, however, both learned Tamil quite well.

After 19 months, everyone in the family had at least one illness (my brother had two).  Most of these were perfectly treatable in India (except my father's lung infection).  Most of them could be contracted in America (especially including my father's lung infection).  None of the children needed to be hospitalized; but, since both of the parents did, and my father had to return to America, it was thought we should all return to Texas.

In High School, Junior College, and College I took French.  I got good enough at it to make my way around in Turkey among people who had no other language in common with me.  So I guess French is my fourth L2.  My father could actually speak French.

In Graduate School I took Scientific and Technical Reading German and S&amp;TR Russian.

I translated a paper by Felix W. Hausdorf for my German teacher.  The hard part was, when I translated &quot;unabzahlbar&quot; as &quot;uncountable&quot; or &quot;nondenumerable&quot;, he still didn't know what it meant.

In situations where I try to speak German among many people who speak it much better than I, I get told &quot;eldin, you don't speak German!&quot;  But, if I claim not to speak it, and then meet a Polish lady who speaks German but not English, and translate between her and the rest of the group, I get asked, &quot;eldin, why didn't you tell us you can speak German?&quot;  Maybe that will give you an idea how good/bad my German is;  I can't pass for either a German-speaker or a non-German-speaker.

As for Russian, I can pronounce and understand a few Cyrillic words.  I guess my Tamil's probably a tad better than my Russian.

So my fifth and sixth L2s are German and Russian.

I made friends with another graduate student who was born in Taiwan and married an American man.  They made me their daughter's god-father.  They brought the baby's mother's parents from Taiwan to live with them.  The grandfather spoke English, but the grandmother spoke only Chinese.  

Another graduate student -- a Japanese-born American with a Finnish surname -- was trying to teach me to read Spaceship Yamamoto, while my god-daughter, my compadre, my commadre, and the rest of that family, were teaching me Chinese.  Maybe I have a little Chinese as a seventh L2.

I'm not sure I should really claim all seven of these as L2s.  I have had conversations only in English, French, and German (I suspect my French is as good/bad as my German -- I can't convince people I speak it, and I can't convince them I don't).  I have read an occasional sign in Spanish, Tamil, Russian, Turkish, and Chinese -- quite unreliably in some cases.  I mean, even in French --- drive around Quebec and you see these big arrows pointing down the street with the word &quot;DIRECTION&quot; written on them.  What are you supposed to think?  &quot;Yeah, that's a direction, all right. --- so, what?&quot;

-----

{{Babel-X|en|de-1|fr-1}}

[[Adpihi]]

[[Reptigan]]

[[Vampiric]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Vowels</title>
    <id>2073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53079</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T19:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʊ}} || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || {{IPA|ə}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Seealso</title>
    <id>2074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14771</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T01:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">::''See also [[{{{1}}}]] for more information''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fith</title>
    <id>2075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7447</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T11:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Fith'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||planet Fithia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Fithian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp; '''Fith'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||Jeffrey Henning ||1996-2005
|}

'''Fith''' is a stack-based alien language invented by Jeffrey Henning.  It is spoken by centauroid sapient marsupials on the planet Fithia.

==External link==

[http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm Fith: The Alien Language With A LIFO Grammar]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Center</title>
    <id>2076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7457</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T13:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Footnote</title>
    <id>2077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7460</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T14:19:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Emperor</title>
    <id>2078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7469</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T17:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; width: 60%; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf;&quot;| {{{order}}} Emperor
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Given name:''' || {{{given}}}
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Lifetime:''' || {{{b}}} &amp;ndash; {{{d}}}
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Reign name:''' || {{{rn}}}
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Reign Period:''' || {{{rp1}}} &amp;ndash; {{{rp2}}}
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Posthumous Title:''' || {{{pt}}}
|}
&lt;br/&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Erelion12</title>
    <id>2079</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>7477</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-24T18:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User:Erelion12 moved to SILINDION</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[SILINDION]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>North Albic</title>
    <id>2080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50198</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''North Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Scotland, formerly also Scandinavia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
::'''North Albic'''
:::[[Caledonian]]
:::[[Alfheimian]](†)
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2005-
|}

'''North Albic''' is one of the four main branches of the [[Albic]] language family.  The only North Albic language surviving into modern times is [[Caledonian]], but the poorly attested extinct [[Alfheimian]] language probably belongs here as well.

The most characteristic linguistic feature of North Albic is the merger of the [[Proto-Albic]] voiced stops with the Proto-Albic neutral stops; thus, there is no longer a voicing opposition in stops (nor anywhere else in the phonology), only an opposition of aspiration.

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Albic</title>
    <id>2081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50194</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:48:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Proto-Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||British Isles
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct (evolved into various [[Albic|daughter languages]])
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::'''Proto-Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2001-
|}

'''Proto-Albic''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Albic]] languages; it is assumed to have been spoken in southern Britain between 2000 and 1500 BC.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Protolanguages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Macaronesia</title>
    <id>2082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47432</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Macaronesia''' refers to the Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands.  The name is from the Greek for 'blessed islands'.  In the [[League of Lost Languages]], Macaronesia is home of several  [[Albic]] languages of the [[Macaronesian]] subbranch.

==Macaronesia in the UKW World==

In the [[UKW World]], these islands are the territory of the '''Republic of Macaronesia''', a country that acquired its independence from Portugal in 1928, and joined the European Union in 1986.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Macaronesian</title>
    <id>2083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50265</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T20:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Macaronesian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||[[Macaronesia]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||19,500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::'''Macaronesian'''
::::[[Azorese]]
::::[[Madeirese]]
::::[[Canarian]]
::::[[Sajelvirin]]
::::[[Caboverdese]]

|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2002-
|}

'''Macaronesian''' is a subbranch of [[South Albic]].  The Macaronesian languages are spoken in [[Macaronesia]].  They are, generally speaking, the most conservative Albic languages in terms of morphology, though they have substantially innovated in terms of phonology (they are tonal and have simplified consonant clusters).

==Classification==

The Macaronesian branch consists of five languages: [[Azorese]] (spoken in the Azores), [[Madeirese]] (spoken in Madeira), [[Canarian]] (spoken in the Canary Islands), [[Sajelvirin]] (spoken by maritime nomades areound the Canary Islands) and [[Caboverdese]] (spoken in the Cape Verde Islands).

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Albic</title>
    <id>2084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50178</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''West Albic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Ireland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''West Albic'''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Ivernic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Borgarnesian]](†)
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2004-
|}

'''West Albic''' is one of the four main branches of the [[Albic]] language family.  The only West Albic language surviving into modern times is [[Ivernic]].

The main linguistic feature of West Albic is a merger of the [[Proto-Albic]] aspirated stops with the neutral stops.

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Fenix-script.png</title>
    <id>2085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7553</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T20:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fenix script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fenix script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Khaful-scipt.png</title>
    <id>2086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7556</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T20:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Khaful script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Khaful script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maüicca</title>
    <id>2087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7953</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-18T04:43:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kevynbello</username>
        <id>131</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tifet-script.png</title>
    <id>2088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7560</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T20:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tifet Script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tifet Script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nasdzh.gif</title>
    <id>2090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7567</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-25T20:33:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The preferred shape of the {{IPA|ʒ}} character of [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Durun berHikas</title>
    <id>2091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44573</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-02T14:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lein Durun berHikas, the Exalted Progenitor''' was the first [[Tairazun]] and founder of the [[Lein Dynasty]]. Born to the  [[House of the Lein]], a powerful aristocratic family in the north, he led a revolt against the reigning [[Hara Dynasty]], owing to a dispute over annual tributes which resulted in the execution of several family members, and after nine years of war managed to supplant the Hara Dynasty with his own house. 

Besides being the founding Tairazun of the dynasty, Lein Durun is also extremely significant to the history of the [[Tarakasa|Tarakasane]] as a whole, in terms of his role in centralising the dynasty and bringing an end to the semi-feudal imperial system that previous Tarakasa dynasties had embraced. This general policy of centralisation, rather than delegation of lands to relatives for administration, would set in motion a process culminating in the massive reforms of the [[Four Great Tairazunen]], and especially [[Lein Sora berAthain]]. 

[[Category:Lein Saga]]
[[Category:Tairazunen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Four Great Emperors</title>
    <id>2092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7582</id>
      <timestamp>2006-02-26T00:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anurisiya</username>
        <id>124</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Four Great Emperors''' is a term used to describe two groups of Emperors of the Lein Dynasty: the '''Former Four Great Emperors''' (for whom the usage of the term is far more common), namely [[Lein Loran]], [[Lein Atha]], [[Lein Sora]] and [[Lein Kera]]; or the '''Latter Four Great Emperors''', namely [[Lein Dora]], [[Lein Temira]], [[Lein Ademre]] and [[Lein Dasera]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Regalia</title>
    <id>2093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8839</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-06T23:28:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ. lein saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Regalia of the Lein Dynasty''' are the artifacts which serve as symbols of the power of the Emperor; amongst them the most important are the Three First Bestowments: the Throne, the Imperial Seal, and the Imperial Sceptre.

==The Imperial Throne==

The Imperial Throne of the Lein is also known as the Variska Throne, after the great three-headed serpent-condor which the Lein used as their symbol. A common image in the mythology and religion of the northern Empire, where Durun himself hailed from, the Variska was a guardian beast created to watch over mankind and defend the weak from injustice. The throne itself is a large, golden chair, made to fit at least three people - the Emperor, the Empress at his left, and the Crown Prince if he was not old enough to have his own seat, in the middle; behind the throne is a gold and silver statue of the Variska, whose wings formed the back of the throne, and its three heads looking upwards in three directions. 

Another intriguing feature of the throne is the vast, white rug, made of white ferret pelts, which was draped over the wings of the Variska all the time. This had its origin in a hunt which Lein Durun had, a month before he started his rebellion, and when he was still undecided about the viability of opposing the Har regime and starting his own realm; hitting an eagle over a crag, he climbed the crag to retrieve the carcass only to see that the eagle had an albino ferret in its claws. (Albino ferrets, being extremely rare, were often taken as portents of great fortune or immense misfortune in the Empire.) Taking the sign to be for the good, Durun finally set his mind on rebellion; and when he finally took on the title of Emperor, he ordered that such a coat of pelts be made, and draped over the throne as a personal reminder of the will of Heaven which backed his legitimacy, and the drape has been there ever since.

==Imperial Sceptre==

The Imperial Sceptre is the symbol of the Emperor's status as supreme commander of all military forces within the Empire, and is nearly two feet long. Made of gold and silver, and encrusted with nearly 60 rubies and 20 diamonds,

[[Category:Lein Saga]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caledonian</title>
    <id>2094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50200</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Caledonian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Scotland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[North Albic]]
:::'''Caledonian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]|| 2004-
|}

'''Caledonian''' is the only modern representative of the [[North Albic]] branch of the [[Albic]] family, spoken by about 500 people in the Scottish Highlands.


[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alfheimian</title>
    <id>2095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50201</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Alfheimian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Sweden
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[North Albic]]
:::'''Alfheimian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2006-
|}

'''Alfheimian''' is an extinct [[Albic]] language once spoken in southwestern Sweden, north of the city of Göteborg.  The language is attested only from a small number of early mediaeval runic stone inscriptions found in the area.  The name 'Alfheimian' is based on ''Alfheim'', a historical designation of the region where the inscriptions were found.  It is not chosen without afterthought: the region was probably named because [[British Elves|Elves]] lived there - whose dialect apparently evolved into Alfheimian.

Analysis of the inscriptions easily reveals that Alfheimian was an [[Albic]] language.  It also shows traits that seem to indicate that it was [[North Albic]]: the voiced stops have apparently merged with the neutral stops (graphemes '''b''', '''d''', '''g'''), while the aspirated stops (graphemes '''p''', '''t''', '''k''') remained distinct; there is no indication of [[South Albic]] umlaut; the word for 'family' is '''etta''', which is otherwise only found, as a [[Coric]] borrowing, in [[Caledonian]], while other Albic languages show reflexes of [[Proto-Albic]] '''*tamba'''.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ivernic</title>
    <id>2096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50176</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Ivernic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Ireland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 1000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[West Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Ivernic'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2005-
|}

'''Ivernic''' is the only modern surviving langauge of the [[West Albic]] branch of the [[Albic]] family, spoken by about 1000 individuals in Ireland.

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Borgarnesian</title>
    <id>2097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50179</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Borgarnesian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Iceland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[West Albic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Borgarnesian'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2006-
|}

'''Borgarnesian''' is an extinct [[Albic]] language once spoken in Iceland.  It is only attested in a single (but rather long) stone inscription (probably from the 9th century) that was found near the Icelandic town of Borgarnes (hence the name).  The language shows features (such as the merger of neutral and aspirated stops) which indicate that it belongs to the [[West Albic]] branch.

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tokana</title>
    <id>2098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34666</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-29T12:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Tokana'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||northwestern North America
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 35,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Kman&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Tokana'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO, free
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||[[fluid-S]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Matthew Pearson ||
|}

'''Tokana''' is a [[naturalistic artlang]] by Matthew Pearson, an American linguist.

==External link==

[http://mpearson.narod.ru/tok.toc.html Tokana Reference Grammar]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Silindion</title>
    <id>2099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40747</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-12T23:19:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Silindion'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Nestean&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Silic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Silindion'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating &gt; fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Elliott Lash||2000-
|}

'''Silindion''' is a language spoken by [[Neste]] in a fantasy world.  See [[SILINDION]] for details.

==External link==

[http://erelion.free.fr/ Historical Silindion Grammar and Reader]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Subject Object Verb</title>
    <id>2100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46604</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T10:12:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[XX Language]] &gt; [[XX]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[linguistic typology]], '''Subject Object Verb''' (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order.   
If English were SOV, then &quot;Sam oranges ate&quot; would be an ordinary sentence.  
Among natural languages, SOV is the most common type.
It corresponds roughly to [[reverse Polish notation]] in computer languages. 
The SOV languages include [[Turkish]], [[Japanese]], [[Korean]], [[Manchu]], [[Mongolian]], [[Ainu]], [[Nivkh]], [[Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Kurdish]], [[Burushaski]], [[Basque]], [[Latin]], [[Burmese]], [[Tibetan]], [[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya]], [[Abkhaz]], [[Abaza]], [[Adyghe]], [[Kabardian]], [[Sumerian]], [[Akkadian]], [[Elamite]], [[Hittite]], [[Navajo]], [[Hopi]], [[Aymara]], [[Quechua]], [[Pali]], [[Nepali]], [[Sinhalese]] and most [[Indian languages]].

[[German]] is basically SVO, but employs SOV in subordinate clauses. [[Dutch]] does this as well but also employs it in certain independent clauses. See [[V2 word order]]. [[French]], [[Portuguese]] and [[Spanish]] are SVO, but use SOV when a pronoun is used as the (direct or indirect) object: e.g., &quot;Sam a mang&amp;eacute; des oranges&quot;, &quot;Sam comeu laranjas&quot; or &quot;Sam comió naranjas&quot; (Sam ate oranges) would become &quot;Sam les a mang&amp;eacute;es&quot;, &quot;Sam as comeu&quot; or &quot;Sam las comió&quot; (Sam them ate). This type of ordering is sometimes (although rarely) used in English under [[poetic license]], especially in works of [[William Shakespeare]].

SOV languages tend to have the adjectives before nouns, to use [[postposition]]s rather than [[preposition]]s, to place relative clauses before the nouns to which they refer, and to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb. Some have special [[grammatical particle|particle]]s to distinguish the subject and the object, such as the Japanese ''ga'' and ''o''.  SOV languages also seem to exhibit a tendency towards using a [[Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] ordering of prepositional phrases.

An example in [[Japanese]] is: 
&amp;#31169;&amp;#12399;&amp;#31665;&amp;#12434;&amp;#38283;&amp;#12369;&amp;#12414;&amp;#12377;&amp;#12290;(watashi wa hako wo akemasu.) meaning &quot;I open a/the box/boxes.&quot; In this sentence, &amp;#31169; (watashi) is the subject (or more specifically, topic) meaning &quot;I&quot; as in first person singular, and it is followed by the &amp;#12399; (wa) topic-marker. &amp;#31665; (hako) is the object meaning box (in Japanese no distinction is made between whether a word uses &quot;a&quot; or &quot;the&quot;, or plural or singular unless specifically stated), followed by &amp;#12434; (wo) which is the object-marker in Japanese. &amp;#38283;&amp;#12369;&amp;#12414;&amp;#12377; (akemasu) is the polite non-past form of the verb which means &quot;to open&quot; and is at the end of the sentence.

Although [[Latin]] was an [[inflected language]], the most usual word order was SOV. An example would be: &quot;servus puellam amat&quot;, meaning &quot;The slave loves the girl.&quot; In this sentence, &quot;servus&quot; is the subject, &quot;puellam&quot; is the object and &quot;amat&quot; is the verb.

==See also==

* [[Topic-prominent language]]
* [[Verb Subject Object]]
* [[Subject Verb Object]]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-3</title>
    <id>2101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49904</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T18:07:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''X-3'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||a priori experimental language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating, polysynthetic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||to be determined
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2006
|}

'''X-3''' is an [[X-languages|experimental language]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is a [[speedtalk]]-style language with a huge phoneme inventory allowing for very short words - ''one phoneme per morpheme'', such that a word of three phonemes may contain an entire sentence.

&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This article is currently undergoing a major edit.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''The contents are incomplete and in need of elaboration and/or change!'''&lt;br/&gt;
As a courtesy, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed, in order to avoid [[Wikipedia:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]].  If you need to know who is working on the article and when the edit session began, please check the [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} edit history][[Template:Inuse|.]]
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dethric language</title>
    <id>2102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49337</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T19:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Dethric (Déthiaris)|pronounce=&lt;span style=&quot;font: 11px GentiumAlt, Gentium&quot;&gt;ˈðeθiɐrɨs&lt;/span&gt;|tu=[[Ilethes]]|species=Human&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Dethrians]]|in=Dethria; lingua franca across [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|the West]]|no=''(tba)''|script=Lazeian alphabet|tree=''(tba)''&lt;!-- Hesperidian, ... --&gt;|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene Oh]]|date=23 Feb 2006}}

'''Dethric''' is a [[Hesperidian languages|Hesperidian]] language, widely spoken in modern times as a ''lingua franca'' across the western Ilethes (the continents of [[Eresphria]], [[Canthres]], [[Arophania]] and northern and western [[Marcasia]]).

==Name and genealogy==

Due to nationalist and other parametric concerns, there are disputes in the scholarly circles regarding the proper naming of the language known in English as Dethric. Although Dethric is a Hesperidian language, it branched off from the original family considerably early and had developed sufficiently on its own to have become mutually unintelligible with other dalects originally spoken on Dethria by the time of the expansion into Canthres, of which pioneers the &quot;dialect&quot; was the dominant tongue. It is, however, traditionally considered to be the successor to the earliest attested (written) language on the continent of Dethria, largely for historical reasons ''(see [[#Early Dethric and Dethrian Dark Ages|below]])''.

Dethric is properly a member of the [[South Hesperidian languages|South Hesperidian]] language sub-family, but bears closer resemblance at first sight to members of the [[Arophanic languages|Arophanic]] family due to considerable borrowing of both lexical and grammatical items and structures from the [[Classical Arithide]] of the [[Lazeian Empire]].  

==History==

===Early Dethric and Dethrian Dark Ages===

{{seealso|#Early syllabary}}

===Hagea-Vichau rivalry===

===Influence of Lazeian Empire and subsequent Middle Dethric===

The Dethric of the Dark Ages was to become Middle Dethric through the rejuvenating influence of the Lazeian Empire, the world's richest and most powerful state at the time. With its rich philosophical heritage and diverse expressive possibilities, Classical Arithide greatly enriched the Dethric tongue, much as French did for English in the centuries after the Norman conquest. Previously obscure concepts were now introduced, and the language gained a significant degree of subtlety, nuance and variation. In addition to that, writing was also reintroduced to the Dethrians, with the [[Lazeian alphabet]] modified and adapted for the sounds of Dethric.

{{seealso|#Lazeian alphabet}}

===Dethric in modern times===


{{seealso|#Spelling reform}}

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=19 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɱ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ŋ}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || ||  || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || || {{IPA|ɣ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Fricativised plosives====

All historic plosives have been fricativised, and are so reflected in the orthography (historic {{IPA|[g]}} has been lost except before front vowels). Where the velar plosives ({{IPA|[k], [g]}}) appear they have been reduced from labialised velars ({{IPA|[kʷ], [gʷ]}}); a {{IPA|[g]}} before an {{IPA|[n]}} generally assimilates in nasality.

The voiceless alveolar fricative phoneme ({{IPA|[s]}}) also varies sporadically to its voiced counterpart intervocalically, and when occurring as the last sound in a word, plosivises (de-fricativises) the following fricative if there is one, e.g. &quot;anas thumen&quot; is pronounced {{IPA|[ɐˈnastʊmɞn]}}; the palatal fricative ({{IPA|[ʃ]}}) is uncommon but occurrent. The above consonants may geminate (although gemination of {{IPA|[v], [g]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}} are rare); the voiceless glottal fricative phoneme ({{IPA|[h]}}), which occurs only word-initially and has been lost intervocalically, may not.

====Sonorants====

The lateral approximant ({{IPA|[l]}}) is what is known as a &quot;clear l&quot;, The nasal stops ({{IPA|[m], [n]}}) may assimilate regressively to each other or the following consonant (the velar nasal is an allophone of the alveolar nasal). The trill approximant ({{IPA|[r]}}) is akin to the Italian.

===Vowels===

''(table here)''

''(vowel variation + evolution from basic vowels)'' (note see also reductionism)

====Reductionism====

Dethric vowels have been affected by reductionism, and this change is most apparent in the orthography (and especially in romanisation), where modern monophthongs are represented by digraphs depicting historical diphthongs, and reduced vowels are represented by glyphs historically denoting full-quality sounds. Stressed vowels may lengthen slightly. The unrounded low vowel varies between central and back position; the close-mid front vowel may vary to open-mid position; all non-high vowels potentially reduce even further to a schwa. Vowels may exert harmonising influence on one another, although this process has generally become significantly less productive in recent years.

==Writing and orthography==

===Early syllabary===

===Alistrian alphabet===

===Lazeian alphabet===

===Spelling reform===

Before, Dethric was spelt much as it was pronounced in the [[Dethrian Middle Ages]], despite the major changes that spoken Dethric had undergone (q.v. above), leading to a situation where Dethric fricatives were spelt with letters that represented plosives, while extant letters for fricatives in the alphabet lay unused. This disjuncture with the rest of the Lazeian world created the impetus for a major spelling overhaul, conveniently helped by a disruptive war with its neighbours (see [[War of the Red Letters]]). 

==Grammar==

===Morphology, morphosyntax and word order===

===Nouns and pronouns===

====Declensions====

===Verbs===

====Aspect, mood and tense====

====Causativity and transitivity====

===Adjectives and adverbs===

==Sample text and translation==

{{stub}}

[[Category:Ilethes]]
[[Category:Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Coric</title>
    <id>2103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56091</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-17T19:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Proto-Coric'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||British Isles
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Coric]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Proto-Coric'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||ergative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FF6666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2006-
|}

'''Proto-Coric''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Coric]] languages; it probably was spoken about 5000 years ago in the British Isles.

[[Category:Coric]]
[[Category:Protolanguages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pictish</title>
    <id>2104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56089</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-17T19:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Pictish''' is the term used for the language that was spoken in what is now northern Scotland before the Scots immigrated in the 5th century.  There is a small number of unintelligible Ogham inscriptions from the area; otherwise, the language is known only from geographical and personal names.

It has long been held that the language was non-Indo-European, but today, most scholars assume that it was Celtic.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Subject Verb Object</title>
    <id>2106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46605</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T10:14:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[XX language]] &gt; [[XX]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[linguistic typology]], '''subject-verb-object''' ('''SVO''') is a sentence structure where the [[subject]] comes first, the [[verb]] second, and the [[object]] third.  Languages are classified according to the dominant sequence of these constituents of sentences.  This sequence is the most common.  [[English]], [[Chinese]], [[Taiwanese]], [[Vietnamese]], [[Thai]], [[Khmer]], the [[Romance languages]], [[Russian]], [[Bulgarian]], [[Kiswahili]], [[Hausa]], [[Yoruba]], [[Nahuatl]], [[Quiche]], [[Guaraní]], [[Javanese]], [[Malay]] and [[Indonesian]] are examples of languages that follow this pattern. 

An example of this order in English is:

:''Sam ate the oranges.''

In this, ''Sam'' is the subject, ''ate'' is the verb, ''the oranges'' is the object.

Some languages are more complicated: in [[German]] and in [[Dutch]], SVO is often considered basic since this is the unmarked order in declarative main clauses. However, any other constituent may come before the verb instead of the subject which then must follow immediately after the verb. Furthermore, in certain subordinated sentences as well as in infinitive phrases, the verb comes last, as do removable parts of the verb in declarative main clauses. This is called [[V2 word order]].

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Subject Verb Object]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linguistic typology</title>
    <id>2107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46651</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T12:18:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Subject-Verb-Object positioning */ link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Linguistic typology''' is the [[typology]] that [[classifies]] languages by their features. Linguistic typology includes [[Morphological typology|morphological]], syntactic (sometimes &quot;morphosyntactic&quot;), and phonological typology. Typological classification of languages contrasts with the more familiar '''genetic''' classification into families that share an ancestor language (see [[historical linguistics]]).  A genetic class is a language ''family'', while a typological class is a language ''type''. Research on typology often overlaps with research on [[linguistic universal]]s.

==Typological systems==
===Subject-Verb-Object positioning===
One set of types is determined by the basic order of subject, verb, and object in sentences:
*[[Subject Verb Object]]
*[[Subject Object Verb]]
*[[Verb Subject Object]]
*[[Verb Object Subject]]
*[[Object Subject Verb]]
*[[Object Verb Subject]]
These are usually abbreviated SVO and so forth, and may be called just &quot;typologies&quot; of the languages to which they apply.

Some languages split verbs into an auxiliary and an infinitive or participle, and put the subject or object between them. For instance, German (&quot;Im Wald ''habe'' ich einen Fuchs ''gesehen''&quot; - *&quot;In-the wood have I a fox seen&quot;), Dutch (&quot;Hans ''vermoedde'' dat Jan Piet Marie ''zag leren zwemmen''&quot; - *&quot;Hans suspected that Jan Piet Marie saw teach swim&quot;) and Welsh (&quot;''Mae''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;r gwirio sillafu wedi'i ''gwblhau''&quot; - *&quot;Is the check spelling after to complete&quot;). In this case, typology is based on the non-analytic tenses (i.e. those sentences in which the verb is not split) or the position of the auxiliary. German is thus SVO/VSO (without &quot;im Wald&quot; the subject would go first) in main clauses and Welsh is VSO (and O would go after the infinitive).

Both German and Dutch are often classified as [[V2 word order|V2]] languages, as the verb invariantly occurs as the second element of a full clause.

Some languages that are [[Inflected language|inflected]] are difficult to classify in the SVO typological system, because virtually any ordering of verb, object, and subject is possible and correct. All we can do for such languages is find out which word order is the most frequent.
For example, in a non-inflected language, the subject and object of a sentence are determined by word order; in an inflected language, the determination may be made by [[affix]]es applied to nouns to designate their grammatical roles. In such a system, fixed word order is not necessary to determine meaning (although highly inflected languages do sometimes develop normative word orders).  Inflected languages without a fixed word order include [[Word order in Latin|Latin]], [[Polish]], and [[Greek]].

===Ergative-accusative===
Another common classification is according to whether a language is [[Accusative case|accusative]] or [[Ergative-absolutive language|ergative]].  In a language with [[noun case|case]]s, the classification depends on whether the subject of an intransitive verb has the same case as the subject or the object of a transitive verb. If a language has no cases, but is SVO or OVS, then the classification depends on whether the subject of an intransitive verb is on the same side as the subject or the object of the transitive verb.

Many languages show mixed accusative and ergative behaviour (e.g. ergative morphology marking the verb arguments, on top of an accusative syntax). Other languages (called &quot;[[active language|active languages]]&quot;) have two types of intransitive verbs&amp;mdash;some of them (&quot;active verbs&quot;) join the subject in the same case as the subject of a transitive verb, and the rest (&quot;stative verbs&quot;) join the subject in the same case as the object. Yet other languages behave ergatively only in some contexts (this is called [[split ergativity]], and is usually based on the grammatical person of the arguments or in the tense/aspect of the verb).  For example, only some verbs in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] behave this way, and, as a rule, only while the tense called [[aorist]] is used.

See also: [[morphosyntactic alignment]].

==External links==
* [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/alt/ Association for Linguistic Typology]
* [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/alt/sylplank.htm#MORPHOLOGICAL%20TYPOLOGY Themes in Typology: Basic Reading List]


{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Linguistic typology]]

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Verb Subject Object</title>
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      <comment>[[XX language]] &gt; [[XX]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Verb Subject Object'''&amp;mdash;commonly used in its abbreviated form '''VSO'''&amp;mdash;is a term in [[linguistic typology]]. It represents one type of languages when classifying languages according to the sequence of these constitutents in neutral expressions: ''Ate Sam oranges''. The word order roughly corresponds to the order of symbols in (non-reverse) [[Polish notation]] or the S-expressions of the [[Lisp programming language]].

Examples of languages with VSO word order include the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic branch]] of the [[Celtic languages|Celtic language family]] (namely [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Manx]]), related [[Welsh]] (the only VSO [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic language]]), [[Ancient Egyptian]], [[Aramaic]], [[Biblical Hebrew]], [[Phoenician]], [[Canaanite]], [[Ge'ez]], [[Classic Maya]], [[Tagalog]],　[[Hawai'ian]], [[Maori]] and [[Tongan]]. 

Even though [[Arabic]] originally had VSO word order, it is now usually more understood with SVO, especially [[Egyptian Arabic]] and [[Moroccan Arabic]].

== Inversion into VSO ==
There are many languages which switch from SVO ([[Subject Verb Object]]) order to VSO order with different constructions, usually for emphasis. For example, sentences in [[English]] poetry can sometimes be found to have a VSO order; [[French]] questions may reverse the order of the subject and verb into the VSO order (although this is not required); and [[Arabic]] sentences use a SVO order or a VSO order depending on whether the subject or the verb is more important.

Non-VSO languages that use VSO word order in [[question]]s include [[Dutch]] and many [[Germanic languages]], [[French]], and [[Spanish]].

== See also ==
*[[Subject Object Verb]]
*[[Subject Verb Object]]


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    <title>Verb Object Subject</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Verb Object Subject''' - commonly used in its abbreviated form '''VOS''' - is a term in [[Linguistic typology]].
It represents one type of languages when classifying languages according to the sequence of these constitutents in neutral expressions: ''Ate oranges Sam''.

Examples include [[Malagasy]], (Old) [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Toba]] [[Batak]] and [[Fijian language|Fijian]]. Note that these three languages are all [[Austronesian languages]].  This word order is also found in Mayan languages like [[Tzotzil]].


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    <title>Tzotzil</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tzotzil''' Maya of the central highlands of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of Chiapas are a Native American group, the direct descendants of the [[Maya Civilization|Classic Maya]].  Tzotzil, along with [[Tzeltal language|Tzeltal]] and [[Ch'ol|Ch'ol]] is descended from the proto-Ch'ol spoken in the late classic period at sites such as Palenque and Yaxchilan.  Today, the largest Tzotzil municipalities are Chamula and Zinacantan.

The word &quot;tzotzil&quot; means &quot;people of wool&quot; (tzotz = wool in the Tzotzil language). Tzotzil people make their clothing primarily out of wool. However, according to ancient Maya language, &quot;tzotzil&quot; could also be translated as &quot;bat people&quot;, given the association of their culture with this animal in the view of the Mayas.

The Tzotziles were for centuries exploited by Europeans as laborers on coffee and sugar plantations, particularly in the central valleys of the state.

With the collapse of coffee prices in the 1980s, sustainable employment has been hard for many people in the highlands to find.  As both population and foreign tourism have risen, the sale of artisan goods has replaced other economic activities.  Tzotziles  usually sell their products in the nearby cities of San Cristobal de las Casas, Comitán, and Simojovel. Recently, and increasingly, many Maya from the highlands of Chiapas have found migration to other parts of Mexico, and illegal immigration to the United States a way to break away from [[subsistence farming]] and abysmal wages.

There still exist some racial/cultural integration issues, especially with white people, mestizos, and westernized Indians (all called ladinos&quot;). Also, most of the enrollment source for the Zapatista guerrilla are tzotziles.

The Tzotzil dialect of the Mayan language had about 350,000 speakers as of 2002.

==References==
*{{cite book | author=Laughlin, Robert M. | title=The great Tzotzil dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán | publisher=Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press | year=1975 }}


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    <title>Object Subject Verb</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Object Subject Verb''' (OSV) is one of the permutations of expression
used in [[Linguistic typology]].
OSV denotes the sequence &quot;Object Subject Verb&quot; in neutral expressions: ''Oranges Sam ate.''
It is a notation used when classifying languages according to the dominant
sequence of these constitutents.

This sequence is rare. One example of a language that uses it is [[Xavante language|Xavante]]. It is also found in some other languages of Brazil, including [[Jamamadi language|Jamamadi]], [[Apurinã language|Apurinã]], [[Kayabí language|Kayabí]] and [[Nadëb language|Nadëb]]. [[Sardinia|Sardinians]] very often use OSV while speaking in Italian. Many non-Sardinian speakers in Italy find this &quot;Sardinian Italian Accent&quot; very funny. This structure may on occasion be seen in English, usually in the future tense or with the conjunction &quot;but&quot;, such as in the following examples: &quot;To Rome I shall go!&quot;, &quot;I hate oranges, but apples I'll eat!&quot;

This word order appears in a number of [[constructed language]]s, such as [[Teonaht]], as it is often chosen by language inventors for its exotic sound. The [[Star Wars]] character [[Yoda]] speaks in a modified form of this word order. This word order is also used in the game ''[[Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars]]'' by [[Bowyer]].


{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Object Subject Verb]]

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    <title>Constructed language</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''artificial''' or '''constructed language''' (known colloquially as a '''[[conlang]]''' among aficionados), is a [[language]] whose [[phonology]],  [[grammar]] and [[vocabulary]] are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a [[culture]] the way [[natural language]]s do.  Some are designed for use in human [[communication]] (usually to function as [[international auxiliary language]]s), but others are created for use in fiction, [[linguistics|linguistic]] experimentation, secrecy ([[code]]s), or for the experience of doing so ([[artistic language]]s, [[Language game (linguistics)|language games]]). These languages are sometimes associated with [[constructed world]]s.

The synonym '''''planned language''''' is sometimes used when referring to [[international auxiliary language]]s, and by those who may object to the more common term &quot;artificial&quot;. Some speakers of [[Esperanto]] avoid the term &quot;artificial language&quot; because they deny that there is something &quot;unnatural&quot; in communicating in this language.  However,  outside the [[Esperanto community]] the term [[language planning]] refers to prescriptive measures taken regarding a natural language. In this regard, even &quot;natural languages&quot; may be submitted to a certain amount of artificiality, and in the case of [[prescriptive grammar]]s, the line is difficult to draw.

==Overview ==

Constructed languages are often divided into '''''[[a priori]]'' languages''', in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch (using the author's imagination or automatic computational means), and '''''[[a posteriori]]'' languages''', where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages.

Fictional and experimental languages can also be naturalistic, in the sense that they are meant to sound natural and, if derived ''a posteriori'', they try to follow natural rules of [[phonology|phonological]], lexical and [[grammar|grammatical]] change. Since these languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication, a naturalistic fictional language tends to be more difficult and complex, not less (because it tries to mimic common behaviours of natural languages such as irregular verbs and nouns, complicated phonological rules, etc.).

In light of the above, most constructed languages can broadly be divided as follows:

* '''Engineered languages''' (''[[engelang]]s''), further subdivided into '''philosophical languages''' and '''logical languages''' (''loglangs'') - devised for the purpose of experimentation in [[logic]] or [[philosophy]]
* '''Auxiliary languages''' (''[[auxlang]]s'') - devised for international communication (also IALs, for International Auxiliary Language)
* '''Artistic languages''' (''[[artlang]]s'') - devised to create aesthetic pleasure

The boundaries between these categories, however, are by no means clear.  For example, for some fictional auxiliary languages, and also some constructed languages, it is hard to decide whether they are &quot;artistic&quot; or &quot;engineered&quot;.

A constructed language can have native speakers if children learn it at an early age from parents who have learned the language. [[Esperanto]] has a considerable number of [[Native Esperanto speakers|native speakers]], variously estimated to be between 200 and 2000. A member of the [[Klingon Language Institute]], [[d'Armond Speers]], attempted to raise his son as a native (bilingual with English) [[Klingon language|Klingon]] speaker. Evan Robertson, the creator of [[Mosro]], successfully taught the language to his four youngest children.  However, as soon as a constructed language ''does'' have a number of native speakers, it begins to evolve, and thereby loses its constructed status over time.  For example Modern [[Hebrew]] was modelled on Biblical Hebrew rather than engineered from scratch, and has undergone considerable changes since the state of [[Israel]] was founded in 1948.

Proponents of particular constructed languages often have many reasons for using them.  Among these, the famous but disputed [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] is often cited; this claims that the language one speaks influences the way in which one thinks. Thus, a &quot;better&quot; language should allow the speaker to reach some elevated level of intelligence, or to encompass more diverse points of view.

In the [[CONLANG]] Mailing List, a community of [[conlanger]]s has developed, which has its own customs, such as [[translation relay]]s.

==History==

Grammatical speculation is documented from [[Classical Antiquity]], with [[Plato]]'s ''[[Cratylus]]''. However the suggested mechanisms of grammar were designed to explain existing languages ([[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Sanskrit]]), and not aiming at constructing new grammars.  Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, [[Pāṇini]] constructed a meta-linguistic formalism, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language.

The earliest non-natural languages were not so much considered &quot;constructed&quot; as &quot;super-natural&quot; or mystical. The  [[Lingua Ignota]], recorded in the 12th century by St [[Hildegard of Bingen]] is an example of this, apparently it is a form of private mystical [[cant (language)|cant]] (see also [[language of angels]]).  Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the [[confusion of tongues]]. The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[De vulgari eloquentia]]'', where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature.  [[Ramon Llull|Raymond Lull]]'s ''Ars magna'' was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith.  It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts.  During the [[Renaissance]], Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were carried ''ad absurdum'' in a [[Magical thinking|magical]] context, resulting in [[cryptography|cryptographic]] applications. The [[Voynich manuscript]] may be an example of this. Renaissance interest in [[Ancient Egypt]], notably the discovery of the ''[[Hieroglyphica]]'' of [[Horapollo]], and first encounters with the [[Chinese script]] directed efforts towards a perfect language of written characters.  [[Johannes Trithemius]], in his works ''Steganographia'' and ''Polygraphia'', attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one.  In the 17th century, interest in [[Magical thinking|magical]] languages was continued  by the [[Rosicrucians]] and [[Alchemy|Alchemists]] (like [[John Dee]]).  [[Jakob Boehme]] in 1623 spoke of a &quot;natural language&quot; (''Natursprache'') of the senses.

[[Musical language]]s from the Renaissance were tied up with [[mysticism]], magic and alchemy, sometimes also referred to as the [[language of the birds]].  The [[Solresol]] project of 1817 re-invented the concept in a more pragmatic context.

The 17th century also saw the rise of projects for &quot;philosophical&quot; or &quot;a priori&quot; languages.  Pioneered by [[Francis Lodwick]]'s ''A Common Writing'' (1647) and ''The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing'' (1652),  [[George Dalgarno]] (''Ars signorum'', 1661) and [[John Wilkins]] (''Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language'', 1668) produced systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression.  [[Gottfried Leibniz]] with ''lingua generalis'' in 1678 pursued a similar end, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing binary calculus. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into &quot;characters&quot; or hierarchies, an idea that with the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] would ultimately lead to the ''[[Encyclopédie]]''.

Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an ''a priori'' language based on such a classification of concepts.  Under the entry ''Charact&amp;egrave;re'', [[D'Alembert]] critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century.  From the ''Encyclopédie'', projects for ''a priori'' languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe.  Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early [[20th century]] (e.g. [[Ro]]), but most recent [[engineered language]]s have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus (e.g. [[Lincos]] and [[programming language]]s), others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity (e.g., [[Loglan]] and [[Lojban]]) or maximizing conciseness (e.g., [[Ithkuil]]).

Already in the ''Encyclopédie'' attention began to focus on ''a posteriori'' auxiliary languages. [[Joachim Faiguet]] in the article on ''Langue'' already wrote a short proposition of a &quot;laconic&quot; or regularized grammar of [[French]]. During the [[19th century]], a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that [[Louis Couturat]] and [[Leopold Leau]] in ''Historire de la langue universelle'' (1903) could review 38 projects.  The first of these that made any international impact was [[Volapük]], proposed in 1879 by [[Johann Martin Schleyer]], and within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe.  However, this language by its very success lost its unity, and within a few years, fell into obscurity, making way for [[Esperanto]], proposed in 1887 by [[L. L. Zamenhof|Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]], the most successful IAL to date. [[Loglan]] (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the ''a priori'' languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language.

Artistic languages, constructed for literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness, begin to appear in Early Modern literature (in [[Gargantua and Pantagruel|Pantagruel]], and in [[Utopia]]n contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects from the [[20th century]].  ''[[A Princess of Mars]]'' by [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] was possibly the first fiction of the 20th century to feature a constructed language.  [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was the first to develop a family of related fictional languages and was the first academic to publicly discuss artistic languages, admitting to ''[[A Secret Vice]]'' of his in 1930 at an Esperanto congress. ([[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Newspeak]]'' should be considered a parody of an IAL rather than an artistic language proper.)

By the turn of the [[21st century]], it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, and constructed languages are a regular part of movies of the genre, including ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Star Trek]]'', ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]''.

== See also ==

* [[List of constructed languages]]
* [[Universal language]]
* Language construction
** [[CONLANG]], [[conlanger]]
** [[List of language regulators|Language regulator]]
** [[Language Construction Kit]]
** [[Language game (linguistics)]]
** [[Artificial script]]
* Language modelling and translation
** [[Language translation]]
** [[Knowledge representation]]
** [[Translation relay]]
** [[Universal grammar]]
** [[Metalanguage]]
* Prescriptive grammar
** [[Language planning]]
** [[Linguistic protectionism]]
** [[List of language regulators]]
** [[Spelling reform]]
** [[Pāṇini]]
** [[Duden]], [[German spelling reform of 1996]]
* Spontaneous emergence of grammar
** [[Glottogony]]
** [[Pidgin]]
** [[Poto and Cabengo]]
** [[June and Jennifer Gibbons]]
* Mystical languages
** [[Glossolalia]]
** [[Language of the birds]]

== References ==

* [[Alan Libert]], ''A Priori Artificial Languages''. Lincom Europa, Munich, 2000. ISBN 3-89586-667-9
* [[Umberto Eco]], ''The search for the perfect language'', 1993.

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Conlang}}

=== Scholarship ===

* [http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:C4Pf-lezOvAJ:journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php+site:journal.media-culture.org.au+constructed+language&amp;hl=en Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet] by Sarah L. Higley. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000).
&lt;!-- used Google cache because can't access the original article.  Should try again later. --&gt;
*[http://www.langmaker.com/outpost/outpost.htm Language Arts Outpost] preserves several articles from the paper zine ''Journal of Planned Languages''
*[http://www.rickharrison.com/language/index.html The Language Lab], Rick Harrison's site, also reprints several such articles on specific languages

=== Real life classes on conlangs ===

*[http://www.livejournal.com/community/conlangs_decal Spring 2005 and Spring 2006 UC Berkeley Conlangs DE-Cal] (and its recorded videos, on [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=conlangs archive.org] and [http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=conlangs video.google.com])
*[http://www.uea.org/agadoj/instruado/pirlot.html List of Esperanto university classes worldwide (in Esperanto)]

===Communities===

* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html The CONLANG Mailing List]
* [http://www.livejournal.com/community/conlangs LiveJournal Conlangs community]
* [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/index.php Zompist Bulletin Board] - a highly active online forum devoted to conlangs (and conworlds in general)
* [http://www.kutjara.com/wiki KutjaraWiki] - a wiki, running on MediaWiki, managed by the denizens of the Zompist BBoard
* [http://www.artlangs.com ArtLangs.com :: The ArtLangs Community] - A forum and site on conlanging and conworlding
* [http://www.conlanger.com Conlanger.com] - A multilingual forum and link collection for conlanging
* [irc://irc.efnet.net/ConLang #ConLang] - The IRC channel #ConLang on EFNet
*[http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/index.php Scriptorium Bulletin Board] &amp;mdash; A forum primarily devoted to artificial and natural writing systems

===How to===

* [http://zompist.com/kit.html The Language Construction Kit]
* [http://pueblacity.com/ego-pdf/ng/lng/how/index.html How to Create a Language] by [[Pablo David Flores]], inspired by the Language Construction Kit; covers some overlooked topics
** [http://pueblacity.com/ego-pdf/sp/lng/como/index.html Cómo crear un lenguaje] - [[Spanish language]] version
* [http://langmaker.com/ Langmaker: ConLangs and neologisms forum]

===Link collections===

* [http://www.langmaker.com/ Conlang Profiles at Langmaker.com] - over 1,000 languages listed, frequently updated
&lt;!-- * [http://www.myconlanglinks.tk/ Invaluable Conlang Links] [Broken?] --&gt;
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9219/conlib.html A Constructed Languages Library]
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/5555/conlang.htm The Conlang Yellow Pages]
* [http://www.homunculus.com/babel/ Blueprints For Babel]
* [http://minyeva.alkaline.org/links.htm Garrett's Links to Logical Languages]

===Collections of constructed language resource links===

*[http://www.sys.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang.html Some Internet resources relating to constructed languages]
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/rsc_a2z_index.htm More Internet resources relating to constructed languages]

===Wikis on or about constructed languages===

* [http://talideon.com/concultures/wiki ConlangWiki] - a wiki devoted to the topics of ConLangs and ConCultures.
* [http://conlang.wikicities.com/ Conlang Wikicity]
* [http://ial.wikicities.com/ IAL Wiki] - a wiki for the Auxlang community
* [http://home.unilang.org/main/wiki Unilang.org] - a database of language- and linguistic-related information


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    <title>Phonology</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Phonology''' ([[Greek]] ''phonē'' = voice/sound and ''logos'' = word/speech), is a [[subfield]] of [[linguistics]] which studies the [[sound]] system of a specific [[language]] (or languages). Whereas [[phonetics]] is about the physical production and [[perception]] of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages.

An important part of phonology is studying which sounds are distinctive units within a language. In [[English_language|English]], for example, /p/ and /b/ are distinctive units of sound, (i.e., they are ''[[phoneme]]s'' /the difference is ''phonemic''). This can be seen from [[minimal pair]]s such as &quot;pin&quot; and &quot;bin&quot;, which mean different things, but differ only in one sound. On the other hand, /p/ is often [[pronunciation|pronounced]] differently depending on its position relative to other sounds, yet these different pronunciations are still considered by [[native speakers]] to be the same &quot;sound&quot;. For example, the /p/ in &quot;pin&quot; is [[Aspiration|aspirated]] while the same phoneme in &quot;spin&quot; is not. In some other languages, eg [[Thai]] and [[Quechua]], this same difference of aspiration or non-aspiration does differentiate phonemes. 

In addition to the minimal meaningful sounds (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, such as the /p/ in English described above, and topics such as [[syllable structure]], [[stress]], [[accent]], and [[intonation]].

The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of [[sign language|signed languages]], with [[gestures]] and their relationships as the object of study.

==Representing phonemes==
The [[writing systems]] of some languages are based on the phonemic principle of having one [[letter]] (or combination of letters) per [[phoneme ]] and vice-versa. Ideally, speakers can correctly write whatever they can say, and can correctly read anything that is written. (In practice, this ideal is never realized.) However in English, different spellings can be used for the same phoneme (e.g., ''rude'' and ''food'' have the same [[vowel]] sounds), and the same letter (or combination of letters) can represent different phonemes (e.g., the &quot;th&quot; [[consonant]] sounds of ''thin'' and ''this'' are different). In order to avoid this confusion based on [[orthography]], phonologists represent phonemes by writing them between two slashes: &quot; /  / &quot; (but without the quotes). On the other hand, the actual sounds are enclosed by square brackets: &quot; [ ] &quot; (again, without quotes). While the letters between slashes may be based on spelling conventions, the letters between square brackets are usually the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) or some other [[phonetic transcription]] system.

==Phoneme inventories==
===Doing a phoneme inventory===
Part of the phonological study of a language involves looking at data (phonetic [[transcription (linguistics) | transcriptions]] of the speech of [[native speaker]]s) and trying to deduce what the underlying [[phoneme]]s are and what the sound inventory of the language is. Even though a language may make distinctions between a small number of phonemes, speakers actually produce many more phonetic sounds. Thus, a phoneme in a particular language can be pronounced in many ways.

Looking for minimal pairs forms part of the research in studying the phoneme inventory of a language. A [[minimal pair]] is a pair of words from the same language, that differ by only a single sound, and that are recognized by speakers as being two different words. When there is a minimal pair, the two sounds constitute separate phonemes. (It is often not possible to detect all phonemes with this method so other approaches are used as well.) If two similar sounds do not constitute separate phonemes, they are called [[allophone]]s of the same underlying phoneme.

===Phonemic distinctions or allophones===
If two similar sounds do not constitute separate phonemes, they are called [[allophone]]s of the same underlying phoneme. For instance, voiceless stops ({{IPA |/p/, /t/, /k/}}) can be aspirated. In English, voiceless stops at the beginning of a word are [[Aspiration|aspirated]], whereas after /s/ they are not aspirated. (This can be seen by putting your fingers right in front of your lips and notice the difference in breathiness as you say 'pin' and 'spin'.) There is no English word 'pin' that starts with an unaspirated p, therefore in English, aspirated {{IPA |[pʰ]}} (the {{IPA |[ʰ]}} means aspirated) and unaspirated [p] are allophones of an underlying phoneme /p/.

Another example of allophones in English is how the /t/ sounds in the words 'tub', 'stub', 'but', and 'butter' are all pronounced differently, yet are all perceived as &quot;the same sound.

Another example: in English, the liquids {{IPA |/l/}} and {{IPA |/ɹ/}} are two separate phonemes (minimal pair 'life', 'rife'); however, in [[Korean]] these two liquids are allophones of the same phoneme, and the general rule is that {{IPA |[ɾ]}} comes before a vowel, and {{IPA |[l]}} does not (e.g. ''Seou'''l''''', ''Ko'''r'''ea'').  A native speaker will tell you that the {{IPA |[l]}} in Seoul and the {{IPA |[ɾ]}} in Korean are in fact the same letter.  What happens is that a native Korean speaker's brain recognises the underlying phoneme {{IPA |/l/}}, and, depending on the phonetic context (whether before a vowel or not), expresses it as either {{IPA |[ɾ]}} or {{IPA |[l]}}.  Another Korean speaker will hear both sounds as the underlying phoneme and think of them as the same sound.  This is one reason why most people have an accent when they attempt to speak a language that they did not grow up hearing; their brains sort the sounds they hear in terms of the phonemes of their own native language.

===Change of a phoneme inventory over time===
The particular sounds which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, {{IPA |[f]}} and {{IPA |[v]}} were allophones in English, but these later changed into separate phonemes.  This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in [[historical linguistics]].

==Other topics in phonology==
Phonology also includes topics such as [[assimilation]], [[elision]], [[epenthesis]], [[vowel harmony]], [[tone]], non-phonemic [[prosody]] and [[phonotactics]]. Prosody includes topics such as [[stress]] and [[intonation]].

===Word stress===
In some languages, [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] is non-phonemic.  Some examples include [[Finnish]] and all ancient Germanic languages ([[Old Norse]], [[Old English]] and [[Old High German]]) as well as some modern Germanic languages such as [[Icelandic]]. However, in other modern-day Germanic languages such as German or English, stress is phonemically distinctive, although there are only a few minimal pairs. In German, for example, {{IPA |/ˈaugust/}}, the personal name August, contrasts with {{IPA |/auˈgust/}} , the month August. 

The distinction of stress is often seen in English words where the verb and noun forms have the same spelling.  For example, consider {{IPA|/ˈrɛbəl/}} 'rebel' the noun (which places the emphasis on the first syllable) contrasted with {{IPA|/rɪˈbɛl/}} 'rebel' the verb (which instead puts the emphasis on the second syllable).

Another example is the pair ''insight'' {{IPA|/ˈɪnsaɪt/}} and ''incite'' {{IPA|/ɪnˈsaɪt/}}, where in the former the stress lies on the first syllable and in the latter on the second syllable. In American English, the words ''Missouri'' and ''misery'' are also distinguished only by stress. In ''Missouri'', the stress lies on the penultimate syllable, but in ''misery'' it lies on the first syllable.

==Development of the field==
The Polish scholar [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]] coined the word ''[[phoneme]]'' in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He worked not only on the theory of the phoneme but also on phonetic alternations (i.e., what is now called [[allophony]] and [[morphophonology]]). His influence on [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], the father of [[Structuralism]], was significant.

Prince [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]]'s posthumously published work, the ''Principles of Phonology'' (1939), is considered the foundation of the [[Prague School]] of phonology. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetskoy is considered the founder of [[morphophonology]], though morphophonology was first recognized by Baudouin de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy split phonology into [[phonemics]] and [[archiphoneme|archiphonemics]]; the former has had more influence than the latter. Another important figure in the Prague School was [[Roman Jakobson]], who was one of the most prominent linguists of the [[twentieth century]].

In 1968, [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]] published ''[[The Sound Pattern of English]]'', the basis for [[Generative Phonology]]. In this view, phonological representations (surface forms) are structures whose phonetic part is a sequence of phonemes which are made up of [[distinctive feature]]s. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, [[Gunnar Fant]], and Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set, and have the binary values + or -. Ordered phonological rules govern how this phonological representation (also called underlying representation) is transformed into the actual pronunciation (also called surface form.) An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the Generativists folded morphology into phonology, which both solved and created problems. 

In the late 1960s, [[David Stampe]] introduced [[Natural Phonology]]. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal [[phonological process]]es which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on [[distinctive feature]]s within prosodic groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously (though the output of one process may be the input to another). The second-most prominent Natural Phonologist is Stampe's wife, [[Patricia Donegan]]; there are many Natural Phonologists in Europe, though also a few others in the U.S., such as [[Geoffrey Pullum]]. The principles of Natural Phonology were extended to [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] by [[Wolfgang Dressler]], who founded [[Natural Morphology]].

In 1976 [[John Goldsmith]] introduced [[autosegmental phonology]]. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as ''one'' linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as ''some parallel sequences'' of features which reside on multiple tiers.

[[Government Phonology]], which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of [[principle]]s and vary according to their selection of certain binary [[parameter]]s.  That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations.  Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict.  Prominent figures include [[Jonathan Kaye]], [[Jean Lowenstamm]], [[Jean-Roger Vergnaud]], [[Monik Charette]], [[John Harris(linguist)|John Harris]], and many others.

In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, [[Alan Prince]] and [[Paul Smolensky]] developed [[Optimality Theory]]—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of [[constraint]]s which is ordered by importance: a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by [[John McCarthy (linguist)|John McCarthy]] and [[Alan Prince]], and has become the dominant trend in phonology. Though usually unacknowledged, Optimality Theory was strongly influenced by Natural Phonology; both view phonology in terms of constraints on speakers and their production, though these constraints are formalized in very different ways.

==See also==

* [[Phoneme]]
* [[Morphophonology]]
* [[Phonological hierarchy]]
* [[Prosody (linguistics)]]
* [[English phonology]]
* [[Shibboleth]]


==External links==

* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPhonology.htm What is phonology?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAutosegmentalPhonology.htm What is autosegmental phonology?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsGenerativePhonology.htm What is generative phonology?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsLexicalPhonology.htm What is lexical phonology?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsMetricalPhonology.htm What is metrical phonology?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhonologicalDerivation.htm What is a phonological derivation?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPhonologicalHierarchy.htm What is phonological hierarchy?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPhonologicalSymmetry.htm What is phonological symmetry?]
* &lt;small&gt;SIL: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhonologicalUniversal.htm What is a phonological universal?]
* &lt;small&gt;Lexicon of linguistics: &lt;/small&gt;[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Metrical+phonology&amp;lemmacode=540 Metrical phonology]
* [http://www.celt.stir.ac.uk/staff/HIGDOX/STEPHEN/PHONO/PHONOLG.HTM On-line phonology course] (of [[English language|English]])
* [http://davidbrett.uniss.it/index Another on-line phonology course dealing with English] using large amounts of [[Macromedia Flash]] interaction.
* [http://specgram.com/PsQ.XVI.4/06.pulju.indefinite.html Variation in the English Indefinite Article]: A humorous article demonstrating the importance of phonology (as opposed to merely syntax and semantics) in linguistic analysis.

==Bibliography==

* Anderson, John M.; and Ewen, Colin J. (1987). ''Principles of dependency phonology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Bloch, Bernard. (1941). Phonemic overlapping. ''American Speech'', ''16'', 278-284.
* Bloomfield, Leonard. (1933). ''Language''. New York: H. Holt and Company. (Revised version of Bloomfield's 1914 ''An introduction to the study of language'').
* Chomsky, Noam. (1964). Current issues in linguistic theory. In J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (Eds.), ''The structure of language: Readings in the philosophy language'' (pp. 91-112). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
* Chomsky, Noam; and Halle, Morris. (1968). ''The sound pattern of English''. New York: Harper &amp; Row.
* Clements, George N. (1985). The geometry of phonological features. ''Phonology Yearbook'', ''2'', 225-252.
* Clements, George N.; and Samuel J. Keyser. (1983). ''CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable''. Linguistic inquiry monographs (No. 9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-2625-3047-3 (pbk); ISBN 0-2620-3098-5 (hbk).
* Firth, J. R. (1948). Sounds and prosodies. ''Transactions of the Philological Society 1948'', 127-152.
* Gilbers, Dicky; and de Hoop, Helen. (1998). Conflicting constraints: An introduction to optimality theory. ''Lingua'', ''104'', 1-12.
* Goldsmith, John A. (1979). The aims of [[autosegmental phonology]]. In D. A. Dinnsen (Ed.), ''Current approaches to phonological theory'' (pp. 202-222). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
* Goldsmith, John A. (1989). ''Autosegmental and metrical phonology: A new synthesis''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Halle, Morris. (1954). The strategy of phonemics. ''Word'', ''10'', 197-209.
* Halle, Morris. (1959). ''The sound pattern of Russian''. The Hague: Mouton.
* Harris, Zellig. (1951). ''Methods in structural linguistics''. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
* Hockett, Charles F. (1955). ''A manual of phonology''. Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, memoirs II. Baltimore: Waverley Press.
* Hooper, Joan B. (1976). ''An introduction to natural generative phonology''. New York: Academic Press.
* Jakobson, Roman. (1949). On the identification of phonemic entities. ''Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague'', ''5'', 205-213.
* Jakobson, Roman; Fant, Gunnar; and Halle, Morris. (1952). ''Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Kaisse, Ellen M.; and Shaw, Patricia A. (1985). On the theory of lexical phonology. In E. Colin and J. Anderson (Eds.), ''Phonology Yearbook 2'' (pp. 1-30).
* Kenstowicz, Michael. ''Phonology in generative grammar''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Ladefoged, Peter. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
* Martinet, André. (1949). ''Phonology as functional phonetics''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Martinet, André. (1955). ''Économie des changements phonétiques: Traité de phonologie diachronique''. Berne: A. Francke S.A.
* Pike, Kenneth. (1947). ''Phonemics: A technique for reducing languages to writing''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Sapir, Edward. (1925). Sound patterns in language. ''Language'', ''1'', 37-51.
* Sapir, Edward. (1933). La réalité psychologique des phonémes. ''Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique'', ''30'', 247-265.
* de Saussure, Ferdinand. (1916). ''Cours de linguistique générale''. Paris: Payot.
* Stampe, David. (1979). ''A dissertation on natural phonology''. New York: Garland.
* Swadesh, Morris. (1934). The phonemic principle. ''Language'', ''10'', 117-129.
* Trager, George L.; and Bloch, Bernard. (1941). The syllabic phonemes of English. ''Language'', ''17'', 223-246.
* Trubetzkoy, Nikolai. (1939). ''Grundzüge der Phonologie''. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7.
* Twaddell, William F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language monograph no. 16. ''Language''.

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Phonology]]

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      <text xml:space="preserve">:''This article is about linguistics. For the voicemail transcription service, see [[Phonetic (service)]]''
'''Phonetics''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word &amp;phi;&amp;omega;&amp;nu;ή, ''phone'' = sound/voice) is the study of [[sound]]s ([[human voice|voice]]). It is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds ([[phone]]s) as well as those of non-speech sounds, and their production, audition  and perception, as opposed to [[phonology]], which operates at the level of sound systems and abstract sound units (such as [[phoneme]]s and [[distinctive feature]]s). Phonetics deals with the sounds themselves rather than the contexts in which they are used in languages. Discussions of meaning ([[semantics]]) therefore do not enter at this level of [[linguistics|linguistic analysis]].

While [[writing system]]s and [[alphabet]]s are in many cases closely related to the sounds of speech, strictly speaking, phoneticians are more concerned with the sounds of speech than the [[symbol]]s used to represent them.  So close is the relationship between them however, that many dictionaries list the study of the symbols (more accurately [[semiotics]]) as a part of phonetic studies. On the other hand, [[logographic]] writing systems typically give much less phonetic information, but the information is not necessarily non-existent.  For instance, in [[Chinese character]]s, a ''phonetic'' refers to the portion of the character that hints at its pronunciation, while the [[radical (Chinese character)|radical]] refers to the portion that serves as a [[semantics|semantic]] hint.
Characters featuring the same phonetic typically have similar pronunciations, but by no means are the pronunciations predictably determined by the phonetic due to the fact that pronunciations diverged over many centuries while the characters remained the same.  Not all Chinese characters are ''radical-phonetic compounds'', but a good majority of them are.

Phonetics has three main branches:
*[[articulatory phonetics]], concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, vocal tract and folds and other [[speech organ]]s in producing speech
*[[acoustic phonetics]], concerned with the properties of the sound waves and how they are received by the inner ear
*[[auditory phonetics]], concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives.

There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (IPA) and transcribed in their [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].

Phonetics was studied as early as 2500 years ago in ancient [[India]], with [[Pāṇini]]'s account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his ''cerca'' fifth-century BCE treatise of [[Sanskrit]]. Nearly all Indian alphabets today order their consonants according to Pāṇini's classification.

==See also== 
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[Tolkāppiyam]] (a 200 BCE grammar of [[Tamil]]) 
* [[Speech processing]]
* [[Acoustics]]
* [[biometric word list]]
* [[Phonetics departments at universities]]
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
* [[X-SAMPA]]

==External links and references==
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html The sounds and sound patterns of language] U Penn
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ UCLA lab data]
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive]
*[http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page1.htm EGG and Voice Quality] (electroglottography, phonation, etc.)
*[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/handbook.htm IPA handbook]
*[http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial]
*[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/personal/lehmann/CL_Lehr/PhonPhon/Phon_Index.html  Lecture materials in German on phonetics &amp; phonology, university of Erfurt] 

==Bibliography==

* Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X.
* Clark, John; &amp; Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5.
* Hardcastle, William J.; &amp; Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-6311-8848-7.
* [[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]]. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
* Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk).
*Ladefoged, Peter; &amp; Maddieson, Ian. (1996).  ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
* [[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]. (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Pisoni, David B.; &amp; Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-6312-2927-2.
* Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7.
* Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-2621-9404-X.

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Phonetics]]

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
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    <title>Phoneme</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">In human [[language]], a '''phoneme''' is a set of [[phone]]s (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. It is the basic unit that distinguishes between different words or [[morpheme]]s — changing an element of a word from one phoneme to another produces either a different word or obvious nonsense, whereas changing an element from one phone to another, when both belong to the same phoneme, produces the same word (sometimes with an odd or incomprehensible pronunciation).

Phonemes are not the physical [[segment (linguistics)|segment]]s themselves, but mental [[abstraction]]s of them. A phoneme could be thought of as a family of related [[phone]]s, called [[allophone]]s, that the speakers of a language think of, and hear or see, as being categorically the same. 

In [[sign language]]s, the phoneme was formerly called a ''[[chereme]]'' (or ''cheireme''), but usage changed to ''phoneme'' when it was recognized that the mental abstractions involved are essentially the same as in oral languages. 

A [[Phonemic principle|phonemically &quot;perfect&quot;]] [[alphabet]] is one that has a single symbol for each phoneme.

'''Phonemics''', a branch of [[phonology]], is the study of the systems of phonemes of languages. 

Although the concept has been fundamental to the development of phonological analysis of language beneath the level of the syllable, some linguists reject the theoretical validity of the phoneme. Some think that phonemes are more a product of literacy (i.e., the need to categorize the phonetics of a language in order to write it down systematically with a minimum number of letters). Other critics charge that the mind processes sub-phonemic elements of speech (e.g., [[distinctive feature|feature]]s) in meaningful ways.

A common test to determine whether two phones are allophones or separate phonemes relies on finding so-called [[minimal pair]]s: words that differ only in the phones in question. 

==Background and related ideas==

The term ''phonème'' was reportedly first used by Dufriche-Desgenettes in 1873, but it refered to only a sound of speech. The term ''phoneme'' as an [[abstraction]] was developed by the Polish linguist Jan Niecislaw [[Baudouin de Courtenay]] and his student [[Mikołaj Kruszewski]] during 1875-1895.  The term used by these two was ''fonema'', the basic unit of what they called ''psychophonetics''. The concept of the phoneme was elaborated in the works of [[Nikolai Trubetzkoi]] and other of the [[Prague School]] (during the years 1926-1935), as well as in that of [[structuralism|structuralist]]s like [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Edward Sapir]], and [[Leonard Bloomfield]]. Later, it was also used in [[generative linguistics]], most famously by [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Morris Halle]], and remains central in any accounts of the development of virtually all modern schools of [[phonology]]. 

The phoneme can be defined as &quot;the smallest meaningful psychological unit of sound.&quot; The phoneme has mental, physiological, and physical substance: our brains process the sounds; the sounds are produced by the human speech organs; and the sounds are physical entities that can be recorded and measured.

For an example of phonemes, consider the English words ''pat'' and ''sat'', which appear to differ only in their initial consonants. This difference, known as '''contrastiveness''' or '''opposition''', is sufficient to distinguish these words, and therefore the P and S sounds are said to be different phonemes in English. A pair of words that are identical except for such a sound are known as a [[minimal pair]]; this is the most frequent demonstration that two sounds are separate phonemes.

If no minimal pair can be found to demonstrate that two sounds are distinct, it may be that they are [[allophone]]s. Allophones are variant phones (i.e., sounds) that are not recognized as distinct by a speaker, and are not meaningfully different in the language, and so are perceived as &quot;the same&quot;. This is especially likely if they consistently occur in different environments. For example, the &quot;dark&quot; L sound at the end of the English word &quot;wool&quot; is quite different from the &quot;light&quot; L sound at the beginning of the word &quot;leaf&quot;, but this difference is meaningless in English, and is determined by whether the sound is at the beginning or end of a word. A native English speaker might have a hard time hearing the difference at first, but in [[Turkish]] the difference between &quot;light&quot; and &quot;dark&quot; L is sufficient to distinguish words. That is, they are two separate phonemes in Turkish, but allophones of a single phoneme in English.

The phonemic relationship of two sounds may not be obvious to a non-native speaker, which is why minimal pairs and an understanding of phonetic environments are important. For example, in [[Korean]], there is a phoneme /r/ that is a [[flap consonant|flapped]] ''r'' between vowels, and is an ''l''-sound next to other consonants. These sound very different to an English speaker, who is attuned to hearing them because the differences are meaningful in English. However, the native speaker has learned from an early age to filter out the difference, as they are not meaningful in their language. In Korean, for instance, it is impossible to distinguish the two words &quot;ram&quot; and &quot;lam&quot;, despite the fact that both R and L sounds occur in the language.

Across multiple languages, the same IPA symbol may be used to represent a phoneme, but their actual pronunciation may not be identical but merely similar. For example, the Finnish word ''maat'' (&quot;countries&quot;) sounds different from the [[Received Pronunciation|British English (Received Pronunciation)]] word ''mart'' even though both are phonemically transcribed as IPA {{IPA|/mɑ:t/}}[http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/hyfl/projektit/vokaalikartat_eng.html]; the Spanish word ''sin'' (&quot;without&quot;) has a somewhat different vowel from the American English ''seen'' though both are transcribed as {{IPA|/sin/}}. Such distinctions can be made in a [[phonetic transcription]].

The exact number of phonemes in [[English language|English]] depends on the speaker and the method of determining phoneme vs. allophone, but estimates typically range from 40 to 45, which is above average across all languages. [[Pirahã]] has only 10, while [[!Xóõ]] has 141.

Depending on the language and the [[alphabet]] used, a phoneme may be written consistently with one letter; however there are many exceptions to this rule — see [[#Writing systems|Writing systems]] below.

Some languages make use of [[pitch (music)|pitch]] for the precise same purpose. In this case, the tones used are called [[toneme]]s. Some languages distinguish words made up of the same phonemes (and tonemes) by using different ''durations'' of some elements, which are called [[chroneme]]s. However, not all scholars working on languages with distinctive duration use this term.

Usually, long [[vowel]]s and [[consonant]]s are represented either by a length indicator or doubling of the symbol in question.

In sign languages, phonemes may be classified as ''Tab'' (elements of location, from Latin ''tabula''), ''Dez'' (the hand shape, from ''designator''), ''Sig'' (the motion, from ''signation''), and with some researchers, ''Ori'' (orientation). Facial expressions and mouthing are also phonemic.

===Notation===

A transcription that only indicates the different phonemes of a languages is said to be ''phonemic''. Such transcriptions are enclosed within virgules (slashes), '''/ /'''; these show that each enclosed symbol is claimed to be phonemically meaningful. On the other hand, a transcription that indicates finer detail, including allophonic variation like the two English L's, is said to be ''phonetic'', and is enclosed in square brackets, '''[&amp;nbsp;]'''. 

The common notation used in linguistics employs virgules (slashes) (/ /) around the symbol that stands for the phoneme. For example, the phoneme for the initial consonant sound in the word &quot;phoneme&quot; would be written as {{IPA|/f/}}. In other words, the '''[[grapheme]]s''' are &lt;tt&gt;&amp;lt;ph&amp;gt;&lt;/tt&gt;, but this digraph represents one sound {{IPA|/f/}}. '''[[Allophone]]s''', more phonetically specific descriptions of how a given phoneme might be commonly instantiated, are often denoted in linguistics by the use of diacritical or other marks added to the phoneme symbols and then placed in square brackets ([ ]) to differentiate them from the phoneme in slant brackets (/ /). The conventions of [[orthography]] are then kept separate from both phonemes and allophones by the use of the markers &amp;lt; &amp;gt; to enclose the spelling.

The symbols of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and extended sets adapted to a particular language are often used by linguists to write phonemes of oral languages, with the principle being one symbol equals one categorical sound.  Due to problems displaying some symbols in the early days of the Internet, systems such as [[X-SAMPA]] and [[Kirshenbaum]] were developed to represent IPA symbols in plain text.  As of 2004, any modern web browser can display IPA symbols (as long as the [[operating system]] provides the appropriate fonts), and we use this system in this article.

The only published set of phonemic symbols for a sign language is the [[Stokoe notation]] developed for [[American Sign Language]], which has since been applied to [[British Sign Language]] by Kyle and Woll, and to [[Australian Aboriginal sign languages]] by Adam Kendon. However, there are several phonetic systems, such as [[SignWriting]].

===Examples===

Examples of phonemes in the [[English language]] would include sounds from the set of English consonants, like {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/b/}}. These two are most often written consistently with one letter for each sound. However, phonemes might not be so apparent in written English, such as when they are typically represented with combined letters, called '''[[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]''', like &amp;lt;sh&amp;gt; (pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}}) or &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; (pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}).

To see a list of the phonemes in the English language, see [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English|IPA for English]].

Two sounds that may be allophones (sound variants belonging to the same phoneme) in one language may belong to separate phonemes in another language or dialect. In English, for example, {{IPA|/p/}} has aspirated and non-aspirated allophones:aspirated as in {{IPA|/pɪn/}}, and non-aspirated as in {{IPA|/spɪn/}}. However, in many languages (e. g. [[Chinese]]), aspirated {{IPA|/pʰ/}} is a phoneme distinct from unaspirated {{IPA|/p/}}. As another example, there is no distinction between {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[l]}} in [[Japanese]], there is only one {{IPA|/r/}} phoneme in Japanese, although the Japanese {{IPA|/r/}} has allophones that make it sound more like an {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, or {{IPA|/r/}} to English speakers. The sounds {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} are distinct phonemes in English, but allophones in [[Spanish]]. {{IPA|/n/}} (as in ''run'') and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} (as in ''rung'') are phonemes in English, but allophones in [[Italian]] and Spanish.

An important phoneme is the [[chroneme]], a phonemically-relevant extension of the duration of a consonant or vowel. Some languages or dialects such as [[Finnish]] or Japanese allow chronemes after both consonants and vowels. Others, like [[Italian]] or [[Australian English]] use it after only one (in the case of Italian, consonants; in the case of Australian, vowels).

===Arguments against the phoneme===

Rather than a basic mental unit of language, some think that the phoneme may well be a perceptual artifact of alphabetic literacy (see the terms [[Phonemic awareness]] and [[Phonological awareness]]). If not that, it may be an [[epiphenomenal]] aspect to listening removed from face-to-face encounters, that is, text-like listening (qv [[phone]] and [[feature]]). It could be said that the unit of the phoneme is a necessary construct if we wish to set a dynamic, complex spoken language into static, written form expressed at a sub-syllabic level, though the model is a simplification and no where near phonologically or phonetically complete. The phoneme has the theoretical weakness from the perspective of phonology in that it uses, in part, lexical criteria to determine something that is supposed to be phonological (i.e., minimal pairs of words to point out phonological categories). 

Much of phonology, while accepting the phoneme as possible model or unit of language for description, has largely moved past the segmental phoneme as a basic unit of speech, of speech processing or of language acquisition. This is because the concept of the 'feature' is viewed as beneath the level of the phoneme while also spanning across segments. Meanwhile, attempts at capturing a phonological picture of the psychological control and structure underlying real speech flounder on the inadequacies of the phoneme for such purposes (that is, the phoneme can not account for co-articulation or assimilation of controlled speech, among other phenomena). Such an endeavor is more for the field of articulatory phonology, and its rival unit of phonology is the 'articulatory gesture'. However, the term 'phoneme', though variably defined and delimited, remains a widely and uncritically accepted concept in second and foreign language teaching and in the psychology of native literacy (especially for acquisitional literacy in alphabetic languages, such as English).

==Restricted phonemes==
A '''restricted phoneme''' is a phoneme that can only occur in a certain environment: There are restrictions as to where it can occur. English has several restricted phonemes:

* {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, as in ''sing'', occurs only at the end of a syllable, never at the beginning. (In many other languages, such as [[Swahili]], {{IPA|/ŋ/}} can start a word.)
* {{IPA|/h/}} occurs only at the beginning of a syllable, never at the end. (A few languages such as [[Arabic]] allow /h/ at the ends of words.)
* In many American dialects with the [[cot-caught merger]], {{IPA|/ɔ/}} occurs only before /r/, /l/, and in the [[diphthong]] {{IPA|/ɔi/}}. 
* In [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic dialects]], /r/ can only occur before a vowel, never at the end of a word or before a consonant.
* Under most interpretations, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} occur only before a vowel, never at the end of a syllable. However, many phonologists interpret a word like ''boy'' as either {{IPA|[boi̯]}} or {{IPA|[boj]}}.

==Neutralization, archiphoneme, underspecification==
Phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be contrastive in all environments. In the environments where they don't contrast, the contrast is said to be '''neutralized'''. 

An example from English is the neutralization of the plosives /k, g/ following /s/. Phonetically, the [[Aspiration|unaspirated]] [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] plosive in ''sky'' is closer to English /g/, which is partially [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] in the initial position, than to [[Aspiration|aspirated]] /k/. This can be heard by comparing ''the sky'' with ''this guy''; also, in the speech of young children who are not yet able to produce consonant clusters, they often pronounce ''sky'' as what '''''sounds like''''' {{IPA|/gai/}} to adult ears but is actually produced with an unaspirated, unvoiced [k]. That is, /k/ and /g/ are constrastive word initially, 

{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; 
|   
|   
| {{IPA|[k&amp;#688;aɪ]}}
| ''chi''
|-
|   
|   
| {{IPA|[gaɪ]}}
| ''guy''
|}

But not after an /s/,

{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; 
|   
|   
| {{IPA|[skaɪ]}}
| →
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''sky''
|-
|   
|   
| {{IPA|[skaɪ]}}
| →
|}

Thus one cannot say whether the underlying representation of the plosive in ''sky'' is {{IPA|/k/}} without aspiration, or {{IPA|/g/}} without voicing. This neutralization can instead be represented as an archiphoneme |G|, in which case the underlying representation of ''sky'' would be |{{IPA|sGaɪ}}|.

Another way to talk about archiphonemes involves the concept of '''[[underspecification]]'''. Phonemes can be considered fully specified segments while archiphonemes are underspecified segments. In [[Tuvan]], phonemic vowels are specified with the features of tongue height, backness, and lip rounding. The archiphoneme |U| is an underspecified high vowel where only the tongue height is specified. 

{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; 
|- 
|   
|   
! phoneme/&lt;br&gt;archiphoneme
! height
! backness
! roundedness
|-
|   
|   
| {{IPA|/i/}}
| high
| front
| unrounded
|-
|   
|   
| {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
| high
| back
| unrounded
|-
|   
|   
| {{IPA|/u/}}
| high
| back
| rounded
|-
|   
|   
| &lt;nowiki&gt;|U|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| high
| -
| -
|}

Whether |U| is pronounced as front or back and whether rounded or unrounded depends on [[vowel harmony]]. If |U| occurs following a front unrounded vowel, it will be pronounced as the phoneme {{IPA|/i/}}; if following a back unrounded vowel, it will be as an {{IPA|/ɯ/}}; and if following a back rounded vowel, it will be an {{IPA|/u/}}. This can been seen in the following words:

{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; 
|-
|   
|   
| &lt;nowiki&gt;-|Um|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
|
| 'my'
|
| (the vowel of this suffix is underspecified)
|-
|   
|   
| &lt;nowiki&gt;|idikUm|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| →
| {{IPA|[idikim]}}
| 'my boot'
|  
| (/i/ is front &amp; unrounded)
|-
|   
|   
| &lt;nowiki&gt;|xarUm|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| →
| {{IPA|[xarɯm]}}
| 'my snow'
|  
| (/a/ is back &amp; unrounded)
|-
|   
|   
| &lt;nowiki&gt;|nomUm|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| →
| {{IPA|[nomum]}}
| 'my book'
|  
| (/o/ is back &amp; rounded)
|}

It should be noted that not all phonologists accept the concept of archiphonemes. Many doubt that it reflects how people process language or control speech, and some argue that archiphonemes add unnecessary complexity.

==Non-phonemes==

[[Prothesis (linguistics)|Prothesis]], [[epenthesis]] and [[paragoge]], due to [[phonotactics]], add sounds into words without adding meaning. Nevertheless, the sound is added, and thus the phoneme status may be ambiguous. For example, in Spanish a prothetic ''e-'' must be added before initial /s/ + consonant clusters, e.g. '''''e'''strés''.

==Phonological extremes==
Of all the sounds that a human vocal tract can create, different languages vary considerably in the number of these sounds that are considered to be distinctive phonemes in the speech of that language.  [[Ubyx]] and some dialects of [[Abkhaz Abkhaz]] have only two phonemic vowels, and many [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] have three. On other extreme, the [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]] [[Ngwe]] has fourteen vowel qualities, twelve of which may occur long or short, for twenty-six oral vowels, plus six nasalized vowels, long and short, for thirty-eight vowels; while [[!Xóõ]] achieves thirty-one pure vowels—not counting vowel length, which it also has—by varying the phonation. [[Rotokas]] has only six consonants, while !Xóõ has somewhere in the neighborhood of seventy-seven, and Ubyx eighty-one. [[French]] has no phonemic tone or stress, while several of the [[Kam-Sui languages]] have nine tones, and one of the [[Kru languages]], [[Wobe]], has been claimed to have fourteen, though this is disputed. The total number of phonemes in languages varies from as few as eleven in Rotokas to as many as 112 in !Xóõ (including four tones). These may range from familiar sounds like {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[s]}}, or {{IPA|[m]}} to very unusual ones produced in extraordinary ways (see: [[Click consonant]], [[phonation]], [[airstream mechanism]]).  The [[English language]] itself uses a rather large set of thirteen to twenty-two vowels, including diphthongs, though its twenty-two to twenty-six consonants are close to average. (There are twenty-one consonant and five vowel ''letters'' in the English alphabet, but this does not correspond to the number of consonant and vowel ''sounds''.)

The most common vowel system consists of the five vowels {{IPA|/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/}}. The most common consonants are {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/}}.  A very few languages lack one of these: standard [[Hawai‘ian]] lacks {{IPA|/t/}}, [[Mohawk]] lacks {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/m/}}, Hupa lacks both {{IPA|/p/}} and a simple {{IPA|/k/}}, colloquial [[Samoan]] lacks {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}, while Rotokas and [[Quileute]] lack {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}. While most of these languages have very small inventories, Quileute and Hupa have quite complex consonant systems.

==Writing systems==
At least in theory, in a phonemic writing system, a given symbol represents a single phoneme, and each phoneme is represented by a single symbol. This may differ from a phonetic orthography, which only requires that the spelling be unambiguously determined by the pronunciation, and the pronunciation unambiguously indicated by the spelling. Phonemic representation of a language is often described as 'broad transcription', while a phonetic rendering is called 'narrow'. A phonetic system would have more symbols or spelling conventions, since it might, in part, attempt to capture some key sound variations (allophones)of a phoneme. Learners of a foreign or second language can benefit from a more phonetic writing system if it reveals subtleties in pronunciation that are phonemically glossed over by literate native or fluent speakers of that language (since the latter's purpose is fluent reading).  

English spelling (whether British, American or Australian) is often cited as the classic example of a nonphonemic, and indeed unphonetic, spelling system. [[Welsh]] and [[Irish]] are, by contrast, among the more predictable orthographies among languages using the Latin alphabet. In [[French]], rules to predict pronunciation from spelling are quite simple and have few exceptions, as long as there are some clues such as context or part of speech, but guessing spelling from pronunciation is quite difficult, especially because of the many silent letters. It should be noted that both written English and French (being lexical cousins, if quite different phonologically speaking) tend to preserve word root (over sound) relationships. [[Italian]], [[Spanish]] and especially [[Finnish]] have a very close letter-to-phoneme correspondence. [[Karelian]] has a perfectly phonemic spelling system, as it has no [[standard language]], but it has a complete spelling system.

Other languages fall somewhere in between polar distinctions such as &quot;lexical vs. phonemic and/or phonetic&quot; and &quot;phonemic vs. phonetic&quot;.  Although English is often given as an example of an unphonetic orthography, its system is nowhere near to being as logographic (lexical or word-based) a system as Chinese writing is.  English spelling conveys etymological, derivational and inflectional information, but also vast amounts of phonetic information as well. In a nutshell, written English displays a great deal of complexity for representing vowel sounds within a fairly stable and consistent consonant framework (though there is a shortage of letters all around, with 26 letters and phoneme counts well over 40). [[Spanish]] is often given as an example of a phonetic orthography, but it has numerous imperfections including [[Silent letter|silent letters]].  It is, at least, possible to tell the correct pronunciation of any written Spanish word. Another phonemic orthography is [[Serbian]]. Its phonemicity was established by Serbian &quot;[[Noah Webster|Webster]]&quot; [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]]. He followed a strict phonemic principle, which is best told by his own words: &quot;Write as you speak and read as it is written.&quot;. [[Hindi]], a descendant of [[Sanskrit]], is an example of phonetically written language represented with a non-Roman Alphabet that is partly syllabic in nature. Hindi's writing system, however, probably ultimately descends from the same ancient Middle Eastern sources that gave the world the Roman, Cyrillic and Arabic scripts. 

Real world distinctions between phonemic and nonphonemic orthographies are exaggerated. All languages are written with conventions that represent both meaning and pronunciation. This is true at both ends of the scale: Chinese characters are first and foremost symbols for morphemes and words, but they may have some phonetic elements to their composition as well (and these work, sometimes at least, the way spelling analogies do in written English). At the other extreme, there are a few orthographies which are complete and consistent phonemic representations of an artificial national standard. The phonemic principles by which orthographies might be standardized might also exclude representation of variations in pronunciation within the spoken dialects of a national language. 

Korean hangul, an invented writing system, has been called a linguistically perfect writing system because of its attention to phonetic-featural detail, capturing the language analytically at a fine-tuned featural level. However, it is not clear that native speakers need such phonetic-featural detail to learn to read Korean, and Korean, as it is actually written and read, could be processed synthetically at higher levels language, such as syllable types and whole words (i.e., sight words that are quickly read because they occur so often in text).

== See also ==
{{commons|:Category:Phonemes}}
* [[Minimal pair]]
* [[Phone]]
* [[Phonology]]
* [[Morphophonology]]
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[Initial-stress-derived noun]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhoneme.htm What is a ''phoneme''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllophone.htm What is an ''allophone''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhone.htm What is a ''phone''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhoneticallySimilarSegm.htm What is a ''phonetically similar segment''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMinimalPair.htm What is a ''minimal pair''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsComplementaryDistributio.htm What is ''complementary distribution''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnEnvironment.htm What is an ''environment''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsContrastInIdenticalEnvir.htm What is an ''contrast in identical environments''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsContrastInAnalogousEnvir.htm What is an ''contrast in analogous environments''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph &amp; phoneme-phone-allophone? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/Phonology.htm What is ''phonology''? &lt;small&gt;(SIL)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=phoneme Phoneme &lt;small&gt;(Lexicon of Linguistics)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=allophony Allophony &lt;small&gt;(Lexicon of Linguistics)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=transcription Transcription &lt;small&gt;(Lexicon of Linguistics)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Grapheme-phoneme+conversion Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion &lt;small&gt;(Lexicon of Linguistics)&lt;/small&gt;]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Phoneme+restoration Phoneme Restoration &lt;small&gt;(Lexicon of Linguistics)&lt;/small&gt;]
*[http://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked/index.php/Phonemic_awareness phonemic awareness]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Phoneme]]

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morpheme</title>
    <id>2116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8963</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-12T05:21:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix wp ref</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Morpheme-based morphology]], a '''morpheme''' is the smallest language unit that carries a [[semantics|semantic]] interpretation. Morphemes are, generally, a distinctive [[collocation]] of [[phoneme]]s (as the free form pin or the bound form -s of pins) having no smaller meaningful members.

''English example:''
The word &quot;unbelievable&quot; has three morphemes &quot;un-&quot;, (negatory) a bound morpheme, &quot;-believe-&quot; a free morpheme, and &quot;-able&quot;. &quot;un-&quot; is also a [[prefix morpheme|prefix]], &quot;-able&quot; is a [[suffix morpheme|suffix]]. Both are [[affix|affixes]].

== Types of morphemes ==
* Free morphemes like ''town'', ''dog'' can appear with other [[lexeme]]s (as in ''town-hall'' or ''dog-house'') or they can stand alone, or &quot;free&quot;. [[Allomorph|Allomorphs]] are variants of a morpheme, e.g. the plural marker in English is sometimes realized as /-z/, /-s/ or /-&amp;#618;z/.
* Bound morphemes like &quot;un-&quot; appear only  together with other morphemes to form a lexeme. Bound morphemes in general tend to be prefixes and suffixes.  Morphemes existing in only one bound form are known as &quot;cranberry&quot; morphemes, from the &quot;cran&quot; in that very word.
* Inflectional morphemes modify a word's tense, number, aspect, and so on. (as in the ''dog'' morpheme if written with the plural marker morpheme ''s'' becomes ''dogs'').
* Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create (derive) another word: the addition of &quot;-ness&quot; to &quot;happy&quot;, for example, to give &quot;happiness&quot;.

== Reference ==
{{cite book | first=Andrew| last=Spencer | year=1992 | title=Morphological Theory | chapter= | editor= | others= | pages= | publisher=Oxford:Blackwell | id= | url= | authorlink= }}

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Morpheme]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linguistic universal</title>
    <id>2117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51015</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T18:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */ Universals Archive</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''linguistic universal''' is a statement that is true for all natural languages. For example, ''All languages have [[noun]]s and [[verbs]].'' or ''All spoken languages have [[consonant]]s and [[vowel]]s'' (but not [[sign language]]s, to which [[phonology|phonological]] universals have no relevance). Research in this area of [[linguistics]] is closely tied to [[linguistic typology]], and intends to reveal information about how the [[human brain]] processes [[language]]. The field was largely pioneered by the linguist [[Joseph Greenberg]], who from a set of some thirty languages derived a set of basic universals, mostly dealing with [[syntax]].

==Terminology==
Linguists distinguish between two kinds of universals: '''absolute''' (opposite: '''statistical''', often called '''tendencies''') and '''implicational''' (opposite '''non-implicational'''). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example would be ''All languages have [[pronoun]]s''. An implicational universal applies to languages which have a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as ''If a language has [[trial grammatical number]], it also must have [[dual grammatical number]],'' while non-implicational universals just state the existence (or non-existence) of one particular feature.

Also in contrast to absolute universals are '''tendencies''', statements that may not be true for all languages, but nevertheless are far too common to be the result of chance. They also have implicational and non-implicational forms. An example of the latter would be ''The vast majority of languages have [[nasal consonant]]s''{{ref|Gbe}}. However, most tendencies, like their universal counterparts, are implicational. For example, ''With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal [[Subject Object Verb|SOV]] order are [[postposition]]al''. Strictly speaking, a tendency is not a kind of universal, but exceptions to most statements called universals can be found. For example, [[Latin]] is an SOV language with [[preposition]]s. Often it turns out that these exceptional languages are undergoing a shift from one type of language to another. In the case of Latin, its descendant [[Romance languages]] switched to [[Subject Verb Object|SVO]], which is a much more common order among prepositional languages.

Linguistic universals in syntax are sometimes held up as evidence for [[universal grammar]] (though [[epistemology|epistemological]] arguments are more common). Other explanations for linguistic universals have been proposed, for example that linguistic universals tend to be properties of language which aid communication. If a language were to lack one of these properties, it has been argued, it would probably soon evolve into a language having that property.

==In semantics==
In the domain of [[semantics]], research into linguistic universals has taken place in a number of ways. Some linguists, starting with [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], have pursued the search for a hypothetic irreducible semantic core of all languages; a modern variant of this approach can be found in the [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]] of [[Anna Wierzbicka|Wierzbicka]] and associates.{{ref|NSM}}. Other lines of research suggest cross-linguistic tendencies to use body part terms metaphorically as adpositions, or tendencies to have morphologically simple words for cognitively salient concepts.{{ref|rosch}} The human body, being a physiological universal, provides an ideal domain for research into semantic and lexical universals. In a seminal study, Andersen (1978) proposed a number of universals in the semantics of body part terminology, including the following: in any language, there will be distinct terms for &lt;small&gt;BODY&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;HEAD&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;ARM&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;EYES&lt;/small&gt;, &lt;small&gt;NOSE&lt;/small&gt;, and &lt;small&gt;MOUTH&lt;/small&gt;; if there is a distinct term for &lt;small&gt;FOOT&lt;/small&gt;, there will be a distinct term for &lt;small&gt;HAND&lt;/small&gt;; similarly, if there are terms for &lt;small&gt;INDIVIDUAL TOES&lt;/small&gt;, then there are terms for &lt;small&gt;INDIVIDUAL FINGERS&lt;/small&gt;. Subsequent research has shown that most of these features have to be considered cross-linguistic tendencies rather than true universals. Several languages, for example [[Tidore language|Tidore]] and [[Kuuk Thaayorre language|Kuuk Thaayorre]], lack a general term meaning 'body'. Rather, the highest level in the partonomy of body part terms would be the word for 'person'{{ref|enfield}}.

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;&gt;
# {{note|Gbe}} Gbe languages like [[Ewe language|Ewe]] and [[Fon language|Fon]] are examples of languages that lack true nasal consonants (see [[Gbe languages#Nasality in Gbe]]).
# {{note|NSM}} see for example Goddard &amp; Wierzbicka (1994) and Goddard (2002).
# {{note|rosch}} Rosch et. al. (1976)
# {{note|enfield}} Enfield et. al. ''to appear'', 17
&lt;/div&gt;

===Bibliography===
*Andersen, E.S. (1978) 'Lexical Universals of Body-Part Terminology'. In Greenberg 1978, 335-368.
*Bach, Emmon  &amp; Harms, Robert T. (eds.) (1968) ''Universals in linguistic theory.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Comrie, Bernard (1981) ''Language universals and linguistic typology.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*Enfield, Nick J. &amp; Asifa Majid &amp; Miriam van Staden (to appear) 'Cross-linguistic categorisation of the body: Introduction' (special issue of ''Language Sciences'').
*Ferguson, Charles A. (1968) 'Historical background of universals research'. In: Greenberg, Ferguson, &amp; Moravcsik, ''Universals of human languages'', pp. 7&amp;ndash;31.
*Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.). 1994. ''Semantic and Lexical Universals - Theory and Empirical Findings''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
*Goddard, Cliff (2002) '[http://www.une.edu.au/arts/LCL/disciplines/linguistics/Goddard_Ch1_2002.pdf The search for the shared semantic core of all languages]'. In Goddard &amp; Wierzbicka (eds.) ''Meaning and Universal Grammar - Theory and Empirical Findings'' volume 1, pp. 5-40, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (ed.) (1963) ''Universals of languages''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (ed.) (1978a) ''Universals of human language'' Vol. 4: ''Syntax''. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
*Greenberg, Joseph H. (ed.) (1978b) ''Universals of human language'' Vol. 3: ''Word structure''. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
*Rosch, E. &amp; Mervis, C.B. &amp; Gray, W.D. &amp; Johnson, D.M. &amp; Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) 'Basic Objects In Natural Categories', ''Cognitive Psychology'', 8-3, 382-439.

== External links==
* [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/index.php The Universals Archive] (University of Konstanz)
* [http://angli02.kgw.tu-berlin.de/Korean/Artikel02/ Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements] by Joseph H. Greenberg

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Linguistic universal]]

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alphabet</title>
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      <comment>/* The Alphabet effect */ unlink year</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''alphabet''' is a complete standardized set of ''letters'' &amp;mdash; basic written symbols &amp;mdash; each of which roughly represents a [[phoneme]] of a spoken [[language]], either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.  There are other [[writing system|systems of writing]] such as [[logogram]]s, in which each symbol represents a [[morpheme]], or word, and [[syllabary|syllabaries]], in which each symbol represents a syllable.

The word &quot;alphabet&quot; itself comes from [[alpha (letter)|alpha]] and [[beta (letter)|beta]], the first two symbols of the [[Greek alphabet]].  There are dozens of alphabets in use today.  Most of them are '[[linear writing|linear]]', which means that they are made up of lines.  Notable [[non-linear writing|exceptions]] are the [[Braille|Braille alphabet]], [[Morse code]] and the [[cuneiform script|cuneiform]] alphabet of the ancient city of [[Ugarit]].
{{alphabet}}
==Types==

The term &quot;alphabet&quot; is currently used by linguists both in a wider and in a narrower sense. In the wider sense, the term refers to any script that is segmental on the [[phoneme]] level, i.e. that has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish true &quot;alphabets&quot; from two other subtypes, [[abjad]]s and [[abugida]]s. The three types differ from each other in the way vowels are treated in relation to consonants. Abjads record only consonants and leave vowels (or most vowels) unexpressed; in Abugidas the vowels are indicated by diacritical marks or systematic modification of the form of the consonants. In alphabets in the narrow sense, both consonants and vowels have separate symbols. The first alphabet in the wider sense was the [[Proto-Canaanite alphabet]], an [[abjad]], which through its successor [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] became the ancestor of all later alphabets. The first alphabet in the narrow sense was the [[Greek alphabet]].

Examples of present-day abjads are the [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew script]]s; true alphabets include [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], [[Cyrillic]], and Korean [[Hangul]]; and abugidas are used to write [[Amharic]], [[Hindi]], and [[Thai]]. The [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] are also an abugida rather than a syllabary, as a glyph stands for a consonant and is rotated to represent the vowel, rather than each consonant-vowel combination being represented by a separate glyph, as in a true syllabary. 

The boundaries between these three types are not always clear-cut. For example, Iraqi [[Kurdish]] is written in the [[Arabic script]], which is normally an abjad. However, in Kurdish, writing the vowels is mandatory, and full letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with mandatory vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas. On the other hand, the [[Phagspa]] script of the [[Mongol Empire]] was based closely on the [[Tibetan script|Tibetan abugida]], but all vowel marks were written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks. Although short ''a'' was not written, as in the abugidas, one could argue that the linear arrangement made this a true alphabet. Conversely, the vowel marks of the [[Amharic_language#Amharic_Abugida_Symbols_.28.22Fidel.22_.E1.8D.8A.E1.8B.B0.E1.88.8D.29|Amharic abugida]] have been so completely assimilated into their consonants that the system is learned as a [[syllabary]] rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad became [[logogram|logographic]]. (See below.)

Thus the primary classification of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]], further classification can be based on the treatment of tone, though there are as yet no names to distinguish the various types. Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load, as in [[Somali]] and many other languages of Africa and the Americas. Such scripts are to tone what abjads are to vowels. Most commonly, tones are indicated with diacritics, the way vowels are treated in abugidas. This is the case for [[Vietnamese]] (a true alphabet) and [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] (an abugida). In Thai, tone is determined primarily by the choice of consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the [[Pollard script]] (an abugida), vowels are indicated by diacritics, but the placement of the vowel relative to the consonant indicates the tone.  More rarely, a script has separate letters for the tones, as is the case for [[Hmong]] and [[Zhuang]]. For many of these languages, regardless of whether letters or diacritics are used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. 

Alphabets can be quite small. The Book [[Pahlavi]] script, an abjad, had only twelve letters at one point, and may have had even fewer later on. Today the [[Rotokas alphabet]] has only twelve letters. (The [[Hawai'ian]] alphabet is sometimes claimed to be as small, but it actually consists of 18 letters, including the [[Okina|ʻokina]] and five long vowels.) While Rotokas has a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent (just eleven), Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been ''conflated'', that is, the graphic distinctions had been lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], another script that lost many of its distinct letter shapes. For example, a comma-shaped letter represented ''g, d, y, k,'' and ''j''. However, such simplifications can perversely make a script more complicated. In later Pahlavi [[papyrus|papyri]], up to half of the remaining graphic distinctions were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but had to be learned as word symbols &amp;ndash; that is, as [[logogram]]s like Egyptian [[Demotic Egyptian|Demotic]].

The largest segmental script is probably an abugida, [[Devanagari]]. When written in Devanagari, Vedic [[Sanskrit]] has an alphabet of 53 letters, including the ''visarga'' mark for final aspiration and special letters for ''kš'' and ''jñ'', though one of the letters is theoretical and not actually used. The Hindi alphabet must represent both Sanskrit and modern vocabulary, and so has been expanded to 58 with the ''khutma'' letters (letters with a dot added to represent sounds from Persian and English). 

The largest known abjad is [[Sindhi]], with 51 letters. The largest true alphabets include [[Kabardian]] and [[Abkhaz]] (for [[Cyrillic]]), with 58 and 56 letters, respectively, and [[Slovak]] (for the [[Latin alphabet]]), with 46. However, these scripts either include di- and tri-graphs, similar to Spanish ''ch'', or [[diacritic]]s, like Slovak ''č''. The largest true alphabet where each letter is graphically independent is probably [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian]], with 41 letters. 

Syllabaries typically include 50 to 400 glyphs (though the [[Múra-Pirahã language]] of [[Brazil]] would require only 24 if tone were not indicated, and Rotokas 30), and the glyphs of logographic systems number from the hundreds to the thousands. Thus a simple count of the number of distinct symbols is an important clue to the nature of an unknown script.

It is not always clear what constitutes a distinct alphabet.  [[French]] uses the same basic alphabet as English, but many of the letters can carry [[diacritic]] and other marks (for example, é, à or ô). In French, these marks are not considered to create additional letters.  However, in [[Icelandic]], the accented letters (such as á, í and ö) are considered distinct letters of the alphabet.  Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]], such as [[æ]] in [[Old English]] and [[Ou (letter)|&amp;#546;]] in [[Algonquian language|Algonquian]]; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] þ in [[Old English language|Old English]] and [[Icelandic]], which came from the [[Futhark]] runes; and by modifying existing letters, such as the [[Eth (letter)|eth]] ð of Old English and Icelandic, which came from ''d''. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, or [[Italian]], which only uses the letters ''j'', ''k'', ''x'', ''y'' and ''w'' for foreign words.

==Spelling==
{{details|Spelling}}

Each language may establish certain general rules that govern the association between letters and phonemes, but, depending on the language, these rules may or may not be consistently followed.  In a perfectly [[phonology| phonological]] alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions:  a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.  However, languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, so the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language.

Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways:

* A language may represent a given phoneme with a combination of letters rather than just a single letter. Two-letter combinations are called [[digraph]]s and three-letter groups are called [[trigraph]]s. [[Kabardian]] uses a tesseragraph (four letters) for one of its phonemes.
* A language may represent the same phoneme with two different letters or combinations of letters.
* A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons.
* Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence.
* Different dialects of a language may use different phonemes for the same word.
* A language may use different sets of symbols or different rules for distinct sets of vocabulary items (such as the Japanese [[hiragana]] and [[katakana]] syllabaries, or the various rules in English for spelling words from Latin and Greek, or the original [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] vocabulary.

National languages generally elect to address the problem of dialects by simply associating the alphabet with the national standard.  However, with an international language with wide variations in its dialects, such as [[English]], it would be impossible to represent the language in all its variations with a single phonetic alphabet.

Some national languages like [[Finnish]] have a very regular spelling system with a nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.  The [[Italian]] verb corresponding to 'spell', ''compitare'', is unknown to many Italians because the act of spelling itself is almost never needed: each phoneme of Standard Italian is represented in only one way. However, pronunciation cannot always be predicted from spelling because certain letters are pronounced in more than one way. In standard Spanish, it is possible to tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa; this is because certain phonemes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced. [[French]], with its [[silent letter]]s and its heavy use of [[nasal vowel]]s and [[elision]], may seem to lack much correspondence between spelling and pronunciation, but its rules on pronunciation are actually consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.  At the other extreme, however, are languages such as English and [[Irish]], where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way. For English, this is because the [[Great Vowel Shift]] occurred after the orthography was established, and because English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times retaining their original spelling at varying levels.  However, even English has general rules that predict pronunciation from spelling, and these rules are successful most of the time.

The sounds of speech of all languages of the world can be written by a rather small universal phonetic alphabet. A standard for this is the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].

==Collation==
{{details|Collation}}

An alphabet also serves to establish an ''order'' among letters that can be used for sorting entries in lists, called collating. Note that the order does not have to be constant among different languages using this alphabet; for examples see [[Latin alphabet#Collating in other languages|Latin alphabet: Collating in other languages]].

In recent years the [[Unicode]] initiative has attempted to collate most of the world's known writing systems into a single [[character encoding]]. As well as its primary purpose of standardising computer processing of non-Roman scripts, the Unicode project has provided a focus for script-related scholarship.

==The Alphabet effect==

Some communication theorists (notably those associated with the so-called &quot;Toronto school of communications&quot;, such as [[Marshall McLuhan]], [[Harold Innis]] and more recently [[Robert K. Logan]]) have advanced hypotheses to the effect that alphabetic scripts in particular have served to promote and encourage the skills of analysis, coding, decoding, and classification. This set of hypotheses may be known as &quot;the Alphabet effect&quot;, after the title of Logan's 1986 work. 

The theory claims that a greater level of abstraction is required due to the greater economy of symbols in alphabetic systems; and this abstraction needed to interpret phonemic symbols in turn has contributed in some way to the development of the societies which use it. Proponents of this theory hold that the development of alphabetic (as distinct to other types of) writing systems has made a significant impact on &quot;Western&quot; thinking and development because it introduced a new level of abstraction, analysis, and classification. McLuhan and Logan (1977) postulates that, as a result of these skills, the use of the alphabet created an environment conducive to the development of codified law, monotheism, abstract science, deductive logic, objective history, and individualism. According to Logan, &quot;All of these innovations, including the alphabet, arose within the very narrow geographic zone between the Tigris-Euphrates river system and the Aegean Sea, and within the very narrow time frame between 2000 B.C. and 500 B.C.&quot; (Logan 2004). 

However, many of these abstractions first occurred in societies which did not use an alphabet, such as the codified law of [[Hammurabi]] in [[Babylonia]], which predated similar codes in societies with the alphabet. Since the alphabet quickly spread to become nearly ubiquitous, it is difficult to trace cause and effect in this matter.

== See also ==

* [[Abecedarium]]
* [[Abjad]]
* [[Abugida]]
* [[Akshara]]
* [[Alphabetical order]]
* [[Alphabets derived from the Latin]]
* [[Artificial script]]s
* [[Character set]]
* [[Lipogram]]
* [[List of alphabets]]
* [[Syllabary]]
* [[Transliteration]]
* [[Unicode]]
* [[A]] | [[B]] | [[C]] | [[D]] | [[E]] | [[F]] | [[G]] | [[H]] | [[I]] | [[J]] | [[K]] | [[L]] | [[M]] | [[N]] | [[O]] | [[P]] | [[Q]] | [[R]] | [[S]] | [[T]] | [[U]] | [[V]] | [[W]] | [[X]] | [[Y]] | [[Z]]

== References ==

* {{cite book | author=Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William | title=The World's Writing Systems | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-19-507993-0 }} - Overview of modern and some ancient  writing systems.
* {{cite book | author=Driver, G.R. | title=Semetic Writing from Pictograph to Alphabet | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1976 }}
* {{cite book | author=Hoffman, Joel M. | title=In the Beginning:  A Short History of the Hebrew Language | publisher=NYU Press | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0814736548 }} - Chapter 3 traces and summarizes the invention of alphabetic writing.
* {{cite book | author=Logan, Robert K. | title=The Alphabet Effect: A Media Ecology Understanding of the Making of Western Civilization | publisher=Hampton Press | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-57273-522-8}}
* McLuhan, Marshall; Logan, Robert K. (1977). Alphabet, Mother of Invention. Etcetera. Vol. 34, pp. 373-383. 
* {{cite book | author=Ouaknin, Marc-Alain; Bacon, Josephine | title=Mysteries of the Alphabet: The Origins of Writing | publisher=Abbeville Press | year=1999 | id=ISBN 0-7892-0521-1 }}
* {{cite book | author=Sacks, David | title=Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z | publisher=Broadway Books | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-7679-1173-3}}
* {{cite book | author=Saggs, H.W.F | title=Civilization Before Greece and Rome | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1991 | id=ISBN 0300050313}} - Chapter 4 traces the invention of writing.

== External links ==
{{wiktionarypar|alphabet}}

* [http://omniglot.com/writing/alphabetic.htm Alphabetic Writing Systems]
* [[Michael Everson]]'s [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html Alphabets of Europe]
* The [http://www.unicode.org/cldr/data/diff/by_type/characters.html Unicode Consortium]
* [http://www.wam.umd.edu/~rfradkin/alphapage.html Evolution of alphabets] animation by Prof. Robert Fradkin at the University of Maryland
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/alphabet.html History of alphabet]
* [http://hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_One/Aleph-Bet/aleph-bet.html The Hebrew Alphabet]

{{wikipedia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greek alphabet</title>
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      <comment>/* Main table */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Greek alphabet''' is an [[alphabet]] that has been used to write the [[Greek language]] since about the [[9th century BC]]. It was the first true [[alphabet]], that is, an alphabet with a symbol for each vowel and consonant, and is the oldest alphabetic script in use today. The letters are also used to represent [[numbers]] — [[Greek numerals]] — in the same sorts of contexts as [[Roman numerals]]. Besides writing modern Greek, today its letters are used as [[Greek letters used in mathematics|mathematical symbols]], [[particle physics|particle names]] in physics, as [[Astronomical naming conventions#Names of stars|names of stars]], in the names of [[fraternities and sororities]], in the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names|naming of supernumerary tropical cyclones]], and for other purposes. The Greek alphabet originated as a modification of the [[Phoenician alphabet]] and in turn gave rise to the [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]], [[Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]], [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]], [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]], and possibly the [[Armenian alphabet]]s, as well as the [[Latin alphabet]], as documented in [[History of the alphabet]]. The Greek alphabet is unrelated to [[Linear B]] and the [[Cypriot syllabary]], earlier writing systems for Greek.

==Main table==

The Greek letters and their derivations are as follows (pronunciations transcribed using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]):

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Letter
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Name
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Pronunciation
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Corresponding&lt;br /&gt;[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]&lt;br /&gt;letter
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | [[Transliteration of Greek to the Latin alphabet|Transliteration]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;!-- footnote explains caveats --&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | Greek
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | English
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | Ancient
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | Modern
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | Ancient
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot; | Modern
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Α α
| {{polytonic|ἄλφα}}
| [[Alpha (letter)|Alpha]]
| {{IPA|[a] [a&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Open front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[a]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_aleph.png|20px|Aleph]] [[Aleph (letter)|'Aleph]]
| a
| a
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Β β
| {{polytonic|βῆτα}}
| [[Beta (letter)|Beta]]
| {{IPA|[b]}}
| [[Voiced labiodental fricative|{{IPA|[v]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_beth.png|20px|Beth]] [[Beth (letter)|Beth]]
| b
| v
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Γ γ
| {{polytonic|γάμμα}}
| [[Gamma (letter)|Gamma]]
| {{IPA|[g]}}
| [[Voiced palatal fricative|{{IPA|[&amp;#669;]}}]] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Voiced velar fricative|{{IPA|[&amp;#611;]}}]] otherwise
| [[Image:phoenician_gimel.png|20px|Gimel]] [[Gimel (letter)|Gimel]]
| g
| gh, g, y
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Δ δ
| {{polytonic|δέλτα}}
| [[Delta (letter)|Delta]]
| {{IPA|[d]}}
| [[Voiced dental fricative|{{IPA|[&amp;#240;]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_daleth.png|20px|Daleth]] [[Daleth]]
| d
| d, dh
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ε ε
| {{polytonic|ἒψιλόν}}
| [[Epsilon (letter)|Epsilon]]
| {{IPA|[e]}}
| [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_he.png|20px|He]] [[He (letter)|He]]
| e
| e
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ζ ζ
| {{polytonic|ζῆτα}}
| [[Zeta (letter)|Zeta]]
| {{IPA|[zd]}}, later {{IPA|[z&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|[z]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_zayin.png|20px|Zayin]] [[Zayin]]
| z
| z
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Η η
| {{polytonic|ἦτα}}
| [[Eta (letter)|Eta]]
| {{IPA|[&amp;#603;&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_heth.png|20px|Heth]] [[Heth (letter)|Heth]]
| e, ē
| i
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Θ θ
| {{polytonic|θῆτα}}
| [[Theta (letter)|Theta]]
| {{IPA|[t&amp;#688;]}}
| [[Voiceless dental fricative|{{IPA|[&amp;#952;]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_teth.png|20px|Teth]] [[Teth]]
| th
| th
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ι ι
| {{polytonic|ἰῶτα}}
| [[Iota (letter)|Iota]]
| {{IPA|[i] [i&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]], [[Palatal approximant|{{IPA|[j]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_yodh.png|20px|Yodh]] [[Yodh]]
| i
| i
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Κ κ
| {{polytonic|κάππα}}
| [[Kappa (letter)|Kappa]]
| {{IPA|[k]}}
| [[Voiceless velar fricative|{{IPA|[c]}}]] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Voiceless velar stop|{{IPA|[k]}}]] otherwise
| [[Image:phoenician_kaph.png|20px|Kaph]] [[Kaph]]
| k
| k
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Λ λ
| {{polytonic|λάμβδα}}
| [[Lambda (letter)|Lambda]]
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| [[Alveolar lateral approximant|{{IPA|[l]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_lamedh.png|20px|Lamedh]] [[Lamedh]]
| l
| l
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Μ μ
| {{polytonic|μῦ}}
| [[Mu (letter)|Mu]]
| {{IPA|[m]}}
| [[Bilabial nasal|{{IPA|[m]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_mem.png|20px|Mem]] [[Mem]]
| m
| m
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ν ν
| {{polytonic|νῦ}}
| [[Nu (letter)|Nu]]
| {{IPA|[n]}}
| [[Alveolar nasal|{{IPA|[n]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_nun.png|20px|Nun]] [[Nun (letter)|Nun]]
| n
| n
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ξ ξ
| {{polytonic|ξῖ}}
| [[Xi (letter)|Xi]]
| {{IPA|[ks]}}
| {{IPA|[ks]}}
| [[Image:phoenician_samekh.png|20px|Samekh]] [[Samekh]]
| x
| x, ks
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ο ο
| {{polytonic|ὄμικρόν}}
| [[Omicron]]
| {{IPA|[o]}}
| [[Close-mid back rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|{{IPA|[o̞]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_ayin.png|20px|Ayin]] [[Ayin|'Ayin]]
| o
| o
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Π π
| {{polytonic|πῖ}}
| [[Pi (letter)|Pi]]
| {{IPA|[p]}}
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|{{IPA|[p]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_pe.png|20px|Pe]] [[Pe (letter)|Pe]]
| p
| p
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ρ ρ
| {{polytonic|ῥῶ}}
| [[Rho (letter)|Rho]]
| {{IPA|[r]}}, {{IPA|[r&amp;#805;]}}
| [[Alveolar flap|{{IPA|[ɾ]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_res.png|20px|Res]] [[Resh]]
| r ({{polytonic|ῥ}}: rh)
| r
|-
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;&gt;Σ σ&lt;br /&gt;ς&lt;/span&gt; (final)
| {{polytonic|σῖγμα}}
| [[Sigma (letter)|Sigma]]
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|[s]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_sin.png|20px|Sin]] [[Shin (letter)|Shin]]
| s
| s
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Τ τ
| {{polytonic|ταῦ}}
| [[Tau (letter)|Tau]]
| {{IPA|[t]}}
| [[Voiceless alveolar stop|{{IPA|[t]}}]]
| [[Image:phoenician_taw.png|20px|Taw]] [[Taw (letter)|Taw]]
| t
| t
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Υ υ
| {{polytonic|ὒψιλόν}}
| [[Upsilon (letter)|Upsilon]]
| {{IPA|[u] [u&amp;#720;], later [y] [y&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]
| from [[Image:phoenician_waw.png|20px|Waw]] [[Waw (letter)|Waw]]
| u, y (between consonants)
| y, v, f
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Φ φ
| {{polytonic|φῖ}}
| [[Phi (letter)|Phi]]
| {{IPA|[p&amp;#688;]}}
| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|{{IPA|[f]}}]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | origin disputed (see text)
| ph
| f
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Χ χ
| {{polytonic|χῖ}}
| [[Chi (letter)|Chi]]
| {{IPA|[k&amp;#688;]}}
| [[Voiceless palatal fricative|{{IPA|[ç]}}]] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Voiceless velar fricative|{{IPA|[x]}}]] otherwise
| ch
| ch, kh
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ψ ψ
| {{polytonic|ψῖ}}
| [[Psi (letter)|Psi]]
| {{IPA|[ps]}}
| {{IPA|[ps]}}
| ps
| ps
|-
|style=&quot;font-size:133%;&quot;|Ω ω
| {{polytonic|ὦμέγα}}
| [[Omega]]
| {{IPA|[&amp;#596;&amp;#720;]}}
| [[Close-mid back rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|{{IPA|[o̞]}}]]
| o, ō
| o
|}
# For details and different transliteration systems see [[Transliteration of Greek into English]].

Some of the letters had different pronunciations in pre-classical times or in non-Attic dialects. For details, see [[History of the Greek alphabet]].

===Obsolete letters===

The following letters are not part of the standard Greek alphabet, but were in use in pre-classical times or in certain dialects. The letters digamma, qoppa, and sampi were also used in [[Greek numerals]].

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Name
! style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Pronunciation
! style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | Corresponding&lt;br /&gt;[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]&lt;br /&gt;letter
! style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot; | [[Transliteration of Greek to the Latin alphabet|Transliteration]]
|-
| [[Image:Greek_alphabet_digamma2.png|25px]]
| [[Digamma (letter)|Digamma]]
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| [[Image:phoenician_waw.png|20px|Waw]] [[Waw (letter)|Waw]]
| w
|-
| [[Image:Greek_alphabet_san.png|40px]]
| [[San (letter)|San]]
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| [[Image:phoenician_sade.png|20px|Sade]] [[Tsade]]
| s
|-
| [[Image:Greek alphabet qoppa.png|40px]]
| [[Qoppa (letter)|Qoppa]]
| {{IPA|[q]}}
| [[Image:phoenician_qof.png|20px|Qoph]] [[Qoph]]
| q
|-
| [[Image:Greek alphabet sampi.png|40px]]
| [[Sampi (letter)|Sampi]]
| {{IPA|[ts]}} ?
| Origin disputed
| &amp;ndash;
|}

==Letter combinations and diphthongs==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;|Letters !! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;|Pronunciation !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccf;&quot;|Latin [[transliteration]]
|-----
! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot;|archaic !! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot;|classical !! style=&quot;background:#ccffff;&quot;|modern
|-----
|[[Iota subscript|{{Polytonic|ᾳ}}]]||[{{IPA|a&amp;#720;&amp;#618;}}]||[{{IPA|a&amp;#720;}}]||[[Open front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[a]}}]]||a
|-----
|αι||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|a&amp;#618;}}]||[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]]||ae
|-----
|ει||[{{IPA|e&amp;#618;}}]||[{{IPA|e&amp;#720;}}]||[[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]||i
|-----
|[[Iota subscript|{{Polytonic|ῃ}}]]||[{{IPA|ɛːi}}]||[{{IPA|ɛː}}]||[[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]||e
|-----
|οι||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|o&amp;#618;}}]||[[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]||oe, i (final)
|-----
|υι||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|y&amp;#618;}}]||[[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]||ui
|-----
|[[Iota subscript|{{Polytonic|ῳ}}]]||[{{IPA|&amp;#596;&amp;#720;&amp;#618;}}]||[{{IPA|&amp;#596;&amp;#720;}}]||[[Close-mid back rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|{{IPA|[o̞]}}]]||o
|-----
|αυ||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|a&amp;#650;}}]||[{{IPA|av}}] before vowel or voiced consonant;&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|af}}] before voiceless sound||au, av
|-----
|ευ||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|e&amp;#650;}}]||[{{IPA|e̞v}}] before vowel or voiced consonant;&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|e̞f}}] before voiceless sound||eu, ev
|-----
|ηυ||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|&amp;#603;&amp;#720;&amp;#650;}}]||[{{IPA|iv}}] before vowel or voiced consonant;&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|if}}] before voiceless sound||eu
|-----
|ου||[{{IPA|o&amp;#650;}}]&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|o&amp;#720;}}]||[{{IPA|u&amp;#720;}}]||[[Close back rounded vowel|{{IPA|[u]}}]]||u, ou
|-----
|γγ*||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;g}}]||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;g}}] in formal speech (palatalised to [{{IPA|ŋɟ}}] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]),&lt;br /&gt;but often reduced to [[Voiced velar stop|{{IPA|[g]}}]] (palatalised to [[Voiced palatal stop|{{IPA|[ɟ]}}]] before {{IPA|[e̞]}} or {{IPA|[i]}});&lt;br /&gt;also pronounced [{{IPA|ŋɣ}}] in some contexts (palatalised to [{{IPA|ŋʝ}}] before {{IPA|[e̞]}})||ng
|-----
|γκ*||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;k}}]||[[Voiced velar stop|{{IPA|[g]}}]] at the beginning of a word (palatalised to [[Voiced palatal stop|{{IPA|[ɟ]}}]] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]]);&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|&amp;#331;g}}] otherwise (palatalised to [{{IPA|ŋɟ}}] before {{IPA|[e̞]}} or {{IPA|[i]}}),&lt;br /&gt;but often reduced to {{IPA|[g]}} (palatalised to {{IPA|[ɟ]}} before {{IPA|[e̞]}} or {{IPA|[i]}})||nc, nk
|-----
|γξ*||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;ks}}]||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;ks}}]||nx, nks
|-----
|γχ*||&amp;nbsp;||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;x}}]||[{{IPA|&amp;#331;ç}}] before [[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e̞]}}]] or [[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]];&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|&amp;#331;x}}] otherwise||nch, nkh
|-----
|μπ||-||-||[[Voiced bilabial stop|{{IPA|[b]}}]] at the beginning of a word;&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|mb}}] otherwise, but often reduced to {{IPA|[b]}}||mp
|-----
|ντ||-||-||[[Voiced alveolar stop|{{IPA|[d]}}]] at the beginning of a word;&lt;br /&gt;[{{IPA|nd}}] otherwise, but often reduced to {{IPA|[d]}}||nt
|}
*Some scholars see [[Velar nasal|{{IPA|[ŋ]}}]] ([[agma]]) as a [[phoneme]] in its own right.

==Ligatures==
Before the days of printing, [[scribes]] made use of a number of [[Ligature (typography)|ligatures]] to save space, in Greek as in other languages. The ligature for ου &amp;mdash; resembling a V above an O &amp;mdash; is still sometimes seen. For a modern use of this in the [[Latin alphabet]], see [[Ou (letter)]]

==History==
{{alphabet}}[[Image:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|Early Greek alphabet. [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]]]]

''Main article: [[History of the Greek alphabet]].''

According to legends recounted by [[Herodotus]], the alphabet was first introduced to Greece by a Phoenician named [[Cadmus]], who also figures in other [[Greek mythology]].

The most notable change in the Greek alphabet, compared to its predecessor, the [[Phoenician alphabet]], is the introduction of written [[vowel]]s, without which Greek &amp;mdash; unlike Phoenician &amp;mdash; would be unintelligible.  In fact most alphabets that contain vowels are derived ultimately from Greek, although there are exceptions ([[Hangul]], [[Orkhon script]], [[Ge'ez alphabet]], [[Indic alphabets]], and [[Old Hungarian script]]). The first vowels were alpha, epsilon, iota, omicron, and upsilon (copied from waw), modifications of either glides or breathing marks, which were mostly superfluous in Greek.  In eastern Greek, which lacked breaths entirely, the letter eta was also used for a long e, and eventually the letter omega was introduced for a long o. Vowels were originally not used in Semitic alphabets, but even in the very old Ugaritic alphabet [[matres lectionis]] were used, i.e. consonant signs were used to denote vowels.

Greek also introduced three new consonants, appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed.  These consonants made up for the lack of aspirates in Phoenician. In west Greek, Χ was used for /{{IPA|ks}}/ and Ψ for /{{IPA|kʰ}}/ &amp;mdash; hence the value of our letter x, derived from the western Greek alphabet. Over the [[middle ages]] these aspirates disappeared, so now theta, phi, and chi stand for /{{IPA|θ}}/, /{{IPA|f}}/, and /{{IPA|x}}/. The origin of those letters is disputed.

The letter san was used at variance with sigma, and by classical times the latter won out, san disappearing from the alphabet.  The letters waw (later called digamma) and qoppa disappeared, too, the former only needed for the western dialects and the latter never really needed at all.  These lived on in the [[Ionic numeral system]], however, which consisted of writing a series letters with precise numerical values.  Sampi (apparently in a rare local glyph form from Ionia) was introduced at the end — to stand for 900.  Thousands were written using a mark at the upper left ('A for 1000, etc).

Originally there were several variants of the Greek alphabet, most importantly western (Chalcidian) and eastern (Ionic) Greek; the former gave rise to the [[Old Italic alphabet]] and thence to the [[Latin alphabet]].  [[Athens]] took the Ionic script to be its standard in [[403 BC]], and shortly thereafter the other versions disappeared.  By then Greek was always written left to right, but originally it had been written right to left (with asymmetrical characters flipped), and in-between written either way — or, most likely, ''[[boustrophedon]]'', so that the lines alternate direction.

During the [[Middle ages]], the Greek scripts underwent changes paralleling those of the Roman alphabet: while the old forms were retained as a monumental script, uncial and eventually [[minuscule letter|minuscule]] hands came to dominate.  The letter σ is even written ς at the ends of words, paralleling the use of the [[Long s|long and short s]] at the time.  [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] also introduced the process of accenting Greek letters for easier pronunciation.

Because Greek [[minuscule]]s arose at a (much) later date, no historic minuscule actually exists for ''san''. Minuscule forms for the other letters were only used numerically. For number 6, modern Greeks use an old [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] called stigma ({{polytonic|Ϛ}}, {{polytonic|ϛ}}) instead of digamma or use στ if it is not available. For 90 they use modern z-shaped qoppa forms: {{polytonic|Ϟ}}, {{polytonic|ϟ}} (Note that some web browser/font combinations will show the other qoppa here).

==Use of the Greek alphabet for other languages==

The primary use of the Greek alphabet has always been to write the Greek language and related dialects (including [[Ancient Macedonian]]).  However, at various times and in various places, it has also been used to write other languages.

Early examples:

*Some Narbonese [[Gaulish]] inscriptions in southern France use the Greek alphabet (c300 BC).
*The [[Hebrew]] text of the [[Bible]] was written in Greek in [[Origen]]'s [[Hexapla]].
*An 8th century [[Arabic]] fragment preserves a text in Greek.

In more modern times:

*[[Turkish]] spoken by [[Orthodox Christian]]s ([[Karamanlides]]) was often written in Greek script, and called &quot;[[Karamanlidika]]&quot;.
*[[Tosk]] [[Albanian]] was often written using the Greek alphabet, starting in about 1500 (Elsie, 1991).  The printing press at [[Moschopolis]] published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century. It was only in 1908 that the [[Bitola|Monastir]] conference standardized a [[Albanian alphabet|Latin orthography]] for both Tosk and [[Gheg]].  The Greek-based [[Arvanitic alphabet]] is now only used in Greece.
*Various [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] dialects, similar to the modern [[Macedonian language]], have been preserved in Greek script.  The modern Macedonian language uses a modified [[Cyrillic alphabet]].
*[[Aromanian]] (Vlach) has been written in Greek characters.  There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian, but it appears that one based on the [[Romanian]] orthography will be adopted.
*[[Gagauz]], a [[Turkic language]] of the northeast Balkans.
*[[Surguch]], a [[Turkic language]] spoken by a small group of [[Orthodox Christian]]s in northern Greece.
*[[Urum]] or Greek Tatar.
* The [[Coptic alphabet]] is the Greek alphabet augmented with several new letters.
*The [[Old Nubian language]] of [[Makuria]] used the Greek alphabet augmented with three Coptic letters and three unique letters.

==Greek encodings==

A variety of encodings have been used for Greek online, many of them documented in RFC 1947 &quot;Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail Messages&quot;.

The two principal ones still used today are [[ISO/IEC 8859-7]] and [[Unicode]].  ISO 8859-7 supports only [[monotonic orthography]]; Unicode supports [[polytonic orthography]].

===Greek in Unicode===

Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek, and even many archaic forms for [[epigraphy]].  With the use of [[combining characters]], Unicode also supports Greek [[philology]] and [[dialectology]] and various other specialized requirements.  However, most current implementations of Unicode do not support combining characters well, so, though alpha with [[macron]] and [[acute accent|acute]] can be ''represented'' as U+03B1 U+0304 U+0301, this rarely renders well: {{Polytonic|ᾱ́}}.

For extended discussion of problematic Greek letter forms in Unicode see [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode.html Greek Unicode Issues].

There are 2 main blocks of Greek characters in [[Unicode]].
The first is &quot;Greek and Coptic&quot; (U+0370 &amp;mdash; U+03FF).
This block is based on [[ISO 8859-7]] and is sufficient to write Modern Greek.
There are also some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols.

This block also supports the [[Coptic language]]. Formerly most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; but in many scholarly works, both scripts occur, with quite different letter shapes, so as of
Unicode 4.1, Coptic and Greek were disunified. Those Coptic letters with
no Greek equivalents still remain in this block.

To write polytonic Greek, one may use [[combining diacritical mark]]s or the precomposed characters in the &quot;Greek Extended&quot; block (U+1F00 &amp;ndash; U+1FFF).

====Greek and Coptic====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; lang=&quot;el&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
!width=&quot;7.2%&quot;|&amp;nbsp;!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|F
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!0370
|style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#884;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#885;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#890;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#894;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!0380
|style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#900;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#901;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#902;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#903;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#904;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#905;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#906;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#908;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#910;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#911;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!0390
|{{polytonic|&amp;#912;}}||Α||Β||Γ||Δ||Ε||Ζ||Η||Θ||Ι||Κ||Λ||Μ||Ν||Ξ||Ο
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03A0
|Π||Ρ||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||Σ||Τ||Υ||Φ||Χ||Ψ||Ω||{{polytonic|&amp;#938;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#939;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#940;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#941;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#942;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#943;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03B0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#944;}}||α||β||γ||δ||ε||ζ||η||θ||ι||κ||λ||μ||ν||ξ||ο
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03C0
|π||ρ||{{polytonic|&amp;#962;}}||σ||τ||υ||φ||χ||ψ||ω||{{polytonic|&amp;#970;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#971;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#972;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#973;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#974;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03D0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#976;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#977;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#978;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#979;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#980;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#981;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#982;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#983;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#984;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#985;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#986;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#987;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#988;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#989;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#990;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#991;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03E0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#992;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#993;}}||colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd;&quot;|''(Coptic letters here)''
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!03F0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#1008;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1009;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1010;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1011;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1012;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1013;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1014;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1015;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1016;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1017;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1018;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1019;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1020;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1021;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1022;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#1023;}}
|}

====Greek Extended (precomposed polytonic Greek) ====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; lang=&quot;el&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
!width=&quot;7.2%&quot;|&amp;nbsp;!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|0!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|1!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|2!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|3!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|4!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|5!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|6!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|7!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|8!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|9!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|A!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|B!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|C!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|D!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|E!!width=&quot;5.8%&quot;|F
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F00
|{{polytonic|&amp;#7936;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7937;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7938;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7939;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7940;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7941;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7942;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7943;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7944;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7945;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7946;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7947;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7948;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7949;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7950;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7951;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F10
|{{polytonic|&amp;#7952;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7953;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7954;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7955;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7956;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7957;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#7960;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7961;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7962;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7963;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7964;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7965;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F20
|{{polytonic|&amp;#7968;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7969;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7970;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7971;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7972;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7973;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7974;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7975;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7976;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7977;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7978;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7979;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7980;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7981;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7982;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7983;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F30
|{{polytonic|&amp;#7984;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7985;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7986;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7987;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7988;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7989;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7990;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7991;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7992;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7993;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7994;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7995;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7996;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7997;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7998;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#7999;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F40
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8000;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8001;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8002;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8003;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8004;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8005;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8008;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8009;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8010;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8011;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8012;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8013;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F50
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8016;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8017;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8018;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8019;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8020;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8021;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8022;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8023;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8025;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8027;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8029;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8031;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F60
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8032;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8033;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8034;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8035;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8036;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8037;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8038;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8039;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8040;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8041;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8042;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8043;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8044;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8045;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8046;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8047;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F70
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8048;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8049;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8050;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8051;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8052;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8053;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8054;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8055;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8056;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8057;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8058;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8059;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8060;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8061;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F80
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8064;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8065;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8066;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8067;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8068;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8069;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8070;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8071;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8072;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8073;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8074;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8075;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8076;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8077;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8078;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8079;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1F90
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8080;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8081;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8082;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8083;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8084;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8085;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8086;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8087;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8088;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8089;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8090;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8091;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8092;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8093;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8094;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8095;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FA0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8096;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8097;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8098;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8099;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8100;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8101;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8102;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8103;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8104;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8105;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8106;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8107;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8108;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8109;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8110;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8111;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FB0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8112;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8113;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8114;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8115;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8116;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8118;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8119;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8120;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8121;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8122;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8123;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8124;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8125;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8126;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8127;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FC0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8128;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8129;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8130;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8131;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8132;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8134;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8135;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8136;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8137;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8138;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8139;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8140;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8141;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8142;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8143;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FD0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8144;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8145;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8146;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8147;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8150;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8151;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8152;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8153;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8154;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8155;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8157;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8158;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8159;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FE0
|{{polytonic|&amp;#8160;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8161;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8162;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8163;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8164;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8165;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8166;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8167;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8168;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8169;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8170;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8171;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8172;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8173;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8174;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8175;}}
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
!1FF0
|style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8178;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8179;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8180;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;||{{polytonic|&amp;#8182;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8183;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8184;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8185;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8186;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8187;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8188;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8189;}}||{{polytonic|&amp;#8190;}}||style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|}

====Combining and letter-free diacritics====
[[Combining diacritical mark|Combining]] and spacing (letter-free) [[diacritical mark]]s pertaining to [[Greek language]] are:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!combining!!spacing!!sample!!description
|-
|U+0300||U+0060||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̀}} )||&quot;varia / [[grave accent]]&quot;
|-
|U+0301||U+00B4, U+0384||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;́}} )||&quot;oxia / tonos / [[acute accent]]&quot;
|-
|U+0304||U+00AF||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̄}} )||&quot;[[macron]]&quot;
|-
|U+0306||U+02D8||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̆}} )||&quot;vrachy / [[breve]]&quot;
|-
|U+0308||U+00A8||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̈}} )||&quot;dialytika / [[diaeresis]]&quot;
|-
|U+0313|| ||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̓}} )||&quot;psili / comma above&quot; ([[spiritus lenis]])
|-
|U+0314|| ||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̔}} )||&quot;dasia / reversed comma above&quot; ([[spiritus asper]])
|-
|U+0342|| ||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;͂}} )||&quot;perispomeni&quot; ([[circumflex]])
|-
|U+0343|| ||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̓}} )||&quot;[[coronis|koronis]]&quot; (= U+0313)
|-
|U+0344||U+0385||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;̈́}} )||&quot;dialytika tonos&quot; (deprecated, = U+0308 U+0301)
|-
|U+0345||U+037A||( {{polytonic|&amp;nbsp;ͅ}} )||&quot;ypogegrammeni / [[iota subscript]]&quot;.
|}

==Bibliography==

*Humez, Alexander and Nicholas, ''Alpha to omega: the life &amp;amp; times of the Greek alphabet'', Godine, 1981, ISBN 087923377X.  A popular history, more about Greek roots in English than about the alphabet itself.
*Michael S. Macrakis, ed., ''Greek letters: from tablets to pixels'', proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Greek Font Society, Oak Knoll Press, 1996, ISBN 1884718272. Includes papers on history, typography, and character coding by [[Hermann Zapf]], [[Matthew Carter]], [[Nicolas Barker]], [[John A. Lane]], [[Kyle McCarter]], [[Jerôme Peignot]], [[Pierre MacKay]], [[Silvio Levy]], ''et al.''
*Jeffery, Lilian Hamilton, ''The local scripts of archaic Greece: a study of the origin of the Greek alphabet and its development from the eighth to the fifth centuries B.C.'', Oxford, 1961, ISBN 0198140614.
*Macrakis, Stavros M., &quot;Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions&quot; in Macrakis, 1996.  Includes discussion of the Greek alphabet used for languages other than Greek. [http://www.writingsystems.net/systems/greek/languages.htm]
* Robert Elsie, &quot;Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing&quot;, ''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies'' '''15''':20 (1991) [http://www.elsie.de/pub/pdf_articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf].

==See also==
{{Commons|Greek alphabet}}
*[[Ancient Greek phonology]]
*[[Arvanitic alphabet]]
*[[Greeklish]]
*[[Polytonic orthography]]
*[[Monotonic orthography]]
*[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]
*[[Greek letters used in mathematics]]
*[[Transliteration of Greek into English]]
*[[Greek numerals]], a system of representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet
*[[List of XML and HTML character entity references]]

==External links==
* [http://greek-language.com/alphabet The Greek Alphabet] A presentation of the Greek letters with pronunciation for Modern and Classical Greek.
* [http://www.theiling.de/schrift/#greek The Greek Script Online Trainer] Shows common errors for each letter (''e.g.'' υ ''vs.'' ν).

{{wikipedia}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Object Verb Subject</title>
    <id>2120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46613</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T10:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Object Verb Subject''' (OVS) is one of the [[permutation]]s of expression used in [[linguistic typology]]. OVS denotes the sequence '[[Object]] [[Verb]] [[Subject]]' in unmarked expressions: ''Oranges ate Sam'', ''Thorns have roses''. While these sentences remain grammatically correct in English, unlike those written in [[Subject Object Verb]], their meaning is lost.  But English and other [[Subject Verb Object]] languages frequently use an Object-Verb-Subject type sentence order when writing in the [[passive voice]], for example ''The oranges were eaten by Sam''.

&lt;!-- Note: the kind of [[permutation]] meant here is clearly the kind used in mathematics described in the first section of the permutation article. Some work will definitely have to be done to make that section of the permutation article a little more intelligible and interesting for language oriented people. So remains to be done :-) . --&gt;
OVS is a class of languages used in the classification of languages according to the dominant [[sequence (linguistics)|sequence]] of these [[constituents (linguistics)|constituents]]. In this case the sequence of the constituents is Object Verb Subject. This sequence is the rarest of the six possible orderings of Subject, Verb, and Object. Examples of human languages that use it include [[Guarijio]] and [[Hixkaryana]].

Although not dominant, this sequence is also possible when the object is stressed in languages that have relatively free word order due to case marking. [[Romanian]], [[Basque]], [[Esperanto]], and, to some extent, [[German]] are examples. Some languages, such as [[Swedish]], which normally lack any extensive case marking, allow such structures when [[pronoun]]s (which are marked for case) are involved.

This sequence was chosen for the [[artificial language]] [[Klingon]], a language spoken by the [[extraterrestrial]] [[Klingon race]] in the fictional universe of the [[Star Trek]] series, in order to make the language sound deliberately alien and counterintuitive. Thus, Klingon uses the rarest permutation of expression, which is expected given the designers' goals.

==See also==   
* [[Word order in Latin]]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Object Verb Subject]]

[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Klingon language</title>
    <id>2121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56255</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;toccolours&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;It has been suggested that this article or section be '''merged''' into ''[[Klingon]]''. &lt;/div&gt;

The '''Klingon language''' or '''Klingonese''' ('''''tlhIngan Hol''''' in Klingon) is a [[constructed language]] – an [[artistic language]] created by [[Marc Okrand]] for [[Paramount Pictures]] and spoken by [[Klingon]]s in the fictional [[Star Trek]] universe.  He designed the language with [[Object Verb Subject]] (OVS) word order to give an alien feel to the language. Klingon is similar to [[Native American languages]] in several aspects. The basic sound (along with a very few words) was first devised by [[James Doohan]] for ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''; the film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen, all previous appearances of the Klingons being in English.

Klingon is sometimes referred to as Klingonese (most notably in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episode &quot;[[The Trouble with Tribbles]]&quot;), but among the Klingon-speaking community this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language that is described in [[John M. Ford]]'s Star Trek novels as [[Klingonaase]].

== Language ==
A description of the Klingon language can be found in Okrand's book &lt;cite&gt;The Klingon Dictionary&lt;/cite&gt; (Published by Pocket Books, Simon &amp; Schuster, 1985, second edition with new addendum 1992, ISBN 067174559X). Other notable works include &lt;cite&gt;The Klingon Way&lt;/cite&gt; (with Klingon sayings and proverbs), &lt;cite&gt;Klingon for the Galactic Traveler&lt;/cite&gt; and the two audio productions &lt;cite&gt;Conversational Klingon&lt;/cite&gt; and &lt;cite&gt;Power Klingon&lt;/cite&gt;.  In the pilot episode of ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', &quot;[[Broken Bow (Enterprise episode)|Broken Bow]]&quot; (2001), the Klingon language is described as having eighty [[articulatory phonetics|polyguttural]] [[dialect]]s constructed on an adaptive [[syntax]] ''(for more, see [[#Phonology|Phonology]])''.  

Three books have also been published in the tongue:  &lt;cite&gt;[[ghIlghameS]]&lt;/cite&gt; (&lt;cite&gt;[[Gilgamesh]]&lt;/cite&gt;), ''Hamlet'' (&lt;cite&gt;[[Hamlet]]&lt;/cite&gt;), and &lt;cite&gt;paghmo' tIn mIS&lt;/cite&gt; (&lt;cite&gt;[[Much Ado About Nothing]]&lt;/cite&gt;).  These last two choices were inspired by a remark by a Klingon chancellor in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' that [[Shakespeare]] is best read in the original Klingon.

Some [[Trekkies]] take the time to learn it and at some Star Trek [[convention]]s one can hear enthusiasts use it amongst themselves. They often greet each other with the Klingon word ''nuqneH'' (literally: &quot;What do you want?&quot;), which is said to be the closest thing to a greeting that exists in the language.  Another phrase commonly heard among Star Trek fans is &quot;''&lt;nowiki&gt;Qapla' &lt;/nowiki&gt;''&quot;, the Klingon word for &quot;success&quot;.

[[D'Armond Speers]] and his wife began raising a child bilingually in English and Klingon; Speers spoke in Klingon and his wife in [[English language|English]]. A few years into his life, the child began rejecting Klingon and gravitating towards English, as he could use English with many more speakers. The fact that Klingon lacked many words for things that were important in a baby's life, such as &quot;diaper&quot;, and &quot;pacifier&quot;, was a lesser issue. At the time of Speers' attempt, Klingon even lacked words for many objects common around the house, such as &quot;table&quot;.

In May 2003, the [[Multnomah County, Oregon]] [[Department of Human Services]] named Klingon on a list of 55 languages for which it might conceivably need interpreters; this story was circulated out-of-context as an [[urban legend]] claiming that the department was looking to hire a Klingon interpreter. [[County]] [[Chair]] [[Diane Linn]] called the listing the &quot;result of an overzealous attempt to ensure that our safety net systems can respond to all customers and clients.&quot; [http://www.snopes.com/humor/iftrue/klingon.asp]

Paramount owns a [[copyright]] to the official dictionary and other [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]] descriptions of the language. Some people dispute the validity of Paramount's claim of copyright on the language itself in light of the [[Supreme Court of the United States | U.S. Supreme Court's]] ''[[Feist v. Rural | Feist]]'' decision, but no challenge has actually been brought to court.

A [[programming language]] called [[var'aq]] was inspired by Klingon.

[[Google]] is available in Klingon. [http://www.google.com/intl/xx-klingon/]

Features of the Klingon language were taken from various real Earth languages:-
* Using a sentence as a noun clause by appending ''&lt;nowiki&gt;'e'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' to it was inspired by [[Sanskrit]] (which uses ''iti'' in the same role).
* The relative pronoun prefix for verbs is similar to a [[Swahili]] construction.
* Pronoun verb prefixes occur in [[Swahili]] and [[Nahuatl]].
* Amalgamating the subject and object pronoun prefixes is paralleled in [[Nahuatl]].
* The rules for use of the suffix ''je'' = &quot;and&quot; are about the same as in [[Sanskrit]] (which uses ''ca'').
* The word ''HoD'' = &quot;captain&quot; occurs also as an English [[acronym]] ''HoD'' = &quot;head of department&quot;.

== Phonology ==

Klingon has been developed with a phonology that, while based on human [[natural languages]], is intended to sound alien. The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] consonants in the language's inventory. Although natural languages use a number of different [[airstream mechanism]]s besides the common [[pulmonic egressive]], these other mechanisms are not used in Klingon. This is perhaps because these sounds are a lot more difficult to learn to produce if one's language does not use them. Klingon has twenty-one or twenty-two consonants, but only five cardinal vowels. Klingon is normally written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]] (see [[#Writing system|below]]). In this orthography, [[upper case|upper]] and [[lower case]] letters are not interchangeable (uppercase letters mostly represent sounds different to those expected by English speakers). In the discussion below, standard Klingon orthography appears in ''&amp;lt;angle brackets&amp;gt;'', and the [[phoneme|phonemic transcription]] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is written between ''/slashes/''.

===Consonants===
The inventory of consonants in Klingon is spread over a number of [[place of articulation|places of articulation]]. In spite of this, the inventory has many gaps: Klingon has no [[velar consonant|velar plosives]], and only one [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]].

;[[Labial consonant|Labials]]
:&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/pʰ/}} &amp;mdash; [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless bilabial stop]] (as [[English language|English]] ''pan'', but accompanied by puff of air not only in word initial positions, but in all positions)
:&amp;lt;b&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/b/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiced bilabial stop]] (as English ''ban'')
:&amp;lt;m&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/m/}} &amp;mdash; [[bilabial nasal]] (as English ''man'')
:&amp;lt;v&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/v/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiced labiodental fricative]] (as English ''van'')
;[[Coronal consonant|Coronals]]
:&amp;lt;t&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/tʰ/}} &amp;mdash; [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless alveolar stop]] (as English ''tan'', but accompanied by puff of air not only in word initial positions, but in all positions)
:&amp;lt;tlh&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] (as in [[Nahuatl]] ''Nahuatl'')
:&amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ʧ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] (as English ''church'')
:&amp;lt;j&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ʤ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] (as English ''judge'')
:&amp;lt;D&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɖ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiced retroflex stop]] (as [[Swedish]] ''nord'')
:&amp;lt;D&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɳ/}} &amp;mdash; [[retroflex nasal]], an [[allophone]] of the above consonant (as Swedish ''Vänern'')
:&amp;lt;n&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/n/}} &amp;mdash; [[alveolar nasal]] (as English ''nun'') 
:&amp;lt;r&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/r/}} &amp;mdash; [[alveolar trill]] (trilled as in [[Spanish Spanish]] ''rojo'')
:&amp;lt;S&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ʂ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] (as [[Mandarin]] ''Shànghǎi'')
:&amp;lt;l&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/l/}} &amp;mdash; [[alveolar lateral approximant]] (as English ''lean'', never [[velarization|velarized]] as English ''gull'')
;[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsals]]
:&amp;lt;ng&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ŋ/}} &amp;mdash; [[velar nasal]] (as English ''ring'')
:&amp;lt;H&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/x/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiceless velar fricative]] (as [[Scots language|Scots]] ''loch'')
:&amp;lt;gh&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɣ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiced velar fricative]] (as Arabic ''[[Baghdad]]'')
:&amp;lt;y&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/j/}} &amp;mdash; [[palatal approximant]] (as English ''yes'')
:&amp;lt;w&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/w/}} &amp;mdash; [[labial-velar approximant]] (as English ''wash'')
:&amp;lt;q&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/qʰ/}} &amp;mdash; [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless uvular stop]] (as [[Arabic]] ''[[Qur'an]]'', but aspirated)
:&amp;lt;Q&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/q͡χ/}} &amp;mdash; [[voiceless uvular affricate]] (occurs in [[Nez Percé]], [[Wolof]] and [[Kabardian]])
;[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
:&amp;lt;'&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ʔ/}} &amp;mdash; [[glottal stop]] (as between the English words ''blue arm'', with distinct enunciation)

===Vowels===
In contrast to consonants, Klingon's inventory of vowels is very simple. The two front vowels, &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;, represent sounds that are generally shorter and more clipped in English than the more sonorant equivalents (as English ''bade'' and ''bead''). This, and the lack of [[diphthong]]s, enhances the sense that Klingon is a clipped and harsh-sounding language.

;[[Vowel]]s
:&amp;lt;a&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɑ/}} &amp;mdash; [[open back unrounded vowel]] (in English ''spa'')
:&amp;lt;e&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɛ/}} &amp;mdash; [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bed'')
:&amp;lt;I&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/ɪ/}} &amp;mdash; [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bit'')
:&amp;lt;o&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/o/}} &amp;mdash; [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (in [[French]] ''oiseaux'')
:&amp;lt;u&amp;gt; &amp;mdash; {{IPA|/u/}} &amp;mdash; [[close back rounded vowel]] (in Spanish ''cura'')

===Syllabification===
Klingon [[syllable]] structure is extremely strict: a syllable must start with a consonant (including the glottal stop) followed by one vowel. In prefixes and other more rare syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal codas: /-'''''w' '''-'''y' '''-'''rgh'''''/. Thus, ''ta'' &quot;record&quot;, ''tar'' &quot;poison&quot; and ''targh'' &quot;targ&quot; (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *''tarD'' and *''ar'' are not. Despite this, there is one suffix that takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix -''oy''.

== Grammar ==
Klingon is an [[agglutinative]] language, using mainly affixes in order to alter the function or meaning of words. Some nouns have inherently plural forms: ''jengva&amp;#39;'' &quot;plate&quot; vs. ''ngop'' &quot;plates&quot;, for instance.

Klingon [[noun]]s take suffixes to indicate [[number]], [[gender]], two levels of [[deixis]], possession and syntactic function. In all, 29 noun suffixes from five classes may be employed: ''jupoypu'na'wI'vaD'' &quot;for my beloved true friends&quot;. Speakers are limited to no more than one suffix from each class to be added to a word, and the classes have a specific order of appearance.

Gender in Klingon does not indicate sex, as in English, or have an arbitrary assignment as in Danish or many other languages. It indicates whether a noun is a body part, a being capable of using language, or neither of these.

[[Verb]]s in Klingon are even more complex, taking a prefix indicating the number and person of the subject and object, plus suffixes from nine ordered classes, plus a special suffix class called ''rovers''. Each of the four known rovers has its own unique rule controlling its position among the suffixes in the verb. Verbs are marked for [[aspect]], certainty, predisposition and volition, dynamic, [[causative]], [[mood]], [[negation]], and [[honorific]]. The Klingon verb has two moods: [[indicative]] and [[imperative]].

The most common [[word order]] in Klingon is [[Object Verb Subject]], and in some cases the word order is the exact reverse of word order in English:
 [[Image:Klingon sentence a.GIF|450px]]
 [[Image:klingonsentence.JPG]]
 ''DaH mojaq.mey.vam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har''
 now-ADV suffix. PL.DEM 1pl-3pl.limit.need.not that 1sg-3sg.believe
 &quot;I believe that we do not need to limit these suffixes now&quot;

Klingons apparently dislike redundancy such that, for example, since the ''DI'' prefix in the previous example indicates that the direct object ''mojaq'' is plural, a Klingon speaker will quite typically omit the plural suffix '''mey''' and say:

 ''DaH mojaqvam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har''

Unlike most artificial [[Auxlang|auxiliary languages]], which seek to either emulate elements of several evolved human languages in order to be easier to learn, or to be more regular with fewer exceptions than is the case in evolved existing languages, the Klingon language tries to break away from the most common features of other languages and embraces the exceptions to its own rules.

== Writing systems==

The official Klingon writing system is the [[Latin alphabet]] as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In ''The Klingon Dictionary'' this alphabet is named as ''pIqaD'', but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real [[writing]] and create an appropriate atmosphere.

The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (currently used to &quot;write&quot; Klingon) for ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to [[Michael Okuda]]. They based the letters on the [[Klingon starships|Klingon battlecruiser]] hull markings (three letters) first created by [[Matt Jeffries]], and on [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] writing because the script had sharp letter forms &amp;mdash; used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades. 

=== KLI pIqaD ===
[[Image:Kli piqad.GIF|thumb|The KLI piqaD]]
[[Image:KLI_piqad_text_sample.GIF|thumb|KLI piqaD text sample]]
Although the Latin alphabet is used officially to write Klingon, the speaking community also makes use of an artificial script designed to emulate Klingon writing on the show.  This alphabet was created by an anonymous source at [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], who based their alphabet on letters seen in the show.  This &quot;source&quot; sent in their alphabet to [http://www.kli.org/ KLI (Klingon Language Institute)] and the KLI uploaded it onto their website as the Klingons' way of writing their language.  This alphabet has gained some acceptance within the speaker and fan community although many ''Klingonists'' still prefer the Latin alphabet.

The alphabet is quite simple:  It contains twenty-six letters with a one-to-one ''grapheme-phoneme correspondance'': that is, one letter represents one sound and one sound is written with one letter.  There are also ten numerals in the set.  It is written from left to right, top to bottom like English. There is no actual punctuation, however those that use punctuation with the alphabet, use Skybox punctuation symbols (''see below''). 

In September 1997, [[Michael Everson]] made a proposal for encoding this in [[Unicode]]. The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in May 2001 on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference. Everson created a mapping of pIqaD into the [[Private Use Area]] of [[Unicode]], which he listed in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]] (U+F8D0 to U+F8FF see [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html here] and [http://www.travelphrases.info/gallery/Test_Klingon.html here]). Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. As a result, blogs in pIqaD have begun to appear, raising the possibility of reapplying for inclusion in Unicode when there is a sufficient corpus. Existing text in [[Romanization]] can easily be converted to pIqaD also.

Michael Okuda, the long standing [[Star Trek]] scenic arts designer, and other Paramount staff have repudiated the mapping.

=== Skybox pIqaD ===
[[Image:Klingonalphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klingon pIqaD according to Skybox]]
[[Image:Klingon-text-sample 2.JPG|thumb|A sample of written Klingon]]
The KLI pIqaD isn't the only mapping of Klingon letters.  The ''Astra Image'' letters were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed [[Bitstream Inc|Bitstream]] font pack.  They were used to make a font with ten letters of the English alphabet: &quot;e&quot; to &quot;n&quot; being represented by the ten different klingon letters.  This font itself has been used by the Star trek production team when creating Klingon graphics, however it is still used only as random gibberish on the shows.

The trading card company [[SkyBox International|Skybox]] used this font, when they created the Klingon language cards in their ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' trading card collection.  The Klingon cards themselves detail aspects of Klingon culture, and feature pIqaD text, and a transliteration and translation provided by Marc Okrand.  Some of these cards, notably  [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S7.jpg S7], [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S8.jpg S8] and  [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S9.jpg card S9] feature pIqaD, which corresponds to the Latin transcription.
Other known cards include ''s19'' and ''s20'' (which contain belittling references to ''Blockbuster'', probably an allusion to [[Blockbuster Video]]) the season seven card selection ''s37, s38 and s39'' (which featured no actual tlhingan Hol, but only English and on card S39 Latin, written in the Skybox alphabet), and finally, the Checklist cards for each seasons' set of cards had the word ''cards'' written in Klingon on them when listing the above mentioned cards.

The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom, just like English.  Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attached to it) and [[punctuation]]. When this is the case, four punctuation marks are used:
* An &quot;up-turned triangle&quot; with a function similar to a [[comma]], [[semi-colon]] or [[colon (punctuation)|colon]].
* A &quot;down-turned&quot; triangle with a function similar to a [[full stop]], [[question mark]] or [[exclamation mark]].
* A mark similar in appearance to an [[hyphen]] (unknown function).
* A mark similar to an apostrophe (function unknown).

Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all; this form is more common on the TV shows.  As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners.

Due to its nature, the &quot;Skybox&quot; Alphabet is ill-suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way: these are [[homograph]]s. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically, though it should be noted that context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs.

=== Mandel script ===
[[Image:Klinzhai alphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klinzhai alphabet]]
A third script, known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in ''The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual'' (1980).  It holds more closely to the D7 battlecruiser hull markings and is also loosely based upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries, [[Star Trek: The Original Series|TOS]] set designer. 

Its letters map to various letters and digraphs of English, but they have no relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language.  Like the other two alphabets, it is probably written in the same direction as English.  
::''Some fans have suggested this alphabet could be used to write [[Klingonaase]] in its native form.''

== Cursing ==
[[Swearing|Cursing]] is considered to be a fine art among Klingons.  That a person swears well is considered something of a compliment in Klingon culture.  Some of the more common curse words include:
:* ''petaQ''&amp;mdash;analogous to excrement.
:* ''toDSaH''&amp;mdash;literally &quot;idiot&quot;, i.e. analogous to &quot;brainless&quot;
:* ''yIntagh''&amp;mdash;reportedly a native Klingon animal on Qo'noS; analogous to &quot;vermin&quot;
:* ''taHqeq''&amp;mdash;a &quot;situation confused by a toDSaH&quot;; analogous roughly to &quot;[[SNAFU]]&quot;.
:* ''Qu'vatlh''&amp;mdash;particularly vulgar term describing an offer by one to be &quot;self-romantic&quot;.
:* ''ghay'cha'''&amp;mdash;related to subservience; see [[Romulan]] term &quot;Veruul.&quot;

Others not strictly part of the ''tlhIngan Hol'' corpus, but attested from other Star Trek sources, are:
:* ''lo'be'voS''&amp;mdash;incorporating  &quot;be'-&quot; female determinative, roughly analogous to term for female Terran canine (i.e. Bitch).
:* ''tha'rav'''&amp;mdash;from Klingonaase, term for lowest of slave population.
:* ''thar'av'vul''&amp;mdash;from Klingonaase, term describing [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] slaves, slur describing one as an &quot;educated&quot; subservient; literally, &quot;educated idiot&quot;; see also &quot;toDSaH&quot;.
:* ''topaH'''&amp;mdash;usually used in combination with &quot;toDSaH&quot;; analogous to Terran [[Yiddish]] term &quot;schlemiel&quot;; person who does a &quot;toDSaH&quot; thing.
:* ''SlIpaH''&amp;mdash;promiscuous; analogous to Terran [[English_language|English]] term &quot;slut&quot; (said by Worf to Ezri Dax)
:* ''bIr'MIn'' &amp;mdash; from Star Trek fandom, a Klingon-inspired slang term, from the thlIngan Hol ''bIr'' , &quot;Cold,&quot; and '''Min'', &quot;Eye&quot;, or &quot;Cold-eye;&quot; analogous for &quot;someone who is dishonorable, or untrustworthy.&quot; Fans have allegedly coined this term, for its similarity with Star Trek Executive Producer Rick Berman's last name, as a satirical opinion of his perceived tenure as creative head of the franchise. Many other fans disagree with this opinion, referring to such fans as examples of topaHs.

Some of the words are general [[invective]]s, others are personal [[epithet]]s.  Adding the term ''jay''' intensifies the words.
&lt;!--Anyone care to supply the meanings?--&gt;

==Trivia==
* In 1999, The Onion published a satirical article claiming that the number of Klingon speakers exceeded the number of [[Navajo language|Navajo]] speakers. [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/29426]
 
* The sixth episode of the tenth season of Frasier, &quot;Star-Mitzvah&quot;, which first aired November 5, 2002, had Frasier reading a short blessing in Klingon at his son's [[B'nai Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] having been tricked into believing it was [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. (There are more details at [[wikipedia:References to Star Trek#Star_Mitzvah|References to ''Star Trek'']])

== See also ==
* [[Alien language]]
* [[Klingonaase]], an earlier, non-canonical Klingon language put forth by author John M. Ford.
* [[References to Star Trek|References to Star Trek]], which lists some non-Star Trek television series which feature the Klingon language.
*[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Klingon_proverbs Klingon Proverbs] (Wikiquote).
*[[tlh:tlhIngan Hol]]


== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=tlh}}
{{wikibooks|Klingon}}

* [http://www.kli.org/ Klingon Language Institute]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/ Klingon as linguistic capital] &amp;mdash; a Bachelor's Thesis in [[Sociology]]
* [http://www.klingonska.org/ Klingonska Akademien]
*[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/MutsunKlingonComparison.pdf Is Klingon an Ohlonean language? A comparison of Mutsun and Klingon] ''Spoiler: It's not.''
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet]
* [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/index.php Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3658310.stm BBC article on Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/cards.html information on the Skybox Trading cards, with Klingon writing]
* [http://tlh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ghItlh%27a%27 Klingon Wikipedia]
* [http://www.google.com/intl/xx-klingon/ Google in Klingon]
* [http://www.kosmic-horror.com/ Klingon Rock]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Klingon language]]

[[Category: Star Trek conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Writing system</title>
    <id>2122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51462</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* History of writing systems */ unlinking dates etc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''writing system''', also called a '''script''', is a type of [[symbol]]ic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in [[language]].

[[Image:WritingSystemsoftheWorld3.png|400px|thumb|Writing Systems of the World today]]

==General properties==

Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that one must usually understand something of the associated language in order to successfully read and comprehend the text. Contrast this with other possible symbolic systems such as [[information sign]]s, painting, [[map]]s, and mathematics, which do not necessarily depend upon prior knowledge of a given language in order to extract their meaning.

Every human community possesses language, a feature regarded by many as an innate and defining condition of humankind. However, the development and adoption of writing systems has occurred only sporadically. Once established, writing systems are on the whole modified more slowly than their spoken counterparts, and often preserve features and expressions which are no longer current in the discourse of the speech community. The great benefit conferred by writing systems is their ability to maintain a persistent record of information expressed in a language, which can be retrieved independently of the initial act of formulation.

All writing systems require:
:* a set of defined base elements or [[symbol]]s (termed ''characters'' or ''graphemes'');
:* a set of rules and conventions understood and shared by a community, which arbitrarily assign [[meaning]] to the base elements, their ordering, and relations to one another;
:* a language (generally a spoken language) whose constructions are represented and able to be recalled by the interpretation of these elements and rules;
:* some physical means of distinctly representing the symbols by application to a permanent or semi-permanent medium, so that they may be interpreted (usually visually, but tactile systems have also been devised).

==Basic terminology==
The study of writing systems has developed along partially independent lines in the examination of individual scripts, and as such the terminology employed differs somewhat from field to field. 

The generic term ''[[text]]'' may be used to refer to an individual product of a writing system. The act of composing a text may be referred to as ''[[writing]]'', and the act of interpreting the text as ''[[Reading (activity)|reading]]''. In the study of writing systems, ''[[orthography]]'' refers to the method and rules of observed writing structure (literal meaning, &quot;correct writing&quot;), and in particular for alphabetic systems, includes the concept of ''[[spelling]]''. 

A '''[[grapheme]]''' is the technical term [[neologism|coined]] to refer to the specific base or atomic units of a given writing system. Graphemes are the ''minimally significant'' elements which taken together comprise the set of &quot;building blocks&quot; out of which texts of a given writing system may be constructed, along with rules of correspondence and use. The concept is similar to that of the [[phoneme]] used in the study of spoken languages. For example, in the [[Latin]]-based writing system of standard contemporary English, examples of graphemes include the [[majuscule]] and [[minuscule]] forms of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet (corresponding to various phonemes), marks of [[punctuation]] (mostly non-phonemic), and a few other symbols such as those for [[Arabic numeral|numerals]] (logograms for numbers).

Note that an individual grapheme may be represented in a wide variety of ways, where each variation is visually distinct in some regard, but all are interpreted as representing the &quot;same&quot; grapheme. These individual variations are known as '''[[allograph]]s''' of a grapheme (compare with the term [[allophone]] used in linguistic study). For example, the minuscule letter '''a''' has different allographs when written as a [[cursive]], [[block letters|block]], or [[typeface|typed]] letter. The selection between different allographs may be influenced by the medium used, the writing instrument, the stylistic choice of the writer, and the largely unconscious features of an individual's [[handwriting]]. 

The terms ''[[glyph]]'', ''[[sign (linguistics)|sign]]'' and ''character'' are sometimes used to refer to a grapheme. Common usage varies from discipline to discipline; compare [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform sign]], [[Maya hieroglyphics|Maya glyph]], [[Chinese character]]. The glyphs of most writing systems are made up of lines (or strokes) and are therefore called [[Linear writing|linear]], but there are glyphs in [[Non-linear writing|non-linear writing systems]] made up of other types of marks, such as Cuneiform and [[Braille]]. 

Writing systems are [[conceptual system]]s, as are the languages to which they refer. Writing systems may be regarded as ''complete'' according to the extent to which they are able to represent all that may be expressed in the spoken language.

== History of writing systems ==
{{main|History of writing}}
====Proto-writing====
Before there was writing, there was ''proto-''writing. However, few examples survive, and some experts question whether the inscriptions are early writing at all. Some believe them to have been some kind of [[ideogram|ideographic]] and/or early [[mnemonic]] devices that may have been invented by creative [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] individuals. The best known examples are:
* Symbols on tortoise shells in [[Jiahu]], ca. 4600 BC
* [[Old European Script|Vinca script]] ([[Tărtăria tablets]]), ca. 4500 BC
* Early [[Indus script]], ca. 3500 BC

====Invention of writing====
The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the [[Bronze Age]] in the late [[Neolithic]] of the late 4th millennium BC. The first writing system is generally believed to have been the [[Sumerian]] script, which developed into [[cuneiform]]. [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]], and the undeciphered [[Proto-Elamite script]] and [[Indus script|Indus Valley script]] also date to this era; though a few scholars have questioned the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] script's status as a writing system. 

The [[Chinese script]] may have originated independently of the Middle Eastern scripts, around 1200 BC. The pre-Columbian writing systems of the Americas (including among others [[Olmec]] and [[Mayan]]) are also generally believed to have had independent origins. 

The first pure [[alphabet]]s emerged around 2000 BC in [[Ancient Egypt]], but by then alphabetic principles had already been inculcated into [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s for a millennium (see [[Middle Bronze Age alphabets]]).

==Types of writing systems==
[[Image:Puyi's schoolbook - Forbidden City.JPG|thumb|right|This textbook for Chinese children shows the English alphabet. Although the English letters run from left to right, the Chinese explanations run from top to bottom, as traditionally written.]]
The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily [[logogram|logographic]] in nature, based on [[pictogram|pictographic]] and [[ideogram|ideographic]] elements. Most writing systems can be broadly divided into three categories: '''logographic''', '''syllabic''' and '''alphabetic''' (or '''segmental'''); however, all three may be found in any given writing system in varying proportions, often making it difficult to categorise a system uniquely. The term '''complex system''' is sometimes used to describe those where the admixture makes classification problematic. 

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Type of writing system&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;What each symbol represents&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Example&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Logogram|Logographic]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;morpheme&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Chinese ''hanzi''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Syllabary|Syllabic]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;syllable&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Japanese ''kana''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Alphabet|Alphabetic]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;phoneme (consonant or vowel)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Latin&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Abugida]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;phoneme (consonant+vowel)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Indian ''devanagari''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Abjad]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;phoneme (consonant)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Arabic&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Featural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;phonetic feature&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Korean ''hangul''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

''See also'': [[phonemic orthography|''phonemic'' and ''phonetic'' orthography]].

=== Logographic writing systems ===
''Main article: [[Logogram]]''

A '''logogram''' is a single written character which represents a complete grammatical word. Most [[Chinese character]]s are classified as logograms.

As each character represents a single word (or, more precisely, a [[morpheme]]), many logograms are required to write all the words of language. The vast array of logograms and the memorization of what they mean are the major disadvantage of the logographic systems over alphabetic systems. However, since the meaning is inherent to the symbol, the same logographic system can theoretically be used to represent different languages. In practice, this is only true for closely related languages, like the [[Chinese language|Chinese languages]], as syntactical constraints reduce the portability of a given logographic system. Both [[Korean]] and [[Japanese]] use Chinese logograms in their writing systems, with most of the symbols carrying the same or similar meanings. However, the semantics, and especially the grammar, are different enough that a Chinese text is not readily understandable to a Japanese or Korean reader.

While most languages do not use wholly logographic writing systems many languages use some logograms. A good example of modern western logograms are the [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] &amp;mdash; everyone who uses those symbols understands what '''1''' means whether he or she calls it ''one'', ''eins'', ''uno'', or ''ichi''. Other western logograms include the [[ampersand]] '''&amp;''', used for ''and'', and the [[at sign]] '''@''' , used in many contexts for ''at''.

Logograms are sometimes called [[ideogram]]s, a word that refers to symbols which graphically represent abstract ideas, but linguists avoid this use, as Chinese characters are often [[semantics|semantic]]&amp;ndash;[[phonetic]] compounds, symbols which include an element that represents the meaning and element that represents the pronunciation.  Some nonlinguists distinguish between [[lexigraphy]] and [[ideography]], where symbols in lexigraphies represent words, and symbols in ideographies represent words or morphemes.

The most important (and, to a degree, the only surviving) modern logographic writing system is the Chinese one, whose characters are used, with varying degrees of modification, in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other east Asian languages. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Mayan writing system are also systems with certain logographic features, although they have marked phonetic features as well, and are no longer in current use. 

''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of predominantly-logographic writing systems.''

=== Syllabic writing systems ===
''Main article: [[Syllabary]]''

As logographic writing systems use a single symbol for an entire word, a '''syllabary''' is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) [[syllable|syllables]], which make up [[word|words]]. A symbol in a syllabary typically represents a [[consonant]] sound followed by a [[vowel]] sound, or just a vowel alone. In a true syllabary there is no systematic graphic similarity between phonetically related characters (though some do have graphic similarity for the vowels). That is, the characters for &quot;ke&quot;, &quot;ka&quot;, and &quot;ko&quot; have no similarity to indicate their common &quot;k&quot;-ness. Compare [[#Abugidas|abugida]], where each [[grapheme]] typically represents a syllable but where characters representing related sounds are similar graphically (typically, a common consonantal base is annotated in a more or less consistent manner to represent the vowel in the syllable).

Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. The [[English language]], on the other hand, allows complex syllable structures, with a relative large inventory of [[vowel]]s and complex [[consonant cluster]]s, making it cumbersome to write English words with a syllabary. To write English using a syllabary, every possible syllable in English would have to have a separate symbol, and whereas the number of possible syllables in Japanese is no more than one hundred or so, in English there are many thousands. 

Other languages that use syllabic writing include [[Mycenae]]an [[Greek language|Greek]] ([[Linear B]]) and [[Native American languages]] such as [[Cherokee]].  Several languages of the [[Ancient Near East]] used forms of [[cuneiform (script)|cuneiform]], which is a syllabary with some non-syllabic elements. 

''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of syllabaries.''

=== Alphabetic writing systems ===
''Main article: [[Alphabet]]''

An '''alphabet''' is a small set of ''letters'' &amp;mdash; basic written symbols &amp;mdash; each of which roughly represents or represented historically a [[phoneme]] of a spoken [[language]]. The word ''alphabet'' is derived from [[alpha (letter)|alpha]] and [[beta (letter)|beta]], the first two symbols of the [[Greek alphabet]].

In a perfectly [[phonology|phonological]] alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. Each language has general rules that govern the association between letters and phonemes, but, depending on the language, these rules may or may not be consistently followed.

Perfectly phonological alphabets are very easy to use and learn, and languages that have them (for example, Finnish) have much lower barriers to literacy than languages such as English, which has a very complex and irregular spelling system. As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. In modern times, when [[linguist]]s invent a writing system for a language that didn't previously have one, the goal is usually to make perfectly phonological alphabet. An example of such writing systems is the &quot;IPA&quot; ([[International Phonetic Alphabet]]).

''See [[alphabet]] for more information about alphabets.''
''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of alphabetic writing systems.''

====Abjads====
''Main article: [[Abjad]]''

The first type of alphabet that was developed was the '''abjad'''. An abjad is an alphabetic writing system where there is one symbol per consonant. Abjads differ from regular alphabets in that they only have characters for [[consonant]]al sounds. Vowels are not usually marked in abjad. 

All known abjads (except maybe [[Tifinagh]]) belong to the Semitic family of scripts, and derive from the original Northern Linear Abjad. The reason for this is that [[Semitic languages]] and the related [[Berber languages]] have a [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphemic structure]] which makes the denotation of [[vowel]]s redundant in most cases.

Some abjads (like Arabic and Hebrew) have markings for vowels as well, but only use them in special contexts, such as for teaching. Many scripts derived from abjads have been extended with vowel symbols to become full alphabets, the most famous case being the derivation of the [[Greek alphabet]] from the Phoenician abjad. This has mostly happened when the script was adapted to a non-Semitic language. 

The term ''abjad'' takes its name from the old order of the [[Arabic alphabet]]'s [[consonant]]s Alif, Bá, Jim, Dál, though the word may have earlier roots in [[Phoenician languages|Phoenician]] or [[Ugaritic]].

Abjad is still the word for alphabet in [[Arabic]] and [[Indonesian]].

''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of abjad-based writing systems.''

====Abugidas====
''Main article: [[Abugida]]''

An '''abugida''' is an alphabetic writing system whose basic signs denote consonants with an inherent vowel and where consistent modifications of the basic sign indicate other following vowels than the inherent one.

Thus, in an abugida there is no sign for &quot;k&quot;, but instead one for &quot;ka&quot; (if &quot;a&quot; is the inherent vowel), and &quot;ke&quot; is written by modifying the &quot;ka&quot; sign in a way that is consistent with how one would modify &quot;la&quot; to get &quot;le&quot;. In many abugidas the modification is the addition of a vowel sign, but other possibilities are imaginable (and used), such as rotation of the basic sign, addition of diacritical marks, and so on.

The obvious contrast is with [[syllabary|syllabaries]], which have one distinct symbol per possible syllable, and the signs for each syllable have no systematic graphic similarity. The graphic similarity comes from the fact that most abugidas are derived from abjads, and the consonants make up the symbols with the inherent vowel, and the new vowel symbols are markings added on to the base symbol.

The [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ethiopic]] script is an abugida, although the vowel modifications in Ethiopic are not entirely systematic. [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]] can be considered abugidas, although they are rarely thought of in those terms. The largest single group of abugidas is the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts, however, which includes nearly all the scripts used in [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]].

The name ''abugida'' is derived from the first four characters of an order of the Ge'ez script used in some religious contexts. The term was coined by [[Peter T. Daniels]].

''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of abugida-based writing systems.''

=== Featural writing systems ===

A '''featural''' script represents finer detail than an alphabet. Here symbols do not represent whole phonemes, but rather the elements (features) that make up the phonemes, such as [[voicing]] or its [[place of articulation]]. Theoretically, each feature could be written with a separate letter; and abjads or abugidas, or indeed syllabaries, could be featural, but the only prominent system of this sort is [[Korean language|Korean]] [[Hangul]]. In Hangul, the featural symbols are combined into alphabetic letters, and these letters are in turn joined into syllabic blocks, so that the system combines three levels of phonological representation. 

''See [[List of writing systems]] for a list of featural writing systems.''

== Directionality ==

Different scripts are written in different directions.  The early alphabet could be written in any direction:  either horizontal (left-to-right or right-to-left) or vertical (up or down).  It could also be written [[boustrophedon]]:  starting horizontally in one direction, then turning at the end of the line and reversing direction. [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] is one such script, where the beginning of a line written horizontally was to be indicated by the direction in which animal and human ideograms are looking. 

The [[Greek alphabet]] and its successors settled on a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of the page.  Other scripts, such as [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], came to be written right-to-left.  Scripts that incorporate [[Chinese characters]] have traditionally been written vertically (top-to-bottom), from the right to the left of the page, but nowadays are frequently written left-to-right, top-to-bottom, due to [[Western culture|Western]] influences, a growing need to accommodate terms in the [[Roman alphabet]], and technical limitations in popular [[electronic document]] formats.  The [[Mongolian_alphabet#Mongolian_script_proper|Mongolian alphabet]] is unique in being the only script written top-to-bottom, left-to-right; this direction originated from an ancestral Semitic direction by rotating the page 90° counter-clockwise to conform to the appearance of Chinese writing. Scripts with lines written away from the writer, from bottom to top, also exist, such as several used in the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]].

== See also ==
*[[Artificial script]]
*[[Calligraphy]]
*[[Genealogy of scripts derived from Proto-Sinaitic]]
*[[ISO 15924]] - list of &quot;codes for the representation of names of scripts&quot;
*[[List of writing systems]]
*[[List of inventors of writing systems]]
*[[Majuscule]]
*[[Minuscule]]
*''[[Nü Shu]]''
*[[Official script]]
*[[Orthography]]
*[[Pasigraphy]]
*[[Penmanship]]
*[[Shorthand]]
*[[Spelling]]
*[[Transliteration]]
*[[Written language]]

In computers and telecommunication systems, graphemes and other grapheme-like units required for text processing are represented by &quot;[[character (computing)|character]]s&quot; that typically manifest in [[character encoding|encoded]] form. For technical aspects of computer support for various writing systems, see the articles [[CJK]] (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) and [[Bi-directional text]], as well as [[:Category:Character encoding]].

== External links ==
* About African writing systems by the [[John Henrik Clarke Africana Library]] at [[Cornell University]]:
** http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Welcome.html
* General about writing systems
** [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/alphabets.htm Omniglot]

* [http://omniglot.com/writing/alphabetic.htm Alphabetic Writing Systems]
* [[Michael Everson]]'s [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html Alphabets of Europe]
* The [http://www.unicode.org/ Unicode Consortium]
* [http://www.digitas.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/wiki/ken/ATypographicOutcry A Typographic Outcry]: a curious perspective

== References ==
* Coulmas, Florian. 1996. ''The Blackwell encyclopedia of writing systems''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* [[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]], and William Bright, eds. 1996. The world's writing systems. ISBN 0-19-507-993-0.
* DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy.  Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824810686
* Hannas, William. C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 082481892X (paperback); ISBN 0824818423 (hardcover)
* Rogers, Henry. 2005. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23463-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-631-23464-0 (paperback)
* Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. Writing Systems. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1756-7 (paper), ISBN 0-8047-1254-9 (cloth).
* Smalley, W.A. (ed.) 1964. Orthography studies: articles on new writing systems, United Bible Society, London.

[[Category:Scripts|*]]

{{wikipedia}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Word order in Latin</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Latin]] differs from languages like [[English language|English]] in that it uses many [[noun case]]s which are [[declension|declined]] in such a way that they are nearly all different from each other, and even [[proper noun]]s such as [[name]]s are declined.

For example, the ending of the common [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] name ''Marcus'' is different in each of the following sentences due to the different cases in which it is used (the name ''Cornelia'' remains undeclined):

*'''Marcus''' hits Cornelia. (Subject-Verb-Object, the most common permutation of expression in English)
*Cornelia hits '''Marcum'''. (SVO)
*Cornelia gives '''Marco''' a present. (Subject, Verb, [indirect object], [direct] Object, so SVO as well.)
*Cornelia shouts: &quot;'''Marce''', '''Marce''', come! It's time for your difficult language homework.&quot; (SVO)

Declension by case means that word order can be more variable in Latin than in English and other languages&amp;mdash;because a reader or listener can discern the case of a word, it is not necessary to adhere to a strictly defined order.

The ordering in the following sentences would be perfectly correct in Latin and no doubt understood with clarity, despite the fact that in English they're awkward at best and senseless at worst:

*Cornelia hits '''Marcus'''. (OVS)
**But which means: '''Marcus''' hits Cornelia.
*'''Marcum''' hits Cornelia. (OVS)
**But which means: Cornelia hits '''Marcum'''.
*'''Marcum''' Cornelia hits. (OSV)
**But which means: Cornelia hits '''Marcum'''.
*'''Marco''' gives Cornelia a present. ([indirect object], Verb, Subject, [direct] Object, so VSO)
**But which means: Cornelia gives '''Marco''' a present.

Nonetheless, the SOV permutation was the most frequent in Classical Latin, except where&amp;mdash;in [[poetry]], for example&amp;mdash;the ordering was often changed for the sake of rhythm or emphasis.  Ordinary prose, however, tended to follow the pattern of Subject, Indirect Object, Direct Object, Adverbial Words or Phrases, Verb.  Adjectives usually directly followed nouns, unless they were nouns of beauty, size, goodness, or truth, in which case they preceded the noun being modified.

However, some Latin writers use word order to add emphasis to certain words in a statement.  In [[Virgil|Virgil's]] ''[[Eclogues]]'', for example, he writes, &quot;''Omnia vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori!''&quot;. (''Love'' conqueres ''all'', let us yield to ''love!'')

It is possible to construct a poem with a completely regular rhythm of [[lexical stress|stressed]] and unstressed [[syllable]]s through careful arrangement of the right words in the right order, a feat rendered virtually impossible in English. An example of this form of poetry is the [[dactylic hexameter]].

It should not be believed, however, that Latin word order is completely free.  The Romans never wrote in such a free manner.  In fact, the placement of words within a sentence, particularly in writing, would have significant meaning.  Unfortunately, many students of Latin are never taught this distinction, and instead, they follow the ill-founded idea that word order does not matter.  This has led many, including people who should know better, to misunderstand (or be unable to read) many famous examples of Latin.

Many [[Slavic language]]s, such as [[Russian]] and [[Polish]]&amp;mdash;though not [[Bulgarian]]&amp;mdash;also have many noun cases, making variable word order possible as in Latin.

==See also==

* [[Word order]]
* [[Linguistic typology]]

[[Category:Latin]]


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      <text xml:space="preserve">I created this originally for Wikipedia.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Russian</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Russian''' (Russian: русский язык, ''russkiy yazyk'', {{IPA|['ru.skʲɪj jɪ.'zɨk]}}) is the most widely spoken language of Eurasia and the most widespread of the [[Slavic languages]].

Russian belongs to the family of [[Indo-European languages]]. Within the Slavic family, Russian is one of the three [[East Slavic languages]], the other two being [[Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian]]. 

Written examples of East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards. While Russian preserves much of East Slavonic synthetic-inflexional structure and a [[Common Slavonic]] word base, modern Russian exhibits a large stock of borrowed international vocabulary for politics, science, and technology. A language of great political importance in the 20th century, Russian is one of the official languages of the United Nations.

&lt;small&gt;'''NOTE'''. Russian is written in a non-Latin script. All examples below are in the [[Cyrillic]] alphabet, with transcriptions in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].&lt;/small&gt;

==Classification==

Russian is a [[Slavic language]] in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the [[spoken language]], its closest relatives are [[Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian]], the other two national languages in the [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] group. In many places in Ukraine and Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably. 

The basic vocabulary, principles of word-formation, and, to some extent, inflexions and literary style of Russian have been heavily influenced by [[Church Slavonic]], a developed and partly adopted form of the [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] [[Old Church Slavonic]] language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. Many words in modern literary Russian are closer in form to the modern [[Bulgarian]] language than to Ukrainian or Belarusian. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to remain in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with slightly different meanings. For details, see [[History of the Russian language]].

Outside the Slavic languages, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have been greatly influenced by [[Greek]], [[Latin]], [[French]], [[German]], and [[English]].

==Geographic distribution==

Russian is primarily spoken in [[Russia]] and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].  Until [[1917]], it was the sole official language of the [[Russian Empire]]. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian. Following the break-up of [[1991]], several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national intercourse throughout the region has continued.

In [[Latvia]], notably, its official recognition and legality in the classroom have been a topic of considerable debate in a country where more than one-third of the population is Russian-speaking, consisting mostly of post-[[World War II]] immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former [[USSR]] (Belarus, Ukraine). Similarly, in [[Estonia]], the Soviet-era immigrants and their Russian-speaking descendants constitute about one quarter of the country's current population.

A much smaller Russian-speaking minority in [[Lithuania]] has largely been assimilated during the decade of independence and currently represent less than 1/10 of the country's overall population.

In the twentieth century it was widely taught in the schools of the members of the old [[Warsaw Pact]] and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR, especially in [[Poland]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Czechoslovakia]]. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. It was, and still is, to a lesser extent, widely taught in Asian countries such as Laos, [[Vietnam]] and [[Mongolia]] due to Soviet influence, and is still used as a [[lingua franca]] in [[Afghanistan]] by various tribes.

Russian is also spoken in [[Israel]] by at least 750,000 ethnic [[Jew|Jewish]] immigrants from the former [[Soviet Union]] (1999 census). The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian.

Sizeable Russian-speaking communities also exist in [[North America]] (especially in large urban centers of the [[US]] and [[Canada]] such as [[New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], [[Toronto]], [[Miami]], and [[Chicago]]). In the first two of them, Russian-speaking groups total over half a million. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in their self-sufficient neighborhoods (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early sixties). It is important to note, however, that only about a quarter of them are ethnic Russians.

Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority were Russian-speaking [[Jews]]. Afterwards the influx from the countries of the former [[Soviet Union]] changed the statistics somewhat. According to the [[United States 2000 Census]], Russian was reported as language spoken at home by 1.50% of population, or about 4.2 million, placing it as #10 language in the [[United States]].
 
Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the twentieth century, each with its own flavour of language. [[Germany]], [[Britain]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Belgium]], and [[Greece]] have significant Russian-speaking communities totaling 3 million people.

Two thirds of them are actually Russian-speaking descendants of [[Germans]], [[Greeks]], [[Jews]], [[Armenians]], or [[Ukrainians]] who either repatriated after the [[USSR]] collapsed or are just looking for temporary employment. But many are well-off Russian families acquiring property and getting education. 

Earlier, the descendants of the Russian émigrés tended to lose the tongue of their ancestors by the third generation. Now, when the border is more open, Russian is likely to survive longer, especially when many of the emigrants visit their homelands at least once a year and also have access to Russian websites and TV channels.

Recent estimates of the total number of speakers of Russian:

{| align=center cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 border=0
|-
!Source||Native speakers||Native Rank||Total speakers||Total rank
|-
|G. Weber, &quot;Top Languages&quot;,&lt;br&gt;''Language Monthly'',&lt;br&gt;3: 12-18, 1997, ISSN 1369-9733||160,000,000||8||285,000,000||5
|-
|World Almanac (1999)||145,000,000||8&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(2005)||275,000,000||5 
|-
|SIL (2000 WCD)||145,000,000||8||255,000,000||5-6 (tied with Arabic)
|-
|CIA World Factbook (2005)||160,000,000||8||
|}

===Official status===
Russian is the official language of [[Russia]], and an official language of [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] ([[Ukraine]]) and the [[List of unrecognized countries|unrecognized]] [[Moldovan Republic of Transnistria]]. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
Education in Russian is still a popular choice for many of the both native and RSL (Russian as a second language) speakers in Russia and many of the former Soviet republics.

97% of the public school students of Russia, 75% in Belarus, 41% in Kazakhstan, 24% in [[Ukraine]], 23% in Kyrgyzstan, 21% in [[Moldova]], 7% in [[Azerbaijan]], 5% in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] received their education only or mostly in Russian, although the corresponding percentage of ethnic Russians was 80% in [[Russia]], 11% in [[Belarus]], 27% in [[Kazakhstan]], 17% in [[Ukraine]], 9% in [[Kyrgyzstan]], 6% in [[Moldova]], 2% in [[Azerbaijan]], 1.5% in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].

===Dialects===
Despite levelling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary, a large number of dialects exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of the Russian language into two primary regional groupings, &quot;Northern&quot; and &quot;Southern&quot;, with [[Moscow]] lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central and Southern, with [[Moscow]] lying in the Central region. [[Dialectology]] within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants.

The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. Also cf. [[Moscow]] pronunciation of &quot;-чн-&quot;, e.g. &quot;булошная&quot; (''buloshnaya'' - bakery) instead of &quot;булочная&quot; (''bulochnaya'').

The northern dialects typically pronounce unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} clearly (the phenomenon called okanye ''оканье''); the southern palatalize the final {{IPA|/t/}} and [[aspirate]] the {{IPA|/ɡ/}} into {{IPA|/h/}}. It should be noted that some of these features are also present in modern [[Ukrainian]], indicating a linguistic continuum or strong influence one way or the other.

Among the first to study Russian dialects was [[Mikhail Lomonosov|Lomonosov]] in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth, [[Vladimir Dal|Vladimir Dal]] compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the twentieth century. In modern times, the monumental ''Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language'' (''Диалектологический атлас русского языка'' {{IPA|/dʲəʌˈlʲektəlʌˈɡʲiʨəskʲəj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jəzɨˈka/}}), was published in 3 folio volumes 1986-1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

The ''standard language'' is based on the Moscow dialect.

===Derived languages===
*[[Fenia]] or [[Fenka]], a criminal [[lingo]] of ancient origin, with Russian grammar, but with distinct vocabulary.
* [[Surzhyk]] is a Ukrainian-Russian pidgin spoken in some rural areas of Ukraine
* [[Trasianka]] is a Belarusian-Russian mix (sort of [[pidgin]]) used by a large portion of the rural population in [[Belarus]].
*[[Russenorsk]] is an extinct [[pidgin]] language with Russian vocabulary and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] grammar, used for communication between [[Russians]] and [[Norwegians]] in [[Svalbard]] and [[Kola Peninsula]].
* [[Runglish]]: Russian-English pidgin.

==Writing system==

===Alphabet===
[[Image:Meletius Smotrisky Cyrillic Alphabet.PNG|thumb|[[Meletius Smotrytsky]] presented the Cyrillic alphabet in this [[1619]] publication describing the &quot;Slavonic&quot; language.]]
{{main|Russian alphabet}}
Russian is written using a modified version of the [[Cyrillic|Cyrillic (кириллица)]] alphabet, consisting of 33 letters.

The following table gives their upper case forms, along with [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] values for each letter's typical sound:

{| align=center cellpadding=4 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/a/}}||[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/b/}}||[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/v/}}||[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/d/}}||[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/jɛ/}}||[[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/jo/}}||[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ʐ/}}||[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/z/}}||[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/i/}}||[[Short I|Й]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/j/}}
|-
|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/k/}}||[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/l/}}||[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/m/}}||[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/n/}}||[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/o/}}||[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/p/}}||[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/r/}}||[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/s/}}||[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/t/}}||[[U (Cyrillic)|У]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/u/}}||[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/f/}}
|-
|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/x/}}||[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ʦ/}}||[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ʨ/}}||[[Sha|Ш]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ʂ/}}||[[Shcha|Щ]] &lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ɕː/}}||[[Hard sign|Ъ]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/◌ˠ/}}||[[Yery|Ы]]&lt;br&gt; {{IPA|/ɨ/}}||[[Soft sign|Ь]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/◌ʲ/}}||[[E (Cyrillic)|Э]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ɛ/}}||[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ju/}}||[[Ya (letter)|Я]]&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|/ja/}}
|}

Old letters that have been abolished at one time or another but occur in this and related articles include {{Unicode |'''ѣ'''}} {{IPA|/ie/}} or {{IPA|/e/}}, '''і''' {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{Unicode |'''ѧ'''}} {{IPA|/ja/}}. The [[Yer|yers]] '''ъ''' and '''ь''' were originally pronounced as ''ultra-short'' or ''reduced'' {{IPA|/ŭ/}}, {{IPA|/ĭ/}}.

For information on an informal approach on transliterating Russian into English, see the article [[Romanization of Russian|Transliteration of Russian into English]].

===Orthography===
{{main|Russian orthography}}

Russian spelling is reasonably phonetic in practice. It is in fact a balance among phonetics, morphology, etymology, and grammar, and, like that of most living languages, has its share of inconsistencies and controversial points.

The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. An update proposed in the late 1990's has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted.
 
The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reformulated on the French and German models.

==Sounds==
{{main|Russian phonology}}

The phonological system of Russian is inherited from [[Common Slavonic]], but underwent considerable modification in the early historical period, before being largely settled by about 1400. 

The language possesses five vowels, which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is [[palatalization|palatalized]].  The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ''hard'' and ''soft.'' (The 'hard' consonants are often [[velarization|velarized]], some dialects only velarize /l/ in such positions). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels (except {{IPA|/u/}}) tend to be reduced to an unclear [[schwa]].

The Russian [[syllable]] structure can be quite complex with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to 4 consecutive sounds. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant the structure can be described as follows:

(C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

===Consonants===
{| border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; font-family: Doulos SIL, GentiumAlt,  Lucida Sans Unicode, Gentium, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Arial Unicode MS, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Lucida Grande; font-family /**/:inherit; font-size: 110%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;&quot;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 80%;&quot;
| &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dental consonant|Dental]] &amp;&lt;br&gt;[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&lt;br&gt;alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Plosive]]s
| {{IPA|p&lt;br&gt;pʲ}}
| {{IPA|b&lt;br&gt;bʲ}}
| {{IPA|t&lt;br&gt;tʲ}}
| {{IPA|d&lt;br&gt;dʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Affricate]]s
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ʦ&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;ʨ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Fricative]]s
| {{IPA|f&lt;br&gt;fʲ}}
| {{IPA|v&lt;br&gt;vʲ}}
| {{IPA|s&lt;br&gt;sʲ}}
| {{IPA|z&lt;br&gt;zʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʂ&lt;br&gt;ɕ}}
| {{IPA|ʐ&lt;br&gt;ʑ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Nasal]]s
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|m&lt;br&gt;mʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|n&lt;br&gt;nʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Trill]]s
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|r&lt;br&gt;rʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;font-size: 80%; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Approximant]]s
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|ɫ&lt;br&gt;lʲ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|j}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}

Russian is notable for its distinction based on [[palatalization]] of most of the consonants. While /k/, /g/, /x/ do have palatalized [[allophone]]s {{IPA|[kʲ, gʲ, xʲ]}}, only {{IPA|/kʲ/}} might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of {{IPA|/tʲ/ and /dʲ/}}, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). {{IPA|/t, d, ʦ, s, z, n and r/)}} are [[dental consonant|dental]], that is pronounced with the tongue against the teeth rather than against the [[alveolar ridge]].

==Grammar==
{{main|Russian grammar}}

Russian has preserved an [[Indo-European]] [[Synthetic language|synthetic]]-[[inflection|inflexional]] structure, although considerable levelling has taken place.

Russian grammar encompasses
* a highly [[Synthetic language|synthetic]] '''morphology'''
* a '''syntax''' that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements:
** a polished [[vernacular]] foundation;
** a [[Church Slavonic]] inheritance;
** a [[Western Europe]]an style.

The spoken language has been influenced by the literary, but continues to preserve characteristic forms. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language.

==Vocabulary==
[[Image:1694 Russian ABC book page.GIF|thumb|This page from an &quot;ABC&quot; book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter '''П'''.]]

See [[History of the Russian language]] for an account of the successive foreign influences on the Russian language.

The total number of words in Russian is difficult to reckon because of the ability to agglutinate and create manifold compounds, diminutives, etc. (see [[Russian grammar#Word Formation|Word Formation]] under [[Russian grammar]]).

The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the last two centuries, and the total vocabulary of [[Pushkin]] (who is credited with greatly augmenting and codifying literary Russian), are as follows:

{| align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
|-
! Work||Year||Words||Notes
|-
|Academic dictionary, I Ed.||1789-1794||43,257||Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
|-
|Academic dictionary, II Ed||1806-1822||51,388||Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
|-
|Pushkin opus||1810-1837||21,197||-
|-
|Academic dictionary, III Ed.||1847||114,749||Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary
|-
|Dahl's dictionary||1880-1882||195,844||44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language, includes some properly Ukrainian and Belarusian words
|-
|Ushakov's dictionary||1934-1940||85,289||Current language with some archaisms
|-
|Academic dictionary||1950-1965||120,480||full dictionary of the &quot;Modern language&quot;
|-
|Ozhegov's dictionary||1991||61,458||More or less then-current language
|-
|Lopatin's dictionary||2000||c.160,000||Orthographic, current language
|}

Philologists have estimated that the language today may contain as many as 350,000 to 500,000 words.

(As a historical aside, [[Vladimir Ivanovich Dal|Dahl]] was, in the second half of the nineteenth century, still insisting that the proper spelling of the adjective ''русский'', which was at that time applied uniformly to all the Orthodox Eastern Slavic subjects of the Empire, as well as to its one official language, be spelled ''руский'' with one s, in accordance with ancient tradition and what he termed the &quot;spirit of the language&quot;. He was contradicted by the philologist Grot, who distinctly heard the s lengthened or doubled).

===The language of abuse and invective===
''Main article'': '''''[[Mat (language)]]'''''

Apparently, the ability to curse effectively has always been recognized as a form of art not only in certain quarters of society, but even by the more conservative-minded literati. For example, as far back as in the nineteenth-century naval yarns of [[Staniukovich]], &quot;artistic invective&quot; (''артистическая ругань'' {{IPA|/ər.t&amp;#690;&amp;#618;.&amp;#712;s&amp;#690;t&amp;#690;i.&amp;#680;ə.skə.jə &amp;#712;ru.ɡən&amp;#690;/}}) keeps coming out of the sailors' mouths, though it is never spelled out.
The ability to agglutinate has produced the so-called &quot;three-decker curse&quot; (''трёхэтажный мат'' {{IPA|/&amp;#712;tr&amp;#690;o.x&amp;#603;&amp;#712;ta.ʐnəj &amp;#712;mat/}}).

===Proverbs and sayings ===
''Main article'': '''''[[Russian proverbs]], [[Russian sayings]]'''''

Russian language is replete with many hundreds of proverbs (''пословица'' {{IPA|/p&amp;#652;.'slo.v&amp;#690;i.&amp;#678;ə/}}) and sayings  (''поговоркa'' {{IPA|/pə.ɡ&amp;#652;.'vo.rkə/}}). These were already tabulated by the seventeenth century, and collected and studied in the nineteenth and twentieth, with the folk-tales being an especially fertile source.

==History and examples==
{{main|History of the Russian language}}
''See also'': [[Reforms of Russian orthography]]

The history of Russian language may be divided into the following periods.

*[[History of Russian language#Origins|Origins]]
*[[History of Russian language#The Kievan period (9th-11th centuries)|The Kievan period (9th-11th centuries)]]
*[[History of Russian language#Feudal breakup (12th-14th centuries) |Feudal breakup (12th-14th centuries)]]
*[[History of Russian language#The Moscovite period (15th-17th centuries) |The Moscovite period (15th-17th centuries)]]
*[[History of Russian language#Empire (18th-19th centuries) |Empire (18th-19th centuries)]]
*[[History of Russian language#Soviet period and beyond (20th century) |Soviet period and beyond (20th century)]]

''See also:''
*[[History of Russian language#Examples |Examples of literary language (12-20th century)]]

Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Belarus]] was the Eastern branch of the [[Slavs]], speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into [[Kievan Rus]], from which both modern Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, was soon followed by the adoption of [[Christianity]] in 988-9 and the establishment of [[Old Church Slavonic]] as the liturgical and literary language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine [[Greek]] began to enter the vernacular at this time, and simultaneously the literary language began to be modified in its turn to become more nearly Eastern Slavic.

Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100, and the Mongol conquest of the thirteenth century. After the disestablishment of the &quot;Tartar yoke&quot; in the late fourteenth century, both the political centre and the predominant dialect in European Russia came to be based in [[Moscow]]. There is some consensus that Russian and Ukrainian can be considered distinct languages from this period ''at the latest''. The official language remained a kind of Church Slavonic until the close of the seventeenth century, but, despite attempts at standardization, as by [[Meletius Smotrytsky]] c.&amp;nbsp;1620, its purity was by then strongly compromised by an incipient secular literature.

The political reforms of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By [[1800]], a significant portion of the gentry spoke [[French]], less often [[German]], on an everyday basis. The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of [[Alexander Pushkin]] in the first third of the nineteenth century.

{{Listen|filename=Ru-Zimniy vecher.ogg|title=Winter Evening|description=Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's &quot;Winter Evening&quot; (Зимний вечер), 1825.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

The political upheavals of the early twentieth century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a world-wide if occasionally grudging prestige, especially during the middle third of the twentieth century.

Since the collapse of 1990-91, fashion for ways and things Western, economic uncertainties and difficulties within the educational system have made for inevitable rapid change in the language. Russian today is a tongue in great flux.

==References==  
The following serve as references for both this article and the related articles listed below that describe the Russian language:

===In English===
* {{cite book|title= Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages|author=Carleton, T.R.|year=1991|publisher=Slavica Press|location= Columbus, Ohio |}}
* {{cite book|author=Comrie, B., G. Stone, M. Polinsky|title=The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century|edition=2nd ed.|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1996|}}
*{{cite book|title= The Sounds of the World's Languages|author= [[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]] and [[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]|year=1996|publisher= Blackwell Publishers |}}
* {{cite book|author=Matthews, W.K.|title=Russian Historical Grammar|location=London|publisher=University of London, Athlone Press|year=1960}}
* {{cite book|author=Stender-Petersen, A.|title=Anthology of old Russian literature|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1954|}}

===In Russian===

* Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987.
* Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990.
* Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV&amp;ndash;XVII веков. М., 1978.
* Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.
* Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961. 
* Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983.


Many further references are listed in the books above.

==See also==

=== Language description ===

* [[Russian alphabet]]
* [[Russian grammar]]
* [[Russian orthography]]
* [[Russian phonology]]
* [[History of the Russian language]]

=== Related languages ===

* [[East Slavic languages]]
* [[Church Slavonic]]
* [[Old Church Slavonic]]
* [[Old Russian]]

===Other===
*[[List of Russian language topics]]
*[[List of English words of Russian origin]] &lt;!-- let it live here while non-empty --&gt;
*[[Russian literature]]
*[[Russian humour]]
*[[Russian proverbs]]
*[[Reforms of Russian orthography]]
*[[Transliteration of Russian into English]]
*[[Volapuk encoding]]
*[[Non-native pronunciations of English#Russian|Non-native pronunciations of English]]
*[[List of commonly confused homonyms#Russian|List of commonly confused homonyms in Russian]]
*[[Common phrases in different languages]]
*[[Runglish]]

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ru}}
* [http://www.russianlessons.net/ Free online Russian lessons]
* [http://www.masterrussian.com/ Russian language lessons, dictionaries, alphabet, pronunciation, grammar.]
* [http://www.speakrus.ru/dict/ Free downloadable vocabularies of the Russian language]
* [http://RusWin.net Cyrillization of PCs (Russian)]
* [http://www.masterrussian.net/ Russian Langauge Forum]
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=/usr/local/share/starling/morpho&amp;morpho=1&amp;basename=\usr\local\share\starling\morpho\vasmer\vasmer Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary of Russian language]
* [http://www.gramota.ru &quot;GRAMOTA&quot;. An educational/reference site on the Russian language, supported by the Russian government. (In Russian)]
* [http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/language/ Reference Grammar]
* [http://www.andaman.org/book/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm G. Weber, &quot;Top Languages&quot;]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rus SIL Ethnologue Report for Russian]
* [http://dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Slavic/Russian/ ODP Russian Language category]
* [http://www.orlandorussians.com/ Russian Language Groups in America]
* [http://www.russki-mat.net/ Multilingual Russian slang dictionaries]
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Russian-english/  Russian English Dictionary] from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
* [http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/tanooshka/tanooshka-bin.zip?download Free Open Source Software for Learning Russian]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Russian language]]

[[Category:Slavic natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Word order</title>
    <id>2126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46602</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T10:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>links to &quot;XX Language&quot; &gt; &quot;XX&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Word order''', in [[linguistic typology]], refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. In many languages, changes in word order occur due to topicalization or in questions. However, most languages are generally assumed to have a basic word order. That word order is '''unmarked'''. That is, it contains no extra information to the listener. For example, [[English]] is SVO (subject-verb-object), as in ''I don't know this'' but OSV is also possible: ''This I don't know''. This process is called '''[[topic-prominent language|topic-fronting]]''' (also '''topicalization''') and is extremely common. OSV in English is a '''marked''' word order because it emphasises the object.

An example of OSV being used for emphasis:
:'''A''': ''I can't see Alice.''
:'''B''': ''What about Bill?''
:'''A''': ''Bill I can see.'' (rather than ''I can see Bill'')

===Sentence word orders===

These are all possible word orders for the subject, verb, and object in the order of most common to rarest:
*[[Subject Object Verb|SOV]] languages include the prototypical [[Japanese]], [[Turkish]] and [[Korean]], as well as many others using this most common word order. Some, like [[Persian]], have SOV normal word order but conform less to the general tendencies of other such languages.
:*[[V2 word order|Verb-second]], or V2, languages, such as [[Dutch]], [[German]], [[Swedish]] and [[Norwegian]] have SOV characteristics in subordinate clauses.
*[[Subject Verb Object|SVO]] languages include [[English]], [[French]] and [[Kiswahili]].
:*[[Chinese]], while appearing to be an SVO language, has a [[topic-comment]]-based structure.
*[[Verb Subject Object|VSO]] languages include [[Classical Arabic]], the [[Insular Celtic languages]] and [[Hawai'ian]].
*[[Verb Object Subject|VOS]] languages include [[Fijian]] and [[Malagasy]].
*[[Object Subject Verb|OSV]] languages include [[Xavante]].
*[[Object Verb Subject|OVS]] languages include [[Hixkaryana]].
*Others, such as [[Latin]] and [[Finnish]] have no &quot;standard&quot; word order (although in the case of both languages SOV is the most frequent word order), meaning that the sentence structure is extremely flexible.

It is not understood why word orders with the subject before the object are much more common than word orders with the object before the subject. It must be noted that in most languages there is the tendency to identify the subject with the [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] (who or what is being talked about) and to place the topic at the beginning of the sentence so as to establish the context quickly.

Some languages can be said to have more than one basic word order. French is SVO, but it incorporates or [[clitic]]izes objective pronouns before the verb. This makes French SOV in some sentences. However, speaking of a language having a given word order is generally understood as a reference to the basic, unmarked, non-emphatic word order for sentences with constituents expressed by full nouns or noun phrases.

===Phrase word orders and branching===
{{main|Branching (linguistics)}}

There are several common correlations between sentence-level word order and phrase-level constituent order. For example, SOV languages generally put [[modifier]]s ([[adjective]]s and [[adverb]]s) before what they modify (nouns and verbs), and use [[postposition]]s. VSO languages tend to place modifiers after their heads, and use [[preposition]]s. For SVO languages, either order is possible.

For example, French (SVO) uses prepositions (''dans la voiture'', ''à gauche''), and places adjectives after (''une voiture grande''). However, a small class of adjectives generally go before their heads. On the other hand, in English (also SVO) adjectives always go before nouns (''a big car''), and adverbs can go either way, but initially is more common (''greatly improved'').

==Further Reading==
*[http://www.exc.com/JoelHoffman/Publications/JMH-Thesis.pdf Syntactic and Paratactic Word Order Effects] ([[PDF]]) Analysis of different types of word order variations across languages.  Technical, but contains non-technical appendix.
*[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060958332 The Language Instinct] - Good general introduction to linguistics.

[[Category:Syntax]]

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  <page>
    <title>Slavic languages</title>
    <id>2127</id>
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      <comment>/* Differentiation of Slavic languages */ rm redlinks</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Slavic languages''' (also called '''Slavonic languages'''), a group of closely related [[language|languages]] of the [[Slavic peoples]] and a subgroup of [[Indo-European languages]], have speakers in most of [[Eastern Europe]], in much of the [[Balkans]], in parts of [[Central Europe]], and in the northern part of [[Asia]]. 

==Branches==
Scholars divide the Slavic languages into three main branches, some of which feature sub-branches:

* '''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]''', including [[Russian]], [[Ukrainian]], [[Belarusian]], [[Rusyn]]
* '''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]''', which further subdivide into:
** [[Czech]] and [[Slovak]],
** [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper]] and [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower]] [[Sorbian language|Sorbian]] (minority languages in [[Germany]]),
** [[Lechitic languages]]: [[Polish]], [[Pomeranian]]/[[Kashubian]] and extinct [[Polabian]].
* '''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]''', which further subdivide into:
** Western subgroup composed of [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Serbian]], [[Croatian]] and [[Bosnian]]. Slavicists often group the latter three together as the [[Serbo-Croatian language]].
** Eastern subgroup composed of [[Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian]]. (Some slavicists, especially those in Bulgaria and Greece, regard Macedonian as a &quot;regional norm&quot; of the Bulgarian language rather than as a separate language.)

Some scientists postulate that a '''[[North Slavic languages|North Slavic]]''' branch has existed as well; the [[Old Novgorod dialect]] would be a remnant of it.{{fact}} On the other hand, the term &quot;North Slavic&quot; is also used sometimes to combine the West and East Slavic languages into one group, in opposition to the South Slavic languages.

The oldest Slavic [[literary language]] was [[Old Church Slavonic]], which later evolved into [[Church Slavonic]].

&lt;table align=center class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;[[Image:Slavic_languages.jpg|Distribution of Slavic languages]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;Map of Slavic languages in Europe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The tripartite division of the Slavic languages does not take into account the spoken [[dialect]]s of each language. Of these, certain so-called transitional dialects and hybrid dialects often bridge the gaps between different languages, showing similarities that do not stand out when comparing Slavic literary (i.e., standard) languages.

Enough differences exist between the various Slavic dialects and languages to make communication between speakers of different Slavic languages difficult. Within the individual Slavic languages, dialects may vary to a lesser degree, as those of Russian, or to a much greater degree, as those of Slovenian. Modern mass media, however, has helped to minimize variation in all the Slavic languages. Note too that historical inter-Slav cultural currents, such as the influence of South Slavic Old Church Slavonic and of South Slavic scholars on Russian, have exercised some re-unifying influence.

==History==

===Common roots and ancestry===
All Slavic languages are descendants of [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]], their [[parent language]]. 

According to some [[historical linguistics]] theories, Proto-Slavic in turn developed from the [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] language, a common ancestor of [[Proto-Baltic]], the parent of the Baltic languages. According to this theory, the &quot;[[Urheimat]]&quot; of Proto-Balto-Slavic lay in the territories surrounding today's [[Lithuania]] at some time after the Indo-European language community had separated into different dialect regions (c. 3000 BC). Slavic and Baltic speakers share at least 289 words which could have come from that hypothetical language. According to some linguists the process of separation of Proto-Slavic speakers from Proto-Baltic speakers presumably occurred around 1000 BC. 

Some linguists maintain however, that the Slavic group of languages differs more radically from the neighboring Baltic group ([[Lithuanian]], [[Latvian]], and the now-extinct [[Old Prussian]]). The Baltic language speakers once lived in a much larger area along the [[Baltic Sea]] and south. Starting by AD 600 Slavic language speakers gradually spread and took over large areas of Baltic settlements. (At the same time records note them taking over portions of [[Greece]].) (The first documented attempt at conquest of Baltic speakers by Slavic speakers comes from Adalbert of Prague in the year AD 997.) This group of linguists explain Baltic/Slavic similarities in grammar and vocabulary as a result of this Slav migration into the Baltic-speaking areas and the subsequent proximity of the two groups. 

A minority of linguists, spurred by the idea of &quot;[[geolinguistics]]&quot;, view the southern branch of the Slavic languages as possibly [[autochthonous]] to the Balkans.

===Differentiation of Slavic languages===

In the opinion of [[linguist]]s, probably even in the 10th&amp;ndash;12th centuries all Slavs spoke generally the same language, with recognizable regional differences. 

Linguistic differentiation received impetus from the dispersion of the Slavic peoples over large territory - which in Central Europe exceeded the current extent of Slavic-speaking majorities. Written documents of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries already have some local linguistic features. For example the [[Freising monuments]] show a language which contains some phonetic and lexical elements peculiar to Slovenian dialects (e.g. [[rhotacism]], the word ''krilatec'').

===Separation of South and West Slavs===
The movement of Slavic-speakers into the [[Balkans]] in the declining centuries of the [[Byzantine empire]] expanded the area of Slavic speech, but pre-existing languages (notably Greek) survived in this area. The arrival of the Hungarians in [[Pannonia]] in the [[9th century]] interposed non-Slavic speakers between South and West Slavs. [[Franks|Frankish]] conquests completed the geographical separation between these two groups, severing the connection between Slavs in [[Lower Austria]] ([[Moravians]]) from those in present-day [[Styria (state)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] and [[East Tyrol]], ancestors of present-day [[Slovenians]].

===Slavic-speaking populations under foreign rule===
Political situations have also affected the use and scope of the Slavic languages. In the course of their history, many Slavic-speaking communities came under foreign rule for longer or shorter periods. [[Poland]] underwent partition, [[German language |German-speaking]] empires appeared to absorb the [[Czech people|Czechs]] for many centuries, and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in their hey-day dominated the [[Balkan]] Slavs. Even the [[Eastern Slavs]] had to submit to the [[Tatar yoke]] after the [[Mongol invasion of Rus]].

The largest geographical extent of Slavic population, which in the [[Middle Ages]] included the majority of the present-day [[Germany|German]] lands of [[Brandenburg]] and [[Pomerania]], diminished in the course of the German ''[[Drang nach Osten]]''.

[[Ottoman Empire|Turk]]ish incursions suppressed the regional hegemonies of Bulgarian and Serbian speakers; Poland suffered decline, partition and extinction as a separate national state in the 18th century. Until the 20th century, certain speech-groups (such as speakers of Slovenian) lacked the resources to establish their own distinctive independent nation-states. Other communities (speakers of [[Sorbian]] or of [[Kashubian]], for example) remain as minorities in the current system of nation-states.  

Some speech-communities have long stood under the influence of others -- even other Slavs: speakers of Ukrainian and Belarusian came under Polish and/or Russian rule; German-speaking overlords have long dominated the Sorbian-speakers. In the case of Czech- and  Slovak-speakers, originally kindred languages diverged when the former came under German rule, the latter under Hungarian. The same division marks the now well-established border between the Slovenian and Croatian language areas, even if some bordering dialects of the two languages indicate an almost smooth transition.

Despite their frequent lack of political power, speakers of Slavic languages demonstrated resilience, sometimes culturally taking over foreign political rulers, as in [[Bulgaria]], where [[Bulgar]] overlords became Slavicized. Similarly, in the [[Republic of Dubrovnik]] [[Croatian language|Croatian]] became an official language in parallel to [[Dalmatian language|Ragusan Dalmatian]] and [[Latin]]. Even under the [[Ottoman Empire]], south-eastern Europe, except for [[Greece]] proper and [[Albania]]n, Romanian and Hungarian areas, remained Slavic speaking.

==Slavic influence on neighboring languages==
The [[Romanian]] and [[Hungarian]] languages witness the influence of the neighboring Slavic nations, especially in the vocabulary pertaining to crafts and trade; the major cultural innovations at times when few long-range cultural contacts took place.

Despite a comparable extent of historical proximity, the [[Germanic languages]] show no significant Slavic influence, one notable exception being the word for &quot;border&quot;, modern [[German]] ''Grenze'', [[Dutch]] &quot;grens&quot; from the Common Slavic ''*granĭca''.

==Detailed list with ISO 639 and SIL codes==

The following tree for the Slavic languages derives from the [[Ethnologue]] report for Slavic languages[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90673]. It includes the [[SIL code|SIL]], [[ISO 639-1]] and [[ISO 639-2]] codes where available. ISO 639-2 uses the code '''sla''' in a general way for Slavic languages not included in one of the other codes.

'''[[East Slavic languages]]:'''
* [[Belarusian]] (alternatively Belarusan, Belarussian, Belorussian) - (SIL code: '''bel'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''be'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''bel''')
* [[Ukrainian]] - (SIL code: '''ukr'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''uk'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''ukr''')
* [[Russian]] - (SIL code: '''rus'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''ru'''; ISO 639-2 code, '''rus''')
* [[Rusyn]] - (SIL code: '''rue'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''sla''')

'''[[West Slavic languages]]:'''
*[[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] section (also known as [[Wendish]]) - ISO 639-2 code: '''wen'''
**[[Lower Sorbian]] (also known as '''''Lusatian''''') - (SIL code: '''dsb'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''dsb''')
**[[Upper Sorbian]] - (SIL code: '''hsb'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''hsb''')
*[[Lechitic]] section 
** [[Polish]] - (SIL code: '''pol'''; ISO 639-1 code, '''pl'''; ISO 639-2 code, '''pol''')
** [[Pomeranian]]
*** [[Kashubian]] - (SIL code: '''csb'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''csb''')
*** [[Slovincian]] - extinct
** [[Polabian]] - extinct - (SIL code: '''pox'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''sla''')
*Czech-Slovak section
** [[Czech]] - (SIL code: '''ces'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''cs'''; ISO 639-2(B) code, '''cze'''; ISO 639-2(T) code: '''ces''')
** [[Knaanic]] or Judeo Slavic - extinct - (SIL code: '''czk'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''sla''')
** [[Slovak]] - (SIL code: '''slk'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''sk'''; ISO 639-2(B) code: '''slo'''; ISO 639-2(T) code: '''slk''')

'''[[South Slavic languages]]:'''
*Western Section
** [[Slovenian]] - (SIL code: '''slv'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''sl'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''slv''')
** [[Croatian]] (SIL code: '''hrv'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''hr'''; ISO 639-2/3 code: '''hrv''')
** [[Bosnian]] (SIL code: '''bos'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''bs'''; ISO 639-2/3 code: '''bos''')
** [[Serbian]] (SIL code: '''srp'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''sr'''; ISO 639-2/3 code: '''srp''')
*Eastern Section
** [[Macedonian]] - (SIL code: '''mkd'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''mk'''; ISO 639-2(B) code: '''mac'''; ISO 639-2(T) code: '''mkd''')
** [[Bulgarian]] - (SIL code: '''bul'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''bg'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''bul''')
** [[Old Church Slavonic]] - extinct (SIL code: '''chu'''; ISO 639-1 code: '''cu'''; ISO 639-2 code: '''chu''')

Note that Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian previously formed a unitary [[Serbo-Croatian]] (SIL 14th ed. code: ''SRC''; ISO 639-1 code: ''sh''; ISO 639-2(B) codes: ''scr'' and ''scc''). See also: [[Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia]].

'''Para- and supranational languages'''
*[[Church Slavonic]], derived from Old Church Slavonic, but with significant replacement of the original vocabulary by forms from the [[Old Russian language]] and other regional forms. The [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] continue to use Church Slavonic as a [[liturgical language]]. While not used in modern times, the text of a Church Slavonic mass survives in the [[Czech Republic]], which is best known through Janacek's musical setting of it (the ''[[Glagolitic Mass]]'').

A [[planned language]] called [[Slovio]] also exists: constructed on the basis of Slavic languages, and intended to facilitate intercommunication between people each of whom already speak at least one Slavic language.

==See also==
* [[Slavistics]]
* [[Language families and languages]]

== External links ==
*[http://forum.wordreference.com/forumdisplay.php?f=44 WordReference - a moderated forum of Slavic languages]
*[http://www.continuitas.com/interdisciplinary.pdf Ethnic continuity and Slavic ethnogenesis]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90673 Ethnologue report on Slavic languages]
*[http://miejipang.homestead.com/untitled1.html Let's try Slavic languages!]
*[http://www.uni-bonn.de/~dbuncic/fauxamis/biling_un.htm Bilingual lists of Slavic false friends]

[[Category:Slavic languages|*]]
[[Category:Language families]]

{{wikipedia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tolkāppiyam</title>
    <id>2128</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
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      <minor/>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tolkāppiyam''' (''தொல்காப்பியம்'' in Tamil) is a work on the [[grammar]] of the [[Tamil]] language. Written in the form of poems(or short hymns), around 200 BC by [[Tolkāppiyar]], is said to be the world's oldest surviving grammar for any language.

All the words, poems and literature that came in Tamil language after that followed the grammar as explained by Tolkāppiyam. The name Tolkāppiyam can be split as  Tolkāppiyam = Tonmai + kāppiyam. Tonmai means archeologically old and Kappiam is a literature master piece or epic.

Over the centuries, many books came interpreting and clarifying Tolkāppiyam. Some of which where the ones written by &quot;Ilampooranar&quot;, &quot;Deivachilaiyaaar&quot;, &quot;Natchinaarciniyar&quot; etc. They were called as &quot;Urai-asiriyargal&quot;or equivalently explanatory commentators.These commentators explained Tolkāppiyam in their own view and expressed their opinions on the subjects dealt by Tolkāppiyam, in their own times. Many grammar works came in Tamil after Tolkāppiyam, based on that.However,One that is most popular and used in place of Tolkāppiyam now is &quot;Nannūl&quot; written by &quot;Pavananti Munivar&quot;.

The Tolkāppiyam  classifies the Tamil language into &quot;senthamil&quot; and &quot;kotunthamil&quot;. The former refers to the classical Tamil used exclusively in literary works and the latter refers to the colloquial Tamil, spoken by the people. The book is based on the analysis of both spoken and written Tamil.
[[Image:TolkaappiyamExcerpt.png|thumb|275px|Excerpt from the Tolkāppiyam showing the style of narration]]

== Scientific treatment to Natural Language Grammar ==
The classification of the alphabet into consonants and vowels by splitting the conso-vowels was a scientific breakthrough. Grammatising this phenomenon was also an achievement of that time. The Tolkāppiyam starts by defining the alphabet for optimal writing, grammatises the use of words and syntaxes and moves into higher modes of language analysis. The style and structure of narration of these rules is similar to that of the [[Backus-Naur form]], which was formalised only as recently as [[1963]]. The Tolkāppiyam formulated thirty characters and three diacritic like symbols for Tamil.  The 12 vowels combine with the 18 consonants bringing the total tally of characters to &lt;math&gt;247 (12 +18 + (12 x 18) + 1 = 247)&lt;/math&gt;. The alphabet has evolved since then. For a detailed treatment of the alphabet see ''[[Tamil alphabet]]''. Though the alphabet has evolved largely, the language as such has remained mostly intact earning the ''[[sobriquet]]'', ''kannith thamil'', which can mean ''ever-young Tamil'' or &quot;virgin Tamil&quot;.

== Chapters ==
The Tolkāppiyam is organised into the following three chapters each of which is sub divided into 9 sections.

1. Ezhuththathikaaram

2. Sollathikaaram

3. PoruLathikaaram

=== Ezhuththathikaaram ===
Ezhuththathikaaram is further subdivided into the following 9 sections.

1. Nuul Marabu

2. Mozhi Marabu

3. PiRappiyal

4. PuNaRiyal

5. Thokai Marabu

6. Urubiyal

7. Uyir Mayangial

8. PuLLi Mayangial

9. KutriyalukarappunaRiyal

==== Nuul Marabu ====
This section enumerates the characters of the language, organises them into consonants, vowels and diacritic symbols. The vowels are sub classified into short and long vowels based on duration of pronunciation. Similarly, the consonants are sub classified into three categories based on the stress.

==== Mozhi Marabu ====
This section defines rules which specify where in  a word can a letter not occur and which letter can not come after a particular letter. 

It also describes [[elision]], which is the reduction in the duration of sound of a [[phoneme]] when preceded by or followed by certain other sounds. The rules are well-defined and unambiguous. They are categorised into 5 classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.
# Kutriyalukaram - the (lip unrounded) vowel sound ''u''
# Kutriyalikaram - the vowel sound ''i''(as the vowel in 'lip')
# Aiykaarakkurukkam - the [[diphthong]] ''ai''
# Oukaarakkurukkam - the diphthong ''au''
# Aaythakkurukkam - the special character  (''aaytham'')

==== PiRappiyal ====
[[Image:TolkaappiyamExcerptArticulatoryPhonetics.png|thumb|right|275px|Excerpt from the Tolkāppiyam on [[articulatory phonetics]]]]
This is a section on [[articulatory phonetics]]. It talks about pronunciation methods of the [[phoneme]]s at the level of [[diaphragm]], [[larynx]], jaws, tongue position, teeth, lips and nose.

Also, the visual representation of the letters is explained.

==== PuNaRiyal ====
This section talks about the changes to words due to the following word i.e. it specifies rules that govern the transformations on the last phonem of a word (''nilaimozhi iiRu'') because of the first phonem of the following word (''varumozhi muthal'') when used in a sentence.

==== Thokai Marabu ====
{{stubsection}}

==== Urubiyal ====
{{stubsection}}
This section talks about the word modifiers that are added at the end of nouns and pronouns when they are used as an object as opposed to when they are used as subjects.

==== Uyir Mayangial ====
{{stubsection}}

==== PuLLi Mayangial ====
{{stubsection}}

==== KutriyalukarappunaRiyal ====
{{stubsection}}

===  Sollathikaaram ===
Sollathikaaram deals with words and [[parts of speech]]. It classifies Tamil words into four categories -

1. iyar chol - Words in common usage

2. thiri chol - Words used in Tamil literature

3. vata chol - Words borrowed from Sanskrit

4. thisai chol - Words borrowed from Other Languages

There are certain rules to be adhered to in borrowing words from Sanskrit. The borrowed words need to strictly conform to the Tamil phonetic system and be written in the Tamil script.

The chapter Sollathikaaram is sub divided into the following 9 sections.

1. KiLaviyaakkam

2. VEtRumaiyiyal

3. VEtrumaimayangial

4. ViLimaRabu

5. Peyariyal

6. Vinaiyiyal

7. Idaiyiyal

8. Uriyiyal

9. Echchaviyal

==== KiLaviyaakkam ====
KiLaviyaakkam literally translates to ''word formation''. This section deals with [[gender]], [[number]], [[person]] etc.

==== VEtRumaiyiyal ====

==== VEtrumaimayangial ====

==== ViLimaRabu ====

==== Peyariyal ====
This section deals with [[noun]]s.

==== Vinaiyiyal ====
This section deals with [[verb]]s.

==== Idaiyiyal ====

==== Uriyiyal ====
This literally translates to ''the nature or science of qualifiers'' and deals with [[adjective]]s and [[adverb]]s.

==== Echchaviyal ====

=== PoruLathikaaram ===
The Tolkāppiyam is possibly the only book on grammar that describes a ''grammar for [[life]]''. PoruLathikaaram gives the classification of land types, and seasons and defines modes of life for each of the combinations of land types and seasons for different kinds of people. This chapter is subdivided into the following 9 sections.
1. AkaththiNaiyiyal
2. PuRaththiNaiyiyal
3. KaLaviyal
4. KaRpiyal
5. PoruLiyal
6. Meyppaattiyal
7. Uvamayiyal
8. SeyyuLiyal
9. Marabiyal

==== AkaththiNaiyiyal ====
This section defines the modes of personal life i.e. life of couples.

==== PuRaththiNaiyiyal ====
This section defines the modes of one's public life.

==== KaLaviyal ====

==== KaRpiyal ====

==== PoruLiyal ====

==== Meyppaattiyal ====

==== Uvamayiyal ====
The name ''Uvamayiyal'' literally translates to ''the nature or science of [[metaphor]]s''.

==== SeyyuLiyal ====
This interesting section deals with a grammar for classical [[Tamil Poetry]] based on principles of [[prosody]].

==== Marabiyal ====

== External links==

* [http://www.tamil.net/projectmadurai/pub/pm0100/tolkap.pdf Tolkāppiyam Complete]
* [http://arutkural.tripod.com/tolcampus/akam.htm Tolkāppiyam PoruLatikaaram]
* [http://www.araichchi.com/Learn/eng-tolkaapiyam.htm Tolkāppiyam partial list]
* [http://tamilnation.org/literature/grammar/tolkappiyam.htm Tolkāppiyar's Literary Theory] - Research paper (1996)


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  <page>
    <title>Topic-prominent language</title>
    <id>2129</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''topic-prominent language''' is one that organizes its [[syntax]] so that [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]s have a topic-comment (or theme-rheme) structure, where the [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] is the thing being talked about (predicated) and the comment is what is said about the topic. This structure is independent of the [[word order|syntactic ordering]] of [[subject (grammar)|subject]], [[verb]] and [[object (grammar)|object]], and may be marked by word order (typically mentioning the topic first thing in the sentence, and then the comment), or by explicit [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (as in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] with the [[clitic]] particle ''wa'').

The difference between topic-prominent languages and non-topic-prominent languages is that topic marking is done systematically in the former, while the latter resort to various idiosyncratic means for topicalization.

Examples of topic-prominent languages are [[East Asian language]]s such as the [[Chinese language]]s, [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean]], [[Vietnamese]], [[Malay]], [[Indonesian]], [[Singaporean English]] and [[Malaysian English]], as well as the African [[Somali]].

==Common features of topic-prominent languages==

*They tend to downplay the role of the passive voice, if a passive construction exists at all, since the main idea of passivization is to turn an object into a subject in languages where the subject is understood to be the topic by default. The Japanese passive voice has a specific connotation that restricts its use.
*They usually don't have &quot;dummy subjects&quot; ([[dummy pronoun|pleonastic pronoun]]s) like English ''it'' in ''It's raining''. Since topic-prominent languages do not consider the subject, but the topic, to be the most important part of the sentence, it may not matter if there is no apparent subject (see also [[null subject language]], [[pro-drop language]]).
*They often have sentences with so-called &quot;double subjects&quot;, actually a topic plus a subject, for example: ''Sono yashi wa happa ga ookii'' (Japanese) &amp;mdash; &quot;That palm tree ''(topic)'', leaves ''(subject)'' are big&quot;.

==Examples==

===Chinese===
{|
| || &amp;#24373;&amp;#19977; || &amp;#25105; || &amp;#24050;&amp;#32147; || &amp;#35211;&amp;#36942; || &amp;#20102;&amp;#12290;
|-
| Transcription: || ''Zh&amp;#257;ng S&amp;#257;n'' || ''w&amp;#466;'' || ''y&amp;#464;j&amp;#299;ng'' || ''jiànguò'' || ''le.''
|-
| Gloss: || Zhang San || I || already || see-&lt;small&gt;EXPERIENCE&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;NEWSTATE&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| Translation: ||colspan=3| (As for) Zhang San, I've seen (him) already.
|}

{|
| || &amp;#36889;&amp;#26869; || &amp;#27193; || &amp;#33865;&amp;#23376; || &amp;#24456; || &amp;#22823;&amp;#12290;
|-
| Transcription: || ''Zhè kè'' || ''shù'' || ''yèzi'' || ''h&amp;#283;n'' || ''dà.''
|-
| Gloss: || this-&lt;small&gt;MEASURE&lt;/small&gt; || tree || leaf || very || big
|-
| Translation: ||colspan=3| This tree has big leaves.
|}

===Japanese===
{|
| || &amp;#39770;&amp;#12399; || &amp;#39899;&amp;#12364; || &amp;#32654;&amp;#21619;&amp;#12375;&amp;#12356;&amp;#12290;
|-
| Transcription: || ''Sakana-wa'' || ''tai-ga'' || ''oishi-i.''
|-
| Gloss: || &quot;fish&quot;-&lt;small&gt;TOPIC&lt;/small&gt; || &quot;red snapper&quot;-&lt;small&gt;SUBJECT&lt;/small&gt; || &quot;be delicious&quot;-&lt;small&gt;NONPAST&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| Translation: ||colspan=3| As for fish, red snapper is delicious.
|}

===[[American Sign Language]] (ASL)===

The topic of the sentence, that is the focus of the sentence, is put at the beginning.  For example, in translating the English phrase &quot;We are going to the store tomorrow&quot;, some possible ASL sentences, literally translated, could be:
*&quot;WE GO STORE TOMORROW.&quot;
*&quot;TOMORROW, STORE WE GO.&quot; (Topicalization, TOMORROW is the focus) 
*&quot;STORE, WE GO TOMORROW.&quot; (Topicalization, STORE is the focus)(Proper ASL structure, though, uses the time indicator first, so the proper ASL form would be the second one:  &quot;TOMORROW, STORE WE GO.&quot;)

[[Category:Linguistic typology]]

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  <page>
    <title>Morphology</title>
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      <comment>/* Bibliography */ …</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Morphology''' is a sub discipline of [[linguistics]] that studies word structure.  While words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of [[syntax]], it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can be related to other words by rules.  For example, any English speaker can see that the words ''dog'', ''dogs'' and ''dog-catcher'' are closely related.  English speakers can also recognize that these relations can be formulated as rules that can apply to many, many other pairs of words.  ''Dog'' is to ''dogs'' just as ''cat'' is to ''cats'', or ''[[encyclopædia]]'' is to ''[[encyclopædia]]s''; ''dog'' is to ''dog-catcher'' as ''dish'' is to ''dishwasher''.  The rule in the first case is plural formation;  in the second case, a [[transitive verb]] and a noun playing the role of its object can form a word.  Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies such rules across and within languages.

The term was coined by [[August Schleicher]] in [[1859]]: ''Für die Lehre von der Wortform wähle ich das Wort &quot;Morphologie&quot;'' (&quot;for the science of word formation, I choose the term 'morphology'&quot;, ''Mémoires Acad. Impériale'' 7/1/7, 35).

== Important concepts ==

=== Lexemes and word forms ===

The word &quot;word&quot; is ambiguous in common usage.  To take up again the example of ''dog'' vs. ''dogs'', there is one sense in which these two are the same &quot;word&quot; (they are both nouns that refer to the same kind of animal, differing only in number), and another sense in which they are different words (they can't generally be used in the same sentences without altering other words to fit; for example, the verbs ''is'' and ''are'' in ''The dog is happy'' and ''The dogs are happy'').

The distinction between these two senses of &quot;word&quot; is probably the most important one in morphology.  The first sense of &quot;word,&quot; the one in which ''dog'' and ''dogs'' are &quot;the same word,&quot; is called '''[[lexeme]]'''.  The second sense is called '''word form'''.  We thus say that ''dog'' and ''dogs'' are different forms of the same lexeme.  ''Dog'' and ''dog-catcher'', on the other hand, are different lexemes; for example, they refer to two different kinds of entities. The form of a word that is chosen conventionally to represent the canonical form of a word is called a [[lemma (linguistics)|lemma]] or '''citation form'''.

=== Inflection vs. word-formation ===

Given the notion of a lexeme, it is possible to distinguish two kinds of morphological rules.  Some morphological rules relate different forms of the same lexeme; while other rules relate two different lexemes.  Rules of the first kind are called '''[[Inflection|inflectional rules]]''', while those of the second kind are called '''[[word-formation]]'''.  The English plural, as illustrated by ''dog'' and ''dogs'', is an inflectional rule; compounds like ''dog-catcher'' or ''dishwasher'' are an example of a word-formation rule.  Informally, word-formation forms &quot;new words&quot; (that is, lexemes), while inflection gives you more forms of the &quot;same&quot; word (lexeme). 

There is a further distinction between two kinds of word-formation: [[Derivation (linguistics)| derivation]] and [[Compound verb| compounding]].  Compounding is a kind of word-formation which involves combining complete word forms into a '''compound'''; ''dog-catcher'' is a compound, because both ''dog'' and ''catcher'' are words.  Derivation involves suffixes or prefixes that are not independent words; the word ''independent'' is derived from the word ''dependent'' by prefixing it with the derivational prefix ''in-'', and ''dependent'' itself is derived from the verb ''depend''.

The distinction between inflection and word-formation is not at all clear-cut.  There are many examples where linguists fail to agree whether a given rule is inflection or word-formation.  However, the next section will clarify this distinction further.

=== Paradigms and morphosyntax ===

The notion of a '''paradigm''' is closely related to that of inflection.  The paradigm of a lexeme is the set of all of its word forms, organized by their grammatical categories.  The familiar examples of paradigms are the [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugations]] of verbs, and the [[Declension|declensions]] of nouns.  The word forms of a lexeme can usually be arranged into tables, by classifying them by shared features such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender or case.  For example, the personal pronouns in English can be organized into tables, using the categories of [[grammatical person|person]], [[grammatical number|number]], [[grammatical gender|gender]] and [[grammatical case|case]].

The categories used to group word forms into paradigms cannot be chosen arbitrarily; they must be categories that are relevant to stating the [[syntax|syntactic rules]] of the language.  For example, person and number are categories that can be used to define paradigms in English, because English has [[grammatical agreement]] rules that require the verb in a sentence to appear in an inflectional form that matches the person and number of the subject.  In other words, the syntactic rules of English care about the difference between ''dog'' and ''dogs'', because it determines which form of the verb must be used; but in contrast, no syntactic rule of English cares about the difference between ''dog'' and ''dog-catcher'', or ''dependent'' and ''independent''.  The first two are just nouns, and the second two just adjectives, and they generally behave like any other noun or adjective behaves.

The major difference between inflection and word formation is that inflectional forms of lexemes are organized into paradigms, which are defined by the requirements of syntactic rules.  The part of morphology that covers the relationship between [[syntax]] and morphology is called [[morphosyntax]], and it concerns itself with inflection and paradigms, but not with word-formation or compounding.

=== Allomorphy and morphophonology ===

In the exposition above, morphological rules are described as analogies between word forms: ''dog'' is to ''dogs'' as ''cat'' is to ''cats'', and as ''dish'' is to ''dishes''.  In this case, the analogy applies both to the meaning of the words and to their forms: in each pair, the word in the left always means &quot;one of X&quot; and the one on the right &quot;many of X&quot;, and at the distinction is always signaled by having the plural form have an ''-s'' at the end, which the singular does not have.

One of the largest sources of complexity in morphology is that this sort of one-to-one correspondence between meaning and form hardly ever holds.  In English, we have word form pairs like ''ox/oxen'', ''goose/geese'', and ''sheep/sheep'', where the difference between the singular and the plural is signaled in a different way from the regular pattern, or not signalled at all.  Even the case we consider &quot;regular&quot;, with the final ''-s'', is not quite that simple; the ''-s'' in ''dogs'' is not pronounced the same way as the ''-s'' in ''cats'', and in a plural like ''dishes'', we have an &quot;extra&quot; vowel before the ''-s''.  These cases, where the same distinction is effected by different changes of form for different lexemes, are called '''[[allomorph|allomorphy]]'''.

There are several kinds of allomorphy.  One is pure allomorphy, where the allomorphs are just arbitrary.  The most extreme cases here are called [[Suppletion|suppletion]], where two forms related by a morphological rule are just arbitrarily different: for example, the past of ''go'' is ''went'', which is a suppletive form.

On the other hand, other kinds of allomorphy are due to interaction between morphology and [[phonology]]. Phonological rules constrain which sounds can appear next to each other in a language, and morphological rules, when applied blindly, would often violate phonological rules, by resulting in impossible sound sequences.  For example, if we were to try to form the plural of ''dish'' by just putting a ''-s'' at the end, we'd get ''*dishs'', which is not permitted by the phonology; to &quot;rescue&quot; the word, we put a vowel sound in between, and get ''dishes''.  Similar rules apply to the pronunciation of the ''-s'' in ''dogs'' and ''cats'': it depends on the quality (voiced vs. unvoiced) of the preceding [[phoneme]].

The study of allomorphy that results from the interaction of morphology and [[phonology]] is called [[morphophonology]].  Many morphophonological rules fall under the category of [[sandhi]].

=== Lexical morphology ===

[[Lexical morphology]] is the branch of morphology that deals with the [[lexicon]], which, morphologically conceived, is the collection of [[lexeme|lexemes]] in a language.  As such, it concerns itself primarily with word-formation: derivation and compounding.

== Models of morphology ==

There are three major families of approaches to morphology, which try to capture the distinctions above in different ways.  These are:
* [[Morpheme-based morphology]], which makes use of an [[Item-and-Arrangment (Morphology)|Item-and-Arrangement]] approach.
* [[Lexeme-based morphology]], which normally makes use of an [[Item-and-Process (Morphology)|Item-and-Process]] approach.  
* [[Word-based morphology]], which normally makes use of a [[Word-and-Paradigm (Morphology)|Word-and-Paradigm]] approach.
Please note that while the associations indicated between the concepts in each item in that list is very strong, it is not absolute.

=== Morpheme-based morphology ===

In [[morpheme-based morphology]], word forms are analyzed as sequences of [[morpheme]]s.  A '''morpheme''' is defined as the minimal meaningful unit of a language.  In a word like ''independently'', we say that the morphemes are ''in-'', ''depend'', ''-ent'', and ''ly''; ''depend'' is the '''root''' and the other morphemes are, in this case, derivational affixes.{{ref|depend-root}}  In a word like ''dogs'', we say that ''dog'' is the root, and that ''-s'' is an inflectional morpheme.  This way of analyzing word forms as if they were made of morphemes put after each other like beads on a string, is called [[Item-and-Arrangment (Morphology)|Item-and-Arrangement]].

The morpheme-based approach is the first one that beginners to morphology usually think of, and which laymen tend to find the most obvious.  This is so to such an extent that very often beginners think that morphemes are an inevitable, fundamental notion of morphology; and many five-minute explanations of morphology are, in fact, five-minute explanations of morpheme-based morphology.  This is, however, not so; the fundamental idea of morphology is that the words of a language are related to each other by different kinds of rules.  Analyzing words as sequences of morphemes is a way of describing these relations, but is not the only way.  In actual academic linguistics, morpheme-based morphology certainly has many adherents, but is by no means absolutely dominant.

Applying a morpheme-based model strictly quickly leads to complications when one tries to analyze many forms of allomorphy.  For example, it's easy to think that in ''dogs'', we have the root ''dog'', followed by the plural morpheme ''-s''; the same sort of analysis is also straightforward for ''oxen'', with the stem ''ox'', and a [[suppletion|suppletive]] plural morpheme ''-en''.  But then, how do we &quot;split up&quot; the word ''geese'' into root + plural morpheme?  How do we do so for ''sheep''?

Theorists who wish to maintain a strict morpheme-based approach often preserve the idea in cases like these by saying that ''geese'' is ''goose'' followed by a '''[[null morpheme]]''' (a morpheme that has no phonological content), and that the vowel change in the stem is a morphophonological rule.  It is also common for morpheme-based analyses to posit null morphemes even in the absence of any allomorphy.  For example, if the plural noun ''dogs'' is analyzed as a root ''dog'' followed by a plural morpheme ''-s'', then one might analyze the singular ''dog'' as the root ''dog'' followed by a null morpheme for the singular.

=== Lexeme-based morphology ===

[[Lexeme-based morphology]] is (usually) an [[Item-and-Process (Morphology)|Item-and-Process]] approach.  Instead of analyzing a word form as a set of morphemes arranged in sequence, we think of a word form as the result of applying rules that ''alter'' a word form or stems, to produce a new one.  An inflectional rule takes a stem, does some changes to it, and outputs a word-form; a derivational rule takes a stem, and outputs a derived stem; a compounding rule takes word-forms, and outputs a compound stem.

The Item-and-Process approach bypasses the difficulty described above for Item-and-Arrangement approaches.  Faced with a plural like ''geese'', we don't have to assume there is a zero-morph; all we say is that while the plural of ''dog'' is formed by adding an ''-s'' to the end, the plural of ''goose'' is formed by changing the vowel in the stem.

=== Word-based morphology ===

[[Word-based morphology]] is a (usually) [[Word-and-Paradigm (Morphology)|Word-and-Paradigm]] approach.  This kind of theory takes paradigms as a central notion.  Instead of stating rules to combine morphemes into word forms, or to generate word-forms from stems, word-based morphology states generalizations that hold between the forms of inflectional paradigms.  The major point behind this approach is that many such generalizations are hard to state with either of the other approaches.  The examples are usually drawn from [[Fusional language|fusional languages]], where a given &quot;piece&quot; of a word, which a morpheme-based theory would call an inflectional morpheme, corresponds to a combination of grammatical categories, for example, &quot;third person plural.&quot;  Morpheme-based theories usually have no problems with this situation, since one just says that a given morpheme has two categories.  Item-and-Process theories, on the other hand, often break down in cases like these, because they all too often assume that there will be two separate rules here, one for third person, and the other for plural, but the distinction between them turns out to be artificial. Word-and-Paradigm approaches treat these as whole words that are related to each other by [[analogy|analogical]] rules. Words can be categorized based on the pattern that they fit into. This applies both to existing words and to new ones. Application of a different pattern than the one that was used historically can give rise to a new word, such as ''older'' replacing ''elder'' (where ''older'' follows the normal pattern of [[adjective|adjectival]] [[superlative]]s) and ''cows'' replacing ''kine'' (where ''cows'' fits the regular pattern of plural formation). While a Word-and-Paradigm approach can explain this easily, other approaches have difficulty with phenomena such as this.

== Morphological typology ==

''See the main article, [[morphological typology]]''

In the 19th century, philologists devised a now classic classification of languages in terms of their morphology.  According to this typology, some languages are [[isolating language|isolating]], and have little or no morphology; others are [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]], and their words tend to have lots of easily-separable morphemes; while yet others are [[fusional language|fusional]], because their inflectional morphemes are said to be &quot;fused&quot; together.  The classic example of an isolating language is [[Chinese]]; the classic example of an agglutinative language is [[Turkish]]; both [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] are classic examples of fusional languages.

When one considers the variability of the world's languages, it becomes clear that this classification is not at all clear-cut, and many languages don't neatly fit any one of these types.  However, examined against the light of the three general models of morphology described above, it is also clear that the classification is very much biased towards a morpheme-based conception of morphology.  It makes direct use of the notion of morpheme in the definition of agglutinative and fusional languages.  It describes the latter as having separate morphemes &quot;fused&quot; together (which often does correspond to the history of the language, but not to its [[descriptive linguistics|synchronic]] reality).

The three models of morphology stem from attempts to analyze languages that more or less match different categories in this typology.  The Item-and-Arrangement approach fits very naturally with agglutinative languages; while the Item-and-Process and Word-and-Paradigm approaches usually address fusional languages.

The reader should also note that the classical typology also mostly applies to inflectional morphology.  There is very little fusion going on with word-formation.  Languages may be classified as synthetic or analytic in their word formation, depending on the preferred way of expressing notions that are not inflectional: either by using word-formation (synthetic), or by using syntactic phrases (analytic).

==Footnotes==

# {{note|depend-root}} The existence of words like ''appendix'' and ''pending'' in English does not mean that the English word ''depend'' is analyzed into a derivational prefix ''de-'' and a root ''pend''.  While all those were indeed once related to each other by morphological rules, this was so only ''in Latin'', not in English.  English borrowed the words from French and Latin, but not the morphological rules that allowed Latin speakers to combine ''de-'' and the verb ''pendere'' 'hang' into the derivative ''dependere''.

==See also==
*[[affixation]]
*[[bound morpheme]]
*[[dependent-marking language]]
*[[head-marking language]]
*[[inflected language]]
*[[morphological typology]]
*[[noun case]]
*[[root morpheme]]
*[[syntactic hierarchy]]
*[[uninflected word]]
*[[distributed morphology]]
*[[nonconcatenative morphology]]
*[[unpaired word]]

==Bibliography==

* Bauer, Laurie. (2003). ''Introducing linguistic morphology'' (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-878-40343-4.
* Bauer, Laurie. (2004). ''A glossary of morphology''. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
* Bubenik, Vit. (1999). ''An introduction to the study of morphology''. LINCON coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-570-2.
* Haspelmath, Martin. (2002). ''Understanding morphology''. London: Arnold (co-published by Oxford University Press). ISBN 0-340-76025-7 (hb); ISBN 0-340-76206-5 (pbk).
* Katamba, Francis. (1993). ''Morphology''. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-10101-5 (hb). ISBN 0-312-10356-5 (pbk).
* Matthews, Peter. (1991). ''Morphology'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41043-6 (hb). ISBN 0-521-42256-6 (pbk).
* Singh, Rajendra and Stanley Starosta (eds). (2003). ''Explorations in Seamless Morphology''. SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-761-99594-3 (hb).
* Spencer, Andrew.  (1991).  ''Morphological theory: an introduction to word structure in generative grammar''.  No. 2 in Blackwell textbooks in linguistics.  Oxford: Blackwell.   ISBN 0-631-16143-0 (hb); ISBN 0-631-16144-9 (pb)
* Spencer, Andrew, &amp; Zwicky, Arnold M. (Eds.)  (1998).  ''The handbook of morphology''.  Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18544-5.
* Stump, Gregory T. (2001).  ''Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure''.  No. 93 in Cambridge studies in linguistics.  Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 0-521-78047-0 (hb).

[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Morphology|*]]

{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Morphology]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Applied linguistics */ zap computability link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Linguistics]] is the scientific study of human [[language]], and someone who engages in this study is called a '''[[linguist]]''' or '''[[linguistician]]'''.  

== Dichotomies and language ==
The study of linguistics can be thought of along three major axes, the endpoints of which are described below:
* '''Synchronic''' vs '''Diachronic''': [[descriptive linguistics|Synchronic  (descriptive) linguistics]] is concerned with the form of a language at a given moment; [[historical linguistics|diachronic (historical) linguistics]] studies the changes that occurred in a language or family of languages over time. 
* '''Theoretical''' vs '''Applied''': [[Theoretical linguistics|Theoretical (or general) linguistics]] is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; [[applied linguistics]] applies these theories to other fields.
* '''Contextual''' vs '''Autonomous''': Contextual linguistics is concerned with how language fits into the world: its social function, how it is acquired, how it is produced and perceived. Autonomous or Independent linguistics considers languages for their own sake, aside from the externalities related to a language.  Sometimes the terms '''macrolinguistics''' and '''microlinguistics''' are used for the corresponding terms of this dichotomy. 

Given these dichotomies, scholars who call themselves simply ''linguists'' or ''theoretical linguists'', with no further qualification, tend to be concerned with autonomous, theoretical synchronic linguistics, which is acknowledged as the core of the discipline. 

Linguistic [[research|inquiry]] is pursued by a wide variety of specialists, who may not all be in harmonious agreement; as [[Russ Rymer]] flamboyantly puts it:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Linguistics is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. It is soaked with the blood of [[poet]]s, [[theology|theologian]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[philology|philologist]]s, [[psychologist]]s, [[biologist]]s, and [[neurology|neurologist]]s, along with whatever blood can be got out of [[grammarian]]s.&quot;  [[Linguistics#References|1]]&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Levels of theoretical linguistics ==
[[Theoretical linguistics]] is often divided into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently. The following divisions are currently widely acknowledged:

* [[Phonetics]], the study of the sounds of human language
* [[Phonology]] (or phonemics), the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds
* [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]], the study of the internal structure of words
* [[Syntax]], the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
* [[Semantics]], the study of the meaning of words ([[lexical semantics]]), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences
* [[Pragmatics]], the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts
* [[Historical linguistics]], the study of languages whose historical relations are recognizable through similarities in vocabulary, word formation, and syntax
* [[Linguistic typology]], the study of the grammatical features that are employed across all human languages
* [[Stylistics (linguistics)|Stylistics]], the study of style in languages
* [[Discourse analysis]], the study of sentences organised into texts

The independent significance of each of these areas is not universally acknowledged, however, and nearly all linguists would agree that the divisions overlap considerably. Nevertheless, each area has core concepts that foster significant scholarly inquiry and research.

== Diachronic linguistics ==
Whereas the core of theoretical linguistics is concerned with studying languages at a particular point in time (usually the present), diachronic linguistics examines how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries. Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong theoretical foundation for the study of [[language change]].

In American universities, the non-historic perspective seems to have the upper hand. Many introductory linguistics classes, for example, cover historical linguistics only cursorily. The shift in focus to a non-historic perspective started with [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] and became predominant with [[Noam Chomsky]].

Explicitly historical perspectives include [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[etymology]].

== Applied linguistics ==
Whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and [[descriptive linguistics|describing]] generalities both within particular languages and among all languages, [[applied linguistics]] takes the results of those findings and ''applies'' them to other areas. Often ''applied linguistics'' refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but results of linguistic research are used in many other areas, as well.

Many areas of applied linguistics today involve the explicit use of computers. [[Speech synthesis]] and [[speech recognition]] use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to computers. Applications of [[computational linguistics]] in [[machine translation]], [[computer-assisted translation]], and [[natural language processing]] are extremely fruitful areas of applied linguistics which have come to the forefront in recent years with increasing computing power. Their influence has had a great effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constrains the theories to computable operations and provides a more rigorous mathematical basis.

== Contextual linguistics ==
Contextual linguistics is where the discipline of linguistics interacts with other academic disciplines. Whereas in core theoretical linguistics language is studied for its own sake, the interdisciplinary areas of linguistics consider how language interacts with the rest of the world.

[[Sociolinguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], and [[linguistic anthropology]] are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole.

[[Critical discourse analysis]] is where [[rhetoric]] and [[philosophy]] interact with linguistics.

[[Psycholinguistics]] and [[neurolinguistics]] combine [[medical science]] and linguistics. 

Other cross-disciplinary areas of linguistics include [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[computational linguistics]] and [[cognitive science]].

== Individual speakers, language communities, and linguistic universals ==
Linguists also differ in how broad a group of language users they study. Some analyze a given speaker's language (idiolect) or [[language development]] in great detail. Some study language pertaining to a whole [[speech community]], such as the [[dialect]] of those who speak [[African American Vernacular English|African American Vernacular English]] (&quot;[[Ebonics]]&quot;). Others try to find [[linguistic universals]] that apply, at some abstract level, to all users of [[human language]] everywhere. This latter project has been most famously advocated by [[Noam Chomsky]], and it interests many people in [[psycholinguistics]] and [[cognitive science]]. It is thought that universals in human language may reveal important insight into universals about the [[human mind]].

== Prescription and description ==
:''Main article: [[Prescription and description]].''

Research currently performed under the name &quot;linguistics&quot; is purely ''descriptive''; linguists seek to clarify the nature of language without passing value judgments or trying to chart future language directions. Nonetheless, there are many professionals and amateurs who also ''prescribe'' rules of language, holding a particular standard out for all to follow.

Prescriptivists tend to be found among the ranks of language educators and journalists, and not in the actual academic discipline of linguistics. They hold clear notions of what is right and wrong, and may assign themselves the responsibility of ensuring that the next generation use the variety of language that is most likely to lead to &quot;success,&quot; often the [[acrolect]] of a particular language. The reasons for their intolerance of &quot;incorrect usage&quot; may include distrust of [[neologism]]s, connections to socially-disapproved dialects (i.e., [[basilect]]s), or simple conflicts with pet theories. An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among censors, whose personal mission is to eradicate words and structures which they consider to be destructive to society.

Descriptivists, on the other hand, do not accept the prescriptivists' notion of &quot;incorrect usage.&quot; They might describe the usages the other has in mind simply as &quot;idiosyncratic,&quot; or they may discover a regularity (a ''rule'') that the usage in question follows (in contrast to the common prescriptive assumption that &quot;bad&quot; usage is unsystematic). Within the context of [[fieldwork]], [[descriptive linguistics]] refers to the study of language using a descriptivist approach. Descriptivist methodology more closely resembles scientific methodology in other disciplines.

== Speech versus writing ==
Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that [[spoken language]] is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than [[written language]]. Reasons for this perspective include:
* Speech appears to be a human universal, whereas there have been many [[culture]]s and speech communities that lack written communication;
* People learn to speak and process spoken languages more easily and much earlier than writing; 
* A number of [[cognitive science|cognitive scientists]] argue that the [[brain]] has an innate &quot;[[language module]]&quot;, [[knowledge]] of which is thought to come more from studying speech than writing, particularly since language as speech is held to be an evolutionary adaptation, whereas writing is a comparatively recent invention.

Of course, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For linguistic research that uses the methods of [[corpus linguistics]] and [[computational linguistics]], written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically [[transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] and written.

The study of [[writing systems]] themselves is in any case considered a branch of linguistics.

== Research areas of linguistics ==
* [[Etymology]]
* [[Historical-comparative linguistics]]
* [[Integrational linguistics]]
* [[Lexicography]]
* [[Lexicology]]
* [[Phonetics]]
* [[Phonology]]
* [[Pragmatics]]
* [[Semantics]]
* [[Syntax]]
* [[Theoretical linguistics]]
* [[Computational linguistics]]
* [[Corpus linguistics]]
* [[Descriptive linguistics]]
* [[Linguistic typology]]
* [[Semiotics]]

== Interdisciplinary linguistic research ==
* [[Anthropological linguistics]]
* [[Applied linguistics]]
* [[Cognitive science]]
* [[Historical linguistics|Comparative linguistics]]
* [[Computational linguistics]]
** [[Natural language processing]]
** [[Speaker recognition]] (authentication)
** [[Speech processing]]
** [[Speech recognition]]
** [[Speech synthesis]]
* [[Critical discourse analysis]]
* [[Cryptanalysis]]
* [[Decipherment]]
* [[Ecolinguistics]]
* [[Evolutionary linguistics]]
* [[Forensic linguistics]]
* [[Glottometrics]]
* [[Historical linguistics]]
* [[Language acquisition]]
* [[Language engineering]]
* [[Neurolinguistics]]
* [[Orthography]]
* [[Psycholinguistics]]
* [[Second language acquisition]]
* [[Sociolinguistics]]
* [[Stratificational linguistics]]
* [[Text linguistics]]
* [[Writing system]]s

== Important linguists and schools of thought ==
Early [[scholar]]s of linguistics include [[Jakob Grimm]], who devised the principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation known as [[Grimm's Law]] in 1822, [[Karl Verner]], who discovered [[Verner's Law]], [[August Schleicher]] who created the &quot;Stammbaumtheorie&quot; and [[Johannes Schmidt (linguist)|Johannes Schmidt]] who developed the &quot;Wellentheorie&quot; (&quot;wave model&quot;) in 1872. [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] was the founder of modern structural linguistics. [[Edward Sapir]], a leader in American structural linguistics, was one of the first who explored the relations between language studies and anthropology. His methodology had strong influence on all his successors. [[Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky's]] formal model of language, [[transformational-generative grammar]], developed under the influence of his teacher [[Zellig Harris]], who was in turn strongly influenced by [[Leonard Bloomfield]], has been the dominant one from the [[1960s]].

Other important linguists and [[school]]s include [[Michael Halliday]], whose [[systemic functional grammar]] is pursued widely in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[China]], and [[Japan]]; [[Dell Hymes]], who developed a pragmatic approach called The Ethnography of Speaking; [[George Lakoff]], [[Leonard Talmy]], and [[Ronald Langacker]], who were pioneers in [[cognitive linguistics]]; [[Charles J. Fillmore|Charles Fillmore]] and [[Adele Goldberg (linguist)|Adele Goldberg]], who are associated with [[construction grammar]]; and linguists developing several varieties of what they call [[Functionalism (linguistics)|functional grammar]], including [[Leonard Talmy]], [[Talmy Givon]] and [[Robert Van Valin, Jr.]].

== Representation of speech ==
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), a system used to write down and reproduce the [[sound]]s of [[human speech]].
* [[SAMPA]], an [[ASCII]]-only transcription for the IPA used by some authors. See also [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/home.htm the SAMPA home page].

== Narrower conceptions of &quot;linguistics&quot; ==
&quot;Linguistics&quot; and &quot;[[linguist]]&quot; may not always be meant to apply as broadly as above. In some contexts, the best [[definition]]s may be &quot;what is studied in a typical university's department of linguistics&quot;, and &quot;one who is a [[professor]] in such a department.&quot; Linguistics in this narrow sense usually does not refer to learning to speak foreign languages (except insofar as this helps to craft formal models of language.) It does not include [[literary analysis]]. Only sometimes does it include study of things such as [[metaphor]]. It probably does not apply to those engaged in such prescriptive efforts as found in [[William Strunk Jr.|Strunk]] and [[E. B. White|White]]'s ''[[The Elements of Style]]''; &quot;linguists&quot; usually seek to study what people do, not what they ''should'' do. One could probably argue for a long while about who is and who is not a &quot;linguist&quot;.

== See also ==
{{commonscat}}
* [[History of linguistics]]
* [[List of basic linguistic topics]], a page designed to organize information about linguistics on Wikipedia
* [[List of linguistic topics]]
* [[List of linguists]]
* [[Philology]], the study of [[ancient text]]s and languages
* [[Structuralism]]

== References ==
=== Textbooks ===
* '''Aitchison''', Jean (1995)  Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Hodder &amp; Stoughton; London: Hodder Headline, 1999, 2nd Edition.
* &lt;b&gt;Akmajian, Adrian &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (2001), &lt;i&gt;Linguistics&lt;/i&gt;, 5th ed., MIT Press. (ISBN 0262511231)
* '''Hudson''', G. (2000)  ''Essential Introductory Linguistics''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* &lt;b&gt;Lyons, John&lt;/b&gt; (1995), &lt;i&gt;Linguistic Semantics&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0521438772)
* '''Napoli''', Donna J. (2003) ''Language Matters. A Guide to Everyday Questions about Language''. Oxford University Press.
* &lt;b&gt;O'Grady, William D., Michael Dobrovolsky &amp; Francis Katamba [eds.]&lt;/b&gt; (2001), &lt;i&gt;Contemporary Linguistics&lt;/i&gt;, Longman. (ISBN 0582246911) - Lower Level
* &lt;b&gt;Taylor, John R.&lt;/b&gt; (2003), &lt;i&gt;Cognitive Grammar&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford University Press. (ISBN 0198700334)
* '''Trask''', R. L. (1995)  ''Language: The Basics''. London: Routledge.
* &lt;b&gt;Ungerer, Friedrich &amp; Hans-Jorg Schmid&lt;/b&gt; (1996), &lt;i&gt;An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics&lt;/i&gt;, Longman. (ISBN 0582239664)

=== Academic works ===
* &lt;b&gt;[[Gilles Fauconnier|Fauconnier, Gilles]]&lt;/b&gt;
** (1995), &lt;i&gt;Mental Spaces&lt;/i&gt;, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0521449499)
** (1997), &lt;i&gt;Mappings in Thought and Language&lt;/i&gt;, Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0521599539)
** &lt;b&gt;&amp; [[Mark Turner (cognitive scientist)|Mark Turner]]&lt;/b&gt; (2003), &lt;i&gt;The Way We Think&lt;/i&gt;, Basic Books. (ISBN 0465087868)
*** Rymer, p. 48, quoted in Fauconnier and Turner, p. 353
* &lt;b&gt;[[Geoffrey Sampson|Sampson, Geoffrey]] &lt;/b&gt; (1982), &lt;i&gt;Schools of Linguistics&lt;/i&gt;, Stanford University Press. (ISBN 0804711259)
* &lt;b&gt;Sweetser, Eve&lt;/b&gt; (1992), &lt;i&gt;From Etymology to Pragmatics&lt;/i&gt;, repr ed., Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0521424429)

=== Popular works ===
* '''Bloomfield, Leonard'''. ''Language''.
*'''[[Anthony Burgess|Burgess, Anthony]]'''
** (1964), ''[[Language Made Plain]]
** (1992), ''[[A Mouthful of Air]]
* '''Deacon, Terrence''' (1998), ''The Symbolic Species'', WW Norton &amp; Co. (ISBN 0393317544)
* '''Deutscher, Guy, Dr.''' (2005), ''The Unfolding of Language'', Metropolitan Books (ISBN 0805079076) (ISBN 9780805079074)
* '''Hayakawa, Alan R &amp; S. I.''' (1990), ''Language in Thought and Action'', Harvest. (ISBN 0156482401)
* '''[[Steven Pinker|Pinker, Steven]]'''
** (2000), ''[[The Language Instinct]]'', repr ed., Perennial. (ISBN 0060958332)
** (2000), ''Words and Rules'', Perennial. (ISBN 0060958405)
* '''Rymer, Russ''' (1992), ''Annals of Science'' in &quot;[http://newyorker.com/ The New Yorker]&quot;, 13th April
* '''Sapir, Edward'''. ''Language''.
* '''Saussure, Ferdinand de'''. ''Cours de linguistique générale'' [''Course in general linguistics''].

=== Reference books ===
* '''Aronoff, Mark &amp; Janie Rees-Miller''' (Eds.) (2003) ''The Handbook of Linguistics''. Blackwell Publishers. (ISBN 1405102527)
* '''Asher''', R. (Ed.) (1993) ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics''. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 10 vols.
* '''Bright''', William (Ed) (1992)  ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics''. Oxford University Press. 4 Vols.
* '''Brown''', Keith R. (Ed.) (2005) ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'' (2nd ed.). Elsevier. 14 vols.
* '''Bussmann''', H. (1996)  ''Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics''. Routledge (translated from German).
* '''Crystal''', David
** (1987) ''The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language''.  Cambridge University Press.
** (1991) ''A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics''. Blackwell.  (ISBN: 0-631-17871-6)
** (1992) ''An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Language and Languages''.   Oxford: Blackwell.
* '''Frawley''', William (Ed.) (2003) ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
* '''Malmkjaer''', Kirsten (1991) ''The Linguistics Encyclopaedia''. Routledge (ISBN 0415222109)
* '''Trask''', R. L.
**  (1993) ''A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics''.   Routledge.  (ISBN 0-415-08628-0)
**  (1996) ''Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology''. Routledge.
** (1997) ''A student's dictionary of language and linguistics''.
** (1999) ''Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics''. London: Routledge.

== External links ==
{{Wikibookspar|Wikiversity|School of Linguistics}}
* [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/index.htm Glossary of linguistic terms] and [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossary_fe/ French&lt;-&gt;English glossary] at [[SIL International]]
* [http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html &quot;Linguistics&quot; section] of A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J. A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
* [http://www.royharrisonline.com/ Integrational Linguistics]
* [http://www.specgram.com/CL.1/06.schadenpoodle.guide1.html A Preliminary Field Guide to Linguists, Part One]: A humorous overview of the various branches of linguistics and their practitioners. There is also a [http://www.specgram.com/CL.2/05.schadenpoodle.guide2.html Part Two].
* [http://www.linguistlist.org The Linguist List]
* [http://lingformant.vertebratesilence.com Lingformant: The Science of Linguistics in the News]
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/ Lexicon of Linguistics created by Johan Kerstens, Eddy Ruys and Joost Zwarts at the Utrecht institute of Linguistics OTS, university of Utrecht]


{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Linguistics]]

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syntax</title>
    <id>2132</id>
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        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
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      <comment>copy from Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Syntax''', originating from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words &amp;#963;&amp;#965;&amp;#957; (''syn'', meaning &quot;co-&quot; or &quot;together&quot;) and τάξις (''táxis'', meaning &quot;sequence, order, arrangement&quot;), can in linguistics be described as the study of the rules, or &quot;patterned relations&quot; that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. It concerns how different words (which, going back to [[Dionysios Thrax]], are categorized as [[noun]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[verb]]s, etc.) are combined into [[clause]]s, which, in turn, are combined into sentences.

There exist innumerable theories of ''formal syntax'' &amp;mdash; theories that have in time risen or fallen in influence. All theories of syntax at least share two commonalities: First, they hierarchically group subunits into constituent units (phrases). Second, they provide some system of rules to explain patterns of acceptability/grammaticality and unacceptability/ungrammaticality. Most formal theories of syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between syntactic form and [[semantic]] meaning. The earliest framework of [[semiotics]] was established by [[Charles W. Morris]] in his [[1938]] book ''Foundations of the Theory of Signs''. Syntax is defined, within the study of signs, as the first of its three subfields (the study of the interrelation of the signs). The second subfield is [[semantics]] (the study of the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply), and the third is [[pragmatics]] (the relationship between the sign system and the user).

In the framework of [[transformational-generative grammar]] (of which ''[[Government and binding|Government and Binding Theory]]'' and ''Minimalism'' are recent developments), the structure of a [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]] is represented by ''phrase structure trees'', otherwise known as ''phrase markers'' or ''tree diagrams''. Such trees provide information about the sentences they represent by showing how, starting from an initial category ''S'' (or, for [[ID/LP grammar]], ''Z''), the various [[syntactic categories]] (e.g. [[noun phrase]], [[verb phrase]], etc.) are formed.

There are various theories as to how best to make grammars such that by systematic application of the rules, one can arrive at every phrase marker in a language (and hence every sentence in the language). The most common are [[Phrase structure grammar]]s and [[ID/LP grammar]]s, the latter having a slight explanatory advantage over the former.{{citation needed}}

[[Dependency grammar]] is a class of syntactic theories separate from generative grammar in which structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents.  One difference from phrase structure grammar is that dependency grammar does not have phrasal categories.  [[Algebraic syntax]] is a type of dependency grammar.

A modern approach to combining accurate descriptions of the grammatical patterns of
language with their function in context is that of [[systemic functional grammar]], an approach originally developed by Michael A.K. Halliday in the 1960s and now pursued actively in all continents. Systemic-functional grammar is related both to feature-based approaches such as Head-driven phrase structure grammar and to the older functional traditions of European schools of linguistics such as British Contextualism and the Prague School.

[[Tree adjoining grammar]] is a grammar formalism which has been used as the basis for a number of syntactic theories.

==''Syntax'' in computer science==
Another meaning of the term '''syntax''' has been evolved in the field of [[computer science]], especially in the subfield of [[programming languages]], where the set of allowed [[reserved word]]s and their parameters and the correct ''word order'' in the [[expression]] is called the syntax of language. This application of the word can apply to natural languages, as well, as through Latin's inflectional case endings. 

In computer languages, syntax can be extremely rigid, as in the case of most assembler languages, or less rigid, as in languages that make use of &quot;keyword&quot; parameters that can be stated in any order. The syntax of expressions can be specified with parse trees. The analysis of [[programming language]] syntax usually entails the transformation of a linear sequence of ''tokens'' (a token is akin to an individual word or punctuation mark in a natural language) into a hierarchical ''syntax tree'' ([[abstract syntax tree|abstract syntax trees]] are one convenient form of syntax tree). 

This process, called ''[[parsing]]'', is in some respects ''analogous to'' syntactic analysis in [[linguistics]]; in fact, certain concepts, such as the [[Chomsky hierarchy]] and [[context-free grammar|context-free grammars]], are common to the study of syntax in both linguistics and computer science.

==See also==
*[[Phrase]]
*[[Phrase structure rules]]
*[[x-bar syntax]]
*[[Syntactic categories]]
*[[Grammar]]
*[[Algebraic syntax]]

[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Semiotics]]
[[Category:Syntax|*]]

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  <page>
    <title>Greek</title>
    <id>2133</id>
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        <username>Tropylium</username>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ link concentration</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Greek''' (Greek Ελληνικά, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|[e̞ˌliniˈka]}} — &quot;Hellenic&quot;) is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] with a documented history of 3,500 years. Today, it is spoken by 15 million people in [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], the former Yugoslavia, particularly the former Yugoslav [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Albania]] and [[Turkey]]. There are also many Greek emigrant communities around the world, such as those in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] which has the third largest urban Greek population of any city in the world, after [[Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki]].

Greek has been written in the [[Greek alphabet]], the first true [[alphabet]], since the 9th century B.C. and before that, in [[Linear B]] and the [[Cypriot syllabary|Cypriot]] syllabaries.

[[Greek literature]] has a long and rich tradition.

==History==
{{main|History of the Greek language}}
''This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on [[Proto-Greek language]].''

Greek has been spoken in the [[Balkan]] Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the [[Linear B]] tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later [[Greek alphabet]] (''q.v.'') is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]] ([[abjad]]); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the following periods:

*'''[[Mycenean language|Mycenean Greek]]''': the language of the [[Mycenean civilisation]]. It is recorded in the [[Linear B]] script on tablets dating from the 16th century BC onwards.

*'''[[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]]''' (also known as [[Ancient Greek]]): In its various dialects was the language of the [[Archaic]] and [[Classical]] periods of Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman empire. Classical Greek fell into disuse in western Europe in the [[Middle Ages]], but remained known in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] world, and was reintroduced to the rest of [[Europe]] with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and Greek migration to [[Italy]]. 

*'''[[Hellenistic Greek]]''' (also known as [[Koine Greek]]): The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with [[Attic Greek|Attic]] (the dialect of Athens) resulted in the creation of the first '''common''' Greek dialect, which gradually turned into one of the world's first international languages. [[Koine Greek]] can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of [[Alexander the Great]], but after the [[Hellenistic]] colonisation of the known world, it was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of [[India]]. After the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest of Greece, an unofficial diglossy of Greek and Latin was established in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Through Koine Greek it is also traced the origin of [[Christianity]], as the Apostles used it to preach in [[Greece]] and the Greek-speaking world. It is also known as the '''Alexandrian dialect''', '''Post-Classical Greek''' or even '''New Testament Greek''' (after its most famous work of literature).

*'''[[Medieval Greek]]''': The continuation of [[Hellenistic Greek]] during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular (if not the literary nor the ecclesiastic) language of the [[Byzantine Empire]], and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the 15th century. Also known as '''Byzantine Greek'''.

*'''[[Modern Greek]]''': Stemming independently from [[Koine Greek]], '''Modern Greek''' usages can be traced in the late [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period (as early as 11th century).[[Image:Codex alexandrinus.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A section of the [[Codex Alexandrinus]]. This section contains Luke 12:54-13:4.
Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: [[Modern Greek|Dhimotikí]] (Δημοτική), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and [[Katharevousa|Katharévousa]] (Καθαρεύουσα), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, and scientific purposes during the [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th]] centuries. Demotic Greek is now the official language of the modern Greek state, and the most widely spoken by Greeks today.

It has been claimed that an &quot;educated&quot; speaker of the modern language can understand an ancient text, but this is surely as much a function of education as of the similarity of the languages. Still, Koinē {{IPA|/ciˈni/}}, the version of Greek used to write the New Testament and the Septuagint, is relatively easy to understand for modern speakers.

Greek words have been widely borrowed into the European languages: ''astronomy'', ''democracy'', ''philosophy'', ''thespian'', etc.  Moreover, Greek words and [[morpheme|word elements]] continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: ''anthropology'', ''photography'', ''isomer'', ''biomechanics'' etc. and form, with [[Latin]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary.  See ''[[English words of Greek origin]]'', and ''[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]''.

==Classification==
Greek is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European]] [[language family]].  The ancient languages which were probably most closely related to it, [[Ancient Macedonian language]] (which may have been a [[dialect]] of Greek) and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]], are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison. Among living languages, [[Armenian language|Armenian]] seems to be the most closely related to it.

==Geographic distribution==
Modern Greek is spoken by about 15 million people mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]. There are also Greek-speaking populations in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], [[Albania]], [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]] and [[Southern Italy]]. The language is spoken also in many other countries where Greeks have settled, including [[Armenia]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].

==Official status==
Greek is the [[official language]] of [[Greece]] where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also, alongside [[Turkish]], the official language of [[Cyprus]]. Due to the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the [[languages of the European Union#official languages of the European Union|20 official languages]] of the [[European Union]].

==Phonology==
This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language.

:''All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''

===Vowel sounds===
Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
 &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;th width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;th width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;[[Front vowel|Front]]&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;th width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;[[Back vowel|Back]]&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[[Close vowel|Close]]&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;[[Close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|i}}]]&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Close back rounded vowel|{{IPA|u}}]]&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[[mid vowel|Mid]]&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;[[close-mid front unrounded vowel#mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|e̞}}]]&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Close-mid back rounded vowel#mid back rounded vowel|{{IPA|o̞}}]]&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[[Open vowel|Open]]&lt;/th&gt;
   &lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[Open front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|a}}]]&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
|}

Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης {{IPA|/ˈfasis/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfasi̥s/}} (→ {{IPA|/fasː/}}) = &quot;of phase&quot; ([[genitive case]])].

===Consonants===

Greek has a repertoire of 29 consonant sounds.  The number of phonemes depends on the analysis, but may be as few as 15, assuming for example that the sound [b] is represented in the underlying form as /mp/, which is also its standard orthographic representation.  (cf. Newton)

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;100px&quot;|
! [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[labiodental|Labiodental]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Plosive]]s
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
|
| 
| [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] {{IPA|[[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]}}
| [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] {{IPA|[[Voiced velar stop|g]]}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Nasal]]s
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]]
| {{IPA|[[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]]}}
| 
| [[Alveolar nasal|n]]
| {{IPA|[[Palatal nasal|ɲ]]}}
| {{IPA|[[Velar nasal|ŋ]]}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Trill]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|[[Alveolar trill|r]]}}
|
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Fricative]]s
|  
| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| {{IPA|[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]}}
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| {{IPA|[[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]}}
| [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] {{IPA|[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Affricate]]s
| 
| 
|
| {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[Voiced alveolar affricate|ʣ]]}}
|
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Approximant]]s
|
|
|
| 
| [[Palatal approximant|j]]
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Lateral approximant]]s
|
|
|
| [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| {{IPA|[[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]}}
|
|}

Greek /p/, /t/ and /k/ are not [[aspiration|aspirated]] as they are in English. They tend to be voiced to /b/, /d/ and /g/ in Cretan and Cypriot dialects. The letter &lt;ρ&gt; is generally pronounced /r/, but tends to be pronounced {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in intervocalic position.

Standard Modern Greek does not have double consonants within words, although some dialects (notably Cypriot) do.

===Sandhi rules===

Greek has certain [[sandhi]] rules, some represented in the orthography, some not.

/n/ before bilabials and [[Velar consonant|velars]] becomes /m/ and /{{IPA|[[Velar nasal|ŋ]]}}/ respectively, and is written &lt;μ&gt; (συμπάθεια, &quot;sympathy&quot;) and &lt;γ&gt; (συγκρητισμός, &quot;syncretism&quot;). Before the labiodental fricatives &lt;φ&gt; and &lt;β&gt;, it is also written &lt;μ&gt;, but pronounced /{{IPA|[[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]]}}/ (συμφωνία, &quot;symphony&quot;).

The combination &lt;μπ&gt; is pronounced /mb/ after vowels (but often reduced to /b/), else /b/. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, could also be pronounced /mp/.

The combinations &lt;γγ&gt; and &lt;γκ&gt; are pronounced /ŋg/ or /{{IPA|ŋɟ}}/ after vowels, else /g/ or /{{IPA|[[Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]}}/. An exception to this rule is the word &lt;συγγνώμη&gt; (freely translated &quot;I'm sorry&quot;) in which /n/ is phonetically dropped and the word is pronounced /{{IPA|siˈŋgnomi}}/ (this is actually an older form of the word, the current orthography is &lt;συγνώμη&gt;, pronounced /{{IPA|siˈγnomi}}/, in which /n/ is dropped both phonetically and literally).

The combination &lt;ντ&gt; is pronounced /nd/ after vowels (but often reduced to /d/), else /d/. In some words, especially in Northern dialects, could also be pronounced /nt/.

The sounds /k/ and /g/, before the front vowels /{{IPA|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel#mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]]}}/ and /i/, are palatalized, becoming /{{IPA|[[Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]}}/ and /{{IPA|[[Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]}}/. In some dialects, notably in Crete, they become [{{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]}}] and [{{IPA|[[Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]}}].

The word {{polytonic|ἐστὶ}} (estí, IPA /{{IPA|e̞sˈti}}/), which means &quot;is&quot; in Ancient Greek (q.v. Modern Greek είναι), gains a &quot;''euphonic''&quot; n. in Modern Greek, the negative adverb δεν and the accusative articles τον and την  lose the final /n/, depending on the beginning letter of the next word (if it's a consonant, /n/ is usually dropped). In the phrase δεν πειράζει, which means &quot;it doesn't matter&quot;, instead of being dropped, n is assimilated into the second word and, following the example above, np is pronounced /mp/ in Northern Greece and /mb/ in Southern Greece, thus producing the sound /ðempirázi/ or /ðembirázi/.

Some of these rules are optional, and reflect the formality of speech. While everyday spoken Greek sounds artificial if the sandhi rules are ''not'' used, a formal or official speech may sound equally awkward if sandhi rules ''are'' used.

===Orthography===

The Greek vowel letters with their pronunciation are: &lt;α&gt; {{IPA|/a/}}, &lt;ε&gt; {{IPA|/e̞/}}, &lt;η&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}, &lt;ι&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}, &lt;ο&gt; {{IPA|/o̞/}}, &lt;υ&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}, &lt;ω&gt; {{IPA|/o̞/}}. There are also vowel digraphs, called &quot;double-digit vowels&quot; which are phonetically monophthongal: &lt;αι&gt; {{IPA|/e̞/}}, &lt;ει&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}, &lt;οι&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}, &lt;ου&gt; {{IPA|/u/}}, &lt;υι&gt; {{IPA|/i/}}. The three digraphs &lt;αυ&gt;, &lt;ευ&gt; and &lt;ηυ&gt; are pronounced {{IPA|/av/}}, {{IPA|/e̞v/}} and {{IPA|/iv/}} except when followed by unvoiced consonants, in which case they are pronounced {{IPA|/af/}}, {{IPA|/e̞f/}} and {{IPA|/if/}}.

Modern Greek has also four diphthongs: &lt;αη&gt; (or &lt;άη&gt;) {{IPA|/aj/}}, &lt;αϊ&gt; (or &lt;άι&gt;) {{IPA|/aj/}}, &lt;οη&gt; (or &lt;όη&gt;) {{IPA|/o̞j/}} and &lt;οϊ&gt; (or &lt;όι&gt;) {{IPA|/o̞j/}} (diphthongs can better be transcribed using the IPA non-syllabic diacritic under {{IPA|/i/}} instead of the approximant {{IPA|/j/}}).

The Greek letters &lt;β&gt; and &lt;δ&gt; are pronounced {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} respectively. The letter &lt;γ&gt; is generally pronounced {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, but before the mid or close front vowels, it is pronounced {{IPA|/ʝ/}}.

The letters &lt;θ&gt;, &lt;φ&gt; and &lt;χ&gt; are pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}, {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/x/}}. The letter &lt;χ&gt;, before mid or close front vowels, is pronounced {{IPA|/ç/}}. The letter &lt;ξ&gt; stands for {{IPA|/k͡s/}} and &lt;ψ&gt; stands for {{IPA|/p͡s/}} (the tie bar is used to indicate that, in Modern Greek, &lt;ξ&gt; and &lt;ψ&gt; should be considered sibilant affricates). The digraphs &lt;γγ&gt; and &lt;γκ&gt; are generally pronounced {{IPA|/g/}}, but are pronounced {{IPA|/ɟ/}} before mid or close front vowels. When these digraphs are preceded by a vowel, they are pronounced {{IPA|/ŋg/}}  ({{IPA|/ŋɟ/}} before mid or close front vowels). The digraph &lt;γγ&gt; may be pronounced {{IPA|/ŋɣ/}} in some words ({{IPA|/ŋʝ/}}) before mid or close front vowels). It is better to use a tie bar above {{IPA|/ŋg/}}, {{IPA|/ŋɟ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋɣ/}} and {{IPA|/ŋʝ/}}, when used for Greek words, to indicate the simultaneous articulation.

===Historical sound changes===

See: [[History of the Greek language]], [[Ancient Greek pronunciation]]

==Grammar==
Modern Greek is still largely a [[synthetic language]]. It is one of the few Indo-European languages that has retained a synthetic [[passive voice|passive]]. Noticeable changes in its grammar (compared to Classical Greek) include the loss of the [[dative]], the [[optative mood]], the [[infinitive]] the [[dual number]], and the [[participle]]s (except the past participle); the adoption of the [[gerund]]; the reduction in the number of noun [[declension]]s, and the number of distinct forms in each declension; the adoption of the [[modal particle]] ''θα'' (a corruption of ''{{Polytonic|ἐθέλω ἵνα}}'' &gt; ''θέλω να'' &gt; ''θε' να'' &gt; ''θα'') to denote future and conditional tenses; the introduction of [[auxiliary verb]] forms for certain tenses; the extension to the future tense of the aspectual distinction between present/imperfect and aorist; the loss of the third person imperative,  and the simplification of the system of grammatical prefixes, such as [[augment (linguistics)|augmentation]] and [[reduplication]]. Some of these features are shared with other languages spoken in the Balkan peninsula (see [[Balkan linguistic union]]).

[[Archaism|Archaic]] forms are still used in formal writing and in a few expressions like εντάξει (entáxei /{{IPA|ɛnˈdaˌksi}}/), which means &quot;OK&quot; (literally: &quot;in order&quot;) or ''ζήτω!'' ('long live!');

==Writing system==
{{Table_Greekletters}}
{{sectstub}}
Modern Greek is written in the late [[Ionic]] variant of the [[Greek alphabet]], the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the [[Attic]] ''[[Koine]]'' dialect during the [[Hellenistic]] era.

The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and lowercase (small) form: 
[[Alpha (letter)|Α α]],
[[Beta (letter)|Β β]],
[[Gamma|Γ γ]],
[[Delta (letter)|Δ δ]],
[[Epsilon|Ε ε]],
[[Zeta (letter)|Ζ ζ]],
[[Eta (letter)|Η η]],
[[Theta|Θ θ]],
[[Iota|Ι ι]],
[[Kappa (letter)|Κ κ]],
[[Lambda|Λ λ]],
[[Mu (letter)|Μ μ]],
[[Nu (letter)|Ν ν]],
[[Xi|Ξ ξ]],
[[Omicron|Ο ο]],
[[Pi (letter)|Π π]],
[[Rho (letter)|Ρ ρ]],
[[Sigma (letter)|Σ σ ς (word-final form)]],
[[Tau|Τ τ]],
[[Upsilon|Υ υ]],
[[Phi (letter)|Φ φ]],
[[Chi (letter)|Χ χ]],
[[Psi (letter)|Ψ ψ]],
[[Omega|Ω ω]].

In addition to the letters of the alphabet, Greek has a number of diacritical signs, most of which were eliminated from official use in Greece in 1982 as no longer corresponding to the modern pronunciation of the language. See [[Monotonic orthography]] for the simplified modern set, and [[Polytonic orthography]] for the traditional set.

==Examples==
===Some common words and phrases===
*Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /{{IPA|ˈe̞liˌnas}}/
*Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /{{IPA|ˌe̞liˈniða}}/
*Greek (language): Ελληνικά /{{IPA|e̞ˌliniˈka}}/
*hello: γεια /{{IPA|ʝa}}/ (informal, literally &quot;health&quot;),  you say this only to people that you know well. When you address a stranger you should use the more formal &quot;good morning&quot;: καλημέρα /{{IPA|ˌkaliˈmɛɾa}}/
*good-bye: αντίο /{{IPA|aˈdiˌo̞}}/ (formal), γεια /{{IPA|ʝa}}/ (informal)
*please: παρακαλώ /{{IPA|paˌɾakaˈlo̞}}/
*I would like ____ please: θα ήθελα ____ παρακαλώ /{{IPA|θa ˈiθe̞ˌla ____ paˌɾakaˈlo̞}}/
*sorry: συγγνώμη /{{IPA|ˌsiˈɣno̞mi}}/
*thank you: ευχαριστώ /{{IPA|e̞ˌfxaɾiˈsto̞}}/
*that/this: αυτό /{{IPA|ˌaˈfto̞}}/
*how much?: πόσο; /{{IPA|ˈpo̞ˌso̞}}/
*how much does it cost?: πόσο κοστίζει; /{{IPA|ˈpo̞ˌso̞ ˌko̞ˈstizi}}/
*yes: ναι /{{IPA|ne̞}}/
*no: όχι /{{IPA|ˈo̞ˌçi}}/
*I don't understand: δεν καταλαβαίνω /{{IPA|ðe̞ŋ gaˌtalaˈve̞no̞}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ðe̞ŋ kaˌtalaˈve̞no̞}}/
*I don't know: δεν ξέρω /{{IPA|ðe̞ŋ ˈgze̞ˌɾo̞}}/ (''[[sandhi]]'' - see above) or /{{IPA|ðe̞ŋ ˈkse̞ˌɾo̞}}/
*where's the bathroom?: πού είναι η τουαλέτα; /{{IPA|pu ˈiˌne̞ i ˌtuaˈlɛta}}/
*generic toast: εις υγείαν! /{{IPA|is iˈʝiˌan}}/
*juice: χυμός /{{IPA|ˌçiˈmo̞s}}/
*water: νερό /{{IPA|ˌne̞ˈɾo̞}}/
*wine: κρασί /{{IPA|ˌkɾaˈsi}}/
*beer: μπύρα /{{IPA|ˈbiˌɾa}}/
*milk: γάλα /{{IPA|ˈɣaˌla}}/
*Do you speak English?: Μιλάτε Αγγλικά; /{{IPA|miˈlaˌte̞ ˌaŋgliˈka}}/
*I love you: σ’ αγαπώ /{{IPA|ˌsaɣaˈpo̞}}/
*Help!: Βοήθεια! /{{IPA|vo̞ˈiθiˌa}}/

==References==
*Herbert Weir Smyth, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0674362500.  The standard grammar of ''classical'' Greek.
*W. Sidney Allen, ''Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek''. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 052120626X
*Geoffrey Horrocks, ''Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers'' (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0582307090.  From Mycenean to modern.
*Robert Browning, ''Medieval and Modern Greek'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN: 0521299780.
*Brian Newton, ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0521084970.
*Crosby and Schaeffer, ''An Introduction to Greek'', Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of anchient Greek
*David Holton ''et al.'', ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN: 041510002X.  A reference grammar of ''modern'' Greek.
*Dionysius of Thrace, [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html &quot;Art of Grammar&quot;], &quot;Τέχνη γραμματική&quot;, c.100 BC

==See also==
*[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]
*[[Greek dialects]]
*[[Greeklish]]

==External links==
===General background===
{{InterWiki|code=el}}
{{Wikibookspar||Modern Greek}}
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gmodern.htm Modern Greek], ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph
*[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm Ancient Greek], ''Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages'', Brian Joseph
*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
*[http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway] Useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek.

===Language learning===
*[http://zeus.pi-schools.gr/dimotiko/ Online pdf versions of the books used in Elementary School. Useful for beginners]
*[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-numbers.htm Learn how to count in Greek]
*[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/Greek-Alphabet.htm Flash presentation with the sound of the letters of the Greek Alphabet]
*[http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/gr.htm Free online resources for learners (both Ancient and Modern Greek)]
*[http://www.explorecrete.com/various/greek-language.htm Learn basic Greek words and phrases] and the speeches of Xenophon Zolotas, Dr. Soukakos, Athnassopoulos and Kalaras
*[http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ Learn Greek - Official site of the Greek Institute of language and speech processing]
*[http://didymos.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ Learn Greek Online], free modern Greek course with realaudio files.
*[http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/greek.php Greek courses]
*[http://www.textkit.com/ Learn Ancient Greek] at Textkit.  Free downloadable Ancient Greek grammars and readers.

==Literature==
*[http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewLiteratur/Literature.htm Page about modern Greek Literature]

===Typography===
*[http://www.ecclesia.gr/greek/help.htm#english Athena], [[public domain]] [[Polytonic orthography|polytonic]] Greek [[typeface|font]]
*[http://www.sil.org/~gaultney/gentium/ Gentium &amp;mdash; a typeface for the nations], a freely available font including polytonic Greek support
*[http://www.lorem-ipsum.info/_greek Generator for Greek typographical filler text]

===Lexica===
*[http://www.translatum.gr Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal]. An extended list of searchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries.
*[http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Modern Greek&amp;ndash;English, English&amp;ndash;Modern Greek dictionary]. (Basic dictionary) 
*[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform Ancient Greek Dictionary], the complete Liddell-Scott dictionary, including search within English definitions.
*[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Greek-english/ Greek&amp;ndash;English Dictionary]: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition. 
*[http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary], scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary. 
 
===Spell checkers===
*[http://www.phigita.net/spell-check/ Greek Spell Checker] helps ensure correct spelling.

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  <page>
    <title>Historical linguistics</title>
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      <comment>/* See also */ trimming</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Historical linguistics''' (also '''diachronic linguistics''' or '''comparative linguistics''') is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time. It is opposed to [[descriptive linguistics|descriptive (synchronic) linguistics]], which studies the state of a language at a certain point.

The main tools of historical linguistics are the analysis of historical records, and the comparison of internal features — [[vocabulary]], [[morphology (linguistics)|word formation]], and [[syntax]] — of current and extinct languages. The goal is to trace the development and genetic affiliations of the world languages, and understand the process of language evolution.  A classification of all languages into [[language family|family tree]]s is both a major result and a necessary tool of this effort.

Modern historical linguistics grew out of the earlier discipline of [[philology]], the study of ancient texts and documents. In its early years, historical linguistics focused on the well-known [[Indo-European languages]]; but since then, significant comparative linguistic work has been done on the [[Uralic languages]], [[Austronesian languages]] and various families of [[Native American languages]], among many others.

== Language evolution and the comparative method==

Languages change over time. What were once dialects of the same language may eventually diverge enough that they are no longer mutually intelligible and can be considered separate languages.

One method to illustrate the relationship between such divergent yet related languages is to construct family trees, an idea pioneered by the 19th century historical linguist [[August Schleicher]]. The basis for the trees is the [[comparative method]]:  languages presumed to be related are compared with one another, and linguists look for regular sound correspondences based on what is generally known about how languages can change, and use them to reconstruct the best hypothesis about the nature of the common ancestor language from which the attested languages are descended.

Use of the comparative method is validated by its application to languages whose common ancestor is known.  Thus, when the method is applied to the [[Romance languages]] (which include [[French]], [[Spanish]], [[Portuguese]], [[Italian]], and [[Romanian]]), the reconstructed common ancestor language comes out rather similar to [[Latin]] — not the classical Latin of Horace and Cicero, but [[Vulgar Latin]], the colloquial Latin spoken in various dialects in the late [[Roman Empire]].

The comparative method can be used to reconstruct languages for which no written records exist, either because none have been preserved or because the speakers were illiterate.  Thus, the [[Germanic languages]] (which include [[High German]], [[Dutch]], [[English]], [[Norwegian]], [[Swedish]], [[Danish]], [[Faroese]], [[Icelandic]], [[Yiddish]], and the extinct [[Gothic]]) can be compared to reconstruct Proto-Germanic, a language that was probably contemporaneous with Latin and for which no records are preserved.  

Germanic and Latin (more precisely, [[Italic languages|Proto-Italic]], the ancestor of Latin and a few of its neighbors) are themselves related, being both descended from [[Proto-Indo-European]], spoken perhaps 5000 years ago.  Scholars have reconstructed a Proto-Indo-European languae on the basis of data from its nine surviving daughter branches, which are:  Germanic, Italic, [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[Greek]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Albanian]], [[Armenian]], [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]], and from the two dead branches [[Tocharian]] and [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]].  

The comparative method aims to distinguish so-called ''genetic'' linguistic descent — that is, the passing of a language from parents to children, down through the generations — from resemblances that are due to cultural contact between contemporary languages.

For example, about 30% of the vocabulary of [[Persian]] is taken from [[Arabic]], as a result of the Arab conquest of Iran in the 8th century and much subsequent cultural contact.  Yet Persian is considered to be a member of the Indo-European language family — because of its ''core'' vocabulary, which generally has Indo-European [[cognate]]s (as in ''mâdar'' = &quot;mother&quot;), and of many characteristically Indo-European features of its grammar (as in ''bûd'' = &quot;was&quot;, formed from a root related to English &quot;be&quot; and a suffix related to the English past tense ending &quot;-ed&quot;.)

Once the various changes in the daughter branches have been worked out, and a fair amount of the core vocabulary and grammar of the protolanguage are understood, then scholars will quite generally agree that a relationship of genetic relatedness has been proven.

== Non-comparative method theories ==

Much more controversial are hypotheses about relatedness which are ''not'' supported by application of the comparative method.  Scholars who attempt to probe deeper than the comparative method supports (for example, by tabulating similarities found by [[mass lexical comparison]] without setting up sound correspondences) are often accused of scholarly wishful thinking.  The problem is that any two languages have a huge number of opportunities to resemble one another just by accident, so merely pointing out isolated resemblances has little evidentiary value.  A famous example is the Persian word for &quot;bad&quot;, which is pronounced (more or less) just like English &quot;bad&quot;.  It can be shown that the resemblance between these two words is completely accidental, and has nothing to do with the (rather remote) genetic connection between English and Persian.  
For further examples, see [[False cognate]]. The idea is that this linguistic &quot;noise&quot; may be reduced  by comparing large amounts of words, which is exactly the point of mass lexical comparison. However, by ignoring known historical changes in the languages, mass lexical comparison incorporates known randomness, and therefore its conclusions are inherently inaccurate to an extent that is impossible to assess.

Since supporting distant genetic relationships is so difficult, and the method for finding and proving such relationships is not well established (in the way that the comparative method is), the field of locating remote relationships is riven with scholarly controversy.  Nevertheless, the temptation to pursue remote relationships remains a powerful lure to many scholars-- after all, Proto-Indo-European must have seemed a rather wild hypothesis to many when it was first proposed.

This uncertainty also relates to estimates of how long it would take for languages to diverge completely. One commonly cited opinion is that if a group of people were sent to a distant galaxy, after 10,000 years they would be speaking a language that would be no more similar to their native language than any other language selected at random.  This figure is based on [[glottochronology]], using a simplified assumption of a constant 14% loss rate each millennium and a chance similarity rate of 5%.  However, other work by [[Isidore Dyen]][http://www.ntu.edu.au/education/langs/ielex/IE-RATE1] and [[Sergei Starostin]] indicates that in fact words have wildly differing expected life spans; thus, for instance, a specialized word like &quot;goshawk&quot; might on average last a mere millennium or two, whereas extremely common words like &quot;I&quot; and &quot;you&quot; often last so long that it is not possible to even estimate their life span without reconstructions going further back in time than those that are universally accepted.

The ultimate in remote reconstruction is the recovery of a [[Proto-World language]].  Not all scholars believe that such a language even necessarily existed, since some models of human evolution may allow the independent appearance of human speech in several parts of the world, resulting in several linguistic families with no common ancestral language. Nevertheless, [[Joseph Greenberg]] suggested that Proto-World was the language of people coming out of northeast Africa around 50,000 BC.  On the other hand, according to current archaeological evidence, the native languages of South America must have been isolated from those of the Old World for 10,000 years or more; and those of Australia may have split off from the putative world language tree even earlier than that.  Therefore, if one accepts the estimate that no relationships would be recognizable after 10,000 years, then we stand little chance of demonstrating a common origin for all the world languages — unless, against current expectations, they all had a common ancestor within that time span.  

[[Dene-Caucasian languages|Den&amp;eacute;-Caucasian]] has also been postulated to include [[Na-Dené languages|Na-Dené]] (North America), [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], Ket (Siberia), [[Burushaski]] (Pakistan), [[North-East Caucasian languages|North-East Caucasian]] (Chechen and the Dagestan languages), and [[Basque]]. This language family is extremely hypothetical.

The [[Nostratic]] hypothesis was proposed by a Dane named [[Holger Pedersen]], in [[1903]].  The hypothesis claims that the Nostratic grouping includes such widely ranging language families as Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Uralic, Altaic, Sumerian, Elamo-Dravidian, and Kartvelian. Others claim other sets of languages. Some have speculated that the Nostratics were refugees from a [[Black Sea Flood]] of around 5600 BC, and some think this is the origin of Noah's Flood  from the [[Bible]]. However, linguists have reached no firm conclusion about the validity of the Nostratic hypothesis.  Its proponents, unlike Greenberg, use the traditional [[comparative method]]; however, their comparisons are often accused of being far-fetched or involving too many semantic shifts, while some also accuse them of simply grouping together the language families most familiar to them and neglecting to compare each of them to language families further afield.

==See also==
*[[Language change]]
*[[Glottochronology]]
**[[Swadesh list]]
*[[Proto-language]]
*[[Comparative method]]
*Comparative word lists: [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Swadesh list]], [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Basic English Word List]]

==Bibliography==
* [[August Schleicher]]: ''Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen.'' (Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.) (2 vols.) Weimar, H. Boehlau (1861/62); reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, ISBN 3810210714
*[[Karl Brugmann]], [[Berthold Delbrück]], ''[[Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen]]'' (1886-1916).

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    <title>International Phonetic Alphabet</title>
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      <comment>/* External links */ zap uni links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' ('''IPA''') is a system of [[phonetic transcription|phonetic notation]] devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds ([[phone]]s or [[phoneme]]s) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the [[Phoneme|phonemic]] and  [[Phonetics|phonetic]] representation of all spoken languages.

For a treatment of the [[English language]] using the IPA, see [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]; for a brief chart, see [[IPA chart for English]].
[[Image:IPA chart 2005.png|thumb|400px|The International Phonetic Alphabet.]]
==History==
{{main |History of the International Phonetic Alphabet}}

==Description==
The general principle of the IPA is to provide a separate symbol for each [[speech segment]], avoiding letter combinations ([[digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s) such as ''[[sh (digraph)|sh]]'' and ''[[th (digraph)|th]]'' in [[English orthography]], and avoiding ambiguity such as that of [[Pronunciation of English c|''c'' in English]].

===The principle of formation===
The IPA is what MacMahon (1996) has termed a &quot;selective&quot; phonetic alphabet. It aims to provide a separate symbol for every ''contrastive'' (that is, ''[[phonemic]]'') sound occurring in human language. For instance, a [[flap consonant|flap]] and a tap are two different articulations, but since no language has (yet) been found to make a phonemic distinction between them, the IPA does not provide them with dedicated symbols. Instead, it provides a single symbol,&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɾ}}, that covers both. For ''non-contrastive'' (that is, ''[[phonetic]]'' or ''subphonemic'') details of these sounds, the IPA relies on [[diacritic]]s, which are optional. Thus there is a certain level of flexibility in representing a language with the IPA. 

===Principles behind the symbols===
The letters chosen for the IPA are generally drawn from the [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabets, or are modifications of Latin or Greek letters. There are also a few letters derived from Latin punctuation, such as the glottal stop {{IPA|ʔ}} (originally an [[apostrophe (mark)|apostrophe]], but later given the form of a &quot;gelded&quot; [[question mark]] to have the visual impact of the other consonants), and one, {{IPA|ʕ}}, although Latin in form, was inspired by [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter &lt;ﻉ&gt; ''`ain''. On the other hand, the original Latin-derived symbols for the [[click consonant|click]]s have been abandoned in favor of iconic [[Khoisan languages|Khoisanist]] symbols such as {{IPA|ǁ}}. 

The sound-values of the [[consonant]]s taken from the [[Latin alphabet]] correspond to usage in French and Italian, and are close to those of most other European languages as well: {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[f]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[l]}}, {{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}}, {{IPA|[p]}}, (unvoiced) {{IPA|[s]}}, {{IPA|[t]}}, {{IPA|[v]}}, {{IPA|[z]}}. English values are used for {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}.

The [[vowel]]s from the Latin alphabet ({{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}) correspond to the vowels of [[Spanish]] and are similar to [[Italian language|Italian]]. {{IPA|[i]}} is like the vowel in ''piece'', {{IPA|[u]}} like ''rule'', etc.

The other symbols from the Latin alphabet, {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[q]}}, {{IPA|[r]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}, and {{IPA|[y]}}, correspond to sounds these letters represent in various other languages. {{IPA|[j]}} has the Slavic and Germanic value of &lt;j&gt;, that of English ''y'' in ''yoke'';
{{IPA|[y]}} has the [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] and [[Old English]] value: [[Finnish]] ''y'', [[German]] ''y'' or ''ü'', [[French]] ''u'', [[Dutch]] ''u''. 

Letters that share a particular modification sometimes correspond to a similar type of sound. For example, all the [[retroflex consonant]]s have the same symbol as the equivalent [[alveolar consonant]], with the addition of a rightward facing hook at the bottom. Although there is some correspondence between modified letters, generally the IPA symbols do not have a systematic [[distinctive feature|featural]] relationship between shape and articulation. For instance, there is not a consistent relationship between lowercase letters and their small capital counterparts, nor are all [[labial consonant]]s linked through a common design.

[[Diacritic mark]]s can be combined with IPA letters to transcribe modified [[phonetic]] values or [[secondary articulation]]s. There are also special symbols for [[suprasegmental feature]]s such as [[stress]] and [[tone]].

===Types of transcriptions===
The [[International Phonetic Association]] recommends that a [[phonetics|phonetic]] transcription should be enclosed in [[bracket|square brackets]] &quot;[&amp;nbsp;]&quot;. A transcription that specifically denotes only [[phonology|phonological]] contrasts may be enclosed in [[slash (punctuation)|slash]]es &quot;/&amp;nbsp;/&quot; instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol within is [[phoneme|phonemic]]ally contrastive for the language being transcribed. 

Phonetic transcriptions try to objectively capture the actual pronunciation of a word, whereas phonemic transcriptions are model dependent. For example, [[Noam Chomsky]] transcribed the English word ''night'' phonemically as /nixt/. In his model, the phoneme /x/ is often silent, but shows its presence by “lengthening” the preceding vowel. The preceding vowel in this case is the phoneme /i/, which is pronounced [aj] when long. So phonemic /nixt/ is equivalent to phonetic [najt], but only if you share Chomsky's belief that historical sounds such as the ''gh'' in ''night'' may remain in a word long after they have ceased to be pronounced.  

For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a &quot;broad transcription&quot;; in some cases this may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a &quot;narrow transcription&quot;. These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets. 

For example, in some dialects the English word ''pretzel'' in a narrow transcription would be {{IPA|[ˈpʰɹ̥ʷɛʔt.sɫ̩]}}, which notes several phonetic features that may not be evident even to a native speaker. An example of a broader transcription is {{IPA|[ˈpʰɹɛt.sɫ̩]}}, which only indicates some of the easier to hear features. A yet broader transcription would be {{IPA|[ˈpɹɛtsl]}}. Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without making any claims as to their status in the language. 

There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are generally not of precision, but of analysis. For example, ''pretzel'' could be {{IPA|/ˈprɛtsl/}} or {{IPA|/ˈpretsəl/}}. The special symbol for English ''r'' is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled ''r''. The differences in the letter ''e'' reflect claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of ''pretzel'' and ''pray''; there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they can't both be heard, while the first claims there is only one. 

However, phonemic transcriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete. They may show a fair amount of phonetic detail, usually of a phoneme's most common allophone, but because they are abstract symbols they do not need to directly resemble any sound at all. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a 'one sound one symbol' policy, or may even be restricted to the [[ASCII]] symbols of a typical keyboard. For example, the English word ''church'' may be transcribed as {{IPA|/tʃɚtʃ/}}, a close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as {{IPA|/crc/}} (three phonemes, three symbols), which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be explained, especially when they are as divergent from actual pronunciation as {{IPA|/crc/}}.  

Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in [[pipe]]s (&quot;| |&quot;). This goes beyond phonology into [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] analysis. For example, the words ''pets'' and ''beds'' could be transcribed phonetically as {{IPA|[pʰɛʔts]}} and {{IPA|[b̥ɛdz]}} (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as {{IPA|/pets/}} and {{IPA|/bedz/}}. Because /s/ and /z/ are separate [[phoneme]]s in English (unlike Spanish, for example), they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, you probably recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If you believe the plural ending is essentially an ''s'', as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;|pets|&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} and {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;|beds|&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}. If, as most linguists would probably suggest, it is essentially a ''z'', these would be {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;|petz|&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} and {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;|bedz|&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}.

To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word ''jet'' is not read as &quot;yet&quot;. This is done with [[Bracket|angle brackets]] or ''chevrons'': {{Unicode|〈jet〉}}. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original language's orthography, and not in English [[transliteration]].

The Extended IPA for [[speech pathology]] has added additional bracket notations. Parentheses are used to indicate ''mouthing'' (silent articulation), as in {{IPA|(ʃːː)}}, a silent sign to hush; parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...). Double parentheses indicate obscured or unintelligible sound, as in ((2 syll.)), two audible but unidentifiable syllables. Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used to mark prosodic notation, such as {{IPA|[{&lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;''falsetto''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; hɛlp &lt;sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;''falsetto''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;}]}}.

== Consonants (pulmonic) ==
===Single articulation===
[[Media:IPA consonants 2005.png|Closeup of the main pulmonic consonant section of the IPA chart]]

The [[pulmonic egressive|pulmonic]] consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate [[manner of articulation]] and columns that designate [[place of articulation]]. The main chart only includes consonants with a single place of articulation. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | [[Place of articulation]] →
! colspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=4 | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan=4 | [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan=4 | [[Radical consonant|Radical]]
! colspan=2 | [[Glottal consonant|(none)]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | [[Manner of articulation]] ↓
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bi&amp;shy;la&amp;shy;bial]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Labiodental consonant|La&amp;shy;bio&amp;#x2010;&lt;br/&gt;den&amp;shy;tal]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Dental consonant|Den&amp;shy;tal]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Al&amp;shy;veo&amp;shy;lar]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post&amp;#x2010;&lt;br/&gt;al&amp;shy;veo&amp;shy;lar]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Retroflex consonant|Re&amp;shy;tro&amp;#x2010;&lt;br/&gt;flex]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Pa&amp;shy;la&amp;shy;tal]]
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Ve&amp;shy;lar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Uvular consonant|Uvu&amp;shy;lar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pha&amp;shy;ryn&amp;#x2010;&lt;br/&gt;geal]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Epiglottal consonant|Epi&amp;#x2010;&lt;br/&gt;glot&amp;shy;tal]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glot&amp;shy;tal]]
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Nasal]]s
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[bilabial nasal|{{IPA|m}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[labiodental nasal|{{IPA|ɱ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar nasal|{{IPA|n}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex nasal|{{IPA|ɳ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[palatal nasal|{{IPA|ɲ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[velar nasal|{{IPA|ŋ}}]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[uvular nasal|{{IPA|ɴ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Plosive]]s
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless bilabial stop|{{IPA|p}}]] [[voiced bilabial stop|{{IPA|b}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless labiodental stop|*]] [[voiced labiodental stop|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[voiceless alveolar stop|{{IPA|t}}]] [[voiced alveolar stop|{{IPA|d}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless retroflex stop|{{IPA|ʈ}}]] [[voiced retroflex stop|{{IPA|ɖ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless palatal stop|{{IPA|c}}]] [[voiced palatal stop|{{IPA|ɟ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless velar stop|{{IPA|k}}]] [[voiced velar stop|{{IPA|ɡ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[voiceless uvular stop|{{IPA|q}}]] [[voiced uvular stop|{{IPA|ɢ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[epiglottal stop|{{IPA|ʡ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[glottal stop|{{IPA|ʔ}}]]
| style=&quot;width: 1em; background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Fricative]]s
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless bilabial fricative|{{IPA|ɸ}}]] [[voiced bilabial fricative|{{IPA|β}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless labiodental fricative|{{IPA|f}}]] [[voiced labiodental fricative|{{IPA|v}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless dental fricative|{{IPA|θ}}]] [[voiced dental fricative|{{IPA|ð}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|s}}]] [[voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʃ}}]] [[voiced postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʒ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless retroflex fricative|{{IPA|ʂ}}]] [[voiced retroflex fricative|{{IPA|ʐ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless palatal fricative|{{IPA|ç}}]] [[voiced palatal fricative|{{IPA|ʝ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless velar fricative|{{IPA|x}}]] [[voiced velar fricative|{{IPA|ɣ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiceless uvular fricative|{{IPA|χ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiced uvular fricative|{{IPA|ʁ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ħ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiced pharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ʕ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiceless epiglottal fricative|{{IPA|ʜ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | [[voiced epiglottal fricative|{{IPA|ʢ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[voiceless glottal fricative|{{IPA|h}}]] [[voiced glottal fricative|{{IPA|ɦ}}]]
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Approximant]]s
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[bilabial approximant|{{IPA|β̞}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[labiodental approximant|{{IPA|ʋ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar approximant|{{IPA|ɹ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex approximant|{{IPA|ɻ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[palatal approximant|{{IPA|j}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[velar approximant|{{IPA|ɰ}}]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Trill]]s
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[bilabial trill|{{IPA|ʙ}}]]
| 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar trill|{{IPA|r}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex trill|{{IPA|*}}]]
| 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[uvular trill|{{IPA|ʀ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[epiglottal trill|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Flap consonant|Tap or Flap]]
|  class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[bilabial flap|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Image:Labiodental flap (Gentium).png|10px|Labiodental flap]][[labiodental flap|&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar tap|{{IPA|ɾ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex flap|{{IPA|ɽ}}]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[epiglottal flap|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral Fricative]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|{{IPA|ɬ}}]] [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative|{{IPA|ɮ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless retroflex lateral fricative|*]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless palatal lateral fricative|*]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless velar lateral fricative|*]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral Approx&amp;shy;imant]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar lateral approximant|{{IPA|l}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex lateral approximant|{{IPA|ɭ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[palatal lateral approximant|{{IPA|ʎ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[velar lateral approximant|{{IPA|ʟ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp; 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral Flap]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=2 style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=3 | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar lateral flap|{{IPA|ɺ}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[retroflex lateral flap|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[palatal lateral flap|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[velar lateral flap|*]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}

Notes:
* Asterisks (*) mark reported sounds that do not (yet) have official IPA symbols. See the articles for ''ad hoc'' symbols found in the literature. 
* Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that do not yet have official [[Unicode]] support. Since May 2005, this is the case of the [[labiodental flap]], symbolized by a right-hook ''v'': [[Image:Labiodental flap (Gentium).png|20px|Labiodental flap]] ([http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N2945.pdf Proposal to add this symbol to Unicode])
* In rows where some symbols appear in pairs (the ''[[obstruent]]s''), the symbol to the right represents a [[voiced consonant]] (except for [[breathy voice|breathy-voiced]] {{IPA|[ɦ]}}). However, {{IPA|[ʔ]}} cannot be voiced. In the other rows (the ''[[sonorant]]s''), the single symbol represents a voiced consonant.
* Although there is a single symbol for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives, when dealing with a particular language, the symbols are treated as specifically alveolar, post-alveolar, ''etc.'', as appropriate for that language. 
* Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
* The symbols {{IPA|[ʁ, ʕ, ʢ]}} represent either voiced fricatives or approximants. 
* It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives {{IPA|[ʃ ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʂ ʐ]}}. 
* The labiodental nasal {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.

===Coarticulation===
[[media:IPA co-articulated 2005.png|Closeup of the co-articulated consonant section of the IPA chart]]&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot;  class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;| [[voiceless labial-velar fricative|{{IPA|ʍ}}]]
| Voiceless labialized velar approximant
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[labial-velar approximant|{{IPA|w}}]]
| Voiced labialized velar approximant
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[labial-palatal approximant|{{IPA|ɥ}}]]
| Voiced labialized palatal approximant
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|{{IPA|ɕ}}]]
| Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|{{IPA|ʑ}}]]
| Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless palatal-velar fricative|{{IPA|ɧ}}]]
| Voiceless &quot;palatal-velar&quot; fricative
|}

Notes:
*{{IPA|[ɧ]}} is described as a &quot;simultaneous {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}}&quot;. However, this analysis is disputed. See the [[voiceless palatal-velar fricative|article]] for discussion.

== Consonants (non-pulmonic) ==
[[media:IPA non-pulmonic 2005.png|Closeup of the non-pulmonic consonant section of the IPA chart]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- valign=top
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Click consonant|Click releases]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Implosive consonant|Implosives]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ejective consonant|Ejectives]]
|- valign=top  class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | [[bilabial click|{{IPA|ʘ}}]]
| Bilabial
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | [[voiced bilabial implosive|{{IPA|ɓ}}]]
| Bilabial
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | {{IPA|ʼ}} 
| ''For example:''
|- valign=top class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[dental click|{{IPA|ǀ}}]]
| Laminal alveolar (&quot;dental&quot;)
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced alveolar implosive|{{IPA|ɗ}}]]
| Alveolar
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[bilabial ejective|{{IPA|pʼ}}]]
| Bilabial
|- valign=top class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[postalveolar click|{{IPA|ǃ}}]]
| Apical (post-) alveolar (&quot;retroflex&quot;)
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced palatal implosive|{{IPA|ʄ}}]]
| Palatal
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[alveolar ejective|{{IPA|tʼ}}]]
| Alveolar
|- valign=top class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[palatal click|{{IPA|ǂ}}]]
| Laminal postalveolar (&quot;palatal&quot;)
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced velar implosive|{{IPA|ɠ}}]]
| Velar
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[velar ejective|{{IPA|kʼ}}]]
| Velar
|- valign=top class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[alveolar lateral click|{{IPA|ǁ}}]]
| Lateral coronal (&quot;lateral&quot;)
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced uvular implosive|{{IPA|ʛ}}]]
| Uvular
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[alveolar ejective fricative|{{IPA|sʼ}}]]
| Alveolar fricative
|}

Notes: 
* All clicks are doubly articulated and require two symbols: a velar or uvular stop, plus a symbol for the anterior release: {{IPA|[k͡ǂ, ɡ͡ǂ, ŋ͡ǂ, q͡ǂ, ɢ͡ǂ, ɴ͡ǂ]}} ''etc.'', or {{IPA|[ǂ͡k, ǂ͡ɡ, ǂ͡ŋ, ǂ͡q, ǂ͡ɢ, ǂ͡ɴ]}}. When the dorsal articulation is omitted, a {{IPA|[k]}} may usually be assumed. 
* Symbols for the [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] implosives {{IPA|[ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ]}} are no longer supported by the IPA, though they remain in Unicode. Instead, the IPA uses the voiced equivalent with a voiceless diacritic: {{IPA|[ɓ̥, ʛ̥]}}, ''etc''. 
* Although not confirmed from any language, and therefore not &quot;explicitly recognized&quot; by the IPA, a [[Voiced retroflex implosive|retroflex implosive]], &lt;span title=&quot;U+1D91&quot;&gt;{{Unicode|[&amp;#7569;]}}&lt;/span&gt;, is supported in the Unicode Phonetic Extensions Supplement, added in version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard, or can be created as a composite {{IPA|[ɗ̢]}}.
* The ejective symbol is often seen for [[Glottalic consonant|glottalized]] but pulmonic [[sonorant]]s, such as {{IPA|[mʼ], [lʼ], [wʼ], [aʼ]}}, but these are more properly transcribed as creaky ({{IPA|[m̰], [l̰], [w̰], [a̰]}}).

== Vowels ==
[[media:IPA vowel chart 2005.png|Closeup of the vowel chart of the IPA]]
{{CSS IPA vowel chart}}

Notes:
*Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel, as does {{IPA|[ʊ]}} (at least prototypically). All others are unrounded.
*{{IPA|[ɶ]}} is not confirmed as a distinct phoneme in any language.
*{{IPA|[a]}} is officially a front vowel, but there is little distinction between front and central open vowels, and {{IPA|[a]}} is frequently used for an open central vowel.

==Affricates and double articulation==

'''[[Affricate]]s''' and '''[[Doubly articulated consonant|doubly articulated]] stops''' are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar, either above or below the symbols. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage, due to the great number of ligatures that would be required to represent all affricates this way. A third affricate transcription sometimes seen uses the superscript notation for a consonant release, for example {{IPA|tˢ}} for {{IPA|t​͡s}}, paralleling {{IPA|kˣ}} ~ {{IPA|k͡x}}. The symbols for the palatal plosives, {{IPA|&lt;c ɟ&gt;,}} are often used as a convenience for {{IPA|[t​͡ʃ d͡ʒ]}} or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care. 

[[Media:Affricate ligatures.png|Image of the six common affricate ligatures and their official IPA equivalents]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tie bar
! Ligature
! Description
|-  class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t​͡s}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiceless alveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʦ}}]]
| voiceless alveolar affricate
|-  class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|d​͡z}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced alveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʣ}}]]
| voiced alveolar affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t​͡ʃ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiceless postalveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʧ}}]]
| voiceless postalveolar affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|d​͡ʒ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced postalveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʤ}}]]
| voiced postalveolar affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t​͡ɕ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|{{IPA|ʨ}}]]
| voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|d​͡ʑ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|{{IPA|ʥ}}]]
| voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|{{IPA|t​͡ɬ}}]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
| voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiceless labial-velar plosive|{{IPA|k͡p}}]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
| voiceless labial-velar plosive
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[voiced labial-velar plosive|{{IPA|ɡ͡b}}]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
| voiced labial-velar plosive
|- class=&quot;nounderlines&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[labial-velar nasal|{{IPA|ŋ͡m}}]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;
| labial-velar nasal stop
|}

Note:
* If your browser uses ''Arial Unicode MS'' to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better due to a bug in that font:  {{IPA|ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡}}.

==Extended IPA==
The '''Extended IPA''' was designed for [[Speech disorder|disordered speech]]. However, some of the symbols (especially diacritics, below) are occasionally used for transcribing normal speech as well. 

View a pdf file [http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ExtIPAChart97.pdf here].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | [[velopharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ʩ}}]]
|Velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a [[cleft palate]])
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[lateralized s|{{IPA|ʪ}}]]
|Voiceless central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, {{IPA|[ɬ͡s]}} (a [[lisp (speech)|lisp]])
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[lateralized z|{{IPA|ʫ}}]]
|Voiced central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, {{IPA|[ɮ͡z]}} (a lisp)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[bilabial percussive|{{IPA|ʬ}}]]
|Bilabial percussive (smacking lips)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[bidental percussive|{{IPA|ʭ}}]]
|Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[sublaminal lower alveolar click|{{IPA|¡}}]]
|[[Sub-apical consonant|Sublaminal lower alveolar]] click (sucking tongue)
|}

The last symbol may be used with the alveolar click for {{IPA|[ǃ¡]}}, a combined alveolar and sublaminal click or &quot;cluck-click&quot;.

==Suprasegmentals==
[[media:IPA suprasegmentals 2005.png|Closeup of the suprasegmental section of the IPA chart]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | {{IPA|ˈ}}
| Primary [[lexical stress|stress]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ˌ}}
| Secondary [[lexical stress|stress]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ː}}
| [[Length (phonetics)|Long]] ([[Vowel length|long vowel]] or [[Gemination|geminate consonant]])
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ˑ}}
| Half-long
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|˘}}
| [[Extra-short (phonetics)|Extra-short]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|.}}
| [[Syllable]] break
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|‿}}
| [[Liaison|Linking (absence of a break)]]
|}

=== [[Intonation (linguistics)|Intonation]] ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}
| [[Prosody (linguistics)|Minor (foot) break]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|‖}}
| [[Prosody (linguistics)|Major (intonation) break]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|↗}}
| [[Intonation (linguistics)#Transcription|Global rise]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|↘}}
| [[Intonation (linguistics)#Transcription|Global fall]]
|}

=== [[Tonal language|Tone]] ===
IPA allows for the use of either tone diacritics or tone letters to indicate tones. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:4em;&quot; | {{IPA|e̋ or ˥}}
| Extra high
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|é or ˦}}
| High
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ē or ˧}}
| Mid
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|è or ˨}}
| Low
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ȅ or ˩}}
| Extra low
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ě}}
| Rise
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ê}}
| Fall
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;{{IPA|↓}}&lt;/sup&gt;e
| [[Downstep (phonetics)|Downstep]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &lt;sup&gt;{{IPA|↑}}&lt;/sup&gt;e
| [[Upstep (phonetics)|Upstep]]
|}
Note:
*With regard to tone diacritics, Unicode encodes marks for some contour tones, but not all. In Unicode version 4.1, only hacek (rising) and circumflex (falling) diacritics were encoded. Subsequent versions may also include six additional diacritics for contour tones, such as the macron-acute and the grave-acute-grave ligatures. (See an image [[media:IPA suprasegmentals 2005.png|here]].) Note that contour tone diacritics are not encoded as sequences of level tone diacritics in Unicode.
*With regard to tone letters, Unicode does not have separate encodings for contour tones. Instead, sequences of level tone letters are used, with proper display dependent on the font, usually by means of OpenType font rendition: {{IPA|[˥˩]}} or {{IPA|[˦˥˧]}}. (These are probably not displaying correctly in your browser. See the [[media:IPA suprasegmentals 2005.png|image]] for a sample of how they should appear.) Since few fonts support combination tone letters (see the external links for one that is free), a common solution is to use the old system of superscript numerals from '1' to '5', for example [e&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;, e&lt;sup&gt;312&lt;/sup&gt;]. However, this depends on local linguistic tradition, with '5' generally being high and '1' being low for Asian languages, but '1' being high and '5' low for African languages. An old IPA convention sometimes still seen is to use sub-diacritics for low contour tones: {{IPA|[e̖, e̗]}} for ''low-falling'' and ''low-rising''. 
*The upstep and downstep modifiers are superscript arrows. Unicode version 4.1 does not encode these, though subsequent versions will. The arrows for upstep and downstep should not be confused with the full-height arrows, which are used to indicate airflow direction.

== Diacritics ==
[[media:IPA diacritics 2005.png|Closeup of the diacritic section of the IPA chart]]&lt;br&gt;
Sub-diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, i.e. {{IPA|ŋ̊}}. The dotless i, &lt;ı&gt;, is used when the dot would interfere with the diacritic. Other IPA symbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: {{IPA|tˢ}} (fricative release), {{IPA|bʱ}} (breathy voice), {{IPA|ˀa}} (glottal onset), {{Unicode|ᵊ}} (epenthetic schwa), o&lt;sup&gt;{{IPA|ʊ}}&lt;/sup&gt; (diphthongization).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=4|Syllabicity diacritics
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɹ̩ n̩}}
| [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̯ ʊ̯}}
| [[Non-syllabic vowel|Non-syllabic]]
|-
! colspan=4|Consonant-release diacritics
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|tʰ dʰ}}
| [[Aspiration|Aspirated]] {{footnote|2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|d̚}}
| [[Unreleased stop|No audible release]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|dⁿ}}
| [[Nasal release]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|dˡ}}
| [[Lateral release]]
|-
! colspan=4|Phonation diacritics
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:4em;&quot; | {{IPA|n̥ d̥}}
| [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|s̬ t̬}}
| [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:4em;&quot; | {{IPA|b̤ a̤}}
| [[Breathy voice]]d {{footnote|1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|b̰ a̰}}
| [[Creaky voice]]d
|-
! colspan=4|Articulation diacritics
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:4em;&quot; | {{IPA|t̪ d̪}}
| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t̼ d̼}}
| [[Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t̺ d̺}}
| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|t̻ d̻}}
| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|u̟ t̟}}
| [[Advanced]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|i̠ t̠}}
| [[Retracted]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ë ä}}
| [[Centralization (phonetics)|Centralized]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̽ ɯ̽}}
| [[Mid-centralized vowel|Mid-centralized]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̝ ɹ̝ ˔}}
| colspan=3 | [[Raised]] ('''{{IPA|ɹ̝}}''' = [[Voiced alveolar fricative#The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiced alveolar nonsibilant fricative]])
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̞ β̞ ˕}}
| colspan=3 | [[Lowered]] ('''{{IPA|β̞}}''' = [[bilabial approximant]])
|-
! colspan=4|Co-articulation diacritics
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɔ̹ x̹}}
| More [[Roundedness|rounded]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɔ̜ x̜ʷ}}
| Less [[Roundedness|rounded]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|tʷ dʷ}}
| [[Labialization|Labialized]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|tʲ dʲ}}
| [[Palatalization|Palatalized]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|tˠ dˠ}}
| [[Velarization|Velarized]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|tˁ dˁ}}
| [[Pharyngealization|Pharyngealized]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|{{IPA|ɫ}}]] {{IPA|z̴}}
| colspan=3 | Velarized ''or'' pharyngealized
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̘ o̘}}
| [[Advanced tongue root]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|e̙ o̙}}
| [[Retracted tongue root]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ẽ z̃}}
| [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɚ ɝ}}
| [[R-colored vowel|Rhoticity]]
|}

Notes:
#Some linguists restrict this breathy-voice diacritic to sonorants, and transcribe obstruents as {{IPA|bʱ}}.
#With aspirated voiced consonants, the aspiration is also voiced. Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice. 

The state of the [[glottis]] can be finely transcribed with diacritics. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis [[phonation]] are: 

{|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:2em;&quot; | {{IPA|[t]}}
| [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[d̤]}}
| [[breathy voice]], also called ''murmured''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[d̥]}}
| [[slack voice]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[d]}}
| [[Voiced consonant|modal voice]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[d̬]}}
| [[stiff voice]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[d̰]}}
| [[creaky voice]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|[ʔ͡t]}}
| glottal closure
|}

===Extended IPA diacritics===
[[Media:ExtIPA.png|The letters and diacritics of the ExtIPA]]

The ExtIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as {{IPA|ʰp}} for pre-aspiration, {{IPA|tʶ}} for uvularization, or {{IPA|s̼}} for a linguolabial sibilant, as well as adding some new ones. Some of the ExtIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of [[Damin]].  

One modification is the use of subscript parentheses around the [[phonation]] diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. For example, {{IPA|₍s̬₎}} is a partially voiced [s], {{IPA|₍s̬}} shows partial initial voicing, and {{IPA|s̬₎}} partial final voicing; also {{IPA|₍z̥₎}} is a partially devoiced [z], {{IPA|₍z̥}} shows partial initial devoicing, and {{IPA|z̥₎}}
partial final devoicing. These conventions may be convenient for representing various [[voice onset time]]s.

Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed rather than placed directly under the segment to represent relative timing. For instance, {{IPA|&amp;nbsp;̬z}} is a [[Pre-voicing (phonetics)|pre-voiced]] [z], {{IPA|z&amp;nbsp;̬}}
a post-voiced [z], and {{IPA|a&amp;nbsp;̰}} is an [a] with a [[creaky voice|creaky]] offglide.  

Other ExtIPA diacritics are,

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=4|Airstream mechanism
|- 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|p↓}}
| [[Initiation (phonetics)|Ingressive airflow]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|!↑}}
| [[Initiation (phonetics)|Egressive airflow]]
|-
!colspan=4|Phonation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|p⁼}}
| [[Aspiration|Unaspirated]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ạ}}
| [[Whispering|Whispery]] phonation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | a&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;Ħ&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|[[Faucalized voice]] (stretched pharynx,&lt;br&gt;as in a yawn)
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | a!
|[[Harsh voice]], ('pressed voice'; involves the&lt;br&gt;false vocal cords, as when lifting a load)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʰp}} 
| Pre-aspiration
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | a‼
| Ventricular vibration
|-
!colspan=4|Nasalization
|- 
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|n͋&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v͋}}
| [[nasalization|Nasal fricative]] or frication
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;&quot; | {{IPA|m͊}}
| [[Denasal]] (as with a headcold)
|-
! colspan=4|Articulatory strength
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;&quot; | {{IPA|f͈}}
| [[Fortis#Tenseness|Strong articulation]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|v͉}}
| [[Fortis#Tenseness|Weak articulation]]
|-
! colspan=4|Articulation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|v͆}}
| [[dentolabial consonant|Dentolabial]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|n̪͆&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;h̪͆}}
| [[Interdental consonant|Interdental]] or [[bidental consonant|bidental]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|s͇&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;f͇}}
| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar(ized)]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|s͎}}
| [[Whistling|Whistled]] articulation
|-
! colspan=4|Secondary articulation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;&quot; | {{IPA|s͍}}
| Labial spreading (see [[rounded vowel]])
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}}&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{IPA|œ}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|Open-rounded labialization
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger; width:3em;&quot; | k&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{IPA|ʋ}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|Labiodentalized
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|s͌}}
| [[Velopharyngeal]] friction
|-
! colspan=4|Timing
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|s͢θ}}
| Slurred/sliding articulation
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|p\p\p}}
| [[Stutter]] (reiterated articulation)
|}

In addition to these symbols, a subscript &lt; or &gt; indicates that an articulation is laterally offset to the left or right. 

====Prosodic notation====
The ExtIPA also makes use of Italian musical notation for the [[tempo]] and [[dynamics (music)|dynamics]] of connected speech. These are subscripted on the insides of a {brace} notation that indicates that they are comments on the [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]. 

Pauses are indicated with periods or numbers inside parentheses. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|(.)||Short pause||(..)||Medium pause||(...)||Long pause||(1.2)||1.2-second pause
|-
|''f''||Loud speech&lt;br&gt;('forte')||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''f''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|lɑʊd}}&lt;sub&gt;''f''&lt;/sub&gt;}]||''ff''||Louder speech&lt;br&gt;('fortissimo')||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''ff''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|lɑʊdɚ}} &lt;sub&gt;''ff''&lt;/sub&gt;}]
|-
|''p''||Quiet speech&lt;br&gt;('piano')||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''p''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|kwaɪət}} &lt;sub&gt;''p''&lt;/sub&gt;}]||''pp''||Quieter speech&lt;br&gt;('pianissimo')||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''pp''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|kwaɪətɚ}} &lt;sub&gt;''pp''&lt;/sub&gt;}]
|-
|''allegro''||Fast speech||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''allegro''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|fɑːst}} &lt;sub&gt;''allegro''&lt;/sub&gt;}]||''lento''||Slow speech||colspan=2|[{&lt;sub&gt;''lento''&lt;/sub&gt; {{IPA|sloʊ}} &lt;sub&gt;''lento''&lt;/sub&gt;}]
|-
|colspan=8|''crescendo, rallentando,'' and other musical terms may also be used.
|}

==Obsolete symbols, nonstandard symbols, and capital variants==
The IPA inherited alternate symbols from various traditions, but eventually settled on one for each sound. The other symbols are now considered obsolete. An example is {{IPA|ɷ}} for standard {{IPA|ʊ}}. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: {{IPA|ƍ}} for {{IPA|zʷ}} is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series {{IPA|ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ}} has been dropped. 

There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as {{IPA|ƛ}}. 

While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is [[Kabye language|Kabye]] of northern [[Togo]], which has {{unicode|Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ Ʃ}} (capital {{IPA|ʃ}}). Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by unicode are {{unicode|Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ}}.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɩ}} || Iota, rejected 1989 in favor of {{IPA|[ɪ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɷ}} || Closed omega, rejected 1989 in favor of {{IPA|[ʊ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʚ}} || Closed epsilon, a mistake for {{IPA|[ɞ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɼ}} || Long-leg R, voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ''ř''), withdrawn 1989, = {{IPA|[r̝]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɿ}} || Reversed fishhook R / turned iota, apical dental unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = {{IPA|[z̩]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʅ}} || Squat reversed esh (actually {{IPA|ɿ}} with retroflex tail), apical retroflex unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, = {{IPA|[ʐ̩]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʮ}} || turned h with fishhook, apical dental rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = {{IPA|[z̩ʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʯ}} || turned h with fishhook and tail, apical retroflex rounded vowel used by Sinologists, = {{IPA|[ʐ̩ʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ȶ}} || t with curl, voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ȡ}} || d with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) plosive, used by Sinologists
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ȵ}} || n with curl, voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) nasal, used by Sinologists
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;A&lt;/small&gt; || small capital A, open central vowel used by Sinologists, between {{IPA|[a]}} and {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;E&lt;/small&gt; || small capital E, mid front unrounded vowel used by Sinologists, between {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʆ}} || Curly-tail esh, withdrawn 1989, = {{IPA|[ʃʲ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʓ}} || Curly-tail ezh, withdrawn 1989, = {{IPA|[ʒʲ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƫ}} || Left-hook T, withdrawn 1989, = {{IPA|[tʲ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|d̡}} ''etc.'' || Subscript left hook, superseded 1989 by {{IPA|[dʲ]}} ''etc.''
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|σ}} || = {{IPA|[θʷ, sʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƍ}} || = {{IPA|[ðʷ, zʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƪ}} || = {{IPA|[ʃʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƺ}} || = {{IPA|[ʒʷ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|k̫}} ''etc.'' || Subscript w, superseded 1989 by {{IPA|[kʷ]}} ''etc.''
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ɑ̢}} ''etc.'' || = {{IPA|[ɑ˞]}} ''etc.'' (&quot;retroflex&quot; or [[r-colored vowel]]s)
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʇ}} || Turned T, superseded 1989 by {{IPA|[ǀ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʖ}} || Inverted glottal stop, superseded 1989 by {{IPA|[ǁ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʗ}} || Stretched C, superseded 1989 by {{IPA|[ǃ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ʞ}} || Proposed symbol for velar click, withdrawn 1970
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ}} || Hooktop P, T, C, K, Q, withdrawn 1993, =  {{IPA|[ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̥ ɠ̥ ʛ̥]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƞ}} || Right-leg N, withdrawn 1976, = {{IPA|[n̩]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|š}} || Americanist usage, = {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ž}} || Americanist usage, = {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|č}} || Americanist usage, = {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ǰ, ǧ, ǯ}} || Americanist, Slavicist ''etc.'' usage, = {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƛ}} || Americanist usage, = {{IPA|[t͡ɬ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|λ}} || Americanist usage, = {{IPA|[d͡ɮ]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƾ}} || Withdrawn 1976, = {{IPA|[t͡s]}}
|-
| width=20 style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:larger;&quot; | {{IPA|ƻ}} || Barred two, withdrawn 1976, = {{IPA|[d͡z]}}
|}

===How to transcribe sounds that don't have symbols in the IPA charts===
The remaining blank cells on the IPA chart can be filled without too much difficulty if the need arises. Some ''ad hoc'' symbols have appeared in the literature, for example for the lateral flaps and voiceless lateral fricatives, the epiglottal trill, and the labiodental plosives. Diacritics can supply much of the remainder, which would indeed be appropriate if the sounds were allophones. For example, the Spanish bilabial approximant is commonly written as a lowered fricative, {{IPA|[β̞]}}. Similarly, voiced lateral fricatives would be written as raised lateral approximants, {{IPA|[ɭ˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝]}}. A few languages such as [[Banda language|Banda]] have a bilabial flap as the preferred allophone of what is elsewhere a labiodental flap. It has been suggested that this be written with the labiodental flap symbol and the advanced diacritic, {{IPA|[v̛̟]}}. Similarly, a labiodental trill would be written {{IPA|[ʙ̪]}} (bilabial trill and the dental sign). Palatal and uvular taps, if they exist, and the epiglottal tap could be written as extra-short plosives, {{IPA|[ɟ˘ ɢ˘ ʡ˘]}}. A retroflex trill can be written as a retracted {{IPA|[r̠]}}, just as retroflex fricatives sometimes are. The remaining consonants, the uvular laterals and the palatal trill, while not strictly impossible, are very difficult to pronounce and are unlikely to occur even as allophones in the world's languages.

The vowels are similarly manageable by using diacritics for raising, lowering, fronting, backing, centering, and mid-centering. For example, the unrounded equivalent of {{IPA|[ʊ]}} can be transcribed as mid-centered {{IPA|[ɯ̽]}}, and the rounded equivalent of [æ] as raised {{IPA|[ɶ̝]}}. True mid vowels are lowered {{IPA|[e̞ ø̞ ɘ̞ ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞]}}, while centered {{IPA|[ɪ̈ ʊ̈] and [ä]}} are near-close and open central vowels, respectively. The vowels that aren't representable in this scheme are the [[rounded vowel|compressed]] vowels, which would require a dedicated diacritic.

==Names of the symbols==
It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondance between symbol and sound in broad transcription. The symbol's names and phonetic descriptions are described in the ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association''. The symbols also have nonce names in the [[Unicode]] standard. In some cases, the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree. For example, IPA calls {{IPA|ɛ}} &quot;epsilon&quot;, but Unicode calls it &quot;small letter open E&quot;.

===The letters===
The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are used for unmodified symbols. In Unicode, some of the symbols of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA; the others use the symbols from the Greek section. 

Examples:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | !! IPA symbol name !! phonetic description !! Unicode name
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | p || (lower-case) P || [[voiceless bilabial stop]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER P
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | x || (lower-case) X || [[voiceless velar fricative]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER X
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | r || (lower-case) R || [[alveolar trill|coronal trill]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER R
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|β}} || [[beta]] || [[voiced bilabial fricative]] || GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɛ}} || [[epsilon]] || [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɣ}} || [[gamma]] || [[voiced velar fricative]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|θ}} || [[theta]] || [[voiceless dental fricative]] || GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|χ}} || [[Chi (letter)|chi]] || [[voiceless uvular fricative]] || GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɸ}} || [[phi]] || [[voiceless bilabial fricative]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER PHI
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ʊ}} || upsilon {{footnote|1}} || [[near-close near-back rounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON
|-
|}

'''Note'''
#The Latin &quot;[[upsilon]]&quot; is frequently called &quot;[[horseshoe|horseshoe u]]&quot; in order to distinguish it from the Greek upsilon. Historically, it derives from a Latin small capital &lt;tt&gt;U&lt;/tt&gt;.

The IPA standard includes some small capital letters, such as {{IPA|ʀ}}, although it is common to refer to these symbols as simply &quot;capital&quot; or &quot;cap&quot; letters, because the IPA standard does not include any full-size capital letters.

A few letters have the forms of cursive or script letters. Examples:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | !! IPA symbol name !! phonetic description !! Unicode name
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɑ}} || script A || [[open back unrounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɡ}} || opentail G {{footnote|1}} || [[voiced velar stop]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ʋ}} || cursive V {{footnote|2}} || [[labiodental approximant]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK
|}
'''Note'''
#The &quot;looptail G&quot; [[Image:Looptail g.PNG|10 px]] is not strictly an IPA character, but is an acceptable alternative.
#In form and origin, but not in name, this is the Greek upsilon.

Ligatures are called precisely that, although some have alternate names. Examples:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | !! IPA symbol name !! phonetic description !! Unicode name
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|œ}} || (lower-case) o-e ligature || [[open-mid front rounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɮ}} || L-Ezh ligature || [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative|voiced coronal lateral fricative]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|æ}} || [[Ash (letter)|ash]]; (lower-case) a-e ligature || [[near-open front unrounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
|}

Many letters are ''turned'', or rotated 180 degrees. Examples:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;width:2em;&quot; | !! IPA symbol name !! phonetic description !! Unicode name
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ʎ}} || turned Y || [[palatal lateral approximant]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɥ}} || turned H || [[labial-palatal approximant]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɒ}} || turned script A || [[open back rounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ʌ}} || turned V || [[open-mid back unrounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL TURNED V
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | {{IPA|ɔ}} || open O || [[open-mid back rounded vowel]] || LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O
|}

The symbol {{IPA|ɔ}} can be described as a ''turned cee'', but it is almost always referred to as ''open o'', which described both its articulation and its shape. The symbol {{IPA|ʌ}} is often also called &quot;[[caret]]&quot; or &quot;wedge&quot; for it similarity to that diacritic.

A few letters are ''reversed'' (flipped on a vertical axis): '''{{IPA|ɘ}}''' ''reversed E'', '''{{IPA|ɜ}}''' ''reversed epsilon'', '''{{IPA|ʕ}}''' ''reversed glottal stop'' [often called by its Arabic name, ''[[ayin]]'']. 

One letter is ''inverted'' (flipped on a horizontal axis): '''{{IPA|ʁ}}''' ''inverted R''. ('''{{IPA|ʍ}}''' could also be called an ''inverted double-u'', but ''turned double-u'' is more common.)

When a horizontal stroke is added, it is called a ''bar'': '''{{IPA|ħ}}''' ''barred H'', '''{{IPA|ɵ}}''' ''barred o'', '''{{IPA|ʢ}}''' ''reversed barred glottal stop'' or ''barred ayin'', '''{{IPA|ɟ}}''' ''barred dotless J'' or ''barred gelded J'' [apparently never 'turned F'], '''{{IPA|ǂ}}''' ''double-barred pipe'', etc.

One letter instead has a ''slash'' through it: '''{{IPA|ø}}''' ''slashed O''.

The implosives have ''hook'' tops: '''{{IPA|ɓ}}''' ''hook-top B'', as does '''{{IPA|ɦ}}''' ''hook-top H''.

Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a ''tail''. It may be specified as ''left'' or ''right'' depending on which direction it turns: '''{{IPA|ɳ}}''' ''right-tail N'', '''{{IPA|ɻ}}''' ''right-tail turned R'', '''{{IPA|ɲ}}''' ''left-tail N'' [note that '''{{IPA|ŋ}}''' has its own traditional name, ''[[engma]]''], '''{{IPA|ɱ}}''' ''left-tail em'', '''{{IPA|ʐ}}''' ''tail Z'' [or just ''retroflex Z''], etc.

When the tail loops over itself, it's called ''curly'': '''{{IPA|ʝ}}''' ''curly-tail jay'', '''{{IPA|ɕ}}''' ''curly-tail C''. 

There are also a few unique modifications: '''{{IPA|ɬ}}''' ''belted L'', '''{{IPA|ɞ}}''' ''closed reversed epsilon'' [there was once also a '''{{IPA|ɷ}}''' ''closed omega''], '''{{IPA|ɰ}}''' ''right-leg turned M'', '''{{IPA|ɺ}}''' ''turned long-leg R'' [there was once also a ''long-leg R''], '''{{IPA|ǁ}}''' ''double pipe'', and the obsolete '''{{IPA|ʗ}}''' ''stretched C''.

Several non-English letters have traditional names: '''{{IPA|ç}}''' ''C [[cedilla]]'', '''{{IPA|ð}}''' ''[[Eth (letter)|eth]]'' (also spelled ''edh''), '''{{IPA|ŋ}}''' ''[[engma]]'', '''{{IPA|ə}}''' ''[[schwa]]'', '''{{IPA|ǃ}}''' ''exclamation mark'', '''{{IPA|&lt;nowiki&gt;ǀ&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}''' ''pipe''.

Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: '''{{IPA|ɾ}}''' ''fish-hook R'', '''{{IPA|ɤ}}''' ''[[ram's horns]]'', '''{{IPA|ʘ}}''' ''[[bull's eye]]'', '''{{IPA|ʃ}}''' ''[[esh (letter)|esh]]'' [apparently never 'stretched ess'], '''{{IPA|ʒ}}''' ''[[ezh]]'' [sometimes also ''[[yogh]]''], '''{{IPA|ɧ}}''' ''hook-top heng''. 

The '''{{IPA|ʔ}}''' is usually called by the sound it represents, ''glottal stop''. This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is seldom used to represent anything else. However, to specify the symbol itself, it is sometimes called a ''gelded question mark''.

===The diacritic marks===
Diacritics with traditional names: 

:'''{{IPA|é}}''' ''[[Acute accent|acute]]'', '''{{IPA|ē}}''' ''[[macron]]'', '''{{IPA|è}}''' ''[[Grave accent|grave]]'', '''{{IPA|ê}}''' ''[[circumflex]]'', '''{{IPA|ě}}''' ''[[caron]], [[wedge]],'' or ''[[háček]]'', '''{{IPA|ë}}''' ''[[diaeresis]]'' or ''[[umlaut]]'', '''{{IPA|ĕ}}''' ''[[breve]]'', '''{{IPA|ẽ}}''' ''(superscript) [[tilde]]'', plus variants such as '''{{IPA|ḛ}}''' ''subscript tilde'', '''{{IPA|ɫ}}''' ''superimposed tilde'', etc. 

Non-traditional diacritics: 

:'''{{IPA|d̼}}''' ''seagull'', '''{{IPA|e˞}}''' ''hook'', '''{{IPA|e̽}}''' ''over-cross'', '''{{IPA|d ̚}}''' ''corner'', '''{{IPA|d̪}}''' ''bridge'', '''{{IPA|d̺}}''' ''inverted bridge'', '''{{IPA|d̻}}''' ''square'', '''{{IPA|e̥}}''' ''under-ring'', '''{{IPA|e̊}}''' ''over-ring'', '''{{IPA|e̜}}''' ''left half-ring'', '''{{IPA|e̹}}''' ''right half-ring'', '''{{IPA|e̟}}''' ''plus'', '''{{IPA|e̠}}''' ''under-bar'', '''{{IPA|e̯}}''' ''arch'', '''{{IPA|d̬}}''' ''subscript wedge'', '''{{IPA|e̝}}''' ''up tack'', '''{{IPA|e̞}}''' ''down tack'', '''{{IPA|e̘}}''' ''left tack'', '''{{IPA|e̙}}''' ''right tack'', '''{{IPA|d͡z}}''' ''tie bar'', '''{{IPA|ẹ}}''' ''under-dot'', '''{{IPA|n̩}}''' ''under-stroke''.

Diacritics are alternately named after their function: The bridge is also called the ''dental sign,'' the under-stroke the ''syllabicity sign,'' etc.

==Comparison to other phonetic notation==
The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the [[Americanist phonetic notation]], devised for representing American languages, but used by some US linguists as an alternate to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Indic languages|Indic]], [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]], and [[Caucasian languages|Caucasian]] linguistics, as well as other regional specialies. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs. 

Other alphabets, such as [[Hangul]], may have their own phonetic extensions. There also exist featural phonetic transcription systems, such as [[Alexander Bell]]'s [[Visible Speech]] and its derivatives. 

There is an extended version of the IPA for [[Speech disorder|disordered speech]] (extIPA), which has been included in this article, and another set of symbols used for voice quality (VoQS). There are also many personal or idiosyncratic extensions, such as [[#External links|Luciano Canepari's ''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;can&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;IPA'']].

Since the IPA uses symbols that are outside the [[ASCII]] character set, several systems have been developed that map the IPA symbols to ASCII characters. Two notable systems are [[Kirshenbaum]] and [[SAMPA]] (or [[X-SAMPA]]). These systems are often used in electronic media, although their usage has been declining with the development of computer technology, specifically because of spreading support for [[Unicode]].

See also: [[Unicode and HTML]]

==See also==
{{Commons|{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]] explains those IPA symbols used to represent the phonemes of English.
* [[IPA chart for English]]: simplifed version.
* [[Pronunciation respelling for English]]: overview of several pronunciation guide systems used in English dictionaries.
* [[Tipa|TIPA]] provides IPA support for [[LaTeX]].
* [[SAMPA]], [[X-SAMPA]] and [[Kirshenbaum]] are other methods of mapping IPA designations into [[ASCII]].
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
* [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]] (UPA)

==External links==
* [http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html Official home page of the IPA]
* [http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba/phon/learnipa.html Learning the IPA for English]
* [http://french.about.com/library/pronunciation/bl-ipa-french.htm French IPA characters]
===Free IPA font downloads===
*[http://scripts.sil.org/FontDownloadsGentium Gentium], a professionally designed international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman and italic typefaces that includes the IPA, but not yet tone letters or the new labiodental flap.
*[http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSILfont Charis SIL], a very complete international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman, italic, and bold typefaces that includes tone letters and pre-composed tone diacritics on IPA vowels, the new labiodental flap, and many non-standard phonetic symbols.
*[http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont Doulos SIL], a Times/Times New Roman style font. It contains the same characters as Charis SIL, but only in a single face, roman.
*[http://webmasterei.com/en/ipa/index SIL93] the legacy SIL IPA93 fonts (Manuscript and Sophia) recoded in Unicode.
*[http://www.travelphrases.info/gallery/Test_IPA.html Test page] for installed fonts. Includes alternate variants and tone letters.

===Keyboards===
* [http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/keyboard/ Online keyboard]
* [http://webmasterei.com/en/tools/ipa Online keyboard] and machine pronunciation
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&amp;item_id=ipa-sil_keyboard Downloadable IPA-SIL keyboard layout for Mac OS X] for [[Unicode]] IPA input
* [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex#Tipa WikiTeX] supports editing IPA sequences directly in Wiki articles.

===Sound files===
* [http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index.html Peter Ladefoged's Course in Phonetics (with sound files)]
**[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter1/chapter1.html  Pronounceable IPA chart]
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html An introduction to the sounds of languages]
* [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ipa-lab.htm IPA Lab] Chart with sound files at University of Victoria.  (Works with QuickTime.)
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html Flash version of IPA charts, with sound samples]
*[http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/ipa/full/ Another set of IPA sound samples]

===Charts===
* [http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/fullchart.html IPA chart source]
* [http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/ IPA Chart] in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
* [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPANumberChart96.pdf IPA number chart], at University of Victoria.

===Unicode===
Official Unicode PDF files:
*[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0250.pdf Unicode chart for main IPA letters]
*[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U02B0.pdf Unicode chart for IPA modifier letters]
*[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf Unicode chart including IPA diacritics]
----
*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode]
*[http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/ipachart.html Unicode-HTML codes for IPA symbols:]  Tables of symbol names and HTML codes at Pennsylvania State University.

===Personal extensions of the IPA===
* [http://venus.unive.it/canipa/ ''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;can&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;IPA''] : Luciano Canepari's system (500 base symbols)

==References==
* Albright, Robert W. (1958). ''The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its background and development''. International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 24, No. 1, Part 3); Indiana University research center in anthropology, folklore, and linguistics, publ. 7. Baltimore. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1953).
* Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; &amp; Dickson, B. Craig. (1995). The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality. ''Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet'', ''25'' (2), 71-80.
*Canepari, Luciano. (2005a). &quot;A Handbook of Phonetics: ‹Natural› Phonetics.&quot; München: Lincom Europa, pp. 518. [https://ssl.kundenserver.de/s83009615.einsundeinsshop.de/sess/utn1541a7584d7471b/shopdata/0002_New+titles/product_details.shopscript ISBN 3-8958-480-3] (hb).
*Canepari, Luciano. (2005b) &quot;A Handbook of Pronunciation: English, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto.&quot; München: Lincom Europa, pp. 436. [https://ssl.kundenserver.de/s83009615.einsundeinsshop.de/sess/utn1541a7584d7471b/shopdata/0002_New+titles/product_details.shopscript ISBN 3-89586-481-1] (hb).
* Duckworth, M.; Allen, G.; Hardcastle, W.; &amp; Ball, M. J. (1990). Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. ''Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics'', ''4'', 273-280.
* Ellis, Alexander J. (1869-1889). ''On early English pronunciation'' (Parts 1 &amp; 5). London: Philological Society by Asher &amp; Co.; London: Trübner &amp; Co.
* Hill, Kenneth C. (1988). [Review of ''Phonetic symbol guide'' by G. K. Pullum &amp; W. Ladusaw]. ''Language'', ''64'' (1), 143-144.
* Hultzen, Lee S. (1958). [Review of ''The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its backgrounds and development'' by R. W. Albright]. ''Language'', ''34'' (3), 438-442.
* International Phonetic Association. (1949). ''The principles of the International Phonetic Association, being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages''. London: University College, Department of Phonetics.
* International Phonetic Association. (1989). Report on the 1989 Kiel convention. ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', ''19'' (2), 67-80.
* International Phonetic Association. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb).
* Jespersen, Otto. (1889). ''The articulations of speech sounds represented by means of analphabetic symbols''. Marburg: Elwert.
* Jones, Daniel. (1989). ''English pronouncing dictionary'' (14 ed.). London: Dent.
* Kelly, John. (1981). The 1847 alphabet: An episode of phonotypy. In R. E. Asher &amp; E. J. A. Henderson (Eds.), ''Towards a history of phonetics''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
* Kemp, J. Alan. (1994). Phonetic transcription: History. In R. E. Asher &amp; J. M. Y. Simpson (Eds.), ''The encyclopedia of language and linguistics'' (Vol. 6, pp. 3040-3051). Oxford: Pergamon.
* Ladefoged, Peter. (1990). The revised International Phonetic Alphabet.  ''Language'', ''66'' (3), 550-552.
* Ladefoged, Peter; &amp; Halle, Morris. (1988). Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet. ''Language'', ''64'' (3), 577-582.
* MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). Phonetic notation. In P. T. Daniels &amp; W. Bright (Ed.), ''The world's writing systems'' (pp. 821-846). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
* Passy, Paul. (1888). Our revised alphabet. ''The Phonetic Teacher'', 57-60.
* Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* [[Geoffrey Pullum|Pullum, Geoffrey K.]]; &amp; Laduslaw, William A. (1986). ''Phonetic symbol guide''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-68532-2.
* Sweet, Henry. (1880-1881). Sound notation. ''Transactions of the Philological Society'', 177-235.
* Sweet, Henry. (1971). ''The indispensable foundation: A selection from the writings of Henry Sweet''. Henderson, Eugénie J. A. (Ed.). Language and language learning 28. London: Oxford University Press.
* Wells, John C. (1987). Computer-coded phonetic transcription. ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', ''17'', 94-114.

&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; background-color:#f3f9ff; padding:0 1em; border:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;
==Technical note==
Most IPA symbols are not included in [[Times New Roman]], the default font for Latin scripts in [[Internet Explorer]] for Windows. To properly view IPA symbols in Internet Explorer for Windows, you must set your browser font to a typeface that includes the IPA extensions, such as [[Lucida Sans Unicode]], which comes with Windows XP; [[Gentium]], [[Charis (SIL)]], and [[Doulos (SIL)]], which are freely available (see links above); or [[Arial Unicode MS]], which comes with Microsoft Office. Alternatively, the style sheet could try using unicode-range specifications to note the gaps where Times does not have glyphs for IPA, Hawaiian [[Okina|‘okina]] (glottal stop), etc. and thus hopefully force the browser to check further down the list of fonts.

On this page, we have forced the browser to use such a font, so it should appear correctly, but this hasn't yet been done to all the other pages containing IPA. This also applies to other pages using [[meta:Help:Special characters|special symbols]].  Bear this in mind if you see error symbols such as &quot;蚟&quot; in  articles.

Special symbols should display properly without further configuration with Mozilla Firefox, Konqueror, Opera, Safari and most other recent browsers.
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
{{wikipedia|International Phonetic Alphabet}}</text>
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      <comment>(Wikipedia)</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Denihilonihil</title>
    <id>2147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16561</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One thing you might want to be aware of in copying material from Wikipedia is that a link to the original Wikipedia article is required [I notice you neglecting this, it should go just after &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikipedia}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;], e.g.:

:{{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Subject Object Verb]]

Another thing (as I mentioned [[User talk:Spelldown|to someone else]] awhile back) is that this information will likely go stale here, where there are fewer people working, compared to Wikipedia which has more working on keeping it fresh.  It might be a better practice, overall, to write a short stub ''here'' (which will be under [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|our license]] rather than [[FrathWiki:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|theirs]], helping to keep things simple) along with a [[Help:Editing#Interwiki links|link to Wikipedia]], if you find their information to be useful.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 04:40, 4 March 2006 (PST)

==Category deletion==
Deleting a category description page is done in the same way as deleting an ordinary page.  However if there are articles ''in'' the category they will still be listed, whether the category has a description page or not (and if there are no pages, it will still have the &quot;There are 0 articles in this category&quot; message).  But not being a sysop here probably prevents you from actually deleting, as opposed to blanking, any page or category.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 23:36, 24 November 2006 (PST)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lein Loran berOnge</title>
    <id>2148</id>
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      <id>8840</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-06T23:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categ lein saga</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lein Loran berOnge, the Civil Emperor''' is the fourth Emperor of the [[Lein Empire|Lein]], and the first of the [[Four Great Emperors]]. Ruling for 26 years from the 59th to the 85th year of the dynasty, Loran's reign was most significant as a period during which the Empire recovered and eventually emerged stronger after the tyranny and misrule of [[Lein Onge berKasan]], the Deposed.

[[Category:Lein Saga]]</text>
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    <title>Auxlang</title>
    <id>2150</id>
    <redirect />
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      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[International auxiliary language]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>International auxiliary language</title>
    <id>2151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46339</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:43:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''international auxiliary language''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''IAL''' or '''auxlang''') is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language.  The term is used especially for conlangs created for this purpose, such as [[Wikipedia:Esperanto|Esperanto]].

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
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    <title>Legendarium</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term '''legendarium''' refers to a mesh of tales that lay out the history and mythology of a [[conworld]].  The term was used by J. R. R. Tolkien to describe his Middle-earth related writings, and has since been used for similar works of imagination.</text>
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    <title>User talk:Erelion12</title>
    <id>2153</id>
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      <id>23977</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-27T17:56:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, I don't know about any special kind of formatting I could add to your Silindion page, it seems fine to me as it stands.  I will say that we probably don't need both [[SILINDION]] and [[Silindion]].  You could probably merge the former into the latter, or move the former to something like [[Grammar of Silindion]]. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:17, 9 March 2006 (PST)

Can I just say that your Silindion grammar page is looking amazing. So comprehensive in its layout. Such an inspiration! [[User:Pisceesumsprecan]]</text>
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      <comment>Human Rights (Art. 1) in Fenix script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Human Rights (Art. 1) in Fenix script</text>
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      <comment>Human Rights (Art. 1) in Khaful script</comment>
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      <comment>Human Rights (Art. 1) in Tifet script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Human Rights (Art. 1) in Tifet script</text>
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    <title>User talk:Zhen Lin</title>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Template:Fn ==

How does Template:Fn work? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:49, 15 March 2006 (PST)

In conjunction with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fnb}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, of course.

This statement is true.{{fn|footnote-id}}

{{fnb|footnote-id}} Actually false.</text>
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    <title>User:Khepidjemwa'atnefru</title>
    <id>2158</id>
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      <id>8590</id>
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        <username>Khepidjemwa'atnefru</username>
        <id>162</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Lue-Yee [  ]''' = '''Epeuthutebetes'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| 曾履義&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 02 Dec 1988; [[Wikipedia:Opelika,_Alabama|Opelika, Alabama]], United States
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Student
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| Cantonese, English, Mandarin Chinese, Latin, French
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| creating [[Silendion]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]], [[Wikipedia:Sindarin|Sindarin]], [[Old Albic]], [[Wikipedia:Brithenig|Brithenig]], etc.
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Conlanging, of course! Linguistics, ancient history, calligraphy, mythology, random trivia, etc.
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| 
* '''Sex''': Male
* '''Email''': lueyee@berkeley.edu
* '''Location''': [[Wikipedia:Berkeley,_CA|Berkeley, CA]] 94720
|}


==Education==
===Secondary===
* [[Wikipedia:Lake Braddock Secondary School|Lake Braddock Secondary School]] (7-11)
** [skipped senior year] (c.f. [[Wikipedia:Early_college_entrance_program|early college entrance programs]])

===Tertiary===
* [http://www.berkeley.edu UC Berkeley] (class of 2009)
** Intended [[Wikipedia:Academic_major|Major]]: [[Wikipedia:Cognitive_Science|Cognitive Science]] ([[Wikipedia:B.A.|B.A.]] in 3 years?), [[Wikipedia:Linguistics|Linguistics]] ([[Wikipedia:Master_of_Arts_(postgraduate)|M.A.]] in 4.5 years?)
** Possible Minor: [[Wikipedia:Chinese_language|Chinese]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Silendion</title>
    <id>2159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29240</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}}&lt;br&gt;
{{Infobox|name=Silendion|pronounce=[silɛndiɔn]|tu=c. 1300 B.C. - 400 B.C.|species=human|in=Hesperidia|no=extinct|script=Alphabetic, similar to Mongolian|tree=[[Wikipedia:Mixed_language|Mixed Language]] (Minoan-Chrysaeglian)&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Silendic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Classical Silendion'''|morph=agglutinative &gt; fusional|ms=[[Fluid-S]]|wo=SOV, free|creator=Epeuthutēbetēs|date=late 2003-}}

'''Classical Silendion''', also known as Hesperidian, is an extinct, non-Indo-European language believed to have been spoken in the Azores and the Madeira Islands from approximately the time of the Trojan War until shortly before the time of Herodotus. Greek texts from the Alexandrian library that have since disappeared tell us that the small descendant community living in Carthage and on the Purple Islands believed that their ancestors had lived on an island outside the gates of Heracles that had since sunken beneath the waves. The size of the island is unclear, since some said it was the size of Sicily, while others claimed it was as large as Iberia or even Gaul.

Scholars believe that the indigenous people were perhaps distantly related to the Basques. Later on, a group of Eteocretan-speaking proto-Minoans migrated for still unknown reasons, bringing their early Cretan civilization with them and strongly influencing the existing culture; at this time, cities started to emerge on the island, and a [[Wikipedia:mixed_language|mixed language]] arose from the bilingualism of the two populations. After the Trojan War, Mycenaean-Greek-speaking Salaminians and Aegeans who had been driven to the island by stormy weather on the seas settled and culturally assimilated to the native population but left a clear mark on parts of the verbal morphology.

==General Characteristics==

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
====Vowel System====
Classical Silendion had at least six short vowel phonemes and five long vowel phonemes.
&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Short Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || ({{IPA|æ}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Long vowels are indicated by double writing, also called plene writing, for example in Hittite: da-a-at-ti [dāti] 'you take', pe-e-da-as [pēdas] '(s)he took away', or i-it [īd] 'go!'.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Long Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|iː}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|eː}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|oː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|aː}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Diphthongs====
There are several diphthongs, although the exact number is under dispute. [āi], [ēi] and [ōi] were probably long diphthongs, from several sources. There were also three corresponding short diphthongs [ai], [ei] and [oi]. There were probably also at least five other diphthongs: [au], [eu], possibly [ou], [iu] and [ui].

===Consonants===
====Stops====
There were ten stops, and there is no evidence to indicate that their distribution was affected by sound change.

&lt;center&gt; 

{|style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Labial
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Alveolar
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Palatalized Alveolar
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Velar
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Labiovelar
|-
|[p]
|[t]
|[tʲ]
|[k]
|[kʷ]
|-
|[b]
|[d]
|[dʲ]
|[g]
|[gʷ]
|}

&lt;/center&gt; 

Silendion also had true geminate, or doubled, stops, for example ''atta'' 'father' [atta].

====Glides, Nasals and Liquids====
There were two glides, a palatal [j] and a labial [w]. There were also at least three nasal phonemes [n], [m] and [ŋ] and two liquid phonemes [l] and [r]. Liquids and two of the nasals are written double in a number of contexts, and the evidence suggests that [n], [m], [l], and [r] were opposed to geminate, or doubled, nasals and liquids. In some cases a clear contrast is made, indicating that the difference was phonemic. The nasal [n] and the liquids [l] and [r] also appeared contrastively in palatalized forms [nʲ], [lʲ] and [rʲ], respectively.

====Fricatives and Affricates====
Silendion had at least one voiceless alveolar fricative [s], which contrasted with a geminate [ss]. The existence of corresponding voiced [z] and [zz] was rhotacized early on to [r] and [rr], respectively. Silendion also had the following fricatives that did not appear in geminate form:
&lt;center&gt; 

{|style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Labial
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Dental
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Velar
!width=&quot;50&quot;|Labiovelar
|-
|[f]
|[þ]
|[h]
|[hʷ]
|-
|[v]
|[ð]
|[ɣ] = ∅
|[ɣʷ] = [w]
|}

&lt;/center&gt;

There was one affricate, [ts], which surfaced only as an allophone of [s].

===Phonotactics===
====Morphophonemics====

===Word Stress===

==Person==

==Nominal System==

===Nouns===
====Gender and Animacy====
====[[Wikipedia: Suffixaufnahme|Suffixaufnahme]]====

===Adjectives===
Words with adjectival meaning are either nouns with suffixaufnahme or derived from verbs, often from perfect-stative forms. Attributive adjectives agree with their head nouns in case, gender and number (not necessarily in declensional suffix!). Animate adjectives take the declensional suffixes of first-declension nouns in ''a'', while neuters take second-declension neuter suffixes in declension.

Substantively used adjectives can take any declensional suffix that nouns can take.

====Predicative Verbs====
Adjectives are inflected as verbs when used as predicates. There is evidence indicating that adjectives in all their uses are actually thought of as a special kind of verb.
{{Seealso|#Stative Verbs}}

====Comparison====
====Adverbs====
Adverbs do not exist separately but only as adjectives or nouns declined in the adverbial case.

===Personal Pronouns and Determiners===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: center;&quot;
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:white;border-top:2px white solid;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px white solid;&quot;|
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Number'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Singular'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Paucal'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Plural'''''
|-
| rowspan=5 style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/big&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''First'''''
|min
|mokiar ''(inclusive)''
momiar ''(exclusive)''
|mokir ''(inclusive)''
momir ''(exclusive)''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Second'''''
|kin
|kiar
|kir
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Third Proximate'''''
|tin
|tiar
|tir
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Third Obviative'''''
|sin ''(anim.)''
son ''(neut.)''
|siar ''(anim.)''
soin ''(neut.)''
|sir ''(anim.)''
sa ''(neut.)''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Indefinite Generic'''''
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; | [null] = ∅
|}

In Silendion, there are fourteen pronouns. It has two first person plural pronouns (&quot;we&quot;, in English). One is called the inclusive, which is used when the speaker wishes to include in &quot;we&quot; the person to whom he or she is speaking (&quot;we and you&quot;). The other form is called the exclusive, which is used when the addressee is excluded (&quot;we without you&quot;). Animate personal pronouns are declined like animate nouns of the fourth declension, while neuter personal pronouns are declined like such nouns of the second declension.

Unlike nouns, pronouns are [[Wikipedia: nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]] in morphosyntactic alignment: with regard to the semantic distribution of agent, patient and experiencer between these two cases, the nominative case is used with subjects of transitive and of intransitive verbs, while the accusative case is used only with direct objects. The nominative and accusative forms of personal pronouns are used only for emphasis of these arguments of the verb.

====Spatial and Discourse Deixis====
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: center;&quot;
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:white;border-top:2px white solid;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px white solid;&quot;|
| colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Animate'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Neuter'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Proximate'''''
| colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Obviative'''''
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Proximal (Here)'''''
|aumin
|auminun
|aumon
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Distal (There)'''''
|aukin
|aukinun
|aukon
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Remote (Yonder)'''''
|autin
|autinun
|auton
|}

&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==Adpositions==
In Silendion, [[Wikipedia: adposition|adposition]]s can be placed either postpositionally or prepositionally ([[Wikipedia: adposition|ambiposition]]s), but it is more common to see them used as postpositions. All or nearly all adpositions in Silendion have meanings that depend on the case taken by their objects.

===With Nominal Objects (Noun-Headed Cliticization)===
There are more differences between the two than just placement with respect to the object(s) of an adposition. With prepositions, their object noun phrases are marked with the appropriate nominal inflections. With postpositions, however, while the structure in older Silendion was the same, in classical Silendion the inflectional suffixes migrated from the nouns to the adpositions in a shift from independent marking to head marking, with a [[Wikipedia: paragoge|paragogic]] vowel after the noun phrase's head noun. After this, the adpositions fused with the nouns as enclitics.
&lt;pre&gt;
P (DET) N-CASE.NUMBER
(DET) N-P-CASE.NUMBER
&lt;/pre&gt;
(&quot;N&quot; = noun, &quot;P&quot; = postposition or adposition, &quot;DET&quot; = determiner)

===With Pronominal Objects (Adposition-Headed Amalgamation)===
When an adposition has a first- or second-person object or a pronominal third-person object, another construction is used. The adposition is inflected for person, then declined with adjectival suffixes.
&lt;pre&gt;
P-POSS.PERSON-CASE.NUMBER
&lt;/pre&gt;

==Conjunctions==

==Verbal System==

===Tense-Aspect Systems===
====Imperfective System====

====Aorist (Perfective) System====

====Perfect-Stative System====

===Voices===

===Moods===
====Indicative====
====Imperative====
====Subjunctive====
====Optative====
====Conditional====
====Potential====

===Non-finite Forms===
====Infinitives====
====Participles====
====Converbs====
====Supines====

===Present System Conjugation===
The paradigm of ''lerdeina'', 'make, do', is given below.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: center;&quot;
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:white;border-top:2px solid gray;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''ACTIVE VOICE'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Paucal'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Indicative'''''
|lerdō
|lerdeis
|lerdei
|lerdosse
|lerdekse
|lerdepse
|lerdolen
|lerdete
|lerdor
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Imperative'''''
|
|lerde
|lerdes
|
|lerdek
|lerdep
|
|lerdete
|lerdorte
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Non-Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Infinitive'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | lerdeina
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Participle'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | lerdontos, lerdontē, lerdonton
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''[Gerund]'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | [lerdond-]
|-
| colspan=11 rowspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:solid gray;border-top:1px solid gray;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:1px solid gray;&quot;| 
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:white;border-top:2px solid gray;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''MIDDLE VOICE'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Paucal'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Indicative'''''
|lerdomes
|lerdesai
|lerdetai
|lerdosso
|lerdekso
|lerdepso
|lerdomela
|lerdesþe
|lerdontai
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Imperative'''''
|
|lerdeso
|lerdero
|
|lerdeko
|lerdepo
|
|lerdesþe
|lerdoste
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Non-Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Infinitive'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | lerdeþai
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Participle'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | lerdampos, lerdampē, lerdampon
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''[Gerund]'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | [lerdamb-]
|}
Conjunct-order moods, the remaining finite moods, (subjunctive, optative, conditional) are formed by agglutinative suffixes placed immediately before the indicative personal endings:
:*Subjunctive: -eina + personal ending
:*Optative: -oi + personal ending
:*Conditional: -ith + [subjnc. (non-past) or opt. (past)] + [personal ending]
The gerund is never used by itself but only as a form for generating converbs and supines. The paucal forms of the verb are a comparatively recent innovation of poetic origin.

The following inflections are not for subject marking but are used as object markers preceding the main subject agreement markers showing voice and mood. They are labeled 'accusative' rather than 'passive' because object agreement markers are not inflected for either voice or mood. Accusative markers having developed from a true passive during the earlier accusative-aligned stages of Silendion, however, the formerly passive endings for the conjunct-order moods were completely lost in the standard mesolect, while the other moods as well as non-finite forms were retained, though the non-finite forms are not semantically distinct from their middle counterparts, being used mainly as stylistic variants more common in some dialects. In some dialects, though, the old passive shifted in its use to an antipassive in which the agent takes the agentive case and the patient is absent. In poetic usage, the tension between these dialectal variants and passive archaisms can be manipulated in transitive sentences for ambiguity.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px gray solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; vertical-align: center;&quot;
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:white;border-top:2px solid gray;border-right:1px solid gray;border-bottom:1px solid gray;border-left:2px solid gray;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''ACCUSATIVE'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Paucal'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''1'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''2'''''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''3'''''
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Indicative'''''
|lerdomas
|lerdesi
|lerdeti
|lerdossi
|lerdeksi
|lerdepsi
|lerdomeni
|lerdetis
|lerdonte
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Imperative'''''
|
|lerdesa
|lerdera
|
|lerdeki
|lerdepi
|
|lerdetis
|lerdote
|-
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#9FB6CD;&quot;|&lt;big&gt;'''Non-Finite'''&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Infinitive'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | [lerdesu]
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''Participle'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | [lerdankos, lerdankē, lerdankon]
|-
| colspan=1 align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#B9D3EE&quot;|'''''[Gerund]'''''
| colspan=9 align=&quot;left&quot; | [lerdang-]
|}

====Consonant Stem Conjugation====
====High Vowel Stem Conjugation====
====Contract Conjugations in ''a'', ''e'' and ''o''====

===Stative Verbs===
Stative verbs are conjugated in the perfect-stative aspect, either as forms of existing verbs or as defective verbs. Since there are no lexically separate adjectives in Silendion, the equivalent to what English expresses as an adjective is a stative verb with nominal instead of verbal morphology, i.e. instead of being conjugated, the stative verb is declined.

===Polypersonalism===

===Negation of Verbs===

===Interrogatives===
Interrogative enclitics index the speaker's gender.

==Numbers==

==Syntax==

===Noun Phrases===

===Clauses===
====Converbal Clauses====
====Complement Clauses====
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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    <title>Template:TOCright</title>
    <id>2160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7943</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-16T13:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=&quot;clear:right; margin-bottom: .5em; float: right; padding: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em;&quot;
|
__TOC__
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Fn</title>
    <id>2161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7955</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-18T13:30:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Usage notes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">How does Template:Fn work? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:49, 15 March 2006 (PST)

In conjunction with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{fnb}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, of course.

This statement is true.{{fn|footnote-id}}

{{fnb|footnote-id}} Actually false.</text>
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      <timestamp>2006-03-18T21:13:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Alternative /ei/ glyph for [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]</text>
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    <title>User:CanjoBR</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>163</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Vrne tartal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vrne tartal</title>
    <id>2164</id>
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      <id>8001</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Vrne Tartal''' (VT: The Green language), called Eylastal after passing out of common usage, is my language; it's both an artistic and personal constructed language. It is an inflected fusional language with two grammatical genders and 

It is based on no other language, but it is nonetheless mostly conventional.

==Phonology==
IPA equivalents are given here for letters in the most common writing system I use. There is theoretically an independent writing system for Eylastal but I haven't had any success in making it; this is all romanization nonetheless and as such I may spell inconsistently. 

===Vowels===
{| border=1
!Vowel||[[IPA]]
|-
|a||{{IPA|[a, ə]}}
|-
|e||{{IPA|[&amp;#x025B;]}}
|-
|ê||{{IPA|[eɪ, e]}}
|-
|i||[i]
|-
|o||{{IPA|[&amp;#x0254;]}}
|-
|ô||{{IPA|[oʊ]}}
|-
|u||[u]
|}

* At the end of a word, r can also serve as a vowel.
* When two vowels are juxtaposed, o = ô and e = ê. Hence ear [eɪ.ar]
* er = [er], not [ɜr]

===Diphthongs===
{| border=1
!Diphthong||[[IPA]]
|-
|ay||{{IPA|[aɪ]}}
|-
|oy||{{IPA|[ɔɪ]}}
|-
|uy||[uɪ]
|-
|aw||{{IPA|[aʊ]}}
|-
|ew||{{IPA|[eʊ]}}
|}

===Consonants===
{| border=1
!Consonant||[[IPA]]
|-
|b||[b]
|-
|c||[k]
|-
|ch||[{{IPA|ʧ}}]
|-
|d||[d]
|-
|dh||[&amp;eth;]
|-
|f||[f]
|-
|g||[g]
|-
|h||[h]
|-
|k||[x]
|-
|l||[l]
|-
|m||[m]
|-
|n||[n]
|-
|ng||[&amp;#x014B;]
|-
|p||[p]
|-
|r||[r]
|-
|s||[s]
|-
|sh||{{IPA|[&amp;#x0283;]}}
|-
|t||[t]
|-
|th||[&amp;theta;]
|-
|v||[v]
|-
|w||[w]
|-
|x||[ks]
|-
|y||[j]
|-
|z||[z]
|}

At the end of a word, o is pronounced as ô and e as ê.


===Stress===
Stress falls on the first syllable unless there is an accented vowel:
* a -&gt; á
* e -&gt; é
* ê -&gt; è
* o -&gt; ò
* ô -&gt; ó
* u -&gt; ú

which, naturally, takes the stress. Also, any diphthong automatically takes the stress, including the &quot;diphthongs&quot; ar, er, ir, or, and ur, unless there is an accent mark, which always overrides it; however, stress cannot fall on the last syllable unless there is an accent written. Thus, &quot;sathay&quot; is pronounced ['saθaɪ] whereas &quot;satháy&quot; is pronounced [saθ'aɪ].  


===Syllable rules===
Where C represents any consonant above and V any vowel, generally:

Word-initially, a syllable may take the form CCVC;
Medially, a syllable may take the form CVC;
Word-finally, a syllable may take the form CVC.

This boils down to a word structure of CCVCCVCCVCCVC, at most. In other words, you can never have more than two consonants next to each other, including liquids. 

Some exceptions: 
* If the last consonant is a spirant (denoted as s) [s] or [z], the final syllable can take the form CVCs.

* When the last consonant is r functioning as a vowel, the cluster can end in CCVCr or even theoretically CCVCsr. For example, &quot;tiryatr&quot; (to the kingdom), &quot;èmatr&quot; (to the animal), &quot;cutsr&quot; (to the cube).
 

When a voiced consonant comes in contact with an unvoiced consonant, the whole consonant cluster becomes voiced. Thus,
satha (white) + varósa (clothed) = sadhvarósa (white-clothed)

Two plosives can never be juxtaposed. When there is a consonant cluster of the form PP (where P is a plosive), it will become FP, where F is the fricative equivalent according to the following rule:

* p -&gt; f
* b -&gt; v
* t -&gt; th
* d -&gt; dh
* ch -&gt; sh
* c -&gt; k
* g -&gt; g

The resultant is then voiced if necessary; since there is no voiced equivalent of k, it simply disappears.

The following clusters will change as follows, where P is any plosive, V any vowel, and F any fricative, N any nasal and P(n) that nasal's plosive equivalent, and L any approximant or fricative:

* PvV -&gt; PwV
* PgV -&gt; PyV
* kyV -&gt; shV
* hLV -&gt; cLV
* NN  -&gt; P(n)N

This transformations are performed before applying the two-consonant rule to reduce clusters. Hence, nelki (to hate) + ya (3rd person singular present) = nelsha

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Eylastali nouns have the following properties:
* Two genders: masculine and feminine;
* Two numbers: singular and plural. Gender is lost in the plural.
* Six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, and vocative;
* Two &quot;aspects&quot;: definite and indefinite;
* Two &quot;verities&quot;: positive and negative.

I can't figure out how to do a fancy table so bear with me here:

For the prototypical masculine noun I here use &quot;neldas&quot; (the nose), for the prototypical feminine &quot;etwês&quot; (the star).

Not all nouns are regular; many nouns end simply in a consonant rather than the -a or -e gender ending. These words must simply be memorized along with their gender (normally denoted by the nominative pronoun they take, &quot;ga&quot; (masculine) or &quot;e&quot; (feminine)).

====Regular masculine paradigm====
* Nominative positive: nelda (a nose), neldas (the nose)
* Nominative negative: nelday (not a nose), neldays (not the nose)

* Accusative positive: neldo (a nose), neldos (the nose)
* Accusative negative: neldoy (not a nose), neldoys (not the nose)

* Genitive positive: nelden (a/the nose's)
* Genitive negative: neldedmá (not a/the nose's)

* Dative positive: neldar (to a/the nose)
* Dative negative: neldamá (not to the nose)

* Locative positive: neldov (at the nose)
* Locative negative: neldoyv (not at the nose)

* Vocative positive: neldat (O nose!)
* Vocative negative: neldayt (O non-nose!)

====Regular feminine paradigm====
* Nominative positive: etwe (a star), etwês (the star)
* Nominative negative: etweya (not a star), etwêsmá (not the star)

* Accusative positive: etwo (a star), etwôs (the star)
* Accusative negative: etwoy (not a star), etwôsmá (not the star)

* Genitive positive: etwin (a/the star's)
* Genitive negative: etwidmá (not a/the star's)

* Dative positive: etwiz (to a/the star)
* Dative negative: etwemá (not to the star)

* Locative positive: etwon (at the star)
* Locative negative: etwoyn (not at the star)

* Vocative positive: etwêt (O star!)
* Vocative negative: etwêtmá (O non-star!)

====Regular plural paradigm====
* Nominative positive: etwi (stars), etwis (the stars)
* Nominative negative: etwiya (not stars), etwismá (not the stars)

* Accusative positive: etwu (stars), etwus (the stars)
* Accusative negative: etwuy (not stars), etwusmá (not the stars)

* Genitive positive: etwanir (the stars')
* Genitive negative: etwadmá (not the stars')

* Dative positive: etwalir (to the stars)
* Dative negative: etwalmá (not to the stars)

* Locative positive: etwanon (among the stars)
* Locative negative: etwanoyn (not among the stars)

* Vocative positive: etwit (O stars!)
* Vocative negative: etwitmá (O non-stars!)

===Pronouns===
Eylastali pronouns serve either as placeholders for nouns or as focus markers. More on this distinction in the sentence structure section.

Singular pronouns:
{| border=1
!English (nominative) || Nominative || Accusative || Genitive || Dative || Locative
|-
|I||nwa*||(h)om||men||omr||mov
|-
|thou&lt;br&gt;you||sha||(h)eth||thay||the||thov
|-
|he&lt;br&gt;it||ga||ta||tay||tar||tov
|-
|she&lt;br&gt;it||e||te||teya||tiz||ton
|}

Plural pronouns:
{| border=1
!English (nominative) || Nominative || Accusative || Genitive || Dative || Locative
|-
|we||amen&lt;br&gt;amel**||(h)imu&lt;br&gt;(h)imlu||imir||imlir||ibnon
|-
|ye&lt;br&gt;you||sfia||(h)ivu||ivir||ivlir||ivnon
|-
|they||kay||ihu||ihir||iclir||icnon
|}

There is also the pronoun &quot;a&quot;, which is the indefinite&lt;br&gt;passive pronoun, roughly equivalent to the &quot;there&quot; in &quot;there are clouds outside.&quot; Verbs with it as subject always take the second person ending.

The initial h on the accusative pronouns only comes into play when the pronoun comes after a vowel. Ie:

* Nweri sarim ''eth''. (I want to see you.) &lt;br&gt;
vs.
* Ga nerya sarya ''heth''. (He wants to see you.) &lt;br&gt;

Nwa is rarely used as a pronoun in its own right, except as a focus marker or relative pronoun.
Amel refers to we as in &quot;someone else and I&quot; ie it is exclusive; amen refers to we as in &quot;you and I&quot; ie it is inclusive.

Pronouns are negated by the suffix -má. 

===Adjectives===
Adjectives are inflected to agree with the ending of the noun they modify, including negative endings.

Positive endings:
{| border=1
! ||Nominative || Accusative || Genitive || Dative || Locative || Vocative
|-
|Masc. || -a || -o || -an || -ar || -ov || -(th)a
|-
|Fem. || -e || -o || -en || -er || -on || -(th)e
|-
|Plu. || -i || -u || -(n)ir || -(l)ir || -(n)on || -(th)i
|}

Positive endings:
{| border=1
! ||Nominative || Accusative || Genitive || Dative || Locative || Vocative
|-
|Masc. || -ay || -oy || -ayn || -admá || -oyv || -(th)ay
|-
|Fem. || -eya || -oy || -êdmá || -edmá || -oyn || -(th)eya
|-
|Plu. || -iya || -uy || -(n)idmá || -(l)idmá || -(n)oyn || -(th)iya
|}


The consonants in parentheses only appear when the adjective root ends in a vowel.

A negative noun always takes a negative adjective, but a positive noun may take a negative adjective if that adjective is to be negated. Ie:

* &quot;Efiya garismá&quot; = the old not-men &lt;br&gt;
vs.&lt;br&gt;
* &quot;Efiya garis&quot; = the not-old men

===Verbs and Meaningless Particles===
====Conjugation====
Verbs are conjugated in two tenses according to the subject. Verbs have no infinitive form, but are referred to for convenience by their second-person singular form.

The regular present-tense pattern is as follows, using the verb &quot;tari&quot;, to talk:
{| border=1
|I talk || twari |||| we talk || amen taru
|-
|you talk || sha tari |||| you(pl) talk || sfia tari
|-
|he talks || ga tarya |||| they talk || kay taru
|-
|she talks || e tarya |||| there is talking || a tari
|}

And past tense:
{| border=1
|I talked || twaro |||| we talked || amen taru
|-
|you talked || sha taro |||| you(pl) talked || sfia taro
|-
|he talked || ga taryo |||| they talked || kay taru
|-
|she talked || e taryo |||| there was talking || a tari
|}

The first person conjugation here is the most interesting. The pronoun &quot;nwa&quot; is subsumed into the verb and manifested as an infixed &quot;w&quot;. When the two-consonant rule prohibits such infixion, it is simply not done; when a word begins in a vowel, either the &quot;w&quot; is infixed in the syllable carrying primary stress, or the word begins with &quot;nw-&quot;. Ie:

* ''Atwari'' ta sca. = I represent him. (using verb atari = to represent)
* ''Nwari'' heth sca. = I see you. (using verb ari = to see)

Since verbs have no infinitive, they are always conjugated for subject, even when it seems redundant. However, while the pronoun may be repeated in such situations, it is not required. Thus:

* Ga nerya ''tirya'' egmo scaya. = He wants to rule the world., literally &quot;he wants rules a world.&quot;
* Sha trefi ''layli'' laylo. = You try to sing a song., literally &quot;you try sing a song.&quot;

Note that the pronoun &quot;nwa&quot;, when appearing after a verb in such a situation, appears as the suffix &quot;-m.&quot; It is required to be present. Thus,

* Trefo ''tarôm'' the scaya, cha swescoy. = I tried to talk to you but couldn't., literally &quot;I tried talked I to you, but I couldn't.&quot;
* Swek ''cóclim'' vecu fuylu. = I can buy two spoons., literally &quot;I can buy I two spoons.&quot;
* Èn sa ek ''sarim'' eth. = It is good to see you., literally &quot;Good is, that see I you.&quot;

Suffixes can also be attached to verbs to signify future or distant past events. These do not count as separate tenses. The future suffix is -ví and the past suffix is -mó.

====Meaningless Particles====
The meaningless particles, while originally conceived as truly meaningless, have grown to actually mean something: they are the difference between a general action and a specific action, the difference between &quot;I eat rabbits&quot; (Shwumi féfaru) and &quot;I am eating rabbits&quot; (Shwumi féfaru sca). Every verb takes one of six such M.P.s, the distribution being largely arbitrary, although there are some general guidelines. The M.P.s are furthermore inflected for tense and mood, and have some special forms. M.P.s can exist without a verb to modify, in which case they imply the presence of a verb, one which would agree with the M.P.

* '''sa''' is mostly used for intransitive verbs lacking motion; used for location, temporary states of being, stationary activities, etc.
* '''ha''' is mostly used for intransitive verbs of motion.
* '''sca''' is used for transitive verbs. It tends to be used with verbs involving a clear object and subject, and involving dynamic physical motion.
* '''la''' is used to imply suddenness and surprise. It is the least common M.P.
* '''na''' is used often for transitive and intransitive verbs involving emotion or intimate personal states. 
* '''fa''' is mostly indistinguishable from &quot;sca&quot;, but it is used for verbs involving a change of state. You can usually guess which M.P. a verb takes but there's no discernable rule distinguishing sca and fa for all verbs involving them, so it must simply be memorized.

The M.P.s have the following forms for tense&lt;br&gt;mood&lt;br&gt;verity:

{| border=1
|present positive || sa || ha || sca || na || la || fa
|-
|past positive || so || ko || sco || no || lo || fo
|-
|subjunctive || saya || haya || scaya || naya || laya || faya
|-
|present negative || soy || hoy || scoy || noy || loy || foy
|-
|past negative || si || ki || shi || mi || li || fi
|}

The subjunctive is used when the veracity of a verb is in question; it is used when asking questions, in uncertain subordinate clauses, and for conditional statements.

The negative M.P.s are the only way to negate a verb; even in cases where a verb would not carry an M.P. in the positive, it must carry one in the negative. 

The M.P.s also have certain special forms:
* '''asi, ahi, ash, ani, ali, afi; asaya; asoy''': Used much like the present subjunctive in German journalism. When a verb carries an M.P. in one of these forms, it represents something according to someone else without casting too much doubt on the veracity of the verb. It is also used to head off the &quot;if&quot; part of if-then statements.
* '''isi, ihi, ish(i), ini, ili, ifi; isaya; isoy''' are sort of diminuative forms implying smallness or motion toward the speaker.  
In these forms the tense distinction is lost.


 ok I'm tired; going to bed


==An unfinished text in Vrne Tartal==

Urov swa Driov

Aharo cwi aványir adzelir                   &lt;br&gt;
swa sewlir sadhalir kay egmov so,           &lt;br&gt;
cyat nwa voydhósa laylim ivlir te           &lt;br&gt;
ti ecyo aynon sunanon efró.                &lt;br&gt;
A sadhar so ek Uren tartebla,               &lt;br&gt;
ol èov tiryo Dria egmôs sco,                &lt;br&gt;
agáhte Uras agadríabla,                     &lt;br&gt;
ga nelsho glarion ta tiryatôs.             &lt;br&gt;

Ga onlo Uras genwon Driathon,               &lt;br&gt;
e naryo norov opyês egmien,                 &lt;br&gt;
swa onlu fehi engei ton so,                 &lt;br&gt;
shta edzu asi kay mot áveken;             &lt;br&gt;
cha'y naru prôvilúlis evrulon,              &lt;br&gt;
swa genulnon athorin Driathen,              &lt;br&gt;
swa'y obnu Fortesmo, ga bliov sa,           &lt;br&gt;
cha'y gyaru Driar fi mot zahus men.       &lt;br&gt;

Niy aysho adzel Rahas Uzar ko               &lt;br&gt;
swa tasco &quot;Urat lei nari sha,               &lt;br&gt;
ti trefi bladhi gyatsu athelon,             &lt;br&gt;
è semza ga, ta nelki, cetson sa?          &lt;br&gt;
Heth twari bladhim athriôs nwa fo           &lt;br&gt;
am adri engi adzelis selát;                 &lt;br&gt;
te bladhu amel fo el roy swa cwar           &lt;br&gt;
swa shtendi vekti; nol anari sha.&quot;        &lt;br&gt;

Agáhte sfetyo Uras adzelar,&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Shtalá cyatari sha tor athron men?&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Swa tar côcharya Rahas, &quot;Tiryaví&lt;br&gt;
sca sha aványa Driacétsien!&quot;        &lt;br&gt;  
Cha tasco Uras, &quot;asi tirim shwi,&lt;br&gt;
shtalá nwa cetson si ef aprien?&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Niy cyuriécyo Rahas sadhazar,&lt;br&gt;
rwa tasco &quot;Charismá to malpien!  &lt;br&gt;    

Sha karaví athoriz niyov ha,&lt;br&gt;
swa ihu prôvilúlus tólki fa,&lt;br&gt;
rwa harbi sfia ta swa metri ta,&lt;br&gt;
ga semza cetson scaya tira sa;     &lt;br&gt;            
cha adzelbúloy ceri sfia noy,&lt;br&gt;
cay Urat ti achari adzel sha,&lt;br&gt;
swa asi scoy ek tarim ivlir sco,&lt;br&gt;
sha voydhi saya nume vanyêsmá.&quot;     &lt;br&gt;

Ga shwendo Rahas Uren swa niylá,&lt;br&gt;
ga aysho Driar cetson genwon lo,&lt;br&gt;
swa taryo sfeto &quot;Driel driathon,&lt;br&gt;
heth twas ga hagya Urel curo fo     &lt;br&gt;  
amétra heth swa prôvilúla sa,&lt;br&gt;
swa trefya gyatsu harba tiryatôs.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Sa zweri mo!&quot; tas Dria pelion,&lt;br&gt;
shta peliécyo 'haryo ágano.        &lt;br&gt;     

Ol evrulon tiz vwecyo Uras ko,&lt;br&gt;
kay fefmu sheflis nubnon shtecanon&lt;br&gt;
swa'y eliu ayni etwis tôvaltá;&lt;br&gt;
ga hokto Uras saknon bednanon.    &lt;br&gt;    
Rwa haryo haru, beldatúus vef,&lt;br&gt;
scay garis pómdon evron calanon,&lt;br&gt;
swa te byo Uras froyo shtahte lo,&lt;br&gt;
cur desfr samu kay ol eyanon.        &lt;br&gt;   
             
Sadhari naru samu kay amtá,&lt;br&gt;
sarlúlis so, swa elitsus bu kay,&lt;br&gt;
kay eliálu monyu capsius&lt;br&gt;
cha evriul swa omris eliáy. &lt;br&gt;          
&quot;Sarlúlit cay!&quot; tas Uras pelion,&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Vwex nari sfia engi vodhi say'!&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Cha tar côcharya mona &quot;Asi soy;&lt;br&gt;
ca aydhu amel sta swa driôráy.&quot;    &lt;br&gt;           

Niy thesis corvu Uzar swa niylá,&lt;br&gt;
kay aniarlu tar el enlias:          &lt;br&gt;              
ga Mawgras, Ublas, Bednas swa selát,&lt;br&gt;
ga Shakas, Hèas, Genas, Eshentas;      &lt;br&gt;
cha Sarlas monya naryo nei si,&lt;br&gt;
shtalá ektaryo Genas swa ga tas   &lt;br&gt;          
&quot;Ga trefya halya Eriádnôs sca,&lt;br&gt;
te hagya ga niy engov, Saralas.&quot;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>2165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51513</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-16T18:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sandhi table */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Sohlob]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Kijeb]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]

'''Kijeb pages:'''
&lt;DPL&gt;
category=Kijeb
&lt;/DPL&gt;

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid !important; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#fc9&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Kijeb'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|| Dlofiçtir Mountains
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
|| [[Sohldar]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
|| Unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
|| [[Sohlob]] languages&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!--  Branch&lt;br&gt;
  Subbranch&lt;br&gt; --&gt;
'''Kijeb'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
|| SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
|| Agglutinating, with mild fusion due to sandhi
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
|| Nominative-accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#fc9&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|| [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]] || 2001—2006
|}
= Introduction =

'''Kijeb''' {{IPA|[cidʑɨb̥]}} 'the ancient language' is the oldest attested [[Sohlob]] language, and regarded by the [[Sohlosjan|native]] grammatical tradition as the mother language of the [[Sohlob languages|later languages or dialects]] Classical Sohlob, Heleb, Kidilib and Linjeb.  In fact Kijeb may be the direct ancestor only of Kidilib, while Classical Sohlob, Heleb and Linjeb may be descended from other closely related dialects — dialects which in any case cannot have been very much different, given the great similarity between Classical Sohlob, Heleb and Kidilib, and the relatively long time (above a thousand years) which is estimated to separate Kijeb from the beginning of the [[Sohlosjan|Sohlçan]] grammatical tradition.

It is not known what the speakers of Kijeb called themselves or their language.  The name '''Kijeb''' is a Classical Sohlob term, although its phonetic form has evidently been influenced by its unrecorded Kidilib cognate.  It is in any case not likely that the speakers of Kijeb called their own contemporary language ''*kidipa'' 'ancient language'.

Kijeb is attested in the form of mostly short formal religious, commemorative, dedicative and funerary inscriptions on stone and metal written in [[Kijeb writing|a syllabic script]].  There is evidence that there existed other writings in Kijeb language and script, since Sohlçan grammarians mention finds of pottery with Kijeb inscriptions in ancient graves.  It seems clear however that with few exceptions the preserved Kijeb texts derive from the area where Kidilib was spoken in classical times.

Despite the written attestation Kijeb is largely a reconstructed language, since the Kijeb syllabary is partly  defective, ignoring the distinction between voiced and voiceless stops, partly between stops and fricatives, and in the oldest inscriptions also between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, and between velar and labiovelar consonants, and since the vocabulary of the inscriptions is limited.  The reconstruction of Kijeb was made by Sohlçan priest grammarians striving to understand ancient religious inscriptions in the hope of improving their theology and the wording of their liturgical texts.  Fortunately some of them got hooked on the study of language and language history in its own right and delved deeper in the history of their languages than those who were merely motivated by religious conservatism and purism.

__TOC__

= Kijeb (Proto-Sohlob) grammar =
== Sound system ==
=== Vowels ===

{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
! || Front || Central || Back
|-
! High 
| ''i'' 
| 
| ''u''
|-
! Low 
| 
| ''a'' 
|
|}

=== Consonants ===

{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
! || Labial || Dental&lt;br&gt;or Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Labiovelar
|-
! Voiceless stops
| ''p py'' 
| ''t ty'' 
| ''ky'' 
| ''k'' 
| ''kw''
|-
! Voiced stops
| ''b by '' 
| ''d dy'' 
| ''gy'' 
| ''g'' 
| ''gw''
|-
! Voiceless fricatives
| ''f fy'' 
| ''s sy'' 
| ''xy'' 
| ''x''
|
|-
! Nasals
| ''m my'' 
| ''n ny'' {{IPA|[nʲ]}} 
| (''ŋy'' {{IPA|[ɲ]}})
| ''ŋ''
| ''ŋw''
|-
! Liquids
| 
| ''r ry'' 
|
|
|-
! Semivowels
|  
| 
| ''y'' {{IPA|[j]}}
|
| ''w wy''
|}


The absence of ''**xw'' is somewhat remarkable.  Some Sohlçan grammarians note that Heleb and Kidilib '''x''' was in fact redundantly labialized, and suppose that this was the case also in Kijeb.  Others propose a Pre-Kijeb merger with ''f''; there are however no homonyms with ''f'' to support this theory.

The cardinal palatal nasal ''ŋy'' {{IPA|[ɲ]}} does not contrast with the dental/alveolar ''ny'' {{IPA|[nʲ]}} in roots, but appears in inflexion and derivation.  This is shown by the fact that its reflex in the daughter languages is {{IPA|[j]}}, e.g. ''tataŋya'' &gt; CS: '''taday''' 'my own', while the reflex of ''ny'' is {{IPA|[ɲ]}}, ''brunya'' &gt; CS: '''brony''' {{IPA|[brɒɲ]}} 'hatchet'.

==== Palatalization ====

An ''y'' after a consonant or cluster is realized as palatalization of the consonant, or all consonants throughout the cluster.

==== Assimilation and dissimilation ====

There were some assimilatory and dissimilatory changes that probably applied synchronically in Kijeb:

{{GMPtable|Underlying}}
|-
| ''t'' || before voiced stops and nasals || ''d'' || 
''kitbyu &gt; *xidbyu'' &gt; CS: '''xefd''', K: '''sijd''', L: '''xirz''';&lt;br&gt;
''yatgi &gt; *yadgi'' &gt; CS: '''yæqd''', K: '''yejd''', L: '''ierg''';&lt;br&gt;
''*atmi &gt; *admi'' &gt; CS: '''æzam''', K: '''ezany''', L: '''erm''';&lt;br&gt;
''gitnu &gt; *gidnu'' &gt; CS: '''gezen''', K: '''dizin''', L: '''girn''';&lt;br&gt;
''fitŋi &gt; *fidŋi'' &gt; CS: '''fizen''', K: '''siziny''', L: '''fid'''.
|-
| ''y'' || between a vowel and an ''i'' || g
|-
| ''y'' || between an ''i'' and an ''a'' or ''u'' || ''gy''
|-
| ''w'' || between a vowel and an ''u'' || ''b''
|-
| ''w'' || between an ''u'' and an ''a'' or ''i'' || ''gw''
|-
| ''n'' || before ''p, b, f, m'' || ''m''
|-
| ''n'' || before ''k, g, x, ŋ'' || ''ŋ''
|-
| ''mm'' || in inflection || ''mb''
|-
| ''nn'' || in inflection || ''nd''
|-
| ''ŋŋ'' || in inflection || ''ŋg''
|-
| ''rr'' || in inflection || ''dr''
|-
| ''m, n, ŋ'' || between a ''t, d'' or ''s'' and a consonant other than ''r, w, y'' || deletes
|-
| ''tt, dd'' || in inflection || ''st, [z]d''
|-
| ''r'' || between an ''s'' and a consonant other than ''r, w, y'' || ''ir''
|-
| ''s'' || before voiced stops || [z] || ''sasbinta &gt; *sazbinta'' &gt; CS: '''hæzbænd''', K: '''hejdehn''', L: '''hezbent'''.
|}

The ''*rr &gt; dr'' and ''*dd &gt; zd'' rules conspire to produce ''*drr &gt; zdr''.

__TOC__
=== Sandhi ===

The very restricted range of consonant clusters in Kijeb arose through sweeping sandhi changes.  Most of these changes were assimilatory, like the pervasive regressive voicing assimilation, but some were dissimilatory, like the change of geminate nasals into nasal + homorganic voiced stop. In the table below the first ('leftmost') consonants of input clusters are shown in the leftmost column, while the second ('rightmost') consonants of input clusters are shown in the top row. Outputs are shown in the intersecting cells.  Where convenient mergers have been indicated with merged cells, and unchanged outputs are indicated with bold type. Character values are as IPA, except that ''kw, gw, ñw'' are probably true labiovelars, ''y'' is {{IPA|/j/}} and consonant + ''y'' are realized as palatalized consonants.  For ''ky, gy, ŋy, xy'' this probably means they were realized as {{IPA|[c, ɟ, ɲ, ç]}}.

Labiovelars as the first element of an underlying cluster behave like velars, and palatalized sounds as the first element of an underlying cluster behave like their non-palatalized counterparts. Second elements retain their palatalization, and non-palatalized second elements don't get palatalized by palatalized first elements, i.e. palatalization is subject to regressive assimilation, just as voice.

Maybe I could have a distinction so that labiovelars behave like labials before non-palatalized sounds but like velars before palatalized sounds, but I doubt there is any sound phonetic basis for that.  Maybe a dialectal difference between labiovelar first element &gt; velar and labiovelar first element &gt; labial?

I'm not sure what happens to underlying combinations of palatalized velar + labial (''*ky+p'' etc.), velar + palatalized labial (''*k+py'' etc.) and palatalized velar + palatalized labial (''*ky+py'' etc.), but my hunch is that at least the two latter become palatalized velars (''ky'' etc.)


==== Sandhi table ====
&lt;table class=&quot;gridtable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;ŋ&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;y&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pp&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pp f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pb&quot;&gt;b&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pb b --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pm&quot;&gt;gw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pm gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pf&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pf f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;pw&quot;&gt;p&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pw p --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pt&quot;&gt;pr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pt pr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pd&quot;&gt;br&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pd br --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;ps&quot;&gt;sf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ps sf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;pr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pr pr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pk&quot;&gt;kw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pk kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pg&quot;&gt;gw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pg gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;pŋ&quot;&gt;gw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- pŋ gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;px&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- px f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;py&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;py&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- py py --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;p#&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- p# Ø --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;b&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- bw b --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;br&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;br&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- br br --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;by&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;by&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- by by --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;b#&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- b# u --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mp&quot;&gt;p-, mp&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mp p-, mp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mb&quot;&gt;b-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mb b-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mm&quot;&gt;m-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mm m-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mf&quot;&gt;f-, mf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mf f-, mf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mw&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mw m --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mt&quot;&gt;t-, nt&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mt t-, nt --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;md&quot;&gt;d-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- md d-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;n-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mn n-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ms&quot;&gt;s-, ns&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ms s-, ns --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mr&quot;&gt;br-, mr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mr br-, mr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mk&quot;&gt;k-, ŋk&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mk k-, ŋk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mg&quot;&gt;g-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mg g-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mŋ ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;mx&quot;&gt;x-, ŋx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- mx x-, ŋx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;my&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;my&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- my my --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;m#&quot;&gt;n&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- m# n --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fp&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fp f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fb&quot;&gt;w&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fb w --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;fm&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fm m --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;ff&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ff f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fw&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fw f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ft&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ft fr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fd&quot;&gt;wr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fd wr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;fs&quot;&gt;sf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fs sf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fr fr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fk&quot;&gt;kw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fk kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;fg&quot;&gt;gw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fg gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;fŋ&quot;&gt;ŋw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fŋ ŋw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;fx&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fx f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;fy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;fy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- fy fy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;f#&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- f# Ø --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wp&quot;&gt;p&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wp p --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wb&quot;&gt;b&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wb b --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ww&quot;&gt;gw/b&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ww gw/b --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wt&quot;&gt;tw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wt tw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wd&quot;&gt;dw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wd dw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wn&quot;&gt;nw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wn nw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wr wr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wk&quot;&gt;kw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wk kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;wy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- wy wy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;w#&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- w# u --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tp&quot;&gt;tw-, tp&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tp tw-, tp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tb&quot;&gt;dw-, db&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tb dw-, db --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tm&quot;&gt;dw-, dm&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tm dw-, dm --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tf&quot;&gt;tw-, tf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tf tw-, tf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;tw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tw tw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tt&quot;&gt;st&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tt st --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;td&quot;&gt;zd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- td zd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tn&quot;&gt;ŋ-, dn&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tn ŋ-, dn --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;ts&quot;&gt;s&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ts s --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;tr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tr tr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tk&quot;&gt;sk-, tk&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tk sk-, tk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tg&quot;&gt;zg-, dg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tg zg-, dg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, dŋ&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tŋ ŋ-, dŋ --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;tx&quot;&gt;sx-, tx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- tx sx-, tx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ty&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ty&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ty ty --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;t#&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;t&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- t# t --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;dw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;dw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- dw dw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;dr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;dr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- dr dr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;dy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;dy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- dy dy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;d#&quot;&gt;r&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- d# r --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;np&quot;&gt;p-, mp&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- np p-, mp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nb&quot;&gt;b-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nb b-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nm&quot;&gt;m-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nm m-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nf&quot;&gt;f-, mf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nf f-, mf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;nw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nw nw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nt&quot;&gt;t-, nt&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nt t-, nt --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nd&quot;&gt;d-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nd d-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nn&quot;&gt;n-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nn n-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ns&quot;&gt;s-, ns&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ns s-, ns --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nr&quot;&gt;dr-, nr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nr dr-, nr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nk&quot;&gt;k-, ŋk&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nk k-, ŋk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ng&quot;&gt;g-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ng g-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nŋ ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;nx&quot;&gt;x-, ŋx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- nx x-, ŋx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ny&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ny&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ny ny --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;n#&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- n# n --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sp&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sp sp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sb&quot;&gt;zb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sb zb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sm&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sm sm --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sf sf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sw sw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;st&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- st st --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sd&quot;&gt;zd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sd zd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sn&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sn sn --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ss&quot;&gt;s&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ss s --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sr sr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sk&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sk sk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sg&quot;&gt;zg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sg zg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sŋ&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sŋ&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sŋ sŋ --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sx&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sx&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sx sx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;sy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- sy sy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;s#&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- s# s --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rp&quot;&gt;p-, rp&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rp p-, rp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rb&quot;&gt;b-, rb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rb b-, rb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rm&quot;&gt;m-, rm&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rm m-, rm --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rf&quot;&gt;f-, rf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rf f-, rf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;rw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rw rw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;t-, rt&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rt t-, rt --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rd&quot;&gt;d-, rd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rd d-, rd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rn&quot;&gt;dr-, rn&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rn dr-, rn --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rs&quot;&gt;s-, rs&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rs s-, rs --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rr&quot;&gt;dr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rr dr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rk&quot;&gt;k-, rk&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rk k-, rk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rg&quot;&gt;g-, rg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rg g-, rg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, rŋ&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rŋ ŋ-, rŋ --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;rx&quot;&gt;x-, rx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- rx x-, rx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ry&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ry&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ry ry --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;r#&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- r# r --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kp&quot;&gt;kw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kp kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kb&quot;&gt;gw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kb gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kf&quot;&gt;kw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kf kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;kw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kw kw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kt&quot;&gt;kr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kt kr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kd&quot;&gt;gr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kd gr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kn&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kn ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;ks&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ks sx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;kr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kr kr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kk&quot;&gt;x&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kk x --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kg&quot;&gt;g&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kg g --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kŋ ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;kx&quot;&gt;x&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- kx x --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ky&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ky&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ky ky --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;k#&quot;&gt;t&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- k# t --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;gw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;gw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- gw gw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;gr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;gr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- gr gr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;gy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;gy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- gy gy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;g#&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- g# Ø --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;ŋ&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋp&quot;&gt;p-, mp&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋp p-, mp --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋb&quot;&gt;b-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋb b-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋm&quot;&gt;m-, mb&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋm m-, mb --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋf&quot;&gt;f-, mf&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋf f-, mf --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋw&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ŋw&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋw ŋw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋt&quot;&gt;t-, nt&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋt t-, nt --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋd&quot;&gt;d-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋd d-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋn&quot;&gt;n-, nd&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋn n-, nd --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋs&quot;&gt;s-, ns&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋs s-, ns --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋr&quot;&gt;gr-, ŋr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋr gr-, ŋr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋk&quot;&gt;k-, ŋk&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋk k-, ŋk --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋg&quot;&gt;g-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋg g-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; title=&quot;ŋŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋŋ ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋx&quot;&gt;x-, ŋx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋx x-, ŋx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋy&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋy y --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ŋ#&quot;&gt;n&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ŋ# n --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xp&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xp f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xb&quot;&gt;gw/b&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xb gw/b --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xm&quot;&gt;ŋw-, ŋgw&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xm ŋw-, ŋgw --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xf&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xf f --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xt&quot;&gt;xr&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xt xr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xd&quot;&gt;r&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xd r --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xn&quot;&gt;ŋ-, ŋg&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xn ŋ-, ŋg --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xs&quot;&gt;sx&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xs sx --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xr&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;xr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xr xr --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xk&quot;&gt;x&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xk x --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xg&quot;&gt;g&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xg g --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xx&quot;&gt;x&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xx x --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;xy&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;xy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- xy xy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;x#&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- x# Ø --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;y&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yp&quot;&gt;py&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yp py --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yb&quot;&gt;by&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yb by --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ym&quot;&gt;my&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ym my --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yf&quot;&gt;fy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yf fy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yw&quot;&gt;wy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yw wy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yt&quot;&gt;ty&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yt ty --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yd&quot;&gt;dy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yd dy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yn&quot;&gt;ny&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yn ny --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;ys&quot;&gt;sy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- ys sy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yr&quot;&gt;xy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yr xy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yk&quot;&gt;ky&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yk ky --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yg&quot;&gt;gy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yg gy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yŋ&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yŋ y --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yx&quot;&gt;xy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yx xy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;yy&quot;&gt;gy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- yy gy --&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; title=&quot;y#&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- y# i --&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===== Notes =====
* Whenever final ''**y'' or ''**w'' arose it colored a preceding ''**a'' to ''**i'' or ''u'' before disappearing itself. ''**-uy'' and ''**-iw'' both resulted in ''*i'', possibly via {{IPA|[y]}}.
* Pre-Kijeb ''*ww'' possibly gives '''b''' in [[Linjeb]]. Alternatively or simultaneously it is possible that underlying ''*uwwV/*wwuV'' give ''ugV/Vgu'' while ''*uwV/*Vwu'' give ''ubV/Vbu''.

== Root structure ==

A Kijeb nominal or verbal root has the following structure:

: {{big| (''s'') (C) (''r'') (''y'') V (D) C (''r'') (''y'') }}

where

: slots in parentheses are optional
: '''V''' is any vowel (''a, i, u'')
: '''C''' is any consonant
: '''D''' is any dental (''t/d, n, s, r'')

There are some restrictions on possible phoneme sequences, including:

* [[Wikipedia:Gemination|Geminate]]s do not occur.  Thus e.g. if there is an ''s'' in a '''C''' slot there can be no ''s'' in the preceding '''s''' or '''D''' slot, resulting in an ''*ss'', and similarly no ''*rr, *ww, *yy, *tt. *dd, *nn''.
* ''n'' + a nasal does not occur (no ''*nn, *nm, *nŋ'').
* Labial + ''w'' does not occur.
* None of ''*yi, *iy, *wu, *uw'' can occur.
* Palatalization or ''y'' may occur either in the consonant(s) before the '''V''' or in the consonant(s) after the '''V''' or not at all, but not both before and after the '''V'''.  
* A cluster is either palatalized throughout or not at all.
* In nominal and verbal roots
:the same consonant may not occur twice, 
:no two stops or fricatives (other than ''s'') at the same point of articulation may occur within a single root,
:no two nasals may occur within a single root.
::The nominal stems ''mama'' 'mother' and ''papa'' 'father' are the only known exceptions to these restrictions among nominal and verbal roots.  In pronoun and determiner stems, on the other hand, shapes like ''tat, kak, nan, sas'' are allowed and even favored. (There is also the numeral stem ''sas'' 'one', but this may be a determiner in origin.)  It may be that these stems were originally '''CV''' stems that became reduplicated.
* Roots consisting only of '''VC''' are extremely rare.
* Roots with a heavy cluster both before and after the '''V''' are rare.

In order to function as a [[Wikipedia:Word stem|stem]] such a root must be followed by a vowel.  In nouns (including adjectives) this second vowel is a random extension, while in verbs it is an inflectional morpheme.

== Morphology ==

Unlike the daughter languages, which are [[Wikipedia:Split ergativity|split-ergative]], Kijeb is entirely [[Wikipedia:Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]].

=== Nominal morphology === 

==== Grammatical cases ====
{{Bordertable|#fff}}
! || Singular || Animate plural || Inanimate plural
|-
! Nominative 
| -Ø {{small|(unmarked)}} || ''-n'' || ''-r''
|-
! Accusative 
| ''-s'' || ''-ns'' || ''-rs''
|-
! Dative 
| ''-t'' || ''-nt'' || ''-rt''
|}

(In the daughter languages the accusative is derived from ''*-si'' and the dative from ''*-tu''.)

It is not certain that the inanimate plural accusative and dative were distinguished from the singular.  In any case the [[Kijeb writing|Kijeb syllabary]] could not distinguish word-final ''-rs, -rt'' from word-final ''-s, -t'', while in the animate plural the diacritic for syllable-final ''-n'' could be added to ''CVs'' and ''CVt'' characters to indicate word-final ''-ns, -nt''.

==== Semantic cases ====

{{Sectionrewrite|User:Melroch/Kijeb cases}}

{{Bordertable|#fff}}
! || Singular || Animate plural || Inanimate plural
|-
! Locative 
| ''-tyu'' || ''-ntyu'' || ''-rtyu''
|-
! Allative 
| ''-sya'' || ''-nsya'' || ''-rsya''
|-
! Ablative
| ''-yu'' || ''-nyu'' || ''-ryu''
|-
! Instrumental 
| ''-ri'' || ''-nri'' || ''-dri''
|}

The ergative of the daughter languages derives from ''*-rya'' and is certainly derived from the instrumental.

=== Adverbs ===

==== Local adverbs ====

Local adverbs are formed by adding local case endings to the three deictic roots proximal ''*i'' 'this', medial ''*a'' 'that' and  distal ''*u'' 'yon'.

{{Bordertable|#fff}}
| ''ityu'' || 'here' || ''atyu'' || 'there' || ''utyu'' || 'yonder'
|-
| ''isya'' || 'to here' || ''asya'' || 'to there' || ''usya'' || 'to yonder'
|-
| ''igyu'' || 'from here' || ''ayu'' || 'from there' || ''uyu'' || 'from yonder'
|}

=== Pronouns ===

Kijeb pronouns have several unique morphological characteristics.  Most basic pronoun roots have the shape '''CV'''.  Such a root cannot stand on its own, but attaches clitically to a noun or verb stem.  A clitic pronoun functions as a possessive marker when attached to a noun and as a person agreement marker when attached to a verb.

Free standing pronouns are emphatic, and are formed by reduplicating the '''CV''' root.

Plural pronouns are formed either [[Wikipedia:Suppletion|suppletively]] or by [[Wikipedia:Infixation#Linguistics|infixation]] of the plural marker ''-n'' or ''-r'' between the syllables of the reduplicated '''CV''' root.  For this reason plural emphatic pronouns take simple case markers ''-s, -t'' etc., thus the accusative of ''anda'' is ''andas'' rather than ''**anans'' or ''**andans''.

==== Personal and demonstrative pronouns ====

=====First and second person pronouns=====
{{Bordertable|#fff}}
! ||colspan=3| Singular ||colspan=3| Plural (animate)
|-
! || Clitic || Emphatic || || Clitic || Emphatic ||
|-
! First person 
| ''-ta'' || ''tata'' || 'I' || ''-di'' || ''didi'' || 'we (exclusive)'
|-
|colspan=4| || ''-pu'' || ''pupu'' || 'we (inclusive)'
|-
! Second person 
| ''-ba'' || ''baba'' || 'thou' || ''-gi'' || ''gigi'' || 'you (pl.)'
|}

=====Third person clitic pronouns=====
{{Bordertable|#fff}}
!&amp;nbsp; || colspan=2| Singular ||colspan=2| Plural
|-
! Masculine 
| ''-na'' || 'he'
| ''-nda''|| 'they (males)'
|-
! Feminine 
| ''-mi'' || 'she'
| ''-mbi'' || 'they (females)'
|-
! Rational 
| colspan=2| &amp;nbsp; || ''-ŋka'' 
| 'they (mixed male and female)'
|-
! Irrational 
| ''-ŋu'' || 'it (living)'
| ''-ŋgu'' || 'they'
|-
! Inanimate 
| ''-ru/-ur'' || 'it (not living'
| ''-dru'' || 'they'
|}

=====Third person emphatic pronouns=====

These are formed by compounding three deictic roots — proximal ''*i'' 'this', medial ''*a'' 'that' and  distal ''*u'' 'yon' — with the third person pronominal stems.  These deictic roots do not occur independently, although they are also used in [[Kijeb#Local_adverbs|local adverbs]], and neither are there any non-clitic third person pronouns not including these deictic stems.  The plural forms are most readily explained as the result of reduplication of the root followed by [[wikipedia:syncope|syncope]] of the vowel of the second syllable and then [[wikipedia:dissimilation|dissimilation]] of the resulting geminate according to regular Kijeb [[Kijeb#Sandhi|sandhi]], e.g.:

:''*ina &gt; *inana &gt; *in'na &gt; inda'', ''*aru &gt; *aruru &gt; *ar'ru &gt; adru''.


{{Bordertable|#fff}}
! || Proximal 
| 'this/these'
! Medial
| 'that/those'
! Distal
| 'yon'
|-
! || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
! Masculine 
| ''ina'' || ''inda'' || ''ana'' || ''anda'' || ''una'' || ''unda''
|-
! Feminine 
| ''imi'' || ''imbi'' || ''ami'' || ''ambi'' || ''umi'' || ''umbi''
|-
! Rational 
| || ''iŋka'' || || ''aŋka'' || || ''uŋka''
|-
! Irrational 
| ''iŋu'' || ''iŋgu'' || ''aŋu'' || ''aŋgu'' || ''uŋu'' || ''uŋgu''
|-
! Inanimate 
| ''iru'' || ''idru'' || ''aru'' || ''adru'' || ''uru'' || ''udru''
|}

==== Possessive pronouns ====

There are no special clitic forms for possessive pronouns.  The clitics listed above have a possessive meaning when attached to nouns.

'''{{sans|First and second person emphatic}}'''
{{Bordertable|#fff}}
| ||colspan=2| Singular ||colspan=2| Plural (animate)
|-
| First person || ''tatya'' || 'my, mine' || ''didya'' || 'our (exclusive)'
|-
|colspan=3| || ''pupa'' || 'our (inclusive)'
|-
| Second person || ''babya'' || 'thy, thine' || ''gigya'' || 'your (pl.)'
|}

'''{{sans|Third person emphatic}}'''
{{Bordertable|#fff}}
| ||colspan=2| Proximal 'of this' ||colspan=2| Medial 'of that' ||colspan=2| Distal 'of yon'
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Masculine || ''inya'' || ''indya'' || ''anya'' || ''andya'' || ''unya'' || ''undya''
|-
| Feminine || ''imya'' || ''imbya'' || ''amya'' || ''ambya'' || ''umya'' || ''umbya''
|-
| Rational || || ''iŋkya'' || || ''aŋkya'' || || ''uŋkya''
|-
| Irrational || ''iŋwa'' || ''iŋgwa'' 
|| ''aŋwa'' || ''aŋgwa''
|| ''uŋwa'' || ''uŋgwa''
|-
| Inanimate || ''irwa'' || ''idrwa'' || ''arwa'' || ''adrwa'' || ''urwa'' || ''udrwa''
|}

==== Reflexive pronouns ====

Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the clitic ''-ŋi'' to the personal and demonstrative pronouns, e.g. ''tataŋi'' 'myself' ''anaŋi'' 'himself'. There is also a possessive version ''-ŋya'', e.g. ''tataŋya'' 'my own', ''anaŋya'' 'his own'.  These clitics can also be attached to nouns, e.g. ''snupuŋi'' 'the man himself', ''snupuŋya'' 'the man's own'.

'Each other' is ''-ŋgi'' and 'each other's' is ''-ŋgya''.

==== Interrogative pronouns ====

{{Bordertable|#fff}}
|colspan=2| ||colspan=3| Basic ||colspan=2| Possessive

|-
|colspan=2| || Emphatic || Clitic || || Emphatic || Clitic ||
|-
| Animate || singular || ''gwigwi'' || ''-gwi'' ||'who?' || ''gwigwa'' || ''-gwa'' || &quot;of whom?''
|-
| || plural || ''gwiŋgwi'' || ''-ŋgwi'' || || ''gwiŋgwa'' || ''-ŋgwa''
|-
| Inanimate || singular || ''gugu'' || ''-gu'' || 'what?, which?' || ''gugwa'' || ''-gwa'' || 'of what?, of which?'
|-
| || plural || ''gurgu'' || ''-rgu'' || || ''gurgwa'' || ''-rgwa''
|}

Note that the clitic singular possessive is the same for animate and inanimate.  There is no trace of them ever having been differentiated.

==== Indefinite pronouns ====

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the clitic ''-fu'' to the interrogatives: ''gwigifu'' 'someone' ''gugufu'' 'something'. This clitic can also be attached to nouns, e.g. ''snupufu'' 'some man'.

=== Verbs ===

{{Section wip}}

&lt;span class=&quot;red sans&quot;&gt;This entire section needs reworking in view of my improved understanding of inverse marking and hierarchical alignment.  In the meantime the following is largely obsolete!&lt;/span&gt;

==== Finite verb forms ====

Verbs are inflected for [[Wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]], [[Wikipedia:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse]], [[Wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]] or [[Wikipedia:Grammatical voice|voice]] and [[Wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]], all of which are expressed as suffixes to the verb root.  The buildup of the verb word is:

: {{big|root - aspect - (direct-inverse) -  (tense/mood/voice) - subject}}

Items in parentheses meqn that that marker may be empty. In those cases the absence of a marker functions as a marker in itself.

==== Aspect ====

There are two aspects in Kijeb, viz. [[Wikipedia:Perfective aspect|perfective]], marked by ''-u-'', and [[Wikipedia:imperfective aspect|imperfective]] or non-perfective, marked by ''-i-''.

==== Inverseness ====

The inverse marker ''-s-/-z-'' signals that the subject of the verb is lower on the [[animacy hierarchy]] than the direct object.  A verb that is not inverse is said to be direct, but there is no overt directness marker in Kijeb.

==== Tense and mood and voice ====

There are two tenses, present and past, and three moods, realis and [[Wikipedia:Irrealis moods|irrealis]] and imperative.  However marking of tense and mood overlap, so that any given verb form is marked either for present tense ''-n-/-na-'', past tense ''-r-/-ri-'' or irrealis mood ''-t-/-s-/-z-''.  

A verb form marked for tense cannot be marked for mood, but is always realis, and a verb form marked for irrealis mood cannot be marked for tense, but can function as any tense.  The irrealis performs such functions as future, subjunctive, optative and hortative.

The only voice distinction in Kijeb is between non-imperative and imperative.  The imperative is signalled by the absence of inverseness and tense/mood markers, and that the only person marking is an animate plural marker ''-n'' if the injunction is adressed to a group.  An imperative can only be addressed to animate adressees.  To express a 'command' or wish concerning inanimates the irrealis must be used.
&lt;!--
Examples:
:{| border=&quot;0&quot; 
| (1) || ''sab'' || ''-u'' || ''-Ø'' || ''-r'' || ''-na'' || ''-ru'' || ''-mi''
|-
| || give || -PERF || -DIR || -PAST || -3.sg.masc. || -3.sg.inan. || -3.sg.fem.
|-
| ||colspan=8| ''saburnarumi''&lt;br&gt;'He had given it to her'
|}

:{| border=&quot;0&quot;
| (2) || ''sazb'' || ''-i'' || ''-Ø'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-ŋka''
|-
| || see || -IMPF || -DIR || -PRES  || -1.sg. || -3.pl.rat.
|-
| ||colspan=6| ''sazbintaŋka''&lt;br&gt;'I see/am seeing them'
|}

:{| border=&quot;0&quot;
| (3) || ''pant'' || ''-i'' || ''-s'' || ''-n'' || ''-ur'' || ''-ba''
|-
| || hit || -IMPF || -INV || -PRES || -3.sg.inan. || -2.sg.
|-
| ||colspan=6| ''pantisnurba''&lt;br&gt;'It hits you'
|}

:{| border=&quot;0&quot;
| (4) || ''dirn'' || ''-u'' || ''-Ø'' || ''-t'' || ''-ur''
|-
| || fall down || -PERF || -DIR || -IRREALIS || -3.sg.inan.
|-
| ||colspan=5| ''dirnutur''&lt;br&gt;'It will/might/should have fallen down'
|}

:{| border=&quot;0&quot;
| (5) || ''basn'' || ''-u'' || ''-Ø'' || ''-Ø'' || ''-n''
|-
| || go out || -PERF || -DIR || -IMP || -PL
|-
| ||colspan=5| ''basnugi''&lt;br&gt;'Go out, you all!'
|}

The only constituents that are really 'optional' are object markers.  The absence of the inversion marker is best seen as the presence of a zero directness marker, and the absence of a tense/mood marker is best seen as the presence of a zero imperative marker.

Note that the third person singular inanimate ending takes the allomorph ''-ur'' when in subject position, except before plural agreement markers beginning in two consonants.

==== Sandhi in verb forms ====

The sequence of morphemes is often obscured by sandhi, giving rise to [[Wikipedia:Portmanteau#Portmanteau_morphemes|portmanteau morphemes]], e.g. 

{|border=1 cellpadding=6 class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
!| Underlying form || Surface form || Gloss
|-
| ''**pant-i-s-r-ru-n-ka'' || ''pantizdruŋka'' || 'It hit them'
|-
| ''**pant-i-s-r-r-ru-n-ka'' || ''pantisridruŋka'' || 'They (inanimate) hit (past) them'
|-
| ''**pant-i-s-n-r-ru-n-ka'' || ''pantizdruŋka'' || 'They (inanimate) hit (present) them'
|-
|''**sasb-i-Ø-t-n-na-ta'' || ''sazbizdata'' || 'the men will see me'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-t-ta'' || ''sazbista'' || 'I will/should/would/might/ see'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-na'' || ''sazbinda'' || 'He sees'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-n-na'' || ''sazbinanda'' || 'The men see'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-mi'' || ''sazbimbi'' || 'She sees'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-n-mi'' || ''sazbinambi'' || 'The women see'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-ŋu'' || ''sazbiŋgu'' || 'It (animate) sees'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-n-n-ŋu'' || ''sazbinaŋgu'' || 'They (animate) see'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-n-n-ka'' || ''sazbiŋka'' || 'The men and women see'
|-
| ''**sasb-i-Ø-r-n-na'' || ''sazbirda'' || 'The men saw'
|}

The past tense allomorph ''-ri-'' arises as a sandhi phenomenon when the past tense morpheme ''-r-'' is preceded by the inverseness marker ''-s-'' and followed by the inanimate plural subject marker ''-dru-'' (itself ultimately a sandhi of ''*-r-ru-'').  Apparently the past-tense ''-r-'' which had come to stand between the two non-sonorant consonants ''s'' and  ''d'' became realized as a syllabic {{IPA|[r̩]}} which then in turn resolved into {{IPA|[ri]}}.

The ''-na-'' allomorph of the present tense morpheme on the other hand defies a purely phonetic explanation.  It is clear however that it arises in order to prevent present forms with animate plural suffixes from becoming identical to present forms with animate singular suffixes.

The irrealis allomorphs ''-s-'' and ''-z-'' arise when the irrealis marker is followed by a subject marker beginning in a dental stop (''**-t-t- &gt; -s-t-'' and ''**-t-d- &gt; **-d-d- &gt; -z-d-'').  It is not really possible to confuse them with the inverseness marker, since the latter always takes inanimate subject markers.
--&gt;

=== Infinite verb forms ===

==== The infinitive or gerund ====

There is also an [[Wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]] or [[Wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]] stem formed by adding ''-a-'' to the verb root.  By taking different case endings this stem can express various infinite functions. The infinitive/gerund marker itself is in complementary distribution with the aspect markers, but by adding case endings aspect relative to the main verb may be expressed.

==== Participles ====

Participles are verb forms inflected for aspect and tense/mood, but which take nominal number and case endings rather than person suffixes.  Pariciples are used chiefly to form relative clauses, as there are no relative pronouns in Kijeb, and each sentence may have only one finite verb.  Examples are ''sabura'' 'Having given', ''pantina'' 'hitting' and ''basnura'' 'gone out'.

== Syntax ==

(Scattered notes so far)

Word order is SOV, with everything that entails.

The 'rational' plural gender is used for mixed masculine/feminine
groups.  The reason it isn't called 'human' is that it is used for gods, ghosts, demons and the like as well as for humans.  Besides I'm not sure yet if the Sohlçan are human!

There is no genitive case.  The possessive construction is like this:

:''giwri-t tyazgu-na-n'' king-DAT elephant-his-PL 'The king's elephants'.

Negation is made with the auxiliary ''paxya'' 'not do', e.g.
''sazba paxintaŋka'' 'I don't see them'.  This is quite possibly the main use of the infinitive/gerund!

Do predicate nominals/adjectives require a copular verb or not?
:If not will the verb ''una'' only mean 'be' or also 'exist', or not exist! {{-)}}  It will probably be needed for other aspects/tenses than imperfective present.
:Note the conflict with the pronoun ''una''! 
:Will ''ufa'' 'not be' be in complementary or partially alternating distribution with ''paxya'' 'not do'?

[[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Bordertable</title>
    <id>2166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20126</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-15T08:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Upgraded to use class=&quot;bordertable&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;background: {{{1}}};&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Bordertable</title>
    <id>2167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8018</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-20T21:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Bordertable|#ccc}}
| a || b || c
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:RHaden</title>
    <id>2169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8056</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-23T15:54:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RHaden</username>
        <id>164</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Thalassan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thalassan</title>
    <id>2170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17438</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T13:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Thalassan'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Balkan Peninsula, Greece, Aegean Islands, Crete, Western Anatolia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||ca. 4500 - 3500 B.C.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||~ 1 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Old European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;South European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Thalassan'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV/head-final, free
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[User:RHaden|Rob Haden]] ||2004-
|}

Describe your language here

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=16 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: 95%; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=3| Bilabial ||colspan=1| Labiod. ||colspan=3| Dental ||colspan=1| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=3| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|pʼ}} || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|tʼ}} || || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|cʼ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|kʼ}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|qʼ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || {{IPA|v}} || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || {{IPA|x}} || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Emindahken</title>
    <id>2171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8512</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-18T18:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emindahken</username>
        <id>166</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A few trivial bits about me:

*Name: James W.
*Location: Texas, USA
*Vocation: University Library
*Avocation: Composer
*Other: husband, father of 3

*Languages in varying stages of incompleteness: [[ýýlheema'ék]], [[Orēlynna]], [[emindahken]] (where the nickname comes from), [[āseka‘eni]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ýýlheema'ék</title>
    <id>2172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8513</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-18T18:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emindahken</username>
        <id>166</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The language is called '''ýýlheema‘ék''', which translates to ('I travel'). The language is part of a story idea I'm working on. It is only known in the following incantation, which must be spoken before traveling to another world. (That's why it's only known as 'I travel'.)
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Language'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||variable
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||An ancient language created on earth, but known on at least 2 planets.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||5 known
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Isolate
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
|| ??
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[User:Emindahken|James W.]] ||early 2006-
|}
&lt;br/&gt;

== Phonology ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=19 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|χ}} || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap or Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || {{IPA|ɪ}} || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
The following vowels also have phonemic length: {{IPA|a}}, {{IPA|e}}, {{IPA|i}}, {{IPA|o}}
&lt;br/&gt;
There are two tones: high--marked with acute accent in the orthography; low--unmarked.
&lt;br/&gt;

== Orthography ==
The native orthography is not known. At some point, the incantation was written down (not on Earth) and analyzed giving us the basis of the known grammar. The orthography ''I'' use is mainly for my own convenience. It is fairly straightforward for those who speak a language that uses the Latin alphabet. The following are the exceptions:&lt;br/&gt;
{| border =&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #f9f9f9;&quot;
! IPA !! Orthography
|-
| {{IPA|ɬ}} || lh
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || y
|-
| {{IPA|ɪ}} || i
|-
| {{IPA|ŋ}} || ng
|-
| {{IPA|χ}} || x
|-
| {{IPA|θ}} || þ
|-
| {{IPA|ð}} || ð
|-
| {{IPA|ɢ}} || ğ
|-
| {{IPA|ʔ}} || ‘
|}
&lt;br/&gt;

== Sentence Structure ==
*verb is always last in the clause
*focus comes first
*adjectives follow nouns
*adverbs follow what they modify
*adpositions follow their noun/phrase
*relative clauses follow head clauses 
*relationals come before the noun/phrase they refer to
&lt;br/&gt;

== Nouns ==
*There are no cases. Syntactic function is determined by position in the clause (see Sentence Structure).
*Plurals are formed by the prefix '''yl-'''.
*Possessives are suffixed to the noun they relate refer to:&lt;br/&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''-es''' || 1S.POSS
|-
| ''' -‘ang''' || 2S.POSS
|}
&lt;br/&gt;

== Verbs ==
*Verbs must contain at least a subject-referent pronoun affix.
*Morphology: subject-refernt pronoun comes first, patient second, oblique third. Normally, if there is an object noun in the clause, the patient pronoun affix is absent. In this case, any second pronoun affix on the verb is understood to be oblique.&lt;br/&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''alhu-‘ék-aan'''
|-
| give-1SG-2SG
|}
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
'I give [to] you'
|}
*Copula: a circumfix, '''qu- -kaa''', around the predicate nominative.
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''qu-vyyd-kaa'''
|- COP-noble-COP
|}
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
'[is/are] noble'
|}
&lt;br/&gt;

== Only Known Text ==
'''elhee lhyréé kíru vó sóóru‘aang rékaa ýýlheema‘ék.'''&lt;br/&gt;
'''qáá elhee páá yllaaqes quvyydkaa ngee‘es xu.'''&lt;br/&gt;
'''qáá elhee páá ylþáángu yliğá‘es eng qu’éélhkaa.'''&lt;br/&gt;
'''ngyylý alhu‘ékaan lhamaa‘es uðo yğ xóóka‘aan yno qáá elhee eng.'''&lt;br/&gt;
'''qáá elhee vó sóóru‘aang rékaa ýýlheema‘ék.'''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
=== Interlinear ===
{|
| '''elhee''' || '''lhyréé''' || '''kíru''' || '''vó''' || '''sóóru-‘aang''' || '''rékaa''' || '''ýýlheema-‘ék'''
|-
| land || distant || far || to || grace-2POSS || by.means.of || travel-1SG
|}
{|
| '''qáá''' || '''elhee''' || '''páá''' || '''yl-laaq-es''' || '''qu-vyyd-kaa''' || '''ngee-‘es''' || '''xu'''
|-
| this || land || in || PL-purpose-1POSS || COP-noble-COP || life-1POSS || on
|}
{|
| '''qáá''' || '''elhee''' || '''páá''' || '''yl-þáángu''' || '''yl-iğá-‘es''' || '''eng''' || '''qu-‘éélh-kaa'''
|-
| this || land || in || PL-consequence || PL-action-1POSS || of || COP-mine-COP
|}
{|
| '''ngyylý''' || '''alhu-‘ék-aan''' || '''lhamaa-‘es''' || '''uðo''' || '''yğ''' || '''xóóka-‘aan''' || '''yno''' || '''qáá''' || '''elhee''' || '''eng'''
|-
| permission || give-1SG-2SG || body-1POSS || soil || from || create-2SG || again || this || land || of
|}
{|
| '''qáá''' || '''elhee''' || '''vó''' || '''sóóru-‘aang''' || '''rékaa''' || '''ýýlheema-‘ék'''
|-
| this || land || to || grace-2POSS || by.means.of || travel-1SG
|}
&lt;br/&gt;
=== Smooth Gloss ===
‘By your grace I travel to a far distant land.’&lt;br/&gt;
‘On my life my purposes are noble in this land.’&lt;br/&gt;
‘The consequences of my actions are mine in this land.’&lt;br/&gt;
‘I give you permission to recreate my body from the soil of this land.’&lt;br/&gt;
‘By your grace I travel to this land.’&lt;br/&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob historical phonology</title>
    <id>2173</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46885</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik grammar outline</title>
    <id>2175</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46857</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Maerik/grammar]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Maerik grammar]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Maerik grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Lensman</title>
    <id>2176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8150</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T09:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lensman</username>
        <id>167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Articles: */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Mike the Lensman'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| Biographical Stuffs :)&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Lensmanicon.png|this should be a pic of me.]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 17 Oct 1981&lt;br /&gt;  Nuremburg, Germany Citezenship: US(Natural)
|-
|valign=top|'''Conlanging Purpose:'''
|| Literative/Table Top RPG's 
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English (American), German (Am. Highschool level)
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| Two Works in Progress 
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| Klingon (baby's first words level) , Interested in Tolkien's langs.
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Computer Graphics, Music, Worldbuilding, Theology, Conlangs, TTRPG's, Literature, Poetry.
|-

|}

Langs and articles will fill this space.

'''
== Articles: ==
'''
[[Comentary Conlanging]]: Metaphor becomes meaning.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lensmanicon.png</title>
    <id>2177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8141</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T09:34:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lensman</username>
        <id>167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>This is my user pic!!! - Lensman</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is my user pic!!! - Lensman</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Comentary Conlanging</title>
    <id>2178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47538</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T10:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{stub}}


In the processes of creating a conlang, some people have difficulty attaching meanings to the [[phonemes]] that they have crafted. Comentary Conlanging is a game to help with situations like this. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;'''Disclaimer: The words chosen and their meanings are in the view of the author and are by no means reflective on frathwiki, conlangers, or humanity as a whole.  
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;This game has some fairly simple steps.
# Note which phonemes are acceptible within your conlang.
# Create a list of no more than ten words, names or [[acronyms]].
# Come up with a metaphoric discription, or commentary on each of the words.
# Break the words up into [[syllables]] according to the way you personally pronounce them.
# Transcribe the syllables according to the [[phonolgy]] of your conlang.
# ''Optional'' apply sound changes to the new words to further them from the words you based them on.


== Examples ==

In the following examples I will skip step one, which can be inferred from my results if someone is interested.&lt;br /&gt;
My list will be:
*computer
*nerd
*enterprise
*laser
*FEMA
*IRS

Starting with computer. The definition of this particular device is obvious to you the reader(which is not the point of this game), but let's instead suppose someone thought it to mean, &quot; Living Book&quot;. I pronounce computer,  kəm-pu-tər.
So then I would transcribe this as kumi-piu-tir, and in my suppossed conlang adjectives come after nouns so, kumi means &quot;book&quot;, and piu means &quot;to live&quot; with tir turning the verb into an adjective.

Polysyllabic words are fairly easy, but what do you do when the word has only one syllable as in &quot;nerd&quot;. Well here you have a couple of options. You could look at the [[etymology]] of the word (knurd), treat it as an acronym (see below), or try to come up with a synonym that is also a single word. For nerd we will use knurd and I will define it as “overqualified for life”. I would pronounce it as kə-nərd and thus transcribe it as ki-nur-id. We already have life so we don't have to worry about that and you can just drop articles, so you are left with &quot;overqualified&quot;. From there you have &quot;ki-&quot;: over, and &quot;nurid&quot; qualified.

Enterprise or In-it-irip-riash, means &quot;a nerd's heaven&quot;. All we will use here is &quot;riash&quot; to mean heaven. But wait isn't nerd's heaven, &quot;kinuridiriash&quot; and not &quot;initiripriash&quot;? Yes and from this we can see a neat feature of this game. Your derived words should never naturally become the words they are derived from.

On to acronyms, two are pronouncable like words (Yes, laser is an acronym.) and one that is only pronounable when the letters are said phoenetically. With acronyms you have an option when it can be said without phonetically saying its letters and that is to treat it as a word. The other is to treat the phoenetic letter as a syllable.

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Animacy Hierarchy</title>
    <id>2179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24427</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T15:16:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Animacy Hierarchy''' or '''Nominal Hierarchy''' is a scale of [[Wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]s' relative [[Wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]] or capability to function as [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a sentence.  Categories higher in the hierarchy are more animate/agental and categories lower in the hierarchy are less animate/agental:

:   first person, second person
:   third person
:   personal name/kin term
:   human
:   animate
:   inanimate

In languages with split ergativity categories towards the top of the hierarchy are most likely to have nominative- accusative case marking while items towards the bottom are most likely to have ergative-absolutive case marking. Again there are no known languages that violate the hierarchy, i.e. having ergative-absolutive marking on first/secondperson pronouns and nominative- accusative marking on inanimates.  Languages differ with regard to where in the hierarchy they draw the border, but they do not violate the hierarchy.

[[Category:Grammar]]

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Comentary Conlanging</title>
    <id>2181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48697</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T10:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronunciation of computer */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Isn't it Com'''m'''entary?

:So I thought as well. Either that or it's an invented word :)  Mike, does this page need moving?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 05:46, 25 March 2006 (PST)

== Pronunciation of ''computer'' ==

You really pronounce ''computer'' as {{IPA|/kəmˈputər/}} and not {{IPA|/kəmˈpjutər/}},
i.e. as if it was spelled ''compooter''? [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:08, 29 August 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Exolangs</title>
    <id>2182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8201</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:46:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Category of [[exolang]]s.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Funlangs</title>
    <id>2183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8203</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:46:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for [[funlang]]s.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ibran</title>
    <id>2184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8205</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for pages concerning [[Ibran]].

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ill Bethisad</title>
    <id>2185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16214</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for topics in [[Ill Bethisad]].

For much more, see the Ill Bethisad Wiki at [[IBWiki:Main Page]].

[[Category:Conworlds]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Indo-European languages</title>
    <id>2186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8208</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:52:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Language families]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for Indo-European languages.  

[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Khoisan languages</title>
    <id>2187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for Khoisan languages.

[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kythish</title>
    <id>2188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8210</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-25T21:53:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>descr.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Category for pages concerning [[Kythish]].

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Language families</title>
    <id>2189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40188</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Azirian numbers</title>
    <id>2190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8220</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-26T10:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>On IPA template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I added the IPA template to your transcriptions, so that they will be visible in Internet Explorer (nine curses on Internet explorer! :-).  It's a good idea to use the IPA template for characters in the Latin Extended-B and Latin Extended Additional ranges too, since Times New Roman support is flaky in those ranges.  What the template does is to force the browser to use a reasonably complete Unicode font. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 02:11, 26 March 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Smiley</title>
    <id>2191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21371</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template:-)]] moved to [[Template:Smiley]]: More descriptive name.  Old name should remain as redirect/alternative syntax.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;☺&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Frown</title>
    <id>2192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21367</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template:-(]] moved to [[Template:Frown]]: Descriptive name.  Old page should remain as redirect/alternative syntax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:large&quot;&gt;☹&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Frowney</title>
    <id>2194</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8265</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-31T11:30:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template:Frowney moved to Template::-(: Something more memorable.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template::-(]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Frown</title>
    <id>2195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21369</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template talk:-(]] moved to [[Template talk:Frown]]: Descriptive name.  Old page should remain as redirect/alternative syntax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I didn't know template names could be non-alphabetic!  Anyway the redirect doesn't seem to work... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:50, 31 March 2006 (PST)

Actually, I just realised a problem with the title - &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:-)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would actually include [[-)]], not [[Template::-)]]... - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:Zhen Lin|T]]&lt;/sub&gt; 08:09, 3 April 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template::-)</title>
    <id>2196</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8280</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-31T18:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template::-) moved to Template:-): It doesn't seem to work when it begins with a colon...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template:-)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template::-(</title>
    <id>2197</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8284</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-31T18:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template::-( moved to Template:-(: It doesn't work with a name beginning in a colon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template:-(]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk::-(</title>
    <id>2198</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8286</id>
      <timestamp>2006-03-31T18:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template talk::-( moved to Template talk:-(: It doesn't work with a name beginning in a colon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Template talk:-(]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlçan (Sohldar)</title>
    <id>2199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51414</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sohlçan''' {{IPA|[sɒɬɕan]}}: The Classical [[Sohlob]] word for an inhabitant of [[Sohldar]].

[[Category:Sohldar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlosjan</title>
    <id>2200</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46916</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohloçan]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohldar (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>2201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51400</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]] to [[Sohldar (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sohldar''' {{IPA|[sɒɬd̥ar]}} The lands where the [[Sohlob]] langauages are spoken

The Sohlçan cardinal compass directions are actually rotated 45 degrees eastward compared to the English/Terran compass points. However the Sohlob terms for the compass points are usually translated with their closest functional English equivalents, so that '''kember''' which is actually north-east is usually translated as 'north' and so on.
&lt;!--
=== The rejected set of terms ===

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;&gt;Kijeb&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 16%;&quot;&gt;Sohlob&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 16%;&quot;&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 10%;&quot;&gt;Direction&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;kimra&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;kember&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'north'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;NE&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;yasa&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;yah&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'east'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SE&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;stirkyu&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;istirdj&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'south'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SW&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;styungwa&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;aesjtong&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'west'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;NW&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

--&gt;
=== The Sohlob terms for compass directions ===

&lt;table class=&quot;gridtable&quot; style=&quot;width: 50%&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;&gt;Kijeb&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 16%;&quot;&gt;Sohlob&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 16%;&quot;&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 10%;&quot;&gt;Direction&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''*kimra''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'''kember'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'north'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;NE&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''*styungwa''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'''æçtong'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'east'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SE&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''yasa''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'''yah'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'south'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SW&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''*ringyu''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'''linj'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;'west'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;NW&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
[[Category:Sohldar]] 
[[Category:Sohlob]] 
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kijebsyllabary.gif</title>
    <id>2202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8314</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-02T16:14:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kijeb syllabary table</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kijeb syllabary table</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb writing (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>2203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51415</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Sohlodar -&gt; Sohldar, Sohloçan -&gt; Sohlçan</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|350px|right|The Kijeb syllabary.  Click [[Kijeb writing/syllabary|here]] to see it enlarged.]]

[[Kijeb]] is attested in the form of mostly short formal religious, commemorative, dedicative and funerary inscriptions on stone and metal written in a mainly [[Wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabic script]], but with two [[Wikipedia:Logogram|logograms]] used for the words ''*duzba'' &quot;sun&quot; and ''*giwri'' &quot;king&quot;, which had special religious and social significance.  There is evidence that there existed other writings in Kijeb language and script, since [[Sohlçan]] grammarians mention finds of pottery with Kijeb inscriptions in ancient graves.  It seems clear however that with few exceptions the preserved Kijeb texts derive from the area where [[Sohlob languages|Kidilib]] was spoken in classical times.

[[Image:Kijeblogograms.gif|thumb|100px|left|The two logograms used in Kijeb writing]]

The Kijeb syllabary is partly  defective in that it ignores the distinction between voiced and voiceless stops, between the stops /p/ and /k/ and their fricative counterparts /f/ and /x/, and in the oldest inscriptions also the distinction between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, and between velar and labiovelar consonants.  Because of these traits it has been argued that the syllabary was originally devised for some other language.

== The Duzbaximu inscription ==

{| width=500 style=&quot;clear: right;&quot;
|colspan=2 align=center| [[Image:Duzbaximu.gif]]
|-
|colspan=2| King Duzbaximu's inscription runs in lines from right to left and from top to bottom. It is given here in transliteration (left) and transcription (right). Go [[Kijeb texts#Duzbaximu|here]] for a grammatical analysis.
|-
| 
'''i-mi-u.ta-ta.GIWRI.DUZBA.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''ki-mu.GIWRI.kut-na.ki-mut.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''mi-ri-su-na.pan-tin-ta-ru.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''ku-is-ti-u.ki-pa-ta-ti-u.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''i-{{IPA|ŋ}}u.na-ta-ra-yu.u-{{IPA|ŋ}}u.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''na-ta-ra-si-a.GIWRI.u-ni-ra.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''ti-a.i-ru.pit-ni-as.ti-'''&lt;br&gt;
'''us-pir-ta-ru.i-pi.GIWRI-it.'''&lt;br&gt;
'''nit-pi.ti-as-ku-nan.pit-ni-'''&lt;br&gt;
'''as.ku-is-pi-rit.is-ti-ri-pu-'''&lt;br&gt;
'''ru-si-a.ku-ir-tir-ku-ru.'''&lt;br&gt;
|| 
''imyu tata giwri duzba-''&lt;br&gt;
''ximu, giwri kudna-ximut''&lt;br&gt;
''mrisuna, fandintaru:''&lt;br&gt;
''kwizdyu kibatatyu''&lt;br&gt;
''i{{IPA|ŋ}}u natrayu u{{IPA|ŋ}}u''&lt;br&gt;
''natrasya giwri unira-''&lt;br&gt;
''dya, iru fidnyas dy-''&lt;br&gt;
''usfirtaru. Ifi giwrit''&lt;br&gt;
''nitpi tyazgunan fidny-''&lt;br&gt;
''as gwisprit stripu-''&lt;br&gt;
''rusya gwirdirguru.''&lt;br&gt;
|}
[[Category:Kijeb]]
[[Category:Sohlob]]
[[Category:Sohlob writing]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kijeblogograms.gif</title>
    <id>2205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8356</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-06T13:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The (two) logograms used in Kijeb script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The (two) logograms used in Kijeb script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esperanto v. 2</title>
    <id>2206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13719</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-13T23:28:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevo</username>
        <id>233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Terms of the sentences - Termos da Oração */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Translation=
You can help us by translating this page into English. Please keep the Portuguese text also.

=Introduction - Introdução=

Esperanto V.2 (This name may change) is a project to create a new language for global communication. It is a language constructed by many people from all around the world.

This is a project in progress. Join us at orkut: http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=9744132 !

''Esperanto V.2 (Este nome pode mudar) é um projeto para criar uma nova lingua para comunicação global. É uma língua construida por muitas pessoas em todo o mundo.''

''Este é um projeto em construção. Junte-se a nós no orkut : http://www.orkut.com/Community.aspx?cmm=9744132 !''

=Alphabet - Alfabeto=

Esperanto V.2 has:

''Esperanto V.2 tem:''

5 vowels: a, e, i, o, u

''5 vogals: a, e, i, o, u''

13 Consonants: f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x, y.

''13 Consoants: f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x, y.''

Their sounds are like in Esperanto, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, etc.

''Seus sons são como no esperanto, português, espanhol, italiano, etc.''

Names of the Letters:

''Nome das letras'' 

A, a - a

E, e - e

F, f - ef

H, h - ihi

I, i - i

K, k - ka

L, l - el

M, m - em

N, n - en

O, o - o

P, p - pe

R, r - re (rrre)

S, s - es

T, t - te

U, u - u

W, w - wa

X, x - xe

Y, y - ya

=Word stress - Tonicidade das palavras=

The same system will be used as for Esperanto; that is, the stress will always be on the penultimate syllable, without exception.

''Será utilizado o mesmo sistema do esperanto; ou seja a tonicidade será sempre na penúltima silaba sem exceções.''

=Sentence Terms - Termos da Oração=
Esp.V.2 will use sentences terms (subject, verb, and object) in two orders:

SVO (without particle) and SOV (with particle)

This arrangement embraces 90% of the world population. VOS will not be used in order to avoid complication.

When one wants to use SOV he/she needs to use the particle ''wa'' after the subject.

Ex:

SVO - The boy saw the duck 

SOV - The boy ''wa'' the duck saw

Both are correct.

''O esp.v.2 usará os termos da oração (Sujeito, verbo e objeto) dispostos em duas formas:''

''O SVO (sem particula) e SOV (Com partícula).''

''Pelo motivo que; a ulilização destes dois sistema abrange em torno de 90% da população mundial e diminui a complexidade de uso de particulas utilizando outros sistemas como o VOS.''

''O SOV utiliza a partícula wa após o sujeito para indica-lo.''

Assim, temos como exemplo:

SVO –  O menino viu o pato

SOV -  O menino wa o pato viu

=Article - Artigo=

There will be no article.

See the Russian language, for instance, or Chinese. Both have no article. So we can communicate without articles too, and remain understandable. Using articles is a habit which we have from our native language. It is part of the linguistic structures which we consider essential just because we are used to them, but if we think better we will see that we don't need them.

''Artigo é dispensável.''

''Veja em língua russa ou em língua chinesa. Ambas dispensam uso de artigo. E nós podemos nos comunicar sem usar nenhum artigo também, continuando inteligíveis. Usar artigo é hábito que temos por falarmos português. Faz parte de estruturas linguísticas que consideramos essenciais apenas porque nos acostumamos a elas. Mas, se analisarmos friamente, são dispensáveis.''

=Noun - Substantivo=

The noun is not inflected for gender or number. 

•	For some concepts we can have different words differing between genders, such as Father and Mother. These concepts are primitive (not derived from more fundamental ones).

•	Nevertheless, to differentiate between a male professor and a female professor with the use of inflexion is superfluous.  See English - it's just &quot;teacher&quot;.

•	Words for things do not need to have gender.  Table, house, moon, lake, sun, bank - don't need to be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

•	The genders should be neutral when they are not necessary for the topic.  An ending indicating gender is added for these.

O substantivo não se flexiona nem em gênero nem em número.

•	Para alguns conceitos podemos ter palavras diferentes diferindo entre gêneros, como Pai e Mãe. Esses conceitos são primitivos (no sentido de mais fundamentais).

•	No entanto, diferenciar entre professor e professora com o uso de flexão é supérfluo. Veja o inglês - é tudo &quot;teacher&quot;.

•	As coisas não precisam ter sexo. Mesa, casa, lua, lago, sol, banco - não precisam ser palavras masculinas, nem femininas e nem neutras.

•	Os gêneros devem ser neutros a não ser que eles sejam necessários para o assunto. Ai se coloca uma terminação indicativa de sexo.

=Adjective - Adjetivo=

Adjectives are invariable; in other words, they do not inflect for gender or number.

São invariáveis, ou seja, não se flexionam nem em gênero nem em número.


xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx translation until here xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

=Bibliografia=

Esperanto – www.lernu.org

IDO - www.idolinguo.com

Phonology - Designing an Artificial Language - Copyright © 1991, 1994, 1998 by Richard A. Morneau,  published in the September 1991 issue of the Linguica APA - http://www.eskimo.com/~ram/phonology.html
The Language Construction Kit - http://www.zompist.com/kit.html


=Phonology=
==Phonemes==
==Phonotactics==
(sequences of phonemes permitted)
=Syntax=
=Vocabulary=

Choose a radical for this meaning. Write your name or nickname next to it. This will be the first English-Esperanto2 dictionary.

Remember opost meanings don't need a new radical because there will be a prefix to opost meaning.

Ex: if good is bon, bad can be fusbon.

Go on! You can edit this site.

If you know a more international word for one that has already been chosen, put your choice next to the first one. It will be decided by vote.

A

• a = on (Avestrux)

• able = abil (Avestrux)

• about = circal (Avestrux)

• account = aconta (Avestrux)

• acid 

• across 

• act = acto (Avestrux)

• addition = adito (Avestrux)

• adjustment = ajustamento (Avestrux)

• advertisement = propaganda (Avestrux)

• agreement 

• after 

• again 

• against 

• air 

• all 

• almost 

• among 

• amount 

• amusement 

• and 

• angle 

• angry 

• animal 

• answer 

• ant 

• any 

• apparatus 

• apple 

• approval 

• arch 

• argument 

• arm 

• army 

• art 

• as 

• at 

• attack 

• attempt 

• attention 

• attraction 

• authority 

• automatic 

• awake


B

baby • back • bad • bag • balance • ball • band • base • basin • basket • bath • be • beautiful • because • bed • bee • before • behavior • belief • bell • bent • berry • between • bird • birth • bit • bite • bitter • black • blade • blood • blow • blue • board • boat • body • boiling • bone • book • boot • bottle • box • boy • brain • brake • branch • brass • bread • breath • brick • bridge • bright • broken • brother • brown • brush • bucket • building • bulb • burn • burst • business • but • butter • button • by

C

cake • camera • canvas • card • care • carriage • cart • cat • cause • certain • chain • chalk • chance • change • cheap • cheese • chemical • chest • chief • chin • church • circle • clean • clear • clock • cloth • cloud • coal • coat • cold • collar • color • comb • come • comfort • committee • common • company • comparison • competition • complete • complex • condition • connection • conscious • control • cook • copper • copy • cord • cork • cotton • cough • country • cover • cow • crack • credit • crime • cruel • crush • cry • cup • current • curtain • curve • cushion • cut

D

damage • danger • dark • daughter • day • dead • dear • death • debt • decision • deep • degree • delicate • dependent • design • desire • destruction • detail • development • different • digestion • direction • dirty • discovery • discussion • disease • disgust • distance • distribution • division • do • dog • door • down • doubt • drain • drawer • dress • drink • driving • drop • dry • dust

E

ear • early • earth • east • edge • education • effect • egg • elastic • electric • end • engine • enough • equal • error • even • event • ever • every • example • exchange • existence • expansion • experience • expert • eye

F

face • fact • fall • false • family • far • farm • fat • father • fear • feather • feeble • feeling • female • fertile • fiction • field • fight • finger • fire • first • fish • fixed • flag • flame • flat • flight • floor • flower • fly • fold • food • foolish • foot • for • force • fork • form • forward • fowl • frame • free • frequent • friend • from • front • fruit • full • future

G

garden • general • get • girl • give • glass • glove • go • goat • gold • good • government • grain • grass • great • green • grey/gray • grip • group • growth • guide • gun

H

hair • hammer • hand • hanging • happy • harbor • hard • harmony • hat • hate • have • he • head • healthy • hearing • heart • heat • help • here • high • history • hole • hollow • hook • hope • horn • horse • hospital • hour • house • how • humor

I

I • ice • idea • if • ill • important • impulse • in • increase • industry • ink • insect • instrument • insurance • interest • invention • iron • island

J

jelly • jewel • join • journey • judge • jump

K

keep • kettle • key • kick • kind • kiss • knee • knife • knot • knowledge

L

land • language • last • late • laugh • law • lead • leaf • learning • leather • left • leg • let • letter • level • library • lift • light • like • limit • line • linen • lip • liquid • list • little (less, least) • living • lock • long • look • loose • loss • loud • love • low

M

machine • make • male • man • manager • map • mark • market • married • match • material • mass • may • meal • measure • meat • medical • meeting • memory • metal • middle • military • milk • mind • mine • minute • mist • mixed • money • monkey • month • moon • morning • mother • motion • mountain • mouth • move • much (more, most) • muscle • music

N

nail • name • narrow • nation • natural • near • necessary • neck • need • needle • nerve • net • new • news • night • no • noise • normal • north • nose • not • note • now • number • nut

O

observation • of • off • offer • office • oil • old • on • only • open • operation • opposite • opinion • other • or • orange • order • organization • ornament • out • oven • over • owner

P

page • pain • paint • paper • parallel • parcel • part • past • paste • payment • peace • pen • pencil • person • physical • picture • pig • pin • pipe • place • plane • plant • plate • play • please • pleasure • plough/plow • pocket • point • poison • polish • political • poor • porter • position • possible • pot • potato • powder • power • present • price • print • prison • private • probable • process • produce • profit • property • prose • protest • public • pull • pump • punishment • purpose • push • put

Q

quality • question • quick • quiet • quite

R

rail • rain • range • rat • rate • ray • reaction • red • reading • ready • reason • receipt • record • regret • regular • relation • religion • representative • request • respect • responsible • rest • reward • rhythm • rice • right • ring • river • road • rod • roll • roof • room • root • rough • round • rub • rule • run

S

sad • safe • sail • salt • same • sand • say • scale • school • science • scissors • screw • sea • seat • second • secret • secretary • see • seed • selection • self • send • seem • sense • separate • serious • servant • sex • shade • shake • shame • sharp • sheep • shelf • ship • shirt • shock • shoe • short • shut • side • sign • silk • silver • simple • sister • size • skin • skirt • sky • sleep • slip • slope • slow • small • smash • smell • smile • smoke • smooth • snake • sneeze • snow • so • soap • society • sock • soft • solid • some • son • song • sort • sound • south • soup • space • spade • special • sponge • spoon • spring • square • stamp • stage • star • start • statement • station • steam • stem • steel • step • stick • still • stitch • stocking • stomach • stone • stop • store • story • strange • street • stretch • sticky • stiff • straight • strong • structure • substance • sugar • suggestion • summer • support • surprise • such • sudden • sun • sweet • swim • system

T

table • tail • take • talk • tall • taste • tax • teaching • tendency • test • than • that • the • then • theory • there • thick • thin • thing • this • thought • thread • throat • though • through • thumb • thunder • ticket • tight • tired • till • time • tin • to • toe • together • tomorrow • tongue • tooth • top • touch • town • trade • train • transport • tray • tree • trick • trousers • true • trouble • turn • twist

U

umbrella • under • unit • use • up

V

value • verse • very • vessel • view • violent • voice

W

walk • wall • waiting • war • warm • wash • waste • watch • water • wave • wax • way • weather • week • weight • well • west • wet • wheel • when • where • while • whip • whistle • white • who • why • wide • will • wind • window • wine • wing • winter • wire • wise • with • woman • wood • wool • word • work • worm • wound • writing • wrong

X

(none)

Y

year • yellow • yes • yesterday • you • young

Z

(none)


    * Derivative words considered to be part of the Esperanto V.2 850 list

Retrieved from &quot;http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_English_alphabetical_wordlist&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb texts (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>2207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46889</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Texts]] moved to [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Duzbaximu ==

This text can be seen in the original script on the [[Kijeb writing#The Duzbaximu inscription|Kijeb writing]] page.

For a grammar overview see the main [[Kijeb]] article.

(1)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''i'' || ''-myu'' || ''tata'' || ''giwri'' || ''Duzba-'' || ''ximu,''
|-
| this || -ADV || I || king || sun- || shield,
|-
|colspan=10| ''imyu tata giwri duzba-ximu, ''
|-
|colspan=10| &quot;Like this king Duzbaximu (Sun-shield),&quot;
|}
----
(2)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
|| ''giwri'' || ''Kudna'' || ''-ximu'' || ''-t'' || ''mrisu'' || ''-na,''
|-
|| king || peace || -shield || -DAT || son || -3.SG.MASC.POSS
|-
|colspan=6| ''giwri kudna-ximut mrisuna, ''
|-
|colspan=6| &quot;king Kudnaximu's (Peace-shield's) son,&quot;
|}
----
(3)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''fand'' || ''-i'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-ru:''
|-
| say || -IPF || -PRES || -1.SG. || -3.SG.INANIM.
|-
|colspan=5| ''fandintaru:''
|-
|colspan=5| &quot;I say:&quot;
|}
----
(4)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''kwizd(y)'' || ''-yu'' || ''kiba'' || ''-ta'' || ''-tyu''
|-
| twelve || -ORDINAL || year || -1.SG.POSS || -LOC
|-
|colspan=5| ''kwizdyu kibatatyu ''
|-
|colspan=5| &quot;in my twelfth year&quot;
|}
----
(5)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''i'' || ''-ŋu'' || ''natra'' || ''-yu'' || ''u'' || ''-ŋu'' || ''natra'' || ''-sya''
|-
| this || -ANIM.SG. || river || -ABL || that (far) || -ANIM.SG. || river || -ALL
|-
|colspan=8| ''iŋu natrayu uŋu natrasya''
|-
|colspan=8| &quot;from this river to yon river&quot;
|}
----
(6)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''giwri'' || ''un'' || ''-i'' || ''-r'' || ''-a'' || ''-dya''
|-
| king || be || -IPF || -PAST || -PTCP || -when (CNJ)
|-
|colspan=6| ''giwri uniradya,''
|-
|colspan=6| &quot;when I was king,&quot;
|}
----
(7)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''i'' || ''-ru'' || ''fidnya'' || ''-s'' || ''dyusf'' || ''-i'' || ''-r'' || ''-ta'' || ''-ru.''
|-
| this || -INANIM.SG || stone || -ACC || make || -IPF || -PAST || -1.SG || -3.SG.INANIM
|-
|colspan=9| ''iru fidnyas dyusfirtaru.''
|-
|colspan=9| &quot;I made this stone.&quot;
|}
----
(8)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''ifi'' || ''giwri'' || ''-t'' || ''nitpi'' || ''tyazgu'' || ''-na'' || ''-n'' || ''fidnya'' || ''-s''
|-
| and || king || -DAT || six || elephant || -3.SG.MASC.POSS || -PLUR || stone || -ACC
|-
|colspan=9| ''Ifi giwrit nitpi tyazgunan fidnyas''
|-
|colspan=9| &quot;And six of the king's elephants (the) stone&quot;
|}
----
(9)
{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;12&quot;
| ''gwispri'' || ''-t'' || ''stripu'' || ''-ru'' || ''-sya'' || ''gwird'' || ''-i'' || ''-r'' || ''-(ŋ)gu'' || ''-ru.''
|-
| mountain || -DAT || top || -3.SG.INANIM.POSS || -ALL || pull || -IPF || -PAST || -3.PL.ANIM || -3.SG.INANIM
|-
|colspan=10| ''gwisprit stripurusya gwirdirguru.''
|-
|colspan=10| &quot;to the mountain's top they pulled it.&quot;
|}


{|{Bordertable|#fff}}
|''Imyu tata giwri Duzba-ximu, giwri Kudna-ximut mrisuna, fandintaru: kwizdyu kibatatyu iŋu natrayu uŋu natrasya giwri uniradya, iru fidnyas dyusfirtaru. Ifi giwrit nitpi tyazgunan fidnyas gwisprit stripurusya gwirdirguru.''
||&quot;I king Duzbaximu, son of king Kudnaximu say this: In my twelfth year (as king), being king from this river to yon river I made this stone. And six of the king's elephants pulled the stone to the top of the mountain.&quot;
|}
[[Category:Kijeb]]
[[Category:Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune</title>
    <id>2208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46388</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Carune
|pronounce=/karune/
|tu=none
|species=Human
|in=Carune
|no=23 million
|script=Latin
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Italo-Western&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Italo-Dalmation&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Carune'''
|morph=inflecting, fusional
|ms=Accusative-Dative
|wo=SVO
|creator=Sectori
|date=December 2005}}

Carune was my first, pitiful attempt at a romlang. It has since seen two major revisions. This page reflects the most recent version of Carune starting at the top and moving down as I revise it.

==Phonology==
Carune has seven vowel phonemes and eighteen consonant phonemes.

===Vowels===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || e || || || || || || || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || e || || || || || || || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || gn || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || || || t || d || || || || || c(h) || g(h)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || || || s || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || z || || || || || || c(i) || g(i)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l || || || || gl
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

===Notes===
&lt;e&gt; is realized as [{{IPA|e}}] when it descends from Latin &lt;tt&gt;OE Ē I&lt;/tt&gt; and as [{{IPA|ɛ}}] when it descends from Latin &lt;tt&gt;AE E&lt;/tt&gt;. Stressed &lt;e&gt; is [{{IPA|ɛ}}]. &lt;o&gt; is realized as [{{IPA|o}}] when it descends from Latin &lt;tt&gt;AU Ō U&lt;/tt&gt; and as [{{IPA|ɔ}}] when it descends from Latin &lt;tt&gt;O&lt;/tt&gt;. Stressed &lt;o&gt; is [{{IPA|ɔ}}].

&lt;c&gt; is realized as [k] before &lt;a o u&gt;, and as [tʃ] before &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i e&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;g&gt; is realized as [g] before &lt;a o u&gt;, and as [dʒ] before &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i e&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;ch&gt; is always [k], and &lt;gh&gt; is always [g]. &lt;ci gi&gt; before &lt;a o u&gt; are realized as affricates without pronouncing &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Multiple vowels are usually realized as diphthongs.

===Stress===
Stress in Carune may be unmarked or marked. Marked stress is shown by a grave accent, e.g. '''parlarì''' [parlaˈri]. Unmarked stress falls as follows:

* If the word ends in a vowel or '''n''', stress falls on the penultimate syllable, e.g. '''parlare''' [parˈlare].
* Otherwise, stress falls on the ultimate syllable.

===Allophony===
There are three main allophonic variations that occur in spoken Carune:

* word-final /a/ is realized as [{{IPA|ǝ}}] in polysyllabic words where it is unstressed, e.g. '''vita''' &quot;life&quot; /ˈvita/ realized as [ˈvitǝ]
* intervocalic /s/ is often realized as [z], e.g. '''usare''' &quot;use&quot; /uˈsar{{IPA|ɛ}}/ realized as [uˈzar{{IPA|ɛ}}]
* intervocalic /ts/ is generally realized as [dz], e.g. '''sezi''' &quot;sixteen&quot; /s{{IPA|ɛ}}tsi/ realized as [s{{IPA|ɛ}}dzi]

It should also be noted that word-final -'''e''' often elides when unstressed, especially before a vowel.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Parseltongue</title>
    <id>2209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8382</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-11T10:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moving?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I must say that this is not the way Parseltongue is characterized in the ''Harry Potter'' books.  As far as I understood it, Parseltongue is a language consisting entirely of the kind of hisses snakes utter naturally, and not phonetically human-like.

--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 09:55, 10 April 2006 (PDT)

:Yes, that is pretty much exactly how it is depicted in the movies. So I don't think 'no known form' is entirely right.  Anyway, since the other language described on this page is ''not'' Parseltongue, it should probably be moved to [[Parseltongue-inspired]] or [[Fispa]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:57, 11 April 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parseltongue-inspired</title>
    <id>2210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49345</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T20:08:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Parseltongue-inspired (Fispa)|pronounce=ˈfispa:|tu=''Harry Potter'' world|species=Ophidic&lt;br/&gt;(snakes and snake-likes)|in=All over the HP world|no=''unknown''|script=''n.a.''|tree=Isolate|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene Oh]]|date=July 2005}}

The '''Parseltongue''' referred to in this article refers to '''Parseltongue-inspired''', a hypothetical form of [[J.K. Rowling]]'s [[Parseltongue]]. Because the tongue has no written form, the text samples appearing hereafter are in romanised form. This language is an inflecting accusative language with a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Being a language spoken by snakes and the like, Parseltongue, while having the complete basic plosive repertoire ({{IPA|[p]/[b] [t]/[d], [k]/[g]}}), is rich in sibilants and other fricatives, which occur at a far higher frequency. Plosives also assimilate frequently to neighbouring fricatives or sonorants. 

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left:50px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=13 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} || || {{IPA|tʃ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || {{IPA|ʍ}} || {{IPA|w}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Assimilation====

Due to the inherent tendency of snakes (and hence their human inheritors of Parsetongue) to fricativise sounds, plosives commonly assimilate to neighbouring continuants (including aspirate stops), even across word boundaries, except where plosives are geminate. Regressive assimilation is the most common, and changes of the following types have been observed:

*{{IPA|[p]}} + ''fricative'' = labialised fricative (''e.g.'' '''pf''' = '''f&lt;sup&gt;w&lt;/sup&gt;''') except /ps/ &gt; [ps]
*{{IPA|[b]}} + ''fricative'' = {{IPA|[v]}} + voiced fricative (''e.g.'' '''bth''' = '''vð''')
**Occasionally, complete assimilation occurs, e.g. '''vð''' becomes '''ðð'''.
*{{IPA|[t]}} + ''fricative'' = geminate fricative
*{{IPA|[d]}} + ''fricative'' = geminate voice fricative
*{{IPA|[k]}} + ''fricative'' = {{IPA|[x]}} + fricative = geminate fricative in certain cases

When followed by a {{IPA|[h]}}, whether or not separated by a vowel or diphthong, plosives are aspirated, eliding the {{IPA|[h]}}, and in some progressive dialects fricativise.

*E.g. {{IPA|[t]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = {{IPA|[tʰ]}} or {{IPA|[θ]}}

The velar plosives exhibit a slightly irregular pattern of fricativisation, and examples as illustrated below have been noted:

*{{IPA|[k/k]}} (i.e. across word boundaries) = {{IPA|[χ]}}
*{{IPA|[g]}} is frequently elided

With sonorants, devoicing frequently occurs before a fricative:

*{{IPA|[m]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''m'''''
*{{IPA|[r]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''r''''' or {{IPA|[hr]}}
*{{IPA|[l]}} + {{IPA|[h]}} = ''devoiced '''l''''' or {{IPA|[hl]}}
**{{IPA|[l]}} + ''fricative'' sometimes causes the {{IPA|[l]}} to vocalise to an {{IPA|[u]}}

Frequently, intervocalic {{IPA|[h]}} is elided.

In the construction of the past tense (''see also [[#Verbs|Verbs]] below''), assimilation takes place regularly with consonant-stem verbs. In the text example provided [[#Example passage|below]], the past tense of &quot;to like&quot; is ''hinneis''; the stem of the verb is actually ''hil-'', but with the adding of the past tense suffix ''-n-'', the ''-l-'' of the stem completely assimilates, resulting in a geminate ''nn''.

{{Seealso|#Diphthongs}}

===Vowels===

Parseltongue vowels are generally ''voiceless'', unless preceded or followed by a nasal({{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}}) or liquid ({{IPA|[r]}}, {{IPA|[l]}}). They also have phonemic length, but the distinction is not usually made as speakers generally lengthen and shorten vowels at will, or elide them; only lengthening is substantially common, however, given the tendency of Parseltongue speakers to speak slowly. Occasionally, when two identical vowels occur consecutively (which happens only when they are across a word boundary or when an intermediate consonant, usually {{IPA|[h]}}, has been elided), the resulting sound may be four times as long as normally due to such arbitrary lengthening.

====Monophthongs====

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left:50px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=9 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

The above table shows the phonemic vowels in Parseltongue. Among them, {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} have allophones of {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} respectively.

====Diphthongs====

Historically, Parseltongue had four diphthongs, {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[ei]}}, {{IPA|[ao]}} and {{IPA|[au]}}. In modern times, only {{IPA|[ai]}} has remained unchanged over the years, while {{IPA|[ei]}} has become {{IPA|[e:]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} has become {{IPA|[o:]}} and {{IPA|[ao]}} has taken the place of {{IPA|[au]}}, leaving only two.

Diphthongs, like monophthongs, can also be lengthened, albeit in their case only for the first component vowel. For example, when {{IPA|[ai]}} is so lengthened, the resulting sound combination (no longer a diphthong, but two separate syllables) is {{IPA|[a:.i]}}.

Arbitrary lengthening sometimes also alters the quality of Parseltongue diphthongs, when the next vowel (irrespective of whether there is an intervening consonant) is identical to the second component in the diphthong. E.g. ''arsiæ hinneis'' &quot;my sister liked&quot; {{IPA|[ar.si.ˈai ˈhin.ne:s]}} (two words) &gt; {{IPA|ar.si.ˈa:i ˈhi.ne:s]}} (two words) &gt; {{IPA|ar.si.ˈa:.hi.ne:s]}} (as though one word).

==Orthography==

===Alphabet===

Parseltongue, having no native script, is romanised with English consonants and Italian vowels.

Vowels that cannot be reduced or elided are marked with an acute accent ( ́), while stress is normally unmarked. In the rare cases where a vowel is prohibited from arbitrary lengthening, a breve is used to mark the vowel.

The full alphabet of 22 letters used to romanise Parseltongue is as follows (sounds in IPA):

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! Letter || Sound || Letter || Sound || Digraph || Sound 
|-
| Aa || {{IPA|a}} || Mm || {{IPA|m}} || Ai || {{IPA|ai}}  
|-
| Ææ || {{IPA|ai}} || Nn || {{IPA|n}} || Ao || {{IPA|au}} 
|-
| Bb || {{IPA|b}} || Oo || {{IPA|o}} || Au || {{IPA|o:}} 
|-
| Dd || {{IPA|d}} || Pp || {{IPA|p}} || Br{{footnote|2}} || {{IPA|bɯr}} 
|-
| Ee || {{IPA|e}} || Rr || {{IPA|r}} || Ch || {{IPA|tʃ}} 
|-
| Ff || {{IPA|f}} || Ss || {{IPA|s}} || Ei || {{IPA|e:}} 
|-
| Gg || {{IPA|g}} || Tt || {{IPA|t}} || Hw || {{IPA|ʍ}} 
|-
| Hh || {{IPA|h}} || Uu || {{IPA|u}} || Sh || {{IPA|ʃ}} 
|-
| Ii || {{IPA|i}} || Vv || {{IPA|v}} || Ts || {{IPA|ts}} 
|-
| Kk || {{IPA|k}} || Ww || {{IPA|w}} 
|-
| Ll || {{IPA|l}} || Yy{{footnote|1}} || {{IPA|ɯ}} 
|}
{{footnote|1}} If, when {{IPA|[ɯ]}} elides in everyday speech, the preceding plosive is immediately followed by a fricative, assimilation takes place. When voiced plosives are followed by {{IPA|[h]}}, they are aspirated, e.g. ''dy hí'' &quot;and who-ACC&quot; {{IPA|[dɯhi]}} &gt; {{IPA|[dhi]}} &gt; {{IPA|[dʰi]}}.

{{footnote|2}} Historic {{IPA|[r̩]}} unpacked itself to become {{IPA|[ɯr]}}. When followed by a vowel, {{IPA|[ɯ]}} elides and the digraph becomes the consonant cluster {{IPA|[br]}}.

===History===

::''A fictional history involving J. K. Rowling's magical world in the'' Harry Potter ''series''

Romanisation of Parseltongue for writing was first done by English wizards in the 17th century, by the principle of having, as far as possible, one letter to one sound without using letters outside the basic Roman alphabet or extraneous diacritics. There is one odd extra letter, &amp;lt;æ&amp;gt;, adopted from the Icelandic alphabet, to represent the diphthong {{IPA|[ai]}}, but only where it denotes the first person genitive case (e.g. ''arsi'', sister; ''arsiæ'', my sister), the first-person verb ending (''-æ''), or the third-person masculine one (''-æs''). Besides the logically understandable diphthongs, digraphs are historically explicable:

*'''ch''' and '''sh''' were written as in English
*'''ts''' was adopted from romanisation of Greek and Russian

==Grammar==

===Word order===

Basic Parseltongue word order is [[Subject Object Verb]], i.e. ''Sam eats oranges'' would be, literally translated, &quot;Sam oranges eats&quot;, although, unlike most SOV languages, it makes use of pre- instead of postpositions.

Modifiers, including genitives, precede head nouns and verbs; more generally, subordinate clauses precede the particles that mark them, e.g. where English would have ''I thought that he was dead'' Parseltongue would say ''he was-dead that I-thought''. In that same vein, verbs precede their auxiliaries, going by the logic that, for example, the progressive verb &quot;is driving&quot; is a type of progressive aspect ('' to be -ing'') instead of a type of driving, since the verb inflection behaves according to the auxiliary.

===Nouns===

Parseltongue does not mark nouns for gender or number, and, consequently, neither do adjectives, although the historical loss of such inflection has not occurred with pronouns, which survive in fossilised forms today, much as in English ''(see [[#Pronouns]] below)''. Inflection does survive in the case system, however, albeit barely, distinguishing the common, genitive and ablative cases (these latter also undergoing attrition). As with gender and number distinctions, pronouns have fossilised other once-marked cases like the dative (though not the locative) and the accusative.

====Declension====

Historically, Parseltongue had three noun declension systems for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, each of which exhibited a fair degree of variation depending on the ending of the noun stem, through processes such as assimilation to achieve homophony. Later systematic analogical readjustments and phonetic attrition, however, served to level out the differences between the various case endings within genders (including the plural), spreading across genders as well. This resulted in the gradual fudging of the boundaries between different gender categories, culminating in their eventual loss, and the stabilisation of the one remaining declension paradigm today.

=====Common case=====

The common case is used, with the appropriate particles or prepositions in Parseltongue for the nominative, accusative, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative cases (the surviving genitive and ablative cases are discussed below), and is the basic form of the noun. 

=====Genitive case=====

The genitive case marker, originally ''-VtV'', where ''V'' stands for a vowel homophonous in rounding and height with the last or predominant vowel in the stem, has gradually simplified to the near-clitic case marker ''-ti'' widespread today (ignoring subsequent phonological processes that change the ending further). 

=====Ablative case=====

The ablative case has survived in its original form (''-igo'' or ''-ego'' depending on the height of the stem's dominant or last vowel) due to the analogy with the ablative case in the pronouns, although the general tendency is, now, to standardise both to ''-ego''. Besides being used for expressing movement away from and relation to (like the english words &quot;concerning&quot; or &quot;about&quot;), the ablative is also used to mark the standard of comparison with comparative adjectives: &quot;him&quot; in ''taller than him'' is marked ablatively ''(see also [[#Comparative adjectives]] below).

====Pronouns====

=====Personal pronouns=====

As in English, gender in pronouns is only marked with the third-person, but unlike it Parseltongue marks the third-person plural as well, and compounds the gender endings to indicate that a group consists of more than one gender.

(pronoun paradigm here)

=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====

The demonstrative and relative pronouns in Parseltongue are relatively simply constructed, inflecting for only 2 cases each, possibly due to the fact that the demonstratives are omitted in most cases where they are concomitant with the noun to which they refer, and the relatives (a relatively modern invention through contact with English, an SVO language) can be omitted as well by placing the modifying verbs before them (e.g. ''shēsin takím arsiæ hinneis'' &quot;that-one whom my-sister liked&quot; is usually said as ''arsiæ hinneis shēsin'' in the mould of other SOV languages.

&lt;br/&gt;

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;&quot;
!colspan=3| Demonstrative Pronouns
|-
!style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot; colspan=2| English ||style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot;| Parseltongue 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| This ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| com.{{footnote|1}} ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Tasin
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| abl.{{footnote|2}} ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Tadego
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| That ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| com. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Shēsin
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| abl. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Shedego
|}

&lt;br/&gt;

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;&quot;
!colspan=3| Relative Pronouns{{footnote|3}}
|-
!style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot; colspan=2| English ||style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot;| Parseltongue 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| Who ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom.{{footnote|4}} ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Takēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc.{{footnote|5}} ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Takím
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| Which ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Nadēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Nadím
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| When ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hásēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hásim
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| Where ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Húdēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Húdim
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| Whose ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hidēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hidím
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2| How ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| nom. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Horēm
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| acc. ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hórim
|}

{{footnote|1}} Common case&lt;br/&gt;
{{footnote|2}} Ablative case&lt;br/&gt;
{{footnote|3}} Relative pronouns, with the exceptions of ''who'' and ''which'', are formed directly from the corresponding interrogatives.&lt;br/&gt;
{{footnote|4}} Nominative case&lt;br/&gt;
{{footnote|5}} Accusative case

&lt;br/&gt;

=====Interrogative pronouns=====

The interrogative pronouns are distinct from the relative pronouns, unlike in English, and, because of their nature as being only interrogative, are invariable. All Parseltongue interrogatives begin with a ''h'' (which in certain dialects has undergone regular fortition to {{IPA|[s]}}).

&lt;br/&gt;

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%;&quot;
!style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot;| Parseltongue ||style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 50%&quot;| English
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hí ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Who
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hē ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| What
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hás ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| When
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hán ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Why
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hút ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Where
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hití ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Whose
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Hór ||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| How
|}

===Adjectives &amp; adverbs===

Adjectives in Parseltongue are not distinctly marked, but a large number end in ''-t-'' plus a vowel, being descended from earlier genitive constructions. E.g. &quot;a green apple&quot; would literally be translated as &quot;an apple of green&quot;, or ''epsa marhata'' {{IPA|['e:psa: ma'r̥a:ta]}}. Adjectives can be placed either before or after the noun they modify without changing the meaning of the phrase.

Similarly, there is no distinctive marking for adverbs, and no restriction on their syntax. Adverbs formed from adjectives generally are identical to the original adjective.

===Verbs===

Parseltongue verbs are marked for the imperative mood, present and past tenses and a progressive aspect. The future tense, conditional mood and perfect aspect are expressed through periphrasis. All tenses, aspects and moods (TAM) are marked independently, i.e. if a verb is marked for progressive aspect it will not take tense markers, and vice versa. Context will generally provide clues as to which is meant.

For each aspect, mood and tense, Parseltongue distinguishes morphologically the 1st person singular and plural, 2nd person singular and plural, as well as 3rd person masculine singular, 3rd person feminine singular and 3rd person plural. These person-markers are appended after the appropriate TAM markers in an agglutinative fashion.

The verb ''psas'' &quot;to stop&quot; is conjugated below as an example.

*'''Present tense:''' ''psæ'', ''psaú'', ''psas'', ''psais''; ''psātha'', ''psāhe'', ''psāna''&lt;br&gt;for ''I stop, thou stoppest, he stops, she stops; we stop, you stop, they stop&quot;
*'''Past tense:''' ''psanæ'', ''psanú'', ''psanas'', ''psanais''; ''psanātha'', ''psanāhe'', ''psanāna''
*'''Progressive aspect:''' ''psāræ'', ''psārú'', ''psāras'', ''psārais''; ''psārātha'', ''psārāhe'', ''psārāna''
*'''Imperative:''' ''psā!''

*'''Future tense:''' ''am psæ'', etc.
*'''Conditional mood:''' ''lehau psæ'' [l̥eo: psa:i], etc.
*'''Perfect aspect:''' ''psalos hetæ'', etc.

====Irregular verbs====

There are very few irregular verbs in Parseltongue, the most commonly used of which are ''fāna'' &quot;to be&quot; and ''kāna'' &quot;to live&quot;. Their conjugations are as follows:

'''Fāna'''

*'''Present tense:''' ''fi'', ''fú'', ''fia'', ''fais''; ''fitha'', ''fahe'', ''fāna''&lt;br&gt;for ''I am, thou art, he is, she is; we are, you are, they are&quot;
*'''Past tense:''' ''fani'', ''fanú'', ''fania'', ''fanais''; ''fanātha'', ''fanāhe'', ''fanāna''
*'''Progressive aspect:''' ''fiæ'', ''fiú'', ''fias'', ''fiais''; ''fiātha'', ''fiāhe'', ''fiāna''
*'''Imperative:''' ''fē!''

*'''Future tense:''' ''am fi'', etc.
*'''Conditional mood:''' ''lehau fi'' [l̥eo: fi:], etc.
*'''Perfect aspect:''' ''falos hetæ'', etc.

'''Kāna'''

*'''Present tense:''' ''kæ'', ''kú'', ''kæs'', ''kais''; ''kātha'', ''kāhe'', ''kānæ''&lt;br&gt;for ''I stop, thou stoppest, he stops, she stops; we stop, you stop, they stop&quot;
*'''Past tense:''' ''kanæ'', ''kanú'', ''kanæs'', ''kanais''; ''kanātha'', ''kanāhe'', ''ksanānæ''
*'''Progressive aspect:''' ''kiæ'', ''kiú'', ''kiæs'', ''kiais''; ''kiātha'', ''kiāhe'', ''kiānæ''
*'''Imperative:''' ''kā!''

*'''Future tense:''' ''am kæ'', etc.
*'''Conditional mood:''' ''lehau kæ'' [l̥eo: ka:i], etc.
*'''Perfect aspect:''' ''kalos hetæ'', etc.

==Example passage==

The following example passage of Parseltongue is a translation of the Parseltongue dialogue between Tom Marvolo Riddle and Morfin, recorded in English in ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', pp.341-2:

{|style=&quot;background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%;&quot;
!style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 35%&quot;| English ||style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 35%&quot;| Parseltongue ||style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; width: 30%&quot;| Phonetic transcription
|-
|style=&quot;padding-right: 8px;&quot;| “Stop.”

“You speak it?”

“Yes, I speak it. Where is Marvolo?”

“Dead. Died years ago, didn’t he?”

“Who are you, then?”

“I’m Morfin, ain’t I?”

“Marvolo’s son?”

“’Course I am, then… I thought you was that Muggle. You look mighty like that Muggle.”

“What Muggle?”

“That Muggle what my sister took a fancy to, that Muggle what lives in the big house over the way. You look right like him. Riddle. But he’s older now, i’n ’e? He’s older’n you, now I think on it… He come back, see.”

“Riddle came back?”

“Ar, he left her, and serve her right, marrying filth! Robbed us, mind, before she ran off! Where’s the locket, eh, where’s Slytherin’s locket? Dishonoured us, she did, that little slut! And who’re you, coming here and asking questions about all that? It’s over, innit… it’s over…”
|style=&quot;padding-left: 8px;&quot; valign=top| “Psā!”

“Efe iska?”

“Sā, skæ. Hút fis Marvolo?”

“Tæn. Suōs tænas, au?”

“Simī hí fú?”

“Dē Morfin, au?”

“Tuva Marvolī ?”

“Sasōl, ebei? Shēsin Muggle saum hwinæ. Tōr shēsin Muggle harisa.”

“Hē Muggle?”

“Shēsin takím arsiæ hinneis, shēsin Muggle takēm zi aotī heis pi kæs. Me fua harisa. Riddle. E na kalpa fis, au? Kalpava dēgo, na orilæ. Attas, o.”

&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;“Riddle attanas?”

“Ar, ī stanas, chāsa, spak kastú! Orrē eisnais, ēhī, pabr ītnais! Hút for hívulo, i? Hút for Slǐstrikti hívulo? Orrē aswafanais, paifā! Dy hí fú, bes lālú, mespārú tso hāsla? Pēlos, au, pēlos...”

|valign=top| {{IPA|psa:!}}

{{IPA|efˈfi:ska:?}}

{{IPA|ˈsa:ska:i. ˈhu:ffis marˈvo:lo?}}

{{IPA|ˈta:in. swo:s ˈta:inaza:u}}?

{{IPA|ˈsim̥i:fu:?}}

{{IPA|de: ˈmo:rvina:u?}}

{{IPA|ˈtu:va marˈvo:li:?}}

{{IPA|sa:ˈso: leˈbe:? ˈʃe:sim ˈmʌgl̥ ˈsɔmʍina:i. to:r ˌʃe:siˌmʌgl̥aˈri:sa.}}

{{IPA|ˈhe:mʌgl̥?}}

{{IPA|ˈʃe:sin ˌtakimarsiˈa:hine:s, ˌʃe:siˈmʌgl̥ takɛmziˈauti: ˈhe:spika:is. mefua:::ˈri:sa. ˈɹɪdl. enaˈka:lpafizza:u? kalˌpa:vaˈde:go:, ˈnaurila:i. ˈattazo:.}}

&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{IPA|ˈɹɪdl ˈa:ttana:s?}}

{{IPA|ˈa:r i:staˈna:s, ˈtʃa:sa, spaˈka:stu! oˈre::sna:is, e:i:, pa:ˈbri:tna:is! ˈhu:ffo ˈr̥i:vuli:? ˈhu:ffor slistrikˈtʰi:vulo:? oˈre: asˈwa:fna:is, ˈpʰa:ifa:! ˈdʰi:fu:, bɛsˈla:lu, mɛsˈpa:rutso: ˈha:sla:? ˈpe:loza:u, ˈpe:los...}}

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fispa</title>
    <id>2211</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8389</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-12T10:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Parseltongue-inspired]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hesperic</title>
    <id>2212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59127</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-30T14:33:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Hesperic hypothesis */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hesperic''' is a language family proposed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]], who speculates that some geographical names of central and western Europe, most notably, the [[Old European hydronymy]], come from a group of languages related to, but not part of, the  [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family.  Both families, and perhaps a few others, form the larger [[Europic]] language family.

==The Hesperic hypothesis==

The idea behind the Hesperic hypothesis is that the spread of agriculture in Neolithic central Europe was connected with the spread of a language family related to [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]].  Most archaeologists assume that the spread of agriculture in Central Europe was ''demic'', i. e. connected with substantial migrations of farming people into areas previously occupied by hunter-gatherer populations which were absorbed into the new society.  This would also mean that new languages arrived in the area.  The Proto-Hesperic language would have been the language of the [[Wikipedia:Linear Pottery culture|Linear Pottery culture]].

===A Black Sea Flood?===

A controversial matter among geologists and archaeologists is the '[[Wikipedia:Black Sea deluge theory|Black Sea Flood]]', which according to Walter Pitman and William Ryan happened about 8,000 years ago when the rising ocean reached the level of the Bosporus strait and the Black Sea, formerly a freshwater lake, became connected to the Mediterranean Sea.  If this flood happened, [[Europic|Proto-Europic]], the common ancestor of Indo-European, Hesperic and [[Danubian]], could have been spoken in some of the area inundated in this event.

===The Starčevo culture===

The [[Wikipedia:Starčevo culture|Starčevo culture]] of the Balkan peninsula may have been the people who spoke [[Europic|Proto-Europic]] about 8,000 years ago.  This was one of the first Neolithic cultures of Europe; from there, the Neolithic cultural package spread northwest into Central Europe and northeast into the Pontic steppe.

===The Linear Pottery, Funnel Beaker and Bell Beaker cultures===

The first Neolithic farmers of central Europe, the [[Wikipedia:Linear Pottery culture|Linear Pottery culture]], would have been the first speakers of Hesperic languages.  They occupied an area which stretched from eastern France to western Ukraine.  The [[Wikipedia:Funnel Beaker culture|Funnel Beaker]] and [[Wikipedia:Beaker culture|Bell Beaker]] cultures are Late Neolithic cultures which probably emerged from the Linear Pottery culture, spreading into southern Scandinavia and western Europe, respectively.
The Bell Beaker culture would spread Hesperic languages to the western France, the British Isles, the Iberian peninsula and Italy.  It is likely that the displacement of the Mesolithic languages was not complete but some of those languages survived.  (At any rate, [[Basque]] and probably also [[Wikipedia:Etruscan language|Etruscan]] are not Hesperic.)

===The demise of the Hesperic family===

The Hesperic family reached its climax in the Early Bronze Age, when Hesperic languages were spoken in an area encompassing most of western and central Europe - about 2.5 million square kilometres inhabited by perhaps 5 million people (at that time a great number) - making Hesperic one of the great language families of Earth.  Then, it was gradually obliterated by [[Indo-European languages]] which moved into central Europe from the east.  By the year 500 BC, the whole formerly Hesperic-speaking area was occupied by Indo-European languages, though some isolated pockets of Hesperic languages may have survived longer, but eventually disappeared as well.

==The structure of Proto-Hesperic==

Little can be said about the structure of Proto-Hesperic.  The vocalism of the [[Old European hydronymy]] seems to indicate that Proto-Hesperic had three vowels - */a/, */i/ and */u/, of which */a/ was the most frequent.  This is likely to be a continuation of the Proto-Europic state of affairs, as such a system appears to have been in place in the pre-ablaut stage of PIE.  The consonant inventory may have been like that of PIE as reconstructed by the [[Wikipedia:Glottalic theory|glottalic theory]], but the glottalized stops probably already had lost their glottalization, with the voiceless unglottalized stops being aspirated.

Even less can be said about the morphosyntactic structure of Proto-Hesperic; if, as appears likely from [[Wikipedia:Internal reconstruction|internal reconstruction]] in PIE, Proto-Europic was an [[Wikipedia:Active–stative language|active-stative language]], Proto-Hesperic could have been such a language as well, but that is uncertain - after all, PIE ''did'' change into an [[Wikipedia:Nominative–accusative language|accusative language]].

==Hesperic conlangs==

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Hesperic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Europe
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||'''Hesperic'''
:[[Albic]]
:further languages on the continent
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||varies
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||varies
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||varies 
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] || 2000-
|}

[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]'s interest in the Hesperic family has a second side: he speculatively re-creates some of these languages in the framework of the [[League of Lost Languages]], expanding upon the meagre evidence we have at our disposal, as conlangs.  So far, he concentrates on the [[Albic]] languages, a branch of Hesperic spoken in the British Isles by the [[British Elves]], who form a branch of the Bell Beaker culture.

[[Category:Historical linguistics]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Local cases</title>
    <id>2213</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20319</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-19T12:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Merged into page [[Labels for local cases]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Labels for local cases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mood</title>
    <id>2215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51492</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T17:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>very stub</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{stub}}
[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:BoArthur</title>
    <id>2217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8407</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-15T05:15:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BoArthur</username>
        <id>172</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A member of [http://ib.frath.net/ Ill Bethisad Wiki] I thought I'd join the FrathWiki as well...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Naming conventions</title>
    <id>2218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8409</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-15T13:31:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I like this...the convention we follow on the Althistory wiki is to label them like: 

:Mars
:Mars (Red Mars Trilogy)
:Mars (Kurt Vonnegut)

maybe something like that?  We could then make that similar, thus,

:Mylshaemilür
:Mylshaemilür (Grammar)
:Mylshaemilür (Vocabulary)

Comments? [[User:BoArthur|BoArthur]] 22:18, 14 April 2006 (PDT)

:That is probably better, to use the wiki software's built-in features about parentheses (the &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;xx (yy)|]] link).  At least, for things like [[Mars (Kurt Vonnegut)]].  But, I am not sure that [[Mylshaemilür (Grammar)]] is in the same spirit. On Wikipedia subtopics like that get ordinary names ([[Spanish grammar]], [[History of Chile]]) which seems to make for more natural linking.  Not sure. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:31, 15 April 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/alphabetically</title>
    <id>2219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32106</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-31T13:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Defining Vocabulary */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Defining Vocabulary   ==

# a
# ability
# about
# above AvP
# abroad
# absence
# absent A
# accept
# acceptable
# accident
# accordance
# according
# according to
# account
# ache
# acid
# across
# act
# action N
# active A
# activity
# actor
# actress
# actual
# add
# addition
# address
# adjective
# admiration
# admire
# admit
# admittance
# adult
# advance NV
# advantage
# adventure N
# adverb
# advertise
# advertisement
# advice
# advise
# affair
# afford
# afraid
# after AvCP
# afternoon
# afterwards
# again
# against
# age N
# ago
# agree
# agreement
# ahead
# aim
# air N
# aircraft
# airforce
# airport
# alcohol
# alike
# alive
# all AvDPdPn
# allow
# almost
# alone
# along
# aloud
# alphabet
# already
# also
# although
# altogether Av
# always
# among
# amount N
# amuse
# amusement
# amusing A
# an
# ancient A
# and
# anger N
# angle N
# angry
# animal
# ankle
# annoy
# annoyance
# another
# answer
# ant
# anxiety
# anxious
# any
# anyhow
# anyone
# anything
# anywhere
# apart
# apparatus
# appear
# appearance
# apple
# appoint
# approval
# approve
# arch N
# area
# argue
# argument
# arm
# armor N
# arms
# army
# around
# arrange
# arrangement
# arrival
# arrive
# art
# article
# artificial
# as
# ash
# ashamed
# aside Av
# ask
# asleep
# association
# at
# atom
# attack
# attempt
# attend
# attendance
# attention
# attract
# attractive
# aunt
# autumn
# average AN
# avoid
# awake A
# away Av
# awkward
# baby
# back AAvN
# background
# backward Av
# backwards Av
# bacteria
# bad A
# bag N
# bake
# balance
# ball N
# banana
# band N
# bank N
# bar NV
# bare A
# barrel
# base NV
# basket
# bath N
# bathe V
# battle N
# be
# beak
# beam N
# bean
# bear
# beard N
# beat
# NV
# beautiful
# beauty
# because
# become
# bed N
# bee
# beer
# before
# beg
# begin
# beginning
# behave
# behavior
# behind AvP
# belief
# believe
# bell
# belong
# below
# AvP
# belt N
# bend
# beneath
# berry
# beside
# besides
# best AAvN
# better AAv
# between
# beyond AvP
# bicycle N
# big A
# bill N
# bind V
# bird
# birth
# birthday
# bit
# bite
# bitter A
# black AN
# blade
# blame
# bleed
# bless
# blind
# block
# blood
# N
# blow
# blue
# board N
# boat N
# body
# boil V
# bomb
# bone N
# book N
# boot N
# border
# born
# borrow
# both
# bottle N
# bottom N
# bowels
# bowl
# box
# boy
# brain N
# branch
# brass
# brave A
# bread
# breadth
# break V
# breakfast N
# breast N
# breath
# breathe
# breed
# brick N
# bridge N
# bright A
# bring
# broad A
# broadcast
# brother
# brown AN
# brush
# bucket N
# build V
# building
# bullet
# bunch N
# burial
# burn
# burst
# bury
# bus N
# bush N
# business
# busy
# but C
# butter N
# button N
# buy V
# by
# cage N
# cake N
# calculate
# calculator
# call
# calm A
# camera
# camp NV
# can
# NV
# candle
# cap N
# capital N
# captain N
# car
# card N
# cardboard
# care
# careful
# careless
# carriage
# carry
# cart N
# case N
# castle N
# cat
# catch V
# cattle
# cause
# cell
# cement N
# cent
# center N
# centimeter
# central
# century
# ceremony
# certain AD
# chain
# chair N
# chairperson
# chalk N
# chance N
# change
# character
# charge
# charm
# chase V
# cheap
# cheat
# check [cheque]
# cheek N
# cheer
# cheerful
# cheese
# chemical
# chemistry
# chest
# chicken N
# chief
# child
# childhood
# children
# chimney
# chin
# chocolate
# choice N
# choose
# church N
# cigarette
# cinema
# circle N
# circular A
# citizen
# city
# civilization
# claim
# class N
# clay
# clean AV
# clear AV
# clerk
# clever
# cliff
# climb V
# clock N
# clockwork
# close AAvV
# cloth
# clothes
# clothing
# cloud N
# club N
# coal
# coast N
# coat N
# coffee
# coin N
# cold
# collar N
# collect V
# college
# color
# comb
# combination
# combine V
# come
# comfort
# comfortable
# command
# committee
# common A
# companion
# company
# compare V
# comparison
# compete
# competition
# competitor
# complain
# complaint
# complete
# compound N
# computer
# concern V
# concerning
# concert
# condition N
# confidence
# confident
# confuse
# connect
# conscience
# conscious
# consider
# consist
# consonant N
# contain
# contents N
# continue
# continuous
# contract N
# control
# convenient
# conversation
# cook
# cool A
# copper
# copy
# cord N
# corn
# corner N
# correct A
# cost
# cotton
# cough
# could
# council
# count V
# country N
# courage
# course N
# court N
# cover
# cow N
# coward
# cowardly
# crack NV
# crash NV
# cream N
# creature
# creep V
# cricket
# crime
# criminal
# crop N
# cross NV
# crowd N
# cruel
# cruelty
# crush V
# cry
# cultivate
# cup N
# cupboard
# cure
# curl
# current
# curse
# curtain
# curve
# custom N
# customer
# cut
# cycle V
# daily AAv
# damage
# dance
# danger
# dangerous
# dare V
# daring
# dark
# date N
# daughter
# day
# dead A
# deal
# dear A
# death
# debt
# decay
# deceit
# deceive
# decide
# decimal
# decision
# declaration
# declare
# decorate
# decoration
# decrease
# deep A
# deer
# defeat
# defend
# defense
# degree
# delay
# delicate
# delight
# deliver
# demand
# department
# depend
# dependent
# depth
# descend
# describe
# description
# descriptive
# desert N
# deserve
# desirable
# desire
# desk
# destroy
# destruction
# detail N
# determination
# determined
# develop
# devil N
# diamond
# dictionary
# die V
# difference
# different
# difficult
# difficulty
# dig V
# dinner
# dip V
# direct
# direction
# dirt
# dirty A
# disappoint
# discourage
# discouragement
# discover
# discovery
# dish N
# dismiss
# distance N
# distant
# ditch N
# divide V
# division
# do V
# doctor N
# dog N
# dollar
# door
# doorway
# dot N
# double AAvPdV
# doubt
# down AAvP
# drag V
# draw V
# drawer
# dream
# dress NV
# drink
# drive V
# drop
# drown
# drug N
# drum N
# drunk
# dry
# duck
# N
# dull A
# during
# dust N
# duty
# each
# eager
# ear
# early
# earn
# earth N
# east
# eastern
# easy
# eat
# edge N
# educate
# education
# effect N
# effective
# effort
# egg
# N
# eight
# eighth
# either
# elastic
# elbow N
# elect V
# election
# electric
# electricity
# elephant
# else
# employ V
# employer
# employment
# empty AV
# enclose
# enclosure
# encourage
# encouragement
# end
# enemy
# engine
# engineer N
# English
# enjoy
# enjoyment
# enough
# enter
# entertain
# entertainment
# entrance N
# envelope
# equal ANV
# equality
# escape
# especially
# establish
# establishment
# even AAv
# evening
# event
# ever
# every
# everyone
# everything
# everywhere
# evil
# exact A
# examination
# examine
# example
# excellent
# except CP
# exchange
# excite
# excited
# exciting
# excuse
# exercise
# exist
# existence
# expect
# expensive
# experience
# explain
# explanation
# explode
# explosion
# explosive
# express V
# expression
# extreme
# eye
# eyelid
# face
# fact
# factory
# fail V
# failure
# faint AV
# fair A
# fairy
# faith
# faithful A
# fall
# false A
# fame
# familiar A
# family
# famous
# fancy
# A
# far
# farm
# farmer
# farmyard
# fashion N
# fashionable
# fast AAv
# fasten
# fat
# fate
# father N
# fault
# favor N
# favorable
# favorite A
# fear
# feather N
# feed V
# feel V
# feeling
# feelings
# fellow N
# female
# fence N
# fever
# few
# field N
# fierce
# fifth
# fight
# figure N
# fill V
# film
# find V
# fine A
# finger N
# finish
# fire
# fireplace
# firm AN
# first AvD
# fish
# fisherman
# fit AV
# five
# fix V
# flag
# N
# flame
# flash NV
# flat
# flesh
# flight
# float V
# flood
# floor N
# flour
# flow
# flower N
# fly NV
# fold
# follow
# fond
# food
# fool N
# foolish
# foot N
# football
# footpath
# footstep
# for P
# forbid
# force
# forehead
# foreign
# foreigner
# forest
# forget
# forgive
# fork N
# form
# formal
# former
# formerly
# fort
# fortunate
# fortune
# forward Av
# forwards Av
# four
# fourth
# fox N
# frame N
# free
# freedom
# freeze V
# frequent A
# fresh
# friend
# friendly
# frighten
# frightening
# from
# front AN
# fruit N
# fulfill
# full A
# fun
# funeral
# funny
# fur N
# furnish
# furniture
# further AAv
# future
# gain V
# game N
# garage N
# garden
# garment
# gas
# N
# gasoline [petrol]
# gate N
# gather V
# general
# generous
# gentle
# gentleman
# get
# gift
# girl
# give V
# glad
# glass AN
# glory N
# glue
# go V
# goat
# god
# God
# gold
# golden
# good
# good-bye
# goods
# govern
# government
# grace
# graceful
# gradual
# grain
# gram
# grammar
# grand A
# grandfather
# grandmother
# grass N
# grateful
# grave N
# gray AN
# great
# green
# greet
# greeting
# grief
# grieve
# ground
# N
# group N
# grow
# growth
# guard
# guess
# guest
# guidance
# guide
# guilt
# gun N
# habit
# habitual
# hair
# hairy
# half
# hall
# hammer N
# hand
# handkerchief
# handle
# hang V
# happen V
# happy
# hard
# harden
# hardly
# hardship
# harm
# harmful
# harmless
# hasty
# hat
# hate V
# hatred
# have
# he
# head AN
# health
# healthy
# hear
# heart
# heat
# heaven
# heavy A
# heel
# height
# help
# helpful
# hen
# her
# here
# hers
# herself
# hide V
# high AAv
# hill
# him
# himself
# hire
# his
# historical
# history
# hit
# hold
# holiday
# hollow A
# holy
# home AvN
# honest
# honesty
# honor N
# honorable
# hook N
# hope
# hopeful
# hopeless
# horizon
# horn
# horse N
# hospital
# host N
# hot A
# hotel
# hour
# hourly
# house N
# how Av
# human
# humor
# humorous
# hundred
# hundredth
# hunger N
# hungry
# hunt V
# hurry
# hurt V
# husband N
# hut
# I
# ice N
# icy
# idea
# if
# ill A
# image
# imaginary
# imagination
# imagine
# importance
# important
# improve
# improvement
# in AvP
# include
# including
# income
# increase
# indoor
# indoors
# industrial
# industry
# infect
# infection
# infectious
# influence
# influential
# inform
# information
# ink N
# inner
# inquire
# inquiry
# insect
# inside
# instead
# instruct
# instruction
# instrument
# insurance
# insure
# intend
# intention
# interest
# interesting
# international A
# interrupt
# interruption
# into
# introduce
# introduction
# invent
# invention
# invitation
# invite
# inwards
# iron AN
# island
# it Pn
# its
# itself
# jaw N
# jealous
# jealousy
# jelly
# jewel
# jewelry
# job
# join
# joint
# joke
# journey N
# joy
# judge
# judgment
# juice
# jump
# just
# justice
# keen
# keep V
# key N
# kick
# kill V
# kilo
# kilogram
# kilometer
# kind
# king
# kingdom
# kiss
# kitchen
# knee N
# kneel
# knife N
# knock
# knot
# know V
# knowledge
# labor N
# lack
# ladder N
# lady
# lake
# lamb
# lamp
# land
# language
# large
# last AvDV
# late
# lately
# laugh
# laughter
# law
# lawyer
# lay V
# lazy
# lead
# N
# lead V
# leaf N
# lean V
# learn
# least
# leather
# leave V
# left
# leg N
# legal
# lend
# length
# less AvDPn
# lesson
# let V
# letter
# level AAvN
# library
# lid
# lie
# life
# lift
# light
# lightning
# like PV
# likely
# limb
# limit
# line N
# lion
# lip
# liquid
# list N
# listen V
# liter
# literature
# little
# live V
# load
# loaf N
# local
# A
# lock
# lodging
# lodgings
# log N
# lonely
# long AAv
# look
# loose A
# lord N
# lose
# loss
# lot
# loud
# love
# low A
# lower V
# loyal
# loyalty
# luck N
# lump N
# lung
# machine N
# machinery
# mad
# magazine
# magic
# magician
# mail
# main A
# make
# V
# male
# man N
# manage
# manager
# manner
# many
# map N
# march
# mark
# market N
# marriage
# marry
# mass N
# master N
# mat
# match
# material
# matter
# may V
# me
# meal
# mean V
# meaning N
# means
# measure
# meat
# medical A
# medicine
# meet V
# meeting
# melt
# member
# memory
# mend V
# mention V
# merry
# message
# messenger
# metal N
# meter
# method
# metric
# microscope
# middle AN
# might V
# mile
# military
# A
# milk
# million
# millionth
# mind
# mine NPn
# mineral
# minister N
# minute N
# mirror N
# miss V
# mist N
# mistake
# mix V
# mixture
# model N
# modern A
# moment
# money
# monkey N
# month
# monthly AAv
# moon N
# moral A
# morals
# more
# morning
# most
# mother N
# motor AN
# mountain
# mouse
# mouth N
# move V
# much
# mud
# multiply
# murder
# muscle N
# music
# musician
# must V
# my
# myself
# mysterious
# mystery
# nail
# name
# narrow A
# nasty
# nation
# national A
# nature
# naval
# navy
# near AAvP
# nearly
# neat
# necessary
# neck
# need
# needle N
# neighbor
# neighborhood
# neither
# nerve N
# nervous
# nest N
# net N
# network N
# never
# new
# news
# newspaper
# next
# AAv
# nice
# night
# nine
# ninth
# no AvD
# no one
# noble A
# nobleman
# noise N
# none
# Pn
# nonsense
# nor
# north
# northern
# nose N
# not
# nothing
# notice
# noun
# now
# nowhere
# number N
# nurse
# nut
# nylon
# o'clock
# obedience
# obedient
# obey
# object
# N
# obtain
# occasion N
# ocean
# odd
# of
# off AvP
# offend
# offense
# offensive A
# offer
# office
# officer
# official
# often
# oil
# old
# old-fashioned
# on AvP
# once
# Av
# one
# oneself
# onion
# only
# open AV
# operate
# operation
# opinion
# opponent
# oppose
# opposite
# opposition
# or
# orange
# order
# ordinary
# organ
# organization
# origin
# other
# otherwise
# ought
# our
# ours
# ourselves
# out AAv
# outdoor
# outdoors
# outer
# outside
# over AvP
# owe
# owing to
# own DPnV
# oxygen
# pack V
# packet
# page N
# pain N
# painful
# paint
# painting
# pair N
# palace
# pale A
# pan N
# paper N
# parallel AN
# parcel N
# parent N
# park
# parliament
# part N
# participle
# particular A
# partner N
# party N
# pass V
# passage
# passenger
# past
# pastry
# path
# patience
# patient A
# pattern N
# pause
# pay
# payment
# peace
# peaceful
# pen
# N
# pence
# pencil N
# people N
# pepper N
# per
# perfect A
# perform
# perhaps
# period
# N
# permission
# permit V
# person
# personal
# persuade
# pet N
# photograph
# photography
# phrase N
# physical
# piano N
# pick V
# picture N
# piece N
# pig N
# pile
# pilot
# pin
# pink AN
# pipe N
# pity
# place
# plain AN
# plan
# plane N
# plant
# plastic
# plate N
# play
# pleasant
# please
# pleased
# pleasure N
# plenty Pn
# plural
# pocket N
# poem
# poet
# poetry
# point
# pointed
# poison
# poisonous
# pole N
# police N
# polish
# polite
# political
# politician
# politics
# pool N
# poor
# popular
# popularity
# population
# port N
# position N
# possess
# possession
# possibility
# possible A
# possibly
# post
# pot N
# potato
# pound N
# pour
# powder N
# power N
# powerful
# practical
# practice
# praise
# pray
# prayer
# precious A
# preparation
# prepare
# presence
# present AN
# preserve V
# president
# press V
# pressure N
# pretend
# pretty A
# prevent
# price N
# prickly
# pride N
# priest
# prince
# principle
# print
# prison
# prisoner
# private A
# prize N
# probability
# probable A
# problem
# process N
# procession
# produce V
# product
# production
# profession
# profit N
# promise
# pronounce
# pronunciation
# proof N
# proper
# property
# protect
# protection
# protective
# proud
# prove
# provide
# provision
# provisions
# public
# pull
# pump
# punish
# punishment
# pupil
# pure
# purple
# purpose
# N
# push
# put
# quality
# quantity
# quarrel
# quarter N
# queen N
# question
# quick A
# quiet AN
# quite
# rabbit N
# race
# radio N
# railway
# rain
# raise V
# range N
# rank
# N
# rapid A
# rare
# rat N
# rate N
# rather
# raw A
# reach
# read V
# ready A
# real
# really
# reason
# reasonable
# receive
# recent
# recently
# recognition
# recognize
# record NV
# red
# reduce
# reduction
# refusal
# refuse V
# regard
# regular A
# related
# relation
# relative
# religion
# religious
# remain
# remark N
# remember
# remind
# remove V
# rent
# repair
# repeat V
# reply
# report
# represent
# representative
# republic
# request
# respect
# respectful
# responsible
# rest
# restaurant
# result
# return NV
# reward
# rice
# rich
# rid
# ride
# right ANAv
# ring
# ripe
# rise V
# risk
# river
# road
# rob
# rock N
# rod
# roll V
# roof N
# room N
# root N
# rope N
# rose
# rough A
# round AAvP
# row NV
# royal A
# rub V
# rubber
# rude
# ruin
# rule
# ruler
# run
# rush
# sad
# safe A
# safety
# sail
# sale
# salt AN
# same
# sand N
# satisfaction
# satisfactory
# satisfy
# save V
# say V
# scale N
# scatter V
# scene
# scenery
# school N
# science
# scientific
# scientist
# scissors
# screw
# sea
# search
# season N
# seat
# second AvDNPn
# secrecy
# secret
# secretary
# see V
# seed
# N
# seem
# seize
# sell V
# send
# sensation
# sense N
# senseless
# sensible
# sensitive
# sentence N
# separate AV
# serious
# servant
# serve
# service N
# set NV
# settle V
# seven
# seventh
# several
# severe
# sew
# sex N
# sexual
# shade
# shadow N
# shake
# shall
# shame N
# shape
# share
# sharp A
# she
# sheep
# sheet
# shelf
# shell N
# shelter
# shield N
# shine V
# ship N
# shirt
# shock NV
# shoe N
# shoot V
# shop
# shopkeeper
# shore N
# short A
# shot N
# should
# shoulder N
# shout
# show NV
# shut
# sick A
# side AN
# sideways
# sight N
# sign
# signal
# signature
# silence N
# silent
# silk
# silly A
# silver
# similar
# similarity
# simple
# since
# sincere
# sing
# single
# A
# singular
# sink V
# sister
# sit
# situation
# six
# sixth
# size N
# skill
# skillful
# skin N
# skirt N
# sky N
# slave N
# sleep
# slide V
# slight A
# slip V
# slippery
# slope
# slow
# small
# smell
# smile
# smoke
# smooth A
# snake N
# snow
# so
# soap N
# social A
# society
# sock N
# soft
# soil N
# soldier N
# solemn
# solid
# some
# DPn
# somehow
# someone
# something
# sometimes
# somewhere
# son
# song
# soon
# sore A
# sorrow N
# sorry
# sort N
# soul
# sound NV
# soup
# sour A
# south
# southern
# space N
# spacecraft
# spade
# speak
# spear N
# special A
# specialist
# speech
# speed N
# spell
# V
# spend
# spin V
# spirit N
# spite N
# splendid
# split V
# spoil V
# spoon N
# sport
# N
# spot N
# spread V
# spring
# square AN
# stage N
# stair
# stamp
# stand V
# standard
# star N
# start
# state
# station N
# stay
# steady A
# steal V
# steam N
# steel N
# steep A
# stem N
# step
# stick
# sticky
# stiff A
# still AAv
# sting
# stitch
# stomach N
# stone N
# stop
# store
# storm N
# story
# straight AAv
# strange
# stranger
# stream N
# street
# strength
# stretch
# strike V
# string N
# stroke N
# strong
# structure N
# struggle
# student
# study
# stupid
# style N
# subject N
# substance
# subtract
# succeed
# success
# successful
# such
# suck V
# sudden
# suffer
# sugar N
# suggest
# suit
# suitable
# sum N
# summer N
# sun N
# supper
# supply NV
# support
# suppose
# sure A
# surface N
# surprise
# surround V
# swallow V
# swear
# sweep V
# sweet
# swell V
# swim
# swing
# sword
# sympathetic
# sympathy
# system
# table N
# tail N
# take V
# talk
# tall
# taste
# tax
# taxi N
# tea
# teach
# team N
# tear V
# tear N
# telephone
# television
# tell
# temper N
# temperature
# temple
# tend
# tendency
# tender A
# tennis
# tense N
# tent
# terrible
# terror
# test
# than
# thank
# that CDPn
# the
# theater
# their
# theirs
# them
# themselves
# then Av
# there
# therefore
# these
# they
# thick A
# thief
# thin A
# thing
# think V
# third
# thirst N
# thirsty
# this DPn
# thorough
# those
# though
# thought
# thousand
# thousandth
# thread N
# threat
# threaten
# three
# throat
# through AvP
# throw
# thumb N
# thunder
# thus
# ticket N
# tidy AV
# tie
# tiger
# tight A
# time N
# timetable N
# tin
# tire
# [tyre] N
# tire V
# title N
# to
# tobacco
# today
# toe N
# together
# tomorrow
# tongue
# tonight
# too
# tool N
# tooth
# top AN
# total AN
# touch
# tour
# tourist
# towards
# tower N
# town
# toy N
# track
# trade N
# traffic N
# train
# translate
# transparent
# trap
# travel
# treat V
# treatment
# tree
# tremble V
# tribe
# trick NV
# trip N
# tropical
# trouble
# trousers
# true A
# trunk
# trust
# truth
# try V
# tube
# tune N
# turn
# twice
# twist
# type N
# typical
# ugly
# uncle
# under P
# understand
# undo
# uniform N
# union
# unit
# unite
# universal
# universe
# university
# until
# up
# AAvP
# upper A
# upright AAv
# upset V
# upside down
# upstairs AAv
# urge
# urgent
# us
# use
# useful
# useless
# usual
# valley
# valuable A
# value N
# variety
# various
# vary
# vegetable
# vehicle
# verb
# very Av
# victory
# view N
# village
# violence
# violent
# visit
# voice N
# vote
# vowel
# voyage N
# wages
# waist
# wait V
# waiter
# wake V
# walk
# wall N
# wander
# want V
# war N
# warm AV
# warmth
# warn
# wash
# waste
# watch
# water
# wave
# way
# we
# weak
# wealth
# weapon
# wear V
# weather N
# weave V
# wedding
# week
# weekly AAv
# weigh
# weight N
# welcome
# well AAvN
# west
# western A
# wet A
# what
# whatever
# wheat
# wheel N
# when AvC
# whenever
# where
# whether
# which
# whichever
# while C
# whip
# whisper
# whistle
# white
# who
# whoever
# whole
# why
# wicked
# wide AAv
# widespread
# width
# wife
# wild AAv
# will
# willing
# win V
# wind V
# wind N
# window
# wine N
# wing N
# winter N
# wire N
# wisdom
# wise A
# wish
# with
# within P
# without P
# witness N
# woman
# wonder NV
# wood
# wooden
# wool
# woolen
# word N
# work
# world
# worm N
# worry
# worse
# worship
# worst
# worth
# worthy
# worthy of
# would
# wound
# wrap V
# wreck
# wrist
# write
# wrong AAvN
# wrongdoing
# yard
# year
# yearly
# yellow AN
# yes
# yesterday
# yet
# you
# young
# your
# yours
# yourself
# youth
# zero

=== Prefixes ===

# dis-
# im-
# in-
# ir-
# mid-
# mis-
# non-
# re-
# self-
# un-.

=== Suffixes ===

# -able
# -al
# -an
# -ance
# -ar
# -ate
# -ation
# -ed
# -en
# -ence
# -er
# -ery
# -ess
# -ful
# -ible
# -ic
# -ical
# -ing
# -ion
# -ish
# -ist
# -ity
# -ive
# -ization
# -ize
# -less
# -like
# -ly
# -ment
# -ness
# -or
# -ous
# -ry
# -ship
# -th
# -ward
# -wards
# -work
# -y.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kulumaku</title>
    <id>2220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29131</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:05:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tulumaku is a pidgin conlang with easy phonology and simple grammar. It is designed for ease of use with almost no grammar learning required except that of word learning. The name, Tulumaku is from the Tolomako language, which is supposedly easy to learn from Papua New Guinea.


== Phonology | Ka Ma Tunu  ==


Like many Polynesian languages, Tulumaku follow's a strict (C)(V) structure.


'a 'i 'u

ka ki ku

la li lu

ma mi mu

na ni nu

pa pi pu

ta ti [tsi] tu

wa wi

ya    yu


*a [a]     
*i [i]     
*u [u]


*' [ʔ]     
*k [k]     
*l [l or r]     
*m [m]     
*n [n]     
*p [p]     
*t [t]     
*w [w]     
*y [j]


== Grammar | Ka Wiyalika ==


Tulumaku's grammar is quite easy.


Word order is normally VSO, but can be made as VOS.


&lt;b&gt;`Aluwa ka wana `i laki.&lt;/b&gt;

love - ka woman - 'i man.

The woman loves the man.


Stative nouns usually are preceded with the subject particle '&lt;b&gt;ka&lt;/b&gt;' except with pronouns. Object nouns are shown by '&lt;b&gt;`i&lt;/b&gt;'. Adjectives always follow the noun, and adverbs follow verbs. Tenses do not exist, and instead are modified using adverbs, or by context.


&lt;b&gt;'a&lt;/b&gt; serves as the directive particle, going to something or for something.


&lt;b&gt;nouns and stative sentences&lt;/b&gt;

 The sky is &lt;i&gt;blue&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kikulani&lt;/i&gt; ka lani.&lt;/b&gt;


&lt;b&gt;adjectives&lt;/b&gt;

 Love is a &lt;i&gt;holy&lt;/i&gt; way. &lt;b&gt;Wiya &lt;i&gt;tapu&lt;/i&gt; ka `aluwa.&lt;/b&gt;


&lt;b&gt;adverbs&lt;/b&gt;

 I will eat &lt;i&gt;tomorrow&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Kumi &lt;i&gt;mani`a&lt;/i&gt; ku.&lt;/b&gt;


== Pater Noster ==


 Papa maku
 Ki `ula `a lani,
 Tapu ka nama tu.
 Kama ka `ali`iya,
 Tapa pa ka wili tu
 `a lupa ta `a lani.
 Tuna `i pana `alu 'a maku `a `alu ni.
 Patuna `i kalana maku,
 Ta patuna maku `i maya ki patuna 'a maku.
 Ta kiya nu `i maku 'a kalana
 Pilu kiya 'i maku pi mala.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tulumaku</title>
    <id>2221</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8467</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-17T01:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kevynbello</username>
        <id>131</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tulumaku moved to Kulumaku</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Kulumaku]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alternate Earth</title>
    <id>2222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8492</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-17T21:02:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Alternate Earth, or '''Terra Nuva''' is [[User:Sectori|Sectori]]'s primary conworld. It is home to such familiar places as the United States and the United Kingdom, and new oddities such as [[Khombu (nation)|Khombu]], [[K'uanu]], and [[Futozi (nation)|Futozi]].
==History==
The history of Terra Nova is quite similar to that of our Earth until the mid-1300s. At this point, the Italian states that are in our world called Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont, and Valle d'Aosta, together with a bit of southern Switzerland and the French province of Rhone-Alps, declared their independence as the sovereign state of [[Carune (nation)|Carune]]. This sparked some difficulties internationally, including a war that briefly distracted Europe from its crusades in the Holy Land. Carune emerged victorious, and that seemed to be the end of that.

The next divergence is in the early 1500s, when European powers began their journeys to colonize Africa and the Americas. Carune, being ambitious, naturally set out to secure colonies in Africa. Traveling around the coast of Africa, Carune explorers reached a small archipelago off the African coast, the [[Futozi (nation)|Futozi islands]], inhabited by a peaceful tribe. It was perfect, and soon a thriving economy grew up around the &quot;capital&quot; village of Miyuzi (Meiuzium, in Carune). This would be Carune's only colony, but it served them well. A small archipelago in the Indian ocean called [[K'uanu]] would be colonized by the British, and these islands would later play an important role in world politics. The nation of [[Khombu (nation)|Khombu]] was never colonized, but gained ties to some of the middle-eastern nations through European influence.

In 1903, as Europe became a battleground, Futozi declared its independence from Carune, and Carune was forced to let it go. However, Futozi remained closely affiliated with Carune, and, when World War I broke out, served as an important staging point for military operations in Africa. When this World War I ended, Carune became the voice of the smaller nations in the council that determined the fate of Germany, earning independence for Saudi Arabia, Khombu, and K'uanu. With these greatful countries as allies, Carune became a powerful voice in the League of Nations.

In 1939, when Germany declared war on Poland, Carune began to fear for itself. Sure enough, the armies of Nazi Germany soon marched into Italy, and Carune's government fled from Torine to Miyuzi. Resistance efforts in Carune were strong, and by the time Allied soldiers arrived in Carune, the Resistatum di Carune had already secured Zergattum, with the help of the Swiss government (who in the end declared war on Germany). A broken Europe after the war needed strong leadership, and as Carune's economy skyrocketed, it soon became a powerful force in its vicinity. Carune became a founding member of the United Nations, and secured a position on the UN Security Council. Futozi, Khombu, and K'uanu set about forming an African model of the United Nations, though the African Union would take a long time to become a full reality.

In 1975, Carune and Futozi co-launched a space station into orbit, and soon began training astronauts from such countries as Rwanda, Khombu, Vietnam, and Bangladesh. This show of international cooperation finally allowed the troubled nation of K'uanu entry into the UN, which it had been denied based on its government.

In 2001, September 11 shocked the international community. Carune and Futozi were some of the few countries to speak out against some of the actions the United States took after that day. In 2002, a Futozi was elected chairman of the African Union. When the United States entered Iraq, Carune, along with France and the African Union, began a trade boycott against it. In 2006, the United States formally declared its withdrawl from the United Nations, claiming that it was no longer bound by international law. International protest was shocking, and some countries, Khombu and China included, even proposed military action against the United States. But this was the last straw for the American people. The President of the United States was impeached and sentenced to a period of jail time, and emergency elections were held, observed by the UN. In 2007, the United States' new government began plans to withdraw from Iraq, and re-entered such important treaties as the United Nations and the Geneva Convention.

==Nations of Alternate Earth==
*[[K'uanu]]: an archipelago that just overthrew a corrupt government.
*[[Khombu (nation)|Khombu]]: a republic with a more militaristic worldview.
*[[Futozi (nation)|Futozi]]: an island nation run by a direct democracy.
*[[Carune (nation)|Carune]]: a European nation run by a parliamentary democracy.

[[Category:Alternate Earth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Alternate Earth</title>
    <id>2223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8493</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-17T21:03:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Alternate Earth is [[User:Sectori|Sectori]]'s conworld.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune (nation)</title>
    <id>2224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14732</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-22T06:54:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Carune History */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Carune'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| http://img50.imageshack.us/img50/7560/picture19nl.th.gif
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Name:'''
|| Il Republice di Carune
|-
|valign=top|'''Population:'''
|| 20.71 million
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Languages:'''
|| [[Carune]], [[Monzo|Mònzo]] (in Lombardia), Italian (in Liguria), French (in Rhone-Alps), German (in Zergattum)
|-
|valign=top|'''Neighboring States:'''
|| Italy, France, Switzerland
|-
|valign=top|'''Government Type:'''
|| Parliamentary republic
|-
|valign=top|'''Capital:'''
|| Torine
|-
|valign=top|'''Administrative Divisions:'''
|| Lombarde, Zergattum, Alpi Roni, Liguria, Valle di Aosta
|-
|valign=top|'''Constitution:'''
|| Il Constituzione di Carune; June 1891
|-
|valign=top|'''Suffrage:'''
|| 18 years; univeral
|-
|valign=top|'''Executive Branch:'''
|| Head of Government: Prime Minister Michale di Torine, elected to a five year term from each political party's candidate
|-
|valign=top|'''Legislative Branch:'''
|| Elected parliament; party is elected, and gets a certain number of parliamentary seats based on the popular vote
|-
|valign=top|'''Judicial Branch:'''
|| Five member Supreme Court
|-
|valign=top|'''Political Parties and Leaders:'''
|| Il Partide Nazionale (Ione Romane), Il Partide da Muerae (Ofelia Badrassa), Il Partide Liberale (Michale di Torine), Il Partide Sozialiste di Carune (Ronalde Ivvane), Carune Partide Democraze (Rome di Angeli).
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP (PPP):'''
|| $1.3 trillion (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP per capita:'''
|| $32,000 (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Labor Force:'''
|| 15.2 million (includes unemployed) (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Unemployment Rate:'''
|| 3.2% (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Population below poverty line:'''
|| 4.3% (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Major Industries:'''
|| Computers, fashion, tourism
|}
Carune is a nation which is, in our world, northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War). This nation depends greatly on tourism, especially skiers, as well as on mining and animal herding. However, the capital, Torine (Turin), as well as Milane (Milan) and Monze feature large computer industries, and Milane has become a world fashion center. The southern area of the country is also a haven for archaeologists seeking Roman ruins. Grenobela (Grenoble), in what is in our world France, Torine, Zergattum in our Switzerland, and Genova (Genoa), in our Italy have all hosted Olympic games at one time or another.

The Carune flag has six colors: red, yellow, green, blue, white, and orange. Red and yellow represent Spain; Blue, white, and red represent France; Yellow, blue, and red represent Romania; green and red represent Portugal; and red, green, and white represent Italy, the major areas where Romance languages are spoken. Orange represents the sovereign nation of Carune.

==Carune History==
{{Seealso|Alternate Earth}}
In the mid 1300s, the Italian states that are in our world called Lombardy, Liguria, Piedmont, and Valle d'Aosta, together with a bit of southern Switzerland and the French province of Rhone-Alps, declared their independence as the sovereign state of Carune. This sparked some difficulties internationally, including a war that briefly distracted Europe from its crusades in the Holy Land. Carune emerged victorious, and that seemed to be the end of that.

In the early 1500s, European powers began their journeys to colonize Africa and the Americas. Carune, being ambitious, naturally set out to secure colonies in Africa. Traveling around the coast of Africa, Carune explorers reached a small archipelago off the African coast, the Futozi islands, inhabited by a peaceful tribe. It was perfect, and soon a thriving economy grew up around the &quot;capital&quot; village of Miyuzi (Meiuzium, in Carune). This would be Carune's only colony, but it served them well.

In 1903, as Europe became a battleground, Futozi declared its independence from Carune, and Carune was forced to let it go. However, Futozi remained closely affiliated with Carune, and, when World War I broke out, served as an important staging point for military operations in Africa. When this World War I ended, Carune became the voice of the smaller nations in the council that determined the fate of Germany, earning independence for Saudi Arabia, Khombu, and K'uanu. With these greatful countries as allies, Carune became a powerful voice in the League of Nations.

In 1939, when Germany declared war on Poland, Carune began to fear for itself. Sure enough, the armies of Nazi Germany soon marched into Italy, and Carune's government fled from Torine to Miyuzi. Resistance efforts in Carune were strong, and by the time Allied soldiers arrived in Carune, the Resistatum di Carune had already secured Zergattum, with the help of the Swiss government (who in the end declared war on Germany). A broken Europe after the war needed strong leadership, and as Carune's economy skyrocketed, it soon became a powerful force in its vicinity. Carune became a founding member of the United Nations, and secured a position on the UN Security Council. Futozi, Khombu, and K'uanu set about forming an African model of the United Nations, though the African Union would take a long time to become a full reality.

In 1975, Carune and Futozi co-launched a space station into orbit, and soon began training astronauts from such countries as Rwanda, Khombu, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.

In 2001, September 11 shocked the international community. Carune and Futozi were some of the few countries to speak out against some of the actions the United States took after that day. In 2002, a Futozi was elected chairman of the African Union. When the United States entered Iraq, Carune, along with France and the African Union, began a trade boycott against it.
[[Category:Alternate Earth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjêcas</title>
    <id>2225</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52879</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:46:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecas]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecas</title>
    <id>2226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43057</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-12T00:35:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Senjecan language]]

[[Senjecan culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan language</title>
    <id>2228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57938</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-23T18:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New topic.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Adaptation of Latin alphabet to Senjecas]]

[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]

[[Senjecan alphabets]]

[[Senjecan dictionaries]]

[[Senjecan grammar]]

[[Senjecan kinship terms]]

[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]

[[Senjecan Swadesh list I]]

[[Senjecan Swadesh list II]]

[[Senjecan translations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan alphabets</title>
    <id>2229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54712</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-28T11:59:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Notes */ Orthography correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Notes=
*A [[wikipedia:diacritic|diacritic]] (or its name) shown after a grapheme is put above it.
*A different grapheme for a long vowel is only used with the Devanagari script.  In other scripts the vowel is doubled.
*The following apply to the use of Hebrew graphemes with Senjecas:
**A dot after a Hebrew grapheme indicates the use of the [[wikipedia:dagesh|''dagesh'']].  They are not too clear in this font. When necessary, the ''dagesh'' indicates
***1) the occlusive member of the stop/fricative pairs ''or''
***2) the voiced member of the sonorant pairs.
**The [[wikipedia:niqqud|''niqqud]]im'' are used as follows:
***The ''niqqudim'' for '''a, e, i, ø''' and '''u''' are written under the preceding consonant.  With the double or the long vowels, the second ''niqqud'' is written under an ''alef''.
***The ''niqqud'' for '''o''' is written above the preceding consonant.  Note that, in the palatalized vowel table, the ''niqqud'' is to the left of the ''yod''.  It should be above the ''yod''.
**''Vav'' is used as the [[wikipedia:mater lectionis|''mater lectionis'']] for the ''niqqudim'' when the vowel is labialized.
**''Yod'' is used as the ''mater lectionis'' for the ''niqqudim'' when the vowel is palatalized.  Note that there is no difference in spelling between a palatalized vowel and a ''yod'' followed by a vowel.  This causes no confusion as there are no minimal pairs consisting of a palatalized vowel and a consonant followed by a '''ȝ'''.  Thus &lt;font color=brown&gt;מֵניֺס&lt;/font&gt;, mountain range, is &lt;font color=blue&gt;menȝos&lt;/font&gt;, not *&lt;font color=blue&gt;menĭos&lt;/font&gt;.
*The [[wikipedia:tengwar|tengwar]] are analyzed as follows (''taken from volume 3, appendix E, page 494''):
**The first grade (''tyelle'') is used for the labial consonants.
***The normal stem (''telco'') represents the stops.
***The rising stem represents the fricatives.
***The shortened stem represents the sonorants.
***The double bow (''lúva'') indicates voicing.  Thus rows (''témar'') 5 &amp; 6 are reversed.
**The second grade is used for the dental consonants.
**The third grade is used for the alveolar consonants.
**The fourth grade is used for the palatal consonants.
**Those familiar with the tengwar will notice that ''tyeller'' 1 &amp; 2 are interchanged to reflect the Senjecan idea that the labials precede the dentals.
**The tengwar vowels in the table below are shown with Latin letters as carriers.  When necessary, tengwar #30 is used as the carrier.
**Tengwar #35 is used to indicate a palatal vowel and #36 a labial vowel respectively.

=labial clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;lavluĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;лавлукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;λαβλυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;לַבלֻכֺס&lt;/font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Tree
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| p
|c=02| pérĸ̆is&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;oak&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| p
|c=04| p
|c=05| p
|c=06| p
|c=07| п
|c=08| π
|c=09| &amp;#1402;
|c=10| &amp;#2346;
|c=11| &amp;#4318;
|c=12| פ‧
|c=13| 1
|-
|c=01| b
|c=02| b̹ólis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;meadowsweet&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| b
|c=04| b
|c=05| b
|c=06| b
|c=07| б
|c=08| ϐ
|c=09| &amp;#1378;
|c=10| &amp;#2348;
|c=11| &amp;#4305;
|c=12| ב‧
|c=13| 5
|-
|c=01| f
|c=02| félşis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;sedge&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| f
|c=04| f
|c=05| φ
|c=06| p\
|c=07| ф
|c=08| φ
|c=09| &amp;#1414;
|c=10| &amp;#2398;
|c=11| &amp;#4342;
|c=12| פ
|c=13| 9
|-
|c=01| v
|c=02| váágis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;beech&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| v
|c=04| v
|c=05| β
|c=06| B
|c=07| в
|c=08| β
|c=09| &amp;#1406;
|c=10| &amp;#2357;
|c=11| &amp;#4309;
|c=12| ב
|c=13| 13
|-
|c=01| ɱ 
|c=02| ɱródis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;rose&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| ɱ
|c=04| mh
|c=05| 
|c=06| m_0
|c=07| ӎ
|c=08| μ`
|c=09| &amp;#1396;`
|c=19| &amp;#2350;-nukta
|c=11| &amp;#4339;
|c=12| מ
|c=13| 21
|-
|c=01| m
|c=02| móðris&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;madder&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| m
|c=04| m
|c=05| m
|c=06| m
|c=07| м
|c=08| μ
|c=09| &amp;#1396;
|c=10| &amp;#2350;
|c=11| &amp;#4315;
|c=12| מ‧
|c=13| 17
|}

=dental clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;źemvuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;ѕемвукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;ϡημβυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;צּמבֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
|c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| t
|c=02|
|c=03| t
|c=04| t
|c=05| t
|c=06| t_d
|c=07| т
|c=08| τ
|c=09| &amp;#1407;
|c=10| &amp;#2340;
|c=11| &amp;#4322;
|c=12| ת‧
|c=13| 2
|-
|c=01| d
|c=02|
|c=03| d
|c=04| d
|c=05| d
|c=06| d_d
|c=07| д
|c=08| δ
|c=09| &amp;#1380;
|c=10| &amp;#2342;
|c=11| &amp;#4307;
|c=12| ד‧
|c=13| 6
|-
|c=01| þ
|c=02|
|c=03| þ
|c=04| þ
|c=05| θ
|c=06| T_d
|c=07| ѳ
|c=08| θ
|c=09| &amp;#1385;
|c=10| &amp;#2341;
|c=11| &amp;#4311;
|c=12| ת
|c=13| 10
|-
|c=01| ð
|c=02|
|c=03| ð
|c=04| ð
|c=05| ð
|c=06| D_d
|c=07| ђ
|c=08| ϑ
|c=09| &amp;#1386;
|c=10| &amp;#2343;
|c=11| &amp;#4311;`
|c=12| ד
|c=13| 14
|-
|c=01| ł
|c=02|
|c=03| ł
|c=04| lh
|c=05| 
|c=06| l_d_0
|c=07| л̀
|c=08| ӆ
|c=09| &amp;#1399;
|c=10| &amp;#2355;
|c=11| &amp;#4314;
|c=12| ש
|c=13| 22

|-
|c=01| l
|c=02|
|c=03| l
|c=04| l
|c=05| l
|c=06| l_d
|c=07| л
|c=08| λ
|c=09| &amp;#1388;
|c=10| &amp;#2354;
|c=11| &amp;#4314;̀
|c=12| ל
|c=13| 18
|}

=alveolar clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;abŭuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;абўукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;αϐῠυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;אַבּוֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| ć
|c=02|
|c=03| ć
|c=04| ts
|c=05| &amp;#678;
|c=06| ts)
|c=07| ц
|c=08| ς
|c=09| &amp;#1390;
|c=10| &amp;#2359;
|c=11| &amp;#4332;
|c=12| צ
|c=13| 3
|-
|c=01| ź
|c=02|
|c=03| ź
|c=04| dz
|c=05| ʒ
|c=06| dz)
|c=07| s
|c=08| Ϡ
|c=09| &amp;#1393;
|c=10| &amp;#2337;
|c=11| &amp;#4331;
|c=12| צ‧
|c=13| 7
|-
|c=01| ſ, s
|c=02|
|c=03| ſ, s
|c=04| s
|c=05| s
|c=06| s
|c=07| c
|c=08| σ, ς
|c=09| &amp;#1405;
|c=10| &amp;#2360;
|c=11| &amp;#4321;
|c=12| ס
|c=13| 11
|-
|c=01| z
|c=02|
|c=03| z
|c=04| z
|c=05| z
|c=06| z
|c=07| з
|c=08| ζ
|c=09| &amp;#1382;
|c=10| &amp;#2395;
|c=11| &amp;#4310;
|c=12| ז
|c=13| 15
|-
|c=01| r
|c=02|
|c=03| r
|c=04| rh
|c=05| ɾ
|c=06| 4_0
|c=07| p
|c=08| ρ
|c=09| &amp;#1404;
|c=10| &amp;#2352;
|c=11| &amp;#4320;
|c=12| ר
|c=13| 23
|-
|c=01| n
|c=02|
|c=03| n
|c=04| n
|c=05| n
|c=06| n
|c=07| н
|c=08| ν
|c=09| &amp;#1398;
|c=10| &amp;#2344;
|c=11| &amp;#4316;
|c=12| נ
|c=13| 19
|}

=palatal clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħeemnuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;һеемнукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;ħηημνυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;הֵאֵמנֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| к
|c=02|
|c=03| к
|c=04| k
|c=05| k
|c=06| c
|c=07| к
|c=08| κ
|c=09| &amp;#1391;
|c=10| &amp;#2325;
|c=11| &amp;#4313;
|c=12| כ
|c=13| 4
|-
|c=01| g
|c=02|
|c=03| g
|c=04| g
|c=05| g
|c=06| J\
|c=07| г
|c=08| γ
|c=09| &amp;#1379;
|c=10| &amp;#2327;
|c=11| &amp;#4306;
|c=12| ג‧
|c=13| 8
|-
|c=01| x
|c=02|
|c=03| x
|c=04| x
|c=05| ç
|c=06| C
|c=07| x
|c=08| χ
|c=09| &amp;#1389;
|c=10| &amp;#2326;
|c=11| &amp;#261;
|c=12| ח
|c=13| 12
|-
|c=01| ϙ
|c=02|
|c=03| ϙ
|c=04| q
|c=05| ʝ
|c=06| j\
|c=07| ѓ
|c=08| Ϟ
|c=09| &amp;#1394;
|c=10| &amp;#2328;
|c=11| &amp;#4326;
|c=12| ג
|c=13| 16
|-
|c=01| ħ
|c=02|
|c=03| ħ
|c=04| jh
|c=05| 
|c=06| j_0
|c=07| һ
|c=08| ħ
|c=09| &amp;#1392;
|c=10| &amp;#2361;
|c=11| &amp;#4336;
|c=12| ה
|c=13| 24
|-
|c=01| ȝ
|c=02|
|c=03| ȝ
|c=04| j
|c=05| j
|c=06| j
|c=07| j
|c=08| j
|c=09| &amp;#1397;
|c=10| &amp;#2351;
|c=11| &amp;#4338;
|c=12| י
|c=13| 20
|}

=vowel clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭevſŭenuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;сўевсўенукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;σῠηβσῠηνυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;סוֵבסוֵנֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| i
|c=02|
|c=03| i
|c=04| ii
|c=05| i
|c=06| i
|c=07| i
|c=08| и
|c=09| &amp;#1387;
|c=10| &amp;#2311;/&amp;#2312;
|c=11| &amp;#4312;
|c=12| אִ
|c=13| ȯ, ḅ
|-
|c=01| e
|c=02|
|c=03| e
|c=04| ee
|c=05| e
|c=06| e
|c=07| e
|c=08| η
|c=09| &amp;#1383;
|c=10| &amp;#2318;/&amp;#2319;
|c=11| &amp;#4337;
|c=12| אֵ
|c=13| ö, b̤
|-
|c=01| a
|c=02|
|c=03| a
|c=04| a
|c=05| a
|c=06| a
|c=07| a
|c=08| α
|c=09| &amp;#1377;
|c=10| &amp;#2309;/&amp;#2310;
|c=11| &amp;#4304;
|c=12| אַ
|c=13| ō, ḇ

|-
|c=01| ø
|c=02|
|c=03| ø
|c=04| o
|c=05| ɔ
|c=06| O
|c=07| ѫ
|c=08| o
|c=09| &amp;#1400;
|c=10| &amp;#2324;/?
|c=11| &amp;#4341;
|c=12| אָ 
|c=13| õ, ṵ
|-
|c=01| o
|c=02|
|c=03| o
|c=04| oo
|c=05| o
|c=06| o
|c=07| o
|c=08| ω
|c=09| &amp;#1413;
|c=10| &amp;#2322;/&amp;#2323;
|c=11| &amp;#4317;
|c=12| אֺ 
|c=13| ȏ, ḓ
|-
|c=01| u
|c=02|
|c=03| u
|c=04| uu
|c=05| u
|c=06| u
|c=07| у
|c=08| υ
|c=09| &amp;#1400;&amp;#1410;
|c=10| &amp;#2313;/&amp;#2314;
|c=11| &amp;#4323;
|c=12| אֻ
|c=13| ŏ, ḫ
|}

=palatalized vowel clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħeemnëſŭevſŭenuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;һеемнӭсўвсўенукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;ħηημνεσῠηβσῠηνυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;הֵאֵמנְסוֵבסוֵנֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| ĭi
|c=02| ħeemni
|c=03| ĭi
|c=04| yi
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| і
|c=08| ῐι
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יִ
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ĭe
|c=02| ħeemne
|c=03| ĭe
|c=04| ye
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| є
|c=08| ῐη
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יֵ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ĭa
|c=02| ħeemna
|c=03| ĭa
|c=04| ya
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| я
|c=08| ῐα
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יַ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ĭø
|c=02| ħeemnå
|c=03| ĭø
|c=04| yø
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ѭ
|c=08| ῐο
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יָ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ĭo
|c=02| ħeemno
|c=03| ĭo
|c=04| yo
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ё
|c=08| ῐω
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יֹ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ĭu
|c=02| ħeemnu
|c=03| ĭu
|c=04| yu
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ю
|c=08| ῐυ
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| יֻ 
|c=13| 
|}

=labialized vowel clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;lavlëſŭevſŭenuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;лaвлӭсўвсўенукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;λαβλεσῠηβσῠηνυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;לַבלְסוֵבסוֵנֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| ŭi
|c=02| lavli
|c=03| ŭi
|c=04| wi
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўі
|c=08| ῠι
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וִ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ŭe
|c=02| lavle
|c=03| ŭe
|c=04| we
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўе
|c=08| ῠη
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וֵ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ŭa
|c=02| lavla
|c=03| ŭa
|c=04| wa
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўа
|c=08| ῠα
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וַ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ŭø
|c=02| lavlå
|c=03| ŭø
|c=04| wø
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўѧ
|c=08| ῠο
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וָ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ŭo
|c=02| lavlo
|c=03| ŭo
|c=04| wo
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўо
|c=08| ῠω
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וֹ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ŭu
|c=02| luvlu
|c=03| ŭu
|c=04| wu
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| ўу
|c=08| ῠυ
|c=09| 
|c=10| 
|c=11| 
|c=12| וֻ 
|c=13| 
|}

=weak vowel clan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;livſŭevſŭenuĸos&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=red&gt;ливсўвсўенукос&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=green&gt;λιβσῠηβσῠηνυκως&lt;/font&gt; - &lt;font color=brown&gt;לִבסוֵבסוֵנֻכֹס&lt;font&gt;=
{| border=1
!c=01|  Word
!c=02|  Name
!c=03|  Frath
!c=04|  Conl
!c=05|  IPA
!c=06|  X-S
!c=07|  Cyr
!c=08|  Grk
!c=09|  Arm
!c=10|  Dev
!c=11|  Geo
!c=12|  Heb
!c=13|  Teng
|-
|c=01| ï
|c=02| livi
|c=03| ï
|c=04| i
|c=05| I
|c=06| I
|c=07| ї
|c=08| ϊ
|c=09| &amp;#1387;`
|c=10| &amp;#2367;
|c=11| &amp;#4312;◌̈
|c=12| אֶ
|c=13|  
|-
|c=01| ë
|c=02| live
|c=03| ë
|c=04| e
|c=05| ε
|c=06| E
|c=07| ӭ
|c=08| ε
|c=09| &amp;#1381;
|c=10| &amp;#2374;
|c=11| &amp;#4308;
|c=12| אְ 
|c=13| 
|-
|c=01| ü
|c=02| livu
|c=03| ü
|c=04| u
|c=05| ʊ
|c=06| U
|c=07| ӱ
|c=08| ϋ
|c=09| &amp;#1384;
|c=10| &amp;#2369;
|c=11| &amp;#4323;◌̈
|c=12| אֽ 
|c=13| 
|-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Swadesh list</title>
    <id>2230</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52881</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan Swadesh list I]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan grammar</title>
    <id>2231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57994</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T01:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Introduction to Senjecan Grammar]]

[[Senjecan Phonology, Chapter 1]]

[[Senjecan Inflection, Chapter 2]]

[[Senjecan Word Formation, Chapter 3]]

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4a]]

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4b]]

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4c]]

[[List of Senjecan Postpositions]]

[[Senjecan Table of Correlatives]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Introduction to Senjecan Grammar</title>
    <id>2232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57966</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-23T22:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* INTRODUCTION tŭívas */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Language'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||worldwide
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||world during last Ice Age&lt;br&gt;c.14,000 B.P.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||pre-PIE&lt;br&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||analytic with synthetic nouns
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative&lt;br&gt;[[wikipedia:milewski's typology|Milewski]] Class I
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||Charlie Brickner ||date c.1995+
|}

=INTRODUCTION &lt;font color=blue&gt;tŭívas&lt;/font&gt;=

Senjecas (Ancient-Speech) is the name given to the language that was first spoken by loquent beings.  It was implanted by Senesantus in the Children of Air, the [[Senjecan_anatomy_and_physiology#The_Ethrans|Ethrans]] (the mages), the first created of the Six Loquent Peoples when s/he sang their unique song into their ears, and subsequently s/he sang their unique songs into the ears of the other loquent peoples as they were created.  It remained the only language spoken by the Six Loquent Peoples until the Great Sundering.  After this, differences between the Peoples and regional differences within each People arose which led to the development of diverse languages, many of which became mutually unintelligible.  The ability to speak Senjecas had never been lost by the Children of Wood, the [[Senjecan_anatomy_and_physiology#The_Xylans|Xylans]] (the giants), who had been unaffected by the Great Sundering, and the Ethrans.  In the renascence that began after the Children of Earth (the humans) recovered from the Great Sundering, Senjecas was restored as the medium of communication among the Six Loquent Peoples.

The language is an [[Wikipedia:analytic language|isolating (analytic) language]] with only a very few [[wikipedia:inflection|inflections]], although compounding is common.  It is a Type A [[wikipedia:tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language (register system) with an absence of [[wikipedia:velar|velar]] and [[wikipedia:uvular|uvular]] sounds and limited [[wikipedia:consonant|consonant]] clusters.  It is classed as a [[wikipedia:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]] language.

This grammar is divided into four sections.  Part I describes the [[wikipedia:phonology|phonology]] of the language.  In this section is discussed the writing and the sounds of the language, the [[wikipedia:syllabification|syllabification]] and accenting of words, and [[wikipedia:punctuation|punctuation]].  Part II describes the inflection of the words.  In this section is discussed the formation of individual words in their several categories (nouns, verbs, ''etc''.).  Part III describes word formation, the way in which individual words are combined to form new words.  Part IV describes the [[wikipedia:syntax|syntax]].  In this section are discussed the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.

[[Senjecan Phonology, Chapter 1]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamaisa</title>
    <id>2234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8832</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-06T23:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category conlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
Each consonant character has three forms: neutral, stressed, and unstressed.  These are displayed below:
{|
|| '''Character''' || '''Stressed''' || '''Neutral''' | '''Unstressed'''
|-
|| v || [vC] || [v] || [f]
|-
|| l || [K] || [l] || [l_0]
|-
|| s || [S] || [s] || [C]
|-
|| n || [nj] || [n] || [N]
|-
|| m || [mj] || [m] || [m_0]
|-
|| TBC || TBC || TBC || TBC
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Games</title>
    <id>2235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8820</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-05T03:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Daçezzhi.gif</title>
    <id>2237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16099</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:44:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Daçezzhi]] board

[[Category:Games]]
[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Daçezzhi-Archer.gif</title>
    <id>2238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8611</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T03:42:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Movement diagram for an Archer in [[Daçezzhi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Movement diagram for an Archer in [[Daçezzhi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daçezzhi</title>
    <id>2239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16095</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:41:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Daçezzhi''', sometimes pronounced ''Dashezzhi'', is a popular game, originating in the old Kasshi Empire, derived from the game of [[Fives]], among the [[Traders (Galhaf)|Traders]].  This page describes the game as played in the early days of the Old Empire.  This version remained popular well into modern times, but several other variants are common as well.

[[Image:Daçezzhi.gif|right]]

Daçezzhi is played on an 11x11 board, as seen to the right. The top half is called East, the bottom half West, the left half North, and the right half South.  The middle row and middle collumn divide the board into four quadrants.  The middle collumn has no role in the classic game or its descendants, but it ''did'' have an important role in Fives.  The blue squares in the middle row are called the River, while the grey squares are called Bridges.  No piece may occupy a River square, though they may pass over them.

There are two players, East and West, sometimes referred to as Red and Blue.  West makes the first move.  Victory can be achieved by either checkmating the opponent's General, or by leaving one's opponent with no legal moves.

== Pieces ==
Each player starts with 22 pieces, as follows:
*1 General (G on the diagram)
*2 Aides (A)
*4 Knights (K)
*2 Chariots (C)
*2 Dragons (D)
*5 Archers (Ar)
*6 Soldiers (S)

The '''General''' moves one step in any direction, but must remain on its own half of the board, that is, they cannot cross the River

The '''Aide''' steps in a single diagonal direction.  The Aide and the General share a special move.  When adjacent, they can swap spaces

[[Image:Daçezzhi-Knight.gif|left|100px]]The '''Knight''' moves one space orthogonally and one or two spaces diagonally, leaping over intervening pieces

The '''Chariot''' moves any number of spaces orthogonally.  It captures by leaping over an enemy piece the space immediately after it.  It therefore cannot capture a piece if there is not an empty space behind it.

The '''Dragon''' moves up to five spaces in any direction, leaping over ''friendly'' pieces, but not hostile ones.

Note that Chariots and Dragons are capable of threatening each other from positions in which they are completely safe, if a Chariot has another piece behind it, or if a Dragon hides behind a friendly piece, they are safe from their counterparts

[[Image:Daçezzhi-Archer.gif|left|100px]]The '''Archer''' moves one space directly ahead or diagonally ahead.  It captures differently, however.  It has two ways of capturing.  It can capture a piece adjacent to it directly ahead, diagonally ahead, or to the side without moving (stationary shooting).  Alternately, it can capture the piece directly in its line of movement after making a move, either as usual or by moving left or right.  After crossing the river, it becomes a Promoted Archer.

The '''Promoted Archer''' can moves one space in any direction.  It can capture any adjacent piece without moving, or, as with the Archer, by moving and capturing the piece beyond it.

The '''Soldier''' can move one space directly ahead or diagonally.  In addition, it has the ability to capture a piece to the left or right, but otherwise cannot move horizontally.  After crossing the river, it becomes a Promoted Soldier

The '''Promoted Soldier''' can move one space in any direction.

Because of the ability of the Chariot to capture by leaping, and of the Archer to capture ahead of itself, it is sometimes necessary to guard two or three spaces to protect a piece.

The opening phase of the game generally consists of moving ones pieces into a particular array, known as a ''Formation'', independant of one's opponent's moves.  This often lasts between 15-20 moves.  The early midgame often consists of forrays into enemy territory, and exchanges of pieces (this is formally recognized as the &quot;Raid&quot; phase).  The midgame is generally considered to begin once one player gains a foothold in enemy territory, that is, moving a piece into enemy terrritory that is not immediately captured.

== Notation ==
Traditionally, each row and collumn has a name.  The rows are, from top to bottom:
*East Home Row
*East Archers' Row
*East Soldiers' Row
*East Marching Row
*East Shore

The bottom five are named inversely.  East and West may be replaced by Friendly and Hostile, which terms are relative to the players.

The collumns are, from left to right
*North Dragons' Collumn
*North Outer Knights' Collumn
*North Chariots' Collumn
*North Inner Knights' Collumn
*North Aides' Collumn
*Middle Collumn or Generals' Collumn

With the right half mirroring them.  The terms North and South may be dropped, and often are, in discussion of strategy, since there is no inherent difference between the north and south halves of the board (although, of course, in an individual game, one half may prove more important, depending on play)  Individual spaces may be named by combining the name of the collumn and row, thus, Northeast Dragons' Marching.  The bridges are named North Bridge, Middle Bridge, and South Bridge.  In modern times, a more abstract naming scheme has developed that uses numbers, with East Home Row being East 5, East Archers' being East 4 and so forth, and North Dragons' being North 5, etc, with the entire middle row called Middle and the middle collumn Middle.  Thus, Northeast Dragons' Marching would be North 5 East 2 (N5E2), and North Bridge would be North 3 River (N3R).

A quick look at the board and the movement rules for the pieces indicates that there are two squares that serve as traps for the soldiers and archers.  They are the Friendly Dragons' Shore squares.  An Archer or Soldier caught in these squares can only escape by capturing.  They are often referred to as the Dead Squares.

=== Moves ===
To describe moves, one first names the piece being moved, and then the square it is moved to.  If necessary to disambiguate, one gives the name of the starting square as well.  The squares' names are commonly abbreviated.  We may abbreviate them as follows:
*Quadrants are referred to as NE, SE, NW, SW
*Collumns are: D, O, C, I, A, M (for Middle)
*Rows are: H, A, S, M, Sh
*Bridges are NB, MB, SB
Pieces are abbreviated as in the board diagram at top, with S+ and Ar+ for Promoted Soldier and Promoted Archer

To indicate a move without capture, a dash is used (the Kassi use a simplification of the character for &quot;go&quot;), e.g., K-NEDH (Knight to Northeast Dragons' Home) or K:NEOH-IM (Knight from Northeast Outer Knights' Home to Inner Knights' Marching).  Quadrants need only be named in the destination if different from the initial square.  For a capture, an x is used (the Kassi use a simplification of the character meaning &quot;Kill&quot;), followed by the piece captured and the square captuerd on, thus, KxS/NB (Knight captures Soldier on North Bridge)

For Archers, a stationay shooting is indicated by a simple arrow followed by the piece being captured and its sqare.  The identity of the archer is not necessary (and can often be academic anyways).  We may indicate this with the symbol -&gt;, thus -&gt;K/NEDSh (Knight on Northeast Dragons' Shore shot), a moving shooting is indicated by the Archers' move followed by the arrow and the site of the capture, e.g., Ar-NWCM-&gt;S/ISh (Archer moves to Northwest Chariots' Marching, capturing Soldier on Inner Knights' Shore).  Promotions are optionally marked with a (P) after the move.

A chariots' capture is indicated by a character meaning &quot;run over&quot;.  Like the archer, its move is given first, then its capture.  We may symoblize the capture with %, thus C-SEISh%S/ASh (Chariot to Southeast Inner Knights' Shore, capturing Soldier on Aides' Shore)

A General-Aide swap is indicated by writing the General's movement, followed by a special sign indicating a swap, which may be indicated with *, thus, G-SEIS* (General to Southeast Inner Knights' Soldier, swapping with an Aide)

[[Category:Kasshi]]
[[Category:Games]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Daçezzhi-Knight.gif</title>
    <id>2240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8613</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T04:12:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dacezzhi</title>
    <id>2241</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8618</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T04:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Daçezzhi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>'Ukana'akau</title>
    <id>2242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48306</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-10T20:55:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Imperative */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name='Ukana'akau
|pronounce=/ʔukanaʔakau/
|tu=nonspecific
|species=Human
|in=nonspecific
|no=unknown
|script=Own
|tree=None
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Accusative-Dative
|wo=(T)VAP(R)(L)
|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]
|date=February 2006&lt;br&gt;revised March 2008}}

'Ukana'akau was created by [[User:Sectori|Sectori]] on the [http://www.spinoff.com/zbb ZBB] as part of Neek's Minimal Phonology Challenge in February 2006. It was revised in March 2008. Relevant linguistic information: the speakers of 'Ukana'akau are called the 'Akau. 'Ukana'akau is topic-marking, almost completely isolating, and accusative-dative (see below for more information).

==Phonology==
'Ukana'akau has a fairly simple phonology.

===Phoneme Inventory===
The nine phonemes of the challenge were &lt;tt&gt;/p t k s n ʔ a i u/&lt;/tt&gt;, romanized as &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p t k s n ' a i u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Additionally, there is a fourth &quot;grammatical vowel&quot;, transcribed &lt;v&gt;, which is covered in more detail in the section on nominal morphology. When it is necessary to pronounce &lt;v&gt;, it is pronounced as a schwa /ǝ/.

===Syllables===
'Ukana'akau's original syllable structure was (C)(')V (with &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; not permitted), but C' clusters have since been reanalyzed as glottalized consonants &lt;tt&gt;/p_ʔ t_ʔ k_ʔ s_ʔ n_ʔ/&lt;/tt&gt;, leaving the structure (C)V.

===Allophony===
Vowel clusters, which technically constitute multiple syllables, are generally realized as diphthongs or triphthongs.

===Stress===
Stress falls regularly on the penultimate syllable. Monosyllabic words are usually stressed. In polysyllabic words which have one or more glottalized consonants, stress usually falls on vowel after the first glottalized consonant. Particles, such as '''iki''' and '''tv''' are never stressed.

===Notes===
The most common consonants are &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;t k&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s p&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; being the rarest. Few words have more than three syllables; those that do are usually compounds of smaller words. The name of the language, itself is a compound of the words ''''ukana''' ''language'' (an archaic stative form of '''kinu''' ''speak'') and ''''Akau''', the autonym of the speakers of 'Ukana'akau.

==Nominal Morphology==
A note at the beginning: any time the word &quot;noun&quot; appears in this section, it can be freely replaced with &quot;pronoun,&quot; which is to say they are treated the same. A variety of preposed particles are used with nouns.

* '''kv''' is the topic-marking particle
* '''tv''' is the object-marking particle
* '''pv''' is the location/motion-marking particle
* '''sv''' is the vocative particle
* ''''v''' is the generic plural-marking particle

When a plural needs to be marked on any particle other than ''''v''', the initial consonant becomes glottalized, i.e. '''k'v''', '''t'v''', '''p'v''', '''s'v'''.

===Topic===
The topic-marking particle defaults to being placed before the subject/agent of the sentence, i.e.

{| 
! k'aki || ''k'a'' || ta'aka || tu || nu'au
|-
| create  || TOP.PL  || god || OBJ.SG || world
|-
| the || gods || create || the || world
|}

where '''k'a''' marks '''ta'aka''' ''gods'' as the topic/agent. If further emphasis is desired, or if another nominal or pronominal constituent is be topic marked, the topic is fronted and an anaphoric particle is left in its place (the marker for the fronted constituent), for example

{|
! ku || nu'au || k'aki || ('a) || ta'aka || ''tu''
|-
| TOP.SG || world || create || (PL) || god || OBJ.SG
|-
| the || world, || the || gods || create || it
|}

The topic can also act as an introductory phrase, i.e. ''as for the world, the gods created it''. The anaphoric pronoun is the particle that was in the original sentence.

===Object===
The object-marking particle marks the direct object/patient by default, and is used in several compound expressions, e.g. '''tua tv''' (marks the recipient or beneficiary). When an object has already been stated, rather than restate it or use a third person pronoun, the object particle is used as an anaphoric device. For example,

{|
! 'i || t'asa || ku || ti'u || ''ta'' || '''i-t'asa'' || tua ti || ka'i; || 'i || t'asa || ka'i || ''ta'' || tua || ta || pu'a
|-
| PAST || give || TOP.SG || 2P || OBJ.SG || gift || REC.SG || 1P || PAST || give || 1P || OBJ.SG || REC || OBJ.SG || 3P
|-
| you || gave || the || gift || to || me; || I || gave || it || to || him
|}

where '''ta''' in the second clause shows that ''''i-t'asa''' ''gift'' is still the object.

===Location===
The location-marking particle marks, unsurprisingly, location, after the generic relation-markers ni (in, at, on), na (to, at, towards), and nu (from, out of, away from). Locatives have their own place in the sentence, appearing after the Receiver argument but before any clause-final particles. A locational expression can be used as a verb by placing the stative particle a'u before it and moving it to the front of the clause. In such a case, it can take the same particles as any verb, except a locational adverb. For example:

{|
! a'u || 'i || ni || pu || Sa'aku || ki || ka'i
|-
| STAT || PAST || in || LOC.SG || Sa'aku || TOP.SG || 1P
|-
| I || was || in || Sa'aku
|}

===Vocative===
The vocative particle marks direct address, e.g.

{|
! su || K'uanu, || ka || uka || ini || n'a
|-
| VOC.SG || K'uanu || TOP.SG || IMP || come || ALLADV
|-
| K'uanu, || come || hither
|}

===Plural===
The separate plural-marker ''''v''' is optional in most cases. It is usually only used in cases where context cannot distinguish number. It is only used on unmarked subjects/agents (i.e. the subjects/agents of clauses where the topic has been fronted).

===Possession===
Possessive relationships are shown by placing the possessor after the possessee, e.g.

{|
! ta'aka || ka'i
|-
| god || 1P
|-
| my || god
|}

==Verbal Morphology==
Verbs also take particles to show a number of things, as well as being able to be modified by adverbs. In the order they appear in a sentence: there is a particle marking a verb as irrealis (realis is unmarked), particles marking a verb as imperfective or stative (perfective is unmarked), a particle marking the past the past tense (non-past is unmarked), and a variety of particles (the list is incomplete) marking mode and evidentiality. The mood, aspect, and tense particles, as well as adverbs, come before the verb, while the mode and evidentiality markers are clause final. Finally, there are some special nominal constructions that affect the verb.

===Irrealis===
The irrealis particle is '''iki'''. It is used with the nonpast to show doubt, hope, or possibility, and with the past to show a contrafactual. With the clause-initial particle kiu, the irrealis sets up a condition which can have several different translations depending on a number of factors. The past irrealis sets up a contrafactual (if I had done...[and I didn't]; if I should do...[and I may or may not]) or hypothetical condition, and the nonpast sets up a standard condition (if I did...[and I did]; if I do...[and I will/have]). The tense of the realis determines whether the entire conditional is past (...then I would have done...) or nonpast (...then I will do...). (The parentheticals are just examples of some conditional openings and conclusions.)

===Aspect===
Ukana'akau distinguishes three aspects: perfective, imperfective, and stative.

* The perfective aspect is the default unmarked aspect.
* The imperfective aspect is marked by the particle '''a'i'''.
* The stative is marked by the particle '''a'u'''.

The perfective aspect shows that an action was/is/will be completed. The imperfective shows that the action was not/is not/will not be completed, or is habitual. The stative, like the perfect in English, shows a state resulting from a past action. The stative is also used to from stative verbs from adjectives and to turn verbs into a &quot;participial/gerundive&quot; form that can act as an adjective or a noun, e.g. '''a'u t'asa''' ''giving''. These derived forms function identically to other nouns. When they are used with topic, object, etc. particles, the particle agrees with the final vowel of the verb, e.g. '''ka a'u t'asa'''.

===Adverbs===
Following aspect markers come adverbs. Adverbs fall into several categories. First, there is the negative marker '''nui'''. In a sequence of adverbs, this always comes first, and marks that the verb is negative. Second come temporal markers such as ''''iaki''' ''yesterday'' and '''nuaki''' ''tomorrow''. Third come adverbs derived from adjectives with the particle '''sua'''.

===Tense===
Ukana'akau verbs distinguish two tenses, past and non-past. The non-past is unmarked; the past tense marker is ''''i'''. It shows that the verb describes a past action, e.g. ''''i kinu ka'i''' ''I spoke''.

===Preverbal Particles===
So, the final order of preverbal particles: irrealis - aspect - negative - temporal - adverb - locative - past

===Clause-Final Particles===
A number of particles are clause-final, acting somewhat like English modal verbs.

* '''ua''' is the permissive particle, either asking, granting, or withholding permission from someone.
* '''ita''' is the dubitative particle, showing doubt on behalf of the speaker.
* '''pau''' marks the sentence as hearsay: the speaker has yet to confirm what he or she has heard.
* '''kui''' marks the sentence as fact that the speaker has confirmed and believes to be true.
* '''anu''' is the potential particle, i.e. &quot;able to&quot; or &quot;can&quot;.

Marking evidentiality with '''pau''' or '''kui''' is not obligatory, but can clarify the meaning of a sentence in some contexts. More of these particles are yet to come.

===Causative===
The causative works by adding a second agent argument A2. The second agent is marked by the particle '''is'a ('v)''' and is generally fronted, e.g.

{|
! is'a || 'u || 'Akau || 'i || k'aki || ki || ka'i || tu || nu'au
|-
| CAUS || PL || 'Akau || PAST || create || TOP.SG || 1P || OBJ.SG || world
|-
| the || 'Akau || made || me || create || the || world
|}

If a topic other than the subject of the main verb is fronted, A2 moves to clause-final position, although it always precedes the receiver argument, if there is one.

{|
! ku || nu'au || 'i || k'aki || ka'i || tu || is'a || ('u) || 'Akau
|-
| TOP.SG || world || PAST || create || 1P || OBJ.SG || CAUS || (PL) || 'Akau
|-
| as for || the || world, || the || 'Akau || made || me || create || it
|}

===Passive===
The passive, marked by the particle '''atu''', reverses A and P. The order of constituents changes from VAP to VP atu A. P is marked as the topic and A is unmarked, except for plurality. For example:

{|
! 'i || k'aki || ku || nu'au || atu || ('u) || 'Akau
|-
| PAST || create || TOP.SG || world || PASS || (PL) || 'Akau
|-
| the || world || was || created || by || the || 'Akau
|}

This usage is just an inverse, switching the emphasis from the agent to the patient. The passive can be translated with the English passive, but in reality it's usually just a less emphatic way of changing the topic. Topic-fronting is more common when specific emphasis is necessary, especially when changing the focus for the first time, but the passive is used in subsequent cases when the extra emphasis would be out of place.

However, the A argument can also be dropped, in which case a topic-marker is left in its place, a more prototypical passive than the general usage. This is one of a very few times that more than one topic-marker may appear in a clause.

{|
! 'i || k'aki || ku || nu'au || atu || k'u
|-
| PAST || create || TOP.SG || world || PASS || TOP.PL
|-
| the || world || was || created || by || them
|}

===Imperative===
The imperative takes no preverbal particles and is usually preceded by a vocative expression. There are to ways of forming the imperative. The first replaces the subject/agent (the person commanded) with the particle '''uka'''. '''Uka''' is always topic-marked and fronted. No anaphoric particle is left in its place. If the person commanded is singular, uka is treated is singular; if plural, plural.

{|
! su || ti'u, || ka || uka || k'aki || tu || nu'au
|-
| VOC.SG || 2P || TOP.SG || IMP || create || OBJ.SG || world
|-
| you, || create || the || world
|}

The second replaces the subject/agent with a dummy subject marker '''ku''' (or '''k'u''' if a group is commanded).

{|
! s'u || ti'u, || k'aki || k'u || tu || nu'au
|-
| VOC.PL || 2P || create || TOP.PL || OBJ.SG || world
|-
| you (all), || create || the || world
|}

===Existentials===
Existentials are formed with the stative expression a'u n'i. N'i is a pronominal/adverbial particle meaning here, there. This expression is treated as a verb in all respects, including fronting and taking particles. If clarification as to the location is needed, a further locative expression can be used, e.g.

{|
! a'u || 'i || ni || pu || Sa'aku || n'i || ka || ta'aka
|-
| STAT || PAST || in || LOC.SG || Sa'aku || LOCADV || TOP.SG || god
|-
| there || was || a || god || in || Sa'aku
|}

===Impersonal Expressions===
Impersonal expressions are formed with the ubiquitous stative particle '''a'u''' and an anaphoric topic '''ka'''. Like the passive, if another topic is to be fronted, the extra topic marker remains. An impersonal sentence may be translated in a number of ways depending on context.

{|
! k'u || nu'au || a'u || n'i || k'aki || ka
|-
| TOP.PL || world || STAT || LOCADV || create || TOP.SG
|-
| worlds || are || created || there
|-
| &quot;they&quot; || create || worlds || there
|}

{|
! a'u || n'i || kinu || ka || tu || 'Ukana'akau
|-
| STAT || LOCADV || speak || TOP.SG || OBJ.SG || 'Ukana'akau
|-
| &quot;they&quot; || speak || 'Ukana'akau || there
|-
| 'Ukana'akau || is || spoken || there
|}

It can also express, to a certain degree, ability, e.g. they can speak 'Ukana'akau there.

==Adjectives==
Adjectives, such as '''puia''' ''red'', always follow the noun they modify, e.g.

{|
! 'i-t'asa || puia
|-
| gift || red
|-
| red gift
|}

===Stative Verbs===
However, if the adjective is really a stative verb, the stative phrase follows the noun modified, e.g.

{|
! ka || 'i-t'asa || a'u || t'asa
|-
| TOP.SG || gift || STAT || give
|-
| the || given || gift
|-
| the || gift || that || is || given
|}

===As Verbs===
An adjective may be used as a stative verb, e.g. ''be red''. In such cases it acts as a verb in all respects, including taking verbal particles and moving to the front of the clause. Such adjectives always take the stative particle ''a'u'':

{|
! a'u || 'i || puia || ku || 'Akau
|-
| STAT || PAST || red || TOP.SG || 'Akau
|-
| the || 'Akau || was || red
|}

===Adverbs===
An adjective can be changed into an adverb with the particle '''sua'''. Adverbs (formed with '''sua''' or otherwise) can be used to modify adjectives. In such cases, the adverb follows the noun it modifies.

{|
! ka || ta'aka || puia || nui
|-
| TOP.SG || god || red || not
|-
| the || not || red || god
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune Lesson 1</title>
    <id>2243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8653</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T22:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Carune is spoken in a nation which is, in our world, northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War). This nation depends greatly on tourism, especially skiers, as well as on mining and animal herding. However, the capital, Torine (Turin), as well as Milane (Milan) and Monze feature large computer industries, and Milane has become a world fashion center. The southern area of the country is also a haven for archaeologists seeking Roman ruins. Grenobela (Grenoble), in what is in our world France, Torine, Zergattum in our Switzerland, and Genova (Genoa), in our Italy have all hosted Olympic games at one time or another.

==Pronunciation==
===Vowels===
Carune has five vowels:
*A (alva) /a/
*E (epcilon) /E/
*I (iota) /i/ or /j/ in a vowel cluster, so &quot;iota&quot; is pronounced /jota/
*O (omicron) /o/
*U (upcilon) /u/

===Consonants===
It also has 21 consonants, not counting 2 variations on c and g:
Stops:
*B (beta) /b/
*C (ceta) /k/ before &lt; u &gt;, &lt;a&gt;, or &lt;o&gt;. Before &lt;e&gt; or &lt; i &gt;, ceta is pronounced /tS/
*D (delta) /d/
*G (gamma) /g/before &lt; u &gt;, &lt;a&gt;, or &lt;o&gt;. Before &lt;e&gt; or &lt; i &gt;, gamma is pronounced /dZ/
*P (pai) /p/
*Qu (quappa) /kw/
*T (tau) /t/

Fricatives:

*H (hai) /h/
*F (fai) /f/
*S (sigma) /s/
*V (veta) /v/
*Z (zeta) /z/

Nasals:
*M (miu) /m/
*N (niu) /n/

Liquids:
*L (landa) /l/
*R (ro) /r/

==Dialog==
Ione and Rome are students at a language course, learning Carune in preparation for their trip their over the summer. This is the first day of class and they are meeting outside the classroom. Each knows a little Carune from outside study, so they begin their conversation in Carune.

===Carune===
*Ione: Chao! Estuda vusse Carune?
*Rome: Signa, signa. Mi iamo Rome. Comi si iama?
*Ione: Mi iamo Ione. Benencontrate.
*Rome: Iqualamente.
*''Enton il clase comensa.''

===English===
*Ione: Hi! Do you study Carune?
*Rome: Yes, yes. My name is Rome. What is your name?
*Ione: My name is Ione. Good to meet you.
*Rome: You as well.
*''Then the class begins.''

===Grammar Notes===
This dialogue highlights something extremely important: introducing your self. The verb in Carune to introduce yourself is '''iamarsi''', a reflexive (we'll learn more about reflexive verbs in Lesson 5). Here are some important phrases to know:

*'''Chao''': hi, hello
*'''Mi iamo...''': my name is...
*'''Comi si iama?''': what is your name? (formal)
*'''Benencontrate''': good to meet you
*'''Iqualamente''': you as well (response to '''benencontrate''')
*'''Enton''': then

==Nouns==
Carune has three genders of noun: masculine (ending in -e), feminine (ending in -a), and neuter (ending in -um). Here are some basic nouns:
Masculine:
'''il some'''-the human
'''il cane'''-the dog
'''il fele'''-the cat
Feminine:
'''al selva'''-the jungle
'''al ava'''-the bird
'''al verba'''-the verb
Neuter:
'''el frasum'''-the sentence
'''el lugum'''-the placfe
'''Zergattum'''-Zergattum, a city in Carune

In case you couldn't guess, '''il, al,''' and '''el''' are the Carune singular definite articles. '''Il''' for masculine nouns, '''al''' for feminine nouns, and '''el''' for neuter nouns. To make nouns plural, change the ending from -e to -i in masculine nouns, -a to -ae in feminine nouns, and -um to -o in neuter nouns. To make the articles plural, remove the final -l.

==Introduction to Verbs==
There are five types of verbs in Carune: -a stem (regular -are verbs), -e stem (regular -ere verbs), -i stem (regular -ire verbs), -o stem (so-called &quot;regular&quot; irregular verbs), and irregular verbs. In Lesson One, we will learn to conjugate -a stem verbs in the present indicative tense. First, though, we must learn to use subject pronouns. Carune has nine subject pronouns:

*'''Io'''-I
*'''Tu'''-you (singular, informal), thou
*'''Ele'''-he
*'''Ela'''-she
*'''Vusse'''-you (singular, formal, masculine)
*'''Vussa'''-you (singular, formal, feminine)
*'''Noi'''-we
*'''Voi'''-you (plural)
*'''Eli'''-they (if one male is present or for masculine nouns)
*'''Elae'''-they (if a group is all female or for feminine nouns)

NOTE: Like most romance languages, Carune differentiates between formal and informal forms of the pronoun &quot;you&quot;. In order to differentiate, &quot;thou&quot; will be used when translating '''tu''', as &quot;thou&quot; was originally an informal pronoun in English. You will be used to translate '''vusse/a'''. When translating '''voi''', y'all will be used.

==Verb Conjugation==
Now to conjugate our first verb:

*'''parlare'''-to speak
*'''Io parlo'''-I speak
*'''Tu parlai'''-thou speak(est?)
*'''Ele/ela parla'''-he/she speaks
*'''Vusse parla'''-you speak (singular)
*'''Noi parlam'''-we speak
*'''Voi parlas'''-y'all speak
*'''Eli parlae'''-they (masculine) speak
*'''Elae parlae'''-they (feminine) speak

Wasn't that easy? Just take off the stem and add an ending based on the pronoun. For reference:

*Io: -o
*Tu: -ai
*Ele/ela/vusse: -a
*Noi: -am
*Voi: -as
*Eli/elae: -ae

Here are some general words before I give you your practice assignment:

*'''a'''-to. When combined with the definite articles, in contracts to '''al''' if singular, and '''a''' if plural.
*'''com'''-with
*'''per'''-for
*'''sed'''-but
*'''para'''-in order to, for
*'''di'''-from, of
*'''no'''-not, comes before the verb
*'''in'''-in, on

==Exercises==
===Exercise I===
Conjugate each verb below in all forms:
*1) Volare-to fly
*2) Confezare-to confess
*3) Commensare-to commence

===Exercise II===
Translate from English to Carune:
*1) The bird flies to Zergattum.
*2) The cat walks with the dog. (HINT: to walk=ambulare)
*3) I study Carune (HINT: to study=estudare)
*4) The bird flies, but the cat walks.
*5) Thou confess(est?).

===Excercise III===
Translate from Carune to English:
*1) Il lezione commensa. (HINT: Il lezione is a cognate)
*2) Ele ambula a Zergattum.
*3) Elae estudae Carune.
*4) Voi ambulas in el lugum
*5) El frasum comensa com al verba &quot;confezare.&quot;

===Exercise IV===
Write three sentences using the vocabulary you have learned.

==Next==
*[[Carune|Top]]
*[[Carune Lesson 2|Forward]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune Lesson 2</title>
    <id>2244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8652</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T22:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Carune Lesson 1|Lesson 1]] you learned to conjugate regular -a stem verbs in Carune. In this lesson, we will discuss -e stem verbs, as well as the irregular verb '''stare''', adjectives, and numerals.

==Dialog==
Ione and Rome have completed their class in Carune and are on the plane to Torine international airport (Al Airoporta Intrenazionala di Torine). They've encountered a native of Torine, and they engage her in conversation.

===Carune===
*Ione: Siniora, parla Carune?
*Ofelia: A, signa. Comi si iamae?
*Rome: Mi iamo Rome, e estu es Ione.
*Ione: Estudam Carune in Nuva Iorca, e querem ire a Carune para estudara alla.
*Ofelia: Bene! Pudo directarvos a unum lugum bonum para habitare.
*Rome: In realita? Perfette!
*''Ela dice a Rome e Ione el lugum.''

===English===
*Ione: Miss, do you speak Carune?
*Ofelia: Ah, yes. What are your names?
*Rome: My name is Rome, and this is Ione.
*Ione: We study Carune in New York, and we want to go to Carune to study there.
*Ofelia: Great! I can direct you to a great place to live.
*Rome: Really? Perfect!
*'''She tells Rome and Ione the place.''

===Grammar Notes===
There are a few things to note here. '''A''' in Carune usually means ''to'' or ''at''. However, there are many cases where Carune uses it that English would not. For example '''ela dice a Rome e Ione''' translates as ''she tells Rome and Ione'', not ''she tells to Rome and Ione''.

*'''Comi si iamae?''': what are your names?
*'''Nuva Iorca''': New York
*'''Pudo directarvos''': I can direct you
*'''Habitare''': to live (closer to ''to inhabit'')
*'''Perfette''': perfect

==Nouns==
In Lesson 1 you learned about the definite articles in Carune. In this lesson, you will learn about the definite articles. They are much simpler than the definite articles, as they function as adjectives in effect. There are six indefinite articles:

*'''Une''': masculine singular
*'''Uni''': masculine plural
*'''Una''': feminine singular
*'''Unae''': feminine plural
*'''Unum''': neuter singular
*'''Uno''': neuter plural

For example:

*'''Une cane''': a dog
*'''Una ora''': an hour
*'''Unum adiectum''': an adjective
*'''Uni cani''': some dogs
*'''Unae orae''': some hours
*'''Uno adiecto''': some adjectives

==-E Stem Verbs==
In the last lesson, you learned to conjugate -a stem verbs, those whose infinitive forms end in -are. In this lesson you will learn about -e stem verbs, whose stems end in -ere. Here is a sample -e stem verb, conjugated in the present indicative tense:

*'''Savere''': to know (knowledge)
*'''Io savo''': I know
*'''Tu savei'''-you (singular, informal) know
*'''Ele save'''-he knows
*'''Ela save'''-she knows
*'''Vusse/a save'''-you (singular, formal) know
*'''Noi savem'''-we know
*'''Voi saves'''-you (plural) know
*'''Eli saven'''-they (masculine) know
*'''Elae saven'''-they (feminine) know

Just take off the stem and add an ending based on the pronoun. For reference:

*Io: -o
*Tu: -ei
*Ele/ela/vusse: -e
*Noi: -em
*Voi: -es
*Eli/elae: -en

==Stare and Adjectives==
'''Stare''' (to be) is an irregular verb. It is used to express transient or mutable qualities, such as feelings and location. It is conjugated as follows:

*'''Io stoi''': I am
*'''Tu stai''': you (informal, singular) are
*'''Ele/ela/vusse sta''': s/he/you (formal, singular) is/are
*'''Noi stam''': we are
*'''Voi stas''': you (plural) are
*'''Eli/elae stae''': they are

Adjectives decline similarly to noun. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. For instance, '''felice''' is the singular masculine form of the adjective ''happy''. Here is '''felice''' in all its forms:

*'''felice''': masculine singular
*'''felici''': masculine plural
*'''felica''': feminine singular
*'''felicae''': feminine plural
*'''felicum''': neuter singular
*'''felico''': neuter plural

Some other adjectives:

*'''triste''': sad
*'''bene''': well (does not decline)
*'''male''': bad (does not decline)

Stare is used to express feelings. Fill it in to this formula: '''stare''' + declined feeling adjective. For example:

*'''Io stoi felice''': I am happy
*'''Tu stai felica''': Thou art happy
*'''Noi stam felici''': We are happy

==Numbers and Counting==
The numbers in Carune are quite simple. They are very similar to many Romance languages, but with more relation to Latin. Here are the numbers from one to ten.

*'''Zero''': 0
*'''Unu''': 1
*'''Due''': 2
*'''Tre''': 3
*'''Qator''': 4
*'''Qinqe''': 5
*'''Sece''': 6
*'''Septe''': 7
*'''Oto''': 8
*'''Nove''': 9
*'''Dez''': 10

When describing how many objects there are, use the special verb '''hai'''-there is/are. For example:

*'''Hai tre cani in mi casa''': There are three dogs in my house
*'''Hai dez avae in il parqe''': There are ten birds in the park

==Exercises==
===Exercise I===
Conjugate each verb below in all forms:
*1) Aprendere-to learn (always combined with '''a''': '''Io aprendo a Carune'''-I learn Carune)
*2) Devere-to owe, should
*3) Lignere-to read

===Exercise II===
Write sentences describing how the following people feel:
*1) Ione: happy
*2) Iulia: sad
*3) Rome: well
*4) Ofelia: bad

===Exercise III===
Translate the following sentences into English:
*1) Io stoi bene.
*2) Iulia sta maele.
*3) Ligno une libre. (libre=book)
*4) Vusse aprende a Carune, non?
*5) Hai qator fraso in il libre.

===Exercise IV===
Translate the following sentences into Carune:
*1) I am well.
*2) Ione wants to be happy. (qerere-to want)
*3) There is a cat here. (here-aqui)
*4) You should read a book.
*5) Compose your own sentence here. (Really, don't translate this ;)

==Next==
*[[Carune|Top]]
*[[Carune Lesson 1|Back]]
*[[Carune Lesson 3|Forward]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune Lesson 3</title>
    <id>2245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8655</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T22:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Exercise III */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Carune Lesson 2|Lesson 2]] you learned about describing feelings with the verb '''stare'''. In this lesson, you will learn to use '''stare''' in describing location, and the verb '''sere''' will be introduced. We'll also talk about third conjugation ('''-i''' stem) verbs, such as '''cognire''' and '''somnire'''.

==Dialogue==
Having arrived in Torine, Ione and Rome said goodbye to Ofelia and now are proceeding to an art exhibit that they've been looking forward to. Passing through the web of side streets, they become lost and seek out directions from Iulia, a passerby.

===Carune===
*Ione: Cogno quo stam confuzati. (''Ele punte a una muera.'') Lo pudem pidire direchioni a li.
*Rome: Signa, signa. M'scusi, siniorina.
*Iulia: Signa? Que te pudo fazere?
*Ione: Stam vistadori a Torine, e nezitam direchini.
*Rome: Signa. Noi querem zare al Museme di Arti para al presentazione.
*Iulia: In realita? Io tamben! Venis com mi.
*''Eli ambulae al Museme di Arti.''

===Traduzione (Translation)===
*Ione: I think that we are lost. (''He points to a woman.'') We can ask her for directions.
*Rome: Yes, yes. Excuse me, miss.
*Iulia: Yes? What can I do for you?
*Ione: We are visitors to Torine, and we need directions.
*Rome: Yes. We want to go to the museum of art for the presentation.
*Iulia: Really? Me too! Come with me.
*''The walk to the Museum of Art.''

===Grammar Notes===
This dialogue focuses on a number of points that were studied previously, and some that are coming up. In the first line, Ione says '''...stam confuzati'''. This means &quot;we are confused&quot;. Here are some other sentences you should be able to understand, and a list of vocabulary.

*'''confuzate''': lost, confused (adj)
*'''siniorina''': miss
*'''vistadore''': vistor
*'''nezitam direchini''': we need directions
*'''nezitare''': to need
*'''direchine''': direction
*'''in realita''': really (lit. in reality)
*'''tamben''': also
*'''venis''': come (all of you)
*'''m'scusi''': excuse me (to one person)
*'''pudere''': to be able to (pudo=I can)
*'''signa''': yes

==-I Stem Verbs==
You already know how to conjugate regular -a and -e stem verbs. In this lesson you will learn about -i stem verbs, the third conjugation. Here is a sample -i stem verb, fully conjugated in the present indicative tense:

*'''Somnire''': to sleep
*'''Io somno''': I sleep
*'''Tu somnei''': you (familiar) sleep
*'''Ele/ela/vusse somni''': he/she/you (formal) sleeps/sleep
*'''Noi somnim''': we sleep
*'''Voi somnis''': you (plural) sleep
*'''Eli/elae somnie''': they sleep

So, simply remove the infinitive ending and add '''-o/-ei/-i/-im/-is/-ie'''. Here are some other -i stem verbs:

===Additional Verbs===
-a stem
*'''funziare''': to work
*'''cegrare''': to close
*'''caglentare''': to heat

-e stem
*'''aprendere''': to learn
*'''attendere''': to attend
*'''videre''': to see

-i stem:
*'''cognire''': to think
*'''pidire''': to ask for
*'''venire''': to come

==Describing Location and Origin==
To speak of your location, use a simple formula. To speak of origin, you will learn a new irregular verb, and a new preposition, '''di'''. '''Di''' means &quot;of&quot; or &quot;from&quot;, and is used in possession as well as location. For example:

*'''al ava di Ione''': Ione's bird (lit., the bird of Ione)
*'''il cane di Iulia''': Iulia's dog (lit., the dog of Iulia)
*'''il fele di Rome''': Rome's cat (lit., the cat of Rome)

===Location===
The formula for location is as follows: [subject pronoun]+'''stare'''+'''in'''+location. The subject pronoun is largely unnecessary, but you must use a conjugated form of '''stare in''' and the location. For example:

*'''Io stoi in Zergattum''': I am in Zergattum.
*'''Stai in Torine''': You are in Torine
*'''Stam noi in Grenobela?''': Are we in Grenobela?
*'''Signa, stam in Grenobela''': Yes, we are in Grenoble

===Sere===
To talk about origin, you will need to use a new verb: '''sere''', another verb for &quot;to be. '''Sere''' describes qualities, time, and origin. It is conjugated as follows:

*'''Sere''': to be
*'''Io evo''': I am
*'''Tu eves''': you (familiar) are
*'''Ele/ela/vusse es''': he/she is
*'''Noi sovom''': we are
*'''Voi sovos''': you (plural) are
*'''Eli/elae sovoe''': they are

===Origin===
To describe your origin, use the following formula: [subject pronoun]+'''sere'''+'''di'''+origin. The subject pronoun is mostly unnecessary, but '''sere di''' is key. For example:

*'''Evo di Grenobela''': I am from Grenobela
*'''Ela es di Torine''': She is from Torine
*'''Di ube sovos?''': Where are you all from? ('''ube'''=&quot;where&quot;)
*'''Noi sovom di Zergattum''': We are from Zergattum

==Exercises==
===Exercise I===
Translate the following from Carune to English:
*1) '''Io stoi in Zergattum.'''
*2) '''Eves tu di Grenobela?'''
*3) '''Pudei aiudare''' (aiudare=to help)
*4) '''Ube stai?'''
*5) '''Evo di Londone''' (Londone=London)

===Exercise II===
Translate the following from English to Carune:
*1) I am from Torine.
*2) I am in Grenobela.
*3) Can you walk?
*4) Excuse me, are you from Zergattum?
*5) I attend classes. (class=il clase)

===Exercise III===
Answer the following questions in Carune.
*1) '''Comi stai?''' (comi=how)
*2) '''Di ube essei?'''
*3) '''Ube stai?'''
*4) '''M'scusi, essei tu di Milane?'''

===Exercise IV===
You thought it wasn't going to be here, didn't you. :P Conjugate each of these verbs in all forms:
*1) Concibire (to conceive)
*2) Criere (to believe)
*3) Prepare (to prepare)

==Next==
*[[Carune|Top]]
*[[Carune Lesson 2|Back]]
*[[Carune Lesson 4|Forward]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune Lesson 4</title>
    <id>2246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8654</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-21T22:11:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Carune Lesson 3|Lesson 3]] you learned to conjugate regular -i stem verbs in Carune. In this lesson, we will discuss -o stem verbs, such as '''amare''' and '''collere''', as well as the irregular verb '''avere'''. You will also learn how to conduct yourself in a restaurant.

==Dialogue==
Ione, Rome, and Iulia from the last lesson have become friends. To practice their Carune, the trio go out for lunch after the presentation at the Art Museum.

===Carune===
*Michale: M'scusis, siniori, Siniora, mi iamo Michale, e zoi a stare il tue cameradore hoi. Queres bevidae?
*Rome: No savo qua quera. Iulia?
*Iulia: Um...me gustaria aqua, per favore.
*Michale: Aqua, bene. E voi, siniori?
*Ione: Quali tipi di refresci si tene?
*''MIchale lista i refresci.''
*Ione: Bene, me gustaria Coca-cola, per favore.
*Rome: Me pude traere Espraite?
*Michale: Bene, bene. Uni momenti, siniori!

===Traduzione (Translation)===
*Michale: Excuse me, sirs, miss, my name is Michale, and I am going to be your waiter today. Do you want drinks?
*Rome: I don't know what I want. Iulia?
*Iulia: Um...I would like water, please.
*Michale: Water, sure. And you, sirs?
*Ione: What types of soda do you have?
*''Michale lists the sodas.''
*Ione: Well, I would like Coca-cola, please.
*Rome: Can you bring me Sprite?
*Michale: Good, good. A few minutes, sirs [and miss]!

===Grammar Notes===
This dialogue focuses more on colloquial speech. There are a number of phrases that you'll learn more about later. For now, just accept the approximate translations.

*'''m'scusis''': excuse me (to more than one person)
*'''mi iamo...''': I am called...
*'''cameradore''': waiter
*'''per favore''': please
*'''No savo qua quera''': I don't know what I want
*'''me gustaria...''': I would like...
*'''aqua''': water
*'''quali tipi di refresci si tene''': what types of soda do you have
*'''refresce''': soda
*'''Coca-cola''': Coca-cola
*'''Espraite''': Sprite
*'''me pude traere...''': can you bring me...
*'''uni momenti''': a few minutes

There are a few other things you should know. In the last lesson, you learned that '''m'scusi''' meant excuse me. There is another form that takes its place when talking to plural people: '''m'scusis'''. There is also a colloquial greeting, '''costa''', the equivalent of &quot;what's up&quot;.

==-O Stem Verbs==
You already know how to conjugate verbs in all of the basic stems. However, there are a small number of verbs of the -o stem. These verbs are 

*'''Amare''': to love
*'''Io amo''': I love
*'''Tu amoi''': you (familiar) love
*'''Ele/ela/vusse amoz''': he/she/you (formal) loves/love
*'''Noi amom''': we love
*'''Voi amos''': you (plural) love
*'''Eli/elae amoe''': they love

So, simply remove the infinitive ending and add '''-o/-oi/-oz/-om/-os/-oe'''.

===Additional Verbs===
-a stem
*'''funziare''': to work
*'''cegrare''': to close
*'''caglentare''': to heat

-e stem
*'''aprendere''': to learn
*'''attendere''': to attend
*'''videre''': to see

-i stem:
*'''cognire''': to think
*'''pidire''': to ask for
*'''venire''': to come

-o stem:
*'''collere''': to color
*'''traere''': to bring
*'''olere''': to smell

==Avere==
'''Avere''' is the first auxiliary verb you will learn. Avere is used in many idiomatic expressions, and in crafting most of the compound tenses. First, you'll learn about to conjugate '''avere'''. In the present tense, it has only one irregular form, and is treated as an -e stem verb. It's the other tenses you need to worry about.

*'''Avere''': to have (auxiliary)
*'''Io avo''': I have (auxiliary)
*'''Tu avei''': you (fam) have (auxiliary)
*'''Ele/ela/vusse ave''': he/she/you (form) has/have (auxiliary)
*'''Nio avem''': we have (auxiliary)
*'''Vo avec''': you (plural) have (auxiliary)
*'''Eli/elae aven''': they have (auxiliary)

Here are some idiomatic phrases and their uses.

*'''Avere sone''': to be sleepy (lit. to have sleepiness)
*'''Avere ambra''': to be hungry
*'''Avere tirsta''': to have thirst
*'''Avere quo''': to have to (do something)

'''Avere quo''' is a very common expression, so make sure to remember it.

==Exercises==
===Exercise I===
Translate the following from Carune to English:
*1) '''Stai in Zergattum?'''
*2) '''Amo al citta di Milane.''' (citta=city)
*3) '''Me gustaria encontrare Ministore Primere Ivane di Torine.''' (encontrare=to meet)
*4) '''M'scusi, me pude traere Coca-cola.'''
*5) '''Avec quo somnire.'''

===Exercise II===
Translate the following from English to Carune:
*1) I am from Grenobela. Where are you from?
*2) Is she hungry?
*3) She loves cats.
*4) Excuse me, are you (plural) from Milane?
*5) They are tired.

===Exercise III===
Answer the following questions in Carune.
*1) '''M'scusi, me pude traere Espraite?'''
*2) '''Avei sone?'''
*3) '''Stai in al citta di Milane?'''
*4) '''I love to sing?''' (chantare=to sing)

===Exercise IV===
Conjugate each of these verbs in all forms:
*1) Collere (to color)
*2) Olere (to smell)
*3) Traere (to bring)

==Next==
*[[Carune|Top]]
*[[Carune Lesson 3|Back]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Italo-Carune</title>
    <id>2247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8853</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-07T01:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

The Italo-Carune subfamily of the Ibero-Italic language family is the family that spawned, for example, [[Carune]] and [[Monzo]].

==Common Features of Italo-Carune Languages==
The most notable feature of these languages is the retension of the neuter [[gender]], lost in most other Romance languages.

===Eastern Carune Languages===
Mònzo and other central languages are, interestingly enough, more closely related to Spanish than Italian, Rumantsch, or the other languages in their vicinity. They lost the final -e's common in central verb infinitives, but gained a stress accent not found in the central languages.

===Central Carune Languages===
Carune and other eastern languages are, in contrast, much closer to Italian than the Iberian languages. They incorporate a large portion of vocabulary from Iberian languages, however.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monzo</title>
    <id>2248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46373</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T13:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Texts */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Mònzo is an Italo-Carune language spoken in Monze, [[Carune (nation)|Carune]]. It is similar to Carune, but incorporates grave accents as stress markers because of the loss of some final letters.

{{Infobox|name=Mònzo
|pronounce=/m&quot;Onts)o/
|tu=[[Alternate Earth]], modern era
|species=Human
|in=[[Carune (nation)|Carune]]
|no=5 million
|script=Roman
|tree=[[Proto-Indo-European|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Italo-Western&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ibero-Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Italo-Carune]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Eastern Carune
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''[[Monzo]]'''
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Fusional
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]
|date=December 2005}}
==Phonology/Orthography==
Monzo has 29 phonemes.

*Plosives: &lt;tt&gt;/p t k b d g/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; p t ch b d g &gt;
*Fricatives: &lt;tt&gt;/f h s v/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; f h s v &gt;
*Affricates: &lt;tt&gt;/ts) tS)/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; z c &gt;
*Approximants: &lt;tt&gt;/l r\ L/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; l r lh &gt;
*Nasals: &lt;tt&gt;/m n J/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; m n nh &gt;
*Unstressed Vowels: &lt;tt&gt;/a e i o u/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; a e i o u &gt;
*Stressed Vowels: &lt;tt&gt;/&quot;A &quot;E &quot;I &quot;O &quot;U/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; à è ì ò ù &gt;
*Labialized Plosives: &lt;tt&gt;/kw/&lt;/tt&gt; &lt; qu &gt;
*In diphthongs, /i/ becomes /j/ and /u/ becomes /w/
*Before /a o u/ &lt;c&gt; is /k/.

==Syntax and Stress==
Stress falls on the penultimate syllable, unless the word ends in a vowel, in which case it lands on the ultimate syllable:

*Mònzo: /m&quot;Onts)o/
*Parlàr: /parl&quot;Ar\/
*Che: /k&quot;e/
*Grazie: /grats)j&quot;e/

==Subject Pronouns==
Mònzo has nine subject pronouns. It distinguishes two singular forms, one formal and one informal.

*'''Eo''': I
*'''Tu''': you (informal)
*'''Lho''': he
*'''Lha''': she
*'''Vùzu''': you (formal)
*'''Nòze''': we
*'''Vòze''': you (plural)
*'''Lhi''': they (masculine)
*'''Lhe''': they (feminine)

==Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Simple Tenses==
There are four types of verbs: -a stem, -e stem, -i stem, and irregulars. The infinitive forms are -àr, -èr, -ìr, and -e respectively. To conjugate, remove them and add the correct endings.

===Present Indicative Conjugation===
This describes actions that happen in the present. Regular verbs conjugate as follows.

*The '''eo''' form ends in -ò.
*The '''tu''' form ends in -(stem vowel)s
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' forms end in -(stem vowel)
*The '''nòze''' form ends in -(stem vowel)mo
*The '''vòze''' form ends in -(stem vowel)z
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' forms end in -(stem vowel)n
*Thus, parlàr conjugates as follows: parlò, parlas, parla, parlamo, parlaz, parlan
*Savèr: savò, saves, save, savemo, savez, saven
*Venìr: venò, venis, veni, venimo, veniz, venin
*The irregular verb pusse (to be able to) conjugates like this: pò, pes, pe, pemo, pez, pen.

===Preterit Indicative Conjugation===
The preterit describes actions that have happened in the past.

*The '''eo''' form ends in -è for -a stem verbs and -ì for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''tu''' form ends in -ast for -a stem verbs and -ist for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' forms end in -u for all types of verbs.
*The '''nòzo''' form ends in -àm for -a stem verbs and -ìm for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''vòzo''' form ends in -àste for -a stem verbs and -ìste for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' forms end in -àtu and -ìtu for -e and -i stem verbs.
*Parlàr: parlè, parlast, parlu, parlàm, parlàste, parlàtu.
*Savèr: savì, savist, savu, savìm, savìste, savìtu
*Venìr: venì, venist, venu, venìm, venìste, venìtu
*Pusse: puì, puist, peu, puìm, puìste, puìtu

===Future Indicative Conjugation===
The future tense describes actions that have yet to occur.

*The '''eo''' ending is -e.
*The '''tu''' ending is -as.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' ending is -i.
*The '''nòzo''' ending is -emo
*The '''vòzo''' ending is -az.
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' ending is -in
*Parlàr: parlàre, parlàras, parlàri, parlàremo, parlàraz, parlàrin
*Savèr: savère, savèras, savèri, savèrimo, savèraz, savèrin
*Venìr: venìre, venìras, venìri, venìremo, venìraz, venìrin
*Pusse: puère, puèras, puèri, puèremo, puèraz, puèrin

===Imperfect Indicative Conjugation===
The imperfect tense describes an action that occurred at an unspecified past time. In -a stem verbs, it is formed by removing the final -r, adding -v-, and then adding the normal present tense ending. If this would change the stress placement, the stress stays with the infinitive ending. In -e and -i stem forms it is conjugated as follows:

*The '''eo''' form is -ià.
*The '''tu''' form is -iàs.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' form ends in -ià.
*The '''nòzo''' form ends in -iàmo
*The '''vòzo''' form ends in -iàz
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' form ends in -iàn
*Parlàr: parlàvo, parlàvas, parlàva, parlàvamo, parlàvas, parlàvan
*Savèr: savià, saviàs, savià, saviàmo, saviàz, saviàn
*Venìr: venià, veniàs, venià, veniàmo, veniàz, veniàn
*Pusse: puià, puiàs, puià, puiàmo, puiàz, puiàn

===Present Conditional Conjugation===
The present conditional describes things that would happen. It conjugates by adding certain endings to the full infinitive of a verb. When the stress of the added ending conflicts with the stress of the infinitive, the stress stays with the added ending.

*The '''eo''' form is -ià.
*The '''tu''' form is -iàs.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' form is -ià.
*The '''nòzo''' form is -iàmo
*The '''vòzo''' form is -iàz
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' form is -iàn
*Parlàr: parlarià, parlariàs, parlarià, parlariàmo, parlariàz, parlariàn.
*Savèr: saverià, saveriàs, saverià, saveriàmo, saveriàz, saveriàn.
*Venìr: venirià, veniriàs, venirià, veniriàmo, veniriàz, veniriàn.
*Pusse: puerià, pueriàs, puerià, pueriàmo, pueriàz, pueriàn.

==Nominal Morphology: Gender and Number==
In common with other [[Italo-Carune]] languages, Mònzo has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

*Masculine nouns end in '''-o''' in the singular. To make them plural, change '''-o''' to '''-i'''. For example: '''il bambino'''&gt;'''lhi bambini''' ('''bambino'''=boy).
*Feminine nouns end in '''-a''' in the singular. To make them plural, change '''-a''' to '''-e'''. For example: '''al bambina'''&gt;'''lhe bambine''' ('''bambina'''=girl).
*Neuter nouns end in '''-u''' in the singular. To make them plural, change '''-u''' to '''e'''. For example: '''el frasu'''&gt;'''lhe frase''' ('''frasu'''=sentence).

==Direct Object Pronouns==
Direct object pronouns reflect the immediate object of an action: I have '''the book''' to him.; She loves '''me'''. Mònzo nouns do not reflect the accusative (direct object) case, but pronouns do. The direct object pronouns are as follows.

*'''Me''': me
*'''Te''': you
*'''Lho''': him
*'''Lha''': her
*'''Lhu''': it
*'''Ne''': us
*'''Ve''': you
*'''Lhi''': them (masculine)
*'''Lhe''': them (feminine or neuter)

==Indirect Object Pronouns==
Indirect object pronouns reflect the indirect object of a sentence: She gave the book '''to me'''. Nouns in Mònzo do not reflect the dative (indirect object) case, but pronouns do.

*'''Me''': to/for me
*'''Te''': to/for you
*'''Lo''': to/for him
*'''La''': to/for her
*'''Lu''': to/for it
*'''Ne''': to/for us
*'''Ve''': to/for you
*'''Li''': to/for them (masculine)
*'''Le''': to/for them (feminine or neuter)

==Prepositional Object Pronouns==
Prepositional object pronouns reflect the object of a preposition: I am going away '''from her'''. Nouns in Mònzo do not decline to show the locative/ablative (prepositional object) case, but pronouns do.

*'''Mi''': me
*'''Ti''': you
*'''Si''': him, her, it, them
*'''Ni''': us
*'''Vi''': you

==Reflexive Verbs/Pronouns==
Reflexive verbs are the reflection of an action done by the speaker to the speaker: '''She''' gave the book '''to herself'''. There are two ways of dealing with reflexives: conjugate them, or leave them as infinitives. As conjugated verbs, reflexives look like normal verbs, but have a reflexive pronoun tacked onto the beginning.

*'''Lavèr-si''': to wash oneself
*'''Mi lavò''': I wash myself
*'''Ti laves''': you wash yourself
*'''Si lave''': he/she/you washes/wash him/her/yourself
*'''Ni lavemo''': we wash ourselves
*'''Vi lavez''': you wash yourselves
*'''Si laven''': they wash themselves

In their infinitive forms, reflexives look like normal verbs with a reflexive pronoun tacked on at the end.

*'''Sentìr-si''': to feel
*'''Sentìr-mi''': to feel (I)
*'''Sentìr-ti''': to feel (you)
*'''Sentìr-si''': to feel (he, she, it, they)
*'''Sentìr-ni''': to feel (we)
*'''Sentìr-vi''': to feel (you)

The second type of reflexive is always used after a conjugated verb, never in place of one.

==Verbal Morphology: Irregular Verbs==
You have already learned to conjugate one irregular verb: '''pusse''' (to be able to, can). This section will teach you a number of the most common irregular verbs. Irregular verbs end in '''-e''', and typically more specifically in '''-sse'''. The most common irregular verbs are as follows.

*'''esse''': to be
*Present Indicative: '''sò, es, è, somo, soz, son'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''fuì, fuist, fuu, fuìm, fuìste, fuìtu'''
*Future Indicative: '''sierre, sierras, sierri, sierremo, sierraz, sierrin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''erò, eras, era, eramo, eraz, eran'''
*Present Conditional: '''sierrià, sierriàs, sierrià, sierriàmo, sierriàz, sierriàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''sa, sas, sa, samo, saz, san'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''fuìrra, fuìrras, fuìrra, fuìrramo, fuìrraz, fuìrran'''

*'''avesse''': to have (auxiliary)
*Present Indicative: '''hò, has, ha, hamo, haz, han'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''hè, hast, hu, hàm, haste, hàtu'''
*Future Indicative: hàre, '''hàras, hàri, hàremo, hàraz, hàrin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''hià, hiàs, hià, hiàmo, hiàz, hiàn'''
*Present Conditional: '''harià, hariàs, harià, hariàmo, hariàz, hariàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''he, hes, he, hemo, hez, hen'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''hàrra, hàrras, hàrra, hàrramo, hàrraz, hàrran'''

*'''ire''': to go
*Present Indicative: '''vò, vas, va, vamo, vaz, van'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''fuì, fuist, fuu, fuìm, fuìste, fuìtu'''
*Future Indicative: '''ire, iras, iri, iremo, iraz, irin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''ià, iàs, ià, iàmo, iàz, iàn'''
*Present Conditional: '''irià, iriàs, irià, iriàmo, iriàz, iriàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''ve, ves, ve, vemo, vez, ven'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''fuìrra, fuìrras, fuìrra, fuìrramo, fuìrraz, fuìrran'''

*'''disse''': to say, tell
*Present Indicative: '''dicio, dices, dice, dicemo, dicez, dicen'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''dehì, dehist, dehu, dehìm, dehìste, dehìtu'''
*Future Indicative: '''dehère, dehèras, dehèri, dehèremo, dehèraz, dehèrin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''dià, diàs, dià, diàmo, diàz, diàn'''
*Present Conditional: '''deherià, deheriàs, deherià, deheriàmo, deheriàz, deheriàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''dicia, dicias, dicia, diciamo, diciaz, dician'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''dehìrra, dehìrras, dehìrra, dehìrramo, dehìrraz, dehìrran'''

*'''pusse''': to be able to
*Present Indicative: '''pò, pes, pe, pemo, pez, pen'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''puì, puist, peu, puìm, puìste, puìtu'''
*Future Indicative: '''puère, puèras, puèri, puèremo, puèraz, puèrin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''puià, puiàs, puià, puiàmo, puiàz, puiàn'''
*Present Conditional: '''puerià, pueriàs, puerià, pueriàmo, pueriàz, pueriàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''pa, pas, pa, pamo, paz, pan'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''puìrra, puìrras, puìrra, puìrramo, puìrraz, puìrran'''

*'''fare''': to make, do
*Present Indicative: '''facio, faces, face, facemo, faces, facen'''
*Preterite Indicative: '''fè, fast, fu, fàm, faste, fàtu'''
*Future Indicative: '''fàre, fàras, fàri, fàremo, fàraz, fàrin'''
*Imperfect Indicative: '''fià, fiàs, fià, fiàmo, fiàz, fiàn'''
*Present Conditional: '''farià, fariàs, farià, fariàmo, fariàz, fariàn'''
*Present Subjunctive: '''facie, facies, facia, faciemo, faciez, facien'''
*Imperfect Subjunctive: '''fàrra, fàrras, fàrra, fàrramo, fàrraz, fàrran'''

==Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Compound Tenses==
These are tenses that in English are formed by more than one verb: I have gone, I had gone, I will have gone, I am going to go, I would have gone; etc. To form these compound tenses, you will need, in many cases, the present and past participles. To form the present participle of a regular verb, remove the final -r and add -nd. This is equivalent to the English -ing form. To form the past participle of a regular verb, remove the final -r and add -d. This is equivalent to the English -ed form.

===Present Perfect Indicative Conjugation===
The present perfect is equivalent to English &quot;I have done something&quot;. It is formed by placing the present indicative form of '''avesse''' before the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me ha parlàd''': he has spoken to me
*'''Hò savèd por muci anhi''': I have known for many years

===Pluperfect Indicative Conjugation===
The pluperfect is equivalent to English &quot;I had done something&quot;. It is formed by placing the preterite indicative form of '''avesse''' before the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me hu parlàd''': he had spoken to me
*'''Hè savèd por muci anhi''': I had known for many years

===Present Progressive Indicative Conjugation===
The present progressive form is equivalent to English &quot;I am doing something&quot;. It is formed by placing the present indicative form of '''esse''' before the present participle of a verb.

*'''Me è parlànd''': he is speaking to me
*'''Sò savènd''': I am knowing

===Future Perfect Indicative Conjugation===
The future perfect is equivalent to English &quot;I will have done something&quot;. It is formed by placing the future indicative form of '''avesse''' before the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me hàri parlàd''': he will have spoken to me
*'''Hàre savèd por muci anhi''': I will have known for many years

===Simple Future Indicative Conjugation===
The simple future is equivalent to English &quot;I am going to do something&quot;. It is formed by placing the present indicative form of '''ire''' before an infinitive verb.

*'''Me va parlàr''': he is going to speak to me
*'''Vò savèr por muci anhi''': I am going to know for many years

===Past Conditional Indicative Conjugation===
The past conditional is equivalent to English &quot;I would have done something&quot;. It is formed by placing the present conditional form '''avesse''' before the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me harià parlàd''': he would have spoken to me
*'''Harià savèd por muci anhi''': I would have known for many years

===Imperfect Progressive Indicative Conjugation===
The imperfect progressive is equivalent to English &quot;I was doing something&quot;. It is formed by placing the imperfect form of '''esse''' before the present participle of a verb.

*'''Me era parlànd''': he was speaking to me
*'''Erò savènd''': I was knowing

==Nominal Morphology: Articles==
These are equivalent to English &quot;the&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;an&quot;, and &quot;some&quot;. The articles agree in gender and number with their accompanying nouns.

*The masculine singular definite article is '''il'''.
*The masculine plural definite article is '''lhi'''.
*The feminine singular definite article is '''al'''.
*The neuter singular definite article is '''el'''.
*The feminine and neuter plural definite article is '''lhe'''.
*The masculine singular indefinite article is '''un'''.
*The masculine plural indefinite article is '''uni'''.
*The feminine singular indefinite article is '''una'''.
*The neuter singular indefinite article is '''unu'''.
*The feminine and neuter plural indefinite article is '''une'''.

==Adjective Morphology: Gender and Number==
Adjectives, like articles, must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Adjectives change their ending to reflect their gender and number. So '''felicho''' is the singular masculine form of &quot;happy&quot;, and '''feliche''' is the plural feminine/neuter form of &quot;happy&quot;. Here is '''felicho''' in all its forms. The endings it has are applicable to all adjectives.

*The masculine singular form is '''felicho'''.
*The masculine plural form is '''felichi'''.
*The feminine singular form is '''felicha'''.
*The neuter singular form is '''felichu'''.
*The feminine and neuter plural form is '''feliche'''.

==Verbal Morphology: The Passive Voice==
The passive voice is formed using a specific pattern. It is equivalent to English &quot;something was done by me&quot;. Use this format for the passive voice.

*[Patient noun]+'''esse'''+[past participle of main verb]+'''còmo''' (by)+[agent noun or prepositional object pronoun]

==Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Simple Tenses==
The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood]

===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present subjunctive is used in relative clauses wherever the present indicative would be used. The present subjunctive stem is the first person singular present indicative stem. It is equivalent to English &quot;if I were to...&quot; and &quot;I may...&quot; and similar constructions.

*The '''eo''' form ending is -e for -a stem verbs and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''tu''' form ending is -es for -a stem verbs and -as for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' form ending is -e for -a stem verbs and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''nòzo''' form ending is -emo for -a stem verbs and -amo for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''vòzo''' form ending is -ez for -a stem verbs and -az for -e and -i stem verbs.
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' form ending is -en for -a stem verbs and -an for -e and -i stem verbs.
*Parlàr: parle, parles, parle, parlemo, parlez, parlen
*Savèr: sava, savas, sava, savamo, savaz, savan
*Venìr: vena, venas, vena, venamo, venaz, venan
*Pusse: pa, pas, pa, pamo, paz, pan

===Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
The imperfect subjunctive is used wherever the imperfect or preterite indicative would be used in a relative clause. The imperfect subjunctive stem is the third person plural form of the preterite indicative, without the final -tu.

*The '''eo''' form ending is -rra.
*The '''tu''' form ending is -rras.
*The '''lho''', '''lha''', and '''vùzu''' form ending is -rra.
*The '''nòzo''' form ending is -rramo.
*The '''vòzo''' form ending is -rraz.
*The '''lhi''' and '''lhe''' form ending is -rran.
*Parlàr: parlàrra, parlàrras, parlàrra, parlàrramo, parlàrraz, parlàrran
*Savèr: savìrra, savìrras, savìrra, savìrramo, savìrraz, savìrran
*Venir: venìrra, venìrras, venìrra, venìrramo, venìrraz, venìrran
*Pusse: puìrra, puìrras, puìrra, puìrramo, puìrraz, puìrran

==Verbal Morphology: Imperative Mood==
The imperative mood is used to give commands. While Central Carune languages do not distinguish between positive and negative commands, other than by adding the verb negator before the command, Eastern Carune languages do. Commands are very simple in Mònzo. Affirmative commands (do something) are formed by taking the present subjunctive form of a verb. Negative commands (don't do anything) are formed by taking the imperfect subjunctive form of a verb. Object pronouns for positive imperatives are added to the end of the imperative in this order: reflexive, direct object, indirect object. Objects for negative imperatives precede the verb as normal. Attaching an object pronoun places a stress accent on the final vowel of the basic imperative, or in the case of the '''nòzo''' form, the penultimate vowel.

*'''Parlème!''': speak to me! ('''vùzu''')
*'''Non me approchàrras''': do not approach me! ('''tu''')
*'''Vemo!''': let's go! ('''nòzo''')

==Contractions==
Mònzo, like many languages, incorporates some contractions. In Mònzo, the singular definite article contracts with the prepositions '''in''' (in, on), '''a''' (to, at), and '''de''' (of, from).

*'''in'''+'''il'''='''nil'''
*'''in'''+'''al'''='''nal'''
*'''in'''+'''el'''='''nel'''
*'''a'''+'''il'''=al'''
*'''a'''+'''al'''='''al'''
*'''a'''+'''al'''='''al'''
*'''de'''+'''il'''='''del'''
*'''de'''+'''al'''='''del'''
*'''de'''+'''el'''='''del'''

==Pronominative Morphology: Nonpersonal Pronouns== 
Mònzo, like other Carune languages, incorporates a number of non-personal pronouns in three groups: interrogative (who), locative (here), and relative (that, which).

===Interrogative Pronouns===
Interrogative pronouns indicate a question. In English, they are: who, what, where, when, why, how, how much/many, and which.

*'''Che''': what
*'''Quu''': who
*'''Dove''': where
*'''Quande''': when
*'''Per che''': why
*'''Quante''': how much
*'''Quale''': which

===Locative Pronouns===
Locative pronouns describe place. The locative pronouns in English are &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot;. In Mònzo, they are.

*'''Qui''': here
*'''Alha''': there

===Relative Pronouns===
The relative pronouns join a relative or subordinate clause to a main clause. The relative pronouns in English are that/which, who, what, where, when, and why. '''Quo''' (that, which) also means &quot;because&quot;, so pay attention to the context in which it is used.

*'''Quo''': that/which
*'''Chu''': who
*'''Que''': what
*'''Dovè''': where
*'''Chande''': when
*'''Perque''': why

==Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Compound Tenses==
Like the indicative mood compound tenses, these are a combination of a verb and a participle, though these are in the subjunctive.

===Present Perfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present perfect subjunctive is used where the indicative present perfect would be used, but only in relative or subordinate clauses. The present perfect subjunctive is a combination of the present subjunctive of '''avesse''' followed by the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me he parlàd''': he may have spoken to me
*'''He savèd por muci anhi''': I may have known for many years

===Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugation===
The pluperfect subjunctive is used where the indicative present perfect would be used, but only in relative or subordinate clauses.  The pluperfect subjunctive is a combination of the imperfect subjunctive of '''avesse''' followed by the past participle of a verb.

*'''Me hàrra parlàd''': he might have spoken to me
*'''Hàrra savèd por muci anhi''': I might have known for many years

==Verbal Morphology: Idiomatic Verbs==
There are a number of idiomatic verbs, mostly using the irregular verbs '''avesse''' and '''fare'''.

===With Avesse===
'''Avesse''' is used in a number of cases where English uses &quot;to be&quot;. Some of the most common uses are:

*'''avesse de''': to have to [do something]
*'''avesse sonha''': to be sleepy
*'''avesse habra''': to be hungry
*'''avesse tirssa''': to be thirsty

===With Fare===
Idioms with '''fare''' typically relate to the weather. Here are a few:

*'''facie fresca''': it's cold
*'''facie caldo''': it's warm
*'''facie solha''': it's sunny

==Texts==

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Alternate Earth]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Carune</title>
    <id>2249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45160</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]
&lt;center&gt;Hodium esse {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Benveniti a '''FrathWiki''', une vicche ubi alguene pude presentare a suae crelinguae e creculturae, e una proheta para collectare informazione sobre soggeti relevanti a crelinguant, creculturant, e cremondant.  Visitas [[FrathWiki:Goals]] per qu'essem sobre.

FrathWiki currentamente ha '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' pagini.

I contenti di FrathWiki essen liberi (come parlazione).  Visitas [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]] per mais informazione.

'''Commenzant:'''  Visitas [[Help:How does one start a page|Aiuda:Comi si commenza une pagine]] e [[Help:Editing|Aiuda:Adiustant]] si no saves di vicchi in generale.  Una lista completa di topici d'aiuda esse a [[Help:Contents|Aidua:Contenti]].  Per favore lignas [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions]] antes di crient sehe primere pagine.

Ce uni '''[[Templates|templati]]''' para fazere formattant mais facile.

Vicchi similari: [[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|CrelinguaVicche]], Ill Bethisad Vicche, [[wikibooks:Conlang|Crelingua Vicchelibre]], [[AltHist:|AlthistoriaVicche]], e il [[conlangcity:|Crelingua Vicchacitta]].

Iam ce une [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Yahoogrupe] per esta citta d'il intrenette, ubi parlazioni staran fazet e recordazioni d'il informazione ponet.

Per favore reportes behaviore inusuali a [mailto:muke@frath.net Muke].

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''[[Help:Contents|Topici Aiudi]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Discuzioni intopici]] - [[List of mailing lists|Lista di listae cartantae]] - '''[[List of conlangs|Lista di crelinguae]]'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''Topici linguistichi:''' [[:Category:Grammar|concepti grammaticali]] - [[person|persona]] - [[number|numerale]] - [[tense|tempe]] - [[aspect|aspette]] - [[mood|mode]] - [[Swadesh list|lista Swadesh]]

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Prohetae collaborativae:'''
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:Una crescritura per linguae Indo-Europae usant charactadori Cinesi.
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:Una crelingua collaborativa  [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages|Homonimi Intre Linguae]]
*:Una lista di verbo quo s'oggi similari intre linguae.
*[[Noric]]
*:Una familia di linguae parlant n'i alpi Austriani n'il [[League of Lost Languages|Grupe di Lingu'Olvidatae]].
''...see also [[:Category:Collaborations|Categoria:Collaborazioni]]'' 

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Lista di topici creculturi:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar|Calendare ceremonale di Henaudute]]
*[[New Royce|Nuve Roce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Alternate Earth|Terra Nuva]]
''...visitas tamben [[:Category:Conworlds|Categoria:Cremondae]]''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/sandbox</title>
    <id>2250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50618</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T17:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ref/note */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== My subpages ==
&lt;DPL&gt;
createdby=Melroch
titlematch=%/%
&lt;/DPL&gt;

__NEWSECTIONLINK__
== Paramtest ==

cf [[Template:paramtest]]
  &lt;nowiki&gt;
{{paramtest|
   |t   = tim
   |t_d = þam
   |t_- = com
}}
   &lt;/nowiki&gt;


{{paramtest|
   |t   = tim
   |t_d = þam
   |t_- = com
}}


 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ|t_-=c}}


 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{Paramtest|t=t|t_d=þ}}


 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{Paramtest|caption=0|t=t}}


 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{Paramtest|t_-=c}}

== Template==

{{Voweltable|caption=Swedish dialect vowel spellings|i=i|y=y|I=î ''or'' ê|e=e|2=ö|8\= &amp;mdash; u|u\=(u)|8=û|E=ä|&amp;=(â)|a=â|&amp;\=(ô)|3\=ô|u=o|o=å|Q=a|A=(a)|@=(e)}}

== Table ==
{| class=&quot;gridtable voweltable&quot; style=&quot;width: {{{width|60%}}};&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|+{{{caption}}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Front
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Central
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;| Back
|-
! class=&quot;small&quot; | Unrounded
! class=&quot;small&quot; | Rounded
! class=&quot;small&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Unrounded
! class=&quot;small&quot; | Rounded
! class=&quot;small&quot; | Unrounded
! class=&quot;small&quot; | Rounded
|-
! Closed
| {{{i}}} || {{{y}}} || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{{i\}}} || {{{u\}}} || {{{M}}} || {{{u}}}
|-
!
| {{{I}}} || {{{Y}}} || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{{I\}}} 
| {{{U\}}} || {{{M_}}} || {{{U}}}
|-
! Half-closed
| {{{e}}} || {{{2}}} {{{8\}}} || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{{@\}}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{{@}}} || {{{8}}} || {{{7}}} || {{{o}}}
|-
! Half-open
| {{{E}}} || {{{9}}} || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{{3}}} || {{{3\}}} 
| {{{V}}} || {{{O}}}
|-
!
| {{{&amp;}}} || {{{&amp;\}}} || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{{6}}} 
| {{{3\_}}} || {{{V_}}} || {{{O_}}}
|-
! Open
| {{{a}}} || {{{&amp;\_}}} || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{{a_}}} 
| {{{Q_x}}} || {{{A}}} || {{{Q}}}
|}

== Stuff ==

{{paramtest|A_x=â|8_+_w=û}}

Sohlob '''ä ö ü''': {{Sohlob|ä ö ü}}

Vowel length{{Hnote|1|Vowel length}}


{{BIGIPA|[ɛɪ]}} {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}

'''Sohlob''' is spelled&lt;span class=&quot;graphemic&quot;&gt;hhohlob&lt;/span&gt;in Sohlob script.

'''Sohlob''' is spelled&amp;lang;hhohlob&amp;rang;in Sohlob script.

{{sc|Benct}} cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē ''cŭ́m sī́t quā́rē''

Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ 
With zero-width joiner: ī‍̣ĭ‍̣ī‍̨ĭ‍̨ 
With zero-width non-joiner: ī‌̣ĭ‌̣ī‌̨ĭ‌̨

''Without joiner: ị̄ị̆į̄į̆ ''
''With zero-width joiner: ī‍̣ĭ‍̣ī‍̨ĭ‍̨ ''
''With zero-width non-joiner: ī‌̣ĭ‌̣ī‌̨ĭ‌̨''

''ę̄ę̆ǭǫ̆į̄į̆ẹ̄ẹ̆ọ̄ọ̆ị̄ị̆''
''į̄ị̆''
''&amp;#x012B;&amp;#x0328;&amp;#x012D;&amp;#x0323;''

p{{Small|D}}o{{small|O}}a{{Small|A}}  {{Small|D}}I{{small|GNVS}}

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
!
!align=&quot;left&quot;|INCLUSION 
!align=&quot;left&quot;|CONTACT 
!align=&quot;left&quot;|PROXIMITY
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;|LOCATIVE 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|in 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|on 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|at
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;|SEPARATIVE 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|out of 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|off 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|from
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;|TRANSLATIVE 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|through 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|over 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|along
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;|INGRESSIVE 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|towards 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|against (for)
|align=&quot;left&quot;|to
|}

==== (1) Vowel length ====

== Abandoned infobox ==

{{Abandoned}}
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch}}
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|date=January}}
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=January}}
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}
{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|talk=(Leave a note!)|date=January}}

(Based on what [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].)

== deflist ==

;Benct 
:;Philip :Jonsson
;Melroch 
:;Melarocco :Aestan 
:Aistano

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
;Benct 
:;Philip :Jonsson
;Melroch 
:;Melarocco :Aestan 
:Aistano
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;


== Kijeb syllabary ==

The rightmost columns and lowest rows  get cut off.  May it be due to some file size limitation setting?

Cf. the [http://www.melroch.se/conlang/misc/kijebsyllabary.svg external copy on my own webspace!]

[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|thumb|300px|right|The Kijeb syllabary.  Click in the image to see it enlarged.]]

[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg]]


[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 00:14, 15 January 2007 (PST)

== Bordertable ==

{| class=&quot;bordertable&quot;
! Benedictus || Philippus || Gothus
|-
| Benct || Philip || Jonsson
|}

== smallcaps ==

{{SC|foo}}
&lt;span class=&quot;morpho-label&quot;&gt;foo&lt;/span&gt;
{{morpho-label|foo}}
{{sc|foo}}
{{Sc|foo}}

== [[Template:Scroll box]] test ==

{{scroll box
|width=75%
|height=10em
|content=
&lt;dpl&gt;
  namespace= Help
&lt;/dpl&gt;
}}

== Faking ɛɩ ligature ==

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: xx-large;&quot;&gt;
l&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.45ex;&quot;&gt;ɛ&lt;/span&gt;ɩn
L&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.45ex;&quot;&gt;Ɛ&lt;/span&gt;ƖN
f&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.45ex;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;ɩþr
F&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.45ex;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;ƖÞR
F&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 133%;&quot;&gt;ɑ&lt;/span&gt;ÞR
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Capital EI ligature}} {{EI}} 

{{Small ei ligature}} {{ei}}

== Table styles ==

{{testtable}}
----
{{testtable|class= bordertable}}
----
{{testtable|class=gridtable}}
----
{{testtable|class=bluetable}}
----
{{testtable|class=graytable}}
----
{{testtable|style=background: lightsteelblue;}}

== If test ==


{{iftest}} : all undefined


{{iftest|i = i}} I i defined

== [[Template:Voweltemplate]] ==

{{Voweltable|  
|caption = 
| i = 
| y = 
| i\ = 
| u\ = 
| M = 
| u = 
  
| I = 
| Y = 
| I\ = 
| U\ = 
| M_o = 
| U = 
  
| e = 
| 2 = 
| 8\ = 
| @\ = 
| @ = 
| 8 = 
| 7 = 
| o = 
  
| E = 
| 9 = 
| 3 = 
| 3\ = 
| V = 
| O = 
  
| &amp; = 
| &amp;\ = 
| 6 = 
| 3\_o = 
| V_o = 
| O_o = 
  
| a = 
| &amp;\_o = 
| a_x = 
| Q_x = 
| A = 
| Q = 
}}

== Switch test ==

{{Switchtest}}
{{Switchtest|0}}
{{Switchtest|1}}

== User page transclusion [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] ==

{{CURRENTUSER}}

{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}

&lt;p class=&quot;insertchar&quot;&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;{{{chars|{{{characters|benct}}}}}}&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;insertchar&quot;&gt;'''Benct''': &lt;charinsert&gt;B e n c t&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;p&gt;

== Magic word parserfunction ==

{{magic word}}

== Subpage DPL ==

&lt;DPL&gt; namespace= 
titlematch=Main Page/% 
&lt;/DPL&gt;

== Gloss ==

{{gloss|note|use}}

== Nested lists to simulate a family tree ==

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;

=== Source ===

: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B
:: [[Fie]]
:::[[Vie]]
::::[[Wy]]
:: [[Foe]]
: [[Bar]]
:: [[Bor]]
::: [[Baw]]
:::: [[Bah]]
: [[Baz]]
:: [[Bass]]
:: [[Baehz]]
::: [[Beez]]

Notice how the number of colons corresponds to the node's level is the tree
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Output ===

: [[Foo]] - by conlanger A
:: [[Fee]] - by conlanger A and conlanger B
::: [[He]] - by conlanger B
:: [[Fie]]
:::[[Vie]]
::::[[Wy]]
:: [[Foe]]
: [[Bar]]
:: [[Bor]]
::: [[Baw]]
:::: [[Bah]]
: [[Baz]]
:: [[Bass]]
:: [[Baehz]]
::: [[Beez]]

Notice how the amount of indentation corresponds to the node's level is the tree

== Subpage list again ==
&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Kijeb
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1
mode=userformat
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,
&lt;/dpl&gt;

&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Kijeb
replaceintitle=#([^/]+?)$#,\1|\1
mode=userformat
listseparators=,\n* [[%TITLE%]],,
&lt;/dpl&gt;

{{#dpl:
|category=Kijeb
|replaceintitle=#^{{{3}}}(.+?)$#,\1
|mode=userformat
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}%TITLE%]],,
|namespace=
|resultsheader=«pre»«nowiki»
|resultsfooter=«/nowiki»«/pre»
}}

{{:List of conlangs on FrathWiki}}

== DPL from category ==

{{DPL from category|
| category=Lucus
| exclude category=Conlangs based on English
| exclude category 1=Romance conlangs
| exclude category 2=Germanic conlangs
}}

== Oh those collapsing margins! ==

&lt;div class=&quot;outerpadding&quot;&gt;{{Infomessage|foo}}&lt;/div&gt;

== Ref/note ==
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.

This Wikicode:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ref|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}

{{note|1|2|3|4}}

{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

Produces this HTML:

    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup class=&amp;quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_1&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[2]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(2)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(2)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;cite id=&amp;quot;endnote_1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-style: normal;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#ref_1&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;^2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/cite&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;cite id=&amp;quot;endnote_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#ref_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;4&amp;lt;/cite&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Longman Defining Vocabulary</title>
    <id>2251</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>8739</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-27T12:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>User:Melroch/Longman Defining Vocabulary moved to Longman Defining Vocabulary: It is OK!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Longman Defining Vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charos S'fik</title>
    <id>2252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10406</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T22:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== About ==
Modern Charos S'fik is an evolved version of the Traditional [[Kharos S'fik]].&lt;br&gt;
It was reformed later into [[Kratal-Rul]].&lt;br&gt;
Modern Charos S'fik was created 5/2006 by me (Pascal A. Kramm).

== Culture ==
The speakers of Charos S'fik, the Hoka, are living majorly on Hokkaido (Japan's northern-most island), but a good amount of them also live on Honshû (the Japanese main island), and there mostly in the Kantô region. A small amount is still living on the Russian island Sakhalin north of Hokkaido.&lt;br&gt;
Their name stems back from the late 16th century, when they first made contact with westerners (most likely Portuguese) who named them &quot;Hocaidoes&quot;. They eventually adapted the name for themselves, but shortened it to &quot;Hoka&quot;.

== Origin ==
When analyzing their language, and also judging from their original Phoenician-derived script, it seems most likely that the Hoka were originally tribes coming from today's Germany and Scandinavia, as you can still find Germanic-sounding words in their vocabulary. From their original habitat, they moved more and more eastwards, crossing all of Russia on the way (which had quite an impact on their language), always looking for a good place to stay. They eventually set over to Sakhalin, and from there to Hokkaido, where they finally started settling down, while some moved on to Honshû and settled mostly in the Kantô region. Their language became strongly influenced by Japanese over time.

== Modernisation ==
Starting with the Meiji Restauration of 1868, the Modernisation also reached the Hoka and eventually gave rise to Modern Charos S'fik.&lt;br&gt;
The new script of Modern Charos S'fik, based upon the old handwriting script, was influenced by the intensive trade and relations with Korea, which also had an strong impact on their language. Also, many started moving over to Korea.

== Grammar ==
Sentences have '''SOV''' order.&lt;br&gt;
All words consist of '''syllables''' which are composed like this:&lt;br&gt;
* initial consonant (which can be the null-consonant)
* vowel (which can be the null-vowel after the word-initial consonants '''ch''', '''f''', '''s''')
* final consonant (doesn't always occur at the end of a word, omitted before '''r''')

== Script ==
[[image:Modern-Tifet-script.png|left|thumb|150px|Modern Tifet Script]] The Modern Charos S'fik script evolved from the original Tifet handwriting script.&lt;br&gt;
In its creation, the Korean Hangul alphabet was taken as a model for the vowels and the syllable stacking.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

== Phonology ==
The Phonology has changed somewhat from the traditional version.

===Alphabet===
This table presents the alphabet in its proper order.&lt;br&gt;
It is named '''chakra''', after its first two consonant letters.
{|border=1
! Sound ||  Ipa  || Initial || Medial || Final || Unit by itself
|-
| a || a,ʌ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ä || æ || O || O || O || O
|-
| e || e,ɛ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ei || aɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| i || i,ɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| u || u,ʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| o || o,ɔ || O || O || O || O
|-
| eu || oɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ja || ja,jʌ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jä || jæ || O || O || O || O
|-
| je || je,jɛ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ju || ju,jʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jo || jo,jɔ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jeu || joɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ch/kh || ç/x || ch || kh || kh || ch
|-
| kr || kʁ || O || O || O || O
|-
| k || k || - || O || O || -
|-
| t/d || t/d || t || d || t || -
|-
| n || n || O || O || O || -
|-
| f || f || O || O || O || O
|-
| m || m || O || O || O || -
|-
| p || p || p+ja || O || O || -
|-
| j || j || O || O || - || -
|-
| r || ʁ || O || O || - || -
|-
| l || l || O || O || O || -
|-
| sh || ʃ || O || O || O || O
|-
| s || s || O || O || O || O
|-
| h || h || O || O || - || -
|}
* kr is regarded as a single consonant
* initial vowels use a null-consonant (as in Korean Hangul)
* only p + &quot;ja&quot;-vowel can occur word-initially

===Pronunciation rules===
Two consonants have a different pronunciation, depending on their position in the word:
* '''ch/kh''': '''ch''' if word-initial, '''kh''' otherwise.
* '''t/d''': '''t''' at the beginning or end of a word or at the end of a syllable, '''d''' at the beginning of a syllable inside of a word.

If consonants are followed by any of the '''ja''' vowels (ja, jä, je...), some change their pronunciation:
* ch+ja -&gt; cja [ʝa]
* kh+ja -&gt; cha [ça]
* kr+ja -&gt; kkha [kxa]
* k+ja -&gt; kja [kça]
* n+ja -&gt; nja [ɲa]

* t+ja -&gt; tja [tja]
* d+ja -&gt; dja [dja]
* f+ja -&gt; fj [fja]
* p+ja -&gt; pj [pja]
* s+ja -&gt; sj [sja]

The consonants m, j, r, l, sh, h cannot be followed by a '''ja''' vowel.


== Babel text ==
'''Note:'''
* The apostrophe (') is used in order to indicate syllable boundaries. After a single consonant it means that the consonant has to be pronounced long (consonant-only syllable).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[[image:charos-s-fik-genesis11.png|left|thumb|150px|Babel text]] '''Bereshit''' (Book of Genesis) ''Chapter 11, 1-9''
* '''1''' Chik'im choncjeu sekä han s'parakh sjam chot'op fe tja ita.
* '''2''' Tjon e in fut'esh ch'mas, inkhan Shin'ara ni pjoncje tja tjarof okh tä shikmin tja ch'mas.
* '''3''' Krot-ul själ ni tja malha: &quot;Jo f'rokhot! Nek-ul tikh'el jo ch'mas okh mik chot-ul jo fjulpik!&quot; Krot-ul tikh'el sjam'en tol okh tjäl sjam'en morat tja suda.
* '''4''' Ched'akh krot-ul tja malha: &quot;Jo f'rokhot! Tosh tjoran fe chankron e nek-ul fa jo chorip, s'da nek-ul choncjeu jorat ue njet s'ka cha s'farakh.&quot;
* '''5''' Ut'an HaShem ch'ta tja f'rokhot fa tosh okh tjoran fi'djet som sjaram in tja chorip.
* '''6''' HaShem tja malha: &quot;Man'il akkhat'i han sjaramtul han s'parakh fe krot-ul chon tata shi'kjak ch'mas, nada krot-ul chäfik ch'mas pulchanunhan krot-ul fa s'ka ita.
* '''7''' Jo f'rokhot! Nek-ul ch'ta jo chada okh s'parakh af krot-ul jo chondon, s'da krot-ul själ njet s'ka ihä.&quot;
* '''8''' S' HaShem krot-ul choncjeu jorat s'fa tja s'farakh, okh krot-ul tosh tja f'rek chorip.
* '''9''' Takha tosh Faf'el tja cha nam, emedan HaShem dä s'parakh af choncjeu sekä chondon; tä jo'kje, HaShem krot-ul choncjeu jorat ue tja s'farakh.


'''Literal:''' (word-by-word)
* '''1''' now whole world one language same word with *past* have.
* '''2''' east towards *continuous* travel make, human-*plural* Shinar in flat *past* find and there settlement *past* make.
* '''3''' they self to *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! We brick *cohortive* make and much they *cohortive* burn!&quot; they brick instead-of stone and tar instead-of mortar *past* use.
* '''4''' then they *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! city tower with sky towards we for *cohortive* build, so-that we whole earth over not *future* *passive* scatter.&quot;
* '''5''' but HaShem down *past* come for city and tower see that man-*plural* *continuous* *past* build.
* '''6''' HaShem *past* say: &quot;if as one people with one language they this *perfect* begin do, nothing they plan do not-possible they for *future* be.
* '''7''' *cohortive* come! we down *cohortive* go and language of they *cohortive* confuse, so-that they self not *future* understand.&quot;
* '''8''' so HaShem they whole world over *past* scatter, and they city *past* stop build.
* '''9''' therefore city Babel *past* passive* name, because HaShem there language of whole world confuse; there from, HaShem they whole earth over *past* scatter.


'''Translation:'''
* '''1''' Now the whole world had one language with the same words.
* '''2''' Journeying eastwards, men found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
* '''3''' They said to one another: &quot;Come! Let's make brick and burn it thorougly!&quot; They used bricks instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.
* '''4''' Then they said: &quot;Come! Let's build a city for us with a tower up to the sky, to make a name for us, so that we are not scattered over the whole earth.&quot;
* '''5''' But HaShem came down to see the city and the tower men were building.
* '''6''' HaShem said: &quot;If as one people with one language they have begun doing this, nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
* '''7''' Come! Let's go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand each other.&quot;
* '''8''' So HaShem scattered them over the whole earth, and they stopped building the city.
* '''9''' Therefore the city was named Babel, because there HaShem confused the language of the whole world; from there HaShem scattered them over the whole earth.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Modern-Tifet-script.png</title>
    <id>2253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8764</id>
      <timestamp>2006-04-30T22:51:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Modern Tifet script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Modern Tifet script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Kharos S'fik</title>
    <id>2254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10731</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-11T00:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Slavonic influences?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The name Hokkaido was created in the 19th century.  Before then, the island was called Ezo. [[User:Nik|Nik]] 21:15, 30 April 2006 (PDT)

Also, I would think that their numbers would follow the general East Asian pattern and have words for 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;, etc., rather than 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;, etc.  Thus, something like:

*100 chak
*1000 sen
*10,000 man
*100,000 des man
*1,000,000 chak man
*10,000,000 sen man
*100,000,000 oku
*1,000,000,000 des oku
etc.  Just as in Japanese, where it's
*100 hyaku
*1000 sen
*10,000 man
*100,000 juuman
*1,000,000 hyakuman
*10,000,000 senman
*100,000,000 ichi oku
*1,000,000,000 juuoku
etc

== Slavonic influences? ==

I can see some Slavonic influences on Kharos S'fik. Is it true? --'''[[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]''' &lt;small&gt;''([[User talk:Zlatiborica|talk]])''&lt;/small&gt; 17:17, 10 July 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Kasshian</title>
    <id>2256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51528</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-18T05:17:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* True Cases */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Classical Kasshian''' (''Watakasshi'') was the language of the [[Kasshi]] from the [[Anarchic Era]] to the early [[Second Kasshi Empire|Second Empire]].

= Phonology and Orthography =
== Consonants ==
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|
| '''Bilabial'''
| '''Labiodental'''
| '''Dental'''
| '''Alveopalatal'''
| '''Palatal'''
| '''Velar'''
|-
| Stops
| '''P''', '''B'''
|
| '''T''', '''D'''
|
|
| '''K''', '''G'''
|-
| Nasals
| '''M'''
|
| '''N'''
|
|
| '''(Ng')'''
|-
| Affricates
|
|
| ''Ts'', ''Dz''
| '''(Ch)''', '''(J)'''
|
|
|-
| Fricatives
|
| '''F''', '''V'''
| '''S''', '''Z'''
| ''Sh'', ''Zh''
| '''(Ç)'''
|
|-
| Liquids
|
|
| '''L''', ''R''
|
|
|
|-
| Glides
| '''W'''
|
|
|
| '''Y'''
|
|}

''Italics'' represent allophones, while parentheses indicate marginal phonemes.

== Allophones ==
*T and D are [ts] and [dz] in some dialects before /i/ or /j/ (/j/ is absorbed into [ts] and [dz])
*S and Z are [S] and [Z] before /i/ or /j/
*L is /r/ after dental consonants

== Vowels ==
There are only three vowel phonemes - /i a u/, which may be long or short.  Long vowels are indicated in romanization by either doubling or the use of a macron (e.g., both ii and ī are used).  Macron cannot be used if the two vowels belong to different morphemes, e.g., the plural suffix -i added to a noun ending in -i will be written -ii and never -ī.  /i/ and /u/ are both pronounced [e] and [o] (and romanized that way) in closed syllables.  There are two diphthongs, /aj/ and /aw/

== Syllables ==
Legal onsets in Kasshian are 0, consonant, and consonant followed by a glide or liquid.  Legal codas are fricative, N (assimilates in place), L, or gemination of the following consonant.  Geminate consonants may not be followed by /l/ or glides.  Where inflectional morphology would otherwise create a geminate followed by l, y, or w, no gemination occurs.

The marginal phonemes ''ch'', ''j'', ''ç'', must be followed by vowels while ''ng'' must be preceded by a vowel and cannot be geminated.  In addition, ''ch'', ''j'' and ''ç'' can only be geminated if an /i/ follows.  W and Y must be followed by vowels, and may not be geminated.

Ç is an odd phoneme in Kasshian.  Historically, it was derived from /kj/ and /ki/ (although later sound-changes have created new /kj/ and /ki/).  In the modern language, /çi/, when unstressed, preceded by a vowel, and either word-final or followed by a voiceless consonant, becomes /ç/, which is pronounced as a single mora, treated as a coda.  When word-initial and followed by a voiceless consonant, it also often simply /ç/.  Thus, ''çitauçi'' may be pronounced /çtawç/

== Stress ==
Stress is regularly on the penultimate mora.  Long vowels count as two morae, and, as mentioned above, word-final ç counts as a single mora.

= Grammar =
== Nouns ==
=== Gender ===
Kasshian has seven nouns, marked by a prefix, which has both singular and plural forms.  Nouns in dictionaries generally give both the singular and plural forms, due to the difficulty of predicting the correct plural form of a gender-prefix, the result of several sound-changes between Common Kasshi and Classical Kasshian.

*Gender I (begins with ch-, tr-, or p- [very rare]) - Female human or supernatural being
*Gender II (n- or m-) - Male human or supernatural being
*Gender III (s- or sh-) - Epicene human or supernatural being (including hermaphroditic beings)
*Gender IV (ç-, k-, or qu-) - Animals associated with people (domesticated animals, common pests, some animals with symbolic or religious significance)
*Gender V (l-) - Other animal
*Gender VI (w-, u-, or o-) - Other animate (includes social institutions)
*Gender VII (p-) - Inanimate

P- for Gender I nouns is extremely rare.

The distinction between genders VI and VII is somewhat arbitrary, as is the distinction between IV/V and V/VI.

==== Pluralization Patterns ====
There are a number of common patterns of pluralizing the gender-prefix.  Asterisk indicates gemination of the following consonant.  C indicates s, f, z, v, l, n, or m and in the singular forms is always followed by another consonant other than l, r, y, or w.  Sometimes there are changes in C between the singular and plural, s -&gt; t, f -&gt; p, z -&gt; d, v -&gt; b.

There are a total of 12 patterns of pluralization, but not all patterns are distinguished in each gender, each gender distinguishes from 9 to 11 patterns.  Many nouns can switch between genders, especially between I/II/III and IV/V.

A noun always remains in the same pattern when changing gender.  For example: the noun ''sumataç'', pl. ''sommataçii'' falls into pattern I because of the su-/so*- alternation.  Thus, a female slave is chimataç/chemmataçii and a male slave namataç/nammataçii (as pattern I is marked by chi-/che*- for gender I and na-/na*- for gender II).  The noun ''solmyava''/''sollamyavai'' (fisher) falls into pattern III because of the soC-/so*Ca- alternation (C in this case being l).  Thus, a female fisher replaces soC-/so*Ca- with cheC-/che*Ca- and a male with naC-/na*Ca- thus ''chelmyava''/''chellamyavai'' and ''nalmyava''/''nallamyavai''.  ''Çika''/''çifikai'' (fish, edible) falls into pattern VI/VII (merged patterns) because of the ç-/çif- alternation.  Thus fish in gender V (which indicates non-edible fish) becomes ''lika''/''lafikai'' (ç-/çif- replaced by l-/laf-)

The final column is the ''incorporated form'', the form used when a noun is incorporated into a verb.

The /f/ in the plural forms of genders IV-VII becomes /v/ before voiced obstruents and nasals.

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
|colspan=2|'''Gender I'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender II'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender III'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender IV'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender V'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender VI'''
|colspan=2|'''Gender VII'''
|rowspan=2|'''Incorporated'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern I'''
|rowspan=2|chi-
|che*-
|rowspan=2|na-
|na*-
|rowspan=2|su-
|so*-
|rowspan=2|çi-
|rowspan=2|çef-
|rowspan=2|la-
|rowspan=2|laf-
|rowspan=2|wa-
|rowspan=2|waf-
|rowspan=2|pi-
|rowspan=2|pef-
|rowspan=2|Ø
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern II'''
|chi-
|na-
|su-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern III'''
|cheC-
|che*Ca-
|naC-
|na*Ca-
|soC-
|so*Ca-
|çeC-
|çefCa-
|laC-
|lafCa-
|waC-
|wafCa-
|peC-
|pefCa-
|C-/Ca-³
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern IV'''
|rowspan=4|ch-
|chily-
|ny-
|naly-
|sh-
|suly-
|rowspan=4|ç-
|çify-
|ly-
|lafy-
|uy-
|wafy-
|rowspan=4|py-
|pify-
|y-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern V'''
|chell-
|rowspan=3|n-
|nall-
|rowspan=4|sw-¹
|soll-
|çeff-
|rowspan=3|l-
|laff-
|rowspan=4|w-²
|waff-
|peff-
|l-&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern VI'''
|tr-
|nr-
|sr-
|rowspan=2|çif-
|rowspan=2|laf-
|rowspan=3|waf-
|rowspan=3|pif-
|rowspan=2|Ø
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern VII'''
|ch-
|n-
|sw-¹
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern VIII'''
|p-
|chilw-
|m-
|nalw-
|sulw-
|qu-
|çif-
|lw-
|laf-
|p-
|w-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern IX'''
|rowspan=2|tr-
|rowspan=2|chell-
|rowspan=2|nr-
|rowspan=2|nall-
|rowspan=2|sr-
|rowspan=2|soll-
|rowspan=2|kl-
|çeff-
|rowspan=2|lal-
|laff-
|rowspan=2|wal-
|waff-
|rowspan=2|pl-
|peff-
|rowspan=2|l-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern X'''
|çifl-
|lafl-
|wafl-
|pifl-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern XI'''
|rowspan=2|chī-
|chekka-
|rowspan=2|nā-
|nakka-
|rowspan=2|sū-
|sokka-
|rowspan=2|çī-
|çekka-
|rowspan=2|lā-
|lafka-
|rowspan=2|wā-
|wafka-
|rowspan=2|pī-
|pefka-
|ka-
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Pattern XII'''
|chegga-
|nagga-
|sogg-
|çevga-
|lavga-
|wavga-
|pevga-
|ga-
|}

¹Note: /w/ is dropped before u- or o- initial roots.  This means that Patterns V-VII may be realized as su-/sollu- (rather than *swu-/sollu-), su-/sru- and su-/su- or so-/sollo-, so-/sro- and so-/so-.  Pattern VIII can never have u-/o- initial roots.  Genders I and II in such cases follow the same pattern as for sw.  Thus chu-/chellu-, etc.  This makes Patterns II and VII difficult to distinguish in some gender III nouns.  Pattern II always has a consonant followed by l, r, w, or y, or the consonants sh, zh, ch, j, or ç at the start of the root.  If it does not start with one of those, then it's Pattern VII.  If it does, then it could be either II or VII, but is more likely to be II.

²w- is dropped before u- or o-

³C- after vowel-final prefixes, Ca- otherwise

&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;l- dropped after vowel-final prefixes

Note that in some cases, there is no change in the prefix between singular and plural.  Also, note that for genders I and II, pattern II is partly merged with pattern VII.  Thus, if you know that a gender II noun has a na-/na- pattern, you can't be sure if gender I is chi-/chi- or cha-/cha-.  Likewise, a chi-/chi- noun could be ni-/ni- or na-/na- in gender II.  Same caviats found in footnote 1 apply.

=== Number Suffixes ===
Plural is marked in both the gender prefix and in a suffix to the root.  The basic suffix is -i, but there are several complications
*-tu, -du, -nu, -pu, -bu, -mu, -fu, and -vu usually become -pi, -bi, -mi, -pi, -bi, -mi, -fi, and -vi
*Words ending in ''ai'' or ''au'' don't change for plural.
See [[#Stem-Changes|below]] for further complications

=== Cases ===
Case suffixes follow the plural suffix, if any.  Note, /i/ and /u/ become [e] and [o] in closed syllables
==== True Cases ====
*Absolutive - No suffix
**Absolutive is used for the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive verb
*Ergative -(a)l
**Ergative is used for the subject of a transitive verb
*Genetive -(a)f
*Dative -(a)z
*Instrumental -ni
**Used to indicate the instrument used to perform an action, also used in causative constructions to indicate the person made to do something (e.g., &quot;The woman made ''her servant'' clean the house&quot;)
*Benefactive -na
**Used to indicate the person ''for whom'' an action is performed
*Commitative -n(an)
**Indicates that an action is done ''together with'' a noun

==== Pseudo-Cases ====
These cases are formed by clitics added to the noun.  They do not affect stress, nor do adjectives agree in these.
*Locative -av
**Takes genetive. Indicates the location of an action, generally indicates ''on the surface of''
*Ablative -ta
**Takes genetive. Indicates motion away from an object, generally ''from the surface of''
*Allative -za
**Takes dative.  Motion towards, generally ''on to the surface of''
*Perlative -ni
**Takes instrumental. Motion ''over the surface of''
*Inessive -ka
**Takes genetive. Indicates ''inside of''
*Elative -tu
**Takes genetive. ''Out of''
*Illative -ba
**Takes dative. ''Into''
*Perillative -bav
**Takes instrumental. ''Through''
*Circumlocative -ji
**Takes commitative.  ''In the vicinity of''
*Circumablative -ku
**Takes genetive. ''From the vicinity of''
*Circumallative -ma
**Takes dative. ''To the vicinity of''
*Circumperlative -man
**Takes instrumental. ''motion near''

=== Stem-Changes ===
In addition to the plural change listed above
*Stop/Fricative alterations - some nouns end in a fricative in the singular, and replace the fricative with a stop (s/t, z/d, f/p, v/b) in the plural and before the genetive and dative suffixes, e.g., ''pyalef'' &quot;path&quot;, ''pifyalipi'' &quot;paths&quot;, ''pyalipaf'' &quot;of a path&quot;
*Gemination - some consonant-final nouns geminate the final consonant before the plural suffix, e.g., ''wamushan'' &quot;dawn&quot;, ''wafmushanni'' &quot;dawns&quot;
*Hidden Consonants - Nouns that end in a vowel in the singular, and add a geminated fricative in the plural, and a non-geminated fricative before the dative and genetive suffixes, e.g., ''trāna'' &quot;friend&quot;, ''trānasaf'' &quot;of a friend&quot;, ''chellānasshi'' &quot;friends&quot;
*A/i - Some nouns that end in -a drop the a before the plural, e.g., ''lanidana'' &quot;a food animal&quot;, ''lafnidani''
*Nouns ending in long vowels fall into one of four classes
**Class I - long vowel changed to short vowel + k before plural suffix and genetive/dative suffixes.  Thus, -ā -&gt; -aç (plural), -akaf (singular genetive)
**Class II, III, and IV shorten the vowel before the plural suffix, undergo different changes before genetive and dative suffixes
***Class II: ā, ī, ū -&gt; ag, ig, ug
***Class III: ā, ī, ū -&gt; a, i, u
***Class IV: ā, ī, ū -&gt; ā, ya, wa
*Also, keep in mind the [[#Vowels|allophonic]] nature of the i/e and u/o pairs, and the s/sh and z/zh pairs.  A root that ends in oC will become uCi, for example, &quot;man&quot;, ''nrakos'', &quot;men&quot;, ''nallakushi''
A number of irregular alterations also exist

== Verbs ==
Verbs can take several prefixes and suffixes, in the following pattern
*Voice-Tense-Conditional-'''Verb'''-Auxilary-'''Personal'''-'''Aspect'''
=== Voice ===
There are five voices in Kasshian
*Anti-Passive S-/Su-/Sw-/So-
**Anti-passive is used to promote an ergative noun to absolutive.  The absolutive is either dropped or changed to instrumental, and any instrumental noun becomes perlative
*Reflexive K-/Ku-/Kw-/Ko-
*Dative-Object P-/Pa-
**Dative-object is used to promote a ''dative'' noun to absolutive.  Absolutive and instrumental make the same changes as in anti-passive
*Reciprocative Tan-

Active is marked with no prefix

=== Tense ===
*Past F(a)-
*Future Nai-/Ny-
=== Conditional ===
*If Vi-
*Contrafactual Gwa-
**Indicates an &quot;if&quot; statement that is ''contrary to fact''
*Then Os-/Us-
=== Personal Suffixes ===
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
| '''Singular'''
| '''Dual'''
| '''Paucal'''
| '''Plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;'''
| -u
| -*of, -lof, -uf
| -tai
| -ni
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;'''
| -fen
| -f(i)ni
| colspan=2| -f(i)na
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; rational'''
| -tas
| -chi
| colspan=2| -tan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; non-rational'''
| -l, -*a, -la
| -li, -*i, -i
| colspan=2| -n(a)
|}

Verbs agree with the noun in the absolutive.  &quot;Rational&quot; means referring to a human or spirit, thus generally genders I, II, or III, while non-Rational refers to any other noun, including all body-parts, some of which normally take the gender of their possessor.

Certain stem-changes occur when personal suffixes are added.
*Stop-final verbs - these verbs end in -ku, -tu, -pu, -gu, -du, or -bu in the 1st person singular.  In the 1st dual, 3rd non-rational singular and 3rd non-rational dual, the stop is kept, and the ''l'' form is used in the suffixes.  ''t'' and ''d'' are also retained before endings beginning with ''t'' and ''ch''  In all other persons, ''t'', ''p'', ''d'' and ''b'' are changed to ''s'', ''f'', ''z'', ''v'', while ''k'' and ''g'' are dropped, with the preceding vowel lengthened.
*-chi becomes -shi after an ''s'', -zhi after a ''z''.  When added to a verb ending in -t, the consonant and suffix merge to become -cchi, while when added to a verb ending in -d, they merge to -jji.
*The t-initial suffixes change to /d/ after a verb ending in ''d''
*The f-initial suffixes change to /v/ after a verb ending in ''v''
*Vowels in parentheses are lost after verbs ending in vowels
*Asterisk indicates gemination.  The presence or absence of gemination in a particular verb must be learned
*After stems ending in vowels, the l-initial suffixes (except -la) drop the l.

=== Aspect ===
*Prospective -ma/-n
**Indicates that an action is ''about to'' begin or ''was about to'' begin, generally with the implication that the action is due to intentional preparation
*Inceptive -tu
**Indicates the start of an action
*Non-Punctual -ç(i)
**Non-punctual indicates that an action takes place over a period of time, rather than in an instant
*Punctual (no suffix)
**Punctual indicates that an action takes place in an instant, or in a brief period of time viewed as an instant.  Combined with the present tense, it indicates that an action has just happened
*Habitual -v(a)
**Habitual indicates that an action is done frequently and with some regularity, but not necessarily at the reference moment
*Cessative -l(a) (-ra after s)
**The inverse of inceptive, indicates the completion of an action
*Perfective -nu
**Indicates that an action has been completed, and that the result of the action is still in effect

Notes:
*The personal suffixes -fen and -tan merge with the aspect suffix -la to become -fenna and -tanna
*The personal suffix -tas merges with -çi to become -tasshi
*The second form of the suffixes is used after vowels (''u'' and ''i'' become ''o'' and ''e'').
*When combining third person non-sentient singular and plural with the prospective, non-punctual, habitual, or cessative, it is the aspect suffix that loses its vowel (e.g., -lav, not -lva)

== Clitic Pronouns ==
Clitic pronouns may be added to nouns and verbs.  They are placed immediately after the inflected verb, but without affecting stress.  For nouns, they are placed immediately after the noun itself to indicate inalienable possession (affecting stress), and after the inflected noun for alienable possession (not affecting stress).  For verbs, the following order is used 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person &amp;ndash; 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person &amp;ndash; Genders 1-3 abs/erg &amp;ndash; Genders 1-3 acc &amp;ndash; Gender 4-5 erg &amp;ndash; Genders 4-5 abs &amp;ndash; Gender 6 erg &amp;ndash; Gender 6 abs &amp;ndash; Gender 7 erg &amp;ndash; Gender 7 abs

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=2|&amp;nbsp;
| colspan=4|'''First Person'''
| colspan=3|'''Second Person'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''paucal'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Nominative'''
| ku
| sa
| na
| chi
| el
| dri
| ina
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Accusative'''
| qui
| sai
| nai
| chī
| ili
| drī
| inai
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Genetive'''
| qua
| sau
| nau
| chiwa
| iwa
| driwa
| ima
|}

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=2|&amp;nbsp;
| colspan=3|'''Gender I'''
| colspan=3|'''Gender II'''
| colspan=3|'''Gender III'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Absolutive'''
| chi
| chel
| chen
| na
| nal
| nan
| su
| sol
| son
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Accusative'''
| chī
| chili
| chini
| nai
| nali
| nani
| swi
| suli
| suni
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Ergative'''
| chika
| chekka
| chenga
| naka
| nakka
| nanga
| suka
| sokka
| songa
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Genetive'''
| chiwa
| colspan=2|chima
| nau
| colspan=2|nama
| sau
| colspan=2|suma
|}

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| rowspan=2|&amp;nbsp;
| colspan=3|'''Gender IV'''
| colspan=3|'''Gender V'''
| colspan=3|'''Gender VI'''
| colspan=3|'''Gender VII'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
| '''singular'''
| '''dual'''
| '''plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Absolutive'''
| çi
| çel
| çen
| la
| lal
| lan
| wa
| wal
| wan
| pi
| pel
| pen
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Ergative'''
| çika
| çekka
| çenga
| laka
| lakka
| langa
| waka
| wakka
| wanga
| pika
| pekka
| penga
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''Genetive'''
| çiwa
| colspan=2|çima
| lwa
| colspan=2|lama
| wau
| colspan=2|wama
| piwa
| colspan=2|pima
|}

== Free Pronouns ==
Free pronouns take standard case suffixes.  They vary by gender (first form is feminine, second is masculine, third is epicine).  Third person pronouns take standard gender prefixes
*1st person singular: Trī/Nrī
*1st person dual: Chellespi/Nallespi/Sollespi
*1st person paucal: Chellesshi/Nallesshi/Sollesshi
*1st person plural: Chempi/Nampi/Sompi
*2nd person singular: Chā/Nā
*2nd person dual: Chevvaibi/Navvaibi/Sovvaibi
*2nd person plural: Chempā/Nampā/Sompā
*3rd person singular: Eshna
*3rd person plural: Eshni
*3rd person reflexive singular: Jītal
*3rd person reflexive plural: Jītali

== Adjectives ==
Adjectives are inflected like nouns.  They are placed after the noun and agree in number, gender, and case.  In predicate position, they take the prefix sa-, and become verbs meaning &quot;to be X&quot;, e.g., ''chika'' &quot;old&quot;, ''sachika'' &quot;to be old&quot;
=== Gender ===
Like nouns, adjectives take prefixes to indicate gender.  Where semantically appropriate, therefore, adjectives can have one of 14 gender/number-prefixes, using the same [[#Pluralization Patterns|patterns]] as nouns.  Adjectives are commonly given in dictionaries in gender I (or gender VI if gender I is not semantically appropriate), with both the singular and plural given, with gender IV plural also listed when the gender I plural does not suffice to determine the correct pattern (i.e., gender I merges Patterns IX and X which are distinguished for genders IV-VII, and sometimes merges Patterns II and VII).

=== Number Suffixes ===
Like nouns, plurality is also marked by the suffix -i.  The same complications as for nouns apply to adjectives

=== Comparison ===
Comparison is indicated with an infix, that varies depending on the adjective
*For adjective beginning with CVC-, -tu- is added immediately after the first vowel (''chika'' - old, ''chituka''' - older)
*For adjectives beginning with CVV- (Long vowels count as VV), -p- is added after the first vowel (''zhīku'' - beautiful, ''zhipiku'' - more beautiful)
*For adjectives beginning with Cl-, -atu- after the first consonant (''mlichi'' - thick, ''matulichi'' - thicker)
*For adjectives beginning with CC-, -tu- after the first consonant (''nvau'' - clean, ''ntuvau'' - cleaner)
The object of comparison takes the ellative case
=== Superlative ===
Superlative is also indicated with an infix, varying accordign to the adjective
*For adjectives beginning with CV-, -la- is added after the vowel (''chika'' - old, ''chilaka'' - oldest)
*For adjectives beginning with CC- or Cl-, -la- is added after the consonant, -la- becomes -ra- after ''t'', ''d'', ''n'', ''s'' or ''z'' (''mlichi'' - thick, ''mlalichi'' - thickest)

= Syntax =
Basic word order is VSO, with modifiers consistently following their head.

== Verb Types ==
There are 9 main categories of verbs, determined by the cases their arguments take
*Standard Verbs
**Intransitive
**Transitive
**Ditransitive
*Experiential Verbs (emotions, senses)
**Experiencer-Subject
***Experiencer is in the '''ergative''', source of experience is in the '''absolutive'''
**Experiencer-Object
***Experiencer is in the '''dative''', source of experience is in the '''absolutive'''
**Experiencer-Equal
***Experiencer is in the '''inessive''', source of experience is in the '''absolutive'''
**Some verbs can call into differing experiential categories, with different connotations; experiencer-subject tends to connote a degree of control, while experiencer-object tends to indicate lack of control.  Experiencer-equal tends to connote a state
*Verbs of Mental Action
**Mental Action I
***Person performing the action is in the '''ergative''', recpient of action is in the '''absolutive''' (e.g., ''dakas'' &quot;to ignore&quot;, person doing the ignoring is ergative, person being ignored is absolutive)
**Mental Action II
***Agent in teh '''dative''', patient in the '''absolutive'''
**Like Experiential verbs, but less common, some verbs of mental action may switch categories.  Mental Action II tends to imply that the agent is affected by his or her action
*Others
**Dative-Object
***Agent is absolutive, affected noun is in the dative.

= Vocabulary =
*[[Galhafan Swadesh lists]] - includes Classical Kasshian and its ancestor [[Common Kasshian]]
*[[Classical Kasshian Family Terms]]
*[[Classical Kasshian Numbers]]

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Classical Kasshian|*]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Kasshian, Classical]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency (1)</title>
    <id>2257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21410</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:28:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== The Defining Vocabulary sorted by word frequency ==

To increase the usefulness of this Defining Vocabulary I have sorted it according to [ftp://ftp.itri.bton.ac.uk/bnc/all.num.o5 a word frequency list] based on the [http://info.ox.ac.uk/bnc British National Corpus].  Remaining American spellings in the above list have been Britished.

Words in the frequency list are distinguished according to which word class (part of speech) they belong to, so that words that occur in multiple word classes occur several times at different places in the Defining Vocabulary as sorted by word frequency.  I have appended an alphabetical list of those words of the Defining Vocabulary which appear in multiple word classes according to the frequency list, along with the tags which the frequency list uses to identify the word classes.  Unfortunately I haven't been able to find any key to those tags.


=== Words not occurring in the frequency list ===

:woolen
:worthy_of

=== The words by frequency ===

&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the
&lt;li&gt;of
&lt;li&gt;and
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;in
&lt;li&gt;to
&lt;li&gt;it
&lt;li&gt;to
&lt;li&gt;i
&lt;li&gt;for
&lt;li&gt;you
&lt;li&gt;he
&lt;li&gt;be
&lt;li&gt;with
&lt;li&gt;on
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;by
&lt;li&gt;at
&lt;li&gt;not
&lt;li&gt;this
&lt;li&gt;but
&lt;li&gt;they
&lt;li&gt;his
&lt;li&gt;from
&lt;li&gt;she
&lt;li&gt;which
&lt;li&gt;or
&lt;li&gt;we
&lt;li&gt;an
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;have
&lt;li&gt;their
&lt;li&gt;would
&lt;li&gt;what
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;there
&lt;li&gt;if
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;all
&lt;li&gt;her
&lt;li&gt;as
&lt;li&gt;who
&lt;li&gt;have
&lt;li&gt;do
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;one
&lt;li&gt;them
&lt;li&gt;some
&lt;li&gt;could
&lt;li&gt;him
&lt;li&gt;into
&lt;li&gt;its
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&lt;li&gt;for
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&lt;li&gt;expression
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&lt;li&gt;advantage
&lt;li&gt;late
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&lt;li&gt;telephone
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;river
&lt;li&gt;possibility
&lt;li&gt;speak
&lt;li&gt;strength
&lt;li&gt;carry
&lt;li&gt;visit
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;insurance
&lt;li&gt;ball
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;somewhere
&lt;li&gt;skin
&lt;li&gt;confidence
&lt;li&gt;develop
&lt;li&gt;wind
&lt;li&gt;whole
&lt;li&gt;message
&lt;li&gt;hold
&lt;li&gt;enough
&lt;li&gt;write
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;railway
&lt;li&gt;stone
&lt;li&gt;sexual
&lt;li&gt;thought
&lt;li&gt;network
&lt;li&gt;attack
&lt;li&gt;ordinary
&lt;li&gt;for
&lt;li&gt;expect
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;tonight
&lt;li&gt;actual
&lt;li&gt;cause
&lt;li&gt;whole
&lt;li&gt;fresh
&lt;li&gt;scene
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;dark
&lt;li&gt;article
&lt;li&gt;distance
&lt;li&gt;very
&lt;li&gt;include
&lt;li&gt;band
&lt;li&gt;excellent
&lt;li&gt;his
&lt;li&gt;beginning
&lt;li&gt;lead
&lt;li&gt;crime
&lt;li&gt;avoid
&lt;li&gt;traffic
&lt;li&gt;hard
&lt;li&gt;introduction
&lt;li&gt;explain
&lt;li&gt;animal
&lt;li&gt;sister
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;existence
&lt;li&gt;winter
&lt;li&gt;offer
&lt;li&gt;rich
&lt;li&gt;lady
&lt;li&gt;male
&lt;li&gt;proper
&lt;li&gt;famous
&lt;li&gt;religious
&lt;li&gt;spirit
&lt;li&gt;straight
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;formal
&lt;li&gt;sight
&lt;li&gt;move
&lt;li&gt;coffee
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;prison
&lt;li&gt;follow
&lt;li&gt;accident
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;look
&lt;li&gt;earth
&lt;li&gt;leave
&lt;li&gt;appear
&lt;li&gt;hard
&lt;li&gt;ask
&lt;li&gt;tree
&lt;li&gt;strange
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;warm
&lt;li&gt;firm
&lt;li&gt;difficulty
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;support
&lt;li&gt;ahead
&lt;li&gt;dinner
&lt;li&gt;before
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;meaning
&lt;li&gt;half
&lt;li&gt;wine
&lt;li&gt;usual
&lt;li&gt;worse
&lt;li&gt;wish
&lt;li&gt;twice
&lt;li&gt;equal
&lt;li&gt;to
&lt;li&gt;path
&lt;li&gt;northern
&lt;li&gt;reasonable
&lt;li&gt;learn
&lt;li&gt;aircraft
&lt;li&gt;background
&lt;li&gt;soft
&lt;li&gt;president
&lt;li&gt;top
&lt;li&gt;battle
&lt;li&gt;smile
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;seat
&lt;li&gt;play
&lt;li&gt;stand
&lt;li&gt;fourth
&lt;li&gt;safe
&lt;li&gt;suitable
&lt;li&gt;ought
&lt;li&gt;future
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;manner
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;prevent
&lt;li&gt;freedom
&lt;li&gt;human
&lt;li&gt;while
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;pair
&lt;li&gt;danger
&lt;li&gt;afraid
&lt;li&gt;feeling
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;sign
&lt;li&gt;train
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;li&gt;through
&lt;li&gt;match
&lt;li&gt;reduce
&lt;li&gt;provide
&lt;li&gt;along
&lt;li&gt;expensive
&lt;li&gt;supply
&lt;li&gt;increase
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;join
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;scientific
&lt;li&gt;football
&lt;li&gt;weather
&lt;li&gt;beside
&lt;li&gt;absence
&lt;li&gt;sentence
&lt;li&gt;damage
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;detail
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;below
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;dangerous
&lt;li&gt;minute
&lt;li&gt;college
&lt;li&gt;card
&lt;li&gt;exercise
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;by
&lt;li&gt;familiar
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;recognition
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;live
&lt;li&gt;track
&lt;li&gt;right
&lt;li&gt;correct
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;rain
&lt;li&gt;victory
&lt;li&gt;hall
&lt;li&gt;meeting
&lt;li&gt;silence
&lt;li&gt;offer
&lt;li&gt;though
&lt;li&gt;perfect
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;bill
&lt;li&gt;cell
&lt;li&gt;neck
&lt;li&gt;build
&lt;li&gt;conversation
&lt;li&gt;historical
&lt;li&gt;improve
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;city
&lt;li&gt;bright
&lt;li&gt;appearance
&lt;li&gt;board
&lt;li&gt;threat
&lt;li&gt;king
&lt;li&gt;boat
&lt;li&gt;violence
&lt;li&gt;profit
&lt;li&gt;upper
&lt;li&gt;empty
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;deal
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;feelings
&lt;li&gt;become
&lt;li&gt;organization
&lt;li&gt;leg
&lt;li&gt;dark
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;reach
&lt;li&gt;dry
&lt;li&gt;occasion
&lt;li&gt;second
&lt;li&gt;except
&lt;li&gt;payment
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;spend
&lt;li&gt;pleasure
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;neither
&lt;li&gt;murder
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;careful
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;remain
&lt;li&gt;literature
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;branch
&lt;li&gt;heat
&lt;li&gt;show
&lt;li&gt;faith
&lt;li&gt;hope
&lt;li&gt;island
&lt;li&gt;wait
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;along
&lt;li&gt;eat
&lt;li&gt;attractive
&lt;li&gt;call
&lt;li&gt;breath
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;birth
&lt;li&gt;general
&lt;li&gt;description
&lt;li&gt;prove
&lt;li&gt;wood
&lt;li&gt;tend
&lt;li&gt;send
&lt;li&gt;sit
&lt;li&gt;receive
&lt;li&gt;spring
&lt;li&gt;belief
&lt;li&gt;coal
&lt;li&gt;lead
&lt;li&gt;thin
&lt;li&gt;notice
&lt;li&gt;gentleman
&lt;li&gt;west
&lt;li&gt;division
&lt;li&gt;newspaper
&lt;li&gt;copy
&lt;li&gt;far
&lt;li&gt;object
&lt;li&gt;work
&lt;li&gt;engine
&lt;li&gt;standard
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;sky
&lt;li&gt;company
&lt;li&gt;green
&lt;li&gt;beneath
&lt;li&gt;desire
&lt;li&gt;busy
&lt;li&gt;ancient
&lt;li&gt;decide
&lt;li&gt;place
&lt;li&gt;broad
&lt;li&gt;about
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;god
&lt;li&gt;begin
&lt;li&gt;through
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;plenty
&lt;li&gt;narrow
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;acid
&lt;li&gt;doubt
&lt;li&gt;typical
&lt;li&gt;examination
&lt;li&gt;partner
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;call
&lt;li&gt;very
&lt;li&gt;milk
&lt;li&gt;middle
&lt;li&gt;address
&lt;li&gt;lose
&lt;li&gt;reduction
&lt;li&gt;explanation
&lt;li&gt;under
&lt;li&gt;official
&lt;li&gt;intention
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;little
&lt;li&gt;forest
&lt;li&gt;journey
&lt;li&gt;form
&lt;li&gt;northern
&lt;li&gt;bill
&lt;li&gt;establish
&lt;li&gt;flight
&lt;li&gt;surprise
&lt;li&gt;hall
&lt;li&gt;fall
&lt;li&gt;control
&lt;li&gt;o'clock
&lt;li&gt;rare
&lt;li&gt;least
&lt;li&gt;support
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;terrible
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;metal
&lt;li&gt;put
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;severe
&lt;li&gt;factory
&lt;li&gt;wild
&lt;li&gt;agree
&lt;li&gt;suggest
&lt;li&gt;east
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;court
&lt;li&gt;tall
&lt;li&gt;protect
&lt;li&gt;southern
&lt;li&gt;low
&lt;li&gt;worst
&lt;li&gt;afterwards
&lt;li&gt;criminal
&lt;li&gt;chief
&lt;li&gt;appear
&lt;li&gt;respect
&lt;li&gt;act
&lt;li&gt;ourselves
&lt;li&gt;desk
&lt;li&gt;shoulder
&lt;li&gt;break
&lt;li&gt;funny
&lt;li&gt;noise
&lt;li&gt;somehow
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;odd
&lt;li&gt;customer
&lt;li&gt;inner
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;cover
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;bridge
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;combination
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;justice
&lt;li&gt;beginning
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;lot
&lt;li&gt;add
&lt;li&gt;act
&lt;li&gt;green
&lt;li&gt;fashion
&lt;li&gt;temperature
&lt;li&gt;nation
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;search
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;afford
&lt;li&gt;pool
&lt;li&gt;feeling
&lt;li&gt;youth
&lt;li&gt;understand
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;patient
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;suggest
&lt;li&gt;quick
&lt;li&gt;crowd
&lt;li&gt;sport
&lt;li&gt;iron
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;nose
&lt;li&gt;meal
&lt;li&gt;cause
&lt;li&gt;ship
&lt;li&gt;alive
&lt;li&gt;female
&lt;li&gt;yours
&lt;li&gt;beauty
&lt;li&gt;pretty
&lt;li&gt;late
&lt;li&gt;angry
&lt;li&gt;building
&lt;li&gt;union
&lt;li&gt;eastern
&lt;li&gt;choose
&lt;li&gt;sheet
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;improvement
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;pick
&lt;li&gt;mine
&lt;li&gt;roof
&lt;li&gt;face
&lt;li&gt;provisions
&lt;li&gt;grass
&lt;li&gt;shock
&lt;li&gt;fruit
&lt;li&gt;gold
&lt;li&gt;draw
&lt;li&gt;anywhere
&lt;li&gt;mind
&lt;li&gt;date
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;vehicle
&lt;li&gt;spot
&lt;li&gt;pay
&lt;li&gt;bottle
&lt;li&gt;love
&lt;li&gt;consider
&lt;li&gt;glad
&lt;li&gt;forget
&lt;li&gt;start
&lt;li&gt;friendly
&lt;li&gt;sum
&lt;li&gt;plastic
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;cover
&lt;li&gt;breakfast
&lt;li&gt;answer
&lt;li&gt;association
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;market
&lt;li&gt;relative
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;imagine
&lt;li&gt;slow
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;watch
&lt;li&gt;establishment
&lt;li&gt;end
&lt;li&gt;song
&lt;li&gt;worry
&lt;li&gt;college
&lt;li&gt;encourage
&lt;li&gt;outside
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;passage
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;comfortable
&lt;li&gt;abroad
&lt;li&gt;obtain
&lt;li&gt;sudden
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;soil
&lt;li&gt;write
&lt;li&gt;approval
&lt;li&gt;autumn
&lt;li&gt;magazine
&lt;li&gt;standard
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;enjoy
&lt;li&gt;willing
&lt;li&gt;valuable
&lt;li&gt;division
&lt;li&gt;short
&lt;li&gt;touch
&lt;li&gt;guide
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;golden
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;firm
&lt;li&gt;add
&lt;li&gt;cat
&lt;li&gt;chest
&lt;li&gt;silent
&lt;li&gt;control
&lt;li&gt;bring
&lt;li&gt;remain
&lt;li&gt;yellow
&lt;li&gt;keen
&lt;li&gt;electricity
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;religion
&lt;li&gt;wealth
&lt;li&gt;coast
&lt;li&gt;height
&lt;li&gt;parent
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;care
&lt;li&gt;bread
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;chief
&lt;li&gt;bank
&lt;li&gt;capital
&lt;li&gt;subject
&lt;li&gt;wages
&lt;li&gt;expect
&lt;li&gt;dress
&lt;li&gt;struggle
&lt;li&gt;border
&lt;li&gt;care
&lt;li&gt;kill
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;acceptable
&lt;li&gt;grow
&lt;li&gt;sensitive
&lt;li&gt;turn
&lt;li&gt;visit
&lt;li&gt;aside
&lt;li&gt;chain
&lt;li&gt;ring
&lt;li&gt;fall
&lt;li&gt;meat
&lt;li&gt;flow
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;sit
&lt;li&gt;agree
&lt;li&gt;fifth
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;weak
&lt;li&gt;hill
&lt;li&gt;use
&lt;li&gt;sharp
&lt;li&gt;pale
&lt;li&gt;figure
&lt;li&gt;furniture
&lt;li&gt;wooden
&lt;li&gt;healthy
&lt;li&gt;block
&lt;li&gt;enter
&lt;li&gt;serve
&lt;li&gt;pocket
&lt;li&gt;easy
&lt;li&gt;mistake
&lt;li&gt;request
&lt;li&gt;talk
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;restaurant
&lt;li&gt;apart
&lt;li&gt;strike
&lt;li&gt;mountain
&lt;li&gt;gun
&lt;li&gt;kingdom
&lt;li&gt;bear
&lt;li&gt;die
&lt;li&gt;inquiry
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;white
&lt;li&gt;store
&lt;li&gt;arrival
&lt;li&gt;wish
&lt;li&gt;plane
&lt;li&gt;bird
&lt;li&gt;sad
&lt;li&gt;across
&lt;li&gt;bill
&lt;li&gt;dependent
&lt;li&gt;fault
&lt;li&gt;rapid
&lt;li&gt;enemy
&lt;li&gt;pure
&lt;li&gt;taste
&lt;li&gt;queen
&lt;li&gt;daily
&lt;li&gt;catch
&lt;li&gt;need
&lt;li&gt;love
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;comparison
&lt;li&gt;official
&lt;li&gt;matter
&lt;li&gt;coat
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;preparation
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;captain
&lt;li&gt;just
&lt;li&gt;affair
&lt;li&gt;wedding
&lt;li&gt;beer
&lt;li&gt;exciting
&lt;li&gt;hold
&lt;li&gt;clear
&lt;li&gt;arrangement
&lt;li&gt;check
&lt;li&gt;for
&lt;li&gt;solid
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;widespread
&lt;li&gt;share
&lt;li&gt;break
&lt;li&gt;male
&lt;li&gt;confident
&lt;li&gt;manage
&lt;li&gt;sugar
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;face
&lt;li&gt;throat
&lt;li&gt;altogether
&lt;li&gt;everywhere
&lt;li&gt;standard
&lt;li&gt;finger
&lt;li&gt;stupid
&lt;li&gt;judgment
&lt;li&gt;show
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;sleep
&lt;li&gt;sleep
&lt;li&gt;whenever
&lt;li&gt;continue
&lt;li&gt;thick
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;command
&lt;li&gt;sweet
&lt;li&gt;helpful
&lt;li&gt;mad
&lt;li&gt;flat
&lt;li&gt;shot
&lt;li&gt;permission
&lt;li&gt;hat
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;i
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;follow
&lt;li&gt;concerning
&lt;li&gt;exist
&lt;li&gt;mile
&lt;li&gt;frame
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;proud
&lt;li&gt;mixture
&lt;li&gt;birthday
&lt;li&gt;painting
&lt;li&gt;kingdom
&lt;li&gt;wave
&lt;li&gt;middle
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;anxious
&lt;li&gt;nervous
&lt;li&gt;hear
&lt;li&gt;entrance
&lt;li&gt;limit
&lt;li&gt;describe
&lt;li&gt;extreme
&lt;li&gt;profession
&lt;li&gt;queen
&lt;li&gt;conscious
&lt;li&gt;gain
&lt;li&gt;electric
&lt;li&gt;green
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;sheep
&lt;li&gt;alcohol
&lt;li&gt;holy
&lt;li&gt;prize
&lt;li&gt;lady
&lt;li&gt;neither
&lt;li&gt;worth
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;depth
&lt;li&gt;port
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;hill
&lt;li&gt;soul
&lt;li&gt;gate
&lt;li&gt;alone
&lt;li&gt;help
&lt;li&gt;mirror
&lt;li&gt;attend
&lt;li&gt;sand
&lt;li&gt;march
&lt;li&gt;grand
&lt;li&gt;lord
&lt;li&gt;guidance
&lt;li&gt;adult
&lt;li&gt;employer
&lt;li&gt;prince
&lt;li&gt;examine
&lt;li&gt;honest
&lt;li&gt;moral
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;right
&lt;li&gt;good
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;send
&lt;li&gt;middle
&lt;li&gt;carry
&lt;li&gt;snow
&lt;li&gt;introduce
&lt;li&gt;reply
&lt;li&gt;admit
&lt;li&gt;wear
&lt;li&gt;phrase
&lt;li&gt;distant
&lt;li&gt;tendency
&lt;li&gt;mind
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;gentle
&lt;li&gt;contents
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;travel
&lt;li&gt;cricket
&lt;li&gt;valley
&lt;li&gt;ear
&lt;li&gt;patient
&lt;li&gt;origin
&lt;li&gt;play
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;listen
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;smooth
&lt;li&gt;mean
&lt;li&gt;allow
&lt;li&gt;possession
&lt;li&gt;slight
&lt;li&gt;silly
&lt;li&gt;nurse
&lt;li&gt;discovery
&lt;li&gt;childhood
&lt;li&gt;suit
&lt;li&gt;satisfaction
&lt;li&gt;mind
&lt;li&gt;listen
&lt;li&gt;flat
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;cake
&lt;li&gt;behind
&lt;li&gt;determination
&lt;li&gt;relation
&lt;li&gt;clock
&lt;li&gt;stop
&lt;li&gt;love
&lt;li&gt;report
&lt;li&gt;female
&lt;li&gt;violent
&lt;li&gt;false
&lt;li&gt;cheap
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;sun
&lt;li&gt;feeling
&lt;li&gt;grateful
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;young
&lt;li&gt;argue
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;sensible
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;stomach
&lt;li&gt;near
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;meeting
&lt;li&gt;mass
&lt;li&gt;move
&lt;li&gt;buy
&lt;li&gt;wing
&lt;li&gt;chemical
&lt;li&gt;fill
&lt;li&gt;pleasant
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;poetry
&lt;li&gt;meet
&lt;li&gt;result
&lt;li&gt;knife
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;signal
&lt;li&gt;remove
&lt;li&gt;god
&lt;li&gt;string
&lt;li&gt;enjoy
&lt;li&gt;infection
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;proof
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;republic
&lt;li&gt;dirty
&lt;li&gt;castle
&lt;li&gt;minute
&lt;li&gt;bath
&lt;li&gt;imagination
&lt;li&gt;continuous
&lt;li&gt;cycle
&lt;li&gt;operate
&lt;li&gt;wait
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;watch
&lt;li&gt;universe
&lt;li&gt;king
&lt;li&gt;choose
&lt;li&gt;begin
&lt;li&gt;castle
&lt;li&gt;universal
&lt;li&gt;yard
&lt;li&gt;offer
&lt;li&gt;west
&lt;li&gt;pink
&lt;li&gt;camera
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;shirt
&lt;li&gt;wheel
&lt;li&gt;instrument
&lt;li&gt;cattle
&lt;li&gt;anxiety
&lt;li&gt;stand
&lt;li&gt;defeat
&lt;li&gt;right
&lt;li&gt;pull
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;live
&lt;li&gt;leather
&lt;li&gt;mention
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;sixth
&lt;li&gt;flesh
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;hold
&lt;li&gt;sick
&lt;li&gt;hers
&lt;li&gt;need
&lt;li&gt;dance
&lt;li&gt;dust
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;change
&lt;li&gt;represent
&lt;li&gt;egg
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;western
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;escape
&lt;li&gt;form
&lt;li&gt;salt
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;raw
&lt;li&gt;stream
&lt;li&gt;asleep
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;complete
&lt;li&gt;state
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;help
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;prince
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;outer
&lt;li&gt;tail
&lt;li&gt;tennis
&lt;li&gt;pay
&lt;li&gt;outside
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;study
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;host
&lt;li&gt;grammar
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;forward
&lt;li&gt;angle
&lt;li&gt;load
&lt;li&gt;bone
&lt;li&gt;eat
&lt;li&gt;perform
&lt;li&gt;far
&lt;li&gt;joy
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;pretty
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;fun
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;receive
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;red
&lt;li&gt;contain
&lt;li&gt;machinery
&lt;li&gt;nowhere
&lt;li&gt;material
&lt;li&gt;clever
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;photograph
&lt;li&gt;frequent
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;airport
&lt;li&gt;hope
&lt;li&gt;poem
&lt;li&gt;good
&lt;li&gt;depend
&lt;li&gt;quantity
&lt;li&gt;tongue
&lt;li&gt;speak
&lt;li&gt;exist
&lt;li&gt;ill
&lt;li&gt;promise
&lt;li&gt;destruction
&lt;li&gt;since
&lt;li&gt;instruction
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;lake
&lt;li&gt;rid
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;wide
&lt;li&gt;generous
&lt;li&gt;marry
&lt;li&gt;stay
&lt;li&gt;bare
&lt;li&gt;sea
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;guest
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;trousers
&lt;li&gt;grand
&lt;li&gt;lift
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;petrol
&lt;li&gt;favour
&lt;li&gt;mystery
&lt;li&gt;secret
&lt;li&gt;lesson
&lt;li&gt;spend
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;bitter
&lt;li&gt;handle
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;miss
&lt;li&gt;cigarette
&lt;li&gt;river
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;pack
&lt;li&gt;persuade
&lt;li&gt;fat
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;justice
&lt;li&gt;ill
&lt;li&gt;produce
&lt;li&gt;poet
&lt;li&gt;palace
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;lawyer
&lt;li&gt;form
&lt;li&gt;travel
&lt;li&gt;exact
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;fate
&lt;li&gt;tool
&lt;li&gt;accept
&lt;li&gt;lie
&lt;li&gt;plan
&lt;li&gt;shot
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;satisfactory
&lt;li&gt;no
&lt;li&gt;palace
&lt;li&gt;substance
&lt;li&gt;urgent
&lt;li&gt;moral
&lt;li&gt;specialist
&lt;li&gt;prepare
&lt;li&gt;teach
&lt;li&gt;mine
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;contain
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;mass
&lt;li&gt;laughter
&lt;li&gt;amount
&lt;li&gt;blue
&lt;li&gt;force
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;ticket
&lt;li&gt;notice
&lt;li&gt;lord
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;habit
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;treat
&lt;li&gt;white
&lt;li&gt;sympathy
&lt;li&gt;gold
&lt;li&gt;collect
&lt;li&gt;still
&lt;li&gt;middle
&lt;li&gt;priest
&lt;li&gt;delay
&lt;li&gt;desirable
&lt;li&gt;learn
&lt;li&gt;punishment
&lt;li&gt;finish
&lt;li&gt;prayer
&lt;li&gt;forget
&lt;li&gt;pupil
&lt;li&gt;suffer
&lt;li&gt;cotton
&lt;li&gt;alone
&lt;li&gt;mass
&lt;li&gt;firm
&lt;li&gt;talk
&lt;li&gt;report
&lt;li&gt;tower
&lt;li&gt;addition
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;attract
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;be
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;represent
&lt;li&gt;upstairs
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;imagine
&lt;li&gt;forest
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;chocolate
&lt;li&gt;secret
&lt;li&gt;knee
&lt;li&gt;adult
&lt;li&gt;steady
&lt;li&gt;point
&lt;li&gt;declaration
&lt;li&gt;harm
&lt;li&gt;convenient
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;silk
&lt;li&gt;dollar
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;watch
&lt;li&gt;in
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;warmth
&lt;li&gt;call
&lt;li&gt;root
&lt;li&gt;start
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;scientist
&lt;li&gt;state
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;settle
&lt;li&gt;moon
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;earth
&lt;li&gt;cheque
&lt;li&gt;weapon
&lt;li&gt;carriage
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;butter
&lt;li&gt;farmer
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;fortune
&lt;li&gt;match
&lt;li&gt;town
&lt;li&gt;tin
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;pot
&lt;li&gt;piano
&lt;li&gt;drop
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;cloth
&lt;li&gt;drop
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;touch
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;current
&lt;li&gt;tight
&lt;li&gt;actor
&lt;li&gt;mud
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;wise
&lt;li&gt;painful
&lt;li&gt;uncle
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;bridge
&lt;li&gt;supply
&lt;li&gt;artificial
&lt;li&gt;passenger
&lt;li&gt;daily
&lt;li&gt;test
&lt;li&gt;heaven
&lt;li&gt;sign
&lt;li&gt;print
&lt;li&gt;place
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;ring
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;invitation
&lt;li&gt;business
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;taxi
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;wood
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;concert
&lt;li&gt;blame
&lt;li&gt;hungry
&lt;li&gt;hall
&lt;li&gt;great
&lt;li&gt;no
&lt;li&gt;play
&lt;li&gt;die
&lt;li&gt;entertainment
&lt;li&gt;chicken
&lt;li&gt;dictionary
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;influential
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;above
&lt;li&gt;grow
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;kind
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;oxygen
&lt;li&gt;well
&lt;li&gt;refusal
&lt;li&gt;day
&lt;li&gt;funeral
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;defend
&lt;li&gt;face
&lt;li&gt;shame
&lt;li&gt;mouse
&lt;li&gt;grain
&lt;li&gt;decide
&lt;li&gt;backwards
&lt;li&gt;arrive
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;except
&lt;li&gt;succeed
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;deliver
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;soldier
&lt;li&gt;straight
&lt;li&gt;fun
&lt;li&gt;turn
&lt;li&gt;nasty
&lt;li&gt;creature
&lt;li&gt;force
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;wool
&lt;li&gt;servant
&lt;li&gt;satisfy
&lt;li&gt;neighbour
&lt;li&gt;cheek
&lt;li&gt;straight
&lt;li&gt;shell
&lt;li&gt;precious
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;besides
&lt;li&gt;aunt
&lt;li&gt;dull
&lt;li&gt;delicate
&lt;li&gt;lonely
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;formerly
&lt;li&gt;fail
&lt;li&gt;enter
&lt;li&gt;serve
&lt;li&gt;lead
&lt;li&gt;father
&lt;li&gt;complaint
&lt;li&gt;talk
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;little
&lt;li&gt;muscle
&lt;li&gt;ceremony
&lt;li&gt;escape
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;captain
&lt;li&gt;test
&lt;li&gt;delight
&lt;li&gt;neat
&lt;li&gt;influence
&lt;li&gt;tropical
&lt;li&gt;sick
&lt;li&gt;cinema
&lt;li&gt;valley
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;ours
&lt;li&gt;lose
&lt;li&gt;support
&lt;li&gt;bell
&lt;li&gt;official
&lt;li&gt;fellow
&lt;li&gt;brick
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;green
&lt;li&gt;direct
&lt;li&gt;attempt
&lt;li&gt;tourist
&lt;li&gt;eastern
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;push
&lt;li&gt;pity
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;hotel
&lt;li&gt;splendid
&lt;li&gt;chemical
&lt;li&gt;stick
&lt;li&gt;chemistry
&lt;li&gt;law
&lt;li&gt;end
&lt;li&gt;republic
&lt;li&gt;attendance
&lt;li&gt;building
&lt;li&gt;address
&lt;li&gt;flat
&lt;li&gt;hope
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;cap
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;suit
&lt;li&gt;record
&lt;li&gt;minister
&lt;li&gt;doorway
&lt;li&gt;arrange
&lt;li&gt;companion
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;pile
&lt;li&gt;fence
&lt;li&gt;explosion
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;increase
&lt;li&gt;share
&lt;li&gt;peaceful
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;change
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;nonsense
&lt;li&gt;develop
&lt;li&gt;destroy
&lt;li&gt;clothing
&lt;li&gt;navy
&lt;li&gt;lake
&lt;li&gt;press
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;queen
&lt;li&gt;excuse
&lt;li&gt;uncle
&lt;li&gt;loyalty
&lt;li&gt;glory
&lt;li&gt;suppose
&lt;li&gt;representative
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;recognize
&lt;li&gt;rice
&lt;li&gt;pay
&lt;li&gt;meaning
&lt;li&gt;north
&lt;li&gt;laugh
&lt;li&gt;reward
&lt;li&gt;opposition
&lt;li&gt;stop
&lt;li&gt;check
&lt;li&gt;single
&lt;li&gt;guilt
&lt;li&gt;fierce
&lt;li&gt;shot
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;fat
&lt;li&gt;tube
&lt;li&gt;prisoner
&lt;li&gt;day
&lt;li&gt;compete
&lt;li&gt;rest
&lt;li&gt;rope
&lt;li&gt;brave
&lt;li&gt;sort
&lt;li&gt;chin
&lt;li&gt;damage
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;witness
&lt;li&gt;outside
&lt;li&gt;regard
&lt;li&gt;fellow
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;join
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;button
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;feed
&lt;li&gt;exercise
&lt;li&gt;chief
&lt;li&gt;advise
&lt;li&gt;mother
&lt;li&gt;clay
&lt;li&gt;probability
&lt;li&gt;press
&lt;li&gt;dish
&lt;li&gt;fail
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;tie
&lt;li&gt;travel
&lt;li&gt;me
&lt;li&gt;lie
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;supper
&lt;li&gt;laugh
&lt;li&gt;check
&lt;li&gt;vary
&lt;li&gt;absent
&lt;li&gt;vary
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;naval
&lt;li&gt;mention
&lt;li&gt;clerk
&lt;li&gt;pick
&lt;li&gt;place
&lt;li&gt;fool
&lt;li&gt;clear
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;thick
&lt;li&gt;wisdom
&lt;li&gt;chief
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;courage
&lt;li&gt;whoever
&lt;li&gt;encouragement
&lt;li&gt;secret
&lt;li&gt;favourable
&lt;li&gt;stick
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;share
&lt;li&gt;adventure
&lt;li&gt;go
&lt;li&gt;steep
&lt;li&gt;forwards
&lt;li&gt;finish
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;cry
&lt;li&gt;shore
&lt;li&gt;account
&lt;li&gt;wish
&lt;li&gt;happen
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;eager
&lt;li&gt;seventh
&lt;li&gt;grandfather
&lt;li&gt;fall
&lt;li&gt;awkward
&lt;li&gt;force
&lt;li&gt;date
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;envelope
&lt;li&gt;sympathetic
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;waist
&lt;li&gt;cupboard
&lt;li&gt;sensation
&lt;li&gt;draw
&lt;li&gt;ocean
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;fall
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;faint
&lt;li&gt;cover
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;local
&lt;li&gt;suffer
&lt;li&gt;plan
&lt;li&gt;supply
&lt;li&gt;terror
&lt;li&gt;quick
&lt;li&gt;match
&lt;li&gt;repeat
&lt;li&gt;move
&lt;li&gt;cruel
&lt;li&gt;operate
&lt;li&gt;equality
&lt;li&gt;worthy
&lt;li&gt;order
&lt;li&gt;collar
&lt;li&gt;refuse
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;central
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;specialist
&lt;li&gt;ugly
&lt;li&gt;grandmother
&lt;li&gt;regard
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;tight
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;grief
&lt;li&gt;intend
&lt;li&gt;sword
&lt;li&gt;conscience
&lt;li&gt;sing
&lt;li&gt;pretty
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;soup
&lt;li&gt;stranger
&lt;li&gt;station
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;trick
&lt;li&gt;popularity
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;zero
&lt;li&gt;bell
&lt;li&gt;act
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;leave
&lt;li&gt;island
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;mysterious
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;earth
&lt;li&gt;news
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;organ
&lt;li&gt;end
&lt;li&gt;account
&lt;li&gt;stand
&lt;li&gt;mix
&lt;li&gt;forehead
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;loyal
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;ladder
&lt;li&gt;full
&lt;li&gt;pull
&lt;li&gt;nest
&lt;li&gt;gain
&lt;li&gt;evil
&lt;li&gt;worship
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;avoid
&lt;li&gt;useless
&lt;li&gt;shelter
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;tune
&lt;li&gt;explain
&lt;li&gt;aunt
&lt;li&gt;nerve
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;preserve
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;cry
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;fortunate
&lt;li&gt;south
&lt;li&gt;boot
&lt;li&gt;roll
&lt;li&gt;reach
&lt;li&gt;protective
&lt;li&gt;tobacco
&lt;li&gt;temple
&lt;li&gt;male
&lt;li&gt;attack
&lt;li&gt;this
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;shot
&lt;li&gt;eighth
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;shelf
&lt;li&gt;base
&lt;li&gt;guess
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;push
&lt;li&gt;point
&lt;li&gt;bacteria
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;half
&lt;li&gt;reach
&lt;li&gt;officer
&lt;li&gt;stretch
&lt;li&gt;remind
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;lift
&lt;li&gt;neighbourhood
&lt;li&gt;demand
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;opponent
&lt;li&gt;citizen
&lt;li&gt;leaf
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;repair
&lt;li&gt;describe
&lt;li&gt;wear
&lt;li&gt;juice
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;noble
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;i
&lt;li&gt;curtain
&lt;li&gt;within
&lt;li&gt;rob
&lt;li&gt;reduce
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;strike
&lt;li&gt;copper
&lt;li&gt;fellow
&lt;li&gt;pause
&lt;li&gt;beginning
&lt;li&gt;remove
&lt;li&gt;orange
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;skirt
&lt;li&gt;attempt
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;probable
&lt;li&gt;daily
&lt;li&gt;fame
&lt;li&gt;land
&lt;li&gt;old-fashioned
&lt;li&gt;magic
&lt;li&gt;draw
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;horizon
&lt;li&gt;cover
&lt;li&gt;brush
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;general
&lt;li&gt;bunch
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;guide
&lt;li&gt;experience
&lt;li&gt;bit
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (1)</title>
    <id>2258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21414</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Words occurring in more than one word class ==

:a: ''at0, zz0, unc, np0, to0, prf, dt0'';
:about: ''prp, av0, avp, avp-prp'';
:above: ''prp, av0, aj0, aj0-av0'';
:absent: ''aj0, vvb, vvi'';
:accept: ''vvi, vvb'';
:accident: ''nn1, np0'';
:according: ''vvg, cjs, cjs-prp, prp'';
:account: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:ache: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:acid: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:across: ''prp, av0'';
:act: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, unc'';
:action: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:actor: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:actress: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, vvi, nn1-np0'';
:add: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:addition: ''nn1, av0'';
:address: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:admiration: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:admire: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:admit: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:adult: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0'';
:advance: ''nn1, vvi, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0'';
:advantage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:adventure: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:adverb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:advertise: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:advertisement: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:advice: ''nn1, np0'';
:advise: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:afford: ''vvi, vvb'';
:after: ''prp, cjs-prp, cjs, av0, aj0, aj0-av0, unc'';
:afterwards: ''av0, np0'';
:age: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:agree: ''vvi, vvb'';
:agreement: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:aim: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:air: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:airforce: ''nn0, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:airport: ''nn1, np0'';
:alike: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:all: ''dt0, av0, unc'';
:allow: ''vvi, vvb'';
:alone: ''aj0-av0, aj0, av0'';
:along: ''prp, avp-prp, avp, av0'';
:alphabet: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:amount: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:amuse: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:amusement: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:amusing: ''aj0, aj0-vvg, vvg, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvg'';
:an: ''at0, unc, cjc'';
:ancient: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:and: ''cjc, unc'';
:anger: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:angle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:animal: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:ankle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:annoy: ''vvi, vvb'';
:another: ''dt0, pnx'';
:answer: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:ant: ''nn1, np0'';
:anxiety: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:anxious: ''aj0, np0'';
:any: ''dt0, av0, unc'';
:apparatus: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:appear: ''vvi, vvb'';
:apple: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn0, vvi'';
:appoint: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:approve: ''vvi, vvb'';
:arch: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvi, vvb'';
:area: ''nn1, np0'';
:argue: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:argument: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:arm: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:armour: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:arms: ''nn2, np0, nn2-vvz'';
:army: ''nn0, np0'';
:around: ''prp, avp, avp-prp, av0'';
:arrange: ''vvi, vvb'';
:arrive: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:art: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:article: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:artificial: ''aj0, np0'';
:as: ''cjs, cjs-prp, prp, av0, unc, cjc'';
:ash: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:aside: ''av0, nn1'';
:ask: ''vvi, vvb, unc'';
:association: ''nn0, nn1, np0'';
:at: ''prp, unc'';
:atom: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:attack: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:attempt: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:attend: ''vvi, vvb'';
:attendance: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:attract: ''vvi, vvb'';
:aunt: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:average: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:avoid: ''vvi, vvb'';
:awake: ''aj0, vvb, vvi'';
:away: ''avp, av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:awkward: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:baby: ''nn1, np0'';
:back: ''avp, nn1, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb, aj0, nn1-vvb, np0, unc'';
:backward: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:bad: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, nn1, av0'';
:bag: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0'';
:bake: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:balance: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:ball: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:banana: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:band: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:bank: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:bar: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, prp, np0'';
:bare: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:barrel: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:base: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0'';
:basket: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:bath: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:bathe: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:battle: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:be: ''vbi, vbb, unc'';
:beak: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:beam: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:bean: ''nn1, np0'';
:bear: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:beard: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:beat: ''vvd, vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, vvn'';
:become: ''vvi, vvn, vvb, vvd'';
:bed: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:bee: ''nn1, np0'';
:beer: ''nn1, np0'';
:before: ''prp, cjs-prp, cjs, av0'';
:beg: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, nn1, unc'';
:begin: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:beginning: ''nn1, vvg, nn1-vvg'';
:behave: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:behind: ''prp, av0, nn1'';
:belief: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:believe: ''vvb, vvi'';
:bell: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:belong: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:below: ''av0, prp'';
:belt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:bend: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:beneath: ''prp, av0'';
:berry: ''np0, nn1-np0, nn1'';
:beside: ''prp, av0'';
:besides: ''av0, prp'';
:best: ''ajs, av0, np0, ajc'';
:better: ''ajc, av0'';
:between: ''prp, av0, aj0'';
:beyond: ''prp, av0, nn1, np0'';
:bicycle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:big: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:bill: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:bind: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:bird: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:birth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:birthday: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:bit: ''nn1, vvd, vvn, av0, pni'';
:bite: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:bitter: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:black: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:blade: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:blame: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:bleed: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:bless: ''vvb, vvi'';
:blind: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:block: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:blood: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:blow: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:blue: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0, vvb'';
:board: ''nn1, nn0, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:boat: ''nn1, np0'';
:body: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:boil: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:bomb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:bone: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:book: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:boot: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:border: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:born: ''vvn, aj0-vvn, aj0'';
:borrow: ''vvi, vvb'';
:both: ''dt0, av0'';
:bottle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:bottom: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:bowl: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:box: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:boy: ''nn1, itj, np0'';
:brain: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb, aj0'';
:branch: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:brass: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb, vvi'';
:brave: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1'';
:bread: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:breadth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:break: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:breakfast: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:breast: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:breath: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:breathe: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:breed: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:brick: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:bridge: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:bright: ''aj0, nn1, np0'';
:bring: ''vvi, vvb'';
:broad: ''aj0, np0'';
:broadcast: ''nn1, vvn, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:brother: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:brown: ''np0, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0, vvi'';
:brush: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:build: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:building: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg, nn1-np0, np0'';
:bullet: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:bunch: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0'';
:burn: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:burst: ''vvd, nn1, vvd-vvn, vvi, vvn, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvb, aj0-vvn, aj0-vvd'';
:bury: ''np0, vvi, vvb'';
:bus: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, unc, vvb'';
:bush: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:business: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0, nn2'';
:busy: ''aj0, vvb, vvi'';
:but: ''cjc, av0, cjs, prp, cjs-prp'';
:butter: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:button: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:buy: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:by: ''prp, avp-prp, avp, av0'';
:cage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:calculate: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:calculator: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:call: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:calm: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:camera: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:camp: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:can: ''vm0, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, unc, vvi'';
:cap: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, unc'';
:capital: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:captain: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:car: ''nn1, np0, unc'';
:card: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:cardboard: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:care: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:careless: ''aj0, np0'';
:carry: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:cart: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:case: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, cjs'';
:castle: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:cat: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:catch: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:cause: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, cjs'';
:cement: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:cent: ''nn1, nn0'';
:center: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:central: ''aj0, np0'';
:century: ''nn1, np0'';
:ceremony: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:chain: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:chair: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:chairperson: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:chalk: ''nn1, np0'';
:chance: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, aj0-nn1, vvb'';
:change: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:charge: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:charm: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:chase: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:cheap: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, av0'';
:cheat: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:check: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:cheek: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:cheer: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:cheerful: ''aj0, np0'';
:cheese: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, aj0, nn0, aj0-nn1'';
:chemical: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, np0'';
:chemistry: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:chicken: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb'';
:chief: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:child: ''nn1, np0'';
:children: ''nn2, np0'';
:chimney: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, aj0-nn1'';
:chin: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:chocolate: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:choice: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:choose: ''vvi, vvb'';
:church: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:cigarette: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:cinema: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:circle: ''nn1, nn0, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:circular: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1, np0'';
:citizen: ''nn1, np0'';
:city: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:civilization: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:claim: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:class: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, vvi, nn2'';
:clay: ''nn1, np0'';
:clean: ''aj0, vvi, aj0-av0, vvb, av0, aj0-nn1'';
:clear: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1'';
:clerk: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:cliff: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:climb: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:clock: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:clockwork: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:close: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0, vvi, vvb, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:cloth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:clothes: ''nn2, nn2-vvz'';
:clothing: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg'';
:cloud: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:club: ''nn0, np0, vvb, nn1'';
:coal: ''nn1, np0'';
:coast: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:coat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:coffee: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:coin: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:cold: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0-av0, np0, av0'';
:collar: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0'';
:collect: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:college: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:colour: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:comb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, nn1-np0'';
:combine: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:come: ''vvi, vvb, vvn, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvd'';
:comfort: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:comfortable: ''aj0, np0'';
:command: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:committee: ''nn0, np0'';
:common: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:company: ''nn1, nn0, np0'';
:compare: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:compete: ''vvi, vvb'';
:complain: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:complaint: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:complete: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:compound: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:computer: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:concern: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:concerning: ''prp, vvg'';
:condition: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:confuse: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:connect: ''vvi, vvb'';
:conscious: ''aj0, np0'';
:consider: ''vvi, vvb'';
:consist: ''vvi, vvb'';
:consonant: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0'';
:contain: ''vvi, vvb'';
:contents: ''nn2, nn2-vvz, vvz'';
:continue: ''vvi, vvb'';
:contract: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:control: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:cook: ''vvi, np0, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, nn0'';
:cool: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb, av0, nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:copper: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:copy: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:cord: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:corn: ''nn1, np0'';
:corner: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:correct: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:cost: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvn, vvd, vvd-vvn'';
:cotton: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:cough: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:council: ''nn0, np0'';
:count: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:country: ''nn1, np0'';
:courage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:course: ''nn1, av0, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:court: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:cover: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:cow: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:coward: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:crack: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, vvb, aj0'';
:crash: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:cream: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:creature: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:creep: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:cricket: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:crime: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:criminal: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:crop: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:cross: ''nn1, np0, vvi, vvb, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, aj0, prp'';
:crowd: ''nn0, vvb, vvi'';
:crush: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:cry: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:cultivate: ''vvi, vvb'';
:cup: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, nn0, vvi'';
:cupboard: ''nn1, nn0, nn1-np0'';
:cure: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:curl: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:current: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:curse: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:curtain: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:curve: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0'';
:custom: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:customer: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:cut: ''vvn, vvi, vvd, nn1, vvd-vvn, vvb, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-vvn, aj0'';
:cycle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:daily: ''aj0, np0, av0, aj0-av0'';
:damage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:dance: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:dangerous: ''aj0, np0'';
:dare: ''vm0, vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:daring: ''vvg, aj0-vvg, nn1-vvg, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1, np0'';
:dark: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:date: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:day: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:dead: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0'';
:deal: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, pni'';
:dear: ''itj, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0-av0, np0, av0'';
:death: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:debt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:decay: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:deceit: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:deceive: ''vvi, vvb'';
:decide: ''vvi, vvb'';
:decimal: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:decision: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:declaration: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:declare: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:decorate: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, aj0'';
:decoration: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:decrease: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:deep: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:deer: ''nn0, np0'';
:defeat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:defend: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:degree: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:delay: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:delight: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:deliver: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:demand: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:department: ''nn0, np0'';
:depend: ''vvi, vvb'';
:dependent: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:depth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:descend: ''vvi, vvb'';
:describe: ''vvi, vvb'';
:descriptive: ''aj0, np0'';
:desert: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:deserve: ''vvb, vvi'';
:desire: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:destroy: ''vvi, vvb'';
:destruction: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:detail: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:determined: ''vvn, aj0-vvn, aj0, aj0-vvd, vvd, vvd-vvn'';
:develop: ''vvi, vvb'';
:devil: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:diamond: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:die: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, unc'';
:dig: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, unc, np0'';
:dip: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:direct: ''aj0, aj0-av0, vvi, vvb, av0'';
:dirt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:dirty: ''aj0, vvb, aj0-av0, vvi'';
:disappoint: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:discourage: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:discover: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:discovery: ''nn1, np0'';
:dish: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:dismiss: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:distance: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0'';
:distant: ''aj0, np0'';
:ditch: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:divide: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:division: ''nn0, nn1, np0'';
:do: ''vdb, vdi, unc, nn1'';
:doctor: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:dog: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:dot: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:double: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, av0, aj0-av0, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:doubt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, av0'';
:down: ''avp, avp-prp, prp, np0, aj0, nn1, aj0-nn1, vvb'';
:drag: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:draw: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:dream: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:dress: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:drink: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:drive: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:drop: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:drown: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:drug: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:drum: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:drunk: ''aj0-vvn, aj0, vvn, aj0-nn1, aj0-vvd, vvd, vvd-vvn'';
:dry: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:duck: ''nn0, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:dull: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:dust: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:each: ''dt0, av0'';
:ear: ''nn1, unc'';
:early: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:earn: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:earth: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:east: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:eastern: ''aj0, np0'';
:easy: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:eat: ''vvi, vvb'';
:edge: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:educate: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:education: ''nn1, np0'';
:effect: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:egg: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:eight: ''crd, unc'';
:either: ''av0, dt0'';
:elastic: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:elect: ''vvi, vvb, nn0, aj0'';
:election: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:electric: ''aj0, np0'';
:electricity: ''nn1, np0'';
:elephant: ''nn1, np0'';
:employ: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:employer: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:employment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:empty: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:enclose: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:enclosure: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:encourage: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:encouragement: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:end: ''nn1, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:engine: ''nn1, np0'';
:engineer: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:enjoy: ''vvi, vvb'';
:enjoyment: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:enough: ''av0, dt0'';
:enter: ''vvi, vvb'';
:entertain: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:entertainment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:entrance: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0'';
:equal: ''aj0, vvi, aj0-nn1, vvb'';
:equality: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:escape: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:especially: ''av0, np0'';
:establish: ''vvi, vvb'';
:even: ''av0, aj0-av0, nn1, aj0-nn1, np0, aj0, unc'';
:evening: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvg'';
:ever: ''av0, unc'';
:every: ''at0, unc'';
:evil: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1'';
:exact: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:examine: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0'';
:example: ''nn1, av0'';
:except: ''cjs, cjs-prp, prp'';
:exchange: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:excite: ''vvi, vvb'';
:excited: ''aj0, aj0-vvn, vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd, aj0-vvd'';
:exciting: ''aj0, aj0-vvg'';
:excuse: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:exercise: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:exist: ''vvi, vvb'';
:expect: ''vvi, vvb'';
:expensive: ''aj0, np0'';
:experience: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:explain: ''vvi, vvb'';
:explode: ''vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1'';
:explosion: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:explosive: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:express: ''vvi, np0, aj0, vvb, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-vvb, av0, aj0-av0'';
:expression: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:extreme: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:eye: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:face: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:factory: ''nn1, np0'';
:fail: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:faint: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1, vvb'';
:fair: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, av0, nn1, np0'';
:faith: ''nn1, np0'';
:faithful: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:fall: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:false: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:familiar: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:family: ''nn0, np0'';
:famous: ''aj0, np0'';
:fancy: ''vvb, aj0, vvi, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:far: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0, np0, unc'';
:farm: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:farmer: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:farmyard: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:fashion: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:fashionable: ''aj0, np0'';
:fast: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1'';
:fasten: ''vvi, vvb'';
:fat: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1'';
:father: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:fault: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:favorite: ''nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:favour: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:fear: ''nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0'';
:feather: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb'';
:feed: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:feel: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:feeling: ''nn1, vvg, nn1-vvg'';
:fellow: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:female: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:fence: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:fever: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0, vvi'';
:field: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:fight: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:figure: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:fill: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Carune</title>
    <id>2259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9014</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-14T21:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">How are /ke/ /ki/ /ge/ and /gi/ represented? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:35, 2 May 2006 (PDT)
:/ke ki/ are not represented (they don't occur). /ge gi/ would be &lt;gue gui&gt;. — [[User:Sectori|Sectori]] 11:51, 13 May 2006 (PDT)
::What about in loan-words?  Surely there must be a few borrowings with /ke/ and /ki/ in them? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:35, 13 May 2006 (PDT)
:::In such cases, the spelling would probably use whatever letters the foreign word had. Give me a minute...and another...ah. Probably &lt;ch&gt; would be used. Now that I think about it, &lt;gh&gt; would probably be used with /ge gi/ as well. Surrounded as it is by Italian, and with Mònzo near Milane, some borrowings were bound to slip in. Thanks for making me think. I'll add them to my list now. — [[User:Sectori|Sectori]] 14:58, 14 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Defining Vocabulary</title>
    <id>2260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8806</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-03T17:27:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lexica]]

Word lists that may help in the creation of vocabulary for a conlang.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khombu</title>
    <id>2261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8999</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-13T22:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Khombu
|pronounce=/k_ho+mbu/
|tu=[[Alternate Earth]], modern era
|species=Human
|in=[[Khombu (nation)|Khombu]]
|no=10 million
|script=Futozi-Khombu Script
|tree=Khombic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Eastern Khombic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Nambonta-Angondic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Nambonta [[Khombu]]'''
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=VSO
|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]
|date=February 2005}}
[[Khombu]] was created by [[User:Sectori|Sectori]] over his spring vacation in March 2006. It is spoken in the nation of [[Khombu_nation|Khombu]] and is part of his [[Alternate Earth]] conworld.

==Phonetics==
Khombu is a phonetically simple language. It contains six plosives, six aspirates, three nasals, one fricative, three vowels, and five clicks. Clicks can appear as individual words or incorporated into many words

*Plosives: /p t k b d g/ p t k b d g
*Aspirates: /p_h t_h k_h b_h d_h g_h/ ph th kh bh dh gh
*Nasals: /m n N/ m n ng
*Fricative: /h/ h
*Vowels: /a o u/ a o u
*Clicks: /!\ I\ \I\ O\/ kx tx gx px

A word is as follows: (N)(P)(V)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(V)(C)

Broken down:
Initial Syllable: (N)(P)V(C)
Medial/Final Syllable(s): (C)V(C)

A word must have at least one medial syllable. A two syllable word may have an intial and final syllable, or a medial and final syllable. A three syllable word must have an initial, medial, and final syllable, etc. The only disallowed consonant clusters are those that combine a voiced plosive with an unvoiced plosive, and/or have an aspirate precede a plosive.

==Beginning Grammar==
Khombu is a grammatically basic language. There is no concept of tense, only of time (Yesterday I run=I ran). Generic words such as yesterday and tomorrow describe past and future tenses, while words like always form the habitual.

Sentences in Khombu are VSO, with the direct object always preceding the indirect object.

*Here is an example sentences:
*''Phamku thu-px-ang kx a-tx-tu tx.''

*Let's break this down:
*Phamku tu-px-ang is the verb phrase. Phamku is an adverb meaning tonight, and tu-px-ang means &quot;to give&quot;.
*Kx and tx are pronouns. Kx is the first person pronoun, and tx is the second person pronoun. Since they have no modifiers, we can leave them as they are, but note the word between them. Since tx is at the end of the sentence it is the indirect object, so &quot;to you&quot;.
*A-tx-tu means &quot;deer&quot;. Since it comes between the subject and indirect object, it must be the direct object.
*So, the whole sentence means &quot;tonight I will give deer to you&quot;, or the less awkward &quot;tonight I will give you deer&quot;.

*Here's another one:
*Nam tx-ap kx tx.
*Nam tx-ap is the verb phrase. Nam means &quot;not&quot;. Tx-ap means &quot;to understand&quot;. You already know what kx and tx mean. So, the whole sentence means &quot;I don't understand you&quot;.

==Text==
Px-o ongu mantan gha tx, khang [[Futozi]] bha ntombu tua px am-px-aka ta nambuo. Angkhap px o khopa bha haopa tua px khopu tha-nga-na nambuo: English, Spanish, French, [[Carune]], Swahili, Zulu, German, Afrikaans, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Cantonese, Dutch, Swedish, Norweigian, Italian, Finnish, Xhosa, Sesotho, Wolof, Arabic, Polish, Turkish, Czech, Romanian, Common South Slavic, Russian, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Thai, Vietnamese, Mongolian, Dinka, Tagalog, Javanese, Maori, Hawaiian, Quechua, Hebrew, Portuguese, Lakhota, Cherokee, Inuktitut, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, Sanskrit, Gothic, Old English, Latin, Classical Greek, Proto-Indo-European, Coptic, Middle Chinese, Akkadian, Amharic, Hittite, Esperanto, Interlingua, Ido, Quenya, Sindarin, Klingon, Anas, Verdurian, Cervenian, [['Ukana'akau]], Saonian, Qatama, [[Inote]], Ttithue, Melannya, Fhey, Kxilt, Astian, Futozi Creole, [[Khombu]]. Ut bha px gha noph, nop bha hopha akh hopa. Akh angkompu tua px, kat-tx-a bha ntombu tua Futozi ampo nan puatha akh mogu tua gha px tua gha nambuo mba khapao ngko gha px.

==Links==
*[[Khombu lexicon]]
*[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]'s page

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khombu lexicon</title>
    <id>2262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8854</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-07T01:53:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#Bh|Bh]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#D|Dh]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#Gh|Gh]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#Kh|Kh]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#Ng|Ng]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Ph|Ph]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#Th|Th]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#Gx|Gx]] - [[#Kx|Kx]] - [[#Px|Px]] - [[#Tx|Tx]]
&lt;/center&gt;
==A==
*a: one
*akh: [in order] to
*akh hopa: [in order] to learn
*akh otkha: at least
*aku: day
*ampo: famous
*am-px-aka: to speak
*angkhompu: reason
*angkhop: to signify, to mean
*a-tx-tu: n., deer
*a-gx-kham-tx-a: bread

==B==
*ba: none

==Bh==
*bha: all

==D==
*da: some

==Dh==
*dha: question marker (end of sentence)

==G==
*ga: a few

==Gh==
*gha: many

==H==
*ha: six
*haopa: school
*hopha: student
*huta-tx: fish
*Hutou: Futozi (nation)
*hutum: to swim

==K==
*ka: two
*kat-txa: to be
*ka-gx: to eat

==Kh==
*kha: seven
*khang: to require
*khapao: skill
*kha-tx: to hunt
*kho: to
*khopa: to learn
*khopu: to teach

==M==
*maku: morning
*mantan: to know
*mba: and
*mbanda: to come
*mogu: love (n.)
*mpondu: to see
*mponta: to visit

==N==
*na: five
*nam: adv., not
*nambuo: language
*nan puatha: world-wide
*nta-tx: bird
*ntombu: person
*ntum: to fly
*nop: to choose
*noph: choice

==Ng==
*nga: ten
*ngko: in

==O==
*o: that, relative pronoun
*-obu: possessive suffix
*ongu: sunjunctive particle (may)

==P==
*pa: three

==Ph==
*pha: nine
*phamku: adv., tonight
*phaku: tomorrow morning
*phu: next
*phuku: tomorrow

==T==
*ta: three
*tua: of
*tum: to run
*tu-px-ang: v. tr., give

==Th==
*tha: eight
*thamku: last night
*tha-nga-a: 81 (8-10-1)
*tho: last (as in &quot;last night&quot;)
*thoku: yesterday
*thomaku: this morning
*thum: good, well
*thumbanda: welcome
*thu-px-ang: to give

==U==
*ubatunga: website
*ut: with

==Kx==
*kx: prn., 1P

==Gx==
*gx-amba: to farm
*gx-am-tx-a: grain

==Px==
*px-o: as

==Tx==
*tx: prn., 2P
*tx-ap: v. tr., understand</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Khombu</title>
    <id>2263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8816</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-05T02:45:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Clicks'' in an otherwise phonetically simple language? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:45, 4 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Religions</title>
    <id>2264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8821</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-05T03:10:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nrastaism</title>
    <id>2265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33070</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T21:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Moral Beliefs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nrastaism''' ([[Classical Kasshian]]: ''Wanrastakan'') was the major religion of the [[Kasshi Empire]].  It is named after the founder, [[Chinrasta]] (which simply means &quot;The Prophetess).

== Doctrines ==
Nrastaism is, at least nominally, a monotheistic faith.  Nrastaists believe in a single Goddess (Chidzilau), but believe that her first creations, the Divinities (''soddzilaukani'' - literally &quot;Children of Goddess&quot;) are the ones who run the world.  In orthodox Nrastaism, they are worshipped as a collective, the Divine Council (''Wafchezzhilaukan''), but many sects have taken to worshipping individual Divinities, evolving into a polytheistic faith.

=== Eschatology ===
The world is threatened with destruction at the hands of Goddess, unless the original beauty and joy can be restored.  To this end, all the world must be converted.

=== Afterlife ===
Nrastaists believe in a form of reincarnation.  The soul, they believe, consists of two halves.  Upon death, the halves separate, and are reincarnated separately, finding other halves, to form a new soul in a new body.  The soul is short-lived outside of a body, dying after 6 days if it is not reincarnated.  It is therefore imperative to cremate the body immediately after death, to aid the soul's attempt to leave the prison of the corpse.  A particularly righteous individual may achieve Preservation, by which the Divine Council clothes them in an immortal body, and gives them a place among them.

=== Moral Beliefs ===
Nrastaism contains a number of laws, detailed in several books written by Chinrasta.  The laws are found in her First Revelation, Second Revelation, Account of the Divine Laws, and the Final Revelation.  Only the books written by Chinrasta herself are held valid by all sects.  Many sects have further books, written by later teachers and prophets, as well as a body of interpretation of laws.

Some of the universally-held laws are
*No flying creature shall be harmed
*No worship of false gods (as mentioned above, some sects are polytheistic, with no effective distinction between the Divinities and the gods of other religions)
*No two-legged animal can be eaten (some sects claim the text actually reads &quot;No animal that breathes air&quot;, thus including all land animals in the taboo)

=== Creation Story ===
''As found in the Book of the First Revelation''

In the beginning, Goddess was alone in the Void.  She sought companionship, and so created beings like herself, but of lesser majesty, known as the Divinities.  The Divinities failed to satisfy her, and so she left them, wandering off into the Void.  There, she created another group of Divinities, but they also failed to satisfy her, and so she wandered the Void, creating one group after another of Divinities.  And so, the Void was filled with groups of Divinities.

At last, Goddess despaired of ever creating beings able to satisfy her profound loneliness.  She returned to her earlier creations.  &quot;Create!&quot; She commanded them.  &quot;What shall we create?&quot; they asked her, in awe that their Creator had returned.  &quot;Create something pleasing&quot;  The Divinities did not know how to interpret this command, and each had her own idea.  &quot;But, how shall we create?&quot; they asked her.  &quot;I shall give unto you a piece of myself, a spark of power.&quot; And so, from her being appeared two great lights, which were called Suns.  The Divinities drew power from one of the two, and with that power, they each created something different.  One created ice, another water, still another created rocks, and a fourth created air, another created fire, and still another created metal.  Goddess saw this, and was entertained.  &quot;Give order to your creations!&quot; she commanded again, for at this time, everything was in a jumble.  They worked together, and sometimes against each other, but gradually a world of beauty appeared.  Yet, this world was too static.  Once it had been shaped, it remained unchanging.  Still, Goddess enjoyed the beauty.  &quot;Continue creating&quot; she commanded them.  &quot;Create, ever improving your creation.  I shall return to judge you&quot;  She returned to the Void, and visited other Divinities, giving them similar commands.  And so, one after another, the Void was illuminated by countless suns, but so remote were they from each other, that each saw the others as mere points of lights, which they named Stars.

The Divinities, meanwhile, began creating an ever more subtle world, carving great mountains, deep valleys, wide oceans, and broad rivers.  But, the world failed to satisfy them.  At last, the greatest of them, the Chief Divinity (''Chidzilaukanjezh'' - literally Leader of the Children of Goddess), proposed creating things that would change, things that would reshape their own world.  Their first creations were the plants, which clothed the land, growing and dying.  But, soon the world was filled with dead plants, and this was not good.  So, small animals were created to eat the plants, and it was good.  But, these creatures grew in numbers, filling the world, and so more animals were created to eat them.  And so, one after another, the world was populated by animals of all different kinds.  And the Divinities continued creating new plants, adding further beauty, and seeking ways to feed new animals.  At last, a world of surpassing beauty, filled with great wonders and countless variety of life, was formed.  And Goddess was very pleased when she returned.  She continued touring the Void, looking at all the different works of art her creations had created.

But, at last, the Divinities too felt the need for companionship.  They'd run out of ideas for new wonders.

&quot;Let us create beings like ourselves, to create new things, for our pleasure&quot; Suggested one of the Divinities.

&quot;This is blasphemy&quot; spoke another, &quot;None but Goddess herself may create thinking beings&quot;  There were many who agreed with her, but more who disagreed.  The Chief Divinity herself opposed her, and so, the Divinities decided to create beings like themselves.  They created a small village of people, and commanded their creations to create, to shape the world, and change it.  These people died after six days, however.  They tried again, and again they failed.  Their powers were limited, and they could not create beings entirely like themselves.  At last, they discovered that if they put the beings in a physical body, they could live.  But, a body is itself short-lived, and so, they ordained that the people could create more people, and that these new people could provide homes for souls who had lost their bodies.

The one who had opposed their creation sought to destroy them.  She, and those who followed her, rebelled against the Divine Council.  They were exiled from the Council, and cast down into the world.  They became the Exiled Ones (''sonnaakusuni'').  The Exiled Ones sowed hatred, fear, greed, avarice, willfull ignorance, disease, and other curses, among the people.  They were, themselves, jealous of the people's ability to fly through the air, for at that time people could still fly, and so they struck them down, cursing them to spend their days on the ground.

The Exiled Ones began to spread lies among the people, turning them against the Divinities, by false claims of godhood.  They became split among themselves, with some continuing to pursue the destruction of people, and others seeking to use people against the Divinities.  The Exiled Ones fought amongst themselves, and their fights involved their enslaved peoples.

And so the world fell from its original state of beauty and joy.

Goddess returned, and was horrified.  &quot;This abomination must be destroyed!&quot; She exclaimed, but the Divinities sought to appease her, promising to restore it to beauty, if she'd only withhold her wrath.  &quot;Very well.  I shall leave now.  When I return, if you have not restored this world to its original beauty, I shall destroy it.&quot;

Goddess left again, and the Divine Council met, to figure out a solution.  It was decided that it was time for the Divinities themselves to intervene in the affairs of people, to reveal the truth, and break the slavery of the Exiled Ones' lies.

And so, a messenger was sent to me.  She commanded me to write down all her words, and to go forth and share the Truth with all peoples.


[[Category:Nrastaism|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laughing Mystics</title>
    <id>2266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16491</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Laughing Mystics''' are a religious group found on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  They originated in [[Kalpan]], during the Sixth Dynasty.

The Laughing Mystics reject the notion that life has any higher meaning, or that people have any special role in the gods' plans.  Their texts state that people were an accident, and that the gods were surprised to discover humanity.

The secret to eternal bliss, they believe, is to realize that nothing matters.  Only when one lets go of the delusion that this world matters can one escape the suffering of this world.  ''The only genuine Truth in this world is that the world is absurd'', their founder, the First Enlightened One, proclaimed in her teaching.  Their belief in the fundamental absurdity and pointlessness of the world is the source of their common name, as they tend to laugh at piety and theology, as well as at such thing as politics.  ''The ultimate devotion to the absolute absurd'' they call such activities.

They also use logical arguments against theology and religion.  They have few doctrines, and even fewer dogmas.  They generally hold to some form of reincarnation, but believe that the full truth is beyond the understanding of any mortal.

In terms of morality, they again have no absolute laws.  Instead, they believe that one should seek to minimize suffering in the world.  That ones goal should be to avoid causing pain, and, beyond that, to seek to eliminate it.  They therefore work towards charitable goals, and believe that differences based on class, race, sex, religion, etc., are all artificial, and harmful.  Their ideal is an egalitarian culture.

The Laughing Mystics are frequently persecuted due to their egalitarianism, and their irreverance towards religion.

[[Category:Galhafan Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Sanle</title>
    <id>2267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31751</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T20:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Classical Sanle''' was an early form of the [[Sanle (language)|Sanle language]], spoken during the Sanle's first great expansion.  It was descended from [[Proto-Sanle]].

== Phonology ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stops || p || b || || || || || t || d || || || || || k || g || q
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || th || dh || s || z || sh || zh || || || kh || gh || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Affricates || || || || || || || tlh
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || r || || || || y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2|
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || e || || || || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

Vowels may be long, in which case they're marked with an acute, as á í ú é ó.  Stress is normally on the first syllable of a word.  In cases of irregular stress, the grave (or circumflex for long vowels) is used to indicate the stress.

=== Syllables ===
Classical Sanle tended towards monosyllabic words, with a few disyllabic, and even fewer trisyllabic, words, permitting a modest range of consonant clusters, but no vowel sequences.

Syllables could begin with:
*A vowel
*Any consonant
*A stop followed by any consonant (including another stop)
*A nasal followed by anything except another nasal
*A fricative followed by any other consonant (same voicing for stops and fricatives)
*L followed by r or y
Syllables could end with:
*A vowel
*Any consonant
*A nasal followed by a homorganic stop or a fricative
*A fricative followed by a stop (same voicing)
*An l or r followed by a stop, fricative, or nasal
*rl

In intervocalic consonant-clusters, the first consonant is always syllabified with the preceding vowel (e.g., ''ákhmosht'', &quot;visit&quot; is syllabified ''ákh-mosht'' rather than ''á-khmosht'')

== Grammar ==
Sanle was an isolating language.  Normal word order was subject-object-verb, modifiers preceding their head, with postpositions.  Serial verbs and classifiers were also frequently used.

[[Category:Galhafan languages]]
[[Category:Sanle]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Sanle, Classical]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chinikan</title>
    <id>2268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40266</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-28T08:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chinikan''', also known as the Mad [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]] or the Demon Empress, was the last Empress of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]].  At one time, it was commonly believed by [[Nrastaism|Nrastaists]] that she was not a person at all, but rather, a demon in human form.  She reigned for nearly 20 years, until, at last, she provoked a rebellion from the army.  She disappeared  shortly before the army captured her palace.  Her ultimate fate remains a mystery to this day.  Some believe that she escaped, going into hiding.  Others believe that she was killed, but she'd been in disguise as a noble, and her body went unrecognized.

Nrastaist priests said that she simply returned to her true, demonic, form.

After her overthrow, the Empire was thrown into civil war, falling into dozens of factions in the Wars of the Collapse.  After a nearly three-dozen-year period of warfare, several small states took shape in the former Empire, and the Nrastaist faith fell from power, nearly dying out.

== Early Reign ==
Chinikan seized power after a succession disupte following ???'s death.  She proclaimed herself Empress, and threatened her rivals with assassination.  She proved a far more powerful empress than most, ignoring the advice of the [[Imperial Family Council]], and ruling as an autocrat.

Five years into her reign, she pressured the [[Supreme Matriarch]] into naming her as a priestess, and, upon the opening of a vacancy in the [[Council of Twelve]], she forced herself to be named to the vacancy.  And, when the High Priestess died three years later, she proclaimed ''herself'' to be Supreme Matriarch, reuniting the positions of Empress and High Priestess for the first time since [[Chalanya]] established the Second Kasshi Empire.

In her dual role as Empress and High Priestess, she ignored the advice of her Councils.  She ordered the persecution of heresies and other faiths, ending a period of tolerance that had begun with [[Chila]] the Great.  In addition, one by one, she had the members of the Imperial Family killed, and refused to fill vacancies in the Council of Twelve.

Her reign became increasingly tyrannical.  In fear of magic, she forbade any image to be made of herself.  She ordered the deaths of all who could make a claim on the Imperial Throne.  A few distant relatives fled the Empire, but most were massacred.

On the twelfth anniversary of her coronation, she proclaimed the abolition of the Imperial Family Council and the Council of Twelve, and began the construction of [[Chinikan's Palace|a new palace]].  She also ordered the creation of an elite Sacred Guard to defend herself, and to search out signs of heresy.  Separatist movements were brutally crushed, and, in the 16th year of her reign, she proclaimed that the learned classes were to abandon all languages save [[Classical Kasshian]].

By the 18th year of her reign, her madness reached a peak.  She proclaimed herself a goddess of [[Nikanism|a new faith]], abruptly turning [[Nrastaism]] into a &quot;false religion&quot;.  Surrounded by her fanatical Sacred Guard, she was insulated from the outrage of her people and the Nrastaist leadership.  She proclaimed that her sacred mission was to unite the world, and to that end, she ordered invasions of nearby nations.

This proved her downfall, as the bulk of the army finally rebelled.  A two-year civil war ensued, which eventually ended when the main army defeated the Sacred Guard, and stormed Chinikan's Palace.  Chinikan herself was nowhere to be found.

After her deposal, several distant relatives claimed to be the legitimate heir, while many non-Kasshi regions proclaimed independence.  A series of bloody wars ensued, resulting in the complete destruction of the Second Kasshi Empire.  Eventually, a loose federation came about in the heart of the Second Empire, which is often referred to by historians as the [[Third Kasshi Empire]], although at the time, it was considered a restoration of the Second Empire.

[[Category:Empresses of the Second Kasshi Empire]]
[[Category:Nrastaist Supreme Matriarchs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Star3.gif</title>
    <id>2269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8879</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-09T15:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Accents</title>
    <id>2270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27071</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-28T08:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__
= A not so brief explanation of my use of accent marks =

Since the use of accent marks in some of my conlangs{{ref|1}}&amp;nbsp; may be a bit original some explanation of it may be in order.  Basically it employs the three most common [[Wikipedia:Diacritic|accent marks]], the [[Wikipedia:acute accent|acute]] (&amp;nbsp;{{Big|ˊ}}&amp;nbsp;), the [[Wikipedia:Grave accent|grave]] (&amp;nbsp;{{Big|ˋ}}&amp;nbsp;) and the [[Wikipedia:circumflex|circumflex]] (&amp;nbsp;{{Big|ˆ}}&amp;nbsp;) according to the following pattern (exemplified on the letter '''a'''):

{{Bordertable|#fff}}
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center valign=middle |
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=1 colspan=2 | Length
|-
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | Short
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | Long
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Stress
| Unstressed
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | {{Big|a}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | {{Big|á}}
|-
| Stressed
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | {{Big|à}}
| valign=&quot;middle&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot; | {{Big|â}}
|}


The impetus for the system comes from the fact that the circumflex graphically looks like a combination of the acute and the grave:

{|align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;300px&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;| {{Big|/}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;| +
|align=&quot;center&quot;| {{Big|\}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|align=&quot;center&quot;| {{Big|/\}}
|}

== Use of accents in natlangs ==

There are several conflicting uses of the acute accent mark in Western orthographies: in some languages (e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician, Welsh and (optionally) Russian) it is used to mark the [[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Stress|stressed vowel]] of a word.  In other languages it is used to mark [[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Length|vowel length]] (orthographically in Irish, Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak; in scholarly use also in Old Norse{{ref|2}}&amp;nbsp; and Old English{{ref|3}}).

=== Grave difficulties ===

I used to think that by contrast the grave, which is used to mark stress in Italian and Greek, was never used to mark vowel length. [[Wikipedia:Grave_accent#Length|Scottish Gaelic proves me wrong]], but on the other hand Welsh actually uses the grave to explicitly mark a stressed vowel as short!

== Weaknesses ==

The weakness of the system clearly is that AFAIK no language except Ancient Greek actually uses the circumflex to indicate the ''combination'' of stress and length, although it is used to mark vowel length in the orthography or transliteration of [[Wikipedia:Circumflex#Length|several languages]].  I think, however, that the graphical similarity of the circumflex to a combination of acute and grave outweighs this consideration.

== Unicode and the macron ==

Some may wonder why I don't use the [[Wikipedia:macron|macron]] instead, now that it is readily available in [[Wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]].  The answer is threefold:
# There are still many people using email clients that don't support Unicode, while most email clients nowadays support [[Wikipedia:ISO/IEC 8859-1|&quot;Latin-1&quot;]] which contains the five vowel letters '''a, e, i, o, u''' with acute, grave and circumflex{{ref|4}}.
# The vast majority of Unicode-supporting fonts and applications don't handle the placement of accent marks above a letter which already bears a macron with any elegance; the likelihood is that you don't see the added accent mark at all because it gets entagled in the macron (if this&amp;nbsp;'''ā́''' actually comes out right in your browser, things may be getting better! {{-)}}), and '''āˊ''' with the spacing acute is a kludgy substitute{{ref|5}}.
# Also &amp;mdash; and that's actually a big part of it for me &amp;mdash; macron and acute are notoriously difficult to keep apart in handwriting, not to speak of the combination of them, which either looks like a [[Wikipedia:double acute accent|double acute accent]] (which means something entirely different in its only natlang use), or it looks monstruously clumsy.

== Another use ==

Finally I have to admit that in the old spelling of one of my conlangs, [[Knoschke|Knòškè]] I exploit yet another use of the grave, namely to indicate [[Wikipedia:Grave_accent#Height|vowel openness]] (as in French, Italian and Catalan): '''è''' is {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and '''ò''' is {{IPA|[ɔ]}} &amp;mdash; against '''e''' {{IPA|[e]}} and '''o''' {{IPA|[o]}} &amp;mdash;, but the acute still indicates length &amp;mdash; which makes '''ê''' {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and '''ô''' {{IPA|[ɔː]}}; I guess nobody is perfect! {{-)}}

== Notes ==

{{note|1}}[1]  This system of using accent marks was suggested to me by [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Glosso/Glossopoeia.html Raymond Brown].  I readily and enthusiastically took to using it, and still am enthusiastic about it.  To my knowledge Ray has never used the system himself (indeed nobody but myself seems to have used it), but I wish to acknowledge him as the inventor; I don't think it would have occurred to me on my own, since I was quite set in my earlier less systematic use of accent marks.

{{note|2}}[2]  In modern Icelandic the acute is used in the same positions in the same words as scholars put it in Old Norse, but they no longer indicate vowel length, since the old distinction between long and short vowels has in the course of the history of the language developed into a distinction of quality, with most of the old long vowels having become diphthongs.

{{note|3}}[3]  The Anglo-Saxons themselves apparently used the acute as length mark only occasionally if at all.  The use by Old English scholars dates only from the 19{{sup|th}} century, and was then probably inspired by the use in Irish and the somewhat less occasional use in Old Norse.  Nowadays Old English scholars seem to prefer the [[Wikipedia:macron|macron]], but I first met Old English in [[Wikipedia:Tolkien|Tolkien]] when I was ten years old, and old habits die hard! {{-)}}

{{note|4}}[4]  Unfortunately Latin-1 doesn't contain '''y''' with grave or circumflex, nor  '''æ''' or '''ø''' with any accent mark, and not even most Unicode fonts contain the precomposed forms of these letters with accent marks (other than '''ý''' obviously) but you can't always get everything!

{{note|5}}[5]  Incidentally {{type|U+0341 : COMBINING ACUTE TONE MARK}} usually makes a better job of it: '''ā́''', but with '''Ā́''' and '''Ā́''' (not to speak of '''Ṓ''' and '''Ṓ''') you're usually in equally bad luck{{-(}}, and it '''is''' a hack in any case!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Laughing Mystics</title>
    <id>2271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8886</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-09T22:20:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nik, I like these laughing mystics.
*Thanks.  :-)

Is there more detail available somewhere?
*Only in my brain.  :-)  I'm still working out the details.  Thanks for your questions.

For instance,

*Do they deny the existence of life-after-death, or &quot;life&quot;-between-lives if they believe in reincarnation?
**They believe in reincarnation.  Most do believe that there is some sort of world between lives.  Some believe that ''that'' is the &quot;Real World&quot;, with this being merely illusion, while others believe that it is similar to ours.  A few believe that reincarnation is instantaneous without any intermediate world.  They all agree that whatever the afterlife is like, you'll learn when you die, and so it's pointless to argue about it.

*Do they deny the possibility of a heaven in which a disembodied soul can experience reward for its actions in life?

*Do they deny the possibility of a hell in which a disembodied soul can experience punishment for its actions in life?
**Yes to both.  They do not believe that the gods take an interest in individuals.  They do generally believe that reincarnation is in some way affected by ones actions in this life, a sort of kharma-like doctrine.  They do admit the possibility that the gods might take an interest in the world as a whole.

*Do they deny the possibility of communication between the living and the &quot;dead&quot; before the &quot;dead&quot; are re-incarnated?

*Do they deny the possibility that the circumstances of one's reincarnation can be a reward or punishment for one's conduct in the past life or lives?
**Not so mcuh as a &quot;reward&quot; or &quot;punishment&quot;, as that would imply a higher being being responsible, but more as a natural consequence of ones actions.

(Consistent with their egalitarianism.)

*Do they believe that the foundation and source of human morality is the human mind, rather than some God or gods?
**Not quite.  They believe that morality exists independent of the sentient mind or the gods. [[User:Nik|Nik]] 15:18, 9 May 2006 (PDT)

----

eldin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sup</title>
    <id>2272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8904</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-10T11:21:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sub</title>
    <id>2273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8905</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-10T11:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sub&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/sub&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Type</title>
    <id>2274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8906</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-10T12:09:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;tt&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/tt&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan dictionaries</title>
    <id>2275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58277</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-05T03:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dictionary a]]

[[lexicon roots a-b]]

[[lexicon roots c-ð]]

[[lexicon roots e-ȝ]]

[[lexicon roots к-l]]

[[lexicon roots ł-ø]]

[[lexicon roots p-r]]

[[lexicon root s]]

[[lexicon roots t-ź]]

[[Senjecan classification]]

[[Senjecan complex terms]]

[[Senjecan fauna - arthropods]]

[[Senjecan fauna - birds]]

[[Senjecan fauna - fish]]

[[Senjecan fauna - herptiles]]

[[Senjecan fauna - mammals]]

[[Senjecan fauna - other]]

[[Senjecan flora]]

[[Senjecan geography]]

[[Senjecan postpositions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Charos-s-fik-genesis11.png</title>
    <id>2276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8939</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-10T21:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Babel text in Modern Charos S'fik</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Babel text in Modern Charos S'fik</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperial Family Council</title>
    <id>2277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51846</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Family Council''' was the supreme executive body of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]], and continued its existence, though largely ceremonial, from the [[Third Kasshi Empire|third]] through through the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire]].  The Imperial Family Council consisted of a set of members of the Imperial Family, and was lead by an [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]].  The Council was established by [[Chalanya]] herself.

In modern times, the Council's functions are almost entirely ceremonial.

[[Category:Kasshi Empresses]]
[[Category:Kasshi Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Twelve</title>
    <id>2278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33072</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T21:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Council of Twelve''' was the ruling body of the [[Nrastaism|Nrastaist church]] until the [[Wars of the Collapse]].

The Council was established by [[Chinrasta]] late in her life, and was, by her decree, named her collective successor following her death.  The Council initially elected a [[Nrastaist Supreme Matriarch|Supreme Matriarch]] from amongst themselves, but later the [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]] took over the nomination of a Supreme Matriarch, subject to the Council's approval.

Vacancies in the Council were filled from among the Matriarchs of the Church, by the Empress, subject to the approval of the Supreme Matriarch.

During [[Chinikan]]'s reign, vacancies went unfilled, and Chinikan claimed for herself the position of Supreme Matriarch.  The Wars of the Collapse which followed Chinikan's deposing worsened matters, as different claimants to the Imperial Throne named different Supreme Matriarchs.  In addition, the chaos of the wars themselves made it impossible for the Council to meet.  Some of the Council-Members established Provisional Appointments, creating several different bodies that each claimed to be the legitimate Provisional Council of Twelve, several of which named, or had named, a Supreme Matriarch.

Never again would a single Council of Twelve be established.  This fragmented the church beyond repair.

[[Category:Nrastaism]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sectori's Abbreviation Key</title>
    <id>2280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>8993</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-13T20:45:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are the abbreviations used in my webpages, subdivided by part of speech.

==Part of Speech==
*adj.: adjective
*adv.: adverb
*conj.: conjunction
*intj.: interjection
*n.: noun
*prep.: preposition
*prn.: pronoun
*v.: verb

==Nouns==
*abs: absolutive case
*acc: accusative case
*dat: dative case
*d/l: dative-locative case
*erg: ergative case
*gen: genitive case
*loc: locative case
*nom: nominative case
*voc: vocative case

==Verbs==
My verb notation when marking conjugations is divided into two parts: person and then number/gender. For example: 3Pf is divided into 3P and f. 3P stands for third person and f stands for feminine.

*1P: first person
*2P: second person
*3P: third person
*Ind.: indicative
*f: feminine; when appearing alone (i.e., not as fs or fp), feminine singular
*Fut.: future
*Imp.: imperative
*m: masculine; when appearing alone (i.e., not as ms or mp), masculine singular
*p: plural
*Past: past
*Pres.: present
*s: singular
*Subj.: subjunctive</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>'Ukana'akau Lexicon</title>
    <id>2281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11823</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-01T19:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#'|']] - [[#A|A]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#N|N]]
&lt;/center&gt;
=='==
*'a: part., present tense
*'au: prep., for
*'ak'u: prn., never
*'akau: n., language
*'aki: adj., one
*'at'i: prn., nothing
*'atu'a: prn., no-way
*'i: part., past tense
*'iupu: adv., yesterday
*'ia: prep., in
*'ip'u: no-one
*'u: part., future tense
*'u'u'una: part., changes cardinal number to adverbial
*'ui: prep., to
*'uiku: v., join
*'uipu: adv., tomorrow
*'uipu'u: v., relate
*'uk'a: prn., nowhere

==A==
*a'i: adj., passive; marks the passive voice when placed before a verb
*a'itu: n., deer
*a'ip'itu: n., the Passive Way, a central philosophy of the K'uanu
*a'uani: nm., tenty-five
*a'uni: nm., five
*ai'uani: nm., three thousand one hundret twenty-five
*au: conj., and
*au'uani: nm., one hundred twenty-five
*aka: part., subjunctive mood
*ak'u: v., be
*ap'atia: adj., orange
*ap'u: v., live
*an'u: v., eat
*an'uani: nm., six hundred twenty-five
*ani'uani: nm., fifteen thousand six hundred twenty-five

==I==
*i'aki: adj., thin; skinny
*Iau'iau: n., the chief of the K'uanu god-spirits
*iu: conj., but
*ik'a: prn., where
*ika: part., indicative mood
*ika'u: v., sit
*ik'u: prn., when
*iku: v., go
*it'i: prn., what
*ita'u: v., stand
*itu: v., stop
*ip'u: prn., who
*ipu'u: adj., united
*ipuk'u: v., unite
*ipuku: v., make
*ina: n., fish
*inu: v., swim

==U==
*uakuni: v., understand
*uapusiti: n., website
*ui'i: conj., or
*uip'u: n., time
*uipu: v., give
*uka: part., imperative mood
*ut'aku: n., shaman; wizard
*utani: n., bird
*utaniki: n., hawk
*utanitu: n., chicken
*utanu: v., fly
*upau: n., legend
*upu: v., appease
*una: part., changes cardinal number to ordinal number
==K==
*k'ai: adj., tall
*k'aita: n., fire
*k'ak'i: n., creation
*k'aku: adv., most
*k'iaki: v., begin
*k'iu: prep., of; from
*k'iuti: v., irk
*k'iki: v., prosper
*k'iku: adv., more
*k'in'i: v., say; tell
*k'inu: n., child
*k'ua: adj., two
*ka'i: prn., 1st person
*ka'iaki: n.,  beginning
*kai: adj., big
*kap'iu: n., school
*kap'u: v., move
*kapiu: v., learn
*kan'u: v., run
*kana: n., queen
*kanaku: adv., tonight
*kani: n., king
*kani'u: v., think
*kanu: n., human; person
*ki'au: adj., four
*ki'u: n., sky
*kisuki: n., circus; menagerie
*kin'u: v., tell
*kinu: v., say
*ku'ai: n., land
*ku'itu: adj., each
*kuipu: prn., that; which [relative pronoun]
*kutan'u: v., rain

==T==
*t'it'ika: v., incapacitate
*ta'aka: n., god
*ta'aku: v., worship
*tak'i: adv., exactly
*tak'u: prn., always
*tat'i: prn., everything
*tan'u: v., walk
*tanaka: n., country
*tani'u: v., know
*ti'u: prn., 2nd person
*tip'u: prn., everyone
*tinu'i: n., demon spirit; goblin
*tu'ai: n., water
*tui: part., question
*tuk'a: prn., everywhere
*tuk'itu: adj., every
*tup'a: n., dog
*tup'aki: n., horse
*tup'atu: n., cow
*tup'asu: n., cat
*tupia: adj., probable
*tupia'i: adv., probably
==P==
*pa'itu: v., bear
*pak'u: prn., anytime
*pat'i: prn., anything
*patapata: v., tiptoe
*piti: adj., impossible
*pip'u: prn., anyone
*pu'a: prn., 3rd person
*puk'a: prn., anywhere
*putisi: adj., improbable
==S==
*s'au: adj., short
*s'apu: adv., less
*s'iki: prep., under
*s'ipu: adv., least
*sau: adj., small
*sak'u: prn., sometime
*sat'i: something
*sapa: v., see
*sap'iu: v., admire
*sasi: adj., sensible
*san'i: v., feel
*si'ua: v., here is/are [verb phrase]
*sikaku: n., friend
*sitiaun'i: n., situation
*sip'u: prn., someone
*su'iki: adj., other
*suk'a: prn., somewhere

==N==
*n'aku: n., night
*n'atu: adj., fat
*na'ipi: v., fear
*na'ipi'u: v., hate
*nai: adj., three
*naipu: v., sacrifice
*nak'u: prn., now
*naku: n., morning
*nak'a: prn., there
*nat'i: prn., this
*nap'a'isu: n., flower
*nap'ati: n., root
*nap'asi: n., leaf
*napa'i: n., tree
*napasi: prep., over
*nan'a: n., rock
*nan'atu: n., boulder
*nan'asu: n., pebble
*ni'ua: v., there is/are [verb phrase]
*nik'u: prn., then
*nu'i: adj., good; adv., well
*nuat'asi: n., bud (of a flower)
*nui: part., negative
*nuk'a: prn., here
*nuta'u: n., world 
*nut'i: prn., that</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>K'uanu</title>
    <id>2282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9016</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-14T22:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''K'uanu'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| http://img73.imageshack.us/img73/6061/uanuflag8nt.png
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Name:'''
|| Ku K'uanu
|-
|valign=top|'''Population:'''
|| 9.34 million
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Languages:'''
|| 'Ukana'akau, English
|-
|valign=top|'''Neighboring States:'''
|| British India, India, Seychelles
|-
|valign=top|'''Government Type:'''
|| Anarchy (for the moment)
|-
|valign=top|'''Capital:'''
|| Niui
|-
|valign=top|'''Administrative Divisions:'''
|| None
|-
|valign=top|'''Constitution:'''
|| N/A. A constitution is currently in progress, but not yet complete
|-
|valign=top|'''Suffrage:'''
|| 21 years; univeral
|-
|valign=top|'''Executive Branch:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''Legislative Branch:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''Judicial Branch:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''Political Parties and Leaders:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP (PPP):'''
|| $543 billion (2002 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP per capita:'''
|| $15,000 (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Labor Force:'''
|| 7.3 million (includes unemployed) (2003 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Unemployment Rate:'''
|| 5.4% (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Population below poverty line:'''
|| 10.6% (2004 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Major Industries:'''
|| Tourism, textiles
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suisan</title>
    <id>2283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9019</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-15T16:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eosp</username>
        <id>122</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fdkjsl</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Suisan is a Romance language that developed in the mountains of Switzerland with little intervention of other languages.

== Phonology ==
a -&gt; [a]
b -&gt; [b_0]
c -&gt; [k]
ch -&gt; [tS]
d -&gt; [d_0]
e -&gt; [E]
f -&gt; [f]
g -&gt; [g_0]
h -&gt; [C]
i -&gt; [i]
j -&gt; [Z]
l -&gt; [l]
m -&gt; [m]
n -&gt; [n]
o -&gt; [o]
p -&gt; [p]
qu -&gt; [kw]
r -&gt; [R]
s -&gt; [s]
sh -&gt; [S]
t -&gt; [t]
u -&gt; [U]
MORE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Kuroda</title>
    <id>2284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26432</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-28T01:22:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Not really a user page so much as a useless page.

[[Channel Island Siouxan]]
[[Neo-Khitanese]] [[Neo-Khitanese_Lexicon]] [[Kilda Kelen]]
[[Fusangese]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fusangese</title>
    <id>2285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43903</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T23:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kuroda</username>
        <id>171</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gooder grammer and speling</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;tomato&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Fusangese'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in: 
||Mexico
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
|| &lt;1000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Sino-Tibetan&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Chinese&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Late Old or Early Middle Chinese&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Fusangese'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||Topic-Comment -- usually SOV or SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Mostly isolating, some fusional clitic elements
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Accusative (?)
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;tomato&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||author ||date
|}

For decades (if not centuries) the language spoken by a small and relatively isolated group of fishers and hunter-gatherers on the Pacific coast of Mexico was considered to be an indigenous Mesoamerican language, probably related to nearby Mixtecan languages. More recent work suggests that this language -- here termed &quot;Fusangese&quot; as a temporary and somewhat tongue-in-cheek placeholder -- is in fact a form of archaic Chinese with heavy contact influences from Mixtecan and Nahua languages.

These sub- and adstratum influences, particularly in the domain of phonology, combined with the obscurity of the community and the improbability of an unknown Chinese-speaking group living as Indians in modern Mexico, understandably led previous investigators to assign this language to the large and diverse Otomanguean group. 

Considerable mystery and uncertainty still surrounds “Fusangese”, however. Is it simply a creolized form of modern Chinese, possibly a Minnan or Minbei dialect, spoken by post-Columbian immigrants from China? Or is it, as seems increasingly more likely, a cousin of the modern Chinese languages, descended from an earlier stage of Chinese? So little fieldwork has been done at this point, to say nothing of analysis, that these questions cannot yet be resolved. The genetic affiliation shown in the sidebar is simply a guess.

Watch this space!


'''UPDATE''': In a disappointing development, it has been demonstrated recently that the &quot;Fusangese&quot; language is simply a dialect of Min Chinese -- specifically, a form of Puxian Min -- and that its speakers are descended from Chinese workers brought to New Spain in the early 1600s via the Philippines. The presence of a lateral fricative in &quot;Fusangese&quot; phonology can now be understood not as a contact borrowing from local Mesoamerican languages, but a direct inheritance from Puxian Min. Likewise, its complicated tone system is recognizable as clearly Min (to the extent that tone sandhi in Min is ever &quot;clear&quot;) and not either Otomanguean nor a separate New World development of some Old Chinese original. The League of Lost Languages loses a member!

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Chinese conlangs]]
[[Category:Amerindian conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PeteBleackley</title>
    <id>2286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54633</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-17T11:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pete Bleackley is an astronomer by education and an engineer by employment. His main conlanging project is [[Khangaþyagon]], and he is also the creator of [[iljena]].

[[Inverse Relay 2]]

[[Round Robin Conlang]]

[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary]]

He's also working on a [[Template:NavBar|Template for Back/Up/Next links]]

[[Template:R8]]

[[User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad]]

[[Quasi-Polynesian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>2287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51703</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-04T13:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Grammar of Khangaþyagon==

Khangaþyagon is a language that I have created as part of the setting of a fantasy novel. It is the original language of the world (Huna) on which it is spoken, and thus the only one that can be used for magical spells. As such, its use was preserved by wizards when other languages diverged from it.

General information about Khangaþyagon and links to texts can be found at the [[ConlangWiki:Khangathyagon]] page. This page presents a more detailed grammar.

===Contents===

#[[Khangaþyagon Phonology|Phonology and Script]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Consonants|Consonants]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels|Vowels]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Phonotactics|Phonotactics and Stress]]
##[[The Bukhstav]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Morphology|Morphology]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Verbs|Verbs]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Nouns|Nouns]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Adjectives|Adjectives]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Adverbs etc|Adverbs, Pronouns and Conjunctions]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Derivational Morphology|Derivational Morphology]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Syntax|Syntax]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Word Order|Basic Word Order]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses|Subordinate Clauses and Reported Speech]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Questions etc|Questions, Commands, Conditionals and Counterfactuals]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Syntax misc|Syntactical Miscellany]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Babel Text|The Babel Text]]
#[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary|Dictionary]]
##[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary/Khangaþyagon to English|Khangaþyagon to English]]
##[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary/English to Khangaþyagon|English to Khangaþyagon]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 02:57, 17 May 2006 (PDT)

While I wish to retain copyright over Khangaþyagon, as I intend to use it in a published work at some time in the future, the manner of its presentation in this document is released under a the Creative Commons licence - for example, anyone wishing to use this document as the basis for the documentation of their own conlang is free to do so. I will uphold the Principle of Fair Use with regard to all material where I retain copyright.

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Artlangs]][[Category:Naturalistic conlangs]][[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Phonology</title>
    <id>2288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9085</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-19T08:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonology and Script==

===Contents===

#[[Khangaþyagon Consonants|Consonants]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Consonants#Basic Inventory|Basic Inventory]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Consonants#Phonemic Geminates|Phonemic Geminates]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Consonants#Syllabic l|Syllabic l]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Vowels|Vowels]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels#Short Vowels|Short Vowels]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels#Long Vowels|Long Vowels]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels#Diphthongs|Diphthongs]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels#Tense/lax Distinction|Tense/lax Distinction]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Vowels#Schwa|Schwa]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Phonotactics|Phonotactics and Stress]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Phonotactics#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]]
##[[Khangaþyagon Phonotactics#Stress|Stress]]
#[[The Bukhstav]]

[[Khangaþyagon|Back : The Grammar of Khangaþyagon]] [[Khangaþyagon|Up : The Grammar of Khangaþyagon]] [[Khangaþyagon Morphology| Next : Morphology]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 03:19, 17 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Morphology</title>
    <id>2289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9045</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-17T10:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created chapter contents</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Contents===
#[[Khangaþyagon Verbs|Verbs]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Nouns|Nouns]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Adjectives|Adjectives]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Adverbs etc|Adverbs, Pronouns and Conjunctions]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Derivational Morphology|Derivational Morphology]]

[[Khangaþyagon Phonology|Back : Phonology]] [[Khangaþyagon|Up : The Grammar of Khangaþyagon]] [[Khangaþyagon Syntax|Next : Syntax]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 03:48, 17 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Syntax</title>
    <id>2290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9044</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-17T10:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Contents===

#[[Khangaþyagon Word Order|Basic Word Order]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses|Subordinate Clauses and Reported Speech]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Questions etc|Questions, Commands, Conditionals and Counterfactuals]]
#[[Khangaþyagon Syntax misc|Syntactical Miscellany]]

[[Khangaþyagon Morphology|Back : Morphology]] [[Khangaþyagon|Up : The Grammar of Khangaþyagon]] [[Khangaþyagon Babel Text|Next : The Babel Text]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 03:47, 17 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Consonants</title>
    <id>2291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51761</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-05T14:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Syllabic l possible word finally</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Basic Inventory===

Khangaþyagon's consonants are shown in the table below. Each series of consonants is shown on two rows, the first with the IPA symbol, the second with the romanisation. In each cell, voiceless consonants are on the left, voiced consonants on the right.

{|
|-
! &amp;nbsp; || Labial || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal 
|-
! Stops 
| p b 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| t d 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| k g 
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|&amp;nbsp; || p b || &amp;nbsp; || t d || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || k g || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
! Fricatives 
| f v 
| θ ð 
| s z 
| ʃ ʒ 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| x &amp;nbsp; 
| h &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || f v || þ ð || s z || sh zh || &amp;nbsp; || kh &amp;nbsp; || h &amp;nbsp; 
|-
! Nasals 
| &amp;nbsp; m 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; n 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; ŋ 
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; m || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; n || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; ng || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
! Approximants and a tap 
| &amp;nbsp; w 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; ɾ 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; j 
|  &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; w || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; r || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; y || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; 
|-
! Lateral 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; l 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; l || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; 
|}

===Phonemic Geminates===

[s],[z],[m],[n],[l] and [ɾ] can all be gemminated, with [ɾː] realised as [r]. In the romanisation, these are all represented by doubling the letter.

===Syllabic l===

[l̩] occurs as an allophone of [l] in the context ClC or Cl#, where C represents any consonants and  # represents a word boundary.

[[Khangaþyagon Phonology|Back : Phonology]] [[Khangaþyagon Phonology|Up : Phonology]] [[Khangaþyagon Vowels| Next : Vowels]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 07:11, 17 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:C-cedilla-origin.gif</title>
    <id>2292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9070</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-18T11:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An image describing the origin of '''ç''' from '''z'''</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An image describing the origin of '''ç''' from '''z'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cedilla</title>
    <id>2293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49565</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-05T10:50:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */ Struck out dead link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; padding: 5px; float: right;&quot;&gt;
[[image:visigothz.jpg|center|100px]] 
A Visigothic '''z'''.{{ref|visigothz}}
&lt;/div&gt;

===The origin of ç ===

The letter '''ç''' originated in the [[Wikipedia:Visigothic script|Visigothic script]] used in Spain in early medieval times.  Contrary to what the modern shape and name ''c-[[Wikipedia:cedilla|cedilla]]'' suggest it is not in origin a '''c''' with a [[Wikipedia:diacritic|diacritic]], but a swash form of the letter '''z'''.

[[Image:C-cedilla-origin.gif|left|200px|The origin of '''ç''']]

A form of '''z''' like the '''{{IPA|ʒ}}''' now used in [[IPA]] for the French sound of '''j''', with a downward curved swash replacing the lower horizontal line, was widespread in medieval scripts.  In Spain this form developed a variant with also the ''upper'' horizontal line becoming a curved swash.  In time this form (No. 3 in the image) became differentiated in use, denoting the voiceless coronal affricate {{IPA|/ts/}} while form (1) or (2) denoted the corresponding voiced affricate {{IPA|/dz/}}.  Perhaps it was the use of this letter form for the same sound as '''c''' represented before the letters '''e, i''' and '''y''' that prompted its further development into a form like a '''c''' with a tail, through increasing the size of the upper curve while decreasing the size of the lower part.

== The name &quot;cedilla&quot; ==

The word ''cedilla'' is originally a diminutive of ''zeda'' or ''ceda'', the Spanish name for the letter '''z''', and thus was originally a name for the letter '''ç''', and not just for the ostensible diacritic.  Alternative forms in older Spanish were ''cerilla'' and ''ceril''.  Incidentally ''cerilla'' means &quot;friction match&quot; in modern Spanish!

== Sources ==

* {{note|visigothz}} The image of the [http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/examples/visigoth.htm Visigothic] '''z''' was borrowed from Dr  Dianne Tillotson's [http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htm medieval writing site]. She in turn got it from the [http://www.bl.uk/ British Library].

== External links ==

* [[Wikipedia:Cedilla|Cedilla]] at Wikipedia.
* [[Wikipedia:Visigothic script|Visigothic script]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/examples/visigoth.htm Visigothic Script] at Dr  Dianne Tillotson's [http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htm medieval writing site].
* &lt;strike&gt;[http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/klump/20041202-10093458-Cedille.pdf Zur Geschichte und Bezeichnung der Cédille in den romanischen Sprachen], [[Wikipedia:PDF|PDF]] by Dr. Andre Klump, Mainz (in German).&lt;/strike&gt; Dead link!
* [http://www.nd.edu/~medvllib/apocalypse/beatscript.html Another image showing Visigothic script] from the [http://www.library.nd.edu/medieval_library/index.shtml Library of the Medieval Institute] at University of Notre Dame.  AFAICT unfortunately without any example of '''z''' which of course was uncommon in Latin text.

[[Category:Natscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Vowels</title>
    <id>2294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9187</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-26T15:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diphthongs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Khangaþyagon has five short vowels, five long vowels, and five permissible diphthongs. These are shown in the tables below first as IPA, then with the romanisation below them.

===Short Vowels===

{|
! &amp;nbsp; || Front || Central || Back 
|-
! High
| i 
| &amp;nbsp;
| u
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || i || &amp;nbsp; || u
|-
! Mid
| e 
| &amp;nbsp;
| o
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || e || &amp;nbsp; || o 
|-
! Low
| æ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || a || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}

Short vowels are generally more common than long vowels.

===Long Vowels===

{|
! &amp;nbsp; || Front || Central || Back 
|-
! High
| iː
| &amp;nbsp;
| uː
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || ī || &amp;nbsp; || ū
|-
! Mid
| eː
| &amp;nbsp;
| oː
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || ē || &amp;nbsp; || ō 
|-
! Low
| &amp;nbsp;
| aː
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || ā || &amp;nbsp;
|}

Most the stuff I've written online has the macrons missed off, as they're difficult to type.

Note the qualitative as well as quantitative difference in the low vowels.

===Diphthongs===

{|
| ae || au || eu || oæ || oe
|-
| æ || au || eu || oa || œ 
|}


Fairly rare sounds. All diphtongs are falling, ie the first element is the syllabic nucleus.

===Tense/lax Distinction===

This is not phonemic in Khangaþyagon, so for example [i] and [ɪ] will be recognised as the same phoneme. Technically it's a free variation, although tense forms are more usual in careful speech. The emergence of allophonic and phonemic tense/lax distinctions in dialects was one of the mechanisms by which different languages diverged from Khangaþyagon.

===Schwa===

[ə] never occurs in Khangaþyagon.

[[Khangaþyagon Consonants|Back : Consonants]] [[Khangaþyagon Phonology|Up : Phonology and Script]] [[Khangaþyagon Phonotactics|Next : Phonotactics and Stress]]

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 08:09, 18 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:NavBar</title>
    <id>2295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9080</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-18T15:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created NavBar Template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
!allign=center | Back || Up || Next
|-
|allign=center | [[{{{Back_dest}}}|{{{Back_name}}}]] || [[{{{Up_dest}}}|{{{Up_name}}}]] || [[{{{Next_dest}}}|{{{Next_name}}}]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mabri</title>
    <id>2296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29135</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

=Sounds=
==Vowels==

Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as &lt;a&gt;, &lt;e&gt;, &amp;lt;i&gt;, &lt;o&gt;, and &amp;lt;u&gt;. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].

&lt;table width=&quot;300px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Phoneme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Stressed (non-V)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Unstressed&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Stressed (V)&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɐ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɐ̃&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/e/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ẽ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/i/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ĩ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/o/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;õ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ũ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
==Consonants==
This is the consonantal system of mabri.

&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Bilabial&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Labiodental&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Labiovelar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Alveolar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Post-alveolar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Palatal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Velar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Glottal&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Nasal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Plosive&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;p b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;t d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;k g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Affricate&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tx, dj&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Fricative&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s z&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x, j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Approximant&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;y&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Tap&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Lat. Approx.&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

==Phonotactics==
The syllable structure in Mabri is (C)(C)V. Syllables like '''a''', '''re''' and '''pwi''' are valid. Syllables have phonemically no coda, although a written &quot;n&quot; appears at the end of verbs. This final &quot;n&quot; indicates that the previous vowel is nasal and is not always pronounced. An epenthetic [m], [n], [ɱ] or [ŋ] will appear, however, if the next word begins with b/p, d/t/z/s/dj/tx/j/x, v/f and g/k, respectively.

Examples:
&lt;p&gt;'''Kaze txin ha.''' ['kaze tʃĩ ha]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Mu men taze.''' ['kaze mẽn 'taze]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Mya kon frugyo.''' [mja kõɱ 'fɾugjo]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Fa gran bla.''' [fa gɾɐ̃m bla]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Ladjo yan katxi.''' ['ladʒo jɐ̃ŋ 'katʃi]&lt;/p&gt;

==Word Stress==
*Monosyllabic prepositions, such as '''ga''' and '''po''', are unstressed. Their pronunciations are therefore [gɐ] and [po] (and not [ga] or [pɔ]).

:*All the other monosyllabic words are stressed: '''ka''', '''lo''', '''ban''', '''de''' ([ka], [lɔ], [bɐ̃], [dɛ]).

*Disyllabic verbs are stressed on the last syllable: '''latxin''', '''kyofan''', '''broton''' ([lɐ'tʃĩ], [kjo'fɐ̃], [bɾo'tõ]).

:*All the other disyllabic words are stressed on the first syllable: '''latxi''', '''kyofa''', '''broto''' (['latʃi], ['kjɔfɐ], ['bɾɔto]).

::*That includes disyllabic prepositions: '''potxi''', '''gale''', '''polye''' (['pɔtʃi], ['gale], ['pɔlje]).

*Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.

=Grammar=
Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions. Mabri is a pro-drop language.
==Word order==
&lt;p&gt;Mabri is a SVO (subject verb object) language, as English. Other arrangements are possible but marked through special constructions. Sentence-modifying adverbs are placed either before or after the sentence, never in the middle. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''xewan'''. (It rains.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''lafa nun'''. (She is sleeping.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''lafa kon fruno'''. (She is eating an apple.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''kon fruno polye lafa'''. (Eating an apple she is.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''podo grihe kadjo yan si'''. (Yesterday we went to the city.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''kadjo yan si podo grihe'''. (We went to the city yesterday.)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As to noun phrases, mabri is ''head-final'', as Spanish. Adjective-modifying adverbs are placed after the adjective. Intensifiers are placed before the adjectives. Counters come before the nouns. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''mwakwi''' (cat)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''mwakwi du ba''' (big cat)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''mwakwi du ba gapo ku kii''' (unexpectedly big cat)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''mwakwi du jaja ga ba''' (very big cat)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''natxa ga mwakwi''' (two cats)&lt;/p&gt;

==Nouns==
*Nouns have no inflection at all.
*There is no grammatical number (exceptions for &quot;pronouns&quot;; see table below). Number is indicated by means of counters (below).
*There is no grammatical gender (exceptions for &quot;pronouns&quot;; see table below). Biological gender is represented through periphrasis.
*There is no declension; the role of the noun phrases is determined by word order.
*There are no true pronouns; instead, there are nouns that can be translated in English as nouns. Below are some of these nouns:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;
|+ 
! || here || there || yonder
|-
| sing. pronoun || '''kaze''' (I) || '''taze''' (you) || '''laze''' (that person)
|-
| sing. masc. pronoun || '''kato''' (I) || '''tato''' (you) || '''lato''' (he)
|-
| sing. fem. pronoun || '''kafa''' (I) || '''tafa''' (you) || '''lafa''' (she)
|-
| plural pronoun || '''kadjo''' (we) || '''tadjo''' (you) || '''ladjo''' (they)
|-
| time || '''kado''' (this moment) || '''tado''' || '''lado''' (that moment)
|-
| place || '''katxi''' (this place) || '''tatxi''' (place near you) || '''latxi''' (place over there)
|-
| reason || '''kari''' (this reason) || '''tari''' (reason of yours) || '''lari''' (that reason)
|}

===Counters===
Counters have two main purposes: numbering nouns and as intensifiers. They are followed by the preposition '''ga'''.
* Numbers always start with the prefix '''na'''. Mabri uses a decimal system. The vowel of each syllable determines the order of magnitude. The consonant determines the digit.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;
|+ 
! (digit) || units || tens || hundreds || thousands
|-
| 0 || na-xa || || || ||
|-
| 1 || na-txa || na-txu || na-txi || na-txe
|-
| 2 || na-la || na-lu || na-li || na-le
|-
| 3 || na-ba || na-bu || na-bi || na-be
|-
| 4 || na-ya || na-yu || na-i || na-ye
|-
| 5 || na-fa || na-fu || na-fi || na-fe
|-
| 6 || na-wa || na-u || na-wi || na-we
|-
| 7 || na-ma || na-mu || na-mi || na-me
|-
| 8 || na-ra || na-ru || na-ri || na-re
|-
| 9 || na-ta || na-tu || na-ti || na-te
|}

&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;15 persons: '''na-txu-fa ga ze'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;38 computers: '''na-bu-ra ga chu'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;462: '''na-u-i-la ga'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2007: na-le-ma&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p&gt;'''ni ga''': every, all&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''sha ga''': none&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''ja ga''': so many&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''jaja ga''': many, much&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''jaku ga''': few, little&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''plu ga''': more&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''pluni ga''': most&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''pluku ga''': less, fewer&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''pluku-ni ga''': least, fewest&lt;/p&gt;

==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
===Aspect===
==Adverbs==
==Prepositions==
==Conjunctions==
==Dependent clauses==
===Subject and object clauses===
===Relative clauses===
===The prefix &quot;ju&quot;===
===Adverbial clauses===
==Word formation==
===Compounds===
===Affixes===

=Writing System=
The writing system of mabri is '''logosyllabic''' (i. e., it is both '''logographic''' and '''syllabic'''). Each syllable represents a distinct '''morpheme''' and is uniquely written with a '''grapheme'''. 

The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are &lt;j&gt;, &lt;x&gt; and &lt;y&gt;, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter &lt;r&gt; is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].

Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former &lt;sh&gt; is now written &lt;x&gt; and former &lt;ch&gt; is now written &lt;tx&gt;.

The &lt;n&gt; at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Phonotactics</title>
    <id>2297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9084</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-19T08:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Phonotactics===

This is more of a philosophical discussion than a rigourous description. I've never actually sat down and said  &amp;quot;These are the constraints that a Khangaþyagon syllable must obey.&amp;quot; Rather, I set out to give the language a quasi-Gemanic feel to it. Both consonant clusters and vowel hiatus can occur intra-morphemically, and as the morphology is agglutinating, even more complex things can occur at morpheme boundaries. Very few things are absolutely disalowed (initial geminates being one of them), others can occur but are fairly rare (initial ng, initial stop clusters).

One reason for this is that I don't use automatic word generation for Khangaþyagon. When I create new vocab items, I try to produce words that fit in with the tone of what's gone before, and suit their meaning. Khangaþyagon seems to have developed a distinctive sound of its own, and I'm happy that my language has found its own voice.

===Stress===

Placement of stress is much better defined. The primary stress occurs on the first syllable of the primary root. Secondary stress occurs in compounds on the first syllable of secondary roots.

One consequence of this is that stress can be phonemic. Here's a minimal pair.

;zaldep [ˈzældep] : treasure
;ban [bæn] : stone
;-ban [bæn] : that (suffix)

zaldepban

;[ˌzældepˈbæn] : gemstone
;[ˈzældepbæn] : that treasure 

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Vowels|Back_name=Vowels|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Phonology|Up_name=Phonology and Script|Next_dest=The Bukhstav|Next_name=The Bukhstav}}

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 01:50, 19 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Bukhstav</title>
    <id>2298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52527</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T20:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categorized</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Bukhstav Runes===
[[Image:Bukhstav.gif]]

This is the native script for Khangaþyagon. It is a runic script, known as bukhstav, which means &amp;quot;rite sign&amp;quot;. Notice that the first seven letters spell out the name of the script. In the illustration, each rune is preceeded by its romanisation. Each vowel has two forms. The first one shown (diagonal slanting top left to bottom right) represents the short vowel, while the second one (bottom left to top right) represents the long vowel. Diphthongs are written by writing the long form of the first element joined to the short form of the second element by the upper ends of the diagonals. The last rune shown (labelled &quot;) is a gemination rune. It forms the phonemic geminate of the preceeding rune. It is only used intra-morphemically. If a morpheme ends with a particular phoneme and the next morpheme begins with the same one, the rune for that phoneme is written twice, and the gemination rune is not used.

===Final note on the romanisation===

If a situation occurs where two phonemes occur together whose symbols would form a digraph for a third phoneme, the romanisation uses an apostrophe to disambiguate them. This does not correspond to any feature of the bukhstav, where every phoneme has a distinct rune.

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Phonotactics|Back_name=Phonotactics and Stress|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Phonology|Up_name=Phonology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Next_name=Morphology}}

[[category:conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azirian Phylogeny</title>
    <id>2299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17851</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T20:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Evolutionary history==

The people of Azir are all distantly related to each other, via a common ancestor millions of years ago on an unknown world. The two main groups of Azirian people are the &quot;[[elves]]&quot; (Nelya and relatives) and the &quot;furry people&quot; (Zireen and relatives). The Nikta and relatives are technically more closely related to elves, although often associated with the furry people because of their appearance. In addition to these groups are more distantly related people such as the [[Zaik]] and related Mizarian rodent-people, which have been created by genetic engineering.

The branching pattern of the Azirian family tree is influenced by two main factors. First, the opening and closing of Impossible Gates can allow a population to become established on a distant world, then become cut off from the original population. Second, when two populations come together on a single world, they can establish new hybrid populations, if they are closely related. For example, the [[Kireethin]] are hybrids of [[Zireen]] and [[Sangari]] populations that have recently come into contact on the world of [[Sharnirazva]]. Alternatively, one of the populations can outcompete the other, causing the less successful population to fall back to another world or even to become extinct. The Ttanissyn and Thruad are recent examples of populations that have become extinct due to recent contact with other Azirian populations (Nithra and Nikta, respectively). More rarely, two populations will eventually come to coexist on the same world (as with the [[Neyasai]] and [[Zireen]] of [[Rishai]]).

==Azirian family tree==

   5         4         3         2         1         0 (million years ago)
 +---------------------+--+---------------------------Tanja
 |                     |  +-+-------------------------Sayana
 |                     |    +----+--------------------Klathnar
 |                     |         +-------+----+-------[[Kaltani]]
 |                     |                 |    +-------Lialia
 |                     |                 +---+---+----[[Nelya]]
 |                     |                     |   +----[[Yitha]]
 |                     |                     +-+------Hlal
 |                     |                       +------Miri
 |                     +----+-------------------------(Ttanissyn)
 |                          +-----------------------+-Nikta
 |                                                  +-Neyasai
 +----+-----------------------------------------------Binda
      +-----------------+--------------------(Dhuli)
                        +---+----------------------+--[[Sangari]]
                            |                      |  + [[Kireethin]]
                            |                      +--[[Zireen]]
                            +---+---------+-------(Varinnoya)
                                |         +-----------Zoray
                                +-----+---------------[[Nithra]]
                                      +---------+-----Hralta
                                                +-----(Thruad)


[[Category:Azir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blafu</title>
    <id>2300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32745</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-13T05:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Blafu''' have traditionally been the dominant culture of the eastern part of Odirá.  For much of Odiran history, the Blafu were the technologically dominant culture.  Today, most Odiran languages (and many non-Odiran, as well) borrow from [[Classical Blafu]] for scientific terminology.

For example, see [[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy]]

The [[Blafu religion]] was based upon the worship of the [[Silent God]], the god of death.  Their religion considered deafness sacred, and its priesthood used a sign language known as the [[Sacred Hand]].

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Blafu]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elbic</title>
    <id>2301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47881</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T16:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Pronominal morphology */ - nominate —&gt; nominative</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Élbica
|pronounce='ɛlbika
|tu=[[Ill Bethisad]]
|species=Human
|in=[http://ib.frath.net/w/Elba Elba]
|no=30,000
|script=Latin
|tree=[[Proto-Indo-European|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;South-Central Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Central-Southern Italian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''[[Elbic]]'''
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]
|date=July, 2009}}
''Nota bene: Elbic has undergone extreme reforms of late. Bear with me as I update the page. The revised version is currently accurate through [[Elbic#Verbal morphology|Verbal morphology]].''

Elbic is the language of the Principality of Elba, an island off the coast of Tuscany. It is a Central and Southern Italian language, although it has been relatively isolated, related to Neapolitan and Tuscan Italian.

==Phonology==
Elbic phonology is fairly ordinary for a Romance language.

===Vowels===
Elbic has a straightforward seven-vowel system inherited from Vulgar Latin. It also has three diphthongs, two falling and one rising: /jɛ/, /wɔ/, and /ai/.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || ê || || || || || || || ô
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || e || || || || || || || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

Orthographically, it should be noted that '''e''' and '''o''' occasionally represent /e/ and /o/; as a general rule, only the first vowel in a word that would receive a circumflex does. The diphthong /jɛ/ is represented orthographically as '''ië''', the diphthong /wɔ/ as '''uo''', and the diphthong /ai/ as '''ai'''.

===Consonants===
Elbic has either 22 or 24 consonants, depending on whether the semivowels /w/ and /j/ are treated as allophonic realizations of /i/ and /u/ or as consonants in their own right.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Labiovelar
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || gn || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t || d || || || || || || || c(h) || g(h) || qu || gu
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative ||  ||  || f || v ||  ||  || s || || x || g(i) || || ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ç || z || || || c(i) ||  || || ||  ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || ||(u)|| || || || || || || || || ||(i)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || || r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || ||  || || || l || || || || lh
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

Orthographically, '''ch''' and '''gh''' are used for /k/ and /g/ before front vowels, '''c''' and '''g''' before back vowels. '''c''' and '''g''' are used for /tʃ/ and /ʒ/ before front vowels, '''ci''' and '''gi''' before back vowels. All consonants can be geminated, in which case they are written twice, with the following exceptions:
* geminated '''lh''' is written '''llh'''
* geminated '''ç''' is written '''tç'''
* geminated '''qu''' is written '''cqu'''
* geminated '''gn''' is written '''ggn'''

Written Elbic utilizes four diacritics:
* the circumflex is used to mark the vowels /e/ and /o/ (written '''ê''' and '''ô''')
* the diaeresis is used to mark the diphthong /jɛ/ (written '''ië''')
* the acute accent is used to mark irregular stress on a non-final syllable
* the grave accent is used to mark irregular stress on a final syllable

Note that an acute or grave takes precedence over the diaeresis (e.g. '''Miéxxicu''' ''Mexico'').

===Stress===
To place the stress of a word, follow these rules in the order they are presented here.

* When determining the stress of a word, always initially place it on the final syllable.
* If the final sound is a vowel, stress moves back one syllable.
* If anywhere in the word there is a vowel with an acute or grave, move the stress to the accented vowel.
* In monosyllabic words, the vowel is generally treated as if it were unstressed.

Thus, '''Miéxxicu''', the Elbic name for Mexico, is /'mjɛʃ:iku/, '''Êlba''', the Elbic name for Elba, is /'elba/, the definite article '''la''' is /la/, and '''nu napoletannu''' ''a Neapolitan'' is /nu napolɛ'tan:u/.

==Nominal morphology==
Nouns in Elbic belong to one of two genders, masculine or feminine. The vast majority of nouns end in a vowel, and all nouns form their plurals by suffixing '''s''':

* '''duomnu''' (lord) —&gt; '''duomnus'''
* '''acqua''' (water) —&gt; '''acquas'''
* '''princêppi''' (prince) —&gt; '''princêppis
* '''parti''' (part, section) —&gt; '''partis'''
* '''mannu''' (hand) —&gt; '''mannus'''
* '''zi''' (day) —&gt; '''zis'''

Generally speaking, nouns that end in '''u''' are masculine and nouns that end in '''a''' are feminine (although this is not always so: '''mannu''' is feminine, for example). Nouns ending in other vowels might belong to either gender, although there are some observable patterns. For example,

* nouns ending in '''ionni''' ('''stazionni''' &quot;station&quot;, e.g.) are feminine
* nouns ending in '''atti''' ('''universitatti''' &quot;university&quot;, e.g.) are feminine
* nouns ending in '''orri''' ('''amorri''' &quot;love&quot;, e.g.) are masculine

===Articles===
Elbic has two types of articles, definite and indefinite, each of which has five forms. The forms of the definite article are as follows:

{|
! || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || lu || la || l'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || lus || las || *
|}

Plural nouns that begin with a vowel use the normal plural forms. For example, '''lu duomnu''' (the lord), '''las mannus''' (the hands), '''l'universitatti''' (the university), '''lus amorris''' (the loves).

The forms of the indefinite article are as follows:

{|
! || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || nu || na || n'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || nus || nas || *
|}

Plural nouns that begin with a vowel use the normal plural forms. The plural indefinite article is equivalent to English &quot;some&quot; or French &quot;des&quot;. The definite article contracts with the prepositions '''a''' (at, to, towards), '''da''' (from, of), '''in''' (in, at, on), and '''su''' (around, on).

====Contraction with ''a''====
{|
! ''a'' || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || allu || alla || all'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || allus || allas || *
|}

====Contraction with ''da''====
{|
! ''da'' || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || dallu || dalla || dall'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || dallus || dallas || *
|}

====Contraction with ''in''====
{|
! ''in'' || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || gnellu || gnella || gnell'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || gnellus || gnellas || *
|}

====Contraction with ''su''====
{|
! ''a'' || Masc. || Fem. || Before vowel
|-
| '''Sing.''' || sullu || sulla || sull'
|-
| '''Plur.''' || sullus || sullas || *
|}

==Pronominal morphology==
Elbic pronouns, like nouns, distinguish two numbers and between two and five cases. In the third person, there is a masculine-feminine distinction, as well. The cases shown by the pronouns are the following: for the first and second person pronouns, nominative, genitive, and oblique-reflexive cases are distinguished. For the impersonal pronoun '''si''', the nominative and the oblique-reflexive are identical. For the third person pronouns, nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and reflexive are distinguished, and there exist special disjunctive forms, as well.

===First person===
The first person pronoun declines as follows:
{|
! || Sing. || Plur.
|-
| '''Nom.''' || giu || nus
|-
| '''Gen.''' || miu || nuostru
|-
| '''O.-R.''' || mi || nui
|}

===Second person===
The second person pronoun declines as follows:
{|
! || Sing. || Plur.
|-
| '''Nom.''' || tu || vus
|-
| '''Gen.''' || tiu || vuostru
|-
| '''O.-R.''' || ti || vui
|}

===Third person===
The third person pronoun declines as follows:
{|
| || Masc. || || Fem.
|-
! || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. || Plur.
|-
| '''Nom.''' || ell || ells || ella || ellas
|-
| '''Gen.''' || siu || lôrru || siu || larru
|-
| '''Dat.''' || lhi || lhis || lhi || lhis
|-
| '''Acc.''' || lu/l' || lus || la/l' || las
|-
| '''Ref.''' || si || si || si || si
|-
| '''Disj.''' || ellu || ellus || ella || ellas
|}

==Verbal morphology==
Elbic verbs can be classified into five groups; four of them are distinguished by their infinitive endings while the fifth comprises irregular verbs.

* First conjugation infinitives end in '''arri''', e.g. '''parlarri''' ''speak''
* Second conjugation infinitives end in '''erri''', e.g. '''vêderri''' ''see''
* Third conjugation infinitives end in '''ri''', e.g. '''priëndri''' ''take''
* Fourth conjugation infinitives end in '''irri''', e.g. '''finirri''' ''finish''
* Irregular verbs' infinitives look like infinitives for one of the other four conjugations

There are two important notes about verb conjugation. Some finite endings cause palatalization of the preceding consonant:

{|
! Normal || Palatalized
|-
| c || x
|-
| ch || c
|-
| g || gi
|-
| gh || g
|-
| t || ç
|-
| d || z
|-
| l || lh
|-
| n || gn
|}

Additionally, any verbs, most notably verbs of the third conjugation, whose final stem vowel is short '''e''' or '''o''' will diphthongize when that vowel is stressed to '''ië''' or '''uo'''. Thus, the stem of the third conjugation verb '''priëndri''' is actually *'''prend''', but because the stress falls on the stem vowel, it has diphthongized even in the infinitive.

All verbs are conjugated by removing the infinitive ending and adding various suffixes. The conjugation patterns for regular verbs, as well as for the irregular verbs '''esserri''' ''be'' and '''averri''' ''have''. Additionally, it should be noted that many verbs, especially of the second and third conjugations, have irregular preterite stems. For example, '''vêderri''' ''see'' has the preterite stem '''vid''' (e.g. '''vidì''' ''I saw''). The irregular preterite stem is used in both the indicative and the subjunctive.

===First conjugation===
The conjugation of first conjugation verbs in '''arri''' is shown below.

====Finite forms====
The finite forms of the first conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || u || ai || abba || arò || i || assi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || as || asti || abbas || aràs || is || assis || a
|-
| 3 sg.  || a || ò || abba || arà || i || assi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || ammu || ammu || ábbamu || aremmu || immu || ássimu || immu
|-
| 2 pl.  || atti || astis || ábbati || aretti || itti || ássiti || atti
|-
| 3 pl. || an || arrun || abban || aràn || in || assin || —
|}

====Non-finite forms====
The non-finite forms of the first conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''arri'''
|- 
| Past part. || '''attu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''anti'''
|}

====Sample conjugation====
The finite conjugation of the verb '''cantarri''' ''sing'':

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || cantu || cantai || cantabba || cantarò || canti || cantassi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || cantas || cantasti || cantabbas || cantaràs || cantis || cantassis || canta
|-
| 3 sg.  || canta || cantò || cantabba || cantarà || canti || cantassi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || cantammu || cantammu || cantábbamu || cantaremmu || cantimmu || cantássimu || cantimmu
|-
| 2 pl.  || cantatti || cantastis || cantábbati || cantaretti || cantitti || cantássiti || cantatti
|-
| 3 pl. || cantan || cantarrun || cantabban || cantaràn || cantin || cantassin || —
|}

And the non-finite forms:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''cantarri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''cantattu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''cantanti'''
|}

===Second conjugation===
The conjugation of second conjugation verbs in '''erri''' is shown below:

====Finite forms====
The finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || *u || ì || ebba || erò || *a || essi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || es || isti || ebbas || eràs || *as || essis || i
|-
| 3 sg.  || i || ò || ebba || erà || *a || essi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || emmu || immu || ébbamu || eremmu || *ammu || éssimu || *ammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || etti || istis || ébbati || eretti || *atti || éssiti || etti
|-
| 3 pl. || *un || *errun || ebban || eràn || *an || essin || —
|}

====Non-finite forms====
The non-finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''erri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''ittu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''enti'''
|}

====Sample conjugation====
The finite conjugation of '''vêderri''' ''see'':

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || vêzu || vidì || vêdebba || vêderò || vêza || videssi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || vêdes || vidisti || vêdebbas || vêderàs || vêzas || videssis || vêdi
|-
| 3 sg.  || vêdi || vidò || vêdebba || vêderà || vêza || videssi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || vêdemmu || vidimmu || vêdébbamu || vêderemmu || vêzammu || vidéssimu || vêzammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || vêdetti || vidistis || vêdébbati || vêderetti || vêzatti || vidéssiti || vêdetti
|-
| 3 pl. || vêzun || vizerrun || vêdebban || vêderàn || vêzan || videssin || —
|}

And the non-finite forms; note the irregular past participle:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''vêderri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''vistu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''vêdenti'''
|}

===Third conjugation===
The conjugation of third conjugation verbs in '''ri'''.

====Finite forms====
The finite forms of the third conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || u || ì || *ebba || rò || a || essi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || is || isti || *ebbas || ràs || as || essis || i
|-
| 3 sg.  || i || ò || *ebba || rà || a || essi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || emmu || immu || *ébbamu || remmu || ammu || éssimu || ammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || etti || istis || *ébbati || retti || atti || éssiti || etti
|-
| 3 pl. || un || *errun || *ebban || ràn || an || essin || —
|}

====Non-finite forms====
The non-finite forms of the second conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''ri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''ittu'''
|-
| Present part. || *'''enti'''
|}

====Sample conjugation====
The finite conjugation of '''piërdri''' ''lose'' (stem '''perd'''):

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || piërdu || perdì || perzebba || perdrò || piërda || perdessi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || piërdis || perdisti || perzebbas || perdràs || piërdas || perdessis || piërdi
|-
| 3 sg.  || piërdi || perdò || perzebba || perdrà || piërda || perdessi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || perdemmu || perdimmu || perzébbamu || perdremmu || perdammu || perdéssimu || perdammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || perdetti || perdistis || perzébbati || perdretti || perdatti || perdéssiti || perdetti
|-
| 3 pl. || piërdun || perzerrun || perzebban || perdràn || piërdan || perdessin || —
|}

And the non-finite forms:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''piërdri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''perdittu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''perzenti'''
|}

===Fourth conjugation===
The conjugation of fourth conjugation verbs in '''irri'''.

====Finite forms====
The finite forms of the fourth conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || *u || ì || *ebba || irò || *a || essi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || is || isti || *ebbas || iràs || *as || essis || i
|-
| 3 sg.  || i || ò || *ebba || irà || *a || essi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || immu || immu || *ébbamu || iremmu || *ammu || éssimu || *ammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || itti || istis || *ébbati || iretti || *atti || éssiti || itti
|-
| 3 pl. || *un || *errun || *ebban || iràn || *an || essin || —
|}

====Non-finite forms====
The non-finite forms of the fourth conjugation are as follows:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''irri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''ittu'''
|-
| Present part. || *'''enti'''
|}

====Sample conjugation====
The finite conjugation of '''finirri''' ''finish'':

{| border=1
! || Present Indicative || Preterite Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Preterite Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| 1 sg.  || fignu || finì || fignebba || finirò || figna || finessi || —
|-
| 2 sg.  || finis || finisti || fignebbas || finiràs || fignas || finessis || fini
|-
| 3 sg.  || fini || finò || fignebba || finirà || figna || finessi || —
|-
| 1 pl.  || finimmu || finimmu || fignébbamu || finiremmu || fignammu || finéssimu || fignammu
|-
| 2 pl.  || finitti || finistis || fignébbati || finiretti || fignatti || finéssiti || finitti
|-
| 3 pl. || fignun || fignerrun || fignebban || finiràn || fignan || finessin || —
|}

And the non-finite forms:

{| border=1
| Infinitive || '''finirri'''
|-
| Past part. || '''finittu'''
|-
| Present part. || '''fignenti'''
|}

==Irregular Verbs==
Elbic has many irregular verbs. Most belong to the second conjugation. Two of the most important are '''ésshe''' and '''avhe'''. '''ésshe''' means &quot;to be&quot;, and '''avhe''' &quot;to have&quot;. '''Avhe''' also is &quot;to have&quot; in the auxiliary sense, e.g. &quot;I have done this before&quot;. '''Ésshe''' is conjugated as follows:

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || sonno || fui || ero || shero || sea || fuissa || srhi
|-
| 2Ps  || sei || fuiste || erai || sherai || seai || fuissai || srhei
|-
| 3Ps  || é || fuo || era || shera || sea || fuissa || srhi
|-
| 1Pp  || sammo || fuimo || erammo || sheremmo || seammo || fuissammo || srhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || satte || fuisti || eratte|| sheratte || seatte || fuissatte || srhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || sanno || fuirono || eranno || sheranno || seanno || fuissanno || srhinno
|}

And here is the conjugation of '''avhe''':

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || ho || hi || avevo || avrho || he || hissa || avrhi
|-
| 2Ps  || hai || histe || avevai || avrhai || hei || hissai || avrhei
|-
| 3Ps  || ha || hio || aveva || avrha || he || hissa || avrhi
|-
| 1Pp  || hammo || himo || avevammo || avrhemmo || hemmo || hissammo || avrhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || hatte || histi || avevatte|| avrhatte || hette || hissatte || avrhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || hanno || hirono || avevanno || avrhanno || henno || hissanno || avrhinno
|}

Also, the conjugationn of '''andha''', &quot;to go&quot;.

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || vo || fui || ivo || vharo || ve || fuissa || vrhi
|-
| 2Ps  || vai || fuiste || ivai || vharai || vei || fuissai || vrhei
|-
| 3Ps  || va || fuo || iva || vhara || ve || fuissa || vhri
|-
| 1Pp  || andammo || fuimo || ivammo || vharemmo || vemmo || fuissammo || vrhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || andatte || fuisti || ivatte|| vharatte || vette || fuissatte || vrhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || vanno || fuirono || ivanno || vharanno || venno || fuissanno || vrhinno
|}

The conjugation of '''bhe''', &quot;to drink&quot;.

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || beo || bi || bia || bhero || bea || beissa || brhi
|-
| 2Ps  || bei || beiste || biai || bherai || beai || beissai || brhei
|-
| 3Ps  || bè || beio || bia || bhera || bea || beissa || brhi
|-
| 1Pp  || bemmo || beimo || biammo || bheremmo || beammo || beissammo || brhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || bette || beisti || biatte|| bheratte || beatte || beissatte || brhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || benno || beirono || bianno || bheranno || beanno || beissanno || brhinno
|}

The conjugation of '''dha''', &quot;to give&quot;.

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || duo || di || dia || dharo || due || dassa || drhi
|-
| 2Ps  || duai || daste || diai || dharai || duei || dassai || drhei
|-
| 3Ps  || dua || dò || dia || dhara || due || dassa || drhi
|-
| 1Pp  || duammo || damo || diammo || dharemmo || duemmo || dassammo || drhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || duatte || dasti || diatte|| dharatte || duette || dassatte || drhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || duanno || darono || dianno || dharanno || duenno || dassanno || drhinno
|}

Finally, the conjugation of '''fha''', &quot;to make; do&quot;.

{| border=1
| || Present Indicative || Simple Past Indicative || Imperfect Indicative || Future Indicative || Present Subjunctive || Imperfect Subjunctive || Present Conditional
|-
| 1Ps  || fuo || fi || fia || fharo || fue || fassa || frhi
|-
| 2Ps  || fuai || faste || fiai || fharai || fuei || fassai || frhei
|-
| 3Ps  || fua || fò || fia || fhara || fue || fassa || frhi
|-
| 1Pp  || fuammo || famo || fiammo || frhemmo || fuemmo || fassammo || frhimmo
|-
| 2Pp  || fuatte || fasti || fiatte|| fharatte || fuette || fassatte || frhitte
|-
| 3Pp  || fuanno || farono || fianno || fharanno || fuenno || fassanno || frhinno
|}

==Verb Conjugation: Compound Tenses==
Elbic compound tenses are formed by combining a conjugated form of one verb and one of the participles of another. Most are formed with '''avhe''', but the passive and progressive tenses are formed with '''ésshe''' and the periphrastic future is formed with '''andha'''.

===Forming the Participles===
Elbic verbs have three participles. The Latin inflected passive has in Elbic become a passive participle. The Latin past and present participles are retained as well. To form any participle, add certain endings to the end of the '''full infinitive''' of a verb. These endings are:

* Passive Participle: '''-tto'''
* Perfect Participle: '''-tte'''
* Present Participle: '''-nte'''

===Compound Tenses with Avhe===
The tenses formed with '''avhe''' are the perfect tenses. They are formed by placing the various tenses of '''avhe''' before the perfect participle. The various tenses are:

* '''Perfect''': present '''avhe'''+perfect participle ('''ho fhatte''': I have done)
* '''Pluperfect''': imperfect '''avhe'''+perfect participle ('''hia fhatte''': I had done)
* '''Remote Pluperfect''': simple past '''avhe'''+perfect participle ('''hi fhatte''': I had done)
* '''Future Perfect''': future '''avhe'''+perfect participle ('''avrho fhatte''': I will have done)
* '''Conditional Perfect: conditional '''avhe'''+perfect participle ('''avrhi fhatte''': I would have done)

===Compound Tenses with Ésshe===
The &quot;tenses&quot; formed with '''ésshe''' are all of the passive voice tenses and the progressive tenses. The passive voice tenses are formed quite simply. The generic passive voice is the '''ésshe'''+the passive participle of a verb.

* '''É disshitto chè...''': it is said that...

Note, however, that the passive voice may also be formed in an impersonal manner, using the pronoun '''sè''', ''one''. We'll talk more about this later. There are also two progressive tenses, the present and imperfect progressives. They are formed simply: place the appropriate form of '''ésshe''' before the present participle of the verb.

* '''Sonno disshinte chè...''': I am saying that...
* '''Erai disshinte chè...''': you were saying that...

===Compound Tenses with Andha===
'''Andha''' is used in the construction of a periphrastic future tense. To form this tense, place an appropriately conjugated form of '''andha''' before the present participle of the verb.

* '''Vo hdisshinte chè...''': I'm going to say that...
* '''Fuiste hdisshinte chè...''': you were going to say that...

==Verbal Morphology: Imperatives==
The imperative is used to give commands. There are a number imperatives in Elbic. Firstly, the second person singular, covering the informal '''tu'''. Secondly, the first person plural, covering such constructions as ''let us go'', and agreeing with the pronoun '''noi'''. Finally, the second person plural, covering '''voi''', whether used as a singular or plural pronoun. The imperative forms differ depending on whether the command is affirmative (''do that'') or negative (''don't do that''). In many cases, object pronouns are affixed as clitics to the imperative verbs. In each entry, there is a note of how this is done. Note, finally, that there are a number of irregular imperatives. Where these exist, they will be noted.

* The second person singular affirmative ending is the same as the third person singular present indicative ending. When clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative, place an -'''h'''- before the penultimate vowel of the word: '''parla''' ''speak''&gt;'''pharlame''' ''speak to me''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and precedes the verb: '''aprende''' ''learn''&gt;'''l'aprende''' ''learn it''.
* The second person singular negative ending is the same as the second person singular present subjunctive ending. When clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative, remove the final -'''i''' from it: '''non parlei''' ''don't speak''&gt;'''non parlemi'''&gt;''don't speak to me''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and it precedes the verb: '''non aprendai''' ''don't learn''&gt;'''non l'aprendai''' ''don't learn it''.
* The first person plural affirmative ending is the same as the first person plural present indicative ending. There are no changes when clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative: '''parlammo''' ''let's speak''&gt;'''parlammole''' ''let's speak to him''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and precedes the verb: '''aprendemmo''' ''let's learn''&gt;'''l'aprendemmo''' ''let's learn it''.
* The first person plural negative ending is the same as the first person plural present subjunctive ending. There are no changes when clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative: '''non parlemmo''' ''let's not speak''&gt;'''non parlemmole''' ''let's not speak to him''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and precedes the verb: '''non aprendammo''' ''let's not learn''&gt;'''non l'aprendammo''' ''let's not learn it''.
* The second person plural/formal affirmative ending is the same as the second person plural present subjunctive ending. There are no changes when clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative: '''parlette''' ''speak''&gt;'''parlettele''' ''speak to him''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and precedes the verb: '''aprendatte''' ''learn''&gt;'''l'aprendatte''' ''learn it''.
* The second person plural/formal negative ending is the same as the second person plural present indicative ending. There are no changes when clitic pronouns are attached to this imperative: '''non parlatte''' ''don't speak''&gt;'''non parlattele''' ''don't speak to him''. If the imperative begins with a vowel or with '''h''', the final vowel is instead removed from the clitic pronoun and precedes the verb: '''non aprendette''' ''don't learn''&gt;'''non l'aprendette''' ''don't learn it''.

==Tense Clarification: Simple Past==
The simple past is in many ways the most complicated of Elbic's many tenses. This section will attempt to clarify it.

===Simple Past vs. Imperfect===
On the surface, these two tenses are similar. Both describe past events. However, there are many differences. The simple past is used to...

* ...describe events that occurred at a specific past time, with definite beginnings and ends.
* ...describe events that occurred only once.
* ...describe events in a story.

The imperfect is used to...

* ...describe events that occurred at an indefinite time, or over a long, undefined period.
* ...describe events that occurred habitually.
* ...form the imperfect progressive.

===Simple Past vs. Perfect===
The simple past is even closer to the perfect. In fact, the simple past is often used in place of the perfect. The perfect typically occurs once every paragraph or so and is from then on replaced with the simple past. Usually the perfect is not used more than once or twice every few minutes in colloquial speech, though the simple past is in contrast almost never used, replaced exclusively by the perfect, in formal discussions.

===Simple Past vs. Pluperfects===
The simple past and the pluperfects seem similar, but there is an important difference: the pluperfects are used in only one place: when describing events that occurred at a specific time, with definite beginnings and ends (or only occurring once), ''before other events''. The pluperfects are only used where English would use ''had done something'' and similar constructions. The remote pluperfect is especially select: it can only be used when something pluperfect occurred at a distant past time (usually more than a year before the speaking).

==The Soft Mutation==
There are two cases where the soft mutation occurs. Every conjugated verb causes the soft mutation in the word following it. This often occurs with the periphrastic future, and in fact is seen in both of the examples above. It also occurs in any case of a conjugated verb followed by another word: '''nechésitha''', '''chirhe''', '''dovhe''', anything.

* '''Nechésito hchiamha a mme má''': I need to call my mom.
* '''Chiro hchiamha a mme má''': I want to call my mom.
* '''Dovo hchiamha a mme má''': I should call my mom.

This seems an opportune time to mention also that '''a''', ''to'', causes the geminate mutation, and '''de''', ''of'', ''from'', causes the soft mutation.

The other time where the soft mutation occurs is adjectives. Adjectives can either precede or follow the noun they modify, with the difference only in emphasis. When adjectives are describing feminine or neuter nouns, one of two things can happen:

* The adjective precedes the feminine or neuter noun. If the adjective is singular, the soft mutation occurs on the noun. If the adjective is plural and feminine, the soft mutation occurs on the noun.
* The feminine or neuter noun precedes the adjective. If the noun is singular, the soft mutation occurs on the adjective. If the noun is plural and feminine, the soft mutation occurs on the adjective.

* '''Lu ffrasu hbuonu''': the good sentence
* '''Na nnova hcossina''': a new kitchen
* '''Gorde hnapolitanne''': fat Neapolitans (an Elban sterotype)

==Adjectives==
Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. There are two types of adjectives: -o-a-u adjectives have six forms; -e adjectives only two. The adjectives inflect as follows:

{| border=1
| || Masculine|| Feminine|| Neuter
|-
| Singular -o-a-u  || -o || -a || -u
|-
| Plural -o-a-u  || -i || -e || -e
|-
| Singular -e  || -e || -e || -e
|-
| Plural -e  || -i || -i || -i
|-
|}

So &quot;the good sentence&quot; is '''lu ffrasu hbuonu''' (remember the soft mutation!), and &quot;the beautiful kitchens&quot; is '''le bbelle hcossine'''. An adjective always has the endings shown here, regardless of the ending of the noun: '''il patre buon''o'''''; '''la mmatre hbell''a'''''.

===Telling the Difference===
-o-a-u adjectives are so named because of the different endings they take in the singular. When reading an unfamiliar adjective, try to determine whether the noun is singular or plural. Based on that, match the noun's gender and number on this table to the ending it has.

==The Origin of Mutations==
This section describes, briefly, the generally agreed upon origin of the Elbic consonantal mutations.

===The Geminate Mutation===
The soft mutation's origin is quite simple. It occurs in two places: after the feminine and neuter articles, and after the preposition '''a'''. The geminate mutation originated in the town dialect of La Mmarina de hMarcianna

* The description of the geminate mutation after '''a''' is simple: '''a''' comes from the Latin '''ad'''. The '''-d''', over time, shifted to attach itself to the word after it: '''ad cassa''' &gt; '''a dcassa'''. This extraneous '''d-''' soon shifted to match the initial consonant of the word it was applying to: '''a ccassa'''.
* The progression for the feminine and neuter articles is a bit less straightforward. The Elbic article derives from Latin demonstratives. These gradually shifted in meaning from a classifier (&quot;this sentence&quot;) to a definer (&quot;the sentence&quot;). The geminate after the article evolved by a vague analogy to the '''a ccassa''' situation. There were originally two '''l''''s in the Latin demonstratives. When the initial vowel disappeared in those, the now-initial '''l''' moved to be word-final. Gradually, it slipped across to the adjacent word and was assimilated similarly to (though over a longer period of time than) the '''-d''' of '''ad''' (it shifted first to a non-lateral approximant, '''r''', then by analogy with '''ad''' to a voiced plosive, '''d''', then assimilated at in the same manner that the '''-d''' did): '''illa cassa''' &gt; '''lla cassa''' &gt; '''la lcassa''' &gt; '''la rcassa''' &gt; '''la dcassa''' &gt; '''la ccassa'''.

Of course, this is mostly speculation, and it may just be a borrowing from Neapolitan: there was a fairly large influx of Neapolitan immigrants to Elba in the mid-16th century.

===The Soft Mutation===
The soft mutation is a bit more difficult to rationalize as an Elbic-only developement. Fortunately, it is not. It evolved as a dialectical variation on the pronunciation of initial consonants, similar to the famed &quot;Tuscan gorgia&quot;. In Elbic, the soft mutation originally began as a stress movement. But gradually, by way of trade with neighboring Tuscany, it began to soften or change the initial consonant. The reasons for its placement are yet unknown: it probably began as a stress shift in words starting with a consonant after '''de''', and a similar shift in the context of feminine and neuter adjectives, then evolved parallel to the  Tuscan gorgia. The soft mutation was originally a dialectical variation of Portoferraho.

===Standardization===
Little observed by the world, the Elbic language was ruthlessly standardized in the mid-17th century, around the time of its emergence as an individual language. The Elban '''Forza Par Independenza''', a movement for independence from Italy, devised a new spelling system for Elbic, still used to this day, and also standardized both mutations to further differentiate between Elbic and Italian. There was some grumbling, but the Elbans seemed to know that the independence movement would be the second most interesting thing about their island in the future, so they grudgingly, gradually accepted it. In fact, this proved to be for the better, as the FPI instituted a number of public schools where children were taught the FPI-approved standard dialect. Thus, in a mere generation, and about the time that the FPI came to an end, collapsing in on itself, the Elbic langauge was standardized. In the centuries since, there are still few dialects of Elbic, and overall the dialects that there are (most notably a minority group in Tuscany which does not use the geminate mutation) are small enough that they will probably disappear, incorporated into mainstream Italian, within another century or so.

==Spelling Conventions==
There are a few important spelling rules in Elbic.

* First, and most important: ''always spell correctly''. This applies to any language, really.
* Second: ''always include an orthographic '''h'''''. Even if it's redundant (as in '''cánthara'''). It's an important part of the spelling of a word, even if it doesn't seem like it.
* Third: ''when geminating a capitalized noun, the first of the pair of geminated consonants is capitalized''. As in '''La ''M''marina de hMarcianna'''.
* Fourth: ''when softening a capitalized noun, the softening '''h''' is lowercase.'' As in '''parlo ''h''Francesse'''.
* Fifth: '''''i''' (''and'') before '''i''' is spelt (and pronounced) as '''e'''.'' As in '''Tintin ''e'' i Picari'''.

==Links==
* [[Elbic Swadesh list]]

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Ill Bethisad]]
[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Elbic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Verbs</title>
    <id>2302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51660</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T13:24:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improved explanation of the reflexive passive</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Verbs==

Khangaþyagon is an agglutinating language, and its grammatical affixes are suffixes - the native term is segunakar, &quot;follow-parts&quot;.

===Stem, Person, Infinitive and Participles===

The stem of a verb always ends in a consonant. This is obligatorily followed by either one of the person suffixes

;a:1p
;e:2p
;i:3p

which refer to the person of the subject of the verb, or the infinitive ending

;o:infinitive

or by a participle suffix

;on/ont:present participle
;osht:past participle

A participle may refer to a person characterised by the action, rather than the action itself. Which sense a participle has is entirely lexical, as is whether the verb has the &amp;quot;on&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;ont&amp;quot; form of the present participle. These do not correlate.

These may then be followed by the following segunakar, in order of occurrence

===Reflexiveness===

;d+reduplication of person ending:Reflexive

===Continuous aspect===

;ha:Continuous

===Perfect aspect===

;fœ:Perfect

===Tense===

;ng:past tense
;kh:future tense

Present is unmarked

===Voice===

;uf:passive

Active is unmarked.

A reflexive passive indicates that the subject is the indirect cause of an action that affects himself.

;gwenda ya: I hide (would normally require an object)
;gwendada ya: I hide myself
;gwenda'uf ya: I am hidden
;gwendada'uf ya: I get myself hidden

===Mood===

;azh:Conditional
;lt:Imperative
;dau:Interrogative

Indicative is unmarked

===Negation===

;she:not

===Number===

This refers to the number of the subject of the verb.

;(a)r:plural

The a appears epenthetically when this segunak follows a consonant.

===Paradigm Summary===
The form of the verb can thus be summarised as&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;
{set of alternatives, separated by commas}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;
[optional segunak]
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;    stem+{person,infinitive,participle}+[Reflexiveness]+[continuous]+[perfect]+[tense]+[voice]+[mood]+[negation]+[number]
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

==The Existential Verb==

The equivalent of &amp;quot;there is&amp;quot; is indicated by using the verb dah- (be) in the passive voice, ''eg'' 
;dahiuf rik: there is a man 

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Phonology|Back_name=Phonology|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Up_name=Morphology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Nouns|Next_name=Nouns}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adpihi</title>
    <id>2303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11243</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T21:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Linked to new page to show sounds</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Typed in a hell of a lot, lost it all.  Frathwiki thought I hadn't logged in.

See
http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Adpihi

[[Sounds of Old Adpihi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reptigan</title>
    <id>2304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11254</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T22:46:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Typed in a hell of a lot, lost it all. Frathwiki thought I hadn't logged in.

http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Reptigan

[[Sounds of Reptigan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Nouns</title>
    <id>2305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9132</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-23T10:16:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Roots===      
The root of a noun is singular and may be used as the subject or object of the verb - the two roles are distinguished syntactically.

The root may be followed by segunakar of up to six ranks. Each rank of segunak performs a particular grammatical role, and complex combinations of segunakar of different ranks are possible.

The term &amp;quot;case&amp;quot; is not used in relation to Khangaþyagon nouns - the sheer variety of different grammatical forms a noun can take means that it isn't a very useful concept.

The ranks of segunakar are given below in the order they follow the root.

===modsegunakar===
These are deixis markers.
;il:this
;ban:that
;dau:what
;she:no
;wo:any
;ye:topical vocative. Marks the noun as referring to the person addressed when it occurs in any role other than the subject of a second person sentence (which obviously refers to the addressee, so isn't marked).

===densegunakar===

Proximity markers. In the noun phrase A B-densegunak, the densegunak indicates how closely A is associated with B.

;ut:at
;eb:in contact
;art:with
;ash:without
;iss:near
;orr:far

===radsegunakar===

Position markers. A B-radsegunak indicates where A is in relation to B.

;ip:in
;sta:outside
;omb:around
;gri:above
;od:below
;shing:left
;hop:beside
;urþ:right
;æks:alligned with
;tuk:in front of
;ðen:behind

===karvsegunakar===
Sense of motion

;am:destination
;ig:origin
;gu:path

===sintsegunakar===
Abstract relationships

;uz:of
;ol:by (instrumental)
;akh:to (recipient)
;ku:about
;ung:for (benefactive)
;zen:on behalf of
;aug:for (goal, reason)
;yat:against

===bantsegunak===
Number

;(a)r:Plural

===Paradigm Summary===
The form of the noun is therefore

&lt;nowiki&gt;stem+[deixis]+{[proximity]+[position]+[motion],[abstract]}+[number]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Verbs|Back_name=Verbs|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Up_name=Morphology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Adjectives|Next_name=Adjectives}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senjecan lexicon roots a-ð</title>
    <id>2307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9559</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T19:21:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Talk:Lexicon roots a-ð moved to Talk:Senjecan lexicon roots a-ð</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The grey box appeared because you used spaces.  If you start each line with one or more spaces, then it will make a grey box.  If instead, you use colon, there'll be no space.  For example:

&lt;nowiki&gt;:A001 âa, ''inter.'' ah! [''exclamation denoting pleasure or admiration''].&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;:A002 aabêlis, apple tree (''Pyrus malus'') ['''Bot.'''].&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;:A003 ââfra, 1) ''t.v.'' beach. 2) ''i.v.'' beach.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;:A004 -ââges, ''noun suffix used to name various kinds of caprids.''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;:A005 -ââgus, ''noun suffix indicating someone performing or involved''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;::::''with an occupation or some other function.''&lt;/nowiki&gt;

shows up as 

:A001 âa, ''inter.'' ah! [''exclamation denoting pleasure or admiration'']. 
:A002 aabêlis, apple tree (''Pyrus malus'') ['''Bot.'''].
:A003 ââfra, 1) ''t.v.'' beach. 2) ''i.v.'' beach.
:A004 -ââges, ''noun suffix used to name various kinds of caprids.''
:A005 -ââgus, ''noun suffix indicating someone performing or involved''
::::''with an occupation or some other function.''

So, if you want to get rid of the grey box, just take out all the spaces and replace them with colons.

[[User:Nik|Nik]] 11:07, 23 May 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Adjectives</title>
    <id>2310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9186</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-26T11:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Stems===
The stem of an adjective in Khangaþyagon often ends in a vowel, but this is not obligatory.

The stem is followed by the following segunakar, in the order they follow the root.

===Negation===

;she:forms antonyms

===Degree===

;ikhim:superlative
;ezhm:comparative
;dedu:reductive (less)
;kokra:minimative (least)

===Noun agreement===

Khangaþyagon adjectives agree with the noun, and thus carry all the segunakar that the nouns they qualify carry. One exception to this is cardinal numbers, since all cardinal numbers greater than one are implicitly plural, they do not carry plural marking, but they do agree with all other segunakar on the noun.

===Examples of antonyms and negation agreement===

As the segunak &amp;quot;she&amp;quot; can occur either to form an antonym or in agreement with a negated noun, it may seem ambiguous what it means in a given context. Here are some examples that illustrate how to disambiguate them with the help of some worthy and unworthy men.

;rik nello:worthy man
;rik nelloshe:unworthy man
;rikshe nelloshe:no worthy man
;rikshe nellosheshe:no unworthy man
;rik nelloezhm:worthier man
;rik nellosheezhm:unworthier man
;rikshe nelloezhmshe:no worthier man
;rikshe nellosheezhmshe:no unworthier man

===Adjective/verb compounding===

When an adjective is used as the predicate of a sentence, rather than qualifying the noun, it compounds with the verb, forming an adjectival verb. This occurs most frequently with the verbs

;dah-:be
;vlant-:become
;ap-:make, cause

In this case there is no noun agreement. Verb compounding follows negation and degree.

===Paradigm Summary===

In general the form of an adjective is

&lt;nowiki&gt;      
stem+[negation]+[degree]+{noun agreement,verb}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Nouns|Back_name=Nouns|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Up_name=Morphology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Adverbs etc|Next_name=Adverbs, Pronouns and Conjunctions}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan culture</title>
    <id>2314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41198</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-25T01:53:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Senjecan anatomy and physiology]]

[[Senjecan animals]]

[[Senjecan colors]]

[[Senjecan correspondences]]

[[Senjecan cuisine]]

[[Senjecan dice game]]

[[Senjecan heraldry]]

[[Senjecan marc]]

[[Senjecan polite expressions]]

[[Senjecan religion]]

[[Senjecan society]]

[[Senjecan time and calendar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan anatomy and physiology</title>
    <id>2315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44681</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-15T15:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Pyrans. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=

=Introduction=
The names of the five loquent peoples (other than human) in English are formed on the pattern of the word &quot;human&quot; from the Latin '''humus''', earth, but derived rather from the Greek, than from the Latin.
*The Children of Air, the first created, are called '''ethrans''' (/iTr@n/) from the Greek '''aether''', air.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;iðrĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Children of Fire, the second created, are called '''pyrans''' (/pair@n/) from the Greek '''pyr''', fire.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;punĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Children of Water, the third created, are called '''hydorans''' (/&quot;haidor@n/) from the Greek '''hydor''', water.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱdĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Children of Earth, the fourth created, are called humans from the Latin '''humus''', earth.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;ertĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Children of Wood, the fifth created, are called '''xylans''' (/zail@n/) from the Greek '''xylos''', wood.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭalĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Children of Stone, the sixth created, are called '''lithans''' (/lIT@n/) from the Greek '''lithos''', stone.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;ondĭônus&lt;/font&gt;.
*Some general descriptions:
#All the peoples, save the ethrans and the humans, have a tapetum which enhances their night vision.
#All the peoples, save the hydorans, have hemoglobin as the blood oxygen carrier.  The hydorans have [[wikipedia:hemocyanin|hemocyanin]], which colors their blood blue.
#The six peoples are each a different species, thus there is no interbreeding.  Sexual activity is, however, possible between those peoples of the same size.
#The excretory, digestive, circulatory, respiratory and endocrine systems function in basically the same ways in all the peoples.
#In those peoples that procreate, the females possess only two functional breasts.
#In those peoples that procreate, the pyrans and the humans have a gestation period of ten lunar months.  For the hydorans and the lithans the gestation period is seven lunar months.
#The males of all the peoples possess a foreskin.

=The Ethrans.=
*The Ethrans are much like humans in anatomy and physiology.  They are, on the average, the same height and weight as humans.  Their hair is pure white, although the hair of the sundered ethrans has turned black.  Among the male ethrans, some have body hair and some do not, similar to the humans.  Their eyes are the light blue color of the sky.  In a manner similar to [[wikipedia:electric eel|electric eels]], their somatic cells are designed to be conduits of the energy in earth mistakenly called magic.  [[wikipedia:dentition|Dentition]] is the same as in humans.
*In the beginning of creation they were all created at the same time, thus there is no procreation.  But there are two sexes, complete with sex organs, although without ovaries or testicles, and sex is enjoyed for pleasure.  With the sundered ethrans, sex becomes a means of domination.
*The ethrans are immortal.
*In the tales and legends of humans, the ethrans have been transmogrified into wizards, mages, ''etc''.  Some cultures remember them as angels.

=The Pyrans.=
*The Pyrans are much like humans in anatomy and physiology.  They are, on the average, the same height as humans.  Although much more slender than humans, they are very muscular.  They are one of the three peoples that are hollow-boned (&lt;font color=blue&gt;кûlmis&lt;/font&gt;), in a manner similar to birds.  Their hair can be various shades of red and is usually worn in a ponytail.  Their eyes seem to be a golden color, but this is really a light shade of brown.  Their visual acuity is exceptional; they are [[wikipedia:tetrachromacy|tetrachromatic]] and can see in the infrared range.  They have no body hair, except in the axillae and groin.  Dentition is the same as in humans.
*They may engage in sex at any time, but the female is in estrus only in the fall.  Gestation is ten months long and one child, rarely two, is born in the spring.  The sex of the child is by chance as with humans.
*The average life span of a Pyran is about 200 years.
*In the tales and legends of Humans, the Pyrans have been transmogrified into elves.

=The Hydorans.=
*The Hydorans average half the height of a human and are very slender.  They are one of the hollow-boned peoples and thus are very light.  They possess in their knees a structure similar to that found in [[wikipedia:flea|fleas]] which enables them to jump a great distance.  Their hair is blond and they have no body hair at all.  Their eyes are blue but a darker blue than that of the Ethrans. Their hands have proportionally longer fingers and are partially webbed which facilitates swimming.  Just under the mandibular angle below the ear on either side is one [[wikipedia:gill|gill slit]], which is used both for respiration and the excretion of electrolytes when in the water.  It is covered by a muscular flap which prevents desiccation when on land. These gills do not function in salt water.  There are valves that close off the nostrils and ears when they dive.  Dentition is the same as in Humans.
*They may engage in sex at any time, but the female is in estrus only in the fall.  [[wikipedia:chromosome|Chromosomes]] comparable to the x and y chromosomes are found in the ova rather than in the sperm.  The left ovary produces the female chromosome and the right the male.  Both ovulate at the same time and, after a gestation of seven months a twin boy and girl are born.  Because of their slightness the children often fall prey to predatory animals.
*The average life span of a Hydoran is about 100 years.
*In the tales and legends of Humans, the Hydorans have been transmogrified into fairies.

=The Humans.=
*You know all about the Humans.

=The Xylans.=
*The Xylans average about 10 feet tall and they are proportionately wide, but they are one of the hollow-boned peoples and thus lighter than they seem.  There are valves in the veins in their legs and abdomen which assist the return flow of blood.   The larynx and nasal passages are proportionately larger and their blood is rich in [[wikipedia:erythrocyte|erythrocytes]], a large amount of which are stored in the [[wikipedia:spleen|spleen]] for emergency use.  All this combines to make them superior sprinters and runners.  Their hair is dark brown and, but for their bearded faces, they are covered with hair; not in the manner of a [[wikipedia:yeti|yeti]] or [[wikipedia:sasquatch|sasquatch]], but as in human males who are extremely hirsute.  The pubic hair is long and covers the genitals.  Their eyes are a brilliant green.  Dentition consists of one more set of molars than in human dentition, being 2-1-2-4.  The [[wikipedia:maxilla|maxilla]] and the [[wikipedia:mandible|mandible]] are not hollow-boned and the [[wikipedia:masseter|masseter]] muscle is proportionally more massive to facilitate the cracking of the nuts that comprise a large part of the diet.  The [[wikipedia:temporalis|temporalis]] muscle is attached to a [[wikipedia:sagittal crest|sagittal crest]].  They can hear frequencies both above and below those perceptible by the other peoples.
*There are no female Xylans.  The males possess a penis but lack testicles.
*The Xylans are not susceptible to natural death, but they can be killed.
*In the tales and legends of humans, the Xylans have been transmogrified into giants.

=The Lithans.=
*The Lithans, too, average half the height of a human, but are much stockier.  Being solid-boned, they are much heavier than the Hydorans.  In imagining a Lithan, do not think [[wikipedia:Gimli (Middle Earth)|Gimli]].  Think rather of robust [[wikipedia:munchkin|munchkins]].   I suppose some might say they were midgets rather than dwarves.  Their hair is jet black and the males are rather hirsute.  Upon being married, the male is permitted to let his beard grow.  Their eyes are violet.  Dentition is the same as in the humans.
*They may engage in sex at any time, but the female is in estrus only every three years.  The gestation period is about nine months and the birth of one child, never twins, occurs in the spring.
*The average life span of a Lithan is about 300 years.
*In the tales and legends of Humans, the Lithans have been transmogrified into dwarves.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan animals</title>
    <id>2316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53024</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-13T15:47:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Accents updated.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]===

===Introduction===
There are several animals which have a close association with each of the Loquent Peoples.  Two groups in especial are those known as the steeds and the companions.  Each of the Peoples has an animal that best suits it as a steed.  And each people has discovered an animal that shares its domestic life.

===The Ethrans.===
*Because of their need to travel to and from their mountain pinnacle fastnesses in a timely fashion, the Ethrans need a winged steed.  They have found this in the animal later known as a [[wikipedia:pegasus|Pegasus]], pterippus, or flying horse.  In Senjecas it is called a [[Senjecan marc|&lt;font color=blue&gt;márк]]es&lt;/font&gt; (''Megadorcas volans'').  In reality it is not an [[wikipedia:equid|equid]], but a member of the family [[wikipedia:bovidae|Bovidae]], subfamily [[wikipedia:antilopinae|Antilopinae]], having a cloven hoof and chewing a cud, but lacking horns or antlers.  The ancestor (apparently related to [[wikipedia:pantholops hodgsonii|''Pantholops hodgsonii'']]) was a much smaller animal that lived in the mountains and a mutation for wings gave it an advantage in escaping from predators.  A descendant settled on the steppes, became a grazer instead of a browzer, and increased in size. The general body conformation does resemble that of a horse but, unlike the wild equids, it possesses a flowing mane.  The tail also marks it as bovine rather than equine.  The mark is hollow-boned for lightness.  The wing [[wikipedia:humerus|humerus]] is attached to the upper side of an enlarged [[wikipedia:scapula|scapula]], the foreleg humerus being attached to the lower side.  The chest is rather massive containing as it does the muscles for both the wing and the foreleg.   As with the larger birds, a running start is necessary to become airborne.  The early ancestor merely jumped off the side of the mountain!  The descendant still retains the musculature in the hindquarters for leaping.  Surprisingly, the wings are covered with feathers and not hair.  Five color variants have been bred, one for each of the orders of Ethrans (the elementals do not use steeds): gray for the archimages, palomino for the mages, sorrel for the archons, chestnut for the adepts, and brown for the guardians.  Of course, breeding registers are maintained.  Specimens of undesirable coloration are not bred (the bucks are [[wikipedia:gelding|gelded]]), but they are cared for until they die which could be as long as 30 years.  The females are known as does.
====Taxonomic Table====
*kingdom - [[wikipedia:animalia|Animalia]]
**phylum - [[wikipedia:chordata|Chordata]]
***subphylum - [[wikipedia:vertebrata|Vertebrata]]
****class - [[wikipedia:mammalia|Mammalia]]
*****subclass - [[wikipedia:theria|Theria]]
******infraclass - [[wikipedia:metatheria|Metatheria]]
*******order - [[wikipedia:artiodactyla|Artiodactyla]]
********family - [[wikipedia:bovidae|Bovidae]]
*********subfamily - [[wikipedia:antilopinae|Antilopinae]]
**********genus - Megadorcas
***********species - volans
*As companions, the Ethrans have the [[wikipedia:gyrfalcon|gyrfalcon]] (''Falco rusticolus''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſnìłooćórles&lt;/font&gt;, which they use for hunting.
*They also breed carrier [[wikipedia:pigeon|pigeons]] (''Columba livia''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;vènкëtúútes&lt;/font&gt;, for sending messages from pinnacle to pinnacle.  Each of the ethran citadels contains a [[wikipedia:dovecote|dovecote]] for the breeding of carrier pigeons.
*Every citadel also has a flock of geese for food.

===The Pyrans.===
*The Pyran steed is the [[wikipedia:ostrich|ostrich]] (†''Megastruthio sinensis''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝáánes&lt;/font&gt;, a species now extinct, bigger than the present-day ''Struthio camelus''.  (A fossil ostrich egg has been found in China.)  Astride these great birds, they herd their flocks of goats.
*Their companion is the [[wikipedia:cheetah|cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;níbes&lt;/font&gt;, a cat adapted for life on the grasslands.  Between the ostrich and the cheetah, the Pyrans can fend off most predators of their flocks.  Any too big for them to handle will fall victim to a Pyran arrow.
*The Pyrans herd [[wikipedia:Goat|goats]] (†''Capra aegagrus donensis''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħádes&lt;/font&gt;, a breed that they developed from the [[wikipedia:West Caucasian Tur|tur]] (''Capra caucasica'') to produce large quantities of milk and wool.  The breed, although now extinct, may have some relationship to the present-day [[wikipedia:Don_Goat|Don Goat]].  The goat is supremely important to the Pyrans and they have built their culture around them.  A buck's head [[affronté]] is the symbol of the Pyrans.
**The meat is cooked in a variety of ways, most especially as [[wikipedia:sausage|sausage]].  The men take a form of [[wikipedia:jerky|jerky]] with them during the day while herding the goats.
**The milk is drunk plain, but is mainly used to make [[wikipedia:Cheese|cheese]] and [[wikipedia:Butter|butter]].
**The wool is woven to make clothing and the hide is tanned to make leather.
**The horns are used to make various utensils.
**The gut is used to make the strings for their harps and for their bows and as the [[wikipedia:casing|casing]] for sausage.
**The [[wikipedia:wether|wethers]] are used as pack and draft animals and to turn mills.

===The Hydorans.===
*The Hydoran steed is the [[wikipedia:unicorn|unicorn]] (''Alcelaphus monoceros''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;íźes&lt;/font&gt;.  From one of the wild species, they bred a domestic variety which they use as a steed and a pack animal.
====Taxonomic Table====
*kingdom - [[Wikipedia:animalia|Animalia]]
**phylum - [[Wikipedia:chordata|Chordata]]
***subphylum - [[Wikipedia:vertebrata|Vertebrata]]
****class - [[Wikipedia:mammalia|Mammalia]]
*****subclass - [[Wikipedia:theria|Theria]]
******infraclass - [[Wikipedia:metatheria|Metatheria]]
*******order - [[wikipedia:artiodactyla|Artiodactyla]]
********family - [[wikipedia:bovidae|Bovidae]]
*********subfamily - [[wikipedia:alcelaphinae|Alcelaphinae]]
**********genus - Alcelaphus
***********species - monoceros
*The protein staple of the Hydorans is, quite logically, fish.  To help them catch fish they enjoy the companionship of the river [[wikipedia:otter|otter]] (''L. lutra''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱdóres&lt;/font&gt;.

===The Humans.===
*The humans domesticated the [[wikipedia:horse|horse]] (''Equus przewalskii''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, as a steed to help them hunt the game animals which they enjoy, and the [[wikipedia:wolf|wolf]] (''Canis lupus''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱélкŭes&lt;/font&gt;, later turned dog, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭônes&lt;/font&gt;, as a companion.

===The Xylans.===
*As swift as they are, Xylans have no need of a steed, but they have been seen riding atop a [[wikipedia:mammoth|mammoth]], &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭíȝes&lt;/font&gt; (''Mammutus primigenius'').
*As forest dwellers, the Xylans have discovered the [[wikipedia:squirrel|squirrel]], specifically the Eurasian red squirrel (''Sciurus vulgaris''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiɱéres&lt;/font&gt;, to be a fun companion.  Their diets are very similar!

===The Lithans.===
*The Lithans in their mountain stronghold have need of a steed that is at home on the crags.  They decided upon one of the mountain sheep known as an [[wikipedia:argali|argali]] (''Ovis ammon''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;óɱes&lt;/font&gt;.  With their magnificent curled horns they make a fine war steed, putting the horns to use as both battering ram and shield.  The rams are gelded for better handling as steeds.  They are also used as pack animals.  A small herd of ewes is maintained in each settlement for breeding.
*Long before the Great Sundering, the Lithans had domesticated the Corsac [[wikipedia: corsac fox|fox]] (''Vulpes corsac''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸárſes&lt;/font&gt;.  The bond between a Lithan and his or her fox is fully as strong as that between a human and his or her dog.  Each household usually has a pack consisting of a fox, a vixen, and their litter.  This species of fox is no longer found as far west as it was in the past.
*The Lithans keep extensive breeding records on these animals.

===The Dragon.===
*There, indeed, be [[wikipedia:dragon|dragons]] and mention must be made of them.  There are two different genera, each containing one species, but not much is known of their natural history.  They seem to stand outside natural history.  They are not mentioned in any of the creation stories.  In Senjecas they are called &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćèmelárĭus&lt;/font&gt;, skylord.  They are capable of speech and speak Senjecas fluently.  The [[wikipedia:larynx|larynx]] is large and located deeper in the throat than in humans, resulting in a deep booming voice.  The lips and tongue are as flexible as those of humans.  There is a tale that says it was a dragon who taught the Children of Air to speak.  Large scales cover all but the belly and were impervious to any human weapon prior to the invention of firearms.  However, the covering on the underside has no scales and, though the skin is leathery tough, it may be penetrated by a sharp weapon.  Dragons are usually a phosphorescent green, but [[wikipedia:mutation|mutations]] can occur giving other colors which are, unfortunately, always accompanied by a gene for sterility.  The skin of the throat becomes a bright red when in estrus or must.  The bones are hollow which decreases their weight.  They are [[wikipedia:warm-blooded|homoiothermous]].
*One genus (''Draco atrox''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;mĭúdes&lt;/font&gt;, lives to the west of the [[wikipedia:Ural Mountains|Ural Mountains]].  This species corresponds in many ways to the dragon of western myth.  They &quot;breathe&quot; fire.  They are predatory in nature, stealing from flocks and herds, and seizing unwary travelers.  They prefer to live in caves, which has caused some unpleasant encounters for the Lithans.  This species has five clawed toes on the front feet, with four forward and one backward, and four clawed toes on the hind feet, three forward and one backward.  In this species, the male is flightless, and it is the female that searches for a mate.  The eggs are brooded and protected by the male.
*The other genus (''Ouranokyrios benevolus''), &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſááres&lt;/font&gt;, lives to the east of the Ural Moutains.  It is a peaceable creature which does not &quot;breathe&quot; fire.   It is piscivorous, snatching fish from the water with a front foot as it skims across the surface of the water.  Each foot has four clawed toes, two forward and two backward, and the underside of the toes is scaled, like an [[wikipedia:osprey|osprey]]'s, for ease in grasping fish. They have been known to come to the aid of travelers and others in trouble.  In this species, both sexes are flighted and share the task of brooding and protecting.
====Taxonomic Table====
*kingdom - [[Wikipedia:animalia|Animalia]]
**phylum - [[Wikipedia:chordata|Chordata]]
***subphylum - [[Wikipedia:vertebrata|Vertebrata]]
****class - [[Wikipedia:sauropsida|Sauropsida]]
*****subclass - [[Wikipedia:diapsida|Diapsida]]
******infraclass - [[Wikipedia:archosauromorpha|Archosauromorpha]]
*******order - Pyrosauria
********family - Pyrosauridae
*********genus - Draco
**********species - atrox
*********genus - Ouranokyrios
**********species - benevolus</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan colors</title>
    <id>2317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41627</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-07T15:11:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]
*In the Senjecan analysis of color, there are six primary hues and six intermediary hues:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;rûûðis&lt;/font&gt;, red
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêtis&lt;/font&gt;, reddish-orange
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêêlris&lt;/font&gt;, orange
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;кênкis&lt;/font&gt;, orangish-yellow
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;bâdis&lt;/font&gt;, yellow
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêlŭis&lt;/font&gt;, yellowish-green
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðâlis&lt;/font&gt;, green
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſlîîɱis&lt;/font&gt;, greenish-blue
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;môðris&lt;/font&gt;, blue
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêêħis&lt;/font&gt;, bluish-purple
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîſкis&lt;/font&gt;, purple.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôrbis&lt;/font&gt;, purplish-red.
*In addition, each of these twelve hues can be modified for lightness by two degrees of lightness, &lt;font color=blue&gt;xiið-&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;pel-&lt;/font&gt;, and two degrees of darkness, &lt;font color=blue&gt;mel-&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;кaal-&lt;/font&gt;.  These designations accord with the ISCC-NBS system which gives the degrees of lightness as very light, light, medium, dark, and very dark. Taking red as an example, there are then five shades of red, from lightest to darkest: &lt;font color=blue&gt;pelrûûðis&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;xiiðrûûðis&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;rûûðis&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;melrûûðis&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;кaalrûûðis&lt;/font&gt;.  Thus there is a total of 60 hues.
*There are two words for the hue brown, &lt;font color=blue&gt;vêêris&lt;/font&gt;, used to describe animals, including humans; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;vêvris&lt;/font&gt;, used in all other instances. Both words can be modified in the same way as the chromatic colors.
*There are also the achromatic colors of &lt;font color=blue&gt;âlis&lt;/font&gt;, white; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêêrɱis&lt;/font&gt;, gray; &lt;font color=blue&gt;кøſnis&lt;/font&gt;, dull black; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭôrdis&lt;/font&gt;, shining black.  White and black are absolute, but gray can be modified in the same way as the chromatic colors.
*The following hues have their own proper names instead of being formed by the aforementioned compounding.
** *&lt;font color=blue&gt;кaalmêêħis&lt;/font&gt; is replaced by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙrâmis&lt;/font&gt;.
** *&lt;font color=blue&gt;кaalħêêrɱis&lt;/font&gt; is replaced by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćĭêmis&lt;/font&gt;.
** *&lt;font color=blue&gt;кaalrûûðis&lt;/font&gt; is replaced by &lt;font color=blue&gt;lîpŭis&lt;/font&gt;.
** *&lt;font color=blue&gt;кaalvêvris&lt;/font&gt; is replaced by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðûſкis&lt;/font&gt;.
*There are several specialized colors:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;bâgŭis&lt;/font&gt;, gray [''of hair'']
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćâſis&lt;/font&gt;, roan
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭêrmis&lt;/font&gt;, crimson
*Names of colors may also be made by suffixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ćîɱis&lt;/font&gt; (-colored) to an object of that color:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćémelćîɱis&lt;/font&gt;, sky blue, cerulean
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;élaȝćîɱis&lt;/font&gt;, olive-colored</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan dice game</title>
    <id>2318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41652</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-07T19:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Equipment===
*The game of &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭèſpaſtôes&lt;/font&gt; is played on a field in the shape of a hexagon, from each side of which extends an arm consisting of three columns (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħâſtos&lt;/font&gt;, arm) of hexagons.  The &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaſtôes&lt;/font&gt; are colored red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.  The large central hexagon is called the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt; (nest).  The playing field can be made of any material.  Some are works of art in wood inlay or in ceramic.  Usually, though, a heavy linen fabric is used on which the gaming pattern is embroidered or painted.  In this way, the dice and the pieces can be rolled up inside and the whole tied for ease in traveling.
*Eighteen markers are used, three each of yellow biconcaves, red equilateral triangles, blue squares, orange regular pentagons, green regular hexagons and violet regular heptagons.  The element of chance is provided by three dice that, when thrown, indicate the number of spaces to be moved.  One die has pips one through six.  The second die has pips one, three and five, with like pips on opposite faces.  The third die has pips two, four and six, with like pips on opposite faces.

===Preparation and Objective===
*The game may be played by two, three, or six players (&lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt;).  When two play, one plays green, blue and violet, while the other plays red, orange and yellow.  When three play, one plays green and blue, another plays violet and red, while the third plays orange and yellow.  To begin, the markers are placed in the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt;.  Each &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; throws the dice and the one who throws the highest plays first with the play going widdershins.
*Each &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt;'s objective is to move all three of his markers down the middle of the &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħâſtos&lt;/font&gt; of the same color, around the board widdershins, then back up the same &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħâstos&lt;/font&gt; to the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt;.  The game is won when a &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; succeeds in returning all his markers to the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt;.

===Play===
*Moves are decided by throws of the dice.  The &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; moves a piece (or pieces) the number indicated.  A player may move a marker out of the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt; only upon rolling a combination containing a six.  Throwing a run, that is, 1-2-3 or 3-4-5 in any order, entitles the &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; to a free throw.  But if a run is thrown on the free throw, the &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; must move his marker(s) back to their original position and forfeits the throw.  Each throw may be split into its constituent parts and shared across the markers.  A throw cannot be passed in whole or in part unless the &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; cannot move his markers.  The &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt; must be entered on an exact throw of one or more of the dice.
*Two or three markers of the same color may occupy the same hexagon.  When a marker of one color lands on a hexagon occupied by a marker of another color (&lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt;, enemy), the &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt; is captured and returns to the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt; from which it must start again.  A &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; who captures a &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt; is allowed another throw of the dice, but if it is a run, the &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt; returns to the hexagon from which it was removed and the &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt; forfeits his throw.  When two markers of the same color occupy a hexagon, a &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt; may not land on that hexagon, but he may pass through.  However, a &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt;'s double marker may return the &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt;'s double marker to the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt;.  When three markers of the same color (&lt;font color=blue&gt;argâźos&lt;/font&gt;, blockade) occupy a hexagon, a &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt; may not may pass through until the &lt;font color=blue&gt;argâźos&lt;/font&gt; is broken up.  However, a &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt;'s &lt;font color=blue&gt;argâźos&lt;/font&gt; may return the &lt;font color=blue&gt;pîćus&lt;/font&gt;'s &lt;font color=blue&gt;argâźos&lt;/font&gt; to the &lt;font color=blue&gt;nîzdos&lt;/font&gt;.  As it is impossible for three of a kind to be thrown, an &lt;font color=blue&gt;argâźos&lt;/font&gt; will only last for one play around the field.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The marc: Megadorcas volans</title>
    <id>2319</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52883</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan marc]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan Biological Taxonomy</title>
    <id>2321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44347</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-22T03:08:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See Also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Biological taxonomy''' on '''[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]''' is based, like terrestrial Linnaean taxonomy, on a hierarchy of categories, of which there are eleven main levels.  Unlike Linnaen taxonomy, scientific names are ''trinomial'' in full, and the species name comes first.  The format of a full name is species genus ''ima'' (&quot;from&quot;) family (family may informally be omitted if there is no chance of confusion).  Most names are taken from the [[Classical Blafu]] language.  Names may consist of two or more words, but must be written as a single compound for the lowest three levels.

There are eleven primary, obligatory, levels, as well as a number of optional levels.  The optional levels are indented.  Blafu names are given, along with their literal translations and, for the main levels, rough approximations in Linnaean taxonomy.  I use those translations on this wiki.
* Thabè (&quot;World&quot;, No equivalent)
* Kala Yarè (&quot;Continent&quot;, Domain)
* Yarè (&quot;Land&quot;, Kingdom)
** (&quot;Region&quot;, Subkingdom/Superphylum)
* Ng'uta (&quot;Province&quot;, Phylum)
** (&quot;District&quot;, Subphylum)
** (&quot;Subdistrict&quot;, Infraphylum)
** (&quot;City&quot;, Microphylum)
** (&quot;Higher Grade&quot;, Superclass)
* Fasà (&quot;Grade&quot; Class)
** (&quot;Lesser Grade&quot;, Subclass)
** (&quot;Distinction&quot;, Infraclass)
** (&quot;Subdistinction&quot;, Parvclass)
** (&quot;Minor Distinction&quot;, Superdivision)
** (&quot;Grand Division&quot;, Division)
** (&quot;Higher Division&quot;, Superlegion)
* Phénde (&quot;Division&quot;, Legion)
** (&quot;Lesser Division&quot;, Sublegion)
** (&quot;Subdivision&quot;, Infralegion)
** (&quot;Minor Division&quot;, Cohort)
** (&quot;Confederation&quot;, Subcohort)
** (&quot;Union&quot;, Megaorder)
** (&quot;Higher Clan&quot;, Superorder)
* Myatù (&quot;Clan&quot;, Order)
** (&quot;Lesser Clan&quot;, Parvorder)
** (&quot;Subclan&quot;, Hypoorder)
** (&quot;Higher Branch&quot;, Minorder)
* Phéta (&quot;Branch&quot;, Sub-order)
** (&quot;Lesser Branch&quot;, Infraorder)
** (&quot;Subbranch&quot;, Parvorder)
** (&quot;Minor Branch&quot;, Megafamily)
** (&quot;Family&quot;, Grand Family)
** (&quot;Section&quot;, Hyperfamily)
** (&quot;Subsection&quot;, Superfamily)
* Kala Nwage (&quot;Higher Type&quot;, Family)
** (&quot;Intermediate Type&quot;, Subfamily/Tribe)
* Nwage (&quot;Type&quot;, Genus)
* T'raphe (&quot;Kind&quot;, Species)
** (&quot;Lesser Kind&quot;, Subspecies)

In addition, as on Earth, unranked cladistic names are common, and have been growing in popularity.

A few special species-names
*''Minì'' literally &quot;only&quot;, indicates a species which is the only known member of its genus
**Note: ''minì'' has fallen out of use for new species; a number of species that have the ''minì'' designation are not, in fact, the only species in their genus, as later species were discovered after the naming
*''Trùku'' literally &quot;first&quot;, indicates the most common or first known member of a genus

Some sample names
*Human: ''Minì Ñaphe ima Cha-Ñaphe'' (Only human from [those] like humans)

== History ==
There was no single inventor of the standard taxonomy.  Eastern Odirá had long used Classical Blafu for their scientific terminology, and a large number of animals had developed standardized names, usually consisting of two parts, an adjective and a type, the origin of the species-genus.  In Blafu, adjectives can precede or follow their noun, and thus, originally, either order could be used.  Larger groups were sometimes used as well, such as the &quot;higher types&quot; and &quot;grades&quot;.

The taxonomy was regularized by the International Conference on Biological Naming, which set out a procedure to agree upon a single name for every known plant and animal, and a standardized naming for higher groups.  They adopted the bi-/trinomial system, and agreed upon the species-first order (in accordance with the general pattern in Blafu to place small categories first).  The original formalized system contained 6 levels - land, grade, clan, higher type, type, kind.  Initially, the &quot;grade&quot; level was particularly broad, and in some cases included entire phyla or even kingdoms.  Its name is a vestige of a concept similar to Earth's [[Wikipedia:Great chain of being|Great chain of being]].  The &quot;province&quot; level was the first addition, as the number of &quot;grades&quot; increased to inconvenient levels, and especially as many of the &quot;grades&quot; came to be recognized as being excessively broad.  Some of the grades were grouped into provinces, while in other cases, grades were recognized as being provinces, and divided into new grades.  Divisions and branches were added later.

As the [[Xenogenesis theory]] grew in popularity, it became recognized that to group the &quot;new&quot; animals and the &quot;old&quot; animals, likewise the &quot;new&quot; and &quot;old&quot; plants, into single lands was unrealistic, and that it was more sensible to place the &quot;new&quot; plants and animals into a single group together and the &quot;old&quot; plants and animals into another group.  Some argued for replacing the old lands all together and replacing them with that new-old distinction, while others argued that a new level should be added above the land.  The second view won out, and the World level was added.  The &quot;continent&quot; level is the newest addition.

== See Also ==
*[[Galhafan Taxonomic Names]]
*[[Geological History of Galhaf]]

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Caeruleancentaur</title>
    <id>2324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44484</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T20:08:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!&lt;br&gt;Please remember to give your pages specific names.  E.g. [[Senjecan lexicon roots a-ð]] rather than just [[Lexicon roots a-ð]]; [[Senjecan colors]] rather than [[Colors]], etc. That first example may not be too much of a problem, but a title like [[Colors]] should be expected to have a more generic view.  (You can use the 'move' tab in the upper toolbar on any page to give it a more appropriate title.) Cf. [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions]].  Thanks! —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:41, 29 May 2006 (PDT)
:Hi!  Just a reminder to keep an eye on this—a couple of bare titles are slipping through again (e.g. [[people]], [[animals]]).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:08, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

== Cleaned up ==

Hi!

I did the page name moves Muke suggested and also deleted those pages you had blanked.
If you want to delete a page just ask an admin (like me [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]) on his (I think all admins are male!) talk page.  If you just want to rename a page use the 'move' tab at the top of each page, which IIRC is available to non-admins too, or ask an admin about that too.  It is not good to have blank pages hanging around! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 02:11, 19 February 2008 (PST)


== Suggestion ==

Hi your page is starting to look good, so thumbs up. However, perhaps you should click on the &quot;show preview&quot; button at the bottom of the edit page. This will help make the &quot;recent changes&quot; page less cluttered. Don't worry. I made the same mistake when I first started.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sans</title>
    <id>2325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9332</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-29T14:04:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Testing sans class</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;sans&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Adverbs etc</title>
    <id>2326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9366</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T09:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Adverbs, Pronouns and Conjunctions==

===Adverbs===

Adverbs agree with the verb they qualify, and thus carry all the same segunakar.

===Pronouns===

The personal pronouns of Khangaþyagon are formed as y+person, where the person ending is the same as that for verbs. They may take the same segunakar as nouns. There is an alternative third person pronoun, de, which is used to avoid repeating &amp;quot;yi&amp;quot; for more than one referent.

===Conjunctions===

Conjunctions in Khangaþyagon have a very strong tendency to be palindromic, eg

;beb:and
;gog:or
;shosh:but 

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Adjectives|Back_name=Adjectives|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Up_name=Morphology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Derivational Morphology|Next_name=Derivational Morphology}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Derivational Morphology</title>
    <id>2327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9367</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T09:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Compounding===

Compounding is head last, that is the primary root is the last occurring in the compound, as is typical of Germanic languages, eg

;zaldep:treasure
;ban:stone
;zaldepban:gemstone

===Participles===

Participles can serve as nouns or adjectives. When the sense of the participle is that of &amp;quot;person associated with the action&amp;quot;, the participle compounds with

;það:deed

to form the sense of &amp;quot;action&amp;quot;. When the sense is &amp;quot;action&amp;quot;, it compounds with

;hol:person

or another suitable noun, to form the sense &amp;quot;person associated with the action&amp;quot;.

===Abstract nouns===

Abstract nouns may be formed from adjectives by means of the segunak

;nesh:the property of being X

===Adjectives===

Adjectives may be formed from nouns by the following segunakar

;ek:like, similar to. This segunak is used with numbers to form ordinals.
;l:characterised by. This segunak is used with numbers to form multiplicities.

===Adverbs===

Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by means of the segunak

;wan:in such a manner

This follows antonym formation and degree of comparison on the adjective, and preceeds verb agreement.

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Adverbs etc|Back_name=Adverbs, Pronouns and Conjunctions|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Up_name=Morphology|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Next_name=Syntax}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Napalmbrain</title>
    <id>2328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14995</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-30T17:49:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Tzenejri]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Khehesen]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Epajan]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Tibëdëyel]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Elimyen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tzenejri</title>
    <id>2329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15128</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-04T20:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tzenejri is an agglutinative conlang.

==History==
Tzenejri belongs to small group of languages known to Jen linguists as the Chem languages. Currently, Tzenejri is the only remaining language of this group (Chendash was a fairly common language spojen as recently as 150 years ago in the west of Tzenej, but it was displaced and died out).

Tzenej has in the past spent many years under the rule of foreign powers, and the language reflects this. For example, the &quot;g&quot; sound was not in the language until the country was conquered by the Anik Empire (as such, most common words do contain a &quot;g&quot; sound). Tzenejri has also borrowed certain words from Qazal, the language of neighbouring Qazan.

==Phonology==
===Alphabet===
The Tzenejri alphabet, translated to Latin characters, is:

a &amp;acirc; ch d e f g h i j k l m n o &amp;ocirc; p r s sh t tz u &amp;ucirc; v w y z '

===Consonants===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| ch || tʃ
|-
| d || d, ɾ
|-
| f || f
|-
| g || ɡ
|-
| h || X
|-
| j || dʒ, ʒ
|-
| k || k, x
|-
| l || l
|-
| m || m
|-
| n || n, ɲ
|-
| p || p
|-
| r || ɹ, ɻ
|-
| s || s
|-
| sh || ʃ
|-
| t || t
|-
| tz || ts
|-
| v || v
|-
| w || w, ʍ
|-
| y || j
|-
| z || z
|-
| ' || ʔ
|}

ch: as in &quot;chip&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
h: more pronounced than in English, used in Hebrew and Arabic.&lt;br&gt;
j: usually pronounced like 'j', as in &quot;jump&quot;, but sometimes pronounced like the 's' in &quot;treasure&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
k: usually pronounced like a normal 'k', but rarely pronounced like the 'ch' in &quot;loch&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
n: rarely pronounced like the &amp;ntilde; in &quot;pi&amp;ntilde;ata&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
sh: as in &quot;shop&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
tz: like the 'ts' in &quot;tsunami&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
': glottal stop, found in the middle of the term &quot;uh-oh&quot;.

All other consonants are pronounced the same as in English.

===Vowels===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbols (s)
|-
| a || æ
|-
| &amp;acirc; || eɪ
|-
| e || ɛ
|- 
| i || iɪ, i
|- 
| o || ɒ
|-
| &amp;ocirc; || əʊ
|-
| u || ə, ʌ
|-
| &amp;ucirc; || uɪ
|}

a: as in &quot;attic&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;acirc;: as in &quot;maze&quot;&lt;br&gt;
e: as in &quot;met&quot;&lt;br&gt;
i: as in &quot;mania&quot;&lt;br&gt;
o: as is &quot;top&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;ocirc;: as is &quot;zone&quot;&lt;br&gt;
u: as in &quot;bun&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;ucirc;: like the oo in &quot;boot&quot; or &quot;room&quot;

==Grammar==
Tzenejri is an agglutinative language, which expresses changes to a word (such as tense, plural, etc.) as affixes to that word rather than changing it internally (e.g. in English, the past tense of &quot;I do&quot; is &quot;I did&quot;). It is close to an isolating langauge though, since all of the affixes are words in their own right. There is no case system, no grammatical genders and no definite or indefinite articles. To negate a word, the prefix 'di-' is used (e.g. 'ditzili', meaning 'no people'), while indefiniteness of a word is expressed by the prefix 'zi-' (e.g. 'zitzili, meaning 'some people'). As with English, syllable stress in Tzenejri words are unpredicatble, although it rarely matters much.

===Verbs===
All verbs are derived a noun by adding the suffix '-ti' (meaning &quot;to do&quot;). For example, the Tzenejri word for movement is 'nef', and it is altered to the verb 'nefti', meaning 'to move'.

===Tenses===
Tzenejri has four tenses: present, past, future and (present) continuous. The latter three are added as suffixes to a verb as follows:
*Past tense: '-che'
*Future tense: '-lan'
*Continuous tense: '-le'

Perfect tenses are not used.

===Personal pronouns===
Strictly speaking, there are no personal pronouns in Tzenejri. The terms listed below translate to phrases such as &quot;this person&quot;, &quot;that group&quot;, etc.

*First-person singular: retzi
*Second-person singular: yatzi
*Third-person singular: s&amp;ocirc;tzi
*First-person plural: rem&amp;ucirc;p
*Second-person plural: yam&amp;ucirc;p
*Third-person plural: s&amp;ocirc;m&amp;ucirc;p

===Questions===
The basic word order is Verb Subject Object, however this changes to Verb Object Subject in a question. Questions take the form of a statement with an emphasis on the word being questioned (two analogous examples in English would be &quot;you said ''what''?&quot; or &quot;they went ''shopping''?&quot;). In writing, this can be expressed by adding the symbol ¬ after the questioned word (it is unpronounced).

===Grammatical numbers===
There are three grammatical numbers in Tzenejri: singular, specific plural (for a specific number of things) and unspecific plural (for an unspecific number of things). They are indicating as suffixes to a noun as follows:
*Specific plural: '-vi'
*Unspecific plural: '-li'

Note: even if the number of things is not mentioned, a specific plural is still used if the number is known by the speaker, e.g. &quot;kat&amp;ocirc;'&amp;acirc;zvi&quot; (&quot;the cat's legs&quot;)- I know a cat has 4 legs, so I would use the '-vi' suffix. 

==Sample text==
''Article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights:''

enti tech tzili unajkrez v&amp;acirc; z&amp;ocirc;nti s&amp;ocirc;tzi k&amp;ucirc;zfe'ezra v&amp;acirc; k&amp;ucirc;zunshli. chektile s&amp;ocirc;tzi nuwul achi v&amp;acirc; k&amp;ucirc; v&amp;acirc; gaga ti s&amp;ocirc;tzi ch&amp;ocirc; techko'elli nuwul h&amp;ucirc;ztzili ked.

[[Tzenejri lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tzenejri lexicon</title>
    <id>2330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10473</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-13T10:27:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">one: vij&amp;acirc;&lt;br&gt;
two: chetz&lt;br&gt;
three: k&amp;ocirc;z&lt;br&gt;
four: selj&lt;br&gt;
five: ri'a&lt;br&gt;
six: m&amp;ocirc;j&lt;br&gt;
seven: chol&lt;br&gt;
eight: vih&lt;br&gt;
nine: hwai&lt;br&gt;
ten: dez&lt;br&gt;
sea: jol&lt;br&gt;
river: kal&lt;br&gt;
mountain: san&lt;br&gt;
cave: hwa&lt;br&gt;
forest: &amp;ucirc;'&amp;ocirc;&lt;br&gt;
marsh: nevi&lt;br&gt;
ground: a&lt;br&gt;
field: naz&lt;br&gt;
desert: zon&lt;br&gt;
volcano: we'ek&lt;br&gt;
beach: dea&lt;br&gt;
island: t&amp;acirc;&amp;ocirc;&lt;br&gt;
continent: jush&lt;br&gt;
world, planet: jen&lt;br&gt;
star: kuj&lt;br&gt;
nation: ej&lt;br&gt;
village: wash&lt;br&gt;
town: e'u&lt;br&gt;
city: re'i&lt;br&gt;
capital: deres&lt;br&gt;
trap: zirok&lt;br&gt;
existence: en&lt;br&gt;
knowledge: teli&lt;br&gt;
person: tzi&lt;br&gt;
group: m&amp;ucirc;p&lt;br&gt;
I: retzi&lt;br&gt;
we: rem&amp;ucirc;p&lt;br&gt;
you (sinlgular): yatzi&lt;br&gt;
you (group): yam&amp;ucirc;p&lt;br&gt;
he, she, it: s&amp;ocirc;tzi&lt;br&gt;
they, their: s&amp;ocirc;m&amp;ucirc;p&lt;br&gt;
large: jed&lt;br&gt;
small: sra&lt;br&gt;
book: tzaye</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jen</title>
    <id>2331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10574</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-22T18:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tzenej</title>
    <id>2332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10575</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-22T18:16:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamu</title>
    <id>2333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10696</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-10T02:03:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lamuman</username>
        <id>184</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Lamuman</title>
    <id>2334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9633</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-31T02:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lamuman</username>
        <id>184</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi there, my conlang is [[Lamu]]

slcconlang@yahoo.com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamu Glossary</title>
    <id>2335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9613</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T20:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lamuman</username>
        <id>184</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Working Glossary for [[Lamu]].  All nouns are in their non-plural neutral form.


==Languages==
  {| border=2
  | &lt;u&gt;Lamu&lt;/u&gt;
  | &lt;u&gt;English&lt;/u&gt;
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Dojçësstadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | German
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Frangœsesstadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | French
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Inglësstadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | English
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Lamisstadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Lamu
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Sèmjaledicasstadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Leduç Lamu
  |}

==People==

  {| border=2
  | &lt;u&gt;Lamu&lt;/u&gt;
  | &lt;u&gt;English&lt;/u&gt;
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Lamënadé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Lamu
  |}

==Animals==

 {| border=2
  | &lt;u&gt;Lamu&lt;/u&gt;
  | &lt;u&gt;English&lt;/u&gt;
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Binire&lt;/b&gt;
  | (1) Dog, (2) Canine
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Cunde&lt;/b&gt;
  | Dog
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Cunmèskdé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Puppy
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Gaté&lt;/b&gt;
  | (1) Cat, (2) Feline incl. Big Cats
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Gumeské&lt;/b&gt;
  | Kitty
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Megudé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Cat
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Megumeskdé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Kitten
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Wiskdé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Fish
  |}

==Places==

  {| border=2
  | &lt;u&gt;Lamu&lt;/u&gt;
  | &lt;u&gt;English&lt;/u&gt;
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Çåponé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Japan
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Gælåfornjådé&lt;/b&gt;
  | California
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Gæanådé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Canada
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Låducé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Leduç
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Lamudé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Lamu Republic
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Los Ænçåldé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Los Angeles
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Sald Lejg Sedidé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Salt Lake City
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Vëmèré&lt;/b&gt;
  | Vemer Socialist Republic
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Wimé ßu Vëmèré&lt;/b&gt;
  | Vemersee
  |}

==Other==
  {| border=2
  | &lt;u&gt;Lamu&lt;/u&gt;
  | &lt;u&gt;English&lt;/u&gt;
  |-
  | &lt;b&gt;Lamûdé&lt;/b&gt;
  | Republic
  |}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots e-m</title>
    <id>2338</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>9562</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T19:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lexicon roots e-m moved to Senjecan lexicon roots e-m: To make it more explicit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-m]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots μ-r</title>
    <id>2339</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>9564</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T19:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lexicon roots μ-r moved to Senjecan lexicon roots μ-r: To make it more explicit.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Senjecan lexicon roots μ-r]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots s-ź</title>
    <id>2340</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>9566</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-30T19:23:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lexicon roots s-ź moved to Senjecan lexicon roots s-ź: To make it more explicit.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Senjecan lexicon roots s-ź]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Vocabulary: Animals</title>
    <id>2341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44485</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-27T00:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Animals]] moved to [[Athonite Vocabulary: Animals]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">elephant - &lt;font color=red&gt;fil&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dice</title>
    <id>2343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12589</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-24T14:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">redirect [[Senejan dice]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Table of Senjecan correspondences</title>
    <id>2344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13061</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-01T11:55:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anatomy and physiology</title>
    <id>2345</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>9623</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-31T01:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Anatomy and physiology moved to Senjecan anatomy and physiology: To make it more explicit.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect [[Senjecan anatomy and physiology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Lamuman</title>
    <id>2346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9693</id>
      <timestamp>2006-05-31T03:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lamuman</username>
        <id>184</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please, in the future, do not keep saving pages after every few words.  Use the preview button if need be.  The [[Special:recent changes|recent changes page]] is dominated by your edits on Lamu and Lamu Glossary.  [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:51, 30 May 2006 (PDT)


Point taken, I do apologize, I'll make more use of the preview feature.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wm.annis</title>
    <id>2347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44701</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-19T17:33:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wm.annis</username>
        <id>185</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unfamous author of [http://www.lingweenie.org/vaior/ Vaior], thinking of some new languages these days.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Word Order</title>
    <id>2348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>9746</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-01T10:54:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Basic word order==

===Basic sentence structure===

Word order in sentences is VSO. This does not vary.

===Infinitive clauses===

Infinitives have no subject, so word order in infinitive clauses is VO.

===Adjectives===

Adjectives follow the noun. This applies to noun phrases qualifying another noun (such as genitives) although in the case of noun phrases there is no agreement with the head noun, i.e. no suffixaufname.

===Adverbs===

Placement of adverbs and adverbial noun phrases is fairly free, but results in a change of emphasis. An adverb may occur clause initially, after the verb, or clause finally. If the adverb is placed at the beginning of the clause, the adverb itself is emphasised. If it is placed immediately after the verb, its applicability to the verb is emphasised. If it is placed clause finally, its apllicability to the entire clause is emphasised.

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Morphology|Back_name=Morphology|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Up_name=Syntax|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses|Next_name=Subordinate Clauses and Reported Speech}}

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 03:54, 1 June 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Va'díl</title>
    <id>2349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10603</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-27T00:40:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wm.annis</username>
        <id>185</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Has fatal flaws.  Must be rethought.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qazal</title>
    <id>2350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10642</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-30T08:01:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Lamu</title>
    <id>2503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10131</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-03T17:24:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lamuman</username>
        <id>184</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My tables just went insane---definitely weren't doing this before. I'll try to fix this when I get the chance.[[User:Lamuman|Lamuman]] 10:24, 3 June 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses</title>
    <id>2504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10242</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-06T09:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Subordinate clauses and reported speech==

===Subordinate Clauses===

These are introduced by the conjunction ū &amp;quot;such that&amp;quot;. For example,

iðuzhang ya rik ū nellodahing yi

{|
|iðuzh ||a ||ng ||ya ||rik ||ū ||nello ||dah ||i ||ng ||yi
|-
| see ||1p ||pt ||1p ||man ||&amp;quot;such that&amp;quot; ||worthy ||be ||3p ||pt ||3p
|}

I saw the man who was worthy.

===Reported speech etc===

This is expressed with a topic-comment structure, the topic being marked with the segunak ku.

tamiting yi mallsheuroshtkur, wiþingar yir zaldep mœza
{|
|tamit ||i ||ng ||yi ||mall ||sheur ||osht ||ku ||r ||wiþ ||ing ||ar ||yi ||r ||zaldep ||mœza
|-
|&amp;quot;believe unfoundedly&amp;quot; ||3p ||pt ||3p ||holy ||seclude ||pp ||about ||pl ||have ||3p ||pt ||pl ||3p ||pl ||treasure ||great
|}

He believed (unfoundedly or insincerely) that the monks had great treasure.

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Word Order|Back_name=Basic Word Order|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Up_name=Syntax|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Questions etc|Next_name=Questions, Commands, Conditionals and Counterfactuals}}

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 02:19, 6 June 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan time and calendar</title>
    <id>2506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54669</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-22T22:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Orthography changes.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==The Eons and Eras &lt;font color=blue&gt;aaȝáesĸŭe&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;mèhȝdiitáesĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;==
Senjecan history/mythology is divided into seven eons of 156,000 years each.
*The 1st eon was that of the Self-existent (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſèneſéntus&lt;/font&gt;) and, in reality, stretches back eternally. At the end of that eon, s/he created light. 
*The 2nd eon was that of light. At the end of the 2nd, s/he created the cosmos. 
*The 3rd eon was that of the cosmos. At the end of the 3rd, s/he created the elements. 
*The 4th eon was that of the elements. At the end of the 4th eon, s/he created the loquent beings. 
*The 5th eon was that of the loquent beings. The 5th eon is divided into six eras of 26,000 years each. At the beginning of each era, s/he created one of the loquent beings: 
**The 1st era was that of the Children of Air. 
**The 2nd era was that of the Children of Fire. 
**The 3rd era was that of the Children of Water. 
**The 4th era was that of the Children of Earth. 
**The 5th era was that of the Children of Wood. 
**The 6th era was that of the Children of Stone. 
**The 6th eon was the eon of harmony among all the loquent beings. Then came the Great Sundering, during which many fell out of harmony. 
**The 7th eon, begun after allegiances were re-aligned, is the one in which we live today.

==The Day &lt;font color=blue&gt;áámras&lt;/font&gt;==
All time and calendar references are based on a duodecimal system.  The day is divided into 24 sections known as &lt;font color=blue&gt;tenáes&lt;/font&gt;.  The day begins at sunrise (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuulhmérðos&lt;/font&gt;).  In modern times this is considered to be 6:00 a.m.  Each of the hours is named for an animal, as follows:
*1st hour (6:00 a.m.) hoopoe &lt;font color=blue&gt;òpofténas&lt;/font&gt;
*2nd hour - bear &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø̀þćëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*3rd hour - aurochs &lt;font color=blue&gt;mehȝȝùnüténas&lt;/font&gt;
*4th hour - badger &lt;font color=blue&gt;vàrĸëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*5th hour - swan &lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝòlvïténas&lt;/font&gt;
*6th hour – honey bee &lt;font color=blue&gt;veȝténas&lt;/font&gt;
*7th hour (noon) eagle &lt;font color=blue&gt;mùȝrëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*8th hour - lion &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſìnϙëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*9th hour - horse &lt;font color=blue&gt;èćüténas&lt;/font&gt;
*10th hour – wild cat &lt;font color=blue&gt;malténas&lt;/font&gt;
*11th hour - goose &lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝànſëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*12th hour - butterfly &lt;font color=blue&gt;fàfelténas&lt;/font&gt;
*13th hour (6:00 p.m.) woodpecker &lt;font color=blue&gt;piixténas&lt;/font&gt;
*14th hour - wolf &lt;font color=blue&gt;hmèlĸüténas&lt;/font&gt;
*15th hour – red deer &lt;font color=blue&gt;èlnevténas&lt;/font&gt;
*16th hour - fox &lt;font color=blue&gt;puxténas&lt;/font&gt;
*17th hour - heron &lt;font color=blue&gt;àrooðténas&lt;/font&gt;
*18th hour - nightingale &lt;font color=blue&gt;àhmeeðténas&lt;/font&gt;
*19th hour (midnight) owl &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſimténas&lt;/font&gt;
*20th hour - leopard &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝàrgëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*21st hour - moose &lt;font color=blue&gt;òlćëténas&lt;/font&gt;
*22nd hour - weasel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸexténas&lt;/font&gt;
*23rd hour - mallard &lt;font color=blue&gt;àneþténas&lt;/font&gt;
*24th hour - kingfisher &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćèèrolténas&lt;/font&gt;

==The Calendar &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààmrënemſémos&lt;/font&gt;==
===The Sun Cycle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuulĸúlĸas&lt;/font&gt;===
The solar year begins in the middle of winter, ''i.e.'', the winter solstice.  Although there are six seasons, the movement of the sun to the north and the south every year is noticeable.   Therefore, eight celebrations are held in conjunction with the solar year. The primary celebrations are:
*the winter solstice (&lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝìmſuulpélćas&lt;/font&gt;) (0°/270°) (12/22),
*the vernal equinox (&lt;font color=blue&gt;hmèſnëhmórźas&lt;/font&gt;) (90°/0°) (3/20),
*the summer solstice (&lt;font color=blue&gt;lèèþſuulpélćas&lt;/font&gt;) (180°/90°) (6/20), and
*the autumnal equinox (&lt;font color=blue&gt;òſnëhmórźas&lt;/font&gt;) (270°/180°) (9/22).
The secondary celebrations are the cross-quarter days of
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hmeſnéϙras&lt;/font&gt; (45°/315°) (2/2),
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;leetêϙras&lt;/font&gt; (135°/45°) (5/5),
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;oſnéϙras&lt;/font&gt; (225°/135°) (8/6) and
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝiméϙras&lt;/font&gt; (315°/225°) (11/6).
These cross-quarter days are not the same as the later Celtic ones:
*Imbolc (45°/315°) (2/1),
*Beltane (135°/45°) (5/1),
*Lughnasadh (225°/135°) (8/1) and
*Samhain (315°/225°) (10/31).

===The Seasons &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeeráes&lt;/font&gt;===
There are six seasons.  Their names with a general description follow.  The names in red are those used when only four seasons are recognized.
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝìmas&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=red&gt;winter&lt;/font&gt;) – cold to freezing; heavy snow, sometimes sleet or rain; heavy cloud cover most of the time. &quot;increasing snow&quot;
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hméſnas&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=red&gt;spring&lt;/font&gt;) – rising temperature with melting of ice and snow; frequent and heavy rain with heavy cloud cover; plants begin to flower, trees to leaf. &quot;diminishing snow&quot;
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſémas&lt;/font&gt; – temperature continues to rise; ground begins to dry out; plants are in full bloom and leaf; increased sun and wind; warm days and cool nights. &quot;plant growth&quot;
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;léétas&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=red&gt;summer&lt;/font&gt;) – hot and dry; rains infrequently with little cloud cover; grass turns brown. &quot;great heat&quot;
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;óſnas&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=red&gt;autumn&lt;/font&gt;) – cooler; clouds in morning and evening often with light rain; leaves begin to change color; crops ready to harvest. &quot;rains return&quot;
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéngŭas&lt;/font&gt; – temperature continues to fall; leaves begin to fall; increasing rainfall; crisp nights with frost in the morning. &quot;morning frost&quot;

===The Months &lt;font color=blue&gt;meenáes&lt;/font&gt;===
There are twelve months, two in each season.  The first month of each season has 31 days, the second 30 days.  The first month of the last season has 31 days only in a leap year.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝímas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírmas&lt;/font&gt; (Nov 21–Dec 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírmos&lt;/font&gt;, thin covering of snow.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;alúngas&lt;/font&gt; (Dec 22–Jan 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;alúngos&lt;/font&gt;, snow bank.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hméſnas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúúnas&lt;/font&gt; (Jan 22–Feb 20) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;lúúnos&lt;/font&gt;, wet snow.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ózgümas&lt;/font&gt; (Feb 21–Mar 23) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ózgŭos&lt;/font&gt;, bud; suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-m&lt;/font&gt;, having.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſémas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ánþëmas&lt;/font&gt; (Mar 24–Apr 22) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ánþos&lt;/font&gt;, flower.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrúúqmas&lt;/font&gt; (Apr 23–May 22) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;vrúúgos&lt;/font&gt;, fruit.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;léétas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;pólas&lt;/font&gt; (May 23–Jun 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;pólis&lt;/font&gt;, warm.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;éndas&lt;/font&gt; (Jun 22–Jul 22) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;éndos&lt;/font&gt;, heat of the sun.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;óſnas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;léſas&lt;/font&gt; (Jul 23–Aug 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;léſa&lt;/font&gt;, to glean grain.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðéénas&lt;/font&gt; (Aug 22–Sep 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðééna&lt;/font&gt;, to harvest fruit. 

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéngŭas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðrónas&lt;/font&gt; (Sep 22–Oct 21) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðrónis&lt;/font&gt;, many colored.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;gúſas&lt;/font&gt; (Oct 22–Nov 20) &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;gúſa&lt;/font&gt;, to fall [''of leaves''].

====Dating====
*The days of the months are numbered using the cardinal number with the name of the month in the stative case.  Thus, July 25th above would be &lt;font color=blue&gt;leſáſĭo tír&lt;/font&gt;.  The first day of the year, December 22, would be &lt;font color=blue&gt;alùngaſĭ' ói&lt;/font&gt;. Note the change in pitch on &lt;font color=blue&gt;alùngaſĭ'&lt;/font&gt; caused by the elision with &lt;font color=blue&gt;ói&lt;/font&gt;.
*The years are numbered according to their order in the era or eon.  The current era is called the present era and dates from the winter solstice of 10,598 B.C.  Thus the present year (2010) is N.M. 12,608. N.M. stands for &lt;font color=blue&gt;núúna mèhȝdiitáſĭo&lt;/font&gt;, 'of the present era.'

===The Lunar Cycle &lt;font color=blue&gt;meenĸúlĸas&lt;/font&gt;===
A lunar cycle is not reckoned, ''i.e.'', time is not reckoned from new moon to new moon. However, the phases of the moon are used to reckon short time spans.  Each of the phases of the moon begins a new &quot;week,&quot; known as a &lt;font color=blue&gt;meenmérvas&lt;/font&gt; (moon phase) or &lt;font color=blue&gt;mérvas&lt;/font&gt; for short.  Thus, the &lt;font color=blue&gt;mérvas&lt;/font&gt; can vary in length from six to nine days.  The &quot;week&quot; begins and celebrations are held on the day after each phase is at its fullest. The first six days of each phase are named after the avatar reverenced by each of the six loquent beings in the order of their creation:
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;meenáámras&lt;/font&gt; (Moon day)
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ààteráámras&lt;/font&gt; (Aaterus' day)
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;neeráámras&lt;/font&gt; (Neerus' day)
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſeegĭáámras&lt;/font&gt; (Seegyus’ day)
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;perĸŭáámras&lt;/font&gt; (Percwus' day) and
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;puuſáámras&lt;/font&gt; (Puusus' day).
The names of these six days are used for the seven days of the contemporary week, being preceded by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuuláámras&lt;/font&gt;, Sun's day, a day dedicated to the Self-existent as s/he is in him/herself, not as an avatar.
Additional days in the phase bear the names
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hmooϙòiáámras&lt;/font&gt;, one-extra day
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hmooϙdŭáámras&lt;/font&gt; , two-extra day and
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;hmòòϙtiráámras&lt;/font&gt; three-extra day.

===The Zodiac===
The zodiac is the annual cycle of the sun along the ecliptic that is divided into twelve sections or domains (réźos&lt;/font&gt;).  There are no tales to explain the names, merely supposed likenesses to star arrangements.  By the Senjecan reckoning, the starting point of the ecliptic is at the winter solstice which is marked 0°, although the vernal equinox is at 0° by contemporary reckoning.

*mark - &lt;font color=blue&gt;márĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*ostrich - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝáánes&lt;/font&gt;
*unicorn - &lt;font color=blue&gt;íźes&lt;/font&gt;
*horse - &lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;
*mammoth - &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭíȝes&lt;/font&gt;
*argali - &lt;font color=blue&gt;óhmes&lt;/font&gt;
*dragon - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſááros&lt;/font&gt;
*(wooly) rhinoceros - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírſes&lt;/font&gt;
*(Bactrian) camel - &lt;font color=blue&gt;tibénges&lt;/font&gt;
*boar - &lt;font color=blue&gt;epéres&lt;/font&gt;
*giant elk - &lt;font color=blue&gt;vréndes&lt;/font&gt;
*wisent - &lt;font color=blue&gt;hmiſóntes&lt;/font&gt;

The Contemporary Zodiac
*Aries = &lt;font color=blue&gt;hmréénes&lt;/font&gt;
*Taurus = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſteúres&lt;/font&gt;
*Gemini = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝemúes&lt;/font&gt;
*Cancer = &lt;font color=blue&gt;dènćëĸíítes&lt;/font&gt;
*Leo = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſínqes&lt;/font&gt;
*Virgo = &lt;font color=blue&gt;iinȝévaþus&lt;/font&gt;
*Libra = &lt;font color=blue&gt;telúros&lt;/font&gt;
*Scorpio = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ǿdes&lt;/font&gt;
*Sagittarius = &lt;font color=blue&gt;árĸŭus&lt;/font&gt;
*Capricorn = &lt;font color=blue&gt;hȝádes&lt;/font&gt;
*Aquarius = &lt;font color=blue&gt;àhmdëþlééȝus&lt;/font&gt;
*Pisces = &lt;font color=blue&gt;píſĸes&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan translations</title>
    <id>2507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10384</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T14:45:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Stories]]

[[Bible]]

[[Other]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bible</title>
    <id>2508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49639</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-08T19:10:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Abbreviations mreħôes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=Abbreviations &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħoes&lt;/font&gt;=
&lt;u&gt;Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþaes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*NOM = nominative &lt;font color=blue&gt;noomnëȝeþas&lt;/font&gt;
*STA = stative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſaaþȝeþas&lt;/font&gt;
*LAT = motive &lt;font color=blue&gt;кeȝëȝeþas&lt;/font&gt;
*VOC = vocative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱȝeþas&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtiivnoomnoes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*1 = first person &lt;font color=blue&gt;oitanħeno&lt;/font&gt;
*2 = second person &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭotanħeno&lt;/font&gt;
*3 = third person &lt;font color=blue&gt;tirtanħeno&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Number &lt;font color=blue&gt;nemſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*s = singular &lt;font color=blue&gt;oinemſis&lt;/font&gt;
*p = plural &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulnemſis&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Prefixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;peripagoes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*AUG = augmentative &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPX = feminine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*INT = intensive &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoorpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*MPX = masculine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*NEG = negative &lt;font color=blue&gt;arpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*PRV = privative &lt;font color=blue&gt;eϙpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*RED = reduplicative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭoкŭerpagos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;poſpagoes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*ADV = adverbial suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱooϙɱerpagos&lt;/font&gt;
*DIM = diminutive &lt;font color=blue&gt;menüpagos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Moods &lt;font color=blue&gt;minŭes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*IMP = imperative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;vunðëminos&lt;/font&gt;
*IND = indicative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeerminos&lt;/font&gt;
*SUB = subjunctive mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;nɱeerminos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Other &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭoes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*APL = agent participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱaaþnemɱeros&lt;/font&gt;
*COL = collective
*EL  = elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;duuras&lt;/font&gt;
*EP  = epenthetic vowel &lt;font color=blue&gt;enëſtiivſŭevſŭenos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPC = future particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;poſɱiðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*IM = imperfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;nſenüħŭelgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PF  = perfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſenüħŭelgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PPL = patient participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiirnemɱeros&lt;/font&gt;
*PPC = past particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;perɱiðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*REL = relative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþɱiðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*SUP  = supine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufɱernoomnos&lt;/font&gt;
*VPC = vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱüɱiðlos&lt;/font&gt;

=The Lord's Prayer (''Translated from the Greek'')=

'''O our father in heaven,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ô&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćémel-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;en-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ap-â&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| VCL
| 1p-ST
| heaven-ST.s
| in-EL
| father-VO.s
|}
'''May your name be hallowed.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nôômn-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſâк-aþ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tââl-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-ST
| name-NM.s
| hallow-PPL-NM.s
| become-SUB
|}
'''May your kingdom come.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meħ-ɱált-ë-rêɱ-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;güêm-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-ST
| great-power-EP-region-NM.s
| come-SUB
|}
'''May your will be done on earth as in heaven.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tôl-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;épi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćémel-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;en-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;épi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeet-ôsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêrź-aþ-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tââl-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-ST
| will-NM.s
| as
| heaven-ST.s
| in-EL
| so
| earth-ST.s
| on
| do-PPL-NM.s
| become-SUB
|}
'''Give us daily our daily bread.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſol-ámr-ë-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſol-âmro&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vargên-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dôôn-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-NM
| 1p-MO
| to
| every-day-EP-ADV
| 1p-ST
| every-day
| bread-MO.s
| give-IMP
|}
'''As we forgive our debtors, so you forgive our debts.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;épi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱu-m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêl-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dûûr-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;épi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêl-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dûûr-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1p-NM
| as
| 1p-ST
| debt-MO.p
| forgive-IND
| 2s-NM
| so
| 1p-ST
| debt-MO.p
| 1p-ST
| forgive-IMP
|}
'''Lead us not into temptation.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðêħϙ-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nîîȝ-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-NM
| tempt-MO.s
| into
| 1p-MO
| lead-IMP
| NEG
|}
'''But deliver us from evil.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ánti&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħúðtët-âſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭêv-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-NM
| but
| evil-ST.s
| 1p-MO
| deliver-IMP
|}
'''For the kingdom, the power and the glory'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méħ-ɱalt-ë-rêɱ-as-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱááti&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêк-as-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êrкŭ-os-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| great-power-EP-region-NM.s-and
| for
| power-NM.s-and
| glory-NM.s-and
|}
'''are yours forever. Amen'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ââȝt-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vûnd-aþ-os&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| eternity-MO.s
| into
| 2s-ST
| be-IND
| agree-PPL-NM.s
|}

=The Ave Maria (''Translated from the Greek and Latin'')=

'''Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vênd-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ô&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meeϙ-aþ-û&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ârĭ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| rejoice-IMP
| VCL
| favor-PPL-VO.s
| lord-NM.s
| 2s-ST
| with
|}
'''Blessed are you among women.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭen-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;entéra&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúſ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êêg-aþ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-NM
| woman-ST.p
| among
| well-ADV
| say-PPL-NM.s
| be-IND
|}
'''Blessed is the fruit of your womb.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-úſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭelv-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrûûg-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúſ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êêg-aþ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-ST
| womb-ST.s
| fruit-NM.s
| well-ADV
| say-PPL-NM.s
| be-IND
|}
'''Holy Mary, Mother of God,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-û&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ô&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;saĸ-û&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;marĭ-û&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;diiɱ-am-â&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2s-VO
| VCL
| holy-VO.s
| Mary-VO.s
| god-mother-VO.s
|}
'''Pray for us sinners,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ag-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lált-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêlð-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1p-ST
| sin-ST.p
| benefit-PREP
| pray-IMP
|}
'''now and at the hour of our death.  Amen.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;núu-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meer-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ten-âſĭo-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vûnd-aþ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| now-and
| 1p-ST
| death-ST.s
| time-ST.s-and
| agree-PPL-NM.s
|}

=The Tower of Babel, Genesis 11:1-9 (''Translated from the Hebrew'')=
'''And was all the earth of language one and of speech one.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſôlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭêêt-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeĸ-âſĭo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeĸm-ôſĭo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| all
| earth-NM.s
| language-ST.s-and
| one
| speech-ST.s-and
| one
| PCL
| be-IND
|}
'''And it was as they traveled from the east they found a level valley in the land of Shinar.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;épi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ááus-âſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éħa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſênt-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reɱ-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćínar-âſï-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lêêpo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸââln-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêêſ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NM.p
| as
| east-ST.s-EL
| from
| PCL
| travel-IND
| that-NM.p
| land-ST.s
| Shinar-ST.s-EL
| from
| level
| valley-MO.s
| PCL
| find-IND
|}
'''And they lived there. And said each one to his neighbor,
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêêſ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſênĭ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nééɱħë-ɱeeſ-ûſï-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êêg-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NM.p
| there
| PCL
| live-IND
| each-NM.s
| near-live-ST.s-EL
| to
| PCL
| say-IND
|}
'''&quot;Come, let us bake bricks and burn them thoroughly.&quot;'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭêm-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;teeg-ônd-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;têêg-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſíl-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nó-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;înð-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źaí&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &quot;
| we-VO.p
| come-IMP
| we-VO.p
| bake-stone-MO.p
| bake-IMP
| we-VO.p
| ?-ADV
| that-MO.p
| burn-IMP
| &quot;
|}
'''And was to them the brick for stone, and the asphalt it was to them for mortar.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;teeg-ônd-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ond-ôſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ántĭa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a,&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nâft-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭum-ôſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ántĭa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| burn-stone-NM.s
| that-ST.p
| to
| stone-ST.s
| for
| PCL
| be-IND
| asphalt-NM.s
| that-ST.p
| to
| mortar-ST.s
| for
| PPRT
| be-IND
|}
'''And they said, Come, let us build for ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êêg-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱu-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lálta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rîȝ-om-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-ſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîîrĸ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćemel-ôm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙoor-dêm-om-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêm-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NM.p
| PCL
| say-IND
| &quot;
| we-VO.p
| we-ST.p
| for
| city-MO.s-and
| that-ST.s
| top-NM.s
| heaven-ST.s
| in
| jut-building-MO.s-and
| build-IMP
|}
'''lest we be scattered on the face of all the earth.&quot;'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;metoálu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱú-es-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſôlo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeet-ôſ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêrć-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;xénd-aþ-ûes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;môl-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źaí&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| lest
| we-NM.p-EP
| all
| earth-ST.s
| face-MO.s
| on
| scatter-PPCP-NM.p
| become-IND
| &quot;
|}
'''And came down JHWH to see the city and the tower which had built the sons of Adam'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;JHWH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rîȝ-om-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéti&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ádam-ûſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuun-ûes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dë-dêm-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙoor-dêm-om-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôĸŭ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱ-gŭêm-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| JHWH
| city-MO.s-and
| REL
| Adam-ST.s
| son-NM.p
| PCL
| RED-build-IND
| jut-building-MO.s-and
| see-SUP
| PCL
| down-come-IND
|}
'''And said JHWH, &quot;See, the people one and the language one to all them'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;JHWH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êêg-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôĸŭ-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;leûð-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ês-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêĸ-as-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sôlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êſ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| JHWH
| PCL
| say-IND
| &quot;
| you-VO.p
| see-IMP
| people-NM.s
| one
| be-IND
| and
| language-NM.s-EP
| all
| that-ST.p
| to
| one
| be-IND
|}
'''and this they are beginning to do.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vu-ɱêrź-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| and
| that-NM.p
| that-MO.s
| begin-do-IND
|}
'''and now will not be restrained from them all which they have imagined to do.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéti&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêrź-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lë-lâćŭ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſol-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-ûm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ápa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;núu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðélϙ-aþ-ûes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tââl-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ne&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| and
| REL
| that-NM.p
| do-SUP
| RED-imagine-IND
| all-NM.s
| that-ST.p
| from
| now
| restrain-PPL-NM.p
| FCL
| become-IND
| not
|}
'''you, so that not they can understand one language their neighbor's'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝûs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;metoála&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nééɱħë-ɱeeſ-ûſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêĸ-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êvź-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mââϙ-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| you-VO.p
| lest
| that-NM.p
| that-ST.p
| near-live-ST.s
| one
| language-MO.s
| understand-SUP
| be.able-SUB
|}
'''Come, let us go and mix up there their language&quot;'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭêm-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱûs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ât-e-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-ſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêĸ-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mĭâân-e-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źaí.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| come-IMP
| we-VO.p
| go-IMP-and
| there
| that-ST.p
| language-MO.s
| mix.up-IMP-and
| &quot;
|}
'''And scattered JHWH them from there, over the face of all the earth;'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;JHWH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tórþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sôlo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeet-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêrć-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ámva&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-n&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;xênd-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| JHWH
| from.there
| all
| earth-ST.s
| face-MO.s
| over
| that-MO.p
| PCL
| scatter-IND
|}
'''and they ceased from building the city.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nú-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rîȝ-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêm-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dûſ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-ST.p
| city-MO.s
| build-SUP
| PCL
| cease-IND
|}
'''Therefore was called its name Babel,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-óſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nôômn-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;náári&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;babêl-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nôômn-aþ-os,&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tââl-a,&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-ST.
| name-NM.s
| for.that.reason
| Babel-NM.s
| name-PPP-NM.s
| PCL
| become-IND
|}
'''because there mixed up JHWH the speech of all the earth'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;JHWH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;úći&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeet-ûſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêĸam&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mĭâân-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| JHWH
| because
| there
| all
| earth-ST.s
| language-MO.s
| PCL
| confuse-IND
|}

'''and from there scattered them abroad JHWH on the face of all the earth.'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;JHWH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tór-þis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sôlo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeet-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêrć-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;xênd-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| JHWH
| there-from
| all
| earth-ST.s
| face-MO.s
| on
| that-MO.p
| PCL
| scatter-IND
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Va'díl Lexicon</title>
    <id>2509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10400</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T17:00:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wm.annis</username>
        <id>185</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;

== A ==

* '''a&amp;middot;kkin''' ?
* '''anakke&amp;middot;zh''' n. ''man (+g)''
* '''ár&amp;middot;ki''' v. ''cause to go''; m-p. ''go''

== B ==

* '''ba&amp;middot;kku''' v. ''do, make''; m-p. ''become''

== H ==

* '''hir''' n. ''hand''

== I ==

* '''ii&amp;middot;da''' v. ''hear''

== K ==

* '''kam''' n. ''arm''

== L ==

* '''láam&amp;middot;azh''' n. ''star''; pl. '''lámri''' ''stars''
* '''lah''' prep. ''near''

== M ==

* '''máu&amp;middot;zh''' n. ''cat'' (domesticated)
* '''mi'&amp;middot;da''' v. ''see''
* '''mu&amp;middot;r''' v. ''divide, separate''
** '''murel''' n. ''part, section''

== O ==

* '''o&amp;middot;dáá''' v.tr.  ''break''
** '''odál''' n. ''break''

== S ==

* '''saur&amp;middot;azh''' n. ''man''; pl. '''sormi'''

== V ==

* '''va'díí''' v. ''speak''

== Z ==

* '''zhóon''' adj. ''large''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kratal-rul-babel-1024.png</title>
    <id>2510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10403</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-09T22:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kratal-Rul Babel Text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kratal-Rul Babel Text</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kratal-Rul</title>
    <id>2511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29130</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== About ==
Kratal-Rul is the reformed version of Modern [[Charos S'fik]].&lt;br&gt;
It was created 6/2006 by me (Pascal A. Kramm).

== Culture ==
The speakers of Kratal-Rul, the Hoka, are living majorly on Hokkaido (Japan's northern-most island), but a good amount of them also live on Honshû (the Japanese main island), and there mostly in the Kantô region. A small amount is still living on the Russian island Sakhalin north of Hokkaido. &lt;br&gt;
Their name stems back from the late 16th century, when they first made contact with westerners (most likely Portuguese) who named them &quot;Hocaidoes&quot;. They eventually adapted the name for themselves, but shortened it to &quot;Hoka&quot;.

== Origin ==
When analyzing their language, and also judging from their original Phoenician-derived script, it seems most likely that the Hoka were originally tribes coming from today's Germany and Scandinavia, as you can still find Germanic-sounding words in their vocabulary, although more recent researches also revealed slight hellenistic influences. From their original habitat, they moved more and more eastwards, crossing all of Russia on the way (which had quite an impact on their language), always looking for a good place to stay. They eventually set over to Sakhalin, and from there to Hokkaido, where they finally started settling down, while some moved on to Honshû and settled mostly in the Kantô region. Their language became strongly influenced by Japanese over time.

== Modernisation ==
Starting with the Meiji Restauration of 1868, the Modernisation also reached the Hoka and eventually gave rise to Modern Charos S'fik.&lt;br&gt;
The new script of Modern Charos S'fik, based upon the old handwriting script, was influenced by the intensive trade and relations with Korea, which also had an strong impact on their language. Also, many started moving over to Korea.&lt;br&gt;
After the end of WW II, Modern Charos S'fik was reformed again, and the result was named '''Kratal-Rul''' which means ''Language of Progress'' (''kratal''=progress is composed of ''krati''=''to go/advance'' and ''taran''=forward, ''rul''=particle for the language of a country or a group). 

== Grammar ==
Sentences have '''SOV''' order.&lt;br&gt;
All words consist of '''syllables''' which are composed like this:&lt;br&gt;
* initial consonant (which can be the null-consonant)
* vowel (which can be the null-vowel after the word-initial consonants '''kh''', '''f''', '''s''')
* final consonant (doesn't always occur, omitted before '''-r-''')
Words with more than two syllables cannot end with a vowel.

== Script ==
[[image:Modern-Tifet-script.png|left|thumb|150px|Modern Tifet Script]] The script used for Kratal-Rul evolved from the original Tifet handwriting script.&lt;br&gt;
In its creation, the Korean Hangul alphabet was taken as a model for the vowels and the syllable stacking.
&lt;br style=&quot;clear:both;&quot; /&gt;

== Phonology ==
The Phonology was slightly reformed from Modern Charos S'fik.

===Alphabet===
This table presents the alphabet in its proper order.&lt;br&gt;
It is named '''khakra''', after its first two consonant letters.

Initial = at the beginning of a word&lt;br&gt;
Medial = at the beginning of a syllable inside of a word&lt;br&gt;
Final = at the end of a word or a syllable
{|border=1
! Sound ||  Ipa  || Initial || Medial || Final || Unit by itself
|-
| a || a,ʌ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ä || æ || O || O || O || O
|-
| e || e,ɛ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ei || aɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| i || i,ɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| u || u,ʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| o || o,ɔ || O || O || O || O
|-
| eu || oɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ja || ja,jʌ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jä || jæ || O || O || O || O
|-
| je || je,jɛ || O || O || O || O
|-
| ju || ju,jʊ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jo || jo,jɔ || O || O || O || O
|-
| jeu || joɪ || O || O || O || O
|-
| kh || ç/x || ç || ç || x || ç
|-
| kr || kʁ || O || O || O || O
|-
| k || k || k+voc.r || k || k || -
|-
| t/d || t/d || t || d || t || -
|-
| n || n || O || O || O || -
|-
| f || f || O || O || O || O
|-
| m || m || O || O || O || -
|-
| p || p || p+ja || - || p || -
|-
| j || j || O || O || - || -
|-
| r || ʁ || O || O || - || -
|-
| l || l || O || O || O || -
|-
| sh || ʃ || O || O || O || O
|-
| s || s || O || O || O || O
|-
| h || h || O || O || - || -
|}
* kr is regarded as a single consonant
* '''p''' can only occur as '''p+ja-vowel''' at the beginning of a word
* vocalic '''r''' can only occur after '''t''' or '''k''' and must not be in the last syllable of a word

===Pronunciation rules===
Two consonants have a different pronunciation, depending on their position in the word:
* '''kh''': like '''h''' in ''huge'' if word- or syllable-initial, otherwise like the '''ch''' in Scottish ''Loch''.
* '''t/d''': '''t''' at the beginning or end of a word or syllable, '''d''' at the beginning of a syllable inside of a word.

If consonants are followed by any of the '''ja''' vowels (ja, jä, je...), some change their pronunciation:
* kh+ja -&gt; cja [ʝa] if initial, kha [ça] otherwise
* kr+ja -&gt; kkha [kxa]
* k+ja -&gt; kja [kça]
* n+ja -&gt; nja [ɲa]
* t+ja -&gt; tja [tça]
* d+ja -&gt; dja [dʝa]
.
* f+ja -&gt; fj [fja]
* p+ja -&gt; pj [pja]
* s+ja -&gt; sj [sja]

The consonants m, j, r, l, sh, h cannot be followed by a '''ja''' vowel.


== Babel text ==
[[image:kratal-rul-babel-1280.png|left|thumb|150px|Kratal-Rul Babel text]] '''Note:'''
* The apostrophe (') is used in order to indicate syllable boundaries. After a single consonant it means that the consonant has to be pronounced long (consonant-only syllable).

'''Bereshit''' (Book of Genesis) ''Chapter 11, 1-9''
* '''1''' Khik'im khoncjeu trtif trtakh s'farakh sjam khot'op fe ta ita.
* '''2''' Krti e in jatrkakh kh'mas, manush Shin'ara ni pjoncje ta tarof okh tä shikmin ta kh'mas.
* '''3''' Krot-ul själ ni ta malha: &quot;Jo f'rokh'ot! Nek-ul ishtak jo kh'mas okh mik khot-ul jo naknis!&quot; Krot-ul ishdak f'sam'en tol okh tjäl f'sam'en morat ta suda.
* '''4''' Khet'akh krot-ul ta malha: &quot;Jo f'rokh'ot! Krorot tori fe khankron e nek-ul fa jo khorip, s'da nek-ul khoncjeu jorat ue njet s'ka kha raskrsat.&quot;
* '''5''' Ut'an HaShem-shi kh'ta ta f'rokh'ot fa krorot okh tori fi'djet som sjaram in ta khorip.
* '''6''' HaShem-shi ta malha: &quot;Man'il a'kkhat han sjaram-tul han s'farakh fe krot-ul khon tja nashin kh'mas, nada krot-ul khäfik kh'mas fulkhanun krot-ul fa s'ka ita.
* '''7''' Jo f'rokh'ot! Nek-ul kh'ta jo krati okh s'farakh af krot-ul jo khondon, s'da krot-ul själ njet s'ka kronjat.&quot;
* '''8''' S' HaShem-shi krot-ul khoncjeu jorat ue ta raskrsat, okh krot-ul krorot ta ostanof khorip.
* '''9''' Takha krorot Faf'el ta kha nam, emedan HaShem-shi dä s'farakh af khoncjeu trtif khondon; tä jo'kje, HaShem-shi krot-ul khoncjeu jorat ue ta raskrsat.


'''Literal:''' (word-by-word)
* '''1''' now whole world single language same word with *past* have.
* '''2''' sun towards *continuous* travel make, human Shinar in flat *past* find and there settlement *past* make.
* '''3''' they self to *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! We brick *cohortive* make and much they *cohortive* fire!&quot; they brick instead-of stone and tar instead-of mortar *past* use.
* '''4''' then they *past* say: &quot;*cohortive* come! city tower with sky towards we for *cohortive* build, so-that we whole earth over not *future* *passive* scatter.&quot;
* '''5''' but HaShem-mister down *past* come for city and tower see that man *continuous* *past* build.
* '''6''' HaShem-mister *past* say: &quot;if as one people with one language they this *perfect* begin do, nothing they plan do not-possible they for *future* be.
* '''7''' *cohortive* come! we down *cohortive* go and language of they *cohortive* confuse, so-that they self not *future* understand.&quot;
* '''8''' so HaShem-mister they whole world over *past* scatter, and they city *past* stop build.
* '''9''' therefore city Babel *past* passive* name, because HaShem-mister there language of whole world confuse; there from, HaShem-mister they whole earth over *past* scatter.


'''Translation:'''
* '''1''' Now the whole world had one (a single) language with the same words.
* '''2''' Journeying sunwards, men found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
* '''3''' They said to one another: &quot;Come! Let's make brick and burn them thorougly!&quot; They used bricks instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.
* '''4''' Then they said: &quot;Come! Let's build a city for us with a tower up to the sky, to make a name for us, so that we are not scattered over the whole earth.&quot;
* '''5''' But Mr. HaShem came down to see the city and the tower men were building.
* '''6''' Mr. HaShem said: &quot;If as one people with one language they have begun doing this, nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
* '''7''' Come! Let's go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand each other.&quot;
* '''8''' So Mr. HaShem scattered them over the whole earth, and they stopped building the city.
* '''9''' Therefore the city was named Babel, because there Mr. HaShem confused the language of the whole world; from there Mr. HaShem scattered them over the whole earth.


== Human Rights ==
[[image:kratal-rul-human-rights.png|left|thumb|150px|Kratal-Rul Human Rights]] '''Unifes shinkroso af manush cjondan'''
* Khisa han
Oloi manush elef okh iso tostoi okh cjondan ni ta kha fodelse. Krot-ul s'kräl okh janshim kha kri'djun okh s'jäl e khänsal af lik'het fe khut händon.


'''Literal:''' (word-by-word)&lt;br&gt;
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* Article one
all human freedom and equality dignity and rights in *past* *passive* birth. they reason and conscience *passive* endowment and self towards sentiment of kinship *conditional* action.


'''Translation:'''&lt;br&gt;
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* Article one
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 


== Lexicon ==
(coming soon)


== Numbers ==
  1 han
  2 tu
  3 se
  4 fi
  5 pjat
  6 e'kkha
  7 sju
  8 fos'em
  9 tefjat
 10 tikh
 11 tikh han
 12 tikh tu
 13 tikh se
 14 tikh fi
 ...
 20 tu-tikh
 30 se-tikh
 40 fi-tikh
 50 pja-tikh
 60 e-tikh
 70 sju-tikh
 80 fos-tikh
 90 tef-tikh
 99 tef-tikh tefjat
 100 khen
 200 tu-khen
 300 se-khen
 400 fi-khen
 500 pja-khen
 600 e-khen
 700 sju-khen
 800 fos-khen
 900 tef-khen
 999 tef-khen tef-tikh tefjat
 
 1,000 tjon
 10,000 man
 100,000 tikh man
 1,000,000 mijon
 10,000,000 tikh mijon
 100,000,000 khen mijon
 1,000,000,000 mijat
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khehes</title>
    <id>2512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10430</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-10T17:54:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Khehes is the largest country on the planet Jen. It takes up much of the eastern half of the continent of Za'al. 

==History==
Khehes has existed since ancient times, and much of its early history is a mystery. According to legend, it was founded when a warrior named Khehes single-handedly defeated the defences of an entire town. When other nearby city-states heard of this, they allied themselves with him thinking that he must be a god, and the country grew steadily from there. It is doubtful that he actually conquered the town single-handedly, as people from Khehes are known to often exaggerate.

==Culture==
Khehes has a strong warrior tradition. Hwatzili make up about a quarter of the population, and though they are naturally stronger than Atzili, but they have a lot of respect for Atzili, who are faster and have a sense of echolocation that is very useful in combat- the national hero Khehes was an Atzili. Males and females are considered equals.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Other</title>
    <id>2513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54890</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-05T15:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Diacritics added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">(⋅) (:) (⋮) (╹╻)

=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=Abbreviations &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħóes&lt;/font&gt;=
&lt;u&gt;Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþáes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*NOM = nominative &lt;font color=blue&gt;nòòmnëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
*STA = stative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſaaþȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
*MOT = motive &lt;font color=blue&gt;кèȝëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
*VOC = vocative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtììvnoomnóes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*1 = first person &lt;font color=blue&gt;oìtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
*2 = second person &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
*3 = third person &lt;font color=blue&gt;tìrtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Number &lt;font color=blue&gt;némſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*s = singular &lt;font color=blue&gt;òinémſis&lt;/font&gt;
*p = plural &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulnémſis&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Prefixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pèripagóes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*AUG = augmentative &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPX = feminine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*INT = intensive &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoorpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*MPX = masculine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*NEG = negative &lt;font color=blue&gt;arpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*PRV = privative &lt;font color=blue&gt;eϙpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*RED = reduplicative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòкŭerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòſpagóes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*ADV = adverbial suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱòòϙɱerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*DIM = diminutive &lt;font color=blue&gt;mènüpágos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Moods &lt;font color=blue&gt;mínŭes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*IMP = imperative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;vùnðëmínos&lt;/font&gt;
*IND = indicative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
*SUB = subjunctive mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;nɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Other &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭóes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*APL = agent participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱààþnemɱéros&lt;/font&gt;
*COL = collective
*EL  = elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúúras&lt;/font&gt;
*EP  = epenthetic vowel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ènëſtììvſŭevſŭénos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPC = future particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;poſɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*IM = imperfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;nſènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PF  = perfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PPL = patient participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱììrnemɱéros&lt;/font&gt;
*PPC = past particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;perɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*REL = relative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*SUP  = supine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfɱernóómnos&lt;/font&gt;
*VPC = vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàɱüɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;

='''Fear Is the Mind Killer''' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vííðas miinórgus móla&lt;/font&gt;=

'''I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸél-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ne:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;miin-órg-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1s-NOM.s
| fear-SUP
| must-IND
| not
| fear-NOM.s
| mind-kill-NOM.s
| be-IND
|}
'''Fear is the little death bringing total obliteration. I will face my fear.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-as-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſóla&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙoo-łéϙĭ-am-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrénĸ-anta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méér-l-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ánt-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| fear-NOM.s-EP
| total
| INT-destroy-MOT.s-EP
| bring-APL
| die-DIM-NOM.s
| be-IND
| 1s-NOM.s
| 1s-STA.s
| fear-MOT.s
| FCL
| face-IND
|}
'''I will permit it to pass over me and through me.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-am-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ùpa-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tèrĸŭa-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mélć-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnd-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1s-NOM.s
| that-MOT.s-EP
| 1s-MOT.s
| over-and
| through-and
| pass-SUP
| FPC
| permit-IND
|}
'''And when it has gone past, I will turn the inner eye to see its path.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-am-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mï~mélć-ant-am-ë—&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-àſĩo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ámź-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-MOT.s-EP
| RED~pass-APL-MOT.s-EP
| 1s-NOM.s
| that-STA.s
| path-MOT.s
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óĸŭ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;énr-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óĸŭ-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pélć-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| see-SUP
| inner-EL
| eye-LAT.s
| FCL
| turn-IND
|}
'''When the fear has gone, there will be nothing. Only I will remain.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a~át-ant-am—&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèĸŭ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúúl-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-uſ-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſòòl-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tŭíł-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| fear-LAT.s
| RED~go-APL-LAT.s
| nothing-NOM.s
| FCL
| there.is-IND
| 1s-NOM.s-EP
| alone-ADV
| FPL
| survive-IND
|}

='''The Nine Rings''' &lt;font color=blue&gt;neun aanoes&lt;/font&gt;=
'''Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tir&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aan-oes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćemel-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nðera&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;punĭon-meħ-aſur-uſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| three
| ring-NOM.s
| sky-STA.s
| under
| elf-great-prince-STA.s-EL
| for
|}
'''Seven for the Dwarf-lords in the halls of stone,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſef&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ond-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸantï-dem-óm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondĭon-arĭ-uſï-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| seven
| stone-STA.s
| assemble-build-STA.p
| in
| dwarf.lord-STA.s-EL
| for
|}
'''Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neun&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meer-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸáſ-aþ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meerɱ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱir-uſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| nine
| die-SUP
| doom-PCL
| mortal
| man-STA.p-EL
| for
|}
'''One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-uſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reem-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rez-ſed-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reem-arĭ-uſï-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| one
| that-STA.s
| dark
| rule-seat-STA.s
| on
| dark-lord-STA.s-EL
| for
|}
'''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſćaaź-oes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-aſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeȝ-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mordor-ĸunĭ-aſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| shadow-NOM.p
| it-STA.s
| in
| lie-SBJ
| Mordor-land-STA.s-EL
| in
|}
'''One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aan-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſolo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reź-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aan-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;deeſ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| one
| ring-NOM.s
| all
| that-LAT.p
| rule-SUP
| one
| ring-NOM.s
| that-LAT.p
| find-SUP
|}
'''One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aan-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſol-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-on-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrenĸ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸai&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reem-aſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;venð-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| one
| ring-NOM.s
| all
| that-LAT.p-EP
| bring-SUP
| and
| darkness-STA.s
| in
| that-LAT.p
| bind-SUP
|}
'''In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſćaaź-oes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-aſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeȝ-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mordor-ĸunĭ-aſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| shadow-NOM.p
| it-STA.s
| in
| lie-SBJ
| Mordor-land-STA.s-EL
| in
|}

='''Ozymandias''' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ozimandĭas  &lt;/font&gt;=

'''I met a traveller from an antique land,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſeno&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reɱ-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;afa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſent-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mood-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1s-NOM-EP
| antique
| land-STA.s
| from
| travel-LAT.s
| FPTR
| meet-IND
|}
'''Who said:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;eeg-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NOM.s
| PPTR
| say-IND
|}
'''—&quot;Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Stand in the desert.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źai&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reɱo~reɱo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vï-ſtemvoro-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ond-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸoſt-oes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱaaſt-oſĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtaaȝ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &quot;
| two
| INT~space-and
| PRV-trunk-and
| stone-STA.s
| leg-NOM.p
| desert-STA.s-EL
| in
| stand-IND
|}
'''Near them on the sand, Half sunk, a shatter'd visage lies,'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſeemï-gŭááv-aþo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lem-aþo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dêrć-os-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſamþ-oſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neeɱħa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| half-sink-PPCP
| shatter-PPCP
| visage-NOM.s-E
| sand-STA.s
| on
| that-STA.p.
| near
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeȝ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| lie-IND
|}
'''whose frown And wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command Tell that its sculptor well those passions read, Which yet survive, stamp'd on these lifeless things, The hand that mock'd them and the heart that fed.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-uſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lað-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ténd-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮ı̋ł-ant-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve-z̆ı̋ı̋ʒ-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱextőm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dom&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 3-ST.s
| sculpt-CL6-NM.s
| while-ADV
| survive-APCP-CL5
| PRV-life-CL5
| thing-CL5.ST.p.
| this-ST.p.
| on
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;űb-aþ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lőőt-an-ə&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-an&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sús-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðe̋ʒ-a⋅&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| stamp-PPCP-CL5.NM.s
| passion-CL3.MO.p.-EP
| that-CL3.ST.p.
| good-ADV
| PPTC
| read-IND
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-óşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱat-a̋nt-om-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋t-aþ-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;la̋vl-os-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 3-CL5.ST.s
| wrinkle-brow-CL5.NM.s.-and
| wrinkle-PPCP-CL5
| lip-CL5.NM.s.-and
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;űqr-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vunð-a̋şo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ga̋ng-os-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dáál-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋e̋g-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| cold-CL3
| command-CL3.ST.s
| sneer-CL5.NM.s-and
| this-ADV
| tell-IND
|-
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-an&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ga̋ng-ant-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħe̋sr-os-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pa̋a̋ð-ant-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʂe̋rd-os-c̆e⋅&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 3-CL3.MO.p
| mock-APCP-CL5
| hand-CL5.NM.s.-and
| feeding-APCP-CL5
| heart-CL5.NM.s.-and
|}
'''And on the pedestal these words appear:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;cái&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vaaþn-őes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʂíís-ped-őşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;c̆e̋ʂ-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| and
| word-CL5.NM.p
| this-CL5.NM.p
| column-foot-CL5.ST.s
| on
| appear-IND
|}
'''&quot;My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nőőmn-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ózima̋nd̟-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méħ-ɱaalt-űşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meħ-ɱa̋a̋lt-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-a⋅&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 1.s-ST
| name-CL5.NM.s
| Ozymandias-CL3.NM.s
| great-prince-CL6.ST.s
| great-prince-CL6.NM.s
| be-IND
|}
'''Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!&quot;'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ʒ-ű&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱalð-űs&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;da̋a̋r-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűð-e-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;v-qe̋ħ-e-c̆e»!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 2.p-VO
| mighty-CL6.VO.p
| 1.s-ST
| work-CL5.MO.p
| observe-IMP-and
| PRV-hope-IMP-and
|}
'''Nothing beside remains:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;néc̆-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱitéru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me̋n-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| nothing-CL5.NM.s
| beside
| remain-IND
|}

'''round the decay of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far away.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ca̋ɱl-o-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;le̋e̋p-o-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;samþ-őes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;diz-me̋ħ-o-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;v-ce̋e̋rc̆-o-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋a̋st-o-c̆e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| lone-CL5-and
| level-CL5-and
| sand-CL5.NM.p
| wonder-great-CL5-and
| PRV-end-CL5-and
| bare-CL5-and
|-
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;łeq̒-őşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-óşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pűűt-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋ļa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;c̆el-áp-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;re̋e̋ʐ-a⋅&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| wreck-CL5.ST.s
| that-CL5.ST.s
| decay-CL3.MO.s
| &lt;center&gt;around&lt;/center&gt;
| far-away-ADV
| stretch-IND
|}

=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1 &lt;font color=blue&gt;ertĭona ȝoɱám ćŭanta eegas&lt;/font&gt;=

'''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſolu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ertĭon-ues-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭev-ues-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amr-ë-ſtaaȝ-aſĭo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoɱ-ám-ĸŭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vil-ues-ĸe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źeenŭ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| all
| human.being-NOM.p-EP
| free-NOM.p-and
| grasp-EP-stand-STA.s-and
| rights-STA.p-and.EL
| in
| equal-NOM.p-and
| be.born-IND
|}
'''They are endowed with reason and conscience'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ues&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeeȝ-aſĭo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðeeſeen-aſĭo-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;uð-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NOM.p
| reason-STA.s-and
| conscience-STA.s-and
| be.endowed.with-IND
|}

'''and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ues-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vraat-aſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭonć-aſĭ-'[&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;en-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭanĭ-aſï-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱerź-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸel-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| that-NOM.s-EP
| brotherhood-STA.s
| spirit-STA.s-elision
| in
| each.other-STA.s-EL
| towards
| act-SUP
| should-IND
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kratal-rul-babel-1280.png</title>
    <id>2514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10437</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-10T22:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kratal-Ru Babel text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kratal-Ru Babel text</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Questions etc</title>
    <id>2515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10475</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-13T12:28:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Questions, commands, conditionals and counterfactuals==

===Questions===

A yes/no question is formed simply by putting the verb in the interrogative mood

nellodahidau rik?
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||dau ||rik
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||int ||man
|}
Is the man worthy?

Yes is ''lœ'', no is ''sheshe''

Negative questions are answered with

;wenu:Indeed not
;ngip:on the contrary, yes

nellodahidaushe rik?
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||dau ||she ||rik
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||int ||neg ||man
|}
Is not the man worthy?

''wenu'' means that the man is not worthy, ''ngip'' that he is worthy.

There are no interrogative pronouns per se, but any noun may be made into a wh- word by the modsegunak ''dau''

nellodahi rikdau?
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||rik ||dau
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||man ||what
|}
Which man is worthy?

nellovlanting rik nazdauol?
{|
|nello ||vlant ||i ||ng ||rik ||naz ||dau ||ol
|-
|worthy ||become ||3p ||pt ||man ||means ||what ||inst
|}

By what means did the man become worthy?

===Commands===

The imperative in Khangaþyagon can be used in any person, and is not pro-drop

iðuzhalt ya sarmneye!
{|
|iðuzh ||a ||lt ||ya ||sarmne ||ye
|-
|see ||1p ||imp ||1p ||friend ||voc
|}
Behold a friend! (Customary greeting between wizards)

ærkriuflt kriāriþon glæstæpontol
{|
|ærkr ||i ||uf ||lt ||kriā ||riþ ||on ||glæs ||tæp ||ont ||ol
|-
|heal ||3p ||pass ||imp ||blood ||flow ||PrP ||spirit ||command ||PrP ||inst
|}

Let the bleeding be healed by conjuration!

===Conditionals and counterfactuals===

A condition is marked with the conditional mood segunak, azh

nellodahiazh rik, yagakh ya yiakh
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||azh ||rik ||yag ||a ||kh ||ya ||yi ||akh
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||cond ||man ||speak ||1p ||ft ||1p ||3p ||recip
|}
If the man is worthy, I will speak to him.

If two conditionally marked clauses occur together without an intervening conjunction, the sentence expresses a counterfactual.

nellodahiazh rik, yagaazh ya yiakh.
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||azh ||rik ||yag ||a ||azh ||ya ||yi ||akh
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||cond ||man ||speak ||1p ||cond ||1p ||3p ||recip
|}
If the man were worthy, I would speak to him.

If two or more conditions occur together, they are separated by a conjunction.

nellodahiazh rik beb yagaazh ya yiakh, gelikh yi.
{|
|nello ||dah ||i ||azh ||rik ||beb ||yag ||a ||azh ||ya ||yi ||akh ||gel ||i ||kh ||yi
|-
|worthy ||be ||3p ||cond ||man ||and ||speak ||1p ||cond ||1p ||3p ||recip |go ||3p ||ft ||3p
|}

If the man is worthy and I speak to him, he will go.

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Subordinate Clauses|Back_name=Subordinate Clases and Reported Speech|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Up_name=Syntax|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax misc|Next_name=Syntactical Miscellany}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khehesen</title>
    <id>2516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10861</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-15T20:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Khehesen is an agglutinative conlang.

==Phonology==
===Pronounication guide===
====Consonants====
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| b || b
|-
| ch || tʃ
|-
| d || d, t
|-
| dl || dɬ
|-
| f || f, θ
|-
| g || ɡ
|-
| h || h
|-
| hl || ɬ
|-
| k || k
|-
| kh || x
|-
| l || l
|-
| m || m
|-
| n || n
|-
| n̄ || ŋ
|-
| p || p
|-
| pf || pf
|-
| r || ɹ
|-
| s || s
|-
| sh || ʃ
|-
| v || v, ð
|-
| y || j
|-
| z || z
|- 
| zh || ʒ
|}

dl: pronounce d and l at the same time.&lt;br&gt;
hl: same as the 'll' sound from Welsh.&lt;br&gt;
kh: like the ch in 'loch'.&lt;br&gt;
n̄: as in 'sing'.&lt;br&gt;
pf: pronounced like p, but with the lower lip touching the upper teeth (this sound occurs in German) &lt;br&gt; 
th: as in 'thin' (not as in 'then').&lt;br&gt;
v: usually as in &quot;van&quot;, but sometimes like the th in &quot;then&quot;&lt;br&gt;
zh: like the s in &quot;treasure&quot;

====Vowels====
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| a || æ
|-
| ā || ɑ
|-
| e || ɛ
|-
| i || ɪ
|-
| o || ɒ
|-
| ö || ɔi
|-
| u || ə, ʌ
|-
| ū || ɜ, ɜɪ, ɜə
|}

a: as in &quot;attic&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ā: as in &quot;father&quot;&lt;br&gt;
e: as in &quot;met&quot;&lt;br&gt;
i: as in &quot;tin&quot;&lt;br&gt;
o: as in &quot;top&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&amp;ouml;: as in &quot;oil&quot;&lt;br&gt;
u: as in &quot;bun&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ū: as in &quot;bird&quot;

==Grammar==
===Sentence structure===
Word order is usually Subject Verb Object, as in English, but this is flexible since cases are indicated. To form a question, the prefix 'dli-' is added to the word being questioned. For example, think of the statement &quot;Ben went out&quot; (ben hlekhol n̄ifba). The questional form depends in what is being questioned, which occurs in English by emphasizing that word- for example, &quot;''Ben'' went out?&quot; (dliben hlekhol n̄ifba) questions whether Ben went out, while &quot;Ben went ''out''?&quot; (ben hlekhol dlin̄ifba) questions whether he went out. It is possible to question more than one word per sentence.

===Declension===
Khehesen has 5 cases, 4 marked by suffixes:
* Nominative: no suffix (indicates a subject)
* Accusative: '-fa' (indicates an object)
* Genitive: '-ga' (indicates the possessor of something)
* Locative: '-ba' (indicates a location)
* Temporal: '-za' (indicates a time)

There are only 3 tenses, for present, past and future. They are indicated by prefixing the verb as follows:
* Present: no prefix
* Past: 'hle-' ('le-' if a word begins with hl)
* Future: 'pfe-' ('pe-' if a words begins with pf)

In addition, a speaker can indicate that they like something by suffixing  '-ār', or dislike something  by suffixing '-ān'.

===Plurals===
The plural of a word is expressed by reduplication, that is repeating the last syllable of that word, with any cases following after the repeated syllable. There are a few words where the repeated syllable is pronounced slightly differently to the stem word, usually for loanwords. A double reduplication implies there are &quot;many&quot; of the said things. 

For example: 
* &quot;lanog&quot; = island 
* &quot;lanognog&quot; = islands 
* &quot;lanognognog&quot; = many islands

===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns are treated like any other noun, and follow the same declension rules as necessary. There are no gender specfic pronouns. 

* First person singular: zhe
* First person plural: zhezhe
* Second person singular: she
* Second person plural: sheshe
* Third person singular: al
* Third person plural: alal

===Definiteness===
Khehesen distinguishes 3 articles, the definite, indefinite, and partitive (something part of a greater whole, similar to the words &quot;some&quot; or &quot;part of&quot;). As in most Western European languages, they take the form of separate words.
* Definite: 'izh'
* Indefinite: 'na'
* Partitive: 'opf'</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Graded Sentences</title>
    <id>2517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20992</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-04T14:07:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Cacafire</title>
    <id>2518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10557</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-21T19:44:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cacafire</username>
        <id>188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I am creating a page.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hey, this is my homepage. Hope you like it.

links:

[[Pradavishna]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pradavishna</title>
    <id>2519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10562</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-21T20:07:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cacafire</username>
        <id>188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Continuing edits...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello. You are currently looking at the homepage of my conlang: Pradavishna. I will be working on this language for quite a while, and I felt that it would be a good idea to get it out there for anyone who wishes to learn it. It is really a fascinating language, and I hope you like it. ^w^

==Pradavishna==

Pradavishna is notable mostly for the longer length of it's words. For example, most nouns in the language contain four syllables. In fact, each part of speech can be characterized by a different syllable count:

*Pronouns can be defined as having a maximum of two syllables. For example, the word ''puta'' is the pronoun for ''I''. Pronouns can end and begin in both a vowel and/or a consonant. Pradavishna is very flexible like that. :D
*As has been said, nouns have four syllables. Generally, nothing gets appended to pradavishna nouns. Instead, if anything is to modify a noun, it get's placed either before or after the noun, depending on which the speaker wishes to modify.
*Verbs are characterized by three syllables. Example: Dravidu. also, it can be ended and begun with any character.

look here for my dictionary: [[Pradavishna Dictionary]]

====Alphabet====

The alphabet of pradavishna is similar to that of english, but here is it is in whole:

Vowels: A I U
Consonants: B D G H J K L N P Q' SH R(spanish) TR VR V ll Z

Well, that's about it. 

====pronunciation====

Same as in sanskrit/spanish</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nrastaist Supreme Matriarch</title>
    <id>2521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24459</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-13T02:33:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Supreme Matriarch''' was the title of the head of the [[Nrastaism|Nastraist Church]].  She was advised, and to a certain extent restricted, by the [[Council of Twelve]], from which she was appointed by the [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]].

The first Supreme Matriarch is considered to have been [[Chinrasta]] herself.  In the early days, the Supreme Matriarch was elected from among the Council by the Council.  This system changed after Supreme Matriarch [[Chalanya]] became Empress, who established the current system.

[[Category:Nrastaist Supreme Matriarchs|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Satirocitan</title>
    <id>2523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41805</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-09T23:52:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Letoc4trel|Letoc4trel]] ([[User talk:Letoc4trel|Talk]]) to last version by [[User:Melroch|Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Satirocitan
|pronounce=/satirositan/ 
|tu=Earth
|species=Advanced Human
|in=[[Satirocity]]
|no=35
|script=Satirocitan
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Satirocitan&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[Prince Jeffrey]]
|date=December 2005}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prince Jeffrey</title>
    <id>2524</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>10588</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-25T20:17:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funkybrain</username>
        <id>189</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Funkybrain]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Funkybrain</title>
    <id>2525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10591</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-25T20:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funkybrain</username>
        <id>189</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi. I'm the founder of [[Satirocity]] and am a 10 year old [[micronation]]alist celebrating summer vacation.

Conlangs created:
*[[Satirocitan]]

Or, do you want to see this page in Satirocitan? See [[/Sawterastyan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Funkybrain/Sawterastyan</title>
    <id>2526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10593</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-25T20:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funkybrain</username>
        <id>189</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">gut_kahm.may_krater_de_[[ons_nati_lagua_spral]]_aso_onsayre_yar_[[mikronashin]]_krater_awn_hawt_brak.

lagua_spral_krater:
*[[ons_nati_lagua_spral]]

ye_do_meer_ons_libra_en_inglese.meer_[[User:Funkybrain]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ons nati lagua spral</title>
    <id>2527</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>10595</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-25T20:38:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funkybrain</username>
        <id>189</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Satirocitan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Satirocitan</title>
    <id>2528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45170</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;day_es_{{CURRENTDAYNAME}},_{{CURRENTDAY}}_{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}_{{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

gutt_kahm_'''frath_wiki''',_ons_wiki_hahm_shao_hahm's_lagua_spral_de_krated_deert,de_ons_dawt_kala_semaylair.meer_[[FrathWiki:Goals|gals]].

frathwiki_haws_'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''_libra.

ons_libra_de_frathwiki_de_jafre_(tilk).meer_[[FrathWiki:Copyrights|no_feks]]_dawt.

'''begu:'''_meer_[[Help:How does one start a page|begu_libra]]_de_[[Help:Editing|feks]]no_wikis.oordir_libra_de_[[Help:Contents|oordir_libra]].meer_[[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|lagua_de_ye]]_krat_libra.

'''[[Templates|tempateys]]'''_krated_emir_libra_de_ye.

nee_[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ yahoogroup]_de_conay.

pwasa,tilk_no_usu_doyn_conay_de_[mailto:muke@frath.net muke].


|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''[[Help:Contents|oordir_libra]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|tilk_no_]] - [[List of mailing lists|oordir_libra_lagua_conay_]] - '''[[List of conlangs|oordir_libra_lagua_sppal_]]'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''lagua_spral_oordir_:''' [[:Category:Grammar|lagua_lada_]] - [[person|ye_]] - [[number|nimbari_]] - [[tense]] - [[aspect]] - [[mood|fakal_emu_]] - [[Swadesh list|swadesh_oordir_libra_]]

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Collaborative projects:'''
*[[Hangraphy]]
*[[Sisiwön]]
*[[Homonyms Across Languages]]
*[[Noric]]

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''krated_yeef_oordir_:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[New Royce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Alternate Earth]]
*[[Senjecas]]
''meer [[:Category:Conworlds]]''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Other Conlang Wiki Projects'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kratal-rul-human-rights.png</title>
    <id>2529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10646</id>
      <timestamp>2006-06-30T20:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pakramm</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kratal-Rul Human Rights</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kratal-Rul Human Rights</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modern Arithide</title>
    <id>2530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49348</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T20:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Arithide language}}

'''Modern Arithide''' (Arithide '''''Arithīde Oreris''''' {{IPA|[arɯ'θi:de 'orəris]}}) refers to the varieties of the [[Arithide language]] spoken in the modern era. Arithide is spoken as a first language by over 580 million people in [[Arithia]] and another 170 million across 14 other states in [[Marcasia]] where the language has official status, and of these, more than 600 million are native, ethnic [[Areth]] speakers. A further estimated 350 million speak it as a second or third language, mainly centred in and around [[Dethria]] and southern [[Marcasia]] where the sociocultural influence of the [[Lazeian Empire]] is still felt, bringing the total number of speakers of Arithide to approximately 1.1 billion people today across the world.

The standard and official language of [[Arithia]] is '''Standard Modern Arithide''', essentially the speech of modern [[Lazea]], the capital, but which incorporates and preserves various regional elements, as well as reviving certain [[classicism]]s. The Arithide spoken outside [[Arithia]] is generally the standard tongue, except in the southern [[Marcasia]]n states, where holdover local dialects from the imperial era are strongly rooted. In [[Arithia]] itself, however, there exists a significant diglossia, particularly in the historic cities of northeastern [[Cadaeria]], between the written language, which is universally the standard form, and the spoken one, which is usually the local dialect. Further west and south, however, especially in secondary, regional cities, another phenomenon is prominent: the erosion of the local dialect in favour of the more prestigious standard.

As the standard tongue came into being ''de facto'', by virtue of being the langauge of the capital of the [[Arithia]]n republic, and not through the efforts of any standardisation body, there is no official regulatory body charged with standardising usage, vocabulary, grammar and orthography. Similarly to [[Modern English|English]], however, the language regulates itself through the standardising effects of the print and broadcast media, particularly through the authority of four major dictionaries, the ''[[Renquau Dictionary of the Arithide Language|Renquau]]'', ''[[Anvers Comprehensive Dictionary|Anvers]]'', ''[[Caema Compendium|Caema]]'' and ''[[Complete Dictionary of Modern Arithide|Līs]]''. The first three are compiled and published by eponymous universities, while the last is published by the [[Lazea]]n broadsheet ''[[Līs Ōrēs]]'' (hence the common appellation).

==Phonological system==

The phonology of Modern Arithide is notable for its large numbers of both consonants and vowels, although its phonemic repertoire is smaller due to the high degree of allophony.

===Consonants===

The table below represents the sounds present in the standard Modern Arithide, secondarily distinguishing between the 22 phonemic consonants, which are in black, and the 9 non-phonemic (purely allophonic) consonants, which are greyed out. The distinction between the aspirated and unaspirated voiceless plosives (i.e. ''pʰ, tʰ, kʰ'' vs. ''p, t, k''), although not phonemically distinguished&amp;mdash;the former set appears before front vowels, and the latter before others&amp;mdash;is notable for its recreation of the [[Ancient Arithide]] aspirate-unaspirate distinction.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=19 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɱ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|pʰ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|tʰ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|kʰ}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɣ}}&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;χ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;ʁ&lt;/span&gt; || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|dz}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Regressive assimilation of frication and phonation====


===Vowels===

Whereas Modern Arithide has 11 vowel letters, the short ''a e i o u y'' and the long ''ā ē ī ō ū'', the true number of its phonemic vowels is twenty, plus 4 vowels occurring only in unstressed position, and 12 diphthongs.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Short Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʉ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɯ}}&lt;/span&gt; || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɪ}}&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʏ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʊ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ə}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|œ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin-right: 50px;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Long Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i:}} || {{IPA|y:}} || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #afafaf;&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʉ:}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || {{IPA|u:}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || {{IPA|ɪ:}} || {{IPA|ʏ:}} || || || || {{IPA|ʊ:}} || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e:}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o:}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ:}} || {{IPA|œ:}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ:}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a:}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Diphthongs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| Palatal terminus || Palatal onset || Labial terminus || Labial onset 
|-
| ai, aj || ja || au || wa
|-
| ei, ej || je, jɛ || eu || we
|-
| ɔi || jo, jɔ || ou, ow, əʉ
|-
| || ju, jʉ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

====Vowel gradation and reductionism====

===Phonotactics===

==Orthography==

===Lazeic Alphabet===

====New letters====

===Romanisation===

The official, and most ubiquitous, romanisation of Arithide is based strictly on the rule of a 1:1 correspondence in orthography between the Roman and Lazeic alphabets, such that any transcript is fully reversible; besides ignoring sound-changes that have occurred since the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]], this also leads occasionally to pronunciations strange to the Earthling ear. Alternative romanisations are mainly phonetically-based, and involve less mind-work in pronunciation.

====Consonants====

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound
|-
| p || [p~pʰ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || f || [f] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| b || [b] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || v || [v, f] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || m || [m, ɱ]
|-
| t || [t~tʰ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || th || [θ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| d || [d, ð] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || dh || [ð, θ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || n || [n, ŋ]
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || s || [s] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || z || [z, dz] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| ti, ch{{footnote|1}} || [ʧ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || sj, sh{{footnote|1}} || [ʃ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| di{{footnote|2}} || [ʤ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || gi{{footnote|1}} || [ʒ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| k || [k~kʰ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || h || [h] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  || 
|-
| g{{footnote|3}} || [g, j, w] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || gn, ng{{footnote|4}} || [ŋ]
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || r{{footnote|5}} || [r, ʁ, s, :]
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || l{{footnote|5}} || [l]
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || j{{footnote|6}} || [j]
|-
|  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ||  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || w{{footnote|6}} || [w]
|-
|}
{{footnote|1}} Diphthongal sequences of ''[ti], [tj] + vowel'' gave rise to the new phoneme /ʧ/, which received its own letter in the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]] period; similarly, from ''[si], [sj] + vowel'' developed /ʃ/, which also gained its own letter at the same time. The new letters are used to indicate the /ʧ/ and /ʃ/ sounds where not historically derived, such as in loanwords; or where the conditioning vowel has been lost, especially at the ends of words. Additionally, [ʃ] deriving from a word- or syllable-finally devoiced /ʒ/ is written with &amp;lt;sh&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;gi&amp;gt;.

{{footnote|2}} The sound /ʤ/ only occurs in syllable-initial position due to historical reasons: it arose from the diphthongal sequence ''[di], [dj] + vowel''. When &amp;lt;di&amp;gt; occurs without a subsequent vowel the value of the digraph is the consonant+vowel combination [di].

{{footnote|3}} The post-vocalic [g]-lenition that began in the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]] with [g] &amp;gt; [ɣ] proceeded further in the modern era to give [j] after [a], [e], [i] (as well as modifying the vowel qualities) and [w] after [o]. Etymological orthographic rules dictate the preservation of &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; in such cases.

{{footnote|4}} From the [gn] and [ng] sequences developed the /ŋ/ phoneme, in the former case by nasalising the [g], and in the latter by velarising the [n] and losing the [g]. Whereas historical [ng] has since received its own letter and is written with it unless the [g] was preserved by a succeeding vowel (in which case the orthographical sequence &amp;lt;ng&amp;gt; is retained), historical [gn] has been preserved in spelling due to the strong retentiveness of the latter [n] element, even where the sequence has coalesced to a simple [ŋ].

{{footnote|5}} In combination with preceding vowels, [r] has been lost, instead giving rise to a host of (mostly) rounded long vowels; the new sounds have retained the traditional orthography using &amp;lt;r&amp;gt;. Analogically, a similar scenario has occurred with [l], albeit without loss of the [l] sound, resulting merely in altered vowel qualities. 

{{footnote|6}} The devocalisation of pre-vocalic [i] to [j] and [u] to [w] that occurred during the [[Mediaeval Age (Ilethes)|mediaeval period]] necessitated two new letters due to syllabification ambiguity and stress shifts.

====Vowels====

Monographs represent monophthongs; each letter may be read in up to four different ways depending on its surrounding letters and its level of stress. In the table below, the variants are listed in order of occurrence, then precedence. The last value of each always represents the unstressed realisation of the vowel concerned.

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound
|-
| a || [a, ɔ, ə] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ā || [a:, a]
|-
| e || [e, ɛ, ə] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ē || [e:~jɛ, e]
|-
| i || [i, ɪ, ɯ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ī || [i:, ɪ]
|-
| o || [o, ɔ, œ, ə] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ō || [o:, œ:, o]
|-
| u || [u, ʉ, ɯ] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ū || [y:, ʏ]
|-
| y || [y, ʏ]{{footnote|1}} 
|}

{{footnote|1}} Prevocalically, &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; has devocalised to [j] uniformly. This proceeded through an intermediate stage where it was pronounced [ɥ]. Postvocalically, it coalesced with its precedent to diphthongise, for which see the following table

Digraphs generally indicate diphthongs. Across the board, however, spelling fossilisation has occurred, leading to irregular sound-letter correspondences even in the native script, such as &amp;lt;oi&amp;gt;:[ei]. [ja] &amp;lt;ja&amp;gt; is the only sound not to have changed at all; besides it, regularly pronounced digraphs, i.e. &amp;lt;eu&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;jo&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;ju&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;ua&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;we&amp;gt; and non-post-consonantal &amp;lt;je&amp;gt; are the result of recent spelling reforms, as is the fact that ''w''-headed digraphs occur only at the beginnings of words, while the post-consonantal allographic equivalent is ''u''-headed.

{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound ||  || Letter || Sound
|-
| ae || [ai] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ea{{footnote|2}} || [a:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ja || [ja] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || {{footnote|5}} || || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ua, wa || [wa] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ay || [au]
|-
| ai || [e:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ei || [i:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || je || [je, e:]{{footnote|4}} || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || oe || [oi] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ue, we || [we] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ey || [ei]
|-
| {{footnote|1}} || || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || {{footnote|3}} || || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || jo || [jo] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || oi || [ei] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || {{footnote|6}}  ||  || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || oy || [ou, əʉ]
|-
| au || [o:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || eu || [eu~jo] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ju || [ju] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || ou || [u:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || uo, wo || [o:] || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; || {{footnote|7}}
|}

{{footnote|1}} &amp;lt;ao&amp;gt; came to be uniformly spelt with the homophonic &amp;lt;ay&amp;gt; [au] by the early Modern period

{{footnote|2}} In certain proper names, e.g. of cities, the original diphthong was split into two syllables to preserve the distinct [ea] ending

{{footnote|3}} [eo] &amp;lt;eo&amp;gt;merged with [jo] and hence &amp;lt;jo&amp;gt;

{{footnote|4}} In combination with [s], the result is [ʃe:], an amalgam of the ''s''-palatalisation and the siphthong simplification

{{footnote|5}} Where &amp;lt;ua&amp;gt; occurs, it is the result of a spelling reform that replaced all &amp;lt;oa&amp;gt; [ua] with 

{{footnote|6}} [ui] &amp;lt;ui&amp;gt; became [y] and never again arose subsequently

{{footnote|7}} [uy] &amp;lt;uy&amp;gt; merged with [y:] &amp;lt;ū&amp;gt;

==See also==

*[[Arithide language]]
*[[Arithide Sample Text Corpus]]

===Dialects of Arithide===

*[[Ajatian langauge]]
*[[Charian language]]
*[[Docau]]
*[[Erdian language]]
*[[Gambrian language]]
*[[Nimaean language]]


[[Category:Ilethes]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Arophania]]
[[Category:Marcasia]]
[[Category:Arithide]]</text>
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    <title>User:Zlatiborica</title>
    <id>2531</id>
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      <id>27173</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-02T00:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: -5px; margin-bottom: -4px; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: -5px; padding: 10px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; background=&quot;#f9f9f9&quot;
|----
| &lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border:solid #fffff0 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #ffffff;&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: black;&quot; | My name is '''George Božović''',&lt;br&gt;and feel free to call me so! :)
|}&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: solid lightgrey 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; color: black; background: #FFFFFF;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: lightgrey; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt;&quot; |ıать
| style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot; | I am a Slavicist by occupation.
|}&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: 1px solid black; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; color: black; background: #FFFFFF;&quot;
| style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot; | ''Im anžainich [[Sethic languages|mobuine sethairain]].''&lt;br&gt;I conlang. ;)
|}&lt;/div&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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    <title>File:Twinkling Wizard.jpg</title>
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      <timestamp>2006-07-10T01:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ђорђе Д. Божовић's portrait, so-called &quot;the twinkle painty&quot; (1801)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ђорђе Д. Божовић's portrait, so-called &quot;the twinkle painty&quot; (1801)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sethic languages</title>
    <id>2533</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| width=250 style=&quot;float: right; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 3em 2em; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding: 0.5em; background: #eaeaea; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;&quot; | '''Sethic languages'''
|-
|
{| style=&quot;margin: 0 1em 0 1em; width: 100%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
| width=95 | '''spoken in'''
| style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | Nadaria,&lt;br&gt;Upper Mercia,&lt;br&gt;Moria
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''genealogy'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | Primitive Sethic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Old Book Sethic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Book Sethic
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''writing systems'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | early Sethic runes,&lt;br&gt;the Vandar's script,&lt;br&gt;the Serali script
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''word order'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | SVO and SOV
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''morphology'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | inflecting
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''morphosyntax'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | nominative-accusative
|}
|-
| style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot; |
{| style=&quot;margin: 0 1em 0 1em; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; width: 100%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top; &quot;
| width=95 | '''created by'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | [[User:Zlatiborica|George Božović]]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|'''started'''
|style=&quot;padding-left: 0.5em;&quot; | 2006
|}
|}

{{Sethic languages}}

'''Sethic languages''' are a group of several related conlangs spoken in the fictional countries of Nadaria, Mercia, and Moria, created by George Božović.

The adjective &quot;Sethic&quot; originates from the Primitive Sethic root SETH, which means 'word, speech' or 'to speak'. It has evolved into the common Sethic ethnonym &quot;Seth&quot; (meaning 'the one who speaks'), and thus gave name to most Sethic peoples as well as their native languages. In contrast to their own name, most Sethic peoples usually call some of their neighbouring peoples by the name ''gonair'' or similar, which translates as the mute ones, i.e. 'the ones who cannot speak in an understandable language'.

== Genealogy ==
All Sethic languages have descended from the '''Primitive Sethic''' language. Linguists believe it was a spoken language with several minor regional dialects. Following the invention of the early Sethic runes, the first Sethic written language evolved, known as '''Old Book Sethic''', the predecessor of a later common written standard called the '''Book Sethic''' language. After the migration of Sethic tribes from the mountains into the lower plains, the Sethic languages have been divided along the linguistic lines into three main branches: Nadarian, Mercian, and Arbean of Moria.

[[Nadarian]] is a spoken language which forms a rather heterogeneous dialect continuum with about a dozen distinct dialects and many regional subdialects. Over time some of its dialects have influenced the written Old Book Sethic language, and thus formed the regional Common Sethic standard used in Nadaria, which evolved from the earlier Middle Sethic language, the Nadarian recension of Old Book Sethic. Common Sethic has since become language of diplomacy and trade between the various Sethic nations.

[[Mercian|Mercian branch]] arose as a regional subvariety of Sethic languages in the Upper Mercia. Dialects of this branch evolved from the common Proto-Mercian language. Spoken dialects are known as Common Mercian, while the literary standard is called Classical Mercian, itself derived from an earlier Old Mercian written language.

[[Arbean of Moria|Arbean languages]] spoken in Moria consist of two major groups of dialects — High and Low Arbean. The High Arbean dialects served as vernacular for standardization of the local literary norm called Classical Arbean, alongside its earlier stage known as Old Arbean or Book High Arbean.

[[Category:Sethic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style= &quot;clear:right; float:right; margin:0px 0px 15px 15px; border:1px solid black;&quot;
|style= &quot;padding:0px;&quot;|
{|style=&quot;background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0.5em; margin-bottom:0em; font-size:11px;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|style=&quot;padding:0px; | '''[[Sethic languages]]'''
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | archaic languages
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Sethic languages|Primitive Sethic&amp;nbsp;†]] · [[Sethic languages|Old Book Sethic&amp;nbsp;†]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sethic languages|Book Sethic]]
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | Nadaria
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Nadarian]] · [[Nadarian|Middle Sethic&amp;nbsp;†]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nadarian|Common Sethic]]
|-
| dialects
|-
| [[Nadarian|Vardavian]] · [[Nadarian|Mervincian]] · [[Nadarian|Oinolostean&amp;nbsp;†]]
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | Mercia
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Mercian|Proto-Mercian&amp;nbsp;†]] · [[Mercian|Old Mercian&amp;nbsp;†]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mercian|Classical Mercian]] · [[Mercian|Common Mercian]]
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | Moria
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Arbean of Moria|Proto-Arbean&amp;nbsp;†]] · [[Arbean of Moria|Old Arbean&amp;nbsp;†]]&lt;br&gt;[[Arbean of Moria|Classical Arbean]]
|-
| dialects
|-
| [[Arbean of Moria|High Arbean]] · [[Arbean of Moria|Low Arbean]]
|-
|style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | writing systems
|-
| style=&quot;padding:0px; border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;&quot; | [[Sethic alphabet|Sethic runes&amp;nbsp;†]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sethic alphabet|Vandar's script]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sethic alphabet|Serali script]]
|}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sethic languages</title>
    <id>2535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14734</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-22T06:55:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Seealso|Sethic languages}}
[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sethic</title>
    <id>2536</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>10717</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-10T19:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Sethic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moynna</title>
    <id>2537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33049</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T06:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Moynna''' is name of a fictional world created by [[User:Zlatiborica|George Bozovic]].

''Moynna'' is Latinic transcription of [[Sethic]] (Dwarvish) '''Моенна'''. In Sethic and Gonian languages “Моенна” means ''world'', ''Earth''. It is not quite clear when did this word occur in these languages. However, most of the scholars today believe that there wasn’t an appropriate word in [[Common Sethic]] language. Some believe that this word appeared in northern dialect of Common Sethic, during the Big Migrations of Dwarves, but more probably this word is a loan either from Gonian or from the Elvish languages. Nevertheless, [[Elves]] rather use word “Onker” for Earth, than Moynna.

== Geography of Moynna ==
=== Regions ===
Although Moynna is name for the entire world in Sethic languages, it is actually used to name only one subcontinent where the [[Dwarves]] live. Beside them, some human (Gonian) and Elvish (Tartharic) tribes live in Moynna, too.

Moynna is usually divided into five regions. Those are: '''Lands to the South''', '''Old''' or '''Upper Sethia''', '''Nadaron''', '''Moria''' (''Morion''), and '''Gono-Dwarvish''' (''Gono-Sethic'') '''lands'''.

Lands to the South consist of several deserts. They are not settled by any race. Some Sethic tribes (the Southern Dwarves) passed through these lands during the Big Migration, on their way to the human islands in the east.

Old or Upper Sethia is mountainous region in the middle part of Moynna. It’s the place where the first Dwarvish country and culture were born. Capital of Upper Sethia is Limar Noka (Лимар Нока in [[Vandar's script]]), which is [[Upper Sethic]] for ''the Stone Fortress'' ([[Nadarian]] ''Лимард Кнокка'').

Nadaron is a peninsula in the north-eastern part of Moynna. It was inhabited by the Elves at first, but Dwarves settled it during the Big Migration. Nadarian tribes led several wars against the Elves and ever since Dwarves and Elves are big enemies. Capital of Nadaron is a coastal fortress and a harbour Limard Nadaronta (''Лимард Надаронта'' in Vandar’s script), which is [[Nadarian]] for ''the Fortress of Nadaron''.

Moria (in Sethic languages Морион) is coastal land in the west of Moynna. Its capital was Morion, a city in the mountains that separate Moria from the rest of Moynna. Today Moria is a waste land since its population died or emigrated because of vampirism.

Gono-Sethic or Gono-Dwarvish lands are located on the very north of Moynna. They were originally settled by Humans and Elves, and Dwarvish tribes came during the Big Migrations from Old Sethia. Dwarvish and Gonian (human) tribes mixted together, while the Elves stuck to the coast at first and later finally left these lands. Today here lives the Gono-Dwarvish tribe called Mervians.

=== Relief ===
The highest peak of Moynna is Ando Palyata (''Андо Палiата''), which is Nadarian for ''the Grand-Mother’s Head'' at 7900 ft. (2400 m) on the border between Upper Sethia and Nadaron.

== History of Moynna ==
{{Seealso|History of Moynna}}

== See also ==
*[[History of Moynna]]
*[[Moynna ethnographical questionnaire]]
*[[Sethic languages]]

{{wip}}

[[Category:Moynna]]
[[Category:Planets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadarian</title>
    <id>2538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10782</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-11T15:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| &lt;big&gt;мобба надаронион&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken in: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Moynna]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken by: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Dwarves]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| c. 30,000
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Vandar's script]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Sethic languages]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Common Sethic]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;East Sethic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Newer East Sethic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Nadarian'''
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Inflecting
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Nominative-Accusative
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Subject Object Verb|SOV]] in the standard language, but [[Subject Verb Object|SVO]] and [[Verb Subject Object|VSO]] are also present in some non-literal dialects
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[User:Zlatiborica|George D. Bozovic]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| July 2006
|}

'''Nadarian language''' is name of a fictional language from the [[Sethic]] family spoken by the [[Dwarves]] in the imaginary world of [[Moynna]], created by [[User:Zlatiborica|Djordje Bozovic]].

{{wip}}

== See also ==
*'''[[Nadarian morphology]]'''
*'''[[Nadarian syntax]]'''
*'''[[Nadarian lexicon]]'''
*'''[[Nadarian corpus]]'''
*'''[[Nadarian textbook]]'''
*[[Vandar's script]]
*[[Moynna]]
**[[History of Moynna]]
**[[Moynna ethnographical questionnaire]]
*[[Sethic languages]]
**[[Common Sethic]]
**[[Upper Sethic]]
**[[Southern Sethic]]
**[[Morian]]
**[[Gono-Sethic]]
**[[Mervic]]
**[[Homonyms across Sethic languages]]
**[[Swadesh list for Sethic languages]]

{{Sethic languages}}

[[Category:Nadarian language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nadarian language</title>
    <id>2539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14736</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-22T06:56:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Seealso|Nadarian}}
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Sethic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:800px-Blank vowel trapezoid.png</title>
    <id>2540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10770</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-11T12:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khepidjemwa'atnefru</username>
        <id>162</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blank vowel trapezoid, for use with the International Phonetic Alphabet. (from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.png)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Blank vowel trapezoid, for use with the International Phonetic Alphabet. (from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.png)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Moynna</title>
    <id>2542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10798</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T15:20:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moynna ethnographical questionnaire</title>
    <id>2543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11236</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T21:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* What was the best thing that ever happened to them? */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo]. It is used for better describing of conworlds and concultures.

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==
=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===
'''[[Moynna]]''' is a subcontinent situated between the Elvish lands on the north, the lands of the Humans on the east and the Big Ocean on the west. It consists of three regions inhabited by Dwarvish and mixed Human-Dwarvish tribes (Upper Sethia, Nadaron, and Gono-Dwarvish lands), and two waste regions (Lands to the South and Moria). Moynna is mostly mountainous, although there is a big Gonian plain on the north. On the south, there are several waste deserts. Moynna has a lot of woods in its mountainous parts. It is surrounded by seas on west, north and east. There are two main rivers in Moynna, River Mahta and River Brabhon. The highest peak is Ando Palyata at 7900 ft (2400 m).

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===
Moynna has a mountainous continental climate. Winters are very cold and with a lot of snow, while the summers are quite warm and dry. Southern parts of Moynna have a little bit warmer climate.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===
Floods during the spring, when the snow from the mountains starts to melt.

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===
Maize and vegetables, and vine along the coast.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===
Fish along the coast and pigs and lambs in the continental parts of Moynna.

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===
Fruits, since they aren't grown in Moynna because of its climate. Only the royal families imported fruits from the south and ate it on their courts.

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===
Wine is common along the coast, but not in the continental regions, while beer is common in the continental regions, but less along the coast. Brandy was also popular on the kings' courts.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===
Yes, there is.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===
Maize, vegetables, sheep (and thus wool), wood.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===
Gold and silver, which is found in Upper Sethia.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===
Vegetables, which are only grown in Gonian plain and exported to the other regions.

=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===
On foot usually.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===
Quite secure today, since the lands are surrounded by mountains, waters and desert. However, it wasn't hard for the Dwarves to invade Elvish and Human lands on the north in the history.

=== How many people live here? ===
About 80,000: c. 15,000 in Upper Sethia, c. 30,000 in Nadaron and c. 35,000 in the Gonian plain.

=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===
In the plains and along the coast in Nadaron and Gono-Dwarvish lands, and everywhere in Upper Sethia. There are many smaller towns and villages, and only five fortified cities (Limard Knokka in Upper Sethia, Limard Nadaronta in Nadaron, Morion in Moria, and Limard Gondora and Limard Firinno in Gono-Dwarvish lands), one of which is a waste city today (Morion).

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===
The uninhabited areas on the south (because there are the deserts) and in Moria (because it was wasted by vampirism, and the people still fears of it).

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===
Sheep, used for food, clothing and leather. Goats, used for milk and leather. Fowl, used for eggs and food. Dogs, used for guarding and herding. Cats, used for mousing. Pigs used for food. Cows and horses are not domesticated.

=== What are the most common wild animals? ===
Several wild beasts are mentioned in the literature. Lions were both feared and admired. Most of the wild animals are now extinct (because of both hunting and the climate getting colder), except for wolves, bears, foxes, and other smaller animals. There are no snakes in Moynna, because of the climate.

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===
Cats and dogs. Some upper-class people keep singing birds.

== Questions of Time ==
=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===
About 4500 years. 4500 years ago the [[Sethic runes]] were invented. Before that, history was only spoken and sung, for about 2500 years.

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===
Since creation, which was, according to the legends, c. 7000 years ago.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===
Terrible epidemic of vampirism.

=== What was the best thing that ever happened to them? ===
[[History of Moynna|The Golden Age]], about 1500 years ago, when the Dwarvish kingdoms where richer and more powerful than ever.

=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===
A civil war between two brothers of the Braban dynasty, when King Gargna Braban killed his brother and the dynasty of Braban was cursed.

=== What in their past makes them proud? ===
Victory in the war with the Elves in Nadaron.

=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===
Epidemic of vampirism.

=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===
Nothing.

=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===
The present state of affairs continuing forever, or entering another Golden Age.

=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===
From a mining society to an agricultural society. Class distinctions and differences in wealth have increased in the process. The current members are not aware of this; they think the current state of affairs has applied since shortly after creation of world.

=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===
Heroic poems and songs about brave Dwarvish soldiers who fought the Elves.

=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===
Dwarvish soldier Phakna is the greatest hero, while the worst villain is Elvish king Nandollon. In Elvish literature, however, king Nandollon is known as Nandollon the Wise and is celebrated as one of the greatest Elvish kings. Dwarves didn't have a word for stratagem before they met the clever king Nandollon, because nobody was that wily as he was. Thus they started to use adjective ''nandolna'' for ''wily'' and noun ''nandol'' for ''stratagem''.

=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===
Worse if compared with the Golden Age, but better if compared with vampirism.

=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===
They have no opinion about the future.

== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===
Only one at time.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===
People usually marry between the ages of 15 and 20, and then their parents decide. A man over the age of 25 may decide on his own marriages, and so may in practice a widow over that age. A marriage is more of a legal contract than of a religious matter.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===
A man may freely divorce a wife if she isn't good enough for him. A woman usually has to seek divorce through her close male relatives, although cases where a grown woman has left her husband due to physical maltreatment are not unheard of.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===
Usually the mother takes custody, though the opposite is not unheard of, especially if there are male children.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===
Adultery is defined as a married woman having sex with someone else than her husband. Men may have lovers, although that's kept as a secret. A husband may leave an adulterous wife.

=== How are families named? ===
Family name is quite important. There are several ways in which a family can get its family name:
#by a name of a famous ancestor (Toran's son, Gondora's son, priest's son, etc.)
#by a characteristic of an ancestor (taller than usual, dummier than usual, green-eyed, etc.)
#by a place of living (&quot;the Hill one&quot;, &quot;the Forest one&quot;, etc.)

=== What happens to orphans? ===
They should be taken care of by their father's family. Sometimes it is the mother's family instead, if they have a higher social status, or if they are more willing.

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===
Boys have more freedom.

=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===
In theory they are allowed for men but not for women. In practice, they are very rare. However, nobody exercises any control over widows or divorcées, even comparatively young ones.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===
Incest is sex between close relatives and is very, very rare. Cousin marriages occur among high nobles and royals. Rape is the taking of someone by violence, and is punishable. Rape of a virgin may even be punished by death, though that would require that she is noble and the rapist is not. Rape within marriage is another matter, though it is generally frowned upon. Paedophilia is punishable and is rare.

=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===
Money, precious metals or stones, land or goods, all depending on the status of the involved families. When a widow or divorcée remarries the marriage gift may be wholly symbolic, like a ring.

=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===
Homosexuality among the nobles and bestiality with sheep among country boys.

=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===
Homosexuality. Bestiality occurs but is not as common as is supposed. Young wives of older men often have male lovers.

=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foreigners? ===
Bestiality, due to the vampirism which was brought to Moynna by the Human tribes of the east.

=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===
It is frowned upon but not punishable. It is not accepted in the society, although is common among the nobles.

=== How do the genders dress? ===
The common male dress consists of leather pants and sweater. Women wear dresses or skirts and sweaters. City women and noble women would normally not expose their breasts, although peasant women may do so in certain contexts. Male always wear some kind of hat, while older and married women wear kerchief.

=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===
There is no prostitution.

=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===
Being a warrior, a miner and a shepherd are male professions.

=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===
Looking after children and the household.

=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===
The Sun is considered male and the Moon female, but they are considered animate.

=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===
Mother-son incest. It leads to both mother and son being executed, whereas father-daughter incest would normally only lead to the father being executed. Father-son incest would probably be very taboo, but it is not thought of.

=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===
In theory yes, but marriage is often based on land, money or goods. Woman should love her husband even if she didn't love him before the marriage.

=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important is it? ===
It means an unpenetrated female, and it is quite important at a woman's first marriage.

== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===
The most noble, eldest and most influential person.

=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===
Giving money and some invaluable or simple things.

=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===
As ''filya'' (uncle, Nadarian вхилiа) or ''gama'' (aunt, Nadarian гама). Very old people are addressed as ''palya'' (grand-mother, Nadarian палiа) and ''nadko'' (grandfather, Nadarian надко).

=== What colours are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===
There are no colours associated with power and virtue (although red and yellow are sometimes associated with power), and black is always associated with death.

=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===
Among young men it would lead to actual fighting. Nobles may duel with swords if grave matters of honour are involved. Normally more sober men are expected to intervene.

=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===
Women are not expected to fight physically. As with men intervention is expected.

=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===
During a ceremony.

=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===
Questions about sex are avoided in public and in polite company.

=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===
Crying and screaming is expected for women, but men are not supposed to cry.

=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===
They are buried with a religious ceremony.

=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===
Necklaces and rings of precious metals, sometimes with precious stones. They are worn all the time but more at joyous ceremonies and festivities. Women are expected to wear more jewelry than men, and nobles more than common people.

=== Who inherits property? Titles? Position? ===
Sons, or in their absence brothers or brother's sons or unmarried/divorced daughters inherit property. It is usual for a wife to remain in possession of her husband’s property until she dies. Titles and positions are in theory all bestowed rather than inherited, though ones basic social status as nobility is inherited from the father at birth.

=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===
They will be looked after by their relatives. If they have no relatives who are able to look after them they become beggars.

=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===
Various board games, ballgames and forms of play and sport exist. The only organized sport is wrestling, which is very popular.

=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===
The genitals, the backside, and among noble women or women otherwise concerned about their virtue the breasts. Adult peasant women routinely go with their breasts bare while working in the fields or while feeding their babies.

=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===
Defecating and urinating are private. Men may urinate rather more openly than women. Bathing is not considered private, though most women wouldn't, unlike men or children, bathe entirely naked.

=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===
It depends on the nature of the deformity. If it is a big and rare one, people will be feared.

=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===
Usually between age fifteen and age twenty, by marrying.

== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===
Yes, there is. They are organized into different ranks based on seniority.

=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===
They believe that their bodies rot and their souls are taken to the Moon, who is goddess of death in their mythology.

=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===
They are frowned upon but left alone as long as they do not protest against the religious habits of the majority.

=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===
There are holy stones, springs and caves. Dwarves believe that the holy spirits, some of which are good and some evil, live in the holy caves. They also believe that the holy stones, which are considered holy because they have unusual shape, were made when the holy spirits and gods passed that way. About the holy springs they believe that these springs are healthy and they go early in a holiday morning to drink water from them. Those who can’t see well can get their good sight back if they wash their eyes with this holy water early in a holiday morning.

=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===
The festivals of the solstices. Rituals are performed during the funerals, weddings, and births.

=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===
They pray to their gods to give them good harvest. They gather on every Hannardan (middle day of month) and attend priests’ liturgy to the gods.

=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===
Humans (Gonians) believe in only one god and several holy spirits. They also believe in reincarnation. Elves believe in several gods, their angels and also several holy spirits. They believe in reincarnation, too.

=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule? ===
Fast. It should be held for a month, from the third Hannardan to the fourth. During the fast Dwarves should eat only vegetables and no meat, eggs, milk or cheese. However, it is most commonly broken.

=== What is the least-violated religious rule? ===
Hannardan gatherings.

=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===
The Dwarvish Church is only one, but there are three factions inside it, one representing each Dwarvish country: Upper Sethia, Nadaron, and Gono-Sethic lands. Before there was a Morian faction, too. In the [[History of Moynna#First Age|First Age]], before the Big Migration, the church was unique. These three factions often compete which one is going to be greater and richer when they perform rituals and festivals.

=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===
There is one monastic group and it isn’t connected with the Dwarvish Church. Its members are only men and they live a simple and a poor life. They are not commonly seen in the towns and cities since they live high in the mountains and almost never leave their monastery. Often they are subject of women’s gossiping.

=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===
As unbelievers (Nadarian ''iонкежаллое''), those who don’t know the real truth about the gods, the creation of world, and the life after death.

=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===
Although the Church is not formally connected with the royal courts, religious leaders are very influencing in the politics. The political leaders respect them and often ask for their opinion on something.

=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural events/beings do people fear? ===
There are a lot of supernatural beings in [[Sethic mythology]], including vampires, water spirits, evil horses, ghouls, ghosts, etc. The people are also very superstitious. Every work is started with singing of a spell to protect it from evil magic, etc.

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===
There are judges (Nadarian ''калмае'', singular ''калма'') in each town. They decide whether someone has broken a law when somebody complains to them. The judges are proclaimed by the King.

=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===
There are two types of punishments: death (for bigger crimes) and slavery (for everything else). Slaves serve at noble and rich people’s households.

=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===
There is the Council of the Wise, which can create new laws and change the old ones. Its members are over 55 years old former judges. Every new law and a change of an old one, however, must be allowed by the King.

=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===
Judge’s word is last and final. Family of a condemned can complain to the King, but he doesn’t often change the judge’s decision.

=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===
The King gives orders: in war for bravery, and in peace for an extraordinary community work.

=== What titles do various officials have? ===
There are only judges and officers. The highest officer is called дотторан (dottoran), and there is only one of them in a kingdom. Smaller officers are called араделiе (aradeliye, plural of арадел) and there are several of them. Simple soldiers are called парθаллое (parthalloy, plural of парθалло), and there is a lot of them. Soldiers are actually mobilized peasants. There is no one official army in a Dwarvish kingdom, but if war happens, the army is made of the male population older than 17. The officials are proclaimed by the King. They are noble and they live in the royal court.

=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===
Officers are invincible, while people can complain about the judges to the King.

=== How do government officials dress? ===
Same as common people, but their clothes have more colours and they wear more jewelry.

=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===
It is in Nadaron and Gono-Dwarvish lands, but not in Upper Sethia. In Nadaron and Gono-Dwarvish lands the judges have to refer to the law, but in Upper Sethia they can decide on their own opinion.

=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===
None. One can’t get out of slavery nor from death.

=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===
There is no mercy for the condemned ones…

=== How are people executed? ===
They are hung up in Gono-Dwarvish lands and in Nadaron and Upper Sethia their heads are cut off.

=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===
Poor people. Only nobles can have leading positions, and rich people often become noble because they have a lot of money.

=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===
Usually not, but there are numerous examples of judges being bribed.

=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===
A bad ruler doesn’t appear in public and doesn’t make speeches and sing patriotic songs. During the wartime, a bad ruler is the one who isn’t winning.

=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===
Stealing is the most common.

== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===
The King.

=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===
The King, but in practice the commander in the field would be the one actually negotiating the terms.

=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===
They are either executed or taken to slavery, but if peace happens they can be returned.

=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===
From our point of view, Dwarvish wars would look like our medieval wars.

=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===
There are no elite warriors. Soldiers who gain order for bravery are more respected.

=== How does someone get command of troops? ===
The King proclaims the officers and they are usually noble or rich.

=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===

=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===
There are no professional soldiers.

=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===
They had one civil war and one war with the Elves.

=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===
Elves are their biggest enemies. The Dwarves won.

=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===
Live normal life.

== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===
There are three Dwarvish [[Sethic languages]] that are written in [[Vandar's script]] and in [[Sethic runes]].

=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===
Literacy isn’t common and people who can read and write are much respected.

=== What form and value are books? ===
The books are rare and are respected, although they are useless for the simple people.

=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===
Usually only future priests learn to write. Elder priests teach them. In the cities noble and rich people learn to write, too. They hire a priest to teach them.

=== Who decides who learns to read or write? Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===
Usually only future priests learn to write and elder priests teach them. If somebody wants to become a carpenter or blacksmith, etc. they go to current carpenters and blacksmiths and learn from them. There are no scribes.

=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===
No, not ever, except that some Dwarvish tribes mixed with Human (Gonian) tribes and Gonian linguist Vandar has created a new alphabet for Dwarves. The Gonians have also taught Dwarves how to work in fields. They are the first and the only one other nation that Dwarves accepted as friends and neighbours.

=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===
Priests and old women serve as doctors. They pray to gods, put some herbs on wounds, say spells to beat the evil magic, etc.

=== Which medical assumptions of this society are wrong? ===
They believe that every sickness is an act of evil magic and they heal it by singing spells.

== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite art forms? ===
Sculptures and music.

=== What are the least-favorite? ===
Paintings.

=== How respected are artists? ===
There are no artists, but people themselves make sculptures. Those who sing nice are beloved.

=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===
Nope.

=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===
There are no artists.

=== How might a very successful artist live? ===
Once again, there are no artists…

=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===
They don’t, except in the cities of Limard Gondora and Limard Firinno, where some kind of theatre does exist. They sing patriotic and heroic songs and poems during some ceremonies and amuse noble and rich people for money.

=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===
Songs and poetry is usually patriotic and heroic, while the sculptures usually represent kings, heroes and nobles.

=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===
Square.

=== Which art forms get the most and least respect? ===
Music and poetry are the most respected, while painting is the least.

=== What form does censorship take? ===
New poems and songs. One can go to slavery if sings unpatriotic songs.

=== Who may not be an artist? ===
Everybody can.

=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===
Music.

=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===
Jewelry and colourful clothes.

=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercing? Facial hair? Make-up? ===
There are no such things.

== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===
It should be, but sex can sometimes happen out of marriage and that’s not so terrible.

=== Or, is it supposed to be? What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===
It should be, but sex can sometimes happen out of marriage and that’s not so terrible.

=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===
No, there isn’t, except that a married pair should always have at least one child.

=== Are there laws about it? What about prostitution? ===
There is no prostitution.

=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===
One should be married, but sex can occur before marriage at about age of 15 to 17.

=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===
Although nobody can stop someone to marry an older woman or man, such marriages are sometimes subject of gossiping. However, it is normal for a man to be up to ten years older than woman (e. g. she’s 17 and he’s 30). Marriages with a big difference in age of the spouses are not uncommon at all.

=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===
Nope.

=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===
One-to-one.

=== And, of course, what about homosexuality? Is it frowned on? Encouraged? ===
It is frowned on, but occurs with nobles sometimes and that’s kept as a secret.

== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===
Death is the final end of life. After it, the souls are taken to Moon, where the goddess of death lives. From there they can see their relatives what are they doing in Moynna.

=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===
They don’t perform cremation, but bury their dead bodies in their family cemetery in the backyard.

=== Is the family responsible for the body? ===
Yes, they should bury it, or they will be cursed.

=== What part do the priests play? ===
They have to be on the funeral to say a prayer to God and some spells so the soul can find its way towards Moon and the family is not going to be cursed.

=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===
Yes, there are family cemeteries in the backyards of their houses.

=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back with all the relatives in it? ===
Exactly, just as I have already said above…

=== Do people visit the dead? If so, how often and why? ===
The middle day of the year – the sixth Hannardan – is the day for visiting dead. On that day, the family brings some food and drink to their family cemetery and eats some of it there and some leaves for the dead. They should do it on every sixth Hannardan (which is also called карраллоедхан, “day of the dead”), or they are going to be cursed and the souls of their dead will be angry on them, but if they really can’t make it, never mind. They also wear black robes when visiting dead. Priests are not necessary in this ceremony.

== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===
It is a terrible thing. Suicides are not buried in the family cemetery, but out of town, and priests don’t come to pray for their souls. Their souls are cursed. Only the gods can give and take lives, mortals do not have right to do that.

Murdered people are buried in the family cemetery and priests do pray for them, and if family knows who has killed their beloved one, then he’s executed. Executed people are not prayed for and their bodies are buried out of town. Their souls are cursed too, and they can’t reach the Moon, but stay on Earth as vampires, evil ghosts, etc.

=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit? Or is it a sin at all? ===
Not the greatest, but sure is a very, very big one.

=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===
No, it isn’t.

=== Is it worse than murder? ===
Yes, it is.

[[Category:Moynna]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Zlatiborica</title>
    <id>2544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10804</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-12T15:32:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zlatiborica</username>
        <id>190</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[speak here!]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:SC</title>
    <id>2546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10816</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T10:26:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sc</title>
    <id>2547</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21365</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Template:SC]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:SC]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nıbuzıgu</title>
    <id>2548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10822</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nıbuzıgu is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* musical tone language
* isolating
* only one open lexical class (substantives)
* heavy use of serial verb constructions (SVC)

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s21/ Nıbuzıgu Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Þrjótrun</title>
    <id>2549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10824</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-13T12:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Theiling</username>
        <id>34</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Þrjótrun is one of [[User:Theiling|Henrik Theiling's]] conlangs.  Its
main features are:

* naturalistical a-posteriory language
* derived from Vulgar Latin
* sound changes of Icelandic

== External Links ==

* [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/ Þrjótrun Home Page]
* [http://www.theiling.de/ Henrik Theiling's Home Page]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire</title>
    <id>2550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45997</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:33:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* XIII. Questions of Law, Justice and Police */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

To make it easier (and encourage) to fill it out I &amp;mdash; [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] &amp;mdash; have created a [[Templates|template]] formatting the questions as wiki headings.  To use template
create a page named e.g. '''''Your conculture'' Ethnographical Questionnaire''' and enter the text

  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Ethnographical Questionnaire|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your conculture&lt;/em&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

into the edit box &amp;mdash; most easily done by copy-pasting the test in the box above, replacing the words &lt;tt&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your conculture&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; with the actual name of your conculture &amp;mdash;, then save the page and then open the edit window again.  Now the edit box questions will contain the list of questions formatted as wiki headings, with vertical space between for you to fill in your answers. (I put this page here for three reasons: (a) to show it as David Zahir originally wrote it, (b) to provide an easy way to read through the questions, and (c) to advertice and describe the use of [[Template:Ethnographical Questionnaire|the template version]].)

''Don't'' copy-paste the contents of this page into your own page; the formatting won't be as nice, and you'll have to do a lot of editing to make it look nice, and ''don't under '''any''' circumstances'' enter your answers into the template editing page, since that will ruin the template for others!

== I. Questions of Place ==

(a) Describe the geography of where your society calls home.&lt;br&gt;
(b) Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons?&lt;br&gt;
(c) What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What are the most commonly-grown foods?&lt;br&gt;
(e) What are the most commonly-eaten meats?&lt;br&gt;
(f) What foods are considered exotic or expensive?&lt;br&gt;
(g) What forms of alcohol are common? Rare?&lt;br&gt;
(h) Is there usually enough food and water for the population?&lt;br&gt;
(i) What is this place's most abundant resource?&lt;br&gt;
(j) What is its most valuable resource?&lt;br&gt;
(k) What resource is it most lacking?&lt;br&gt;
(l) How do people travel from one place to another?&lt;br&gt;
(m) Are the borders secure? In what way?&lt;br&gt;
(n) How many people live here?&lt;br&gt;
(o) Where in this place to they congregate?&lt;br&gt;
(p) What part of this place do they avoid? Why?&lt;br&gt;
(q) What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for?&lt;br&gt;
(r) What are the most common wild animals?&lt;br&gt;
(s) Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be?&lt;br&gt;

== II. Questions of Time ==

(a) How far back does this society's written history go?&lt;br&gt;
(b) How far back do its people believe it goes?&lt;br&gt;
(c) What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What was the best thing that every happened to them?&lt;br&gt;
(e) What in their past makes them feel ashamed?&lt;br&gt;
(f) What in their past makes them proud?&lt;br&gt;
(g) What are they afraid of happening again?&lt;br&gt;
(h) What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely?&lt;br&gt;
(i) What do they assume the future will hold?&lt;br&gt;
(j) How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this?&lt;br&gt;
(k) What are the most popular stories about the past?&lt;br&gt;
(l) Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain?&lt;br&gt;
(m) Do people think the present better or worse than the past?&lt;br&gt;
(n) Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past?&lt;br&gt;

== III. Questions of Sex and Family ==

(a) How many spouses may a man or woman have?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Who decides on a marriage?&lt;br&gt;
(c) Can a marriage end in divorce? How?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason?&lt;br&gt;
(e) How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides?&lt;br&gt;
(f) How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans?&lt;br&gt;
(h) How are boy and girl children treated differently?&lt;br&gt;
(i) Are premarital relations allowed?&lt;br&gt;
(j) How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these?&lt;br&gt;
(k) What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift?&lt;br&gt;
(l) What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced?&lt;br&gt;
(m) What secret vice actually is practiced?&lt;br&gt;
(n) What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners?&lt;br&gt;
(o) How do people react to homosexuality?&lt;br&gt;
(p) How do the genders dress?&lt;br&gt;
(q) Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate?&lt;br&gt;
(r) What professions or activities are considered masculine?&lt;br&gt;
(s) What professions or activities are viewed as feminine?&lt;br&gt;
(t) What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female?&lt;br&gt;
(u) What is the biggest sexual taboo?&lt;br&gt;
(v) Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love?&lt;br&gt;
(w) What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it?&lt;br&gt;

== IV. Questions of Manners ==

(a) Who speaks first at a formal gathering?&lt;br&gt;
(b) What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste?&lt;br&gt;
(c) How do younger adults address their elders?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death?&lt;br&gt;
(e) If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved?&lt;br&gt;
(f) If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved?&lt;br&gt;
(g) When is it rude to laugh at something funny?&lt;br&gt;
(h) What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all?&lt;br&gt;
(i) How do people demonstrate grief?&lt;br&gt;
(j) What does this society do with their corpses?&lt;br&gt;
(k) What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when?&lt;br&gt;
(l) Who inheirits property? Titles? Position?&lt;br&gt;
(m) What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness?&lt;br&gt;
(n) What are the most popular games? How important are they?&lt;br&gt;
(o) What parts of the body are routinely covered?&lt;br&gt;
(p) How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating?&lt;br&gt;
(q) How do people react to physical deformity?&lt;br&gt;
(r) When and how does someone go from child to adult?&lt;br&gt;

== V. Questions of Faith ==

(a) Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized?&lt;br&gt;
(b) What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this?&lt;br&gt;
(c) What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like?&lt;br&gt;
(e) What are the most popular rituals or festivals?&lt;br&gt;
(f) What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it?&lt;br&gt;
(g) How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours?&lt;br&gt;
(h) What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule?&lt;br&gt;
(j) What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete?&lt;br&gt;
(k) Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one?&lt;br&gt;
(l) How are those who follow different faiths treated?&lt;br&gt;
(m) What relationship do religious and political leaders have?&lt;br&gt;
(n) What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural&lt;br&gt;
events/beings do people fear?

== VI. Questions of Government ==

(a) Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How?&lt;br&gt;
(b) What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why?&lt;br&gt;
(c) How are new laws created or old ones changed?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved?&lt;br&gt;
(e) Who has the right to give orders, and why?&lt;br&gt;
(f) What titles do various officials have?&lt;br&gt;
(g) How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person?&lt;br&gt;
(h) How do government officials dress?&lt;br&gt;
(i) Is the law written down? Who interprets it?&lt;br&gt;
(j) Once accused, what recourse does someone have?&lt;br&gt;
(k) Is torture allowed? What kinds?&lt;br&gt;
(l) How are people executed?&lt;br&gt;
(m) Who cannot rise to positions of leadership?&lt;br&gt;
(n) Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances?&lt;br&gt;
(o) What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it?&lt;br&gt;
(p) What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal?&lt;br&gt;

== VII. Questions of War ==

(a) Who declares war?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Who has the power to declare conditions of peace?&lt;br&gt;
(c) What happens to prisoners taken in battle?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What form of warfare does this society use?&lt;br&gt;
(e) Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them?&lt;br&gt;
(f) How does someone get command of troops?&lt;br&gt;
(g) Where do the loyalties of military units lie?&lt;br&gt;
(h) Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military?&lt;br&gt;
(i) Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so?&lt;br&gt;
(j) Who are their enemies? Who's winning?&lt;br&gt;
(k) What do soldiers do when there's no war?&lt;br&gt;

== VIII. Questions of Education ==

(a) Does this society have its own language? Its own writing?&lt;br&gt;
(b) How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed?&lt;br&gt;
(c) What form and value are books?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Who teaches others? How do they teach?&lt;br&gt;
(e) Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe?&lt;br&gt;
(g) Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that?&lt;br&gt;
(h) How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness?&lt;br&gt;
(i) Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong?&lt;br&gt;

== IX. Questions of Art ==

(a) What are the favorite artforms?&lt;br&gt;
(b) What are the least-favorite?&lt;br&gt;
(c) How respected are artists?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Do artists require official or unofficial protection?&lt;br&gt;
(e) What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in?&lt;br&gt;
(f) How might a very successful artist live?&lt;br&gt;
(g) What forms of theatre does your society have?&lt;br&gt;
(h) How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art?&lt;br&gt;
(j) What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture?&lt;br&gt;
(k) Which artforms get the most and least respect?&lt;br&gt;
(l) What form does censorship take?&lt;br&gt;
(m) Who may not be an artist?&lt;br&gt;
(n) What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society?&lt;br&gt;
(o) What makes a man or woman especially beautiful?&lt;br&gt;
(p) How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up?&lt;br&gt;

== X. Questions of sex and marriage ==

(a) Is sex confined to marriage?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior?&lt;br&gt;
(c) Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution?&lt;br&gt;
(e) How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex?&lt;br&gt;
(f) What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple?&lt;br&gt;
(g) Do relationships allow multiple partners?&lt;br&gt;
(h) Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed?&lt;br&gt;
(i) And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged?&lt;br&gt;

== XI. Questions of death and burial ==

(a) What is their understanding of death and dying?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of?&lt;br&gt;
(c) Is the family  responsible for the body?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What part do the priests play?&lt;br&gt;
(e) Are there cemeteries at all?&lt;br&gt;
(f) Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it?&lt;br&gt;
(g) Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why?&lt;br&gt;

== XII. Questions of suicide ==

(a) What do people in this culture think about suicide?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all?&lt;br&gt;
(c) Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul?&lt;br&gt;
(d) Is it worse than murder?&lt;br&gt;

== XIII. Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

(a) Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military?&lt;br&gt;
(b) Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces?&lt;br&gt;
(c) How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed?&lt;br&gt;
(d) What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy?&lt;br&gt;
(e) Are there individuals or groups who are above the law?&lt;br&gt;
(f) Is there a secret police?&lt;br&gt;
(g) What is the role of police informants, if any?&lt;br&gt;
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ethnographical Questionnaire</title>
    <id>2551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10844</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-15T12:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Changed to expanded author note -- should it perhaps go into a template of its own?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= {{{1}}} Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conculture</title>
    <id>2552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11114</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:43:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''conculture''' ''n.'' (Truncation of ''constructed culture''.) An imaginary race, people or species invented as a diversion or as background for a work of fiction.

If you are looking for help to start describing your conculture, have a look at [[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]!

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Latin Pinyin</title>
    <id>2553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18068</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T00:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''r'' == '''z''' doesn't seem likely a likely choice for a Latin speaker of Imperial times, as Latin grammarians say that {{sc|z}} is pronounced {{sc|sd}} or {{sc|ds}}, and it is frequently used in Vulgar Latin inscriptions for the reflex of {{sc|dj &lt; dĭ, dĕ}} before a vowel, so you get spellings like {{sc|zabvlvs}} for '''diabolus''' and even {{sc|Zodorvs}} for '''Theodorus'''!  Later it was even used for palatalized {{sc|g}} and affricized {{sc|j}} — witness the name of the pretender Maximinus, whose cognomen is variously written '''Daia''' and '''Daza''', presumably pronounced {{IPA|[dadʒa]}}.  (One wonders where the name came from.  Can it have been Illyrian?)  These spellings suggest that if one goes for 'Latin' letter values '''z''' must be something like {{IPA|[dz]}} or possibly {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, and something {{IPA|[z]}}-like won't be likely at all.
(Also note that all of Italian, Old High German, Old French and Old Spanish use '''z''' for dental affricates!)  FWIW I've always found the ''r'' mapping to be the main attraction of Pinyin (and GR! {{-)}})  I think a Roman would definitely hear {{IPA|[ɻ]}} as '''r''' — a strange '''r''' to be sure, but definitely not a '''z'''.

These considerations of course affect the spellings of ''z, c, zh, zh''.  It doesn't seem right to me to conflate ''c'' and ''s'' — if anything should be conflated it is the ''zh'' series vs. ''z'' series distinctions, since that is not observed by quite a lot of Chinese speakers.  Therefore I suggest:

{|
| ''z'' || '''t(i)/z''' || || ''c'' || '''th(i)/z''' || || ''s'' || '''s'''
|-
| ''zh'' || '''t(i)''' || || ''ch'' || '''th(i)''' || || ''sh'' || '''s(i)''' || || ''r'' || '''r'''
|}

NB '''z''' as alternative spelling for both ''c'' and ''z'': the Romans would probably regard aspiration as simply unexpressable after '''z'''!

BTW wouldn't it be better to use '''u''' rather than '''v''' as an initial?  After all that is the more authentic Latin spelling: '''V''' as capital and '''u''' as minuscle.

As for the finals I would use '''o''' for ''ou'', since {{IPA|[o]}} when it occurs is merely an allophone of {{IPA|/ɤ/}} which is normally written ''e''. In fact Pinyin ''o'' outside ''uo'' or ''ou'' occurs only after labial, e.g. ''bo'', where it writes {{IPA|[uo]}}, or at any rate {{IPA|/uɤ/}}. Many older transcriptions  use '''''o''''' for ''uo'' or for some instances of {{IPA|/ɤ/}}.  Taking Latin and Vulgar Latin orthographic values into account I think it likely to adopt '''uo''' which at least occurred in some Latin words like {{sc|duo}}, but avoid '''ou''', and then '''o''' is ''{{sc|the}}'' choice, IMHO, in order to keep it distinct from '''u'''.

I also have the feeling that ''ü'' should be written '''iu''', since {{sc|y}} was generally merged with {{sc|i}} in Latin, and ''iu'' of course would be '''io'''.  I definitely feel '''cy''' for ''qu'' against '''cu''' for ''ku'' is somewhat weird, but I also appreciate that weirdness may be something to appreciate.

As for ''ng + t'' the obvious solution is '''nchth''', since that is how a Greek γχθ would have been rendered in Latin — NB that χτ was unorthographic in ancient Greek.  I remain to be convinced that a stop before an aspirated stop was actually released and aspirated, but that was at any rate how they were written!

BTW IMO your '''Author''' box merits a template!

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:36, 15 July 2006 (PDT)

:Well, this whole deal is something I haven't touched in some time (and I know a lot more about Latin phonology and the spelling of borrowed foreign words in later periods by now).  As for V/u, that's really more a medieval thing: the classical period didn't have minuscules, and modern spelling (at least, so far as I'm familiar with) uses V as consonantal and U as vocalic (or for labiovelars, as in ''quo'' and ''sanguis'').  The other things are reasonable.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:10, 15 July 2006 (PDT)


Just wondering why the &lt;o&gt; in &lt;ionle&gt; not &lt;iunle&gt;. Anyone help? :-) [[User:Xipirho|Xipirho]] 17:41, 3 January 2007 (PST)

:Because at the time I didn't understand the reconstructed classical Latin phonetic system well enough to know [ʊ] sounded more like short |u| than a kind of |o|.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:05, 4 January 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Syntax</title>
    <id>2555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11868</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T12:27:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Pronunciation Guide=
*[[Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:labial consonant|Labial]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:dental consonant|Dental]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:plosive|Plosive]]
| p
| b
| t
| d
| &amp;#678;
| &amp;#675;
| k
| g
|-
| [[Wikipedia:fricative|Fricative]]
| ɸ
| β
| θ
| ð
| s
| z
| ç
| ʝ
|-
| [[Wikipedia:sonorant|Sonorant]]
| ?
| m
| ?
| l
| ɾ
| n
| ?
| j
|}

*[[Wikipedia:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]]:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| b
| t_d
| d_d
| ts)
| dz)
| c
| J\
|-
| Fricative
| p\
| B
| T_d
| D_d
| s
| z
| C
| j\
|-
| Sonorant
| m_0
| m
| l_0_d
| l_d
| _0
| n
| j_0
| j
|}

*Standard orthography:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| b
| t
| d
| ʂ
| ʐ
| c
| g
|-
| Fricative
| f
| v
| þ
| ð
| s
| z
| x
| q
|-
| Sonorant
| ɱ
| m
| ł
| l
| r
| n
| ħ
| j
|}

=Abbreviations &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħőes&lt;/font&gt;=
&lt;u&gt;Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒeþőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*NM = nominative &lt;font color=blue&gt;nóómnəʒe̋þos&lt;/font&gt;
*ST = stative &lt;font color=blue&gt;saaþʒe̋þos&lt;/font&gt;
*MO = motive &lt;font color=blue&gt;céʒəʒe̋þos&lt;/font&gt;
*VO = vocative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱʒe̋þos&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stı́ı́vnoomnőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*1 = first person &lt;font color=blue&gt;oı́tanħe̋no&lt;/font&gt;
*2 = second person &lt;font color=blue&gt;dútanħe̋no&lt;/font&gt;
*3 = third person &lt;font color=blue&gt;tı́rtanħe̋no&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Number &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne̋msos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*s = singular &lt;font color=blue&gt;óine̋mso&lt;/font&gt;
*p = plural &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulne̋mso&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Noun Classes &lt;font color=blue&gt;nóómnəreʂa̋es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*CL1 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-is&lt;/font&gt;, plant class &lt;font color=blue&gt;muulre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;
*CL2 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-es&lt;/font&gt;, animal class &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðúsloɱre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;
*CL3 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-as&lt;/font&gt;, abstraction class &lt;font color=blue&gt;mexre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;
*CL4 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-os&lt;/font&gt;, object class &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱéxtəre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;
*CL5 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-øs&lt;/font&gt;, mutant class &lt;font color=blue&gt;miþre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;
*CL6 = &lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt;, person class &lt;font color=blue&gt;ánħenre̋ʂas&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Prefixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pérıpagőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*AUG = augmentative &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPX = feminine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ğenpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*INT = intensive &lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒoorpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*MPX = masculine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*NEG = negative &lt;font color=blue&gt;arpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*PRV = privative &lt;font color=blue&gt;eqpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*PPX = past prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;perpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*RED = reduplicative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúc̆erpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;póspagőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*ADV = adverbial suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱooqvááþnəpa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;
*DIM = diminutive &lt;font color=blue&gt;ménypa̋gos&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Moods &lt;font color=blue&gt;minőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*IMP = imperative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnðmi̋nos&lt;/font&gt;
*IND = indicative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeermı̋nos&lt;/font&gt;
*REL = relative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒeþmı̋nos&lt;/font&gt;
*SUB = subjunctive mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;nɱeermı̋nos&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Other &lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋ņo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
*APCP = agent participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱááþnemva̋a̋þnos&lt;/font&gt;
*EL = elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;dűűras&lt;/font&gt;
*EP = epenthetic vowel &lt;font color=blue&gt;entı̋ı̋vs̆evs̆e̋nos&lt;/font&gt;
*FPRT = future particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;posɱı̋ðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*IPF = imperfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;nsényħ̮e̋lgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PF = perfect aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;sényħ̮e̋lgas&lt;/font&gt;
*PPCP = patient participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱı̋ı̋rnemva̋a̋þnos&lt;/font&gt;
*PPRT = past particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;perɱı̋ðlos&lt;/font&gt;
*VN = verbnoun &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufvááþnənőőmnos&lt;/font&gt;
*VPRT = vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱəɱı̋ðlos&lt;/font&gt;

=Part IV. Syntax &lt;font color=blue&gt;IV. ne̋mos. vááþnəre̋ʂan&lt;/font&gt;=
*'''164'''. Senjecas has an object-verb (OV) syntax, which means that all modifiers (adjectives, possessives, post-positional phrases, clauses) are placed before the noun they modify.  The finite verb is the last element in its sentence.
==Word Order &lt;font color=blue&gt;vááþnəre̋ʂan&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''165.'''Sentence order is: subject + adverbial time phrase + adverbial place phrase + other postpositional phrase + object + finite verb (+ negative).
'''sweet honey / / old man's gray hair'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;s̆a̋a̋do&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me̋ln-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʐeer-űşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʂa̋sn-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|sweet
|honey
|/
|/
|old.man_CL6.ST.s
|gray.hair-CL5.NM.s
|}
'''The millstone under the tree is heavy.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dorı̋şo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;únda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;miil-őnd-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ğe̋r-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|tree-CL2-ST.s
|under
|mill-stone-CL5.NM.s
|heavy-CL5.NM.s
|be-IND
|}
'''The stag whose antlers are broken is fighting.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-éşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʂer-őes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vérʐ-aþ-őes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-i&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nor-ʒőrc-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʂa̋t-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-CL2.ST.s
|antler-CL5.NM.p
|break-PPCP-CL5.NM.p
|be-REL
|MPX-deer-CL2.NM.s
|fight-IND
|}
*'''166'''. As with all finite verbs, when a verb is in the imperative mood, it is placed last in the sentence.
'''Throw the ball. // Let's go to the ocean'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡t-ű&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ge̋lom&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sı̋mte!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ɱ-ű&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋ı̋rt-em&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋t-e!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2s-VO
|ball-CL5.MO.s
|throw-IMP
|/
|/
|3p-VO
|ocean-CL2.MO.s
|toward
|go-IMP
|}
'''Don't come near me!'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡t-ű&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ne̋e̋ɱħ-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2s-VO
|1s-MO
|approach-IMP
|not
|}       
*'''167'''. In an OV language titles are postposed.
'''King William I reigned 21 years.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oı̋tu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiļa̋m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meħ-ɱa̋lt-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ői&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱe̋t-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;re̋e̋ʐ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|first
|William-CL6.NM.s
|great-prince-CL6.NM.s
|twenty
|one
|year-CL5.ST.s
|PPCP
|reign-IND
|}
*'''168'''. Elements which depend on one another must be next to each other.
'''He is richer than I in cattle.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;qa̋a̋v-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sóma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ğose̋m  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3s.NM
|?-ADV
|rich-CL6.NM.s
|1s-ST
|compared.to
|cattle-CL3.ST.p
|be-IND
|}

not:                                                                 

{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;qa̋a̋v-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ğose̋m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sóma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3s.NM
|?-ADV
|rich-CL6.NM.s
|cattle-CL3.ST.p
|1s-ST
|compared.to
|be-IND
|}

==Definitions. &lt;font color=blue&gt;tólcyma̋es&lt;/font&gt;==

*'''169'''. A sentence expresses a thought in words.  Syntax treats of the relation of these words to one another. A sentence may contain a declaration, a question, a command (imperative or subjunctive), or an exclamation.  Each of these may be either affirmative or negative.

*'''170'''. Every sentence must contain two parts, a subject and a predicate.  The subject is that about which something is stated.  The predicate is that which is stated about the subject.  ''E.g.'', in the sentence &lt;font color=blue&gt;maacı̋es ánþomı̋es e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, the poppies are in bloom, &quot;the poppies&quot; is the subject and &quot;are in bloom&quot; is the predicate.

*'''171'''. A verb with its pronoun subject prefix makes the simplest form of sentence: &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ʂe̋rsa&lt;/font&gt;, He runs.
**There are some impersonal sentences, having to do with the weather, that contain only a predicate, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱe̋rsa&lt;/font&gt;, it is raining.

*'''172'''. A simple sentence contains only one clause.

*'''173'''. When any part of &lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, be, connects the subject with a following noun, adjective, or phrase, the verb is called the copula, and what follows is called the predicate, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;múşo ħesre̋es uqre̋es e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, my hands are cold.  The copula may not be omitted in Senjecas.

*'''174'''. That upon which the action of a verb is exerted is called the object.  The object may be either direct or indirect, ''e.g.'', in &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus tı̋r ternőşo me̋ton núş' o lűqa&lt;/font&gt;, he promised him three measures of wheat, &quot;three measures&quot; is the direct object and &quot;him&quot; the indirect object.

*'''175'''. Verbs which can have a direct object are called transitive; those which cannot are called intransitive.  In Senjecas, most verbs are ambitransitive, that is, they can be both transitive and intransitive.

==Subject and Predicate &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋a̋tosc̆e eega̋þosc̆e&lt;/font&gt;==

===Subject &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋a̋tus&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''176'''. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋ʂ̮es ʂe̋rsa&lt;/font&gt;, the horse runs.
*'''177'''. The subject of a dependent finite verb is in the motive case, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus num a̋to ɱe̋ʂa&lt;/font&gt;, I wanted him to go.

===Subject and Verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋a̋tos ufva̋a̋nosc̆e&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''178'''. A finite verb is marked only for mood, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus sa̋rta&lt;/font&gt;, I hoe; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nue̋s sa̋rte&lt;/font&gt;, let them hoe.

===Predicate Noun and Adjective===
*'''179'''. With verbs signifying &quot;to be, to become, to appear, to taste, to be named, to be chosen, to be made, to be thought, to be regarded&quot;, ''etc''., a noun or adjective in the predicate is in the same case as the subject, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus túşo vaatőşo éħo me̋ļaþus tıta̋a̋la&lt;/font&gt;, he has become angered by your speech.  These verbs are called copulative verbs.

'''This man is king.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱı̋r-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meħ-ɱa̋lt-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-CL6.NM.s
|this-CL6.NM.s
|great-prince-CL6.NM.s
|be-IND
|}
'''These apples taste good.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áábelőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vaadőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źe̋e̋sa.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|apple-CL5.NM.s
|this-CL5.NM.s
|good-CL5.NM.s
|taste-IND
|}
'''He wants his sons to be wise.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sűűnun&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱı̋dun&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋su&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱe̋ʂa.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NM.s
|3-ST.s
|son-CL6.MO.p
|wise-CL6.MO.p
|be-VN
|want-IND
|}
*'''180'''. a. The predicate adjective with these verbs agrees with the subject in class, number and case.
'''That girl is very pretty.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ğe̋n-l-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méħ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me̋ng-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋sa.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|woman-DIM-CL6.NM.s
|that-CL6.NM.s
|great-ADV
|pretty-CL6.NM.s
|be-IND
|}
*b. A predicate adjective or noun is placed immediately before the finite verb phrase.
'''This custom is popular with the young people.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;űc-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;maqűm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lűð-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋sa.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|custom-CL3.NM.s
|this-CL5.NM.s
|youth-CL6.ST.p
|with
|popular-CL6.NM.s
|be-IND
|}
*'''181'''. The predicate of a dependent finite verb with its subject in the motive case is also in the motive case.
'''He wants his son to be strong.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sűűn-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋lð-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱe̋ʂ-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-ST.s
|son-CL6.MO.s
|strong-CL6.MO.s
|be-VN
|want-IND
|}

==Apposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne̋e̋ɱħətas&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''182'''. A substantive annexed to another substantive to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in case.  This is called apposition.  The noun thus used is called an appositive and is placed after the noun to which it is an appositive.
'''I, the prince, have given an order.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋lt-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnð-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vy-vűnð-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NM.s
|prince-CL6.NM.s
|order-CL3.MO.s
|RED-order-IND
|}
*'''183'''. A noun may be in apposition with the subject or the object of a sentence, where in English &quot;as&quot; or a like word would be used.
'''Horses are being offered to the sun god as a sacrifice.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sémus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋ʂ̆en&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pe̋ndom&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;suule̋şo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ḑe̋ȝɱum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pe̋nda.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|one-NM.s
|horse-CL6.MO.p
|sacrifice-CL5.MO.s
|sun-CL2.ST.s
|god-CL6.ST.s
|to
|sacrifice-IND
|}
*'''184'''. The appositive of material or contents, denotes that of which anything consists, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;veerűrosə s̆a̋a̋de a̋ɱdes&lt;/font&gt;, a spring of fresh water; &lt;font color=blue&gt;du metőes miilnőes&lt;/font&gt;, two measures of flour.

==Adjectives==
===Agreement of Adjectives===

*'''185'''. Attributive adjectives agree with their substantives in class only.  This applies to adjectives of whatever kind: determinate, non-determinate, or participles.
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűðo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;citőlos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűðe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋ɱes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűði&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋nþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|red
|box
|/
|/
|red
|bird
|/
|/
|red
|flower
|}
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűðo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;cı́tolőes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűðe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱe̋es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rűűði&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;anþı̋es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|red
|boxes
|/
|/
|red
|birds
|/
|/
|red
|flowers
|}

*'''186'''. If, however, the attributive adjective is separated from its substantive by another phrase, it must then agree in class, case and number, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋le ɱa̋ces&lt;/font&gt;, white cow; but &lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋les qomőşo éna ɱa̋ces&lt;/font&gt;, the white cow in the stable.

*'''187'''. Because they are not preposed, predicate adjectives must agree with their substantives in class, case and number.  They may be connected to their substantives by the copula or a copulative verb, becoming a part of the predicate or assertion made of the subject, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;alvűnes a̋les e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, the dove is white.

*'''188'''. An attributive adjective qualifying several substantives agrees with the nearest substantive in class and is understood with the rest, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðe̋vaþe e̋ʂ̆esc̆e re̋ðusc̆e&lt;/font&gt;, the injured horse and rider.

*'''189'''. A predicate adjective qualifying several substantives agrees in class, number and case with the nearest substantive, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋ʂ̆esc̆e re̋ðusc̆e ðe̋vaþus e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, the horse and rider are injured.

===Adjective Used as a Substantive===

*'''190'''. An attributive adjective may be used as a substantive.  It is put in the class of the missing substantive, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;pőrus&lt;/font&gt;, just man; &lt;font color=blue&gt;meerőes&lt;/font&gt;, important things.

==Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stı́ı́vnoomnőes&lt;/font&gt;==
===Demonstrative Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;dı̋ʂo stı́ı́vnoomnőes&lt;/font&gt;===

*'''191'''. The demonstrative pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dus&lt;/font&gt;, this, referring to what is near in place, time or thought; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;/font&gt;, that, referring to what is more remote; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;álnus&lt;/font&gt;, that over there, referring to what is even more remote.

*'''192'''. The unemphatic demonstrative, which is often used in English as the antecedent of a relative, is not expressed in Senjecas.  Instead a participle is used.
'''I saw those who were going.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋t-ant-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;őc̆a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1s-NM
|PPTC
|go-APCP-CL6.MO.p
|PPTC
|see-IND
|}
'''I saw those who had gone.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋~a̋t-aþ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;őc̆a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1s-NM
|PPTC
|go-APCP-CL6.MO.p
|PPTC
|see-IND
|}
===Relative Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stı́ı́vnoomnőes&lt;/font&gt;===

*'''193'''. There are no relative pronouns, adjectives or adverbs in Senjecas.  Instead, the verb in the relative clause is put in the relative mood and preposed to the substantive that it modifies.
'''The man who is here is my father.'''
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|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋s-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱı̋r-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;a̋p-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;e̋-sa.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
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|be-IND
|}
==The Cases ȝeþma̋es==
===The Nominative Case nóómnєȝe̋þmas===

186. The nominative case marks substantives that are used as the subject of a finite verb or in the predicate after verbs signifying to be, etc.

            ɱı̋rus per ğe̋ma.   ɱirűes per  ğe̋ma.
                                                                  man   ptc. came.         men   ptc. came.
                                                                The man came.           The men came.

===The Stative Case saaþȝe̋þmas===

187. The main function of the stative case is to limit the meaning of a noun or adjective with respect to a noun.  The primary use of the stative case is to state the position of a thing or an idea, either literally or figuratively.  Other uses include the partitive idea or the idea of separation or source.

	  A substantive in the stative case may limit the meaning of another substantive, to express various re-lations, many of which are denoted by &quot;of&quot; or by the possessive case in English.

188. The Stative with Nouns.  The stative that depends on a substantive is called attributive.  It has the following functions:

	 a. The stative case is used to mark the objects of postpositions that do not indicate a change of posi-tion.

 ve̋naðe    dı̋ґes  dorı̋şo únða  pos sa̋a̋ta.
                            wounded  antelope tree   under  ptc. stand.
                                                        The wounded antelope stood under a tree.

	b. The place at which something happens is put in the stative with the postposition éna.

dű  nertőes   ğorőşo    vuðőşo éna pos pa̋a̋lca.
                      two  armies of-mountain   base    at   ptc. clash.
                                             The two armies clashed at the bottom of the mountain.

	c. The time at which something happens is put in the stative with the postposition éna.

núes ɱésnєdaaȝnőşo éna pos mőőda.
                                they spring-festival   at    ptc. meet.
                                                              They met at the spring festival.

	d. The Possessive Stative, i.e., possession or other close relationship.

  apa̋şo  ɱe̋e̋sos
                                                   father's  house
                                                       the house of the father, or the father's house
ɱirűm śe̋rðas
                                                   men's  lineage
                                                                       the lineage of the men.

	e. The Subjective Stative, i.e., the subject of an action or feeling.

 luðűşo  ɱe̋nas   núşo  me̋ħɱaltűşo o  me̋ħas e̋sa.
                    people's  love    of-them      king       for  great    is.
                               The love of the people (i.e., that the people have) for their king is great.

	f. The Objective Stative, i.e., the object of an action or feeling.

 pisśűşo  núşo   le̋das
                                              enemy's of-him hatred
                                                          his hatred of (i.e., felt toward) the enemy.

	g. The Stative of Measure marks substantives which measure space, time or value, e.g., tı̋r ḑeȝa̋m sen-tos, a three days' journey; őśє pedőm dőris, an eight-foot tree; śm̋tos oȝőm éś̮en, a horse worth 100 sheep.

	h. The Causal Stative indicates the cause or origin of a thing.

meħo     degőm    me̋źas
                                         great  of-offenses  anger
                                                                       anger at great offenses

	i. The Partitive Stative indicates the whole about which parts are spoken.

    ȝecűm  menґűes
                                               of-orators  many
                                                                            many of the orators

	j. The Familial Stative indicates the clan into which one is born in the naming of the Children of Stone.  The patronymic is first, then the clan name.

                           méħśame̋şo da̋a̋ȝmos
                                                       of-aurochs      clan
                                                                                        the aurochs clan

189. śm̋tos, hundred, and ħe̋slos, thousand, are nouns.  They and their compounds are used with a stative plural noun, e.g., c̆er nááusőes, four ships, but, naausőm c̆érśmtőes, 400 ships.

190. As the attributive stative stands in the relation of an attributive adjective to its substantive, so a sta-tive may stand in the relation of a predicate adjective to a verb.

	 Verbs signifying to be, to become, and other copulative verbs may have a predicate stative expressing any of the relations of the attributive possessive:


	a. Possessive: me̋dos dos ɱaltűşo (e̋sa).
                     law    this  of-prince   is.
                                     This law is the prince's.

	b. Material: arga̋mos dos  ondőşo  de̋maþos (e̋sa).
                    wall       this  of-stone     built      it-is.
                                This is a wall built of stone.

	c. Measure:  mus s̆ésdemśőes c̆e̋r ɱetőm  (e̋sa).
                      I       sixty     -four of-years   am.
                               I am sixty-four years old.

	d. Origin: tus     toálu    anerűm  ve̋e̋ɱa.
                you of-such ancestors spring. 
                       From such ancestors are you sprung.

	e. Partitive: sémus sőlonum se̋f   ɱidu  ɱirűm pos nőmna. 
                    One    Solon   seven    wise  of-men ptc. called.
                                           Solon was called one of the Seven Wise Men.

191. Any verb may take a partitive stative if its action affects the object only in part.

                                                  nus  cőŗun ve̋nca.     but    nus      coŗűm    ve̋nca.
                                                  he soldiers sends.          he  of-soldiers sends.
                                                  He sends the soldiers.              He sends some of the soldiers.

192. The verbs ge̋ma, seize; dűca, pull; se̋lca, drag; and nı̋ı̋ja, lead, may have an object mutative with a sta-tive of the part taken hold of, the stative coming before the mutative object.

                       sı̋nґes coste̋şo num    pos gєge̋ma.
                                              lion    by-leg  him    ptc. had-seized.
                                                                       The lion had seized him by the leg.

               du  tóverűes    śamőm  ɱa̋xļem  per nı̋ı̋ȝa.
                               two priestesses by-horns  heifer    ptc. lead.
                                                       The two priestesses will lead the heifer by the horns.

193. The verbs śűűla, hear; me̋nða, learn; pe̋ɱa, seek; and ı̋ca, request, may take a mutative of the thing heard, etc., and a stative of the person heard from.

                       lűðus    ɱalþűşo   ı̋ðam pos pe̋ɱa.
                                        people from-prince ruling ptc. sought.
                                                                 The people sought a ruling from the prince.


194. Expressions of fulness or want take the stative of material.

                       núes    me̋nґo    iiħőm      ņı̋ħa.
                                              they of-many necessities  lack
                                                                               They lack many necessities.

195. The verbs pe̋e̋la, fill; va̋rx̆a, stuff; and sa̋ta, sate, take the mutative of the thing filled and the stative of material.

núes   étenőşo   c̆a̋şon  pos pe̋e̋la.
                                  they with-grain  baskets ptc.  fill.
                                                            They filled the baskets with grain.

196. The verbs paűsa, release; s̆e̋va, free; dűűra, remove; dűsa, cease; műta, deprive; ca̋da, rob; and ta̋a̋ja, steal, take the mutative of the thing or person released and the stative of separation of the thing re-leased from.

núes   núşo   catesnőm    cólaþun  pos  paűsa.
                       they of-them from-chains prisoners  ptc. release.
                                                 They released the prisoners from their chains.

197. Verbs signifying to accuse, to prosecute, to convict, to acquit, and to condemn, take a stative denoting the crime with a mutative of the person.

                            mus orga̋şo   núm pos ántaȝe̋ca.
                                                                    I of-murder  him  ptc. accused.
                                                                                 I accused him of murder.

198. The objective stative follows many adjectives derived from the verbs in paragraphs 195 and 196.

nus  ħuðtєta̋m pe̋e̋lus pos e̋sa.    lűðus  edőşo  ı̋ı̋ħɱus pos e̋sa.
           he   of-evils     full   ptc. is.        people in-food  lacking ptc. are.
                              He was full of evils.                                        The people were lacking in food.

199. Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative and equative degrees have a stative of separation with the postposition sóma.  The word order is standard, marker, and adjective/adverb.

                                         nı̋bes  ȝaane̋şo        sóma     ólvu őősvi śe̋rsa.
                          cheetah ostrich in-comparison-to more fast  runs.
                                                            The cheetah runs faster than the ostrich.

200. The indirect object of the action of a transitive verb is put in the stative with the postposition o.

                   tus dőőne menðűş' o  lűvrom nom.
                                        you   give   student  to   book   that.
                                                                        Give that book to the student.


201. The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage anything is or is done, is put in the stative with the postposition ħo.

 sőlu  va̋a̋du  a̋pa   núşo  źoonaþűm ħo  śe̋ma.
                        every  good  father of-him children   for  toils.
                                                       Every good father labors for his children.

202. The concept of &quot;to have&quot; is expressed with the verb &quot;to be&quot; with the possessor in the stative case with o.  That which is possessed is the subject of &quot;to be.&quot;

                         tı̋r  ɱace̋es múş' o e̋sa.
                                               three    cows     me   to  are.
                                                                                     I have three cows.

===The Mutative Case miþȝe̋þmas===

203. The main function of the mutative case is to limit the meaning of a noun or adjective with respect to a verb.  The primary use of the mutative case is to state a change in the position of a thing or an idea, either literally or figuratively.

204. The mutative case is used to mark the objects of postpositions that indicate a change of position.

źóónaþűes ɱe̋e̋som éħa   pos śe̋rsa.
                                  children     house   out-of  ptc.  run.
                                                              The children ran out of the house.

205. The mutative case marks the direct object of the action of a transitive verb.

ɱus         dőn       ɱe̋rźa.
                                           we  these things    do.  
                                                                         We do these things.

206. Any transitive verb whose meaning permits takes an object of kindred signification.  This object re-peats the meaning already contained in the verb.  An example in English is &quot;to sing a song.&quot;  Some English verbs that this construction will replace would be &quot;make, have, get&quot; and &quot;hold.&quot;

                   nus   mı̋n̆o renðőşo éna  tı̋r   sı̋ɱon  pos sı̋ɱa.
                                she small    tear     in  three  stitches ptc. stitch.
                                                              She took three stitches in the small tear.

207. The mutative case marks, with verbs of motion, the particular ground over which the motion passes.

                   źóónaþűni ve̋e̋r̆om pos  ta̋ra.
                                               children    bridge   ptc. cross.
                                                                        The children crossed the bridge.


208. The mutative case marks substantives used as adverbial expressions of extent of time or space.

ɱe̋e̋sos sőla ḑe̋ȝam pos   ı̋ða.
                                       house  whole   day    ptc. burn.
                                                                 The house burned all day long.

209. Verbs signifying to name, to choose, to appoint, to make, to think, to regard, etc., take a predicate mu-tative besides the object mutative.
   
meħɱa̋ltus num coŗőnum pos  nőőmna.
                                      king      him  general  ptc. appointed.
                                                                 The king appointed him general.

===The Vocative Case ħaɱȝe̋þmas===

210. The vocative case, accompanied by the vocative particle ő, is used to mark direct address.

ő coŗa̋a̋gu, sémun  túşo  vűnðon    pos   sese̋n̆a.
                        o    general,    one    of-you orders  ptc. has-completed.
                                                     General, your orders have been carried out.

==Postpositions póstiiva̋aþþnos==

211. Postpositions are independent words that connect words in a sentence with other parts of the sen-tence.  These connecting words are placed after the nouns they govern.  Depending on what is connected, the objects of postpositions are in either the mutative or stative case.  If the postposition in-dicates a change in position, literally or figuratively, the object of the postposition is in the mutative case.  If the postposition does not indicate a change in position, the object of the postposition is in the stative case.

             terse ğose̋es da̋a̋nem   o   pos  a̋ta.
                                   thirsty cattle    river  toward ptc. went.
                                                            The thirsty cattle headed toward the river.           

                                                        ğose̋es   daane̋şo éna sate̋es pos e̋sa.
                                       cattle      river     at   sated   ptc.  is.
                                                                     The cattle at the river were sated.

212. The construction consisting of an intransitive verb plus a prepositional phrase, e.g., &quot;he went with his friends,&quot; is not used in Senjecan as it is in many modern languages.  The idea is expressed by a transitive verb and its direct object, e.g., &quot;he accompanied his friends.&quot;

===213. List of postpositions===

	a. áða denotes in association or connection with.
		a custom popular among(st) the people
		a custom popular with the people.
		it is not within my power to free you.

	b. áfa denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
		one of us.
		the horse shied and he fell off it.
		the mayor was removed from office.

	c. áļa denotes to or on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
		the time is after/past midnight.
		the army arrived behind schedule.
		it is beyond the time for sowing.
		your plan is beyond/past my understanding.
		he drove the wagon by/past the fortress.
		the soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
		please stay with us over the holidays.
		the child couldn't count past 10.

	d. ámva denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.
		About/On all sides of/All about the living room were many chairs.
		We wandered about/around the market.
		The prince built a wall around his castle.
		The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
		The king said we might wander through the castle.

	e. áɱa denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
		The monkey climbed down the tree.
		He has been my friend down through the years.
		The two otters followed our boat down the river.

	f. ána denotes change to, toward or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
		She ran up the hill.
		The sailors will row their boat up the river.
		You'll find the inn up the road.

	g. ánta denotes in a position forward of.
		He stood in front of the church.
		His shadow advanced before/ahead of him.
		The child stood facing the wall.

	h. ánţa denotes in opposition to, in contact with, in exchange for or in place of, literally or figuratively.
		They had to row against the current.
		We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.
		I do this against my better judgment.
		He lost his struggle against his illness.
		This is contrary to my better judgment.
		The rowers had to use boards for oars.
		Run for your life!
		The child does not yet know good from bad.
		I will give you three apples for your bow.
		The workman ran into the tree.
		The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
		They were opposed to his going to war.
		He climbed the tree opposite the store.
		The woman played opposite her husband.
		They had to sail the boat up wind.
		He spent the day fighting with his brother.

	i. ápa denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
		The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
		He is away from home during the summer months.

	j. be denotes on or toward the exterior of.
		There was a noise outside the door.
		He stood without the room while we decided.

	k. cémta denotes in a parallel direction.
		They walked along the road.
		The dog ran alongside me all the way.

	l.  cóma denotes physical proximity.
		He is about the house.
		He sat beside her on the hill.
		They lived in a home by/on the lake.
		The barn is so close to the house that you can hear the animals.
		The village lies near the edge of the forest.
		He was standing next to the tree when it fell.

	m. déś̮a denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing east.
		The princess sat to the right of her father the king.

	? éga denotes having a lack of something.
		They traveled for three days without water.

	n. éħa denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
		They ran from the burning building.
		They were looking out (of) the window when he rode by.

	o. éna denotes stationary position, location within, or movement from without to within.
		The boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
		Please put the dishes in the cupboard.
		Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
		He put the clothing into the box.
		You'll find your book on the.
		Horses are not permitted within the city.

	p. énta denotes movement or direction from the outside to the inside.
		We heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.

	q. entéra denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.
		There is no honor among(st) thieves.
		The beehives are between the house and the barn.
		This book has passed through many hands.

	r. épa denotes accordance with.
		She rode her horse after the manner of the nomads. 
		He carved a statue after the image of his wife. 
		At the general's command the troops charged.
		It was clear that she was behind the plan.
		We learned of his actions by his story.
		We seized the cargo on the authority of the governor.
		According to what she said, they should have known what to do.
		Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
		I am in accord/agreement with him on this policy.
		We left at sunset in conformity to the rules.

	s. éva denotes inclusion within or position on top of literally or figuratively.
		We found the missing items in the closet. 
		The hat was on the ??? where I had left it. 
		They applied paint to the wagon.
		The tree landed upon their house.
		She put a cloth over the table.

	t. ħo denotes causality.
		At his request, we opened the door.
		Because of the rain we could not go.
		By working nights, he was able to buy the gift.
		She was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
		There was a famine and they died of hunger.
		On account of the flood, we could not cross the river.
		We raised the money on behalf of the students.
		Out of fear, the people stayed in their homes.
		They were arguing over the money he had spent. 
		Owing to his poor directions, we got lost.
		But through the skill of our guide, we soon were on the  right road.
		Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
		At the sight they went pale with fear.

	u. lálta denotes done for the benefit or interest of someone.
		We are here on behalf of the people.

	v. láɱa denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing east.
		We turned to the left when we came to the stream.

	w. með- denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is joined.
		She stood in the middle of the room and cried.

	x. móóda denotes possibility.
		In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.

	y. ɱééla denotes instrumentality.
		By means of a knife he was able to open the door.
		He killed the enemy with his sword.

	z. ɱóóga denotes addition.
		Besides a mother, he has a sister to support.
		In addition to the toll there was a special tax.

	α. nééɱħa denotes with respect or regard to or concern for.
		In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
		With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
		He knew nothing concerning/regarding/as regards the stolen money.
		I am sure your wife will be pleased with this gift.
		The Committee on Orthography.

	β. ńda denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively.
		He broke his leg below the knee.
		Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
		The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor.

	γ. nóma denotes location at someone's home.
		We will meet you at the home of the mayor.

	δ. o denotes motion toward literally or figuratively.
		He threw the rock at the bear.
		These flowers are for you.
		The herd moved off in the direction of the river.
		Tomorrow the herd will move into the mountains.
		He ran into the house on the left. 
		Go (un)to the party and have a good time.
		If you walk toward(s) the river, you will see the children playing.

	ε. ólna denotes motion from one side to the other.
		They waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
		Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
		The defeated troops fled over the bridge.

	ζ.  péga denotes position at or movement towards the side of something.
		They sat at the side of the room.
		They ran to the side of the room.

	η. pérsa denotes at or during a time anterior to.
		They arrived before the meeting started.
		Be here by/no later than sunset.
		twenty minutes of/to five.
		To this very day, he insists he was right.

	θ. pórsa denotes up to a limit.
		She stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
		We will go with you as far as the river.
		You may have as many as five apples.
		The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
		We will wait for you until/till sunup.
		He filled my cup (up) to the brim.
		We are about to land.

	ι. pósa denotes posterior to in time or space.
		It was after noon when we finally arrived.
		I could see the smoke of the fire behind me.
		The general threatened to take the fortress apart piece by piece.
		Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.

	κ. re̋e̋źa denotes the dimension to which something is extended..
		He is shorter than she by two inches.

	λ. síída denotes direct movement toward.
		After arriving home late, she headed straight to her bed.

	μ. sóma denotes comparison.
		Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
		A horse is bigger than a cow.

	ν. súna denotes accompaniment in time or space.
		They went with their parents to the beach.
		I went along with their plan.
		The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.

	ξ. s̆a denotes exception.
		Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
		Your statement is beside the point.
		There's no one here besides Bill and me.
		But for his brave deed, we would have lost the battle.
		They were all there except/save me.
		They served the army three oxen and five sheep, not to speak  of/mention the many chickens.
		I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
		Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.

	ο. tééla denotes a means of conveyance.
		They went on the train.

	π. térc̆a denotes duration or extension through time or space literally or figuratively.
		We worked very hard during the harvest.
		He was sick for a long time.
		He completed his work in only ten minutes.
		We are in the process of building a home.
		They came through their ordeal with few injuries.
		Throughout the nation there was great joy.
		Under the rule of that king, new laws brought justice.

	ρ. tíírsa denotes disregard for.
		He went hunting despite his lack of experience.
		In spite of the bad weather, we decided to begin our journey.
		He is a good worker for having only one arm.
		In the face of opposition, he succeeded in his task.
		Notwithstanding his objection, we took the horse.

	ς. tííva denotes replacement or preference.
		Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
		He gave us three chickens in lieu of cash for his rent.
		I used apples rather than pears in this cake.

	τ. úpa denotes at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively.
		He held the sword above his head.
		at the upper part of
		Please put the bowl on top of the cabinet for me.
		The osprey hovered over the lake.

	υ. véér̆a denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing.
		The boy perched astraddle the fence.
		She sat astride her horse.
		The town was on both sides of the river.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Epajan</title>
    <id>2556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12301</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-14T09:32:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Epajan is an isolating conlang used in Narawan.

==Phonology==
The Epajan &quot;alphabet&quot; is actually an abugida, similar to Devanāgarī script (used to write Sanskrit and Hindi). Each character represents a consonant, and a diacritcal mark indicates a vowel following it. A solitary vowel may only occur at the start of a word (e.g. the 'e' in Epajan), and two vowels cannot occur together. In addition, 'm' and 'n' may appear at the end of a word instead of a vowel (e.g. 'n' in Epajan).

Consonants in Epajan are fairly simple and are only pronounced in one way. Apart from 'j', which is pronounced like the s in &quot;treasure&quot;, they are all pronounced as in English.

Consonants: b, d, f, g, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z

By contrast vowels are variable, not always pronounced in the same way.

Vowels: a, e, i, o, u, ū

* a: as in &quot;attic&quot; or &quot;father&quot;
* e: as in &quot;met&quot;
* i: as in &quot;tin&quot;
* o: as in &quot;on&quot;, or like the 'a' in &quot;about&quot;
* u: as in &quot;bun&quot;, or like the 'a' in &quot;about&quot;
* ū: as in &quot;zoom&quot; or &quot;book&quot;

Note: a word cannot end with 'i'.

==Grammar==
Like Chinese, Epajan is an isolating language which has no case system, instead relying on word order to determine the subject, object or verb in a sentence.

===Number===
There are no plurals in Epejan, so the words for a single and a plural of something are the same.

===Mood===
There are a number of grammatical particles used to express the &quot;mood&quot; of a sentence (i.e. if it is a command, a question, if the speaker is unsure of something, etc.), occuring after the word it refers to. Questions are asked like a normal statement, with one of these particles after the word being questioned. Below is a list of the particles which describe the grammatical mood:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Particle !! Meaning
|-
| sū || statement of fact
|-
| gu || expresses opinion
|-
| te || expresses a plea or a wish
|-
| je || expresses uncertaintity
|-
| ke || used in a question to determine what the speaker is questioning
|-
| ra || expresses a command
|-
| pa || negates a word
|-
| zu || expresses a generalisation
|-
| kū || expresses sarcasm
|-
| le || indicates the speaker likes something
|- 
| ne || indicates the speaker dislikes something
|}

===Pronouns===
Epajan is a null-subject language, so unless needed pronouns in the subject are usually dropped. Note that like nouns, pronouns in Epajan have no case declensions and no plurals, so the word for &quot;I&quot; is also the word for &quot;we&quot;.

* First person (I, we): ba
* Second person (You): bu
* Third person (He, she, they): bū

===Word order===
Epajan uses Subject Object Verb word order. Because it is an isolating language, it relies heavily on this to distinguish subjects from objects.

===Time===
There are no tenses in Epajan. Instead the time an event took place can either be stated explicitly as an adverb or just not mentioned. Notably, the Epajan language has many different words for expressing time, something considered important in Narawan culture.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Free Unicode fonts</title>
    <id>2557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52160</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T21:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix wp link, Constructium</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Since many pages on this wiki make use of more or less arcane Unicode characters [[User:Melroch|I]] put together this list of freely available Unicode fonts.  Some of it is still just links to links culled from Wikipedia; I'll fix that eventually.  I will also update the style class used by [[Template:IPA]] accordingly.  You should use the IPA template &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA|[laɪk ˈðɪz]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; to make at least your IPA visible to Internet Explorer users...

== Freeware Unicode fonts listed at Wikipedia ==
* The [http://dejavu.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page DejaVu fonts] are highly recommended for legibility, although somewhat lacking in non-Latin characters (but contains basic Cyrillic and [polytonic] Greek). It is also very readable on screen under Windows, unlike many other fonts listed here.
** [http://dejavu.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Download Download page]
** [[Wikipedia:DejaVu fonts|DejaVu fonts]] Wikipedia article
* [http://junicode.sourceforge.net/ Junicode] is especially cool if you like Old English and/or old typography
** [[Wikipedia:Junicode|Junicode]] Wikipedia article
* [[Wikipedia:ClearlyU|ClearlyU]] Wikipedia article
* [[Wikipedia:Free UCS Outline Fonts|Free UCS Outline Fonts]] Wikipedia article &amp;mdash; Times/Arial lookalike

==Other free Unicode fonts listed at Wikipedia ==
* [[Wikipedia:Bitstream Cyberbit|Bitstream Cyberbit]] Wikipedia article (free for non-commercial use only)
* [[Wikipedia:Bitstream Vera|Bitstream Vera]] Wikipedia article
* [http://scholarsfonts.net/cardofnt.html Cardo] (free for non-commercial and non-profit uses) &amp;mdash; Times lookalike
** Download is [http://scholarsfonts.net/cardo98.zip here] (hard to find on the page!)
** [[Wikipedia:Cardo (typeface)|Cardo]] Wikipedia article 
* [http://www.code2000.net/ Code2000] is shareware &amp;mdash; not the world's most elegant font, but with extremely good coverage.
** [[Wikipedia:Code 2000|Code 2000]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://scripts.sil.org/Gentium Gentium] is very good looking and has good Latin and Greek coverage. Has italic but no bold style.  The combining palatal and retroflex hooks are interchanged (the developers are notified of this.)
** [[Wikipedia:Gentium|Gentium]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://www.mufi.info/ The Medieval Unicode Font Initiative] defines several useful characters in the [[Wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]] [[Wikipedia:Private Use Area]]. See the MUFI [http://www.mufi.info/fonts/ font page] for fonts that cover it.  ATM [http://www.mufi.info/fonts/#Andron Andron Scriptor Web] has the best MUFI coverage, although its coverage of other useful Unicode ranges like IPA is less than satisfying.  Careful use of [[Template:MUFI]] for just those characters included in MUFI is advised!
** [[Wikipedia:MUFI|MUFI]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont Doulos SIL] is good if you want a Times lookalike. The new version is much improved with correct stacking of diacritics.
** [[Wikipedia:Doulos SIL|Doulos SIL]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSILfont Charis SIL] is awesome, with the same coverage as Doulos SIL plus italic/bold/bold italic styles, and correct diacritic stacking.  Somewhat heavy looking.
** [[Wikipedia:Charis SIL|Charis SIL]] at Wikipedia.
* [http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/framee.htm?/software/softwa.htm#Etabelle TITUS Cyberbit Basic] (page disfigured by frames!)
** [[Wikipedia:TITUS Cyberbit Basic|TITUS Cyberbit Basic]] Wikipedia article

== Other ==

* [ftp://ftp.io.com/pub/usr/hmiller/fonts/ Thryomanes] by conlanger [[User:Teamouse|Herman Miller]] contains a selection of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and IPA characters. Archives with the suffix &lt;code&gt;.zip&lt;/code&gt; are for Windows and those with &lt;code&gt;.suit&lt;/code&gt; are for Macintosh.
* [http://everywitchway.net/linguistics/fonts/chrysuni.html Chryſanþi Unicode] &amp;mdash; so spelled! {{-)}}
* [http://www.languagegeek.com/font/fontdownload.html#Full_Unicode Aboriginal Serif] from [http://www.languagegeek.com languagegeek.com] has good support for diacritics.
* [http://yozvox.web.infoseek.co.jp/ Y.OzFontN]

== Special fonts for conlangs ==
* [[Andersonic alphabet font]]
* [http://www.kreativekorp.com/software/fonts/constructium.shtml Constructium]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin</title>
    <id>2558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42438</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T20:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* References */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I began a [[User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin Phonology|phonology]], but it seems my sources were too contradictory, and old, so that they didn't distinguish sufficiently between phonological, morphological and analogical changes, or at least had a different idea about them from modern sources.
Anyway my first attempt at ''anything'' tends to get messy! {{-)}}

== Vowels{{ref|Theiling}} ==

{| class=&quot;gridtable IPA&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center !important; border: none !important; width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
|+ Stressed vowels
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 0px 0px !important; width: 0.5em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px; width: 0.5em;&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right; width: 1.5em;&quot; | 0)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left; width: 12em !important;&quot; | Latin
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ī
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ĭ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ē
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ĕ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ā
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ă
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ŏ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ō
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ŭ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f; width: 2em; text-align: center !important;&quot; | ū
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px; width: 0.5em;&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;  width: 0.5em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 2px 2px 0px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right;&quot; | 1)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Sard/African{{ref|African}} V.L.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right&quot; | 2)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Corsican V.L.{{ref|Corsican}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f50;&quot; | ɛ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f50;&quot; | ɛ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #e06;&quot; | ɔ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #e06;&quot; | ɔ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 2px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right&quot; | 3)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Early V.L.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #fd0;&quot; | ɪ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f50;&quot; | ɛ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #e06; background-color: #e06;&quot; | ɔ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #c0f;&quot; | ʊ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px;&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 2px 2px 0px 2px;&quot; |
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right&quot; | 4)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Sicilian V.L.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 2px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right&quot; | 5)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Western V.L.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f50;&quot; | ɛ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #e06;&quot; | ɔ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 2px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: right&quot; | 6)
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; text-align: left&quot; | Eastern V.L.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #ff0;&quot; | i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f80;&quot; | e
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f50;&quot; | ɛ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #f00;&quot; | a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #e06;&quot; | ɔ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #d0b;&quot; | o
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-width: 0.5px; background-color: #06f;&quot; | u
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 2px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 2px 2px 0px;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-color: #000; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;&quot; |
|}

=== Comments ===

All attested Romance vowel systems presuppose an early Vulgar Latin system (3) where the length distinction of the Latin (0) was replaced by distinctions of quality, or by a distinction of tenseness. The exception is the Sard-African system (2) where the length distinction was simply lost.

All of (2, 4, 5, 6) can be derived from (3), although in the case of (2) it is more reasonable to assume that it derives directly from (0) through loss of the length distinction.  In the case of the Corsican system (2) it is however most likely that it derives from a system parallel to (1) where {{SC|ĭ}} had merged with {{SC|ĕ}} and {{SC|ŭ}} had merged with {{SC|ŏ}} before the loss of the length distinction.

=== Old French (and Rhodrese) vowel developments in stressed open syllables ===

{| class=&quot;gridtable IPA&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Western V.L.
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | e
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɛ
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | a
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɔ
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | o
! style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | u
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | VL
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | &amp;nbsp;iː&amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | eː
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɛː
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | aː
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɔː
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | oː
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | uː
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | pre-French
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ei
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | iɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | æ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | uɔ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ou
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | u
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Old French
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ei&gt;oi
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | iɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | æ/ɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | yœ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | øy
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | y
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Mdn French
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | wa
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | jɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ø
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ø
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | y
|- style=&quot;border-top: 1px dashed #000 !important;&quot;
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Old Rhodrese
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ei
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | iɛ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | æə
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | uɔ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ou
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | u
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Old Rh. i-uml
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɛə
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | yœ
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | øy
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | y
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Old Rh. u-uml
| || ||
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ɔə || ||
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left !important&quot; | Mdn Rhodrese
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | aj/i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | jɛ/i
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | ja/jɛ/wa/ø
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | wɔ/ø
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | aw/y
| style=&quot;text-align: center !important&quot; | u/y
|}

== References ==

*{{note|Theiling}} I owe the ideas of connecting lines to show the interrelationships of the vowel systems and of color-coding the vowel qualities to [http://www.conlang.info/latin.html Henrik Theiling's page about Latin vowel shifts].  He in turn derived his data from this page; I guess that's share-alike as it should be!  
: In case anyone wonders why my colors differ from his it is because I once read somewhere that most people with vowel → color [[wp:synesthesia|synesthesia]] percieve {{IPA|[i]}} as yellow, {{IPA|[u]}} as blue, {{IPA|[a ɑ]}}-like sounds as red and intermediate sounds as interwediate colors.  I avoided to use green colors because my forgotten source reported that most vowel → color synesthetics associate green hues with front rounded vowels and brown hues with central and back unrounded vowels, neither of which occur in this chart.  Not surprisingly {{IPA|[ə]}} was reported to be associated with gray!
*{{note|African}} &quot;Afrae aures de correptione vocalium vel productione non iudicant&quot;. Augustine ''De doctrina christiana'' 4.24
*{{note|Corsican}} My only reference for such a system in Corsican, which seems to be contradicted by other sources, is a somewhat unclear passage in 
*:Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. ''Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft.'' Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1920, § 90 p. 105.
*:(In the [http://www.archive.org/download/einfhrungindas00meyeuoft/einfhrungindas00meyeuoft_bw.pdf edition at the Internet Archive &amp;#91;PDF&amp;#93;] it is on pp. 133-134.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin Phonology</title>
    <id>2559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>10921</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-17T16:07:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vowels in hiatus */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Syllabification and stress =

== Stress in Classical Latin ==

Old Latin had fixed stress on the initial syllable of a word.  In Classical Latin this had been replaced by a movable (but not free) stress.  The well-known Classical Latin stress rule is that the stress falls on the penultimate (next to last) syllable of the word if that syllable is long, but on the antepenultimate (third from the end) syllable if the penultimate is short.

=== Syllable length and syllable boundaries in Classical Latin ===

In Classical Latin a syllable was long if its vowel nucleus was long or diphthongal, or if it was a short vowel followed by more than one consonant, including a [[geminate]] or double consonant, thus e.g. ''boniˈtātem, deˈlĕcto, ˈcompŭto''.  If a vowel was followed by more than one consonant the first of these belonged to the preceding syllable, which then counted as [[Closed syllable|closed]].  A single consonant between vowels belonged to the following syllable, e.g. ''ˈpo-si-tus'''.

A syllable with a short vowel followed by a consonant cluster is called &quot;long by [[Positional length|position]]&quot;; the vowel is said to &quot;be in position&quot; and the consonant cluster is said to &quot;make position&quot;.  While the term &quot;long by position&quot; and &quot;positional length&quot; are still in common use the terms &quot;to be in position&quot; and &quot;to make position&quot; are now somewhat old-fashioned and will be avoided in the following.

=== ''Muta cum liquida'' ===

The main exception to these rules in Classical Latin was when a vowel was followed by a single consonant followed by a [[liquid consonant]] (''l'' or ''r''), the so-called ''muta cum liquida'' rule: in this case the entire stop + liquid combination belonged to the following syllable, and did not attract stress, thus ''ˈtenebrae, ˈvolucres, ˈpharetra, 'cathedra'' etc.

== Stress in Vulgar Latin ==

The stress in Vulgar Latin normally remained in the position determined by the Classical Latin quantitative stress rule even after changes in vowel quality and quantity had obliterated the old quantity system.  Vulgar Latin thus acquired [[distinctive stress]].

=== Exceptions to the Classical stress placement in Vulgar Latin ===

==== ''Muta cum liquida'' in Vulgar Latin ====

In Vulgar Latin a stop + liquid usually attracted stress, i.e. the ''muta cum liquida'' rule was '''not''' operative.  Thus e.g. ''caˈthedra''.  Interestingly pre-classical poets and dramatists didn't observe the ''muta cum liquida'' rule — e.g. Naevius accents ''inˈtegram'' on the penultimate syllable.  Even classical poets sometimes let a ''muta cum liquida'' attract stress, so obviously there was dialectal variation in pre-classical Latin, and between dialects contemporary with Classical Latin.

==== Vowels in hiatus ====

In Vulgar Latin ''i, e'' and ''u'' followed by a vowel became a semivowel ''j'' &lt; ''i, e'' ({{IPA|[j]}}) or ''v'' &lt; ''u'' {{IPA|[w]}}).  Since the ''j'' or ''v'' counted as a consonant the stress had to shift.  For some reason the accent shifted to the following vowel in the case of ''j'' but to the preceding vowel in the case of ''v'': 
:''muˈlĭĕrem &gt; mulˈjerem; ''
:''puˈtĕŏlis &gt; putˈjolis'' ({{SC|pvteo‍́lis}} is attested in an inscription); 
:''paˈrĭĕtes &gt; par'jetes'' 
but 
:''bat(t)ˈŭĕre &gt; *ˈbattuere &gt; ˈbattere; ''
:''conˈsŭĕre &gt; *ˈconsuere &gt; ˈconsere; ''
:''haˈbŭĕrunt &gt; *ˈhabuerunt &gt; ˈhaberunt; ''
:''teˈnŭĕram &gt; *ˈtenueram.  ''
Probably there was analogy with forms like ''ˈbattuo, ˈhabuit, ˈtenui'' where the stress fell on the first syllable according to Classical rules.  Also note that the ''u'' &gt; {{IPA|[w]}} was lost in these words.

Does Spanish ''muˈjer'' come from the accusative but Italian ''ˈmoglie'' from the nominative, or was there dialectal variation in accentuation of hiatus words?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran phonology</title>
    <id>2560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12290</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-12T16:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Roesan ==
=== Consonants ===
{|
| p || t ||    ||   ||   ||    ||  k 
|-
| b || d ||    ||   ||   ||    || ɡ 
|-
| f || s || ʃ || tʃ || ç || cç || h
|-
| v || z || ʒ || dʒ || ʝ || ɟʝ ||
|-
| m || n ||    ||   || ɲ ||    ||  ŋ
|}

* l ɾ kʲ fʲ

(Currently a raw phonetic inventory.  The contrast between the shibilants is questionable, as is that between voiced and voiceless fricatives, that of /h/, and if the apparent /fʲ/ of [ˈplyfʲ] ‘rain’ is genuine, the status of other palatalized consonants may require investigation.)

=== Vowels and diphthongs ===
{|
| i iː ĩ || y ỹ yː || ũ uː ũː
|-
| e || œ œː || o oː õ õː
|-
| ɛ ɛ̃ || ə || ɔ ɔː ɔ̃
|-
| a aː ãː || ɐ̃ || ɑ ɑ̃
|}

* aj ɛj œj 

== Paysan ==

{{stub}}
[[Category:Ibran]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots p-r</title>
    <id>2562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55109</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-16T22:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* r / ρ / р / ռ / რ / ר  / र */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==p / π / п  / պ / პ / פּ / प==

# '''pááda''', ''t.v.'' pocket.
# '''pááða''', ''t.v.'' feed, fodder.
# '''páálga''', 1) ''t.v.'' beat, strike, hit, dash. 2) ''i.v.'' beat, strike, hit, dash, rap, clash.
# '''páálta''', 1) ''t.v.'' spread (out), make broad, broaden (out). 2) ''i.v.'' spread, broaden.
# '''pááſa''', ''t.v.'' be related to, be kin to.
# '''pááta''', 1) ''t.v.'' feed, nourish, provide-, supply-, -with nourishment; keep, support, maintain. 2) ''i.v.'' feed; keep up.
# '''páátĭos''', winter boot.
# '''páda''', ''t.v.'' deck with flags.
# '''pádĭos''', measure of weight [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;]; basic coin.
# '''páðos''', dike, dam, barrage. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;pato&lt;/font&gt;, dam)
# '''pága''', 1) ''t.v.'' fasten, fix, hitch, tighten, draw tight, consolidate, make secure, latch; steady, settle. 2) ''i.v.'' fasten, tighten; steady, settle.
# '''páĸa''', ''i.v.'' fuss.
# '''pálba''', 1) ''t.v.'' chatter, prattle, jabber. 2) ''i.v.'' chatter, prattle, jabber.
# '''pálqos''', village. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;palvo&lt;/font&gt;, ''in toponyms'')
# '''palúϙos''', drum handle.
# '''pándos''', bathhouse.
# '''pánga''', ''i.v.'' swell, rise, increase, tumefy.
# '''pános''', texture, tissue.
# '''pántos''', bouquet.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''pápa'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' suckle, nurse. 2) ''i.v.'' suckle, nurse.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''pápas'''&lt;/font&gt;, pappa, daddy.
# '''paϙnéϙes''', caribou bull.
# '''pára''', ''t.v.'' show, point-, -at, -out, exhibit, display, indicate, bespeak.
# '''parííĸus''', courtesan.
# '''páſtis''', ''adj.'' firm, solid, hard.
# '''pátos''', comb of a loom.
# '''páþϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' slap [with the hand]. 2) ''i.v.'' slap.
# '''paúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' let-, -loose, -on, -go off, -out, release; let off, decant; tap, broach, rack; launch. 2) ''i.v.'' launch.
# '''pééća''', ''t.v.'' pluck-, pull-, -(the) hair, -wool; fleece.
# '''pééda''', ''t.v.'' put (s.th. in a container).
# '''pééla''', 1) ''t.v.'' fill-, (-up), (-in); charge; occupy [''space or time''], take (time), comply. 2) ''i.v.'' fill (up).
# '''péélðŭus''', commoner, bourgeois(e).
# '''péélɱos''', basis, bowl, tureen.
# '''pééma''', 1) ''t.v.'' suffer, bear, endure, stand, undergo. 2) ''i.v.'' suffer, bear (up), endure.
# '''pééɱis''', ''adj.'' tangy, zesty.
# '''péénſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' dust, make dusty. 2) ''i.v''. become dusty.
# '''pééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' sell (out), offer for sale. 2) ''i.v.'' sell.
# '''pééta''', 1) ''t.v.'' fly. 2) ''i.v.'' fly.
# '''péda''', 1) ''t.v.'' step, set-, place-, have-, -one's foot on. 2) ''i.v.'' step.
# '''péga''', 1) ''t.v.'' flank- (-on). 2) ''i.v.'' flank.
# '''péȝa''', ''t.v.'' lard.
# '''péĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' write, record, take down, drop [a note]. 2) ''i.v.'' write, record.
# '''péĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' cook, stew. 2) ''i.v.'' cook, stew.
# '''pel-''', ''adj. prefix'' for pale colors, ''e.g.'', '''pelbadis''', pale yellow.
# '''péla''', 1) ''t.v.'' fold, pleat, crease. 2) ''i.v.'' fold, crease.
# '''pelábos''', figure made of stone or clay, statue, figurine.
# '''pélća''', 1) ''t.v.'' turn-, (-around), (-over), (-up), (-away); invert, reverse. 2) ''i.v.'' turn.
# '''pelíſos''', crag, cliff.
# '''pélĸos''', plate, dish.
# '''pélmos''', palm [of hand] [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''péltos''', pap, porridge, gruel.
# '''pélŭa''', ''i.v.'' float [in the wind], undulate, wave, stream [''of hair''].
# '''pempélus''', giant.
# '''péɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' seek, look for, search-, (-for); investigate, inquire-, search-, -after, -into, research, study, look into, take up, take [''a course'']. 2) ''i.v.'' seek, investigate, research, study.
# '''pén''', ''adj.'' five.
# '''péna''', 1) ''t.v.'' spin. 2) ''i.v.'' spin; purr.
# '''pénĸos''', mud, slime, mire; sludge, silt, ooze.
# '''pénta''', ''t.v.'' meet-, fall in-, -with; hit upon, come across, run-,-across, -into.
# '''pénŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' breathe, inhale. 2) ''i.v.'' breathe, inhale.
# '''péϙa''', ''t.v.'' cover with stones.
# '''péra''', 1) ''t.v.'' attempt, try; (put to the) test, experiment on; try on [''a garment'']. 2) ''i.v.'' try, endeavor, aspire; (put to the) test, experiment.
# '''pérća''', 1) ''t.v.'' ask, inquire, interrogate, question. 2) ''i.v.'' ask, inquire, question.
# '''pérda''', ''i.v.'' fart loudly.
# '''pérga''', 1) ''t.v.'' frighten, scare. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -frightened, -scared. 
# '''péris''', ''adj.'' earlier, prior, previous, former, past, erstwhile, whilom, once.
# '''perĸíſtos''', ember, gleed.
# '''pérma''', 1) ''t.v.'' ferry; bring-, carry-, ferry-, -over, -across, -to the other side. 2) ''i.v.'' ferry.
# '''pèrpetérŭis''', ''adj.'' insolent, impudent.
# '''pérſa''', ''postp.'' before, by, no later than, of, to.
# '''perſélos''', winepress.
# '''perſénos''', heel [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''pérta''', ''t.v.'' reward, compensate, recompense.
# '''pértŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' warn, caution, forewarn; beware (of), look out for, ware. 2) ''i.v.'' warn, forewarn.
# '''pértĭis''', ''adj.'' equivalent, commensurate (to, with, '''méta''').
# '''pérþus''', scion.
# '''pèru''', ''adv.'' forth, out(side).
# '''pérŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pant, puff, snort. 2) ''i.v.'' pant, puff, snort, breathe heavily.
# '''péſos''', penis [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''péſta''', ''i.v.'' sneeze.
# '''péta''', 1) ''t.v.'' lead-, drive-, -to pasture, graze, tend. 2) ''i.v.'' graze.
# '''pézda''', ''i.v.'' fart silently.
# '''pííla''', 1) ''t.v.'' flap. 2) ''i.v.'' flap.
# '''píílća''', 1) ''t.v.'' tear-, break-, pull-, wrench-, -off, take apart, dismantle. 2) ''i.v.'' break away, snap.
# '''pííma''', 1) ''t.v.'' fatten. 2) ''i.v.'' fatten, batten.
# '''píípa''', ''i.v.'' chirp, cheep, peep.
# '''pííra''', ''t.v.'' like, be fond of, go in for.
# '''píírſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' powder, pulverize, triturate. 2) ''i.v.'' pulverize, powder.
# '''píítos''', sap, syrup.
# '''píízdos''', female genitalia, pudendum, vulva [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''píćus''', enemy, foe.
# '''pída''', ''t.v.'' bear, bring forth, give birth to [''of humans''].
# '''píȝros''', animal’s stomach, crop. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;püra&lt;/font&gt;, second stomach)
# '''píĸa''', ''t.v.'' pitch, caulk.
# '''píla''', ''i.v.'' lose-, shed-, -hair.
# '''pínćos''', peacock’s tail.
# '''pínϙa''', ''i.v.'' be good weather.
# '''píntos''', outward appearance, lay [''of the land'']; surface; exterior.
# '''pínus''', mother’s younger sister.
# '''piϙénϙos''', insole.
# '''piϙláϙos''', sled runner.
# '''píra''', 1) ''t.v.'' bless. 2) ''i.v.'' bless.
# '''píſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' tread-, trample-, -down. 2) ''i.v.'' stampede.
# '''pída''', ''t.v.'' mint, coin.
# '''píſĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' fish (for). 2) ''i.v.'' fish.
# '''pitédos''', topaz.
# '''píxos''', node, nodule; knob, ganglion [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''pizúĸos''', cow dung.
# '''póóȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' drink, imbibe. 2) ''i.v.'' drink, imbibe.
# '''póóĸa''', ''i.v.'' do mischief.
# '''póóta''', ''t.v.'' watch (out for), tend, keep, mind, keep an eye on.
# '''póba''', ''i.v.'' squat.
# '''póga''', 1) ''t.v.'' strangle. 2) ''i.v.'' strangle.
# '''póȝmos''', stocking.
# '''póĸos''', felt stocking.
# '''póla''', 1) ''t.v.'' (make) warm. 2) ''i.v.'' be warm.
# '''pómŭa''', ''i.v.'' walk with difficulty through snow, water, grass, ''etc''.
# '''póɱĭas''', soul.
# '''póϙla''', ''i.v.'' have hands stiff with cold.
# '''póris''', ''adj.'' just, honest, sincere, straightforward, candid, frank.
# '''pórma''', ''t.v.'' pioneer, explore.
# '''pòrſa''', ''postp.'' at-, to-, -the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until (till), up to, about to (+ ''sup.'').
# '''pórta''', 1) ''t.v.'' pass-, go-, -through. 2) ''i.v.'' pass-, go-, -through.
# '''pòru''', ''adv.'' forward(s), onward, to-, toward-, -the front.
# '''pòſa''', ''postp.'' after, behind, by, following.
# '''pótus''', husband.
# '''potĭ-''', ''adj. prefix'' self.
# '''póxtos''', summer grazing ground.
# '''pǿća''', ''t.v.'' grub-, root-, -up.
# '''púúĸis''', ''adj.'' little, not much; a few.
# '''púúra''', ''t.v.'' stone [''fruit''], take out the kernel.
# '''púúſus''', God of the Children of Stone.
# '''púúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' rot, decompose, decay, putrefy. 2) ''i.v.'' rot, decompose, decay, putrefy, spoil, addle.
# '''pu''', ''adv.'' back, backward(s), aback, behind, in the rear, retro-.
# '''pubágos''', sticks supporting the upper rim of a yurt.
# '''púća''', 1) ''t.v.'' crowd-, press-, -together, compress, concentrate, condense, consolidate; reduce [&lt;font color=red&gt;Cook.&lt;/font&gt;]. 2) ''i.v.'' mat; concentrate, condense, consolidate.
# '''púda''', 1) ''t.v.'' be-, -busy with, -involved-, -engaged-, -in. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -busy, -involved, -engaged.
# '''púgis''', ''adj.'' pure, unmixed, unalloyed, undefiled, sterling, sound.
# '''púȝa''', ''t.v.'' nauseate.
# &lt;font coloro=red&gt;'''púĸa'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' outsmart, outwit, outfox.
# &lt;font coloro=red&gt;'''púĸos'''&lt;/font&gt;, antimony, kohl.
# '''púlis''', ''inan. adj.'' much, many; a great deal of; a lot of
# '''púlĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' flake, chip. 2) ''i.v.'' flake, chip off, scale.
# '''púlmnos''', lung [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''púlos''', straight hair.
# '''púlſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' cover with-, adorn with-, -feathers. 2) ''i.v.'' grow feathers.
# '''púltos''', awning, tilt. 
# '''pumćúϙos''', snowshoe.
# '''púɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' suffocate. 2) ''i.v.'' suffocate. (&gt; Estonian &lt;font color=green&gt;poo-&lt;/font&gt;, hang)
# '''púna''', 1) ''t.v.'' incinerate, ignite, set-, -fire to, -on fire, fire [''furnace, etc.''], light [''candle, match, etc.''], detonate. 2) ''i.v.'' kindle-, start-, -a fire, incinerate, ignite, catch fire, fire [''furnace, etc.''].
# '''púϙla''', ''i.v.'' surface, come up.
# '''púϙos''', hollow in a tree.
# '''púrĸa''', ''t.v.'' lasso.
# '''purnéϙos''', dough.
# '''púrſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' freeze. 2) ''i.v.'' freeze.
# '''pútos''', anus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''putúĸŭes''', big toe [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''puváłos''', whaling feast.
# '''pĭáála''', strap.
# '''pĭalágos''', Lithan settlement.
# '''pĭánĸos''', door-, -post, -jamb.
# '''pĭáros''', one centimeter [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''pĭóſos''', threshold.
# '''pĭúĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' embroider. 2) ''i.v.'' embroider.
# '''pĭúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' sprinkle, besprinkle. 2) ''i.v.'' sprinkle.
# '''pĭúrſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' result in. 2) ''i.v.'' do s.th. right, come about, succeed, manage, turn out to be, work (out).
total: 165/87+6/56%

==q / Ϟ / г̀  / ղ / ღ / ג / घ==
# '''ϙááva''', ''t.v.'' enrich.
# '''ϙála''', ''t.v.'' have skill in, know how to, be cut out for.
# '''ϙáɱa''', 1). ''t.v.'' falsify, forge, counterfeit; adulterate. 2) ''i.v.'' falsify, forge, counterfeit; adulterate.
# '''ϙáϙlos''', gunwale.
# '''ϙáſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' delay, linger- (-away, -out), loiter- (-away), postpone, put off, set aside. 2) ''i.v.'' delay, linger, loiter, tarry, defer.
# '''ϙátos''', wooly hair.
# '''ϙáva''', 1) ''t.v.'' hold, bear. 2) ''i.v.'' hold, bear.
# '''ϙávla''', 1) ''t.v.'' fork, impale. 2) ''i.v.'' fork, branch off, bifurcate, ramify.
# '''ϙéda''', ''i.v.'' shoot [''as stars''], swoop, dart, rush-, tear-, -along.
# '''ϙéðſa''', ''i.v.'' spiral.
# '''ϙélða''', ''t.v.'' covet. 
# '''ϙélħa''', ''t.v.'' braze.
# '''ϙelóndos''', stomach [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. 
# '''ϙélta''', 1) ''t.v.'' pay, remunerate, disburse, expend, requite. 2) ''i.v.'' pay-, (-back).
# '''ϙelúnos''', jaw [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ϙéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' eat away, erode, corrode; etch. 2) ''i.v.'' erode, corrode.
# '''ϙépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' usurp, appropriate. 2) ''i.v.'' usurp, appropriate.
# '''ϙéra''', ''t.v.'' induce, instigate, promote, inspire, stimulate.
# '''ϙerédos''', rubble, gravel, boulders, pebbles, scree, detritus.
# '''ϙérta''', ''t.v.'' (make) butter.
# '''ϙérva''', 1) ''t.v.'' guess; estimate. 2) ''i.v.'' guess.
# '''ϙéſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' perplex, disconcert, confound, dis-may, bemuse, bewilder, puzzle, abash, muddle, befuddle. 2) ''i.v.'' puzzle, muddle.
# '''ϙévlos''', gable(-end); pediment.
# '''ϙííra''', 1) ''t.v.'' smear, besmear, bedaub. 2) ''i.v.'' smear.
# '''ϙíða''', ''t.v.'' pawn, mortgage.
# '''ϙía''', ''t.v.'' hunt up, seek out, search-, look-, -for, locate, go in quest of, go to see, quest-, -after, -for; look up [a person].
# '''ϙlága''', 1) ''t.v.'' curse, execrate, beshrew. 2) ''i.v.'' curse.
# '''ϙláxta''', 1) ''t.v.'' milk; press out, drain off. 2) ''i.v.'' give milk, lactate.
# '''ϙléɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' make fun of. 2) ''i.v.'' jest, joke, have fun.
# '''ϙóóra''', ''i.v.'' stand out, jut-, -out, -forth, tower up, protrude.
# '''ϙóóſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' consume, devour, eat up; use up, waste, spend, expend. 2) ''i.v.'' consume, spend.
# '''ϙóda''', 1) ''t.v.'' unite, join, connect, ally (o.s.) with, follow, become an adherent to. 2) ''i.v.'' be well-matched, go well together; get together.
# '''ϙólis''', ''adj.'' high-spirited, in high spirits, in good humor, merry, playful.
# '''ϙólva''', ''t.v.'' brave.
# '''ϙóma''', 1) ''t.v.'' stable, kennel. 2) ''i.v.'' stable.
# '''ϙóɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' consider, take into-, -consideration, -account, have regard-, -for, -to, have-, show-, -consideration for, reck, bethink. 2) ''i.v.'' consider, reck.
# '''ϙórſa''', ''i.v.'' sprout, shoot; spring-, come-, -from.
# '''ϙóſta''', 1) ''t.v.'' extend hospitality to. 2) ''i.v.'' extend hospitality.
# '''ϙrááfus''', earl, count, countess.
# '''ϙráſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' gnaw, nibble-, (-at, -on). 2) ''i.v.'' gnaw, nibble.
# '''ϙréða''', ''i.v.'' stride, pace, stalk.
# '''ϙréma''', ''t.v.'' scrape-, scratch-, -off; strike out, erase, efface, expunge, delete.
# '''ϙréna''', ''t.v.'' rub away, erase.
# '''ϙróóda''', ''i.v.'' hail.
# '''ϙróma''', ''i.v.'' make a-, -din, -deafening noise, -uproar, create a turmoil.
# '''ϙrónðos''', framework of a roof, rafters.
# '''ϙrúdos''', cheek [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]; sidepiece.
# '''ϙrúnos''', grain of sand.
# '''ϙrúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' gnash. 2) ''i.v.'' gnash.
# '''ϙúúħa''', ''i.v.'' effect a mysterious and knowing air, keep secret.
# '''ϙúúra''', ''i.v.'' fall-, cave-, -in, collapse, fall down.
# '''ϙúris''', ''adj.'' frightening, frightful.
# '''ϙúva''', ''i.v.'' bend, bow, make –a bow, -obeisance.
total: 53/41+3/83

==r / ρ / р / ռ / რ / ר  / र==
# '''rááſĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' croak. 2) ''i.v.'' croak.
# '''ráćos''', lattice. (&gt; Hungarian &lt;font color=green&gt;rács&lt;/font&gt;, lattice)
# '''ráva''', ''i.v.'' rage, rave, storm.
# '''rééba''', 1) ''t.v.'' belch, burp, eruct. 2) ''i.v.'' belch, burp, eruct.
# '''rééda''', 1) ''t.v.'' cheer-, (-up, -on), encourage, hearten. 2) ''i.v.'' cheer (up).
# '''rééða''', 1) ''t.v.'' make ready, prepare, equip, furnish, supply, provide, make out, set [''table'']. 2) ''i.v.'' get ready, prepare.
# '''rééĸa''', ''i.v''. neigh, chortle.
# '''rééma''', 1) ''t.v.'' darken, deepen, make dark. 2) ''i.v.'' darken, deepen, grow dark.
# '''réépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' sneak, steal, prowl. 2) ''i.v.'' slink, sneak, skulk, steal, prowl.
# '''rééta''', 1) ''t.v.'' roar. 2) ''i.v.'' roar.
# '''reeítos''', shoulder joint [''of an animal''].
# '''rééźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' extend; rack. 2) ''i.v.'' extend.
# '''réća''', 1) ''t.v.'' arrange, (set-, put-, -in) order, classify, sift, sort; settle, organize, decide; marshal, dispose, array [troops for a battle], assemble, put together. 2) ''i.v.'' adjust.
# '''rećíſmus''', buffoon, jester.
# '''réda''', ''i.v.'' gutter, trickle down; elapse, lapse [''of time''].
# '''réða''', ''i.v.'' go [''in a vehicle''], drive, ride, sail; fare; pass.
# '''réĸos''', porridge. (&gt; Udmurt &lt;font color=green&gt;ǯuk&lt;/font&gt;, gruel)
# '''réma''', ''t.v.'' lath, batten.
# '''rémva''', ''t.v.'' be-, -due to, -up to.
# '''réɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' expand, extend. 2) ''i.v.'' expand, extend.
# '''rénða''', 1) ''t.v.'' tear-, rip-, (-up). 2) ''i.v.'' tear, rip.
# '''rénĸa''', ''i.v.'' snore.
# '''répa''', ''t.v.'' snatch (up), grab, carry off, rape, abduct.
# '''réſa''', ''t.v.'' stab, puncture; spur on, prod, goad.
# '''réſĸos''', fetlock.
# '''réſĭas''', ill will, malevolence, enmity.
# '''réþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' roll (up), trundle. 2) ''i.v.'' roll, trundle.
# '''réva''', ''t.v.'' roof.
# '''révĭa''', ''t.v.'' rib.
# '''rézga''', 1) ''t.v.'' wind, reel. 2) ''i.v.'' wind.
# '''réźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' rule. 2) ''i.v.'' reign, rule.
# '''ríína''', ''t.v.'' fix boundaries, demarcate, survey.
# '''riȝáðros''', waterfall.
# '''ríȝos''', city.
# '''rìla''', ''postp.'' at the age of.
# '''ríngos''', threshing floor.
# '''rínos''', snow on trees.
# '''ríra''', ''i.v.'' quake, waver, palpitate.
# '''ríva''', 1) ''t.v.'' ring, peal. 2) ''i.v.'' ring, peal.
# '''ríźa''', ''t.v.'' tether.
# '''róóba''', 1) ''t.v.'' hollow out, excavate, chamfer, flute, undermine, burrow. 2) ''i.v.'' excavate, burrow.
# '''róótos''', rafter joint.
# '''rómba''', ''t.v.'' (apply) lace (to).
# '''róſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bedew. 2) ''i.v.'' fall as dew.
# '''róźa''', ''t.v.'' tear-, rip-, burst-, wrench-, force-, fling-, -open.
# '''rúúða''', 1) ''t.v.'' redden, color-, make-, -red. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -red; blush, flush.
# '''rúúna''', 1) ''t.v.'' spell. 2) ''i.v.'' spell.
# '''rúba''', 1) ''t.v.'' vomit, heave, throw up, spew. 2) ''i.v.'' vomit, be sick, heave, throw up, spew.
# '''rúćos''', cocoon.
# '''rúða''', ''t.v.'' root out, clear [''a wood''], make arable.
# '''rúðla''', 1) ''t.v.'' coarsen. 2) ''i.v.'' coarsen.
# '''rúðſos''', metal.
# '''rúga''', ''i.v.'' rush out, break through, sally forth, debouch.
# '''rúpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pluck (out), tear out, pull (up), pick. 2) ''i.v.'' pluck, pick.
# '''rúϙma''', 1) ''t.v.'' add cream. 2) ''i.v.'' form cream.
# '''rúſa''', ''i.v.'' chew the cud, ruminate.
# '''rútos''', stomach.
# '''rŭééta''', 1) ''t.v.'' crowd, swarm with, throng, mob. 2) ''i.v.'' swarm, crowd, throng.
total: 58/43/74</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tarnawa</title>
    <id>2563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15741</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T21:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarnawa</username>
        <id>196</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[tarnawa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots s-ś</title>
    <id>2566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29224</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots s-ś]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots s-ś]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}
==Consonants==

The [[Senjecas|Senjecan]] [[Wikipedia:consonant|consonant]] [[Wikipedia:phoneme|phonemic inventory]] consists of twelve pairs of consonants, each pair containing a [[Wikipedia:voiceless|voiceless]] and a [[Wikipedia:voiced|voiced]] consonant as follows:
*[[Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
! [[Wikipedia:plosive|Plosive]]
| p
| b
| t
| d
| {{IPA|&amp;#678;}}
| {{IPA|&amp;#675;}}
| k
| g
|-
! [[Wikipedia:fricative|Fricative]]
| ɸ
| β
| θ
| ð
| s
| z
| ç
| ʝ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:sonorant|Sonorant]]
| ?
| {{IPA|m}}
| ?
| {{IPA|l}}
| ?
| {{IPA|n}}
| ?
| {{IPA|j}}
|}

*[[Wikipedia:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]]:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
! Plosive
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|t_d}}
| {{IPA|d_d}}
| {{IPA|ts)}}
| {{IPA|dz)}}
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|J\}}
|-
! Fricative
| {{IPA|p\}}
| {{IPA|B}}
| {{IPA|T_d}}
| {{IPA|D_d}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|C}}
| {{IPA|j\}}
|-
! Sonorant
| {{IPA|m_0}}
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|l_0_d}}
| {{IPA|l_d}}
| {{IPA|4_0}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|j_0}}
| {{IPA|j}}
|}

*Standard orthography:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
! Plosive
| p
| b
| t
| d
| ʂ
| ʐ
| c
| g
|-
! Fricative
| f
| v
| þ
| ð
| s
| z
| x
| q
|-
! Sonorant
| ɱ
| m
| ł
| l
| r
| n
| ħ
| j
|}
# According to contemporary phonetics, &lt;ʂ&gt; and &lt;ʐ&gt; are [[Wikipedia:affricate|affricates]].  The Senjecans consider them to be plosives.
#&lt;þ&gt; and &lt;ð&gt; are dental consonants, not interdental as in English.
#In this Wikifrath [[Wikipedia:lexicon|lexicon]], the Latin order of the [[Wikipedia:grapheme|graphemes]] is used.
#In the standard orthography [[Wikipedia:yogh|yogh]] is used for &lt;j&gt; and is ordered after &lt;ħ&gt;.
#A [[Wikipedia:breve|breve]] is placed over or under a consonant to indicate [[Wikipedia:labialization|labialization]].  The breve below is not yet available in wikifrath, so a circumflex below, &lt;d̬&gt;, is used.
#A [[Wikipedia:cedilla|cedilla]] is placed under (or a [[Wikipedia:comma (punctuation)|comma]] over) a consonant to indicate [[wikipedia:palatalization|palatalization]].

==Vowels==
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;100px&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|front unrounded
|align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|back rounded
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|i  /i,i/
|align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|u  /u,u/
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|e  /e,e/
|align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|ø  /ɔ,O/
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|a  /a,a/
|align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|o  /o,o/
|}
#The Senjecan vowels are ordered &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;e&gt;, &lt;a&gt;, &lt;o&gt;, &lt;ø&gt;, and &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; and are placed after the consonants.
#The grapheme is doubled to indicate a long vowel.
#A double acute accent is used to indicate the primary tone: a̋, e̋, ı̋, ő, ø̋, and ű.
#A single acute accent is used to indicate the secondary tone: á, é, í, ó, ǿ, and ú.

*&lt;u&gt;Underlined&lt;/u&gt; entries are taken from a source other than PIE.


==s / σ / с / ս / ს / ס / स==
#sââga, 1) ''t.v.'' trace, track (down), trail, follow the track of, investigate. 2) ''i.v.'' trace, track
#sââja, ''t.v.'' disable.
#sââla, 1) ''t.v.'' soothe, calm, becalm, mollify. 2) ''i.v.'' soothe, calm down.
#sáámi, ''conj.'' though.
#sâânis, ''adj.'' well, healthy, beneficial, salutary, salubrious.
#sââta, ''i.v.'' stand (still).
#&lt;u&gt;sâ&lt;/u&gt;, sixteen.
  S008 sa̋bos, horsehide container.
  S009 sa̋ca, t.v. hallow, sanctify, sanction.
  S010 sa̋la, t.v. salt [for preserving], cure; salt [add for taste].
  S011 sa̋lcis, willow (Salix sp.) [Bot.].
  S012 sa̋mþa, t.v. sand.
  S013 sa̋pa, 1) t.v. protect, screen, guard, defend, stand up for; escort, convoy [Mil.]. 2) i.v. defend.
+S014 sa̋r, adj. twenty.
  S015 sa̋rta, 1) t.v. hoe. 2) i.v. hoe.
  S016 sa̋şa, 1) t.v. crop, produce, yield, give off. 2) i.v. crop, produce, yield.
  S017 sa̋ta, 1) t.v. fill, sate, satisfy, slake, quench,  satisfy.
  S018 saűsa, 1) t.v. dry- (-up, -out), desiccate. 2) i.v. dry-  (-up, -out), desiccate.
  S019 sa̋xris, henbane (Hyoscyus niger) [Bot.].
  S020 sca̋mva, t.v. prop, stay, support, shore up, brace, uphold.
  S021 sce̋e̋ta, 1) t.v. ejaculate. 1) i.v. gush-, spout-, (-forth,      -up); ejaculate.
  S022 sce̋nða, 1) t.v. dip, plunge, submerge; immerse; imbue. 2) i.v. dive, plunge; submerge.
  S023 scı̋ı̋ra, 1) t.v. log. 2) i.v. log.
  S024 scı̋mva, 1) t.v. hobble. 2) i.v. (walk with a) limp, be-, go-, -lame, hobble.
  S025 scı̋þlos, box, case.
  S026 scőrðos, pan, cauldron.
  S027 se̋e̋ca, 1) t.v. relax, mitigate, remit; temper, anneal. 2) i.v. relax, mitigate, remit, loaf; temper.
  S028 se̋e̋ga, t.v. drop, sow, inseminate, impregnate.
  S029 seeı̋ba, t.v. render.
  S030 se̋e̋ȝa, t.v. sift, sieve, strain, bolt, riddle, filter.
  S031 se̋e̋la, t.v. descend from, be descended from.
  S032 se̋e̋m̧a, t.v. halve, bisect.
  S033 se̋e̋ra, 1) t.v. continue, persist in. 2) i.v. continue, persist; keep on (+ inf.).
  S034 se̋ca, t.v. cut. 
  S035 se̋c̆a, 1) t.v. follow (after), ensue from, succeed (to). 2) i.v. follow, ensue, succeed.
  S036 se̋d-a, 1) t.v. seat. 2) i.v. sit (down), perch.
  S037 se̋f, adj. seven.
  S038 se̋fźa, i.v. use magic energy.
  S039 se̋la, i.v. creep, crawl, cringe, sneak, fawn.
  S040 se̋lca, 1) t.v. drag, tow, haul, tug. 2) i.v. drag, haul, tug.
  S041 se̋lsos, swamp, bog, fen, marsh, morass, quagmire.
  S042 se̋ma, i.v. flood [of the tide].
+S043 se̋mf, adj. seventeen.
  S044 se̋ma, i.v. pass-, spend-,    -the early summer.
  S045 se̋mus, indef. pron. someone.
  S046 se̋ɱa, 1) t.v. relinquish, abdicate, part with, let go of; abandon, forsake, withdraw (from), back out of; surrender, hand over, give up, waive. 2) i.v. abdicate, let go; withdraw; sur-render, give up.
  S047 senðőros, slag, dross, scoria, cinders, clinker, sediment, scum.
  S048 se̋nğa, i.v. pass-, spend-, -the late summer.
  S049 se̋nis, adj. ancient, antique, archaic, olden.
  S050 se̋nca, 1) t.v. scorch, singe, water [of fabric]; toast; calcine, carbonize. 2) i.v. water, cal  cine.
  S051 se̋nğa, i.v. pass the late autumn.
  S052 se̋nła, 1) t.v. sing. 2) i.v. sing.
  S053 se̋nris, medlar (Mespilus germanica) [Bot.].
  S054 se̋nta, 1) t.v. travel, journey, voyage. 2) i.v. travel, journey, voyage.
  S055 se̋n̆a, 1) t.v. work out, complete, finish (off), bring to a close, terminate, adjourn, break off, perfect, consummate, elaborate, carry-, fill-, -out, get through. 2) i.v. finish, terminate, elaborate, be over, get through; have just (+ patient part.).
  S056 se̋ņus, each (one). adj. each; separate(d), distinct, discrete.
  S057 se̋pa, i.v. concern-, occupy-, -o.s. (with, épa).
  S058 se̋qna, t.v. noose.
  S059 se̋ra, 1) t.v. color-, make-, reddish-orange. 2) i.v. turn-, become-, -reddish-orange.
  S060 se̋rca, t.v. wattle.
  S061 se̋rḑa, i.v. make cheese. 
  S062 se̋rpa, t.v. cut with a sickle.
  S063 se̋ħa, 1) t.v. defeat, over- come, subdue, vanquish, con- quer, subjugate, overpower, over-whelm, get over. 2) i.v. overcome, conquer, triumph.
  S063 sfe̋la, i.v. glitter, glisten, sparkle.
  S064 sfe̋lħos, spleen [Anat.].
  S065 sfe̋ltos, board, plank; tray.
  S066 sfűda, 1) t.v. argue (about). 2) i.v. argue, debate.
  S067 sı̋ı̋ca, 1) t.v. achieve, acquire, procure, catch up with. 2) i.v. catch up.
  S068 sı̋ı̋ða, 1) t.v. head toward, be bound for. 2) i.v. go straight to the-, -goal, -objective, -destination.
  S069 sı̋ı̋ma, 1) t.v. carve, cut, slice, knife. 2) i.v. carve, cut, knife.
  S070 sı̋ba, 1) t.v. drip. 2) i.v. drip.
  S071 sı̋c̆a, i.v. run off, flow down; subside [of water]; ebb [of the tide].
  S072 sı̋fa, i.v. thrive, flourish, prosper, batten.
  S073 silőrses, sheatfish, Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) [Zoo.].
  S074 sina̋pis, mustard (Brassica nigra) [Bot.].
#&lt;u&gt;sînqes&lt;/u&gt;, lion (''Panthera leo spelaea'') ['''Zoo.''']; Leo ['''Zod.'''].
#sîpa, ''t.v.'' pen (in), corral, coop up.
#sîsca, 1) ''t.v.'' hay. 2) ''i.v.'' make hay.
#sîta, ''t.v.'' represent, symbolize, stand for.
  S078 sı̋ɱa, 1) t.v. sew, stitch, tack. 2) i.v. sew, stitch.
  S079 slı̋ı̋ɱa, 1) t.v. make-, col- or-, -greenish-blue. 2) i.v. turn-, become-, -greenish- blue.
  S080 slı̋ga, t.v. chop, hash, mince, hack.
  S081 slűga, 1) t.v. serve, work for, minister to, wait on, bestead. 2) i.v. serve, be of service.
  S082 slűśa, i.v. glide, slide; skate.
  S083 sme̋e̋ȝa, 1) t.v. grease, lubricate. 2) i.v. lubricate.
  S084 sme̋ra, 1) t.v. remember, recall, think-, be mindful-,     -of, keep in-, bear in-, call  to-, -mind, commemorate; intend, design, propose, plan. 2) i.v. recollect, intend.
  S085 smı̋ı̋ca, 1) t.v. crumble. 2) i.v. crumble, become crumbly.
  S086 smı̋ta, 1) t.v. throw, cast, fling, toss, pitch, hurl, heave, project. 2) i.v. cast, toss, pitch, heave.
  S087 smőxros, chin [Anat.].
  S088 sműxa, 1) t.v. smoke. 2) i.v. smoke, fume.
  S089 sna̋ða, t.v. cut into, incise.
  S090 sna̋ţa, i.v. bound, skip.
  S091 sne̋e̋pa, t.v. sheave.
  S092 sne̋e̋ta, t.v. thread.
  S093 sneeɱe̋nos, sinew [Anat.].
  S094 sne̋rta, 1) t.v. dance. 2) i.v. dance.
  S095 snı̋ła, i.v. snow
  S096 snűda, i.v. doze, nap.
  S097 snűða, 1) t.v. mist, fog, befog. 2) i.v. mist, fog.
  S098 snűva, t.v. woo, court.
  S099 sőőlis, adj. only, sole, unique.
  S100 sőőros, calf [Anat.]. 
  S101 sőlis, adj. all, whole, complete, total, aught, pan-, omni-; every [sg.].
  S102 sőma, t.v. liken; compare (néɱħa, to).
  S103 sőra, 1) t.v. sour; displease, vex. 2) i.v. (go-) -sour.
  S104 spa̋ca, 1) t.v. point, dot, spot, stipple; punctuate. 2) i.v. dot, spot; punctuate.
  S105 spa̋rɱes, house sparrow (Passer domesticus) [Zoo.].   -is, adj. passerine.
  S106 spe̋nda, t.v. bring, offer, make [a sacrifice].
  S107 spe̋śa, 1) t.v. witness, detect, espy, descry. 2) i.v. scout, reconnoiter; be on the lookout.
  S108 spőnða, 1) t.v. bail (out). 2) i.v. bail.
  S109 spűðna, i.v. engage in business, run a business.
  S110 sre̋e̋nos, thigh [Anat.], shank; side [of an angle].
  S111 sre̋ga, 1) t.v. draw, illustrate. 2) i.v. draw, illustrate.
  S112 sre̋nca, i.v. snore.
  S113 sre̋va, 1) t.v. sip, lap, swig. 2) i.v. sip, lap, swig.
  S114 srı̋ı̋ga, 1) t.v. frost. 2) i.v. frost.
  S115 srőma, 1) t.v. paralyze. 2) i.v. paralyze.
  S116 srűpos, scurf.
  S117 sśa̋a̋ȝa, 1) t.v. shade, shadow. 2) i.v. cast a shadow.
  S118 sta̋a̋ga, t.v. set-, put-, place-, -in the right place.
  S119 sta̋a̋ȝa, 1) t.v. melt, fuse, smelt, dissolve, liquefy. 2) i.v. melt, fuse, smelt, dissolve, liquefy, deliquesce.
  S120 -sta̋lis, adj. suffix forming the equative degree of adjectives; (just) as __ as, (just) so __ as.
  S121 ste̋e̋ba, 1) t.v. insult, affront.
  S122 ste̋e̋pa, 1) t.v. dock. 2) i.v. dock, wharf.
  S123 ste̋e̋va, 1) t.v. surprise, take-, -by surprise, -una- wares, -aback. 2) i.v. be surprised, be taken aback.
  S124 ste̋ma, i.v. stammer, stutter.
  S125 stembőris, white clover (Trifolium repens) [Bot.].
  S126 stemvőros, trunk, bole.
  S127 ste̋nos, chest, bosom, thorax [Anat.].
  S128 ste̋qa, t.v. strike with the flat of a blade.
  S129 ste̋rca, t.v. tend, nurse, care for, attend to, take care of, look after.
  S130 ste̋rðis, adj. fruitless, infertile, unfruitful, unprofitable, unproductive, barren, sterile.
  S131 stere̋ncis, adj. tense, tight, taut; straight.
  S132 ste̋res, [anim.] star.
  S133 ste̋rņos, forehead, brow [Anat.].  
  S134 stı̋ı̋va, t.v. put, place, set, situate, locate.
  S135 stı̋ȝa, 1) t.v. thicken, solidify, liquefy [a gas], compact. 2) i.v. thicken, solidify, liquefy [a  gas].
  S136 stőres, European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) [Zoo.].
  S137 stűris, adj. old, antiquated, out-of-date, outmoded, obsolete, old-fash- ioned. 
  S138 sűűles, [anim.] sun.
  S139 sűűnus, son.
  S140 sűűra, 1) t.v. (make-), -bitter, embitter. 2) i.v. (become-), -bitter.
  S141 sűűsa, i.v. bluster, blow hard, howl, sough.
  S142 sűla, t.v. (extract the-) -juice.
  S143 sűɱes, sow [Zoo.].
  S144 sűna, t.v. go with, accompany, escort, chaperon.
  S145 sűnca, 1) t.v. swing, swivel, pivot, whirl round, flourish, brandish, wield, wave, toss [a salad]; thresh, flail, swingle, scutch. 2) i.v. swing, swivel, pivot, whirl round, flourish, wave; thresh, flail, swingle.
  S146 sűncis, adj. clumsy, unwieldy, awkward, cumbersome.
  S147 sűnsus, daughter-in-law.
  S148 sűntis, adj. alert, nimble, agile, brisk.
  S149 sűpa, i.v. sleep, slumber, be asleep.
  S150 sűqta, 1) t.v. suffer from, be ill with. 2) i.v. fall ill, sicken, become-, get-, -sick.
  S151 sursı̋nos, gland [Anat.].
  S152 sűsca, 1) t.v. parch, calcine. 2) i.v. parch, calcine.
  S153 sűsis, adj. well, all right, O.K.
  S154 sxe̋la, i.v. stumble, trip.
  S155 sx̆őȝos, needle [of plants].
  S156 sűta, 1) t.v. simmer. 2) i.v. simmer.
  S157 s̆a̋a̋da, 1) t.v. sweeten, sugar; 2) i.v. sweeten, sugar.
  S158 s̆a, postp. apart from, beside, besides, but (for), except (for), not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside, save, without.
  S159 s̆a̋rda, 1) t.v. laugh at. 2) i.v. laugh. 
  S160 s̆ecűrus, brother-in-law.
  S161 s̆e̋e̋das, character, nature.
  S162 s̆e̋e̋ða, t.v. accustom, habituate; inure, familiarize, get used to.
  S163 s̆e̋e̋ris, adj. strong, stout, tight, fast, rigid.
  S164 s̆ĕ̋ȝa, 1) t.v. whistle. 2) i.v. whistle.
  S165 s̆e̋la, 1) t.v. char. 2) i.v. smolder, char.
  S166 s̆e̋ļa, 1) t.v. be related by marriage to. 2)  i.v. be related by marriage.
  S167 s̆e̋lpos, sulfur, brimstone.
  S168 s̆e̋ma, 1) t.v. swim. 2) i.v. swim, welter.
  S169 s̆e̋na, 1) t.v. sound, resound. 2) i.v. sound, resound.
  S170 s̆e̋ra, i.v. hum, buzz.
  S171 s̆e̋rva, t.v. sweep.
  S172 s̆es, adj. six.
  S173 s̆e̋sra, t.v. adopt as a sister.
  S174 s̆e̋va, t.v. (set) free, liberate, deliver.
  S175 s̆e̋x̆a, t.v. resin, rosin, pitch.
  S176 s̆ı̋ı̋cis, adj. taciturn, reserved, uncommunicative.
  S177 s̆ı̋da, 1) t.v. sweat, perspire. 2) i.v. sweat, perspire.
  S178 s̆őőla, i.v. move-, travel-,    -south.
  S179 s̆oı̋ņus, spouse's sister's husband, brother-in-law. 
  S180 s̆őmbes, sponge (Spongilla lacustris) [Zoo.].
  S181 s̆őrdis, adj. [shining] black.
  S182 s̆ús̆u, adv. even, likewise, in like manner,  so.
  S183 şe̋e̋rus, husband's brother.
total: 183

==ś / ς / ц / ծ / ც / צ / त==
  Ś001 śa̋a̋bes, common lizard (Lacerta zooteca vivapara) [Zoo.].
  Ś002 śa̋a̋da, 1) t.v. distress, concern. 2) i.v. worry, fret.
  Ś003 śa̋a̋ra, t.v. antler.
  Ś004 śa̋a̋sa, 1) t.v. show the way, direct; steer, helm. 2) i.v. steer.
  Ś005 śa̋da, i.v. excel.
  Ś006 śa̋ðra, i.v. lightning.
  Ś007 śa̋ga, 1) t.v. emaciate. 2) i.v. be emaciated.
  Ś008 śa̋la, 1) t.v. deepen. 2) i.v. deepen.
  Ś009 śa̋ma, t.v. gore, horn.
  Ś010 śarsa̋a̋cos, torrent.
  Ś011 śa̋rta, i.v. rotate, twirl.
  Ś012 śa̋sna, 1) t.v. grizzle. 2) i.v. grizzle.
  Ś013 śa̋ta, 1) t.v. fight, combat; contend-, do battle-,  -with. 2) i.v. fight, combat.
  Ś014 śe̋e̋lca, 1) t.v. squirt, syringe, inject. 2) i.v. spurt, splash.
  Ś015 śe̋e̋ɱ-a, i.v. become inflamed.
  Ś016 śe̋e̋ra, 1) t.v. grow, cultivate, farm, raise. 2) i.v. farm.
  Ś017 śeerőles, common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) [Zoo.].
  Ś018 śe̋bes, Persian gazelle (Gazela subgutturosa) [Zoo.].
  Ś019 śe̋ca, i.v. have power to.
  Ś020 śe̋c̆a, i.v. defecate, shit.
  Ś021 śe̋da, 1) t.v. hate, loathe, detest, abhor. 2) i.v. hate.
  Ś022 śe̋ȝa, 1) t.v. put to bed. 2) i.v. lie (down), rest, repose, be recumbent, go to bed, settle; be situated; encamp.
  Ś023 śe̋la, t.v. veil, wrap-, (-a- round, -up), envelop.
  Ś024 śe̋lba, 1) t.v. help, aid, assist, succor. 2) i.v. help, aid, assist.
  Ś025 śe̋lpa, 1) t.v. steal, thieve, pilfer, filch  (from, ápa). 2) i.v. steal, thieve, pilfer (from, ápa).
  Ś026 śe̋ļus, fallen Child of Air; also known as semȝa̋zus.
  Ś027 śe̋ma, i.v. make great exertion, exert o.s., labor, toil.
  Ś028 śeme̋los, heaven(s), firmament, welkin.
  Ś029 śe̋ɱa, i.v. stagger, reel, totter, wobble; pitch, toss [of ships].
  Ś030 śe̋na, t.v. nullify, void, invalidate, annul,  revoke, rescind, cancel, repeal, abolish, call off.
  Ś031 śe̋nca, i.v. hang, be suspended, dangle.
  Ś032 śe̋nsa, 1) t.v. announce, proclaim, publish, pronounce [a judgment], make known. 2) i.v. pub-lish, pronounce.
  Ś033 śe̋nta, 1) t.v. tilt. 2) i.v. tilt, joust.
  Ś034 śe̋rdos, heart [Anat.].
  Ś035 śe̋rða, 1) t.v. line (-up), align; string [beads]. 2) i.v. line (-up), stand in line.
  Ś036 śe̋res, biting animal.
  Ś037 śe̋rsa, i.v. run; course.
  Ś038 śe̋rta, 1) t.v. interweave, interlace. 2) i.v. interlace.
  Ś039 śe̋sa, t.v. engrave.
  Ś040 śe̋xlis, lotus (Nymphaea alba) [Bot.].
  Ś041 śı̋ı̋ca, i.v. swing o.s., skip, vault.
  Ś042 śı̋ı̋mes, bug.
  Ś043 śı̋ı̋nis, grass.
  Ś044 śı̋ı̋pos, flint knife.
  Ś045 śı̋ı̋sos, column, pillar.
  Ś046 śı̋ca, t.v. strap, leash, sling.
  Ś047 śı̋la, 1) t.v. lean, recline, rest; arrange in layers, stratify. 2) i.v. lean, recline, rest.
  Ś048 śı̋mos, village.
  Ś049 śı̋ɱa, 1) t.v. color, dye, stain, paint (over), bedaub. 2) i.v. color, dye, stain, paint.
  Ś050 śı̋na, t.v. cradle, rock in a cradle.
  Ś051 śı̋pa, t.v. brush, wag [the tail].
  Ś052 śiśe̋ris, pea (Pisum sativum) [Bot.].
  Ś053 śı̋ta, 1) t.v. lair. 2) i.v. den, lair.
  Ś054 śe̋mtos, hundred.
  Ś055 śőőla, 1) t.v. rinse, flush, irrigate, wash away. 2) i.v. flush.
  Ś056 śőőɱra, i.v. move-, travel-, -north.
  Ś057 śőlma, t.v. thatch.
  Ś058 śőmros, stone hammer.
  Ś059 śomśı̋ȝos, pickaxe.
  Ś060 śőɱa, 1) t.v. warn, caution, forewarn. 2) i.v. warn, fore- warn.
  Ś061 śőnxes, bivalve (Bivalvia) [Zoo.].
  Ś062 śőrcos, silica.
  Ś063 śőrma, 1) t.v. pain, hurt. 2) i.v. pain, hurt, be painful, suffer, ache.
  Ś064 śőrɱes, raven (Corvus corax) [Zoo.].
  Ś065 śorőmnos, lye.
  Ś066 śorűdes, crested lark (Ga-lerida cristata) [Zoo.].
  Ś067 śø̋nos, helmet.
  Ś068 śø̋snes, hornet (Vespa sp., Vespula sp.) [Zoo.].
  Ś069 śűűla, 1) t.v. hear; listen to. 2) i.v. hear; listen.
  Ś070 śűűrus, hero, heroine, champion.
  Ś071 śűbis, brier.
  Ś072 śűða, 1) t.v. soil, dirty, befoul, begrime; sully, besmirch. 2) i.v. soil, dirty.
  Ś074 śűga, i.v. gape, yawn, be ajar.
  Ś075 śűlnos, hip, haunch [Anat.].
  Ś076 śűna, 1) t.v. spear. 2) i.v. spear.
  Ś077 śunðőnis, angelica (Angelica sylvestris) [Bot.].
  Ś078 śűsa, i.v. pant, gasp, puff, wheeze.
  Ś079 śűsnis, cornelian cherry tree (Cornus mas) [Bot.].
  Ś080 śűśa, 1) t.v. whirl-, swirl-, (-around), eddy; trill. 2) i.v. whirl-, swirl-, (-around), eddy, turn; warble; roll [of drums].
  Ś081 š̮a̋ntis, adj. entire, total, thorough, utter, universal.
  Ś082 ś̮e̋e̋rnes, rook (Corvus frugilegus) [Zoo.].
  Ś083 ś̮e̋ȝ-a, 1) t.v. play [the pipes], blow [a whistle]. 2) i.v. play [the pipes], blow [a whistle].
  Ś084 ś̮e̋na, 1) t.v. celebrate. 2) i.v. celebrate.
  Ś085 ś̮ı̋ı̋na, 1) t.v. cost, price, charge. 2) i.v. cost, set a price.
  Ś086 ś̮ı̋ı̋nis, swamp grass (Carex spp.) [Bot.].
  Ś087 ś̮ı̋s-a, i.v. gleam, burn, glare.
  Ś088 ś̮itőnos, lime, limestone, chalk.
  Ś089 ś̮őna, t.v. dog, hound.
  Ś090 ś̮őnśus, spirit.
  Ś091 śűɱra, 1) t.v. hole, make a hole in. 2) i.v. hole, make a hole.
  Ś092 ş́e̋ma, 1) t.v. color-, make-, -dark gray. 2) i.v. turn-, be-come-, -dark gray.
total: 92</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots t-ź</title>
    <id>2567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55119</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-17T01:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* ź / Ϡ / ѕ / ձ / ძ / צּ / द */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==t / τ / т / տ / ტ / תּ / ट==

# '''táába''', 1) ''t.v.'' shoe, provide with shoes. 2) ''i.v.'' put on shoes.
# '''táábŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' obey, mind. 2) ''i.v.'' obey, mind.
# '''tááda''', 1) ''t.v.'' do on purpose. 2) ''i.v.'' act on purpose.
# '''tááȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' melt, fuse, smelt, dissolve, liquefy. 2) ''i.v.'' melt, fuse, smelt, dissolve, liquefy, deliquesce.
# '''tááĸa''', ''t.v.'' fix, plant, erect, put-, set-, -up; wager, stake, bet; compose [''music''].
# '''táála''', ''i.v.'' become.
# '''tááɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' unravel, ravel, fray (out); solve, reduce [''fractions''], resolve [''discord'']; analyze [&lt;font color=red&gt;Chem.&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=red&gt;Gram.&lt;/font&gt;], break [''a spell''], dissolve [''partnership, marriage''], disband [''troops'']. 2) ''i.v.'' unravel, ravel, fray.
# '''táános''', nasal ala [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''táátŭa''', ''i.v.'' break out (in a rash).
# '''tába''', 1) ''t.v.'' barter. 2) ''i.v.'' barter.
# '''tága''', 1) ''t.v.'' touch ([up]on), contact, be contiguous to, adjoin. 2) ''i.v.'' touch, contact.
# '''táȝros''', raft made of skins.
# '''táĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' silence, shut up. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -silent, -quiet, keep silence, say nothing, hold one's tongue, shut up.
# '''taĸúros''', provisions for a journey.
# '''tálbos''', outer side.
# '''tálŭos''', split sinew.
# '''táma''', 1) ''t.v.'' pearl. 2) ''i.v.'' pearl.
# '''támbos''', tree stump; stock.
# '''tángos''', mother-of-pearl, nacre.
# '''tápa''', 1) ''t.v.'' humble. 2) ''i.v.'' humble o.s.
# '''tára''', 1) ''t.v.'' cross, traverse. 2) ''i.v.'' cross, traverse.
# '''tééda''', 1) ''t.v.'' burn [''of the sun'']. 2 ''i.v.'' burn.
# '''téga''', ''t.v.'' cauterize; distill [''spirits'']; bake [''bricks'']; roast [''grain''].
# ''' tééĸĭis''', ''adj.'' separate(d), distinct, discrete.
# '''tééla''', ''i.v.'' sober up, come to one’s senses.
# '''tééma''', 1) ''t.v.'' raft. 2) ''i.v.'' raft.
# '''tééngos''', lowlands, alluvial plain.
# '''tééra''', ''t.v.'' compare ('''neeɱħa''', to).
# '''téga''', 1) ''t.v.'' shelter. 2) ''i.v.'' shelter.
# '''tégŭa''', ''t.v.'' plug, stop up, pack, caulk.
# '''téĸa''', ''i.v.'' stretch out the hand; shake hands.
# '''téla''', 1) ''t.v.'' weigh, poise, balance; ponder. 2) ''i.v.'' weigh, poise, balance; ponder.
# '''télĸa''', ''t.v.'' rap, toll, knell.
# '''telĸíȝos''', visor.
# '''télɱis''', ''adj.'' shallow, superficial.
# '''télpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' clear away. 2) ''i.v.'' make-, leave-,  -room (for, '''o'''), admit [''3rd person only''] (of, '''o'''), clear away.
# '''téma''', 1) ''t.v.'' hammer, forge. 2) ''i.v.'' hammer, forge.
# '''temſóris''', ''adj.'' glum, gloomy, morose, dour, saturnine.
# '''téɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' attend (to), pay attention to, heed, give-,  pay-, -heed to, reck, mind. 2) ''i.v.'' attend, pay attention, give-, pay-, -heed, mind.
# &lt;font color=green&gt;'''téna'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' thunder. 2) ''i.v.'' thunder.
# &lt;font color=green&gt;'''ténas'''&lt;/font&gt;, time, division of the day; tense [&lt;font color=red&gt;Gram.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ténda''', ''t.v.'' while (away).
# '''ténga''', 1) ''t.v.'' thank (for, '''anta'''), appreciate. 2) ''i.v.'' give thanks, appreciate.
# '''ténĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' curdle, coagulate, congeal, clot, clabber. 2) ''i.v.'' curdle, coagulate, congeal, clot, clabber.
# '''tentólos''', net(ting), gauze; network.
# '''ténta''', ''t.v.'' string [beads, an instrument].
# '''ténŭis''', ''adj.'' thin, fine; flimsy; rare [''of gases'']; polite, courteous, cultivated, refined.
# '''tépis''', ''adj.'' lukewarm, tepid; mild [''weather'']; indifferent, half-hearted.
# '''teϙáϙes''', rutting seal.
# '''téra''', ''i.v.'' cackle, cluck.
# '''térga''', 1) ''t.v.'' strain. 2) ''i.v.'' strain.
# '''térgŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' threaten, menace, intimidate. 2) ''i.v.'' threaten, menace.
# '''térĸŭa''', ''postp.'' during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
# '''térſa''', ''i.v.'' thirst, be thirsty (for, '''o''').
# '''téris''', ''adj.'' delicate, fragile, frail, fine.
# '''téþća''', 1) ''t.v.'' plait, braid; wreathe, entwine, twine, coil-, wind-, twist-, -together. 2) ''i.v.'' wreathe.
# '''teúpa''', ''i.v.'' crouch, cower.
# '''teútas''', folk, people.
# '''téva''', ''t.v.'' establish, ascertain, determine, confirm, identify.
# '''téxra''', ''i.v.'' have an erection.
# '''tííra''', 1) ''t.v.'' scrape, grate, scour, rasp, rub; extort. 2) ''i.v.'' scrape, scour, rasp, rub.
# '''tíírtes''', ocean.
# '''tígis''', ''adj.'' sarcastic, caustic, biting.
# '''tír''', ''adj.'' three.
# '''tíſos''', tent roof of birch bark. (&gt; Komi &lt;font color=green&gt;tisa&lt;/font&gt;, birch bark roof)
# '''tóólća''', ''t.v.'' narrate an epic.
# '''tóólos''', incoming tide.
# '''tóóres''', young camel.
# '''tóórŭos''', birch cover for a bow.
# '''tóóſĭos''', blaze on animal’s forehead.
# '''toààru''', ''adv.'' then, so, accordingly, in that case; as I was saying.
# '''toális''', ''adj.'' such.
# '''tódis''', ''adj.'' full [''of the stomach''].
# '''toðpèru''', ''adv.'' perhaps, belike.
# '''tógos''', width of four fingers [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''tóĸos''', edible root.
# '''tóĸŭa''', ''t.v.'' buckle- (-on, -up).
# '''tóĸĭa''', celebrate a-, -religious ceremony, -ritual.
# '''tóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' will, determine, decree. 2) ''i.v.'' decree.
# '''tólĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' lay down, state, set forth, explain, expound, make clear, define. 2) ''i.v.'' explain, expound.
# '''tómos''', boat made of planks.
# '''tópa''', 1) ''t.v.'' reach, arrive-, show up-, -at, get to. 2) ''i.v.'' arrive, show up.
# '''toϙáros''', dhal.
# '''tóra''', 1) ''t.v.'' louden. 2) ''i.v.'' louden.
# '''tòru''', ''adv.'' there.
# '''tóþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' stutter, stammer. 2) ''t.v.'' stutter, stammer.
# '''tovérus''', priestess.
# '''tóza''', 1) ''t.v.'' worship, adore. 2) ''i.v.'' worship, adore.
# '''tǿſta''', 1) ''t.v.'' witness to, testify to. 2) ''i.v.'' witness, testify.
# '''túúȝĸa''', ''i.v.'' make a sign with the hand.
# '''túúla''', 1) ''t.v.'' bore. 2) ''i.v.'' be bored.
# '''túúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' coo. 2) ''i.v.'' coo.
# '''túȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' banquet, feast, fête. 2) ''i.v.'' (give a) feast.
# '''túĸa''', ''t.v.'' lace-, tie-, -up, cord.
# '''tuĸáϙtos''', harpoon line.
# '''túla''', ''t.v.'' pipe.
# '''túlĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' divine, foresee. 2) ''i.v.'' divine, foresee.
# '''túlϙa''', ''t.v.'' hit with tusks.
# '''túma''', 1) ''t.v.'' drum. 2) ''i.v.'' drum.
# '''túmgos''', base of a tree trunk.
# '''túndos''', piece of cloth.
# '''túngos''', window.
# '''túpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' tattoo. 2) ''i.v.'' tattoo.
# '''túra''', ''t.v.'' hedge-, fence-, -in.
# '''túrba''', ''i.v.'' make a noise.
# '''tus''', you [''2nd personal pron. sing.''].
# '''túſa''', ''t.v.'' empty, evacuate, drain, vacate. 2) ''i.v.'' empty, evacuate, drain.
# '''túſna''', 1) ''t.v.'' billow. 2) ''i.v.'' billow, surge.
# '''túvtos''', labret.
# '''tŭááĸa''', ''t.v.'' enclose, surround; invest, besiege.
# '''tŭáĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bathe. 2) ''i.v.'' bathe.
# '''tŭéȝa''', ''t.v.'' shake violently, convulse.
# '''tŭélos''', oarpin.
# '''tŭénϙa''', ''t.v.'' oppress, persecute.
# '''tŭéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' spin, twist. 2) ''i.v.'' spin, twist.
# '''tŭéſa''', ''t.v.'' excite, rouse, incite, provoke, agitate, irritate, stir up [''fear, etc.''], raise [''hopes''], bestir.
# '''tŭíła''', 1) ''t.v.'' survive, live through, endure, go through, stick to. 2) ''i.v.'' endure to the end, persevere, persist, hold out, survive.
# '''tŭíva''', 1) ''t.v.'' open, unseal; introduce.
# '''tĭáĸa''', ''t.v.'' funnel.
# '''tĭéga''', 1) ''t.v.'' shun, avoid, shrink from, eschew, keep out of. 2) ''i.v.'' shy.
# '''tĭóóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' reflect, mirror. 2) ''i.v.'' reflect. 
# '''tĭóóra''', ''t.v.'' hire.
# '''tĭólgos''', dogsled.
# '''tĭólgŭes''', last quarter moon.
# '''tĭópa''', ''t.v.'' cover-, fill with-, -straw.
# '''tĭóra''', ''t.v.'' cultivate [''earth''].
# '''tĭótos''', beehive.
# '''tĭuuĸos''', body hair.
# '''tĭuutes''', female camel.
# '''tĭudas''', appointed time.
# '''tĭuga''', 1) ''t.v.'' dock. 2) ''i.v.'' dock, wharf.
# '''tĭura''', ''t.v.'' cinch.
total: 132/80+8/67

==þ / θ / &amp;#1106; / թ / თ / ת / ठ==

# '''þáfnos''', chalice.
# '''þĸŭéra''', ''t.v.'' crack [''a nut''].
# '''þlééȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bear, carry, convey; wear, have on. 2) ''i.v.'' bear, carry; wear.
# '''þrápos''', fireplace.
# '''þrééma''', 1) ''t.v.'' trample. 2) ''i.v.'' trample.
# '''þrépa''', ''i.v.'' tread, walk.
# '''þrííſta''', ''t.v.'' defy.
# '''þróóbos''', structure, edifice.
# '''þrudéſos''', leprosy.
# '''þrúna''', 1) ''t.v.'' exercise sovereignty over. 2) ''i.v.'' exercise sovereignty.
# '''þú''', ''adj.'' eleven.
total: 11/6/55

==u / υ / у / ու / უ / וּ / ऊ==

# '''úúðos''', udder.
# '''úúrus''', craftsman.
# '''úba''', 1) ''t.v.'' push (down), press (down), squeeze, squash, strain, extrude; stamp; dun; depress, repress, suppress, stress, put down 2) ''i.v.'' press (on).
# '''úća''', 1) ''t.v.'' cause, motivate, occasion, bring about, produce, accomplish, do, carry out; make [''with inf.'']; have, make [''s.o. do s.th.'']. 2) ''i.v.'' produce, cause, have an affect.
# '''ùda''', ''postp.'' up.
# '''udéros''', belly, abdomen [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]; hold.
# '''úða''', ''t.v.'' possess, own, be endowed with.
# '''úðta''', ''t.v.'' bridle, rein in, curb, check.
# '''úflis''', ''adj.'' bad, ill, wicked, base, fell.
# '''úĸa''', ''t.v.'' be-, get-, -in the habit of, be-, become-, -accustomed to.
# '''úĸŭos''', clan.
# '''úla''', ''i.v.'' hoot.
# '''úlŭos''', hundred billion.
# '''umíros''', large skin boat.
# '''úngos''', canopy.
# '''unlíϙus''', person from another tribe or clan.
# '''úntos''', tide.
# '''úpis''', ''adj''. upper, higher, chief, principal, senior.
# '''úϙos''', nape-, back-, scruff-, -of the neck [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''úϙra''', 1) ''t.v.'' chill, make cold. 2) ''i.v.'' become-, turn-, -cold.
# '''úris''', ''adj.'' piebald.
# '''úſa''', ''t.v.'' draw [''water'']; ladle, lade, bale, dip, scoop out.
# '''úſos''', ear [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''úta''', 1) ''t.v.'' feel, sense, be sensitive to, become aware of. 2) ''i.v.'' feel.
# '''úvris''', ''adj.'' real, genuine.
total: 25/9+4/52

==v / β / в / վ / ვ / ו / व==

# '''vááa''', ''i.v.'' converse, discuss, talk over.
# '''váádis''', ''adj.'' good.
# '''váála''', ''i.v.'' leaf, produce leaves, put forth foliage.
# '''váángos''', forearm [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat., Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''vága''', ''t.v.'' assign, allot, allocate, distribute, apportion; impute, ascribe, attach, post, appoint [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mil.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''várða''', ''i.v.'' grow a beard.
# '''vargénos''', bread [''unleavened''].
# '''váris''', conifer [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''várxŭa''', ''t.v.'' cram, stuff, fill [''a pipe''].
# '''váſĸa''', ''t.v.'' bundle; truss.
# '''vátis''', ''adj.'' unmarried.
# '''váxra''', ''t.v.'' contract, covenant.
# '''vdéla''', ''t.v.'' absorb.
# '''vééða''', ''t.v.'' plague, torment; worry, harass.
# '''vééϙa''', ''i.v.'' squabble, dispute, wrangle, disagree, brawl.
# '''vééris''', ''adj.'' brown [''of animals''].
# '''véða''', 1) ''t.v.'' dig, spade. 2) ''i.v.'' dig.
# '''véga''', ''t.v.'' batter.
# '''véȝa''', ''i.v.'' keep bees.
# '''véĸa''', ''i.v.'' hiccough.
# '''véla''', 1) ''t.v.'' roar. 2) ''i.v.'' roar.
# &lt;font color=green&gt;'''vélća'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' joist.
# &lt;font color=green&gt;'''vélća'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cushion, pad.
# '''vélða''', ''i.v.'' go astray, lose one's way, get lost.
# '''vélſa''', ''t.v.'' cork.
# '''véna''', 1) ''t.v.'' wound. 2) ''i.v.'' wound.
# '''vénda''', ''i.v.'' rejoice, exult.
# '''vénða''', 1) ''t.v.'' bind, tie-, (-up, -down, -on), lash; hoop [''a cask'']. 2) ''i.v.'' set, harden.
# '''vénĸa''', ''t.v.'' send, dispatch, ship, transport; transmit, mail, post.
# '''véϙa''', ''i.v.'' desert.
# '''véra''', 1) ''t.v.'' lift-, raise-, (-up), hold up, elevate. 2) ''i.v.'' arise, get-, stand-, -up.
# '''vérða''', 1) ''t.v.'' saw. 2) ''i.v.'' saw.
# '''vérga''', ''i.v.'' bark; hack [''cough''].
# '''vérħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' save, secure; salvage, rescue, recover, help. 2) ''i.v.'' save; recover.
# '''vérϙis''', ''adj.'' tall, lofty.
# '''vérſis''', ''adj.'' rapid, swift, fleet, speedy.
# '''vértas''', (good) luck, fortune.
# '''vérźa''', ''t.v.'' break-, (-up), (-through), (-down), breach, fracture, quarry.
# '''véſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' breathe out, exhale; aspirate. 2) ''i.v.'' exhale.
# '''véta''', ''t.v.'' push, shove, jostle.
# '''vètu''', ''adv.'' out(side), outwardly, without, out of doors.
# '''vévra''', 1) ''t.v.'' embrown, brown. 2) ''i.v.'' brown.
# '''vííða''', 1) ''t.v.'' fear, be afraid of, have an aversion to. 2) ''i.v.'' stand in fear, fear, be afraid.
# '''vííla''', 1) ''t.v.'' befriend, make friends with. 2) ''i.v.'' make friends.
# '''vííra''', 1) ''t.v.'' carve, sculpt, whittle [''wood'']. 2) ''i.v.'' carve, sculpt, whittle.
# '''víírĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' top, culminate in. 2) ''i.v.'' culminate.
# '''vííþla''', ''t.v.'' kill with an arrow.
# '''víða''', ''t.v.'' cooper.
# '''víla''', ''t.v.'' equal, equalize, equate; correspond, conform.
# '''víſĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -purple, empurple. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -purple.
# '''vláágis''', ''adj.'' silly, foolish, absurd.
# '''vláϙma''', ''i.v.'' preside, officiate [''as a priest''].
# '''vlééća''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -shining white. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -shining white.
# '''vlééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -orange. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -orange.
# '''vléda''', ''i.v.'' hiss, fizz, fizzle, whiz.
# '''vléȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' overflow. 2) ''i.v.'' overflow, flow over.
# '''vléɱa''', ''i.v.'' boil over.
# '''vlóóris''', ''adj.'' blond, fair.
# '''vlóĸos''', oakum, tow.
# '''vó''', ''inter. particle'' expressing protest or assertion.
# '''vóga''', ''i.v.'' stream.
# '''vóĸa''', ''i.v.'' flame; blaze, flare.
# '''vóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' mist, fog. 2) ''i.v.'' mist, fog (up).
# '''vólna''', ''t.v.'' bottle.
# '''vóɱa''', ''t.v.'' grill, broil, bake.
# '''voréðes''', post horse.
# '''vóris''', ''adj.'' disagreeable, unfavorable, unfriendly, unkind, ungracious, unpleasant, uncharitable.
# '''vóſa''', ''i.v.'' train naked, practice gymnastics.
# '''vráátus''', brother.
# '''vrága''', 1) ''t.v.'' perfume, cense. 2) ''i.v.'' smell good, be fragrant, exhale fragrance, cense.
# '''vráĸos''', trousers, pants, breeches, trewes.
# '''vránϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hoarsen. 2) ''i.v.'' hoarsen.
# '''vráſta''', 1) ''t.v.'' disdain, despise, scorn, show-, have-, contempt for. 2) ''i.v.'' have contempt.
# '''vrééɱa''', ''t.v.'' bridge, span, straddle, bestraddle.
# '''vréća''', 1) ''t.v.'' belie. 2) ''i.v.'' (tell a) lie.
# '''vréna''', ''t.v.'' edge.
# '''vrénĸa''', ''t.v.'' bring, fetch, come for.
# '''vréſa''', ''i.v.'' crackle, rustle, rattle.
# '''vrííga''', 1) ''t.v.'' fry. 2) ''i.v.'' fry.
# '''vríſĸis''', ''adj.'' tart, acrid, pungent. 
# '''vróða''', 1) ''t.v.'' ford, wade. 2) ''i.v.'' wade.
# '''vrúúga''', 1) ''t.v.'' fruit. 2) ''i.v.'' (bear) fruit, fructify.
# '''vrúúnos''', membrane of an egg.
# '''vrúúſos''', eyebrow [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''vrúdos''', vegetable.
# '''vrúĸa''', ''i.v.'' spring, snap, fly-, -back, -off with a jerk.
# '''vrúnos''', cornice, molding.
# '''vúúla''', ''i.v.'' there-, -is, -are.
# '''vúða''', ''t.v.'' examine, inspect, check up, look-, -over, -on.
# '''vúðmos''', floor, flooring, base, bottom [''of the sea''].
# '''vúga''', ''i.v.'' flee, take flight, run away, retreat.
# '''vúlas''', iridiscence.
# '''vúnda''', 1) ''t.v.'' agree upon, allow, permit, admit of, pass, let. 2) ''i.v.'' assent, consent, accede, concur, give in, be in accord (with/to, '''ϙòma''').
# '''vúnða''', ''t.v.'' command, order, require, bid.
# '''vúnos''', chalet.
# '''vúϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' clean (out), cleanse, purify, purge. 2) ''i.v.'' clean, purify, purge.
# '''vúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' scrape-, grind-, -off, wear-, -down, -out, -off, sand. 2) ''i.v.'' wear-, -out, -off.
# '''vúrnos''', shelf, ledge, berm.
# '''vúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' pitch [''a tent'']; camp, encamp. 2) ''i.v.'' tent; camp, encamp.
# '''vúźes''', buck, male goat; male of any small ungulate, ''e.g.'', saiga.
# '''vŭéétos''', world, earth.
total: 101/71+9/79

==x / χ / х / խ / ხ / ח / ख==

# '''xáta''', 1) ''t.v.'' pop, puff; cuff, thump, whack. 2) ''i.v.'' pop, puff; thump, whack.
# '''xénda''', 1) ''t.v.'' disperse, dissipate, diffuse, disseminate, spread, scatter, strew, bestrew, dispel, banish [''fear, etc.'']. 2) ''i.v.'' disperse, dissipate, diffuse, spread, scatter.
# '''xérda''', 1) ''t.v.'' splinter, chip. 2) ''i.v.'' splinter, chip.
# '''xlaíbos''', bread [''leavened''].
# '''xrústa''', ''i.v.'' form a scab.
# '''xrŭáta''', ''t.v.'' leech.
# '''xúta''', ''i.v.'' huddle.
total: 7/6/86

==z / ζ / з / զ / ზ / ז / ज़==

# '''zál''', ''adj.'' twelve.
# '''záxta''', ''t.v.''cushion, pad
# '''zééras''', lunar year.
# '''zgŭéſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' put out, turn off, extinguish. 2) ''i.v.'' go out, be extinguished.
# '''zílþus''', praetor.
# '''zɱáɱos''', avalanche.
# '''zϙŭéla''', ''i.v.'' pour (down).
# '''zúúntes''', fawn.
# '''zŭéra''', ''i.v.'' collect [''tribute, toll''].
# '''zŭííȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' vivify, give life, enliven, animate. 2) ''i.v.'' be alive.
# '''zóðgos''', camel’s beard, dewlap.
# '''zĭáĸa''', ''i.v.'' droop.
# '''zĭóϙnos''', sleeve.
# '''zĭúĸos''', yogurt.
total: 14/6/43

==ź / Ϡ / ѕ / ձ / ძ / צּ / द==

# '''źáála''', 1) ''t.v.'' invite, ask in. 2) ''i.v.'' invite.
# '''źáára''', ''t.v.'' challenge.
# '''źába''', 1) ''t.v.'' make a show of, assume, affect; look-, -at, -upon, -out for, gaze upon; contemplate. 2) ''i.v.'' look, gaze, view.
# '''źánges''', new moon.
# '''źápos''', bolt, quarrel.
# '''źárus''', sister-in-law.
# '''źééȝa''', ''i.v.'' germinate; arise, develop, stir.
# '''źééla''', 1) ''t.v.'' smile. 2) ''i.v.'' smile (at, upon, o).
# '''źééna''', ''t.v.'' recognize, discern, distinguish, tell apart, take cognizance of, acknowledge, admit; diagnose; detect; know, acquaint, be acquainted with; have cognizance of; betoken.
# '''źéénŭa''', ''i.v.'' be born.
# '''źééra''', ''i.v.'' grow old, age.
# '''źééſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' taste. 2) ''i.v.'' taste.
# '''źéfa''', ''i.v.'' eat [''of animals'']; feed.
# '''źémva''', 1) ''t.v.'' bite (through), crunch, break with the-, -teeth, -beak. 2) ''i.v.'' bite, crunch.
# '''źéɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hasten, hurry, speed, rush. 2) ''i.v''. make haste, hasten, (be in a) hurry, hurl, hurtle, speed, rush.
# '''źénðos''', jawbone, mandible [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''źéntas''', nature, disposition, constitution; temperament, temper, frame of mind.
# '''źéntus''', son-in-law.
# '''źéna''', ''i.v.'' kneel, be-, -kneeling, -on one's knees.
# '''źéra''', ''i.v.'' ripen, mature.
# '''źérſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' distort, misshape, contort, warp, gnarl, deform; pervert. 2) ''i.v.'' distort, contort, warp, deform.
# '''źííbos''', fireplace, hearth.
# '''źída''', 1) ''t.v.'' digest, assimilate. 2) ''i.v.'' digest, assimilate.
# '''źíla''', 1) ''t.v.'' run up to, rush against; call at, touch [''a port'']. 2) ''i.v.'' make land.
# '''źípos''', musk.
# '''źíros''', anvil.
# '''źíſos''', quartz.
# '''źóólɱus''', spouse's sister.
# '''źóóna''', ''t.v.'' procreate, beget; generate, engender, raise, breed, reproduce.
# '''źóóźa''', ''i.v.'' quarrel.
# '''źóϙos''', bush, shrub.
# '''źúba''', ''t.v.'' grit the teeth.
# '''źúga''', ''t.v.'' carry on the back.
# '''źúſa''', ''t.v.'' enjoy, have the use of, relish.
# '''źŭéra''', ''i.v.'' emit light and be hot.
# '''źĭáĸa''', ''t.v.'' rent.
# '''źĭóóros''', ten million. 
# '''źĭólŭes''', river bed.
# '''źĭónga''', 1) ''t.v.'' echo. 2) ''i.v.'' echo. 
# '''źĭúla''', ''t.v.'' (put a) halter (on).
# '''źĭúra''', ''t.v.'' skim.
total: 42/27/64

Grand Total: 2385/1540/65%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang-L FAQ</title>
    <id>2568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58910</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T20:13:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Acronyms */ Acronym Finder</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Where to get Conlang-L==

The official archives are at http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html . From there, you can search the archives, get an RSS feed, manage your subscription, etc.

It's also the ONLY place you can go to sign up and post things to the list.

A read-only archive with a nicer user interface is at http://archives.conlang.info/ .  [As of April 2009 this archive has ceased mirroring new messages.  Henrik Theiling knows about the problem and has said he's planning to fix it but hasn't had time to do so yet.]

Conlang-L is also &lt;i&gt;mirrored&lt;/i&gt; as a Yahoo group, but there is no way to have posts to the Yahoo group sent to the actual list.  Do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; subscribe to the Yahoo group.  It has no admin anymore.  Go to http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html instead!

==A brief history of the list==

The list evolved from some informal email conversations among an early group of language enthusiasts. The earliest mail mirror was run by John Ross out of the BU physics department, and was up and running by 29 July 1991. It moved to Denmark on 23 March, 1993.

The original note reads in part:

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;''By agreement with John Ross, the CONLANG mailing list has been moved to diku.dk, the mail hub of the CS Department of the University of Copenhagen. Send all submissions to CONLANG at diku dot dk. The address at buphy still works, but it is just an alias for the new list.''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;''Lars Mathiesen (U of Copenhagen CS Dept)  (Humour NOT marked)''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

(Note that the submission address in that historical note '''NO LONGER WORKS'''.)

Later, growing traffic and changes at the university necessitated a move. In January&amp;ndash;February of 1997 the list moved to its current home at Brown University's LISTSERV server. David Durand made the move and actively moderated the list from that point on.

Before the move, threads centered on debates on the relative merits of [[auxlang]]s had become common on CONLANG; these were often incendiary and irritated many listmembers.  Accordingly, when the new CONLANG list was set up at Brown, a sister list AUXLANG was set up to cater to participants of these threads, and auxlang advocacy was banned from CONLANG.  It still is.  (Dispassionate discussion of auxlangs is welcome.)

In ??? John Cowan took over actual moderation duties, as &quot;Lord of the Instrumentality&quot;.

Later the torch was passed to Henrik Theiling.

==List behaviour==
The CONLANG list rejects attachments.

===Posting limits===
As a traffic-limiting measure, if the list receives more than 99 messages in a given day (in Brown's time zone), all subsequent messages will be automatically held and not delivered until the admin unblocks the list.  

Sometimes, during longer periods of high traffic, a further limit is imposed restricting each person to five posts a day.  ''This restriction is currently in force.''  Messages beyond the daily limit are simply bounced, not held for the next day.

Posters are encouraged to consolidate several shorter replies on a single topic into a single message.

==Subject Topic Tags==
In the subject line of a post, you can mark the post with one of the following tags.  Tags are only recognised if a colon follows immediately: no other decoration (e.g. brackets, an extra space) should be used. Any 'Re:' etc. is irrelevant -- the software skips it.

Good tag syntax:

  CHAT: Is the world really round?

Bad tag syntax:

  [CHAT]: Is the world really round?

These are the official tags the listserv software can be instructed to
filter automatically.  There are currently exactly four:
* OT: off-topic stuff
* CHAT: off-topic stuff of the conversational sort
* USAGE: natural language usage (all of the YAEPT and similar should use this)
* THEORY: linguistic theory discussions
Only the above tags are official and configured for filtering. However, most advanced mail clients can be set to have extra filters, such as for the following unofficial tags:

* OFFLIST: not actually seen on-list, this tag is added to make explicitly clear that you are taking a subject offlist (i.e. you're emailing someone directly about it)

The following are explicitly not included in the list of filterable tags:
* META: threads about CONLANG-L itself
* TECH: technical issues (e.g. email programs, list-related technical problems, etc)

Finally, there are two meta-tags:
* [CONLANG]: This should not be actually added when starting a new subject; you can make the listserv prepend it automatically to all email (so that you can set your mail client to filter all list traffic)
* &quot;was&quot;: used to change the subject, or more commonly, to indicate that the subject of a thread changed a while ago and you're no longer pretending it's about the original topic

Example:
  
  JAMA says flat earth leads to flat [@] (was CHAT: Is the world really round?)

Note that tags ARE included after the &quot;was&quot;, but &quot;Re:&quot; is NOT, nor is [CONLANG].

==Acronyms==
List of acronyms specific to the Conlang Mailing List:

* AFMCL - &quot;As for my conlang..&quot;
** AFMOCL - &quot;As for my own conlang&quot;
* ANADEW - &quot;A natlang's already dunnit, except worse&quot;
* ANADEWism - Something you thought was unique, but ANADEW
* IML - &quot;in my 'lect&quot; (dialect or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiolect idiolect], depending on context)
* LCC - the [http://conference.conlang.org Language Creation Conference]
* LCS - the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society]
* NCNC - &quot;No cross, no crown&quot;.  In the context of the list, &quot;don't discuss religion or politics&quot; ([http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2006/05/no-cross-no-crown.html not its more general meaning]).
* NLF2DWS or NLWS - Non-linear [fully 2-dimensional] writing system
* YAEPT (the original acronym) - Yet Another English Pronunciation Thread
** YADPT ... Dutch Pronunciation ...
** YAGPT ... German Pronunciation ...
** YAEGT ... English Grammar ...
** YAEUT ... English Usage ...
** general pattern: YA(Language)(Topic)T

Acronyms not on this list might be in general usage: try [http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Aafaict Google's define:] or [http://www.acronymfinder.com/ Acronym Finder].

==Other conlang-specific vocabulary==

From [http://cassowary.free.fr/Linguistics/Conlang%20Dictionary/ here] and [http://arthaey.mine.nu/~arthaey/conlang/faq.html here].  See also [[Conlang terminology]].

con__
* constructed __ (generally a contraction): conlang, conworld, conhistory, conculture, ...

__lang
* a language characterised by ___ (generally a contraction): conlang, artlang, auxlang, ...

[[artlang]]
# A language constructed for the beauty or fun of doing so. [From art(istic) + lang(uage)] 
# (See conlang) [From art(ificial) + lang(uage)] 

[[auxlang]]
* A language constructed to replace or complement natlangs to facilitate cross-linguistic communication. [From aux(iliary) + lang(uage)] 

concultural [From con(structed) + cultur(e) + al]
* Adjective form of &quot;conculture&quot;.

[[conculture]] [From con(structed) + culture]
* A fictional culture created as a backdrop to a conlang. See also &quot;conworld&quot;.

[[conlang]] [From con(structed) + lang(uage)] 
# n. A constructed language 
# v. To construct a language 

[[CONLANG]] (all caps), conlang-l, Conlang-L, or CONLANG-L
* A very active conlang mailing list hosted by brown.edu, and currently operated by Henrik Theiling

[[conworld]] [From con(structed) + world]
* A fictional world created to host a conlang or conculture. See also &quot;conculture&quot;.

[[engelang]] /ˈendʒlæŋ/ [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)]
* A conlang that is designed to certain criteria, such that it is objectively testable whether the criteria are met or not. This is different from claiming that the criteria themselves are 'objective'. For example, the Lojban/Loglan roots are designed to be maximally recognisable to the speakers of the (numerically) largest languages in the world in proportion to the number of speakers. It is not a matter of taste whether this criterion is met; it is something that can be tested. (by John Cowan) [From eng(ineered) + lang(uage)] 

etabnannery /raːmnænəɹi/ (rare)
* The state of appearing entirely unpredictable, but, upon closer analysis, failing at even being that. [From Etá̄bnann(i), a conlang by Tristan McLeay, which was supposed to have an unpredictable orthography, but ended up just having a confusing one. Damn people trying to make patterns everywhere. At least it's a bugger to typeset!... errm... back to the derivation + -ery] 

maggelity /mə&quot;gɛːlIti/ (rare) [From Maggel, a conlang by Christophe Grandsire which has a rarely predictable orthography] 
# The state of being entirely unpredictable. (Tristan McLeay)
# The state of being regularly unpredictable, such as to horribly confuse anyone unfamiliar with the language, lulling them into a full sense of security before pointing out, cartoon-character-style, that the ground no longer exists where they're standing. (Tristan McLeay and H. S. Teoh) 

Maggel's Paradox (rare)
* Your radical ideas have already occurred to others. (Muke Tever)

[[natlang]] [From nat(ural) + lang(uage)]
# A natural language, i.e., one that naturally developed in the world, as opposed to a conlang.

ObConlang (or ObCL)
* Just before something about conlanging in an otherwise off-topic post.
* From ob(ligatory) + conlang (i.e., an obligatory on-topic comment about conlangs just so that the post isn't completely off-topic).

[[translation relay]]
* A game similar to Telephone or Chinese Whispers, wherein the participants translate a passage one at a time, in serial, into their own languages - and then marvel at how far from the original the translations have gotten.

==CXS (Conlang X-SAMPA)==
[[CXS]] is a version of X-SAMPA for use on the CONLANG mailing list. X-SAMPA is a way to write the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) using normal plain-ASCII text that everyone can read.

* [http://www.theiling.de/ipa/ Theiling Online: Conlang X-Sampa (CXS)] - includes CXS-to-IPA conversion chart
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Appendix/CXS CXS at Wikibooks]

==Resources==

* [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/faq.html Arthaey's Conlang FAQ]
* [http://www.langmaker.com LangMaker] - repository of many conlang &quot;biographies&quot;
* [http://wiki.frath.net Frath Wiki] - a similar site, and host of the Conlang-L (wikified) FAQ
* [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot] - which has information on more writing systems than you thought could exist

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]
[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang-L FAQ</title>
    <id>2569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12070</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-09T21:46:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saizai</username>
        <id>197</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Well done, Henrik.
Thank you.
----
Could you add a link to CXS aka CONLANG X-SAMPA?
----
Thanks again.
----
eldin

Whee, wikis. Time for me to go to bed, I think I've added enough for one night. :-) --[[User:Saizai|Sai]] 01:20, 19 July 2006 (PDT)

Needed revisions:
* history of the list
* resources - edit the dumb description (mine :P) --[[User:Saizai|Sai]] 14:46, 9 August 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots a-b</title>
    <id>2570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58034</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-25T01:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* a / α / а / ա / ა / א / अ */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Introduction==
*The entries in this dictionary include only the basic words of Senjecas.  Derivations, compounds, proper names, and onomatopoetic words are not included.
*Names of plants and animals have their own dictionaries.
*At the end of each section are three numbers.  The first is the number of words in the section.  The second is the number of verbs plus the number of adjectives that may be used as verbs in the section.  The third is the percentage of verbs to total entries.

==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide|Pronunciation]]==

==a / α / а / ա / ა / א / अ==

*a001 '''aá''', ''inter.'' ah! [''exclamation denoting pleasure or admiration''].
*a002 '''ááȝa''', ''i.v.'' last, continue, perdure, take (of time), keep (food), remain.
*a003 '''ááȝra''', ''i.v.'' morning breaks.
*a004 '''áálĭos''', sausage [Food]. 
*a005 '''áámra''', ''i.v.'' pass-, spend-, -the day.
*a006 '''áána''', 1) ''t.v.'' ring, encircle, surround. 2) ''i.v.'' form a ring or rings.
*a007 '''áánda''', 1) ''t.v.'' hurt, (do) wrong. 2) ''i.v.'' hurt.
*a008 '''áánta''', ''i.v.'' set up a warp; contrive a plot, scheme, intrigue, conspire.
*a009 '''áásna''', ''t.v.'' ennoble.
*a010 '''aaúsa''', ''i.v.'' move-, travel-, -east.
*a011 '''ábŭos''', alveolar ridge [Anat.].
*a012 '''áca''', ''t.v.'' point, sharpen, taper.
*a013 '''acénos''', fish-lure.
*a014 '''ádos''', watercourse.
*a015 '''àða''', ''postp.'' among(st), with, within.
*a016 '''àfa''', ''postp.'' off, from.
*a017 '''áfra''', 1) ''t.v.'' beach. 2) ''i.v.'' beach.
*a018 '''ága''', 1) ''t.v.'' sin. 2) ''i.v.'' sin (against, '''ànta''').
*a019 '''ágĭa''', ''t.v.'' acidify.
*a020 '''agúlos''', wilderness.
*a021 '''agúros''', colostrum.
*a022 '''agŭésa''', ''i.v.'' brandish a battle-axe.
*a023 '''áha''', 1) ''t.v.'' gestate. 2) ''i.v.'' be pregnant [''of non-loquent beings''].
*a024 '''aí''', ''inter.'', then, apparently [''in expressions of astonishment, disapproval, sarcasm, wonder or surprise''].
*a025 '''áȝa''', ''t.v.'' grant, accord, concede, vouchsafe, yield, give up.
*a026 '''aȝésos''', ore.
*a027 '''áȝos''', copper.
*a028 '''áȝra''', i.v. prepare-, make-, -kumiss.
*a029 '''aĸúvos''', waterproof garment, raincoat.
*a030 '''aláá''', ''inter.'' hello [''expression of greeting'']; ahoy.
*a031 '''ála''', 1) ''t.v.'' whiten, bleach, blanch. 2) ''i.v.'' become white.
*a032 '''aláqos''', tasty dish, delicacy [Food].
*a033 '''álca''', ''t.v.'' ward (off), avert, repulse, repel, set back; parry.
*a034 '''áldas''', fathom [Meas.]
*a035 '''álða''', 1) ''t.v.'' gutter. 2) ''i.v.'' gutter.
*a036 '''álga''', 1) ''t.v.'' sieve, filter, strain. 2) ''i.v.'' sieve, filter, strain. 
*a037 '''álḷa''', ''t.v.'' earn; win; deserve, merit.
*a038 '''álpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' subtract, deduct; depreciate. 2) ''i.v.'' reduce, subtract, subside, die down, go down [''of prices''], lose weight, decline, fall off, recede, let up, drop [''temperature''].
*a039 '''áltes''', female animal.
*a040 '''alúngos''', snow bank.
*a041 '''alútos''', alum.
*a042 '''álŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' brew. 2) ''i.v.'' brew.
*a043 '''álĭa''', ''t.v.'' alienate, estrange (from, '''èha''').
*a044 '''áḷna''', ''i.v.'' lamb.
*a045 '''ambálos''', cooked rice [Food].
*a046 '''ámbis''', ''adj.'' heavy, weighty, ponderous.
*a047 '''amílgos''', fibula [Anat.].
*a048 '''ámla''', ''i.v.'' be of importance, matter.
*a049 '''ámra''', 1) ''t.v.'' hold (on), take hold of, grip. 2) ''i.v.'' hold.
*a050 '''ámvis''', ''adj.'' both, ambi-.
*a051 '''ámźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' make-, open-, -a way, pave the way for. 2) ''i.v.'' walk a path.
*a052 '''áṁa''', ''i.v.'' bird; trap-, shoot-, catch-, -birds.
*a053 '''àṁa''', ''postp.'' down (through).
*a054 '''áṁda''', 1) ''t.v.'' water, irrigate; dilute, water (down). 2) ''i.v.'' alight on water.
*a055 '''áṁsa''', ''i.v.'' stay overnight, pass-, spend-, -the night.
*a056 '''àna''', ''postp''. up. 
*a057 '''análos''', drift ice.
*a058 '''ancáqos''', wind off the land.
*a059 '''ánða''', 1) ''t.v.'' blind. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, become-, -blind.
*a060 '''anérus''', ancestor.
*a061 '''anétes''', duck.
*a062 '''ánga''', 1) ''t.v.'' untie. 2) ''i.v.'' untie.
*a063 '''angálĸŭus''', shaman.
*a064 '''angárus''', courier, envoy, emissary.
*a065 '''angétos''', midden.
*a066 '''angú''', ''inter''. stop!, cut it out!, don’t do it!
*a067 '''ángŭa''', ''i.v.'' writhe, wriggle, slither.
*a068 '''ánĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bend, curve, bow. 2) ''i.v.'' bend, warp.
*a069 '''ánqa''', 1) ''t.v.'' poke about (in), poke, rake, stir [''a fire'']; pick [the teeth]. 2) ''i.v.'' poke about, poke, rake.
*a070 '''anqénus''', person, personage, character.
*a071 '''ánsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' favor, indulge, please. 2) ''i.v.'' indulge, please.
*a072 '''ánsĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' loop. 2) ''i.v.'' loop.
*a073 '''ánta''', 1) ''t.v.'' oppose, face. 2) ''i.v.'' oppose, face.
*a074 '''ántas''', life force, the soul that leaves the body at death, personhood; ba.
*a075 '''antéris''', ''adj.'' other of two.
*a076 '''ánþa''', ''i.v.'' flower, bloom, blossom (forth), open, effloresce.
*a077 '''ánĭa''', ''t.v.'' make something another's, alienate.
*a078 '''ápa''' ''t.v.'' father, sire.
*a079 '''apélos''', force, vigor, energy.
*a080 '''ápis''', ''adj.'' away, absent.
*a081 '''apúcus''', elder sister [Kin].
*a082 '''áqa''', ''t.v.'' depress [''emotionally''], dispirit, dishearten.
*a083 '''áqla''', ''i.v.'' disagree, dissent, dispute.
*a084 '''aqrútos''', mixture of animal fat or oil.
*a085 '''ára''', 1) ''t.v.'' turn down, refuse, deny, decline, reject, disavow, gainsay, recant, retract, abjure, renounce, negate. 2) ''i.v.'' refuse, decline, recant, retract.
*a086 '''árða''', ''t.v.'' bar, bolt.
*a087 '''árga''', 1) ''t.v.'' close (down), shut, lock- (-in, -up); block, obstruct, blockade. 2) ''i.v.'' close, shut, lock; block, be in the way.
*a088 '''árĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' keep, preserve, pickle, put away, set-, lay-, -aside, save. 2) ''i.v.'' keep, preserve, save.
*a089 '''árĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shoot [an arrow]. 2) ''i.v.'' release an arrow from a bow.
*a090 '''árla''', 1) ''t.v.'' advise, counsel, recommend. 2) ''i.v.'' counsel.
*a091 '''áros''', nut.
*a092 '''árpa''', ''t.v.'' predict, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, vaticinate. 
*a093 '''árqŭas''', windward.
*a094 '''àru''', ''adv.'' scarcely, hardly, barely.
*a095 '''arútos''', seal skin.
*a096 '''árźos''', field, meadow, common.
*a097 '''árŭa''', ''t.v.'' eviscerate, disembowel.
*a098 '''árĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' be in charge of. 2) ''i.v.'' be in charge.
*a099 '''ása''', 1) ''t.v.'' revere, reverence. 2) ''i.v.'' revere.
*a100 '''asúrus''', prince.
*a101 '''áta''', 1) ''t.v.'' traverse, pace off, frequent. 2) ''i.v.'' go, proceed.
*a102 '''atúngos''', sole [''of shoe''].
*a103 '''aþála''', ''i.v.'' run the household, keep house.
*a104 '''aú''', ''inter''. ''exclamation of pain, confusion, or anger''.
*a105 '''aúða''', ''t.v.'' perceive.
*a106 '''aúga''', ''i.v.'' glitter, glisten, sparkle.
*a107 '''aúsa''', ''t.v.'' gild.
*a108 '''aúta''', ''t.v.'' give away, dispose of, confer, bestow (on, '''èna'''), dispense.
*a109 '''avéros''', bedding.
*a110 '''ávis''', ''adj.'' rash, impetuous.
*a111 '''ávla''', ''i.v.'' spread the legs.
*a112 '''ávris''', ''adj.'' violent.
*a113 '''ávŭos''', ingredient.
*a114 '''axrííbis''', ''adj.'' exact, accurate, precise.
*a115 '''áxsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hew-, cleave-, -with an axe. 2) ''i.v.'' brandish an axe.
*a116 '''áxtes''', castrated camel.
*a117 '''ázda''', ''i.v.'' glow.
*a118 '''áźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' put-, set-, -in motion, move, stir, set working, drive, force; activate, actuate, affect, promote, turn on; emboss, work, chase, raise [''metals'']; put forth [''leaves, branches, etc.''].
*a119 '''áźos''', axle-tree, shaft; axis [Math.], pole.

==b / ϐ / б / բ / ბ / ב / ब==

*b001 '''báába''', ''i.v.'' bleat.
*b002 '''bááĸa''', ''t.v.'' use a tweezers.
*b003 '''bááĸŭos''', flock of sheep and/or goats.
*b004 '''báálus''', baby, infant.
*b005 '''báára''', ''t.v.'' cover with curtains, hang, drape.
*b006 '''báda''', 1) ''t.v.'' (color-, make-), -yellow. 2) ''i.v.'' (turn-, become-), -yellow.
*b007 '''bádĭa''', ''t.v.'' form.
*b008 '''bágŭis''', gray [''of hair''].
*b009 '''baíðra''', 1) ''t.v.'' canoe. 2) ''i.v.'' canoe.
*b010 '''báȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' enjoy. 2) ''i.v.'' be happy.
*b011 '''báĸa''', ''t.v.'' stab, thrust, jab, foin.
*b012 '''báĸŭa''', ''i.v.'' erect the central pole of a tent.
*b013 '''bála''', 1) ''t.v.'' revolve, orbit. 2) ''i.v.'' revolve, orbit.
*b014 '''bálba''', 1) ''t.v.'' babble. 2) ''i.v.'' babble.
*b015 '''bálpa''', ''t.v.'' cover with slate.
*b016 '''báṁa''', ''i.v.'' bay.
*b017 '''bánda''', 1) ''t.v.'' bead. 2) ''i.v.'' bead.
*b018 '''bánga''', 1) ''t.v.'' kick. 2) ''i.v.'' kick.
*b019 '''bára''', 1) ''t.v.'' thicken, solidify, liquefy [''a gas''], compact. 2) ''i.v.'' thicken, solidify, liquefy [''a gas''].
*b020 '''bása''', ''t.v.'' lend, loan.
*b021 '''básma''', ''t.v.'' spice, season.
*b022 '''báta''', ''t.v.'' coat.
*b023 '''báźis''', ''adj.'' early, advance.
*b024 '''bééda''', ''i.v.'' split pulse.
*b025 '''béélos''', waist, waistline; lap.
*b026 '''bééźa''', ''t.v.'' lavish, shower.
*b027 '''bééźŭos''', hundred thousand.
*b028 '''be''', ''postp''. outside, without.
*b029 '''béðra''', 1) ''t.v.'' center, focus. 2) ''i.v.'' center, focus.
*b030 '''béga''', ''i.v.'' brew millet beer.
*b031 '''béȝa''', ''t.v.'' give birth to [''of animals'']; kindle, foal.
*b032 '''béla''', ''t.v.'' cut out, excise; leave out, except, exclude.
*b033 '''béna''', ''i.v.'' dig [''red clay''].
*b034 '''bénda''', 1) ''t.v.'' project. 2) ''i.v.'' stand-, stick-, -out, be prominent.
*b035 '''bérga''', ''i.v.'' use a planting stick.
*b036 '''bíra''', ''t.v.'' entice.
*b037 '''bíslos''', gall, bile [Anat.].
*b038 '''bóóĸos''', hat, cap.
*b039 '''bóóźos''', water jar.
*b040 '''bóda''', ''i.v.'' rave.
*b041 '''bódĭos''', platform.
*b042 '''bóȝa''', ''t.v.'' esteem.
*b043 '''bóĸos''', sternum, breast-bone, [Anat.]; keel.
*b044 '''bóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' lump. 2) ''i.v.'' lump.
*b045 '''bóqa''', ''t.v.'' store in a barn.
*b046 '''bǿga''', ''i.v.'' miscarry.
*b047 '''búúĸos''', island.
*b048 '''búca''', ''t.v.'' dry under the sun.
*b049 '''búda''', ''t.v.'' attach, affix, append.
*b050 '''búĸa''', ''t.v.'', distrust.
*b051 '''búlos''', gelatin [Food]. 
*b052 '''búnga''', ''i.v.'' howl.
*b053 '''bútos''', rope made of bark. 
*b054 '''búxros''', cone [''of an evergreen''].
*b055 '''bŭángus''', elder brother [Kin].
*b056 '''bĭága''', ''i.v.'' be a full moon.
*b057 '''bĭaséros''', decking.
*b058 '''bĭóĸos''', patina.
*b059 '''bĭólos''', arm muscle, deltoid [Anat.].
*b060 '''bĭósos''', mountain slope.
*b061 '''bĭúúĸos''', flank [''of a quadruped''].
*b062 '''bĭúdos''', down, fluff, fuzz.
*b063 '''bĭúgos''', (saddle)pommel.
*b064 '''bĭúĸos''', gourd.
*b065 '''bĭúla''', ''i.v.'' trim [''a wick''].
*b066 '''bĭúra''', ''t.v.'' abandon, forsake.
total: 66/40+2/64%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots c-ð</title>
    <id>2571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58004</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T03:22:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==ć / ς / ц / ծ / ც / צ / त==

# '''ćááda''', 1) ''t.v.'' distress, concern. 2) ''i.v.'' worry, fret.
# '''ćááȝos''', sandbar.
# '''ćááma''', ''i.v.'' hesitate.
# '''ćáána''', ''t.v.'' chisel.
# '''ćáára''', ''t.v.'' antler.
# '''ćáása''', 1) ''t.v.'' show the way, direct; steer, helm. 2) ''i.v.'' steer.
# '''ćà''', ''adv.'' just, but a little distance.
# '''ćába''', 1) ''t.v.'' put on a hat. 2) ''i.v.'' wear a hat.
# '''ćáćos''', sleeping-, -pallet, -shelf.
# '''ćáda''', ''i.v.'' excel.
# '''ćáðas''', female rutting season. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;suoti&lt;/font&gt;, be in heat)
# '''ćáðra''', ''i.v.'' lightning.
# '''ćága''', 1) ''t.v.'' emaciate. 2) ''i.v.'' be emaciated.
# '''ćáȝgŭos''', tunnel entrance.
# '''ćaĸímos''', rib cage [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćáĸos''', ulna [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćála''', 1) ''t.v.'' deepen. 2) ''i.v.'' deepen.
# '''ćáła''', 1) ''t.v.'' relax. 2) ''i.v.'' relax.
# '''ćáłma''', ''t.v.'' patch.
# '''ćálpes''', Pleiades [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;]
# '''ćáma''', ''t.v.'' gore, horn.
# '''ćánga''', ''i.v.'' change directions, turn aside.
# '''ćápa''', ''i.v.'' dig [''white clay''].
# '''ćáϙvĭos''', fluke, tail of sea mammal.
# '''ćára''', ''i.v.'' walk bare foot.
# '''ćarsááĸos''', torrent.
# '''ćárta''', ''i.v.'' rotate, twirl.
# '''ćása''', 1) ''t.v.'' grizzle. 2) ''i.v.'' grizzle.
# '''ćáta''', 1) ''t.v.'' fight, combat; contend-, do battle-, -with. 2) ''i.v.'' fight, combat.
# '''ćavégos''', harpoon head.
# '''ćàxmu''', ''adv.'' downriver.
# '''ćáxos''', twig.
# '''ćáźos''', cheekbone [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćééĸa''', ''i.v.'' put on a-, wear a-, -shirt, -blouse.
# '''ćéélĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' squirt, syringe, inject. 2) ''i.v.'' spurt, splash.
# '''ćéémpos''', breast milk.
# '''ćééɱa''', ''i.v.'' become inflamed.
# '''ćéépŭos''', boil, furuncle.
# '''ćééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' grow, cultivate [''plants''], farm, raise. 2) ''i.v.'' farm.
# '''ćéća''', ''i.v.'' set a noose [''for birds, hare, etc.'']. (&gt; Sammi &lt;font color=green&gt;šiešše&lt;/font&gt;, frame from branches for noosing birds)
# '''ćéda''', 1) ''t.v.'' hate, loathe, detest, abhor, disagree with [''of food'']. 2) ''i.v.'' hate.
# '''ćéȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' put to bed. 2) '''i.v.''' lie (down), rest, repose, be recumbent, crouch, go to bed, settle; be situated.
# '''ćéĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' empower. 2) ''i.v.'' have power to.
# '''ćéĸŭa''', ''i.v.'' defecate, shit.
# '''ćéla''', ''t.v.'' veil, wrap-, (-around, -up), envelop, swaddle.
# '''ćélba''', 1) ''t.v.'' help, aid, assist, succor. 2) ''i.v.'' help, aid, assist. 
# '''ćélgŭos''', flipper.
# '''ćelpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' steal, thieve, pilfer, filch (from, '''apa'''). 2) ''i.v.'' steal, thieve, pilfer (from, '''apa''').
# '''ćéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' exert. 2) ''i.v.'' make great exertion, exert o.s., labor, toil, strain.
# '''ćemélos''', heaven(s), firmament, welkin.
# '''ćémtos''', hundred.
# '''ćéɱa''', ''i.v.'' stagger, reel, totter, wobble; pitch, toss [''of ships''].
# '''ćéna''', ''t.v.'' nullify, void, invalidate, annul,  revoke, rescind, abrogate, cancel, repeal, abolish, call off.
# '''ćénĸa''', ''i.v.'' hang, be suspended, dangle.
# '''ćénsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' announce, proclaim, publish, pronounce [''a judgment''], make known. 2) ''i.v.'' publish, pronounce.
# '''ćénta''', 1) ''t.v.'' tilt. 2) ''i.v.'' tilt, joust.
# '''ćépos''', ten billion.
# '''ćérdos''', heart [Anat.].
# '''ćérða''', 1) ''t.v.'' line (-up), align; string [beads]. 2) ''i.v.'' line (-up), stand in line.
# '''ćéres''', biting animal.
# '''ćerĸútos''', sty.
# '''ćérsa''', ''i.v.'' run; course.
# '''ćérta''', 1) ''t.v.'' interweave, interlace. 2) ''i.v.'' interlace.
# '''ćésa''', ''t.v.'' engrave.
# '''ćííĸa''', ''i.v.'' urinate.
# '''ćíímes''', bug.
# '''ćíínis''', grass.
# '''ćíípos''', flint knife.
# '''ćííſos''', column, pillar.
# '''ćíĸa''', ''t.v.'' leash.
# '''ćíla''', 1) ''t.v.'' lean, recline, rest; arrange in layers, stratify. 2) ''i.v.'' lean, recline, rest.
# '''ćilúϙos''', dorsal fin.
# '''ćimćíros''', scimitar.
# '''ćímos''', [''Human''] encampment.
# '''ćíɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' color, dye, stain, paint (over), bedaub. 2) ''i.v.'' color, dye, stain, paint.
# '''ćína''', ''t.v.'' cradle, rock in a cradle.
# '''ćínga''', 1) ''t.v.'' consider. 2) ''i.v.'' consider.
# '''ćípa''', ''t.v.'' brush, wag [''the tail''].
# '''ćíta''', 1) ''t.v.'' lair. 2) ''i.v.'' den, lair.
# '''ćívos''', cracklings, greaves [&lt;font color=red&gt;''Food''&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćíxlŭos''', frozen meat.
# '''ćíxnis''', ''adj.'' jealous.
# '''ćóóĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' peck. 2) ''i.v.'' peck.
# '''ćóóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' rinse, flush, irrigate, wash away. 2) ''i.v.'' flush.
# '''ćóóɱra''', ''i.v.'' move-, travel-, -north.
# '''ćóĸa''', ''i.v.'' trot.
# '''ćólos''', front, façade, face [''of a coin''].
# '''ćólma''', ''t.v.'' thatch.
# '''ćólĭos''', area with many small lakes.
# '''ćomćíȝos''', pickaxe.
# '''ćómros''', stone hammer.
# '''ćòmu''', ''adv.'' together.
# '''ćóɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' warn, caution, forewarn, admonish. 2) ''i.v.'' warn, forewarn, admonish.
# '''ćóϙmos''', temporary shelter used by Human herders. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;ćom&lt;/font&gt;, children's playhouse)
# '''ćórĸos''', silica.
# '''ćórma''', 1) ''t.v.'' pain, hurt. 2) ''i.v.'' pain, hurt, be painful, suffer, ache.
# '''ćorómnos''', lye.
# '''ćǿna''', ''t.v.'' helmet.
# '''ćúúla''', 1) ''t.v.'' hear; listen to. 2) ''i.v.'' hear; listen.
# '''ćúúrus''', hero, heroine, champion.
# '''ćúbis''', brier.
# '''ćúća''', 1) ''t.v.'' whirl-, swirl-, (-around), eddy; trill; roll [''of drums'']. 2) i.v. whirl-, swirl-, (-around), eddy, turn; warble; roll [''of drums''].
# '''ćúða''', 1) ''t.v.'' soil, dirty, befoul, begrime; sully, besmirch. 2) ''i.v''. soil, dirty.
# '''ćúga''', ''i.v.'' gape, yawn, be ajar.
# '''ćúlnos''', hip, haunch [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćúmpos''', birch bark drinking vessel. (&gt; Hung. &lt;font color=green&gt;csobolyó&lt;/font&gt;, keg)
# '''ćúna''', 1) ''t.v.'' spear. 2) ''i.v.'' spear.
# '''ćúnros''', area between the eyebrows.
# '''ćuϙéϙŭos''', swollen wound.
# '''ćúrĸos''', current [''water, electricity''].
# '''ćúsa''', ''i.v.'' pant, gasp, puff, wheeze.
# '''ćúsĸa''', ''i.v.'' whine.
# '''ćútos''', knuckle bone [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. (Hung. &lt;font color=green&gt;csont&lt;/font&gt;, knuckle bone)
# '''ćuvíϙnĭos''', bad odor of an animal.
# '''ćúvϙos''', baleen, whale-bone.
# '''ćŭánta''', 1) ''t.v.'' total, add (up), sum (up), amount to. 2) ''i.v.'' add up, total.
# '''ćŭéȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' play [''the pipes''], blow [''a whistle''] [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;]. 2) ''i.v.'' play [''the pipes''], blow [''a whistle''] [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćŭéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' celebrate. 2) ''i.v.'' celebrate.
# '''ćŭíſa''', ''i.v.'' gleam, burn, glare.
# '''ćŭitónos''', lime, limestone, chalk.
# '''ćŭóna''', ''t.v.'' dog, hound.
# '''ćŭónćus''', spirit.
# '''ćŭúma''', ''t.v.'' mortar.
# '''ćŭúɱra''', 1) ''t.v.'' hole, make a hole in. 2) ''i.v.'' hole, make a hole.
# '''ćĭáátos''', icicle.
# '''ćĭága''', ''i.v''. become frozen [''of snow''].
# '''ćĭáĸos''', temple [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ćĭála''', ''i.v.'' open wide.
# '''ćĭéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -dark gray. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -dark gray.
# '''ćĭóga''', ''t.v.'' exchange, interchange.
# '''ćĭóĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' agree. 2) ''i.v.'' agree.
# '''ćĭóla''', ''t.v.'' hobble.
# '''ćĭópa''', ''i.v.'' put on-, wear-, an overcoat, an outer garment.
# '''ćĭúúnos''', pulse.
# '''ćĭúga''', ''t.v.'' bandage, dress [''a wound''].
# '''ćĭúmos''', hundred trillion.
total: 132/78/59

==d / δ / д / Դ / დ / דּ /  द==
# '''daaíɱrus''', spouse's brother.
# '''dááȝa''', ''t.v.'' cut-, -in pieces, -into shreds; dissect.
# '''dáána''', ''i.v.'' flow, run.
# '''dáápa''', ''i.v.'' cross (a mountain).
# '''dáára''', 1) ''t.v.'' work. 2) ''i.v.'' work.
# '''da''', ''conj.'' if, provided that, whether [''with subj.''].
# '''dábos''', [''Pyran''] village.
# '''dágos''', shoulder blade, scapula [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''dáĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' blanket, cover [''as with a blanket''], cover with a blanket.
# '''dála''', 1) ''t.v.'' roast. 2) ''i.v.'' roast.
# '''dáras''', suitable time.
# '''dása''', 1) ''t.v.'' govern, have authority over. 2) ''i.v.'' have authority.
# '''dééća''', 1) ''t.v.'' split, rupture; lacerate, mutilate, mangle. 2) ''i.v.'' split.
# '''dééga''', ''t.v.'' pack (up), bale; pounce on; affect, impress.
# '''dééla''', 1) ''t.v.'' stretch. 2) ''i.v.'' stretch.
# '''déélĭa''', ''t.v.'' collar.
# '''dééɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' drive-, push-, -on, propel; urge on. 2) ''i.v.'' press-, push-, -forward, forge ahead, gain ground.
# '''dééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' skin, flay. 2) ''i.v.'' cast the skin.
# '''déésa''', ''t.v.'' find (out), discover, look up, think up, concoct, invent; coin.
# '''déća''', ''t.v.'' ornament, decorate, deck, garnish.
# '''déćŭos''', right hand.
# '''défa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pound, stamp, beat, tamp. 2) ''i.v.'' stamp [''the foot''], trudge; paw (the ground).
# '''déga''', ''t.v.'' push away, cast off; give offense to, offend (against); reject, repudiate, expel, banish, divorce; disown.
# '''déħa''', ''t.v.'' inflict, afflict.
# '''déħma''', 1) ''t.v.'' bevel, chamfer. 2) ''i.v.'' incline, slope, be sloped; tend, incline.
# '''déȝa''', ''i.v.'' strive, struggle.
# '''déla''', 1) ''t.v.'' drive at, refer-, advert-, -to, cite, adduce. 2) ''i.v.'' take aim (o, at); aspire (o, to).
# '''délća''', 1) ''t.v.'' curl, ruffle [''feathers''], ripple [''water''], make rough [''sea'']. 2) ''i.v.'' curl, become rough.
# '''déma''', ''t.v.'' build; construct; erect, put-, set-, -up, raise.
# '''démles''', caterpillar; grub.
# '''démra''', 1) ''t.v.'' march, parade, prance. 2) ''i.v.'' march, file, parade, prance.
# '''déms''', ''adj.'' ten.
# '''déɱa''', ''i.v.'' sink in; give way; slip-, slide-, glide-, -in.
# '''dénća''', ''t.v.'' pick up, hold, extract [''with tongs, etc.''].
# '''dénħŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' tongue. 2) ''i.v.'' tongue.
# '''dénsa''', ''t.v.'' teach, instruct, educate.
# '''dérba''', ''i.v.'' trip, patter.
# '''dérća''', 1) ''t.v.'' glimpse (at); scan, read over. 2) ''i.v.'' glance.
# '''derħósos''', faggot.
# '''dérɱa''', ''i.v.'' swarm in a tree [''of bees''].
# '''dérva''', ''t.v.'' chain.
# '''dííȝa''', ''i.v.'' shine brightly.
# '''díítas''', period, stage, term.
# '''díća''', ''t.v.'' demonstrate, present, set forth.
# '''díga''', ''i.v''. revolt, rebel, mutiny.
# '''díħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' prick, prickle, sting, itch. 2) ''i.v.'' prick, prickle, sting, itch.
# '''díla''', 1) ''t.v.'' disclose, reveal, manifest, let on; interpret. 2) ''i.v.'' signify, mean; bode.
# '''dírpes''', livestock.
# '''dísa''', ''t.v.'' guard.
# '''dívla''', ''t.v.'' hem.
# '''díźa''', ''t.v.'' wonder.
# '''dóóna''', 1) ''t.v.'' give (out), present, donate, deliver; emit; render, submit, hand in; lead to; deal (out). 2) ''i.v.'' give.
# '''dóóros''', hand's width, ten centimeters [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''dóća''', ''t.v.'' (reduce to) pulp, mash, purée.
# '''dóla''', ''t.v.'' dress, square [''timber, stone, etc.''] artistically.
# '''dólϙa''', ''t.v.'' splint.
# '''dóma''', ''t.v.'' tame, domesticate, break in [''a horse'']; subdue, check, curb, control, master, dominate.
# '''dónĸos''', withers.
# '''dóris''', tree.
# '''dórvos''', lawn, sward; grass (plot).
# '''dósos''', upper arm [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''dúúda''', ''t.v.'' mention the name of.
# '''dúúra''', ''t.v.'' remove, take-, -off, -away, -out, omit, detach, clear [''the dishes, the snow, etc.''] (from, '''eħa'''); eliminate; elide; forgive, pardon, excuse, spare, absolve (from, '''eħa''').
# '''dúĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pull, draw, trail, attract, dray, warp, kedge. 2) ''i.v.'' pull, draw, trail, attract, warp, kedge.
# '''dúmbos''', tail; queue, string [''of people'']; train [''of dress''].
# '''dúpa''', ''t.v.'' muffle.
# '''dúrϙa''', ''t.v.'' stunt.
# '''dus''', ''demon. pron.'' this one.
# '''dus-''', ''adj.'' mis-, dis-.
# '''dúsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' cease, stop, end, discontinue, desist-, refrain-, keep-, -from, leave off, drop out of, give up, put an end to, shut off; ''inf.'' + ~, stop-, quit-, -~ing.
# '''dústa''', ''i.v.'' be the first quarter moon.
# '''dúta''', ''t.v.'' accede to, comply with, gratify, grant [''a wish'']; humor.
# '''dŭó''' ''adj.'' two, twain.
# '''dĭáános''', terrace [''between steppe and riverbank''].
# '''dĭóxta''', ''i.v.'' put on-, wear-, -socks.
total: 75/53/70%

==ð / ϑ / ђ / դ / ჯ / ד / ध==
# '''ðála''', 1) ''t.v.'' (make-, color-) -green. 2) ''i.v.'' (turn-, become-,) -green.
# '''ðáma''', grammie, nana, grandma.
# '''ðáɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' retch. 2) ''i.v.'' retch.
# '''ðáva''', 1) ''t.v.'' astonish, stupefy. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -astonished, -amazed, -speechless, -dumbfounded (at, '''upera''').
# '''ðávra''', 1) ''t.v.'' make suitable, befit, beseem, adapt, adjust, accommodate (to, '''eħa'''), fit, suit, go with. 2) ''i.v.'' make suitable, adapt, adjust (to, '''efa'''), accommodate (to, '''efa'''), fit, suit.
# '''ðééȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' gestate. 2) ''i.v.'' be pregnant [''of loquent beings''].
# '''ðééma''', ''t.v.'' obscure.
# '''ðééna''', 1) ''t.v.'' produce [''a crop of fruit'']. 2) ''i.v.'' produce [''a crop of fruit''].
# '''ðees-''', ''prefix for words with a spiritual or religious meaning''.
# '''ðébis''', ''adj.'' thick-set, stocky, squat, sturdy.
# '''ðéðna''', ''i.v.'' sour milk.
# '''ðeíħa''', ''i.v.'' pug, knead clay and-, -build-, -smear, -with it.
# '''ðéȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' read. 2) ''i.v.'' read.
# '''ðéla''', ''i.v.'' tremble, shiver, shake, quiver, thrill, vibrate, shudder (at, '''ħo'''; away from, '''apa''').
# '''ðélga''', ''t.v.'' pin. 
# '''ðélna''', 1) ''t.v.'' pale, blanch. 2) ''i.v.'' pale, blanch.
# '''ðélϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bind, engage, oblige, restrain. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -obliged, -bound,  -indebted.
# '''ðélva''', 1) ''t.v.'' strike-, beat-, -out. 2) ''i.v.'' burst forth, spring up.
# '''ðéła''', ''i.v.'' have a fever.
# '''ðéma''',  1) ''t.v.'' pump out water, bail (out). 2) ''i.v.'' bail.
# '''ðémva''', ''t.v.'' bury, inter.
# '''ðéɱis''', ''adj.'' unconscious, senseless.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ðéna'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' race, course. 2) ''i.v.'' (run a) race, course.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ðénis'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' sultry, close, oppressive.
# '''ðéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' hold, keep (back), retain; detain, arrest; hold out against, insist (on), maintain, allay [''pain''], stave off [''hunger'']. 2) ''i.v.'' hold out, stand firm.
# '''ðérɱa''', ''i.v.'' rumble, roar, boom, drone.
# '''ðérsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' chance, hazard. 2) ''i.v.'' take a chance, hazard.
# '''ðérvis''', ''adj.'' viscid, viscous, thick [''of liquids''].
# '''ðeúva''', ''t.v.'' (fasten-, split-, -with a) wedge.
# '''ðéva''', 1) ''t.v.'' harm, injure, damage, impair. 2) ''i.v.'' damage.
# '''ðííȝa''', ''t.v.'' fix [''a day, etc.''], arrange, stipulate, lay down as a rule, found.
# '''ðílos''', nipple [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ðlása''', ''t.v.'' bruise, contuse.
# '''ðóóɱa''', ''t.v.'' rope (off), cable.
# '''ðóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' dome. 2) ''i.v.'' dome.
# '''ðóra''', ''i.v.'' soar, drop [''of leaves''].
# '''ðrááfnos''', tools, implements, equipment, utensils.
# '''ðrárća''', ''i.v.'' tear.
# '''ðréħis''', ''adj.'' indignant, exasperated.
# '''ðréϙa''', ''t.v.'' charm, attract, allure; tempt.
# '''ðreúlos''', snout, muzzle, mouth, jaws [''of animals'']; spout, nozzle.
# '''ðrévos''', grapeskins; draff, dregs, lees.
# '''ðrívos''', birthmark, mole.
# '''ðróna''', ''t.v.'' fleck, variegate.
# '''ðúúϙa''', ''t.v.'' press-, squeeze-, -out, express [''oil'']; express, utter.
# '''ðúĸa''', ''t.v.'' fan.
# '''ðúmbos''', hollow-, depression-, -in the earth.
# '''ðúna''', 1) ''t.v.'' fortify, reinforce. 2) ''i.v.'' fortify.
# '''ðúϙus''', daughter.
# '''ðúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' shut the door on (s.o./s.th.), close the entrance-, -to, -of. 2) ''i.v.'' shut the door.
# '''ðúsa''', ''i.v.'' storm, be stormy.
# '''ðúsĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -dark brown. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -dark brown.
# '''ðuslóɱes''', animal, beast.
# '''ðúsĭas''', ego, I, genius, daimos, &quot;neti… neti.&quot;
# '''ðŭééĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' vaporize, volatilize. 2) ''i.v.'' evaporate, pass off in vapor, volatilize.
# '''ðŭéla''', ''t.v.'' make-, -thick,  -muddy; cloud, tarnish.
# '''ðŭéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' waft. 2) ''i.v.'' waft, fly about [''like dust''], rise up.
# '''ðŭéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' cheat, dupe, swindle. 2) ''i.v.'' cheat, swindle; prove fallacious.
# '''ðŭímos''', carcass.
total: 59/43+4/80%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Saizai</title>
    <id>2572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11096</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T07:13:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saizai</username>
        <id>197</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Howdy.

I am known to most people as Sai.

My main conlang-related endeavors are:
* the [http://conlangs.berkeley.edu Language Creation Conference], which I started and ran nearly by myself, 
* the [http://conlangs.livejournal.com LiveJournal Conlangs community], which I started and still own and moderate,
* teaching the [http://conlangs-decal.livejournal.com UC Berkeley Conlangs DE-Cal] class for two years (the first and so far only college-level semester-long class on conlanging that I know of),
* a [http://saizai.livejournal.com/657391.html non-linear fully two-dimensional writing system] thesis-in-making, and
* an old essay [http://community.livejournal.com/conlangs/14524.html on the design of an ideal language].

I am mostly a meta-conlanger; I am interested primarily in conlang as technology, that is, as a means of pushing the boundaries of what language is capable of doing. In my organizer role, however, I am supportive of all sorts of conlanging (not just my own), and try to encourage diverse perspectives on linguistics, conlanging, and the world in general.

I'm currently organizing the 2nd LCC. If you or your nearby institution(s) can possibly host it, or if you could speak on a topic (large or small), please let me know.

If you want to know more about me personally, see [http://saizai.livejournal.com/666120.html the post on my LiveJournal] about that very thing.

--[[User:Saizai|Sai]] 00:08, 19 July 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Terminology</title>
    <id>2574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11113</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:42:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Concultures</title>
    <id>2575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11115</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:43:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Economics</title>
    <id>2576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11116</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:44:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Altaic conlangs</title>
    <id>2577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16122</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Amerindian conlangs</title>
    <id>2578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11118</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Chinese</title>
    <id>2579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11119</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:47:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Chinese conlangs</title>
    <id>2580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11203</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cities</title>
    <id>2581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16143</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:12:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Italic conlangs</title>
    <id>2582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44076</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-12T15:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recat as IE</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Koum-Tauf</title>
    <id>2583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11125</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Latin</title>
    <id>2584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47556</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:IE</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lein Saga</title>
    <id>2585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16234</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Frac</title>
    <id>2586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11128</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-19T08:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/sub&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tibëdëyel</title>
    <id>2587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15049</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T17:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tibëdëyel is a conlang spoken in Tibëdë.

==Phonology==
===Alphabet===
The Tibëdëyel alphabet, translated into Latin characters, is:

a b c d dh e &amp;euml; f g i k l m n ŋ o &amp;ouml; p q s sh t th v y z

===Consonants===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| b || b
|-
| c || ts
|-
| d || d
|- 
| dh || ð
|-
| f || f
|-
| g || ɡ
|-
| k || k
|-
| l || l
|-
| m || m
|-
| n || n
|-
| ŋ || ŋ
|-
| p || p
|-
| q || x
|-
| s || s
|-
| sh || ʃ
|-
| t || t
|- 
| th || θ
|-
| v || v
|-
| y || j
|-
| z || z
|}

Note: There is no 'r' is Tibëdëyel- 'l' takes its place.&lt;br&gt;
Note 2: 'ŋ' can only appear at the end of a syllable.

===Vowels===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| a || æ, ə
|-
| e || ɛ
|-
| ë || i, iɪ
|-
| i || ɪ
|-
| o || ɒ
|- 
| ö || ɔɪ
|}

Note: a word cannot end with the letter 'o' or 'i'.

==Grammar==

===Case system===
Tibëdëyel uses an ergative-absolutive case system, where the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are the same, but the subject of a transitive verb is different. Cases are always marked by suffixes. Tibëdëyel recognises four cases: absolutive (no suffix), ergative (-'lel'), genitive (-'yel'), and locative (-'vib').

===Word order===
The most commonly used word order is Subject Verb Object, but since cases are marked it is not very important. In fact, it is not uncommon to see Verb Subject Object and Subject Object Verb, though the latter is seen as somewhat archaic by speakers (like saying words like 'thee' and 'thou' in English).

===Tense===
Verbs are unaltered in the present tense. Past tense is indicated by adding the prefix 'e-' to the verb (if the first letter is a consonant), morphing the first letter into 'e' (if the first letter is a vowel except 'e') or by prefixing the letter 'n-' (if the first letter is 'e'). The method of indicating the future tense is the same, except 'o' is used instead of 'e'.

===Syllable stress===
The second syllable of a word is normally stressed (e.g. Ti-BË-dë-yel).

===Plurals===
Words do not inflect to indicate plurals. Instead, one expresses a plural by preceding the word with the number of things, or the word 'den' (meaning- &quot;plural&quot;, &quot;more than one&quot;).

===Reduplication===
Reduplication of the last syllable in a word is used to express &quot;more&quot; of an adjective, the same way '-er' and '-est' are sometimes used in English. For example:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! English !! Tibëdëyel
|-
| green || semin
|-
| greener || seminmin
|-
| greenest || seminminmin
|}

===Questions===
A question is formed by adding the grammatical particle 'ce' to the end of a sentence. The word order stays the same as it would be for a statement.

===Pronouns===
The basic personal pronouns are listed below: 
First person singular: iken
Second person singular: shad
Third person singular: azanë

Personal pronouns are treated like any other nouns, i.e. 'den iken' means 'we', 'ikenyel' means 'mine', etc. It is important to remember the language is ergative-absolutive, so this applies to pronouns as well, e.g.: &quot;I see you&quot; is &quot;ikenlel yava shad&quot;, and &quot;I slept&quot; is &quot;iken egesheq&quot;.

==Sample text==
''Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights''

yem den taniklel etidil shë e ked sesh vösolme e den veleshov. den azanëlel idrö maëb e shlen e sillë zezel sesh neshë abicnesyel.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-4</title>
    <id>2589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12803</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-28T19:04:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''X-4'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||a priori experimental language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2006
|}

'''X-4''' is an [[X-languages|experimental language]] designed to be both speakable and playable on a musical instrument.  To achieve this, the language uses a set of phonemes that correspond to musical notes.

==Phonology==

X-4 uses five consonants and two vowels.  The consonants are '''b''', '''c''', '''d''', '''f''' and '''g'''.  The vowels are '''a''' and '''e'''.  All letters have their IPA values except '''c''' which is [k].  These make a tiny and unnatural but workable spoken phonology.  The maximal syllable structure is CVC.


To play an X-4 utterance on a musical instrument, you just play the notes indicated by the letters.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dozenal</title>
    <id>2590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11176</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T04:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dozenal''', also known as '''duodecimal''', refers to a system of counting using twelve, rather than ten, as a base.  Thus, there are words for multiples of twelve and for powers of twelve, such as 144 (12&amp;sup2;), 1728 (12&amp;sup3;), and so on.

See [[Wikipedia:Duodecimal|wikipedia]] for more information

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Linguistic typology</title>
    <id>2592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11180</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T04:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Loglangs</title>
    <id>2593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11181</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T04:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Razaric</title>
    <id>2594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11183</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Protolanguages</title>
    <id>2595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50061</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-03T20:46:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Historical linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nobalingos</title>
    <id>2596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11189</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:09:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nordaþ</title>
    <id>2597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11191</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nytal</title>
    <id>2598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11192</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Oktosïï</title>
    <id>2599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11193</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T05:13:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:International Phonetic Alphabet</title>
    <id>2600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11194</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:10:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is it really necessary to have this article?  Couldn't we just redirect to Wikipedia? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 00:10, 20 July 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Semiotics</title>
    <id>2601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11196</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:11:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Slavic languages</title>
    <id>2602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11197</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sound changes</title>
    <id>2603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11199</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:13:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Syntax</title>
    <id>2604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11200</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:14:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Uralic conlangs</title>
    <id>2605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11201</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:17:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Uto-Aztecan natlangs</title>
    <id>2606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11204</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Yellow Empire</title>
    <id>2607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11207</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-20T07:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Arda]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Table of Correlatives</title>
    <id>2608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58001</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T02:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=Table=
* suppletive forms are &lt;u&gt;underlined&lt;/u&gt;.
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=en|interro-&lt;br&gt;gative&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pérća&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=01|proximal&lt;br&gt;deixis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙóma delas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=02|medial&lt;br&gt;deixis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méða délas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=03|distal&lt;br&gt;deixis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭéla délas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=04|indefinite&lt;br&gt;exclusive&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nïnéévra béla&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=05|indefinite&lt;br&gt;inclusive&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nïnéévra géra&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=06|universal&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭánta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=07|negative&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ára&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=08|individual&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭééda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|person&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;anϙénus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|who, which&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭus, кŭis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|this one&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|that one&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yon one&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ólnus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|someone, some&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sèmus, sémis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|anyone, any&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭénus,кŭénis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|everyone; every&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòlus,sòlis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|no one; none, no&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèкŭus,nèкŭis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each one, each&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sènĭus,sènĭis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|thing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱéxtos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|what&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|this thing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|that thing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yon thing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ólnos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|something&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sémos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|anything&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭénos &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|everything&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sólos &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|nothing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèкŭos &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each thing&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sénĭos &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|kind&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ímos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|what kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|this kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|that kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yon kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olnímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|some kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|any kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenímis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|every kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solímis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|no kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neкŭímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each kind of&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;senĭímis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|place&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;stíívos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|where&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|here&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ìðu&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|there&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;tòru&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yonder&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|somewhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semкŭu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|anywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭènкŭu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|everywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòlкŭu &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|nowhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèкŭu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each place&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sènïкŭu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|place from&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;stììvþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|whence&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭùþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|hence&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ìðþim&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|thence&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;tòrþim&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yonder&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnëþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|from somewhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semкŭùþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|from anywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenкŭùþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|from everywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solкŭùþim &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|from nowhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neкŭùþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|from each place&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sènïкŭùþim&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|place to&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;stììvþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|whither&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭùþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|hither&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ìðþis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|thither&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;tòrþis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|yonder&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnëþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|to somewhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semкŭùþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|to anywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenкŭùþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|to everywhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solкŭùþis &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|to nowhere&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neкŭùþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|to each place&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sénïкŭùþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|time&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tèndas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|when&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|now&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;nùu&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|then&lt;i&gt;(p)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;pèru&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;then&lt;i&gt;(f)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;pòsu&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03|then&lt;i&gt;(p)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;òlnëpèru&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;then&lt;i&gt;(f)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;òlnëpòsu&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04|sometime&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sèmкŭum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|anytime&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭènкŭum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|everytime&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòlкŭum &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|never&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèкŭum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each time&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sènïкŭum&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|amount&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pùlos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|how much&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭótis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|this much&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dótis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|that much&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nótis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|that much&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olnótis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|however much&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenótos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|all&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sólis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|no amount&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neótos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each time&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;senĭótas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|manner&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;líígas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|how&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|thus&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|thereby&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nààlu&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|thereby&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olnààlu&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|somehow&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|anyhow&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|every way&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|nowise&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|each way&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;senĭààlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No|reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱáátas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=en|why&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01|for this reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02|for that reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nààru&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|for yon reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;olnààru&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|for some reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;semààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05|for any reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭenààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=06|for every reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07|for no reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;neààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=08|for each reason&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;senĭààru&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sounds of Old Adpihi</title>
    <id>2609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48178</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Old Adpihi's Consonants */ linkfix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Proto-Adpihi's Consonants==

Most of Proto-Adpihi's consonants, like all of Old and Middle Adpihi's and Reptigan's consonants, were on an egressive pulmonic airstream.

'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal
|-
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ||  || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]]  || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] ||  || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
| Nasal || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] ||  || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] ||  ||  || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || 
|-
| Trill ||  || ||  || [[Alveolar trill|r]] ||  || || || 
|-
| Tap or Flap || || ||  ||  ||  || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
| Fricative ||   || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  ||  ||  || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] 
|-
| Lateral fricative || || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| Approximant || [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || [[Palatal approximant|j]] ||  ||  || 
|-
| Lateral approximant || || ||  || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ||  ||  ||  || 
|}

Proto-Adpihi apparently had one ejective consonant.

'''Non-pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives
|-
|  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  || 
|-
|  ||  || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar
|-
|  ||  || 
|}

Also there were, apparently;
[[Aspirated voiceless velar stop|kʰ]] 
[[Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop|pʰ]] 
[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t̠ʃ]] 
[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d̠ʒ]]

==Old Adpihi's Consonants==

All of Old and Middle Adpihi's and Reptigan's consonants, were on an egressive pulmonic airstream.

'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal
|-
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ||  || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]]  || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] ||  || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
| Nasal || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] ||  || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] ||  ||  || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || 
|-
| Trill ||  || ||  || [[Alveolar trill|r]] ||  || || || 
|-
| Tap or Flap || || ||  ||  ||  || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
| Fricative ||   || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]  ||  ||  || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]  ||  ||  || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] 
|-
| Lateral fricative || || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| Approximant || [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || [[Palatal approximant|j]] ||  ||  || 
|-
| Lateral approximant || || ||  || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ||  ||  ||  || 
|}

Old and Middle Adpihi had no ejective consonants.

Old and Middle Adpihi had no aspirated consonants, nor any affricates.

==Old Adpihi's Vowels==


'''Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i  || ||  || ||  u
|-
| || ||  || || 
|-
| Close-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
|  || ɛ̝ || || || ||  ɔ̝  
|-
| Open-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
| ||  || || 
|-
| Open ||  || || ɐ̞ || || 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sounds of Reptigan</title>
    <id>2610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48176</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Consonants of Reptigan */ linkfixes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Consonants of Reptigan==

All of the consonants of Reptigan are on an egressive pulmonic airstream.


'''Pulmonic Consonants'''
{|
| || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Glottal
|-
| Plosive || [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] ||  || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] ||  || || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
| Nasal || [[Bilabial nasal|m]] ||  ||  || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] ||  || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || 
|-
| Trill ||  || ||  ||  ||  || || || 
|-
| Tap or Flap || || ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ||  || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ||  ||  || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
| Lateral fricative || || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| Approximant ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| Lateral approximant || || ||  || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] ||  || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]
|}

==The Vowels of Reptigan==


'''Unwidened Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u
|-
| || ||  || || 
|-
| Close-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
| || ɛ̝ · œ̝ || || ə · ɞ̝ || || ʌ̝ · ɔ̝
|-
| Open-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
| ||  || || 
|-
| Open || a · ɶ || || ɐ̞ · ɐ̜̞ || || ɑ · ɒ
|}


'''Widened Vowels'''
{|
| || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
| Close || i̘ · y̘ || || ɨ̘ · ʉ̘ || || ɯ̘ · u̘
|-
| || ||  || || 
|-
| Close-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
| || ɛ̝̘ · œ̝̘ || || ə̘ · ɞ̝̘ || || ʌ̝̘ · ɔ̝̘
|-
| Open-mid ||  || ||  || || 
|-
| ||  || || 
|-
| Open || a̘ · ɶ̘ || || ɐ̞̘ · ɐ̜̞̘ || || ɑ̘ · ɒ̘
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bodhraneoir</title>
    <id>2611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11418</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T18:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bodhraneoir</username>
        <id>199</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''MacKenzie''', Lord of Chaos

Incoming law-student extraordinary and creator of the &quot;quasi-converse&quot; (conceived by me but incorporating the real universe as well) containing the conlangs and concultures of the [[homo antiquus]] races.

Languages include:

* [[Redhrácic]]
* [[Calleronian]]
* [[Cironean]]
* [[Rhosan]]

Races include:

* [[Opwajwa]]
* [[Dark Opwajwa]]
* [[Calleronians]]
* [[Cironeans]]
* [[Rhosans]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Homo antiquus</title>
    <id>2612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14129</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-01T19:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bodhraneoir</username>
        <id>199</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''('''Homo antiquus''' and the associated languages and cultures exist in the conworld devised by MacKenzie Rohlfing and is the intellectual property thereof)''


''Homo antiquus'' is the general taxonomic term applied to a group of commonly-derived human races who originated somewhere outside the Local Group of the Milky Way galaxy and possibly even outside of the Virgo Supercluster.  They are genetically compatible with ''Homo sapiens'' and virtually indistinguishable from their terrestrial cousins, apart from certain secondary characteristics such as eye coloration and physical/mental capabilities.

==History==

All the ''Homo antiquus'' races derive from a common ancestry.  At a point in their common development, a cataclysmic event known as the Sundering took place, causing the division into the extant three sub-races: the [[Calleronian]]s, the [[Cironean]]s, the [[Rhosan]]s, as well as a purely conjectural race called the [[Dark Opwajwa]] whose existence has yet to be definitively proven.  Of these four, the most populous and dominant race is that of the Cironeans.

[[Opwajwa]] is the name given in the Cironean language to the original ''Homo antiquus'' race and literally means &quot;Ancient Ones.&quot;  In their own language, [[Redhrácic]], they were '''ár Eíferi''', literally &quot;the people of Eífe.&quot;

===Origins===

It is not known whether the original Opwajwa home world survives or whether it was destroyed in the Sundering.  It was called by it's inhabitants '''Tháladán''', or the &quot;Garden World&quot;; in Cironean, it is called '''Chulastrone'''.

The rise of the Opwajwa and their history up to the end of The Darkening is recorded by the Cironean Joivar in the '''Shóredó Gazoi''', the [[Song of Hope]], a collection of hymns to Aive (the Cironean form of Eífe) and lays to the first generations of the Opwajwa, the &quot;ancient heroes&quot; who fought evil in the Sundering and preserved &quot;the loyal remnant&quot; who became the Cironeans.

====Cosmology====

Redhrácic and its successor tongues all have a complex structure of cognates denoting existance.  An Opwajwa could state the fact of his existence or life by using the verb ''esnit'' - e.g., ''Sá úrdhú esnitmúsásh'', I exist/live to serve.  This would be an abnormal utterance in daily conversation and was mainly a ritual verb used in prayers.  More common were the &quot;alpha&quot; and &quot;beta&quot; copulae.  These reflect a bisection of the terrestrial ''to be'' into extrinsic and intrinsic aspects, respectively.  Thus, one would say ''Sá tháladúr mánipethásád'' (I had been a gardener) since being a gardener is not integral to one's essence; however, one would say ''Sá áden mónepethaesád'' (I am a man) because gender is an essential characteristic.

However, Redhrácic languages also have a verb that describes an &quot;act of existence&quot; in dramatically different terms.  ''Mán'' and ''món'' are effectively aspectual verbs of the more comprehensive conceptual ''esnit''.  These three verbs are applicable to any noun in the language but one.  This exceptional noun is a cognate derived from a verb: ''eífe''; it is incapable of direct translation, although through a roundabout method a definition can be obtained.  ''Eífe'' is descriptive of an act of existence, but one that is unbounded in either direction - an eternal existence.  More than that, though, one must understand ''eífe'' as meaning &quot;to exist eternally, and therefore uncatalytically; and in such a way as to call forth into existence other things.&quot;  Therefore, a very simple definition might read thus: &quot;to be, uncaused, that from which ω comes to be where ω is the unboundable set of all things that exist.&quot;  The only noun to which this verb is applicable is in fact derived from the verb and in its base form is identical to the verb's infinitive form: ''Eífe''.  While one could define the proper noun ''Eífe'' as analogous to the English word ''God'' or its various terrestrial parallels, these stand in relation to ''Eífe'' in much the same way as the Hebrew term ''Adonai'' or its synonyms relate to the Tetragrammaton.

=====The First-Parents and the Age of Expansion=====

The history of the Opwajwa begins with Eífe.  According to their histories, Eífe created the universe (in Redhrácic, '''Terradon''') and amidst it placed Tháladán, creating it fertile and full of life.  Amidst all the plants and animals, He then raised up the parents of the ''Homo antiquus'' races, known in Cironean as Hazar First-Father and Harin First-Mother.  The pair lived on Tháladán as the sole human rulers for some time, and while they traversed the planet often considered the place of their creation - '''Aedan Aethoegá''', the Mount of Beginning - as their proper home.

At some time while they remained alone upon the planet, Eífe permitted Hazar and Harin to undergo a test.  Some prohibition had been laid upon them; the nature of it was never passed on, possibly because the First Parents considered it to be irrelevant and prone to swell their pride.  What is known, as conveyed by Joivar in the ''Shóredó Gazoi'', is that they were approached by a being identified with '''Eznitinar''', the First Being called from the Void by Eífe.

======The Time Before Time======

According to the traditions of the Cironeans, Eznitinar (the name means &quot;first being&quot; in Cironean; his &quot;true&quot; name is unknown) was the first of the fourteen '''Nuchoni''', Masters of Light.  He is spoken of as being the greatest of the '''Eznitri''' in every respect, and looked on first at the summoning of his fellow ''Nuchoni'' and then of the remaining ''Eznitri'' in the expectation of being granted primacy and dominion over his fellows.  Instead, Eífe divided the ''Eznitri'' into seven groups, and placed one of the first seven ''Nuchoni'' at their head and one of the latter seven beneath as a lieutenant.  He then sent them to discuss among themselves what ought next be summoned from the Void.  This is seen by Joivar as a test of His creations' purity, as if they chose to love their Maker they would seek to outdo each other in glorious thoughts; whereas if they thought first of themselves they would think of any new creation as a threat to their own special status and offer ideas of mediocre and undesirable caliber.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jashan</title>
    <id>2613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35008</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T13:53:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jashan</username>
        <id>200</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Jashan A'al'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Summary:'''
||Late 20s Caucasian female (lesbian) conlanger &amp; original fiction/fantasy writer.  Jashan is originally from Oklahoma, USA, but has resided in Flanders, Belgium since June 2007.
|-
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 1979; Oklahoma, USA
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Web developer (PHP, Plone)
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English (native), Dutch, French
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Tsaran]]

[[Ilushan]]

[[Ilythiiri Alurl]]

[[Musbrek]]

[[Etora]]

[[Continental English]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| None
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Languages, vegetarianism, martial arts, fitness/health, gay/lesbian studies, RPGs (D&amp;D)
|}

''Jashan A'al'' is a name itself taken from an unnamed (and now lost) conlang, meaning &quot;twilight&quot; or &quot;bridge.&quot;  I am primary a conlanger and dabble in concultures, rather full-scale conworlds. 


I study and create conlangs with a variety of aims: to create aesthetically pleasing languages, to learn more about a specific type of language, to experiment with the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, or for religious designs. I have been seeking a &quot;perfect&quot; (used very loosely) conlang for the expression of my religious and philosophical ideas, for several years. 


My two most establish conlangs are [[Etora]] and Psharádi (Modern [[Tsaran]]). They share a nearly-identical vocabulary but are radically different in grammatical structure. Etora is gendered [human/animate/inanimate], case-declining [nom/acc/dat/abl], and SOV structure; Psharádi is ungendered, uncased, and SVO order (save in certain situations). 


===External Links===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Continental English</title>
    <id>2614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35610</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-14T16:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Language'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Unknown (Europe)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||N/A
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||1000-3000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Germanic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;West Germanic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Continental English'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Isolating/Inflecting
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]] ||2005
|}

Continental English was a conlang sketch by [[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]].  It was designed as a form of english which diverged from standard [[Modern English]] around the 1300-1400 CE time period. 


===Phonology / Orthography===
The phonology of the language has been lost.  Some reconstruction may be possible from surviving samples.


===Noun Morphology===
Case has been lost for nouns except for genitive (-es). Pronouns retain nominative, accusative/dative (object case), and genitive. Plurals are formed by addition of -s/-es, as in [[Middle English]]. The &quot;-en&quot; endings (ox, oxen; child, children) have been lost, but irregular
plurals (foot, feet) remain.

The personal pronouns '''y''' (&quot;I&quot;) and '''thu''' (&quot;you&quot;, sg.), for example:

'''Y''' (&quot;I&quot;)
{|border=1
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''Case''||''Sg.''||''Pl.''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Nom.||y {{IPA|[i]}}||we {{IPA|[wɛ]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Obj.||me {{IPA|[mɛ]}}||us {{IPA|[ʌs]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Gen.||myn {{IPA|[min]}}||ur {{IPA|[ʌr]}}
|}


'''Thu''' (&quot;you, thou&quot;)
{|border=1
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''Case''||''Sg.''||''Pl.''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Nom.||thu {{IPA|[θʌ]}}||ye {{IPA|[jɛ]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Obj.||the {{IPA|[θɛ]}}||yeu {{IPA|[jɛʌ]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Gen.||thyn{{IPA|[θin]}}||yeur {{IPA|[jɛʌr]}}
|}


'''Example Noun Declension:'''

'''nam''' (&quot;name&quot;)
{|border=1
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''Case''||''Sg.''||''Pl.''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Nom.||nam {{IPA|[nam]}}||names {{IPA|[naməs]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Obj.||nam {{IPA|[nam]}}||names{{IPA|[naməs]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Gen.||names {{IPA|[naməs]}}||nameses {{IPA|[namzəs]}}
|}

'''stawn''' (&quot;stone&quot;)
{|border=1
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''Case''||''Sg.''||''Pl.''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Nom.||stawn {{IPA|[stɔn]}}||stones {{IPA|[stonəs]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Obj.||stawn {{IPA|[stɔn]}}||stones{{IPA|[stonəs]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Gen.||stawnes {{IPA|[stɔnəs]}}||stoneses {{IPA|[stonzəs]}}
|}


===Verb Morphology===

Continental English retains at least five classes of strong verbs, with the following
patterns. While many verbs weakened over time, some weak verbs also became strong by analogy.  The chart below shows the vowel gradation for the strong verbs:

{|border=1
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Verb Class'''||'''Present'''||'''Past'''||'''Past Participle'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''I''||y||aw||i
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''II''||i||æ||u
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''III''||e||æ||o
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''IV''||e||æ||e
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|''V''||''exact rule unknown''
|}


'''Examples:'''

I: shyn &gt; shawn &gt; shin (&quot;shine&quot;)

II: fris &gt; fræs &gt; frus (&quot;freeze&quot;)

III: stel &gt; stæl &gt; stol (&quot;steal&quot;)

IV: sprec &gt; spræc &gt; sprec (&quot;speak&quot;)


===Sample Passage===
'''Chaucer''' ''(original)''

The double sorwe of Troilus to tellen,&lt;br&gt;
That was the kyng Priamus sone of Troye,&lt;br&gt;
In lovynge, how his aventures fellen&lt;br&gt;
Fro wo to wele, and after out of joie.&lt;br&gt;


'''Chawser''' ''(Continental English)''

The tyuwfald car of Troyilus tu tel,&lt;br&gt;
Thæt wæs the cyng Priyamus of Troy his sun&lt;br&gt;
On lufyng, hu his hap fyaled&lt;br&gt;
Ut wawf tu wel, ond æfter ut frawm glædnes.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Musbrek</title>
    <id>2615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35217</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Musbrek'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n/a
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n/a
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n/a
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Germanic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Musbrek'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Isolating
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]] ||2004
|}

Musbrek is a Germanic language which shares many characteristics with the Eastern Germanic language family. Many of the word structures and basic grammar, syntax, and pronunciation are very similar and will be familiar to German and English speakers. Much of the grammar is very simplified and regular, making the language easier and quicker to learn than a strictly 'naturalistic' language. Word-building is done through compound words and affixes, with regular manners of forming nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 


This language was formulated as a 'stealth language.' Its design principles are to be similar enough to [[Modern English]] to be easy for a native English speaker to learn, yet individual enough and unique enough to obscure the casual listener or reader from deciphering the conversation. Its vocabulary is drawn primarily from Proto-Germanic and Gothic.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Continental English</title>
    <id>2616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35211</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">How did its speakers end up in Europe? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 10:14, 22 July 2006 (PDT)

I have to say, historically speaking, It was probably [[Middle English]] at 1300-1400 CE, maybe with the first signs of the [[Great Vowel Shift]], so it might bleed into the [[Early Modern English]] era.  Either way, it's not pure [[Modern English]].  But if you have any questions about the era or the language(s) of English, feel free to ask me.  Sorry.
--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 13:39, 9 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Government</title>
    <id>2617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11380</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-22T17:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsaran</title>
    <id>2618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35009</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T13:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jashan</username>
        <id>200</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Language'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||NE United States / Eastern Canada
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Modern day, Non-specific alternate earth
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||&lt; 1000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||''Unknown isolate''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Agglutinative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]] ||1985-current
|}

'Tsaran' refers to any of the various forms of the Tsaran language throughout history.  It is spoken by the [[Tsara]] people, a nomadic and xenophobic tribal people thought to have originated in the area of present-day Romania.  The language is at root a linguistic isolate, but has borrowed a great deal of Gallo-Romance vocabulary and features due to the Tsara's length stay in France.


===History===
The origins of the Tsaran language are a mystery. Lack of any known sister or parent languages, as well as lack of documented material prior to the Elder Tsaran period, has proven a formidable blockade.

Without a doubt, the Tsaran tongue is a linguistic isolate, related none of its surrounding neighbors, Indo-European or otherwise. The features of the language do resemble a neighbor have quickly been found to have been borrowed or coincidental. It is supposed from the Tsaran oral history that the Tsendashai may have spoken either a related language or a distinct dialect of Tsaran itself; however, without written records or samples of this speech, this is purely hypothetical.


===Proto-Tsaran===
The sole known example of pre-Elder Tsaran speech was found on a fragment of pottery found near Galati, Romania in 1963 (although it remained unidentified until 1998). Whether or not it was written by the Tsara or a neighboring people is unknown. It consists of a single line:

::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Ky taan ky derentah sul&lt;/font&gt;


A possible partial translation was found nearby in 1967:

::''...(the) moon the ...(mid)night sun....''


It is interesting to compare this to the Elder Tsaran equivalent:

::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Taandais, sana-elanadais eiah&lt;/font&gt;

Assuming that it is accurate that the older inscription (dated to approximately 500 BC, four hundred years before the mark of &quot;classical&quot; Elder Tsaran) is indeed a precedessor of Tsaran and not, as some believe, an extinct relative, one can only guess as to what changes and influences must have taken place in the following centuries.


===Elder Tsaran (Ley Arah)===
The true &quot;Elder Tsaran&quot; period of the language begins at approximately 200 C.E. and extends through the last decades of the Genocide in the late seventh century. This marks the first structured and recorded instances of the Tsaran language. 

Elder Tsaran is marked by an extremely agglutinative structure both in its nominal and verbal systems; words ranging up to 7 or more syllables are common place. Suffixes are predominant, with only a few prefixes being present. In very early Elder Tsaran, there is evidence of a split first-person plural; an &quot;inclusive we&quot; (the speaker and the person spoken to) and an &quot;exclusive we&quot; (the speaker and some other person, but not the person being spoken to). This distinction was lost early in the history of the language. Also appearing sporadically in Elder Tsaran is a base-nine numbering system, although by the time of &quot;Classical Elder Tsaran&quot; (from which the majority of linguistic evidence comes) the numbering method had been replaced by a decimal (base-ten) system. Elder Tsaran was primarily a V-S-O language, with some instances of S-V-O.

Elder Tsaran survives to an extent as a scholarly and learned language among well-educated Tsara today (similar to Latin or Sanskrit for Europeans), although it is increasingly rare.


'''Example:'''
::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Selah'dais isalem arapahjes uun arah, oi'eldahel isalem arapahjes rogana&lt;/font&gt;
::[Long ago] the whole world had one language, and the people had a common speech


===Middle Tsaran===
The Middle Tsaran period began with the destruction of the Elder Tsaran linguistic records and literature, and the Scattering of the Tsaran people. The lack of literacy and geographic isolation encouraged linguistic variation and change. Middle Tsaran was marked by a gradual preference towards shorter, more analytical constructions, although the inherent agglutinativeness of the language was still extremely apparent. Suffixes and prefixes became more regularized and simplified in their usage. The word order entered a state of flux, becoming about equally V-S-O and S-V-O.

The most striking result of the Middle Tsaran period was simplifications of diphthongs into their initial vowel sound. Diphthongs throughout the language first lengthened (&quot;ai&quot; becoming &quot;aai&quot;), then dropping the final component (&quot;aa&quot;), and finally shortening in length (&quot;a&quot;). The pronominal system was affected most drastically by this and other sound changes, which set the stage for the elimination of the native pronominal system in favor of a Gallo-Roman one in later years.


'''Example:'''
::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Seladais is arapjhes un ara, o'eldahel is arapjhes rogana.&lt;/font&gt;  (Early Middle)

::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Selade as aravajhis un ara, o'eldahel as aravajhis rowana.&lt;/font&gt;  (Late Middle [Eastern])


===Dialect Divergence===
After the Crossing of the La'esh Na, the Tsaran people were effectively split into two major groups -- the free Eastern population, and the Western population trapped in Pomeillean territory. The two eventually established distinct dialects, although the Western dialect went extinct with the death of the Western Tsara in approximately 750 C.E.

Within Eastern Tsaran itself, several minor dialects arose and flourished for a period of time. However, with the Renaissance and re-standardization of the Tsaran language between 900 and 1000 C.E., the majority of dialects became moribund in favor of the standardized speech. Nowadays, &quot;dialect&quot; is more a term of accent and a few small vocabularic differences.


'''Example:'''

::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Selade as aravajhis un ara, o'eldahel as aravajhis rowana. &lt;/font&gt; (Late Middle Eastern Tsaran)

::&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;Ara cojhes seladas is un ara, o'ara cojhes rogana ela is&lt;/font&gt; (Late Middle Western Tsaran)


===Gallo-Romance Influence===
Linguistic &quot;contamination&quot; was inevitable when the Tsaran began re-establishing ties with the neighboring nations after their arrival in Gaul. A prime factor in this was the Tsaran sound changes -- Tsaran words were primarily mono- or duo-syllabic, and the simplification of diphthongs and softening of intervocalic sounds created a vast amount of homophones in the language. Instead of retaining two identical words (or nearly-identical words) for different concepts, often a neighboring word would be adopted and modified to more easily fit a Tsaran tongue.

A very prominant result of these sound shifts was the elimination of the native pronominal structure. With the sound shifts, the distinction between the 2nd and 3rd person was effectively nullified. To counteract this, many speakers began using the local Gallo-Romance pronouns. Increasing contact and extention of this practice gradually resulted in a completely new, completely Gallo-Romance pronoun system -- genitive, nominative, and objective.

Gallo-Romance has also served to standardize the somewhat chaotic word order in Tsaran. Originally V-S-O, it had developed tendancies towards S-V-O as well as S-O-V, depending on the structure of the sentence and what words were being used! Under analogy with the local French dialects, the word order has settled firmly into S-V-O, with the exception of direct objects. Like French, Middle Tsaran placed its direct objects between the subject and the verb when the direct objects were pronouns themselves. That is, one said &quot;I him see&quot;, not &quot;I see him.&quot; This pattern was independantly developed of the Gallo-Romance languages, but was reinforced by the contact.

While originally a great number of terms regarding non-Tsaran technologies and items were adopted from the surrounding languages, it quickly became a favored method to create new terms out of the native lexicon instead. Thus while ''elís'' (church) was adopted from the French ''eglise'' (the Tsara had no notion of a specific building in which to worship before contact with Christianity), the more modern ''socára'' (telephone) is a straightforward coinage (''soc'' - long; ''ára'' - speech)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yasaro-alphabet.png</title>
    <id>2619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11420</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:05:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Yasaro alphabet (lelimi)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Yasaro alphabet (lelimi)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lelimi-b.png</title>
    <id>2620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11422</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The letter &quot;b&quot; in the Lelimi script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The letter &quot;b&quot; in the Lelimi script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lelimi-d.png</title>
    <id>2621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11423</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:18:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The letter &quot;d&quot; in the Lelimi script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The letter &quot;d&quot; in the Lelimi script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lelimi-dh.png</title>
    <id>2622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11424</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The letter &quot;dh&quot; in the Lelimi script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The letter &quot;dh&quot; in the Lelimi script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lelimi-g.png</title>
    <id>2623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11425</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The letter &quot;g&quot; in the Lelimi script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The letter &quot;g&quot; in the Lelimi script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lelimi-j.png</title>
    <id>2624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11426</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-23T21:18:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The letter &quot;j&quot; in the Lelimi script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The letter &quot;j&quot; in the Lelimi script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lelimi</title>
    <id>2625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22397</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-12T09:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/MwkCt0|MwkCt0]] ([[User_talk:MwkCt0|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Teamouse|Teamouse]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lelimi is a writing system used for writing a number of [[Zireen]] languages, including [[Yasaro]] and related languages. It is closely related to the Vlika script. Here is a chart with the basic sounds of the letters in of the Lelimi script as used in the Yasaro language.

[[Image:Yasaro-alphabet.png]]

The letters [[Image:Lelimi-j.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-g.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-b.png]], [[Image:Lelimi-d.png]], and [[Image:Lelimi-dh.png]], which are unique to the Lelimi script, represent voiced stops [ɟ ɡ b d d̪] in most languages, which have developed into nasals [ɲ ŋ m n n̪] in Yasaro. Other notable differences from Vlika usage include the low-tone vowel letters for [a] and [i], which represent [ɣ] and [z] in the Vlika script.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adaptation of Latin alphabet to Senjecas</title>
    <id>2626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53239</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T23:33:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Updating</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;HISTORY OF THE ADAPTATION OF THE LATIN ALPHABET FOR SENJECAS&lt;/center&gt;

*When humans began to commit their languages to writing, the Senjecans, through the agency of the Committee on Orthography of the Council of Archimages, began to adopt and adapt the several human alphabets for use with Senjecas.

*The consonants exist as twelve pairs of a voiced and an unvoiced consonant.  Each phoneme has its own grapheme.  Likewise each of the six vowel phonemes has its own grapheme.  The Etruscan/Latin alphabet was the first to be adopted when, in 653 B.C.E., at a meeting in Rome, 24 of the original 26 graphemes were approved as appropriate for Senjecas (omitting &lt;font color=blue&gt;Ξ&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;X&lt;/font&gt;).  Oriented to a left-to-right position and using contemporary graphemes where necessary, these 24 were: &lt;font color=blue&gt;A, B, C, D, E, V, Z, H, &amp;Theta;, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Ś, Ϙ, R, S, T, Y, Φ;,&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;Ψ&lt;/font&gt;.  There were no miniscules as yet.  The 19 consonants occupied the following places on the Senjecan consonant table:

{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Labial
!c=02|  Dental
!c=03|  Alveolar
!c=04|  Palatal
|-
|i=No| Plosive
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;P   B&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;T   D&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;Ś   _&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;K   C&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Fricative
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Phi;   V&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Theta;   _&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;S   I&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Psi;   Ϙ&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Sonorant
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;_   M&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;_   L&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;R   N&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;H   _&lt;/center&gt;
|}
*Notes:
**The &lt;font color=blue&gt;Z&lt;/font&gt; resembled a majuscule &lt;font color=blue&gt;i&lt;/font&gt; with serifs which is not available with this font.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ś&lt;/font&gt; = /ʃ/ in Etruscan.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;&amp;Phi;&lt;/font&gt; = /pʰ/ in Etruscan.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;&amp;Psi;&lt;/font&gt; = /kʰ/ in Etruscan.
*The five vowels occupied the following places on the Senjecan vowel table:
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Front unrounded
!c=02|  Back rounded
|-
|i=No| High
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;I&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;V&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Mid
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;E&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;O&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Low
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;A&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;_&lt;/center&gt;
|}

*Because of the one-to-one correspondence between phoneme and grapheme in Senjecas, an attempt was always made to have this one-to-one correspondence in whatever alphabet was adopted.  But since many of the alphabets lacked enough graphemes, it was decided at this time to use geminate consonants where necessary (diacritics were not yet available), the geminate consonant representing the voiced consonant.
*The Etruscan grapheme  (an x in a circle) was retained for the dental fricative, since the phoneme did not exist in Latin.   The Phoenician/Greek form &lt;font color=blue&gt;I&lt;/font&gt; /ʣ/ was retained.  The Semitic voiceless pharyngeal fricative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ח&lt;/font&gt; (khêt) /ħ/ became /h/ in Etruscan and Latin and was used to represent the Senjecan similar sound /j/ and its voiceless counterpart.  It will be noticed that, from the very beginning, the grapheme &lt;font color=blue&gt;Ϙ&lt;/font&gt; was used to represent the voiced palatal fricative /ʝ/.  This resulted in the following table:

{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Labial
!c=02|  Dental
!c=03|  Alveolar
!c=04|  Palatal
|-
|i=No| Plosive
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;P   B&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;T   D&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;Ś   ŚŚ&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;K   C&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Fricative
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Phi;   V&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Theta;   &amp;Theta;&amp;Theta;&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;S   I&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;&amp;Psi;   Ϙ&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Sonorant
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;M   MM&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;L   LL&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;R   N&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;H   HH&lt;/center&gt;
|}
*From the beginning, the phonemic distinction between long and short vowels has been represented by geminate vowels, regardless of the alphabet used.  The Latin vowels &lt;font color=blue&gt;I&lt;/font&gt; /i/, &lt;font color=blue&gt;E&lt;/font&gt; /e/, &lt;font color=blue&gt;A&lt;/font&gt; /a/, &lt;font color=blue&gt;O&lt;/font&gt; /o/, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;V&lt;/font&gt; /u/ were adequate as graphemes for five of the Senjecan vowels.  Lacking, however, was a grapheme for the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/.  After much discussion it was finally decided to use the Greek &lt;font color=blue&gt;Ω&lt;/font&gt; as the grapheme for this phoneme, resulting in the following vowel table:
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Front unrounded
!c=02|  Back rounded
|-
|i=No| High
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;I&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;V&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Mid
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;E&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;O&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Low
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;A&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;Ω&lt;/center&gt;
|}

*Palatalization was indicated by writing &lt;font color=blue&gt;H&lt;/font&gt; before the vowel.  Labialization was indicated by writing &lt;font color=blue&gt;V&lt;/font&gt; before the vowel.

*In the year 220 B.C.E., again in Rome, after [[Wikipedia:Spurius Carvilius Ruga|Spurius Carvilius Ruga]] had allegedly developed the grapheme &lt;font color=blue&gt;G&lt;/font&gt; to represent the voiced member of the palatal plosive pair, it was adopted by the Council of Archimages.  After the conquest of Greece in the first century B.C.E., the Romans restored &lt;font color=blue&gt;z&lt;/font&gt; to their alphabet.  The alphabet still retained the old Etruscan graphemes for the alveolar plosives.  Once &lt;font color=blue&gt;z&lt;/font&gt; was restored, it was decided to geminate the fricatives to represent the plosives.  This was officially approved in the year 28 C.E. at a third meeting in Rome.
	
*With the advent of the [[Anglo-Saxon|Anglo-Saxon language]] adaption of the Latin alphabet, the Council of Archimages was able to refine the Senjecan use of the Latin alphabet even further.   Thorn &lt;font color=blue&gt;þ&lt;/font&gt; and eth &lt;font color=blue&gt;ð&lt;/font&gt; replaced the old Etruscan  used for the dental fricatives.  And [[wikipedia:wynn|wynn]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ƿ&lt;/font&gt;, which represented /w/, replaced &lt;font color=blue&gt;m&lt;/font&gt; to represent the voiceless labial sonorant.  When the Anglo-Saxon writers in the seventh century replaced &lt;font color=blue&gt;ƿ&lt;/font&gt; with &lt;font color=blue&gt;w&lt;/font&gt;, the Council of Archimages retained the &lt;font color=blue&gt;ƿ&lt;/font&gt;.  And [[wikipedia:yogh|yogh]], &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝ&lt;/font&gt;, was adopted to represent the palatal approximants replacing the consonant &lt;font color=blue&gt;H&lt;/font&gt;.  These Anglo-Saxon adaptations were approved by the Council of Archimages at a meeting in York in the year 703.

*The next revision of the Latin alphabet to be adopted was the use of minuscules.  During the reign of Charlemagne, Alcuin popularized the minuscule letters and, in the year 807, at a meeting in Dijon, the Council of Archimages, based on the fact that there were not two forms of the graphemes in Senjecas, kept to that principle but elected to use the minuscules rather than the majuscules.  This resulted in the following table:
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Labial
!c=02|  Dental
!c=03|  Alveolar
!c=04|  Palatal
|-
|i=No| Plosive
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;p   b&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;t   d&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;ś   śś&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;k   g&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Fricative
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;ɸ   v&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;þ   ð&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;s   z&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;ψ   ϙ&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Sonorant
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;ƿ   m&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;l   ll&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;r   n&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;ȝ   ȝȝ&lt;/center&gt;
|}
*Toward the end of the 16th century, &lt;font color=blue&gt;j&lt;/font&gt; began to be distinguished from &lt;font color=blue&gt;i&lt;/font&gt;.  In the year 1583, the Council of Archimages, meeting in Oxford, permitted it to be used for the palatal approximants when &lt;font color=blue&gt;yogh&lt;/font&gt; was not available.

*The final step in the evolution of the Senjecan Latin alphabet came with the creation of diacritics.  The [[wikipedia:greek diacritics|Greeks]] had been using diacritics to indicate tone since about 200 B.C.  In the 16th century, the Polish language began to use &lt;font color=blue&gt;ł&lt;/font&gt; to represent /w/.  This grapheme was adopted to represent the unvoiced dental approximant.  The use of the acute accent dates from the 14th century.  To simplify further the orthograpny &lt;font color=blue&gt;ć&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ź&lt;/font&gt; were chosen to replace &lt;font color=blue&gt;ś&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;śś&lt;/font&gt;, respectively.  And finally the Council of Archimages, in 1972, at a meeting in London, and at the recommendation of the Committee on Orthography, chose the Maltese grapheme &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħ&lt;/font&gt; to represent the unvoiced palatal approximant, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø&lt;/font&gt; to represent the mid-back rounded vowel, and the IPA symbol &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ&lt;/font&gt; to replace &lt;font color=blue&gt;ƿ&lt;/font&gt; and avoid confusion with &lt;font color=blue&gt;p&lt;/font&gt;.

*Since geminate consonants and consonant clusters of more then two consonants are not permitted, the epenthetic vowel /ɛ E/ is inserted.  With the advent of diacritics, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ë&lt;/font&gt; was chosen.

*When followed by a consonant, palatalization is realized as the near-close near-front unrounded vowel /ɪ I/.  Likewise, labialization is realized as the near-close near-back rounded vowel /ʊ U/.  At this time, it was decided to use &lt;font color=blue&gt;ï&lt;/font&gt; to represent /ɪ I/ and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt; to represent /ʊ U/.  Also at the 1972 meeting, a final improvement included replacing &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɸ&lt;/font&gt; with &lt;font color=blue&gt;f&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;k&lt;/font&gt; with &lt;font color=blue&gt; [[wikipedia:kra (letter)|к]]&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ψ&lt;/font&gt; with &lt;font color=blue&gt;x&lt;/font&gt;.  These recommendations were approved at the same meeting in 1972 giving the tables the forms that we have today:
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Labial
!c=02|  Dental
!c=03|  Alveolar
!c=04|  Palatal
|-
|i=No| Plosive
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;p   b&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;t   d&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;ć   ź&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;к   g&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Fricative
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;f   v&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;þ   ð&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;s   z&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;x   ϙ&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Sonorant
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;ɱ   m&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;ł   l&lt;/center&gt;
|c=03| &lt;center&gt;r   n&lt;/center&gt;
|c=04| &lt;center&gt;ħ   ȝ&lt;/center&gt;
|}
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  Front unrounded
!c=02|  Back rounded
|-
|i=No| High
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;i&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;u&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Mid
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;e&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;o&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|i=No| Low
|c=01| &lt;center&gt;a&lt;/center&gt;
|c=02| &lt;center&gt;ø&lt;/center&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stories</title>
    <id>2627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55612</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-18T02:13:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Abbreviations mreħoes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=Abbreviations &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħóes&lt;/font&gt;=
*Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþáes&lt;/font&gt;
**NO = nominative &lt;font color=blue&gt;nòòmnëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**ST = stative &lt;font color=blue&gt;saaþȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**MO = motive &lt;font color=blue&gt;кèȝëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**VO = vocative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
*Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtììvnoomnóes&lt;/font&gt;
**1 = first person &lt;font color=blue&gt;oìtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
**2 = second person &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
**3 = third person &lt;font color=blue&gt;tìrtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
*Number &lt;font color=blue&gt;némſos&lt;/font&gt;
**s = singular &lt;font color=blue&gt;òinémſis&lt;/font&gt;
**p = plural &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulnémſis&lt;/font&gt;
*Prefixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pèrpagóes&lt;/font&gt;
**APX = augmentative &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**FPX = feminine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**IPX = intensive prefix&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoorpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**MPX = masculine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**NPX = negative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;arpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**PPX = privative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;eϙpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**RPX = reduplicative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòкŭerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*Suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòspagóes&lt;/font&gt;
**ASX = adverbial suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱòòqɱerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**DSX = diminutive suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;mènüpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*Moods &lt;font color=blue&gt;minóes&lt;/font&gt;
**IMP = imperative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;vùnðëmínos&lt;/font&gt;
**IND = indicative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
**SBJ = subjunctive mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;nɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
*Other &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭóes&lt;/font&gt;
**APL = agent participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱààþneɱéros&lt;/font&gt;
**PPL = patient participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;èntiivſŭevſénos&lt;/font&gt;
**COL = collective
**EL  = elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúúras&lt;/font&gt;
**EP  = epenthetic vowel &lt;font color=blue&gt;èntiivſŭevsŭénos&lt;/font&gt;
**FCL = future particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;poſɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**PCL = past particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;perɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**VCL = vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàɱëɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**IMP = imperfective aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;nſènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
**PRF = perfective aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
**SUP = supine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfɱernóómnos&lt;/font&gt;

=The North Wind and the Sun=

'''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger,'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pèr-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćòòmrëɱént-es-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúúl-es-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭotér-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱálð-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſfúd-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| once-ADV
| north.wind-NOM.s-and
| sun-NOM.s-and
| which.of.two-LAT.s
| more-ADV
| strong-LAT.s
| PPC
| be-SUB
| PPC-EP
| argue-IND
|}

'''when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tend-âſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-âſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pôlo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кuur-ôſĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;cêl-aþ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sênt-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêlк-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| time-ST.s
| that-ST.s
| warm
| cloak-ST.s
| in
| wrapped-PPL-MO.s
| traveler-MO.s
| PPC
| come along-IND
|}

'''They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;núes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oi̋tem&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sent-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úşo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кűűr-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dűűr-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ƿe̋rʒ-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| they
| first
| succeeding.one
| traveler
| his
| cloak
| remove
| make
|}

{|
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ólv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱa̋lð-em&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ali-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sóma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ce̋l-a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnd-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| more
| strong
| than
| other
| consider
| should
| PPCL
| agreed
|}

'''Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}
'''Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}
'''And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

'''..síídu.....tas...téndëlas,...кuurcélun....séntun..e-numélкa...e-nomóóda.'''

Directly at-the moment, cloak-wrapped traveler..passed-by...it-happened. 

'''sen còòmrëµénten sen súúlenкüe jem..sum séntum .nùµum кúúrum..dúúra'''

The...northwind.......the....sun-and....whom the..traveler....his.......cloak..to-remove

'''..µérßa..e-nemáája sem alµálðem ésa......mína.......e-nevúnda.'''

to-make he-was-able the stronger...to-be to-consider they-agreed. 
 
'''toààru....sen còòmrëµénten...mààqvi,....màlðëvi....e-nevuµénta.'''

Therefore the....northwind......as-possible..powerfully he-began-to-blow.

'''ànti...almàlðëvi....e-neµénta, alnéévrëvi sun séntun nùµum кúúrum e-nußéla.'''

But more-powerfully he-blew, more-tightly the traveler....his.......cloak..he-wrapped. 

'''menðònu tam µéntam e-nedúsa......tas téndëlas sen súúlen e-nevudïéya.'''

Finally......the blowing...he-stopped. at-the moment the sun....he-began-to-shine. 

'''nèµam £ónam e-nepúna. òкüëmìqvi sun séntun nùµum кúúrum e-nudúúra.'''

...his......heat...he-ignited. Immediately the traveler...his.......cloak he-removed. 

'''toààru...sen còòmrëµénten tam ses súúles málðam almálðam ésa...vúnda....e-neкéla.'''

therefore the.....northwind....the of-the sun.......power.....greater...to-be to-agree he-had-to.

=xyz=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Main Page</title>
    <id>2628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52191</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T17:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Internal server error */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== List of conlangs ==

I put the list of conlangs started by [[User:Mos]] into a scroll box so that it doesn't take too much room on the page -- since it potentially may contain most pages on the wiki!  I also made it into a [http://semeb.com/dpldemo/index.php?title=Dynamic_Page_List DPL] list of pages that are members of [[:Category:Conlangs]] (but not ATM its subcategories). That way it becomes easier to maintain and more democratic, in that everyone decides for themselves if their page should belong to [[:Category:Conlangs]] and thus be included in the list. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 04:27, 13 February 2008 (PST)

:Those lists might have been useful when conlang wikis were new and we didn't have much to show... I've replaced them with links to the categories; my apologies to anyone who got really attached to their front page exposure.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:58, 13 February 2008 (PST)

::IMHO category pages are pretty darn ugly.  If you don't mind I'll create a series of [[List of...]] pages with DPL, then see to it that all pages that are now in [[List of Conlangs]] ate tagged with [[:Category:Conlangs]] and convert that to DPL as well. They will take up vitually no space on the server that way. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:39, 14 February 2008 (PST)

== Revamp time? ==
This page is mighty plain and could use some beautification.  I'm no good at that, but if anyone wants to try their hand... —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 15:58, 13 February 2008 (PST)

Take a look at this: [[New_Main_Page_Demo]]. Not finished yet, but what do you think so far? --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 21:38, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Now it is finished. Any criticisms or changes? Do you want me to go ahead and replace the existing main page?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 18:18, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

::Not bad.  Be bold.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 20:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

:::Be bold? Is this a thumbs-up? Tweak it or revert it, if you're not keen.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 20:28, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

::::Be bold is [[Wikipedia:WP:BeBold]].  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:24, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

::It looks good, although the old version was more informative, and I think the colours are too much eye candy. Compare my more neutral version at [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=New_Main_Page_Demo&amp;oldid=32452|New Main Page Demo]. Also, there could be a featured article or featured conlang or something... [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 11:31, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

:::I would be happy to have the colours change, but some people like them. Related discussions here: [http://www.conlanger.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?t=2258 CBB] and [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=28161]. I would like to see Muke's opinion on this and on the featured article; I think that this would be too hard to implement. Also, why do you mean by informative? I thought that all the information from the old page is still on the new page, just more concise and differently laid out. I put support-related links at the top where they are accessible and disguised the ugly 'See FrathWiki:...' links, which stuck out in my opinion. If you want me to include more information, just tell me what you would like included.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 14:59, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

== Translations of This Page ==
Would it be possible to have a Wikipedia-style languages box below the toolbox (at the left side of the page) to show the languages in which the main page is available?

:Could be; I'd have to look into it.  Unlike Wikipedia, the interlanguage links would be to elsewhere in the same database.  It might not be too difficult, or it might cause the universe to explode.  I suppose the hard part would be in getting the language names to display like they do in Wikipedia.  Without some hacking, each language wanting an interlanguage link prefix would have to be set up separately.    —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 19:41, 31 March 2008 (PDT)
:Maybe [[MediaWikiOrg:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Wikitext_in_side_bar]] is useful. One can probably use DPL to generate the actual list of translations; I'll look into that (being the resident DPL enthusiast! {{-)}}) [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 23:28, 31 March 2008 (PDT)

== Adding the Real Lang Stuff ==

Though I know it's not the point of the site, it is the point of what I do, so I will continue writing pages for Native Languages.  If there are any special requests, make sure to message my User account.  And hopefully you'll be able to link some of the conlangs with the natlangs, where they apply.  I also will start writing more in the IPA, and maybe start a Grammar page, used to link aspects of grammar so people have a better idea for things such as declensions, conjugations, and other 'foreign' and 'native' concepts of Grammar for English speakers. &lt;br&gt;
 --[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 04:24, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

=Holidays=
Okay, so Christmas, lovely as it may be, is not the only holiday celebrated around this time.  Probably cause not everyone is christian.

:There are lots of non-Christians celebrating Christmas. It is now believed to be a SECULAR celebration in addition to a religious one and people all over the world recognise it. I did not mean to offend anyone; I had in fact thought of designing a main page for other festivals next year.

:: It's fine, but in actuality, the word Christmas means &quot;Christ's Mass&quot;.  Now I'm actually offended per se, but I was saying that I changed Merry Christmas to Happy Holidays, which is more Generic and inviting.  I know it's a bit more PC, but whatever.  I always thought it to be a more fitting expression to go out to everyone, from the Wicca to Jewish people to Atheists celebrating &quot;present-day&quot; and even to the Christians.  Season's Greetings is another popular generic one.  No worries.

::: How many people actually bother with the etymology of &quot;Christmas&quot; nowadays? If you're devout Christian, you think of God being born. If you're Japanese, for example, you think of the secular version: Santa going round distributing gifts. Now don't come up with anything like &quot;Oh that's so Westernised and unfair to Asians, Africans etc.&quot;, please. Perfect fairness is impossible and we're speaking a language with a strong Judaeo-Christian heritage, so Merry Christmas as a generic greeting is perfectly alright. I'm hardly Christian myself, and I just don't see how it is offensive. [[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 02:44, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

I actually think the whole idea is irrelevant. This wiki is not set up to celebrate holidays of any type, it's set up for con-worlds and the like. Why does any holiday need to be mentioned? [[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]

: Ah, it's just a bit of fun for the users! A change of scenery. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 15:56, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

:: You and I, obviously, have extremely different definitions of &quot;fun&quot;. [[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]

:::I agree with Pisceesumsprecan, it is a bit of fun.  I just like being more generic when it comes to things like this cause it seem more inclusive of everyone.  Also though, we can do a change of scenery without doing this per se.  No worries.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 15:53, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm fairly sure that today is as good as any other to revert to our normal front page as the &quot;holidays&quot; have passed. [[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]

==Internal server error==
Why is that when I try to open the Main Page without being logged in, including from Google, all I see is an Internal Server Error? I can access it if I log in.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 10:39, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

:Hmm, it seemed to work for me at the moment, when I was logged out.  If you're still experiencing the problem you might try clearing your cache (I've found cached errors can be rather persistent).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 00:33, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

::I've been getting some persistent internal server errors too. I'll have to check if clearing the cache helps… --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 18:20, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

:::Did it? —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:26, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

::::Thus far not really. Just a moment ago I got the error, emptied my cache, tried resubmitting, got the error again. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 21:50, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

:::::Ugh. I've been keeping an eye on these 500's... compared to the amount of traffic we get, the number of them is pretty small so it's hard to see a particular cause.  (Well, it ''was'' pretty small overall, but over the past couple of days someone running a misconfigured web bot has racked up thousands of them—still, the number ''people'' run into is much smaller.  Of course, it only takes one or two to ruin one's day, and one or two every day to ruin one's opinion of the site...)  :|   I'm going to check with the hosting provider to see if they can shed any light on the situation.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:06, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

::::::Ugh²: my current success rate at getting the error is maybe two out if five. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 20:09, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

:::::::The support guy I talked to said the trouble was because we were running into memory limits.  The bad bot was really doing a number on that front, but it's been blocked, and we optimized the database tables which should help some as well.  Here's hoping it has some effect.  Definitely let me know if the problem continues, I want to get this working right again for everybody.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 04:56, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

::::::::There were more errors yesterday as well... emailed them back and trying another option—here's hoping.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:14, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

''(redent)''
Whatever the problem was, it seems to have gone away (for me at least). --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 00:30, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
:The number of errors has gone down greatly—actually there were none at all for the past few days; but it seems like the bot I mentioned is still hitting us, as it set off a few yesterday, and I'll have to look into that...  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:20, 6 March 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elbic Swadesh list</title>
    <id>2629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12957</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-31T01:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Swadesh list for [[Elbic]]. A note on the number entries: the top entry is the traditional, common counting system (a remnant of the Celtic language spoke on Elba before the Roman invasion; currently falling into disuse, preserved only in children's rhymes and various archaicisms), and the bottom entry is the more modern, formal, and commonly used Latin-influenced counting system.
{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  [[Elbic]]
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| io
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| tu
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he&lt;br&gt;she
|c=01| lei&lt;br&gt;lui
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| noi
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| voi
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| lori (m.)&lt;br&gt;lore (f.)
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| iste
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| ise
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| qui
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| ila
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| chi
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| chè
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| dóve
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| quhante
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| quomí
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| non
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| totte
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| muolte
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| ni (m.)&lt;br&gt;ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| ni (m.)&lt;br&gt;ne (f., n.)
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| altro
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| ono&lt;br&gt;uno
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| daui&lt;br&gt;dui
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| trisi&lt;br&gt;trise
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| pettre&lt;br&gt;quattre
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| pinche&lt;br&gt;quinte
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| granto
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| large
|c=01| grosso
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| hampo
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| folto
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| pesante
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| piccollo
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| córtho
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| angusto
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| axutto
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| donna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| huomo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| persona (f.)
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bambinno (m.)&lt;br&gt;bambinna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| maritta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| maritto (m.)
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| matre (f.)&lt;br&gt;(colloq. má)
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| patre (m.)&lt;br&gt;(colloq. pá)
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| animalle (n.)
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| pexa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| uccello (m.)
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| canne (m.)
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| piattolla (f.)
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| xerpente (n.)
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| verme (n.)
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| arbollo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| foreste (m.)
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bastonne (n.)
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| frutta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| xeme (m.)
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| follia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| radicciu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| corteccia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| fluora (f.)
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| herba (f.)
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| cortta (f.)
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| pellu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| carnu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| xanquinnu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| osseo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| attipe (n.)
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| uovo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| cornu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| settre (m.)
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| pluma (f.)
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| xappellu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| xappu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| orecchio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| occhio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| naxo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| bocca (f.)
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| dentu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| lingua (f.)
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| uonghia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| piette (n.)
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| zampa (f.)
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| ginocchio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| manno (f.)
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| alla (f.)
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| pancia (m.)
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as in courage)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| coraggio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| quollo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| diettro (m.)
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| mammelle (f.)
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| quore (f.)
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| fiegatto (m.)
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| bhe
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| mangiha
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| mordhe
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| succha
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| spiuttha
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| vuomitha
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ventha
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| respirrha
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| ritthe
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| vetthe
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| sentendrhi
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| saphe
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| pensha
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| uodhe
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| temhe
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| dormhi
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| vivhi
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| si morhi
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| uoccidhi
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| combatthe
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| cazzha
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| quolphi
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| quortha
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| dividhi
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| accoltellha
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| graffha
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| xavha
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| nuotha
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| vuolha
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| passegiha
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| venhi
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ripossha
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| si sedhe
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| si alza
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| xuoltha
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| cadhe
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| dha
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| tenhe
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| spemmhe
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| strovinha
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| lavha
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| spuolverha
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| trainha
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| premmhe
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| gettha
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| annodha
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| quoc'i
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| contha
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| disshi
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| cantha
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| gioccha
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| galleggiha
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| fluhi
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| fressha
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| gonfiha
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| xolu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| lunna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| stella (f.)
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| acqua (m.)
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| piovhe
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| fluomu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| laggo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| mare (f.)
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| sale (n.)
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| piettra (f.)
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| xabbia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| puolve (n.)
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| terra (f.)
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| nuobbe (m.)
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| nebbia (f.)
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| xiello
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| vento (m.)
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| neva (f.)
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| ghiaccio (m.)
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| fuomo (m.)
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| fuotte (m.)
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| cienere (f.)
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| incendiha
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| via (f.)
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| muontanna (f.)
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| ruotte
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| vertte
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| giallo
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| bianccio
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| nierro
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| noxe (n.)
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| diu (n.)
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| anno (m.)
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| tiepto
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| fresso
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| completto
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| nuovo
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| vecchio
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| buono
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| mallo
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| ammuffitto
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| immondo
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| diritto
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| cirocollare
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| affilatto
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| xialbo
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| lixio
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| bannatto
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| xecco
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| corrette
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| prossimo
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| lontanno
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| destro
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| sinistro
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| a&lt;br&gt;in
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| in
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| com
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| i
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| si
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| perchhè
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| nuomo (f.)
|}


[[Category:Ill Bethisad]][[Category:Romance conlangs]][[Category:Elbic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilog-kwa</title>
    <id>2630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11794</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-31T21:09:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mongolhead</username>
        <id>202</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">(ìloN kwa): My first serious attempt at a constructed language, started July 2006.  A work in (very) slow progress.

=Phonology=

Ilog-kwa uses 17 Roman letters to represent 17 (or 19?) phonemes.

/p t k/   &lt;'''p t k'''&gt;

/m n N/   &lt;'''m n g'''&gt;

/l j w/   &lt;'''l y w'''&gt;

/s S h/   &lt;'''s x h'''&gt;

/ts tS/   &lt;'''ts tx'''&gt; (I am not sure if these are phonemes; they only occur across syllable boundaries).

/a e i o u/     &lt;'''a e i o u'''&gt;

Allophones:

/T/     &lt;'''t'''-coda followed by stop or nasal&gt;

/x/     &lt;'''k'''-coda followed by stop or nasal&gt;

/K/     &lt;'''l'''-coda followed by h&gt; 

There is no phonemic voicing or aspiration distinction.

From here on, I will write in the orthography.

==Phonotactics==

Syllables may take these structures: (C) (C) V (C).

Legal onsets: null, any consonant, any non-approximant consonant + 1 approximant, '''l''' + '''w''' or '''y'''.

Legal nuclei: any vowel.

Legal codas: Any consonant, with the following execptions: '''p''' cannot be a coda. '''y''' cannot be the coda in a syllable with an '''e''' or '''i''' nucelus.  '''w''' cannot be the coda in a syllable with an '''o''' or '''u''' nucleus.

==Sandhi and Allophony==

'''t''' and '''k''' codas are spirantized when they are followed by a nasal or a stop, i.e. '''t''' becomes /T/ and '''k''' becomes /x/.

When '''l''' occurs next to '''h''' in either sequence, the resulting sound is /K/.

The silibants have a strong tendency to be voiced when they occur next to nasals.  The stops also tend to be voiced in certain positions.  Because voicing is non-phonemic, &quot;wrong&quot; voicing will not alter the meaning of any word or utterance.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Elbic</title>
    <id>2631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11803</id>
      <timestamp>2006-07-31T22:02:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Information on the [[Elbic]] language for Ill Bethisad.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilogkwa</title>
    <id>2632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11820</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-01T18:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mongolhead</username>
        <id>202</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">(ìloN kwa): My first serious attempt at a constructed language, started July 2006.  A work in (very) slow progress.

=Phonology=

Ilog-kwa uses 17 Roman letters to represent 17 (or 19?) phonemes.

/p t k/   &lt;'''p t k'''&gt;

/m n N/   &lt;'''m n g'''&gt;

/l j w/   &lt;'''l y w'''&gt;

/s S h/   &lt;'''s x h'''&gt;

/ts tS/   &lt;'''ts tx'''&gt; (I am not sure if these are phonemes; they only occur across syllable boundaries).

/a e i o u/     &lt;'''a e i o u'''&gt;

Allophones:

/T/     &lt;'''t'''-coda followed by stop or nasal&gt;

/x/     &lt;'''k'''-coda followed by stop or nasal&gt;

/K/     &lt;'''l'''-coda followed by h&gt; 

There is no phonemic voicing or aspiration distinction.

From here on, I will write in the orthography.

==Phonotactics==

Syllables may take these structures: (C) (C) V (C).

Legal onsets: null, any consonant, any non-approximant consonant + 1 approximant, '''l''' + '''w''' or '''y'''.

Legal nuclei: any vowel.

Legal codas: Any consonant, with the following execptions: '''p''' cannot be a coda. '''y''' cannot be the coda in a syllable with an '''e''' or '''i''' nucelus.  '''w''' cannot be the coda in a syllable with an '''o''' or '''u''' nucleus.

==Sandhi and Allophony==

'''t''' and '''k''' codas are spirantized when they are followed by a nasal or a stop, i.e. '''t''' becomes /T/ and '''k''' becomes /x/.

When '''l''' occurs next to '''h''' in either sequence, the resulting sound is /K/.

The silibants have a strong tendency to be voiced when they occur next to nasals.  The stops also tend to be voiced in certain positions.  Because voicing is non-phonemic, &quot;wrong&quot; voicing will not alter the meaning of any word or utterance.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Senjecan Postpositions</title>
    <id>2635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58783</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-29T19:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Derivative postpositions are underlined.
01. '''àða''' denotes in association or connection with.
*a custom popular among(st)/with the people
**leuðóşo '''àða''' leúðo úĸos:
**people among(st)/with popular custom
*It is not within my power to free you.
**mùşo ceĸáşo '''àða''' tum šévu móla ne:
** my power within you to.free is not.

02. '''àfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
*one of us
**ṁuùm '''àf’'''  ói
**us of one
*The horse shied and the rider fell off it.
**éčes per téga:  mímus nèş’ '''àfa''' per fóóla:
**horse PAST shy. rider it off PAST fall.
*The mayor was removed from office.
**cììmзënííȝus dasóş’ '''àfa''' dúúraþus per táála:
**mayor office from removed PAST become.

03. '''àļa''' denotes to or on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
*The time is after/past midnight.
**ténas mèðnečáş’ '''àļa''' ésa:
**time midnight after/past is.
*The army arrived behind schedule.
**nértos tenémsom '''àļa''' per tópa:
**army schedule behind PAST arrive.
*It is beyond/past the time for sowing.
**seegáşo tenáşo '''àļa''' ésa:
**sowing time beyond is.
*The master’s plan is beyond/past my understanding.
**ṁalðúşo ĸímas mùşo evзáşo '''àļa''' ésa:
**master’s plan my understanding beyond be.
*The driver drove the wagon slowly by/past the beseiged fortress.
**réðus ááĸaþo ðúnom '''àļa''' réðnom sèèxvi per réða:
**driver besieged fortress past wagon slowly PAST drive.
*The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
**ĸoŗúşo ϙólvo ṁérзos nùşo delϙáş’ '''àļa''' per ésa:
**soldier’s brave action his duty outside PAST be.
*Please stay with us over the summer holidays.
**leetáşo tùȝaamráş’ '''àļa''' ṁuùm sùna ģáálo:
**summer holidays over us with please.stay.
*The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
**réṁrúşo návlus déms '''àļa''' némsu per mááϙa  ne.
**peasant’s child ten past to.count PAST be.able not.

04. '''àmva''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.
*About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.
**zál ĸ̌ɔşóno sedóes ĸetóş’ '''àmva''' per móla:
**twelve wooden chairs living.room about PAST be.
*The tourists wandered about/around the  market.
**sentúes ĸ̌èrïdárom '''àmva''' per ĸel̬a.
**tourists market about PAST wander.
*The prince built a wall around his castle.
**asúrus nùşo dunóş’ '''àmva''' argámom per déma:
**prince his castle around wall PAST build
*The soldiers’ singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
**ĸoŗúm sénŀasë sólo vùþdaróş’ '''àmva''' cúúlaþas táálu per mááϙa:
**soldiers’ singing whole camp all.over heard to.become PAST be.able.
*The king said we might wander through the castle.
**mèhasúrus ṁùon dúnom '''àmva''' ĸél̬u per ééga: 
**king we castle through wander PAST say.

05. '''àṁa''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
*The monkey climbed down the tree.
**múȝces dórom '''àṁa''' per m̧áca:
**monkey tree down PAST climb.
*He has been my friend down through the years.
**nus ṁetáş’ '''àṁa''' mùşo víílus éésa:
**he years down.through my friend has.been
*The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
**d̬ó uðrées dáánem '''àṁa''' ṁuùm baíðrom per séĸ̌a:
**two otters river down our hide.canoe PAST follow.

06. '''àna''' denotes change to, toward or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
*The milkmaid ran up the hill.
**iiϙláxtus ĸólnom '''àna''' per cérsa:
**milkmaid hill up PAST run
*The sailors will row their boat up the river.
**nààusúes dáánem '''àna''' nuùm naaúsom pos éra:
**sailors river up their boat FUT row.
*You'll find the Pinetree Inn up the road around the bend.
**tus ṁeȝóş’ '''àn’''' anĸóş’ àmva púзím àṁsëdémom pos déésa:
**you road up bend around Pinetree Inn FUT find

07. '''ànta''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with, in exchange for or in place of, literally or figuratively.
*The fugitives had to row against the current.
**vugúes cúrĸom '''ànta''' éru per ĸéla:
**fugitives current against to.row PAST had.
*We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.
**ṁùes doríş’ '''ànta''' cílantu múdu cérsum per óĸ̌a:
**we tree against leaning exhausted runner PAST see.
*I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.
**mus mùş’ òlvu vááda medáş’ '''ànta''' dom mérзa:
**I my more good judgment against this do
*The patient lost his struggle against his illness.
**súϙtus nùşo suϙóş’ '''ànta''' nùşo déȝom per háȝa:
**patient his illness against his struggle PAST lose.
*The employee asked for an advance against his salary.
**ţóóraþus nùş’ alŀóş’ '''ànta''' báзom per íga:
**employee  his salary against advance PAST ask.for
*The rowers had to use boards for oars.
**erúes eróş’ '''ànta''' sféltonë nódu per ĸéla:
**rowers oars for boards to.use PAST have.to.
*Run for your life!
**¡tù tùşo žiiȝáş’ '''ànta''' cérse!
**you your life for run!
*The child does not yet know good from bad.
**návlus uflóş’ '''ànta''' váádom зééna ntèndu:
**child bad from good knows not.yet.
*I will give you three apples for your bow.
**mus tùş’ arĸ̌óş’ '''ànta''' tùş’ o tír aabélon pos dóóṁa:
**I your bow for you to three apples FUT give.
*The workman ran into the tree.
**dáárus dórim '''ànta''' per cérsa:
**workman tree into PAST ran.
*The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
**ðónom '''ànta''' nííĸos ǧèmdiiȝáşo ĸímaþos per táála:
**castle on attack tomorrow planned PAST become.
*The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
**riȝṁúes àsurúşo ĸórom cààs' átu '''ànta''' per móla:
**citizens prince’s war to going opposed.to PAST be
*The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.
**зábus gòòldaróş’ '''ànta''' púnem зábu tààda dórim per m̧áca:
**onlooker store opposite fire look.at in.order.to tree PAST climb.
*The woman played opposite her husband.
**ǧénus nùşo potúş’ '''ànta''' per léda:
**woman  her husband opposite PAST play.
*The sailors had to sail the boat up wind.
**naaùsaagúes ṁééntem '''ànta''' naaúsom naaúsu per ĸéla:
**sailors wind up boat to.sail PAST have.to.
*He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.
**nus nùşo ȝorùş’ '''ànta''' càtantus per áámra:
**he his younger.brother with fighting PAST spend.the.day.
*The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall since his accession to the throne.
**mehàsurúşo srégos nùşo rèzsedóş’ cààsa leȝáşo tendáş’ àfa àrgamóş’ '''ànta''' cénĸanþos eésa:
**king’s picture his throne to accession since wall on hanging has.been.

08. '''àpa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
*The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
**èlnevíȝos réépante sínϙem '''àpa''' per cérsa:
**red.deer.herd prowling lion away.from PAST run
*The barber is away from home during the summer months.
**ĸéésus nomóş’ '''àpa''' leetáşo méénan móla:
**barber home away.from of.summer months is
*The stranger is from that town.
**áļus cimзóşo nóş’ '''àpa''' ésa:
**stranger town that from is.

09. '''àv̌a''' denotes made with or composed of.
*This delicious cake is made with honey.
**aláϙo vóṁaþos dos melnóş’ '''àv̌a''' ésa:
**delicious cake this honey made.with is.

10. '''be''' denotes on or toward the exterior of.
*There was a loud noise outside the door.
**tóro túrbos ðuróşo '''be''' per vúúla:
**loud noise door outside PAST there-is.
*Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
**muùm perë  recantúm―muùm ántus telpóşo '''be'' perë stááȝa:
**we PAST deciding our opponent room without PAST stand.

11. '''cààsa''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively.
*The herd moved off in the direction of the river.
**élnos dáánem '''cààsa''' per ĸéȝa:
**herd river in.the.direction.of PAST move.
*The hiker threw the rock at the bear.
**ĸél̬us ɔ́þcem '''cààsa''' óndom perë smíta:
**hiker bear at rock PAST throw.
*Tomorrow the herd will move into the mountains.
**élnos ǧemààmrëvi ǧóron '''cààsa''' pos ĸéȝa:
**herd tomorrow mountains into FUT move.
*Go (un)to the party and have a good time.
**tù túȝnom '''cààs'''' áte: tù ĸ̌ííte:
**you party to go.  you have.good.time.
*If you walk toward(s) the river, you will see the children playing.
**tus—da tus dáánem '''cààsa'''  þrépo—lédantu návlun pos óĸ̌a:
**you if you river towards walk playing children FUT see.
*The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
**riȝṁúes àsurúşo ĸórom '''cààs'''' átu ànta per móla:
**citizens prince’s war to going opposed.to PAST be
*The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall since his accession to the throne.
**mehàsurúşo srégos nùşo rèzsedóş’ cààsa leȝáşo tendáş’ àfa àrgamóş’ '''ànţa''' cénĸanþos eésa:
**king’s picture his throne to accession since wall on hanging has.been.

12. '''dèča''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing east.
*The princess sat to the right of her father the king.
**ììasúrus nùş’ apáşo mehàsurúşo '''dèča''' per séda:
**princess her father king to.the.right.of PAST  sit.

13. '''èga''' denotes having a lack of something.
*The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
**t̮iŀúes eeĸ̆òş’ '''èga''' tír áámran ṁáástom òlna per sénta:
**survivors water without three days desert across PAST travel.

14. '''èha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
*The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
**pérgëmu peelúes íðanto demóş’ '''èha''' per cérsa:
**frightened occupants burning building from PAST run.
*The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
**mímum àļu mímantum ììmerúes tungóş’ '''èha''' зábu per púda:
**knight by riding young.women window out.of look PAST be.busy.
*The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
**naaðrúes ðunóş’ '''èha''' catáşo šénom per cúúla:
**villagers fortress from.within fighting sound PAST hear

15. èna denotes stationary position or location within or movement into.

*The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
*pempél’ óndëзos ĸolnóşo  nìterş’  èna  céȝu    per    tópa:
*gigantic  boulder     hill’s    bottom  at   to.rest PAST arrive.

*Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
*tus     laṁpégo     érgom   èna pélĸonë stíívo:
*you   on.the.left  cupboard  in    dishes     put.

*Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
*ĸúnos  séņo  vóṁaþo ààbelóş’  èna    per   móla:
*walnut each   baked     apple    inside PAST  be.

*The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
*vúϙosë ceȝóſ̧o nèra  sĸítlom èna        ĸúgom        perë stííva:
*  maid      bed  under    box    into quilted.clothing PAST put.

*Horses are not permitted within the holy city.
* ečées sáĸo riȝóş’  èna  vúnðaþes   táála    ne:
*horses holy  city  within permitted become not


16. entèra denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.

*There is no honor among(st) thieves.
*ĸ̌ítas  celpúm entèra   vúúla    ne:
*honor thieves among there.is not.

*The beehives are between the house and the barn.
*  ţotóes    ṁéésosĸ̌e  bóϙosĸ̌’   entèra  móla:
*beehives house.and barn.and between are.

*This book has passed through many hands.
*ĸaϙváálos dos  bééзo hésron entèra      rïréda:
*    book      this  many  hands  through has.passed.

17. èpa denotes accordance with.

*The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads. 
*iimímus  ĸocúş’               èpa               nùş’ éčem  per   míma:
*  rider   nomads after.the.manner.of  her horse PAST ride

*The sculptor sculpted a life-sized statue after/in the image of his deceased wife. 
*   láðus   nùşo  méérmu  ǧenúşo sregóş’ èpa   vilpáálto     láðom   per    láða:
*sculptor   his   deceased  wife’s   image  after equal.sized statue PAST carve.

*At the general's command the troops charged.
*cáþṁus ĸòŗaŗúşo   vundóş’  èpa  per      nííĸa:
*  troops  general’s command at  PAST charged.

*It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
*miilúşo ǧénum ĸimáş’   èpa    per    ésu—dílos  per  ésa:
*miller’s   wife     plan   behind PAST be   clear PAST is.

*The committee learned of his actions by his story.
*daarĸántïmus nùşo ļomóş’ èpa nùşo ṁérзon  per    ménða:
*  committee      his    story     by  his   actions PAST  learn.of.

*The coast guard seized the cargo on the au¬thori¬ty of the governor.
* àfrësápus       dasúş’              èpa               ónom    per      éma:
*coast.guard   governor on.the. authority.of  cargo  PAST  seize.

*According to what the prisoner said, they should have known what to do.
*nùes—ĸólaþus   ć̮om     per  eega nòſ̧’        èpa      —ć̮om  ṁerзu   ṁídu       ĸïĸéla:
*they—prisoner what PAST say  that according.to—what to.do  to.know should.have.

*Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
*nos  mehàsurúşo ȝúúno legóş’  èpa  vúndaþos   táála     ne:
*that        king’s        new    law   under  allowed   become  not.

*I am in accord/agreement with him on this principle.
*mus mùş’         èpa             iϙóşo  dóşo ϙòma móla:
*   I     him  in.accord.with principle this    on      am.

*The visitors left at sunset in conformity to the rules.
*nimúes iqóş’           èpa           ṁespèrëruuðtáşo per    líþa.
*visitors rules in.conformity.to          at.sunset     PAST leave

18. èta denotes in addition to.

*Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.
* tus tùşo šèmoútom sàusṁevóş’    ètu       vrénĸo:
*you your  swimsuit      towel       as.well.as bring.

*Besides a mother, he has an older sister to support.
*   apúcum   amáş’      ètu     nùş’ o   páátu   ésa:
*older.sister mother besides him to support   is.

*In addition to the toll there was a special tax.
* ĸárto  dasϙéltos ṁèȝϙeltóş’        ètu          per     vúúla:
*special    tax            toll        in.addition.to PAST there.is.

19. èva denotes position on top of literally or figuratively.

*The hat was on the table where in the hall. 
*bórĸos portóş’ èna èðleepóş’ èva  per   móla:
*   hat     hall       in      table       on PAST  be.

*The nomads applied paint to the old wagon.
*ĸocúes зééro reðnóş’ èva cíṁom  per   cíṁa:
*nomads  old    wagon   to    paint  PAST paint.

*The tree, damaged by lightning, landed upon their house.
*  caðréşo ṁèèla  ðévaþi  dóris nuúm ṁéésom  èva    per   fóóla:
*lightening   by    damaged tree  their    house   upon PAST land.

*The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
*dénsus   ĸ̌aşóno èðleepóş’ èva      ðróno     ṁévom perë stííva:
*teacher  wooden    table      over variegated  cloth   PAST  put.

20. ho denotes causality.

*At our request, the guard opened the cell door.
*dísus ṁuúm   igóşo  ho tèlpelóşo ðúrom  per  t̬íva:
*guard   our   request at      cell       door PAST open.

*Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
*ṁùes carsááĸe ṁerséşo       ho         átu    per   mááϙa ne:
*  we    torrential    rain    because.of  to.go PAST  able  not

*By working nights, the young man was able to buy the gift for his sweetheart.
*   méŗus      néĸ̌an    dááru  ho ṁènaþáşo làlta dóóṁom  ĸ̌éŗu     per   mááϙa:
*young.man nights working by    beloved    for       gift       to.buy PAST  able.

*The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
*iimèhasúrus nùſ̧o mèngëtáşo  ho reṁóşo    tèrĸ̌a       зéénaþus  per   móla:
*    queen        her     beauty       for   land    throughout  famous   PAST  be

*There was a famine and the children died of hunger.
*héérðos   per     vúúla:    navlúes eelĸáşo ho per mééra:
* famine  PAST there.is   children hunger  of PAST die.


*On account of the flood, the cows could not cross the river.
*ṁaĸées líímşo           ho           dáánem    táru      per   mááϙa ne:
*   cows   flood   on. account.of   river    to.cross PAST   able  not.

*The parents raised the money on behalf of the students.
*зoonúes menðúm         ho          písdom per     léзa:
* parents  students on.behalf.of   money PAST raise.

*The prisoners were extremely weary from all the walking.
*ĸòlaþúes sólu  þrépu     ho   ĸèrmëĸermúes    per   móla:
*prisoners   all  walking from extremely.weary PAST  be.

*Out of fear, the people stayed in their homes.
*teútos viiðóşo    ho    nùşo nemúm èna   per   ģáála:
*people   fear   out.of  their  homes    in   PAST  stay.

*The husband and wife were arguing over the money. 
*    pótusĸ̌e     ǧénusĸ̌e pisdóşo  ho   perë  sfúda:
*husband.and wife.and money  over PAST argue.

*Owing to (due to) his poor directions, we got lost.
*ṁùes nùşo nĸééþo  caasóm       ho     hàȝadóes  per    táála:
*  we    his      poor   directions owing.to    lost     PAST become.

*But through the skill of our guide, we soon were on the  right road.
*ṁùes àņi ṁuúm niiȝùşo  ϙalàşo    ho     ṁééro ṁeȝòşo èva mòscu  per  móla:
*  we   but    our   guide’s    skill   through  right     road     on    soon  PAST  be.

*Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
*ṁùes       sepám         dam    ho       náánu      ĸéla:
*  we   circumstances these under turn.back should.

*At the sight the people went pale with fear.
*leúdus òĸ̌aþóşo ho viidàşo  ho  ðélnes  per     táála:
*people    sight     at    fear    with  pale   PAST become.

21. ȟèlga denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object.

*The child stood facing the wall.
*návlus àrgamóşo ȟèlga   perë   stááȝa:
* child       wall       facing  PAST  stand.

22. ĸèmta denotes in a parallel direction.

*The hunters walked along the road.
*ȝáϙúes ṁéȝom ĸémta   perë þrépa:
*hunters    road    along  PAST walk.

*The dog ran alongside me all the way.
*čónes mum   ĸèmta   sólo ámзom per   cérsa:
*  dog    me  alongside  all     way   PAST run.

23. ĸ̌ìta denotes in honor of.

*They named the bridge in honor of the prince.
*nùes àsurúşo ĸ̌ìta vrééṁomper nóómna:
*they prince in.honor.of bridge PAST name.

24. ĸòma denotes physical proximity.

*The shepherd sat beside the shrine on the hill.
*oṁpétus  nììvdaróşo ĸòma ĸolnóş’ èva  per  séda:
*shepherd   shrine     beside    hill     on  PAST  sit.

*The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake.
*   písĸus    èheróşo ĸòma nomóş’ èna  per  ṁéésa:
*fisherman    lake       by      home    in  PAST live.

*The barn is so close to the house that you can hear the animals.
*bóϙos ṁeesóşo toàlu   ĸòma   esa—p̒ùrsi tus ðuslóṁen  cúúlu  mááϙa:
*  barn    house      so   close.to  is.     that  you animals   to.hear  can.

*The village lies near the edge of the forest.
*  ĸíŀ̬os  catóşo ĸaϙóſ̧o ĸòma céȝa:
*village forest’s  edge   near   lie.

*The lumberjack was standing next to the tree when it fell.
*    ĸáálus    doróşo  ĸòma—nos  tendáşo  per   fóóla—perë  stááȝu  púda:
*lumberjack   tree   next.to    it      at.time  PAST  fall   PAST stand  be.busy.

*The shaman parked the wagon against the house.
* sám̌us  ṁeesóşo  ĸòma  réðnom perë stááȝa:
*shaman   house   against  wagon PAST park.

25. lààba denotes hanging down from.
*Apples grow on trees.
*ààbelóes dorím     lààb’     érda:
*  apples   trees down.from grow.

26. la denotes on this side of.
*The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
* véðúes ṁeesóşo      la               sĸítlom   per   déésa:
* diggers   house  on.this.side.of     box    PAST find.

27. làlta denotes done for the benefit or interest of someone, for.
*We are here on behalf of the people.
*ṁùes lèudóşo     làlta         ìðu  móla:
*  we    people on.behalf.of here are.

*I must pack for my trip.
*mus mùşo sentóşo làlta déégu ĸéla:
*   I      my        trip      for   pack  must.

28. làṁa denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing east.
*The young man stood to the left of his father.
*   méŗus    nùşo apáşo        làṁa      perë   stááȝa:
*young.man his  father to.the.left.of PAST  stand.

29. með- denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is joined.

*The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.
*ǧénlus telpóşo    meðèna     perë  stááȝa:  nus per    ĸál̬a:
*   girl      room   in.middle.of PAST stand.   she PAST cry,

*Then she rain to the middle of the field.
*nus pòsu árзom        mèðo           per   cérsa:
*she then    field  to.the.middle. of PAST  run.

30. mòòda denotes possibility.

*In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.
*ṁùes ṁersóşo   mòòda    boϙóş’èna pos      túȝna:
*  we        rain     in.case.of   barn   in   FUT  have.a.party.

*They are saving money against a rainy day.
*nùes  ṁérs’  aamráşo mòòda  písdom árĸa:
*they   rainy      day       against  money  save.

31. ṁèèla denotes instrumentality.

*By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.
*meðnámus sììmuróşo     ṁèèla     ðúrom t̬íívu    per    mááϙa:
*policeman       knife    by.means.of  door  open PAST be.able.

*The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.
*   éénsus     nùş’ eensóşo ṁèèla pícun   per   órga:
*swordsman  his    sword     with  enemy PAST  kill.

32. nèra denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively.
*The runner broke his leg below the knee.
*cérsus зéňóşo  nera   nùşo ĸóstom per  vérзa:
*runner    knee   below   his      leg    PAST break.

*Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
* ánso cérdos ĸálo  dercóşo nóşo  nèra   páálga:
*kindly  heart   stern  visage  that beneath beats.

*The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.
*céérus nùşo ṁeesóşo vúðmóşo     nèra      nùşo ϙáávom   per   ðémva: 
*farmer   his     house         floor   underneath  his  treasure PAST bury.

33. nòma denotes to or at the home of someone.

*We will meet you at the home of the mayor.
*ṁues rìȝaagúşo        nòma        tum pos  móóda:
*  we     mayor    at.the.home.of  you FUT meet.

*The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.
*òlvu ȝuunúes riȝáágum       nòma          per  cérsa:
*more,young     mayor   to.the.home.of PAST run.

34. ņòpa denotes in a position forward of.

*The priest stood in front of the church.
*vláϙmus tòzdemóşo     ņòpa      perë  stááȝa:
*  priest       church     in.front.of  PAST stand.

*The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.
*navlùşo  scááȝos num  ņòpa     per     méṁa:   nos num  per    pérga:
* child’s    shadow  him  before PAST advance.   it    him PAST frighten.

*We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.
*ṁùes réémo   nèrertóşo    ņòpa    ánþonë vĸènvi  per     óĸ̌a:
* we     dark   background against flowers  easily  PAST see

35. o denotes the indirect object of the verb, for, to.

*These flowers are for you.
*anþóes dóes   tùş’ o ésa:
*flowers these you for are.

36. òlna denotes motion from one side to the other.
*The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
*    iiloṁúes       vógom   òlna    òvlu    télṁo   stiivóş’ èna  perë  vróða:
*washerwomen stream across more shallow   place    at  PAST wade.

*Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
*tus  telpóş’           òlna               sédomë stíívo:
*you  room on.the.other.side.of   chair     put.

*The defeated troops fled over the bridge.
*  séhaþu caþmusë vrééṁom òlna   per   vúga:
*defeated    troops      bridge     over PAST flee.

37. pèga denotes position at or movement towards the side of something.

*They sat at the side of the room.
*nùes telpóşo    pèga            per   séda:
*they   room  at.the.side.of PAST  sit.

*They ran to the side of the room.
*nùes télpom      pèga           per   cérsa:
*they   room  to.the.side.of PAST  run.

38. pèra denotes before in time.

*Let’s leave before noon.
*ṁuès loṁnáşo pèra    líĸ̌e:
*   we      noon   before leave.

39. pèrsa denotes at or during a time anterior to.

*Be here by/no later than sunset.
* tù sùùlǧaavóşo     pèrsa      ìðu esa:
*you   sunset    no.later.than here be.

*twenty minutes of/to   five
*   sár    tenlóes  pén pèrsa 
*twenty minutes five    to

*To this very day, he insists he was right.
*nus axrììb’ aamráşo dáşo—num ṁéérum per mólu—ðéra:
* he    very      day       this    him    right   PAST be     insist.

40. pòrsa denotes up to a limit.

*The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
*   órgus   pèlisóşo     pòrsa         perë  stááȝa: nus pèru   per   ŀémba:
*murderer   cliff    at.the.edge.of PAST stand:   he  then PAST  jump:

*We will go with you as far as the river.
*nùes dáánem   pòrsa    tum pos      súna:
*  we     river    as.far.as you FUT accompany.

*You may have as many as five apples.
*tus  pén aabelóm    pòrsa      ṁríío:
*you five   apples as.many.as take.

*The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
*   aabélis     oc    pedám erðóşo pòrsa   per   érda:
*apple.tree eight    feet     height    to     PAST grow.

*We will wait for you until/till sunup.
*nùes sùùlṁerðóşo pòrsa tum pos  ména:
*  we       sunup           till    you FUT await

*The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
*pèèlnëϙávusë vrénom pòrsa mùşo péélnom per   pééla:
*   cupbearer        brim       to      my      cup     PAST    fill.

*We are about to land.
*ṁùesë hðému pòrsa móla:
*   we      land    about  are.

41. pòsa denotes posterior to in time or space.

*It was after noon when we finally arrived.
*tendáşo ṁùes ṁenðònu per    tópa—lóṁnáşo pòsa    per ésa:
* at.time     we      finally  PAST arrive     noon     after PAST be.

*I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
*mus mùşo   pòsa       ȝacóşo     punéşo smúxom óĸ̌u  per    mááϙa.
*   I       me   behind pine.forest’s   fire’s    smoke    see PAST be.able.

*Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
ǧenúes catóşo    pòsa       t̬íŀun     per      ϙía:
women  battle following survivor PAST look.for.

42. ϙòṁa denotes with respect or regard to or concern for.

*In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
*mus tùşo venĸóşo    ϙòṁa     ǧemààmrëvi  pos  puééga:
*   I     your   letter   with.regard    tomorrow   FUT  answer.

*With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
*mus tùşo   ṁidáşo           ϙòṁ’           áϙla:
*   I    your knowledge with.respect.to disagree.

*The ferryman knew nothing concerning/regarding/as regards the money stolen from the treasury.
* pérmus   ĸ̌èŗarĸóş’  àfa célpaþo pisdóşo     ϙòṁa      nèčom    per   ṁída:
*ferryman   treasury  from  stolen   money  concerning nothing PAST know.

*I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.
*mus nésus—tùşo ǧénum      tang̔óno      dooṁóşo dóşo ϙòṁa pos  mólu—móla:
*  I    sure    your      wife   mother-of-pearl    gift        this    with  FUT   be      be.

*The Committee on Orthography
*rùùnpexmáşo ϙòma daarĸántïmus
*  orthography      on      committee

*For this stitch, use a heavier thread.
*tù    siṁóşo dóşo ϙòma òlvu   téǧo  snéétom nóde:
*you  stitch     this   for    more heavy   thread    use.
*My teacher helped me with my homework.
*mùşo dénsus mùşo nòmvagóşo ϙòma mum  per   célba:
*  my   teacher  my    homework     with    me  PAST  help.

43. rèèзa denotes the dimension to which something is extended.

*He is shorter than his older sister by one inches.
*nus ói dooróşſ̧o rèèзa òlvu mréhus nùşo    sruṁùşo sòma móla:
*he one dooros     by   more   short     his   older.sister  than    is.

44. sòma denotes comparison.

*Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
*das hèsṁetáşo      sòma      ŀéra léétas    per   ésa ne:
*this   last.year  compared.to hot summer PAST be  not.

*A horse is bigger than a cow.
*éčes   òlvu  méhes ṁaĸéşo sòma ésa:
*horse more    big        cow     than   is.

45. stììva denotes replacement or preference.

*Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
*ṁùes ǧóósóşo    tììva     ṁespèredóşo tààda áŀnom per    ṁríía:
*  we       beef   instead.of       supper         for     lamb PAST receive.

*The butcher gave us three chickens in lieu of cash for his rent.
*mémsus pisdóşo   tììva      nùşo ź̧aĸáşo ànţa ṁun o     tír      ĸáĸen      per  dóóṁa:
* butcher     cash   in.lieu.of   his      rent     for    us   to three chickens PAST  give.

*The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.
*vóṁus vòṁaþóşo dóş’ èna ĸ̧ortémóşo     tììva      aabélon  per   nóda:
* baker      cake        this   in       pears    rather.than apples PAST use.

46. sùna denotes accompaniment in time or space.

*Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.
*ṁuùm suunúesë sóla poslóṁnam nuùm eezòònaþúm sùna  per    léda:
*  our        sons       all    afternoon     their    cousins          with PAST play.

*The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.
*çógus   tír     eepúm            sùna             ĸ̌èrïdémom per    ĸáda:
*trader three associates in.company.with      store     PAST  rob

*The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.
* iiasúrus  ǧerðúm      sùna     sénŀu per    éϙra:
*princess minstrels along.with sing  PAST begin.

47. ša denotes exception.

*Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
*ṁuùm ṁèlpëténdas ói ðusóşo nóşo       ſ̮a            dízras     per   ésa: 
*  our          vaction    one storm  that   apart.from wonderful PAST be.

*Your statement is beside the point.
*tùşo     éégas   ȝobáşo   ša     ésa:
*your statement   point beside  is.

*There's no one here besides Bill and me.
* nèčus   Bilĸ̌e   mùşoĸ̆e    ša      ìðu    vúúla:
*no one Bill.and me.and besides here there.is.

*But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
*nértos ĸoŗècümimúşo ϙólvo ṁerзóşo  ša    cátom     hïháȝo:
*army   cavalryman’s    brave    deed  but.for battle would.have.lost.

*They were all there except/save me.
* sólu nùes mùşo   ša     tòru    per  móla:
*  all    they  me  except there PAST be.

*The cooks served the troops three oxen and five sheep, not to speak  of/mention the many chickens.
*péĸ̌úes caþṁúş’ o   tír    ğóósenĸ̆e pén   óṁenĸ̆e  bééзe  ĸaĸém            ſ̮a            perë  slúg-a:
* cooks    troops to three oxen.and five sheep.and  many chickens not.to.mention PAST  serve.

*I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
*néĸ̌o písdos mùşo paadóş’ èna şóĸ̌o paḑóşo        ša      mùş’ o móla:
*  no   money    my   pocket    in    few     coins  other.than  me  to   is.

*Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
*néĸ̌’ áņo   šeedóes  nùş’  o nùşo mèngëtáşo   ša    móla:
* no  other attributes  her  to  her    beauty     outside are.

48. tààda denotes purpose, for, for the purpose of, in order to.

*We tried to break down the problem for further study. 
*ṁùes ṁitéra peṁáşo tààda ĸálam        lému        per   péra:
*  we   further  study      for   problem break.down PAST try.

*I stood up in order to see.
*mus óĸ̌u     tààda      per   stááȝa:
*  I     see in.order.to PAST stand.

49. tèèla denotes a means of conveyance.

*The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.
*mèlðësentúes reðnóşo tèèla nììvdaróş’ o    per   áta:
*     pilgrims        wagon    by       shrine    to PAST go.

50. tendáş’ àfa denotes from a time anterior to, since.

*I have not seen her since the wedding.
*mus ṁeðóşo tendáş’ àfa num   oóĸ̌a       ne:
*   I    wedding     since      her have.seen not

51. tèrĸ̌a denotes duration or extension through time or space literally or figuratively.

*The harvesters worked very hard during the harvest.
*   esnúes    ésnom  tèrĸ̌a  làbu ĸàlvi per  dáára:
*harvesters harvest during very hard PAST work.

*The potter was sick for a long time.
*líígus súϙtus ṁázða téndam tèrĸ̌a  per  móla:
*potter  sick       long      time      for   PAST be.

*The carpenter completed his work in only ten minutes.
*  ĸ̌ɔ́sus   ĸàṁlëvi déms  ténlan tèrĸ̌a nùşo dáárom  per    séňa:
*carpenter   only     ten   minutes   in     his     work   PAST complete.

*It rained through the night.
*neĸ̌am  tèrĸ̌a      per   ṁérsa:
* night  through PAST  rain.

*Throughout the nation there was great joy.
*méha báȝas ĸ̧únam     tèrĸ̌a       per     vúúla:
* great    joy    nation throughout PAST there.is.

*Under the rule of that king, new laws brought justice.
*ȝúúno ligóes mehàsurúşo nùşo réзam tèrĸ̌a ȝústam  per  vrénka:
*  new   laws         king’s        that    rule   under justice PAST bring.

52. tììrsa denotes disregard for.

*The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.
*    mérus    nùşo   melsáşo      egóşo tììrsa     per    ȝáϙa.
*young.man  his  experience’s  lack  despite PAST hunt.

*In spite of the bad weather, the travelers decided to begin their journey.
*sentúes         ðúsas         tììrsa      nuùm séntam  éϙru    per    réca:
*travelers  bad.weather in.spite.of  their   journey begin PAST decide.

*The soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.
*ĸóŗus ĸàṁlëvi ói hástom  úðu    tììrsa   váádu dáárus móla:
*soldier   only   one  arm  having despite good  worker  is.

*In the face of opposition, the colonists succeeded in their task.
* ṁiĸúes      antáşo       tììrsa            nuúm daaróşo ϙòṁa  per      p̓úrsa:
*colonists opposition in.the.face.of   their      task       in     PAST succeed.

*Notwithstanding the farmer’s objection, the soldiers took the horse.
* ĸoŗúes  cééróşo antësfúdóşo         tììrsa          éčem   perë   ṁríía:
*soldiers  farmer’s   objection   notwithstanding horse PAST  take.

53. ùpa denotes at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively.

*The knight held the sword above his head.
*mímus nùşo ĸaflóş’  ùpa  éénsom  per   ϙáva:
*knight    his   head  above  sword  PAST hold.

*Please put the bowl on top of the cabinet for me.
* tus  érgom      ùpa     mùşo làlta péélṁom    stíívo:
*you cabinet on.top.of   me      for     bowl     please.put.

*The osprey hovered over the lake.
* gáses ehérom ùpa   per    ĸ̌iilpééta:
*osprey   lake    over  PAST    hover.

54. vèèřa denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing.

*The boy perched astraddle the fence.
*ṁírlus tuóşo   vèèřa      per    séda:
*  boy   fence  astraddle PAST perch.

*The wizard sat astride his dragon.
*mááȝus nùşo saaróşo  vèèřa     per  séda:
* wizard    his    dragon   astride PAST  sit.

*The town was on both sides of the river.
*címзos dáánem       vèèřa              per  ésa:
*  town       river   on.both.sides.of  PAST  is.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:MUFI</title>
    <id>2636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11876</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T13:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>MUFI is the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;MUFI&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:MUFI</title>
    <id>2637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11877</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T13:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">MUFI is the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 06:20, 2 August 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki talk:Common.css</title>
    <id>2638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39537</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-07T06:16:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Undid change */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">MUFI is the Medieval Unicode Font Initiative http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/mufi/

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 06:23, 2 August 2006 (PDT)

== Undid change ==

I'm not sure what [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;diff=39491&amp;oldid=34480 this edit] was ''supposed'' to do, but it had the effect of making text disturbingly large (only slightly larger than average in Firefox, but about as big as an &amp;lt;h1&gt; headline in Opera).  Whatever the intent was, I reverted till there is a better implementation of it.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:16, 7 November 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:BIGMUFI</title>
    <id>2639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11886</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T13:39:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>There are problems combining two style-class based templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;big MUFI&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:BIGIPA</title>
    <id>2640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11888</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-02T13:41:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>There are problems combining two style-class based templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;big IPA&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:CapitalLongS.gif</title>
    <id>2641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11935</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-03T11:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Preferred form of capital {{IPA|ʃ}} in [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]. (Looks like a J turned 180 degrees.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kyratovsko al español</title>
    <id>2642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>11974</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-04T16:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Duccio Parlos Daufini</username>
        <id>208</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Esta lengua es hablada por más que 999 millones de personas de en todos de las regiones de ParaEarth y en bases secretas de la tierra. La lengua se basa en gaélico, francés, eslavo, vasco italianos, latinos, griegos, irlandeses, Galés, inglés, español, holandés, alemán, asiático, y más idiomas diseñadas para hacer la lengua hablada mejor en todas las regiones. Hay rastros de las palabras solitarias del malay, del chino, del japonés, del indonesio, de Hindi, de Pali, de Urdu, del árabe, de Turco y de Philipino para lo que comunicación del este Orientol de la gente de la llamada de [[Kyratopian]]s o los orientoles del lingvo. La lengua de Kyratopians tiene gusto de agregar palabras extrañas adentro de muchos cultiva la palabra americana nativa se llama nativo del americano así que busqúelos. Observe por favor ese alot de palabras en [[Kyratopian]] que se parezca estar fuera de lugar deba todavía ser clasificado en este diccionario de 45.091 palabras o más. Hay palabras compuestas en esta lengua como la mayoría de las idiomas que las palabras con orígenes desconocidos se parecen ser agregadas adentro sin ningún knowlege de donde vino. Theres sido un uso rápido de verbos y de la lengua se está desarrollando por favor sea paciente. Las palabras alemanas se utilizan para los términos médicos, y sociales, como krank, volk, y mensch.


strova, drova: hola 

garderci: adiós 

gratis: agradezca 

Gratis!: ¡Grazias!


{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Rhodrese</title>
    <id>2647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25832</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-30T13:33:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{R3 pages}}
== Rhodrese ==
This formerly unnamed Romlang initially has the developments you would expect from a Western Romance language.  However at a later time there is vowel mutation  by a high or low vowel (''a &lt; ă/ā, i &lt; ī, u &lt; ū''), with final vowels later being lost, or in the case of ''-a'' being reduced to ''-e'' {{IPA|[ə]}}.  Somewhat unexpectedly plurals of the first declension show forms as if the a-mutated vowels of the singular had later undergone i-mutation.  This most certainly is due to analogy with the second and third declension rather than to a preserved {{IPA|[ai̥]}} ending &amp;mdash; or did an ending pronounced {{IPA|[æ]}} cause such a 'double' mutation?

== Vowels ==

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
!   Latin
!   VL
!   W. Rmc.{{ref|vowel-length}}
!  No mut.
!   a-mut.{{ref|a-mutation}}
!   i-mut
!  a/i-mut.{{ref|a-i-mutation}}
!   u-mut.{{ref|u-mutation}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ī''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ị''
|  ''ĭ''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''i''
|  ''e''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | n/a
| ''e''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ui &amp;gt; eu'' {{IPA|/y/}}{{ref|vowels-ui-eu}}
|-
|  ''ī''
| '' ei &amp;gt; ai''
| ''ei &amp;gt; ai''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ĭ,  ē, oe''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ẹ''
|  ''ẹ̆''
|  ''e''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot;  rowspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''i''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''oe'' {{IPA|/ø/}} ''&amp;gt; e''{{ref|vowels-oe-ae}}
|-
|  ''ẹ̄''
|  ''ei &amp;gt; ai''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ĕ, ae''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ę''
|  ''ę̆''
|  ''e''
|  ''oe &amp;gt; e''
|-
|  ''ę̄''
|  ''ie''
|  ''ue '' ''{{IPA|/yø/ &amp;gt; /ye/}}''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ă, ā''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''a''
|  ''ă''
|  ''a''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ae ''{{IPA|/æ/}}'' &amp;gt; e''{{ref_label|vowels-oe-ae|6|}}
|  ''o''
|-
| ''ā''
| ''ea &amp;gt; ia''{{ref|a-breaking}}
| ''ie''{{ref|ea-mutation}}
| ''e''
| ''oa &amp;gt; ua''{{ref_label|a-breaking|7|}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ŏ''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ǫ''
|  ''ǫ̆''
|  ''o''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''oe &amp;gt; e''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
|-
|  ''ǭ''
|  ''uo''
|  ''ue''
| ''oe &amp;gt; e''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ŭ, ō''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ọ''
|  ''ọ̆''
|  ''o''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''oe &amp;gt; e''
|-
|  ''ọ̄''
|  ''ou{{ref|diphthong-ou}} &amp;gt; au''
|  ''eu''{{ref_label|vowels-ui-eu|5|}}
|  ''ue''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ū''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''ụ''
|  ''ŭ''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |  ''u''
| ''o''
| ''ui &amp;gt; eu''
| ''oe &amp;gt; e''
|-
|  ''ū''
| ''ou &gt; au''
| ''eu''
| ''ei &gt; ai''
|}

=== Notes ===
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|vowel-length}} Vowel length in Western Romance'''
:After the Classical Latin vowel length distinction was lost in favor of a distinction of vowel quality there developed a new length distinction in parts of the Vulgar Latin area.  In some parts, notably Iberia, all stressed vowels were lengthened, while in most parts, including Italy and Gaul, it was stressed vowels in open syllables that were lengthened; Rhodrese belongs to this latter group.  The difference is best seen in the diphthongization of ''ę'' and ''ǫ'' (from Latin ''ĕ'' and ''ŏ'': in Castilian {{SC|tęrra, pęde}} became ''tierra'' and ''pié'' because the first ''e'' was stressed in both words, but in Italian they became ''terra'' and ''piede'' because the stressed syllable was closed in {{SC|tęrra}} but open in {{SC||pęde}}.  In Rhodrese these words become ''terre'' and ''pier'' (plurals ''tir'' and ''pir'').
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|a-mutation}} A-mutation'''
:A-mutation lowered the high vowels ''i&amp;zwj;̣'' and ''ụ'' to ''ẹ'' and ''ọ''.  A-mutation was prior to the secondary diphthongization of ''ẹ̄'' to ''ei'' and ''ọ̄'' to ''ou'', so the a-mutated ''ī&amp;zwj;̣'' and ''ụ̄'' diphthongize along with primary ''ẹ̄'' and ''ọ̄''.
:Although a-mutation was certainly later than the diphthongization of ''ę̄'' to ''ie'' and ''ǭ'' to ''uo'' the high first elements of these diphthongs are not subject to a-mutation, whether because of the intervening mid vowel element, or because the diphthongs had already became {{IPA|[jɛ]}} and {{IPA|[wɔ]}}.
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|a-i-mutation}} A/i-mutation'''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|u-mutation}} U-mutation'''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|ref|vowels-ui-eu}} The vowels ''ui'' and ''eu'''''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|vowels-oe-ae}} The vowels ''oe'' and ''ae'''''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|a-breaking}} Breaking of Western Romance ''*a'''''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|ea-mutation}} I-mutation of ''ea &amp;gt; ia'''''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;'''{{note|diphthong-ou}} The diphthong ''ou'' &amp;lt; Western Romance ''ō&amp;zwj;̣'' and Latin ''au'''''
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== Consonants ==

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
|+Consonant correspondences
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | VL
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Initial
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Geminate
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Final
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Intervocalic
|-
! Primary
! Secondary
! Pretonic
! Posttonic
|-
| ''p''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''p''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| ''p''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''b''
|-
| ''t''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''t''
| ''t''
| ''t''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''d''
|-
| ''ć'' {{IPA|[c]}}
| ''c'' {{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''x'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} &gt; ''tx''{{Note|1}}
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| ''z &gt; ç'' {{IPA|[ts]}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''z'' {{IPA|[dz]}}
|-
| ''c''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''c, ch'' {{IPA|[k]}}
| Ø
| ''c''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g, gh'' {{IPA|[g]}}
|-
| ''b''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''b''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| ''f''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''v''
|-
| ''d''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''d''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ø
| ''d''
| Ø
|-
| ''ǵ'' {{IPA|[ɟ]}}''''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g'' {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''i, y'' {{IPA|[j]}}''i, y''
| ''g(i)'' {{IPA|[dʒ] (&gt; [ʒ]?}}
| ''i, y''
|-
| ''j''
| ''i &gt; j '' {{IPA|[dʒ]}}
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | n/a
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| ''g''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g, gh'' {{IPA|g}}
| Ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g''
| Ø
|-
| ''pj''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''(pj pi)''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | n/a
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''uj, bi &gt;be''
|-
| ''tj''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''c(i)'' {{IPA|[ts]}}
| ''c(i)''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''z &gt;
ç''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''c(i)''
|-
| ''kj''
| ''x''
|-
| ''bj''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''(bj bi)''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''uj, vi &gt;ve''
|-
| ''dj''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''z'' {{IPA|[dz]}}
| | ''z'' &gt; ç {{IPA|[ts]}}''''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g(i) (&gt; j)''
|-
| ''gj''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g(i)''
| ''x '' &gt; ''tx''
|-
| ''m''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''m''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''m''
|-
| ''n''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''n''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''n''
|-
| ''mb''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | n/a
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | n/a
| ''m''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''mb''
|-
| ''nd''
| ''n''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''nd''
|-
| ''ng''
| ''ng'' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''ng'' {{IPA|[ŋg]}}
|-
| ''mj''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''gn(i)
'' {{IPA|[ɲ]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''(i)gn'' {{IPA|[ɲ]}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''gn(i)''
|-
| ''nj, gn, cĭn &gt; ć’n''
|-
| ''lj, gl, gĭl, gĕl, dĭl, dĕl''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''gl(i)
'' {{IPA|[ʎ]}}
| ''*ggl
&gt; gl, ghl(i)''
| class=&quot;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''(i)gl
'' {{IPA|[ʎ]}}'', gl(i)''
|-
| ''cĭl, cĕl, cĭl, cĕl''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''*ccĺ &gt;
cl, chl(i)''
|-
| ''cŭl, cŏl, căl &gt; c’l''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''cl, chl(i)'' {{IPA|[kl]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''gu &gt; go''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;&quot; | ''gl, ghl(i), (i)ghl''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| ''tŭl, tŏl, tăl &gt; t’l''
|-
| ''gŭl, gŏl, găl &gt; g’l''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''gl, ghl(i)'' {{IPA|[gl]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''*ggl &gt; gl, ghl(i)''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | '' l''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | l
|-
| ''dŭl, dŏl, dăl &gt; d’l''
|-
| ''s''
| | ''s'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| | ''ss'' {{IPA|[s]}}
| Ø
| | ''s''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''s '' {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
| ''sj''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''sc(i)'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''-is, -sz &gt; sç'' (all {{IPA|[ʃ]}})
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''si '' {{IPA|[ʒ]}} (''&gt; j'' ?)
|-
| ''sc´, scj''
| | ''sc(i)''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; | n/a
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| ''ct''
| style=&quot;background-color: gray;&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | n/a
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''x &gt; tx''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| ''gĭd''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''g(i) &gt; j''
|-
| '' cĭt, cĕt''
|-
| ''tĭc, tĕc''
|-
| ''pt''
| ''t''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''t''
|-
| ''pĭt, bĭt, vĭt''
| ''ut''
| ''ut''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''ud''
|-
| ''pĭd, bĭd, vĭd''
| ''uj''
| ''uj''
| ''ud''
| ''uj''
|}

== Random notes ==
Intervocalic ''b &gt; v''; ''g' &gt; j'' '''i''';
''p, t, k', k &gt; b, d, g', g'' but ''tj, kj'' &gt; voiceless ''ts'', ''gj'' &gt; {{IPA|[dʒ]}} '''gi'''.  Unpalatalized original ''g'' tends to disappear.

Initial ''k', kj, tj &gt; ts'' '''c(i)'''; initial ''g', gj'' &gt; {{IPA|[dʒ]}} '''(g)i'''.

''dj'' in all positions &gt; {{IPA|[dz]}} '''z'''.

''ct'' &gt; {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, while actual ''x'' = ''ks'' &gt; ''s'' or undergoes metathesis to ''sk'', which may be palatalized to {{IPA|[ʃ]}} '''sc(i)'' along with original ''sc''.{{ref|sibilant-spellings}}

Voiced stops and affricates ending up final after the loss of final vowels become devoiced, spelled ''p, t, z'' {{IPA|[ts]}} (later ''ç''), ''(i)x'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, ''c''.

Final {{IPA|[ʃ]}} is spelled ''V(i)ss/Vis'', later ''sç'', with occasionally ''sz/sx'' in early texts.

Word initial ''ie, ue, uo'' are spelled '''hie, hue, huo''', since the normal medieval pronunciation of initial prevocalic '''i, u''' was ''j, v''.

The vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} ''ae'' and {{IPA|[ø]}} ''oe'' were found in the earliest texts, but later merged with ''e'', while ''ui'' {{IPA|[y]}} and ''eu'' {{IPA|[øy]}} merged as {{IPA|/y/}} spelled ''eu''!  The spelling ''ue'' remained, but probably shifted from {{IPA|[yø]}} to {{IPA|[ø]}}.

A ''k, g, sk'' before a front vowel that arose through mutation wasn't
palatalized.  They are spelled '''ch, gh, sch'''.

{{note|sibilant-spellings}} Due to the {{sc|sc/x}} merger it is likely that ''x'' was primarily a spelling for {{IPA|/ʃ/}} all along, while {{IPA|/tʃ/}} was normally spelled ''tx'', or in early texts alternating with ''cx''.  It is however likely that Classicism created a vougue for using ''x'' for {{IPA|/ks/}} — and against the 'barbaric' ''cs'' (or rather, at the time, ''cſ'') — in learnëd words, this making ''sc{{sup|i,e}}/sç'' the normal spelling for {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in all cases — even though ''sçt'' for {{IPA|/ʃt/}} &lt; {{sc|scĭt/xĭt}} will look a tad bizarre! It is also likely that the 16{{sup|th}} grammarians disagreed on these points.  I can envisage this 'pattern':

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
|+ {{SUBPAGENAME}} sibilant spellings
|-
! !! Medieval !! Pirrí !! Grieur !! Modern
|-
! {{IPA|/dz/ &gt; /z/}}
| z, dz || z || z || z
|-
! {{IPA|/ts/ &gt; /s/}}
| c{{sup|i,e}}, ce{{sup|a,o,u}}/ci{{sup|a,o,u}}, tz, cz, zz
| c{{sup|i,e}}, tz, (ci{{sup|a,o,u}})
| c{{sup|i,e}}, ç
| c{{sup|i,e}}, ç
|-
! {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| sc{{sup|i,e}}, sce{{sup|a,o,u}}/sci{{sup|a,o,u}}, x, sz, sx, ss, iss, xx
| sc{{sup|i,e}}, x || sc{{sup|i,e}}, sç, (ixt {{IPA|/ʃt/}})
| sc{{sup|i,e}}, sç
|-
! {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| tx, cx, cc{{sup|i,e}}, cce{{sup|a,o,u}}/cci{{sup|a,o,u}}, cc
| tx || tx || tx
|-
! {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| g{{sup|i,e}}, i{{sup|V}}, ge{{sup|a,o,u}}/gi{{sup|a,o,u}}, gg
| g{{sup|i,e}}, gi{{sup|a,o,u}}, gg
| g{{sup|i,e}}, i{{sup|V}}
| g{{sup|i,e}}, j
|-
! {{IPA|/j/}}
| i, y || i || y || y
|-
! {{IPA|/ks/}}
| cſ, cx || cſ || x || x
|}

Pirrí and Grieur may be expected to disagree along their usual pattern, with Pirrí being a rationalist and populist and Grieur a classicist/Latinist.

* In Medieval spelling prevocalic and final ''i'' was ambiguous between {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.{{ref|i-ambiguous}}  Pirrí's solution was to never use plain ''i'' for {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, while Grieur's was to use ''i'' only for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and always ''y'' for {{IPA|/j/}}.
Modern spelling is fool-proof in never using ''i'' in these positions (except the recognized diphthongs and triphthongs ''ie, ia, ieu, iau''), but ''j/g{{sup|i,e}}'' for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and ''y'' for {{IPA|/j/}}.
:{{note|i-ambiguous}} Medieval scribes tried to insert ''h''s to diambiguate, but that could get very messy.

* The 16th century grammarian Pirrí didn't like the letter ''ç'' -- in fact he didn't mention it at all, but gladly wrote {{IPA|/tsia/}} and {{IPA|/tsie/}} as ''ciia, ciie'' as well as ''giia, giie, sciia sciie'', while e.g. ''cia'' spelled {{IPA|/tsa/}}. Word finally he showed devoicing in spelling so he needed only ''s, tz, tx, x'' as final sibilants and no non-prevocalic {{IPA|/dʒ/}}. His fellow grammarian Grieur lambasted the ''ii'' and ''tz'' spellings, as well as ''x'' for {{IPA|/ʃ/}} as barbarisms. What is really puzzling is that Grieur didn't criticize or question the spelling ''tx'' for {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. Did he feel he could not come up with an improvement, or did he in fact propose something like ţ for {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and ş for {{IPA|/ʃ/}}? &amp;mdash; although taking this to its logical conclusion we'd get ''çţ'' and ''çç'' for {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and likely some instances of ''ģ''! Of course we must not expect either gentleman to have been scientific or consistent!

* ''z'' does not occur before {{IPA|/i/}} in normally developed native {{SUBPAGENAME}} words. All occurrences are due to borrowing, analogy or ahistorical spelling. The most common item is the name ''Clauzine'' altered from ''Claudine'' under the influence of ''Clauze'' &lt; {{SC|Claudia}} or derived anew from ''Clauz'' &lt; {{SC|Claudius}}.
*   ''-ine'' most certainly is a productive feminine ending, since the genders will normally not be morphologically distinct in the plural.  Don't overuse it, we don't want Esperanto!  Check Grandgent for alternatives.


* {{SC|Augustu}} &gt; ''Aost'' {{SC|Augustinu}} &gt; ''Aoesti'' [aøst'i] &gt; ''Aesti &gt; Aiesti''.

* {{SC|molliatu}} &gt; ''moigleat &gt; mogliad''. Pirrí: &quot;La C mogliade sempre se prononciet TS et la Z sempre se prononciet DS.&quot;
: {{sc|molliare}} means 'make soft', &gt; {{sc|moljare}} &gt; ''moiglear &gt; mogliar''; present will be ''mogl, mogle, moglet'', since the {{sc|o}} is in a closed syllable, plural ''mogliam, mogliaç, moglien''. {{sc|mollicare}} means 'make wet' &gt; ''molghiar'', while {{sc|mulgere}} &gt; ''molger'' (participle most likely ''melgid'' &lt; {{sc|*mulgītum}}).

* In modern spelling of {{SUBPAGENAME}} stress falls unless otherwise indicated on the vowel before the last consonant except in words with final Vt which is stressed on the penultimate. Thus most 3d person singular verb forms need not be marked with an accent. OTOH a few words like ''amít'' 1st person singular of ''amiter'' 'admit need to be marked.  What about final ''-n'' &lt; {{SC|-nt}}?  What about 2.sg. {{SC|-s}}?  Might it be restored by analogy with perfect {{SC|-isti}} &gt; ''-is'', or is that unrealistic?  NB {{SC|-isti}} would be -st at the time -s was lost.

* Which is the correct Vulgar Latin form of {{SC|molliare}}, {{SC|mollare}}, {{SC|mollicare}}? Participle will be ''molliad/moliad/molghiad''.

* How common will {{IPA|/ɡn/}}, {{IPA|/ɡl/}} &lt; {{SC|gVn}}, {{SC|gVl}} be? What happened to (initial) {{SC|gl}} in Old French? Will the spellings ''gn, gl'' for the palatal nasal and liquid and ''ghn, ghl'' for the clusters be OK? Since {{SC|cin}}, {{SC|gin}}, {{SC|cil}}, {{SC|gil}} will become palatal sonorants they will be quite common. I definitely don't like word initial ''nn'' and not really ''ñ'' or initial ''ll'' either. The spellings ''gl, ghn, ghl'' would give {{SUBPAGENAME}} its own character.

* The superordinate goal of Grieur's orthography was to preserve the spelling of Latin / learned words, and he accepted quite a high level of ambiguity in order to make R3 spelling less 'barbaric'. For example he preserved the spellings ''ei, ou'' despite himself admitting that they were pronounced ''ai, au'', because they were closer to the Latin spellings with ''e/i, o/u'', and at the same time he wrote ''au'' in words descended from Latin words with that spelling. As for {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɡn/}}, {{IPA|/ɡl/}} he favored ''ign/gni, igl/gli'' as the spelling for the palatals and stated that the limited set of words having {{IPA|/ɡni/}}, {{IPA|/ɡli/}} etc. could be learned by rote.

* In fact all instances of ''ciV, giV, sciV'' in {{SUBPAGENAME}} are due to either dipthongization or loan, while all instances of original {{sc|Cj}} have become palatalized consonants of various sorts and spelled ''ç/c, j/g, sç/sc, gl, gn, tx, z'' e.g. ''-ance, -çáu, -aj''. OTOH most instances of ''ch, gh, sch'' are due to 'breaking' of following {{sc|a}} or umlaut of a following back vowel.

* Variation: ''naçáu'' pl. ''nacéu &gt; necéu, nacioneal/nazzoneal &gt; naçonial'' pl. ''nazzonel'' {{IPA|/natsonel/}} &gt; ''neceniel''.

* Clauz Grieur introduced ''ç'', but essentially used it only word-finally, using ''ciV'' for both {{IPA|/tsʌ/}} and /{{IPA|tsiV}}/ in other positions -- ''nacióu'' --, while Mighel Pirrí used diacritic ''i'', i.e. ''ciV, ciiV'', which however didn't catch no with writers. It was the 18th century academy under Joan Buriel which introduced the modern consistent usage of ''ç, j,  ghl, ghn''.

=== Rhotics and Laterals ===
Rhodrese intervocalic {{SC|d}} &gt; {{IPA|/ɾ/}} , except immediately after stress, and if there is another {{IPA|/ɾ/}} or {{IPA|/r/}} in the word {{SC|d}} &gt; {{IPA|/l/}}. There are even occasional instances of original {{SC|r}} becoming {{IPA|/l/}} through remote dissimilation from another {{IPA|/ɾ/}} or {{IPA|/r/}}, e.g. {{SC|Mercurii die}} &gt; ''melcheurdi''. Also {{SC|ll}} &gt; {{IPA|/l/}} next to {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}?

Standard Rhodrese has three lateral sounds viz. ''l'' {{IPA|/l/}}, ''gl'' {{IPA|/ʎ/}} and ''ll'' {{IPA|/ɺ/}}. However none of these is pronounced the same over the entire Rhodrese territory: the pronunciation of ''gl'' as {{IPA|/j/}} is very widespread, although not admitted in the standard. For those speakers who still have {{IPA|/ʎ/}} for ''gl'', ''l'' is usually {{IPA|/ɫ/}}, but in many dialects it has become {{IPA|/w/}}. For many, if not most, speakers ''ll'' is {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, thus a lateral only in an historical sense. Those speakers who have ''l'' as {{IPA|/w/}} and ''ll'' as {{IPA|/ɽ/}} in their dialect will tend to use the latter sound for both spellings in formal speech. Some dialects have {{IPA|/w/}} for ''l'' and the plain velar continuant {{IPA|/l/}} for ''ll'', and such speakers will have {{IPA|/l/}} for ''l'' and the otherwise non-existent cluster {{IPA|/dl/}} for ''ll'' in formal style. When not intervocalic {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/ɺ/}} are in complementary distribution similar to {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/r/}}. Historical {{SC|rl, nl, sl}}, both primary and secondary, have become ''ll'', even in {{SC|parabolare}} &gt; ''pallar'' 'speak', {{SC|granula}} &gt; ''grall'' 'grain'. Also {{IPA|/ɫ/}} &gt; {{IPA|/w/}} is old, as shown by Old Rhodrese spellings: {{SC|parvulus}} &gt; ''paruu/paruo'' (i.e. {{IPA|/ˈparvu/}} or {{IPA|/ˈparvo/}}) &gt; ''parf'' 'boy' {{SC|parvula}} &gt; ''parle{{ref|parle}}/paruuhe/paruohe'' (i.e. {{IPA|ˈparvwe}} (sic!)) but modern ''parvelle{{ref|parvelle}}'' 'girl'.

{{note|parle}} This ''parle'' is not &lt; {{SC|parabola}}, which becomes ''palle''.

{{note|parvelle}} This is formally a diminutive but is not so used; insted ''pegle parvelle'' 'little girl' is used, although colloquially even ''parvelcelle'' which is formally a double diminutive is found.  For a teenager or young woman one uses ''jaunelle'' (cf. substantivized ''jáu'', or colloquially ''jaunc'' as the male counterpart).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senjecas</title>
    <id>2648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12218</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-11T16:45:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Note to CaeruleanCentaur congratulating him on his accomplishment/achievement.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is very nice, Charlie.

I have some problems displaying some of the characters.
They only show up as boxes with Unicode UTF-8 selected.
I'm pretty sure they are Unicode UTF-8, or, at least, Unicode; because when I try Baltic or Cyrillic or Greek or Hebrew or Turkish or Central European or West European it gets worse, not better.

Where did you get your list of &quot;1948 roots&quot;?

-----
eldin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:- andrew</title>
    <id>2649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50968</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-08T04:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Also known as Andrew Smith, a language creator from New Zealand, archival assistant and all-around Hobbit.

Occasionally working on an eclectic language, [[OT2.0]], with the help of my collection Teach Yourself books.  I have a shelf of them, many of which are still in the original yellow and blue* English Universities Press dust covers.  Such a pity to waste them.  I hope to post the resulting language at FrathWiki - when I think of a name for it!

Glaring omissions from my collection are Hindi and Turkish.  Probably a consequence of the fact that I am a offline purchaser only.

(* Go Otago!!)

[[Arcadian]]

[[Brithenig]]

[[Zelandish]]

[[Amenite Calendar]]

[[Hypercronius]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Template:Ref</title>
    <id>2651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50606</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Ref]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup class=&quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot; {{#ifeq:{{{noid}}}|noid||id=&quot;ref_{{{1}}}&quot;}}&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[#endnote_{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}]]|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}#endnote_{{anchorencode:{{{1|}}}}}]}}&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
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&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Note</title>
    <id>2652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50607</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Note]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite id=&quot;endnote_{{{1}}}&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[[#ref_{{{1}}}|'''^{{{2|}}}''']]&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;noinclude&gt;
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    <id>2653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50608</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Ref label]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup  {{#ifeq:{{{noid}}}|noid||id=&quot;ref_{{{1}}}{{{3|}}}&quot;}}&gt;[[#endnote_{{{1}}}{{{3|}}}|[{{{2}}}]]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan geography</title>
    <id>2654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55541</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-13T01:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Continents (ħðémźos) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==
=Notes=
*The Senjecan names are those of the earliest human inhabitants or those used by them.  When these are not known, then the contemporary name, with Senjecan orthography and pitch, is used.
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; means “land, country” and is prefixed by the name of the people.
*The names of political divisions are in the abstract &lt;font color=blue&gt;-as&lt;/font&gt; declension.
*The names of seas and rivers are in the animate &lt;font color=blue&gt;-es&lt;/font&gt; declension.

=Continents (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħðémźos&lt;/font&gt;)=
*Africa &lt;font color=blue&gt;afríĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*America &lt;font color=blue&gt;àmeríĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*America, Central &lt;font color=blue&gt;bèðrameríĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*America, North &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćòòmrameríĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*America, South &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭòòlameríĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Antarctica &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭòòlëħðéémźas&lt;/font&gt; (south continent)
*Asia &lt;font color=blue&gt;áſĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Australia &lt;font color=blue&gt;aùſtërálĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Eurasia &lt;font color=blue&gt;èuráſĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Europe &lt;font color=blue&gt;èurópas&lt;/font&gt;

=Nations (&lt;font color=blue&gt;leúðas&lt;/font&gt;)=
*Afghanistan &lt;font color=blue&gt;èćŭaaϙĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (horsemen land)
*Albania &lt;font color=blue&gt;ilìrïĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Illyrian land)
*Algeria &lt;font color=blue&gt;imàziϙĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Imazigh land)
*America, United States of &lt;font color=blue&gt;amèriĸáſĭo ϙódo rèɱnemóes, A.Q.R&lt;/font&gt;
*Andorra &lt;font color=blue&gt;andóras&lt;/font&gt;
*Angola &lt;font color=blue&gt;angólas&lt;/font&gt;
*Argentina &lt;font color=blue&gt;òòźuurĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (silver land)
*Armenia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàȝerĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Hayer land)
*Assyria &lt;font color=blue&gt;àſurĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Assur land)
*Austria &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààuſmórźas&lt;/font&gt; (east march)
*Azerbaijan &lt;font color=blue&gt;àþropàtenĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Atropatene’s land)
*Bahrain &lt;font color=blue&gt;dilmúnas&lt;/font&gt;
*Bangladesh &lt;font color=blue&gt;bàngelĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Bengal land)
*Belarus &lt;font color=blue&gt;àlruſĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (White Rus land)
*Belgium &lt;font color=blue&gt;bèlgëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Belgae land)
*Benin &lt;font color=blue&gt;fonĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Fon land)
*Bhutan &lt;font color=blue&gt;mònpaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Monpa land)
*Bohemia &lt;font color=blue&gt;bòiĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Boii land)
*Bolivia &lt;font color=blue&gt;bolívĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Bosnia &lt;font color=blue&gt;bóſnĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Botswana &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Tswana land)
*Brazil &lt;font color=blue&gt;vrazílas&lt;/font&gt;
*Britain &lt;font color=blue&gt;álbas&lt;/font&gt;
*Brunei &lt;font color=blue&gt;vrúnĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Bulgaria &lt;font color=blue&gt;mòiſĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Moesi land)
*Burma &lt;font color=blue&gt;mrúnmas&lt;/font&gt;
*Cambodia &lt;font color=blue&gt;funĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Fun land)
*Cameroon &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſàoĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sao land)
*Canada &lt;font color=blue&gt;canádas&lt;/font&gt;
*Cape Verde &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðalbèndëħðémas&lt;/font&gt; (green cape)
*Ceylon &lt;font color=blue&gt;lánĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Chile &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćílas&lt;/font&gt;
*China &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Han land)
*Colombia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸolómbĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Comoros &lt;font color=blue&gt;meenzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (Moon Islands)
*Costa Rica &lt;font color=blue&gt;łènapéras&lt;/font&gt; (Rich Coast)
*Croatia &lt;font color=blue&gt;xròaþĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Croat land)
*Czech Republic &lt;font color=blue&gt;bòiĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Boii land)
*Denmark &lt;font color=blue&gt;danĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Dane land)
*Ecuador &lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭèèþmeðćérðas&lt;/font&gt; (earth-mid-line)
*Egypt &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸø̀ſnëħðémĭas&lt;/font&gt; (black land)
*England &lt;font color=blue&gt;àngelĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Angle land)
*Eritria &lt;font color=blue&gt;púntas&lt;/font&gt;
*Estonia &lt;font color=blue&gt;aìſtëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Aesti land)
*Ethiopia &lt;font color=blue&gt;àbiſínĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Fiji &lt;font color=blue&gt;vítĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Finland &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſamĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sami land)
*France &lt;font color=blue&gt;frànĸëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Frank land)
*Georgia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸólxas&lt;/font&gt;
*Germany &lt;font color=blue&gt;alèmanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Alemanni land)
*Great Britain &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħálbas&lt;/font&gt;
*Greece &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħelĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Hellene land)
*Guatemala &lt;font color=blue&gt;puldóras&lt;/font&gt; (many trees)
*Guyana &lt;font color=blue&gt;puláɱdas&lt;/font&gt; (many waters)
*Herzegovina &lt;font color=blue&gt;zaxúmlĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Hungary &lt;font color=blue&gt;màgĭarĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Magyar land)
*India &lt;font color=blue&gt;àlïſíndas&lt;/font&gt; (beyond Indus)
*Iraq &lt;font color=blue&gt;urúĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Iran &lt;font color=blue&gt;pààrſëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Parsi land)
*Ireland &lt;font color=blue&gt;piimĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (fat land)
*Italy &lt;font color=blue&gt;ìtalĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Itali land)
*Ivory coast &lt;font color=blue&gt;?apéras&lt;/font&gt;
*Kazakhstan &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸàzaxĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Kazakh land)
*Korea &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſílas&lt;/font&gt;
*Kuwait &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸùraínas&lt;/font&gt;
*Kyrgyzstan &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸìrgizĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Kirghiz land)
*Laos &lt;font color=blue&gt;làoĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Lao land)
*Latvia &lt;font color=blue&gt;zèmgalĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Zemgal land)
*Lebanon &lt;font color=blue&gt;lébënas&lt;/font&gt;
*Lesotho &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſoþĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sotho land)
*Libya &lt;font color=blue&gt;lìbuĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Libu land)
*Liechtenstein &lt;font color=blue&gt;diiȝóndas&lt;/font&gt; (bright stone)
*Luxemburg &lt;font color=blue&gt;mìnüðúnas&lt;/font&gt; (little castle)
*Macedonia &lt;font color=blue&gt;paȝónĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Madagascar &lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeeþĸéérĸŭas&lt;/font&gt; (earth end)
*Malaysia &lt;font color=blue&gt;meláȝſĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Malta &lt;font color=blue&gt;melítas&lt;/font&gt;
*Mauretania &lt;font color=blue&gt;bàfurĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Bafour land)
*Mesopotamia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ènterdáánas&lt;/font&gt; (between rivers)
*Mexico &lt;font color=blue&gt;mexſìĸëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Mexica land)
*Moldova &lt;font color=blue&gt;moldóvas&lt;/font&gt;
*Monaco &lt;font color=blue&gt;mònoíĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Montenegro &lt;font color=blue&gt;doxlèaþĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Docleatae land)
*Montserrat &lt;font color=blue&gt;mòntëſerátas&lt;/font&gt;
*Morocco &lt;font color=blue&gt;dììȝɱëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (God land)
*Namibia &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèĸŭoĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (nothing land)
*Nauru &lt;font color=blue&gt;naúrŭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Nepal &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèɱaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Newa land)
*Nicaragua &lt;font color=blue&gt;nìcaràoĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Nicarao land)
*Norway &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćooɱrámźas&lt;/font&gt; (northern way)
*Oman &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſòħarĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sohar land)
*Paraguay &lt;font color=blue&gt;paȝàgŭaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Payagua land)
*Persia &lt;font color=blue&gt;pààrſëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Parsi land)
*Peru &lt;font color=blue&gt;pélŭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Philippines &lt;font color=blue&gt;filìpináes&lt;/font&gt;
*Portugal &lt;font color=blue&gt;luſìtanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Lusitani land)
*Qatar &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸatáras&lt;/font&gt;
*Rumania &lt;font color=blue&gt;daxĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Dacian land)
*Russia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruſĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Rus land)
*Rwanda &lt;font color=blue&gt;tŭaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Twa land)
*Samoa &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſamóas&lt;/font&gt;
*San Marino &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſàxmarínas&lt;/font&gt;
*Saudi Arabia &lt;font color=blue&gt;saùdĭarábĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Senegal &lt;font color=blue&gt;zènaϙĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Zenaga land)
*Serbia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſèrbëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Serb land)
*Sierra Leone &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſìnϙëménȝas&lt;/font&gt; (lion mountain range)
*Singapore &lt;font color=blue&gt;tèmaſéĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Slovakia &lt;font color=blue&gt;níþrĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Slovenia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸarnĭólas&lt;/font&gt;
*Somalia &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſòmalĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Somali land)
*Spain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸànpëzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (hyrax island)
*Sri Lanka &lt;font color=blue&gt;lánĸas&lt;/font&gt;
*Suriname &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſurìnenĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Surinen land)
*Swaziland &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭazĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Swazi land)
*Sweden &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſvĭarĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sviar land)
*Switzerland &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħèlveþĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Helvetii land)
*Syria &lt;font color=blue&gt;àramĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Aram land)
*Taiwan &lt;font color=blue&gt;tàȝŭanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Tayouan land)
*Tajikistan &lt;font color=blue&gt;tààźixĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Tājik land)
*Tanzania &lt;font color=blue&gt;tanzánĭa&lt;/font&gt;
*Thailand &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſùxotáȝas&lt;/font&gt;
*Timor &lt;font color=blue&gt;timóras&lt;/font&gt;
*Togo &lt;font color=blue&gt;eɱĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Ewe land)
*Tonga &lt;font color=blue&gt;tóngas&lt;/font&gt;
*Trinidad &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaíras&lt;/font&gt;
*Turkey &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàtiĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Hatti land)
*Turkmenistan &lt;font color=blue&gt;tùrxmenĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Turkmen land)
*Tuvalu &lt;font color=blue&gt;oſzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (eight island)
*Uganda &lt;font color=blue&gt;bagàndaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Baganda land)
*Ukraine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸìmerĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Cimmerian land)
*United Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙódo meħasur??? &lt;/font&gt;
*Uzbekistan &lt;font color=blue&gt;sóϙdĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Vanuatu &lt;font color=blue&gt;vanŭátŭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Vatican City &lt;font color=blue&gt;vàtiĸánas&lt;/font&gt;
*Venezuela &lt;font color=blue&gt;marìćeĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Mariche land)
*Vietnam &lt;font color=blue&gt;vĭeþĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Viet land)
*Yemen &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſábas&lt;/font&gt;
*Zambia &lt;font color=blue&gt;xòiſĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Khoisan land)
*Zimbabwe &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćonĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Shono land)

=States, Provinces, etc. (&lt;font color=blue&gt;reɱnémos, ɱìterĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;)=
*Bavaria &lt;font color=blue&gt;bàȝaĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Baia land)
*Channel Islands &lt;font color=blue&gt;lènurzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (Lenur Island)
*Crimea &lt;font color=blue&gt;tàurĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Tauri land)
*Kosovo &lt;font color=blue&gt;dàrdanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Dardani land)
*Faroe Islands &lt;font color=blue&gt;oɱzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (sheep island)
*Gibraltar &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭorĸálpas&lt;/font&gt; (Mount Calpe)
*Guernsey &lt;font color=blue&gt;líſĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Jersey &lt;font color=blue&gt;ángĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Malaya &lt;font color=blue&gt;meláȝas&lt;/font&gt;
*Mississippi &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħdáánas? &lt;/font&gt;
*Réunion &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱèſëzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (western island)
*St. Helena &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſàxħelénas&lt;/font&gt;
*Scotland &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸalèdonĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Caledonian land)
*Sicily &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſìĸanĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Sicani land)
*Tanganyika &lt;font color=blue&gt;àgulſeĸélas&lt;/font&gt; (wilderness sail)
*Tobago &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùrupaínas&lt;/font&gt;
*Touraine &lt;font color=blue&gt;tùronĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Land of the Turones)
*Wales &lt;font color=blue&gt; ĸìmrëĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Cymry land)
*Zanzibar &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàdimĸúnĭas&lt;/font&gt; (Hadimu land)

=Cities (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ríȝos&lt;/font&gt;)=
*Bethlehem &lt;font color=blue&gt;vàrgenɱééſas&lt;/font&gt; (bread house)
*Hong Kong &lt;font color=blue&gt;tàipóas&lt;/font&gt;
*London &lt;font color=blue&gt;londínĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Oslo &lt;font color=blue&gt;aſlóas&lt;/font&gt;
*Paris &lt;font color=blue&gt;lutétĭas&lt;/font&gt;
*Rome &lt;font color=blue&gt;rómas&lt;/font&gt;
*Stockholm &lt;font color=blue&gt;àϙnafítas&lt;/font&gt;

=Natural features (&lt;font color=blue&gt;źénto mérvos&lt;/font&gt;)=
*Aegean Sea &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħèlïmóóros&lt;/font&gt; (Greek sea)
*Amu Darya &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭooldŭìntëdáánes&lt;/font&gt; (south twin river)
*Aral Sea &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭelmóóres&lt;/font&gt; (far sea)
*Arctic Ocean &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćòòɱrëtíírtes&lt;/font&gt; (north ocean)
*Azov, Sea of &lt;font color=blue&gt;mìnümóóres&lt;/font&gt; (little sea)
*Black Sea &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeſmóóres&lt;/font&gt; (west sea)
*British Isles &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeſzĭúngas&lt;/font&gt; (west island)
*Caspian Sea &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààuſmóóros&lt;/font&gt; (east sea)
*Caucasus Mountains &lt;font color=blue&gt;entèrmoorménȝos&lt;/font&gt; (between sea mountain range)
*Indian Ocean &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭooltíírtes&lt;/font&gt; (south ocean)
*Indus River &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſíndes&lt;/font&gt;
*Mississippi River &lt;font color=blue&gt;méħe dáánes&lt;/font&gt; (great river)
*Moldova River &lt;font color=blue&gt;moldóves&lt;/font&gt;
*Pacific Ocean &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààuſtíírtes&lt;/font&gt; (east ocean)
*Syr Darya &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćòòɱrëdŭìntëdáánes&lt;/font&gt; (north twin river)
*Ural Mountains &lt;font color=blue&gt;vŭeeþĸĭóĸos&lt;/font&gt; (earth spine)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit</title>
    <id>2655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48272</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-10T00:07:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conjugation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Faranit
|pronounce=/'faʁ.an.ɪt/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=Northwest and central [[Lhined]]
|no=~10 million- Lescealh, ~6 million - Polizeih
|script=Own and Romanized Equivalent
|tree=[[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Old Faraneit&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Classical Faraneit
|morph=Agglutative (and sometimes isolating)
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=VSO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=December 2004}}

Faranit is the most prominent dialect of the Faranih people on the continent of Lhined on a currently undiscovered planet. The various colonizers traveled to this planet on the eve of a massive worldwide war on Earth. It is most closely linked to the Hindi, Quecha, and Hungarian colonizers, which attempted to colonize several regions directly on the western edge of the current range of the language.

==Faraneit vs. Faranih vs. Faraneih==
*Faran''eit'' -means only the language
*Faran''ih'' -originally meant only the ethnic group, but recently colloquially came to mean the language as well
*Faran''eih'' -is a colloquial term for the ethnicity

==Phonology/Orthography (in IPA)==
*Consonants: /d x b f θ - ʒ k l ɭ m n p q ʀ s t v z ç/
**Romanized As: &lt;d c b f fh h j k l lh m n p q r s t v z sc&gt;
**&lt;h&gt; is included to buffer vowels (as no dipthongs are permitted) and the begining and ends of words. A corresponding figure is used in the Faraneit script.
*Vowels: /a e ɛ i ɪ ɔ o u ʊ/
**Archaic Romanization: &lt;a ae e ei i o oe u ue&gt; 
**Modern Romanization: &lt;a e ea i ei oa o u eu&gt;
**Please Note, this page is currently in the modern form.
*Allophones: 
**syllable initial /p t k q/ are pronounced [pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ]
**prior to /ɛ a ɔ o ʊ u/, /ç/ is pronounced [ʃ] (Poelisem Faranik - [ʃ] in all positions)
**word medial /θ/ is pronounced [ð]
**word medial non-compound /x/ is pronounced [ɣ]
**syllable terminal /x/ after /ɔ o u ʊ/ is pronounced [χ]
**terminal /l ɭ/ are pronounced [ɬ ɬ˞]
*Phonological Constraints: (C)V(C), no consonant clusters are permitted

==Phonology Chart==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|θ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʒ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʁ}} 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
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==Syntax==
*OVERVIEW

Pronouns usually decline by case, but in certain forms use participles like nouns. Verbs conjugate based on tense (remote past/imperative, near past, present, future), mood (irrealis, realis, and in archaic dialects imperative), and person (first, second, and third). Pronouns decline for person(first, second, third, and fourth), number (singular and plural), case (nominative, accusitive, genitive, and in plural forms dative/ablative), and animacy/gender( in the third person singular). For nouns the dative/ablative is formed from participles and nominative and accusitive are assumed from context and word order.

*WORD ORDER

Faranit is almost inflexibly VSO and morphologically mixed between agglutination (semi-dvandvas, genitive forms, and main verbal constructions) and isolation (prepositional phrasing, non-incorporation of modifiers or pronouns).

 Sojoah don hin.
 S o j oah don hin
 Strike PAST REAL 3P 3P.SING.ANI.NOM 1P.SING.ACC
 (S)He struck me.

 Zah sinih velheib molein.
 Zah s i_ n eih velh eib molein.
 NEG strike FUT IRR 1P 1P.PLUR.EXC PLUR 2P.PLUR.ACC
 We would not (go and) strike you.

It remains V(S)O regardless of whether it is interrogative or even imperative.

 Ketejeih nor zet, haneit?
 Ket e j eih nor zet haneit
 Remember PRES REAL 2P 2P.SING.NOM nothing true
 You remember nothing, right?

 Zeleujeih moaleih nakir?
 Zel eu j eih moaleih nakir
 Steal IMP.PAST REAL 2P 2P.PLUR.NOM what
 You were stealing what?

 Boaneicejeih Lhimah!
 Boaneic e j eih Lhimah
 Eat PRES REAL 2P Lhimah
 Eat Lhimah (a common name for girls)

 Boaneicotoah doan Lhimah!
 Boaneic o t oah Lhimah
 Eat PAST IMPERATIVE 3P Lhimah
 (S)He should have eaten Lhimah! 

OVS order is also present, but quite rare. It is used to give the object paramount importance, to a degree often deemed unnecessary.

 Don boaneicotih!
 Don boaneic o t ih
 3P.SING.ANI.ACC eat PAST IMPERATIVE 1P
 We should have eaten him/her!

*CLAUSES

All subordinate clauses are signalled with &quot;cih&quot;. It roughly can meet the definitions of the English &quot;that&quot;, both as a relative conjunction and a general conjunction.

When a relative clause's object is the main clause's object, the verb is conjugated for the subject, as expected.

 Boaneicejeih nor jokeasc, ceih roajoah doan.
 eat.PRES.IND.2P 2P.SING.NOM butter, that have.PAST.IND.3P 3P.SING.ANI.NOM.
 You are eating the butter, that he had.

If the subject is the same, however, the pronoun or the noun is dropped, giving:

 Boaneicejeih nor jokeasc, ceih roajeih.
 eat.PRES.IND.2P 2P.SING.NOM butter, that have.PAST.IND..2P.
 You are eating the butter, that had.
 (You are eating the butter, which you had).

The verb is not conjugated, however, when the relative clause's subject for the main clause's object.

 Boaneicejeih nor jokeasc, ceih kej leveitom.
 eat.PRES.IND.2P 2P.SING.NOM butter, that be.PRES.IND_____ butter, butter.
 You are eating butter, that (the butter) &quot;be&quot; good.
 (You are eating butter, which is good).

Because the object of the first clause was the same as the subject in the second, the second verb is not conjugated.

*IF - THEN

Faraneit distinguishes between two forms of &quot;if&quot; -- scam and scap. Scap is equivalent to questioning what the results of reality being different would be. Scam is equivalent to questioning when what is true or real is uncertain. Scap is refered to as the contradictional if, and scam, the hypothetical if. As a result of their natures, scap is used more commonly with the past or present tense, and scam, almost exclusively with the present or future. There are instances, however, where scap and scam contrast.

 Scap boaneicejeih dekein, feazeneih teibein.
 if.CON eat.PRES.REAL.1P 3P.INANI.ACC, understand.PRES.IRR.1P 3P.PLUR.ACC
 If I was eating it, I would understand them.
 OR
 If I (in general) ate it, I would understand them.

Thus, scap is used when the person does not eat it, or is not eating it.

 Scam boaneicejeih dekein, feazeneih teibein.
 if.IRR eat.PRES.REAL.1P 3P.INANI.ACC, understand.PRES.IRR.1P 3P.PLUR.ACC
 If I eat it, I would/will understand them

Here, scam makes the meaning generic present, as it implies that if the speaker were to grab it and then eat it, they would then understand them. In short, it doesn't contradict reality, automatically. Rather, it may become true, but at the moment, is not necessarily so.

In order to say &quot;only if&quot; a variety of methods are possible, but the most succinct and common in the spoken language is to simply place the conjunction &quot;jeid&quot; prior to either scam or scap.

*MODIFIERS

Negatives are placed behind verbs like adverbs and other modifiers (except geographic), including subordinate clauses. An example:

 Boaneicojeih zah pasearean liteh hav lhaefh hev lhescealh fascejeadeis searom 
 Eat.PAST.REAL.1P NEG REP evil 1P.SING.NOM DEM one lheascealh writing(s).3P.ANI.GEN odd
 I didn’t vilely repeatedly eat one of his/her odd writings from Lhescealh.
 Lit: Ate not repeatedly evilly I this one lhescealh writing-his/her odd

Evidently, modifiers stack. The only verbal modifier that can precede the verb is a negative marker and only then in archaic emphatically negative speech. Following a noun, first come negative markers, then aspectual adverbs, then other adverbs. 

The noun phrase is more complex.  Quantifiers and geographic modifiers always precede, while general adjectives follow. It should be noted that Faraneit does not distinguish properly between general adjectives and adverbs. If in the sample, liteh had followed fascejeadeis, even unaltered, it would have been grammatically correct, but have meant that the writing was evil.

Demonstratives, almost entirely represented by lhefh, which is both pronominal and adjectival, follow a more complex pattern. When the only modifier to the noun or genitive compound is the demonstrative, it follows the noun as if it was a general adjective, however, when other adjectives are present it must precede the noun phrase entirely.

Prepositional phrases follow unless in poetry or when heavily stressing that aspect. See prepositions for more.

Genitives fuse to the ending of the noun. Reference the section on Morphology for more.

*PREPOSITIONS

DEIH = through, across
DOAP = denotes action towards locatively, to
FHEIS = within, inside of, between, at
HIH = with, alongside
HEUH = under, beneath
NEIH = denotes action towards in forming dative case
PIH = of, from (spacially)
RAFH = under, below
REAN = until
REIH = above, ontop of, over
SEIH = (spatially) forward, in front of, (temporally) after(wards)
VEIT = denotes action from, used to form ablative forms
ZEAR = denotes locative movement away from, from, yet (for past-in-future references)
ZEIH = (spatially) behind, (temporally) prior/before
SCEUH = with

These are the only prepositions found in any dialect of Faraneit, anywhere. Several are missing from Poleiseam Faraneik. Neih and veit use the nominative, while the others use the accusative. The object of the preposition follows the preposition.

Doap contrasts with neih in that it has a connotation of entrance, where as neih is more neutral and used more grammatically (to form the dative with nouns and singular pronouns).

 Lhomojoah doan neih doan.
 Dance.PAST.REAL.3P 3P.SING.NOM to 3P.SING.NOM
 (S)He danced to him/her.

 Lhomojoah doan doap don.
 Dance.PAST.REAL.3P 3P.SING.ACC
 (S)He danced towards him/her.

The former implies that the dancer began dancing and did not cease until very close to the other person, while the latter implies that the direction was not necessarily chosen because of that person, nor that the dancer went the entire distance to the other person.

This same contrast is found between zear and veit, as well.

Hih and sceuh are also contrasted but in proximity. Hih implies only a general closeness, while sceuh specifically means in direct contact.

 Ketejeih hav mizeun hih keseib.
 Remember.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM ocean with keseih.PLUR
 I remember the ocean near the Keseib (settlements).

 Ketejeih hav mizeun sceuh measceineafh.
 Remember.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM ocean with Measceineafh.
 I remember the ocean beside Measceineafh.

The first implies that the settlements are close to, but not directly along the shoreline, while the second implies the two share a thin border. It is similar to the distinction between “next to” and “right next to” in English, in that it only distinguishes degree.

Adjectival prepositional phrases follow the noun phrase they describe. Fronting is not unheard of but is seen as giving unnecessary weight to the phrase. The adverbial prepositions, however, can only follow the verb, but if demoted in meaning, can also follow the subject and even the object. Generally they follow the verb and general adverbs.

*CONJUNCTIONS

TEIH = for, because, so that (causative)
VOAP = as, while, at the same time as
HEFH = yet, either/or
JEID = but, neither/nor
VIR = and, as well

Each of these can link clauses and phrases, with the exception of vir, which only links clauses. 

 Zelejeih hav hab teih boaneicejeih.
 Steal.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM thing.PLUR so eat.PRES.REAL.1P
 I steal so that I (can) eat.

 Zelejeih hav voap boaneicejeih.
 Steal.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM while eat.PRES.REAL.1P
 I pickpocket while I eat.

 Zelejeih hav hefh boaneicejeih.
 Steal.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM yet eat.PRES.REAL.1P
 I pickpocket yet/but (I) eat.

 Zelejeih hav jeid boaneicejeih.
 Steal.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM but eat.PRES.REAL.1P
 I pickpocket yet/but (I) eat.

(Hefh and jeid are used somewhat interchangeable, but hefh is used to suggest a stronger interference from the first/main clause with the action of the first, while jeid suggests simply that it is unexpected or unusual that the two interact as stated.)

 Zelejeih hav vir boanicejeih.
 Steal.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM and eat.PRES.REAL.1P
 I pickpocket and (I) eat.

Additionally, jeid and hefh reduplicate to produce secondary meanings.

 Boaneicijeih hav hefh hacaz hefh tealhom.
 Eat.FUT.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM PREP meat PREP fruit
 I will eat either meat or fruits.

 Boaneicijeih hav jeid hefh hacaz hefh tealhom.
 Eat.FUT.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM PREP meat PREP fruits.
 I will eat neither meat nor fruits.

When the two combine, however, the message complicates.

 Boaneicijeih hav hefh hacaz jeid tealhom.
 Eat.FUT.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM PREP meat PREP fruit
 I will eat (likely) meat but not fruits.

 Boaneicijeih hav jeid hacaz hefh tealhom.
 Eat.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM PREP meat PREP fruit
 I will eat not meat but (likely) fruits.

*QUESTION FORMATION

A global rise is used to indicate a question. Frequently questions are viewed as more polite if posed in the irrealis.
Insertion of zeihein (if the assumed answer is no) or haneit (if the assumed answer is yes) is used to form leading yes-no interrogative clauses.

 Kuroajih hav dekein neih mokein, haneit?
 give.PAST.IND.1P I.NOM it.ACC DAT you.SING.ACC, correct?
 I gave it to you, right?

 Kuroajeih nor dekein neih hav, zeihein? 
 give.PAST.IND.2P you.SING.NOM it.ACC DAT me.NOM, incorrect?
 You gave it to me, or not?

Open ended interrogative sentences are formed by substituting an interrogative pronoun for the subject of object. Interrogative pronouns have lost their accusative counterparts and therefore rely on a strict adherence to word order to differentiate:

 Neuscoajeih nor nakir?
 use.PAST.IND.2P you.SING.NOM which/what(.ACC)?
 You used which?

 Doapoajoah nakir lhefh?
 cause.PAST.IND.2P which/what(.NOM) thus/this?
 What caused this?

*IMPERATIVES

Imperatives are formed similarly to many Indo-European languages with the omission of the subject.

 Karoteijeih dakein
 do.FUT.IND.2P it.ACC
 (Go) do it

Faranit, however, accepts third person imperatives as forceful suggestions (as opposed to irrealis imperatives).

 Karoteijoah dakein
 do.FUT.IND.3P it.ACC
 (He must go) do it

To create more gentle commands or suggestions, the imperative, in the irrealis mood, is also used.

 Karoteineih dakein
 do.FUT.SUBJ.2P it.ACC
 (You should go) do it

This is also capably used in the third person.

 Karoteinoah dakein
 do.FUT.SUBJ.3P it.ACC
 (He should go) do it

A few archaic dialects (along the western chapparel) retain an imperative mood where the subject can be omitted if so desired. The mood's infix is -d- and is regularly conjugated.

 Karoteidoah doan dakein = karoteidoah dakein
 do.FUT.IMP.3P 3P.SING.ANI.NOM 3P.SING.INANI.ACC = do.FUT.IMP.3P 3P.SING.INANI.ACC
 He (must go) do it = (He must go) do it

*AGREEMENT IN COMPOUND PREDICATES

Another strange usage is that infinitives decline for tense and mood when a part of the predicate. For example-

 Feuzeijihav haleij faraneit boascom
 learn.FUT.IND.1P.1P.SING speak.FUT.IND faranit proper
 I will learn to speak (future) proper faranit

and also-

 Feuzoanihav haloan faraneit boascom
 learn.PAST.SUBJ.1P.1P.SING speak.PAST.SUBJ faranit proper
 I may have learned to (irrealis) have spoken (past) proper faranit.

whereas-

 Feuzeijoahav halej faraneit boascom
 learn.PAST.IND.1P.1P.SING speak.PRES.IND proper faranit
 I learned to speak (and have continued to) proper faranit.

or

 Feuzeijoahav haleij faraneit boascom
 learn.PAST.IND.1P.1P.SING speak.FUT.IND faranit proper
 I learned to speak (and will continue to) proper faranit.

This is often used as a method to signify progressive past tenses, which either continue from the distant past (-eu-) to the recent past (-o-), either past to the present (-e-), or any non-future tense and the future (-i-).

*COMPARISONS WITH REJ

While comparisons can be constructed with either kej (to be) or rej (to have/to hold/to contain), rej is vastly preferred in speech and colloquial writing, but as a result, two very different systems of comparison are used contemporanously (at least in Standard Lescealh Faraneit, local dialects often no longer use one or the other).

A fundamental distinction is drawn between comparisons of equals, approximate equals, and inequals. For example:

 Rejoah dekein (don) tebineareiz.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM (same) size.GEN.3P-PLUR
 It's a large as they are.

Here, they are considered equals and a genitive construction is used.

 Rejoah dekein don tebin neih tip.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM same size DAT 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's about as large as they are.

 Rejoah dekein cabah tebin neih tip.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM approximate size DAT 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's approximately as large as they are.

In these two instances, however, a dative construction is used to imply that they are rough equals, not absolute ones.

 Rejoah dekein sein tebin voap tip.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM more size while 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's bigger than they are.

 Rejoah dekein fhean tebin voap tip.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM less size while 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's smaller than they are.

Here a contracted form of a second clause is used for unequals. The entire clause in full is-

 Rejoah dekein sein tebin voap rejoah tip fhean tebin.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM more size while have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-PLUR-NOM less size.
 It's bigger while they are smaller.

More complex comparatives continue with rej, but usually invoke the verb beasceitej (to finish, to complete). For example:

 Rejoah dekein her tebineabeasceitej.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI-NOM good size.GEN.finish.PRES.REAL
 It's big enough (for something//to do something...)

 Rejoah dekein reih tebineabeasceitejeaboaneicej.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-S-INANI over size.GEN.finish.PRES.REAL.GEN.eat.PRES.REAL
 It's too big to eat.
 (lit It has over the size of finishing eating.)

 Zah rejeih haceabeasceitejeafeazej.
 NEG have.PRES.REAL.1P year(s).GEN.finish.PRES.REAL.GEN.writing.PRES.REAL
 I'm too young to write.
 (lit I don't have the years of finishing writing.)

When the complement involves finishing as its main verb, the verb is merely used again, outside of it's auxilary-like purpose:

 Zah rejeih haceabeasceitejeabeasceitejeafeuzej.
 NEG have.PRES.REAL.1P year(s).GEN.finish.PRES.REAL.GEN.finish.PRES.REAL.GEN.study.PRES.REAL
 I'm too young to be finished studying/learning.

*OTHER COMPARATIVES

These essentially follow the rej-form comparatives in structure. For example:

 Boaneicejeih tebineafheimeapejeaheaz.
 eat.PRES.REAL.1P size.GEN.harvest.PRES.REAL.GEN.1P-S-GEN
 I eat as much (stuff) as I harvest.

 Boaneicejeih tebin neih fheimeapejeaheaz.
 eat.PRES.REAL.1P size DAT harvest.PRES.REAL.GEN.1P-S-GEN
 I eat about as much (stuff) as I harvest.

 Boaneicejeih fhean tebin voap fheimeapejeaheaz.
 eat.PRES.REAL.1P less size while harvest.PRES.REAL.GEN.1P-S-GEN
 I eat less than how much I harvest.

*KEJ

The only irregular verb is kej, meaning to be. It derives from k meaning to exist and as such has mutated from a regular past to a highly cliticized present. Standard Lescealh dialects attached the pronoun to the regular ending. For example:

 Kejihav letein
 be.PRES.REAL.1P.SING happy
 (I) am happy

The pronoun, hav, has been absorbed into the verb, due to the erosion of the /ʔ.ʔ/ into /ʔ/ in this frequently written and spoken situation. This has been observed as being replicated in a few “regular” verbs through out colloquial Southwestern Lescealh registers. Standard dialects similarly shorten third person singulars:

 Kejoam scot
 be.PRES.REAL.3P.SING.INANI white
 (It) is white

as well as

 Kejoan faranih
 be.PRES.REAL.3P.SING.ANI faranih
 ((S)He) is Faranih

The first is often used similarly to &quot;il y a&quot; in French, with the second mirroring the English &quot;he's&quot; and &quot;she's&quot;.
These colloquial examples further the evidence that Faranit is in the process of a linguistic shift. It is incorporating the pronoun into the verb, eroding it into the verb ending. Within Orthodox Lescealh Faraneit, all singular forms have been shortened into new, irregular forms. See [[Faraneit Dialectical Slang]] for more information.

*GENDER AND CLITICS

The animacy distinction is quite flexible and can be used to denote various aspects of the speakers perception. A popular example is the difference between,

 Kejoam, hamet, heilein
 be.PRES.3P.INANI (blaze) short

and

 Kejoan joaj, hamet, heilein
 be.PRES.3P.ANI presently (blaze) short

The use of the inanimate in the first stresses the static state of the fire as well as its theoretically harmless appearance. On the other hand, the animate gender and the use of the adverb joaj, presently, suggests a danger posed from the fire from its independent movement, in addition to the threat posed from a change in state. This is conventional usage with common objects that do not conform to the distinction, that inanimate objects are static and still, while animate objects are changing and move independently.

Religious beliefs also enter the equation. A Hakeih, and many other smaller sects always use animate pronouns nearly universally with animals, especially livestock. The Hakeih and the Harapah use animate pronouns with animals on an irregular basis, only when praising or sacrificing usually. The Polizeih, on the other hand, have merged the inanimate to a new level, using it commonly for insults and often to degrade women, however, this is more of an anthropological and ideological distinction than a linguistic one.

*COMPARATIVES WITH KEJ

These are much less interesting than the comparatives with rej, as they follow a uniform pattern:

 Kejoam sein tebin ceih tip.
 be.PRES.REAL.3P.INANI more large REL 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's bigger than they (are).

Obviously, the verb goes first. Then the subject (if it isn't clicitized or omitted). Then the descriptor (fhean - less, sein - more, don - as, etc). Then the modifier (in this case tebin, but meaning the adjective form, not the noun form - more on this later). Then the relative conjunction ceih. Then the compared body (tip in this case). The relative clause is optional, if understood.

Tebin, in some ways, is a bad example as it can function both as a noun (meaning size) and a modifier (meaning large), and therefore the same form is used for both kej and rej, while usually they use different forms. For example:

 Kejoam sein fheirom cieh tip.
 be.PRES.REAL.3P.INANI more tall REL 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's taller than they (are).
 (lit It's more tall than they)

 Rejoah dekein sein fheireat voap tip.
 have.PRES.REAL.3P 3P-INANI-NOM more height while 3P-PLUR-NOM
 It's taller than they (are).
 (lit It has more height while they (don't))

==Morphology==

Various examples of agglutination abound, including the syntax of possessives and listings. 

 poareasceaheaz
 poareasc-ea-heaz
 city-GEN-1P.SING
 my city

 poareasceaheazeib
 poareasc-ea-heaz-eib
 city-GEN-1P.SING-PLUR
 my cities

 poareasceavoazeis
 poareasc-ea-voazeis
 city-GEN-1P.PLUR
 our city

This is also true for more general possessives.

 poareasceaheusc
 poareasc-ea-heusc
 city-GEN-man
 (the) man's city

 poareasceaheusceib
 poareasc-ea-heusc-eib
 city-GEN-man-PLUR
 (the) man’s cities

To make the possessed antecedent plural, however, demonstratives are inserted.

 lhev poareasceaheusc
 lhev poareasc-ea-heusc
 DEM.PLUR city-GEN-man
 (the) men’s city

 lhev poareasceaheusceib
 lhev poareasc-ea-heusc-eib
 DEM.PLUR city-GEN-man-PLUR
 (the) men’s cities

To emphasis the possesion, the corresponding nominative pronoun is placed before the possessed noun in addition.

 doan poareasceadeis
 doan poareasc-ea-deis
 (s)he city-GEN-3P.SING.ANI
 his city

For more information see [[Faraneit Genitive Constructions]], which covers the differences between various dialects in greater detail.

A similar construction is used for forming lists. (Technically this is a dvandva)

 Halejih hav faraneit-ei-teimeirih
 speak.PRES.REAL.1P 1P.SING.NOM faranit-CLITIC-etimri
 I speak faranit (and) etimri

Geographic modifiers (ex. English, Chinese, Australian) are formed from contextual placement. General form is to superimpose the place name before the noun to be modified. For example:

 Polisah Fasir!
 The Poliseam Alphabet!
 literally: Polisah Alphabet!

The Poelisem dialect avoids this and has created a new class of adjectives in response. Place names terminal vowels are deleted and the ending –eam is attached.

 Poliseam Fasir!
 The Poliseam Alphabet!

==Slang==
Slang has become prolific as in some dialects, particularly the re-irregularization of the verb &quot;kej&quot; which was always highly volatile in the Faraneit language, as it unnaturally was regularized during the colonization of Lescealh. The highly isolated surroundings and the extreme social pressures are believed by some theorists to be significant contributors to this bizarre regularization campaign. In the diverging dialects currently there are several varying descrepancies plaguing &quot;kej.&quot;

In Poleiseam Faraneik, only largely grammatical changes have occured around &quot;kej&quot; as it is commonly in short hand not used with a pronoun, as person (but not number) is noted on the &quot;proper&quot; forms of the verb. 

In both Orthodox Lescealh Faraneit, as well as the increasingly common Kupeimeiceah trader dialects, there are several more unusual contractions in speech. For example,

 Formal Standard Faraneit: Kejih hav.
 Colloquial Standard Faraneit: Kejihav.
 Orthodox Laescelh Faraneit and trade dialects: Kav.
 English: I am.
As listed above in Syntax, there are other standard colloquial contractions. In addition, however, OLF and the trader dialects have even shorter forms, particularly:

 FSF: Kejoah doan.
 CSF: Kejoan.
 OLF and trader dialects: Koan.
 English: (S)He is.
as well as,
 FSF: Kejeih nor.
 CSF: Kejeih nor.
 OLF and trader dialects: Keur.
 English: Thou art.

In these dialects, as well, the Poleiseam practice of often dropping unabsorbed pronouns is increasingly common, especially for froms that lack current contractions, which may or may not be invented later by speakers.

The Southwestern Lescealh Faraneit dialect on the other hand omits the infixes denoting present tense and indicative mood for kej (and increasingly other verbs) when not needed for clarity. Such that:

 FSF: Kejih hav
 SLF: Kih hav
 English: I am

The omission of the present tense, indicative mood, and person markers (depending on various factors) has also become common with regular verbs in SLF, CSF, and OLF.

For more detail see [[Faraneit Dialectical Slang]].

==Stress and Pitch==
Stress usually falls on the first syllable:

 HAN-ak-ealh-ein
 heaven

Deviations, however, are not difficult to find:

 fhean-OT
 field(s)

The Stress-Pitch system is very simplistic. Stressed accents have high pitch, while all others have low pitch.

 fhean-OT
 LH
 
 HAN-ak-ealh-ein
 HLLL

When the onset of a stressed syllable, /b d/ are fortis like unvoiced stops, but remain voiced. Similarly, when the onset of an unstressed syllable, the voiceless stops are lenis like voiced stops, but remain voiceless.

/a/ is realized as slightly raised, nearly to /ɒ/ when unstressed.

In the Southeastern Lescealh Faraneit Dialect, /e o/ are realized as long when stressed. This is one of its more conservative features.

==Voice==
Passive voice is nonexistent, aside from the use of ''kej'', to be, as a descriptor. This results in dependence on ''teareipeas'' the genderless, numberless fourth person, when the subject is unknown. Reflexive is formed from the accusitive form of the appropriate pronoun.

==Conjugation==
Root + E(present)/EI(future)/OA(recent past)/EU(distant past) + J(indicative)/N(conditional/subjunctive) + IH(1p)/EIH(2p)/OAH(3p and 4p)

Classical Faraneit has no remaining unbound verbal roots, as the tense and mood markers became mandatory on even verbal nouns and gerund-like constructions.

Faraneit is known for having few irregular verbs, which can be found in a separate article: [[Irregular Verbs in Faraneit]].

==Dialects==
The largest distinction is present between Lescealh Faraneit and Poleiseam Faraneik (the version of Faraneit supplanted into southern Malaba). Poleiseam Faraneik replaces the she/he-it pronoun system with a he-she/it organization, although this is more exemplary of their philosophical views on women. The most obvious difference, however, is the shift of all terminal /t/ becoming /k/. This did not affect internal or initial stops. For example:

 ''Fhenot'' (Lescealh Faraneit) --&gt; ''Fhenok'' (Poleiseam Faraneik) 

There was a second sound change, in additon: a vowel chain shift set off by a small change originally. /ʊ/ shifted to /u/, because /u/ had become /y/. This prompted /o/ to become the parallel /ø/, while /ɔ/ shifted upward to fill the hole left by the disappearance of /o/

Additionally the consonant /ʃ/ shifted initially to where /ç/ had existed before, completing a process slowly occuring within Lescealh Faraneit.

Poleiseam Faraneik changed grammatically aswell. The superimposing system in Lescealh Faraneit was replaced by a specialized modifier ending attached to the place name. Instead of the convention adjective endings of -om, -ean, or -ein, Poleiseam Faraneik created a special marker of -eam for geographic modifiers (derived from ''heam'' meaning village or town). Poleiseam Faraneik maintained the unorthodox position of the adjective, nonetheless. For example:

 In Lescealh they speak Lescealh Faraneit.
 In Poleis'''ah''' they speak Poleis'''eam''' Faranik.

Another common feature of Poleiseam Faraneik is the merger of /l ɭ/ terminally, where both are analyzed as [ɬ].

A distinction is made, however, between Orthodox Lescealh Faraneit and Southeastern Lescealh Faraneit. Orthodox Lescealh Faraneit reduces /ʊ/ to [ə] in many positions, and compounds various endings. When a stop is followed by a &quot;weak&quot; vowel (/ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ/) and then a terminal fricative, the entire ending is realized as a voicless affricate positioned to the location of the stop.

 
Southeastern Lescealh Faraneit also realizes V/ni/X as V/ɲɪ/X or terminally V/ni#/ as V/ɲ/. Furthermore all [ʃ ʒ] are realized as [s z].

==History and Culture==
The Faraneih culture is beleived to have arisen circa 1500 AC (after colonization), when a variety of refugees from the final collapse of the Temenucha civilization (derived from both Hindi and Quecha speakers) moved southward across the ''Kupeimeiceah'' desert and into the &quot;mediterranean&quot; coastal plain and absorbed into the colonizers from the collapsed Guscek colony of Hungarians, who had relocated to from the southern plains. The cultures creolized to some degree and expanded as far south as the Trovog peninsula (''Teimeareitah'' in Faraneit). 

The extinction of the indigenous, omnivore reptoids left the cavernous, food producing, hollow trunks of the ''puzil'' trees available, leading to their adoption as an emergency shelter (not large enough for more than three children, unfortunately), food source (edible roots available from the hollow area), wood, and companion to a variety of edible and medicinal mosses. By 2000 AC this arangement had given way to fullscale horticulture. The subsequent increase in population pushed the excess out of ''measceineafh'' (the forest of the mediterranean coastal plain) and east to the ''Lescealh'', the hilly region seperating the humid subtropical savannahs-grasslands and mediterranean coastal chapparel. The region was largely uninhabited because its western border was the driest area of the chapparel and its northern and eastern border was outside of the main path of the monsoons, which passed over the grassland, leaving little rainfall, until unloading on Lescealh, because of its slightly higher elevation. The hills also contained a valuable domesticate: Amaranth. 

Amaranth had feralized after colonization, allowing it to develope into a naturalized and highly productive grain. After arriving around 3000 AC a small scale agricultural package was created circa 3100 by combining Amaranth (aka ''fheaqut'') and ''puzil'' and gathering various fruits and vegetables. By 3500 AC ''nopav'', a leafy vegetable, ''voanabeap'', a fiber crop, ''leirodeaz'', a melon, had been domesticated along with several more localized crops and goats had been introduced from the east. By 4000 AC the wheel was developed and ''Heideiveiz'', a spice, was introduced. 

From 4300 AC onwards, the Faranih dominated trade between the Southeastern Cang-ur, Northeastern Malaba, and the Southeastern [[Etimri]]. Circa 4600 AC, the ''Polizeih'', a militant fringe religious group, invaded southern Malaba and attempted to create a sacred theocratic nation, ''Poleisah'', there under their rule. The ''Polizeih'' radicals steadily drifted to even more radical ideals, until circa 4650 AC declaring their patron god, ''Poleasc'', the only true god and began actively persecuting polytheists and in 4700 threatening the Faranih heartland, ''Lescealh'', which had remained polytheistic, with invasion. In response the most populous and productive region dominated by the ''Hakeih'', devotees to ''Hakenah'', the water goddess, banned together under the leadership of the militaristic ''Heireih'', devotees to ''Heirealanah'', goddess of vengence and storms. This new and successful relationship became the ''Harapah''. Unfortunately this system proved no more noble than ''Poleisah'' and was fraught with internal corruption and a hierarchy supported by ruthless oppression of political opponents. 

A later ''Polizeih'' invasion (circa 4750) was more successful and managed to install the ''Polizeih'' in power in several non-''Harapah'' areas. The ballad of ''Lhealeateh'', the ''Lhealeatimen'', is the story of the driving of these occupying forces out of the city of ''Heajaz'' and the establishment of the ''Heajazareifh'' (circa 4760), a sacred state surrounding ''Heajaz'', which denied access to certain groups as an official, very public form of disapproval. Historically, both the ''Harapah'' and the ''Polizeih'' have been denied entrance. After the invasion of ''Heajaz'' by the ''Harapah'' circa 4780, the predominately ''Hameadeih'', ''Healeasceih'', and ''Leaveazeih'' inhabitants relocated to the semi-arid mountains in the north-central ''Kupeimeiceah'' desert and founded ''Heajarein'', meaning new ''Heajaz''.

After conquering the ''Heajareifh'' and other minor states in ''Lescealh'', the ''Harapah'' began to solidify its base by combining many aspects of the ''Hakeih'' and ''Heireih'' sects. Although generally successful, the merge drove many devout followers of both to radical extremism, seperatism, and in some cases warfare. The internal divisions quickly healed with the expulsion of the ''Hakeih'' seperatists into distant Etimri areas and the self-propelled relocation of the ''Heireih'' radicals into traditional Cang-Ur lands. In reality, however, this only exported the troubles elsewhere, particularly into the western Cang-Ur tribal regions, which were heavily depopulated of the indigenous inhabitants by the ''Heireih'' settlers. That conquered region mirrored the developement of ''Poleisah'', the ''Polizeih'' stronghold in southern Malaba, especially in it's eventual dissolution into utter theocracy. The overlying societal stresses augmented the already dangerous deforestation in the region, which ultimately lead to a devestating collapse into anarchy and mass exodus into the eastern shrub, into which an estimated three million emigrated, only to succumb to starvation (circa 4950 AC).

By 7500 AC, ecological causes, particularly deforestation, led to significant declines in both the strongholds of the ''Harapah'' and ''Polizeih''. Within the previous four hundred years, Malaban rebels would reconquer ''Poleisah'' and the ''Harapah'' empire would have splintered into thousands of independent city-states in a state of incessant warfare. Ironically, the relocated people of ''Heajarein'' would prosper in the ''Kupeimeiceah'' as the trade routes they relied on became increasingly profitable while the trade routes and supply lines into ''Lescealh'' increasingly decentegrated, leading to inordinate prices for silks and northern spices.

==Faraneit Lexicon==
[[Faraneit Lexicon]]

==Sound Changes which Created Faraneit==
[[Proto Faraneit to Classical Faraneit Sound and Morphological Changes]]

==Faraneit Pronouns==
[[Faraneit Pronouns]]

==Faraneit Number System==
The Faraneit number system is base-twelve, originating in the Faraneih practice of counting the palms as well as the fingers. 
 
{| border=1
  ! number
  |align=center| Lescealh Faraneit
  | Poleiseam Faraneik
  |-
  ! 1
  |align=center| Heav (/ɛv/
  |align=center| Heav
  |-
  ! 2
  |align=center| Fheikah (/θɪka/)
  |align=center| Fheikah
  |-
  ! 3 
  |align=center| Beas (/bɛs/)
  |align=center| Beas
  |-
  ! 4 
  |align=center| Taseip (/tas-ɪp/)
  |align=center| Taseip
  |-
  ! 5
  |align=center| Sureah (/suʁɛ/)
  |align=center| Suereah (/syʁɛ/)
  |-
  ! 6  
  |align=center| Puket (/puket/)
  |align=center| Puekek (/pykek/)
  |-
  ! 7
  |align=center| Keut (/kʊt/)
  |align=center| Kuk (/kuk/)
  |-
  ! 8 
  |align=center| Botav (/botav/)
  |align=center| Boetav
  |-
  ! 9
  |align=center| Moz (/moz/)
  |align=center| Moz (/møz/)
  |-
  ! 10
  |align=center| Neaser (/nɛs-eʁ/)
  |align=center| Neaser
  |-
  ! 11
  |align=center| Hebek (/ebek/) 
  |align=center| Hebek
  |-
  ! 12
  |align=center| Caneis (/xɑnɪs/)
  |align=center| Caneis 
|}

==External Links==
[[http://buckfush530.livejournal.com/2006/01/24/ |original outline]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Lexicon</title>
    <id>2656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55250</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-22T20:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* z */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Faraneit]]
==b==
BAFHEJ = ''v'' to sit, to repose, to rest

BACEID = ''n'' spike, spire, stake

BEJ = ''intrans. v'' to travel, ''trans. v'' to travel (with/to)

BELH = ''n'' oak tree, oak sap

BASCEITEJ = ''v'' to finish, complete

BIFEIT = ''adj'' oldest

BIFEM = ''adj'' older

BIF = ''adj'' old

BEAN = ''adv'' now, presently, stresses present tense

BEAS = ''adj'' three

BEAZEJ = ''v'' to touch, to contact

BEASCEJ = ''v'' walk, amble

BEICEIM = ''n'' era, period

BOAF = ''interj'' whoa! 

BOANEIC = ''n slang'' dining area, restaurant or in-house

BOANEICEJ = 1.''v'' to practice, to use 2. ''slang, v'' to eat, to use up

BOASCOM = ''adj'' proper, correct, polite

BOS = ''n'' light, aura

BOTAV = ''adj'' eight

BOZ = ''n'' other people, others

==c==
CABAH = ''adv'' approximately, nearly, about

CAD = ''adj'' warm, hot

CADEUH = ''n'' warmth, heat

CAH = ''n'' greatness, superiority

CAMEJ = ''v'' to produce smoke, to be smoked, to be screwed

CAMEIDEAN = ''adj'' burnt, smoked

CASC = ''n'' shovel, plow, blunt object for moving soil

CIT = ''n'' star, celestial body

CINEJ = ''v'' to fly, to hover/float in the air

CEJ = ''v'' to inspire

CEJEJ = ''v'' to be located at, to be inside/around/situated

CEAN = ''adj'' great, powerful ''adv'' with great force, forcefully

CEAREIS = ''prn'' everyone, everybody

CEAREIFH = ''prn'' everything

CEAT = ''adj'' eleven

CEAZEITEJ = ''v'' to settle, to colonize, to found

CEIH = ''part'' that, relative conjunction

CEIREJ = ''v'' to allow, to permit

COM = ''adj'' fast, rapid

COR = ''adj'' angry, furious

COREJ = ''v'' annoy, shock

COSAREJ  = ''v'' sting

COANEV = ''n'' metal object

COANEVOM = ''adj'' metallic, made of metal

CEUSEITEJ = ''v'' to lie, to deceive

CEUZIS = ''n'' liar, fraudulent person

CEUDEIN = ''adj'' mordant, sarcastic, cynical, annoying, decietful, cruel, rude

CEUHEJ = ''v'' to make treason against, to stab in the back

CUK = ''n'' broom

CUTESC = ''n'' status

==d==
DACEAH = ''n'' tone, music

DAKEH = ''n'' key, chord, group of tones/notes

DAMEAF = ''n'' belt, strap

DAZEJ = ''v'' to hate, to detest, to abhor

DASCEJ = ''v'' to place, to put, to lay, to drop onto

DEKEIN = ''prn'' third person, singular, inanimate, accusitive

DELH = ''n'' life ''slang'' gift

DELHEJ = ''v'' to be independent, autonomous, sovereign, dignified, etc

DESCEAK = ''n'' oblong breed of krill like sea creatures

DEALHEIN = ''adj'' light red, unsaturated red

DEAPIR = ''n'' lentils, pulses

DEARASC = ''n'' krill like sea creatures

DEAREIVAC = ''slang, interrog'' right?, yes?, ok?, clear?

DEASCEJ = ''v'' to function, to work properly

DEICEAL = ''n'' alcohol

DEICEJ = ''v'' to be drunk, to be an alcoholic, ''idiom'' &quot;dicaej fhis sced&quot; translates as drunk with unhappiness, meaning offended

DEICEAMOM = ''adj'' sour tasting, alcohol-like flavor

DEIK = ''slang, n'' fermented fruit juice, particularly from berry origin

DEIH = ''part'' through, across

DEIS = ''prn'' third person, singular, possessive

DOM = ''prn'' third person, singular, animate, accusitive

DON = ''adj'' similar, like

DOKEJ = ''v'' to be similar to (etym: doen+kaej--&gt;doekaej like+be--&gt;be-like)

DOAM = ''prn'' third person, singular, inanimate, nominative

DOAN = ''prn'' third person, singular, animate, nominative

DOAPEJ = ''v'' to cause

DOAP = ''part'' denotes action towards locatively, to

DUNEJ = ''v'' to live (medically, not spatially), to exist

DUT = ''prn'' elsewhere, somewhere else

DUTOM = ''adj/adv'' foreign(ly), exotic(ally), from elsewhere

DEUFH = ''adv'' again, ''salut'' (until) again

DEUVEJ = ''v'' to climb

DEUSCEAC = ''prn'' third person, plural, ablative/dative

==f==
FABAT = ''n'' accusations, gossip, talk (zero-plural)

FAKIH = ''n'' shape, form, example

FAMOAH = ''n'' strength, harshness, resilience

FASIR = ''n'' script, orthography, alphabet

FASCEJ = ''v'' to write, to mark

FEACOR = ''adj/adv'' shocked, frightened, amazed, dazzled

FEAFEJ = ''v'' to weave, to shuffle, to dodge (all otaempeia)

FEAN = ''adj'' young, small, little

FEAREIH = ''prn'' first person, plural, nominative, inclusive

FEAZEJ = ''v'' to think such, to believe, to understand (transitive)

FEAZEIT = ''n'' a person who understands (something) (plural feazeib), an intellectual

FEAZIT = ''n'' an adherent, a believer

FEAZAT = ''n'' reasoning, a reason, a motive

FEAZEINAH = ''n'' thought, philosophy

FEASCEJ = ''v'' to teach

FEASCIT = ''n'' instruction, period of instruction

FEASCOH = ''n'' teacher, instructor

FEIREN = ''n'' culture, identity

FEIREAT = ''n'' height as a quality

FEIROM = ''adj'' tall, high

FEJ = ''v'' to rise, to wake up, to stand

FOAS = ''n'' bitterness, gross flavor

FOASEAN = ''adj'' bitter, gross (flavor)

FONEIN = ''prn'' first person, plural, accusitive

FOROM = ''adj/adv'' cold(ly), cool(ly)

FUH = ''n'' nose (zero-plural)

FEUZEJ = ''v'' to learn, to study

==fh==
FHEJ = ''v'' to take, to receive

FHEK = ''prn'' both, each

FHEKALEJ = ''v'' to translate, to be bilingual (arch)

FHANOT = ''n'' grain(s)

FHAT = ''n'' error, mistake

FHEADEJ = ''v'' to give, to offer

FHEAK = ''interject'' hell! damn! ''slang adj/adv'' a lot, many, very

FHEAMEJ = ''v'' to plant

FHEAM = ''n'' container (originally, seed container, but the meaning has widened)

FHEAN = ''adj'' clever, witty

FHEANOT = ''n'' field(s)

FHEAQUT = 1.''n'' amaranth the plant 2.''n'' amaranth grain

FHIJOAK = ''n'' flavored meal or porridge, similar to oatmeal, usually from fhequt

FHINEJ = ''v'' to start, to begin, to commence

FHEIKAH = ''adj'' two

FHEIMEAPEJ = ''v'' to harvest, to take

FHEIMEIZ = ''n'' shore, edge, corner

FHEINEJ = ''v'' to sow, to plant

FHEINEAHOK = ''n'' farmer, ''arch'' sower, planter

FHEIS = ''part'' within, inside of

FHOD = ''n'' breasts (zero plural)

FHOM = ''adj/adv'' polite(ly), merciful(ly), sympathetic(ally)

FHOAQ = ''adj/adv'' absolutely, really, truely, verily

FHULH = ''n'' shelter

FHEUDOM = ''adj'' adequete, capable

==h==
HEJ = ''v'' to work, to labor

HEFH = ''conj'' or

HELIH = ''n'' language, speach

HET = ''n'' spirit, diety

HAC = ''n'' year

HACAZ = ''n'' meat, including poultry

HACEAM = ''n'' kindling, zero-plural

HAFEJ = ''v'' feel (intentional form)

HAFHEJ = ''v'' to appear (as such), to seem, to look (as such)

HAH = ''prn'' thing

HAJAREIN = ''n'' city in Kupeimeiceah, new Heajaz

HAKEIH = ''n'' devotee to Hakenah

HAKENAH = ''n'' water diety

HALEJ = ''v'' to speak, to say

HALHEJ = ''v'' to tell a story, to mythologize

HALEAH = ''n'' news, stories

HAMEAT = ''n'' flame

HAMEJ = ''v'' to burn, to incinerate

HAN = ''n'' leg, foot

HANEJ = ''v'' to dazzle, to amaze, to stupify

HANAH = ''adj'' amazing, fascinating, incredible, dazzling

HANAKEALHEIN = ''n'' heaven, nirvana

HANEIT = ''adj'' yes

HAREPAH = ''n'' political structure based on cultural symbiosis, specialization

HARAMEAV = ''n'' the sun

HARAPAH = ''n'' political group based on harepah

HARAPEANEIN = ''n'' symbiosis, co-operation

HARAH = ''n'' woman

HAREAH = ''n'' flowering plant 

HAREISC = ''n'' leader

HASEJ = ''v'' to feel (unintentional, universal form)

HAV = ''prn'' first person, singular, nominative

HAZ = ''interj'' shush! ''n'' scar, harmed body part

HAZEJ = ''v'' to kill, to harm

HAZATOM = ''adj'' amber, golden

HIH = ''prep'' with, alongside, ''adj'' pregnent

HIHEJ = ''v'' to agree with someone, to support some one

HIJ = ''n'' water (not rainfall)

HIM = ''prn'' first person, singular, accusitive

HINEJ = ''v'' need, require

HIZEALEJ = ''v'' to drown

HEAHEIM = ''n'' sister

HEAJAZ = ''n'' city in Laescelh

HEAJAZAREIFH = ''n'' city-state in Laescelh

HEAKEIH = ''n'' egg

HEALAT = ''n'' life

HEALATOM ''adj'' sacred

HEALEISCEIH = ''n'' a devotee to twilight goddess

HER = ''adv'' well ''adj'' happy, healthy

HESEJ = ''v'' to release, to let go, to relinquish

HEATEIK = ''adj'' bad

HEAV = 1.''adj'' sole 2.''adj'' one

HEAZ = ''prn'' first person, singular, possessive

HEIC = ''n'' brevity, short period, ''coll'' twenty days or less, ''n'' estimate, guess

HEICEJ = ''v'' to guess, to estimate

HEIDEIVEIZ = 1.''n'' a tree species 2.''n'' spice produced from the bark of the hidiviz tree

HEILEIN = ''adj'' shorter

HEILEIT = ''n'' peace, life ''greet/salut'' similar to shalom

HEILEITEJ = ''v'' welcome, greet

HEILEITEAH = ''interj'' I'm sorry, please excuse me

HEIMEIN = ''adj'' black, burnt

HEIP = ''interj'' oh, my, well

HEIREALANAH = ''n'' storm diety

HEIREIH = ''n'' a devotee to Hirelanah

HEIREIDEJ = ''v'' to assist, to help

HEIROANUR = ''n'' bird

HEISCEJ = ''v'' to break

HEISCOM = ''adj'' destined to end, impermanent, breakable

HEISC = ''n'' death, destruction, damage

HOATAC = ''n'' picture, drawing, sketch

HOATEAC = ''n'' small oasis or pool in an arid area

HOATEIV = ''n'' tomarrow

HOAVEIM = ''n'' sybling, close friend

HOAVEJ = ''v'' be friendly, brotherly/sisterly with

HOASCUQ = ''n'' pattern

HONEJ = 1.''v'' to see 2. ''v'' to sense (literal rather than inuitive)

HONEAJ = ''n'' male fertility deity with a very small cult following

HOT = ''n'' day, day time, bright-ness

HUQOT = ''n'' yesterday, the previous day

HUTEIR = ''n'' wild dog, wild fox, ''n'' sand/dirt grains

HEUH = ''part'' under, beneath

HEUHOH = ''adv/adj'' truly, ultimately, completely, really, absolutely, general stress word

HEUSC = ''n'' person

==j==
JAH = ''n'' sky (during the day)

JEJ = ''v'' to stop, to terminate, to finish

JACEAL = ''n'' positive point/period, upbeat part

JACOM = ''adj'' optimistic, positive, upbeat

JEIKOSC = ''n'' fat(s), kurds

JEIM = ''n'' cost, price

JEN = ''adj'' final, terminal, last, ''n'' nonsense, gibberish

JESOM = ''n'' tears

JEID = ''conj'' but, however, nonetheless

JID = ''adj'' equal, fair, balanced

JIDAH = ''n'' equality, fairness, balance, reciprocity, karma

JOJ = ''adv'' now, presently

JUHIH = ''n'' hunger

JUHIHOM = ''adj/adv'' hungry

JUK = ''adj/adv'' fearful(ly), terrifying(ly)

==k==
KACEAL = ''n'' chasms, pitfalls, period(s) of suffering or sorrow

KALH = ''adj/adv'' easy/easily, without stress or difficulty

KAROTEJ = ''v'' to do

KARASC = ''slang, noun'' bitch, whore

KAZEIH = ''n'' arm

KEADEAS = ''n'' blood

KEADEASEAN = ''adj'' bloody, violent

KEADEAZEAN = ''adj'' threatening, dangerous

KEAH = ''prn'' second person, plural/formal, dative/ablative

KEAMEJ = ''v'' to be afraid, to be terrified, to be cowardly

KEAREIN = ''slang'' sure, thanks

KEAROSOM = ''adj'' light green, fresh green

KEH = ''n'' working station, workroom

KEJ = ''v'' to be

KELH = ''interj'' ugh

KEROM = ''adj'' fresh, new, young

KETEJ = ''v'' to remember, to recall

KEVEJ = ''v'' to complete, to finish

KEIZEAN = ''adv'' previous, ''adj'' prior

KEIT = ''adv'' otherwise, ''adj'' other

KOTEJ = ''v'' to know, to predict

KOLH = ''n'' futile thing

KEUD = ''n'' enemy (collectiv and singular, regular plural)

KEUNAT = ''n'' marriage

KEUNATEJ = ''v'' to marry (ie: to make/force to marry, I marry her to me &gt; keunatejeih hav doan sceuh hin (PF)/ fheis hav (LF)

KEUSCEJ = ''v'' to grind (into a powder)

KEUT = ''adj'' seven

KEUZEJ = ''v'' to be victorious, to succeed.

KEUSCEH = ''n'' sadness, loss, shock, mourning

KEUSCEAN = ''adj/adv'' dry, sad(ly), tearful(ly)

KUH = ''n'' polity, administrative unit

KUPEIMEICEAH = ''n'' desert region northwest of Laescelh

KUREJ = ''v'' to give, to donate

KUSC = ''n'' performance

==l==
LAVEIN = ''adj/adv'' complex, intricate(ly)

LAVOTEJ = ''intrns v'' to be complex, ''trns v'' to make complicated

LAEJ = ''v'' to want

LEVEITOM = ''adj'' delicious, sweet

LEPIR = ''n'' pleasure, joy

LESCEALH = ''n'' hilly region dominated by the Faranih 

LALEJ = ''v'' to call out, to scream, to call for help

LAPEILH = ''n'' dear, sweet

LIH = ''adj'' all, global ''adv'' globally

LIR = ''prn arch'' all things, everything (global sense), all of the above

LEASEIF = ''n'' voice

LEASEIV = ''n'' song

LEAVEJ = ''v'' sing

LEAVIZAH = ''n'' the star goddess

LEAVIZEIH = ''n'' a devotee to the star goddess

LEIDEIN = ''adj'' worse

LID = ''prn'' that

LIRODEAZ = ''n'' breed of melons famous for its sweet and sour taste

LITEH = ''adj/adv'' bad, evil, malicious(ly)

LITEHOM = ''adj/adv'' cunning(ly), plotful(ly), craft(ily)

LIZEALH = ''n'' sapphire like gems exported from alpine regions of Kupimiceh

LOL = ''n'' sound, noise, disturbance

LONEJ = ''v'' to be lost, to be confused

LOT = ''n'' everyone

LOSCAT = ''n'' mud, clay, adobe

LUDEIH = ''n'' an evil person, a cruel person

LEUREUNEIH = ''n'' incantation, charm, quiet chant, prayer (often with a negative connotation of dark or mixed nature)

==lh==
LHEJ = ''v'' to be named, to be called 

LHEFH = ''prn'' this, ''col'' thus, this

LHAH = ''n'' drink produced with steeping, tea or tea-like drinks

LHAL = ''n'' song, chant

LHALEJ = ''v'' to sing

LHEALEATEH = ''myth'' heroine of the Lheletimen

LHEALEATIMEN = ''n'' ballad of Lheletaeh

LHEINEAD = ''n'' continent containing Laescelh, Kupimiceh, and other regions

LHIH = ''n'' ball, bowl

LHOCIM = ''n'' river in northeastern Laescelh

LHOMEJ = ''v'' to dance ''slang'' to have intercourse with

LHONEAD = ''n'' movement

LHOAP = ''n'' virtue, conscience

LHOPEJ = ''v'' to behave virtuously, set an example (ACC - to whom, DAT - means)

LHOPAH = ''n'' virtuous person, saint

LHUH = ''adj'' perfect, epitomic, flawless ''adv'' perfectly, flawlessly

LHUL = ''adj'' most perfect, most divine

LHEUDAN = ''n'' overcast clouds, sky-covering stratus clouds

==m==
MAKEJ = ''v'' to belong (to), to be owned (by)

MANAHUHOM = ''adj/adv'' disgusting(ly), unappetizing(ly), repulsive(ly)

MEJ = ''v'' to stop, to slow, to stall, to wait

MEPEJ = ''v'' to be able to, can

MEAREAS = ''prn'' second person, plural/formal, possessive

MESCEIH = ''n'' forest, wood

MEASCEINEAFH = ''n'' forested region west of Laescelh

MIZ = ''n'' slices of bread, snack(s)

MIDEJ = ''trans v'' to build, to construct, to erect ''intrans v'' fix/be fixed, repair/ be repaired

MEIKEJ = ''v'' to rain, ''v + adj'' to become or grow (adjective)

MEIKANAH = ''n'' raindrop

MEIKEH = ''n'' rain(storm) 

MEINESCOM = ''adj'' green, emerald

MEISED = ''n'' coast, shore (from Mescinefh, a coastal forest)

MIZOEM = ''adj'' real, vivid

MIZEUN = ''n'' ocean

MOZ = ''adj'' nine

MOFHEJ = ''v'' be convinced, be persuaded, be advised, be given advice

MOKEIN = ''prn'' second person, singular, accusitive 

MOLEIN = ''prn'' second person, plural/formal, accustive

MOALEIH = ''prn'' second person, plural/formal, nominative

MOQEAQ = ''arch n'' predictable or seasonal flood, tide

MUD = ''adj'' sexual, sexy, hot, concerning sex, reminescent of sex, causing lust

MUDAR = ''n'' sex, sexual behavior, promiscuity, philandering

MUDEJ = ''v'' to (have) sex, to initiate sexual behavior

MUK = ''n'' face (person, or object) , front

MUZED = ''n'' intent, reasoning

MUR = ''n'' taste, bit, bite, little piece

MEUK = ''adj'' a few, some

==n==
NEJ = ''v'' to return, to go back (to)

NAKAT = ''prn, interrog'' who

NAKIR = ''prn, interrog'' what, which

NAKUMEJ = ''v'' to flood

NAVOAT = ''n'' origin

NAZEAH = ''n'' answer, response, anti-question

NILHEH = ''n'' paternal grandmother (Poeleizih)

NIS = ''n'' thousand

NEASER = ''adj'' ten

NEASCEIP = ''prn, interrog'' why, for what, for what reason

NEIBEID = ''n'' creator

NEIBEIDEJ = ''v'' to birth, to create, to fashion

NEIBEIT = ''n'' grandmother

NEIH = ''part'' denotes action towards in forming ablative/dative case

NEIKIH = ''n'' aunt

NEIKOAL = ''slang'' huh, what

NEILEH = ''n'' paternal aunt (Poeleizih)

NEIMEIH = ''n'' mother

NEIREIS = ''prn'' second person, singular, possessive

NOD = ''n'' hundred

NOH = ''n'' mommy

NONOH = ''n'' mama

NOR = ''prn'' second person, singular, nominative

NEUBOM = ''adj/adv'' shiny, luminous, with luster

NEUL = ''n'' abusive person

NEUM = ''n'' hand

NEUSCEJ = ''v'' to use, to utilize

NURAT = ''n'' condolences, apologies, kindness (zero-plural)

NUSCEJ = ''v'' to pretend (to do something), to impersonate (some one or thing)

==p==
PAB = ''n'' heart

PAFEUZEJ = ''v'' to read, to look over, to examine

PAFHEJ = ''v'' to continue, to go further/onward

PET = ''n'' night, darkness

PAFEJ = ''v'' to change, to move onward

PEJ = ''v'' to want

PAMINAH = ''n'' tower, large building

PASEAREAN = ''adv'' again, indicates repetition

PEANATEJ = ''v'' to trust, to hold in high esteem

PEANETOEM = ''adj'' brown, dirty brown

PEPEDEJ = ''v'' retrieve, pick (back) up, save

PESEJ = ''v'' to introduce

PIH = ''part'' of, from (spacially)

PIK = ''n'' butterfly/moth

PITEJ = ''v'' to bargain for, to search for, to attempt

PIZAT = ''n'' forgiveness, pardon

PIZOHEJ = ''v'' to forgive

POALEJ = ''v'' come quickly, race, come (to help some one) quickly, race (to their aid)

PORESC = ''n'' city

POLIZEIH = ''n'' a devotee to Poelesc

POLEASC = ''n'' god of cities, demonized in non-Poeleizih mythologies

POLH = ''n'' stare

POLHEJ = ''v'' to stare

POREJ = ''v'' to deduce

POROK = ''n'' strategy, plan, device

POV = ''n'' mother

POSC = ''n'' deceived person

POSCEAT = ''n'' lie, deceit, falsehood

PUKET = ''adj'' six

PUREJ = ''v'' to meld, to join

PUZEIL = ''adj'' far, distant ''n'' great distance, horizon ''fig'' -eapuzeil = quite distant

PUZIL = 1. ''n'' a domesticated tree 2. ''n'' the edible roots of that tree

PEUL = ''n'' jug, gulp

==q==
QEJ = ''v'' to defeat, to triumph over

QAB = ''n'' finger, digit

QALHEJ = ''v'' to promise

QAMAH = ''n'' bundle, collection

QAMAHEJ = ''v'' to gather, to collect, (''reflexive'') to assemble

QAMAT = ''n'' legend of the great gods' war

QAT = ''n'' enemy, zero-plural

QETAREJ = ''arch. v'' to rescue, to save

QEASC = ''n'' creature(s)

QITIS = ''arch n'' bloodshed, violence

QIDIH = ''n'' pain, suffering, cruelty

QITOM = ''adj'' red, crimson

QIDIS = ''arch. n'' war, violence

QIDISEIH = ''n'' warrior, fighter, soldier

QIDEJ = ''v'' to fight, to attack

QOD = ''n'' lightning(strike)

QODEJ = ''v'' to strike, to hit

QONEJ = ''v'' to unroll, to spread, to open (a letter, a seal)

QOV = ''n'' moment, instant, ''arch n'' blitzkreig, ambush, sudden attack

QUDEJ = ''v'' to undermine (often violently and internally)

QUREZEM = ''adj'' pertaining to miltary particularly occupation

QEUZ = ''n'' hair (regular plural)

QUV = ''n'' midst ''arch n'' middle of chaos, heat of battle

==r==
REJ = ''v'' to have, + fheis - to contain, envelope

REHEJ = ''v'' to be aquainted with, to know (connaitre form)

RETEIN = ''adj'' fun, enjoyable, interesting

RACUEMIH = ''n'' child

RAFH = ''prep'' under, below

RAZOH = ''n'' bone, cartilegde

RAZOR = 1. ''slang, n'' penis, phallus 2. ''n'' pillar, support

RIB = ''adj/adv'' exact(ly), precise(ly)

RIHEJ = ''v'' to shelter, to comfort, to protect

RIZET = ''n'' a species of yellow flower

RIZOM = ''adj'' yellow

RISCAH = ''n'' world, universe

REINEJ = ''v'' to nurse

REIN = ''n'' nipple

RAZEJ = ''v'' to hide (transitive or reflexive)

REAK = ''n'' night, night-time

REAN = ''part'' until

REIH = ''prep'' over, ontop of, above

REIZOTEJ = ''v'' doubt, suspect, be paranoid of

RIZ = ''prn'' third person, plural, possessive

ROHEJ = ''v'' to cause stress, to be difficult, to challenge

ROM = ''adj'' difficult, hard, stressful

RONOH = ''n'' forest, wood

REUK = ''prn'' here

REUVEJ = ''v'' to search (for), to look (for)

==s==
SACEJ = ''v'' to defecate

SAH = ''n'' nightsky, dusk

SAP = ''n'' duck, waterfowl

SEH = ''n'' flower

SEJ = ''v'' to batter, to hit, to harm

SEN = ''adj'' eternal

SENEJ = ''v'' to swim, ''slang v'' to move/shimmer

SENUR = ''slang n'' freshwater bog, freshwater swamp

SIH = ''n'' skeptic, disbeliever

SEAREISC = ''n'' knot, tangle

SEARISC = ''n'' chaos, anarchy, madness, uncivilized behavior, disorder, bizarrity

SEAROM = ''adj'' bizarre, unusual

SEASCIT = ''n'' loneliness

SEASCOM = ''v'' lonely

SEIH = ''part'' (spatially) in front of, forward (temporally) after(wards)

SEIL = ''adj/adv'' worthy, deserving

SEIMAH = ''n'' eye (irregular plural)

SEIN = ''adv'' more

SOMAF = ''n'' eyes

SUBEJ = ''v'' to own

SUN = ''n'' sleeping mat

SUQ = ''interj'' expresses extreme happiness, yes!, halleluia!

SUREH = ''adj'' five

SEUD = ''n'' short period of time (about an hour)

SEUPEJ = ''v'' to buy, to barter for

==t==
TEBIN = ''adj'' large, plentiful

TEH = ''n'' friend, companion

TEJ = ''v'' to remove, to take off/away, to undress

TACAH = ''n'' idiot

TADEJ = ''v'' to listen, to hear

TAD = ''n'' chutney, sauce, flavoring

TAFH = ''n'' ear(s)

TASERIV = ''n'' truth, statements of truth

TASIP = ''adj'' four

TIBEK = ''adv'' as normal, the normal way, normally, as usual, as often

TIC = ''n'' goat

TICOM = ''adj'' stubborn

TIP = ''prn'' third person, plural, nominative

TIS = ''n'' home, homeland, shelter

TIZEH = ''n'' breast, chest, rib cage

TIZEJ = ''v'' to hear

TEH = ''n'' group, ethnicity, crowd

TEALHEIC = 1. ''n'' a domestic fruit tree 2. ''n'' the fruit of that tree

TEALHOM = ''adj'' dark purple, saturated violet

TEAREJ = ''v'' to wish

TEAREIPEAS = ''prn'' fourth person

TEARISC = ''greet'' formal (Poelisem)

TEIBEIN = ''prn'' third person, plural, accusitive

TEIH = ''part'' for, because (causative)

TEIHEIM = ''n'' brother

TILHEATEJ = ''v'' to play, to frolic

TEIMEARITAH = ''n'' peninsula on the western coast of Ledan

TEISOM = ''adj'' unripe, petulant, rebellious

TIRIJ = ''salut'' informal (Poelisem)

TIREJ = ''v'' to be required to, must, should

TOBIT = ''n'' grandfather

TOKEIH = ''n'' uncle

TOH = ''n'' father 

TEUFEIH = ''n'' valley or gorge

TEUVEAN = ''adj'' blue, violet, purple

==v==
VAH = ''adj'' common, ubiquitous

VED = ''n'' peace ''slang'' submission, subjugation

VELEIB = ''arch. prn'' exclusive we, determined as impolite in most groups 

VASCEL = ''n'' reason, sense

VASCOM = ''adj/adv'' reasonable, sensible, sensibly, reasonably

VIR = ''adv'' also, additionally, and

VISOM = ''adj/adv'' famous(ly)

VIZEIH = ''n'' dear, darling, bride, groom

VEAREINEJ = ''v'' to wonder, to ponder the possibility of

VEAZOP = ''n'' throat

VIQOM = ''adj/adv'' merely, only, simply, just

VIS = ''n'' cart, carriage

VEIT = ''part/prep'' denotes action from, used to form ablative forms

VEHEJ = ''v'' to sleep, to rest, to relax, to recouperate

VODUR = ''n'' begining

VODURIH = ''fig'' in the begining (used as once upon a time is)

VOJID = ''n'' love (emotion)

VOK = ''n'' place, location locale

VOSCIH = ''n'' lover, partner

VOAP = ''part'' as, while, at the same time as

VOANABEAP = 1. ''n'' a crop native to Laescelh, raised for its fibers 2. ''n'' cloth made from those fibers

VOAREJ = 1. ''v'' to find 2. ''arch. v'' to experience (through)

VOZEIS = ''prn'' first person, plural, possessive

VOSCEJ = ''v'' to love, to cherish

VUFHEIC = ''prn'' first person, plural, ablative/dative

VUZEJ = ''v'' to lust (after/for)

VUZIT = ''n'' lust

VEUT = ''n'' place, room

''adj'' contained, trapped, cornered

VEUSCAH = ''n'' good friend

==z==
ZEJ = ''v'' to depart, to leave, to exit

ZEV = ''adj'' never, not ever

ZER = ''ad'' unhealthy, sick, unwell, ill

ZET = ''adj'' none, not one

ZADIH = ''n'' silence, quiet

ZAKOTOM = ''adj'' unknown, unidentified

ZALIHOM = ''adj/adv'' ugly, with harsh intent, unkind, disfigured

ZAMEAF = ''adj/adv'' free, loose, insecurely tethered, independent, feral

ZAMIZ = ''n'' imagination, dream, fantasy, illusion, hallucination

ZAS = no

ZASEJ = ''v'' squash, flatten, level

ZASOM = ''adj'' flat, level ''adv'' gratingly

ZATASERIV = ''n'' unfounded belief(s), preconception(s), prejudice(s)

ZAH = ''adv'' not

ZALIH = ''adv'' never, forever not

ZILEJ = ''v'' to copy, to plagarize

ZIS = ''n'' trouble(s)

ZELEJ = ''v'' to steal, to take

ZEAR = ''part'' denotes locative movement away from, from

ZEARASEJ = ''v'' to drive out/away/forward

ZEIH = ''prep'' (spatially) behind, in back of, (temporally) prior/before

ZEIHIN = ''interrog'' no? not really? (like French ...n'est-ce pas?)

ZEILH = ''n'' lip

ZOATOM = ''adj/adv'' empty, devoid, hollowed

ZOTEJ = ''v'' to be careful, to be cautious, to be thoughtful

ZUMAT = ''n'' party, dinner, private celebration

==sc==
SCAH = ''n'' palm (of the hand)

SCAC = ''n'' future

SCAM = ''adv/adj'' if(hypothetical), perhaps, potential(ly)

SCAN = ''n'' vendor, seller

SCANEJ = ''v'' to sell, to vend

SCAP = ''adv/adj'' if(negative)

SCASC = ''n'' hill, mountain, crest, rocky area

SCACEATEJ = ''v'' laugh, chuckle

SCEJ = ''v'' to fill

SCEAD = ''n'' unhappiness, distaste, bitterness

SCEAN = ''adj'' gross, nasty

SCEAP = ''slang, adv'' used to show unenthusiasm, similar to whatever

SCEATEJ = ''v'' to be necessary (to be done); similar to falloir

SCEAZOM = ''adj'' worthless, pathetic, loser-ish

SCIBEJ = ''v'' to come (from), to arrive (from), to ripen (colloquially)

SCEIT = ''n'' slice, cut, part, piece

SCOH = ''n'' skin

SCOM = ''adj'' excessive, ''colloquial'' obese

SCOT = ''adj'' white

SCEUDEJ = ''v'' fill, comprise the interior of

SCEUH = ''prep'' with

SCUNEJ = ''v'' clean (a wound), dress (a wound)

SCUQ = ''n'' order, structure</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rulers</title>
    <id>2660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16103</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:People</title>
    <id>2661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12456</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-21T07:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Odiran Standard Units</title>
    <id>2662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44165</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T14:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Land Area */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Odiran Standard Units''' are the standard system of units in use on Odira.  English translations are given for the unit names

== Modern Standard System ==

=== Time ===
Time is, as on Earth, based on divisions of the day.  The [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhafan]] day is 25 hours, 26 minutes, and 55 seconds in Earth time.
*1 Day = 60 Daymins - 25 hr 26m 55s
*1 Daymin = 60 Daysecs - 25 min 26.915 sec ({{frac|1|60}} day)
*1 Daysec = 60 Daytrices - 25.449 sec ({{frac|1|3600}} day)
*1 Daytrice = .42414 seconds ({{frac|1|216000}} day)

Historically, there was a unit, the &quot;hour&quot;, equal to {{frac|1|12}} day, or 5 daymins.  That unit has fallen out of usage, however.  The day is traditionally also divided into 4 ''quarters'' of 15 daymins each (historically, the quarters were defined as sunrise-noon, noon-sunset, sunset-midnight, midnight-sunrise, but are now simply equal divisions of the day).

The day begins at Daymin 1, which begins 15 daymins after mean midnight (thus, averaging at dawn).  Daymins are counted from 1-60 while daysecs and daytrices are counted from 0-59 (1:00:00 is the beginning of the day, 60:59:59 is the end)

=== Distance ===
The basic unit of length is the ''fathom'', which was originally defined as twice the distance an object falls in 1 daytrice on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] (specifically, at sea level at 45­° N latitude, in a vacuum).  This makes it approximately 170 cm or 5'7&quot; (hence, the gravitational acceleration on Galhaf is exactly 1 fathom per daytrice²).  Today, it is defined in terms of the speed of light.  Not all units are in common use in modern times.  Bolded units are common use
*1 '''(Great) League''' = 5 Small Leagues = 12.2193 km (7.59275 mi)
*1 Small League = 12 Furlongs = 2.44387 km (1.51855 mi)
*1 '''Furlong''' = 120 Fathoms = 203.656 m (668.162 ft)
*1 '''Fathom''' = 4 Cubits = 169.713 cm (5'6.8162&quot;)
*1 Cubit = 6 Hands = 42.4283 cm (16.7040&quot;)
*1 '''Hand''' = 4 Fingers = 7.07138 cm (2.78401&quot;)
*1 Finger = 3 Grains = 1.76784 cm (.696001&quot;)
*1 '''Grain''' = 5.892813 mm (.232000&quot;)

Simplified to commonly used units
*1 League = 60 Furlongs = 7,200 Fathoms = 172,800 Hands = 2,073,600 Grains
*1 Furlong = 120 Fathoms = 2,880 Hands = 34,560 Grains
*1 Fathom = 24 Hands = 288 Grains
*1 Hand = 12 Grains

=== Area ===
In modern times, area is commonly measured in terms of length, e.g., square fathom, square league, etc.  Several traditional units remain in common use, however.
==== Land Area ====
*Secondland - {{frac|1|60}} of a minuteland, thus {{frac|1|900}} square furlongs or 16 square fathoms (46.0842 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 496.046 ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
*'''Minuteland''' - {{frac|1|60}} of a houseland (see below), thus {{frac|1|15}} square furlong or 960 square fathoms (2,765.05 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, .683259 acres, 29,762.8 ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
*'''Houseland''' - Traditionally, the area required to support a single household.  Standardized as 4 square furlongs ({{frac|1|900}} square league; 16.5903 ha, 40.9955 acres)
*Warland - 6 Houselands; traditionally the area of land expected to produce 1 soldier in time of war (99.5418 ha, 245.973 acres)
*Shipland - 150 Houselands ({{frac|1|4}} square league; 24.8855 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 9.60833 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; traditionally, the area that would produce 1 warship in time of war

Minuteland remains common for measuring property, with houseland used for large properties.  Warland and shipland are largely obsolete.  Secondland is sometimes used for small areas, such as gardens, although square fathoms have become more common in recent times.

==== Buildings ====
The square fathom (2.88025 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 31.0028 ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) is becoming increasingly common for measuring the area of buildings and rooms.  ''Panels'' were traditionally used for rooms.  A ''panel'' was historically defined as 1 fathom by 1 cubit (4 square cubits or {{frac|1|4}} square fathom; .720063 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 7.75069 ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).  These are still sometimes found.

=== Volume ===
The basic unit of volume is the ''barrel'' equal to one cubic ''cubit'' (76.3778 L or 20.1769 gal).  As in length, not all units are in common use.
*1 Cubic fathom = 8 Octets = 4,888.18 L (1,291.32 gal) (cube 1 fathom on a side)
*1 '''Octet''' = 8 Barrels = 611.022 L (161.415 gal) (cube 2 cubits on a side)
*1 '''Barrel''' = 8 Jars = 76.3778 L (20.1769 gal) (1 cubit cubed)
*1 Jar = 8 Sesters = 9.54722 L (10.0884 qt) (3 hands cubed)
*1 '''Sester''' = 8 Gills = 1.19340 L (40.3537 oz) (6 fingers cubed)
*1 '''Gill''' = 27 Spoons = 149.175 mL (5.04422 oz) (3 fingers cubed)
*1 '''Spoon''' = 5.52501 mL (1.12094 tsp) (1 cubic finger)

Simplified
*1 Octet = 8 Barrels = 512 Sesters = 4,096 Gills = 110,592 Spoons
*1 Barrel = 64 Sesters = 512 Gills = 13,824 Spoons
*1 Sester = 8 Gills = 216 Spoons
*1 Gill = 27 Spoons

Sesters and gills are the most common units for most purposes, with spoons used for small quantities.  Octets tend to be used for measuring very large quantities of liquids, such as production of a brewery or dairy, or volume of a pool, or gas sold at a gas station.  Barrels are common for medium quantities, such as water bills.

Cubic fathom is common in scientific settings for measuring large quantities.  It's also used for such purposes as measuring oil reserves and the like.

=== Mass ===
The basic unit of mass is the ''Talent'', equal to the mass of one barrel of water (76.3778 kg or 168.384 lb)
*1 '''Talent''' = 8 Octals = 76.3778 kg (168.384 lb)
*1 '''Octal''' = 12 Pounds = 9.54723 kg (21.0480 lb)
*1 '''Pound''' = 12 Ounces = 795.602 g (28.0640 oz)
*1 '''Ounce''' = 12 Spoon-weight = 66.3002 g (2.33867 oz)
*1 Spoon-weight = 12 Bits = 5.52501 g (85.2640 grains)
*1 Bit = 25 (International) Grains = 460.418 mg (7.10533 grains)
*1 '''(International) Grain''' = 18.4167 mg (.284213 grains)

Simplified
*1 Talent = 8 Octals = 96 Pounds = 1,152 Ounces = 4,147,200 Grains
*1 Octal = 12 Pounds = 144 Ounces = 518,400 Grains
*1 Pound = 12 Ounces = 43,200 Grains
*1 Ounce = 3600 Grains

Human weights are commonly measured in octals and quarters of an octal, e.g., one might give a weight as being &quot;6¾ octals&quot;, that is around 64 kg, 140 lb

Note: the International Grain is approximately 1.094 [[#Northern Traders' Standard Weights|Traditional Grains]].

=== Temperature ===
The freezing point of water is 12° while the boiling point is 48°.  12° is equivalent to 0°C/32°F, while the boiling point at standard Galhafan atmospheric pressure is 108ºC/226.4°F, making the gradation equal to 3 C° or 5.4 F°

== Some Archaic Systems ==
=== Eastern Traders' Standard Weights ===
This system used as its basis the weight of a cube of silver 1 (archaic) finger to a side.  This old Finger was slightly larger than the modern Finger, approximately 1.79 cm (4.56&quot;).  This standard weight, called a Traders' Unit, was equal to 60.59 g (2.14 oz).  It was mostly used for measuring the mass of silver coins.  Most of the states of the Eastern Region adjusted their coins' weights to be even fractions of the ''pound''
*1 Talent = 60 pounds
*1 Pound = 12 Traders' Units = 727.1 g (1.603 lb)
*1 Traders' Unit = 60 Big Grains = 60.59 g (2.137 oz)
*1 Big Grain = 60 Little Grains = 1.010 g (15.58 grains)
*1 Little Grain = 16.83 mg (.2597 grains)
 
[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Systems of Measurement]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Swadesh list I</title>
    <id>2663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52611</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-12T00:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]
*[[Wikipedia:swadesh list|Swadesh]] list I

{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  English
!c=02|  Senȝèĸas&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;*PIE&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt; ''Pokorny#''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=03|  Reflex
!c=04|  Senȝèĸas&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;*PIE&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt; ''Pokorny#''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=05|  Reflex
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=01| I
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;br&gt;μυσ&lt;br&gt;мyс&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.me-&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;''702''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=01| thou
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tus&lt;br&gt;тυσ&lt;br&gt;τyс&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;tu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1097''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;thou&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=01| he
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;br&gt;νυσ&lt;br&gt;нyс&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=01| we
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱus&lt;br&gt;μ̀υσ&lt;br&gt;ӎyс&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;we-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1114''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;we&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=01| you
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝus&lt;br&gt;jυσ&lt;br&gt;jyс&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.yu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''513''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;you&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=01| they
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;núes&lt;br&gt;νυησ&lt;br&gt;нyес&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=01| this
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dis&lt;br&gt;δισ&lt;br&gt;дис&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;de-&lt;font color=red&gt;''181''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;i&lt;font color=red&gt;de&lt;/font&gt;m
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=01| that
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nis&lt;br&gt;νισ&lt;br&gt;нис&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 8a
|c=01| that over there
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólnis&lt;br&gt;ωλνισ&lt;br&gt;oлнис&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1. al-&lt;font color=red&gt;''24''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ul&lt;/font&gt;tra
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=01| here
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;íðu&lt;br&gt;ιϑυ&lt;br&gt;иђy&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=01| there
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tóru&lt;br&gt;τωρυ&lt;br&gt;τoрy&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;there&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=01| who
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;к̆us&lt;br&gt;κ̆υσ&lt;br&gt;к̆yс&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kwo-&lt;font color=red&gt;''644''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;who&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=01| what
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭos&lt;br&gt;κ̆ωσ&lt;br&gt;к̆oс&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=01| where
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭu&lt;br&gt;κ̆υ&lt;br&gt;к̆y&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=01| when
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭum&lt;br&gt;κ̆υμ&lt;br&gt;к̆yм&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=01| how
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭaalu&lt;br&gt;κ̆ααλυ&lt;br&gt;к̆aaлy&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=01| not
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne&lt;br&gt;νη&lt;br&gt;не&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(indic.)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ne&lt;font color=red&gt;''756''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;no&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;br&gt;μη&lt;br&gt;ме&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(imper.,subj.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=01| all
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſolis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;solo-&lt;font color=red&gt;''979''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;hol&lt;/font&gt;ogram
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=01| many
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;menϙis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(animate)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;menegh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''730''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;many&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br &gt;&lt;small &gt;(inanimate)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=01| some
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſomis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2. sem-&lt;font color=red&gt;''902''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;some&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=01| few
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;puuкis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pōu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''842''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;pauc&lt;/font&gt;ity
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=01| other
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;else&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=01| one
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;oino-&lt;font color=red&gt;''281''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;one&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=01| two
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dʷo(u)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''228''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;two&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=01| three
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tir&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;trei-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1090''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;three&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=01| four
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kwetwer-&lt;font color=red&gt;''642''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;four&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=01| five
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pen&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;penkʷe-&lt;font color=red&gt;''808''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;pen&lt;/font&gt;tagram
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=01| big
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;meg(h)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''708''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;meg&lt;/font&gt;alith
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=01| long
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱazdis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=01| wide
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱruſis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=01| thick
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tegŭis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=01| heavy
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭerŭis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.gʷer-&lt;font color=red&gt;''476''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;grav&lt;/font&gt;ity
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=01| small
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;minŭis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;4.men-&lt;font color=red&gt;''728''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;min&lt;/font&gt;us
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=01| short
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;mreghu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''750''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;merry&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=01| narrow
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;neevris&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=01| thin
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;naambis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=01| woman
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;gʷenā-&lt;font color=red&gt;''473''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;gyne&lt;/font&gt;cology
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=01| man&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʷīros-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1177''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;vir&lt;/font&gt;ile
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=01| person
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;anħenus&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=01| child&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;navlus&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 39a
|c=01| child&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(descendant)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;źóónaþus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.gen-&lt;font color=red&gt;''373''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;kin&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=01| wife
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenus&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=01| husband
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;potus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;poti-s&lt;font color=red&gt;''843''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;des&lt;font color=red&gt;pot&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=01| mother
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;amas&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=01| father
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;apas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pap(p)a-&lt;font color=red&gt;''789''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;pappa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=01| animal
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðuſloɱes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 44a
|c=01| mammal
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;papes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;baxb-&lt;font color=red&gt;''91''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=01| fish
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;piſкes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(bony)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.peisk-&lt;font color=red&gt;''796''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;fish&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħuðes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(cartilaginous)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ghdhū-&lt;font color=red&gt;''416''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ichty&lt;/font&gt;osaur
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=01| bird
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;aʷei-&lt;font color=red&gt;''86''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;avian&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=01| dog
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭones&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kʷon-&lt;font color=red&gt;''632''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;houn&lt;/font&gt;d
|-
|i=No| 47a
|c=01| horse
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ećŭes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ekʷo-s&lt;font color=red&gt;''301''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;equ&lt;/font&gt;ine
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=01| louse
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;luɱes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;lus-&lt;font color=red&gt;''692''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;louse&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=01| snake
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;angŭes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(constrictor)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;anghʷi-&lt;font color=red&gt;''43''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| Latin&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;anguis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;neeþres&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(poisonous)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;nē-tr-&lt;font color=red&gt;''767''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;(n)adder&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=01| worm
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;lonðiirкes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(earthworm)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;lumbric&lt;/font&gt;oid
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ołes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(other)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=01| tree
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;doris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;deru-&lt;font color=red&gt;''214''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;tree&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=01| forest
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кatos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=01| stick&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;genvos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=01| fruit
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vruugos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;bhrūg-&lt;font color=red&gt;''173''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;fruc&lt;/font&gt;tose
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=01| seed
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſegos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(small)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.sē(i)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''889''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sow&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;puuros&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(pit)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pu-ro-&lt;font color=red&gt;''850''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=01| leaf
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vaalos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;4.bhel-&lt;font color=red&gt;''122''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=01| root
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱraados&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʷ(e)rād-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1167''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;wort&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=01| bark&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кendos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=01| flower
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;anþos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;andh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''40''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;anth&lt;/font&gt;er
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=01| grass
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćiinis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Greek&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;koina&lt;/font&gt;er
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðoɱos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=01| skin&lt;br &gt; &lt;small &gt; (of a person)&lt;/small &gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кutos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.(s)keu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''951''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;cut&lt;/font&gt;icle
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=01| meat&lt;br &gt; &lt;small &gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small &gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;memſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;mēmso-&lt;font color=red&gt;''725''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;member&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=01| blood
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;eſros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Old Latin&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;aser&lt;/font&gt;eology
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=01| bone
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oſþos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(solid)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ost(h)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''783''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ost&lt;/font&gt;eology
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кulos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(hollow)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=01| fat&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;piimos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pei(ə)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''793''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=01| egg
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooȝes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(fertile)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ov&lt;/font&gt;ary
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooȝos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(infertile)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=01| horn
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćamos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=01| tail
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dumbos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=01| feather&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pleus-&lt;font color=red&gt;''838''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;plu&lt;/font&gt;me
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=01| hair
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pilos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pi-lo-&lt;font color=red&gt;''830''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;de&lt;font color=red&gt;pil&lt;/font&gt;atory
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=01| head
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кalpos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=01| ear
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;uſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ōus-&lt;font color=red&gt;''785''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;aur&lt;/font&gt;al
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=01| eye
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oкŭos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;okʷ-&lt;font color=red&gt;''775''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;v. #101&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=01| nose
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;naſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;nas-&lt;font color=red&gt;''755''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;nose&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=01| mouth
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooſos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(human)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ōus-&lt;font color=red&gt;''785''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;or&lt;/font&gt;al
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;deerlos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(animal)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=01| tooth
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;źemvos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;gembh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''369''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;v. #94&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=01| tongue
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;denħos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dnghū&lt;font color=red&gt;''223''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;tongue&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=01| fingernail
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;onϙos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ung&lt;/font&gt;ulate
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=01| foot
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pedos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.pē/ĕd-&lt;font color=red&gt;''790''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;foot&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 80a
|c=01| paw
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;loopos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 80b
|c=01| hoof
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙofos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;?-&lt;font color=red&gt;''?''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;hoof&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=01| leg
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кoſtos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kost-&lt;font color=red&gt;''616''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;inter&lt;font color=red&gt;cost&lt;/font&gt;al
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=01| knee
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;źenŭos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.genu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''380''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;genu&lt;/font&gt;flect
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=01| hand
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħeſros&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.ḡhesor-&lt;font color=red&gt;''447''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;chir&lt;/font&gt;opractor
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=01| wing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;peetos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.pet-&lt;font color=red&gt;''826''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;v. #120&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=01| belly
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;uderos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;udero-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1104''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;udder&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=01| guts
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gudos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;gut&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=01| neck
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;monos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=01| back
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gurnos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=01| breast
|c=0s| &lt;font color=blue&gt;papos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=01| heart
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćerdos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.k̄ered-&lt;font color=red&gt;''579''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;heart&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=01| liver
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeĸŭenos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʲekʷ-rt-&lt;font color=red&gt;''504''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| Latin&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;jecur&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=01| to drink
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pooȝa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.po(i)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''839''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;po&lt;/font&gt;table
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=01| to eat
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;eda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ed-&lt;font color=red&gt;''287''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;eat&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=01| to bite
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;źemva&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;comb&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=01| to suck
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;menda&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=01| to spit
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;fiiɱa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;(s)p(h)eiu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''999''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;s&lt;font color=red&gt;pew&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=01| to vomit
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruba&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=01| to blow&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱenta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;10.aʷ(e)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''81''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;wind&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=01| to breathe&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(inhale)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;penŭa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;pneu-&lt;font color=red&gt;''838''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;snee&lt;/font&gt;ze
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=01| to laugh
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭarda&lt;/font&gt;
|}

=to [[Senjecan Swadesh list II]]=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Swadesh list II</title>
    <id>2664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49647</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-08T23:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]
{| border=1
|i=No|  
!c=01|  English
!c=02|  Senȝêĸas&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;*PIE&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt; ''Pokorny #''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=03|  Reflex
!c=04|  Senȝêĸas&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;*PIE&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt; ''Pokorny #''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=05|  Reflex
!c=06|  Senȝêĸas&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;*PIE&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt; ''Pokorny #''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!c=07|  Reflex
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=01| to see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oкŭa&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ocu&lt;/font&gt;lar
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=01| to hear
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;cuula&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;lou&lt;/font&gt;d
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=01| to know&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱida&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʷ(e)di-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1125''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;wit&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=01| to think
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;miina&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;3.men-&lt;font color=red&gt;''726''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;min&lt;/font&gt;d
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=01| to smell&lt;br &gt; &lt;small &gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small &gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.od-&lt;font color=red&gt;''772''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;od&lt;/font&gt;or
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=01| to fear
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;viiða&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=01| to sleep
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſupa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.sʷep-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1048''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sopor&lt;/font&gt;ific
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=01| to live
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;zŭiiȝa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;3.gʷei-&lt;font color=red&gt;''467''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;quick&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=01| to die
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;meera&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;4.mer,5.mer-&lt;font color=red&gt;''735''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;mur&lt;/font&gt;der
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=01| to kill
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;orga&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=01| to fight
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćata&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=01| to hunt
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝaϙa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=01| to hit
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;paalga&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.plāk-&lt;font color=red&gt;''832''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;fluke&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=01| to cut
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſeкa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.sē/ĕk-&lt;font color=red&gt;''895''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;bi&lt;font color=red&gt;sec&lt;/font&gt;t
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=01| to split
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кeepa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=01| to stab &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;reſa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=01| to scratch &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;muća&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=01| to dig
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;veða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1. bhedh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''113''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;foss&lt;/font&gt;il
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=01| to swim
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭema&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sʷem-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1046''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;swim&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=01| to fly
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;peeta&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;feath&lt;/font&gt;er
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=01| to walk
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;terpa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=01| to come
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭema&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;gʷā-&lt;font color=red&gt;''463''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;come&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=01| to lie &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeȝa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=01| to sit
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſeda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sed-&lt;font color=red&gt;''884''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sit&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=01| to stand
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtaaȝa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;stā-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1004''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;st&lt;/font&gt;and
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=01| to turn&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;pelca&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=01| to fall&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;foola&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;phō/ŏl-&lt;font color=red&gt;''851''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;fall&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=01| to give
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dooɱa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dō-&lt;font color=red&gt;''223''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;dow&lt;/font&gt;ery
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=01| to hold&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙava&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ghebh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''407''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;have&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=01| to squeeze
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;uba&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=01| to rub
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiira&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;3. ter-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1071''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;at&lt;font color=red&gt;tri&lt;/font&gt;tion
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=01| to wash
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;loɱa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;lou-&lt;font color=red&gt;''692''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;lau&lt;/font&gt;nder
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=01| to wipe
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;merća&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=01| to pull
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;duкa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=01| to push
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vaata&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=01| to throw
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſimta&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=01| to tie
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;venða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;bhendh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''127''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;bind&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=01| to sew
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſiɱa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sʲū-&lt;font color=red&gt;''915''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sew&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=01| to count
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nemſa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.nem-&lt;font color=red&gt;''763''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;num&lt;/font&gt;ber
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=01| to say
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;eega&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ēg-&lt;font color=red&gt;''290''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;ad&lt;font color=red&gt;age&lt;/font&gt;

|-
|i=No| 141
|c=01| to sing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſenła&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sengʷh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''906''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sing&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=01| to play
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;leda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;leid-&lt;font color=red&gt;''666''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;pre&lt;font color=red&gt;lude&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=01| to float
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кapa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=01| to flow
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;daana&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dā-&lt;font color=red&gt;''175''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;Dan&lt;/font&gt;ube
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=01| to freeze
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;peurſa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;preus-&lt;font color=red&gt;''846''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;freeze&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=01| to swell
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;oida&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;oid-&lt;font color=red&gt;''774''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;ema

|-
|i=No| 147
|c=01| sun
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuules&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sāwel-&lt;font color=red&gt;''881''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sol&lt;/font&gt;ar
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=01| moon
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;meenes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;menot-&lt;font color=red&gt;''731''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;moon&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=01| star
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſteres&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.ster-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1027''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;star&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=01| water
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱdes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(flowing)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;9.aʷ(e)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''78''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;wat&lt;/font&gt;er
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;eeкŭos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(standing)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;akʷā-&lt;font color=red&gt;''23''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;aequ&lt;/font&gt;eous
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=01| to rain
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱerſa&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=01| river
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;daanes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| &lt;font color=red&gt;v. #144&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=01| lake
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;eħeros&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;eḡhero-&lt;font color=red&gt;''291''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;Acheron&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=01| sea
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;moores&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;mori&lt;font color=red&gt;''748''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;mar&lt;/font&gt;ine
|-
|i=No| 154a
|c=01| ocean
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiirtes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;Trit&lt;/font&gt;on
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=01| salt
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſalos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.sal&lt;font color=red&gt;''878''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sal&lt;/font&gt;t
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=01| stone
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ondos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=01| sand
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſamþos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sand&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=01| dust
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;peenſos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=01| earth
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ertos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(soil)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;4.er-&lt;font color=red&gt;''332''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;earth&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ertes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mother)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=01| cloud
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nevlos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;enebh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''315''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;nebul&lt;/font&gt;ous
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=01| fog
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nuðos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Latin&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;nubes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=01| sky
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćemelos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kam-er-&lt;font color=red&gt;''524''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| German&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;Himmel&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=01| wind&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeentes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;10. au(e)-&lt;font color=red&gt;''81''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;wind&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=01| snow
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſniłos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(falling)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sneigʷh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''974''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;snow&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кernos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(fallen)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=01| ice
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝegos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʲeg-&lt;font color=red&gt;''503''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ic&lt;/font&gt;icle
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=01| smoke
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſmuxos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;(s)meukh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''971''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;smoke&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=01| fire
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;punes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;peʷōr&lt;font color=red&gt;''828''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;fire&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=01| ashes
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кenĭos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.ken-&lt;font color=red&gt;''559''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;cin&lt;/font&gt;der
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=01| to burn
|c=0w| &lt;font color=blue&gt;aiða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ai-dh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''11''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;oast&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=01| road
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeȝos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʷegh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1118''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;way&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=01| mountain
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭoros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Russian&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;гор&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=01| red
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuðis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;reudh-&lt;font color=red&gt;''872''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;red&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=01| green
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðalis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dhā/ăl-&lt;font color=red&gt;''234''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;thal&lt;/font&gt;lus
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=01| yellow
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;badis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;badʲos&lt;font color=red&gt;''92''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;bay&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 174a
|c=01| blue
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;moðris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;modhro-&lt;font color=red&gt;''747''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;madder&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 174b
|c=01| orange
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vleeris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;?&lt;font color=red&gt;''?''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 174c
|c=01| purple
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;viſкis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;?&lt;font color=red&gt;''?''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=01| white
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;alis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(dead)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;albho-&lt;font color=red&gt;''30''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;al&lt;/font&gt;b
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vleeſis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(shining)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.bhel-&lt;font color=red&gt;''118''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;blea&lt;/font&gt;ch
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=01| black
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кåſnis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(dead)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.kers-&lt;font color=red&gt;''583''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;Krishn&lt;/font&gt;a
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭordis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(shining)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sʷordo-s&lt;font color=red&gt;''1052''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;swarth&lt;/font&gt;y
|-
|i=No| 176a
|c=01| brown
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;veeris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(animals)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ver-&lt;font color=red&gt;''136''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;bear&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vevris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(other)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ver-&lt;font color=red&gt;''136''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;beaver&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=01| night
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;neкŭas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;nekʷ(t)&lt;font color=red&gt;''762''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;nigh&lt;/font&gt;t
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=01| day
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;diiȝɱas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(daytime)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;dei-&lt;font color=red&gt;''183''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;day&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;amras&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(period of time)&lt;br&gt;&gt;āmer-&lt;font color=red&gt;''35''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;eph&lt;font color=red&gt;emer&lt;/font&gt;al
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=01| year
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱetas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ʷet-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1175''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;weth&lt;/font&gt;er
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=01| warm &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;polis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=01| cold&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;uϙris&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=01| full
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;peelis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.pel&lt;font color=red&gt;''798''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;full&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=01| new
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝuunis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;3.ʲeu&lt;font color=red&gt;''510''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;youn&lt;/font&gt;g
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=01| old
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;turis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(outmoded)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;źeeris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(elderly)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;ger-&lt;font color=red&gt;''390''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ger&lt;/font&gt;iatrics
|c=06| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſenis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(antique)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;sen(o)&lt;font color=red&gt;''907''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=07| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sen&lt;/font&gt;ile
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=01| good
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;vaadis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;bhād-&lt;font color=red&gt;''106''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;bet&lt;/font&gt;ter
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=01| bad
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;aflis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;upo&lt;font color=red&gt;''1106''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ev&lt;/font&gt;il
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=01| rotten&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as a log)
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;puþmis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.pū/ŭ&lt;font color=red&gt;''848''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;pu&lt;/font&gt;trid
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=01n| dirty
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćuðis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=01| straight
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;terenкis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=01| round
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭetis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=01| sharp&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as a knife)&lt;/small &gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;aćis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.ak-&lt;font color=red&gt;''18''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ac&lt;/font&gt;ute
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=01| dull&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;naćis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=01| smooth
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;gelvis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=01| wet
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;maanis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=01| dry&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(adjective)&lt;/small &gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſauſis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=01| right&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeeris&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;11.ʷer-&lt;font color=red&gt;''1165''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;ver&lt;/font&gt;y
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=01| near
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;neeɱħis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;nigh&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=01| far
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭelis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;2.kʷel-&lt;font color=red&gt;''640''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;tel&lt;/font&gt;escope
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=01| right&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dećis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.dek-&lt;font color=red&gt;''189''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;dex&lt;/font&gt;trous
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=01| left&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;laiɱis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;laiʷo-&lt;font color=red&gt;''652''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;lev&lt;/font&gt;ulose
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=01| at
|c=0w| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(location)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;in&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=01| in
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ena&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(location)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;1.en&lt;font color=red&gt;''311''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;in&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=01| with&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kom&lt;font color=red&gt;''612''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;sym&lt;/font&gt;phony
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=01| and
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кai&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Greek&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;και&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| &lt;font color=blue&gt;-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(postclitic)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;kʷe&lt;font color=red&gt;''635''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| Latin&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;-que&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=01| if
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;nuſi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(with subj.)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=01| because
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ući&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=01| name
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;noomnos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&gt;en(o)mn-&lt;font color=red&gt;''321''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=03| English&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=red&gt;name&lt;/font&gt;
|-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Kilda Kelen</title>
    <id>2668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31466</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-19T22:36:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* On re-reading all your converbs really look like converbs. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Talk:Kilda Kelen (comment) ==

1) Hi, Panchakahq.
2) I like what you've done to Kilda Kelen so far.
3) I commented on Yahoo! groups &quot;aboriconlangs&quot; and &quot;eastasianconlangs&quot;. 
4) You ought to post an announcement on Yahoo! group &quot;frathwiki&quot; as well.
5) IMO you should consider joining Yahoo! group &quot;altaica&quot;, at least to lurk; and consider posting an announcement there.
6) Have you considered cross-referencing Kilda Kelen in the Conlang Wikia?
7) I'm looking forward to your &quot;Kinship Terms&quot;.  Why not just look up some R.L. ones in the Wikipedia, see how it's done, and then do it more-or-less that way here on Frathwiki?  Then tell the Yahoo! groups what URL to look at.  Worry _later_ about how to e-mail the kinterm-system itself to a Yahoo! group afterward.
8) If &quot;this wasn't as hard as you expected&quot;, that encourages me to attempt further progress on Adpihi and/or Reptigan.  So I'm _really_ looking forward to the kinterms.
-----
eldin

=================================================
Hi, Eldin --
Thanks very much for all the positive feedback, encouragement, and ideas!
- I'm really reluctant to join yet more email lists, when so few have any activity, and when in turn so little of that activity is of much quality. And the &quot;altaica&quot; list (and its cousins and predecessors) has enough cranks without adding conlanging to the mix, IMO -- I'd like to see some forums with some serious, non-wingnut Altaistics discussion ;(
- Good idea about cross-listing or linking in other conlangy wikis; I just don't know which ones are actually lively and trafficked, and keep thinking I'm going to get more material together to post and *then* I'll work on linking and so forth!
- I didn't know that Wikipedia proper has a format set up for presenting kin terms or systems; I'll check that out for sure -- it could save me a lot of headache.
- Looking forward to reading more about Adpihi &amp; Reptigan, myself, in whatever location!

== Aren't participles verbal ''adjectives''? ==

Aren't participles verbal ''adjectives''?
(Though not necessarily all verbal adjectives are participles, FAIK.)

Converbs are usually considered equivalent to gerunds (and vice versa).

Normally the &quot;most important&quot; (whatever that means) verbal noun is called &quot;the (or an) ''infinitive''&quot; IIUC; and other verbal nouns are usually called &quot;''gerunds''&quot;.

If you've got one (or more) important non-finite form(s) of your verbs which is a verbal noun, and distinguish them from gerunds, shouldn't you call (one of) them &quot;infinitives&quot; (especially if in your opinion it's &quot;more important&quot; than the &quot;gerunds&quot;) instead of &quot;participles&quot;?

(Other names for verbal nouns include &quot;masdars&quot;, &quot;supines&quot;, and &quot;verbnouns&quot;.)

-----

If your 'lang allows using adjectives as nouns, then you may be able (and probably are able) to use participles as nouns, too.  In that case your active participle could be used as your agent-nominalization and your passive participle could be used as your passive-nominalization.

What do you think?

(And incidentally I like your most recent update.  Naturally people talk more about what they think you should change than what they think you got just perfect the first try; and I'm a &quot;people&quot;, so I do that too.)

[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:13, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

=== Response to Eldin's 16 May 08 comments ===
First, no worries about the nature of your comments; actually I'd much prefer the &quot;what you should change/why did you do it like THAT???&quot; feedback than the &quot;OMG thats liek so cool&quot; kind :) So, thank you very much!

&quot;Adjective&quot; just is a pretty vague and marginally useful category, as Neo-Khitanese parts-of-speech go, so it didn't occur to me to describe these things as &quot;verbal *adjectives*&quot; instead of as nouns/nominals. It's more a matter of &quot;my lang allows using nouns as adjectives&quot; than vice versa -- and, for that matter, there's not really a distinction between &quot;the active participle&quot; and &quot;the passive participle&quot; as such.

I'm honestly not familiar with the term &quot;verbal adjective&quot; in general linguistic literature, but from that position of ignorance, I can't see any reason to prefer &quot;verbal adjective&quot; over &quot;verbal noun&quot; here.

And, frankly, a factor in using &quot;participle&quot; was simply to mimic the terminology used by other (English-language, at least) writers on Mongol/Tungusic languages. I'm well aware it's not pukka terminology, but I sacrificed descriptive perfection to try to simulate real-world documentation of a real-world language :) Though I modernized a *little* bit, and used &quot;converb&quot; instead of &quot;gerund&quot; to distinguish the non-nounish/adjectivish, non-finite verbal forms. I'm reluctant to use the term infinitive, except in scare quotes, because I don't think there's a really good match between any of the NK candidates and other languages' &quot;infinitives&quot;. Maybe the &quot;Purposive Converbs&quot;... but I just can't see much advantage in slapping such a vague label on them.

==== Response to response; recommend &quot;supine&quot;, recommend against &quot;converb&quot;, but your reasons sufficient. ====

&quot;to mimic the terminology used by other (English-language, at least) writers on Mongol/Tungusic languages&quot; is a perfectly sufficient reason to do as you have done.  And so is &quot;to simulate real-world documentation of a real-world language&quot;.

Not all languages have &quot;adjectives&quot; as a separate open class.  Many languages use verbs where other languages would use adjectives; many languages use nouns where other languages would use adjectives.  It appears NK is one of the latter?  (&quot;Polysynthetic&quot; languages seem particularly prone to do without adjectives, I have read.)  Anyway, I've also read objections to distinguishing adjectives from nouns, that say they should really be &quot;adjective nouns&quot; vs &quot;substantive nouns&quot;.

: ''You make a good point here, and I think a lot of the confusion you’re detecting is simply a result of my throwing out snippets onto a webpage without all the context. In my grammatical materials on NK, what I actually use is the term “nominal”, to cover both of “adjective nouns” and “substantive nouns”.  “Words that modify nouns” in NK are for the most part either nominals or “verbal nouns/participles”; there’s only a very small residual class of words that could really be called adjectives and aren’t either nominals or verbal derivations. (“Big”, “little”, etc.) NK isn’t polysynthetic, at least not in the senses of the term I’m familiar with – certainly no more so than Turkish or Japanese. -- K.''
:: I thought that might be, and it does indeed explain everything.  There are languages with a small closed class of &quot;adjectives&quot; (some people don't like to call a class &quot;adjectives&quot; unless it's an open class, but they modify nouns, aren't nouns, and aren't verbs).  It looks like NK is one of them?  Do you have a list of these &quot;adjectives&quot; somewhere?  How many are there?  About a dozen, maybe? Or about as many as English has adpositions or as Korean has light verbs?  It would be interesting to know. --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 17:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

The difference, if there is one, is that adjectives modify noun-phrases.  Many languages have a case for most of their nouns which is adnominal rather than adverbial; the noun in that case is used to modify another noun or noun-phrase, rather than a verb or a clause or some other multi-word constituent than a noun-phrase.  The genitive is probably the most popular name for such a case.  So &quot;allowing nouns to be used as adjectives&quot; is also a pretty popular strategy cross-linguistically, even among languages which do distinguish between nouns and adjectives.

If X is a part of speech, a &quot;verbal X&quot; is an X derived from a verb which still has some of the properties of a verb; for instance, maybe it's able to take an object.  &quot;Verbal nouns&quot; are nouns derived from verbs which still act somewhat like verbs; &quot;verbal adjectives&quot; are adjectives derived from verbs which still act somewhat like verbs.  (In a parallel sense there can be adjectival adverbs, adjectival nouns, adjectival verbs, adverbal adjectives, adverbal nouns, adverbal verbs, nominal adjectives, nominal adverbs, nominal verbs, verbal adverbs.  Some of those won't be very big or very interesting or very common.)  One of the distinctions is between the &quot;verbal adj&quot; and the &quot;deverbal adj&quot;; a &quot;deverbal adj&quot; is also derived from a verb, but may have no verb-like properties. Similarly a &quot;deverbal noun&quot; is a noun derived from a verb, but need not have any verb-like properties.

Participles are usually considered verbal adjectives; they are the only kind of verbal adjective ''of which I am aware'' that frequently occur cross-linguistically.  It is a personal conceit of mine that the category of participle should be based on the meaning &quot;the modified noun was/is/couldbe a participant in the root verb&quot;.  Participles can have tense, aspect, mood, and voice.  An active participle modifies a noun to say that that noun was(or other form of the verb &quot;to be&quot;) an agent of the root verb; a passive participle means that the noun was a patient of the root verb.  In English, active participles tend to end with -ing, and sound and look exactly like present participles and imperfective participles and gerunds (&quot;I am killing&quot;); passive participles tend to end with -ed, and sound and look exactly like past participles and perfective participles (&quot;I am killed&quot;).  

: ''Yes. This is why I’ve accepted the term “participle” for NK, and why other (English-language, at least) writers on related languages generally used the term. I think the only difference of opinion you and I are having is that, because I’m largely rolling “adjective(al)” into the category of “nominal” for NK, I think it’s clearer to think of “participles” as “verbal ‘nouns’” (or “nominals”, if you like) than “verbal ‘adjectives’”. In actual use, their attributive or noun-modifying function is only one of the roles they play. And, as I mentioned, NK doesn't make a rigorous distinction on the level of morphology between active and passive participles; so it's another categorization that's perfectly valid in the abstract but just not very relevant to the matter at hand. -- K.''
:: That all makes sense and explains it all.  These participles are &quot;verbal nominals&quot;, where &quot;nominals&quot; is the class that includes both &quot;substantive nouns&quot; and &quot;adjective nouns&quot;.  It's interesting, though, that NK's participles can inflect for most of the categories finite verbs can inflect for (if I understand correctly what you said below).  That's one of the things that makes them &quot;verbal&quot; instead of &quot;deverbal&quot;.  (Though I think taking participants is the main such thing.)--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 17:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)


EUROTYP says &quot;converb&quot; and &quot;gerund&quot; might as well be synonyms for the use they make of these terms; but they might not be synonyms when trying to typologize non-European languages.  NK is Northeast Asian, right?

: ''Yep – basically it’s just North Tungusic with funny substrata &amp; adstrata :) -- K.''

&quot;Converb&quot; was first introduced (or so it is my impression; I could be mistaken) to describe the completely morphology-less forms of verbs used in serial verb constructions in many SVC languages; for some serial-verbs, only one of the verbs in the series is inflected for anything, and the others all appear as converbs.  It rather resembles the &quot;construct state&quot; of some Semitic languages, in which the root of the noun appears with as little inflection as possible.  I think the lack of inflection is more important, considered world-wide, than the use as a noun, for purposes of calling something a &quot;converb&quot;; a &quot;converb&quot; is the most non-finite or least finite possible form of a non-finite verb.

While I am personally aware of only one type of verbal adjective that reappears in several languages (to wit &quot;participles&quot;, though inflecting these for aspect mood number polarity tense and voice makes several sub-types), I am aware of several types of verbal nouns.  There are infinitives and gerunds to start with; there are also masdars and supines and gerundives.  Normally the most important kind of verbal noun is called &quot;the infinitive&quot; and the others are all called &quot;gerunds&quot;, but obviouslly there are exceptions; some languages traditionallly have a &quot;first infinitive&quot; and a &quot;second infinitive&quot; and so on, and some have a &quot;first gerund&quot; and a &quot;second gerund&quot; and so on.  I don't know what the customs are regarding &quot;masdars&quot;, but there just aren't a lot of customs regarding &quot;supines&quot;; some grammarians analyzing some languages use &quot;supine&quot; for a type of verbal adverb rather than a type of verbal noun, in particular for a non-finite form of the verb intended to express purpose.  (For instance, &quot;it is good to drink&quot;, in some languages, what English accomplishes with the infinitive &quot;to drink&quot; would be accomplished with a supine instead.)

The term infinitive is never applied to a finite form of the verb.  The infinitive must be missing some of the inflection ordinarily required for the nucleus of a main clause.  Of course what's &quot;ordinarily required&quot; changes from language to language.  But, for preference, if some non-finite forms lack agreement with (some or all) participant(s) (e.g. in number or person or gender), and others instead are &quot;untensed&quot; (lacking, for example, aspect and/or mood and/or polarity and/or tense and/or voice), the term &quot;infinitive&quot; goes to one of the forms specifically lacking agreement.  (This doesn't apply to languages where no verb ever has to agree with any of its participants.)  

In what other ways do you think none of NK's verbal nouns fit the idea of &quot;infinitive&quot;?
: ''Most of them can serve as finite verbs, e.g. as the sole predicate of an utterance; they have TAM and voice marking only slightly reduced from the range of finite verbs in the strict sense – actually, they make ‘more’ tense and aspect distinctions than finite verbs; they usually retain the same arguments as the verbal stems they’re derived from; they’re usually inflected to agree with their subject. From what I understand of SAE linguistic tradition, these are &quot;things infinitives don't do.&quot; -- K.''
:: ''Most of them can serve as finite verbs, e.g. as the sole predicate of an utterance'' -- then those certainly can't be infinitives.
:: ''they have TAM and voice marking only slightly reduced from the range of finite verbs in the strict sense – actually, they make ‘more’ tense and aspect distinctions than finite verbs'' -- I think that constrains against, but does not block, calling them &quot;infinitives&quot;.
:: ''they usually retain the same arguments as the verbal stems they’re derived from'' -- the more they participants they retain, the bigger a constraint against calling them &quot;infinitives&quot;.  If they just retain one that makes them &quot;verbal&quot; rather than &quot;deverbal&quot; nominals, but is probably a non-weighty constraint against being called &quot;infinitives&quot;; if they retain all then that ''is'' a weighty constraint against being called &quot;infinitives&quot;.
:: ''they’re usually inflected to agree with their subject.'' -- To my way of thinking, then, those almost certainly can't be called &quot;infinitives&quot;.  If a form of the verb agrees with all of the participants a finite verb agrees with (assuming a finite verb would have to agree with some), it might as well be &quot;nearly finite&quot; for this purpose; certainly not an &quot;infinitive&quot;.  OTOH I might not be correct about this. --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 17:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

I think your &quot;Purposive Converbs&quot;, or at least &quot;purposive verbal nouns&quot;, could well be called &quot;supines&quot;.  It would fit.  The term &quot;supine&quot; is a bit obscure (not well known), and also a bit vague.  You might want to consider it anyway.

: ''I honestly don't see why. There’s nothing special, morphologically or syntactically, about that one verb form that would seem to merit being singled out. Just because there’s a specialized term available from Greco-Latin linguistics doesn’t mean it’s useful or meaningful to use out that context. In NK, or in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages I know of, for that matter, I don’t see the point of highlighting form X or Y as an “infinitive” or “supine”. It's artificial until proven otherwise :) -- K.''
:: Then don't do it.  I just thought it couldn't hurt; I actually didn't see a benefit myself, except that I thought it would do better than &quot;converb&quot;.  But on looking it over again I decided that &quot;converb&quot; was the better term after all.  As you say; the LORD gives us the language but we make up the metalanguage.  &quot;Infinitive&quot; and &quot;supine&quot; (''especially'' &quot;supine&quot;) are artificial, at least when applied to languages they aren't already traditionally applied to. --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 17:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't know that you really want to call anything a &quot;converb&quot;, unless its for one of the two reasons I mentioned at the top of this response.  Are the things you're calling &quot;converbs&quot; really totally without any verbal morphology -- really bare roots?  If not, or not almost, you might want to consider some other term. ''Edit: your &quot;uninflected converbs&quot; probably should still be called &quot;converbs&quot;.  Maybe your &quot;inflected converbs&quot; should be called something else?''

The term &quot;verbnoun&quot; is frequently used e.g. in discussing Celtic languages.  There are a few other families where it is commonly used.  If a language's verb lexicon consists mostly of &quot;lightverb + contentword&quot; combinations, as e.g. Korean's does, then perhaps the content-word is usually a noun, or very nounlike, and can usually be used as a verbal noun; if so it's likely to be called a &quot;verbnoun&quot;.
[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 19:53, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
: ''That makes sense in its own terms, but again, I don’t see a practical advantage to that term over others; and more importantly, to me it would damage the “emic plausibility” of the NK materials. Introducing technical jargon from Celtic linguistics is kind of a red flag of conlangery :) -- K.''
:: I wasn't really recommending &quot;verbnoun&quot;, I was just mentioning it FYI in case you wanted to consider it.  It looks like you did consider it.  And had good reasons for deciding against it.  
:: BTW it's not ''only'' Celtic languages that term is used to talk about, is it?  Not that I can think of any others at the moment.  --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 17:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)


===== On re-reading all your converbs really look like converbs. =====

On re-reading all your converbs really look like converbs, because &quot;Switch-reference or different-subject&quot; and &quot;co-reference or same-subject&quot; is the only inflection they take.  

I think, though, it would make better sense to call them &quot;co-referent&quot; vs &quot;switch-reference&quot;, or &quot;same-subject&quot; vs &quot;different-subject&quot;, or some such, rather than &quot;uninflected&quot; vs &quot;inflected&quot;.

At least if you'd done so I wouldn't have been confused; OTOH maybe I'm not typical.
--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 18:42, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
: ''Well, at very least, you’re more attentive to high-precision nomenclature than I am :)''
:: And maybe more than some professional linguists as well; in other words, maybe too attentive.  Oh, well. --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:57, 19 May 2008 (UTC)  
: ''Thanks for your critique; it really has been helpful, and pointed out a lot of sloppiness in my presentation. It's a good reminder to me to clean things up and translate out of my private shorthand, instead of just cutting and pasting from my notes! -- K.''
:: I bet I'm sloppier than you!  Wanna have a contest? --[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:57, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

BTW Wikipedia says that what I called co'''n'''verbs should really be called coverbs.

I don't know how to make the link, so I'm going to quote.  I hope this isn't a copyright violation; since this is in the &quot;talk&quot; part, it probably isn't.  I'd make the link instead if I knew how.

:Converb
:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
:In general linguistics, a converb is a non-finite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination, i.e. notions like 'when', 'because', 'after', 'while'.
:Converbs are not to be confused with Coverbs.
:The term converb was coined for Mongolian by Ramstedt (1903) and until recently was mostly used by specialists of Mongolic and Turkic languages to describe non-finite verbs that could be used either for coordination or subordination. Nedjalkov &amp; Nedjalkov (1987) first adopted the term for general typological use, followed by Haspelmath &amp; König (1995).
:A converb depends syntactically on another verb form, but is not its argument. It can be an adjunct, i.e. an adverbial, but can neither be the only predicate of a simple sentence, nor clausal argument (i.e. it cannot depend on predicates such as ‘begin’, ‘order’, etc.), nor a nominal argument (i.e. it does not occur in subject and object position) (Nedjalkov 1995: 97).

:Coverb
:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
:Coverbs is a term of General linguistics most often applied in languages with serial verb construction, but also for complex predicates consisting of two verbs with one of them being an auxiliary verb contributing different kinds of information like modality, direction or aktionsart. It fulfills a similar function as adpositions would in many Indogermanic languages like Dutch or Russian. Coverbs exist in a number of east and south-east Asian languages (e.g. Chinese), as well as west African languages (e.g. Yoruba).
:Coverbs must not be confused with Converbs.

Possibly the Wiki people are confused; possibly the people I thought I was quoting were confused.  (I am deliberately ignoring the high probability that it was ''me'' who was confused.)
--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 22:36, 19 May 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neo-Khitanese</title>
    <id>2669</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>12676</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-25T01:07:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Neo-Khitanese]] moved to [[Kilda Kelen]]: requested move</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kilda Kelen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sectionrewrite</title>
    <id>2670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15599</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T17:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Spotted typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;messagebox&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|-
| &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This section is being rewritten at'' [[{{{1}}}]] &lt;/div&gt;
|}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
   Cf. [[Template:Rewriteof]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Rewrite</title>
    <id>2671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12679</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-25T13:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Borrowed from Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;messagebox&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|-
| &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is being rewritten at [[{{{1}}}]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Kijeb cases</title>
    <id>2672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12686</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-25T14:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Peripheral cases */  Added list to WP List of grammatical cases</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==== Peripheral cases ====

{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;gridtable&quot;
|+ Kijeb peripheral cases and their origin
|-
! Name !! Marker !! Meaning !! Derived from
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Adessive case|Adessive case]]
| ''-fr(y)u(n)''
| location at/on
| ''fryuŋa-'' 'to stay'
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Inessive case|Inessive case]]
| ''-tfar(n)/-tfra(n)''
| inside 
| ''farŋi'' 'stomach'
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Superessive case|Superessive case]]
| ''-tmru/-tmur''
| on on the surface/above
| ''mrufyu'' 'head'
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Allative case|Allative case]]
| ''-kis/-kris''
| movement to, towards, unto 
| ''kirsya-'' 'to come'
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative case]]
| ''-gyut''
| movement away from 
| ''gjudma-'' 'to go away, leave'
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Sublative case|Sublative case]]
| ''-stat''
| movement onto the surface
| ''azda'' 'lap'
|}

Cf. [[Wikipedia:List of grammatical cases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lheinead</title>
    <id>2673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19628</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Lhined]] moved to [[Lheinead]]: Orthographic changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Lhined.jpg]]

NOTE: the map is labeled in an archaic variant of [[Faraneit]] romanization.

Lhined is a continent on which [[Faraneit]] is spoken. Faraneit is spoken in Lescealh, but also in limited sections of Measceineafh, Malaba, Teimeareitah (aka Trovog), and the Kang-Eur plains. For more information see [[Faranit#History_and_Culture]]

The other lingua franca, [[Etimri]] is confined to Teimeareitah and sections of the Measceineafh. Recently, however, it has connected with groups outside of Lheinead, on the continent of Djets (deas in Faranit). The plains also house a potential lingua franca, [[Sezara]], which is increasingly used as a trade language in the east central region of Lheinead.

As visible in the above map, the primary path of the monsoon curves southeast from the equatorial regions on the northern coast. Much of the east coast and the interior are very dry and experience harshly cold winters. The western coast has much more mild and wetter winters from the westerlies coming across the sea. Lescealh is one of the most advantageous regions in the continent from its mild and wet winters mirroring the west but warm and adequetely moist summers like those in the eastern interior.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lhined.jpg</title>
    <id>2674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>12751</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-26T23:00:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>map</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">map</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Navesh</title>
    <id>2675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23229</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T22:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Navesh''' was a general who played a significant role in the establishment of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]], sometimes called &quot;the Male Empress&quot; for his influence.  He is generally thought to have been the power behind the throne during the creation of the Fourth Empire.

[[Category:Kasshi]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aθáta</title>
    <id>2676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57637</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
| language   = Aθáta
| phonetic   = aˈða.ta
| world      = [[Akana]]
| date       = c. 1000 YP
| place      = Rathedān, &lt;br&gt;Milīr valley
| speakers   = c. 3 million
| script     = adapted &lt;br&gt;Tjakori script
| family     = Edastean &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dāiadak &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Central Dāiadak &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Aθáta
| word-or    = VSO
| mor-type   = fusional
| morphalign = NOM-ACC
| author     = RHaden
}}
{{Akana}}

'''Aθáta''' is a language of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean family]], spoken in the Rathedān highlands and the Milīr valley to its south around 1000 YP. It is descended from the central dialects of Imperial Adāta. While it maintains many ancestral features, there have also been significant changes in phonology, grammar, and lexicon.

== Genealogy ==
* [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ndak_Ta Ndak Ta] &lt;small&gt;(c. -1900 YP)&lt;/small&gt;
** [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm Adāta] &lt;small&gt;(c. 0-200 YP)&lt;/small&gt;
*** '''Aθáta''' &lt;small&gt;(c. 1000 YP)&lt;/small&gt;

There is some information available on the northernmost dialect of Aθáta, [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Aθáta/Sawîyaran Sawîyaran].

A descendant of Aθáta itself is [http://www.r0ry.co.uk/E%27at.html E'át].

== Phonology ==

=== Sound Changes ===

The ancestral phonology can be found [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm here].  Over the next several centuries, the following sound changes occurred:

# Original '''[h]''' was lost in all positions.
# '''[x]''' weakened to '''[h]''', which was then lost except in initial position.
# In words with initial stress, the rightmost non-initial long vowel attracted the stress, e.g. '''*Ádāta''' &gt; '''*Adâta''' &quot;Aθáta&quot;.
# Aspirated stops lenited to voiceless fricatives: '''[pʰ tʰ kʰ]''' &gt; '''[f θ x]'''.
# Voiced stops lenited to voiced fricatives (perhaps simultaneous with #4): '''[b d g]''' &gt; '''[v ð ɣ]'''.
# Elision of unstressed vowels:
#* Medial unstressed short vowels were elided immediately following a vowel with primary or secondary stress, e.g. '''*dízaka''' &gt; '''*ðíska''' &quot;king&quot;.
#* In disyllabic words with final stress, the first vowel was elided if it is short and preceded by a consonant, e.g. '''*kuthê''' &gt; '''kθê''' &quot;steal&quot;.
# Short and long vowel distinctions were lost in monophthongs.
# Short diphthongs were smoothed to long monophthongs: '''[ai ei oi au eu ou]''' &gt; '''[ē ī ī ō ū ū]'''.
# Long diphthongs were shortened: '''[āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu]''' &gt; '''[ai ei oi au eu ou]'''.
# Coda stops were aspirated and then merged with the corresponding fricatives, e.g. '''*mékat''' &gt; '''*mékaθ''' &quot;brother&quot;.
# All fricatives came to be pronounced voiceless in initial and final positions, and voiced in medial position (except before a voiceless stop), leading to a formal merger of the voiced and voiceless fricatives.
# Palatalization changes:
#* Velars became palatals next to a front vowel: '''[k x ɣ]''' &gt; '''[c ç ʝ]'''.
#* Dentals became postalveolars before '''[i]''': '''[t s z]''' &gt; '''[tʃ ʃ ʒ]'''.  The affricate then quickly merged with the palatal stop '''[c]'''.

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Phonemes ===

Allophones are marked in brackets.

&lt;br/&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=16 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: 100%; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| Labial ||colspan=1| Dental ||colspan=1| Alveolar ||colspan=1| Postalv. ||colspan=1| Palatal ||colspan=1| Velar ||colspan=1| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Plosives || '''{{IPA|p}}''' || '''{{IPA|t}}''' || || || '''{{IPA|c}}''' || '''{{IPA|k}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Fricatives || '''{{IPA|f}}''' || '''{{IPA|θ}}''' || '''{{IPA|s}}''' || '''{{IPA|ʃ}}''' || '''[{{IPA|ç}}]''' || '''{{IPA|x}}''' || '''{{IPA|h}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| || '''[{{IPA|v}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|ð}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|z}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|ʒ}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|ʝ}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|ɣ}}]'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Nasals || '''{{IPA|m}}''' || '''{{IPA|n}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Laterals || || '''{{IPA|l}}''' || '''{{IPA|ɾ}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Glides || || || || || '''{{IPA|j}}'''
|}

&lt;br/&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| High || '''{{IPA|i}}''' || '''{{IPA|ī}}''' || || || '''{{IPA|u}}''' || '''{{IPA|ū}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Mid || '''{{IPA|e}}''' || '''{{IPA|ē}}''' || || || '''{{IPA|o}}''' || '''{{IPA|ō}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Low || || || '''{{IPA|a}}''' || '''{{IPA|ā}}'''
|}

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Orthography ===

Aθáta has a slightly different orthography from its parent language.  However, it is almost completely phonemic (meaning one-to-one phoneme correspondence), since the allophones are always predictable.  Only the phoneme '''[c]''' is marked by two different graphemes, '''&lt;c&gt;''' and '''&lt;ti&gt;''', for reasons of etymology.  The main orthographic differences are:

* Use of '''&lt;c&gt;''' instead of '''&lt;k&gt;''' to mark '''{{IPA|/k/}}'''.
* Use of '''&lt;f θ x&gt;''' instead of '''&lt;ph th kh&gt;''', due to those sounds (earlier aspirated stops) becoming fricatives, as mentioned above.
* Lack of '''&lt;h&gt;''', since its corresponding phoneme has long since disappeared.
* Use of '''&lt;si&gt;''' to indicate '''{{IPA|/ʃ/}}'''.
* Word stress, which is not predictable, is always marked.  An acute accent marks stress on a short vowel, while a circumflex marks it on a long vowel or diphthong (in the latter case, always on the second member).

Aside from these changes, the orthography is exactly like Adāta, including the use of macrons to indicate (unstressed) long vowels.

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Pronounciation ===

Here are some simple rules on pronouncing written Aθáta:

* The letters '''&lt;f θ x s&gt;''' are voiceless at the beginning and end of a word.  In the middle of a word, they are voiceless before '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p t c&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' and voiced otherwise.  Examples: '''&lt;fáfor&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈfa.vɔɾ]}} &quot;strength&quot;, '''&lt;mécaθ&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈme.caθ]}} &quot;brother&quot;, '''&lt;θísca&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈθis.ka]}} &quot;king&quot;, '''&lt;énθa&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈɛn.ða]}} &quot;(to) feel&quot;, '''&lt;xósa&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈxo.za]}} &quot;grove&quot;, '''&lt;láxo&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈla.ɣo]}} &quot;bone&quot;, '''&lt;máθexlax&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈma.ðɛʝ.lax]}} &quot;your (pl.) hearts&quot;, '''&lt;θmôcaix&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈθmō.kaɪç]}} &quot;our city-states&quot;.
* The letters '''&lt;c x&gt;''' are pronounced as palatals when adjacent to a front vowel and as velars otherwise.  Examples: '''&lt;éxa&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈe.ʝa]}} &quot;domesticated animal&quot;, '''&lt;xénu&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈçe.nu]}} &quot;light&quot;, '''&lt;xocé&gt;''' {{IPA|[xo.ˈce]}} &quot;tin&quot;, '''&lt;cálas&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈka.las]}} &quot;borders&quot;, '''&lt;écon&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈe.cɔn]}} &quot;hostile&quot;.
* The letter '''&lt;t&gt;''' is pronounced as {{IPA|[c]}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|[t]}} otherwise.  Likewise, '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' is pronounced as {{IPA|[ʃ]}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|[s]}} otherwise (voicing rules apply as above).  Examples: '''&lt;pacátia&gt;''' {{IPA|[pa.ˈka.ca]}} &quot;throne&quot;, '''&lt;túsiax&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈtuʒax]}} &quot;they are eating&quot;, '''&lt;fasa&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈfa.za]}} &quot;staff&quot;, '''&lt;rúlas&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈru.las]}} &quot;foreign&quot;, '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;síma&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' {{IPA|[ˈʃi.ma]}} &quot;mud&quot;.

&lt;br/&gt;

== Grammar ==

One can expect a language's grammar to change consideribly over five to eight centuries, and Aθáta is no exception.  It has innovated many features that did not exist in its parent tongue, including possessive suffixes on nouns and subject endings on verbs.  For reference purposes, the ancestral Adāta grammar can be found [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm#Morphology here].

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Nouns ===

Like its parent language, Aθáta's nouns are largely lacking in grammatical morphology.  However, they do inflect for number (singular and plural) and can also take a possessive pronominal suffix.

==== Pluralization ====

Historically, the plural affix comes from '''*-k''', from the pronominal plural.  In Aθáta, this ending becomes '''-x''' in coda position and '''-c''' otherwise (i.e. when a possessive suffix is added).  For words ending in consonants in the singular, an [a] is inserted between the noun stem and the plural ending.  Also, sometimes the noun stem changes form between the singular and the plural.  Examples:

# Coda vs. non-coda: '''éθcix''' [ˈɛθ.ciç] &quot;mistresses&quot; vs. '''éθcicāx''' [ˈɛθ.ci.cāx] &quot;their mistresses&quot; vs. '''éθcixlax''' [ˈɛθ.cɪʝ.lax] &quot;your (pl.) mistresses&quot;.
# Vowel-stems vs. consonant-stems: '''fθô''' [ˈfθō] &quot;fat&quot;, '''fθôx''' [ˈfθōx] &quot;fats&quot; vs. '''êf''' [ˈēf] &quot;man&quot;, '''êfax''' [ˈē.vax] &quot;men&quot;.
# Alternation vs. non-alternation: '''neré''' [ne.ˈɾe] &quot;woman&quot;, '''neréx''' [ne.ˈɾɛç] &quot;women&quot; vs. '''íθun''' [ˈi.ðʊn] &quot;sea&quot;, '''íθnax''' [ˈɪð.nax] &quot;seas&quot;.

==== Possession ====

Aθáta marks possession on the head instead of the dependent, using suffixes.  A noun marked by a possessive suffix is governed by the following noun.  There are endings for all grammatical persons (first, second, and third) and numbers (singular and plural):

{|
| || Singular || Plural
|-
| First || '''-(a)in''' || '''-(a)ix'''
|-
| Second || '''-(a)θon''' || '''-(a)lax'''
|-
| Third || '''-ān''' || '''-āx'''
|}

For the first-person endings, the [a] is included when the noun ends in a consonant (this includes all plural nouns).  Compare '''caroîn''' [ka.ˈɾoɪn] &quot;my friend&quot; vs. '''carócain''' [ka.ˈɾo.kaɪn] &quot;my friends&quot;.  The second-person endings include the [a] when an illegal consonant cluster would otherwise occur, e.g. '''xírlaθon''' [ˈçɪɾ.la.ðɔn] &quot;your book&quot; for '''*xírlθon'''.  Historically, these possessive suffixes come from the old possessive particle '''*ax''' plus oblique pronouns.  So, for example, '''níθain''' [ˈni.ðaɪn] &quot;my bread&quot; came from earlier '''*níθa ax in''' &quot;bread of me&quot;.

Many words alternate the same way for possessive suffixes that they do for plurals.  Examples: '''cálas''' [ˈka.las] &quot;border&quot; vs. '''cálsax''' [ˈkal.zax] &quot;borders&quot; and '''cálsaix''' [ˈkal.zaɪç] &quot;our border&quot;; '''mécaθ''' [ˈme.caθ] &quot;brother&quot; vs. '''méxθax''' [ˈmɛʝ.ðax] &quot;brothers&quot; and '''méxθacāx''' [ˈmɛʝ.ða.kax] &quot;their brothers&quot;;'''céla''' [ˈce.la] &quot;scribe&quot; and '''célax''' [ˈce.lax] &quot;scribes&quot; vs. '''célcān''' [ˈcɛl.kān] &quot;his scribes&quot;.

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Pronouns ===

The pronouns have undergone significant changes since the parent language.  For one thing, the direct and possessive forms became entirely lost, save in fossilized phrases.  As a result, the oblique forms spread to take their functions.  One of the reasons for this change is the preponderance of prepositional phrases governing the oblique, e.g. '''ilín''' [il.ˈɪn] &quot;to me&quot;, '''ofán''' [o.ˈvan] &quot;on it&quot;, '''aθláx''' [að.ˈlax] &quot;into you (pl)&quot;.  Here are the current pronouns:

{|
| || Singular || Plural
|-
| First || '''in''' || '''ix'''
|-
| Second || '''θon''' || '''lax'''
|-
| Third || '''an''' || '''ax'''
|}

Aθáta is a pro-drop language.  Subject pronouns are rarely expressed overtly, due to verbs' obligatory subject endings.  When they are explicitly given, they serve as emphasis: '''Péθfin-ax în''' [ˈpɛð.vi.nax ˈīn] &quot;''I'' conquered them.&quot;  Notice that, in subject form, the pronouns are always stressed and, being stressed monosyllables, always have a long vowel.

Object pronouns are treated as enclitics.  With verbs, they never carry stress, and thus have short vowels.  As objects of prepositions, however, they are always stressed.  Since the resulting forms always have at least two syllables, the pronouns still have short vowels.

&lt;br/&gt;

=== Verbs ===

Like its parent language, Aθáta verbs distinguish modality, aspect, and valency.  However, the old number distinction has been lost due to the advent of subject endings, which themselves distinguish number.  Aθáta's verb system has therefore been changed somewhat.  Some of the affixes have been lost while others have changed.

==== Valency and Aspect ====

Verbs distinguish three aspects, ''habitual'', ''perfective'', and ''imperfective''; and two voices, ''active'' and ''passive''.  Below are sample aspect/valency paradigms for two verbs, '''áfse''' [ˈav.ze] &quot;sing&quot; and '''sîn''' [ˈʃīn] &quot;live&quot;:

{|
| || Active || Passive
|-
| Habitual || '''áfse''' || '''áfsel'''
|-
| Perfective || '''áfsefe''' || '''afséfe'''
|-
| Imperfective || '''áfsesi''' || '''afsési'''
|}

{|
| || Active || Passive
|-
| Habitual || '''sîn''' || '''símal'''
|-
| Perfective || '''símfe''' || '''simáfe'''
|-
| Imperfective || '''símsi''' || '''simási'''
|}

Additionally, some verbs do not undergo a shift in stress between active and passive, as they were also end-stressed in the active.  These verbs have taken the ending '''-l''' from the habitual passive and regularized it into a purely passive affix.  One such verb is '''fnê''' [ˈfnē] &quot;pray&quot;:

{|
| || Active || Passive
|-
| Habitual || '''fnê''' || '''fnêl'''
|-
| Perfective || '''fnéfe''' || '''fnélfe'''
|-
| Imperfective || '''fnési''' || '''fnélsi'''
|}

Some dialects and registers have spread the so-called &quot;l-extension&quot; to the historically regular verbs, giving rise to such forms as '''simâl''' [ˈʃmāl] &quot;is lived&quot; and '''afsélfe ~ fsélfe''' [av.ˈzɛl.ve ~ ˈfsɛl.ve] &quot;has been sung&quot;.  This trend is becoming more commonplace as time goes on, and will probably become a standard feature of the language in the not-so-distant future.

==== Personal Endings ====

As noted above, verbs in Aθáta also inflect for person and number of the subject.  These subject endings have arisen from oblique pronouns that became encliticized and then attached to the verb:

{|
| || Singular || Plural
|-
| First || '''-in''' || '''-ix'''
|-
| Second || '''-θon''' || '''-lax'''
|-
| Third || '''-an''' || '''-ax'''
|}

Note the similarity to the possessive endings above.  Additionally, a subject ending replaces a final stem vowel when it begins with a vowel, e.g. '''áfsix''' [ˈav.zɪç] &quot;we sing&quot;, '''símfax''' [ˈʃɪm.vax] &quot;they have lived&quot;, and '''fnélsian''' [ˈfnɛl.ʒan] &quot;it is being prayed&quot;.  In the last example, the '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' remains to indicate the fricative [ʒ] -- otherwise, it would be read as [ˈfnɛl.zan].

==== Moods ====

Aθáta, like its parent language, indicates seven moods -- ''indicative'' (the unmarked form), ''imperative'', ''optative'', ''benefactive'', ''obligative'', ''futilitive'', and ''conditional''.  The morphology of these moods is largely inherited, and all of them are expressed using prefixes.  One important difference lies in the formal merger of the benefactive and old obligative moods, due to the merger of */s/ and */z/.  Additionally, the adoption of subject endings made the imperative prefix redundant as such, since the unmarked stem could now be used.  The old imperative, therefore, came to be used as the new obligative mood.  A table outlining the prefixes follows:

{|
| || colspan=2| Affirmative || colspan=2| Negative
|-
| Indicative || - || - || '''a-''' || '''m-'''
|-
| Imperative || colspan=4| ''= indicative; see below''
|-
| Optative || '''u-''' || '''uc-''' || '''mu-''' || '''muc-'''
|-
| Benefactive || '''s-''' || '''s-''' || '''as-''' || '''as-'''
|-
| Obligative || '''i-''' || '''ic-''' || '''mi-''' || '''mic-'''
|-
| Futilitive || '''ir-''' || '''ir-''' || '''mir-''' || '''mir-'''
|-
| Conditional || '''pu-''' || '''puc-''' || '''apu-''' || '''apuc-'''
|}

The new imperative mood is a special case.  Formally it is the same as the indicative, but it does not use any personal endings, since it applies only to second-person subjects.  Instead, it uses the bare stem (plus aspect/valency) for a singular subject and has an ending '''-θi''' for a plural subject.  This ending comes from the old plural habitual ending '''*-thi'''.  However, both the singular and plural imperative can take an obligative prefix for added emphasis.

&lt;br/&gt;

== Syntax ==

=== Word Order ===

==== Main Clauses ====

Constituent word order is VSO in all main clauses:

'''(M)éθrasi neré níθa.'''
&lt;br&gt;
[ˈɛð.ɾa.ʒi ne.ˈɾe ˈni.ða]
&lt;br&gt;
''The woman is (not) baking the bread.''

==== Adpositional Phrases ====

Generally, adpositional phrases are ordered ''time - manner - place'':

'''Nómvin cáp' ate-nárrol il-Niθsé.'''
&lt;br&gt;
[ˈnɔm.vɪn ˈkap a.te.ˈna.rɔl ɪl.nɪð.ˈze]
&lt;br&gt;
''I went to Niθsé by horse last year.''

== Example Text ==

Under construction. 

For comparison of this text in related languages see the AkanaWiki [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php/Tsinakan_text Tsinakan text article].


'''Áfsian sif Síncan, θíscesor, θíscān Câθlas, méxθāx Sáma 'n Θálo:  Ílnu ápin of-pacátiān mésein, ése θísclas rúlas ir écon ilín.  Áffax sif θísclasax rúlsax cássax: &quot;Θísca prâ mésān.  Irofífan ófa θísclas cáran.  On táfan iu naca.  Θal ân ápienān of-pacátiān mésān sási iu θéfi.&quot;'''

'''Óla méxθāx Sáma 'n Θálo ápin of-pacátiān mésein, ílnu nómfin aθ-θísclasax rúlsax áθienāx écon ilín, snómfin il-sáticān Ofê.  Smisáxfin-ax on áfpafin tónain il-mína mála.  Áffin sif: &quot;Éθcīn, xénāx sêx, ufómfanax-in, θísclasax cássax páfsienāx ilín iu θéfi.  On sátax pásān cálsān lasθóθnaθon, éθcīn!  Íenspa aθóθnax!&quot;'''

'''Ráθfan Ofê lesécān mávain.  Úlfan-in on sáffan fáfor il-ítianain.  Péθfin-ax ate-lâθāx céro múcienāx-in.  Péθfin-ax.  Áfiefin ófa iatí, fû, on hára, on pléfin-ax il-Câθlas.'''


''Sinakan, the great king, the king of the land of Kāxad, brother of the sun and the moon, spoke thus:''

''Before I sat on the throne of my father, alas! all the foreign countries were hostile towards me. The nearby foreign countries spoke thus: &quot;His father was a brave king. Alas! he conquered many enemy countries. And he became a god. But luckily, he who sits on the throne of his father is a child.&quot;''

''When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries which were being hostile towards me, happily I went to the feasts of Ophai. I celebrated them to my benefit, and I rose my hand to the shining mother. I spoke thus: &quot;My mistress, light of the stars, the nearby countries who name me a child belittle me. And they begin to attack the border of your holy land, my mistress! Strike the heathens down!&quot;''

''Ophai heard the words of my mouth. She rose me up and she gave strength to my arm. I conquered those who rose against me in ten years. I conquered them. I captured many prisoners, oxen, and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Kāxad.''


=== Interlinear ===

{|
|- align=left
! Áfi-si-an || sif || Síncan || θísca=ésor || θísca-ān || Câθ=lâs || mécaθ-āx || Sáma || on || Θálo:
|-
| speak-IMP-3SG || thus || Sinakan || king=great || king-3SG || Kāxad=land || brother-3PL || Sun || and || Moon
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Ílnu || ápe-in || of- || pacátia-ān || mése-ain || éze || θísclas || rúlas || ir || écon || il-ín.
|-
| before || sit-HAB-1SG || on || throne-3SG || father-1SG || all || country || foreign || be-PERF || hostile || to-1SG
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Áfi-fe-ax || sif || θísclas-ax || rúlas-ax || cásus-ax: || &quot;Θísca || prâ || mése-ān. || Ir-ofí-fe-an || ófa || θísclas || káran.
|-
| speak-PERF-3PL || thus || country-PL || foreign-PL || nearby-PL || king || brave || father-3SG || FUT-defeat-PERF-3SG || many || country || enemy
|}

{|
|- align=left
! On || tâ-fe-an || iu || naca. || Θal || ân || ápe-ien-ān || of-|| pacátia-ān || mése-ān || sási || iu || θéfi.&quot;
|-
| and || become-PERF-3SG || like || god || but || he || sit-GER-3SG || on || throne-3SG || father-3SG || be-IMP || like || child
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Óla || mécaθ-āx || Sáma || 'n || Θálo || ápe-in || of- || pacátia-ān || mése-ain,
|-
| before || brother-3PL || Sun || and || Moon || sit-1SG || on || throne-3SG || father-1SG
|}

{|
|- align=left
! ílnu || nón-fe-in || aθ- || θísclas-ax || rúlas-ax || áθe-ien-āx || écon || il-ín,
|-
| before || go-PERF-1SG || into || country-PL || foreign-PL || be-GER-3PL || hostile || to-1SG
|}

{|
|- align=left
! s-nón-fe-in || il- || sáti-c-ān || Ofê. || S-misáko-fe-in-ax || on || áfpa-fe-in || tón-ain || il- || mína || mála.
|-
| BEN-go-PERF-1SG || to || feast-PL-3SG || Ophai || BEN-celebrate-PERF-1SG-3PL || and || raise-PERF-1SG || hand-1SG || to || mother || shining
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Áfi-fe-in || sif: || &quot;Éθci-ain, || xénu-āx || sê-x, || ufómfan-ax-in, || θísclas-ax || cásus-ax || páfs-ien-āx || il-ín || iu || θéfi.
|-
| speak-PERF-1SG || thus || mistress-1SG || light-3PL || star-PL || belittle-3PL-1SG || country-PL || nearby-PL || name-GER-3PL || to-1SG || as || child
|}

{|
|- align=left
! On || sáte-ax || páso-ān || cálas-ān || lâs=θótin-aθon, || éθci-ain! || Í-enspa || aθótin-ax!&quot;
|-
| and || begin-3PL || attack-3SG || border-3SG || land=holy-2SG || mistress-1SG || EMPH-strike-IMP || heathen-PL
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Ráθo-fe-an || Ofê || lesé-c-ān || máva-ain. || Úl-fe-an-in || on || sáfi-fe-an || fáfor || il- || ítian-ain.
|-
| hear-PERF-3SG || Ophai || word-PL-3SG || mouth-1SG || rise-PERF-3SG-1SG || and || give-PERF-3SG || strength || to || arm-1SG
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Péθa-fe-in-ax || ate- || lâθ-āx || céro || múc-ien-āx-in. || Péθa-fe-in-ax.
|-
| defeat-PERF-1SG-3PL || with || year-3PL || ten || protest-GER-3PL-1SG || defeat-PERF-1SG-3PL
|}

{|
|- align=left
! Áfie-fe-in || ófa || iatí, || fû, || on || hára, || on || plé-fe-in-ax || il- || Câθ=lâs.
|-
| capture-PERF-1SG || many || prisoner || ox || and || sheep || and || send-PERF-1SG-3PL || to || Kâxad-land
|}


=== Pronounciation ===

Under construction.

[ˈav.ʒan ʃɪf ˈʃɪŋ.kan ˈθɪʃ.ce.zɔɾ ˈθɪs.kān ˈkāð.las ˈmeʝ.ðāx ˈsa.man ˈθa.lo | ˈɪl.nu ˈa.pɪn ɔf.pa.ˈka.cān ˈme.zeɪn ˈe.ze ˈθɪs.klas ˈɾu.las ɪɾ ˈe.cɔn il.ˈɪn | ˈav.vax ʃɪf ˈθɪs.kla.sax ˈɾʊl.zax ˈkaz.zax | ˈθɪs.ka ˈpɾā ˈme.zān | i.ɾo.ˈvi.van ˈo.va ˈθɪs.klas ˈka.ran | ɔn ˈta.van ju ˈna.ka | θal ˈān ˈa.pje.nān ɔf.pa.ˈka.cān ˈme.zān ˈsa.ʒi ju ˈθe.vi]


=== Lexicon ===

* ''An [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Aθáta/Lexicon expanded lexicon of Aθáta] has been compiled by [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]].''

{|
| Aθáta || English
|-
| '''áfie''' || capture
|-
| '''áfpa''' || raise
|-
| '''áfi''' || speak
|-
| '''ápe''' || sit
|-
| '''ate-''' || with
|-
| '''aθ-''' || into
|-
| '''áθe''' || be
|-
| '''aθótin''' || unholy
|-
| '''cálas''' || border
|-
| '''cáran''' || enemy
|-
| '''cásus''' || nearby
|-
| '''céro''' || ten
|-
| '''écon''' || hostile
|-
| '''énspa''' || strike
|-
| '''ése''' || all
|-
| '''éθci''' || mistress
|-
| '''fáfor''' || strength
|-
| '''fû''' || ox
|-
| '''hára''' || sheep
|-
| '''iatí''' || prisoner
|-
| '''il-''' || to
|-
| '''ílnu''' || before
|-
| '''ítian''' || arm
|-
| '''iu''' || as
|-
| '''lâs''' || land
|-
| '''lâθ''' || year
|-
| '''lesé''' || word
|-
| '''máfa''' || mouth
|-
| '''mála''' || shining
|-
| '''mécaθ''' || brother
|-
| '''mése''' || father
|-
| '''mína''' || mother
|-
| '''misáko''' || celebrate
|-
| '''múce''' || protest
|-
| '''naca''' || god
|-
| '''nôn''' || go
|-
| '''of-''' || on
|-
| '''ófa''' || many
|-
| '''ofí''' || conquer
|-
| '''óla''' || when
|-
| '''on''' || and
|-
| '''pacátia''' || throne
|-
| '''páfsa''' || name
|-
| '''páso''' || attack
|-
| '''péθa''' || defeat
|-
| '''plê''' || send
|-
| '''prâ''' || brave
|-
| '''ráθo''' || hear
|-
| '''rúlas''' || foreign
|-
| '''sáfi''' || give
|-
| '''sáma''' || sun
|-
| '''sáte''' || begin
|-
| '''sáti''' || feast
|-
| '''sê''' || star
|-
| '''sif''' || thus
|-
| '''tâ''' || become
|-
| '''tôn''' || hand
|-
| '''θal''' || but, however
|-
| '''θálo''' || moon
|-
| '''θéfi''' || child
|-
| '''θísca''' || king
|-
| '''θíscesor''' || great-king
|-
| '''θísclas''' || kingdom
|-
| '''θótin''' || holy
|-
| '''ufómfan''' || belittle
|-
| '''úla''' || rise
|-
| '''xénu''' || light
|}

== See also ==

* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Aθáta/Lexicon Expanded Aθáta lexicon]
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Aθáta/Sawîyaran Sawîyaran] - a short sketch of the northernmost dialect of Aθáta.
* [[Edastean languages]]
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana The AkanaWiki]

[[Category:Akana]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athata</title>
    <id>2677</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>12811</id>
      <timestamp>2006-08-28T22:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RHaden</username>
        <id>164</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Aθáta]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Kuroda</title>
    <id>2678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13408</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-09T14:58:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* I was able to add a comment there just now.  */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I wanted to say something on &quot;Talk:Kilda Kelen&quot;.
Apparently I can't do that.
Should I be able to?
If so, what should be done so that I can?
If not, what should I do instead?
-----
eldin


I still don't have an answer to this -- I don't know why it's not working. If I can find out, I'll let you know here. Sorry!
-----
K.


I was able to add a comment there just now.  So for at least this moment, and for at least that page, and for at least me, it seems to be working now.

Thanks.
-------
eldin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>OT2.0</title>
    <id>2679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56127</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-19T02:42:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Dialogue 3: Conversation with Teacher */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An eclectic language created from texts from the ''Teach Yourself'' language books, originally produced by the English Universities Press, latterly by Hodder and Stoughton.

The guiding principle was to take foreign language words from the contents pages of each grammar and use them as the basis of an imaginary language.  Also used were irregularities affecting verbs and nouns, etc., and descriptions of courtesy language (notably, Japanese, Samoan and Modern Persian).

The language creator is Andrew Smith.

Details of the language speakers and culture are speculative as yet.  One name I have for this language is 'the language of the ghost people' or 'ghostian', suggesting that the speakers are perceived as a fair-skinned race by outsiders.

= Pronunciation =

Consonants:

{|
|| ||labial||dental||alveolar||postalveolar||palatal||velar||glottal
|-
||unvoicedstops||p||t|| || || ||k|| 
|-
||voiced stops||b||d|| || || ||g|| 
|-
||affricates|| || || ||tʃ|| || || 
|-
||unvoiced fricatives||f|| ||s||ʃ|| || || 
|-
||voiced fricatives||v|| || || || || ||h
|-
||nasals||m||n|| || || ||ŋ||
|-
||lateral|| || ||l|| || || || 
|-
||approximant|| || ||ɹ|| || 
|-
||semivowels||w|| || || || j|| || 
|}

Vowels:

OT2.0 has the vowels /i ɪ e ɛ a ʉ ʊ ɔ ɑ/.  '''i, e, ʉ''' are always long and are written with a circumflex.  '''a''' can be long or short and is written with an accent.  '''ɔ''' is considered as a long '''ɑ''' and also written with an accent.

Orthography:

In the latin alphabet:
 '''a b ch d e f g h i k l m n ng o p r s sh t u v w y'''
The 'original' conscript for OT2.0 is as yet unknown.

=Dialogue 1: A Friend Arrives=
{|
|Host:||''Ei chomú-dâ kú druí''||There is someone at the door
|-
|Servant:||''A ítí ten chomú?''||Who is there?
|-
|Friend:||''Ei'm''||It is I
|-
|Visitor:||''A tí ta chomú?''||Who is it?
|-
|Host:||''Bodú úwedshim''||I don't know
|-
|Visitor:||''Bodú yir shabinant''||I will go see
|-
|Host:||''Kodnen dribí. Bodú bâm Shinuwin a yirant''||No need, I shall tell Shinuwin to go
|-
|Host:||''Shinuwin!''||Shinuwin!
|-
|Servant:||''Íe!''||Yes!
|-
|Host:||''Dâdâ''!||Come here!
|-
|Servant:||''Íe!''||Yes!
|-
|Host:||''Ei chomú-dâ kú druí. Yirú shabinant kem tí ta chomú.''||There is someone at the door. Go and see who it is.	
|-
|Servant:||''Íe!''||Right!
|-
|Servant:||''Moikorí ya, a tí kembí kakai sinú?''||What is your name, sir?
|-
|Friend:||''Moi sinú tí Trushika. A ítí moikorí Kinig kú sebio?''||My name is Trushika. Is Mr Kinig at home?
|-
|Servant:||''Íe, taní ítí kú sebio. Kulahú pendânt''||Yes, he is. Please come in
|-
|Friend:||''Âriget''||Thank you
|-
|Servant:||''Moikorí Trushika ítí dâde''||Mr. Trushika has come
|-
|Host:||''Kulahú tamum pendânt''||Ask him to come in
|-
|Host:||''Moikorí Trushika ya, a ítí kembí duen ya?''||Hello Mr. Trushika, how are you?
|-
|Friend:||''Duen. Moikorí Kinig a meikoren Shiraba ya, a ítí ba sebio duen''||Quite well. Are you Mr. Kinig and Mr. Shirab, both well?
|-
|Host and Visitor:||''Duen, duen. Kulahú sedantse''||Quite well. Please take a seat
|-
|Friend:||''Âriget âriget''||Thank you, thank you
|-
|Host:||''Brobú chân!''||Prepare tea!
|-
|Servant:||''Kembí dâguôt nena dok bodú dâ''||Coming in a moment
|-
||Host:||''Kulahú, moikorí Trushika, pihant chân''||Take some tea Mr. Trushika
|-
|Friend:||''Âriget''||Thank you
|-
|Host:||''A pohatshim sedantse nidolgon''||Can't you stay a little longer?
|-
|Friend:||''Gúhú! Ten ítí chomú-dâ so 'pena bodú chekant. Bodú mús tai redir''||Sorry! There is someone waiting for me. I must return
|-
|Friend:||''Úhim'na mikantie''||Don't get up
|-
|Host and Visitor:||''Talik e nena dât ishikude!''||Where do such words come from!
|-
|All together:||''Duabin, duabin''||Good-bye, good-bye
|}

=Dialogue 2: The Teacher Arrives=
{|
|Servant:||''Moikorí Kinig ítí dâde''||Mr Kinig is here
|-
|Student:||''Kulahú tamum pendânt''||Ask him in
|-
|Student:||''Moikorí Kinig ya, a ítí kembí duen ya''||Mr Kinig, are you well?
|-
|Teacher:||''Duen. Makorina ya, kembí aft baget alí, kodin?''||Well.  You have eaten, haven't you, lady?
|-
|Student:||''Íe. Kembí aft baget alí, kodin?''||Yes.  You have eaten, haven't you?
|-
|Teacher:||''Belem, yao a'bagetshim'' or ''Sonan yao a'''||Not yet, I have not eaten ''or'' On the contrary, I have
|-
|Teacher and Student:||''Kulahú sedantse''||Please sit down
|-
|Student:||''Kembí tí talik bohoras ristú''||You are too polite
|-
|Teacher:||''Kulahú. Da tí shawoltaran''||Please.  It is the way things should be
|-
|Student:||''Yako brobú chân kapena moikorí''||Could you make tea for the teacher
|-
|Servant:||''Íe. Da tí gotúa duen''||Yes.  It is well ready
|-
|Student:||''Kulahú, moikorí, pihant chân''||Please, teacher, drink some tea
|-
|Teacher:||''Âriget''||Thank you
|-
|Student:||''Ei nena riaknia lâ, nadastâmshim monion''||I don't understand national language very well
|-
|Teacher:||''Kuan veandâde kembí kariakkan e bodúta?''||When did you arrive in our country?
|-
|Student:||''Bodú veandâde na kariakkan a kembí yodin mâwet porom''||I arrived in your country only last month
|-
|Teacher:||''Kembí dâguôt nena riaknia duen''||You speak national language well
|-
|Student:||''Kembí tí'na dohantie sudabodú''||You flatter me
|-
|Teacher:||''Ten tí alidení. Kembí dâguôt sha duen''||It is true.  You speak very well
|-
|Student:||''Nena riaknia tí dakil úwidant, kodin?''||National language is easy to learn, isn't it?
|-
|Teacher:||''Sha shim odakilion''||Not too hard
|-
|Student:||''Bodú wol tai úwed nena riaknia duen''||I would like to learn national language well
|-
|Teacher:||''Yao reb mapena melion úwidant kembí''||I will do my best to teach you
|}

=Dialogue 3: Conversation with Teacher=
{|
|Pupil:||''A tí da chet?''||What is this
|-
|Teacher:||''Da tí yodna knihan''||That is a book
|-
|Pupil:||''A tí da kakanian knihan?''||What (kind of) book is it?
|-
|Teacher:||''Da tí yodin nenayon''||It is a dictionary
|-
|Pupil:||''A nashiwatse ten tuon chet?''||What is that (thing) called?
|-
|Teacher:||''Da tí yodna tugikan''||That is a pencil
|-
|Pupil:||''A ve kadachen bodúta chet?''||What shall we do?
|-
|Teacher:||''Ye bodúta ve kalehen''||Let us read
|-
|Pupil:||''A ve kalehen bodúta kakanian knihan?''||What book shall we read?
|-
|Teacher:||''Ye bodúta ve kalehen ten lehayon''||Let us read this reader
|-
|Pupil:||''Kulahú lehant. Bodú kâ ot''||Will you please read. I will listen.
|-
|Teacher:||''Da kinan tíhim duon''||That is not a very good method
|-
|Pupil:||''Dok, kembí lest primon, dua bodú les posli ye kembí, smiet kodin?''||Then will you read first and I will read after you. Will that do?
|-
|Teacher:||''Smiet. Da kinan tí duen''||Yes, that's a very good method
|-
|Pupil:||''Kam bodú ve galeste salan, kulahú betant bodú''||If I make a mistake in my reading, please tell me
|-
|Teacher:||''Shawoltaran''||It is my duty
|-
||Pupil:||''Nú dua shaleste knihan, ai bodúta kadachen chet satek?''||Now that we have finished reading, what else shall we do?
|-
|Teacher:||''Bodúta ve kakiriben''||We might write
|-
|Pupil:||''Duen. Bodú mí suk kiriban''||Good. I like writing
|-
|Teacher:||''A sapiet kiriban kodin?''||Can you write?
|-
|Pupil:||''Nam, kin bodú wol tai úwidant''||No, but I am willing to learn
|-
|Teacher:||''Dok, yao reb mapena melion úwidant kembí''||I shall do my best to teach you
|-
|Pupil:||''Ei kiriba, ai tí dribí kakaye tua''||What do we need for writing?
|-
|Teacher:||''Bodúta dribí yodna tugikan, yodin pipas, yodin inon a yodna slina. Dua penglúyen yodne bekken wodata, ya malant inon''||We need a pen, a sheet of paper, ink, and an ink slab. Then we must also add a little water to mix the ink.
|-
|Pupil:||''Te tua dost o bodú. Dua bodúta kiriben.''||I will get these things, then we will write
|-
|Teacher:||''Duen. Bodúta kiriben''||Good, we will write
|}

=Vocabulary=
{|
|''a''||and; accompanitive word, followed by dative case
|-
|''a''||question marker, comes before a verb
|-
|''a'''||have, first person singular present auxiliary verb, can be written as a prefix
|-
|''aft''||have, has, past perfect auxiliary verb
|-
|''alí''||rice, cooked rice, rice as food, collective noun
|-
|''alidení''||true
|-
|''andâde''||arrived, past tense and past participle
|-
|''âriget''||thank you
|-
|''ba''||both, followed by genitive
|-
|''baget''||ate, past tense and past participle of to eat
|-
|''bâm''||command, tell
|-
|''belem''||not yet
|-
|''betant''||to tell, to inform
|-
|''bodú''||I, me, my; ''bodúta'', we, us, our, first person egalitarian/inferior pronoun
|-
|''bohora''||life-force, soul, ''-s'' genitive ending
|-
|''brobú''||brew, imperative
|-
|''chân''||tea, accusative
|-
|''chekant''||waiting, verbal noun
|-
|''chet''||what, interrogative pronoun
|-
|''chomú''||who, interrogative pronoun
|-
|''chomú-dâ''||someone, pronoun, dative case, also used as direct object for persons
|-
|''da''||she, it, pronoun
|-
|''dâ''||come, first person singular present
|-
|''dachant''||to do, to make
|-
|''dâdâ''||come here, imperative
|-
|''dâde''||come, here, past participle
|-
|''dâguôt''||say (to me), present verb
|-
|''dakil''||easy
|-
|''dât''||come, present tense verb
|-
|''dost''||is gotten, are gotten, active noun, passive meaning
|-
|''dohantie''||to praise, flatter, causative verb
|-
|''dok''||so, then, sequence word
|-
|''dribí''||need(s), necessary, plural noun
|-
|''druí''||door(s)
|-
|''duabin''||good-bye
|-
|''duen''||good, well, adverb
|-
|''duon''||good, adjective
|-
|''e''||of, accompanitive word, plural
|-
|''ei''||topic marker, about; there is,'it is, implies something is physically present, followed by dative case
|-
|''ga-''||conditional prefix on verbs, used with ''kam''
|-
|''gotú''||ready, a predicate adjective that must agree with its subject
|-
|''gúhú''||sorry
|-
|''íe''||yes, right
|-
|''inon''||ink, neuter noun
|-
|''-ion''||very, suffix
|-
|''ishikude''||from where (within), interrogative adverb
|-
|''ítí''||'is, are (at a place), is, are (in a temporary state of), have (perfect verb)'
|-
|''ka-''||to, for, shortened form of ''kapena'' used as a prefix to place words, takes accusative case.
|-
|''ka-''||future marker, verbal prefix
|-
|''kakai''||what, which, ''kakanian'' feminine accusative, ''kakaye'' plural, interrogative adjective
|-
|''kam''||if
|-
|''kânt ot''||to listen, to hear, to speaker
|-
|''kapena, 'pena''||for, benefactive
|-
|''kem''||that, relative pronoun
|-
|''kembí''||you, polite form
|-
|''kin''||but, after a negative
|-
|''kinan''||method, arrangement, abstract noun
|-
|''Kinig''||proper name
|-
|''kiriba''||writing, feminine noun
|-
|''kiribant''||to write
|-
|''kniha''||book, feminine noun
|-
|''kodin''||no, not a, negative indefinate article; also used as a question tag at the end of sentences, have, haven't, isn't, ''kodnen'' plural form
|-
|''kulahú''||please; ask someone to, polite form; polite imperative
|-
|''kú''||at, at home, followed by the genitive case; also verb marker
|-
|''kuan''||when, question-word
|-
|''la''||emphatic particle
|-
|''lehant''||to read, stem ''les-''
|-
|''lehayon''||reader, neuter noun
|-
|'''m''||me, enclitic pronoun, implies the speaker has superior status to the person being addressed
|-
|''makorina''||madam, ma'am, missus, lady
|-
|''malant''||to mix (things)
|-
|''mapena''||most, used with comparative adjectives and adverbs
|-
|''mâwet''||moon, month
|-
|''meikoren''||sir, mister, lord, indirect case
|-
|''melion''||better, best, adverb
|-
|''mí''||am, first person singular verb
|-
|''mikantie''||to accompany, accompanying
|-
|''moi''||my, possessive adjective
|-
|''moikorí''||sir, mister, lord
|-
|''monion''||very well, greatly
|-
|''mús''||must
|-
|''nadastâm''||understand, first person singular verb
|-
|''nam''||no, exclamation
|-
|''nashiwantse''||to call (a thing)
|-
|''nena''||words, language, plural noun
|-
|''nenayon''||dictionary, neuter noun
|-
|''nidolgon''||for a time
|-
|''nú''||now
|-
|''o''||with, by, instrumental or agentive preposition
|-
|''odakil''||difficult, hard
|-
|''pendânt''||to go in, to come in, to enter
|-
|''penglúyant''||to add
|-
|''pohat''||can
|-
|''pihant''||to drink, drinking
|-
|''pipas''||paper, sheet of paper, count noun
|-
|''porom''||last
|-
|''posli''||after, preposition
|-
|''primon''||first, neuter adjective used as adverb
|-
|''reb''||strive, first person singular present verb
|-
|''redir''||return
|-
|''riakka''||kingdom, country, ''-n'' accusative ending
|-
|''riaknia''||national, neuter plural adjective, used as a language name
|-
|''ristas''||guest; ''ristú'', genitive form, of a guest, guest's
|-
|''salan''||mistake, noun
|-
|''sapiet''||know how, can, verb
|-
|''satek''||other, else
|-
|''sebio''||oneself, one's own, reflexive pronoun
|-
|''sedant''||to sit, sitting
|-
|''sha''||very, too
|-
|''shabinant''||to see, seeing, take a look, definite verb
|-
|''shalehant''||to finish reading
|-
|''shawoltaran''||courtesy, politeness, duty, the way things should be done
|-
|''Shinuwin''||proper name
|-
|''shim''||not, nothing. Usually suffixed to the verb
|-
|''Shirab''||proper name
|-
|''sinú''||surname, clan, tribe
|-
|''slina''||slate for preparing ink, feminine noun
|-
|''smiet''||be allowed, verb
|-
|''so''||''who is''
|-
|''sonan''||on the contrary, but
|-
|''súdabodú''||myself, me
|-
|''suk''||liking, adjective
|-
|''ta''||that, he, it, demonstrative pronoun
|-
|''tai''||desiderative particle, used after auxiliary verb
|-
|''tamum''||him, polite form
|-
|''taní''||he, polite form
|-
|''talik''||such
|-
|''ten''||there, it, pronoun
|-
|''tí''||is, are
|-
|''Trushika''||proper name
|-
|''tugika''||pen, pencil, brush
|-
|''tuon''||thing, neuter noun, paradigm of thing-nouns, plural ''tua''
|-
|''úwed''||know, come to know, definite verb
|-
|''úwidant''||to know, come to know, get to know, teach, learn, verbal noun
|-
|''ve''||non-present marker
|-
|''wodata''||water, plural noun
|-
|''wolant''||to want, to be willing, would like
|-
|''ya''||let's, and, with, accompanitive preposition, ''ye'' indirect masculine, and plural, ''yi'' feminine
|-
|''ya''||vocative particle, comes after the noun, used as a greeting
|-
|''yao''||I, first person singular pronoun, superior status
|-
|''yir''||go, first person singular verb
|-
|''yirant''||to go, going (on foot)
|-
|''yirú''||go, imperative
|-
|''yodin''||only, a/an (certain) masculine/neuter indefinite article, ''yodna'' feminine singular, ''yodne'' plural
|}

=Grammar=

== Infinitive/Verbal Noun ==

The infinitive generally ends with ''-ant''.  It is alternative uses to being the infinitive form of the verb.  The language also uses it as a verbal noun: a word ending in '-ing' or in '-ation'; and as an adjective derived from verbs.

A number of verbs derived from nouns exist only as verbal nouns; as do causative verbs derived from other verbs.  In such cases tense and person are described peripherally from the verb.  More information will be released as a better understanding on how they work emerges.

==''Wohant'', to be, being ==

The present tense of 'to be' is as follows:

{|
|''me mi''||I am||''meme en''||we are
|-
|''te si''||you (sg) are||''tete ti''||you (pl) are
|-
|''ta ti''||he is||''ga en (ti)''||they are
|}

The pronouns for 'she' and 'it' are ''da'' and ''ten'' respectively.  If the subject is a plural noun, the verb form is ''ti'' rather than ''en''.

In old high literature the forms of the verb for 'we are' and 'they are' are ''emo'' and ''eno''.  These forms are not used in the spoken language.

The past tense of 'to be' is

{|
|''me wora''||I was||''meme woren''||we were
|-
|''te woret''||you (sg) were||''tete woret''||you (pl) were
|-
|''ta woret''||he was||''ga woren (woret)''||they were
|}

The past tense of 'to be' translates both 'I have been' and 'I was'  It can also acts as an auxiliary.

The negative verb marker is a clitic.  After a consonant it is ''shim'', after a vowel ''him''.  In a subordinate clause it becomes an independent adverb and moves to in front of the verb.

{|
|''me ve tehim''||I was not||''meme ve enshim''||we were not
|}

As an independent word ''shim, shidim'' means 'nothing'.

The future tense of 'to be' is 
{|
|''me ve bude''||I will be||''meme ve budun''||we will be
|-
|''te ve bud''||you (sg) will be||''tete ve bud''||you (pl) will be
|-
|''ta ve bud''||he will be||''ga ve budun (bud)''||they will be
|}

''Ve'' is described as a non-present participle that is placed between the subject and a past or future verb.  It is not used with ''wora'', but it is used with ''bud''


The imperative is ''wohú''.  This is considered abrupt and only used as a command.

With adjectives &lt;i&gt;mi&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;wora&lt;/i&gt; describes a temporary or accidental situation, and &lt;i&gt;deide mi&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;deide wora&lt;/i&gt; describes a more permanent or general situation.

==''A'nt'', to have, auxiliary verb==
''A'nt'' is used to mean 'to have (done something)'.  It is not used to mean 'to have, possess or hold'.  In this sense the language prefers to use a prepositional phrase.

Present tense:

{|
|''me a'''||I have||''meme a'n''||we have
|-
|''te aft''||you (sg.) have||''tete aft''||you (pl.) have
|-
|''ta aft''||he has||''ga a'n (aft)''||they have
|}

In the old high language the contracted forms insert a ''-b-'': ''me ab'', ''meme/ga aben'', ''abant''.  This has dropped out of the modern language.

Past tense:

{|
|''me ve yed''||I had||''meme ve yeden''||we have
|-
|''te ve yed''||you (sg.) had||''tete ve yed''||you (pl.) had
|-
|''ta ve yede''||he had||''ga ve yeden (ve yed)''||they had
|}

''A'nt'' is not used with reflexive verbs or verbs of motion.  Instead these verbs use the verbal noun, combined with the forms of ''wohant'' to indicate the number and the tense.

==Future Auxiliary==

The modal auxiliaries ''kal'' and ''wol'' are used with the verbal noun.  ''Kal'', shall, be going to, is ...ing, is used with the first person, and ''wol'', will, be willing, want, like, wish, with the second, although this is not rigid.

{|
|''me ve kal''||I shall||''meme ve kalen''||we shall
|-
|''te ve wolt''||you (sg.) will||''tete ve wolt''||you (pl.) will
|-
|''ta ve wolt''||he will||''ga ve wolen||they will
|}

If the verbal noun is a verb of motion it can be dropped if the direction is indicated by an adverb or a preposition.  The present tense can be used for future action, especially if it is marked by an adverb of time.  ''Dyant'' or ''kal/wol dyant'', will become, can also replace ''bud'' in which case it portends an unchanging state (will always be...).  ''Dyant'' cannot replace ''kal/wol aryant'', to be (in a place).

==''Yirant'', to go (by foot)==

Present tense:

{|
|'' me yire''||I go||''meme yirun''||we go
|-
|''te yir''||you (sg.) go||''tete yir''||you (pl.) go
|-
|''ta yir''||he goes||''ga yirun''
|}

The past tense is irregular (there must be a story behind that):

{|
|''me ve sefa''||I went||''meme ve seften''||we went
|-
|''te ve seft''||you (sg.) went||''tete ve seft''||you (pl.) went
|-
|''ta ve sefte''||he goes||''ga ve seften''||they went
|}

Similar to ''Yirant'' is the verb ''yerant'', to go (by vehicle), present tense:

{|
|''me yere''||I go||''meme yerun''||we go
|-
|''te yer''||you (sg.) go||''tete yer''||you (pl.) go
|-
|''ta yer''||he goes||''ga yerun''||they go
|}

''Yerant'' uses the same ending in the past tense as in the present:

{|
|''me ve yerte''||I went||''meme ve yerten''||we went
|-
|''te ve yerte''||you (sg.) went||''tete ve yerte''||you (pl.) went
|-
|''ta ve yerte''||he went||''ga ve yerten''||they went
|}

Completed action with these verbs are made by combining the verbal noun with ''wohant'', to be: ''me mi yirant'', I have gone (on foot); ''ga worun yerant'', they had gone (by vehicle).

==''Kulahant''==

Literally this is a polite word meaning 'to beg'.  The phrase ''me kulas'' is used widely to mean 'I beg (you)', 'please' and 'please don't mention it, you are welcome'.  With the imperative ending it becomes a polite way of phrasing a command: ''kulahú yirant'', (please) go.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ebilein</title>
    <id>2680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54328</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-30T12:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebilein</username>
        <id>219</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, my name is Daniel and I live in Austria. My mothertongue is German; I also learned English for eight years at school, Latin for six years, Italian for two years and French for four years. I'm currently studying Finnish and Linguistics at the university of Vienna: I've been studying Finnish for two years now and also started taking lessons on Dutch, Swedish and Japanese.

I participated in the &quot;Cursed Relay&quot; and produced [[Æðadĕ]] whose vocabulary has been enlargened by other participants. Æðadĕ was my first near-to-finished conlang (although I of course notice that it's nowhere near as good as it could have been) and I've been developing [[Thesome]] since... I think 2007. It's a very slow process, but I like it and just go along as time goes by.

The Pages:

[[Æðadĕ]]

[[Proto-Thesomalchellean]]

[[Thesome]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Æðadĕ</title>
    <id>2681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57638</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
| language   = Æðadĕ
| phonetic   = ˈæ.ða.də
| world      = [[Akana]]
| date       = c. 1000 YP
| place      = Lasomo
| speakers   = c. 2 million
| script     = adapted &lt;br&gt;Ŋauro script
| family     = Edastean &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dāiadak &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Northern Dāiadak &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Æðadĕ
| word-or    = SVO
| mor-type   = fusional
| morphalign = NOM-ACC
| author     = ebilein
}}
{{Akana}}

Æðadĕ [ˈæ.ða.də] is, just like [http://www.geocities.com/low_zl/ayasth/ayasth.html Ayasth] and [[Aθáta]], a descendant of the earlier [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm Adāta] language developed by Deiniol Jones (aka Dewrad). It was created for the &quot;Derivation Relay&quot; in August 2006 at the zompist board by Daniel Ebner (aka ebilein).

A daughter-language of Æðadĕ itself is [http://www.tundria.com/Zompist/Yad-1.shtml Yād].

== Phonology ==

=== Phonemes ===

Here follows the consonant inventory:

{|
|
| Labial
| Dental
| Alveolar
| Velar
| Glottal
|-
| Plosive
| pʰ b
| tʰ d
|
| kʰ ɡ
|-
| Fricative
| ɸ β
| θ ð
| s z
| x
| h
|-
| Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
|-
| Lateral
|
| l
| ɾ
|
|-
| Semivowel
| w
|
| j
|
|}

The aspirated voiceless stops are usually pronounced without aspiration after another consonant.

The Vowel Inventory is as follows:

{|
|
| Front
| Central
| Back
|-
| High
| i iː
|
| u uː
|-
| Mid High
| e eː
| ə
| ɔ ɔː
|-
| Mid Low
| æ
|
|-
| Low
| a aː
|}


=== Orthography ===

'''ɸ''' and '''β''' are represented with '''f''' and '''v''', '''θ''' with '''þ'''. Aspirated stops are written without a following '''h''': '''p''' /pʰ/, '''t''' /tʰ/, '''k''' /kʰ/.

Sometimes (especially preceding another consonant) the voiceless stops are pronounced without aspiration.

Long Vowels are marked with a makron: ī, ē, ā, ō, ū; ə is represented by ĕ.

=== Sound Changes from Adāta ===

# i &gt; j / _V: iarioba &gt; jarjoba, hānedia &gt; hānedja
# a, e &gt; ə / unstressed: abesa &gt; abəsə, lōzera &gt; lōzərə
# b, d, g &gt; β, ð, ɣ: jabə &gt; jaβə, Adātə &gt; Aðātə, gamun &gt; ɣamun
# ə &gt; nil / following or preceding a stressed syllable and always wordfinal, but never initial or after another vowel or halfvowel: aβən &gt; aβn, ēəβ &gt; ēəβ; Exception: pəpō, zəzāk, hápəβ and, curiously, Aðātə remain
# Two geminate consonants following each other are simplified to one: azz &gt; az
# ls &gt; lz: lsō &gt; lzō
# n, l, r &gt; ṇ, ḷ, ṛ / final and preceded by a consonant: aln &gt; alṇ, khīrl &gt; khīrḷ, lōzr &gt; lōzṛ
# p(h), t(h), k(h) &gt; ɸ, þ, x / _C (but not if preceding /j/): áplo &gt; áɸlo, záthṇ &gt; záþṇ
# regressive assimilation: áβs &gt; áɸs, ásð &gt; ázð, átzən &gt; ádzən, ðiézk &gt; ðiésk
# ai, ei, oi, au, eu &gt; aj, ej, oj, aw, ew: eul &gt; ewl, dei &gt; dej
# á, é, í, ó, ú &gt; ǽ, ié, í, ú, ué: Ádātə &gt; Ǽðātə
# ué, ié &gt; wé, jé
# Stress shifts to initial syllable
# ə &gt; a / stressed: əpjāp &gt; apjāp
# p, t, k &gt; b, d, g / initial, V_V or final after a vowel: ǽk &gt; ǽg
# Unstressed long vowels are shortened: abjāb &gt; abjab
# lz &gt; ḷz / wordinitial: lzō &gt; ḷzō
# ɣ &gt; h / initial: ɣǽmun &gt; hǽmun 
# ɣ &gt; x: zūlɣ &gt; zūlx

== Grammar ==

=== Nominal Morphology ===

==== Plural ====

The '''Plural''' is formed by the prefix '''op-''' (&lt; Adāta &quot;opha&quot;, many), which becomes '''ov-''' before voiced stops or fricatives and '''of-''' before voiceless stops, fricatives, laterals and nasals. Additionally, long vowels are shortened because stress shifts to the initial syllable. Remember also that aspirated initial consonants are spoken without aspiration as soon as the prefix is added.

Pluralisation is not required if the noun is preceeded by such words as '''iz''' ''every'' or '''næm''' ''some''.

Examples:
* '''tālo''' ''moon'', '''oftalo''' ''moons''
* '''ðjesk''' ''king'', '''ovðjesk''' ''kings''
* '''iþki''' ''mistress'', '''opiþki''' ''mistresses''
* '''jādi''' ''prisoner'', '''opjadi''' ''prisoners''

==== Possession ====

Æðadĕ, unlike Adāta but very much like its sister languages Ayasth and Aθáta, marks possession with suffixes rather than independant words.

{|
|
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1
| -aj
| -ajg
|-
! 2
| -aðo
| -alaw
|-
! 3
| -ag
| -aga
|}

The following changes occur: wordfinal '''e''' and '''i''' &gt; '''j''', wordfinal '''o''' and '''u''' &gt; '''w''' and wordfinal '''a''' vanishes.

Examples:
* '''ðjesk''' ''king'', '''ðjeskajg''' ''our king''
* '''iþki''' ''mistress'', '''iþkjaj''' ''my mistress''
* '''iðo''' ''noble man'', '''iðwaðo''' ''your noble man''
* '''aðuna''' ''girl'', '''aðunalaw''' ''your girl''


==== Adjectives ====

Adjectives follow the noun they describe ('''ðjeskaj bira''' ''my brave king''), but they do not change for number ('''ovðjeskaj bira''' ''my brave kings''). A Comparative can be formed by suffixing '''-nez''' (or '''-ez''' if the adjective ends in a non-syllabic n), a Superlative by suffixing '''-jal''' (Adāta &quot;ial&quot;, very).

Examples:
* '''bira''', '''biranez''', '''birajal''' - ''brave, braver, bravest''
* '''tērn̩''', '''tērn̩nez''', '''tērn̩jal''' - ''beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful''
* '''ðōdin''', '''ðōdinez''', '''ðōdinjal''' - ''holy, holier, holiest''

For emphasis it is also possible to add '''jæl''' ''very'' in front of the Superlative. Remember, though, that jæl is never used before the comparative.

Example: '''ðjesk (jæl) birajal''' ''the bravest king''


==== Subject Marker -ro ====

The Subject Marker suffix '''ro''' is suffixed to the last part of the noun phrase, but never to appositional nouns or relative phrases. It is also not used if the sentence is negated (obviously Æðadean speakers thought if it did not happen, why bother to mark the Subject?).

Examples:
* '''ðjesk''' ''king'', '''ðjeskro''' ''king''
* '''iþkjaj''' ''my mistress'', '''iþkjajro''' ''my mistress''
* '''aðunalaw jæl tērn̩jal''' ''your most beautiful girl'', '''aðunalaw jæl tērn̩jalro''' ''your most beautiful girl''
* '''Sjenkĕn, ðjesk xizor''' ''Sjenken, the great king'', '''Sjenkĕnro, ðjesk xizor''' ''Sjenken, the great king''


==== Adverbs ====

Adverbs precede the verb they modify and are not marked otherwise.

Compare:
* '''jero ''ōvo'' nun''' ''I went'' happily
* '''je ōvoro nun''' ''I, the happy one, went''


==== Demonstratives and Quantifiers ====

Æðadĕ lost Adāta's three-way deixis of demonstratives and simplified it to a two-way distinction: this and that.

* '''zē''' Pl. '''zāg''' - ''this, these''
* '''sje''' Pl. '''sjeg''' - ''that, those''

Here follows a list of Quantifiers:

* '''næm''' ''some''
* '''iz''' ''all''
* '''ur''' ''every, each''

Both Demonstratives and Quantifiers precede the noun they modify; if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative or quantifier, the plural prefix oph- is optional and usually omitted.

Examples:
* '''zāg (ov)ðjesk''' ''these kings''
* '''næm (oph)aðuna''' ''some girls''


==== Numerals ====

{|
|
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! x10
|-
! 1
| gi
| lugi
| ru
|-
! 2
| jæ
| lujæ
| jæro
|-
! 3
| zō
| luzo
| zōro
|-
! 4
| vwe
| luvwe
| vwero
|-
! 5
| ðō
| luðo
| ðōro
|-
! 6
| is
| luzis
| ēro
|-
! 7
| mæn
| lumæn
| māro
|-
! 8
| hweð
| lūð
| hweðro
|-
! 9
| njel
| lunjel
| nīro
|-
! 10
| ru
| luru
| jepi
|}

Like in Finnish or Vulgar Latin, the numeral 1 may indicate indefinity: '''ðjesk gi''' ''a king, some king''. As can be seen from the example, numerals follow the noun they modify. All numerals usually go with the Singular of the noun, although plural is acceptable (though very uncommon) beginning with numeral two.

Higher numbers are combined with '''un''' ''and'', beginning with hundreds, tens and finally one-digits.

Examples:
* 15: '''ru un ðō'''
* 32: '''zōro un jæ'''
* 86: '''hweðro un is'''
* 152: '''jepi un ðōro un jæ'''


==== Personal Pronouns ====

{|
|
! Normal
! Subjective
! Oblique
! Vocative
|-
! 1 sg
| je
| jero
| jen
| æxin
|-
! 2 sg
| ðo
| ðoro
| ðon
| æxðon
|-
! 3 sg
| æ
| æro
| æn
| æxan
|-
! 1 pl
| jeg
| jexro
| īn**
| æxi
|-
! 2 pl
| ðog*
| ðoxro*
| lākon**
| æxlako
|-
! 3 pl
| æg
| æxro
| ān**
| æxa
|}

(*) The analogically formed 2nd person forms from singular ðo replaced the original &quot;lākhok&quot;, &quot;lākhok ro&quot; which would have resulted in lākog, lākoxro.

(**) The plural oblique forms would originally have developed without the final &quot;n&quot;; it was, however, placed there due to analogy with the singular.

The Vocative forms are used as possessive pronouns in combination with the possessive suffixes if someone is adressed. They are not usually used to indicate mere possession. 

Example: '''iþki!''' ''oh mistress'', '''iþkjaj æxin!''' ''oh my mistress!''

=== Verbal Morphology ===

Compared to Adāta's verbal system, Æðadĕ has changed a lot. The habitual aspect was lost, as well as some moods. All in all, Æðadĕ tends to be a '''tense-language''' rather than an aspect-language. The following chart shows how the tenses developed from Adāta's aspects:

{|
|
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
! Indicative
| Ind. Perfective
| Ind. Imperfective
| Opt. Imperfective
|-
! Imperative
|
| Imp. Imperfective
|
|-
! Optative
| Opt. Perfective
| Opt. Imperfective
| Paraphrased
|-
! Obligative
| Oblig. Perfective
| Oblig. Imperfective
| Paraphrased
|}

Verbs are usually given in the Indicative Present Pl, which is the least inflected form. E.g. '''ævi''' ''say'', '''zjema''' ''live'', '''hæva''' ''drink''.


==== Endings ====

{|
|
! Past
!
! Present
!
! Future
!
|-
|
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
|-
! Indicative
| -n
| -v
| -si
| -
| uk-si
| uk-
|-
! Imperative
|
|
| ī-si
| ī-
|
|
|-
! Optative
| uk-n
| uk-v
| uk-si
| uk-
| ūsi VN*
| ūs VN*
|-
! Obligative
| so-n
| so-v
| so-si
| so-
| susi VN*
| sō VN*
|}

(*) VN = Verbal noun


==== Verb Stems &amp; Ending Varieties ====

Verbs whose Indicative Present Plural form ends in an '''a''' or an '''e''' usually loose this vowel when endings are suffixed (so '''ævi''' ''say'' with the stem '''ævi-''', opposed to '''zjema''' ''live'' with the stem '''zjem-''').

The affixed '''n''' of the past tense becomes syllabic ('''n̩''') if following another consonant (thus '''ævin''' ''said'' next to '''zjemn̩''' ''lived'').

The last sound of the Stem is assimlated to the voiced Past Plural suffix '''v''' ('''nuzv''' ''died'' from '''nusa''', ''die'').

Similarly, the last sound of the Stem is assimilated to the voiceless Present Singular suffix '''si''' ('''hæfsi''' ''drinks'' from '''hæva''', ''drink'').

The prefix '''uk''' of Optative and Future Indicative only remains in front of '''h''' ('''ukhæfsi''' ''will drink''). If the Stem begins with a vowel or halfvowel, it is softened to '''ug''' ('''ugævisi''' ''will say''); if the Stem of the verb begins with another consonant, it becomes '''ux''' ('''uxzjemsi''' ''will live'').

The Obligative prefix '''so''' is shortened to '''s''' in front of vowels and halvowels ('''sævi''' ''shall say'').

Two geminate sounds are usually simplified to one ('''hæv''' ''drank'' instead of *hævv, '''nusi''' ''dies'' instead of *nussi)


==== Example Conjugation ====

{|
! ævi
! Past
!
! Present
!
! Future
!
|-
! ''say''
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
|-
! Indicative
| ævin
| æviv
| ævisi
| ævi
| ugævisi
| ugævi
|-
! Imperative
|
|
| īævisi
| īævi
|
|
|-
! Optative
| ugævin
| ugæviv
| ugævisi
| ugævi
| ūsi ævjĕn
| ūs ævjĕn
|-
! Obligative
| sævin
| sæviv
| sævisi
| sævi
| susi ævjĕn
| sō ævjĕn
|}


{|
! hæva
! Past
!
! Present
!
! Future
!
|-
! ''drink''
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
| Sg
| Pl
|-
! Indicative
| hævn̩
| hæv
| hæfsi
| hæva
| ukhæfsi
| ukhæva
|-
! Imperative
|
|
| īhæfsi
| īhæva
|
|
|-
! Optative
| ukhævn̩
| ukhæv
| ukhæfsi
| ukhæva
| ūsi hævjĕn
| ūs hævjĕn
|-
! Obligative
| sohævn̩
| sohæv
| sohæfsi
| sohæva
| susi hævjĕn
| sō hævjĕn
|}

The Verbal Noun can be formed by omitting the last vowel of the Present Plural and adding either '''-jĕn''' or -ĕjĕn (the latter is not as common as the former and thus marked in dictionaries).


==== Regular Irregularities ====

Verbs beginning with a voiced plosive consonant (b, d, g) are usually two stemmed; they change this first voiced consonant into a voiceless consonant in Optative mood and in Future Present Indicative.

Examples:
* '''dijo''' ''pull'', '''uxtijo''' ''will pull''
* '''bilæza''' ''send'', '''uxpilæza''' ''will send''
* '''giga''' ''throw'', '''uxkiga''' ''will throw''

Verbs that end in '''ja''' or '''je''' do not loose the final vowel in inflection, but change it to '''ĕ'''. This also goes for verbs of three or more syllables ending in simple a or e and is marked in dictionaries if it does '''not''' occur.

Examples:
* '''mælja''' ''suck'', '''mæljĕsi''' ''sucks''
* '''ævuje''' ''hold'', '''ævujĕsi''' ''holds''
* '''ōloka''' ''forget'', '''ōlokĕsi''' ''forgets''


==== Irregular Verbs ====

There are a few irregular verbs whose full inflection will be given now (they are '''æte''' ''be'', '''æði''' ''be'', '''dū''' ''drink'' and '''abena''' ''cry'').

{|
! æte 
! Past
|
! Present
|
! Future
|
|-
! ''be''
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
|-
! Indicative
| æn
| vi
| si
| æte
| ūsi
| ūs
|-
! Imperative
| 
| 
| isi
| is
| 
| 
|-
! Optative
| weg
| ūv
| ūsi
| ūs
| ūsi
| ūs
|-
! Obligative
| son
| sov
| susi
| sō
| susi
| sō
|}


{|
! æði
! Present
|
|-
! ''be''
| Singular
| Plural
|-
! Indicative
| æt
| æði
|-
! Imperative
| ī
| īĕði
|}


{|
! dū
! Past
|
! Present
|
! Future
|
|-
! ''drink''
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
|-
! Indicative
| dwen
| dwev
| dwesi
| dū
| uxtwesi
| uxtu
|-
! Imperative
|
|
| īswesi
| īsu
|
|
|-
! Optative
| uxtwen 
| uxtwev
| uxtwesi
| uxtu
| ūsi dijĕn
| ūs dijĕn
|-
! Obligative
| sodwen
| sodwev
| sodwesi
| sodu
| susi dijĕn
| sō dijĕn
|}


{|
! abena
! Past
|
! Present
|
! Future
|
|-
! ''cry''
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
| Singular
| Plural
|-
! Indicative
| aben
| abenv
| abensi
| abena
| uxpensi
| uxpena
|-
! Imperative
|
|
| īĕbensi
| īĕbena
|
|
|-
! Optative
| uxpen
| uxpenv
| uxpensi
| uxpena
| ūsi abenjĕn
| ūs abenjĕn
|-
! Obligative
| spēn
| spēnv
| spēnsi
| spēna
| susi abenjĕn
| sō abenjĕn
|}


==== Negation ====

Adāta's negative prefixes m- and a- came to be considered as separate prepositions; m became n (because 'm' was not allowed word final in Adāta) and later became syllabic ('ṇ'). The negative 'a' became 'æ'.

By the time we reach Æðadĕ '''ṇ''' and '''æ''' are interchangeable, although ṇ is probably used more often. They are simply put before the conjugated verb.

Example: '''N̩ abensi iþki.''' = '''Æ abensi iþki.'''
: ''not cry-PRES mistress''
: The mistress is not crying.

== Syntax ==

=== Noun Phrases ===

Noun phrases consist of a noun that can be modified by adjectives, appositions and genitives. The order is usually Determiner - Noun - Adjective - Genitive - Apposition.

Example: '''iz ðipi jæl birajal æx Kāxd ovðjesk gæǽsun '''

: ''all child very bravest of Kaxd PL-king powerful''

: all the bravest children of Kaxd, the powerful kings


=== Verbal Usage ===

The '''Indicative''' is used for reality ('''ðoro hæfsi''' ''you are drinking''), the '''Imperative''' for command ('''īhæfsi''' ''drink!''), the '''Optative''' for wishes ('''ðoro ukhæfsi''' ''you want to drink'') and the '''Obligative''' for have-to or must constructions ('''ðoro sohæfsi''' ''you have to drink'').

The Verbal Noun is used in relative clauses.


=== The difference between æte and æði ===

'''æte''' is used for temporary states, wherease '''æði''' is used for permanent statements. This distinction, however, only occurs in Indicative and Imperative Present. 

Examples:
* '''Đoro si zēlul.''' ''You are here.'' (temporary)
* '''Đoro æt mezaj.''' ''You are my father.'' (permanent)


=== Relative Clauses ===

Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. If the person acting in the relative clause is the same as the one it refers to, it takes the normal pronoun; if it is the object of the action in the relative clause, one has to use the oblique form.

Then one needs a relative timeword ('''jwe''' for contemporarity with the main sentence, '''wez''' for something that happened prior to the main sentence), then the Verbal Noun and finally, depending on which pronoun (normal or oblique) was used before, the Subject or Object of the Verbal Noun.

The Verbal Noun of ''to be'' usually is omitted, leaving only the relative timewords.

Example: '''Jero rōln̩ aðuna æn jwe ædaxewljĕn je.'''
: ''I-SUBJ love-PAST girl she-OBL PRES rape-VN I''
: I loved the girl I raped.

'''N̩ rōla opaðuna ān æg wez ædaxewljĕn ān.'''
: ''not love-PRES PL-girl they-OBL they PAST rape-VN they-OBL''
: Girls do not love those who raped them.


=== Passive ===

Because the Passive voice was lost, Passive sentences are usually active ones with an omitted Subject. Verbs are normally used in Singular.

Example: '''Hupin jen.'''
: ''defeat-PAST I-obl''
: Someone defeated me = I was defeated.


=== Simple Sentences ===

Usual word order is S-V-O, as can be seen in the following example:

; Jero hupin ān.

: ''I-SUBJ defeat-PAST they-OBL''

: I defeated them.

Negative Sentences, however, keep Adāta's V-S-O order:

; N̩ hupin je ān.

: ''not defeat-PAST I they-OBL''

: I didn't defeat them.


=== Complex Sentences ===

The S-V-O word order is changed to V-O-S if the Subject is followed by appositional nouns or a relative clause:

; Ævin sjeb Sjenkĕnro, ðjesk xizor.

: ''speak-PAST thus Sjenken-SUBJ king great''

: Thus spoke Sjenken, the great king.

; Weponĕpĕnĕv jen ovðjeskĕlĕs gæsusro æg wez babæzjĕn īl jen jwe ðipi.

: ''belittle-PAST I-OBL PL-kingdom nearby-SUBJ they PAST name-PARTICIPLE to I-OBL like child.''

: The nearby kingdoms, who named me a child, belittle me.

Adpositional phrases are sorted ''manner - place - time''. Other combinations are possible, but rarely used.

; '''Jero nun æd nælror īl Njedz gæb.'''

: ''I-SUB go-PAST by horse to Njedz last-year.''

: Last year I went to Njedz by horse.

== Sample text ==

'''Ævin sjeb Sjenkĕnro, ðjesk xizor, ðjesk æx læs æx Kāxd, mēxt æx Zæm un æx Tālo:'''

'''īlnu jero æbṇ uv ōbagatjĕ æx mizaj, iz ðjeskĕlĕs rūlzro vi hēgon īl jen. Ovðjeskĕlĕs rūlz gæsusro æviv sjeb: &quot;Mizagro æn ðjesk bira. Æro hupin ovðjeskĕlĕs ægarĕn. Un æro dæn jwe næg. Ðæl æt jwe ðipi æro æ jwe æbjĕn uv ōbagatjĕ æx mizag.&quot;'''

'''Hul æbṇ uv ōbagatjĕ æx mizaj jero, mēxt æx Zæm un æx Thālo, īlnu jero nun æt ovðjeskĕlĕs rūlz æg wez hēgon īl jen, jero ōvo nun īl ovzādi æx Upaj. Jero mjezagon ān un jero hæbĕvĕn dunaj īl mjen mæl. Jero ævin sjeb: &quot;iþkjaj æxin kēnu æx ovze, weponĕpĕnĕv jen ovðjeskĕlĕs gæsusro æg wez babæzjĕn īl jen jwe ðipi. Un æxro sādv bæsjĕn æx ovgalĕs æx læsaðo ðōdin, iþkjaj æxin! Æðodin īenzĕb!&quot;'''

'''Upajro ræton ovḷze æx mævaj. Æro welṇ jen un æro sæpin væpor īl jetjĕnaj. Jero hupin æd lað ru ān æg wez mugjĕn æga jen. Jero hupin ān. Jero ævujĕn opjadi un ovvu un ofxar un jero bilæzṇ ān īl læs æx Kāxd.'''

''Sinakan, the great king, the king of the land of Kāxad, brother of the sun and the moon, spoke thus:''

''Before I sat on the throne of my father, alas! all the foreign countries were hostile towards me. The nearby foreign countries spoke thus: &quot;His father was a brave king. Alas! he conquered many enemy countries. And he became a god. But luckily, he who sits on the throne of his father is a child.&quot;''

''When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries which were being hostile towards me, happily I went to the feasts of Ophai. I celebrated them to my benefit, and I rose my hand to the shining mother. I spoke thus: &quot;My mistress, light of the stars, the nearby countries who name me a child belittle me. And they begin to attack the border of your holy land, my mistress! Strike the heathens down!&quot;''

''Ophai heard the words of my mouth. She rose me up and she gave strength to my arm. I conquered those who rose against me in ten years. I conquered them. I captured many prisoners, oxen and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Kāxad.''


=== Linear Translation ===

; Ævi-n sjeb Sjenkĕn-ro, ðjesk xizor, ðjesk æx læs æx Kāxd, mēxt æx Zæm un æx Thālo:
: speak-PAST thus Sjenken-SUB, King great, King of Land of Kaxd, brother of sun and of moon:
: Sjenken, the great King, the King of the Land Kaxd, the brother of the Sun and of the Moon spoke thus:
; īlnu je-ro æb-ṇ uv ōbagatjĕ æx miz-aj, iz ðjeskĕlĕs rūlzro vi hēgon īl je-n.
: before I-SUB sit-PAST on throne of father-my, all kingdom foreign-SUB be-PAST hostile to I-OBL.
: Before I sat on the throne of my father, all foreign kingdoms were hostile to me.
; Ov-ðjeskĕlĕs rūlz gæsus-ro ævi-v sjeb, &quot;Miz-ag-ro æn ðjesk bira.
: PL-kingdom foreign nearby-SUB speak-PAST thus: &quot;Father-his-SUBJ be-PAST king brave.
: Foreign near kingdom spoke thus: &quot;His father was a brave king.
; Æ-ro huphi-n ov-ðjeskĕlĕs ægarĕn. Un æ-ro dæ-n jwe næg.
: he-SUB defeat-PAST PL-kingdom enemy. and he-SUB become-PAST like god.
: He defeated enemy kingdoms and he became just like a god.
; Ðæl æ-th jwe ðiphi æ-ro æ jwe æb-jĕn uv ōbagatjĕ æx mizag.
: but be-PRES like child he-SUB he PRES sit-VN on throne of father-his.
: But like a child is he who now sits on the throne of his father.
; Hul æb-ṇ uv ōbagatjĕ æx miz-aj je-ro, mēxt æx Zæm un æx Thālo,
: when sit-PAST on throne of father-my I-SUB, brother of sun and of moon,
: When I, brother of the Sun and of the Moon, sat on the throne of my father,
; īlnu je-ro nun æth ov-ðjeskĕlĕs rūlz æg wez hēgon īl je-n,
: before I-SUB go-PAST to PL-kingdom foreign they PAST hostile to I-OBL,
: before I went to the foreign kingdoms that were hostile to me,
; je-ro ōvo nun īl ov-zādi æx Uphaj.
: I-SUB happy-ADV go-PAST to PL-feast of Uphaj.
: I happily went to the feast of Uphai.
; Je-ro mjezago-n ā-n un je-ro hæbĕvĕ-n dun-aj īl mjen mæl.
: I-SUB celebrate-PAST they-OBL and I-SUB lift-PAST hand-my to mother shining.
: I celebrated them and rose my hand to the shining mother.
; Je-ro ævi-n sjeb, &quot;iþkj-aj æxin khēnu æx ov-ze,
: I-SUB speak-PAST thus: mistress-my my light of PL-star,
: I spoke thus: &quot;Oh my mistress light of the stars,
; wephonĕphĕnĕ-v je-n ov-ðjeskĕlĕs gæsus-ro æg wez babæz-jĕn īl je-n jwe ðiphi.
: belittle-PAST I-OBL PL-kingdom nearby-SUBJ they PAST name-VN to I-OBL like child.
: the nearby kingdoms, who named me a child, belittle me.
; Un æx-ro sād-v bæs-jĕn æx ov-galĕs æx læs-aðo ðōdin, iþkj-aj æxin!
: and they-SUBJ begin-PAST attack-VN of PL-border of land-your holy, mistress-my my.
: And they begin to attack the borders of your holy land, o my mistress!
; æðodin ī-enzĕb!&quot; Uphaj-ro rætho-n ov-ḷze æx mæv-aj.
: unholy-ADV IMP-strike. Uphaj-SUBJ hear-PAST PL-word of mouth-my.
: Strike unholy! Uphi heard the words of my mouth.
; Æ-ro wel-ṇ je-n un æ-ro sæphi-n væphor īl jetjĕn-aj.
: she-SUBJ rise-PAST I-OBL and she-SUBJ give-PAST strength to arm-my.
: She rose me up and gave strength to my arm.
; Je-ro huphi-n æd lað ru ā-n æg wez mug-jĕn æga je-n.
: I-SUBJ defeat-PAST with year ten they-OBL they PAST protest against I-OBL.
: I defeated within ten years those who protested against me.
; Je-ro huphi-n ā-n.
: I-SUBJ defeat-PAST they-OBL.
: I defeated them.
; Je-ro ævujĕ-n oph-jadi un ov-vu un of-xar un je-ro bilæz-ṇ ā-n īl læs æx Kāxd.
: I-SUBJ catch-PAST PL-prisoner and PL-ox and PL-sheep and I-SUBJ send-PAST they-OBL to land of Kaxd.
: I caught prisoners and oxen and sheep and sent them to the land of Kaxd.

== Lexicon ==

* ''An [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Æðadĕ/Lexicon expanded lexicon of Æðadĕ] has been compiled by [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]].''

=== Verbs ===

Verbs are listed in Present Indicative Plural and are followed by their stems.

Verbal Nouns are listed if they are not formed by the principle Pres.Ind.Pl except last vowel adding -jĕn (e.g. ævi &gt; ævjĕn, hæva &gt; hævjĕn).

Remember the stem alternations of words beginning with voiced stops (those turn into voiceless following the prefix ux-).

'''abena, aben-/pen-''' v.irr. ''cry''

'''æbe, æb-''' v. ''sit''

'''æði''' v.irr. ''be''

'''æthe''' v.irr. ''be''

'''ævi, ævi-''' v. ''say''

'''ævuje, ævujĕ-, ævujĕjĕn''' v. ''catch''

'''abæza, abæz-''' v. ''make''

'''babæza, babæz-''' v. ''name''

'''bæso, bæso-''' v. ''attack''

'''bilæza, bilæz-''' v. ''send''

'''dæ, dæ-, dajĕn''' v. ''become''

'''dijo, dijo-, dijĕjĕn''' v. ''pull''

'''dū, dwe-, dijĕn''' v.irr. ''drink''

'''enzĕba, enzĕb-, enzĕbĕjĕn''' v. ''strike''

'''giga, gig-''' v. ''throw''

'''hæbĕva, hæbĕv-, hæbĕvĕjĕn''' v. ''lift''

'''hæva, hæv-''' v. ''drink''

'''huphi, huphi-''' v. ''defeat''

'''mælja, mæljĕ-, mæljĕjĕn''' v. ''suck''

'''mjezago, mjezago-, mjezagĕjĕn''' v. ''celebrate''

'''muga, mug-''' v. ''protest''

'''nuna, nun-''' v. ''go''

'''ōloka, ōlokĕ-, ōlokĕjĕn''' v. ''forget''

'''rætho, rætho-''' v. ''hear''

'''sāde, sād-''' v. ''begin''

'''sæphi, sæphi-''' v. ''give''

'''wela, wel-''' v. ''rise''

'''wephonĕphĕna, wephonĕphĕnĕ-, wephonĕphĕnĕjĕn''' v. ''belittle''


=== People and Family ===

'''aðuna''' n. ''girl''

'''āphu''' n. ''country-dweller''

'''āz''' n. ''city-dweller''

'''ðiphi''' n. ''child''

'''ðjesk''' n. ''king''

'''ðjeska''' n. ''queen''

'''eĕv''' n. ''man''

'''iðo''' n. ''nobleman''

'''iþki''' n. ''mistress''

'''jādi''' n. ''prisoner''

'''gāro''' n. ''friend''

'''gēl''' n. ''scribe''

'''māðo''' n. ''person''

'''mēxt''' n. ''brother''

'''miz''' n. ''father''

'''mjen''' n. ''mother''

'''mwexaðin''' n. ''baker''

'''nēre''' n. ''woman''

'''omo''' n. ''sister''

'''zēje''' n. ''uncle''

'''zjeme''' n. ''neighbour''


=== Religion ===

'''æva, æv-''' v. ''sin''

'''ælizĕðu''' n. ''temple''

'''æbunin''' n. ''heretic''

'''ðæj''' n. ''goddess''

'''ðōdin''' a. ''holy''

'''lōzṛ''' n. ''religion''

'''mjezago, mjezago-, mjezagĕjĕn''' v. ''celebrate (a religious feast)''

'''næg''' n. ''god''

'''rūnk''' n. ''prophet''

'''vnæza, vnæz-''' v. ''pray''

'''zakhero''' n. ''priest''

'''zækhea''' n. ''priestess''

'''zikhor''' n. ''worship''

'''zūð''' n. ''tradition''


=== Sex ===

'''ædaxewla, ædaxewlĕ- ædaxewlĕjĕn''' v. ''rape''

'''ædzĕn''' n. ''penis''

'''hukho, hukho-''' v. ''masturbate''

'''rōla, rōl-''' v. ''love''

'''thiða, thið-''' v. ''have sex''


=== Colours ===

'''ðōze''' a. ''white''

'''hē''' a. ''blue''

'''īgi''' a. ''black''

'''næfṇ''' a. ''red''

'''næmozi''' a. ''brown''

'''ūbi''' a. ''green''

'''ūme''' a. ''yellow''


=== Animals ===

'''abaz''' n. ''fish''

'''ājĕ''' n. ''snake''

'''bjer''' n. ''goat''

'''djedi''' n. ''flea''

'''hwej''' n. ''mouse''

'''ikh''' n. ''cat'' (&lt; &quot;domestic animal&quot;)

'''lē''' n. ''bird''

'''moje''' n. ''worm''

'''nælaĕph''' n. ''domestic animal''

'''nælror''' n. ''horse''

'''rēo''' n. ''fox''

'''sī''' n. ''dog''

'''vū''' n. ''ox''

'''xār''' n. ''sheep''

'''xēðo''' n. ''rabbit''

'''zæþṇ''' n. ''pig''

=== Weather and Astronomy ===

'''æg''' n. ''wind''

'''æflo''' n. ''rain''

'''ēbi, ēbi-''' v. ''freeze''

'''ēj''' n. ''snow''

'''ḷzō''' a. ''cold''

'''mwelṇ''' n. ''ice''

'''thālo''' n. ''moon''

'''vwezis''' a. ''chilly''

'''zæm''' n. ''sun''

'''zē''' n. ''star''


=== Prepositions ===

'''æd''' prep. ''with, using''

'''æga''' prep. ''against''

'''æl''' prep. ''without''

'''æx''' prep. ''of''

'''hæ''' prep. ''out of''

'''īl''' prep. ''to, toward''

'''jwe''' prep. ''as, like, equally to''

'''nē''' prep. ''in, inside''

'''pin''' prep. ''with (comitative)''

'''uv''' prep. ''on, upon''

'''wen''' prep. ''made of''

== See also ==
* [[Edastean languages]]
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Æðadĕ/Lexicon Extended Æðadĕ Lexicon]
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana The AkanaWiki]

[[Category:Akana|Ae]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Table of Senjecan Correspondences</title>
    <id>2682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13323</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-07T21:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Anatomy and Physiology</title>
    <id>2683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31550</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-20T07:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tartessian War</title>
    <id>2694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23699</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-22T19:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tartessian War''' was a war between the [[British Elves]] and the Carthaginians which eventually led to the decline of the Elvish civilization.

==Lauchanáro and the Society for the Strengthening of Elvendom==

Lauchanáro, born in the year 1235 (589 BC), was one of the most brilliant artists and inventors of Elvendom; unfortunately, however, he also was flamboyant and easy to rouse.  His name, which means 'firesoul' in [[Old Albic]], characterized him well.

In the year 1277 he founded the Society for the Strengthening of Elvendom.  This party proposed industrialization on the basis of mineral coal and a steam-mill Lauchanáro had invented; socially, however, the society was ultraconservative, speaking out against naturalization of Celtic wage-workers and other reforms that were discussed at that time.

Lauchanáro sought to be elected chancellor of the [[Commonwealth of the Elves]], and managed to win many followers.  However, the High Table voted against him in 1284.

==Lauchanáro's Rebellion==

This failure outraged Lauchanáro.  He secretly built up a private army, and three years later, he instigated a rebellion against the High Table, supported by Celtic mercenaries he had hired for this purpose.  The rebellion lasted 44 days, then it was squashed by the loyal warriors' guilds, and Lauchanáro had to leave the Commonwealth and retreated to Tartessos where he continued to build up his private army.

==War==

In Tartessos, Lauchanáro formed an alliance with the king and the Carthaginians who sought to get the highly profitable tin trade between the Elvenisles and Tartessos into their hands.  In 1288, Lauchanáro, Tartessos and the Carthaginians attacked the Commonwealth with a large number of ships and Celtic mercenaries.  Lauchanáro's men in the Commonwealth staged a second rebellion to weaken the Elvish defences.  After seven years of war, the Commonwealth of the Elves collapsed, and the Elvish trade network in the Atlantic was taken over by the Carthaginians.

==Aftermath==

The Elvish civilization never recovered from this defeat.  Celtic warbands raided the country, and more and more Celts settled on the Isles, and eventually, the country came to be dominated by Celtic warrior-kings and its population mostly Celticized.

Tartessos, which had allied with Lauchanáro and the Carthaginians, was bitterly betrayed by its allies; it no longer played a major role in the tin trade, and went into decline.  Tartessos became a pirate cove, and twenty years later it was destroyed by the Carthaginians.

[[Category:Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan pronunciation guide</title>
    <id>2695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45065</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-01T18:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Revised some orthography</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Consonants &lt;font color=blue&gt;argyſŭenoes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Latin [[wikipedia:orthography|orthography]]:==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| b
| t
| d
| ć
| ź
| к (k)
| g
|-
| Fricative
| f
| v
| þ
| ð
| s
| z
| x
| ϙ (q)
|-
| Sonorant
| ɱ
| m
| ł
| l
| r
| n
| ħ (h)
| ȝ (j)
|}

There are no &lt;font color=red&gt;velar consonants&lt;/font&gt;. &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ng&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /ng/, not /ŋ/; &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nx&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /nç/, not /ŋç/, etc.

==[[wikipedia:cyrillic|Cyrillic]] orthography:==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| п
| б
| т
| д
| ц
| ѕ
| к
| г
|-
| Fricative
| ф
| в
| ѳ
| ђ
| c
| з
| x
| ѓ
|-
| Sonorant
| ӎ
| м
| ӆ
| л
| p
| н
| ы
| j
|}

&lt;font color=red&gt;Palatalized consonant&lt;/font&gt; see palatalized vowels.

&lt;font color=red&gt;Labialized consonant&lt;/font&gt; see labialized vowels.

There are no &lt;font color=red&gt;velar consonants&lt;/font&gt;. &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;нг&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /ng/, not /ŋ/; &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;нх&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /nç/, not /ŋç/, etc.

==[[wikipedia:Greek alphabet|Greek]] orthography:==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| π
| ϐ
| т
| δ
| ς
| Ϡ
| к
| γ
|-
| Fricative
| ф
| β
| θ
| ђ
| σ
| ζ
| χ
| Ϟ
|-
| Sonorant
| μ̀
| μ
| ƛ
| λ
| ρ
| ν
| ħ
| j
|}

There are no &lt;font color=red&gt;velar consonants&lt;/font&gt;. &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;νγ&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /ng/, not /ŋ/; &lt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;νχ&lt;/font&gt;&gt; = /nç/, not /ŋç/, etc.

==[[Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]:==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:labial consonant|Labial]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:dental consonant|Dental]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Wikipedia:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:plosive|Plosive]]
| p
| b
| t
| d
| ʦ
| ʣ
| k
| g
|-
| [[Wikipedia:fricative|Fricative]]
| ɸ
| β
| θ
| ð
| s
| z
| ç
| ʝ
|-
| [[Wikipedia:sonorant|Sonorant]]
| m̥
| m
| l̥
| l
| ɾ
| n
| j̥
| j
|}

==[[Wikipedia:X-SAMPA|X-SAMPA]]:==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| b
| t_d
| d_d
| ts)
| dz)
| c
| J\
|-
| Fricative
| p\
| B
| T_d
| D_d
| s
| z
| C
| j\
|-
| Sonorant
| m_0
| m
| l_0_d
| l_d
| 4_0
| n
| j_0
| j
|}

==Yahoo [[wikipedia:conlang|Conlang]] orthography:==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Alveolar
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| b
| t
| d
| ts
| dz
| k
| g
|-
| Fricative
| f
| v
| þ
| ð
| s
| z
| x
| q
|-
| Sonorant
| mh
| m
| lh
| l
| rh
| n
| jh
| j
|}

=Vowels &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭevſŭenoes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Latin orthography==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-back&lt;br&gt;rounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;rounded
|-
| close
| i
| /i i/
|
|
| 
| 
| w
| /ɯ M/
| u
| /u u/ 
|-
| near-close
| 
| 
| ı
| /ɪ I/
| &lt;font color=red&gt;w&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=red&gt;/ʊ U/&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| close-mid
| e
| /e e/
|
|
|
|
| 
| 
| o
| /o o/
|-
| open-mid
| y
| /ɛ E/
| 
| 
|
|
|
|
| ø
| /O ɔ/
|-
| open
| a
| /a a/
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;near back rounded is allophonic&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=red&gt;Palatalized vowel&lt;/font&gt; indicated by a preceding &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĭ&lt;/font&gt;.

&lt;font color=red&gt;Labialized vowel&lt;/font&gt; indicated by a preceding &lt;font color=blue&gt;ŭ&lt;/font&gt;.

==Cyrillic orthography==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-back&lt;br&gt;rounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;rounded
|-
| close
| и
| /i i/
|
|
| 
| 
| ъ
| /ɯ M/
| у
| /u u/ 
|-
| near-close
| 
| 
| ь
| /ɪ I/
| &lt;font color=red&gt;ъ&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=red&gt;/ʊ U/&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| close-mid
| е
| /e e/
|
|
|
|
| 
| 
| о
| /o o/
|-
| open-mid
| э
| /ɛ E/
| 
| 
|
|
|
|
| ѫ
| /O ɔ/
|-
| open
| а
| /a a/
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;near back rounded is allophonic&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=red&gt;Palatalized vowel&lt;/font&gt; и → i; e → ε; a → я; ѫ → ѭ; o → ё; y → ю.

&lt;font color=red&gt;Labialized vowel&lt;/font&gt; и → ўи; е → ўе; а → ўа; ѫ → ўѫ; o → ўо; y → ўу.

==Greek orthography==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-back&lt;br&gt;rounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;rounded
|-
| close
| ι
| /i i/
|
|
| 
| 
| ϋ
| /ɯ M/
| υ
| /u u/ 
|-
| near-close
| 
| 
| ϊ
| /ɪ I/
| &lt;font color=red&gt;ϋ&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=red&gt;/ʊ U/&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| close-mid
| η
| /e e/
|
|
|
|
| 
| 
| ω
| /o o/
|-
| open-mid
| ε
| /ɛ E/
| 
| 
|
|
|
|
| ο
| /O ɔ/
|-
| open
| α
| /a a/
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;near back rounded is allophonic&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=red&gt;palatalized vowel&lt;/font&gt; ι → ῐι; η → ῐη; α → ῐα; o → ῐο; ω → ῐω; υ → ῐυ.

&lt;font color=red&gt;labialized vowel&lt;/font&gt; ι → ῠι; η → ῠη; α → ῠα; o → ῠο; ω → ῠω; υ → ῠυ.

==Yahoo conlang orthography==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-front&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|near-back&lt;br&gt;rounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;unrounded
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|back&lt;br&gt;rounded
|-
| close
| i
| /i i/
|
|
| 
| 
| w
| /ɯ M/
| u
| /u u/ 
|-
| near-close
| 
| 
| ı
| /ɪ I/
| &lt;font color=red&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=red&gt;/ʊ U/&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| close-mid
| e
| /e e/
|
|
|
|
| 
| 
| o
| /o o/
|-
| open-mid
| y
| /ɛ E/
| 
| 
|
|
|
|
| ø
| /O ɔ/
|-
| open
| a
| /a a/
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;near back rounded is allophonic&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=red&gt;Palatalized vowel&lt;/font&gt; by, ðy, etc.

&lt;font color=red&gt;Labialized vowel&lt;/font&gt; bw, ðw, etc..

=Tones &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭenoes&lt;/font&gt;=
Senjecas is a tonal language with three tones: high, mid, and low.  The following rules apply to the lemmata in this WikiFrath lexicon:
#The high tone is found on verbs, nouns, and adjectives only.
#The high tone is always on the antepenult, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;âbes&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ââźus, &lt;font color=blue&gt;anêrus&lt;/font&gt;.
#The mid tone is found on every other syllable anterior to the primary, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áɱaĸâþlis&lt;/font&gt;.
#Disyllabic adverbs and postpositions carry only a mid tone, and that on the antepenult, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áfa&lt;/font&gt;.
#Monosyllables carry the base tone only, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;be&lt;/font&gt;, except for the ordinal numbers, which have a high tone, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭô&lt;/font&gt;.
#Interjections carry the high tone on the ultima, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;aaî&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;aî&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;angû&lt;/font&gt;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna</title>
    <id>2696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36370</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-25T01:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan flora</title>
    <id>2697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55173</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-18T01:46:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=

=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=
†extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt;
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Plantae

=Fungi=
*reindeer moss ''Cladina rangiferina'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dordéris&lt;/font&gt;
*mold &lt;font color=blue&gt;tánis&lt;/font&gt;

=Bryophyta=

=Pteridophyta=
==Pteridopsida==
*fern ''Mateuccia struthopteris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;popórtĭis&lt;/font&gt;
*bracken ''Pteridium aquilinum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸàϙpopórtĭis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pteridium+aquilinum]

==Equisetopsida==
*horsetail ''Equisetum hyemale'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;álënðis&lt;/font&gt;

=Lycopodiophyta=
*lycopodium ''Lycopodium clavatum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱèlĸüpédis&lt;/font&gt;

=Spermatophyta=
==Cycadophyta==

==Pinophyta (Gymnosperms)==
===Pinaceae===
*Siberian larch ''Larix sibirica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;baðxŭóȝis&lt;/font&gt;
*larch ''Larix decidua'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćáxtis&lt;/font&gt;
*silver fir ''Abies alba'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðánis&lt;/font&gt;
*Caucasian fir ''Abies nordmaniana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;varózðis&lt;/font&gt;
*Norway spruce ''Picea abies'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;eléntis&lt;/font&gt;
*deodar ''Cedrus deodara''; cedar of Lebanon ''Cedrus libani'' &lt;font color=red&gt;érzis&lt;/font&gt; 
*Scots pine ''Pinus sylvestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;púźis&lt;/font&gt;

===Cupresseacea===
*juniper ''Juniperus communis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;elénis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Juniperus+communis]
*Himalayan cypress ''Cupressus torulosa'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸŭóſis&lt;/font&gt;

===Taxaceae===
*yew ''Taxus baccata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ííɱis&lt;/font&gt;

==Ginkgophyta==
*gingko ''Gingko biloba'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ðuϙváális&lt;/font&gt;

==Gnetophyta==
*sea grape ''Ephedra distachya'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;níxris&lt;/font&gt;

==Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)==
===Magnoliopsida (dicots)===
====Rosidae====
*Apiales
**Apiaceae
***angelica ''Angelica sylvestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćunðónis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Angelica+sylvestris]
***cumin ''Cuminum cyminum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gamúnis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cuminum+cyminum]
***fennel ''Foeniculum vulgare'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;maðúrĸis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Foeniculum+vulgare]
***carrot ''Daucus carota'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mérćis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Daucus+carota]
***parsnip ''Pastinaca sativa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nípis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pastinaca+sativa]
***chervil ''Anthriscus cerefolium'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùùvëváális&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Anthriscus+cerefolium]
***caraway ''Carum carvi'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vraϙſéégis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Carum+carvi]
***celery ''Apium graveolens dulce'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſelínis&lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Apium+graveolens+dulce]
**Arialaceae
***ginseng ''Panax schinseng'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirmérvis&lt;/font&gt;
***ivy ''Hedera helix'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙéðſis&lt;/font&gt;
***spikenard ''Aralia spp.'' &lt;font color=red&gt;vraϙmúúlis&lt;/font&gt;

*Asparagales
**Iridaceae
***saffron ''Crocus sativus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;àriſánis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Crocus+sativus]
**Asparagaceae 
***asparagus ''Asparagus sp.'' &lt;font color=red&gt;aſfárgis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?asparagus]
**Alliaceae
***field garlic ''Allium oleraceum'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;gĭángis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+oleraceum]
***chives ''Allium schoenoprasum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝòinĸóórmis&lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+schoenoprasum]
***onion ''Allium cepa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸóórmis&lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+cepa]
***ramsons ''Allium ursinum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;leenáális&lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+ursinum]
***leek ''Allium porrum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pérćis&lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Allium+porrum]

*Celastrales
**holly ''Ilex aquifolium'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸelínis&lt;/font&gt;

*Fabales
**Fabaceae
***Genisteae
****furze, gorse, whin, broom &lt;font color=blue&gt;àćoſtóónis&lt;/font&gt;
***Vicieae
****vetch ''Vicia sativa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;déérɱis&lt;/font&gt;
****hairy vetch ''Vicia hirsuta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðŭènèſrïdéérɱis&lt;/font&gt;

*Malphigiales
**flax ''Linum usitatissimum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;línis&lt;/font&gt;

*Myrtales
**pomegranate ''Punica granatum'' &lt;font color=red&gt;darímis&lt;/font&gt;
*Rhamnales
**grape ''Vitis vinifera'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúúftis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Vitis+vinifera]

*Rosales
**crab apple ''Malus sylvestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aabélis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Malus+sylvestris] (&gt; English &lt;font color=green&gt;apple&lt;/font&gt;)

**apricot ''Prunus armeniaca'' &lt;font color=red&gt;aùſaabélĸis&lt;/font&gt;
**wild cherry ''Prunus avium'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸǿnis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Prunus+avium]
**cherry plum ''Prunus cerasifera'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſlííɱis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Prunus+cerasifera]

*Santalales
**sandalwood ''Santalum album'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸandónis&lt;/font&gt;

*Sapindales*
**Aceraceae
***common (hedge) maple ''Acer campestre'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aćŭólis&lt;/font&gt;
***Norway maple ''Acer platanoides'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aćánis&lt;/font&gt;
***sycamore maple ''Acer pseudoplatanus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aćǿnis&lt;/font&gt;
***Tatar maple ''Acer tataricum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸélnis&lt;/font&gt;
**Rutaceae
***burning bush, dittany ''Dictamnus albus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðŭeexſĭólmis&lt;/font&gt;

====Asteridae====
*Asterales
**cardoon ''Cynara cardunculus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;díħis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cynara+cardunculus]
**corn marigold ''Glebionis segetum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸáþlis&lt;/font&gt;
**golden rod ''Solidago virgaurea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;baðćíɱis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Solidago+virgaurea]
**greater burdock ''Arctium lappa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;díħis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Arctium+lappa]
**dandelion ''Taraxacum officionale'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;núnos&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Taraxacum+officinale]
**wormwood ''Artemisia absinthium'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭúĸis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Artemisia+absinthium]
**wormwood ''Artemisia maritima'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuurváális&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Artemisia+maritima]

*Rubiales
**cinchona ''Cinchona officinalis'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸĭinĸĭínis&lt;/font&gt;
**coffee ''Coffea arabica'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸávis&lt;/font&gt;
*Scrophulariales
**bladderwort ''Utricularia macrorhiza'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;àɱdëníris&lt;/font&gt;

*Solonales
**tomato ''Solanum lycopersicum'' &lt;font color=red&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;
**potato ''Solanum tuberosum'' &lt;font color=red&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;
**eggplant ''Solanum melongena'' &lt;font color=red&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;
**tobacco ''Nicotiana spp.'' &lt;font color=red&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;
**belladonna ''Atropa belladonna'' &lt;font color=red&gt;???&lt;/font&gt;

====Dilleniidae====
*Malvales
**cotton ''Gossypium spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸapázis&lt;/font&gt;

*Salicales
**black poplar ''Populus nigra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸø̀ſnelíſis&lt;/font&gt;
**European aspen ''Populus tremula'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aſpis&lt;/font&gt;

*Capparales
**Brassicaceae
***cabbage ''Brassica oleracea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸarámbis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Brassica+oleracea]
***rape ''Brassica rapa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ráápis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Brassica+rapa]
***black mustard ''Brassica nigra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;rángis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Brassica+nigra]
***turnip ''Brassica rapa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;túrmis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Brassica+rapa]
***horseradish ''Armoracia rusticana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tórbis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Armoracia+rusticana]
***woad ''Isatis tinctoria'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;móðris&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Isatis+tinctoria]
***nasturtium, watercress ''Nasturtium officinale'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerɱátis&lt;/font&gt;  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Nasturtium+officinale]
***white mustard ''Sinapis alba'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſinápis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sinapis+alba]
**Capparaceae
***caper ''Capparis spinosa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;góȝis &lt;/font&gt;[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Capparis+spinosa]

*Cucurbitales (Violales)
**cucumber ''Cucumis sativus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸíĸis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cucumis+sativus]

====Hamamelidae====
*Urticales
**Cannabaceae
***hemp ''Cannabis sativa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸomŭórĸis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cannabis+sativa]
**Ulmaceae
***common elm ''Ulmus procera'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸòlponrúſis&lt;/font&gt;

*Fagales
**Betulaceae
***common alder ''Alnus glutinosa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸalááðris&lt;/font&gt;
***hazel ''Corylus avellana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸóſlis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Corylus+avellana]
**Fagaceae
***chestnut ''Castanea sativa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;diħáris&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Castanea+sativa]
***copper beech ''Fagus sylvatica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸoorváris&lt;/font&gt;
***sessile oak ''Quercus petraea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭérſis&lt;/font&gt;

*Juglandales
**English walnut ''Juglans regia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúnŭis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Juglans+regia]

====Magnoliidae====
*Laurales
**cinnamon ''Cinnamomum verum'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸinmónis&lt;/font&gt;
**avocado ''Persea americana'' &lt;font color=red&gt;àɱaĸáþlis&lt;/font&gt;

*Ranunculales
**Ranunculaceae
***meadow buttercup ''Ranunculus acris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;báðlis&lt;/font&gt;
***hellebore ''Helleborus spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸómris&lt;/font&gt;
**Papaveraceae
***corn poppy ''Papaver rhoeas'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;maaĸénis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]

===Liliopsida (monocots)===
====Acorales====
*sweet flag ''Acorus calamus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólɱis&lt;/font&gt;

====Arecales====
*date palm ''Phoenix dactylifera'' &lt;font color=red&gt;irántis&lt;/font&gt;
*coconut palm ''Cocos nucifera'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ĸobáris&lt;/font&gt;
*European fan palm ''Chamaerops humilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pèlmëváális&lt;/font&gt;

====Caryophyllidae====
*white beet ''Beta vulgaris altissima'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;àlëɱráádis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Beta+vulgaris+altissima]

====Commelinidae====
*Poales
**Cyperaceae
***swamp sawgrass, great fen sedge ''Cladium mariscus'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áćis&lt;/font&gt;
***acute sedge ''Carex acuta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭíínis&lt;/font&gt;
***tufted sedge ''Carex elata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;félſĭis&lt;/font&gt;
**Poaceae
***Arundinoideae
****reed grass ''Phragmites australis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrúſis&lt;/font&gt;
***Bambusoideae
****Oryzodae
*****rice ''Oryza sativa'' &lt;font color=red&gt;mánźis&lt;/font&gt;
****Bambusodae
*****Bambuseae &lt;font color=green&gt;míĸis&lt;/font&gt;
***Chloridoideae
****finger millet ''Eleusine coracana'' &lt;font color=red&gt;aarígis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Eleusine+coracana]
***Panicoideae
****European millet ''Panicum milliaceum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;árpis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Panicum+milliaceum]
****sorghum ''Sorghum bicolor'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nĭúrgis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sorghum+bicolor]
***Pooideae
****Triticodae
*****oats ''Avena sativa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱíźis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Avena+sativa]
*****barley ''Hordeum vulgare'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;álvis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hordeum+vulgare]
*****emmer wheat ''Triticum turgidum dicoccoides'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;arénĸis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Triticum+turgidum+dicoccoides]
*****spelt ''Triticum aestivum spelta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;adéſis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Triticum+aestivum+spelta] (&gt; Latin &lt;font color=green&gt;ador&lt;/font&gt;, spelt)
*****einkorn ''Triticum monococcum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;térnis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Triticum+monococcum]
*****rye ''Secale cereale'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúϙis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Secale+cereale]
****Poodae
*****darnel, rye grass ''Lolium perenne'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;íris&lt;/font&gt;
*Juncales
**common rush, lamp rush ''Juncus effusus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;arómis&lt;/font&gt;

====Liliidae====
*Liliales
**Liliaceae
***Turk's cap lily ''Lilium martagon'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúngis&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Khanty &lt;font color=green&gt;taŋkəl&lt;/font&gt;, ''Lilium martagon'')
**Iridaceae
***saffron ''Crocus sativus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸumĸúmis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Crocus+sativus]

*Orchidales
**lady's slipper ''Cypripedium calceolus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aćéntis&lt;/font&gt;

*Typhales
**cattail, reedmace ''Typha latifolia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúrðis&lt;/font&gt; [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Typha+latifolia]

*Zingiberales
**ginger ''Zingiber officialis'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ćamérpis&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan marc</title>
    <id>2698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41663</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-07T22:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Taxonomic Table */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Taxonomic Table===
*kingdom - [[Wikipedia:animalia|Animalia]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðúſloɱêes&lt;/font&gt;
**phylum - [[Wikipedia:chordata|Chordata]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;gúrnëpentêes&lt;/font&gt;
***subphylum - [[Wikipedia:vertebrata|Vertebrata]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸĭoxmêes&lt;/font&gt;
****class - [[Wikipedia:mammalia|Mammalia]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;papêes&lt;/font&gt;
*****subclass - [[Wikipedia:theria|Theria]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħŭerêes&lt;/font&gt;
******infraclass - [[Wikipedia:eutheria|Eutheria (Placentalia)]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;lénħëmêes&lt;/font&gt;
*******order - [[Wikipedia:cetartiodactyla|Cetartiodactyla]]  &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭálſĭuðmêes&lt;/font&gt;
********suborder - [[Wikipedia:ruminantia|Ruminantia]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruſêes&lt;/font&gt;
*********infraorder - [[Wikipedia:pecora|Pecora]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólruſêes&lt;/font&gt;
**********superfamily - [[Wikipedia:bovoidea|Bovoidea]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;úfɱaxmêes&lt;/font&gt;
***********family - [[Wikipedia:bovidae|Bovidae]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱaxmêes&lt;/font&gt;
************subfamily - [[Wikipedia:antilopinae|Antilopinae]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeeróóſmaxmêes&lt;/font&gt;
*************tribe - [[Wikipedia:saigini|Saigini]] 
**************genus - Megadorcas
***************species - volans

===Ancestry===
*The now extinct ancestor was a much smaller hornless animal, apparently related to the Tibetan antelope, [[wikipedia:pantholops|''Pantholops hodgsonii'']], which was about 120 cm./4 ft. long, 90 cm./3 ft. high at the shoulder, and weighed about 30 kg./60 lbs. that lived in the [[Wikipedia:Ural Mountains|Ural]] and [[Wikipedia:Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus mountains]].  A strange mutation for wings gave it an advantage in escaping from predators.  A descendant settled on the [[Wikipedia:steppe|steppes]], became a grazer instead of a browser, and increased in size.  This descendant is the animal domesticated by the Ethrans.

===General Characteristics===
*Body Length: 210 cm / 7 ft. 
*Shoulder Height: 140 cm / 4.6 ft. 
*Tail Length: 50 cm / 50 in. 
*Weight: 250-400 kg / 550-880 lb. 
*The grayish brown upper parts are sharply contrasted with the pure white belly. This white area stretches up the ventral half (stomach-side) of the neck to the jowls.  The grayish brown color extends down the legs, which lightens down the leg.  Along the spine is a black dorsal stripe.  The grey muzzle has a thin border of white.  The summer coat is short and sparse compared to the very long, thick, grayer winter coat.  The grayish brown tail, which marks the animal as bovine rather than equine, has a black tuft, with long hairs growing up the side.  It is hollow-boned for lightness.  The feathered grayish brown wings are 4-5 feet in length and when the marc is at rest, they are folded double as in the larger birds.  The wing humerus is attached to the upper side of an enlarged scapula, the foreleg humerus being attached to the lower.  The chest is rather massive containing as it does the muscles for both the wing and the foreleg.   As with the larger birds, a running start is necessary to become airborne.  The early ancestor merely jumped off the side of the mountain!  The descendant still retains the musculature in the hindquarters for leaping.  Five color variants have been bred, one for each of the orders of Ethrans (the elementals do not use steeds): gray for the archimages, palomino for the mages, sorrel for the archons, chestnut for the adepts, and brown for the guardians.  Of course, breeding registers are maintained.  Specimens of undesirable coloration are not bred (the bucks are gelded), but they are cared for until they die which could be as long as 30 years.  The females are known as does.

===Ontogeny and Reproduction===
*Gestation Period: About 12 months. 
*Young per Birth: Never more than 1 
*Weaning: By 12 months. 
*Sexual Maturity: After 1 year. 
*Life span: About 20 years. 
*The August-September breeding season yields foals born in late July through August the next year.  Small groups of 2-5 females split away from the main herd, retreating to high grasses to give birth.  The young can walk and run just a few hours after birth, and mothers and foals rejoin the herd after a couple weeks.   They cannot fly until they are at least one month old.

===Ecology and Behavior===
*When left to themselves the marcs live in very cohesive herds which never become scattered.  Led by an old female, the herds travel in single file, and the members appear to do everything - including eating, drinking, turning, and running - in unison. Unlike horses, however, there is little physical contact (like mutual grooming) among animals.  In July they begin to molt and the males begin to follow the females in July, fighting amongst themselves through August for breeding rights.  During mid-August, they begin herding the females into harems, defending them from rival males.  By the time mating is completed they are able to fly again.  Marcs are good swimmers, and during the summer months take apparent pleasure in bathing in rivers. 
*Family group: Maternal herds of 5-25 animals, mature males generally solitary, although bachelor herds of up to 10 individuals form during the winter.
*Defense lies primarily in flight, but both hooves and wings make formidable weapons when used to protect a flightless kid.

*Diet: Grasses and low plants. 

*Main Predators: Wolf, leopard, hyena.

===Distribution===
*The [[Wikipedia:steppe|steppes]] of [[Wikipedia:eurasia|Eurasia]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan correspondences</title>
    <id>2699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44684</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-15T16:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Table of Correspondences vilâm reſpâros */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide|Pronunciation Guide]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;díleegâſĭo nîîȝos&lt;/font&gt;=

=Table of Correspondences &lt;font color=blue&gt;vilâm reſpâros&lt;/font&gt;=
{|border=1
|i=No|  loquent peoples&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêкantu léuðûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01|  Ethrans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;íðrĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02|  Pyrans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;púnĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|  Hydorans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áɱdĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|  Humans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;értĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05|  Xylans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭǿſĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06|  Lithans&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óndĭonûes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No|  eye color&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óкwćîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01|  light blue&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;môðris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02|  golden&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áuſćîmis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|  dark blue&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;môðris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|  light brown&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05|  green&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðâlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06|  violet&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîſкis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No|  hair color&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pelćîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01|  white&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;âlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02|  red&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rûûðis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03|  blond&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vlêêris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04|  brown&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05|  brown&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06|  black&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кøſnis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| planet&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħélwſtêres&lt;font&gt;
|c=01| moon&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêênes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| Mercury&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aatêres&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| Venus&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nêêres&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| Mars&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêêgĭes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| Jupiter&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêrкŭes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| Saturn&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pûûſes&lt;/font&gt;
|- 
|i=No| inestimable treasures&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vćŭîîno ćŭíínemôes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| globe of prescience&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pérɱiðgêlŭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| cloak of invisibility&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóкwкûûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| pouch of plenty&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;łéntəmâкos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| sword of invincibility&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nſeħêênſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| cup of healing&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeexpêêlnos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| ring of illusion&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðŭerâânos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| brave steeds&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙôlve mimêes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[the marc: Megadorcas volans|marc]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mârкes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:ostrich|ostrich]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝâânes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:unicorn|unicorn]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;îźes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:wild horse|horse]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êćŭes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:mammoth|mammoth]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭîȝes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:argali|argali]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôɱes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| trustworthy companions&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êȝre sunêes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:gyrfalcon|gyrfalcon]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ooćôôrles&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:cheetah|cheetah]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nîbes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:european otter|otter]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱdôres&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:eurasian wolf|wolf]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêlкŭes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:red squirrel|squirrel]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiɱêres&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:corsac fox|fox]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pûкes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| formidable weapons&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêrgəro ćaþrôes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:blowgun|blowgun]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;veſćôlmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:archery|bow/arrow]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ârкŭos/vîîþlos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:sling (weapon)|sling]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кîfros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:spear|spear]]/[[wikipedia:sword|sword]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćȕnos/êênſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:staff (stick)|staff]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;bâкos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:battle axe|axe]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêxos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| honorable trades&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭîîto daarôes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| scholar&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mênðus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| herdsman&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;êlnus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| fisher&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pîſкus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| farmer&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêêrus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| carpenter&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭøſus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| smith&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;têmus&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| noble tools&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ââſno ɱeelôes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| pen&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кoofûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| crook&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кexbȃкos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| net&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tentôlos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| hoe&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſartûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| saw&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;verðûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| hammer/anvil&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;temûros/temâtos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| crafts&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кerdâes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| painting&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćimкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:weaving|weaving]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱevкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:basket weaving|basketry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭáſıïкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:pottery|pottery]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;liiϙкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:woodcarving|woodcarving]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;viirкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:jewellery|jewelry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħélnıкêrdas&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| craft tool&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кerdûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| brush&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćipros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| loom&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱevûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| shears&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кerûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| potter's wheel&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;liiϙrêþos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| chisel&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;laðûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| drill&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nełûros&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| color&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćîɱos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| yellow&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;bâdis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| orange&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêêlris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| blue&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;môðris&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| red&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rûûðis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| green&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðâlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| violet&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîîſкis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| flower&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ânþos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:rosa gallica|rose]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱrôdis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:prunus spinosa|sloe]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;têrnis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:nymphaea alba|water lily]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???is&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:papaver rhoeas|poppy]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;maaĸênis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| ?&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???is&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| ?&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???is&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| dyeing agent&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćîmtŭis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| golden rod[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Solidago+virgaurea]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;baðćîɱis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| carrot[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Daucus+carota+sativus]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;møкis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| wood cranesbill[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Geranium+sylvaticum]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| ???[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php????]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;???is&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| wild cherry[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?prunus+avium]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кønis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| elderberry[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?sambucus+nigra]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tûlis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| jewel&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:sapphire|yellow sapphire]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóórbaðħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:emerald|emerald]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóórðalħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:pearl|pearl]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſónxəħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:ruby|ruby]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóóruuðħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:amber|amber]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;piiþħŭâlos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:amethyst|amethyst]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;noorvíſкəħêlnĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| metal&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rûðsos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:silver|silver]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;øøźûros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:copper|copper]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;âȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:tin|tin]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;âlɱos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:bronze|bronze]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ômȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:brass|brass]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙêlħos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:iron|iron]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſĭââlos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| musical instrument&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭénźenćûros?&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:nose flute|nose flute]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nasćŭêȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:harp|harp]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кûrtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:syrinx|syrinx]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nêdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:drum|drum]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tûmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:kaval|flute]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭêȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:alphorn|horn]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;câmos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| dwelling&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| dormitory&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſufdȁros&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| cottage&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸûtĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| stilt house&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱálſədêmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:sod house|sod house]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gûûlĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| cottage&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸûtĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| cottage&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸûtĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| building material&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;demɱêvos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| stone&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôndos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| wood&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭøſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:adobe|adobe]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;bućôndos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:sod|sod]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nâmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| wood&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭáſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| stone&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ôndos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| heating fuel&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;łérapêlos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| earth energy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sêfźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| wood&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭøſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:peat|peat]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ertôngos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:feces#uses|dung]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;?os&lt;/font&gt;ĸôôros
|c=05| [[wikipedia:charcoal|charcoal]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭelĸŭøſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:charcoal|charcoal]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭelĸŭøſos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| [[wikipedia:staple food|staple food]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amlêdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:buckwheat|buckwheat]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Fagopyrum+esculentum]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħôlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:chickpeas|chickpeas]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħârlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:typha|cattails]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кûrðis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:millet|millet]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ârpis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:acorns|acorns]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêðtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:lentils|lentils]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;edââĸis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| main protein&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;úfnerêſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:squab|squab]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tûûtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:cheese|cheese]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêrdĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| fish&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pîſкos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:chickpeas|chickpeas]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cicer+arietinum]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħârlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| acorns&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêðtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:mushroom|mushrooms]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭombĭis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| cooking oil&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;péкwmâźos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:schmalz|pigeon fat]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tuuþpîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:ghee|ghee]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;íſкëgêrtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| sesame&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tilmâźos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| poppy seed[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mááкenmâźos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| nut&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;armâźos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| turnip&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;túrməmâźos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| fruit&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrȕȕgos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:rose hip|rose hip]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱrôdis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:blackthorn|sloe berry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;têrnis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:cranberry|cranberries]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lámoogȏes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:crab apple|crab apple]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aabêlis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:wild cherry|wild cherry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кønis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:elderberry|elderberry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tûlis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| cool drink&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêźo pôôȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:rose water|rose water]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱrodâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:lassi|lassi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſórſerdĭȉȉmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:mint|mint tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúqſamîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| barley water&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;álvəmêrкos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:plant sap|sap]] beer&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;piitâlŭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:stinging nettle|nettle tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ndixîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| hot drink&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;łêro pôôȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:rose hip|rose hip tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| sloe tea&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ternîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:mint|mint tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúgsamîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:mugicha|barley tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;alvîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| acorn coffee&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meðtîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:stinging nettle|nettle tea]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ndixîîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| fermented&lt;br&gt;beverage&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭaþpôôȝos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:mead|rhodomel]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðmêêðos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:kefir|kefir]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;irâgos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:country wine|cranberry wine]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lámoogɱoînos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:beer|beer]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;âlŭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| cherry wine&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кǿnɱoînos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| elderberry wine&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;túlɱoînos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| [[wikipedia:liqueur|liqueur]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;púſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| rose liqueur&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðpúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:sloe gin|sloe gin]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;térnəpúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:creme de menthe|mint]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúqſampúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:calvados (spirit)|apple]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áábelpúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:kirschwasser|cherry]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кønpúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| elderberry [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tulpúſкŭaþâɱdos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| sweetener&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭââðtŭis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:honey|honey]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêlnos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| sloe syrup&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;térnəpîîtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| cattail syrup&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кúrðəpîîtos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=04| poppy syrup[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mááкenpîîtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:plant sap|sap]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pîîtos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:nettle|nettle sugar]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ndixſŭââdos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| dessert&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭaadêdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:memilmuk|buckwheat jelly]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħolкêlĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| sweet yogurt&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭaaðſêrdĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:halva|halva]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кélıtîlos?&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| ?&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:dotorimuk|acorn jelly]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méðtəкêlĭos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| oatmeal cake&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| sweet spice&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭaaðbâſmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| rose&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱrôdis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:fennel|fennel]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?foeniculum+vulgare]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;maðûrĸis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| mint&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lugſâmis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| poppy seed[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;maaкênis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| angelica&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćunðônis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| &lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;?&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| savory spice&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źééſregbâſmos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[wikipedia:saffron|saffron]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Crocus+sativus]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áriſânis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| [[wikipedia:horseradish|horseradish]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Armoracia+rusticana]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tôrbis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| [[wikipedia:|watercress]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Nasturtium+officinale]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áɱdəðêmnis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| [[wikipedia:clinopodium|wild basil]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Clinopodium+vulgare]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tulâſis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| [[wikipedia:juniper|juniper]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Juniperus+communis]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;elênis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=06| [[wikipedia:mustard|mustard]][http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Brassica+nigra]&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rângis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| people government&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;léuðȝômtas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| oligarchy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;puuxrêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| ♀monarchy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óirêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| ♀monarchy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;óirêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| free villages&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭévćimôes&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| N/A
|c=06| free villages&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭêvćimôes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|i=No| title of ethnarch&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reznôômnos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| Council of Archimages&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;úfſefźûm meðкântĭus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| princess&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;iiɱâltus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| high priestess&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;úftovêrus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| N/A
|c=05| N/A
|c=06| N/A
|-
|i=No| community name&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſomléuðâſĭo nôômnos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| N/A&lt;br&gt;
|c=02| village&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćîmos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| village&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nââdos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| steading&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeerɱêſos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| N/A&lt;br&gt;
|c=06| mountain hold&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭorgûpos&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| local government&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtiivȝômtas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| N/A
|c=02| matriarchy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amrêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| ♀hierocracy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tovérərêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| ♂gerontocracy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źéérərêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| N/A
|c=06| ♂gerontocracy&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źéérərêźas&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| title of local ruler&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;reznôômnos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| N/A
|c=02| village chief&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćimârĭus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| priestess&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tovêrus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| ''paterfamilias''&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кĭôngus&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| N/A
|c=06| hold leader&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gupârĭus&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| descent system&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérdəpáſənderêźos&lt;/font&gt;
|c=01| N/A
|c=02| matrilineal/ matrilocal&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amćérdis/áməſtîîvis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=03| matrilineal/ matrilocal&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amćérdis/áməſtîîvis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=04| patrilineal/ patrilocal&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;afćérdis/ápəſtîîvis&lt;/font&gt;
|c=05| N/A
|c=06| patrilineal/ patrilocal&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;afćêrdis/ápəſtîîvis&lt;/font&gt;
|}

=List of Correspondences &lt;font color=blue&gt;vílnemſâdes&lt;/font&gt;=


==The Six Stages of Life &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês zŭííȝdiitâes&lt;/font&gt;==
#Fetushood.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭêrvëtas&lt;/font&gt; (time spent in the womb)
#Infancy..........&lt;font color=blue&gt;pâftas&lt;/font&gt; (from birth to ability to speak and walk)
#Youth...........&lt;font color=blue&gt;mâϙtas&lt;/font&gt; (from ability to speak and walk to ability to wed [physically, socially and legally])
#Adulthood.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;źêrtas&lt;/font&gt; (from ability to wed to menopause or...)
#Senescence..&lt;font color=blue&gt;źêêras&lt;/font&gt;
#Death...........&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêêras&lt;/font&gt;

==The Six Energies &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês ápelôes&lt;/font&gt;==
#Light........&lt;font color=blue&gt;lûкos&lt;/font&gt;
#Magic......&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêfźas&lt;/font&gt;
#Lightning..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćâðres&lt;/font&gt;
#Sound......&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭênos&lt;/font&gt;
#Heat........&lt;font color=blue&gt;łônos&lt;/font&gt;
#Machine...&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêrźënos&lt;/font&gt;

==The Six Orders of Living Beings &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês zŭiiȝêm rećâes&lt;/font&gt;==
#Mosses......&lt;font color=blue&gt;muuſîes&lt;/font&gt;
#Grasses.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćiinîes&lt;/font&gt;
#Trees........&lt;font color=blue&gt;dorîes&lt;/font&gt;
#Swimmers..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭémantêes&lt;/font&gt;
#Walkers.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;térpantêes&lt;/font&gt;
#Fliers.........&lt;font color=blue&gt;pétantêes&lt;/font&gt;

==The Six Honorable Trades &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês кîîta daartâes&lt;/font&gt;==
===1. ruler..&lt;font color=blue&gt;rêzus&lt;/font&gt;===
#prince.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱâltus&lt;/font&gt;
#duke.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;niiȝârĭus&lt;/font&gt;
#marquis..&lt;font color=blue&gt;morźârĭus&lt;/font&gt;
#count......&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙrââfus&lt;/font&gt;
#baron......&lt;font color=blue&gt;luðlârĭus&lt;/font&gt;
#mayor.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćímźënîîȝus&lt;/font&gt;

===2. healer..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝêêкus&lt;/font&gt;===
*priest.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;vlâϙmus&lt;/font&gt;
*physician..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝééxɱidââgus&lt;/font&gt;
**nurse..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtêrкus&lt;/font&gt;
*judge.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;mêdus&lt;/font&gt;
*herbalist..&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrudûûgus&lt;/font&gt;
*teacher....&lt;font color=blue&gt;dênſus&lt;/font&gt;
*sorcerer...&lt;font color=blue&gt;mâȝus&lt;/font&gt;

===3. food provider..&lt;font color=blue&gt;pââtus&lt;/font&gt;===
*farmer.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêêrus&lt;/font&gt;
**vinedresser..&lt;font color=blue&gt;кúúftortââgus&lt;/font&gt;
*herder.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;êlnus&lt;/font&gt;
**apiarist..&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêȝus&lt;/font&gt;
*fisher......&lt;font color=blue&gt;pîſкus&lt;/font&gt;
*brewer....&lt;font color=blue&gt;âlŭus&lt;/font&gt;
**vintner..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱoînus&lt;/font&gt;
*hunter....&lt;font color=blue&gt;кêdus&lt;/font&gt;
*cook......&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêкŭus&lt;/font&gt;

===4. artisan..&lt;font color=blue&gt;кêrdus&lt;/font&gt;===
*painter.............&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćîɱus&lt;/font&gt;
**scribe.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêкus&lt;/font&gt;
**sculptor..&lt;font color=blue&gt;lâðus&lt;/font&gt; (stone)
**sculptor..&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîîrus&lt;/font&gt; (wood)
*weaver.............&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêvus&lt;/font&gt;
**basket maker...&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭâſĭus&lt;/font&gt;
*potter..............&lt;font color=blue&gt;lîîgus&lt;/font&gt;
**glassmaker..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêêlnus&lt;/font&gt;
*carpenter........&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭøſus&lt;/font&gt;
**cooper..&lt;font color=blue&gt;víðus&lt;/font&gt;
*smith..............&lt;font color=blue&gt;têmus&lt;/font&gt;
**metalworker...&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúðſëtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**locksmith.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;árgërââgus&lt;/font&gt;
**tinsmith.........&lt;font color=blue&gt;álɱëtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**goldsmith......&lt;font color=blue&gt;áuſtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**coppersmith..&lt;font color=blue&gt;aȝtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**blacksmith....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙélħëtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**silversmith....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ǿǿźurtêmus&lt;/font&gt;
**jeweler.........&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêlnĭus&lt;/font&gt;

===5. merchant..&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêêrus&lt;/font&gt;===
*grocer.........&lt;font color=blue&gt;eðpêêrus&lt;/font&gt;
**tobacconist..&lt;font color=blue&gt;múxmuulââgus&lt;/font&gt;
**florist...........&lt;font color=blue&gt;anþââgus&lt;/font&gt;
*apothecary..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéxtŭipêêrus&lt;/font&gt;
*baker..........&lt;font color=blue&gt;vôɱus&lt;/font&gt;
*clothier.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;óuþpêêrus&lt;/font&gt;
*trader..........&lt;font color=blue&gt;lîкus&lt;/font&gt;
*chandler......&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúxɱoxſââgus&lt;/font&gt;

===6. laborer..&lt;font color=blue&gt;dâârus&lt;/font&gt;===
*mason.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondââgus&lt;/font&gt;
**sawyer........&lt;font color=blue&gt;vêrðus&lt;/font&gt;
*cleaner....&lt;font color=blue&gt;vûϙus&lt;/font&gt;
*police......&lt;font color=blue&gt;rêкŭus&lt;/font&gt;
*miller......&lt;font color=blue&gt;mîîlus&lt;/font&gt;
*teamster..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêêlкus&lt;/font&gt;
**sailor...........&lt;font color=blue&gt;nááuſââgus&lt;/font&gt;
**soldier.........&lt;font color=blue&gt;кôrĭus&lt;/font&gt;
**ferryman......&lt;font color=blue&gt;pêrmus&lt;/font&gt;
*miner.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħêɱȝus&lt;/font&gt;
**lumberjack..&lt;font color=blue&gt;кââlus&lt;/font&gt;

==The Six Entertaining Entertainers &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês ɱêlpu ɱelpûes&lt;/font&gt;==
#poet........&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêlus&lt;/font&gt;
#musician..&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭénźenćââgus&lt;/font&gt;
#bard........&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭøðus&lt;/font&gt;
#dancer.....&lt;font color=blue&gt;nøtus&lt;/font&gt;
#mime.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;îmus&lt;/font&gt;
#actor........&lt;font color=blue&gt;lêdus&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Énnbe</title>
    <id>2700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46628</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T11:42:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>links: plosive &gt; stop</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Énnbe is a conlang under construction.

It has four vowels; '''a''', '''e''', '''i''' and '''u'''.

The lexicon is taken mainly from [[wikipedia:Sumerian|Sumerian]], [[wikipedia:Ket language|Ket]] and   [[wikipedia:Lakhota language|Lakhota]], althought romance languages, navaho, beothuck (month's names) have aswell influenced the language.

The grammar is a king of hybridization between sumerian, romance, lakhota and english grammars.

An example of the language;
'''Nubšuñízamutti hatnéwite núm lébej mé kasád ám yár. Tát táĥtetï ám ánm''' = In january two teachers ate poisonned fruit. They died within three days) ''(litt. October-in teachers two fruit with venom ate. Three days-in died)''

==Énnbe's consonants==
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=17 | 
|-
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | Place of articulation →
! colspan=2 | Labial
! colspan=4 | Coronal
! colspan=4 | Dorsal
! colspan=4 | Radical
! colspan=2 | Glottal
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | Manner of articulation ↓
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Bilabial
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Labiodental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Postalveolar consonant
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Retroflex consonant
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Palatal consonant
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Velar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Uvular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Pharyngeal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Epiglottal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Glottal
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Nasal
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[bilabial nasal|{{IPA|m}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar nasal|{{IPA|n}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[velar nasal|{{IPA|ŋ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[uvular nasal|{{IPA|ɴ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Plosive
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |  [[voiced bilabial stop|{{IPA|b}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[voiceless alveolar stop|{{IPA|t}}]] [[voiced alveolar stop|{{IPA|d}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless velar stop|{{IPA|k}}]] [[voiced velar stop|{{IPA|g}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[voiced uvular stop|{{IPA|ɢ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 1em; background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Fricative consonant
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless labiodental fricative|{{IPA|f}}]] [[voiced labiodental fricative|{{IPA|v}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless dental fricative|{{IPA|θ}}]] [[voiced dental fricative|{{IPA|ð}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless alveolar fricative|{{IPA|s}}]] [[voiced alveolar fricative|{{IPA|z}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʃ}}]] [[voiced postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʒ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | [[voiceless velar fricative|{{IPA|x}}]] [[voiced velar fricative|{{IPA|ɣ}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; |  
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 1em;&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[voiceless glottal fricative|{{IPA|h}}]]
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Approximant
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[palatal approximant|{{IPA|j}}]]
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Trill
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar trill|{{IPA|r}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Tap or Flap
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral Fricative
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral Approx­imant
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; |
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[alveolar lateral approximant|{{IPA|l}}]] 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp; 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral Flap
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=2 style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=3 | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; | &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;nounderlines&quot; colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}


[[Category:Énnbe|Ennbe en]][[Category:Conlangs|Ennbe en]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Keko dc</title>
    <id>2701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13444</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-10T13:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Keko dc</username>
        <id>224</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm from Barcelona and my mother tongue is spanish, I speak catalan as my principal language, english, occitan and french. Soon I'll begin to study basque ang gallo (french britanny's romanic language).
I'm making my own conland, [[Énnbe]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - mammals</title>
    <id>2702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55218</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-19T22:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Caniformia */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=Classification=
*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt; - Eukaryota
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Animalia
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Eumetazoa
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufħázðas&lt;/font&gt; - Deuterostomia
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħazðas&lt;/font&gt; - Chordata &lt;font color=green&gt;gùrnëpentées&lt;/font&gt;
******Subphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerħázðas&lt;/font&gt; - Vertebrata &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭoxmées&lt;/font&gt;
*******Superclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùpodégas&lt;/font&gt; - Tetrapoda
********Class &lt;font color=blue&gt;odégas&lt;/font&gt; - Mammalia &lt;font color=green&gt;papées&lt;/font&gt;
*********Subclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrodégas&lt;/font&gt;

† extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

=[[Wikipedia:Prototheria|Prototheria]]=
==Monotremata==
*Ornithorhynchidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;platypus&lt;/font&gt; ''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nàbïpápes&lt;/font&gt;
*Tachyglossidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;echidna&lt;/font&gt;

=Theria &lt;font color=green&gt;ħŭerées&lt;/font&gt;=
==Metatheria &lt;font color=green&gt;máxmes&lt;/font&gt;==
*Didelphidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;opossum&lt;/font&gt;

*Phascolarctidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;koala&lt;/font&gt;

*Macropodidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;kangaroo&lt;/font&gt;

==Eutheria &lt;font color=green&gt;lènħëmées&lt;/font&gt;==
*Orycteropodidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;aardvark&lt;/font&gt; ''Orycteropus afer'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;morɱǿþćes&lt;/font&gt;

*Procaviidae
**hyrax ''Heterohyrax syriacus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸánpes&lt;/font&gt;
===Proboscidea===
*Mammutidae
**†mastodon ''Mammut borsoni'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸamáxres&lt;/font&gt;
*Elephantidae
**†woolly mammoth ''Mammuthus primigenius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭíȝes&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;African elephant&lt;/font&gt; ''Loxodonta africana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mèħȝeéntes&lt;/font&gt;
**Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeéntes&lt;/font&gt;

===Sirenia===
*Dugongidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;dugong&lt;/font&gt; ''Dugong dugon'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ììmoorárĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Trichechidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;West African manatee&lt;/font&gt; ''Trichechus senegalensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;moorɱáĸes&lt;/font&gt;

===Xenarthra===
*Dasypodidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;armadillo&lt;/font&gt; ''Dasypus sp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸárĸëles&lt;/font&gt;
*Myrmecophagidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;giant anteater&lt;/font&gt; ''Myrmecophaga tridactyla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mòrɱëźéfes&lt;/font&gt;
*Megalonychidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;sloths&lt;/font&gt; ''Bradypus spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸĭoomǿþćes&lt;/font&gt;

===Primates &lt;font color=green&gt;manmervees&lt;/font&gt;===
*Cercopithecoidea
**Cercopithicidae &lt;font color=blue&gt;abées&lt;/font&gt;
***langur monkey ''Semnopithecus spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;múȝćes&lt;/font&gt;
*Hominoidea &lt;font color=blue&gt;avźées&lt;/font&gt;
**Hominidae
***Ponginae
****&lt;font color=red&gt;orangutan&lt;/font&gt; ''Pongo'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuðɱèrſëĸaþmánes&lt;/font&gt;
***Homininae
****&lt;font color=red&gt;gorilla&lt;/font&gt; ''G. gorilla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱèrſëĸaþmánes&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;chimpanzee&lt;/font&gt; ''Pan troglodytes'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱèrſëĸaþmánles&lt;/font&gt;
****aeran
****pyran
****hydoran 
****human ''Homo sapiens'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ertĭónus, manus&lt;/font&gt;
****xylan
****lithan ''Homunculus montanus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ondĭónus&lt;/font&gt;

===Rodentia &lt;font color=green&gt;ϙraſées&lt;/font&gt;===
*Hystricidae
**Indian porcupine ''Hystrix indica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸèlſëϙráſes&lt;/font&gt;
*Castoridae
**European beaver ''Castor fiber'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vévres&lt;/font&gt;
*Sciuridae
**Sciurinae
***Sciurini
****Eurasian red squirrel ''Sciurus vulgaris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiɱéres&lt;/font&gt; 
***Pteromyini
****flying squirrel ''Pteromys volans'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dĭárĭes&lt;/font&gt;
***Marmotini
****Bobak marmot ''Marmota bobak'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðéðbes&lt;/font&gt;
****tarbagan marmot ''Marmota sibirica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tárbes&lt;/font&gt;
****suslik ''Spermophilus citellis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dórĸes&lt;/font&gt;
****European ground squirrel ''Spermophilus citellus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭuźáĸes&lt;/font&gt;
****Siberian chipmunk ''Tamias sibericus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;èèlɱiɱéres&lt;/font&gt;
*Gliridae
**fat dormouse ''G. glis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gííles&lt;/font&gt;
*Dipodidae
**Caucasian birch mouse ''Sicista caucasica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alíĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Cricetidae
**Cricetinae
***common hamster ''C. cricetus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;łòmeſtóres&lt;/font&gt;
**Arvicolinae
***Ondatrini
****&lt;font color=red&gt;muskrat&lt;/font&gt; ''Ondathra zibetica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćúmpes&lt;/font&gt;
***Arvicolini
****water vole ''Arvicola amphibius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;uϙrúϙnes&lt;/font&gt;
***Lemmini
****Norway lemming ''L. lemmus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;máxſes&lt;/font&gt;
*Muridae
**house mouse ''Mus musculus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;múúſes&lt;/font&gt;
**brown rat ''Rattus norvegicus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭóɱes&lt;/font&gt;

===Lagomorpha===
*Leporidae
**rabbit ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;bĭéɱnes&lt;/font&gt; 
**mountain hare ''Lepus timidus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćáámros&lt;/font&gt;
**European hare ''Lepus europaeus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćáſes&lt;/font&gt;
**arctic hare ''Lepus arcticus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;uĸárĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Ochotonidae
**pika ''Ochotona spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mĭóndes&lt;/font&gt;

===Erinaceomorpha===
*Erinaceidae
**European hedgehog ''Erinaceus europaeus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;eħínes&lt;/font&gt;

===Soricomorpha===
*Soricidae
**European shrew ''Sorex araneus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſoráĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Talpidae
**European mole ''Talpa europaea''

===Chiroptera &lt;font color=green&gt;vaapáles&lt;/font&gt;===

===Pholidota===
*Manidae
**Chinese pangolin ''Manis pentadactyla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;fénſes&lt;/font&gt;

===Cetacea &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸŭalées&lt;/font&gt;===
*Mysticeti
**&lt;font color=red&gt;humpback whale&lt;/font&gt; ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸipúĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Odontoceti
**Delphinidae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;killer whale&lt;/font&gt; ''Orcinus orca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aϙlúϙes&lt;/font&gt;
**Monodontidae
***beluga ''Delphinapterus leucas'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćitúros&lt;/font&gt;

===Carnivora===
====Feliformia====
*Felidae
**Felinae
***cheetah ''Acnonyx jubatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;níbes&lt;/font&gt;
***wild cat ''Felis chaus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;máles&lt;/font&gt; 
***European wildcat ''Felis silvestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱíſles&lt;/font&gt;
***domestic cat ''Felis catus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱíſlëĸes&lt;/font&gt;
***Eurasian lynx ''L. lynx'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;lúnges&lt;/font&gt;
***&lt;font color=red&gt;cougar&lt;/font&gt; ''Puma concolor'' 
**Pantherinae
***clouded leopard ''Neofelis nebulosa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſrónges&lt;/font&gt;
***†Eurasian cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſínϙes&lt;/font&gt;
***&lt;font color=red&gt;jaguar&lt;/font&gt; ''Panthera onca ''
***leopard ''Panthera pardus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝárges&lt;/font&gt;
***†Caspian tiger ''Panthera tigris virgata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðĸéȝes&lt;/font&gt;
***Siberian tiger ''Panthera tigris altaica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tĭúnges&lt;/font&gt; 
***snow leopard ''Panthera uncia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;zíĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Herpestidae
**mongoose ''Herpestes sp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;bávres&lt;/font&gt;
*Hyaenidae
**Hyaeninae
***hyena ''Crocuta spelaea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;bĭónes&lt;/font&gt;
**Protelinae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;aardwolf&lt;/font&gt; ''Proteles cristata'' 
*Viverridae
**small palm civet ''Viverricula indica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;puzúnges&lt;/font&gt;

====Caniformia====
*Canidae
**red fox ''V. vulpes'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;púĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**Tibetan fox ''Vulpes ferrilata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dĭúvles&lt;/font&gt;
**Corsac fox ''Vulpes corsac'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸárſes&lt;/font&gt;
**common gray fox ''Urocyan cinereoargenteus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱlopéćes&lt;/font&gt;
**arctic fox ''Alopex lagopus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸánĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**racoon dog ''Nyctereutes procyonoides'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝántes&lt;/font&gt;
**golden jackal ''Canis aureus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;lúpes&lt;/font&gt;
**wolf ''Canis lupus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱélĸŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**dog, hound ''Canis familiaris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónes&lt;/font&gt;
*Ursidae
**black bear ''Ursus arctos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ǿþćes&lt;/font&gt;
**grizzly bear ''Ursus arctos horribilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;taĸúĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**Asian black bear ''Ursus thibetanus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝáźes&lt;/font&gt;
**polar bear ''Ursus maritimus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nánŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**sloth bear ''Melursus ursinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸarádes&lt;/font&gt;
*Ailuridae
*Procyonidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;racoon&lt;/font&gt; ''Procyon lotor'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;loɱǿþćes&lt;/font&gt;
*Mephitidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;hooded skunk&lt;/font&gt; ''M. mephitis''
*Mustelidae
**stoat, ermine ''Mustela erminea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸorménes&lt;/font&gt;
**least weasel ''Mustela nivalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸéĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**mink ''Mustela l. lutreola'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸéſles&lt;/font&gt;
**kolinsky, Siberian weasel ''Mustela sibirica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſolúĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**polecat, fitchew ''Mustela p. putorius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħéħes&lt;/font&gt;
**pine marten ''M. martes'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;veléɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**sable ''Martes zibellina'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;bálŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**European badger ''M. meles'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;várĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**wolverine ''G. gulo'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;bórſes&lt;/font&gt;
**European otter ''L. lutra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;úðres&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;sea otter&lt;/font&gt; ''Enhydra lutris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;moorúðres&lt;/font&gt;
*Otariidae
*Odobenidae
**walrus ''Odobenus rosmarus laptevi'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aȝvéϙes&lt;/font&gt;
*Phocidae
**bearded seal ''Erignatus barbatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;máxles&lt;/font&gt;
**Caspian seal ''Pusa caspica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſélĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**Baikal seal ''Pusa sibirica''
**ringed seal ''Pusa hispida'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nárȝes&lt;/font&gt;
**ribbon seal ''Phoca fasciata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaríϙes&lt;/font&gt;

===Perissodactyla===
*Equidae
**Przewalski's horse ''Equus ferus przewalskii'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**tarpan ''Equus f. ferus''
**[domestic] donkey, ass ''Equus asinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúnges&lt;/font&gt;
**onager ''Equus hemionus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;lémres&lt;/font&gt;
**kulan ''Equus hemionus luteus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúlmes&lt;/font&gt;
*Rhinocerotidae
**Rhinocerotinae
***†woolly rhinoceros ''Coelodonta antiquitatis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírſes&lt;/font&gt;
***Indian rhinoceros ''Rhinoceros unicornis''  &lt;font color=blue&gt;vpilĸírſes&lt;/font&gt;
**Elasmotheriinae
***†elasmotherium ''Elasmotherium sibiricum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírſëźes&lt;/font&gt;

===Artiodactyla &lt;font color=green&gt;ſŭúðmêes&lt;/font&gt;===
*Suina
**Suidae
***Phacochoerinae
****&lt;font color=red&gt;common warthog&lt;/font&gt; ''Phacocoerus africanus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱèrdepéres&lt;/font&gt;
***Suinae
****wild swine ''Sus scrofa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;epéres&lt;/font&gt;
****[domestic] pig, hog, swine ''Sus scrofa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pórćes&lt;/font&gt;
**Hippopotamidae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;hippopotamus&lt;/font&gt; ''Hippopotamus amphibius''
**Tayassuidae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;peccary&lt;/font&gt;
*Tylopoda
**Camelidae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;Bactrian camel&lt;/font&gt; ''Camelus bactrianus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tibénges&lt;/font&gt; 
*Ruminantia &lt;font color=green&gt;ruſmées&lt;/font&gt;
**Moschidae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;Siberian musk deer&lt;/font&gt; ''Moschus moschiferus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;źífes&lt;/font&gt;
**Cervidae &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝorĸées&lt;/font&gt;
***Cervinae
****red deer ''Cervus elaphus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;elnéves&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;maral&lt;/font&gt; ''Cervus canadiensis sibiricus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;múles&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;sambar&lt;/font) ''Cervus unicolor'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dĭúĸes&lt;/font&gt;
****fallow deer ''D. dama'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;érĭes&lt;/font&gt;
****†giant deer ''Megaloceros giganteus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vréndes&lt;/font&gt;
***Muntiacinae
****&lt;font color=red&gt;muntjac&lt;/font&gt; ''Muntiacus muntjak'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;góres&lt;/font&gt;
***Capreolinae
****moose ''A. alces'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólćes&lt;/font&gt;
****roe deer ''C. capreolus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;roíćes&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;Siberian roe deer&lt;/font&gt; ''Capreolus pygargus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸótes&lt;/font&gt;
****caribou ''Rangifer tarandus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúntes&lt;/font&gt;
**Antilocapridae
***&lt;font color=red&gt;pronghorn&lt;/font&gt; ''Antilocapra americana''
**Bovidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ɱaxɱées&lt;/font&gt;
***Alcelaphinae
****†unicorn ''Alcelaphus monoceros'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;íźes&lt;/font&gt;
***Antilopinae &lt;font color=blue&gt;óóſmaxmées&lt;/font&gt; antelope
****saiga ''Saiga tatarica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;díϙes&lt;/font&gt;
****†winged antelope ''Megadorcas volans'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;márĸes&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;black buck&lt;/font&gt; ''Antilope cervicapra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;źínĸes&lt;/font&gt;
***Bovinae
****wisent, bison ''Bison bonasus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱiſóntes&lt;/font&gt;
****†aurochs ''Bos primigenius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħȝúnŭes&lt;/font&gt;
****yak ''Bos grunniens'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸáxtes&lt;/font&gt;
****cow ''Bos taurus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝúnŭes&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;water buffalo&lt;/font&gt; ''Bubalus bubalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;údes&lt;/font&gt;
***Caprinae
****bezoar ibex ''Capra aegagrus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħádes&lt;/font&gt;
****tur ''Capra caucasica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸítes&lt;/font&gt;
****musk ox ''Ovibos moschatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;źifɱáĸes&lt;/font&gt;
****argali ''Ovis a. ammon'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;óɱes&lt;/font&gt;
****domestic sheep ''Ovis aries'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;péćŭes&lt;/font&gt;
****&lt;font color=red&gt;bighorn&lt;/font&gt; ''Ovis canadensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;efnágĭes&lt;/font&gt;
****alpine chamois ''Rupricapra r. caucasica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſííles&lt;/font&gt;
***Hippotraginae
****&lt;font color=red&gt;oryx&lt;/font&gt; ''Oryx leucoryx'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭáres&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xliponian</title>
    <id>2703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13581</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-12T19:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kyrmse</username>
        <id>225</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=The Xliponian Language=

by

&lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Institut Lingistic Bovlai'''

'''Bovlai Institute of Linguistics'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

[http://www.geocities.com/xliponia/Foxlo.mp3 '''''Foxlo sin serm est foxlo sin hor''''']&lt;/center&gt;

==A Brief Introduction==


Xliponian (the letter '''x''' is pronounced [&amp;#643;]) is an Indo-European language spoken almost exclusively in the Kingdom of [[IBWiki:Xliponia|Xliponia]]. It is derived from the vulgar Latin of the Roman imperial conquerors who occupied the region in the early centuries of the Common Era. The main feature that distinguishes Xliponian from other Romance languages is the soundshift suffered very early by some consonantal sounds. The labials, velars and dentals of the original (vulgar) Latin were transformed as follows:


&lt;center&gt;[b] &gt; [p] &gt; [f] &gt; [v] &gt; [b]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[g] &gt; [k] &gt; [x] &gt; [g]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;[d] &gt; [t] &gt; [ts] &gt; [z] &gt; [d]&lt;/center&gt;


(The [x] sound – as in German ''Bach'' – is currently written as '''h'''; the [ts] sound is written '''ç''')

This ''Lautverschiebung'' affected word-initial consonants, but not all, and some medial and (to a lesser extent) final consonants were also shifted.


The alphabet – with pronunciations – is as follows:


&lt;center&gt;'''a b c''' ([k]) '''ç''' ([ts]) '''d e f g h''' ([h] or [x] according to position and dialect)&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;'''i j''' ([ʒ]*) '''k'''* '''l m n o p q''' ([t&amp;#643;]) '''r s t u v w'''* '''x''' ([&amp;#643;]) '''y'''* '''z'''&lt;/center&gt;

(*) in foreign or dialectal words


The [&amp;#643;] sound – written '''x''' – derives mainly from the Latin word-initial clusters [kl], [fl], [pl], which became [&amp;#643;l]. Xliponian '''q''' comes to a large extent from Latin ''x''.


Another characteristic aspect of Xliponian phonology is diphthongisation. The main vowel of the original Latin word becomes affected by that of the ending, generating evolutions like L ''panem'' &gt; Xl '''fain''', and likewise ''cantus'' &gt; '''haunt''', ''salix'' &gt; '''sailq'''. Latin ''ae'' and ''oe'' became '''ai''' and '''oi''' respectively.


The stress pattern is generally as follows: words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate, and words ending in consonants on the ultimate.


As an example, the numerals from 1 to 10 are as follows in Modern Xliponian:


&lt;center&gt;'''on – tou – çers – hautor – henc – seq – seft – ohto – nou – teih'''&lt;/center&gt;

==100-Word Swadesh List==

{|
| I || you || we || this || that || who? || what? || no&lt;small&gt;(t)&lt;/small&gt; || all || a lot
|-
| '''eco''' || '''çu''' || '''nos''' || '''ete''' || '''ate''' || '''hi?''' || '''hu?''' || '''non''' || '''çot''' || '''mux'''
|-
| one || two || big || long || small || human || man || woman || fish || bird
|-
| '''on''' || '''tou''' || '''maun''' || '''lonc''' || '''eqic''' || '''om''' || '''om''' || '''vemma''' || '''fiq''' || '''aib'''
|-
| dog || louse || tree || seed || leaf || root || &lt;small&gt;(tree-)&lt;/small&gt;bark || skin || meat || blood
|-
| '''hain''' || '''fetixlo''' || '''arpor''' || '''semm''' || '''voil''' || '''raqi''' || '''horçeq''' || '''huiç''' || '''haur''' || '''sainc'''
|-
| bone || &lt;small&gt;(body-)&lt;/small&gt;fat || egg || head || horn || tail || feather || hair || ear || eye
|-
| '''oq''' || '''atef''' || '''oub''' || '''hauf''' || '''hourn''' || '''hauta''' || '''fena''' || '''hirn''' || '''auri''' || '''ouhul'''
|-
| nose || mouth || tooth || tongue || &lt;small&gt;(finger-)&lt;/small&gt;nail || leg || knee || hand || stomach || neck
|-
| '''naus''' || '''puca''' || '''teint''' || '''lincua''' || '''unca''' || '''hurs''' || '''ceun''' || '''main''' || '''bentr''' || '''houl'''
|-
| breast || heart || liver || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; drink || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; eat || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; bite || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; see || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; hear || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; know || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; sleep
|-
| '''feq''' || '''hor''' || '''iecro''' || '''piper''' || '''mauncar''' || '''moirer''' || '''biter''' || '''auter''' || '''qier''' || '''tormer'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; die || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; kill || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; swim || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; fly || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; go || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; come || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; lie &lt;small&gt;(down)&lt;/small&gt; || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; sit || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; stand || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; give
|-
| '''morer''' || '''oqider''' || '''naçar''' || '''bolar''' || '''eçir''' || '''bener''' || '''humper''' || '''asiter''' || '''star''' || '''tonar'''
|-
| &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; say || sun || moon || star || water || rain || stone || sand || earth || cloud
|-
| '''tiqer''' || '''soil''' || '''luna''' || '''qela''' || '''acua''' || '''xluib''' || '''saq''' || '''aren''' || '''teir''' || '''nupe'''
|-
| smoke || fire || ash || &lt;small&gt;to&lt;/small&gt; burn || road || mountain || red || green || yellow || white
|-
| '''vum''' || '''inci''' || '''hin''' || '''arter''' || '''bia''' || '''monn''' || '''ruper''' || '''biret''' || '''valb''' || '''alp'''
|-
| black || night || hot || cold || full || new || good || round || dry || name
|-
| '''nicer''' || '''noq''' || '''halit''' || '''virc''' || '''xleun''' || '''noub''' || '''poun''' || '''roçunn''' || '''siq''' || '''noim'''
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

==Some Points of Grammar==

===Plurals of Nouns and Adjectives===

&lt;center&gt;
{|
|''sg.''|| -a&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || -e || -i || -o || -u || -C&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|''pl.''|| -e || -i || -i || -o || -i || -Ci
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; mainly for feminine nouns and adjectives&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; C = consonant

===Personal Pronouns===

&lt;center&gt;
{|
| ||'''Nom.'''||'''Acc.'''||'''Dat.'''||'''Gen.'''
|-
|''1s''||eco||me||mi||mei (''fem.'' mea)
|-
|''2s''||çu||çe||çi||çei (''fem.'' çea)
|-
|''3s masc.''||to||te||ten||tei (''fem.'' tea)
|-
|''3s fem.''||la||le||len||lei (''fem.'' lea)
|-
|''3refl.''||om||se||si||sei (''fem.'' sea)
|-
|''1p''||nos||nos||nos||nosser
|-
|''2p''||bos||bos||bos||bosser
|-
|''3p''||li||tem||tem||tenen
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

===Verbal Paradigms===

&lt;small&gt;(Alternative verbal forms in parentheses)&lt;/small&gt;

'''Eser''' &quot;to be&quot; - also auxiliary verb for imperfect (with '''a''' + infinitive of main verb) and for passive voice (with participle of main verb)
&lt;center&gt;
{|
|'''''Person'''''||'''Present'''||'''Perfect'''||'''Imperfect'''||'''Future'''||'''Conditional/&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive'''||'''Infinitive&lt;br&gt;Participle&lt;br&gt;Gerund&lt;br&gt;Imperative'''
|-
|''1s''||sui||vui||erm||gabo eser||sei||eser
|-
|''2s''||es||vus||ers||gabes eser||sei||esut
|-
|''3s''||est||vut||ert||gabet eser||sei||esenn
|-
|''1p''||sum||vum||eram||gabem eser||sin||ei (''pl.'' eit)
|-
|''2p''||eis||vuis||erat||gabeis eser||sin|| 
|-
|''3p''||sunn||vunn||erann||gabenn eser||sin|| 
|}
&lt;/center&gt;


'''Gaber''' &quot;to have&quot; - also auxiliary verb for future (with infinitive of main verb)
&lt;center&gt;
{|
|'''''Person'''''||'''Present'''||'''Perfect'''||'''Imperfect'''||'''Future'''||'''Conditional/&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive'''||'''Infinitive&lt;br&gt;Participle&lt;br&gt;Gerund&lt;br&gt;Imperative'''
|-
|''1s''||gabo||gabui||erm a gaber||gabo gaber||gabei||gaber
|-
|''2s''||gabes||gabis||ers a gaber||gabes gaber||gabei||gabut
|-
|''3s''||gabet||gabit||ert a gaber||gabet gaber||gabei||gabenn
|-
|''1p''||gabem||gabuim&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(gaberam)&lt;/small&gt;||eram a gaber||gabem gaber||gabin||gabi (''pl.'' gabit)
|-
|''2p''||gabeis||gabuis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(gaberas)&lt;/small&gt;||eirm a gaber||gabeis gaber||gabin|| 
|-
|''3p''||gabenn||gabuinn&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(gaberann)&lt;/small&gt;||erann a gaber||gabenn gaber||gabin|| 
|}
&lt;/center&gt;


'''Mauncar''' &quot;to eat&quot; - paradigm for verbs in '''-ar'''
&lt;center&gt;
{|
|'''''Person'''''||'''Present'''||'''Perfect'''||'''Imperfect'''||'''Future'''||'''Conditional/&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive'''||'''Infinitive&lt;br&gt;Participle&lt;br&gt;Gerund&lt;br&gt;Imperative'''
|-
|''1s''||maunco||mauncui||erm a mauncar||gabo mauncar||mauncai||mauncar
|-
|''2s''||mauncas||mauncis||ers a mauncar||gabes mauncar||mauncai||mauncut
|-
|''3s''||mauncat||mauncit||ert a mauncar||gabet mauncar||mauncai||mauncann
|-
|''1p''||mauncam||mauncim&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mauncaram)&lt;/small&gt;||eram a mauncar||gabem mauncar||mauncin||maunci (''pl.'' mauncit)
|-
|''2p''||mauncais||mauncuis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mauncaras)&lt;/small&gt;||eirm a mauncar||gabeis mauncar||mauncin|| 
|-
|''3p''||mauncann||mauncinn&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(mauncarann)&lt;/small&gt;||erann a mauncar||gabenn mauncar||mauncin|| 
|}
&lt;/center&gt;


'''Piper''' &quot;to drink&quot; - paradigm for verbs in '''-er''' and '''ir'''
&lt;center&gt;
{|
|'''''Person'''''||'''Present'''||'''Perfect'''||'''Imperfect'''||'''Future'''||'''Conditional/&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive'''||'''Infinitive&lt;br&gt;Participle&lt;br&gt;Gerund&lt;br&gt;Imperative'''
|-
|''1s''||pipo||pipui||erm a piper||gabo piper||pipei||piper
|-
|''2s''||pipes||pipis||ers a piper||gabes piper||pipei||piput
|-
|''3s''||pipet||pipit||ert a piper||gabet piper||pipei||pipenn
|-
|''1p''||pipem||pipim&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(piperam)&lt;/small&gt;||eram a piper||gabem piper||pipin||pipi (''pl.'' pipit)
|-
|''2p''||pipeis||pipuis&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(piperas)&lt;/small&gt;||eirm a piper||gabeis piper||pipin|| 
|-
|''3p''||pipenn||pipinn&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(piperann)&lt;/small&gt;||erann a piper||gabenn piper||pipin|| 
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

===Some Useful Expressions and Words===
(''to be expanded'')

See [[IBWiki:Xliponian for Travellers|Xliponian for Travellers]]

&lt;small&gt;

''a'' = of (genitive / possessive relation); 
''a res a'' = because of; 
''ac'' = and; 
''aciç'' = thus; 
''ad'' = to (destination); 
''alihit'' = something; 
''atte'' = thence; 
''au'' = or; 
''auçem'' = then; 
''cunne'' = therewith; 
''de'' = by (passive voice); 
''eh'' = behold, lo!; 
''eq'' = out of; 
''ete'' = this; 
''eti'' = these; 
''fer'' = for (as in exchanging ... for ...); 
''fro'' = for (before noun); 
''ha'' = that; 
''hihumme'' = any; 
''hirha'' = about; 
''hom'' = as (in the manner of); 
''hui'' = whose; 
''ihirc'' = therefore; 
''ilo'' = that one; 
''in'' = in; 
''inte'' = therein; 
''item'' = (the) same; 
''non'' = not; 
''omoto'' = nonetheless; 
''ot'' = for, in order to, so that (before verb); 
''set'' = but;
''si'' = if;
''sihuç'' = in any way; 
''sin'' = without; 
''sufra'' = on top of, about
&lt;/small&gt;

===Names of the Letters of the Alphabet===
&lt;center&gt;
{|
|'''A''' [a:]&lt;br&gt;'''B''' [be:]&lt;br&gt;'''C''' [ke:]&lt;br&gt;'''Ç''' [tse:]&lt;br&gt;'''D''' [de:]&lt;br&gt;'''E''' [e:]&lt;br&gt;'''F''' [ɛf]&lt;br&gt;'''G''' [ge:]&lt;br&gt;'''H''' [ha:]
||
|'''I''' [i:]&lt;br&gt;'''J''' [ʒi:]&lt;br&gt;'''K''' [ka:]&lt;br&gt;'''L''' [ɛl]&lt;br&gt;'''M''' [ɛm]&lt;br&gt;'''N''' [ɛn]&lt;br&gt;'''O''' [o:]&lt;br&gt;'''P''' [pe:]&lt;br&gt;'''Q''' [tʃe:]
||
|'''R''' [ɛr]&lt;br&gt;'''S''' [ɛs]&lt;br&gt;'''T''' [te:]&lt;br&gt;'''U''' [u:]&lt;br&gt;'''V''' [ve:]&lt;br&gt;'''W''' [vetu'flɛtʃ]&lt;br&gt;'''X''' [ʃi:]&lt;br&gt;'''Y''' [i'krajx]&lt;br&gt;'''Z''' [ze:]
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

===Archaic Spelling===
Xliponian spelling was regularised in the mid-19th century. Before that, two main alternative spelling modes were in effect beside the present one. They may still be seen in ancient texts and inscriptions.

They are the ''Latinate'' and the ''Venedate'' spelling, based respectively on those used by several other Romance languages, and on Wenedyk. The main differences from the present mode are as follows [noted as Present &lt; Latinate; Venedate]:

*c &lt; k; k
*v &lt; v; w
*i &lt; j [initial; both modes]
*f &lt; ph [initial; both modes]
*i &lt; y [before another vowel]; i
*x &lt; sc; sz
*ç &lt; th; c
*q &lt; ch; cz
*h &lt; h; ch [when sounded as German ''ich-Laut'' or ''ach-Laut'']

Sometimes a circumflex or a tilde was written over ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', ''o'' for ''au'', ''eu'', ''iu'', ''ou'';&lt;br&gt;
Sometimes an acute or a macron was written above a vowel preceding a doubled consonant (which was then spelled single).

=The Babel Text in Xliponian=

{|
!1||In||çer||ert||on||serm||ac||on||mot||lincui.
|-
| ||In||earth||was [''3rd sg.'']||one||language||and||one||way||[of] tongues.
|}
{|
!2||Vut||ha||salirinn||de||orient||ac||inbeninn
|-
| ||[It] was||that||they went out||from||east||and||they found
|}
{|
! ||hamp||in||çer||Xinar||ac||apiçarinn||inte.
|-
| ||field / plain||in||land||Shinar||and||they dwelt||therein.
|}
{|
!3||Ac||tiqit||om||ad||om,||benit,||vahem||laçri
|-
| ||And||said [''3rd sg.'']||man||to||man,||come [''2nd pl.'']||let us make||bricks
|}
{|
! ||ac||hocuim||tem||in||inci||ac||gabuinn||laçri||hom||saqi
|-
| ||and||let us bake||them||in||fire||and||they had||bricks||as||stones
|}
{|
! ||ac||peçuim||hom||himenn.
|-
| ||and||slime||for||mortar.
|}
{|
!4||Ac||tiqirann,||benit,||vahem||nos||hibiçait||ac||çur
|-
| ||And||they said,||come [''2nd pl.''],||let us make||us||city||and||tower
|}
{|
! ||hui||hulmin||fertincit||ad||hail||ac||heliprem||noim||nosser
|-
| ||whose||top||may reach||to||heaven||and||let us celebrate||name||our
|}
{|
! ||ot||non||sin||tibituti||in||çeri||çoti.
|-
| ||so that||not||we be||scattered||in||lands||all.
|}
{|
!5||Auçem||teqinnit||Tomen||ot||biter||hibiçait||ac||çur
|-
| ||Then||came down [''3rd sg.'']||the Lord||so that||see||city||and||tower
|}
{|
! ||ha||aiçficarann||vili||Adam.
|-
| ||that||built [''3rd pl.]''||sons||[of] Adam.
|}
{|
!6||Ac||tiqit,||eh||foxlo||est||on||ac||serm||tenen||est||on,
|-
| ||And||said [''3rd sg.''],||behold||people||is||one||and||language||their||is||one,
|}
{|
! ||ac||ete||hoifrinn||vaher,||ac||non||gabenn tesistir||a||çot||ha||hocitann||vaher.
|-
| ||and||this||they have begun||do,||and||not||they will give up||from||all||that||they think||do.
|}
{|
!7||Eh||benit||teqinnem||ac||hofunnem||ipi||serm||tenen
|-
| ||Behold||come [''2nd pl.'']||let us go down||and||let us confound||there||language||their
|}
{|
! ||ot||non||gabet autir||om||lincu||a||om.
|-
| ||so that||not||shall hear [''3rd sg.'']||man||tongue||of||man.
|}
{|
!8||Aciç||tibitit||tem||Tomen||eq||loh||ilo||ad||çeri||çoti
|-
| ||Thus||scattered [''3rd sg.'']||them||the Lord||out of||place||that||in||lands||all
|}
{|
! ||ac||hesarann||aiçficar||hibiçait.
|-
| ||and||they ceased||build||city.
|}
{|
!9||Ac||ihirc||noim||tenen||est||bohut||Babel||a res a||ipi
|-
| ||And||therefore||name||their||is||called||Babel||because||there
|}
{|
! ||honvusit||Tomen||serm||a||çer||çot||ac||atte
|-
| ||confused||the Lord||language||of||earth||all||and||thence
|}
{|
! ||Tomen||sfirsit||tem||sufra||vaih||a||çer||çot.
|-
| ||the Lord||scattered||them||upon||face||of||earth||all.
|}


''[Modern Xliponian Version]''

=Tintin Titles as Pointers to Xliponian Pronunciation=


Interest for Tintin in Xliponia was fuelled by the Syldavian adventure (a ''roman à clef'' of sorts), and translations into the Xliponian language started in 1940, always published by Bernard &amp; Croll. The main characters are called ''Tintin'', ''Milu'', ''Capitan Hadoc'', ''Profesor Trifon Geliçorf'', ''Carol ac Karol''.

The titles of the Xliponian books (''Abençuri a Tintin'' [aben'tsurjə tin'tin] - ''a'' “of” normally pronounced as schwa) are pronounced as follows:

{|
! Title || IPA || Remark
|-
|''Tintin in Çer SNOR'' || T. [in tsɛr snɔr] || 1
|-
|''Tintin in Kongo'' || T. [iŋ 'koŋgo] || 2
|-
|''Tintin in America'' || T. [in ame'rika] ||
|-
|''Çigari a Faraon'' || [tsi'garjə fara'on] || 3
|-
|''Lotus Hairul'' || [lo'tus haj'rul] || 4
|-
|''Auri Vracut'' || ['awri vra'kut] ||
|-
|''Insul Nicer'' || [in'sul ni'ker] || 5
|-
|''Çeptro a Ottokar'' || ['tsɛptrwə ot:o'kar] || 6
|-
|''Hancri a Unci Aurosi'' || ['haŋkrjə 'uŋki aw'rosi] || 7
|-
|''Qela Misteriosa'' || ['tʃɛla misteri'osa] || 8
|-
|''Sehret a Onhourn'' || [se'xretə on'howrn] || 9
|-
|''Çesaur a Rackham Ruper'' || [tse'sawrə rak'ham ru'per] ||
|-
|''Seft Pulli a Cristal'' || [sɛft 'pul:jə kris'tal] ||
|-
|''Çempl a Soil'' || ['tsɛmplə sojl] || 4
|-
|''Tintin in Çer a Auro Nicer'' || T. [in 'tsɛrə 'awro ni'ker] ||
|-
|''Sohp Luna'' || [soxp 'luna] || 9
|-
|''Ammularann sufra Luna'' || [am:ula'ran: 'sufra 'luna] ||
|-
|''Hauz Geliçorf'' || [hawz geli'tsɔrf] || 10
|-
|''Coc in Stoc'' || [kɔk in stɔk] ||
|-
|''Tintin in Tibet'' || T. [in ti'bet] ||
|-
|''Ornammi a Castafiore'' || [or'nam:jə kastafi'ore] ||
|-
|''Bol 714 ad Sednîr'' || [bɔl sɛftɔnhaw'tor ad sed'ni:r] || 11
|-
|''Tintin ac Picaros'' || T. [ak 'pikaros] || 12
|-
|''Tintin ac Alf-Art'' || T. [ak alf'art] ||
|}

Remarks:&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;
1  ''e'', ''o'' in monosyllables are normally [ɛ], [ɔ]&lt;br&gt;
2  ''nk'', ''ng'' are sounded with [ŋ] even across word boundaries&lt;br&gt;
3  Stressed ''o'' before a single consonant is sounded [o]&lt;br&gt;
4  The diphthongs are: ''ai'' [aj], ''ei'' [ej], ''oi'' [oj], ''ui'' [uj], ''au'' [aw], ''eu'' [ew], ''iu'' [iw], ''ou'' [ow]&lt;br&gt;
5  Stressed ''e'' before a single consonant is sounded [e]&lt;br&gt;
6  Stressed ''e'' before more than one consonant is sounded [ɛ]; doubly-written consonants are pronounced long (even in foreign words)&lt;br&gt;
7  ''s'' is always sounded [s]&lt;br&gt;
8  ''io'' is no diphthong&lt;br&gt;
9  ''h'' sounds as [h] or [x] depending on environment&lt;br&gt;
10 Stressed ''o'' before more than one consonant is sounded [ɔ]&lt;br&gt;
11 ''e'' (from ''seft'') and ''o'' (from ''on'') in the composite ''seftonhautor'' &quot;seven-one-four&quot; remain [ɛ] and [ɔ] as in the respective single words; “714” may also be pronounced [sɛft'hɛn: hawtor'tex] (''sefthenn hautorteh'' &quot;seven hundred fourteen&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
12 Foreign pronunciation of ''Picaros''&lt;/small&gt;


=See also=
*[[IBWiki:Xliponian for Travellers|Xliponian for Travellers]]
*[[IBWiki:Xliponia:_Non-Latin_Scripts|The name of Xliponia in non-Latin scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Kyrmse</title>
    <id>2704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13582</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-12T19:28:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kyrmse</username>
        <id>225</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;http://www.geocities.com/xliponia/RK-Bovlai.jpg&lt;br&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Ronald Kyrmse'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;
In Bovlai Beut | Na Velha Bovlai | In Old Bovlai | In Alt-Bovlai | En Malnova Bovlai | In Oud Bovlai&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

{|
|RK est ''Chargé d'Affaires'' Xleunifoçeqal a '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Hoimtat Xliponia]]''', fraiçeire curator a Resfuplici '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Brasil]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Equador]]''' ac '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''', ac a '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|Union Lusoamerican]]'''. Qudit biça ac ofera a J.R.R.Tolkien tum hautrafars a saihol, ac est autor a [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''] &lt;small&gt;(in Portucalic)&lt;/small&gt;.
||
RK é ''Chargé d'Affaires'' Plenipotenciário do '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Reino da Xlipônia (Hoimtat Xliponia)]]''', bem como curador das Repúblicas da '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', do '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Brasil]]''', do '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Equador]]''' e do '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''', e da '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|União Lusoamericana]]'''. Estudou a vida e a obra de J.R.R.Tolkien durante um quarto de século e é author de [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''].
|-
|RK is Plenipotentiary ''Chargé d'Affaires'' of the '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Kingdom of Xliponia (Hoimtat Xliponia)]]''', as well as curator of the Republics of '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Brasil]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Equador]]''' and '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''', and the '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|Lusoamerican Union]]'''. He has been studying the life and work of J.R.R.Tolkien for a quarter-century and is the author of [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''] &lt;small&gt;(in Portuguese)&lt;/small&gt;.
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RK ist Bevollmächtigter ''Chargé d'Affaires'' des '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Königreichs Schliponien (Hoimtat Xliponia)]]''' &amp;#383;owie Kurator der Republiken '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Bra&amp;#383;ilien]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Equador]]''' und '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''', und der '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|Lu&amp;#383;oamerikanischen Union]]'''. Während eines Vierteljahrhunderts hat er Leben und Werk von J.R.R.Tolkien &amp;#383;tudiert, und ist Verfa&amp;#383;&amp;#383;er von [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''] &lt;small&gt;(auf Portugie&amp;#383;i&amp;#383;ch)&lt;/small&gt;.
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|RK estas Plenrajta ''Chargé d'Affaires'' de la '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Regno de Ŝliponio (Hoimtat Xliponia)]]''' kaj kuratoro de la Republikoj de '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Brazilo]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Ekŭadoro]]''' kaj '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''', kaj de la '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|Luzoamerika Unio]]'''. Dum kvaron-jarcento li studis la vivo kaj verkaro de J.R.R.Tolkien kaj estas aŭtoro de [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''] &lt;small&gt;(portugallingve)&lt;/small&gt;.
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RK is Gevolmachtigd ''Chargé d'Affaires'' van het '''[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Koninkrijk Xliponia (Hoimtat Xliponia)]]''' alsmede curator van de Republieken '''[[IBWiki:Bahia|Bahia]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Brazil|Brazilië]]''', '''[[IBWiki:Equador|Equador]]''' en '''[[IBWiki:Parana|Paraná]]''' en van de '''[[IBWiki:Lusoamerican Union|Luso-Amerikaanse Unie]]'''. Hij bestudeerde leven en werk van J.R.R. Tolkien een kwart eeuw lang en is de auteur van [http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/Parma.htm ''Explicando Tolkien''] &lt;small&gt;(in het Portugees)&lt;/small&gt;.
|}
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&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;[http://www.geocities.com/kyrmse/ Facina Fersonal | Página Pessoal | Personal Page&lt;br&gt;Per&amp;#383;önliche Seite | Persona Paĝo | Persoonlijke Pagina]
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[http://www.geocities.com/otsoandor/ Facina Tolkienal | Página Tolkieniana | Tolkienian Page&lt;br&gt;Tolkien-Seite | Tolkiena Paĝo | Tolkien-Pagina]
----
[http://www.geocities.com/xliponia/ Hoimtat Xliponia | Reino da Xlipônia | Kingdom of Xliponia&lt;br&gt;Königreich Schliponien | Regno de Ŝliponio | Koninkrijk Xliponia]&lt;/small&gt;
----
http://www.geocities.com/xliponia/Flag.gif&lt;br&gt;[[IBWiki:Xliponia|Hoimtat Xliponia (IBWiki)]]
----
&lt;big&gt;'''[[Xliponian|SERM XLIPONIA - XLIPONIAN LANGUAGE]]'''&lt;/big&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Daryush</title>
    <id>2705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16075</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-20T18:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Armavi]]

[[Pars]]

[[Artakhshathri]]

[[Assurian]]

[[Alamantian languages]]

[[Artakhshandan Empire]]

[[Vushtism]]

[[Parthavan language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Armavi</title>
    <id>2706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29090</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Armavi|pronounce=/armaβi/|tu=Alamanti|species=human|in=[[Parizhia]], [[Parsa]], [[Avustrea]], Iniwicia, Armaja, Ispirtia, North Ipriqia, Armavi colonies|no=90 million native, 125 million total|script=[[Armavi script]]|tree=Ayartaic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Eryanan&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Parizhian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Armavi'''|morph=Agglutinaitve|ms=Nominative-Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=Nadeem Ahmad|date=May 2006}}

Armavi is a conlang originally designed as an auxlang for Turkish, hence it shares very many properties with Turkish. Over time, Armavi grew into a fully fledged conlang with its own conworld and conculture


== Distribution ==
Armavi has a total of 90 million native speakers and 35 million speakers who learned the language as a second or third (etc) language.

The majority of speakers are concentrated in and around Parizhia, East Avrupea, and western Aghantia. There are also many speakers in north Ipriquia, however there, the language is inn decline in favour of Ipriquian-Avrupean languages.

Armavi is also spoken in the Armavi colonies, which are scattered throughout the globe, mostly on the Aral continent, just north of Parizhia.

Armavi is being considered as one of the base-languages for the International Language due to its ease of learning.

== Phonology ==
===Vowels===
Armavi contains the following vowels:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Armavi vowels with Example Words'''
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Vowel sound'''
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''Example'''
|-
!International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA
!Description
!Transliteration
!English translation
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | monophthongs
|-
| {{IPA|i}} || Close front unrounded vowel || ''d'''i'''l'' || 'tongue', 'language'
|-
| {{IPA|y}} || Close front rounded vowel || ''g'''ü'''nbet'' || 'dome'
|-
| {{IPA|ɯ}} || Close back unrounded vowel || '''''ı'''mrtasa'' || 'infantry'
|-
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || Close-mid front unrounded vowel || ''d'''e'''l'' || 'heart'
|-
| {{IPA|œ}} || Open-mid front rounded vowel || ''s'''ö'''nmeğ'' || 'to play the fiddle / violin'
|-
| {{IPA|a}} || Open front unrounded vowel || ''h'''a'''let'' || 'health'
|-
| {{IPA|o}} || Close-mid back rounded vowel || ''mis'''o'''s'' || 'hate'
|-
| {{IPA|u}} || Close back rounded vowel || '''''u'''ğatar'' || 'large drum'
|}


As well as this, there are some diphthongs:

'''ei''' is pronounced /i/, and harmonises like '''i'''

'''ai''' is pronounced /e/, and harmonises like '''e'''

As well as this, any unrounded vowel followed by '''u''', the '''u''' is pronounced /ɸ/ before unvoiced consonants, and /β/ everywhere else


In any other cases where two vowels are next to each other (which is very rare), they are pronounced individually.

===Consonants===
Armavi also contains the following consonants (transliteration as well as IPA is given):
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} (m) || || || || {{IPA|n}} (n) || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} (n)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} (p) || {{IPA|b}} (b) || || || {{IPA|t}} (t) || {{IPA|d}} (d) || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} (k) || {{IPA|g}} (g)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || {{IPA|ɸ}} (f) || {{IPA|β}} (v) || || || {{IPA|θ}} (ť) || {{IPA|ð}} (ď) || {{IPA|s}} (s) || {{IPA|z}} (z) || {{IPA|ʃ}} (ş) || {{IPA|ʒ}} (ž) || {{IPA|ç}} (x) || {{IPA|ʝ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|x}} (x) || {{IPA|ɣ}} (ğ) || {{IPA|h}} (h)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} (ts) ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} (y)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} (r)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} (l) || || || || {{IPA|ʎ}} (l)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative|| || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} (l)
|}


&lt;/div&gt;

'''Notes'''
* The sounds ç and ʝ are allophones of x and ğ respectively if they are followed by any front vowels or the approximant j (y)
* The sound ɬ is an allophone of l when it occurs on the end of words. When suffixes are attached that start with a vowel, it retains its pronounciation. ʎ is an allophone of l before /j/ (y) or /i/ (i) and another vowel.

==Vowel harmony==
{| align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;
|-
! || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Front || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! High
| i || ü || ı || u
|-
! Low
| e || ö || a || o
|-
|}
Vowel harmony is a big part of Armavi (and all Ayartaic languages). There are two types of vowel harmony in Armavi:

===Front / back distinction===
This distinction places the vowels in 2 groups of 4. There are 2 types of vowels here, front vowels, and back vowels. The rules of Armavi state that a (native) word cannot contain both front and back vowels. As a result, suffixes mutate to fit this requirement.

The majority of suffixes that make use of this vowel harmony are of type '''a / e''', however, there are a few others. Any suffix listed as type '''i''', however, takes rounding harmony.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''ver'', which makes the plural)
:Enüşe'''ver''' - girls
:Pesar'''var''' - boys

===Rounding disctinction===
Using the above table, we can see that there are two classes of vowels here as well, round, and unrounded. There is a secondary rule that '''i '''and '''ı''' tend to become '''ü''' and '''u''' respectively after rounded vowels.

'''Examples:''' (using the suffix ''lik'', which makes abstract nouns)
:Genc'''lik''' - ''Youth''
:Düst'''lük''' - ''Friendship''
:Duş'''luk''' - ''Openness''
:Imr'''lık''' - ''Being on foot''

==Consonant mutation==
As well as considering vowel harmony when adding suffixes, there is another factor, called consonant mutation. During consonant mutation, unvoiced consonants change.

===Change to stems===
This applies when we are adding a suffix beginning with a vowel or the letter '''v''' to any word that has the consonants '''k, p, t, c, f''' at the end. The changes are as follows:
: k --- '''ğ'''
: p --- '''b'''
: t --- '''d'''
: c --- '''j'''
: f --- '''v'''

'''Examples:'''
: Kitap (''book'') --- Kitabım (''my book'')
: Toğuc (''bone'') --- Toğuja (''into the bone'')
: Lefaf (''envelope'') --- Lefavvar (''envelopes'')

===Change to suffixes===
This applies when a word ends in '''k, p, t, c, f, s, ş, h, x, ť''' and the suffix begins with '''d, b, g, ğ, j, z, ž,''' (or the other way round). In these cases, 
: ğ --- '''k'''
: p --- '''p'''
: d --- '''t'''
: g --- '''k'''
: z --- '''s'''
: ž --- '''ş'''

'''Examples:'''
:Gitmeğ (''to go'') --- Gittim (''I went'')
:Kitap (''book'') --- Kitaptan (''Away from the book'')
:Emezmeğ (''to buy'') --- Emesşer (''customer'')

==The verb &quot;To be&quot;==
The verb &quot;to be&quot; has three different ways of formation in Armavi.

===Copular &quot;to be&quot;===
This is by far the most common form of the verb &quot;to be&quot; and exists as suffixes which are attached onto the noun.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''Armavi copula'''
|-
! Tense !! Past !! Present !! Future
|-
! 1st Person sing
| -dim || -im || -ažam
|-
! 2nd Person sing
| -diş || -iş || -ažaş
|-
! 3rd Person sing
| -di ||  || -až
|-
! 1st Person plur
| -dimiz || imiz || -ažız
|-
! 2nd Person plur
| -diniş || iniş || -ažış
|-
! 3rd Person plur
| -diyver || eyver || aavar
|}

Note that this is not as regular as would be expected. Also, any other mood etc must be expressed using the definite verb &quot;to be&quot; (see below)

===Verbal &quot;to be&quot;===
The verb ''&quot;to be&quot;'' is represented by the verb '''baynmağ'''. This declines like any other normal verb.

Occasionally, the noun which someone is being can take the accusative case. This is common in eastern dialects, however, it is rare in the west.

In [[Illinia]], '''einmeğ''' is used instead. This also declines normally.

===No &quot;to be&quot;===
When using a pronoun, any form of the verb to be is completely omitted. To indicate tense, time phrases are used, such as '''deyvarda''' ''(in the past)'', '''ayartta''' ''(in the future)'', '''emrüz''' ''(today)'', or '''ferda''' ''(tomorrow)''.


==Morphology==
===Noun suffixes===
There are essentially 6 noun cases in Armavi. They are:


{| border cellpadding=3 align=center
|-
! colspan=2|Case endings
|-
|'''Absolute''' 
|align=center|''&amp;mdash;''
|-
|'''Definite-accusative''' 
|''-(s)i''
|-
|'''Dative''' 
|''-(n)e''
|-
| '''Locative''' 
| ''-(n)de''
|-
|'''Ablative''' 
|''-(n)den''
|-
|'''Genitive''' 
|''-(y)en''
|}

They always go at the very end of a noun. 

'''Notes:''' The absolute case serves the purpose of nominative, vocative, and indefinite-accusative. The accusative is used for definite direct objects.

'''Examples:'''
: Amfora şekasttım
: ''I broke an amphora''

: Amforası şekasttım
: ''I broke the amphora''

The dative case indicates ''to where'':
: Eve gittim
: ''I went home''

This case is also used for some objects - objects that are grammatically indirect but English considers direct. There is a slight difference in meaning when any form of accusative is used:
: Sorjene divitti
: ''She caught sight of the sun''

: Sorjesi divitti
: ''She was looking at the sun''

In western dialects, the dative case refers to a direct object where the action happened only temporarily whereas in these dialects, the definitive-accusative is used for longer actions (not in standard Armavi):
: Epistülesi sene ekrivdim*
: ''I wrote a letter to you''

: Epistülene sene ekrivdim*
: ''I was writing a letter to you''

''*Students are discouraged from using this construction as it is only common in the Armavi spoken in western Avustrya Kücük.''

The locative indicates the location of something.
: Evde cagittim
: ''I ran around within the house''

: Her perşerden ekolda
: ''All the students are in school''

The ablative case indicates ''from where'':
: Evden gittim
: ''I left home''

The ablative can also be used in comparisons (see later for more detail):
: Ondan cabuktar
: ''She is faster than he is''

As well as what something is made of:
: Xaktan ev
: ''Sandstone house''

As well as the cause of something* in passives:
: Menden yıkılıyr
: ''It was broken by my''

''*The suffix'' '''''-toloo''''' ''represents &quot;because of.&quot; This does not imply that the suffixed noun was the agent of the action, however, may have influenced it indirectly.''

The ablative also indicates a sense of ''&quot;out of&quot;''. See the following examples for clarification:
: Dev pesarvardan
: ''Two of the boys''

: Aželterin enüşeverden
: ''The prettiest of the girls''

: Perižye vir ğuyuktarın mülkver Ağantyanda
: ''Parizhia is one of the strongest countries in Aghantia.''

''Note the use of'' '''''vir'''' ''as an indefinite article marker in the last example. When this happens,'' '''''vir'''' ''goes before all other adjectives, instead of its usual position next to the noun.''

The genetive is used to convey possession:
: Enüşen ana
: ''The girl's mother''

It is also used to modify spatial nouns as postpositions:
: Even icinde kedim var
: ''Inside the house, there is my cat''

Compare with:
: Xunaşinver beden icin var
: ''The blood vessels go through the body''


There is also a plural suffix, '''-ver''', which goes directly onto the noun. However, this suffix is not used with numbers unless an approximate amount is stated. Here, the definitive-accusative cannot be used, however, it can on normal plurals:

'''Examples:'''
: Dev bülbül gözdüm
: ''I saw two songbirds''

: Dev bülbülü gözdüm
: ''I saw the two songbirds''

: Dev bülbülver gözdüm
: ''I saw approximately two songbirds''

There are other important noun suffixes that are not officially recognised as case endings, however, may serve some purpose there. They are covered later in this article under ''Armavi Lexicon.''

===Verb suffixes===
====Verb tenses====
There are 5 basic tenses in Armavi:

==Syntax==
===Simple syntax===
The basic word order in Armavi is SOV - the subject goes first, followed by the object, with the verb coming last.

However, with adverbs or time or place, the time phrase always goes to the start. Indirect objects go before the verb. Any nouns that are used as an instrument go after the subject. Any other noun phrases or adverbial phrases can be placed anywhere.

Of course, these rules are loose and change between dialects, or when something is emphasised (it is placed before the verb, or at the start)

===Questions===
====Closed questions====
Closed questions take the '''interrogative''' mood of the verb. This is formed by taking the personal ending off the verb and putting the suffix '''me-''' before it:
* Gidiyrim ''I am going'' ---&gt; Gidiyr '''me'''yim? ''Am I going?''
* Rüvdüş ''You went'' ---&gt; Rüvdü meş? ''Did you go?''
* Koştulažğ ''S/he has been killed'' ---&gt; Koştulažğ ma? ''Has s/he been killed?''

: Ahmet vazara gitti '''me''', ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xerit '''me'''değ?
: ''Was it to buy bread that Ahmet went to the shop?''

This is usually accompanied by a change in intonation.

As well as this, there is the particle '''ne?''', which can be put at the end of sentences, as if to ask for confirmation:
: Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ, '''ne'''?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''

In more archaic languages, the particle '''aya''', which is placed at the start of the clause, serves both these functions:
: '''Aya''' Ahmet vazara gitti ekmeği xeritteğ?
: ''Ahmet has gone to the shop to buy bread, hasn't he?''
: ''Did Ahmet go to the shop to buy bread''

====Open questions====
Open questions are characterised by question words:

* '''Ne''' - ''What, which''
* '''Neyec''' - ''Who''
* '''Neyže''' - ''Where''
* '''Ne bera''' - ''Why, what for''
* '''Ne vekt''' - ''When''
These question words simply take the position the answer would in a sentence.

: Neyec var?
: ''Who's there''

: Neyi keriyriş?
: ''What are you doing''

: Meni neyžene gideniyriş?
: ''Where are you leading me?''

: Ne bera şuvu kerdiş?
: ''What did you do that for?''

: Ne vekt sinemana gidiyriş?
: ''When are you going to the cinema?''

There are other question words:

* '''Kodam''' - ''How much, how many''
The word ''kodam'' is borrowed from [[Aryan]], and it always goes at the start of the clause.

: Kodam yeyilşer yedi?
: ''How much food did he eat?''

: Kodam vekt tvaletvere gidiyriş
: ''How many times are you going to the toilets?''

: Kodam portmoneme var?
: ''How much is in my wallet?''

* '''Ce ...''' - ''How ...'' (an adverbial quantifier)
Used in a similar way to ''kodam'':

: Emrüz ferda ce ğuyukuş?
: ''How tall are you nowadays?''

* '''Cera''' - ''Why''
Like ''kodam'', this word is borrowed from [[Aryan]] and also goes at the start of clauses.

: Cera osu ketlediş?
: ''Why did you hit her?''

* '''Cetor''' - ''How, in what way''
Likewise, goes at the start of the sentence:

: Cetor haletin?
: ''How are you?''

: Cetor bužana geliyrimiz?
: ''How did we get here?''

===Subordinate clauses===
Formation of subordinate clauses are generally easy. They take the position of a noun phrase depending on the type of subordinate clause it is (with a few exceptions)

====Adverbial time clauses====
These are clauses of ''when X happened, Y happened''. For this, the verb in the subordinate clause must be turned into a past participle by adding the suffix '''-erte / -arta''' (see further on for more detail on participles).

Examples:
:Gelmeğ (''to go'') --- Gel'''erte''' (''having gone'')
:Aklamağ (''to clean'') --- Akl'''arta''' (''having cleaned'')

As time phrases always go at the start of clauses, likewise this type of subordinate clause goes at the start.

'''Examples:'''
:Evim gelinertem, annem portu baz kerdi.
:''My house having been reached by me, my girlfried opened the door''
:''When I reached home, my girlfriend opened the door''

:Köştülerte, düşmenver eğitti
:''Having been defeated, the enemies fled''
:''The enemies fled once they had been defeated''

:Dev pe-orbitalvar hemeşe kererte, siğma-exette saxtılar
:''When two p-orbitals overlap, a σ-bond is formed''

====Relative clauses====
There are 2 ways of forming relative clauses:
* The most common way is by '''Participles''' (see below). This is very simple, especially in simpler relative clauses where the entire clause can be expressed in a participle. The participle clause goes after the noun it is attached to.

'''Examples:'''
:Enüşesi sužada hören dittim
:''There sitting the girl I saw''
:''I saw the girl who was sitting there''

Note: this is different from ''&quot;I saw the girl when she was sitting there, which would be: &quot;Şužada hörerte, enüşesi dittim&quot;

:Hafte-ye-piş madayesi mene deydeyilerte leğdim
:''I read the book you lent me last week''

* The other way of expressing relative clauses is with '''relative pronouns''' and other related words. This is very uncommon and participles should be used wherever possible. The important lexical units for this type of construction are:
**'''Ke''' --- ''who, what, which''
**'''Hemciz''' --- ''whatever''
**'''Hemkis''' --- ''whoever''
**'''Hemje''' --- ''wherever''

Like normal nouns, these decline like normal nouns.

'''Examples:'''
:Hemjene gider, daşarım.
:''Wherever she goes, I follow her''

:Kelem kele yordum emrüz şekaste.
:''The pen with which I used to write is now broken''

:Hemcizi istiyriş istiyrim
:''I like whatever you like''

====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions are rarely used in spoken Armavi, but literary Armavi dating from 1600 - 1800 AI are littered with them. The main ones are:
* '''aat''' - ''then''
* '''ve''' - ''and''
* '''tağ''' - ''in order that''
* '''ke''' - ''that (used for expressing degrees of adjectives)''
* '''ama''' - ''but, however''
* '''at''' - ''but (switching from positive to negative)''
* '''cünke''' - ''because''

All these are borrowed from other languages. Out of the above list, only '''ve''', '''ke''', and '''tağ''' occur in modern Armavi.

To construct a sentence using conjunctions is easy. The conjunction simply comes between two normal sentences. Often a comma is placed after the preposition.

However, modern Armavi uses a completely different method of indicating conjunctins. Suffixes are added to the end of the verb in the second clause. These suffixes change in accordance with the laws of vowel harmony and consonant mutation. They are:
* '''-den / -dan / -ten / -tan''' - ''and''
* '''-en ğuu / -an ğuu''' - ''then''
* '''-eher / -ahar''' - ''after''
* '''-ele / -ala''' - ''before''
* '''-işle / -ışla / -üşle / -uşla''' - ''while, during''
* '''-tağ / -teğ / -dağ / -değ''' - ''so that, in order that''
* '''-at / -et''' - ''but, however''
* '''-toloo / -tölöö / -doloo / -dölöö''' - ''because''
* '''-el / -al''' - ''that (used in degrees of adjectives''

'''Examples:'''
:Gittim evim kleftilen ğuu
:''I went and then my house was robbed''

:Ahmet vazara gitti ekmegi xeritteğ
:''Ahmet went to the shop to buy bread''

:Tvaletvere gitmelidim rekreasyon kerişle
:''I had to go to the toilet during break''

Note that personal endings and tense suffixes are only applied to the second verb if they are different to the main clause independently (as demonstrated in Example 1).

====Subordination with verbs====
Subordination with verbs happens when you want to say &quot;I want you to go&quot; or &quot;I believe that he is not guilty.&quot;

In these constructions, using the infinitive is necessary. The infinitive is formed by the suffix '''-me''' (+ possessive endings).

A problem occurs, in that the infinitive is tenseless. In sentences where the main clause is in a different tense from the subordinate, time phrases are used, such as '''deyvarda''' ''(in the past)'', '''ayartta''' ''(in the future)'', '''emrüz''' ''(today)'', or '''ferda''' ''(tomorrow)''.

'''Examples'''
: Gelmeni istiyrim.
: ''I want you to go.''

: Deyvarda Ahmet vazara gitmesi veliyrim
: ''I know that Ahmet went to the shop yesterday.''

: Ayartta şokoladan baynavalmamı fekr keriyr meyiş?
: ''Do you think that I will be able to keep away from chocolate in the future?''

====Modal verbs====
A similar construction to the above is using modal verbs. However, here, the infinitive does not need possessive endings and has the usual infinitive ending '''-meğ''' as found in the dictionary.

'''Examples:'''
: Bedminton xayrmağı calışıyrım
: ''I am trying to play badminton''

: Eve gitmeği istiyrim
: ''I want to go home''

====Subordination in comparisons====
These are constructions of the type ''&quot;I am faster than I was yesterday&quot;'' or ''&quot;He is as tall as she is short&quot;''. Like the above constructions, this is also formed using an infinitive.

'''Examples:'''
: Hayarda baynmağdan cabuktar
: ''He is faster than he was yesterday.''

: Kücük baynmasıvı kelli
: ''He is as tall as she is short.''

An exception occurs when the verb in the subordinate clause isn't certain - i.e ''&quot;In someone's opinion&quot;'' etc. Here, the '''dubitative mood''' of the verb is utilised:

: Bayna amağıdan coğun ažel
: ''She is much more pretty than she thinks''

: Bayna amasıdan coğun ažel
: ''She is much more pretty than someone else thinks''

===Order of Adjectives===
There are several factors to be considered when putting adjectives in order before a noun.

Numbers always go immediately before the noun. An exception to this is when the number 1 ('''vir''') is used as an indefinite object marker (in some western dialects), in which case it goes before any other adjectives.

With other adjectives, they are ordered in order of increasing intensity. That is to say, the most intense adjective goes closer to the noun, and the least intense adjective goes furthest from the noun.

Compare the following:

# Ažel kücük enüşe
# Kücük ažel enüşe

In Example 1, the girl is very small and slightly pretty, in example 2, the girl is very pretty and only slightly small.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Indo-European</title>
    <id>2709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50219</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T23:40:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat: IE!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Proto-Indo-European''' is the common ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]].
[[Category:Reconstructed languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alamantian languages</title>
    <id>2712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13695</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-13T21:19:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here you can find the classification of all the languages on Alamanti:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - birds</title>
    <id>2713</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55540</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-13T01:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Anseriformes ħanſëćaxas */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=
*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱraadas&lt;/font&gt; - Eukaryota
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;stemvoras&lt;/font&gt; - Animalia
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerstemvoras&lt;/font&gt; - Eumetazoa
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufħazðas&lt;/font&gt; - Deuterostomia
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħazðas&lt;/font&gt; - Chordata &lt;font color=green&gt;gúrnëpentêes&lt;/font&gt;
******Subphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerħazðas&lt;/font&gt; - Vertebrata &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭoxmêes&lt;/font&gt;
*******Superclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;upodegas&lt;/font&gt; - Tetrapoda
********Class &lt;font color=blue&gt;odegas&lt;/font&gt; - Aves &lt;font color=green&gt;aɱêes&lt;/font&gt;
*********Subclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerodegas&lt;/font&gt; - Neornithes
**********Infraclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;niterodegas&lt;/font&gt;

† extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

=Neognathes &lt;font color=green&gt;ȝuunϙelunaɱees&lt;/font&gt;=

==Anseriformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ħànſëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==

*Anatidae &lt;font color=green&gt;aneþvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Anserinae
***[[wikipedia:greylag goose|greylag goose]] ''A. anser'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħanſes&lt;/font&gt;
***bean goose ''Anser fabalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gaares&lt;/font&gt;
***Bewick's swan ''Cygnus bewickii'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;jonϙes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;joutsen&lt;/font&gt;, swan)
***whooper swan ''C. cygnus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;eloɱĭes&lt;/font&gt;
***mute swan ''Cynus olor'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħolvĭes&lt;/font&gt;
***&lt;font color=red&gt;whistling swan&lt;/font&gt; ''Cygnus columbianus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭeȝeloɱĭes&lt;/font&gt; 
***&lt;font color=red&gt;black swan&lt;/font&gt; ''Cygnus atratus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸøſnëħolvĭes&lt;/font&gt;
***&lt;font color=red&gt;black-necked swan&lt;/font&gt; ''Cygnus melanocoryphus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸåſnëmonħolvĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**Anatinae
***pintail duck ''Anas acuta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðelgëpuxses&lt;/font&gt;
***shoveler ''Anas clypteata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;liħlanetes&lt;/font&gt;
***mallard ''Anas platyrhynchos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;anetes&lt;/font&gt;
***common teal ''Anas crecca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aneþles&lt;/font&gt;
***garganey ''Anas querquedula'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alćeelćutes&lt;/font&gt;??
**Aythyinae
***European pochard ''Aythya ferina'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćaalumves&lt;/font&gt;
***red-crested pochard ''Netta rufina'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;cascaaluumves&lt;/font&gt;??
**Merginae
***eider ''Somateria molissima'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;eetes&lt;/font&gt;
***merganser, goosander ''Mergus m. merganser'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tares&lt;/font&gt;
**Tadorninae
***ruddy shelduck ''Tadorna ferruginea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuðanetes&lt;/font&gt;
***common shelduck ''T.tadorna'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðronanetes&lt;/font&gt;

==Apodiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ooćenćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Apodidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ooćenvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**common swift ''A. apus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooćenes&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;ruby-throated hummingbird&lt;/font&gt; ''Archilocus colubris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭeraɱes&lt;/font&gt;

==Caprimulgiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ćeluſćexas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Caprimulgidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ćeluſvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**European nightjar ''Caprimulgus europaeus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeluſes&lt;/font&gt;
==Charadriiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;tiiþćëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Alcidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸilangëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**puffin ''Fratercula spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸilanges&lt;/font&gt;
*Charadriidae &lt;font color=green&gt;tiiþvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**little ringed plover ''Charadrius dubius'' &lt;font  color=blue&gt;ɱerſaɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian golden plover ''Pluvialis apricaria'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiiþćes&lt;/font&gt;
*Laridae &lt;font color=green&gt;maɱvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Armenian gull ''Larus armenicus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;menźëmaɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**common gull ''Larus canus'' &lt;font  color=blue&gt;maɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**black-headed gull ''Larus ridibundus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mooreres&lt;/font&gt;

*Recurvirostridae &lt;font color=green&gt;anćeenſnabïvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**pied avocet ''Recurvirostra avosetta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;anćaanſënabĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Scolopacidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭurvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian curlew ''Numenius arquatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiites&lt;/font&gt;
**common snipe ''G. gallinago'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiles&lt;/font&gt;
**great snipe ''Gallinago media'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſĭuĸĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**red-necked phalarope ''Phalaropus lobatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćustiites&lt;/font&gt;
**whimbrel ''Scolopax p. phaeopus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiiþles&lt;/font&gt;
**European snipe ''Scolopax rusticola'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸurmes, ĸĭures&lt;/font&gt;
*Sternidae &lt;font color=green&gt;teĸiȝvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Arctic tern ''Sterna paradisaea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;teĸiȝes&lt;/font&gt;

==Ciconiiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;gerïćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Ardeidae &lt;font color=green&gt;arooðvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Ardeinae
***great egret ''Ardea alba'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mengëpeetes&lt;/font&gt;
***grey heron ''Ardea cinerea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aroodes&lt;/font&gt;
***purple heron ''Ardea purpura'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;viſĸaroodes&lt;/font&gt;
***night heron ''N. nicticorax'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;neĸŭaroodes&lt;/font&gt;
***little egret ''Egretta garzetta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;arooðles&lt;/font&gt;
**Botaurinae
***great bittern ''Botaurus stellaris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðerɱaɱes&lt;/font&gt;
***little bittern ''Ixobrychus minutus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðerɱaɱles&lt;/font&gt;
*Ciconiidae &lt;font color=green&gt;gerïvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**white stork ''C. ciconia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gerĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**black stork ''Ciconia nigra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸåsnëgerĭes&lt;/font&gt;

==Columbiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;alunćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Columbidae &lt;font color=green&gt;alunvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**rock pigeon ''Columba livia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tuutes&lt;/font&gt;
**stock pigeon ''Columba oenas'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dortuutes&lt;/font&gt;
**wood pigeon ''Columba palumbus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pelonves&lt;/font&gt;
**European turtle dove ''Streptopelia turtur'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alunes&lt;/font&gt;
**green pigeon ''Treron ?'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pogunes&lt;/font&gt;

==Coraciiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ćeerolćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Alcedidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ćeerolvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**kingfisher ''Alcedo atthis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćeeroles&lt;/font&gt;

==Cuculiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸuxćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Cuculidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸuxvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**common cuckoo ''Cuculus canorus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸuĸes&lt;/font&gt;

==Falconiformes &lt;font color=green&gt; &lt;font color=green&gt;orćaxas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;==
*Accipitridae &lt;font color=green&gt;orvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Perninae
***honey buzzard ''Pernis apivorus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;veȝooćores&lt;/font&gt;
**Aegypiinae
***black vulture ''Aegypius monachus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħiiɱes&lt;/font&gt;
***Egyptian vulture ''Neophron percnopterus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭeltures&lt;/font&gt;
***griffon vulture ''Gyps fulvus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vaaſes&lt;/font&gt;
***lammergeier ''Gypaetus barbatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alnëħiiɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**Buteoninae
***golden eagle ''Aquila chrysaetos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ores&lt;/font&gt;
***giant eagle ''Aquila giganteus'' &lt;font  color=blue&gt;pempelores&lt;/font&gt;
***imperial eagle ''Aquila heliaca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;orles&lt;/font&gt;
***steppe eagle ''Aquila nipalensis orientalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;lenðores&lt;/font&gt;
***white-tailed sea eagle, erne ''Haliaëtus albicilla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;moorores&lt;/font&gt;
***golden eagle ''Aquila c. chrysaetos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;muȝres&lt;/font&gt;
**Circinae
***marsh harrier ''Circus aeruginosus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;laamooćorles&lt;/font&gt;
**Milvinae
***red kite ''M. milvus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;zŭanes&lt;/font&gt;
***black kite ''Milvus m. migrans'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćåſzŭanes&lt;/font&gt;
**Accipitrinae
***goshawk ''Accipiter gentilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooćores&lt;/font&gt;
***sparrow hawk ''Accipter nisus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alunooćores&lt;/font&gt;
**Circaetinae
***short-toed eagle ''Circaëtus gallicus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;angŭores&lt;/font&gt;
*Falconidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ooćorlëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**merlin ''Falco columbarius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pelonvooćorles&lt;/font&gt;
**lesser kestrel ''Falco naumanni'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭiilpeeþles&lt;/font&gt;
**peregrine falcon ''Falco peregrinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooćorles&lt;/font&gt;
**gyrfalcon ''Falco rusticolus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;sniłooćorles&lt;/font&gt;
**European hobby ''Falco subbuteo'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſerpooćorles&lt;/font&gt;
**common kestrel ''Falco tinniculus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gĭoȝĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Pandionidae &lt;font color=green&gt;gaſvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**osprey ''Pandion haliaetus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gaſes&lt;/font&gt;
*Sagittariidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ćerſëgemvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;secretary bird&lt;/font&gt; ''Sagittarius serpentarius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćerſëgemaɱes&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=blue&gt;tuubes&lt;/font&gt; diurnal bird of prey

==Galliformes &lt;font color=green&gt; &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸaĸurćaxas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;==
*Numididae &lt;font color=red&gt;guinea fowl&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;teterĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Phasianidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸaĸurvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**rock partridge ''Alectorix graeca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaĸures&lt;/font&gt;
**golden pheasant ''Chrysolophus pictus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ausĸaaɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**common quail ''C. coturnix'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ausĸaaɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**peacock ''Pavo cristatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;namiles&lt;/font&gt;
**grey partridge ''P. perdix'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱortoĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**common pheasant ''Phasianus colchius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;?es&lt;/font&gt;
**Caucasian snowcock ''Tetraogallus caucasicus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸuxres&lt;/font&gt;
*Rallidae &lt;font color=green&gt;velixvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian coot ''Fulica atra'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;veliĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**moorhen ''Gallinula cholorpus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;laamĸaĸures&lt;/font&gt;
*Tetraonidae &lt;font color=green&gt;terźëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**ptarmigan ''Lagopus mutus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;jegertëĸuxres&lt;/font&gt;
**black grouse ''Tetrao tetrix'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸåſnëĸuxres&lt;/font&gt;
**capercaillie ''Tetrao urogallus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;terźes&lt;/font&gt;
**hazel grouse ''Bonasa bonasia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pinges&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;pyy&lt;/font&gt;, hazel grouse)

==Gaviiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;laalćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Gaviidae &lt;font color=green&gt;laalvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Arctic loon ''Gavia arctica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;laales&lt;/font&gt;
**common loon ''Gavia immer'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸĭames&lt;/font&gt;

==Gruiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸåxſëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Otididae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸorĸoſvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**great bustard ''Otis tarda'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸorĸoſes&lt;/font&gt;
**little bustard ''T. tetrax'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸorĸoſles&lt;/font&gt;
*Gruidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸåxſëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian crane ''G. grus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸåxſes&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian crane ''G. grus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gerɱĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Threskiornithidae &lt;font color=green&gt;liħlarooðvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**spoonbill ''Platalea leucorodia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;liħlaroodes&lt;/font&gt;
**glossy ibis ''Plegadis falcinellus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĸënabĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**northern bald ibis ''Geronticus eremita'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸelɱëgerĭes&lt;/font&gt;

==Passeriformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ſparɱëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Alaudidae &lt;font color=green&gt;pĭoltorvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**crested lark ''Galerida cristata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćorudes&lt;/font&gt;
**skylark ''Alauda arvensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭoltores&lt;/font&gt;
*Cinclidae  &lt;font color=green&gt;ſerpomvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**dipper ''C. cinclus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſerpomeses&lt;/font&gt;
*Corvidae &lt;font color=green&gt;goɱvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**raven ''Corvus corax'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćorɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**rook ''Corvus frugilegus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭeernes&lt;/font&gt;
**jackdaw ''Corvus monedula'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tanges&lt;/font&gt;
**hooded crow ''Corvus cornix'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;goɱes&lt;/font&gt;
**Eurasian jay ''Garrulus glandularius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸiĸĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**magpie ''P. pica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱesaaĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Fringillidae &lt;font color=green&gt;pingëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**chaffinch ''Fringilla coelebs'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pinges&lt;/font&gt;
**bullfinch ''P. pyrrhula'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;varpinges&lt;/font&gt;
**siskin ''Carduelis spinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭapes&lt;/font&gt;
*Muscicapidae &lt;font color=green&gt;moxlavëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Muscicapinae
***spotted flycatcher ''Muscicapa striata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;moxlaves&lt;/font&gt;
**Saxicolinae
***nightingale ''Luscinia megarhynchos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱeedes&lt;/font&gt;
*Paridae &lt;font color=green&gt;nangüvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Siberian tit ''Poecile cinctus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nangŭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Passeridae &lt;font color=green&gt;ſparɱëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**house sparrow ''Passer domesticus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſparɱes&lt;/font&gt;
*Prunellidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸolponvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**hedge sparrow ''Prunella modularis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸolponëſparɱes&lt;/font&gt;
*Sturnidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ſtorvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**starling ''Sturnus vulgaris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtares&lt;/font&gt;
*Turdidae &lt;font color=green&gt;méſolvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**blackbird ''Turdus merula'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸafſes&lt;/font&gt;
**song thrush ''Turdus philomelos'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;meſoles&lt;/font&gt;
**mistle thrush ''Turdus viscivorus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrozdes&lt;/font&gt;

==Pelecaniformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸarmëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Pelecanidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸarmëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Dalmatian pelican ''Pelecanus crispus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸarmes&lt;/font&gt;

==Phoenicopteriformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ruuðgerïćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Phoenicopteridae &lt;font color=green&gt;ruuðgerïvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**greater flamingo ''Phoenicopterus roseus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuðgêrĭes&lt;/font&gt;

==Piciformes &lt;font color=green&gt;piixćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Picidae &lt;font color=green&gt;piixvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**great spotted woodpecker ''Dendrocopus major'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðronpiiĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**green woodpecker ''Picus viridis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;piiĸes&lt;/font&gt;
==Podicipediformes &lt;font color=green&gt;nånćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Podicipedidae &lt;font color=green&gt;nånvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**horned grebe ''Podiceps auritus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nånes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Saami &lt;font color=green&gt;njumalak&lt;/font&gt; ''Podiceps auritus'')
**great crested grebe ''Podiceps cristatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaſnånes&lt;/font&gt;
**red-necked grebe ''Podiceps grisegena'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuðmonënånes&lt;/font&gt;
**black-necked grebe ''Podiceps nigrocollis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸåſnëmonënånes&lt;/font&gt;

==Procelariiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;meħtiirtëćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Diomedeidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;albatross&lt;/font&gt; ''Diomedia spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħtiirtaɱes&lt;/font&gt;

==Psittaciformes &lt;font color=green&gt;gaȝćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*&lt;font color=red&gt;parrot&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;gaȝes&lt;/font&gt;

==Strigiformes &lt;font color=green&gt; &lt;font color=green&gt;ulćaxas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;==
*Strigidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ulvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**Scops owl ''Otus scops'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;jipes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kyypiä&lt;/font&gt;, ''B. bubo'')
**eagle owl ''B. bubo'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ules&lt;/font&gt;
**snowy owl ''Bubo scandiaca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;unpuϙes&lt;/font&gt;
**tawny owl ''Strix aluco'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;veerules&lt;/font&gt;
**great grey owl ''Strix nebulosa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħeerɱules&lt;/font&gt;
**Ural owl ''Strix uralensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;menźules&lt;/font&gt;
**pygmy owl ''Glaucidium passerinum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ulĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**long-eared owl ''Asio otus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;uſules&lt;/font&gt;
**little owl ''Athene noctua'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;minŭules&lt;/font&gt;
*Tytonidae &lt;font color=green&gt;lénðulvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**barn owl ''Tyto alba'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;uges&lt;/font&gt;

==Upupiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;opofćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Upupidae &lt;font color=green&gt;opofvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**hoopoe ''Upupa epops'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;opopes&lt;/font&gt;

=Paleognathes &lt;font color=green&gt;źeerϙelunaɱees&lt;/font&gt;=
==Struthioniformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ȝaanćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Casuariidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸaſŭarvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;cassowary&lt;/font&gt; ''C. casuarius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaſŭares&lt;/font&gt;
*Dinornithidae
*Dromaiidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ȝaanlëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;emu&lt;/font&gt; ''Dromaius novaehollandia'' ȝaanles
*Rheidae &lt;font color=green&gt;nĭandëvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;rhea&lt;/font&gt; ''Rhea sp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nĭandes&lt;/font&gt;
*Struthionidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ȝaanvaalas&lt;/font&gt;
**†[[wikipedia:ostrich#evolution|great ostrich]] ''Megastruthio celox'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝaanes&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;ostrich&lt;/font&gt; ''Struthio camelus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝaanes&lt;/font&gt;

==Tinamiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;?ćaxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Tinamidae</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Syntax misc</title>
    <id>2714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13868</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-15T11:13:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Syntactical Miscellany ==

===Paired conjunctions===

A conjunction may appear as a pair, introducing sucessive clauses, each instance of the conjunction having sucessive meanings

;gog... gog:either/or

nellodahi gog rikil gog vlakh su
{|
|nello||dah|| i || gog || rik||il || gog || vlakh || su
|-
|worthy ||be||3p || either || man||this || or || folk || whole
|}

Either this man is worthy, or the whole folk is.

;ushu... ushu:neither/nor

nellodahishe ushu rikil ushu vlakh su
{|
|nello||dah||i||she || ushu || rik||il || ushu || vlakh || su
|-
|worthy||be||3p||neg || neither || man||this || nor || folk || whole
|}
     
Neither is this man worthy, nor is the whole folk.

;enge... enge:even/still

enge nellodahiazh rikil, enge nellodahishe vlakh su
{|
|enge || nello||dah||i||azh || rik||il || enge || nello||dah||i||she || vlakh ||su
|-
|even || worthy||be||3p||cond || man||this || still || worthy||be||3p||neg || folk || whole
|}

Even if this man is worthy, the whole folk is not.

===Comparisons===

The conjunction

;arra:than, as

may be used in comparisons.

nello'ezhmdahi rikil arra vlakh su
{|
|nello||ezhm||dah||i || rik||il || arra || vlakh || su
|-
|worthy||comp||be||3p ||man||this || than || folk || whole
|}

This man is worthier than the whole folk

nellodahilt vlakh su arra rikil
{|
|nello||dah||i||lt || vlakh || su || arra || rik||il
|-
|worthy||be||3p||imp || folk || whole || as || man||this
|}
May the whole folk be as worthy as this man.


===Nouns as first and second person subjects===

If the subject of a first or second person verb is a noun, then that noun is identified with the speaker or hearer

tæpa Kæshroþrast enil!
{|
|tæp||a || Kæshroþrast || en||il
|-
|command||1p || Kæshroþrast || thing||this
|}
I, Kæshroþrast, command this!

{{NavBar|Back_dest=Khangaþyagon Questions etc|Back_name=Questions, Commands, Conditionals and Counterfactuals|Up_dest=Khangaþyagon Syntax|Up_name=Syntax|Next_dest=Khangaþyagon Babel Text|Next_name=The Babel Text}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Keko dc</title>
    <id>2730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>13913</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-19T23:51:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conlanger</username>
        <id>46</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Se m'ha ocorregut que podies estar fent alguna cosa per ací, en looc de per Wikia/Conlang, però tampoc he vist que hi has deixat cap dubte, ja veus que aixó de les ''ideollengües'' dóna per a molt en Internet... Bé, ja em diràs el què, però millor que ho facis a meua pàgina de discussió en &lt;span class=plainlinks&gt;[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/User:Conlanger Wikia]&lt;/span&gt; per simplificar les coses. '''[[User:Conlanger|Conlanger]]''' &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Conlanger|talk]]&lt;/small&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/User:Conlanger Wikia]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 16:51, 19 September 2006 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etimri</title>
    <id>2731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54780</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-02T03:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Allophones */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Faranit
|pronounce=/ɛ-'''''tɪ'''''-mʁi/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=Trovog penninsula and coast southeast of there
|no=~3 million
|script=Faranih and Romanized Equivalent
|tree=Descendant of [[Proto-Etimri]]
|morph=inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SOV
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=August 2006}}
Etimri is a language spoken on and southeast of the Timeritah or Trovog penninsula on the continent of [[Lhined]]. The language contains several [[Faranit]] loan words, but shows very little, if any, linguistic relation.

==Phonology and Orthography==
*&quot;General&quot; Consonants: /d b p t k g h j r x ɣ ʃ ʒ m n ŋ s z f ʋ/
**Romanized As: &lt;d b p t k g h j r c gh sh zh m n ng s z f v&gt;
*Affricatives: /ʦ ʣ p-f b-v ʧ ʤ/
**Romanized As: &lt;ts dz pf bv tsh dzh&gt;
*Vowels: /ɑ e ɛ i o ɔ u ø y/
**Romanized As: &lt;a ai e i o au u ou y&gt;
*Phonological Constraints: (C)(approximant)V(C)
**Exception: Approximant+Approximant+V(+C) is not allowed
**Exception: /j w/ can not be the coda.

==Allophones==
*/i u/ shift to [ɪ ʊ] when in a stressed syllable.
*/xi ɣi/ shift to [çi ʝi]
*/xu/ shift to [χu]
*/e o/ when stressed shift to [eːoː]

==Phonology Chart==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|x&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɣ}} 
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|j}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Affricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|p-f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b-v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʦ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʣ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʧ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʤ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

==Pronouns, Conjugations, and Declensions==
[[Etimri pronouns]], [[Etimri Conjugations]] and [[Etimri Declensions]]

==Syntax==
Etimri is dechticaetiative, meaning direct objects of monotransitive verbs are in the same case as indirect objects for ditransitive verbs.

 pvi motsh cuto
 1PSINGNOM 2PSING'''''DAT''''' throw.STAT
 I'm throwing you.

&quot;motsh&quot; is the second person familiar accusitive for monotransitive verbs, but dative for ditransitive verbs.

 pvi motsh dvidz cuto
 1PSINGNOM 2PSING'''''DAT''''' 3PFEMSING'''''DECH''''' throw
 I'm throwing it to you.

Etimri has an interesting interrogative system. There are two sets of interrogative pronouns that are used, the responsive and the interruptive sets. The responsive set is used to question what another person has said or ask for more detail. The interruptive set is used to ask about a distantly related or unrelated topic and start a new topic or conversation. For example:

 A: pvi foug ke fjeka
 B: nav ngid ke fjeke?

meaning-

 A: I it.ACC.MASC not like (I don't like it)
 B: You which.R.MASC not like? (You don't like which?)

The responsive form is used as the question directly responds and expands on the statement. The second person could have more colloquially answered &quot;ngid?&quot; as it would have been clear from context what was meant. A more formal version would have asked, &quot;nav ngid ke fjeke?&quot;, substituting the formal pronoun. An example of using the interruptive is-

 A: pvi foug ke fjeka
 B: pvi shizo. fong shoh tetsid njoc?

meaning-

 A: I it.ACC.MASC not like (I don't like it)
 B: I come to understand. It time which is being? (I understand. What time is it?)

Because the question is about another topic, the interrogative is interruptive instead of responsive. The usual intonation
pattern is ignored for questions, where a rising tone is inserted. Informational questions, as shown above, substitute an interrogative pronoun for the subject, object, or compliment. Affirmative-Negative questions, however, use a similar construction to Chinese:

 A: nav shizor ke shizor?
 B: pvi shizo

meaning-

 A: You come to understand not come to understand? (You understand, not understand?)
 B: I come to understand (I understand)

The verb is repeated, once negated, once affirmative. General form is to put the affirmative form first.

The imperative is formed by omitting the subject:

 pfete
 think

Objects are kept before the verb.

 foug cutor
 it.MASC throw

The use of the phrase, ''des njetsh ep'', it may be that, is used before imperatives to indicate a more familiar atmosphere or a more gentle command or even a simple desire or wish. For example:

 des njetsh ep foug cutor
 it be.SUBJ that it.MASC throw
 Would you throw it?

An important issue, unaddressed until now, is the dynamic and static distinction in Etimri. A verb can be conjugated in a static or dynamic form, changing its meaning. For example, the verb pfetroush can mean think in its static forms, but means question or interrogate in its dynamic forms. Another example is cutoush, which can mean throw (dynamically) or fly (statically). The essential distinction is that dynamic forms denote a change in state whereas static forms simply denote action. This is most obvious in the verb ngro, to be (statically) or to become (dynamically). The most common example, however, is that of fjekoush, which means to love/like (statically) or to fall in love (with). For example:

 pvi motsh fjeka
 I thee love.STAT.PRES.PROG.1P.SING
 I love you.

versus-

 pvi motsh fjeko
 I thee love.DYN.PRES.PROG.1P.SING
 I'm falling in love with you.

Tenses are also quite complex, as evident in the article [[Etimri Conjugations]]. Two auxiliary verbs, ngro and dzoush, are used heavily by speakers. There are both perfect and progressive past, a progressive present, a future, a subjunctive, and a conditional tense.

A few examples-

The Static Past Perfect:
 pvi motsh fjekat
 I loved you.

The Dynamic Past Perfect:
 pvi motsh fjeket
 I fell in love with you.

The Static Past Imperfect:
 pvi dza motsh fjekoush
 I come from love you. (I come from loving you = I was loving you)

The Dynamic Past Imperfect:
 pvi dzo motsh fjekoush
 I come from fall-in-love-with you. (I come from falling in love with you = I was falling in love with you)

The Static Future:
 pvi motsh fjekur
 I will love you.

The Dynamic Future:
 pvi motsh fjekair
 I will fall in love with you.

The Static Conditional:
 pvi njetsh motsh fjekoush
 I would love you.

The Dynamic Conditional:
 pvi njai motsh fjekoush
 I would fall in love with you.

The Static Conditional:
 pvi njous motsh fjekoush
 (if) I were to love you.

The Dynamic Conditional:
 pvi njash motsh fjekoush
 (if) I were to fall in love with you.

The use of the past progressive is used to highlight the habitual, processive, or repeated nature of the action, while the past perfect is used to denote a single or quick action. 

For instance,

 pvi motsh fjekat
 I thee love.STAT.PAST.PER.1P.SING
 I loved you.

stresses the singular period of love and its centralness to the action. Instead,

 pvi dza motsh fjekoush
 I come.STAT.PRES.1P.SING thee love
 I was (in) love (with) you.

stresses the longer period over which the love took place and its possible role as backdrop, as it is often used for side stories or phrases only slightly connected with the speaker's main point. (I was in love (PROGRESSIVE) with you, while I ate (PERFECT) this soup.)

The subjunctive is used to denote impossible or highly unlikely events, whereas the conditional is mere possibilities. In short, the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, and negative moods form a spectrum of likelihood from definate to possible to incredible to impossible, respectively, rather than the English structure, which focuses on the syntactic role more than probability.

For example,

 des njetsh foug fjekoush?
 She be.COND him love?

makes evident that it is questionable that she loves him, but does not suggest its implausibility. In the subjunctive, however,

 des njous foug fjekoush?
 She be.SUBJ him love?

denotes that this is highly contrary to other evidence or previous knowledge. This all contrasts with,

 des foug fjeko
 she him love(s).

which can no longer serve as a question, instead the conditional would be used. There are limited other roles for the subjunctive and conditional moods. All of the above could reverse meaning through a simple negative particle to negate the verb or one of several negative prefixes.

==Stress and Pitch==
Stress usually falls on the second syllable. Accompanying this is a pitch system. Stressed syllables and syllables immeadiately following stressed syllables have a high pitch. Syllables immeadiately preceding the stressed syllable have low pitch. All other syllables have medium pitch. Thus:

 ted-RO-gez-e
 L-H-H-M

==Adjectives==
Adjectives decline for gender. The masculine ending is &lt;-d&gt; while feminine adjectives end in &lt;-f&gt;. There are few irregular adjectives.

==Articles==
Only two articles exist, zhi and hjo. Zhi is definite (specifies one of the object) and hjo is indefinite (does not specify as one particular object. There are no plural forms. There demonstratives, quantities, or numbers are used. In many instances the articles are omitted.

==Lexicon==
[[Etimri Lexicon]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etimri pronouns</title>
    <id>2732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45808</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T18:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Charts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Etimri]] pronouns decline for the nominative, accusitive, dative, and possessive cases. Grammatical gender only exists in the third person. Also, formality and duality only exist in the second person. Inclusive and exclusive first person is not distinguished.

==Charts==
Nominative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| pvi (/pʋɪ/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| hain (/hen/)
  |-
  ! Second Person, Informal
  |align=center| nav (/nɑʋ/)
  |align=center| mai (/me/)
  |align=center| muts (/muʦ/)
  |-
  ! Second Person, Formal
  |align=center| mebv (/mɛb-v/)
  |align=center| mai (/me/)
  |align=center| muts (/muʦ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| fong (/foŋ/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| bish (/bɪʃ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| des (/dɛs/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| besh (/bɛʃ/)
  |-
|}


Monotransitive Accusitive and Ditransitive Dative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| poz (/poz/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| jets (/jɛʦ/)
  |-
  ! Second Person, Informal
  |align=center| motsh (/moʧ/)
  |align=center| zemotsh (/zɛmoʧ/)
  |align=center| met (/mɛt/)
  |-
  ! Second Person, Formal
  |align=center| mrot (/mʁot/)
  |align=center| mek (/mɛk/)
  |align=center| met (/mɛt/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| foug (/føg/) 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| bos (/bos/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| djedz (/djɛʣ/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| bos (/bos/)
  |-
|}


Ditransitive Accusative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| fin (/fɪn/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| hros (/hʀos/)
  |-
  ! Second Person, Informal
  |align=center| medzh (/mɛʤ/)
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Second Person, Formal
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| fjik (/fjɪk/) 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| dvidz (/dʋɪʣ/)
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| 
  |-
|}

Genitive
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| fa
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Second Person, Informal
  |align=center| nai
  |align=center| mai
  |align=center| nai
  |-
  ! Second Person, Formal
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| dvir
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| 
  |-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Pronouns</title>
    <id>2733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19624</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:42:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Faranit Pronouns]] moved to [[Faraneit Pronouns]]: orthographic change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Faraneit]] contains several personal pronouns. It has the standard singular and plural distinctions and a rarer, but still common, exculsive/inclusive distinction (atleast in the nominative). Other features foreign to English speakers are its animacy distinctions in the third person and the use of a fourth person. A unique aspect is it's split isolating and case system for the dative/ablative. The pronouns decline for nominative, accusitive, possessive, and (in most cases) ablative/dative cases.

Nominative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person, Exclusive
  |align=center| Hav (/ʔav/)
  |align=center| Velheib (/veɻɪb/)
  |-
  ! First Person, Inclusive
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| Feareih (/fɛɾɪʔ/)
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| Nor (/noɹ/)
  |align=center| Moaleih (/mɔlɪʔ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| Doan (/dɔn/)
  |align=center| Tip (/tip/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| Doam (/dɔm/)
  |align=center| Tip (/tip/)
  |-
  ! Fourth Person
  |align=center| Teareipeas (/tɛɾɪpɛs/)
  |align=center| Teareipeas (/tɛɾɪpɛs/)
  |-  
|}


Accusitive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| Hin (/ʔin/)
  |align=center| Fonein (/fonɪn/)
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| Mokein (/mokɪn/)
  |align=center| Molein (/molɪn/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| Dom (/dom/)
  |align=center| Teibein (/tɪbɪn/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| Dekein (/dekɪn/)
  |align=center| Teibein (/tɪbɪn/)
  |-
|}


Possessive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| Heaz (/ʔɛz/)
  |align=center| Voazeis (/vɔzɪs/)
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| Neireis (/nɪɾɪs/)
  |align=center| Meareas (/mɛɾɛs/)
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| Deis (/dɪs/)
  |align=center| Reiz (/ɹɪz/)
  |-
|}


Dative/Ablative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular Dative
  |align=center| Singular Ablative
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| Neih hav (/nɪʔav/)
  |align=center| Veit hav (/vɪt-ʔav/)
  |align=center| Vufheic (/vuθɪʕ/)
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| Neih nor (/nɪʔ-noɾ/)
  |align=center| Veit nor (/vɪt-noɾ/)
  |align=center| Keah (/kɛʔ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| Neih doan (/nɪʔ-dɔn/)
  |align=center| Veit doan (/vɪt-dɔn/)
  |align=center| Deusceac (/dʊʃɛʕ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| Neih doam (/nɪʔ-dɔm/)
  |align=center| Veit doam (/vɪt-dɔn/)
  |align=center| Deusceac (/dʊʃɛʕ/)
  |-
|}

NOTE: singulars are formed with the help of particles.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etimri Conjugations</title>
    <id>2734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17729</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-26T07:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Irregular Verbs */ ngro subjunctive</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Present Tenses==
Present Progressive Indicative Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -a 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -id 
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -e 
  |align=center| -our 
  |align=center| -our 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -ai 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ot 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -ai 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ot 
  |-
|}


Present Progressive Indicative Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -o 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -am 
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -or 
  |align=center| -or 
  |align=center| -or 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -izh 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -i
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -izh 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -i 
  |-
|}

==Past Progressive Tenses==
The corresponding present form of dzoush + infinitive

==Past Perfect Tenses==
Past Perfect Indicative Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -at 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -at
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -ip 
  |align=center| -ir 
  |align=center| -ir 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -ir 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ir 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -ir
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -at 
  |-
|}


Past Perfect Indicative Dynamic
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -et
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -et 
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -ef
  |align=center| -ef 
  |align=center| -ef
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -et
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -it 
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -et 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -it
  |-
|}

==Future Tenses==
Future Static

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -ur 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ur
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -ur
  |align=center| -ur
  |align=center| -ur
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -ur 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ur
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -ur
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ur 
  |-
|}


Future Dynamic

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -air 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -air
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -ite
  |align=center| -ite
  |align=center| -ite
  |-
  ! Third Person, Masculine
  |align=center| -ite 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ite
  |-
  ! Third Person, Feminine
  |align=center| -ite
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| -ite 
  |-
|}

==Subjunctive==
The corresponding subjunctive form of ngro + infinitive

==Conditional==
The corresponding conditional form of ngro + infinitive

==Irregular Verbs==
'''ngro = to be/become'''

Present Progressive Indicative Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| mish 
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njoc
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njoc
  |align=center| ngoc
  |align=center| ngoc
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njoc
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njoc
  |-
|}


Present Progressive Indicative Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| mje
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| ngos
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| ngos
  |align=center| ngos
  |align=center| ngos
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| ngos
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| ngos
  |-
|}


Past Progressive Indicative Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njof
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njof
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njof
  |align=center| njof
  |align=center| njof
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njof
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njof
 |-
|}


Past Progressive Indicative Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| nezh
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| nedzh
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| nedzh
  |align=center| nedzh
  |align=center| nedzh
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| nezh
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| nezh
 |-
|}


Past Aorist Indicative Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njot
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njot
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njot
  |align=center| njot
  |align=center| njot
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njot
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njot
 |-
|}


Past Aorist Indicative Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| mjo
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| mjo
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| mjo
  |align=center| mjo
  |align=center| mjo
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njog
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njog
 |-
|}

Subjunctive Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njous
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njous
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njous
  |align=center| njous
  |align=center| njous
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njous
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njous
 |-
|}

Subjunctive Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njash
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njash
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njash
  |align=center| njash
  |align=center| njash
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njash
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njash
 |-
|}

Conditional Static:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njetsh
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njetsh
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njetsh
  |align=center| njetsh
  |align=center| njetsh
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njetsh
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njetsh
 |-
|}

Conditional Dynamic:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Dual
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| njai
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njai
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| njai
  |align=center| njai
  |align=center| njai
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| njai
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| njai
 |-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etimri Lexicon</title>
    <id>2735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54767</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-01T03:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* k */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Etimri]]

==a==
ABVAMOUSH = ''v'' to pay attention

AZHO(F/D) = ''adj'' salty

AIE (/ɑiɛ/) = ''interj'' hey! say! oh!

==ai==
AIE (/eɛ/) = ''interj'' duh, of course 

==au==
AU = ''part'' again, once more, repeated action

AUTSHOUSH = ''v'' remember, recall

AUZOUSH = ''v'' to plow, to turn under (agricultural)

==b==
BASAIZH = &quot;nf&quot; rest-stop, a short stop for food or reposing, from Faraneit bafhej

BESH = ''prn'' 3p, plural, nom, fem

BISH = ''prn'' 3p, plural, nom, masc

BJED = ''nf'' shoreline, coastline

BJOUDZOUSH = ''v'' to recieve, to obtain, to have, to possess

BONIKAIZHOUSH = ''v'' to eat (a more polite, scientific term for it) borrowed from Faraneit boaneicej

BOTYS = &quot;mn&quot; metal borrowed from Western Measceineafh boʉs

==bv==
BVOC = ''nf'' passion

BVOGOUK = ''adv'' passionately, emotionally

BVOGOUSH = ''v'' to feel (emotionally)

BVOGU(F/D) = ''adj'' whiny, over-emotional

BVUC = ''nm'' occupation, job

BVUGHI = ''nf'' title

BVUGHJAT = ''nf'' name, title, description

==c==
CAIDZHNAI = ''nm'' orchard

CJEMJUK = ''adj'' gross, distasteful

CONG = ''mn'' blade, dagger

CUTOUSH = ''v'' to throw

CYNOUSH = ''v'' to have fun, to play

==d==
DATINGEV = ''fn'' exhaustion

DAI = &quot;mn&quot; goods, trading material, from Faraneit delh

DES = ''prn'' 3p, sing, nom, fem

DJARASH = ''n'' shrimp-like organisms used for food

DJEDZ = ''prn'' 3p, sing, acc, fem

==dz==
DZANOUSH = ''v'' to wait (for), to repose (intransitive)

DZAI = ''adv'' previous(ly)

DZAI(F/D) = ''adj'' previous, prior, ex-

DZOUSH = ''v'' to come, to leave

DZUGREZH = ''mn'' berry

DZY = ''mn'' taste, bit, bite, small amount

==dzh==
DZHI = ''adj'' sacred, excellent, awesome, great, wonderful, holy

DZHIMA = ''nm'' sacred grove

DZHOUDZUM = ''nm'' forests

==e==
EDVIZ = ''mn'' commodity, luxury, trading item, bargaining chip

EL = ''mn'' man, male

EMATSHA = ''fn'' behavior, action(s) (zero plural)

EMATSHATOUSH = ''v'' to act, to behave (in such a way), to have a certain air

EP = ''part'' of, belonging to, pertaining to, concerning

ESHJO(F/D) = ''adj'' pretty, beautiful

==f==
FEN = &quot;mn&quot; bitch, little thing/one (insulting), from Faraneit fean

FJEKO(F/D) = ''adj'' loving, lovely

FJEKOUSH = ''v'' to like, to love, to fall in love (with), to begin to like

FJICA = ''n'' platonic love

FONG = ''prn'' 3p, sing, nom, masc

FOUG = ''prn'' 3p, sing, acc, masc

FROUS = ''n'' innocent love

FVA(F/D) = ''adj'' correct, right, true

==g==
GETSHOUTS = ''n'' human(s)(irregular accusative: getshets)

GOTS = ''conj'' because

GRAIFI = ''n'' sexual act

GREFOUSH = ''v'' to lust after/for

GRETSH = ''n'' sexual objectification

GRIDZH = ''n'' sexual object

GRO(F/D) = ''adj'' lustful

GROUD = ''n'' lust

==gh==
GHRINGOUSH = ''v'' to want, to desire

==h==
HAIN = ''prn'' 1p, plural, nom

HI = ''part'' to, at, in, into (takes primary case to signify a completed movement/incorporation, dechticaetiative to signify a partial movment)

HJAZHOUSH = ''v'' to announce, to tell, to speak

HJO = ''art'' indef. a/an, some

HJIN = ''rel conj'' indicates that the subject of the prior sentence is the subject in the following statement

HYM = ''rel conj'' indicates the the subject of the prior statement is a non-subject in the following statement

==i==
IN = ''rel conj'' indicates that a non-subject of the prior sentence is the subject in the following

IM = ''rel conj'' indicates that a non-subject of the prior sentence is a non-subject in the following

==j==
JO(F/D) = ''adj'' gross, icky

==k==
KOU = ''adv'' a lot, very much, extremely

KE = ''adv'' not, ''n'' production center, artisan's work table (from Faraneit, ''keh'')

==m==
MAI = ''prn'' 2p, dual, nom

MEBV = ''prn'' 2p, sing, formal, nom

MERUFKA = ''nm'' masculine nickname

MODOUSH = ''v'' to hate, dislike, abhor

MORAIN = ''n f'' hope, prayer

MOTSH = ''prn'' 2p, sing, informal, acc

MUTS = ''prn'' 2p, plural, nom

==n==
NAIG = ''n'' fiat, decree

NAV = ''prn'' 2p, sing, nom

NIDOUSH = ''v'' to legislate, to decree, to consider

==ng==
NGAMOUSH = ''v'' doubt

NGIMI = ''prn'' and/but how many/much? (Responsive Pronoun)

NGIS = ''prn'' when? (RP)

NGI(F/D) = ''prn'' which? (RP)

NGJOUC = ''mn'' nut(s) (as in from trees)

NGRAI = ''mn'' stick, branch

NGRI(F/D) = ''prn'' what? who? (RP)

NGRO = ''v'' to be, to become

==o==
OPF = ''n'' one, single

OTSHE(F/D) = ''adj'' dry, barren, lacking

==ou==
OU = ''n'' sex, sexual acts

OU(F/D) = ''adj'' sexy, erotic

==p==
PANGATANG = ''n'' heartbeat, thump thump

PE- = ''prefix'' un- dis-

PVI = ''prn'' 1p, sing, nom

PJEPF = ''n'' thing, (some)thing, (any)thing

==pf==
PFETROUSH = ''v'' to ask, to interrogate, to question

PFIS = ''n f'' questionable activity, absurdity, insanity, conspiracy, treachery, treason

PFVA = ''n m'' a cough, a hack, a weeze

PFU = ''n f'' type, sort, kind, genre

PFVOUSH = ''v'' to cough, to weeze, to hack

==r==
RAIPIR = &quot;mn&quot; dessert, sweet/delicious food, honey, from Faraneit lepir

REFSHA(F/D) = ''adj'' cool, fresh

RI = ''prn'' why? huh? (Responsive Form)

RISHA = ''n'' universe, world

RIZE = ''n'' jewel, gem, piece of jewelry, from Faraneit lizealh

ROUD = ''n fem'' here (acc roun)

ROUZOUSH = ''v'' to eat, drink, consume

==s==
SEBTSOUSH = ''v'' to speak (IN a language, a point/argument, in a certain fashion; not a specific word, any specific series of words, A language)

SECUT = ''mn'' amaranth, from Faraneit fheaqut

SOD = ''fn'' promiscuous woman (middle register, casual but polite), from Faraneit fhod

SY(F/D) = ''adj'' near, around, close, about

==sh==
SHOH = ''n m'' time, part of day, period

SHIZOUSH = ''v'' to understand, to comprehend

SHURA(F/D) = ''adj'' cold, clammy, chilly

==t==
TAKE = ''n m'' a home, a dwelling 

TASHAR = ''mn'' threshhold, doorway, opening, begining

TEDROGEZE = ''adv'' occasionally

TEN = ''prn'' how much/many? IP

TETSI(D/F) = ''prn'' which? IP

TI = ''mn&quot; lean-to, shoddy shelter, from Western Measceineafh tɨ

TISI(D/F) = ''prn'' what? IP

TISH = ''prn'' when IP

TJEN = ''prn'' how? IP

TVO = ''conj'' and, also, in addition

==ts==
TSIPF = ''nm'' path, route, road

TSOU = ''nm'' outsiders (mass count noun)

==tsh==
TSHIGHOUSH = ''v'' to use, to make use (of)

TSHOUSH = ''v'' to know (intangible form)

==u==
UZHOUSH = ''v'' to be made from, to be derived from
==y==
YTSH = ''nf'' fire, flame

==v==
VEDZ = ''mn'' area, place, location

VRETSH = ''n'' loser, pathetic person, failure (person)

==z==
ZASH = ''adj'' warm, hot

ZOUSH = ''v'' to make, to produce, to build, to do

==zh==
ZHI = ''art'' definate, the

ZHIDA(F/D) = &quot;adj&quot; equal, fair, equivalent, from Faraneit jid

ZHIKOC = &quot;fn&quot; profit, revenue, from Faraneit jikosc

ZHIKOCOUSH = ''v'' to profit, to make money, to sell things

ZHIKY = ''mn'' seller, merchant

ZHIM = &quot;fn&quot; cost, price, from Faraneit jeim

ZHRANGANG = ''nf'' lightning

ZHUK = ''interj'' shoot, damnit</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:WAEllison</title>
    <id>2736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14030</id>
      <timestamp>2006-09-26T23:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAEllison</username>
        <id>256</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Bikalyo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bikalyo</title>
    <id>2737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17829</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T14:08:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAEllison</username>
        <id>256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

Bikalyo (''Bq'alio'' in its own language) is an ''a priori'' conlang created by William Ellison.

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Bikalyo'''&lt;br&gt;'''Bq'alio'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||(N/A)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(N/A)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||(N/A)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Constructed languages&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Artistic languages&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;''a priori'' languages&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Bikalyo'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Agglutinative
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative/Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||William Ellison ||2006
|}

In creating the language, Ellison wanted to create something at once human and yet alien, something that might seem like a language created by a society, but one also something that might seem to be created by an alien civilization light-years away.


== Phonology ==
  ''Main article:  [[Bikalyo phonology]]''

== Orthography ==
  ''Main article:  [[Bikalyo orthography]]''

== Writing ==
Ellison elected to use the Roman alphabet, albeit with some modifications, to represent the sounds of his language.  Some letterforms used in Bikalyo are quite common in Eastern European languages, such as &quot;š,&quot; but others stem from Scandinavian languages, such as &quot;þ.&quot;  Here is the complete alphabet:
  Aa Bb Dd Ee Əə Ff Gg GH/Gh Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Šš Tt Þþ Ww Uu Yy Zz

== Grammar ==
  ''Main article:  [[Bikalyo grammar]]''

Bikalyo is a VSO language in most uses, but the occasional rhetorical usage might be accomplished in SOV, and some grammatical constructions are more easily expressed in SOV.

===Postpositions===
Postpositions can indicate the functions of some words, if such a distinction is needed.  These postpositions can indicate certain senses of the word being modified, or they can indicate what might be indicated by prepositions in English.  An example:

  Ql'myren qil' ghal'lad gh'qat'igh ig elilisiþ'yuq.
  ''That is my seafood in the refrigerator.''

===Verbs===
All Bikalyo verbs end in ''-am''.  They head the sentence and conjugate for mood, tense, and positive/negative, rather like some aspects of the Japanese verb.


== Sample texts ==
Sample texts will be added later.

[[Category:Bikalyo language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bikalyo grammar</title>
    <id>2738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17834</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T14:14:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAEllison</username>
        <id>256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added category link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

Bikalyo (''Bq'alio'' in its own language) is a VSO language with an agglutinative morphology and grammatical elements inspired by English, French, and Japanese, the three languages of its creator.


[[Category:Bikalyo language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilushan</title>
    <id>2739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35010</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T13:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jashan</username>
        <id>200</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Language'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n/a
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n/a
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||0
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||''Unknown isolate''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||Varies
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Isolating
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Created by:'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
||[[:User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]] ||1999?
|}

Ilushan was a thought-project originally meant to experiment with a uniquely [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism Satanic] language.  It had specific design goals of:

*A 'softer' verbal flow, with a sound somewhat resembling French. 

*A writing system which is both logical, phonemically exact (no duplicate letters, etc), and useable in a mathematic mystical manner, similar to the Jewish and Greek gematria traditions.

*Moral-relativist base (no terms for &quot;sin,&quot; &quot;damnation,&quot; &quot;evil,&quot; &quot;good,&quot; as absolutes) 

*Primarily mono- and duo-syllabic for core words; isolative morphology and syntactical forms.

*Majority of regular rules, with minimal exceptions (to simplify ease of learning)


===Phonology and Orthography ===
The traditional alphabet is recognized to consist of 18 letters (5 vowels and 13 consonants). The core 18 letters are listed in bold below, with their written form, followed by their phonetic value, then an approximate pronunciation, then finally their spoken name. Additionally, there are 6 so-called &quot;soft letters&quot; which, although they have their own distinct letter-name, are written as variants of the 18 core letters. These are listed in italics. There are 5 diphthongs, which are not considered separate letters, but which are listed here for phonemic completion. Two semi-vowels (y and w) are used in Roman spelling, although they were not present in the traditional script.


{| border=1 width=50%
  ! Roman Script || IPA || Letter Name || Category
  |-
  |align=center| a
  |align=center| {{IPA|[a]}}
  |align=center| a
  |align=center rowspan=5| Vowel
  |-
  |align=center| e
  |align=center| [ɛ]
  |align=center| e
  |-
  |align=center| i
  |align=center| [ɪ]
  |align=center| i
  |-
  |align=center| o
  |align=center| {{IPA|[o]}}
  |align=center| o
  |-
  |align=center| u
  |align=center| [ʊ]
  |align=center| u
  |-
  |height=8|
  |-
  |align=center| ae, ai
  |align=center| {{IPA|[ai]}}
  |align=center rowspan=5| n/a
  |align=center rowspan=5| Diphthong
  |-
  |align=center| au
  |align=center| {{IPA|[au]}}
  |-
  |align=center| ei
  |align=center| {{IPA|[e]}}
  |-
  |align=center| ii
  |align=center| {{IPA|[o]}}
  |-
  |align=center| u
  |align=center| {{IPA|[u]}}
  |-
  |height=8|
  |-
  |align=center| y
  |align=center| {{IPA|[j]}}
  |align=center rowspan=2| n/a
  |align=center rowspan=2| Semi-Vowel/Glide
  |-
  |align=center| w
  |align=center| {{IPA|[w]}}
  |-
  |height=8|
  |-
  |align=center| b
  |align=center| {{IPA|[b]}}
  |align=center| bei
  |align=center rowspan=13| Core Consonants
  |-
  |align=center| c 'or' k
  |align=center| {{IPA|[k]}}
  |align=center| ka
  |-
  |align=center| d
  |align=center| {{IPA|[d]}}
  |align=center| dei
  |-
  |align=center| g
  |align=center| {{IPA|[g]}}
  |align=center| ga
  |-
  |align=center| h
  |align=center| {{IPA|[h]}}
  |align=center| ha
  |-
  |align=center| l
  |align=center| {{IPA|[l]}}
  |align=center| il
  |-
  |align=center| m
  |align=center| {{IPA|[m]}}
  |align=center| mei
  |-
  |align=center| n
  |align=center| {{IPA|[n]}}
  |align=center| na
  |-
  |align=center| p
  |align=center| {{IPA|[p]}}
  |align=center| pei
  |-
  |align=center| r
  |align=center| [ɣ]
  |align=center| ra
  |-
  |align=center| s
  |align=center| {{IPA|[s]}}
  |align=center| sei
  |-
  |align=center| t
  |align=center| {{IPA|[t]}}
  |align=center| tei
  |-
  |align=center| z
  |align=center| {{IPA|[z]}}
  |align=center| zei
  |-
  |height=8|
  |-
  |align=center| bh
  |align=center| {{IPA|[v]}}
  |align=center| bhei
  |align=center rowspan=6| &quot;Soft&quot; Letters
  |-
  |align=center| ch
  |align=center| {{IPA|[tʃ]}}
  |align=center| cha
  |-
  |align=center| ph
  |align=center| {{IPA|[f]}}
  |align=center| phei
  |-
  |align=center| sh
  |align=center| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
  |align=center| sha
  |-
  |align=center| th
  |align=center| {{IPA|[θ]}}
  |align=center| thei
  |-
  |align=center| zh
  |align=center| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
  |align=center| zha
  |}


===Alphabet Arrangement===
The traditional arrangement of the alphabet is almost identical to the standard Phoenician-derived order (which can be seen in the Hebrew, Greek, and Roman alphabets, among others). Keep in mind that while soft letters are considered to be part of the alphabet, diphthongs and semi-vowels are not (and strictly speaking, the soft letters are not part of the &quot;core&quot; system, as mentioned):


&lt;center&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;'''a'''     b     ''bh''     c     ''ch''     d     '''e'''     g     h     '''i'''     l     m     n     '''o'''     p     ''ph''     r     s     ''sh''     t     ''th''     '''u'''     z     ''zh''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/center&gt;


Although the Roman alphabetic order has been adopted for most standard usage, for symbolic writing and occult functions, there still exists the traditional order of the letters.

Traditionally, the 18 core letters were divided into three [3] groups (called ''itre'' or ''l'itre'' in plural) of 6 letters, in the following order:


*'''First Set''' (''Itre A''): a, pei, tei, sei, ka, ha 

*'''Second Set''' (''Itre E''): e, bei, dei, zei, ga, o 

*'''Third Set''' (''Itre I''): i, mei, il, na, ra, u 


The following patterns can be seen intrinsic to the groupings of the sets:


'''A)''' The first member of the itre is [a], which is the low front vowel (and the first vowel in the alphabetic order). It is followed by voiceless core consonants, in order of their increasing &quot;backness&quot; of place of articulation (''i.e.'' [p] is most-forward, being bilabial; then [t], which is apico-dental and slightly further back; [s] which is apico-alveolar; and [k] which is velar). The final member of the series is [h], which, while commonly considered a consonant by literate people, may more accurately be described as a voiceless vocal resonant. That it, it is the voiceless equivalent of a vowel.


'''E)''' The first member of the second itre is [e], which is the mid-level front vowel (and the second vowel in the alphabetic order). It is followed by voiced core consonants, in order of their increasing &quot;backness&quot; of place of articulation (and thus match perfectly as the voiced versions of the consonants in the A-set). The final member of the series is [o], which is the mid-level back vowel (and which is, of course, voiced, as opposed to the &quot;voiceless vowel&quot; at the end of the A-set).


'''I)''' The first member of the third itre is [i], which is the high front vowel (and the third vowel in the alphabetic order). It is followed by nasal and liquid core consonants (both categories have extremely prominant vowel-like qualities, which makes them distinct from other classes of consonants), although these do not follow the previously-seen &quot;place of articulation&quot; ordering.  The final member of the series is [u], which is the high back vowel.


In summary, the patterns can be written as follows:

*'''A)''' low-front vowel + voiceless core consonant (ordered) + voiceless 'vowel'

*'''E)''' mid-front vowel + voiced core consonant (ordered) + mid-back vowel

*'''I)''' high-front vowel + liquid/nasal (unordered) + high-back vowel


What of the 'soft' letters? There is a fourth itre, consisting of these letters. The fourth set, while unofficial, is still sometimes used:


*'''&quot;Whispered Set&quot;''' (''Itre Damai''): phei, bhei, thei, sha, zha, cha 


The pattern seen here is that the letters are ordered based on the place of articulation of the core letter of which they are 'variants' , and their voice-status (voiceless before voiced, similar to how the voiceless A-set precedes the voiced E-set). As diphthongs have never been considered part of the alphabetical system, there is no set which includes them.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bikalyo orthography</title>
    <id>2740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17835</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T14:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAEllison</username>
        <id>256</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

''Bikalyo orthography'' concerns the spelling rules of the [[Bikalyo]] language as created by William Ellison.

[[Category:Bikalyo language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sirica</title>
    <id>2741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44295</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T13:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Name==

''And yes, so did the Guiding Mind give her body and, melding into the mind of the greatships, bring her peoples out of calamity. The peoples that had faith gave themselves unto her judgement and her wisdom, and she led them out of fire and suffering; for this does the Guiding Mind not deserve praise? Yet she rejected it, and all titles within her life; she requested only to be called Sirica, the name of her birth and upbringing...''

-- &quot;Records of the Guiding Mind&quot;

==Works==

Creations include:

*[[Lein Dynasty]] The present focus.

==Things to Do==

*Fill in a Things to Do list</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44578</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-02T19:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Lein Dynasty''' ([[Itarakoske]]: Kerana ne-i-Lein) was a dynasty which ruled over the [[Realm of the Tarakasane]], the fifth such imperial dynasty to be historically attested to. Ruling over the Tarakasane for 546 years and over 27 Emperors, the dynasty was the first centralised dynasty of the Empire, representing a crucial break from the semi-feudal governmental tradition of previous dynasties.

==History==

''Main page: [[History of the Lein Dynasty]]''

===Beginnings===

The [[House of the Lein|ruling house of the dynasty]] traces its history back to the [[Murna Dynasty]], when Lein Tegar berInsan was appointed to be the hereditary prefect of a county-sized fief near [[Lake Ernugs]], one of the sources of the [[Atgama River]]. By the late [[Hara Dynasty]], which succeeded the Muma, the Lein had become one of the most powerful nobles within the realm. In 156 Hara, [[Lein Durun berHikas]], the Great Progenitor of the Dynasty, led a revolt against the Hara over disputes regarding tribute, and after a [[Founding of the Lein Dynasty|9 year war]] succeeded in supplanting the Hara and establishing his own regime.

==Government==

''Main page: [[Government of the Lein Dynasty]]''

The Lein Dynasty was the first dynasty, ruling over the Tarakasane, to fully reform and centralise its government. This move towards centralisation began from the very founding of the dynasty; Lein Durun's successful revolt had convinced him of the dangers in giving power and fiefs. While the feudal system of bestowments continued throughout the dynasty, it was conceived of more as an honours system than one giving actual power (though there were some important exceptions).

==Economy==

''Main page: [[Economy of the Lein Dynasty]]''

==Society and Culture==

''Main page: [[Lein Society]]''

==Military==

''Main page: [[Military of the Lein Dynasty]]''

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Tarakasane]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14195</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-05T07:54:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''The main article for this page is [[Lein Dynasty]].''

This category is a list of pages concerning the Lein Dynasty, one of the zeniths of Tranon civilisation and power.

[[Category:Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Feudal Lords of the Nar Dynasty</title>
    <id>2744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14228</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-06T16:19:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The House of Lein started its rise to power as one of many feudal lords granted fiefs by the Emperors of the Nar Dynasty; while they would end up toppling their masters, the Lein family nonetheless gained a great reputation as skilled defenders and supporters of the Empire throughout its tenure; the placement of their fief in the northern plains, facing both the nomads of the east and the numerous hostile kingdoms and states of the west, also helped it in this sense.

The Lein fief was granted to Lein Asuteni berBasan in Nar 14 by Emperor Nar Nogul berEvison, for services rendered as a general during a campaign against rebel forces in the south of the Empire. After him the Lein would rule their fief until the end of the Dynasty, with frequent expansions from conquest and from rewards in victory. This is a list of the rulers of the Lein fief from Nar 14 onwards.
----

'''Lein Asuteni berBasan'''

Lifetime: Naza 103 - Nar 25 (41 years) 

Tenure: Nar 14 - Nar 25


'''Lein Hisaba berAsuteni'''

Lifetime: Nar 2 - Nar 38 (36 years)

Tenure: Nar 25 - Nar 38


'''Lein Namito berHisaba'''

Lifetime: Nar 26 - Nar 82 (46 years)

Tenure: Nar 38 - Nar 82


'''Lein Verasur berNamito'''

Lifetime: Nar 57 - Nar 96 (39 years)

Tenure: Nar 82 - Nar 96


'''Lein Iharas berVerasur'''

Lifetime: Nar 83 - Nar 104 (21 years)

Tenure: Nar 96 - Nar 104


'''Lein Hikas berNimisur'''

Lifetime: Nar 78 - Nar 120 (42 years)

Tenure: Nar 104 - Nar 120


'''[[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein|Lein Durun berHikas]]'''

Lifetime: Nar 102 - Lein 16 (46 years)

Tenure: Nar 120 - Nar 132 (As Lord of the Lein Fief)

The last of the Lein Lords, Lein Durun inherited the fief at the age of 18 and immediately continued his father's war against the other feudal states, which would end only 12 years later with his coronation as the Emperor of the Lein Dynasty. 

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:House of Lein]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emperor's Attendants (Lein)</title>
    <id>2745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14223</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-06T13:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Emperor's Attendants''' (Itrani: Ireshnon ne-Tairazun) is an office of the Internal Court, consisting almost exclusively of females, who serve as the Emperor's personal servants, responsible for such diverse things as his room, bedding arrangements, and even his bathwater. While it is administratively not an important office, its proximity to the centre of Imperial power often gives it disproportionate weight in the political landscape.

These attendants are basically the equivalent of the Emperor's personal servants, and most often there are around 30 to 60 of them for any Emperor at one time; Lein Jungi, the tyrannical third ruler of the dynasty, had more than 400, many of them snatched from their families for their looks, and he often used them for sexual purposes. While this particular case is the most widely known and loathed, that other emperors also carry out such acts is also true.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Transcription Office</title>
    <id>2746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14106</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-01T09:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Emperor's Transcription Office''' (Itrani: Nebo Skresatami ne-Tairazun) is an office situated in the Internal Court, answerable to the Emperor himself, and responsible for his daily matters as well as for administrative functions including the drafting and proofreading of edicts, the recording of Imperial Conference minutes, and other such matters, in effect serving as the Emperor's secretaries. 

This office was founded by Lein Durun, upon his founding of the Lein Dynasty itself. A unique feature of this office is that it is staffed exclusively by females.

==History==

The 12-year war that ultimately installed Lein rule thoughout the realms of the Tranon, as well as the highly centralised system of government that Lein Durun introduced to help ensure the future stability of the empire, also meant a hugely increased workload for the Emperor himself. Whereas most previous rulers of the Empire, or of huge Imperial fiefs, had to write their own edicts and read all petitions, this was recognised early on as being almost impossible for a single person to achieve, if he had the entire Empire under his view. 

It was to this end that the new Emperor, while consolidating his new dynasty and overseeing the expansion of the bureaucracy, organised the Transcription Office to better handle this work. Why females were chosen has not been made very clear, though the emphasis often is for females from non-noble families to be promoted directly to ths office for their skills; it is also well known that Lein Durun, who loved calligraphy but was far from skilled at it, simply preferred narrower, more elegant scripts whose authors tended to be women (Calligraphy was an art widely practiced by both genders amongst the Tranon, even though there were many females who were employed in dictation who actually did not know the meaning of the words they wrote). These females were often also chosen for their memory, and often did the work of looking for certain petitions, checking laws, and recalling the previous history of edicts, in essence serving as additional brains for the Emperor.

==Staff and Training==

The Office comprises: 

*The Transcription Section, headed by the Imperial Personal Secretary who is also the chief of the office, and responsible for drafting edicts and recording minutes; 
*The Readings Section, a team of proofreaders;
*The Literary Section, a team of talented poets who write for the Emperor's entertainment; and
*The Domestic Section, a team of high-ranking servants responsible for the Emperor's room's arrangements, his dress and decorum, who along with the Emperor's personal eunuchs also serve as his go-getters and runners within the Palace.

During the reign of Lein Loran, the four sections had staffs of 4, 4, 2 and 8 respectively; during the reign of Lein Sora, whose reign saw a huge expansion in the Imperial lands and accordingly in the workload of the offices, the sections had 12, 9, 4 and 10 people respectively.

Most staff of the Transcription Office have served as scribe girls in noble houses or other offices (where young girls used as scribes, with precise handwriting but without the comprehension of what exactly they are writing, are valuable workers); they are often selected at the age of 13 to 14 for their handwriting, intelligence, and other merits. Once selected, they are then put through gruelling training, including lessons in rote memorisation and calligraphy practice for days on end, to train them for their role; most of these girls then officially join the Office at around the age of 17 or 18, being personally selected by the Emperor after several examinations.

The skills of these girls in memory and speed of writing is legendary; many writers speak of 'mere young girls, who can recite a hundred edicts two days after reading them, without pause or hesitation'. While this may be an exaggeration, that the people are skilled and intelligent workers is beyond doubt. Many of these girls are often talented writers on their own merit, especially those within the Literary Section. 

Due to the nature of their memories, and the sort of information they are allowed access to, these women who serve the Emperor are also under heavy restrictions. Their building within the Palace Ground is under heavy guard, and they are not allowed to marry while they remain within the Office, which may be for up to 10 years. Six months before they are released, they are in effect locked away from the documents, in order to 'clear out' their memory and make it irrelevant. Even then, though these girls may be around 28 when they are finally eligible for marriage, they are nonetheless much sought after for their skills. Many of them, in the domestically oriented women's society of the Lein, became matriarchal figures of noble houses for their sheer ability.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperial Conference (Lein)</title>
    <id>2747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14436</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T04:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''Imperial Conference''' (Itrani: Hakure ne-i-Taitere) refers to a routine conference of officials, held once every two to five days, in the Hall of Lasting Order within Anyesir Palace. These conferences are attended by many important officials, including important generals, ministers, and often delegates from the provinces as and when they come, and are a crucially important means of decision-making within the Imperial Government, especially for major issues that require the Emperor's personal approvement or overview.

==Attendance and Agenda==

The usual Conference may involve scores of officials. Typically the roster of attending officials, as well as the agenda of the conference, will be prepared beforehand and submitted to the [[Lein Imperial Transcription Office|Transcription Office]], which then passes it on to the Tairazun for vetting. Once the Tairazun agrees with the agenda of the meeting, it is then held - normally the next day.

The Conference itself may have anywhere from thirty to fifty officials in attendance, as well as various secretaries, specially appointed officials to present information, and others who enter for one reason or another. The core list of attending officials include:

*The Ministers of the [[Six Ministries]], and the Overseers of the [[New Departments (Lein)|Two Offices]]
*The chiefs of the main Offices within each Ministry
*The General Grand Guardian of the Empire, as well as other generals who are ordered back for reports or for the submission of plans

This list alone would have occupied nearly forty high-ranking officials, to which are added the representatives of the Transcription Office, as well as the Crown Prince (if one is appointed), the Empress, and the Emperor. 

[[category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Constabulary</title>
    <id>2748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14142</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-02T13:42:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Organisation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Constabulary''' is the name for the main police force of the Lein Dynasty. Mostly responsible for and based within towns and cities, this force is charged with keeping law and order within their area, including such tasks as arrest, protection and guarding of installations, and street control in case of riots.

==History==

Before the Lein there was no central agency for law and order within the Empire, and even within separate feudal states such services were often restricted to the capital city of the fief itself. For the Lein fief, however, used to large-scale mobilisations or evacuations of the populace as and when war mandated it, the maintenance of such a force in cities and large towns was crucial to the running of the fief in emergencies, and the model was later used by [[Lein Durun]] and extended further by [[Lein Kasan]], his heir and the Second Emperor.

==Organisation==

The Constabulary's forces are mostly urban, and most cities therefore have a Chief Constable, whose office is almost always within that of the Chief Magistrate. The Chief Constable himself is considered subordinate to the magistrate.

Making use of the original Lein system, the men of the constabulary are divided into several ranks:

*Weire Vorasen (Chief Constable)
*Eovese (Superintendent)
*Falvorasen (Inspector)
*Vorasen (Constable)

Within the city, the Chief Constable (who can hold an official rank anywhere from the Inferior Fifth to the Superior Fourth rank) has myriad duties, including investigating crimes, keeping order in case of riots, arresting wanted criminals should they be found, fighting fires, and leading relief efforts should disasters affect the city. 

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Councils</title>
    <id>2749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14437</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T05:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term &quot;Imperial Conference&quot; (Itrani: Hakure ne-i-Taitere) or &quot;Imperial Council&quot; (Itrani: Dezukar ne-i-Taitere) is used within the Lein court to describe any conference held within the court where the Emperor himself, or someone holding a personal seal of authority and letter of recommendations from the Emperor, is in attendance. As can be expected these councils thus take myriad forms and can be organised into many groupings, from the grand Imperial Summoned Conference, to small, secret meetings.

==Imperial Conference==

While there is no clear-cut definition for what differentiates an Imperial Council from an Imperial Conference, the general agreement is that all meetings with the Emperor present, and which takes place within the Hall of Lasting Order, are considered Conferences. Another differentiating factor tends to be the size; Councils, taking place in rooms, may contain around ten men, but Conferences allow for hundreds to listen at the same time.

'''Summoned Conference'''

''Main article: [[Summoned Conference (Lein)]]''

A Summoned Conference refers to any Imperial conference where, besides the routine members of the government in attendance, other officials of relevant departments or regions are also called up to attend and present their views and information. Given the often large numbers of officials this summoning process tends to involve, as well as the large-scale disruptions to normal administrative matters, a Summoned Conference is mostly used as an emergency conference to discuss affairs of immense effect and weight, such as major natural disasters.

'''Imperial Conference'''

''Main article: [[Imperial Conference (Lein)]]''

An Imperial Conference is a routine meeting of important ministers and officials, presided by the Emperor, and normally held every two to five days (The requirement by law, as set by [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Emperor Athain]], is at least once every seven days). The primary role of these meetings is for officials to present important reports, memoranda and requests or requirements to the Emperor, as well as to other ministers; other than events pertaining to the Emperor himself, however, these other requests and requirements bewteen ministries and agencies are simply noted down and sorted out between the relevant agencies after the conference. 

Before every Conference, the Six Ministries and Inner Court are to submit the core issues for discussion; these issues are then sorted out by the Transcription Office and condensed for submission to the Emperor. Conferences can sometimes take an entire day, from sunrise to sunset, and involve tens of decisions. All minutes of these conferences are then taken down (and often committed to memory) by the secretary of the Transcription Office.

'''Imperial Council'''

''Main article: [[Lein Imperial Council]]''

If an issue happens to be too sensitive, secret or important to be discussed routinely in the Conferences, the official is then expected to submit a request for an Imperial Council. The Imperial Council comprises a small group of officials who gather to give necessary reports to the Emperor, and present highly important decisions for him; the work of organising such a small council is left up to the official, with the Emperor only approving to be present with a scribe, and woe betide the official who submits a council request without properly organising the meeting.

[[category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Inspectorate</title>
    <id>2750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14110</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-01T09:46:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Inspectorate''' or Samika (Itrani: Sabo Mikaraimi ne-i-Taitere, literally 'Office for Inspection of the Empire') is a governmental agency, founded by Lein Loran on the suggestion of his advisor Solu Mitandra; its respnsibility is to investigate wrongdoing and corruption in the civil service. As such it forms an important office within the Personnel Ministry whose aim is to manage the civil service itself.

One of the several agencies within the government with the special right of torture, the agents of the Inspectorate also have the almost unique right of 'Bai Sagornon', or 'No Officials', which means that their agents (so long as they present proof of identity during the arrest) may arrest officials of any rank or precedence, without regard for the rank or precedence of either the arrested or arresting official. These wide ranging powers, however, are curbed by the complete limitation of the Samika's powers to the civil service alone. 

The main roles of the Samika include investigating graft, collusion between officials and certain interests which will therefore undermine the Empire, as well as alleged oppression of the peoples of the Empire. As a watchdog agency with powers over all civil servants, and answerable only to the Prime Minister and the Emperor, the Samika was one of the main reasons for the relatively corruption-free period during the reign of the Four Great Emperors and subsequent strong emperors as well. 

==Quotes and Legal Basis==

''&quot;Bai sagornon, bata trunam sagerimi ra sudremi, der sanati Varatan ne-i-Taitere ne-i-Lein, kisabanoi botarun su-sagor ne-i-Sabo Mikaraimi, masema kureit nanasekri madan ase gralonen botarimi.&quot;''

‘No officials, regardless of rank or precedence, who serve the Imperial Government of the Lein Dynasty, may resist arrest from an official of the Imperial Inspectorate, so long as proper identification and a warrant for arrest is provided.’


[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of Justice</title>
    <id>2751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14177</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-04T14:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of Justice''' (Itrani: Dasabo Varunaimi ne-i-Taitere, literally Grand Agency for Justice of the Empire) is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty|Six Ministries]] that form the core of the Lein government. As its title makes plain, this Ministry is in charge of most judicial and criminal processes within the Empire, including urban constabulary forces, investigations into crimes, judgement and trial, and ultimately punishment or execution. 

==Organisation==

As a Dasabo, or Ministry, this organisation is headed by a Susarte, or Minister, an appointment of the first rank. The ministry is in turn divided into Offices, or Sabonon, each handling different aspects of the judicial process:

*[[Lein Imperial Constabulary|Imperial Constabulary]] (Itrani: Vorasedun ne-i-Taitere), in charge of law enforcement in most cities, and in making arrests
*[[Lein Judicial Office|Judicial Office]] (Itrani: Sabo Nivajimi), the central authority for all local judges, responsible for monitoring their judgements and informing area judiciaries of new changes in law
*[[Lein Office of Punishments and Executions|Office of Punishments and Executions]] (Itrani: Sabo Kusuraimi ase Gakaseimi), the central authority for recording punishments and for approving executions, in consultation with existing laws and with approval from the Emperor.
*[[Lein Office of Investigations|Office of Investigations]] (Itrani: Sabo Tenedeimi), the authority often required to investigate crimes of all sort, and sometimes also preventively; often working in secret, and in alliance with the infamous [[Lein Imperial Inspectorate|Samika]] of the Inner Court.

The Justice ministry is also extremely important to running the Empire because, at the hamlet and county [[Administrative subdivisions of the Lein Dynasty|levels of administration]], it is the magistrates of the Judicial Office who serve as the representative of Imperial law and administration; as such the Justice Ministry is easily the most involved of all ministries in regional administration, and its powers in areas distant from the [[Meiron|capital]] is very great. 

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Official Ranks</title>
    <id>2752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14469</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T04:05:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Lein Official Hierarchy''' (Itrani: i-Sekalar Ranaba, the Great Hierarchy) is the name of the system of official ranks, devised by [[Sen Dufan berKanzane]], who was one of the advisors to Emperor Lein Durun. It consisted of a ten-rank structure, with further divisions to delineate the precedence and priority of officials within the same rank. 

The Lein was the first dynasty of the Tranon to create an overall ranking system for officials within the government, applicable to all departments and ministries. Prior to this, the previous dynasties had an impossibly complex system of titles, many with clear orders of precedence within their spheres but not outside; thus it was never clear if the Junior Overseer of the Highways was superior or inferior to a Tiger-Might General - a situation that often led to administrative chaos and sometimes even civil war. 

The ten ranks of the Lein had no names per se, but were instead identified by their costume and appropriate embelishments; by looking at a person in official dress, therefore, one could at least guess at his ranking (if not his precedence) and give appropriate tribute and courtesy. The income of the officials were also defined by their rank and precedence. Also, by the make of and the ornaments on their [[Seals|seals]], it was possible to differentiate roughly which tier of rank they belonged to. 

==Seals==

The seal, being the distinguishing mark of an official's authority and responsibility, is designed to give some information of the official as well. All seals have tassels strung through them, made of either black, blue or red string; these strings represent the Lower, Proper, and Upper precedences respectively, so that if two officials have the same rank their priority can still be determined.

[[Category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Administrative Units</title>
    <id>2753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14414</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T13:54:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lein Empire was divided into several levels of regional administration, the better to govern a territory its size. While the main divisions have relatively clear definitions, there are also several old titles and terms that are still confusingly used within the realms.

==History==

During old dynasties, political divisions were mostly dictated not by Imperial will but by feudal situations and subsequent decisions. Much of the Empire was divided up into 'States', highly autonomous and organised forces within the Empire itself; 'Fiefs', which were basically smaller but still mostly self-sufficient; and 'Villages', small fiefs whose leaders often were absent and who had to fend for themselves against incursions from other lords. The incredibly complex patchwork of states, fiefs and villages, which often changed by year as the lords of states instated new nobles or deposed certain fiefholders, made delineating any coherent political boundaries for administration very difficult.

When [[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein|Lein Durun]] ascended the throne, he at first tried to follow the system while streamlining it to centralise power; while the feudal system was mostly abolished and appointed officials were sent to govern, the state and fief system remained in force. The historical ambiguity of borders, however, continued to plague the system; even if officials were not at loggerheads it was often hard to tell whose jurisdiction extended where. 

Because of this, the second Emperor, [[Tairazun Kasan berDurun ne-i-Lein|Lein Kasan]], decided to abolish the feudal system of divisions completely. After spending two years on planning, he then announced the new system of &quot;Eleven Provinces&quot;, whereby the Empire was divided into 11 provinces, subdivided into counties and hamlets, with certain autonomous cities and ports, as well as certain family fiefs which were now well delineated.

==Divisions==

*Arsun - The Arsun, or Province, is the largest subdivision of the Empire; while the original division of the Empire called for eleven arsunon, the later expansion of the imperial lands would later carve out another nine, such that the Empire also became known as &quot;demagach Arsunon&quot;, the Twenty Provinces. Each Arsunon is headed by a [[Parasgach]], a provincial governor who oversees the branches of the administration within the province.
*Sheten - the Sheten, or County, is the subdivision of the Arsunon. On average, each Arsun is split into anywhere from 18 to 30 Sheten, which along with the provincial capital can make up millions of population altogether. While a small unit in the perspective of the Empire, each Sheten can contain thousands of households and their development and local governance is essential to the economic health of the Empire as a whole.
*Kasten - the Kasten is the capital of the Arsun, the seat of its administrative headquarters, and most often also the social and economic centre of a province. While they are on the same tier as the shetenon, their status tends to be higher as one takes into consideration their denser population and greater wealth. Many of these capitals are great cities in their own right.
*Mitel - the Mitel, or Hamlet, is the further subdivision of the Shetenon. Each Sheten tends to comprise around 6 to 10 Mitelnon, a few hundred housholds each - a village, or a cluster of smaller settlements. 

[[Category: Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Regions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prime Minister of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14462</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T13:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Imperial Prime Minister (Itrani: Weir Sagare ne-i-Taitere) is the post of the highest-ranked official within the Imperial Government, second in position only to the Emperor himself. Responsible for coordinating ministries and basically for authorisation of most large-scale imperial projects, this is a post of both immense responsibility and correspondingly great authority. 

The Prime Minister's Office, or Sabo ne-Weir Sagare, is an office independent of any of the [[Six Ministries]] or the Ordained Offices, and the Prime Minister also has a personal staff to handle his affairs, much like that of the Tairazun himself. As such the Weir Sagare is often the most trusted, skilled and experienced official, the Tairazun's own right arm, so to speak.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14456</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T12:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The government of the [[Lein Dynasty]] was divided at the highest level into the '''Six Ministries''' ([[Itrani]] Ron Dasabonon), respectively of Personnel, Finance, Rites and Education, War and Diplomacy, Justice and Public Works. This system, the first ever in the history of the Tranon to be divided functionally rather than by territory, was one of the major innovations of the Lein Dynasty as well as a sign and essential of power centralisation.

==History==

The first few dynasties of the Tranon were to varying degrees feudal empires, whose emperors often ruled more by negotiation, bargaining and force of personality rather than by any rule of law. Accordingly, the governmental system was based on territorial divisions of the empire, where governors were deployed to various regions as representatives of the emperor. More often than not, however, these governors were helpless against the entrenched power of the local landholders - or, worse still, would ally with them and find ways to disobey the emperor discreetly, thus increasing local power at the expense of central power.

The founding of the Lein Dynasty, therefore, called for massive reform to consolidate and institutionalise the power of the Emperor. That the ministries were now functionally divided and constantly in competition with each other, and that every ministry now had to send representatives to the provincial administrations, now meant that it was far less likely for collusion or alliances with local governors against central authority. The six ministries were respectively given wide powers of their own, while constantly remaining under the personal purview of the Emperor through the Ministers' attendance for [[Imperial Conference|Imperial Conferences]].

==Organisation==

As with the administrative redivision of the Lein Empire, the government agencies themselves are also very well subdivided for efficiency and clear delineation. The Ministries, along with two other offices - the Internal Palace Office, and the Office of the Outer Kingdoms - form the first level of division. A Ministry, or '''Dasabo''', is then subdivided into Offices, or '''Sabonon''' (singular '''Sabo'''), and finally into Sections or '''Sirtenon'''.

The Ministers of the Six Ministries are recommended by the previous Minister or other high-ranking officials within the relevant ministry, and ultimately approved and appointed by the [[Tairazun ne-i-Lein|Emperor]]. All ministers hold the First Rank, Proper Precedence, which is the highest attainable rank for Lein officials; only the Prime Minister ranks above them, being in the same rank but of Upper Precedence.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Summoned Conference (Lein)</title>
    <id>2756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14439</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T05:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''Imperial Conference with Summons''' (Itrani: Hakure mo-nanatanon ne-i-Taitere, literally 'Conference with Summons of the Empire) is a specially convened sort of Imperial Conference, whereby additional 'summoned' members of the Imperial and regional governments will also be in attendance to present their views and information. The numbers of people being summoned to attend conferences can reach the hundreds, though normally around 40 or 50 are summoned.

Summoned Conferences are not often convened, certainly not a matter of routine, and most of the time are called only in reaction to large-scale crises or natural disasters. As the saying goes, &quot;Conference summons are as pigeons in the Tandusar cliff holes&quot; (The Tandusar cliffs are a series of cliffs rising nearly 80 metres above the Meidorien River; their narrowness means that in event of massive flooding the river may reach halfway up the cliffs, driving out the pigeons and creating the sort of catastrophe that would necessitate a summoned conference). 

==History==

While Imperial Conferences were a commonplace event even in dynasties before the Lein, and became a crucial part of decision-making during the dynasty, no provisions were made for adding exra members to the conferences in case of emergency; the chain of command of the ministries was seen as sufficient to deal with most issues. The first case of people being summoned specifically for an Imperial Conference, from outside the capital, therefore, was not during the reign of Lein Durun the Founding Emperor but rather Lein Kasan, the second Emperor, during whose reign the Anaman River burst its banks in massive flooding that killed nearly 30,000 people and left a million homeless; deciding that the chain of command was far too slow, he drafted an urgent letter to be sent to all major local officials in the region, as well as logistics officials of surrounding provinces, demanding information and plans to be sent to the capital as soon as possible. This letter, starting &quot;The Empire orders the presence...&quot; (Itrani: &quot;Taitere pures nasalur...&quot;), a beginning which has since become known to the general public and is sometimes used as a saying to indicate a calamity, eg. ''The harvest this year is such the Empire is ordering my presence''.

[[category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14498</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-13T05:06:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category includes articles about the government of the [[Lein Dynasty]]. In [[Itrani]] the concept of government is expressed in the term &quot;Reibanon ase Sabonon&quot;, &quot;Institutions and Offices&quot;; therefore the name of this category.

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Talumze</title>
    <id>2758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14446</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T06:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Talumze (Garzas ne-Talumze)
|part of= Nar-Kudam Wars
|date= 14-6-Nar 87
|place= Talumze Field, [[Natoyan Province]]
|result= Nar (Lein) Victory
|1= [[Nar Dynasty]] ([[House of Lein|Lein]] Fief)
|2= Kingdom of Kudam
|1comd= Lein Verasur berNamito 
|2comd= Prince Hastasa, Prince Ganaus
|1str= 11,000 foot, 14,000 cavalry
|2str= 38,000 foot, 3,600 cavalry
|1cas= 2,600 killed or wounded
|2cas= Around 7,000 killed/wounded; 8,200 prisoners
}}

The '''Battle of Talumze''' (Itrani: Garzas ne-Talumze) was a battle in the war between the Nar Dynasty, represented by the Lein lords of the north, and the Kingdom of Kudam, during the 87th year of the Nar and the 66th year of the Lein's rule in the north. 

A great victory for the Lein lords, this battle was historically important for several reasons: the sheer cost of the battle broke the power of the kingdom, which had been both a great annoyance and threat to the Empire since the middle 70s, removing the threat for the next 35 years; also, the battle was a great boost in the reputation of the relatively small Lein fief, especially compared with the dismal failures of other provinces in the defence of the Empire. This would later prove valuable political capital in the Lein's struggle for supremacy in the north, and eventually the whole, of the Nar Empire.

==Background History==

While the Nar Dynasty in its beginning years had been a dominant power in the southern lands and the Meidorien Valley, its power north of those regions had always been under threat from the so-called Western Kingdoms, the peoples of the west races who had proved a constant thorn in the flesh of the Tranon ever since the birth of the Empire. 

[[Category:Battles of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cavalry of the Lein</title>
    <id>2759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-08T15:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The cavalry has always been a crucial part of warmaking for the Lein, a feature inherited from their old power base being situated in the northern plains to the south of the river Kiranava. As a result, after their reunification of the Empire, the Lein dynasty's army for the first time incorporated cavalry tactics into their army on a massive scale.

==Before the dynasty==

The original fief of the Lein family, when they served the Nar Dynasty as a feudal house, comprised mostly plains to the south and east of the river Kiranava, straddling another river called the Loruse; a large part of these lands, not very fertile or suitable for crops but good enough for an abundance of grass and grazing, was therefore used to rear horses. 

Throughout the Nar Dynasty's history, and especially as its central authortiy began to decline, the Lein cavalry became increasingly prominent within the Empire as it defended both the Empire and its own territories from aggressors; on the fields of [[Battle of Talumze|Talumze]] and [[Battle of Three Tree Ford|Niros]] cavalry played decisive parts in the Lein victories, while the invasion of Lein by the neighbouring fief-state of Banten was also defeated with the heavy use of cavalry.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Organisation of the Lein Imperial Army</title>
    <id>2760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14405</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T08:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Units of the Navy */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Imperial Army of the Lein was, in its time, one of the most formidable military forces in the whole world; its founding itself was an innovation of the newly centralised imperial system it served. Organised to a degree that was simply impossible for earlier dynasties, the army was forged into a superior force, both in training and discipline.

==Units of the Army==

The smallest unit of the army is the Line or &quot;teo&quot;, which contains 10 men. Five lines make a unit called &quot;nartun&quot;, translated as &quot;spur&quot;, of 50 men; 6 spurs make a &quot;kanawa&quot;, or streaming banner, of 300 men. Five kanawanon then make a &quot;burose&quot;, or &quot;flag&quot;, of 1,500 men; and four burosenon then make one March, the main organisational unit of the army, with 6,000 fighting men and maybe up to 3,000 auxiliaries and support personnel. 

Three of these Marches combine to make an Army, with 18,000 men; and five Armies make the largest unit of the Army, a Grand March of 90,000 men, capable of launching extended campaigns and independent movement to better cope with the large size of the Empire. While armies identify themselves as part of a certain Grand March, however, it is not often that entire such units are mobilised; this would pose massive logistics problems.

==Units of the Navy==

The smallest unit of the navy is naturally the single ship, though the nature of naval warfare in those days make single ship combat highly unlikely; ships are grouped into groups of ten, known as a &quot;kuntari&quot; or &quot;squad&quot;. Five kuntarinon make a &quot;tasaga&quot;, or squadron, and two to three tasaganon make a fleet, which in [[Itrani language|Itrani]] is known as &quot;gosare&quot;. Therefore one tasaga has around 50 ships, and a gosare may contain anywhere from 80 to 180 ships.

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16130</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles about the military history, culture, organisation and acts of the Lein Dynasty.

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Military]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Military Conflict</title>
    <id>2762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14126</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-01T10:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;&quot;
|- 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; | {{{conflict|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: lightsteelblue;&quot; Part of {{{partof|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Date
| {{{date|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Location
| {{{place|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Result
| {{{result|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; &lt;i&gt;Casus belli&lt;/i&gt;
{{{casus|}}}
|-
! style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; Territorial&lt;br&gt;changes
{{{territory|}}}
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; Combatants
|-
| width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{{combatant1|}}}
| width=&quot;50%&quot; {{{combatant2|}}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; Commanders
|-
| width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{{commander1|}}}
| width=&quot;50%&quot; {{{commander2|}}}
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; Strength
|-
| width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{{strength1|}}}
| width=&quot;50%&quot; {{{strength2|}}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;&quot; Casualties
|-
| width=&quot;50%&quot; style=&quot;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;&quot; {{{casualties1|}}}
| width=&quot;50%&quot; {{{casualties2|}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; border-top: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot;
| {{{casualties3|}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; border-top:1px solid #aaa;&quot; {{{notes|}}}
|}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Warbox</title>
    <id>2763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14304</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-08T09:03:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;width: 315px; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; background: #efefef&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: large;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''{{{conflict}}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-top: none; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''{{{part of}}}''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 8px&quot;| '''Date'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%; padding-top: 8px&quot;| {{{date}}}
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px&quot;| '''Location'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%&quot;| {{{place}}}
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 8px&quot;| '''Result'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%; padding-bottom: 8px&quot;| {{{result}}}
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Combatants'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| {{{1}}}
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| {{{2}}}
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Commanders'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| {{{1comd}}}
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| {{{2comd}}}
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Strength'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| {{{1str}}}
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| {{{2str}}}
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Casualties'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| {{{1cas}}}
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| {{{2cas}}}
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; font-size: smaller;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Notes:'''&lt;br /&gt;{{{notes}}}
|}

&lt;noinclude&gt;

This is a summary template for military conflicts (general wars or specific battles) in your conworlds. Created by [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]].&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperial Regalia of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23179</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-10T17:53:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Almighty</username>
        <id>728</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists some of the symbols and devices of imperial authority used in the Lein Dynasty. As with all previous dynasties, the Emperors of the Lein had several signs of their authority - the Sceptre, the Seal, the Tiara, as well as the use of a [[Rafangas|heraldic animal]].

==Imperial Sceptre==

The Imperial Sceptre, shaped like a scabbard of a sword and sometimes a real scabbard with a real ornamented sword within, is the symbol of a Lein Emperor's military power and command. Normally made of snow-white jade mined in the eastern mountains, it is then intricately carved to the specifications of the Emperor; every Emperor thus has his own Sceptre, which must be presented within a year of his accession.

==Imperial Seal==

Like the Imperial Sceptre, the Imperial Seal is also personalised for every Emperor, and is carved with his signature and the words Nikaile Hiruva (Ever Victorious) and Varya Hiruva (Always Virtuous). Mostly carved in the shape of a circle, the Seal is then adorned richly with carved jade and wrought gold and silver. As with the Sceptre it must be presented within a year of the accession of the Emperor, and again like its counterpart it is also a representation of the Emperor's power - but this time in civil matters. 

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:House of Lein]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rafangas</title>
    <id>2765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14171</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-04T13:46:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Rafangas''' is a mythical beast that plays a large part in the mythology of the Tranon. A majestic animal it serves as the steed of many gods and goddesses, though it is most often linked with [[Nikela]], the herald and sounder of victory for the gods. Historically it is important as being the heraldic and symbolic animal of the [[Lein Dynasty]].

==Features and Mythology==

The Rafangas has a mixture of features of animals from all over the Trandimir Empire; its head was that of a lion, and its body and hooves those of horses, both of which were relatively common in the northern plains; it had the long bushy tail of the squirrel, ubiquitous in the southern woods; and it had four wings of the great eagles that made their nests in the eastern Benakaru Mountains. As such it is a potent symbol of the entire Trandimir subcontinent over which the Tranon and its kings held sway. Said to be a fierce guardian against evil, and swift both on foot and on the wing, it is used as a steed for many of the gods; the steed of the God of Clouds Hursha, for example, is a white Rafangas named Sarsakan. 

Because of its powers the Rafangas is often used as a guardian animal, placed at the gates of temples or the residences of the powerful. The gates of [[Anyesir Palace]], the main palace of the Naza, Nar, and Lein, had [[The Gate Guards of Anyesir|four such statues]]: a pair flanked the bridge across the moat leading to the Central Gate, and a much larger second pair at the gate itself, standing nearly 16 metres tall, 19 m wide, and 21 m long. 

In mythology Rafangasnon are [[Nikela and the Rafangas|linked]] to two deities mostly: [[Basora]], the stable-guard of the gods, and Nikela the goddess of victory. For this the Rafangas, especially that beast named Shura (Itrani &quot;Shadow&quot;) which was Nikela's steed, is considered a symbol of cunning and victory through strategy. 

==Political and Historical Significance==

The Lein was not the first dynasty to use the Rafangas as its symbol; the Naza, Nar, and even several kingdoms of the Chaos made use of this animal as a sign of royal or imperial power. Certainly, though, it was the dynasty which carried the symbol the farthest and used it most extensively. The [[Imperial Seal (Lein)|Imperial Seal]] of Lein Loran, made from a single piece of snow-white jade, had a finely sculpted figure of a rearing Rafangas in gold on top; while the throne that Lein Durun first commissioned was flanked with eagle wings and had the lion's head over the head-rest. 

The symbol of this imperial beast was often simplified to just its wings, creating a symbol of four arches known as the Wings of Glory.  Unlike representations of the whole animal, this symbol was not reserved for the Emperor but could also be used as a general symbol of the Lein itself, and thus appears in many banners and flags of imperial offices and agencies. 

[[Category:Religion and Mythology of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nikela</title>
    <id>2766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14238</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-07T03:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nikela, Bringer of Victory''' (Itrani: Meruse Nikela, Netaimun Nikalaimi) is an important goddess in the religion of the Tranon. Personification of many qualities - the name Nikela itself means &quot;Well-planned Victory&quot; - she is seen as the patron saint of generals and leaders. The Lein, being originally a family of generals, therefore have a special reverence for Nikela, and her symbol riding on a [[Rafangas]] is one of the enblems of the Imperial House.

==Description==

Nikela is the daughter of [[Barrun]], the God of War and Conflict, and the twin brother of [[Lesani]], the God of Courage and patron god of soldiers. 

[[Category:Religion and Mythology of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Religion and Mythology of the Tranon</title>
    <id>2767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16267</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a list of articles pertaining to the religion of the Tranon, who also call themselves the People of the Lein. 

[[Category:Tranon]]
[[Category:Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tranon Civilisation</title>
    <id>2768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14196</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-05T07:55:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main article, please see [[Tranon People]].''

This category lists pages regarding the Tranon civilisation, an old race based in the Trandimir Subcontinent.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon Babel Text</title>
    <id>2769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43773</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-04T14:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removed some duplicated word</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">wiþing Huna su yagon mod beb tramnar kamsar.
halbanut ū gitommingar holar leshnig slatingar yir salaðersh ðership Shinarip, beb dunningar yir zhelbanip.
beb yagingar feldar dirsakhar, &quot;a! apaltar yar vratar beb khorrisaltar yar yir khorrol.&quot; dahingar yar vratar banar yiungar, beb dahing slenna klūra yiungar.
beb yagingar yir, &quot;a! ustraltar yar kemno ya'ungar, beb gærri ū dahikh þusti yiuz zhertip beb apaltar yar men ya'ungar, parushkilaug ū gafatakhusher yar sallebam Huna'uz suuz.&quot;
beb saming Mallapont yiodam beb iðuzhing yi kemno beb gærri ū ustrifœngar iskar rikvlakuz yir.
beb yaging Mallapont, &quot;iðuzhaltar yar! dahir yir vlakh mod, beb wiþing yir sur yagon mod, loremifœr yir þaðo enil. halilig sheyagikhuf enshe yiungar ū slona yir þaðo yi.
a! samaltar yar yaodamar beb khiplaltar yar yagon yiuzar, parushilaug ū gevikhsher feldar yagon dirsuzar.&quot;
beb gafating Mallapont yir zhelbanip sallebam Huna'uz suuz, beb fostingar yir usto kemno.
bengilaug menrugiuf kemno Babal, bengilaug ū khipling Mallapont yagon Huna'uz suuz, beb zhelbanig gatafing Mallapont yir sallebam Huna'uz suuz.

===Vocabulary (roots)===

;wiþ:(v) have
;Huna:(n) world
;su:(adj) all, whole
;yag:(v) speak
;mod:(adj) one
;beb:(conj) and
;tramn:(n) word
;kams:(adj) few
;hal:(n) time
;ū:(conj) such that
;gitomm:(v) travel
;hol:(n) person
;leshn:(n) east
;slat:(v) find
;sala:(adj) flat
;ðersh:(n) land
;dunn:(v) dwell
;zhel:(n) place
;feld:(n, adj) each
;dirs:(n, adj) other
;a:(interj) Exclamation commanding attention
;ap:(v) make
;vrat:(n) brick
;khorris:(v) fire, bake
;khorr:(n) fire
;dah:(v) be
;ban:(n) stone
;slenna:(n) clay
;khlūra:(n) mortar
;ustr:(v) build
;kemno:(n) city
;gærri:(n) tower
;þusti:(n) top
;zhert:(n) sky
;men:(n) name that has a significant meaning
;parushk:(n) purpose
;gafat:(v) scatter
;salle:(n) surface
;sam:(v) come
;mall:(adj) holy
;iðuzh:(v) see
;isk:(n) son
;rik:(n) man
;vlakh:(n) folk
;lorem:(v) begin
;það:(v) do, (n) deed
;en:(n) thing
;sheyag:(v) deny
;slon:(v) desire
;khipl:(v) confuse
;ge:(adj) true
;v:(v) know
;fost:(v) stop
;beng:(n) reason
;rug:(v) give
;Babal:(n) butterfly - &quot;to follow the flight of a butterfly&quot; is proverbially futile.

With these roots and the grammar in the previous chapters, you should be able to follow the text. Happy translating!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meiron</title>
    <id>2770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14411</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T13:49:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Meiron City''' (Itrani: Kasena Meiron, &quot;Meiron City&quot;) is the capital and one of the largest cities of the [[Lein Dynasty|Lein Empire]]. Located along the [[Meidorien River]], the city is a very ancient one sited at the western edge of the Tranon heartland, and before being the capital of the Lein was also the capital of the Naza and Nar dynasties, and the Nazak kingdom before those times. 

[[Category:Cities of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Battles of the Tranon</title>
    <id>2771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14380</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T03:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sezara</title>
    <id>2772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29239</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:35:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Sezara
|pronounce=/sɛ'ʃaʀa/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=south-central [[Lhined]]
|no=~3 million
|script=Romanized Equivalent
|tree=
|morph=isolating (occasionally fusional)
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=August 2006}}

Sezara is a language spoken in central [[Lheinead]], by the descendents of the Kang-Eur (aka Kang-Ur) civilization. It shows heavy influence from Quechua and Swahili, despite the fact that its population is generally descendended from Spanish and Cantonese speakers. It is believed that Swahili-speakers from the northeast and possibly also Quechua-speakers from the northwest invaded and to varying degrees installed their language(s) as the official language of the later Kang-Eur people.

More recently, [[Korce]] speakers have influenced it, after their dispersal throughout central [[Lheinead]].

==Phonology==
*/t k q p pʰ tʰ kʰ ʔ t' k' θ s ʃ x h r ʀ l ʟ m ɱ n ŋ/
**&lt;t k q p ph th kh ' t' k' f s z x h rr r l ll m mn n ng&gt;
*/ɑ e i u/
**&lt;a e i u&gt;
*/ɑ~ i~ u~/
**&lt;aa ii uu&gt;
*Phonological Constraints:
**(C)V
**/ʔ/ cannot begin a word

==Allophony==
*/t k q p pʰ tʰ kʰ θ s ʃ x/ &gt; [d g ɢ b bʰ dʰ gʰ ð z ʒ ɣ] medially
*/ti/ &gt; [ʧi] or [ʤi]
*/xi/ &gt; [çi] or [ʝi]
*/ni/ &gt; [ɳi]
*/θu/ &gt; [fu] or [vu]
*/ɱi ɱu/ &gt; [mi mu]

==Pronouns==
[[Sezara pronouns]]

==Syntax==
Sezara is highly isolating and SVO. There are eight main adverbial particles used to denote temporal aspects of the unconjugated verbs:

 zi zara ni
 I speak (perfect)
 I spoke.

 zi zara rra
 I speak (imperfect)
 I am speaking.

 zi zara thu
 I speak (past)
 I was speaking. -OR- I spoke.

 zi zara xi
 I speak (present)
 I am speaking. -OR- I speak.

 zi zara me
 I speak (future)
 I will speak.

 zi zara nga 
 I speak (relative future)
 Then I spoke/will speak/am speaking/speak
This is often omitted when it is felt that it is sufficiently understood that the events are proceeding in a temporal manner.

 zi zara fi
 I speak (relative past)
 Earlier I spoke/will speak/am speaking/speak

 zi zara tuu
 I speak (repeatedly)
 -No proper translation; more information necessary for a proper English translation-

==Stress and Pitch==
Sezara has an unusual stress system. Stressed syllables have low tone, while pre-stress has high tone. The first two syllables after the stressed syllable also have low tone. All other syllables have high tone. Thus:

 se-ZA-ra
 H-L-L

==Lexicon==
[[Sezara Lexicon]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein-Jichei Campaign</title>
    <id>2773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14382</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T03:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Lein-Jichei Campaign
|date= 4th month, Lein 149 (Sora 32) - 9th month, Lein 150 (Sora 33)
|place= [[Jichei Kingdom]], [[Isoraya Province]]
|result= Decisive Lein Victory, annihilation of Jichei Kingdom
|1= [[Lein Dynasty]]
|2= [[Jichei Kingdom]]
|1comd= [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Sora]], [[Lun Anil berTenemir]], [[Val Ishung berSadikas]] and others
|2comd= [[King Kupiri]], many other generals
|1str= Estimated at around 500,000
|2str= Est. 600,000 took part
|1cas= Around 100,000 (46,000 dead, 54,000 wounded or missing)
|2cas= Huge numbers; estimates of 4.5 to 5 million
}}

The Lein campaign into Jichei of the 32nd year of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Sora]], also known as the '''Vengeance War''' (Itrani: Krita Garusaimi), was the largest campaign ever launched by [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Emperor Sora]], and one of the largest launched during the [[Lein Dynasty]]. It would also lead to the bloodiest war in the history of the Lein, though the contest was highly unequal: while around 46,000 Lein soldiers died, two-thirds from disease rather than war, it is estimated that around 4 to 5 million Jichei died during the war and the subsequent reprisal operations.

==Background and causes==

The Jichei kingdom was the most northerly, richest, and most powerful of the great array of northwestern kingdoms which Sora's army had mostly managed to destroy over two decades and several great campaigns; it would also have been one of those extinct kingdoms if Sora had had his way. During preparations for a campaign against them in Sora 23, however, the Meidorien River unexpectedly flooded its banks, devastating thousands of [[kir|kirnon]] of prime farmland and displacing hundreds of thousands of people; because of this the campaign was shelved to deal with the disaster, and by the time the Empire had recovered Sora had also gained a more sober assessment of the formidably fortified cities in the Jichei kingdom. For these factors he instead declared a campaign in the northeast and sent envoys to the Jichei; and in the 10th month of Sora 26 a treaty was sealed, fixing the Jichei-Lein border and promising lasting peace.

Events over the next years would overturn the peace, however. In Sora 28 the King of the Jichei was deposed in a coup, and the subsequent struggle between his four sons and corresponding factions eventually led to the crowning, seven months later, of King Kupiri. Aged 22, he was well known to be a dissolute and weak ruler, quick to anger but often vacillating on state issues, and completely under the control of a group of court ministres. When, in autumn the following year, the [[Tairasantha Suin Areya|Empress Areya]] passed away and the Lein Dynasty declared a one-year period of national mourning, the Jichei ministers were quick to take advantage of this period to attempt extending their control over the Lein border, aiming specifically for the port of Nasubar about  85 [[iri|irinon]] south of the border. 

Not wanting to break the mourning by declaring war, Sora was left with no choice but to seek peace and plan his retribution later; he sent several emissaries, as well as relaying instructions to the representative in Jichei, [[Purinzun Rusangel berAmira ne-i-Lein]], to seek peace. The Emperor was even prepared to cede the port to them, as well as all coastal lands between the border and the port, if they so wished; however, at the subsequent meetings with the King, the stakes were raised: not just the port, but all four counties around the port which made up the north of the new province of Isoyara, was demanded. The prince flatly refused, and the meeting broke up.  

The final straw came two days later, when on the orders of some ministers a group of assassins rushed the Lein residence within the capital city of Kanugar, and Rusangel as well as his family and all the emissaries within, nearly 70 men in all, were brutally killed. When the incident reached the ears of the Emperor he was said to have fainted in grief at the loss of one of his most capable nephews, and remained comatose for two days; when finally he awoke, he declared a period of mourning for Rusangel as well, but kept it to six months so as not to extend the total period of mourning. Meanwhile, even as the nation remained in a state without war, the army was already being geared up for the revenge intended upon the Jichei, while a subsequent emissary continued a policy of fake submission by ceding all four counties, as well as giving gifts to the Jichei King worth nearly 30,000 [[Currency of the Lein Dynasty|utanon]].

==Numbers and Preparation==

While the exact numbers of the Lein expedition continue to be disputed, what is beyond dispute is that the mobilisation was on a scale never before undertaken or even planned by the Dynasty. Under the Tairazun's personal orders, two full Grand Marches - the Hunters and the Shieldbearers - were mobilised, as well as his Household Guard of 50,000, and an additional 30,000 trained archers levied from other armies and units. This made for a land force of nearly 360,000 soldiers.

Given the long coastline and powerful navy of the Jichei the Lein also took time to prepare an equally overwhelming force. Five fleets of warships, numbering nearly 850 ships, took part in the invasion, aimed at launching attacks on major ports, blockading them, and destroying or capturing the navies held therein. This naval force itself held nearly 35,000 men, while an additional fleet of 600 transport ships 

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Wars of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Sinoka Field</title>
    <id>2774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14445</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T06:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Sinoka Field (Garzas ne-raile Sinoka)
|part of= Lein-Jichei War
|date= 2-10- Lein 149 
|result= Decisive Lein Victory
|1= Lein Dynasty
|2= Jichei Kingdom
|1comd= Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein
|2comd= Aras Barsun, Porades Barsun
|1str= 56,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 28,000 archers
|2str= around 60,000 soldiers, plus nearly 50,000 militia
|1cas= around 1,800 killed, 3,000 wounded
|2cas= around 32,000 killed and wounded, 45,000 captured
}}

The '''Battle of Sinoka Field''' (Itrani: Garzas ne-raile Sinoka) was a battle between the [[Lein Dynasty|Lein Empire]], under [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Emperor Sora berAthain]], and the [[Jichei Kingdom]]. The first major battle between the two great powers, it lasted three days between the 11th and 14th days of the 9th month, of the 33rd year of Emperor Sora's reign. The battle was a great victory for the Lein army, which annihilated most of the force sent to block their invasion of the Jichei, freeing the way to the capital. It was also here that Tairazun Sora ordered the first of a long series of atrocities that typified the terrible war between the Empire and the Kingdom.

==Background==

The [[Lein-Jichei Campaign]], launched to avenge the death of Lein emissaries and the humiliating ceding of Lein lands to the Kingdom of Jichei while the Empire was in mourning for the [[Tairasantha Suin Areya|Tairasantha]], attacked the kingdom along three routes. While a strong force of cavalry tore into the kingdom from the east, systematically looting and ravaging villages to provoke a response from the royal army, the main force under Tairazun Sora advanced up the coastal route, first accepting the surrender of the former Lein commander of the port of Nasubar, and then advancing into Jichei proper once the pacification of the former Lein territories was about done.

Crossing the old border in late September, the Lein force soon ran into resistance as it had expected; the Jichei King had sent a force of 60,000 men, probably comprising mainly infantry, under two generals known as the Barsun brothers to block the path of the invading army. 

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein</title>
    <id>2775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14231</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-06T16:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Emperor Sora berAthain of the Lein''' (Itrani: '''Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein''') (17-9-Athain 15 to 17-6-Sora 60) was the sixth [[Tairazun ne-i-Lein|Emperor of the Lein Dynasty]], and the third of the four [[Dartairazunon ne-i-Lein Misan|Great Emperors of the Early Lein]]. His rule preceded that of [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Emperor Athain berLoran]], and he ruled for sixty years from the 117th to the 177th year of the [[Lein Dynasty]]. His posthumous title was [[Posthumous Titles of Lein Emperors|Great Martial Emperor]].

The rule of Sora, known by many titles including the &quot;Great Martial Years&quot; and the &quot;Great Order of the World&quot;, is famous for being an age of immense expansion; Sora declared war upon several of the longstanding enemies of the Empire, and with a greatly reformed and strengthened army successfully crushed many of those opponents, more than doubling the extent of the Empire. Additionally, he undertook the construction of a mighty navy which first explored, traded with, then extended Imperial control over several tribal alliances on other continents, setting up Lein rulers over the locals, and extending Tranon culture to places which had never been thus exposed before.

[[Category:Rulers of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:House of Lein]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tranon</title>
    <id>2776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14361</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-09T11:26:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main article, please see [[Tranon People]].''

[[Category:Peoples of the Trandimir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Van Itei berMimar</title>
    <id>2777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14404</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T08:02:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Van Itei berMimar''' (11-4-Athain 13 - 16-5-Sora 42) is a general of the [[Lein Dynasty]], during the years of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Emperor Sora's]] reign. By far the Emperor's most trusted general, he was also one of the greatest tacticians and strategists ever seen in the history of the Tranon, and over his career racked up an astonishing list of victories in the service of the Empire.

==Childhood and Youth==

Van Itei was born to Van Mimar berTarisun, a blacksmith of Nai County in Azabor Province, and Tan Riena berSasuri nanMimar, his first wife. The eldest of the family, with two sisters and a brother, Van Itei took on considerable responsibilities in his family even as a child, helping to take care of his siblings and also at the smithy. 

Since by family tradition the youngest child was the one who took over the family trade and responsibilities, as the older child Itei was left to strike out on his own. Fascinated by the army since childhood, he lied to a recruiter that he was already 17 when in fact he was only 15, and was admitted into the army as a cavalry trooper; full of dash and always enthusiastic, he was soon promoted to command a teo, and then a nartun, of cavalry. 

His cavalry unit, posted nearly 220 irinon east of [[Meiron]], was unexpectedly recalled to a much closer position along the river plains in Athain 31, supposedly as the [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Tairazun's]] health deteriorated and it seemed like he would not have long to live. In turn this move would put the soldier in position for contacts that would change his life and career. As the Tairazun lay dying, and his sons were recalled from all over the Empire, Van Itei was ordered to increase the frequency of patrols to prevent undesirable elements entering the city during this tense period; while on patrol, he stopped a suspicious carriage-riding couple, only to be entangled in the struggle for accession of the eventual next Tairazun.

[[Category:Generals of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tranon People</title>
    <id>2778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16158</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tranon''' are a race whose original homeland lies along the Anaman River in the south of the Trandimir subcontinent. A race with a long history, they would later grow to dominate much of Trandimir, creating the Tranon Empire with its many dynasties.
[[Category:Tranon|*]]
[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tairasantha Suin Areya</title>
    <id>2779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14279</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-08T07:16:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tairasantha Suin Areya berIsedui nanSora''' (21-3-Athain 14 - 11-11-Sora 29) was the wife of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Emperor Sora berAthain]], and therefore the Empress of the [[Lein Dynasty|Lein Empire]], from the beginning of Sora's reign until her death. 

==Childhood and Youth==

Suin Areya was born Nin Areya in the 14th year of [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Emperor Athain's]] reign, to a desperately poor family in the northeast of the Empire. 

[[Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:House of Lein]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16250</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:14:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category lists some famous personalities of the Lein Dynasty, including rulers and famous or infamous generals and officials.

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kor Sanbe berTase</title>
    <id>2781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14320</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-08T15:57:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Famous Works */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kor Sanbe berTase (Athain 2 - Sora 27) is a famous bladesmith who was appointed [[Lein Emperor's Smiths|Emperor's Swordsmith]] during Lein Sora's reign. Through the course of his long career under the Emperor, who appointed him on Sora 5, he forged many swords both for the Emperor and his family, as well as for other generals and famous personalities with the Emperor's approval. 

==Famous Works==

Working for none other than the supreme authority of the [[Lein Dynasty|Lein Empire]], many of Sanbe's works have naturally become very famous due to their associations with the greatest men of Sora's time. These are some of his most famous swords.


'''Navarasna'''

Navarasna, which could be translated to &quot;Pallor of Heaven&quot; or &quot;Light of Heaven&quot;, is a long sword forged in Sora 6 for the Emperor himself. A classic Ezrike sword, with a sinusoidal inner edge and a firm, slight curve for the outer edge, it was famous for the sharp final taper from the sinusoidal edge to the tip, as well as the almost angular re-narrowing, creating a sword that was highly distinctive while retaining its deadly effectiveness. Its blade was around 70 cm long, while the whole sword was around 96 cm long. 

As with most such swords made for prominent personalities, the sword is engraved with words. In this case the inscription reads, &quot;Kor Sanbe, swordsmith, forges the sword Navarasna for He (who is) Always Victorious&quot; (Itrani: Sberetaro Kor Sanbe sbaro ezrike Navarasna nite Kasagaimi Nikaile Hiruva). This refers to the primary title of the Emperors of the Lein, Nikaile Hiruv' ase Varya Hiruva (Always Victorious and Virtuous). 


'''Ganudarai'''

Ganudarai, which can be translated as &quot;Darkness of Earth&quot;, is another long cavalry sword ordered by Sora and completed in Sora 6. Being presented with the Navarasna at the same time, it is often considered a paired sword with the Emperor's sword; however, its design is very different, and Sanbe had instead intended the sword Rikasei as the partner of the Navarasna. Rendered a much deeper grey than usual by an unknown process, the Ganudarai is a classic, heavy cavalry marakarai, with a 84 cm blade and a total length of 1.15 metres. 

Unlike the Navarasna, the Ganudarai was not meant for Sora himself but rather for Sora to present as a gift; this had been an idea of his own, that an excellent sword should be made as a reward for whoever was the greatest of his generals. Accordingly, the sword is inscribed: &quot;Be this sword, Ganudarai, for he whom Heaven has appointed to the aid of the Emperor&quot;. Eventually, as might be expected, Sora gifted the sword to [[Van Itei berMimar|Van Itei]] in Sora 35, before a great gathering of Lein officials, generals, and foreign dignitaries (many of whom had met Itei himself in battle, to be vanquished).


'''Rikasei'''

Rikasei, which is a poetic name for the first snows of early winter, was a sword made for [[Tairasantha Suin Areya|Tairasantha Areya]], and the actual paired sword of the Navarasna. Sanbe, keeping in mind the Tairasantha's love for beauty, put great effort into the shaping and carving of the Rikasei, delaying the sword's completion such that it was only presented to the Empress four months after the Emperor had been presented with both his swords.

Certainly the Rikasei was lauded as legendarily exquisite. A specially narrowed and lightened Ezrike for a woman, its grain and the quenching marks left by the cooling process were described as being &quot;like a breeze amongst soft winter clouds&quot;, while its scabbard was ivory wrapped around fragrant wood, carved into a scene of migrating birds. The hilt, topped with ivory, was carved into the shape of a heron - considered a lucky bird and the bringer of the news of spring. The blade was 58 cm long, while the whole sword was around 85 cm long.

[[Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Emperor's Artisan Office</title>
    <id>2782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14226</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-06T15:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Emperor's Artisan Office''' (Itrani: Sabo Gankarnondo Furaimi ne-i-Tairazun, literally Office of Artisans for the {Personal} use of the Emperor) is an office in the [[Lein Internal Palace Administration|Internal Palace]], responsible for making all tools and utensils needed for the Imperial Family, as well as for purposes of the Palace itself.

==History==

The Office was founded by [[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein|Emperor Lein Durun]], putting an end to previous systems where scores of artists were kept on the payroll of the Empire while only occasionally being called upon to produce works; now that the number of artisans was much lower the office accordingly became far more efficient in supplying the needs of the Palace and the family, and also coordinating orders for materials as needed.

This system, while efficient and perhaps fitting for a toughened military emperor such as Lein Durun, meant the restriction of styles produced by the artisans and the variety of the designs. Ironically it was the infamous [[Tairazun Jungi berKasan ne-i-Lein|Emperor Lein Jungi]] who &quot;solved&quot; this problem by coercing large numbers of artisans and craftsmen to be ready at any time to make playthings, weapons, or whatever he desired at the moment for him. His method was to issue skilled craftsmen with edicts of recall, such that whenever he wanted something made his cronies could use these edicts to summon the unfortunates to the palace on pain of death. 

After Lein Jungi was deposed, his son and successor [[Tairazun Loran berJungi ne-i-Lein|Lein Loran]] retained but altered this system dramatically. Instead of keeping the edict as a summons letter for craftsmen, he instead issued them as &quot;Letters of Imperial Approval&quot;, issued to recognised craftsmen who had reached great heights and ability within their field. These letters, like the summoning edicts before them, gave the Emperor the power to summon them to the palace for comissions as and when so required; yet they were also great marks of honour, as well as gateways to further patronage and power within their respective craft guilds. This system, much welcomed by the populace and artisans, was later refined when some particularly talented experts were retained in the Court to serve as chief designers working exclusively for the Palace, and who then suggested suitable people to be summoned or issued with the Imperial Letter.

==Organisation==

The Artisan Office plays the dual role of being the Imperial House's designers for personal projects, as well as being the chief contractor on behalf of the [[Palaces in the Lein Dynasty|Palace]] and the Imperial House. As such it is divided into many offices, according to the many tools and objects needed or wanted by the Emperor.

The work scope of the Artisan Office is truly wide, even if its target audience is very small; to earn a Letter of Approval is to be acknowledged as being a master of the craft, and the ultimate goal of many artisans is to make even a single lacquered box for the Emperor, or carve a toy for a Prince. The &quot;officials&quot; of this unique department thus make up a large cross-section of the Empire's greatest talents, whose techniques are often noted down by Imperial demand for the examination and learning of future generations. 

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rulers of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16279</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:33:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main articles, please see [[Tairazun]] or [[Tairazun ne-i-Lein]]''.

This category lists the rulers of the Lein Dynasty, which for more than five centuries ruled over the Trandimir and its peoples.

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Emperor's Attendants</title>
    <id>2784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14463</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T13:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Emperor's Attendants (Itrani: Ireshnon ne-i-Tairazun) is an office of the Internal Court, consisting almost exclusively of females, who serve as the Emperor's personal servants, responsible for such diverse things as his room, bedding arrangements, and even his bathwater. While it is administratively not an important office, its proximity to the centre of Imperial power often gives it disproportionate weight in the political landscape. 

The Emperor's Attendants is often confused with the office of the Imperial Attendants, or ''Ireshnon ne-i-Taitere'', who can number in their hundreds and are responsible for keeping the whole Palace running, serving ministers, officials and the Imperial family alike. Both men and women are present in this office in large numbers, and their work in the palace is endless.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palaces in the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14430</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T03:45:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Palaces, or '''Kirakanon''' (singular '''kirakan'''), have always been potent symbols and foci of Imperial power, and the Lein Dynasty is no different. Besides serving as administrative centres, the palaces may also serve purposes of fortification, in which case they are known as Agenite Kirakan or fortified palaces. Many prominent officials and members of the Imperial Family also build palaces to serve as their residences. 

Some of the most famous and important constructions of the Lein Dynasty are their palaces, including the new [[Anyesir Palace]] which serves as the nerve centre of the whole Imperial Administration, as well as all the other older palaces around the city of [[Meiron]] which have served the same role for previous dynasties. Many such palaces are barred from entry by commoners, as well as being walled and under heavy guard to ensure the safety of the officials and people therein.

[[Category:Buildings of the Lein Empire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:House of Lein</title>
    <id>2786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16211</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:46:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category lists the members of the Imperial House of Lein, the rulers of the Lein Dynasty.
[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anyesir Palace</title>
    <id>2787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14432</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T04:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* History and Construction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Anyesir Palace''' (Itrani:'''Kiranan Anyesir''') is the name of the largest [[Palaces in the Lein Dynasty|Palace]] within the Lein Empire. Situated around 16 [[iri|irinon]] northwest of [[Meiron]], it is the administrative and political nerve-centre of the whole Empire, as well as the residence of the Emperor and his family. 

==History and Construction==

Anyesir Palace is one of a long series of palaces built around the city of Meiron, including [[Rumari Palace]] in the south and [[Asrakalin Palace]] in the west. Even though it was best known as being the headquarters of Lein Dynasty government, though, the core of the palace was in fact built as a fortification by the [[Nar Dynasty]], commissioned in Nar 61 and completed four years later, to command the hills that guard the northern entrance to Meiron city. Their effectiveness in this task was something the Lein understood all too well: during the [[Lein Accession War]], [[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein|Lein Durun]]'s armies spent 4 months trying to break through the hills to Meiron, then held by a coalition of rival noble houses; and it was only after a naval attack surprised Meiron city itself that, with the hills emptied of soldiers, the main army under Durun could enter and capture the palace.

After Durun's accession, appreciating the solidity of the position, he declared that the new palace of the Lein would be built there; with immensely strong walls and occupying a strategic position the original palace was built more like a military headquarters or fortress than a palace. Only later, with the reigns of [[Tairazun Kasan]] and [[Tairazun Jungi]], did the palace expand, in the latter case with huge new palaces to hold the Tairazun's women.

[[Category:Buildings of the Lein Empire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Buildings of the Lein Empire</title>
    <id>2788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16134</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:08:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category describes the many buildings and construction projects during the Lein Dynasty - including roads, canals and other such large scale projects. 

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Office for the Outer Kingdoms</title>
    <id>2789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14474</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T04:59:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tasks and Organisation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Office for the Outer Kingdoms''' (Itrani: Sabo Nagusa Tatorimi ne-i-Taitere) is an agency formed during the reign of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein]], to manage the [[Outer Kingdoms of the Lein|Outer Kingdoms]]. As such it was responsible for liaison and coordination between the centre of Imperial power, and the respective Lein kings in the foreign lands, aiding them and obtaining tribute as necessary.

==Background==

The creation of the Office was necessitated by the massive expansion of the Lein Empire during the campaigns of Tairazun Sora, known as the Ordering of the World. The creation of so many kingdoms overseas, comprising a Tranon ruling class over native peoples, obviously made a coordinating agency necessary, and such an office was created in Sora 35. Originally under the aegis of the [[Lein Imperial Ministry for War]], the office was soon seen as taking on major tasks too big for a Ministry; as a result, 3 years later, Sora decreed that the office be made an Ordained Office on par with the Ministries and the [[Lein Imperial Office for the Palace|Palace Administration]].

==Tasks and Organisation==

While the Lein Dynasty in its homeland claims ultimate suzerainty over the Outer Kingdoms, it does not include them in its administrative divisions, and the ministries do not attach permanent sections responsible for the kingdoms. Instead the Office is in charge of sending requests for manpower and officials to the other ministries, who comply with the requests by sending staff over to the kingdoms for training and other temporary duties. By edict, the Office is not allowed to demand that officials stay in the kingdoms for more than four years.

More importantly, the office serves the purpose of conducting information between the kingdoms and the Empire. Given the distances involved, this is not an easy task; but the Office is nonetheless expected to give a report at least once every two months regarding the kingdoms. It accomplishes this by making use of a rotation system, wherein a group of officials is landed every now and then in the kingdoms and the previous group of officials immediately returns to the Empire to make their reports.

To fulfill its many roles the Ordained Office is subdivided into several offices, the more important ones being:

*[[Lein Office of External Tributes]], aimed at the coordinating of tribute from the outer kingdoms, as well as gifts from the Empire to the kingdoms.
*[[Lein Consulate for the Outer Kingdoms]], responsible for monitoring the conduct of the kingdoms, preventing and mediating disagreements between them, and supporting their efforts at diplomacy with local peoples. It also helps regulate the rulers of those kingdoms, acting as advisors.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Outer Kingdoms]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Art of the Tranon people</title>
    <id>2790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14245</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-07T17:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The culture of the Tranon people is anchored within their art. Tranon art is divided into main categories: Music, Building, Painting, Calligraphy and Writing; these are called the five &quot;High Arts&quot;. Folk arts include a profusion of dance and opera styles as well.

[[Category:Culture of the Tranon People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tranon Imperial Family Titles and Order of Succession</title>
    <id>2791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14377</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T03:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The imperial families that rule the Empire of the Tranon follow a complex system of titles to denote its many members, with its basis in the all-important Order of Succession. The Tranon dynastic Order of Succession, having remained largely the same throughout the dynastic periods, comprises four &quot;tiers&quot;, which each have their own male and female titles. The Imperial Throne can only be succeeded by males.

*The incumbent ruler of the Emperor, and therefore the head of the Imperial House, goes by the title of ''Tairazun'', a term originally applied only to founding kings of great virtue in the ancient Tranon kingdoms. The Empress is known as ''Tairasantha''.
*The Crown Prince, appointed from amongst the highest extant tier of succession, goes by the title of ''Kagarazun''. 
*The First Tier of Succession comprises the sons of the Tairazun and the Tairasantha. Princes in this category go by the title of ''Dimirazun''; princesses, ''Dimirasantha''.
*The Second Tier comprises the sons of the Tairazun and his concubines; these sons are legitimate, but will only be included within the order if the First Tier is emptied. Princes in this category go by the title ''Ferstezun'', and princesses, ''Ferstesantha''.
*The Third Tier comprises the Tairazun's brothers and cousins (sons of his father's brothers only). Princes in this category go by the title ''Kaniazun'', and princesses, ''Kaniasantha''.
*The Fourth Tier comprises the sons of the Third Tier princes and their main wives; sons by concubines or mistresses, even if legitimate, are discounted. Princes in this tier are known as ''Purinzun'', princesses, ''Purinsantha''.

[[Category:Customs of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Government of the Tranon</title>
    <id>2792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14383</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T04:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Organisation of the Lein Imperial Navy</title>
    <id>2793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14285</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-08T07:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lein Imperial Navy, though traditionally a powerful force along the valley of the numerous great rivers in the Trandimir, have only recently been launched out onto the high seas; nonetheless, making use of many innovative technologies and the customarily high discipline and morale of their sailors and soldiers, they have emerged as a powerful force. This page discusses their units and ranks.

==Units==

The smallest unit of the navy is naturally the single ship, though the nature of naval warfare in those days make single ship combat highly unlikely; ships are grouped into groups of ten, known as a &quot;kuntari&quot; or &quot;squad&quot;. Five kuntarinon make a &quot;tasaga&quot;, or squadron, and two to three tasaganon make a fleet, which in Itrani is known as &quot;wasare&quot;. 

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zelandish</title>
    <id>2794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32192</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Zelandish
| native = Zelandisch
| country = New Zealand
| speakers = 1
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = West Germanic
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative - accusative
| author = Andrew Smith
| date = 1996
| background-color = white
| heading-background = green
| width =
}}Zelandish is a language derived from [[Old English]] by Andrew Smith and used as a journal language.  At the time of writing I have been using it for several years.  These pages will be an attempt to describe and remember the language as I have used it.

The name is derived from New Zealand, the locality in which I write my journal.

==Orthography==

Zelandish is primarily a written language.  There are no hard and fast rules on how it is pronounced.  It has an evolving orthography.

===Vowels===

'''A, a''' /a/

'''E, e''' /ɛ/

'''EE, ee''' /e/ -- Not part of my natural phonology and can be pronounced as a diphthong, also '''EI, ei'''

'''I, i''' /ɪ/

'''IE, ie''' /i/

'''O, o''' /ɔ/ -- also written as '''&amp;#193;, &amp;#225;''', no longer current language

'''OE, oe''' /œ/

'''OU, ou''' /y/ or /ʉ/ -- also written as '''&amp;#218;, &amp;#250;''' no longer current language

'''U, u''' /ʊ/

If the second ''E'' is marked with a dieresis, '''&amp;#235;''', it is pronounced as a diphthong with schwa.

A vowel written with a circumflex is pronounced long.  It generally indicates a consonant has been elided after it, usually '''h'''.

===Consonants===

The following consonants are pronounced the same as in English, particularly a southern hemispheric Commonwealth dialect:

B, C, CH, D, F, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z

'''CG, cg''' is pronounced as 'dg', /dʒ/, in English

'''G, g''' is pronounced hard, /g/.  In '''GJ, gj''' and after a vowel it is silent

'''J, j''' /j/

'''SCH, sch''' /ʃ/

There is no hard and fast rule on post-vocallic '''R, r'''.  It can be pronounced as an approximant or elided.  The non-rhotic pronunciations of vowels are '''ar''' /a:/, '''or''' /ɔ:/, '''ir''', '''er''' and '''ur''' /ɜ/.

=Grammar=

==Pronouns==

===Personal Pronouns===

The subject pronouns / direct object pronouns are:

'''ik''' /ɪk/ I, first person singular

'''dou''' /dʉ:/ thou, second person singular / familiar

'''hy''' /hi:/ he, third person singular masculine

'''sy''' /si:/ she, third person singular feminine

'''hit''' /hɪt/ it, third person singular neuter

'''wy''' /wi:/ we, first person plural

'''jy''' /ji:/ you, second person plural / formal

'''hylie''' /hi:li:/ they, third person plural

The indirect object pronouns are:

'''my''' /mi:/ me

'''dy''' /di:/ thee

'''him''' /hɪm/ him

'''hir''' /hɪɹ/ her

'''ous''' /ʉ:s/ us

'''ew''' /æʊ/  you

'''him''' /hɪm/ them

'''Hit''' with a preposition is replaced with '''deer''' or '''die''' which comes before the preposition.  It is written as one word.  The form depends on whether the preposition begins with a consonant or not.

The possessive adjectives are:

'''myn''' /mi:n/ my

'''dyn''' /di:n/ thy

'''our'''/ʉ:ɹ/ our

'''eur''' /æʊɹ/ your

'''hir''' /hɪɹ/ their

The above are declined as weak adjectives.

'''his''' /hɪs/ his, its

'''hir''' /hɪɹ/ her

'''His''' and '''hir''', when it means 'her', are not declined as adjectives.

==Verbs==

===Infinitive===

The most common form of the infinitive is the verb stem plus the ending '''-e''', such as '''neese''', to visit.  If the verb stem ends in 'l' this ending is silent, such as '''tell''', to tell.

===Subjunctive===

The subjunctive verb uses the verb stem after singular subjects in the present; and an ending similar to the  infinitive after plural subjects.  It is usually used after verbs of communication such as '''tell''', to tell.  It may be used as the primary verb in a sentence if the primary verb is conditional or expresses possibility (may, might).

===Weak Verbs===

A complete paradigm is as follows:

'''toe loeke''', to look

'''ik loek''', I look

'''dou loekst''', thou lookest, you look

'''hy, sy, hit loekt''', he, she, it looks

'''wy, jy, hylie loekt''', we, you, they look

'''ik, hy, sy, hit loeked''', I, he, she, it looked

'''dou loekedzt''', thou lookedest, you looked

'''wy, jy, hylie loeke''', we, you, they looked

'''loekend''', looking, present participle

'''loeked''', looked, past participle

'''loeking''', act of looking, verbal noun

As Zelandish is a journal language written in the third person the 'thou'-forms are rare.  Hypothetically they should be common in spoken Zelandish, where speakers value informality.

When a weak verb ends in 'l' or 'r', such as '''tell''' or '''heer''', the past tenses preserve the 'd' in both the singular and plural forms of the past tense: '''teld''', telde'''; '''heerd''', '''heerde'''.

===To Be===

'''Toe ben''', to be.

The present tense:
{|
||'''ik em'''||/ɪk ɛm/||I am||'''wy 'sinde'''||/wi: 'sɪndə/||we are
|-
||'''dou ert'''||/dʉ: ɛɹt/||thou art||'''jy sinde'''||/ji: 'sɪndə/||you are
|-
||'''hit is'''||/hɪt ɪs/||it is||'''hylie sinde'''||/'hi:li: 'sɪndə/||they are
|}

'''Ik em''' contracts to '''ikem''' or ''''kem'''.

The past tense:

{|
||'''ik wes'''||I was||'''wy weern'''||we were
|-
||'''dou wie'''||thou wert||'''jy weern'''||you were
|-
||'''hit wes'''||it was||'''hylie weern'''||they were
|}

The subjunctive forms of the verb generally only occur after a verb of expression ('they said that...').  In the present tense they are '''sie''' (singular) and '''sien''' (plural), and in the past tense they are '''wie''' and '''weern'''.

With the past participle the present tense of 'to be' is used to mark the passive verb.  If a verb is intransitive it marks the past perfect verb.

The past tense of the verb 'to be' is used similarly to the present tense of 'to be' to mark the past tense of the passive and the pluperfect intransitive verb.

{|
||'''ik be'''||I be||'''wy bet'''||we be
|-
||'''dou bist'''||thou beest||'''jy bet'''||you be
|-
||'''hit bit'''||it be||'''hylie bet'''||they be
|}

The be-forms are used in future sentences, 'will be', axiomatic sayings, and for emphasis or topic-marking, 'the fact is that...'.  The subjunctive forms are '''be''' and '''ben'''.  It has no special past tense.

===To Have===

This verb is irregular.

'''Toe hebbe''', to have

The present tense:

{|
||'''ik heb'''||I have||'''wy hat'''||we have
|-
||'''dou hest'''||thou hast||'''jy hat'''||you have
|-
||'''hit het'''||it has||'''hylie hat'''||they have
|}

It is quite common for the forms '''het''' and '''hat''' to become confused.

The past tense:

{|
||'''ik hed'''||I had||'''wy hedde'''||we had
|-
||'''dou hedzt'''||thou hadest||'''jy hedde'''||you had
|-
||'''hit hed'''||it had||'''hylie hedde'''||they had
|}

The past tense is used as the auxiliary to mark the pluperfect on transitive verbs.

The subjunctive forms are '''heb''', '''hebbe''', and '''hed''', '''hedde'''.

===To Know===

'''Toe witte''', to know (something)

The present tense:

{|
||'''ik wot'''||I know||'''wy witte'''||we know
|-
||'''dou wost'''||thou knowest||'''jy witte'''||you know
|-
||'''hit wot'''||it knows||'''hylie witte'''||they know
|}

The past tense:

{|
||'''ik wis'''||I knew||'''wy wisse'''||we knew
|-
||'''dou wist'''||thou knewest||'''jy wisse'''||you knew
|-
||'''hit wis'''||it knew||'''hylie wisse'''||they knew
|}

The subjunctive forms are '''wit''', '''witte''', and '''wis''', '''wisse'''.  The negative adverb '''nie''' elides with this verb to form a negative verb, '''ik n'wot''', I don't know, pronounced /nɔt/.  The ''w'' becomes silent.

Note that there is also a weak verb '''toe wisse''', to point out, to guide.

===To Go===

'''Toe gon''', to go

The present tense:

{|
||'''ik go'''||I go||'''wy got'''||we go
|-
||'''dou gjeest'''||thou goest||'''jy got'''||you go
|-
||'''hit gjeet'''||hit goes||'''hylie got'''||they go
|}

The '''g''' in the first person singular form of the verb is often elided so it is written '''ik'o'''.

The past tense:

{|
||'''ik eed'''||I went||'''wy ei&amp;#235;'''||we went
|-
||'''dou ei&amp;#235;st'''||thou wentest||'''jy ei&amp;#235;'''||you went
|-
|'''hit eed'''||it went||'''hylie ei&amp;#235;'''||they went
|}

The subjunctive forms are '''go''', '''gon''', and '''eed''', '''ei&amp;#235;'''.

The participles are '''gangend''' (present) and '''jegon''' (past).  The past participle '''agon''' is also very common and has the implication of 'gone and done with, past'.

The present participle nearly always ends in '''-end'''.  It is rarer than in English.  Zelandish has not developed a present continuous tense to the same extent as English and where English uses a present participle after another verb, Zelandish prefers an infinitive, although this rule is not absolute.

The verbal noun ends in '''-ing'''.  There are some latinate borrowings ending in '''-aci&amp;#243;n(e)'''.  These are rarer than in English.

==Nouns==

Plural nouns end in '''-s''', '''-n''', or sometimes '''-e'''.  Some nouns do not change to mark a plural ending.  Some irregular endings are preserved, such as '''childer''', the plural of '''child'''.

The genitive case has become steadily unmarked in Zelandish.  The s-genitive still survives and has been extended by the use of the reduced forms of the third person possessive pronouns, '''-'s''' from '''his''', his, its; '''-'r''' from '''hir''', her, their, and '''-'rn''' from '''hirn''', their (in a prepositional clause or before a plural possession).

The dative case has disappear from the language except in a few fossil forms where it survives as an '''-o''' ending.  In such cases it is not necessary obvious that it is dative.

In words borrowed from latin the '''-um''' ending has survived, but it is used as a prepositional ending rather than accusative.

===Articles===

The definite article has abandoned grammatical gender and only one form survives in the modern language.

'''det''' marks the subject and direct object of a verb in the singular, the plural equivalent is '''do'''.

'''des''' (sg.) and '''der''' (pl.) means 'of the'.  It is generally used without the preposition '''of''' and comes after the possessed noun.

'''dom''' comes after a preposition.  After many prepositions it is reduced to '''-'m'''.  There are also contracted forms such as '''om''', on the, and '''im''', in the.

These forms are used as demonstratives and are qualified by '''hie''' and '''die''', reduced forms of the demonstrative adverbs, directly after the article.

There are two indefinite pronouns: '''an''' and '''sum'''.  Both are declined like adjectives.  If the following noun is singular then '''an''' is used: '''an wief'''.  If there is more than one indefinite object, whether plural or collective, then '''sum''' is used: '''sum wieve, sum folk'''.  '''Sum''' has become an independent indefinite pronoun in its own right meaning 'of them', or 'some'.  It is especially tagged to numerals.  '''Ik heb an sum''', I have one (of them).

==Adjectives==

Zelandish divides adjectives into weak, which have to be supported by a definite article; and strong, which stand independently of the definate article.

Adjectives are marked for case.

'''Riet''', right

{|
||'''Strong'''||Singular||Plural
|-
||Nom. / Acc.||riet||riet
|-
||Possessive||riets||rieter
|-
||Dative||riete||riete
|}

{|
||'''Weak'''||Singular||Plural
|-
||Nom. / Acc.||riete||riete
|-
||Possessive||riete||rieten
|-
||Dative||riete||riete
|}

=[[Zelandish Lexicon]]=

=[[Zelandish Ethnographical Questionnaire]]=

[[Category:Zelandish|*]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zelandish Lexicon</title>
    <id>2795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58824</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-05T08:04:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* T, t */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==A, a==

'''abeck''' /ə'bɪk/ ''adv'' back

'''abië'''  /ə'biə/  ''strong verb''  to expect

'''abirje''' /ə'bəɹjə/ ''verb'' to taste (abirgd)

'''ack''' /ak/ ''conj'' but

'''acwel''' /ə'kwɪl/ ''strong verb'' to die (acwull p.p.)

'''acwell''' /ə'kwɪl/ ''weak verb'' to kill

'''adoun''' /ə'dʉn/ ''adv/prep'' down

'''adreë''' /ə'dɹeə/ ''verb'' to endure

'''afande''' /ə'fandə/ '''weak verb''' to prove, to notice

'''afinde''' /ə'fəndə/ ''strong verb'' to discover (afand)

'''aforn'''  /ə'fɔɹn/ ''adv'' in front

'''african''' /'afɹəkən/ ''adj'' African

'''agon''' /ə'gɔ:n/ ''past participle'' gone

'''ajinnend''' /ə'jɪnənd/ ''present participle'' beginning

'''akenne''' /ə'kɪnə/ ''verb'' to produce

'''alevednessferm''' /ə'le:vədnəsfəɹm/ ''noun'' sickness benefit

'''alieting''' /əlitiŋ/ ''noun'' photocopy

'''aliese''' /ə'li:zə/ ''weak verb'' to save

'''all''' /al/ ''adj'' all

'''also''' /'alsɔ:/ ''adv'' also

'''amerke''' /ə'mɛɹkə/ ''weak verb'' to describe

'''an''' /ən/ ''indef. art./num'' a, an, one

'''and''' /ənd/ ''conj'' and

'''andlang''' /ənd'laŋ/ ''adv'' along

'''anlipig''' /'anlipi:/ ''adj'' separate

'''andswern''' /'andzwəɹn/ ''verb'' to answer

'''andwerd''' /'andwəɹd/ ''adj'' present

'''andwerde''' /'andwəɹdə/ ''verb'' to present

'''andwerding''' /'andwərdiŋ/ ''noun'' attention

'''andwerdness''' /'andwəɹdnəs/ ''noun'' present (time)

'''ane''' /'anə/ ''weak.adj'' only

'''anfeld''' /'aɱfəɫd/ ''adj'' simple

'''ankleew''' /'aŋklæʊ/ ''noun'' ankle

'''anti-tigris''' /'anti:təgɹəs/ ''noun'' anti-tiger (used to discribe black stripes on black fur)

'''areie''' /ə'ɹejə/ ''verb'' to read out (areed)

'''asende''' /ə'sɪndə/ ''verb'' to send away

'''asti&amp;#235;''' /ə'stiə/ ''strong verb'' to go, to get up, to rise, to arise

'''astirn''' /ə'stəɹn/ '''weak.verb''' to move, excite, rouse

'''avelbornness''' /'avəlbɔɹnnəs/ ''noun'' nobility

'''awende''' /ə'wɛndə/ ''verb'' to change, to translate

'''awerpe''' /ə'wɛɹpə/ ''verb'' to throw off, to cast off

==B, b==

'''Babilon''' /'babəlɔn/ ''proper.noun'' [http://www.midwinter.com/lurk/ Babylon]

'''banne''' /'banə/ ''verb'' to call, to summon (in some early entries used to mean 'call by telephone') (been ''1/3.s.past'')

'''be''' /bə/ ''prep'' by

'''beckdur''' /'bɪkdʊɹ/  ''noun'' back door

'''becumme''' /bə'kʊmə/ ''strong verb'' to arrive, to get (somewhere) (becoem ''1/3.s.past'', becoemme ''pl.past, p.p.)

'''bed''' /bɪd/ ''noun'' bed

'''beduw''' /'bɪdʉ:/ ''noun'' combat, fight, battle

'''beed''' /bed/ ''noun'' table

'''beerschip''' /'be:ɹʃəp/ ''noun'' party

'''beete''' /'be:tə/ ''verb'' ('''beete''' ''pl.past''

'''befell''' /bə'fɪɫ/ ''verb'' to apply

'''befeller, -s''' /bə'fɪləɹ/ ''noun'' applicant

'''befelling''' /bə'fɪliŋ/ ''noun'' application

'''befellingwrit''' /bə'fɪliŋɹət/ ''noun'' curriculum vitae

'''befeste''' /bə'fɪstə/ ''verb'' to entrust

'''begn''' /bɪn/ '''adv''' both

'''begon''' /bə'gɔ:n/ ''verb'' to practice, occupy, engage in (begjeeng ''s.past'', begange ''p.p.'')

'''begrinne''' /bə'gɹənə/ ''verb'' to ensnare

'''behott''' /bə'hɔ:t/ ''noun'' promise, vow; lease

'''bejette''' /bə'jɪtə/ ''verb'' to get

'''bejinne''' /bə'jənə/ ''verb'' to begin, to start (bejunne ''p.p.'')

'''bejonde''' /bə'jɔndə/ ''prep'' beyond

'''bell''' /bɪɫ/ ''noun'' bells

'''belleepe''' /bə'lepə/ ''strong verb'' to leap up, to jump up (belleep ''1/3spast'')

'''belocke''' /bə'lɔkə/ ''verb'' locked, closed

'''ben''' /bɪn/ ''verb'' [http://wiki.frath.net/Zelandish#To_Be to be]; being

'''bend''' /bɪnd/ ''noun'' bond

'''berd''' /bɪɹd/ ''noun'' beard

'''bergje''' /'bɪɹjə/ ''verb'' to preserve

'''berjewered''' /'bɪrjəwɪɹəd/ ''noun'' berry-flavoured cordial

'''beschirn''' /bə'ʃɪɹn/ ''verb'' to shave

'''bestriepe''' /bə'stɹi:pə/ ''verb'' to strip, to trim, to prune (trees)

'''besuruw''' /bə'sʋrʉ:/ ''verb'' to surprise  ('''besurd''' ''p.p.'')

'''betiene''' /bə'ti:nə/ ''verb'' to close

'''better''' /bɪtəɹ/ ''comp. adj'' better

'''betwux''' /bə'twʊks/ ''prep'' between

'''betzt''' /bɪtst/ ''sup.adj'' best

'''berne''' /'bɪɹnə/ ''strong verb'' to burn (ik barn, jeburne)

'''bewȗrt''' /bəwʉɹt/ ''past participle'' built

'''bibliodeeke''' /'bəbliədekə/ ''noun'' library

'''biche''' /'bəʧə/ ''verb'' to buy (jebo&amp;#251;t ''p.p'')

'''biching''' /'bəʧiŋ/ ''verbal noun'' buying

'''bidde''' /'bədə/ ''verb'' to ask (for), to request (beië ''p.p.'')

'''bisgo''' /'bəsgɔ/ ''noun'' occupation, business

'''bisig''' /'bəzi:/ ''adj'' busy

'''bisigbodig''' /'bəzi:bɔdi:/ ''pl.noun'' busybodies

'''bismringe''' /'bəzmɹiŋə/ ''pl.noun'' insults

'''bleckhorn''' /'blɪkhɔɹn/ ''noun'' ink cartridge

'''bleet''' /blet/ ''adj'' inactive

'''blerig''' /'blɪɹi:/ ''adj'' bald

'''bletzing''' /'blɪtsiŋ/ ''noun'' blessing

'''blietful''' /'blitfʊl/ ''adj'' joyful

'''blietmoed''' /'blitmœd/ ''adv'' joyfully

'''bliss''' /blɪs/ ''noun'' happiness

'''blisse''' /'bləsə/ ''verb'' to rejoice

'''bloestom, -s''' /'blœstəm/ ''noun'' blossom

'''boek, beek''' /bœk/, /be:k/ ''noun'' book, books

'''boekfoedder''' /'bœkfœdəɹ/ ''noun'' bookcase

'''boekhord''' /'bœkhɔɹd/ ''noun'' archives

'''boië''' /'bɔjə/ ''weak.verb'' to announce (boiëd ''p.p.'')

'''bottom''' /'bɔtəm/ ''noun'' bottom

'''bour''' /bʉɹ/  ''noun'' chamber, apartment

'''brastel''' /'bɹastəɫ/ ''verb'' to crackle

'''brecke''' /'bɹɪkə/ ''strong verb'' to break ('''jebreck'' ''3.s.past'')

'''breie''' /'bɹejə/ ''verb'' to spread

'''briekwerd''' /'bɹikwɪɹd/ ''adj'' enjoyable

'''bringe''' /'bɹiŋə/ ''verb'' to bring ('''bro&amp;#251;t''' ''3.s.past'')

'''brouke''' /'bɹʉkə/ ''strong verb'' to use ('''breek''' ''s.past''; '''brucke''' ''pl.past'')

'''broun''' /bɹʉ:n/ ''adj'' brown

'''bune''' /'bʊnə/ ''noun'' cup ('''cuppe''' is more common)

'''burdlingschell''' /'bʊɹdliŋʃəl/ ''noun'' tortoiseshell (black and white markings suggesting a tortoiseshell)

'''burgsted''' /'bʊɹstəd/  ''noun'' city

'''burst''' /bʊɹst/  ''noun'' injury

'''butling''' /'bʊtliŋ/ ''noun'' building

==C, c==

'''cann''' /kan/ ''aux.verb'' can ''3.s.pres''

'''caro''' /'kaɹɔ/ ''noun'' care, trouble

'''carte, -n''' /'kaɹtə/ ''noun'' paper, document, deed, letter

'''catte''' /'katə/ ''noun'' cat

'''censusleef''' /'sɪnsʊslef/ ''noun'' census form

'''cheepstoew''' /'tʃepstœʊ/  ''noun'' market, usually supermarket

'''cheese''' /'tʃezə/ ''verb'' to choose

'''cherel''' /'tʃɪɹəɫ/ ''noun'' person

'''chesels''' /'tʃɪzəɫ/ ''noun'' small stones, gravel, grit

'''chester''' /'tʃɪstəɹ/ ''noun'' town, city, often used to mean central business district

'''Chesterrich''' /'tʃɪstəɹətʃ/ ''proper noun'' hilly wooded area west of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_of_Dunedin#City_Centre city centre]

'''chië''' /'tʃiə/ ''verb'' to call, invoke (chigd ''p.p.'', jechiënd ''pres.p.'')

'''chieds''' /tʃidz/ ''noun'' seeds

'''chircolwurd''' /'tʃəɹkəɫwəɹd/ ''noun'' computer

'''child, -er''' /tʃəɫd/ ''noun'' child

'''chirn''' /tʃəɹn/ ''verb'' to return

'''civilisación''' /'səvələsaʧɔn/ ''noun'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization_%28series%29 Civilisation]

'''cleen''' /klen/ ''adj'' clean

'''cleensoukend''' /'klensʉkənd/ vacuum cleaner

'''cleved''' /'klevəd/ ''p.p'' stuck''

'''climbe''' /'kləmbə/ ''verb'' to climb

'''coel''' /kœ:l/ ''adj'' cool

'''compadder''' /kəm'padər/ ''noun'' fellow, peer

'''coud''' /kʉd/ ''sg.aux.v'' could

'''coudlik''' /'kʉdlək/ ''adv'' certainly

'''crave''' /'kɹavə/ ''verb'' to crave

'''cret''' /kɹɪt/ ''noun'' trailer

'''cristen''' /'kɹistən/ ''adj'' Christian

'''crocodiel''' /'krɔkədiɫ/ ''noun'' crocodile (crocodilum)

'''culd''' /kɔɫd/ ''noun'' cold (low temperature)

'''culfer, -n''' /kɔɫfeɹ/ ''noun'' dove

'''cumme''' /'kʊmə/ ''verb'' to come (coem, coemme)

'''cunne''' /kʊnə/ ''verb'' to try, to test, to check

'''cween''' /kwen/ ''noun'' wife

==D, d==

'''danke''' /'daŋkə/ ''verb'' to thank

'''datorum''' /'datɔɹəm/ ''noun'' date

'''de''' /də/ ''rel pron'' that, what

'''dê''' /de/ '''conj''' though

'''decke''' /'dɪkə/ ''verb'' to cover

'''deë''' /deə/ ''weak.verb'' to join, associate

'''deed''' /ded/ ''noun'' deed, act, action

'''deel''' /deɫ/ ''noun'' part

'''deep''' /dep/ ''adj'' deep

'''deer''' /deɹ/ ''pron'' there; ''rel pron'' where

'''deer,-0''' /deɹ/ ''noun'' animal(s)

'''deewe''' /'dæʊwə/  ''weak verb'' to serve

'''deg''' /dɪ/ ''noun'' day

'''degliet''' /'dɪlit/ ''noun'' daylight

'''degnschip''' /dɪnʃəp/ service

'''dende''' /'dɪndə/ ''conj'' while

'''derf''' /dɪɹf/ ''verb'' need ''1/3.s.pres''

'''det''' /dɪt/ ''def/dem art'' the, that, this, definite and demonstrative article

'''dette''' /'dɪtə/ ''rel pron'' what (subject/direct object form)

'''dick''' /dək/ ''adj'' thick

'''diet''' /dit/ ''noun'' direction, purpose

'''diewiese''' /di'wizə/ ''adv'' in this manner

'''dilk''' /dəɫk/ ''adj'' such

'''din''' /dən/ ''adj'' thin

'''ding, -0''' /diŋ/ ''noun'' thing(s)

'''dinge''' /'diŋə/ ''weak verb'' to agree, to settle (wy dingde)

'''dint''' /dənt/ ''noun'' blow, strike

'''disch, -es''' /dəʃ/ ''noun'' dish

'''disig''' /'dəzi:/ ''adj'' foolish, silly

'''doen''' /dœn/ ''verb'' to do (hy did)

'''do...do...''' /dɔ/ ''adverbial construction'' when...then...

'''don de''' /dɔn də/ ''rel adv'' when

'''doun''' /dʉn/ ''noun'' hill

'''dree''' /dɹe/ ''num'' three, 3

'''dre&amp;#235;''' /dɹeə/ ''verb'' to feel (ik dreeg)

'''dreë''' /dɹeə/ ''verb'' to threaten

'''dreets''' /dɹets/ ''pl.noun'' crowds

'''dridde''' /'dɹɘdə/ ''ord num'' third

'''Driete''' /'dɹitə/ '''proper noun''' LORD, divine name

'''drinke''' /'dɹiŋkə/  ''noun'' drink

'''droglik''' /dɹɔlək/ ''adv'' periodically

'''drowung''' /dɹəwʊŋ/ ''noun'' suffering

'''duner''' /'dʊnəɹ/ ''noun'' thunder

'''Dunersdeg''' /'dʊnəɹzdə/ ''proper.noun'' Thursday

'''dur, -e''' /dʊɹ/ ''noun'' door, -s

'''d&amp;#251;r''' /dʉ:ɹ/ ''prep'' through

'''durfe''' /'dʊɹfə/ ''verb'' to need (durfe ''pl.pres'')

'''durl''' /dʊɹl/ ''noun'' hole

'''duromet''' /'dʊɹəmɛt/ ''noun'' doormat

'''d&amp;#251;rwunne''' /dʉɹ'wʊnə/ ''verb'' to continue

'''dweel''' /dwel  ''noun'' washing, noun

'''dweelwindel''' /'dwe:lwɪndəl/ ''noun'' washing basket

==E, e==

'''Ebrees''' /'ɪbɹes/  ''pl.noun'' Jews, Jewish people

'''edniew''' /ɪd'njʉ:/ ''verb'' to renew

'''edwend''' /ɪdwənd/ ''noun'' change

'''ee''' /e:/ ''noun'' river

'''eë, -n''' /eə/ ''noun'' eye

'''eedbilig''' /'edbəli:/ ''adj'' irritating

'''eedig''' /'edi:/ ''adj'' blessed

'''eedigness''' /'edi:nəs/ ''noun'' blessedness

'''eedmeg'''  /'edmə/ ''adv'' perhaps

'''eegder''' /'e:dəɹ/ '''adv''' either

'''eek''' /ek/ ''adv'' including, also

'''eemtig''' /'emti:/ ''adj'' empty

'''eenig''' /'eni:/ ''adv'' any

'''eer''' /eɹ/  ''prep''  before (in time)

'''eer, -n''' /eɹ/ ''noun'' ear

'''eerendwrit''' /'eɹəndɹət/ ''noun'' message, letter

'''eermoenats''' /eɹ'mœnəts/ ''adv'' of the previous month

'''eerst''' /eɹst/ ''ord.num'' first

'''eest, -e''' /est/ ''noun'' grace

'''eestad''' /'estəd/ ''noun'' riverbank

'''eethous''' /'ethʉs/ ''noun'' restaurant

'''eevenmet''' /'evənmət/ ''noun'' evening meal, tea, dinner

'''eeventied''' /'evəntid/ ''noun'' evening

'''eeweer''' /e'weɹ/ ''pron'' everywhere

'''efdanke''' /əf'dankə/  ''noun'' annoyance

'''efest''' /'ɪfəst/ ''adj'' religious

'''eft''' /ɪft/ ''adv'' again

'''efter''' /'ɪftəɹ/ ''prep'' after

'''eftern''' /'ɪftəɹn/ ''adv'' later

'''eg''' /ɛi/ ''noun'' fear

'''eier''' /ɪjəɹ/ ''noun'' eggs

'''eiturl, -0'''  /'ɛɪtʊɹɫ/  ''noun''  window

'''eiwo''' /ɛɪ'wɔ/ ''pron'' everyone

'''eld''' /ɪɫd/  ''adj'' old

'''elder''' /'ɪɫdəɹ/ ''pl.noun''  lives

'''elder, -s''' /'ɪɫdəɹ/ ''noun'' elder

'''elder''' /'ɪɫdəɹ/ ''sup.adj'' older

'''elderdegn''' /'ɪɫdəɹdən/ ''noun'' principal

'''eldern''' /'ɪɫdəɹn/ ''pl.noun'' parents

'''eldfeër''' /'ɪɫdfeəɹ/  ''noun'' grandfather

'''eldo''' /'ɪɫdɔ/ ''noun'' age, ages

'''elker''' /'ɪɫkəɹ/ ''adv'' otherwise

'''ellendisch''' /'ɪləndəʃ/ strange

'''ellendischness''' /'ɪləndəʃnəs/ strangeness

'''elo''' /'elɔ/ ''excl'' oh

'''emtwo''' /ɪm'twɔ/ ''adv'' in two parts

'''end''' /ɪnd/ ''noun'' end

'''ende''' /'ɪndə/ ''verb'' to finish

'''erd''' /ɪɹd/ ''noun'' land, homeland, ''Heimat''

'''erde, -n''' /'ɪɹdə/ ''noun'' earth

'''Erdliet''' /'ɪɹdlit/ ''noun'' [http://www.earthlight.co.nz/ Earthlight]

'''erfodful''' /'ɪɹfədfɔɫ/ ''adj'' difficult, troublesome

'''erm''' /ɛɹm/ ''noun'' arm

'''ervodlik''' /ɪɹvədlək/ ''adj'' difficult

'''essol''' /'ɛsol/ ''noun'' ass

'''êt''' /e:t/ ''noun'' property

'''et''' /ɛt/ ''prep'' at

'''ette''' /ɛtə/ ''strong verb'' to eat (dou et, subjunctive; hy eet, eete)

'''ettom''' /'ɪtəm/ ''prep+def.art'' at the

'''evenêt''' /ɛvə'ne:t/ ''noun'' neighbourhood, environment

'''evnliek''' /ɛvn'lik/ ''conj'' just as''

'''evnso''' /'ɛvnsɔ:/ ''conj'' just as

==F, f==

'''fande''' /'fandə/ ''verb'' to attempt, to try

'''farn''' /faɹn/ ''verb'' to travel (hy foer)

'''fê''' /fe:/ ''noun'' money

'''fee''' /fe/ ''adj'' few

'''feer''' /fe:ɹ/ ''noun'' sudden attack

'''feër''' /feəɹ/ ''adj'' fair

'''feeringe''' /'feɹiŋə/ ''adv'' suddenly

'''feership''' /'feɹʃəp/ ''noun'' society, club

'''feet''' /fet/  ''pl.noun'' feet

'''fei&amp;#235;''' /'fɪjə/ ''verb'' to feed (dou feedzt)

'''fel''' /fɪɫ/ ''adv/adj'' many, much

'''fering, -e''' /'fɪɹiŋ/ ''noun'' vehicle, -s

'''ferm''' /fɪɹm/ ''noun'' benefit, rent

'''fermischot''' /'fɪɹmɪʃɔt/  ''noun'' benefit tax

'''fers''' /fɪɹs/ ''noun'' verse, sentence

'''ferspeckend''' /fəɹ'spɹɪkənd/ ''noun'' telephone, &lt;b&gt;phone&lt;/b&gt; is more common.

'''fêtcrefts''' /'fe:tkrəfts/ ''pl.noun'' fighting or combat skills

'''festne''' /'fɪstnə/ ''verb'' to fix

'''fette''' /'fɪtə/ ''verb'' to fetch

'''feur''' /fæʊɹ/ ''num'' four, 4

'''feurschitte''' /'fæʊɹʃətə/ ''adj'' square''

'''fex''' /fɪks/ ''noun'' hair, fur

'''fier''' /fiɹ/ ''noun'' fire

'''fiern''' /fiɹn/ ''adj'' fiery

'''fill''' /fəɫ/ ''verb'' to fill

'''finde''' /'fəndə/ ''verb'' to find (ik fand)

'''firwit''' /'fəɹwət/ ''noun'' curiosity

'''five''' /'fivə/ ''num'' five (originally fief)

'''fleeschmet''' /'fleʃmət/ ''noun'' flesh (as food), meat

'''flet''' /flɛt/ ''noun'' floor, flat, apartment

'''flow''' /fləʊ/ ''verb'' to flow (fleew, ''past.sg'')

'''foen''' /jə'fœn/ ''verb'' to catch (dou fi&amp;#234;st, hy fi&amp;#234;t, hy feeng, jefenge)

'''folk''' /fɔɫk/ ''noun'' people, folk

'''folkwegn''' /'fɔɫkwɛn/ ''noun'' bus

'''for''' /fɔɹ/ ''prep'' for

'''ford''' /fɔɹd/ ''adv'' forth, forward, on, away

'''fordgon''' /fɔɹd'gɔn/ ''verb'' to go out

'''forjeë''' /fɔr'jeə/ ''verb'' to forgive, to pardon (forjef ''1.s.past'')

'''fordjern''' /fɔɹd'jɪɹn/ ''adj'' eager to advance

'''forjette''' /fɔɹ'jɪtə/ ''verb'' to forget

'''forleese''' /fɔɹ'lezə/ ''verb'' to lose (forlorn, lost ''p.p.'')

'''forleete''' /fəɹ'letə/ ''verb'' to abandon (forleete, abandoned)

'''for'm''' /'fɔɹəm/ ''conj'' because

'''forme''' /'fɔɹmə/ ''ord.num'' first

'''forsitte''' /fɔɹ'sətə/ ''verb'' to avoid

'''forstoed''' /fɔɹ'stœd/ ''p.p.'' prevented

'''forstoppe''' /fəɹ'stɔppə/ ''verb'' to stop

'''fôrte''' /'fɔ:ɹtə/ ''verb''

'''free''' /fɹe/ ''adj'' free

'''freelse'' /'frelsə/ ''weak verb'' to celebrate

'''freend, -s /fɹend/ ''noun'' friend

'''freese''' /'fɹezə/ ''verb'' to freeze

'''fremsumness''' /'fɹɪmsəmnɘs/ ''noun'' kindness

'''frette''' /'fɹɪtə/ ''verb'' to eat or chew, the subject is usually an animal

'''Fri&amp;#235;deg''' /'fɹiədə/ ''noun'' Friday

'''frôt''' /fɹɔ:t/ ''adj'' afraid, fearful (a varient of ''fôrt'')

'''frumdig''' /'fɹʋmdi:/ ''adj'' curious

'''frume''' /'fɹʊmə/ ''noun'' beginning

'''fu&amp;#235;l''' /fʊəɫ/ ''noun'' bird

'''fulfremdlik''' /'fɔɫfrəmdlək/ ''adv'' completely

'''fulje''' /'fɔljə/ ''verb'' to follow

'''full''' /fɔɫ/ ''adv'' very

'''full''' /fɔɫ/ ''verb'' to fulfill

'''fulnê''' /'fɔɫne:/ ''adv'' nearly

'''fulwexen''' /fɔɫ'wɛksən/ ''adj'' fulgrown, adult

'''furder''' /'fʊɹdəɹ/ ''adv, adj'' further

'''furdo''' /'fʊɹdɔ/ '''adv'' even

==G, g==

'''gafspreck''' /'gafspɹɪk/ ''noun'' joke, jest

'''gai&amp;#235;rn''' /'gajəɹn/ ''verb'' to collect, to gather

'''game''' /'gamə/ ''noun'' game, sometimes primary school, '''schoel''' has wider use

'''gange''' /'gaŋə/ ''verb'' to walk, to go

'''gjoed''' /jœd/ ''adj'' good; ''weak adj'' '''gjoeië''' /'jœjə/

'''gjoedlik''' /'jœdlək/ ''adj'' nice

'''gjoedwief''' /jœdwif/ ''noun'' title of address to a woman, Mrs, Miss, '''moeiër''' is more common.

'''gled''' /glɪd/ ''adj'' glad

'''gleed''' /gled/ ''noun'' piece of coal or charcoal

'''gleew''' /glæʊ/ ''noun'' pleasure

'''glew''' /glæʊ/ ''adj'' wise

'''god'''  /gɔd/ ''noun'' god (generally not written with a capital g, even when a proper noun)

'''godcund''' /'gɔdkʊnd/ divine

'''gon''' /gɔn/ ''verb'' [[http://wiki.frath.net/Zelandish#To_Go to go]] (gjeet, eed, ei&amp;#235;, jegon, agon)

'''gree''' /gɹe/ ''adj'' grey, gray

'''greet''' /gɹet/ ''adj'' big

'''greeting''' /'gɹetiŋ/ ''noun'' greeting

'''greetness''' /'gɹetnəs/  ''noun'' height

==H, h==

'''hand''' /hand/  ''noun'' hand

'''har, -n''' /haɹ/ ''noun'' hare

'''h&amp;#234;''' /he:/ ''adj'' high

'''hebbe''' /'hɪbə/ ''verb'' [http://wiki.frath.net/Zelandish#To_Have to have]

'''heedern''' /hedəɹn/ ''noun'' storehouse, storeroom (an early word for a shop, now replaced by '''schoppe''', except as a proper noun, where it refers to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warehouse local franchise chain].)

'''heemer''' /'heməɹ/ ''noun'' lover

'''heer''' /heɹ/ ''pron'' here

'''heer''' /heɹ/ ''noun'' hair

'''heern''' /heɹn/ ''weak verb'' to hear

'''heest''' /hest/ ''sup adj'' highest

'''heeve''' /'hevə/ ''noun''

'''hegl''' /hɪl/ ''noun'' hail

'''helde''' /'hɪɫdə/ ''verb'' to keep

'''Helend''' /'helənd/ ''proper name'' Jesus, Saviour

'''helf''' /hɪɫf/ ''noun'' half

'''Helfwegwrid''' /'hɪɫfwɪrəd/ ''proper name'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_of_Dunedin#Halfway_Bush_and_Wakari a suburb]

'''hel&amp;#243;''' /he'lɔ/ ''excl'' hello

'''helpe''' /'hɪɫpə/ ''strong verb'' to help (sy halp)

'''hemdlees''' /'hɪmdles/ ''adj'' shirtless

'''hen''' /hɪn/ ''adv'' from here

'''herdecg''' /'hɪɹdədʒ/ ''adj'' sharp-edged

'''herm''' /hɪɹm/ ''noun'' hurt

'''herte''' /'hɪɹtə/ ''noun'' heart

'''herweed''' /'hɪɹwid/ ''noun'' armour

'''hevig''' /'hɪvi:/ ''adj'' heavy

'''hevigness''' /'hɪvi:nəs/ ''noun'' heaviness, weight

'''hiche''' /'həʧə/ ''verb'' to think (hôt ''3.s.present''; hich  ''s.pres.subj.'' ik h&amp;#244;d ''1.s.past'', hogde ''pl.past'')

'''hi&amp;#235;r''' /hiəɹ/ ''adv'' to here, this way, hither

'''hillihomen''' /'həlihɔmən/ ''pl.noun'' crickets

'''hir''' /hɪɹ/ ''poss.pron'' her ''3.s.fem''

'''hit''' /hɪt/ ''pron'' it, ''3.s.neut''

'''hold''' /hɔld/ ''adj'' kind

'''holetting''' /'hɔlətiŋ/ ''noun'' greeting

'''holig''' /'hɔli:/ ''adj'' holy

'''holwend''' /'hɔlwənd/ ''adj'' healing

'''hom''' /hɔm/ ''noun'' home

'''hope''' /'hɔpə/ ''weak verb'' to hope

'''hotte''' /'hɔtə/ ''vt'' to call (heet ''1/3.s.past'')

'''hou''' /hʉ/ ''adv'' how

'''houro''' /'hʉɹɔ/ ''adv'' indeed, really

'''hous''' /hʉs/ ''noun'' house

'''housel''' /'hʉsəɫ/ ''noun'' communion

'''hund''' /hʊnd/ ''noun'' dog

'''hunte''' /'hʊntə/ ''weak verb'' to hunt, weak verb

'''hurd''' /hʊɹd/ ''noun'' vet, vetinarian, vetinary doctor

'''hy''' /hi:/ ''pron'' he, ''3.s.masc''

==I, i==

'''ietmest''' /'itməst/ ''adj'' last

'''in''' /ən/ ''prep in

'''inbords''' /'əmbɔɹdz/ ''adv'' at home

'''Indie''' /'əndi:/ ''noun'' [http://www.littleindia.co.nz/ India]

'''ingon''' /iŋ'gɔn/ ''verb'' to enter ('''ineed''', 1.s.past)

'''inne''' /'ənə/ ''adv'' in (early form; '''bin''' is more common)

'''insigl''' /ɘn'si:ɫ/  ''noun'' seal, ID card

'''interpetting''' /'əntəɹpɪtiŋ/ ''v.n'' dancing

'''intinge, -n''' /ən'tiŋə/ ''noun'' cause

'''irne''' /'əɹnə/ ''verb'' to run (hylie urne)

'''Israhel''' /'əsɹəheɫ/ ''proper.noun'' Israel, Hebrew nation

'''ivel''' /'ivəɫ/ ''adj'' bad

==J, j==

'''jeâte''' /jə'a:tə/ ''weak verb'' to esteem, to value

'''jecheese''' /jə'ʧezə/ ''verb'' to decide (jechorn ''p.p.'')

'''jecleense''' /jə'clensə/ ''verb'' to clean

'''jecoemme''' /jə'kœmə/ ''past participle'' come

'''jedave''' /jə'davə/ ''vt'' to agree to

'''jedoen''' /jə'dœn/ ''past participle'' done

'''jeë''' /jeə/ '''verb''' to give (jef ''s.past'', jeëstou imperative)

'''jeer''' /je:ɹ/  ''noun'' year

'''jedildig''' /jə'dəɫdi:/ ''adj'' patient

'''jefell''' /jə'fɪɫ/ ''strong verb'' to collapse (jefell p.p.)

'''jeflit''' /jə'flət/ ''noun'' conflict, competition

'''jefrette''' /jə'frɪtə/ to eat (used of animals), weak verb

'''jegon''' /jə'gɔn/ ''past participle'' gone

'''jeheelde''' /jə'heɫd/ ''past participle'' reserved, stuck

'''jeheeme''' /jəhe:mə/ ''weak verb'' cohabit

'''jeheld''' /jə'hɪɫd/ ''noun'' religious service

'''jehelde''' /jə'hɪɫdə/ ''verb'' to hold (jeheldend ''gerund'')

'''jehelding''' /jə'hɪlding/ ''noun'' maintenance

'''jeknucke''' /jək'nʊkə/ ''weak verb'' to knock

'''jelang (et)''' /jə'laŋ/ ''adj'' belonging (to)

'''jelde''' /'jɪldə/  ''verb'' to pay (jald 1s.past, golde ''p.p.'')

'''jelieke''' /jə'likə/ ''weak verb'' to please

'''jelike''' /jə'likə/ ''adv'' like, as

'''jelikest''' /jɘ'likəst/ ''sup.adj'' most like, very like

'''jelimp''' /jə'ləmp/ ''noun'' event

'''jeman''' /jə'man/ ''adj'' common

'''jemind''' /jə'mənd/ ''noun'' purpose

'''jemoet''' /jə'mœt/ ''noun'' meeting

'''jemune''' /jə'mʊnə/ ''verb'' to remember

'''jeogne''' /jə'ɔ:nə/ ''verb'' to prove

'''jerel''' /'jɪɹəɫ/ ''noun'' costume

'''jerke''' /'jɪɹkə/ ''verb'' to prepare

'''jeruw''' /'jɪɹʉ:/ ''adj'' ready

'''jeruwed''' /'jɪɹʉ:d/ ''past participle'' already

'''jeseeligness''' /jə'seli:nəs/ ''noun'' happiness

'''jeschie''' /jə'ʃi:/ ''noun'' pair of shoes

'''jeseeke''' /jə'sekə/ ''verb'' to go (to) (jeso&amp;#251;te)

'''jesied, -s'' /jə'sid/ ''noun'' companion, fellow

'''jesomning''' /jə'sɔmniŋ/ ''noun'' gathering, assembly

'''jespreck''' /jə'spɹɪk/ ''noun'' discussion

'''jesterdeg''' /'jɪstəɹdə/ ''noun'' yesterday

'''jestern''' /'jɪstərn/ ''adv'' yesterday

'''jet''' /jɪt/ ''adv'' yet, still

'''jeto&amp;#251;t''' /jə'təʊt/ ''noun'' view, thought, idea

'''jetrouwe''' /jə'tɹʉ:wə/ ''weak verb'' to trust

'''jetwisen''' /jə'twəzən/  ''pl.noun'' twins

'''jewane''' /jə'wanə/ ''adj'' lacking, wanting, out of, short of

'''jewelke''' /jə'wɪlkə/ ''weak verb'' to curl up

'''jewende''' /jə'wɪndə/ ''weak verb'' to return

'''jewilk''' /jə'wəɫk/ ''pron'' each (one)

'''jewinne''' /jə'wənə/ ''verb'' to gain (jewun ''sg.past'')

'''jewiss''' /jə'wəs/ ''adj'' certain

'''jewittenness''' /jə'wətənnəs/ ''noun'' witness, testimony, evidence

'''jewittig''' /jə'wəti:/ ''adj'' reasoned

'''jewrit''' /jə'rət/ ''noun'' document

'''jewo''' /jə'wɔ:/ ''pronoun'' someone

'''jeving''' /'jɪviŋ/ ''noun'' giving

'''jieme''' /'jimə/ ''weak verb, vt'' to watch over, look after, care for

'''jieverness''' /'jivəɹnəs/ ''noun'' greediness, greed

'''jif''' /jɪf/ ''conj'' if

'''jilden''' /'jəɫdən/ ''pl.noun'' members

'''jo''' /jɔ/ ''adv'' already, ago, of old

'''Jobson''' /'jɔbsɔn/ ''proper name'', surname, family name

'''Johannes''' /jɔ:'hanəs/ ''proper name'', masculine first name (Johannem after a preposition)

'''joûve''' /'jəʊvə/ ''noun'' junior warriors, newbies

==K, k==

'''kee''' /ke/  ''noun'' key

'''keld''' /kɪɫd/ ''adj'' cold

'''kiemlik''' /kimlək/ ''adj'' lovely

'''kieping''' /'kipiŋ/ ''noun'' sale

'''kild, -e''' /kəɫd/ ''noun'' cold

'''kill''' /kəɫ/ ''noun'' bottle

'''kinn, -0''' /kən/ ''noun'' kind, beings

'''kinrendeg''' /'kənɹəndə/ ''noun'' family day

'''kirk''' /kəɹk/ ''noun'' church

'''knape''' /'hnapə/ ''noun'' boy

'''kniet''' /hnit/ ''noun'' knight

'''knotte''' /hnɔtə/ ''noun'' puzzle

'''know''' /hnəʊ/ ''verb'' to know  (less common than '''witte''')

'''knucke''' /'hnʊkə/ ''weak verb'' to knock

==L, l==

'''lace'''  /'lasə/ ''noun'' lace

'''lag''' /la:/ ''noun'' law

'''land''' /land/ ''noun'' country (as opposed to city)

'''lang''' /laŋ/ ''adj'' long

'''lave''' /'lavə/ ''verb'' to invite

'''lecge''' /'lɪdʒə/ ''verb'' to lie ('''legt''' 3.s.pres)

'''leedsmid''' /'ledsməd/ ''noun'' plumber

'''leef''' /lef/ ''adj'' favourite, dear, beloved

'''leene''' /'lenə/ ''weak.verb'' to lend, to reward

'''leerd''' /leɹd/ ''adv'' learnedly

'''lees''' /les/ ''comp.adj'' lesser (leesze)

'''leest''' /lest/ ''sup.adj'' least

'''leet''' /let/ ''noun'' light

'''leete''' /'letə/ ''verb'' to let, allow

'''leeve''' /'levə/ ''noun'' faith

'''leeve''' /'levə/ ''pl.noun'' permissions

'''leeve''' /'levə/ ''weak verb'' to leave ('''leeft''' 3.s.pres, leeved 1/3.s.past)

'''leew, -n''' /læʊ/  ''noun'' lion

'''lei&amp;#235;''' /'lejə/ ''verb'' to lead ('''leedt''' 3.s.pres)

'''lencten''' /'lɪŋktən/ ''noun'' spring(time), originally used to mean Lent, this was later dropped

'''lerne''' /'lɪɹnə/ ''verb'' to learn

'''lernerschip /'lɪɹnəɹʃəp/ ''noun'' discipleship

'''letst''' /lɪtst/ ''sup.adj'' latest

'''lex''' /lɪx/ ''noun'' salmon

'''libbe''' /'ləbə/ ''verb'' to live, living

'''lied''' /lid/ ''noun'' limb

'''lief''' /lif/ ''noun'' life

'''liefdeel''' /'lifdeɫ/ ''noun'' lot or part in life

'''lieke''' /'likə/ ''weak verb'' to like, to please

'''liekness''' /'liknəs/ ''noun'' likeness, image, picture

'''lill''' /ləɫ/  ''adj'' little

'''line''' /'linə/ ''noun'' line

'''littel''' /'lətəɫ/ ''weak verb'' to reduce, decrease (litteld)

'''litwoen''' /'lətwœn/ ''adv'' a little, a bit

'''lleefdig''' /'hlefdi:/ ''noun'' lady

'''lleepe''' /'hlepə/ ''verb'' to leap

'''lleër''' /hleəɹ/ ''noun'' sound

'''llië''' /hliə/ ''verb'' to laugh

'''llof'' /hlɔf/ ''noun'' bread

'''lock''' /lɔk/ ''noun'' sport, play, practice

'''llovord''' /'hlɔvəɹd/ ''noun'' lord

'''lo&amp;#234;''' /lœ:/ ''adv'' place, stead, used in the phrase '''on his lo&amp;#234;, on's lo&amp;#234;''', instead

'''loeke''' /'lœkə/ ''weak verb'' to look

'''love''' /'lɔvə/ ''pl.noun'' leftovers

'''luf''' /lʊf/ ''noun'' love

'''luft''' /lʊft/ ''noun'' air

'''luve''' /'lʊvə/ ''weak verb'' to love

==M, m==

'''m'''' /mə/ ''pronoun'' one

'''macke''' /'makə/ ''weak verb'' to make

'''macking''' /'makiŋ/ ''verbal noun'' making

'''mân''' /ma:n/ ''verb'' can '''pl.pres'''

'''manig''' /'mani:/ ''adj'' many

'''manigfeld''' /'mani:fɪɫd/ ''adj'' several

'''mann''' /man/  ''noun'' man

'''mavel''' /'mavəɫ/ ''weak verb'' to speak, especially formally, to make a speech

'''meel''' /meɫ/ ''noun'' marks

'''meerness''' /'meɹnəs/ ''noun'' honour

'''meest''' /mest/ ''adv'' most

'''meette''' /'metə/  ''verb'' to meet (jemeette ''past.pl'')

'''melk''' /mɪɫk/ ''noun'' milk

'''melte''' /'mɪɫtə/ ''verb'' to dissolve

'''mennisch''' /'mɪnəʃ/ ''adj'' human

'''messed&amp;#226;s''' /'mɪsəda:s/  ''pl.noun'' mass days, holy days, holidays, in the last sense it has been largely replaced by '''wecke''', watch, vigil.

'''metsi&amp;#235;''' /'mɪtsiə/ ''verb'' to cater

'''mett''' /mɛt/ ''noun'' mat, carpet

'''michel''' /'məʧəɫ/ ''adj'' big, ''adv'' much

'''mid''' /məd/ ''prep'' with

'''middeg''' /'məddɛ/ ''noun'' midday, noon

'''midfêr''' /'mədfe:ɹ/ ''adj'' mediaeval

'''Midwald''' /'mədwɔɫd/ ''proper name'' [http://www.hwb.school.nz/ name of a school]

'''mildlik''' /'məɫdlək/ ''adj'' kind

'''misse''' /'məsə/ ''weak verb'' to miss

'''mo''' /'mɔ/ more (not a comparative)

'''moedjedank''' /'mœdjədəŋk/ ''noun'' thought

'''moei&amp;#235;r''' /'mœjəɹ/ ''noun'' mother

'''moenat''' /'mœnət/ ''noun'' month

'''moet''' /mœt/ ''noun'' meeting

'''moete''' /'mœ:tə/ ''aux.verb'' may, might, must moet ''3.pres''

'''morn''' /mɔ:ɹn/ ''noun'' morning

==N, n==

'''name''' /'namə/ ''noun'' name

'''n&amp;#234;bour, -s''' /'ne:bʉɹ/ ''noun'' neighbour

'''needl''' /'nedl/ ''noun'' needle

'''neenig''' /'neni:/ ''adj'' any (in a negative sentence)

'''neese''' /'nezə/ ''weak verb'' to visit

'''neeve''' /'nevə/  ''weak verb'' to risk, to venture

'''nemne''' /'nɛmnə/ ''weak verb'' to name

'''nering''' /'nɪɹiŋ/ ''verbal noun'' saving

'''nern''' /nɪɹn/ ''verb'' to save

'''net''' /nɪt/ ''noun'' net

'''nie''' /ni/  ''adverb'' not

'''niet''' /nit/  ''noun'' night

'''niew''' /niʊ/ ''adj'' new, recent

'''niexte''' /nikstə/ ''adj'' next

'''nimme''' /'nɪmə/ ''strong verb'' to take (noem, noemme)

'''nine''' /'ninə/ ''num'' nine

'''no''' /nɔ:/ ''excl'' no

'''noenmet''' /'nœnmət/  ''noun'' lunch, midday meal

'''non''' /nɔn/ ''pron'' none, no one

'''norde''' /'nɔɹdə/ ''adv'' from the north

'''nordmannisch''' /'nɔɹdmənəʃ/ ''adj'' Norse

'''nose''' /'nɔzə/ ''noun'' nose

'''nôt''' /nɔ:t/ ''noun'' nothing, naught

'''nou''' /nʉ:/ ''adv'' now

'''nutt''' /nʊt/ ''noun'' use

==O, o==

'''o''' /ɔ/ ''adv'' always

'''od''' /ɔd/ ''conj'' or

'''odiew''' /'ɔdjʉ/ ''weak verb'' to demonstrate

'''oë''' /ɔə/ ''verb'' to owe

'''oëne''' /'ɔənə/ ''weak.adj'' own

'''of''' /ɔf/ ''prep'' from, of

'''oft''' /ɔft/ ''adv'' often

'''okse''' /'ɔ:ksə/  ''weak verb'' to ask

'''oi&amp;#235;''' /'ɔjə/  ''noun'' workshop

'''on''' /ɔn/ ''prep'' on

'''onbrirde''' /ɔn'bɹɪɹdə/  ''weak verb'' to inspire

'''ondagje''' /ɔn'dajə/ ''noun'' appointment

'''ondwerk''' /ɔn'dwəɹk/ ''noun'' matter

'''oneelend''' /ɔ'nelənd/ ''noun'' ignition, starter, on/off button

'''onfind'' /ɔn'fənd/ ''verb s.pres.subj'' could find; ''onfindend'' /ɔn'fəndənd/ ''verb present participle'' finding

'''onfundelness''' /ɔn'fʊndəlnəs/  ''noun'' experience

'''onhiring''' /ɔn'həɹiŋ/ ''noun'' copy

'''onlietend''' /ɔn'litənd/ ''noun'' photocopier

'''onjette''' /ɔn'jɛtə/ ''verb'' to feel, to perceive, to notice (onjette '''p.p.''')

'''onsteld''' /ɔn'stɛld/ ''p.p'' established, settled

'''onstolls''' /ɔn'stɔls/ ''pl.noun'' supplies, groceries, shopping

'''ontimber, -0''' /ɔn'tɪmbəɹ/ ''noun'' matter, elements

'''open''' /'ɔpən/ ''adj'' open

'''or''' /ɔɹ/ ''noun'' honour, respect

'''ormoed''' /'ɔɹmœd/ ''adj'' despairing

'''&amp;#244;t''' /ɔ:t/ ''pron'' something, anything, a thing

'''oup''' /ʉp/ ''adv'' up

'''our, -n''' /ʉɹ/ ''poss.pron'' our ''1.p''

'''out''' /'ʉt/ ''adv'' out

'''oute''' /'ʉtə/ ''adv'' outside, about, without, out

'''outgang''' /ʉt'gɔŋ/ ''noun'' parade

'''over''' /'ɔvəɹ/ ''prep'' over, across

'''overcumme''' /ɔvəɹ'kʊmə/ to overcome

'''overseeing''' /ɔvəɹ'seiŋ/ ''noun'' observance, survey

==P, p==

'''peruvianisch''' /'pə'ɹʉviənɘʃ/ ''adj'' Peruvian

'''pitt''' /pət/ ''noun'' well

'''plasma''' /'plazmə/ ''noun'' plasma

'''pleg''' /'plɪ/ ''verb'' to play (plegd(e) ''past tense'')

'''postling''' /'pɔstliŋ/ ''noun'' pill, tablet

'''preutwiel, -e''' /'pɹæʊtwiɫ/ ''noun'' moment

==R, r==

'''reding''' /'ɹediŋ/ ''noun'' reading, lesson

'''reed''' /ɹed/ ''adj'' red

'''reedbor''' /'ɹedbɔɹ/ ''noun'' advisor

'''reeding''' /'ɹe:diŋ/ ''noun'' reading

'''reeke''' /'ɹe:kə/ ''verb'' to care for

'''reekels''' /'ɹe:kəls/ ''noun'' incense

'''reekig''' /'ɹe:ki:/ ''adj'' smoky

'''reënd''' /ɹeənd/ ''noun'' reader

'''reern''' /ɹe:ɹn/ ''weak verb'' to move

'''regjistar''' /ɹə'jəstəɹ/ ''noun'' register, dative '''-um'''

'''regn''' /ɹɪn/ ''noun'' rain

'''reie''' /'ɹe:jə/  ''verb'' to read, to advise (hylie reedt)

'''reninge''' /'ɹe:niŋə/ ''pl.noun'' mutterings

'''rerd''' /ɹɪɹd/ ''noun'' voice, language

'''rhad''' /hɹad/ ''adv'' quickly

'''rhamsifling''' /'hɹamsəfliŋ/ ''noun'' garlic condiment

'''rhaver''' /'hɹavəɹ/ ''adv'' rather

'''rheed''' /hɹed/ ''noun'' pen

'''rheël''' /hɹeəɫ/ ''pl.noun'' clothes

'''rhoer''' /hɹœɹ/ ''adj'' exciting, stirring

'''rhorelbacke''' /'hrɔrɛlbakə/ ''noun'' stirfry

'''riemt''' /rimt/ ''noun'' space

'''riene''' /'ɹinə/ ''weak.verb'' to rain (hit rient)

'''riet''' /ɹit/ ''adj'' okay, right; ''adv'' directly

'''riet''' /ɹit/ ''noun'' right

'''riming''' /'ɹimiŋ/ ''noun'' counting, reckoning, numbering

'''roetlik''' /ɹœtlɪk/ ''adj'' cheerful

==S. s==

'''schanke''' /'ʃaŋkə/ ''noun'' leg

'''scheffe''' /'ʃɪfə/ ''verb'' to hurt, to harm, to injure ('''schoeffe''' ''p.p.'')

'''scheft''' /ʃɪft/ ''noun'' creation, universe

'''schie''' /ʃi:/ ''verb'' shall, will ('''schold''' ''s.past'')

'''schiene''' /'ʃinə/ ''verb'' to shine ('''schon''' ''s.past'')

'''schier''' /ʃiɹ/ ''adj'' bright

'''schilf''' /ʃəlf/ ''noun'' shelf, drawer

'''schilling, -s''' /'ʃəliŋ/ ''noun'' a coin equivalent to NZ$1.20

'''schoe''' /ʃœ/ shoe

'''schoel''' /ʃœɫ/ ''noun'' school

'''schrië''' /ʃɹiə/ ''weak.verb'' to dress

'''schroud''' /ʃɹʉd/ ''noun'' clothing, garment

'''sech''' /sɪtʃ/ ''noun'' man, hero, warrior

'''seche''' /'sɪtʃə/ ''verb'' to say, to mention (the usual word for 'to say' is '''cweie''') (segd(e) ''past tense'')

'''seching''' /'sɪtʃiŋ/ ''noun'' declaration

'''seeke''' /'sekə/ ''verb'' to seek, search, look for

'''seekend''' /'sekənd/ ''noun'' searcher

'''seel''' /seɫ/ ''noun'' season, occasion, opportunity, time

'''seen''' /sen/ ''verb'' to see; seen, past particle (s&amp;#244; ''1/3s.past'')

'''self''' /sɪɫf/ ''noun'' self

'''selfness''' /'sɪɫfnəs/ ''noun'' &quot;selfness&quot;, sense of selfhood

'''selfrietwies''' /'sɪɫfritwis/ ''adj'' selfrighteous

'''sell''' /'sɪɫ/ ''verb'' to sell

'''selt''' /sɪɫt/ ''noun'' salt

'''sende''' /'sɪndə/ ''verb'' to feast

'''seruw, -0''' /'sɪrʉ:/ ''noun'' tool(s), equipment, gear

'''Seternsdeg''' /'sɪtəɹnzdə/ ''noun'' Saturday

'''sette''' /'sɪtə/ ''weak verb'' to set, to put, to place

'''sibb''' /səb/ ''noun'' relationship, peace

'''sicker''' /'səkəɹ/ ''adv'' surely

'''sieddreed''' /'siddɹed/ ''noun'' sub-thread

'''siedlik''' /'sidlək/ ''adv'' lately

'''siet''' /sit/ ''noun'' sight

'''siffe''' /'səfə/ ''conj'' since

'''sifling''' /'səfliŋ/ ''noun'' relish, condiment, sauce

'''simbel''' /'səmbəɫ/ ''noun'' feast

'''sinde''' /'səndə/ ''verb'' are, pl.present

'''singe''' /'siŋə/ ''verb'' to sing (sunge ''pl.past'')

'''sleen''' /slen/ ''strong verb''  to slay, kill (hylie sloeg)

'''sleep''' /slep/ ''noun'' sleep

'''sleepern''' /'slepəɹn/ ''noun'' bedroom, sleeping quarters

'''slow''' /sləʊ/ ''adj/adv'' slow(ly)

'''smeck''' /smɪk/ ''noun'' taste

'''smegje''' /'smɪjə/ ''noun'' to consider, to examine

'''smegjing''' /'smɪjiŋ/ ''noun'' examination, exam, reflection

'''snack''' /snak/ ''noun'' snake, noun

'''snoed''' /snœd/ ''noun'' hood

'''so''' /sɔ/ ''conj'' so, as

'''soed''' /sœd/ ''adj'' real, true

'''soed''' /sœd/ ''noun'' truth

'''soedlik''' /'sœdlək/ ''adv'' truly, really, indeed, certainly

'''songtied''' /'sɔŋtid/ 'noun'' time for singing

'''sorness''' /'sɔɹnəs/ ''noun'' pain

'''sosam''' /'sɔzəm/ ''adv'' so on

'''sowl''' /səʊl/ ''noun'' soul

'''speië''' /spejə/ ''verb'' to succeed

'''speek''' /spek/ ''noun'' case, suit

'''spell''' /spɪl/ ''noun'' story

'''spende''' /'spɪndə/ ''verb'' to spend

'''spendcartspurte''' /'spɪŋkaɹtspʊɹte/ ''noun'' wastepaperbasket

'''spending''' /'spɪndiŋ/ ''noun'' spending

'''spei&amp;#235;''' /'spejə/ ''weak verb'' to succeed (speedt)

'''spiewe''' /'spiʉwə/ ''weak verb'' to spew, vomit

'''spill''' /spəl/ ''weak verb'' to spill

'''spilling''' /'spəliŋ/ ''noun'' waste

'''spitte''' /'spətə/ ''verb'' to spit

'''sprecke''' /'spɹɪkə/ ''strong verb'' to speak, talk (spreck, spreeke)

'''spreek''' /spɹek/ ''noun'' conversation

'''spurte, -n''' /'spʊɹtə/ ''noun'' basket

'''staved''' /'stavəd/ ''adj'' striped

'''sted''' /stɪd/ ''noun'' place

'''stemig''' /'stɪmi:/ ''adj'' steamy

'''stenk''' /stɪnk/ ''noun'' stink, smell

'''steppe''' /'stɪpə/ ''verb'' to step, to walk (stoep ''sg.past'')

'''steps''' /stəps/ ''pl.noun'' steps

'''stoel''' /stœɫ/ ''noun'' chair

'''stoewe''' /'stœwə/ ''noun'' places

'''street''' /stɹet/ ''noun'' street

'''sum''' /sʊm/ ''indef art/pron'' some

'''sunder''' /'sʊndəɹ/ ''adj'' separate

'''sunne'' /'sʊnə'/ ''noun'' sun

'''Sunnendeg''' /'sʊnəndə/  ''noun'' Sunday

'''sunnig''' /'sʊni:/ sunny

'''swelkness''' /'swɪɫknəs/ ''noun'' nature

'''swerd''' /'swɪɹd/ ''pl.noun'' swords

'''swert''' /swɪɹt/ ''adj'' black

'''swester''' /'swɪstəɹ/ ''noun'' sister

'''swied''' /swid/ ''adv'' very

'''swig''' /swi:/ ''adj'' quiet

'''swivest''' /'swi'vəst/ ''adv'' especially

'''sy''' /si/  ''pron'' she ''3.s.fem''

==T, t==

'''tal''' /tal/ ''noun'' tale, story, series, fable

'''tee''' /te:/ ''noun'' tea (beverage)

'''teekster''' /'te:kstəɹ/ ''noun'' female teacher

'''teerd''' /te:ɹd/ ''p.p'' tired

'''telephone''' /'tɪləfɔnə/ ''noun'' telephone

'''tell''' /tɪɫ/ ''weak verb'' to tell (telt ''3.s.pres'' teld ''s.past'')

'''tellend''' /'tɪlənd/ ''verb'' narrator

'''ten''' /tɪn/ ''num'' ten

'''tied''' /ti:d/ ''adv'' time

'''till''' /təɫ/ ''weak.verb'' to gain, to try

'''till''' /təɫ/ ''noun'' position

'''time''' /'ti:mə/  ''noun'' time

'''tinkdo''' /'tiŋkdɔ/ ''noun'' dignity

'''tinke''' /'tiŋkə/ ''verb'' to appear, to seem (to&amp;#251;t /təʊt/)

'''tinkend''' /'tiŋkənd/ ''noun'' thinker

'''tinkendlic''' /'tiŋkəndlək/ ''adj/adv'' seemingly, apparently

'''toe''' /tœ/ ''prep'' to, per, for

'''toedeg''' /tœ'də/ ''adv'' today, adverb

'''toegai&amp;#235;r''' /tœ'gajəɹ/ ''adv'' together

'''toejeens''' /tœ'jəns/ ''adv'' on the way (to), towards

'''toel''' /tœl/ ''noun'' tool

'''toemorn''' /tœ'mɔɹn/ ''adv'' tomorrow

'''toeniet''' /tœ'nit/ ''adv'' last night

'''toever''' /'tœvəɹ/ ''num.adj'' second, other (2nd)

'''toewerd''' /'tœwəɹd/ ''adj'' future, coming

'''top''' /tɔp/ ''noun'' top

'''tumber''' /'tʊmbəɹ/ ''noun'' dancer

'''tuneche''' /'tʊnəʧə/ ''noun'' coat

'''treppe''' /'tɹɪpə/ ''noun'' trap

'''treew''' /tɹæʊ/ ''noun'' trees

'''twelf''' /twɪɫf/ ''num'' twelve (12)

'''twentig''' /'twɪnti:/ ''num'' twenty (20)

'''two''' /twɔ:/ two, number (tweer, tweem)

'''twuwe''' /'twʊwə/ ''adv'' twice

==U, u==

'''uldo''' /'ʊldɔ/ ''noun'' age

'''um''' /ʊm/ ''prep'' about, around

'''umwaië''' /ʊm'wajə/ ''verb'' to go about

'''umwerfe''' /ʊm'wɪɹfə/ to turn around

'''unabië''' /ʊnə'biə/ ''p.p'' unexpected

'''under''' /'ʊndəɹ/ ''prep'' under

'''underjinne''' /ʊndəɹ'jənə/ to undertake

'''undern''' /'ʊndəɹn/ ''adj/adv'' clearly known

'''unhidig''' /ʊn'hidi:/ ''adj'' unhappy

'''universitat''' /'ʉnəvəɹsətət/ ''noun'' university (dative '''universitatem''')

'''unkemped'''  /ʊŋ'kɪmpəd/ ''adj'' uncombed

'''unleed''' /ʊn'led/ ''adj'' miserable

'''unlleste''' /ʊn'hlɪstə/ ''verb'' to unload

'''unmeeg''' /ʊn'me/  ''noun'' outsider, alien

'''unmietig''' /ʊn'miti:/ ''adj'' weak

'''unroet''' /ʊn'ɹœt/ ''adj''' unhappy, sad

'''unweers''' /ʊn'weɹs/ ''adv'' unawares

'''utte''' /'ʊtə/ ''verb''  let us, let's

==V, v==

'''veterinarium'''  /'vɛtərɪnarɪəm/ ''noun'' veterinary clinic

==W, w==

'''wacken''' /'wakən/ ''p.p.'' born

'''wai&amp;#235;''' /'wajə/ ''strong verb'' to go (ik jewoed, I went; hy weed, he went)

'''wann''' /wan/ ''adj'' dark

'''wandern''' /wandəɹn/ ''weak verb'' to wander

'''webb''' /wɪb/  ''noun'' web

'''wecke''' /'wɪkə/ ''weak.verb'' to watch

'''weckne''' /'wɪknə/ ''verb'' to be born

'''wedding''' /'wɪdiŋ/ ''noun'' wedding, marriage

'''weene''' /'wenə/ ''verb'' to expect

'''we&amp;#235;r''' /weəɹ/ ''noun'' weather

'''weestefolk''' /'westəfɔlk/ ''noun'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremen desert people]

'''weet''' /'wet/ ''adj'' wet

'''weg,-s''' /wɪ/ ''noun'' way

'''wegndriver''' /wɛn'dɹivəɹ/ ''noun'' busdriver

'''weldpol''' /'wɪɫdpɔl/ ''noun'' powerpole

'''weldunge''' /'wɪɫdʊŋə/ ''adj'' honoured

'''well''' /wɪɫ/ ''adv'' well

'''welne&amp;#234;''' /'wɪɫne:/ ''adv'' almost

'''welp''' /wɪɫp/  ''noun'' pup

'''welrhew''' /'wɪɫhɹæʋ/ ''adj'' blood-thirsty

'''werd''' /wɪɹd/ ''noun'' worth

'''werd, -s''' /wɛɹd/ ''noun'' guardian, keeper

'''werd''' /wɪɹd/ ''predicate adj'' price

'''werde''' /'wɪɹdə/ ''verb'' to become, to get ('''ward''' 3.s.past, '''jeworde''' p.p)

'''werfe''' /'wɪɹfə/ ''verb'' to change, to turn

'''werk''' /wɪɹk/ ''noun'' work

'''werkdegnship''' /'wɪɹkdənʃəp/ ''noun'' employment service

'''werke''' /'wɪɹkə/ ''verb'' to work

'''werkcreftig''' /'wɪɹkkɹɪfti:/  ''adj''  mechanical

'''werkwod''' /'wɪɹkwəd/ ''noun'' jobhunt

'''werm''' /wɪɹm/  ''adj'' warm

'''wern''' /wɪɹn/ ''weak verb'' to wear

'''werpe''' /'wɪɹpə/ ''verb'' to throw (ik warp, wurp)

'''wes''' /wɪs/ '' verb'' was, ''3.s.past''

'''weshendseruw''' /'wɪʃəndsɪrʉ:/ ''noun'' washing machine

'''wet''' /wɪt/ ''interrogative pron'' what

'''wetter''' /'wɪtəɹ/ ''noun'' water

'''wever''' /'wɪvəɹ/ ''conj'' whether

'''wexe''' /'wɪksə/ ''verb'' to grow (hylie weexe)

'''wicke''' /'wəkə/  ''noun'' witch, wiccan

'''wie''' /wi/ ''verb'' to want (wold)

'''wief''' /wif/ ''noun'' woman

'''wielo''' /'wilɔ/ ''adv'' for a while, sometimes

'''wierd''' /wiɹd/ ''noun'' fate

'''wilk'''  /wəɫk/ ''interogative adj'' which

'''win''' /wən/ ''noun'' friend, used to mean fiance

'''windelock''' /'wəndəlɔk/  ''noun'' curly locks of hair

'''windig''' /'wəndi:/ ''adj'' windy

'''winsumness''' /'wənsʊmnəs/ ''noun'' delight

'''winter''' /'wəntəɹ/ ''noun'' winter

'''wise''' /'wizə/ ''noun'' way, fashion, manner

'''wistling''' /'wəstliŋ/ ''noun'' whistling

'''witte''' /'wətə/ ''verb'' to know (wiss)

'''wittig''' /'wəti:/ ''adj'' conscious

'''wlitschien''' /'wlətʃin/ ''adj'' lovely, beautiful

'''wlotte''' /'wlɔtə/ ''verb'' to look for

'''wo''' /wɔ/ ''interrogative.pron'' who

'''woed''' /wœd/ ''adj'' mad

'''Woei&amp;#235;nsdeg''' /'wœjənzdə/  ''noun'' Wednesday

'''woreld''' /'wɔrəɫd/ ''noun'' world

'''woreldwied''' /'wɔɹəɫdwid/ ''adj'' world-wide

'''worn''' /wɔɹn/  ''noun'' number, amount

'''wrang''' /ɹaŋ/ ''adj'' wrang

'''wrenkwered''' /'ɹɪŋkwɪɹəd/ ''noun.pl'' trick-or-treaters

'''write''' /'ɹitə/ ''verb'' to write ('''wriet''')

'''writbord''' /'rətbɔɹd/ ''noun'' desk

'''wrive, -n''' /'ɹəvə/ ''noun'' band

'''wrixel wordo''' /'ɹəksəɫ 'wɔɹdə/  ''verb'' converse, exchange words

'''wuck, -e''' /wʊk/  ''noun'' week

'''wuckend''' /'wʊkənd/  ''noun'' weekend

'''wuder''' /'wʊdəɹ/ ''noun'' woodsman, forester

'''wunelik''' /'wʊnələk/ ''adv'' usually

'''wunne''' /'wʊnə/ ''weak verb'' to stay

'''wurmpostling, -s''' /'wʊɹmpəstliŋ/ worm tablet

'''wurtettend''' /'wʊɹtɪtənd/ ''noun'' vegetarian

'''wurtjerds''' /'wʊɹtjəɹdz, 'wʊɹʧəɹdz/ ''noun'' gardens

'''wy''' /wi:/ ''pron'' we ''1.pl.subject''

[[Category:General lexica]]
[[Category:Zelandish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Ranged Warfare</title>
    <id>2796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14441</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T05:14:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lein Army, as did all its predecessors, made use of high-quality ranged weapons, and ranged warfare - showering an enemy with missiles before actually closing in for combat - has always been an integral part of Tranon war tactics. The [[Lein Dynasty]], by tightly organising the army and introducing extensive training for all bowmen in its ranks, refined the system tremendously, creating a fearsome force that could strike the enemy with near impunity.

The archers and bowmen of the army are mixed amongst the units of the army, though in battle they tend to operate as a single mass, raining arrows down on the enemy. Disciplined and hardy, they are often also equipped with light armour, and most of them purchase their own shortswords or knives in case they should be caught by an enemy. 

Though horse archers also use bows, and were a new and powerful fixture in the army of the Lein, they are discussed in the page [[Lein Cavalry]].

==Weapons==

'''Bows'''

The arsenal available to the Lein archers are the result of centuries of invention and innovation as the Tranon refined their methods of warmaking to the broad plains, where the use of massed archers instead of individual bowmen in the forests allowed them to wreak havoc en masse. To enhance this devastating capability they have put in much effort, improving the firepower of the ranged weapons greatly.

The primary weapons of the Lein bowmen were the fearsome composite foot-bows, known as ''[[bursang]]'', as well as the crossbows, known as ''[[tushup]]''. The foot-bows were symmetrical recurve bows, which could be up to 1.4 metres long, and which were derived from truly ancient Tranon designs; the crossbows, on the other hand, were a relative innovation introduced during the century of civil strife known as the [[Foreign Kingdoms and Warring States period]]. The strength required to draw many of these weapons is 
quite amazing, especially the bursangnon, most of which have a draw strength of around 180 pounds.

While the array of one-man weapons used by Lein bowmen is already impressive, other more impressive and fearsome weapons were also know. The ''[[datushup]]'', or Great Crossbow, is in fact a wooden frame mounted with two crossbows, operated by winches and firing arrows up to 1.8 metres long; with an immense draw strength when fully strung, it could shoot its deadly projectile up to 600 metres or more, and at close range could often skewer two or three ranks of troops. Many stories told of three or even four men, nailed to each other and to a tree or wooden wall, with these long bolts.

'''Arrows'''

Long experience with [[Arrows(Tranon)|arrows]] gives the Tranon great expertise in their manufacture and design, and the normal bowman sets out for battle with several types of arrows in his quivers. 

Several main types of arrows are used. The first and oldest design, used originally for hunting, is a broad-headed arrow, meant for slicing through the flesh of unprotected targets or of animals; the broadness of the head makes it very difficult to remove, and it can provoke massive internal bleeding if anyone should attempt to extract it. The second sort, known as the ''haspeya'' or &quot;one-point&quot;, is akin to the English bodkin arrow; long, narrow-headed, it was enhanced by the use of a long metal point to increase the weight and penetrative power of the arrow, as well as the tiny notches and barbs all along the arrow point that make extraction potentially fatal.

Besides being purely killing tools, the arrows were also an integral part of Lein signalling techniques. Whistling arrows are commonly used as a means to signal, as well as to terrify the enemy; while they retained their points and could also kill, they had shorter ranges due to their whistles. Nonetheless the use of whistling arrows in battles, where massed archers would fire off whole volleys all of whistling arrows, is well-documented; many enemy records spoke of the &quot;awful sound as though of demons descending upon the field, blackening the sky with their flights, and striking our men down in their masses&quot;. Other more specialised arrows included fire arrows, often used for sieges to set entire camps and towns alight; they had a haspeya head with longer, forward facing barbs, behind which oily cloth was tied and set aflame, so that as they hit the arrow would &quot;claw&quot; onto a surface and set it alight.

As for the great crossbows, there were also multiple types of ammunition available; while the standard option was a larger version of the haspeya point, this time without any barbs but with an even heavier forward section to provide it with its legendary &quot;man-skewer&quot; ability, there are also fire arrows, as well as a unique blunt-headed arrow with small blades tied to its shaft such that, upon impact, the knives would be jerked free and bounce around, causing injury to anybody in the way. 

==Tactics==

The use of ranged firepower to overwhelm enemies from a distance has always been an integral part of Lein army tactics, before the use of cavalry to encircle enemies; the archers would often be set up behind a strong force of infantry, to shower arrows down on enemies at range using arcing fire. The firepower used by these mass tactics can be truly horrifying: at the [[Battle of Uzake]], the outnumbered Lein army nonetheless commanded 6,000 bowmen and 1,800 crossbows, and the order for volleying fire was given 38 times throughout the battle.

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Cavalry</title>
    <id>2797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14381</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T03:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The cavalry has always been a crucial part of warmaking for the Lein, a feature inherited from their old power base being situated in the northern plains to the south of the river Kiranava. As a result, after their reunification of the Empire, the Lein dynasty's army for the first time incorporated cavalry tactics into their army on a massive scale.

==Organisation and Types==

The Lein, having had extensive experience of the extremely fluid and mobile style of warfare employed by the northeastern nomadic tribes as well as the powerful charges of heavy cavalry from the western lands, made sure upon their founding of the Lein Dynasty to incorporate their experiences into the Imperial Army at large; in the reforms and reorganisation of the army, therefore, new tactics and training ended up in the creation of the two cavalry types.

The heavy cavalry of the Lein was known as the '''Steel Cavalry''' ([[Itrani language|Itrani] Kan'agun Garagos]]), and though it was not as heavily armoured as the scale-covered Iron Horse cavalry of the western kingdoms it was both far more mobile and far more versatile. Armed with recurve bows that could go through the scales of their adversaries at 80 paces, as well as lances and the formidable [[Bukaraya]], a curved heavy cavalry sword, they were also well-armoured with chain mail, and their horses with hardened leather and mail. Their versatility allowed them to engage heavier targets by first softening them with a barrage of arrows, and then a full-tilt charge, and it also allowed them enough speed to run down enemies.

The lighter, raiding cavalry of the Lein, highly influenced by the nomads, was known as the '''Winged Cavalry''' or '''Flying Cavalry'''. A revolutionary addition to the army, though influenced long ago by Lein imitations of nomad tactics as they ruled their northern fief in the [[Nar Dynasty]], they wore light armour and made use of the same composite recurve bow, known as the [[dom bursang]] or &quot;short bow&quot;, that the nomads used extensively. Besides this they also carried lighter swords which were basically more curved versions of the [[Ezrikes]] for close combat, though their normal response at coming too close to enemy lines is to escape.

[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Buildings of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14363</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-09T11:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kaldoin Fortress</title>
    <id>2799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14364</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-09T11:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Background and Construction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A fortress built along the [[Akirlisaya River]], far to the northeast of the Trandimir subcontinent, Kaldoin Fortress (named after Kaldoin Cliffs, on which it is built) is a system of fortifications built during the reign of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein]], as a major node in the defence of the northern Empire. In the following years, as relationships between the [[Lein Dynasty]] and the nomadic peoples of the north turned to war again, the fortress became a symbol of the resilience of the Lein Empire against the &quot;northern barbarians&quot;. 

==Background and Construction==

Tairazun Sora's plan of fortifying the Empire was in a sense the extension of his father [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Athain]]'s intentions to forestall war by fortifications, even though the first half of his reign was a dramatic move in the opposite direction. After nearly 20 years of war with the [[Tamu`deni]] and [[Sumatar]] peoples, and having driven them north of the river, Sora decided that the best policy would be to pursue peace while ensuring a formidable and prominent deterrence. It was towards that goal that the construction of Kaldoin Fortress was ordered.

Construction began, under the direction of the architect [[Tuin Risad berPanor]], in spring of Sora 34, and the central forts were completed around Sora 36, and fully operational by late Sora 37. The fortress was mostly constructed of stone, quarried upstream in the northern mountains and then painstakingly rolled and floated downstream to the area where they were shaped and placed; bricks brought upstream, as well as wood from the south, was also used in large quantities for this fortress.

[[Category:Buildings of the Lein Empire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Governmental Office Classifications</title>
    <id>2800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14529</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-14T13:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Ministry or Ordained Office */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page discusses the classifications and gradings of offices within the [[Lein Dynasty]] Imperial Government.

The bureaucracy evolved by the Lein Dynasty to manage its vast and now centralised empire was, as the empire itself, organised on a level of multiple tiers. Unlike previous geographically-divided agencies, though, the administration was now functionally divided, with each ministry maintaining representatives in the provinces.

==Ministry or Ordained Office==

''Articles: [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty]], [[Lein Imperial Office for the Outer Kingdoms]], [[Lein Imperial Office for the Palace]]''

The Ministry ([[Itrani]] Dasabo), of which there are six within the government, as well as the so-called Ordained Offices (Itrani ''Teinel Sabo''), make up the top tier of Lein government. Amongst them, the Ministries are headed by a ''Sagare'', or Minister, while the two Ordained Offices are each led by a ''Sagor ne-Tein'', or Ordained Official. These men are by law of [[Lein Official Ranks|First Rank, Proper Precedence]].

==Office==

Ministries are in turn subdivided into Offices, or ''Sabonon''. Each office was responsible for a certain area of responsibility within its ministry, related to the overall sphere of influence of the ministry itself; their powers were often great but highly restricted to their own respective areas. They are led by Overseers, or ''Sirtenon'' (singular ''Sirte''); but there are less restrictions on the rank of officials holding such posts. Most officials with a rank of Fourth Rank, Proper Precedence or above are eligible to be thus appointed.

==Section==

The smallest division of administration, and often a fluid one with new sections being set up or disbanded as needed, the sections or &quot;Durinon&quot; are responsible for most of the field work of their offices. The representatives of ministries in distant provinces, or certain local administrative branches, are often known as sections since they do not fit the functional scope of an office.

[[Category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Tranon Imperial Family Titles and Order of Succession</title>
    <id>2801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14376</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T03:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Questions:
*What happens if there's no one in any of those four tiers?  If female lines are excluded, it would be quite possible for there to be no princes out to first cousin
*Which tier is the Emperor's father's brothers classified in?  Also, are only the children of brothers of the Emperor's father by his main wife included in tier three, or are the children of brothers of the Emperor's father by concubines included?
*When a new Emperor succeeds, do princes' status change?  For example, the Crown Prince's brothers would be in tier one, but would they then be demoted to tier three once the Crown Prince becomes Emperor?

Also, &quot;Sons of father's brother&quot; are not &quot;cousins first-removed&quot;.  A cousin once removed is the the child of a cousin, or the cousin of a parent.  Your father's brother's son would be your patrilateral (or paternal) parallel cousin, to use technical terms. [[User:Nik|Nik]] 23:21, 8 October 2006 (PDT)

Wow I didn't know that. All right, I will edit accordingly and keep your questions in mind. Thanks for reading! [[User:Sirica|Sirica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Orion script1.png</title>
    <id>2802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14369</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-09T13:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phreq</username>
        <id>259</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'Revolutionary' in native Orion script.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eeree'en</title>
    <id>2803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16888</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T06:46:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phreq</username>
        <id>259</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Peoples of the Trandimir</title>
    <id>2804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16244</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:06:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article lists the peoples and polities of the Trandimir region of Vraltir.

[[Category:Ethnicities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Office for the Palace</title>
    <id>2805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14448</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T06:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lein Imperial Office for the Palace, normally simply known as the Palace Office ([[Itrani]] ''Tein Sabo ne-kirakan'', or just ''Saneki'') is the office within the Lein Government responsible for administering the [[Anyesir Palace|palace]] itself, as well as the Imperial Capital of [[Meiron]].

Given the status of the palace as the heart of the whole Empire, the administration of the palace in turn helps ease the work of other agencies and ministries. The Palace Office, besides taking care of the welfare of the Imperial Family housed therein, also takes care of the accomodation and feeding of its workers, the work of transmitting messages around the palace, and finally the administration and guard of the Capital.

==Offices and Organisation==

The palace office has a wide job scope that includes many of the domestic offices of the administration. Just a few such offices include:

*[[Administration of Meiron City]]: housing the governor of the capital and his staff, this office is responsible for the administration of the capital, the keeping of order therein, and the maintenance of its buildings and spaces.
*[[Lein Imperial Transcription Office]]: the Tairazun's secretaries, these young women are extremely well-trained and skilled, and serve as his drafters, writers, and readers of edicts.
*[[Lein Imperial Attendants]]: the great body of servants, numbering in the hundreds, who serve the Imperial Family as well as taking care of miscellanous tasks within the palace.
*[[Imperial Kitchen]]: The body responsible for preparing the meals of the Tairazun and his family, as well as for the residents of the palace.
*[[Imperial Artisans' Office]]: A centralised office used to mobilise skilled artisans and craftsmen on the order of the Tairazun or the demands of the palace and court.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Asori Ford</title>
    <id>2806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14447</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T06:08:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Asori Ford (Grazas ne-Shiden Asori)
|partof= [[Lein-Jichei Campaign]]
|date= 12-1- Sora 33
|place= Asori Ford, Uroma River
|result= Decisive Lein victory
|1= [[Lein Dynasty]]
|2= [[Jichei Kingdom]]
|1comd= [[Tairazun Sora berAthain]] 
|2comd=
|1str= 40,000 infantry, 56,000 cavalry, 31,000 bowmen
|2str= nearly 80,000 soldiers, mostly infantry; 6,000 cavalry; around 35,000 
|1cas= around 9,000 dead, 4,000 wounded
|2cas= around 65,000 dead, 28,000 captured
}}

The Battle of Asori Ford {[[Itrani]]: Garzas ne-Shiden Asori} was the single largest and bloodiest battle of the Lein-Jichei War, for both the Lein and the Jichei. Fought at a series of crossings of the [[Uroma]] River as the Lein army sought to cross and strike at the Jichei capital, it was also the last major act of resistance launched by the Jichei army against the overwhelming force of the Lein army.  Lasting from sunrise to just before sunset, the battle was so bloody that the Uroma River would later gain the appellation of Gin Newel or &quot;Red River&quot;.

[[category:Battles of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Customs of the Tranon</title>
    <id>2807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14384</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T04:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists the articles that describe the society, governance, and other customs of the [[Tranon people]].

[[Category:Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Currency of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14455</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T12:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One of the most important acts of the [[Lein Dynasty]], at its inception, was the standardisation of currency throughout the Empire. Whereas previous dynasties allowed respective feudal states great discretion in money policies, to the extent of issuing their own systems of currency, the Lein in order to centralise and unite the Empire had no room for such measures. The standardisation of currency was one of the first [[Imperial Edict|edicts]] passed by [[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein]], who made use of the Lein system of currency - ironically a self-issued system that ignored the currency of the Nar Dynasty then - as the Imperial standard:

1 uta = 12 berenon

1 bere = 12 teknon

1 tek = 6 pirinon

Besides these divisions, there are also other divisions present, but most of those exist on a regional level - again, a residue of ancient feudalism that has not quite faded amongst the populace. For the most part, given the relatively small values of those local currencies, the government does not interfere; but neither does it recognise those systems in its transactions.

[[Category:Economy of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Economy of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16109</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:49:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category includes articles on the economy of the Lein Dynasty.

[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Economics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tranon Imperial Consort Systems</title>
    <id>2810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14531</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-14T14:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page discusses the systems of ranking consorts throughout dynasties, as well as some of the conditions thereof.

The system of Imperial consorts is aligned with the Tranon social view, where polygamy is allowed and indeed sometimes encouraged; the large number of consorts many [[Tairazun|Tairazunon]] take, however, necessitate a complex system of ranking and priority. This system, known in [[Itrani]] as the ''buson kiranan'' or &quot;rear palace&quot;, has at its top the [[Tairasantha]] or Empress.

==Ranks of the Emperor's Consorts==

'''Tairasantha'''

The term Tairasantha is, for ambitious concubines at least, the ultimate aspiration. As the Tairazun's chief consort, her power officially extends to every member of the rear palace and all women within the administration, but unofficially it often stretches far more deeply, through her influence on the Emperor. Another powerful sign of dominance for the Tairasantha is that her sons with the Tairazun are placed above all other consorts, in the First Tier for Succession.

To become a Tairasantha, however, has certain characteristics; the Tairasantha, by the law of many dynasties including the Lein, must have a ''surviving, rightful prince''; &quot;rightful&quot; here means he fulfills the conditions for accession to the throne, mainly being that he is free of glaring physical defects. Only then, with a presumably healthy child as a potential heir, can she be given the position.

Besides this condition, however, given the youth of most Tairazunon at accession their chief consorts normally will not fulfill this condition; as such, the first or most favoured wife of the Emperor as of his accession.

[[Category:Customs of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tairazun</title>
    <id>2811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14394</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T06:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tairazun''' is the [[Itrani]] term for the Emperor, the supreme ruler of the Tranon Empire. Itself derived from the legendary king Taira, who in legends led the Tranon people out of the south into the present Tranon heartland more than 1,300 years before the founding of the Empire, the word itself holds in pre-Imperial days the connotation of power held with virtue; as such it was seen as an appropriate title for the first Emperor.

[[Category:Customs of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arun Savas berLetiman</title>
    <id>2812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14395</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T06:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arun Savas berLetiman''' (12-8-Athain 28 - 11-11-Keragel 4) is a poet, civil servant and diplomat of the [[Lein Dynasty]]. One of the most important officials in [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Sora's]] government, he has served in such posts as [[Lein Minister of Finance|Minister of Finance]], [[Lein Ordained Official of the Outer Kingdoms|Ordained Official of the Outer Kingdoms]], and [[Prime Minister of the Lein Dynasty|Prime Minister]], and is often grouped as one of the &quot;Great Ministers of the Great Martial Reign&quot;. 

==Childhood and Youth==

Arun Savas berLetiman was born in the night to Arun Letiman berKakur, a local official in the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Finance]], in the city of [[Salguz]]; his mother was the second wife of his father, and died when Savas was just three. As the only son in the family (his father's first wife had borne three daughters), he was especially doted on by his father, and received an excellent education from the many scholars in the city. Even in childhood he had shown himself to be of great aptitude and foresight.

The defining moment of Arun Savas' childhood came when his father brought him along on a meeting with [[Kan Gusan berHaler]], a famous general of the reign of [[Tairazun Athain berLoran ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Athain]]. A personal friend of the general, Arun Letiman was sending him off for [[First Sora-Tamu1deni Campaign|Sora's first campaign]], and Kan Gusan asked the man what his assessment of the campaign was; before he could answer, however, his 10 year old son cut in saying: &quot;The Great Tairazun shall wander the fields as a man chasing a fast horse&quot;. His father immediately reprimanded him for his impudence, but the general later agreed with this assessment; seven months later, after Tairazun Sora returned in defeat, the general mentioned to him that a ten year old had already foreseen his defeat; in shock the Tairazun immediately asked for Arun Savas.

[[Category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of Finance</title>
    <id>2813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14459</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T12:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of Finance''' ([[Itrani]] ''Dasabo Seterimi ne-i-Taitere'') is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty]], and in many senses the most important. Besides simply acting as a finance ministry, it is also responsible for the management of trade and economic growth, crucial matters for any state.

Due to its role, the Ministry of Finance has a large representation within the Imperial centre, as well as many branches in major cities around the Empire which are responsible for economic planning and other administrative functions. The fact that [[Prime Minister of the Lein Dynasty|Prime Ministers]] to be are mostly appointed as Ministers of Finance for a period before ascending the hallowed post is proof of the political clout and significance of the Ministry.

==Organisation and Offices==

The Finance ministry handles a huge range of tasks, and it is said that some of its offices can match the strength of another kingdom's court in its entirety. Some of these offices, crucial to the running of the Empire, include:

*[[Lein Office of Agriculture]], responsible for agricultural planning.
*[[Lein Revenue Office]], responsible for taxation and the inflow of revenues into the Imperial coffers.
*[[Lein Treasury]]: easily one of the most important offices, the Treasury manages the Imperial coffers and allocates funds as ordered.
*[[Lein Trade Monitors' Office]], responsible for promoting and controlling trade in accordance with the long-standing policy of the Lein Tairazunon.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of Public Works</title>
    <id>2814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14420</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T15:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of Public Works''', or just the Ministry of Works ([[Itrani]] ''Dasabo Katangaimi ne-i-Taitere'') is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty]], responsible for the construction and upkeep of the many public works projects and networks that the Empire depends on for its economic survival. With a job scope spanning from city wall repair to the construction of inter-province highways, it is often known as the &quot;Quiet Ministry&quot; for its importance in underpinning Lein rule, along with its relative silence in political circles. 

==Organisation and Offices==

As with all ministries the Dasabo Katangaimi, or Daskata, is divided into several Sabonon or offices, each dealing with an aspect of the job scope of the whole ministry. The major offices are as follows:

*[[Office of Canals]] (''Sabo hurotaimi''), responsible for the construction and maintenance of the many transportation canals between rivers that were built during the Dynasty.
*[[Office of Irrigation]] (''Sabo pirashaimi''), responsible for the even more important task of maintaining and expanding irrigation networks, crucial in many areas of the Empire for maintaining the productivity of the land.
*[[Office of Palaces and Forts]] (''Sabo Kirananimi ase Ratugaimi''), responsible for building palaces to the order of the Tairazun, as well as the design of large forts and castles, for fortification purposes.
*[[Office of Roads]] (''Sabo Lezeimi''), responsible for building and maintaining the immense network of roads that now span the Empire, crucial both for troop movements and for the flow of commerce from one city to another.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sumatar</title>
    <id>2815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14428</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T03:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Sumatar''' are a powerful confederation of the nomadic peoples that since time immemorial have lived on the fringes of civilisation, to the northeast of the Trandimir, north of the realms of the [[Tranon people|Tranon]]. People of the great seas of grass that stretches from the mountains of the Trandimir northwards without end, they are consummate warriors and hunters, and their interaction with the peoples to their south, with their cities and forts, has been infinitely complex, and has played a powerful part in the legends and culture of both civilisations.

While the peoples are ancient beyond history, the Sumatar confederation is not; formed during the early Tranon Empire, it had existed for centuries, often helping to topple regimes with its fast and deep raids into the Trandimir. In peacetime they were formidable allies and mercenaries, and in wartime fearsome foes like shadows; but whichever role they played they had a great part in the history of their southern neighbours.

[[category:Nomads of the Northeast]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of War and the Borders</title>
    <id>2816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14465</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T13:22:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of War and the Borders''' is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty|Six Ministries]] that form the core of Lein government; as is clear, it is responsible for the defence of the Empire, as well as its diplomacy and foreign relations. 

While the Tranon are by and large a peaceful civilisation, their close proximity to many other civilisations also makes war an unpleasant but frequently recurring state of reality for them. The Lein, to a greater extent than any other preceding state, brought the armies under a single imperial system and organised them into an incomparable force; this in turn required consistent and excellent administration. Being in charge of all the soldiers and matters of war, the Ministry is therefore also responsible for large parts of the Imperial economy, in the form of war coffers, border controls and most importantly the [[Sakuzak]] agricultural system.

==Offices and Organisation==

*[[Lein Imperial Army Office]], responsible for the administration of the Imperial Army's many units
*[[Lein Imperial Navy Office]], serving much the same purpose as its army counterpart
*[[Lein Imperial Logistics and Supply Office]], responsible for the manufacture of armaments, and the handling of equipment to the army; it is also responsible for ship construction.
*[[Lein Office Sakuzaknon]], responsible for the handling of the military agricultural colonies known as sakuzaknon.

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cities of the Tranon</title>
    <id>2817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16148</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists the many major cities that the Tranon, in their rule over the Trandimir, have founded or built upon and inhabited.

[[Category:Tranon]]
[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of the Civil Service</title>
    <id>2818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14460</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T12:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Offices and Organisation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of the Civil Service''' is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty|Six Ministries]], responsible for the important task of manpower shifts, recruitment, and the maintenance of standards of the civil service itself.

No country can be run without a competent, honest and efficient civil service, much less a sprawling empire like that of the [[Lein Dynasty]]. This Ministry was therefore set up in order to ensure that the officials that serve the Empire and its people conform both to the laws of the land and to the highest standards of education and personal virtue.

==Offices and Organisation==

The Civil Service Ministry's roles within the government are clear - to ensure that only the best enter the government, both in quality and character; and to ensure that, once they are within the centres of power, they stay upright. Some of its important offices include:

*[[Lein Imperial Inspectorate]], a highly feared office, is responsible for the arrest and judgement of civil service members who have been implicated in crimes or corruption.
*[[Lein Imperial Examinations Office]], responsible for the setting and monitoring of the [[Imperial Examinations (Lein)|Imperial Examinations]], where the civil servants are selected.
*[[Lein Office of Promotions]], responsible both for promoting and demoting officials in accordance to their records, and for the handling of position switches and arrangements within other offices.

[[Category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Imperial Ministry of Education and Rites</title>
    <id>2819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14464</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T13:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial Ministry of Education and Rites''' is one of the [[Six Ministries of the Lein Dynasty|Six Ministries]], responsible for religious affairs, the education of state scholars, and the recording and storing of knowledge for future generations.

Being ordained to rule the Empire by the many gods of the Tranon, the [[Tairazun]] and his people at large are all responsible for the great task of appeasing the gods, such that the elements which are beyond man - disasters, rain, the state of the climate and so on - may yet be in the favour of men. At the same time this Ministry is in charge of the education and conduct of [[Saimzanon]], the scholars of the Empire, as well as for storing the knowledge they have created.

==Offices and Roles==

The Ministry's offices each reflect an aspect of its wide-spanning role.

*[[Lein Office of the Saimzanon]] (Sabo Saimzanonimi), responsible for managing the Saimzanon as well as their institutes, the [[Saiveteng|Saivetengnon]], which are the main institutes of higher learning in the Empire.
*[[Lein Office of Sacrifices and Worship]] (Sabo Gurasanimi ase Nisanimi), responsible for managing the Tairazun's worships and scheduled sacrifices to the different gods and goddesses.
*[[Lein Office of Astrology and Astronomy]] (Sabo Horasaimi ase Horadisaimi), responsible both for divination using the stars, and for the study of those stars themselves and their movements.

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lein Judicial Office</title>
    <id>2820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14418</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T14:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Judicial Office''' represents the judiciary branch of the [[Lein Dynasty]], and as such it is a pivotal part in the functions of the [[Justice Ministry]] which it represents. Though it is only an Office within the ministry, it is nonetheless one of the most powerful offices of all, with its officials being instrumental local governors and magistrates throughout the Empire. 

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Justice Ministry</title>
    <id>2821</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14419</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-10T14:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Justice]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Institutions and Routines</title>
    <id>2822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14435</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T04:48:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists some of the important routines and procedures of the Lein Imperial government, including its major meetings and some of its main tools.

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Order Seals</title>
    <id>2823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14438</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T05:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Order Seals''' were an innovative new system instituted by [[Tairazun Durun]] during his reign. Basically a temporary &quot;boost of power&quot; granted by the Tairazun himself, the order seal allows an official thus endowed to, for a certain period of time, circumvent certain higher authorities in order to get its task completed. The name comes from the fact that such seals normally came with distinct orders, ie. the task that was meant to be achieved in the first place. 

While this system of temporary circumvention is well-known within the military, it has never been instituted in the civil service before the accession of the Lein. Yet, even as Tairazun Durun began and pushed the sweeping and massive reforms that saw the centralising of state power in his Six Ministries, he realised that the multi-tiered bureaucracy, while more than adequate for day to day tasks, might be ill-suited for crises. For that, as for military crises, one needed an officer to be authorised to carry out orders at all cost for the time being; drawing on that experience he instituted the order seals.

The issuing of order seals contains several procedures. Firstly, the Tairazun must draft and sign an appropriate edict, and order the making of a wooden seal which could be carved and made in two days; then, once both the edict and seal are complete, the official is summoned, the orders that are his are read to him, and the period of authorisation is made clear. Since all Imperial documents must be dated, this makes it easy to trace if any official has been overstaying his authorisation by comparing the date of the document with the date of expiry of the seal. 

Such seals are, of course, potentially dangerous political weapons; because of that they are often only given in times of crises, as to a particular canal official during a flood to allow him to mobilise men and repair barriers, or to a military logistics official to allow him to mobilise manpower to move a particularly important supply caravan to relieve an army. By law the authorisation period should not be less than 10 days, and certainly must not be more than a year.

[[category:Institutions and Routines]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nomads of the Northeast</title>
    <id>2824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14429</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T03:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles about the nomads inhabiting the northeast of the Trandimir.

[[category:Peoples of the Trandimir]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Batai</title>
    <id>2825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14454</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T12:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Batai''' is the [[Itrani]] word for a seal, an important device for many Tranon used as a signature and a stamp of authority.

==History==

Batainon have been used amongst the Tranon since time immemorial. The use of such seals, for stamping one's name, appears to have begun with the use of pottery, when the wet clay would be stamped with the name of the maker or the owner before being fired. Many wooden products also have the names of their owners carved on them.

Later, with the spread of paper and ink, the batai became a carved device using ink to mark its owner's identity. Pottery stamps, used for wet clay, still exist, but for most purposes the batai is used for many purposes - marking ownership, approving contracts and agreements, and so on. As such batainon are seen as important, treasured items for many of the Tranon; it is sometimes said &quot;Write your name a hundred times, or stamp it with a seal&quot;, to signify how highly the seal is regarded as a personal symbol.

==Materials and Manufacture==

Batainon can be made from any sort of material, though stone and hard wood are the favoured materials. A prized piece of white jade or dark green grass-stone, of the right dimensions to make a good seal, can often cost thousands of [[utanon]] simlpy because they would make great seals. The carving of these seals is a laborious process, and can either use the original Itrani script or - if the required  engraving will take up too much space - make use of a [[beruseti]] glyph instead, designed by the commissioner of the seal.

==Personal Seals==

Personal seals are the most common types of seal, used simply for personal identification. As such it can have myriad uses and applications; whether it be letters, contracts or paintings, they are used. 

==Official Seals==

[[category:Customs of the Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Uzake</title>
    <id>2826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14442</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T05:33:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Uzake
|partof= [[Campaign of Sora 18]]
|date= 11-6- Sora 18
|place= near Uzake town, [[Erganzaw Kingdom]]
|result= Decisive Lein victory
}}

[[category:Famous Battles of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tairazun Sora berAthain</title>
    <id>2827</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14444</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-11T06:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Battles of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16129</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[Category:Wars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Salguz</title>
    <id>2829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14473</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T04:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The city of '''Salguz''' is the provincial capital of [[Rumisa Arsun]]. It has a population of around 31,000 households, which makes nearly 150,000 people, making it an important city of the eastern Empire.

Originally founded as a market town for the rich agricultural produce of the area, the city later became the capital of several great feudal fiefs and other entities, including two kingdoms of the [[Warring Principalities period]]. During the [[Lein Dynasty]], it was in turn made into a provincial seat, and as such hosts the governmental centre of the region, as well as being a famous cultural centre. A famous saying about this city, as well as the city of [[Basari]] in the southern [[Burlaz Arsun]], states: &quot;Food carts leave Basari emptied; Ink carts leave Salguz dry&quot;. The city is also known as the &quot;green-walled&quot;, since its location in the eastern lowlands often causes morning mists and fog that wetten the stone of the walls, leading eventually to the growth of a layer of algae. 

[[category:Cities of the Tranon]]
[[category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arsunon of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14530</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-14T14:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Empire under the [[Lein Dynasty]] was divided into first eleven, then twenty ''arsunon'' or provinces. This is a list of these provinces.

*[[Natoyan Arsun]]
*[[Isodaya Arsun]]
*[[Rumisa Arsun]]
*[[Burlaz Arsun]]

[[category:Subunits of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Subunits of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>2831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14472</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T04:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Outer Kingdoms</title>
    <id>2832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14480</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T05:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main article, please refer to [[Outer Kingdoms of the Lein]]''

This page lists articles about the kingdoms that were set up around the world during the [[Lein Dynasty]]. These kingdoms, many ruled by external scions of the [[House of Lein]], would play a large role in the transmission of Tranon culture outside of the Trandimir.

[[category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Regional Government (Lein)</title>
    <id>2833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14488</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T06:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page discusses the regional governments of the Empire during the [[Lein Dynasty]]. As centralised rule led to the appointment of officials to the regions from the centre, a proper structure of governance was established, known as the &quot;nabatorzan&quot; or representative system.

Under this system, which was set up by the first [[Tairazun Durun]], each ministry of the government had a branch of representatives within a province or county, who would be updated of edicts and changes in the law; they in turn would be under local office chiefs, and eventually the provincial governor. The governor can be from any Ministry, but is expected to have some understanding of the workings of all the ministries; as a result only highly experienced officials who have made rounds in many offices tend to get appointed to provincial posts.

The tension between regional government and the government in the centre, a long-standing theme of Imperial politics, also has significant effects in the Lein. While appointment as a governor is certainly a grat honour, &quot;promotions&quot; which involve shifts to other provinces, out of or farther away from the imperial centre at [[Meiron]], is often simply a euphemism for political exile.

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zal Biran berGordas</title>
    <id>2834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14489</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T06:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Zal Biran berGordas''' (12-2-[[Loran]] 16 - 28-3-[[Sora]] 18 was a famous naval commander during the reigns of [[Tairazun Athain]] and Tairazun Sora. His long career was marked by his great victories over southern pirates during the reign of Athain, and his role in the naval expansion during the reign of Sora that would prove to be a crucial factor for later expansions and the founding of the [[Outer Kingdoms]]. 

[[category:Personalities of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Military Council (Lein)</title>
    <id>2835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14490</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T06:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Military Councils''' ([[Itrani]] ''Bekesten Dezukar'') are often conferences of the Empire's top-ranking [[Saizan|generals]], with the [[Tairazun]] in attendance. Convened for determining war strategy and planning long-term campaigns, these councils are often held as top military secrets within the [[Mal ne-Harim]] in the western enclosure of [[Anyesir Palace]].

==Organisation and Form==

The convening of a military council is often one of the first acts of a newly-enthroned Tairazun, the aim being to discuss his military goals and receive briefings on the military situation of the Empire; while having its origins in the militaristic tradition of the Lein, these meetings are also extremely important given the near-constant state of hostility with the many neighbours of the Tranon Empire. 

[[category:Institutions and Routines]]
[[category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ministerial Enclosures</title>
    <id>2836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14491</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-12T07:00:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ministerial Enclosures''' ([[Itrani]] ''Nirachnon ne-Dasabo'') is the term used to describe the separate &quot;palaces&quot; of governmental agencies within [[Anyesir Palace]]. The Palace, being the heart of Imperial government especially after the edict of [[Loran]] 4 ordering the centralisation of all [[Six Ministries|ministries]] within its walls, has large walled areas reserved for each ministry. These are, in order of Ministry:

*[[Western Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Basedi Nirach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of War and the Borders|Ministry of War]]
*[[Southern Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Murin Nirach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of the Civil Service|Civil Service Ministry]]
*[[Eastern Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Osele Nirach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Finance|Ministry of Finance]]
*[[Northern Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Tarudi Nirach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Justice|Ministry of Justice]]
*[[New Western Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Nila Basedi Nirach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Public Works|Public Works Ministry]]
*[[New Northern Enclosure]] (Itrani ''Nila Tarudi NIrach''), for the [[Lein Imperial Ministry of Education and Rites|Rites Ministry]]

Arranged around the Central Palace, which has the [[Five Halls]] as its centrepiece and where the Emperor works during the day, they 

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Five Halls</title>
    <id>2837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16135</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Five Halls''' form the centre of the western portion of [[Anyesir Palace]], known as the Front Palace. The working quarters of the [[Tairazun]], the [[Prime Minister of the Lein Dynasty|Prime Minister]], the ministers and their staffs, it is the supreme headquarters of the whole Empire.

The Five Halls include some of the grandest buildings of the [[Lein Dynasty]], including:

*[[Hall of Lasting Harmony]], the main meeting hall in the centre of the palace, where all [[Imperial Conferences]] are held.
*[[Three Streams Court]], a building within a garden where the Tairazun works by himself, housing also the [[Imperial Transcription Office]], and other relevant staff.

[[category:Offices and Institutions of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[category:Buildings of the Lein Empire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bekelbir</title>
    <id>2838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14499</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-13T05:10:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bekelbir''' is the [[Itrani]] word for a sort of noodle, made of [[seumoya]] flour, which forms an important staple food for the western and northwestern areas of the Trandimir. 

The noodle is normally white in colour, very smooth in texture, and rolled flat into sheets before being cut into strips. Well made bekelbir should be very bouncy and have a slightly chewy but soft texture in the mouth. Bekelbir is used extensively in all manner of dishes made by the Tranon.

[[category:Tranon cuisine]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tranon cuisine</title>
    <id>2839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16159</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[category:Customs of the Tranon]]
[[Category:Food]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Maailmaniag</title>
    <id>2840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39123</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-26T18:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Utājen]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Yaenar]],&lt;br&gt;
[[Amòssi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gjatalin</title>
    <id>2841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14503</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-13T19:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Gjatalin (Gjatálin, {{IPA|[gja taː lin]}}, /g_ja.t_da:.lin/)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gyatalin</title>
    <id>2843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14610</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T21:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Prepositions */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Gyatalin'''&lt;br&gt;'''Gjatálin'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in: 
||Gjatá
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(unnamed)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||436,391,390
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||(unnamed)&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Shalian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Gyatalin'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||maailmaniag ||2006
|}

The language of the Gyatalin people (&lt;i&gt;Eng: Gyatalin&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Nat: Gjatálin&lt;/i&gt;) is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. It is spoken by approximately 436,391,390 people, and is the most widely spoken of the Shalian languages found on the planet.

The language itself superficially (and sometimes even semantically) resembles some of the Slavic languages (particularly Polish), partly due to the fact that it was, indeed, the Polish who exposed the Gyatalin people to the Latin alphabet and several semantic ideas.

==Phonology/Orthography==
===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=19 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Retroflex||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t || d || || || || || || || || || k || g
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Ejective || p' || || || || t' || || || || || || || || || || k'
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || w || || || s || z || š || ž || ś || ź || || || ch || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || || tš || dž || tś || dź
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || ẃ || || || || || || || || || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Digraphs====
bj bl bn bw bẃ
&lt;br&gt;
dj dl dw dẃ
&lt;br&gt;
džl	džw	džẃ
&lt;br&gt;
dźj	dźw	dźẃ
&lt;br&gt;
fj	fl	fẃ
&lt;br&gt;
gd	gj	gl	gw	gẃ
&lt;br&gt;
hl	hm	hn	hẃ
&lt;br&gt;
kj	kl	kn	ks	kš	kś	kw	kẃ
&lt;br&gt;
k’j	k’l	k’n	k’s	k’š	k’ś	k’w	k’ẃ
&lt;br&gt;
lj	lẃ
&lt;br&gt;
mj	mẃ
&lt;br&gt;
nj	nẃ
&lt;br&gt;
pf	pj	pl	ps	pw	pẃ
&lt;br&gt;
p’f	p’j	p’l	p’s	p’w	p’ẃ
&lt;br&gt;
sf	sk	sk’	sl	sm	sn	sp	sp’	st	st’	sw	sẃ
&lt;br&gt;
šf	šk	šk’	šl	šm	šn	šp	šp’	št	št’	šw	šẃ
&lt;br&gt;
śj	św	śẃ
&lt;br&gt;
tj	tl	ts	tw	tẃ
&lt;br&gt;
t’y	t’l	t’s	t’w	t’ẃ
&lt;br&gt;
tšl	tšw	tšẃ
&lt;br&gt;
tśj	tśw	tśẃ
&lt;br&gt;
w	wj	wl	wẃ
&lt;br&gt;
chj	chw	chẃ
&lt;br&gt;
zd	zg	zj	zm	zn	zẃ
&lt;br&gt;
žd	žg	žj	žm	žn	žẃ
&lt;br&gt;
źj	źw	źẃ

===Vowels===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || ü || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lax Close || || || y || || ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || || || || ë || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || e || ö || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Open || ä
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

====Diphthongs====
There are six diphthongs in Gyatalin, and no more:

aj, ej, ij, oj, uj, yj
/ai Ei ij oi uj yj/

====Vowel Length====
There are a total of 2 vowel lengths in Gyatalin: long and short. The short vowels are marked as previous, and the long vowels are marked as follows:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || í || ù || || || || ú
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lax Close || || || ý || || ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || || || || è || ó
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || é || ò || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Open || à
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || á
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Long diphthongs are formed in exactly the same way:
áj éj íj ój új ýj

==The Cases==
Gyatalin makes use of six grammatical cases: the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, and vocative. Each case is marked, normally in with a different ending for each case.

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
Among other things that decline into each of the six cases, the personal pronouns do.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Personal Pronouns
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Nominative ||colspan=2| Accusative ||colspan=2| Dative ||colspan = 2| Genitive ||colspan=2| Locative ||colspan=2| Vocative 
|-
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 1 singular || yś |||| mý |||| mny |||| mne |||| ym |||| moj
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 2 singular || tü |||| dý |||| tè |||| ty |||| dá |||| doj
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 3 singular m. || žoj |||| žë |||| žu |||| ža |||| žü |||| žu
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 3 singular f. || žaj |||| žy |||| žä |||| ži |||| žö |||| žy
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 3 singular n. || žej |||| žej |||| žu |||| že |||| žy |||| žo
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 1 plural inclusive || il |||| il |||| ẃim |||| wi |||| jeg |||| il
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 1 plural exclusive || yl |||| mü |||| il |||| mü |||| mil |||| myl
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 2 plural || jätś |||| wjej |||| wjo |||| wjo |||| joź |||| joj
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 3 plural anim. || fën |||| dau |||| dë |||| dë |||| dwò |||| dwo
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| 3 plural inanim. || fè |||| dá |||| dèn |||| dè |||| dwò |||| dwó
|}

&lt;/div&gt;


==Verbal Morphology==
Like many Indo-European languages, verbs decline by person and number. However, Gyatalin verbs do not decline by tense; they decline somewhat by aspect, but the conjugations of the verbs don't match up exactly in meaning. The closest natural language aspect is the telicity found in Finnish or Estonian.

For the sake of neatness, already existing grammatical aspects are used to name Gyatalin aspects. However, a brief description of what the actual Gyatalin aspect is will follow the heading.

Before actually viewing the verbal morphology of Gyatalin, it is important to look at the structure of the verb infinitive (which ALWAYS ends in -t'j). 

There are two classes of verbs, so aptly named Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 verbs have either: a, y, o, u, ë, or a consonant before the typical t'j ending. Verbs in Class 2 have either: e, i, y, ü, ä, or ö before the t'j ending. It is impossible to tell whether a particular -yt'j verb is from Class 1 or Class 2.

To discover the stem of the verb, simply remove the vowel and the t'j ending. In the case of the consonant+t'j endings, only remove the t'j.

===Perfective Aspect===
This is the simplest of the aspects. In Gyatalin, this aspect implies that the action being referred to has been completed. 

====Class 1 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 1, Perfective Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || -u |||| póch&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || -ešt |||| póch&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || -oj |||| póch&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || -aj |||| póch&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || -ej |||| póch&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || -my |||| póch&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || -li |||| póch&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || -é |||| póch&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || -ju |||| póch&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || -jut |||| póch&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| yt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| wlùb&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| źl&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| gànś&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| títan&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}


====Class 2 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 2, Perfective Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || -ju |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || -iš |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || -joj |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || -jaj |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || -jej |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || -ymi |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || -yli |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || -je |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || -ja |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || -jat |||| pljan&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| byt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| žùdž&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| kwal&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| mächt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| pol&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

===Progressive Aspect===
The progressive aspect implies that the verb is happening, but has not been completed. This aspect also carries the meaning of the intention of completing the action. (for example, with the verb &quot;to go there&quot;, in the progressive aspect, English would represent the meaning as &quot;to be on one's way there, and having an intention of reaching the final destination&quot;)

====Class 1 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 1, Progressive Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || ja- || -u || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || ja- || -ešt || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || ja- || -oj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || ja- || -aj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || ja- || -ej || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || ja- || -my || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || ja- || -li || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || ja- || -é || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || ja- || -ju || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || ja- || -jut || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

====Class 2 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 2, Progressive Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || ja- || -ju || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || ja- || -iš || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || ja- || -joj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || ja- || -jaj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || ja- || -jej || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || ja- || -ymi || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || ja- || -yli || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || ja- || -je || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || ja- || -ja|| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || ja- || -jat || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

===Imperfective Aspect===
The imperfective aspect implies almost the opposite ot the perfective aspect. The verb is happening, and has not yet been completed, but the subject has no intention of finishing the said action.

====Class 1 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 1, Progressive Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || ja- || -um || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànśm&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || ja- || -et || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || ja- || -o || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || ja- || -a || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || ja- || -e || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || ja- || -ym || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || ja- || -il || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || ja- || -è || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || ja- || -uj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || ja- || -ujt || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;jag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

====Class 2 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 2, Progressive Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || ja- || -u || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || ja- || -ešt || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || ja- || -oj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || ja- || -aj || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || ja- || -ej || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || ja- || -my || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || ja- || -li || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || ja- || -é || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || ja- || -ju|| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || ja- || -jut || &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

===Prospective Aspect===
The prospective aspect implies to the listener that the action has not yet been started; however, the speaker has intentions of finishing the action.

====Class 1 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 1, Prospective Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || da- || -u || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || da- || -ešt || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || da- || -oj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || da- || -aj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || da- || -ej || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || da- || -my || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || da- || -li || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || da- || -é || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || da- || -ju || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || da- || -jut || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

====Class 2 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 2, Prospective Aspect
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || da- || -ju || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || da- || -iš || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;iš&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || da- || -joj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;joj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || da- || -jaj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jaj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || da- || -jej || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || da- || -ymi || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ymi&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || da- || -yli || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;yli&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || da- || -je || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;je&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || da- || -ja|| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ja&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || da- || -jat || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jat&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

===Progressive/Imperfect Aspect===
This aspect of the Gyatalin verb has no grammatical name. It implies that the action has not yet started, and the speaker has no intention of ever completing the action.

====Class 1 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 1
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| póchat'j ||colspan=2| ytyt'j ||colspan = 2| wlùbot'j ||colspan=2| źlut’j ||colspan=2| gànśët’j ||colspan=2| títant'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || da- || -um || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànśm&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || da- || -et || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;et&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || da- || -o || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || da- || -a || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || da- || -e || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || da- || -ym || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ym&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || da- || -il || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;il&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || da- || -è || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;è&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || da- || -uj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;uj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || da- || -ujt || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;póch&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;dag&lt;/b&gt;yt&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;wlùb&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;źl&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;gànś&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;títan&lt;b&gt;ujt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

====Class 2 Verbs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=15 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Class 2
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Ending ||colspan=2| pljanet'j ||colspan=2| bytit'j ||colspan = 2| žùdžyt'j ||colspan=2| kwalüt’j ||colspan=2| mächtät’j ||colspan=2| polöt'j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yś || da- || -u || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;u&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| tü || da- || -ešt || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ešt&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žoj || da- || -oj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;oj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žaj || da- || -aj || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;aj&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| žej || da- || -ej || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ej&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| il || da- || -my || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;my&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| yl || da- || -li || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;li&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| jätś || da- || -é || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;é&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fën || da- || -ju|| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;ju&lt;/b&gt; ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| fè || da- || -jut || &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pljan&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;byt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;žùdž&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;kwal&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;mächt&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; |||| &lt;b&gt;da&lt;/b&gt;pol&lt;b&gt;jut&lt;/b&gt; ||
|}

==Nominal Morphology==
Nouns in Gyatalin have a somewhat mixed system of noun classificaton. It's half-gender, half-animate. 

There are 3 genders in Gyatalin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. In addition, both the masculine and feminine genders can be broken into animate or inanimate classes, for a total of 5 distinct groups.

The gender of a noun is apparent upon inspection: masculine nouns either end in consonant, o, u, all +j. Feminine nouns end in either a or i, each +j. And neuter nouns all end in e or ej. No nouns ever end in a long vowel, y, yj, or a diaresis vowel (ä, ë, ö, ü, +j).

===The Article===
Nouns in Gyatalin are only marked if they are indefinite (i.e. the English equivalent of a, an, some). If a noun is unmarked, that means that it is definite (i.e. the English equivalent of the). The article (a, an) declines according to gender as well as case.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| The Article
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Masculine Anim. ||colspan=2| Masculine Inanim. ||colspan=2| Feminine Anim. ||colspan=2| Feminine Inanim. ||colspan=2| Neuter 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nominative || źje |||| źje |||| źja |||| źja |||| źjo
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Accusative || źjë |||| źje |||| źjy |||| źja |||| źjo
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Dative || źju |||| źjë |||| źjä |||| źjy |||| źju
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Genitive || źja |||| źju |||| źji |||| źjä |||| źje
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Locative || źjü |||| źjü |||| źjö |||| źjö |||| źjy
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Vocative || źjë |||| źje |||| źjy |||| źja |||| źjy
|}

===Masculine Gender===

====Declension 1====

====Declension 2====

====Declension 3====

===Feminine Gender===

====Declension 1====

====Declension 2====

====Declension 3====

===Neuter Gender===

==Prepositions==
Prepositions don't work in the same way they do in English. There are only a handful of prepositions (numbering less than 10) in the whole Gyatalin language, compared to the 50 or so in English.

Each preposition takes a certain case to mean a certain thing. One preposition can mean up to 4 different things, taking either the accusative, dative, genitive, or locative case. Therefore, 2 sentences that look similar could mean completely different things because of the case.

These are the prepositions used (semantic meaning will be covered in the following sections, broken up into case): k’ölź, lẃant, dùch, gdom, chwodj, hnýs, bjël, škof, kjüp’

===The Accusative Form===
When a succeeding noun is put in the accusative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:

k’ölź - for&lt;br&gt;
lẃant - in&lt;br&gt;
dùch - around&lt;br&gt;
gdom - onto&lt;br&gt;
chwodj - at&lt;br&gt;
hnýs - together with&lt;br&gt;
bjël - during&lt;br&gt;
škof - about&lt;br&gt;
kjüp’ - among

===The Dative Form===
When a succeeding noun is put in the dative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:

k’ölź - to (a person)&lt;br&gt;
lẃant - since&lt;br&gt;
dùch - with&lt;br&gt;
gdom - on&lt;br&gt;
chwodj - after&lt;br&gt;
hnýs - besides (other than)&lt;br&gt;
bjël - against&lt;br&gt;
škof - over&lt;br&gt;
kjüp’ - until

===The Genitive Form===
When a succeeding noun is put in the genitive case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:

k’ölź - of&lt;br&gt;
lẃant - because of&lt;br&gt;
dùch - without&lt;br&gt;
gdom - on top of&lt;br&gt;
chwodj - despite, in spite of&lt;br&gt;
hnýs - with (as a means of use)&lt;br&gt;
bjël - instead of&lt;br&gt;
škof - opposite, across&lt;br&gt;
kjüp’ - between

===The Locative Form===
When a succeeding noun is put in the locative case, the prepositions carry the following meanings:

k’ölź - to (a place)&lt;br&gt;
lẃant - into&lt;br&gt;
dùch - through&lt;br&gt;
gdom - by, near&lt;br&gt;
chwodj - before&lt;br&gt;
hnýs - next to&lt;br&gt;
bjël - underneath&lt;br&gt;
škof - behind&lt;br&gt;
kjüp’ - ago

===Using Prepositions===
Prepositions change up the word order in a sentence, slightly. Normally, the indefinite article precedes the noun.

When using a preposition, the preposition always comes right before the noun. Therefore, if an indefinite article is in use, the article comes right before the preposition. Of course, if there is no article, then this doesn't pose a problem for learners.

k’ölźy pwotly - for the woman&lt;br&gt;
hnýsü t’sëlšü - next to the island

BUT:

źjy k’ölź pwotly - for a woman&lt;br&gt;
źjü hnýs t’sëlšü - next to an island</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arophania</title>
    <id>2844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18135</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T10:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Definition and boundaries */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

'''Arophania''' {{IPA|[æɹə'feɪniə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Araphein''''' {{IPA|/'arəfi:n/}}, [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Arophan''''' {{IPA|/'arəfa:n/}}) is one of five continents of [[Ilethes]], in the south of the planet. It is the location of one of the three traditional [[Ilethes cradles of civilisation|cradles of civilisation]], and home to one of the greatest civilisations, the [[Areth]]. Arophania constitutes approximately 13% of the total land area of Ilethes, and accounts for almost 24% of its population.
{{Translit|what=toponyms|why=historical|what1=modern political names|scheme1=respective transliteration schemes of the local languages concerned|what2=geographical features known to the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|Classical world]]|scheme2=[[Vesian system]]}}

==Etymology==

==Cartography==

[[Image:Arophania physical.jpg|thumb|right|360px|Physical map of Arophania with relief and drainage shown.]]

Arophania is usually depicted, in the [[Gathenic depiction]], at the bottom of maps towards the middle, south of [[Marcasia]] but with [[Eresphria]] and [[Canthres]] on the west, and [[Istheusia]] on the east; i.e. the map is centred on Marcasia. For this reason the southern areas of the continent are exaggerated and overrepresented due to distortion in the equatorially-oriented projection.

===Definition and boundaries===

Besides the mainland, offshore islands belonging to the Arophanian continental shelf are also considered to be part of Arophania. While this definition presents little problem concerning the [[Tumides archipelago|Tumides]] and [[Sissemen archipelago|Sissemen]] islands, the [[Ingas archipelago]] rightly belongs on the [[Marcasia]]n continental shelf save a few islands, but are culturally closer tied to Arophania. In the same way, the [[Hibondassian archipelago]] sits on the [[Arophanian plate]], but are considered geopolitically and culturally part of [[Istheusia]].

==Geology==

The rock and soil of Arophania is rich in ferromagnesian compounds, which besides constituting excellent ground for cultivation, also gave rise to a well-developed mining industry in [[Arithia]]. Due to the rock composition, volcanoes in Arophania erupt the more fluid basaltic lava, which spreads rapidly across larger areas before cooling and solidifying to form fertile lava plateaus, such as the [[Nimaean plain]].

==Land and climate==

===West Arophanian Plain===

{{main|West Arophanian plain}}


===Alerryagi and the Eastern Seaboard===

{{main|Alerryagi}}
{{main|Hallaryagi}}
{{main|Eastern Seaboard}}
{{main|Nimaean plain}}


===Sissemen and Tumides archipelagos===

{{main|Sissemen archipelago}}
{{main|Tumides archipelago}}


==Territories and regions==

The single most prominent political entity on Arophania is the republic of [[Arithia]], whose Arophanian portion (known as [[Cadaeria]]) occupies the eastern half of the continent as well as parts of the [[West Arophanian Plain]], lying across the [[Alerryagi]]. 

===Historical regions===

Owing to the long human presence on Arophania, the continent has been divided and redivided a great many times over by various peoples, rulers and states. As such, the borders of most historical regions have been obfuscated by time and confusion. The following is a list of the more prominent of them:

*[[Calagia]], a coastal region on the northeastern coast and the traditional heartland and core of Areth civilisation; the region encompasses in totality
**[[Lazeia (region)|Lazeia]], the rough historical extent of the [[Lazeia (kingdom)|early Areth kingdom]] centred around the historical city of [[Lazea]], excluding its [[Marcasia]]n possessions.
**[[Gambria]], the area of an eponymous early Areth kingdom rival to Lazea.
*[[Nimaea]], in the southeast of the continent, the location of the [[Nimaean plains]] and the source of the [[Theph river|Theph]] and [[Nes river|Nes]] rivers.
*[[Ajatia]], an especially fertile crescent in the West Arophanian Plain, of great strategic importance in olden times due to its location at the crossroads of many major transport routes, and consequently the site of many terrible and bloody battles.

==Water==

===Oceans, seas &amp; straits===

The continent of Arophania is bounded on the north by the [[Chisthian Sea]], which separates it from [[Marcasia]], channeling into the [[Issol A'i]] eastwards (meeting the [[Ingas archipelago]] midway) and opening up into the [[Denurean Sea]] westwards. East of Arophania lies the [[Auzirean Sea]], and also the [[Issol Ardem]] that separates the [[Sissemen archipelago]] from the mainland. On the south Arophania meets the [[Thorfu]], and beyond the [[Issol Nau]] lies the [[Tumides archipelago]]. The [[As am Iraph]], or, misleadingly, the ''Eastern Ocean'' (see article on the origin of the English name), lies to the west of Arophania.

===Rivers &amp; lakes===

Whereas the west of Arophania is an immensely fertile plain and the east is considerably more mountainous, the east is richer in rivers and lakes than the west, boasting of the prominent [[Theph river|Theph]] and [[Nes river|Nes]] rivers that both source from the meltwater of the snow-capped [[Alerryagi]] and empty into the Chisthian, and the [[Varant river]] flowing west to east and emptying into the Auzirean. Crisscrossing the rest of the [[Eastern Seaboard]] are various tributaries of the three such as the [[Eithan river|Eithan]], the [[Dobrae river|Dobrae]] and the [[Loda river|Loda]], the latter of which begins life in [[Lake Charia]], the highest and consequently most remote, pristine and scenic of the [[Barrier Lakes]], of which other major members include the lakes [[Lake Rist|Rist]], [[Lake Everodes|Everodes]], [[Lake Augars|Augars]] and [[Lake Dumache|Dumache]]. The [[West Arophanian Plain]], on the other hand, counts just the [[Caine river|Caine]], [[Sami river|Sami]] and the [[Tamos river|Tamos]] rivers (all of which originate in the [[Hallaryagi]]) among its notables, and contains just one lake (albeit of considerable size), [[Lake Tago]].

==Ethnography==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modalnian</title>
    <id>2845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14547</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-14T20:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Modalnian'''&lt;br&gt;'''Špüchre Modalnia'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in: 
||Modalnia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(unnamed)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||528,319,211
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||(unnamed)&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Modalnian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Modalnian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||maailmaniag ||2006
|}

Modalnian (&lt;i&gt;Eng: Modalnian&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Nat: špüchre modalnia&lt;/i&gt; is a language spoken on the planet of Meishuko, in an alternate universe. Spoken by approximately 528,319,211 people, it is the most widely spoken of the Modalnian languages.

Modalnian has been heavily influenced by the German language, as large numbers of German-speaking people migrated to Modalnia in the years prior to, and the years during World War II. 

==Phonology/Orthography==
===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t || d || || || || || c || g
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || s || z || š || ž || || || ch || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ts || dz || č || ğ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || || ř 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

====Digraphs/Trigraphs====
bl br bř bv &lt;br&gt;
ch cl cm cn cr cř &lt;br&gt;
dl dr dř dv dz &lt;br&gt;
fl fr fř &lt;br&gt;
gl gn gr gř gs gš gv &lt;br&gt;
mb ml mr mř &lt;br&gt;
nd ng &lt;br&gt;
pf pl pr př ps pš &lt;br&gt;
sb sc sč sf sl sm sn sp squ sr sř st sv &lt;br&gt;
šc šč šl šm šn šp šqu šr šř št &lt;br&gt;
tl tr tř ts tv &lt;br&gt;
vl vr vř &lt;br&gt;
zl zm zn zr zř &lt;br&gt;
žğ žl žm žn žr žř &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
chl chn chr chř &lt;br&gt;
pfl &lt;br&gt;
scl scm scn scr scř &lt;br&gt;
spl spr spř &lt;br&gt;
str stř &lt;br&gt;
šcl šcm šcn šcr šcř &lt;br&gt;
špl špr špř &lt;br&gt;
štr štř &lt;br&gt;

===Vowels===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || ü || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Close || || || ï || || ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || || || || || || || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || ë
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || e || ö || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Open || ä
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a
|}

====Diphthongs/Triphthongs====
ai au äi âi âu āi āu &lt;br&gt;
ei eo eu êi êo êu ēi ēo ēu &lt;br&gt;
ia ie ii io iu iä ië iï iö iü iî îa îe îi îo îu īa īe īi īo īu iā iē iī iō iū &lt;br&gt;
oi öi ôi ōi &lt;br&gt;
ua ue ui uo uä uë uï uö uü ûa ûe ûi ûo ûu ūa ūe ūi ūo uā uē uī uō uū &lt;br&gt;
As can be seen, i u are allophones for &lt;j w&gt;

iai iau iäi iâi iâu iāi iāu uai uau uäi uâi uâu uāi uāu &lt;br&gt;
iei ieo ieu iêi iêo iêu iēi iēo iēu uei ueo ueu uêi uêo uêu uēi uēo uēu &lt;br&gt;
ioi iöi iôi iōi uoi uöi uôi uōi &lt;br&gt;

====Vowel Diacritics====
A circumflex denotes irregular stress in single vowels, and separation in diphthongs.

A macron denotes a long vowel.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Translit</title>
    <id>2846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14557</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T04:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;width: 400; background: #ddffdd; border: 1pt solid #aaaaaa; margin: 2.5% 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;
| '''Note on transliteration in this article:'''&lt;br /&gt;This article makes use of more than one transliteration scheme for {{{what}}} due to {{{why}}} factors. While {{{what1}}} employ the {{{scheme1}}} scheme, {{{what2}}} are transliterated by the {{{scheme2}}}. This is not nonstandard text, substandard work or ignorance on the part of the article's author.
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chisthian Sea</title>
    <id>2847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15721</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T16:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Chisthian Sea''' {{IPA|['kɪsθiən]}} ([[Modern Arithide]] '''''Kisthias''''' {{IPA|['kisθi.as]}}) lies in between the continents of [[Marcasia]] to the north and [[Arophania]] to the south, opening up to the [[As am Iraph]] in the west and tapering off to the [[Issol A'i]] in the east. From the perspective of the [[Areth]], it might be considered the most important sea, due to its great contributions to the rise and dominance as well as the economic well-being of the Areth, who have settled around, ruled and controlled the sea for more than two thousand unbroken years.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vesian system</title>
    <id>2848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17415</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T16:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Vesian system''' {{IPA|['veɪʒən]}} or {{IPA|['vi:ʒən]}} is the official [[Dethric language|Dethric]] scheme of cross-language transliteration, as devised by [[Dethrians|Dethrian]] lexicographer [[Deriauda Ves]]. It is the scheme used to romanise not only names pertaining to [[Dethria]], the Dethrians and the Dethric language, but also most names known to the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|Classical world]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Transliteration systems]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ilethes</title>
    <id>2849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15203</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T12:41:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists the articles and subcategories of articles that relate and pertain to the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ethnography of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14560</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T04:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists pages related to the peoples, culture, customs and languages of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Languages of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16233</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the languages and linguistic geography of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deriauda Ves</title>
    <id>2852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16534</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T05:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Deriauda Ves''' ('''Alairo Eivain Deriauda Giredal Nichery-Ves''' {{IPA|/ə'lerə 'i:ven ðeri'o:ðə 'ʒirðəl 'niʃry 'vɛs/}}, b. 3 Deiar 31 Ava 12, d. 3 Phassu 6 Maryna 5) was a major Dethrian lexicographer, writer, philosopher and later prime minister of the [[Rygian dynasty]]. Besides his voluminous works on the nature of being and investigations into the dynamics of the social fabric, his most notable contribution is the [[Vesian system]] of transliteration across many languages.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Personalities of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Dethria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithide language</title>
    <id>2853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19801</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-04T09:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Arithide (Arithīde)|pronounce='ærɪθi:d (&lt;span style=&quot;font: 11px GentiumAlt, Gentium&quot;&gt;arɯ'θi:de&lt;/span&gt;)|tu=[[Ilethes]]|species=Human&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Areth]]|in=[[Arithia]]; major auxiliary language in [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|the West]]|no=Native ''600 million''&lt;br&gt;Total ''≈1.1 billion''|script=Lazeic alphabet|tree=[[Arophanic languages|Arophanic]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Arithidic languages|Arithidic]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[North Arithidic languages|North Arithidic]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Arithide'''|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene Oh]]|date=late 2005}}

'''Arithide''' is an [[Arophanic languages|Arophanic language]] of the [[Arithidic languages|North Arithidic]] branch, spoken by more than a billion people. It is the largest and most historically significant member of the [[Arophanic languages|Arophanic language family]], and is also one of the earliest attested languages of [[Ilethes]]. The language has an unbroken literary tradition, written in the [[Lazeic alphabet]], of at least 2,500 years.

Academically, the names '''Arithide''' or '''the Arithide language''' are umbrella terms covering [[Modern Arithide]] and its diachronic predecessors (most notably [[Classical Arithide]]), and, in certain circles, closely-related regional lects. In common parlance, however, they simply refer to the modern language, at times specifically the standard variant.

Unlike French, whose use is overseen by the ''Académie française'', there is no official regulatory body charged with standardising Arithide usage, vocabulary, grammar and orthography. Similarly to English, however, the language regulates itself through the standardising effects of the print and broadcast media, particularly through the authority of four major dictionaries, the ''[[Renquau Dictionary of the Arithide Language|Renquau]]'', ''[[Anvers Comprehensive Dictionary|Anvers]]'', ''[[Caema Compendium|Caema]]'' and ''[[Complete Dictionary of Modern Arithide|Līs]]''. The first three are compiled and published by eponymous universities, while the last is published by the [[Lazea]]n broadsheet ''Līs Ōrēs'' (hence the common appellation).

==Name and Genealogy==

The name ''Arithide'' is from the Arithide ''arithīde'', combining ''Areth'' with ''-īde'', the suffix denoting languages. An older name for the language was ''[[Arithian]]'', but this name gradually fell out of favour as [[Nativisation]] gained traction in the 1990s [[CIE]].

==Geographic distribution==

Arithide is spoken as a first language by over 580 million people in [[Arithia]] and another 170 million across 14 other states in [[Marcasia]] where the language has official status, and of these, more than 600 million are native, ethnic [[Areth]] speakers. A further estimated 350 million speak it as a second or third language, mainly centred in and around [[Dethria]] and southern [[Marcasia]] where the sociocultural influence of the [[Lazeian Empire]] is still felt, bringing the total number of speakers of Arithide to approximately 1.1 billion people today across the world.

===Official Status===

Outside of [[Arithia]], the 14 other states with Arithide as an official language are, in alphabetical order:

#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

==History==

{{main|History of the Arithide language}}

==Characteristics==

==Writing==

===Lazeic alphabet===

{{main|Lazeic alphabet}}

===Orthography===

==Dialects==

==See also==

*[[History of the Arithide language]]

*[[Ancient Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Vulgar Arithide]]
*[[Koine Arithide]]
*[[Renaissance Arithide]]
*[[Modern Arithide]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chisthias Sea</title>
    <id>2854</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14575</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T05:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Chisthias Sea]] moved to [[Chisthian Sea]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Chisthian Sea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16141</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:11:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles pertaining to the geography of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Continents of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14582</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T05:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating to the continents on the planet of [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Seas of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17305</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T12:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arophania</title>
    <id>2858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14586</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T05:39:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating or pertaining to the continent of [[Arophania]] in the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dethric</title>
    <id>2859</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14588</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T05:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Dethric]] moved to [[Dethric language]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dethric language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Marcasia</title>
    <id>2860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14592</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-15T05:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating or pertaining to the continent of [[Marcasia]] in the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithide</title>
    <id>2861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16601</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T16:04:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The word '''Arithide''' may refer to:

*The [[Arithide language]], or any of its more specific historical forms:
**[[Ancient Arithide]]
**[[Classical Arithide]]
**[[Koine Arithide]]
**[[Modern Arithide]]
*The [[Lazeic alphabet]], which originated from the Areth and is still used to write the Arithide language, among others
*Anything related to the [[Areth]] people, culture or history

The word in its first sense is a direct borrowing from the Arithide; in its latter two senses, it derives from the Arithide ''arithidas'', &quot;of or relating to the Areth&quot;.

{{disambig}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcasia</title>
    <id>2862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15158</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T15:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Marcasia''' {{IPA|[mɑ:'keɪʒə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Marcassein''''' {{IPA|/mɔ'kassi:n/}}, [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Marcasan''''' {{IPA|/'markəsa:n/}}) is the second largest of five [[Continents of Ilethes|continents]] on the planet [[Ilethes]], after [[Istheusia]], and straddles the equator, spanning five climate zones. Due to its almost-round shape and its location at the centre of all the continents, it is sometimes called the &quot;gem of the world&quot;, or the &quot;pearl continent&quot;.

The [[Irus River]] delta on the [[Artya]] coast is one of the three [[Ilethes cradles of civilisation|cradles of civilisation]] of the world, and its surrounding plains, nourished over the millenia by the shifting course of the Irus, are the most fertile in the world.
{{Translit|what=toponyms|why=historical|what1=modern political names|scheme1=respective transliteration schemes of the local languages concerned|what2=geographical features known to the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|Classical world]]|scheme2=[[Vesian system]]}}

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Continents of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17584</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T07:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Gathenic depiction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Traditionally, the '''Five Continents of Ilethes''' are, from north to south, [[Canthres]], [[Istheusia]], [[Eresphria]], [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]]. Unlike the continents of Earth, the Iletheride continents are visually &quot;centred&quot; around and lie rather close to Marcasia, leaving more than a third of the planet's surface covered by the [[As am Iraph]] or Eastern Ocean.

==Cartography==

===Gathenic depiction===

The [[Gathenic depiction]] is the most common and usual way of arranging the five continents on a map. With [[Marcasia]] approximately in the centre of the map, [[Arophania]] at the bottom, [[Istheusia]] to the right and [[Canthres]] and [[Eresphria]] near the top-left corner, the depiction splits the [[As am Iraph]] between the left and right extremes of the map, much as the Pacific Ocean is on most maps of the Earth.

The Gathenic is the most favoured cartographic arrangement, as it conveniently represents as well the anthropological divisions of [[Ilethes]]: not only the east-west division between the [[Old World (Ilethes)|Old]] and [[New World (Ilethes)|New World]]s, but also the sometimes overlapping separation of the world into [[Arithic culture|Arithic]], [[Nospheric culture|Nospheric]], [[Carabaeic culture|Carabaeic]] and [[Dethritic culture|Dethritic]] blocs of cultural influence.

===Sopharic depiction===

The [[Sopharic depiction]] centres the map approximately in the [[Denurean Sea]]. The depiction minimises the splitting of geographically and politically contiguous areas by clustering all the continents to the left of the map, and depicting the [[As am Iraph]] as a large open body of water on the right.

===Arophanic depiction===

The [[Arophanic depiction]], so named by historians, was most commonly used in the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|classical era]], and centred the map around [[Arophania]], which, along with the [[Thorfu]], was shown disproportionately larger than either [[Marcasia]] or [[Istheusia]], which were squashed in the top and right areas of the map. In early maps, neither [[Canthres]] nor [[Eresphria]] was shown, while in later productions their depiction gradually progressed from incomplete land masses trailing off the edge of the map, to full standalone continents, albeit still inaccurately drawn.

==Old &amp; New Worlds==

[[Ilethes]] is commonly divided into the [[Old World (Ilethes)|Old]] and [[New World (Ilethes)|New]] worlds, a geographical division east-west that spans the culturally- and historically-based division into the [[Eastern civilisation (Ilethes)|Eastern world]] and the [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|Western world]].

The terms are intriguingly accurate from a prehistorical point-of-view: the Old World includes the long-inhabited continents of [[Istheusia]], [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]] (which have shown traces of human presence dating back hundreds of thousands of years), while the New World continents, [[Eresphria]] and [[Canthres]], were only inhabited by humans less than 40,000 years ago, as far as archaeological evidence has shown.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etimri Declensions</title>
    <id>2864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44078</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-12T17:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Nouns==
[[Etimri]] has a fairly simple declension system for nouns.

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! Nominative
  |align=center| -
  |align=center| -oum 
  |-
  ! Primary, Feminine
  |align=center| -out  
  |align=center| -oud
  |-
  ! Primary, Masculine
  |align=center| -ouk 
  |align=center| -oud 
  |-
  ! Secondary
  |align=center| -etsh 
  |align=center| -ets 
  |-
  ! Genitive
  |align=center| -ash 
  |align=center| -as
  |-
|}


For the purposes of this article, accusitive means &quot;monotransitive accusitive and ditransitive dative&quot; and dative means &quot;ditransitive accusitive.&quot; Possessive is formed with the particle &lt;ep&gt;, meaning beloning to.

==Adjectives==
Adjectives decline for gender but not for number.

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Masculine
  |align=center| Feminine
  |-
  ! Ending
  |align=center| -d
  |align=center| -f 
  |-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi</title>
    <id>2876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53210</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T04:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Imperial Rulers of the Kasshi]] to [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kasshi Empires''' were led by an Empress (or sometimes Emperor), who were advised (and, to an extent, limited) by an [[Imperial Family Council]].

== History of the Institution ==
=== First Empire ===
=== Second through Fifth Empires ===
The first Empress of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]] was [[Chalanya]].  Chalanya began her career as a member of the [[Council of Twelve]], and was soon named as [[Nrastaist Supreme Matriarch|Supreme Matriarch]] (as a puppet of certain high-ranking church leaders), following which, she united the Nrastaist states into the Second Empire, with herself as Empress.  As she claimed more power for herself, centralizing the Second Empire, and expanding it, the Council of Twelve began criticizing her, and demanded that she step down from the leadership of the faith.

She began formally separating the offices of Empress and Supreme Matriarch.  Her daughters, and later granddaughters and great-granddaughters, were proclaimed Imperial Princesses, and organized into an [[Imperial Family Council|advisory Council]].  She established that neither the Empress nor the Supreme Matriarch should have absolute power in her sphere, but rather, should listen to, respectively, the Imperial Family Council and the Council of Twelve.  She ordained that succession to the Throne should be by election, with the Imperial Princesses electing one of their own to the position of Empress, and that the Empress should appoint a new Supreme Matriarch.

After 96 Galhafan years (68 Earth years) of power, she formally resigned her dual positions, though retaining significant influence in both the sacred and the secular spheres of power until her death.

== Succession ==
The Kasshi did not practice primogeniture, and succession could often move between distant relatives.  Imperial Princesses (descendants of the dynastic founder) were divided into ranked categories, according to a simple principle.  Daughters of an Empress (whether the reigning one or a previous one) were Princesses of the First Degree.  Granddaughters of an Empress were Princesses of the Second Degree, Great-granddaughters were Third Degree and so forth.  Descent was only counted along maternal lines.  There was one minor complication to this - a granddaughter of a still-living Empress whose mother predecesed the Empress would be considered a Princess in the First Degree, though ''her'' daughters would remain Third Degree.  A great-granddaughter of an Empress whose mother and grandmother likewise predeceased the Empress would also become First Degree.

Any adult Princess in the First Degree was eligible to succeed to the Throne.  If there were no adult Princess in the First Degree, then adult Princesses in the Second Degree would be eligible, and if no Second Degree Princesses were available, then Third-Degree, and so forth.  There was, generally speaking, a preference for succession by the previous Empress' daughter, though at times, the Throne would rotate among two or three branches of a family.

Upon the death or resignation of an Empress, the Imperial Family Council would convene to elect a new Empress from among the eligible Princesses.  During this Interregnum, the IFC and the [[Council of Rulers]] would collectively wield the powers of the Throne.  Frequently, the previous Empress would have expressed an intended heir, and such heir would, in most cases, be elected, though there was no rule that the Council had to elect the previous Empress' designated heir.

== Imperial Family ==
In principle, any female-line descendant of the dynastic founder were classified as Imperial Princesses or Imperial Prince.  In principle, beyond the seventh or eighth degree, Princesses tended to descend to the [[Kasshi Nobility|nobility]], being granted a noble title while being stripped of their Imperial Title.  Such descended Imperial Family members and their descendants were excluded from the succession, being a new noble clan.

Some Imperial Princesses were granted special hereditary titles which granted their holder a certain Imperial Degree independent of their actual geneological descent.  However, such titles could never carry an honor above Imperial Princess in the Fourth Degree.

== Non-Standard Successions ==
In the event that no adult Imperial Princesses exist, the Interregnum would continue for longer than the conventional period.  If any First Degree Princesses existed, then the first one to reach adulthood would automatically become Empress.  If no First Degree Princesses existed, then the first Second Degree Princess would automatically become Empress upon reaching adulthood, and so forth.  During such lenghthy Interregna, the Supreme Matriarch would wield the powers of the Crown.  The [[Council of Twelve]] would elect a Supreme Matriarch in the event of a vacancy during a Long Interregnum.

In the event that ''no'' Imperial Princesses existed, the [[Council of Twelve]] would elect a new Empress, who would become a dynastic founder.  Frequently, the new Empress would have some geneological connection with the previous dynasty, possibly belonging to a noble clan descended from the old dynasty, or having a male-line connection.  Dynasty-founding Empresses would frequently take a husband from among the Imperial Princes, especially those close to the last Empress of the last dynasty.

== Dynasties ==
*[[Chalanya Dynasty]]

[[Category:Kasshi Empresses|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lheinead Pitch Split</title>
    <id>2877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30374</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-01T03:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abandoned Idea</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nevermind.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lazeic languages</title>
    <id>2878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14706</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T03:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Lazeic languages''' are a branch of the [[Arithidic languages|Arithidic sub-family]] that descended from [[Classical Arithide]], spoken in central and western [[Marcasia]]. Their name derives not from the city of [[Lazea]], but from the [[Lazeian Empire]] of the [[Areth]], which brought the Classical and [[Vulgar Arithide]] tongues with their conquest of the region. Though genetically Arithidic, the Lazeic languages today, despite being similar to one another, are markedly different from the Classical Arithide descendants spoken in [[Arophania]], or even in southern Marcasia, due to historical geopolitical factors and the [[Pharrian linguistic union]].

==High vs. Low Lazeic==

==Litsena==

==Samecian==

==Vethudic==

==Hyrrgonian==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide</title>
    <id>2879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51969</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-20T23:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbal class */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Classical Arithide''' is an ancient [[Arophanic languages|Arophanic language]] of the [[Arithidic languages|Arithidic branch]], originally spoken in [[Calagia]], the coastal region in northeast [[Arophania]] immediately bordering the [[Issol A'i]] and surrounding the ancient capital of [[Isphea]]. It was the formal administrative language of the [[Lazeian Empire]], and later adopted as the liturgical language of [[Acian Pheism]]. The language is highly inflecting, relying on morphological affixes instead of word order for its grammatical structure.

Today, despite being universally acknowledged as a dead language, with very few fluent and no native speakers, Classical Arithide is still significant in fields such as science, academia and law, providing many terms and neologistic roots, and as a subject (variously as &quot;Classics&quot;, &quot;Classical studies&quot; and the like) it is still widely studied in schools across [[Ilethes]], reflecting its enduring importance as the major international language of the historical world. 

==History==

{{main|History of Classical Arithide}}

Classical Arithide is the common appellation of the highly stylised Isphean dialect of the [[Arithide language]] in the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|classical age]], which, by virtue of Isphea's situation as a political, cultural and economic centre, had been exposed to and influenced by various other dialects and languages of the early [[Lazeian Empire]].

The language developed from [[Ancient Arithide]], the oldest form of the language spoken by some of the earliest settlers in [[Calagia]], records of which have been found inscribed on pottery and drawn on paintings. Whereas the ancient language was written with a mixed system (see [[Koeta inscriptions]]) of a syllabary interspersed with ideographical symbols for certain special words or phrases, by the establishment of the empire a well-developed alphabet had already been in use for a while, though the details of this advancement are sketchy at best.

By virtue of its position as the dialect of the capital, Classical Arithide was spoken in the courts of the Lazeian Empire, and, with this bolstering prestige, gained widespread currency through the Empire's [[Exploratory Delegations of the Lazeian Agia Dynasty|trade and exploratory expeditions]], [[Cultural influence of the Areth|cultural influence]], and establishment of colonies, tributaries and vassal states across a large swathe of the [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|western world]]. It hence served also as the language of learning, throughout antiquity to the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]]. With its rich vocabulary and many expressive possibilities, it was the dominant literary language even in areas outside the Empire, influencing such tongues as [[Dethric language|Dethric]], and it remains an important source of neologistic roots today. Classical Arithide is also the primary liturgical language of the [[Pheide]] faith.

For more than a thousand years, Classical Arithide served as the ''lingua franca'' in trade, diplomacy, history, literature and many other fields besides. While most records found from that period&amp;mdash;with its multiple golden ages of literature&amp;mdash;are written almost uniformly in the elaborate literary form used in the courts, evidence suggests that centuries of common and daily use had eroded much of the classical tongue away by phonological changes and semantic shifts, resulting in a dichotomy between the written Classical Arithide, and [[Vulgar Arithide]] as actually spoken by subjects of the empire.

At the same time, given its long lifetime as the primary international auxiliary language in the [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|western Ilethes]], Classical Arithide also developed, in parallel, into [[Koine Arithide]], an alternative, albeit less highly-regarded, lingua franca. While the koine came to be widely used in the spheres of trade, missionary work, and other assorted forms of low-level contact, high-level international discourse in diplomacy, conferences and the like continued to be held in the classical tongue, and treaties, laws, contracts and other legally, politically or symbolically significant documents were still written therein.

In the years leading up to and following the collapse of the [[Lazeian Empire]] in 1187 [[CIE]], the use of literary Classical Arithide waned sharply, while the vulgar dialects gained in local use, and accelerated their divergence both from the classical tongue and from one another, as the gradual disappearance of the written standard removed a common benchmark, such that the language of the middle and upper classes slowly merged with that of the plebeian masses. The [[Koine Arithide|koine]] managed to sustain itself for considerably longer, due to its nature as an auxiliary language, which favoured linguistic stability. As other trading nations rose in prominence, however, and the [[Areth]] started to fade, use of the koine also dropped, in favour of [[Dethric language|Dethric]], [[Kanandu language|Kanandu]] and various other languages.

This ebb in the fortunes of Classical Arithide would last through the [[Dethria]]n rise to economic power, till the 16th century [[CIE]], when the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]] created an impetus for its revival in the need to create numerous new terms and expressions that followed the rapid scientific advances and other social developments of the age. Classical roots were borrowed and reborrowed in the coining of new terms, classical terms were accorded new meanings as they were loaned directly into the vernaculars, creating doublets. Interest in classical studies also soared, as scientists looked to the past for noteworthy theories and inventions that had fallen out of the collective consciousness, composers tried to revive the classical musical flavour, the new aristocrats sought to recreate imperial grandeur in architecture and cityscape, and poets romanticised the old empire in their verses.

As the relative isolation of the [[Mediaeval Age (Ilethes)|Middle Ages]] turned into the increased international contact, the need for a politically neutral language for use in diplomacy and negotiation triggered the revival of Classical Arithide, albeit with modified pronunciation and a widely expanded vocabulary, known as [[Renaissance Arithide]]. This language enjoyed a brief spread to general use, but quickly fell out of favour as national vernaculars continued to absorb large numbers of classical coinages, and expediency as well as pragmatism prompted the eventual adoption of those languages, notable among them modern Arithide, even as the classical tongue grew in importance in academia as a widely-understood auxiliary language in which to publish papers.

===Legacy &amp; contemporary use===

{{seealso|Classical Arithide phrases in contemporary use}}
{{seealso|Classical Arithide roots}}

Ever since the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|Renaissance]] up till modern times, Classical Arithide has reemerged as a significant language&amp;mdash;no longer in people's homes or in the marketplace, but in academic, especially scientific, circles, where the language remains an important source of roots for neologisms, across many different tongues from [[Modern Arithide]] to [[Dethric language|Dethric]] to [[Finean language|Finean]] and even, directly or indirectly, [[Kiryeb language|Carabaean]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=13 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ŋ}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0&quot;&gt;{{IPA|dz}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

===Vowels===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; float: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; margin-right: 12px;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Short vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɛ}}&lt;/span&gt; || || || || || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color: #c0c0c0&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɔ}}&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Long vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i:}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u:}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e:}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o:}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a:}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

==Orthography==

===Romanisation===

==Grammar==

{{main|Classical Arithide grammar}}

The grammar of Classical Arithide, though in modern times based on a system not unlike the European one based on parts of speech, was [[Traditional Arithide grammar|traditionally]] centred on the dichotomy between a class of words which underwent declension (the Nominal class), and one which underwent conjugation (the Verbal class). This distinction had blurred by the height of the Equora dynasty, with the adoption of declension in certain cases for the Verbal class, for example, and is almost certainly not definitive in the Classical Arithide studied today, which is the literary language of the Equora.

===Nominal class===

{{main|Classical Arithide declension}}

Owing to the language's inflectionary nature, Classical Arithide nouns, pronouns and certain of its adjectives must be declined (i.e. inflected) to provide grammatical meaning. A group of words that decline in the same way is known as a &quot;declension class&quot;. There are 5 declension classes for nouns and the same for adjectives; pronouns are generally irregular. Each noun is declined for 11 cases, in the singular and plural.

The 11 cases of Classical Arithide are:
*'''Nominative''', which marks the subject of a verb
*'''Topical''', which marks the topic of a sentence
*'''Accusative''', which marks the object of a verb
*'''Genitive''', which marks possession by
*'''Dative''', which marks motion towards, and by extension benefaction to etc.
*'''Locative''', which marks location (with places) or indicates shift of grammatical focus (with objects and people)
*'''Ablative''', which marks motion away or existence apart, and by extension is used with prepositions such as ''parō'' &quot;about, regarding&quot; or ''etel'' &quot;by (agentive)&quot;
*'''Instrumental''', which marks instruments, and by extension accompaniment, using the preposition ''syn'' &quot;with&quot;
*'''Vocative''', which marks direct address
*'''Connective''', which is an open-ended stem form to which certain affixes or other nouns are appended, e.g. ''salumos'' &quot;heaven&quot; + ''innos'' &quot;top&quot; &gt; ''saluminnum'' &quot;in heaven&quot; (lit. &quot;on heaven&quot;; ''innos'' is in the locative) and ''allas'' &quot;city&quot; + ''dolō'' &quot;around&quot; (from ''dolos'' &quot;surroundings&quot;) &gt; ''alladolō'' &quot;around the city&quot;
*'''Essive''', which marks existence as

===Verbal class===

{{main|Classical Arithide conjugation}}

Classical Arithide verbals are divided into five conjugation patterns based on whether their stems end in any of the six vowels or a consonant; a small group of consonant-stems that take the vowel-stem verb endings make up the last, mixed conjugation.

Each class is conjugated for four voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and three tenses:

*'''Voices:''' active, middle, passive, causative, potentive
*'''Aspects:''' imperfective, perfective, perfect, habitual/generic, inceptive, frequentative, protractive
*'''Moods:''' indicative, subjunctive, optative/desiderative, jussive, imperative, cohortative, [[Classical Arithide conjugation#Negation|negative]]
**The interrogative mood is marked by a following particle.
*'''Tenses:''' Only the future tense is explicitly marked, independently of aspect. 

The predicative use of certain verbs as adjectives is expected, but the attributive use grew out of a grammatical device, now largely disused, of making verbs into modifiers by displacing them to the front of nouns rather than behind them, as is the usual SOV order.

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide roots]]
*[[Classical Arithide poetry]]
*[[Classical Arithide phrases in contemporary use]]
*[[Arithide Sample Text Corpus]]


[[Category:Ilethes]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Arophania]]
[[Category:Marcasia]]
[[Category:Eresphria]]
[[Category:Canthres]]
[[Category:Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Areth</title>
    <id>2880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29410</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-28T17:08:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Terms */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Areth''' are a people inhabiting the continents of [[Arophania]] and [[Marcasia]], and whose country, [[Arithia]], spans the two. While not all Areth live within the borders of modern-day Arithia and not all Arithians are ethnically Areth, the concept of [[Areth nationhood]] has always been closely tied to that of an [[Arithide]] state.

==Terms==

The name ''Areth'', while in common use even among the Areth, is not autonymous, instead being of [[Dethric language|Dethric]] origin. The name arose on contact with the [[Exploratory Delegations of the Lazeian Agia Dynasty|exploratory delegations]] of the [[Lazeian Empire]] during the [[Agia Dynasty]], which first arrived in [[Dethria]] in 260 BCE (Agia 65). It is said that due to differences in language, when the [[Dethrians]] approached the party that had disembarked from the [[fevoun]]s, enquired about their provenance and gleaned the reply that they had come from the &quot;venerable realm of the Agia&quot; (''ō alēmir lisogāros Agiarēthir''), all they could remember were the last three syllables ''arēthir'', whence derived the appellation. While the anecdote is most probably apocryphal, ethnologists consider the name ''Areth'' almost certainly to have been derived from ''Agiarēthir''.

The Areth of old called themselves the ''iounai'' (sing. ''ither''), literally meaning &quot;the I people&quot;. While it is as yet unclear regarding the origin of the name, the word gradually evolved two plurals, one being the original irregular ''iounai'', and the other the regularisation ''ethirai''. ''Ither'' has undergone a semantic broadening, catalysed by contact with the Dethrians, and its modern guise, ''iter'', means simply &quot;person&quot; today. While the fossilised regular [[classical plural]] ''ethirai'' also broadened to mean &quot;peoples&quot; as a collective noun, ''iounai'' shifted with the rise of nationalism to denote the Areth as a whole nation, ethnically speaking.

==History==

{{main|History of Arithia}}

===Origins===

Due to the ambiguity of archaeological evidence, the origins of the Areth are shrouded in doubt, and while the [[Origins of the Areth#Marcasian Theory of Origin|Marcasian Theory of Origin]] has gained widespread currency both in academic circles and among the general public, much of it relies on inference, deduction and intelligent hypothesis to fill in the gaps left by archaeology, or the deficiencies thereof.

According to the Marcasian Theory, the Areth first arose as a distinctive ethnicity ([[Arithide language|Arithide]]: ''kyteos'') as the sedentary, agricultural [[Erda culture]] along the lower reaches and delta of the river [[Or river|Or]], more than 6,000 years ago. The Erda were in turn descended ultimately from the hunter-gatherers who had settled in southwest [[Marcasia]] approximately 67,000 years ago. Hemmed in by the [[Chisthian Sea]] and the [[Iryagi]], the Erda peoples faced, from the beginning, very visible limits to the the land and its fertility, and such persistent population pressures led to successive waves of emigration, some northwards over the Iryagi into the Marcasian interior, but most were headed south across the Chisthian, the easier route by far for a fishing people. This so-called [[Southerly Movement]], by which the Areth came to settle in northeastern [[Arophania]], was once thought to have emptied their homeland in [[Erdia]] and attritionally established the settlements of the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures along the way, but is now considered to have left a minority behind, who fled a flooding of the Or to establish the mentioned three successor cultures..

==Culture, customs and religion==

===Language===

===Names===

===Dress===

===Rites and rituals===

===Regional variation===

==Areth outside Arithia==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Peoples of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Peoples of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16168</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links to articles relating to the peoples (nations, races, ethnicities) of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Disambig.png</title>
    <id>2882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14713</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T05:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Disambig</title>
    <id>2883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14714</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-20T05:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;width:600; border-top:1pt solid #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #dfdfdf; padding: 8px;&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;|[[Image:Disambig.png|30px]]
|style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;|''This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If &lt;!-- you are viewing this online as opposed to as a [[hard copy]] and --&gt;an [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|internal link]] led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.''
|}

[[Category: Disambiguation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Main</title>
    <id>2884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14770</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T01:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''Main article: [[{{{1}}}]]''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Prominent Historical Figures of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16533</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T05:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16205</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the history of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lazea</title>
    <id>2887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27867</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-01T12:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lazea''' ({{IPA|[lə'zeɪə]}}, [[Modern Arithide]] {{IPA|[la'za:]}}, [[Classical Arithide]] '''''Lazeas''''' {{IPA|['laze.as]}}) is the capital city of [[Arithia]], and has been for the past two thousand years and more. It is Arithia's largest city both by population and area, as well its economic, political and cultural centre, hosting a plethora of organisations 

==Site &amp; situation==

==History==

{{main|History of Lazea}}

The city of Lazea began as a solitary manor named ''Lezauris'' when, after a tour to the [[Calagian Pass]], the [[Duke of Andebrea]] took a fancy to the pleasing weather in and vibrant scenery of the region, and commissioned the manor as a secondary, summer mansion.

==Climate==

==Economy==

===Industry &amp; commerce===

===Finance===

===Tourism===

The city's rich history and beautiful scenery attract droves of visitors to it annually.

==City life==

===Politics===

===Transportation===

===Entertainment===

===Suburbia===

==Landmarks &amp; tourist attractions==

*[[Guard's Gate]], the former main eastern gate of the city

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Cities of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of Lazea</title>
    <id>2888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14829</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T12:40:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

The '''history of [[Lazea]]''' traces the history of [[Areth]] high society: sited on the confluence of the [[Taphae River|Theph]] and [[Nes River|Nes]] rivers in the scenic [[Calagian Pass]] at the exit from the fertile [[Nimaean plain]], its superior environment has made it an attractive site for residences and retreats of royalty and nobility since its founding, helped by its proximity to the old coastal capital of [[Isphea]].

==Founding &amp; early history==

*colony of south-expanding ispheans

==Ancient Lazea==

===Economic growth &amp; cultural ascendancy===

*trade, transport hub, location near [[Isphea]]
*pleasant environment &amp; climate attracted upper classes
*fine arts centre: [[Theatre Lazea]]

===Political &amp; strategic importance===

*isphea attacked/besieged from the sea (by...?)
*lazea as launchpad of counteroffensive: protected location (mountains, far from sea) with easy access to surrounding farmland + close to heartland
*made capital after war

==Classical Lazea==

{{seealso|Lazeian Empire}}

kingdom followed to unite areth and establish empire

*names: lazeian empire, lazeic alphabet
*culture: writing, dialect

==Later Lazeia==

{{seealso|Lazeia (kingdom)#Later Lazeia}}

===Sieges of 1216, 1234 and 1275===

==Modern Lazea==

===Historical sites===

===Tourist attractions===

==Notable Lazeans==

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of Arithia</title>
    <id>2889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14758</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-22T17:11:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Origins &amp; Urheimat */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

The '''history of Arithia''' is the history of the unbroken autonomy of the [[Areth]] civilisation, reaching more than 6,000 years before the present. While [[Arithia]] was already inhabited by hunter-gatherers more than a million years ago, the discernible start of a distinctive Areth culture comes well after the widespread adoption of sedentary agriculture, and the precursor of the modern Areth is widely accepted to be the [[Erda culture]] of six millenia ago. 

Owing to the pioneering invention of writing by the Areth, modern historians are blessed with a wide array of historical sources and texts in various levels of detail from various perspectives and time periods; for the same reason, however, they are also beset with a complicated indistinction between folk legend, speculation and fact regarding the origins and early history of the nation.

==Prehistory of Arithia==

===Origins &amp; Urheimat===

{{main|Origins of the Areth}}

Archaeological evidence suggests that the homeland of the predecessors of the Areth is located in [[Erdia]] on Marcasia, a narrow coastal plain in the southwest of the continent drained by the river [[Or river|Or]] and the site of the [[Erda culture]], the earliest sedentary settlement found, dating to more than 6,000 years ago.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lazeian Empire</title>
    <id>2890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17418</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T16:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Equora dynasty (480 CIE&amp;mdash;907 CIE) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

The '''Lazeian Empire''' (326 BCE - 1187) was the longest-lasting empire in the history of [[Ilethes]]. It was so named after its latter capital city of [[Lazea]], but did not in fact have an independent autonym, being known only by its dynastic titles. [[Dethria]]n records of ''erevan Lazeaan eminothauris'' (&quot;the most beautiful empire of Lazeaia ''(sic)''&quot;) first appeared around 64 BCE, but evidence of contact survives from the middle [[Agia Dynasty]].

==Kingdom of Ispheia==

===From city to kingdom===

{{main|Ispheia (kingdom)}}

The roots of the Lazeian Empire lie in the city of [[Isphea]], which became its very first capital. Beginning as an alliance of an assortment of [[List of the ancient Areth tribes|Areth tribes]] city-state 

===From Isphea to Lazea===


==Dynasties of the Lazeian Empire==

===Agia dynasty (326 BCIE&amp;mdash;103 CIE)===

The first dynasty of the Lazeian Empire, the Agia dynasty ({{IPA|['agia]}}) was reputed for its stabilising influence on the empire even as it expanded. With a strong familial tradition of erudition, impartiality and benevolence that ensured the competency of each imperial heir, the Agias managed to sustain their rule for more than 400 years, during which the Lazeian empire firmly established trade as its ''raison d'être'', founding trading posts across Arophania and much of Marcasia, forging trading relations, blocs and alliances with nations it encountered.

====Dadorean interlude (1 CIE&amp;mdash;3 CIE)====

The Dadorean interlude was a shortlived insurgency in Agia 326 (1 [[CIE]]) following the chaos resulting from the catastrophic [[eruption of Mount Eramena]]. Seen by later historians as merely an opportunistic attempt at gaining power, the insurgent movement initially made significant gains, wresting control of large swathes of northeastern [[Cadaeria]] and briefly forcing the [[Agia House]] from power, but faltered after barely two years as infighting broke out among the rebels, dissatisfaction turned many against them, and the Agias rapidly recovered their influence and reestablished control.

===Balathias dynasty (103 CIE&amp;mdash;221 CIE)===

The Balathias dynasty was known for its militarism and expansionism, especially compared to the Agia before it.

===Ospedia dynasty (221 CIE&amp;mdash;281 CIE)===

===Aphoiros dynasty (281 CIE&amp;mdash;443 CIE)===


===Neira dynasty (443 CIE&amp;mdash;486 CIE)===

The shortlived Neira dynasty presided over a series of conflicts in a civil war originating in the late Aphoiros.

===Equora dynasty (480 CIE&amp;mdash;907 CIE)===

The Equora dynasty marked the apex of the Lazeian Empire, during which it became the largest and richest state in the world, with trading posts, colonies and tributary and vassal states stretching from [[Eresphria]] to [[Istheusia]]. At its height, the empire controlled all of [[Arophania]], three-quarters of [[Marcasia]], the southern quarter of Eresphria and much of the Istheusian west coast, dominating the seas and trade routes in between. The language of the middle three hundred years of this dynasty is what is commonly known today as [[Classical Arithide]], and it was during those [[three hundred golden years]] that most of the enduring works of [[Arithide literature]] were penned, and the expressive possibilities of the language greatly extended.

===Hennem dynasty (908 CIE&amp;mdash;969 CIE)===

===Canart dynasty (969 CIE&amp;mdash;1024 CIE)===

===Thorain dynasty (1024 CIE&amp;mdash;1187 CIE)===

The last dynasty of the Lazeian Empire, the Thorain was, throughout its existence, plagued by internal rift, external threats and a general economic malaise that was exacerbated in its later years by severe famines owing to years of drought.

==Collapse and aftermath==

{{main|Mediaeval Age (Ilethes)}}

The collapse of the Thorain dynasty was initially to have led directly to the establishment of a replacement dynasty, led by the rebels, but with the betrayal of the Andu and their capture of [[Isphea]] and [[Lazea]], the rebels swiftly descended into infighting and split into multiple factions, each of which established its own kingdom in various parts of the former imperial territory, kickstarting the Mediaeval Age in [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|the West]]. A shortlived alliance, or union, existed among the feudal states for a time in opposition to the Andu, but once the two historical capitals were recaptured the concord quickly broke down once more, and Arithia would not be reunified until the [[Unified Arithia|conquests]] of [[Robecos Tivoui]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isphea</title>
    <id>2891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27868</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-01T12:02:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

'''Isphea''' ({{IPA|[ɪs'feɪə]}}, [[Modern Arithide]] {{IPA|[is'fa:]}}, [[Classical Arithide]] '''''Ispheas''''' {{IPA|['isfe.as]}}) was the first capital of the [[Lazeian Empire]]


{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Cities of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Or river</title>
    <id>2892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18126</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T03:40:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Or river''' {{IPA|[ɔ:]}} ([[Modern Arithide]] {{IPA|[œ:]}}, [[Classical Arithide]] {{IPA|[ɔr]}}) originates in the central [[Iryagi]], and follows the Iryagi foothills closely first southwest then southeast into [[Erdia]] before emptying into the [[Chisthian Sea]] through a triangular delta.

==Etymology==

The name of the Or derives ultimately from [[Proto-Arophanic]] ''*uora'', meaning, simply, river. From the same root also arose the modern word for &quot;river&quot;, ''ores'', as well as the names of the [[Yos river|Yos]], [[Jedi river|Jedi]], [[Varant river|Varant]] and [[Ous river|Ous]] rivers.

==Historical course shifts==

Due to the softness of the alluvial plain (partially the work of the Or's own rich mineral deposits) through which the lower Or flows, course shifts brought about by the sheer erosive power of its discharge have been very common throughout history, and are well documented by historians due to their magnitude and impact. While continually replenishing the mineral stock of the plain and assuring continued fertility, the swings of the river have proven disastrous for settlement, most recently, in 1992 [[CIE]], almost severing the water supply to the city of [[Kyris]] at its mouth. Historically, a shift in the course of the Or is believed to have resulted in the flooding of the [[Erda culture|Erda settlements]] sometime after the [[Southerly Movement]], triggering the flight to the telefluvial areas of the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of Risevne</title>
    <id>2893</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16207</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:44:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page discusses the history of the two islands, [[Masalne]] and [[Agalmare]], which comprise the country of [[Risevne]]. 

==Prehistory and Early civilisations==

''Articles: [[Mengolam Culture]], [[Narusgerya Culture]], [[Histari Culture]], [[Pelisadas Culture]], [[Agalmare A Culture]], [[Agalmare B Culture]], [[Ostunisalme Civilisation]]''

Some of the earliest stone tools to be found on the islands include chisels and hand-held adzes dating from nearly 27,000 BDN, marking the possible beginning of the paleolithic age in Masalne. The Mengolari Culture, discovered in a series of small caves near the present-day town of [[Mengolari]] in [[Lusedon Province]], was distinguished by a large number of flint plates in the shape of gingko leaves, speculated to have a ritual purpose; the Agalmare B Culture across the inland sea may be closely related to the Mengolam, and certainly both trade and conflict seems to have happened amongst them.

In 1956 DN excavations for a high-rise housing estate to be built on what was then the outskirts of [[Isana]] uncovered several artifacts pointing to a neolithic civilisation in that area, including pottery, polished stone tools and long stilt houses of wood and coastal palm leaves - the remains found in the site, reconstructed, were estimated to be nearly 30 metres long, standing 1.2 metres on stilts, and around 4 metres wide. At first estimated to be around 3,500 years old, later dating placed it at around 3,000 BDN, making it a type site of a culture (now called the Narusgerya Culture after the district of its discovery) now believed to have stretched from 9,000 BDN to around 2,000 BDN.

While the Narusgerya culture was the most advanced, populated and widespread civilisation on Masalne at the time, it was not the only one. Discoveries in [[Serteni Province]] in 1932, and later in [[Basene Province]] in 1946, reveal the existence of two other cultures, now known respectively as the Histari and Agalmare A Cultures; the first lasted from around 6,000 BDN to 2,200 BDN before the sites were mysteriously abandoned and eventually taken over by the Late Narusgerya, while the civilisation on Agalmare seems to have prospered around the same time as the Narusgerya on Masalne - extensive amounts of artifacts from both civilisations have been found on each other's territories, suggesting a well-developed trade network that survived even the collapse of the Narusgerya culture and its replacement by what is known as the [[Ostunisalme]] civilisation (which nonetheless retained much of the cultural aspects of the culture they conquered).

Most important amongst the developments of these multiple cultures was the eventual adoption of a system of writing; some of the earliest markings shown definitively to be writing date from around 2,200 BDN, and within two centuries historical finds containing writing were common finds throughout  Masalne and later Agalmare. By around 800 BDN, the scripts of the island had coalesced into two main scripts, known separately as [[Proto-Semasar A]] and [[Proto-Semasar B]].

[[category:History of Valmante]]
[[category:Risevne]]
[[Category:History of Risevne|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erda culture</title>
    <id>2894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15009</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-31T06:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Erda culture''' {{IPA|[ɜ:də]}} ([[Modern Arithide]] {{IPA|[ɛʁðə]}}, [[Dethrian language|Dethrian]] {{IPA|[ɛrðə]}}) is the name given by archaeologists to the group of early [[Areth]], Neolithic settlements excavated in [[Erdia]] along the lower course of the [[Or river]], dating to more than 6,000 years ago. The first representative settlement found of the culture lay approximately 6 ''[[keth]]'' (21km) northwest of modern-day [[Kyris]].

==The river Or: genesis &amp; destruction==

The shifting course of the Or and the soft alluvial clay of the region probably was a double-edged sword to the Erda peoples: while the river ensured a constant replenishment of mineral deposits throughout the area to sustain the fertility of the region that had attracted settlement in the first place, the softness of the soil likely provided meagre protection from the heavily seasonal precipitation in the area or the hydraulic power of the Or. When the settlement ruins were first chanced upon, they were already severely eroded, and artefacts therefrom were scanty, consisting almost entirely of buried bones and stone tools, although the signs of human habitation are unmistakable: a buried mud-brick house exposed thanks to the erosive force of the river alerted archaeologists to the existence of a ruin in the first place.

==Significance of finds==

Despite being the oldest culture found in the area, the Erda is considered the most advanced, with evidence found of rice and wheat cultivation, including preserved grains. The buried bones found in and around the settlements included those of domesticated sheep and cattle, as well as marine animals, indicating a significant degree of pastoral farming and fishing; an incomplete human skeleton was also discovered, thought to have originally been buried in a wooden or bamboo casket. While pottery or shards, key to undertsanding a newfound culture, was not found at any of the Erda sites, diverse and highly polished stone tools (including not a few made of obsidian) suggest a considerable level of technological advancement, as well as some degree of specialisation.

The degree of destruction wrought by the river Or has been suggestive to archaeologists regarding the connection between the Erda culture and the somewhat younger but visibly closely related [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures: a hypothesis rapidly gaining in popularity and acceptance in academic circles today posits the establishment of the latter three cultures by flood refugees from the minority of the Erda people who had remained behind in the [[Southerly Movement]]; the siting of those three cultures considerable distances away from the river is claimed to be strong evidence.

==Scholarly debate==

{{main|Origins of the Areth}}

It is widely accepted that the [[Areth]] originated from the Erda culture, though the notion is still contested by certain individuals who believe that the Areth came to Erdia from [[Arophania]] rather than the other way round, citing as grounds for their stand the fact that artefacts excavated in Arophania date further back than any found thus far on [[Marcasia]].

Other discovered settlements&amp;mdash;of the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures, among others&amp;mdash;have been linked to the Erda as successor cultures despite their relative backwardness. Proponents of the Arophanian Theory of Origin prefer to class those cultures as having arisen independently and subsequently subsumed into the invading Areth.

==See also==

*[[Origins of the Areth]]
*[[Calagian culture]]
*[[Nuroi culture]]
*[[Pisa culture]]
*[[Duvai culture]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Prehistory of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Origins of the Areth</title>
    <id>2895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19488</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-21T17:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Non-archaeological evidence */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

Due to the ambiguity of archaeological evidence, the '''origins of the Areth''' are shrouded in doubt, and while the [[#Marcasian Theory of Origin|Marcasian Theory of Origin]] has gained widespread currency both in academic circles and among the general public, much of it relies on inference, deduction and intelligent hypothesis to fill in the gaps left by archaeology, or the deficiencies thereof. For that reason, a vocal minority prefers the alternative [[#Arophanian Theory of Origin|Arophanian Theory]], which, while entirely based on solid archaeological evidence, suffers from its proponents' disregard of certain suggestive possibilities that are not as well-attested.

==Common ground==

Fossils unearthed in [[Eoris province|Eoris]] establish the time-frame of early habitation in present-day [[Audoria]] as approximately 1.2 million years ago, and mitochondrial DNA dating has conclusively affirmed that the first modern humans in Audoria lived approximately 67,000 years ago as hunter-gatherers. While the existence 10,000 years ago of several advanced sedentary, rice-growing cultures is not disputed due to the strength of the evidence (see [[Marija culture]]), those cultures are not considered distinctly Arithide. The oldest artefacts believed to indicate the emergence of a discrete Arithide identity are pottery shards found in northeastern [[Arophania]] dating back 6,000 years at the sites of the [[Calagian culture]], which have left archaeologists confounded over their provenance, given the uniqueness and elaboration of their decoration (which precludes importation) and the refinement of the technique used in their making, which imply a certain degree of advancement.

Current archaeological excavations have unearthed numerous other settlements, mostly younger than 6,000 years and generally classifiable into four cultures, namely the [[Meia culture]] (3700 BCE - 2400 BCE) located near the border between [[Phithera]] and [[Sirrac]] provinces, and the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]] (3600 BCE - 3000 BCE), [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] (3400 BCE - 2200 BCE) and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] (3300 BCE - 1800 BCE)) cultures in the southernmost parts of [[Marcasia]]; all four exhibit cultures substantially inferior to the society that would credibly have left behind the pottery shards found in Arophania. One group of settlements, united by their common, severely eroded state, was the [[Erda culture]], and while the scarce remaining artefacts pointed to a relatively advanced culture, no evidence of pottery was unearthed, although given the level of progress evinced, pottery had logically had to be long in use and refined.

==Marcasian Theory of Origin==

While specific details of the theory may vary depending on the conservativeness of the source, proponents of this view generally believe that the Areth first arose as a distinctive ethnicity ([[Arithide language|Arithide]]: ''kyteos'') as the sedentary, agricultural [[Erda culture]]. The Erda were in turn descended ultimately from the hunter-gatherers who had settled in southern [[Marcasia]] approximately 67,000 years ago. Hemmed in by the [[Chisthian Sea]] and the [[Iryagi]], the Erda peoples faced, from the beginning, very visible limits to the the land, and such persistent population pressures led to successive waves of migration, some initially northwards over the Iryagi into the Marcasian interior, but most were headed on the easier route south across the Chisthian via the narrow [[Issol A'i]], itself a rich fishing ground.

By this so-called [[Southerly Movement]], the Areth came to settle in northeastern [[Arophania]], leaving behind in their homeland in [[Erdia]] only a minority of the tribe. The presence of other settlements along the way&amp;mdash;notably the [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures, both of which are proximate to the Issol A'i&amp;mdash;was once explained as attritional settlements (i.e. settlements established by people who &quot;dropped out&quot; of the migration midway), but are now thought to be successor cultures to the Erda when the original homeland was extensively eroded and eventually flooded. Due to the nature of these new cultures, which were significantly more centred on fishery and seafaring given the lack of arable land, and which were also far less affluent than the Erda (since they were founded by presumably desperate refugees), Marcasian Theorists believe, attention turned away from the traditional craft of pottery, explaining the dramatic shift to simplistic patterns from the assumed complexity of the Erda.

With the rise of the Areth on [[Arophania]] a number of centuries afterwards, the Urheimat of the [[Erdia]] region once again fell under mainstream Areth influence and control as a flow of reverse migration, known either as ''Nerioris Enos'' or, more simply, ''Nerienos'' (see [[Northerly Return]]), began to take place for a number of reasons, and the more complex culture that the Arophanian Areth had developed diffused throughout the lands that they settled.

===Non-archaeological evidence===

*'''Linguistics:''' Empirical evidence from the study of language distribution has ascertained that the highest density of sufficiently distinct dialects, which is a useful general indicator of the geographic origins of a people, occurs in southern [[Marcasia]], around the [[Erdia]] region. At the same time, these dialects exhibit features and constructions, such as a partial pitch accent in a few regional lects, and remnants of highly complex inflectional variations dependent on the speaker's social stratum, dating considerably further back than the general standard, or than even the [[Classical Arithide|classical tongue]], which further serves to reinforce the view of a [[Marcasia]]n Urheimat.

*'''Lore and religion:''' Due to the not minor differences in climate between [[Erdia]] and [[Calagia]], certain discrepancies and odd references have been observed in the folklore and religious motifs of the Areth. The most obvious of these are the absence of the fir, pine and maple trees in the most traditional of Areth customs, in spite of their preponderance in [[Arophania]], while extensive references are made to the cypress, birch and oak, which did not cross the [[Chisthian Sea]] or even spread very near the [[Issol A'i]] until beginning the late [[Lazeian Empire|Aphoiros dynasty]], when human settlement and movement, and industry and commerce initiated the propulsion of the species eastwards and southwards, and onto Arophania, when the Aphoiran [[Emperor Lourant]] had the revered trees brought into Lazea and planted across much of Calagia. Other such indicators include the mythical [[Mount Emeris]], the abode of the gods and deities, whose descriptions in various ancient sources lead to a mountain uncannily similar to [[Mount Concogue]] in [[Erdia]].

==Arophanian Theory of Origin==

While settlements discovered around the Erda sites (such as the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures) are generally agreed to have been successor cultures remnant after the ''Hibundivagos'' (&quot;[[Southerly Movement]]&quot;), the Arophanian Theory posits that these were settlements of a separate ethnos, who were either overrun or assimilated into the Areth when the latter arrived from across the [[Chisthian Sea]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Prehistory of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Southerly Movement</title>
    <id>2896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15003</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-31T06:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Southerly Movement''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Hibundivagos''''' {{IPA|[hibɯn'divəgɔs]}}) was a period of mass migration of the [[Areth]] southwards from their Urheimat in southwestern [[Marcasia]] across the [[Chisthian Sea]] to [[Arophania]], and would mark the beginning of rapid Areth development and growth leading eventually to Areth ascendancy and dominance in the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|Classical world]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gund</title>
    <id>2897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14764</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T01:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Gund or Gundsk was started By Samuel Martinez of Lawrence,Indiana

contact him at: mezzox3@sbcglobal.net


Phonlogy


Plosive /p b t d k k_s ɡ/ &quot;p b t d k x g&quot;

Nasal /m n/ &lt;m n&gt;

Fricative /f v θ ð t_s s ʃ z h/ &quot;f v þ ð z c š s h&quot;

Aproximant /ɹ l j/ &quot;r l j&quot;

Semi-vowels /w/ &quot;w&quot;

Vowels /ɑ aʊ ɛ i o ø ʌ ɪ ɛ: u: ɑ: æ/ &quot;a á e i o ø u y é ú aa ae&quot;


Diphthongs /ɔɪ ʌɪ ɪə/ &quot;eu ei ie&quot;


Word finally:

c, /s/ &gt; /k/

e, /e/ &gt; /@/

a, /a/ &gt; /@/


Some speakers would (if there were any) pronounce þorn unvoiced or eþ voiced


Alphabet:

A Á B C D Ð E É F G H I J K L M N O Ø P Q R S Š T Þ U Ú V W X Y Z

a á b c d ð e é f g h i j k l m n o ø p q r s š t þ u ú v w x y z

Names in Gund pronunciation:

ah á be cé dé eþ uh éh ef gé hé ie je ke le em en oh ø pe ké ahr ess šé té þorn uhe úhe vé wé yx øps zet


Morphology:

Verbs are conjugated for person and tense

1st person: stem + i

2nd person: stem + st or est if the consonat is a t or d

3rd person: stem + t or et if the consonat is a t or d

Plural 1st: unconjugated

*all plural forms of verbs for 2nd and 3rd are the same in plural


there is one prefix in Gund, ge /g@/ which marks the present participle. A final &quot;t&quot; is also added to the verb stem.

ge + stem + t


Gund has 4 suffixes, &quot;and&quot;, &quot;os&quot; &quot;ys&quot; &quot;ysan&quot;

&quot;and&quot; marks the present participle.

in Gund the use of the word &quot;am&quot; which is a form of the verb &quot;to be&quot; is unecessary.

&quot;yss&quot; marks the past tense

&quot;os&quot; marks the plural

&quot;ysan&quot; marks the past progressive


Pronouns:


Pronouns have three cases, nominative, accusative, and Genitive. Gund has four types of 

pronouns, Masculine, Feminine, Neuter, and Inanimate

1st person singular nominative...Ek

2nd person singular nominative...Ðú 


(3rd person singular nominative:

Masculine...Ar

Feminine...Sar

Neuter...het

Inanimate singular nominative...et)


1st person singular accusative...Mec

2nd person singular accusative...Þyk

(3rd person singular accusative:

Masculine...Arem

Feminine...Sarem

Neuter...het

Inanimate singular accusative...etem)

1st person plural nominative...Uss

2nd person plural nominative...Ðose

(3rd person plural nominative:

Masculine...Aros

Feminine...Saros

Neuter...hetos

Inanimate plural nominative...etos)


1st person plural accusative...Mec

2nd person plural accusative...Þykos

(3rd person plural accusative:

Masculine...Arom

Feminine...Sarom

Neuter...hetos

Inanimate plural accusative...etemos)


Genitive:


1st person singular...Mehn

2nd person singular...þehn

(3rd person singular:

masculine...arehn

feminine...sarehn

neuter...hetehn

inanimate...etehn)

1st person plural...áer

2nd person plural...þehnos

(3rd person plural:

masculine...arohn

feminine...sarohn

neuter...hetohn

inanimate...etohn)


articles:


*The plural form of all the articles except &quot;this&quot; is the same as the femine form
*Ðie serz = The girl, Ðie serzos = the girls


nominative


**the:** 

masculine --- Ðén

feminine --- Ðie

neuter --- þy

indefinate --- þet


**a:**

masc. --- an

feminine --- anie

neuter --- anyn

indefinate --- anet


accusative


**the:**

masculine --- Ðénem

feminine --- Ðiem

neuter --- þym

inanimate --- þetem


**a:**

masc. --- anem

feminine --- aniem

neuter --- anym

inanimate --- anet


This and that don't have gender:


this --- Ðyss

plural --- Ðoss

accusative --- Ðyssem

plural --- Ðosem

that --- Ðaet

plural --- Ðaetos

accusative --- Ðaem

plural --- Ðaemos


Syntax


Gund is SVO with V2 word order like German it has 11 tenses:


Present

I write the book, I write the-accusative book

Ek šreibi þym buk


Future

I will write the book, I will the-acc. book to-write

Ek villi þym buk šreiban


Present Progressive

I am writing the book, I am-writing the-acc. book

Ek šreiband þym buk,


Past Progressive

I was writing the book, I write-pst-pro the-acc. book 

Ek šreibysan þym buk


Future Progressive

I will be writing the book, I will the-acc. book to-be to-write-pre-prt

Ek villi þym buk benan šreiband


Present Perfect

I have written the book, I have the-acc. book to-write-pst-part.

Ek hyvi þym buk gešreibt


Past Perfect

I had written the book, have-past-tense the-acc. book to-write-pst-prt

Ek hyvys þym buk gešreibt


Future Perfect

I will have written the book, I will the-acc. book to-have to-write-pst-prt

Ek villi þym buk hyvan gešreibt


Present Perfect Progressive

I have been writing a book, I have the-acc. book to-be to-write-pr-prt

Ek hyvi þym buk benan šreiband


Past Perfect Progressive

I had been writting the book, I have-past-tense the-acc. book to-be to-write-pre-prt

Ek hyvys þym buk benan šreiband 


Future Perfect Progressive

I will have been writting the book, I will the-acc. book to-have to-be to-write-pre-prt

Ek villi þym buk hyvan benan šreiband


The only irregular verb:


Benan - to be

1st person --- ben

2nd person --- best

3rd person --- best

inanimate --- best

Plural 1st --- benan


Thing you would learn in kindergarten:


Days, months

Monday...Mondak

Tuesday...Ðúsdak

Wednesday...Vensdak

Thursday...Donsdak

Friday...Frédak

Saturday...Samsdak - a tribute to me (my name is Sam  ;)  )

Sunday...Sonsdak


Months(in correct order):

Janú

Febú

Merch

Apryl

Mei

Jún

Júle

Ágúst

Septembar

Aktobar

Novembar

Dézembar


Numbers:


ahn

dún

þrie

fie

fef

syš

seb

akt

nien

zik

alf

zølf

þriezik

fiezik

fefzik

syšik

sebzik

aktzik

nienzik


dúnie

þrienie

fienie

fefie

syšie

sebie

aktie

nienie


húndar

ahneðehúndar

dúneðehúndar...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Calagian culture</title>
    <id>2898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14781</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T11:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Calagian culture''' is a Neolithic culture named after the [[Calagia]] region on the north coast of Arophania, heartland of the [[Areth]]. It is generally considered to be the direct successor to and of the [[Erda culture]] of southwest [[Marcasia]], and is the earliest appearance of the Areth in Arophania.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Calagia</title>
    <id>2899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14783</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T16:52:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Calagia''' ({{IPA|[kə'leɪdʒə]}}; [[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Kalagein''''' {{IPA|['kaləgi:n]}}) is a region on the north coast of [[Arophania]] It was and still is the heartland of the [[Areth]] civilisation, being the location of the [[Calagian culture]] of more than 5,000 years ago, as well as that of the two largest cities of [[Arithia]] in modern times, the capital [[Lazea]] and the former capital [[Isphea]].

==Site &amp; situation==

Calagia sits at the doorway of Arophania to and from [[Marcasia]]. Occupying the northern coastal plain, the region overlooks the rich fishing grounds of the [[Issol A'i]], and, coupled with the fertility of its own soil thanks to mineral deposits from the [[Taphae-Nes river]], forms a conducive environment for the emergence of an advanced civilisation.

==Modern territorial divisions==

Modern Calagia is divided among the [[List of Municipalities in Arithia|municipalities]] of Lazea and Isphea, and the [[List of provinces in Arithia|provinces]] of [[Kynein province|Kynein]] and [[Adegnein province|Adegnein]] (see map).

==Historical significance==

Areth settlement first began on Arophania in Calagia. The advanced Neolithic [[Calagian culture]], of which settlements were excavated over most of the region, most notably under the cities of [[Lazea]] and [[Isphea]] themselves. Thanks to the abundance of the plains of Calagia, agriculture flourished, the Areth population grew rapidly, and specialisation was able to take place. Having given birth to the first Areth cities and kingdoms, Calagia has remained the core of Arithia and the centre of Areth power throughout history, by virtue of its superior location on vital trade routes passing through the [[Issol A'i]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Regions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Narusgerya</title>
    <id>2900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15032</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T13:52:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Narusgerya''' is a neighbourhood in [[Isana]], in [[District 4]] on the eastern side of [[Gardaus Bay]]; it is often thought of as being centred around [[Narusgerya Station]] of the [[Isana Underground]]. Narusgerya means &quot;Smiths' Street&quot;, and is a reference to the history of the area (see below).

Originally planned as a new housing estate on what was then the eastern outskirts of Isana, construction was paused when a 1957 housing project stumbled upon what is now the type site of the [[Narusgerya Culture]]. The entire area was subsequently designated a First Class National Historical Site by the Risevani government, and presently part of it houses the [[Narusgerya Culture Museum and Research Centre]]; while there are still residential units in the neighbourhood they are mostly low-rise, and the area serves instead as a commercial centre for the surrounding high-rise districts, as well as a relatively popular tourist attraction.

Something Narusgerya is famous for to locals rather than tourists, however, is the so-called Sound Street in the older area near the north exit of the Underground station. Formerly a congregating place for blacksmiths, and then for artisans specialising in small objects such as gears and clockwork, it was cleared out as part of post-war redevelopment plans; the blocks of shophouses are now famous for the abundance of shops selling, repairing, and modifying audio equipment - from mp3 players and amplifiers to radios, surround sound systems, microphones and even loudspeakers. 

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Narusgerya Station</title>
    <id>2901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14810</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T08:50:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Narusgerya Station is one of the stations in the [[Isana Underground]], serving [[Isana Underground Line 3|Line 3]]. Opened as part of the first phase of Line 3, in 1962 DN, it is presently one of the more well-known stations of the line, both for the [[Narusgerya Culture Museum and Research Centre]] near it, which is a well-known tourist attraction, and for its aboveground garden which is often a hanging-out spot for youth and a convenient centre of the shopping district for the locals.

The station has been revamped and modernised several times over its long lifespan, most recently in 2023; during that renovation a glasshouse was erected on one corner of the garden, and now it houses &quot;Outlet&quot;, a well-known music bar and often a place amateur musicians aspire to play in. 

[[category:Stations of the Isana Underground]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keth</title>
    <id>2902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14792</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T17:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''keth''' is a unit of length measurement first used by the [[Areth]] and now in common use throughout [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|the West]], corresponding to approximately 3.4667 km.

==Conversion==

===To Iletheride units===

{|style=&quot;width:150px; border:1pt solid #c0c0c0; background:#dfdfdf&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1
| 1 [[saptos]] = 60 keth
|}
&amp;nbsp;
{|style=&quot;width:150px; border:1pt solid #c0c0c0; background:#dfdfdf&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1
| 1 keth = 10 [[toul]]
|-
| 1 keth = 60 [[nibis]]
|-
| 1 keth = 240 [[adira]]
|-
| 1 keth = 3,600 [[os]]
|-
| 1 keth = 216,000 [[nag]]
|}
&amp;nbsp;
===To SI and Imperial units===

{|style=&quot;width:150px; border:1pt solid #c0c0c0; background:#dfdfdf&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=1
| 1 keth = 3.4667 km
|-
| 1 keth = 2.1456 mi
|}

[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parinzas</title>
    <id>2903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15031</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T13:52:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Parinzas is a neighbourhood of [[Isana City]], sited in District 6 on the eastern side of the city. It is served by [[Parinzas Station]] of [[Isana Underground Line 3]]. 

Though mostly a quiet residential neighbourhood, it is well known throughout the city for the large 4 storey mall near the station, most of which is taken up by a single large used bookshop that buys old books, stationery and CDs directly from people on one side of the store, and sells them in another part; the remaining top floor is a municipal library. This means it is often frequented by students seeking materials, and in the weekends the neighbourhood is considerably livelier from the presence of these students.

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>University of Isana</title>
    <id>2904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17147</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T15:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* History */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Isana Aufeschera''', or the University of Isana, is a collegiate university in [[Risevne]].

==History==

IA (as it is known in [[Mirselec]]) is one of the oldest universities in the country; while the first known ''Daurista'' or &quot;Studying Hall&quot; known to history was founded in 1031 by Merisa Nira, brother to the ruling king of [[Masal]], and the first proper college or ''Dauranzal'', [[Asorasa College, University of Isana|Asorasa College]], was known to be founded in either 1193 or 1194, the university itself did not come into being until 1481 with a Royal Order.

==Organisation and Administration==

===Academic Year===

===Admissions===

==Reputation==

==Culture and Cultural Significance==

The University is often seen as one of the top universities in the world, and many of its individual colleges are often ranked amongst the top fifty universities in annual international rankings. While each college has its own insignia, motto and colours, the overall colours of IA are blue, silver and black, and a stipulation in force since the foundation of the University states that all colleges within the University must have one and only one of these three colours within its [[Agin]]; over time this has led to the creation of separate and informal (but gradually more formal) &quot;Orders&quot; of colleges, according to which colour is mounted on their Agin. At present the Blues comprise 11 colleges, while the Blacks and the Silvers both have 9 each.

==Famous Alumni==

[[category:Universities of Risevne]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erdia</title>
    <id>2905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14798</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T18:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Erdia''' {{IPA|['ɜ:diə]}} ([[Modern Arithide]] '''''Erde''''' {{IPA|[ɛʁθ]}}, [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Erdan''''' {{IPA|[ɛr'ða:n]}}) is a narrow coastal region on the southwest coast of [[Marcasia]], consisting of a fertile alluvial plain drained by the [[Or river]]. It is known best for being the site of the [[Erda culture]], considered the precursors to the modern [[Areth]]; other Neolithic settlements found include the [[Nuroi culture|Nuroi]], [[Pisa culture|Pisa]] and [[Duvai culture|Duvai]] cultures. Today the region is dominated by the city of [[Kyris]] on the Or delta.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Regions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14799</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T18:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles on or relating to the rivers of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithia</title>
    <id>2907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19800</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-04T08:44:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arithia''' {{IPA|[ærɪ'θi:a]}} ([[Modern Arithide]] '''''Arithein''''' {{IPA|[arɯ'θi:n]}}) is a country straddling eastern [[Arophania]] and southern [[Marcasia]], sitting across the [[Chisthian Sea]] at the [[Issol A'i]]. It is considered the modern successor state to the [[Lazeian Empire]] of the [[Areth]], which are its largest ethnic group, of [[Classical Age (Ilethes)|antiquity]]. Due to its economic might, coupled with historical factors, Arithia wields significant influence in international politics.

With over 580 million people, Arithia is one of the most populous states in the world. It is also the second largest country by area.

==Names of Arithia==

==Geography==

===Terrain===

===Climate===

===Environment &amp; environmentalism===

==History==

{{main|History of Arithia}}

===Prehistory===

===Civilisation===

===Empire===

{{main|Lazeian Empire}}

===Feudal era===

===Enlightenment &amp; the modern republic===

==Government &amp; Politics==

===Ideology===

===Regions &amp; administrative subdivisions===

===Military===

==Economy==

==Culture==

{{main|Culture of Arithia}}

===Religion===

===Cuisine===

===Art, literature &amp; music===

==Demography==

===Languages===

===Immigration===

==See also==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Political territories of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14801</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T18:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the modern political territories of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]], including but not restricted to states, dependencies, disputed areas and territories under international jurisdiction.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Regions of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14804</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-23T18:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists pages related to the historical regions of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]]. Included are regions that wholly correspond to modern administrative units or subunits.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cities of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16140</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:11:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles on or about the cities of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category:Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Isana</title>
    <id>2911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16225</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:54:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main article, see [[Isana]].''

This category lists pages to do with the city of Isana, the capital of [[Risevne]].

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isana</title>
    <id>2912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17385</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-12T14:13:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geography and Climate */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Isana''' is the capital and largest city of [[Risevne]], and one of its three Designated Cities - cities which are treated as equivalent to [[Subdivisions of Risevne|Provinces]]. It is located in southwestern [[Masalne]], and borders the city of [[Bresnga]] to the north, and [[Feladmena Province]] to the east. The total urban population, living within the city limits, is 13,386,740.

Isana forms the centre of the huge conurbation in the south of Risevne, known as Ibretal after the three main cities of Isana, [[Bresnga]] and [[Taluste]], which stretches across the [[Feladmena Plain]]; together the conurbation contains around 38 million people. Accounting for around 1/6 of the Risevani population by itself, the city is both a major global city and the undisputed economic, political and social centre of Risevne.

==Name==

The word ''Isana'' simply means &quot;Capital&quot; in Classical Mirselec, the variant of the language spoken during the late first millenium DN; this reflects the fact that, for longer than most other cities, Isana has been a political centre of the Risevani. Besides this, there are many other titles, like ''Shakonoyenori'', literally meaning &quot;Nine-Citadel City&quot;, and ''Yoneiganori'', literally &quot;Blue-Gated City&quot;, after the five old city gates, three of which are still visible, which were painted blue.

==Geography and Climate==

The city of Isana occupies a total area of 1678 square kilometres, in a rough rectangle that occupies most of the [[Gardaus Peninsula]] and surrounding areas. To its north is the municipality of [[Bresnga]], while to its east is [[Feladmena Province]].

Geographically the city is clearly divided into two, by the [[Rushalya river]] and [[Gardaus Bay]]; the east was, and remains, by far the older city, while the west was only made part of the city around the 1830s, just before the beginning of the period known as the [[Ibakizaro]], and has undergone many great changes and upheavals. The only significant elevations are the hills south of the Waranye, including Nortekone or the Swallows' Hill on which the famed [[Garnoye]] stands.

Formerly there were at least 8 known rivers which flowed into Gardaus Bay, the largest being the Rushalya; presently most of these rivers are underground, however, the only exception being the [[Waranye river]] which still flows into Gardaus Bay from the east at [[Ekusinada-dego]].

===Definition of Isana===

Modern day Isana, administratively known as Isana City, is one of the first-level [[subdivisions of Risevne]]. Within this large area of the Gardaus Peninsula the original city, now known as the Old Capital {Kode Sanasir}, occupies the area between the [[Waranye river]] and the Rushalya, southwards to the Bay. The present municipality took its shape following redefinitions of borders in 2033, when two new districts in the northeast were carved out from Feladmena Province.

Unlike many other large cities in the world Isana is rarely defined in terms of a &quot;Greater Isana&quot;; in Risevan parlance the more often used term is Ibretal, though it includes a far larger area that stretches all the way to the other side of the Feladmena Plain in [[Taluste]]. Feladmena Province has many towns and urban areas which are often called &quot;Hotel Towns&quot;, a reference to the extensive numbers of people commuting to work in the city and return only for the night. 

===Subdivisions===

{{main|Areas and Districts of Isana}}

While Isana is considered as a single division under the City Government, it is in fact divided into ten Areas, or ''Remis''; each one is then farther subdivided into Districts, or ''Dego''. The areas each possess their own municipal agencies, and most affairs belonging exclusively within their districts are delegated to them, including local infrastructure. Sometimes people go so far as to suggest that Isana is in fact ten cities, rather than one, an impression bolstered by the nomenclature (since the area governments are called Municipal Offices); though the devolution of power is indeed considerable, however, the city is administratively a single unit.

===City Planning===

''See [[Izanosan Plans]]''

==History==

{{main:History of Isana}}

The lower valley of the Rushalya river, and the surrounding plains, have been sites of human inhabitation since time immemorial; in the neighbourhood of [[Narusgerya]] is the type site of a neolithic civilisation known as the [[Narusgerya culture]], but this is just one of several discoveries of ancient cultures within the city; the most recent find was in 2007 in the east of the city.

==Economy==

Isana is one of the major financial centres of the world, as well as a centre of commerce and commodity trading.

==Government==

==Transport==

==Education==

In keeping with the traditional Risevan attitude of great respect for education, Isana has a highly developed educational system, with many institutions of higher learning including the world famous [[University of Isana]]. Students from all over the country, as well as all over the world, come to Isana to study; this trend has only increased in recent decades with increasing links to developing countries, and has become such that several areas of the city are often known as &quot;Student Towns&quot;. The famous [[Iruzeni]] musician [[Dinges Arildun]] once said of Isana that &quot;&quot;

==Culture and Society==

==Famous Areas and Buildings==

This is a necessarily incomplete list of some well-known buildings and districts within the city.

===Squares and Memorials===

*[[King Sarus Square]], an area in commemoration of [[King Sarus I]] under whom Masalne was united.

*[[Square of the Guard]], a square in commemoration of the dead of the [[Third Global War]]

*[[Risevan Shrine to the Unknown Soldier]]

*[[Risevan War Memorial]], built 1949 to commemorate the dead of the [[Fourth Global War]]

*[[Restoration Square]], the largest and most famous square of the city

*[[Nisor's Arch]], an arch commemorating the Restoration as well

*[[Gunasarne Memorial]], commemorating the [[Nine Years' War]]

===Museums and Art Galleries===

===Commercial===

*[[West Bay]] - a huge shopping district that forms the coastal half of [[Awenkara remis]], formed by the amalgamation of many districts over time, including:
**[[Victory Road]], a world-famous road in the north of West Bay City.
**[[Taiberseimi]], literally &quot;Above the Bridge&quot;, the generic term for the area north of the [[Soruta Bridge]]
**[[Taibergute]], literally &quot;Below the Bridge&quot;, the term for the area south of the bridge.

*[[Belegras Dockyards]], a large developmental area opened in the 2020s, and formerly part of the port

===Others===

*[[Garnoye]], the famed White Fort that is a city symbol

*[[Isana Royal Palace]], one of the three official residences of the [[Risevan royal family]]

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]
[[category:Cities of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Narusgerya Culture</title>
    <id>2913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14814</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T09:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Narusgerya Culture''' ([[Mirselec]] &quot;Narusgeryate Boruni&quot;) is a prehistoric civilisation in [[Risevne]], centred around the [[Feladmena Plain]] and stretching north along the west coast of [[Masalne]]. Their existence stretches from the neolithic to the beginnings of the iron age on the islands, around 9,000 to 1,000 BDN; this historical scope is only rivalled by the [[Pelisadas Culture]] on the east of Masalne, though of the two the Narusgerya was undoubtedly the more populated and advanced. 

[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Prehistoric Cultures of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cities of Valmante</title>
    <id>2914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16147</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:13:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category lists pages about the cities in the world of [[Valmante]].

[[category:Valmante]]
[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History of Risevne</title>
    <id>2915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16206</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''For main article, see [[History of Risevne]].''

This category lists pages about the history of [[Masalne]] and [[Agalmare]], the two islands that make up the nation of [[Risevne]], as well as the history of Risevne itself as a unified nation.

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mengolam Culture</title>
    <id>2916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14818</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T10:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Mengolam Culture''' is a Paleolithic culture sited along the eastern coast of [[Masalne]].

[[category:Prehistoric Cultures of Valmante]]
[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Subdivisions of Risevne</title>
    <id>2917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16429</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T02:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The nation of [[Risevne]] is divided into 43 Provinces (Denai) and 3 Designated Cities (Nori), as well as three so-called &quot;departments&quot; (Alzer) for offshore islands, one each for the east, west, and south. Therefore in total there are 49 provincial-level areas. Provinces are in turn divided into prefectures (Kine) and then counties (Wase).

The provinces of Risevne have both a number and a name, and in published lists are published according to numerical order. Cities, on the other hand, have no number and are simply addressed by name. The provincial-level territories are:

===Cities===

[[Isana]]

[[Bresnga]]

[[Taluste]]

===Departments===

The three Departments are governmental agencies for the governing of the [[Risevan Outer Islands]], divided into three zones: East, West, and South.

[[Eastern Islands Department]]

[[Western Islands Department]]

[[Southern Islands Department]]

==Masalne==

===South Masalne===

1. [[Ostema Province]]

2. [[Eonis Province]]

3. [[Inezama Province]]

4. [[Feladmena Province]]

5. [[Ngaba Province]]

6. [[Horeston Province]]

7. [[Enimdanoi Province]]

8. [[Ofalna Province]]

9. [[Abanamide Province]]

10. [[Osbane Province]]

===Central Masalne===

11. [[Baseniga Province]]

12. [[Serteni Province]]

13. [[Osagona Province]]

14. [[Naguse Province]]

15. [[Lyonaske Province]]

16. [[Pires Province]]

17. [[Besurgana Province]]

18. [[Hadamfe Province]]

19. [[Lorudac Province]]

20. [[Neiberin Province]]

21. [[Hyomeniga Province]]

===North Masalne===

22. [[Tineye Province]]

23. [[Tasenir Province]]

24. [[Imerte Province]]

25. [[Darnevgana Province]]

==Agalmare==

===Southern Agalmare===

26. [[Hisani Province]]

27. [[Mignero Province]]

28. [[Kalsamda Province]]

29. [[Seke Province]]

30. [[Neyarba Province]]

31. [[Basene Province]]

32. [[Savmic Province]]

===Central Agalmare===

33. [[Bordilne Province]]

34. [[Nanka Province]]

35. [[Mermeinas Province]]

36. [[Atastarne Province]]

===Western Agalmare===

37. [[Bifeno Province]]

38. [[Sonaira Province]]

39. [[Mongar Province]]

40. [[Dunise Province]]

41. [[Toringed Province]]

42. [[Usaldo Province]]

43. [[Gaimoye Province]]

[[category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Histari Culture</title>
    <id>2918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16261</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:22:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Histari Culture''' is a paleolithic to neolithic culture in present-day [[Risevne]], concentrated around the coastline of [[Serteni Province]] and across the [[Gana Strait]] to [[Velimik Province]]. The oldest site of theirs has been dated to around 12,000 BDN, while the latest known site is around 5,500 BDN.

Characteristics of the Histari Culture include cave-dwelling and pit burial; some pits were especially elaborate and were topped with mounds. More than 630 such pits have been excavated, and in nearly three quarters of them - especially the later tombs - there are slabs of stone, shaped like gingko leaves. This symbol has since been taken to be a unique characteristic of the Histari Culture until subsequent excavations of [[Narusgerya Culture]] sites revealed the use of such shaped stone pieces as well. This has led to a theory linking the two civilisations.

[[category:Prehistoric Cultures of Valmante]]
[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neiberin Province</title>
    <id>2919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15499</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T04:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Towns and Cities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Neiberin Province''' (Mirselec ''Neiberin denai''), also known as Province 20, is a province of [[Risevne]], situated in northwestern [[Masalne]]. It borders [[Lorudac Province]] to the south, [[Hyomeniga Province]] to the east and [[Tineye Province]] to the north. Its capital is [[Bermisaye]].

==Geography==

==History==

The first historical mention of Neiberin Province dates to around 730 DN, when it is said to be part of a kingdom along the western coast of Masalne known as [[Nadogal]]; as a province then Neiberin included not just modern day Neiberin, but also part of the [[Barnisa Hormagos]] which now form the western third of Hyomeniga Province, bordering on the [[Hyomene Plateau]]. Though it was part of that kingdom, it was relatively desolate except for its coast and the fishing settlements thereon.

In the age of the Masal Kingdom, from 1027 onwards, Neiberin province was called [[Elsange]], while its borders were redrawn such that it became a purely coastal province, much more like its present borders. With the founding of the kingdom and the increase in trade between the north and the south, Neiberin profited and grew as a conduit for goods from north and south, providing way-stations on the coastal roads. In 1091 the town of Bermisaye was officially founded, though Elsange's capital for the era remained in the town of [[Nosad]].

==Economy and Demography==

The location of the province on the west coast of Masalne, facing the long continental shelf of the Risevan Home Islands, makes it an important area for the fishing industry, while its many small streams and rivers and the quality of the water therein has long been noted in the past. Because of this some of the most famous traditional products of Neiberin have been processed foods: pickles, salted fish, and the many kinds of noodles to which hard water imparts improved texture.

Even now there are many food firms in Neiberin, as well as many high-tech chemical or biological companies, similarly attracted to the natural quality of the area. These industries have replaced some of the older, more polluting extractive works; whereas stone such as granite was once quarried in the area, the industry has long since diminished. The quarries themselves have sometimes been taken over by interesting new tenants; the biomedical research branches of several large firms have recently relocated to the new [[Neiberin Biomedical Research Complex]], completed in 2034, which is built inside one of the largest old quarries and is mostly below ground level.

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Bermisaye]]

*[[Nidarsa]]

*[[Alvesod]]

*[[Nosad]]

*[[Holbari]]

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Varant river</title>
    <id>2920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15105</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-04T15:48:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Varant river''' ({{IPA|[və'ɹɑ:nt]}}, [[Arithide language|Arithide]] {{IPA|[va'rant]}}) is a river in the [[Eastern Seaboard]] of [[Arophania]], originating in the slopes of the southern [[Hallaryagi]] and flowing west to east, around the southern reach of the [[Alerryagi]] and emptying into the [[Auzirean Sea]] in an estuarine delta.

==Etymology==

The Varant is a [[Synerian language|Synerian]] name (the language is usually considered one of the [[Arithide language|Arithide]] dialects), deriving from ''vare'', a hydronym descending ultimately from the [[proto-Arophanic]] root  ''*uora'', meaning &quot;river&quot;, and ''ante'', the [[Classical Arithide]] word for &quot;water&quot;. It is often simply called the ''Vare''. Other rivers whose names share the same root include the [[Or river|Or]], [[Yos river|Yos]], [[Jedi river|Jedi]] and [[Ous river|Ous]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bermisaye</title>
    <id>2921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15498</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T04:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bermisaye''' is a city in [[Risevne]], the provincial capital of [[Neiberin Province]] in northwestern [[Masalne]]. It has a population of 294,791.

==Geography==

Bermisaye lies along the last segment of the [[Bermisig river|Bermisig River]] (''Bermisig ainos'', but also ''Bermisek asaye'' in the local dialect), the portmanteau of whose name is the name of the city. It is famous throughout the country for its dramatic setting; it is set on a sloping plain following the course of the river towards the coast, while being surrounded on three sides by steep ridges and mountains which afford stunning night views of the city. Because the plain is about 25 km east-west along the river, but only 6 km wide, the city also follows this shape.

The river flowing through the city is mostly too shallow to be navigated by large craft, but along certain sections which are demarcated sports kayaking and canoeing are allowed. Every year several high schools and universities hold races along the Bermisig, including the famous [[Tri-Province Race]] where [[Lorudac]], [[Neiberin]] and [[Hyomeniga]] provinces each provide two of their top high school teams for a six-way race down a 4.6 km stretch of the river. Within the city the coastal areas where the river flows into the sea is mainly commercial in nature, while the residential areas are distributed inland. 

In terms of architecture the city is mostly low-rise, rarely exceeding seven storeys even in the commercial regions.

==History==

==Economy==

==Society and Culture==

==Famous People==

*[[Tenya Asolin]] (Born 12 September 2013 DN), vocalist of the famous band [[Icha and the Northeasterners]].

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tenya Asolin</title>
    <id>2922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16275</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:31:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tenya Asolin''', born September 13 2013 [[DN]], is a famous Risevani singer and the vocalist and titular character of the band [[Icha and the Northwesterners]]. 

==Childhood and Youth==

==Career==

===Beginning===

It was a chance encounter with the other two founding members of the band that began Tenya's career; while lining up to sign up for the 2035 round of a singing contest, she ran into [[Jenan Gamer]] and [[Arin Basatc]], whose assigned singer had quit them in the last moment. Tenya agreed to join them, and the group - known at first as the Karabanani or the northwesterners - eventually came in second. (Incidentally the first place went to another band that would later achieve great fame, [[Three Suns]].)

[[category:Risevani performers]]
[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Neighbourhoods of Isana</title>
    <id>2923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14836</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T14:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles regarding separate neighbourhoods in the city of [[Isana]].

[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theph river</title>
    <id>2924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15714</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T15:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Theph river''' {{IPA|[θɛf]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Taphae''''' {{IPA|[ta'fai]}}) is one of the most important rivers of [[Arophania]], with three of the largest [[Arithia|Arithide]] cities sited along its course: the old royal capital of [[Isphea]] on its delta, the historic and vibrant capital of [[Lazea]] at its confluence with the [[Nes river]], and the southern economic centre of [[Aebea]] along its mid-course. As the [[Taphae-Nes river system]] it has the largest drainage basin and discharge volume on Arophania, and makes up one of the three [[Great Rivers of Arithia]].

The English name is from the [[Dethric language|Dethric]] corruption.

==Course==

The Theph starts in the slopes of the south-central [[Alerryagi]], flowing first east then turning northwards on the [[Nimaean plain]] towards the [[Ordaryagi]], then flowing once again eastwards along it, before merging with the [[Nes river]] at and exiting to the north through the [[Calagian Pass]] as the [[Taphae-Nes river system|Taphae-Nes]], emptying into the [[Chisthian Sea]] in a triangular delta.

==Importance==

===Agriculture &amp; fishery===

The Theph has been an important source of food fish for the [[Areth]], and remains so today. More than 30 species of edible freshwater fish are known to live along its course, including the famous [[Besrian catfish|Besrian]]. In recent times, however, concerns over water pollution midcourse as well as overfishing of certain species has put a damper on fishing, though in more rural areas recreational angling is still a common pastime.

{{seealso|Fishes of the Theph river}}

Besides fishing, the Theph plays a key role in the agriculture of the region, thanks to its origin in the [[Alerryagi]], which erodes and dissolves from the mountain slopes many minerals that enrich the land downstream through which the river passes. Farms on the [[Nimaean plain]] depend heavily on the river (and, to a lesser extent, on the [[Nes river|Nes]]) for irrigation as well.

===Industry, commerce &amp; transport===

As the continent's largest navigable river and the site of [[Arithia]]'s three largest cities, the Theph is a natural conduit for trade and transport. In the early days of Areth expansion, the river was the first, most convenient, and most common way to access the [[Arophania]]n interior. Even today, fully half of the Arithide internal trade is carried on the waters of the Theph, ranging from industrial inputs like oil and cotton from [[Audoria]], to manufactures like automotive vehicles or even farm produce. Hovercraft commuter links have been established along the river's lower course in recent years, replacing the old passenger boats, ships and ferries that used to ply the waters.

The three cities of [[Isphea]], [[Lazea]] and [[Aebea]] also all draw their water supply from the river, its tributaries and its throughflow. 

==Pollution==

Due to its large discharge, the Theph has been able to sustain a degree of relative cleanliness and purity of its waters despite the heavy agriculture that has been going on in its basin for thousands of years.

In the [[Ilethes in the Industrial Age|Industrial Age]], however, as the nation rapidly industrialised around its cities (most of which, not coincidentally, are located on the river), the Theph became increasingly polluted due to chemicals and other toxic effluent from factories, and synthesised fertilisers from agriculture, which are much harder to break down or flush out. When improvements in technology in the [[Ilethes in the Modern Age|modern era]] allowed ever more aggressively intensive cultivation of the land, especially pastoral farming, the condition of the Theph's waters rapidly deteriorated, especially as industry began to use more chemicals in manufactures, without ascertaining the environmental impact thereof.

In 1934 [[CIE]], water quality became so abysmal that at [[Regea]], an industrial town, the river turned a noticeably dark shade of brown, giving off a stench that came from the burgeoning bacterial population in the waters and that carried all the way downstream to [[Lazea]]. Eutrophication had caused large numbers of fish and other aquatic life to perish, and the decomposing matter did not poison only the air: in the sixth month of that year, large-scale water poisoning in many cities occurred, and economic activity almost ground to a halt as water supplies were cut, investigations were made (which eventually concluded perfunctorily), and alternative water sources were found.

The Theph was cleaned up in a large-scale civil engineering operation from 1935-1938 [[CIE]], and environmental laws and regulations were drastically tightened, polluting industries and firms shuttered or forced to overhaul their operations, and farms likewise barred from using toxic fertiliser and forced to treat heavily chemical-laden sewage, among others in a series of stringent measures to protect the river. The damage had been done, however; marine species in the river fell from an estimated 3,600 before industrialisation to less than 600, and is still recovering: at last count, in 2001 [[CIE]], scientists listed just 1,400 species.


[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eithan river</title>
    <id>2925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14839</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T14:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eithan river''' {{IPA|['i:θən]}} is a major tributary of the [[Theph river]] in the [[Arophania]]n [[Eastern Seaboard]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nes river</title>
    <id>2926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15106</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-04T15:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Nes river''' is one of the major rivers of eastern [[Arophania]], flowing from the southern [[Alerryagi]] east across the [[Nimaean plain]] before turning north to join up with the [[Theph river]] as the [[Taphae-Nes river system|Taphae-Nes]], passing through the [[Calagian Pass]] and emptying into the [[Chisthian Sea]] in a triangular delta.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dobrae river</title>
    <id>2927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14841</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T14:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Dobrae river''' {{IPA|['dəʊbɹaɪ]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] {{IPA|[də'brai]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Duver''''' {{IPA|['duvɛr]}}) is a tributary of the [[Theph river]] in the [[Arophania]]n [[Eastern Seaboard]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Loda river</title>
    <id>2928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14843</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-24T14:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Loda river''' {{IPA|['ləʊdə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] {{IPA|['lo:da]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Leud''''' {{IPA|[lu:ð]}}) is a tributary of the [[Nes river]] in the [[Arophania]]n [[Eastern Seaboard]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Furinalmi</title>
    <id>2929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15046</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T15:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Furinalmi''' ([[Mirselec]] &quot;Library&quot;, lit. &quot;Book-Storeroom&quot;) is the Mirselec word for a library; more specifically, it refers to the neighbourhood in Precinct 2 on the [[Radungai District]] which is centred around several libraries. 

It is normally taken to include the so-called Library Square - a city block comprising the [[Risevani National Central Library]], the [[University of Isana Library for Arts and Social Sciences]], the [[Risevani National Archives]] and several other buildings - as well as the adjacent streets and the nearby [[Izuriwa Park]]. The area is served by [[Izuriwa Station]] on the [[Kalana Line]], which exits near the park, as well as [[Madrenase Station]] on the [[East Bay Line]] which is nearer the cafes. 

==History==

The Library Square originally comprised just the Central Library and the National Archives, both of which have been housed there on royal-granted land since the 1840s. In 1949, after the [[Fourth Global War]], the University Social Sciences Library was also moved to that site, and before long the area became famous for its libraries and the large groups of university students and other people who gathered there to study and read. 

In the 1980s and again in the 2010s, as part of drives to promote reading habits, new buildings were added to the same block; the Central Library was expanded to include many films and multimedia resources as well, and during the latest upgrade the New Arts and Social Sciences Library building was built, with 5 storeys devoted to resources on arts and social sciences, as well as performance, seminar and lecture theatres. New libraries include the Film Library and the Military Library.

==Present-Day==

Furinalmi stands in contrast to many of the other areas in the East Bay financial district as a student-filled, generally intellectual place. The rows of shophouses which flank Library Square are home to many famous cafes and small restaurants, often with discounts for students; many come to the cafes to play music, engage in debate, or just relax before and after studying. 

Izuriwa Park, which lies between Library Square and [[Sansertha College, University of Isana]], is another favourite gathering area and often hosts student fairs from Sansertha and other nearby colleges; ever since 2004 annual concerts have been held in the central field of the park, organised by the university and with the aim of raising funds for needy students, and the event has also become a part of Isanani cultural life.

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lingone</title>
    <id>2930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29134</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:07:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Description'''

Lingone is an international auxlang of Esperanto-like type, optimized to be used for international communication. 

'''Uniqueness'''

The language is unique in the sense that it is both highly regularized, and also has strong inbuilt flexibility. 

'''Design principles'''

- Pure agglutinative word building. 

- Strong desambiguation. 

- Shortness of roots. 

'''Language sources'''

''Grammar:'' 

- Inspired on Esperanto and Ido, but agglutinized and simplified. 

- Many afixes have been inspired by both Latin and English. 

''Vocabulary:''

1-Indo-European roots, if they are still recognizably present in IE offspring languages. 

2-Many Latin verbs for derivational recognizability. 

3-Many English nouns and adjectives. 

'''Interest of others'''

Either because they have a general interest in languages, or specificly because the language is interesting candidate as formal international language (if any such language would sometime be adopted). 

'''Sample translation'''

Christian prayer Our Father plus (sort of literal )translation to English: 

Nose patro qua si en la hevno - Our father that is in heaven, 

Tuse nomio magi si sanktenite - your name be hallowed, 

Tuse imperyo magi veni - May your kingdom come, 

Tuse vlio sai eventi bi-up la tero, kom en la hevno - Your will shall happen on earth, as in heaven, 

Doni ad nos nose denole pano - Give to us our daily bread, 

Pardoni nos nose kulpos, kom nos pardoni altreos silse kulpos - Forgive us our mistakes, as we forgive others their mistakes, 

Ed ne duki nos en ofdukio - And don't lead us into temptation, 

Ma frieni nos di la maleo - but free us from evil, Amen! 


'''External links'''
http://www.testground.net/E_LingoneMain.htm

(Site author: Joris Bollen. Site language: English)
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hlötderb</title>
    <id>2931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15174</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T00:34:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Hloterb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sansertha College, University of Isana</title>
    <id>2932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17143</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T14:37:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sansertha College''' is one of the 29 colleges in the [[University of Isana]]. 

==History==

Sansertha College is one of the older colleges of IA. In 1587 [[Ulinai Sansertha]], a noted scholar and official in the royal court, began a private initiative to expand the University of Isana; his goal was to found a new college for research in the social sciences and public administration. After 5 years of such efforts the plan was put forth to the royal court, and [[Arnen II of Risevne|King Arnen II]] officially granted the royal decree for the college two years later in 1589.

While Sansertha was founded with a specific range of courses in mind, the founding of the [[University of Isana Institute for Political and Social Sciences]] in 1926 has superseded it as a specialist college; long before that, in the mid 19th century DN, Sansertha had already begun expanding into other courses. Now it is considered one of the &quot;comprehensive&quot; colleges, though the number of social science students still take up around 70% of the school population.

The original campus of the school is in modern day [[Waranyebara remis]], within the boundaries of the old city and near the [[Ayareine|Goose Gate]]; in 1833 [[Kanir Elidae]] donated the land for the present site of the college, near [[Furinalmi]] in [[Awenhine remis]], and in 1838 the college was moved into its new home - only to suffer a fire four years later, which burned down a side building but did not cause any casualties.

==Location==

The campus of Sansertha College, where it has been sited since 1584, is in present-day [[Isana]] Precinct 6; it is just adjacent to the famous [[Furinalmi|Library Square]], and its own library is only a short walk from the area. Most of the buildings on the campus date from around the 17th century, though there are several new buildings (known as the Second West Quad) built in modern style but similarly surrounding a central courtyard. The campus is served by several bus lines, and is a ten minute walk from [[Sansertha Station]] on the [[Isana Underground]] Line 5.

==Rankings, Culture and Achievements==

The colours of Sansertha College are blue and white, which places it within the [[Blue Sect]] of the University.   

==Famous Alumni==

[[category:Colleges of the University of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]
[[category:Universities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blue Sect</title>
    <id>2933</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14873</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-25T08:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sects (University of Isana)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sects (University of Isana)</title>
    <id>2934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14876</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-25T14:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The comprehensive colleges of the [[University of Isana]] tend to be grouped unofficially into one of three groups known as ''Sects'', or ''Shirba'' in Mirselec. There are three such sects, Blue, Silver and Black.

The division arose from the very founding of the university, under a stipulation in the royal edict for the university's colleges that all future colleges' individual colours must include one, and only one, of those three colours. The reason for the law was to allow easy identification of any college as belonging to the university and the nation, since the three same colours were those of IA and of the royal house as well. 

[[category:Risevani culture]]
[[category:Colleges of the University of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arnen IV of Risevne</title>
    <id>2935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17049</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-04T12:27:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* War Years */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arnen IV''', born Arnen Nesari Pragan Nimya (11 May 1889 - 28 December 1957), was the [[Monarch of Risevne|King]] of [[Risevne]] from 16 January 1938, when he succeeded [[Nesari II of Risevne|Nesari II]], to his abdication in favour of his son [[Itaran IV of Risevne|Itaran IV]] in 1956. 

Arnen IV's rule was by far one of the most eventful of any Risevani monarch since the Restoration. During his reign Risevne entered the [[Fourth Global War]], during which it would lose nearly 3 million dead out of a population of 58 million; throughout the course of this war the King was famous as a symbol of national resistance, especially by his refusal to move out of [[Rasami Palace]] even after he was wounded by shrapnel when the palace was bombed. After the war he became an outspoken advocate of international cooperation to enforce peace, and helped turn public opinion in favour of Risevne's participation in the [[International League]]. In 1954 he set up the [[Risevne Royal Peace Award]], and in 1956 the League awarded him the [[International Achievement Prize for Peace]]. 

==Childhood and Youth==

==Marriage and Family==

==Accession==

==War Years==

War broke out just two years into the King's rule, in June 1940, and though he had spoken out in concern over the peace of the country since even before his reign he would prove to be a moving force behind the nation's entry into the war. Immediately after the war broke out he ordered a conference of generals and politicians to discuss joining the war; during this, the [[Conference of Melimaye]], he made clear his pro-war stance:

''&quot;It cannot be the desire of any ruler who loves his country to lead a people into war. But the duty of any human is not to stand by as the world suffers the aggression of its nations who dream of worldwide hegemony. Do we fight as the allies of the downtrodden, or wait until our potential allies have all been put down and fight alone?&quot;''

The conference eventually concluded that while Risevne should join the war it would not be immediately and directly involved; it would only be the [[Golkate Island Incident]] of September 1940 that prompted the [[Afengar]] and Cabinet to approve the declaration of war. 

Throughout the War, and even as the bombing of Risevan cities began from mid-1941, Arnen refused to leave the city of [[Isana]] which, owing to its prime economic importance to the country, was a central target of enemy bombers. He did, however, order the movement of the entire royal family and most of the employees of the palace, leaving himself with just a handful of workers within the palace. In his later memoirs he would famously describe the wartime palace as &quot;A huge empty room of echos, reverberating all day with the sounds of the struggle above us&quot;. In October 1941 several bombers attacked the palace for the first time in the war, and the Afengar immediately requested that the King move out to join his family for safety; the King however refused in a [[Royal letters (Arnen IV)|letter]] which was later read to the public; some quotes from the letter, including the phrase &quot;Here we must remain&quot; (actually &quot;Here ''I'' must remain&quot;), would become wartime slogans.

On 17 March 1943, a group of bombers attacked the palace, and a bomb scored a direct hit on the residential halls where Arnen was having dinner; in the explosion several people were injured, including the King who would require five stitches for a gash on his left arm caused by falling debris. According to witnesses his first words upon leaving the hall and seeing his injury was, &quot;So that's what it's like!&quot; again the Afengar requested his departure, and again he refused; instead, the day after he received treatment, he went on a tour of the city to assure his people that he was only slightly injured. He continued to conduct these tours, as well as write open letters exhorting the people which were broadcast on radio.

Besides the personal danger that the King placed himself in, the war also affected him in more serious ways. A distant but well-loved nephew of his, [[Miras Kagorsi]], was the captain of the light cruiser [[Risevani Light Cruiser Graunac (1929)|Graunac]], and died when it was torpedoed and sunk in 1946, while another, [[Esinar Nimya]], was an army commander who was killed in 1945.

==Post-War==

On October 27 delegates from 146 belligerent nations - 97 victorious, and 49 defeated - gathered on board the [[Risevani Battleship Fusalne (1936)|Fusalne]], sailing in the [[Mirosair Sea]], to sign the [[Fusalne Treaty|treaty]] ending the Fourth Global War; two days later the King delivered [[October 29 Address|one of his most famous addresses]] to the parliament, putting across his view of peace via collective mediation and enforcement. 

A believer in the ideal of a community of nations, Arnen would prove a powerful tool in the subsequent debate on whether to join the [[International League]]; placing all the political weight he had behind the proponents of such a theory he helped ensure, after a fierce debate between these proponents and politicians wary of new wars, a surprisingly clear victory in the subsequent [[League Membership Referendum|referendum]] on the issue.

==Legacy and Modern Views==

==Others==

[[category:Rulers of Risevne]]
[[category:Royal Family of Risevne]]
[[category:Persons of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esinar Nimya</title>
    <id>2936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14898</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-26T05:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Esinar Bironas Alaime''' (12 March 1910 - 26 April 1943), known as Esinar Nimya (Nimya meaning &quot;Prince&quot; in [[Mirselec]]), was a prince of [[Risevne]] who was killed in the [[Fourth Global War]], during the [[Battle of Sini Baksese]]. He was the second son of [[Arnen IV of Risevne]] and [[Oseya of Risevne]].

==Childhood==

==Family==

==Military Service==

Esinar enlisted in the army in 1926, entering [[Marsad Military College]] and graduating in 1928; he was ranked 3rd in the cohort of 486 students, and specialised in artillery. By 1934 he commanded the artillery corps of a division; and when war broke out he was then given command of the 42nd Division - which at the time comprised merely a reinforced brigade. Over the course of 1940 and early 1941 he was responsible for training and bringing the division to full strength, and in August 1941 he led the division to [[Solmais]].

[[category:Royal Family of Risevne]]
[[category:Persons of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevne Royal Peace Award</title>
    <id>2937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14904</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-26T14:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Risevne Royal Peace Award''' is an annual award established by [[Arnen IV of Risevne|King Arnen IV]] in 1954 DN. The founding statement of the award, written by the King himself, emphasises that the award is given to &quot;one of any nationality in this world, whose efforts bring about progress on the road to lasting peace&quot;. 

==Award==

The award itself comprises two main parts, a medal and the prize money. 

The medal is made of pure gold, and thus far there have been a few major redesigns. The present design, which has been awarded since 2003, bears the image of a broken sword and bow on the obverse, and that of the False Camellia, Risevne's national flower, on its reverse. Around these images are words in Mirselec; on the obverse they state &quot;Let &quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Huttu</title>
    <id>2938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14914</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-26T22:50:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarnawa</username>
        <id>196</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>October 29 Address</title>
    <id>2939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32921</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-15T18:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''October 29 Address''' ([[Mirselec]] &quot;Zar-Mur-Gye ta Nartinge&quot;, literally &quot;Address of Ten-Two-Nine&quot;) is a famous address from [[Arnen IV of Risevne]] to the [[Risevani Assembly]], given just two days after the signing of the [[Fusalne Treaty|official peace]] ending the [[Fourth Global War]]. In it he argues that the peace can lead to two courses, and that the best course to a lasting peace was that of collective action, then implied to be [[Risevne|Risevan]] membership in the [[International League]] (though this term is never mentioned within the speech.

==Background==

While the war was only officially ended on October 27, most major fighting had already ceased by late September. On September 20 the [[Third Asela League]] produced the [[Proposal for a League Across Nations]], which on the Risevan side was endorsed by the foreign minister [[Tarsen Krafec]]; within Risevne, however, opinion was severely divided over whether to endorse the league within the Assembly as well as the general public.

The King, however, was an ardent supporter of the League; when asked about it in early October he is reputed to have told a secretary that &quot;If a man my age and experience, having lived through three wars now, should think it unnecessary or undesirable, then I am not worthy of everything I have lived through&quot;. He therefore took the opportunity of the postwar address to state his views, and arguably his efforts paid off - in the [[1947 Risevan Referendum on the International League]], a surprising 68% of voters came out in favour of Risevan involvement, compared to 45% just two months before.

==Full Text==

Speaker, Honoured Members, 

By now the signing of the Fusalne Treaty is common knowledge around the world; with their signatures a total of 143 states have put an end to the most devastating war in human history, and peace is once again upon our shattered world. 

Mourning and sorrow accompany the loss of so many lives for their countries, but more uncertain and more pressing are the fortunes of those fortunate enough to survive. We may proclaim aversion to rhetoric, but there is no other way to put this; we stand now on a threshold of history never before arrived at by man. The road to this opportunity has been paved with blood and tears, death and suffering, and now we the living hold in our hands the shape of the world for ages to come.

One only has to walk a short distance from the palace or the Assembly hall to see for himself the celebrations all over Isana with the declaration of peace. It is only natural that we should feel exhilaration and jubilation at our victory; anticipation of victory has been part of why we have kept on going, in the darkest and most hopeless days of the conflict. Nonetheless these must be tempered by reason, and by a sober knowledge of what we have truly won. If we are to keep this peace, we must know what it is and what it is not.

The peace is, for one, not an invitation for us to return to the past. Often we have convinced ourselves, during the dark days of bombing and austerity, that with victory would come the good old days again; even I sometimes embraced this view, though then as now I oppose it. To view an event of this magnitude as something that will leave us on the same historical course is inconceivable; the old times will never return, and if the old times include the old international system with its rivalries we should be glad to be rid of them. We cannot look back now; for better or worse we are of the generation that must look to the time when we are already gone but our children yet survive, the time that is yet to be.

A simple tallying of numbers drives the point home to us. For this is not the first, nor even the second global war; but its cost in lives outweighs the last two wars combined. The same technologies of mechanization and industry, which allow us to enjoy life as never before in peace, also give us the power to take lives as never before in war; now nobody is safe, even if he is distanced by sea, far from the front. When in 1932 the military historian Stevgan Nis said that “the next war shall be one without fronts, for the whole nation will become a front” we took his words for granted – in retrospect we cannot but admit we only saw that obvious part of his prophecy. The true meaning of his words is that under no circumstances can we afford a war like this again.

If we can acknowledge that much it becomes clear what must be done, what the past mistakes are that we cannot repeat and what was not conceived then that must be conceived now. For seventy years we have talked about the horrors of war, even when the said horrors were never more than three days’ march from clearly drawn lines on maps. For the same seventy years we have shuffled between war and peace with terrifying frequency. Now this option of swinging back to war is not only morally repugnant; it will be fatal, for nations, for peoples, and for the world at large. And this defines what the treaty on the Fusalne is not; it is no longer a national peace; it is no longer, and cannot be, a way for any one nation or league to assert dominance over another and dictate the treaty that the vanquished quietly signs. Three times, after great wars, we followed that same course of national vengeance and the quest for dominance; three times the supposedly crushed rose from the ashes and fought again. Risevne, which has been both master and victim in the past, surely knows this well. 

This backhanded compliment to human resilience leaves us two courses. As a nation in competition with other nations a lasting victory would entail crushing opponents over and over, employing ever more advanced technologies until they or us are knocked out of the race for existence. But there is another way, and another lasting victory, for no single nation but rather for all peoples; that is the course of committing ourselves to reconciliation, of dedicating ourselves to the community of nations, and of putting our efforts to the collective enforcement of a peace that will hopefully extend across the world. 

If there is one good thing that the war has brought us it is solidarity, unity of purpose and a commitment to one’s allies. Without aid from our allies we could not have lasted in this war; thousands of men from other nations died that we could remain clothed, fed, and our fighting will sustained. Equally thousands of Risevani gave their lives in the defence of our allies, for during the war our fate was coterminous with theirs. Now the key is for us to preserve this loyalty to our allies while reconciling ourselves with those who were, until recently, our enemies; for still our fate is coterminous with everybody’s. No longer are we fighting a war against another nation, or another group of nations; we are fighting a war against war, and we fight on behalf of those who will enjoy this world in generations to come. This fight cannot be shirked if we are to deem ourselves humans of reason and duty. 

The tragedy of a generation that has come through such a calamity as war is that their generation has already been spoken for in history; we as individuals will have little chance to alter the depictions, or to add asides to the overwhelming volumes of images that war conjures. A century, two centuries from now, people will not look upon us as a generation of anything else; we are and forever will be the people of the Fourth Global War; that choice was made before and cannot be changed. 

The hope for our generation, then, lies in our will to shape the future. We may choose the course that will lead us to be forever recalled as yet another generation that left a fuse for another war, that will claim twice the present toll and cripple half of the countries involved; that is the course of the arena of nations. Or we may choose the course that, in a century, two centuries, will allow people to look back and say of some day in our near future, “from here – from this blessed day on – the world was at peace”. The peace we can make may well be imperfect; but it cannot be ours to not expect a peace, not to do the utmost we could, if there is a chance for it. 


[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Speeches]]
[[category:Historical Articles]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niharo Street</title>
    <id>2940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16240</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Niharo Street''' is a street on the [[West Bay District]] of [[Isana]], in precinct 12 near the [[Aresetaris Bridge]] over [[Gardaus Bay]].

It is primarily famous as a gathering place for writers, both historical and modern. [[Mertanis College, University of Isana]] is sited just a five minute walk away, and as it has in its recent history nurtured and housed some prominent writers - most famously [[Erai Raldergye]], who lectured there between 1912 and 1929 - this nearby street, and the bars and restaurants along it, were some of the haunts of these men of letters.

During the 1980s and 1990s a group of writers called themselves the [[Niharo Clique]]; besides being a literal statement about their meeting here, the street is also used as a symbol of the whole city of Isana itself. In turn these writers tended to focus on issues regarding the city and the country at large.

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]
[[category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erai Raldergye</title>
    <id>2941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16192</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Plays */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Erai Raldergye''' (19 November 1879 - 4 January 1934) is a famous [[Risevani]] writer. He wrote mostly short stories and novels, though two plays of his also survive.

Over a thirty-year period Raldergye produced some of the most famous works of [[Mirselec literature]], many of which are still read worldwide today. Known for his variety of styles, from the evocative richness of the [[Rushalya Elegies]] to the sparse, terse style of his later novels and short stories, he introduced many foreign literary innovations into his work while at the same time working to promote Mirselec literature worldwide. For this he is often known as one of the &quot;Fathers of modern Mirselec literature&quot;, and his works are taught to schoolchildren in Risevne, as part of their compulsory literature course. 

==Childhood and Youth==

==Early Career==

==Maturity Years==

==Later Years==

==Works==

This is a list of some of his more famous works.

===Novels===

*Gatartun (Hesitation), 1904 

*Orisain (Midnight), 1906

*Anive so der (The Elect), 1907

''[[Rushalya Elegies]] (5 novels for a River):''

*[[Kagorbe tari ta Rushalya]] (Rushalya from the Mountains), 1910

*Nortebusunmi ta Gager (Walks in the Valley Bottom), 1915

*Hinoru ta Dongan (Grandfather's Clock), 1917

*Haiste ta Kirban (The Dawn Watch), 1921

*Wantanor gari ta Rushalya (Rushalya to the Sea), 1924

*Nakemi ta Sostoruc (The Lament of the Sparrows), 1928

*Persander (The Prodigal), 1930

*Varesur (The Fig Tree), 1931

*Farsekarka (Fireworks), 1933

===Plays===

*Barne Yazor ta Ursan (Children of the North Wind), 1912

*[[Erunmitir]] ([[Erunmitir (play)|Erunmitir]]), 1932

[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]
[[category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kagorbe tari ta Rushalya</title>
    <id>2942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16239</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:03:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kagorbe tari ta Rushalya''' (Rushalya from the Mountains) is a novel by [[Erai Raldergye]], and the first of his series of five novels known as the [[Rushalya Elegies]]. Of the five it is probably the most well-known and most commonly read, and even today it is part of the high school literature course;  it has also been translated into more than 100 languages worldwide. 

The first line of the novel is one of the most famous lines in modern Risevan literature, and most [[Risevani]] can quote it: &quot;Following the stream up the mountains one reaches the harsh midslopes; the spring that is the river's mother could hardly be seen amongst the rock and snow. Of all facts this must be the most inconceivable.&quot; The novel itself, meanwhile, deals with the first generation of the two families of Anesker and Masera, from around 1816 to around 1840 - the years immediately before and after the [[1827 Restoration]].

[[category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevani</title>
    <id>2943</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>14941</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-29T08:07:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevan Royal Navy</title>
    <id>2944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15324</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-10T14:47:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Risevan Royal Navy''', known in [[Mirselec]] as '''Risevan Koraide Nusair''', is the naval arm of the [[Risevan Royal Armed Forces]].

The [[naval history of Risevne]] can be traced back to the [[Mirselani]] raids of the first and second centuries DN; the modern Royal Navy of Risevne, however, dates back to the [[First Constitution]] when the two arms of the military were first placed under the control of the monarch and constitution as standing forces. Given Risevne's nature as an island nation the Navy became the senior arm, and even now it is known as the Senior Service (Kresaime Anaos). 

The navy played a hugely important role in all four of the [[Global Wars (Valmante)|Global Wars]] in which Risevne participated, and over the course of these wars it grew into one of the premier navies in the world. This trend continued through the 20th century, and even as the [[Risevan Royal Army]] gradually shrank in size the growth of the navy continued. By the 2010s it was the largest navy in the world, as well as one of the most advanced, and is a full-fledged blue-water force.

==History==

===Ancient Roots (1st century - 9th century)===

===Reform and Growth (10th century)===

===Decline and Revival (late 10th century - early 15th century)===

===The Standing Force (15th century - 17th century)===

===Age of Expeditions (17th century - 19th century)===

===The Global Wars (19th century - mid 20th century)===

===After the Wars===

==The Navy Today==

The modern RKN is rightly viewed as one of the most powerful navies in the world, and one of the four or five which can maintain a global projection of power especially with its carrier groups. 

===Roles===

The stated role of the RKN is to protect the interests of Risevani at home and around the world, as well as to carry out the policies of the Monarch and the Government of Risevne. As Risevne is an island nation, the navy naturally forms an integral portion of home defence; but it also has a network of bases around the world from which it operates.

Though the RKN is not a member of any international military alliance since the disbanding of the [[Third Asela League]] in 1948 and its withdrawal from the [[Eighteen-Power Coalition]] in 1950, its forces nonetheless take part in many international exercises as observers and active participants. The navy also makes major contributions to peacekeeping forces, both of regional alliances and of the [[International League]].

===Assets===

{{main|List of Ships of the Risevan Royal Navy}}

The RKN is outfitted for a great spectrum of tasks, beyond that of most other navies and befitting its blue-water orientation. The core of their long-range power projection ability lies in the six [[Rushalya class aircraft carriers]], accompanied by escorting destroyers and submarines which are themselves a powerful force in combat.

==The Navy and Risevan Culture==

==Famous Ships==

==Famous Navy Personnel==

[[category:Armed Forces of Risevne]]
[[category:Navies of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:New talk</title>
    <id>2945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>14948</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-29T13:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;usermessage plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''
[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=User_talk:{{PAGENAMEE}}&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new &lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;Click here to leave a message on my User talk page!&lt;/font&gt;]'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
  Put this template on your User page to help/encourage visitors to leave &lt;br&gt;a message on your User talk page&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Since the magic word &lt;nowiki&gt;{{TALKPAGENAMEE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; doesn't work in the version of &lt;br&gt;Mediawiki that this wiki uses [[User:Melroch|I]] had to use an ugly &lt;br&gt;workaround to have it work as intended.&lt;br&gt;I think this can be painlessly changed once the software is updated.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;(This note will not be visible when the template is included on a page!)
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Ships of the Risevan Royal Navy</title>
    <id>2946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15281</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T14:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Type 9 Destroyers (Varunim Class) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is a list of the ships in the [[Risevan Royal Navy]], or RKN, currently in commission. It also illustrates the naming tradition of ships in the Navy.

==Aircraft Carriers==

The longstanding tradition with regards to aircraft carriers has been to name them after mountains, while battleships were named after rivers. The first aircraft carrier to serve in the RKN was [[KV Kaona (1917)|KV Kaona]], launched in 1915 and completed 1917. With the advent of nuclear carriers as well as the gradual demise of battleships as a potent force on the seas, the river titles of the latter gradually were used for the former, in a sense affirming the nuclear carrier succeeding the battleship as queen of the seas.

Presently, after the decommissioning of the last of the conventional carriers in 2038, the RKN has completed its transition to an all-nuclear carrier force with six Rushalya class nuclear carriers. These carriers, presently in the middle of their service life, will remain the mainstay of the navy for a long time as there are no plans to replace them by the government.

===Nuclear Carriers===

''[[Rushalya Class]]'':

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Rushalya (2006)|KV Rushalya]], flagship of the Fleet

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Anesa (2008)|KV Anesa]]

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Kezarte (2011)|KV Kezarte]]

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Irtausa (2013)|KV Irtausa]]

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Ainzera (2015)|KV Ainzera]]

*[[Risevan Aircraft Carrier Imon (2018)|KV Imon]]

==Destroyers==

The destroyers of the Risevan Navy are named on a variety of themes, including weather and climatic phenomena, as well as ancient provinces of Risevne and the names of mountains. 

===Type 9 Destroyers (Varunim Class)===

The [[Varunim class destroyer|Varunim class]] is named after old provinces and subdivisions of Risevne; there are presently 26 ships in commission, making it the mainstay of the surface escort forces. Armed with a wide array of weapons including the [[Sorvane command system]], these ships are some of the most capable surface combat units in the world.

*[[KV Varunim]]

*[[KV Bosa]]

*[[KV Atrasne]]

*[[KV Obidir]]

*[[KV Anstai]]

===Type 12 Destroyers (Vasoseye Class)===

The [[Vasoseye class destroyer|Vasoseye class]] is named after weather phenomena; Vasoseye is the Mirselec word for a hurricane or typhoon. A newer and more advanced version of the Type 9, with a lengthened hull and distinctively raised forecastle, there are presently 14 such ships in service, and there are plans to refurbish and overhaul the Varunim class to Vasoseye class standards.

*[[KV Vasoseye]]

*[[KV Saburseye]]

*[[KV Ichatesabu]]

*[[KV Shoebume]]

==Frigates==

The frigates of the RKN are mostly named after the outlying islands of the country. 

==Landing Command Carriers==

The RKN has a force of three large landing carriers as the core of its marine fighting capability; the ships are under the control of the Risevan Royal Marines, which form a command under the Navy. The three carriers are named after mountains, taking over the designation for battleships in the past.

===Kaona Class===

The [[Kaona Class Landing Carrier|Kaona Class]] is a formidable ship capable of landing, supporting, and supplying troops on extended operations. Each ship is capable of landing a 1,600 man Royal Marine Battalion and all its equipment, as well as keeping it supplied by air and providing powerful fire support with its squadron of helicopters and attack aircraft. 

*[[KV Kaona]]

*[[KV Hegamari]]

*[[KV Nogorin]]

[[category:Armed Forces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hlotderb</title>
    <id>2947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43251</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-19T01:18:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hlotderb (/ɬoʈ.ɛʁb/) is the language spoken through out the base of the western mountain range of [[Lheinead]]. It is believed to be a language isolate, but with heavy influence from Turkic and Altic languages, among others. The name Hlotderb is derived from Hlotde(/ɬoʈ.e/), meaning mountain people.

==Phonology==
*Consonants: /dˁ tˁ kˁ gˁ t p b d k g n ŋ m v f ʒ ʃ z s ç ʝ ɬ l ʁ r̝ ʣ ʤ ʂ ʐ ʈ ɖ/
**Romanized As: &lt;dh th kh gh t p b d k g n ng m v f j ss z s c ÿ hl l r rh dz dj sz zs td dt&gt;
**Exceptions: 
***/tˁ dˁ kˁ gˁ/ are marked as &lt;t' d' k' g'&gt; before &lt;hl&gt;
*Allophones: 
**/t d k g p b/ become [tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ pʰ bʰ] initially
**/l/ becomes [ɭ] when in a cluster with /ʂ ʐ ʈ ɖ/

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stops'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɖ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Emphatic Stops'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|tˁ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dˁ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|kˁ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;gˁ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasals'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricatives'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʐ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ç&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʝ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximants'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r̝&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɬ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʁ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Affricates'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʣ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʤ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Vowels: /e i ɛ æ ə ɑ ɔ o u/
**Romanized As: &lt;e i eh aa y a ô o u&gt;
***Differentiation: 
****/ɛ/ proceding /ɬ/ is denoted by &lt;e'l&gt; instead of &lt;ehhl&gt; or &lt;ehl&gt; (which means /ɛl/
*Phonological Constraints: (S or F)(S or F)(N)(A)V(N)(A)(F)(P)
**Where S=stop, F=fricative, A=approximant, N=nasal, and V=vowel
**Also with identical voicing and usually similar point of articulation
**For stop combinations, only regular+emphatic and regular+regular are permitted
**For stops/fricatives, retroflexes do not combine with other stops/fricatives in the cluster

==Pronouns==
Nominative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person, Exclusive
  |align=center| ghro (/gˁʁo/)
  |align=center| bim (/bim/)
  |-
  ! First Person, Inclusive
  |align=center| - 
  |align=center| bij (/biʒ/)
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| dja (/ʤɑ/)
  |align=center| sse (/ʃe/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| cuÿ (/çuʝ/)
  |align=center| tcom (/tçom/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Cultural
  |align=center| coss (/çoʃ/)
  |align=center| côtd (/çɔʈ/)
  |-
  ! Third Person, Natural
  |align=center| côsz (/çɔʂ/)
  |align=center| côtd (/çɔʈ/)
  |-  
|}

==Voice==
There are four grammatical voices in Hloterb: Active, Passive, Locative, Reflexive. The first three are distiguished by prefixes (or in the case of the active voice, the lack of a prefix), whereas the reflexive voice is simply active voice with a corresponding reflexive pronoun as the object.

A few examples:

 Dhlap ssônirh jaadz
 Herding -produce.PRES wool
 Herding produces wool

an active sentence,

 Jaadz ossônirh dhlap
 Wool PASS.produce.PRES herding
 Wool is produced by herding

a passive sentence,

 Hlotde aassônirh jaadz
 Hlotde LOC.produce.PRES wool
 At Hlotde wool is produced

a locative sentence,

 Ghro ssônirh kehsz
 I produce myself
 I made myself

a reflexive sentence.

In slang or more colloquial speech, however, the locative voice has been re-analyzed as a genitive constructive. For example,

 Côsz aadazirh jaadz
 It.NAT underwent the shaving of wool
 It was shaved of (its) wool

==Syntax and Morphology==
Hloterb is SVO, resulting in the abandonment of case endings, except for the locative case -aa, which survived attached to the verb as a voice ending. Direct objects proceed indirect objects. The locative and genitive cases are now formed from prepositions, which vary depending on dialect, case, and gender.

Hloterb distinguishes three genders: natural, cultural, and animate. The last is reserved for humans and beloved pets. The first includes general household items (with a few exceptions), living organisms (not scanned as animate), and natural formations (mountains, deserts, etc.). The cultural gender is used in relation to all remaining nouns, commonly less ordinary produced items (Cotton, the final product, for instance)

Adjectives decline for the gender but fairly straightforwardly. Verbal adverbs also agree with the voice of the verb. It has been suggested that this reduces confusion in multiple verb predicates. Adverbial Adverbs and Adjective Adverbs agree with the modifier that they modify.

Verbs are conjugated for voice and tense, but no other issue. Mood and aspect are often worked into a sentence through various adverbs. Person and number are determined from context or the nominative pronoun. In this respect, Hloterb is highly isolating.

==Lexicon==
[[Hloterb Lexicon]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Belegras Dockyards</title>
    <id>2948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16980</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T11:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Belegras Dockyards''' (Mirselec ''Belegras Hadunen'') is a part of [[Isana]] that comprises the western half of the [[Port of Isana]], until the early 21st century.

Formerly part of the busiest port in the world, the Dockyards gradually diminished in importance as shipping was routed more to the better-equipped and newer [[Port of Bresnga]] during the 1990s. In 2007 a plan was launched to convert the Dockyards, which comprises around two-thirds of the entire port, to a commercial and leisure district, involving several major programmes like the greening of the entire area, the construction of an [[East Bay Line, Belegras Extension|extension underground line]] serving the area, as well as the conversion or rebuilding of many original facilities. 

==History==

===As Harbour===

===The Move===

Over the 1980s and 1990s, the port of Bresnga continued to grow and Isana went on with its transition to a mostly service-based economy, plans began to be proposed to convert the Dockyards.

==Belegras Dockyards Today==

===Site and Situation===

Though it is the most prominent, Belegras Dockyards is not the only major developmental project to take place on land vacated by the moving of the port; along stretches of the coast, as well as farther inland, many residential areas have sprung up as well, and property values for residential space in this new district has been rising steadily after an initial sluggish period while the infrastructure was being completed. Now the area is one of the youngest residential districts of the city, and even the design of many of the estates - revolving around relatively small condominia catering for singles, or young couples - reflect this trend.

In modern Isana parlance &quot;Belegras Dockyards&quot; refers to the western two-thirds of the former port, adjoining [[Henoris Wharf]], which has been rebuilt into a commercial district; the real [[Port of Isana]], on the other hand, is simply known as the Port. The main passenger terminus and jetties, meanwhile, have been relocated to within [[Gardaus Bay]] in a brand new building that was completed in 2012.

Throughout the 2010s the area was known as &quot;the city's largest construction site&quot;, and even now in the 2040s much major construction and development is still going on in the area, making it one of the most vibrantly developing areas of the city. 

Even while the development of the area is going on speedily, however, efforts are constantly being made to ensure continuity with tradition, as well as the desirability of the environment. In the conversion of the dockyards most of its large docks were kept intact, as were many canals formerly used for transportation between docks in the past. Road and foot bridges, many of innovative design, connect these islands; but there is also a system of small boats which ply the canals, mostly carrying tourists. At the same time major landscaping has turned the dockyards, formerly mostly asphalt and concrete, into a much greener area.

===Administration===

Belegras Dockyards in fact straddles two districts, or dego, of [[Hirsa remis]], namely [[Belegrasharel-dego]] and [[Nirateharel-dego]]. 

==Major Constructions==

===Warehouse Malls===

===Concert Halls===

*[[28 Kasinoda Wharf]], one of the most spectacular buildings in the area, converted from several large warehouses (formerly 26 - 31 Kasinoda, with 28 being the central building). 

*[[Sidefona]] - literally &quot;Little Chambers&quot; a complex with six small black box theatres, converted from 38 Neti Wharf.,

===Other Buildings===

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hloterb Lexicon</title>
    <id>2949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24590</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-18T23:59:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This a lexicon of all terms in the language [[Hlotderb]].

==a==
AELHEI = ''adv'' repeatedly, (archaic) yearly

==b==
BIJ = ''prn'' 1P, plural, inclusive, nominative

BIM = ''prn'' 1P, plural, exclusive, nominative

==c==
COSS = ''prn'' 3P, singular, cultural gender, nominative

CÔSZ = ''prn'' 3P, singular, natural gender, nominative

CÔTD = ''prn'' 3P, plural, natural or cultural, nominative

CUÝ = ''prn''  3P, singular, animate, nominative

==d==
DAZ = ''v'' to shave, to shear, to cut away

DHLAP = ''n'' herding

DHLAPI = ''adj'' pertaining to herding

DHLAAP = ''v'' to herd, to raise

==dh/d'==

==dj==
DJA = ''prn'' 2P, singular, nominative

==dt==
DTDHNLÔMLHST = ''n'' irrigation ditch

==dz==
DZEJ = ''n'' failure (person, action, anything...)

==e==

==eh/e'==

==f==

==g==

==gh/g'==
GHNGEHYMBATH = ''n'' cedar tree leaves (used as an incense)

GHRADZ = ''n'' oil, hydrocarbons, fuel

GHRADZ KRIDZ = ''n'' coal

GHRADZ TDLISZ = ''n'' natural gas

GHRO = ''prn'' 1P, singular, nominative

==i==

==j==
JAADZ = ''n'' wool

JDJALZSMI = ''n'' weaving tools; shuttle, loom, wheel, etc 

JDJAON = ''n'' loom

==k==
KAKHIMARRHA = ''n'' polyester or other synthetic material cloth, synthetic clothing

KÔTIN = ''n'' cotton

KÔTINDZAAHL = ''n'' cotton plantation

KÔJYC = ''n'' copper

==kh/k'==
KHOB = ''n'' loom

==l==

==hl==
HLOZULTD = ''n'' lapis lazuli

==m==
MINTTEA = foreigner, stranger

MOÔM = ''v'' to stare, to intimidate

MÔLDI = ''n'' hawk

==n==

==ng==
NGAASS = ''n'' muzzle

==o==

==ô==

==p==
PT'HLNI = ''n'' nitrate(s)

PUP = ''n'' city-dweller

PUSSCÔDZ = ''n'' mountains

==r==

==rh/r'==

==s==

==ss==
SSE = ''prn'' 2P, plural, nominative

SSCHLEB = ''n'' floodplain

SSHLÔDZT = ''n'' river

SSÔN = ''v'' to make, to produce

==sz==
SZFANRADT = ''n'' small level area, mesa

==t==
TEA = ''n'' riverbank, streambank

TCOM = ''prn'' 3P, plural, animate, nominative

TSSAAV = ''n'' pole, stick, rod

==th/t'==
THE = ''adj'' evil

==td==

==u==
UTH = ''interj'' yeah, yes, verily

==v==
VRHIJ = ''n'' desert, barrens

==y==

==ÿ==

==z==
ZNEDT = ''adj'' shiny

==zs==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elimyen</title>
    <id>2950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15127</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-04T20:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Napalmbrain</username>
        <id>183</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Elimyen is an agglutinative conlang.

==Phonology==
Elimyen is written using an abugida script (an abugida is a script where each character represents a consonant and vowel together). There are characters for each consonant-vowel pair (and lone vowel)  below, except for 'du', 'tu' and 'yi', which do not appear in the language. There is also some overlap between s/z and dh/th, which are considered individual phonemes. The absence of a vowel following a consonant is indicated explicitly.

===Consonants===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| b || b
|-
| d || d
|- 
| dh || ð
|-
| g || ɡ
|-
| j || dʒ
|-
| k || k
|-
| l || l
|-
| m || m
|-
| n || n
|-
| p || p
|-
| r || ɹ, ɻ
|-
| s || s
|-
| sh || ʃ
|-
| t || t
|- 
| th || θ
|-
| v || v
|-
| y || j
|-
| z || z
|}

===Consonants===
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Letter !! IPA symbol(s)
|-
| a || æ, ɑ
|-
| e || ɛ
|-
| i || i
|- 
| o || ɒ
|-
| u || ʌ, ʊ
|}

==Grammar==
===Word order and stress===
Elimyen's word order is Subject Object Verb. Unlike English, Elimyen uses Time Manner Place to order adpositional phrases. For example, instead of saying &quot;I went to the shop yesterday&quot;, it would be &quot;I went yesterday to the shop&quot;.

Normally, the second syllable of a word is stressed.

===Declension===
Elimyen has 6 cases:

* Nominative- Not marked
* Accusative- Marked by &quot;-mol&quot;
* Dative- Marked by &quot;-dash&quot;
* Genitive- Marked by &quot;-yen&quot;
* Locative- Marked by &quot;-von&quot;
* Ablative- Marked by &quot;-nim&quot;

===Plurals===
Plurals are suffixed by &quot;-yez&quot;. It is also used as a sign of respect to the person being spoken to.

===Verbs===
Verbs are inflected to distinguish between transitive, ditransitive, and intransitive verbs:

* Transitive- Not marked
* Ditransitive- Marked by &quot;se-&quot;
* Intransitive- Marked by &quot;go-&quot;

===Grammatical person===
* First person singular- &quot;ben&quot;
* First person plural- &quot;bizi&quot;
* Second person singular- &quot;sen&quot;
* Second person plural/formal- &quot;zizi&quot;
* Third person (singular and plural)- &quot;on&quot;

There are no grammatical genders.

===Negatives===
To negate a noun or adjective, the word &quot;deye&quot; is added to the end of the sentence. Verbs are negated by adding the prefix &quot;me-&quot;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevne</title>
    <id>2951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16208</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fevoun</title>
    <id>2952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15012</id>
      <timestamp>2006-10-31T07:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''fevoun''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] {{IPA|[fi'u:n]}}) is an immense wooden ship invented in and employed by the [[Lazeian Empire]] for the purposes of trade, diplomacy and exploration. Measuring 8 x 3 x 2.6 [[adira]] long, wide and tall (approx. 380 x 140 x 120ft), it displaced almost 2000 tons and was easily the world's largest ship.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithide Sample Text Corpus</title>
    <id>2953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22060</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-01T06:05:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Georgics (Orpheus &amp; Eurydice): Geōrgikae (Orpheus &amp; Eurydicē) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists available [[Arithide language|Arithide]] texts, alongside their translations and in some cases their pronunciations in IPA. The texts may be in [[Modern Arithide]], [[Classical Arithide]], or a number of other varieties as noted (e.g. [[Koine Arithide]]).

==Classical Arithide==

===Lord's Prayer: Trithe Feyns===

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Latin
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Late Classical Arithide
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Phonetic
|-
| width=33% valign=top | Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen.
| width=33% valign=top | Fābā rikin, saluminnum hero, histamesit illos ayn. Egura lisgas ayn. Reskeresit deiros ayn, halaginnum saluminnumena. Rikin emnatir haro omnat kreruras, nam kansaruras rīkae syndrē, rikisyndoris syndirēnēs kansariena. On riko avlataguras orgrei, nege riko magāruras vokyrōn. Amen.
| width=33% valign=top | 'fa:ba: 'rikɛ̃ sa'luminnʉm 'hero, his'tamesit 'ɪllɔs ajn. 'egɯra 'lisgas ajn. rɛs'kɛrəsit 'di:rɔs ajn, ha'lajinnʉm sa'luminnʉmena. 'rikɛ̃ 'emnatim 'haro 'ɔmnat 'krerɯras, nam kan'sarɯras 'rikai 'syndre:, rikɯ'syndəris syndi're:ne:s kansə'riena. ɔ̃ 'riko avlə'tagɯras 'œ:gri:, nej 'riko ma'ga:rɯras 'vokyro:n. 'amɛn.
|}

===The Georgics (Orpheus &amp; Eurydice): Geōrgikae (Orpheus &amp; Eurydicē)===

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Latin
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Classical Arithide word-for-word
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Prosaic syntax
|-
| width=33% valign=top | Ipse cava solans aegrum testudine amorem&lt;br&gt;
te, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum,&lt;br&gt;
te veniente die, te decedente canebat. &lt;br&gt;
Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,&lt;br&gt;
et caligantem nigra formidine lucum&lt;br&gt;
ingressus manesque adiit regemque tremendum&lt;br&gt;
nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. &lt;br&gt;
At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis&lt;br&gt;
umbrae ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum,&lt;br&gt;
quam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt&lt;br&gt;
vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber,&lt;br&gt;
matres atque viri defunctaque corpora vita &lt;br&gt;
magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,&lt;br&gt;
impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum,&lt;br&gt;
quos circum limus niger et deformis harundo&lt;br&gt;
Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda&lt;br&gt;
alligat et noviens Styx interfusa coercet. &lt;br&gt;
Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti&lt;br&gt;
tartara caeruleosque implexae crinibus angues&lt;br&gt;
Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora&lt;br&gt;
atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Iamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnes;&lt;br&gt;
redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,&lt;br&gt;
pone sequens, namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem,&lt;br&gt;
cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem,&lt;br&gt;
ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere manes. &lt;br&gt;
Restitit Eurydicenque suam iam luce sub ipsa &lt;br&gt;
immemor heu! victusque animi respexit.  Ibi omnis&lt;br&gt;
effusus labor atque immitis rupta tyranni&lt;br&gt;
foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.&lt;br&gt; 
Illa « quis et me » inquit « miseram et te perdidit, Orpheu,&lt;br&gt;
quis tantus furor?  En iterum crudelia retro &lt;br&gt;
Fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus. &lt;br&gt;
Iamque vale:  feror ingenti circumdata nocte&lt;br&gt;
invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas! »&lt;br&gt;
dixit et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras&lt;br&gt;
commixtus tenues, fugit diversa, neque illum,&lt;br&gt;
prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem&lt;br&gt;
dicere, praeterea vidit, nec portitor Orci&lt;br&gt;
amplius obiectam passus transire paludem.
| width=33% valign=top | Nakēa kanitis subitī bēlo sakragitis sofio,&lt;br&gt;
hete, amō mediā, hete veirē kigum kitis,&lt;br&gt;
hete egītis natān, hete vagītis koerire.&lt;br&gt;
Taenarinē idon kaugē, siōna opta Dīsne,&lt;br&gt;
nam vobulo egnītis sōditis folpa&lt;br&gt;
riēth, nam Manis ivage egineisi robārīei&lt;br&gt;
avkeītam zīritis ēbretis sabasēn soldē.&lt;br&gt;
Sina koerosis fānerāt, Erebne thēsōn nassōn&lt;br&gt;
ēspēs hōnisene listēs agedēssi rynno baesīēs,&lt;br&gt;
ena rea reveriri alareis imbinteis seinalitis&lt;br&gt;
neān, kyr ān viodhinos dynkansa riagēn ulos,&lt;br&gt;
mādēs sinam ōdhēs, korrākāteis kitheissi ariōn&lt;br&gt;
dābesinēs pūrēnus, neēte avlātāteis deētesi,&lt;br&gt;
kalēmēs turerinnum dhetēnessi men glasēn vithorenēs,&lt;br&gt;
zōdolō math egnī nam oluros nag&lt;br&gt;
Cocytne lādos stauran avsofiābāt dondtam&lt;br&gt;
seboro tallodēs Styx kekonzānīos kombēra.&lt;br&gt;
Sōi, agera obsōre sāmēs sinam akis Lēthne&lt;br&gt;
Tartarenēs assulithēs konzarafēm sīnira slēreistam&lt;br&gt;
Eumenidenēs, sinam halat ahiānēs hev Cerberou pugēs&lt;br&gt;
nōn Ixioninos vetira arorīos gēle noros.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Dāntam vosēs entagnis fugidē nubat pan;&lt;br&gt;
enpethēm Eurydicēnōn bisioris egire āmēae&lt;br&gt;
agnī kuorī (kor ognor kalare Prōserpina dīmotor),&lt;br&gt;
zōān satērōn tēnor solūrōn nakt sofionē,&lt;br&gt;
kōdābāt aeda, nossōna do kōdēn Manēs:&lt;br&gt;
dakte, Eurydicēstam neto dān ryntandum kēnou&lt;br&gt;
iakurī ae! abdento mnossi engate. Tum pan&lt;br&gt;
obtūre abrat sinam agōdos duode ankōlus&lt;br&gt;
spētos, hevlodēstam bāmbos stagnīum sebitoste Avernum.&lt;br&gt;
Mena &quot;an dēs dege&quot; thaere &quot;sisito es hete kondōrat, Orpheō,&lt;br&gt;
an sororros roga? Īde tath zurōnēs enēn&lt;br&gt;
Mēsēs labi, futitam lārīē segē nollos.&lt;br&gt;
Dānsi aheu: damosta vōbitis dolītis taititis&lt;br&gt;
roimē hinai tera, ae hēv hes, kylē!&quot;&lt;br&gt;
palla segēn satērē, plūnena āmēae&lt;br&gt;
lapsāt setit, luso abterē, penede,&lt;br&gt;
biderīo avitrē stothei reor pallossīo&lt;br&gt;
sissyba tygne, vade baeron Orcne&lt;br&gt;
audam kondorgīa graedivagāre staura.
| width=33% valign=top | Nakēa kanitis sakragitis bēlo sofio subitī,&lt;br&gt;
hete, amō mediā, hete veirē kitis kigum,&lt;br&gt;
hete egītis natān, hete vagītis koerire.&lt;br&gt;
Idon Taenarinē kaugē, siōna opta Dīsne,&lt;br&gt;
nam vobulo egnītis sōditis folpa&lt;br&gt;
riēth, nam Manis egineisi robārīei ivage &lt;br&gt;
zīritis ēbretis soldē sabasēn avkeītam.&lt;br&gt;
Sina koerosis fānerāt, Erebne nassōn thēsōn &lt;br&gt;
ēspēs listēs agedēssi rynno baesīēs hōnisene,&lt;br&gt;
neān reveriri seinalitis imbinteis alareis ena &lt;br&gt;
rea, kyr viodhinos ulos riagēn dynkansa ān,&lt;br&gt;
mādēs sinam ōdhēs, ariōn korrākāteis kitheissi &lt;br&gt;
dābesinēs pūrēnus, neēte avlātāteis deētesi,&lt;br&gt;
men vithorenēs glasēn turerinnum kalēmēs dhetēnessi,&lt;br&gt;
zōdolō egnī math nam oluros nag&lt;br&gt;
Cocytne lādos avsofiābāt dondtam stauran &lt;br&gt;
seboro tallodēs kekonzānīos Styx kombēra.&lt;br&gt;
Sōi, sāmēs sinam akis Lēthne Tartarenēs agera &lt;br&gt;
obsōre assulithēs slēreistam sīnira Eumenidenēs&lt;br&gt;
konzarafēm, sinam Cerberou hev pugēs ahiānēs halat &lt;br&gt;
Ixioninos arorīos noros nōn vetira gēle.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Dāntam vosēs entagnis pan fugidē nubat;&lt;br&gt;
enpethēm Eurydicēnōn agnī kuorī bisioris &lt;br&gt;
āmēae egire (kor Prōserpina ognor dīmotor kalare),&lt;br&gt;
zōān satērōn solūrōn tēnor sofionē nakt,&lt;br&gt;
Manēs kōdēn nossōna do kōdābāt aeda:&lt;br&gt;
dakte, dān kēnou ryntandum neto Eurydicēstam &lt;br&gt;
iakurī ae! mnossi abdento engate. Tum pan&lt;br&gt;
abrat obtūre sinam agōdos spētos ankōlus&lt;br&gt;
duode, stagnīum Avernum hevlodēstam bāmbos sebitoste.&lt;br&gt;
Mena &quot;an dēs sisito dege es hete kondōrat, Orpheō,&lt;br&gt;
an sororros roga?&quot; thaere. &quot;Īde tath zurōnēs Mēsēs &lt;br&gt;
enēn labi, nollostam lārīē segē futi.&lt;br&gt;
Dānsi aheu: vōbitis dolītis taititis damosta &lt;br&gt;
roimē kylē hinai tera, ae hēv hes!&quot;&lt;br&gt;
palla segēn satērē, āmēae lapsāt &lt;br&gt;
setit plūnena, abterē luso, avitrē&lt;br&gt;
stothei biderīo, reor pallossīo penede &lt;br&gt;
sissyba tygne, baeron Orcne vade &lt;br&gt;
kondorgīa staura audam graedivagāre.
|}

{{footnote|1}} Usually ''kur''.&lt;br&gt;
{{footnote|2}} Usually ''dento''; ''ab-'' for emphasis.&lt;br&gt;
{{footnote|3}} Not actually used by the Areth, here only for purposes of translation accuracy.

==Modern Arithide==

===Social Contract: Artrem Etilidas===

The following is a translation of the first paragraph and a footnote of Chapter 4, Book 4 of ''Du contrat social'' by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | French
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Arithide
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Phonetic
|-
| width=33% valign=top | Nous n’avons nuls monuments bien assurés des premiers temps de Rome ; il y a même grande apparence que la plupart des choses qu’on en débite sont des fables* ; et en général la partie la plus instructive des annales des peuples, qui est l'histoire de leur établissement, est celle qui nous manque le plus. L’expérience nous apprend tous les jours de quelles causes naissent les révolutions des empires; mais comme il ne se forme plus de peuples, nous n’avons guère que des conjectures pour expliquer comment ils se sont formés.

* Le nom de ''Rome'' qu’on prétend venir de ''Romulus'' est grec, et signifie force ; le nom de ''Numa'' est grec aussi, et signifie ''Loi''. Quelle apparence que les deux premiers rois de cette ville aient porté d’avance des noms si bien relatifs à ce qu’ils ont fait?
| width=33% valign=top | Rik ou Roma ne lesim nevos in peribale fensegrēs eg nieve; dairusa lethēs a sēholē librengēs* he balvalos myra lepsere; on, lefkithē, nabathereryns ablum in sagsissastim tikos, antopoi ethūstaroris soestos, ou othrakastere. Davartos pannatē heiravaes in verkonnegtēs a zeike silos eg karsi; sina eri nabatherēs ou thūstimeve van, rik ou nossenim a thūste roithos paro verim febradei bale.

*''Roma'' meta ''Romulus'' o avene pathryns illos ou Hellenero ''didekos'' meta julle; ''Numa'' meta illos ou sines Hellenero ''dīmotos'' meta julle. Sit allas in irīga des oin ja irō agna lethēs sūs ognē filamos sena illos eg souna balvalos ou isseda?
| width=33% valign=top | rik u: 'roma ne 'lesim 'nevɔs in pe'ribəle 'fɛnsjere:s je 'nieve; 'dairɯsa 'leθe:s a 'sjɛhole: li'brɛŋge:s he 'balvəlɔs 'myra 'lɛpsəre; on, 'lɛfkiθe:, na'baθəryns 'ablʉm in sag'sisastim 'tikɔs, 'antəpei eθy:stə'roris 'sɔistɔs, u: oθrə'kastəre. da'vɔ:tɔs 'pannate: 'hi:rəvais in fɛ:kə'nɛkte:s a 'dzi:ke 'silɔs je 'kɔ:si; sina 'eri na'baθəre:s u: 'θy:stimeve fan, rik u: 'nɔsənim a 'θy:ste 'reiθɔs parə 'verim febrə'di: bale.

*'roma meta 'rɔmulus o 'avəne 'paθryns 'ɪllɔs u: he'lenəro 'didəkɔs meta 'jʊlle; 'numa meta 'ɪllɔs u: sinɛs he'lenəro 'di:mətɔs meta 'jʊlle. sit 'allas  in i'ri:ga 'dezeiɲ ja i'ro: 'aŋna 'leθe:s sy:s 'ɔŋne: 'filəmɔs sena 'ɪllɔs je 'su:na 'balvəlɔs u: 'isseda?
|}

===Sinews of Peace: Valonin Tistēs===

This is a translation of an excerpt of Winston Churchill's ''Sinews of Peace'' speech, more commonly known as the ''Iron Curtain'' speech.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
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! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | English
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Arithide
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Phonetic&gt;
|-
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain - and I doubt not here also - towards the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. We understand the Russian need to be secure on her western frontiers by the removal of all possibility of German aggression. We welcome Russia to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. We welcome her flag upon the seas. Above all, we welcome constant, frequent and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an &quot;iron curtain&quot; has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | Jegē lynmyrin irnnos ibat rynna pymmenaerinn i tormos a kossina. Jegenai um Sovietidas Russein nam nossin Komynistim graedimyrim saraftheros a tagus lethos, nit nossenimin kelepsare nam demnorathe hindarioris onēs eg, senun do, pandaideos ou keieve. Russe andekim ounai nam ravatnevyns daefil ita Ankromon Stalīn i, dou didekim saranos nam thavemos eg sene. Britanum ou – nam sines okūm meta hesse – pan Russinēs in ounaēs i ryrim opsaelos nam perydeiros eg seno, sines nevissim filinos eg thūstari nevum pou obagnēs nam gennēs eg konauttoite verhessos eg sene. Doech orodir in pan balvalos eg makrarebat iravim menhisas um pessiere meta Russidas oneros eg vertygne. Ilethes in hatōgim myrēs neri ne sounula kompulos i Russein eg enyste. Asērinn i nin kaed eg enyste. Pan bisinn, Russe ounai pyn denim Atlantarin despidarum in ounai in verabatim, ivelim nam pouari lyntopēs eg enyste. Sina lougos sene: siai bat tygne opsinig sempos eg noktei deiresit entig hē van, Eurōp um legim kallos paro ne sene sempos eg siarai.

Baltasum Shchetsīn o Adriatasum Trst i ou sēhalag i graetē “frasae vorhaung” a kossina. Sit hisos fūrd um Moist nam Oulava Eurōpin korim myrēs in hatollas a souble. Varshava, Berlīn, Praha, Vīn, Budapest, Beograd, Bukureshti nam Sofja; panokin illosseni allas nam nossenim dol in zierindos a illumore Sovietidas likutas iri souble, nam panos a, evegkim bonos ibat, evverirē Sovietidas verjoulevn i, sina Moskva o ne laetinig es sennevē pouari saraftopos i issesit.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | jege: 'lymmyrɛ̃ 'ɪ:nnɔs ibat 'rynna 'pymmənairinnʉ i 'tʰœ:mɔs a 'kɔssɨna. je'genai ʉm sovi'etʰidas 'russi:n nam 'nɔssɛ̃ 'komynistʰim 'graidɯmyrim sa'rafθərɔs a 'tagʉs 'leθɔs, nit 'nɔsnimɛ̃ kə'lɛpsəre nam 'dɛmnəraθe hində'rioris 'one:s je, 'senʉn do, pan'dedeɔs u: 'kʰi:eve. 'russe 'andəkʰim u:nai nam ra'vatnəvyns 'daifɪl ita 'aŋkrəmɔ̃ 'stali:n i, du: 'didəkim 'sarənɔs nam 'θavəmɔs je sene. 'britənʉm u: - nam sinɛs 'oky:m meta 'hɛsse - pan 'russines in u:najes i 'ryrim ɔp'sailɔs nam pe'rydɪrɔs je se'no, sinɛs 'nevissim  'filɯnɔs je 'θy:stəri ne'vʉm pu: 'ɔmbaŋnes nam 'gɛnnes je konot'teite fɛ:'hɛssɔs je sene. dɔiʧ 'ɔrədir im pam 'balvəlɔs je ma'krarəbat  'iravim 'menisas ʉm pe'siere meta 'russidas 'ɔnərɔs je 'fɛ:tʰyŋne. i'leθez in ha'to:gim 'myres neri ne 'su:nɯla 'kɔmpɯlɔs i 'russi:n je 'enyste. a'se:rinnʉ i 'nɛ̃ kaid je 'enyste. pan 'bisinnʉ, 'russe 'u:nai pʰỹ 'denim at'lantərɛ̃ dɛspi'darʉm in 'u:nai in ve'rabətʰim, 'ivəlim nam 'pʰuari 'lyntəpes je 'enyste. sina 'lu:gɔs 'sene: si'a.i bat 'tʰyŋne 'ɔpsinej 'sɛmpɔs je 'nɔktʰi: 'di:resit 'ɛntej he: van, 'europ ʉm 'legim 'kɔllɔs 'paro ne 'sene 'sɛmpɔs je si'arai.

'baltasʉm 'ʃʧɛtsi:no adri'atasʉm 'tr̩sti u: 'sjɛhalaj i 'graite: 'frasai 'fɔʁhɔŋ a 'kɔssina. sɯ'tʰisɔs 'fʏ:dm̩ 'meist nam 'ulava 'europɛ̃ 'kɔrim 'myres in 'hatœlas a 'su:ble. var'ʃa:va, bɛɐ'li:n, 'praha, 'vi:n, buda'pɛʃt, 'beograt, bu'kurɛʃtʰi nam 'sofja; 'panokɛ̃ i'losəni 'allas nam 'nɔsnim dœl in 'dze:rindɔs a ɪl'lu:məre sovi'etʰidas 'likɯtas iri 'su:ble, nam 'panɔs a, e'vɛkkʰim 'bonɔs ibat, ɛv'verire: sovi'etʰidas 'vɛ:juljɔ:ni, sina 'mɔskva o ne 'laitʰinej ɛs 'sɛnnəve: 'puari sa'raftəpɔs i 'issesit.
|}

===Les feuilles mortes: Revēs Ossim===

The following is a translation of Yves Montand's famous song.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
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! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | French
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Arithide
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Phonetic
|-
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | Oh, je voudrais tant que tu te souviennes&lt;br&gt;
Des jours heureux ou nous étions amis.&lt;br&gt;
En ce temps-là, la vie était plus belle&lt;br&gt;
Et le soleil plus brûlent qu'aujourd'hui.

Les feuilles mortes se ramassent à la pelle&lt;br&gt;
Tu vois, je n'ai pas oublié&lt;br&gt;
Les feuilles mortes se ramassent à la pelle&lt;br&gt;
Les souvenirs et les regrets aussi.

Et le vent du nord les emporte&lt;br&gt;
Dans la nuit froide de l'oubli.&lt;br&gt;
Tu vois, je n'ai pas oublié&lt;br&gt;
La chanson que tu me chantais...

C'est une chanson qui nous ressemble&lt;br&gt;
Toi tu m'aimais, et je t'aimais&lt;br&gt;
Nous vivions tous les deux ensemble&lt;br&gt;
Toi qui m'aimais, moi qui t'aimais.

Mais la vie sépare ceux qui s'aiment&lt;br&gt;
Tout doucement sans faire de bruit&lt;br&gt;
Et la mer efface sur le sable&lt;br&gt;
Les pas des amants désunis.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | Ō, ao sofionēs hē ria natēs eg&lt;br&gt;
Fenesunei ognē deire.&lt;br&gt;
Sit nevum, legnatō ra arie ou rīsoreri&lt;br&gt;
Nam simar ou lasioreri.

Revēs ossim ou tauvol ibat sthere&lt;br&gt;
Tygnura, abyssav&lt;br&gt;
Revēs ossim ou tauvol ibat sthere&lt;br&gt;
Eg fenesēs sines perhistēs.

On mar loityns nossenimeg ave&lt;br&gt;
Neig taite abyssyns um.&lt;br&gt;
Tygnura, abyssav,&lt;br&gt;
Ao dei koeri kore eg…

Denim eg opsine kore hē,&lt;br&gt;
Aou deg sofii, nam dou ag sofii.&lt;br&gt;
Denim ou verdesē bat soni,&lt;br&gt;
Deg sofii aos, ag sofii de.

Sina arie ou kesofionēs eg optage,&lt;br&gt;
Rea kinnē, jou nie.&lt;br&gt;
Nam as a aratum in&lt;br&gt;
Ebreronerin tos eg niare.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''(tbc)''
|}

===Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat: Ersag, Abrad, Nīs nam Buos===

This is a translation of an excerpt of Winston Churchill's ''Blood Toil Tears and Sweat'' speech.

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
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! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | English
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Arithide
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|-
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | I say to the House as I said to ministers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.

You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.

You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs - Victory in spite of all terrors - Victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.

I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, &quot;Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.&quot;
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | House i ou ok therepsyrros i kelyna midrēs iena palle: skaribale lethos ou verim ersag, abrad, nīs nam buos. Rikin ultum ou kantadurastim polyns stritos eg sene. Rikin ultum ou rea, rea pou gaeēs in irithos nam penadir eg sene.

Ao thaere: rikin thereptropos ou anda? Turai, asia nam sahia bat vertoitei meta palle. Rikin pan toros ibat nam Feos a rikei kala didekos ibat ou ravat, nam iterim vokir in skyst nam sultula thereseger i ninevē bisagna safiresim retherir isae vertoitei. Sit ou rikin thereptropos hē.

Ao thaere: rikin sytos ou anda? Ir rem ibat klusibale. Irnnos hē. Andaroithē irnnos – pan safir in abtur i irnnos – sinon dum ou andē massere gennere, irnnos asad ou latharie ou nie van. Sit ou saberesit. Britanidas Heiravas i ou nia latharie, Britanidas Heiravas a relevta lethos i ou nia latharie, iteria a poidos ira ultivagai meta ōrekyns teranos, karindos i ou nia latharie.

Ouros nam pons ibat tielet eg kontagei. Iter neri rikin poidos a assiraresitev meta entig saele. It roros, ok hirin i ou mesinnim saele, i panyns dyge eg krēpei nam i pallei: “Ilā, rikin irara didekos ibat til ultivaguta.”
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''(tbc)''
|}

===Living with a strong Russia (Economist, Jul 15th): Didekim Russein itel sonei===

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | English
! bgcolor=&quot;#dfdfdf&quot; | Arithide
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| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | FORGET the formal agenda at this weekend's G8 summit, given over to energy security, infectious diseases and education. The really awkward issue for the leaders of the seven rich democracies gathering in St Petersburg concerns their host: how to live with a strong, but increasingly undemocratic, Russia.

Since Vladimir Putin became president in 2000, Russia has in many ways been a remarkable success. Thanks largely to high oil prices, its economy has grown by an average of 6.5% a year. Living standards have improved and a sizeable middle class has emerged. The stockmarket has boomed. Russia is running a huge current-account surplus, it is paying off the last of its debt and the rouble has just been made fully convertible. At the summit Russia also hopes to surmount the last hurdles to its joining the World Trade Organisation.

Russians are grateful for these things. They like the stability that Mr Putin has brought in place of the chaos under his predecessor, Boris Yeltsin. They welcome their country's bounceback from the dark days of August 1998, when it defaulted and devalued. They are proud that, as the summit demonstrates, Russia once more counts for something in the world. No wonder Mr Putin has a popularity rating in the 70% range—an achievement that none of his guests can match.

Yet as well as these steps forward Russia has taken steps backwards (see article). In Mr Putin's early years optimists hoped that stability and prosperity would not come at the expense of liberty and democracy. Western leaders gave him the benefit of their doubts over such matters as the war in Chechnya or curbs on the media. But it has become ever clearer that Russia is moving in the wrong direction. Greater state control of the economy, especially in the energy industry, has bred corruption and inefficiency. Any serious political opposition has been crushed. The broadcast media have been shut down or taken over by the government and its allies. Regional governors have been squashed—one of the last elected governors was arrested recently—and parliament has been emasculated, continuing the Kremlin's drive not merely to centralise, but to monopolise, political power.

There is much debate over when Mr Putin started to go wrong. Many date it to the attack on Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky's oil firm, that began three years ago this month; others say the clampdown started after the Beslan school siege in September 2004; still others point to the “orange revolution” in Ukraine at the end of 2004, when Russia's choice for president, Viktor Yanukovich, lost to the pro-Western Viktor Yushchenko. In an irony of timing, only days before the summit, the Chechen terrorist who was responsible for Beslan, Shamil Basayev, was killed; and Mr Yanukovich re-emerged as a possible prime mini-ster of Ukraine.

Yet the truth is that there was no particular moment when Mr Putin “started to go wrong”. Even Kremlin insiders admit that he was determined from the outset to control the television channels and to stamp out political opposition. They concede that Mr Khodorkovsky is in prison for political reasons. Such things reflect Mr Putin's background as a KGB officer. To him, restoring order, staying in charge and reviving Russia's influence are what matter—not wishy-washy worries over democracy and human rights.

So what can the West do? The short answer is, not a lot. In the 1990s an economically enfeebled Russia needed help from abroad. Unless the oil price unexpectedly collapses, no such leverage will be available in the near future. Politically, too, pressure from outside is likely to rebound. With the Kremlin once again firmly in control, Russia will almost certainly change only from within—or not at all.

This is not to say that the West has no influence. Mr Putin, like other Russian leaders before him, is sensitive to outside criticism. The Kremlin was this week in high dudgeon because senior Western officials attended a conference in Moscow organised by some of Mr Putin's few remaining opponents. The Russians are also neurotically keen to curtail the activities of non-governmental organisations.

Here lie some clues to what Western leaders should and should not do about Russia. They should speak out against Mr Putin's moves away from democracy, against his policy in Chechnya, or against Russian use of energy to bully its neighbours (many west European countries have been too timid in their criticism). They should continue to help NGOs and others who are trying to establish a civil society that may, one day, provide an alternative to the dead weight of the Kremlin. As the next presidential election of March 2008 nears, they should insist that any move to amend the constitution so that Mr Putin can run again is unacceptable—and would result in Russia's expulsion from the G8. They should do what they can to press for free and fair elections, even if the Kremlin's chosen candidate seems sure to win.

There are things they should not do, as well. Russia's membership of the G8 may be an embarrassment, since it is supposedly a club of democracies. But to throw it out now would only push Russia farther out of the West's orbit, and risk making it even less help-ful over such issues as curbing Iran's nuclear ambitions. Equally, Americans and Europeans are right to assist countries in Russia's near-abroad that want to escape its baleful influence. But to push for Ukraine or Georgia, say, to join NATO before they are ready would serve no good purpose. Above all, Western leaders should avoid giving the impression that what they really object to is not an illiberal and undemocratic Russia but a strong and rich one—a paranoia that even Russia's few remaining liberals all too often share.

Sixty years ago a wise American diplomat, George Kennan, proposed that the right policy of the West towards an expansionary Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin should be “containment”. Russia today is clearly no such threat. But it still matters, and the West should care about where it is going. The best policy now is no longer containment but “wary engagement”.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | Ok seirinyns G8 ōdonroutos um hortryns pessina, deumi aedrēs nam eremaros i rilakota esteilim agnesis eg abyssu. Sankt Pyoturburg um indalla ec morterim thellisgaerin latagonēs i nonnē habasserim alethos ou naremon paro hē: didekim sina pouari dosthellisgim Russein itel sonei roithos.

Vladimir Putin a 2000-innis um Rūthex i halla ōne, Russein ou pou sterēs i halare tagallos hē. Lefkithē laet ettilin rebat a eperybon o ene, nossin thethrepos a innis i duvorē 6.5%ē arifti. Sonyns antorēs a ultitoso talossene konēsenonia a danofta. Kostilisos non esheffyra. Russein a nonsyns kolossamos i verrea efrepos eg seno, kothtos eg ogoinikassum sinam roubel a jegē otortē kannagtebalaresta. Sinon ōdonroutos um Russein a Ilethes Kannagtos Myratheros i kelyne ismīga sangos eg kansarei deire.

Russīs ou panokēs eg perybe. Putin-ori a, ultoron ita Boris Jeltsin itand in hāorir eg relo, ava konthūstos eg dasie. Obgoinos nam agkollos in skystim natēs ita 1998-innis 8-gae o nossin myr in thyrbondos eg enyste. Hakōrere ou, ōdonroutos a verevte ena, i sena iruha a Russein eg stantos i Ilethes. Omōros fysē Putin-ori a 70% seni enysttapryns holos eg soune—sit ou nin feulēs a themda non kombebalev falyssos hē.

Sissinorum, okin ultine tosērin abtur i, Russein non fūrdine tosēs eg fala. Putin-ori ne lesim innēs um riōleionēs ou konthūstos nam vereriftos a elamdos nam thellisgos eg evrelo idelei deiri. Iravim latagonēs ou Chechnjomin ravat nit pyntoulos in kandelos solon meta lethērum inn nei tos eg haleta. Sina Russein a syndim stera i honi meta ōre silisere. Hortros abradias o fyre lepsorim syrroris thethrepos in sountagos a kanhelir nam okontagir eg fekta. Senun kontygne allisgim auffyros a hokouresit. Dairustoulos a nit fōgtesit nit therebos nam daefilēs ibat ibasolesit. Tirrarin lisgonēs a fyktesit—kontūda lisgonēs in ismīgerinos a jegē hardaresit—nam komposoras a nevelekesit, Kremlinin allisgim serros eg evverirē konindarei sina irētagarei verfyros a ansouni.

Putin-ori a symfyredakta nevos paro pou verposos eg sene. Pou a 3 innyns ultumin ok gae um dakta Mihail Hodorkovski-ne ettilkasan ine kovagos i parue. Essene a 2004-innis 9-gae ne Beslan ellas sakatos syba kompōgtos a dakte meta palle. Lē antos a 2004-inninos an Ukraenum in “anarin verkonnegtos” i diegme, i a Russein in Rūthexine elea eraenos ita Viktor Janukovich i Iravi-jegim Viktor Jushchenko luda nevos. Sparoris firrosum, ōdonroutyns verirē petrinatēs ansa, Beslan in egnidai, Chechen forrveleion ita Shamil Basajev, a tholesit, nam Janukovich-ori a Ukraenin bale hatōmidra meta iruha danofta,

Ahi sempe ou, Putin-ori a “symfyredakta” versenim hyrin eg nie. Kremlinin nerionēs non, irō kilotygnyns nelēs eg basolo allisgim auffyros eg ninokansarei kakemaneri meta kesabre. Hodorkovski-ori a allisgim febrerō ene karakum hē meta kalpalle. Ognēros ou Putin-ori ne KGB klatheston meta noftos eg thyrevte. Nei, stanti an ou datos eg ankarei, rethas um lestei, sinam Russinin verjoulevn eg ariarei meta lethos hē—thellisgos nam iterthropos parone narrim bastos hēv.

Ognē Irav a anda eg bale? Kes klusos ou, rea hēv. 1990-innēs an thethreporinn iroima Russein a myrdynō ne dyge eg lassi. Ettilinrebat a avanselegē konkossine haber, jegenai um ognyns asganos ou niai. Allisgim sines dynō ne verhastos a thyrbondebalessene. Kremlin a iruha basolos um didekē ikānabe, Russein ou aula ikeiē neriō haberē, nit brivē, avnegotai.

Irav ou verjoulevn a niei meta palliev. Putin-ori a, ultorim essena Russidas latagonēs ena, dynōne dusulpios i laessaelere. Kremlin ou, ok seir, Moskva um Putin-ori ne fysim lathi allisgonēs a konthera symposos i Iravim ōdommidrēs a astora van kandasere. Sinon Russein a dostherebenim sarafthererin agnēs eg koptei faedrissenē deirere.

Okūm Iravim latagonēs a Russein paro tagula nam tagavula leths isae faralos a souble. Putin-ori ne thellisgorō ne tosēs isae, Chechnjom in therebtropos isae, nit Russein a hortros ibat kauzinēs eg kavalli an isae dapallula (pou iravum-Eurōpin myrēs a dusulpios um os roeri). DTS solon, Kremlinin ōsstantos i solnerus eg segarebali erema etilia eg ethūstaretori itrēs i, dyge eg kalula. 2008-innis 3-gae ita kolore rūthegei ne kontūdos a jegeni nevum, Putin-ori a iruha iraenebale sytei dīmotremeg in andon segrnegtetoros a dusissestebale meta kompallula, meta G8ō ne Russineg in haberos i hallei. Kremlinin eraenos a ikeiē irnnebalun do lamdim nam esallim kontūdēs eg verthaerei serros eg konsagula.

Tagavula lethēs non sene. Thellisgaerin indallos hūla ita G8 um Russinin rindoros a arigonos hēsina, lum daboligun do verirē Iravin rorivagos o lēmakraro, Iranin aksmin napen parone dekeros eg onorei solon alethēs isae fysorē sagsissim hallarei safir eg sene. Valē, Amerikēs nam Eurōpēs a Russinin jegim myrdynum in, halannim verjoulevn eg fyrus myrēs eg dyge an ou mānere. Sina, Ukraen nit Diarrdia ena eg mithere ansa NATO i kelynei fossei ou nia poidos eg sakes. Pan bisinn, Iravim latagonēs a, nonnē auffyre an a olamdim nam dosthellisgim Russein avho didekim nam morterim nos hē meta rakos eg avkaletore—sit ou Russinin fys lathi elamdeleionēs myra ivelē saele dolforrvir hē.

Zassol innyns ultan setāvim Amerikim oeler ita Diarrgi Kenen a, Josef Stalīn itand um kelepsarii Soviet Irarmyr i Irav in sakse therebtropos a “onoraros” hē meta segarpalle. Omnat Russein ou signyns jaradir silisē hēv. Sina stantos eg este seno, Irav non nossin ivagas paro kakessula. Lum in etim therebtropos ou aska onoranos avho logidi telkoloros hē.
| width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''(tbc)''
|}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Sample Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rushalya river</title>
    <id>2954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15703</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T07:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Agriculture and Fishery */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Rushalya river {[[Mirselec]] ''Rushalya ainos'') is a river in [[Masalne]] which flows through the [[Feladmena Plain]]. It is one of the most important and culturally significant rivers of [[Risevne]]; often known as the Great River or ''Matainos'', it was a central part of the nation's agricultural economy and figures heavily in literature and art.

==Geography==

==Human History==

==Economic Importance==

===Agriculture and Fishery===

Flowing through some of the most fertile land in all of Masalne, the Rushalya's historical title of ''Matainos'' came partly from its importance to the economy of the area. The Rushalya's drainage basin includes nearly three quarters of the [[Feladmena Plain]], from the south of [[Feladmena Province]] north to [[Horeston Province]]; and as a result the river and its tributaries are some of the most tapped rivers for irrigation canals. Over the centuries thousands of canals were built in the area to carry water from the river into a large system of holding ponds, which served both as centres of aquaculture as well to hold water in the dry season when the Rushalya can recede to half its normal flow.

===Industry and Transport===

==Cultural Significance==

===Art===

In Risevan art, the Rushalya at [[Varulsekaya|Hunter's Gorge]] is one of the [[Five Great Scenes of Risevne]], seen as the representative of &quot;Strong Flows and Deep Silences&quot;. Besides this many other views of the Rushalya are also popular themes in painting and sculpture.

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Izuriwa Park</title>
    <id>2955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16248</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Izuriwa Park''' is a park situated in Precinct 2 of the [[Radungai District]], forming part of the [[Furinalmi]] neighbourhood. While small for a city park, at least in comparison with areas like the [[Royal Outer Gardens]] or [[Tanabina Park]], its location near many prestigious high schools, the Library Block, as well as [[Sansertha College]] of the [[University of Isana]], makes it a very well-known and popular spot for students and youth. 

==Site and History==

==Significance==

[[category:Parks of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tanabina Park</title>
    <id>2956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15047</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-01T16:32:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tanabina Park''' is a public park in the west of [[Isana]], around the area known as Tanabina Ponds. One of the largest parks in the city, and a relatively new one, the park covers an area of around 2.9 square kilometres. The park is named after the [[Tanabina]] tree, groves of which are planted all around the park in view of its history. The park is under the administration of the [[Isana Parks and Public Spaces Department]].

==Site and History==

Tanabina Park straddles Precincts 2, 3 and 5 of [[Olmedor District]] in the western half of the city, and is joined by a series of ponds and artificial streams and rivers known collectively as the Tanabina Ponds. 

===Origins===

The history of the park, and of these &quot;ponds&quot;, is a unique one arising from the [[Fourth Global War]]. During that war, repeated bombings had completely devastated many neighbourhoods of western Isana, owing mostly to the dense and shoddily constructed buildings; the area that is now the park was one of the worst hit. During the postwar reconstruction, as special effort was taken to rebuild a more spacious city this time, the [[Izanosa Commission]] found itself hard-pressed for areas to build large parks in until they came across this area; on their recommendation the government hired [[Sharede Nisau]] and [[Ifesin Asav]] to design a park on the site in 1948.

The proposal to build a park on the site sparked considerable resistance from the public, as the area had once been residential land and many victims of bombing had been buried there during the bombings; nonetheless work began in 1949, with the compromise that any exhumed bones and remains would be cremated and placed within a [[shrine (Risevani)|shrine]] in the park. The huge craters left behind in the bombings, many of which had filled up with rainwater, proved an inspiration; they were drained and reinforced with concrete before being filled with water again, after which the largest ponds were joined by a series of streams to form a complete system winding through the park. This core project was completed by 1952, and by 1957 work on the landscapes was mostly complete; the next year, in March 1958, the park was formally opened to the public.

==Features and Situation==

Nowadays the park is one of the most popular and famous recreational areas in Isana; besides drawing  locals it is also becoming a tourist attraction. Constant efforts by the city administration to upkeep the park has kept it a highly pleasant public space, as well as an important historical reminder in the country.

===Design===

The park was designed by Sharede Nisau and Ifesin Asav, who were relative unknowns at that time; their proposal for the plan, however, caught the eye of both [[Solanmer Izanosa]] and [[Egeni Tayor]], the Chief Engineer and Chairman respectively of the [[Urban Regeneration and Planning Board]]. 


===Wildlife===

===Significance in the City===

==Buildings in the Park==

[[category:Parks of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Rewriteof</title>
    <id>2958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15065</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-02T16:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;messagebox&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|-
| &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This page is an ongoing rewrite of  [[{{{1}}}]] &lt;/div&gt;
|}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
   Cf. [[Template:Sectionrewrite]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanmer Izanosa</title>
    <id>2959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16177</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Solanmer Agante Izanosa''' (15 Naraus, 1912 - 26 Minasa, 1988) was a [[Risevne|Risevani]] architect, and one of the most famous architects of the 20th century. Besides individual buildings, he is most famous for being the chief planner of the committee responsible for the re-construction of west [[Isana]] during the 1950s and 1960s, according to a plan now known as the [[Izanosan Plan]] which is still evident in the city today.

[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isana Royal Outer Garden</title>
    <id>2960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15078</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-03T08:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Royal Outer Garden of Isana''', often known simply as the '''Royal Garden''', is a large park in the north of the city of [[Isana]], near the [[Risevan Royal Palace]]. It occupies an area of around 2.1 square kilometres, which is around three quarters of the total area of the Royal Gardens.

The Royal Outer Garden was previously undifferentiated from the Inner Garden until 1843, when by decree of [[Queen Niseina III]] this area was opened to the public. From 1843 to 1924 a fee was charged for admission, the proceeds going to the maintenance of the park itself; after that, however, the park was placed along with most other city parks under the governance of the [[Isana Parks and Public Spaces Department]], and admission became free. It is also well known for being the site of the [[Risevan Botanical Studies Institute]], one of the foremost botanical research institutes in the world.

==History==

===Origin===

===Opening===

===War and Post-War Years===

===New Roles in the new century===

==The Park Today==

===Wildlife===

===Events===

[[category:Parks of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Areas and Districts of Isana</title>
    <id>2961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16853</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T14:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* West Isana */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The city of [[Isana]] is divided into a total of 10 Areas, or Remis, which are in turn divided into  Districts, or ''dego'' (commonly abbreviated to -de). This forms the basic framework of the city's local administration, and was devised in 1926 in the aftermath of the [[Third Global War]], partly as a measure to allow greater autonomy in reacting to crises within each area of the city.

The division into remis is unique to the three [[subdivisions of Risevne|province-level cities]] of [[Risevne]], and represents a greater autonomy of government for all the different remis; unlike some other cities, however, the division does not confer municipal powers upon the subdivisions, neither does it define them as separate cities: the City of Isana remains a single unit of administration. 

==Areas==

===East Isana===

E1. [[Awenhine remis|Bay East]]

E2. [[Hirsa remis|Port]]

E3. [[Hinegaes remis|Eastern Boundary]]

E4. [[Garnoye remis|White Fort]]

E5. [[Waranyebara remis|Waranye and North]]

===West Isana===

W1. [[Awenkara remis|West Bay]]

W2. [[Nimegose remis|South Coast]] 

W3. [[Karagose remis|West Coast]]

W4. [[Zaumir remis|Palace]]

W5. [[Basetimena remis|Baseti Plain]]

[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Risevne</title>
    <id>2962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16278</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:33:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category lists the rivers to be found in [[Risevne]].

[[category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Five Great Scenes of Risevne</title>
    <id>2963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15156</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T14:38:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Five Great Scenes of Risevne''' (Mirselec ''Bo te Matgaroge''), also known as the five classic scenes, refer to five natural scenes on the islands which are famous for their natural beauty, as well as their representation in classical Risevan art. 

The five places are:

* [[Varulsekaya]], or Hunter's Gorge, formed by the [[Rushalya river]] in [[Ofalna Province]]

* [[Lake Onetre]], in [[Besurgana Province]]

* [[Mantebara Waterfall]], formed by the [[Adterge river]] in [[Besurgana Province]]

* [[Sasabachorma]] (Mount Sasabac) and [[Gaikretahorma]] (Mount Gaikreta), in [[Atastarne Province]] 

* [[Agero ta Kasuren]] (Cliffs of Agero), on [[Nema Island]] in [[Bifeno Province]]

The five great scenes each have their own specialties, which are seen as embodiments of certain skills in painting; for example the Varulsekaya represents &quot;Strong Flows and Deep Silences&quot;, in terms of the flow of the river through the narrow gorge as well as the silence of the gorge and of the river below the gorge, while the two mountains represent &quot;Implication of the Form&quot;; since they are nearly identical, their relative placement in paintings is seen as a matter of depicting what surrounds them, an expression of the attention to detail in Risevan art.

[[category:Famous Places in Risevne]]
[[category:Risevan culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Besrian catfish</title>
    <id>2964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16196</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Besrian catfish''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Bissora''''' {{IPA|['bissəra]}}) is a freshwater siluriform catfish native to the [[Theph river]] in the [[Arophania]]n [[Eastern Seaboard]]. Black-bodied with a white tail, the fish grows up to 1.8m and exceed 90kg in weight, but is usually caught while not fully adult, when it is little over a metre long and weighs just under 60kg, and believed to be when its flesh is at its tenderest and sweetest.

The largest Besrian ever caught, approximately a [[keth]] upstream from the industrial city of [[Regea]], measured 1.94m and weighed in at 106.6kg. Its skeleton is housed in the [[Oskana Museum]] in [[Rasoup]].

==See also==

*[[Fishes of the Theph river]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Flora and Fauna of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Everodes</title>
    <id>2965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16525</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Everodes''' {{IPA|[ɛ'vɛrədi:z]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Ebrudus Tor''''' {{IPA|['ebrɯdʉs 'tœ:]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Everodes Assis''''' {{IPA|[e'vɛrəde:s 'asis]}}) is one of the famous [[Barrier Lakes]] in the [[Alerryagi]] that divides the [[Arophania]]n continent east-west. 

It is the most popular of the lakes due to a combination of its (relative) accessibility and the proximity of tourist amenities, and is consequently the most in danger of pollution and environmental damage. It is also an important freshwater wetlands area; its eastern shore is relatively shallow for much of its length, and extensive beds of reeds and other semi-aquatic plants have taken up residence there, making the area an attractive breeding ground both for birds and fish; the small yellow fish known as [[Russau]] is a local delicacy. The reed beds, as well as the formerly extensive long grass and shrublands along the lake, have been under ever increasing pressure from development efforts.

In 1997 [[CIE]] the environmentalist non-governmental organisation [[Semanos]] successfully campaigned for the imposition of restrictions on ecotourism, leisure fishing, camping and other activities in a roughly 5km² nature reserve surrounding the lake.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barrier Lakes</title>
    <id>2966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15720</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T16:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Barrier Lakes''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Alim Torēs''''' {{IPA|['alim 'tœre:s]}}) are a famously scenic group of lakes along the southern [[Alerryagi]], from whose name they derive theirs; the English name is a literal translation from the Arithide.

==See also==

*[[Lake Charia]]
*[[Lake Rist]]
*[[Lake Everodes]]
*[[Lake Augars]]
*[[Lake Dumache]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Charia</title>
    <id>2967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16526</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Charia''' {{IPA|['ʃæriə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Serein Tor''''' {{IPA|[se'ri:n 'tœ:]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Charia Assis''''' {{IPA|[ʃa'ria 'asis]}}) is the highest and consequently most remote, pristine and scenic of the [[Barrier Lakes]]. Thanks to its remoteness and inaccessibility, the lake, despite its beauty and ideal weather conditions, is not a popular tourist spot, unlike [[Lake Everodes]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Rist</title>
    <id>2968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16527</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Rist''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Rist Tor''''' {{IPA|['rist 'tœ:]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Rist Assis''''' {{IPA|['rist 'asis]}}) is one of the famous [[Barrier Lakes]] of [[Arithia]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Augars</title>
    <id>2969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16528</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:31:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Augars''' {{IPA|[əʊ'gɑ:z]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Augaros Tor''''' {{IPA|['o:gərɔs 'tœ:]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Augars Assis''''' {{IPA|['oga:s 'asis]}}) is one of the famous [[Barrier Lakes]] of [[Arithia]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Dumache</title>
    <id>2970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16529</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Dumache''' {{IPA|[du'mɑ:ʃ]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Domasia Tor''''' {{IPA|[do'maʃa 'tœ:]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Dumache Assis''''' {{IPA|[du'maʃ 'asis]}}) is one of the famous [[Barrier Lakes]] of [[Arithia]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>CIE</title>
    <id>2971</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15118</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-04T16:44:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Common Iletheride Era]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Common Iletheride Era</title>
    <id>2972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17318</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T14:24:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Common Iletheride Era''' or '''CIE''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Rīgim Ōrekos''''' {{IPA|['ri:gim 'o:rəkɔs]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Aisso Vedeis''''' {{IPA|['essə və'ði:s]}}) is the system used in modern-day [[Ilethes]] to number successive years, and is analogous to the Earthling Common Era. The CIE takes reference to the [[Great Earthquake]] of more than 2,000 years ago.

The idea of a Common Era, i.e. an international, common system to number years in sequence, as opposed to esoteric and idiosyncratic national systems, was first mooted in what is now known as 1945 CIE, at an [[1945 Vallea Summit|international trade summit]] among whose aims was a vision to standardise international [[systems of measurement]], so as to promote cross-border trade, travel and employment. While other aims, such as a [[Korin|global currency]], failed to gain traction, harmonising [[Calendars of Ilethes|calendars]] appealed favourably to world leaders, and by 1947 CIE the [[Treaty of Louvessier]] was signed, establishing the Common Era and backdating 1 CIE to the year of the Great Earthquake.

==See also==

*[[Great Earthquake]]
*[[Eruption of Mount Eramena]]
*[[1945 Vallea Summit]]
*[[Treaty of Louvessier]]
*[[Calendars of Ilethes]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iryagi</title>
    <id>2973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21924</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-27T02:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Iryagi''' {{IPA|['irjagi]}} is the second longest mountain range of [[Ilethes]], running for over 5,000km down [[Marcasia]], first southwestwards from [[Misia]] then turning southeast at [[Erdia]], dividing the continent two-thirds northwest and one-third southeast. The range is as narrow as 18km at its northern end, but as wide as 420km towards the continental interior. The range's northern continuation on [[Istheusia]] is known as the [[Taza-a Lami]], and its southern extension on [[Arophania]] the [[Alerryagi]]. The three ranges are collectively known in geology as the [[Western Boundary Mountain System]].

The world's highest, and most notorious peak, [[Mount Eramena]], sits along the southern Iryagi on its southeastern edge, overlooking the modern [[Arithia]]n province of [[Tannaea]].

==Name==

The name ''Iryagi'' derives from the [[Arithide language|Arithide]] word ''ryagi'', &quot;mountain range&quot;, from ''ryāg'', &quot;mountain&quot;, and simply means &quot;the I mountain range&quot;. There is still debate over the origin of the toponym &quot;I&quot;, especially over whether it bears any relation to the identical autonym of the [[Areth]].

==Geology==

The Iryagi were formed through crustal uplifting as the convergent [[Marcasian plate|Marcasian]] and [[Maellorian plate|Maellorian]] plates collided. The denser oceanic Maellorian slid under the lighter continental Marcasian, but, due to an unusually small difference in density between the two at the plate boundary (the western edge of the Maellorian has its own landmass), the subduction was particularly frictive, leading to much folding of the crust and sedimentation that gave rise to the mainly metamorphic rock of the range today. The great tension generated from the awkward and unwieldy collision was to provide the underlying cause for many disastrous future volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

==Climate==

The range is of a generally uniform climate of the temperate sort, with temperatures averaging 20°C and precipitation around 60mm, and serves as the border between the more temperate south and the warmer northern parts of the continent. Due to this congenial climate, the range is heavily forested, and vegetation is primarily of the deciduous type. Snow lines are typically absent in the north of the range, but may reach as low as 2,400m near [[Erdia]].

==See also==

*[[Mount Eramena]]
**1 [[CIE]]: [[Eruption of Mount Eramena]]
*[[Mount Akannaa]]
*1 [[CIE]]: [[Great Worldwide Earthquake]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alerryagi</title>
    <id>2974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15141</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T11:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Alerryagi''' {{IPA|[a'lɛ:rjagi]}} on [[Arophania]] is the third-longest mountain range of [[Ilethes]], and is the southern component of the [[Western Boundary Mountain System]], continuing the course of the [[Iryagi]] on [[Marcasia]], interposed by the [[Chisthian archipelago]]. The source of three most important rivers in [[Arithia]], the range runs northwest-southeast down the continent, and continues into the [[Thorfu]] as the [[Tumides archipelago]], which represent the submerged peaks of the range's southern tip.

The Alerryagi is just over 2,600km long on land, excluding the submerged peaks of the Chisthian and Tumides archipelagos. Due to the nature of its formation the range is considerably wide, measuring almost 1,800km at its widest point to cover the entire eastern third of Arophania, which entire mountainous region is known as the [[Eastern Seaboard]]. Besides the Tumides, the [[Sissemen archipelago]] is considered by some geologists as part of the Alerryagi (see article).

==Geology==

Like the [[Iryagi]], the orogeny of the Alerryagi involved convergent tectonic plates, the [[Arophanian plate|Arophanian]] and, again, the [[Maellorian plate|Maellorian]], in subduction and folding processes, but with one major difference. While the Iryagi were straightforwardly formed by crumpling and sedimentation of plate-boundary crust with minimal volcanic involvement, the crustal uplifting that made the Alerryagi involved considerably the formation first of oceanic volcanoes along a highly active Wadachi-Benioff zone, due to the basaltic composition of the underlying magma (in contrast, the magma under the Iryagi is largely felsic).

The subduction of the Maellorian, denser than the Arophanian due to its largely oceanic nature, had two simultaneous effects: first, the edge of the Arophanian plate crumpled and folded to rise above sea level as new mountains; second, increased volcanic activity on and under the Maellorian plate gave rise after repeated eruptions to an undersea lava plateau, which eventually surfaced, due to further tectonic lift, and became the modern [[Nimaean plain]]. The inland sea that existed around the Nimaean plain in the early stages of its formation disappeared to evaporation and percolation, remaining today only in the higher reaches of the Alerryagi as the [[Barrier Lakes]].

===Hallaryagi===

{{main|Hallaryagi}}

The Hallaryagi are a southwest-branching sub-range of the Alerryagi, stretching from approximately halfway down the latter towards the southern coast, near which it tapers off. It is believed that the Hallaryagi arose from a fracture in the [[Arophanian plate]] caused by the extreme stress originating from the plate boundary with the [[Maellorian plate]].

==See also==

*[[Plate tectonics (Ilethes)]]
*[[Arophanian plate]]
*[[Maellorian plate]]

*[[Eastern Seaboard]]
*[[Nimaea]] and the [[Nimaean Plain]]
*[[Mount Ammon]]
*[[Hallaryagi]]

*[[Theph river]]
*[[Nes river]]
*[[Varant river]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hallaryagi</title>
    <id>2975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15137</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T06:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Hallaryagi''' {{IPA|[ˌhɔllə'rjagi]}} are a small mountain range in southern [[Arophania]] that arose from a fracture in the crust of the [[Marcasian plate]] originating from the extreme stress of the convergent plate boundary with the [[Maellorian plate]]. Running in a southwesterly direction from approximately the geographic centre of the continent, the Hallaryagi tapers off as it nears the [[Thorfu]].

The range is the source of the [[Sami river]], one of the important rivers of the [[West Arophanian plain]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maellorian plate</title>
    <id>2976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15142</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T12:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Maellorian plate''' {{IPA|[mə'lɔ:ɹiən]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Sallos Maellor''''' {{IPA|['sallɔs mail'lœ:]}}) is a tectonic plate lying to the east of [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]], and makes up part of western [[Istheusia]]. The plate is largely oceanic, constituting the [[Pelas Sea]] and most of the northern [[Auzirean Sea]], and hence denser than the continental plates on either side of it, but as large landmasses still sit atop it, such as the Arophanian [[Nimaean plain]] and the [[Sovodiz Range]] on Istheusia.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barhinegel District</title>
    <id>2977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15140</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T11:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Barhinegel Rego''', a portmanteau of &quot;Bara-Hine-Gelkan&quot; or &quot;North East Bay&quot;, is district one of the city of [[Isana]]. The site of the city's first port, in [[Gardaus Bay]], it is now the financial heart of the city, having undergone many rounds of building and rebuilding in the late 20th century.

[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcasian plate</title>
    <id>2978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15169</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Marcasian plate''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Sallos Marcasseini''''' {{IPA|['sallɔs mɔ'kassɪni]}}) is the continental tectonic plate that carries the continent of [[Marcasia]], as well as half the [[Chisthian Sea]] to the south, and most of the [[Artya]] to the north. It is bounded on the east by the oceanic [[Maellorian plate]], with which it shares a destructive convergent boundary, on the west and south by the [[Canthauresian plate|Canthauresian]] and [[Arophanian plate|Arophanian]] plates respectively, with both of which it shares constructive divergent boundaries&amp;mdash;with the latter the result has been the [[Chisthian Sea]] and the [[Ingas archipelago]], while the former the [[Gileican Islands]].

The northern boundaries of the Marcasian plate are unverified.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geology of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16200</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:41:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists pages relating to the geology of the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category:Geology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gileican Islands</title>
    <id>2980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17580</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T05:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Gileican Islands''' {{IPA|[dʒɪ'li:kən]}} (lit. &quot;winter islands&quot;; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Gileicuno Eidis''''' {{IPA|[ʒi'li:kɯnə 'i:ðis]}}) are a chain of volcanic islands east of [[Dethria]] and belonging thereto, at the divergent plate boundary between the [[Canthauresian plate|Canthauresian]] and [[Marcasian plate|Marcasian]] plates. While geologically young, the islands are already densely settled by wildlife; since discovery in 1946 [[CIE]], the area has been off-limits to human settlement and activity other than scientific research.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Islands of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Dethria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Garnoye</title>
    <id>2981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17170</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-06T03:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cultural Impact */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Garnoye''' (Mirselec for &quot;White Fort&quot;) is a famous castle in [[Risevne]], sited in the northeast of city area E3 of [[Isana]] (which is also called [[Garnoye (district)|Garnoye]]). Situated on top of the hill known as [[Nortekone]], or Swallows' Hill, it was once a crucial node in the defence of the city,  dominating both the [[Rushalya river]] and the eastern land approaches into Isana. 

Despite its present name, which derives from its brilliantly whitewashed walls, the fort was neither whitewashed nor named Garnoye in the past; before the [[1727 Rebellion]] the fort was called Nortenoye, &quot;Swallows' Fort&quot;. The fort was painted white in 1731, and officially renamed in 1732. Now, Garnoye is a global symbol of Isana city, representing its historical side which the eastern &quot;Old City&quot; embodies.

==History==

Archaeological records have shown that the hill of Nortekone has been a site of fortification ever since the advent of large-scale settlement in the [[Feladmena Plain]]; the oldest evidence of fortification in that area is a stretch of brick wall and several other remains tentatively dated to around 500 BDN. 

===Origins of the present fort===

The first mention of the fort of Nortenoye dates to around 475 DN, when the [[Annual Chronicles of the Sovereigns of Masal]] states that ''Admiral Suga broke the fleet of rebellious bandits under the fort of Nortenoye, killed their leaders, and took 900 heads''. As the city of Isana grew and became the royal capital for the [[Kingdom of Masal]], the hill was also recognised as an important checkpoint and over successive reigns the hilltop fort was extended.

Archaeological excavations show that the first Nortenoye was built in the classic pattern of Masalan castles, known as the Keep and Wings style. The centre of the fortification was a keep, situated on the northeast of the hill, and to its west and south walls led to the side fortifications, which are smaller towers armed with shooting platforms. The whole complex was then surrounded with two walls - a stone wall, parts of which still exist and have been incorporated into the inner wall of the present fort; and a wall of timbers.

===Expansion and War===

===Decline under the Kingdom===

===The Symbol of the Council===

===Restoration and Revival===

==Design and Geography==

The present castle is the result of several rounds of expansion, decay, and restoration, of which the most impressive must have been the construction of the new main keep which was completed in 1430 after six years of work. The main keep sits on a foundation of stones and bricks, rising 32 metres above the hill, from which the stone and wood of the keep tower rises five more storeys; at the summit of the tower is a room with bronze bells, gongs and horns, used probably for organising the defence of the keep in case of assaults.

==Present Situation==

The whole complex of Garnoye Castle, as well as the hill itself, now form [[Garnoye Park]], while the main keep of the castle is the site of the [[Garnoye Museum]], focusing on artifacts from the late Royal, [[Committee of Guardians]], and early post-Restoration periods. Despite being named a park, the Garnoye complex in fact is split into several areas and privately managed; admission costs 41 [[Mirin]], and attractions include daily displays of archery, horsemanship, swordsmanship and many other crafts of the age of the Kingdoms. 

==Cultural Impact==

Garnoye is seen as one of the symbols of Isana, as well as of Risevne as a whole, and it is often referred to in fiction as well as popular culture. In a 2044 poll, the castle beat several other prominent areas of Isana such as [[King Sarus I Square]] and even the [[Risevan War Memorial]] and was named the Most Memorable Building of Isana. 

Garnoye is often referred to in literature, especially in modern times; in [[Erai Raldergye]]'s works, for example, the castle is often taken as a sign of the old order that was being challenged continuously in the [[Ibakizaro]]; while the famed war poet Captain [[Niro Basidas]] wrote of the walls in several of his poems, one of which - &quot;What if the Walls should not be White&quot; - is presently engraved in a bronze plaque at the main gate of the castle complex. As for ancient treatments of the Nortenoye as a literary subject, the present castle houses a pavillion where 72 famous poems regarding the castle are all engraved in bronze on the pillars.

In art, too, Garnoye is a popular and recurring image; the engraver and painter [[Surin Edinan]] produced a series of sixteen views of the central keep of Garnoye in 1766 (an act for which he was arrested and imprisoned by the [[Committee of Guardians]]), and since then that has been a popular way to depict the castle as well.

[[category:Castles of Risevne]]
[[category:Famous Castles]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ainzera river</title>
    <id>2982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15761</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-19T13:06:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Course */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Ainzera river''' (Mirselec ''Ainzera ainos'') is a river in [[Masalne]]. 

==Geography==

===Course===

The Ainzera is one of the east-flowing rivers of Masalne, and its course lies wholly within [[Osagona Province]]. The river rises in the [[Mathormagos]], the central mountain range of [[Masalne]], and wends its way through several steep valleys before it reaches the coastal plain of the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]], where it then meanders before finally reaching the sea. The total length of the river is 227 km.

Due to the course of the river comprising mainly mountainous regions, the Ainzera is known mostly as a fast flowing stream and some of its valleys have spectacular scenery, where the river has cut steep gorges nearly 60 metres deep, flanked by caves and holes caused by wind erosion. Along its course there are several towns, mostly on the lower course along the coastal plain.

==Human History==

==Economic Importance==

===Agriculture and Fishery===

===Industry and Transport===

==Cultural Significance==

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Munirti river</title>
    <id>2983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15304</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-09T15:05:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cultural Significance */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Munirti river''' (Mirselec ''Munerti ainos'') is a river in [[Risevne]], on the island of [[Agalmare]]. At 351 km, it is one of the longest rivers in the country. 

==Geography==

The Munirti is one of the few rivers on Agalmare, and the only major river, which empties into the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]] rather than into the [[Elaspegian Ocean]] on the other side. Its length is due to its highly circuitous course through the mountains, moving from valley to valley; first moving southeast from its source near [[Mount Asona]], it then bends westwards, then follows a long northwards loop that takes it past Mount Asona again before finally turning northwest and then west into the western coastal plain of Agalmare. Its entrance into the ocean is in [[Sonaira Province]], near the town of [[Henabu]].

For much of this course the Munirti is a swift, clear stream, and indeed during the summer stretches of it are well-known and popular white-water rafting spots; it also has several waterfalls, the highest of which is [[Ubagodo Falls]] where it falls around 33 metres over several stages. 

As the river enters the coastal areas, however, it becomes a much tamer and wider river, being nearly 40 metres wide and 2 metres deep at parts. Several towns either form along its banks or straddle it at this stage; from the mouth towards the source the major towns include Henabu, [[Nitile]] and [[Haraigegonama]], the provincial capital of Sonaira Province. Most of these towns are set up along the lower reaches of the river, where it was easily navigable and therefore useful as a transport route.

==Human History==

==Economic Importance==

===Agriculture and Fishery===

===Industry and Transport===

==Cultural Significance==

The Munirti River, as well as Mount Asona which it nearly encircles, is central to the culture of the [[Anabanganka]] people who are mostly concentrated in areas drained by the river, or the adjacent coast. Both these landforms are centres of religion for them, and are also linked by legend. 

The Anabanganka have the custom of cremating their dead, and as according to tradition the resulting ashes are often divided into three: the first portion would be kept at home, the second brought up to be scattered on the slopes of Asona, and the third to be scattered in the river. While the mountain is seen as the place of generation for the race, the river is viewed as its sustenance, and every year several [[Munawagorba|festivals]] are held along different spots of the river to honour it.

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Onetre</title>
    <id>2984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16269</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Cultural Significance */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Onetre''' (Mirselec ''Onetregaide'') is a lake in [[Besurgana Province]], on the island of [[Masalne]]. It is one of the many high-altitude lakes found on both sides of the [[Masehormagos|Central Mountain Range]] on Masalne, but its beauty has made it one of the most famous of these lakes, as well as earning it a place amongst the [[Five Great Scenes of Risevne]].

==Geography==

The lake is a barrier lake, formed by lava dams from ancient eruptions blocking the course of streams and eventually creating a lake; in this case the lake is estimated to be around 370,000 years old, and was formed from a particularly powerful eruption of nearby [[Tatzerik]] volcano.

The lake itself occupies a valley around 330 metres above sea level, oriented east-west before bending north for its western third. In all the lake is around 9.5 kilometres long, and its width varies from around 180 metres to nearly 1200 metres. The water of the lake is around 16 metres deep on average, though in certain areas it reaches up to 68 metres deep. 

Surrounded by the relatively steep slopes of the eastern [[Mathormagos]], the lake nonetheless is flanked by plains, mostly on its north side and especially along the bend of the lake; that plain is the site of the town of [[Sepora]], which straddles the small river also called Sepora that drains into the lake.

==Human Impact and Importance==

The shores of the lake have been inhabited by people ever since around 1,800 BDN; the town of Sepora traces its founding date back to around 200 BDN. The remoteness of the lake did not stop people from visiting the area, both for leisure and to fish; the lake, fed by many small mountain streams and being quite deep, was home to several species of well-known food fish.

==Environment==

One of the prime factors that has allowed Lake Onetre to remain relatively pristine is its relative inaccessibility; even now there are not easy to reach the lake by any means, there being just two main roads that lead up to the area. Furthermore, in 1866 the lake was formally accorded a [[Royal Protected Natural Region]], and under the resultant regulations construction along the shores of the lake is heavily restricted.

==Cultural Significance==

Lake Onetre's extraordinary natural beauty earns it a place amongst the Five Great Scenes of Risevne, and scores of paintings have been done of the area over the centuries. Of the five scenes it is considered the most colourful, while the [[Sages' Pillars|strange rock formations]] on the north side of the lake are also famous as studies in form and shape. 

A famous convention in classical [[Risevan painting]] is to paint four pictures of the lake, each from a different season and a different angle; many famous studies of this type have been done, including one by [[Gelgor Surinban]] over 1834 and 1835, and another by [[Adresil Mude]] in 1954, of which the &quot;[[The Sages' New Pillar|Autumn]]&quot; painting is one of the most renowned Risevan paintings.

[[category:Reservoirs and Lakes in Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chisthian archipelago</title>
    <id>2985</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15164</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ingas archipelago]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Islands of Ilethes</title>
    <id>2986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15163</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the islands of the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ingas archipelago</title>
    <id>2987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15201</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T11:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Ingas archipelago''' {{IPA|['ɪŋgəs]}} or the '''Chisthian archipelago''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Ingassim Moeindos''''' {{IPA|[iŋ'gassim 'me.indɔs]}}) are a group of young islands located around the [[Issol A'i]] in the [[Chisthian Sea]] (hence the alternative name), caused by an active mantle plume along the divergent plate boundary between the [[Marcasian plate|Marcasian]] and [[Arophanian plate|Arophanian]] plates.

The major Ingas islands number fourteen, ranging in size from 2 to 13km², surrounded by more than 60 minor islets and rock outcrops that are mostly unnamed. While a few of the larger islands (e.g. the Amboi, Sortou and Klidhae islands) were once inhabited by fisherpeople, the archipelago is no longer populated, due to a number of factors such as migration to the metropoles following the advent of industrialisation, and the rise to dominance in the fishing industry of large commercial fleets, moored generally on mainland [[Audoria]] or [[Cadaeria]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Islands of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Istheusia</title>
    <id>2988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29430</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T10:06:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Etymology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Istheusia''' {{IPA|[ɪs'θu:ʒə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Istheussein''''' {{IPA|[is'θu:si:n]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Isthausan''''' {{IPA|[is'θo:sa:n]}}) is the easternmost continent of [[Ilethes]], as well as the biggest, longest, and most varied in terms of its climate, physical features and cultural landscape. The continent constitutes 35% of the total land area of the planet, but, owing to large areas of desert and advanced demographic trends, is responsible for only 13.4% of world population and falling. The western &quot;[[Head of Istheusia|Head]]&quot; of the continent is the site of one of the three [[Ilethes cradles of civilisation|cradles of civilisation]] of the world, and home to the [[Karyāba]], the oldest extant civilisation known.

==Etymology==

The English name ''Istheusia'' derives originally from the Dethric, but subsequently heavily influenced by the Arithide, owing to the greater wealth of information available about the continent in that language, due to centuries of contact. The Arithide name (which gave rise to the Dethric one) comes ultimately from the [[Carabaean language|an-Kiryeb]] ''Istyusi'' {{IPA|[istjo'si]}}, &quot;homeland&quot;. Hindsight reveals the Areth choice of source name to have been uncannily accurate: mitochondrial DNA traces the origin of every race back to west-central Istheusia.

==Geology==

The continent sits on an eponymous tectonic plate, the largest known plate to date, atop a rather fast-moving convection current that propels it more than 5cm a year against the [[Marcasian plate|Marcasian]] and [[Maellorian plate|Maellorian]] plates, from which results the crustal upheaval that has eventuated in the [[Taza-a Lami]] in the continental [[Head of Istheusia|Head]], and in the[[Kulyub Dur]] range on its southwestern coast. To the south the [[Arophanian plate]] pulls away from it, while the [[Sadon plate]] and the [[Naria plate]] subduct on its east to form the [[Abayan Trench]].

Istheusian rock, and consequently the magma on which it floats, is predominantly felsic: i.e. of high silica and aluminium content, which renders the lava of its volcanos viscous and quick to solidify. While this geological coincidence has created some of the tallest and most majestic volcanic peaks in the world, the occasional violent eruption is much more devastating (see [[1644 Eruption of Mount Kinaya]]).

==Land and climate==

==Territories and regions==

==Water==

===Oceans, seas &amp; straits===

===Rivers &amp; lakes===

==Ethnography==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arophanian plate</title>
    <id>2989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15167</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Arophanian plate''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Salla Araphenaph''''' {{IPA|['salla a'rafənaf]}}) is a tectonic of southern [[Ilethes]] atop which sits the continent of [[Arophania]], diverging from the [[Marcasian plate]] in the north, the [[Istheusian plate]] in the northeast and the [[Oriconi plate]] in the west, but subducting the [[Maellorian plate]] to the east. The general direction of drift is southeasterly, at a rate of under 2cm p.a.

Mineral content of the plate and its underlying magma is mainly basaltic, being rich in iron and magnesium. For this reason, lava from Arophanian volcanoes is generally fluid, tending to cover wide areas before solidifying; one such area is the [[Nimaean plain]], a lava plateau remnant from the orogeny of the [[Alerryagi]].

==Landforms==

===Alerryagi===

{{main|Alerryagi}}

===Hallaryagi===

{{main|Hallaryagi}}

===Ingas archipelago===

{{main|Ingas archipelago}}

===Hibondassian archipelago===

{{main|Hibondassian archipelago}}

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Dethria</title>
    <id>2990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15171</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the continent-nation of [[Dethria]] on the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Istheusia</title>
    <id>2991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15172</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-05T16:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles relating to the continent of [[Istheusia]] on the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Sages' New Pillar</title>
    <id>2992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15177</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T04:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The Sages' New Pillar''' (Mirselec ''Maiga ta Ori Histamir'') is a famous painting done in 1954 by the modern painter [[Adresil Mude]]; it is the Autumn piece of his series titled &quot;Studies of Lake Onetre, 1954&quot;. 

The angle of the painting is presumably from a boat near the [[Sages' Pillars]], the rock columns standing in the northeast of the lake. In 1945, a reconaissance aircraft crashed into the lake on a mission, killing the pilot; the plane landed sideways and one of its wings protruded above the water, where it stayed. The painting places this protruding wing as the centrepiece, and the titular new pillar amongst the stone pillars.

One of the most famous pieces of modern Risevan painting, this piece was exhibited all around the world over the past decades; the most recent show, from 2036 to 2039, took it to the cities of [[Garangen]], [[Vyrusa]] and [[Ordalon]]. On his death, Mude bequeathed all his unsold and collected works (which included the whole 1954 series save the winter painting, which was bought by the [[Kaim Museum]] in [[Merinmas]]) to the [[Isana Royal Museum of Art]], where it is kept on permanent exhibit when not touring.

[[category:Risevan culture]]
[[category:Famous Risevan paintings]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Victory Road</title>
    <id>2994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17168</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-06T02:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Victory Road''' (Mirselec ''Nairate Ryon'') refers to a road straddling [[Taibergute-dego]] and [[Taiberseimi-dego]] of [[Awenkara remis]], in [[Isana]], as well as the eponymous area formed by it and the streets branching off it. Flanked by parks, shopping malls and many historical buildings, Victory Road is considered one of the symbols of Isana, and is a famous tourist attraction and shopping spot. 

==History==

==Site and Situation==

The Victory Road itself is a 2.2 kilometre road, starting from [[Victory Square]] in the south, and extending to [[King Sarus I Square]] in the north; two other roads which are considered the boundary of the Victory Road area, namely [[Unification Road]] to the west and [[Bayside Boulevard]] to the east, run roughly parallel to the road, around 100 metres from it in both directions. The squares on either end of the road are internationally famous areas of Isana, and many city memorials are sited along Victory Road as well.

At its northern end the road extends into the [[Unifcation Memorial Park]], and is relatively forested; along the rest of its length the road is highly built up. As one follows the road from south to north the buildings tend to become older, including rows of 19th century shophouses and many large market-malls dating from the early 20th century, though there are also many new developments along the central stretch and farther north. The area is the undisputed shopping heart of Isana, but the wide pavements and many features of urban design - there are neither [[Isana Underground|Underground]] stations, nor many bus stops, on the road itself - mean that the road retains a certain spaciousness. 

The Victory Road is most famous for the long rows of [[Kaigi]] trees which are planted along its length; many of these trees now stand nearly 20 metres tall and are the focus of frequent prunings and management efforts. Besides this, however, the road also has many other unique features that mark it as a special street in the city; its wide pavements are paved with red and grey granite from Risevne, while its streetlamps and lights are ornate bronze pieces which are replicas of the original 19th century lights. Many sculptures, statues and monuments fill the roadside gardens and walkways, and the four major roundabout junctions all house huge fountain gardens on the traffic islands.

==Significance==

Every year on [[Victory Day|October 27]], the anniversary of the signing of the [[Fusalne Accord]], a major military parade takes place on the road. The [[Monarch of Risevne|Monarch]] inspects the parade personally, first in King Sarus I Square, and then in Victory Square where the Monarch then presents a wreath at the [[Risevan War Memorial]] and scatters flowers on the [[Risevan Shrine to the Unknown Soldier|Shrine to the Unknown Soldier]]. This parade is televised every year, as well as being watched live by tens of thousands of Isanani.

Victory Road, along with [[Asargas Boulevard]] in [[Awenhine remis]] and [[Osmanthus Gate Avenue]] in [[Zaumir remis]], is also a favourite general gathering spot of Risevani in general, whether to celebrate or for demonstrations.

[[category:Famous Roads]]
[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]
[[category:Major Roads in Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevan Shrine to the Unknown Soldier</title>
    <id>2995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17169</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-06T02:55:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Risevan '''Shrine to the Unknown Soldier''' (Mirselec ''Enobote Saura ta Nergami'') is a monument in [[Victory Square]], [[Isana]], dedicated to Risevan soldiers who fell in war and whose remains were not identified. The tomb in Isana contains not one but three soldiers; while their names and the battles where they fell remains unknown, one of them is known to have perished during the [[Third Global War]], while the other two fell in the [[Fourth Global War]]. 

==Site and Situation==

The Shrine to the Unknown Soldier is part of the [[Risevan War Memorial]] complex, a group of gardens and buildings at the southern end of [[Victory Road]] in [[Awenkara remis]]. Within these gardens that insulate the war memorial from the bustle of the surrounding city, the Shrine is one of the most isolated buildings, accessible only by a path through a grove of [[Tanabina]] trees. Within the complex the Shrine to the Unknown Soldier is one of two shrines, the other being the [[Shrine to the Valorous of Risevne]].

==History==

==Description==

The building is made of white granite quarried in Risevne itself, in a manner resembling a classical [[Risevan shrine]], and facing northwest (the normal direction for a shrine dedicated to the dead) on a 3.5 metre stone platform faced with black granite. Within the main building of the shrine the three soldiers are interred in sarcophagi of the same white granite, also facing northwest; the wall where they are facing holds a bronze sculpture by [[Tarsen Akarzei]], dedicated in 1952, which depicts a broken sword leaning against a flowering [[Musora]] tree (a traditional representation of valorous death in battle and youth, respectively). A marble plaque at the foot of the sarcophagi is inscribed with these words:

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic&quot;&gt;
Here lies he of whom little is known:&lt;br /&gt;
Nor name, nor rank, nor the field where he fell;&lt;br /&gt;
But that he fought with valour&lt;br /&gt;
And fell at his post.

Though he is unknown, he is not forgotten:&lt;br /&gt;
This shrine remembers him&lt;br /&gt;
Who gave his utmost unto death&lt;br /&gt;
In the service of his King, his Nation,&lt;br /&gt;
His loved ones, and the cause of the just,&lt;br /&gt;
And all like him, in life and death.

Remember them too, with due honour;&lt;br /&gt;
And commit yourself likewise to peace and freedom,&lt;br /&gt;
As befits the memory of this fine soldier.
&lt;/div&gt;

==The Guard==

==See Also==

*[[Tanabina Park War Memorial]]

*[[Shrine to the Valorous of Risevne]]

*[[Golanbe War Cemetery]]

*[[Risevan War Memorial]]

*[[Victory Square]]

[[category:Memorials in Risevne]]
[[category:Memorials in Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noma</title>
    <id>2996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15194</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T08:32:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Noma''' is a continent in the far north of [[Valmante]], and one of the most desolate and least densely populated areas in the world; it has an area of 3,835,900 square kilometres, but a population of only 6.6 million as of 2040 DN, mostly concentrated along the southern coast. 

[[category:Continents of Valmante]]
[[category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osonde</title>
    <id>2997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15196</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T08:40:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Osonde''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere of Valmante, forming the eastern side of the continent known as [[Osorab]]. 

[[category:Continents of Valmante]]
[[category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rabas</title>
    <id>2998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15197</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T08:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Rabas''' is a continent in Valmante, which straddles the Equator and forms the larger of the two continents known collectively as [[Osorab]]. Forming a downward pointing triangle with three major peninsulas emerging from its western coast, it borders the [[Avinis Ocean]] on its east, the [[Sursinan Ocean]] on its west, and the [[Rabasoin Ocean]] on its north and northwest; to the northeast it is connected to the continent of [[Osonde]].

[[category:Continents of Valmante]]
[[category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oritelgi reservoir</title>
    <id>2999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-06T14:01:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Oritelgi reservoir''' (Mirselec ''Oritelgi ferenalmi'') is a large reservoir, formed by [[Samelna Dam|damming]] the [[Oritelgi river]] and the resultant expansion and merging of the [[Oritelgi Ponds]], in southern [[Enimdanai Province]]. This reservoir is one of the central elements in the [[Rushalya Channelling Scheme]], as a store of water which it then releases into the [[Fosoge river|Fosoge]] and [[Raltani river|Raltani]] rivers.

The reservoir's area is around 82 square kilometres; in the normal and dry seasons its depth averages around 16 metres, with the deepest point at around 23 metres; during the wet season this depth can double as the excess flow of the Rushalya and [[Naidan river|Naidan]] rivers flows into the reservoir. During the 2018 storm season, a record number of storms moving over the headwaters of the two feeding rivers pushed the water levels up to nearly 57 metres, though it was still short of the 65 metre maximum allowance that the reservoir was built with.

==History==

==Human and Environmental Impact==

While the building of the reservoir was planned so as to minimise damage to the environment as well as to society around the area, a project of this scale nonetheless has had its effects. Nearly 2,800 people around the ponds had to be resettled, and the flooding of the ponds has meant the destruction of several areas of wetland which were important to migratory birds from [[Noma]], as well as species of flora and fauna along the affected slopes which were flooded.

After construction was finished, the ponds were then used as a stocking pond for many types of fish,    some of which have since followed the shunting canals into the Fosoge and Raltani and become invasive species. Sedimentation from the shunting canals into the rivers is also a problem; while it is relatively minor it has somewhat spoiled the clarity of the two rivers, which was formerly a draw for tourists attracted to the scenery of the eastern coast. 

On the positive side, though, the reservoir now serves as the central source of water for the province, and more importantly for [[Taluste]] and the cities on the eastern side of [[Feladmena Province]] and in [[Horeston Province]]. Besides it has itself become a major tourist attraction, with thousands of locals and foreigners alike coming to enjoy the scenery and fish. There are six companies now providing lake cruises and angling boats, and the lake is periodically restocked with fish. 

[[category:Major building projects in Valmante]]
[[category:Reservoirs and Lakes in Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>References to Earth in the design of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17447</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T17:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In the design of the fictional planet [[Ilethes]], many '''references to Earth''', its physical characteristics and human landscape have been made, a list of which is provided below. The list is relevant as the planet is intended to be a critique of the human situation.

==Geography==

*The shifting course of the '''[[Or river]]''' in [[Erdia]], the homeland of the [[Areth]], is parallel to the shifting course of the [[Wikipedia:Yellow River|Yellow River]], the homeland of the Chinese.

*The width of the '''[[Issol A'i]]''', a heavily used strait vital to trade, linking the ports and industrial centres of south [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]], is 16km, equal to that of the [[Wikipedia:Singapore Strait|Singapore Strait]].
**The importance of the strait is parallel to the [[Wikipedia:Panama Canal|Panama Canal]], namely drastically reducing travel time between economic centres.

*The shape of '''[[Istheusia]]''', the origin of humans on Ilethes, is derived from that of Africa, as is the existence there of a large desert preventing north-south contact.
**The '''[[Head of Istheusia]]''' is parallel to the [[Wikipedia:Horn of Africa|Horn of Africa]]

*The land areas of [[Arithia]] and [[Dethria]] are, respectively, the average of the area of the U.S. and China, and the sum of Germany's and France's.

==Anthropography==

*The '''[[Areth]]''' are parallel to the [[Wikipedia:Han Chinese|Chinese]] in their culture, social structure, their developmental timeframe and their simultaneous predilection for commerce and esteem of scholarship.
**'''[[Arithia]]''' is parallel to [[Wikipedia:China|China]] in the sequence of its political structure (i.e. cities to empire to feudal kingdoms to unified republic) and the nature of its influence abroad (mainly through vassals and tributaries rooted in trade; currency, system of measurement, [[Lazeic alphabet|writing system]])

*The '''[[Tannaean language]]''' is a [[Wikipedia:Finnish language|Finnicised]] version of [[Wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]].

*The '''[[Karyāba]]''' are parallel to the [[Wikipedia:Arabs|Arabs]] in their culture and language, as well as their architecture.

*'''[[Pheism]]''' is drawn from two of the oldest of all mythological traditions, the Chinese and the Greek.
**The Pheide God of Mercy and Compassion '''[[Cora]]''' was modelled on the Buddhist/Taoist goddess and named after the Latin word for &quot;heart&quot;.
**[[Syracca]], the '''birthplace of Pheism''', was named after the tribe of the [[Wikipedia:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]], the [[Wikipedia:Shakya|Shakya]].
**'''[[Avalacia]]''', the region of [[Marcasia]] in which Syracca was located, was named after the Sanskrit word ''[[Wikipedia:Avalokiteśvara#Etymology|avalok]]''.
**The circumstances surrounding and the graduality of the conversion of the [[Lazeian Empire]] to Pheism parallels that of the [[Wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] to [[Wikipedia:Christianity|Christianity]].

==History &amp; Politics==

*The development of the '''[[Hagean Empire]]''' from the [[Hagean Alliance]] is parallel to the Greek [[Wikipedia:Delian League|Delian League]] of antiquity.

*The '''[[1935 Zesou Crisis]]''' is inspired by the 1935 Italian invasion of Abyssinia, and the 1956 [[Wikipedia:Suez Crisis|Suez Crisis]] (from the latter of which the crisis derives its name).

*The '''[[Cordial Alliance]]''' is a play on the pre-WW1 [[Wikipedia:Entente Cordiale|Entente Cordial]] that eventually became the Triple Entente.

*The '''[[Pisex Alliance]]''' created by the [[Pisex Treaty]] is a whimsical play on the name of the Polish capital, where the [[Wikipedia:Warsaw Pact|1949 defensive alliance]] was formed between the USSR and its satellites.

*The '''[[Tannaean Unionist Party]]''', an extremist right-wing party desirous of &quot;ever-closer union&quot; with [[Arithia]] and cessation of local government in Tannaea, is a caricature of the [[Wikipedia:Unionism (Ireland)|Northern Irish Unionists]].
**The '''riots''' it is suspected to have caused on the 21st of the seventh month in 1969 [[CIE]] parallel the [[Wikipedia:1964 race riots|1964 race riots]] in Singapore.

==People==

==Trivia &amp; Miscellany==

*'''Pänno Street''', where author [[Otäära Kotoka]] was murdered in front of a patisserie, is named for the Italian word for bread (''pano'').

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Issol A'i</title>
    <id>3001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52087</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-01T01:21:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Modern international relations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Issol A'i''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] {{IPA|['issœl 'a.i]}}) or '''Strait of A'i''' is a narrow strip of water at the eastern edge of the [[Chisthian Sea]] separating the continents of [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]]. Measuring approximately 62km in length but only 16km across from [[Cape Beytes]] on its north shores to [[Cape Somorra]] on its south at its narrowest point, the 330m-deep strait is a rich fishing ground and a vital passage on the main trading routes between Marcasia, Arophania and [[Istheusia]]; it was by way of this strait that the [[Areth]] first arrived in [[Calagia]] from [[Erdia]].

Within 50km of the Issol A'i lie three historically very significant cities: on Cape Somorra, directly overlooking the strait, is [[Isphea]], the ancient [[Lazeian Empire|imperial]] capital; some kilometres up the [[Taphae-Nes river]] delta lies [[Lazea]], the Areth political, economic and cultural centre; on the opposite bank, little after the point where the strait opens into the [[Denurean Sea]], is the old city of [[Tannea]], fortress capital of the province of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]].

==Names==

The '''Issol A'i''' is also called the '''Deis Atherris''' {{IPA|['ðe.is 'aθəris]}} in [[Dethric language|Dethric]], or the '''Kunpaana Sieka''' {{IPA|[kum'pa:na si.'eka]}} in [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]], both of which mean &quot;Strait of Constriction&quot; in the respective languages. In most other [[languages of Ilethes]], the name of the strait is simply borrowed or derived from the [[Arithide language|Arithide]]. The Arithide etymology of the name is uncertain.

==Formation==

The geological history of the Issol A'i is closely tied to that of the [[Western Boundary Mountain System]], along whose route it is sited. As the [[Maellorian plate]] pushed up against the [[Marcasian plate|Marcasian]] and [[Arophanian plate]]s to form the [[Iryagi]] and [[Alerryagi]] respectively, the crustal level around the location of the strait today rose significantly. The Marcasian and Arophanian plates subsequently accelerated their divergence, and the mountains at the plate boundary sank to form a narrow isthmus connecting the two continents. When sea levels rose due to the [[Iletheride warming]] 13 million years ago, the isthmus was submerged to form the Issol A'i, as the now submarine mountains sank further due to waterlogging and the weight of the sea on them, deepening the strait, which eventually reached its present depth of 330m. 

==Strategic significance &amp; importance==

Due to its strategic location at the centre of the three [[Old World (Ilethes)|Old World]] continents, [[Marcasia]], [[Arophania]] and [[Istheusia]], and as the only eastern exit from the [[Chisthian Sea]], the Issol A'i has played very significant and important roles throughout history.

===Rise of the Areth===

The [[Areth]], having very early settled on both shores of the Chisthian, by way of the strait, naturally came to dominate the area. The lack of large expanses of arable land pressured the Areth to turn to the sea, and the rich fishing grounds of the Issol A'i provided them with a natural centre of settlement. Subsequently realising the value of their location astride the major transport routes, the Areth capitalised heavily on it through developing, encouraging and stimulating trade, which was to be the mainstay of their economy for many years to come.

===Feudal struggle for control===
{{main|Battles of the Strait}}

In the years after the fall of the [[Lazeian Empire]], the successor feudal states fought frequently, and occasionally with disastrous results, over the Issol A'i and for control of the lucrative trade routes passing through it. Such battles usually involved tussles over the two most proximate and important cities, [[Isphea]] and [[Lazea]], and at the end of the first century after the imperial demise, the two cities had together been besieged 8 times, and attacked 14 times. For a brief period of 38 years, the strait was held by the invading [[Andu]] empire from the north, which had overrun the empire's [[Marcasia]]n holdings in its last days, and captured Isphea and Lazea.

===Modern international relations===

Situated at a shipping lane bottleneck, the strait has at times served as a very useful tool in international diplomacy.

*In the [[Zesou Crisis]] of 1935 [[CIE]], [[Arithia]] successfully averted a potentially catastrophic invasion of its ally, [[Zesou]], by closing the strait to ships, military or otherwise, belonging to, registered in or flying the flags of the states party to the [[Cordial Alliance]], which was orchestrating the aggression. The blockade lasted for almost 11 months, during which the Arithide navy sank 29 merchant ships, as well as 5 military vessels of the Alliance in three separate naval battles. The closure was lifted when hostilities ended and a peace treaty was signed, and modern historians estimate the cost of the blockade to the Alliance members to have been between 4 and 7% of GDP.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Golanbe</title>
    <id>3002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15647</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-16T14:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Golanbe''' is a city in southwest [[Feladmena Province]], 41 kilometres from the boundary with [[Isana]] City and linked to it via both the [[Ibretal High-Speed Rail Network]] and the [[Ibretal Southern Highway]]. It has a population of 421,335.

==Geography==

Golanbe is one of the many so-called &quot;Plains Cities&quot;, or [[Menasanite]], a term referring to the group of cities within the [[Feladmena Plain]]. Its terrain is mostly flat, and crossed with many streams mostly flowing north towards the [[Rushalya river]]; the major rivers include the [[Bude river]] and the [[Nigil river]]. 

One of the most prominent geographical features of the city is the [[Aduna Mound]], which rises in the north of the city near the Nigil to a height of 88 metres. To this day an aircraft observation post dating from the Fourth Global War, and a museum dedicated to the city's war years, stands at the summit.

==History==

Golanbe is famous for being, by proportion, the Risevan settlement that lost the most of its people during the [[Fourth Global War]]. During the war, the Risevan Army was organised for convenience and morale into units according to the hometowns of recruits, and the regiments of Golanbe repeatedly found themselves in the thick of some of the worst fighting of the war, including the [[Battle of Garmagas Island|Battle]] of [[Garmagas Island]] and the [[Battle of Hamakairanoe]]; because of their proximity to Isana and their being well-known as alternative factory sites, they were also heavily bombed by [[Fourth Grand Coalition|Coalition]] attacks. All in all, out of 81,000 people at the start of the war and discounting children who were evacuated, a shocking 22,000 died and another 29,000 were wounded. Most of the city was also ravaged by bombing attacks. 

==Economy==

==Government==

==Transport==

==Society and Culture==

==Famous Sites and Buildings==

*[[Golanbe War Cemetery]]

*[[Espengai Complex]]

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]
[[category:Feladmena Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Garmagas Island</title>
    <id>3003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15321</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-10T14:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Garmagas Island (Mirselec ''Garmagasurna ta Kakobe'')
|part of= [[Fourth Global War]]
|date= 20 August 1944 - 22 October 1943
|place= [[Garmagas Island]], [[Baunari Islands]]
|result= Risevan Victory
|1= [[Risevne]]
|2= [[Kavena]], [[Barise]]
|1comd= [[Erimis Asuge]]†, [[Erimis Nerosav]] 
|2comd= [[Ogar Bairethun]], [[Jarn Sormes]], [[Idego Notonre]]
|1str= 49,000, reinforced to 110,000 by end of battle
|2str= 87,000, reinforced to 92,000 by end of battle
|1cas= 22,000 dead, 29,000 wounded
|2cas= {Army)&lt;br /&gt;34,000 dead, 39,000 dead, 19,000 prisoners;&lt;br /&gt;(Navy)&lt;br /&gt;2 cruisers, 4 destroyers sunk
}}

The '''Battle of Garmagas Island''', known in Mirselec as ''Garmagasurna ta Kakobe'', was a battle in the Baunariya Archipelago during the [[Fourth Global War]]. During this battle the Risevan 4th Division under General [[Erimis Nerosav]], and the 11th Division under General [[Erimis Asuge]], successfully repelled a large-scale invasion of the island by the forces of the Kavenain 9th Division, 16th Division, and the Barisem 22nd Division after an extremely bloody two month fight.

This land battle is often combined with two naval battles, the [[Battle of the Four Atolls]] and the [[Battle of Kaizaruka]], and defined as one of the turning points of the Fourth Global War in the [[Elaspegian Ocean]]. The extremely bloody but ultimately successful defence of the islands, as well as the successive blows inflicted by the [[Risevan Royal Navy]] on its opponents at sea, managed to stem the long-range bombing offensives being launched upon the Risevan capital of [[Isana]] throughout the first four years of the war. 

==Background==

==Battle==

==Aftermath==

The three successive victories of Risevne over its two staunchest enemies across the Elaspegian Ocean would go a long way towards breaking their ability to strike at the Main Islands, and eventually towards the ability of its allies to supply it across the sea safely. 

[[category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]
[[category:Elaspegian Theatre, Fourth Global War]]
[[category:History of the Risevan Southern Islands]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of the Four Atolls</title>
    <id>3004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16998</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T14:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of the Four Atolls (Mirselec ''Kerte Tolone ta Kakobe'')
|part of= [[Fourth Global War]]
|date= 2 September 1944 - 4 September 1944
|place= [[Sea of Aiza]], west of [[Kamurdic Atoll]]
|result= Decisive Risevan Victory
|1= [[Risevne]]
|2= [[Barise]]
|1comd= [[Auseri Sosten]]
|2comd= [[Kende Ansar]]
|1str= 2 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;4 carriers,&lt;br /&gt;6 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;19 destroyers,&lt;br /&gt;6 submarines,&lt;br /&gt;~20 support vessels
|2str= 3 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;5 carriers,&lt;br /&gt;10 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;28 destroyers,&lt;br /&gt;4 submarines,&lt;br /&gt;4 large landing ships,&lt;br /&gt;nearly 30 supply ships
|1cas= 2 destroyers, 2 support ships sunk
|2cas= 3 carriers, 2 cruisers, 11 destroyers, 3 landing ships, 16 supply ships sunk
}}

The '''Battle of the Four Atolls''' was a major naval battle during the [[Fourth Global War]], which took place as the [[Battle of Garmagas Island]] was raging. In this battle the [[Risevan Royal Navy]] under Admiral [[Auseri Sosten]] successfully defeated a larger force of Barisem ships sent to resupply and reinforce the assault on the islands. 

Widely considered one of the major turning points of the war in the [[Elaspegian Ocean]], the battle had major repercussions on the course of the war, foreshadowing the eventual devastation of the Barisem navy four months later in the [[Battle of the East Ninain Sea]] and the turning of the tides in Risevne's favour. More immediately, the battle and victory forced another attempt at resupplying the troops  by the [[Kavena|Kavenain]] navy, which would lead to yet another fierce naval battle and victory for the Risevani in the [[Battle of Kaizaruka]].

==Background==

Sheer weight of numbers, as well as the long distances involved, had limited Risevan strategy during the first phase of the Global War; facing two formidable enemies on her own, with her closest ally [[Iruze]] under great military pressure as well, the government was not ready to risk the already overstretched fleet on many small battles, where they would be overwhelmed. It had been this consideration that led to the withdrawal of the [[Risevan Main Fleet]] to its anchorages south of [[Serteni Province]].

==The Battle==

==Aftermath==

[[category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]
[[category:Elaspegian Theatre, Fourth Global War]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Auseri Sosten</title>
    <id>3005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16985</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T11:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Auseri Sosten, Sosten ta Norya''' (16 April 1891 - 20 August 1968) was a [[Risevne|Risevani]] commander, serving as a ship's captain during the [[Third Global War]] and an admiral during the [[Fourth Global War]]. He is most famous for his command of the [[Risevan Main Fleet]] in the southern [[Elaspegian Ocean]] between 1944 and 1946, during which he commanded his fleet in several great victories.

==Youth and Early Career==

Auseri Sosten was born in [[Kandisel, Inezama Province]], in 1891, to Oris Sosten and Neyu Irlaten. The eldest of 6 siblings, with one brother and four sisters, his family was one with a military background stretching back five generations to the time of the [[Committee of Guardians]]; his own father was a naval officer who had served with distinction during the [[First Global War]]. Later biographies seem to concur that Auseri's childhood, while harsh, was also highly educational; his father was known to be extremely strict, while also being very protective of his eldest son, indeed to the point of neglecting Auseri's brother Arin.

==The Second Global War==

==The Third Global War==

During the [[Third Global War]] Sosten was promoted to command a cruiser, [[KV Santoye|the Santoye]].

==The Fourth Global War==

Though the war had started in 1940, Sosten was only called up to serve by his superior and lifelong friend [[Artase Kirmude]] in 1942, owing to his well-known expertise in carrier warfare due to his work in the years between the war. He was placed in charge of a joint task force with the specific aim of neutralising the navy of [[Beotes]], which was poised to join the war against the League and which possessed a potent force of 5 battleships and 3 carriers moored in the naval base of [[Asvro Island]]. Organising his force of 4 carriers and several submarines, he carried out the [[Asvro Raid]] which turned out to be a brilliant success.

==After the Wars==

==Later Years==

==Legacy==

==See Also==

*[[Battle of the Four Atolls]]

*[[Battle of Kaizaruka]]

*[[Battle of the East Ninain Sea]]

[[category:Admirals of the Risevan Royal Navy]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanle</title>
    <id>3006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16628</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:16:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Sanle''' are the oldest civilization in [[South Odirá]].  They have had tremendous influence upon the surrounding cultures.  Their history is one of repeated cycles of unification and disintegration.

[[Category:Sanle|*]]
[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battle of Kaizaruka</title>
    <id>3007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16988</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T12:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Morning Attacks */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Battle of Kaizaruka (Mirselec ''Kaizaruka ta Kakobe'')
|part of= [[Fourth Global War]]
|date= 29 September 1944 - 1 October 1944
|place= Southern [[Sea of Aiza]], near [[Kaizaruka Rocks]]
|result= Decisive Risevan Victory
|1= [[Risevne]]
|2= [[Barise]], [[Kavena]]
|1comd= [[Auseri Sosten]], [[Berin Agamerk]]
|2comd= [[Jarn Masun]], [[Erian Hars]]
|1str= 3 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;5 fleet carriers,&lt;br /&gt;8 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;25 destroyers,&lt;br /&gt;11 submarines,&lt;br /&gt;38 support vessels
|2str= 4 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;6 fleet carriers,&lt;br /&gt;5 light carriers,&lt;br /&gt;11 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;26 destroyers,&lt;br /&gt;14 submarines,&lt;br /&gt;66 support and landing vessels in convoy
|1cas= 1 destroyer, 1 submarine sunk, 53 planes lost 
|2cas= 1 battleship, 3 fleet carriers, 4 light carriers, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers, nearly 60 support vessels sunk
}}

The '''Battle of Kaizaruka''', known in Mirselec as ''Kaizaruka ta Matnaira'' or the Great Victory of Kaizaruka, was a major naval battle fought in the [[Sea of Aiza]] between the navies of Risevne, Barise and Kavena. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the [[Risevan Royal Navy]], whose forces sunk 3 heavy carriers and crippled another two without suffering major damage to their capital units; at the same time a huge convoy of nearly 60 ships, meant to supply and reinforce the invasion forces on [[Garmagas Island]] to the southeast, also came to grief after being viciously attacked from the air and sea. 

==Background==

==The Battle==

===Order of Battle===

''[[Order of Battle of the Battle of Kaizaruka]]''

===29 September===

====First Contact====

The beginning of the battle came unexpectedly to the Risevani, who were for the moment working on two-day-old data and searching the oceans for the expected convoy; at around 1335 in the afternoon, three Coalition destroyers were spotted by Risevan aircraft.

===30 September===

====Morning Attacks====

The two skirmishes of 29 September, though they caught the Risevan force off balance and succeeded in causing severe damage, also had the effect of giving away the position of the coalition's main carrier group from which instructions were being sent out by radio in large amounts. The voluminous transmissions were easily picked up by the second escort group screening the west, which passed on the messages to the Vanguard Group and Sosten's flagship; this, as well as the constant flow of information from his reconaissance planes screening the northwest, allowed him to work out with relative certainty where the enemy was. 

On the other side intelligence was much poorer; after losing Screen Group 1 in its chase, the commander of the light cruiser squadron was ordered instead to return to its station and continue cruising, while the reconaissance seaplanes were sent out to shadow the enemy vessels. Plane cover was patchy, however, and the night of 29/30 September was very cloudy, making the task even more difficult. The relatively inferior signals intelligence of the coalition forces also made it difficult for them to ascertain the Risevan fleet's position.

Nonetheless, after the two engagements, both sides were clearly headed into engagement. Sosten was quick to grasp several facts; firstly the enemy carriers were moving into a course almost parallel to his, and closing as quickly as they were it was best for him to strike early and utilise the longer range of his aircraft to cripple the enemy before risking a reply strike from a heavier force. Secondly, both admirals agreed on the speculation that with combat drawing close, but without certain information, the enemy's carriers would probably choose to launch heavy air patrols while keeping a large proportion of their strike force on the deck to be armed, fuelled and scrambled at the first opportunity. Given this Sosten's plan was to launch two decoy attacks from the southeast, where the Barisem and Kavenain most expected the Risevani to come; the main blow, however, would come circuitously from the northeast, where most of the forces would be directed into the carrier group.

In accordance to this plan, at 0410 nine reconaissance aircraft were launched to ascertain the coalition fleet's course and posision, and an hour and a half later the first decoy wave of fighters was launched. Soon after them all the carriers of the Vanguard Group launched the first attack wave at around 0600, and the Wing Group launched at 0635; at the end of their briefing Admiral Agamerk is said to have told the pilots: ''Now is the time to do your utmost; your king, your nation and your people expect nothing less of you.'' The pilots replied him with cheers.

The first Risevan aircraft to attack the group, as planned, came from the southeast and arrived at around 0745; the squadron of fighters, accompanying 12 torpedo bombers, managed to evade the screen of destroyers in the low cloud cover, but ran straight into the air patrol envelope. While the fighters engaged, the torpedo bombers quickly dived below the clouds only to find that they had been  above the battleships [[Luzeno]] and [[Mardatein]], and attacked at very close range. The entire group was annihilated by anti-aircraft fire, but a torpedo struck the ''Mardatein'' aft which did detonate, severely damaging its propellers and engine spaces and reducing it to about 12 knots. Meanwhile, the squadrons of fighters took similarly heavy losses, but succeeded in throwing the coalition fleet off balance and caused heavy losses amongst the combat patrol fighter that would need quick reinforcement. 

The torpedo attacks, as well as the fierce fighter combat which had broken out in the north, immediately drew the attention of the coalition fleet, and as fighters were directed to the area the northeast of the group was left relatively open, being screened by just 6 destroyers and several submarines. 

At around 0853, after making the circuitous route and flying above the clouds to minimise the risk of detection, the first wave descended and to their surprise found that they were very near to their ultimate targets, the four carriers of the coalition Main Carrier Group. Surprise was complete; after the fierce aerial combat, and the torpedoing of the [[Barisem light cruiser ''Nivalis'']] at around 0810 by Risevan submarine G-36 (which left the cruiser dead in the water and again led to Masun to order more ships south and ready his aircraft for counterattack), the decks of the carriers were jammed with all sorts of planes, all in different stages of refuelling and arming, as the carrier crews scrambled to prepare fighters, bombers and torpedo bombers alike. 

The order to arm as many aircraft as possible had been given by [[Mirges Ronsand]], commander of the carrier group; unsure whether to replenish the air patrols first or launch a counterattack, and taken by surprise at the initial decoy strike, he decided to partially arm his aircraft and await orders, not knowing that his superior was equally surprised by the sudden developments, and equally ignorant of the enemy's exact position. While the coalition commanders dithered the first wave of 62 dive bombers, 20 torpedo bombers and 56 fighters exploited the unique chance. ''[[Magon]]'' was struck by six bombs, ''[[Sholdau]]'' by three; shortly afterwards a torpedo scored a direct hit on ''[[Malexem]]'', followed by a single armour-piercing bomb which plunged through the flight deck and detonated in the hangar deck where a whole squadron of aircraft were being refuelled and armed, causing a explosion which shattered the flight deck, set the whole ship aflame and was followed by several secondary explosions. Finally ''[[Kenairom]]'' was also hit, by two torpedoes and five bombs which also set off explosions both above and below flight deck. The last two carriers of the group, ''[[Nikeron]]'' and ''[[Argenau]]'', miraculously escaped damage despite being attacked as well.

===1 October===

==Aftermath==

Just 40 minutes after the last sortie from KV Ainzera had landed and the battle was considered over, Admiral Sosten debriefed his staff officers onboard his flagship; during this brief he made a rejoinder to his colleague's exhortation at the critical stage of the battle the day before, saying &quot;Our battle has ended in victory, and you have done well. Shame be upon anyone who belittles in any way the worthy men who joined this battle.&quot; This message was later broadcast to the pilots in the respective carriers.

The immediate results of this defeat, in any case, were at once clear; with both the Kavenain and Barisem fleets so badly damaged, the armies of the two countries fighting against Risevan forces on Garmagos Island would be trapped and cut off from either resupply or reinforcement, while the Risevan navy could finally move in to play the role of supporting the defenders with devastating effect. The very next day after the battle carriers began flying attacks on enemy positions all along the landing beaches, and two days after the battleships moved in to bombard the attackers in the same way they had bombarded the beach before their own assault. The victory at Kaizaruka made victory on the island much more certain.

In the long term the numerical superiority of the two navies, which had kept the Risevan forces at bay for so long trying to find a decisive encounter, was badly dented if not destroyed. Against 11 Risevan fleet carriers the navies of Barise and Kavena used to muster 25; now they could put together 19, of which 5 were crippled. Most grievous though was the loss of hundreds of experienced aircrew on board the lost carriers as well as the surviving ones - 412 planes were lost, many with the loss of their well-trained pilots.
 
[[category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]
[[category:Elaspegian Theatre, Fourth Global War]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asvro Raid</title>
    <id>3008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15238</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-07T08:57:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Warbox
|conflict= Asvro Raid (Mirselec ''Asfero ke Sorinkar'') 
|part of= [[Fourth Global War]]
|date= 9 June 1942
|place= [[Asvro Island]], [[Kemdes Sea]]
|result= Decisive [[Third Asela League|League]] Victory
|1= [[Risevne]], [[Iruze]], [[Kainomis]]
|2= [[Beotes]]
|1comd= [[Auseri Sosten]], [[Hau Selarge]]
|2comd= [[Osin Hattra]]
|1str= 3 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;6 carriers,&lt;br /&gt;8 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;13 destroyers,&lt;br /&gt;21 submarines,&lt;br /&gt;~430 planes
|2str= 5 battleships,&lt;br /&gt;3 carriers,&lt;br /&gt;8 cruisers,&lt;br /&gt;6 destroyers
|1cas= 19 planes destroyed
|2cas= 4 battleships, 2 carriers, 4 cruisers, 2 destroyers, extensive damage to Asvro Naval Base; nearly 3,153 killed
}}

The '''Asvro Raid''' was an important action in the [[Koreno Theatre]] of the [[Fourth Global War]], when units from three member nations of the Third Asela League launched an attack on the country of Beotes, which had joined the war on the side of the Coalition.

==Background==

==The Attack==

==Aftermath==

[[category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]
[[category:Koreno Theatre, Fourth Global War]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Kaona</title>
    <id>3009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15262</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T08:55:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Kaona''' (Mirselec ''Kaonahorma'') is a mountain in central [[Masalne]]. Its summit is 1529 metres in height. An active atratovolcano, it lies at the boundary between [[Hadamfe Province]] and [[Besurgana Province]], and it is sometimes known as the Mountain of Fire and Water since, despite its volcanicity, it is surrounded by lakes and rivers which form the boundary of the two provinces. The name Kaona is derived from the Old Mirselec ''Kaun'', meaning border; the name therefore means &quot;Border Mountain&quot;.

==Geography==

==Geology==

==History==

==Significance==

Mount Kaona plays a significant role in the [[Risevan religion]]. 

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Ihere</title>
    <id>3010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15267</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T12:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Ihere''' (Mirselec ''Iherehorma'') is the highest mountain on [[Masalne]], and the second highest in [[Risevne]] at 3615 metres (behind only [[Mount Sasabac]] at 3877 metres). Situated in southern [[Tineye Province]], its seclusion means it is not as famous as many other mountains in Risevne; nonetheless there are several settlements around it, the largest being the town of [[Ihegarsa]]. 

==Geography==

Mount Ihere is situated in the far north of Masalne, along the great spine of mountains known simply as the [[Matharmagos]] or Great Mountain Range that extends all the way down the island. This northerly position was formerly one of great seclusion until the opening of the [[West Coast Road]] and the [[Northern Inland Sea Highway]] in the 1960s.

==Geology==

==History==

==Significance==

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Mountains of Risevne</title>
    <id>3011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16241</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This list categorises the various mountains in the nation of [[Risevne]].

[[category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sasabachorma</title>
    <id>3012</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15263</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T11:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mount Sasabac]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Sasabac</title>
    <id>3013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15264</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T12:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Sasabac''' (Mirselec ''Sasabachorma'') is the highest mountain in [[Risevne]], situated in [[Atastarne Province]] on [[Agalmare]]. A dormant stratovolcano, its last recorded eruption was in 1239 DN. 

The mountain is a famous symbol of Risevne, and is renowned for its strikingly symmetrical and regular cone, which slopes gently up until the top one-third when it becomes steeper. In Risevan culture it is often mentioned in conjunction with the nearby [[Mount Gaikreta]], which has an astonishingly similar shape to it. Together the two mountains, from various angles, form one of the [[Five Great Scenes of Risevne]].

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karyaba</title>
    <id>3014</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15265</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T12:24:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Karyāba]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karyāba</title>
    <id>3015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16772</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T14:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Karyāba''' {{IPA|['karjɑ:ba]}} (sing. ''Kiryeb'' {{IPA|['kirjɛb]}}) are one of the three [[great civilisations of Ilethes]], originating from the eastern continent of [[Istheusia]]. It is not known where exactly the Karyāba came from; folk oral tradition narrates the continued inhabitation of the [[Head of Istheusia]] (approximately the current extent of [[Carabaea]]), and the earliest historical records found appear to corroborate the story, but the genetic analysis of a considerably-sized sample of the Karyāba reveal non-local genetic patterns and seem to suggest an origin further to the southeast, at least for certain segments of the population. For this reason the Karyāba are theorised by some to be the result of an amalgamation of an earlier population to the newcomers approximately 130,000 years ago.

==Names==

==History==

{{main|History of Carabaea}}

==Culture, customs and religion==

===Language===

===Names===

===Dress===

===Rites and rituals===

===Regional variation===

==Karyāba-descended peoples==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carabaea</title>
    <id>3016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15272</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T13:22:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Carabaea''', situated in the western [[Head of Istheusia|Head]] of [[Istheusia]], is an ancient nation, and one of the few remaining monarchies on [[Ilethes]] today. It is the nation of the Carabaeans or [[Karyāba]], one of the three [[great civilisations of Ilethes]]. Its capital, [[Basserea]], situated at the confluence of the [[Phorian river|Phorian]], [[Tiya river|Tiya]], [[Nape river|Nape]] and [[Ossorean river|Ossorean]] rivers, is the Carabaean political and cultural centre, as well as the holiest city of [[Safism]]. 

==Geography==

==History==

==Early history==

===Civilisation===

===Empire===

==Politics==

===Military===

==Economy==

==Demography==

Carabaea is largely a racially (and culturally) homogeneous society.

==Culture==

===Religion===

===Cuisine===

===Art, literature &amp; music===

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carabaeans</title>
    <id>3017</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15273</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T13:23:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Karyāba]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Varunim class destroyer</title>
    <id>3018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15280</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-08T14:37:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''''Varunim'' class''' of guided missile destroyers (Mirselec ''Faltzer Harwe Stairovos'') is one of two classes of destroyers presently in service with the [[Risevan Royal Navy]], replacing the previous ''[[Tarsen Hayari]]'' class, the last of which was decommissioned in 2040. Twenty-six ships of this class presently serve with the navy. 

The Varunim class ships represent a major advance over the design of their predecessors; improvements in shipboard computer systems as well as major overhauls in the radar and sonar suites, as well as vast advances in propulsion technology, made the ship amongst the most advanced when it first emerged; certainly its computer tracking and air-defence system, known as the [[Sorvane command system]], was and still is the most advanced of its kind in the world. At 8455 tons displacement, the class was also far larger than its predecessor.

Continuing a long-standing tradition within the RKN, these ships are named after ancient provinces and district names of Risevne; in this they have taken over the designations for many cruisers of previous ages. Varunim for example shares its name with the [[Risevan light cruiser Varunim (1935)|cruiser Varunim]], which served with distinction during the [[Fourth Global War]] and gained a reputation as being a very charmed ship.

Presently the Varunim class are being reinforced by the newer [[Vasoseye class]] destroyers, which have a lengthened and expanded hull but retain the configuration of the Varunim class; the latter are not meant to be a replacement, however. The Risevan government has no plans yet to replace the ships.

[[category:Risevan destroyer classes]]
[[category:Ships of the Risevan Royal Navy]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anabanganka</title>
    <id>3019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15301</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-09T14:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Anabanganka''' are an ethnic group in [[Risevne]], inhabiting [[Agalmare]] along the northeastern coast of the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]]; the provinces of this area are sometimes known as ''Sordene'', or &quot;Land of the Sorde&quot;, after the ethnonym most commonly used for them in [[Mirselec]]. The term Anabanganka is recently gaining more widespread use as the accepted name for the race; it derives from the [[Anabanganka language]] term ''Ana-ba-nganka'', which means &quot;Men of the Hill&quot; and was originally used to differentiate themselves from the Mirsel, who in their language are called ''Ana-ba-onama'', &quot;Men of the Plain&quot;.

The main Anabanganka homeland is in the northwest of Agalmare, in [[Sonaira]] and [[Mongar]] provinces; within these provinces the Anabanganka, who make up a significant proportion of the population, are granted equal language education and tribal rights, and local culture is highly distinct from the culture elsewhere in the nation. All in all the Anabanganka are the largest minority ethnicity in Risevne, but this still amounts to just 4.7% of the population or around 3.7 million people.

[[category:Ethnicities of Valmante]]
[[category:Ethnicities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Hegamari</title>
    <id>3020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15305</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-09T15:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Hegamari''' (Mirselec ''Hegamarihorma'') is an active volcano in the west of [[Masalne]] in eastern [[Naguse Province]]. Its summit is 1,613 metres in height.

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Nodorin</title>
    <id>3021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15344</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T05:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Nodorin''' (Mirselec ''Nodorinhorma'') is a mountain in central [[Hyomeniga Province]], standing at 1,891 metres. It is sometimes called ''Sainahorma'', or &quot;Central Mountain&quot;, by Hyomenigani, due to its central position within their province.

Nodorin is widely considered an dormant volcano; the last major eruption was estimated to have been around 7,000 years ago, and even now it does eject ash into the air every few years. It is the site of an unusually high number of hot springs, and three towns renowned for their hot spring inns stand around the foothills of the mountain, namely [[Furasa]], [[Itnev]] and [[Bano]]. The valleys around the mountain also have very rich farmland, and on the foothills of Mount Nodorin is the famous city-fortress of [[Shezinas]], an ancient capital of the region.

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hyomeniga Province</title>
    <id>3022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15493</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T03:41:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hyomeniga Province''' (Mirselec ''Hyomeniga denai'') is [[Subdivisions of Risevne|Province]] 21 of [[Risevne]], and one of the so-called Mountain Provinces. Facing the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]] on its eastern coast, it borders [[Besurgana Province]] on its south, [[Tasenir Province]] on its north, and [[Lorudac]], [[Neiberin]] and [[Tineye]] provinces on its west. Its capital is the coastal city of [[Nitaro]].

By area Hyomeniga is the largest province on [[Masalne]], though its population is comparatively  small, as is the case with all the mountain provinces. Encompassing the [[Mathormagos]] mountains within most of its area, the province is known as a rugged land with beautiful scenery.

==Geography==

Hyomeniga is mostly dominated by the [[Mathormagos]] mountain range, most importantly the [[Hyomene Plateau]] which rises in the centre of the province and takes up around one-third of the area. A plain at an altitude of about 600 metres and surrounded by mountains reaching up to 2200 metres, this plateau is much enriched by volcanic soils and is a highly productive area for agriculture, especially the ranching of cattle.

==History==

Owing to its isolated position, which also rendered it difficult to attack and conquer, Hyomeniga has historically been one of the more independent regions of Risevne. Between the 3rd and 10th centuries the area was the site of several successive kingdoms, based upon agriculture in the mountainous plains and which at their most powerful could match anything of the small southern kingdoms in strength. 

==Economy and Demography==

As one of the mountain provinces, the economy of Hyomeniga is based mostly around agriculture and light industry; this province differs from those farther north, however, in that it also has significant inland development due to the relatively mild climate of the Hyomene Plateau. Most cities and other urban developments, however, remain concentrated around the Inland Sea coast.

The Hyomene Plateau is the centre of Risevan ranching; mostly cows are bred here, though sheep and horses are also common. Most of this farming is concentrated around groups of villages scattered along long roads, some of which date from the 18th and 19th centuries, and which still preserve many of the old features of Risevan architecture. This, as well as the strong preservation of folk culture in the region, has in turn contributed to the growing tourism industry in this province. 

In terms of population structure the province has one of the older populations of Masalne, though recently certain towns have grown due to wealthy and relatively young businessmen buying houses in the region as vacation homes. 

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Nitaro]]

*[[Ovonge]]

*[[Sorilgana]]

==Famous Locations==

*[[Mount Nodorin]]

*[[Shezinas]]

*[[Ruins of Kelkar City]]

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western Boundary Mountain System</title>
    <id>3023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17597</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T09:45:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Western Boundary Mountain System''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Iraphim Onoris Ryagia''''' {{IPA|['irəvim 'ɔnəris 'rja:gi.a]}}) is a chain of continuous crustal uplift from the [[Nikidi Islands]] north of [[Carabaea]] to the [[Tumides archipelago]] in the [[Thorfu]], formed from the longest continuous destructive convergent plate boundary on [[Ilethes]]. The system includes, from north to south, the [[Taza-a Lami]], the [[Iryagi]], the [[Alerryagi]], as well as several other subordinate mountain ranges such as the [[Hallaryagi]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevne</title>
    <id>3024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19546</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-23T16:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Risevne''', officially known as the '''Kingdom of Risevne''', is a country situated in the northern [[Elaspegian Ocean]], south of the continent of [[Noma]] and west of the large continent of [[Osonde]]. A wholly insular country, its territory comprises nearly 2,300 islands, including the two islands of [[Masalne]] and [[Agalmare]] (collectively known as the Main or [[Home Islands]]); its total area is 315,200 square kilometres, and its national population is estimated at 93,665,200.

The islands which comprise the country are estimated to have been inhabited for nearly 32,000 years, and the south of the island of [[Masalne]] was home to settlements akin to towns from as early as 6,000 BDN. In the immediate aftermath of the [[DN Event]] the people of the islands, known variously as Marsil or [[Mirsel]], became one of the great seafaring powers, raiding coasts as far afield as [[Osonde]] in the west. Risevne is home to the oldest extant constitutional monarchy, this governmental system being established in 1477 at the [[Matafengar]]. 

At present Risevne is one of the richest and most influential countries in the world, often cited as being one of the &quot;Five Powers&quot;: Risevne, [[Iruze]], [[Henimara]], [[Kaidun]] and [[Erinedis]]. Economically it is one of the most advanced countries in the world, while it also wields considerable military and political weight, especially in its [[Risevan Royal Navy|navy]] which is by tonnage the largest in the world.

==Geography and Climate==

{{main|Geography of Risevne}}

==History==

{{main|History of Risevne}}

==Economy==

{{main|Economy of Risevne}}

Risevne's economy pres

==Government==

{{main|Government of Risevne}}

===The Monarch===

===Prime Minister===

===Afengar===

The '''Afengar''', literally meaning &quot;Assembly&quot; in Mirselec, is the term used for the parliament of Risevne.

===Judiciary===

==Administrative Subdivisions==

{{main|Subdivisions of Risevne}}

==Demographics==

==Culture and Society==

{{main|Subdivisions of Risevne}}


[[category:Risevne]]
[[category:Nations of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shezinas</title>
    <id>3025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15492</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T03:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Design and Geography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Shezinas''', often known as ''Shezinasnoye'' or Shezinas Fort, is a fort at the foothills of [[Mount Nodorin]] in [[Hyomeniga Province]], situated to the east of the mountain. It is ranked alongside [[Garnoye]], [[Mozavalnoye]] and [[Orosantenoye]] as one of the [[Four Famous Castles of Risevne]]; of these four, it has the oldest extant and complete buildings, with certain old towers in the fort dating from around 920 DN or more than 1000 years.

==History==

The history of Shezinas castle is tightly bound up with the history of the regimes that based themselves in the [[Hyomene Plateau]] or extended over all of what is nowadays considered Hyomeniga Province. 

===A Citadel of a Kingdom===

===Union and Expansion===

==Design and Geography==

Of the many old castles and forts of Risevne Shezinasnoye contains some of the most extensive defences, reflecting its role in the changing political scenes of the plateau which matched those of the southern kingdoms a lot of the time. It is situated south of the volcano, on a ridge known as the ''Onoboganse'' or &quot;Elbow Ridge&quot;, and centred around two water features: a large hot spring which serves an important defensive purpose, and a smaller cold spring which is the main source of water during sieges. 

While previous designs of the fort reflected more the distinct culture of the mountain kingdoms as opposed to the coastal and southern plains kingdoms, the present fort and main keep are more typical of the latter style, being built after the union of the kingdom.

==Present Situation==

==Cultural Impact==

[[category:Castles of Risevne]]
[[category:Hyomeniga Province]]
[[category:Famous Castles]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hyomene Plateau</title>
    <id>3026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15355</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T07:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The ''Hyomene Plateau'' (Mirselec ''Hyomene igaryo'') is a plateau that occupies much of the inland area of [[Hyomeniga Province]], which in turn is named after it. A plain with thick, fertile volcanic soil at about 600 metres altitude, it is economically a highly important agricultural region of [[Masalne]]; famous products include beef and dairy products.

==Geography==

==Geology==

==History==

==Society==

Despite recent changes which have opened it considerably to the world, the plateau retains much of its rural character, though many farmers have also opened part of their farms to the profitable business of tourism. The area is frequented for its scenery of the surrounding mountains, as well as for its beautiful forests and quaint culture; as such it is visited by thousands of tourists every year. 

[[category:Risevne]]
[[category:Plains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taluste</title>
    <id>3027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16449</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T12:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Taluste''' is a major city in [[Risevne]], situated in the south on the east side of the [[Feladmena Plain]]. One of the three designated cities of Risevne, it forms the eastern end of the conurbation known as [[Ibretal]] and has a distinct culture from the other two major cities of [[Isana]] and [[Bresnga]]. It is the second largest city of Risevne, with an urban-area population of 7,276,550.

==Geography==

Taluste's location on the eastern end of the Feladmena Plain, where the last of the [[Marhormagos]] mountain ranges meet the coast, means its terrain is much more rugged than the plain-dominated terrain of Isana and Bresnga; for this reason it is sometimes known as the Hill City, or ''Konesanite''. The city's residential areas stretch along the eastern coast, while the industrial regions tend to be farther within the hills. The entire city has an area of 831 square kilometres.

==History==

==Economy==

Taluste's modern economy is centred around high-end products and research and development, especially in computers, robotics, life sciences and precision engineering. 

==Government==

==Transport==

==Education==

==Culture and Society==

==Famous Sites and Buildings==

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]
[[category:Cities of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anesa river</title>
    <id>3028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15360</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T07:52:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Human History */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Anesa river''' (Mirselec ''Anesa ainos'') is a river in the south of [[Masalne]], and a tributary of the [[Rushalya]]. Sometimes it is also known as the &quot;Border River&quot; (Mirslec ''Gaeste ainos''), for two reasons: firstly it is analogous to the [[Gaestebirne|Border Ridge]], with which it forms the dividing line of the [[Feladmena Plain]] which it flows through; and secondly, for a significant part of its course, it forms the border between [[Eonis]] and Inezama Province.

==Geography==

===Course===

The Anesa river's source is in [[Lake Inomi]], one of the few lowland lakes of Masalne, situated in [[Inezama Province]]. From there it first veers north, and the northwest; this is when it is known as Gaeste ainos. At the intersection of the two provinces with [[Feladmena Province]], the river continues flowing northwest and then bends west until it meets the [[Rushalya river]]; the confluence is the site of the city of [[Ainemorne]]. In total its length is about 166 km.

==Human History==

The Anesa is one of the first rivers on the island to have had humans reside along its banks. As early as 5,000 BDN the riverbanks are dotted with villages, and by the time of the first kingdoms in Masalne the valley of the Anesa river was the heart of the [[Anesa Kingdom]], which commanded all the territory analogous to modern day [[Ostema]], Eonis and Inezama provinces. This was one of the most powerful of all the kingdoms, and was a direct rival and enemy of the [[Sanose Kingdom]] farther north, based in the Feladmena Plain. The third and fourth centuries BDN, known in Risevne as the [[Era of the Kingdoms]], was dominated by the struggle between these and other early kingdoms in the south of Masalne, and the river was the site of many forts and naval battles in wartime, while becoming a large highway of people and goods during times of temporary peace.

==Economic Importance==

===Agriculture and Fishery===

===Industry and Transport===

==Cultural Significance==

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western Islands Department</title>
    <id>3029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15504</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T06:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Western Islands Department''' (Mirselec ''Karasurna Alzer'') is one of the [[Subdivisions of Risevne|three island departments]] of [[Risevne]], covering all islands under Risevan control west of the [[Risevan Home Islands]]. This unit comprises several components:

*The [[Suimar Archipelago]], with more than 600 islands

*The [[Natin Islands]], with 63 islands and

*The [[Bormese Islands]], with 88 small islands.

The capital of the department is in the town of [[Nizo]], which is on the main Suimar island of [[Bininumo]]. 

[[category:Subdivisions of Risevne]]
[[category:Islands of the West Elaspegian Ocean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>North Elaspegian Blue Crab</title>
    <id>3030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32779</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-13T06:08:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''North Elaspegian Blue Crab''' is a large crab species, distributed widely along the north of the [[Elaspegian Ocean]]. It is one of the largest species of crab still extant; the abdomen of the crab can reach up to 45 cm across, while its legspan can reach up to 3.5 metres. 

[[category:Animals]]
[[category:Risevan Cuisine]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Subdivisions of risevne</title>
    <id>3031</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15363</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T09:33:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Subdivisions of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nema Island</title>
    <id>3032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15364</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T09:39:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nema Island''' (Mirselec ''Nemasurna'') is a small island off the west coast of [[Bifeno Province]]. It holds the small town of [[Nema]], as well as the famous [[Agero ta Kasuren]], the white cliffs of Agero which form one of the [[Five Great Scenes of Risevne]].

[[category:Islands of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Horesen Bridge</title>
    <id>3033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15372</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T13:42:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Design and Geography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Horesen Bridge''' (Mirselec ''Horesen taiber'') is a large suspension bridge in [[Isana]] spanning [[Gardaus Bay]] near its mouth, at the point now known as Horesen Point. Named after [[Arin Horesen]], the Minister of Development from 1950 to 1962 who was famously known as the &quot;Commissioner of New Isana&quot;, it connects the east and west coasts of the bay as part of the [[Bayside Expressway]]. It was completed in 1972, making it the newest of the three bridges spanning the Bay.

==History==

Before this bridge, Gardaus Bay was spanned by two bridges: the [[Nikemi Bridge]] in the north, nearest the mouth of the [[Rushalya river]], and the [[Soruta Bridge]] which formed part of the [[Urban Central Highway]] that was a primary transport route for the city. The two links, as well as several links over the river, were widely seen as inadequate for a city that was expected to grow swiftly in population as rebuilding commenced; therefore, even in the Isana portion of the [[1948 City Plan]], plans for a bridge built farther south and supporting a larger coastal highway were already underway. 

==Design and Geography==

The bridge was designed by [[Hanis Bremigo]], an [[Iruze|Iruzeni]] who had designed several suspension bridges in his native Iruze.

==Significance==

The bridge is sometimes called the &quot;Waterborne Gate of Isana&quot;; after the reconstruction of the [[Belegras Dockyards]] and the relocation of the main passenger terminus to inside Gardaus Bay, this  appellation has only become more significant. In terms of city transport, too, the Horesen Bridge is crucial as the cross-bay component of the highway that now carries nearly the same volume of traffic as the Central Highway itself.

[[category:Bridges of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]
[[category:Famous Buildings of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Execution by bludgeon</title>
    <id>3034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15369</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T13:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Execution by bludgeon''' was one of the several severe executions formulated in the [[Book of Laws of Loran]], and used throughout the [[Lein Dynasty]]. Variations aside, records show that the punishment was mostly used as punishment for violent crimes, as well as corruption or treason. 

==Emperor Loran==

Emperor Loran formulated several severe executions in the aftermath of his accession as Emperor, in order to quell and punish the potentially rebellious, and in any case rapacious, local militias which had formed to enforce the will of [[Lein Jungi berKasan|Emperor Jungi]]. The first recorded instance of this punishment came just several days after it was formulated, in the seventh month of the first year of Loran; thirty criminals had been sentenced to death by bludgeon in the market square of [[Meiron]] for terrorising the citizens, murders, and formulating of false judgements against people to confiscate their property.

According to records:

''The men were tied first to a frame which enveloped their arms and legs, exposing only the elbows and knees; the executioners then bludgeoned the joints until they were shattered, whereupon the frames were removed and the arms and legs broken. Then they were hauled by rope to a great height, and dropped therefrom, right onto the heavy and blunt metal tips of the bludgeons; then endless strokes were given until their ribs and back were all smashed, and finally the head itself was smashed. The bodies were then hung on the South Gate for ten days.''

[[category:Punishments of the Lein Dynasty]]
[[category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arin Horesen</title>
    <id>3035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16843</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T11:47:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arin Horesen''' (12 October 1893 - 15 July 1968) was a [[Risevne|Risevani]] statesman and politician, most well known for his terms as Minister for Development in the Risevan Cabinet from 1950 to 1962. 

[[category:Risevani Statesmen]]
[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baroye-dego</title>
    <id>3036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16972</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T10:19:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Baroye''' is a district, or ''dego'' in [[Mirselec]], in [[Isana]]; given the numerical designation of E1-2, it is located in the north of [[Awenhine remis]], along the east coast of [[Gardaus Bay]].

The name ''Baroye'' is derived from the word ''Baro yenger'', which in the [[Kavenagiru|Kavenain language]] means &quot;high house&quot;, a reference to the houses of several wealthy Kavenain traders who had been granted royal favour by the [[Kingdom of Masal]] as monopoly traders of certain goods, in the 10th to 13th century.

==Site and Situation==

Baroye borders [[Iselniragan-dego]] to the north, and [[Bastenal-dego]] to the south, while facing Gardaus Bay to its west. The built up areas of Baroye are mostly on the inland side, while the areas nearer the sea are given over to shops catering to the working crowd, as well as many small gardens often known as ''Basademiles'' or &quot;Pavillion Fields&quot;, many of which were built from donations of land by private individuals in the 19th century.

==History==

==Bastenal Today==

==Neighbourhoods==

==Famous Buildings==

==Notes==

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asugai Seterno</title>
    <id>3037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16191</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Legacy and Impact */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Asugai Seterno''' (13 June 1861 - 12 December 1932) was a famous [[Risevne|Risevan]] poet, dramatist and essayist, often said to be the &quot;first modern poet of the country&quot;. Born to a scholarly family and proficient in eight major languages, Seterno's wide knowledge of forms of poetry both within and outside of his country gave his work a highly varied voice, and it was through his writings that many styles and ideas of poetry were transmitted in Risevne, inspiring poets long after him. 

In 1910 he was awarded the [[Risevan Royal Award for Excellence]], citing his &quot;mastery of poetry, and his use of the art in stirring the spirit of Risevne&quot;; 9 years later he was awarded the [[Agenir Literary Award]], one of the most prestigious prizes for a man of letters. Throughout his career he did not just write in [[Mirselec]], though it was his native language; instead he published works in four languages, and often did translations of his own works.

==Childhood and Youth==

Seterno was born '''Asugai Biran Seterno''' on June 13, 1861, in the city of [[Bisdauni]] in [[Ostema Province]]. His father was Biran Seterno, a well-known professor of Mirselec in the local university; his mother, Soruya Banandor, was a student of the elder Seterno and 13 years his junior, and by the time of his birth a well-known writer of short stories.

==Early Career==

==Travels and Hardship==

==Poet Laureate==

==Later Life==

==Legacy and Impact==

The artistic legacy that Seterno left behind was immense, and made even more immense when after his death his colleagues in the University entered his rooms on campus, as well as his apartment - both of which had seen no visitors for around two decades. They found huge volumes of hitherto unpublished manuscripts, including notes for plays and several long poems written entirely in the archaic [[Sasuriona]] style. 

[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]
[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Iruzansero literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>South Odirá</title>
    <id>3038</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15380</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T16:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect for the time being</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Odirá]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>North Odirá</title>
    <id>3039</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15384</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-11T16:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Odirá#North Odirá]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Odirá</title>
    <id>3040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31012</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T19:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Odirá''' is one of the two major continents of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  It was the first continent to be settled by humanity.  The continent is divided into two parts, known as East Odirá and West Odirá, divided by the presence of a large mountain system.  The two halves were separate continents until about 40 million years ago.  A large inland ocean basin, the [[Kalpanian Sea]], is trapped between the two subcontinents, and has historically played a significant role in the history of the two subcontinents.

== West Odirá ==
South Odirá has traditionally been dominated by the [[Sanle]] civilization, and most of the cultures of the area have been significantly influenced by them.  One notable characteristic of South Odirán civilizations is their matriarchal structure.
== Dividing Mountains ==
The Dividing Mountains are subdivided into three chains, the Northern Barrier Mountains, the Fire Mountains (also called the [[Fantasta Mountains]]) and the Southern Barrier Mountains.  The Northern and Southern Barrier Mountains are both high mountainous chains, with the world's largest mountains included in them.  The Fire Mountains are a set of volcanoes along the southern shore of the [[Kalpanian Sea]].
== East Odirá ==

[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalpanian Sea</title>
    <id>3041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16785</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T20:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kalpanian Sea''', earlier called the '''Fantasta Sea''', is a large inland sea in the southern part of [[North Odirá]], bordering the [[Fantasta Mountains]].  It is actually a trapped ocean basin, having once been a large gulf until North and [[South Odirá]] collided about 40 million years ago.  The ocean crust under it is being gradually subducted under South Odirá, forming the Fantasta Mountains.

The name ''Fantasta'' was derived from the [[Classical Sanle]] ''Fant Shta'', meaning North Sea.  The name ''Kalpanian Sea'' was derived from [[Kalpan]], the name of an ancient kingdom that once controlled the entire sea.  Though the name Fantasta has fallen out of use for the sea, it has continued life as the name of the volcanic range along its southern shore.

[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fantasta Mountains</title>
    <id>3042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Fantasta Mountains''' are a volcanic range along the southern shore of the [[Kalpanian Sea]] (formerly known as Fantasta Sea, the source of the range's name).  The Fantasta Mountains are being formed by the subduction of ocean crust underlying the Kalpanian Sea.  The mountains have traditionally formed an important connection between [[North Odirá|North]] and [[South Odirá]], as they are lower than the Eastern and Western Barrier Ranges, and have passes that are usually crossable.  However, during cold periods of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]'s history, the passes were snowed over, and the overland route was wiped out.

The re-opening of the mountain passes after a minor ice age played a crucial role in the establishment of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]].

[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevani poets and writers</title>
    <id>3044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16179</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:29:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This list contains pages to do with writers in [[Risevne]], disregarding whichever language they wrote in (though most of them write in Mirselec, the primary language of the country).

[[Category:Risevan culture]]
[[Category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Education system of Risevne</title>
    <id>3045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15397</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-12T02:57:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page describes the educational system of [[Risevne]].

Amongst the countries in the world Risevne is one of the highest spenders on education; around 7.1% of the national GDP goes into education, while private schools (many of them funded by foundations set up by one of the [[Gorebasa]] families) are also common. The [[Risevan Ministry of Education]] is the governmental agency in charge of the whole educational system, which is partially devolved to the provincial authorities for each province.

==Primary Education==

==Secondary Education==

==Tertiary Education==

[[category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sayenfurasa</title>
    <id>3046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16989</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T12:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Menata */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sayenfurasa''' is an ancient compilation of poems in [[Mirselec]]; its meaning in Mirselec is &quot;Ode-Compilation&quot;, the word ''sayen'' literally referring to a type of poetry during the earliest days of the kingdoms sung at festivities and religious sacrifices. It is the oldest known compilation of Mirselec poetry, and contains a total of 417 poems, divided into several parts by their form:

*''Sayen'', the religious odes, of which there are 92

*''Karsayen'', the royal odes sung during major festivities, of which there are 35

*''Menata'', folk songs, of which there are 212

*''Honameri'', individual prayers and invocations to gods, of which there are 62

*''Wasantosa'', longer poems meant to celebrate legendary figures, of which there are 15.

While this categorisation adds a formal air to the collection, the works collected within the Sayenfurasa are often striking in their deeply personal tone, vivid use of images and symbols, and utilisation of implication to state their feelings. 

The Sayenfurasa is the oldest known compilation of Mirselec poetry, and is one of the most revered works of classical literature in the language; in the words of [[Hirdan Gersenga]], &quot;what was written therein (within the Sayenfurasa) was the wood, and all poets after that are merely carvers.&quot; Having been dated back to around 420-450 DN, the last datable poem within this collection was from about 395 DN, and the oldest ones have been estimated to date from as far back as 100 BDN. As a text, it forms one of the several core texts for secondary students learning ancient and classical Mirselec.

==History and Texts==

The work of compiling the text in its entirety is often attributed to [[Oristeonme]], a poet and attendant at a temple who was called to the court of the [[Kingdom of Masal]]; he is, however, widely seen to be the last in a series of compilers, especially of several well known poets (often known in Risevan art and literature as the [[Songwriters of Kormanoi]], after the city of [[Kormanoi]] which was then an important city in the Masal kingdom) who had travelled widely and then, in around 580 DN, compiled the bulk of the work in the Menata and Sayen.

Unlike many other classical Mirselec texts which, due to royal whims or rivalries between nations, have survived only in fragmentary form, the Saeynfurasa has survived in highly intact form; the oldest known manuscript of the compilation, as part of the [[Omesa Tomb Manuscripts]], dates from around 865 DN and is presently preserved in the [[Risevan National Museum]]. Several other nearly complete texts, dating from as far back as the late 10th century, also survive in university libraries.

The text is notorious amongst linguists of ancient Mirselec for its large number of hapices - words which only appear once in the text, and which in many cases do not appear in other texts at all. While contextual speculation, as well as the extremely valuable edtiion dating from 1297 which was massively annotated by the poet [[Moso Tailda]], have shed light on many of these rare words, several words' exact meanings remain unknown.

==Works and Study==

The Sayenfurasa is very notable amongst Mirselec texts for the immense influence of mainland cultures. The works of the Sayenfurasa are studied widely, not only by Mirselec scholars but also by historians interested in the early history of east [[Osonde]]; the devastation of much of the area following the chaos of the [[DN Event]], as well as the fact that some of the most stable areas on the continent were in fact the [[Hesgarigani]] kingdoms of the third century, meant that reconstruction from these poems provided a way to understand the society of Osondain cultures.

==Organisation==

The Sayenfurasa is firstly organised by form into the five categories; within these categories the poems are then further organised in different ways:

*Within the Sayen, Karsayen and Menata, the songs are grouped by the number of syllables in each line; each such categorisation is given a regional title, even if the poems contained therein do not necessarily come from that region. Therefore the Songs of [[Bidan]] are all of the form ''5-7-6-7-7-7-6-6'', while the Songs of [[Rutimuna]] are all of the form ''5-5-6-5-8-5'' in each stanza.

*Within the Honameri and Wasantosa the poems are simply grouped by their subjects; namely the major gods in the former, and the respective heroes and great men in the latter.

==Contents==

===Sayen===

===Karsayen===

===Menata===

*Songs of Bidan: 1-17 (Bidan is situated in modern day [[Ofalna Province]]; rhythm 5-7-6-7-7-7-6-6

*Songs of Rarena: 18-25 (Rarena is situated in modern day [[Ostema]] and [[Inezama]] provinces; rhythm 9-7-7-4-4-5

*Long Songs of Rarena: 26-33; rhythm 9-7-7-4-4-5-7-7-4-4-7

*Songs of Keise: 34-45 (Keise is in modern day [[Enimdanai Province]]; rhythm 5-5-7-6-5-5-7-9

*Songs of Hinemasal: 46-61 (Hinemasal is in modern day east [[Feladmena Province]] and [[Taluste]]; rhythm 6-6-7-7-6-6-5-5

*Songs of Barkararena: 62-76 (Barkararena is in modern day [[Eonis Province]]; rhythm 5-5-5-6-6-6-5-5

*Songs of Karamasal: 77-98 (Karamasal is in modern day west Feladmena Province and [[Bresnga]], as well as southern [[Ngaba Province]]); rhythm 7-7-7-6-7-7-6

*Songs of Isana: 99-116 (Isana is in modern day [[Isana]]); rhythm 7-5-7-5-7-7-7-5

*Long songs of Isana: 117-120; rhythm 7-5-7-5-7-7-7-5-6-6-5-5

*Songs of Urigal: 121-128 (Urigal is in modern day [[Osagona Province]]; rhythm 4-4-7-4-4-6-7-7

*Songs of Endaba: 129-136 (Endaba is in modern day northern Ngaba Province); rhythm 6-6-5-5-7-9

*Songs of Ersinar: 137-145 (Ersinar is in modern day southwestern [[Abanamide Province]]); rhythm 7-6-6-6-5-6-7-6

*Songs of Karinsa: 146-153 (Karinsa straddles modern day north Abanamide, and southern [[Osbane Province]]); rhythm 7-7-7-6-7-7-3-3-9

*Songs of Naigardi: 154-162 (Naigardi is in modern day southwestern [[Osagona Province]]); rhythm 6-6-7-6-4-4-9

*Songs of Pernelin: 163-174 (Pernelin is in modern day eastern [[Baseniga Province]], and western [[Serteni Province]]); rhythm 6-5-6-5-7-7-7-5

*Songs of Tanogema: 175-181 (Tanogema is in modern day southeastern Osagona and northwestern Serteni provinces); rhythm 9-9-7-5-3-3-6

*Songs of Sugito: 181-187 (Sugito is in modern day northeastern Osagona Province); rhythm 7-7-3-3-9-5-5

*Songs of Nagema: 188-201 (Nagema is in modern day eastern [[Naguse Province]]); rhythm 5-6-5-6-3-3-7-7

*Songs of Uriwana: 202-212 (Uriwana is in modern day western Naguse and [[Lyonaske]] provinces); rhythm 9-9-9-6-3-3-6-3-3-5

===Honameri===

===Wasantosa===

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Important Mirselec texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Mirselec literature</title>
    <id>3047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16215</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Mirselec Literature}}

This list contains pages to do with the literature of the [[Mirselec]] language.

[[category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Artakhshandan Empire</title>
    <id>3048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15471</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T19:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Artakhshandan Empire was an empire that ruled over much of western [[Aghantia]] between the years 120 BI and 346 AI.

[[Image:Big map artakhshandan empire at peak.jpg|thumb|right|A map showing the Artakhshandan Empire at its peak in 47 AI]]

==Origins==
The Artakhshandans were a subgroup of the [[Parthavans]], who lived in [[Parthava]], a province in the north-eastern extent of the [[Artamashti Empire]]. The Artamashti Empire was at war with the Avustrean conqueror [[Daryamenes]], who was on the verge of completely destroying the Artamashtians.

Having destroyed the Artamashtian Empire in 122 BI, Daryamenes set about consolidating his power in the north-east of the empire. However, his army was ambushed by [[Parthavans]], and Daryamenes suffered his first military defeat. He was shot by a Parthavan arrow, and died several hours later. He left his empire to his 8 sons.

The [[Parthavans]] at this time were under the leadership of [[Aryane]], the daughter of the Satrap of [[Parthava]] who had been killed fighting [[Daryamenes]]. She had a personal vendetta with the Daryameneans, and in 121 BI, managed to unite the 12 Parthavan clans into one nation, and invaded the [[Daryamenean empire]].

==Conquest of the Daryamenean Empire==
Daryamenes had left his entire empire to his 8 sons, who were constantly bickering for control of land. After only a year's wait (during which time Aryane was mobilising her army) Daryamenes's successor states had grown tired with fighting. Their armies had been worn thin and their treasuries were running low. The Daryamenean kings increased taxation to pay for the war, however, this was not met kindly with the citizens. In late 120 BI, a mutiny in [[Ektabaktra]] (an eastern province) provided the conditions [[Aryane]] needed for attacking the Daryameneans. She moved into the empire, and conquered the entire land that Daryamenes had promised his oldest son, [[Melamenes]] in only 1 year 8 months. The rest of the [[Daryamenean Empire]] quickly fell in just over 12 years. This had taken Aryane to the gates of [[Istepuli]], the last remaining Daryamenean city in [[Aghantia]].

===Battle of Istakhran===
[[The Battle of Istakhran]] took place late 122 BI between Daryamenes and Aryane (when he was ambushed). 

===Battle of Geldimaris===
[[The Battle of Geldimaris]] was the one pivotal battle in Aryane's campaign that determined the Daryameneans' future. It was fought on 22nd Khordad 119 BI, 40 miles north of [[Geldimaris bridge]].

===Battle of Istepuli===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Big map artakhshandan empire at peak.jpg</title>
    <id>3049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15416</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-12T22:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map showing the [[Artakhshandan Empire]] at its peak in 47 AI, shortly after the [[Parizhian war]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map showing the [[Artakhshandan Empire]] at its peak in 47 AI, shortly after the [[Parizhian war]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daryamenes</title>
    <id>3050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16496</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:53:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Daryamenes was an Avustrean conqueror who was responsible for destroying the dying Artamashti and founding the [[Daryamenean Empire]].

[[Image:Daryamenes jpeg.JPG|thumb|A map showing the empire on Daryamenes's death]]

==Early life==
Daryamenes was born in

[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Daryamenes jpeg.JPG</title>
    <id>3051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15423</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-12T22:21:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map showing the borders of the [[Daryamenean Empire]] on Daryamenes's death in 121 BI.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map showing the borders of the [[Daryamenean Empire]] on Daryamenes's death in 121 BI.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pulesian</title>
    <id>3052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15427</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T00:08:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarnawa</username>
        <id>196</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Docau</title>
    <id>3053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15434</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T01:10:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Docau''' is a member of the [[Arithidic languages|Arithidic]] branch of the [[Arophanic language family]], directly descended from [[Koine Arithide]] and closely related to the [[Modern Arithide|modern standard]]. Spoken by fewer than 70,000 people in southeastern [[Arophania]], the most notable difference of Docau from its relatives is the fact that it has uniquely lost the grammatical plural, due to historical sound changes.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:History of Risevne</title>
    <id>3054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15447</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T04:31:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is Risevne on Earth or another planet? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:38, 12 November 2006 (PST)

Yes, Risevne is on another planet. The planet is called [[Valmante]], but so long as this link stays red it means I'm still sorting out the cartography and geography haha... [[User:Sirica|Sirica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prehistory of Humanity on Galhaf</title>
    <id>3055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42061</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Prehistory of Humanity in the Chihazh System]] moved to [[Prehistory of Humanity on Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Humans (Galhaf)|Humanity]] settled [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] approximately 14,000 [[Galhafan year]]s (c. 10,000 Earth years) before the present time.  Little is known of the early settlers.  At one time, it was believed that humanity had originated on [[Khanda]] or [[Ospendakh]], but it is now known that humanity originated from beyond the Galhafan stellar system.

Whatever their origin, they divided themselves into five colonies on Galhaf, four located on [[Odirá]] and one located on [[Kraya]].  For reasons unknown, they soon lost all technology, and these five colonies became the origin of the [[Ethnicities of Galhaf|five main racial groups]].  Being small in number, they were subject to the [[Wikipedia:founder effect|founder effect]] and quickly distinguished themselves as distinct races, though later interbreeding complicated racial divisions.

Over a period of a few millennia, humanity spread out, adopting a paleolithic stone-age lifestyle, and adapting to the local ecology.  After about 4000 years (3000 Earth years), agriculture was developed in [[Kalpan]], with southern [[Sanle]] following shortly thereafter.

Over time, humanity developed increasingly complex civilizations, until today humanity has begun once more to [[Space Exploration in the Chihazh System|explore and colonize]] their local [[Planets of Chihazh|stellar system]].

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Prehistory]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lescealh</title>
    <id>3056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23695</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-22T18:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lescealh''' is a hilly region in the northwestern corner of [[Lheinead]]. It is dominated by the Faraneih, an ethnic group who comprise over 99% of its 10 million inhabitants.

==Geography==
It is bordered on the northwest by the Kupeimeiceah, a barren desert. To the northeast is a stretch of savanna, while the southeast is mainly higher and higher mountians of which Lescealh is merely the foothills. That mountain range extends south, further than the Faraneih know, who refer to it as the &quot;backbone of the world&quot;. To the southwest lies the chapparell which eventually gives way to the Measceineafh and Teimeareitah (Trovog in [[Etimri]]). 

Due to this unique geography, Lescealh has adequate annual rainfall (around 30 to 40 inches in many regions), although the areas bordering it have very little rainfall, giving it a more productive economy and agriculture, in part inspiring its dominance over other regions and promotion of its langauge ([[Faraneit]]) to lingua franca status.

==Ecology==
Lescealh is commonly described as having a &quot;cfzb&quot; or &quot;cfb&quot; climate under Koeppen's system. It profits from winter rainfall (from the west), which allows it to avoid the harsh winters of the east, as well as the monsoon from the southeast, which boosts its amaranth production, Lescealh's main crop.

Lescealh is famous for its multi-colored forests, where a mixture of various tree species grow and thrive. Because of its colorful appearance, it was named Lescealh, which derives from the same root as leizealh, gem, in [[Faraneit]]. 

==Agriculture==
Agriculture is highly productive in Lescealh. Its leading crops are puzil, a tree which produces harvestable sweet roots, amaranth, lirodeaz, a sweet and sour flavored melon, nopav, a lettece like green, and voanabeap, a fiber crop.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hirdan Gersenga</title>
    <id>3057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16455</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T14:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hirdan Gersenga''' (15 May 1542 - 22 September 1601), more well-known under his pen name '''Erivinkisa''' meaning &quot;Aged Quill&quot;, was a [[Risevan]] writer who is often regarded by Risevani as being one of their greatest writers. Working mostly in poetry while also being an expert essayist, Gersenga produced a total of about 430 poems and nearly 700 essays which have survived to this day; his essays, which are termed by him to be ''Kisa ta Omadeye'' or &quot;The will of the pen&quot;, are considered pioneers of the form. 

Some of his most famous works include his long poems, which he titled ''Navno te Wasantosa'' (meaning The New Wasantosas, the term referring to a specific sort of ode within the ancient poetic text [[Sayenfurasa]]), the longest of which - the [[Erunmitir ta Wasantosa]] or ode of [[Erunmitir]] - contains nearly 5,200 lines and has had a profound effect on literature even up to the modern era. His essays, on the other hand, portray a very different side of him; mostly composed during his years in the wilderness of modern-day [[Ofalna Province]], they possess a tone very different from that of his poetry, concerning themselves with nature while holding deep philosophical musings as well.

The impact that Gersenga has had on modern Risevani culture cannot be overstated; he is often considered the national poet of the whole nation, so much so that he is often referred to as ''Risevne ta kisa'' or &quot;The Pen of Risevne&quot;. His works have been translated into most major living languages and are read across the world.

==Childhood and Youth==

==Officialdom==

==Royal Poet==

==Tragedies and Retirement==

==Later Life==

Given these numerous tragedies that befell his family, Gersenga soon fell into a deep depression; it was somewhere in this period that he finally decided to leave Isana. In a letter to [[Queen Sesorna]], who under the First Constitution had the power to approve of resignations from the [[Afengar]], he made an impassioned plea to be allowed to return to his hometown, and his request was granted; a month later he returned to Kairsan with his only surviving daughter Eduna.

While living in Kairsan, he retired from most politics, and twice rejected calls from the local leaders to serve within the provincial government; he did, however, push for the marriage of his daughter with the son of the provincial governor, who belonged to one of the most influential clans in the area. This marriage arrangement, as well as the fact that the Queen had personally arranged for him to receive half his official stipend even after he had retired, meant he was financially quite comfortable; certainly he had the luxury to make several tours to the east, the longest of which in 1592 took him all the way to modern-day eastern [[Hyomeniga]] province.

==Works==

Hirdan Gersenga's poetry is mostly admired for its wide variety of forms and themes; critics over the ages have called him as ''Sabarus ta enigai, Aina ta munai, Nidui ta gebarse, Suninas ta iyane, shai ge onevano'' (&quot;Possessing the spirit of [[Dengai ke Sabarus|Sabarus]], the sorrow of [[Nonezari Aina|Aina]], the ambition of [[Tebegas ke Nidui|Nidui]], and the lightness of [[Suninas]]&quot;).

==Legacy and Impact==

The birthtown of Gersenga, which is the present day town of [[Kairsan]] in [[Ofalna Province]], contains several memorials to the poet.

[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]
[[category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hormutac</title>
    <id>3058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15457</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T06:10:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hormutac''' is a city in [[Serteni Province]], situated on the eastern tip of the Serteni peninsula. One of the largest and most prosperous cities along the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]], it is often known as the Pearl of the Inland Sea. As of 2046 its population stood at 833,522.

[[category:Towns in Serteni Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kairsan</title>
    <id>3059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16457</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T14:21:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kairsan''' is a town in western [[Ofalna Province]], most famous for being the birthplace and later residence of the famed Risevani poet [[Hirdan Gersenga]]. As of 2045 it has a population of 27,951.

==Geography==

Kairsan occupies a small, forested mountain valley near the coast of [[Enibase Bay]], and follows the shape of the valley northeast to southwest; the older districts of the city are more inland, while the lands to the southwest which used to be for agricultural purposes have been expanded into since the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

==History==

==Fame==

The town is most famed as having housed Gersenga at many points during his life; born and raised there, he left the town for the city of [[Isana]] at age 20; 24 years later, at the age of 44 and after his retirement from the [[Risevan Assembly]], he returned to the town where he would live out the rest of his years in a house a short distance away. The poet wrote most of his poetic works in Isana, but turned instead to essays upon returning to Kairsan; for this the scenery around Kairsan is sometimes called &quot;the most described land of Risevne&quot;, given the content of the essays which largely focused on the natural beauty of the region. 

Many memorials to the writer exist, including the three houses he had lived in as well as his grave in a nearby temple; Gersenga's residence on the outskirts of the city, where he spent the last three decades of his life, is presently home to the [[Gersenga Museum]]. At the same time, the [[Gersenga Institute]] is a research institute meant to promote knowledge of, and research into, the works of Gersenga as well as his contemporaries. The international fame of the writer means that the town is not just a local but an international attraction, though strict laws controlling new construction and land use has managed to keep the town much as it was in the early 19th century when the last round of major constructions occurred.

[[category:Towns in Enimdanai Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sazh</title>
    <id>3060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15460</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T06:29:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>infobox</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonology==
{{Infobox|name=Sazh
|pronounce=/sɑʒ/
|tu=unknown
|species=Human?
|in=unknown
|no=unknown
|script=Romanized Equivalent
|tree=language isolate
|morph=isolating
|ms=ergative
|wo=OSV
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=November 2006}}

*Consonants: /p t k f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ç ʝ h l r m n/
**Romanized As: &lt;p t k f v th dh s z sh zh c j h l r m n&gt;
*Vowels: /ɑ i u/
**Romanized As: &lt;a i u&gt;
*Phonotactics: (F)(S)(A)V(C)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serteni Province</title>
    <id>3061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15763</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-19T13:51:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Serteni Province''' (Mirselec ''Sertenis denai'') is one of the [[subdivisions of Risevne|provinces]] of [[Risevne]]; it is province 12 in the standard governmental numbering order. The province comprises the [[Serteni Peninsula]], one of the peninsulae which bound the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]], and borders the provinces of [[Bawodaga]], [[Osagona]] and [[Besurgana]]. The provincial capital is the city of [[Niyanoza]].

The Serteni Peninsula stretches eastward from the Masalan mainland, and its tip is the closest point between the two [[Risevan Home Islands|Home Islands]]; the Hotetangaba Strait, at its narrowest point, is just 21 km across. While debate has been going on for decades over building a bridge to span this body of water, at present this seems unlikely. The rest of Serteni is dominated by an eastern branch of the [[Mathormagos]], known locally as the [[Sinarhormagos]], which are relatively gentler in slope compared to the main mountains themselves.

==Geography==

==History==

==Constituent Counties==

==Main Towns and Cities==

==Famous Locations==

*[[Hotetangaba Strait]]

*[[Susirmoyan]]: a famous temple near [[Elgamo, Serteni Province|Elgamo]] city

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Battle of Istakhran</title>
    <id>3062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15474</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-13T19:47:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;width: 315px; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; background: #efefef&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: none; text-align: center; font-size: large;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Battle of Istakhran'''
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-top: none; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''part of the [[Parthavan-Daryamenean Wars]]''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 8px&quot;| '''Date'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%; padding-top: 8px&quot;| Late 122 BI (exact date unknown)
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px&quot;| '''Location'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%&quot;| 20 miles south-east of [[Istakhra]], north-east [[Parsa]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 25%; text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 8px&quot;| '''Result'''
|style=&quot;width: 75%; padding-bottom: 8px&quot;| Decisive Parthavan victory
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Combatants'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| 
Parthavans
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| 
Daryameneans
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Commanders'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| [[Sepahpetish]] [[Aryane]]
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| [[Strateghos]] [[Daryamenes]]
Murdesenes Achalyon
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Strength'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| 1,000 Parthavan cavalry backed up with camel supply chains to cities
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| 30,000 Daryamenean phalanxes,
10,000 cavalry,
10,000 archers,
5,000 Companion cavalry
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; padding: 2px 0 2px 0; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Casualties'''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0; border-right: 1pt dashed #c0c0c0&quot;| Negligable
|style=&quot;width: 50%; padding: 4px 0 4px 0&quot;| Entire army killed or routed
|-
|style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; font-size: smaller;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''Notes:'''&lt;br /&gt;This battle was later responsible for Daryamenes's death by an arrow wound. It created a huge power vacuum in the eastern reaches of Daryamenes's empire, allowing the Parthavans to conquer.
|}

The Battle of Istakhran was a pivotal battle in the Parthavan-Daryamenean wars that allowed the [[Parthavans]] to enter and conquer the eastern parts of Daryamenes's empire.

==Build up==
The Parthavans had met once before with [[Daryamenes]] as mercenaries in the Artamashti Empire. They had fought alongside the Artamashti soldiers and had caused grave casualties to the Daryamenean line, being able to shoot down thousands with their strong bows. However due to the inadequacy of the Artamashti generals, these Parthavan horse archers were foolishly sent in to a charge once their ammunition had been used up, and here they were killed easily.

Daryamenes had also had problems with sending any supplies up to the north-east. In 123 BI, he had tried to send a caravan full of gifts to the [[Metaksour]] leaders for aiding him in his campaign against the Artamashtis. However, the Parthavans had plundered the train and had taken everything.

In 122 BI, Daryamenes went up north to try consolidate his power in the north-east of his empire by wiping out the Parthavans who had been causing him trouble. However, an efficient messenger chain informed the Parthavan leader, [[Aryane]], that Daryamenes was coming, and what route he was taking. Quickly, she amassed an army consisting almost entirely of horse archers and lay in wait for the Daryameneans to come.

==The battle==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alvesod</title>
    <id>3063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15497</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T04:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Alvesod''' is a town in northeastern [[Neiberin Province]]. One of the few major towns in the province that is not near the sea, Alvesod is situated along the [[Murori river]], a small tributary of the [[Kanmose river]] that flows in the north of the province. Once famous for being a quarrying town, it is situated between several quarries, but its economy has since taken other directions. The population of the town as of 2045 is 81,312.

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Society==

[[category:Towns in Neiberin Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tasenir Province</title>
    <id>3064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15500</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T04:36:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tasenir Province''' (Mirselec ''Tasenir denai''), known in the numbering order as Province 23, is one of the [[Subdivisions of Risevne|provinces]] of [[Risevne]], and traditionally considered the northernmost of the four Mountain Provinces of [[Masalne]]. Its capital is the city of [[Inoburan]].

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Inoburan]]

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tineye Province</title>
    <id>3065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15501</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T04:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tineye Province''' (Mirselec ''Tineye denai''), also known as Province 22, is one of the [[Subdivisions of Risevne|provinces]] of [[Risevne]], situated on the west coast of the main island of [[Masalne]]. It borders [[Tasenir Province]] on its east, and [[Neiberin Province]] on its south. Its capital is the city of [[Lisnai]].

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Darnevgana Province</title>
    <id>3066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16410</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T15:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Darnevgana Province''' (Mirselec ''Darnevgana denai''), also known as Province 25, is a [[Subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]]. It is the northernmost province of the country, occupying the northern tip of the island of [[Masalne]] including the [[Usefyesuri Peninsula]], and is often grouped with neighbouring [[Imerte Province]] and [[Tasenir Province]] as the ''Masbaradenai'' or Northern Provinces. 

For most of its history a relatively remote and independent region of the kingdom, it was for centuries known as ''Kesubai ta denai'', the Province of Exiles. It did, however, serve as an important bastion in the north against the maritime incursions from [[Noma]] in the past; as well as  being the main economic gateway to the northern continent. In recent years trade has increased greatly with the northern nations, and with the discovery of oil in Noma the province is growing into a centre for oil transportation, storage and refining, as it offers some of the nearest ice-free ports.

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Southern Islands Department</title>
    <id>3067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15562</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T13:34:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Southern Islands Department''' (Mirselec ''Nimesurna Alzer'') is one of the [[Subdivisions of Risevne|three island departments]] of [[Risevne]]. The capital of the department is the town of [[Fanedun]], on [[Garmagas Island]].

==Geography and Climate==

Geographically the southern department covers the largest area of the three island departments, and also has the most islands - a total of nearly 1,750 across the [[Elaspegian Ocean]] south of the [[Risevan Home Islands]], of which around 520 are permanently inhabited.

This department comprises several large island groups, as well as many small and mostly uninhabited atolls scattered across the southwestern Elaspegian. Some of the prominent groups include:

*[[Tigase Islands]], a group of about 70 islands the largest of which is [[Tigase Island]]

*[[Onu Islands]], a vast arc of nearly 400 islands centred around the 3 main isles of [[Meseso]], [[Linisurna]] and [[Kadisurna]].

*[[Higeric Islands]], a group of around 330 islands and the southernmost Risevan island group, which contains [[Anorsobalye Island]] (literally meaning Naval Base of Anorso), a major southern naval base for the [[Risevan Royal Navy]].

Many of the islands experience a tropical or subtropical climate, with a yearly storm season especially prevalent in the islands to the west of the department; the same storms that strike the area as minor storms tend to strike the Home Islands or other northerly areas as major hurricanes, thus making it of special interest to Risevan meteorlogists. Several met stations have been set up in the region.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

The Southern Islands are ethnically the most diverse region of Risevne, owing to the native populations: the Risevan Government classifies the island's ethnicities into 6 main groups according to the regions of inhabitation: [[Tigasani]], [[Onuyani]], [[Hemsarani]], [[Sekunbani]], [[Higerizani]] and [[Maksani]]. All six of these have similar but distinct cultures.

[[category:Subdivisions of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mount Asona</title>
    <id>3068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15506</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T06:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mount Asona''' (Mirselec ''Asonahorma'') is a mountain in [[Risevne]], situated along the border between [[Atastarne Province]] and  [[Bifeno Province]] on the island of [[Agalmare]]. It is 1,434 metres in height.

==Geography==

==Human history==

==Cultural Significance==

The mountain plays a crucial role in the culture and religion of the [[Anabanganka people]] of Bifeno and [[Sonaira]] provinces; in their mythology Asona is one of the goddesses who guard the world, and who is always linked with the god Munirti as his lover and eventually wife.

[[category:Mountains of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Provinces of the Lein Empire</title>
    <id>3069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15507</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T07:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page discusses and lists the many '''Provinces of the Lein Empire'''.

Throughout its history the [[Lein Dynasty]] has received several territorial appellations. In its original form as founded by [[Tairazun Durun berHikas ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Durun]], the massive reshuffling of territories in order to better centralise administrative power ended up with the division known as the Twelve Provinces, and this definition of provincial borders would remain relatively constant throughout the first part of the Lein Dynasty. 

The reign of [[Tairazun Sora berAthain ne-i-Lein|Tairazun Sora]], however, would bring about huge changes. As the Imperial armies marched northeast and northwest, bringing the group of powerful kingdoms that had threatened the Tranon for so long under the sway of the Empire, the Imperial Court accordingly made adjustments and imposed laws designed to increase its control over these potentially dangerous entities. Borders were placed disruptively, while travel was restricted, and in this way an additional nine provinces were formed, such that by the end of his reign in [[Tranon Calendars|Lein 177]] the Empire was known as the '''Twenty-one Provinces'''.

[[category:Lein Dynasty]]
[[category:Territories of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Territories of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15508</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T07:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This list includes articles about the vast territories of the [[Lein Dynasty]].

[[category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Continents of Valmante</title>
    <id>3071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16146</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category includes all major landmasses on the planet of [[Valmante]].

[[category:Valmante]]
[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iruze</title>
    <id>3072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16224</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The Republic of Iruze''' is a country situated in the northwest of the continent of [[Kaireda]], on the eastern coast of the [[Elaspegian Ocean]] and the northern coast of the [[Esrilmian Ocean]]. As of 2045 its population is estimated at 143,289,707.

[[category:Iruze|*]]
[[category:Countries of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>DN Event</title>
    <id>3073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15523</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T14:25:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Denoxen-Nazcekamo Event''' was a series of gigantic volcanic eruptions that are widely considered as a historical watershed for the civilisations of [[Valmante]], so much so that at the first meetings of the [[First Asela League]] the constituent states, for want of a common way to represent their respective years and dates, chose to date the year as 1880 DN, from an estimate of how long ago the event actually happened (See controversy below).

==Background==

==Impacts==

==Dating Convention==

==Controversy==

The main controversy regarding the use of the DN system to count years has been the fact that the 1880 estimate, which first established the year and subsequently gave an order for historians to establish all dates retrospectively, has been proven to be off by at least 10 years, and possibly up to 25 years. While the main historical sources of many worldwide civilisations which existed at the time do point to major upheavals in climate which fit the pattern of a huge volcanic eruption, several of the more reliable samples used for dating reveal that the eruption's effects were in fact felt in many areas, including [[Soreno]], [[Akezurnam]] and [[Koreta]], from around 10 BDN onwards.

[[category:Catastrophic Events]]
[[category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide grammar</title>
    <id>3074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51970</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-20T23:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''grammar of Classical Arithide''' is characterised by a degree of inflection unseen in most modern tongues, and notably absent from its own [[Modern Arithide|modern descendant]]. Due to this inflectionary tendency, [[Classical Arithide]] possesses considerably free word order, especially in poetry, but syntax commonly and usually retains the traditional order of Subject Object Verb. Classical Arithide is a topic-prominent language, left-branching, prepositional (on the rare occasions where prepositions are employed), verb-framed, pro-drop and lexically-classed; it does not use articles. While some of these characteristics, such as its pro-drop and genderless character, simplify the learning process, the task is invariably complicated by the complexity of the language's inflection.

The [[Classical Arithide]] inflection system involves 5 declension classes of nouns, each inflected for 11 cases and two numbers; two classes of verbs, each conjugated in five voices, three aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and one tense, and which each produce an assortment of various derivative forms; two classes of adjectives, the nominal behaving like regular nouns, and the verbal behaving like regular verbs; adverbs, the most common of which are generally indeclinable but most of which are derivations of adjectives and hence declined as per their class. Such ambivalence in the language's adjectives and adverbs led classical scholars and grammarians to overlay a dichotomous Nominal-Verbal differentiation on the language; in modern times, however, this [[traditional Arithide grammar]] has been replaced by a semantically-based part-of-speech grammar system not unlike the Indo-European.

==Nouns==

{{main|Classical Arithide declension}}

The use in [[Classical Arithide]] of lexical classing in nouns means that each declension class represents a broad group of nouns that share a certain characteristic. Owing to the language's inflectionary nature, Classical Arithide nouns, pronouns and certain of its adjectives must be declined (i.e. inflected) to provide grammatical meaning. A group of words that decline in the same way is known as a &quot;declension class&quot;. There are 5 declension classes for nouns and the same for adjectives; pronouns are generally irregular.

Nouns in [[Classical Arithide]] are classed into different declensions based on their semantic meaning. This lexically based categorisation means that each declension class represents a broad group of nouns that share a certain characteristic. Traditional grammatical analysis takes the number of declension classes in Classical Arithide to be five, on top of which are various subgroups that decline in slightly different ways from the parent class.

'''Declension I''', with the characteristic nominative singular ending ''-os'', is the most productive declension class of all. It is associated with morally and emotionally neutral abstractions: states (''valonos'' &quot;peace&quot;), qualities (''fyginthos'' &quot;dangerousness&quot;), acts (''leatos'' &quot;act of worship&quot;) as well as other types of concepts (''sonos'' &quot;daily life&quot;). As may be noted the supine verbal noun (i.e. &quot;the act of doing something&quot;) also falls under this declension.

'''Declension II''' nouns take the ending ''-as'' and refer to places: ''kitaras'' &quot;hall&quot;, ''sivas'' &quot;town&quot;, ''leatas'' &quot;place of worship. The verbal noun of location (i.e. &quot;the place where something is done&quot;) falls under declension II.

'''Declension III''' nouns take the ending ''-ir'', and can be differentiated into classes III-a with simple ''-ir'', and III-b with ''-rir''. This declension comprises nouns with negative moral or emotional denotations or connotations: ''vokir'' &quot;evil&quot;, ''kirir'' &quot;faux pas&quot;, ''kreisantir'' &quot;grief of bereavement&quot;.

'''Declension IV''' is the most general declension class. Its nouns have no characteristic nominative singular ending but instead shares it with declension V (''-a''), and its lexical scope is practically unlimited; Class-IV nouns can refer to items, animals, plants or any other non-human, non-divine object. E.g. ''arotha'' &quot;carpet&quot;, ''hegra'' &quot;vine&quot;, ''izia'' &quot;coin&quot;.

'''Declension V''' comprises nouns referring to the human, the divine or the socio-cultural aspect of life: ''thelera'' &quot;neighbour&quot;, ''venera'' &quot;deity&quot;, ''kunera'' &quot;currency&quot;. Complex historical reasons have given Class V nouns the double nominative ending of ''-era'', the final part of which (''-a'') is shared with Class IV. There is a subgroup, V-b, whose nominative singulars end in ''-on'' but otherwise decline identically with regular Class-V nouns: these are the special agentive nouns (see next section), generally formed from verbs but occasionally found fossilised elsewhere in words belonging to other parts of speech.

These five declension classes can be broadly classified into two categories: concrete nouns (IV, V) and abstract nouns (I, II, III).

The 11 noun cases of Classical Arithide are:
*'''Nominative''', which marks the subject of a verb
*'''Topical''', which marks the topic of a sentence
*'''Accusative''', which marks the object of a verb
*'''Genitive''', which marks possession by
*'''Dative''', which marks motion towards, and by extension benefaction to etc.
*'''Locative''', which marks location (with places) or indicates shift of grammatical focus (with objects and people)
*'''Ablative''', which marks motion away or existence apart, and by extension is used with prepositions such as ''parō'' &quot;about, regarding&quot; or ''etel'' &quot;by (agentive)&quot;
*'''Instrumental''', which marks instruments, and by extension accompaniment, using the preposition ''syn'' &quot;with&quot;
*'''Vocative''', which marks direct address
*'''Connective''', which is an open-ended stem form to which certain affixes or other nouns are appended, e.g. ''salumos'' &quot;heaven&quot; + ''innos'' &quot;top&quot; &gt; ''saluminnum'' &quot;in heaven&quot; (lit. &quot;on heaven&quot;; ''innos'' is in the locative) and ''allas'' &quot;city&quot; + ''dolō'' &quot;around&quot; (from ''dolos'' &quot;surroundings&quot;) &gt; ''alladolō'' &quot;around the city&quot; {{footnote|1}}
*'''Essive''', which marks existence as

{{footnote|1}} ''Alladolō'' (connective + appendent [[Classical Arithide adpositions|adposition]]) must be distinguished from the similar ''dolō allior'' (prep. + ablative); while both might be translated as &quot;around the city&quot;, the former refers to the areas outside and surrounding a certain city, while the latter refers to places all around within the city: ''alladolō siethē sena'' &quot;there are flowers around the city&quot; vs. ''dolō allior siethē sena'' &quot;there are flowers all about the city&quot;.

Of these cases, the connective and essive in all nouns are identical, resulting in 10 effective cases.

==Adpositions==

{{main|Classical Arithide adpositions}}

Due to the extensive inflectionary marking in [[Classical Arithide]], the number of adpositions in common use is very few, although for purposes of scansion, some archaic ones can still be seen in poetry, sometimes in redundancy; the adpositions were revived, however, in [[Modern Arithide]], as postpositions. Most adpositions govern a designated case or several designated cases; the latter situation indicates multiple, usually related, meanings canvassed under the adposition concerned.

Besides the standalone adpositions, more common are the appendent adpositions (or postpositions), so called because they are appended to the connective case of nouns, most of the time forming a separate noun on their own, carrying a specific positional or lative meaning.

==Verbs==

{{main|Classical Arithide conjugation}}

Classical Arithide verbs are divided into eight conjugation patterns based on whether their stems end in any of the six vowels or a consonant; a small group of consonant-stem verbs that take the vowel-stem verb endings make up the last, mixed conjugation.

Verbs in each class are conjugated for five voices, three basic aspects, four derivative aspects, seven moods and one tense:

*'''Voices:''' active/transitive, middle/intransitive, passive, causative, potentive
*'''Aspects:''' imperfective, perfective, perfect, habitual/generic, inceptive, frequentative, protractive
*'''Moods:''' indicative, subjunctive, optative/desiderative, jussive, imperative, cohortative, [[Classical Arithide conjugation#Negation|negative]] (also the interrogative)
*'''Tenses:''' future

Notes:
#There is no progressive/continuous tense as the tense overlaps semantically with the imperfective aspect, which is used instead.
#The interrogative mood is marked with the auxiliary particle ''da''.
#Verbs are conjugated on a cascading hierarchy as above, i.e. to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense.

Verbs can also form a large array of other derivatives, which can turn the verb into practically any part of speech: adjective and adverb, via the aspectual participles; noun, via various suffixes indicating agency, instrument or the supine, etc.; another verb, via the processes of compounding, modification etc.

==Adjectives==

{{main|Classical Arithide adjectives}}

[[Classical Arithide]] had two classes of word, of roughly equal ubiquity, that qualified as adjectives: the '''nominal adjectives''' and the '''verbal adjectives''', which, as their names indicate, either decline as do nouns, or conjugate as do verbs.

===Nominal class===

The nominal class of adjectives, as befits its name, behaves like nouns. Each adjective has a fixed declension class according to which it is declined for case and number; certain are of a variable declension class, i.e. they adopt the declension class of the particular noun they are modifying at the time, and decline accordingly. The nominal class adjectives are listed in dictionaries by their nominative singular, the variable-declension adjectives in the first declension nominative singular.

Many adjectives in the nominal class tend to be concerned with appearance, e.g. ''oluros'' &quot;ugly, out-of-shape&quot;, ''vobulos'' &quot;pitch-dark&quot;, ''nassos'' &quot;deepest, ulterior, core&quot;. Exceptions include all the adjectives of colour, which are morphologically derived from the names of the individual colours by affixing the general-purpose adjectivaliser ''-nai'', and are hence verbal in nature.

Nominal-class adjectives, when used predicatively, usually take the copula ''hē''; in certain not-very-common cases, the adjective suffixes ''-nai''.

===Verbal class===

The predicative use of such verbs as adjectives is expected, but the attributive use grew out of a grammatical device, now largely disused, of making verbs into modifiers by displacing them to the front of nouns rather than behind them, as is the usual SOV order.

Verbal-class or verbal adjectives, owing to their nature as stative verbs, behave like verbs, and may thus conjugate in two tenses, present and past, denoting the present and past states of the noun modified:

*''Viringa nissa.'' vs. ''Viringa nistēn.''&lt;br&gt;The car (sedan) is fast. ''vs.'' The car was fast.
*''Nīstena viringa'' vs. ''Nistena viringa''&lt;br&gt;The fast car ''vs.'' The car that was fast (i.e. used to be but no longer)

The future tense is not used with adjectives. Rather, to describe &quot;a car that will be black&quot;, the adjective is compounded with the verb ''hallān'' &quot;to become&quot;, which semi-cliticises to give ''-allān'', giving ''egnallī viringa'', for example.

When attributively used, all adjectives are, like nouns, declined, in order to avoid ambiguity arising from the liberal word order of the language; adjectives take the declension of the noun they modify.

==Adverbs==

===Invariable adverbs===

As with every language, there are certain adverbs that are always invariable, e.g. ''lum'' &quot;now&quot;.

==Determiners &amp; pro-forms==

{{main|Classical Arithide determiners}}
{{main|Classical Arithide pro-forms}}

Classical Arithide determiners and pro-forms can be separated into two distinct types: the declined and the indeclinable. To the former group belong words with declinable antecedents: personal pronouns (''des'' &quot;I&quot;), demonstrative pronouns (''sitetis'' &quot;with that&quot;), relative pronouns (''zōos'' &quot;that which&quot;), pro-adjectives, pro-sentences, as well as interrogative words (''andae'' &quot;to whom&quot;). To the latter group belong words with indeclinable antecedents: pro-verbs (which are verbs and hence conjugated instead), pro-adverbs (''sē'' &quot;like that&quot;) and demonstrative adjectives (''ok ither'' &quot;this person&quot;). Of these, demonstrative adjectives are always placed directly before their referents.

===Numerals &amp; measure words===

{{main|Classical Arithide numerals}}

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide declension]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide adpositions]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Paramtest</title>
    <id>3076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16411</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T15:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>More experiments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table class=&quot;gridtable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
{{ #ifeq: {{{caption|}}} | 0 | | &lt;caption&gt;Coronal stops&lt;/caption&gt; }}
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Dental&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Alveolar&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Postalveolar&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{{ #if: {{{t_d|}}} 
| &lt;!-- t_d is defined --&gt;
  {{ #if: {{{t_-|}}}
  | &lt;!-- t_- is defined --&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;{{{t_d|}}}&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;{{{t|}}}&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;{{{t_-|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
  | &lt;!-- t_- is not defined --&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;{{{t_d|}}}&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;{{{t|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
  }}
| &lt;!-- t_d is not defined --&gt;
  {{ #if: {{{t_-|}}}
  | &lt;!-- t_- is defined --&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;{{{t|}}}&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;{{{t_-|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
  | &lt;!-- t_- is not defined --&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;{{{t|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
  }}
}}
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koreno</title>
    <id>3077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15526</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-14T14:54:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Koreno''' is one of the continents in the world of [[Valmante]], stretching from east to west so it is bounded by several oceans: the [[Elaspegian Ocean]] in the west, the [[Esrilmian Ocean]] on the southwest, the [[Userilmian Ocean]] on the southeast and east, and the [[Karvan Ocean]] to the north.

[[category:Continents of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eastern Islands Department</title>
    <id>3078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15568</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T14:20:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eastern Island Department''' (Mirselec ''Hinesurna Alzer'') is one of the [[Subdivisions of Risevne|three island departments]] of [[Risevne]]; as its name suggests, its scope lies in the islands to the east of the [[Risevan Home Islands]]. The capital of the department is in the town of [[Luzar]], on [[Amagote Island]].

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

The Eastern Islands used to constitute one of the economic backwaters of Risevne, being one of the more undeveloped regions due to its sparse population and apparent lack of resources. All this changed, however, with the first discovery of oil offshore of [[Abemar Island]] in 1976.

==Society and Culture==

[[category:Subdivisions of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Template:Voweltable</title>
    <id>3080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15620</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T20:38:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Typo -- wordordero?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Templatehelpnote}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== What is it for? ==

This template helps you make a table showing the vowels of your language.

In order the template uses [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Template#Parameters named parameters]; this means more typing, but with 38 parameters which all should be optional it is the only way to make the template manageable &amp;mdash; and easier than coding the whole table yourself each time.

== How does it work? ==

In order to get this:

{{Voweltable| caption = Swedish dialect vowel spellings | i = i | y = y | I = î ''or'' ê | e = e | 2 = ö | 8\ =  &amp;mdash; u | u\ = (u) | 8 = û | E = ä | &amp; = (â) | a = â | &amp;\ = (ô) | 3\ = ô | u = o | o = å | Q = a | A = (a) | @ = (e)}}

you enter this:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Voweltable| caption = Swedish dialect vowel spellings | i = i | y = y | I = î ''or'' ê | e = e | 2 = ö | 8\ =  &amp;mdash; u | u\ = (u) | 8 = û | E = ä | &amp; = (â) | a = â | &amp;\ = (ô) | 3\ = ô | u = o | o = å | Q = a | A = (a) | @ = (e)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Where each &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; marks the beginning of a parameter definition of the form &lt;code&gt;''parameter name'' = ''parameter value''&lt;/code&gt;.

In order to make the template call clearer you can format it for example like this:

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Voweltable| caption = Swedish dialect vowel spellings |= 
 | i = i | y = y   | I = î ''or'' ê | e = e |= 
 | 2 = ö | 8\ =  &amp;mdash; u | u\ = (u) | 8 = û |= 
 | E = ä | &amp; = (â) | a = â | &amp;\ = (ô) | 3\ = ô |=
 | u = o |  o = å  | Q = a | A = (a)  | @ = (e)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Everything from a &lt;code&gt;|=&lt;/code&gt; up to the next &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; is 'invisible' to the wiki engine{{ref|invisible}}, so you can put newlines, comments etc. there.

You may also put any amount of optional whitespace on either side of a &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;.

A parameter value may not contain any &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; (use {{code|&amp;amp;#124;}} in the value instead! {{-)}}){{ref|equalsign}}

All parameters are optional &lt;!-- in the sense that --&gt;

== Parameter names key ==
{{Voweltable|=
 | width = 100%  |=
 | caption = 
   '''&lt;tt&gt;Template:Voweltable&lt;/tt&gt; Parameter names '''
   '''and their corresponding IPA values''' &lt;br&gt;
   (NB: Parameter names are CXS values! {{-)}})  |=
 | i    = &lt;tt&gt;i&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|i}}  |=
 | y    = &lt;tt&gt;y&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|y}}  |=
 | i\   = &lt;tt&gt;i\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɨ}}  |=
 | u\   = &lt;tt&gt;u\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʉ}}  |=
 | M    = &lt;tt&gt;M&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɯ}}  |=
 | u    = &lt;tt&gt;u&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|u}}  |=
 | I    = &lt;tt&gt;I&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɪ}}  |=
 | Y    = &lt;tt&gt;Y&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʏ}}  |=
 | I\   = &lt;tt&gt;I\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɪ̵}} |=
 | U\   = &lt;tt&gt;U\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʊ̶}} |=
 | M_o  = &lt;tt&gt;M_o&lt;/tt&gt;  &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɯ̞}} |=
 | U    = &lt;tt&gt;U&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʊ}}  |=
 | e    = &lt;tt&gt;e&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|e}}  |=
 | 2    = &lt;tt&gt;2&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ø}}  |=
 | 8\   = &amp;nbsp; &lt;tt&gt;8\&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɵ̟ʷ}}|=
 | @\   = &lt;tt&gt;@\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɘ}}  |=
 | @    = &lt;tt&gt;@&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ə}}  |=
 | 8    = &lt;tt&gt;8&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɵ}}  |=
 | 7    = &lt;tt&gt;7&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɤ}}  |=
 | o    = &lt;tt&gt;o&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|o}}  |=
 | E    = &lt;tt&gt;E&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɛ}}  |=
 | 9    = &lt;tt&gt;9&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|œ}}  |=
 | 3    = &lt;tt&gt;3&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɜ}}  |=
 | 3\   = &lt;tt&gt;3\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɞ}}  |=
 | V    = &lt;tt&gt;V&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʌ}}  |=
 | O    = &lt;tt&gt;O&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɔ}}  |=
 | &amp;    = &lt;tt&gt;&amp;&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|æ}}  |=
 | &amp;\   = &lt;tt&gt;&amp;\&lt;/tt&gt;   &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɶ}}  |=
 | 6    = &lt;tt&gt;6&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɐ}}  |=
 | 3\_o = &lt;tt&gt;3\_o&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɞ̞}} |=
 | V_o  = &lt;tt&gt;V_o&lt;/tt&gt;  &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ʌ̞}} |=
 | O_o  = &lt;tt&gt;O_o&lt;/tt&gt;  &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɔ̞}} |=
 | a    = &lt;tt&gt;a&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|a}}  |=
 | &amp;\_o = &lt;tt&gt;&amp;\_o&lt;/tt&gt; &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɶ̞}} |=
 | a_x  = &lt;tt&gt;a_x&lt;/tt&gt;  &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|a̽}} |=
 | Q_x  = &lt;tt&gt;Q_x&lt;/tt&gt;  &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɒ̽}} |=
 | A    = &lt;tt&gt;A&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɑ}}  |=
 | Q    = &lt;tt&gt;Q&lt;/tt&gt;    &amp;#61; {{BIGIPA|ɒ}}  |=
}}

== Notes ==
# {{Note|invisible}} Actually a definition a 'nameless named variable' which doesn't get used in the template.
# {{Note|equalsign}} And a parameter name may not contain any &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt;. Not a problem to us as long as we use a [[CXS]] syllabic consonant  transcription as a parameter name! {{-)}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tigase Island</title>
    <id>3081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15567</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T14:09:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tigase Island''' (Mirselec ''Tigasesurna'') is the largest of the [[Tigase Islands]], which forms part of the [[Southern Islands Department]] of [[Risevne]]. It is the main island of Tigase Island Division, and the population of the island presently stands at 56,255, of which around 70% are ethnic [[Tigasani]]. 

==Geography==

Tigase lies to the south of the island group. A long and narrow island, it is about 62 km from north to south at its longest, and occupies an area of 986 square kilometres.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society==

[[category:Islands of Risevne]]
[[category:Islands of the Elaspegian Ocean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Templatehelp</title>
    <id>3082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15596</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T17:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{:Help:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Usage ==

If you put

  &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{Templatehelp}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

at the end of your template text the text of a like-named page in the &lt;code&gt;Help:&lt;/code&gt; namespace.

For example the page &lt;code&gt;[[Help:Template:Voweltable]]&lt;/code&gt; will be included when you ''view'' the page &lt;code&gt;[[Template:Voweltable]]&lt;/code&gt; but not when you actually ''use''
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Voweltable|&lt;/nowiki&gt;''parameters''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

in the body of another page.

If the help page has not yet been created there will appear a link to it instead of its not-yet-existing content, just as with not-yet-created templates.

=== Why? ===

The idea of (no)including a help page in a template page is that users can see usage instructions for a template when viewing the template page, but at the same time they won't get the whole of the usage instructions included when they use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:&lt;/nowiki&gt;''templatename''}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, but only the single line

 &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{Templatehelp}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

which can then easily be removed.

The idea behind &lt;code&gt;[[Template:Templatehelp]]&lt;/code&gt; itself
is of course to avoid inconsitency in the naming of templates and their related help pages.

=== A snag ===

I wish you shouldn't have to put &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Templatehelp}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; inside &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;...&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags, but there seems to be no way to avoid that. As things are those tags are of course very important!


Make sure to put

 &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{Templatehelpnote}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

at the top of your help page! (Cf. &lt;code&gt;[[Template:Templatehelpnote]]&lt;/code&gt;)

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abemar Island</title>
    <id>3083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15578</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T15:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Abemar Island''' (Mirselec ''Abemarsurna'') is an island in the [[Eastern Islands Department]] of [[Risevne]], situated about 660 kilometres from the eastern coast of [[Agalmare]]. Once a remote island with a population of 760, it is now in the centre of Risevan oil extraction operations in the eastern sea and has a population of nearly 22,000.

==Geography==

===Environment===

==History==

The island has been inhabited for an estimated 4,000 years by people from [[Noma]]; it was first discovered by the Risevani explorer and naval commander [[Arin Namusar]] in 1544, who saw little economic potential for the island; nonetheless he proceeded to claim it, and the claim was confirmed the following year by the Crown.

==Economy and Demography==

Over the late 1970s extensive infrastructural development has taken place in the area in order to provide for the activities of the oil workers, many of which reside there, and as a result the island's economy now centres around the oil workers, who live in two main towns, as well as the large docks and oil refinery complex located near the town of [[Besudi (Abemarsurna)|Besudi]].

==Culture==

[[category:Islands of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Besudi (disambiguation)</title>
    <id>3084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15583</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T15:15:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are several towns with the name of Besudi in [[Risevne]]:

*[[Besudi (Abemarsurna)]], an oil production centre

[[category:Disambiguation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Voweltable</title>
    <id>3085</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15598</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T17:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Voweltable]] moved to [[Help:Template:Voweltable]]: This naming is clearer.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Template:Voweltable]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Templatehelpnote</title>
    <id>3086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15619</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-15T20:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;messagebox&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CCFFCC;&quot;
|-
| &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;The following is '''not''' part of [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]! &lt;br&gt;
(See [[Template:Templatehelp]] for the how and why!)&lt;br&gt;
If you [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Substitution substitute] the contents of [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] &lt;br&gt;
in a page you edit make sure to remove the &lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;{{Templatehelp}}&amp;lt;/noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;br&gt;
below the included/substituted template text! &lt;/div&gt; 
|}
__NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;editsection plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;float:right;margin-left:5px;&quot;&gt;
[ [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Help:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&amp;action=edit Edit Help:{{FULLPAGENAME}}] ]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;
= [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] usage =
&lt;noinclude&gt;
Put &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;includeonly&amp;gt;{{Template:Templatehelpnote}}&amp;lt;/includeonly&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; at the top of help pages describing template usage.
(See [[Template:Templatehelp]] for the how and why and e.g. [[Help:Template:Voweltable]] and [[Template:Voweltable]] &amp;mdash; The second includes the first &amp;mdash; for an example of actual use!)&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Code</title>
    <id>3087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49213</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T07:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo revision 49212 by [[Special:Contributions/Melroch|Melroch]] ([[User talk:Melroch|Talk]])</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;code&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/code&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aryan</title>
    <id>3088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40766</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-13T17:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>International Council of Governments</title>
    <id>3089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48647</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-28T04:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Structure */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''International Council of Governments''' is a supernational organization, formed in 764, primarily dominated by the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]], and consisting mostly of the Empire and its allies.  It is one of the three successor organizations to the extinct [[Global Federation of States]], the other organizations being the [[League of Democratic Nations]] and the small [[Union of Neutral States]].

== Membership ==
Membership in the ICG is (theoretically) open to any sovereign state that meets certain requirements.  First, the nation must be &quot;fully civilized&quot; (which is not clearly defined in the ICG Charter).  It must have democratic representation in its government, and follow the Rule of Law.  The nation must &quot;respect the sovereignty of other nations&quot;, and renounce conquest and aggressive war.  In practice, those two requirements are easily ignored.

== Structure ==
The ICG consists of several bodies.  There is an Executive Council which is made up of representatives from the heads of state of the largest nations (changes in the composition require unanimous consent of the current members).  Then there is a General Council of Governments, which consists of representatives chosen by the governments of all of the member-states.  Finally, there are a number of bureaucratic bodies, including the powerful [[Council for the Interpretation of Treaties]], often referred to as simply the Treaty Council.

== Powers ==
Although the General Council and Executive Council have a number of important powers, increasingly, the most important power of the ICG is the Treaty Council.  The Treaty Council is responsible for arbitrating disputes over the interpretation of international treaties, and for mediating treaty negotiations.  Most of the &quot;laws&quot; of the ICG consist of multilateral treaties.  In theory, any nation can exempt itself from a treaty, but in practice, most treaties that have been ratified by a significant proportion of member-states spread to the remaining holdouts (and even if they don't ratify it, a general principle has arisen that a widely-ratified treaty can be extended to *all* members of the ICG)

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Global Federation of States</title>
    <id>3090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48645</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-28T04:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Structure */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Global Federation of States''' was an attempt at establishing an international government.  It was similar to Earth's [[Wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]].  It was formed in the year 705 after the [[War of Kalpanian Reunification]].  Membership was open to all sovereign nations.  The Federation was weak, depending on member-states to enforce its resolutions.

== Structure ==
The Federation consisted of a Grand Council of States, in which every member-state had one vote.  The Council elected a President of the Federation.

== End ==
Although the Federation had some minor successes, by the mid-8th century it had become increasingly irrelevant.  Its utter failure to prevent the [[Global War]] sealed its fate.  Following the peace treaties ending that war, debates on reformation began.  The various nations quickly settled into two camps, largely the same as the two sides in the War.  In 763, the [[League of Democratic Nations]] was established, and the following year, the [[International Council of Governments]] was formed, both claiming to be the legitimate successor of the GFS.  A few nations remained in the GFS, vainly hoping to reunite the two sides in a reformed GFS.  Several reforms were proposed, but none gained the interest of the rival supranational organization.  In 773, the remnants of the GFS voted to dissolve itself, and formed a new [[Union of Neutral States]].

[[Category:Galhafan History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fifth Kasshi Empire</title>
    <id>3091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53202</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T03:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Kasshi Empire'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Capital''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Ivets]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''[[Kasshi Empress|Emperor]]''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Lindar Taranakh]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''[[First Adviser]]''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Languages''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Official ||{{inforight}}|[[Ivetsian]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Others ||{{inforight}}|Various
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Established''' ||{{inforight}}|721 [[Galhafan Chronology|OE]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Currency''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Imperial Chan|Chan]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Supranational Organizations''' ||{{inforight}}|[[International Council of Governments]]
|}

The '''Fifth Kasshi Empire''' was founded as a restoration of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]] by [[Dzesa]], who reunited the various Kasshi states and led the Empire to Great Power status during the [[Global War]].

The Fifth Kasshi Empire is the leading power in the [[International Council of Governments]].

== Organization ==
The Empire is divided into several ''member-states'', which possess a modest degree of independence and, in some cases, hereditary rulers, and ''provinces'', which are ruled directly by the Imperial Government.  Most of the member-states are, in turn, divided into provinces.  The provinces are divided into districts and cities.  Each district is subdivided further into ''zones'', each one consisting of a town or major village and surrounding countryside.  The cities are divided in various ways depending on their size.

There are several city-states with member-state status, most notably [[Ivets]] and, formerly, [[Shivrashan]].

== Government ==
The Fifth Kasshi Empire is led by the [[Kasshi Empress|Emperor]], who is advised by the [[Imperial Family Council]], the [[Council of Elected Advisors]], and the tricameral [[Kasshi Parliament|Parliament]].

== List of Imperial Rulers ==
The Fifth Empire has had four Empresses and Emperors so far
#[[Chara Taranakh]] (r. 721 - 798)
#[[Chara Charakh]] (r. 798 - 838)
#[[Dzesa Charakh]] (r. 838 - 845)
#[[Lindar Taranakh]] (r. 845 - )

== List of First Advisers to the Empress ==
#[[Dzesa]] (r. 721 - 760)
#???
#[[Dzesa]] (second term; r. 781 - 795)

[[Category:Kasshi]]
[[Category:Kasshi History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rushalya Elegies</title>
    <id>3092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16651</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T14:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Rushalya Elegies''', known in Mirselec as the ''Rushalya ta Nesarni'' (the [[Saserdo ta Aunafurasa|Nesarni]] being a form of grand dirge and lament for royal figures in ancient Mirselec literature), is a series of 5 novels by the famous [[Risevan]] writer [[Erai Raldergye]]; they are, in order of publication date:

*[[Kagorbe tari ta Rushalya]] (Rushalya from the Mountains), 1910

*Nortebusunmi ta Gager (Walks in the Valley Bottom), 1915

*Hinoru ta Dongan (Grandfather's Clock), 1917

*Haiste ta Kirban (The Dawn Watch), 1921

*Wantanor gari ta Rushalya (Rushalya to the Sea), 1924

To simplify, the Elegies tell the story of two families, the aristocratic Anesker house and the newly wealthy industrialist family of the Masera, over four generations and around 85 years from 1820 to 1905, the period of time defined by several crucial events in modern Risevan history like the [[1827 Restoration]] and [[Second Constitution]], the [[Ibakisaro]], as well as the [[First Global War]] of 1883-1887. 

The Rushalya Elegies cycle of novels continued the 19th century trend in [[Mirselec literature]] of the &quot;Great Novel&quot;, being vast in both scope and depth; long discussions of philosophy and social issues, as well as extensive quoting and composition of poetry in both ancient and modern form, are woven into the text, and the social norms and ceremonies of 19th century Risevan royalty are painstakingly reproduced. A detailed count has concluded that nearly 520 named characters populate the series, which contains nearly 2.2 million words in Mirselec. 

[[category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibakizaro</title>
    <id>3093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15643</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-16T13:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Ibakizaro''', meaning &quot;advancement&quot; in Mirselec, is often used by [[Risevan]] historians to denote a period between the 1830s to the 1870s during which Risevne underwent massive social and cultural change as it opened up to the modern world and began a campaign of industrialisation and national strengthening. Other terms for the period include ''Larmi Nisor ta Kortagan'' (literally &quot;The reign of the three kings Nisor&quot;), since the period is covered by the reign of [[King Nisor III]] (1827 - 1844), [[King Nisor IV]] (1844 - 1866), and [[King Nisor V]] (1866 - 1892]].

==Background==

==The Advancement Movement==

==The New Laws==

==Industrialisation and Diplomacy==

==The First Global War==

==Impacts and Effects==

The impacts of the Ibakizaro on Risevan society are both immense in depth and very widespread. Rapid industrialisation turned the country into an industrial power on par with some of the most powerful nations in the world at the time, but also put immense strain on society and its structures. 

[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cities of Risevne</title>
    <id>3094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16144</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This list includes the cities and major towns in the nation of [[Risevne]].

[[category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bresnga</title>
    <id>3095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17121</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T04:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subdivisions */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bresnga''' is the third largest city in [[Risevne]], and one of its three [[Subdivisions of Risevne|designated cities]]; situated to the north of the capital [[Isana]], from which it is separated by the [[Rushalya river]] and the [[Bresana National Park]], it occupies one apex of the highly urbanised area stretching across [[Feladmena Province]] and widely known as [[Ibretal]]. It has an urban-area population of 6,693,310.

==Name==

==Geography and Climate==

===Subdivisions===

''See [[Areas and Districts of Bresnga]]''

Like the other designated cities, Bresnga is divided into Areas, or remis, and Districts, or dego.

===City Planning===

==History==

==Economy==

Bresnga, created at least partly from the movement of industrial development out of Isana and northwards, has several main focuses in its economy, including precision engineering, research and development, as well as manufacturing industries and perhaps most importantly the massive [[Port of Bresnga]].

==Government==

==Transport==

==Education==

==Culture and Society==

==Famous Areas and Buildings==

==Notes==

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]
[[category:Cities of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ostema Province</title>
    <id>3096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16297</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:51:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ostema Province''' (Mirselec ''Ostema denai''), also known as Province 1, is the southernmost [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]]. It is located on [[Masalne]], at the southern tip of the [[Raretoya Peninsula]]. The capital of the province is the ancient city of [[Nesnoma]].

A famous historic region of the country, the province was home to the powerful [[Kingdom of Rarena]], which extended up the entire peninsula and lasted nearly 600 years before its personal union with the [[Kingdom of Masal]] in 1249. Despite the union, however, the area is known for its being a rather independent region of the old kingdom, and even now there is a clear cultural and dialectal divide between provinces like Ostema and provinces farther north in the [[Feladmena Plain]]. 

==Geography==

Ostema province occupies the tip of a peninsula, and therefore faces the sea on three sides; to its west a hilly &quot;neck&quot; connects it with the provinces of Eonis and Inezama. It is mostly relatively flat, with the notable exception of the western hills and the high cliffs to the far east; [[Gelargulma]], a series of wind-eroded cliffs and a famous tourist spot, is commonly taken as the southeastern end of Masalne. At the same time, natural harbours on both the north and south of the island have given rise to some of the most important commercial cities in ancient Risevne, which even in modern days are prosperous ports.

The Ostema Province, situated at the end of the Raretoya Peninsula, has a long coastline which, coupled with its relatively narrow link with the rest of Masalne, makes it a highly strategic position on the island; while easy to invest from the sea, it was very hard to attack from land. This distinctive geography has manifested itself in the similarly distinct culture of the province, a culture that has in turn influenced areas farther west and north.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

The province is divided into four prefectures, or Kine, and 11 counties, or Wasa. 

*[[Hinerare Prefecture]]:
**[[Nitada County]]
**[[Biside County]]
**[[Lyoza County]]

*[[Erisaromac Prefecture]]:
**[[Erisaromac City]]
**[[Nesnoma City]]
**[[Nimegouna County]]
**[[Hekidunen County]]

*[[Asomyure Prefecture]]:
**[[Inokau County]]
**[[Diredini County]]

*[[Ligul Prefecture]]:
**[[Hanose City]]
**[[Sherostona County]]

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Nesnoma]], the provincial capital

*[[Erisaromac]], the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Rarena and now a major port

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ledorin Kinides</title>
    <id>3097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15655</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-16T15:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ledorin Kinides, Borsan ta Temoni''' (12 October, 1741 - 9 Nov, 1823) was a [[Risevan]] writer, widely viewed by Risevani as one of the most influential Mirselec prose writers. Working exclusively in prose unlike many of his contemporaries, most of whom also wrote poetry, he instead devoted himself to the creation of works he later called ''Mato te Sansarme'', or &quot;Great Stories&quot; - prose works, making use of mostly vernacular and even colloquial Mirselec, which captured the society of the day while containing extensive philosophical and moral musings.

==Major Works==

*[[Sanaiza]] (Sanaiza), 1783

*[[Hotoriya ta Maya]] (The women of Hotoriya), 1790

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eonis Province</title>
    <id>3098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15755</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-19T06:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Eonis Province''' (Mirselec ''Eonis denai'') is one of the [[subdivisions of Risevne|provinces]] of [[Risevne]], designated as Province 2 under the numbering system. It is situated on the west of the [[Raretoya Peninsula]], bordering [[Ostema Province]] on its south, [[Inezama Province]] on its southwest, and [[Feladmena Province]] on its west. Its capital is the city of [[Tanersain]].

An important and prosperous province since centuries past by virtue of its deep natural harbours and well-known ports, Eonis Province in modern days remains an important area for trading, as well as an area steeped in history and culture. During the time of the [[Committee of Guardians]], the port of Tanersain was one of the few which remained open to foreigners, and the city remains one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Risevne, though its old districts remain those of a typical Risevan city.

==Geography==

==History==

During the warring ages of the first millenia DN, Eonis Province was to change hands many times. First occupied by several city states, it was eventually mostly conquered by the [[Kingdom of Rarena]], based in Ostema province to the south; the Rarenani gave the area the name ''Sorisai denai'', meaning &quot;pleasant province&quot;, an appellation that is still often used within the province.

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Four Famous Castles of Risevne</title>
    <id>3099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15697</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T06:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Four Famous Castles of Risevne''' (Mirselec ''Risevne se kerte Hinainoye'') refer to four major castles in Risevne; the first, and most often referenced list, includes:

*[[Garnoye]] in [[Isana]]

*[[Shezinas|Shezinasnoye]] in [[Hyomeniga Province]]

*[[Mozavalnoye]] in [[Inezama Province]]

*[[Orosantenoye]] in [[Hisani Province]].

This initial list is popularly said to have first appeared in a poem by the great writer [[Hirdan Gersenga]]; however there have been references to these fortresses as a group since several decades before Gersenga. Since the list contains mainly fortresses in the south of Risevne, some other new lists of castles, for example the [[Six Famous Castles of North Masalne]], were made in more recent years.

[[category:Risevan culture]]
[[category:Risevne]]
[[category:Castles of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mozavalnoye</title>
    <id>3100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15699</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T06:29:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mozavalnoye''', literally Mozaval Fortress in [[Mirselec]], is a fortress near the city of [[Mozaval]] in [[Inezama Province]]. It is one of the [[Four Famous Castles of Risevne]], and of the four it is the one most fought over in the history of the kingdom.

Situated as it is on the frontline of the three-century conflict between the kingdoms of [[Masal]] and [[Rarena]], just around 31 kilometres south of the border, it was besieged five times without ever being taken between 1072 and 1203 DN. for this the castle was known in the southern provinces, as it still is today, as ''Naino su Izakarte Noye'', or the &quot;First City in the World&quot; (First here denoting it as the strongest). 

==History==

===Origins and First Construction===

===Prince Betire's Fort===

===The Sieges===

===Union and Post-Union===

===The Era of the Guardians===

===Restoration and the 1829 Siege===

===War Years===

==Geography and Design==

==Present Situation==

==Cultural Impact==

The Mozavalnoye is often said to be the spiritual symbol of the southern provinces, which even today are culturally distinct from the more populated areas in the north; for its historical role during the time of the Committee of the Guardians, also, it has gained a lasting place in the Risevan psyche. 

A famous Mirselec saying, &quot;To Stand like the East Wall&quot; (meaning to hold out against overwhelming odds), refers to this fort. During the [[Fourth Siege of Mozavalnoye]] in 1186-1188, the Masal general [[Barin ke Bisore]] successfully undermined the east wall of the fortress in three places during the winter of 1187, and positioned 20,000 of his troops ready to strike there; the defenders of the castle, however, quickly rallied, and their general [[Nemus ke Duvansiye]] refused a surrender offer saying that &quot;If the stones should fall, then my flesh will make the wall&quot;. The 7,500 defenders mounted a desperate defence against the attacking Masalan forces that lasted 19 days until, deterred by a blizzard, Barin ke Bisore withdrew his troops, allowing precious time for the damage to be repaired. This statement was in turn used extensively during the [[Third Global War|Third]] and [[Fourth Global War]]s to reflect the determination of the Risevani to defend their nation.

[[category:Castles of Risevne]]
[[category:Inezama Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orosantenoye</title>
    <id>3101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16136</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Orosantenoye''', literally meaning &quot;High-placed Fortress&quot; in Mirselec, is a fortress in [[Risevne]], situated in [[Hisani Province]] on the island of [[Agalmare]]. It is one of the [[Four Famous Castles of Risevne]], and owing to the highly different cultural and political situation of the region from the kingdoms of [[Masalne]] it is easily one of the most distinctive. 

Besides its own construction the fortress is also famous for the large groves of [[Soriseta]] trees which grow to its west and north, covering the cliffs on which the fortress is set; during mid summer the blooming of the flowers, and the subsequent shedding which leaves the cliffs a deep violet through early autumn, gives it the moniker of ''Brelkasurenoye'', or &quot;Violet Hill Fortress&quot;.

[[category:Castles of Risevne]]
[[category:Hisani Province]]
[[category:Famous Castles]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adterge river</title>
    <id>3102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15701</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T06:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Adterge river''' (Mirselec ''Adterge ainos'') is a river in [[Besurgana Province]], most famous for the [[Mantebara Waterfalls]] along its course near the town of [[Manteibase]]. 

==Geography==

==History==

==Economic Importance==

==Cultural Significance==

The Mantebara Waterfalls have given this river great fame in Risevne, as does its highly seasonal flow; during the drier months of late winter it can try to a trickle, only to become a roaring flow in June and July as the rains come in from the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]]. The river is therefore frequently visited by photographers and artists all year round; in recent years, as tourism and growth turns Manteibase into a bustling settlement, the artists have in turn moved out to other smaller villages for greater seclusion.

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevan Outer Islands</title>
    <id>3103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15704</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T07:06:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Risevan Outer Islands''' (Mirselec ''Koisatesurna'', literally just &quot;Outer Islands&quot;) is an umbrella term used to describe all islands under the rule of [[Risevne]], which are not part of the [[Risevan Home Islands]]. It denotes all islands under the three Outer Island [[Subdivisions of Risevne|Departments]], as well as certain other territories which are considered under the ownership of the Risevan Crown, but are not within any territorial division of the government (for example, the island of [[Parandasurna]]).

[[category:Subdivisions of Risevne]]
[[category:Islands of Risevne]]
[[category:Islands of the Elaspegian Ocean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirselec Literature</title>
    <id>3104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15707</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T08:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">

==Poetry==

Mirselec has had a poetic tradition of nearly two and a half millennia, with a wide range of poetic forms ranging from folk songs through religious, social and personal odes to epic works like the [[Suten ta Tengas]], attributed to [[Sirinde ke Gars]] and split into twelve books.

===Ancient and Classical Works===

The bulk of surviving poetry from ancient and classical times in the Mirselec language can be traced to several compilations, or ''furasa'', often works undertaken by court officials commissioned by the royal court of respective kingdoms. Some such compilations included the [[Harnur ta Furasa]], which is estimated to have been compiled around 430 DN by commission of the King of [[Kingdom of Durosmao|Durosmao]] and is the oldest intact poetic compilation in Mirselec. Many of these works were in turn incorporated into the [[Sayenfurasa]], a grand compilation of poems commissioned by the king of [[Kingdom of Masal|Masal]].

==Prose==

==Drama==

[[category:Risevan culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ngaba Province</title>
    <id>3105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15710</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T08:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ngaba Province''' (Mirselec ''Ngaba denai''), also known as Province 5, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated to the northwest of [[Feladmena Province]]. Its capital is the city of [[Koronai]].

==Geography==

Ngaba Province occupies a highly strategic position where the spur of mountains stretching westwards across the [[Feladmena Plain]] nearly meets the coast; since ancient history the area has been a primary point of contention for many regimes seeking to dominate the entire plain by holding this valuable chokepoint. 

Many towns along the north-south routes grew rich during times of peace and trade between the northern kingdoms and the south; with this wealth these towns tended to fortify themselves, so as to prepare against attacks from either quarter, and as a result many of the cities even now retain their city walls and gatehouses.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Koronai]]

*[[Heinaskure]]

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inezama Province</title>
    <id>3106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16982</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T11:12:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Towns and Cities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Inezama Province''' (Mirselec ''Inezama denai''), also known as Province 3, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of Risevne, situated in the south of [[Masalne]] along the northern coast of the [[Raretoya Peninsula]]. It borders [[Ostema Province]] on its east, [[Eonis Province]] on its south, and [[Feladmena Province]] on its north and northwest. Its capital is the city of [[Hesurimon]].

Well-watered, with a mild climate, Inezama was historically known as a pleasant spot for vacations and relaxation, and a centre of culture and the arts; it acquired the poetic title of ''Nultenizodenai'', or &quot;Many-Gardened Province&quot;, during those days. Nowadays many cities within the province retain their ancient, literary air, and the province retains its reputation as a centre of traditional culture, though recently high tech research industries, attracted by the proximity to [[Taluste]], are also making a considerable economic and social impact.

==Geography==

==History==

During the early centuries DN, Inezama Province once formed the base for an ancient state which was then conquered, in 455 DN, by the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Rarena]] based in nearby Ostema province. According to the [[Rarena ta Keinoser]], or Chronicles of Rarena, the lord of the local state surrendered his estate untouched, and without fighting, going so far as to constrain two thousand troops of his within the city to prevent them from going out to fight; when the king asked him why, he said he had wished to protect the people from war. Admiringly the King decided simply to exert nominal power over the province, retaining the lord at his post; more importantly he declared that that land was under Rarenan protection, but not subject to the direct law of the King of Rarena. It was this law that would later allow many poets and writers, convicted for trumped up charges or fleeing from persecution, to seek refuge in the area.

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Hesurimon]]

*[[Zataeba]]

*[[Kandisel, Inezama Province|Kandisel]]

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Semanos</title>
    <id>3107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19480</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-21T14:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Semanos''' ({{IPA|['semanɔs]}}; lit. &quot;greenness&quot; in [[Classical Arithide]]) is the name of an environmentalist pressure group that originated in [[Dethria]] but which is now operational and active in most areas on the globe. The organisation is best known for successfully pushing for tighter restrictions and regulations on the pristine [[Lake Everodes]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Dethria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Oceans, Seas &amp; Lakes of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15718</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T15:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links all the articles relating to the oceans, seas and lakes of the planet [[Ilethes]] on the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Arithia</title>
    <id>3109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16523</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T04:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taphae-Nes river system</title>
    <id>3110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15722</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T16:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Taphae-Nes river system''' is the entire river system, including tributaries, bounded within the watershed of the rivers [[Theph river|Theph]] and [[Nes river|Nes]]. The name comes from the [[Arithide language|Arithide]]. The Taphae-Nes originates in the [[Alerryagi]] separately as the Theph and the Nes, its drainage basin covering much of the northern and western [[Eastern Seaboard]] of [[Arophania]], the two rivers merging only mere kilometres away from the rivermouth, at the [[Calagian Pass]] in the [[Ordaryagi]]. The sheer size, length and volume of this river system makes it one of the [[Great Rivers of Arithia]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taphae-Nes river</title>
    <id>3111</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>15723</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T16:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Taphae-Nes river system]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15724</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T16:03:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links all the articles relating to the oceans, seas and lakes of the planet [[Ilethes]] on the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vushtism</title>
    <id>3113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16495</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vushtism is a religion and set of philosophies that is followed by the majority of western and central Aghantians. 

==Origins==
Vushtism was founded by the prophet [[Meryem Helyeni]] in the early [[Artakhshandan Empire]] in [[Parthava]]. The life of the prophet have not been documented at all, and the few things we know about her have been passed down through verbal tradition.

It is claimed by Vushtis that Meryem recieved an arrow wound in a battle between the Padhavana clan and the Terthinatos clan on the steppe at the age of 14. When she was later taken to a hospital, she fell into a trance. On awakening, her friends noticed that her entire personality had changed - she had become much more peaceful, honest, and calm.

Vushtin recorded her philosophies in a book called the [[Madayahura]]. The first copy of this book was carved into the side of [[Takh-e-Kasran]], in modern day [[Parthava city]]. This is the master copy with which all other copies are compared with, and is preserved now by the Parizhian government. 

===Further philosophers of Vushtism===
Pure Vushtism is that which was laid down by Meryem herself. A majority of Vushtis identify themselves as pure Vushtis. However, between the 1st and 19th Centuries AI, several other philosophers added to the philosophies laid down by Meryem.

There were 3 main ones:

==Philosophies of Vushtism==
Vushtism is interesting and different from other religions in that it contains absolutely no mention or philosophies about god, prophecies, or any forms of mythology or stories. The Madayahura is simply a book of philosophy and instructions.

Among these are the ''Mehre fiil'' or, the Important Principles. These are:
* Speaking good words, thinking good thoughts, and doing good deeds.
* Equality of gender, race, religion, and age.
* Protection for the environment
* Kindness to animals and other people
* Encouragement for keeping the body clean
* Encouragement for science and learning
* Open-mindedness and tolerance
* Pacifism and calmness (in state of mind as well as physically)

Key to Vushtism (and probably its unique concept) is its system of prayer. Here, prayer does not necessarily involve worshipping a deity - other forms, such as meditation and calming, are generally considered much more important than connecting with deities.

To acquire a trance, one must keep their mind focused on nothing. They should have nothing in their thoughts. At first, it helps to listen to one's own breathing or concentrate on peaceful sounds. Several Vushtis engage in throat-singing chants whilst doing this, as the vibrations in the back of the throat create a calming sensation.

It is partly because of this that Vushtism is compatible with many other religions.

[[Category:Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarnawa</title>
    <id>3114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15742</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-17T21:11:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarnawa</username>
        <id>196</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">tarnawa</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Denurean Sea</title>
    <id>3115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19522</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-22T06:05:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Denurean Sea''' is a sea lying between the [[Old World (Ilethes)|Old World]] continents of [[Marcasia]], [[Arophania]] and [[Istheusia]]. To its north lies the [[Pelas Sea]] and to its south the [[Auzirean Sea]]. It leads into the [[Issol A'i]] on its west, which links it with the [[Chisthian Sea]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zesou Crisis</title>
    <id>3116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52086</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-01T01:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Blockade of the Issol A'i */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Zesou Crisis of 1935''' was a key flashpoint in the hostile relations between the [[Pisex Alliance]], dominated by [[Arithia]], and the [[Cordial Alliance]].

==Background==

==Catalyst==

==Declaration of War on Zesou==

==Arithian intervention==

Three days after the [[Cordial Alliance]] officially declared war on [[Zesou]], Arithia, in fulfilment of its obligations under the [[Pisex Treaty]], announced the beginning of a series of retaliatory actions, but stopped short of declaring war. The Arithian parliament passed a motion to impose a trade embargo on the members of the Cordial Alliance, and in the subsequent weeks rallied a considerable number of other countries to join in the effort. At the same time, while, by law, the army could not be fully mobilised without an express declaration of war and the consent of parliament, the Arithian army sent part of its rotational always-on forces to the Zesovian capital, [[Andirs]], as an overt warning to potential belligerents.

===Blockade of the Issol A'i===

The most major of the actions was the closure of the [[Issol A'i]] to ships, military or otherwise, belonging to, registered in or flying the flags of the states party to the Alliance, beginning on [[Athebian calendar|Dynisis]] 9. This blockade lasted for almost 11 months, during which the Arithian navy sank 29 merchant ships, as well as 5 military vessels of the Alliance in three separate naval battles, although the politicians of neither side made any move to formalise or suppress hostilities throughout the entirety of the blockade. 

The first of these battles took place in [[Athebian calendar|Helakis]] 16, more than a month after the beginning of the blockade. The battle, known by some as the '''First Battle of the Strait''', stemmed from the sinking by the Arithian navy over the previous month of various Alliance civilian vessels that had attempted to pass the Strait from the [[Denurean Sea]] using forged [[Ecyria]]n passports and documents, and that had further attempted to force their way past the Coast Guard when their trick was exposed. A total of 8 cargo ships had been sunk, and a passenger cruiser (the ''[[Okurant]]'') detained, which caused much consternation in Alliance political circles, and the ''Okurant'' became the subject of much media debate for more than a week, before she was eventually released, &quot;out of goodwill&quot; (Arithian Prime Minister [[Jedes Mithakoris]]), on condition that she turn back to [[Sarbassy]] through the Denurean. The passengers had previously been deported to Sarbassy under military detention. On the day of the battle, a Sarbassian destroyer, flanked by two cruisers, tried to pass off as friendly [[Ritavia]]n vessels on the way to [[Zesou]], and, upon being discovered, promptly fired two torpedoes at passing cargo vessels, sinking one genuinely Ritavian ship and severely damaging the other, Arithian one. The ensuing gun battle killed 36 sailors on both sides, damaging an Arithian frigate and prompting the navy to deploy a submarine to the effort, which ultimately sank the offending destroyer through, according to official sources, a misaimed torpedo which missed the main body of the destroyer but ripped the hull lengthwise before exploding. Eyewitness accounts confirm that the two flanking cruisers fled from the scene after the destroyer was sunk.

The '''Second Battle of the Strait''' took place again on the [[Denurean Sea]], this time involving a spyboat from the [[Aphyschelles]], which was discovered 61km off the east [[Calagia]]n coast at [[Time on Ilethes|35:30]] (approx. 2:10pm Earth-equivalent) on [[Athebian calendar|Nēbes]] 4, and ordered to halt. Arithian military reports filed indicate that the spyboat had refused to stop and surrender when ordered to, but instead turned to flee, and sporadically fired at the pursuing Arithian Coast Guard, which retaliated and sunk the intruding boat. Arithia broke off diplomatic relations with the Aphyschelles, and the other members of the [[Pisex Alliance]] followed suit within days. Arithian Foreign Minister [[Katrosta Ipsīes]] warned at the press conference announcing the recall of the Arithian envoy to [[Carges]] that any subsequent &quot;hostile action&quot; would trigger &quot;massive retaliation&quot;.

The ''Third Battle of the Strait'' --

The blockade, like the rest of the punitive motions, was lifted with the conclusion of the [[Meroclean Treaty]] on [[Athebian calendar|Meroklis]] 23, and modern historians estimate the cost to the Alliance members to have been between 4 and 7% of GDP.

==Cessation of hostilities &amp; the Meroclean Treaty==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Kasshi Empire</title>
    <id>3117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16637</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:59:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The so-called '''First Kasshi Empire''' was an early bronze-age group of city-states, mostly of the [[Kasshi]] ethnicity, though including some non-Kasshi tributaries.  The name is a modern invention, part of [[Dzesa]]'s historiography, and is often referred to as simply the Pre-[[Sanle]] Kasshi Civilization by many historians in the [[League of Democratic Nations]].

This &quot;Empire&quot; was very loosely organized, consisting primarily of a core group of rival city-states and various peripheral tributaries.  Some elements of Sanle culture had already entered Kasshi civilization, via the [[Oppai]], including the [[Kasshi syllabry]], derived from the [[Oppai syllabry]], itself a derivative of the [[Sanle logographs]].

This period was followed by the [[Sanle Domination]].

[[Category:Kasshi History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanle Domination</title>
    <id>3118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16624</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Sanle Domination''' is a term given by [[Dzesa]] to the period in time after the fall of the [[First Kasshi Empire]], when the Kasshi city-states were tributaries to the [[Sanle Empire]].  During this period, Kasshi culture underwent considerable change, adopting elements of Sanle civilization, including the [[Sanle logographs]] and the matriarchy.  This period was followed by the [[Era of Invasions]].

[[Category:Kasshi History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Era of Invasions</title>
    <id>3119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16096</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Era of Invasions''' is a term given to an era of [[Kasshi history]] between the [[Sanle Domination]] and the [[Anarchic Era]].  The term refers to the fighting between the [[Sanle Empire]] and the [[Karel Union]] over an area of land which included [[Kassa]].  Kassa traded hands several times.

[[Category:Kasshi History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kassa</title>
    <id>3120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16320</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kassa''' is an island off the west coast of [[Odirá]], which provided, in ancient times, a link between the Northern and Southern halves of Odirá.  It is the original homeland of the [[Kasshi]] people, and the source of their name.

[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]
[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anarchic Era</title>
    <id>3121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40098</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T03:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Anarchic Era''' is a period of [[Kasshi history]] between the [[Era of Invasions]] and [[Chinrasta's Theocracy]].

It was part of an era of general disintegration of empires worldwide, caused by the [[Great Freeze]], one of several minor ice ages in recorded [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]an history.  The Great Freeze was the most dramatic ice age in ''recorded'' history.  It resulted in drastic declines in agricultural yields, and the near-total collapse of east-west trade in [[Odirá]], due to the freezing over of the [[Shivrashan Pass]] in the [[Fantasta Mountains]].

In terms of Kasshi history, it was characterized by the withdrawal of both the [[Sanle Empire]] and the [[Karel Union]] from [[Kassa]] and surrounding areas.  Internecine fighting, surpressed by both the Sanle and the Karel, reappeared, and cities rose and fell in prominence.

Eventually, [[Chinrasta]] would unite the Kasshi cities, and, taking advantage of the power vacuum in the region, establish her Theocracy, which would later give way to the [[Second Kasshi Empire]].

[[Category:Kasshi History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Freeze</title>
    <id>3122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16588</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T08:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Great Freeze''' was a period of severe global cooling in [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]an history.  It caused widespread famines around the world, and forced the depopulation of areas near the polar regions.

The famines caused by the Freeze lead to the decline, and in some cases, outright collapse, of civilizations around the world, including the [[Blafu Empire]] and the [[Old Kalpanian Kingdom]].

Ocean levels fell considerably, cutting off a number of sea-ports from the ocean, and causing a migration to newly-revealed lands, lands which were later inundated by the [[Great Thaw]].

At its peak, the island of [[Kassa]] was connected to the mainland.

[[Category:Galhafan History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Feladmena Province</title>
    <id>3123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16436</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T03:39:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Famous Locations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Feladmena Province''' (Mirselec ''Feladmena denai''), also known as Province 4, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], occupying most of the [[Feladmena Plain]] south of the [[Ismade river]] and east of the [[Rushalya river]]. It borders [[Eonis Province]] to its east, [[Inezama Province]] to its south and southwest, [[Isana]], [[Bresnga]] and [[Ngaba Province]] to its west, [[Horeston Province]] and [[Enimdanai Province]] to its north, and [[Taluste]] to its northeast. Its capital is the city of [[Bisuniya]], which is also the fifth largest city in the country.

Owing to its central position, Feladmena Province is one of the most economically vibrant and most populated provinces in all Risevne. Crisscrossed by highways and high-speed railways, it is a major transportation node for the whole nation, and especially for the [[Ibretal]] built up area; most of the smaller cities which link up the three great cities of Isana, Bresnga and Taluste lie within Feladmena. 

==Geography==

The topography of Feladmena is mostly flat; indeed the term ''felad'' means &quot;level&quot;, and so ''Feladmena'' literally means &quot;flat plain&quot;. Hilly areas, most of which have been the focus of efforts at reforestation, do exist, mostly in the east and northeast near the city of Taluste; from this region several small rivers feed out into the Rushalya.

The Rushalya river is the dominant waterway in the region, but owing to the flat terrain most of the rivers in the region are navigable. Major rivers include the Ismade and the [[Edanyo river|Edanyo]]. Most of these rivers are also heavily used for irrigation in the past, leaving long canals which these days often serve as tourist attractions, for example the famous [[Erbatakuruya]], or Erba's Canal, which stretches 61 kilometres from the Ismade and feeds several large reservoirs around which towns have grown.

Of all the provinces of Risevne Feladmena is perhaps one of the most deeply changed by human activity, due to its suitability for human settlement; in modern days, though a large part of the land remains under cultivation, the province plays the role of a huge transport conduit for the three largest cities of the country. Several great highways begin here, including the [[Masalne West Coast Highway]], as well as the [[Inland Sea Highway]] and the [[Southern Highway]], and most of the islands's major railways also intersect here.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Bisuniya]]

*[[Golanbe]]

*[[Keduro]]

==Famous Locations==

*[[Erbakuruya]]

*[[Lake Salmesi]], a lake nearly doubled in area by irrigation projects

*[[Omesa Tombs]], a splendid series of tombs of the Kings of Masal and other important nobles

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ismade river</title>
    <id>3124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>15760</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-19T13:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cultural Significance */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Ismade river''' (Mirselec ''Ismade ainos'') is a large river in southern [[Masalne]] that forms the broder between [[Feladmena Province]] and [[Horeston Province]]. A tributary of the [[Rushalya river]] as the later turns to head south along the border of Horeston and [[Ngaba Province]], it is a major river in its own right, with considerable economic and historical importance for Risevne.

==Geography==

==Human History==

==Importance==

===Industry and Transport===

===Agriculture and Fishery===

==Cultural Significance==

This river is sometimes known, due to its position, as the Border River; since ancient times it was the demarcation of provinces, separating the richer and more developed south from the more rural northern [[Feladmena Plain]]. As such, the saying &quot;To cross a bridge of the Ismade&quot; means to make a major change in one's life, analogous to leaving the cities and farming, or giving up one's land to come to the city for a job. 

The position of the Ismade between two economically distinct areas has also made it a symbol of an old cultural and to some extent linguistic divide; while in modern days the economies have become much more similar, the dialectic differences still exist to some extent.

[[category:Rivers of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hesgarigani</title>
    <id>3125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19208</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-13T03:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Origins */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term '''Hesgarigani''' denotes shipborne pirates, raiders, invaders and eventually settlers from what is modern day [[Masalne]], operating between the 1st and 5th centuries DN, who operated mostly on the coastal regions of [[Osonde]], but in many cases also reached far inland via rivers. 

The Hesgarigani were mostly [[Mirsel|Mirselani]] by ethnicity and in origin, though their ranks would eventually swell to include peoples from over ancient [[Kavena]], [[Birasleti]] and [[Ruguzma]] such that the term would become merely a catch-all description for any pirate and raider by the 3rd century. Their travels and impact upon mainland cultures, as well as the devastation caused by the [[DN Event]], precipitated the [[Hesgarigani Era]] in both Risevan and Kavenain history, albeit with dramatically different interpretations.

==Name and Etymology==

The term Hesgarigani is quite unambiguous in [[Mirselec]]; it means &quot;Raider&quot; (Hesgara &quot;raid&quot; + -gani), and was originally used to denote merely the first phase of what is now called the Hesgarigani Era, when the Mirselani visited Osonde mainly for the simple motivation of loot. This term, however, was coined by 19th century historians, based ironically on Kavenain sources about their tormentors in that period, and does not occur as an autonym in any writings that have survived from the Mirselani, which were not yet discovered in the 19th century. 

Rather, the Hesgarigani mostly addressed themselves as simply being a member of a certain clan, tribe and eventually kingdom, as their own social structures evolved partly through direct contact with the advanced civilisations on Osonde. The closest things to a term that applies to the profession of raiding include ''Numarkhain'' (Modern ''Nimargani'', &quot;Navigator&quot; or &quot;Seafarer&quot;) and ''Ganudekhain'' (Modern ''Kanidegani'', roughly meaning &quot;Warrior&quot;). 

In [[Unna Kavena|the Kavenain language]] even in modern days, the term ''Ezkar'', which is based off the Mirselec verb ''Hesgara'', is used to refer to a bandit or a particularly rapacious foe; up to the 20th century, and even after, it was often used as a derogatory term for the Risevani by the Kavenain.

==Origins==

The Hesgarigani, despite their seemingly monolithic image as raiders, warriors and invaders, were in fact a highly heterogenous group; for much of their history internecine warfare was just as common as warfare against other peoples. What can be ascertained is that the technology and techniques for which these people were famed came mostly from the Mirselani who inhabited the western coast of Masalne, and that these people were the driving force behind the first raids.

The technologies used by the Hesgarigani to great effect in this era were not new; rather they had evolved over hundreds of years, hinting at an unusually high level of technological attainment even before the DN Event. Skilled at shipbuilding and navigation, the Hesgarigani made use of compasses, knowledge of which is postulated to have been gained around the early first century BDN; another intriguing fact is that, while the raids were received with great shock, the records from the period do not betray much curiosity about these people, and in some cases even calls them &quot;Once-traders&quot;.

Seen in this light of relatively highly social and technological achievement, the reasons for the spread of the Hesgarigani seem inextricably tied to the DN Event. It is postulated that the fallout from the event had negative impacts on the way of life in Masal, based around small-scale agriculture in the coastal plains regions; as productivity fell due to lack of sunlight and colder climates, the people looked to their former trading partners on mainland Osonde (who had, by this time, developed extensive irrigation technologies, which partially softened the impact of the Event), and trading soon turned to raiding. At the same time the perennial lack of a strong central force amongst the Mirselani would also have precluded a stop to the raiding by any authorities.

==Characteristics==

===Organisation===

==The Hesgarigani Era==

===1st Century DN: Localised raids===

===Late 1st - 2nd Century DN: The Great Raids===

===3rd - 4th Century: Assimilation and Consolidation===

===Decline and Fall===

==Impacts==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karelne ta Hyerisa</title>
    <id>3126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16509</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T15:40:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Karelne ta Hyerisa''', literally meaning &quot;Era of [the] Kingdoms&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is a period in [[Risevne|Risevan history]] commonly cited to have lasted from around the fifth century, when the large kingdoms of [[Masal]] and [[Rarena]] were founded within a decade of each other, up to the 13th century DN when the two kingdoms merged (to be exact, in 1249 DN). While this period takes the two best-known kingdoms in the south as a centre, the era can arguably be said to have lasted all the way until the fifteenth century when the term ''Masalne'', land of Masal, was extended to the entire island for the first time.

The age was one of endemic warfare and economic struggle, as the climatic changes brought about by the [[DN Event]] began to fade and civilisation began colonising the northern areas of Masalne again. As the last of the [[Hesgarigani]] kingdoms faded and were absorbed by their hinterland cultures around this period, the competition for resources and power turned inwards, towards the sparsely settled areas in the north, as well as neighbouring [[Agalmare]], which soon became embroiled in the struggles as well. 

==Background==

[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baseniga Province</title>
    <id>3335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16053</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-20T03:50:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Baseniga Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Baseniga denai''), also known as province 11, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], and the southernmost of the provinces popularly known as the Mountain Provinces. Lying to the north of the [[Feladmena Plain]], where the main range of the [[Mathormagos]] veers to move along the coast, it borders [[Osagona Province]] to its north, [[Serteni Province]] to its northeast, [[Osbane Province]] to its west, [[Abanamide Province]] to its southwest, and [[Horeston]] and [[Enimdanai]] provinces to its south. The provincial capital is the city of [[Argosna, Baseniga|Argosna]].

Being the area of the mountains closest to the main centres of Risevan civilisation, and lying between the kingdoms in the south and the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]] to the northeast, Baseniga has since ancient times been an important transportation node. The extensive network of ''Saosunkemo'', or &quot;Slope Paths&quot;, which were painstakingly built over centuries into the foothills of the mountains, are still in heavy use these days, albeit modernised and paved; and the [[Inland Sea Highway]], as well as several other cross-mountain highways and railroads, also run through the mountain ranges. The mountainous terrain of the coast, which makes it unsuitable for ports, has in turn made the province heavily reliant on these rail and road links.

==Geography==

Baseniga's terrain is dominated by its mountains; the Mathormagos covers most of its area, with mountains stretching right up to coastal cliffs, and most of its cities are located in relatively high altitudes within the many river valleys. Famous peaks include [[Mount Belhinar]], just north of the city of [[Tomiyaru]], and [[Mount Kaona]], which lies on the border between Baseniga and Serteni provinces. The few areas of lowland are concentrated mostly near Mount Kaona, to its west where a large area of wetlands and plains form a highly strategic power centre within the province. The provincial capital of Argosna is set in this region.

The mountains of Baseniga, as with the rest of the provinces on the west of the Inland Sea, receive large amounts of rain every year; as a result the area has a large number of rivers, most of which drain westwards into three major rivers: the [[Kezarte river|Kezarte]], the [[Imon river|Imon]], and the [[Mosoyana river|Mosoyana]]. The profusion of small streams within the borders of the province have earned it the ancient poetic title of ''Zunainosdenai'', literally &quot;Thousand-River-Province&quot;. Several rivers also drain eastwards, most notably into the wetlands that surround the foothills of Mount Kaona.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Argosna, Baseniga|Argosna]]

*[[Hedanose]]

*[[Ayegaven]]

==Famous Locations==

*[[Mount Belhinar]]

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imerte Province</title>
    <id>3336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16409</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T15:05:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Imerte Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Imerte denai''), also known as Province 24, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated in northern [[Masalne]] and often grouped as one of the three [[Masbaradenai|Northern Provinces]]. It borders [[Darnevgana Province]] on its west and northwest, and [[Tasenir Province]] on its south, while its east is a long coast facing the [[Elaspegian Ocean]]. The province also includes [[Ugatasurna]], a large offshore island to the west. Its capital is the coastal city of [[Begarni]].

With a harsh climate and mountainous terrain, Imerte Province is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Risevne; yet it is famed throughout the country, and to some extent throughout the world, as one of the major centres of the Risevan fishing industry. The many harbours of the coast, especially in [[Estagi Bay]], are relatively sheltered from storms by Ugatasurna, and it is from these ports that the fishing vessels venture into the waters of the [[Dinezin Sea]], as well as the northern Elaspegian, for their catch.

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Begarni]]

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Matafengar</title>
    <id>3337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19547</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-23T16:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cleaning the House; Rebuilding from the Foundations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
==Background==

==Preparations==

==The Gathering==

==Legacy and Impact==

==See Also==

*[[Nise ke Tasanuri]]

[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nise ke Tasanuri</title>
    <id>3338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17164</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-06T02:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nise ke Tasanuri, Alinan ta Harusa''' (June 8, 1429 - November 15, 1493) is a [[Risevan]] politician who served as the [[Naruganize]] of the kingdom of [[Masal]] from 1471 to 1477, and as the Naruganize of the unified Kingdom of Risevne from 1477 to his death. Widely regarded as one of the greatest statesmen and administrators in Risevan history, his efforts helped secure the unity of the Kingdom, and to a large extent kept it unified against the later pressures from disaffected former rulers; at the same time he advocated unification with the neighbouring island of [[Agalmare]], his efforts setting the foundation for the eventual union to be signed just nine years after his death in 1502.

As the prime advisor of [[Sarus I of Risevne|King Sarus I]] for 22 years, Nise ke Tasanuri remains the longest serving Naruganize of Risevne; as modern laws only allot a maximum of three 5-year terms for the Naruganize, it is unlikely that this record will be equalled or surpassed. Known as a shrewd judge of character, as well as a great admirer of talent, he is best known for forming the first [[Royal Council]] to serve as advisors to the King and a counterbalance to the power of the Afengar. At the same time he was also a great advocate of education, and made several donations to important universities within the nation. 

==Childhood and Youth==

==Start of Political Career==

In 1448, at the young age of 19, Nise ke Tasanuri was first recommended to the royal court of Masal by a friend of his father's; [[King Nimodas II]] commented that &quot;he was of slow but deep thought; needing time for contemplation more than his peers, he invariably could give better answers than them.&quot;

==&quot;The King's Right Hand&quot;==

==Ascension to Chancellorship==

==The Matafengar==

==Later Career and the Agalmare Problem==

==Personal and Family Life==

Tasanuri is known to have married twice; the first marriage was in 1451, to a woman of the Imigul family, while the second was to [[Tilun ke Noman uli Tasanuri]], daughter of famed Masalan general [[Hedete ke Noman]], in 1465. By all accounts the first marriage was a relatively happy one, and Tasanuri is reputed to have requested resignation twice upon the death of his wife in 1462, only to be rejected both times. The second marriage was more of political convenience than love, and Tasanuri was 14 years older than his wife.

Of the first marriage Tasanuri had five children, three sons: Alnis, Kenero and Estani, and two daughters: Naisa and Suya. Of the second two more sons were born, Avgoma and Nigasar.

==Legacy and Impact==

Presently there are many memorials to Tasanuri's name; many cities across Risevne have a &quot;Tasanuri Road&quot; or a &quot;Nise Road&quot;, the most famous ones being the [[Tasanuri Boulevard, Bresnga]], which stretches through the commercial centre of [[Bresnga]] and is one of its busiest and best known roads, as well as [[Tasanuri Boulevard, Isana]], which runs from the East Bay southwards to the [[Belegras Dockyards]] and has undergone extensive renovation with the renovation of the Docks. In Isana the [[Unification Memorial Park]], situated around [[King Sarus I Square]] also has two statues of him, one along the memorial avenue where he stands on the right of [[King Sarus I]], and another on the field of the gathering itself, where he is shown leaning towards the King as if to advise him.

[[Tasanuri College, University of Isana]], as well as Tasanuri House of the [[University of Hesurimon]], are named after him as well.

[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Risevani Statesmen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delnisurna</title>
    <id>3339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16064</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-20T07:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Delnisurna''', literally Delni Island in [[Mirselec]], is an island in the [[Lavgor Inland Sea]] that is under the jurisdiction of [[Serteni Province]], lying about 82 km off the northern coast of the [[Serteni Peninsula]]. It has an area of 13.6 square kilometres, and a single village on the island houses a population of 330.

==Notes==

The island is most well known as the beginning and end of an important pilgrimage trail of the [[Risevan religion]], as well as the profusion of shrines that stand in its thick forest. Much of the island is covered by forest, and within the forest paths more than two hundred shrines stand, some of which have been in existence since the ninth century DN. Even these days it is a very holy site for many Risevani; the fact that it has no temple in fact makes it more popular for worship (see article on Risevan religion for explanation). The forest itself, containing many trees more than 300 years old, is a famous tourist attraction, and recently a new jetty has been erected to accommodate larger boats visiting the island.

[[category:Islands of Risevne]]
[[category:Serteni Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rarena ta Keinoser</title>
    <id>3340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16069</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-20T14:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Rarena ta Keinoser''', literally meaning Chronicles of [[Rarena]] in [[Mirselec]], is a historical chronicle focusing mainly on the events in the kingdom of Rarena in southern [[Masalne]]. 

While the term is often taken as referring to a single compilation, there are in fact two chronicles of Rarena; the first, or the Old Chronicle (''Erivikeino''), spans from the time of the kingdom's alleged founders, in the 3rd century BDN, to around the late 4th century DN, and is widely believed to have been compiled in 442 DN; the New Chronicle (''Navnokeino''), compiled in 1131 DN, chronicles events from the founding of the [[Hesgarigani]] kingdom of [[Obidir]] all the way to around the late 11th century DN.

The Rarena ta Keinoser is just one of the many Keinoser or chronicles which are the main direct historical sources for the period of the [[Karelne ta Hyerisa]]; modelled much after the same format, their style can in the end be traced back to the seminal historical work of the Mirsel, the [[Senomordas ta Keinoser]], edited by a historical scholar named [[Senomordas]].

==Description and Organisation==

Like all of the Keinoser, even up to the 17th century [[Risevne ta Matkeinoser]], the Rarena ta Keinoser is mainly divided two ways; the first, known as the Keinoser or chronicles, is a year-by-year account of major events that happened within that year, often in highly summarised form, while the second, known as the Dinansai or biographies, contains biographies of important opersonages, arranged either by geographical origin or by era. In the case of both the Rarena chronicles the former is used.

In its summarised form the yearly chronicles sometimes take up no more than three or four paragraphs, devoted mainly to happenings within the kingdom and with those kingdoms with which they have direct contact. Nonetheless, the width of the works' scopes means that the work is quite massive; while the Erivikeino is split into 9 volumes, 6 for the Keinoser and 3 for the Donansai, the Navnokeino has 5 volumes of each.

==History of the Text==

While the ultimate compilers of both the Keinoser are lost to history, the dates of their compilation can be dated with some certainty; the Erivikeino was compiled in either 442 or 446 DN, while the insertion of several corresponding [[reign years]] identifies the Navnokeino as being from 1131 DN. Ironically, of the two, the one which survives more intact today is in fact the Erivikeino; kept as a treasured book within Rarena, and copied profusely during the centuries when the kingdom was at the peak of its power, it presently survives in at least 5 complete manuscripts and another 9 near-complete ones.

The Navnokeino was not so lucky; not long after the [[Rarena-Masal Union]] of 1247, during the riots  and fights both for and against the unions that raged in the streets of many Rarenan cities, the great library of the city of [[Erisaromac]] - which was located ''outside'' the Royal Palace - was set aflame, and the only two copies of the Navnokeino did not survive unscathed - one was almost completely destroyed, while the other one survived with only 7 volumes out of 10. 

==Notes==

[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Important Risevan texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senomordas ta Keinoser</title>
    <id>3341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16508</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T15:40:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Senomordas ta Keinoser''', literally meaning &quot;Chronicles of Senomordas&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is the oldest extant historical work in the Mirselec language. Estimated to have been written in the late 2nd century DN by [[Senomordas]], during the period in [[Risevan history]] known as the age of the [[Hesgarigani]] states, the work is a seminal one that has had immense influence on Mirselec historiography as well as its culture and religion.

==Organisation==

The Senokei, as the work's title is often shortened to, is a massive work that is divided into several categories:

*''Keinoser'', or Chronicles; year-by-year records of happenings around the world, including such things  as wars, diplomatic changes, changes in rulers and even in appointments to the courts of rulers. This is the bulk of the work and takes up 16 volumes, spanning from semilegendary times to around 166 DN.

*''Karon ta Dinansai'', or Biographies of Kings; a 9 volume compilation of biographies of ruling figures and their families.

*''Dinansai'', or Biographies; a 12 volume compilation of biographies of important figures, including generals, writers, officials, advisors, and in some cases even famous performers or infamous criminals.

*''Ichomurtane'', or Origins; a 6-volume work on the legendary origins of the Mirsel people; this is by far the most intriguing part of the history, as well as the one with the greatest literary value.

==History of the Text==

==Impact and Legacy==

The impact of the Senomodras ta Keinoser is profound on many levels, extending down to the script in which it was written - the compiler, coming from one of the foreign kingdoms just founded and exposed to the culture of mainland [[Osonde]], was quick to adapt their script to writing the Mirselec language. The resulting script, which was then adapted farther and used in most literary works up to the 9th century DN, was known simply as [[Senotakisarimi]], literally the &quot;Pen Traces of Seno(mordas)&quot;.  In highly modified form this script is the one used to write Mirselec in modern days; ironically the modern script in fact bears more resemblance to the oldest script found within these chronicles than to the later scripts of the 10th century onwards, primarily due to other outside influences complicating the latter orthographic system.

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Important Risevan texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dumoskaba</title>
    <id>3342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16300</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T04:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parthavan language</title>
    <id>3343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16512</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T17:34:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daryush</username>
        <id>226</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Parthavun erciğ|pronounce=/parθaβ ɛrtʃɪɣ|tu=Alamanti|species=Human|in=Parthava, Parizhia, Seleyizhe, Dorcindi|no=40 million|script=[[Armavi script|Parthavan script]]|tree=Ayartaic&lt;br&gt;
Central Aghantian&lt;br&gt;
Parthavan&lt;br&gt;
'''Parthavan'''|morph=Agglutinative|ms=Nominative-Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=Nadeem Ahmad|date=September 2006}}

Parthavan is a language that is spoken throughout much of central Aghantia. It is very closely related to [[Armavi]]

==Distribution==
Parthavan is spoken mainly in the central Aghantian countries. There is also an area in Parizhia where it is spoken.

Its largest concentration of speakers is in [[Parthava (country)|Parthava]].

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Parthavan has 7 vowels, which are arranged into three classes for vowel harmony:


{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em&quot;
|-
! Front
| e (IPA: ɛ)|| ö (IPA: œ)|| ü (IPA: ʏ)
|-
! Back
| a (IPA: a)|| o (IPA: o)|| u (IPA: u)
|-
! Neutral
| i (IPA: ɪ)
|-
|}

A word can only contain either front vowels or back vowels (and the neutral vowel '''i'''). For words with only '''i''', the word is regarded as front.

If a word contains both back and front vowels (in some foreign words), vowel harmony acts on with the last vowel, that is to say that when adding suffixes, if the word is mixed, look at the last vowel as an indicator.

===Consonants===
Parthavan also has the following consonants:

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} (m) || || || || {{IPA|n}} (n) || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} (n)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} (p) || {{IPA|b}} (b) || || || {{IPA|t}} (t) || {{IPA|d}} (d) || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} (k) || {{IPA|g}} (g) || {{IPA|q}} (q)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || || {{IPA|θ}} (ť) || || {{IPA|s}} (s) || {{IPA|z}} (z) || {{IPA|ʃ}} (ş) || {{IPA|ʒ}} (ž) || || || {{IPA|x}} (x) || {{IPA|ɣ}} (ğ) ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} (ts) ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|β̞}} (v) || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} (y)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} (r)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative|| || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} (l)
|}


&lt;/div&gt;

As well as this, most consonants have labialised and palatised forms. These are shown, where appropriate, by '''y''' and '''w''' following the consonant.

==Counting==
Parthavan has a base-10 number system. Each number from 0 to 9 has initial, medial, final, isolated, and multiplier forms, which are used to make bigger numbers.

==Pronouns==
Unlike Armavi, pronouns in Parthavan are not completely regular - i.e, to change their case, it is not a case of simple agglutination.

Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table. It should be noted that only the 1st and 2nd persons are irregular (there is not 3rd person plural - instead demonsratives are used):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''Parthavan pronouns'''
|-
! Person !! Abs !! Acc !! Gen !! Dat !! Abl !! Loc !! Com !! Inst !! Cause
|-
! 1st sing
| Bi || Biği || Binii || Bitsüüd || Bicii || Beter || Bele || Beyele ||   Betöl 
|-
! 2nd sing
| Tsi || Ciği || Cinii || Citsid || Tseyci || Tsetir || Tsele || Tseyele || Tsöyöl
|-
! 1st plur
| Bivir || Biviri || Biviin || Bivitsüüd || Bivitsii || Bivder || Beverle || Beverle || Bever-tölöö
|-
! 2nd plur
| Cingver   || Cingveri   || Cingviriin   || Civirtsüüd   || Civirtsii   || Ceveder || Ceverle   || Ceverle   || Cever-tölöö  
|}

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above.

'''Plural''' suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself:
: '''berc / barc''' in most cases
: '''bey / bay''' for nouns ending in ''c, r, t, s, z, ş, l, i'' or any front vowel 
: '''ibiğ''' for nouns ending in ''t, d, k, g, q''

The '''absolutive''' case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon.

The absolutive is most commonly used as a nominative. However, it also serves as an indefinite accusative (of any type):

'''Examples:'''
: Bi adağ xevera ui
: ''I like horses''

The '''definitive accusative''' is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is '''i''' or '''yi''' after vowels.

'''Examples:'''
: Bi adağbarci xevera ui
: ''I like the horses''

The '''genetive''' is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix:
: '''ying''' for words ending in vowels
: '''un / ün''' in most cases
: '''an / en''' for words whose last vowel is either ''a'' or ''e''
: '''u / ü''' for words ending in ''n''

The '''dative''' case indicates ''to where'' something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows:
: '''uud / üüd''' after consonants
: '''tsuud / tsüüd''' after vowels, l, and n

This also gives a sense of ''&quot;for,&quot;'' as in:

Note: any final ''c''s change to ''ts'' when attaching this suffix

The suffix for the '''ablative''' case is '''aca / ece'''.

The primary function for this case is indicating ''from where'' - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates ''than''; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences. Another use of the ablative is ''&quot;about&quot;''

The '''locative''' indicates where something is. Its suffixes are:
: '''tur / tür''' after all unvoiced consonants
: '''dur / dür''' after all voiced consonants

The '''comitative''' is simply translated as ''with''. It is marked by '''eli / ali'''.

The '''instrumental''' indicates the instrument used to perform an action. Its suffix is '''le / la'''.

The '''cause''' for something is also indicated by a suffix. Its suffix is '''toloo / tölöö'''.

===Verb morphology===
Verbs in Parthavan operate via a slightly different system from Armavi. The main difference is the lack of any personal indication (i.e: of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). Verbs in Parthavan are also not as agglutinating as those in Armavi.

====Verb tenses====
Parthavan has 3 tenses. These are ''present tense'' ('''-(n)a / -(n)e'''), ''past tense'' ('''-(n)arağ / -(n)ereğ''') and ''future'' ('''-(n)arixt / -(n)erixt'''). However, in casual speech, the past tense suffix changes to '''-(n)ar / -(n)er''' and the future tense suffix changes to '''-(n)et / -(n)at'''.

In all cases, the letters in the brackets indicate buffer consonants.

====Verb moods====
Parthavan has several forms of the passive, each with their own infix.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi</title>
    <id>3344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16087</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi History</title>
    <id>3345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16590</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T08:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi|History]]
[[Category:Galhafan History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi history</title>
    <id>3346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41923</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T00:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The history of the [[Kasshi]], according to [[Dzesa]]'s historiography

*[[First Kasshi Empire]] &lt;!--c. 5200 - 4000 BOE--&gt;
*[[Sanle Domination]] &lt;!--c. 4000 - 3550 BOE--&gt;
*[[Era of Invasions]] &lt;!--c. 3550 - 3400 BOE--&gt;
*[[Anarchic Era]] &lt;!--c. 3400 BOE - 2969 BOE--&gt;
*[[Chinrasta's Theocracy]] &lt;!--2969 - 2778 BOE--&gt;
*[[Second Kasshi Empire]] &lt;!--2778 - 2015 BOE--&gt;
*[[Wars of the Collapse]] &lt;!--2015 - 1960 BOE--&gt;
*[[Great Interregnum]] &lt;!--1960 - 426 BOE--&gt;
*[[Third Kasshi Empire]] &lt;!--426 BOE - 12 OE--&gt;
*[[Fourth Kasshi Empire]] &lt;!--23 - 484 OE--&gt;
*[[Lesser Interregnum]] &lt;!--484 - 720 OE--&gt;
*[[Fifth Kasshi Empire]] &lt;!--721 OE--&gt;

[[Category:Kasshi History|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi Empresses</title>
    <id>3347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23299</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-14T18:33:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Rulers]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Empresses]]
[[Category:Kasshi Government|Empresses]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nrastaism</title>
    <id>3348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16487</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhafan Religions]]
[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Military</title>
    <id>3349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16118</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T01:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Admirals of the Risevan Royal Navy</title>
    <id>3350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16272</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[Category:Military of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Armed Forces of Risevne</title>
    <id>3351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16273</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:29:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wars</title>
    <id>3352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16127</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:02:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Battles of the Fourth Global War</title>
    <id>3353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16128</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Wars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Architecture</title>
    <id>3354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16131</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Buildings of Risevne</title>
    <id>3355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16132</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Bridges of Isana</title>
    <id>3356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16310</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:12:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Transport in Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Castles of Risevne</title>
    <id>3357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16137</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History</title>
    <id>3358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16138</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Catastrophic Events</title>
    <id>3359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16139</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography</title>
    <id>3360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16142</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:12:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Valmante</title>
    <id>3361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16145</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Education</title>
    <id>3362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16149</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Colleges of the University of Isana</title>
    <id>3363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16150</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Countries of Valmante</title>
    <id>3364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16152</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:16:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevan Cuisine</title>
    <id>3365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16153</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Food]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Food</title>
    <id>3366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16154</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Animals</title>
    <id>3368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32778</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-13T06:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Culture of the Tranon People</title>
    <id>3369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16187</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:34:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Tranon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Disambiguation</title>
    <id>3370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16161</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Elaspegian Theatre, Fourth Global War</title>
    <id>3372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16164</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:22:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ethnicities</title>
    <id>3373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16165</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ethnicities of Risevne</title>
    <id>3374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16166</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:23:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Ethnicities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ethnicities of Valmante</title>
    <id>3375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16167</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ethnicities]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Battles of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16169</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Castles</title>
    <id>3377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16170</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevan culture</title>
    <id>3379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16174</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Persons of Risevne</title>
    <id>3380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16176</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:28:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Places in Risevne</title>
    <id>3381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16180</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Art</title>
    <id>3382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16181</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Risevan paintings</title>
    <id>3383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16182</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:31:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Art]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Famous Roads</title>
    <id>3384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16184</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:32:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Feladmena Province</title>
    <id>3387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16193</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Provinces of Risevne</title>
    <id>3388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16285</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Subdivisions of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Flora and Fauna of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17596</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T09:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles concerning the flora and fauna of the planet of [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category:Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Generals of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16199</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military of the Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geology</title>
    <id>3392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16201</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Hisani Province</title>
    <id>3393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16202</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:42:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Historical Articles</title>
    <id>3394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16203</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:43:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History of Valmante</title>
    <id>3395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16209</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History of the Risevan Southern Islands</title>
    <id>3396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16210</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Hyomeniga Province</title>
    <id>3397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16213</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:47:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Literature</title>
    <id>3398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46425</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T09:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>description</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category is intended for articles describing [[Conculture|concultural]] literature. Articles about linguistic literature may be placed in the category &quot;Source material&quot;.

[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Important Mirselec texts</title>
    <id>3399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16217</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:49:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Mirselec literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Important Risevan texts</title>
    <id>3400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16218</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Inezama Province</title>
    <id>3401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16221</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Iruzansero literature</title>
    <id>3402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16222</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Literature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Iruze</title>
    <id>3403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16223</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:53:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Countries of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Islands of Risevne</title>
    <id>3404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16226</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Geography of Risevne</title>
    <id>3405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16227</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Islands of the Elaspegian Ocean</title>
    <id>3406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16228</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:55:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Islands of the West Elaspegian Ocean</title>
    <id>3407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16229</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:56:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Koreno Theatre, Fourth Global War</title>
    <id>3408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16230</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Battles of the Fourth Global War]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lakes of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19518</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-22T05:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Landforms of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16232</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T02:59:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Major Roads in Isana</title>
    <id>3411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16309</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Transport in Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Major building projects in Valmante</title>
    <id>3412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16236</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Architecture]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Memorials in Isana</title>
    <id>3413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16237</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:02:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Isana]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Memorials in Risevne</title>
    <id>3414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16238</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:03:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]
[[Category:Architecture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nations of Valmante</title>
    <id>3415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16242</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:05:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Navies of Valmante</title>
    <id>3416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16243</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:05:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Parks of Isana</title>
    <id>3418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16246</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:09:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nesnoma</title>
    <id>3419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16265</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nesnoma''' is a city in [[Risevne]], and the capital of [[Ostema Province]], situated along its southern coast. It has a population of 2,813,290, which makes it the third largest city in Risevne, and it forms a political and economic centre for the historical region known as Rarena.

==Geography==

The city is sited in a broad, mostly flat plain that slopes gently north-south; to the west of the city are hills, known locally as the ''Hinekone'' or Eastern Hills, where the ancient stone and brick walls of Nesnoma can still be seen, including a large gatehouse at a gap in the hills where an old road once led to the even older city of [[Erisaromac City|Erisaromac]]. 

Along the coast Nesnoma possesses one of the best natural harbours of the [[Raretoya Peninsula]], and recent reclamation works to deepen the harbour while bolstering its defences against storms from the south are still ongoing. The port, along with the industrial districts on the southwest coast around the port, form the economic centre of modern Nesnoma.

==History==

Nesnoma is an old city with a long history; its excellent natural harbour, and the availability of trees from the Hinekone forests and beyond, meant it was one of the main centres of Risevan civilisation during the years of the [[Hesgarigani]]. Indeed, several of the kingdoms founded on [[Osonde]] during that period explicitly trace their ancestry to rulers and warriors in Nesnoma, which was then called ''Salgehadun'' or &quot;Docks of the [[Salge]] plant&quot;, and the city was greatly enriched by the loot, and later the trade, of its inhabitants with the kingdoms from far afield.

In later years, as overseas trade declined and warring powers consolidated inland, the city allied with its eastern neighbour, and became the core port of the state that would later become the [[Kingdom of Rarena]], expanding its territory over much of modern day Ostema. The city was also named Nesnoma around this time.

Nesnoma retained some of its trading glory, but also developed its agriculture during this period; in 931 two irrigation canals and a reservoir, meant for the fields north of the city, were completed. In this era, the city was ruled for nearly 370 years by the Oudugan family, and then for another five centuries by the powerful family of the Nuyetona, many of whom also held high posts in the Rarena government; their wealth, and that of the city, was well-recorded in the [[Rarena ta Keinoser]]: ''The Hayani'' (a feudal rank equivalent to Duke) ''of Nesnoma, in response to the war to the north, offered to send 60,000 Usak'' (an [[Risevan measurements and units|old unit]] of mass corresponding to around 18 kg) ''of grain, as well as to buy 2,000 horses and 10,000 bows to contribute to the armies.''

==Economy==

Modern day Nesnoma is a major port, as well as a centre of industry; major products include chemicals, electronics, and avionics. At the same time it is a centre of services, and has a thriving cottage industry for local handicrafts. 

The port, as in historical times, remains the linchpin of the economy; even as the port of [[Bresnga]] farther north is the main international port, Nesnoma remains an important terminal especially southwards; at the same time many huge merchandise and wholesale markets are still based in Nesnoma, mostly used as a node for goods to be shipped either around the region or northwards towards [[Agalmare]]. 

==Transport==

==Culture and Society==

==Famous Buildings and Sites==

[[category:Cities of Risevne]]
[[category:Ostema Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ostema Province</title>
    <id>3420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16249</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Persons of Valmante</title>
    <id>3421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16251</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:15:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rulers of Risevne</title>
    <id>3422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16252</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Rulers]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Royal Family of Risevne</title>
    <id>3423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16254</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Plains of Risevne</title>
    <id>3424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16256</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Politics of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16257</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Prehistory</title>
    <id>3427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16259</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Prehistoric Cultures of Valmante</title>
    <id>3428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16260</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Prehistory]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Prehistory of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16262</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:23:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ilethes]]
[[Category:Prehistory]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Punishments of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16264</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Regions of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16266</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Reservoirs and Lakes in Risevne</title>
    <id>3432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16268</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:26:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevan destroyer classes</title>
    <id>3433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16270</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:29:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Military of Risevne</title>
    <id>3434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16271</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevani performers</title>
    <id>3435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16276</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevani culture</title>
    <id>3436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16277</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:32:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sample Texts</title>
    <id>3437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16280</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Serteni Province</title>
    <id>3438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16281</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:34:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ships of the Risevan Royal Navy</title>
    <id>3439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16282</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:35:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Military of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Stations of the Isana Underground</title>
    <id>3440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16308</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Transport in Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Subdivisions of Risevne</title>
    <id>3441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16284</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Towns in Enimdanai Province</title>
    <id>3442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16286</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Towns]]
[[Category:Enimdanai Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Enimdanai Province</title>
    <id>3443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16287</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Towns</title>
    <id>3444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16288</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Towns in Neiberin Province</title>
    <id>3445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16289</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:38:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Towns]]
[[Category:Neiberin Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Neiberin Province</title>
    <id>3446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16290</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Towns in Serteni Province</title>
    <id>3447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16291</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:39:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Towns]]
[[Category:Serteni Province]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Transliteration systems</title>
    <id>3448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16292</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:40:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Universities of Risevne</title>
    <id>3449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16293</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Wars of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>3450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16294</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T03:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:Lein Dynasty]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Water bodies of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17306</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T12:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirsel</title>
    <id>3452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16298</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T04:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Mirsel people''', known in [[Mirselec]] as ''Mirselani'' or, in more ancient times, simply ''Dinaime'' for &quot;human&quot;, are an ethnic group of [[Valmante]], most of whom are identified with the country of [[Risevne]]. Presently there are around 84 million Mirsel worldwide, of whom around 74 million reside in Risevne.

==Language==

The language of the Mirsel is known as [[Mirselec]]; formerly thought to be a language isolate, it has recently become the focus of several controversial theories which seek to prove that it was descended from the [[Noma language family]], sharing a common ancestry with several languages spoken in modern day [[Noma]], 550 km north of the [[Risevan Home Islands]]. 

==Culture==

==Origins and History==

==Modern day Mirsel==

[[category:Ethnicities of Valmante]]
[[category:Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isana Underground</title>
    <id>3453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16453</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T14:10:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Isana Underground''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Isana Domogute Nasgai'', literally Isana Underground Rail) is one of the largest, most extensive, and most used underground train stations in the world. Covering most of the [[Risevan]] capital of [[Isana]], it is also connected at several stations to the [[Bresnga Underground]], as well as the national high-speed rail systems. 

The Underground in its modern form comprises a total of 15 lines, of which 13 are &quot;Trunk Lines&quot; stretching from one end of the city to another, while 2 - the [[Gardaus Ring Line, Isana Underground|Gardaus Ring Line]] and the [[Outer Ring Line, Isana Underground|Outer Ring Line]] - are ring lines that connect with most of the other lines and encircle the city. The Underground is a key part of transport within the city, and is correspondingly important within city culture and society.

==Description of the Underground==

Despite being called the Underground, the IDN in fact runs both on, above, and below the surface; whereas surface rails and the occasional raised rails on pylons are used for the outer districts, the busiest stations in the city centre and along the border with Bresnga are underground, in order to conserve surface space and to merge in better with the Bresnga system (which is indeed completely underground). 

==History==

==Management==

==Lines of the Underground==

==Notes==

===Station Art===

While the post-war lines of the Underground were built in a highly utilitarian, and sometimes even minimalist style, the lines in the east of the city, which are the oldest lines in the city, were richly built and decorated. 

[[category:Transport in Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dzesa</title>
    <id>3454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40142</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T22:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dzesa''' (673 [[Galhafan Chronology|OE]] - 795)  was the leader and founder of the [[Yatta Party]], and ''de facto'' supreme ruler of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] in its early days.

== Early Life ==
Dzesa was born to an old, declining, noble family.  Her mother named her heir to one of her lesser titles, a meaningless title in those days.  Captivated by her grandmother's stories of the family's glorious past, Dzesa became fascinated by the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire#Golden Age|old regime]], and [[Kasshi history]] in general.  She strongly distrusted democracy, believing it to be the &quot;incompetent usurping the capable&quot;.

== Rise to Power ==
In her late 20's, Dzesa published ''[[A Concise History of the Kasshi People]]'' and ''[[A Brief History of Human Civilizations]]'', two books which set out her views on history.  She remained marginal until what Dzesa called the Fourth Empire was dismantled following the [[War of Kalpanian Reunification]].  Outraged, Dzesa entered politics, founding the [[Yatta Party]], aiming at the reunification of the Kasshi Empire and the establishment of the same as a Great Power.  Her party gradually rose to prominence in her home state of the [[Republic West of the Fantasta]], and established chapters in other Kasshi states.

The various chapters of the Yatta Party arranged simultaneous referenda in the various Kasshi states for reunification.  They passed in the majority of the states, and the Fifth Kasshi Empire was born.

&lt;!--== War of Unification ==
The new Empire was convoluted in form, and even broken up in some places.  Strong pressure was placed on the other Kasshi states to join the new union.  Fearing a revival of the Kasshi Empire, several foreign powers, led by the [[Blafu Union]], intervened, warning the Empire not to add any new territory.  When, under questionable circumstances, the [[City-State of Ngamar]] voted to join the Empire, the Blafu Union declared war upon the Kasshi Empire for the purposes of &quot;liberating&quot; Ngamar, setting off the [[War of Unification]].  The Fifth Kasshi Empire won the war, forcing the remaining Kasshi states (and a few non-Kasshi states) to join the Empire.

== Global War ==
The Empire quickly began flexing its muscles, seeking overseas territories and markets, and building up a military alliance against its enemies.  Tensions built up, until the [[Global War]] at last broke out.  The war ended in something of a stalemate.  Kasshi forces were crumbling, and foreign troops had landed in peripheral territories, but their enemies were also stretched quite thin.  Then Dzesa unveiled her great surprise - [[Galhaf (planet)|the world]]'s first atomic bomb.  A plane, transported by a [[Wikipedia:submarine aircraft carrier|submarine aircraft carrier]], dropped the bomb over an enemy city, forcing a peace treaty.  No territory was exchanged, although the Kasshi Empire did receive reparations.  The unsatisfactory end left both sides hungry for vengeance, once they had recovered from the devestation of war, eventually leading to the War of Self-Defense. --&gt;

[[Category:Rulers]]
[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Byensori</title>
    <id>3455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16458</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T14:25:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Site and Situation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Byensori''', literally meaning &quot;General Store&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is a neighbourhood in [[Isana]], situated on the west of [[Gardaus Bay]] near its mouth. This neighbourhood is a well-known centre of malls in Isana, and one of its famous shopping zones; its goods are mostly oriented towards the youth in recent years.

==History==

==Site and Situation==

Byensori is just one of the several large &quot;neighbourhoods&quot; along the West Bay, along with other neighbourhoods like [[Taiberduya]], [[Degurunalmi]], [[Hazatole]] and [[Dasnimoya]]. While certain areas are widely considered to lie within Byensori, the fact that it is more an informal neighbourhood than an actual district, make it hard to define where exactly the bounds of Byensori are, and where it mixes into the other shopping districts along the West Bay.

The main road of the area is [[Independence Road, Isana|Independence Road]], along or near which most of the larger malls are situated; yet the most distinctive feature of Byensori is not the large malls but the wild maze of narrow streets that branch out from the main roads, the remnants of the old markets for which the whole area was named. Along these narrow streets, many of which are closed to traffic and therefore only accessible by foot, small stores abound, offering merchandise from household tools to replica and sometimes authentic antique weaponry, though in Byensori the streets are most famous as snack stalls and restaurants.

==Significance==

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dumosurna</title>
    <id>3456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16303</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:07:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dumosurna''' is a small, rocky island in the [[Elaspegian Ocean]], under the jurisdiction of [[Risevne]] (where it is placed with the [[Eastern Islands Department]]). Situated 231 kilometres from the southeast coast of [[Agalmare]], it is best known as an important waypoint for supply ships making the hazardous trip from [[Iruze]] to Risevne during the [[Third Global War|Third]] and [[Fourth Global War]]s.

==Geography==

===Wildlife===

==History==

The island was an important waypoint for both the Iruzeni supply ships making their way to Agalmare, as well as for the submarines used by the Coalition to hunt them, during the Fourth Global War. 

The island, as well as its lighthouse, had been placed under military control upon the reactivation of the [[Third Asela League]] in mid 1939; as the tensions that would lead to war rose, the island's strategic position and role in preserving Risevne's lifeline became abundantly obvious, and steps were taken to fortify the area. The harbour to the northeast of the island was enlarged by sinking blockships in the relatively shallow waters to create a protected area, and for much of the war a squadron of 4 destroyers and a light cruiser were stationed between Dumosurna and nearby [[Meltonosurna]]. 

In response to fears that a Coalition fleet may sail out directly to challenge this crucial area of sea, the capture of which would have placed Risevne under siege, extensive land defences were also placed on the island, including 28 large concrete bunkers, nearly 80 pillboxes for machine guns along the coast, and nearly 40 land-based guns meant to fight off a naval invasion.

==Notes==

[[category:Islands of Risevne]]
[[category:Islands of the Elaspegian Ocean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Transportation</title>
    <id>3457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16304</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Transport in Isana</title>
    <id>3458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16306</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:10:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Transportation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>League of Democratic Nations</title>
    <id>3459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40625</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-07T21:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''League of Democratic Nations''' is a supernational organization opposed to the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi]]-led [[International Council of Governments]].  Its members are, at least nominally, democratic, most of them republics, but some constitutional monarchies.

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ivets</title>
    <id>3460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53224</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T06:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial City-State of Ivets''' is the capital of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire]].  It possesses a unique position within the Empire, being the home of the [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Emperor]], and excluded from much of Imperial Law.  It is governed by the Lady/Lord [[Mayor of Ivets]], who is the heir-apparent or -presumptive of the Empire.

It was originally the capital of the [[Ivets (Realm)|Realm of Ivets]], but was separated from the Realm in 738 when then-Empress [[Chara Taranakh]] separated out the Ivetsian Royal Crown from the Kasshi Imperial Crown.

It has been the formal capital of the Kasshi Empires ever since [[Chinrasta's Theocracy]], when it was known as ''Ibettu''

[[Category:Kasshi Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi Cities</title>
    <id>3461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16492</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:49:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Cities]]
[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Geography</title>
    <id>3462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16490</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:48:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf|Geography]]
[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shivrashan</title>
    <id>3463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50225</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T03:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|+&lt;big&gt;'''The Free City-State of Shivrashan'''&lt;/big&gt;
|- 
|{{infoleft}}|'''Capital''' || {{inforight}}|District of the [[Old City (Shivrashan)|Old City]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''[[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]]''' || {{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Languages''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Official ||{{inforight}}|[[Shivrashanian]], [[Ivetsian]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Others ||{{inforight}}|Various
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Area (City-State)''' ||{{inforight}}| 1,893.9 km²
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Population (City-State)''' ||{{inforight}}| 15,633,409
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Area (City)''' ||{{inforight}}| 637.8 km²
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Population (City)''' ||{{inforight}}| 14,748,935
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Independence''' || {{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Currency''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Shivrashanian Chan|Chan]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Supranational Organizations''' ||{{inforight}}|[[International Council of Governments]]
|}

The '''Free City-State of Shivrashan''' is a member-state of the [[International Council of Governments]], and formerly a part of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  It is an ancient city, located on the west shore of the [[Kalpanian Sea]].  Its importance stems from its strategic location between low passes in the [[Fantasta Mountains]] and good harbors on the Kalpanian Sea, giving it a crucial role in trade between West and East [[Odirá]].  There have been several times in its history when the city decline to little more than a fishing village, when trade declined, especially when the mountain passes became less passable.  Most notably during the [[Great Freeze]], which nearly destroyed the settlement.

After the [[Great Thaw]], however, [[Navesh]] convinced the Duchess of the East to purchase the small village from its [[Kalpan]]ian overlords, who consented, on the understanding that it would be established as a sovereign, unarmed, city-state.  This is the origin of its former status as a distinct member-state of the Empire.  The city was used as a road to the [[Conquest of Kalpan]], and it grew rapidly under the increase in East-West trade, using its wealth and economic power to maintain indepence.  After the [[Shivrashan Crisis]], it came to be the capital of the entire [[Trans-Fantasta]].

It gradually lost control of the Trans-Fantasta, and eventually became subject to the [[Blafu Union]].  It broke away during the latter's decline, and voted to join the Fifth Empire upon its creation.  The city suffered repeated attacks during the [[War of Unification]] and the [[Global War]].  In the last stages of the later war, the City-State broke away from the Empire, signing a separate peace treaty with the [[Eastern Alliance]].

Today, the city-state covers a little under 2,000 square kilometers, divided between two heavily-urbanized cities and sparsely-populated mountains and off-shore islands.  There are no suburbs, the urbanized areas having expanded to their geographical limits and the remaining territory being ill-suited for large-scale settlement, being primarily heavily-subsidized farming areas or barren mountains.

== Cities of Shivrashan ==
The City-State contains two cities, Shivrashan City and [[New Kotarshan City]].  In addition, there are several Rural Districts covering the Shivrashanian portions of the Fantasta Mountains and several off-shore islands

=== Districts ===
Shivrashan City is divided into a number of semi-autonomous Districts, many of them formerly separate cities (quite a few have retained the title of &quot;city&quot;).  A partial listing is as follows:
*The [[City of Temples]]
*[[Freeport]]
*[[Naval City]]
*[[Old City (Shivrashan)|Old City]]
In addition to the urban districts, there are four Rural Districts
*Islands
*North District
*West District
*South District

The Rural Districts are sparsely populated.  The Islands District only includes rural islands.  Many of the offshore islands have been annexed into the City itself.  Most of the population of the Rural Districts is involved in farming in the government-subsidized City Farms.  The City Farms are left over from an attempt by previous governments to make the city-state self-sufficient, or nearly so, in food, due to fears of siege.  There is no longer any expectation that the city-state could ever feed itself on its own territory, as the population has grown far too much, and most of what fertile land once did exist has been urbanized.  The subsidies have proven politically difficult to reduce, however, and so the farms continue in operation, providing a minuscule fraction of the city's food supply. 

==== Population and Area ====
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''Section'''
|'''Population'''
|'''Area'''
|'''Population Density'''
|-
|'''City of Shivrashan'''
|14,748,935
|637.8 km²
|23,124/km²
|-
|'''City of New Kotarshan'''
|856,989
|246.9 km²
|3,471/km²
|-
|'''Islands'''
|8,386
|157.8 km²
|53.14/km²
|-
|'''North District'''
|2,346
|208.9 km²
|11.23/km²
|-
|'''West District'''
|15,894
|375.4 km²
|42.26/km²
|-
|'''South District'''
|859
|267.1 km²
|3.216/km²
|}

== Government ==
The city-state is lead by a [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]], elected by the [[Council of Traders and Merchants]].  Each District is governed by a District Chief Trader or District Governor, except for [[Freeport]], which is ruled by a Portmistress or Portmaster.

[[Category:Shivrashan|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Shivrashan</title>
    <id>3464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16326</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T05:40:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Freeport</title>
    <id>3465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28635</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T08:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Freeport''' is a major district of [[Shivrashan|Shivrashan City]].  It was the last of the central districts to be merged into the city, and retains a small degree of autonomy relative to the other districts.  Uniquely, it retains a Portmistress or Portmaster, a title reckoned equal to that of [[Kasshi honorifics|Lady or Lord Mayor]].

Originally, the former City of Freeport was known as the City of Slaveport.  The reason for this name, which is also the reason for its long independence of the city, stemmed from its place in the slave trade, and the opposition to the same from Chief Trader [[Nakoral Chivanakan]].  Nakoral refused to permit slaves to pass through his city, but was unable (indeed, unwilling) to halt the highly profitable trade in human property.  By way of compromise, slavers were permitted to unload their merchandise just outside of the city limits, conveying them through the Slave Road, now called [[Freedom Avenue]].  The slavers were permitted to establish an indepenent port authority, which later grew into a town, and finally a full city.  The stigma of the slave trade kept Slave Port nominally outside of Shivrashan, even as Shivrashan itself grew to surround it.  Even Slave Road itself remained officially outside of the City.

Some time after the abolition of slavery, Slaveport renamed itself Freeport, in an attempt to get beyond its shameful past.  The city continued to be looked down upon by the administration in Shivrashan City, however, despite its great wealth.  Gradually, however, the stigma of its past wore off, and the city joined Shivrashan.

[[Category:Districts of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naval City</title>
    <id>3466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16383</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T23:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Naval City''' is a district within the City-State of [[Shivrashan]].  Its name derives from its traditional role as the main port for the [[Kalpanian Fleet]] of the [[Imperial Kasshi Navy]].

It was once a thriving center of piracy on the [[Kalpanian Sea]] before the [[Anti-Piracy War]] effectively shut down piracy.  The district is subdivided into an eastern and a western half, on opposite sides of [[Pirate's Bay]].  The eastern and western halves of the bay are broad expanses of beach between a large expanse of cliffs and the sea, upon which the district is built, while in the middle, the sea comes right up to the cliffs.  Within the cliffs is a great sea-cave, capable of sheltering large fleets.  It was for this reason, along with the defensibility of the bay's mouth, that attracted pirates to it.  It also proved, for the same reason, ideal for the secret construction of a great naval fleet after the purchase of Shivrashan by the [[Duchy of the North]].

Like [[Freeport]], Naval City retained its independence of Shivrashan long after the great city had expanded to its borders, but for a different reason, namely that it remained under direct Imperial Rule.  This changed as the Fourth Empire began to decline, and Shivrashan took over administration of its region, seizing control of the Kalpanian Fleet.  At this time, Naval City was forcefully annexed, leading to the [[Shivrashan Crisis]]

[[Category:Districts of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shivrashan Crisis</title>
    <id>3468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23259</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-13T08:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Shivrashan Crisis''' was an important event in the history of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]].  It originally involved the autonomous City-State of [[Shivrashan]] and the Kasshi naval base at what is now [[Naval City]], and grew to include the entire [[Trans-Fantasta]].

The crisis began with the weakening of imperial authority outside of the core of the Kasshi Empire.  Shivrashan, long independent, began to exert a greater influence in the Kasshi possessions north of the [[Fantasta Mountains]], and to assert greater independence from [[Ivets]].

Under the administration of Chief Trader [[Kotar Trovakkakan]], the city began to see itself as not simply an autonomous City-State within the Kasshi Empire, but as the capital of the entire north, and began making various demands of the Kasshi naval commanders, including demand for greater compensation for the use of the port, amounting to outright tribute.  The Kasshi Empress, [[Chingara]] was too concerned with threats closer to home to protest, and agreed to the increase.  Tensions were rising, but peace was maintained, until the [[Drunken Sailor Incident]].  Tensions exploded, and the Chief Trader ordered the Municipal Police into the naval enclave, seizing control, and proclaiming Shivrashan control of the navy.

The Empress sent troops to Shivrashan, but Kotar was prepared to meet them, and defeated them in the [[Battle of Shivrashan Pass]].  After several other inconclusive engagements, a treaty was drawn up between Chief Trader Kotar and Empress Chingara granting control of the entire Trans-Fantasta to Shivrashan, which in turn agreed to become subject (nominally) to the Empire.

This was the first time that the authority of Ivets had been seriously challenged, and defeated.  It is commonly considerd to be the beginning of the end of serious imperial rule, leading to a long disintegration of the Fourth Empire, in which various provinces and cities drifted further and further from the rule of the Kasshi empresses.

[[Category:Kasshi History]]
[[Category:Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Drunken Sailor Incident</title>
    <id>3469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23256</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-13T08:51:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Drunken Sailor Incident''' was the incident that sparked the [[Shivrashan Crisis]].  Little is known about it, as no detailed records survive.

What we ''do'' know is that it involved a sailor from [[Naval City|the Kasshi naval base]], who was inside [[Shivrashan]], and became drunk and disorderly.  He was apparently arrested by the Shivrashan police force, and alleged excessive force on the part of the police.  The admiral in charge of the naval base demanded the sailor's release, and when he was refused, the admiral in turn refused to turn over harbor fees.  The already-tense situation then boiled over when [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]] [[Kotar Trovakkakan]] responded by closing off the city to Kasshi sailors, arresting any sailor found within city limits.  Violence broke out, and the Chief Trader invaded the base, forcefully annexing it to the city.

Some sailors found refuge in [[Freeport|Slaveport]] (modern-day Freeport), further fueling the animosity between the two cities.  [[Portmaster of Freeport|Portmaster]] [[Robakoda Ntsakkan]] refused to extradite any sailors, and at last Kotar agreed to grant amnesty to any who returned to the now-Shivrashan navy.  Some sailors did return, while others remained in Slaveport, becoming citizens of the city.

[[Category:Kasshi History]]
[[Category:Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>City of Temples</title>
    <id>3470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28573</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-06T20:10:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''City of Temples''' is a district of [[Shivrashan]] known for its numerous temples, honoring nearly every religion in the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Empire]] and beyond.  It is located in the southern region of the city, in the foothills of the [[Fantasta Mountains]].  The former city began during Shivrashan's resurrection after the [[Conquest of Kalpan]], when traders from all over [[Odirá]] came through the city.  Many of them practiced foreign religions, which the Shivrashan authorities were reluctant to permit in the city.  Several priests founded monastaries in what would later become the City of Temples, outside of the Shivrashan's city limits.  These monastaries became the nucleus of a growing collection of houses of worship, and eventually the [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]] granted them authority to establish a city government.

Despite the name, there are many residences and secular businesses within the City as well.  Never the less, the great temples are a sight to see.  Over the centuries, the various religious orders have competed with each other in magnificence, supported by wealthy traders, seeking their deities' blessing, or thanking them for their assistance.  Today, the district is a must-see for any tourist.

[[Category:Districts of Shivrashan|Temples]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yatta Party</title>
    <id>3472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16345</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T08:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Yatta Party''' is the ruling party of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  Its name translates as &quot;Heritage&quot;.  The party was founded by [[Dzesa]], and is a neo-monarchist party.

[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cironean</title>
    <id>3473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17249</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-08T16:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bodhraneoir</username>
        <id>199</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Appendix I: Numerals */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:Cironean (natively: ''rethró athenam Cirónei'', &quot;language of the men of Cirone&quot;) is a language in the [[Redhrácic]] family of tongues spoken by the [[Homo antiquus]] [[Cironeans]].

==Phonology==

:Roman-alphabet transliteration reveals a principally Indo-European-equivalency in pronunciation, with an equivalency bias toward Latinate and Romance forms with a few deviations.

===Phonemes===

====Consonants====

:Consonantal phonemes, as observed above, are principally Latinate.  The list below is the sum total of native consonants recognized in Cironean.

{|
| C
| CH
| D
| F
| G
| H
| J
| L
|-
| M
| N
| P
| Q
| U
| R
| S
| SH
|-
| T
| TH
| V
| W
| X
| Y
| Z 
|}

A few notes:

*The C phoneme is not orthographically bifurcated as in modern Latin/Latinate languages or in English.  It is universally an aspirated, voiceless velar plosive.  It's voiced brother, G, in similar fashion always expressed a voiced velar plosive.
*CH is never gutteral as the Germanic form.  It never represents x.  It always represents the initial phoneme as expressed in words such as the English '''ch'''erry.
*J is not, as in Latin, a form evolved to express a consonantal I-form.  it invariably expresses the phoneme dʒ.
*SH is always voiceless; also TH, which under no circumstances represents ð.  That phoneme, while present in parallel [[Redhrácic]] family members, dropped out of use in Cironean.
*X universally expresses a &quot;KS&quot; phoneme.
*Z is always a voiced alveolar fricative.

====Vowels====
 
The vowel phonemes in Cironean are analogical with Latinate vowels, with a vanishingly slight degree of variation. They are laid out below.

*a – Latin p'''a'''ter
*o – Latin p'''o'''ssum
*ó – Latin laud'''o'''
*u – Latin p'''u'''to
*e – Latin mon'''e'''o
*i – Latin f'''i'''o
*ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin c'''ae'''lum
*oi – English p'''oi'''nt
*ou – English p'''ou'''t

====Syllabic Structure====

:Cironean organizes its phonemes very flexibly.  There is no general format that morphemes tend to follow; '''however''', there are certain consonantal phonemes that '''do not''' appear together '''under any circumstances'''.  Those are listed below.

*C
*F
*H
*J
*QU
*V
*W
*Y
*Z

:Consonantal phonemes may cluster at the beginning of words or syllables.  These are the permissible initial clusters in Cironean:

#B and C - can form clusters with L and R
#D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R
#S - can form clusters with C and T

:Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic.  Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while words of two to five syllables stress the antepenult.  Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.

==Grammar==


===Nouns===

: Nouns in Cironean are inflected and organized into four declensions.  While there is some aspect of grammatical gender behind this organization (i.e., the first declension is &quot;feminine,&quot; the second declension is &quot;masculine,&quot; the third is &quot;neuter&quot;) this is not strictly adhered to (e.g., the fourth declension is &quot;mixed&quot; in terms of gender).  Generally speaking, personal nouns such as proper names are declined according to the actual gender of the antecedent.

: As to the mechanics of nouns:
Nouns in Cironean are declined into four cases - nominative, genitive, predicative, and prepositive.  The nominative and genitive cases are so named because they correspond substantially to the Indo-European versions of those cases.  The predicative case is used for any direct object of a verb, inclusive of the copulae (see Appendix II) and the objects of passive verbs.  Thus, a literal translation of a passive Cironean sentence is grammatically incorrect in English: &quot;I am called by you&quot; is literally &quot;Me am called by you.&quot;

====1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó====
	    
Model: Rethró, language

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Rethró
| Rethróth
|-
| Genitive
| Rethroi	
| Rethroith
|-
|Predicative	
|Rethrou	
|Rethrouth
|-
|Prepositive
| Rethroe
| Rethroeth
|}


====2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E====

Model: Alve, house

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Alve
| Alven
|-
| Genitive
| Alvei
| Alvein
|-
| Predicative
| Alveu
| Alveun
|-
| Prepositive	
| Alveó	
| Alveón
|}

====3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U====

Model: Oithu, mountain

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Oithu
| Oithus
|-
| Genitive
| Oithui
| Oithuis
|-
| Predicative
| Oithue
| Oithues
|-
| Prepositive
| Oithua
| Oithuas
|}

====4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants====

Model: Athen, man

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Athen
| Atheni
|-
| Genitive
| Athena
| Athenam
|-
| Predicative
| Athenu
| Athenum
|-
| Prepositive
| Athene
| Athenem
|}

===Adjectives===


: There are two forms of adjectives.  The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified.  This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man.  Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.

Comparison of Adjectives:
:The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative (&quot;very&quot;), and β-superlative (&quot;most').  They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:

Pos: —	     Comp: af(a)-   α-sup: ef(e)-   β-sup: of(o)-

===Pronouns===

: Pronouns are placeholders for nouns in a spoken or written sentence.  They correspond to their antecedents in person, number, case, and (in the case of third-person pronouns) gender.  They are declined below.

====Personal Pronouns====

=====1st Person Pronoun=====

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Shó
| Shol
|-
| Genitive
| Shoe
|Shoel
|-
| Predicative
| Shou
| Shoül
|-
| Prepositive
| Shoi
| Shoïl
|}


=====2nd Person Pronoun=====

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| The
| Thech
|-
| Genitive
| Thea
| Theach
|-
| Predicative
| Theó
| Theóch
|-
| Prepositive
| Theu
| Theuch
|}


=====3rd Person Pronoun=====

{| border=1
| Case
|align=center| Singular
|align=center| Plural
|-
| Nominative
| Eó, Ie, Eu
| Eóth, Ien, Eus
|-
| Genitive
| Eoi, Iei, Eue
| Eoith, Iein, Eues
|-
| Predicative
| Eou, Ieu, Eui
| Eouth, Ieun, Euis
|-
| Prepositive
| Eoe, Ieó, Eua
| Eoeth, Ieón, Euas
|}

====Other Pronouns (Can Also Serve as Adjectives)====

*Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

*Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

*Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

*Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

*Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

*Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

===Verbs===

Verbs in Cironean are inflected, but less rigidly so than the nouns.  There is generally a tense particle, as well as a particle differentiating the subjunctive from the indicative mood.  A few brief notes before listing the conjugations:
:Verbal nouns fulfill the function of the infinitive in Cironean.
:Sentence structure in Cironean is almost always VSO, although poetic syntax tends to deviate from this in certain settings.
:The final three tenses are considered to be &quot;emphatics,&quot; whereas the first three are &quot;simple.&quot;  This means, e.g., that the future perfect tense is also considered the &quot;promissory&quot; tense, as it suggests a claim or determination to complete an action at some point in the future.

====The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant====

Model/Imperative: Rath, See

Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)

{| border=1
| Tense
|align=center| 1st S
|align=center| 2nd S
|align=center| 3rd S
|align=center| 1st Pl
|align=center| 2nd Pl
|align=center| 3rd Pl
|-
| Present (S)
| Root + ash
| Analytic + the
| Analytic + eó
| Root + oish
| Analytic + thech
|Analytic + eóth
|-
| Past (S)
| Root + il + ash
| Analytic + il + the
| Analytic + il + eó
| Root + il + oish
| Analytic + il + thech
| Analytic + il + eóth
|-
| Future (S)
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
|-
| Perfect (D)
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
|-
| Pluperfect
| Root + ril + ash
| Analytic + ril + the
| Analytic + ril + eó
| Root + ril + oish
| Analytic + ril + thech
| Analytic + ril + eóth
|-
| Future (P)
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
|}

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes

====The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant====

Model/Imperative: Urgin, do

Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)

{| border=1
| Tense
|align=center| 1st S
|align=center| 2nd S
|align=center| 3rd S
|align=center| 1st Pl
|align=center| 2nd Pl
|align=center| 3rd Pl
|-
| Present (S)
| Root + esh
| Analytic + the
| Analytic + eó
| Root + eshol
| Analytic + thech
| Analytic + eóth
|-
| Past (S)
| Root + oi + esh
| Analytic + oi + the
| Analytic + oi + eó
| Root + oi + eshol
| Analytic + oi + thech
| Analytic + oi + eóth
|-
| Future (S)
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
|-
| Perfect (D)
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
|-
| Pluperfect
| Root + coi + esh
| Analytic + coi + the
| Analytic + coi + eó
| Root + coi + eshol
| Analytic + coi + thech
| Analytic + coi + eóth
|-
| Future (P)
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
|}

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes
	
====The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel====

Model: Vevu, go

Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)

{| border=1
| Tense
| 1st S
| 2nd S
| 3rd S
| 1st Pl
| 2nd Pl
| 3rd Pl
|-
| Present (S)
| Root + nosh
| Analytic + the
| Analytic + eó
| Root + noshol
| Analytic + thech
| Analytic + eóth
|-
| Past (S)
| Root + nin + osh
| Analytic + nin + the
| Analytic + nin + eó
| Root + nin + oshol
| Analytic + nin + thech
| Analytic + nin + eóth
|-
| Future (S)
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
| Pres. CTQ + VN
|-
| Perfect (D)
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
| Past CPQ + VN
|-
| Pluperfect
| Root + rin + osh
| Analytic + rin + the
| Analytic + rin + eó
| Root + rin + oshol
| Analytic + rin + thech
| Analytic + rin + eóth
|-
| Future (P)
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
| Future CPQ + VN
|}

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes

===Adverbs===

	Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives.  There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked.  Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.


==Appendix I: Numerals==

Cironean mathematics operates within a base-10 framework.  Numbers 1 to 10 are unique; numbers 11 through 99 are formed by compounding and mutation of the first ten.

{| border=1
| Numeral
| Cironean
|-
| 0
| Nachen
|-
| 1
| inó
|-
| 2
| wothó
|-
| 3
| cetó
|-
| 4
| nouró
|-
| 5
| linó
|-
| 6
| thequó
|-
| 7
| síbó
|-
| 8
| foió
|-
| 9
| ató
|-
| 10
| quenó
|-
| 11
| inquenó
|-
| 12
| woquenó
|-
| 13
|cequenó
|-
| 14
| nouquenó
|-
| 15
| linquenó
|-
| 16
| thequenó
|-
| 17
| shiquenó
|-
| 18
| foiquenó
|-
| 19
| atquenó
|-
| 20
| quewodó
|-
| 21
| inquewodó
|-
| 30
| quecetó
|-
| 40
| quenouró
|-
| 50
| quelinó
|-
| 60
| quethequó
|-
| 70
| queshibó
|-
| 80
| quefoió
|-
| 90
| queató
|-
| 100
| quequenó; unejó
|-
| 200
| wodó quequenori; wodunejó
|-
| 1,000
| quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó
|-
| 2,000
| wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó
|}

==Appendix II: The Copulae==


===Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities===

Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu

Passive Particle: N/A	
Mood Markers:
Demonstrative: -z-  Imperative: -za-  Subjunctive: -zó-	

{| border=1
| Tense
| 1st S
| 2nd S
| 3rd S
| 1st Pl
| 2nd Pl
| 3rd Pl
|-
| Present
| -ish
| -ith
| -i
| -ishol
| -itheg
| -in
|-
| Past
| -ash
| -ath
| -a
| -ashol
| -atheg
| -an
|-
| Future
| -esh
| -eth
| -e
| -eshol
| -etheg
| -en
|-
| Present Perfect
| -ishu
| -ithu
| -iu
| -ishul
| -ithug
| -ium
|-
| Past Perfect
| -ashu
| -athu
| -aü
| -ashul
| -athug
| -aüm
|-
| Future Perfect
| -eshu
| -ethu
| -eu
| -eshul
| -ethug
| -eüm
|}

===Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities===

Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu

Passive Particle: N/A
Mood Markers:
Demonstrative: -qu-  Imperative: -qua-  Subjunctive: -quo-

{| border 1
! Tense:
|align=center| 1st S
|align=center| 2nd S
|align=center| 3rd S
|align=center| 1st Pl
|align=center| 2nd Pl
|align=center| 3rd Pl
|-
|Present
| -ish
| -ith
| -i
| -ishol
| -itheg
| -in
|-
|Past
| -ash
| -ath
| -a
| -ashol
| -atheg
| -an
|-
|Future
| -esh
| -eth
| -e
| -eshol
| -etheg
| -en
|-
|Present Perfect
| -ishu
| -ithu
| -iu
| -ishul
| -ithug
| -ium
|-
|Past Perfect
| -ashu
| -athu
| -aü
| -ashul
| -athug
| -aüm
|-
|Future Perfect
| -eshu
| -ethu
| -eu
| -eshul
| -ethug
| -eum
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old City (Shivrashan)</title>
    <id>3476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16384</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T23:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Old City''' is the heart of [[Shivrashan]].  The Chief Trader's mansion is located there, as are many of the banks and the [[Shivrashan Stock Exchange]].  It originally included most of the city-state's administration, but the bureaucracy has gradually migrated to other districts leaving the Old City to finance and business, as well as some luxury homes.  Middle- and lower-class residents have long since been driven out by rising real estate values.

[[Category:Districts of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Districts of Shivrashan</title>
    <id>3477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16377</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-21T23:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trans-Fantasta</title>
    <id>3478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33229</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T07:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term '''Trans-Fantasta''' has been used for two entities.

== The Republic of the Trans-Fantasta ==
The '''Republic of the Trans-Fantasta''' is the modern term for the portion of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]] north of the [[Fantasta Mountains]] after the [[Shivrashan Crisis]].  It was a ''de facto'' state within the Empire.  At the time, it was generally known simply as the &quot;Trans-Fantasta Provinces&quot; or the &quot;Far East Provinces&quot;, or occassionally as the Viceroyalty of Shivrashan.

In theory, it was an integral portion of the Kasshi Empire, with Shivrashan administering the trans-Fantastan provinces on behalf of the Empress.  In practice, however, it was a fully sovereign state which paid a nominal tribute of 1,728 ''saklachi'' per year to [[Ivets]].

The supreme ruler of the state was the [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan]], elected for life by the Council of Traders and Merchants.  The Chief Trader also held the title of Viceroy of the Trans-Fantasta.  Membership on said Council was, in principle, open to any citizen of Shivrashan with a certain minimum wealth.  Each province was governed by a Governor appointed by the Chief Trader in his or her capacity as Viceroy, and the Governors in turn were advised by a council of local nobles.

== The Empire of the Trans-Fantasta ==
In 98 ShE, following the [[Second Kalpanian War]], Shivrashan broke off all connection with the Kasshi Empire, transforming the provinces under its control into the Empire of the Trans-Fantasta, also known as the Shivrashan Empire.

At its height, the Empire included the entire [[Kalpanian Sea]] and significant territories inland, which brought tremendous wealth to the City-State.  Over time, however, its territories were gradually eroded, some breaking away, and others conquered by the [[Blafu Union]].  Eventually, the City-State was forced to pledge fealty to the Blafu.

This change in status barely impeded its economic position, however.  While Blafu did demand considerable tribute, they did not interfere with the economic affairs of the city.  And by renouncing military interest in its former possessions, the city's once-feared army could be disbanded, at significant savings.

[[Category:Kasshi History]]
[[Category:Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Freedom Avenue</title>
    <id>3479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23225</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T22:30:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Freedom Avenue''' is a major highway in [[Shivrashan]], connecting the ports of [[Freeport]] with the [[Grand Avenue of Commerce]], which crosses the [[Fantasta Mountains]].  By a quirk of history, the road itself is legally considered part of the District of Freeport all the way up to its joining with the Grand Avenue, despite extending many miles past the District limits.  In addition, homes and businesses built on the road itself are considered under Freeport administration, following Freeport's ordinances.

This quirk stems back to the very founding of Freeport, at the time called Slaveport.  The Avenue was, at this time, referred to as Slave Road.  Slaveport and Slave Road owed their existence to a law forbidding the presence of slaves within Shivrashan itself.  As a result, slavers took their merchandise to nearby ports, and established a road around the city limits.  As the city grew, crossing the road, the road continued to be legally reckoned as being outside the city.

It was eventually renamed Freedom Avenue, along with the renaming of Slaveport to Freeport, sometime after the abolition of slavery.

[[Category:Shivrashan]]
[[Category:Transportation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grand Avenue of Commerce</title>
    <id>3480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16396</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T03:52:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Grand Avenue of Commerce''' in [[Shivrashan]] is a key highway running through the middle of the city, from the [[Shivrashan Pass]] to the main ports in the [[Old City (Shivrashan)|Old City]].  The Avenue has long been a crucial lifeline for the city, and remains significant, along with the [[Grand Shivrashan Railroad]].  The Avenue is even today personified as a living thing in poetry, and there is even a [[Cult of Trade|small cult]] that worships it as a minor deity.

[[Category:Shivrashan]]
[[Category:Transportation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Risevne</title>
    <id>3482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16398</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T04:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I have a question.  What year is &quot;today&quot; in Risevne?  Also, I'm getting the impression that their chronology is very similar to our own in its years, so that their 1400 is similar to our 1400.  Is this correct? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 20:00, 21 November 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taibergute-dego</title>
    <id>3483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16956</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T05:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Taibergute''', also known by its numerical designation as W1-3, is one of the districts of [[Isana]], situated in [[Awenkara remis]]. Along with [[Taiberseimi-dego]], it is one of the more established shopping districts in the city, and has also gained worldwide fame in that regard.

The name ''Taibergute'' literally means &quot;below the bridge&quot;, and refers to the area south of [[Soruta Bridge]], which is the oldest bridge across [[Gardaus Bay]]. The name, then, stands in contrast with [[Taiberseimi-dego]], which means &quot;above&quot;, or north of, the bridge.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Iselniragan Today==

==Neighbourhoods==

The area that is Taibergute contains several famous neighbourhoods:

* [[Byensori]], lit. &quot;General Stores&quot;

* [[Taiberduya]], lit. &quot;Left of the Bridge&quot;

* [[Degurunalmi]], lit. &quot;Weapon Store&quot; (Arsenal)

* [[Hazatole]], lit. &quot;Powerplant&quot;

* [[Dasnimoya]], lit. &quot;Clocktower&quot;

==Significance==

==Famous Buildings==

==Notes==

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Horeston Province</title>
    <id>3484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16415</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-22T15:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Horeston Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Horeston denai''), also known as Province 6, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated in the south of [[Masalne]] on the southern side of [[Enibase Bay]]. It borders [[Ngaba Province]] on the southwest, [[Feladmena Province]] on the southeast, and [[Ofalna]] and [[Enimdanai]] provinces on its northeast; across the bay is [[Abanamide Province]]. Its capital is the city of [[Mitanas]].

Being one of the provinces situated around Enibase Bay with its rich natural resources and relative suitability for agriculture, the area that now forms the province has a long history of settlement and civilisation. During the era of the [[Hesgarigani]], as well as before that, it was a major centre of Mirsel civilisation, and its cities were larger than even the ones within the [[Feladmena Plain]]. A focus of war during the 4th to 7th centuries, the area was eventually absorbed after a series of bloody battles into the [[Kingdom of Masal]], known normally as the [[Ngaba ta bara]], &quot;North of the Pass&quot;. 

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Mitanas]], the provincial capital and a famously historical city

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enimdanoi Province</title>
    <id>3485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16983</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T11:15:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Towns and Cities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Enimdanoi Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Enimdanoi denai''), also known as Province 7, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated in the southeast of [[Masalne]]; it borders [[Feladmena Province]] to its south, [[Horeston Province]] to its southwest, [[Ofalna Province]] to its west, and [[Baseniga Province]] to its north, while its east faces the [[Datinarmi Sea]]. Its capital is the city of [[Leduga]].

The area now known as Enimdanoi was host to several kingdoms and small states throughout the first millenium DN, resisting invasions both from the north and south, they grew rich on the seaborne trade, both with their occasional enemies as well as with the kingdoms on the island of [[Agalmare]]. In modern days the province remains an important domestic transport node, and it has also undergone a high-tech transition with the growth of [[Taluste]]. 

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Leduga]], the provincial capital

*[[Anosari]], a major highway intersection town

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taiberseimi-dego</title>
    <id>3486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16950</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T04:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Taiberseimi]] moved to [[Taiberseimi-dego]]: In order to better clarify the title of the district, and to bring it in line with naming practices</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Taiberseimi''', literally &quot;Above the Bridge&quot; in [[Mirselec]], refers to one subdivision of the [[West Bay District]], which lies to the north (and therefore &quot;above&quot;) of [[Soruta Bridge]]. Like the district of [[Taibergute]], to the south of the bridge, it is a well-known shopping area, though compared to the southern neighbourhoods the area's conscious and more meticulous planning has made a more spacious area, with a reputation as a high-class commercial area.

This area of the city includes the following neighbourhoods:

*[[Victory Road]]

*[[Bezisenoye]]

*[[Aunamoya]]

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benesda Market</title>
    <id>3487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16618</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T04:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Benesda Market''' is a major wholesale market dealing mostly in fish and seafood, situated in [[Hirsa remis]] not far from the fishing port. It is one of the several wholesale markets of [[Isana]].

In keeping with the culinary culture of [[Risevne]], with its focus on seafood, it is by far the largest seafood wholesale market in the world, and one of the largest wholesale markets of any type. Formerly mainly a tourist attraction for foreigners, it has now also become a popular destination for Isanani after the development of the [[Belegras Dockyards]], especially for fresh breakfast.

[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ofalna Province</title>
    <id>3488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16454</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T14:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ofalna Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Ofalna denai''), also known as Province 8, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated in the south of [[Masalne]]. It is the smallest province of Masalne by area, and borders [[Enimdanoi Province]] to its east, [[Horeston Province]] to its south, [[Abanamide Province]] to its east and [[Baseniga Province]] to its north, while facing [[Enibase Bay]] to its west as well. Its capital is the city of [[Iburenori]].

Famed for its hilly landscape and extensive forests, Ofalna was historically given the title of ''Iburedenai'', or &quot;Forest Province&quot;; even now its capital's name translates simply to Forest City. While it was once an economic backwater, it attained a reputation as being a vacationing spot for the nobles of [[Masal]], analogous to the coast of [[Eonis Province]] for [[Rarena]]; even now many of these mansions, some of which are several centuries old, still stand in the mountains. Ofalna has also often been called the &quot;Womb of Poetry&quot;, having garnered a reputation as an artistic and literary centre that still stands today.

==Geography==

Ofalna Province lies in the path of the [[Nagenahormagos]], the range of mountains branching southeast from the [[Mathormagos]] and stretching through Ofalna to neighbouring Horeston and Ngaba provinces. As a result it has a highly different terrain from much of the rest of the south; mountainous and forested, it plays host to a large array of wildlife and plants, many of which are endemic to Masalne. At the same time the foothills of these mountains are home to some of the oldest rice terraces in the country, estimated to have dated from around 100 DN, and most of which are still in use today.

Some of the most famous geographical attractions of the country include the so-called &quot;Writer's Hill&quot; of [[Mount Tasodeni]], situated in the centre of the province and whose slopes and forests have seen many famous writers from [[Surove ke Kanisda]] to [[Ageteri Malyer]]; the area of the mountain includes 5 small lakes, several streams, and has often been described as the Garden of the Gods.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Iburenori]], the provincial capital

*[[Kaitetaiber]], the site of the famous [[Unversity of Kaitetaiber]]

==Famous Locations==

*[[Mount Tasodeni]]

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haisna Aunafurasa</title>
    <id>3489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16440</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-23T05:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Haisna Aunafurasa''', meaning the Song-Compilation of Haisna in [[Mirselec]], is an important anthology of poetry from the [[Karelne ta Hyerisa]] in [[Risevan history]]; compiled by [[Haisna ke Odomunda]] in around the late 10th century DN, it compiled the poems known as ''Auna'', or songs, a form of Mirselec poetry derived from the older Menata. 

Though the Haisna Aunafurasa is one of the most famous and renowned poetry anthologies in the modern view, it was most striking during its period for the fact that it was not ordered or commissioned by any royal family amongst the kingdoms of the time; within the preface, written also by Haisna, only a few local lords were mentioned as having &quot;aided with the work&quot;. This lack of official support had the curious effect of freeing the compiler from censorship, and as a result the poems within include many love poems that are not present within most other anthologies and provide considerable social insights.

==History of the Text==

Study of the text is hindered by a lack of exact knowledge of how many pieces exactly there were within the Aunafurasa; this problem is exacerbated by the fact that there were at least three editions, four if one counts an official and highly censored version; all of these editions have different numbers of poems.

==Works and Study==

==Influence and Impact==

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Important Risevan texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cuisine of Risevne</title>
    <id>3490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16476</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T03:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''cuisine of Risevne''' has a long history parallel to that of the development of civilisation within the country, since early in the DN period, with the rise of feudal and royal states across the islands of [[Masalne]] and [[Agalmare]] and the influx of cultural influences from mainland [[Osonde]].

[[category:Risevan Cuisine]]
[[category:Risevani culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abanamide Province</title>
    <id>3491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16532</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T05:33:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Abanamide Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Abanamide denai''), also known as province 9, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]]; situated on the northern side of [[Enibase Bay]], it borders [[Osbane Province]] to its north, [[Baseniga Province]] to its northeast, and [[Ofalna Province]] to its east. Its capital is the city of [[Durimaye, Abanamide|Durimaye]].

Abanamide was arguably the first major site of Mirsel civilisation, before changing climatic conditions prompted the southward move into the [[Feladmena Plain]] and eventually the [[Raretoya Peninsula]]; some earliest sites of the [[Narusgerya Culture]], as well as another indigenous culture endemic to Abanamide and Osbane, date back to around 5,000 DN (in comparison the type site of the Narusgerya Culture in [[Isana]] is in fact a mid-Narusgerya site, dating from around 3,100 DN). In later years, Abanamide was a major base of the [[Hesgarigani]] kingdoms and an important political centre even into the 11th and 12th centuries; the city of Negusai was, and still is, sometimes known as ''Sideisana'' or &quot;Little Capital&quot;. 

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Durimaye, Abanamide|Durimaye]], the provincial capital

*[[Negusai]], the former capital of several kingdoms

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awenhine remis</title>
    <id>3492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16969</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T10:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''''Awenhine remis''', literally &quot;Bay East District&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|Area]] in [[Isana]]; as its name suggests, it lies along the east coast of [[Gardaus Bay]], almost along its whole length from the mouth of the [[Rushalya river]] to the bay's opening into the sea. 

The area was formerly on the outskirts of old Isana, outside the walls and home to the burgeoning merchant class of the city; as the city expanded to include the Bay in the early 19th century, and more importantly as the [[Ibakizaro]] began, the entire centre of gravity of the city was shifted south and the bay district became the heart of the city, where the government was relatively sheltered from the industry to the west of the bay. 

Presently Awenhine is the financial and commercial heart of the city, as well as the entire country. It is the site of the [[Risevan Stock Exchange]], as well as the headquarters of more than 200 major financial companies and banks, situated in such famous neighbourhoods as [[Baroye]], [[Ekusinada]] and [[Bastenal]]; at the same time, even as many of these companies are gradually moving south into the [[Hirsa remis|Henoris]] area, Awenhine is rapidly taking on a role as a cultural centre as well.

==Site and Situation==

Modern day Awenhine stretches along the length of the east shore of Gardaus Bay, from the mouth of the [[Rushalya river]] in the north to [[Henoris Extension]] in the south. While the highly developed areas are farther north, near the old economic centres that have been operating as such since the mid 18th century, the entire area is highly built up and contains the headquarters of most institutions based within the city.

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

Awenhine remis is divided into 6 districts, all lying adjacent to each other along Gardaus Bay. From north to south, they are:

*[[Iselniragan-dego]]

*[[Baroye-dego]]

*[[Bastenal-dego]]

*[[Ekusinada-dego]]

*[[Nengofar-dego]]

*[[Sulindai-dego]]

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Areas of Isana</title>
    <id>3493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16477</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T03:30:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dzesa's City</title>
    <id>3494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16548</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:13:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dzesa's City''' has been the administrative capital of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] since the city's founding shortly after the [[War of Unification]].  At the time, the capital was [[Ivets]], which remains the Imperial capital.

The capital was built to satisfy [[Dzesa]]'s desire for a majestic city and scorn for the traditional culture of Ivets, as well as to avoid the Empress' influence.  At the time of its construction, several small towns existed in the area designated for the city.  Those towns were demolished, with the people relocated, at Imperial cost, to other cities.  Dzesa then set out to build a city of massive monumental buildings.  Many of the buildings were damaged or destroyed during the [[Global War]], but were rebuilt at tremendous cost.

[[Category:Kasshi Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperial Chan</title>
    <id>3495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46721</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-30T06:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Some figures */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imperial [[Chan]]''' is the currency of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] and several of its allies.  The name is ultimately derived from that of [[Chalanya]], the founder of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]].  It is divided into 15 ''vezh'', each of which are divided into 12 ''zash'', in turn, historically, divided into 16 ''vi'', though inflation has since eliminated the ''vi'' as a unit.  Thus, the complete system was 1 chan = 15 vezh = 180 zash = 2,880 vi.  It was inherited from the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]], with its value restored at the time of the founding of the Fifth Empire.  Inflation has reduced the value to some degree, but it remains a fairly significant amount of money.

When writing out monetary figures, special characters are used for each unit.  Prices are given in chan, vezh, and zash, though it is common to use fractions for multiples of 3 zash.  E.g., it is common to say &quot;2¾ vezh&quot;  rather than &quot;2 vezh 9 zash&quot;, and one would never say &quot;33 zash&quot;

Prices are usually round numbers.  Thus, a price of 3 vezh is more likely than one of 2 vezh 11 zash.

As with all terms referring to units of measurement in [[Ivetsian]], there is no distinction between singular and plural with monetary terms.

== Coins ==
*''Vi'' (discontinued)
*''{{frac|1|8}} Zash'' (discontinued)
*¼ Zash
*½ Zash (''onzash'')
*Zash
*3 Zash (''zassash'')
*6 Zash
*Vezh
*3 Vezh
*5 Vezh
*''½ Chan'' (discontinued)
*Chan (rare)

The quarter- and half-zash coins are made of aluminum.  The zash is copper, while the 3-zash, 6-zash, and vezh are copper-nickel, historically silver.  In 756, during the Global War, they were first replaced with copper-nickel.  In 765, silver mintage was resumed.  They were reduced to 50% silver in 780, and then to copper-nickel in 803.  Originally, the 3 vezh, ½-chan, and chan were made of gold, but during the [[Global War]], the gold coins were replaced with banknotes, with silver coins introduced to replace them in 768.  Today, those remain the only silver coins in circulation.  The ½-chan coin and bill were recently replaced with the silver 5-vezh coin.

The vi and {{frac|1|8}} zash coins were discontinued in 803.

== Banknotes ==
*''¼ Vezh'' (Produced during Global War, still legal tender, but rarely seen)
*''½ Vezh'' (Produced during Global War, still legal tender, but rarely seen)
*''Vezh'' (Produced during Global War, still legal tender, but rarely seen)
*''3 Vezh'' (Produced during Global War, still legal tender, but rarely seen)
*''½ Chan'' (Recently discontinued)
*Chan
*3 Chan
*5 Chan
*''6 Chan''
*10 Chan
*''12 Chan''
*25 Chan

Historically, banknotes came in the denominations of 3, 6, and 12 chan.  Recently, however, the 6- and 12-chan notes were replaced by 5- and 10-chan notes.  The old ones remain legal tender, although they're rarely seen now.

==Some figures==
*Newspaper: 3 zash
*Minimum Wage (in the Empire): 2 vezh per [[Odiran Standard Units#Time|daymin]] (4 vezh 7½ zash per Earth hour; 2 chan 10 vezh per typical work day)
*Lunch for one, fast food: ~3-4 vezh
*Dinner for one, mid-range restaurant: ~8-10 vezh
*Airplane ticket, [[Ivets]] to [[Shivrashan]], non-peak season: c. 8 chan
*Double-weekly rent on a one-bedroom apartment, low-end: c. 9 chan
*Double-weekly rent on a nice one-bedroom apartment, [[Dzesa's City]]: 35-40 chan
*Two-bedroom home, suburban: 3,500-5,000 chan

== The Chan Zone ==
In addition to the Empire, several other nations use Chan of equal value to the Imperial Chan.  All currencies of the Chan Zone are legal tender in all members.  A number of other currencies are pegged to the Imperial Chan, such as the [[Shivrashanian Chan]].

== See Also ==
*[[Chan]]

[[Category:Kasshi]]
[[Category:Galhafan Currencies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Religions</title>
    <id>3496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16489</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T04:48:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf|Religions]]
[[Category:Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Durosirase</title>
    <id>3497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16507</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T15:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See Also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Durosirase''', literally meaning &quot;Rebuilding&quot; in [[Mirselec]], refers to the period of [[Risevan history]] between the late 1940s and the mid 1980s, marking the period of [[Risevne]]'s emergence as a major world economic power after its costly victory in the [[Fourth Global War]]. During this period, some of the most distinctive features of the modern Risevan economy, including the government-linked [[Kuborisna]] conglomerates, first came into being.

The Durosirase is often called the Second or Great [[Ibakizaro]], in a reference to the earlier period of rapid economic growth and industrialisation between the Restoration and the [[First Global War]]; its success was widely viewed as one of the economic miracles of the world during the period, but it has also provoked much controversy for the Risevan government's use of its postwar position to gain economic leverage for the growth.

==Background==

==Governmental Role==

===The Ministry of Trade, Development and Industry===

First formed in 1948, just after the end of the War, as a coordinating office with the orignial mandate of managing the transition to a peacetime economy as well as stimulating industrial and economic recovery, the [[Risevan Ministry of Trade, Development and Industry]] would prove an instrumental agency in the success of the Risevan economy.

===The Kuborisna===

==External Influences==

==Social Impact==

==International Impact and Controversy==

==Notes==

==See Also==

*[[Irnenoye Accord]]

*[[Sebaya Treaty]]

[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risevan</title>
    <id>3498</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16505</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-24T06:48:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Risevne]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nrastaist Supreme Matriarchs</title>
    <id>3499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16543</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:08:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Nrastaism|Supreme Matriarchs]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan Chronology</title>
    <id>3500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41472</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-03T03:39:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The most common chronology on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] today is the Odiran Era.  1 OE is the year that [[Navesh]] captured [[Shivrashan]], beginning the [[Era of East-West Contact]].

== Kasshi Year Counts ==
*[[Chinrasta's Theocracy]]
**YP = Year of Paradise - the era preceding the Ignorance, according to [[Nrastaism|Nrastaist]] theology, an era of bliss destroyed when the Rebels entered the world and corrupted it; said to have lasted 1,728 (12&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) years
**YW = Year of the World - Dated from the supposed creation of the world; 1 YW = 1 YP
**YI = Year of Ignorance - the era preceding the Revelation; said to have lasted 20,736 (12&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;) years.  1 YI = 1729 YP
**YF = Year of Faith - Years beginning with the Revelation.  1 YF = 20,737 YI = 22,465 YW
*[[Second Kasshi Empire]]
**BE = Before the Empire - years preceding [[Chalanya]]'s enthronement; this was rarely used at the time.  Instead, it was more common to date years according to the era they were in, thus YP for mythological events, YI for historical events preceding the Revelation, YF for events between the Revelation and the founding of  the Empire
**IE = Imperial Era - began with the crowning of Chalanya as Empress (1 IE = 192 YF = 22,656 YW)

1 IE = 2778 BOE&lt;br&gt;
1 YF = 2969 BOE

Others
*Calendrical Era - used to calculate the [[Nrastaist Calendar|traditional calendar]].  1 CE = 12 YF = 180 BE = 3138 BOE; 1 IE = 181 CE = 2958 BOE
*Day Count - A continuous count of days that started on the first day of the year 1 CE in the Nrastaist calendar.

== [[Shivrashan]] Year Counts ==
For most of Shivrashan's history, they used neighboring cultures' calendars.  Following the [[Shivrashan Crisis]], a chronology was adopted dating from the [[Battle of Shivrashan Pass]].
*BShE = Before the Shivrashanian Era
*ShE = Shivrashanian Era; 1 ShE = year of the Battle of Shivrashan Pass = 236 OE

== [[Sanle]] Year Counts ==
The [[Sanle]] generally counted years according to the current Empress.  Sanle historians also counted from the mythical founding of the Empire.

[[Category:Galhafan History|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chalanya</title>
    <id>3501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40265</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-28T08:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chalanya''' (25 [[Galhafan Chronology|BE]]-123 IE) was the founder of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]].

== Early Life ==
Chalanya was born in a small village outside of what was then known as [[Ivets|Ibettu]], which was, at that time, an important member of [[Chinrasta's Theocracy|the Nrastaist theocracy]], a declining confederation.  The [[Nrastaism|Nrastaist]] states were asserting greater independence from the [[Nrastaist Supreme Matriarch|Supreme Matriarch]], and the religion itself was in decline.

In the year 5 BE (according to tradition), a young 20-year-old girl (note: 20 [[Galhafan year]]s = 14 Earth years) had a vision of a Divinity claiming that she was the reincarnation of [[Chinrasta]] herself.  The Divinity commanded her to revive the Faith.  She began proclaiming her visions, and convinced the local priestess of her legitimacy.  Soon, her message spread throughout the neighborhood of Ibettu, and, in 3 BE, she entered Ibettu itself, and announced her message to the [[Council of Twelve]], who had already been informed of her work.

The Council had decided that she would be useful in reviving the Faith among the people, and they proclaimed her the Supreme Matriarch.  Later that same year, the people of Ibettu overthrew their queen, and proclaimed her Queen of Ibettu.  Two years later, the leaders of several Nrastaist states proclaimed their fealty to Chalana as their Queen, and the Second Kasshi Empire was officially founded.

== Reign ==
Initially, Chalana was little more than a puppet of the Council, but gradually she asserted greater independence, and eventually dismissed the entire Council and hand-picked a new one.  She centralized her empire, using the threat posed by the [[Sanle Empire]] to justify her actions.  She also came into conflict with the religious leadership, particularly when she placed several of her daughters and granddaughters on the Council of Twelve.  She laid the foundation for the Empire, and, after 96 years of rule, she formally resigned, allowing the [[Imperial Family Council]], an institution which she had established in the year 43 IE and to which she had gradually delegated authority, to select her successor, as both [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]] and Supreme Matriarch, though she also made her preference for [[Chila]] well-known.

== Retirement ==
During her formal retirement, she retained considerable authority, and, in response to renewed conflict between the Council of Twelve and the Empress, was able to negotiate a new relationship between the Empress and the Supreme Matriarch, persuading Chila to step down as Supreme Matriarch.  An agreement was made that no Imperial Princess could sit on the Council of Twelve.  In the year 123 IE, at the age of 148 [105 Earth years], she passed away.


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''None'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Kasshi Empress|Empress]]'''&lt;br&gt;1-96 IE
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chila]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''?'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Nrastaist Supreme Matriarch|Supreme Matriarch]]'''&lt;br&gt;3 BE-96 IE
|}

[[Category:Empresses of the Second Kasshi Empire]]
[[Category:Nrastaist Supreme Matriarchs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaean Sample Text Corpus</title>
    <id>3502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16519</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T03:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists available [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]] texts, alongside their translations and in some cases their pronunciations in IPA.

===Excerpt from ''Tännaa Leimy'', [[Otäära Kotoka]]===

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Tannaean
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | English
|-
| width=50% valign=top | Tännaa leimy su, tyvettä legä simäät ännu ha hunáaki keimö mennekööny kikeenö. Kyyvö takaaki tännaa fusaasu tehanta, kihytta keeny pennu su tökäät, kunu tekäät, hiarutta kuittu tagaat. Hunvo aat kasse hioro piiaat ännu su, kutta simy suu äily ka etytta sainufaat sängu timät, kuuto hiiaa tokonaa kuoku keeiöt, kuuto sanaa kiihyki suumu kuokat. Kihö kunnu ha lagaat, kookaa hunu su pemää aatu tekät kasse, sobu hunu to paattata köönpö saku sekkenöt, toku tsatot, kihytta tööny to kakkat. Nissy ka, kyyve ännutta konoku kionot tekkaiiräät. Änno kyyvytta hottu pikkät, tyvyttä kakugutöö takaat, kuittu to pennesät, huba töö maku tekkaiirää, tasu töö, pehy töö.
| width=50% valign=top |
|}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dephelis</title>
    <id>3503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16943</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T18:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dephelis''' {{IPA|['dɛfəlɪs]}} is the star orbited by, among other planets, the dual-planet system of [[Ilethes]] and [[Valmante]]. The name of the star is simply [[Dethric language|Dethric]] for &quot;sun&quot; (which is albeit pronounced {{IPA|['ðefəlis]}}).

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Personalities of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16542</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:07:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links to articles of and about the prominent personalities, including historical, political, literary and academic figures, of the constructed universe of [[Ilethes]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category:People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Otäära Kotoka</title>
    <id>3505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32109</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-01T17:52:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Otäära Kotoka''' ({{IPA|[o'tæ:ra 'kotoka]}}; 1961-2009) is a modern [[Arithia]]n novelist of [[Eleena|Tannaean]] birth, whose works have achieved wide critical acclaim for their social realism and boldness in confronting the hypocrisies of political correctness and its humiliating impact on the minority groups ostensibly so protected. While outspoken in his books, Kotoka is well-known to be laconic in real life, preferring to keep a low public profile even while he wrote numerous impassioned articles, letters and essays in support of making [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]], his native tongue, an official language of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]] province. With the sole exception of his first book, ''[[Viodh (book)|Viodh]]'', which was written in the [[Arithide language|Arithide]], he wrote exclusively in Tannaean, and in 1990 [[CIE]] published ''Tonoko'', the Tannaean translation of ''Viodh'', and withdrew all remaining unsold copies of ''Viodh''  from circulation.

In a bitter irony that paralleled the end of [[Sukura Mekoona]], a character from ''[[So (book)|So]]'', the absurdist novel for which he is most famous and which departs the most from his usual style and subject matter, Kotoka was murdered the evening of his 48th birthday on the busy Pänno Street in [[Tannea]], walking past a patisserie, as his usual evening stroll took him, when his assailant hit the back of his head with a large rock and tied his hands around a lamppost in a hugging position. According to eyewitness accounts, bystanders &quot;simply were bystanders&amp;mdash;they just stood gaping, and when I finally rushed over his attacker was already gone&quot;{{footnote|1}}. His death sparked outrage and condemnation, and a vigil held two days later degenerated into violent demonstrations at the provocation of unidentified persons, apparently of [[Tannaean Unionist Party|Unionist]] affiliation, who threw a small petrol bomb into the crowd in the middle of the minute-long silence, yelling out &quot;Retribution for devolution&quot;, before taking off and leaving an [[Flag of Arithia|Arithian flag]] behind.

Before his death, he was working on a seventh novel, which he had neither finished nor titled, but which was published posthumously as ''I'', or loosely &quot;Suspicion&quot;.

==Works==

*1986 [[CIE]], ''Tännaa Leimy'' &quot;Old Forest&quot;
*1989 [[CIE]], ''E Na Änyry'' &quot;With a Smile&quot;
*1990 [[CIE]], ''Tonoko'' &quot;Winter&quot;, originally written and published in the [[Modern Arithide|Arithide]] in 1984 as ''[[Viodh (book)|Viodh]]'' 
*1993 [[CIE]], ''[[So (book)|So]]'' variously translated as &quot;Words&quot;, &quot;Sayings&quot;, &quot;Proverbs&quot;, Stories&quot; or &quot;The Prediction&quot;
*1997 [[CIE]], ''Taata'' &quot;Expert&quot; (note that the title is the adjective, not the noun)
*2006 [[CIE]], ''Käälää Sö'' &quot;The Outsider&quot; or &quot;The Stranger&quot;
*2010 [[CIE]], ''I'' &quot;Suspicion&quot; (unfinished, posthumous)

==References==

{{footnote|1}} ''Tannea Evening Post'', 19.7.2009

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Personalities of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaean language</title>
    <id>3506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23757</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T03:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Tannaean (Tannaīde, Eleenää kuuvo)|pronounce=tə'neɪən (&lt;span style=&quot;font: 11px GentiumAlt, Gentium&quot;&gt;tannə'i:de, e'le:næ: 'ku:vo&lt;/span&gt;)|tu=[[Ilethes]]|species=Human&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Tann]]|in=[[Tannaea]]|no=''(tba)''|script=Lazeic alphabet|tree=[[Maric languages|Maric]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Maric languages#East Maric|East Maric]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Tannaean'''|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=SOV|creator=[[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene Oh]]|date=September 2006}}

The '''Tannaean language''' is an [[Maric languages#East Maric|East Maric]] language spoken in the [[Arithia|Arithide]] province of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]] in southeast [[Marcasia]]. While long relegated to the privacy of homes and unofficial correspondence in favour of the more widely-spoken and economically viable [[Arithide language]], especially during the [[Lazeian Empire#Neira dynasty|Neira dynasty]], modern [[Regionalism in Arithia|regionalism]] and devolution by the central government have led to its reestablishment as [[Official languages of Arithia|official language]] of the province, and [[Tannaean revivalism|revivalist movements]] have undertaken the colossal task of translating numerous terms of politics, administration, science, philosophy etc. into Tannaean where once was used the Arithide.

==History==

The history and development of the Tannaean language has been extensively affected by the many sound-shifts it has undergone. The most important of them include, in reverse order, the devoicing of many consonants especially in word-initial and word-final position, the simplification of consonant clusters and the harmonisation of word stress, all of which served to dramatically reduce the phonotactic repertoire of the language, and contributed to widespread lexical shift.

It is unknown when Tannaean split from the rest of the [[Maric languages#East Maric|East Maric languages]], as distinctively Tannaean written records survive only from less than 2,000 years ago, after the [[Areth]] expanded into the region, bringing with them the [[Lazeic alphabet]], which was subsequently adapted for the language. Despite the added facility of writing, however, Tannaean constantly lost ground to [[Arithide language|Arithide]], which was more prestigious and which was the lingua franca throughout the [[Lazeian Empire]], and practically the only language used for government, commerce and academia.

When the empire collapsed, however, instead of bringing about a Tannaean renaissance, the locally spoken Arithide variant gained ascendancy, particularly so under the [[Unified Arithia|reunified Arithian kingdom]] established in 1336 [[CIE]], and eventually eclipsed Tannaean until the modern era, when devolution gained traction in the Arithian political scene, and education, among other governmental functions, was largely devolved to the provinces in 1982 [[CIE]]. [[Tannaean revivalism|Tannaean revivalists]] campaigned successfully for the reinstatement of a standardised, [[Nativisation (Ilethes)|nativised]] form of the language, based on the [[Tannea]]n dialect, as an official language of the province in 1984 [[CIE]], by which time a [[Dictionary of the Modern Tannaean Language|dictionary]] of terms and such needed for modern use was nearing completion. Official documents were subsequently translated, and the first cohort of students who received their education in Tannaean graduated from high school in 2002 [[CIE]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Voiceless consonants dominate voiced ones in Tannaean, partially due to the devoicing process that began more than six hundred years ago. That sound-change affected all consonants word-initially and word-finally, and later all consonants not surrounded by vowels or the sonorants. Certain southern dialects have taken the process further, devoicing all consonants except the sonorants, while in the north voiced consonants are still widely heard where they have been lost in the standard.

Tannaean consonants may occur singly, geminately, or as a member of two. No consonant cluster consists of more than two non-geminate consonants; also, geminate consonants never occur in a cluster.

{| style=&quot;background: #efefef; border: 1pt #afafaf solid&quot;
!
!bilabial
!labiodental
!dental
!alveolar
!palatal
!velar
!glottal
|-
!nasal
|{{IPA|m}}
|
|{{IPA|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ŋ}} 
|
|-
!plosive
|{{IPA|p}}, {{IPA|b}}
|
|{{IPA|t}}, {{IPA|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}, {{IPA|g}}
| 
|-
!fricative
|
|{{IPA|f}}, {{IPA|v}}
|
|{{IPA|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA|h}}
|-
!trill
|
|
|
|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|-
!lateral
|
|
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|-
!approximant
|
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|
|}

===Vowels===

The Tannaean phonemic vowels number 16: the short ''a, ä, e, i, o, ö, u, y'' {{IPA|[a, æ, e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} and their respective long counterparts; among these [e] and [o] occasionally allomorph to [ɛ] and [ɔ]. Tannaean no longer has any phonemic diphthongs, and while the orthography does not use the relatively modern [[Arithide language|Arithide]] inventions, the letters &amp;lt;[[Jā (letter)|j]]&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;[[Wā (letter)|w]]&amp;gt;, instead preferring to retain &amp;lt;[[Iopha (letter)|i]]&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;[[Utos (letter)|u]]&amp;gt;, historic diphthongs have been reanalysed with the respective semivowels.

====Vowel harmony====

Some degree of vowel harmony by frontness is seen in Tannaean. Grammatical endings are the most obvious example for this, each ending having two alternative forms, one &quot;front&quot; and the other &quot;back&quot;, although their application is obstructed by the interposition of a geminate consonant or of more than one consonant. At the same time, while words do not necessarily harmonise stem-internally, the majority does.

===Orthography===

Tannaean follows a purely phonetic spelling system, with one letter to each sound, and one sound to each letter, using the letters of the [[Lazeic alphabet]] as in standard [[Modern Arithide]], with one exception&amp;mdash;that of the semivowels as mentioned above&amp;mdash; and one difference: Tannaean, instead of repesenting long vowels with diacritics as in Arithide, doubles the vowel letter.

In Romanisation, the same practice has been adopted, with one exception, that of the (rare) letter &amp;lt;[[Ang (letter)|ŋ]]&amp;gt;, which is, as with most other languages, represented by the digraph &amp;lt;ng&amp;gt;, and by the trigraph &amp;lt;nng&amp;gt; when geminate or doubled, for clarity.

==Prosody==

Tannaean is a stress-accented language, and with the exception of certain bisyllabic words, stress in each word falls according to a hierarchy outlined as follows. Stress never falls on the ultimate syllable, which is exceptionlessly the grammatical ending; it also always falls on the penult or the antepenult&amp;mdash;another feature distinguishing it from other [[Maric languages]] and ascribed to Arithide influence. Where two similarly ranked syllables occur in a word, the syllable closer to the end of the word receives stress.

::#Syllables with both a long vowel and a coda
::#Syllables with long vowels or codas
::#Vowels in the following, descending order: ''a, ä, e, ö, o, i, y, u'' (i.e. by openness, frontness and roundness)

==Grammar==

Due mostly to the standardisation campaign, which sought to iron out regional dialectal differences in favour of a standard tongue, much of the irregularity of Tannaean grammar has been eliminated, although they still persist in everyday speech and some literature. Newspapers and the rest of the mass media have generally adopted the new rules, as have most public figures, but idiosyncrasy still makes its mark occasionally in public life, and is not usually remarked upon.

Unlike most other members of the [[Maric languages|Maric family]], Tannaean is an SOV language, and inflects for case, albeit to a limited degree, features which most linguists acsribe to areal influence from the long-dominant [[Arithide language]]. Words take either of two endings (in most cases) depending on the frontness of the next-to-last vowel: if it is a back vowel, or a front vowel separated from the ending by more than one consonant or a geminate consonant, it takes the &quot;back ending&quot;; if it is a front vowel, separated from the ending either not at all or only by a single non-geminate vowel, it takes the &quot;front ending&quot;. 

===Nouns===

Excepting the few most common irregularly declined ones, as well as pronouns, nouns, previously declined in a multitude of irregularly governed ways, have collapsed into a single declension class, declined for three cases&amp;mdash;the nominative, the genitive and the oblique, which also doubles as the accusative case&amp;mdash;and two numbers, singular and plural.

{| style=&quot;background: #efefef; border: 1pt #afafaf solid&quot;
!width=40|  ||colspan=2 width=120| Back vowel&lt;br&gt;''mano'' &quot;person&quot; ||colspan=2 width=120| Front vowel&lt;br&gt;''tyvö'' &quot;tree&quot; ||colspan=2 width=120| Multiple consonants&lt;br&gt;''sängo'' &quot;voice, sound&quot;
|-
| || sg. || pl. || sg. || pl. || sg. || pl.
|-
| '''nom.''' || ''man'''o''''' || ''man'''a''''' || ''tyv'''ö''''' || ''tyv'''ä''''' || ''säng'''o''''' || ''säng'''a'''''
|-
| '''gen.''' || ''man'''utta''''' || ''man'''että''''' || ''tyv'''yttä''''' || ''tyv'''että''''' || ''säng'''utta''''' || ''säng'''että'''
|-
| '''obl.''' || ''man'''u''''' || ''man'''e''''' || ''tyv'''y''''' || ''tyv'''e''''' || ''säng'''u''''' || ''säng'''e'''''
|}

==See also==

*[[Tannaean Sample Text Corpus]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pisex Treaty</title>
    <id>3507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16540</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T06:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Pisex Treaty''' was a treaty of friendship signed in the town of [[Pisex]] in [[Dethria]] in 1910 [[CIE]] that formed a [[Pisex Alliance|military alliance]] between Dethria, [[Arithia]], [[Zesou]], [[Orantia]] and [[Taber]], and opened up large portions of each signatory's national markets to one another. The treaty was to become the basis of the [[International Trade Community]] that would be founded 65 years later.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osbane Province</title>
    <id>3508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16544</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Osbane Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Osbane denai''), also known as Province 10, is one of the [[subdivisions of Risevne|provinces]] of [[Risevne]], situated on the south of [[Uniwa Bay]] in [[Masalne]]. It borders [[Osagona Province]] to its north, [[Baseniga Province]] to its northeast and east, and [[Abanamide Province]] to its south. Its capital is the city of [[Neti]].

Osbane's history is tied intimately to the sea, as well as to its wealth of metals; the area was known to contain deposits of silver since the 5th century DN, a discovery that led to its being a major focal point in regional conflicts. Politically dominated by kingdoms from Abanamide for a long period, the area then became a major fief of [[Masal]] as it united the entire island, due both to its silver and lucrative salt fish trade. 

Osbane's major cities suffered very serious bombing during the [[Fourth Global War]], and were later an important focus of the [[Durosirase]], when efforts were made to diversify the economy of the province. In the present day Osbane is one of the more affluent provinces of the country, and a major attraction for foreign investment and tourism.

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Neti]], the provincial capital

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suninas</title>
    <id>3509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16550</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:19:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Suninas''' (713-787) was a famous [[Risevan]] poet and religious figure of the 8th century DN, famous for his poems critiquing society of the time and concerning religious matters; his fame was such that he was deified as a [[Mirsel religion|Great Spirit]] of poetry, since the 13th and 14th centuries. Even now he is famous as a deity of poetry, and many temples are dedicated to him especially in his native [[Ofalna Province]].

==Life and Times==

Not much is known of Suninas' life, nor even his real name; ''Suninas'' is a type of flower that grows from shrubs, high in the mountains of the southern [[Mathormagos]], and it is said that the man gave himself this name in his late 20s when he became a monk and ascetic.

==Works==

==Impact and Legacy==

==Notes==

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Elected Advisers</title>
    <id>3510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51848</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Council of Elected Advisors]] to [[Council of Elected Advisers]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Council of Elected Advisers''' is a sort of combination parliament and cabinet in the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  It consists of a number of Elected Advisers, each assigned to a particular specialty, and elected by the professionals in said specialty.  For example, the Agricultural Advisors are elected by the farmers of the Empire, divided into Agricultural Voting Districts.  Likewise, the Health Advisers are elected by the doctors of the Empire, divided into Medical Voting Districts.  Each group of Advisers elects one of their members as a Minister for their specialty, as a cabinet.  It is lead by a [[First Adviser]], of which [[Dzesa]] was the first.  The First Adviser is the ''de facto'' ruler of the Empire.

The Council of Elected Advisers is a reflection of Dzesa's belief that the ideal system of government is that of an absolute leader advised by experts, not a system where the common people are expected to make decisions about areas they know nothing of.

[[Category:Kasshi Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi Government</title>
    <id>3511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43230</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:24:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhafan Governments]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Adviser</title>
    <id>3514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51842</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[First Advisor]] to [[First Adviser]]:&amp;#32;Spelling</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''First Advisor''' is the ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]], theoretically as an advisor to the [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]].  The first First Advisor was [[Dzesa]].  The First Advisor is theoretically appointed by the Empress from the [[Council of Elected Advisors]], who in turn presents the Empress with three nominees, which she can choose from or reject.  In practice, the First Advisor is chosen by the [[Yatta Party]], and is typically the leader of the Party.  The First Advisor has no term of office, and generally rules until death or resignation.  He or she ''may'' be removed from office, but this is a rare and difficult process.

[[Category:Kasshi Government]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan languages</title>
    <id>3517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16583</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T07:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf|Languages]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ivetsian</title>
    <id>3518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31757</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ivetsian''' is the official language of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  It is descended from [[Classical Kasshian]] and is largely an inflectional language.

== Genders ==
Ivetsian has six or eight genders, depending on how you count.  Ivetsian's genders are descended from those of Classical Kasshian, and are numbered according to the common system in [[Kasshian languages]] of using the numbers of the classical tongue.  In Modern Ivetsian, gender agreement is found in verbs, demonstratives, articles, adjectives, and pronouns.  Unlike the classical language, there is no correlation between initial consonants and gender.
*I.  Animals with cultural significance, except males of sex-differentiable animals
*IIa. Male humans
*IIb. Males of culturally-significant sex-differentiable animals, some animals seen as &quot;masculine&quot;
*IV. Most other higher animals
*V. Insects, invertebrates, some plants, microscopic organisms
*VIa. Female humans, epicine human
*VIb. Most inanimates
*VII. A few inanimate objects

IIa and IIb, as well as VIa and VIb are commonly considered subdivisions of the same gender, and are less distinguished then other genders.  In addition, gender I has been gradually absorbing gender IIb, and a few animals can be found in both.  Urban dialects often blur the distinction between I and IV as well, and frequently retain gender IIb only for a few pet animals, if that.  Plants are currently in the process of moving to gender V.

=== History of Ivetsian Gender ===
It will be noted from a comparison with the [[Classical Kasshian#Meanings of Genders|Classical gender system]] that significant changes have occured.  These changes had their initial origin as far back as the [[Anarchic Era]], when gender III began to weaken, with gender I taking over the epicine function.  Gender III was already dead in many dialects in [[Chinrasta]]'s time, though it remained strong in her dialect, which provided the dialect of the learned classes.  The distinction between genders IV and V was also growing weak, and a few animals migrated between the two.

This relatively minor change was dwarfed during the middle [[Second Kasshi Empire|Second Empire]] when some animals (mostly those in gender IV, but also some in gender V), frequently personified in folk tales, came to take gender I or II agreement even in ordinary speech, though they retained their original prefixes.  At the same time, a practice existed in diplomatic writings of referring to heads of states by the name of their state, rather than by their own name, thus by gender VI nouns.  Gender VI agreements came to be used even when using their actual names (helped by the fact that the gender-prefixes were no longer obligatory with foreign borrowings and foreign names).  Gradually, the custom arose of referring to noblewomen within the Empire by the names of their territories and gender VI agreements.  Gender VI came, therefore, to be seen as a mark of respect, and gradually came to extend to further groups of women.  At the same time, an increasing number of animals were migrating into genders I and II.  Gender I came to be dominated by animal nouns, accelerating the movement of humans out of it.  Gender II remained more mixed.

Sound-changes had made the singular prefixes for gender 6 null in many cases, and, as a result, it became the favored gender for borrowings, eventually weakening the distinction between genders VI adn VII, to the point where many gender VI nouns moved to gender VII.

Some lower animals migrated from gender VI to gender V.  In addition, carnivorous and other &quot;active&quot; plants moved from VI to V, and gradually other plants have begun to follow.  Gender V is currently in the process of absorbing the remaining animats of gender VIb, while VIb in turn is in the process of absorbing VII.

The IIa/IIb and VIa/VIb distinctions are a result of the [[Classical Kasshian#Personal Suffixes|rational/non-rational]] distinction in verbal inflections.  Gender VI nouns which referred to humans (or supernatural beings) took the rational suffixes, while those not referring to humans or supernatural beings took the non-rational suffixes.  This difference in verbal suffixes is the sole distinction between VIa and VIb.  While some humans remained in genders I, a similar distinction between Ia and Ib existed, but Ia has since died out.

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan History</title>
    <id>3519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16589</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T08:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf|History]]
[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shivrashan Pass</title>
    <id>3520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16592</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T08:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Shivrashan Pass''' is an important pass through the [[Fantasta Mountains]] leading to the City-State of [[Shivrashan]].  It has long played a key role in trade between the Northern and Southern halves of [[Odirá]].

[[Category:Galhafan Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Main Page/Satirocitan</title>
    <id>3521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44843</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T12:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Talk:Main Page in Satirocitan]] moved to [[Talk:Main Page/Satirocitan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is there a reason that underscore is used between every word? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 00:56, 25 November 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaean Unionist Party</title>
    <id>3522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19484</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-21T15:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tannaean Unionist Party''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Tannaein Iralleiim Indallos''''' {{IPA|['tannai:n 'irəljim 'indəlɔs]}}) is a regional extremist right-wing political party of [[Arithia]], in the province of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]]. Created in 1971 [[CIE]] following the tabulation of a draft bill in the [[Parliament of Arithia|Arithian parliament]] to devolve much power and administrative functions to the regions in the face of growing [[Regionalism in Arithia|regionalism]], and in opposition to widespread local nationalism, especially to factions intent on an independent [[Eleena]] state, it seeks stronger political, economic and cultural ties to the [[Areth]]-majority mainstream of the country.

The party is implicated in or has claimed responsibility for several violent incidents, the most recent of which being the 2009 [[CIE]] murder of nationalist author [[Otäära Kotoka]], where its covert involvement is suspected, and almost certain in triggering the violent riots following it. In separate incidents, the party's militant [[Leenö]] faction orchestrated attacks, bombing [[Komporaris Syrr|Parliament House]] in 1973, which killed three and pushed back passage of the [[Devolution Act]] to 1979 [[CIE]]; [[Asena Square]] of [[Tannea]] in 1990 [[CIE]] at the launch of Kotoka's Tannaean translation of ''[[Viodh (book)|Viodh]]'', which killed 133; six separate locations on polling day of the 1996 [[CIE]] [[Tannaean Plebiscite]], killing 27; releasing bromine on the [[Lazean metro]] in 1999 [[CIE]], killing 45.

==See also==

*[[Tannaea]]
*[[Leenö]], the militant wing of the TII

*[[Bombing of Parliament House]]
*[[Bombing of Asena Square]]
*[[Tannaean Plebiscite]]
*[[Bombing of the Lazean metro]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leenö</title>
    <id>3523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17323</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T15:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Leenö''' ([[Tannaean language|Tannaean]]: &quot;unity&quot;) is the militant faction of the extremist right-wing [[Tannaean Unionist Party]] (TII), a regional political party of [[Arithia]] fiercely supporting increased and deeper political, cultural and economic ties with the [[Areth]]-majority mainstream Arithian society, as opposed to autonomy, self-government or even independence. It was founded in 1973 as a splinter group from the TII, apparently over divisions in opinion over how best to respond to the [[Parliament of Arithia|Arithian parliament]]'s express intent to pass the [[Devolution Act]].

While the Leenö has been banned due to its violent and terrorist nature, it is still operational underground, and most recently has been suspected to have been involved in the murder of well-known nationalist author [[Otäära Kotoka]] and the riots following it, adding to its considerable list of atrocities, including the 1973 [[bombing of Parliament House]], and the 1990 [[Bombing of Asena Square|attack]] on [[Asena Square]], where Kotoka was launching his politically-sensitive [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]] translation of one of his own earlier works, ''[[Viodh (book)|Viodh]]''.

Police operations in recent years have hobbled the organisation somewhat, after arresting six of its top operatives and sending its leader, [[Halema Leeiva]] into hiding. The group has not committed any further crime since 1999 [[CIE]], when they hijacked a subway train in the [[Lazean metro]] and released bromine gas into the air-conditioning system, fatally poisoning 45 and injuring many more people. Military snipers took out the three hijackers in the driver's compartment before evacuating the survivors.

==See also==

*[[Tannaea]]
*[[Tannaean Unionist Party]]

*[[Bombing of Parliament House]]
*[[Bombing of Asena Square]]
*[[Tannaean Plebiscite]]
*[[Bombing of the Lazean metro]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaean revivalism</title>
    <id>3524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32110</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-01T17:54:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Origins */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tannaean revivalism''' ([[Tannaean language|Tannaean]] '''''Kuuvutta Hiisanigö''''' {{IPA|['ku:vutta hi:'sanigø]}}, lit. &quot;Revival of the Language&quot;) is a movement to promote the use and revival of the Tannaean language. It is usually considered part of the general wave of [[Regionalism in Arithia|regionalism]] that swept [[Arithia]] beginning the late 1960s [[CIE]], and on a smaller scale was part of a resuscitated nationalist drive to promote a [[Tannaea]]n national identity.

==Origins==

The [[Second Wave of nationalism]] that began in [[Carabaea]] reached the [[minorities of Arithia]], whom the [[First Wave of nationalism|First Wave]] had largely missed. Beginning as a human rights movement to demand recognition from the Carabaean government of the minority [[Eshureya]] culture, the controversy it ignited sparked a renewed wave of agitation for self-determination, which in Arithia was termed the [[Regionalism in Arithia|regionalist]] movement. Recognising their distinct cultural and ethnic identity from that of the [[Areth]], Tannaean nationalists began demanding self-government and promotion of the [[Tannaean language]], which they saw as a means to an eventual end of Tannaean, or [[Eleena]], sovereignty, and which gave rise to the revivalist effort.

==Proponents==

One of the most famous revivalists was the renowned author [[Otäära Kotoka]], who grew up in an atmosphere of [[Eleena]] nationalism, and went on to write extensively in support of the revivalist movement, although he stopped short of advocating independence. Along with other writers and academics such as the journalist [[Kiira Jaallii]], the physicist [[Mekes Pulanka]], and the linguist [[Eiko Vassaley]], he collaborated on the first modern dictionary of [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]], which appeared in print in 1993 [[CIE]].

==Resistance==

The [[Tannaean Unionist Party]] (TII) was and is the most visible and vocal opponent to Tannaean nationalism, of which they see revivalism of the language as the first step onto the slippery slope. Besides the extremist TII, however, most conservative and some liberal mainstream political parties also condemned regionalism as betraying the integrity of the Arithian state, which they argued was now different from the ethnocentric Arithia of pre-revolutionary and imperial times. Eventually having given way to federalism, the same factors are now strongly against further weakening of the Arithian centre, a view which is in line with contemporary opinion.

==See also==

*[[Regionalism in Arithia]]
*[[Tannaea (region)]], [[Tannaea (province)]]
*[[Tannaean Unionist Party]] (TII)
*[[Devolution Act]] of 1979

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Parliament of Arithia</title>
    <id>3525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17406</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T15:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:: ''This article is about [[Arithia]]'s unitary national parliament before the [[Devolution Act]] of 1979. For the federal parliament since, see [[Federal Parliament of Arithia|this article]] instead.''

The unicameral '''Parliament of Arithia''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Komporas Syrroris''''' {{IPA|['kɔmpəras 'sʏ:rəris]}} lit. ''National Forum'') was established with the triumph of the [[Republican Revolution]] in [[Arithia]] in 1886 [[CIE]] by constitutional requirement (see [[Constitution of Arithia]]). As the ultimate political authority in the Arithide parliamentary system of government, the Komporas wielded considerable power in legislation, and, until the 1905 [[CIE]] [[Amendments of the Constitution of Arithia#Fifth Amendment (1905)|constitutional amendment]] mandating the independence of the [[Judicial system of Arithia|judiciary]], was empowered to elect the judges of the [[Supreme Court of Arithia|Supreme Court]].

The [[31st Parliament of Arithia|31st Parliament]] effectively ended its own existence with its passage of the [[Devolution Act]] in 1979 [[CIE]], recognising the &quot;multinational character&quot; of the Arithian state and creating autonomous national republics under a federal Arithian centre. With the Act, the ''Komporas Syrroris'' was dismantled and in its place was formed the ''[[Federal Parliament of Arithia|Komporas Lyndirraris]]'', or &quot;Federal Forum&quot;.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eleena</title>
    <id>3526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23756</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T03:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Names */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eleena''' {{IPA|[e'le:na]}} are the native people of the [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaean province]] of [[Arithia]], and have been ruled by the [[Areth]] for almost two thousand years, broken only by the fall of the [[Lazeian Empire]], in the aftermath of which it was conquered by the [[Andu Empire]], and by the [[Devolution Act]] of 1979 [[CIE]], which federalised Arithia and effectively accorded the Eleena self-government for the first time in their recorded history.

The Eleena speak [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]], which they call ''Eleena kuuvo'' or &quot;Eleena language&quot;.

==Names==

The appellation ''Eleena'' (spelt in Arithide as &quot;Elēna&quot;) is the Eleena autonym, and was adopted only in recent years as part of a general trend towards political correctness, which deemed the traditional Arithide name for the race, ''Tann'' or ''Tanno'', too tainted by racist and other prejudicial overtones. While the ethnonym was successfully changed to ''Eleena'', attempts to remask ''Tannaīde'', the name of the language, as ''Elēnīde'' have been underwhelming, and the toponyms ''[[Tannaea]]'' and ''[[Tannea]]'' have also proved surprisingly resistant to change.

The etymology of the name is unclear, although theories have been floated that the name is related variously to ''ileenäätä'' &quot;to long for home&quot;, ''löynö'' northern dialectal for &quot;people, folk&quot;, and ''Alailä'' the [[Tannaean language|Tannaean]] name for [[Mount Rorchit]], among others.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Peoples of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hirsa remis</title>
    <id>3527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16981</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T11:08:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Site and Situation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hirsa remis''', literally meaning &quot;Port Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is one of the ten [[areas of Isana]]; situated along the southeastern coast, it is mostly commercial in character, and in the present day is dominated by the [[Port of Isana]] as well as the newer districts of [[Belegras Dockyards]], [[Henoris Wharf]] and [[Henoris Extension]], to which many of the major financial firms of the country have moved.

==Site and Situation==

Practically the entire south coast of Isana east of [[Gardaus Bay]] is part of Hirsa remis, forming an area that came into its own first as an anchorage for ships too large to enter Gardaus Bay Harbour, and then as a port for offloading items such as food, destined for the large wholesale markets like [[Benesda Market]]; the district stretches inland to include the [[South Coast Expressway, Isana|South Coast Expressway]], and the surrounding areas.

Formerly centred around the port, Hirsa remis underwent a massive change with the vacating of nearly two-thirds of the port area as most port functions were moved out to [[Bresnga]], with its new port on [[Orimasurna]]. The redevelopment of the area took nearly two decades, during which it was often derided as a failed scheme to turn around a dying neighbourhood; in the 2010s, however, the area now known as the [[Belegras Dockyards]] opened, and since then the turnaround has indeed occurred. Modern-day Hirsa remis, while still retaining much of its industry especially in the eastern areas, is also a much more diversified residential and commercial area.

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

Hirsa remis is divided into 6 main districts, numbered from west to east except for Henoris Extension, which being the newest reclaimed area is District E2-6 even though it is the westernmost. These districts are:

*[[Henorisharel-dego]]

*[[Belegrasharel-dego]]

*[[Nirateharel-dego]]

*[[Migeteonagen-dego]]

*[[Onagen-dego]]

*[[Henoriskinire-dego]]

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Areas of Isana</title>
    <id>3528</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16613</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-25T18:28:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Areas and Districts of Isana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Areas and Districts of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sateni Irone</title>
    <id>3529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16616</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T03:07:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sateni Irone''' (11 December 1956 - 13 May 2003) is a famed [[Risevan]] thinker, novelist, essayist and playwright, most well-known as being one of the members of the so-called [[Kaladani]]. His writing, often focusing on social issues and personal estrangement as well as the history of the war years and the subsequent [[Durosirase]], are well known for their stark, darkly humorous and often highly cynical tone; [[Nika Asirosna]] once said that ''there are perhaps only three words to describe his writing: cold, cold, cold''.

[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]
[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran verbs</title>
    <id>3530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16615</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T02:05:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stubby for now</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==First conjugation (''ămar'')==
{| 
!colspan=2| ''Ibran (Paysan) conjugation in -ar''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;
| 
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=3 bgcolor=&quot;lightgrey&quot;|Indicative mood
|-
!colspan=3| Present
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! sing. !! plur.
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| '''am'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[æ̃]}} 
| '''ămaũs'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[əˈmoː(s)]}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
| '''amăs'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[ˈæ.mə(s)]}} 
| '''ămaus'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[əˈmoː(s)]}} 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
| '''amă'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[ˈæ.mə]}} 
| '''amăn'''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[ˈæ.mə̃]}} &lt;!--
|-
!colspan=3| Imperfectum 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abría]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abríamos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrías]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abríais]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abría]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrían]]
|-
!colspan=3| Indefinitum
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrí]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrimos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriste]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abristeis]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrió]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrieron]]
|-
!colspan=3| Futurum 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriré]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriremos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrirás]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriréis]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrirá]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrirán]]
|-
!colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgrey| Modus imperativus
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
| — 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abramos]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abre]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrid]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abra]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abran]] --&gt;
|} &lt;!--
|
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgrey| Modus subiunctivus
|-
!colspan=3| Praesens 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
!  !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abra]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abramos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abras]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abráis]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abra]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abran]]
|-
!colspan=3| Imperfectum
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
!  !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriera]]&lt;br&gt;[[abriese]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriéramos]]&lt;br&gt;[[abriésemos]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrieras]]&lt;br&gt;[[abrieses]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrierais]]&lt;br&gt;[[abrieseis]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriera]]&lt;br&gt;[[abriese]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrieran]]&lt;br&gt;[[abriesan]]
|-
!colspan=3| Futurum 
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! !! {{int:wikt-sing}} !! {{int:wikt-plur}}
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriere]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriéremos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrieres]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriereis]]
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriere]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrieren]]
|-
!colspan=3 bgcolor=lightgrey| Modus condicionalis
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| I.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriría]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriríamos]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| II.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrirías]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriríais]] 
|-
!bgcolor=lightgrey| III.
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abriría]] 
|lang=&quot;es&quot;| [[abrirían]]
|} --&gt;
|} &lt;!--
* Participium activum: {{cito|es|abriendo}}
* Participium passivum: {{cito|es|abierto}} ''m,'' {{cito|es|abierto}} ''f''
* Modus infinitivus: {{cito|es|abrir}}
--&gt;

{{stub}}
[[Category:Ibran]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Scripts</title>
    <id>3531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38241</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-26T12:46:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scripts]]
[[Category:Galhaf|Scripts]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sanle</title>
    <id>3532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16626</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanle logographs</title>
    <id>3533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16776</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T20:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Sanle Logographs''' are used to write [[Sanle (language)|Sanle]], and are the ancestor of many of the other writing systems of [[South Odirá]].

== Proto-Sanle ==
The oldest form of the logographs is known as ''Proto-Sanle'', and are preserved in only a few ancient collums.  It was highly pictographic, and what little has been found suggests considerable local variation.

== Picture Script ==
The so-called ''picture script'' was a standardized descendant of Proto-Sanle.  It remained highly pictographic.  The [[Oppai syllabry]] was derived from this stage.  The script gradually became more stylized, and multi-part characters began to replace some simple characters

== Classical Script ==
By around the time of the [[Isokhkik Dynasty]], the script began to assume the classical, highly-stylized, complex form.  This is the script that later spread throughout South Odirá.

== New Script ==
The New Script was a short-lived attempt to simplify the script.  Although it has not survived to the present day intact, it has given rise to the [[Sanle Sound-Letters]], a phonetic script used in dictionaries to indicate pronunciation.

[[Category:Galhafan Scripts]]
[[Category:Sanle]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oppai syllabry</title>
    <id>3534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16635</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Oppai Syllabry''' was a script used in [[Oppai]] derived from the Picture Script form of the [[Sanle logographs]].  A small subset of the characters were adopted, and written in a more flowing style, to indicate sound rather than meaning, along the principle of using characters to indicate similar syllables.  Though the early forms retained a small number of two-syllable glyphs, later stages reduced all characters to just one syllable-type.  Vowels were ignored in determining what counted as similar sound, and, initially, some liberties were taken in consonants as well, though later reforms created a strict correspondance between character and consonants, in some cases through the addition of extra marks to distinguish near-homophones.

It was this stage that led to the [[Kasshi syllabry]].  At all stages, the logographs existed side-by-side with the syllabics.  The acquisition of the Classical script eliminated the Picture Script-style logographs, but did not directly affect the syllabics in their form.  It did, however, help increase the distinction between the two.

Later developments eliminated the syllabic basis, giving rise to the [[Oppai alphabet]].

[[Category:Galhafan Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oppai alphabet</title>
    <id>3535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16636</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T05:41:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Oppai alphabet''' is a writing system derived from the [[Oppai syllabry]].  It is written in syllabic blocks, each of which consist of three characters, one indicating the ''start'' of the syllable (including null), one indicating the ''body'' (vowel) of the syllable, and the third indicating the ''end'' of the syllable (again, including null).  There are no shared characters between the start and end characters.

[[Category:Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Sateni Irone</title>
    <id>3536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16638</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T07:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">さて二色ね！ Or so his name would be in Japanese. Heehee. --[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 23:28, 25 November 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flego</title>
    <id>3537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17503</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-18T22:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wagg</username>
        <id>277</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Flego''' is a personal concountry, whose inhabitants are a human-like species (with fantasy elements) called the Keź. Flego's language and adjective are both ''Flegan''. 

Work is in progress, and this page will be updated shortly. ~wagg

= Flego Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place do they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of Classical Arithide</title>
    <id>3538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19376</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-18T06:44:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Classical Arithide]]''' is the ancient language of the [[Areth]], spoken natively by the original inhabitants of the [[kingdom of Lazeia]], which went on to unite the Areth under the [[Lazeian Empire]]. Due to its extensive political influence through trade, and hence also its cultural diffusiveness, Classical Arithide gained widespread currency throughout much of the [[Western civilisation (Ilethes)|western world]] in [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|antiquity]], serving as the choice tongue for education, trade, diplomacy and the arts. While the decline and eventual demise of the empire and the coinciding rise of rival powers such as the [[Andu Empire]] and [[Dethria]] led consequently to a considerable period of decreased use of the classical tongue, more than a millenium of tradition had anchored its place, and in the [[Renaissance (Ilethes)|renaissance of the Areth]] Classical Arithide made a comeback to rival then-dominant [[Dethric language|Dethric]] for its former place as the West's ''lingua franca''.

==Ancient Artihide==

{{main|Ancient Arithide}}


==The Classical Arithide of Bnatios Loi==

===Stylism===

==The Classical Arithide of Daldaian the Younger==

===Semantic broadening===

===Literary inventions===

==Influence on foreign languages==

====Dethric====

====Lazeic languages====

==Mediaeval obscurity==

==Arithide Renaissance==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Dethria]]
[[Category: Canthres]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Corapheism</title>
    <id>3539</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16643</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T09:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Pheism]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Pheism]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pheism</title>
    <id>3540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16646</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T10:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Pheism''' or '''Corapheism''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Korafeoros''''' {{IPA|[kɔrə'feərɔs]}}) is a major polytheistic religion of [[Ilethes]], originating the historical kingdom of [[Syracca]] in the [[Avalacia]] region of west-central [[Marcasia]]. The exact date of its founding is unconfirmed, but is held by adherents to be five thousand years before the present; academia consider 1300 B[[CIE]] to be a more credible timeframe.

==Names &amp; terminology==

The English name ''Pheism'' derives from the [[Dethric language|Dethric]] word ''phea'', a common invocation that in turn derives from the [[Arithide language|Arithide]] ''feos'', &quot;god&quot;. The alternative, ''Corapheism'', is simply &quot;Pheism&quot; prefixed with the name of [[Cora]], the central divine figure of Pheist lore.

==Beliefs==

Pheists believe in the duality of spirituality: that of divine beings such as gods, deities, devils and other immortals; and that of lesser spirits, demons and other demigods. Both are essentially amorphous, but the former, with their stronger powers, may take on a human form if and when they appear; the latter are manifest in objects of nature, such as trees, animals, or even the wind, due to their lesser powers. Another Pheist tenet is the centrality of compassion to the attainment of enlightenment, spirituality and transcendancy, which explains the prominence of [[Cora]], the God of Mercy and Compassion.

The nature of Pheism's divinity closely mirror that of humanity: the gods and demigods belong in a hierarchy akin to human society, and observe social protocols such as respect for elders and superiors. Much as character weaknesses and politicking afflict humans, so exhibit many divinities human-like foibles of vanity, violence, greed and laziness, among others. The class of gods is an exception, who are morally infallible and serve as the upholders of justice and probity, while devils are the incarnations of the evils of human society.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Culture of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Religions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Culture of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16648</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T10:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating to the cultures of the various peoples of the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Religions of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16662</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-27T02:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating to the religions of the planet [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Culture of Ilethes]]
[[Category:Religions|Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Global Wars</title>
    <id>3543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16658</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-26T14:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term '''Global Wars''' is used in [[Valmante]] mostly to refer to five major, multinational wars that took place during the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

*[[First Global War]], February 1883 - July 1887

*[[Second Global War]], April 1903 - May 1906

*[[Third Global War]], May 1919 - December 1924

*[[Fourth Global War]], March 1940 - October 1947

*[[Fifth Global War]], June 1954 - January 1957

The period of the wars is often taken as the watershed of modern, &quot;multipolar&quot; Valmante; the political upheavals of the war, as well as the massive economic growth it fuelled amongst many of the belligerent countries, led to a situation at the end of the wars when economic supremacy no longer rested with any single country.

[[category:Valmante]]
[[category:History of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osagona Province</title>
    <id>3544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16673</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-27T15:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Economy and Demography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Osagona Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Osagona denai''), also known as Province 13, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], located in the southern reaches of the [[Mathormagos]]. It borders [[Besurgana Province]] to its north, [[Serteni Province]] to its east, [[Naguse Province]] to its west, and [[Osbane]] and [[Baseniga]] provinces to its south. Its capital is the city of [[Atelas]].

Osagona Province was one of the nearer outlying areas to the power centres in the south of [[Masalne]], and was therefore one of the more developed of the mountain provinces; during the [[Fourth Global War]], the movement of much of Risevne's industry across the mountains focused mostly on the provinces of Osagona and [[Besurgana]], leaving a legacy of both economic growth and considerable pollution. Now, the mountains of Osagona are mostly within the bounds of [[Mathormagos National Park]], though the area remains an important industrial centre in Risevne. 

==Geography==

Osagona province has a terrain dominated by mountains and forests, except for its eastern and western ends where the land becomes relatively flat as it nears the coast. The deep, deciduous forests of the mountains are some of the most extensively protected forest areas within Risevne, and are a famous tourist attraction during the autumn months when they shed their leaves. 

Another important aspect of the geography of the area is the multitude of streams, gorges, as well as rain-fuelled underground reservoirs and springs. 

==History==

During the time of the [[Committee of Guardians]], Osagona province became one of the main areas to which the old nobility who had opposed the new government were exiled; kept with the remnants of their wealth, the rest being mostly confiscated, they nonetheless formed several settlements in the mountains where they were in relative safety. With the [[1827 Restoration]], after their property was mostly returned to them, most of the families used the money to build houses in those mountains; many such houses still stand, and some have been converted to museums, as well as other purposes.

==Economy and Demography==

An important economic link for the province, as well as the whole nation, is the [[Second Cross-Mountain Highway]], completed in 1971. Running from one coast of the country to the other and skirting the southern edge of the national park area, it opened up much of the mountains to economic growth, and many large towns have grown up along the road and railway since.

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Atelas]], the provincial capital

*[[Sogarinaste]], a major port of the Inland Sea

==Famous Locations==

*[[Dekana Residence]] - One of the bases of the Risevan code intelligence effort during the [[Fourth Global War]]

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hinegaes remis</title>
    <id>3545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16851</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T14:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Site and Situation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hinegaes remis''', literally meaning &quot;Eastern Boundary&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] in the Risevan capital of [[Isana]], situated along the border of the city with [[Feladmena Province]]. It is the newest district of the city, having been split from parts of [[Garnoye remis]] and [[Waranyebara remis]] in 1968.

The area that is now Hinegaes was not part of the city until around 1924, when the eastward movement of industries spread into this area; as the new port at [[Hirsa remis]] was completed the area underwent farther transformation into a large industrial centre. Modern day Hinegaes still retains this legacy, as its southern half is mostly industrial areas comprising the bulk of manufacturing in Isana; however extensive efforts to make the area cleaner and greener have also paid off, and most people even in Isana do not know the area is an industrial district.

==Site and Situation==

The shape of Hinegaes remis follows the [[West Coast Highway]] that stretches down the coast of [[Masalne]] island, and development centres around the four large expressway junctions where the city highways of Isana meet the trunk highway. Stretching in a belt to encompass the entire boundary between Isana and [[Feladmena Province]], its developments are mostly centred around the four major intersections where the city expressways meet the trunk highway. Hinegaes is more industrial in character than any other district in Isana, with the manufacturing plants concentrated around the south and southeast while the north is more residential. 

The Green Belt is the best-known feature of city planning in Hinegaes remis; several large parkland areas are linked by long park connectors built around former sections of irrigation canals and ponds, roughly following the course of the West Coast Highway and stretching for nearly the entire length of the remis. This forms the largest parkland area in the entire city, and its relative quiet makes it a favourite weekend outing spot for Isanani.

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant Buildings and Sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naguse Province</title>
    <id>3546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16674</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-27T16:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Towns and Cities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Naguse Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Naguse denai''), also known as province 14, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated on [[Masalne]] along the northern coast of [[Uniwa Bay]]. It borders [[Lyonaske]] and [[Besurgana]] provinces on its north, and [[Osagona Province]] to its east. Its provincial capital is the city of [[Uniwaseimi]]. 

==Geography==

The southwestern half of Naguse province is dominated by rolling plains along the coast, making excellent terrain for ports; Uniwaseimi is situated near the eastern end of this plain, and several other major harbours also exist. Eastwards the plains fade into hilly forests and some extinct volcanoes, and farther east are the foothills and ranges of the [[Mathormagos]]. 

The variation of altitude also implies a large variation in climate and vegetation, from the mountain forests of the far east to the plains fed mostly by rain from May to July borne on the  mild west wind; while the climate on the plains is mostly mild, from August to September the seawinds can reach considerable strength, while in January the whole area is often very foggy. Snow is uncommon and mostly confined to the east.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Uniwaseimi]], the provincial capital

*[[Kaimu, Naguse|Kaimu]], a major highway town near the northern border

*[[Igonima]], a small city sometimes known as the Gateway to the Mountains, situated in the east

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Garnoye remis</title>
    <id>3547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17115</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T03:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Site and Situation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Garnoye remis''', literally &quot;White Fort Area&quot;, is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of the city of [[Isana]], named after the iconic [[Garnoye]], or White Fort, which stands in the north of the area. To its north is the [[Waranye river]]. This remis is an important residential area, mostly for the more affluent of the city, and is mainly into seven residential districts, mostly occupied by high-rise apartments. At the same time it contains several of the city's major gardens, parks and public areas, as well as museums, especially in its western areas adjacent to [[Awenhine remis]].

During the early days of Isana, the area that is now Garnoye was an agricultural district, but also contained many military installations and public buildings, including the old building of the [[Afengar]], and [[Old Isana Train Station]]. Many of these buildings have been preserved, mostly in the vicinity of the Waranye river. 

==Site and Situation==

Garnoye is the largest district in the east of Isana, roughly occupying the areas formerly known as ''Konenime'', &quot;south of the hill&quot; (as opposed to [[Konebara-dego|''Konebara'']] &quot;above the hill&quot; which is now the eastern portion of [[Waranyebara remis]]) and ''Adunitaboga'', &quot;Aduni's Tower&quot;. The eponymous fort is in fact sited near the boundary between this remis and Waranyebara in the north, which is set along the [[Waranye river]]. 

The remis is presently mostly residential and commercial in nature, though pockets of land devoted to manufacturing and other industries still exist mostly in the southeast and east, where the remis adjoins [[Hinegaes remis|Hinegaes]] and [[Hirsa remis|Hirsa]]. While in the past it was touted as a suburban region in contrast to the densely populated western half of the city, in the 1970s to 2000s extensive development and movement of population from the west has brought it to a level of density approaching, and in some areas surpassing, that of [[Basetimena remis]] or [[Nimegose remis]].

From the 1950s on the idea of generally decentralised, mostly self-sufficient planned towns passed eastwards after its highly successful application in Basetimena; in 1966 the remis administration was redrawn, and 7 such new towns were set up, with most of the infrastructure being complete by the early 1970s. Keeping lessons learned from the west in mind, the Garnoye new towns are generally known to be more spacious and set farther apart from each other, separated by parklands and internal green belts.

==History==

The area now known as Garnoye remis was in fact not part of historical Isana, but Garnoye's history is nonetheless closely tied to that of the capital which once lay to its north, and it has served many roles in regard to the city, being variously its breadbasket, its prison, and in some cases its municipal government. In the early days of Isana's growth the rich lands of Garnoye proved an important breadbasket, and valuable land; in the [[Saumos ta Gauserin]] compiled in 878 DN Konenime, as well as Awenkara and Basetimena, were some of the richest and most populated rural lands across the [[Feladmena Plain]]. That most of the land this close to the capital was owned by wealthy families, as well as the proximity of the area to the capital itself, meant that extensive irrigation engineering and other works were far more advanced in this area; even now part of the extensive network of canals remains in the remis. 

With Garnoye fortress situated in its north, the area also took on a significant political and military role for the city; while foreign invasion was ostensibly a threat, given that the major rival of Masal was the [[Kingdom of Rarena]] to its south, an even closer fear was that of peasant rebellion. During the [[Committee of Guardians]], the threat was reversed with great resentment amongst the Isanani for the generals; the new government built its headquarters just south of Garnoye fortress itself, and even built a 730 metre tunnel linking the building to a side keep of Garnoye; at the same time the White Fort (which was painted white for the first time in 1736) was heavily fortified and served as prison and arsenal. Making use of the labour of convicts, the Committee originally planned to build a completely new city in this area, but disorganisation and generally poor planning hampered this task greatly; nonetheless considerable progress had been made in urbanising Garnoye, such that by the time of the 1827 Restoration the groundwork had been laid for the eastward expansion of the city, as the residence of the middle-class families.

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waranyebara remis</title>
    <id>3548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16696</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T08:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Waranyebara remis''', literally meaning &quot;Area north of the Waranye&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of [[Isana]], in its northeast and bounded by the [[Old Walls]], forming its northern boundary, and the [[Waranye river]] to the south. 

The area of Waranyebara was one of the first areas to be considered part of Isana, forming the former merchants' quarter of the city; even now, two and a half centuries on, that economic legacy is easily seen in the buildings of the area. Famous for being a religious centre of modern-day Isana, it has scores of shrines and temples, as well as many other old districts, and is often touted as being representative of Isana as it was before the changes of the [[Ibakizaro]]. During the [[Fourth Global War]] the area was heavily bombed, but after the war efforts were made to restore the area rather than redevelop it.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant Buildings and Sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/about</title>
    <id>3549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21417</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* What is the Defining vocabulary anyway? */ Listed subpages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
__TOC__

== What is the Defining vocabulary anyway? ==

'''The Longman Defining Vocabulary''', from ''Longman Dictionary'' (1988){{ref|ldoce}}. 2197 words, 10 prefixes, 39 suffixes.

This is the set of words which the Longman English Dictionary uses to express all its definitions. As such, it may be a useful source of basic vocabulary for the designer of a conlang.

This version of the list is based on the one that used to be found on Jeffrey Kennaway's conlang page.  Since that page has now disappeared (I can't even find it on the [http://www.archive.org/ Internet Archive]!) I thought it may be a good idea to make it available to conlangers again.{{ref|Jeffrey}}

Note that the American spellings of the original have been replaced with British spellings by Jeffrey.

If you (as I expect! {{-)}}) want to copy the list in order to use it in your own vocabulary building you may want to look at the, which contain less extraneous text, especially [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/alphabetically]]:

&lt;dpl&gt;
  category=Longman Defining Vocabulary 
  nottitlematch=Longman Defining Vocabulary/index|Longman Defining Vocabulary
&lt;/dpl&gt;

If you want a more 'primitive' vocabulary you may want to have a look at Roger Mill's [[Basic Vocabulary]]

----
# {{note|ldoce}} The current incarnation of the ''Longman English dictionary'' is ''[http://www.longman.com/ldoce/ the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]''.  I don't know whether it still contains the Defining Vocabulary.  There are several v ersions: ISBN 978-1405811262, ISBN 978-1405811279, ISBN 978-0582506640.
# {{note|Jeffrey}} [http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang Jeffrey's conlang page] (which he himself regards as obsolete) was apparently only temporary unavailable.  The Defining vocabulary is [http://www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/conlang.dir/LongmanVocab.html here] but I hope this page may be a useful resource nevertheless.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

== Word Class Labels	  ==

If a word has a specific word class label it is used in definitions only in the word class shown. Otherwise the word may be used in any of its usual word classes.

A = Adjective&lt;br&gt;
Av = Adverb&lt;br&gt;
C = Conjunction&lt;br&gt;
D = Determiner&lt;br&gt;
P = Preposition&lt;br&gt;
Pd = Predeterminer&lt;br&gt;
Pn = Pronoun&lt;br&gt;
N = Noun&lt;br&gt;
V = Verb&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency (2)</title>
    <id>3551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21411</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;corn
&lt;li&gt;pan
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;limit
&lt;li&gt;who
&lt;li&gt;remark
&lt;li&gt;other
&lt;li&gt;fond
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;polite
&lt;li&gt;pole
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;basket
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;question
&lt;li&gt;packet
&lt;li&gt;until
&lt;li&gt;offer
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;fashionable
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;land
&lt;li&gt;forward
&lt;li&gt;tent
&lt;li&gt;depend
&lt;li&gt;coin
&lt;li&gt;thank
&lt;li&gt;borrow
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;width
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;build
&lt;li&gt;repeat
&lt;li&gt;pencil
&lt;li&gt;timetable
&lt;li&gt;cheerful
&lt;li&gt;charm
&lt;li&gt;daily
&lt;li&gt;deal
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;argue
&lt;li&gt;post
&lt;li&gt;clear
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;handle
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;representative
&lt;li&gt;but
&lt;li&gt;thorough
&lt;li&gt;hunger
&lt;li&gt;tender
&lt;li&gt;patience
&lt;li&gt;employment
&lt;li&gt;own
&lt;li&gt;climb
&lt;li&gt;lamp
&lt;li&gt;advertisement
&lt;li&gt;tend
&lt;li&gt;gray
&lt;li&gt;place
&lt;li&gt;devil
&lt;li&gt;water
&lt;li&gt;mist
&lt;li&gt;doctor
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;ashamed
&lt;li&gt;arrive
&lt;li&gt;apparatus
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;wicked
&lt;li&gt;elbow
&lt;li&gt;behave
&lt;li&gt;alike
&lt;li&gt;signature
&lt;li&gt;lid
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;duck
&lt;li&gt;female
&lt;li&gt;attack
&lt;li&gt;state
&lt;li&gt;lead
&lt;li&gt;fill
&lt;li&gt;view
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;politician
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;stop
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;shoe
&lt;li&gt;visit
&lt;li&gt;gradual
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;notice
&lt;li&gt;beyond
&lt;li&gt;log
&lt;li&gt;diamond
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;thumb
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;outdoor
&lt;li&gt;temper
&lt;li&gt;field
&lt;li&gt;hatred
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;wrist
&lt;li&gt;pig
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;order
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;including
&lt;li&gt;stand
&lt;li&gt;awake
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;flour
&lt;li&gt;invention
&lt;li&gt;end
&lt;li&gt;theirs
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;fine
&lt;li&gt;price
&lt;li&gt;church
&lt;li&gt;house
&lt;li&gt;foolish
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;bear
&lt;li&gt;reply
&lt;li&gt;lump
&lt;li&gt;land
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;enjoyment
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;photography
&lt;li&gt;lamb
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;control
&lt;li&gt;cause
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;jump
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;patient
&lt;li&gt;employ
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;painting
&lt;li&gt;purple
&lt;li&gt;secretary
&lt;li&gt;organization
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;miss
&lt;li&gt;guess
&lt;li&gt;aloud
&lt;li&gt;bucket
&lt;li&gt;train
&lt;li&gt;outside
&lt;li&gt;magic
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;rude
&lt;li&gt;permit
&lt;li&gt;owe
&lt;li&gt;exercise
&lt;li&gt;dark
&lt;li&gt;time
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;evil
&lt;li&gt;wheat
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;march
&lt;li&gt;slow
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;leave
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;charge
&lt;li&gt;worse
&lt;li&gt;admiration
&lt;li&gt;notice
&lt;li&gt;magic
&lt;li&gt;vegetable
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;red
&lt;li&gt;ninth
&lt;li&gt;cliff
&lt;li&gt;break
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;world
&lt;li&gt;southern
&lt;li&gt;lion
&lt;li&gt;sink
&lt;li&gt;drawer
&lt;li&gt;jaw
&lt;li&gt;amusement
&lt;li&gt;state
&lt;li&gt;faithful
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;search
&lt;li&gt;excuse
&lt;li&gt;demand
&lt;li&gt;dance
&lt;li&gt;uniform
&lt;li&gt;gold
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;report
&lt;li&gt;shoot
&lt;li&gt;risk
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;belong
&lt;li&gt;fun
&lt;li&gt;plan
&lt;li&gt;name
&lt;li&gt;flow
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;complain
&lt;li&gt;pepper
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;hook
&lt;li&gt;dirt
&lt;li&gt;service
&lt;li&gt;blade
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;east
&lt;li&gt;direct
&lt;li&gt;cheap
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;lung
&lt;li&gt;check
&lt;li&gt;decoration
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;hammer
&lt;li&gt;visit
&lt;li&gt;high
&lt;li&gt;train
&lt;li&gt;jealous
&lt;li&gt;combine
&lt;li&gt;cause
&lt;li&gt;try
&lt;li&gt;experience
&lt;li&gt;burial
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;public
&lt;li&gt;influence
&lt;li&gt;lend
&lt;li&gt;liquid
&lt;li&gt;still
&lt;li&gt;stone
&lt;li&gt;compound
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;chalk
&lt;li&gt;shield
&lt;li&gt;rule
&lt;li&gt;please
&lt;li&gt;regard
&lt;li&gt;university
&lt;li&gt;slip
&lt;li&gt;increase
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;lie
&lt;li&gt;indoor
&lt;li&gt;market
&lt;li&gt;fix
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;worry
&lt;li&gt;outside
&lt;li&gt;pretend
&lt;li&gt;verb
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;deer
&lt;li&gt;long
&lt;li&gt;fox
&lt;li&gt;ruler
&lt;li&gt;well
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;fox
&lt;li&gt;whichever
&lt;li&gt;watch
&lt;li&gt;potato
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;dry
&lt;li&gt;big
&lt;li&gt;stay
&lt;li&gt;slave
&lt;li&gt;hurry
&lt;li&gt;approve
&lt;li&gt;separate
&lt;li&gt;drum
&lt;li&gt;prepare
&lt;li&gt;loud
&lt;li&gt;false
&lt;li&gt;elephant
&lt;li&gt;sharp
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;deserve
&lt;li&gt;youth
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;barrel
&lt;li&gt;football
&lt;li&gt;beard
&lt;li&gt;lately
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;wild
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;besides
&lt;li&gt;cure
&lt;li&gt;manage
&lt;li&gt;way
&lt;li&gt;loud
&lt;li&gt;appoint
&lt;li&gt;hospital
&lt;li&gt;market
&lt;li&gt;slip
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;common
&lt;li&gt;orange
&lt;li&gt;bath
&lt;li&gt;course
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;small
&lt;li&gt;law
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;hold
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;sideways
&lt;li&gt;bicycle
&lt;li&gt;damage
&lt;li&gt;gather
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;sticky
&lt;li&gt;building
&lt;li&gt;ankle
&lt;li&gt;true
&lt;li&gt;stiff
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;invite
&lt;li&gt;price
&lt;li&gt;free
&lt;li&gt;city
&lt;li&gt;honourable
&lt;li&gt;uniform
&lt;li&gt;uniform
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;harmful
&lt;li&gt;dead
&lt;li&gt;doubt
&lt;li&gt;fairy
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;fat
&lt;li&gt;sister
&lt;li&gt;liquid
&lt;li&gt;safe
&lt;li&gt;coast
&lt;li&gt;upstairs
&lt;li&gt;similarity
&lt;li&gt;lazy
&lt;li&gt;garden
&lt;li&gt;candle
&lt;li&gt;sing
&lt;li&gt;possess
&lt;li&gt;burn
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;representative
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;kill
&lt;li&gt;drop
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;rod
&lt;li&gt;poison
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;sore
&lt;li&gt;offensive
&lt;li&gt;catch
&lt;li&gt;ring
&lt;li&gt;owing_to
&lt;li&gt;trade
&lt;li&gt;least
&lt;li&gt;justice
&lt;li&gt;encourage
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;smile
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;forgive
&lt;li&gt;pray
&lt;li&gt;sleep
&lt;li&gt;just
&lt;li&gt;blame
&lt;li&gt;cruelty
&lt;li&gt;near
&lt;li&gt;horn
&lt;li&gt;general
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;art
&lt;li&gt;warn
&lt;li&gt;loud
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;breathe
&lt;li&gt;perform
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;scenery
&lt;li&gt;promise
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;care
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;an
&lt;li&gt;secretary
&lt;li&gt;thread
&lt;li&gt;high
&lt;li&gt;feel
&lt;li&gt;improve
&lt;li&gt;circular
&lt;li&gt;we
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;insect
&lt;li&gt;port
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;circular
&lt;li&gt;pence
&lt;li&gt;grave
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;garden
&lt;li&gt;calculate
&lt;li&gt;belong
&lt;li&gt;tidy
&lt;li&gt;grave
&lt;li&gt;possess
&lt;li&gt;imaginary
&lt;li&gt;wall
&lt;li&gt;pin
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;well
&lt;li&gt;waiter
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;hopeless
&lt;li&gt;far
&lt;li&gt;tribe
&lt;li&gt;transparent
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;attempt
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;treat
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;jump
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;roll
&lt;li&gt;liquid
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;tower
&lt;li&gt;risk
&lt;li&gt;hopeful
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;television
&lt;li&gt;dare
&lt;li&gt;cardboard
&lt;li&gt;oneself
&lt;li&gt;intend
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;procession
&lt;li&gt;party
&lt;li&gt;dance
&lt;li&gt;local
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;free
&lt;li&gt;jealousy
&lt;li&gt;bad
&lt;li&gt;prevent
&lt;li&gt;civilization
&lt;li&gt;rubber
&lt;li&gt;deal
&lt;li&gt;dare
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;handkerchief
&lt;li&gt;decay
&lt;li&gt;flat
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;village
&lt;li&gt;guide
&lt;li&gt;thief
&lt;li&gt;thunder
&lt;li&gt;past
&lt;li&gt;honesty
&lt;li&gt;dress
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;catch
&lt;li&gt;trade
&lt;li&gt;collect
&lt;li&gt;officer
&lt;li&gt;bullet
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;moon
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;correct
&lt;li&gt;stick
&lt;li&gt;search
&lt;li&gt;dismiss
&lt;li&gt;pink
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;cord
&lt;li&gt;wish
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;ring
&lt;li&gt;armour
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;complete
&lt;li&gt;treat
&lt;li&gt;swim
&lt;li&gt;lean
&lt;li&gt;hardship
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;steal
&lt;li&gt;guess
&lt;li&gt;fireplace
&lt;li&gt;yellow
&lt;li&gt;grave
&lt;li&gt;break
&lt;li&gt;balance
&lt;li&gt;descriptive
&lt;li&gt;decrease
&lt;li&gt;dare
&lt;li&gt;consist
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;relative
&lt;li&gt;president
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;say
&lt;li&gt;dead
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;icy
&lt;li&gt;urge
&lt;li&gt;declare
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;draw
&lt;li&gt;garment
&lt;li&gt;explosive
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;sense
&lt;li&gt;roll
&lt;li&gt;harmless
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;travel
&lt;li&gt;separate
&lt;li&gt;zero
&lt;li&gt;trunk
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;voyage
&lt;li&gt;private
&lt;li&gt;computer
&lt;li&gt;shout
&lt;li&gt;onion
&lt;li&gt;mirror
&lt;li&gt;high
&lt;li&gt;knot
&lt;li&gt;tax
&lt;li&gt;doubt
&lt;li&gt;spoon
&lt;li&gt;employ
&lt;li&gt;specialist
&lt;li&gt;bear
&lt;li&gt;sun
&lt;li&gt;secrecy
&lt;li&gt;indoors
&lt;li&gt;great
&lt;li&gt;range
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;the
&lt;li&gt;standard
&lt;li&gt;religion
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;obtain
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;heel
&lt;li&gt;fork
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;upright
&lt;li&gt;palace
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;more
&lt;li&gt;love
&lt;li&gt;nut
&lt;li&gt;lie
&lt;li&gt;chimney
&lt;li&gt;stem
&lt;li&gt;ripe
&lt;li&gt;lightning
&lt;li&gt;feed
&lt;li&gt;copper
&lt;li&gt;main
&lt;li&gt;lower
&lt;li&gt;delay
&lt;li&gt;tooth
&lt;li&gt;prove
&lt;li&gt;bite
&lt;li&gt;refuse
&lt;li&gt;nylon
&lt;li&gt;ink
&lt;li&gt;sour
&lt;li&gt;social
&lt;li&gt;short
&lt;li&gt;record
&lt;li&gt;print
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;bear
&lt;li&gt;oppose
&lt;li&gt;obedience
&lt;li&gt;hotel
&lt;li&gt;above
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;admit
&lt;li&gt;slow
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;combine
&lt;li&gt;amusing
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;field
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;strike
&lt;li&gt;arrange
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;competitor
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;store
&lt;li&gt;list
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;whisper
&lt;li&gt;mean
&lt;li&gt;power
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;climb
&lt;li&gt;fish
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;attend
&lt;li&gt;stay
&lt;li&gt;musician
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;cement
&lt;li&gt;block
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;amount
&lt;li&gt;evil
&lt;li&gt;establish
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;tower
&lt;li&gt;stretch
&lt;li&gt;good
&lt;li&gt;rubber
&lt;li&gt;respect
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;noun
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;whip
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;minute
&lt;li&gt;breadth
&lt;li&gt;water
&lt;li&gt;tie
&lt;li&gt;obey
&lt;li&gt;no
&lt;li&gt;fire
&lt;li&gt;dot
&lt;li&gt;dot
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;object
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;spot
&lt;li&gt;repair
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;ash
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;drop
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;airport
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;demand
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;threaten
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;roll
&lt;li&gt;quality
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;harm
&lt;li&gt;pray
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;own
&lt;li&gt;gold
&lt;li&gt;fort
&lt;li&gt;answer
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;pence
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;drag
&lt;li&gt;offensive
&lt;li&gt;careless
&lt;li&gt;respect
&lt;li&gt;finish
&lt;li&gt;feed
&lt;li&gt;extreme
&lt;li&gt;state
&lt;li&gt;sink
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;flow
&lt;li&gt;microscope
&lt;li&gt;consist
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;low
&lt;li&gt;answer
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;orange
&lt;li&gt;near
&lt;li&gt;introduce
&lt;li&gt;fox
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;miss
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;tiger
&lt;li&gt;human
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;taste
&lt;li&gt;minister
&lt;li&gt;favour
&lt;li&gt;steady
&lt;li&gt;pronunciation
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;examine
&lt;li&gt;doubt
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;object
&lt;li&gt;monkey
&lt;li&gt;tear
&lt;li&gt;minister
&lt;li&gt;mineral
&lt;li&gt;ready
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;sorrow
&lt;li&gt;produce
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;love
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;wait
&lt;li&gt;ocean
&lt;li&gt;green
&lt;li&gt;land
&lt;li&gt;toe
&lt;li&gt;today
&lt;li&gt;promise
&lt;li&gt;college
&lt;li&gt;clothing
&lt;li&gt;stiff
&lt;li&gt;gate
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;small
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;force
&lt;li&gt;electric
&lt;li&gt;tie
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;gather
&lt;li&gt;tyre
&lt;li&gt;wide
&lt;li&gt;point
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;lamb
&lt;li&gt;jelly
&lt;li&gt;hill
&lt;li&gt;dress
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;point
&lt;li&gt;live
&lt;li&gt;enclosure
&lt;li&gt;effect
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;mix
&lt;li&gt;prince
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;ash
&lt;li&gt;must
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;copy
&lt;li&gt;push
&lt;li&gt;litre
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;bee
&lt;li&gt;struggle
&lt;li&gt;bad
&lt;li&gt;adjective
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;atom
&lt;li&gt;ditch
&lt;li&gt;spin
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;defeat
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;stick
&lt;li&gt;limb
&lt;li&gt;so
&lt;li&gt;exchange
&lt;li&gt;recognize
&lt;li&gt;pan
&lt;li&gt;frightening
&lt;li&gt;rest
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;likely
&lt;li&gt;teach
&lt;li&gt;merry
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;house
&lt;li&gt;country
&lt;li&gt;nice
&lt;li&gt;pick
&lt;li&gt;colour
&lt;li&gt;study
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;mat
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;view
&lt;li&gt;protect
&lt;li&gt;pack
&lt;li&gt;please
&lt;li&gt;name
&lt;li&gt;goat
&lt;li&gt;glue
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;national
&lt;li&gt;practice
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;pastry
&lt;li&gt;cough
&lt;li&gt;lower
&lt;li&gt;sweep
&lt;li&gt;pack
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;meter
&lt;li&gt;annoyance
&lt;li&gt;sincere
&lt;li&gt;murder
&lt;li&gt;entertain
&lt;li&gt;seize
&lt;li&gt;forgive
&lt;li&gt;connect
&lt;li&gt;yard
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;private
&lt;li&gt;defeat
&lt;li&gt;slippery
&lt;li&gt;solemn
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;hand
&lt;li&gt;attract
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;settle
&lt;li&gt;infectious
&lt;li&gt;bless
&lt;li&gt;think
&lt;li&gt;hospital
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;greet
&lt;li&gt;anyhow
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;fort
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;bind
&lt;li&gt;wait
&lt;li&gt;translate
&lt;li&gt;result
&lt;li&gt;remind
&lt;li&gt;swim
&lt;li&gt;surprise
&lt;li&gt;feel
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;evening
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;supply
&lt;li&gt;repeat
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;dry
&lt;li&gt;address
&lt;li&gt;sleep
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;try
&lt;li&gt;figure
&lt;li&gt;gain
&lt;li&gt;correct
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;banana
&lt;li&gt;sharp
&lt;li&gt;house
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;cure
&lt;li&gt;touch
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;mention
&lt;li&gt;matter
&lt;li&gt;miss
&lt;li&gt;limit
&lt;li&gt;influence
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;forest
&lt;li&gt;mix
&lt;li&gt;command
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;lack
&lt;li&gt;cycle
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;touch
&lt;li&gt;tear
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;criminal
&lt;li&gt;bury
&lt;li&gt;bite
&lt;li&gt;bean
&lt;li&gt;poisonous
&lt;li&gt;graceful
&lt;li&gt;feed
&lt;li&gt;admire
&lt;li&gt;hen
&lt;li&gt;but
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;scissors
&lt;li&gt;grand
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;rain
&lt;li&gt;humorous
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;fit
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;say
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;produce
&lt;li&gt;hollow
&lt;li&gt;frightening
&lt;li&gt;lack
&lt;li&gt;hand
&lt;li&gt;deserve
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;temple
&lt;li&gt;messenger
&lt;li&gt;hollow
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;telephone
&lt;li&gt;plant
&lt;li&gt;page
&lt;li&gt;ant
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;swallow
&lt;li&gt;hurry
&lt;li&gt;experience
&lt;li&gt;shout
&lt;li&gt;make
&lt;li&gt;tax
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;spoil
&lt;li&gt;repair
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;service
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;crime
&lt;li&gt;production
&lt;li&gt;winter
&lt;li&gt;want
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;upside_down
&lt;li&gt;exercise
&lt;li&gt;body
&lt;li&gt;account
&lt;li&gt;telephone
&lt;li&gt;swear
&lt;li&gt;salt
&lt;li&gt;question
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;hairy
&lt;li&gt;under
&lt;li&gt;common
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;lift
&lt;li&gt;fire
&lt;li&gt;election
&lt;li&gt;greeting
&lt;li&gt;discourage
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;base
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;magazine
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;agreement
&lt;li&gt;worry
&lt;li&gt;wander
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;build
&lt;li&gt;quarrel
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;top
&lt;li&gt;print
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;li&gt;request
&lt;li&gt;pull
&lt;li&gt;gain
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;flight
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;born
&lt;li&gt;shop
&lt;li&gt;shoot
&lt;li&gt;lift
&lt;li&gt;vowel
&lt;li&gt;test
&lt;li&gt;footpath
&lt;li&gt;devil
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;invite
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;stone
&lt;li&gt;mix
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;host
&lt;li&gt;any
&lt;li&gt;stretch
&lt;li&gt;nurse
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;weigh
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;destroy
&lt;li&gt;command
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;take
&lt;li&gt;jump
&lt;li&gt;confuse
&lt;li&gt;temple
&lt;li&gt;smile
&lt;li&gt;finish
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;navy
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;race
&lt;li&gt;joy
&lt;li&gt;do
&lt;li&gt;bath
&lt;li&gt;rod
&lt;li&gt;heaven
&lt;li&gt;burn
&lt;li&gt;want
&lt;li&gt;request
&lt;li&gt;pretend
&lt;li&gt;solid
&lt;li&gt;contract
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;delay
&lt;li&gt;rich
&lt;li&gt;punish
&lt;li&gt;page
&lt;li&gt;metric
&lt;li&gt;go
&lt;li&gt;escape
&lt;li&gt;dependent
&lt;li&gt;full
&lt;li&gt;drag
&lt;li&gt;laugh
&lt;li&gt;screw
&lt;li&gt;mountain
&lt;li&gt;wood
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;govern
&lt;li&gt;behave
&lt;li&gt;excuse
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;curse
&lt;li&gt;warm
&lt;li&gt;marry
&lt;li&gt;market
&lt;li&gt;wear
&lt;li&gt;track
&lt;li&gt;suit
&lt;li&gt;particular
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;fine
&lt;li&gt;courage
&lt;li&gt;charge
&lt;li&gt;plant
&lt;li&gt;loaf
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;wreck
&lt;li&gt;tennis
&lt;li&gt;might
&lt;li&gt;lower
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;magazine
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;railway
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;military
&lt;li&gt;interruption
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;hope
&lt;li&gt;frighten
&lt;li&gt;cheer
&lt;li&gt;blame
&lt;li&gt;advertise
&lt;li&gt;witness
&lt;li&gt;shell
&lt;li&gt;position
&lt;li&gt;death
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;power
&lt;li&gt;match
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;bird
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;compete
&lt;li&gt;alike
&lt;li&gt;stair
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;list
&lt;li&gt;jewel
&lt;li&gt;swear
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;berry
&lt;li&gt;ruin
&lt;li&gt;mineral
&lt;li&gt;interrupt
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;easy
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;calculator
&lt;li&gt;snow
&lt;li&gt;cricket
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;unite
&lt;li&gt;ruin
&lt;li&gt;promise
&lt;li&gt;juice
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;jump
&lt;li&gt;morals
&lt;li&gt;contract
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;elect
&lt;li&gt;sweep
&lt;li&gt;hasty
&lt;li&gt;bell
&lt;li&gt;backward
&lt;li&gt;tender
&lt;li&gt;street
&lt;li&gt;succeed
&lt;li&gt;fish
&lt;li&gt;case
&lt;li&gt;boil
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;rub
&lt;li&gt;awake
&lt;li&gt;wear
&lt;li&gt;sign
&lt;li&gt;lodgings
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;ship
&lt;li&gt;winter
&lt;li&gt;profit
&lt;li&gt;circular
&lt;li&gt;threaten
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;captain
&lt;li&gt;slip
&lt;li&gt;race
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;post
&lt;li&gt;village
&lt;li&gt;complain
&lt;li&gt;chemistry
&lt;li&gt;urge
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;group
&lt;li&gt;advise
&lt;li&gt;sugar
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;pick
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;shop
&lt;li&gt;hurry
&lt;li&gt;building
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;choice
&lt;li&gt;bury
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;pause
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;belong
&lt;li&gt;witness
&lt;li&gt;stem
&lt;li&gt;multiply
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;decrease
&lt;li&gt;short
&lt;li&gt;go
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;broad
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;wind
&lt;li&gt;mass
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;ill
&lt;li&gt;funeral
&lt;li&gt;inwards
&lt;li&gt;argue
&lt;li&gt;signal
&lt;li&gt;load
&lt;li&gt;town
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;without
&lt;li&gt;post
&lt;li&gt;heat
&lt;li&gt;cap
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;fisherman
&lt;li&gt;council
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;upright
&lt;li&gt;real
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;laugh
&lt;li&gt;direct
&lt;li&gt;in
&lt;li&gt;dip
&lt;li&gt;dark
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;invent
&lt;li&gt;so
&lt;li&gt;sale
&lt;li&gt;art
&lt;li&gt;heat
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;road
&lt;li&gt;lean
&lt;li&gt;sweet
&lt;li&gt;regard
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;rubber
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;harm
&lt;li&gt;educate
&lt;li&gt;cliff
&lt;li&gt;worry
&lt;li&gt;stretch
&lt;li&gt;sense
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;desire
&lt;li&gt;study
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;encourage
&lt;li&gt;climb
&lt;li&gt;ball
&lt;li&gt;rule
&lt;li&gt;deliver
&lt;li&gt;cry
&lt;li&gt;bake
&lt;li&gt;warm
&lt;li&gt;breathe
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;borrow
&lt;li&gt;spring
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;pin
&lt;li&gt;network
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;father
&lt;li&gt;exchange
&lt;li&gt;thirsty
&lt;li&gt;sale
&lt;li&gt;drown
&lt;li&gt;trouble
&lt;li&gt;spade
&lt;li&gt;lack
&lt;li&gt;habitual
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;corner
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;elastic
&lt;li&gt;trouble
&lt;li&gt;spring
&lt;li&gt;rain
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;copy
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;tie
&lt;li&gt;name
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;instruct
&lt;li&gt;station
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;reach
&lt;li&gt;favour
&lt;li&gt;explode
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;breakfast
&lt;li&gt;under
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;not
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;treatment
&lt;li&gt;strike
&lt;li&gt;store
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;owe
&lt;li&gt;foreigner
&lt;li&gt;brush
&lt;li&gt;moon
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;sort
&lt;li&gt;noble
&lt;li&gt;lend
&lt;li&gt;away
&lt;li&gt;witness
&lt;li&gt;urge
&lt;li&gt;of
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;short
&lt;li&gt;insure
&lt;li&gt;alphabet
&lt;li&gt;admire
&lt;li&gt;wear
&lt;li&gt;sick
&lt;li&gt;yearly
&lt;li&gt;purple
&lt;li&gt;mineral
&lt;li&gt;center
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;concerning
&lt;li&gt;warn
&lt;li&gt;upright
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;rest
&lt;li&gt;police
&lt;li&gt;time
&lt;li&gt;thirst
&lt;li&gt;interruption
&lt;li&gt;connect
&lt;li&gt;border
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;sea
&lt;li&gt;risk
&lt;li&gt;rid
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;beak
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;record
&lt;li&gt;zero
&lt;li&gt;wise
&lt;li&gt;meaning
&lt;li&gt;descend
&lt;li&gt;handle
&lt;li&gt;enclose
&lt;li&gt;waste
&lt;li&gt;spring
&lt;li&gt;host
&lt;li&gt;load
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;effect
&lt;li&gt;creep
&lt;li&gt;burn
&lt;li&gt;boil
&lt;li&gt;search
&lt;li&gt;beneath
&lt;li&gt;ache
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;march
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;burn
&lt;li&gt;make
&lt;li&gt;lean
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;detail
&lt;li&gt;election
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;bar
&lt;li&gt;strange
&lt;li&gt;it
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;refuse
&lt;li&gt;limit
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;catch
&lt;li&gt;wind
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;castle
&lt;li&gt;brush
&lt;li&gt;wave
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;pack
&lt;li&gt;long
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;sum
&lt;li&gt;practice
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;slip
&lt;li&gt;picture
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;attack
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;flat
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;no
&lt;li&gt;leaf
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;offend
&lt;li&gt;decimal
&lt;li&gt;tube
&lt;li&gt;son
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;reward
&lt;li&gt;rate
&lt;li&gt;permit
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;but
&lt;li&gt;bitter
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;view
&lt;li&gt;sink
&lt;li&gt;pause
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;cry
&lt;li&gt;singular
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;cheer
&lt;li&gt;boot
&lt;li&gt;worst
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;train
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;silence
&lt;li&gt;related
&lt;li&gt;meet
&lt;li&gt;low
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;treat
&lt;li&gt;moral
&lt;li&gt;hook
&lt;li&gt;comb
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;permit
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;hot
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;favour
&lt;li&gt;dress
&lt;li&gt;behave
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;line
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;magician
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;cotton
&lt;li&gt;brother
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;wrap
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;oppose
&lt;li&gt;damage
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;shoot
&lt;li&gt;off
&lt;li&gt;may
&lt;li&gt;born
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;suck
&lt;li&gt;range
&lt;li&gt;market
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;fix
&lt;li&gt;climb
&lt;li&gt;fix
&lt;li&gt;print
&lt;li&gt;mend
&lt;li&gt;brush
&lt;li&gt;undo
&lt;li&gt;tourist
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;title
&lt;li&gt;strong
&lt;li&gt;rate
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;formerly
&lt;li&gt;shopkeeper
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;find
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;respectful
&lt;li&gt;business
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;reply
&lt;li&gt;quick
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;gram
&lt;li&gt;farmer
&lt;li&gt;wall
&lt;li&gt;threat
&lt;li&gt;smooth
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;ball
&lt;li&gt;an
&lt;li&gt;swim
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;pity
&lt;li&gt;elastic
&lt;li&gt;cliff
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;spite
&lt;li&gt;fish
&lt;li&gt;blue
&lt;li&gt;pronounce
&lt;li&gt;poetry
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;empty
&lt;li&gt;decorate
&lt;li&gt;cultivate
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;growth
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;multiply
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;figure
&lt;li&gt;bowels
&lt;li&gt;sport
&lt;li&gt;preserve
&lt;li&gt;opposite
&lt;li&gt;mother
&lt;li&gt;likely
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;shore
&lt;li&gt;murder
&lt;li&gt;declare
&lt;li&gt;box
&lt;li&gt;son
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;obedient
&lt;li&gt;deceive
&lt;li&gt;calculate
&lt;li&gt;shout
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;clerk
&lt;li&gt;steal
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;live
&lt;li&gt;buy
&lt;li&gt;after
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;forbid
&lt;li&gt;curl
&lt;li&gt;spin
&lt;li&gt;picture
&lt;li&gt;lion
&lt;li&gt;fool
&lt;li&gt;busy
&lt;li&gt;pull
&lt;li&gt;iron
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;behind
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;battle
&lt;li&gt;public
&lt;li&gt;profit
&lt;li&gt;lamp
&lt;li&gt;hollow
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;western
&lt;li&gt;surround
&lt;li&gt;defense
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;build
&lt;li&gt;annoy
&lt;li&gt;lightning
&lt;li&gt;current
&lt;li&gt;opponent
&lt;li&gt;guide
&lt;li&gt;crush
&lt;li&gt;balance
&lt;li&gt;stomach
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;painting
&lt;li&gt;neighbourhood
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;fair
&lt;li&gt;doctor
&lt;li&gt;be
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;than
&lt;li&gt;prickly
&lt;li&gt;political
&lt;li&gt;youth
&lt;li&gt;truth
&lt;li&gt;stranger
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;handle
&lt;li&gt;coffee
&lt;li&gt;charge
&lt;li&gt;sugar
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;tidy
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;soil
&lt;li&gt;sock
&lt;li&gt;red
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;me
&lt;li&gt;heavy
&lt;li&gt;approve
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;silk
&lt;li&gt;rub
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;crush
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;through
&lt;li&gt;arms
&lt;li&gt;television
&lt;li&gt;skirt
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;find
&lt;li&gt;clear
&lt;li&gt;cheat
&lt;li&gt;cheap
&lt;li&gt;yard
&lt;li&gt;satisfy
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;colour
&lt;li&gt;stem
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;worship
&lt;li&gt;plural
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;scale
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;pupil
&lt;li&gt;detail
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;battle
&lt;li&gt;suit
&lt;li&gt;dance
&lt;li&gt;amuse
&lt;li&gt;think
&lt;li&gt;slow
&lt;li&gt;senseless
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;lady
&lt;li&gt;compound
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;steady
&lt;li&gt;object
&lt;li&gt;to
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;hear
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;ancient
&lt;li&gt;shirt
&lt;li&gt;photograph
&lt;li&gt;outdoors
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;pig
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;white
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;tender
&lt;li&gt;shame
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;hourly
&lt;li&gt;block
&lt;li&gt;slight
&lt;li&gt;furnish
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;drag
&lt;li&gt;defend
&lt;li&gt;copy
&lt;li&gt;rob
&lt;li&gt;judge
&lt;li&gt;branch
&lt;li&gt;refuse
&lt;li&gt;minister
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;book
&lt;li&gt;sign
&lt;li&gt;shoulder
&lt;li&gt;respect
&lt;li&gt;request
&lt;li&gt;kill
&lt;li&gt;joy
&lt;li&gt;guess
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;pole
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;gather
&lt;li&gt;stiff
&lt;li&gt;side
&lt;li&gt;guidance
&lt;li&gt;customer
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;backward
&lt;li&gt;afford
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;then
&lt;li&gt;shout
&lt;li&gt;mistake
&lt;li&gt;march
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;fashion
&lt;li&gt;chicken
&lt;li&gt;wrap
&lt;li&gt;weigh
&lt;li&gt;serious
&lt;li&gt;rain
&lt;li&gt;permit
&lt;li&gt;escape
&lt;li&gt;charm
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;relative
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;position
&lt;li&gt;order
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;wander
&lt;li&gt;singular
&lt;li&gt;opinion
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;excite
&lt;li&gt;school
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;mixture
&lt;li&gt;mention
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;but
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;worth
&lt;li&gt;single
&lt;li&gt;shock
&lt;li&gt;outdoors
&lt;li&gt;frame
&lt;li&gt;descend
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;surprise
&lt;li&gt;part
&lt;li&gt;march
&lt;li&gt;inquire
&lt;li&gt;hundredth
&lt;li&gt;buy
&lt;li&gt;value
&lt;li&gt;tail
&lt;li&gt;shield
&lt;li&gt;international
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;admit
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;decay
&lt;li&gt;coward
&lt;li&gt;protection
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;disappoint
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;pleased
&lt;li&gt;pin
&lt;li&gt;lodging
&lt;li&gt;govern
&lt;li&gt;whisper
&lt;li&gt;tiger
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;obey
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;tremble
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;partner
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;radio
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;flow
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;bird
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;me
&lt;li&gt;farmyard
&lt;li&gt;sweet
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;take
&lt;li&gt;pan
&lt;li&gt;decision
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;keep
&lt;li&gt;greeting
&lt;li&gt;dip
&lt;li&gt;brave
&lt;li&gt;violence
&lt;li&gt;sight
&lt;li&gt;repeat
&lt;li&gt;kilo
&lt;li&gt;devil
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;ash
&lt;li&gt;forward
&lt;li&gt;eyelid
&lt;li&gt;center
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;main
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;equality
&lt;li&gt;dust
&lt;li&gt;special
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;evening
&lt;li&gt;basket
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;deceit
&lt;li&gt;tell
&lt;li&gt;tear
&lt;li&gt;some
&lt;li&gt;shoot
&lt;li&gt;punishment
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;hunt
&lt;li&gt;heaven
&lt;li&gt;creep
&lt;li&gt;cowardly
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;wrap
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;swallow
&lt;li&gt;heat
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;citizen
&lt;li&gt;centimetre
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;remark
&lt;li&gt;question
&lt;li&gt;payment
&lt;li&gt;parliament
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;desire
&lt;li&gt;delight
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;fill
&lt;li&gt;boil
&lt;li&gt;taste
&lt;li&gt;backward
&lt;li&gt;willing
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;push
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;lamb
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;mirror
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;empty
&lt;li&gt;drive
&lt;li&gt;amount
&lt;li&gt;spacecraft
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;fool
&lt;li&gt;faint
&lt;li&gt;board
&lt;li&gt;base
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;top
&lt;li&gt;struggle
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;perfect
&lt;li&gt;keep
&lt;li&gt;ink
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;guilt
&lt;li&gt;excuse
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;noise
&lt;li&gt;mean
&lt;li&gt;harden
&lt;li&gt;dip
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;screw
&lt;li&gt;scale
&lt;li&gt;coward
&lt;li&gt;company
&lt;li&gt;bury
&lt;li&gt;broadcast
&lt;li&gt;birthday
&lt;li&gt;armour
&lt;li&gt;smile
&lt;li&gt;pray
&lt;li&gt;load
&lt;li&gt;home
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;examine
&lt;li&gt;contents
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;near
&lt;li&gt;fashion
&lt;li&gt;end
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;command
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;wreck
&lt;li&gt;tight
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;people
&lt;li&gt;interest
&lt;li&gt;explosive
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;chair
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;see
&lt;li&gt;screw
&lt;li&gt;scatter
&lt;li&gt;list
&lt;li&gt;enclose
&lt;li&gt;sort
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;pause
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;coat
&lt;li&gt;blame
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;agreement
&lt;li&gt;tobacco
&lt;li&gt;shelter
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;hammer
&lt;li&gt;fork
&lt;li&gt;entertainment
&lt;li&gt;decrease
&lt;li&gt;bind
&lt;li&gt;sink
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;neck
&lt;li&gt;iron
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;boot
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;signal
&lt;li&gt;narrow
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;rod
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;photograph
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;decay
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;acid
&lt;li&gt;tune
&lt;li&gt;swallow
&lt;li&gt;cheat
&lt;li&gt;chair
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;appoint
&lt;li&gt;weave
&lt;li&gt;root
&lt;li&gt;phrase
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;board
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;reply
&lt;li&gt;preserve
&lt;li&gt;nobleman
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;decimal
&lt;li&gt;way
&lt;li&gt;type
&lt;li&gt;side
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;film
&lt;li&gt;criminal
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;bar
&lt;li&gt;advise
&lt;li&gt;trick
&lt;li&gt;scientific
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;cough
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;reward
&lt;li&gt;persuade
&lt;li&gt;offensive
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;teach
&lt;li&gt;steep
&lt;li&gt;spoon
&lt;li&gt;plural
&lt;li&gt;mile
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;he
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;entertain
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;ankle
&lt;li&gt;wave
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;quick
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;international
&lt;li&gt;dust
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;combine
&lt;li&gt;air
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;surround
&lt;li&gt;representative
&lt;li&gt;quarrel
&lt;li&gt;direct
&lt;li&gt;chase
&lt;li&gt;between
&lt;li&gt;shelf
&lt;li&gt;sense
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;health
&lt;li&gt;group
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;cotton
&lt;li&gt;clockwork
&lt;li&gt;cinema
&lt;li&gt;cheek
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;awkward
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;temper
&lt;li&gt;sweep
&lt;li&gt;lot
&lt;li&gt;lodging
&lt;li&gt;cycle
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;blue
&lt;li&gt;address
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;tidy
&lt;li&gt;spin
&lt;li&gt;shield
&lt;li&gt;poison
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;whip
&lt;li&gt;well
&lt;li&gt;unite
&lt;li&gt;top
&lt;li&gt;terror
&lt;li&gt;sideways
&lt;li&gt;prize
&lt;li&gt;hook
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;dip
&lt;li&gt;courage
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;chairperson
&lt;li&gt;bite
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;stem
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;decorate
&lt;li&gt;committee
&lt;li&gt;advertise
&lt;li&gt;vehicle
&lt;li&gt;frightening
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;foolish
&lt;li&gt;dismiss
&lt;li&gt;determined
&lt;li&gt;curl
&lt;li&gt;cure
&lt;li&gt;clerk
&lt;li&gt;cinema
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;snow
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;hook
&lt;li&gt;duck
&lt;li&gt;desire
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;button
&lt;li&gt;bite
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;rapid
&lt;li&gt;island
&lt;li&gt;harden
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;fix
&lt;li&gt;fancy
&lt;li&gt;dark
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;variety
&lt;li&gt;thread
&lt;li&gt;spot
&lt;li&gt;quality
&lt;li&gt;greet
&lt;li&gt;butter
&lt;li&gt;boy
&lt;li&gt;valley
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;second
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;mend
&lt;li&gt;habit
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;cough
&lt;li&gt;cheer
&lt;li&gt;trunk
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;nurse
&lt;li&gt;land
&lt;li&gt;film
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;bleed
&lt;li&gt;animal
&lt;li&gt;track
&lt;li&gt;sweep
&lt;li&gt;suck
&lt;li&gt;spoil
&lt;li&gt;sew
&lt;li&gt;seize
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;iron
&lt;li&gt;government
&lt;li&gt;duck
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;trust
&lt;li&gt;true
&lt;li&gt;remark
&lt;li&gt;limb
&lt;li&gt;faint
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;division
&lt;li&gt;clerk
&lt;li&gt;surround
&lt;li&gt;smooth
&lt;li&gt;silence
&lt;li&gt;shore
&lt;li&gt;shock
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;forward
&lt;li&gt;delight
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;rub
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;court
&lt;li&gt;bless
&lt;li&gt;glue
&lt;li&gt;delay
&lt;li&gt;breakfast
&lt;li&gt;after
&lt;li&gt;whip
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;slow
&lt;li&gt;scatter
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;meet
&lt;li&gt;kill
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;chief
&lt;li&gt;artificial
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;mother
&lt;li&gt;morning
&lt;li&gt;mistake
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;it
&lt;li&gt;guest
&lt;li&gt;fill
&lt;li&gt;edge
&lt;li&gt;bathe
&lt;li&gt;wrap
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;tire
&lt;li&gt;sore
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;recognition
&lt;li&gt;lock
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;interrupt
&lt;li&gt;fire
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;cent
&lt;li&gt;cap
&lt;li&gt;bit
&lt;li&gt;you
&lt;li&gt;tune
&lt;li&gt;shoulder
&lt;li&gt;poem
&lt;li&gt;bridge
&lt;li&gt;bake
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;weave
&lt;li&gt;tiger
&lt;li&gt;stage
&lt;li&gt;spin
&lt;li&gt;row
&lt;li&gt;jaw
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;forbid
&lt;li&gt;excited
&lt;li&gt;courage
&lt;li&gt;club
&lt;li&gt;attendance
&lt;li&gt;wing
&lt;li&gt;swim
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;office
&lt;li&gt;myself
&lt;li&gt;kneel
&lt;li&gt;faith
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;consonant
&lt;li&gt;bake
&lt;li&gt;yet
&lt;li&gt;sympathetic
&lt;li&gt;ship
&lt;li&gt;royal
&lt;li&gt;historical
&lt;li&gt;consonant
&lt;li&gt;computer
&lt;li&gt;struggle
&lt;li&gt;spread
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;representative
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;main
&lt;li&gt;lump
&lt;li&gt;high
&lt;li&gt;fasten
&lt;li&gt;degree
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;sew
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;mirror
&lt;li&gt;material
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;under
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;horizon
&lt;li&gt;forgive
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;box
&lt;li&gt;spot
&lt;li&gt;range
&lt;li&gt;meeting
&lt;li&gt;hurry
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;cat
&lt;li&gt;undo
&lt;li&gt;station
&lt;li&gt;rush
&lt;li&gt;power
&lt;li&gt;pool
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;pile
&lt;li&gt;mountain
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;employment
&lt;li&gt;die
&lt;li&gt;bean
&lt;li&gt;anxiety
&lt;li&gt;wealth
&lt;li&gt;value
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;job
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;compound
&lt;li&gt;base
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency (3)</title>
    <id>3552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21413</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;4879&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;urge
&lt;li&gt;steady
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;photography
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;journey
&lt;li&gt;fortune
&lt;li&gt;elect
&lt;li&gt;drag
&lt;li&gt;coast
&lt;li&gt;center
&lt;li&gt;yearly
&lt;li&gt;wing
&lt;li&gt;tiger
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;service
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;combine
&lt;li&gt;bright
&lt;li&gt;blade
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;wander
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;thick
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;screw
&lt;li&gt;log
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;fine
&lt;li&gt;chain
&lt;li&gt;calm
&lt;li&gt;board
&lt;li&gt;belong
&lt;li&gt;price
&lt;li&gt;on
&lt;li&gt;military
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;interesting
&lt;li&gt;argue
&lt;li&gt;tobacco
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;stomach
&lt;li&gt;shame
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;laughter
&lt;li&gt;horn
&lt;li&gt;goat
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;small
&lt;li&gt;place
&lt;li&gt;petrol
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;horn
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;fool
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;die
&lt;li&gt;death
&lt;li&gt;brick
&lt;li&gt;worship
&lt;li&gt;thin
&lt;li&gt;swear
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;sideways
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;religious
&lt;li&gt;pool
&lt;li&gt;noble
&lt;li&gt;nest
&lt;li&gt;mouse
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;invent
&lt;li&gt;happy
&lt;li&gt;farmer
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;yearly
&lt;li&gt;spoil
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;salt
&lt;li&gt;room
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;orange
&lt;li&gt;listen
&lt;li&gt;infect
&lt;li&gt;exact
&lt;li&gt;clock
&lt;li&gt;white
&lt;li&gt;water
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;pin
&lt;li&gt;people
&lt;li&gt;oxygen
&lt;li&gt;instruct
&lt;li&gt;hand
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;wrongdoing
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;frighten
&lt;li&gt;decrease
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;capital
&lt;li&gt;tube
&lt;li&gt;trick
&lt;li&gt;sure
&lt;li&gt;sight
&lt;li&gt;pot
&lt;li&gt;permission
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;harm
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;consonant
&lt;li&gt;complain
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;amusing
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;weigh
&lt;li&gt;strength
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;rule
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;matter
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;kind
&lt;li&gt;frame
&lt;li&gt;example
&lt;li&gt;curtain
&lt;li&gt;book
&lt;li&gt;army
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;rub
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;protect
&lt;li&gt;preserve
&lt;li&gt;number
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;give
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;confuse
&lt;li&gt;swallow
&lt;li&gt;soil
&lt;li&gt;plural
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;gentleman
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;drum
&lt;li&gt;cough
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;charm
&lt;li&gt;birth
&lt;li&gt;thirst
&lt;li&gt;suppose
&lt;li&gt;strike
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;partner
&lt;li&gt;park
&lt;li&gt;ocean
&lt;li&gt;garden
&lt;li&gt;elect
&lt;li&gt;elastic
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;date
&lt;li&gt;cut
&lt;li&gt;cultivate
&lt;li&gt;cricket
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;shelter
&lt;li&gt;shell
&lt;li&gt;right
&lt;li&gt;process
&lt;li&gt;machinery
&lt;li&gt;long
&lt;li&gt;host
&lt;li&gt;heel
&lt;li&gt;guidance
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;except
&lt;li&gt;equal
&lt;li&gt;creep
&lt;li&gt;course
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;battle
&lt;li&gt;tropical
&lt;li&gt;taste
&lt;li&gt;stupid
&lt;li&gt;string
&lt;li&gt;stamp
&lt;li&gt;seat
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;rapid
&lt;li&gt;position
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;low
&lt;li&gt;horn
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;creature
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;wisdom
&lt;li&gt;weave
&lt;li&gt;thin
&lt;li&gt;pile
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;ditch
&lt;li&gt;discouragement
&lt;li&gt;creep
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;block
&lt;li&gt;bind
&lt;li&gt;bind
&lt;li&gt;warn
&lt;li&gt;society
&lt;li&gt;snow
&lt;li&gt;fortune
&lt;li&gt;flash
&lt;li&gt;effect
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;curse
&lt;li&gt;colour
&lt;li&gt;translate
&lt;li&gt;sum
&lt;li&gt;snow
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;rob
&lt;li&gt;rice
&lt;li&gt;pointed
&lt;li&gt;log
&lt;li&gt;kilogram
&lt;li&gt;hammer
&lt;li&gt;duck
&lt;li&gt;curl
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;ache
&lt;li&gt;thousandth
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;lord
&lt;li&gt;lodging
&lt;li&gt;horizon
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;branch
&lt;li&gt;bar
&lt;li&gt;tyre
&lt;li&gt;store
&lt;li&gt;scatter
&lt;li&gt;proud
&lt;li&gt;part
&lt;li&gt;nurse
&lt;li&gt;comb
&lt;li&gt;association
&lt;li&gt;temper
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;seat
&lt;li&gt;point
&lt;li&gt;perfect
&lt;li&gt;lion
&lt;li&gt;hourly
&lt;li&gt;heel
&lt;li&gt;grief
&lt;li&gt;grandfather
&lt;li&gt;frequent
&lt;li&gt;each
&lt;li&gt;dangerous
&lt;li&gt;camera
&lt;li&gt;wind
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;see
&lt;li&gt;ruin
&lt;li&gt;passenger
&lt;li&gt;narrow
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;line
&lt;li&gt;lend
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;honourable
&lt;li&gt;enclosure
&lt;li&gt;curl
&lt;li&gt;beard
&lt;li&gt;adverb
&lt;li&gt;violence
&lt;li&gt;river
&lt;li&gt;risk
&lt;li&gt;plant
&lt;li&gt;group
&lt;li&gt;gasoline
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;comb
&lt;li&gt;cheer
&lt;li&gt;cheat
&lt;li&gt;carry
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;bill
&lt;li&gt;berry
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;tube
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;trade
&lt;li&gt;tourist
&lt;li&gt;sword
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;root
&lt;li&gt;possibly
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;cliff
&lt;li&gt;clean
&lt;li&gt;cement
&lt;li&gt;calculate
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;wild
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;punish
&lt;li&gt;mass
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;face
&lt;li&gt;exciting
&lt;li&gt;curtain
&lt;li&gt;count
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;business
&lt;li&gt;amusing
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;toe
&lt;li&gt;sword
&lt;li&gt;surround
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;shoe
&lt;li&gt;sharp
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;seventh
&lt;li&gt;pronounce
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;pity
&lt;li&gt;nylon
&lt;li&gt;join
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;dot
&lt;li&gt;deliver
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;book
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;adult
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;tender
&lt;li&gt;string
&lt;li&gt;patience
&lt;li&gt;double
&lt;li&gt;cigarette
&lt;li&gt;admittance
&lt;li&gt;view
&lt;li&gt;thumb
&lt;li&gt;second
&lt;li&gt;picture
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;journey
&lt;li&gt;dirty
&lt;li&gt;dirt
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;clay
&lt;li&gt;brother
&lt;li&gt;tune
&lt;li&gt;top
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;singular
&lt;li&gt;serve
&lt;li&gt;pink
&lt;li&gt;nest
&lt;li&gt;hourly
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;greeting
&lt;li&gt;fire
&lt;li&gt;encourage
&lt;li&gt;berry
&lt;li&gt;actor
&lt;li&gt;yellow
&lt;li&gt;wonder
&lt;li&gt;whip
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;second
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;repair
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;race
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;prisoner
&lt;li&gt;poison
&lt;li&gt;parallel
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;hook
&lt;li&gt;form
&lt;li&gt;famous
&lt;li&gt;fail
&lt;li&gt;declare
&lt;li&gt;complaint
&lt;li&gt;capital
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;us
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;shop
&lt;li&gt;service
&lt;li&gt;rate
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;loaf
&lt;li&gt;judgment
&lt;li&gt;fork
&lt;li&gt;flood
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;fasten
&lt;li&gt;faithful
&lt;li&gt;crowd
&lt;li&gt;common
&lt;li&gt;coat
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;banana
&lt;li&gt;balance
&lt;li&gt;any
&lt;li&gt;yellow
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;help
&lt;li&gt;good
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;defend
&lt;li&gt;defeat
&lt;li&gt;comfort
&lt;li&gt;come
&lt;li&gt;cat
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;age
&lt;li&gt;admire
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;step
&lt;li&gt;refusal
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;mail
&lt;li&gt;grandmother
&lt;li&gt;glue
&lt;li&gt;gentleman
&lt;li&gt;electricity
&lt;li&gt;diamond
&lt;li&gt;decimal
&lt;li&gt;brick
&lt;li&gt;beyond
&lt;li&gt;three
&lt;li&gt;terrible
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;sight
&lt;li&gt;persuade
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;operation
&lt;li&gt;near
&lt;li&gt;mean
&lt;li&gt;field
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;courage
&lt;li&gt;wave
&lt;li&gt;tongue
&lt;li&gt;tin
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;subtract
&lt;li&gt;ruin
&lt;li&gt;recently
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;official
&lt;li&gt;hope
&lt;li&gt;height
&lt;li&gt;good-bye
&lt;li&gt;fulfill
&lt;li&gt;fool
&lt;li&gt;excite
&lt;li&gt;equal
&lt;li&gt;elephant
&lt;li&gt;die
&lt;li&gt;crowd
&lt;li&gt;crime
&lt;li&gt;bit
&lt;li&gt;bare
&lt;li&gt;arms
&lt;li&gt;actor
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;whisper
&lt;li&gt;voice
&lt;li&gt;tremble
&lt;li&gt;structure
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;serve
&lt;li&gt;reduction
&lt;li&gt;record
&lt;li&gt;quarter
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;gray
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;devil
&lt;li&gt;crush
&lt;li&gt;clothes
&lt;li&gt;camera
&lt;li&gt;brave
&lt;li&gt;boil
&lt;li&gt;according
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;typical
&lt;li&gt;toe
&lt;li&gt;thread
&lt;li&gt;telephone
&lt;li&gt;speed
&lt;li&gt;settle
&lt;li&gt;post
&lt;li&gt;plenty
&lt;li&gt;millionth
&lt;li&gt;father
&lt;li&gt;dish
&lt;li&gt;discourage
&lt;li&gt;contract
&lt;li&gt;come
&lt;li&gt;border
&lt;li&gt;body
&lt;li&gt;bleed
&lt;li&gt;advise
&lt;li&gt;yesterday
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;upright
&lt;li&gt;thin
&lt;li&gt;thief
&lt;li&gt;tear
&lt;li&gt;subtract
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;some
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;rise
&lt;li&gt;pig
&lt;li&gt;pig
&lt;li&gt;no
&lt;li&gt;flight
&lt;li&gt;cure
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;action
&lt;li&gt;young
&lt;li&gt;suck
&lt;li&gt;spoon
&lt;li&gt;sister
&lt;li&gt;silk
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;phrase
&lt;li&gt;or
&lt;li&gt;nose
&lt;li&gt;minister
&lt;li&gt;messenger
&lt;li&gt;manager
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;extreme
&lt;li&gt;deer
&lt;li&gt;comb
&lt;li&gt;board
&lt;li&gt;blade
&lt;li&gt;area
&lt;li&gt;airforce
&lt;li&gt;admit
&lt;li&gt;ache
&lt;li&gt;tennis
&lt;li&gt;suck
&lt;li&gt;steady
&lt;li&gt;pile
&lt;li&gt;origin
&lt;li&gt;offend
&lt;li&gt;insure
&lt;li&gt;house
&lt;li&gt;football
&lt;li&gt;fireplace
&lt;li&gt;false
&lt;li&gt;explode
&lt;li&gt;employ
&lt;li&gt;diamond
&lt;li&gt;clock
&lt;li&gt;carry
&lt;li&gt;whisper
&lt;li&gt;type
&lt;li&gt;subject
&lt;li&gt;smoke
&lt;li&gt;mistake
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;join
&lt;li&gt;entertain
&lt;li&gt;as
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;spring
&lt;li&gt;sound
&lt;li&gt;show
&lt;li&gt;rod
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;ditch
&lt;li&gt;deceit
&lt;li&gt;crush
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;by
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;worship
&lt;li&gt;practice
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;plant
&lt;li&gt;passage
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;jealous
&lt;li&gt;ill
&lt;li&gt;healthy
&lt;li&gt;good-bye
&lt;li&gt;circle
&lt;li&gt;car
&lt;li&gt;bottle
&lt;li&gt;best
&lt;li&gt;appoint
&lt;li&gt;afterwards
&lt;li&gt;upset
&lt;li&gt;tongue
&lt;li&gt;thunder
&lt;li&gt;swallow
&lt;li&gt;subject
&lt;li&gt;satisfaction
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;ready
&lt;li&gt;put
&lt;li&gt;plan
&lt;li&gt;lump
&lt;li&gt;govern
&lt;li&gt;exchange
&lt;li&gt;condition
&lt;li&gt;angle
&lt;li&gt;advertisement
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;simple
&lt;li&gt;school
&lt;li&gt;ride
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;peace
&lt;li&gt;map
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;her
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;forwards
&lt;li&gt;engineer
&lt;li&gt;chemical
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;bare
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;upside_down
&lt;li&gt;true
&lt;li&gt;team
&lt;li&gt;stand
&lt;li&gt;sock
&lt;li&gt;rock
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;pity
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;particular
&lt;li&gt;page
&lt;li&gt;national
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;instrument
&lt;li&gt;frequent
&lt;li&gt;familiar
&lt;li&gt;expression
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;drown
&lt;li&gt;dot
&lt;li&gt;dirty
&lt;li&gt;coward
&lt;li&gt;coffee
&lt;li&gt;cheat
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;beat
&lt;li&gt;armour
&lt;li&gt;annoy
&lt;li&gt;absent
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;twist
&lt;li&gt;today
&lt;li&gt;thread
&lt;li&gt;second
&lt;li&gt;science
&lt;li&gt;recent
&lt;li&gt;quantity
&lt;li&gt;picture
&lt;li&gt;noun
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;milk
&lt;li&gt;lord
&lt;li&gt;listen
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;game
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;fear
&lt;li&gt;fault
&lt;li&gt;eye
&lt;li&gt;dull
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;decay
&lt;li&gt;cycle
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;curse
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;class
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;breathe
&lt;li&gt;brave
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;belief
&lt;li&gt;behave
&lt;li&gt;begin
&lt;li&gt;argument
&lt;li&gt;weave
&lt;li&gt;tremble
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;stream
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;skirt
&lt;li&gt;skirt
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;public
&lt;li&gt;messenger
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;fault
&lt;li&gt;educate
&lt;li&gt;distance
&lt;li&gt;deceive
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;compound
&lt;li&gt;coast
&lt;li&gt;change
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;bread
&lt;li&gt;battle
&lt;li&gt;wedding
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;shore
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;li&gt;police
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;line
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;glory
&lt;li&gt;for
&lt;li&gt;examine
&lt;li&gt;century
&lt;li&gt;airforce
&lt;li&gt;wind
&lt;li&gt;teach
&lt;li&gt;swear
&lt;li&gt;shut
&lt;li&gt;rid
&lt;li&gt;ready
&lt;li&gt;quarrel
&lt;li&gt;punish
&lt;li&gt;per
&lt;li&gt;patience
&lt;li&gt;nerve
&lt;li&gt;infection
&lt;li&gt;enclose
&lt;li&gt;elect
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;dish
&lt;li&gt;destruction
&lt;li&gt;depth
&lt;li&gt;curse
&lt;li&gt;circular
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;atom
&lt;li&gt;word
&lt;li&gt;wide
&lt;li&gt;tongue
&lt;li&gt;table
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;stage
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;regular
&lt;li&gt;pot
&lt;li&gt;network
&lt;li&gt;mineral
&lt;li&gt;merry
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;decorate
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;cook
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;awake
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;adventure
&lt;li&gt;translate
&lt;li&gt;they
&lt;li&gt;surprise
&lt;li&gt;summer
&lt;li&gt;subtract
&lt;li&gt;stream
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;settle
&lt;li&gt;safe
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;remark
&lt;li&gt;reason
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;oil
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;loyalty
&lt;li&gt;loyal
&lt;li&gt;lot
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;hardly
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;especially
&lt;li&gt;education
&lt;li&gt;dirty
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;bleed
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;advertise
&lt;li&gt;act
&lt;li&gt;warmth
&lt;li&gt;value
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;tax
&lt;li&gt;spoil
&lt;li&gt;shine
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;range
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;polish
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;pain
&lt;li&gt;magic
&lt;li&gt;loose
&lt;li&gt;interest
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;hurry
&lt;li&gt;golden
&lt;li&gt;glue
&lt;li&gt;gather
&lt;li&gt;fence
&lt;li&gt;family
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;defeat
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;cure
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;coin
&lt;li&gt;coast
&lt;li&gt;cap
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;breed
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;blade
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;amuse
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;weight
&lt;li&gt;traffic
&lt;li&gt;ticket
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;shell
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;room
&lt;li&gt;result
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;production
&lt;li&gt;pipe
&lt;li&gt;photograph
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;packet
&lt;li&gt;muscle
&lt;li&gt;luck
&lt;li&gt;life
&lt;li&gt;fisherman
&lt;li&gt;fail
&lt;li&gt;express
&lt;li&gt;employer
&lt;li&gt;coin
&lt;li&gt;car
&lt;li&gt;bridge
&lt;li&gt;bottle
&lt;li&gt;book
&lt;li&gt;bar
&lt;li&gt;attendance
&lt;li&gt;ache
&lt;li&gt;accordance
&lt;li&gt;wreck
&lt;li&gt;wander
&lt;li&gt;upper
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;space
&lt;li&gt;size
&lt;li&gt;scientist
&lt;li&gt;sand
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;prisoner
&lt;li&gt;paper
&lt;li&gt;mirror
&lt;li&gt;log
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;kiss
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;gate
&lt;li&gt;frame
&lt;li&gt;fork
&lt;li&gt;force
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;drown
&lt;li&gt;dismiss
&lt;li&gt;close
&lt;li&gt;cliff
&lt;li&gt;busy
&lt;li&gt;worst
&lt;li&gt;trunk
&lt;li&gt;thunder
&lt;li&gt;sum
&lt;li&gt;sorrow
&lt;li&gt;signal
&lt;li&gt;round
&lt;li&gt;precious
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;pencil
&lt;li&gt;pause
&lt;li&gt;pan
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;mat
&lt;li&gt;mat
&lt;li&gt;grandfather
&lt;li&gt;glory
&lt;li&gt;gas
&lt;li&gt;furnish
&lt;li&gt;full
&lt;li&gt;fine
&lt;li&gt;fence
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;coat
&lt;li&gt;chicken
&lt;li&gt;cheap
&lt;li&gt;chalk
&lt;li&gt;awkward
&lt;li&gt;amusing
&lt;li&gt;action
&lt;li&gt;tower
&lt;li&gt;tail
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;swell
&lt;li&gt;storm
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;sour
&lt;li&gt;safe
&lt;li&gt;remove
&lt;li&gt;purple
&lt;li&gt;piece
&lt;li&gt;people
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;lake
&lt;li&gt;labour
&lt;li&gt;jump
&lt;li&gt;juice
&lt;li&gt;garden
&lt;li&gt;forest
&lt;li&gt;entrance
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;chance
&lt;li&gt;air
&lt;li&gt;agreement
&lt;li&gt;act
&lt;li&gt;wreck
&lt;li&gt;type
&lt;li&gt;tree
&lt;li&gt;style
&lt;li&gt;stream
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;sky
&lt;li&gt;season
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;real
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;police
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;of
&lt;li&gt;nor
&lt;li&gt;lord
&lt;li&gt;juice
&lt;li&gt;interrupt
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;gold
&lt;li&gt;free
&lt;li&gt;for
&lt;li&gt;explode
&lt;li&gt;drum
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;dog
&lt;li&gt;arm
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;track
&lt;li&gt;tire
&lt;li&gt;that
&lt;li&gt;tender
&lt;li&gt;team
&lt;li&gt;sting
&lt;li&gt;skin
&lt;li&gt;she
&lt;li&gt;process
&lt;li&gt;private
&lt;li&gt;pocket
&lt;li&gt;plenty
&lt;li&gt;of
&lt;li&gt;nature
&lt;li&gt;mouth
&lt;li&gt;milk
&lt;li&gt;lump
&lt;li&gt;glue
&lt;li&gt;footstep
&lt;li&gt;discourage
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;dare
&lt;li&gt;clothing
&lt;li&gt;clerk
&lt;li&gt;children
&lt;li&gt;ceremony
&lt;li&gt;cent
&lt;li&gt;bridge
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;banana
&lt;li&gt;according
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;war
&lt;li&gt;trouble
&lt;li&gt;tendency
&lt;li&gt;still
&lt;li&gt;stiff
&lt;li&gt;sport
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;ring
&lt;li&gt;pupil
&lt;li&gt;provision
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;possession
&lt;li&gt;piece
&lt;li&gt;party
&lt;li&gt;music
&lt;li&gt;multiply
&lt;li&gt;left
&lt;li&gt;invite
&lt;li&gt;ink
&lt;li&gt;honesty
&lt;li&gt;glass
&lt;li&gt;game
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;command
&lt;li&gt;chance
&lt;li&gt;chairperson
&lt;li&gt;boot
&lt;li&gt;bleed
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;bank
&lt;li&gt;band
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;warn
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;tire
&lt;li&gt;sympathy
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;social
&lt;li&gt;sex
&lt;li&gt;probability
&lt;li&gt;other
&lt;li&gt;open
&lt;li&gt;noble
&lt;li&gt;moral
&lt;li&gt;modern
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;mistake
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;machine
&lt;li&gt;local
&lt;li&gt;library
&lt;li&gt;lesson
&lt;li&gt;kneel
&lt;li&gt;jaw
&lt;li&gt;invention
&lt;li&gt;gate
&lt;li&gt;fine
&lt;li&gt;explosive
&lt;li&gt;empty
&lt;li&gt;dull
&lt;li&gt;death
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;cloth
&lt;li&gt;chemical
&lt;li&gt;bit
&lt;li&gt;best
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;after
&lt;li&gt;willing
&lt;li&gt;will
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;while
&lt;li&gt;western
&lt;li&gt;translate
&lt;li&gt;trade
&lt;li&gt;tail
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;really
&lt;li&gt;purpose
&lt;li&gt;pride
&lt;li&gt;pot
&lt;li&gt;pig
&lt;li&gt;nut
&lt;li&gt;leaf
&lt;li&gt;lazy
&lt;li&gt;kneel
&lt;li&gt;holiday
&lt;li&gt;guilt
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;explosion
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;defend
&lt;li&gt;dance
&lt;li&gt;crash
&lt;li&gt;chicken
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;cement
&lt;li&gt;bowl
&lt;li&gt;big
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;bad
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;with
&lt;li&gt;wisdom
&lt;li&gt;wine
&lt;li&gt;wheel
&lt;li&gt;voice
&lt;li&gt;tomorrow
&lt;li&gt;time
&lt;li&gt;theater
&lt;li&gt;television
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;shoe
&lt;li&gt;shield
&lt;li&gt;radio
&lt;li&gt;quarrel
&lt;li&gt;put
&lt;li&gt;press
&lt;li&gt;pink
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;liquid
&lt;li&gt;husband
&lt;li&gt;hire
&lt;li&gt;hang
&lt;li&gt;growth
&lt;li&gt;good
&lt;li&gt;give
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;eye
&lt;li&gt;every
&lt;li&gt;entertainment
&lt;li&gt;edge
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;desert
&lt;li&gt;delight
&lt;li&gt;confuse
&lt;li&gt;cloud
&lt;li&gt;captain
&lt;li&gt;button
&lt;li&gt;boy
&lt;li&gt;bed
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;absent
&lt;li&gt;weather
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;tower
&lt;li&gt;title
&lt;li&gt;system
&lt;li&gt;stroke
&lt;li&gt;ship
&lt;li&gt;sensible
&lt;li&gt;rice
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;remove
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;pepper
&lt;li&gt;part
&lt;li&gt;pan
&lt;li&gt;oil
&lt;li&gt;limb
&lt;li&gt;lamp
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;horse
&lt;li&gt;goat
&lt;li&gt;faint
&lt;li&gt;disappoint
&lt;li&gt;club
&lt;li&gt;chin
&lt;li&gt;charm
&lt;li&gt;breath
&lt;li&gt;bitter
&lt;li&gt;bar
&lt;li&gt;bad
&lt;li&gt;average
&lt;li&gt;as
&lt;li&gt;worthy
&lt;li&gt;wine
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;well
&lt;li&gt;watch
&lt;li&gt;war
&lt;li&gt;tremble
&lt;li&gt;tour
&lt;li&gt;thunder
&lt;li&gt;temper
&lt;li&gt;slip
&lt;li&gt;slave
&lt;li&gt;shirt
&lt;li&gt;seven
&lt;li&gt;secrecy
&lt;li&gt;report
&lt;li&gt;procession
&lt;li&gt;pair
&lt;li&gt;onion
&lt;li&gt;line
&lt;li&gt;lend
&lt;li&gt;infect
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;front
&lt;li&gt;friendly
&lt;li&gt;fisherman
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;expensive
&lt;li&gt;exchange
&lt;li&gt;equal
&lt;li&gt;encouragement
&lt;li&gt;employ
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;complain
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;blood
&lt;li&gt;bicycle
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;bath
&lt;li&gt;amusing
&lt;li&gt;along
&lt;li&gt;accident
&lt;li&gt;wise
&lt;li&gt;winter
&lt;li&gt;who
&lt;li&gt;treatment
&lt;li&gt;time
&lt;li&gt;than
&lt;li&gt;spend
&lt;li&gt;solid
&lt;li&gt;six
&lt;li&gt;ship
&lt;li&gt;shelter
&lt;li&gt;say
&lt;li&gt;sail
&lt;li&gt;read
&lt;li&gt;quality
&lt;li&gt;proof
&lt;li&gt;pressure
&lt;li&gt;persuade
&lt;li&gt;paper
&lt;li&gt;network
&lt;li&gt;murder
&lt;li&gt;much
&lt;li&gt;magician
&lt;li&gt;knot
&lt;li&gt;his
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;fort
&lt;li&gt;footpath
&lt;li&gt;field
&lt;li&gt;corner
&lt;li&gt;comfortable
&lt;li&gt;collar
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;chin
&lt;li&gt;chain
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;bullet
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;angle
&lt;li&gt;air
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;weekly
&lt;li&gt;threat
&lt;li&gt;tense
&lt;li&gt;tail
&lt;li&gt;scatter
&lt;li&gt;risk
&lt;li&gt;reason
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;nerve
&lt;li&gt;monkey
&lt;li&gt;mine
&lt;li&gt;medicine
&lt;li&gt;master
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;job
&lt;li&gt;insure
&lt;li&gt;inner
&lt;li&gt;hopeless
&lt;li&gt;heavy
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;gray
&lt;li&gt;goat
&lt;li&gt;enclosure
&lt;li&gt;educate
&lt;li&gt;distance
&lt;li&gt;devil
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;chance
&lt;li&gt;catch
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;business
&lt;li&gt;breakfast
&lt;li&gt;border
&lt;li&gt;blame
&lt;li&gt;amusement
&lt;li&gt;according
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;whistle
&lt;li&gt;victory
&lt;li&gt;upper
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;table
&lt;li&gt;sweet
&lt;li&gt;surface
&lt;li&gt;structure
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;spacecraft
&lt;li&gt;soul
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;skillful
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;rid
&lt;li&gt;regular
&lt;li&gt;priest
&lt;li&gt;praise
&lt;li&gt;powder
&lt;li&gt;pass
&lt;li&gt;participle
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;microscope
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;its
&lt;li&gt;information
&lt;li&gt;industry
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;flight
&lt;li&gt;edge
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;distance
&lt;li&gt;deep
&lt;li&gt;collect
&lt;li&gt;butter
&lt;li&gt;bunch
&lt;li&gt;branch
&lt;li&gt;branch
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;beer
&lt;li&gt;bear
&lt;li&gt;base
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;armour
&lt;li&gt;wing
&lt;li&gt;wild
&lt;li&gt;weigh
&lt;li&gt;water
&lt;li&gt;there
&lt;li&gt;theater
&lt;li&gt;stomach
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;reward
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;prize
&lt;li&gt;prize
&lt;li&gt;photograph
&lt;li&gt;pastry
&lt;li&gt;off
&lt;li&gt;occasion
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;neck
&lt;li&gt;morals
&lt;li&gt;mist
&lt;li&gt;liquid
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;level
&lt;li&gt;knot
&lt;li&gt;iron
&lt;li&gt;half
&lt;li&gt;get
&lt;li&gt;furnish
&lt;li&gt;card
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;bathe
&lt;li&gt;barrel
&lt;li&gt;arch
&lt;li&gt;apparatus
&lt;li&gt;ankle
&lt;li&gt;year
&lt;li&gt;while
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;vote
&lt;li&gt;vegetable
&lt;li&gt;temper
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;single
&lt;li&gt;seed
&lt;li&gt;rod
&lt;li&gt;rid
&lt;li&gt;remind
&lt;li&gt;protection
&lt;li&gt;protect
&lt;li&gt;practical
&lt;li&gt;pound
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;peaceful
&lt;li&gt;obedience
&lt;li&gt;nail
&lt;li&gt;musician
&lt;li&gt;memory
&lt;li&gt;may
&lt;li&gt;lower
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;leaf
&lt;li&gt;key
&lt;li&gt;it
&lt;li&gt;invent
&lt;li&gt;instrument
&lt;li&gt;increase
&lt;li&gt;honour
&lt;li&gt;hide
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;great
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;funeral
&lt;li&gt;friend
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;flag
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;faithful
&lt;li&gt;dog
&lt;li&gt;department
&lt;li&gt;dare
&lt;li&gt;customer
&lt;li&gt;chimney
&lt;li&gt;chair
&lt;li&gt;cause
&lt;li&gt;butter
&lt;li&gt;burn
&lt;li&gt;box
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;body
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;armour
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;what
&lt;li&gt;use
&lt;li&gt;unit
&lt;li&gt;under
&lt;li&gt;uncle
&lt;li&gt;try
&lt;li&gt;trap
&lt;li&gt;tourist
&lt;li&gt;tennis
&lt;li&gt;tea
&lt;li&gt;substance
&lt;li&gt;stupid
&lt;li&gt;story
&lt;li&gt;stitch
&lt;li&gt;steep
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;slight
&lt;li&gt;slave
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;sentence
&lt;li&gt;rank
&lt;li&gt;pump
&lt;li&gt;pronounce
&lt;li&gt;pool
&lt;li&gt;photography
&lt;li&gt;other
&lt;li&gt;ordinary
&lt;li&gt;nine
&lt;li&gt;nine
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;mat
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;lesson
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;keen
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;gate
&lt;li&gt;forgive
&lt;li&gt;fold
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;examine
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;club
&lt;li&gt;chairperson
&lt;li&gt;bunch
&lt;li&gt;bone
&lt;li&gt;blood
&lt;li&gt;bathe
&lt;li&gt;at
&lt;li&gt;alike
&lt;li&gt;advance
&lt;li&gt;acid
&lt;li&gt;yes
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;willing
&lt;li&gt;wet
&lt;li&gt;warm
&lt;li&gt;voyage
&lt;li&gt;vehicle
&lt;li&gt;variety
&lt;li&gt;universal
&lt;li&gt;true
&lt;li&gt;toe
&lt;li&gt;talk
&lt;li&gt;suitable
&lt;li&gt;substance
&lt;li&gt;student
&lt;li&gt;stone
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;stair
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;shake
&lt;li&gt;sew
&lt;li&gt;room
&lt;li&gt;reasonable
&lt;li&gt;reason
&lt;li&gt;punishment
&lt;li&gt;pronunciation
&lt;li&gt;profit
&lt;li&gt;plain
&lt;li&gt;piano
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;partner
&lt;li&gt;nervous
&lt;li&gt;moral
&lt;li&gt;lot
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;leg
&lt;li&gt;journey
&lt;li&gt;intention
&lt;li&gt;helpful
&lt;li&gt;generous
&lt;li&gt;fly
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;finger
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;explode
&lt;li&gt;exact
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;dust
&lt;li&gt;doctor
&lt;li&gt;dish
&lt;li&gt;detail
&lt;li&gt;deliver
&lt;li&gt;degree
&lt;li&gt;crime
&lt;li&gt;copper
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;charm
&lt;li&gt;careless
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;box
&lt;li&gt;bone
&lt;li&gt;beak
&lt;li&gt;bank
&lt;li&gt;bag
&lt;li&gt;away
&lt;li&gt;admire
&lt;li&gt;add
&lt;li&gt;zero
&lt;li&gt;worse
&lt;li&gt;work
&lt;li&gt;win
&lt;li&gt;wake
&lt;li&gt;useless
&lt;li&gt;trick
&lt;li&gt;tiger
&lt;li&gt;the
&lt;li&gt;sugar
&lt;li&gt;structure
&lt;li&gt;stem
&lt;li&gt;stage
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;spade
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;single
&lt;li&gt;shore
&lt;li&gt;screw
&lt;li&gt;scale
&lt;li&gt;rent
&lt;li&gt;real
&lt;li&gt;real
&lt;li&gt;property
&lt;li&gt;power
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;particular
&lt;li&gt;over
&lt;li&gt;outer
&lt;li&gt;one
&lt;li&gt;network
&lt;li&gt;messenger
&lt;li&gt;knock
&lt;li&gt;heel
&lt;li&gt;hate
&lt;li&gt;hammer
&lt;li&gt;hammer
&lt;li&gt;gun
&lt;li&gt;guilt
&lt;li&gt;formerly
&lt;li&gt;fellow
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;decoration
&lt;li&gt;curve
&lt;li&gt;curse
&lt;li&gt;crop
&lt;li&gt;control
&lt;li&gt;complaint
&lt;li&gt;collar
&lt;li&gt;coal
&lt;li&gt;class
&lt;li&gt;choice
&lt;li&gt;case
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;bottle
&lt;li&gt;blow
&lt;li&gt;bee
&lt;li&gt;become
&lt;li&gt;basket
&lt;li&gt;appoint
&lt;li&gt;anxious
&lt;li&gt;animal
&lt;li&gt;advantage
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;worth
&lt;li&gt;woman
&lt;li&gt;while
&lt;li&gt;welcome
&lt;li&gt;wages
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;trick
&lt;li&gt;thumb
&lt;li&gt;test
&lt;li&gt;sun
&lt;li&gt;sticky
&lt;li&gt;steam
&lt;li&gt;steal
&lt;li&gt;stage
&lt;li&gt;split
&lt;li&gt;snake
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;sit
&lt;li&gt;shout
&lt;li&gt;settle
&lt;li&gt;post
&lt;li&gt;pool
&lt;li&gt;poison
&lt;li&gt;poem
&lt;li&gt;pocket
&lt;li&gt;plate
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;period
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;order
&lt;li&gt;order
&lt;li&gt;old
&lt;li&gt;offend
&lt;li&gt;noise
&lt;li&gt;nest
&lt;li&gt;navy
&lt;li&gt;moon
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;money
&lt;li&gt;model
&lt;li&gt;mist
&lt;li&gt;member
&lt;li&gt;match
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;limb
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;juice
&lt;li&gt;jewelry
&lt;li&gt;interrupt
&lt;li&gt;if
&lt;li&gt;humor
&lt;li&gt;hollow
&lt;li&gt;history
&lt;li&gt;habit
&lt;li&gt;gray
&lt;li&gt;grass
&lt;li&gt;grace
&lt;li&gt;goat
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;foolish
&lt;li&gt;firm
&lt;li&gt;fast
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;excuse
&lt;li&gt;drum
&lt;li&gt;drown
&lt;li&gt;doubt
&lt;li&gt;ditch
&lt;li&gt;ditch
&lt;li&gt;descriptive
&lt;li&gt;deceit
&lt;li&gt;crush
&lt;li&gt;copper
&lt;li&gt;civilization
&lt;li&gt;chocolate
&lt;li&gt;chimney
&lt;li&gt;cheek
&lt;li&gt;care
&lt;li&gt;bunch
&lt;li&gt;breast
&lt;li&gt;brave
&lt;li&gt;beard
&lt;li&gt;basket
&lt;li&gt;ant
&lt;li&gt;adventure
&lt;li&gt;addition
&lt;li&gt;actress
&lt;li&gt;according
&lt;li&gt;word
&lt;li&gt;wheel
&lt;li&gt;war
&lt;li&gt;verb
&lt;li&gt;surface
&lt;li&gt;subject
&lt;li&gt;steep
&lt;li&gt;spell
&lt;li&gt;sore
&lt;li&gt;shop
&lt;li&gt;shock
&lt;li&gt;shirt
&lt;li&gt;shelf
&lt;li&gt;sheet
&lt;li&gt;pupil
&lt;li&gt;protective
&lt;li&gt;protection
&lt;li&gt;proof
&lt;li&gt;process
&lt;li&gt;physical
&lt;li&gt;pay
&lt;li&gt;passenger
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;painful
&lt;li&gt;of
&lt;li&gt;now
&lt;li&gt;nose
&lt;li&gt;mystery
&lt;li&gt;musician
&lt;li&gt;monkey
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;lay
&lt;li&gt;inquire
&lt;li&gt;inquire
&lt;li&gt;image
&lt;li&gt;habit
&lt;li&gt;guide
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;fun
&lt;li&gt;forgive
&lt;li&gt;flower
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;feather
&lt;li&gt;faint
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;employer
&lt;li&gt;employ
&lt;li&gt;eight
&lt;li&gt;debt
&lt;li&gt;curtain
&lt;li&gt;cupboard
&lt;li&gt;corn
&lt;li&gt;cord
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;cool
&lt;li&gt;conscious
&lt;li&gt;compound
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;cold
&lt;li&gt;child
&lt;li&gt;chance
&lt;li&gt;chain
&lt;li&gt;chain
&lt;li&gt;cart
&lt;li&gt;butter
&lt;li&gt;breathe
&lt;li&gt;bomb
&lt;li&gt;birthday
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;beam
&lt;li&gt;bathe
&lt;li&gt;and
&lt;li&gt;age
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;would
&lt;li&gt;word
&lt;li&gt;whip
&lt;li&gt;want
&lt;li&gt;violent
&lt;li&gt;us
&lt;li&gt;universe
&lt;li&gt;trunk
&lt;li&gt;tree
&lt;li&gt;tourist
&lt;li&gt;tooth
&lt;li&gt;tire
&lt;li&gt;though
&lt;li&gt;thin
&lt;li&gt;swing
&lt;li&gt;sweet
&lt;li&gt;summer
&lt;li&gt;structure
&lt;li&gt;steal
&lt;li&gt;spoon
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;soul
&lt;li&gt;shame
&lt;li&gt;shade
&lt;li&gt;seven
&lt;li&gt;scientist
&lt;li&gt;scenery
&lt;li&gt;run
&lt;li&gt;rice
&lt;li&gt;race
&lt;li&gt;rabbit
&lt;li&gt;profession
&lt;li&gt;production
&lt;li&gt;print
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;phrase
&lt;li&gt;petrol
&lt;li&gt;pattern
&lt;li&gt;part
&lt;li&gt;offend
&lt;li&gt;noise
&lt;li&gt;noble
&lt;li&gt;net
&lt;li&gt;mountain
&lt;li&gt;letter
&lt;li&gt;joke
&lt;li&gt;invitation
&lt;li&gt;hurt
&lt;li&gt;horse
&lt;li&gt;hollow
&lt;li&gt;helpful
&lt;li&gt;hair
&lt;li&gt;growth
&lt;li&gt;group
&lt;li&gt;grieve
&lt;li&gt;glass
&lt;li&gt;garment
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;four
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;entrance
&lt;li&gt;employment
&lt;li&gt;educate
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;drug
&lt;li&gt;drink
&lt;li&gt;down
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;cup
&lt;li&gt;confuse
&lt;li&gt;condition
&lt;li&gt;clock
&lt;li&gt;church
&lt;li&gt;chimney
&lt;li&gt;chemistry
&lt;li&gt;cheerful
&lt;li&gt;calculate
&lt;li&gt;brush
&lt;li&gt;bread
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;beyond
&lt;li&gt;band
&lt;li&gt;ash
&lt;li&gt;alphabet
&lt;li&gt;alphabet
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;wrong
&lt;li&gt;wreck
&lt;li&gt;worm
&lt;li&gt;word
&lt;li&gt;wire
&lt;li&gt;wheel
&lt;li&gt;water
&lt;li&gt;wash
&lt;li&gt;voice
&lt;li&gt;voice
&lt;li&gt;tube
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;title
&lt;li&gt;tin
&lt;li&gt;teach
&lt;li&gt;sweep
&lt;li&gt;subject
&lt;li&gt;still
&lt;li&gt;star
&lt;li&gt;spirit
&lt;li&gt;space
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;signal
&lt;li&gt;shoulder
&lt;li&gt;shopkeeper
&lt;li&gt;shell
&lt;li&gt;shelf
&lt;li&gt;sheep
&lt;li&gt;sex
&lt;li&gt;see
&lt;li&gt;salt
&lt;li&gt;safe
&lt;li&gt;ruler
&lt;li&gt;root
&lt;li&gt;return
&lt;li&gt;restaurant
&lt;li&gt;quick
&lt;li&gt;prison
&lt;li&gt;pretend
&lt;li&gt;pour
&lt;li&gt;possibility
&lt;li&gt;police
&lt;li&gt;poem
&lt;li&gt;pilot
&lt;li&gt;patient
&lt;li&gt;pale
&lt;li&gt;on
&lt;li&gt;nut
&lt;li&gt;not
&lt;li&gt;needle
&lt;li&gt;nasty
&lt;li&gt;muscle
&lt;li&gt;milk
&lt;li&gt;medical
&lt;li&gt;male
&lt;li&gt;magician
&lt;li&gt;machine
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;lately
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;increase
&lt;li&gt;grass
&lt;li&gt;gas
&lt;li&gt;game
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;full
&lt;li&gt;fox
&lt;li&gt;flour
&lt;li&gt;fever
&lt;li&gt;ever
&lt;li&gt;equality
&lt;li&gt;enclosure
&lt;li&gt;do
&lt;li&gt;disappoint
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;decay
&lt;li&gt;cricket
&lt;li&gt;creep
&lt;li&gt;cream
&lt;li&gt;cow
&lt;li&gt;course
&lt;li&gt;contents
&lt;li&gt;collect
&lt;li&gt;collar
&lt;li&gt;clockwork
&lt;li&gt;clock
&lt;li&gt;cheek
&lt;li&gt;cardboard
&lt;li&gt;cardboard
&lt;li&gt;can
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;button
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;boat
&lt;li&gt;ash
&lt;li&gt;value
&lt;li&gt;up
&lt;li&gt;trunk
&lt;li&gt;toy
&lt;li&gt;toe
&lt;li&gt;thunder
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;this
&lt;li&gt;thirst
&lt;li&gt;thief
&lt;li&gt;terror
&lt;li&gt;take
&lt;li&gt;support
&lt;li&gt;stone
&lt;li&gt;stiff
&lt;li&gt;spear
&lt;li&gt;sour
&lt;li&gt;soldier
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;slide
&lt;li&gt;skirt
&lt;li&gt;sit
&lt;li&gt;silence
&lt;li&gt;shoe
&lt;li&gt;shelf
&lt;li&gt;shape
&lt;li&gt;sell
&lt;li&gt;scientist
&lt;li&gt;save
&lt;li&gt;sand
&lt;li&gt;salt
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;quiet
&lt;li&gt;quarter
&lt;li&gt;pupil
&lt;li&gt;profession
&lt;li&gt;process
&lt;li&gt;prize
&lt;li&gt;port
&lt;li&gt;poetry
&lt;li&gt;period
&lt;li&gt;pay
&lt;li&gt;part
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;packet
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;offense
&lt;li&gt;obedience
&lt;li&gt;number
&lt;li&gt;number
&lt;li&gt;nose
&lt;li&gt;night
&lt;li&gt;nearly
&lt;li&gt;mysterious
&lt;li&gt;mineral
&lt;li&gt;mat
&lt;li&gt;mark
&lt;li&gt;man
&lt;li&gt;look
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;laugh
&lt;li&gt;last
&lt;li&gt;lamp
&lt;li&gt;kilometer
&lt;li&gt;kick
&lt;li&gt;joint
&lt;li&gt;jewel
&lt;li&gt;jaw
&lt;li&gt;invite
&lt;li&gt;ink
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;ice
&lt;li&gt;hunger
&lt;li&gt;hot
&lt;li&gt;hit
&lt;li&gt;heavy
&lt;li&gt;hardship
&lt;li&gt;habit
&lt;li&gt;guard
&lt;li&gt;gift
&lt;li&gt;future
&lt;li&gt;fulfill
&lt;li&gt;fort
&lt;li&gt;fork
&lt;li&gt;flame
&lt;li&gt;favour
&lt;li&gt;favorite
&lt;li&gt;fashion
&lt;li&gt;farmyard
&lt;li&gt;fall
&lt;li&gt;entrance
&lt;li&gt;enjoyment
&lt;li&gt;election
&lt;li&gt;ear
&lt;li&gt;drunk
&lt;li&gt;drag
&lt;li&gt;distant
&lt;li&gt;discovery
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;discover
&lt;li&gt;dirt
&lt;li&gt;deceit
&lt;li&gt;daring
&lt;li&gt;custom
&lt;li&gt;cupboard
&lt;li&gt;court
&lt;li&gt;cost
&lt;li&gt;corner
&lt;li&gt;copy
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;class
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;camp
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;bright
&lt;li&gt;breadth
&lt;li&gt;black
&lt;li&gt;beside
&lt;li&gt;bend
&lt;li&gt;belt
&lt;li&gt;bed
&lt;li&gt;barrel
&lt;li&gt;baby
&lt;li&gt;attack
&lt;li&gt;arrive
&lt;li&gt;angle
&lt;li&gt;aim
&lt;li&gt;after
&lt;li&gt;a
&lt;li&gt;youth
&lt;li&gt;wound
&lt;li&gt;weather
&lt;li&gt;walk
&lt;li&gt;waiter
&lt;li&gt;voyage
&lt;li&gt;use
&lt;li&gt;tonight
&lt;li&gt;tidy
&lt;li&gt;thumb
&lt;li&gt;throw
&lt;li&gt;sun
&lt;li&gt;suck
&lt;li&gt;success
&lt;li&gt;string
&lt;li&gt;stomach
&lt;li&gt;steel
&lt;li&gt;smell
&lt;li&gt;skill
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;sheet
&lt;li&gt;sensation
&lt;li&gt;see
&lt;li&gt;sand
&lt;li&gt;same
&lt;li&gt;rough
&lt;li&gt;rapid
&lt;li&gt;raise
&lt;li&gt;price
&lt;li&gt;pot
&lt;li&gt;plane
&lt;li&gt;pet
&lt;li&gt;pen
&lt;li&gt;passenger
&lt;li&gt;paper
&lt;li&gt;paint
&lt;li&gt;out
&lt;li&gt;organization
&lt;li&gt;organ
&lt;li&gt;one
&lt;li&gt;newspaper
&lt;li&gt;new
&lt;li&gt;neck
&lt;li&gt;nation
&lt;li&gt;my
&lt;li&gt;monthly
&lt;li&gt;mixture
&lt;li&gt;melt
&lt;li&gt;meet
&lt;li&gt;measure
&lt;li&gt;manage
&lt;li&gt;lung
&lt;li&gt;loyalty
&lt;li&gt;log
&lt;li&gt;limb
&lt;li&gt;light
&lt;li&gt;lend
&lt;li&gt;leather
&lt;li&gt;language
&lt;li&gt;kneel
&lt;li&gt;knee
&lt;li&gt;keep
&lt;li&gt;judgment
&lt;li&gt;jaw
&lt;li&gt;invent
&lt;li&gt;interest
&lt;li&gt;insurance
&lt;li&gt;inform
&lt;li&gt;infection
&lt;li&gt;hut
&lt;li&gt;human
&lt;li&gt;harmless
&lt;li&gt;harm
&lt;li&gt;guilt
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;goods
&lt;li&gt;fur
&lt;li&gt;fox
&lt;li&gt;forest
&lt;li&gt;football
&lt;li&gt;food
&lt;li&gt;floor
&lt;li&gt;float
&lt;li&gt;fight
&lt;li&gt;favorite
&lt;li&gt;fashion
&lt;li&gt;even
&lt;li&gt;engine
&lt;li&gt;enclose
&lt;li&gt;egg
&lt;li&gt;egg
&lt;li&gt;earn
&lt;li&gt;dream
&lt;li&gt;draw
&lt;li&gt;dip
&lt;li&gt;dig
&lt;li&gt;decorate
&lt;li&gt;declare
&lt;li&gt;declaration
&lt;li&gt;dear
&lt;li&gt;curtain
&lt;li&gt;concern
&lt;li&gt;compare
&lt;li&gt;coin
&lt;li&gt;class
&lt;li&gt;chicken
&lt;li&gt;call
&lt;li&gt;cage
&lt;li&gt;button
&lt;li&gt;bush
&lt;li&gt;brown
&lt;li&gt;brick
&lt;li&gt;brass
&lt;li&gt;bottom
&lt;li&gt;block
&lt;li&gt;blade
&lt;li&gt;birthday
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;bake
&lt;li&gt;apple
&lt;li&gt;anger
&lt;li&gt;amuse
&lt;li&gt;airforce
&lt;li&gt;airforce
&lt;li&gt;adverb
&lt;li&gt;adventure
&lt;li&gt;admiration
&lt;li&gt;yes
&lt;li&gt;wing
&lt;li&gt;window
&lt;li&gt;western
&lt;li&gt;wealth
&lt;li&gt;voyage
&lt;li&gt;valuable
&lt;li&gt;truth
&lt;li&gt;trip
&lt;li&gt;treatment
&lt;li&gt;travel
&lt;li&gt;total
&lt;li&gt;tongue
&lt;li&gt;tin
&lt;li&gt;thumb
&lt;li&gt;threat
&lt;li&gt;thirst
&lt;li&gt;thing
&lt;li&gt;subtract
&lt;li&gt;square
&lt;li&gt;soap
&lt;li&gt;slope
&lt;li&gt;silver
&lt;li&gt;shadow
&lt;li&gt;set
&lt;li&gt;rose
&lt;li&gt;rest
&lt;li&gt;recognition
&lt;li&gt;recent
&lt;li&gt;reach
&lt;li&gt;rat
&lt;li&gt;rain
&lt;li&gt;question
&lt;li&gt;quantity
&lt;li&gt;punishment
&lt;li&gt;provisions
&lt;li&gt;protect
&lt;li&gt;price
&lt;li&gt;pretend
&lt;li&gt;present
&lt;li&gt;practice
&lt;li&gt;power
&lt;li&gt;potato
&lt;li&gt;politics
&lt;li&gt;pleasure
&lt;li&gt;plan
&lt;li&gt;pin
&lt;li&gt;pick
&lt;li&gt;petrol
&lt;li&gt;payment
&lt;li&gt;parcel
&lt;li&gt;oxygen
&lt;li&gt;opinion
&lt;li&gt;object
&lt;li&gt;motor
&lt;li&gt;mother
&lt;li&gt;moon
&lt;li&gt;modern
&lt;li&gt;metal
&lt;li&gt;marry
&lt;li&gt;magazine
&lt;li&gt;loaf
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;lip
&lt;li&gt;like
&lt;li&gt;let
&lt;li&gt;lean
&lt;li&gt;lean
&lt;li&gt;lamp
&lt;li&gt;jewel
&lt;li&gt;its
&lt;li&gt;inside
&lt;li&gt;inquire
&lt;li&gt;ink
&lt;li&gt;infect
&lt;li&gt;image
&lt;li&gt;head
&lt;li&gt;have
&lt;li&gt;happen
&lt;li&gt;ground
&lt;li&gt;grief
&lt;li&gt;garage
&lt;li&gt;full
&lt;li&gt;freeze
&lt;li&gt;freedom
&lt;li&gt;foot
&lt;li&gt;fashionable
&lt;li&gt;farm
&lt;li&gt;far
&lt;li&gt;factory
&lt;li&gt;entertainment
&lt;li&gt;encourage
&lt;li&gt;drum
&lt;li&gt;divide
&lt;li&gt;dependent
&lt;li&gt;decision
&lt;li&gt;deal
&lt;li&gt;cross
&lt;li&gt;creature
&lt;li&gt;crack
&lt;li&gt;complaint
&lt;li&gt;come
&lt;li&gt;comb
&lt;li&gt;colour
&lt;li&gt;class
&lt;li&gt;claim
&lt;li&gt;cheese
&lt;li&gt;cap
&lt;li&gt;camera
&lt;li&gt;calculator
&lt;li&gt;by
&lt;li&gt;bus
&lt;li&gt;burst
&lt;li&gt;bunch
&lt;li&gt;brain
&lt;li&gt;bottle
&lt;li&gt;blue
&lt;li&gt;blind
&lt;li&gt;between
&lt;li&gt;beg
&lt;li&gt;beard
&lt;li&gt;bathe
&lt;li&gt;bath
&lt;li&gt;back
&lt;li&gt;aunt
&lt;li&gt;ask
&lt;li&gt;aside
&lt;li&gt;article
&lt;li&gt;arm
&lt;li&gt;argument
&lt;li&gt;another
&lt;li&gt;ancient
&lt;li&gt;alphabet
&lt;li&gt;all
&lt;li&gt;age
&lt;li&gt;advice
&lt;/ol&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class</title>
    <id>3553</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16721</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T11:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class]] moved to [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (1)]]: Page needs splitting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (1)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (2)</title>
    <id>3555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21415</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

:film: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:find: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:fine: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, nn1, vvb, av0'';
:finger: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:finish: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:fire: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:fireplace: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:firm: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-vvb'';
:fish: ''nn0, np0, vvi, vvb'';
:fisherman: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:fit: ''vvi, aj0, aj0-nn1, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:fix: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:flag: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:flame: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:flash: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:flat: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:flight: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:float: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:flood: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:floor: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:flour: ''nn1, np0'';
:flow: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:flower: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:fly: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, np0, aj0'';
:fold: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:follow: ''vvi, vvb'';
:food: ''nn1, np0'';
:fool: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:foolish: ''aj0, vvb, vvi'';
:foot: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn0, unc'';
:football: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:footpath: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:for: ''prp, cjs-prp, avp-prp, cjs, unc, avp'';
:forbid: ''vvb, vvi'';
:force: ''nn1, nn0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:forest: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:forget: ''vvi, vvb'';
:forgive: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:fork: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:form: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:formerly: ''av0, aj0-av0, np0'';
:fort: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, unc'';
:fortune: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:forward: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:forwards: ''av0, nn2'';
:four: ''crd, unc'';
:fox: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:frame: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:free: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:freedom: ''nn1, np0'';
:freeze: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:frequent: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:friend: ''nn1, np0'';
:friendly: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:frighten: ''vvi, vvb'';
:frightening: ''aj0, aj0-vvg, vvg'';
:front: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:fulfill: ''vvi, vvb'';
:full: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, vvb, av0, np0'';
:fun: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, np0'';
:funeral: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:fur: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, unc, np0, vvi'';
:furnish: ''vvi, vvb, aj0'';
:further: ''av0, ajc'';
:future: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:gain: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:game: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:garage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:garden: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:garment: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:gas: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:gate: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi'';
:gather: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:general: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:generous: ''aj0, np0'';
:gentleman: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:get: ''vvi, vvb, unc'';
:gift: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0, nn0'';
:give: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:glass: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:glory: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:glue: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, nn1-np0'';
:go: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:goat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:god: ''np0, nn1-np0, nn1'';
:gold: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1-np0, aj0'';
:golden: ''aj0, np0'';
:good: ''aj0, aj0-av0, np0, aj0-nn1, av0, nn1'';
:good-bye: ''itj, nn1'';
:goods: ''nn2, np0'';
:govern: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:government: ''nn0, np0'';
:grace: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:grand: ''aj0, np0, nn0'';
:grandfather: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:grandmother: ''nn1, np0'';
:grass: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:grave: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:gray: ''np0, aj0, nn1-np0, aj0-nn1'';
:great: ''aj0, np0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:green: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:greet: ''vvi, vvb'';
:greeting: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg'';
:grief: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:grieve: ''vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:ground: ''nn1, vvd, vvn, vvd-vvn, aj0-nn1, aj0-vvn, np0'';
:group: ''nn0, nn1, vvb, np0, vvi'';
:grow: ''vvi, vvb'';
:growth: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:guard: ''nn1, nn0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:guess: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:guest: ''nn1, np0'';
:guidance: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:guide: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:guilt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:gun: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:habit: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:hair: ''nn1, np0'';
:half: ''dt0, nn0, av0, np0'';
:hall: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:hammer: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:hand: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:handle: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:hang: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:happen: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:happy: ''aj0, np0'';
:hard: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0'';
:harden: ''vvi, vvb'';
:hardly: ''av0, np0'';
:hardship: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:harm: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:harmless: ''aj0, np0'';
:hate: ''vvb, vvi, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0, nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:have: ''vhb, vhi, unc'';
:he: ''pnp, unc'';
:head: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, aj0, vvb, unc'';
:health: ''nn1, np0'';
:healthy: ''aj0, np0'';
:hear: ''vvi, vvb, itj'';
:heat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:heaven: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:heavy: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, av0'';
:heel: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:height: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:help: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, itj'';
:helpful: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:her: ''dps, pnp, np0'';
:hide: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:high: ''aj0, aj0-av0, np0, aj0-nn1, av0, nn1'';
:hill: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:hire: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:his: ''dps, pnp, np0'';
:historical: ''aj0, np0'';
:history: ''nn1, np0'';
:hit: ''vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd, vvi, nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, aj0-vvd, vvb, aj0-vvn, nn1-vvb'';
:hold: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:holiday: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:hollow: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:home: ''nn1, av0, np0'';
:honesty: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:honour: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:honourable: ''aj0, np0'';
:hook: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:hope: ''vvb, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:hopeless: ''aj0, np0'';
:horizon: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:horn: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:horse: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:hospital: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:host: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:hot: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:hotel: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:hourly: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:house: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:human: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:hunger: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:hunt: ''np0, nn1, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:hurry: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:hurt: ''vvi, vvn, vvd, vvd-vvn, aj0-vvn, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvb, aj0, aj0-vvd, nn1-vvb'';
:husband: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:hut: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, nn0, vvb, np0, vvi'';
:i: ''pnp, crd, zz0, unc, np0'';
:ice: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb'';
:if: ''cjs, unc'';
:ill: ''aj0-av0, aj0, av0, np0'';
:image: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:imagine: ''vvi, vvb'';
:improve: ''vvi, vvb'';
:in: ''prp, avp, avp-prp, vbz, unc'';
:include: ''vvb, vvi'';
:including: ''prp, vvg'';
:increase: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:industry: ''nn1, np0'';
:infect: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:infection: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:influence: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:inform: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:information: ''nn1, np0'';
:ink: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:inner: ''aj0, np0'';
:inquire: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:inside: ''prp, av0, nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, aj0-av0, np0'';
:instruct: ''vvi, vvb'';
:instrument: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:insurance: ''nn1, np0'';
:insure: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:intend: ''vvb, vvi'';
:intention: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:interest: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:interesting: ''aj0, aj0-vvg'';
:international: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:interrupt: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:interruption: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:introduce: ''vvi, vvb'';
:invent: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:invention: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:invitation: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:invite: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:iron: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:island: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:it: ''pnp, nn1, unc, np0'';
:its: ''dps, nn2, unc'';
:jaw: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:jealous: ''aj0, np0'';
:jewel: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:job: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:join: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:joint: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:joke: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:journey: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:joy: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:judge: ''nn1, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:judgment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:juice: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:jump: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:just: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:justice: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:keen: ''aj0, np0'';
:keep: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn0'';
:key: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:kick: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:kill: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:kind: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:king: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:kingdom: ''nn1, np0'';
:kiss: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:knee: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:kneel: ''vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1'';
:knock: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:knot: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:know: ''vvb, vvi'';
:labour: ''aj0, nn1, nn0, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, aj0-nn1, vvb'';
:lack: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:lady: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:lake: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:lamb: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:lamp: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:land: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:language: ''nn1, np0'';
:last: ''ord, vvi, vvb, nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, av0'';
:late: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:lately: ''av0, np0'';
:laugh: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:laughter: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:law: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:lay: ''vvd, vvi, vvb, aj0, aj0-vvd, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvn, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:lazy: ''aj0, np0'';
:lead: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:leaf: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:lean: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:learn: ''vvi, vvb'';
:least: ''dt0, av0'';
:leather: ''nn1, np0'';
:leave: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:left: ''vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd, aj0, aj0-vvn, nn0, aj0-vvd, av0, np0, aj0-av0'';
:leg: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:lend: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0'';
:less: ''av0, dt0'';
:lesson: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:let: ''vvb, vvi, vvn, vvd, nn1-vvb, nn1, vvd-vvn, unc, np0'';
:letter: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:level: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, aj0-av0'';
:library: ''nn1, np0'';
:lie: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:life: ''nn1, np0'';
:lift: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:light: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0-av0, np0, av0'';
:lightning: ''nn1, nn1-vvg'';
:like: ''prp, vvi, vvb, av0, aj0, cjs-prp, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, cjs, nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:likely: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:limb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:limit: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:line: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, vvb'';
:lion: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:lip: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi, np0, nn0'';
:liquid: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:list: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:listen: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:little: ''aj0, dt0, av0, aj0-av0, np0'';
:live: ''vvi, vvb, aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:load: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:loaf: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:local: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:lock: ''nn1, vvi, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:lodging: ''vvg, nn1-vvg, nn1'';
:log: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn0'';
:long: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0, np0, vvi, vvb'';
:look: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:loose: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, vvi, av0, vvb, nn1'';
:lord: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:lose: ''vvi, vvb'';
:lot: ''nn0, nn1, np0, pni, av0'';
:loud: ''aj0-av0, av0, aj0'';
:love: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:low: ''aj0, aj0-av0, np0, av0, aj0-nn1'';
:lower: ''ajc, vvi, vvb, av0, np0'';
:loyal: ''aj0, np0'';
:loyalty: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:luck: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0'';
:lump: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:lung: ''nn1, np0'';
:machine: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:machinery: ''nn1, np0'';
:magazine: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:magic: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, np0'';
:magician: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:mail: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:main: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:make: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:male: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:man: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, unc, vvb, vvi'';
:manage: ''vvi, vvb, unc'';
:manager: ''nn1, np0'';
:map: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:march: ''np0, nn1-np0, nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:mark: ''np0, nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:market: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:marry: ''vvi, vvb, itj'';
:mass: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-np0, np0'';
:master: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:mat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, unc, np0'';
:match: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:material: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:matter: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:may: ''vm0, np0, nn1, unc'';
:me: ''pnp, dps, nn1, unc'';
:mean: ''vvb, vvi, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:meaning: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg'';
:means: ''vvz, nn0'';
:measure: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:medical: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:medicine: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb'';
:meet: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:meeting: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg, np0'';
:melt: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:member: ''nn1, np0'';
:memory: ''nn1, np0'';
:mend: ''vvi, vvb'';
:mention: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:merry: ''aj0, np0'';
:messenger: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:metal: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:microscope: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:middle: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:might: ''vm0, nn1'';
:mile: ''nn1, np0'';
:military: ''aj0, nn0, np0'';
:milk: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi'';
:mind: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:mine: ''pnp, nn1, dps'';
:mineral: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:minister: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:minute: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:mirror: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:miss: ''np0, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:mist: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:mistake: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:mix: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:mixture: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:model: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, aj0, np0'';
:modern: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:money: ''nn1, np0'';
:monkey: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:monthly: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:moon: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:moral: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:morals: ''nn2, np0'';
:more: ''av0, dt0, np0'';
:morning: ''nn1, np0'';
:most: ''av0, dt0'';
:mother: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:motor: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:mountain: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, prp'';
:mouse: ''nn1, np0'';
:mouth: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:move: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:much: ''av0, dt0, np0'';
:multiply: ''vvb, vvi, av0'';
:murder: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:muscle: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:music: ''nn1, np0'';
:musician: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:must: ''vm0, nn1'';
:my: ''dps, unc'';
:myself: ''pnx, np0'';
:mysterious: ''aj0, np0'';
:mystery: ''nn1, np0'';
:nail: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:name: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:narrow: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:nasty: ''aj0, np0'';
:nation: ''nn1, np0'';
:national: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:nature: ''nn1, np0'';
:navy: ''nn0, aj0, np0'';
:near: ''prp, av0, aj0-av0, aj0, vvi, np0'';
:nearly: ''av0, np0'';
:neck: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0'';
:need: ''vvb, nn1, vvi, vm0, nn1-vvb'';
:needle: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:neighbourhood: ''nn0, nn1'';
:neither: ''av0, dt0'';
:nerve: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:nervous: ''aj0, np0'';
:nest: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:net: ''aj0, nn1, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:network: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:new: ''aj0, np0, unc'';
:news: ''nn1, np0'';
:newspaper: ''nn1, np0'';
:nice: ''aj0, np0'';
:night: ''nn1, np0'';
:nine: ''crd, unc, np0'';
:no: ''at0, itj, av0, vvi, nn1, unc, np0'';
:noble: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:noise: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi'';
:nor: ''cjc, unc'';
:north: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:northern: ''np0, aj0'';
:nose: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:not: ''xx0, av0, unc'';
:notice: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:noun: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:now: ''av0, cjs'';
:number: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:nurse: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:nut: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:nylon: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:obedience: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:obey: ''vvi, vvb'';
:object: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:obtain: ''vvi, vvb'';
:occasion: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:ocean: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:of: ''prf, prp, unc, av0, cjc'';
:off: ''avp, avp-prp, prp, aj0, unc'';
:offend: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:offensive: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:offer: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:office: ''nn1, np0'';
:officer: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:official: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:oil: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:old: ''aj0, np0'';
:on: ''prp, avp, avp-prp, unc, av0'';
:once: ''av0, cjs'';
:one: ''crd, crd-pni, pni, nn1, unc'';
:onion: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:only: ''av0, aj0, aj0-av0'';
:open: ''aj0, vvb, vvi, aj0-av0, av0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:operate: ''vvi, vvb'';
:operation: ''nn1, np0'';
:opinion: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:opponent: ''nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:oppose: ''vvi, vvb'';
:opposite: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, av0, prp, nn1'';
:opposition: ''nn1, nn0'';
:or: ''cjc, unc'';
:orange: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1, np0'';
:order: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, av0'';
:ordinary: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:organ: ''nn1, np0'';
:organization: ''nn1, nn0, np0'';
:origin: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:other: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, pnx, np0'';
:out: ''avp, avp-prp, prp, vvb, vvi, unc, np0'';
:outdoors: ''av0, nn1'';
:outer: ''aj0, np0'';
:outside: ''prp, av0, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0-av0'';
:over: ''prp, avp-prp, av0, avp, nn1, aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, np0, unc'';
:owe: ''vvb, vvi'';
:own: ''dt0, vvi, vvb'';
:oxygen: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:pack: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:packet: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:page: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:pain: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:painful: ''aj0, np0'';
:paint: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:painting: ''nn1, nn1-vvg, vvg'';
:pair: ''nn0, vvb'';
:palace: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:pale: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:pan: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:paper: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi'';
:parallel: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, av0, aj0-av0, vvi'';
:parcel: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:park: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:parliament: ''nn1, np0'';
:part: ''nn1, av0, nn1-vvb, vvi, unc, vvb'';
:particular: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, av0'';
:partner: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:party: ''nn0, nn1, np0'';
:pass: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:passage: ''nn1, np0'';
:passenger: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi'';
:past: ''prp, nn1, aj0, aj0-nn1, av0, aj0-av0'';
:pastry: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:patience: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:patient: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0'';
:pattern: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:pause: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:pay: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, unc, np0'';
:payment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:peace: ''nn1, np0'';
:peaceful: ''aj0, np0'';
:pen: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, unc, vvb'';
:pence: ''nn0, nn2'';
:pencil: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:people: ''nn0, vvb, np0, vvi'';
:pepper: ''nn1, np0'';
:per: ''prp, unc'';
:perfect: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:perform: ''vvi, vvb'';
:period: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, av0'';
:permission: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:permit: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:persuade: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:pet: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, unc'';
:petrol: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:photograph: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:photography: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:phrase: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:physical: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:piano: ''nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:pick: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:picture: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:piece: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:pig: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:pile: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:pilot: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:pin: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:pink: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:pipe: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, nn1-np0, vvi'';
:pity: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:place: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:plain: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, nn1, np0, av0, nn1-np0'';
:plan: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, unc'';
:plane: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:plant: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:plate: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, nn0'';
:play: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:please: ''av0, vvi, vvb'';
:pleased: ''aj0, aj0-vvn, vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd, aj0-vvd'';
:pleasure: ''nn1, np0'';
:plenty: ''pni, nn1, av0'';
:plural: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1'';
:pocket: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:poem: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:poetry: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:point: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:pointed: ''vvd, vvd-vvn, vvn, aj0, aj0-vvn, aj0-vvd'';
:poison: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:pole: ''nn1, np0'';
:police: ''nn2, np0, vvb, vvz, vvi'';
:polish: ''aj0, nn1, vvi, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:political: ''aj0, np0'';
:politics: ''nn0, nn2'';
:pool: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:port: ''nn1, np0, vvi'';
:position: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:possess: ''vvi, vvb'';
:possession: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:possibility: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:possibly: ''av0, np0'';
:post: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, prp'';
:pot: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:potato: ''nn1, np0'';
:pound: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:pour: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, unc, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:powder: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0'';
:power: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:practical: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:practice: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:praise: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:pray: ''vvb, vvi, av0'';
:precious: ''aj0, np0'';
:prepare: ''vvi, vvb'';
:present: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, av0'';</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (3)</title>
    <id>3556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21416</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:34:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{:Longman Defining Vocabulary/index}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

:preserve: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:president: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:press: ''nn0, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:pressure: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:pretend: ''vvi, vvb, aj0, np0'';
:pretty: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:prevent: ''vvi, vvb'';
:price: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:pride: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, vvi'';
:priest: ''nn1, np0'';
:prince: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:print: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:prison: ''nn1, np0'';
:prisoner: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:private: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:prize: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, aj0-nn1, vvb'';
:probability: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:process: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn2, vvb'';
:procession: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:produce: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:production: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:profession: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:profit: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:promise: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:pronounce: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:pronunciation: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:proof: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:property: ''nn1, np0'';
:protect: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:protection: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0, np0'';
:protective: ''aj0, np0'';
:proud: ''aj0, aj0-av0'';
:prove: ''vvi, vvb'';
:provide: ''vvi, vvb'';
:provision: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:provisions: ''nn2, nn2-vvz'';
:public: ''aj0, nn0, aj0-av0, av0, np0'';
:pull: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:pump: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:punish: ''vvi, vvb, aj0'';
:punishment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:pupil: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:purple: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:purpose: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:push: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:put: ''vvi, vvd, vvn, vvb, vvd-vvn, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:quality: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:quantity: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:quarrel: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:quarter: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:queen: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:question: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:quick: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:quiet: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvb, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:rabbit: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, vvi'';
:race: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:radio: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:railway: ''nn1, np0'';
:rain: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:raise: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:range: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:rank: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0'';
:rapid: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:rat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb, vvi'';
:rate: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:reach: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:read: ''vvi, vvb, vvd, vvn, vvd-vvn, np0, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:ready: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0, vvb'';
:real: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, unc, av0'';
:really: ''av0, np0'';
:reason: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:reasonable: ''aj0, np0'';
:receive: ''vvi, vvb'';
:recent: ''aj0, np0, nn0'';
:recently: ''av0, np0'';
:recognition: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:recognize: ''vvi, vvb'';
:record: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:red: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:reduce: ''vvi, vvb'';
:reduction: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:refusal: ''nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:refuse: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:regard: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:regular: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:related: ''vvd-vvn, vvn, aj0, aj0-vvd, aj0-vvn, vvd'';
:relative: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:religion: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:religious: ''aj0, np0'';
:remain: ''vvi, vvb'';
:remark: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:remember: ''vvi, vvb'';
:remind: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:remove: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:rent: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, vvn, np0'';
:repair: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:repeat: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:reply: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:report: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:represent: ''vvi, vvb'';
:representative: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-np0, np0'';
:republic: ''nn1, np0'';
:request: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:respect: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:rest: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:restaurant: ''nn1, np0'';
:result: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:return: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:reward: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:rice: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:rich: ''aj0, np0'';
:rid: ''vvn, vvi, vvd-vvn, vvb, vvd'';
:ride: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:right: ''av0, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0-av0, nn0, itj, np0'';
:ring: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:rise: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:risk: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:river: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:road: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:rob: ''np0, vvi, vvb'';
:rock: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb'';
:rod: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:roll: ''nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:room: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:root: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:rose: ''vvd, np0, nn1, nn1-np0, aj0-nn1, vvn, aj0-vvd, aj0'';
:rough: ''aj0, aj0-av0, vvi, np0, vvb, aj0-nn1, av0'';
:round: ''avp, avp-prp, prp, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:row: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi'';
:royal: ''aj0, np0'';
:rub: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:rubber: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1'';
:ruin: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:rule: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:ruler: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:run: ''vvi, vvn, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, vvd, np0'';
:rush: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:safe: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, nn1, av0'';
:sail: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:sale: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:salt: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, aj0'';
:same: ''dt0, av0'';
:sand: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:satisfaction: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:satisfy: ''vvi, vvb'';
:save: ''vvi, vvb, prp, nn1-vvb, nn1, cjs-prp'';
:say: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, unc'';
:scale: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:scatter: ''vvb, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:scenery: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:school: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:science: ''nn1, np0'';
:scientific: ''aj0, np0'';
:scientist: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:screw: ''nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:sea: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:search: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:season: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:seat: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:second: ''ord, nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:secrecy: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:secret: ''aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1'';
:secretary: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:see: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, unc, np0'';
:seed: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:seem: ''vvi, vvb'';
:seize: ''vvi, vvb'';
:sell: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:send: ''vvi, vvb'';
:sensation: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:sense: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:sensible: ''aj0, np0'';
:sentence: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:separate: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:serious: ''aj0, np0'';
:serve: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:service: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:set: ''vvn, nn1, vvd, vvi, vvd-vvn, vvb, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb, aj0-vvn, aj0, aj0-vvd'';
:settle: ''vvi, vvb, np0, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:seven: ''crd, np0, unc'';
:seventh: ''ord, np0'';
:sew: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:sex: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:shade: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:shadow: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb, vvi, nn0'';
:shake: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:shame: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:shape: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:share: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:sharp: ''aj0, aj0-av0, np0, av0'';
:she: ''pnp, unc'';
:sheep: ''nn0, np0'';
:sheet: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:shelf: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:shell: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:shelter: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:shield: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:shine: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:ship: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:shirt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:shock: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:shoe: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, np0'';
:shoot: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:shop: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:shopkeeper: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:shore: ''nn1, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:short: ''aj0, aj0-av0, np0, av0, aj0-nn1'';
:shot: ''nn1, vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd'';
:shoulder: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:shout: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:show: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:shut: ''vvb, vvd-vvn, vvd, vvn, vvi, aj0-vvn, aj0'';
:sick: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:side: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:sideways: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:sight: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:sign: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:signal: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:silence: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:silk: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:silver: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, np0, nn1-np0, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:simple: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:since: ''cjs, cjs-prp, prp, av0'';
:sing: ''vvi, vvb'';
:single: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, vvb'';
:singular: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:sink: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:sister: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:sit: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, unc'';
:six: ''crd, unc'';
:size: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:skill: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0'';
:skin: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:skirt: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:sky: ''nn1, np0'';
:slave: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:sleep: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:slide: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:slight: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:slip: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:slope: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, vvi, nn1-np0'';
:slow: ''aj0, aj0-av0, vvi, vvb, av0'';
:small: ''aj0, np0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:smell: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:smile: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:smoke: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:smooth: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:snake: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvi, vvb'';
:snow: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:so: ''av0, cjs, crd, unc'';
:soap: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:social: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:society: ''nn0, np0'';
:sock: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:soil: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:soldier: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:solid: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:some: ''dt0, av0, unc'';
:son: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:sore: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:sorrow: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:sort: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:soul: ''nn1, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:sound: ''nn1, vvi, aj0-nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, aj0, np0, nn1-np0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:sour: ''aj0, vvi, vvb'';
:south: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:southern: ''aj0, np0'';
:space: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:spacecraft: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:spade: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:speak: ''vvi, vvb'';
:spear: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:special: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:specialist: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:speed: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:spell: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:spend: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:spin: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:spirit: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:split: ''vvn, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvd, nn1, vvd-vvn, aj0, aj0-vvn, vvb, aj0-vvd, nn1-vvb'';
:spoil: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:spoon: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:sport: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:spot: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:spread: ''nn1, vvn, vvd-vvn, vvd, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:spring: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:square: ''np0, aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb, av0'';
:stage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:stair: ''nn1, np0'';
:stamp: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:stand: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:standard: ''aj0, nn1, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:star: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, aj0, unc'';
:start: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:state: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:station: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:stay: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:steady: ''aj0, aj0-av0, vvi, vvb, av0'';
:steal: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:steam: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0, vvb, nn0'';
:steel: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, nn1-np0, np0, aj0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:steep: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, vvb'';
:stem: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:step: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:stick: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:sticky: ''aj0, np0'';
:stiff: ''aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, av0, nn1'';
:still: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0, nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:sting: ''nn1, np0, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:stitch: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:stomach: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:stone: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:stop: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:store: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:storm: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:story: ''nn1, np0'';
:straight: ''av0, aj0, aj0-av0'';
:strange: ''aj0, np0'';
:stranger: ''nn1, ajc'';
:stream: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:street: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:strength: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:stretch: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:strike: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:string: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:stroke: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:strong: ''aj0, np0'';
:structure: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvi, vvb'';
:struggle: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:student: ''nn1, np0'';
:study: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:stupid: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:style: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:subject: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:substance: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:subtract: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:succeed: ''vvi, vvb'';
:success: ''nn1, np0'';
:suck: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:suffer: ''vvi, vvb'';
:sugar: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:suggest: ''vvi, vvb'';
:suit: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:suitable: ''aj0, np0'';
:sum: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:summer: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:sun: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, unc, nn1-vvb'';
:supply: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:support: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:suppose: ''vvb, vvi, np0'';
:sure: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:surface: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:surprise: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:surround: ''vvb, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:swallow: ''vvi, np0, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:swear: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:sweep: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:sweet: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:swell: ''nn1, vvi, aj0-nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, aj0'';
:swim: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:swing: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:sword: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:sympathetic: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:sympathy: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:system: ''nn1, np0'';
:table: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:tail: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:take: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0'';
:talk: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, unc'';
:taste: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:tax: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:tea: ''nn1, np0'';
:teach: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:team: ''nn0, vvb, np0'';
:tear: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:telephone: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:television: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:tell: ''vvi, vvb, np0'';
:temper: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:temple: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:tend: ''vvb, vvi'';
:tendency: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:tender: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1, vvb'';
:tennis: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:tense: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:terrible: ''aj0, np0'';
:terror: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:test: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:than: ''cjs, prp, av0'';
:thank: ''vvb, vvi'';
:that: ''cjt, dt0, cjt-dt0, av0, cjs, unc'';
:the: ''at0, unc, np0'';
:theater: ''nn1-np0, nn1'';
:then: ''av0, cjs'';
:there: ''ex0, av0, unc'';
:they: ''pnp, unc'';
:thick: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:thief: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:thin: ''aj0, vvb, vvi, aj0-av0, unc'';
:thing: ''nn1, np0'';
:think: ''vvb, vvi, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:thirst: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:this: ''dt0, av0, nn2'';
:though: ''cjs, av0, prp'';
:thought: ''vvd, vvn, nn1, vvd-vvn'';
:thread: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:threat: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi'';
:threaten: ''vvi, vvb'';
:three: ''crd, np0'';
:through: ''prp, avp, avp-prp, aj0'';
:throw: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:thumb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:thunder: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:ticket: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:tidy: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:tie: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:tiger: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:tight: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:time: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:tin: ''nn1, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:tire: ''vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1'';
:title: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:to: ''to0, prp, avp-prp, avp, unc'';
:tobacco: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:today: ''av0, nn1, np0'';
:toe: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:tomorrow: ''av0, nn1'';
:tongue: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:tonight: ''av0, nn1'';
:tooth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:top: ''aj0-nn1, nn1, aj0, vvi, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:total: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:touch: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:tour: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0, vvb, nn0'';
:tourist: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, np0, nn1-np0'';
:tower: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:town: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:toy: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, aj0'';
:track: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:trade: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:traffic: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:train: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:translate: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:trap: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:travel: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:treat: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:treatment: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:tree: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb'';
:tremble: ''vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:trick: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0'';
:trip: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:tropical: ''aj0, np0'';
:trouble: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:true: ''aj0, aj0-av0, vvb, aj0-nn1, av0'';
:trunk: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, vvb'';
:trust: ''nn1, nn0, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:truth: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:try: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:tube: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0, vvb'';
:tune: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:turn: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:twist: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:type: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:typical: ''aj0, np0'';
:tyre: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:uncle: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:under: ''prp, av0, avp, avp-prp, np0, unc'';
:understand: ''vvi, vvb'';
:undo: ''vvi, vvb'';
:uniform: ''nn1, aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:union: ''nn0, np0'';
:unit: ''nn1, np0'';
:unite: ''vvi, vvb'';
:universal: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:universe: ''nn1, np0'';
:university: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:until: ''cjs, cjs-prp, prp'';
:up: ''avp, avp-prp, prp, vvb, nn0, vvi, unc, aj0'';
:upper: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:upright: ''av0, aj0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1'';
:upset: ''vvn, aj0-vvn, vvi, aj0, vvb, aj0-nn1, vvd, vvd-vvn, nn1'';
:upside_down: ''av0, aj0'';
:upstairs: ''av0, nn1'';
:urge: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:us: ''pnp, np0, unc, nn2'';
:use: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, unc, np0'';
:useless: ''aj0, np0'';
:valley: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:valuable: ''aj0, aj0-nn1'';
:value: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvb, vvi, np0'';
:variety: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:vary: ''vvi, vvb'';
:vegetable: ''nn1, aj0-nn1'';
:vehicle: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:verb: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:very: ''av0, aj0-av0, aj0'';
:victory: ''nn1, np0'';
:view: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:village: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:violence: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:violent: ''aj0, np0'';
:visit: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:voice: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb, np0'';
:vote: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:voyage: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:wages: ''nn2, nn2-vvz'';
:wait: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:waiter: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:wake: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, np0, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:walk: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0, nn1-np0, unc'';
:wall: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:wander: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:want: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:war: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, unc'';
:warm: ''aj0, vvi, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:warmth: ''nn1, nn1-np0'';
:warn: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:wash: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, np0'';
:waste: ''nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:watch: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:water: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:wave: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:way: ''nn1, np0, av0'';
:we: ''pnp, unc'';
:wealth: ''nn1, nn1-np0, nn0'';
:wear: ''vvi, vvb, np0, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:weather: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:weave: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:wedding: ''nn1, nn1-vvg'';
:weekly: ''aj0, av0, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, np0, nn1'';
:weigh: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1'';
:weight: ''nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:welcome: ''aj0, vvb, vvi, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-vvb, itj'';
:well: ''av0, itj, aj0, nn1, aj0-av0, aj0-nn1, np0'';
:west: ''np0, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:western: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:wet: ''aj0, aj0-vvn, vvn, vvi, aj0-vvd, vvd, vvd-vvn, vvb, aj0-nn1'';
:what: ''dtq, unc'';
:wheel: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:when: ''avq-cjs, cjs, avq'';
:where: ''avq-cjs, avq, cjs'';
:while: ''cjs, nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb'';
:whip: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:whisper: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:whistle: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0, nn1-np0'';
:white: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1, nn1, nn1-np0'';
:who: ''pnq, np0, unc'';
:whole: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1'';
:wide: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0, aj0-nn1'';
:wild: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0, aj0-nn1'';
:will: ''vm0, nn1, np0, vvb, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb, vvi'';
:willing: ''aj0, aj0-vvg, vvg, aj0-nn1'';
:win: ''vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1, np0, unc'';
:wind: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, np0'';
:window: ''nn1, np0'';
:wine: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0'';
:wing: ''nn1, np0, nn1-vvb, vvi, vvb'';
:winter: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0, nn1-vvb'';
:wire: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1-np0, vvb, np0'';
:wisdom: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0'';
:wise: ''aj0, np0, aj0-nn1'';
:wish: ''vvb, vvi, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:with: ''prp, unc'';
:within: ''prp, av0'';
:without: ''prp, av0'';
:witness: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:woman: ''nn1, np0'';
:wonder: ''vvb, nn1-vvb, vvi, nn1, aj0-nn1, aj0'';
:wood: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:word: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, np0, vvb, vvi'';
:work: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb, unc'';
:world: ''nn1, np0'';
:worm: ''nn1, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0, vvi, np0, vvb'';
:worry: ''vvi, nn1, vvb, nn1-vvb'';
:worse: ''ajc, av0, nn1'';
:worship: ''nn1, vvi, nn1-vvb, vvb'';
:worst: ''ajs, av0, nn1'';
:worth: ''prp, nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:worthy: ''aj0, np0'';
:would: ''vm0, unc'';
:wound: ''nn1, vvd-vvn, vvn, vvd, vvi, nn1-vvb'';
:wrap: ''vvi, vvb, nn1, nn1-vvb'';
:wreck: ''nn1, vvi, vvb, nn1-vvb, nn1-np0'';
:write: ''vvi, vvb'';
:wrong: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, aj0-av0, av0, vvb, nn1, vvi, np0'';
:yard: ''nn1, np0, nn1-np0'';
:year: ''nn1, np0'';
:yearly: ''aj0, aj0-av0, av0'';
:yellow: ''aj0, aj0-nn1, nn1, np0'';
:yes: ''itj, nn2, unc'';
:yesterday: ''av0, nn1'';
:yet: ''av0, cjs'';
:you: ''pnp, unc'';
:young: ''aj0, np0, nn0'';
:youth: ''nn1, nn1-np0, np0, nn0'';
:zero: ''crd, nn1, vvi, vvb''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency</title>
    <id>3557</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16727</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T11:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency]] moved to [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency (1)]]: Naming consistency</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/by frequency (1)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awenkara remis</title>
    <id>3560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17116</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T03:39:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Site and Situation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Awenkara remis''', literally &quot;Bay-West Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of [[Isana]]. As its name suggests it is situated along the west coast of [[Gardaus Bay]], and thus contains the main commercial districts of the city; it has sometmies been called &quot;The Shopping Centre of the World&quot;.

This district of the city began as simply the &quot;West City&quot;, and in its early history was a far grittier place, being both the port district until the late 19th century, and the centre of transportation for the immense wave of industrial development that would take over the formerly rural areas to its west, and incorporate them all within Isana city. Presently it retains its role, in a sense, as the centre of the western city, though its modernity stands in stark contrast to the much more traditional feel of [[Zaumir remis]] just to its north.

==Site and Situation==

Awenkara remis is bounded by the mouth of the Rushalya to the north, and stretches along the length of [[Gardaus Bay]], being linked by the three great bay bridges (namely [[Nikemi Bridge]], [[Soruta Bridge]] and [[Horesen Bridge]]) to [[Awenhine remis]] across the bay. Heavily urbanised and almost completely built up, Awenkara nonetheless retains large areas of artificially grown forest in its north, where many of its famous municipal buildings and sites are also situated.

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

Awenkara remis is subdivided into four large districts that are then farther subdivided into different precincts or neighbourhoods. From north to south, the districts are:

*[[Ainosdunikara-dego]], West of the Rivermouth (that is, the mouth of the [[Rushalya river]]

*[[Taiberseimi-dego]], Above (ie. north of) [[Soruta Bridge]]

*[[Taibergute-dego]], Below, or south of, Soruta Bridge

*[[Horesen-dego]], the area around the newer [[Horesen Bridge]] near the mouth of Gardaus Bay

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basic Vocabulary</title>
    <id>3561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46946</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-03T07:55:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lexica]]
[[Category:Source material]]
[[Category:Defining Vocabulary]]

This wordlist was originally devised by [http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm Roger Mills] for comparative research in Indonesia. Any questions may be addressed to Roger by [mailto:&amp;#114;&amp;#102;&amp;#109;&amp;#32;&amp;#105;&amp;#108;&amp;#108;&amp;#121;&amp;#64;&amp;#109;&amp;#115;&amp;#110;&amp;#46;&amp;#99;&amp;#111;&amp;#109; email].

It was digitalized by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]].  Questions about the English-only version should be addressed to him.

A plaintext version is [[Basic Vocabulary/plaintext|here]].

If you want a more modern vocabulary you may want to have a look at the [[Longman Defining Vocabulary]].
__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#I. Numbers|I. Numbers]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#II. Body parts|II. Body parts]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#III. Kinship terms|III. Kinship terms]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#IV. Animals|IV. Animals]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#V. Nature|V. Nature]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VI. Everyday life|VI. Everyday life]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VII. Verbs|VII. Verbs]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#VIII. Adjectives|VIII. Adjectives]]
|-
|[[Basic Vocabulary#IX. Pronouns etc.|IX. Pronouns etc.]]
|}

== The Vocabulary ==

=== I. Numbers ===
:1. one
:2. two
:3. three
:4. four
:5. five
:6. six
:7. seven
:8. eight
:9. nine
:10. ten
:11. eleven
:12. twelve
:13. twenty
:14. thirty
:15. forty
:16. fifty
:17. sixty
:18. seventy
:19. eighty
:20. ninety
:21. one hundred
:22. two hundred
:23. one thousand
:24. two thousand
:25. ten thousand
:26. first
:27. second
:28. third
:29. once
:30. twice
:31. single
:32. many
:33. few
:34. big
:35. little
:36. more
:37. less
:38. each
:39. every
:40. half
:41. middle
:42. all
:43. some
:44. several
:45. another
:46. enough
:47. even
:48. odd

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== II. Body parts ===
:49. skull
:50. head
:51. brain
:52. hair
:53. bald
:54. grey-haired
:55. forehead
:56. eye
:57. eyebrow
:58. nose
:59. ear
:60. cheek
:61. mouth
:62. lips
:63. chin
:64. tongue
:65. tooth
:66. beard
:67. voice
:68. neck
:69. shoulder
:70. chest
:71. breast
:72. waist
:73. stomach
:74. navel
:75. ribs
:76. arm
:77. hand
:78. left (hand)
:79. right (hand)
:80. fathom
:81. fist
:82. elbow
:83. finger
:84. fingernail
:85. palm of hand
:86. leg
:87. foot
:88. thigh
:89. knee
:90. calf
:91. back
:92. buttocks
:93. body
:94. skin
:95. naked
:96. body-hair
:97. bone
:98. lap
:99. heart
:100. guts
:101. liver
:102. gall
:103. bile
:104. womb
:105. blood
:106. vein
:107. excrement
:108. urine
:109. corpse
:110. soul
:111. breath
:112. life
:113. ghost
:114. pain (head or body)
:115. dirt on the skin
:116. fester
:117. sore
:118. boil
:119. wound
:120. pus
:121. sprain
:122. swollen
:123. dropsy
:124. bruise
:125. penis
:126. scrotum
:127. vulva
:128. circumcized
:129. uncircumcized
:130. flatulence
:131. dysentery

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== III. Kinship terms ===
:132. person
:133. man
:134. husband
:135. woman
:136. wife
:137. father
:138. mother
:139. name
:140. child
:141. son
:142. daughter
:143. uncle
:144. aunt
:145. cousin
:146. nephew
:147. niece
:148. grandfather
:149. grandmother
:150. grandchild
:151. brother
:152. sister
:153. younger brother
:154. older brother
:155. young girl
:156. virgin
:157. family
:158. friend
:159. associate
:160. partner
:161. enemy
:162. twins
:163. widow
:164. parents-in-law
:165. son-in-law
:166. brother-in-law
:167. king
:168. nobility
:169. common people

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== IV. Animals ===
:170. animal
:171. horse
:172. pig
:173. cow
:174. buffalo
:175. goat
:176. deer
:177. hide
:178. horn
:179. snout
:180. tail
:181. dog
:182. cat
:183. mouse
:184. rat
:185. bird
:186. chicken
:187. wing
:188. cockfight
:189. cock's spur
:190. feather
:191. rice-bird
:192. sparrow
:193. pigeon
:194. dove
:195. duck
:196. fish
:197. scales
:198. oyster
:199. shrimp
:200. octopus
:201. squid
:202. crab. kepiting
:203. shark
:204. ray
:205. crocodile
:206. bat
:207. small lizzard
:208. snake
:209. sea-turtle
:210. land-turtle
:211. insect
:212. ant
:213. termite
:214. wasp
:215. bee
:216. worm
:217. snail
:218. millipede
:219. butterfly
:220. spider
:221. louse
:222. fly
:223. mosquito
:224. firefly
:225. plant
:226. rice
:227. seed-rice
:228. ear (of grain)
:229. grain
:230. hulled rice
:231. rice-straw
:232. tree
:233. wood kayu
:234. sap
:235. leaf
:236. branch
:237. tree-trunk
:238. root
:239. bare
:240. stick
:241. plank
:242. board
:243. shell
:244. coconut
:245. banyan tree
:246. ficus
:247. sago palm
:248. pandanus
:249. sago
:250. palm-wine
:251. bamboo
:252. grass
:253. moss
:254. thorn
:255. nettle
:256. fish poison
:257. poison
:258. banana
:259. bunch (of fruits)
:260. onion
:261. cucumber
:262. tuber
:263. fruit
:264. sugarcane
:265. pineapple
:266. eggplant
:267. pumpkin
:268. corn
:269. flower

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== V. Nature ===
:270. land
:271. water
:272. fire
:273. wind
:274. mud
:275. dust
:276. stone
:277. mountain
:278. cave
:279. hill
:280. inland
:281. interior
:282. surface
:283. flat
:284. plain
:285. field
:286. ditch
:287. garden
:288. earthquake
:289. wet ricefield
:290. dry ricefield
:291. desert
:292. woods
:293. clearing in the forest
:294. village
:295. gold
:296. silver
:297. iron
:298. copper
:299. sea
:300. shore
:301. beach
:302. sand
:303. gravel
:304. wave
:305. foam
:306. fluid
:307. liquid
:308. straits
:309. cape
:310. tip
:311. island
:312. coral
:313. bay
:314. river mouth
:315. lake
:316. river
:317. stream
:318. channel saluran
:319. irrigation canal
:320. flood
:321. current
:322. north
:323. south
:324. east
:325. west
:326. smoke
:327. flame
:328. glowing coals
:329. spark
:330. ashes
:331. charcoal
:332. sky
:333. sun
:334. light
:335. moon
:336. star
:337. full moon
:338. shadow
:339. shade
:340. cloud
:341. rain
:342. drizzle
:343. thunder
:344. noise
:345. sound
:346. lightning
:347. storm
:348. tempest
:349. fog
:350. mist
:351. haze
:352. dew
:353. whirlwind
:354. typhoon
:355. year
:356. day
:357. morning
:358. midday
:359. afternoon
:360. dusk
:361. night
:362. late night
:363. yesterday
:364. yesterday -1
:365. tomorrow
:366. tomorrow +1
:367. today

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== VI. Everyday life ===
:368. village
:369. road
:370. bridge
:371. crossroads
:372. house
:373. wall
:374. a hole in the wall
:375. ceiling
:376. floor
:377. window
:378. glass
:379. door
:380. hinge
:381. hook
:382. ladder (to the house)
:383. ladder (in general)
:384. roof
:385. thatch
:386. split bamboo
:387. fence
:388. stable
:389. room
:390. bed
:391. toilet
:392. garbage heap
:393. kitchen
:394. stove
:395. pan
:396. pot
:397. (water)jar
:398. (cooking)pot
:399. cooking vessel
:400. rice-pounder
:401. rice-mortar
:402. basket
:403. spoon
:404. scoop
:405. ladle
:406. knife
:407. funnel
:408. plate
:409. cup
:410. bowl
:411. dipper
:412. scissors
:413. needle
:414. thread
:415. color
:416. shirt
:417. shoes
:418. sarong
:419. loincloth
:420. fringe
:421. scarf
:422. plant fiber
:423. cotton
:424. bark cloth
:425. loom
:426. loom part
:427. the woof
:428. the warp
:429. ring
:430. bracelet
:431. umbrella
:432. earring
:433. ornament
:434. brush
:435. comb
:436. table
:437. chair
:438. pillow
:439. blanket
:440. mosquito net
:441. curtain
:442. rafters
:443. house-poles
:444. roof-peak
:445. leak
:446. whitewash
:447. morter
:448. chalk
:449. paint
:450. lamp
:451. torch
:452. wick
:453. oil
:454. coconut oil
:455. egg
:456. meat
:457. sauce
:458. gravy
:459. spices
:460. side-dishes
:461. porrige
:462. mush
:463. salt
:464. dregs
:465. remains
:466. smell
:467. honey
:468. sugar
:469. vinegar
:470. pepper
:471. red pepper
:472. bamboo shot
:473. heart-of-palm
:474. caraway
:475. cumin
:476. ginger
:477. turmeric
:478. sesame
:479. boat
:480. canoe
:481. paddle
:482. oar
:483. mast
:484. sail
:485. rudder
:486. outrigger
:487. fishing net
:488. fish-trap
:489. fish-hook
:490. keris
:491. dagger
:492. machete
:493. gun
:494. archer's bow
:495. arrow
:496. hunting net
:497. sharp bamboo stakes
:498. saw
:499. hammer
:500. nail
:501. peg
:502. axe
:503. hatchet
:504. wedge
:505. chisel
:506. carpenter's plane
:507. rope
:508. string
:509. skewer
:510. wire
:511. chain
:512. solder
:513. lathe
:514. hoe
:515. bucket
:516. work
:517. job
:518. extra work
:519. second job
:520. profit
:521. loss
:522. edge
:523. space between
:524. interval
:525. side
:526. line
:527. sheath

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== VII. Verbs ===
:528. be born
:529. die
:530. live
:531. kill
:532. grow
:533. inherit
:534. hit
:535. fight
:536. kick
:537. stab
:538. jerk
:539. jump
:540. rub
:541. massage
:542. scratch
:543. rasp
:544. scrape
:545. drill
:546. file
:547. sharpen
:548. cut
:549. chop
:550. cut open
:551. cut into
:552. prune
:553. trim
:554. cut off
:555. amputate
:556. rip
:557. tear
:558. break off
:559. slice
:560. hack
:561. cut unevenly
:562. cut up
:563. shave
:564. slash
:565. split
:566. carve
:567. inlay
:568. move
:569. change
:570. substitute
:571. exchange
:572. move something
:573. walk
:574. run
:575. go
:576. come
:577. arrive
:578. approach
:579. depart
:580. enter
:581. go out
:582. return
:583. return something
:584. turn around
:585. return home
:586. trip
:587. step in a hole
:588. sink in the mud
:589. push
:590. pull
:591. point
:592. accuse
:593. throw
:594. meet
:595. pick up
:596. appear
:597. disappear
:598. stop by
:599. visit
:600. move something away
:601. move something closer
:602. to face
:603. send
:604. receive
:605. swim
:606. dive
:607. sink
:608. drown
:609. shake
:610. drift
:611. float
:612. flow
:613. go sail along the coast
:614. think
:615. know
:616. know (a person)
:617. feel
:618. suffer
:619. regret
:620. say
:621. speak
:622. sing
:623. chant
:624. recite
:625. laugh
:626. shout
:627. cry out
:628. call
:629. teach
:630. study
:631. learn
:632. praise
:633. inform
:634. communicate
:635. tell
:636. narrate
:637. read
:638. write
:639. compose
:640. arrange
:641. hear
:642. see
:643. wink
:644. blink
:645. look up
:646. look at
:647. stare
:648. feel something
:649. touch
:650. handle
:651. taste
:652. drink
:653. sip
:654. suck
:655. suckle
:656. bite (into something)
:657. bite (of animals)
:658. chew
:659. swallow
:660. eat
:661. feed
:662. lick
:663. hiccough
:664. cry
:665. cry over
:666. lament
:667. cough
:668. sneeze
0 smell
:669. smell something
:670. breathe
:671. gasp
:672. pant
:673. wheeze
:674. hold the breath
:675. to blow
:676. squeeze
:677. press
:678. press out
:679. choke (on food)
:680. vomit
:681. spit
:682. love
:683. hate
:684. kiss
:685. leer
:686. ogle
:687. have sexual intercourse
:688. mate
:689. itch
:690. kill by squashing
:691. embrace
:692. dance
:693. sleep
:694. close the eyes
:695. deny
:696. remember
:697. forget
:698. help
:699. pity
:700. console
:701. promise
:702. endure
:703. trust
:704. believe
:705. ask
:706. answer
:707. repay
:708. requite
:709. order
:710. command
:711. like
:712. tell a lie
:713. win
:714. defeat
:715. defeated
:716. hope
:717. make
:718. dig
:719. scatter
:720. sow
:721. build
:722. clear land
:723. hunt
:724. chase
:725. shoot a gun
:726. peel
:727. flay
:728. strip (leaves)
:729. slaughter
:730. plow
:731. harrow
:732. pull out
:733. uproot
:734. draw a sword
:735. side by side
:736. next to
:737. in a row/line
:738. lean on
:739. lean something against
:740. sit with legs crossed
:741. squat
:742. sit with legs stretched out
:743. stretch out
:744. fall down
:745. collapse
:746. break
:747. break open
:748. burst
:749. to pry
:750. gouge
:751. mix
:752. assemble
:753. poke
:754. gather (things) together
:755. measure
:756. knock
:757. heat
:758. cook
:759. fry
:760. roast
:761. bake
:762. burn
:763. boil
:764. steam
:765. spatter
:766. settle
:767. stir
:768. remove pot from the fire
:769. divide into portions
:770. drip
:771. winnow
:772. filter
:773. weigh
:774. pour
:775. spill
:776. polish. mengupam
:777. chop fine
:778. knead
:779. wash
:780. wash clothes ... mis.pakaian
:781. wash dishes ... mis.piring2
:782. bathe
:783. spray
:784. rinse
:785. wipe
:786. sweep
:787. cross
:788. deviate
:789. go to the side
:790. turn
:791. &quot;tack&quot;
:792. sail into the wind
:793. rotate
:794. revolve
:795. twist
:796. wind/roll up
:797. wrap
:798. tie
:799. make nets
:800. splice
:801. stretch
:802. extend
:803. tighten
:804. wind up
:805. bandage
:806. wrap (a corpse)
:807. sway
:808. unsteady
:809. place
:810. bet
:811. carry
:812. bring
:813. hang
:814. take
:815. steal
:816. use
:817. wear
:818. deliver
:819. carry on the shoulder
:820. buy
:821. sell
:822. rent
:823. give
:824. borrow
:825. lend
:826. owe
:827. pay
:828. bargain
:829. choose
:830. get
:831. obtain
:832. restore
:833. there is
:834. there is not
:835. have
:836. want
:837. wish
:838. will
:839. not yet
:840. already
:841. all gone
:842. yes
:843. no
:844. do not...
:845. be ...ing
:846. be
:847. become
:848. have to
:849. must
:850. can
:851. may
:852. permit
:853. allow
:854. forbid
:855. forbidden
:856. ever
:857. never
:858. formerly
:859. before
:860. happen
:861. cause
:862. count
:863. add
:864. divide
:865. reduce
:866. increase
:867. make smaller
:868. sew
:869. weave
:870. decorate
:871. embroider
:872. repair
:873. fade
:874. dream
:875. daydream
:876. wake up
:877. get up (from bed)
:878. sit
:879. get up (from sitting)
:880. rise (sun)
:881. sit side by side
:882. sit next to
:883. stand
:884. kneel
:885. fall
:886. rise up
:887. go up
:888. raise
:889. climb
:890. climb a mountain
:891. stay
:892. descend
:893. lower
:894. let down (rope)
:895. pay out rope
:896. recede
:897. open
:898. bloom
:899. cover
:900. spread out
:901. separate
:902. pile up
:903. close
:904. hide
:905. hold
:906. shelter
:907. slip
:908. slide
:909. carry - hand. menjinjing
:910. carry - head
:911. carry - hip
:912. play
:913. bark (dog)

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== VIII. Adjectives ===
:914. white
:915. black
:916. red
:917. yellow
:918. green
:919. blue
:920. grey
:921. spotted
:922. tall
:923. short
:924. long
:925. high
:926. low
:927. great
:928. small
:929. round
:930. smooth
:931. jagged
:932. hard (especially of wood)
:933. hard
:934. soft
:935. ripe
:936. unripe
:937. hot
:938. cold
:939. sharp
:940. dull
:941. sweet
:942. sour
:943. bitter
:944. salty
:945. spicy hot
:946. tasteless
:947. old
:948. young
:949. new
:950. heavy
:951. light
:952. bright
:953. shiny
:954. glittering
:955. dark
:956. clear
:957. vague
:958. narrow
:959. wide
:960. full
:961. empty
:962. tight
:963. loose
:964. sleepy
:965. tired
:966. deep
:967. shallow
:968. wet
:969. dry
:970. far
:971. near
:972. downstream
:973. upstream
:974. good
:975. bad
:976. true
:977. false
:978. certain
:979. beautiful
:980. ugly
:981. good tasting
:982. bad tasting
:983. fresh
:984. rotten
:985. difficult. susah
:986. easy
:987. expensive
:988. cheap
:989. coarse
:990. fine
:991. invulnerable
:992. rich
:993. poor
:994. stingy
:995. greedy
:996. thin
:997. thick
:998. fat
:999. viscous
:1000. sick
:1001. well
:1002. hungry
:1003. sated
:1004. thirsty
:1005. pregnant
:1006. barren
:1007. strong
:1008. weak
:1009. brave
:1010. afraid
:1011. ashamed
:1012. painful
:1013. smarting
:1014. dirty
:1015. mouldy
:1016. muddy
:1017. clean
:1018. straight
:1019. direct
:1020. askew
:1021. curving
:1022. sloping
:1023. athwart
:1024. transverse
:1025. across
:1026. curly (hair)
:1027. urine smell
:1028. rancid smell
:1029. burnt smell
:1030. fragrant
:1031. noisy
:1032. quiet
:1033. lonely
:1034. peaceful
:1035. calm (water)
:1036. clear (water)
:1037. wild
:1038. tame
:1039. free
:1040. loud
:1041. hard (blow)
:1042. hoarse
:1043. crazy
:1044. confused
:1045. dizzy
:1046. nervous
:1047. angry
:1048. happy
:1049. sad
:1050. disappointed
:1051. crippled
:1052. blind
:1053. deaf
:1054. stupid
:1055. clever
:1056. capable
:1057. willing
:1058. fast
:1059. slow
:1060. broken
:1061. damaged
:1062. torn
:1063. perfect
:1064. very
:1065. rare
:1066. usual
:1067. common
:1068. everyday
:1069. popular
:1070. slippery
:1071. sticky
:1072. excessively decorated

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Basic_Vocabulary &amp;#91;Up&amp;#93;]&lt;/span&gt;

=== IX. PRONOUNS ETC. ===
:1073. me - I
:1074. you sg. (thou)
:1075. he
:1076. she
:1077. we excl.
:1078. we incl.
:1079. you pl.
:1080. they
:1081. my
:1082. your (thy)
:1083. his
:1084. her
:1085. our excl.
:1086. our incl.
:1087. your
:1088. their
:1089. mine
:1090. yours
:1091. his
:1092. ours
:1093. theirs
:1094. who? siapa
:1095. what? apa
:1096. how much/many? berapa
:1097. when? kapan
:1098. which? yg.mana
:1099. where? dimana
:1100. why?
:1101. self (reflexive)
:1102. -self (intensifier)
:1103. each other
:1104. respectively
:1105. thing
:1106. indefinite
:1107. any
:1108. goods
:1109. this
:1110. that (nearby)
:1111. that (far)
:1112. here
:1113. there (near)
:1114. there (far)
:1115. now
:1116. often
:1117. just in case
:1118. at
:1119. in
:1120. from
:1121. to
:1122. inside
:1123. on top
:1124. under
:1125. outside
:1126. with
:1127. by means of
:1128. and
:1129. or
:1130. but
:1131. if
:1132. when
:1133. because
:1134. perhaps
:1135. although
:1136. before
:1137. after
:1138. during
:1139. since
:1140. in vain
:1141. pretending
:1142. in front
:1143. in back
:1144. how?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zaumir remis</title>
    <id>3562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16852</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T14:05:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Zaumir remis''', literally &quot;Palace Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] in [[Isana]], in the northwest of the modern day city along the west bank of the [[Rushalya river]]. Along with [[Waranyebara remis]], it is one of the oldest districts of Isana, forming the historical city centre.

Severely damaged by bombing during the [[Fourth Global War]], the area was later painstakingly restored rather than deliberately redeveloped; under the [[Izanosan Plans]] the surviving architecture was ingeniously blended with new constructions, under regulations limiting the place to mostly residential usage. In modern days Zaumir is a mostly high-class district, even more so than eastern [[Garnoye remis]] or [[Karagose remis]], and a centre of high-class establishments for such things as fashion and food.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide poetry</title>
    <id>3563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21326</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-21T08:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term '''Classical Arithide poetry''' can serve as either a catch-all term for all poetry written in the [[Classical Arithide]] language, or as a more specific referent denoting only the later, more polished, stylised verse of [[Daldaian the Younger]] ''et secuutus''. Almost the entire corpus of what is considered by academia &quot;Classical Arithide poetry&quot; was written in the 600 years from the middle Aphoiros to the late Equora dynasties (see [[Lazeian Empire]] for information on the dynasties).

==Earlier Classical Arithide poetry==

{{main|Earlier Classical Arithide poetry}}

==Later Classical Arithide poetry==

{{main|Later Classical Arithide poetry}}

The later poetry of the [[Lazeian Empire]] was characterised by the development of more regular, more stress-based meters and the shift away from the tendency of the [[Earlier Classical Arithide poetry|earlier poets]] to natural imagery to more abstract sorts, and a new willingness to engage in previously avoided subjects such as deprivation, death, eroticism and politics. This shift paralleled a sudden jump in the availability of education, owing to an increasingly affluent society and a rising middle class, which was the first of its kind in documented history.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Culture of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western civilisation (Ilethes)</title>
    <id>3564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16773</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T14:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In the world of [[Ilethes]], '''Western civilisation''' refers to human civilisation in the west of the planet, according to the [[Gathenic depiction]], that have been to a greater or lesser degree influenced by the [[Areth]] civilisation. It stands in contrast to [[Eastern civilisation (Ilethes)|Eastern civilisation]], which refers to civilisation in the east, influenced by the dominant cultures of the [[Karyāba]] and the [[Nosphera]]. The two cultures overlap in northern [[Marcasia]], where the Nosphera were first predominant but later declined and were subsumed by the Karyāba; the area then came under Areth influence in later years.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanle (language)</title>
    <id>3565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31754</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sanle''' is a major language of [[West Odirá]].

*[[Classical Sanle]]

[[Category:Galhafan languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Sanle]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Swadesh</title>
    <id>3566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16794</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-28T22:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Why are there links to the words? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 14:50, 28 November 2006 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan Swadesh lists</title>
    <id>3567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16931</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T07:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a page of [[Swadesh list]]s of [[Galhaf]]an languages.

All words are given in their standard citation forms.  For Common Kasshi that means absolutive singular for nouns, and infinitive for verbs.  For Classical Kasshian, that means absolutive singular for nouns and adjectives, gender I absolutive singular for adjectives, and 3rd person singular rational present non-punctual for verbs.  For Ivetsian, that means nominative singular for nouns, gender VI nominative singular for adjectives, and imperative for verbs.  Classical Sanle did not inflect.

{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  [[Common Kasshian]]
!c=02|  [[Classical Kasshian]]
!c=03|  [[Ivetsian]]
!c=04|  [[Classical Sanle]]
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| qó
|c=02| trii (feminine)&lt;br&gt;nrii (masculine)
|c=03| 
|c=04| nok
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| gél
|c=02| chaa (feminine)&lt;br&gt;naa (masculine)
|c=03| 
|c=04| tab
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| na
|c=02| neshna (human)
|c=03| 
|c=04| khav (also she)
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| sá (dual)&lt;br&gt;ëná (paucal)&lt;br&gt;tí (plural)
|c=02| chelleshpi/nalleshpi/solleshpi (dual)&lt;br&gt;chellesshi/nallesshi/sollesshi (paucal)&lt;br&gt;chempi/nampi/sompi (plural)
|c=03| 
|c=04| noknok
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| dré (dual)&lt;br&gt;gélna (plural)
|c=02| chevvaibi/navvaibi/sovvaibi (dual)&lt;br&gt;chempaa/nampaa/sompaa (plural)
|c=03| 
|c=04| tabtab
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| tel/nal/sol (dual)&lt;br&gt;ten/nan/son (plural)
|c=02| solleshni (gender III)
|c=03| 
|c=04| khavkhav
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| rés
|c=02| trii
|c=03| 
|c=04| gep
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| vahá/hélu/
|c=02| chivaa/chuu/chifunu
|c=03| 
|c=04| posh
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| 
|c=02| blii
|c=03| 
|c=04| gep gel
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| 
|c=02| baa/byuu/bunu
|c=03| 
|c=04| posh gel
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who?
|c=01| so-báha (singular)&lt;br&gt;sol-báha
|c=02| subaa (singular)&lt;br&gt;sobbai (plural)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what?
|c=01| pi-báha (singular)&lt;br&gt;pif-báha (plural)
|c=02| pibaa (singular)&lt;br&gt;pevbai (plural)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where?
|c=01| béhe-báha
|c=02| biibaa
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when?
|c=01| inékë-báha
|c=02| niibaa
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how?
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| fél
|c=02| fel
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| metú
|c=02| mesh-/mit- (of a mass noun)&lt;br&gt;chemmitui
|c=03| 
|c=04| ol-
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| rohá
|c=02| lua
|c=03| 
|c=04| lázh
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| t'-uqetá
|c=02| chipita
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| na-rakósë
|c=02| nrakos
|c=03| drago
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| te-naní
|c=02| chinani
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| 
|c=02| çenklai ([[Classical Kasshian#Meanings of Genders|gender IV]])&lt;br&gt;lanklai (gender V)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| ke-héka/rë-héka
|c=02| çika/lika
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| ke-rástë/rë-rástë
|c=02| klasta/lalasta (any flying animal)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| N/A
|c=02| N/A
|c=03| N/A
|c=04| N/A
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| 
|c=02| lasossu
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| 
|c=02| Uyalana
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01|
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| 
|c=02| laau (with others)&lt;br&gt;kafchi (alone)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| 
|c=02| laau (with others)&lt;br&gt;kafchi (alone)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| 
|c=02| çata
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| 
|c=02| çita
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| 
|c=02| klai
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| 
|c=02| iwen
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| 
|c=02| kapa
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| klos
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| 
|c=02| Labi
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01|
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| 
|c=02| wasaklas
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| 
|c=02| wila
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| 
|c=02| wanipa
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| fant
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| 
|c=02| bita
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| 
|c=02| ku (for nouns)&lt;br&gt;kuku (for sentences)
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| 
|c=02| venchel, vi-
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|}

[[Category:Galhafan languages|Swadesh lists|]]
[[Category:Swadesh lists]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Common Kasshian</title>
    <id>3570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31756</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Common Kasshi''' is the partially-reconstructed, partially-recorded ancestor of [[Classical Kasshian]] and [[Kasshian languages|several other]] related (mostly extinct) languages.  It is, in turn, descended from [[Kasshi-Oppai Family|Proto-Kasshi-Oppai]]

= Phonology =
== Consonants ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stop || p || b || || || t || d || || || k || g || q
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || s || z || || || || || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || w || || || || r || || y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
== Vowels ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || e || || ë || || o || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

== Syllables ==
Syllables were more restricted in Common Kasshi than in the Classical language.  Syllables could start with:
*Any vowel
*Any consonant
*A stop followed by an l or r
Syllables could end with
*Any nasal
*Any voiceless fricative
*L or R
== Stress ==
Any syllable could be stressed.  The stressed syllable is indicated with an acute.

= Grammar =
== Nouns ==
=== Genders ===
The &quot;gender&quot; system of Common Kasshi (more a classifier system, but Kasshi linguistics has traditionally used the same term), the ancestor of the gender systems of the Kassan branch, had considerably more distinctions than the [[Classical Kasshian#Gender|gender system]] of Classical Kasshian, but also fewer morphological alternations.

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
|'''Singular'''
|'''Dual'''
|'''Paucal'''
|'''Plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender I'''
|te
|tel
|tef
|ten
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender II'''
|na
|nal
|naf
|nan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender III'''
|so
|sol
|sof
|son
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender IV'''
|ki
|kil
|kif
|kin
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender V'''
|rë
|rël
|rëf
|rën
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender VI'''
|wa
|wal
|waf
|wan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender VII'''
|pi
|pil
|pif
|pin
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender VIII'''
|hon
|hol
|hof
|hona
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender IX'''
|la
|lal
|laf
|lan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender X'''
|qira
|qiral
|qiraf
|qiran
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XI'''
|tama
|tamal
|tamaf
|taman
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XII'''
|toka
|tokal
|tokaf
|tokan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XIII'''
|tokan
|tokanli
|tokanëf
|tokanna
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XIV'''
|kula
|kulal
|kulaf
|kulan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XV'''
|mani
|manil
|manif
|manin
|}

These markers functioned as both pronouns and a sort of article, being placed before the ''noun phrase''.  Adjectives were unmarked in Common Kasshi except, optionally, in the predicate.  The classifiers agreed with their head in number and case.

Genders I-VII were very similar to their counterparts in the Classical language.  Several additional genders existed:
*Gender VIII was for instruments and tools
*Gender IX was for weather phenomena, celestial bodies, and divinities
*Gender X was for round objects
*Gender XI was for long, narrow objects
*Gender XII was for most plants
*Gender XIII was for sacred things
*Gender XIV was for groups of humans, houses, items used in the context of trading, and other cultural artifacts not included in the above genders
*Gender XV was for body parts

Gender VI was considerably smaller in Common Kasshi than it was in the Classical language, consisting primarily of liquids and fire.  Genders VIII-XV have been merged into the other genders, mostly VI and VII.

Genders IV and V were also somewhat different in Common Kasshi.  The distinction there was one of &quot;useful&quot; vs. &quot;non-useful&quot; animals.

=== Inflections ===
==== Number ====
Common Kasshian had four numbers, singular, dual, paucal, and plural, with the following suffixes:
*Dual: -ri
*Paucal: -(ë)f
*Plural: -na

==== Case ====
*Absolutive: No suffix
*Ergative: -arë, -ka
**-arë was used on nouns and adjectives, -ka on pronouns and articles
*Genetive: -afë
*Dative: -azë
*Postpositional: -ë
==== Postpositions ====
These postpositions had case-like functions.  In the earliest form of the language, they were placed at the end of the entire noun-phrase (which was typically in the postpositional case).  In later forms, they became clitics on the head noun, eventually evolving into full-blown cases, being duplicated on dependent adjectives
*Instrumental: li
*Benefactive: na
*Commitative: ran
*Locative: qavë
*Ablative: ta
*Allative: së
*Perlative: ne
*Inessive: ka
*Elative: do
*Illative: ba
*Perillative: baba
*Circumlocative: de
*Circumablative: gos
*Circumallative: ma
*Circumperlative: mama
== Verbs ==
=== Personal Clitics ===
These were prefixed either to verb or the auxilary, if any.
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
| '''Singular'''
| '''Dual'''
| '''Paucal'''
| '''Plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;'''
| hë&lt;br&gt;(later qo-)
| lofë
| taqe
| ne
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;'''
| fen
| feni
| fenëf
| fana
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; rational'''
| tasë
| tehi
| taf
| tan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; non-rational'''
| lë
| li
| lëf
| lëna
|}
=== Voice ===
*Passive: që-
**Passive was a vestige of an earlier accusative stage
*Reflexive: ko-
=== Applicatives ===
Applicatives transform an intransitive verb into a transitive one, or a transitive verb into a ditransitive verb.  They have the effect of adding an additional argument to the verb phrase, as an absolutive, with the original absolutive being incorporated into the verb.
*Dative: pë-
*Commitative: ran-
*Instrumental: so-
=== Tense ===
*Past: fa-
*Future: naqe-
=== Conditional ===
*If: ve(h)-
*Counter-factual: gula-
*Then: hos-
=== Aspectual Auxilaries ===
These could occur either in pre-verbal position, in which case the personal clitics were attached to them, or in post-verbal position.
*Prospective më
*Inceptive to
*Progressive ke
*Habitual vë
*Cessative rë
*Perfective no

== Pronouns ==
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
| '''Singular'''
| '''Dual'''
| '''Paucal'''
| '''Plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;'''
| Qo
| Sa
| Ëná
| Ti
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt;
| Gel
| Dre
| Gélëf?
| Gélna
|}
In addition, the gender-markers listed earlier were used as 3rd person pronouns
These pronouns took the following cases
*Nominative: no suffix
*Accusative: -he
*Genetive: -wa
*Dative: ?
*Postpositional: ?
Third person pronouns took null for absolutive and -ka for ergative

= Syntax =
Common Kasshian was strictly verb-final, with modifiers generally preceding their head, though they could also occur after.

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Kasshian, Common]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>S.A.R.P, Pokingadjikastan</title>
    <id>3571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27598</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-16T12:34:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Pôkingaadjikastaan]] moved to [[S.A.R.P, Pokingadjikastan]]: The English name fits a planned series of articles better. S.A.R.P - Special Administrative Region (governed by) Piscea</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Pôkingaadjikastaan'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Name:'''
|| Daamokrhaatedj Rupub'lik i Pôkingaajikastaan (Democratic Republic of Pokingajikastan)
|-
|valign=top|'''Population:'''
|| 1.3 million
|-
|valign=top|'''Official Languages:'''
|| [[Hloterb]], [[Piscean_language|Piscean]], Arabic, Chinese, Pashtu
|-
|valign=top|'''Neighboring States:'''
|| Kazakhastan, China, Russia, Mongolia
|-
|valign=top|'''Government Type:'''
|| Formerly: Dictatorship; now as in [[New Pisces]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Capital:'''
|| Pokingadji (English); Pôkingaadji (Hloterb); Pocingascgi (Piscean)
|-
|valign=top|'''Administrative Divisions:'''
|| State Department, Agricultural Department, Military Department
|-
|valign=top|'''Constitution:'''
|| Formerly: None; now as in [[New Pisces]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Suffrage:'''
|| Formerly: 20 years, men (polltax, however); now as in [[New Pisces]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Executive Branch:'''
|| Formerly: Dictator Pthaadjurh; the state is now governed by New Piscean Representative S.C. Anderson
|-
|valign=top|'''Legislative Branch:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''Judicial Branch:'''
|| There were once a few local court systems that could not overrule or disobey the dictator's fiats; all law now rests upon the Judiciary of New Pisces.
|-
|valign=top|'''Political Parties and Leaders:'''
|| Pthaadjurhedj Dzehd (Pthaadjuhr-ian Party); now as in [[New Pisces]]
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP (PPP):'''
|| $32 million (2037 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''GDP per capita:'''
|| $10 (2036 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Labour Force:'''
|| .3 million (excludes pastoral nomads and other &quot;off-net&quot; people) (2002 estimate)
|-
|valign=top|'''Unemployment Rate:'''
|| N/A
|-
|valign=top|'''Population below poverty line:'''
|| 79% (2037 estimate); 
|-
|valign=top|'''Major Industries:'''
|| Wool, Oil, Coal, Cotton, Nitrates, Lapis Lazuli, Copper
|}

The following documentation was previously found among Voyages International (an intelligence branch of the Piscea organisation that wishes to establish a new communist republic) records. Its purpose is now unclear; it speaks in future tense as in the other Piscea proposals. Yet because it is such a radical description, it could be assumed to be either a story to glorify Piscea, a scare tactic to achieve notice or even a conspiracy. If the latter were true, a Voyages International agent could be dispatched to the region in question, aiming to become a 'dictator', paving the way for Piscea to seize new resources. 

Pokingadjikastan (Hloterb: Pôkingaadjikastaan) was formed in 2036 after the infamous 2024 Battle of the Three Borders, fought between Russia, China and Kazakhstan when the Pokingadjikastani ethnic minority pressured them for a country to call their own. After a five-year stalemate, terms were eventually negotiated, breaking an equal amount of land from Russia, China and Kazakhstan to create the new state of Pokingadjikastan.

However, the transition was not harmonious. The supposedly stable government was rocked when infiltrated by Pthaadjurh, who used various loopholes in new rushed laws to position himself as president and enforce his extremist views. The Pokingadjikastani army rebelled by forming a military coup, which surrounded the presidential palace with heavy artillery, cutting off food supplies. Nonetheless, Pthaddjurh managed to flee through an underground tunnel that he himself had built; only he ever knew of its existence. To this day, Pthaadjurh is believed to be in hiding.

Since the oppressive Dictator Pthaadjurh escaped the siege of rebel military forces, the nation of Pokingadjikastan became a lawless gangsters' paradise with rebels patrolling every street and menacing innocent bystanders. Before America could intervene, the New Piscean Workers' Nation saw the chance it had been looking for. 

Though endeavering to maintain self-suffiency to retain its communist status, the manmade island of New Pisces - off the coast of southern France - did not have any of its own natural resources. This problem would be partially solved by the aquisition of Pokingadjikastan. In 2039, troops from New Pisces stormed the lawless country, entering combat with the rebels who were easily beaten and consequently imprisoned.

Only three years after its creation, Pokingadjikastan was no longer a country, becoming an overseas territory. On 2nd August, the intimidating statue of Pthaadjurh was toppled and the flag of New Pisces was raised in its place. Anderson's government repaired most of the damage and refurbished the poorly equipped public facilities; Pokingadjikastan's failing currency, the Gurhjad, was replaced by the thriving Piscean dollar and, most importantly, the inhabitants began to receive the same wages and conditions as those on the island of New Pisces in return for their work. The Pokingaadjijikastaani people collect and export wool, oil, coal, cotton, nitrates, lapis lazuli and copper around Pokingadjikastan as well as the New Piscean mainland in Europe.

Anderson does not enforce the [[Piscean language]] on the locals, stating that he was more than happy for them to keep their own. The majority language of Pokingadjikastan is Hloterb, which has now become the second official language of the New Piscean Workers' Nation, but Arabic, Pashtu and Chinese are also spoken. Piscean, however, is the only tongue used for government purposes. 

It is hoped and expected that by 2040, 100% of the Pokingadjikastani population will be significantly above the poverty line, with the same GDP per capita as that of the mainland New Pisces in Europe.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nimegose remis</title>
    <id>3573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16835</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T09:18:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nimegose remis''', literally &quot;South coast Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of [[Isana]]. It is situated in the western half of Isana, along the southern coast west of [[Gardaus Bay]].

A major industrial area and port during the days of the [[Ibakizaro]], Nimegose fell into relative decline as the port moved east of the Bay, but remained an important industrial centre with its many port harbours converted into shipbuilding wharves. During the [[Third Global War]] it was an important construction centre for ships, but during the [[Fourth Global War]] the shipyards were devastated by firebombing, and eventually most facilities were moved away. Presently Nimegose has become a mostly residential area, though there are still many industrial regions along the coast and inland.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karagose remis</title>
    <id>3574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16836</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T09:42:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Karagose remis''', literally &quot;West Coast Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is the westernmost [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of [[Isana]], situated along the west coast facing the [[Elaspegian Ocean]].

The western coast of the sea is one of the most scenic areas of the Isana region, and during the era of the [[First Kingdom of Risevne|old kingdom]] and the [[Committee of Guardians]] it was famous as a leisure area for the officials who lived within the city. Later on it was heavily affected by industrial development, especially by pollution from the east. In modern days the northern third of the remis forms the [[Antagan Cliffs National Park]], one of the few national parks within city areas in the whole world.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Risevani Statesmen</title>
    <id>3575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16844</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T11:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anomi Osorza</title>
    <id>3576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16848</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-29T12:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Anome Osorza, Osorza ta Gurya''' (20 January 1890 - 15 October 1963) was a [[Risevani]] statesman and politician who served as [[Deguruganize|Minister of Armaments]] from 1942 to 1947 and [[Naruganize]] from 1948 to 1958. His tenure in office presided over the beginning of the [[Durosirase]], and he is widely seen as one of the chief architects of the nation's swift recovery from the costly victory of the war.

==Childhood and Youth==

Born in [[Isana]] to a family which had migrated from [[Agalmare]] to set up a small workshop in the city, Anomi Osorza's early life was a story of continuous economic hardship; after the compulsory and free primary education he was nearly suspended from high school twice due to his being unable to pay his fees.

==Early Careers==

==Political Career==

==The 1934 Elections==

==Onset of War==

==Naruganize of Risevne==

===Durosirase policies===

==Later Life==

==Family and Relations==

==Legacy and Impact==

[[category:Risevani Statesmen]]
[[category:Famous Persons of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basetimena remis</title>
    <id>3577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16904</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T14:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Constituent Districts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Basetimena remis''', literally &quot;Baseti plains Area&quot; in [[Mirselec]], is an [[Areas and Districts of Isana|area]] of [[Isana]], occupying the Baseti plain that stretches westward from [[Gardaus Bay]] to the coast. It is the largest, and the most populated, remis within the city.

Along with [[Nimegose]], [[Karagose]] and [[Garnoye]] remis, Basetimena is one of the mainly residential districts of the city, and was once a thriving agricultural district occupied mostly by relatively rich landowners who resided in nearby Isana city. The purging of these elements during the [[Committee of Guardians]] paved the way for the whole area to be redeveloped as an industrial district, complete with a new port in modern day [[Nimegose remis]]; Basetimena then became a focus of the [[Ibakizaro]] and a powerful symbol of growth for the nation, albeit at a terrible price of human deprivation and pollution. 

Under the [[Izanosan Plans]], the area became one of the centres of the planners' attention, and was redrawn completely and redeveloped extensively. Now it is one of the main residential areas in the city, divided into 11 districts.

==Site and Situation==

The concept in the Izanosan plan of the &quot;District-City&quot; was first implemented in the western remis, including Basetimena; even now the plan survives largely unchanged, with constant additions (3 new town districts have been added to the original 8). The 11 districts of Basetimena remis were designed to be partially self-contained towns, many with their own local schools, hospitals, transport networks in the form of light overhead rail and buses, while being linked to each other via a highly efficient network of trunk road and rail links. Having been proven successful in the west, this concept of residential new towns would later be adopted throughout the city and in other cities as well. 

For the high population densities of the remis it is surprisingly green, with large tracts of space set aside under the [[Isana Parks and Public Spaces Department]], as either parks or park connectors. The old system of irrigation canals that criss-cross the remis, in particular, have been used ingeniously to link different parks up along so-called Canal Paths.

==History==

==Administration==

==Transport==

==Constituent Districts==

Basetimena is divided into a total of eleven Dego, or Districts:

*Kemorigan

*Nairigan

*Sultagasya

==Significant buildings and sites==

==Notes==

[[category:Areas of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hloterb</title>
    <id>3578</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16859</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-30T05:15:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hloterb]] moved to [[Hlotderb]]: Mispelling of title</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Hlotderb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aunidanizon Crisis</title>
    <id>3579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16896</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T09:58:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>formatting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Aunidanizon Crisis''' or '''Aunidanizon Incident''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Aunidanizon hilaze'') was an incident and subsequent diplomatic crisis between the nations of [[Risevne]] and [[Kavena]], occurring between 12 May and 3 July 1957 in the city of [[Nimzon]] in Kavena. 

Sparked off by a dispute over the demolition of a building adjacent to the Risevan Embassy in Nimzon, in order to provide for its expansion, the crisis can be divided into several parts: the initial riots and local resistance to the demolition which killed five Risevani, the subsequent withdrawal of agreement by the Kavenain government, and finally [[Aribume Nashan|Operation Firecloud]] and [[Nisoratebume Nashan|Operation Blessed Cloud]], two operations launched by the Risevan armed forces; one aimed at evacuating the surviving Risevani, and one as a show of force to the Kavenain government.

==Background==

==The Crisis==

===Dispute over 203 Aunidanizon Road===

===Riots===

===Kavenain Government Reaction===

===Risevani Govenment Reaction===

===Escalation===

===Aribume Nashan===

{{main|Aribume Nashan}}

==Nisoratebume Nashan==

{{main|Nisoratebume Nashan}}

===Subsequent Reactions===

==Aftermath==

[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Diplomatic Crises]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aribume Nashan</title>
    <id>3580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16865</id>
      <timestamp>2006-11-30T14:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Aribume Nashan''', literally &quot;Operation Firecloud&quot; in [[Mirselec]], was the codename of a military operation undertaken during the [[Aunidanizon Crisis]] in 1957 by the [[Risevan]] armed forces. Its goal was to demolish 203 Aunidanizon Road, the building which was at the centre of the crisis, as well as to constitute a show of force, following the riots within [[Nimzon]] that had taken the lives of 7 Risevani in all. 

==Description==

By 8 June, with chaos in the city continuing and the Kavenain government still recalcitrant in its position, the Risevani government decided finally to activate the armed forces and demolish the building; later reports show that the armed forces had in fact been preparing for an operation from the beginning of the crisis, originally aimed at rescuing the embassy workers in case of an emergency. 

Over the next four days extensive preparations were undertaken for the operation. All in all a team of 42 engineers were detailed to carry out the controlled demolition, which was highly risky given the building was only 30 metres away from the Embassy walls; at the same time two infantry companies of 270 men in all, as well as a group of 80 riot police from the Risevan army, were detailed to guard all entrances to the Embassy and set up barricades to prevent entry into the area of the demolition. At the same time 6 large armoured cars, armed with heavy machine guns, were transported in by contained truck and assembled in situ; and one helicopter was dispatched to the Embassy roof, with another two on standby on board the carrier [[KV Ismade|''Ismade'']]. Besides the aircraft carrier, two cruisers and five destroyers were also diverted to patrol the area, just off Kavenain territorial waters.

On the night of 12-13 June actions first commenced; barricades were set up and manned outside all the Embassy entrances, as well as to block the roads around the building for safety reasons, while the engineers got to work preparing the building for demolition. In order to avoid disputes, the barricades which were not immediately adjacent to the Embassy were quickly turned over to the Kavenain police by next morning, though significant numbers of armed men remained in and around the embassy compound. 

Next morning, angry crowds of Kavenain immediately began to gather around the Embassy and harass the Risevani troops, throwing eggs and rocks; on a 15 a hastily organised march on the Embassy was estimated to contain around 40,000 marchers, who then surrounded the compound. Despite the constant harrassment, which resulted in 11 men wounded over the next five days, the Risevani troops did not open fire with live rounds, though nearly 400 warning shots - all blanks - were fired from the rifles and the heavy machine guns. While the Kavenain government dithered, the Risevani government sent a request on 15 June for demolishing 203 Aunidanizon Road on 19 June, while implying that if any more Risevani soldiers or civilians were to be killed in the rioting the Kavenain would face farther escalation. In the face of this threat, the government reversed its stance held since mid-May and again granted agreement to demolish the building; at the same time nearly 300 Kavenain riot police were finally dispatched to control the crowds. 

With the approval, the preparations for demolition went on, and at 1735 on 19 June as another march on the Embassy was stopped at the barricades by Risevani and Kavenain personnel the charges were detonated and the building successfully demolished. 

[[category:History of Risevne]]
[[category:Armed Forces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arihikas Nashan</title>
    <id>3581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16871</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T04:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arihikas Nashan''', literally meaning &quot;Operation Fire Spell&quot; or &quot;Operation Fire Magic&quot; in [[Mirselec]], was an operation undertaken by the [[Kenote Nashan Igunimi]], or Special Operations Command, of the [[Risevan Royal Army]] on 12 April 1959, in response to a hostage crisis in [[Kavena]] where a hotel in the coastal city of [[Nimkanil]] had been taken over by Kavenain nationalist extremists.

==Background==

==Planning and Execution==

===Negotiations===

===The Kavenain Raid===

On 11 April, the Kavenain police launched an operation at 2320 hrs with the intention of rescuing the hostages. The plan of the police had been to lure the hostages out by acceding to their demands; the three cars that would ferry them to the airport were driven in, but instead of stopped outside the hotel entrance they stopped a distance away, in the hope that as the terrorists emerged they would present a clear shot to Kavenain snipers, five of whom had been positioned around the area. However, the terrorists suspected a trap, and pushed several of the hostages out to form a human shield so as to cover their approach to the vehicles.

===Operation Fire Magic===

==Aftermath==

Arihikas Nashan was the first operation undertaken by the RKNI in the world after the [[Global Wars]], and its complete success laid the foundation for their fearsome reputation. 

[[category:Armed Forces of Risevne]]
[[category:Famous Operations of the Risevan Armed Forces]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Denihilonihil/Semeioseis</title>
    <id>3582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21300</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-19T06:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Arithide==

'''meste''' to sell. ''mest'' sale.

{| style=&quot;width: 400; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #dfdfdf&quot;
| width=&quot;100&quot; | '''CASE'''
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | TOP
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | ACC
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | GEN
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | DAT
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | LOC
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | ABL
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | INS
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | VOC
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|-
| width=&quot;100&quot; | CON/ESS
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 150; text-align: center&quot; |
|}

====Hm====

*2 groups: consonant-root (C-verbs) and vowel-root (V-verbs)
*V-verbs have two stems: basic &amp; derivative (add -t to basic)
   **Basic stem used with normal conjugation, to which are appended aspects, moods &amp; tenses
   **Derivative stems used to form further derivative verbs, verbal nouns etc.

===Nouveaux mots===

*kulos
*sinting

==Geography==
*Earth: land area distribution among the continents
**Asia - 29.4%
**Africa - 20.4%
**N. Am. - 16.4%
**S. Am. - 12%
**Europe - 6.8%
**Australia - 5.7%
*[[Ilethes]]: land area distribution among the continents?
**[[Istheusia]] - 31.2%
**[[Marcasia]] - 30.2%
**[[Arophania]] - 16.4%
**[[Eresphria]] - 13.6%
**[[Canthres]] - 8.6%

*'''Dhramak''' country, '''Dhramakis''' language
*[[Arithia]] stats (av. USA/China):
**pop. 808,137,500 (2006 [[CIE]] est.)
**area 9,614,190 sq km (3,713,647 sq mi)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Albaville</title>
    <id>3583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16902</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T11:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Albaville</username>
        <id>278</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Herevashkian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Herevashkian</title>
    <id>3584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16903</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T13:56:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Albaville</username>
        <id>278</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Herevashkian ==


Herevashkian is a language of the Germanic Language Family created for a project of alternate Earth. It is spoken in an Europen country called Herevashky.

Its grammar consists of five noun cases (nominative, accusatie, dative, genitive, locative), with three different declensions. It has a verb system very similar to that of English, but with fewer irregular verbs. Its lexicon has plenty of loanwords from French, but most of it resembles German. It has complex syntax and agreement rules regarding pronouns, but it's still a language that could be easty for most native English speakers to learn with no big trouble.


== Sounds ==

Herevashkian consists of the following vowel system:
*[a]: a
*[æ]: ä, ae
*[ɛ]: eth
*[ɪ]: eh, y
*[ɔ]: oth, o
*[ø]: eu, ue
*[œ]: ö
*[i]: ie, y
*[e]: e, y
*[o]: o, au
*[u]: oh
*[y]: u

With the following diphthongs allowed:
*[aɪ]: i, ei, ij
*[ɔɪ]: ai
*[aʊ]: ou


The phonemic consonants are:
*[ʀ]: r
*[t]: t
*[p]: p
*[s]: ss, sj, c+(front vowel)
*[ʃ]: sch, s+(front vowel)
*[tʃ]: tts, schtts
*[d]: d
*[ð]: x
*[f]: f
*[g]: g
*[h]: h, th
*[j]: j, i+[a, o]
*[k]: k, c+(back/mid vowel)
*[x]: ch
*[l]: l
*[z]: s, z
*[ʒ]: g+(front vowel), z+(front vowel)
*[v]: v
*[vʷ]: w
*[b]: b
*[n]: n
*[m]: m


Maximum syllable structure allowed is:

([s, z])(C)([r, l])V([s, z, ch, n, m])(C)([r])([s, z]), where V stands for any vowel or allowed diphthong.


Allophony:
* final, unstressed &lt;i&gt; ([aɪ]) tends to become [e].
* [s] and [z] change to [ʃ] and [ʒ], respectively, before a consonant (except for [t] and [d]).
* the cluster [st] becomes [s] and the clusters [zt], [zd] and [sd] become [z].
* [ʀ], [x] and [h] aren't pronounced syllable-finally.
* [ng] and [nk] tends to become [ŋ].
* in some dialects [ch] is pronounced [kx] before back vowels.
* all vowels tend to nasalize before [n] or [m]. [i] and [ɪ] don't, though.
* final unstressed [e] becomes a schwa ([ə]).
* unstressed [u] becomes [ʌ].
* final [g] always becomes [ʒ].
* [e] followed by [ʀ] (even if silent) becomes [a].

Stress, which is usually in the second-to-last syllable, can be achieved by means of:
* addition of an accute accent ´;
* insertion of th after the stressed vowel, which changes certain vowels' into others, such as &lt;e&gt;[e] &gt; &lt;eth&gt;[ɛ].

Other than that, stress is unpredictable, like English.


== Grammar ==

'''Verbal Morphology'''

Verbs in Herevashkian conjugate in three tenses (present, past and future) and have one gerund, two participles (singular and plural) and two imperatives (singular and plural).

There is only one conjugation pattern in Herevashkian. There are, however, irregular verbs and verbs which take orthographic adjustments (such as verb stems that end with e, ie, s or ss).

The verb '''oden voln''' ('''oden''' is the infinitive marker, such as English 'to'), meaning 'to see'.


Present Indicative

'''Ij voln''' [voln]

'''Zu volnnst''' [&quot;vol.n̥s]

'''Thie/Rie voln'''

'''Vie volne''' [&quot;vol.nə]

'''Jier volnest''' [&quot;vol.nəs]

'''Thien/Rien volne'''


Past Indicative

'''Ij volnijch''' [&quot;vol.naɪ]

'''Zu volnijchst''' [&quot;vol.naɪs]

'''Thie/Rie volnijch'''

'''Vie volneich''' [&quot;vol.naɪ]

'''Jier volneichst''' [&quot;vol.naɪs]

'''Thien/Rien volneich'''


Future Indicative

'''Ij volnáth''' [vol&quot;na]

'''Zu volnáthst''' [vol&quot;nas]

'''Thie/Rie volnáth'''

'''Vie volnáthe''' [vol&quot;na]

'''Jier volnáthest''' [vol&quot;nas]

'''Thien/Rien volnáthe'''


'''Gerund''': '''volns'''

'''Participe''': singular: '''volnen'''; plural: '''volnä'''

'''Imperative''': singular: '''volne'''; plural: '''volnes'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karagose</title>
    <id>3585</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16905</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T14:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Karagose remis]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Karagose remis]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nimegose</title>
    <id>3586</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16906</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-01T14:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Nimegose remis]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nimegose remis]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshian languages</title>
    <id>3587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16923</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T06:16:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhafan languages]]
[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshian languages</title>
    <id>3589</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48651</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-28T05:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:D-2 dual-planet system</title>
    <id>3590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33047</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T06:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page links articles relating to the dual-planet system involving the planets of [[Ilethes]] and [[Valmante]].
[[Category:Planets]]
[[Category:Ilethes]]
[[Category:Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>D-2 dual-planet system</title>
    <id>3591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16935</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T16:30:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''D-2 dual-planet system''' is an orbital system involving the planets [[Ilethes]] and [[Valmante]], which are engaged simultaneously in mutual orbit, and orbit the star [[Dephelis]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: D-2 dual-planet system]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Valmante</title>
    <id>3592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16942</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T18:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Valmante''' is one of the outermost planets in the orbit of the star [[Dephelis]], and is engaged in mutual orbit in the [[D-2 dual-planet system]] with [[Ilethes]]. It is believed to be 6.482 billion years old. On Ilethes, the planet used to be called ''[[Maguera]]'' until the 352nd annual meeting of the [[Iletheride Conference of Astronomy]] where the name was dropped in favour of the Valmantean autonym.

==Name==

The name Valmante, being the name for the planet in the [[International Form]], is actually derived from an amalgam of three words for &quot;world&quot; in three major languages: ''Valonden'' in [[Ugeruzebe]], ''Manasir'' in [[Heironam]], and ''Tenarse'' in [[Mirselec]]. 

==Formation==

In the astronomical timescale Valmante is considered to be the &quot;elder planet&quot; of the D-2 system.

==Physical characteristics==

===Position in orbit===

==Geography==
===Terrain===
===Climate===
===Resources===
===Natural hazards===

==Human influence==

==See also==

*[[D-2 dual-planet system]]
*[[Ilethes]]
*[[Maguera]]

[[Category: Conworlds]]
[[Category: D-2 dual-planet system]]
[[Category: Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maguera</title>
    <id>3593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29431</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T10:13:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Maguera''' {{IPA|[mə'gɛɹə]}} ([[Dethric language|Dethric]] {{IPA|[mə'gɛrə]}}) is the old [[Ilethes|Iletheride]] name for the planet of [[Valmante]], prior to the [[Ilethes in the Space Age|Space Age]] when interplanetary contact was made possible with the advent of space technology. ''Post hoc'', the [[Iletheride Conference of Astronomy]] decided at its 352nd annual meeting in 2226 [[CIE]] to adopt the Valmantean [[International Form]] autonym in lieu of the old traditional name of Maguera.

[[Category: Conworlds]]
[[Category: D-2 dual-planet system]]
[[Category: Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baroye</title>
    <id>3594</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16946</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-02T18:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Baroye]] moved to [[Baroye-dego]]: In order to better clarify the title of the district, and to bring it in line with other naming practices</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Baroye-dego]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iselniragan-dego</title>
    <id>3595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16974</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T10:33:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Iselniragan-dego''', also known by its numerical designation as District E1-1, is one of the districts of [[Isana]], situated within [[Awenhine remis]]. It is the northernmost district of the remis, situated on the eastern side of the mouth of the [[Rushalya river]], and is a relatively quiet district of the east bay area.

The name ''Iselniragan'' literally means &quot;Third Prince's Residence&quot;; the name comes from the late 17th century, when a royal prince established a major house in the area. While the residence itself is no longer existent, the site (also called Iselniragan) is now the centre of a park wherein an 18th century residence, built by royal decree, still stands.

==Site and Situation==

Iselniragan occupies one of the most scenic spots of the city, the Rushalya rivermouth; its relative greenery, as well as that of [[Ainosdunikara-dego]] which lies across the river, was however not natural but achieved through planning and great effort, as with most of the parkland areas within modern Isana. Having a large number of old buildings, many of which have been converted to artistic or other cultural uses, it is one of the more quiet areas of Awenkara, quite free from the bustle of the south.

Most commercial development takes place on the Gardaus coast, rather than around the Rushalya rivermouth; with only a few large malls the area consists mostly of specialty shops, supplying the workers in the area. At the same time Giregaus Road which stretches from the coast northeast into northern [[Garnoye remis]] has a reputation for famous high schools, with no less than three famous junior high and two senior high schools along it. 

==History==

==Iselniragan Today==

==Neighbourhoods==

==Famous Buildings==

==Notes==

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taiberseimi</title>
    <id>3596</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16951</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T04:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Taiberseimi]] moved to [[Taiberseimi-dego]]: In order to better clarify the title of the district, and to bring it in line with naming practices</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Taiberseimi-dego]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taibergute</title>
    <id>3597</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>16953</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T04:55:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Taibergute]] moved to [[Taibergute-dego]]: In order to better clarify the title of the district, and to bring it in line with other naming practices</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Taibergute-dego]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duke of Andebrea</title>
    <id>3599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16966</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T06:37:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Duke of Andebrea''' was a noble rank in the pre-imperial [[Areth]] kingdom of [[Lazeia (kingdom)|Lazeia]], conferred on the second-born son of the king, or later, as primogeniture gave way to discretionary bequest, on the eldest child of the king other than the Crown Prince.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duke of Andebra</title>
    <id>3600</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52884</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:02:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirects are easier to keep track of than null pages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Duke of Andebrea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bastenal-dego</title>
    <id>3601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16973</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T10:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bastenal-dego''', numerical designation E1-3, is one of the districts of [[Isana]], located within [[Awenhine remis]]. It is most famously known as being one of the major economic areas of the city, as well as housing the new [[Isana Stock Exchange]] building and the headquarters of the [[Risevan Central Bank]].

The word ''Bastenal'' refers to a certain large pavillion, and contains a fair amount of historical irony; being a word from classical [[Mirselec]] it carries a strong connotation of education and refinement, and in this context it referred to the many pavillions erected within this area, ostensibly for hard-working labourers to rest, and built by money donated by wealthy industrialists and the noveau-riche of Isana during the [[Ibakizaro]]. That they are built on the east side of the bay, instead of the west where the vast majority of the labourers were housed, gives the lie to these acts of charity; nonetheless these days some of the old surviving pavillions have become important historical locations within the city.

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Bastenal Today==

==Neighbourhoods==

==Famous Buildings==

==Notes==

[[category:Neighbourhoods of Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Thesomalchellean</title>
    <id>3602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17276</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-09T12:46:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebilein</username>
        <id>219</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Proto-Thesom-Alchellean language''' is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Thesom-Alchellean languages. Although the existence of such a language has been accepted by linguists of the different realms for a long time, there has been debate about many specific details.

== Phonology ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Proto-Thesomalchellean Phonolgy - Consonants (traditional transcription)'''
|-
!
!Bilabials
!Dentals
!Palatals
!Velars
!Uvulars
|-
!Plosives
|p b
|t d
|c j
|k g
|q y
|-
!Aspiratae
|pʰ bʰ
|tʰ dʰ
|cʰ jʰ
|kʰ gʰ
|qʰ yʰ
|-
!Nasals
|m
|n
|
|ŋ
|
|-
!Sonorants
|
|s l r
|
|
|
|}

The Palatal and Uvular rows lack phonetic nasals.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Proto-Thesomalchellean Phonolgy - Vowels (traditional transcription)'''
|-
!Ablaut
!Front High
!Central Low
!Back High
|-
!Normal
!i
!a
!u
|-
!Long
!ī
!ā
!ū
|-
!Weak
!ĭ
!ă
!ŭ
|-
!A-Infixion
!aĭ
!aă
!aŭ
|}


== Roots ==

All scholars of Proto-Thesom-Alchellean have finally agreed that even ''before'' Proto-Thesom-Alchellean some basic language existed. This ante-Proto language is called '''The Root System'''. Roots are the most basic source of vocabulary, something that could be called “the bones of any language”.

Roots consist of characteristic consonants (one to four) and characteristic vowels (only one per root).

√BH-N-TH(A)
√TH-S(I)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lyonaske Province</title>
    <id>3603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>16999</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T14:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lyonaske Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Lyonaske denai''), also known as Province 15, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated in western central [[Masalne]] along [[Uniwa Bay]]. It borders [[Naguse Province]] to the south, [[Besurgana Province]] to the east, and [[Pires Province]] on the north. The provincial capital is the city of [[Eoyaza]].

Lyonaske was historically one of the more populated centres in the north, and has a rich history of settlement. Most notable is its history of settlement by foreigners, a tradition started when in 537 the [[Kingdom of Uriwana]] invited 60 distinguished scholars from what is modern-day [[Kavena]], beseeching them to help him compile a history of the area (a compendium that would later be called the [[Uriwana ta Keinoser]]). 

==Geography==

The geography of the province is dominated by two rivers, the [[Uremas river|Uremas]] and the [[Galagis river|Galagis]]; while they enter the province fron the northeast and east respectively they converge until, by the time they reach the sea, their mouths are only 11 kilometres away from each other. In certain years the smaller Uremas may even divert into the Galagis. Mostly hilly country with valleys, the main areas of settlement are along the valleys of these two rivers.

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Eoyaza]], the provincial capital

*[[Isaheri]], often called &quot;the greatest fishing town of the west&quot;

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>King of Risevne</title>
    <id>3604</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17002</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-03T15:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Monarch of Risevne]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Monarch of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monarch of Risevne</title>
    <id>3605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33489</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T17:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Monarch''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Risevan Korai'' &quot;King&quot; or ''Risevan Imkorai'' &quot;Queen&quot;), as under the [[1827 Constitution]], is the head of state of [[Risevne]] and all territories under Risevan sovereignty. While the constitution gives the King substantial autonomy in managing his own estates, as well as certain legislative powers, in practice the monarch rarely uses these powers, and mostly takes on ceremonial roles.

The Kingdom of Risevne is, in terms of lineage, the successor state of the [[Kingdom of Masal]] and [[Kingdom of Rarena]], which were merged by marriage in 1249 DN. The kingdom was then extended through all [[Masalne]] in 1477, in the [[Matafengar]], and finally to [[Agalmare]] in 1502; with this extension it also took on the form of a parliamentary monarchy, where the status of the king was laid out beyond doubt but was in turn circumscribed by the [[Afengar]]. While the practice of things have since changed, with the embrace of parliamentary democracy, much of the symbolism of the monarchy remains, a sign of the respect of the Risevani towards the ancient sovereignty.

Note: The term ''King of Risevne'' may be used to refer to the monarch hereafter; this is a matter of convenience, not gender discrimination. (In any case there was a profusion of Risevan Queens.)

==Style==

==History==

==The Monarchy Today==

===Political Role===

The monarch of Risevne has considerable powers in theory, and under the Constitution; established practice, however, tends to limit these powers. 

The monarch is responsible for the appointment of the [[Ganize]], or governmental ministers, as well as the ordaining and approving of the [[Kodobu|Risevan Cabinet]]; this is carried out in an elaborate ritual where the seal of each Ganize is bestowed upon them and an oath of fealty to the monarch and the kingdom is sworn. At the same time he is responsible for the selection of the [[Naruganize]] should a parliament fail to have a clear majority, and he also has the power to override the Naruganize's choice of Ganize, though this power has not been exercised since 1863. At the same time the monarch meets the Naruganize and other senior officials once every week for a briefing, where he or she will be briefed on certain matters, and in turn advises or warns the Naruganize.

The monarch, while mostly excluded from the legislative process in modern times, is in fact vested with certain powers in this area as well, as according to the 1827 Constitution; one of the most important and significant is the allowance of a royally imposed temporary veto, where the monarch may force a bill to be frozen for three months, pending debate and another vote, as long as the bill does not have a 2/3 majority within the Afengar. 

At the same time the monarch is charged with the ''power and responsibility'' to ''ensure that the laws apply throughout the nation, and are not enforced upon a part of the people alone, be the separation for better or worse''; this other royal right gives the monarch the power to suspend for up to nine months a law that can be seen to be discriminatory to a segment of the population (that is, it would only be enforced upon a certain group of people), pending hearings and consultations in the Afengar.

===Finances===

The Risevan [[Royal Estate]] is the source of income for the Risevan monarch, covering all royal expenditures. Under the 1827 Constitution land owned by the monarch cannot be sold, but will pass automatically from one monarch to the next; the monarch is also prohibited from purchasing land above a certain amount. However, the monarch may purchase and sell other assets; this allowance, in turn, has helped transform the Royal House into one of the country's wealthiest families. In 2041, the annual income of the Royal Estate has been estimated at 1.57 billion [[Mirin]].

===Public Life===

Part of the esteem that Risevani attach to the monarchy derives from their deep involvement in the society of Risevne; within the country the monarch is often known not for any political act, but rather as patrons of learning and the arts. 

The [[Royal Museum Trust]] was founded by [[Itaran IV of Isana|King Itaran IV]] in 1961 with the goal of reviving and funding many museums which in the postwar period were suffering shortages of funds. It presently provides for 19 museums around the nation, including the famous five [[Royal Museums of Isana]], and has a scheme whereby the government matches every 2 Mirin in Trust contributions with 1 Mirin. 

The [[Royal Education Foundation]], founded by [[Arnen IV of Risevne|King Arnen IV]] two months after the end of the [[Fourth Global War]] with the original aim of providing for the education of orphans and overaged students who had not been able to enter school during the war years, has since grown to become a major charity for aiding economically disadvantaged families send their children to higher education (primary education is free and compulsory in Risevne). 

The [[Risevan Royal Scholarship for Higher Education]], often simply known as the ''Koraita Ganatas'' or Royal Grant, is a well-known scholarship for university education in Risevne, and is considered as being even more prestigious than the [[Risevan Governmental Service Scholarship]]. Financed from the Royal Estate as well, the Royal Grant differs from the governmental scholarship in many respects; it has no bond or contract whatsoever, and instead of individual applications the selection process involves school submissions of portfolios of their best students, producing a pool of around 400 candidates who are then whittled down to just 60, of whom a maximum of 6 will get the award in any year.

==Notes==

==See Also==

*[[Risevan Royal Regalia]]

*[[List of Monarchs of Risevne]]

[[category:Risevne]]
[[category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian Language Homepage</title>
    <id>3606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48886</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-03T16:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dalcurian Dictionary */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]] 

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)&lt;br&gt;[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet&lt;br&gt;(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Middle Dalcurian&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)&lt;br/&gt; Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

&lt;font color=#151B8D&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.&lt;br/&gt;Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation 

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.&lt;br/&gt;I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].&lt;BR/&gt;I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====
====[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian Dictionary]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']

[[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Svanniskar</title>
    <id>3607</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52885</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirects are easier to keep track of than null pages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Svanniskar language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pires Province</title>
    <id>3608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17063</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-04T13:58:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Towns and Cities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Pires Province''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Pires denai''), also known as Province 16, is a [[subdivisions of Risevne|province]] of [[Risevne]], situated along the west coast of [[Masalne]] along the north of [[Uniwa Bay]]. It borders [[Lorudac Province]] to the north, [[Besurgana Province]] to the east, and [[Lyonaske Province]] to the south. The capital city of the province is the city of [[Taidore]].

Once the heart of a major coastal kingdom extending north to [[Neiberin Province]], the area known as Pires became an independent fief in 1532; occupying a strategic area, containing both the coast road and the famous fortress of [[Erusanoye]], sited in a mountain pass, it remained politically important even as it gradually declined economically. In modern times the area has experienced a resurgence as a major transport hub and tourist attraction.

==Geography==

==History==

==Economy and Demography==

==Society and Culture==

==Constituent Counties==

==Towns and Cities==

*[[Taidore]], the provincial capital

*[[Erusa]], the site of the famous Erusanoye, and a famed old city along the western coast

==Famous Locations==

[[category:Provinces of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kaitetaiber</title>
    <id>3609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17433</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T00:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kaitetaiber''' is a city located in [[Ofalna Province]], in its east near the boundary with [[Enimdanoi Province]]. Mostly known for being a university town, it houses the [[University of Kaitetaiber]], which was founded in 1482. The city now has a population of 77,372 inhabitants.

==Name==

''Kai te Taiber'' means &quot;Firm Bridge&quot;, and refers to the origin of the town at a natural ford of the [[Camizis river]], from which it also derived much of its past prosperity as a milling and transport town. The oldest bridge still extant now dates from 1738, known as the Old Bridge, and is south of the city centre; in total there are now 6 bridges across the Camizis.

==History==

While Kaitetaiber is now mostly known for its world-famous university, the history of the city stretches a considerable way farther back. The position of Kaitetaiber, in an expanse of fields and lying along a major route south from the mountains, made it an important hub of trade. The earliest known mention of the town dates from the early 8th century, when it was known as ''Hairmatagusa'', or &quot;Stallion's Ford&quot;. 

[[category:Ofalna Province]]
[[category:Cities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ageteri Malyer</title>
    <id>3610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17118</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T04:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ageteri Izu Malyer''' (16 May 1993 - ) is a modern [[Risevani]] writer, most known in the country for her poetic works.

[[category:Mirselec literature]]
[[category:Risevani poets and writers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agin</title>
    <id>3611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17131</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T12:41:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''Agin''', literally meaning &quot;Seal&quot; or &quot;Crest&quot; in [[Mirselec]], refers to designs analogous to heraldric devices used by the nobility of Risevne, some of which are still being used today. 

==Description==

Unlike similar traditions in other countries, which have tended towards elaborate pictoral representations of every family, the Agin emphasises simplicity and austerity. A normal Agin mostly is either a simple geometrical design, or a similarly simple drawing, on a background, and tend to have just one or two colours. An example would be a round black background, on which three circles are drawn touching each other in white, with a silver triangle connecting the centres of the circles; this is the Agin of the [[House of Sesunza]]. 

==History==

==Modern Usage==

==Famous Agin==

*[[Koraite Agin]] - the Royal Crest, sometimes called the ''Niskazoi'' or Five Branches

[[category:Risevan culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthesis Project</title>
    <id>3612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28857</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T23:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category:collaborations</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Oligosynthesis Project is a collaborative experiment to create an oligosynthetic conlang. This language has a limited number of [[Oligosynthesis Project Vocabluary|roots]] (400) all of which have a basic verbal meaning. To participate in the project, look at the roots, the [[Oligosynthesis Project Phonology|phonology]], the [[Oligosynthesis Project Morphology|morphological rules]] and the [[Oligosynthesis project syntax|syntax]] and then do one of the following

#Give a meaning to some of the words in the vocabulary
#Propose phonological processes
#Derive new forms of words using existing morphological rules.
#Propose a new morphological rule
#Propose syntactical rules
#Create [[Oligosyntesis Project Example Sentences|Example Sentences]]
#Speculate on the concultural background

Some of these steps are dependent on enough people having contributed via the other steps.

There are two important don'ts

#'''Don't''' create new roots. This is the Oligosynthesis Project after all.
#'''Don't''' contradict previous contributions. If you want to do something that would change a previous contribution, raise the issue on the [[:Talk:Oligosynthesis Project |Talk Page]] first.

[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthesis Project Vocabluary</title>
    <id>3613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17442</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T14:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Basilius</username>
        <id>283</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here is the vocabulary of the [[Oligosynthesis Project]]. To add a definition for a word, place it after the colon in the edit view. To add a derived form, place it in an indented definition list under its parent. 

;pip : be repeated twice
;pid :
;pig :
;pih :
;pin :
;piw :
;pab :
;paf :
;pax :
;paN :
;paW :
;paw :
;par :
;put : be first
;pud :
;puf :
;pus :
;pux :
;puN :
;pun :
;puw :
;pul :
;tik :
;tis :
;tix :
;tih :
;tiN :
;tin :
;tiw :
;tir : 
;til :
;tat :
;taf :
;tax :
;tan :
;taW :
;tar :
;tal : be repeated thrice
;tuk :
;tub :
;tuf :
;tus :
;tuW :
;tur :
;tul :
;kip :
;kib :
;kid :
;kis :
;kix :
;kih :
;kiN :
;kin :
;kiw :
;kil :
;kap :
;kaf :
;kas :
;kax :
;kah :
;kan :
;kaW :
;kaw :
;kut :
;kub :
;kud :
;kuf :
;kux :
;kuh :
;kun :
;bib : ask
;bid :
;bix :
;bih :
;biN :
;biW :
;biw :
;bil :
;bat :
;bag :
;bas :
;bax :
;bah :
;bar :
;bal :
;but :
;bub :
;buf :
;bus :
;buh :
;bur :
;dip :
;dit :
;dik :
;did :
;diN :
;din :
;diW :
;diw :
;dat :
;dab :
;dag :
;daf :
;das :
;dax : be repeated ten times
;dan :
;dar :
;dal :
;duk :
;dub :
;duf :
;dus :
;dur :
;dul :
;gip :
;gib :
;gid :
;gig :
;gif :
;gis :
;gih :
;gin :
;giw :
;gir :
;gil :
;gap :
;gak :
;gab :
;gas :
;gah :
;gan :
;gaW :
;gaw :
;gar :
;gal :
;gup :
;gub :
;gud :
;gug :
;guf :
;gux :
;guh :
;guN :
;gun :
;guW :
;guw :
;gur :
;gul :
;fip :
;fib :
;fig :
;fif :
;fix :
;fih :
;fiN :
;fin :
;fiw :
;fab :
;fag :
;faf :
;fax :
;faN :
;fal :
;fut :
;fuk :
;fug :
;fuf :
;fus :
;fux :
;sib :
;sif :
;sis :
;six :
;siN :
;siW :
;sil :
;sap :
;sak :
;sad :
;saf :
;sax :
;sah :
;saN :
;san :
;saw :
;sut :
;suk :
;suf :
;sus :
;sun :
;suW :
;suw :
;xip :
;xit :
;xid :
;xig :
;xis :
;xix :
;xih :
;xin :
;xiw :
;xil :
;xak :
;xas :
;xax :
;xah :
;xaN :
;xan :
;xaw :
;xar :
;xup :
;xut :
;xuk :
;xug :
;xun :
;xuW : be last
;xur :
;hip :
;hik :
;hig :
;his :
;hix :
;hih : happen one time
;hiN :
;hil :
;haf :
;hax :
;haN :
;haW :
;haw :
;hal :
;hut :
;hub :
;huf :
;hus :
;hux :
;huh :
;hur :
;hul :
;mit :
;mik :
;mib :
;mid :
;mif :
;mis :
;mih :
;min :
;mil :
;map :
;mat :
;mak :
;mab :
;maf :
;maN :
;maW :
;mar :
;mup :
;mut :
;muk :
;mub :
;mug :
;muf :
;mus :
;mux :
;muh :
;muN :
;muw :
;mur :
;mul :
;nip :
;nit :
;nid :
;nis :
;nih :
;niW :
;niw :
;nap :
;nat :
;nab :
;nag :
;naf :
;naN :
;nan :
;naW :
;nar :
;nut :
;nuk :
;nun :
;nuw :
;nur :
;nul :
;Wip :
;Wit :
;Wik :
;Wib :
;Wih :
;Wiw :
;Wir :
;Wap :
;Wak :
;Wab :
;Wag :
;Wax :
;Wan :
;Waw :
;War :
;Wal :
;Wup :
;Wut :
;Wuk :
;Wub :
;Wud :
;Wus :
;Wuh :
;WuW :
;Wuw :
;Wur :
;wik :
;wib :
;wif :
;wis :
;wix :
;wih :
;wiN :
;win :
;wiW :
;wap :
;wat :
;wak :
;wad :
;war :
;wup :
;wut :
;wuk :
;wub :
;wud :
;wug :
;wuh :
;wun :
;wur :
;wul :
;rip :
;rik :
;rib :
;rid :
;rif :
;ris :
;rix :
;riN :
;riW :
;rir :
;rat :
;rak :
;rab :
;rad :
;raf :
;ras :
;rax :
;rah :
;raW :
;raw :
;rup :
;rub :
;rux :
;ruh :
;ruN :
;run :
;ruW :
;ruw :
;rul :
;jip :
;jit :
;jik :
;jib :
;jis :
;jih : be next
;jin :
;jiW :
;jir :
;jil :
;jap :
;jak :
;jab :
;jaf :
;jax :
;jaN :
;jan :
;jaW :
;jal :
;jut :
;juk :
;jud :
;juf :
;jus :
;juh :
;jun :
;juW :
;juw :
;jur :
;jul :</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthesis Project Phonology</title>
    <id>3614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17132</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T13:01:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonemes ==
===Consonants===
p t k

b d g

f s x h

m n N

W

w r j

l

===Vowels===
i   u
  
a

All in CXS.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthesis Project Morphology</title>
    <id>3615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30033</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-19T10:03:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added some verbal voices</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Propose morphological processes here. These can be concatenative or non-concatenative, derivational or inflectional. To describe the processes using Lexical Relatedness Morphology notation, use [[Template:LRM]], for which the code

&lt;nowiki&gt;{{LRM|Form1=FOO|Part1=A|Meaning1=X|Form2=BAR|Part2=B|Meaning2=Y}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

gives you

{{LRM|Form1=FOO|Part1=A|Meaning1=X|Form2=BAR|Part2=B|Meaning2=Y}}

Which means that from a word of form ''FOO'', which belongs to Part of Speech ''A'' and means ''X'', can be derived a word of form ''BAR'' which belongs to Part of Speech ''B'' and means ''Y''.


----


===Numerals===

All cardinal and ordinal numerals are built from (the derivates and/or compounds of) the following roots: ''hih'' 'happen one time', ''pip'' 'be repeated twice', ''tal'' 'be repeated thrice', ''dax'' 'be repeated ten times', ''put'' 'be first', and ''xuW'' 'be last'. In its most commonly used version, the system is decimal.

===Verbal Voices===

====Active==== 

Unmarked. The trigger acts as the subject of the sentence.

====Mediopassive====

{{LRM|Form1=XVC|Part1=Verb|Meaning1=Active|Form2=XVCVC|Part2=Verb|Meaning2=Mediopassive}}

Trigger acts on itself.

====Primary Passive====

{{LRM|Form1=X|Part1=Verb|Meaning1=Active|Form2=XVCFa|Part2=Verb|Meaning2=Primary Passive}}

where F is a homoorganic fricative. Trigger is the primary object</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:LRM</title>
    <id>3616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17141</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T13:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
| &lt;big&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
| 
{|
| {{{Form1}}}
|-
| {{{Part1}}}
|-
| {{{Meaning1}}}
|}
|
&lt;big&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt; } &lt;=&gt; { &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|
{|
| {{{Form2}}}
|-
| {{{Part2}}}
|-
| {{{Meaning2}}}
|}
| &lt;big&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tasanuri College, University of Isana</title>
    <id>3617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17146</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-05T14:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tasanuri College''' is one of the 29 colleges of the [[University of Isana]].

==History==

Named after [[Nise ke Tasanuri]], the great statesman and national hero of the Risevani, Tasanuri is the youngest of the five colleges which merged to form the University in 1481, and was founded by personal donation from Tasanuri himself, as well as a group of 22 other wealthy members of the nobility.

==Site and Situation==

==Rankings, Culture and Achievements==

==Famous Alumni==

[[category:Colleges of the University of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]
[[category:Universities of Risevne]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mountain Kasshian Family</title>
    <id>3618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24107</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T09:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Mountain Kasshian''' family is a group of [[Kasshian languages]] spoken, historically, in the Western Barrier Mountains, though some are spoken in the northern foothills.

The Mountain languages are, in some ways, more conservative than the Kassan branch, and in other ways, more innovative.  They have retained a larger number of the ancestral genders, as well as a distinct dual number for some genders, with paucal retained in a small number of nouns.

They also, however, considerably simplified the verbal system and adopted a decimal number system.  Some have also developed a complex system of honorifics.  Some have developed more complex phonologies, while others have simplified.  The group became more diversified during the [[Great Freeze]], when many of the vallies they'd settled in became isolated from each other and the outside world.

Languages in the Mountain family include
*[[Sanu]] (''kla sanu'')
*[[Qtav]]

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Kassan</title>
    <id>3619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31758</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:03:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Old Kassan''' is the ancestor of the Kassan branch of [[Kasshian languages]].  It was similar in many ways to [[Common Kasshian]].  See the Common Kasshian article for more information.  This article will only focus on the differences between Common Kasshian and Old Kassan

= Phonology =
/h/ was lost.  Vowel sequences generally coallesced into diphthongs.  Initial ''i'' or ''u'' became ''y'' and ''w''.

= Grammar =
== Nouns ==
=== Number ===
The old plural was lost, with the old paucal filling its place
=== Gender ===
The [[Common Kasshian#Genders|gender system]] was somewhat simplified.
*Gender IX was lost, most were merged into gender VI, except for divinities which were merged into gender XIII
*Gender XIII merged with gender XII in the dual and plural
*Some body-parts began to take the gender of their possessor
*Some nouns moved from gender VII to gender VI

=== Inflections ===
==== Case ====
The [[Common Kasshian#Postpositions|case-like postpositions]] of Common Kasshian became attached to the noun and reduplicated on agreeing adjectivse.
== Verbs ==
=== Personal Prefixes ===
The personal clitics became obligatory prefixes.  They were placed on the aspectual auxilary, if any, or the verb itself.  Sometimes they were placed in suffix position if there was no auxilary (essentially analyzed as an auxilary with a null form).
=== Applicatives ===
The use of these prefixes changed.  Dative came to be reanalyzed as the dative-object voice, so- was reanalyzed as the antipassive, while the commitative was used solely in the collocation of ko-ran- (with reflexive ko-) as a reciprocative.
=== Aspectual auxilaries ===
These lost their free existence, and became suffixes on the verb.
== Pronouns ==
These were rarely used as free words, mostly as clitics.  They lost their dative and postpositional inflections.
= Syntax =
Old Kassan had freer word-order than Common Kasshian.  A tendency for the verb to assume initial position had developed, but topicalized nouns still generally preceded the verb.

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Kassan, Old]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanu</title>
    <id>3620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31759</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:03:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sanu''' (''kla sanu'') is a [[Mountain Kasshian Family|Mountain Kasshian]] language spoken in the Sanu Valley.

= Phonology =
== Consonants ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stop || || b || || || t || d || || || k || || '
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n || || || || g || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || s || z || || || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || w || || || || r || || y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
== Vowels ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || ï || ü || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid-High || || e || || || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-aligh: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid-Low || || || è || || || || ò ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a     
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

= Grammar =
== Nouns ==
=== Genders ===
The gender system of Sanu preserved many of the distinctions of [[Common Kasshian]].

{|class=&quot;bordertable&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|
|'''Singular'''
|'''Dual'''
|'''Plural'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender I'''
|te
|tel
|ten
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender II'''
|na
|nal
|nan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender III'''
|so
|sol
|son
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender V'''
|ri
|colspan=2|rin
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender VII'''
|fi
|colspan=2|fin
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender VIII'''
|on (n)
|colspan=2|ol (l)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender X'''
|'ir (r)
|colspan=2|'yan
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender IX'''
|rowspan=2|tan
|colspan=2|tal (tl)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XI'''
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|tòn
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XII'''
|tò
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XIII'''
|tòl
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Gender XIV'''
|kla
|colspan=2|klan
|}

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>King Sarus I Square</title>
    <id>3621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17172</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-06T03:10:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''King Sarus I Square''' ([[Mirselec]] ''Korai Ichate Sarus ta Gausa'') is a city square in [[Awenkara remis]], [[Isana]], situated at the north end of [[Victory Road]] in the middle of the [[Unification Memorial Park]]. 

==Site and Situation==

==History==

==Events==

==Notes==

[[category:City Squares of Isana]]
[[category:Isana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Romlang 3 sketch</title>
    <id>3623</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45985</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>dubbelredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Melroch/Rhodrese]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Blossom.jpg</title>
    <id>3624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17195</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-07T14:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Svanniskar morphology</title>
    <id>3625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17463</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Svanniskar syntax</title>
    <id>3626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17464</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:15:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi-Oppai Family</title>
    <id>3627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48653</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-28T05:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kasshi-Oppai Family''' is a linguistic family encompassing the Kasshian languages, [[Oppai (language)|Oppai]], and a few other minor tongues.

= Proto-Kasshi-Oppai =
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stop || p || || || || t || || c || || k || || q
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenasalized Stop || || b || || || || d || || j || || g ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n || ||ñ|| || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || s || z || || || x || || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || w || || || || r || || y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
Fricatives, nasals, and laterals could be syllabic, marked in romanization by a following apostrophe.  Syllabic consonants could combine with vowels to form diphthongs.

=== Vowels ===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
Vowels could be long or short

=== Syllables ===
Syllables could begin with:
*Any consonant
*Any vowel
*A stop followed by a nasal, fricative or liquid
*A fricative followed by a nasal or liquid
Syllables could end with:
*Any consonant

== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
==== Gender ====
Proto-Kasshi-Oppai had a simple 3-gender system, marked on adjectives by the suffixes:
*Masculine: -na
*Feminine: -ta
*Neuter: -kau

Gender agreement was found in adjectives and pronouns.  Gender was largely arbitrary for inanimates and non-sex-differentiable animals.

==== Number ====
PKO had four numbers - singular, dual, paucal (or possibly trial), and plural, marked by postposed clitics
*Dual: Ri
*Paucal: F'
*Plural: Ña

==== Case ====
PKO had 6 cases - nominative, accusative, genetive, dative, instrumental, and postpositional, marked by suffixes on the nouns
*Nominative: -
*Accusative: -hia
*Genetive: -af'
*Dative: -az'
*Instrumental: -ar', -ka
*Postpositional: -l'

= Family Tree =
''This is an incomplete listing''
*[[Oppai branch|Oppai]]
**[[Oppai (language)|Oppai]]
*Kasshian (descendants of [[Common Kasshian]])
**Northern Kasshian
***[[Mountain Kasshian Family|Mountain Kasshian]]
****Qtav
****[[Sanu]] (''kla sanu'')
**Kassan (descendants of [[Old Kassan]])
***North Kassan (extinct)
***South Kassan
****Imperial Languages (descendants of [[Classical Kasshian]])
*****Central
******[[Ivetsian]]
*****Northern
******[[Shivrashanese]]

[[Category:Galhafan languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Svanniskar language</title>
    <id>3628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17461</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Svanniskar</title>
    <id>3629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17460</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaean</title>
    <id>3630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23774</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T06:10:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tannaean''' can mean any of the following:

*The [[Tannaean language]],
*Of or relating to the historical [[Tannaea (region)|Tannaea region]] in southeast [[Marcasia]],
*Of or relating to the modern [[Tannaea (province)|province]] in [[Arithia]],
*An inhabitant of either, who may be [[Eleena]], [[Areth]] or any of a number of ethnicities
*Of or relating to such inhabitants as mentioned above


{{disambig}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tann</title>
    <id>3631</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17297</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T11:31:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Eleena]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Eleena]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minorities of Arithia</title>
    <id>3632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17343</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T06:20:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Officially recognised */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article is a list of the '''minority ethnicities of [[Arithia]]''', including the sixteen groups officially recognised by the federal government, as well as, in a separate section, other groups claiming separate and distinct nationality but have not been recognised by the Department of Minority Affairs.

N.B. This page includes only indigenous minority groups. Immigrant minorities such as the sizeable [[Dethrians|Dethrian]] expatriate population in [[Lazea]] have been omitted.

==Officially recognised==

===Cadaeria===

*[[Abesians]] in historic [[Domanaea]]
*[[Calians]] in [[Argonia]]
*[[Herallians]] of Arithian [[Herallia]] in western [[Odomantaea]]
*[[Heristians]] in [[Nisaea]]
*[[Lybians]] in [[Coronaea]]n [[Lybia]]
*[[Saracians]] of [[Saracia]] in [[Bactaea]]

===Audoria===

*[[Bass]] in [[Sypria]] in [[Saperaea]]
*[[Corith]] in [[Ebentaea]]n [[Arvidia]]
*[[Damurians]] in [[Lessoraea]]
*[[Feghin]] in [[Minaea]] (see also the historic province of [[Magderaea]])
*[[Hyrrgonians]] of [[Hyrrgonia]]
*[[Madonians]] of [[Madonia]] in [[Erythaea]] (see also the historic province of [[Madonaea]])
*[[Samecians]] of [[Samecia]] in southern [[Tannaea]]
*[[Syprians]] of [[Sypria]] in [[Saperaea]]
*[[Syrac]] in [[Posaea]]n [[Avalacia]]
*[[Vethudians]] of [[Vethos]] in [[Cunedaea]]

==Not officially recognised==


{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Audoria</title>
    <id>3633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17311</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T13:06:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Audoria''' {{IPA|[əʊ'dɔɹɪə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Audorein''''' {{IPA|['o:dəri:n]}}) is the name for any of three overlapping geographic regions of [[Arithia]], but is most commonly used in referring to the half of the republic that lies in the continent of [[Marcasia]]. 

==See also==

*[[Arithia]]
*[[Cadaeria]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Regions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadaeria</title>
    <id>3634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17313</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T13:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Cadaeria''' {{IPA|[kə'deɪrɪə]}} ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''Kadaerein''''' {{IPA|[ka'dairi:n]}}) refers to the southern half of the [[Arithia]]n republic that lies in [[Arophania]].

==See also==
*[[Arithia]]
*[[Audoria]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Regions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1935 Zesou Crisis</title>
    <id>3635</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17316</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T13:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[1935 Zesou Crisis]] moved to [[Zesou Crisis]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Zesou Crisis]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vassouri fault</title>
    <id>3636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17317</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T14:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Vassouri fault''' is the world's longest continuous fault line, running along the convergent plate boundaries between the [[Marcasian plate]] and the [[Istheusian plate]], the Marcasian plate and [[Maellorian plate]], and the [[Arophanian]] plate and the Maellorian plate, as well as the transform boundary between the Arophanian plate and the Istheusian plate. The last, transform boundary is sometimes known separately as the [[Nosmis fault]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Earthquake</title>
    <id>3637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17319</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T14:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Great Earthquake of Ilethes''' that occurred more than 2,000 years ago, despite being so called, was actually a series of 17 high-magnitude jolts in rapid succession along the [[Vassouri fault]]. The earthquakes, each measuring above 7.7 on the Earthling Richter scale (the strongest measured 9.5), lasted for almost 27 hours, and aftershocks of magnitude Richter 7.2 were felt even four days after the initial tremors, which sent shockwaves around the world. As far afield as [[Scenia]], the Great Earthquake toppled buildings in quakes measuring up to the equivalent of Richter 8.4. Casualties were innumerable, and collations of estimates by historians of antiquity range as far from 900,000 dead at the most conservative to 6.4 million at the most liberal.

The Great Quake also resulted in the [[eruption of Mount Eramena]] in the [[Iryagi]] on [[Marcasia]], the effect of which was felt around the globe: besides thick clouds of ash that remained in the air for nearly four months circling the planet, the average global temperature rose by the equivalent of almost 1.5°C, and persisted for more than a decade afterwards.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geology of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Calendars of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17326</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-10T17:10:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The vast majority of the '''calendars of [[Ilethes]]''' are lunar, i.e. they are based on the orbit and appearance of the sister planet, [[Valmante]]. There are, however, a few calendars that are solar, i.e. based around the seasons.

The main calendars are:

*[[Athebian calendar]], invented by the Areth and the most widely used nowadays
*[[Carabaean calendar]]
*[[Racurian calendar]]
*[[Thrasonian calendar]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Culture of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Official languages of Arithia</title>
    <id>3639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17341</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T06:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article is a list of the '''official languages of [[Arithia]]''', at both the national and subnational levels.

The national language of Arithia is [[Arithide language|Arithide]], and was formally adopted as the official and working language of the [[Arithian Republic]] with the drafting of the republican [[First Constitution of Arithia|constitution]] in 1886 [[CIE]]. At the federal level, it is the only official language, but [[Second Constitution of Arithia|devolution]] in 1979 [[CIE]] provided room for other languages to attain official recognition at the provincial and regional level. Where not listed, the province is to be assumed to have only [[Arithide language|Arithide]] as its official language, as federally.

In 1986 [[CIE]], after much acrimony in the municipal parliaments, the municipalities of [[Lazaea]] and [[Isphaea]] successively passed bills mandating the sole use of Arithide in all official matters, state offices and education, on the basis of efficiency, after the cities' administrations were overwhelmed with petitions from numerous immigrant groups demanding official recognition for their languages.

==Cadaeria==

===Bactaea===

===Nisaea===

The [[Nisaea]]n provincial parliament passed, in 1981 [[CIE]], by a comfortable majority of 61%-31%-8%, a law making the [[Heristide language]] an official language of the province in recognition of the substantial [[Heristians|Heristian]] minority within its borders.

===Odomantaea===

In [[Odomantaea]], a referendum was held alongside the 1980 provincial legislative elections determining whether or not to make [[Herallian language|Herallian]] an official language of the province, passing with more than 70% of the populace voting for.

==Audoria==

===Ebentaea===

[[Ebentaea]] adopted [[Corithide language|Corithide]] as a second official language in 1984 [[CIE]] in its southern counties where the [[Corith]] minority was prevalent, but in a 1996 [[CIE]] provincial law amendment, extended the official status of Corithide across the whole province.

===Erythaea===

===Posaea===

===Tannaea===

[[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]]'s vociferous [[Tannaean revivalism|revivalist]] movement successfully pushed for the institution of the [[Tannaean language]] as an official language of the province in 1984 [[CIE]], while education had already begun in Tannaean approximately three years earlier.

==See also==

*[[Arithia]]
*[[Administrative subdivisions of Arithia]]
*[[Regionalism in Arithia]]
*[[Minorities of Arithia]]

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Politics of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uberish</title>
    <id>3640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17336</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T00:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eura23</username>
        <id>281</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See Also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Uberish is a constructed language created by Eugene Rabinovich. Its aims are to create a grammatically complex structure, while maintaining easy to remember rules and eliminating exceptions. Uberish is an agglutinative language, and is highly inflectional. Verbs are conjugated according to mood, tense/aspect combination, person, and number. Nouns are declined according to case and number. There are also possessive constructs and predicate nominative endings for nouns. There is no grammatical gender in Uberish, nor are there articles. Uberish is a head last language, that is, it contains post-positions, not prepositions (they go after the noun, not before it).

This wikibook is still in the construction stages, and if any mistakes are noticed, such as incorrect inflection, or the use of qu instead of ku (this arises from the heavy borrowing from Latin), please mention this in my talk page.

==See Also==
For an elaborate source for learning Uberish, see the [[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Uberish Conlang Wikia]] entry for Uberish.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Arophania.png</title>
    <id>3641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17338</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-11T06:02:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A simple labelled map of Arophania</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A simple labelled map of Arophania</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibretal</title>
    <id>3642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17432</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-15T00:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ibretal''' is a conurbation on the [[Risevne|Risevan]] island of [[Masalne]], made up of the capital, [[Isana]], and two other major cities, [[Bresnga]] and [[Taluste]]. By far the largest conurbation in Risevne, and one of the largest conurbations in the world by population, it is also large in area since Taluste is in fact on the east of the [[Feladmena Plain]] while Isana and Bresnga lie on the west. As a result this conurbation is sometimes also known as the Three-Highway axis, since it includes a lage number of small cities and towns (often known ironically as Hotel Towns) along the three [[Cross-Plain Expressways]].

{{stub}}

[[Category: Valmante]]
[[Category: Risevne]]
[[Category: Cities of Risevne]]
[[Category: Cities of Valmante]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan kinship terms</title>
    <id>3643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20994</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-04T14:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saxon Defeat</title>
    <id>3644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17511</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-20T00:21:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">During his invasion of Saxony in 772 CE, Charlemagne's army was defeated by a united Germanic force.

==Immediate Aftermath==
Charlemagne retreats into Gaul and is quiet for a few years. He invades Spain in the 780s, but has little success there, after a Basque force destroyed his supply chain. In 800, the Kingdoms of Greater Saxony, [[Sdannland]], Frisia, and Danmark declared.

==9th Century==
* 804: The [[Ummayyad Caliphate]] enters southern Gaul, conquering the coastline, but held back at the border of the Papal States.
* 805: The dangerous border with the Ummayyad Caliphate encourages greater unity within the Papal States. In contrast, the Kingdom of Sicily divides between the Kingdom of Naples on the mainland and the Kingdom of Sicily on the island.
* 806: The Corsica Conference, negotiations between Gaul, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Naples, the Valears, the Papal States, Retia, and the Ummayyad Caliphate, result in a historic agreement on the part of the Caliphate to vacate Navarre (Basqueland), Catalunya (northeast Iberia), and Provence (southern Gaul). These three take on the role of &quot;buffer states&quot;, separating the Caliphate from Europe proper.
* 807: By this time, the Anglo-Saxons in Angland have given up on conquests into the various Celtic kingdoms for the moment. Thus, the Kingdoms of Éire, Cymru, and Alba, the Principality of Mannin, and the Grand Duchy of Kernow are allowed to persist for the moment.
* 813: The remnants of Charlemagne's kingdom in northern Gaul, led by his grandson, secede from Gaul, forming the Kingdom of Franks. Following this example, the northwest corner of Gaul also secedes, naming itself the Kingdom of Breizh. Breizh officially declares an end to Christianity as its state religion.
* 822: A series of skirmishes on the Byzantine-Abbasid border erupt into all-out war. The rising tensions in the region are pushed to the limit when the predominately Christian Abbasid province of Armenia declares itself to be a part of the Byzantine Empire. Pressure is further placed on the warring nations by the thread of Khazar and Georgian armies from the north.
* 830: The various &quot;barbarian&quot; tribes begin to form formal kingdoms: Avaria, Magyar, Bulgaria, Mordovia, and Volga-Bulgaria declared. 
* 831: The Slavic Kingdom of Czechoslovakia splits when the Slovens in the south declare the kingdom of Slovenia. This sparks great and persistent tension between the two nations and nearly a full-scale war. However, the new King of Slovene is supported by the KIng of Magyar, so war is postponed for the moment.
* 834: The Abbasid Caliphate cedes the island of Malta to Sicily.
* 845: A series of schisms divide Islamic North Africa into the Sultanate of Nekor, south of the Ummayyad Caliphate, the Emirate of Ilfriqiya between Nekor and Neo-Carthage, the Aghlabid Caliphate, west of Neo-Carthage, and the Fatimid Cliphate in Egypt.
* 850: The island of Krete secedes from the Byzantine Empire, siding with the Abbasid Caliphate in the ongoing war in that region.
* 863: After 41 years of on and off fighting, the Abbasids and the Byzantines declare peace, both exhausted from years of war.
* 870: A border dispute between the Meroitic Kingdom of Nubia and the Fatimid Caliphate threatens war. Axum, to the Fatimids' southwest, makes an agreement to side with Nubia in the event of war. A frightened Fatimid Caliphate complies with Nubia's demands.
* 875: The Kingdom of Dalmatia and the Kingdom of Magyar fight a brief war. Dalmatia, with assistance from neighboring Romania, gains a significant amount of land from Magyar. The Dalmatic Magyars will continue to be a major point of argument between the two countries for years.
* 887: After 83 years, trade between the Ummayyad Caliphate and and Gaul recommences.
* 899: The undefined area between Czechoslovakia and Gaul becomes Allmennland.

==10th Century==
* 904: The Valears, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Krete form a loose defensive alliance. The Principality of Venezia.
* 905: Following Venezia's example, the Lombard League secedes from the Papal States.
* 909: Kievan Rus', long at odds with its neighbor, invades the Novgorod Republic, but is quickly repulsed. The Fatimids invade the Aghlabid Caliphate.
* 913: Vikingland begins a series of raids along the eastern coast of Alba and the nearby Innse Cat.
* 925: The Vikingland raids cease after the Vikings seize a sizable portion of Alba.
* 931: Prussian-Polish border disputes threaten war between the two. Lithuania promises to aid Prussia. Poland seeks aid from Frisia.
* 935: The Abbasid Caliphate denies passage to Jerusalem-bound pilgrims.
* 941: Slovenia converts to Christianity. Under threat of war from Byzantium, the Abbasid Caliphate agrees to allow pilgrims to travel to Jerusalem.
* 946: Magyar converts to Christianity.
* 953: Alba launches the FIrst War of Reclamation, gaining back more than half of the Viking-owned territory.
* 962: Khazar begins an invasion of Georgia.
* 965: Alba's Second War of Reclamation results in a stalemate which is ended only with the descent of winter. Alba's army returns to its reacquired territory.
* 970: Khazar completes its conquest of Georgia. Feeling threatened, Mordovia allies itself with Volga-Bulgaria.
* 974: Alba's Third War of Reclamation is finished with a resounding victory at the Battle of Obar Dheadhain. However, the Innse Cat, now called Hjaltland, remain under Viking control, and will indefinitely.
* 981: Nekor and Ilfriqiya go to war over a border dispute.
* 984: Ilfriqiya's armies stop advancing after they take the western half of Nekor. Erik the Red exiled from Islend. King Svend I of Danmark deposed.
* 985: Erik the Red returns to Islend to organize a colony in Gronland.
* 994: Svend I regains the throne of Danmark, despite the efforts of his rivals to prevent his return home.
* 1000: Leif Erikson explores Vinland and founds a colony there.

==11th Century==
* 1006: Neo-Carthage invades Ilfriqiya.
* 1011: The first known manuscript in Kathagian Gothic written, a peace treaty between Ilfriqiya and Neo-Carthage. Neo-Carthage nearly doubles in size.
* 1017: Axum's monarch is assassinated, throwing the country into chaos. The Fatimid Caliphate capitalizes on this by launching an invasion of Nubia.
* 1034: After 228 years of relative peace, tensions begin to flare between Catalunya and the Ummayyad Caliphate. Around the same time, the first fully-recognizable Arabo-Romance document is written.
*1041: The alliance of Mediterranean islands meets in Palma in the Valears to discuss the eventuality of an Ummayyad-Catalunya war.
* 1043: Catalunyan king Alfonso III enters the Ummayyad Caliphate with his army, leading to the brutal First Ummayyad War.
* 1045: Representatives from Navarre, Provence, and the Valears enter Catalunya in an attempt to restore peace, but are rejected.
* 1050: End of the First Ummayyad War. King Alfonso returns to Catalunya having accomplished little.
* 1052: The Second Corisca Conference convened. Representatives from Gaul, Navarre, Provence, the Lombard League, Venezia, the Papal States, the Valears, Corsica, Sardinia, Naples, Sicily, Retia, and Krete discuss a punishment for Alfonso's breaking the 200-year truce.
* 1053: The armies of the attendees of the Second Corsica Conference enter Catalunya and take its capital. King Alfonso is brought to Roma for trial.
* 1055: King Alfonso III of Catalunya is sentenced to twenty years of exile in one of the Germanic states: Franks, Angland, Allmennland, Greater Saxony, Frisia, Sdannland, Danmark, Vikingland, Svedland, Islend, Gronland, or Vinland. He settles in Franks, where he joins the local sentiment for an invasion of Angland. The Seljuq Turks invade the Abbasid Caliphate, take Baghdad, and seize control of the Caliphate.
* 1066: Franks invades Angland. However, the natives are well-prepared, and the neighboring Celtic nations, recognizing the Frankish threat, send armies to Angland's aid, and Brezhon on the mainland, long allied with the Grand Duchy of Kernow, launches a simultaneous counter-attack on Franks itself. It is noted as the first coordinated military effort in recorded history. Brezhon acquires a portion of western Franks. Frankish forces are driven decisively out of Angland at the Battle of Hastings by the army of Anglish King Henry, thanks to help from Kernow.
* 1070: Alfonso returns to Catalunya and lives out the rest of his life therre. Khazar begins to encroach upon its borders with the Seljuq Empire.
* 1076: Khazar armies enter the Seljuq Empire. Axum and Nubia make a secret agreement to attack the Fatimid Caliphate.
* 1080: Khazar territory now extends into the Seljuq Empire. Axum and Nubia launch a joint invasion of the Fatimid Caliphate.
* 1084: Khazar armies are within 100 miles of Bahdad. The Seljuq Empire cedes much of its northern territory to Khazar. Khazar reguses land passage through it to Jerusalem-bound pilgrims. Nubia recovers the territory it lost during the Fatimid invasion in in 1017. Axum expands its coastal territory.
* 1086: The Pope travels to Khazar to attempt to negotiate passage to Jerusalem for pilgrims. Khazar again refuses, and on the journey home to Roma, the Pope dies a tragic death under mysterious circumstances.
* 1087: The Christian states (Navarre, Catalunya, Provence, Gaul, the Valears, Sicily, Corsica, Naples, Sardinia, the Papal States, the Lombard League, Venezia, Retia, Slovenia, Magyar, Dalmatia, Romania, and the Byzantine Empire) cry foul against Khazar, and Byzantium threatens open war.
* 1090: Unable to reach an acceptable settlement, Byzantium.
* 1092: Nubia and Axum reach the Fatimid Caliphate capital, Cairo. The Fatimids cede their Egyptian territory to them.
* 1093: The remnant of the Aghlabid Caliphate under the Fatimids revolts, attempting to overthrow the government.
* 1095: Axum converts to Christianity. The Ethiopian Coptic church (a subdivision of the Roman church) is founded.
==12th Century==
* 1101: Byzantium takes much of the Khazar southern territory. The Seljuqs begin to feel unease at having two Christian neighbors. The Aghlabids overthrow the Fatimids in all but the easternmost portions of the Caliphate. They take on the name of their leader, founding the Sadrid Caliphate.
* 1109: Vinland, technically an Islendic province, quickly followed by Gronland.
* 1115: Islend formally relinquishes its claim on Vinland and Gronland. Ilfriqiya again invades Nekor.
* 1121: Ilfriqiya reaches the capital of Nekor and officially annexes the kingdom. Ilfriqiya proclaims the Arafad Caliphate.

[[Category:Saxon Defeat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithian parliament</title>
    <id>3645</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17404</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T15:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Parliament of Arithia]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Parliament of Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaea (region)</title>
    <id>3646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23777</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T07:51:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tannaea''' is the name of a historical region in southeast [[Marcasia]], on the western shores of the [[Denurean Sea]]. The region covered an area approximately corresponding to the borders of modern-day [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea province]], albeit slightly smaller. It was inhabitated first by the [[Eleena]] (known to the [[Areth]] as the ''Tann''), but was later also settled by the [[Areth]] and various other ethnic groups. Today nearly a third of the region's population is ''[[dusleida]]''.

The region has had a chequered history, being first conquered and dominated by the [[Lazeian Empire]], then the [[Andu Empire]], and subsequently reconquered in the campaign of [[Arithian Reunification]]. As part of the province of Tannaea, it achieved autonomy for the first time in over two thousand years, with the [[Arithian parliament]]'s passage of the [[Devolution Act]] in 1979 [[CIE]].

==History==

The area was probably first settled by the [[Eleena]], but due to the lack of written records until the arrival of the [[Areth]] and a geology and climate notoriously unfriendly to archaeology, the assumption may never be either proven or disproven. The earliest surviving attested references to the region and the Eleena date back to the 5th century B[[CIE]], coming from a diary wherein the royal explorer [[Azumats Ēporigates]] of the kingdom of [[Rabia-Satuka]] (in modern-day [[Mylaea]]) comments on the &quot;cultural backwardness of a land and its people, who are called ''Tann''&quot;. It is not known whence he arrived at the name, but the appellation stuck.

[[Areth]] influence and direct control would gradually spread into and through the region over the next three hundred years, through trade and colonialistic treaties of settlement and jurisdiction that granted the Areth considerable power, as well as extraterritoriality. Formal cession of the region to control of the [[Lazeian Empire]] occurred in 138 B[[CIE]], and the region remained Areth territory until the fall of the Empire, when it passed, for 45 years, to the [[Andu Empire]]. Much of the territory was recovered by remaining Areth forces in the area, establishing the mediaeval (Areth) kingdom of [[Palacaea]], which consisted exclusively of Tannaean land. The region remained in [[Areth]] possession through the [[Reunification of Arithia|reunification]], but was unincorporated into the modern state until the [[Republican Revolution]] abolished the monarchy in 1886 [[CIE]]. By then, the new Tannaean province was already home to more than the [[Eleena]]: of the population of 4 million, more than 800,000 were of Areth descent, and a further 200,000 of other assorted [[Dusleida|foreign ancestry]].

{{seealso|Tannaea (province)#History}}

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Regions of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dusleida</title>
    <id>3647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44447</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T17:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''''Dusleida''''' {{IPA|[dʉs'li:da]}} is an [[Arithide language|Arithide]] term, referring to inhabitants of an area, such as a neighbourhood, a province, a country or a whole continent, who were born outside it and do not, by birth and heritage, share the common culture of the area, even though they may be fully assimilated. This definition means that, for example, an ethnic [[Areth]] who was born and raised in [[Dethria]] and is completely alien to his native culture is still considered ''dusleida'' in Dethria, but no longer once he returns to [[Arithia]].

The phrase may be seen as a close equivalent of the Chinese ''wàishěngrén'' (外省人), though with a slightly weaker exclusive connotation.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Culture of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arithia</title>
    <id>3648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17409</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T15:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles about or relating to the country of [[Arithia]] on the planet of [[Ilethes]] in the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Countries of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Countries of Ilethes</title>
    <id>3649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17410</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-13T15:48:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles on the current and historical [[List of countries of Ilethes|states]] on the planet of [[Ilethes]] on the eponymous constructed universe.

[[Category: Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dethria</title>
    <id>3650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18125</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T02:44:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dethria''' is a sovereign state located largely on the mainlands of the continents of [[Eresphria]] and [[Canthres]]. It is considered part of the &quot;rich world&quot; of [[Ilethes]], and is an international political heavyweight, leading the world in such varied fields such as civil liberties and environmental protection. While its population of 188 million is rather densely packed into 901,015 sq km, Dethria has the highest standard of living in the world{{ref|SOL}}. It also has one of the highest proportions of urban population, with nearly 85% of its population living in urban areas{{ref|urbanpop}}.

Dethria is bordered on the north, on [[Eresphria]], by [[Phodaia]], [[Caithria]] and the city-state of [[Vichau]]; on its south on [[Canthres]], it borders [[Savonia]] and [[Lamecia]]. Holdover territories from the [[Colonialism in Ilethes|colonial period]] include the [[Mimotelle islands|Mimotelles]], [[Thricum]], and the semi-autonomous special administrative districts of [[Euripia]], [[Solacia]] and [[Genidia]].

==Notes==

#{{note|SOL}} According to the [[Progress Index]] as developed by the [[Abelt Institute]], Dethria achieved a score of 94.6 out of a maximum possible of 100.
#{{note|urbanpop}} Again, according to the definitions provided by the Abelt Institute.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Eresphria]]
[[Category: Canthres]]
[[Category: Dethria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaea (province)</title>
    <id>3651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23782</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T07:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{seealso|Tannaea (region)}}

'''Tannaea''' is a province of [[Arithia]] on the southeast coast of [[Marcasia]]. It was established with the formation of the republic of [[Arithia]] in 1886 [[CIE]], and roughly corresponds to the historical region of [[Tannaea (region)|Tannaea]], the homeland of the [[Eleena]] (or Tann) people. Of the 12 million inhabitants of the province, however, nearly 5 million are of an ethnicity other than Eleena, a consequence of the historical marginalisation of the Eleena in the region for centuries under the rule of the [[Lazeian Empire]] and the general impoverishment that ensued after its collapse. The demographic trend in favour of the ''[[dusleida]]'' population is accentuating as the region starts to become recognised for its proximity to the [[Issol A'i]] as well as the major markets of the eastern hemisphere, an advantage boosted by the relatively low price of labour in the province.

==Land &amp; climate==

The terrain of Tannaea consists of two distinct regions: a relatively flat interior, and a considerably mountainous coastline, each of which occupies approximately half of the province's territory. The province is drained by two major rivers, the [[Sugai river|Sugai]] and the [[Etui river|Etui]], which originate further west in the [[Iryagi]], providing irrigation to the province's farms, and which are subsequently fed by heavy rainfall brought by clouds blown inland from the [[Denurean Sea]] by the [[kapri]] winds that originate in [[Istheusia]].

==History==

{{seealso|Tannaea (region)#History}}

The Tannaean province was not established until after the [[Republican Revolution]], in 1886 [[CIE]], despite nearly two thousand years of almost-uninterrupted [[Areth]] rule over the region since its formal subsumption by the [[Lazeian Empire]] in 138 B[[CIE]]. The marginalisation of the province and unchecked inflow of foreigners meant that upon its incorporation as a province, nearly a quarter of Tannaea's population was made up of [[Dusleida|foreign-born groups]]. Since then, the ratio has increased to almost one third on the back of hastened economic development (which brought in foreigners to work, who eventually settled), fallen back a little in the decade up to 1986 [[CIE]] as regionalist and revivalist movements tensed the political situation, and risen again as successive governments have liberalised the economy, raised competitiveness, improved living standards and exhibited tolerance and welcome to foreigners.

Despite being the homeland of the [[Eleena]], that ethnic group has always been marginalised in Tannaea, systematically as a &quot;backward&quot; people under the empire, and later because the privation thus caused robbed the Eleena of many opportunities for improvement, such as through education, which remained expensive and only in [[Arithide language|Arithide]], a language unfamiliar to them. It was not until 1901 [[CIE]] that the first [[Tannaean language]]-medium school was opened, and another three decades before such schools became common. 

==Politics==

===After devolution===

Contrary to the fears of many ''[[dusleida]]'' in the province, the [[Devolution Act]] of 1979 [[CIE]], when passed, did not add fuel to the brewing regionalism in Tannaea (see [[Regionalism in Arithia]]). Whereas predictions had been rife in the media that the province would be set on a slippery slope towards increasing and increasingly forceful demands for independence, and that attitudes towards the non-[[Eleena]] in the province would harden&amp;mdash;fears that were fanned by the alarmist [[Tannaean Unionist Party]] (TII)&amp;mdash;the actual passage of bills in the new [[Tannaean parliament]], like the [[Tannaean Language Act]] of 1984 [[CIE]], which instituted the [[Tannaean language]] as official, actually moderated the nationalist fervour in the province. Since the Devolution Act and its consequent bills, the TII has more or less faded to a shadow of its former rallying might, and is no longer a significant force in either Tannaean or national politics.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Rivendale</title>
    <id>3652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47249</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-14T17:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Daleyrecent.jpg|thumb|250px|Dayle Hill: Creator of Dal'qörian, Germish, E'hwelos]]Hi all, my name is Dayle, I'm 37, an Englishman residing in the north east of England, and I am the creator of [[Dal'qörian|Dal'qörian]] [[Germish|Germish]] and [[E'hwelos]]. I speak conversational German, and English is my mother tongue. I'm a musician and songwriter, I have 2 amazing children. I have a massive passion for invented lingo's such as Elvish, especially the Tengwar which I learned.&lt;br/&gt;My conlang, Dalcurian has been ongoing now for around 5 years and isn't likely to stop in the coming months..when can one cease to carry on inventing words!

'''DISCLAIMER:  Dal'qörian/Dalcurian, E'hwelos''' and '''Germish''', including their languages and history, are completely fictional. References made to 'actual historical events', cited in the history of the development of the '''Dal'qörian/Dalcurian''' language, the '''Germish''' community (with the exception of its location, which is real), and the planet of '''E'hwelos''' are used purely to create a 'realistic' vibe. Images of actual places from existing countries on Earth are used, alongside created images, but may also have been manipulated and edited.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Den Dialect</title>
    <id>3653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17431</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-14T08:38:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eresphria</title>
    <id>3654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18104</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T15:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Eresphria physical.jpg|thumb|Physical map of Eresphria|right]]
'''Eresphria''' {{IPA|[ɛ'ɹɛsfrɪə]}} ([[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Erespherii''''' {{IPA|[e'rɛsfəri:]}} is the fourth largest (or second smallest) continent on the planet of [[Ilethes]], bounded by the [[Artya]] to the east, the [[As am Iraph]] to the west and south, and separated by the [[Deis Paphresis]] from [[Canthres]] in the north and northeast. The continent is noted for its vast climatic contrasts, between a warm temperate zone in the southeast and a polar zone in the northwest despite its relatively small territorial expanse. Eresphria is is located in the upper-left corner of a map in the Gathenic depiction.

==Names==

The continent was originally known as ''Dethria'', a name which, due to its identity with that of the [[Dethria|Dethrian state]], caused much confusion and inconvenience in navigation, transport and other spheres, and which thus came under increasing pressure to be changed. The change was effected by general international agreement (see [[Vitakho Agreement]]) after almost two decades of debate, and the continent was renamed after ''Erespha'', the god of the setting sun in [[Dethrian mythology]], literally ''Erespha'' + ''herii'' &quot;land&quot; = ''Erespherii'' &quot;Land of Erespha&quot;. For the origin of the name ''Dethria'', please see the [[Dethria|relevant article]].

==Climate==

Eresphria's climate is generally temperate, but along its northern coast may be polar, due to south-bound cold currents from the [[Reor Camoresis]]. The south and west, which witness the confluence of both sea and air currents from the frigid north and warm south, are balmy almost perennially, and the high precipitation has encouraged the growth of agriculture, especially in thirsty crops.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Eresphria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian 2</title>
    <id>3655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17677</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-25T19:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdanniskar language</title>
    <id>3656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32190</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Sdannískar'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Kingdom of [[Sdannland]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Saxon Defeat]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 32 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Sdannískar'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO (SOV in infinitive clauses; VSO in imperative clauses and contrafactual statements)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Accusative-Dative
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Native script:
||Fuþark
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]||2006
|}

'''[[Sdanniskar|Sdannískar]]''' is a West Germanic language spoken in the Kingdom of [[Sdannland]], called '''Kyningdómar Sdannlánder''' in Sdannískar. Its speakers refer to themselves as the '''Sdánnar'''.

Sdannískar was created by [[User:Sectori|Sectori]], derived via sound changes from Proto-Germanic, courtesy of the Proto-Germanic to West Germanic sound changes provided by Siride of the ZBB.

==Sounds==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Labiovelar ||colspan=2| Lateral
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|kʷ}} || {{IPA|gʷ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|xʷ}} || {{IPA|ɣʷ}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}} || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
These are represented orthographically by the same symbol as their IPA representation, except {{IPA|/θ kʷ gʷ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ ʃ/}}, which are represented &lt;þ kw gw h ġ hw ġw sk&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || {{IPA|æ}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

The vowels are represented by their IPA symbol except for {{IPA|/o ɛ ɔ/}}, which are written &lt;ø e o&gt;. Stress is marked by an acute accent on the vowel: í, ý, ú, ǿ, é, ó, ǽ, á.

===i-umlaut===
Unstressed -i-, -j-, and -y- in suffixes cause a vowel shift in the preceding syllable, known as i-umlaut. The i-umalut affects the following vowels:

{| border=1
! Normal || i-umlaut
|-
| a  || æ
|-
| e  || i
|-
| i  || i
|-
| o  || ø
|-
| u  || y
|}

==Sound History==
V{{IPA|j}} &gt; V{{IPA|i}} unless _V&lt;br&gt;
V{{IPA|w}} &gt; V{{IPA|u}} unless _V&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɛː}} &gt; {{IPA|ɛ}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɑ}} &gt; {{IPA|a}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɔː}} &gt; {{IPA|ɔ}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ai}} &gt; {{IPA|æ}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɛi}} &gt; {{IPA|a}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɛu}} &gt; {{IPA|ɔ}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|au}} &gt; {{IPA|o}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|uː}} &gt; {{IPA|u}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ji}} &gt; {{IPA|i}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|iː}} &gt; {{IPA|i}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|i}}[-stress] &gt; (nothing)/_#&lt;br&gt;
CCV[-stress] &gt; CC/_#&lt;br&gt; (only infrequently, possibly another explanation)
{{IPA|ð}} &gt; {{IPA|d}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|θ}} &gt; {{IPA|t}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|β}} &gt; {{IPA|v}}&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|v}} &gt; {{IPA|b}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|f}} &gt; {{IPA|p}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|ɣ}} &gt; {{IPA|g}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|x}} &gt; {{IPA|k}}/_#&lt;br&gt;
C{{IPA|ʷ}} &gt; C/_#&lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|i}}{{IPA|u}}, {{IPA|u}}{{IPA|i}} &gt; {{IPA|y}}&lt;br&gt;

==Morphology==
''Main article: [[Sdanniskar morphology]]&lt;br&gt;
Sdannískar is a heavily inflecting language. Nouns inflect for five cases in two numbers, subdivided into the characteristic Germanic &quot;strong&quot; and &quot;weak classes&quot;. Verbs conjugate for three persons and two numbers in two tenses and three moods. Like other Germanic languages, Sdannískar has a number of classes of &quot;strong&quot; verbs (those with internal ablaut) similar to those of [[High German|German]], for example. Adjectives have both &quot;strong&quot; and &quot;weak&quot; declensions also, and have a total of sixty inflections (though some of these are the same, e.g. the weak feminine nominative and instrumental singulars).

==Syntax==
''Main article: [[Sdanniskar syntax]]''&lt;br&gt;
Sdannískar has moderately complex syntax rules which govern the weak declension and placement of adjectives, the uses of the various cases, prepositional uses of various cases, and so on. Sdannískar's basic word order is Subject-Object-Verb (SVO).

[[Category:Sdanniskar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdanniskar morphology</title>
    <id>3657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17926</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-31T14:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Derivation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Sdanniskar language|Sdannískar]]''' is a heavily inflecting language. Nouns inflect for five cases in two numbers, subdivided into the characteristic Germanic &quot;strong&quot; and &quot;weak classes&quot;. Verbs conjugate for three persons and two numbers in two tenses and three moods. Like other Germanic languages, Sdannískar has a number of classes of &quot;strong&quot; verbs (those with internal ablaut) similar to those of German, for example. Adjectives have both &quot;strong&quot; and &quot;weak&quot; declensions also, and have a total of sixty inflections (though some of these are the same, e.g. the weak feminine nominative and instrumental singulars).

==Strong Declension Patterns==
Strong nouns of the following stems are declined as follows:

===Masculine a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -os
|-
| Gen  || -er || -om
|-
| Dat  || -a || -am
|-
| Acc  || -a || -an
|-
| Ins  || *-i || -am
|}
The instrumental singular form causes i-umlaut (see above). Sample noun: wólfar, wólfer, sa (m., wolf)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || wólf-ar || wólf-os
|-
| Gen  || wólf-er || wólf-om
|-
| Dat  || wólf-a || wólf-am
|-
| Acc  || wólf-a || wólf-an
|-
| Ins  || wǿlf-i || wólf-am
|}

===Masculine i-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || *-ir || *-ir
|-
| Gen  || *-isa || -ejon
|-
| Dat  || -e || *-i
|-
| Acc  || *-in || *-in
|-
| Ins  || *-i || *-i
|}
Each form marked with an asterix causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: wýrmir, wýrmisa, sa (m., worm)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || wýrm-ir || wýrm-ir
|-
| Gen  || wýrm-isa || wúrm-ejon
|-
| Dat  || wúrm-e || wýrm-i
|-
| Acc  || wýrm-in || wýrm-in
|-
| Ins  || wýrm-i || wýrm-i
|}

===Masculine u-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -u || *-iwir
|-
| Gen  || -ør || -uwon
|-
| Dat  || -æ || *-ymir
|-
| Acc  || -un || -un
|-
| Ins  || -æ || *-ymir
|}
Each form marked with an asterix causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: gávlu, gávlør, sa (m., gable)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || gávl-u || gǽvliwir
|-
| Gen  || gávl-ør || gávl-uwon
|-
| Dat  || gávl-æ || gǽvl-ymir
|-
| Acc  || gávl-un || gávl-un
|-
| Ins  || gávl-æ || gǽvl-ymir
|}

===Neuter a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -am || -u
|-
| Gen  || -er || -om
|-
| Dat  || -a || -am
|-
| Acc  || -am || -u
|-
| Ins  || *-i || -am
|}
The instrumental singular form causes i-umlaut. Sample noun: hósam, hóser, þat (n., house)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hós-am || hós-u
|-
| Gen  || hós-er || hós-om
|-
| Dat  || hós-a || hós-am
|-
| Acc  || hós-am || hós-u
|-
| Ins  || hǿs-i || hós-am
|}

===Neuter r-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -aru
|-
| Gen  || -ares || -arom
|-
| Dat  || -ara || -aram
|-
| Acc  || -ar || -aru
|-
| Ins  || -ara || -aram
|}
Sample Noun: gǽtar, gǽtares, þat (n., goat)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || gǽt-ar || gǽt-aru
|-
| Gen  || gǽt-ares || gǽt-arom
|-
| Dat  || gǽt-ara || gǽt-aram
|-
| Acc  || gǽt-ar || gǽt-aru
|-
| Ins  || gǽt-ara || gǽt-aram
|}

===Feminine u-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -u || -or
|-
| Gen  || -or || -om
|-
| Dat  || -u || -om
|-
| Acc  || -o || -on
|-
| Ins  || -u || -om
|}
Sample noun: hándu, hándor, so (f., hand)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hánd-u || hánd-or
|-
| Gen  || hánd-or || hánd-om
|-
| Dat  || hánd-u || hánd-om
|-
| Acc  || hánd-o || hánd-on
|-
| Ins  || hánd-u || hánd-om
|}

==Weak Declension Patterns==
Weak nouns of the following declension patterns are declined as follows:

===Masculine a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -ar || -æ
|-
| Gen  || -er || -æno
|-
| Dat  || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -ano || -an
|-
| Ins  || -o || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: Gúþar, Gúþer, sa (m., Goth, a member of the East Germanic tribe)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || Gúþ-ar || Gúþ-æ
|-
| Gen  || Gúþ-er || Gúþ-æno
|-
| Dat  || Gúþ-esma || Gúþ-æmir
|-
| Acc  || Gúþ-ano || Gúþ-an
|-
| Ins  || Gúþo || Gúþ-æmir
|}

===Feminine o-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -o || -or
|-
| Gen  || -esor || -æro
|-
| Dat  || -æ || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -o || -or
|-
| Ins  || -æ || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: dǿro, dǿresor, so (f., door)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || dǿr-o || dǿr-or
|-
| Gen  || dǿr-esor || dǿr-æro
|-
| Dat  || dǿr-æ || dǿr-æmir
|-
| Acc  || dǿr-o || dǿr-or
|-
| Ins  || dǿr-æ || dǿr-æmir
|}

===Neuter a-stems===
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || -a || -o
|-
| Gen  || -er || -æro
|-
| Dat  || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc  || -a || -o
|-
| Ins  || -o || -æmir
|}
Sample noun: hǽrta, hǽrter, þat (n., heart)
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom  || hǽrt-a || hǽrt-o
|-
| Gen  || hǽrt-er || hǽrt-æro
|-
| Dat  || hǽrt-esma || hǽrt-æmir
|-
| Acc  || hǽrt-a || hǽrt-o
|-
| Ins  || hǽrt-o || hǽrt-æmir
|}

==Strong Verb Conjugation==
Strong verbs have three sets of present indicative conjugation endings depending on their infinitive ending, but otherwise share the same endings for each tense.

===Present Indicative Conjugation===
The present indicative is derived from first principal part. The present indicative conjugation of regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | -an verbs || colspan=2 | -en verbs || colspan=2 | -on verbs
|-
| Person || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -u || -am || -u || -am || -u || -om
|-
| 2nd || -ar || -aþ || -ær || -æþ || -or || -oþ
|-
| 3rd || -aþ || -and || -æþ || -and || -oþ || -ond
|}

===Preterite Indicative Conjugation===
The singular forms of the preterite indicative are derived from the second principal part and the plural forms from the third. The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -(-) || -um
|-
| 2nd || *-t || -uþ
|-
| 3rd || -(-) || -un
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;The stem of a verb assimilates voicing to that second person singular ending, e.g. *hǽvt &gt; hǽft.

===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present subjunctive of strong verbs is derived from the first principal part. The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -æ || -æm
|-
| 2nd || -ær || -æþ
|-
| 3rd || -æþ || -ænd
|}

===Preterite Subjunctive Conjugation===
The preterite subjunctive of strong verbs is derived from the third principal parts. The preterite subjunctive conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -(-) || -um
|-
| 2nd || *-t || -uþ
|-
| 3rd || -(-) || -un
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;This form assimilates voicing as the preterite indicative.

===Imperative Conjugation===
The imperative of strong verbs has only two forms: second person singular and second person plural. It is derived from the first principal part. The imperative conjugation of all regular strong verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 2nd || -a || -aþ
|}

===Present Participle and Gerund===
The present participle declines as a normal weak adjective, and the gerund as a strong masculine a-stem noun. They are derived by suffixing the following to the first principle part:
{| border=1
! colspan=3 | Present Participle || colspan=3 | Gerund
|-
| -an || -en || -on || -an || -en || -on
|-
| -ándon || -ǽndon || -óndon || -ánþar || -ǽnþar || -ónþar
|}

==Weak Verb Conjugation==
Weak verbs, which typically, though not always, end in -an, share the same endings for every tense. Regular weak verbs also have invariable stems.

===Present Indicative Conjugation===
The present indicative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -e || -em
|-
| 2nd || -er || -eþ
|-
| 3rd || -eþ || -end
|}

===Preterite Indicative Conjugation===
The preterite indicative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -ed || -edum
|-
| 2nd || -ett || -eduþ
|-
| 3rd || -ed || -edun
|}

===Present Subjunctive Conjugation===
The present subjunctive conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -i || -im
|-
| 2nd || -ir || -iþ
|-
| 3rd || -iþ || -ind
|}

===Preterite Subjunctive Conjugation===
The preterite subjunctive conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1st || -id || -idum
|-
| 2nd || -itt || -iduþ
|-
| 3rd || -id || -idun
|}

===Imperative Conjugation===
The imperative conjugation of all regular weak verbs is as follows:
{| border=1
! Person || Singular || Plural
|-
| 2nd || -a || -aþ
|}

===Present Participle and Gerund===
The present participle ( which declines as a regular weak adjective) and the gerund (which declines as a strong masculine a-stem noun) are derived by suffixing the following:
{| border=1
! Present Participle || Gerund
|-
| -éndon || -énþar
|}

==Irregular Verb Conjugation==
The most common irregular verbs in Svannískar are '''wésan''' &quot;to be&quot; and '''dón''' &quot;to do&quot;. Their paradigms are as follows.

===Wésan===
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Indicative || colspan=2 | Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| || Present || Preterite || Present || Preterite || Imperative
|-
| 1Ps || ím || wás || ým || wór || (-)
|-
| 2Ps || ís || wást || ýs || wórt || bý
|-
| 3Ps || íst || wás || ýst || wór || (-)
|-
| 1Pp || ésumes || wórum || ésymes || wórum || (-)
|-
| 2Pp || ésuþ || wóruþ || ésyþ || wóruþ || býþ
|-
| 3Pp || sínd || wórun || sýnd || wórun || (-)
|}

===Dón===
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Indicative || colspan=2 | Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| || Present || Preterite || Present || Preterite || Imperative
|-
| 1Ps || dó || díde || dǿ || dýde || (-)
|-
| 2Ps || dós || dídes || dǿs || dýdes || dó
|-
| 3Ps || dóst || dídeþ || dǿst || dýdeþ || (-)
|-
| 1Pp || dóm || dídem || dǿm || dýdem || (-)
|-
| 2Pp || dóþ || dídeþ || dǿþ || dýdeþ || dóþ
|-
| 3Pp || dónd || dídend || dǿnd || dýdend || (-)
|}

===Háven===
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Indicative || colspan=2 | Subjunctive || Imperative
|-
| || Present || Preterite || Present || Preterite || Imperative
|-
| 1Ps || hávu || hád || hávæ || hǽd || (-)
|-
| 2Ps || hávæs || hátt || hávæs || hǽtt || háva
|-
| 3Ps || hávæþ || hád || hávæþ || hǽd || (-)
|-
| 1Pp || hávam || hádum || hávæm || hǽdum || (-)
|-
| 2Pp || hávæþ || háduþ || hávæþ || hǽduþ || hávaþ
|-
| 3Pp || hávand || hádun || hávænd || hǽdun || (-)
|}

==Pronominal Morphology==
Svannískar has three personal (or inanimate) pronouns, all of which have irregular non-nomiantive forms, though they do often follow patterns in these. However, only the third person pronoun '''sa''' has instrumental case forms.

===First Person Pronoun===
The first person pronoun stands for the person(s) speaking. It is declined as follows:

{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || ik || wir
|-
| Gen || min || únser
|-
| Dat || me || uns
|-
| Acc || mik || uns
|}

===Second Person Pronoun===
The second person pronoun stands for the person(s) being addressed by the speaker. It is declined as follows:
{| border=1
! Case || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || þu || jur
|-
| Gen || þin || ýwer
|-
| Dat || þe || yw
|-
| Acc || þik || yw
|}

===Third Person Pronoun===
The third person pronoun stands for a person or thing spoken of by the speaker. '''Sa''' and its forms describe nouns masculine in gender, '''so''' and its forms things feminine, and '''þat''' and its forms things neuter.

{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural 
|-
| Nom || sa || þæ || so || þor || þat || þo
|-
| Gen || þes || þéro || þéror || þǽro || þes || þéro
|-
| Dat || þésmo || þǽmir || þéræ || þǽmir || þésmo || þǽmir
|-
| Acc || þen || þan || þo || þor || þat || þo
|-
| Ins || þy || þǽmir || þéræ || þǽmir || þy || þǽmir
|}

====Sa as Demonstrative====
Technically speaking, '''sa''', '''so''', '''þat''' is a demonstrative adjective/pronoun, equivalent to English &quot;this&quot;, &quot;that&quot;, or &quot;yon&quot;. It is a cognate to Old English '''se''', Gothic '''sa'''.

====Sa as Article====
'''Sa''', ever useful, has yet another use as the definite article. '''Sa''' and its forms may be used prior to a noun to ascribe definiteness to it '''''the''' cat'', '''''the''' dog'', and so on.

===Pronoun Use===
Like French or English, pronouns in Svannískar are always be used, though this is by convention rather than necessity. In some particularly ancient texts, however, the pronouns are dropped, based on the assumption that the reader would be able to differentiate the verb forms (which one might suppose would be true today, but it remains convention to use pronouns nonetheless).

==Adjectival Morphology==
Adjectives in Svannískar decline just as nouns or pronouns do. However, rather than being divided into classes of weak or strong adjectives the way nouns are, adjectives sometimes decline weak, sometimes strong. Adjectives decline weak if:
* ...they follow '''sa''' used as an article.
* ...they are a numeric adjective (except '''ǽnar''', &quot;one&quot;).
* ...they are the second (or third, fourth, etc.) adjective in a noun phrase.
* ...they are a present participle.
* ...they follow a conjugated verb.
* ...they are a comparative ending in '''-íron'''&lt;br&gt;
The following adjectives never decline weak:
* Past participles
* '''ǽnar''', '''ǽno''', '''ǽna'''
* Possessive pronouns
* Superlatives in '''-ístar'''.

===Strong Adjective Pattern===
The following are the declension endings for adjectives declining strong.
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || -ar || -æ || -o || -or || -a || -o
|-
| Gen || -er || -æro || -ero || -æro || -er || -æro
|-
| Dat || -esma || -æmir || -æ || -æmir || -esma || -æmir
|-
| Acc || -ano || -an || -o || -or || -a || -o
|-
| Ins || -o || -æmir || -æ || -æmir || -esma || -æmir
|}
Sample adjective: góðar, góðo, góða (good)
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || góð-ar || góð-æ || góð-o || góð-or || góð-a || góð-o
|-
| Gen || góð-er || góð-æro || góð-ero || góð-æro || góð-er || góð-æro
|-
| Dat || góð-esma || góð-æmir || góð-æ || góð-æmir || góð-esma || góð-æmir
|-
| Acc || góð-ano || góð-an || góð-o || góð-or || góð-a || góð-o
|-
| Ins || góð-o || góð-æmir || góð-æ || góð-æmir || góð-esma || góð-æmir
|}

===Weak Adjective Pattern===
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || -on || -an || -on || -on || -o || -onu
|-
| Gen || *-in || -anam || -on || -onam || *-in || -onom
|-
| Dat || *-in || -num || -on || -um || *-in || -um
|-
| Acc || -anu || -anun || -onu || -onu || -o || -onu
|-
| Ins || *-in || -num || -on || -um || *-in || -um
|}
Forms marked with asterixes cause i-umlaut. Sample adjective: góðar, góðo, góða (good)
{| border=1
! || colspan=2 | Masculine || colspan=2 | Feminine || colspan=2 | Neuter
|-
| Case || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nom || góð-on || góð-an || góð-on || góð-on || góð-o || góð-onu
|-
| Gen || gǿð-in || góð-anam || góð-on || góð-onam || gǿð-in || góð-onom
|-
| Dat || gǿð-in || góð-num || góð-on || góð-um || gǿð-in || góð-um
|-
| Acc || góð-anu || góð-anun || góð-onu || góð-onu || góð-o || góð-onu
|-
| Ins || gǿð-in || góð-num || góð-on || góð-um || gǿð-in || góð-um
|}

==Derivation==
Some of the most common derivational suffixes in Svannískar:
* '''-dómar''': -dom, denotes state or area ('''kyningdómar'''--kingdom)
* '''-árir''': -er, denotes agent ('''havárir'''--possessor)
* '''-íron''': -er, comparative of adjectives ('''brehtíron'''--brighter)
* '''-ístar''': -est, superlative of adjectives ('''brehtístar'''--brightest)
* '''-fálðar''': -fold, denotes multiplicity; forms collective nouns ('''kyningfálðar'''--kings (on the whole))
* '''-hǽdu''': -hood, denotes state ('''kyninghǽdu'''--kingship)
* '''-ískar''': -ish, -ic, denotes a language ('''Islandískar'''--Icelandic)
* '''-lǿsar''': -less, denotes a lack ('''kyninglǿsar'''--kingless)
* '''-líkar''': -like, denotes similarity ('''kyninglíkar'''--kingly, regal)
* '''-skápar''': -ship, denotes state ('''kyningskápar'''--kingship)
* '''-súmar''': -some, vague intensive (of adjectives)
* '''-tíġo''': -ty, denotes state; vague intensive
* '''-áġar''': -y, denotes similarity
* '''-le''': -ly, denotes manner (of verb, applied to an adjective)
[[Category:Sdanniskar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdanniskar syntax</title>
    <id>3658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17925</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-31T14:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Accusative of Motion Towards */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Sdanniskar language|Sdannískar]]''' is a Germanic language spoken in the Kingdom of [[Sdannland]]. It has moderately complex syntax, mostly concerned with different clause types, word order, and adjective placement. This section will aslo deal with the uses of the various verb forms, as well as the formation of compound tenses.

==Verbal Morphology==
Sdannískar's verbs inflect for a great many things. Each verb has four principle parts: infinitive, first person singular preterite indicative, first person plural preterite indicative, and past participle. Each stem has a number of things derived from it:
* 1. present indicative, participle, imperative, and subjunctive.
* 2. all singular preterite indicative forms.
* 3. all preterite plural indicative and preterite subjunctive forms.
* 4. all forms of the past participle, and any derived forms.

===Strong Verbs===
Some verbs in Sdannískar are classified as ''strong verbs'', characterized by an internal vowel shift (ablaut) in principal parts 2-4. There are five classes of strong verbs (although class IV is divided into two subclasses), characterized by the end of their ablaut pattern.
* I: a &gt; æ &gt; i &gt; i (i-stems) ('''námon''', '''nǽm''', '''nímum''', '''genímtar'''--name)
* II: o &gt; ø &gt; u &gt;u (u-stems) ('''bowan''', '''bǿw''', '''búwum''', '''gebúwtar'''--inhabit)
* III: i(l,r,m,n) &gt; a(l,r,m,n) &gt; u(l,r,m,n) &gt; u(l,r,m,n) (consonant-stems; C-stems) ('''írran''', '''árr''', '''úrrum''', '''gejúrrtar'''--fall from grace, err)
* IVa: i &gt; y &gt; u &gt; u (y-stems) ('''nímman''', '''nýmm''', '''númmum''', '''genúmmtar'''--take)
* IVb: u &gt; y &gt; i &gt; i (y-stems) ('''þrútan''', '''þrýt''', '''þrítum''', '''geþríttar'''--threaten)
* V: a &gt; æ &gt; o &gt; o (o-stems) ('''sprákan''', '''sprǽk''', '''sprókum''', '''gespróktar'''--speak)

===Weak Verbs===
Most verbs in Sdannískar are classified as ''weak verbs'', which lack the internal vowel shift. Weak verbs have a single set of conjugation endings for each tense.

===Preterite-Present Verbs===
A very few verbs in Sdannískar (notably '''máġan''', &quot;be able&quot; and skállan &quot;hope, wish&quot;) behave in the present tense as if they were the preterites of strong verbs, and their plural present indicatives are the same as all of their preterite forms. Preterite-present verbs have different principal parts from other verbs:
* 1. Infinitive
* 2. First person singular, present indicative
* 3. First person plural, present indicative
* 4. First person singular, preterite indicative&lt;br&gt;
For example, the principle parts of máġan: máġan, mǽġ, míġum, míġ.

===Indicative Mood===
The indicative mood is used to make factual statements, tell fictional stories, and to quote another person. The indicative mood is the default mood, and is used in the vast majority of cases where a verb is used.

* I ''run''.
* John ''walked'' to school that day.
* &quot;He said, 'I ''love'' to swim.'&quot;

===Subjunctive Mood===
The subjunctive mood is much less common. It is used to express contrafactual ideas and thoughts, as well as to make indirect statements, to express possibility or wish, and the like. The subjunctive mood can also express exhortation (indirect commands).
* ''Had'' I time, I would help.
* I ''wish'' I that I ''could'' help.
* ''Let'' them ''come''.

===Imperative Mood===
The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. It is generally considered impolite to use the imperative mood with one's elders or superiors.
* ''Come'' here.
* ''O come'' all ''ye'' faithful.
* ''Do'' as I say.

===Present Tense===
The present tense expresses action simultaneous to or closely following the speaking. Many modal auxiliary verbs have one meaning in the present tense and another one in the preterite, an important distinction to make.
* I ''walk''.
* I ''am about to walk''.
* I ''will walk''.

===Preterite Tense===
The preterite tense expresses action prior to the speaking. It typically carries either an imperfect (used to) sense or a perfective (simple past) sense, but in older texts it is also often used where a more recent writer would use the modal perfect.

===Modal Auxiliaries===
The subjunctive forms of a number of verbs can be used with the infinitive or either participle of another verb to take on a secondary connotation, such as English ''will'', ''would'', ''can'', ''could'', and so on. Many of these verbs have different connotations depending on whether they are preterite or present tense forms. Many, such as '''skállan''' and '''máġan''' are preterite-present verbs, and many also have irregular preterites ('''wóld''' and '''skóld''', for example). Here are some of the most common such verbs:
* '''máġan''': can (present), could (preterite); plain meaning: to be able (to)
* '''háven''': have [verb]ed (with past participle); plain meaning: to have
* '''wýllon''': will (present), would (preterite); plain meaning: to want, wish
* '''skállan''': shall (present), should (preterite); plain meaning: to wish, hope

===Infinitive===
The infinitive is equivalent to the English infinitive, though in translation the English &quot;to&quot; is not obligatory: '''ik wýllu fáran''' (I want to go) vs. '''ik wýllæ fáran''' (I will go). Infinitives in Sdannískar may end in -an, -en, or -on.

===Present Participle===
The present participle is equivalent to the English present participle. As in English, it is used in the formation of the progressive tenses, but unlike English it also appears in the immediate future tense: '''ik ím fárandar''' (I am going) vs. '''ik fáru fárandar''' (I am going to go).

===Past Participle===
The past participle is equivalent to the English past participle. Like in English, it is used in the formation of the modal perfect tenses and the passive voice: '''ik hávu gefírtar''' (I have gone) vs. '''ik ím for-gewolttar''' (I am wished for).

===Gerund===
The gerund is equivalent to the English gerund. It is used as a verbal noun. It can also function as a defective supine form with verbs of motion, best translated by the infinitive: '''fáranþar íst góðar''' (running is good) vs. '''ik sándu þan fýhtanþa''' (I send them to fight--lit. &quot;for fighting&quot;)

==Compound Tenses==
There are a great number of compound tense forms in Svannískar. Compound tenses are formed by a combination of a modal verb (usually one of the above) and either an infinitive or a participle. The compound tenses are as follows.

===Modal Perfect===
The modal perfect tenses are formed by combining the verb '''háven''' with the past participle of a verb. They are equivalent to the English perfect tenses: 
* '''ik hávu gefírtar''' (I have gone)
* '''þu hǽft gefýhtar''' (you have fought)

===Progressive Tenses===
The progressive tenses are formed by combining the verb '''wésan''' with the present participle of a verb. They are equivalent to the English progressive tenses:
* '''ik ím farándar''' (I am going)
* '''þu ís fýhtandar''' (you are fighting)

===Passive Voice===
The passive voice is formed by combining the verb '''wésan''' with the past participle of a verb. It is the equivalent to the English passive voice:
* '''sa íst gegíftar''' (it is given)
* '''þu ís gekwúþtar''' (you are told)

===Modal Future===
The modal future tenses are formed by combining the subjunctive forms of the verb '''wýllan''' with the infinitive of a verb. They are equivalent to the American English future (present subjunctive) or conditional (preterite subjunctive):
* '''ik wýllæ fáran''' (I will go)
* '''ik wóld fáran''' (I would go)

===Modal Suggestive===
The modal suggestive tenses are formed by combining the subjunctive forms of the verb '''skállan''' with the infinitive of a verb. They are equivalent to the British English future (present subjunctive) or suggestive (preterite subjunctive).
* '''ik skállæ fáran''' (I shall go)
* '''ik skóld fáran''' (I should/ought go)

===Modal Potential===
The modal potential tenses are formed by combining the present subjunctive forms of the verb '''máġan''' with the infinitive of a verb. They are equivalent to the English permissive or potential forms.
* '''ik míġ fáran''' (I can/could/may/might go)

==Nominal Morphology==
Sdannískar is a richly inflected language. Each noun inflects for one of five cases in two numbers. Nouns are divided into strong and weak classes.

===Nominative Case===
The nominative case indicates the subject of a verb. In English:
* ''I'' run.
* ''It'' was given.

===Accusative Case===
The accusative case in its most basic sense indicates the direct object of a verb. In English:
* I gave ''it''.&lt;br&gt;
The accusative case may also be used with a preposition of motion to indicate ''motion towards'':
* I run ''to it''.&lt;br&gt;
Finally, the accusative may also be used as the subject of an infinitive clause:
* I told ''you'' to give it to her.

===Dative Case===
The dative case in its most basic sense indicates the indirect object of a verb. In English:
* I gave it ''to her''.&lt;br&gt;
The dative case may also be used with a preposition of location to indicate ''location within'':
* The mouse is ''in the box''.&lt;br&gt;
Finally, the dative case may be used to describe the agent of a passive verb.
* The cake was made ''by me''.

===Genitive Case===
The genitive case in its most basic sense indicates possession or origin. In English:
* It is ''mine''.
* The United States ''of America'' are political divisions.&lt;br&gt;
The genitive case may also be used with a preposition of motion to indicate ''motion from'':
* I went ''away from the school''.&lt;br&gt;
Finally, the genitive may be used to describe a divided whole (the partitive genitive):
* One ''of the soldiers'' came into the room.

===Instrumental Case===
The instrumental case in its most basic sense indicates means. In English:
* I sprayed the wall ''with paint''.&lt;br&gt;
The instrumental case may also be used with a variety of prepositions to indicate accompaniment or simultaneity:
* I walked ''with you''.
* ''During the run'', I met her.
Finally, the instrumental may be used to compare nouns or adjectives:
* &quot;I wandered lonely ''as a cloud''.&quot;

===Gender===
Nouns in Sdannískar belong to one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Most of the time, words with natural gender have the same grammatical gender (e.g. &quot;man&quot; is masculine), but there are exceptions. Each gender has at least two declension patterns, one or more weak and one or more strong. Nouns are classified by stem vowel (or occaisionally consonant), e.g. a-stems, i-stems, etc.

==Case Uses==
Traditional grammar includes various specific definitions of cases, typically around four for each case other than the nominative.

===Accusative of Motion Towards===
With the preposition '''at''' &quot;to, towards&quot;, the accusative takes the meaning of motion towards a place.
* '''ik fáru ''to þan Kyningdóma Sdannlánder''''' (I go ''to the Kingdom of Sdannland'')

===Accusative of Time Within Which===
With adverbs of time, the accusative describes events occurring within a certain period (e.g. from 8.00 to 12.00).
* '''''fram ahto to twæ-lif'' ik fǽr to þan Kyningdóma Sdannlánder''' (''from 8.00 to 12.00'' I went to the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Accusative of Infinite Subject===
Within an infinitive clause, the accusative can act as both the subject of an infinitive verb and the direct object of a finite verb.
* '''ik kwíþu ''þik'' to þan Kyningdóma Sdannlánder fáran''' (I tell ''you'' to go to the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Accusative of Internal Object===
The internal object accusative is a redundant object of a verb (e.g. &quot;I have a possession&quot;).
* '''ik hávu ''ǽnam gehíftano''''' (I have ''a possession'')

===Dative of Location===
With the preposition '''in''' &quot;in&quot;, the dative takes the meaning of location in a place.
* '''ik wás ''in þésma Kyningdóma Sdannlánder''''' (I was ''in the Kingdom of Sdannland'')

===Dative of Time At Which===
With adverbs of time, the dative describes events occurring at a certain point in time (e.g. at 8.00)
* '''''at ahto'' ik kǿm to þan Kyningdóma Sdannlánder''' (''at eight'' I came to the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Dative of Infinite Subject===
Within an infinitive clause, the dative can act as both the subject of an infinitive verb and the indirect object of a finite verb.
* '''ik sǽge ''þe'' to þan Kyningdóma Sdannlánder fáran''' (I said ''to you'' to go to the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Dative of Personal Agent===
The dative may be used with the preposition '''bi''' &quot;by&quot; to indicate the agent of a passive verb.
* '''þu wást gesǽgittar ''bi me''''' (you were told ''by me'')

===Genitive of Motion From===
With the preposition '''fram''' &quot;from&quot;, the genitive takes the meaning of motion away from a place.
* '''ik fǽr ''fram þes Kyningdómer Sdannlánder''' (I went from the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Genitive of Time From Which===
With adverbs of time, the dative ascribes a temporal beginning to certain events (e.g. since 8.00)
* '''''jæ ahto'' ik hávu gefírtar fram þes Kyningdómer Sdannlánder''' (since 8.00 I have left the Kingdom of Sdannland)

===Genitive of the Divided Whole===
The genitive case may describe a larger entity to which a single thing or group of things belong.
* '''þæ ''þes Sdánner'' ðat wóldun þan dón''' (those of the Sdannar that would do that)

===Genitive of Local Origin===
The genitive case may describe the origin of a person (i.e., their home city/town/village/farm/forest/etc.).
* '''þæ mánnos ''Skavárner'' fírum''' (the ''Skavarnic'' men went)

===Instrumental of Means===
The instrumental may be used with the preposition '''með''' &quot;with&quot; to indicate instrument (tool).
* '''Jónnar tǽked þen ''með bǿki''''' (John taught them ''with a book'')

===Instrumental of Manner===
The instrumental may be used with the preposition '''þur''' &quot;through&quot; to indicate path or way.
* '''Jónnar fǽr ''þur þy Kyningdǿmi Sdannlánder''''' (John went ''through the Kingdom of Sdannland'')

===Instrumental of Accompaniment===
The instrumental may be used with the preposition '''með''' &quot;with&quot; to indicate presence with or (dis)agreement with.
* '''þæ ne trǿstend ''með þy''''' (they do not agree ''with him'')

===Instrumental of Definition===
The instrumental case is used when describing a person's employment or place of origin. This can be used more or less interchangeably with the genitive of local origin.
* '''þæ mánnos sínd ''Skavǽrni''''' (the men are ''Skavarnic'')

==Word Order==
Svannískar has three word orders, depending on the type of clause. As a general note, written Sdannískar almost never has two conjugated verbs next to each other without something to separate them.

===Primary Clauses===
Primary clauses are clauses which have finite verbs, can stand on their own as sentences, and are neither imperative, suggestive, nor contrafactual. Primary clauses have a Subject-Verb-Object order:
* '''ik gávu þan þe''' (I give it to you)

===Dependent Clauses===
Dependent clauses are clauses which have finite verbs but cannot stand on their own as sentences. Dependent clauses have a (Subject-)Object-Verb order:
* '''ik gávu þan, ''ðat mín wás'', þe''' (I gave it, ''which was mine'', to you)

===Infinitive Clauses===
Infinitive clauses are clauses which have non-finite verbs and cannot stand on their own as sentences. Infinitive clauses have a Subject-Object-Verb order. Infinitive clauses feature the Accusative of Infinite Subject:
* '''ik kwíþu ''þik'' fáran''' (I told ''you to go'')

===Imperative and Suggestive Clauses===
Imperative clauses are clauses which give (direct or indirect) commands or suggestions and may or may not include a subject. Imperative clauses have a Verb-(Subject-)Object order:
* '''kwíþaþ jur me''' (speak you to me)
* '''kwíþæþ jur me''' (may you speak to me)

===Contrafactual Clauses===
Contrafactual clauses are clauses which make an untrue statement and are generally unable to stand on their own as sentences. Contrafactual clauses have a Verb-Subject-(Object) order:
* '''''if hávæ ik þan'', ik wóld þan þe gávan''' (''If I had it'', I would give it to you)

===Questions===
Questions in Sdannískar often reverse subject and object, like in English, making them (Object)-Verb-Subject. When a compound verb is employed, the subject divides the conjugated part of the compound from the non-conjugated.
* '''Of hwísa íst þu?''' (From where are you?)
* '''Hwá hávæs þu gedúntar?''' (What have done you?)

==Adjectives and Adverbs==
Adjectives and adverbs have a number of rules associated with them. Adjectives and adverbs both generally precede the word they modify.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives precede the noun they modify in the vast majority of cases. They must agree with (match) the noun in case, gender, and number:
* '''sa góðanu mánna'''&lt;br&gt;
When placed between '''sa''' used as the definite article and the noun it modifies, or after a conjugated verb, an adjective declines weakly, unless it is one of the following:
* A past participle
* '''ǽnar''', '''ǽnu''', '''ǽnam'''
* A possessive pronoun
* A superlative form in '''-ístar'''&lt;br&gt;
The following adjectives always decline weak:
* Present participles
* Comparative forms in '''-íron'''
* Second (or third, fourth, etc.) adjectives in a noun phrase (e.g. '''góðos, gláðæ mánnos sínd hin''')
* Numeric adjectives (e.g. '''twæ''', '''twor''', '''two''' &quot;two&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
Adjectives rarely follow the noun they modify in modern prose, though in older texts they often do. However, modern texts only place adjectives after nouns for poetic reasons.

===Adverbs===
Unlike adjectives or verbs, adverbs neither decline nor conjugate, but rather maintain a static form. There are a few rules about adjective placement:
* In primary clauses, adverbs immediately precede the verb they modify.
* In verb-final clauses, adverbs immediately follow the verb (or infinitive) they modify.
* In verb-initial clauses, adverbs may either precede or follow the verb they modify, depending on the whim of the speaker.

==Idiomatic Verb Uses==
There are a few important idiomatic verb uses to be aware of.

===Presence/Absence Verbs===
In English, these are &quot;there is&quot;, &quot;there were&quot;, &quot;there had been&quot;, and so on. In Sdannískar, they have the same structure as contrafactual clauses. They use the subjunctive of '''wésan''' in the third person, followed by what there is. Presence/absence verbs never have a subject pronoun.
* '''Ýst Sdánnar?''' (Is there a Sdánnar [here]?)
* '''Wórun Sdánnos?''' (Were there Sdánnos [there]?)

===Verbs Without Pronouns===
In written Sdannískar, as in English or French, pronouns are required, e.g. '''''ik'' ím Sdánnar''', never '''ím Sdánnar'''. However, spoken Sdannískar, especially that of young people, very often drops first and second person pronouns altogether.
* Spoken {{IPA|['im 'zdan.nar und 'θu ɔf 'xʷi.sa 'ist]}} vs. written '''ik ím Sdánnar. Und þu? Of hwísa íst þu?'''

[[Category:Sdanniskar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdanniskar</title>
    <id>3659</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17458</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Sdanniskar language]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sdanniskar language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sdanniskar</title>
    <id>3660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17459</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-16T20:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Sdannískar'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Kingdom of [[Svannland]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Saxon Defeat]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 32 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Sdannískar'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO (SOV in infinitive clauses; VSO in imperative clauses and contrafactual statements)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Accusative-Dative
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Native script:
||Fuþark
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#0000CC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Sectori|Sectori]]||2006
|}

'''[[Sdanniskar|Sdannískar]]''' is a West Germanic language spoken in the Kingdom of [[Sdannland]], called '''Kyningdómar Sdannlánder''' in Sdannískar. Its speakers refer to themselves as the '''Sdánnar'''.

Sdannískar was created by [[User:Sectori|Sectori]], derived via sound changes from Proto-Germanic, courtesy of the Proto-Germanic to West Germanic sound changes provided by Siride of the ZBB.

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A priori</title>
    <id>3661</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46398</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T00:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[a priori conlang]] which is older, slightly larger, and linked to by slightly more pages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[a priori conlang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A posteriori</title>
    <id>3662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17489</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-17T21:51:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''a posteriori''' conlang is one whose vocabulary is based on one or more already existing languages.

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Worldbuilding</title>
    <id>3663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17490</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-17T21:52:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Worldbuilding''' is the art of creating and working out imaginary worlds.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Rivendale</title>
    <id>3664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30624</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-10T10:32:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[User Talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]I'm very interested in what seems to be a double comma in Dalcurian. Although I can guess, what exactly dictates its usage?
*: Thanks for the info on the double comma. Would you mind if I used it in my conlang? I could put a reference in - loan feaure from Dalcurian


Hi!  The Table of Contents is automatically generated, so there's nothing we can do about with that in particular, though you can create a box to replace it; the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;tt&gt;__NOTOC__&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; directive placed anywhere in a page suppresses the automatic Table of Contents, and you can make a box with whatever information or links you like in it.  You can put links anywhere in a page, not just at the bottom; if you don't want to go to the trouble to build your own TOC you could use something like Wikipedia's format for subarticles:

===Adjectives===
''Main article: [[Dal'qörian adjectives]]''

—with summary information in the top page and more detailed information in the linked subpage, or even something like:

===[[Dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

—though this is perhaps less intuitive. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:01, 17 December 2006 (PST)

== Images ==

[[Wikipedia:Help:Extended image syntax]] probably explains images better than I can (if you place the image above any headings, and use the alignment of 'right', it should go to the right of the TOC).

As for color in a table header, you'll use CSS:

{|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot;
! every item in this row || gets the same style
|-
! unstyled header || another one
|-
!style=&quot;background:#8888ff;&quot;| Just one colored
! Another without color
|-
! or it can be 
!style=&quot;background:#f88;&quot;| the other way around
|}
Source looks like:
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{|
|- style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot;
! every item in this row || gets the same style
|-
! unstyled header || another one
|-
!style=&quot;background:#8888ff;&quot;| Just one colored
! Another without color
|-
! or it can be 
!style=&quot;background:#f88;&quot;| the other way around
|}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

Hope this helps.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:24, 19 December 2007 (PST)

Hi, Rivendale. I've done the punctuation section on my page now and have explained the Tauro-Piscean usage of the double comma, giving Dalcurian its due credit: [[Tauro-Piscean_language]]

Have you ever developed a Dalcurian dictionary? I'm quite interested in your conlang. I'd also like to know more about the word order; you haven't worked on your page for a while.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 05:19, 5 April 2008 (PDT)

Hi,

In response to your comment, I really like the rich history behind your language. I like the fact that although it has recognisable influence from real languages, it has developed its own distinct feel. The decription of the rulers certainly make it plausible. 

My e-mail address is seancanderson@sky.com. If you're okay sending it, I'd find a dictionary interesting. My own dictionary is in the making (it may have to be delayed until summer because I'm very busy for the next few months).

Also, thanks for the correction to my article.

Regards,
Sean.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 03:32, 10 April 2008 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Oligosynthesis Project Morphology</title>
    <id>3665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18185</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-08T11:36:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">***Sandhi: a question***

It seems to me that with a restricted lexical root repertory like in this project, compactness of complex derivates may become critically important.

I thought of one thing that could help with that: allowing CCV- and -VCC transformations of CVC-roots in certain types of derivates. (For me, that would make the morphology look less monotonous, too.) 

However, to make full use of such transformations, a set of sandhi rules seems to be necessary that would produce consonant clusters pronounceable word-initially and word-finally. (E. g. initial clusters like ''td-'' or ''gk-'' don't look quite OK, with me.) 

It apears that such sandhi (at least if they output only sequences of already established phonemes) would form a complex and idiosyncratic system which, as it seems, must be designed by one participant.

That's why I'm asking. Too big a portion, perhaps critical for shaping the language, from just one person. Is that OK? Or might spoil the game for others? 

--[[User:Basilius|Basilius]] 07:14, 19 December 2006 (PST)

Firstly, I think that a sandhi system could be created piecemeal by a number of collaborators. If you create a wordform that looks awkward, you could then devise a phonological rule that simplifies it. Doing it this way might in fact produce a more complex and idiosyncratic system than one devised by a single person.

Secondly, remember that I've only specified phonemes so far. A given phoneme could have different phonetic realisations in different environments, which gives you more freedom when creating sandhi.

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 03:36, 8 January 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdannland</title>
    <id>3666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17512</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-20T00:36:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Kingdom of Sdannland (Sdannískar '''Kyningdómar Sdannlánder''') is a Germanic kingdom in what is in our world central Germany. Sdannland was proclaimed in 800 CE, along with the kingdoms of Angland, Frisia, Greater Saxony, and Danmark.

''Sa Kyningdómar Sdannlánder (im Sdanníska '''Kyningdómar Sdannlánder''') íst kyningdómar Allmænníkar im hwæ im únseræ érþæ íst mídilar Allmænnlándam. Sdannlándam wás for-hǽltar im 800 MT, með þæ kyningdómam Anglánder, Frísier, Míkiler Sáksoner, ond Danmárker.''

[[Category:Saxon Defeat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hibundivagos</title>
    <id>3667</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17585</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T07:54:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Southerly Movement]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Southerly Movement]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nerioris Enos</title>
    <id>3668</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>17586</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T07:57:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Northerly Return]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Northerly Return]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gathenic depiction</title>
    <id>3670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17590</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T09:18:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The traditional '''Gathenic depiction''' ([[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''elygeor Gatheîn''''' {{IPA|['elyʒər 'gaθei:n]}}; [[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''aloussera Gattenaph''''' {{IPA|[a'lu:səra 'gatənaf]}}) is the usual projection used in maps, and has been since the dawn of [[Ilethes in the Modern Age|modernity]]. Named for its inventor, famed explorer and cartographer [[Heneidh Gatheïn]], it centres the map around [[Marcasia]], with [[Eresphria]] and [[Canthres]] on the northwest, [[Arophania]] in the south, and [[Istheusia]] to the east; the [[As am Iraph]] is split between the western and eastern ends of the map.

The Gathenic is the most favoured cartographic arrangement, as it conveniently represents as well the anthropological divisions of [[Ilethes]]: not only the east-west division between the [[Old World (Ilethes)|Old]] and [[New World (Ilethes)|New World]]s, but also the sometimes overlapping separation of the world into [[Arithic culture|Arithic]], [[Nospheric culture|Nospheric]], [[Carabaeic culture|Carabaeic]] and [[Dethritic culture|Dethritic]] blocs of cultural influence.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heneidh Gatheïn</title>
    <id>3671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17591</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T09:21:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Heneidh Gatheïn''' {{IPA|['heni:δ ga'θeɪn]}} is a famous [[Dethrians|Dethrian]] explorer and cartographer, and is most famous for his invention of the [[Gathenic depiction]], used almost universally in maps of [[Ilethes]] nowadays.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Personalities of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arophanic depiction</title>
    <id>3672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17592</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-22T09:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Arophanic depiction''' ([[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''elygeor Arophaein''''' {{IPA|['elyʒər arəfa'i:n]}}; [[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''''aloussera Araphenaph''''' {{IPA|[a'lu:səra a'rafənaf]}}), an obsolete cartographic projection formerly used by the [[Lazeian Empire|imperial Areth]], centres maps around [[Arophania]], their home continent. Interestingly, the [[Areth]] never considered themselves the centre of the world; if anything, they considered themselves to occupy a position on the geographic periphery, albeit a privileged periphery that was the centre of civilisation.

The depiction was so named by historians, and was most commonly used in the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|classical era]], centring the map around [[Arophania]], which, along with the [[Thorfu]], was shown disproportionately larger than either [[Marcasia]] or [[Istheusia]], which were squashed in the top and right areas of the map. In early maps, neither [[Canthres]] nor [[Eresphria]] was shown, while in later productions their depiction gradually progressed from incomplete land masses trailing off the edge of the map, to full standalone continents, albeit still inaccurately drawn.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Continents of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Twisspraak</title>
    <id>3673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29252</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}
==Phonology==
===Short Vowels===

&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;middle&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;unstressed&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;as in&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Standard&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Accents&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Omberland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Sloum&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Beikland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Meivelland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Spuovreik&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wat, dag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɑ, æ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;a, æ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɑ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɑ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;e&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;reght&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;e&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mucke, begin&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ə, a, ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;find&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɪ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;o&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;folk&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɒ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ, œ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɔ, œ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yung&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ, ʏ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ, ʏ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊ, ʏ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Long Vowels and Diphthongs===

&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;non-final&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;final&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;as in&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Standard&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Accents&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Omberland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Sloum&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Beikland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Meivelland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Spuovreik&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;aa&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yaar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɑː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aː, æː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aː, ɑː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɑː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ee&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ee&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;steen&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ei&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ey&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wein&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;æɪ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aɪ, ɛː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɛi, ɛː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ie&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ie&gt;, &amp;lt;y&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;diev&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː, ɪə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː, yː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iː, yː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;oo&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;o&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;groot&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oʊ, əʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oː, øː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oː, øː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oː, øː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ou&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ou&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;broun&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;æɔ, ʉː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aʊ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;œʏ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʉː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;uo&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;guod&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʊə&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uː&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uː&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Consonants===
&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Transcription&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;as in&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Standard&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Accents&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Omberland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Sloum&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Beikland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Meivelland&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Spuovreik&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;buok&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;d&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dogh&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;f&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;find&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;g&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;guod&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɣ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;gh&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aght, reght&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x, ç&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;x&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɧ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;h&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hund&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;j&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;januar&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dʒ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dʒ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;k&gt;, &amp;lt;ck&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kon, ken&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kʰ, ɕ&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;l&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;land&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;m&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mucke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;n&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;naght&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;ng&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sing&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pein&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;pʰ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;r&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;reid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;s&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;so, housen, swim&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s, z&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s, z&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s, z&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s, z&lt;sup&gt;5, 6&lt;/sup&gt;, ʃ&lt;sup&gt;6, 7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s, z&lt;sup&gt;5, 6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;sh&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shu, shee&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʃ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʃ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʃ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʃ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sx&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sk, ɧ&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;

   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;t&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;teen&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tʰ&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;v&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;violien, dreiv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, b&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, v&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, v&lt;sup&gt;5, 6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;w&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ʋ&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;lt;y&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yung&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; - Never occurs word-initially.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; - After a front vowel.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; - Not always aspirated at non-initial position.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; - Before a front vowel.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; - Between vowels.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; - Occurs word-initially.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; - In the clusters &lt;sl&gt;, &lt;sm&gt;, &lt;sn&gt;, &lt;sp&gt;, &lt;st&gt; and &lt;sw&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;

==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ig&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mein&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;du&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;die&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dein&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;him&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sein&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hir&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hir&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dats&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;us&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;usser&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yier&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dee&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dem&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;deer&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Adjectives===
&lt;p&gt;fremde man&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;de fremde man&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;een fremde man&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De man er fremde.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;fremde mannen&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;de fremde mannen&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De mannen er fremde.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;ny kleed&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;de ny kleed&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;een ny kleed&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De kleed er ny.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;ny kleeden&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;de ny kleed&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De kleeden er ny.&lt;/p&gt;

===Verbs===
''Weak verbs''
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sagge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sagde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sagd&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stoppe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stop&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stopte&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stopt&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;badde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bad&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;baddede&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;badded&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;arbeete&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;arbeet&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;arbeetede&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;arbeeted&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;handle&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;handel&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;handelde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;handeld&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mordre&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;morder&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;morderde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;morderd&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kummere&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kummer&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kummerde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kummerd&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;opne&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oppen&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oppende&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oppend&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

''Strong verbs''
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;beite&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;beit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bitten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fliege&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;flieg&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;floog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;floggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drinke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drink&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drank&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drunken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;helpe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halp&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;holpen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brecke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;breck&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brack&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brocken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;geve&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gev&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gav&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;geven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slagge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sluog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slaggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hald&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hild&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
''Irregular verbs (irregular forms marked with *)''
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*sei&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*er&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;war&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;werren&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;have&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hav&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*hadde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;had&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*komme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*kom&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kam&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kommen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wolle&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;*will&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wollde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wolld&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Numerals===
1 - een&lt;br/&gt;
2 - twee&lt;br/&gt;
3 - drie&lt;br/&gt;
4 - fier&lt;br/&gt;
5 - fenf&lt;br/&gt;
6 - siks&lt;br/&gt;
7 - sev&lt;br/&gt;
8 - aght&lt;br/&gt;
9 - nien&lt;br/&gt;
10 - teen&lt;br/&gt;
11 - elf&lt;br/&gt;
12 - twelf&lt;br/&gt;
13 - drieteen&lt;br/&gt;
14 - fierteen&lt;br/&gt;
15 - fenfteen&lt;br/&gt;
16 - siksteen&lt;br/&gt;
17 - sevteen&lt;br/&gt;
18 - aghtteen&lt;br/&gt;
19 - nienteen&lt;br/&gt;
20 - tweety&lt;br/&gt;
30 - driety&lt;br/&gt;
100 - hunder&lt;br/&gt;
1,000 - dousen

==Sample==
===Phrases===
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Hello.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Hey.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Good morning.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Guode morn.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Good afternoon.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Guode aftermiddag.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Good evening.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Guode aaven.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Good night.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Guode naght.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Excuse me.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Outshuld mie.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;What is your name?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Wat/Hu er dein naam / Wat/Hu heet du?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;My name is Hans.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Mein naam er Hans. / Ig heet Hans.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;How old are you?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Hu alde er du?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;I am 45 years old.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Ig er fierty-fenf yaaren alde.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Where are you from?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Wer er du av? / Wer kom du out?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;I am from Pitcairn.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Ig er av Pitcairn. / Ig kom out Pitcairn.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Are you married?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Er du betroud?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Yes, I am.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Ya, ig er.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;No, I'm not.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Nee, ig er nit.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;I'm learning Twisspraak but do not speak it very well.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Ig lern twisspraak dogh ig konn nit sprecke dat muck guod.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;How do you say that in Twisspraak?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Hu sag mann dat in twisspraak?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;What does that mean?&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Wat bedied dat?&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;I don't understand.&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;Ig fersta nit.&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===De keisers ny kleeden===
Befor mucke yaaren, livde een keiser dat denkte so muck av ny kleeden, at hie outgav all sein pennien fur tu sei reght shoone. Hie kummerde selv nit om sein kriegeren, kummerde selv nit om shouspeel or om tu ga in de wald, outer aleen fur tu forstelle sein ny kleeden. Hie hadde een kleeding stuck fur ever uor av de dag, en as man sag av een kung, &quot;Hie er in de raad&quot;, so sagde man hier allteid: &quot;Hie er in de kleedroum!&quot;.

In de groote stad wer hie woonde, war de leiv muck luckly. Ever dag, kam mucke fremde menshen dar. Een dag, kam twee swindleren. Dee outgav selv fur tu sei weveren en sagde at dee konnde weve de feinste stoff dat man kon denke. De farven en de munster war nit aleen unwoonly shoone, dogh de kleeden dat war naade av de stoff hadde de wonderbare eegenshap at dee war unsightbarre fur ever mensh dat dougde nit sein ambd or ook war untuolaatly dumme.

&quot;Dat shollde sei een feine kleed&quot;, denkte de keiser; &quot;if ig shollde dragge dem, konnde ig outfinde welke mannen in mein reik dougde nit fur de ambd dat dee hav; ig konnde undersheide de kluoken av de dummen! Ya, de stoff must sei soford wevd fur mie!”. En hie gav de swindleren mucke pennien, fur at dee shollde beginne deer arbeet.

Dee upsette ook twee wevstuolen, en deed as if dee arbeetede, dogh dee hadde nit de littelste op de wevstuol. Trots dat, fruog dee om de feinste silk en de praghtieste gold, dogh dee stickte dat in deer eegne sacken en arbeetede an de inhaldloose wevstuolen till laat in de naght.

&quot;Nu shollde ig gern weete hu fer dee er med de stoff&quot;, denkte de keiser,
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hvrem</title>
    <id>3674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18491</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-12T17:07:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Voiced and unvoiced letters are considered allophones
|-
!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name!!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name
|-
|C||q||Cuthek||Q||ɢ||Qudheg
|-
|K||k||Kámətz||G||ɡ||Gámədz
|-
|T||t||Tuc||D||d||Duq
|-
|Th||θ||Thatzem||Dh||ð||Dhadzem
|-
|Tz||t​͡s||Tzə´f||Dz||d​͡z||Dzə´v
|-
|F||f||Fáf||V||v||Váv
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name!!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name
|-
|A||ɐ||Hah||Á||a||Háh
|-
|E||ɛ||Heh||É||e||Héh
|-
|U||ʊ||Huh||Ú||ʉ||Húh
|-
|Ə||ə||Həh||Ə´||ɪ||Hə´h
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name!!Letter!!Sound (IPA)!!Name
|-
|M||||Metz||Y
|-
|N||||Núc||W
|-
|R||||Rar||H
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Comparison of adjectives</title>
    <id>3675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17651</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-24T19:52:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* '''Comparison of adjectives''' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In English, many adjectives are compared by adding the suffixes ''er'' and ''est'' with the definite article ''the'':

 
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| fast
| faster || the fastest
|-
| late
| later || the latest                                    
|}

Another way of comparing adjectives is with ''more'' and ''the most'':

 
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| achievable
| more achievable || the most achievable
|-
| advanced
| more advanced || the most advanced                                    
|}

In dal'qörian, both of these constructions are rendered with the prefix '''te''' with words beginning with a consonant, and '''tev''' with those beginning with a vowel:


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| '''araciev'''-''late''
| '''tev'araciev'''-''later'' || '''di tev'araciev'''-''the latest''
|-
| '''bracödrädn'''-''achievable''
| '''te'bracödrädn'''-''more achievable'' || '''di te'bracödrädn'''-''the most achievable''                                    
|}

===='''Comparative sentence patterns'''====

There are three types of comparative sentence: ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.&lt;br/&gt;'''Positive sentences''' are those such as:

* ''The pie is not '''as nice as''' it was yesterday''.

* ''One picture is '''as nice as''' the next''. 

* ''It’s '''as good as''' it gets''!

In dal'qörian, these are formed with the word '''säsa''' which goes before the adjective:

* '''séÞa epnij ''säsa stæ’quraläla'' ädiáda'''. ''The pie is '''not as nice as''' yesterday''. (In comparative sentences, adverbs of time do not begin the sentence. See Adverbs)      

* '''sia gä’létr di vaÞriámn,, ön sia ''säsa gé’älig'' söcasendras'''. '' She told the truth and was '''as honest as''' possible.                        
      
Using the intensifier '''esti''' with '''säsa''' also renders the equivalent of ''just as...as'', which is slightly more emphatic: 

* '''binä ''säsa esti sæadörädn'' diöra'''. '' I’m '''just as surprised as''' you''.

'''Comparative sentences''' are those such as: 

* I’m more intelligent than you.

* The train is faster than the car.  

* It was less noticeable than yesterday.

These are simply formed with the comparative form of the adjective and '''nas'''-''than'':

* '''binä ''tev’ilalägra nas'' diöra'''. ''I'm '''more intelligent than''' you.''                         

* '''Sahán ni ''tev’éagöra evédrátsi nas'' Sösan'''. ''Shane is a '''better driver than''' Susan.''  

* '''tiÞ ''gé’natinträdn stæmériÞ nas'' ädiáda'''. ''It ''was less noticeable than'' yesterday.''

Sentences such as: &quot;''You are getting taller and taller. The wind is blowing stronger and stronger'' etc, (where the adjectice is compared with itself), are formed with the adverb '''brát'''-''still'' ('''brát''' is also used as the conjunction ''but'') and the comparative:

* '''diö vädenária brát te’viténa'''. ''You are getting taller and taller''. (lit: ''You are becoming still taller'').       

* '''di ateméj löbria brát te’herecöl'''. ''The wind is blowing stronger and stronger''. (lit: ''The wind is blowing still stronger'').

'''Superlative sentences''' are those such as:

* ''I’m the best guitar player''. 

* ''This is the happiest I’ve seen her''. 

* ...''and worst of all, she said I wasn’t attractive''! 

The first two examples are formed as in English:

* '''binä di tev’éagöra gæatéjátsi'''. ''I'm the best guitar player.''                              
* '''séÞa di te’qurnöra,, taÞ binä gä’ábravisör siöra'''. ''This is the happiest I've seen her.''

As in the third example, the form ''adj + of all'' is formed by adding the adverbial suffix '''as/ni''' to the comparative adjective:

* '''minäla, te ména, gä’ábra-eƒragör di iáda,, brát ''tev’éagöras'', ména, lintöni Tradiáda, mösárax nöreÞár'''. ''We’ve been given the day off but '''best of all''', we don’t have to go back until Wednesday''. ('''mösárax'''-''must not'' in dal'qörian renders the English equivalent of ''do not have to'', see '''Verbs''')</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian adjective endings</title>
    <id>3676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47089</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

Dalcurian adjectives fall into one of 3 categories: ''verb-derivative, noun-related'' or ''non-derivative/free standing''.

=='''Verb-derivative adjectives'''==


In Dalcurian, ''Verb-derivative'' adjectives are those which have a 'verbal' relative. If the adjective is derived from an infinitive, it must add the suffix '''ädn:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! verb !! adjective  
|-
| '''iquir'''-''to like''
| '''iquirädn'''-''likeable'' 
|-
| '''döfindr'''-''to afford''
| '''döfindrädn'''-''affordable''
|}

If the past participle of the verb is used as the adjective, this must lose its participle prefix '''gä'''' and again add the suffix '''ädn''':


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! past participle !! adjective  
|-
| '''gä'amár'''-''captivated''
| '''amárädn'''-''captivated'' 
|-
| '''gä'lilör'''-''irritated''
| '''lilörädn'''-''irritated''
|}

It's very important to remember this rule with ''past participle adjectives.'' For example, if you were to translate the sentence: 

''I am captivated by her looks.'' 

using the participle: 

'''Binä, máriÞ di gesibniel qve siöra, ''gä'amár''''' 

then this would translate back as: 

''I captivated with her looks'' 

which of course makes no sense. You must use the adjective ending:

'''Binä, máriÞ di gesibniel qve siöra, ''amárädn'''''.

=='''Noun related'''==

These are adjectives that have no verbal relative. These are adjectives that form thier respective nouns with the suffix '''ámn'''. These adjectives have no specific ending. Where the adjective ends in '''ä''', this is removed when adding the suffix:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! adjective !! noun  
|-
| '''söaviä'''-''romantic
| '''söaviámn'''-''romance'' 
|-
| '''sörelbi'''-''pleasurable''
| '''sörelbiámn'''-''pleasure''
|}

=='''Non-derivative/Free standing'''==

These are simply Dalcurian adjectives that have no specific ending, and no verbal or nounal relative. As above, they take no specific ending.

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian adjective tense</title>
    <id>3677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47202</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-11T18:27:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adjective continuous past */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

Dalcurian has a unique past tense inflection with adjectives. This is because Dalcurian has no literal equivalent of the auxiliary verbs ''was/were'' and the perfect tense ''had been''. This is formed with the prefix '''gé’''' and when used with an adjective, it renders ''was/were'' or ''had been''. Here are some examples: (Note: modifying words like '''disiri'''-''very'', '''disénig'''-''quite'' and '''veclérÞ'''-''really'', always FOLLOW the adjective in the past tense but PRECEDE it in the present and future):

=='''Past tense denoting ''was/were'''''==

* '''Sia gé’vélø'''. ''She was nasty''.                                      

* '''Ädiáda, danöÞ gé’strömi disénig'''. ''It was quite hot yesterday''. lit: ''Yesterday, it was hot quite''.                           
  
* '''Éren, gé’lenandrädn veclérÞ'''. ''They were really helpful''. lit: ''They were helpful really''. 

* '''Di ødörämösel gé’vemörädn disiri'''. ''The instructions were very clear''.

As you can see, ''was'' or ''were'' is denoted by a singular or a plural noun/pronoun.
----

=='''Adjective continuous past'''==

Because of the Dalcurian tense system, ambiguity can arise on many occasions if it is not used correctly. Lets look at this example sentence:

* ''She has been depressed for a very long time''.

The past tense ''has been'' implies that she 'had' become depressed in the past and 'still is'. So the action of being depressed is 'still' on going. However, we cannot literally translate this sentence into Dalcurian because we cannot say ''has been''. A common mistake might be to put the sentence into the ''adjective past tense'':
  
* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time''. 

This however, would be conveying the wrong message because ''was'' would imply that she is no longer depressed when, in fact, she is. We would only use this tense if we wanted to say:
  
* ''She '''had been''' very depressed for a long time''. (and is no longer)

So, for this kind of continuous past formation (with adjectives/adverbs only), where the ‘state’ is still on going, we use the PRESENT TENSE with the preposition '''sintra'''-''since'':
    
* '''Sintra tirimiÞ, sia disiri námaroqu'''. lit: ''Since a long time, she is very depressed''. Translating as: ''She has been depressed for a very long time''.

The first part of the sentence tells us that the action had begun in the past; the second part, being in the ''present indicative'', tells us that the action is still on going.

A more expressive way would be to use the noun:

* '''Sintra tirimiÞ, sia abra námaroquámn.''' ''She has had depression for a while''.

'''NOTE''': When stating the ''continuous past'' regarding the ''existential'' position of people or objects, you would normally use the verb '''Þalár'''-''reside''. However, in colloquial Dalcurian, the verb can be omitted:
  
* '''Sintra sol qömblel, éren [gä’ábraÞalár] dérÞ'''. lit: ''Since six weeks, they have resided here''. Translating as: ''They have been here for six weeks''.

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian adjectives</title>
    <id>3678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47342</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-17T22:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Many adjectives in English have recognizable endings such as: ''able, al, ful, ic, ive,less, ous''. However, there are many adjectives that do not have specific endings, for example, colours. The past participle of verbs can also be used as adjectives. For example, in the sentence, &quot;He was abandoned as a child&quot;, ''abandoned'' is the past participle of the verb ''abandon'', but in the sentence, &quot;He was an abandoned child&quot;, ''abandoned'' becomes an adjective because it describes an attribute of the noun ''child''.

Dalcurian has no specific endings for adjectives except:

* When the past participle of a verb is used as an adjective (looses the prefix '''gä’''' and adds the suffix '''ädn''')
* When an adjective has a relative verb (formed by adding the suffix '''ädn''' to an infinitive):

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! infinitive !! past participle !! adjective 
|-
| '''námbr'''-''to abandon''                    
| '''gä’námbr'''-''abandoned''                              || '''námbrädn'''-''abandoned'' 
|-
| '''qurivecsár'''-''to anger''              
| '''gä’qurivecsár'''-''angered''                             || '''qurivecsárädn'''-''angry''
|-
| '''tsöcr'''-''to touch''                        
| '''gä’tsöcr'''-''touched''                                      || '''tsöcrädn'''-''touched'' 
|}

example text:

* '''Mæ gä’námbr di arangájel qve mæöra'''. ''He abandoned his children''.&lt;br/&gt;
* '''Mæ ni námbrädn arangáj'''. ''He is an abandoned child.''  
* '''Jödran gä’tsöcr di gitæj qve diöra'''. ''Jordan touched your guitar.''&lt;br/&gt;
* '''Binä, gerödn taÞ Þonábrämös, disiri tsöcrädn'''. ''I'm very touched by that gesture.''&lt;br/&gt;
* '''Diö gä’ábravecsár binöra'''. ''You have angered me.''&lt;br/&gt;
* '''Binä qurivecsárädn'''. ''I'm angry.''
----

===[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]===

===[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]===

===[[Dalcurian adjective hierarchy|Adjective Hierarchy]]===

===[[Dalcurian adjective negation|Adjective Negation]]===

==='''A note on style'''===

Stylistically, Dalcuarians won't use an adjective if a verb and a noun can do the job. It's more likely that ''an enormous man'' would be refered to as ''a giant'', or ''personal opinion'' would simply be possessive as in ''my opinion'', or ''the usual custom'' may simply be ''customary''; they like to be efficient in speech. However, what you learn from this website remains standard Dalcurian; this 'non-use' of adjectives is highly colloquial, and not something that a learner should ever worry about.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian adverbs</title>
    <id>3679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47097</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:41:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Adverbs are words that describe or give extra meaning to ''verbs, adjectives, other adverbs'', or any word that 'isn’t' a noun. In English, many adverbs are formed from the adjective by adding the suffix ''ly/ily'':
  
* happy/happily  

* strong/strongly  

* hasty/hastily  

* stupid/stupidly  

* effective/effectively 
  
However, there are many that are irregular and do not have recognizable endings such as ''now, very, quite''. Words such as ''today, tomorrow, yesterday, nowadays, sometimes'' are also known as 'adverbs of time'. In Dalcurian, regular adverbs or adverbs that have a relative adjective, are formed by adding the following suffixes to the adjective:
  
* '''s''' to adjectives that end with a vowel                
* '''as''' to adjectives that end with a consonant
* '''ni''' to adjectives that end with '''ø''' (some adjectives already end in '''ni'''; these take no ending)


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! Adjective !! Adjectival adverb !!
|-
| '''qurnöra'''-''happy'' || '''qurnöras'''-''happily'' 
|-
| '''vélø'''-''nasty'' || '''véløni'''-''nastily''
|-
| '''geræsni'''-''graceful''|| '''geræsni'''-gracefully''
|-
| '''neƒracteÞ'''-''affectionate''|| '''neƒracteÞas'''-''affectionately'' 
|}
----

=='''Word order'''==

In English, normal adverbs can either precede or follow the ''adj/verb'': 
   
* ''The child played '''happily'''''.  
* ''The child '''happily''' played''.

In Dalcurian, ''adjectival adverbs'' always precede the word they modify:
  
* '''Di arangáj qurnöras gä’spélögr'''. ''The child happily played.''  
* '''Minäla, öcra taÞ resæÞámn, örendörädnas gä’létr érenöra vögér dörÞ'''. ''They were told to wait there specifically for that reason''. lit: ''They, for that reason, specifically told them to wait there''.  

* '''Di siárij sæmérädnas ømária'''. ''The sun is brightly shining.''

=='''Adverbs of time'''==

''Adverbs of time'' 'always' begin a sentence or clause 'except' when used in ''interrogative questions'' or ''comparative sentences'' where they are placed last:
  
* '''''Vonériáda'', di parenöj qve binöra besöcéræ,, brát ''nequtöndrel'', mæ besöcérax binöra vélas'''. ''My dad is coming tomorrow but he doesn’t visit me much nowadays''. lit: '''''Tomorrow''', my father will visit, but '''nowadays''', he visits not me much.''

* '''Væl? iquirquas diö gör ''vonériáda'''''. ''Where would you like to go '''tomorrow?'''''  
* '''TiÞ säsa stæmériÞ strömi ''ädiáda'''''. ''It's not as hot as '''yesterday.''''' 

Note that, in the first example, there is also an adverb of time in the second clause: '''nequtöndrel'''-''nowadays''. When you have an adv of time in the second clause of a sentence, it immediately follows the conjunction which introduces that clause. Following is a list of very common aderbs of time:

* '''ädiáda'''-''yesterday'' 
* '''am éagömrÞ'''-''in good time''  
* '''andörest'''-''at first''  
* '''aracievas'''-''lately'' 
* '''fröqu'''-''early''  
* '''gegéna'''-''again''
* '''iádas'''-''daily'' (every day)
* '''iáda'''-''today''  
* '''infrequ'''-''seldom/rarely'' (not very often)
* '''irønet'''-''often''  
* '''mömádi'''-''at last''  
* '''nequtöndrel'''-''nowadays/these days''  
* '''nes'''-''then''  
* '''nöra'''-''now''
* '''nösaraciev'''-''sooner or later''  
* '''nösa'''-''soon''  
* '''öcra nöra'''-''for a short time/for now''  
* '''öcra tirimiÞ'''-''for a long time''  
* '''qömblas'''-''weekly'' (every week)
* '''quriandø'''-''sometimes/now and then/again''  
* '''repönas'''-''recently''  
* '''retöga máriÞ'''-''at the same time''  
* '''sævála'''-''always/forever''  
* '''sintránes'''-''since then/from that time''  
* '''sintra'''-''since''  
* '''solegasas'''-''immediately''  
* '''täandø'''-''at times''  
* '''Þömnas'''-''monthly'' (every month)
* '''vonériáda'''-''tomorrow'' 
* '''vorbæ/vonéri'''-''beforehand''  
* '''yérasas'''-''yearly'' (every year)

=='''There'''==
  
In English the adverb ''there'' can be used either as an adverb of ''position'' or ''direction'':  
  
* ''The café is over there.''    

* ''We have to go through there.''    

* ''Look over there!''

or as an existential adverb:  
  
* ''There is a church in the village''.  

* ''There was a man in the garden''.  

* ''There are better things in life than....''

Dalcurian has two words meaning there: '''dörÞ''' and '''danöÞ'''. The first is used to denote position or direction and is normally recognized as following the subject noun/pronoun, prepositon or modal verb:
   
* '''Ména mösár, dörac dörÞ, gör'''. ''We have to go through there.'' 

* '''Di éfrácaj, rödn dörÞ, Þalár'''. ''The café is over there''. Lit:  ''The café, over there, resides''.   

The second is used as an existential adverb:
     
* '''DanöÞ Þalár ni qöráj am orÞ, yil?''' ''Is there a church in the village?'' Lit: ''There resides a church in the village, yes?'' 

* '''DanöÞ Þalár ni qöráj am orÞ'''. ''There is a church in the village''. 

* '''DanöÞ pasäcr épøel,, vömä vétä svägérø'''. ''There are times when life is hard.''

NOTE: As you can see from the examples, the verb '''Þalár'''-''reside'' is used to denote the position or the existence of an object. This equates the English use of ''is/was/were'' as in ''there is/was a man in the garden''. To render ''was/were'', Dalcurian would use the past tense of '''Þalár''':
    
* '''DanöÞ ''gä’Þalár'' ni sáj am jérabödä'''. ''There was a man in the garden''. Lit: ''There resided a man in the garden''. 

This rule also applies to the adverb '''dérÞ'''-''here'':
    
* '''Dörac iáda, di siaberöj qve binöra gä’Þalár dérÞ'''.  ''My sister was here all day''. Lit:  ''Throughout today, my sister resided here''.

=='''Contractions'''==

'''DanöÞ''' takes the following contractions:

* '''danöqu'''-''there is nothing''

* '''danöÞöa'''-''there are some/is something''

* '''danörasáb'''-''there is a person/somebody''   

=='''Colloquial usage'''==

You will note from some of the above examples the use of the verbs '''pasäcr'''-''to exist'' and '''Þalár'''-''to reside''. This is standard Dalcurian. '''Þalár''' is used when a 'tangible' noun is being discussed. '''pasäcr''' is used when a non-tangible noun is used:

* '''DanöÞ ''Þalár'' ni qöráj am orÞ'''. ''There is a church in the village''. 
* '''DanöÞ ''pasäcr'' épøel,, vömä vétä svägérø'''. ''There are times when life is hard.''

However, '''danöÞ''' already implies ''is/are'', and in colloquial Dalcurian, the verbs will often be omitted. In a 'past' sense, standard usage would simply use the simple past of the verb:

* '''DanöÞ ''gä'Þalár'' ni qöráj am orÞ'''. ''There '''was''' a church in the village''. Lit: ''There resided a chuch in the village''. 
* '''DanöÞ ''gä'pasäcr'' épøel,, vömä vétä gé'svägérø'''. ''There '''were''' times when life was hard.'' Lit: ''There existed times when life was hard''.

But in every day speech, the prefix '''gé''' will often be used with the adverb:

* '''Gé'danöÞ ni qöráj am orÞ'''. ''There '''was''' a church in the village''.
* '''Gé’danöÞ épøel,, vömä vétä gé'svägérø.''' ''There were times when life was hard.''

However, this is highly colloquial and somewhat ungrammatical, and not expected of a foreign learner unless one has a very good grasp of other colloquial expressions.

=='''Dummy Pronoun'''==

'''DanöÞ''' is also used idiomatically to replace the dummy pronoun ''it'' when ''it'' doesn't appear to refer directly to an object, eg:

* '''DanöÞ morgér saméla,, taÞ tev’araciev, danpörämös näocr qamör¿''' ''It looks as if it might rain later''. lit: ''There seems as if, that later rain could come.

* '''Iádas séÞa qömbla, danöÞ gä'ábradanpör.'''. ''It's rained every day this week''. lit: ''Daily this week, there has rained''.

However, this leans towards correct speech. Colloquially, one might here:

* '''Ela qömbla, danpörämös gä'qamör.''' ''It rained all week''. lit: ''All week, rain came''.

=='''Äda'''-''ago''==

'''Äda''' represents the adverb ''ago'' but can also be translated as ''previously'':

* '''Äda dion yérasel, binä gä’abetár nörasägr Dal’qörian.''' ''I started learning Dalcurian 2 years ago''. 
* '''Mæ, tevon levárel ocasionámnel, äda gä'ansanondr binöra'''. ''He contacted me on several occasions''.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian comparison of adjectives</title>
    <id>3680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47335</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-17T21:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

In English, many adjectives are compared by adding the suffixes ''er'' and ''est'' with the definite article ''the'':

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| fast
| faster || the fastest
|-
| late
| later || the latest                                    
|}

Another way of comparing adjectives is with ''more'' and ''the most'':

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| achievable
| more achievable || the most achievable
|-
| advanced
| more advanced || the most advanced                                    
|}

In Dalcurian, both of these constructions are rendered with the prefix '''te''' with words beginning with a consonant, and '''tev''' with those beginning with a vowel:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! absolute !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| '''araciev'''-''late''
| '''tev'araciev'''-''later'' || '''di tev'araciev'''-''the latest''
|-
| '''bracödrädn'''-''achievable''
| '''te'bracödrädn'''-''more achievable'' || '''di te'bracödrädn'''-''the most achievable''                                    
|}


[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
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    <title>Dal'qörian comparative sentences</title>
    <id>3681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47333</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-17T21:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Superlative sentences */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|Return to Dalcurian adjectives]]

=='''Comparative sentences'''==

There are three types of comparative sentence:

==='''Positive'''===

* ''This pie is '''as nice as''' it was yesterday''.

* ''One picture is '''as nice as''' the next''. 

* ''It’s '''as good as''' it gets''!

In Dalcurian, these are formed with the particle '''säsa''' which goes before the adjective:

* '''SiÞ epnij ''säsa quraläla'' ädiáda'''. ''This pie is '''as nice as''' yesterday''. (In comparative sentences, adverbs of time do not begin the sentence. See [[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]])      

* '''Sia gä’létr di vaÞriámn,, ön sia ''säsa gé’älig'' söcasendras'''. '' She told the truth and was '''as honest as''' possible.                        
      
Using the intensifier '''esti''' with '''säsa''' also renders the equivalent of ''just as...as'', which is slightly more emphatic: 

* '''Binä ''säsa esti sæadörädn'' diöra'''. '' I’m '''just as surprised as''' you''.

REMEBER: If you want to make the sentence retrospective, use the adjective past tense prefix '''gé''':

* '''SiÞ epnij säsa ''gé'quraläla'' ädiáda'''. ''This pie '''was''' as nice as yesterday''.

* '''Binä säsa esti ''gé'sæadörädn'' diöra'''. '' I '''was''' just as surprised as you''.

==='''Comparative'''===  

* ''I’m more intelligent than you''.

* ''The train is faster than the car''.  

* ''It was less noticeable than yesterday''.

Where the comparison is ''more than'', then this is simply formed with the comparative form of the adjective and '''nas'''-''than'':

* '''Binä ''tev’ilalägra nas'' diöra'''. ''I'm '''more intelligent than''' you.''                         

* '''Sahán ni ''tev’éagöra evédrátsi nas'' Sösan'''. ''Sahán is a '''better driver than''' Sösan.''

Where the comparison is ''less than'', the expression '''stæmériÞ'''-''less than'' is placed after the adjective, and the comparative marker '''te''' and '''nas''' are omitted:   

* '''DanöÞ ''gé’natinträdn stæmériÞ'' ädiáda'''. ''It '''was less noticeable than''' yesterday.''

Sentences such as: ''You are getting taller and taller. The wind is blowing stronger and stronger'' etc, (where the adjective is compared with itself), are formed with the adverb '''brát'''-''still'' and the comparative:

* '''Diö vädenária brát te’viténa'''. ''You are getting taller and taller''. lit: ''You are becoming still taller''.       

* '''Di ateméj löbria brát te’herecöl'''. ''The wind is blowing stronger and stronger''. lit: ''The wind is blowing still stronger''.

==='''Superlative'''=== 

* ''I’m '''the best''' guitar player''. 

* ''This is '''the happiest''' I’ve seen her''. 

* ''We’ve been given the day off but '''best of all''', we don’t have to go back until Wednesday''.

The first two examples are simply formed with the superlative construct:

* '''Binä di tev’éagöra gitæjátsi'''. ''I'm the best guitar player.''                              
* '''SiÞ di te’qurnöra,, taÞ binä gä’ábravisör siöra'''. ''This is the happiest I've seen her.''

In the third example, the form ''adj + of all'' is formed with the adverb  '''elaniÞas'''-''entirely'' and the superlative:

* '''Minäla, te ména, gä’ábra-efragör di iáda,, brát ''elaniÞas tev’éagöra'', ména, lintöni Tradiáda, mösárax nöreÞár'''. ''We’ve been given the day off but '''best of all''', we don’t have to go back until Wednesday''. ('''mösárax'''-''must not'' in Dalcurian translates as ''do not have to'', see [[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]])

----

=='''Negation'''==

Previous to the creation of this website, Dalcurian adjective negation was deemed so idiomatic that it was reformed by the Dalcurian Language Institute in 2005 under decree from the Dalcurian Government. I will create a section on the old contructs at a later date, but for now will present the reformed method.

With positive sentences, negation is straight forward and comes from the expression '''stæmériÞ''' which means ''less than/not as much''. This follows '''säsa''':

* '''SiÞ epnij ''säsa stæmériÞ quraläla'' ädiáda'''. ''This pie is not '''as nice as''' yesterday''. lit: ''This pie is less than nice as yesterday''.

* '''Sia gä’létr eÞöa vaÞriámn,, brát sia ''säsa stæmériÞ gé’älig'' söcasendras'''. '' She told some truth but '''was not as honest as''' she could have been. 

Comparative sentences now see the adjective inflected with the verb suffix '''x/ax''':

* '''Déno viténi,, brát mæ ''te'viténiax'' nas binöra'''. ''Dino is tall but ''not taller'' than me.''
* '''Binä ''tev'ilalägrax'' nas diöra'''. ''I'm ''not more intelligent'' than you''.

However, a stylistic quirk of a Dalcurian is to avoid negating the sentence at all, and will often engineer a response so as not to do so. For example, in English one might say:

* ''Your car is not faster than mine''. (Implying not faster, but perhaps equally as fast as each other)

A Dalcurian would most likely re-interprit this as a positive construct:

* '''Di vötöj q'diöra säsa vös q'binöra'''. ''Your car is as fast as mine''.

But if you're not a Dalcurian, then this is not something to worry about!

The superlative is also formed with '''x/ax''':

* '''Binä di ''tev'éagörax'' gitæjátsi'''. ''I'm '''not the best''' guitar player.''

=='''Colloquial Expressions'''==

Although the above section is now the standard form of adjective negation, there also exists a colloquial construct. This comes in the form of the suffix '''stæ''', which is often seen in the formation of adjectives themselves (normally equating to the English prefixes ''un'' and ''dis'':

* '''vehiqualosträdn''' ''associated'' '''''stæ''vehiqualosträdn''' ''disassociated'', '''lenandrädn''' ''helpful'' '''''stæ''lenandrädn''' ''unhelpful''

In a negated positive sentence, '''stæ''' is used with '''säsa''':

* '''SiÞ epnij ''stæ'säsa'' quraläla ädiáda'''. ''This pie is not as nice as yesterday''.
* '''Di epnij ''stæ'säsa'' gé'quraläla ädiáda'''. ''The pie was not as nice as yesterday''.

In comparatives, '''stæ''' goes before the comparative marker:

* '''Sahán ni ''stæ'tev'éagöra'' evédrátsi nas Sösan'''. ''Sahán is not a better driver than Sösan.''

Here, we must reinstate '''nas'''. (If we wanted to literally translate, we could say: ''un-nicer'' or ''un-better'', although semantically they aren't quite the same).

In a superlative construct, one can say:

* '''Binä di ''stæ'tev'éagöra'' gitæjátsi'''. ''I'm not the best guitar player.''
* '''Binä di ''stæ'gé'tev'éagöra'' gitæjátsi'''. ''I was not the best guitar player.''
----

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives</title>
    <id>3682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47203</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-11T18:29:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
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[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

''Attributive'' adjectives precede the noun they describe:
 
* '''EÞöa ''sangtörädn'' esteplédrämösel'''. ''Some '''controlled''' explosions''   

* '''Di ''qurnöra'' angaráj'''. ''The '''happy''' child.''                         

* '''Di ''ädøni'' sájel'''. ''The '''old''' men.''                                   

* '''Ni ''qalba'' fléj'''. ''The '''black''' fly.''                                    
  
''Predicative'' adjectives occur 'after' the noun but not immediately; they follow a verb, (normally a form of the verb to ''be''). Again, this the same in Dalcurian: 
  
* '''Di arangáj ''tirigör qurnöra''.'''  ''The child '''seems happy'''''        

* '''Di iádel ''vädenária te’vélø''.''' ''The days '''are getting colder'''''.
  
However, the adjective must still follow the verb when in conjunction with prepositional word order:
  
* '''Di iádel, dörac Vinti, ''vädenária te’vélø''.'''  ''The days '''are getting colder''' through the winter''.

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Post positive adjectives</title>
    <id>3683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47092</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:39:07Z</timestamp>
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        <id>279</id>
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[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

These are adjectives that, in English, immediately follow a noun 'without' a verb, especially in certain institutionalized expressions:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* ''the Governor '''General'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''the Princess '''Royal'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''times '''past''''' 

Post position is obligatory when the adjective modifies a pronoun:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* ''something '''useful'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''everyone '''present'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''those '''responsible'''''

They are also commonly found together with ''superlative-attributive'' adjectives (although not obligatory):&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* ''the shortest route '''possible'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''the worst conditions '''imaginable'''''&lt;br/&gt;* ''the best hotel '''available''''' 

In Dalcurian, (with the exception of institutional titles of position), the postpositive adjective is ALWAYS introduced  'after' the noun as a '''taÞ''' clause (omitting this is considered a grammatical faux pas) :

* '''Di Siasájarega’Lamæa.''' ''The Princess Royal''           

* '''Di Vitihæarátsi’Algemérädn.''' ''The Governor General'' 

but:
  
* '''SáÞ épø, taÞ gä’ábragör'''. ''Times past.'' (lit: ''Those times, that have gone.'')

* '''EÞöa, taÞ vosérädn.''' ''Something useful.'' (lit: ''Something, that is useful.'')

* '''Yetrasáb, taÞ qedérÞ.''' ''Everyone present.'' (lit: ''Everyone, that is present''. Colloquailly, you can use '''eladiö-''you all'').

* '''SáÞ, taÞ gé’Þerapönas.''' ''Those (who were) responsible'' (Note here that the Dalcurian example is in the past tense, however the English translation can still be ''those responsible''; tense becoming clear from conext). 

* '''Di te’tiriø vécan, taÞ söcasendras.''' ''The shortest route possible''. (lit: ''The shortest route, that is possible''). 
  
* '''Di tev’éagöra gasániabödä, taÞ aviablos.''' ''The best hotel available''. (lit: ''The best hotel, that is available''). 

* '''SéÞa di te’darø qurnisæ, taÞ minä näocr æmöaÞr.''' ''These are the worst conditions imagineable''. (lit: ''These are the worst conditions that I could imagine'').

ONE TO WATCH: Lets take a look at this last example. There are some adjectives which do not exist in Dalcurian, that are quite common in English. This is because Dalcurian only allows for 'one' adjective to be formed from a verb, thus taking the adjective ending '''ädn'''. However, in English, more than one adjective may be derived from a verb taking either ''able'' or ''ive'' as an ending:
  

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! verb !! adjective 1 !! adjective 2 
|-
! to imagine
| imaginative || imaginable
|-
! to predict
| predictive || predictable
|-
! to describe
| descriptive || describable
|}

Where there are two such adjectives in English, only one of these exists in Dalcurian; that being the ''ave/ive'' equivalent (although there are many verbs in English that only form one or the other eg: to ''seduce'' only forms ''seductive'' as an adjective, and to ''deploy'' only forms ''deployable'', both being rendered in Dalcurian with the ending ''ädn''). So, in order to equate the ''able/ible'' form, one can ‘verbalize’ the sentence, as in the example.

Stylistically, and Dalcurians often employ this method for emphasis, one can use a noun:

* '''Am di æmöaÞrämös qve binöra, séÞa di te’darø qurnisæ.''' ''These are the worst conditions imagineable''. (lit: ''In my imagination, these are the worst conditions'').


[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions|Adjectives with prepositions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sezara pronouns</title>
    <id>3684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17751</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-27T10:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bolding real terms</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Sezara]] Pronouns are as follows:
Nominative:
*First Person
**Singular: '''zi''' (/ʃi/)
**Plural: '''se''' (/se/)
*Informal Second Person
**Singular: '''ka''' (/kɑ/)
**Plural: '''tiika''' (/ti~kɑ/)
*Formal Second Person
**Singular: '''p'aka''' (/p'ɑkɑ/)
**Plural: '''tiip'u''' (/ti~p'u/)
*Third Person
**Singular Animate: '''si''' (/si/)
**Singular Inanimate: '''khi''' (/kʰi/)
**Dual: '''muu''' (/mu~/)
**Plural: '''mnarri''' (/ɱɑri/)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives</title>
    <id>3685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47093</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:39:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

Most attributive adjectives denote some ‘attribute’ of the noun which they modify. For instance, the phrase ''a red car'' may be said to denote a car which is ''red''. In fact most adjective-noun sequences such as this can be loosely reformulated in a similar way:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* an old man-''a man who is old''&lt;br/&gt;* difficult questions-''questions which are difficult''&lt;br/&gt;* round glasses-''glasses that are round''  

This applies equally to postpositive adjectives:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* something understood-''something which is understood''&lt;br/&gt;* those responsible-''those who are/were responsible''

In each case the adjective denotes an attribute or quality of the noun, as the reformulations show. Adjectives of this type are known as INHERENT adjectives. The attribute they denote is, as it were, inherent in the noun which they modify. However, not all adjectives are related to the noun in the same way. For example, the adjective ''small'' in ''a small businessman'' does not describe an attribute of the ''businessman''. It cannot be reformulated as ''a businessman who is small''. Instead, it refers to a businessman whose ''business'' is small. We refer to adjectives of this type as NON-INHERENT adjectives. They refer less directly to an attribute of the noun than inherent adjectives do. Here are some more examples, showing the contrast between inherent and non-inherent:    
  
'''Inherent'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* ''distant hills''&lt;br/&gt;* ''a complete chapter''&lt;br/&gt;* ''a heavy burden''&lt;br/&gt;* ''an old man''

'''Non-inherent'''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;* ''distant relatives''&lt;br/&gt;* ''a complete idiot''&lt;br/&gt;* ''a heavy smoker''&lt;br/&gt;* ''an old friend''

One can clearly see the difference in meaning between an inherent and a non-inherent adjective. For example, ''an old man'' is a man who is ''old'', whereas ''an old friend'' is not a friend who is ''old'', but a friend who you have known for some time.

In Dalcurian, attributive adjectives are never used in a non-inherent style. This is because almost all Dalcurian attributive adjectives carry only an attributive meaning. For example, to say literally '''ni vätös zécösatrátsi'''-''a heavy smoker'', would imply that the ‘smoker’ was of a ‘heavy stature’ (this is most likely why Dalcurians are termed 'Literal Thinkers). Again, the adjectives must be avoided but there are a number of ways in which non-inherent formations can be rendered. One way is to verbalize the sentence and modify it with an adverb that relates to the adjective:
  
* '''Mæ vätösas zécösatr'''. ''He smokes heavily''. (see '''[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]''' for word order)

Although this does not directly describe an attribute of ‘the smoker’ himself, it still describes an attribute of his smoking which, in turn, tells us more about ‘him’.

* '''Ni qömpal qvéamø di äda-épø'''. ''An old friend''. (lit: ''A friend out of the past'').                                                

* '''Tev’araciev, binä, máriÞ ni qömpal qvéamø äda-épø, tirigöria'''. ''I’m meeting with an old friend later''. (lit: ''Later, I am meeting with a friend out of the past'').                                                                           

* '''GeræÞ tamlájel'''. ''Distant relatives''. In Dalcurian, these are known as ''slight relations''.                                                                   

This is an area of Dalcurian grammar which I would describe as being a little difficult. Unfortunately, there is no ’list’ that depicts each and every equivalent of an English non-inherent phrase. Through your learning of Dalcurian, it will become apparent as to which words can be replaced or used, and how sentences can simply be re-formed.

Just remember, not everything from one's own language can be directly translated into a foreign one; this is one of those areas!

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Nominal adjectives</title>
    <id>3686</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47094</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:39:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives ]]

Certain adjectives are used to denote a class by describing one of the attributes of the class. For example, ''the poor'' denotes a class of people who share a similar financial status. Other nominal adjectives are:   
  
* the old   

* the sick   

* the wealthy 

* the blind   

* the innocent 

A major subclass of nominal adjectives refers to nationalities:   
  
* the French

* the British

* the Japanese

However, not all nationalities have corresponding nominal adjectives. Many of them are denoted by 
plural, proper nouns:  
  
* the Germans   

* the Russians   

* the Americans   

* the Poles 
  
Nominal adjectives do not refer exclusively to classes of people. Indeed some of them do not denote classes at all: 
  
* the opposite   

* the contrary   

* the good 

Comparative and superlative forms can also be nominal adjectives: 

* the best is yet to come   

* the elder of the two   

* the greatest of these   

* the most important among them 

We refer to all of these types as nominal adjectives because they share some of the characteristics of nouns (hence nominal) and some of the characteristics of adjectives. They have the following nominal characteristics: 

ː They are preceded by a determiner (usually the definite article ''the'')  

ː They can be modified by adjectives (the ''gallant'' French, the ''unfortunate'' poor)  

ː They are gradable (the ''very'' old, the ''extremely'' wealthy)  

ː Many can take comparative and superlative forms (the poorer, the poorest)   

In Dalcurian, when an adjective is used in a nominal sense, it takes the noun ending '''ämös'''. This adds to those which already end in '''ädn''' and, where a non-inflected adjective ends in a vowel, the vowel is dropped. Exceptions are those which depict nationality, and comparative and superlative forms:
  
* di EƒrancaniÞ-the French

* di BretæniÞ-the British

* di GemæniÞ-the Germans


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! adjective !! noun-adjective  
|-
| '''stæni'''-''opposite'' 
| '''stænämös'''-''the opposite''
|-
| '''éagöra'''-''good''  
| '''éagörämös'''-''the good''
|-
| '''talgresta'''-''guilty''  
| '''talgrestämös'''-''the guilty''
|-
| '''ädøni'''-''old'' 
| '''ädønämös'''-''the old''
|-
| '''täcélosträdn'''-''injured'' 
| '''täcélosträdnämös'''-''the injured''
|-
| '''neÞörädn'''-''brave''
| '''neÞörädnämös'''-''the brave''
|-
| '''stælilangörädn'''-''bald''  
| '''stælilangörädnämös'''-''the bald''
|}

There is a major exception to this rule: adjectives that form their nouns with the ending '''ámn'''. These are adjectives that are 'not' derived from verbs. '''ámn''' is removed altogether and replaced with '''ämös'''. For example:

* '''talgresta'''-''guilty''&lt;br/&gt;'''talgrestámn'''-''guilt''   

BUT   

* '''di talgrestämös'''-''the guilty''

Leaving '''ámn''' in the word as in '''talgrestámnämös''' is a major spelling mistake!

'''Note 1:''' You must also try to avoid the mistake of removing '''ädn''' from verb related adjectives when using them in a nominal position. For example, '''di täcélosträdnämös''' means ''the injured'', but if '''ädn''' was omitted, '''di täcélosträmös''' translates as ''the injury''. Your knowledge of verb related and non-verb related adjectives will be of great importance in understanding this part of Dalcurian grammar.

'''Note 2:''' Definate/indefinate articles are not required with noun-adjectives, only in formal texts.

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Resultant adjectives|Resultant adjectives]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Resultant adjectives</title>
    <id>3687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47095</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

These are adjectives that, in English, are placed 'after' the noun they modify and reflects a change that occurs by action of the verb on the noun: 
  
* ''She wiped the glass clean''. (The glass was dirty) 

* ''He painted the fence white''. (The fence was a different colour before he painted it)

If you place the adjectives before the noun, then this changes the meaning altogether:
    
* ''She wiped the clean glass''. (The glass is already clean as she wipes it)

* ''He painted the white fence''. (The fence is already white before he paints it)

In Dalcurian, a resultant adjective immediately 'follows' the verb, and where a pronoun is used, it 'precedes' the pronoun (unlike in English):

* '''Sia gä’ipr nørädn di gläj'''. (lit: ''She wiped clean the glass'').                              

* '''Mæ gä’emblär etiri di peremitij'''. ''He painted white the fence''. 

* '''Sia gä’ipr nørädn tiÞ'''. ''She wiped clean it''. 

* '''Mæ gä’emblär etiri tiÞ'''. ''He painted white it''.

[[dal'qörian comparison of adjectives|Comparison of adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative sentences]]

[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]

[[dal'qörian adjective tense|Adjective tense]]

[[dal'qörian Attributive and Predicative adjectives|Attributive and Predicative adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Post positive adjectives|Post positive adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Inherent and non-inherent adjectives|Inherent and non-inherent adjectives]]

[[dal'qörian Nominal adjectives|Nominal adjectives]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian adjectives with prepositions</title>
    <id>3688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47096</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|back to Dalcurian adjectives]]

There are a considerable number of adjectives which are linked to nouns by prepositions: ''scared of, angry about, grateful for, independent of, married'' to etc. However, in Dalcurian, the adjective is 'not' always used; sometimes the noun form is used instead. The prepositions used in English can also be different. 

'''Dynamic adjectives'''
 
Dynamic adjectives denote attributes which are, to some extent at least, under the control of the one who possesses them. Unlike stative adjectives, such as red/big/small for example, which are generally considered to be permanent, dynamic attributes are not always evident, but can be called upon at any time. However, some are more commonly used with prepositions than others, especially those which denote an emotion of some sort. The following are very common:

* '''dasqurinä'''-''emotional''

* '''qurivecsárädn'''-''angry''

* '''quranöra'''-''happy''

* '''dasquiriø'''-''sad''

* '''sæaÞögestra'''-''enthusiastic''

* '''säquraséträdn'''-''excited''

* '''angræÞ'''-''anxious''

* '''janöÞrädn'''-''worried''

* '''oncöbras'''-''grateful''

* '''sæadörädn'''-''surprised''

This part of Dalcurian grammar could be considered to be a little difficult. The main points to understand are outlined:
  
* The adjective is rarely used with a following preposition; the noun form should be used in normal speech. (See '''Exceptions'''  below).

* When, in English, we say something ‘makes’ us feel something, in Dalcurian, the noun form is used and it is ‘given’ to us.

Look at the following using '''dasqurinä'''-''emotional'' as an example. 
 
'''with preposition'''

* '''Binä, tevehicamä séÞa qepétna qve di mosödrämös, sævála ábra dasqurinámn'''. ''I always get '''emotional at''' this part of the film.'' lit: ''I, towards this part of the film, always have emotion''.
    
'''without preposition'''
  
* '''SéÞa sævála ni dasqurinä qepétna qve di mosödrämös'''. ''This is always an emotional part of the film''.                                                       

'''makes you/makes you feel'''
  
* '''SéÞa mösödrämös, te binä, sævála andöcr dasqurinámn'''. ''This film always makes me emotional.'' lit: ''This film, to me, always gives emotion''.
 
* '''DanöÞ, te binä, andöcr qurivecsárämös,, vömä diö ságr sacéa sä taÞ'''. ''It makes me angry when you say things like that''. lit: ''It, to me, gives anger, when you say things as that''.

And again withoput preposition:
  
* '''Binä qurinistr disiri dasqurinä'''. ''I feel very emotional''.    

* '''Éren säquraséträdn,, qösra di talehaserämösel ritövag'''. ''They’re excited because the holidays aren’t far off now''.
----

Here are more examples highlighting the use of dynamic adjectives with and without prepositions. The general rule is that, if the statement is in a negative sense, use '''stæcamä'''-''against'', as the noun link, and either '''tevehicamä'''-''towards'' or '''öcra'''-''for'' if it's in a positive sense. Literal translations are given:

* '''Di nörasátsi ádra, stæcamä ela, qurivecsárädn,, qöri éren ábæabödriax'''. ''The teacher was '''angry with''' everyone for not doing their homework''.                                                              

* '''Binä qurivecsárädn,, qösra diö, te binä, gä’peclér'''. ''I’m angry because you lied.''    

* '''Mæ ábra, öcra di sövalträdn venádosámn quranörámn'''. ''He is '''happy with''' the way everything has turned out''. lit: ''He has, for the final result, happiness''.

* '''Mæ ábra, tevhicamä di parenöjeperös qve mæöra, vélas säquraséträdn'''. ''He is really '''excited about''' becoming a father''. lit: ''He has, towards his fatherhood, much excitement''. 

* '''Binä qönér,, taÞ Emä ábra, tevehicamä dis qéæramä di vehærämös, nitörieÞ angræÞámn'''. ''I think Emma is getting a bit '''anxious over''' the wedding''. lit: ''I think that Emma has, towards her wedding, a little anxiety''.

* '''Gabe, te binä, gä'andöcr vélas angræÞámn'''. ''Gabe made me feel quite anxious''. lit: ''Gabe, to me, gave much anxiety''.

* '''Binä janöÞrädn,, taÞ mæ iquræax várö binä ságræ'''. ''I’m worried that he won’t like what I’m about to say''. lit: ''I’m worried that he will like not what I will say''.
  
* '''Di arangájel ádra, öcra ménöra, oncöbrasámn,, qöri di gistäjel, taÞ ména, te éren, gä’andöcr'''. ''The kids were '''grateful for''' the presents we gave them''. lit: ''The children had, for us, gratitude, because of the gifts we gave them''.

* '''Mæ morgérax ábra, öcra di flästa ábæa qve mæöra, vélas sæaÞögestrámn'''. ''He doesn’t seem too '''enthusiastic about''' his new job''. lit: ''He seems not to have, for his new job, much enthusiasm''.
  
* '''Éren ábra, stæcamä di decahédrátsi, qurivecsárädn,, qösra di darø sösádrämös taÞ mæ gä’sonæagenandr'''. ''They are '''angry with''' the judge because of the bad sentence he passed''. lit: ''They have, against the judge, anger because of the bad sentence that he passed''.

* '''Ména ábra, öcra di venádosámnel, sörelbæámn'''. ''We’re very '''pleased about''' the results''. lit: ''We have, for the results, pleasure''.

* '''Binä ádra, tevehicamä várö gä’Þalár øatni di Þrádäj, hacörælámn'''. ''I was slightly '''curious about''' what was behind the door''. lit: ''I had, towards what resided behind the door, curiousity''.

* '''Di gadöraj qve binöra ábra, stæcamä esteplédnijel qve ræatös, fræcrämös'''. ''My dog is '''frightened of''' fireworks''. lit: ''My dog has, against fireworks, fright''.

'''Adjectives linked with ''to'''''.

Adjectives linked by ''to'' are also rendered in this way, using '''stæcamä'''-''against'', or '''tevehicamä'''-''towards'' and '''öcra'''-''for'':

* '''SéÞa ábra, tevehicamä sáÞ taÞ ména ädiáda ádra, ni änligámn'''. ''These are similar to the ones we had yesterday.'' lit: ''These have, towards those which we yesterday had, a similarity,''

* '''Qena'diö,, séÞa quáloträmös ábrax, öcra binöra, rembanámn,, nø binä ädavonas gä’ábraÞalár dérÞ'''. ''You know, this place isn’t familiar to me, yet I've been here before.'' lit: ''You know, this place has not, for me, familiarity, yet I have previously resided here''. 

* '''Diö Þöldr ábra, tevehicamä binä, oncöbrasámn,, taÞ binä gä’raförax di incatrolátsi'''. ''You should be grateful to me that I didn’t call the police.''

* '''DanöÞ ábra, öcra binöra, tagélidámn,, taÞ ädaninÞi, sia gä’qamörax abödä'''. ''It seems strange to me that she didn’t come 
home last night''. lit: ''It has, for me, strangeness, that, last night, she came not home.''
----

'''Exceptions'''

Adjectives that are used in English with ''of'' are formed the same in Dalcurian, but the noun form may still be used with adjectives of ''emotion/feeling'':
  
* '''picalosni qve'''-''typical of''

* '''lasalquarädn qve'''-''characteristic of''

* '''viténæÞ qve'''-''proud of''  (noun form: pride is the ‘feeling’)

* '''stæjecinträdn qve'''-''independent of''

* '''vincörädn qve'''-''convinced of''

However, if the following noun is a compound noun formed with '''qve''', or a possessive noun phrase, then the genitive case must be used. Look at these examples:

* '''DanöÞ ''picalosni qve'' Däl ságr taÞ'''. ''It's '''typical of''' Dale to say that''

* '''Binä disiri ''viténæÞ qve'' ela taÞ gä’ræÞatør'''. ''I'm very '''proud of''' everyone that took part.''             

* '''Éren pecléria,, ön binä disénig ''vincörädn qve'' taÞ'''. ''They are lying and I’m quite '''convinced of''' that.''  

In the above examples, the preposition is followed either by a noun or pronoun in a non-genitive sense. Now look at the same examples with possessive noun phrases:

* '''DanöÞ picalosni dis parenöj Däla ságr taÞ'''. ''It's typical of Dale's dad to say that.''           

* '''Binä ábra, öcra dis probendasámn ela, vélas viténæÞámn'''. ''I’m very proud of everyone’s effort.''                                                                        

* '''Éren pecléria,, ön binä disénig vincörädn dis beÞörämös érenöra'''. ''They are lying and I’m quite convinced of their deceipt''.                                           

In the first example, ''Dales dad'' would normally be written as '''di parenöj qve Däl'''-''the dad of Dale'', but because it follows '''qve''', the genitive must be used as '''qve''' is never written twice in the same phrase or clause, neither is it preceeded nor followed by '''di'''. 

In the second example, ''everyone’s effort'' would normally be written as '''di probendasámn qve ela'''-''the effort of everyone'' (or ''all'' in this case; '''ela''' can be used to describe a group of people), again, the genitive is used because it follows '''qve'''.

In the third example, ''their deceit'' would normally be written as '''di beÞörämös qve érenöra'''-''the deceipt of them''. 
    
''Typical for'' is also rendered in some cases by ''of'' in Dalcurian:

* '''DanöÞ, stæcamä di estingörämös qve ni arangáj, disénig picalosni qve minä,, becöadr dasquiriøámn'''. ''It’s quite typical for people to be saddened over the death of a child''. lit: ''It, against the death of a child, is quite typical of a person to receive sadness''. 

Most other adjectives that are linked by ''for'' are the same in Dalcurian, however, with ''feelings'' and ''emotions'', nouns are still prefered and normal word order applies:
  
* '''Nöra, mæ, öcra di ofnendrämös qve mæöra, fätig'''. ''He is ready for his operation now.''

* '''Ména ádra, öcra eladiöra, vélas quranörámn,, vömä eladiöra gä’vér taÞ nömæäj'''. ''We were really happy for you when you won all that money''. lit: ''We had, for you, much happiness when you won that money.'' 

* '''Binä, öcra taÞ véca binä gä’visör von, gé’stæ’fäticrädn'''. ''I wasn’t prepared for what I saw next.''  

* '''Ména ábra, öcra di lenandrämös, disänø oncöbrasámn,, taÞ aracievas, éren, te ménöra gä’ábra-andöcr'''. ''We are extremely grateful for the help they’ve given us lately''. lit: ''We have, for the help which lately, they, to us, have given , extreme gratitude''.

Note: If in doubt as to how to form a sentence without the preposition, the simply use it. But remember to follow appropriate word order.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian verbs</title>
    <id>3689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47349</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-18T08:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The present progressive */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Almost all Dalcurian verbs are regular in inflection. The position of the verb is much the same as in English, in that it normally follows the subject, except when the word order of a prepositioned phrase takes preference. Dalcurian verbs are ''non finite''; they do not show agreement. This is denoted from the noun or pronoun that precedes it.
----

=='''Conjugations'''==

Following is a quick glance at the various conjugations of the Dalcurian verb, using '''gör'''-''to'' go as an example. The first person singular pronoun '''I''' will act as the subject since there is no verb agreement: 

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
|-
| I go
| '''binä gör''' 
|-
| I am going
| '''binä göria'''
|-
| I went
| '''binä gä'gör'''
|-
| I have gone
| '''binä gä'ábragör'''  
|-
| I had gone
| '''binä gä'ádragör'''
|-
| I will go
| '''binä göræ'''
|-
| I will have gone
| '''binä gä'ábragöræ'''  
|-
| I would go
| '''binä görquas'''
|-
| I would have gone
| '''binä gä'ábragörquas'''
|}

Tenses that do not exist in Dalcurian are: ''will be going, would be going, was/were going, have/had been going'' and the ''passive tense''. The negative form adds '''x''' to the end of the inflection (see '''Negatives''')
----

=='''The Infinitive'''==

This is the form that ends in '''r'''. Whether or not this equates as a ''to'' infinitive depends on context. If the infinitive follows the modals: ''want'' and ''like'', then ''to'' is implied by default:

* '''Mæ voltir ''gör.''''' ''He wants '''to go'''''.
* '''Ména iqur ''talehasr'''''. ''We like '''to go on holiday'''''.
* '''Mæ Þöldr ''gör'''''. ''He should '''go'''''.
* '''Binä gä'létr mæöra ''görax'''''. ''I told him '''not to go'''''.

There are no ''split infinitives'' in Dalcurian: ''to slowly walk, to boldy go'', adverbials always precede verbs.

The preposition '''te''' is only used with infinitives to translate a ''gerund'', see [[dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]. 

=='''Participle formation'''==

The Dalcurian ''present participle'' (the English ''ing'' form) adds '''ia''' to the infinitive and always implies ''am/are'' and ''is'' with the verb:

* '''gör'''-''go''  '''göria'''-''am/are/is going''    

* '''quascr'''-''ask''  '''quascria'''-''am/are/is asking''

The ''past participle'' is formed with the prefix '''gä’''' to the infinitive. 

* '''ságr'''-''say''  '''gä’ságr'''-''said''    

* '''örendör'''-''specify''  '''gä’örendör'''-''specified''

The ''present perfect'' and ''past perfect'' tense are formed by infixing '''ábra'''-''have'' and '''ádra'''-''had'' between the prefix and the infinitive: (in Dalcurian, the ''present perfect participle'' is called a ''perfect participle'')

* '''gä’ábragör'''-''have gone''  '''gä’ádragör'''-''had gone''    

* '''gä’ábraquascr'''-''have asked''  '''gä’ádraquascr'''-''had asked''
----

=='''Tense'''==

==='''The present tense'''===

The present tense indicates something which is happening now. It includes habitual actions and 
statements of fact. Either the progressive tense or the infinitive is used:

* ''' Di prodnæj täöcria!''' ''The building is collapsing!''.

* '''Sia, am Efranca, habitr.''' ''She lives in France''.

* '''Dionadas, binä besöcér di beröj qve binöra'''. ''I visit my brother every Tuesday''.
----

===='''The present progressive'''====

This is the ''ing'' form of the verb used with a present tense form of the verb ''to be''. It can have several functions in English:

'''A'''  to describe an action that is going on at this moment:

* ''He's driving too fast''!

* ''I'm asking you a question.''

* ''John is congratulating Paul.''

* ''I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight''.

In Dalcurian, an '''ia''' inflection denotes this tense. It should be noted that the Dalcurian present progresseive is only used for actions that are happening now, or in terms of the future, will happen on the same day (a minor exception is the use of the progressive in some comparative sentences; see '''Comparative sentences''' in the [[dal'qörian adjectives|'''Adjectives''']] section):

* '''Mæ evédria den vös!''' ''He is driving too fast!''

* '''Binä, andri diöra, quascria ni qualtédrämös!''' ''I am asking you a question!''
  
* '''Jöna grætölária Palö.''' ''John is congratulating Paul.''

* '''IádaninÞi, binä, máriÞ di qömerinöj qve binöra, tirigöria.''' ''I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight''

'''B'''  to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:

* ''Are you still working for the same company?''

* ''More and more people are becoming vegetarian.''

In Dalcurian, an adverb plus the infinitive will normally be used:

* '''Diö, máriÞ di méÞril sä ädavon, brát ábæÞr, yil?''' ''Are you still working for the same company?'' Lit: You, with the company as previous, still work?

* '''Frætörädnas, danöÞ brát mériÞ nörasáb,, taÞ vädenár stæmöjátsi.''' ''There are more and more people becoming vegetarian.'' Lit: Continuously, there are still more people who become vegetarian.

'''C'''  to describe an action in the future that has already been planned or prepared:

* ''We’re going on holiday next week.''

* ''Are they visiting you next winter?''

Here, the future tense must be used (see '''Future''' below)

'''D'''  to describe a temporary event or situation:

* ''He usually plays the drums, but he's playing guitar at present.''

As with the examples in '''B''', an adverb and an infinitive equate this:

* '''Picalosni, mæ spélögr di derömj,, brát qedérÞas, mæ spélögr gæatéj.''' ''He usually plays the drums, but he's playing guitar at present.''

'''E'''  with ''always, forever, constantly'', to describe and emphasize a continuing series of repeated action:

* ''Stacey and Brian are always arguing!''
 
* ''You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!'' 

And again, as with '''B''' and '''D''':

* '''Stäsé ön Brián sævála vecsár!''' ''Stacey and Brian are always arguing!'' Lit: Stacey and Brian always argue!

* '''Diö sævála qonvenistr di siaparenöj-vála qve diöra.''' ''You're always/forever complaining about your mother-in-law.''  
----

===='''The present perfect tense'''====

In English, the present perfect is formed with the auxiliaries ''have/has'' and the past participle. Its use in Dalcurian is much the same and is used for:

* Verbs of state that begin in the past and lead up to and include the present. (usually with for or since)

*To express habitual or continuous action.

*Events occurring at an un-defined or unspecified time in the past, with ever, never, already, yet or before:

* '''Rödn vélas yérasel, mæ gä’ábrahabitr dérÞ.''' ''He has lived here for many years.''

* '''Rödn 20 yérasel, ména, andri séÞa nörasabödä, gä’ábra-acäödr.''' ''We have taught at this school for 20 years.''

* '''Sintra binä gä’descöbr,, taÞ di abödä perösendos,, binä gä’ábraqömárax!''' ''I haven’t slept since I found out the house is haunted!''

* '''Dörac di vétä qve mæöra, mæ gä’ábragliár visániöestáj.''' ''He has worn glasses all his life''. ('glasses' is singular in Dalcurian and can mean 'a pair of glasses')

* '''Dörac iáda, binä gä’ábra ni ecör'penjämös.''' ''I have had a headache all day.''

When used with ''never, already, yet, before'' and ''just'', then stylistically, these normally go before the past participle (as most adverbs precede the verb in any state). Rendering the form ''ever before'', use the expression'''esti vonéri''', as this can show a degree of suprise or distain depending on context:

* '''Nabödn, te binä, gä’ábraságr taÞ vonéri esti !''' ''Nobody has ever said that to me before!''

* '''Döqu sä séÞa, te ména, gä’ábradafödr esti!''' ''Nothing like this has ever happened to us!''

* '''Éren gä’ábravisör esti néavára ni plampäj.''' ''What, they've never seen a hippo?.''

* '''Sia aléaræÞ gä’ábrastæabetár di ábæabödäj qve siöra, yil?''' ''Has she finished her homework already?''

* '''Binä nø gä’ábrabesöcérax di 'Tate Gallery'.''' ''I haven’t visited the Tate Gallery yet.''

* '''Sonaros diöra! Binä gä’ábralétr esti aléaræÞ tredimä!''' ''Hurry up! Ive told you three times already!''

NOTE: If the action has just taken place, one can insert '''jenö'''-''just'' immediatly after '''ábra''':

* '''Binä, te mæ, gä’ábrajenöqonvetár.''' ''I have just spoken to him.''

'''Have/has been'''

The form ''have/has been'' is rendered in one of three ways. When referring to places such as ''countries, cities, friends houses'' etc, in the sense of 'having been/never been', the verb '''besöcér'''-''visit'' is used:

* '''Binä néavára gä’ábrabesöcér Japéna.''' ''I have never been to Japan.''

Again, '''esti''' can be used to add force to the statement:

* '''Binä esti néavára gä’ábrabesöcér Japéna!''' ''Look, I have NEVER been to Japan!''

* '''Mæ néavára gä’ábrabesöcér di abödä qve binöra.''' ''He has never been to my house.''

When talking about ''performances, concerts, shows'' or anything connected with performing arts, the verb '''vehigeladr'''-''to attend'' is preferred:

* '''Di beröj qve binöra gä’ábravehigeladr ni peferödn.''' ''My brother has been to a concert''. 

* '''Iáda voninÞi, ména, andri animatáj, gä’ébrvehigeladr.''' ''We’ve been to the cinema tonight''. 

When ''have/has been'' refers to 'location' (in an existential sense with ''since/for'') or the 'state' of someone/something, and the action is still on going, then the statement remains in the present indicative or present progressive with the preposition '''sintra'''-''since'': 

* '''Sintra hec qömblasel, ména dérÞ'''. ''We have been here for six weeks'' (and still are.) .
  
* '''DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ, sintra etirimiÞ, ména talehasria, néfaracte?''' ''It seems like we’ve been on holiday for a while, doesn’t it''? (lit: ''It seems that, since a long time, we are holidaying, doesn’t it?'')
  
* '''Sintra ni Þömn äda, danöÞ ni veclérÞ darø lemasträmös, öcra di öløsimáj, qamöria.''' ''There has been a really bad smell coming from the cellar for over a month''. (lit: ''Since a month ago, there is a really bad smell, from the cellar, coming'').

To ask about the whereabouts of someone, or to answer in the affirmative, the verb '''Þalár'''-''to reside'' is standard:

* '''Dorac iáda, væl? gä’ábraÞalár diö.''' ''Where have you been all day?'' (lit: ''All day, where have resided you?'') 

* '''Binä, andri léjänabödä, gä’ábraÞalár.''' ''I have been at the hospital''. (lit: ''I, at the hospital, have resided.'')
----

===='''The present perfect continuous'''====

In English, there are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense. (There is usually a connection with the ''present'' or ''now''):

'''A'''. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped:

* ''I'm tired (now) because I've been running''. 

* ''Why is the grass wet? (now) Has it been raining''? 

* ''She has been out running along the canal.''

* ''You don't understand (now) because you haven't been listening''.

'''B'''. An action continuing up to now and still ongoing (usually used with ''for'' or ''since''):

* ''I have been reading for 2 hours''. 

* ''We've been studying since 9 o'clock''.  

* ''We have been waiting over an hour for a bus!'' 

The examples in '''A''' are rendered using the Dalcurian ''simple past'' with, for the most part, the adverb '''jenö'''-''just'' which infixes:

* '''Binä tädø,, qösra binä gä'jenövaÞr'''. Lit: ''I'm tired, because I just ran.''

* '''Várö? di rasenj nahasrädn. DanöÞ gä'jenödanpör, yil?.''' Lit: ''Why is the grass wet?  It just rained, yes?.''

* '''Sia, enga di geböædénij, gä’jenövaÞr.''' ''She, alongside the canal, just ran.''

The examples in '''B''' would normally be in the present tense:

* '''Sintra 2 stöndæel äda, binä quádria.''' ''I have been reading for 2 hours''. (and still am)Lit: ''Since 2 hours ago, I am reading.'' 

* '''Sintra 9, ména stödæéria.''' ''We've been studying since 9 o'clock'' (and still are)Lit: ''Since 9, we are studying.'' 

* '''Sintra on stöndæ äda, ména, öcra ni sabaj, vögéria!''' ''We have been waiting over an hour for a bus!'' (and still waiting) Lit: ''Since an hour ago, we are, for a bus, waiting!'' 

However, if the event has finished, then the verb clause goes into the present perfect tense, again with or without'''jenö''':

* '''Sintra 2 stöndæel äda, binä gä'ábrajenöquádr.''' ''I have been reading for 2 hours''. (but have just finished) Lit: '' Since 2 hours ago, I have just read.'' (but I've just finished)

* '''Sintra 9, ména gä'ábrajenöstödæér.''' ''We have been studying since 9 o'clock.'' (but have finished) Lit: ''Since 9pm we have just studied''. (but we've just stopped)

* '''Sintra on stöndæ äda, ména, öcra séÞa sabaj, gä'ábravögér!''' Lit: ''Since an hour ago, we, for this bus, have waited.'' (the bus has just arrived or no longer waiting)
----

==='''The Past Tense'''===

There are 2 forms of the past tense in Dalcurian: ''simple past, and perfect'' or ''pluperfect past''.

===='''Simple past'''====

The Dalcurian simple past is formed with the prefix '''gä’''' and the infinitive:

* '''gör'''-''go''  '''gä’gör'''-''went''

* '''andöcr'''-''give''  '''gä’andöcr'''-''gave''

* '''pilför'''-''steal''  '''gä’pilför'''-''stole''

* '''Ädiáda, mæ, te binä, gä’andöcr ni gistäj'''. ''He gave me a present yesterday''.

* '''Sia gä’voltir quascr mæöra eÞöa'''. ''She wanted to ask him something''.

* '''Sia, te sia, gä’Þonábr disiri tagéÞrädnas'''. ''She gestured very seductively to her.''

----

===='''Perfect/Pluperfect Past'''====

This tense states an action that began in the past and ended before another began (usually followed by ''before'' or ''when''). The auxilliary '''ádra''' infixes:

* '''jedár'''-''adjust''  '''gä’ádrajedár'''-''had adjusted''

* '''täsplétr'''-''burst''  '''gä’ádratäsplétr'''-''had burst''

* '''Binä, lintöni di danpörämös gä'stæabetár, gä’mösár vögér,, vonéri binä näocr gadörajvalcr'''. ''I had to wait for the rain to stop before I could walk the dog''.

* '''Mæ gä’ádrajenögörør,, vömä diö gä’téádr'''. ''He had just gone out when you rang.''

Notice how, in English, the auxiliary and main verb can separate; this can’t happen in Dalcurian.
----

===='''The Continuous Past'''====

Again, in English, this tense has multiple uses:

* To describe the background in a story written in the past tense:&lt;br/&gt; * ''The sun '''was shining''' and the birds '''were singing''' as the elephant came out of the jungle''.

* To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event (usually followed by when or until):&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was having''' a great dream when/until the dog barked''.

* To describe an action that happened over a period of time:&lt;br/&gt; * ''They '''were climbing''' for twenty seven days before they reached the summit''. 

* With 'wonder', to make a very polite request:&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was wondering''' if you could baby-sit for me tonight?''

* To express a change of mind:&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was going''' to spend the day at the beach but I decided to go on an excursion instead''.
 
With the exception of the last 2 examples above, Dalcurian uses its simple past to render this tense. If the action was unfinished or interrupted, the  subordinate clause is introduced by '''lintöni'''-''until'':

* '''Di Siárij gä’ømár,, ön di vögäl gä’löigár,, sä di majentáj, gä’ömøqamör di jonglæ'''. ''The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle''. Lit: ''The sun '''shone''' and the birds '''sang''' as the elephant came out of the jungle''.

* '''Binä gä’æanémr éagöra,, lintöni di gadöraj gä’vafr'''. ''I was having a great dream when/until the dog barked''. Lit: ''I '''dreamed''' well until the dog barked''.

* '''Rödn senal’dionta iádel, éren gä’qlimbér,, lintöni éren gä’öraqur di viténiÞ'''. ''They were climbing for twenty seven days before they reached the summit''. Lit: ''For 27 days, they '''climbed''' until they reached the summit''.

To express a change of mind or plan/intention, the verb '''septér'''-''intend'' is used in the simple past:

* '''Dörac di áda, binä, andri öbri, gä’septér neparépør,, brát binä, máriÞ ni töribesöcérämös, gä’edécödr tisdæd gör .''' ''I was going to spend the day at the beach but I decided to go on an excursion instead''. Lit: ''Throughout the day, I, at the beach, intended to spend time but I, with an excursion, decided to instead go ''.

* '''Ména, am Strománi, gä’septér vehær,, brát, ména gä'mösár, lintöni Tødröna, lobéstr'''. ''We were planning on a summer wedding but we’ve had to put it off until October now''. Lit: ''We, in the summer, intended to marry but we had to, until October, postpone''.

With 'wonder', a special verb is used. The verb is formed with the appropriate reflexive personal pronoun attached to the end of the word '''qualtéa'''. (This is quite an idiomatic word; '''qualtéa''' roughly translates as ''a thought'' or ''goal'' that may be difficult to reach):

* '''Qualtéabinöria,, méla diöra, te binä, neldrquas di vötöj qve diöra¿''' ''I was wondering if you would lend me your car?'' lit: ''I am wondering if you, to me, would lend your car?''

* '''Qualtéaménöria,, öbæ tev’araciev, diö iquirquas, máriÞ ménöra, amøcamör¿''' ''We were wondering whether you'd like to come out with us later?'' lit: ''We were wondering whether later, you would like, with us, to come out?''
----

==='''The Future Tense'''===

The Dalcurian future tense is simply formed with the suffix '''æ'''. In English, the future tense can be formed by using the present tense or by using the auxiliary verbs ''will/shall'' (''shall'' is used more to denote an intention or order):
  
* ''We are going out tonight''.    

* ''We shall go out tonight''.    

* ''I will be a good father!''   

* ''I’m going to/will be twenty one soon''.     

* ''Thou shall not kill!''

Dalcurian can also use the present progressive tense to describe the future:
   
* '''Tev’araciev iáda, binä görøria'''. ''I am going out later today''.

However, as stated earlier, this tense is only used if the event in question will happen 'on the same day'. For example, one wouldn't typically say: 
  
* '''Vonériáda, ména görøria'''. ''We are going out tomorrow''. But rather:

* '''Vonériáda, ména görøræ'''.  ''We will go out tomorrow''. 

NOTE: Although this is standard Dalcurian grammar, learners will certainly not come under scrutiny for using the progressive tense.
 
The future is also used when you are uncertain when the event will take place, and with hypothetical statements/questions:
  
* '''Nösaraciev, binä quascræ mæöra'''. ''I will ask him sooner or later''. 

* '''Vömä? nörasägræ éren'''. ''When are they going to learn?'' Lit: ''When will learn they''?

* '''Qualtéabinör méla, vonériáda, danöÞ danpöræ?''' ''I wonder if it’s going to rain tomorrow?'' Lit: ''I wonder if, tomorrow, it will rain''?

* '''DanöÞ nébaræ, am perösarä, sævála dasquriøámn'''. ''There’s always going to be sadness in the world''. Lit: ''There will be, in the world, always sadness''.

* '''Binä nitörieÞ stæpatiquálö,, brát binä qönér,, taÞ Éan quascræ binöra néba di onis sáj qve mæöra'''. ''I’m not quite sure, but I think Ian is going to ask me to be his best man.''

There is also another inflection to the future tense, which is an additional '''n'''. This equates to the English use of ''shall'' and where ''will'' is used in requests, and can also translate as ''lets'':

* '''Iáda'ninÞi, ména görøræan, yil?''' ''Shall we go out tonight?''
* '''Iáda'ninÞi, ména görøræan.''' ''Let's go out tonight''
* '''Diö qoÞ, öcra binöra, eÞöa vaquræan, yil?''' ''Will you do something for me?''
----

==='''The Passive Tense'''===

In English, the passive tense is formed with a form of the verb ''to be'' and the past participle of the verb. Verbs are said to be either ACTIVE: ''The executive committee '''approved''' the new policy'', or PASSIVE: ''The new policy '''was approved''' by the executive committee'' in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a ''be-er'' or a ''do-er'' and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a ''do-er'' or a ''be-er'', but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed: ''The new policy '''was approved'''.

Dalcurian has no passive voice. Instead, the active voice is used with an impersonal pronoun, either '''minä'''-''you/one'' or '''minäla'''-''they'' (not to be mistaken as '''éren'''-''they''-this is only used when the ''they'' are known).

There are several passive tenses in English, again, all of which can be rendered by the active voice in Dalcurian.
Below are several examples to illustrate this, using the verb '''inoventör'''-''design'':

'''Present'''

* ''The car/s is/are designed with safety in mind''.  
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, inoventör di vötöj/el''' ''Lit: They, in thought of safety, design the car/s.''

'''Present Progressive'''
  
* ''The car/s is/are being designed with safety in mind.''
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, inoventöria di vötöj/el.''' Lit: ''They, in thought of safety, are designing the car/s.''  

'''Simple Past''' 
  
* ''The car/s was/were designed with safety in mind.''
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, gä’inoventör di vötöj/el.''' Lit: ''They, in thought of safety, designed the car/s.''

'''Perfect Present'''

* '''The car/s have been designed with safety in mind'''.
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, gä'ábra-inventör di vötöjel'''. lit: ''They, in thought of safety, have designed the car/s''.

'''Perfect Past'''

* '''The car/s had been designed with safety in mind'''.
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, gä'ádra-inventör di vötöjel'''. lit: ''They, in thought of safety, had designed the car/s''.

'''Continuing past'''
  
* ''The car/s was/were being designed with safety in mind.''

This is the 'odd ball' of the Dalcurian passive equivalent. The construction ''was/were being designed'' indicates that the process was halted for some reason. For instance, we could elaborate on the sentence: ''The cars were being designed with safety in mind but due to a design fault their production was delayed''. The Dalcurian equivalent is to use the simple past; context becoming clear from additional text or info.

'''Future'''
  
* ''The car/s will be/will have been designed with safety in mind.''  
** '''Minäla, amqönérämös mérasámn, inoventöræ di vötöj/el.''' Lit: ''They, in thought of safety, will design the car/s''. 
----

=='''To Be or not to Be!'''==

The verb ''to be'' is probably one the most inflected verbs in use, even though it is classed as an auxiliary verb. It has no less than eight conjugations in English and even more in German! In complexity, the Dalcurian verb ''to be'' '''néba''', is far less complex than in other languages. It has only 'one' inflection which is to denote the future tense '''nébaræ'''-''will be'' and it's the words it is used in conjunction with that denote its other tenses. As you should know by now, there are no present tense conjugations am/are/is; their existence lies within the ''pronoun/noun'' or the ''present participle'' of a main verb. In fact, it should be noted that '''néba''' has very little usage at all in Dalcurian speech, save for political and very formal contexts.

==='''Néba'''-present/progressive tense '''''being'''''===

This is the ''am/are/is being'' form, invariably followed by an adjective. Dalcurian does not use '''néba''' at all in this construct, but rather idiomaticaly uses the present progressive verb inflection '''ia''' with an adjective (if the adjective ends in '''i''', then this is removed):
  
* '''Gegéna, éren faliÞ'ia'''. ''They are being stupid again''. lit: ''They are '''stupiding''' again''.
* '''Megan veclérÞ belistø'ia.'''  ''Megan is being really noisy.'' lit: ''Megan is really '''noisying'''''.

To make this past, ''was/were being'', one simply puts the adjective into the past tense:

* '''Gegéna, éren gé'faliÞ'ia'''. ''They were being stupid again''. lit: ''They were '''stupiding''' again''.
* '''Megan veclérÞ gé'belistø'ia.'''  ''Megan was being really noisy.'' lit: ''Megan was really '''noisying'''''.

==='''Infinitive use'''===

When '''néba''' is used with the modal verbs '''már'''-''may'', '''nöacr'''-''can'', '''mösár'''-''must'', '''Þöldr'''-''should'' in the present tense, it takes the infinite meaning ''be'', but with '''voltir'''-''want'', it acts as a ''to'' infinitive:  
  
* '''Mæ voltir néba berömni.'''  ''He wants to be famous''.   
* '''Di löræasáÞ mösár néba te’qurehendø.'''  ''The music must be louder.'' ('''Note''': the modal verb '''mösár''' is translatable as ''to have to'' and not as strict as ''must'').
* '''Mæ Þöldr néba dérÞ'''. ''He should be here.''

==='''Néba future tense'''===

The future tense is denoted in the same way as any other Dalcurian verb except that it adds an '''r''' before the future inflection '''æ''':
 
* '''Dörac vonériáda, danöÞ nébaræ strömi'''. ''It will be hot all day tomorrow.''

For more on '''néba''' as an adjectival copula, see [[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]

----

==[[Dalcurian verb to do|The verb '''to do''']]==

==[[Dalcurian modal verbs|Modal Verbs]]==

==[[Dalcurian verb moods|Verb Moods]]==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Bikalyo language</title>
    <id>3690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45983</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The main article in this category is [[Bikalyo|Bikalyo language]].  I'd also refer you to [[Bikalyo culture]], but I haven't made any pages for the culture yet.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bikalyo phonology</title>
    <id>3691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17836</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-29T14:15:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WAEllison</username>
        <id>256</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

Bikalyo phonology refers to the phonological rules of the Bikalyo language, created by William Ellison.

[[Category:Bikalyo language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian prepositions</title>
    <id>3692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47099</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Prepositions in most languages are used with nouns and pronouns to show ''time, place'' or ''method'', usually followed by the ''accusative case'', and some can also be used as ''conjunctions'':

* ''I am waiting '''for''' her''.  

* ''You go '''along''' the street, turn left and the bank is opposite the chemist '''on''' the corner''.

* ''I’ve got nothing '''against''' him/her/them''.

=='''Common Dalcurian Prepositions'''==

There are many prepositions and prepositional phrases but here are a few of the most widely used in Dalcurian:

* ''above''-'''viténi''' 

* ''according to''-'''tedi facöjä''' 

* ''after'' (something has finished)-'''näø'''

* ''after'' (follow behind)-'''retfac'''

* ''against'' (the wall etc)-'''qöplamáriÞ'''

* ''against'' (opposed to)-'''stæcamä'''

* ''along with''-'''máriÞenga''' 

* ''along, along side''-'''enga''' 

* ''among/amongst''-'''amést'''
 
* ''apart from''-'''repárä''' 

* ''at, at the''-'''andri'''
 
* ''behind''-'''øatni''' 

* ''between''-'''telemná'''  

* ''contrary to''-'''néfaracte''' 

* ''down''-'''stæviti'''

* ''due to''-'''giráte''' 

* ''except for''-'''qiöcra''' 

* ''for, for the''-'''öcra'''

* ''from, out of''-'''vön''' 

* ''in accordance with''-'''amquarödn máriÞ'''
  
* ''in addition to''-'''amplös'''

* ''in aid of''-'''amégra'''   

* ''in common with''-'''équáliÞ'''

* ''in comparison to/with''-'''säanta'''

* ''in contact with''-'''amvehénas'''

* ''in exchange for''-'''amqvédas'''

* ''in front of/before''-'''vonéri'''  

* ''in lieu of''-'''tisdæd'''

* ''in line with''-'''amnéla máriÞ'''  

* ''in need of''-'''amqveboqu'''

* ''in relation to''-'''am diötráte'''

* ''in/inside/into''-'''am/amni/amte'''

* ''instead of''-'''tisdéd''' 

* ''next''-'''von'''  

* ''next to/beside''-'''nefrædn'''  

* ''of''-'''qve''' 

* ''on behalf of''-'''öcra''' + noun or acc  

* ''on, onto, on top of''-'''tevon''' 

* ''on the strength of''-'''tevoncöla'''

* ''opposite''-'''stæni''' 

* ''out/out of''-'''amø'''

* ''outside''-'''amøni'''

* ''over/about the''-'''rödn'''

* ''over/about it''-'''tiÞrödn''' 

* ''prior to''-'''vonéri'''

* ''regardless of''-'''inspétra''' 

* ''since''-'''sintra''' 

* ''than''-'''nas''' 

* ''thanks to''-'''tecenáÞrin'''

* ''through'' (motion/time)-'''dörac''' 

* ''through, because of''-'''qöri'''

* ''to, to the''-'''te''' 

* ''towards/in the direction of''-'''tevehicamä'''

* ''under/below''-'''gerödn''' 

* ''until, as far as''-'''veritöva''' 

* ''until'' (denoting time)-'''lintöni'''  

* ''up''-'''viti'''

* ''with''-'''máriÞ''' 

* ''with it''-'''mátiÞ''' 

* ''with...in mind''-'''amcönérämös'''
  
* ''without''-'''öna''' 

* ''with that''-'''mátaÞ'''

==[[dal'qörian preposition word order|Preposition word order]]==

==[[dal'qörian prepositions alternative uses|Alternative uses and differences]]==


page under construction</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Telling the time</title>
    <id>3693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52765</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T12:10:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Responding */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Dalcurian time is indicated with the 24 hour clock, and mainly denoted by the genitive case '''dis''' (see cases). There is no equivalent of ''am/pm''. When written numerically, an uppercase '''s''' follows, which stands for '''stöndæel'''-''hours''. Here are some quick examples:

* '''12:15S''' ''12:15pm''

* '''4:25S''' ''4:25am''

* '''19:30S''' ''7:30pm''

When spoken:

* '''pensenta dis dionsenta''' lit: ''15 of [the hour] 12'' (the word '''stöndæel''' is ommitted in speech)

* '''penö'dionta dis tera''' lit: ''25 of [the hour] 4''

* '''träonta dis ninasenta''' lit: ''30 of [the hour] 19''

=='''Asking the time'''==

There are 2 ways in which the time can be asked:

* '''Vöeni? stöndæel qve iáda.''' lit: ''How many hours of today?''

* '''Qualasöri, andri véca? stöndæ agöentr di épø.''' lit: ''Excuse me, at which hour stands the time''?

The 2nd example is a very polite way to ask (when asking strangers or peers). As with most requests or questions in Dalcurian, voice intonation rises at the end.

=='''Responding'''==

Depending on the manner in which you are asked, there are 2 responses. These typically emulate the style of the request:

* '''Vöeni? stöndæel qve iáda. ''DanöÞ pensenta dis dionsenta.'''''
** ''What time is it? It's 12:15pm.'' lit: ''There are 15 of the hour 12''.

* '''Qualasöri, andri véca? stöndæ agöentr di épø. ''Yil qoÞ, di épø, andri träonta dis ninasenta, agöentr'''''.
** ''Can you tell me the time please? Certainly, the time is 7:30pm.'' lit: ''The time, at 30 of the hour 19, stands.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian nouns</title>
    <id>3694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47226</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-13T13:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Compound Nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

==Noun forms==

There are 5 classifications of noun in Dalcurian:

===Tangible nouns===

These are mainly nouns that are physical; can be felt, seen and touched. These always end in '''j''' (with some exceptions):

* '''gadöraj''' ''dog''

* '''ádecödrij''' ''accessory''

* '''ratäj''' ''deer''

* '''fosetaj''' ''tap''

* '''sáj''' ''man''

===Verb-derivative nouns===

These are nouns formed from an infinitive and have the characteristic ending '''ämös''':

* '''amör'''-''to love'' '''amörämös'''-''love''

* '''ölegár'''-''to order'' '''ölgarämös'''-''order/instruction''

* '''quatésr'''-''to confess'' '''quatésrämös'''-''confession''

===Adjective related nouns===

These are nouns that have an adjectival relative but no verbal relative. They take the charactaristic ending '''ámn''':

* '''nistelæÞ'''-''dejected'' '''nistelæÞámn'''-''dejection''

* '''incatröli'''-''lawful'' '''incatröliámn'''-''law''

* '''Þravætas'''-''gravitational'' '''Þravætasámn'''-''gravity''

===Stative nouns===

These are nouns that depict someone or something as having an attribute, such as: profession, religion, nationality etc, and typically take the ending '''átsi''':

* '''incatrolátsi'''-''police'' (this is a plural noun by default)

* '''reparesenátsi'''-''ambassador''

* '''stæmátsi'''-''anarchist''

* '''Estöna'''-''Estonia'' '''Estönátsi'''-''Estonian''

* '''Anglæána'''-''England'' '''Anglæánátsi'''-''English''

* '''qaÞolianámn'''-''catholosism'' '''qaÞolianátsi'''-catholic''

===General nouns===

These are nouns which take no ending, and have no verbal or adjectival relative:

* '''vönæÞ'''-''address''

* '''ädaquatic'''-''antiquity''

* '''stöndæ'''-''hour''
----

=='''Gerunds'''==

In English, a gerund is the present participle acting as a noun. These are recognizable in the following instances:

'''Non finite clauses''':

* '''''The running''' of the country is an unenviable task.''

* '''''The recording''' of an album can be a costly effort''.

'''After prepositions'''

* ''I've warned you '''about running''' in the corridor''!

* ''The police warned us '''against going''' into the building''.

'''The verb acting as a subject/object'''

* ''I like '''swimming'''''. (direct object)

* '''''Swimming''' is fun''. (subject)

'''The gerund preceeded by a genitive'''

* ''We enjoyed '''their singing'''''.

For the most part, a Dalcurian gerund is rendered with the infinitive and the preposition '''te'''-''to'':

* '''Te qalegør ni qalegørämös näocr stætaröpas vädenár'''. ''The recording of a record can be expensive.''

* '''Te valcr 20 minötel iádasas, öcra di läbendéj, éagöra.''' ''Walking 20 minutes per day is good for the heart.

* '''Te øélár andri nörasábel máriÞ vendábrämösel disiri tamørämös.''' ''Laughing at disabled people is very ignorant.'' 

With prepositions, '''te''' attaches to the verb by high apostrophe:

* '''Minäla, ''rödn te'vaÞr'' am amnistráÞ, gä'vonlétr minöra'''. ''We were warned '''about running''' in the corridor.'' Lit: They, over to run in the corridor, warned us''.

* '''Di incatrolátsi, ''stæcamä te'gör'' amte prodnæj, gä'béÞamr minöra'''. ''The police advised us '''against going''' into the building''. Lit: The police, against to go into the building, advised us''.

Where a verb acts as an object, this is simply given as a pure infinitive:

* '''Binä iqur svemör'''. ''I like swimming''. Lit: ''I like to swim''.

If the verb has an actual noun, then this can also be used with an article:

* '''Ni svemörämös di agöepedandrädn ebian qve binöra'''. ''Swimming is my favourite hobby''. Lit: ''A swim is my favourite hobby''.

'''With Genitives'''

These kinds of gerunds are not translatable in Dalcurian. For example:

* ''We liked her singing''-'''singing''' is not a noun in Dalcurian. One may reformulate the sentence as:

* '''Ména gä'iqur di gäba,, vöes sia gä'löigár.''' ''We liked the way she sang''.

=='''Plurals'''==

The Dalcurian noun simply adds '''el''' to form plurals. Nouns ending in a flat '''a''' remove their final vowel:

* '''áda'''-''day '''ádel'''-''days''
* '''abödä'''-''house'' '''abödäel'''-''houses''
* '''televizian'''-''television'' '''televizianel'''-''televisions''
* '''ninÞi'''-''night'' '''ninÞiel'''-''nights''

=='''Compound Nouns'''==

Until quite recently (and to some extent, still in use. See end of section), Dalcurian compound nouns were formed either with the possessive '''qve''' or the genitive '''dis/nis'''.

'''Qve''' was used if the noun being spoken of was general, ie not identified:

* '''dalmanj qve Þradäjel''' ''door handle'' lit ''handle of doors''
** '''Binä gä'nemör ''ni dalmanj qve Þradäjel'''''. ''I bought '''a door handle'''''.

Note that ''doors'' is plural; this is what denotes the generalization. If I bought many door handles then I would say:

* '''Binä gä'nemör ''émø dalmanjel qve Þradäjel'''. ''I bought '''some door handles'''''. lit: ''I bought some '''handles''' of doors''.

The genitive would be used if I wanted to talk about a specific door handel:

* '''di dalmanj dis Þradäj''' ''the door handle'' lit: ''the handle '''of the''' door''
** '''Binä gä'peliacr di dalmanj dis Þradäj'''. ''I replaced the door handle''.

Some examples:

* '''ni ecörämös qve penjel''' ''(a) headache'' lit: ''an ache of heads''
** '''di ecörämös dis penj''' ''the headache''
*** '''di ecörämös dis penj binöra''' ''my headache''

* '''ni dræpéraj qve öánajel''' ''(a) shower curtain''
** '''di dræpéraj dis öánaj''' ''the shower curtain''
*** '''émø dræpérajel qve öánajel''' ''some shower curtains''

----
The use of possessive and genitive compound constructs has been in decline for a number of years, being seen as somewhat archaic. In fact the whole language has undergone some significant syntactical changes recently. One will commonly see these days, compounds being formed as thus:

* '''ni ecör'penjämös''' ''a headache''
* '''di dræpéra'öánaj''' ''the shower curtain''
* '''dalman'Þradäjel''' ''door handles''

Typically, if both the nouns are tangible (take a '''j''' suffix), the suffix from the first noun is removed and replaced with an apostrophe. Plural endings go onto the end noun.&lt;br&gt;Adding to that, if the 1st noun is an '''ämös''' noun, the suffix is removed and placed at the end of the compound. 

NOTE 1: This is to some extent colloquial, but very popular among the younger generation. Many newspapers now use the new construct, but this is mainly in the towns and cities. In fact, there are still many shops and restaraunt/eating establishments who prefer the old method in their shop names and menus.

NOTE 2: Compounds are always written in their appropriate form in dictionaries, and dictionaries published after 2006 have both modern and the now 'archaic' constructs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian numbers</title>
    <id>3695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47124</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Dalcurian has 2 numerical systems: a modern decimal system and the old [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigesimal vigesimal system].The decimal system is that which is now used in mainstream life, and the first system that is taught in schools, however, the old system is still used in many rural and valley towns and villages across the islands.

Dalcurian numbers are rarely written in full. Numbers after 1000 can become quite complex. You will see in the examples below, that each denomination is separated with an apostrophe; this is not normally used save here for ease of learning.

=='''Decimal System'''==

==='''Cardinal numbers'''===

0 '''döqu'''

1 '''on'''

2 '''dion'''

3 '''tre'''

4 '''tera'''

5 '''pen'''

6 '''hec'''

7 '''senal'''

8 '''aÞ'''

9 '''nina'''

10 '''senta'''

11 '''onsenta'''

12 '''dionsenta'''

13 '''tresenta'''

14 '''terasenta'''

15 '''pensenta'''

16 '''hecsenta'''

17 '''senalsenta'''

18 '''aÞsenta'''

19 '''ninasenta'''

20 '''dionta'''

21 '''onö'dionta'''

22 '''dionö'dionta'''

23 '''treö'dionta'''

24 '''terö'dionta'''

25 '''penö'dionta'''

26 '''hecö'dionta'''

27 '''senalö'dionta'''

28 '''aÞö'dionta'''

29 '''ninö'dionta'''

30 '''träonta'''

40 '''teronta'''

50 '''penonta'''

60 '''solonta'''

70 '''senalonta'''

80 '''aÞonta'''

90 '''ninonta'''

31, 45, 57, 83 etc follow the same pattern as those in the 20's denomination.

----

100 '''qenta'''

It should be noted here that in the 100s denomination, the smaller units of 10 always go first.

For numbers above 100, an additional '''ö''' is suffixed to the 10's denomination. Where the numeral ends in a vowel, this is removed:

101 '''onö'qenta''' 

110 '''sentö'qenta''' Lit: ten and one hundred

125 '''penö'dionta'qenta'''

200 '''dionö'qenta'''

300 '''trö'qenta'''

400 '''terö'qenta'''

500 '''penö'qenta'''

600 '''solö'qenta'''

700 '''senalö'qenta'''

800 '''aÞö'qenta'''

900 '''ninö'qenta'''

----
In the thousands denomination, up to the 100, the sequence of numerals goes from smallest to largest. 

1000 '''secenta'''

1001 '''onö'secenta''' Lit: one and one thousand

1010 '''sentö'secenta''' Lit: ten and one thousand

1056 '''solö'penontö'secenta''' Lit: fifty six and one thousand-note also that 56, '''solö'penonta''' also inflects with '''ö''' for the addition of '''secenta'''

Numerals in 1000s + 100s can be a little complex. The 1000s denomination always comes first, followed by the 100s. If the 100s denomination includes 10s, eg: 1'''56''', then 156 will be spoken as it normally would:

1100 '''sencentö'qenta''' Lit: one thousand and one hundred

2000 '''dionsecenta'''

2100 '''dionsecentö'qenta'''

2156 '''dionsecentö-solö'penontö'qenta''' Lit: two thousand + fifty six and one hundred

3000 '''tresecenta'''

4000 '''teresecenta'''

5000 '''pensecenta'''

6000 '''solsecenta'''

7000 '''senalsecenta'''

8000 '''aÞsecenta'''

9000 '''ninasecenta'''

---- 

To form numerals from 10,000 to 99,000, we use contracted forms of 11 to 99 + '''secenta'''. The contraction sees the removal of '''ta''' from '''senta''', eg: 

10,000 '''sen[ta]secenta''' becomes '''sensecenta'''

11,000 '''onsen[ta]secenta''' becomes '''onsensecenta'''

----
100,000 '''qenta'secenta'''

200,000 '''dionö'qenta'secenta'''

----
million '''miläon'''

billion '''biläon'''

==='''Ordinal Numbers'''===

All Dalcurian ordinal numbers are formed by adding '''dimä''' to the cardinal:

1st '''ondimä'''

2nd '''diondimä'''

3rd '''tredimä'''

10th '''sentadimä'''

32nd '''dionö'träontadimä'''

==='''Plurals'''===

Numbers can take the plural suffix '''el''':

* '''Andri peförädn, danöÞ gä'Þalár secentel nörasábel'''. ''There were thousands of people at the show''.

==='''Fractions'''===

Most Dalcurian fractions, except ''half'' are formed by adding '''iÞ''' to the ordinal:

a third '''ni tredimäiÞ'''

a quarter '''ni teradimäiÞ'''

a tenth '''ni sentadimäiÞ'''

* '''IádaninÞi, siÞ di tredimäiÞ raförämös,, taÞ sia gä'ábramaqur.''' ''This is the third time she has rang tonight''.

''Half'' can either a noun or an adjective, in which case it takes the appropriate ending:

* '''Binä iqurquas ni ''onsarämös'''''. ''I'll have a '''half''' (of beer)''.

* '''Binä gä'quádr ''onsarädn'' di lalégraj'''. ''I only read '''half''' the book''.

=='''Old System'''==

The old (partially) vigesimal system was in mainstream use right up to the mid 19th century. It is very similar to French in that numbers from 30 to 39 are made up of 20 + 11, 12, 13 etc. ''Forty'' is literally ''two twenties'' (twenty takes a plural ending), 41 is ''two twenties and one'', 50 is ''two twenties and ten'', 55 is ''two twenties and fifteen'', etc. 60 is ''three twenties'', 80 is ''four twenties'' until 100, which has its own name of '''qenta'''. However, unlike French and similar to German, the smaller digit goes first up to 100.

==='''Cardinal numbers'''===

0 '''döqu'''

1 '''on'''

2 '''dion'''

3 '''tre'''

4 '''tera'''

5 '''pen'''

6 '''hec'''

7 '''senal'''

8 '''aÞ'''

9 '''nina'''

10 '''senta'''

11 '''onsenta'''

12 '''dionsenta'''

13 '''tresenta'''

14 '''terasenta'''

15 '''pensenta'''

16 '''hecsenta'''

17 '''senalsenta'''

18 '''aÞsenta'''

19 '''ninasenta'''

20 '''dionta'''

21 '''onö'dionta'''

22 '''dionö'dionta'''

23 '''treö'dionta'''

24 '''terö'dionta'''

25 '''penö'dionta'''

26 '''hecö'dionta'''

27 '''senalö'dionta'''

28 '''aÞö'dionta'''

29 '''ninö'dionta''' 

30 '''sentö'dionta''' Lit: ten &amp; twenty

31 '''onsentö'dionta'''

32 '''dionsentö'dionta'''

33 '''tresentö'dionta'''

34 '''terasentö'dionta'''

35 '''pensentö'dionta'''

36 '''hecsentö'dionta'''

37 '''senalsentö'dionta'''

38 '''aÞsentö'dionta'''

39 '''ninasentö'dionta'''

40 '''dion'diontel''' Lit: two twenties-note the plural ending

41 '''dion'diontelö'on''': Lit: two twenties and one

50 '''dion'diontelö'senta'''

60 '''tre'diontel''' Lit: three twenties

70 '''sentö'tre'diontel'''

80 '''tera'diontel''' Lit: four twenties

90 '''sentö'tera'diontel'''

----

100 '''qenta'''

For numbers after 100, all numerals under 100 go AFTER '''qenta'''. '''qenta''' also looses it's '''a''' and adds '''ö''':

101 '''qentö'on'''

105 '''qentö'pen'''

116 '''qentö'hecsenta'''

If writing numerals, then '''qenta''' and subsequent denominations in the hundreds (200, 300 400 etc) are separated by a dash after 20:

125 '''qentö-penö'dionta''' Lit: one hundred and five and twenty

130 '''qentö-sentö'dionta''' Lit: one hundred and ten and twenty

137 '''qentö-senalsentö'dionta''' Lit: one hundred and seventeen and twenty

140 '''qentö-dion'diontel''' Lit: one hundred and two twenties

141 '''qentö-dion'diontelö'on''' Lit: one hundred and two twenties and one

You can easily deduce the pattern up to 199. Numerals 200, 300, 400 up to 900 take a plural ending:

200 '''dionqentel''' Lit: two (of) one hundreds

300 '''treqentel'''

400 '''teraqentel''' (be careful when using 300 and 400 as they sound very similar; Dalcurians often stress the 1st syllable in '''terenta''' to make a clear distinction from '''trenta''').

500 '''penqentel'''

600 '''solqentel'''

700 '''senalqentel'''

800 '''aÞqentel'''

900 '''ninaqentel'''

----

1000 '''sencentel''' Lit: ten (of) one hundreds

1001 '''sencentelö'on'''

1019 '''sencentelö'ninasenta'''

1035 '''sencentelö-pensentö'dionta''' Lit: one thousand and fifteen and twenty

1060 '''sencentelö-tre'diontel''' Lit: one thousand and three twenties

1100 '''onsencentel'''

1200 '''dionsencentel'''

1300 '''tresencentel'''

1400 '''terasencentel'''

1500 '''pensencentel'''

1600 '''solsencentel'''

1700 '''senalsencentel'''

1800 '''aÞsencentel'''

1900 '''ninasencentel'''

----
Numbers from 2000 to 9000 add numerals from 20 to 90 + '''centel''' or '''centelö''' when lower denominations follow:

2000 '''diontacentel'''

3000 '''sentö'diontacentel

3200 '''sentö'diontacentelö'dioncentel Lit: thirty hundreds and two hundreds

3215 '''sentö'diontacentelö'dioncentelö'pensenta

9000 '''sentö'tera'dionta'qentel''' Note here that the plural ending is removed from the numeral'''90''' which would be '''sentö'tera'qentel'''


PAGE UNDER EDIT!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Cases</title>
    <id>3696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47102</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]
 
Dalcurian does not have a case system per se, which specifically marks subjects, objects and indirect objects (except pronouns which inflect for nom/acc). The language is predominantley word order based. However, there is a case for genitives, but, for the sake of this article, I feel it necessary to point out a traditional argument among grammarians worldwide regarding the difference between 'genitive' and 'possession'.

The argumant is that, if something is 'owned', then the term should be possession: ''my house, your dog, Jack's car''. These can also be reformulated (albeit archaically) with 'of': ''the house of me, the dog of you, the car of Jack''. 

But 'of' can also be used when something is 'not' owned: ''a group of friends, a glass of milk, a bunch of flowers''. This is what some would term as purely 'genitive'. I myself am only going to make small distinctions between 'genitive' and 'possession', since Dalcurian grammarians show little significance to this argument. The use of examples should make this clear.


=='''Possession'''==

Dalcurian possession is very straight forward in that it's formed with the preposition '''qve'''-''of'' and an accusative pronoun (or simply a noun). The following examples equate to the use of a possessive adjective, such as ''my, our, your'', the use of possessive pronouns such as ''mine, yours, hers'', and the use of ''of'' such as in ''friends of mine, glass of milk'':

* '''di abödä qve binöra''' ''my house''

* '''di gadöraj qve diöra''' ''your dog''

* '''di flästa vötöj qve mæöra''' ''his new car''

* '''di didérämös qve Kála''' ''Kala's drink''

* '''qömpalel qve binöra''' ''my friends/friends of mine''

* '''ni didéragläj qve milecij''' ''a glass of milk''

Possessive pronouns such as ''mine, ours, his'' etc, as with possessive adjectives do not exist in Dalcurian, thus one cannot say ''that's mine, it's ours'' etc; a noun will always be present in a possessive sentence:

* '''Vehiri?, máriÞ séÞa vötöj, gehör .''' '''TaÞ di vötöj qve binöra'''. ''Who's is this car? It's my car'' (or can be unliterally translated as ''it's mine'')&lt;br&gt;For more on this example, see bottom of page.

=='''Genitive==

There is also another possessive construct, as in: ''the dog's basket, the house window, a chair leg'' etc. Again, ''of'' can be used: ''the basket of the dog, the window of the house, the leg of the chair''. With the exception of ''the dog's basket'', which is clearly possessive, (but relevant here), it could be said that ''house'' does not own ''window'' and ''chair'' does not own ''leg''. However, Dalcurian grammar DOES see this as a form of possession, since a ''window'' is a part of the ''house'', and a ''leg'' is a part of the ''chair''. THIS is what I would term genitive. However, all 3 translated into Dalcurian will use a 'genitive' case:

* '''di säj dis gadöraj''' ''the dog's bed''

* '''di fenstanäj dis abödä''' ''the house window''

* '''ni stötsérämös nisqu siötrij''' ''a chair leg''

Here, the articles '''di/ni''' inflect; they add '''s''' when the following word begins with anything other than '''s''', and '''squ''' when the following word begins with '''s'''.&lt;br&gt;'''dis/nis''' literally translate as ''of the''. The rule here is quite straight forward: if you have to use ''the/a'' twice, as in '''the''' bed of '''the''' dog, a '''leg''' of '''a''' chair'', then use the genitive case.

==='''Double Genitives'''===

Double genitives are those such as: ''my dad's house, Lenny's girlfriend's car, her brother's wife'' etc. Here, the genitive case is used but the order of the nouns MUST be specific:

*'''di abödä dis parenöj (qve) binöra''' ''my dad's house'' 

*'''di vötöj disqu siacömpéj (qve) Lenni''' ''Lenny's girlfriend's car''

*'''di siavedéj dis beröj (qve) siöra''' ''her brother's wife''  

In the examples, the subject noun goes last: ''my, Lenny'' and ''her''. The noun that follows '''dis''' is the 'possessor' of the noun that precedes it. This is why noun placement is important. The above examples literally translate as:

*''the house of the dad (of) me''

*''the car of the girlfriend (of) Lenny''

*''the wife of the brother (of) her

As said, the order of the nouns is very important. Get these wrong and you change the whole meaning (sometimes amusingly):

*'''di parenöj dis abödä binöra''' ''my house's dad''

*'''di siacömpéj dis vötöj (qve) Lenni''' ''Lenny's car's girlfriend''

*'''di beröj disqu siavedéj (qve) siöra''' ''her wife's brother''  

NOTE 1: The preposition in brackets is omitted. '''qve''' is semantically embedded already with the onset of '''dis'''. 

NOTE 2: There are 2 easy rules to help you translate a double genitive into Dalcurian (if translating from English):

1: use the ''of'' construction; it will be easier to determine the noun order:

* your computer hardrive-''the hardrive of the computer of you''

* Steven's son's friends-''the friends of the son of Steven''

2: simply look at your construct and work backwards:

* his wife's brother-Dalcurian order will be: ''brother-wife-his''

----

About the example in the possessive section above:

* '''Vehiri?, máriÞ séÞa vötöj, gehör .''' '''TaÞ di vötöj qve binöra'''. ''Who's is this car? It's my car''

The literal translation of the question being asked is: ''Who, with this car, belongs?'' It is very stylistic of Dalcurian to ask ''who '''belongs with''' what'', rather than ''whom does this belong''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tech</title>
    <id>3697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56370</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:20:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#DFDFDF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Tech'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||various countries
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Danny Wier's future history
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Nostratic]]
: '''Tech'''

|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
|| VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
|| fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|| mixed
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#DFDFDF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Danny Wier ||1997-
|}

'''Tech''' is a conlang by [[Danny Wier]], spoken by a kind of [[Elves]] in a near-future world and based on the [[Nostratic]] hypothesis.  The language is only known from various posts to the CONLANG mailing list, according to which it is a very complex language with a large phoneme inventory; it has been compared to [[Ithkuil]] and characterized as a [[kitchen sink conlang]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Tech is famed for its rich consonant inventory.  One version Danny Wier posted on February 23, 2000 included as many as 327 consonants, involving secondary articulations such as palatalization and labialization.  Later, Danny systematized the consonant inventory and arrived at a more moderate (though still rich) inventory of phonemes, with most of the &quot;phonemes&quot; of earlier incarnations being merely allophones of these phonemes.

According to a post from July 9, 2001, the consonant phonemes of Old Tech are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] or [[Dental consonant|dental]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&lt;br&gt;alveolar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!&lt;small&gt;[[Central consonant|central]]&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!&lt;small&gt;[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]&lt;/small&gt;
| pʼ
| tʼ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʈʼ
| &amp;nbsp;
| kʼ
| qʼ
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʔ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt; [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| t
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʈ
| &amp;nbsp;
| k
| q
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;
| b
| d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɖ
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɡ
| ɢ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!&lt;small&gt;ejective&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| tsʼ
| tɬʼ
| tʃʼ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ts
| tɬ
| tʃ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| dz
| dɮ
| dʒ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! text-align: left;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| s
| ɬ
| ʃ
| ʂ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ħ
| h
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʕ
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
| n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ŋ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| r
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɽ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w
| &amp;nbsp;
| l
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɭ
| j
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

===Vowels===

Like the consonant inventory, the vowel inventory of Tech has for long been in flux, with (again) very large inventories having been considered by the author.  According to the aforementioned post from July 9, 2001:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i
| &amp;nbsp;
| u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e
| ə
| o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| a
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

==Grammar==

Little can be found on Tech grammar.  But apparently, the language is heavily fusional, using consonantal roots similar to Semitic, ablaut and affixation.

==External links==

* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0002D&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R1624&amp;D=0&amp;H=0&amp;O=T&amp;T=0&amp;m=21306 oh no, not Tech phonology again] from February 23, 2000
* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0107B&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R3219&amp;m=46897 Semi-official Tech presentation: I. Phonology] from July 9, 2001
* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0212D&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R4801&amp;m=65495 A Tech FAQ] from December 25, 2002
* [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0403D&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R9702&amp;m=106050 finally, something besides phonology in Tech...] from March 27, 2004
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:NgEEPoohAh</title>
    <id>3698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>17871</id>
      <timestamp>2006-12-30T17:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NgEEPoohAh</username>
        <id>288</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Mouse]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mouse</title>
    <id>3699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29136</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:09:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mouse Language/EE'''
Speak Mouse Today! [Ng   EE   Pooh   Pooh-ng-EE-Ah-Tzooh-EE]

'''Syllables:'''

Ah 

Tzooh

Ng

EE

Pooh

'''Words:'''

Predatorily threat [cat]- Ah-EE-EE

Non-predatorily threat [mousetrap]- EE-EE-Ah

Greeting [hello/goodbye]- (hello/tail twitch) Tzooh-ng-pooh

Affirmative/Negative- (Affirmative/nose twitch) EE-ng-Ah

Mate [birth/death/life/excrement]- Ng-Pooh

Edible/Potable Substances [food]-Pooh-pooh

Mousehole/all punctuation- Pooh-ng-EE-Ah-Tzooh-EE

I [me/us/he/she/we/they/you/it]- Pooh-Ah

State of unconsiousness [sleep] and state of conciousness [awake-ness {with tail twitch}]- Pooh-Tzooh

Light [as well as light-coloured [with clawing motion of right paw] and dark/dark-coloured [with clawing motion of left paw]- Tzooh

All verbs except for to mate, to live, to be, and to emit excrement-Ng

To emit excrement [and to mate (tail twitch)]-Ah

Mouse (and all things relating to mice)-EE

All other animals except for penguins(including predatorily threats and non-predatorily threats)- Ng-Ng-Ng-Ng-Ng-Pooh-EE

Time (in any state)-Pooh

Penguins/electrical wiring-EE-EE-Ng-Tzooh

All other nouns [except for those mentioned above]- EE-Pooh-Ah-Pooh

'''There is one rule in mouse grammar: There are no rules except for this one, which many forget anyway.'''

Traditionally, you must say the least important matters first. 

A note to those who wish to be particularly fluent:
First, to be is implied, secondly, tail twitches only work if you display your tail prominently, thirdly, penguins are a popular topic of discussion, and it is useful to review little-known facts about penguins, such as they enjoy eating electrical wiring, and fourthly, to show respect, prominently exhibit your tail to your betters and make sure they see: it is useful to shove that area of your body in their nasal areas. 

Speak Mouse Today! [Ng   EE    Pooh   Pooh-ng-EE-Ah-Tzooh-EE]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Xipirho/Folksprak</title>
    <id>3700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24315</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T14:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Folksprak]] moved to [[User:Xipirho/Folksprak]]: The Folksprak dialect created by Xipirho is &quot;Westsprak&quot;. Folksprak is a consensus project by more than one Folksprak speaker.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here's all about the 'version' as it were (of the language more generally called Folkspraak) which Roland Sookias (Esq.) likes. He hopes you like it too. Obviously.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Summary===

My preferred phonology can be summed up as this:

*Long and short versions of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ (and possibly /y/)
*The diphthongs /au/ and /ai/, and the sort-of-diphthong /iu/. The diphthongs are really just combinations of the other vowels - i.e. they contain no new/other sounds.
*English/German consonants with /ʃ/ and /x/, no /θ/ or /ð/, /w/ as an alternative to /v/

My preferred orthography can be summed up as this:

*'Classical Latin-style' vowels and consonants plus &lt;w&gt;/&lt;v&gt;, &lt;h&gt;/&lt;ch&gt;, &lt;sh&gt;/&lt;sch&gt; for /w/, /x/ and /ʃ/ (difficult to decide, as Latin didn't have an extra letter for /w/ and didn't have the /ʃ/ and /x/ sounds)
*Vowels are short if unstressed or if followed by two or more consonants.
*As well as the unstressed syllables in polysyllabic words, certain groups (articles, interrogatives, prepositions, demonstratives, monosyllabic pronouns) monosyllabic words are considered 'unstressed', and thus do not need two consonants to mark a short vowel

===Full Table===
&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Phoneme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Orthography&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Pronunciation (IPA)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Proto-Germanic origin&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Example word&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Meaning of word&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Short vowels&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aCC (C=consonant) or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[a], [ɑ], [æ], [ɐ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Mostly /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mann&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;man&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/e/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eCC or unstressed, &lt;e&gt; followed by &lt;g&gt; (alternative prono.)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɛ], [e] is acceptable, [ə] when unstressed&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i-muated /a/, dimunition of other vowels&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;it&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/i/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɪ], [i] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/i/ mostly&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;in&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;in&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/o/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɔ], [ɒ], [o] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ with a-mutation, /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frost&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frost&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʊ], [u] acceptable, and possibly also [ʏ] if /y/ is not a separate phoneme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ without mutation&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uss&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;us&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/y/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʏ], [y] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ with i-mutation&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rygg&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;back (ridge is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Long vowels&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/aː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aC stressed, terminal a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[aː], [ɑː], [ɐː] (poss. [æː], although could cause confusion with /a/ for American English speakers)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/æ/, sometimes /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sprak&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;language, speech (latter is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/eː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eC stressed, terminal e&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[eː], [ei], [ɛː] etc.&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/e/ usually&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;breke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to break&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iC stressed, terminal i&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[iː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/eu/ usually&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;deep&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;   
      &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/oː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oC stressed, terminal o&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[oː], [ɔː], diphthong of /ou/ type&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/, /a/, /au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;over, so, bom&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;over, so, tree (beam is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uC stressed, terminal u&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[uː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/oː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gud&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;good&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/yː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yC stressed, terminal y&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[yː], N.B. Could be merged with /iː/, allowing [yː] as an alternative pronunciation for /uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i-mutated /oː/ and /eu/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gryn, dyr&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;green, expensive (cognate is dear)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthongs&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;au&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthong of type /au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aut&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;out&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ai/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ai&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthong of type /ai/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;main&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;my, mine&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iu/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ˈiu], [ˈiːu], [iˈuː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/euw/, /euhw/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;niu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;new&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Consonants&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/p/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;p&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[pʰ], [p]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/p/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[b]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;better&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;better&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/f/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[f]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/f/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fader&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;father&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/v/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[v]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Non-initial /b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;have&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to have&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/t/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;t&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[tʰ], [t]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/t/, initial /θ/ except in pronouns and articles&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ting&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;thing&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/d/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[d]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/d/, non-initial /θ/ and initial /θ/ in pronouns and articles&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;de&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;the&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/s/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[s], [z]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/s/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wese&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to be&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/k/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;k&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[kʰ], [k]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/k/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kysse&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to kiss&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/g/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[g], [ɣ], [j] after a (us. palatal) vowel acceptable, although &lt;eg&gt; must either have a long /e/ or be clearly [ɛj] to avoid confusion with /eː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/g/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gud, sege&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;good, to say&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ch/h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[x], [ç], [hʲ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Non-initial /x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;licht/liht&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;light&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/h/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[h]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hand&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hand&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ʃ/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sch/sh&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʃ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/sk/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;schall/shall&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;will, shall&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/j/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[j]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/j/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;jung&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;young&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/w/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w, possibly v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[v], [ʋ], [w] - just [v] if written &quot;v&quot;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /w/ or /xw/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wat/vat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;what&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/m/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[m]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/m/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;milk&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;milk&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/n/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[n]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/n/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;not&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ŋ/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ng&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ŋ], [ŋg]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ng/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;singe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to sing&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/r/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[r]ˌ [ʁ]ˌ [ɹ]ˌ [ʀ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/r/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rod&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;red&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/l/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[l]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/l/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;land&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;land&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Pronouns==

The pronouns are as follows :

&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Nominative'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Accusative and dative'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Genitive'''&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''1st singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ig&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;main&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''2nd singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;du&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;di&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dain&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''3rd singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hi/si/et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;him/hir/et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sain/hir/ets&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''1st plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wi/vi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;us&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;usser&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''2nd plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ji&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iuer&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''3rd plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;de/dé&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dem&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;der&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Verbs==

Verbs do not conjugate for person apart from &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) which has three present forms - &quot;iss&quot;, &quot;ar&quot; and &quot;bi&quot;. &quot;iss&quot; is probably best recommended for singular, and &quot;ar&quot; for plural, with &quot;bi&quot; being an option for first and second persons if you find &quot;iss&quot; jarring (as I do slightly). Use of any of these three for any person is totally correct though, as is use of &quot;wes&quot;. The past is &quot;was&quot; or &quot;war&quot;, again with &quot;was&quot; perhaps best used for singular and &quot;war&quot; for plural, but usage of either for any person is fine. The past participal is &quot;wesen&quot;.

The past and past participal of regular verbs are identical and are formed with &lt;-d&gt; or &lt;-t&gt; (or &lt;-ed&gt; if the verb ends in &lt;d&gt; or &lt;t&gt;).Many common verbs have an optional 'strong' (i.e. ablauted, and thus irregular) form which is usually different in the past perfect and past participal. It is perfectly legitimate to use the regular form of all verbs though, even &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) if you want, and thus all that is required of the learner is to passively understand the irregular past tenses. Examples of strong verbs are as follows (present -&gt; past -&gt; past participal):

swimm -&gt; swamm -&gt; swummen (optionally &quot;swimmd&quot; instead) ...means &quot;to swim&quot;

find -&gt; fand -&gt; funden (optionally &quot;finded&quot;) ...means &quot;to find&quot;

se -&gt; sa -&gt; sen (optionally &quot;sed&quot;) ...means &quot;to see&quot;

raid -&gt; red -&gt; ridden (optionally &quot;raided&quot;) ...means &quot;to ride&quot;

et -&gt; at -&gt; eten (eted) ...means &quot;to eat&quot;

flig -&gt; flog -&gt; flogen (fligd) ...means &quot;to fly&quot;

giv -&gt; gav -&gt; given (givd) ...means &quot;to give&quot;

A slight exception in that the irregularity is not due to ablaut is &quot;hav(e)&quot; (to have) which is &quot;hadd&quot; or &quot;havd&quot; in the past and past participal. Another is &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) which is &quot;

==Articles==

The definite article is &lt;de&gt;, pronounced /də/ (or /dɛ/ or /deː/ if stressed), and the indefinite article is &lt;en&gt; pronounced /ən/ (or /ɛn/ or /eːn/ if stressed).

==Adjectives and adverbs==

As there's no gender or case system, adjectives are not affected by what they describe, so &quot;de gryn haus&quot; and &quot;en gryn waiv&quot; (the green house, a green woman/wife). Adverbs do not need an extra &quot;-lig&quot; suffix like &quot;-ly&quot; in most UK English, so &quot;ig ga snell&quot; (I go quickly) not &quot;ig ga snellig&quot;. Both &quot;snell&quot; and &quot;snellig&quot; are correct, but there's no need for the &quot;-lig&quot; suffix.

==Word order==

Word order is really flexible and largely down to the speaker. Subject-verb-object order is normal really, and should come naturally to most speakers as this is the default/basic order in the Germanic and Romance languages and in Chinese. You're more than welcome to say &quot;ig de fud et&quot; instead of &quot;ig et de fud&quot; (I eat the food) if you really want to or for artistic purposes as the meaning's still utterly clear though! For questions one can use S-V-O order and raise your voice at the end or add &quot;, ne?&quot;, or you can use V-S-O order with raising your voice, so &quot;et ig de fud?&quot;. You can of course not raise your voice, but beware this may mean the sentence is taken as a mere statement as VSO order is OK for statements too!

==Prepositions etc.==

Here are some common prepostions and other little words and their meaning:

*&quot;in&quot; means &quot;in&quot;
*&quot;up&quot; or &quot;upan&quot; (also &quot;upán&quot;, &quot;up-an&quot; - said /u'pan/) mean &quot;on&quot;
*&quot;bai&quot; or &quot;baisaid&quot; (also &quot;baisáid&quot;, &quot;bai-said&quot; - said /bai'said/) means beside - &quot;besaid&quot; might be more natural, although less immediately clear for non-English speakers
*&quot;av&quot; means &quot;of&quot;
*&quot;fron&quot; means &quot;from&quot;
*&quot;aut&quot; means &quot;out&quot;
*&quot;turch&quot; means &quot;through&quot;
*&quot;over&quot; means &quot;over&quot; or &quot;above&quot;
*&quot;under&quot; means &quot;under&quot; or &quot;below&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sasxsek</title>
    <id>3701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21747</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T15:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dananutter</username>
        <id>290</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #f0f0f0 solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''SASXSEK'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||SAS (&quot;Earth&quot;)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Wikipedia:Creole|Creole]]&lt;br&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|-
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:dananutter|Dana Nutter]]|| 2003
|}


'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] is an artificial (or constructed) language designed to be used as an auxiliary language which is simple to learn but powerful enough to cover the full range of human expression.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] es una lengua artificial (o construido) diseñada para ser utilizado como lengua auxiliar que sea simple aprender pero bastante de gran alcance cubrir la gama completa de la expresión humana.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] est une langue artificielle (ou construit) conçue pour être employé comme langue auxiliaire qui est simple pour apprendre mais assez puissant pour couvrir la gamme complète de l'expression humaine.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] es un artificial (o construite) linguage deseniate pro uso como un lingua auxiliar que es simple pro apprender ma bastante poterose pro coperir le plen extension de expression human.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] будет искусственним (или построено) языком конструированным быть использованным как вспомогательный язык просто выучить но мощно достаточно для того чтобы покрыть полный диапасон людского выражения.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] 是一种人为(或修建) 语言被设计被使用作为简单学会的一种辅助语言但足够强有力报道人的表示的全方位。
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] 是一種人為(或修建) 語言被設計被使用作為簡單學會的一種輔助語言但足夠強有力報道人的表示的全方位。
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] ist eine künstliche (oder konstruiert) Sprache, die entworfen ist, als zusätzliche Sprache verwendet zu werden, die einfach ist zu erlernen, aber leistungsfähig genug, die volle Strecke des menschlichen Ausdruckes zu umfassen.
== ==
人間の表現の全体範囲をカバーするには '''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] 学びやすいしかし十分に強力である補助言語として使用されるように設計されている人工的な(または組み立てられる) 言語。
===
인간 표정의 전 범위를 충당하는 배우게 '''SASXSEK''' [sas.əsek] 간단한 보조 언어로 사용되 도록 디자인되는 인공적인 (또는 건설하는) 언어 그러나 충분히 강력한 이다.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] is een kunstmatige (of geconstrueerd) taal die wordt ontworpen om als een hulptaal worden gebruikt die eenvoudig is te leren maar krachtig genoeg om de volledige waaier van menselijke uitdrukking te behandelen.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ] è una lingua artificiale (o costruito) destinata per essere usato come lingua ausiliaria che è semplice imparare ma abbastanza potente coprire la gamma completa di espressione umana.
== ==
'''SASXSEK''' [ sas.ə.sek ]  είναι μια τεχνητή (ή κατασκευασμένος) γλώσσα με σκοπό να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως βοηθητική γλώσσα που είναι απλή να μαθευτεί αλλά αρκετά ισχυρός να καλύψει την πλήρη σειρά της ανθρώπινης έκφρασης.

=External Links=
* Official Site (http://www.nutter.net/sasxsek)
* Yahoo Group (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sasxsek/)
* Usenet (news:alt.language.sasxsek)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Xipirho</title>
    <id>3702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18008</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-03T08:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xipirho</username>
        <id>289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My name's Roland/Roly and I'm 20 and from near Oxford in England, though currently at uni in Cambridge. I'm mostly interested in 'practical' conlanging (e.g. international auxiliary langs etc.) myself as I always find it hard to justify spending my time on it otherwise, but reading other people's more artistic offerings is always fun! Maybe I'll be converted yet. :-P</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osemoro</title>
    <id>3703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18127</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T03:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Etymology of the Name */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Osemoro''' are the most common, populous and dominant species of sentient beings that inhabit the world of Eraminä, as well as the species with the oldest history – the original inhabitants of the world as it was created. Bipedal mammals of great intelligence, of whom some also have great aptitude in directly contacting and manipulating the Flowing Airs, their physical form is highly adapted for terrestrial activity, yet retains some interesting physical features that are clues as to their originally aquatic heritage.

Their range covers most of the two major landmasses of Eraminä, Rymethus and Kangeya, making them also the only species to have a truly global distribution – a circumstance commonly attributed to their adaptive abilities and proficiency both in utilizing the Flowing Airs of the world, and in making use of technology. Social and communicative beings with a strong sense of culture, the Osemoro are presently highly differentiated as a species into ethnicities and races, some of the most significant being the Sèvayn Rymeth which inhabit the Imperial lands in southern Rymethus, and the Kangeyazin who inhabit the northern areas of Kangeya. 

==Etymology of the Name==

While the various ethnic and cultural groups of this species mostly have their own names for their species, the word ''Osemoro'' is often used even in other languages to refer to the species. The word itself means ‘eldest’, or ‘most senior’, in the old language now preserved as Hynasul Koma’äkazh or the Language of the Temple which is the predecessor of modern Hynasul Rymethazh, the Rymeth language.

==Physical Traits==

The Osemoro are bipedal mammals whose general form are highly akin to the humans of our world; they stand mostly between 5.5 chy (around 155 cm) to 1 shak 1 chy (around 195 cm) in height, a differentiation that is often taken to correspond with race, though other factors are certainly at play as well. In general both genders within the Sèvayn Rymeth stand at around 1 shak to 1 shak 4 hyn (168 cm to 182 cm), and the Kangeyazin, more interestingly, exhibit marked gender dimorphism; while females stand around 5 chy 6 hyn to 1 shak (160 cm to 168 cm), the males average at 1 shak 2 hyn (175 cm) and can reach 1 shak 6 hyn (189 cm). Hair tends to grow on the head, and thinly on the back of the arms and hands for females; on males hair on the chest and legs is quite common. Curiously the Osemoro rarely grow pubic hair. 

The racial differentiation of the Osemoro species stems primarily from visual differences, primarily in skin, hair and eye colour. Accordingly there is wide variety in all three, which sometimes betrays more information than merely one’s ethnicity (see [[Eyes of Sènaön]]). 


[[category:Sentient Species of Eraminä]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duud Spelling</title>
    <id>3704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18028</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-04T02:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xipirho</username>
        <id>289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is something approaching a respelling for English using just the current alphabet used for English and no diacritics. It's not really set in stone, but this page should give an impression of it. The name's because I had to think of something to call it, and it's pretty dudish, so there we are.

==Basic Outline==

*Short vowels as in traditional (trad.) spelling, with &lt;u&gt; for both /ʌ/ and /ʊ/
*&lt;-oh-&gt;/&lt;o-&gt; for /əu/ phoneme in &quot;poke&quot;

==Example==

'''Biginning 'v dh' Yuniversel Deklereishen 'v Hyumen Raits'''

Ool hyumen bi-ings 'r born fri 'nd ihkwel in dignati 'nd raits. Dhei 'r indaud widh rizen 'nd konshens 'nd shud akt tewordz wun anudher in a spirrit 'v brudherhud.

Evriwun iz intaiteld tu ool dhe raits 'nd fridemz set forth in dhis deklereishen, widhaut distinkshen 'v enni kaind, such az reis, kuller, seks, langwij, relidjen, pelittikel or udher apinyun, nashenel or sohshel orrejin, propperti, berth or udher steitus. Ferdhermor, no distinkshen sh'l bi meid on dh' beisis 'v dh' pelittikel, juristikshenel or internashenel steitus 'v dh' kuntri or territri t' wich a persen bilongs, wedher it bi indipendent, trust, non-self-guverning or under enni udher limmiteishen 'v soverenti.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Folkspræk</title>
    <id>3705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48967</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T18:19:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ &quot;Plosive&quot; exists, &quot;stop consonant&quot; doesn't</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is an attempt at a 'version' of the language Folkspraak which retains proto-Germanic (and the original orthographic convenions when the word does not originate from Germanic) graphemes in order to act as a 'neutral' orthography which is unaffected by decisions and preferences regarding final orthographic and phonetic form. It is not intended for especially easy learning or to be the final 'version' of the language (as the aim of the language is an easily learnable auxiliary language), but rather a way of making progress on areas such as word basic form and usage and of using the language whilst sidestepping 'decisions' such as eventual orthography.

==Basics==

The orthography with reagrds 'native' words is basically a fairly standard proto-Germanic based one, whilst loan words retain their original spelling to a great extent. Suffixes and prefixes are as archaic as possible, e.g. &lt;for-&gt; not &lt;fer-&gt;. In order that text written in the language may be rapidly translated into other 'versions' of Folkspraak, prefixes and suffixes can be marked with a &lt;~&gt;, &lt;|&gt;, or such between them and the stem, thus allowing them to be replaced by find-and-replace routine independently. The Greek alphabet, Cyrillic, or, less preferably, capital Roman letters, can be employed to distiguish 'loan' sounds from native ones. Thus loan /b/ can be written &lt;β&gt; in order that it not be shifted to &lt;v&gt; or such in other orthographies (which may, in this case, shift proto-Germanic medial and final /b/ to &lt;v&gt;). This feature may become obsolete rapidly for consonants at least as consensus on consonant form in generally better than with regard vowels.

===Consonants===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ '''Standard Arabic consonant phonemes'''&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; COLSPAN=2 | &amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Interdental|Inter-dental]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dental consonant|Dental (incl. alveolar)]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Postalveolar|Post-&lt;br&gt;alveolar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-&lt;BR&gt;geal]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | &amp;nbsp;plain&amp;nbsp;
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | [[pharyngealization|emphatic]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; ROWSPAN=2 | [[Plosive]]
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|t̪ˁ}} || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}}
| &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA|b}} || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|d̪ˁ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}¹ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; ROWSPAN=2 | [[Fricative]]
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|sˁ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|x}} || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 80%;&quot; | [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ðˁ}} || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|ɣ}} || &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ʕ}} || &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; COLSPAN=2 | [[Nasal]] 
| {{IPA|m}} || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} || &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; COLSPAN=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] 
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|l}} ² || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; COLSPAN=2 | [[Trill]] 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; COLSPAN=2 | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA|w}} || &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Abandoned</title>
    <id>3706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19538</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-22T15:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Formatting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center;&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Author
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| {{ #if: {{{username|}}} | [[User:{{{username|}}}|{{{realname|{{{username|}}} }}}]] | {{ #if: {{{realname|}}} | {{{realname|}}} | {{{1|unknown}}}}}}} {{#if: {{{username|}}} |&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;[[User_talk:{{{username|}}}|{{{talk|Talk}}}]] | {{ #if: {{{3|}}} |&amp;nbsp;&amp;#124;&amp;nbsp;[[User_talk:{{{3}}}|Talk]]|}} }}
|-
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot;| Status
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;abandoned&lt;/span&gt; {{ #if: {{{date|}}} | ({{{date|}}}) |{{#if: {{{2|}}} | ({{{2|}}})|}} }}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
This infobox template is used to mark a page as abandoned (no longer worked on).
It is based on the box [[User:Muke|Muke]] made at [[Latin Pinyin]].

It takes the following parameters:

  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Abandoned|&amp;lt;realname&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;date&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Or with named parameters:

* &lt;tt&gt;username&lt;/tt&gt; e.g. &lt;tt&gt;bartman&lt;/tt&gt;
:&amp;mdash; creates a link to the userpage of the named user.
* &lt;tt&gt;realname&lt;/tt&gt; e.g. &lt;tt&gt;Bart Simpson&lt;/tt&gt;
:&amp;mdash; If defined this will show in the user page link instead of the user name.  If &lt;tt&gt;realname&lt;/tt&gt; is defined but &lt;tt&gt;username&lt;/tt&gt; isn't &lt;tt&gt;realname&lt;/tt&gt; will be shown without a link.
* &lt;tt&gt;talk&lt;/tt&gt; e.g. &lt;tt&gt;Talk to me!&lt;/tt&gt;
:&amp;mdash will be shown as the text of a link to the user talk page of &lt;tt&gt;username&lt;/tt&gt;.  If &lt;tt&gt;username&lt;/tt&gt; is defined and &lt;tt&gt;talk&lt;/tt&gt; isn't the link text will be ''Talk''.
* &lt;tt&gt;date&lt;/tt&gt; e.g. &lt;tt&gt;2012&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;December 21, 2012&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;Because I lost interest&lt;/tt&gt;
:&amp;mdash; will be shown in parentheses after the word ''abandoned'', and should contain the (approximate) date the article was abandoned and/or the reason it was abandoned. If &lt;tt&gt;date&lt;/tt&gt; is not defined nothing will be shown after ''abandoned'', not even the parentheses.

Thus

 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=2007,&lt;br&gt;because I was done with it}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

will be shown as here to the right.

{{Abandoned|username=Melroch|realname=BPJ|date=2007,&lt;br&gt;because I was done with it}}

Some people don't like named parameters, but as I see them they help to separate logical content from formatting, which IMHO is a Good Thing in a template. Still if you like you can 
use unnamed parameters like this:

  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Abandoned|&amp;lt;realname&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;date&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;username&amp;gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

e.g.

  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Abandoned|&amp;lt;BPJ&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;2007&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;Melroch&amp;gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{Abandoned|BPJ|2007|Melroch}}

or
  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Abandoned|&amp;lt;BPJ&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;2007&amp;gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{Abandoned|BPJ|2007}}

[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 04:24, 5 January 2007 (PST)&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eresphria physical.jpg</title>
    <id>3707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18103</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T15:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Twisspraak Wordlist</title>
    <id>3708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18108</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-05T18:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tupinikin</username>
        <id>100</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===A===
'''al''' ''pron'' all (cf. ned. ''al'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''at''' ''conj'' that (cf. sve. ''att'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''av''' ''prep'' of, from (cf. sve. ''av'').&lt;br/&gt;
===B===
'''befor''' ''prep'' before (cf. deu. ''bevor'').&lt;br/&gt;
===D===
'''denke''' ''v'' to think (cf. deu. ''denken'').&lt;br/&gt;
===E===
'''een''' ''art'' a, an; ''num'' one (cf. ned. ''een'').&lt;br/&gt;
===F===
'''for''' ''prep'' for (cf. eng. ''for'').&lt;br/&gt;
===G===
'''ga''' ''v'' to go (cf. sve. ''ga'').&lt;br/&gt;
===H===
'''hie''' ''pron'' he (cf. eng. ''he'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''hies''' ''pron'' his (cf. eng. ''hies'').&lt;br/&gt;
===K===
'''kleed''' ''n'' cloth (cf. deu. ''Kleid'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''kon''' ''v'' can, is able to (cf. sve. ''kan'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''konde''' ''v'' could (cf. ned. ''konden'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''konne''' ''v'' to be able to (cf. deu. ''können'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''kummeren selv (om)''' ''v'' to worry (about) (cf. deu. ''sich kümmern (um)'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''kung''' ''n'' king (cf. sve. ''kung'').&lt;br/&gt;
===L===
'''leiv''' ''n'' life (cf. eng. ''life'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''livve''' ''v'' to live (cf. eng. ''live'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''luckly''' ''adv'' happily; ''adj'' happy (cf. sve. ''lycklig'').&lt;br/&gt;
===M===
'''muk''' ''adv'' very, much; '''~cke''' ''adj'' much, many (cf. sve. ''mycket'').&lt;br/&gt;
===N===
'''nit''' ''adv'' not (cf. ned. ''niet'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''ny''' ''adv'' recently; ''adj'' new (cf. sve. ''ny'').&lt;br/&gt;
===O===
'''or''' ''conj'' or (cf. eng. ''or'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''outgivve (~giv, ~gav, ~giv)''' ''v'' to spend, to expend (cf. ned. ''uitgeven'').&lt;br/&gt;
===P===
'''pennien''' ''n'' money (cf. eng. ''pennies'').&lt;br/&gt;
===S===
'''shol''' ''v'' shall, will, is going to (cf. eng. ''shall'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''sholle''' ''v'' to be going to (cf. deu. ''sollen'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''sholde''' ''v'' would (cf. eng. ''should'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''shoon''' ''adv'' beautifully; '''~e''' ''adj'' beautiful (cf. deu. ''schön'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''snee''' ''n'' snow (cf. deu. ''Schnee'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''so''' ''adv'' so (cf. eng. ''so'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''soldaat''' ''n'' soldier (cf. deu. ''Soldat'').&lt;br/&gt;
===T===
'''tu''' ''prep'' to (cf. eng. ''to'').&lt;br/&gt;
===W===
'''welk''' ''conj'' which (cf. ned. ''welk'').&lt;br/&gt;
'''werre (ar, war, wer)''' ''v'' to be (cf. sve. ''vara'').&lt;br/&gt;
===Y===
'''yaar''' ''n'' year (cf. ned. ''jaar'').&lt;br/&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Arophania physical.jpg</title>
    <id>3709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18133</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-06T10:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Physical map of Arophania.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Physical map of Arophania.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian preposition word order</title>
    <id>3710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46744</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T00:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian prepositions|back to Dalcurian prepositions]]


In Dalcurian, a ''prepositional object'', be it a ''pronoun, real noun'' or a ''non tangible noun'' (like a thought, feeling or expression), 'always immediately follows' a nominative pronoun or noun in the subject position (except when the pronoun or noun is followed by a modal or auxiliary verb, in which case it follows the modal or auxiliary). Dalcurian ears are very sensitive to this syntactic rule and is always (somewhat reluctantly) corrected:

* '''Ména, máriÞ érenöra, görøria'''. ''We're going out with them''. lit: ''We, with them, are going out''.
* '''Diö nöacr, qiöcra séÞa, icaÞr ela'''. ''You can take everything except for these''. lit: ''You can, except for these, take all''.

However, when a sentence or clause has more than one prepositional word/phrase (pph for short), there is a 'general' word order according to whether the phrase contains:

Adverbs of time-these go first.&lt;BR/&gt;Pronouns, people names-these go second.&lt;BR/&gt;Nouns, thoughts, ideas-these go third&lt;BR/&gt;Places, areas, direction-these go last.

'''Example 1:'''

* '''Lintöni 18S, binä nébaræ, máriÞ Garé ön Séan, eÞöaquálö'''. ''I’ll be out until 6pm with Gary and Sean''. lit: ''Until 6 pm, I will be, with Gary and Sean, somewhere''.  

Although the pph ''until 6'' is not technically an ''adverb of time'', it goes first in word order because it 'denotes' time; the pph ''with Gary and Sean'' goes second in word order because it contains real names. 

'''Example 2:'''

* '''Lintöni 18S, binä nébaræ, máriÞ Garé ön Séan, andri animatáj'''. ''I’ll be at the cinema with Gary and Sean until 6pm''.
  
This sentence contains three prepositional phrases: ''until 6'' (time), ''with Gary and Sean'' (real names), and ''at the cinema'' (place).

In the sentence:

In sentences consisting of more than one clause, be it a ''subordinate'' or ''coordinate'' clause, word order resumes for each separate clause:

* '''Diö nöacr, näø 18S, raför binöra, yil,, qösra binä nébaræ, lintöni nes, máriÞ Gary ön Sean, eÞöaquálö.''' lit: ''Can you, after 6pm, call me, because I’ll be, until then, with Gary and Séan''.

Note 1: The above rule, as said, is more of a general rule, not a syntactically strict. It's similar the the '' Time, Manner, Place'' rule in German.

NOTE 2: Due to prepositional word order, it's not possible in Dalcurian to end a sentence with a preposition, unlike English. For example:

* ''That's the house I live in''.

In Dalcurian, this would be:

* '''TaÞ di abödä,, vömä binä habitr.''' ''That's the house where I live.''
* '''Binä, ''am taÞ abödä'', habitr.''' ''I live '''in that house'''''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian prepositions alternative uses</title>
    <id>3711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46745</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T01:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian prepositions|back to Dalcurian prepositions]]

=='''te'''-''to''==

In Dalcurian, the preposition '''te''' is not used in infinite phrases (to walk, to sleep etc) except when equating an English gerund (see [[dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]). It is only used with nouns or pronouns. The ''definite'' and ''indefinite articles'' '''ni/di'''-''a/the'' are not used with '''te'''; it already means ''to, to the'' or ''towards'' depending on the context of the sentence:

* '''Binä, ''te qaféj'', göria qoÞ'''. ''I’m just going '''to the shop'''''.

=='''néfaracte'''==

Usually meaning ''contrary to'', this is also used in ''tag questions'' where in English, one would say: ''isn’t it/wasn’t it/weren’t they/aren’t you'' etc, though it MUST go at the end of a sentence. It then translates as loosely as ''not true'', similar to the German ''nicht wahr'': 

* '''TaÞ mosödrämös gé'éagöra, néfaracte?''' ''That was a good film, wasn’t it?''  
* '''Binä, máriÞ séÞa, tädø, néfaracte?''' ''I’m tired of this, aren’t you?''

'''Néfaracte''' cannot be placed at the beginning of a sentence where, in English, one puts the tag question first in questions of uncertainty: 

* ''Aren’t you the man off the tv?''  

* ''Isn’t it the 7 o’clock train we’re supposed to be catching?'' 

Again, '''néfaracte''' must go last (normally with a rising voice intonation):

* '''Diö di sáj, vön di televizian, néfaracte?''' ''Aren’t you the man off the tv?'' 
   
If you say:

* '''Néfaracte di sáj, vön di televizian?'''  

then this translates as: ''Contrary to the man from the tv''.

'''Néfaracte''' can also be used to contradict a statement, much like the German word ''doch'':
    
* '''Diö ábrax eÞöa nömæaj, yil?'''  '''Néfaracte!''' 
** ''Haven't you any money?'' ''Yes'' (I do/on the contrary)

'''Néfaracte nál''' is a commonly used interjection that equates to something like ''really! honestly! well I never!'' etc:

* '''Mæ döbátr,, taÞ mæ nöacr didér senta bréjel,, ön tirigör stæcemést'''. '''Néfaracte nál?''' ''He claims that he can drink ten pints (of beer) without getting drunk. Honestly! Really! 

If you really want to disagree with a statement, you can say: '''néfaracte qoÞ'''-''yeah right/whatever''

=='''qöri''' vs '''dörac'''-''through''==

It is important to know the differences between these two prepositions. '''dörac''' means ''through'' as in ''direction, time'' or ''motion'' and also means ''during'':
  
* '''Ména mösár, dörac dörÞ, gör'''. ''We have to go through there''.
* '''Sia gä’ságr,, taÞ sia, dörac di qömbla, raföræ diöra'''. ''She said she’d phone you during the week''.

'''Qöri''' means ''through'' as in ''because of/as a result of'':

* '''Di vitihærádn, qöri stæmeÞodicrlámn, gä’ábrapädr stötsérämös'''. ''The government has lost support through inefficiency''.                            
                                                          
Here’s an example of where both prepositions might come together:
  
* '''''Qöri'' di dostébrostnämös qve mæöra, minäla, ''dörac'' di qömbla, sä mæ gä’spélögr quacrialbájan, gä’ádravisör mæöra,, bratsva mæ, giráte vägámn, gä’Þalárax andri ábæÞabödä.''' 
** '''''Through''' his own stupidity, he was seen '''through''' the week playing football, even though he was supposed to be off work sick''. lit: ''As a result of his own stupidity, they, through the week, as he played football, saw him, even though he, due to illness, resided not at work.''

=='''näø''' vs '''retfac'''==

Like '''qöri''' and '''dörac''', these also have slightly different uses. '''näø''' is used when something has 'finished'. However, it can also be used as a conjunction if it is followed by a subject and verb, in which case it does NOT follow prepositional word order:

* '''Diö nöacr, näø taÞ, görør'''. ''You can go out after that.''

but: 

* '''Diö nöacr görør,, näø diö gä’ábrastæabetár'''. ''You can go out after you have finished''.    
* '''Binä vaquiræ ni etári,, näø séÞa inpöträmös qve t'vizian gä’ábrastæabetár'''. ''I’ll make a cup of tea after/when this programme has finished.''

'''Retfac''' is used to with ''movement/motion'', and is also used colloquially to mean ''behind'':

* '''Göros retfac di beröj qve diöra,, ön ságr te mæ,, taÞ mæ solegasas mösár nöreÞár!''' ''Go after your brother and tell him to come back immediately!''
* '''Binä gé’patiquálö,, taÞ sia, retfac binöra, gä’Þalár¿''' ''I was sure she was behind me.''

=='''qve'''==

This is the only preposition in the Dalcurian language that does not adhere to preposition word order. In fact, '''qve''' is almost exclusively used only in possesive constructions:

* '''DanöÞ di beröj qve binöra'''. ''There’s my brother''. lit: ''There is the brother of me''.                                                    
* '''Di ábæødöraj dis t'vizian näocr, am træpindij, brát tirigör¿''' ''The TV manual might still be in the box''. lit: ''The instruction manual of the television could, in the box, still remain''.
----

Here are somemore examples to study:

* '''Binä, viténi di lamæasncoj, gä’Þalgér ''di nömæcalblánij qve binöra'''''. ''I hid '''my money box''' above the cupboard.''
* '''''Dörac di ninÞi'', éren, máriÞ mæöra, gä’tirigör,, brát éren, telemná 9 ön 10S, gä’angör'''. ''They stayed with him '''through the night''' but they left between 9 and 10am.''
* '''Binä, øatni di øaräj, gä’stelanér esti di sacéj qve binöra; quavéna tiÞ gä’ábradöbéÞr nöra!''' ''I definitely put my bag behind the couch; now it’s gone!''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Dialectical Slang</title>
    <id>3712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24760</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-28T23:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conjugation Distinctions */ MOAR</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Dialect Acronyms==
FSF = Formal Standard [[Faraneit]], the &quot;proper&quot; lingua franca of [[Lescealh]] and much of [[Lheinead]]

CSF = Colloquial Standard Faraneit, the common variant on FSF

OLF = Orthdox Lescealh Faraneit, the main Lescealh variant

SLF = Southwestern Lescealh Faraneit, an unusual variant in (suprisingly) southwestern Lescealh

PFK = Poleiseam Faraneik, a variant exported to Poleiseam

==Conjugation Distinctions==
Kaej, to be 

PRESENT:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!FSF*
!
!CSF*
!
!OLF*
!
!SLF*
!
!PFK*
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| kejih hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejihav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kih hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejih
|-
|'''Second Person Singular'''
| kejeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| keur
| &amp;nbsp;
| keih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejeih
|-
|'''Third Person Animate Singular'''
| kejoah doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejoan
| &amp;nbsp;
| koan
| &amp;nbsp;
| koah doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejoah
|-
|'''Third Person Inanimate Singular'''
| kejoah doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejoam
| &amp;nbsp;
| koam
| &amp;nbsp;
| koah doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejoah
|}

SIMPLE PAST:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!FSF*
!
!CSF*
!
!OLF*
!
!SLF*
!
!PFK*
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| kojih hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kojihav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kov
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejih
|-
|'''Second Person Singular'''
| kojeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kojeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejyh
|-
|'''Third Person Animate Singular'''
| kojoah doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kojoan
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejoh
|-
|'''Third Person Inanimate Singular'''
| kojoah doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kojoam
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh
| &amp;nbsp;
| koh doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejoah
|}

NARRATIVE PAST:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!FSF*
!
!CSF*
!
!OLF*
!
!SLF*
!
!PFK*
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| keujih hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| keujihav
| &amp;nbsp;
| koav
| &amp;nbsp;
| keuh hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kujih
|-
|'''Second Person Singular'''
| kejeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kejeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kor
| &amp;nbsp;
| keuh nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejyh
|-
|'''Third Person Animate Singular'''
| keujoah doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| keujoan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kon
| &amp;nbsp;
| keuh doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| koejoh
|-
|'''Third Person Inanimate Singular'''
| keujoah doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| keujoam
| &amp;nbsp;
| keum
| &amp;nbsp;
| keuh doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kujoh
|}

FUTURE:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!FSF*
!
!CSF*
!
!OLF*
!
!SLF*
!
!PFK*
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| kijih hav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijihav
| &amp;nbsp;
| keiv
| &amp;nbsp;
| kihav
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijih
|-
|'''Second Person Singular'''
| kijeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijeih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| keir
| &amp;nbsp;
| kih nor
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijyh
|-
|'''Third Person Animate Singular'''
| kijoah doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijoan
| &amp;nbsp;
| ken
| &amp;nbsp;
| kih doan
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijoh
|-
|'''Third Person Inanimate Singular'''
| kijoah doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijoam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kem
| &amp;nbsp;
| kih doam
| &amp;nbsp;
| kijoh
|}

It should be noted that both OLF and SLF continue to use subjunctive forms of kej derived from CSF. PF does the same, but omits the pronoun in most circumstances.

OLF increasingly also uses the cliticized forms from CSF for rej, karotej, and boaneicej.

==Sound Changes==
*FSF/CSF to OLF:
**/pɛ/, /pɪ/, /pɔ/, /pʊ/ + Fricative# &gt; /pf/
**/tɛ/, /tɪ/, /tɔ/, /tʊ/ + Fricative# &gt; /ts/
**/kɛ/, /kɪ/, /kɔ/, /kʊ/ + Fricative# &gt; /kx/
**/qɛ/, /qɪ/, /qɔ/, /qʊ/ + Fricative# &gt; /qχ/
**/ʊ/ &gt; /ə/
**/ɪ/ &gt; /ɨ/
*FSF/CSF to SLF:
**Vowel + /ni#/ &gt; Vowel + /ɲɪ#/
**Vowel + /ni/ + Vowel &gt; Vowel + /ɲ/ + Vowel
**[ʃ ʒ] &gt; [s z]
*FSF/CSF to PFK:
**/t#/ &gt; /k#/
**/ʊ/ &gt; /u/ &gt; /y/
**/ɔ/ &gt; /o/ &gt; /ø/
**/ɪ/ &gt; /ə/
**unaccented /ɛ/ and /a/ merge into [ɒ]
**/f θ/ before a rounded vowel &gt; [f]

==Syntactic Differences==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polizeih Sect</title>
    <id>3714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48106</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T00:49:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Polizeih sect originated in southeastern [[Lescealh]], where it grew power as a reactionary movement to the rising poverty of the area. The sect had existed previously however, it had been largely marginalized, especially outside of southeastern Lescealh.

==Early History==
Little is known concerning its earliest history, other than it was central to the worship of Poleasc, the traditional representative of traders and human culture in the [[Faraneit | Faraneih]] pantheon. It is assumed to have originated in the southwestern Lescealh before its importation to the southeast, as there is compelling evidence of Hareih dominance.

==Southwestern Lescealh Prior to the Polizeih==
Prior to and during the earlier years of the dominance of the Polizeih in the Southwest, a distinct social structure, contrary to any other portion of Lescealh, existed. In the southwest, there were few large settlements, and the population lived almost exclusively in rural areas. The main area of Lescealh was also highly rural, but instead of the smaller isolated farmers, a village system, with many specialist artisans, had developed, largely because there was adequate soil fertility and rainfall to support it, unlike the less favorable southwest. The southeast, on the other hand, was situated at a significantly higher altitude, although not above the snow line, and therefore recieved an even higher rainfall, leading to disastrous social consequences. The higher rainfall resulted in the adoption of a simplistic class system, which quickly eroded into serfdom for the less fortunate. Although the southeast had the most agricutlural wealth, its people were among the poorest in Lescealh as the elites profited heavily from the stratified system.

The lack of divisive racial or religious distinctions  between the classes maintained the illusions the elite sought to propogate: that there was a natural division of labor between the classes and that there was no inequity.

==The Middle Class==
While the southwest was comprized of essentially only a lower class, the main core of Lescealh housed a prosperous middle class of successful farmers, various artisans, and merchants. For the most part, the socio-economic classes were fluid and movement between them was common, if not expected. 

Conversely, the southwest was trapped in a highly entrenched series of classes, although an emerging middle class of merchants did alter the order significantly. It is beleived that this middle class adopted the Polizeih faith from its contacts with the southeastern Polizeih, whose land they frequently travelled across, while transporting goods to and from the further east Measceineafh and Etimri, and inner Lescealh.

It is estimated that by 6500 AC the Polizeih had become synonymous with the southeast merchant class.

==The Lower Class==
Conversion of the lower class of peasant farmers progressed much more slowly, as (particularly closer to central Lescealh) they clung to their Hareih roots more firmly. Conversions were made, nonetheless, and the lower class was heavily converted in the southernmost locales of the region, where only the elite remained Hareih. They conserved their religion, as it became increasingly associated with wealth, because the Polizeih cult became synonymous with poverty or the middle class.

==Famines and Revolution==
Although converted in faith, the lower classes remained loyal to their Hareih lords, mainly because of the ubiquitous message from the elite of their work on behalf of the peasants, as well as social inertia. The Middle Class, however, harbored more tensions against the elite, particularly as trade and the economy declined during the 6600's, which are remembered in Lescealh as the &quot;lean years.&quot; The slowdown of the trade routes is largely blamed on drought in Lescealh and through out [[Lheinead]]. Additionally, this period seems to coincide with the peak of overpopulation in Lescealh. While poverty did increase across the region, it swallowed the southeast. In the other regions, their drier springs permitted a later bean harvest, which in turn led to the widespread adoption of more complex crop rotation systems, which increased the populations ceiling. The higher elevation of the southeast led only to a colder and wetter winter, which did not aid the bean harvests and thus led to widespread famine.

The Middle Class largely mobilized the lower classes to revolt, forming the Council of Poleasc, which proclaimed the elite were &quot;foreign Hareih, who steal our crops&quot; (in the Proclamation of Keref, 6632). Armed revolt quickly resulted, spurring the flight of Hareih of all classes from most of the southeast. A large section of the southeast, mainly in its east, remained stable, although precarious. The Middle Class denounced this region and justified its strict controls over the peasantry as security codes required to prevent an invasion from the neighboring regions. After the establishment of the Council of Poleasc as the ruling body of the region, it and several hundred religous leaders called sessions in 6640 to determine a more detailed account of Polizeih doctrine.

==Doctrines==
Because, for the most part, the legends involving the Faraneih pantheon have been orally passed down, the restrictions on preachers were aimed more at the version and its content than a specific written form. Several varieties of Hakeih myths, in which Poleasc rapes his wife, were heavily censored out of existance in the southeast. 

For the most part, however, the various legends were not changed, and interpretations, as long as they did not contradict the laws passed by the pseudo-religious Council of Poleasc, which &quot;Poleasc selected to rule&quot;, were freely permitted for the time being.

==Becoming a Seperate Culture==
Tensions between the various non-Polizeih states of Lescealh and the Polizeih heightened through out the later 6600's. Militarization and rigid internal control along certain parameters became dominant policies in the devestated society. 

Each of the council's proclamations contained atleast one allusion to foreign aggression or internal betrayal. In the more populous regions, the number of convicted and executed traitors (tried by local magistrating bodies that often competed for convictions) exceeded the number of women dead from child birth (which routinely hovered around one of every five women). Questioning policy was an attack on policy. Fear was the morter of the society.

With the Defense Proclamation of 6680, the Council of Poleasc essentially drafted one out of every two men into the military, which was used to seize trading caravans in the northeastern prairies. (Initially the non-Polizeih protested, as this drastically cut Heideiveiz importation, but as local Heideiveiz production became established protest faded). This high draft rate differed greatly from the rest of Lescealh, where warriors never exceeded a fifth of the population. Interestingly enough, one fourth of all female Polizeih were also drafted, but this unprecedented movement towards sexual equality was in fact detrimental to women's causes.

==The Army, Women, Viels, and Sex==
The usage of women in the army was an unpopular policy, but a highly profitable one as it prevented the Council from requiring all males to enlist, and thereby clogging soceity. Nonetheless, female soldiers were held to much stricter standards, in an army of very high standards. Out of fear that they would become pregnant, and thereby a burden and a useless soldier, female soldiers were not allowed to take part in heterosexual sex of any kind, as anal sex was seen as highly taboo by the Faranih, and vaginal and other forms of sex were viewed as destined to end in pregnancy. 

While homosexual sexual activity was initially supported as a form of increasing group unity, it eventually was viewed as a negative, along with all sex, in fact. Troops denied sexual activity were believed to be more aggressive and useful to the Polizeih, leading to an army-wide ban on all sexual behavior. As underground sexual behavior, and pregnancies began to emerge, a desperate Council forced all females to wear as much coverings as possible, the beginning of a larger societal and religious policy.

In civilian life, the wearing of a hair shawl or other coverings became associated with female army members, who had returned to their husbands intact. As it became a popular symbol of both purity (of a virginal sort) and patriotism, civilian women increasingly adopted coverings, only for it to become unacceptable for women to not wear coverings by 6700.

==Prostitution or Second Marriage?==
In 6732, the Council of Poleasc discreetly passed, lest it admit an error, a series of proclamations which stripped women of the right to bear arms or take part in conflict. Over the past few decades, the heavily used army had seen various near rebellions from small groups of sexually frustrated soldiers, and hoping to use the current system to correct this difficulty, they changed the female soldiers into state-sponsored whores. Various military compounds were &quot;reformed&quot; so as to house the state's prostitutes seperately, so that they could be used on fatigued or victorious units as either a stimulant or a reward. 

After a fifth of the Polizeih forces were eradicated from venerial diseases during the early 6700's, the Council modified their position and assigned enlisted men two (or in rare cases three) different &quot;wives&quot; who were located in different compounds, allowing the system to permit the soldiers to be given sex at various stations but maintaining a rigid barrier to prevent epidemics. The male soldiers' numbers were reduced to fit this, while the state's former prostitutes were dramatically increased. It is believed that a complex system of using women for multiple men was implemented to maintain peace in a male-dominated army, but there is much uncertainty into the sexual paradigm.

This system eventually evolved into a fully developed system of polygyny reserved for the elite and soldiers, as a class benefit and a reward for serving in the military. But this system was more than influential in allowing the establishment of pivotal settlements between Malaba and their base in Lescealh.

It has been theorized that the higher mortality rates for males, who filled the ranks of the army, might have balanced the unequal marriage ratio, but this has yet to be explicitly proven. 

==Into Malaba==
As the population of Lescealh climbed up to a precarious threshold once more during the early 6800's, an unspoken agreement between the various sects and states in Lescealh was reached. The plot was to drive the hostile and trade-detrimental Polizeih out of Lescealh and use the land as overflow for the excess population. On cue, raids along the borders exploded exponentially and miltant hostility resumed with full force around southeast Lescealh. After the massacre of 6807, in which an entire Polizeih border town was burnt to the ground by murderous Hareih, the Council of Poleasc denounced Lescealh as &quot;heathen&quot; and called for a &quot;pilgrimage with arms to Malaba&quot; which was carried out judiciously.

The prairie bases worked as detention centers, or rather stops along the pilgrimage as the civilian population flooded out from southeast Lescealh. The army quickly conquered the region of Malaba called Dhikapa and slaughtered some 20% percent of its inhabitants directly, while atleast 30% of the original population succumbed to a sudden epidemic, which may or may not have been a venerial disease introduced by the Polizeih. 

After installing itself in southwestern Malaba, the Polizeih quickly adopted an even further theocratic government as many members of the Council of Poleasc lavishly paid off the assitant clerics to maintain order while their treasuries grew off the slave labor of the Malaba survivors and the poor Polizeih, who lived little better.

==Post-Conquest==
After conquest the Polizeih quickly grew into a productive empire, which attempted an invasion of Lescealh. This indirectly caused the developement of the Harapah, which later embroiled the Polizeih in a second large war campaign, which led to the conquest of various unaligned city-states including the infamous Heajaz. A bloody guerrilla war ensued and the Polizeih were cast out. Ultimately, this failed invasion had an unintended massive impact, as it created the Heajareifh state, which would foster a new political and religious order in Lescealh after the collapse of the Harapah.

A period of enormous instability followed, as the Harapah government expelled Hareih and Hakeih cultists and waged a genocidal war against the Leaveazeih and Hameit whose populations had already been dramatically reduced during the second Polizeih conquest attempt. For Poleisah, the Polizeih theocracy's capital, guerrilla warfare from and among the Malaba insurgents, perpetuated by the Northern Malaba territories, periodically crippled basic roads and wore the infrastructure precariously close to a breaking point.

==Abuda==
The province of Abuda, within Polizeih-controlled Malaba, quickly developed a syncretic subculture, and eventually developed into a haven for Polizeih-Malaba half-breeds, who were considered monstrous throughout most of Polizeih-controlled Malaba. Abuda eventually developed a separate religious and ethnic affiliation (despite constant inward immigration) from both its Malaba and Polizeih neighbors, in both cases a mixture of the two groups and their ideas, primarily in the upper classes (the lower classes remained overwhelmingly Malaba). This much more moderate social and political climate proved superior to the typical Polizeih model, as Abuda's Polizeih infused middle class outlasted the other Polizeih institutions, which were crushed in the great Malaba uprisings of 7320.

==Collapse==
After being removed from Lescealh, internal problems consumed the Polizeih as deforestation crippled their agricultural yeilds and led to widespread erosion. In 7320, the Malaba who had remained peripheral to their conquered region occupied the failed nation and then proceeded to slaughter the Polizeih. The Harapah and crusading Hareih eradicated the straggling Polizeih settlements as they spread out onto the eastern plain, during the &quot;Tumultuous Era&quot; according to Kang-Eur and Hloterb legend.

==The Tumultuous Era 7350-7500==
During this brief period, a number of cultures expanded their spheres of influence into the eastern steppe. While Polizeih refuges fled into the region, various Malaban raiders followed them. Furthermore, the Hareih exile into the region added a second theocratic subculture into the region, complicating the various conflicts as the Hareih and Polizeih attempted to massacre one another, while the Malaban groups attacked both.

Additionally, the Harapah consistently marched into the center of the region, while decimating all populations in its path. This policy aimed to prevent the instability in the region from boiling over, back to Lescealh, or threatening northern trade routes. While the raids certainly accomplished this, locally, they created immense resentment for the Harapah and augmented the genocidal situation.

Furthermore, these invasive conflicts entered a region already filled with strife, as the Kang-Eur villagers and Hloterb bands engaged in a less volatile but still quite violent war. Fueling this conflict, and compounding the others, the region experienced extreme drought throughout this era. The Kang-Eur had attempted to expand their cultivated fields to offset their losses, but only sparked conflict with the hunter-gatherers, notably the Hloterb. Ultimately, both groups were greatly ruined during the period, however, as first their conflict, and then foreign aggression and counter-conflicts devastated the region. Ironically, a good porportion of precipitation during this era was delivered in flooding, also causing chaos.

After the 7500, however, the Polizeih had nearly been completely exterminated and the Hareih presence was nearly nonexistant. Malaba raiders found the local populations of Kang-Eur and Hloterb not profitable enough to warrant the expeditions and thereby ceased. With the region quieting into population decline, the Harapah aggression became a frivolous waste and also stopped. Relations between the Hloterb and Kang-Eur, unfortunately, remained bloody, but much less so than during the Tumultuous Era. Droughts continued to force a deterioration of their relations and the biological health of the region.

==Polizeih Renaissance==
In 7614, one settlement of Polizeih remained with only a few thousand members. Under the military leadership of Lak the First, however, the Polizeih managed to conquer a small section of the Southern Malaba Reconstituted Empire and rebuild a pale imitation of their earlier theocracy within a year. Intensely outnumbered, the Polizeih finally adapted to the clear limitations of their position and began accepting Malaba converts and treating them with a level of respect previously unthinkable within Polizeih thought and rare for the Faraneit as a whole. Outside of the military, it was decreed that Polizeih men could take second wives of Malaba descent, revolutionizing racial and sexual politics.

The extreme, authoritarian orderliness of the Polizeih state satisfied their conquered region, which had been so easily conquered because of widespread protest of Malaba rule and general apathy of the citizens. The Polizeih began expanding their domain, leading to the Madj population (of primarily Faraneit descent) learning of the reinstatement of the Polizeih as a ruling class in at least a part of their former empire. Ideological children of the Heajareifh, the Amdj population had been raised on stories of the deadly never-ending threat of the Polizeih, leading hundreds to kill themselves and in some cases their children when the news of the reconquest arrived. In a blind rage, their urged the Malaba military to immediately attack the Polizeih at their new capital of Ina.

The Malaba's main reaction was to ignore the Amdj, but ultimately, both groups would pay the price for their actions. The Madj cult's violent talk provoked the Polizeih at Ina into a violent generation-long conflict between Amdj-controlled Malaba and Lak the Fourth into the early reign of Lak the Fifth, both of the Polizeih Dynasty of Ina. Contemporaneously, the Malaba regions were faced by a small but well-trained dynastic split-off, the Polizeih Dynasty of Tali under the command of Evano the first, who installed his son Evano the second as the emperor of Malaba, which the Malaba population didn't object to, as the emperor is a position with little real power, at least originally. The Polizeih very quietly expanded the reach of the emperor's power.

==The Wars of 7781==
The Polizeih Dynasty of Ina under Laba the first and the Polizeih Dynasty of Tali under Tadem the second collaborated on a joint attack against the Amdj-controlled districts, springing their trap in 7781. This war utterly destroyed the illusion that the whole of Malaba had of the Polizeih emperor's alleged impotency, leading to a massive Malaba uprising that destroyed the Polizeih Dynasty of Tali. Isolated without the Tali-based Polizeih, the Dynasty of Ina first bartered for peace with the Amdj, then resorted to guerrilla warfare against the coalition launched against them, which occupied the area surrounding Ina for the following decades. In the end, only the Abuda line of Polizeih survived this war, because of their neutrality.

==Common Themes==
The defining theme of Polizeih culture is fear. Fear of being outcast from the society has maintained loyalty within it from more than five centuries. Fear of other nations conquering them while Poleasc laughed at them, because they were not worth saving, paralyzed their early history, and led to a militant society. Fear of pregnancy led to the coverings. Fear of labelling as unsupportive and lascivous led to civilian use of coverings. Fear was the operating mechanism of their culture, and led to widespread manipulation from the Upper Class.

The fanaticism and the devotion of the culture, however, was easily accepted by the Harapah and used against them, during the campaign for the extermination of the Polizeih. Their own fear was their downfall.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Islysian</title>
    <id>3715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30264</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-27T20:16:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Aninai ivenavniket - Personal pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;font face=&quot;Georgia, Times, serif&quot;&gt;
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;font size=4&gt;'''Islysian'''&lt;br&gt;'''Ilieski'''&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|[[Image:Ilieska-nyja-halesta.png|border|Halesta]]&lt;br&gt;Sa halesta Iliesken - The flag of Islysia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||[http://ilieska.pbwiki.com Islysia] [ɪ'sliʒə]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Modern timeline&lt;br&gt;Alternate Earth
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||~10 million native
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Writing system:
||Modified Latin alphabet
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Islysian'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Typology'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Conlang details'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Conlang type:
||Artlang/altlang
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Inspirations:
||Baltic &amp; Finnic languages
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Lexicon size:
||&gt;1000
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| [[User:Iliem|Cody Jaeger]], 2006-present
|}
'''• See also! [http://ilieska.pbwiki.com Ilieskapédia]'''

'''The Islysian language''' (''ir kälvi Iliesken'' or ''ilieski'', IPA: [ɪli'ɛski])  is spoken by nearly all of Islysia's population of ~10 million; by small ethnic-Islysian communities in neighbouring countries such as Sweden, Finland, Poland, and the Baltic Rim; and by small emigrant communities in the Anglophone countries.

The Islysian language is considered an Indo-European isolate. Much loaned vocabulary can be traced to Finnic, Baltic, Germanic, Slavic, and even Romance languages&amp;mdash;for example, &quot;poika&quot; ''boy'' from Finnish; &quot;arbat&quot; ''tea'' from Lithuanian; &quot;kamping&quot; from English; and &quot;dešöné&quot; ''lunch'' from French.

There are several dialects of Islysian. While they are all mutually intelligible (except, perhaps, among the very elderly, who tend to retain antiquidated forms of speech), this article will focus on the spoken form of the Western Islysian (''Vísilieski'') dialect. This dialect, originating in the metropolitan areas of Islys and the Tälia Sound, is the most widespread dialect, spoken by approximately 60% of the Islysian-speaking population. Western Islysian is ''de facto'' accepted as the standard form of the language.

==Iterekisna - Introduction==
===Ir istoria ir kälven Iliesken - The history of the Islysian language===
It is commonly accepted by the linguistic community that, while heavily influenced (particularly in phonology and morphology) by neighbouring Baltic and Finnic languages, the Islysian language evolved separately from Proto-Indo-European. A few very close relatives have been partially attested, but if they were indeed separate languages, all were extinct and superceded by Islysian by about the fifth century AD. The Islysians, outside of their loose linguistic unity, lacked a stong sense of identity beyond the tribal level until they began regular contact with the Suiones and the Rus' in the 8th century AD.

In Islysian, the term Islys refers only to the region of the same name (specifically, the valley of Hythalia and the southeastern part of the the Visia peninsula), while Ilieska refers to the country as a whole. The exonym Islysia was first used by the Suiones, who sailed southeast into the narrow and rocky (but strikingly beautiful) Tälia Sound early in the 8th century. There they were met by a tribe of fishermen and simple farmers who called themselves ''Islyn''. The Norse settlers, however, applied the name &quot;Islysian&quot; to ''all'' of the tribes who spoke what they referred to as the &quot;whispered tongue&quot; (likely due to the language's propensity for unvoiced consonants). A travelling Anglian scholar wrote circa 850:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Those who the Vikings call Isliskingar, are the same sea-faring race the Fenni [Finns] call the Green-Eyed People... They are friendlier and more civilised than their neighbours the Balts, but their language is esoteric and they are reluctant to renounce their heathen ways.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Little is known about Islysia or the Islysian language over the next few centuries, except what was reported by foreign historians: apparently the kingdom was more or less Christianised by the 11th century, and extended its territory deep into what is now Lithuania, Poland, and Belarus in the 13th century.

The first written text in Islysian was the Code of Laws of Prince Iliem II, written in the 1340s, but literacy remained low (particularly in remote rural areas) for many centuries. In the middle of the 15th century, the Cyrillic alphabet briefly gained prominence in Islysia, likely due to the influence of Eastern Orthodoxy. During the 16th century, some important literary works on religious thought were published in Islysian, illustrating the intense debate in the country about the validity of the Reformation&amp;mdash;these works were highlighted, even in their own time, by the heated open correspondence between the Archbishop of Islys and an unknown Humanist scholar using the pseudonym &quot;Illyrius.&quot; Ensuing throughout the first half of the 1560s, this literary tirade was the most popular entertainment in the capital of Hythalinna (IL: ''Haiþalinna''), with many popular plays (both comic and tragic) written about the Archbishop and Illyrius. It has been speculated that the contrast between the harsh, vitriolic tones of the Archbishop's letters and the logical yet witty musings in Illyrius's letters helped to swing the populace towards a favourable view of the Reformation.

Finally, King Andiri IV standardised the [[#Ir alfabet - The alphabet|Islysian orthography]] in 1573. What followed was a period now known as the Islysian Renaissance, or the Islysian Golden Age: an explosion of artistic and literary works by various scholars and artists whose erudition helped to establish Islysian as a major literary and intellectual language in the region. The University of Hythalinna became one of the most prolific centres for Humanist thought in Central Europe. A complete copy of the New Testament in the Islysian language was first issued in 1578. Based on Martin Luther's 1534 translation into German, this book would prove integral in establishing the Protesant Church of Islysia as the religious power in the kingdom.

The Islysian language suffered a decline in prominence beginning in the 18th century, as the sphere of influence of the Russian Tsars extended to the Baltic. For a time, the Islysian language was actually banned in politics and education, but the underground literary movements were surprisingly resilient. After the Russian Revolution, Islysian once again became official. After World War I, Islysia struggled&amp;mdash;and succeeded&amp;mdash;in an effort to remain free of the Soviet Union, and the Islysians' love for their language was critical to the success of this movement.

==Lantevaidaslys - Phonology==

Islysian, long influenced by its North Germanic and Finnic neighbours, exhibits a rich vowel inventory which includes 13 monophthongs, 10 diphthongs, and one triphthong, in contrast with a relatively small consonant inventory.
===Vokálet - Vowels===
'''Short''': /a ɛ i ɔ ʉ/ &amp;lt;a e i o u&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
'''Long''': /ɑ: e: i: o: u:/ &amp;lt;á é í ó ú&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''&quot;Neutral&quot;''' (considered short, but with no long equivalents): /æ ø ɪ/ &amp;lt;ä ö y&amp;gt;

/a/ represents a sound that is actually closer to central [ä], and for purposes of allophony it will be referred to as a back vowel.

'''Diphthongs (pure)''':&lt;br /&gt;
/ae ai au/ &amp;lt;ae ai au&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/æe æi æy/ &amp;lt;äe äi äu&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/ɛi ɛu ea ei eɔ eu/ &amp;lt;ei eu ea éi eo éu&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/ɔi ɔa ɔu/ &amp;lt;oi oa ou&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/øi øæ øy/ &amp;lt;öi öä öu&amp;gt;

'''Diphthongs (semivowel types)''':&lt;br /&gt;
/i.a i.ɛ i.ɔ i.ʉ/ or [ja jɛ jɔ jʉ] &amp;lt;ia ie io iu&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/ua uɛ uɔ/ or [wa wɛ wɔ] &amp;lt;ua ue uo&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
/ɥi ɥæ ɥø/ &amp;lt;ui uä uö&amp;gt;

The lonely '''triphthong''':&lt;br /&gt;
/iai/ or [i.ai jai] &amp;lt;iai&amp;gt;

All diphthongs may occur word-initially, but many (notably ''ui'', ''ou'', and ''uo'') rarely or never do. Historically, initial ''ui'' has become ''u'' (uili &gt; uli, ''totally, completely''), ''ou'' to ''ú'' (ouden &gt; úden, ''nothing'') and ''uo'' to ''ó'' (uonissa &gt; ónissa, ''to dream'').

===Soklasinet - Consonants===
Stops: /pʰ tʰ kʰ b d g/ &amp;lt;p t k b d g&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Fricatives: /f θ s ʃ z ɦ ç/ &amp;lt;f þ s š z h hj&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Approximants: /ʋ j l/ &amp;lt;v j l&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Trills: /r/ &amp;lt;r&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Nasals: /m n/ &amp;lt;m n&amp;gt;

Islysian distinguishes consonant length. Long (geminate) consonants are written doubled, and they may only occur medially:&lt;br /&gt;
: hala /&quot;ɦala/ vs. halla /&quot;ɦal:a/

===Sanalantasli mainai - Allophony===

The most regular rules are:&lt;br /&gt;
- /r/ [ʁ] before a consonant&lt;br /&gt;
- /r/ [ɾ] intervocalically&lt;br /&gt;
- /r/ [r_0] after /p t k/&lt;br /&gt;
- /n/ [ŋ] before /k/ (or /g/ in loan words)&lt;br /&gt;
- The aspirated stops /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ lose their aspiration following a consonant&lt;br /&gt;
- /g/ and /j/ are both [ʝ] before a front vowel. In diphthongs, an initial front vowel may be elided: Belgia (Belgium) is /&quot;bɛlʝa/.&lt;br /&gt;
- /ɦ/ [x] before a consonant&lt;br /&gt;
- /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ [pʲ tʲ kʲ] before a front vowel&lt;br /&gt;
- /b d g/ [ʋ ð ɰ] intervocalically&lt;br /&gt;
- /b d g/ [v ð ɣ] before a consonant&lt;br /&gt;
- /i/ [ɪ] in an unstressed syllable before an approximant or geminate consonant&lt;br /&gt;
- /ɛu/ [ɛf] word-initially: euforia /ɛf:&quot;ɔɾia/, eugenika /ɛf&quot;ʝɛnika/

Islysian does not employ any sort of linking or external sandhi. Thus &quot;ir sa&quot; is /ir sa/ not /iʁ sa/. 

Very common words and phrases are replete with contractions in spoken Islysian. For example, the relative clause &quot;saka za&quot; ''that, which'' is ['saksa]; &quot;ja en, se en, isse en&quot; ''I am, you are, he is'' are /jan sɛn is:ɛn/.

More informally, an initial unstressed /ɛ/ is often elided: this is most often heard in the case of the demonstrative pronoun &quot;eta&quot; ''this/it (is)'', which is very commonly elided to 'ta. In extreme cases, sentences such as &quot;eta enka erda en ejou eli illa?&quot; ''is this narrow table sufficient or not?'' may be heard as ''tankardan júlilla?'' However, it would not be likely to hear someone speaking in such an exaggerated manner except for effect.

===Skeuti rakoini - Syllable structure===
Islysian syllable structure is basically (C)(C)(C)V(C). Acceptable initial clusters are: &lt;br /&gt;
2 consonants:&lt;br /&gt;
- /s/ or /ʃ/ + unvoiced stop, approximant, or nasal&lt;br /&gt;
- unvoiced stop + /r/ or [r_0]; /p k/ + /l/&lt;br /&gt;
3 consonants:&lt;br /&gt;
- /s/ + unvoiced stop + [r_0]&lt;br /&gt;
No final clusters are allowed.

In loan words, Islysian uses the epenthetic vowel /i/ to break up illegal consonant clusters: &lt;br /&gt;
: &quot;hästi&quot; ''horse'' /&quot;hæsti/, ultimately from Swedish ''häst''

===Starkaslys - Stress===
In the interests of not making this any longer than it already is, I'll just say that depending on the number of syllables in the word and the structure of those syllables, stress is almost always on either the first or second syllable (second-syllable stress only in words of 3+ syllables). The most notable exception is that words ending in the extremely common suffix -slys (&quot;-tion&quot;, &quot;-ment&quot;, &quot;state or process of doing/becoming something&quot;, &amp;c.) have stress on the penultimate syllable.

==Kursa ilieskis - Writing in Islysian==

===Ir alfabet - The alphabet===
Islysian is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The first written text in Islysian was the Code of Laws of Prince Iliem II, written in the 1340s. However, the Teutonic missionaries who introduced literacy failed to create an orthography specially designed for the language (they were probably in a hurry to get to heathen Lithuania), which is apparent by the wide spelling variations of the period: &lt;ä&gt; was interchangeable with &lt;e&gt;, and &lt;ö&gt; with &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;. /∫/ was variously written as &lt;sz sj sch ch cj&gt;. &lt;k&gt; and &lt;c&gt; were interchangeable, as were &lt;v&gt; and &lt;w&gt;. Above all, it seemed that every writer came up with his own realisation of /θ/.

Islysian spelling was finally standardised by King Andiri IV in 1573. His orthography is basically what is in use today (though the language underwent a major spelling reform in 1913). Andiri, a scholar of languages, imported the thorn (Islysian letter þa) from England and the S-caron (Islysian letter še) from Bohemia. 

The modern Islysian alphabet has 26 letters: 8 vowels and 18 consonants. Collation order is as follows:

&lt;font size=4&gt;&lt;center&gt;A Ä B D E F G H I J K L M N O Ö P R S Š T Þ U V Y Z&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

====Vilainet kursatyllet - Non-native letters====
The following letters are not considered part of the Islysian alphabet as they do not occur naturally in the Islysian language. They are only found in loan words, foreign names, and technical jargon (eg, &quot;www.&quot;)

c - /k/ before a back vowel or finally; /ts/ before a front vowel - Colombia /kɔ&quot;lɔmbi.a/; centennial /tsɛn.&quot;tɛn:i.al/&lt;br&gt;
q - /k/ - qurán /kʉ&quot;ɾɑn/&lt;br&gt;
w - /v/ or /ʋ/ - Wallenberg /&quot;ʋal:ɛn.bɛʁk/&lt;br&gt;
x - /ks/ before a back vowel or finally; /∫/ before a front vowel - faxa /&quot;faksa/ ''(to fax)''; xylofon /&quot;∫ɪlɔfɔn/&lt;br&gt;

====Divikursuret - Digraphs====
Besides the diphthongs described in the section on Phonology, the only digraph in the modern Islysian orthography is &lt;hj&gt;, which is pronounced /ç/. This phoneme is relatively new to Islysian, having spawned from the previous cluster /hj/ only within the last two centuries. It most frequently occurs word-initially, and is almost never found word-finally except in a few colloquialisms, such as &quot;ihj&quot; [ɪç] - which is equivalent to either &quot;ouch!&quot; or &quot;oy vey!&quot;

====Kiesai kursajöruret - Alternate realisations====
In situations (eg. typewriters, keyboard, www addresses, etc) in which typing Islysian letters such as Še and Þa (the thorn) would be difficult or impossible the following realisations are acceptable:

ä - ay&lt;br&gt;
ö - oy&lt;br&gt;
š - sj&lt;br&gt;
þ - tj&lt;br&gt;
Additionally, acute-accented long vowels may simply be written doubled - each long-short contrast may have numerous minimal pairs, which could possibly cause serious confusion.

Digraphs are not considered separate letters of the Islysian alphabet. In alternate realisations, however, the two letters are treated as though they were the proper Islysian monograph: eg. &quot;tjaysti&quot; (þästi) ''often'' would nominally be sorted after, for example, &quot;tyrsi&quot; ''dry''.

===Suresaslys jau akruonimet - Capitalisation and acronyms===
Capitalisation is absolutely regular. Only the first letter of a sentence and the first letter of a proper noun are capitalised. Often the genitive form of a proper noun functions as an adjective (see the second example below) and these are capitalised. Common adjectives and common nouns drived from proper nouns are not capitalised.&lt;br&gt;
:Ilieska (p.n.) ''Islysia''&lt;br&gt;
:Iliesken (p.adj.)''Islysian'' (lit. &quot;of Islysia&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
:ilieski (c.n.) ''the Islysian language''&lt;br&gt;

Acronyms are written with the capitalised first letter of each component word, and any following letters from the same word are lowercase. There is no punctuation between letters of an acronym. Acronyms which are themselves loan terms are not usually translated.&lt;br&gt;
:ITv (Iliesken Televizia, Islysian Television) /i:te:&quot;ʋe:/&lt;br&gt;
:IVA (Itenörjus valstíbet Ameriken, United States of America) /i:ʋe:&quot;ɑ:/&lt;br&gt;
:UNProFor (UNPROFOR, United Nations Protection Force) /ʉn.pr_0ɔ&quot;fɔr/

===Kursahaftaslys - Punctuation===
Formatting for full stops, commas, colons, exclamation/question marks, etc. is the same as in English&amp;mdash;that is, no space after the preceding word.

Inverted commas are used to show emphasis of strength which, in speech, would be indicated by the speaker's tone of voice.&lt;br&gt;
:Illa, 'Kören' en meun isen. 'Kären' en mahan naina. ''No, KÖREN is my son. KÄREN is my wife.''

Outward-pointing double angle quotes (without internal spacing) indicate speech. No comma is used to offset quotes. If the quotation includes the end of a sentence, the full stop goes inside the quotes, otherwise they go outside.&lt;br&gt;
:Se vardun «siras iši.» You said, &quot;I like cheese.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
:Vót «kótet jau kienet jau tréša». There are &quot;cats and dogs and a rabbit.&quot;

However, for ongoing dialogue, such as in narrative storytelling (which is always written in the present tense), em-dashes are preferred. To show the cutoff point of the dialogue where the sentence does not end, a colon is used.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;mdash;Saka? ja roti. ''&quot;What?&quot; I ask.''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;mdash;Ö, ja vardu saka za idera skollis : isse varde. ''&quot;Uh, I said I have to go to school,&quot; he says.''

Indentation is not used in written Islysian, except for nesting lists. Double-spacing indicates a new paragraph, but blocks of dialogue use only single spacing.

===Ir kun alfabeti - The alphabet song===
Islysian children learn an &quot;alphabet song&quot; which is sung to the same tune as the English alphabet song:

&lt;center&gt;Á  ä  be  de  jé  ef  ga,&lt;br&gt;Ha  í  ja  ka  el-äm-än-ó-ö,&lt;br&gt;Pe  är  äs,  še  te  þa,  ú  vé  ipsilon  zéta&lt;br&gt;Ir alfabetas jussi, jazo stas nén klósoli?&lt;/center&gt;

The last line translates to: &quot;I know the alphabet, isn't that lovely?&quot;

==Sanarakoinaslys - Morphology==

===Tuisli satslys - Basic syntax===
Islysian is an inflecting language following a typically Indo-European nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns inflect for number and case. There are two numbers in Islysian, singular and plural. There are four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and a simple locative (which often fulfills the function of dative). There are two genders in Islysian: masculine and feminine. There is no neutral gender. Masculine nouns have four possible declensions, feminine nouns only one.

Personal pronouns inflect for three persons (first, second, third) and two numbers (singular and plural). Personal pronouns feature nominative, accusative, and locative forms. The genitive actually has three forms (masculine, feminine, and a gender-neutral plural) which agree in gender and number with the noun they indicate possession of and therefore also function as simple possessives.

Adjectives inflect for number, gender, and case, and must agree in all three respects with the noun they modify. Unlike nouns, however, adjectives only have one plural form, which is indifferent to gender. The adjective comes before the noun.

Verbs inflect for tense, person, number, and mood, and they must agree with the subject. Islysian verbs have five tenses: present, past, present perfect, future, and future perfect (historically there was a past perfect tense, but since narrative storytelling is done in the present tense, it is no longer used). There is a conditional mood and a subjunctive mood, both of which can be used with all five tenses&amp;mdash;thus to answer the question &quot;idan?&quot; will you go? the answer &quot;ja idellai nem ja arverai&quot; ''I would will go, but I have to will work'' is grammatically acceptable. Finally, there is a passive voice, and naturally only transitive verbs have passive forms.

For adverbs, no agreement of person, number, etc. is necessary. Most adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding the suffix -(e)þai.

====Sanet ortaslys - Word order====
Islysian word order is basically SOV.&lt;br&gt;
: Ja sa kirje sívi. ''I read the book''.
There are cases in which SVO word order is acceptable. The most notable case is when using the copula &quot;eissa&quot; ''to be''.&lt;br&gt;
:	Vai on Iliesken. ''We are Islysian''.&lt;br&gt;
:	Sonic Youth en iten met fáston öraslon. ''Sonic Youth is one of my favourite bands''.&lt;br&gt;
Note that ''eissa'', &quot;to be,&quot; is not considered transitive in Islysian.

The indirect object (usually in locative case) comes after the verb.&lt;br&gt;
:	Sto kita '''mis'''! ''Give '''me''' that!''&lt;br&gt;
:	Vai kienas krainek '''sis'''. ''We're buying '''you''' a dog.''

Because of the Islysian language's inflecting nature, in casual everday speech, subject pronouns are often dropped from simple sentences:&lt;br&gt;
:	(ja) Ir poikas irs'''i'''. '''''I''''' ''see the boy.''&lt;br&gt;
:	(vai) Sa linniai id'''ek'''. '''''We''''' ''are going to the city.''&lt;br&gt;
:	(se) Pénte ist'''en'''. '''''You''''' ''are right''. (lit. &quot;you have reason/logic&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
In some cases the subject pronoun is absolutely necessary. For example, &quot;krainu&quot; could mean ''I bought, he bought, she bought,'' or ''it bought.''

Adjectives come before the noun they modify.&lt;br&gt;
:	Ir sieni poike ''The little boy''&lt;br&gt;
:	Sa siena kirja ''The little book''&lt;br&gt;
:	Ir sienai jallet ''The little rooms'

Adverbs come after the verb they modify, and no agreement of person, number, etc. is necessary. Most adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding the suffix -(e)þai.&lt;br&gt;
:	Nu tuisse leteneþai. ''She sighs sadly.''&lt;br&gt;
:	Ja vardu tisteþai Ilas keu. ''I talked quietly with Ili.''&lt;br&gt;
:	Idas fauseþai skollis. ''They slowly walk to school.''

Adpositional phrases take the order Time Manner Place.
:	Ihát idi metris sa syslinniai. ''Today I am going in the metro to the city centre.''

====Artikelet - Articles====
Islysian has two definite articles: &quot;ir&quot; for masculine singular and plural, and &quot;sa&quot; for feminine singular and plural. There is no indefinite article, though it is not uncommon to specify using &quot;iten,&quot; the number one (ex. &quot;Ja kótas isti&quot; ''I have a cat'' versus &quot;ja itas kótas isti&quot; ''I just have one cat'').

As in languages such as French and Arabic, the definite article is used when describing abstract concepts (eg. &quot;ir ei en sei&quot; ''life is good''; &quot;ir politík mén interiesse&quot; ''I am interested in politics''). It is not used, however, when describing general concepts of tangible objects (eg. &quot;kafas iši&quot; ''I like coffee'', &quot;politet lukas&quot; ''politicians lie''). If it is used, it implies that you are describing a particular item or set (eg. &quot;ir kafas iši&quot; would imply something like ''I like this particular blend of coffee'' or ''I like the coffee at this café''; &quot;ir politet lukas&quot; would mean ''these particular politicians lie'').

====Izeraninaslys vilainet sanet - Assimilation of loan words====
Loan words in Islysian can be divided into two categories: &quot;recent&quot; loan words, and &quot;Islysianised&quot; loan words, which have been more or less completely assimilated into the Islysian language.

An example of the former is &quot;ir week-end,&quot; directly from English. To the Islysian ear, such loan words sound distinctly &quot;foreign,&quot; so older speakers and linguistic purists will tend to use an older, fully Islysian phrase such as &quot;sa soima veikisti,&quot; lit. ''the end of the week''. If and when this loan word is assimilated, it would undergo conformity to the Islysian phonology and orthography, including paragoge (typically of I), since Islysian does not allow final consonant clusters.

Since all loan words in Islysian are inherently masculine, regardless of their native gender or function, we could therefore expect &quot;week-end&quot; to Islysianise to &quot;ir vikendi.&quot;

An example of the latter is &quot;laina,&quot; ''land'', which is a very old Germanic borrowing and cognate with Swedish ''län'' and English ''land&quot;.

===Ivenavniket - Pronouns===

====Aninai ivenavniket - Personal pronouns====

&lt;center&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! &amp;nbsp; || Nom. ||		Acc. ||	 Dat. || Loc.	||	Gen/Poss. (m/f/pl)
|-
|I||	 ja||		mén|| miai	||  mis||	meun/mahan/met
|-
|we||	 vai	||	mu||meam	||  vas	||	mun/muen/mut
|-
|you(s)||	 se	||	sén||su	||  sis|| sin/sina/sinet
|-
|you(p)|| anai	||	anai|| anam	||  niai	||anän/ahan/anet
|-
|he	|| isse	||	han	|| hannu ||  hanis	||isän/issa/isset
|-
|she	|| nu	||	hana	||hanni || haniai||	hanän/hänna/hanet
|-
|one||	 an	||	on	|| onu ||onsi	||	onän/ona/onet
|-
|they||	 isai/nöi||	ište	|| ištam ||  ištiai||	išten/ištai/ištet
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

Note that unlike many European languages, Islysian lacks T-V distinction: the second person is divided only by singular and plural, not formal and informal. Everybody is addressed as &quot;se,&quot; from young children up to the King and even God during prayer.

====Roturai jau ninessulai ivenavniket - Interrogative and relative pronouns====

Below are the interrogative pronouns. The indented sections below them are words which may be used to answer questions posed by these pronouns.

saka - what/which&lt;br&gt;
: eta - this one
: stas - that one
: saka za... - which / that...
kie - who&lt;br&gt;
: isse - he
: nö - she
: an kie za... - the one who...
kini - whose&lt;br&gt;
: meun - mine
: isän - his
: išten - theirs
: kini za - his/hers who...
kis - to whom&lt;br&gt;
: mis - to me
: hanis - to him
: haniai - to her
: kis za - to he/she who...
iþe - where&lt;br&gt;
: iþ - here
: na - there
: aisa - everywhere
: iþe za... - where...
kyta - whither&lt;br&gt;
: von - to here
: já - to there
: kyta za... to the place where...
veuna - whence&lt;br&gt;
: isli - from here
: stia - from there
: veuna za... - from the place where...
jat - why&lt;br&gt;
: tak - because
: jat za... - [that's] why...
jakin - when&lt;br&gt;
: sada - now
: zát - then
: vén - later
: jakin za... - when...
kaþ - how&lt;br&gt;
: nin eta - like this
: nin stas - like that
: kaþ za... - in the manner that...
kalli - how much, how many&lt;br&gt;
: nén ejou - not enough
: tal - a few, a little
: ejou - enough
: naš - much, many
: nar - too much, too many
: kalli za... - as much/many as...
daste - what kind, what like
: stas en nin... - it's like...
: daste za... - the kind that...

To form relative clauses, insert the particle &quot;za&quot; after the interrogative pronoun.&lt;br&gt;
:	Jakin vaden? ''When are you coming?''&lt;br&gt;
:	Vizieva mis '''jakin za''' vaden. '''''When''''' ''you come, call me.''&lt;br&gt;
:	Stas en ir auto daste za Ili (sto) iste. ''That's the kind of car that Ili has.''&lt;br&gt;
:	Stas en '''jat za''' ja nén vizievu sis. ''That's'' '''''why''''' ''I didn't call you.''

If you put the interrogative pronoun at the end of the sentence or phrase, it implies that you already know something but have just forgotten.&lt;br&gt;
:	Isse hjallá kaþ? ''What's his name again?'' (lit. &quot;he is called how?&quot;)

Interrogative pronouns are also used to set aside clauses.&lt;br&gt;
:	Mis vike '''saka za''' eta ir melialän. ''I think'' '''''that''''' ''it's the best one.''&lt;br&gt;
:	(Mis vike - &quot;to me it seems.&quot; In informal writing, the whole phrase is usually abbreviated ''mvsz.'')&lt;br&gt;
:	Se vardun '''saka za''' stas u klósoli. ''You said'' '''''that''''' ''it was beautiful.''

Note that the phrase &quot;saka za&quot; is, in everyday speech, pronounced [&quot;saksa].

====Ivenavnikon elíslys - Pronoun dropping====
As Islysian is an inflecting language, it has some pro-drop features. If a nominative personal pronoun is the subject, it is usually dropped.&lt;br&gt;
:	(ja) Ir kotas irsi ''I see the cat''
:	(isse/nu) Sto iše ''He/she like it''
:	(vai) Ištet koté išek ''We like their cats''
:	(ja) Sén irsi ''I see you''
:	(isse/nu) Mén iše? ''Does he/she like me?''

===Substantivet - Nouns===
Masculine nouns have four declensions, feminine nouns have two. The declension of a noun can be determined by the final letters in the nominative singular (&quot;default&quot;) form.&lt;br&gt;
:	'''Declension I''': masculine nouns ending in a front vowel (ä, e, é, i, í, ö, y)&lt;br&gt;
:	'''Declension II''': masculine nouns ending in a back vowel (a, á, o, ó, u, ú)&lt;br&gt;
:	'''Declension III''': masculine nouns ending in a consonant&lt;br&gt;
:	'''Declension IV''': masculine nouns ending in -as or -slys&lt;br&gt;
: '''Declension V''': feminine nouns ending in -a&lt;br&gt;
: '''Declension VI''': feminine nouns ending in -is

====Kassas - Case====
There are five simple cases in Islysian.
: '''Nominative''': The default, unmarked form of the noun is used for the subject of a phrase.
: '''Accusative''': For the direct object of a transitive phrase.
: '''Genitive''': Used to express possession, origin, or motion away from. Can also function as a partitive.
: '''Dative''': Used for the indirect object of a ditransitive phrase.
: '''Locative''': Used to express static location or motion towards.


====Javati - Gender====
Islysian has two genders: masculine (myskati) and feminine (naini). All nouns are either masculine or feminine&amp;mdash;there is no neutral gender. Gender is random, other than obvious inherent sexuality of animate nouns (&quot;sa naina,&quot; ''the woman''; &quot;ir poike,&quot; ''the boy'') and the fact that loan words are inherently masculine, regardless of their meaning in the original language. Feminine nouns can only end in the letter -a (or its long form -á), but the converse is not necessarily true: notable exceptions include &quot;ir sa,&quot; ''the sea'', &quot;ir televizia&quot; ''television'', and &quot;ir vaika,&quot; ''the child''.

The grammatical gender of an animate noun corresponds to the noun's natural gender&amp;mdash;however there is no distinct indication of whether a noun is animate or not (with very few exceptions, only nouns describing people or animals are animate). For such nouns, there is almost always one noun for each gender: for example, a male doctor is a ''toktori'', while a female doctor is a ''toktora''. If the gender of the doctor is unknown or is semantically irrelevant (eg. &quot;Help! I need a doctor!&quot;) the masculine form is default. For some animate nouns, the only change is in the article: &quot;ir agna&quot; is a male ox, &quot;sa agna&quot; is a female ox. Groups of mixed gender are also described as masculine&amp;mdash;therefore a ''toktori'' and a ''toktora'' would collectively be ''toktoret'', not ''toktorai''.


====Isuovaraslys - Declension====
[[Image:Islysian-newdeclension.jpg]]

===Adiektivet - Adjectives===

====Ir filosofi adiektivon - The philosophy of adjectives====
The most important thing, when describing something in normal conversation, is not to convey the most accurate description of a thing, but to convey the holistic feeling or perception of a thing. In other words, the qualitative takes precedence over the quantitative. For instance, an Islysian would not hesitate to describe a certain shop as &quot;that noisy green shop&quot; or a soft day as &quot;a tired, drippy sky.&quot; Perhaps this could explain the popularity of Björk in Islysia.

====Adiektivon satslys - Syntax of adjectives====
Adjectives come before the noun they modify. They must agree with the noun in terms of number and case, but unlike nouns adjectives are indifferent to gender in the plural number. Thus an adjective of regular declension has fifteen possible forms.

&lt;center&gt;''klósoli = lovely, beautiful''&lt;br&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! &amp;nbsp; ||	masc. s. ||	fem. s. ||	plur.
|-
|nom.||	klósoli	||	klósola	||	klósolai
|-
|acc.||	klósolas||	klósole	||	klosolé	
|-
|gen.||	klósolen||	klósolen||	klósolon
|-
|dat.|| klósolai|| klósoli||klósolam
|-
|loc.||	klósolis||	klósoliai	||klósoliai
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

====Partisippellet - Participles====
Verb participles that function as adjectives can be formed by adding the clitic ''-ppa''. Participles inflect just the same as any regular adjective.
: Vardappa kien? Ihj, soi ja baitykju nar. ''A'' '''''talking''''' ''dog? Ugh, perhaps I've had too much to drink.''

====Adiektivon ortaslys - Adjective order====
Islysian has no real preference as to adjective order: &quot;sienai krönai virai&quot; ''little green men'' and &quot;krönai sienai virai&quot; ''green little men'' are semantically no different and are both acceptable in Islysian, whereas the latter would sound awkward in English.

====Nyjé adiektivé þuolla - Forming new adjectives====
Islysian has several affixes that can be added to common nouns to easily create new adjectives. These work similarly to English un-, -ful, etc. and are described below.

&lt;center&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! Affix ||	Description ||	Original ||	Derivation || Translation
|-
|divi-||	dual, bi-	||	sonesa	||	divisonesa || vowel &gt; diphthong
|-
|iter-||	single, uni- ||	isna	||	iterekisna || chapter, section &gt; introduction, summary
|-
| -(a)llini||	-like, -ish||	kien||	kienallini || dog &gt; dog-like (&quot;extremely loyal&quot;)
|-
| -(i)haj||	un-, -less||	vasna	||vasnahaj || value &gt; worthless
|-
| -tava|| -able|| hitta || hittatava || to believe &gt; believable, credible
|-
| -ppa|| -ing (participle) || siþa || siþappa || to swim &gt; swimming (as an adjective)
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

===Saradet - Verbs===
A student of Islysian will notice that while most grammatical terms are clearly Germanic borrowings (substantivi = noun; adiektivi = adjective), the word &quot;saradi,&quot; ''verb'', is seemingly unique. This can be blamed on Reformation-era grammarians: they were reluctant to use &quot;verbi&quot; because this word bore a passing resemblance to an Izjö dialect colloquialism meaning &quot;demon,&quot; and stake-burning was particularly in vogue under the overzealous Archbishop of Hythalinna. The wary grammarians, therefore, used the word &quot;saradi,&quot; a very old word that once meant &quot;action&quot; or &quot;choice.&quot;

Most of the rest of the history of Islysian linguistics, however, is not nearly as tongue-in-cheek.

====Koniugaslys - Conjugation====

Islysian verbs conjugate for person, number, and tense. There are five: present, simple past, simple future, present perfect, and future perfect. Historically there was a past perfect, but since narrative storytelling is now told in the present tense, it is obsolete. There is also a subjunctive mood and a conditional mood, which can be used with all five tenses. Finally, there is a passive voice, which is only used with transitive verbs.

There is only one form of conjugation for regular verbs. The infinitive is -a. Simple present conjugation for regular verbs is as follows:
*Ja: -i
*Se: -en
*Isse/nu/an/eta/stas: -e
*Anai: -et
*Vai: -ek
*Isai/nui/etai/stai: -as

Below are all of the forms of conjugation for a regular verb (iša, ''to like, to enjoy'') and an irregular verb (eissa, ''to be'').&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! '''''Iša''''' || Pres. || Past || Pres. Perf. || Future || Fut. Perf. || Pass. || Cond. || Subj.
|-
|'''''To like'''''|| ''likes'' || ''liked'' || ''has liked''  || ''will like'' || ''will have liked'' || ''is liked'' || ''would like'' || ''should like''
|-
|Ja || iši || išu || išui || išai || išaskai  || išá || išelli || išera
|-
|Se || išen || išun || išuin || išan || išaskan || išán || išellan || išeran
|-
|I/N/A || iše || išu || išui || išai || išaskai || išá || išelle || išera
|-
|Anai || išet || išut || išuit || išéha || išaska || išát || išellar || išeranai
|-
|Vai || išek || išuk || išuik || išéhek || išaskei || išák || išellek || išerai
|-
|Isai || išas || išus || išuis || išessa || išaskas || išás || išellar || išerassa
|}
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! '''''Eissa''''' || Pres. || Past || Pres. Perf. || Future || Fut. Perf. || Pass. || Cond. || Subj.
|-
|'''''To be'''''|| ''is'' || ''was'' || ''has been''  || ''will be'' || ''will have been'' || - || ''would be'' || ''should be''
|-
|Ja || en || u || uné || éja || erai || - || selli || eira
|-
|Se || en || u || uné || éja || erai || - || sellen || eiran
|-
|I/N/A || en || u || uné || éja || erai || - || selle || eira
|-
|Anai || on || sai || uré || eret || éré || - || sellar || eirai
|-
|Vai || on || sai || urik || erek || éré || - || sellek || eirai
|-
|Isai || on || sai || uré || eret || éré || - || sellar || eirai
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

===Keukollasinet - Conjunctions===
====Keukollasinon Skapaslys - Usage of Conjunctions====
Islysian conjunctions are used as follows.&lt;br&gt;
:	X jau Y iši. I like X and Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X eli Y iši. I like X or Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	Ja nén X iši nem Y iši. I don't like X but I like Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	Aina X eli Y iši. I like either X or Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X nei Y iši. I like X but not Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	Nei X nei Y iši. I like neither X nor Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X iši én Y. I like X, and Y as well.&lt;br&gt;
:	Ja nén nem X iši én Y. I like not only X, but Y as well.&lt;br&gt;
:	X isti da Y istai. I have X, therefore I'll have Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X iši tak Y. I like X because of Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X istai da Y istellai. I'll have X so that I'll be able to have Y.&lt;br&gt;
:	X iši tašia Y en gössi. I like X even though Y is dreadful.&lt;br&gt;
:	X iši tašia Y en sei. I like X, although Y is nice.

==Navnet - Names==
===Navnon kajar - The culture of names===
Titles such as Mr, Mrs, Dr, etc. are not used&amp;mdash;everybody in Islysia, regardless of age or social standing, is on a first-name basis. The exception here is members of the royal family and the nobility, who should always be adressed with the title Adel (men) or Adella (women). This custom is rooted in the old Nordic tradition of purely patronymic surnames.

Islysians abandoned this custom around 1700. Today, most surnames are bynames: eg. Kören Ihalainen, literally Kören of Ihalia; Iliana Haiþalainen, literally Iliana of Hythalia. Surnames are passed from parents to their children, and names are rarely changed. Some modern names are derived from patronymics; such families are often descended from cultures in which this practise is or was prominent&amp;mdash;notably Chancellor Isobel Nikoli.

Many Islysian surnames bear a striking similarity to Finnish surnames; this, however, is mostly coincidence. The common suffix -lainen is simply the singular genitive form of the feminine noun &quot;laina,&quot; ''land'', which is a very old Germanic borrowing (which has been Islysianised and therefore is no longer masculine) and a cognate with Swedish ''län'' and English ''land''. &quot;Hollainen,&quot; therefore, means simply ''Hollander''.

These names are not inflected like ordinary nouns: the Ihalainens are &quot;ir familí Ihalainen,&quot; not &quot;ir familí Ihalainon&quot; or &quot;ir Ihalainet.&quot;

===Siennavnet - Nicknames===
Nicknames are usually derived from the first part of the given name, and are used on a very informal basis. Unlike feminine nouns, feminine given names and nicknames do not necessarily end in -a or -á.

Below are a few popular Islysian male and female given names, possible nicknames, and their rough English equivalents, if any.
&lt;center&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot;
! | Male || Nicknames || English
|-
|Andiri || Andi || Andrew
|- 
|Iliem||Ili, Ilia || William
|-
|Kören||Köri, Kori || George
|-
|Nikola||Niko, Koli || Nicholas
|-
|Sakari || Saki || Zachary
|-
! | Female || Nicknames ||English
|- 
|Irina||Íra, Riena || Irene
|-
|Kären||Käri, Kära || Karen
|-
|Maidalena||Maja, Mai || Madeleine
|-
|Samara || Sama, Sami, Sara || (None)
|-
| Þuraja||Þuri, Þura || (None)
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

==Imeuset - Phrases==

Below is a list of a few common Islysian phrases, their English translations, and an IPA pronunciation guide.

&lt;center&gt;
{|border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolor=&quot;#dedede&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
! English || Islysian ||	IPA || Notes
|-
|Hello || Seihát || sɛi'hɑ:tʰ ||
|-
|Goodbye || Dessedei || &quot;dɛs:ɛðɛi ||
|-
|Yes || Voi || ʋɔi ||
|-
|No || Illa ||&quot;ɪl:a ||
|-
|Yeah/okay/sure || Saha || &quot;saɦa || Informal - formerly meant &quot;correct&quot;
|-
|I don't know || Nén vaidi || ne:n 'ʋaiði ||
|-
|I don't understand || Nén enni || ne:n &quot;ɛn:i ||
|-
|This one - that one || Eta - stas || ɛtʰa - stas ||
|-
|Please || Pari || &quot;pʰaɾi ||
|-
|Thank you very much || Naš vähän || na∫ ʋæ&quot;ɦæn || lit. &quot;much thanks&quot;
|-
|I don't speak Islysian. || (Ja) nén ilieskas saini. || ne:n ɪli&quot;ɛskas &quot;saini || Language is in the accusative
|-
|Do you speak English? || (Se) anglas sainen? || &quot;aŋlas &quot;sainɛn ||
|-
|What does this mean? || Kaþ stas fure? || kaθ stas &quot;fʉɾɛ || lit. &quot;how does this intend?&quot;
|-
|How do I get to the city centre? || Kaþ syslinniai idi? || kaθ &quot;sɪslin:i.ai &quot;iði || lit. &quot;how centre(LOC) go(1PS)&quot;
|-
|Where is nearest bank? || Iþe ir hjerän banki hiersá? || &quot;iθɛ ir çɛ&quot;ɾæn &quot;baŋki 'hi.ɛʁsɑ || lit. &quot;where the nearest bank find(PASS)&quot;
|-
|Where are you going? || Kyta iden? || 'kɪtʰa 'iðɛn ||
|-
|Where are you from? || Veuna vaden? || 'ʋɛuna 'ʋaðɛn || lit. &quot;whence come you?&quot;
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;/font&gt;
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      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. They are usually divided into the following categories:


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+  
|-
| '''Personal pronouns'''  
| I, you, he, she 
|-
| '''Reflexive pronouns''' 
| himself, themselves, ourselves 
|-
| '''Demonstrative pronouns'''  
| that, those, this 
|-
| '''Possessive pronouns'''
| mine, yours, his, hers
|-
| '''Relative pronouns'''
| that, which, who 
|-
| '''Interrogative pronouns''' 
| who?, when?, what?
|-
| '''Reciprocal Pronouns'''
| each other, one another
|-
| '''Indefinite pronouns'''
| some, few, a little 
|}

==Personal pronouns==

Personal pronouns refer to people or things. This saves repetitive use of a noun.

==='''Nominative (subject) pronouns'''===

The Dalcurian ''nominative'' personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:      
  
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
|-
| '''binä
| ''I/I am''
|-
| '''diö'''
| ''you/you are''
|-
| '''mæ'''
| ''he/he is''
|-
| '''sia'''
| ''she/she is''
|-
| '''éren'''
| ''they/they are''
|-
| '''tiÞ'''
| ''it/it is''
|-
| '''ména'''
| ''we/we are''
|}

There are also two impersonal pronouns: '''minä'''-''you/one'' and '''minäla'''-''they'', and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the English (passive tense (see '''Verbs'''):
    
* '''Am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax Dal'qörian!''' ''One cannot learn Dalcurian in a day! 

* '''Minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras'''. ''The house was demolished because it was dangerous.'' (lit: ''They demolished the house, because it was unsafe'').  
                            
As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: ''am, are, is''. In Dalcurian, one can assume that ''am/are/is'' can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

* Followed by a present participle (a verb with the '''ia''' inflection)

* Followed by an 'uninflected' adjective (including modifying words such as ''very/extremely'')

''am/are/is'' are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

* Followed by a modal verb (see '''Verbs-''Modals''''')

* Followed by the infinitive

*Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense

*Followed by an inflected adjective

examples:
   
* '''Binä göria nöra'''. ''I '''am''' going now.''  

* '''Di gadörajel tädø'''. ''The dogs '''are''' tired.'' 

* '''Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár!''' ''We argued all day!''   

* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time.''

* '''Iáda, Garé recévria ni Bemöa'''. ''Gary '''is''' getting a BMW today.'' 

* '''Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä'''. ''I rarely get home before 6.'' 
  
* '''Éren voltir ni didérämös'''.  ''They want a drink.''

==='''Accusative (direct object) pronouns'''===

The ''accusative'' pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb: 

* I asked '''him'''. 

* She gave '''her''' the book.

* They told '''us''' to go-away!

Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns inflect to show this, but nouns do not:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
|-
| '''binöra'''
| ''me/myself''
|-
| '''diöra'''
| ''you/yourself''
|-
| '''mæöra'''
| ''him/himself''
|-
| '''siöra'''
| ''her/herself''
|-
| '''érenöra'''
| ''them/themselves''
|-
| '''tiÞöra'''
| ''it/itself''
|-
| '''ménöra'''
| ''us/ourselves''
|}

==='''Dative (indirect object) pronouns'''===

The Dalcurian dative simply puts the preposition '''te'''-''to'' before a nominative pronoun (or noun) as a 'non-static' prefix (prefixes that attach with a high apostrophe). This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary:

* '''Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj'''. ''I gave her the book/I gave the book to her''. Lit: ''I, to she, gave the book''.
  
* '''Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr'''. ''She gave it back to me/She gave me it back''. Lit: ''She, to me, returned it''. 

==='''Dummy pronoun ''it'''''===

The dummy pronoun '''it''' is used in English as follows:

* '''It''' is raining, '''it''' isn't fair

'''it''' in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, '''tiÞ''' is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb '''danöÞ''' idiomatically replaces this:

* '''DanöÞ danpöria'''. ''It's raining''.

* '''DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ'''. ''It seems that all is ok''.

==Reflexive pronouns==

Reflexive pronouns reflect the 'action' of a verb back to the subject or, rarely, the object of a sentence. Dalcurian reflexive pronouns are identical to the accusative. Word order denotes whether an accusative pronoun is truly objective, or whether it is reflexive. If the accusative pronoun is in the subject position, then it's reflexive and will always be followed by a verb:

* '''Mæöra qlasédria'''. ''He is washing himself''. Lit: ''Himself (is) washing/himself washes''.

* '''Iádas, érenöra déatäør'''. ''They dress themselves every day''. Lit: ''Daily, themselves dress''.  
  
* '''Ädas, mæöra scalaÞr'''. ''He shaves every morning''. Lit: ''Mornings, himself shaves''.

However, with a real noun, a reflexive pronoun is still required:

* '''Ädas, Mæcal scalaÞr mæöra'''.  ''Michael shaves every morning'''. Lit: ''Mornings, Michael himself shaves''.

Ommiting the reflexive pronoun leaves the sentence incomplete:

* '''Ädas, Mæcal scalaÞr'''. Lit: ''Mornings, Michael shaves'' [shaves what?]

Reflexive pronouns are also used in sentences such as:
  
* '''Siöra nöacr lenandrax'''. ''She can’t help herself''. Lit: ''Herself can help not''.   

and in sentences where, in English, we use the phrase ''on ones own'' meaning ''by myself/herself'' etc:

* '''Diöra mösár görax!'''  ''You mustn't go on your own/by yourself!'' Lit: ''Yourself must go not''. 
 
* '''Binöra nöacr maquirax siÞ'''.  ''I can't do it on my own''. Lit: ''Myself can do not this''.

* '''Diöra maquirax taÞ!'''  ''You mustn’t do that by yourself!'' Lit: ''Yourself does not that!''. 

The general rule is: where no other person or object is acted upon by the action of the verb, use the reflexive pronoun.


==Possesive pronouns &amp; adjectives==

Possessive pronouns are words like: ''mine, yours, his, hers'' etc and possessive adjectives ''my, your, our'' etc. Typically, possessive pronouns don't require an object whereas the adjectives do. They show possession or ''to whom'' or ''what'' something belongs. However, in Dalcurian, there are no ''possessive pronouns/adjectives''. There are three ways in which Dalcurian possession is given. For other forms, such as Genitives, see [[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]

'''Possession'''.

Showing possession in Dalcurian is very simple. The equivalent of possessive adjectives and nouns is formed with the preposition '''qve'''-''of'' and an ''accusative'' pronoun (or noun):
  
* '''TaÞ di bréj qve binöra'''. ''That’s my pint'' Lit: ''That is the pint of me''.

* '''TiÞ di reliaÞ qve diöra'''. ''It’s your turn''. Lit: ''It's the turn of you''.

* '''Éren gä’ságr,, taÞ di läbendéj qve mæöra ænÞalas gä’lafildr'''. ''They said his heart just gave up''. Lit: ''They said, that the heart of him simply gave up''.

* '''TaÞ di vötöj qve binöra'''. ''That’s my car''. Lit: ''That is the car of me''.
----

With reference to possessive pronouns, this cannot be literally translated in Dalcurian:

* Is that book ''hers''? No, its ''mine''.   

* Whose is this chocolate? It’s ''his/hers/ours/theirs''.

* Whom does this jacket belong to? It's ''Frank's''.

Sentences such as the above are typically styled as: ''Who '''belongs with''' (+ object)''. 
  
* '''Vehiri?, máséÞa vötöj, gehör'''. ''Whose is this car?'' Lit: ''Who, with this car, belongs?''.  
** '''Binä, mátiÞ, gehör'''. ''It’s mine/it belongs to me''. Lit: ''I, with it, belong''.  

* '''TaÞ di gletéäjel qve diöra, néfaracte'''? ''Is that your jewellery?'' 
** '''Nál, sia, mátiÞ, gehör'''. ''No, it’s hers''. Lit: ''No, she, with it, belongs''.

Key words you will typically see here are:

'''máriÞ'''-''with'', '''mátiÞ'''-''with it'', '''mátaÞ'''-''with that'', '''másiÞ'''-''with this'', '''máséÞa'''-''with these'', '''másáÞ'''-''with those''-all of which are contractions of '''máriÞ''' + the demonstrative pronouns.   

Where there is an ''adjectival comparison'', the object being compared must be present:

* Ours is bigger than yours! (for example, talking about ''houses''):
  
* '''Di abödä qve ménöra te’giÞrö nas di abædä qve diöra!''' ''Our house is bigger than your house!'' Lit: ''The house of us is bigger than the house of you!''

Alternitavely, (and more commonly), '''nataÞ'''-''than that'' or '''n'taÞ''' when written (a contraction of '''nas'''+'''taÞ''') will be used as follows:

* '''Di abödä qve ménöra te’giÞrö ''n'taÞ'' qve diöra!''' Lit: ''The house of us is bigger '''than that''' of you''!.


==Demonstrative pronouns==

'''This; that; these; those; none''' and '''neither''' are demonstrative pronouns that substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood from the context. They also indicate whether they are replacing singular or plural words and give the location of the object:

'''siÞ'''-''This'': singular and near the speaker

'''taÞ'''-''That'': singular and at a distance from the speaker

'''séÞa'''-''These'': plural and near the speaker

'''sáÞ'''-''Those'': plural and at a distance from the speaker

'''nálöa'''-''neither''

'''nönä'''-''none''

* '''Äda'yéras, ména gä'namör siÞ'''. ''We bought this last year''.

* '''Diö icaÞr séÞa sacéjel,, ön binä icaÞræ sáÞ'''. ''You take these bags and I'll take those''. 

* '''Binä iqurquas esti taÞ vötöj!''' ''I'd really like that car!''

* '''Minäla, te'binä, gä'andöcr 2 pescöbrämös; nálöa önestárädn'''. ''I've been given 2 perscriptions; neither is correct''.

* '''Vitamørämös? qve möj voltir diö. Nönä.''' ''How much meat do you want? None.''

NOTE: '''taÞ''' is also a relative pronoun and a subordinate conjunction which is set off buy a single comma and a double comma respectively:

* '''Di sáj, ''taÞ'' ädiáda gä'Þalár dérÞ, di parenöj qve binöra.''' ''The man '''who''' was here yesterday is my father''.

* '''Binä qönér,, ''taÞ'' diö æanasiaÞáli.''' ''I think '''that''' you are beautiful''.

==Interrogative Pronouns==

Interrogative pronouns are those such as: ''who, what, which, where, why'' and ''how'':

* '''vehiri''' ''who''
* '''vitrö''' ''what''
* '''véca''' ''which''
* '''væl''' ''where''
* '''várö''' ''why''
* '''vöes''' ''how''

When used in an interrogative sense, a question mark is place AFTER the pronoun:

* '''Vitrö? gä'ságr mæ.''' ''What did he say?''
* '''Væl? göria diö.''' ''Where are you going?''

These can also act as conjunctions:

* '''Binä qenárax,, vöes tiÞ dérÞ vädenár'''. ''I don't know how it got here''.
* '''Sia qenár,, væl mæ habitr.''' ''She knows where he lives''.

However, if the conjunction is part of a question, then it is still followed with a question mark:

* '''Sia qenár,, ''væl?'' mæ habitr, yil.''' ''Does she know '''where''' he lives?''

'''NOTE:''' The pronoun '''vehiri''' is not used to introduce a relative clause, eg: ''the man '''who''' was here is my father''. See '''taÞ''' in the [[dal'qörian demonstrative pronouns|demonstrative pronouns section]].

==Indefinate Pronouns==

Indefinite pronouns are words which replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace:

* ''all/everything'' '''ela'''

* ''another'' '''aÞéna'''

* ''any'' '''éano'''

* ''anyone/anybody'' '''éanörasáb'''

* ''anything'' '''éanöÞa'''

* ''both'' '''déba'''

* ''each/every'' '''yetra'''

* ''either'' '''yilöa'''

* ''everyone/everybody'' '''yetrabödn'''

* ''few'' '''niäni'''

* ''little'' '''nitörieÞ'''

* ''many'' '''véla'''

* ''much'' '''vélas''' (for ''more, most'', see [[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]])

* ''neither'' '''nálöa'''

* ''no-one/nobody'' '''nabödn'''

* ''nothing'' '''döqu'''

* ''other'' '''andä'''

* ''others'' '''andel'''

* ''several'' '''levárel'''

* ''some'' '''émø'''

* ''someone/somebody'' '''émøbödn'''

* ''something'' '''eÞöa'''

==Relative Pronouns==

Relative pronouns introduce a relative clause. Commonly, ''that, who, which, whose'' and ''whom'' introduce relative clauses: 

* ''The man '''who''' was here yesterday is my father''.
* ''She has a dog '''that''' barks loudly.''
* ''The house '''which''' we lived in was demolished''.
* ''That person, '''whom''' I know very well, is not to be trusted.''
* ''I don't know '''whose''' car this is''.

With the exeption of ''whose'' [[Dal'qörian Cases|see Cases]], relative clauses in Dalcurian are introduced with '''taÞ''', which equates to ''who, that, which'' or ''whom'' directly. The basic rule is: if you can replace a relative pronoun with ''that'' (as you can in the 1st 4 examples above), then '''taÞ''' is used: 

* '''Di sáj, ''taÞ'' ädiáda gä’Þalár dérÞ, di parenöj qve binöra.''' ''The man '''who''' was here yesterday is my father''. 
* '''Sia ábra ni gadöraj, ''taÞ'' qurehendøni vafr.''' ''She has a dog '''that''' barks loudly''.
* '''Minäla gä'escanostr di abödä, ''taÞ'' ména gä'habitr.''' ''The house '''which''' we lived in was demolished''.

With ''whom'', if the pronoun refers to the object of the main clause, '''taÞ''' can be used:

* '''TaÞ nörasáb, taÞ binä éagöras qenár, stæcenámeni.''' ''That person, '''whom''' I know very well, is not to be trusted.''

If the object is an indirect object, then add '''te''' to '''taÞ''':

* '''Di sáj, tetaÞ binä gä'andöcr ni lalégraj, di qömpal qve binöra.''' ''The man whom I gave a book is my friend.''

'''Punctuation note''': Ordinarily, '''taÞ''' when introducing a subordinate clause is preceeded by a double comma; only a single comma precedes when introducing a relative clause. A good tip here is to see if '''taÞ''' can be replaced by any of the other relative pronouns and still make sense, if not then use a double comma.

'''NOTE''': The relative pronoun is NEVER omitted in Dalcurian, as it can be in English:

* ''The man who was here yesterday... The man here yesterday...''

==Reciprocal Pronouns==

We use reciprocal pronouns to indicate that two people can carry out an action and get the consequences of that action at the same time. There are two reciprocal pronouns:

* ''each other''

* ''one another''

Dalcurian equates these with '''ænanda''':

* '''Ména gä'qösár ænanda'''. ''We kissed each other''.
* '''Binä, sä éren gä'qonvetár ænanda, gä'alhör'''. ''I was listening as they talked to one another''.

----
'''NOTE''': Sometimes the pronoun can be ommitted if it's understood in context:

'''Bratsva mæ di beröj qve binöra,, quriandø binä vecsendr (him)!''' ''Even though he’s my brother, I hate him sometimes!''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian personal pronouns</title>
    <id>3720</id>
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    <title>Dal'qörian accusative personal pronouns</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[Dal'qörian|back to main page]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|back to dal'qörian pronouns]]===</text>
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    <title>Dal'qörian reflexive pronouns</title>
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    <title>File:Duzbaximu.gif</title>
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      <timestamp>2007-01-12T19:30:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Melroch</username>
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    <title>Dal'qörian possesive pronouns and adjectives</title>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Iliesken-halesta.png</title>
    <id>3726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18554</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T04:15:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eta sa halesta [[Illyrian|Iliesken]], keu ir austa Photoshopisti sattá meun. Eta Norjen-zikristi halestet héme. Ir vieret tal mússai vikas, nem jöla iši.&lt;br&gt;
This is the flag of Islysia, made in Photoshop by me. It is based on the Nordic cross flags. The colours seem a bit muted, but I like it that way.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shivrashanian Chan</title>
    <id>3727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41256</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-27T08:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Shivrashanian [[Chan]]''' is the currency of [[Shivrashan]].  It is pegged to the [[Imperial Chan]] at the rate of 1 Shivrashanian chan = {{frac|2|3}} Imperial chan.  It is subdivided into 10 ''vezh'', 100 ''zash'', or 1000 ''vi'', though only chan and zash are commonly used in giving prices.  The term vezh remains in use on coins.

Originally, Shivrashan used the same non-decimal division as the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Empire]] and had the same value.  However, the currency was decimalized in 768 by introducing a new chan worth 10 vezh (that is, {{frac|2|3}} old chan) and a new zash worth {{frac|1|10}} vezh.

Initially, the smallest coin was the ''vi'', i.e., {{frac|1|10}} zash, with Vi, 2-vi, and ½-zash coins circulating.  During the changeover, the old ¼-zash, ½-zash, and zash coins were, respectively, valued at 2, 4, and 8 vi.  The ½-zash and zash coins were quickly removed from circulation, but the old ¼-zash continued circulating.  Likewise, the old 3- and 6-zash coins circulated alongside the new ¼- and ½-vezh coins, and the old vezh and 3-vezh remained unchanged.  A ½-chan coin was introduced at the time of the changeover, but introduction of the ¼-chan was delayed.

The old denomination of 3 vezh remained in production even after the introduction of the ¼-chan, and attempts to remove the 3-vezh have proven unpopular.  The ¼-chan sees little circulation.

Imperial coins in the denominations of ½ zash up to 3 vezh are sometimes found in circulation, as these are all either of equal value to circulating Shivrashanian coins or, in the case of the ½- and 1-zash coins, very close (properly speaking, 1 Imperial zash is {{frac|5|6}} Shivrashanian zash, but that difference is generally ignored, being miniscule).  Tourist shops will often accept Imperial banknotes as well, at the rate of 1 Imperial chan = 1½ chan.

== Coins ==
*½ Zash
*Zash
*2½ zash (¼ Vezh)
*5 zash (½ Vezh)
*10 zash (1 Vezh)
*25 zash (¼ Chan) (uncommon)
*30 zash (3 Vezh)
*50 zash (½ Chan)

== Banknotes ==
*Chan
*2½ Chan
*5 Chan
*10 Chan
*25 Chan

[[Category:Galhafan Currencies]]
[[Category:Shivrashan]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Currencies</title>
    <id>3728</id>
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      <timestamp>2007-01-13T10:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan heraldry</title>
    <id>3729</id>
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      <id>44688</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-15T16:34:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#  It is the birthright of every individual to bear a sign (&lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt;) as well as a name that distinguishes him or her from other individuals.
# Upon the birth of the subject, the governing body of the pertinent loquent people, in consultation with the parents, determines the charge (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſiþſêrgos&lt;/font&gt;) to be assigned to the individual.
# In the heraldry of the speakers of Senjecas this sign pertains solely to the individual and does not proclaim descent.
# The following [[wikipedia:tincture (heraldry)|colors]] are permitted in Senjecan heraldry: red (&lt;font color=blue&gt;rûûðis&lt;/font&gt;), orange (&lt;font color=blue&gt;vlêêris&lt;/font&gt;), yellow (&lt;font color=blue&gt;bâdis&lt;/font&gt;), green (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðâlis&lt;/font&gt;), blue (&lt;font color=blue&gt;môðris&lt;/font&gt;), purple (&lt;font color=blue&gt;vîſкis&lt;/font&gt;), black (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭôrdis&lt;/font&gt;) and white (&lt;font color=blue&gt;âlis&lt;/font&gt;).  The precise shade of the color is left to the discretion of the individual.
# The &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt; is displayed upon a round form (compare the Japanese [[wikipedia:mon (badge)|mon]]).
# The field is of the color with a white ordinary upon which is placed the individual's charge centered in the &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt;.
# This &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt; may also be flown as a flag or banner.
# Each of the loquent peoples has a &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt; which contains the symbol of that people:
** The Children of Air: yellow, on a pale white a [[wikipedia:rosa gallica|rose]] proper.
** The Children of Fire: orange, on a pale white a [[wikipedia:Prunus spinosa|sloe flower]] proper.
** The Children of Water: blue, on a pale white a [[wikipedia:Nymphaea alba|water lily]] proper.
** The Children of Wood: green, on a pale white an [[wikipedia:acorn|acorn]] proper.
** The Children of Earth: red, on a pale white a [[wikipedia:papaver rhoeas|poppy]] proper.
** The Children of Metal: purple, on a pale white a [[wikipedia:Agaricus bisporus|mushroom]] proper.

*The Ethrans
**The Ethrans place upon the yellow field a white ordinary.
***The six archimages place upon the yellow field a white pale.
***The thirty-six mages place upon the yellow field a white fess.
***The two hundred and sixteen archons place upon the yellow field a white bend.
***The one thousand two hundred and ninety-six adepts place upon the yellow field a white bend sinister.
***The seven thousand seven hundred and seventy six guardians place upon the yellow field a white chevron.
***The technites do not have a &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt;.

*The Pyrans
**The Pyrans place upon the orange field a white ordinary.
***A male places his individual charge upon a bend.
***A female places her individual charge upon a bend sinister.
***Upon assuming the rule of the Pyrans, the individual will change the bend to a pale.

*The Hydorans
**The Hydorans place upon the blue field a white ordinary.
***A male places his individual charge upon a bend.
***A female places her individual charge upon a bend sinister.
***Upon assuming the duties of priestess, the individual will change the bend to a fess.
***Upon assuming the duties of high priestess, the individual will change the fess to a pale.

*The Humans
**The Humans place upon the red field a white ordinary.
***A male places his individual charge upon a bend.
***A female places her individual charge upon a bend sinister.
***Upon assuming the duties of headman, the individual will change the bend to a pale.

*The Xylans
**The Xylans place upon the green field a white ordinary.
***The individual places his individual charge upon a fess.
***The eldest of the Xylans will change the fess to a pale.

*The Lithans
**The Lithans place upon the purple field a white ordinary.
***A male places his individual charge upon a bend.
***A female places her individual charge upon a bend sinister.
***Upon assuming the duties of hold leader, the individual will change the bend to a pale.

*The Lemans
**The color for the Lemans is black.
***Tselius (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćêlĭus&lt;/font&gt;) places upon the black field a white pale.  Her charge is a griffin rampant guardant.
***The thirteen kwatans (&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭatûes&lt;/font&gt;) place upon the black field a white fess.
***The one hundred and twenty-seven mhaastans (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱaaſtûes&lt;/font&gt;) place upon the black field a white bend.
***The one thousand one hundred and five łeźȝans (&lt;font color=blue&gt;łeźȝûes&lt;/font&gt;) place upon the black field a white bend sinister.
***The nine thousand thirty-one xendans (&lt;font color=blue&gt;xendûes&lt;/font&gt;) place upon the black field a white chevron.
***The stsaajans (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſćaaȝûes&lt;/font&gt;) do not have a &lt;font color=blue&gt;têvos&lt;/font&gt;.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian miscellaneous word lists</title>
    <id>3730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18532</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-13T20:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[Dal'qörian|back to main page]]===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian colours</title>
    <id>3731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47126</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:08:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

amber '''qréda'''

black  '''qalba'''

blonde  '''blondä'''

blue  '''öcéna'''

bronze  '''bröna'''

brown  '''Þráden'''

burgundy  '''ygondri'''

cerise  '''necés'''

charcoal  '''græ'''

cream  '''qramöran'''

emerald  '''singärald'''

gold  '''geldø'''

green  '''liável'''

grey  '''medéna'''

hazel  '''lesacrö'''

indigo  '''øindi'''

jade  '''grön'''

lime  '''simitá'''

maroon  '''øärind'''

mauve  '''evimöran'''

mint  '''tmitré'''

navy blue  '''travæl öcéna'''

orange  '''enögra'''

pink  '''qinéra'''

purple  '''elba'''

red  '''reÞö'''

royal blue  '''lamæa öcéna'''

rusty  '''röbi'''

silver  '''samsintra'''

turquoise  '''liacvéna'''

white  '''etiri'''

yellow  '''ambárø'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian names</title>
    <id>3732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18539</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-13T21:01:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[Dal'qörian|back to main page/misc word lists]]===

Nearest English equivalent in italics.

=='''Female 1st names'''==

Abigäla-''Abigale'' 

Acéla

Aléma

Áléna

Alési

Alisön-''Alison''

Amaléa

AmaléÞ

Amandä-''Amanda'' 

Amáni

Amareta 

AmareÞ

Améa 

Ana’léna

Ana’linéÞ

Ana’riána

Ana’röba

Ana’rösa

Ana’sési

Ana’sia

Anä-''Anna/Anne''

Andrä-''Andrea'' 

Aneléca

Anésa

Anési

Angéla-''Angela'' 

Anja

Asäli 

Äva

Babéra-''Barbera'' 

BeÞáni-''Bethany'' 

Bevinéa

Bré 

Brieta

Dalén

Dalƒeni

Dána

Daniäl-''Daniel''

Deƒén

Déna

Diána-''Diana/Diane'' 

Dölsi

Donä-''Donna'' 

Elæsa 

Eláni 

Elésa-''Elisha''

Emä-''Emma'' 

Erin

Etiána

Gelén

Geléna

Giliána-''Gillian'' 

Hadæa 

Hæcéa

Heléna-''Helen'' 

Jäna

Janéna-''Janine''

Jáni

Jáqi-''Jaqueline''

Jasména

Javéna-''Javine''

Jeläna

Jemi

Jéna-''Jean'' 

Jenéƒa-''Jennifer''

Jeséca-''Jessica'' 

Jöléa-''Julie/Julia'' 

JölieÞ

Joselni

Jösi

Läána

Laläna

Laléna

Lalensca

Lamä

Läoni

Léa-''Lee/Leigh/Leah''

Leléna

Léna

Lésa-''Lisa'' 

Liána

Linäda-''Linda''

LinéÞ

Löésa 

Löséa-''Lucy''

Mæésa

MagáréÞ-''Margaret''

Manöäna

Maréna

Mári-''Marie/Maria''

Mégan-''Megan''

Monéca-Monica

Morgen

Néca

Nicolä-''Nichola''

Octäva

Öléa

Olivéa-''Olivia/Olive''

Ölréca

Olvána

Omæra 

Oriána

Öta 

Päja-''Paige''

Pätra

Qaläla

Qaléla

Qáli

Qámen

Qarén-''Karen''

Qaséa

Qateléna

Qateréna-''Catherine'' 

Qatja 

Qéla

Qelána

Qeléa 

Qeléna

QeléÞ

Qéli-''Kelly''

Qelsáni

Qelsni

Qeréda

Qesténa

Qimbáli-''Kimberly'' 

QinÞéa

Qlä’patr

Qlára

Qristä 

Qristäla

Racel

Rebeci-''Rebecca''

Reléna 

Riána

Röäna

Röbä

Röbela

Röben

Rosaléa

Rösálin

Rösáni

Rösä-''Rose''

RöÞ

Saƒéna

Saƒéra

Sandrä-''Sandra''

Saséan

Sasienda 

Seléna

Seréa

Seri

Seséna

Sési

Siena

Siera

Simöna-''Simone''

Söƒéa-''Sophie/Sophia''

Sonéa

Sösan-''Susan''

Sötsiána-''Suzanne''

Stäséa-''Stacey''

Steƒáni-''Stephanie''

Tánja

Téana

Tiána

Vanöséa-''Vanessa''

Veléma 

Vendéa-''Wendy''

Venesa

Veronica

Viola

Yäna
----

=='''Male 1st names'''==

Abentsiö (Ab for short)

Abrahám (old)

Äden-Aiden

Ägan*

Alän-Alan

Alberatom (old)

Alberatos-Albert (old)

AlbériÞ (old)

Aldis

AleÞandräas-Alexandra

Áli

Amári

Ámön-Amon

Andánö

Andarö-Andrew

Andras*

Androm

Antonéas-Anthony

Baräas

Baröc

Benjámin-Benjamin

Bevin

Brandön

Brián-Brian

Daliö

Daméan

Damön

Dätön

Davéd-David

Davion

Declán

Delian

DeremoÞ-Dermot

Devon*

Döri

Dorián

Driscöl

Edvárö

Égan

Eldin

Elian

Elmá (old)

Eréc-Eric

Fägas (old)

Farel

Farön

Flin

Francö-Frank/Francis

Gáƒeli

Gäoji

Gári-Gary

Geƒréas

Gelræ (old)

HariÞ-Harry

Hati (old)

Jäcom

Jadöran-Jordan*

Jägen*

Jaméas

Jänas

Jáni

Jaq/Jack

Jäq-Jake

Jaret

Jeramæas-Jeremy

Jöli

Jönas-John

Jöri

Jösten

Landen

LaÞinian*

Lätön

Léon-Leon

Lind

Löcas-Lucas/Luke

Lödvécas (old)

Löelin

Mácö-Mark/Marcos

Malcöm-Malcome

Maléc

Matä

MaÞeliö

MaÞi

Méles

Micæl-Michæl

Næl-Neil

Nasán

Natæas

Néco

Nöri

Öli

Oscel

Osvaldø (very old)

Ötan (old)

Pálö-Paul

Päta-Peter

Pätras*

Qadil

Qadmán

Qalba

Qaléƒ

Qál-Karl

QalviÞ

Qaméran-Cameron

Qasi*

Qéan-Cian/Kian

Qederéc

Qégan*

Qels

QelÞi

Qelvin-Kelvin

QenéÞKenneth

Qeréc

Qistián

Qlintön

Qmál

Qöri-Cory*

Qræs-Christopher

RabiÞ

Réd

Röben-Robin/Rubin

Röbi

Rödi

Romián

Rönan

Rösel

Sahán-Shane

Séan-Sean/shaun

Sebastán-Sebastian

SeÞ (old)

Simönas-Simon

Simran

Steƒán-Stephen/Stefan

Tælan

TáquiÞ (old)

Tarém

Tarö

Tégan*

Terel

Til

Tobæas-Tobias/Toby

Töri

Váni

Velsi

Viléam-William
----

'''Surnames'''

Acéamen

Áden

Álöen

AmelÞi

Aston

AÞelton

BaÞ

D’delÞi

D’elba

D’máni

D’qalba

D’qelnis

Domöc

Elden

Elderij

GaÞ (very old)

Godád

Grägöni

GrelÞ

Háli

Hámien

Hansel

Hoƒmäna

Johansen

Lenéc

Liável

Medéna

Öberetni

Öcéna

Öden

Oquäla

Q’daliön

Q’dégan

Q’deliö

Q’qalba

Q’qalviÞ

Q’qébi

Q’váni

Q’vécas

Q’velsni

Q’vinsi

Qalindon

Qasám

Qasmán

Qátel

Qebi

Qelnerin

Qösel

Salindon

SméÞ

Tascel

Töc

Töres

Tören

Tsimán

Væs

Valans

Váli

Väna

Vaques

Vécas

Vicram

Vitsi

Ylend

Qalven

G’géna

Geresni</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Illyrian</title>
    <id>3733</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>18552</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-14T04:12:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Illyrian]] moved to [[Islysian]]: Conlang name changed.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Islysian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide declension</title>
    <id>3734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51988</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T23:39:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* First declension -os */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
{{seealso|Classical Arithide grammar}}

Owing to the language's inflectionary nature, [[Classical Arithide]] nouns, pronouns and certain of its adjectives must be declined (i.e. inflected) to provide grammatical meaning. A group of words that decline in the same way is known as a &quot;declension class&quot;. There are 5 declension classes for nouns and the same for adjectives; pronouns are generally irregular.

==Declension classes==

Nouns in [[Classical Arithide]] are classed into different declensions based on their semantic meaning. This lexically based categorisation means that each declension class represents a broad group of nouns that share a certain characteristic. Traditional grammatical analysis takes the number of declension classes in Classical Arithide to be five, on top of which are various subgroups that decline in slightly different ways from the parent class.

'''Declension I''', with the characteristic nominative singular ending ''-os'', is the most productive declension class of all. It is associated with morally and emotionally neutral abstractions: states (''valonos'' &quot;peace&quot;), qualities (''fyginthos'' &quot;dangerousness&quot;), acts (''leatos'' &quot;act of worship&quot;) as well as other types of concepts (''sonos'' &quot;daily life&quot;). As may be noted the supine verbal noun (i.e. &quot;the act of doing something&quot;) also falls under this declension.

'''Declension II''' nouns take the ending ''-as'' and refer to places: ''kitaras'' &quot;hall&quot;, ''sivas'' &quot;town&quot;, ''leatas'' &quot;place of worship. The verbal noun of location (i.e. &quot;the place where something is done&quot;) falls under declension II.

'''Declension III''' nouns take the ending ''-ir'', and can be differentiated into classes III-a with simple ''-ir'', and III-b with ''-rir''. This declension comprises nouns with negative moral or emotional denotations or connotations: ''vokir'' &quot;evil&quot;, ''kirir'' &quot;faux pas&quot;, ''kreisantir'' &quot;grief of bereavement&quot;.

'''Declension IV''' is the most general declension class. Its nouns have no characteristic nominative singular ending but instead shares it with declension V (''-a''), and its lexical scope is practically unlimited; Class-IV nouns can refer to items, animals, plants or any other non-human, non-divine object. E.g. ''arotha'' &quot;carpet&quot;, ''hegra'' &quot;vine&quot;, ''izia'' &quot;coin&quot;.

'''Declension V''' comprises nouns referring to the human, the divine or the socio-cultural aspect of life: ''thelera'' &quot;neighbour&quot;, ''venera'' &quot;deity&quot;, ''kunera'' &quot;currency&quot;. Complex historical reasons have given Class V nouns the double nominative ending of ''-era'', the final part of which (''-a'') is shared with Class IV. There is a subgroup, V-b, whose nominative singulars end in ''-on'' but otherwise decline identically with regular Class-V nouns: these are the special agentive nouns (see next section), generally formed from verbs but occasionally found fossilised elsewhere in words belonging to other parts of speech.

These five declension classes can be broadly classified into two categories: concrete nouns (IV, V) and abstract nouns (I, II, III).

===Distinction between ''-thera'' and ''-on''===

Both the nominative singular endings ''-thera'' (V-a) and ''-on'' (V-b) indicate people, or agents. While in surviving Classical Arithide texts only the latter seemed to be sufficiently lexemic to be productive (as the agentive noun suffix, for one), there existed a semantic distinction between the two suffixes that persisted long enough for the ''-thera'' ending to experience a resurgence in productivity in the [[Vulgar Arithide|vulgar tongue]], and hence subsequently the [[Koine Arithide|koine]] and the [[Modern Arithide|modern standard]].

The lexeme ''-on'' was straightforward: it simply denoted any person who committed any action, and could be freely attached to any verb due to its broad semantic scope:
*''serēn'' &quot;to write&quot; &gt; ''seron'' &quot;one who writes, the person who wrote&quot;
*''terēn'' &quot;to weave&quot; &gt; ''teron'' &quot;one who weaves, the person who wove&quot;
*''damēn'' &quot;to carry&quot; &gt; ''damon'' &quot;one who carries, the person who carried&quot;

It is even possible to attach ''-on'' to secondary verbal stems, e.g. participle forms. Compare:
*''seron'' &quot;one who writes&quot;, &quot;one who wrote&quot; VS
*''se'''i'''ron'' &quot;the one writing&quot; VS
*''ser'''ās'''on'' &quot;one who has written&quot;, &quot;one who has been published&quot;

''-Thera'', on the other hand, was more restrictive: this suffix could be used only to denote such persons as professionals, passionate believers, or members of the family and so on. In other words, the action in question could not be a casual, one-off incidence, but had to be done by virtue of vocation, profession, conviction, or social role. Note the semantic contrast between the examples in the above paragraph and those that follow:
*''serēn'' &quot;to write&quot; &gt; ''sesthera'' &quot;author&quot;
*''terēn'' &quot;to weave&quot; &gt; ''testhera'' &quot;tailor, seamstress&quot;
*''damēn'' &quot;to carry&quot; &gt; ''danthera'' &quot;porter&quot;

The above examples also demonstrate the regular phonological assimilation undergone in nominalisation.

For more, see [[Classical Arithide conjugation#Verbal nouns]].

==Grammatical cases==

Fully declining a noun requires expressing its 11 cases:

*'''Nominative''', which marks the subject of a verb; the nominative is the case in which a noun or pronoun is cited in the dictionary, hence it is also known as the citation case
*'''Topical''', which marks the topic of a sentence
*'''Accusative''', which marks the object of a verb
*'''Genitive''', which marks possession by
*'''Dative''', which marks motion towards, and by extension benefaction to etc.
*'''Locative''', which marks location (with places) or indicates shift of grammatical focus (with objects and people)
*'''Ablative''', which marks motion away or existence apart, and by extension is used with prepositions such as ''parō'' &quot;about, regarding&quot; or ''etel'' &quot;by (agentive)&quot;
*'''Instrumental''', which marks instruments, and by extension accompaniment, using the preposition ''etel'' &quot;with&quot;
*'''Vocative''', which marks direct address
*'''Connective''', which is an open-ended stem form to which certain affixes or other nouns are appended, e.g. ''salumos'' &quot;heaven&quot; + ''innos'' &quot;top&quot; &gt; ''saluminnum'' &quot;in heaven&quot; (lit. &quot;on heaven&quot;; ''innos'' is in the locative) and ''allas'' &quot;city&quot; + ''dolō'' &quot;around&quot; (from ''dolos'' &quot;surroundings&quot;) &gt; ''alladolō'' &quot;around the city&quot; {{footnote|1}}
*'''Essive''', which marks existence as

{{footnote|1}} ''Alladolō'' (connective + prep.) must be distinguished from the similar ''dolō allior'' (prep. + ablative); while both might be translated as &quot;around the city&quot;, the former refers to the areas outside and surrounding a certain city, while the latter refers to places all around within the city: ''alladolō siethē sena'' &quot;there are flowers around the city&quot; vs. ''dolō allior siethē sena'' &quot;there are flowers all about the city&quot;.

Of these, the connective and essive cases in all nouns are identical, resulting in 10 effective cases. Should the need arise to differentiate the two, however, the essive may take on the auxiliary suffix ''-sanos'' (lit. &quot;semblance, condition, state&quot;).

==First declension ''-os''==

Nouns and adjectives of the first declension take the following endings, illustrated by ''thiftios'' &quot;temptation&quot;:

{| style=&quot;width: 400px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 160px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thiftios
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thiftiēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ou'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ēu'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''o'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''oi'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ēi'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ae'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ēā''' &lt;*thiftiēiae
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ōm''' &lt;*thiftioum
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ēum'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''tis'''{{footnote|1}}
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ētūs'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ō'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''e''', thifti-
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ē''', thifti'''ē-'''
|}

{{footnote|1}} As seen, vowel-stem nouns lose the thematic ''-o-'' in the instrumental singular. Consonant-stem nouns, however, retain the vowel: ''klevos'' &quot;force&quot; becomes ''klevotis''.

==Second declension ''-as''==

Nouns and adjectives of the first declension take the following endings, illustrated by ''thiftias'' &quot;place of temptation&quot;:

{| style=&quot;width: 300px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thiftias
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thiftiais
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''au'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''āi'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''a'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ai'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ai'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ās'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thift'''īs'''{{footnote|1}}
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thift'''īei'''{{footnote|1}}
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ām'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thift'''ior'''{{footnote|2}}
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thift'''iēri'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ātis'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''aitis'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ai'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''a''', thifti'''a-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thifti'''ai''', thifti'''ai-'''
|}

{{footnote|1}}The actual endings are ''-īs'' and ''-iei''. With ''-i-'' stem words, a simple, long ''-ī-'' results in both cases.

{{footnote|2}}The actual ending is ''-ior''. In this case the ''-i-'' in the case ending is elided.

==Third declension ''-ir'', ''-rir''==

In [[Classical Arithide]], nouns that end in ''-ir'' in the nominative singular are descended from the older ''-ydr̩'', i.e. they were originally considered part of the Old Arithide [[Old Arithide declension|&quot;Society &amp; Culture&quot; declension]], but regular phonological erosion has made it a separate declension class of its own. Sound change also introduced a variant stem, ''-ir-'', and both forms appear liberally throughout Classical Arithide texts.

''Vokir'' &quot;evil&quot; (Class III-a) is declined as follows:

{| style=&quot;width: 300px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokirēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokyr'''ō''', vokir'''ō'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''au'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ai'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''in'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''īs'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ei'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ium'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ior'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ēri'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokyr'''ū''', vokir'''ū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''iē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''ē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''e''', vokir-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vokir'''a''', vokir'''ē-'''
|}

Class III-b nouns (ending in ''-rir'') take the same endings, but with ''-id-'' in the stem rather than ''-ir-'' as the preceding ''r-'' blocks rhotacism.


==Fourth declension ''-a''==

''Steima'' &quot;measurement'' illustrates the declension paradigm for Class IV nouns:

{| style=&quot;width: 400px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 160px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steima
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steimeia
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eu'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''aiā'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''e'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ai'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eus'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ēi''' &lt;*steimaii
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''era'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''aira'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ibas'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''aibas'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''āī'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''e''', steim-
| style=&quot;width: 160px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''aie''', steim'''ai-'''
|}

==Fifth declension ''-ra''==

''Theler'' &quot;neighbour&quot; and ''agnon'' &quot;doer&quot; are declined as below:

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | theler
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | theleis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agneis{{footnote|1}}
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eu'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eiā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''a'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''a'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''or'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''e'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''e'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ius'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''us'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eīs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''īei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''i'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''era'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''irē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''im'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''ōm'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''iēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''ēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''et(is)'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''itū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''ū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''ū'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ī'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnēn'''ā'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''e''', thel'''e-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''i''', thel'''i-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnon, agnon-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | agnein, agnein-
|}

{{footnote|1}}The form ''-eis'' is a contraction of the older ''-ēnis''; the former is more often seen in later texts, but the latter remains widespread and the standard for formal and serious topics.

==Irregular nominatives==

The nominatives of certain nouns do not follow the declension paradigms strictly as set out above. Most notable among these are the first, fourth and fifth declension nouns that end in combinations of either a long vowel or consonant + ''-s''. This phenomenon is due to regular phonological processes, which have seen significant syncopation and elision erode affected words to their current forms. E.g.:

'''Declension I'''
*'''-fos &gt; -wos &gt; -ōs'''
**''*safos'' &quot;shade&quot; &gt; ''saōs'', acc. ''saō'', gen. ''savoi'', dat. ''savae'', loc. ''saōm'', abl. ''saōn'', ins. ''saftis''&lt;br&gt;Observe the fortition that occurs of ''-w-'' when followed by &gt;2 vowels (''savoi'') or by a vowel other than ''-o-'' (''savae''). The original ''-f-'' is also retained in the instrumental case where the consonant that follows it obstructs the sound change. The plural is not affected similarly due to the absence of conditioning criteria.
*'''(-oCos &gt;) -oFos &gt; ōs''' where C represents any voiced plosive, and F any voiced fricative except /v/
**''*bogos'' &quot;swelling&quot; &gt; ''bōs'', acc. ''bō'', gen ''bōi''; the remainder are formed regularly from ''bog-''
**''*orathodos'' &quot;religious&quot; &gt; ''orathōs'', acc. ''orathō''; the remainder are regular (''orathod-'')&lt;br&gt;This process also affected nominal adjectives, as shown.
*'''-osos &gt; os''' by haplology, e.g. ''*kiosos'' &quot;gap, gulf, emptiness&quot; &gt; ''kios, kios-'', otherwise regularly declined

The irregularities exhibited in declensions IV and V are older, and caused more by fricativisation and general lenition than by syncope and elision. There is no tendency that can be generalised, but rather an assortment of commonly used nouns that have been phonologically eroded.

'''Declension IV'''
*''*dad'' &quot;hand&quot; &gt; ''dadz'' &gt; ''daz'' &gt; ''das'', acc. ''dade/daze'', nom. pl. ''dadāī'', acc. pl. ''dadai/dazai''; the remainder are regular.
**''*ad'' &quot;sea&quot; follows a similar path to become ''as'', but its stem was permanently altered to ''az-'', i.e. gen. ''azus'', acc. pl. ''azai'' etc.
*''*vet'' &quot;breeze&quot; &gt; ''vets'' &gt; ''ves'', acc. ''vete'', gen. ''vetus'' etc. regularly
*''*tor'' &quot;step&quot; &gt; ''tos'', acc. ''tore'', gen. ''torus'' etc. regularly
*''*reg'' &quot;day&quot; &gt; ''reɣ'' &gt; ''rē'' &gt; ''rēs''&lt;br&gt;The stem was permanently altered to ''rē-'', i.e. acc. ''rē'', gen. ''rēus'', acc. pl. ''rēai'' etc.
*''*gent'' &quot;bloodline&quot; &gt; ''gēn'', acc. ''gente'', etc. regularly
*''*gjor'' &quot;tongue&quot; &gt; ''iō'', acc. ''iore'', etc. regularly with stem ''ior-'' [jor]

The pronominal declensions were also affected by these changes, as evidenced in the genitive singular and the possessive series (e.g. ''nes, net-'').

'''Declension V'''
*''*aidonr̩'' &gt; ''aidōr'', nom. ''aidōra'', gen. ''aidonin'' etc. regularly with stem ''aidon-''
*''*katasr̩'' &gt; ''katār'', nom. ''katāra'', gen. ''katasin'' etc. regularly with stem ''katas-''

In addition, there are also two Class-II nouns that exhibit irregular nominatives: ''ilēthēs'' &quot;world&quot;, stem ''ilēthēa-''; ''itās'' &quot;port&quot;, stem ''itāna-''.

Due to the age of the processes that resulted in these irregular forms, nouns that were formed in these productive classes were not subject to such elisions.

These reductive processes only kicked in when the consonants mentioned above were in isolation, i.e. they did not occur as part of a cluster. In addition, the behaviour of the vowels immediately before the affected consonants exhibits a degree of variation that is not entirely regular or predictable. While much of the time they remain unchanged, in certain nouns the high vowels [i] and [u] may be lowered to [e] and [o] (which was not reflected in the standard orthography but gleaned from informal correspondences and writings).

Most problematically, for reasons of stress and perhaps scansion, they might sometimes be lengthened: e.g. the stem of ''kūs'' &quot;proper&quot; is actually ''kur-'', and that of ''dhīs'' &quot;festival&quot; is ''dhid-''. The occurrence of ''-ū-'' and ''-ī-'' in these cases appears to be entirely arbitrary, especially given the precedents of words like ''das, dad-'' &quot;hand&quot; that do not undergo compensatory lengthening.

==Irregular nouns==

{{main|List of Classical Arithide irregular nouns}}

As with all languages, Classical Arithide has its share of irregularly-declined nouns, some of them being among the most commonly used.

In addition to that, most personal names in Classical Arithide are irregularly declined (e.g. ''Pereos'', gen. ''Fini''; ''Symbakos'', voc. ''Sebeō''). See also [[Areth names#Classical declension]] for more on personal name declensions.

==See also==

*[[List of Classical Arithide irregular nouns]]

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide adpositions]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kijebsyllabary.svg</title>
    <id>3735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18586</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T07:49:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Trying to upload SVG versiion</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Trying to upload SVG versiion</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:How to display your conscript on the wiki</title>
    <id>3736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18614</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T17:17:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}

&lt;div class=&quot;usermessage plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''
[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Melroch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new &lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;For questions and suggestions about this page contact User:Melroch/BPJ!&lt;/font&gt;]'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

__NOTOC__

There are three or four steps to displaying your conscript into the wiki, and an optional fifth step (Click on the links for more detailed instructions):

&lt;div style=&quot;max-width: 66%;&quot;&gt;
:[[#1|1. Create an image of your conscript]]. Usually you will draw or write it, perhaps into a table prepared in a word processor and then printed out.

:[[#2|2. Get the image into a suitable computer image form]] if it isn't already. Usually by scanning it and postprocessing it in an image manipulation program.

:[[#3|3. Upload the image to the wiki]]. By clicking on the link &quot;[[#Special:Upload|Upload file]]&quot; in the ''toolbox'' sidebar on the left of the wiki page.

:[[#4|4. Include the image into the wiki article]]. This is done using a variant of the ordinary syntax for wiki-internal links.

:[[#5|5. Optionally create a font for your conscript]] and make it available on the wiki.
&lt;/div&gt;
== {{anchor|1}} 1. Create an image of your conscript ==

If you are keen on being able to produce computer documents using your conscript you may want to create a font for your conscript, however this is a major undertaking in itself, and such documents are not very useful online, since you'd need to either get people to download and install your font, or to create PDF documents.

For someone who unlike me has fully functional hands and some drawing skills it is usually better to write/draw a paper document and scan it in step [[#2]].

Assuming you want a table of your conscript similar to the one [[User:Melroch|I]] made of the Kijeb syllabary you would:

:1.1. Create a table in your word processor, writing in everything that should be in Roman/print and leaving blanks for the actual glyphs.

:1.2. Print it out in as large a scale as your printer will allow (you may actually want to make several sub-tables and glue them together -- probably not literally, but afterward in an image editor).

:1.3. Fill in the glyphs by hand with a fountain pen or an art/technical marker which gives a true line. You may want to first draw the glyphs with a faint pencil and fill them in with ink when you got them right, in which case the ink should allow you to erase the pencil without smearing the ink. This usually works fine with technical markers.

:(When creating images of shorthand writing [[User:Melroch|I]] actually wrote with a soft, black artists' pencil and scanned the result, which was quite satisfactory for that purpose and allowed for correction on the fly, although you will need a good plastic eraser to avoid smudge. Alas [[User:Melroch|I]] can't recommend any brands, since the good erasers sold here in Sweden are made in Germany, and probably not available or expensive in other places like the US.)

== {{anchor|2}} 2. Get the image into a suitable computer image form ==

Scan your finished table. If you haven't got your own there are shops which will do it for you, and put it on a floppy or CD for you, or maybe email it to your computer. [[User:Melroch|I]] have no idea what it may cost where you are (it is alas unrealistically expensive here, so if you haven't got your own scanner a friend who has one is the best option).

:2.1. Make sure the image file is in a good image format for your purposes. If the image contains few colors and biggish white areas, as is likely GIF is the best. PNG is good too, but transparent PNGs may print out as black boxes under Windows {{-(}}.

:2.2. Open your image(s) in an image editor (if you haven't got one The Gimp &lt;www.gimp.org&gt; is recommendable) and touch it up: 'gluing' parts together and getting into an appropriate size (usually larger than what should be displayed on the wiki page but not unreasonably large -- rather what would fit on ''both'' a US Letter or A4: 210 × 279 mm (8.26 × 10.98 in), in practice the image should be at most 190 x 259 mm  (7.48 x 10.1  in) if you want to allow a 10 mm margin on each side). There are more arcane things you can do to assure that white areas are really white, and black areas really black, but it takes some care and expertise to assure things don't get pixelly.

== {{anchor|3}} 3. Upload the image to the wiki ==
== {{anchor|4}} 4. Include the image into the wiki article ==


== {{anchor|5}} 5. Optionally create a font for your conscript ==

:5.1. Get a font editing program.

:5.2. Make the font available on the wiki.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/How to display your conscript on the wiki</title>
    <id>3737</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>18602</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T12:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Melroch/How to display your conscript on the wiki]] moved to [[Help:How to display your conscript on the wiki]]: There is already enough content to warrant de-userpage-izing it.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:How to display your conscript on the wiki]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Melroch</title>
    <id>3738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56248</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T00:26:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Site issues */ Fvtb -&gt; Ftvb (that's twice I've gotten it wrong tonight)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What have you done to the Common CSS? Everything's big!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:09, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry about that. My user CSS caused me not to see the real effect of what I had done!  One million apologies! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:06, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
&lt;br&gt;
Jaha, det visste jag inte om + i charinsert. Tack! [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 14:27, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

__TOC__

Quid est?

Ok, Thank you for your advise! I will take care of the vowel table! :P Ciao [[User:Bukkia|Bukkia]]

== DPL ==

I installed the extension you asked for.  I didn't get to look too well into how it works, so let me know if it doesn't and I'll check it out.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:23, 22 April 2007 (PDT)

:I'll look at it this week.  As usual Real Life has served me stuff that needs to be looked into first... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 09:55, 22 April 2007 (PDT)
:However a preliminary test of the basic function worked OK: [[User:Melroch/sandbox#DPL_test]]. I'll test some of the tentinnabulas et fistulas ASAP [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]

Ok, thats fine but why did you delete my con-lang from the list?

== Combined regional timelines ==

Hi BPJ,

I'd like to create an article that contains a timeline for multiple regions at once, where the user can select which regions to display (similar to collapsible tables on Wikipedia, but based on {{Type|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} tags). The events should be listed in chronological order, so each event must probably be treated as an individual entity within a {{Type|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} tag whose class/id value is changed). I have a fairly good idea how to approach this; only I have little experience with both wiki templates and JavaScript (which I suspect might be necessary). Maybe you as the template expert of FW could help me with this?


Basically, my idea is as follows:

'''Timeline article'''

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{Timeline|SPHERE}}
{{Event|region1|103|King of Region 1 dies.}}
{{Event|region2|110|Rebellion in Region 2.}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

(Note that &quot;SPHERE&quot; should not actually appear in the wikitext, but represents a variable containing the sphere(s) that the user wants to see. This is what must be changed dynamically.)

'''Template:Timeline'''

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;timeline&quot; id=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Template:Event'''

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;span class={{{1}}}&gt;
* {{{2}}} AD: {{{3}}}&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Common.css'''

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
.timeline li {display:none;}
#region1 .region1  {display:inline;}
#region2 .region2  {display:inline;}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

With this (I think) I'd only need a way to set the {{Type|SPHERE}} variable in '''Template:Timeline''' to either {{Type|&quot;region1&quot;}} or {{Type|&quot;region2&quot;}} dynamically, based on user choice. The output should then look like so:


{{Type|&lt;nowiki&gt;SPHERE=&quot;region1&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

* 103 AD: King of Region 1 dies.


{{Type|&lt;nowiki&gt;SPHERE=&quot;region2&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

* 110 AD: Rebellion in Region 2.


{{Type|&lt;nowiki&gt;SPHERE=&quot;region1 region2&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}

* 103 AD: King of Region 1 dies.
* 110 AD: Rebellion in Region 2.

[[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 09:30, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
===Answer===
:I'm afraid you're out of luck since JS can't be included in wiki pages.
:You'd need to find/write a MediaWiki extension which does what you want and persuade Muke to install it -- which latter would be the easy part.  Go to [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Category:Extensions] and look for collapsible &lt;s&gt;table&lt;/s&gt; list extensions! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:33, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

: You may look at [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:NavFrame] and see if you have the skill to modify it to get what you want.  I don't, being a JS moron.
:(Turns out there is room for many human-like languages in my brain but only one slot for programming languages, and that is already filled by Perl! :-)[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 10:41, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

== Category cleanup ==

I've been sorting some of the bulk at Category:Conlangs - not by making judgements, but quite a few articles have redundant multi-categorization (typically two or three of cat:Conlangs, cat:A priori conlangs, cat:A posteriori conlangs, cat:IE conlangs, cat:Romance conlangs). I noticed there are a number of articles where you've ''added'' the top-level category. What's up with that? --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 09:11, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

: No particular reason.  Actually I see no evil in cross-categorization if it helps people find what they are looking for/something interesting.  It does very little in terms of database size if that's what worries you.
::I think of it as general cleanup. If all the hundreds of conlangs on the site were lump'd into the same category, it would not be &quot;categorization&quot; at all (since after all, conlangs are the ''main'' interest here!) That's what the [[List of conlangs]] is for, isn't it?
::Also, given that we do have some subcategorization, I don't think &quot;downwards&quot; cross-categorization is helpful. If an article is in [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs]], I expect it ''not'' to be a Romance, Germanic or Slavic conlang. Finding &quot;negativly defined&quot; groups would be difficult if everything were also there in addition to the subcategories.
:Perhaps you're right that one should not tag pages with several categories which one expects to be sub-/supercategories of eachother, but then one should probably also make sure that that expectation is true; e.g. [[:Category: Romance conlangs]] is '''not''' ATM a subcategory of [[:Category: Conlangs]] which it probably should be!
::It's found under [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs]] which in turn is under [[:Category:A posteriori conlangs]]. That starts to gather some density, but we're still not quite at the point of having things like [[:Category:Para-Gallo-Iberian conlangs with Basque influence]].
:IMHO one category to many on a page is probably a lesser evil than something not being found because it is assigned only to a category which is not properly subcategorized. After all the purpose of categories is to help people find stuff, not to create a taxonomy.  (I should add that I'm wary of taxonomies, since in most cases (biological taxonomy obviously being an exception!) several taxonomies are equally possible and each reveals something about the matter classified, but choosing one taxonomy over another will narrow your vision.) [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:19, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
::That shouldn't be a problem since wikicategories can have multiple parent categories. I imagine in addition to the &quot;lexicon origin&quot; categorization, some kind of typological categorization may be useful to introduce eventually. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 11:40, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

== [[NASS]] ==

Although you comment that you abandoned it, Ᵹ (Latin capital insular g) is now in Unicode (Ᵹ U+A77D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR G). I just thought I'd let you know. [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 21:22, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

== Site issues ==

I've done some work and was able to get DynamicPageList back up to normal, mostly—I did have to 'nowiki' the DPL on your page and on [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]'s, as I was not able to get either of them to display due to the errors.

The webhost was not able to give any insight on why the errors were happening, but I still think there's a resources barrier somewhere along the line—while I was trying to load your page with everything going, the whole site's memory use nearly doubled.  I did some testing on the page to see if I could isolate it or if it was just the amount of DPLs involved — I found that just the &quot;pages I created&quot; section is enough to bring up the error, as is the &quot;pages I modified but did not create&quot;, and the &quot;pages I created which were last modified by someone else&quot;.  (Leaving those nowikied and displaying all others works — but I suppose I can't guarantee it will if the server's getting hit from elsewhere too.) 

Anyway, due to these resource issues and the apparent security issues with DPL (in its use of raw HTML) I'm wondering if it might be worthwhile to start looking into transitioning away from it.   —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:25, 27 September 2010 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Anchor</title>
    <id>3739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18611</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T16:41:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span id=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lámatyávë</title>
    <id>3740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18618</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T17:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Terminology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lámatyávë''' is [[wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya]] for 'language taste', [[wikipedia:J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] term for the phonological and phonetic characteristics of a language, which give it its aesthetic qualities.
[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lamatyave</title>
    <id>3741</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>18617</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T17:48:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lamatyave]] moved to [[Lámatyávë]]: We want a redirect from the spelling without diacritics to the one with!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lámatyávë]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Romlang 3</title>
    <id>3742</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>18624</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-17T12:02:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Melroch/Romlang 3]] moved to [[User:Melroch/Rhodrese]]: The lang finally got a name!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Melroch/Rhodrese]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strong verbs in Twisspraak</title>
    <id>3743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18850</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-29T15:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tupinikin</username>
        <id>100</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Group 1 (bite, bit, bitten)=
&lt;p&gt;'''ei, i, i-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-ei, -ie, -ien'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;beite&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;beit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bitten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gleide&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gleid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;glid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;glidden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;greipe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;greip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;grip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;grippen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;reide&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;reid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ridden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sheine&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shein&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shin&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shinnen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shreive&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shreiv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shriv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shriven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;streike&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;streik&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;strick&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stricken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dreive&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dreiv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;driv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;driven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
=Group 2 (freeze, froze, frozen)=
&lt;p&gt;'''ie, oo, o-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-ie, -o, -oon'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;biege&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bieg&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;boog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;boggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;flie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;flie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;flo&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;floon&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fliege&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;flieg&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;floog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;floggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;biede&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bied&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bood&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bodden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ferbiede&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ferbied&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ferbood&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ferbodden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shiete&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shiet&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shoot&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shotten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sliete&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sliet&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sloot&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slotten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;friere&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frier&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;froor&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frorren&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

=Group 3 (begin, began, begun)=
&lt;p&gt;'''i, a, u-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;beginne&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;begin&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;began&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;begunnen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;binde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bind&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;band&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bunden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;winne&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;win&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wan&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wunnen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ringe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ring&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rang&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rungen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;singe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sing&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sang&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sungen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stinke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stink&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stank&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stunken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drinke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drink&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drank&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drunken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;swinge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;swing&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;swang&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;swungen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
=Group 4 (bear, bore (bare), born)=
&lt;p&gt;'''e, a, o-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-ee, -a, -oon'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;helpe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halp&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;holpen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;werpe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;werp&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;warp&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;worpen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sterve&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sterv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;starv&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;storven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stecke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;steck&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stack&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stocken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sprecke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;spreck&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sprack&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sprocken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nemme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nem&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nam&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nommen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brecke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;breck&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brack&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;brocken&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;treffe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tref&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;traf&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;troffen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
=Group 5 (see, saw, seen)=
&lt;p&gt;'''e, a, e-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-ee, -a, -een'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''i, a, e-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;geve&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gev&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gav&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;geven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ette&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;at&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;etten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;see&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;see&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sa&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;seen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;weve&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wev&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wav&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;weven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bidde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bad&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;bedden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shee&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;shee&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sha&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sheen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sitte&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;setten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ligge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;lig&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;lag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;leggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

=Group 6 (draw, drew, drawn)=
&lt;p&gt;'''a, uo, a-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-a, -u, -aan'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dragge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;drag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;druog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;draggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;farre&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;far&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fuor&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;farren&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slagge&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slag&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sluog&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slaggen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;backe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;back&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;buok&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;backen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wakse&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;waks&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wuoks&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;waksen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sta&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sta&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;stu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;staan&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;grave&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;grav&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gruov&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;graven&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;washe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wash&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wuosh&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;washen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
=Group 7 (fall, fell, fallen)=
&lt;p&gt;'''X, i, X-en'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''-XX, -ie, -XXn'''&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halde&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hald&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hild&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;halden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slaape&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slaap&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;slaapen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;falle&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fil&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fallen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;raade&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;raad&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rid&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;raaden&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hange&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hang&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hing&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hangen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;heete&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;heet&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;heeten&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ga&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ga&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gie&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gaan&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ruope&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ruop&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ruopen&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide adpositions</title>
    <id>3744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43218</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-17T23:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Appendent adpositions */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Due to the extensive inflectionary marking in [[Classical Arithide]], the number of adpositions in common use is very few, although for purposes of scansion, some archaic ones can still be seen in poetry, sometimes in redundancy; the adpositions were revived, however, in [[Modern Arithide]], as postpositions.

==Appendent adpositions==

The appendent adpositions (or postpositions), so called because they are appended to the connective case of nouns, are in more widespread use than the standalone prepositions. Forming discrete nouns from the root which carry specific positional or lative denotations, they include the following common ones:

*'''ānos, ān''' temporal locative, not added to nouns denoting time; this effectively makes a new noun, which is then declined accordingly
**'''''Taitiān ūliāno''' medeon.'' '''When it is night''' we shall wait '''for it to be day''' (lit. for daytime). ([[Kasūbos|Casubus]])
**'''''Filān''' eiēs nis obissimnai.'' His wine disappears (lit. tends to disappear) '''when he is with his friends''' (lit. when he is a friend).
**'''''Serrānis''' syndrēs itor evtēn.'' The sins '''of power''' (lit. of when powerful) reveal the man.
*'''dolos, dolō''' &quot;around&quot;
**'''''Alladolō''' siethē senēn.'' There are flowers '''around (surrounding) the city'''. (See also the next section)
*'''dunios, duniō''' &quot;out of&quot;
**'''''Steptaduniō''' sōpedēs nagi ena konegēn.'' &quot;'''Out of the fortress''' the soldiers rushed like a wave.&quot; ([[Oskēs|Osces]], ''[[Ārēs Baenanēs|The Baenian Wars]]'')
*'''innos, innum''' &quot;top&quot;
**'''''Epsolinnum''' lārēs senēn.'' There is a clock '''on''' (top of the) building.
**cf. '''''Epsolum''' lārēs senēn.'' There is a clock '''on''' (the face of etc. but not the top of) the building.
*'''iros, irae''' &quot;towards&quot;
**''Fēnus '''abitirae''' abulon!'' (We) will march '''towards the abode''' of the gods! ([[Haratos|Haratus]], ''Orations'')
*'''iros, iri''' &quot;within, inside&quot; (inessive marker)
**''Inne '''roimiri kithiri''' flēgos faeos pēdēn.'' &quot;In this frail body there lies a robust mind.&quot; (Haratus, ''Orations'')
*'''isos, isae''' &quot;against, counter&quot;
**'''''Kodhisae''' sōpedēs solmē toiti.'' The soldiers fought (lit. battled) bitterly '''against the enemy'''.
*'''men, menum''' &quot;in front of&quot;
**''Egnī viringa '''dagemenum''' daktēn.'' The black sedan stopped '''in front of the house'''.
*'''stera, strera''' &quot;beside&quot;
**''Savlus '''orestrera''' rodēor ariftimnai.'' Grass grows better '''beside a river'''. (Proverb)
*'''tandos, tandum''' ''below&quot;
**'''''Saluntandum''' augulē soni.'' (We) live meagrely '''under the heavens'''. ([[Pladisith|Pladisian]], ''Verses'')

In each of the above cases appending the noun form of the adposition forms an adpositional noun that is usually a circumlocution of another noun (e.g. ''saluntandos'' &quot;the place under the heavens&quot;, instead of ''saluntandum'', is an alternative of ''halagum'' &quot;on earth, in the mortal world&quot;).

==Standalone adpositions==

Most standalone adpositions govern a designated case or several designated cases; the latter situation indicates multiple, usually related, meanings canvassed under the preposition concerned.

*'''ansa''' ''+ accusative'' &quot;before (adverbial)&quot;
**'''''Mena/Menās ōssi ansa''' dōno enespi.'' She had hoped '''before she died''' that her son would return. ''(i.e. she is dead)''
**cf. '''''Menās ōssi ansa''' dōn enespi.'' She had hoped that her son would return, '''before he died.''' ''(i.e. son is dead)''
*'''ansa''' ''+ temporal locative ablative'' (see previous section) &quot;before (independent)&quot;
**'''''Mena/Menās ōssirānōn ansa''' dōno enespi.'' She had hoped that her son would return '''before she died'''. ''(i.e. she is living, but has given up)''
**cf. '''''Menās ōssirānōn ansa''' dōn enespi.'' She had hoped that her son would return '''before he died.''' ''(i.e. son still living, but she has given up)''
*'''dolō''' ''+ ablative'' &quot;around&quot;
**'''''Dolō allior''' siethē senā.'' There are flowers '''all about the city'''. (See also the previous section.)
*'''paro''' or '''par''' ''+ ablative'' &quot;about, regarding&quot;
**'''''Par''' kossinātēn '''zierrēn''' nam '''dialōn''' fēnus segeri.'' Of humans who have fallen (lit. fallen humans) and the rise of the gods (I) write. (Daldaian the Younger, ''Songs'')
*'''syba''' ''+ accusative'' &quot;after (adverbial)&quot;{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Leidro syba''' fādou dōno Tētio te illossēn.'' The father wants to name his son &quot;Tētios&quot; '''after he is born'''.
*'''syba''' ''+ temporal locative ablative'' (see next section) &quot;after (independent)&quot;{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Leidrānōn syba''' okkor saiera kurrebi.'' '''Since he was born''' (lit. since birth) he has always quarrelled with his sister.
*'''sīs/sīn''' ''+ ablative'' &quot;by (agentive)&quot;
**'''''Sīs''' avnossātōn '''pitōn''' hedhurās.'' (They) were planted '''by a man''' whom we do not know.
*'''sīs/sīn''' ''+ instrumental'' &quot;with (accompaniment)&quot;
**'''''Sīn filet''' (etel) eurīs vaksei.'' (He) had gone to the park (together) '''with his friend'''.
*'''te''' ''+ accusative'' direct quotation particle
**''Leidro syba fādou dōno '''Tētio te''' illossēn.'' The father wants to name his son '''&quot;Tētios&quot;''' after he is born.

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide declension]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide prepositions</title>
    <id>3745</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>18686</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-21T10:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Classical Arithide prepositions]] moved to [[Classical Arithide adpositions]]: changed nature</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Classical Arithide adpositions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide conjugation</title>
    <id>3746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51173</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-27T23:46:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Voice and transitivity */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{seealso|Classical Arithide grammar}}

[[Classical Arithide]] verbs are divided into two classes: active-voice and middle-voice; each is divided into two conjugations based on their stems: whether they end in a vowel or a consonant. There is no infinitive, and verbs are quoted in dictionaries in their perfect finite form. The two conjugations differ in their basic finite forms, whereas additional affixes for the various aspects and moods are common; a small group of verbs are mixed-conjugation: though consonant-stem, they take vowel-stem conjugations.

Within consonant-stem verbs, nasal-stems (''-m-'' and ''-n-'') conjugate slightly differently from the non-nasal-stem verbs; also, vowel-stem verbs possess a second stem, with which are formed their derivatives, such as the protractive aspect and the agentive noun.

Verbs in each class are conjugated for four or five voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects, seven moods and one tense, on a cascading hierarchy as above. I.e., to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense. Certain aspects and moods in Classical Arithide constitute separate verbs ''eo ipso'', but, as semi-independent verbs, are not always able to take the full range of verb conjugations.

There is a small class of antideponent verbs in Classical Arithide, i.e. verbs with an active form but a passive meaning.

Verbs are the only group of words in Classical Arithide that exhibit a significant degree of non-inflectionary morphology, namely, agglutination, which occurs in affixing aspects, moods and tenses onto individual verbs.

==Voice and transitivity==

Classical Arithide verbs can also be classified, in grammatical literature, according to whether the root is active or passive. Because of the conflation of voice with transitivity, &quot;active&quot; and &quot;middle&quot; voice may in fact correspond to &quot;transitive&quot; and &quot;intransitive&quot; in certain cases, though to the Areth of the [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|Classical Age]], the difference was scarcely material.

The flexible verb system of the language means that it is possible for individual verbs to cross categories, i.e. for active verbs to take on the middle voice and vice versa. By scholastic agreement, verbs can fall into either of two groups by this criterion: the &quot;weak verbs&quot; (''numatheros'', lit. &quot;down group&quot;) contains verbs that change voice with suffixes, analogously to the Germanic &quot;weak verbs&quot;; the &quot;strong verbs&quot; (''bisatheros'', lit. &quot;up group&quot;) undergo [[Classical Arithide vowel gradation|ablaut]] to convey the same change. Within both groups are verbs whose roots are active, and inflect to middlise/intransitivise; as well as verbs whose roots are middle-voice, and inflect to activise.

===Weak verb voice changes===

When changing voice, weak verbs take various endings, which are not governed by systematic rules and have to be learnt by memory. However, analogical levelling has meant the preponderance of one or two endings productively, with the rest surviving mostly in fossilised form, albeit usually in the most commonly used verbs.

Active-root weak verbs can take the following endings to become middle-voice:
*Verbs with stems ending in ''-r'', or ''-r'' and a vowel, generally take '''''-erai'''''
*Certain rare verbs use '''''-atai''''', '''''-ōsai''''', '''''-ēsai''''' or '''''-ēmai'''''
*All other situations employ the suffix '''''-(o)nai'''''

Middle-voice weak verbs can take the following endings to become active-voice:
*Where the verb takes the infix ''-on-'' (which occurs frequently with some monosyllabic roots), use '''''-erēn'''''
*The following endings are rarer: '''''-airēn''''', '''''-ourēn''''' (whose ''-r-'' disappears in every other inflection), '''''-eirēn''''' 
*All other situations employ '''''-(o)idēn'''''

===Passive===

The biggest morphological difference between the &quot;active&quot; and &quot;middle&quot; verbs, naturally, is the fact that the former category can take on the '''passive voice''', while the latter cannot. The passive in Classical Arithide is formed with the prefix (unusually for a generally suffixing language) ''h(e)(n)-''. The curiously complicated citation form of this prefix is due to the fact that while the usual form used is ''he-'', as with verbs beginning with a consonant, those that begin with a vowel take either the simple ''h-'' or the longer ''hen-''. There appears to be no fast rule governing which prefix each verb takes, and the passive form of each verb beginning with a vowel must learnt by heart.

===Causative===

In addition to the '''active''', '''middle''' and '''passive''' voices, there is also the '''causative''' voice, which denotes agent A ''causing'' agent B to commit a particular action, and can be applied to verbs in any of the other three voices previously mentioned, e.g. :

*''Mādou saī lydārēn.'' &quot;Mother made sister eat.&quot;&lt;br&gt;Here ''lydai'' &quot;to eat&quot; is a middle-voice/intransitive verb causativised by the suffix ''-ārēn''. N.B. ''saī'' &quot;sister&quot; is always in the dative case as she is the target (i.e. indirect object) of the causative.
*''Mādou saī mele lydārēn.'' &quot;Mother made sister eat the apple.&quot;&lt;br&gt;Here ''lydēn'' is an active-voice/transitive verb causativised by the same suffix, resulting in the same causative form for both verbs.
*''Mādou meli helydārēn.'' &quot;Mother made the apple be eaten.&quot;&lt;br&gt;Here ''helydai'' is a passive verb, causativised by exactly the same suffix as before.

The causative can be applied to verbs in their original aspect only, e.g. one can only causativise ''lydēn'' &quot;to eat&quot; in this original perfective aspect and not the imperfective ''luīdēn'' that can be derived from it; likewise causativisation happens to ''vagonai'' &quot;to go, impf.&quot; and not ''vaktai'' &quot;to go, prfv.&quot; or ''vaksa'' &quot;to have gone, perf.&quot;. The reason is that only the semantic value of the root verb is carried over to the causative, and all further conjugation, aspectual, modal or otherwise, is carried out on the causative suffix ''-ārēn''.

===Potentive===

A fifth voice, the '''potentive''' voice with suffix ''-ētai'', is used to express the physical ability (as opposed to permission) of an agent to commit the action in question. This voice can be appended to verbs in any of the other four voices, e.g. the following sentences:

*''Mādou lydētai.'' &quot;Mother can eat.&quot;
*''Mādou mele lydētai.'' &quot;Mother can eat an apple.&quot;&lt;br&gt;N.B. the potentive forms of the transitive and intransitive forms of verbs that do not take an extra infix when changing voice are identical.
*''Meleu helydētai.'' &quot;The apple can (has a physical ability to) be eaten.&quot;
*''Mādou saī mele lydārētai.'' &quot;Mother can make sister eat the apple.&quot;
*''Mādou meli helydārētai.'' &quot;Mother can make the apple be eaten.&quot;

==Conjugations of an Arithide verb==

The basic conjugations of an Arithide verb are given in table format as laid out in the following template.

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | ''verb''
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''habitual, inceptive, frequentative, protractive, volitive''&lt;br&gt;''desiderative, jussive, subjunctive''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''imperative, cohortative''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''supine'' (I)&lt;br&gt;''location'' (II)&lt;br&gt;''instrument'' (V)&lt;br&gt;''agent'' (VI)&lt;br&gt;''patient'' (VII, VI)
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfect aspect''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfect participle''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfect supine''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfective aspect''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfective participle''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''perfective supine''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''imperfective aspect''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''imperfective participle''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''imperfective supine''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''future tense''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''future participle''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''future supine''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''potentive, causative, passive{{footnote|1}}, (middlisation/activisation)''
|}

{{footnote|1}} Note: for why the passive voice exists for both active/transitive and middle/intransitive verbs, see [[below]].

===Stem &amp; gerund===

The conjugation of a verb is conducted with its stem as the basis. To find the stem of a verb, simply remove the perfective ending. For active verbs this is ''-ēn'' for consonant-stems and ''i''-, ''u-'', ''y''-stems, and ''-n'' for all other vowel stems; for middle voice verbs it is ''-ai'' for consonant-stems and ''-nai'' for all vowel stems.

From the stem is formed the second major part of a verb's conjugation, the gerund. The gerunds of vowel-stem verbs are identical to the stems; consonant-stem verbs affix an ''-o'', hence ''napsēn'' &quot;to hide&quot; &gt; ''napso''. Most complex conjugations are formed using the gerund, as are a number of common verbal phrases and periphrastic constructions; frequently, when those conjugations require an affix beginning with a vowel, the ''-o'' of the gerund in consonant-stem verbs is elided.

The gerund for specific aspects of a verb can also be formed from any participial stem, simply by adding ''-to'' (occasionally ''-te''). I.e. the imperfective participle ''pariānos'' &quot;kept running&quot; has the imperfective gerund ''pariānto'' or ''pariānte'', meaning literally &quot;keep running, and...&quot;. This is normally used when the verb in the gerund (being connected) and the final verb in the sentence are of different aspects, e.g.:

''Mena paretei pāthīto artēnai.''&lt;br&gt;
she.NOM reason.PL.ACC listen.IMPF.GER agree.PRFV&lt;br&gt;
She listened continuously to the reasons (i.e. &quot;heard us out&quot;) and agreed.

===Imperative &amp; cohortative===

At the top-right of the table, listed with the stem and the gerund, are the imperative (&quot;walk!&quot;) and the cohortative (&quot;let's walk&quot;) moods respectively. These are the only two forms of the verb that are progressively invariable (see [[Progressive inflection]]), i.e. they do not inflect further for the next level of time-flow distinction, in this case tense. The imperative is formed with V-verbs by lengthening their inherent vowel and adding ''-ra'', and with consonant-stem verbs by adding ''-ēra'' to the stem (i.e. ''napsēn'' &gt; ''napsēra'', ''kalān'' &gt; ''kalāra'', ''sebīn'' &gt; ''sebīra''). In colloquial speech or for purposes of scansion, the final ''-ra'' may be omitted. The cohortative is constructed in consonant-stem verbs by appending ''-ō'' to the stem; vowel-stem verbs add ''-ō'' to their stem, and the thematic vowel is elided with stems ending in ''-a'', ''-o'', ''-u'' and ''-y''.

===Free derivatives===

The only derivative verbs that can conjugate nearly as fully as the active verb itself, with only minimal restrictions (the &quot;free derivatives&quot;), number three, and are the three other verb voices in Classical Arithide: the potentive (''-ētai'', &quot;able to&quot;), causative (''-ārā''/''-ārai'', &quot;make/cause to&quot;) and passive (''he-'', &quot;be done something to&quot;).

To illustrate, ''napsētai'' (''naps-'' + ''-ētai'' potentive) can take any ending that the main verb can, except the passive, because potentive verbs are intransitive by nature and thus do not have a passive; nor can ''henapsai'' (''naps-'' + prefix ''he-'' passive), for the same reason that passive verbs are also intransitive by definition; in addition, the causative is the only derivative of the three that allows recursion: ''napsārārēn'' &quot;make to cause to hide&quot; is semantically permissible, whereas ''napsētētai'' is illogical and ''hegenapsai'' (doubled ''he-''; the second ''he-'' is mutated due to historical phonological sound changes) is forbidden for transitivity reasons as already discussed.

There is a third-person imperative (&quot;let him hide&quot;) ending in ''-(e)sit''&amp;mdash;i.e. ''henapsesit''

Records of earlier Arithide show the passive form as originally having been constructed ''-sita'', which casts some light on the origins of the seemingly irregular third-person imperative, and the patientive verbal noun. The latter is attested as once regular (''napsesitis'', which phonetic attrition reduced), and the former of which is unattested but postulated by scholars to have been ''napsesitu'', paralleling the imperative and cohortative. For those moods, however, no material is available to explain their distinct construction from the active.

====Passive voice on middle-voice verbs====

Despite the limited applicability of the passive voice outlined above, however, the passive does in fact exist for middle/intransitive verbs, except with different meanings: the passive as used with active verbs is the regular passive as speakers of Indo-European languages may be used to; when used with middle verbs, however, the voice takes on a malefactive character. A sentence like ''Kēkou fātis henōssēn.'' (lit. &quot;Cecus was died by his father&quot;) means that Cecus' father died, which caused him much pain, grief, agony and/or trouble.

Such a construction may only take animate subjects, because objects cannot logically be &quot;harmed&quot; by an action. However, this rule is frequently broken by the classical poets, particularly in extended metaphors. Certain transitive verbs also took on a &quot;malefactive passive&quot;, made possible by the existence of a topical case in later periods, ''viz.'':

''Fregādou konāt sīn gybeōn hezilfēn.''
Fregados.TOP wallet.NOM with thief.ABL PASS.steal.PRFV
Fregādos' wallet was stolen by a thief

===Limited derivatives===

The &quot;limited derivative&quot; verbs are, as opposed to the free derivatives, independent derivative verbs that may not take the full range of conjugations. Most derivatives in this category are modal and infixed between the verb stem and its voice endings: the '''inceptive''' mood (''-iz-'' &quot;to begin to&quot;), the '''frequentative''' (''-eus-'' &quot;to do repeatedly&quot;), the '''protractive''' (''-nd-'' &quot;to go on and on&quot;), the '''volitive''' (''-oum-'' &quot;to be willing to&quot;), the '''desiderative''' (''-ss-' &quot;to want to&quot;), the '''jussive''' (''-sp- &quot;to want the listener to&quot;) and the '''[[Subjunctive mood (Classical Arithide)|subjunctive]]''' (''-ōn-''). The first three moods take the imperfective stem; the latter three take the gerundive stem with C-verbs and the basic stem with V-verbs. None of these verbs may take a subordinate voice (as they are moods), nor recur outside literature (i.e. ''napsizizai'', for example, is not normally permissible); all may take the inceptive and the subjunctive subordinately, and the inceptive may take the frequentative in subordination, to give the meaning of &quot;repeatedly began (but never finished)&quot;.

Also part of the limited derivatives are the progressively invariable '''habitual''' and '''perfective habitual''' aspects, which are conjugated like tenses, by taking the imperfective stem, infixing ''-mn-'', and conjugating it for the perfect or perfective aspect, e.g. ''hoirimnai'' &quot;used to turn (intr.)&quot;. The simple habitual (with the perfect-aspect ending) also doubles as the generic mood, to express universals, e.g. ''lēreu dialimnai'', &quot;the sun rises (every day as a matter of certainty/fact)&quot;. These aspects are considered unique, in that they are the only ones that may follow a mood in affixation, to give, e.g. ''agnizimnai'' &quot;he habitually begins to do things (and leave them hanging afterwards)&quot;.

===Verbal nouns===

The left side of the table, shaded slightly darker, lists the main verbal nouns, of agency (doer), of patiency (done to), of instrument (tool), of location (place done at), as well as the supine (act of). The supine is a declension I noun, locative nouns are declension II, agentive nouns are of declension VI and instrumentive nouns are declension Vb, the patientive is declension VII (see [[Classical Arithide declension]] for the respective inflection patterns).

Different consonant stems take different epenthetic consonants in forming their supines and locatives, illustrated by the table below:

{| style=&quot;width: 400px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc; padding: 2px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 200px&quot; | Voiceless plosives/fricatives || style=&quot;width: 200px&quot; | Voiced plosives/fricatives
|-
| to'''p'''ēn, top-, to'''pth'''os{{footnote|1}} || ste'''b'''ēn, steb-, ste'''pth'''os 
|-
| i'''k'''ēn, ik-, i'''kth'''os{{footnote|1}} || va'''g'''ai, vag-, va'''kth'''os 
|-
| ga'''t'''ēn, gat-, ga'''tth'''os{{footnote|1}} || fi'''d'''ēn, fid-, fi'''tth'''os 
|-
| pa'''th'''ēn, path-, pa'''tth'''os || fo'''dh'''ēn, fodh-, fo'''tth'''os 
|-
| bē'''s'''ēn, bēs-, bē'''sth'''os || fi'''z'''ēn, fiz-, fi'''sth'''os 
|-
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sonorants
|-
| da'''m'''ēn, dam-, da'''nth'''os || the'''n'''ēn, then-, the'''nth'''os
|-
| su'''l'''ēn, sul-, su'''lth'''os || le'''r'''ēn, ler-, le'''sth'''os 
|-
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Clusters, Geminates
|-
| ko'''mp'''ēn, komp-, ko'''mpth'''os || ka'''mb'''ēn, kamb-, ka'''mpth'''os
|-
| e'''pt'''ēn, ept-, e'''pth'''os || da'''nd'''ēn, dand-, da'''nth'''os
|-
| a'''rk'''ēn, ark-, a'''rkth'''os || ka'''rg'''ēn, karg-, ka'''rkth'''os
|-
| a'''lm'''ēn, alm-, a'''lmpth'''os || se'''ln'''ēn, seln-, se'''lnth'''os
|-
| i'''ll'''ēn, ill-, i'''lth'''os{{footnote|1}} || 
|-
| fi'''rr'''ēn, firr-, fi'''rreth'''os{{footnote|1}} || ē'''br'''ēn, ēbr-, ē'''breth'''os 
|-
| he'''ss'''ēn, hess-, he'''sseth'''os{{footnote|1}} || 
|}

{{footnote|1}} Geminates for all consonants form their verbal nouns by adding an epenthetic ''-e-'', i.e. ''stammēn'' &amp;gt; ''stammethos'' etc. The only exception is with ''-ll-'', which nominalises identically to verbs in a single ''-l-''.

Middle verbs go through the same process when they take the perfect-aspect ending ''-sei'' and its derivatives, and the tables above are repeated below with actual middle verbs as examples:

{| style=&quot;width: 400px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc; padding: 2px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 200px&quot; | Voiceless plosives/fricatives || style=&quot;width: 200px&quot; | Voiced plosives/fricatives
|-
| de'''p'''ai, dep-, de'''ps'''ei || ro'''b'''ai, rob-, ro'''ps'''ei 
|-
| dī'''k'''ai, dīk-, di'''ks'''ei || va'''g'''ai, vag-, va'''ks'''ei 
|-
| dū'''t'''ai, dūt-, dū'''ss'''ei || lei'''d'''ai, leid-, lei'''ss'''ei
|-
| hī'''th'''ai, hīth-, hī'''ss'''ei || fo'''dh'''ai, fodh-, fo'''ss'''ei
|-
| kla'''s'''ai, klas-, kla'''ss'''ei || au'''z'''ai, auz-, au'''ss'''ei
|-
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sonorants
|-
| he'''m'''ai, hem-, he'''ns'''ei || fi'''n'''ai, fin-, fi'''ns'''ei
|-
| idi'''l'''ēn, idil-, idi'''ls'''ei || ka'''r'''ai, kar-, ka'''ss'''ei
|-
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Clusters, Geminates
|-
| the'''mp'''ai, themp-, the'''mps'''ei || fle'''mb'''ai, flemb-, fle'''mps'''ei
|-
| re'''pt'''ai, rept-, re'''ps'''ei || ba'''nd'''ai, band-, ba'''nz'''ei
|-
| ki'''rk'''ai, kirk-, ki'''rks'''ei, ki'''rkes'''ei || o'''rg'''ai, org-, o'''rks'''ei, o'''rges'''ei
|-
| ha'''ll'''ai, hall-, ha'''ls'''ei || sy'''pl'''ai, sypl-, sy'''ples'''ei
|-
| ka'''rr'''ai, karr-, ka'''rres'''ei || sū'''br'''ai, sūbr-, sū'''bres'''ei
|-
| ko'''ss'''ai, koss-, ko'''ss'''ei || fi''gn''ai, fign-, fi''gnes''ei
|}


===Aspects &amp; tenses===

Classical Arithide was an aspect-salient language; distinctions as &quot;he eats&quot; and &quot;he ate&quot; mattered far less to an Arithide-speaker then than did ones such as &quot;he ate&quot; and &quot;he was eating&quot;. In this respect it bears much resemblance to the Chinese languages. The proclivity towards aspect-differentiation rather than tense persisted well into the [[Koine Arithide|koine]] era, and it was only with the rise of [[Modern Arithide]] did tenses begin to play a greater role.

The verb conjugation table is ordered with the aspects preceding tenses, for reasons of origin: the tenses ultimately derive from reduced versions of the aspects; the perfect aspect gave rise to the present tense, the perfective to the past tense, and the once-common irrealis/conditional mood decayed into the future tense, in a logical process of mapping, in the final decades of the [[Lazeian Empire#Equora_dynasty_.28480_CIE.E2.80.94907_CIE.29|Equora dynasty]]. Written records exhibit tenses only from the late 9th century [[CIE]], and even then only in informal documents.

{{seealso|Development of Classical Arithide tenses}}

With the stronger role of the tenses in the koine, finer temporal distinctions became possible, and the aspects evolved from finite verb forms to dually functioning affixes: they could stand alone without tense-marking, or they could act as aspectual stems and take tenses. This overlapping feature of the aspect was often utilised in literature, as well as politics, for reasons of style, emphasis, or deliberate ambiguity.

===Participles===

The participles of the various aspects and the conditional mood serve two main purposes. First, due to the SOV syntax of Classical Arithide, verbs were used prenominally as modifiers. Initially these modifier verbs used the same forms as final verbs, but gradually evolved distinct forms with lengthened vowels and, in the case of the imperfective, lost the accompanying consonant. Adjectives of the verbal class, however, did not undergo this change (see [[Classical Arithide adjectives]]). Second, analogously to the Latin ablative absolute construction, the participles could indicate the context of a main sentence, e.g.

*''Kodhē '''roisāī''', sōpedāī tholthae vermairēn.'' '''Having weakened''' the enemy, the soldiers went in for the kill.&lt;br&gt;
''roimēn'', stem ''roim-'', perfect aspect ''roisa'', perf. participle ''rois-'', perf. ptcp. class-V pl. ''roisāī''

These participle forms were largely developed already by the [[Lazeian_Empire#Aphoiros_dynasty_.28281_CIE.E2.80.94443_CIE.29|Aphoiros dynasty]], and codified into the language of the respectable classes upon the rise of the Equora.

===Participial verbal nouns===

Participles can also derive verbal nouns, such as ''sthorasthos'' &quot;the fact that you have held (him) back&quot; or ''sthorasthon'' &quot;the person who has held (him) back&quot;, from ''sthorasos'' &quot;having held back&quot;, from ''sthorasa'' &quot;has held back, to hold back&quot;, in turn from ''sthorān'' &quot;to hold back&quot;. These are quoted in the tables below in the abstract ''-os'' form which corresponds to &quot;the fact that...&quot;, but can also take declension V endings by replacing the ending ''-os'' with ''-on'', changing their meaning to become &quot;the person who...&quot;.

==Deriving other parts of speech==

Like many other SOV languages, most notably Japanese, early Classical Arithide could turn its verbs into modifiers simply by putting them directly before the noun they modify, e.g. ''ores solai'' &quot;the river flows (lit. ''is flowing'')&quot; vs. ''solai ores'' &quot;the flowing river&quot; &quot;the river that flows (lit. ''is flowing'')&quot;. However, due to the language's extensive and growing inflection, and consequently considerably free word order, the practice declined rather early on in the [[Lazeian Empire]]'s existence in favour of the participle forms, which had already begun to differentiate from the finite forms before the [[conquest of Galaria]] (see [[Classical Arithide verb differentiation]]); it only experienced a sort of recovery after the fall of the Equora dynasty, and the consequent accelerated decay of the intricate inflection system it had built up over the years.

In the conjugation tables below, the participles for each verb are listed with an additional letter each appended in parentheses to the end. In the &quot;standard&quot; Classical Arithide, the correct participle forms do not include the letters in brackets, nor as modifiers include them but simply conjugate in their base form according to the declension class of their referent. In earlier periods, however, up to the decades before the [[Three Hundred Golden Years]], the correct forms for the perfective and imperfective participles ended in ''-a'', subsequently dropped, and as modifiers of the nominal class declined as per the [[Classical Arithide declension|fifth declension]].

At the same time, in the active and middle voices verbs can form various adjectives and nouns using their different aspectual participle forms (such as ''fragai'' &quot;to rebel, to mutiny&quot; &gt; ''fraignāī sōpedāī'' (with impf. aspect) &quot;rebelling/mutinying soldiers&quot;, ''fraksāī sōpedāī'' (with perf. aspect) &quot;soldiers who have rebelled/mutinied&amp;mdash;''implied'' and by consequence are now no longer part of the force&quot;, ''fragnāī sōpedāī'' (with prfv. aspect) &quot;soldiers who rebelled/mutinied&amp;mdash;before/once, and that is over and done with in their histories&quot;). This is also true for the passive voice, hence ''hezusser Ganymēder'' (perf.) &quot;stolen Ganymede&quot; is still missing while ''hezunner Ganymēder'' (prfv.) has been returned, and Zeus can stil be seen taking away ''hezyrer Ganymēder'' (impf.).

==Voice, aspect, mood and tense==

Verbs in each class are conjugated for four or five voices, three basic aspects, five derivative aspects and seven moods. Of the following list, those marked with an asterisk form separate verbs (i.e. take their own infinitives), which usually do not hold the full conjugation range. Additionally, the interrogative mood is (commonly, and obligatorily in writing but not speech) marked with the auxiliary particle ''da''. Verbs are conjugated on a cascading hierarchy as above, i.e. to the root form of the verb would first be appended affixes indicating voice, followed by aspect, then mood and subsequently tense.

===Voices===

*'''Active''' John hits the ball.
*'''Middle''' John makes a hit.
*'''Passive''' The ball is hit by John.
*'''Causative''' Jack makes John hit the ball.
*'''Potentive''' Jack can hit the ball.

===Aspects===

*'''Imperfective''', indicating the progression of an action
**'''Habitual/Generic''' &amp; '''Perfective Habitual''' I walk/used to walk to work every day. Mangoes (used to) grow on trees.
**'''Protractive'''* I walk on and on; I go on walking.
**'''Inceptive'''* I begin to walk.
**'''Frequentative'''* I walk around.
*'''Perfective''', indicating the completion of an action
*'''Perfect''' I have walked to the cinema (and am now there).

===Moods===

*'''Indicative''', stating facts, strong beliefs
*'''Subjunctive'''*, used with wishes, hopes, doubts, conditions
*'''Desiderative'''* I want to walk.
*'''Jussive'''* I want you to walk.
*'''Volitive''', I am willing to walk
*'''Imperative''' Walk!
*'''Cohortative''' Let's walk.
*'''Negative'''{{footnote|1}} I do not walk.

{{footnote|1}}There are technically two types of the negative mood in Classical Arithide, but traditionally have been conflated into one by the [[Dethrians]], who were not generally able to effectively distinguish between the two (see next section for more information).

===Future tense===

Classical Arithide has an odd, anomalous tense in its morphological system, namely the future tense, with ending ''-ma/-mai''. The use of this tense is very limited, being restricted to only the literal meaning of &quot;ahead of time&quot;, and is used like a relative tense. I.e. even when speaking about the past, this future tense can still be used as long as the action in question took place ''after'' the point of time reference, e.g. ''Mena labi'''mai'''tho derēisa.'' &quot;I had hoped that she would call for me.&quot; As may be observed, here where Classical Arithide uses the simple future, English with its absolute tense system uses the future perfect.

==Negation==

In Classical Arithide, as with its modern descendant, there are two possible ways of constructing negation&amp;mdash;''broad'' and ''narrow''&amp;mdash;using the affix ''av-, -va'' respectively. Broad negation negates the semantic meaning of an entire word, phrase, or even sentence; the narrow variant negates only the specific conjugated meaning of the verb.

Compare the following two sentences and the nuanced difference in their meaning:
*''Vaktho raenētai'''va'''.'' You can'''not''' choose to go. (lit. &quot;going choose-can-not&quot;)
*''Vaktho '''au'''raenētai.'' You can '''not''' choose to go. ''or'' You can choose '''not''' to go. (lit. &quot;going not-choose-can&quot;)
*'''''Au'''vaktho raenētai.'' You can choose '''not''' to go. (lit. &quot;not-going choose-can&quot;)

The former sentence is an example of narrow negation, because the negative suffix applies only to the conjugated verb, i.e. it refers to the narrow act of not choosing; the latter of broad, because the prefix inverts the lexical meaning of the verb, and subsequent conjugations modify the prefixed verb as a single unit of negative meaning&amp;mdash;the new word is technically considered grammatically affirmative.

Certain constructions require the use of either of the negatives over the other due to grammatical constraints, e.g. in the case of the following two sentences:
#''Sit iter '''au'''vagōn do, vagmai.'' If that person is not going, I will go.
#''Sit iter vagōn do, vagmai'''va'''.'' If that person is going, I will not go.
#''Sit iter '''au'''vagespai.'' He does not want that person to go. (Lit. &quot;he desires the person to not-go&quot;)
#''Sit iter vagespai'''va'''.'' He does not want that person to go. (Lit. &quot;he desires not the person to go&quot;)

In the first sentence the broad negative has to be employed due to the overlap in the various functions of the subjunctive mood, which here is used as a &quot;subjunctive of condition&quot;: if it were said ''Sit iter vagōnaiva...'', it would imply a separate grammatical topic (e.g. ''dās'' &quot;I&quot;, ''nās'' &quot;he&quot; etc.) and that the subjunctive is being used as a &quot;subjunctive of desire&quot;, i.e. the clause would mean, instead, the equivalent of sentence (4).

==Conjugation paradigms==

=== Active-voice consonant-stem verbs ===

Active voice verb ''valēn'' &quot;to site, to settle (tr.)&quot;:

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | VAL-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | valimnēn, valīzēn, valeusēn, valindēn, valoumēn&lt;br&gt;valossēn, valospēn, valōnēn
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''imp.'' valē(ra)&lt;br&gt;''coh.'' valō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' valthos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' valthas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' valeta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' valthera, valon&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' valthis, valthion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''nos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''nethos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vail'''a'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vail'''nos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vail'''nthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''sa'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''sos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''sthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''ma'''&lt;br&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''mos'''&lt;br&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | val'''onthos'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;lt; *valumthos &amp;lt; *valmthos
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | val'''ētai''', val'''ārēn''', '''he'''val'''ai''', (val'''onai''')
|}

Verbs whose stems end in ''-n'' take a slightly different ending in the perfective aspect, which has arisen due to historical phonetic dissimulation: ''sennēn'' &quot;to order, to command&quot;.

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | SENN-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | sennimnēn, sennīzēn, senneusēn, sennindēn, sennoumēn&lt;br&gt;sennossēn, sennospēn, sennōnēn 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''imp.'' sennē(ra)&lt;br&gt;''coh.'' sennō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' sennethos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' sennethas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' senneta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' sennethera, sennon&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' sennosis, sennosion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''emos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''enthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seinn'''a'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seinn'''emos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seinn'''enthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''esa'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''esos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''esthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''ema''', seinn'''ema'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''emos''', seinn'''emos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | senn'''enthos''', seinn'''enthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | senn'''ētai''', senn'''ārēn''', '''hez'''enn'''ai''', (senn'''erai''')
|}

{{WIP}}

===Active-voice vowel-stem verbs===

====A-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | KALA-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | kalamnēn, kalazai, kalēusai, kalandai, kalōumai&lt;br&gt;kalassai, kalaspai, kalōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | kalā(ra)&lt;br&gt;kalō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' kalatos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' kalatas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' kalateta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' kalater, kalaton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' kalasis, kalasion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''as'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''antos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''athos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''ān'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''aumos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''ōnthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''āi'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''āios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kal'''aithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kala'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kala'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | kala'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | kalētai, kalatārēn, hegalanai, (kalanai)
|}

====E-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | VERE-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | veremnēn, verezai, vereusai, verendai, verioumai&lt;br&gt; veressai, verespai, veriōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | verē(ra)&lt;br&gt; vereō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' veretos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' veretas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' veriteta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' veriter, veriton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' veresis, veresion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''es'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''entos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''ethos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''eumos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''iōnthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''ēi'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''ēios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ver'''eithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vere'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vere'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | vere'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | veriētai, veretārēn, heverenai, (veremai)
|}

====I-, U-, Y-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | SEBI-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | sebimnēn, sebizai, sebiousai, sebindai, sebioumai&lt;br&gt;sebissai, sebispai, sebiōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | sebī(ra)&lt;br&gt;sebiō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' sebitos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' sebitas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' sebiteta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' sebiter, sebiton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' sebisis, sebision
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''is'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''itos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''ithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''iēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''eumos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''ionthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''iēi'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''iēios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | seb'''ieithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sebi'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sebi'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sebi'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sebiētai, sebitārēn, hezebinai (sebierai)
|}

====O-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | NIRO-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | niromnēn, nirozai, nirousai, nirondai, nirōumai&lt;br&gt; nirossai, nirospai, nirōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | nirē(ra)&lt;br&gt; nirō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' nissos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' nissas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' nisseta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' nisser, nisson&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' nissis, nission
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''ās'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''āsos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''āsthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''oumos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''ōnthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''īos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''īthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ni'''mma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ni'''mmos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | nir'''onthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | nirētai, nirārēn, henironai, (nironai)
|}

===Middle-voice consonant-stem verbs===

'The following table uses the example verb 'aurai'' &quot;to meet&quot;:

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | AUR-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | aurimnai, aurīzai, aureusai, aurindai, auroumai&lt;br&gt;aurossai, aurospai, aurōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''imp.'' aurē(ra)&lt;br&gt;''coh.'' aurō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' aussos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' aussas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' aureta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' ausser, auron&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' aussis, aussion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | au'''ssei'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | au'''ssēnios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | au'''ssinthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''ai'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''aikos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''aithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''ānos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''ānthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | au'''mmai'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;*aurmai
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | au'''mmos'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;*aurmos
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | aur'''onthos'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;lt;*aurumthos &amp;lt;*aurmthos
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | aur'''ētai''', aur'''ārēn''', (aur'''eirēn''')
|}

===Middle-voice vowel-stem verbs===

====A-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | THŌRA-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | thōramnai, thōrazai, thōrōusai, thōrandai, thōrōumai&lt;br&gt;thōrassai, thōraspai, thōrōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | thōrē(ra)&lt;br&gt;thōrō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' thōratos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' thōratas &lt;br&gt;''ins.'' thōrateta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' thōrater, thōraton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' thōrasis, thōrasion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''asei'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''asēnios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''esinthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''anai'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''aikos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''aithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''ānos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōr'''ānthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōra'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōra'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | thōra'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | thōrētai, thōrārēn, (thōrairēn)
|}

====E-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | PARE-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | paremnai, parezai, pareusai, parendai, parioumai&lt;br&gt;paressai, parespai, pariōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | parē(ra)&lt;br&gt;pariō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' paretos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' paretas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' pariteta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' pariter, pariton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' paresis, paresion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''isei'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''isēnios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''esinthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''enai'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''eikos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''eithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''iā'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''iānos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | par'''iānthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | pare'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | pare'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | pare'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | pariētai, pariārēn, (pareirēn)
|}

Note the raising of ''-e-'' to ''-i-'' if the following vowel is non-high.

====I-, U-, Y-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | ANKI-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ankimnai, ankizai, ankiousai, ankindai, ankioumai&lt;br&gt;ankissai, ankispai, ankiōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ankī(ra)&lt;br&gt;ankiō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' ankitos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' ankitas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' ankiteta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' ankiter, ankiton&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' ankisis, ankision
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''sei'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''sēnios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ank'''esinthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ank'''inai'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ank'''īkos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ank'''īthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''ānos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''ānthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | anki'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ankiētai, ankiārēn, (ankieirēn)
|}

====O-stem verbs====

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | GIGO-
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | gigimnai, gigizai, gigeusai, gigondai, gigoumai&lt;br&gt;gigossai, gigospai, gigōnai
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | gigē(ra)&lt;br&gt;gigō&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''sup.'' gigsos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' gigsas &lt;br&gt;''ins.'' gigeta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' gigeter, gigon&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' gigosis, gigosion
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''esei'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''osēnios'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''esinthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''onai'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''eikos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''eithos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''ānos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gig'''ānthos'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gigo'''ma'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gigo'''mos'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | gigo'''nthos'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | gigētai, gigārēn, (geigēn*)
|}

* ''irregular''

==Mixed conjugation verbs==

{{wip}}

The mixed conjugation verbs are all consonant-stem verbs that conjugate as per vowel-stems. Due to the consequent coincidence of the consonants from the stem and the ending, phonetic assimilation or dissimilation may occur as demonstrated below. In certain cases where the syllable structure of the verb changes (e.g. from open to closed), vowel alterations may also take place with the high vowels ''i'' and ''u'', lowering them to ''e'' and ''o'' respectively.

Certain mixed-conjugation verbs also act as if they were ''e''-stem verbs, and can conjugate accordingly, leading to two different conjugal matrices for the same verb; all the example verbs given below belong to this category: ''ludēn'' &quot;to gamble&quot;, ''dagēn'' &quot;to contain&quot;, ''simēn'' &quot;to host&quot; and ''levēn'' &quot;big&quot;.

{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | LUDĒN
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | lud-, ludo, lud'''ē(ra)''', lud'''ō(ra)'''&lt;br&gt;ludabēn, ludārēn, losstēn
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''sup.'' luttos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' luttas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' ludeta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' ludon (lutter)&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' ludosis
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''es''', lud'''er-'''&lt;br&gt; lō'''s''', lō'''r-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''ent'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''es'''&lt;br&gt; lō'''s'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''et''', lud'''ed-'''&lt;br&gt; lut'''t''', lod'''d-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''ēth'''&lt;br&gt; lō'''th'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''eth'''&lt;br&gt; lut'''th'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''ian''', lud'''iam-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lud'''ian'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(lud'''iōn''', lud'''ium-''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(lud'''iōn''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; |  lud'''iōn'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ludimnēn, ludizēn, ludivasēn, ludindēn&lt;br&gt;ludossēn, ludospēn, ludōnēn
|}


{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | DAGĒN
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | dag-, dago, dag'''ē(ra)''', dag'''ō(ra)'''&lt;br&gt;dagabēn, dagārēn, dakstēn
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''sup.'' daktos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' daktas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' dageta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' dagon (dakter)&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' dagosis
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''es''', dag'''er-'''&lt;br&gt; dak'''s''', dag'''r-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''ent'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''es'''&lt;br&gt; dak'''s'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''et''', dag'''ed-'''&lt;br&gt; dak'''t''', dag'''d-'''/dang'''d-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''ēth'''&lt;br&gt; dāk'''th'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''eth'''&lt;br&gt; dak'''th'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''ian''', dag'''iam-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''ian'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(dag'''iōn''', dag'''ium-''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(dag'''iōn''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | dag'''iōn'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | dagimnēn, dagizēn, dagivasēn, dagindēn&lt;br&gt;dagossēn, dagospēn, dagōnēn
|}


{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | SIMĒN
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | sim-, simo, sim'''ē(ra)''', sim'''ō(ra)'''&lt;br&gt;simabēn, simārēn, simostēn
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''sup.'' semptos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' semptas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' simeta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' simon (sempter)&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' simosis
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''es''', sim'''er-'''&lt;br&gt;semp'''s''', semp'''r-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''ent'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''es'''&lt;br&gt;semp'''s'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''et''', sim'''ed-'''&lt;br&gt;semp'''t''', semb'''d-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''ēth'''&lt;br&gt;sēmpth
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''eth'''&lt;br&gt;sempth
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''ian''', sim'''iam-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | sim'''ian'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(sim'''iōn''', sim'''ium-''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(sim'''iōn''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; |  sim'''iōn'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | simimnēn, simizēn, simivasēn, simindēn&lt;br&gt;simossēn, simospēn, simōnēn
|}


{| style=&quot;width: 500px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; | LEVĒN
| style=&quot;width: 375px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | lev-, levo, lev'''ē(ra)''', lev'''ō(ra)'''&lt;br&gt;levabēn, levārēn, lepstēn
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px; background: #dfdfdf; border-right: 1pt dashed #cccccc&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''sup.'' leptos&lt;br&gt;''loc.'' leptas&lt;br&gt;''ins.'' leveta&lt;br&gt;''agt.'' levon (lepter)&lt;br&gt;''pat.'' levosis
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''es''', lev'''er-'''&lt;br&gt; lep'''s''', lep'''r-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''ent'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''es'''&lt;br&gt; lep'''s'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''et''', lev'''ed-'''&lt;br&gt; lep'''t''', leb'''d-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''ēth'''&lt;br&gt; lēp'''th'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''eth'''&lt;br&gt; lep'''th'''
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''ian''', lev'''iam-'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''ian'''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(lev'''iōn''', lev'''ium-''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | ''(lev'''iōn''')''
| style=&quot;width: 125px&quot; | lev'''iōn'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | levimnēn, levizēn, levvasēn, levindēn&lt;br&gt;levossēn, levospēn, levōnēn
|}

==See also==

*[[List of Classical Arithide irregular verbs]]

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide declension]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide adpositions]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Attested diachronic changes</title>
    <id>3747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47547</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:52:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Rule of Change */ mr</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Sound changes=
==The Rule of Change==
(So called because the word &quot;change&quot; resulted from it ;))
In proto-French, ''bia'' at the end of a word changed to ''ge'', and ''mbia'' changed to ''nge''.
* cambia → change
* salvia → *salbia (whence German Salbei) → *salge → sauge &quot;sage (plant)&quot;
* simia → *simbia → singe &quot;monkey&quot;
* fimbria → *frimbia → fringe

==The Rule of the Maltese Bonfire==
''El '''milagro''' de la '''palabra''' lo salvó del '''peligro''' de la culebra.'' See Acts 28.
In Spanish, VrVClV -&gt; VlVCrV.
* miraculum → *miraglo → milagro
* parabola → *parabla → palabra
* periculum → *periglo → peligro
This happened at the same time as Portuguese split from Spanish, or in a race condition with the deletion of intervocalic ''l'' and ''n'' in Portuguese. The first two words are ''milagre'' and ''palavra'', but ''perigo'' did not metathesize, but lost its ''l'' like ''cobra''.

Anyone who has these words in Old Spanish or any attestation of French intermediate forms, please add. [[User:PierreAbbat|PierreAbbat]] 18:23, 29 December 2007 (PST)

Is this really metathesis? It seems it could also have gone like this:
* VrVCVlV → VrVClV (syncope) → VrVCrV (*Cl not otherwise permitted by this stage!) → VlVCrV (dissimilation)
--[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 19:28, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

=Morphological changes=

=Syntactic changes=
==Coordinating negative in French==
French acquired a coordinating negative (it normally takes two words to simply negate a verb) by extension of ''je ne marche pas'' &quot;I'm not walking a step&quot; to all words.

=Semantic changes=

[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan religion</title>
    <id>3748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44691</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-15T17:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* 1-3 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=

=The Chronicle of Creation &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭerâſĭo perȝêĸəðlos&lt;/font&gt;=
==1-3==
1. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéneſântus, potêſus, néleôndo rézſedôſĭ' ev' ââȝam  per ſêda. ôit' ââȝas кəкêêrкŭa.&lt;/font&gt;

''Senesantus, the Self-existent, sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Eon. The First Eon ended.''

2. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéneſântus, potêſus, núſĭ' ôкŭon tətîva. ćŭîſa lûĸas per tââla. ćîſa luкâſĭo aɱdôntus ɱêlpaþus per êſa. néleôndo rézſedôſĭ' ev' ââȝam per ſêda. dŭȍt' ââȝas кəкêêrкŭa.&lt;/font&gt;

''Senesantun, the Self-existent, opened his eyes. Resplendent light became. The Fountain of Resplendent Light was pleased. He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Eon. The Second Eon ended.''

3. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéneſântus, potêſus, ćîſa lûĸas aɱdôntus źái néĸŭos nêſa. ćêla. źaí per êêga. néleôndo rézſedôſĭ' ápo per vêra.  per mêba. teerîȝos ſênĭo pêlćos ɱééla per tââla. ćŭantôſĭo mêbus ɱêlpaþun per êſa. néleôndo rézſedôſĭ' éva ââȝam per ſêda. tîrta ââȝas ĸəĸêêrĸŭa.&lt;/font&gt;

''Senesantus,the Self-existent, the Fountain of Resplendent Light, said, &quot;There is nothing.  It must be.&quot; He arose from the Adamantine Throne.  He danced. With each turn a galaxy became. The Dancer of the Cosmos was pleased. He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Eon. The Third Eon ended.''

==4==
4. &lt;font color=blue&gt;Séneſântus, potêſus, ćŭîſa luĸâſī' aɱdôntus, ćŭantôſĭo mêbus źái néćŭon êſa. ćêla. źaí êêga.&lt;/font&gt;

''Senesantun, the Self-existent,the Fountain of Resplendent Light, the Dancer of the Cosmos, said, &quot;There are no elements.  They must be.&quot;''

	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	oítom qérom e-nuqéra.  vésom e-nuvésa.  íðren e-netáála.
	He took a first step.  He breathed a breath.  Air became.
	döítom qérom e-nuqéra.  síbom ésrom e-nésra.  púnen e-netáála.
He took a second step.  He bled a drop of blood. Fire became.
	tírtom qérom e-nuqéra.  síbom méélßom e-numéélßa.  áμden e-netáála.
	He took a third step. He pressed out a drop of milk.  Water 		became.
	cöetúrtom qérom e-nuqéra.  síbom seegdáánom e-nusééga.  érten 		e-netáála.
He took a fourth step.  He sowed a drop of semen.  Earth 	became.
	pencöétom qérom e-nuqéra.  délçom pílom e-nupíla.  cöáson e-		netáála.
	He took a fifth step.  He shed a lock of hair.  Wood became.
	séstom qérom e-nuqéra.  ßémvom e-nusééga.  óndon e-netáála.
	He took a sixth step.  He dropped a tooth.  Rock became.
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Creator of the Elements was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva ááyam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Eon.

tan cöetúrtan ááyan nocecéércöa.
The Fourth Eon ended.

==5==
5. Sènesántun,
*Senesantun,
*sun potésun,
*the Self-existent,
*sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
*the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
	«zöííyanε ne nésa.  nocéla.» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is no life.  It must be.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi ùnðesómi entèr' e-nuqéra
	He strode among the elements.
	ínðrem e-nuléßa.  nem e-nucérda.  sum çèmelárïum sèmi solémi 		yèni nepééta ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered air.  He crafted it.  He created the dragon and 		all the beasts that fly.
	púnem e-nuléßa.  nem e-nucérda.  sem yórcem sèmi solémi yèni 		neçérsa ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered fire.  He crafted it.  He created the deer and all 		the beasts that run.
	áμdem e-nuléßa.  nem e-nucérda.  sem àncoráárcem sèmi solémi 		yèni nesöema ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered water.  He crafted it.  He created the salmon and 		all the beasts that swim.
	értem e-nuléßa.  nem e-nucérda.  sem àngöem sèmi solémi yèni 		neséla ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered earth,  He crafted it.  He created the serpent and 		all the beasts that crawl.
	cöásom e-nuléßa.  nom e-nucérda.  sem μiμérem sèmi solémi yèni 		neséla ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered wood.  He crafted it.  He created the squirrel and 		all the beasts that climb.
	óndom e-nuléßa.  nom e-nucérda.  sem várcem sèmi solémi yèni 		neróóba ðùsloμémicöe e-nucöéra.
	He gathered stone.  He crafted it.  He created the badger and 		all the beasts that burrow.
sun tòsi ùnðesósi ßóónun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Procreator of the Sentient was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva ááyam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Eon.

tan pencöétan ááyan nocecéércöa.
The Fifth Eon ended.

==6==
6. sun cöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses óres 	μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Eagle.
Sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
	«μénanε ne nésa.  nocéla.» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is no love.  It must be.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi tusnómi nevlómi en' e-nuqéra.
	He strode upon the billowy clouds.
	tes ÿésres μèèla sem íðrem e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered the Air.  He crafted it into beings.
		tèsi nàsorés' èna vésom e-nuvésa.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum oítum mánum, tum iðrïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the First People, the Children of Air.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		tom çemélom tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the welkin.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése. yuzöííye.
		Find pleasure therein and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan oítan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.
The First Era ended.

==7==
7. çèmelcöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses yáánes 	μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Ostrich.
sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun
the Source of Love
	«cééþan μénan ne nésa.  ufménqan ésa nacéla,» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is not enough love.  It must be more.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi calómi μaastómi òln' e-nuqéra.
	He strode across the austere desert.
	tes ÿésres μèèla sem púnem e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered Fire.  He crafted it into beings.
		tèsi nàsorés' èna vésom e-nuvésa.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum döítum mánum, tum punïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the Second People, the Children of Fire.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		tom ses értes μáástom tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the deserts of the earth.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése.
		Find pleasure therein.&quot;
		sùmi pùnïonúmi cöéra yuséére.
		Continue to create Children of Fire.
		yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.
		Live and die and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan döítan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.
The Second Era ended.

==8==
8. çèmelcöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses íßes 	μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Unicorn.
sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun
the Source of Love
	«cééþan μénan ne nésa.  ufménqan ésa nacéla,» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is not enough love.  It must be more.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	temi yègondémi aμdémi òln' e-nuqéra.
	He strode across the crystal waters.
	tes ÿésres μèèla sem áμdem e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered Water.  He crafted it into beings.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum tírtum mánum, tum aμdïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the Third People, the Children of Fire.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		sèmi ses értes aμdémi tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the waters of the earth.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése.
		Find pleasure therein.&quot;
		sùmi àμdïonúmi cöéra yuséére.
		Continue to create Children of Fire.
		yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.
		Live and die and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan tírtan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.
The Third Era ended.

==9==
9. çèmelcöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses éçöes 	μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Horse.
sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun
the Source of Love
	«cééþan μénan ne nésa.  ufménqan ésa nacéla,» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is not enough love.  It must be more.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi ðalómi còlponómi òln' e-nuqéra.
	He strode across the verdant plains.
	tes ÿésres μèèla sem értem e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered Earth.  He crafted it into beings.
		tèsi nàsorés' èna vésom e-nuvésa.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum cëturtum mánum, tum aμdïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the Fourth People, the Children of Earth.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		tòmi ses értes còlponómi tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the plains of the earth.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése.
		Find pleasure therein.&quot;
		sùmi àμdïonúmi cöéra yuséére.
		Continue to create Children of Earth.
		yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.
		Live and die and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan cöetúrtan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.
The Fourth Era ended.

==10==
10. çèmelcöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses 	veréndes μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Elk.
sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun
the Source of Love
	«cééþan μénan ne nésa.  ufménqan ésa nacéla,» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is not enough love.  It must be more.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi amlómi catómi tèrcö' e-nuqéra.
	He strode across the august forests.
	tes ÿésres μèèla tom cöàsom e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered Earth.  He crafted it into beings.
		tèsi nàsorés' èna vésom e-nuvésa.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum pencöétum mánum, tum cöasïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the Fifth People, the Children of Wood.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		tòmi ses értes catómi tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the plains of the earth.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése.
		Find pleasure therein.&quot;
		yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.
		Live and die and live and die and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan pencöètan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.
The Fifth Era ended.

==11==
11. çèmelcöasïónun tos peðpácos èn' e-nésa.  sun súúlen tos ses ÿádes μéésos èn' e-nésa.
Orion was at the nadir.  The sun was in the house of the Goat.
sènesántun,
Senesantun,
sun potésun,
the Self-existent,
sun tas çöísas lucas aμdóntun
the Fountain of Resplendent Light,
sun tos çöántos ntun,
the Dancer of the Cosmos,
sun tòsi ùnðesósi cöérun
the Creator of the Elements,
sun tòsi ùtantósi ßóónun
the Procreator of the Sentient
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun
the Source of Love
	«cééþan μénan ne nésa.  ufménqan ésa nacéla,» e-nééga.
	said, &quot;There is not enough love.  It must be more.&quot;
	tos nèleóndos rezsédos àp' e-nuvéra.
	He arose from the Adamantine Throne.
	tòmi corcómi menyómi òln' e-nuqéra.
	He strode across the majestic mountains.
	tes ÿésres μèèla tom óndom e-nuléßa.  èsantés' o sem e-		nucérda.
	With his hand he gathered Stone.  He crafted it into beings.
		tèsi nàsorés' èna vésom e-nuvésa.
 		Into their nostrils he breathed his breath.
		tèsi usés' èna sén£om e-nusén£a.
		Into their ears he sang a song.
		toààru tum séstum mánum, tum ondïónum, nucecöéra.
		Thus he created the Sixth People, the Children of Stone.
	nùsi o e-nééga.
	He said to them,
		tòmi ses értes menyómi tércöa yáte.
		&quot;Go throughout the mountains of the earth.
		nos èna μélpam yudéése.
		Find pleasure therein.&quot;
		sùmi àμdïonúmi cöéra yuséére.
		Continue to create Children of Stone.
		yuzöííye.  yumte.  yuzöííye.
		Live and die and live.&quot;
sun tàsi μenási aμdóntun μélpa_un e-nésa.
The Source of Love was pleased.
tos nèleóndos rezsédos èva meÿdíítam e-nuséda.
He sat upon the Adamantine Throne for an Era.

tan séstan meÿdíítan nocecéércöa.  tan séstan ááyan nocecéércöa.
The Sixth Era ended.  The Sixth Eon ended.

=The Six Worshipful Avatars &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭês ȝâgu dííȝdilûes&lt;/font&gt;=
In the beginning all the Loquent Peoples were monotheists.  However, each of the Peoples envisioned the One in a different way.

* The Children of Air venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;dííȝus ĸŭerââgus&lt;/font&gt; (the Shining One Ruler of Creation), pictured as an old man with white hair and beard. He is also known as &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſéneſântus&lt;/font&gt; (the Ancient One Who Is).
* The Children of Fire venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;aatêrus&lt;/font&gt;, a young, clean-shaven man with red hair.
* The Children of Water venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;nêêrus&lt;/font&gt;, a mature blond woman.
* The Children of Earth venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſêêgĭus&lt;/font&gt;, a mature woman with brown hair.
* The Childen of Wood venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;pêrкŭus&lt;/font&gt;, a mature man of their size with green hair.
* The Children of Stone venerated the One as &lt;font color=blue&gt;pûûſus&lt;/font&gt; a mature man of their size with black hair.

=The Six Sacred Reverences &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭêſə ſâк' áiſâes&lt;/font&gt;=
#Revere God...................&lt;font color=blue&gt;dîîȝum aîſe&lt;/font&gt;
#Revere Creation.............&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭêrom aîſe&lt;/font&gt;
#Revere Life....................&lt;font color=blue&gt;zŭîîȝam aîſe&lt;/font&gt;
#Revere Truth.................&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêêram aîſe&lt;/font&gt;
#Revere One Another.......&lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭànĭum aîſe&lt;/font&gt;
#Revere Others' Property..&lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭûðtom aîſe&lt;/font&gt;

=The Festivals=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romanze Standar</title>
    <id>3749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46372</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T12:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Romanze standar''' is a constructed language based on modern Romance languages, and using Latin as a control language.

== External links ==
* [http://www.romanzestandar.hn.gs  www.romanzestandar.hn.gs] — (Spanish)  Commentary and grammatical summary of '''Romanze standar''' 
* [http://www.langmaker.com/db/Romanze_Standar langmaker.com/db/Romanze_Standar] — Commentary at langmaker

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of Classical Arithide irregular nouns</title>
    <id>3750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30263</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-27T17:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Common nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">As with all languages, Classical Arithide has its share of irregularly-declined nouns, some of them being among the most commonly used. In addition to that, most personal names in Classical Arithide are irregularly declined (e.g. ''Pereos'', gen. ''Fini''; ''Symbakos'', voc. ''Sebeō''). See also [[Areth names#Classical]] for more on personal name declensions.

==Common nouns==

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''māber''' &quot;mother&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''fāber''' &quot;father&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''feos''' &quot;god&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | māber
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāber
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | feos
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēdēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mai
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādōi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fadou
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fādōi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fiou
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēnōi
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mōr
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fado
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fādē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | feo
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēdē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mais
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fadis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fius
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēnus
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēde
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fade
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fiae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēdei
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | marum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mērum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fadum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēvum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fira
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fērē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fadōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fiōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēdēn
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mātis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēdēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fātis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fitis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēndēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mā(bā)
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēdā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fābā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fādā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fiā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēdā
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mada, mada-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mādē, mādē-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faba, faba-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāvē, fāvē-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fei, fei-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fēde, fēde-
|}


{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''az''' &quot;sea&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''ither''' &quot;person&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''isthe''' &quot;home&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | as
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ither
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zier
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthe
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adeu
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adeiā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | iteu
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierēi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | istheu
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthēi
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ado
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ite
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ziere
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | istho
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | aden
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adēi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itus
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierren
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthin
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthius
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierī
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthiei
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | azum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | azām
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierrum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthām
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthior
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthēri
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adet
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | aditēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itōis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zierris
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthāis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthēis
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adō
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | itā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zirē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | -
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | as, ad-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | adē, adē-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | iter, it(e)r-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | zire, zire-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | istheus, istheus-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | isthēra, isthēra-
|}


{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''eris''' &quot;tomorrow&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''eios''' &quot;wine&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''mēgos''' &quot;learning&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''{{footnote|1}}
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''{{footnote|2}}
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eris
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eios
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgos
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgeis
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erus
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erūs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eu
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eītē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgou
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgeiā
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erētē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eiētē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgo
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgei
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eris
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eīstē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgoi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgius
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eresae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erēsē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eiae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eirei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgīei
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eris
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eium
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eīrē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgirē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erī
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erītē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eigōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eigēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgēn
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eritis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eretēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eitis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eitēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgōis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgitū
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erīsī
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erēsē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eī
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eitē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēgē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eris, eris-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | erīs, erīs-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | ei, ei-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | eīs, eīs-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēge, mēg-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mēga, mēgē-
|}

{{footnote|1}}The plural of ''eris'' figuratively refers to an (indeterminate) future.

{{footnote|2}}The plural of ''mēgos'' refers to knowledge in general.

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''fae''' &quot;mind&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''sōpet''' &quot;soldier
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''lēos''' &quot;now&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''{{footnote|1}}
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpet
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | lēos
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līgēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faius
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānoiā
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpou
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpeda
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | leou
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līā
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faio
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpo
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | -
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līgē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faīs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedus
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | lenis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faiae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedei
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | lae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faira
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānērē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedi
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | lum
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līām
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faiōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpedēn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | leōn
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līēn
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faiōs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānūis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpitis
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpētū
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | -
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | lītēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | faē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fānē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpō
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpē
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | -
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līē
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fai, fai-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | fāne, fāne-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpe, sōpe-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | sōpede, sōped-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | leo, leo(g)-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | līē, līē(g)-
|}

{{footnote|1}}The plural of ''lēos'' means &quot;the present time, nowadays&quot;. The vocative means, approximately, &quot;O the times&quot;.

==Proper nouns==

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; text-align: center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|}

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide declension]]

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives and adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide adpositions]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]


[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arithide</title>
    <id>3751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18862</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-30T12:35:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists articles that are about or that relate to the [[Modern Arithide]] language, its diachronic predecessors, and closely-related tongues spoken in and around the continent of [[Arophania]].

[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithian</title>
    <id>3752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18866</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-30T12:38:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arithian''' is a term meaning &quot;of or related to the modern republic of [[Arithia]]&quot;, which may denote its people, culture, customs, languages, food or music, among others.

A now-obsolete meaning of the word was the [[Arithide language]], or more specifically the [[Modern Arithide|modern standard]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan polite expressions</title>
    <id>3753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40985</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T15:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*&lt;font color=blue&gt;aaſnârĭus&lt;/font&gt;, noble lord, ''form of address used by a non-noble to a noble and by the nobles to each other'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ââſna&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' ennoble, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ârĭa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' be in charge of. 2) ''i.v.'' be in charge.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;alââ&lt;/font&gt;, hello; ahoy.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;tus anſânſus êſa&lt;/font&gt;, you are too kind. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ânſis&lt;/font&gt; = kind, pleasant, gracious, affable, nice, sweet.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;aſâmas&lt;/font&gt;, revered mother, ''form of address by a younger person to an older woman'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;âſa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' revere, reverence. 2) ''i.v.'' revere, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;âmas&lt;/font&gt;, mother.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;aſâpas&lt;/font&gt;, revered father, ''form of address by a younger person to an older man'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;âſa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' revere, reverence. 2) ''i.v.'' revere, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;âpas&lt;/font&gt;, father.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;boȝðûϙus&lt;/font&gt;, esteemed daughter, ''form of address by an older person to a younger woman'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;bôȝa&lt;/font&gt;, esteem, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðûϙus&lt;/font&gt;, daughter.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;boȝſûûnus&lt;/font&gt;, esteemed son, ''form of address by an older person to a younger man''  &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;bôȝa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' esteem, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſûûnus&lt;/font&gt;, son.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;кĭûtos vûûla&lt;/font&gt;, thank you (''lit.'', there is a debt).

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;кĭûtos vûûla ne&lt;/font&gt;, you're welcome (''lit.'', there is not a debt).

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðrarćôes dââna&lt;/font&gt;, I'm sorry (''lit.'' tears flow).

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus túſĭ' o mêl‏ða&lt;/font&gt;, please, &lt;font color=blue&gt;mêlða&lt;/font&gt; = pray, beg, entreat.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;múſĭarĭû&lt;/font&gt;, my lord (''Voc.'') ''respectful address to sovereigns'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;múſĭo&lt;/font&gt;, my, mine, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ârĭus&lt;/font&gt;, lord.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuſmêne&lt;/font&gt;, stay well ''said by the one leaving'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;mêna&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' await, wait for. 2) ''i.v.'' remain, stay, wait, bide; stop.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſuſrêðe&lt;/font&gt;, fare well ''said to the one leaving'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;rêða&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' go [''in a vehicle''], travel, drive, ride, sail; fare; pass.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡dîîȝmus meħɱââltum nêſo!&lt;/font&gt;, God save the queen!

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡túſaantâſĭo!&lt;/font&gt; (= &lt;font color=blue&gt;túſĭo ſaantâſĭ' o&lt;/font&gt;), to your health [''a drinking toast'']

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ſîfa ȝuunɱêtam!&lt;/font&gt;, Happy New Year &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſîfa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' thrive, flourish, prosper, batten, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝûûnis&lt;/font&gt;, new, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱêtas&lt;/font&gt;, year.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;(mus) кŭáálu ſlûgor&lt;/font&gt;, how may I serve?, what? [''response to being called'']. ''Interrogative words do not come first in the question, but take the place that their part of speech requires, in this case, an adverb before the verb.''

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúſgŭenû&lt;/font&gt;, (''Voc.'') goodwife, Mrs. ''title of respect for non-noble human'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭênus&lt;/font&gt;, woman.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúſɱirû&lt;/font&gt;, (''Voc.'') goodman, Mr. ''title of respect for non-noble human'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱîrus&lt;/font&gt;, man.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ſus gŭêraþus!&lt;/font&gt;, welcome! &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭêra&lt;/font&gt; ''t.v.'' welcome, receive, greet.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ſus môôdaþus!&lt;/font&gt;, well-met! ''greeting upon meeting'' &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſus&lt;/font&gt;, well, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;môôda&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' meet, encounter, light upon, befall, bechance, happen to, be- come of, behave towards, treat (of), betide. 2) ''i.v.'' meet, encounter; befall, happen, bechance, come-, -to pass, -about, fall out, take place, occur, betide.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan flora a-ð</title>
    <id>3754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37853</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-15T17:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan flora e-m</title>
    <id>3755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37578</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-11T23:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sectori/Compositions</title>
    <id>3756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19024</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-04T04:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Scandinavian-seeming conlang with IE-esque ablaut.

Phonology:&lt;br&gt;
/p t k b d g/ &lt; p t k b d g&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/l r\ j/ &lt;l r j&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/f v s T D h/ &lt;f v s þ ð h&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/m n/ &lt;m n&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/tS dZ C j\ S/ &lt;tj dj hj gj sj&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/a E i O u/ &lt;a e i o u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/a: E: i: O: u:/ &lt;á é í ó ú&gt;&lt;br&gt;
/e e: o o: y y:/ &lt;æ ǽ ø ǿ y ý&gt;

Allophones:&lt;br&gt;
n/N/_C[+velar]&lt;br&gt;
Cj/C_j&lt;br&gt;
g/G/_#

Syllable structure undefined, but I can tell you that traditional grammar creates syllable breaks before vowels.

There's a series of umlaut rules, just for fun:&lt;br&gt;
i-umlaut&lt;br&gt;
a &gt; e&lt;br&gt;
á &gt; é&lt;br&gt;
e &gt; æ&lt;br&gt;
é &gt; ǽ&lt;br&gt;
æ &gt; i&lt;br&gt;
ǽ &gt; í&lt;br&gt;
o &gt; a&lt;br&gt;
ó &gt; á&lt;br&gt;
ø &gt; æ&lt;br&gt;
ǿ &gt; ǽ&lt;br&gt;
u &gt; y&lt;br&gt;
ú &gt; ý&lt;br&gt;
y &gt; i&lt;br&gt;
ý &gt; í

u-umlaut&lt;br&gt;
a &gt; o&lt;br&gt;
á &gt; ó&lt;br&gt;
e &gt; ø&lt;br&gt;
é &gt; ǿ&lt;br&gt;
æ &gt; ø&lt;br&gt;
ǽ &gt; ǿ&lt;br&gt;
i &gt; y&lt;br&gt;
í &gt; ý&lt;br&gt;
o &gt; ø&lt;br&gt;
ó &gt; ǿ&lt;br&gt;
ø &gt; u&lt;br&gt;
ǿ &gt; ú&lt;br&gt;
y &gt; u&lt;br&gt;
ý &gt; ú

Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter; and two numbers, singular and plural. Nouns are divided into several declension patterns. Nouns decline for two cases, nominative and oblique.

Masculine:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: -(-)&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: -ar&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: *-(-)&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: -ann&lt;br&gt;
yl/ylar (silver)&lt;br&gt;
il/ylann

Feminine:
Nominative singular: -a&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: -or&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: ^-(-)&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: ^-um&lt;br&gt;
ðura/ðuror (gold)&lt;br&gt;
ður/ðurum

Neuter:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: -(-)&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: -a&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: -(-)&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: -a&lt;br&gt;
ylður/ylðura (electrum)&lt;br&gt;
ylður/ylðura

*i-umlaut the final vowel of the stem&lt;br&gt;
^u-umlaut the final vowel of the stem

Verbs inflect for the following: mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and tense (present, preterite), participle (present, past), and infinitive.

There are two loose classes of verbs, ablaut and non-ablaut. The infinitive of all non-ablaut verbs ends in -á. Ablaut verbs have infinitives ending variously in -á, *-í, or ^-ú.

a-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations.&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: -o-&lt;br&gt;
Preterite indicative: -a-&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -ø-

e-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: -a-&lt;br&gt;
Preterite indicative: -e-&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -ø-

i-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: -e-&lt;br&gt;
Preterite indicative: -i-&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -ø-

o-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: -a-&lt;br&gt;
Preterite indicative: -o-&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -o-

u-ablaut verbs follow the following pattern of stem vowel alternations:&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: -y-&lt;br&gt;
Preterite indicative: -i-&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -u-

The inflectional endings for ablaut verbs are:&lt;br&gt;
Present indicative: (gjoltá, cut)&lt;br&gt;
^-u (gjøltu)&lt;br&gt;
-Vr (gjoltar)&lt;br&gt;
-Vð (gjoltað)&lt;br&gt;
-Vm (gjoltam)&lt;br&gt;
-Vþ (gjoltaþ)&lt;br&gt;
-Vn (gjoltan)

Where -V- is the ablaut stem vowel.

Preterite indicative:&lt;br&gt;
-(-) (gjalt)&lt;br&gt;
-t (gjaltt)&lt;br&gt;
-(-) (gjalt)&lt;br&gt;
^-um (gjoltum)&lt;br&gt;
^-uþ (gjoltuþ)&lt;br&gt;
^-un (gjoltun)&lt;br&gt;

Present subjunctive:&lt;br&gt;
*-V (gjalta)&lt;br&gt;
*-Vr (gjaltar)&lt;br&gt;
*-Vð (gjaltað)&lt;br&gt;
*-Vm (gjaltam)&lt;br&gt;
*-Vþ (gjaltaþ)&lt;br&gt;
*-Vn (gjaltan)

Preterite subjunctive:&lt;br&gt;
^-(-) (gjolt)&lt;br&gt;
^-t (gjoltt)&lt;br&gt;
^-(-) (gjolt)&lt;br&gt;
^-um (gjoltum)&lt;br&gt;
^-uð (gjoltuþ)&lt;br&gt;
^-un (gjoltun)

Imperative (second person only)&lt;br&gt;
-(-) (gjolt!)&lt;br&gt;
-Vþ (gjoltaþ!)

Present participle: -Vnd (gjoltand)&lt;br&gt;
Past participle: -t- (gjoltt-)

The past participle inflects as an adjective.

Adjectives inflect as nouns, with the added bonus that they must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. So, gjoltt- (cut), declines as follows:

gjoltt/gjolttar&lt;br&gt;
gjøltt/gjolttann

gjoltta/gjolttor&lt;br&gt;
gjøltt/gjølttum

gjøltt/gjoltta&lt;br&gt;
gjøltt/gjoltta

Pronouns:
First person:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: eg&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: ver&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: meg&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: uns

Second person:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: ðu&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: jer&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: ðeg&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: jeg

Third person masculine:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: henn&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: honn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: hinn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: honn

Third person feminine:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: hann&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: honn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: hunn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: honn

Third person neuter:&lt;br&gt;
Nominative singular: hinn&lt;br&gt;
Nominative plural: honn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique singular: hinn&lt;br&gt;
Oblique plural: honn

Some random vocab:&lt;br&gt;
ur: out of&lt;br&gt;
fónn: m., room&lt;br&gt;
vorá: a-ablaut, go&lt;br&gt;
urvorá: a-ablaut, exit

'''Eg urvar fǿnn.'''&lt;br&gt;
1P-nom-s go.out.of-1Ps-pret-ind room-obl-s&lt;br&gt;
''I went out of the room.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan cuisine</title>
    <id>3759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19093</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-07T19:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[description]]

[[recipes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Description</title>
    <id>3760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52724</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-18T02:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Introduction==
&quot;Every culture tends to combine a small number of flavoring ingredients so frequently and consistently that they become definitive of that particular cuisine....As we go from one part of the world to another and from one flavor principle to another, we shall see that it is these characteristic combinations of seasonings that clearly define each ethnic cuisine.&quot; from ''Ethic Cuisine:The Flavor Principle Cookbook'' by Elizabeth Rozin.

As each of the loquent peoples came into existence they investigated their particular ecosystem to discover what flora and fauna were available to them and discovered the flavor principles that best suited their temperament.  This eventually gave rise to the special cuisines associated with each people.

This does not mean that there is no sharing of dishes, but each people has some signature ingredients that they enjoy and which characterize their cuisines, in ways similar to the ways special ingredients characterize contemporary human cuisines.  Ethnic restaurants are big business.

Under the heading of each people, the various components of their cuisine will be described.

*Onions, garlic, ramsons and leeks are used by all the Peoples.  Shallots were not part of the original food of the Peoples.

*Root crops such as carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes and turnips are used by all the Peoples.

*Other common vegetables are celery, rhubarb, cabbage and cucumbers.

*The following herbs and spices are available to all the Peoples: celery seed, mustard, capers, caraway, cumin (peppery), carrot, wild rosemary (bay leaf), dittander (peppery), lovage (yeasty), lemon balm, bayberry (bay leaf), oregano, Swiss stone pine, sage, sweet violet (thickener), thyme, red clover (vanilla), and fenugreek (maple).

*The following greens are available for salads: bracken, angelica, chervil, caraway, celery, cardoon, dandelion, cabbage, turnip, black and white mustard, cucumber, poppy, sorrel and beet.

==The Ethrans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#I._The_Ethrans.|Ethran]]s were the first created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Air.  They chose to establish their settlements on the tops of the highest mountains.  Because they were able to access the &quot;magical&quot; force of the earth, they were able to create great spaces not visible to others.
*They chose a seed, [[wikipedia:buckwheat|buckwheat]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħólis&lt;/font&gt;) (''Fagopyrum esculentum'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Fagopyrum+esculentum]), as the [[wikipedia:staple food|staple]] of their diet.  It figures in the morning meal as pancakes (&lt;font color=blue&gt;lèèpëſĸòrðèxlaíbos&lt;/font&gt;) or porridge (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħolĸúúzos&lt;/font&gt;) and in the evening meal as noodles (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħolvéndos&lt;/font&gt;). The buckwheat starch is also made into a &quot;[[wikipedia:memilmuk|jelly]]&quot; which is served as a side dish.
*Their special protein source is [[wikipedia:greylag goose|geese]], raised domestically, and other game birds, caught by their [[wikipedia:gyrfalcon|gyrfalcons]] (''Falco rusticolus'') (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſnìłooćórles&lt;/font&gt;) as [[wikipedia:falconry|sport]].  These fowl are most often served grilled or [[wikipedia:confit|preserved]] in goose fat.  Goose liver is made into a [[wikipedia:pâté|pâté]], flavored with goose fat, onion, garlic and fenugreek.  This is frequently eaten spread on a pancake and rolled up.
*The fat of the birds is [[wikipedia:rendering (food processing)|rendered]] for culinary fat.  
*The Ethrans cultivated the [[wikipedia:rosa canina|rose]] (''Rosa canina'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Rosa+canina]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱródis&lt;/font&gt;) for its beauty, its fragrance, and its taste.  The [[wikipedia:rose hip|rose hip]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðóógos&lt;/font&gt;) is their fruit of choice.  The rose pervades the Ethran culture, appearing as the [[wikipedia:mon (crest)|emblem]] of the Ethrans.  When entering an Ethran citadel, one immediately notices the odor of roses.
*They make a rose hip [[wikipedia:herbal tea|tisane]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðņíros&lt;/font&gt;) as their hot beverage of choice.
*The Ethrans drink [[wikipedia:rose water|rose water]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðpóóȝos&lt;/font&gt;) as a refreshing cold beverage.
*Although honey is available to all the Peoples, only the Ethrans use it to make the fermented beverage [[wikipedia:mead|mead]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;mééðos&lt;/font&gt;).  Most often it is flavored with rose, a variety known as rhodomel (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱroðɱééðos&lt;/font&gt;).  They also make a [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]] from the rose hips.
*Their beer is made from [[wikipedia:buckwheat#buckwheat_and_beer|buckwheat]].
*The Ethrans make their vinegar (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſormééðos&lt;/font&gt;) from mead.
**[[wikipedia:pickled egg|Pickled goose eggs]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſoróóȝos&lt;/font&gt;), flavored with beet juice, are a delicacy.
*The Ethrans use [[wikipedia:honey|honey]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;mélnos&lt;/font&gt;) exclusively as a sweetener.
*Rose flavor is the sweet spice.
*Crocuses are cultivated, as well as roses, and [[wikipedia:saffron|saffron]] (''Crocus sativus'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Crocus+sativus]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;àriſánis&lt;/font&gt;) is their characteristic savory spice.
*The typical dessert is a [[wikipedia:zabaglione|custard]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ooȝrúϙmos&lt;/font&gt;) made from goose eggs, sweetened with honey and flavored with rose water, or unsweetened and topped with rose petal jam.  The custard is baked in individual ramekins.
*As the only one of the People with access to snow and ice year-round, they also make a rose or saffron [[wikipedia:Sorbet|sorbet]], usually served together to experience the sharp difference in flavor.
*Using very thin buckwheat noodles they make a frozen dessert called [[Wikipedia:faloodeh|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pùrſëvéndos&lt;/font&gt;]].

Typically, the Ethrans eat their meals at communal tables seated on chairs.  Each place setting includes a knife, a two-tined fork, a spoon, a plate and a bowl.  Out of respect the dishes of food are placed on the table in front of the eldest, who then serves himself or herself, then passes the dish sunwise to the others. A typical dinner would include hot [[wikipedia:soba|buckwheat noodles]] as the staple, perhaps with a [[Senjecan_cuisine#recipes#Ethran|saffron sauce]] (see recipes) or in a goose broth; a squab or other game bird, grilled and basted with its own fat, honey, and rose water; and cooked vegetables or a fresh salad.  The typical dinner would close with an egg custard flavored with attar of roses or, perhaps, attar of roses over shaved ice.

Pitchers of beer are placed on the tables. When the diners are finished, they are offered the choice of chilled rose water or a rose tisane.  At gatherings away from the dinner table, rhodomel is sipped.

==The Pyrans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#II._The_Pyrans.|Pyran]]s were the second created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Fire.  They chose to establish their settlements on the flood plains of slow moving rivers.  They were goatherds existing primarily on the meat and milk of their goats.
*They chose a legume, the [[wikipedia:chickpea|chickpea]] (''Cicer arietinum'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cicer+arietinum]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħárlis&lt;/font&gt;) as the staple of their diet.  They are cooked and served cold in salads or included in soups.  Every meal is accompanied by [[wikipedia:falafel|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vriigħárlos&lt;/font&gt;]] and/or [[wikipedia:papadum|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸìrpëħárlos&lt;/font&gt;]] which may or may not be flavored.
*Although they occasionally eat cheviot, the Pyrans utilize their goats primarily for the production of [[wikipedia:cheese|cheese]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſérdĭos&lt;/font&gt;) which constitutes a large part of their protein intake.  They make a [[wikipedia:Romano cheese|hard type]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;tiirſérdĭos&lt;/font&gt;) for grating and a [[wikipedia:chabichou|soft type]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt; mèldüſèrdĭos&lt;/font&gt;) for slicing and melting, but most of the milk is used to make a [[wikipedia:paneer|fresh cheese]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱezſérdĭos&lt;/font&gt;).  Excess [[wikipedia:whey|whey]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸónos&lt;/font&gt;) is used to make a [[wikipedia:ricotta|curd]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ténĸos&lt;/font&gt;) food.  When cheese is being made, some of the fresh curds ([[wikipedia:cheese curds|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſèrdïténĸos&lt;/font&gt;]]) are saved.  They are placed on top of fried parsnip slices and heated, a dish known as [[wikipedia:poutine|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſèrdïnípis&lt;/font&gt;]].
**When cheviot is used, it is most often in the form of a dry fennel (&lt;font color=blue&gt;maðúrĸis&lt;/font&gt;) -flavored [[wikipedia:sausage|sausage]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;álĭos&lt;/font&gt;).
**In the spring when the [[Senjecan_animals#The_Pyrans.|ostriches]] lay their eggs, several are taken for eating.  Each household buries one egg to [[wikipedia:century egg|preserve]] it.  This egg is then served as a part of the winter solstice celebration.
*The goat milk is churned to make [[wikipedia:butter|butter]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙértos&lt;/font&gt;) but it is never kept in this form.  Instead, it is clarified.  The [[wikipedia:ghee|liquid portion]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ìſĸëϙértos&lt;/font&gt;) is kept for future use; the remaining solids are used immediately.
*The Pyrans cultivated the [[wikipedia:prunus spinosa|sloe berry]] (''Prunus spinosa'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Prunus+spinosa]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſlííɱĸis&lt;/font&gt;) as their fruit of choice, enjoying the fruit's astringency.  Sloe hedges are used to make the pens where the goats are kept at night.
*A hot tisane is made from the sloe berries.
*A chilled sloe tisane is drunk as a cold beverage.
*The Pyrans make a fermented beverage from whey and a [[wikipedia:sloe gin|liqueur]] from the sloe berries.
*The Pyrans make their vinegar (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſorĸonos&lt;/font&gt;) from whey.
*Sloe syrup is used as a sweetener.
*[[wikipedia:fennel|Fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Foeniculum+vulgare]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;maðúrĸis&lt;/font&gt;) is the sweet spice.  Fennel is used in many ways and the anise-like flavor pervades the Pyran cuisine.  The bulb is eaten raw or cooked in a variety of ways.  The dried or fresh leaves and seeds are used to flavor dishes.
*Horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Armoracia+rusticana]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸàvrëɱéérdis&lt;/font&gt;) is the characteristic savory spice.
*The usual dessert is fennel-flavored whey curd or unflavored and topped with sloe syrup.  In the spring, a custard is made from an ostrich egg and eaten at the vernal equinox celebration.
*The [[wikipedia:holy trinity (cuisine)|culinary trinity]] is ghee, fennel and onion.

The Pyrans eat as family units at tables seated on chairs. Each place setting includes a knife, a two-tined fork, a spoon, a plate and a bowl. A typical dinner would include roasted or grilled cheviot or ostrich, a cooked fennel dish (perhaps with a cheese sauce) a salad including fresh dill, accompanied by a warm or chilled sloe tisane, and the ever present &lt;font color=blue&gt;vriiϙħálos&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸìrpëħárlos&lt;/font&gt;.  The dinner would close with fresh cheese sweetened with sloe syrup.

==The Hydorans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#III._The_Hydorans.|Hydoran]]s were the third created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Water.  They chose to establish their settlements on the shores and shallows of marshes and lakes.
*They chose a reed, the [[wikipedia:typha|cattail]] (reedmace) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸurðis&lt;/font&gt;) (''Typha latifolia''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Typha+latifolia]) that grows so abundantly in their environment, as the staple of their diet.  Because of the many uses of the cattail, it figures prominently in their culture.  It is, therefore, the [[wikipedia:mon (crest)|emblem]] of the Hydorans.
*Their environment has determined the protein source of the Hydorans, various water animals, mainly fish and frogs. Fish are preserved by [[wikipedia:stockfish|drying]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;mimćĭos&lt;/font&gt;). 
*Although tiny, the seeds of the cattail pose no problem to the Hydorans who press them for an edible cooking oil.
*The [[wikipedia:cranberry|cranberry]] (''Vaccinium oxycoccos''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Vaccinium+oxycoccos]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸitemĭis&lt;/font&gt;) is the favorite fruit of the Hydorans.
*Mint tisane is their hot beverage of choice.
*A chilled mint tisane is drunk as a cold beverage.
*A [[wikipedia:fruit wine|fruit wine]] and a [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]] are made from cranberries.
*The Hydorans make their vinegar (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſorĸitemĭis&lt;/font&gt;) from cranberries.
**The Hydorans make a cranberry relish.  They also pickle fish in this vinegar.
*Cattail syrup is used as a sweetener.
*[[wikipedia:mentha aquatica|Water mint]] (''Mentha aquatica''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Mentha+aquatica]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱefluϙſamis&lt;/font&gt;), which grows profusely in water environments, is the characteristic sweet spice of the Hydorans, appearing in many of their dishes.
*[[wikipedia:water cress|Water cress]] (''Nasturium officinale''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Nasturtium+officinale]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;aɱdyðemnis&lt;/font&gt;) is used as a savory spice.
*The typical dessert is a dish of cranberries, sweetened with mint-flavored cattail syrup.
*The [[wikipedia:holytrinity (cuisine)|culinary trinity]] is cattail oil, water cress and onion.

The Hydorans eat while seated on the floor.  A rush mat is set before each of them on which are placed the various dishes of the meal.  The Hydorans seldom use table utensils except for a spoon.  The main dinner food is fish served in a variety of ways, perhaps grilled or, more typically,  in a kind of [[wikipedia:chowder|chowder]] or [[wikipedia:bouillabaise|bouillabaise]] (hence the spoon).  This is eaten with [[wikipedia:papadum|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸirpyħarlos&lt;/font&gt;]] made from cattail flour.

==The Humans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#IV._The_Humans.|Human]]s were the fourth created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Earth.  They chose to establish their settlements on the steppes and became skilled [[wikipedia:tarpan|horsemen]].
*They chose a seed, the [[wikipedia:lentil|lentil]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;edaaĸis&lt;/font&gt;) (''Lens culinaris''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lens+culinaris]), the planting and harvesting of which is the work of the women, as the staple of their diet. Most frequently it is served in the form of fried (&lt;font color=blue&gt;vriigedaaĸis&lt;/font&gt;) or [[wikipedia:vada|steamed]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;nemvedaaĸis&lt;/font&gt;) cakes.  When accompanying a meal, they are unflavored.
*Game taken ahorseback is the main source of the Humans' protein, although horse flesh is eaten as needed to keep the herds manageable.
*The annual proliferation of [[wikipedia:corn poppy|poppies]] (''Papaver rhoeas''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Papaver+rhoeas]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;maakenis&lt;/font&gt;) enables the Humans to harvest the seeds and press them for an edible cooking oil.  The poppy is the emblem of the Humans.
*The [[wikipedia:cherry plum|cherry plum]] (''Prunus cerasifera''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Prunus+cerasifera])  (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſliiɱis&lt;/font&gt;) is the fruit of choice of the Humans.  A wall of these trees surrounds the Humans' compounds.
*The cherry plum is used to prepare a cold beverage, either the juice by itself or as an ade.
*The Humans drink mare's milk as a hot beverage.  In the spring, when eggs are available from ground-nesting birds, an [[wikipedia:eggnog|eggnog]] is made, sweetened with poppy syrup.
*The Humans make a fermented beverage from [[wikipedia:kumis|mare's milk]] and a [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]] from cherry plums.
*Vinegar is made from the juice of the cherry plum.
*Distillation of the petals of the poppy produces a sweet red syrup.
*Sweet desserts are flavored with poppy seed.
*[[wikipedia:basil|Wild basil]] (''Ocimum basilicum'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ocimum+basilicum]) is the savory spice that flavors their meat dishes.  A [[wikipedia:pesto|sauce]] is made from fresh basil for use in the winter.  The floor of the home is strewn with basil leaves.
*When served as a dessert the &lt;font color=blue&gt;vriigedaaĸis&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=blue&gt;nemvedaaĸis&lt;/font&gt; batter is sweetened with poppy syrup and the cakes are rolled in poppy seeds or spread with cherry plum jam.
*The [[wikipedia:holy trinity (cuisine)|culinary trinity]] is poppy seed oil, basil and onion.

The Humans eat while seated on the floor around a wooden table.  A knife, fork and spoon are the utensils used.  The typical meal consists of some cut of grilled meat, either horse or game.  Lentil cakes are served, perhaps with a basil sauce.  This is accompanied by an assortment of vegetables, raw or cooked.  There may be fresh cheese made from mares' milk.

When herding the horses on the steppes, the men take with them smoked meat and &lt;font color=blue&gt;vriigedaaĸis&lt;/font&gt;.  Mare's milk is always available.

==The Xylans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#V._The_Xylans.|Xylan]]s were the fifth created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Wood.  They chose to live in the forests.
*They chose a nut, the [[wikipedia:acorn|acorn]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;meðtos&lt;/font&gt;), the fruit of the ubiquitous oak trees, especially of ''Quercus robur'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Quercus+robur], as the primary staple of their diet.  The tannins present in acorns do not affect the Xylans and they seldom leach the acorns. Other nuts are also used. The acorn is the emblem of the Xylans.
*The various nutmeats consumed by the Xylans constitute their primary source of protein.
*The Xylans press acorns and other nut kernels, especially the [[wikipedia:Corylus avellana|hazelnut]] (''Corylus avellana'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Corylus+avellana]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸoſlis&lt;/font&gt;), to obtain cooking oil.
*The Xylans enjoy the [[wikipedia:wild cherry|wild cherry]] (''Prunus avium'' [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Prunus+avium]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸønis&lt;/font&gt;) as their favorite fruit.
*The acorn, when dried and powdered and, in this case, leached, is used to brew a hot beverage similar to coffee.  Alternatively, they brew a spicy tea from juniper berries.
*The Xylans make a cold beverage from the sap of various trees, most especially the [[wikipedia:birch sap|silver birch]] (''Betula pendula''[http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Betula+pendula]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;verϙis&lt;/font&gt;).
*The Xylans enjoy their [[wikipedia:fruit wine|wild cherry wine]] and [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]]. They make a beer from the needles of the [[wikipedia:spruce beer|spruce]] or other evergreen.
*The Xylans make their vinegar from tree sap.  Most of the time they flavor it with juniper.
*Tree sap, especially that of the various species of [[wikipedia:maple|maple]] tree, is used as a sweetener either in liquid form or crystallized.
*[[wikipedia:garden angelica|Wild angelica]] (''Angelica sylvestris''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Angelica+sylvestris]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćunðonis&lt;/font&gt;), with its licorice-like flavor is their favorit sweet spice.
*The fruit of the [[wikipedia:juniper|juniper]] (''Juniperus communis''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Juniperus+communis]) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;elenis&lt;/font&gt;) serves as the Xylans' savory spice.
*Angelica candied in a tree sap sugar is their favorite sweet.
*The [[wikipedia:holy trinity (cuisine)|culinary trinity]] is hazel oil, juniper and onion.

The Xylans are vegetarians who live isolated lives so their dining habits are individual.  The eat sitting, standing, walking.  They use whatever utensils are needed.  Their jaws are powerful enough to crack open acorns.  A good portion of their food is eaten raw.  They do make a [[wikipedia:dotorimuk|&quot;jelly&quot;]] from acorns.  This is sweetened with sap and mixed with bits of cherries and crushed nuts before gelling.  It is also made unsweetened and flavored with juniper, then served with an assortment of cooked vegetables.

==The Lithans==
The [[Senjecan_Anatomy_and_Physiology#VI._The_Lithans.|Lithan]]s were the sixth and last created of the Loquent Peoples, the Children of Stone.  They chose to establish their settlements in the mountains.
*They chose a grain, [[wikipedia:sorghum|sorghum]] (''Sorghum bicolor''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sorghum+bicolor]), as the staple of their diet.
*The Lithans chose the mountains as their home in order to perform their assigned task as miners and smiths.  They discovered that [[wikipedia:mushroom|mushrooms]] would flourish in their caves and mines and they developed varieties of many sizes, colors and flavors.  They are the main source of protein in their diet.  The mushroom figures as the emblem of the Lithans.
*The Lithans grow [[wikipedia:flax|flax]] [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Linum+usitatissimum]) and from the seed they press oil for eating and for lighting.  The fibers of the plant are used to make linen.
*The Lithans enjoy the [[wikipedia:elderberry|elderberry]] (''Sambucus nigra''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sambucus+nigra]) as their favorite fruit.
*A tisane is brewed from dried elderberry blossoms; often lemon balm is added.  This is drunk either hot or cold.
*A [[wikipedia:beer|beer]] is made from the sorghum.  The Lithans also make an elderberry [[wikipedia:brandy|brandy]], an elderberry wine, and a [[wikipedia:baijiu|sorghum liquor]].
*The Lithans make their vinegar from elderberry wine.
*The Lithans extract a sweet syrup from sorghum.
*[[wikipedia:lemon balm|Lemon balm]] (''Melissa officinalis''  [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Melissa+officinalis]) is the sweet spice.
*Parsley [http://pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Petroselinum+crispum] is the characteristic savory spice. Parsley root, a favorite vegetable, is grown in the home gardens.
*dessert
*The [[wikipedia:holy trinity (cuisine)|culinary trinity]] is linseed oil, parsley and mushrooms.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Recipes</title>
    <id>3761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19096</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-07T19:05:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#[[Ethran]]
#[[Pyran]]
#[[Hydoran]]
#[[Human]]
#[[Xylan]]
#[[Lithan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Westsprak</title>
    <id>3762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32196</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">At the moment this is basically the same as my 'version' of Folkspraak, but the idea behind this is not a language with evenly balanced German, Dutch, English and Scandinavian influences, but a compromise between [[Modern English|English]] and [[High German|German]], with Scandinavian and [[Dutch]] as arbitrators, and probably with more phonetic spelling always preferred. At first reading that might sound rather unegaliterian, but it's based on pragmatism; i.e. the far larger number of speakers of German and English than the other languages and the similarity of Dutch in many respects to German.

==Phonology and orthography==

===Summary===

My preferred phonology can be summed up as this:

*Long and short versions of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ (and possibly /y/)
*The diphthongs /au/ and /ai/, and the sort-of-diphthong /iu/. The diphthongs are really just combinations of the other vowels - i.e. they contain no new/other sounds.
*English/German consonants with /ʃ/ and /x/, no /θ/ or /ð/, /w/ as an alternative to /v/

My preferred orthography can be summed up as this:

*'Classical Latin-style' vowels and consonants plus &lt;w&gt;/&lt;v&gt;, &lt;h&gt;/&lt;ch&gt;, &lt;sh&gt;/&lt;sch&gt; for /w/, /x/ and /ʃ/ (difficult to decide, as Latin didn't have an extra letter for /w/ and didn't have the /ʃ/ and /x/ sounds)
*Vowels are short if unstressed or if followed by two or more consonants.
*As well as the unstressed syllables in polysyllabic words, certain groups (articles, interrogatives, prepositions, demonstratives, monosyllabic pronouns) monosyllabic words are considered 'unstressed', and thus do not need two consonants to mark a short vowel

===Full Table===
&lt;table width=&quot;700px&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Phoneme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Orthography&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Pronunciation (IPA)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Proto-Germanic origin&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Example word&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Meaning of word&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Short vowels&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aCC (C=consonant) or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[a], [ɑ], [æ], [ɐ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Mostly /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mann&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;man&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/e/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eCC or unstressed, &lt;e&gt; followed by &lt;g&gt; (alternative prono.)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɛ], [e] is acceptable, [ə] when unstressed&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i-muated /a/, dimunition of other vowels&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;it&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/i/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɪ], [i] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/i/ mostly&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;in&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;in&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/o/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ɔ], [ɒ], [o] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ with a-mutation, /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frost&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;frost&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʊ], [u] acceptable, and possibly also [ʏ] if /y/ is not a separate phoneme&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ without mutation&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uss&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;us&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/y/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yCC or unstressed non-terminal&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʏ], [y] acceptable&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/ with i-mutation&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rygg&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;back (ridge is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Long vowels&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/aː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aC stressed, terminal a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[aː], [ɑː], [ɐː] (poss. [æː], although could cause confusion with /a/ for American English speakers)&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/æ/, sometimes /a/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sprak&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;language, speech (latter is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/eː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;eC stressed, terminal e&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[eː], [ei], [ɛː] etc.&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/e/ usually&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;breke&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to break&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iC stressed, terminal i&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[iː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/eu/ usually&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dip&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;deep&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;   
      &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/oː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oC stressed, terminal o&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[oː], [ɔː], diphthong of /ou/ type&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/u/, /a/, /au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;over, so, bom&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;over, so, tree (beam is cognate)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;uC stressed, terminal u&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[uː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/oː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gud&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;good&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/yː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;yC stressed, terminal y&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[yː], N.B. Could be merged with /iː/, allowing [yː] as an alternative pronunciation for /uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;i-mutated /oː/ and /eu/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gryn, dyr&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;green, expensive (cognate is dear)&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthongs&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;au&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthong of type /au/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/uː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;aut&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;out&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ai/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ai&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Diphthong of type /ai/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;main&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;my, mine&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/iu/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ˈiu], [ˈiːu], [iˈuː]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/euw/, /euhw/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;niu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;new&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Consonants&lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/p/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;p&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[pʰ], [p]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/p/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;help&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[b]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;better&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;better&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/f/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[f]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/f/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;fader&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;father&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/v/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[v]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Non-initial /b/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;have&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to have&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/t/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;t&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[tʰ], [t]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/t/, initial /θ/ except in pronouns and articles&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ting&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;thing&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/d/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[d]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/d/, non-initial /θ/ and initial /θ/ in pronouns and articles&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;de&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;the&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/s/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;s&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[s], [z]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/s/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wese&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to be&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/k/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;k&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[kʰ], [k]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/k/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;kysse&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to kiss&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/g/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[g], [ɣ], [j] after a (us. palatal) vowel acceptable, although &lt;eg&gt; must either have a long /e/ or be clearly [ɛj] to avoid confusion with /eː/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/g/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;gud, sege&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;good, to say&lt;/td&gt;
       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ch/h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[x], [ç], [hʲ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Non-initial /x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;licht/liht&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;light&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/h/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[h]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /x/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hand&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hand&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ʃ/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sch/sh&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ʃ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/sk/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;schall/shall&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;will, shall&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/j/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[j]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/j/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;jung&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;young&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/w/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;w, possibly v&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[v], [ʋ], [w] - just [v] if written &quot;v&quot;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Initial /w/ or /xw/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wat/vat&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;what&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/m/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[m]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/m/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;milk&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;milk&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/n/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[n]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/n/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nit&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;not&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ŋ/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ng&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[ŋ], [ŋg]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/ng/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;singe&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;to sing&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/r/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[r]ˌ [ʁ]ˌ [ɹ]ˌ [ʀ]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/r/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;rod&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;red&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/l/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;[l]&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;/l/&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;land&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;land&lt;/td&gt;      
      &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Pronouns==

The pronouns are as follows :

&lt;table width=&quot;400px&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Nominative'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Accusative and dative'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''Genitive'''&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''1st singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ig&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;main&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''2nd singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;du&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;di&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dain&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''3rd singular'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;hi/si/et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;him/hir/et&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sain/hir/ets&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''1st plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;wi/vi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;us&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;usser&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''2nd plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ji&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;iuer&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;'''3rd plural'''&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;de/dé&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;dem&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;der&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Verbs==

Verbs do not conjugate for person apart from &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) which has three present forms - &quot;iss&quot;, &quot;ar&quot; and &quot;bi&quot;. &quot;iss&quot; is probably best recommended for singular, and &quot;ar&quot; for plural, with &quot;bi&quot; being an option for first and second persons if you find &quot;iss&quot; jarring (as I do slightly). Use of any of these three for any person is totally correct though, as is use of &quot;wes&quot;. The past is &quot;was&quot; or &quot;war&quot;, again with &quot;was&quot; perhaps best used for singular and &quot;war&quot; for plural, but usage of either for any person is fine. The past participal is &quot;wesen&quot;.

The past and past participal of regular verbs are identical and are formed with &lt;-d&gt; or &lt;-t&gt; (or &lt;-ed&gt; if the verb ends in &lt;d&gt; or &lt;t&gt;).Many common verbs have an optional 'strong' (i.e. ablauted, and thus irregular) form which is usually different in the past perfect and past participal. It is perfectly legitimate to use the regular form of all verbs though, even &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) if you want, and thus all that is required of the learner is to passively understand the irregular past tenses. Examples of strong verbs are as follows (present -&gt; past -&gt; past participal):

swimm -&gt; swamm -&gt; swummen (optionally &quot;swimmd&quot; instead) ...means &quot;to swim&quot;

find -&gt; fand -&gt; funden (optionally &quot;finded&quot;) ...means &quot;to find&quot;

se -&gt; sa -&gt; sen (optionally &quot;sed&quot;) ...means &quot;to see&quot;

raid -&gt; red -&gt; ridden (optionally &quot;raided&quot;) ...means &quot;to ride&quot;

et -&gt; at -&gt; eten (eted) ...means &quot;to eat&quot;

flig -&gt; flog -&gt; flogen (fligd) ...means &quot;to fly&quot;

giv -&gt; gav -&gt; given (givd) ...means &quot;to give&quot;

A slight exception in that the irregularity is not due to ablaut is &quot;hav(e)&quot; (to have) which is &quot;hadd&quot; or &quot;havd&quot; in the past and past participal. Another is &quot;wes(e)&quot; (to be) which is &quot;

==Articles==

The definite article is &lt;de&gt;, pronounced /də/ (or /dɛ/ or /deː/ if stressed), and the indefinite article is &lt;en&gt; pronounced /ən/ (or /ɛn/ or /eːn/ if stressed).

==Adjectives and adverbs==

As there's no gender or case system, adjectives are not affected by what they describe, so &quot;de gryn haus&quot; and &quot;en gryn waiv&quot; (the green house, a green woman/wife). Adverbs do not need an extra &quot;-lig&quot; suffix like &quot;-ly&quot; in most UK English, so &quot;ig ga snell&quot; (I go quickly) not &quot;ig ga snellig&quot;. Both &quot;snell&quot; and &quot;snellig&quot; are correct, but there's no need for the &quot;-lig&quot; suffix.

==Word order==

Word order is really flexible and largely down to the speaker. Subject-verb-object order is normal really, and should come naturally to most speakers as this is the default/basic order in the Germanic and Romance languages and in Chinese. You're more than welcome to say &quot;ig de fud et&quot; instead of &quot;ig et de fud&quot; (I eat the food) if you really want to or for artistic purposes as the meaning's still utterly clear though! For questions one can use S-V-O order and raise your voice at the end or add &quot;, ne?&quot;, or you can use V-S-O order with raising your voice, so &quot;et ig de fud?&quot;. You can of course not raise your voice, but beware this may mean the sentence is taken as a mere statement as VSO order is OK for statements too!

==Prepositions etc.==

Here are some common prepostions and other little words and their meaning:

*&quot;in&quot; means &quot;in&quot;
*&quot;up&quot; or &quot;upan&quot; (also &quot;upán&quot;, &quot;up-an&quot; - said /u'pan/) mean &quot;on&quot;
*&quot;bai&quot; or &quot;baisaid&quot; (also &quot;baisáid&quot;, &quot;bai-said&quot; - said /bai'said/) means beside - &quot;besaid&quot; might be more natural, although less immediately clear for non-English speakers
*&quot;av&quot; means &quot;of&quot;
*&quot;fron&quot; means &quot;from&quot;
*&quot;aut&quot; means &quot;out&quot;
*&quot;turch&quot; means &quot;through&quot;
*&quot;over&quot; means &quot;over&quot; or &quot;above&quot;
*&quot;under&quot; means &quot;under&quot; or &quot;below&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terzemian</title>
    <id>3763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52102</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-02T13:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Cases */ typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{IPA|}}

{{Infobox|name=Terzemian|pronounce=tɜ˞ˈzɛj.mjən|tu=Possible [[League of Lost Languages|LLL]] candidate|script=Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, UTA|tree=Unique PIE, influences from Kartvelian, Turkic, Persian, Uralic and Slavic|morph=Mixed|ms=Lexically Split-S|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Paul.w.bennett|Paul.w.bennett]]|date=}}

=Overview=

Terzemian is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European|IE-derived]] conlang located along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. It is a [[Wikipedia:Centum-Satem_isogloss|satem]] language (the word for ''hundred'' is šündo (шүндо, şyndo, شَِنداَ /ʃyndo/) that uses the ''ruki'' rule, Grassman's law, Slavic-type depalatalization, z/r alternation, r/n alternation, a three-group vowel harmony system, and two phases of lenition (the first word-final, and the second approximately intervocalic).

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ gʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|q ɢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f v
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ ʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ ɮ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x ɣ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|xʷ ɣʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|χ ʁ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ts dz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ dʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tɬ dɮ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɾ ɹ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i y
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɯ u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Writing System=

Terzemian has been written in a variety of scripts. In the modern era, a modified Latin alphabet is used. During the Soviet era, Cyrillic was used, and can still be found. Before the Soviet era, a form of the [[Wikipedia:Uniform Turkic Alphabet|UTA]] was used alongside Arabic. The Arabic script can still be found in general use in certain areas, as well as among the Muslim population throughout the region. Despite (or perhaps because) the fact that the move to the Latin script was a deliberate process to reflect post-Soviet independence, there is also a small folkish movement to return to the UTA script. In short, the learner of Terzemian should concentrate on learning the Latin script, but should be prepared to encounter Cyrillic, UTA, and Arabic on a more or less daily basis.

==Logical Layout==

The following tables illustrate the writing systems with a layout that is in accordance with the Phonology tables above.

===Modern Latin===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k˚ g˚
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ḳ ġ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʼ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f v
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|š ž
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ł ł̣ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x ǧ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x˚ ǧ˚
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x̣ ǧ̇ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c
|align = &quot;center&quot;|č 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tł dł̣ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|y
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ň 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ň˚ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ṛ r 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ı u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===UTA===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kъ gъ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ķ g̓
|align = &quot;center&quot;|q

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f v
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ş ƶ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ł ľ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x ƣ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|xъ ƣъ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x̧ ƣ̓ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ç 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tł dľ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋъ 

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r ř 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i y
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ı u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Cyrillic===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|п б 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|т д 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|к г 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|къ гъ къ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|қ ӷ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ӏ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ф в 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|с з 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ш ж 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ӆ ԓ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|х ғ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|хъ ғъ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ҳ ӷ̵ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|һ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ц 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ч 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|тӆ дԓ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ў 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|й 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|л 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|м 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|н 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ң 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ңъ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|р ʀ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|и ү
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ы у

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|э
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|о

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|а
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Arabic===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|پ ب
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ت د
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ك گ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ف ڒ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|س ز 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ژ ش
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|خ غ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ه

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| څ
|align = &quot;center&quot;| چ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| و
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| ي
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|  ل
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|  م
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| ن
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| ڽ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ر
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|هِ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;| هَِ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| هَ  

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;| اِ  
|align = &quot;center&quot;| اَِ  
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;| اَ 

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;| اٍ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ا 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|اً 

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Alphabetical Orders==

The tables above approximately follow the IPA layout for the sounds of Terzemian. The correct orders of the writing systems of Terzemian are:

* Latin: Aa Ää Åå Bb Cc Čč Dd Ee Ff Gg Ǧǧ Ġġ Ǧ̇ǧ̇ Hh Ii Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ňň Oo Öö Pp Rr Ṛṛ Ss Šš Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx X̣x̣ Yy Zz Žž ˚ ʼ
* Cyrillic: Аа Әә Бб Вв Гг Ғғ Ӷ̵ӷ̵ Дд Ее Жж Зз Һһ Ии Йй Кк Лл Ӆӆ Ԓԓ Мм Нн Ңң Оо Өө Пп Рр Rʀ Сс Тт Уу Ўў Үү Фф Хх Ҳҳ Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь Ээ Ɔɔ Юю Яя ӏ
* UTA: Aa Əə Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ƣƣ Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Ɵɵ Ɔɔ Pp Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Ƶƶ Qq Ъъ 
* Arabic: ا ب ت پ ح خ څ چ د ر ز ژ س ش غ ف ك گ ل م ن ڽ ه و ۆ ي هِ هَِ هَ اِ اَِ اَ اٍ اً

The following chart shows the other writing systems in the latin order:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Latin'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Aa 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ää 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Åå 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Bb 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Cc 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Čč 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Dd 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ee 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ff 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Gg 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ǧǧ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ġġ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ǧ̇ǧ̇ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Hh 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ii 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Kk 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ll 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Łł 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Mm 

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Cyrillic'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Аа 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Әә 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ɔɔ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Бб 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Цц 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Чч 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Дд 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ээ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Фф 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Гг 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ғғ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ӷ̵ӷ̵ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''???''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Һһ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ии 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Кк 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Лл 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ӆӆ / Ԓԓ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Мм 

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Latin''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nn 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ňň 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Oo 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Öö 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pp 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Rr 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ṛṛ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ss 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Šš 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Tt 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Uu 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Üü 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Vv 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ww 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Xx 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|X̣x̣ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Yy 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Zz 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Žž 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|˚ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʼ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Cyrillic''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Нн 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ңң 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Оо 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Өө 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Пп 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Rʀ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Рр 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Сс 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Шш 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Тт 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Уу 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Үү 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Вв 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ўў 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Хх 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ҳҳ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Йй 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Зз 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Жж 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ъъ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ӏ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Щщ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ыы 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ьь 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Юю 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Яя 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Ее

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Notes:

* The Cyrillic letters ''Щ'', ''Ъ'', and ''Ь'' are not used in native words. 
* The Cyrillic letters ''Е'', ''Ю'', and ''Я'' are occasionally used in native words.
* The Arabic characters هِ هَِ هَ use the letter ه as a base character for illustration. The actual vowels are written as just the diactrics, attached to the preceeding consonant.

=Sound Changes=

''See the [[Terzemian/Sound_Changes|Sound Changes]] subarticle.

=Morphosyntax=

==Harmony==

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''Prefix Vowel'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|'''Suffix Vowel'''

|-

|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''u'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ü'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''e'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ö'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ä'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e

|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ü'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''u'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''e'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä

|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ö'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''o'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ä'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''å'''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åɧ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aɧ

|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|}&lt;BR clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Fricative===

The metasymbol ''ɧ'' represents an assimilatory fricative, as follows:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! Next Consonant || p,b,m,f,v,w || t,d,n,s,z,l,r || č,š,ž,y || k,g,x,ǧ || h
|- 
| '''Outcome'''  || f           || s             || š       || x       || ∅
|}

If there is no next consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' assimilates to the previous consonant.

If there is no next consonant and no previous consonant in the root, ''ɧ'' becomes ''h''.

==Verbs==

===Agreement===

Terzemain nouns mark two or less of three core cases, notionally representing the semantic roles INITIATOR, UNDERGOER, and TARGET. For ease of reference, these will be marked with the traditional A, P, and O labels used in discussing Ergative/Accusative marking.

Terzemian is Split-S, with Ergative or Accusative style marking determined lexically by the conjugation of the verb.

The conjugations are as follows:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! Conj. || Required || Optional || Description
|- 
| '''1 a'''   || A        || &amp;nbsp; || Intransitive Active verbs
|- 
| '''1 b'''   || P        || A ''(causitive)'' || Intransitive Stative verbs
|-
| '''2'''     || AP       || &amp;nbsp; || Transitive Active verbs
|}

====Ablaut Patterns====

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Conj.'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Root Vowel'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Non-P R'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Past R'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Non-P Ir'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Past Ir'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;9&quot;|'''1 a/b'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iy

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ü'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|üy

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''u'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|uw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|wo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''e'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ye

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ö'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|yo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''o'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ow
|align = &quot;center&quot;|öü

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ä'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|äh
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ah
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ay
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ey

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''å'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åh
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ow

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;9&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ü'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ü
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''u'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|uw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ow

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''e'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ö'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ö
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''o'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ow
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ä'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ä
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|äɧ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aɧ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aɧ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åɧ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''å'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|å
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åɧ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|åwɧ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Agreement prefixes====

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! Conj. || Argument || 1st Person || 2nd || 3rd
|- 
| 1     || A        || ǧ- || z-   || i-
|- 
| 1     || P        || -  || yu-  || c-
|- 
| 2     || A        || -  || smu- || s-
|- 
| 2     || P        || m- || yu-  || -
|}

===Tense and Evidentiality===

There are two verb tenses, the past and non-past. 

*In the past tense, there are three evidentiality/reality markings:
**''direct'' realis, indicating first-hand observational (e.g. &quot;eye witness&quot;) knowledge. This is marked by the prefix ''e-'', in addition to ablaut.
**''indirect'' realis, indicating knowledge that is informed, inferred, supposed, or otherwise not personal. This is marked by ablaut alone.
**irrealis, making no overt statement about the reality of the VP, but inferring a lesser degree of certainty than either realis marking.
*In the non-past, only the realis and irrealis are distinguished.

===Aspect, Mood, Intensity, and Attitude===

Additional verb characteristics are expressed in suffixes, including the following.

*'''Aspect
**'''Inceptive'''
**'''Abortive'''
**'''Completitive''' ''-åǧ''
**'''Participle''' ''-önz''
**'''Perfect''' ''-gäv''
*'''Mood'''
**'''Imperative''' (use bare root)
**'''Negative''' ''-nä''
**'''Optative/Hortative/Jussive''' ''-zün''
**'''Causative/Volition''' (A -&gt; P, Cause -&gt; A)
*'''Intensity'''
**'''More Intense''' ''-siz''
**'''Less Intense''' ''-(d)e'' (NB: same as nominal diminutive)

Suffixes may be chained in a head-modifier (right-branching) manner.

Example: '''ävåwsezzönnä''' - ''I certainly did not want to soundly beat him.''

==Nouns==

===Gender===

There is pragmatic gender marking -- Nouns are marked for a gender system that combines traditional gender and pragmatic roles.
 
Genders, with examples, are:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|1st Person
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-Am
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižem
|align = &quot;left&quot;|I, the king
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|2nd Person
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-As
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižes
|align = &quot;left&quot;|You, the king
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|3rd Animate
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-At
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižet
|align = &quot;left&quot;|He, the king
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|3rd Inanimate
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;left&quot;|riž
|align = &quot;left&quot;|It, the kingdom
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čom
|align = &quot;left&quot;|The land

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Negative Animate
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-nA
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižne
|align = &quot;left&quot;|No king
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Negative Inanimate
|align = &quot;center&quot;|A-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|eriž
|align = &quot;left&quot;|No kingdom
|align = &quot;left&quot;|očom
|align = &quot;left&quot;|No land

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Cases===

Case marking is ergative for Inanimate and Negative subjects, and accusative in all other cases.
 
Cases are:
 
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Erg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-Er
|align = &quot;left&quot;|--
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čomır

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Nom/Abs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižet
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čom

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-An
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižeten
|align = &quot;left&quot;|--

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Dat
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-Em
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižetim	
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čomım	

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Gen
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-Es
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižetis
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čomıs

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Ins/Loc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-O
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižetü
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čomu

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Com
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-bA
|align = &quot;left&quot;|rižetbe
|align = &quot;left&quot;|čombo

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Recognition Chart</title>
    <id>3764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57800</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-20T22:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wm.annis</username>
        <id>185</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Cyrillic script */ and another</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This article describes a variety of simple clues one can use to determine what conlang a document is written in with high accuracy.

==[http://benung.nfshost.com Ayeri]==
*Orthography: ''ptkcbdgjmnvshrly aāeēiīoōu'' (older transcriptions use ''c'' for ''k'', newer transcription re-uses ''c'' for [ʧ] and ''j'' for [ʤ])
:*Non-ASCII: ''āēīōū'' (''ạẹịọụ ạ̄ẹ̄ị̄ọ̄ụ̄'' have also been used in older transcriptions)
:*Unused ASCII: ''fqwxyz''
*Dipthongs: ''au, ay, ey, oy'' (also, depending on transcription, uses 'iy' frequently, but that is no diphthong)
*Common words: ''ang, sa, eng, le, si, yam, ya''
*Common morphemes: ''-ang, -as, -reng, -ley, -yam, -ea/-ya, -iya, -ara''
*Other common features: Words can get quite long due to its agglutinativeness.

==[http://www.joekewoud.nl/ruittenb/calennawn/ Calénnawn]==
* Non-ASCII: ''áéíóú àèìòù ë ðñ'' and ''$'' or ''š''
* Unused ASCII: ''jk''
* Diphthongs: ''aw, iw, ow, ay, ey, oy, uy''
* Digraph: ''ii''
* ''x'' and ''q'' are common
* Words starting with ''f-'' or ''s-'' (like ''f-qúba'')
* Words of more than one syllable contain at least one acute accent
* Common one- and two-letter words: ''a, e, i, h, o, on, so, se, fh, el, en, iw, fa''

==Ebisédian==
* ASCII orthography:
:* Uses ''w'', ''y'', ''3'' and ''0'' as vowel letters
:* Upper- and lowercase consonants are distinct (e.&amp;nbsp;g., ''K'' vs. ''k'')
:* Use of double vowel letters to indicate length: ''00'', ''ww''.
:* Use of apostrophe after vowels to indicate stress: ''00', yy'.''
* LaTeX orthography:
:* Use of ''ø'' and ''ɜ'' as vowel letters
:* Multiple diacritics over single vowel letters, up to 4 (macron, acute, tear-drop accent, subscript tilde).
:* Subscript tilde to indicate nasality.
:* Tear-drop accent in vowel-initial words (looks like a superscript opening left single quote)
* General:
:* Common single-word sentences with ''i'' in the last syllable.
:* Common words: ''Ke'', ''ve'', ''ke'', ''je'', ''re'' (always clause-final), ''keve'', ''tømø'', ''tɜmɜ'', ''timi'', ''tama'', ''tumu''.

==[[Fínlǣsk]]==

* Non-Latin: ð, ȝ, æ, œ, ᵫ, ᛫, ƿ
* Unused Latin: c, v, w
* Doubled consonants are common
* Diacritics: x́, x̄ (found with all vowels), x̨ (found with e, o, œ, u)

In ISO Latin-1 and other &quot;plain text&quot; formats, ä, ö, and ü can be found for æ, œ, and ᵫ respectively.

The earliest texts are often found in Runes, and texts between around 1200 and 1600 in an Insular Uncial style script. Scribal notae and abbreviations are common, especially in the earliest post-runic texts, with ideographic use (based on the Latin meanings of the sounds nominally represented by the marks) as well as straightforward phonetic use.

==[[Germanech]]==
* Non-ASCII: ''Ää Öö Üü Éé''
* Digraphs: ''ch cj dj gj tj tz''
* Common words: ''a de ez ést héz il la las los''

==Klingon==
* Letters D H I S are always capitalised; letters a b ch e gh j l m n o p r t tlh u v w y are always lower-case. Letter q Q may appear in either case. No non-ASCII characters are used.
* Unused ASCII: f k x z
* ''c'' only appears in ''ch''; ''g'' only appears in ''ng'' and ''gh''; (lower-case) ''h'' only appears in ''ch'' and ''gh''.
* Fairly frequent use of the apostrophe
* Unusual trigraph ''tlh''
* Common affixes: vI- yI-; -be' -'a' -moH -laH -mey -taHvIS -wI'
* Common words: 'oH 'ej 'ach je neH 'e'

==Minza==
* Non-ASCII: ċ č ł ŋ ö ř š ż ž
* Unused ASCII: q w x
* Digraphs: ch, gh
* Combinations: ië, yö, uö, öy, -h after vowels, łř, nř
* Common words: ai, ba, ċi, die, en, fi, ida, ja, kam, keh, ła, łu, min, nu, öych, ři, šei, šö, vö, yn, zmi

==[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s7 Qþyn|gài]==
* Non-ASCII: Þþ|ǂáíúýàìùỳ
* Unused ASCII: bpmfvweoczj
* Combinations: nq qþ rq ql tl hh nǂg n!g n||g ǂk ái áu úi íu ài àu ùi ìu
* All words start with a consonant and end with a vowel
* Very long words

== [http://www3.telus.net/scottoh/rumansa Regimonti]==

Regimonti is a Romance language with vocabulary based on classical Latin rather than Vulgar Latin.
* Its name is &quot;Rumanşa&quot; in Regimonti
* Latin Alphabet with three additional characters: è, ņ, ş which make the following sounds: /E/  /J/ /S/ respectively.
* Diphthongs: ai, au, oi, ua
* common words: unu, una, lu, la. First person singular pronoun: O
*[http://www3.telus.net/scottoh/rumansa/mp3/babel.mp3  Listen to the Babel Text in mp3 format]

==[[Sasxsek]]==
* 7-bit ASCII characters only.
* All upper case or all lower case letters, no mixed case.
* Unused punctuation symbols: ; &quot; ? !
* Unused letters: C, Y.
* No doubled letters.
* Empenthetic X (=/@/) used to in compounds.
* Single bracket quotes: &lt; &gt;
* Apostrophe to break up numbers or long words to make them more readable:  1'000'000
* Colon used for abbreviations:  k:m: (=kilxmitros)
* Proper name marker &quot;li&quot;.

http://www.nutter.net/sasxsek

==[[Senjecas]] (sj)==
*No capitalization
===Latin script===
*Non-ASCII consonants: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ; þ; ð; ł; ß; к; ħ; ʒ&lt;/font&gt;
**Until yogh is made available on Wiki, I am using &lt;font color=blue&gt;j&lt;/font&gt;.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;к&lt;/font&gt; /k/ = Kalaallisut (Greenlandic) [[wikipedia:kra (letter)|kra]] - kappa &lt;&amp;#kappa;&gt;
**On the conlang list: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱ = mh, ł = lh, ß = ts, ʒ = dz, ħ = jh, r = rh&lt;/font&gt;
*Breve under or over to indicate labialization: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ğ, ð̬&lt;/font&gt;
**On the conlang list labialization is indicated by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt;
*Cedilla under or apostrophe over to indicate palatalization: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ç, g̓&lt;/font&gt;
**On the conlang list palatalization is indicated by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ï&lt;/font&gt;
*Non-ASCII vowel: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø&lt;/font&gt;; all vowels with acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;í, é, á, ǿ, ó, ú&lt;/font&gt;; all vowels with double acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;i̋, e̋, a̋, ø̋, ő, ű&lt;/font&gt;
**On the conlang list the double acute accent is replaced with a circumflex
*Non-ASCII weak vowels: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ı, ɶ, æ&lt;/font&gt;
**On the conlang list &lt;/font color=blue&gt;ı&lt;/font&gt; = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ï&lt;/font&gt;

===Cyrillic script===
*Non-Russian consonants:
**My own invention: &lt;font color=blue&gt;м̀&lt;/font&gt;
**Serbian: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ђ&lt;/font&gt;
**Macedonian: &lt;font color=blue&gt;љ; s; j&lt;/font&gt;
**[[wikipedia:tajik alphabet|Tajik]]: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ғ&lt;/font&gt;
*Archaic Russian consonant: &lt;font color=blue&gt;o̴&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;o̴&lt;/font&gt; is the old Cyrillic letter fita, an &quot;o&quot; with a tilde through it, derived from the Greek &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ&lt;/font&gt;.[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm] On the conlang list &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ&lt;/font&gt; will be used.
*Breve under or over to indicate labialization: &lt;font color=blue&gt;г̆, б̬&lt;/font&gt;
*Archaic Russian vowel: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ѫ&lt;/font&gt;; all vowels with acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;и́, é, á, ѫ́, ó, ý&lt;/font&gt;; all vowels with double acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;и̋, e̋, a̋, ѫ̋, ő, y̋&lt;/font&gt;
**On the conlang list the double acute accent is replaced with a circumflex.
**On the conlang list &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø&lt;/font&gt; will be used for &lt;font color=blue&gt;ѫ&lt;/font&gt; yus.
*Palatalization is indicated with the iotacized vowels: &lt;font color=blue&gt;i, є, я, ё, ю&lt;/font&gt; (Palatalization does not occur before &lt;font color=blue&gt;ѫ&lt;/font&gt;. This is not a rule, it just so happens.).
*Weak vowels:
**Russian: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ь&lt;/font&gt;
**Belarusian: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ў&lt;/font&gt;
**Bulgarian: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ъ&lt;/font&gt;

===Greek script===
*Alternate Greek consonants: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϐ&lt;/font&gt; beta /b/; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϑ&lt;/font&gt; theta /D/; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ƛ&lt;/font&gt; lambda with slash /l_0/; &lt;font color=blue&gt;j&lt;/font&gt; yot /j/; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ς&lt;/font&gt; (final sigma) /ts/
*Archaic Greek consonants: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϡ&lt;/font&gt; [[wikipedia:sampi|sampi]] /dz/; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙ&lt;/font&gt; [[wikipedia:qoppa|qoppa]] /j\/
*Coptic consonant:&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϩ&lt;/font&gt; [[wikipedia:coptic alphabet|hori]] /j_0/
*Greek Vowels: with acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί, ή, ά, ό, ώ, ύ&lt;/font&gt;; with double acute accent: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ι̋, η̋, α̋, ο̋, ω̋, υ̋&lt;/font&gt; 
**On the conlang list the double acute accent is replaced with a circumflex
*Weak vowels: &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϊ, ϋ, ε&lt;/font&gt;

===Other Scripts===
The Armenian, Devanagari, Georgian, Hebrew and Tengwar alphabets have also been adapted for Senjecas.

==Tatari Faran==
* Uses subset of Latin alphabet: ''a, b, d, e, f, h, i, j, k, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u.''
* Unused letters: ''c, g, l, q, v, w, x, y, z.''
* No capitalization, not even in proper names.
* Glottal stop in words, indicated by apostrophe (').
* ''ts'' used as a digraph.
* ''d'' is always word-initial, and ''r'' is always medial.
* The only consonant clusters are double consonants beginning with ''m'' or ''n''.
* Common words: ''ka, kei, ko, sa, sei, so, na, nei, no, ei'' (never at the beginning of a sentence); ''e'' (never at the end of a sentence); ''da'' (always follows a word ending in ''-n'').

==[[Terzemian]]==

===Latin script===
* Non-ASCII: Ää Åå Čč Ǧǧ  Ġġ '''G̐g̐''' Ḳḳ Łł '''Ł̣ł̣''' Ňň Öö Šš Üü Žž ʼ  ˚ (bolded letters are apparently unique)
* Unused ASCII: Jj Qq (except in foreign names)

==[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s17/ Þrjótrunn]==
* Non-ASCII: ÁÐÉÍÓÚÝÞÆÖáðéíóúýþæö
* Unused ASCII: cqz
* Combinations: pp tt kk gj ggj kj kkj
* Frequent words: ún únn á í eð er þiss þissi þissa

==[[Tauro-Piscean_language|Tauro-Piscean]]==
*Latin: a b d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w z
*Unused Latin: c q x y
*Diacritics: ẍ x́ x̀ x̆ x̄ (found with all vowels), x̂ (found with e g s)
*There are no digraphs
*Doubled consonants used often, doubled vowels never used
*Common words: an, tet, habb, zï, heonan, tonan, te, jo, Mann</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deini</title>
    <id>3765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19131</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-10T04:43:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dananutter</username>
        <id>290</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">DEINI is a personal language created by Dana Nutter.

==Orthography==
Deini has it's own script, but will be demonstrated here in romanized form.

==Phonology==
Here are the Romanized letters with their accompanying X-SAMPA pronunciations:

&lt; A B C D DD E F G H I K L M N NN O P Q R S SS T TT U V X Y Z ZZ &gt;
/ a b x d D  e f g h i k l m n N  o p G R s S  t T  u v @ 1 z Z  /

/i/ is pronounced [j] before another vowel.
/u/ is pronounced [w] before another vowel.

Other diphthongs:  AI [aj], EI [ej], OI [oj], AU [aw], EU [ew].

==Morphology==

==Lexicon==
Vocabulary is drawn mainly from English and Germanic languages but also with a mix of Greco-Romance, Slavic and a small mix from other world languages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Iliemhiero.jpg</title>
    <id>3766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19133</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-10T06:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hieroglyphic script for an as-yet unnamed conlang I'm working on.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hieroglyphic script for an as-yet unnamed conlang I'm working on.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Iliemhieroex.jpg</title>
    <id>3767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19134</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-10T06:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>piece of a hieroglyphic script i'm working on.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">piece of a hieroglyphic script i'm working on.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Diūn</title>
    <id>3768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48953</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T16:22:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* I. Phonology: */ link concentration</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Diūn City-States
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Time Period:
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE) 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Proto-Diūn&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||semi-fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
|}


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


== I. Phonology: ==


'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''

a. Consonants

{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;&quot;
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|p, b
| align=&quot;center&quot;|t, d
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|t`, d`
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|m
| align=&quot;center&quot;|n
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|p\, B
| align=&quot;center&quot;|s, z
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|s`, z`
| align=&quot;center&quot;|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|ts
| align=&quot;center&quot;|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|r\
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|l
|
|
|
|
|}

b. Consonant Orthography

{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;&quot;
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|p, b
| align=&quot;center&quot;|t, d
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|th, dh
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|m
| align=&quot;center&quot;|n
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|ph, bh / f, v
| align=&quot;center&quot;|s, z
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|sh, zh
| align=&quot;center&quot;|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|ċ/cc
| align=&quot;center&quot;|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|r
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|l
|
|
|
|
|}

c. Vowels

{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;&quot;
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|i, i:
| 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|e, e:
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|a, a:
|
|}

d. Vowel Orthography

{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;&quot;
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|i, ī
| 
| align=&quot;center&quot;|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|e, ē
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|a, ā
|
|}

d. Diphthongs:

[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]

/ai au oi/ &lt;ai au oi&gt;

'''B. Allophones:'''


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


'''C. Phonotactics'''


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following 
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


'''D. Syllable Structure'''


a. CV(C)

= II.Grammar: =


== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==


a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''

''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


'''Tia toidan zado.'''

''Eng: I see this man.''


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''

''Eng: Worms frighten me.''


== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


[[image:tablee.png]]


'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''

''Eng: He hit this man''


'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''

''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''

''Eng: I saw the worm''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Amsel</title>
    <id>3769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19166</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-11T11:20:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amsel</username>
        <id>304</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Hantic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hantic</title>
    <id>3770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20558</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-25T00:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amsel</username>
        <id>304</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
====Author's Note:====
The Hantic language I've been working on for the last ten years has been shelved in favor of its redevelopment through a series of progenitor languages thanks to the diachronitis I contracted by hanging out (lurking more than posting) on the ZBB.  This Hantic site will for the time being focus on the earliest version of the language:  Proto-Hantic.
==Proto-Hantic Background==

Hantic, even in the context of the conworld, is not a natural language.  It was specifically and intentionally created, supposedly by a certain mythical denizen of the conworld, the Hant.  In other words, it is a con-conlang.  In con-worldish actuality, it was created by a charlatan who associated his language with the name of the Hant in order to deceive his students into believing he was in possession of arcane knowledge -- so Proto-Hantic could even be described as a con-con-conlang. 

Proto-Hantic is a pseudo-philosophical constructed language based on a system of 400 consonantal pairs, each of which, when realized through the six vowels, yields a collection of roots that are related by morphology and by the &quot;attributes&quot; the consonantal pair supposedly encodes.  The system was never intended to be taxonomic or derivationally productive -- it was intended merely to give the illusion of systematicity.  The ascription of meaning to the 2400 roots was both arbitrary and pragmatic:  it yielded the necessary terms for using the language as a pseudo-system of magical incantation, but it did not provide a complete lexicon for use in everyday life.  Generally speaking, among the six roots from each consonant pair there was usually one verbal root, an adjectival or adverbial root, and a number of nominal roots, though the specific realization depended on the idiosyncrasies of the language creator.  Later attempts at reconstructing the &quot;system&quot; of vowel alternation will create competing, and hotly debated, theories about the &quot;ablaut&quot; system of the earliest instantiations of the Hantic language.

Proto-Hantic, despite its ignoble and deceitful beginnings, will eventually (after about 3000 years of development) evolve into the premier literary and artistic language of the Talliscine civilization, my principal concivilization.

NB: ANY of the inflections presented below are subject to immediate revision based upon whether I think sound-change alterations are resulting in phonologies for descendant languages that I like.  As George W. Bush is wont to say, &quot;I am the decider&quot;, so sayeth the conlanger.

==Proto-Hantic Phonology==
'''Phonological Inventory:'''

*Plosives:  /p  b  t_d  d_d  t  d  k  g/  &lt; p  b  td  dd  t  d  k  g &gt;
*Fricatives:  /f  v  T  D  s  z  x  G/  &lt;f  v  th  dh  s  z  x  gh&gt;
*Nasals: /m  n/  &lt;m  n&gt;
*Liquids:  /l  r/  &lt;l  r&gt;
*Vowels:  /a  e  i  o  u  y/  &lt;a  e  i  o  u  y&gt;

NB:  The orthography here is merely for my own benefit in attempting to read what I am creating.  Proto-Hantic was originally written with a logographic writing system that I have not invented yet.  Compound words are separated in this orthography by a hyphen, so this orthography does not present ambiguities with medial consonant clusters in compounds.

'''Vowel Harmony:'''
Vowel harmony is both progressive and regressive.  Based upon the vowel of the root, the vowels of prefixes and affixes will align along a front/back axis.  Vowel harmony is broken in compounded roots -- prefixes will align with the first root and suffixes will align with the second.

*Front vowels: [i] and [y]
	
*Back vowels:  [o] and [u]
*Neutral vowels:  [e] and [a]

Where an affix does not have a prescribed neutral vowel, the vowel of the affix is [o] for back-vowel roots, [i] for front-vowel roots, [e] for [e]-roots, and [a] for [a]-roots.

'''Syllable Structure:'''  strictly (C)V(C)

In principle, any consonant may articulate against any other consonant within compounds or across word boundaries.  Allophony is not being considered in the phonology of the protolanguage because I am assuming that the first stimuli for sound-change into descendant dialects will be allophonic compensations for natural difficulties with consonant clusters within compounds and across word boundaries.

'''Prosody:'''  The language is pragmatically stress-timed with regular stress placed on the root, or in the case of compounds, on the second root.  Prosodic stress will (I think) also provide a plausible instigation for sound change, both in stressed and non-stressed segments.

==Morphosyntactic Alignment==
Strict ergative morphological and syntactic alignment, (as purely ergative as I can make it).

NB:  It is my intention that the MSA will also evolve during the development of the language, possibly developing a split- then fluid-S system, and ultimately a system that has both ergative-absolutive and nomitive-accusative features.

'''Core Cases:'''
*Absolutive:  sole argument of intransitives, object of transitives, theme of ditransitives 
*Ergative:  subject of transitives and ditransitives
*Dative:  recipient of ditransitives

'''Oblique Cases:'''
*Locative
*Genitive
*Ablative
*Instrumental
*Vocative

Word order is generally VSO, but due to the case system, it is relatively free.  (I am sort-of assuming that this particular case system will break down fairly quickly, but I don't yet have a rationale for why.)  Adverbial phrase order is Time-Manner-Place, and these phrases are generally sentence final, though time adverbials will often precede the verb.  My intent is that the ultimate literary language will have a strict, even rigid, OSV word order.

==Nominal Morphology==
'''Noun Classes:'''
*Animate: (intelligent, supernatural, animal, natural forces) 
*Non-animate: (vegetable and inanimate material)
	
NB:  Only the animate class may take the ergative case in the protolanguage.  (This distinction will eventually be entirely lost, probably.)
	
'''Number/Definiteness Inflections:'''
*Singular/Indef:  -s
*Singular/Def:  -0
*Plural/Indef:  -n
*Plural/Def:  -k

NB:  Nominal roots are inflected first for number and definiteness.  Case inflections are then added to the resulting stem.  The vocative is &quot;additive&quot; and can be combined with all of the other cases except the ergative.  When there is the requirement that the vocative and ergative be combined, the fusional prefix is &quot;gho-&quot;.

'''Case Inflections:'''
*Absolutive:  -0
*Ergative:  de-
*Dative:  -em
*Genitive:  -en
*Locative:  -t
*Ablative:  -r
*Instrumental:  -p
*Vocative:  va-

==Verbal Morphology==
'''Verbal Inflection:'''
Verbs conjugate for person, number, and aspect.  Verbal agreement for person and number is with the '''absolutive''' argument.  (This peculiar agreement will probably remain throughout the evolution of the language.)

NB:  Verbal roots are inflected first for person and number.  Aspectual and mood inflections are then added to the resulting stem.  Vowel harmony is observed also in verbal inflection.

'''Person:'''
The persons are the standard 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.  It is always understood, however, that the &quot;magical&quot; invoker is the 1st person, the &quot;magically&quot; invoked is the 2nd, and the 3rd is anything peripheral to the relationship between the invoker and invoked.  There is no method whatsoever for indirect discourse.

'''Number:'''
The numbers are simply singular and plural.  (I'm not yet sure how this might evolve.) 

'''Person/Number Inflections:'''
*1st S:  -v
*2nd S:  -dd
*3rd S:  0
*1st P:  -z
*2nd P:  -dh
*3rd P:  -m

'''Tense/Aspect:'''
The aspects are punctuative and iterative:
*Punctuative aspect indicates that the action of the verb occurs only once.
*Iterative aspect indicates that the action of the verb occurs repeatedly.

The punctuative aspect will probably quickly come to be used as a quasi-narrative past.  These aspects will eventually evolve into a system of aorist, perfect, and imperfective aspects with temporal associations and uses.

NB:  It is pretty clear that this aspect system will not work with certain verbal types.  I hope that the deficiencies of this system will also provide stimulus to invent among those who would use the language as a language of every-day life.

There is no morphological tense in Proto-Hantic.  Indeed, as a language for &quot;magical&quot; incantation, the speech act is mostly concerned with the present in the forms of invocation and command.

'''Mood:'''
Moods are indicative, imperative, and conditional.  There is no irrealis whatsoever (another exploitable instability).

'''Aspect/Mood Inflections:'''
*Punct. Ind.:  0
*Punct. Imp.:  -at
*Punct. Cond.:  -af
*Iter. Ind.:  -e
*Iter. Imp.:  -et
*Iter. Cond.:  -ef

'''Voice:'''
Proto-Hantic admits no voice-changing operations, though the final descendant language will, I hope, have a rich voice-changing system with certain of the less-often-used voices having interesting temporal and aspectual associations and uses.

==Pronouns==
Proto-Hantic has a symmetrical system of distal and proximate pronouns, including in the first person.  A distal 1st person is somewhat odd as a linguistic concept, but it is used heavily in Proto-Hantic:
*to refer to oneself while in an altered state of consciousness (vision quest, out-of-body state)
*to make a mind (distal) / body (proximate) distinction
*to refer to spell/spellcaster, causer/agent distinctions (these alternations are actually fairly elaborated, but I won't bore the reader here).

In the 2nd and 3rd person, the distal and proximate pronouns are used to refer to persons or objects either distal or proximate to the speaker, as one might expect.

This distal/proximate distinction in the pronouns will probably eventually be lost.  The 1st person pronouns may evolve into clitics used in a kind of agent/instrument construct state, the 2nd person pronouns into a familiar/polite distinction (maybe), and the 3rd person into demonstratives (probably).

Demonstrative-like constructions can be achieved in Proto-Hantic by simply stating the appropriate pronoun followed by the substantive.

'''Pronouns:'''
*1st prox.:  tdu
*2nd prox.:  tda
*3rd prox.:  tdo
*1st dist:  lu
*2nd dist:  la
*3rd dist:  lo

NB:  Strangely, pronouns are not inflected for number (go figure -- another potential instability to exploit in the development of the language).

==Relative Clauses==
Proto-Hantic does not have a very robust process for relativization.  It simply uses a relative particle with proximate pronouns.  This construct simply incorporates an entire clause in normal word order into the NP.  These relativizations look more like appositives than genuine relatives.


==Interrogatives==
Proto-Hantic, as a ritual language, does not have a method for interrogation.  (Yet another instability ripe for invention.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett</title>
    <id>3771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52085</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-28T19:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Paul Bennett'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Paul_w_bennett.jpg]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| July 12, 1976; Bletchley, England
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Software Developer
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English and German. I can read a bit of several others, kinda.
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000208893772 Paul's Blog-like contraption]
|}


=Who, What, Where, and When?=

Originally from the UK, I have been living in North Carolina since 8/8/2000, first in Smithfield, and then on the Raleigh/Garner border. 

=I am differently-sane=

I suffer from a cluster of incompletely-diagnosed mental symptoms, including some attention / focus problems, a set of motor and verbal tics, and some occasional ideas of reference and paranoia. I sometimes have depressive episodes, and very occasionally something that might be mild mania. I used to have incredibly severe anger-management issues, but I'm much better now, though I do still tend to get frustrated at my own failures. I consistently score exceptionally well on standardized IQ tests (including a 200, and an &quot;off the chart&quot;, both in professionally-administered tests), and on exams in general, though I am terrible at completing homework / coursework / projects / etc. Most of my schooling was therefore carried out in &quot;Special Education&quot; for kids with problems in their behavior and in getting work done. I suspect it helped tremendously in making me more well-balanced emotionally, but I also suspect it held back my academic achievements significantly -- kids at that school were mainly expected to get just one or two GCSEs, or in American terms to only graduate with a passing grade in one or two subjects.

=I'm a fat, hairy dwarf=

I'm 5'8&quot;, with red hair down to my shoulder blades (which almost always stays in a pony tail), and a beard that varies in shape and length, usually seasonally, unless I get bored with it. As of March 2007, I'm sporting a full set, at around 3/4 of an inch long (though I keep the moustache trimmed enough that my mouth isn't obscured), having trimmed off the 3 inch winter growth when the weather started warming up. I am neither Lithuanian nor Left-Handed. I do not wear glasses, contacts, a monocle, or other sight aids.

=Shh. Don't talk about the Cross &amp; Crown. I mentioned it once but I think I got away with it.=

My politics are of the Minarchist persuasion. I'm a middle-of-the-road Protestant, and an ordained minister in the Universal Life Church. I have followed a number of other faiths and philosophies in the past.

=Computing=

I have been a shameless computer geek since about the age of 4. I was typing before I could write, and indeed programming before I started school.

I'm an IT contractor by trade, and I've turned my hand to a fair selection of projects over the years. Right now, I'm on a contract for a major ISP/telco, doing Perl, SQL and Javascript development of a CRM and abuse-tracking application.

I also custom-build workstation-grade high-performance PCs for fun and profit. My personal machine is a Core2 Duo E6300 with 4GB of DDR2-800 and a pair of 320GB SATA hard drives. My next personal project is going to be a media center.

=Correctness is defined by widespread usage=

Linguistically, I'm a prescriptivist whose rulebook consists of statistics from Google for the usage in question.

=My Hovercraft is full of Eels=

I speak English and rusty German, and can read enough Danish, French and Spanish to fix most things that Babelfish breaks. I know enough about how several other languages work (including Russian, Latin, Greek) to be able to just about figure out some texts, provided I have the Internet available. Starting to learn languages is something of a hobby. Finishing learning them? Not so much. In the last year (as of January 2008), I have started learning Russian, Czech, Sumerian, Hittite, Armenian, Japanese, Inuktitut, and Ojibwe -- some of those not for the first time.

My long term goal is to be able to converse adequately in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Hindi, (Eastern) Arabic and Mandarin, plus any others that seem interesting.

=My Projectses=

I'm given to starting many projects and finishing few of them. On deck right now are a PIE reference book (to be published by lulu.com), a set of additional glyphs for SIL Gentium (trying to find the right license to let anyone and everyone edit my source, but allow SIL to incorporate the new glyphs into the main font, which is SIL OFL), the [[Uínlītska]] language, and parts of an MMORPG engine.

My conlang projects, in approximate (and fuzzy) chronological order of being started, are:

* Common - An attempt at a modern Germanic/Romance koine. About as naive and unsophisticated as an auxlang can be, in fact.
* Polyparlisho - Another auxlang. I blame ''The Loom Of Language'' right on top of learning Esperanto for the horrifically stereotypical structure of this language.
* Orkish had four phonemes. Nuff said.
* Trollish existed only as a logographic writing system.
* Bennett was a codelang created by me and my brother. It was almost purely a logographic script for English (with ideographs for case and prepositions), with a mixture of a substitution cypher of the IPA and ideographic determinatives for proper nouns and words for which there were no logograms. Years later, I kept a journal using what I remembered of the script.
* Wenetaic
** The first incarnation was pretty much utterly naive and a priori, and proved to be utterly untranslatable in the two relays it was entered in. I think this was because of the complex and large set of fusional &quot;directionals&quot;, which combined aspect, deixis, case, gender and a number of other things, and sometimes had lexical meanings, though it also had two classes of reduplication thrown in. The vocab was pulled from a selection of languages based on essentially whatever struck me when I needed a new word.
** The second incarnation had a stronger a postieriori basis for the vocabulary, and ditched the reduplication. It kept a smaller and more orthogonal set of directionals, though.
* Meynian was a &quot;Nostratic&quot; (actually noodled-around-with IE) a posteriori language. It had ablaut, a more manageable case system, no gender marking on nouns, a huge pronoun set, a small and simple verbal morphology, and my first real derivational system.
* Thagojian
** The first incarnation had IIRC 288 consonants in a nice, orthogonal, 5-dimensional grid. It made extensive use of consonant mutation and Arabic-style vowel frame morphology. It proved unlearnable to the highest degree.
** The second incarnation massively simplified the morphology and phonology, borrowed some concepts from the second version of Wenetaic, and became an IE language located in the Levant, with Coptic, Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew adstrates, with vowel harmony. For all my efforts, it was essentially stillborn.
** The third incarnation forked into two projects, Thag 3A and Thag 3B. The former is in the spirit of the second incarnation, but is on hiatus, and the latter became Terzemian.
* mQlò was a toylang based on my discovery that I could simultaneously articulate a fully-nasal airstream with tone while producing clicks while producing phonation effects while controlling rounding. I scared *myself* with that one, and shelved it rapidly.
* Lizardman is/was a project that I feel I didn't give a fair shake to. It was designed for a species without a vaulted palatte, and without prehensile lips. With a small, orthogonal phoneme set, and a large set of derivations, it should have gone far. I found it one of the easiest projects to translate into, in fact, but it has floundered.
* [[Tsa'in]] is mostly an experiment, almost but not quite an engelang. I'm playing with phonology, and trying out some things I don't normally dabble in. It has a whiff of the Meso-American about it, as well as a dash of East Asia.
* [[Br'ga]] is conlocated on a small, isolated tropical island. It has a bizarre phoneme set, a nonobvious gender and pronoun system, and very many derivational opperations, working much like Inuit or something. The verbs of motion worked by lexicallizing direction and deriving for manner, unlike European languages that generally lexicalize manner and derive or use adverbs for direction. Think &quot;traverse quickly&quot; instead of &quot;run along&quot;. Morphology was via ablaut and suffixes. Some suffixes caused umlaut, and some harmonized. There was a suffix of /ː/...
* [[Terzemian]] is an IE language, related to the Indo-Slavic metabranch, based on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. It has Turkic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Persian, and Russian influences, among others. I am working on Latin, UTA, Cyrillic and Arabic orthographies for it. It was my main project, but Uínlītska caught my eye during a low point.
* [[Uínlītska]] is a Norse language, with influences from European and Native American languages. In theory it's part of a whole series of languages for an AU centered on the ''Norse Territory of [[Uínlīta]]'', a modern continuation of the colonization of Vínland. Work tends to be sporadic, and deliberately so: I'm trying to concentrate on Terzemian, my book, and my [[User:Paul.w.bennett/CSMF|sound change engine]].
* [[Hibernic]] will be situated in the same AU as Uínlītska, being the language of mostly-Celtic settlers who arrived a couple of generations later.
* The [[Uínlīta (AU)|conworld containing Uínlīta]] will be developed over time. Right now, I have a billion ideas, and no structure.
* I'm building a guess at [[User:Paul.w.bennett/piephon|PIE Phonetics]].
* I doodle [[User:Paul.w.bennett/Doodle|here]] from time to time.

=Special Thanks=

Userboxish thing taken from Joerg and BPJ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahabhadhuphu</title>
    <id>3772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20289</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-18T18:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alphabet */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mahabhadhuphu''' (Eng: Mamanuphian; Mamanuphian: ''Mahaφξaθξoπξo'') is a language isolate. It is an ergative-absolutive language, leading some scholars to surmise that it may be related to Basque. [[Mahabhadhuphu lexicon]], [[Mahabhadhuphu vocabulary]]

==Alphabet==
The Mamanuphian alphabet (arewebhethu, ''aρefeφξedξo'') is based on ancient Etruscan, and has somewhat of a look of a mixture of Greek (Garekhey, ''Xaρecξeq'') and Latin (Rubhadhey,  ''Ρoφξaθξeq'') alphabets. Until 1945, the alphabet had no minuscule letters. In an effort to modernize the alphabet, the letters were given their closest Latin or Greek shapes. This process was based totally on the shape of the original letter, and thus some letters have different sounds than their Greek or Latin counterparts. If the majuscule was the same in both Latin and Greek, the Latin minuscule form won out.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|'''Mah.'''||Aa||Cc||Dd||Ee||Ff||Hh||Θθ||Mm||Nn||ξ||Oo||Ππ||Qq||Ρρ||Rr||Vv||Xx||Φφ
|-
|'''Latin'''||A||K||T||E||W||H||D||M||N||*||U||P||Y||R||Rr**||Ng||G||B
|-
|'''IPA'''||/a/||/k/||/t/||/e/||/w/||/h/||/d/||/ɱ/||/n̪/||||/u/||/p/||/j/||/ɺ/||/ʀ/||/ŋ/||/g/||/b/
|-
||'''Name'''||Arew||Kabhu||Terethu||Epheru||Waw||Hethu||Dethu||Mu||Nu||Hu||Ubhekheru||Pu||Yuphu||Ru||Arru||Ngepheru||Gu||Bu
|-
||'''Mah. name'''||Aρef||Caφξo||Deρedξo||Eπξeρo||Faf||Hedξo||Θedξo||Mo||No||Ho||Oφξecξeρo||Πo||Qoπξo||Ρo||Aro||Veπξeρo||Xu||Φo
|-
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;The letter ''ξ'' is used to show aspiration of the previous stop consonant (eg., b &gt; bʰ, p &gt; pʰ, etc.) It may also be written as a circumflex (^ rutheghu, ''ρodξexξo'') over the letter. Since current morphology requires that all stop consonants are aspirated intervocalically, the hu or rutheghu is often left out as redundant. For example, the name of the language, ''Mahaφξaθξoπξo'' (Mahabhadhuphu) is often spelt ''Mahaφaθoπ0o'', but ''φξaqaπξav'' (bhayaphang: island) would still be spelt ''φξaqaπav'' (with the initial ''ξ'' after the ''φ'' remaining). This guide will use official spelling with the ''ξ'' left in tact. ''ξ'' has no majuscule.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; There are two &quot;R&quot; sounds in Mahamanuphian. The first, represented by the letter ''ρ'' is an alveolar lateral flap, similar to the letter &quot;R&quot; as pronounced in Japanese, the second is represented by the letter

==Orthography==
Mamanuphian orthography is very basic. Words may begin with either a consonant or a vowel and follow the rule of consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel. Words may end in either a vowel or nasal (M, N or Ng). Nasala are not allowed internally in a word, and change according to this pattern: M&gt;Bh, N&gt;Dh, Ng&gt;Th.

==Nouns==
There are five classes of nouns in Mamanuphian:

===Type one: Human (gephey: ''xeπξeq'')===

Related to humans. Usually ends in -u or -e in the absolutive and ergative cases.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!'''word'''!!Absolutive case!!Ergative case!!Genitive  case!!Dative case||Instrumental case
|-
|'''man'''||mahu, ''maho''||maheru, ''maheρo''||mahey, ''maheq''||maham, ''maham''||mahar, ''mahaρ''
|-
|'''woman'''||kure, ''coρe''||kurere, ''coρeρe''||kurey, ''coρeq''||kuram, ''coρam''||kurar, ''coρaρ''
|-
|'''king'''||haru, ''haρo''||hareru, ''haρeρo''||harey, ''haρeq''||haram, ''haρam''||harar, ''haρaρ''
|-
|'''human (being)'''||gephe, ''xeπξe''||gephere, ''xeπξere''||gephey, ''xeπξeq''||gepham, ''xeπξam''||gephar, ''xeπξaρ''
|-
|}

===Type two: Animals and plants (theng teheng radhaheng: ''dξev dehev ρaθξahev'')===

Type two nouns usually end in -eng in the absolutive and ergative cases. Domesticated animals and palnts may end either in -u or -eng. The -eng usually gives a connotation of wildness.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!'''word'''!!Absolutive case!!Ergative case!!Genitive  case!!Dative case
|-
|'''tree'''||dukheng, ''θocξev''||dukhereng, ''θocξeρev''||dukhey, ''θocξeq''||dukham, ''θocξam''
|-
|'''plant'''||radhaheng, ''ρaθξahev''||radhahereng, ''ρaθξaheρev''||radhahey, ''ρaθξaheq''||radhaham, ''ρaθξaham''
|-
|'''cow'''||bhahu (bhaheng), φξaho (φξahev)||bhaheru (bhahereng), φξaheρo (φξaheρev)||bhahey, φξahey||bhaham (φξaham)
|}
===Type three: Tools (kerebha: ''ceρeφξa'')===
Type three nouns include tools, most technology and languages. Tools and technology usually end in either -a or -u. Languages usually end in -ethe or -uphu.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!'''word'''!!Absolutive case!!Ergative case!!Genitive  case!!Dative case!!Instrumental case
|-
|'''automobile'''||awthumubhera, ''afdξomoφξeρa''||awthumubherera, ''afdξomoφξeρeρa''||awthumubherey, ''afdξomoφξeρeq''||awthumubheram, ''afdξomoφξeρam''|| awthumubherar, ''afdξomoφξeρaρ
|-
|'''hammer'''||yura, ''qoρa''||yurera, ''qoρeρa''||yurey, ''qoρeq''||yuram, ''qoρam''||yurar, ''qoρaρ'' 
|-
|'''pot'''||ngehu, ''veho''||ngeheru, ''veheρo''||ngehey, ''veheq''||ngeham, ''veham''||ngehar, ''vehaρ''
|-
|}

===Type four: Body parts===
===Type five: Places===
===Type six===

===Articles===
There is no indefinate or definate article in Mamanuphian.

==Pronouns==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|||'''I'''||'''you'''||'''he/she/it'''
|-
|'''me'''||ru, ''ρo''||wu, ''fo''||gu, ''xu''
|-
|'''you'''||ram, ''ρam''||wam, ''fam''||gam, ''xam''
|-
|'''him/her/it'''||rehu, ''ρeho''||wehu, ''feho''||gehu, ''xeho''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uínlītska</title>
    <id>3773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30778</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-19T23:14:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Latin Script */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.

=WARNING! WARNING! WARNING!=

This page, while never stable, has become outstandingly unstable, and is guaranteed to be unstable, and to lack self-consistency. Do not treat anything here as though it is either correct or inviolate.

=Phonology=

''See the [[Uínlītska Phonology]] article for details.''

=Orthography=

==Latin Script==
=Consonants=

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ȝ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ku ȝu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|þ l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|γ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|γu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ȝ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|γ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|þ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|θ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w/o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the ''linea nasalis'') for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of '''e''' and '''o'''. The ''plønna'', the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.

The orthography is uncial (that is there are no capital letters), and is based on Carolingian. In modern times, increasing use has been made of the normal Latin alphabet for printed works, and but the traditional script still survives in its original form, as well as in a descendant script similar to Rotunda and Schwabacher.

==Runes==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚠ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚦ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚨ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚲ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚹ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚺ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᚾ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛁ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛇ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛈ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛊ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛏ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛖ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛗ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛚ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛝ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛟ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᛨ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɔ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Morphology=

Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.

==Morphophonemics==

See the [[Uínlītska Phonology]] article for definitions of the vowel archiphonemes.

The consonant archiphonemes ''ɴ'', ''ʟ'', ''ᴊ'', and ''ᴡ'' have the following realizations:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|'''Base'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;8&quot;|'''Environment'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|V_V
|align = &quot;center&quot;|V_#
|align = &quot;center&quot;|#_V
|align = &quot;center&quot;|C_V
|align = &quot;center&quot;|V_C
|align = &quot;center&quot;|C_C
|align = &quot;center&quot;|C_#
|align = &quot;center&quot;|#_C

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ɴ'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ən
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ən
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə̃
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nə

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ʟ'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|əl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|lə

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ᴊ'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ᴡ'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Nouns==

===Summary===

A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: ''sōrƿinmeð'' (with the son), ''hámsū'' (about a house).

===Gender===

Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.

===Case===

Nouns have three core cases (used only for core NPs), and four oblique cases (which are used with postpositions for non-core NPs).

Nouns may also be marked with attitudinals (''qv'').

The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.

See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.

====Core Cases====

Erg, Nom/Abs, Acc, based on fluid-S system oriented to intentionality. In certain circumstances, the choice of cases adds morphology to the verb, this is shown in the '''Verb''' row.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|'''Undergoer'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|'''Initiator'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot; |Animate
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|Inanimate
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|Intransitive
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|Not Specified
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|Negative

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Willing
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Unwilling

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Unintentional
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nom/Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg/Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nom/Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nom
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Intentional
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg/Nom
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg/Acc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg/Nom
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nom
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Nom
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Erg

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Verb
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Patient''-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Agent''-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ы''k-/''ы''-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ɴ''-

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The ''Patient'' and ''Agent'' prefixes are identical to those used for the possessor of obligatorily possessed nouns.

====Oblique Cases====

Gen/Abl, Dat, Loc, Ins

====Declensions====

'''REDO FROM START'''

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''V'''

|-
|colspan = &quot;2&quot; align = &quot;right&quot;|''ON Stem''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|''-a''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|''-i/-u''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|''-o''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|''-r''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|''-nd''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Sg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Du''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Pl''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Sg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Du''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Pl''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Sg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Du''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Pl''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Sg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Du''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Pl''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Sg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Du''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Pl''

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Nominative'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|''Initiator''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ʟ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ʟᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-''ʟ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-''ʟᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ʟ''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ʟ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ʟᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-''ᴊ''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-j''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-''ʟ''

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Accusative'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|''Undergoer''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴡ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴡᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|''From''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Dative'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|''To''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-''ᴊɴ''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ю''-''ᴊ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊɴ''

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Locative'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|''At''

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-øs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø''ᴊ''s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''s

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Oblique'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|(Everything else)

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-sj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-øs

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-as
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-as
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-as
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-as

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Some useful patterns occur in noun declensions:
* The Dual is formed in most cases from the Singular plus -''ᴊ''.
* The Locative and Oblique are formed from the Accusative and Genitive respectively plus ''-s'' (or ''-j'' when the ending is already ''s'').

===Obligatory Possession===

Certain nouns (notably body parts and family members) must bear a possessive prefix showing their referent/&quot;possessor&quot;. Other nouns may optionally bear the same prefixes (instead of using a Genitive phrase) if the possessor is animate.

The prefixes used are:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Posessor'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Marking'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ɴ''-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ki-/k-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3 Px'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᴡ''-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3 Ob'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ю''-/''ю''s-

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Article===

Definiteness is marked as follows:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Definite To'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Marking'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Speaker''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Listener''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Animate''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Inanimate''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|No
|align = &quot;center&quot;|No
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|''Not marked''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Yes
|align = &quot;center&quot;|No
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''þ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Yes
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Yes
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ̃''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''s

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Attributive Article====

The particles ''hī'', ''his'' precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to &quot;ordinary&quot; articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance ''pję́n hī ǫzih'' is ''Bjarn The Weathly'', and ''pję́n ǫzihī'' is ''the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one)''.

===Postpositions===

Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.

''Note: needs moar disambig.''

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Postposition'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Nom'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Acc'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Gen'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Dat'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Loc'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Obl'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|á
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|by means of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|upon
|align = &quot;center&quot;|on
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in the manner of

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|af
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|from
|align = &quot;center&quot;|out of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|because of

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|at
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|to
|align = &quot;center&quot;|near
|align = &quot;center&quot;|towards

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|among
|align = &quot;center&quot;|into, onto
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in, within
|align = &quot;center&quot;|during

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|eftí
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|along
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in order to obtain
|align = &quot;center&quot;|according to
|align = &quot;center&quot;|behind
|align = &quot;center&quot;|later than

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|flá
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|from
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|concerning

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hfᵫ́ri
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|because of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|against
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in front of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|earlier than

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|með
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|by means of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|as well as
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in combination with
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|above
|align = &quot;center&quot;|over
|align = &quot;center&quot;|concerning
|align = &quot;center&quot;|because of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|around, about
|align = &quot;center&quot;|for

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫ́
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|of
|align = &quot;center&quot;|out of, from
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|made from

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|beside, at the side of; compared with; close by

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|til
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|útā
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|outside (of); beyond; without

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ū
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|about, concerning
|align = &quot;center&quot;|across
|align = &quot;center&quot;|throughout
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᵫðð
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᵫfí
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|above, over, at; across, upon

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.

===Adjectives===

==Pronouns==

Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.

''Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns''

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;5&quot;|1st
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|2nd
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|3rd

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|Incl
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|Excl
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Proximal
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Distal

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Sg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Du
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Du
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Sg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Du
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Sg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Du
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Sg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Du
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Nominative'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ek
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fist
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fé
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlo
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlist
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlé
|align = &quot;center&quot;|an
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ant
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hléj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlast
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlęst
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zǫ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Accusative'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mih
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|øski
|align = &quot;center&quot;|øs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlisk
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iski
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ihli
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hán
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hánt
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zá
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zat
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zet
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zǫ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Genitive'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mín
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|oská
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fǫ́
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlín
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iska
|align = &quot;center&quot;|isa
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ęns
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ęnts
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hléjø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hles
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlents
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hléjø

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Dative'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Locative'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Oblique'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ehs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fits
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fés
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hløs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlits
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hléls
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ans
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ants
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hléjs
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlats
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hlęts
|align = &quot;center&quot;|zǫs

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).

==Verbs 2.0==

In order to use a verb, you need to know it's Conjugation and Class.

The dictionary form of a verb lists the Present Indicative stem, along with the conjugation number and class letter, for instance the following fictional example:

* '''sing-''' ''v. (2/A)'' - To sing ''(sth)''.

===Personal Marking===

This is the general template for personal distinctions in verb conjugations. 

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Person'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Number'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;1&quot;|''Singular''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;1&quot;|''Plural''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Indef.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Somebody''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|X

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Neg.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Nobody''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|X

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1st
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Me''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1p

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2nd
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''You''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2p

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Px
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Him (Near)''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3p

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Ob
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Him (Far)''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3'
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3'p

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inan
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''It''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|0
|align = &quot;center&quot;|0p

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Conjugations===

TAM morphology is similar to ON, with ablaut and ablaut-like processes.

There are five main Conjugations, plus a small number of irregular verbs.

====1st Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;12&quot;|'''INDICATIVE'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;l
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-al

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;z
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;z
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-azi

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-∅

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====2nd Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;4&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''V'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''To be'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|INDIC.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|em

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-l
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-''υ''-l

|align = &quot;center&quot;|és

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-jø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhøz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ja
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|euo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ta

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-til

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-t

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uás

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-izø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uálī

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tiz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-øz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáliz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáli

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|IMPERAT.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ué

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|SUBJ.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pres.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sél

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sém

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|séz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pret.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====3rd Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;12&quot;|'''INDICATIVE'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;(i)&lt;/sup&gt;l
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;(i)&lt;/sup&gt;lz

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;z
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-&lt;sup&gt;(j)&lt;/sup&gt;a

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-&lt;sup&gt;(u)&lt;/sup&gt;s

|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-&lt;sup&gt;(ʔ)&lt;/sup&gt;ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;|-''ω''-&lt;sup&gt;(ʔ)&lt;/sup&gt;øs

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====4th Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;4&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''V'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''To be'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|INDIC.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|em

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-l
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-''υ''-l

|align = &quot;center&quot;|és

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-jø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhøz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ja
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|euo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ta

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-til

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-t

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uás

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-izø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uálī

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tiz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-øz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáliz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáli

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|IMPERAT.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ué

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|SUBJ.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pres.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sél

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sém

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|séz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pret.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====5th Conjugation====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;4&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''V'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''To be'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|INDIC.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|em

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-l
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-''υ''-l

|align = &quot;center&quot;|és

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-jø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhøz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ja
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|euo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ta

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-til

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-t

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uás

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-izø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uálī

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tiz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-øz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáliz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáli

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|IMPERAT.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ué

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|SUBJ.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pres.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sél

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sém

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|séz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pret.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Common Irregular Verbs====

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;4&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''V'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''To be'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|INDIC.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|em

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-l
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-''υ''-l

|align = &quot;center&quot;|és

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-jø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhøz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ja
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|euo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ta

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-til

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-t

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uás

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-izø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uálī

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tiz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-øz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáliz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáli

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|IMPERAT.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ué

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|SUBJ.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pres.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sél

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sém

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|séz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pret.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Classes===

Personal morphology is more like the Algonquian model than the ON model.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Class'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Description'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Agent'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Patient'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Oblique'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|A
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Transitive Active
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Acc''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|I
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Intransitive Active
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|R
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Transitive Stative
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Erg''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|S
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Intransitive Stative
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|U
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Undergoer Incorprating
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|G
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Goal Incorporating
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|M
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Modifier Incorporating
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inc

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|C
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Copular / Comparitive
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Morph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''Obl''

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Class A====

Simple Active/Nominative.

Mainly based on the ON verb, with some borrowings and calques.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Subject'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Marking'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ы''t

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Neg'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ne-&amp;nbsp;-n

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Indef'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u-

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;


====Class S ====

Simple Stative/Ergative.

====Class T====

Obligatorily Transitive/Tripartite.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|'''Subject'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;7&quot;|'''Object'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3 An Px
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3 An Ob
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3 Inan
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Neg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Indef

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ᴊ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ы''t

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Neg'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ne-&amp;nbsp;-n

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Class U====

Noun-Undergoer Incorporational.

====Class G====

Noun-Goal Incorporational.

====Class M====

Noun-Modifier Incorporational.

These tend to be equivalent to abilitatives, optatives, and other similar verbs and auxilliaries, and are usually short (sometimes monophonemic) and most often suffixes. A classic example is the Class 2A verb ''-m'' (&quot;to be able to use/perform&quot;), which when suffixed to the name of the language ''uínlītska'' forms the derived verb stem ''uínlītskam'' , which forms fully-conjugated forms such as ''intuínlītskam'' /indwiːnlĩtʃkam/, literally &quot;I can speak Uínlītska&quot;.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Subject'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''Object'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Px
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Ob
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inan

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mihtⁱ-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|intᵒ-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hᵒ-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᵃl-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kⁱ-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ᵗo
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ˢᵗo
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-u

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Class R====

Noun-Referent Stative Hemitransitive. Or something.

Like Class M, usually short or very short, and always immediately follow their (normally non-case-marked) referent.

The example ''-tu'' (&quot;To be one of those / to be a member of that group&quot;), combined with ''uínlītj'' (Uinlander) forms the phrase stem ''uínlītj -tu'', which forms fully-conjugated forms such as ''uínlītj intu'' /wiːnlĩtʃ indo/, literally &quot;I am a Uinlander&quot;. Likewise ''uínlītj kitu'' and ''uínlītj tu'' for the 2nd and 3rd person versions.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|'''Subject'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|'''Object'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Px
|align = &quot;center&quot;|An Ob
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Inan

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mihtⁱ-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|inᵗ-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|hᵒ-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ᵃl-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kiᵗ-

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ᵗo
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ˢᵗo
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ᵘ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Verbs 1.0==

The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.

''Need to add more personal distinctions, and a variety of object suffixes''

''Per sound changes, verbs are apparently much simpler''

===Conjugations===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;4&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''I'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''II'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''III'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''IV'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''V'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''To be'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|INDIC.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Nonpast''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|em

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-l
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-s

|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|-''υ''-l

|align = &quot;center&quot;|és

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-al
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-jø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''υ''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhø̄

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éhøz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ja
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|euo

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Past''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-az
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ta

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-til

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-t

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-s

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uás

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-azi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''η''j-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.

|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-izø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-ø̄

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uálī

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iziz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-tiz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-øz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáliz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ti

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-''ω''-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|uáli

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|IMPERAT.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|-∅

|align = &quot;center&quot;|ué

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;12&quot;|SUBJ.
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pres.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-a

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sjá

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-il

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sél

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-ī

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sém

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-iz

|align = &quot;center&quot;|séz

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|-i

|align = &quot;center&quot;|sé

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|''Pret.''
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Sing.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|Plur.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Example Verbs===

''None yet''

===Voice===

====Active Voice====

Simple bare verb.

====Passive Voice====

The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.

===Future Tense===

Formed by ''want''/''must''/''should''/''might''/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

===Aspects===

Perfect formed by ''is''/''have''/''become''/''do''/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

==Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers==

Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.

==Gerunds, Participles, and their Adjectives and Nouns==
==Incorporation, Compounding, and Derivation==

==Adverbs==

==Particles==

=Other Languages=

Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North &amp; Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE. 

[[Finla]] was the first major consolidation of power, followed by ''&quot;Nova Scotia&quot;'' (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their ''[[Hibernic]]'' language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Visigothz.jpg</title>
    <id>3774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19339</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-16T12:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An image of a Visigothic z, the origin of ç.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An image of a Visigothic z, the origin of ç.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahabhadhuphu vocabulary</title>
    <id>3775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19566</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-24T17:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|long||khan
|-
|wide||akhung
|-
|thick||ethum
|-
|heavy||abhum
|-
|small||phere
|-
|short||yudhan
|-
|narrow||mu
|-
|thin||eghan
|-
|woman||kureng
|-
|man||mahu
|-
|human being||rughu
|-
|child||bhehu
|-
|wife||tebheng
|-
|husband||tebhu
|-
|mother||rukheng
|-
|father||dhuwu
|-
|animal||ethu
|-
|fish||thuren
|-
|bird||dhekheng
|-
|dog||wethu
|-
|louse||uyu
|-
|snake||eheng
|-
|worm||peyeng
|-
|tree||ebhem
|-
|forest||beng
|-
|stick||ahu
|-
|fruit||tathu
|-
|seed||eha
|-
|leaf||agheng
|-
|root||rakhu
|-
|bark||taku
|-
|flower||ughun
|-
|grass||ethem
|-
|rope||ebhum
|-
|skin||dheng
|-
|meat||ubhan
|-
|blood||naheng
|-
|bone||thang
|-
|fat||petheng
|-
|egg||huram
|-
|horn||wukheng
|-
|tail||penu
|-
|feather||uphen
|-
|hair||ngan
|-
|head||gerabhu
|-
|ear||yewem
|-
|eye||nehu
|-
|nose||urun
|-
|mouth||ephu
|-
|tooth||menu
|-
|tongue||pebhum
|-
|fingernail||dheyu
|-
|foot||muwem
|-
|leg||ngegha
|-
|knee||rahu
|-
|hand||bhathu
|-
|wing||kebhu
|-
|belly||gagheng
|-
|guts||huyum
|-
|neck||bebham
|-
|back||yudhe
|-
|breast||bheyeng
|-
|heart||raghu
|-
|liver||phekhu
|-
!Colspan=2|Verbs
|-
|drink||adham
|-
|eat||thuwun
|-
|bite||maw
|-
|suck||ahamuw
|-
|spit||uwaw
|-
|vomit||khethaw (ng)
|-
|blow||ruw
|-
|breathe||aphaw
|-
|laugh||aghuw
|-
|see||buw
|-
|hear||menuw
|-
|know||weghew
|-
|think||radhuw (n)
|-
|smell||udhenew
|-
fear||ahenguw
|-
sleep||yudhaw (n)
live||herew
|-
die||uhuw
|-
kill||phawew
|-
|fight||pukhaw
|-
|hunt||uwaw
|-
|hit||naphaw
|-
|cut||bhenuw
|-
|split||gaghuthaw (ng)
|-
|stab||khabhew
|-
|scratch||ngaw
|-
|dig||dukhuw
|-
|swim||heraw
|-
|fly||nehuw
|-
|walk||tekhuw
|-
|come||bekhaw
|-
|lie||hebhaw
|-
|sit||khathuw
|-
|stand||dedhuw
|-
|turn||kewuw
|-
|fall||phaw
|-
|give||thudhuw
|-
|hold||kebhuw
|-
|squeeze||aphaw
|-
|rub||heyuw
|-
|wash||rakhuw
|-
wipe||webhuw (m)
|-
pull||ghuphew
pushngeham
throw
wuthen
tie
bhatha
sew
bheghang
count
nuphem
say
ngu
sing
ayun
play
yewen
float
uthu
flow
phukhang
freeze
mere
swell
heya
sun
erung
moon
ekhen
star
ghare
water
arem
rain
re
river
adhem
lake
ahum
sea
ughan
salt
kharu
stone
than
sand
nayeng
dust
tha
earth
erum
cloud
yang
fog
rehu
sky
waya
wind
ye
snow
naghum
ice
ya
smoke
ehu
fire
khethe
ashes
huhung
burn
huwu
road
hukhan
mountain
ayen
red
bha
green
rabha
yellow
ghubhem
white
rekhun
black
rayang
night
ngadhun
day
akham
year
ghudha
warm
wadham
cold
eghun
full
athen
new
rem
old
hen
good
ha
bad
khu
rotten
yuthu
dirty
haghen
straight
ngekha
round
dhakhu
sharp
thu
dull
aram
smooth
yadhung
wet
aya
dry
utham
correct
bhehung
near
bhayun
far
agha
right
gheng
left
dhan
at
heyem
in
rung
with
phem
and
etham
if
thayam
because
theng
name
ayung
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>3776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46923</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Kijebsyllabary.svg|725px|thumb|center|The Kijeb syllabary.  Click [[Kijeb writing|here to return to the Kijeb writing page]].]]
[[Category:Kijeb]]
[[Category:Sohlob]]
[[Category:Sohlob writing]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sugai river</title>
    <id>3777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19482</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-21T15:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Sugai river''' {{IPA|[su'gai]}} ([[Tannaean language|Tannaean]]; [[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''Sougae''' {{IPA|['su:gaɪ]}}) is a river that originates in the central [[Iryagi]] and empties into the [[Denurean Sea]] in the province of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]] in [[Arithia]]n [[Audoria]]. Together with the [[Etui river]], with which it runs in near mirror-image, the Sugai irrigates nearly three-quarters of the province.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etui river</title>
    <id>3778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19483</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-21T15:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Etui river''' {{IPA|[e'tui]}} ([[Tannaean language|Tannaean]]; [[Arithide language|Arithide]] '''Etouy''' {{IPA|['etʉi]}}) is a river that originates in the central [[Iryagi]] and empties into the [[Denurean Sea]] in the province of [[Tannaea (province)|Tannaea]] in [[Arithia]]n [[Audoria]]. Together with the [[Sugai river]], with which it runs in near mirror-image, the Etui irrigates nearly three-quarters of the province.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Rivers of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Artya</title>
    <id>3779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49333</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T19:16:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Artya''' {{IPA|['ɑ:tjə]}} ([[Dethric language|Dethric]], [[Arithide language|Arithide]], [[Kiryeb language|Kiryeb]] {{IPA|[ar'tja]}}) or '''Artyan Sea''' is a sea in the northern reaches of [[Ilethes]] bounded by the continents of [[Eresphria]], [[Marcasia]] and [[Istheusia]]. The sea also borders the polar [[Reor Camoresis]] to the north of Eresphria; it is linked to the [[Pelas]] by the [[Bidan Channel]], and to the [[As am Iraph]] by both the [[Deis Paphresis]] and the [[Armagnol Strait]].

The sea's location between the frigid north pole and the warm [[Marcasia]]n continent and the adjacent [[As am Iraph]] gives rise to its rather choppy character in the west; in the east, bounded by the cooler [[Istheusia]]n landmass, the Artya is noticeably calmer, more balmy, and more conducive to trade: it has indeed been used as a trade route between the [[Carabaean Empire|Carabaean]] and [[Nospheratic Empire|Nospheratic]] empires of old (see [[Ilethes in the Classical Age]] for more).

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deis Paphresis</title>
    <id>3780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29429</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T10:01:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Deis Paphresis''' ([[Dethric language|Dethric]] {{IPA|['ðeis pa'fresis]}}) is a strait separating the continents of [[Eresphria]] on the north and [[Canthres]] on the south, in the process linking the [[Artya]] and the [[As am Iraph]]. The considerable width of the strait, as well as the deep seabed of the [[Artya]] on its east, means that in its vicinity the sea surface is generally calm and conducive for trade and other nautical activity. The strait is and has been an important conduit for human and material movement; it was the route by which humans, having first settled [[Eresphria]] from [[Marcasia]], spread to [[Canthres]]. In modern times, the strait is a major node for transport between the two continents: no fewer than six port cities are situated within 50km of its shores.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Eresphria]]
[[Category: Canthres]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>As am Iraph</title>
    <id>3781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29411</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-28T17:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Names */ punctuation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''As am Iraph''' ([[Arithide language|Arithide]] lit. &quot;Sea to the West&quot;) or '''Eastern Ocean''' is the largest water body on [[Ilethes]], bounded by the continent of [[Istheusia]] on its western shores, the [[Hibondassian Sea]] to its west and south, to its north by the [[Reor Camoresis]], and to the east by the continents of [[Eresphria]], [[Canthres]], [[Marcasia]] and [[Arophania]].

==Names==

The Arithide name, the ''As am Iraph'', is an inheritance from [[Ilethes in the Classical Age|classical times]], and is named from the [[Areth]] perspective as to its geographical location. Despite this, the name has gained currency at the expense of the officially preferred and promoted name, &quot;Vonectean Ocean&quot;, which in Arithide (''Kanadas Vonektinos'') literally means &quot;the ocean of many changes&quot;, a reference to its unpredictable weather and the wide variations across its huge geographical expanse.

The name ''Eastern Ocean'', on the other hand, is a lesser known and used name, deriving from its old [[Kiryeb language|Kiryeb]] name. In modern usage, the [[Karyāba]] prefer to call the ocean the Vonectean.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Oceans, Seas and Lakes of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Knoschke</title>
    <id>3783</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22839</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T11:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Talk:Knoshke]] moved to [[Talk:Knoschke]]: I like the German spelling better.  It is also more realistic in central Europe.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Knòškè]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Paulasman.gif</title>
    <id>3786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19540</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-22T16:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drawing of [[User:Melroch]] by his girlfriend.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drawing of [[User:Melroch]] by his girlfriend.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahabhadhuphu lexicon</title>
    <id>3787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20288</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-18T18:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#H|H]] [[#Θ|Θ]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#Π|Π]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#Ρ|Ρ]] [[#R|R]] [[#V|V]] [[#X|X]] [[#Φ|Φ]]
|}

===A===
*Aφξeρecξu [a.bʰe.ɺe'.kʰu] ''n.5'' America.
===C===
*carem [ka'.reɱ] ''n.5'' gold.
*coρe [ku'.ɺe] ''n.1'' woman.

===D===
*deφξo [te'.bʰu] ''n.1'' spouse, husband, wife.
*Dξero [tʰe'.ru] ''myth.'' god of the sky.
*Dofaρ [tu'.waɺ] ''myth.'' god of the sun.
===E===
*Efρoπo [ew.ɺu'.pu] ''n.5'' Europe.
*eφξev [e'.bʰeŋ] ''n.2'' seed.
===F===
*fedξu [we'.tʰu] ''n.2'' dog. ''adj.'' cofedξeq [ku.we'.tʰei] canine.
===H===
*Hacξo [ha'.kʰu] ''myth.'' god of the sea.
*Haθξo [ha'.dʰu] ''myth.'' demigod, son of god ''Dξero'' and human ''Neham'', hero of ''Adξecξo''.
*haρo [ha'.ɺu] ''n.1'' king, queen, ruler, leader. ''n.5'' qocξohaρo [juˌ.kʰu.ha'.ɺu] realm, kingdom
*heρeqo [he.ɺe'.ju] ''n.6'' sun. ''adj.'' coheρeqeq [ku.he.ɺe'.jei] solar.
===Θ===
*θocξev [du'.kʰeŋ] ''n.2'' tree, shrub.
*θofo [du'.wu] ''n.1'' parent, father, mother.
===M===
*maho [ɱa'.hu] ''n.1'' man.
*Mam [ɱaɱ] ''myth.'' goddess of the moon.
===N===
===O===
*oqo [u'.ju] ''n.2'' louse.
===Π===
*Πξeρam [pʰe'.ɺaɱ] ''myth.'' god of the Earth, underworld.
*Πoρodξeqo [pu.ɺu.tʰe'.ju] Germany.
===Q===
*Qakξom [ja'.kʰuɱ] ''name'' James, Jacob.
*qocξo [ju'.kʰu] ''n.5'' river.
*qom [juɱ] ''n.5'' land, territory.
*Qoham [ju'.haɱ] ''name'' John.
*qoρa [ju'.ɺa] ''n.3'' hammer.
===Ρ===
*ρaθξahev [ɺa.dʰa'.heŋ] ''n.2'' plant, shrub.
*Ρom [ruɱ] ''placename'' Rome. ''adj.'' ρoφξeq [ru'.bʰei] Roman.
===R===
*Reρa [re'.ɺa] ''myth.'' wife of ''Dξero''.
*rocξo [ru'.kʰu] ''n.5'' silver.
===V===
*vaθξo [ŋa'.dʰu] ''n.4'' tooth, teeth.
*veho [ŋe'.hu] ''n.3'' pot, pan.
===X===
*Xehoρe [ge.hu'.ɺe] ''name'' George.
*xeπξe [ge'.pʰe] ''n.1'' person, human being.
===Φ===
*Φecξo [be'.kʰu] ''myth.'' god of thunder.
*φev [beŋ] ''n.2'' forest.
*φξeho [bʰe'.hu] ''n.1'' child, boy, girl.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zebia</title>
    <id>3788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33050</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T06:33:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Planet|
|name=Zebia
|image=(No image available)
|distance=1.2248 AU
|year_local=473.7033 Zebian days
|year_earthdays=465.7194 earth-days
|siderealday=23.5458 hours
|solarday=23.5955 hours
|diameter_metric=13,124.3884 km
|diameter_usa=8,155.1169 mi
|area_metric=541,137,986 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|area_usa=208,934,545 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|tilt=27.6 degrees
|mass_metric=6506.5837 Yg
|mass_earths=1.0891 earths
|gravity=1.0281''g''
|moons=3}}

'''Zebia''' is a collaborative conworld of several members of the [[Zompist Bulletin Board]].  The planet Zebia is slightly larger than but very similar to Earth and orbits (together with several other planets) [[Sol Novus]] (or just Novus, for short), a sun-like star which forms a binary star system with a second, dimmer star orbiting at a larger distance.  

Zebia has three moons, one of them large, the other two small and placed at the L4 and L5 points of the large moon's orbit. These moons follow a circular orbit around Zebia at a distance of 413,966.3801 km, taking 29.1783 days to complete one orbit. The largest moon has a mass of 97.1016 Yg and a diameter of 3,812.5360 km; incidentally, this is such that the largest moon and Novus have the same angular size as seen from Zebia.

=Geography=

==Map==
[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]

==Continents==
Zebia has five continents:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]

=History=
*[[Geological and biological history of Zebia|Geological and biological history]]
*[[Spread of humans on Zebia|Human migration]]

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[category:Conworlds]]
[[Category:Zebia|*]]
[[Category:Planets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zompist Bulletin Board</title>
    <id>3789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46311</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T09:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Zompist Bulletin Board''' (often abbreviated '''ZBB''') is a phpBB-powered community of conlangers and conworlders.  The community originated in a message board on [[Mark Rosenfelder]]'s web site and is a major meeting ground for conlangers and conworlders, second in importance only to the [[CONLANG]] mailing list.  It has spawned several projects, such as KneeQuickie and the [[Zebia]] shared world.

* [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/ Zompist Bulletin Board]

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sol Novus</title>
    <id>3790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22692</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T06:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sol Novus''' (or just Novus, for short) is a G2 star, with a dimmer companion star '''Sol Alter'''. Novus has 1.1301 times the mass of the earth's sun, 1.2318 its diameter, and about 150% of its luminosity.

Novus is at the centre of a solar system. One of its planets is '''[[Zebia]]''', an earthlike planet, at a mean distance of 1.2248 AU from it.

Novus and its companion star, Sol Alter (or &quot;Alter&quot; for short), orbit each other in an elliptical orbit with a perihelion of 178.7 AU and an aphelion of 566 AU. The great semi-major axis of the orbit is 291 AU, and the orbital period is 2,208.2431 Earth-years (1,731.823 Zebia-years). The magnitude of Alter, as seen from Zebia, is -15.66 at perihelion, and -13.16 at aphelion.

[[Category:Zebia]]
[[Category:Suns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Zebia</title>
    <id>3791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30969</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category structure</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category contains all articles and subcategories relating to the [[Zebia]] collaborative conworld project.

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Planet</title>
    <id>3792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21756</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-14T16:45:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Corumayas</username>
        <id>312</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added a line for year in Earth days (as opposed to local days).</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=0 align=right
!align=center colspan=2| {{{name}}}
|-
|align=center colspan=2| {{{image}}}
|-
|align=right| Distance from sun:
| {{{distance}}}
|-
|align=right| Year length:
| {{{year_local}}}
|-
|
| ({{{year_earthdays}}})
|-
|align=right| Sidereal day:
| {{{siderealday}}}
|-
|align=right| Solar day:
| {{{solarday}}}
|-
|align=right| Diameter:
| {{{diameter_metric}}}
|-
|
| ({{{diameter_usa}}})
|-
|align=right| Surface area:
| {{{area_metric}}}
|-
|
| ({{{area_usa}}})
|-
|align=right| Axial tilt:
| {{{tilt}}}
|-
|align=right| Mass:
| {{{mass_metric}}}
|-
|
| ({{{mass_earths}}})
|-
|align=right| Gravity:
| {{{gravity}}}
|-
|align=right| Number of moons:
| {{{moons}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faranit</title>
    <id>3793</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19612</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Faranit]] moved to [[Faraneit]]: Orthographic shift</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Faraneit]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faranit Dialectical Slang</title>
    <id>3794</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19617</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:36:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Faranit Dialectical Slang]] moved to [[Faraneit Dialectical Slang]]: Orthography change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Faraneit Dialectical Slang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faranit Lexicon</title>
    <id>3795</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19620</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Faranit Lexicon]] moved to [[Faraneit Lexicon]]: orthographic change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Faraneit Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faranit Pronouns</title>
    <id>3796</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19625</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:42:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Faranit Pronouns]] moved to [[Faraneit Pronouns]]: orthographic change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Faraneit Pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lhined</title>
    <id>3797</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19629</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lhined]] moved to [[Lheinead]]: Orthographic changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lheinead]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lhined Pitch Split</title>
    <id>3798</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19632</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T00:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lhined Pitch Split]] moved to [[Lheinead Pitch Split]]: Orthographic Shift</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lheinead Pitch Split]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laescelh</title>
    <id>3799</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19635</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T01:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Laescelh]] moved to [[Lescealh]]: Modernized Orthography</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lescealh]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Zebia</title>
    <id>3800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30956</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-30T19:10:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of Contributors */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== List of Contributors ==
If you are a contributor, sign below with three tildes. If your wiki screenname is different from your ZBB name, list that as well.
* [[User:Tmeister|Tmeister]]
* [[User:Gsandi|Gsandi]]
* [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]](Servator_Mundi)''Anyone care to enlighten me on why the Zompster banned me? Throw it on my talk page if you do.''
* [[User:Cedh audmanh|Cedh Audmanh]]
* [[User:Corumayas|Corumayas]]
* [[User:Keenir]] (Rodlox)
* [[User:Jotomicron|Jotomicron]]
* [[User:brandrinn|bandrinn]]
* [[User:Kolyakrokodil|Kolyakrokodil]]

==Voting==
''I propose we use a two thirds majority voting system, as such will encourage debate to a point where everyone is happy enough if there is not a great majority, while not having the annoying qualities of a system requiring unaniminity. Thus when voting on an aspect give your opinion, and a brief statement of why.'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]]

''Upon thinking about it, I think gsandi's idea of signing the updated total would be a good way to insure that no vote is counted twice, etc...'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]]

''Note: discussion should be carried out primarily at the forum, this is for posting your official opinion on something, please update your posts rather than add new ones.'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]]

I have reorganized the unresolved issues into this section, replacing the other voting section (I hope you're not offended, Praesidium!). If you would like to vote, add your vote to the appropriate category, along with your reason(s), and update the &quot;Current results&quot;. This section is not for general discussion of the topics, which should take place in another section or in the [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=21300 ZBB thread]. For those who have already voted in the other voting section, I have copied your votes here; I hope you don't mind. Also, if the option you would like to vote for is not on the list, add it yourself, following the pattern of the other options.

As per Praesidium's suggestion, declare an issue resolved when there is at least a two-thirds majority in favor of one option, and when it is clear that everyone who intends to vote on that topic has done so. If somebody protests, we can reopen the voting, unless changing the decision would undermine work on the project that has taken place since the issue was first declared resolved. [[User:Tmeister|Tmeister]]

'''No current issues to vote for'''

==Results of voting==
''I'm adding this to show the results of topics that have been decided. A description of a given topic will placed here, and a note should be put next to the relevant topic in voting saying that said topic appears to be decided, that topic should be removed from voting after several days have passed. If you wish to contest the decision to move it here for any reason you must do so before it is removed from voting. To do so make a note here explaining why, rather than deleting it outright.'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]]

''I went ahead and deleted the determined issues, since there has been no contesting of the decisions.'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]] 19:04, 17 March 2007 (PDT)

''Be sure to sign with four tildes when nominating a topic for deletion to aid in determining what should be deleted. A topic should be nominated if one choice has the 2/3 majority and hasn't been voted on for a while.'' [[User:Praesidium|Praesidium]] 22:16, 31 March 2007 (PDT)

====Physical characteristics of the system====
*Size of Zebia: ~3%&gt;Earth
**3 votes in favor of ~3%
**1 vote in favor of 15%
**1 abstain
*Alter's physical characteristics: &lt;small&gt;Values kindly calculated by Kalan&lt;/small&gt;
**Mass (compared to Novus): 0.9&lt;br /&gt;Orbital period: 1728 Zebian years&lt;br /&gt;Great semi-major axis: 218.7 AU&lt;br /&gt;Perihelion: 178.5 AU&lt;br /&gt;Aphelion: 565 AU&lt;br /&gt;Magnitude in Perihelion: -15.67 mag&lt;br /&gt;Magnitude in Aphelion: -13.1 mag
**These results were (difficultly) acchieved after a long time by means of a random process

====Biological====
*Use of humans/humanlike creatures as the sentient race(s): Yes
**5 votes in favor
**0 votes against
*Number of sencient species: One
**2 votes in favor of more than one
**3 votes in favor of exaclty one</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Melroch/Rhodrese</title>
    <id>3801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19692</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-27T19:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!

(1) Is this still an &quot;as yet unnamed Romlang&quot;, or is it (at least temporarily and/or provisionally) named &quot;Rhodrese&quot;?

(2) Shouldn't it be in a non-special page entitled &quot;Rhodrese&quot; instead of in a &quot;User:&quot; page?

:(1) Yes, it is provisionally named Rhodrese.

:(2) Not while it is still a mess!

:[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 11:38, 27 February 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senjecan language</title>
    <id>3802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19691</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-27T19:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Told Charlie I like his lexicon (vocabulary glossary wordstock)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nice!
I see you've implemented glosses of the Swadesh list(s).
Have you got the 850 words of Charles Kay Ogden's &quot;Basic English&quot;?
(Ogden's Basic English Words
Basic English is a simplified version of English language created by Charles Kay Ogden. Here are the 850 words in his order.
ogden.basic-english.org/words.html - 9k - Cached - Similar pages)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terzemian/Sound Changes</title>
    <id>3803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19740</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-02T14:42:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-PIE symbols */ Remove placeholder. I have a much better plan...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am writing these rules with the deliberate intent of later writing a parser. It will be documented at [[User:Paul.w.bennett/CSMF|$HOME/CSMF]] once work starts.

=Reading rules=

==Categories==

root category = [cons][vowel]

category POA for [cons] = [bilabial][alveolar][postalveolar][palatal][velar][labiovelar][glottal]

category height for [vowel] = [close][mid][open]

category fronting for [vowel] = [front][central][back]

category fronting for [cons] = [fronted][][backed]

==Shorthands==

shorthand [+affric] = [+stop][+fric]

shorthand [+liquid] = [+cons][-stop][-fric][-laryngeal]

==Classes==

class C = .[+cons]

class V = .[+vowel]

class R = C[+liquid]

class N = C[+nasal]

class J = C[+affric]

class T = C[+stop][-voice]

class D = C[+stop][+voice]

class S = C[+fric][-voice]

class Z = C[+fric][+voice]

class H = C[+laryngeal]

==Symbols==

p = T[-asp][+bilabial]

b = D[-asp][+bilabial]

t = T[-asp][+alveolar]

d = D[-asp][+alveolar]

ḱ = T[-asp][+palatal]

ǵ = D[-asp][+palatal]

k = T[-asp][+velar]

g = D[-asp][+velar]

kʷ = T[-asp][+labiovelar]

gʷ = D[-asp][+labiovelar]

Cʰ &gt; $1[+asp]

s = S[+alveolar]

r = R[+alveolar][-lateral][-nasal]

l = R[+alveolar][+lateral][-nasal]

m = N[+bilabial]

n = N[-bilabial]

ʔ = H[+palatal]

ʕ = H[+velar]

ʕʷ = H[+labiovelar]

i = V[+close][+front][-round]

e = V[+mid][+front][-round]

u = V[+close][+back][+round]

o = V[+mid][+back][+round]

=Read accented vowels as feature changes=

é &gt; e[+stress]

ó &gt; o[+stress]

ē &gt; e[+long]

ō &gt; o[+long]

ḗ &gt; e[+long][+stress]

ṓ &gt; o[+long][+stress]

=Non-PIE symbols=

h = S[+glottal]

z = Z[+alveolar]

š = S[+postalveolar]

ž = Z[+postalveolar]

ü = [+vowel][+close][+front][+round]

ö = [+vowel][+mid][+front][+round]

ä = [+vowel][+open][+front][-round]

a = [+vowel][+open][-front][-round]

å = [+vowel][+open][+round]

x = S[+velar]

ǧ = Z[+velar]

c = J[+alveolar]

č = J[+postalveolar]

=Depalatalization=

ḱ &gt; k / s _

ǵ &gt; g / s _

=Satemization=

ḱ &gt; š

ǵ &gt; ž

=Grassman=

C[+asp] &gt; C[-asp] / _ .* [C+asp]

=Laryngeals=

==With vowels==

ʔe &gt; e

ʕe &gt; a

ʕʷe &gt; o

o[+length]H &gt; o[+length]x

o[-length]H &gt; o[+length]

e[+length]H &gt; $1$2x

eʔ &gt; e[+length]

eʕ &gt; a[+length]

eʕʷ &gt; o[+length]

==With liquids==

ʔ &gt; i / _ R

ʕ &gt; a / _ R

ʕʷ &gt; u / _ R

H &gt; ə / R _

==With remaining consonants==

ʔ &gt; e / C _ C, # _ C, C _ #

ʕ &gt; a / C _ C, # _ C, C _ #

ʕʷ &gt; o / C _ C, # _ C, C _ #

=Split labiovelar series=

C[+labiovelar] &gt; C[+bilabial] / _ (V,H)[+front]

C[+labiovelar] &gt; C[+bilabial] / (V,H)[+front] _ #

C[+labiovelar] &gt; C[+velar] / _ (V,H)[+round]

C[+labiovelar] &gt; uC[+velar] / _ #

C[+labiovelar] &gt; C[+velar]u

H[+bilabial] &gt; w

=Epenthesize syllabic liquids=

∅ &gt; ə / C _ RC

==Harmonize the weak vowel==

ə &gt; u / V[+round] C* _

ə &gt; u / _ C* V[+round]

ə &gt; i

=Desyllabify close vowels=

j = [+cons][+liquid][+palatal][-lateral][-nasal]

w = [+cons][+liquid][+labiovelar][-lateral][-nasal]

i &gt; j / C _ V, V _ C, # _ V, V _ #

u &gt; w / C _ V, V _ C, # _ V, V _ #

=I, A, or U umlaut=

Phase 1 goes here.

=Final-softening Chain Shift=

r &gt; ∅ / _ #

l &gt; w / _ #

Z &gt; $1[+liquid] / _ #

S &gt; $1[+voice] / _ #

D[+asp] &gt; $1[-stop][-asp][+fric] / _ #

D[-asp] &gt; $1[+asp] / _ #

T &gt; $1[+voice] / _ #

=Monophthongization=

V[+front]w &gt; $1[+round]

V[+round]j &gt; $1[+front]

wV[+front] &gt; V[+front][+round][=height($2)]

jV[+round] &gt; V[+front][-round][=height($2)]

=Ruki=

s &gt; š / (r,u,k,i) _ , _ (r,u,k,i)

z &gt; ž / (r,u,k,i) _ , _ (r,u,k,i)

=Writing Rules=

to write in Latin use

H =&gt; (OOPS!)

[+glottal] =&gt; h

[+labiovelar] =&gt; w

[+palatal] =&gt; y

[+lateral] =&gt; l

N[+bilabial] =&gt; m

N[+alveolar] =&gt; n

N[+postalveolar] =&gt; n

N[-bilabial][-alveolar][-postalveolar] =&gt; ň

R =&gt; r</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett/CSMF</title>
    <id>3804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19766</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-02T22:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Options */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Name=

csmf - Compleat Sound-change Modelling Framework

=Description=

This program will be a script generator, written in Perl, but development is currently in pre-planning. It takes a file in the [[User:Paul.w.bennett/CSMF/File_Format|.csmf]] format as input, compiles the rules to a Perl script and runs that script on a specified corpus to produce an output corpus. Optionally, the generated script may be saved to disk for later re-use or editing.

=Synopsis=

csmf ''rulesfile'' [ -q | [ -v [ v [ v ] ] ] ] [ -o ''savedscript'' ] [ -s ''sourcecorpus'' ] [ -t ''targetcorpus'' ]

=Options=

''rulesfile'' Filename containing the ruleset to compile to perl. 

If not found, csmf searches $CSMFPATH (if present), which should be a colon-delimited list of directories to search. Windows implementations will search a semicolon-delimited %CSMFPATH%, if present. 

Specifying an input  file of &quot;'''-'''&quot; reads the rules from stdin, but see the '''-s''' switch.

'''-q, --quiet''' Do not output anything (except critical errors to stderr).

'''-v, --verbose''' Output rules as they are compiled. 

'''-vv, --noisy''' Output changes to (or creation of) symbols and states for each rule.

'''-vvv, --tmi''' Output full state and symbol tables that have changed for each rule.

'''--verbosity ''n'' '''Set output verbosity to 0 (quiet), 1 (normal), 2 (verbose), 3 (noisy), 4 (tmi).

'''-p, --persistent-verbosity''' Make ''-q'', ''-v'', ''-vv'', or ''-vvv'' setting persist into the generated script (mm &quot;used&quot; for &quot;compiled&quot;). 

The options will always be understood (but not forced) in the generated script if ''-o'' is used.

'''--beef-yoga''' Export data as ''csmf.flex'' and ''csmf.bison'' for use with the respective programs. This is '''''HIGHLY''''' Experimental! Do not use, except for fun.

'''-o --save-script-file''' Saves the generated Perl script after creating and running it. This is useful if you need to use the same changes on several corpora. 

Specifying an output file of &quot;'''-'''&quot; writes the generated script to stdout. If you do this while using any of the logging switches, logging will occur to /dev/fd3 instead of stdout. 

If you do not specify a script name, the default will be ''rulesfile'' with the file extension (if any) stripped from it the extension '''.pl''' appended.

'''-x --dont-run-now''' Only generate the script, do not run it. If run without '''-o''', this will effectively just debug the rule set.

=Documentation=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kiryeb language</title>
    <id>3805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19738</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-02T02:54:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Kiryeb language''' (in Kiryeb '''An-kiryeb''' {{IPA|['aŋkirjɛb]}}) is a [[Deonic languages|Deonic]] language, of the northern branch. Spoken natively by more than two hundred mill...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kiryeb language''' (in Kiryeb '''An-kiryeb''' {{IPA|['aŋkirjɛb]}}) is a [[Deonic languages|Deonic]] language, of the northern branch. Spoken natively by more than two hundred million people in [[Carabaea]] alone and many millions more across [[Istheusia]] in addition, it ranks second in terms of native speakers, and is overall the fourth most widely spoken tongue.

The most notable characteristic of Kiryeb is its consonantal nature, where groups of consonants indicate generic concepts or categories, while getting their specific meanings from various vowels in different arrangements. E.g. ''f-k-n'' indicates the concept of running; from it are derived ''fikin'' &quot;runner&quot;, ''fakāna'' &quot;runners&quot; and ''fakun'' &quot;to run&quot;, among many other possible forms.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Istheusia]]
[[Category: Carabaea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sol novus</title>
    <id>3806</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19768</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-03T02:10:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tmeister</username>
        <id>310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sol novus]] moved to [[Sol Novus]]: Proper nouns should be capitalized.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sol Novus]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pheide</title>
    <id>3807</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>19775</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-03T05:54:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Pheism]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Pheism]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Three Hundred Golden Years</title>
    <id>3808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20854</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T09:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Three hundred golden years]] moved to [[Three Hundred Golden Years]]: capitalisation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Three Hundred Golden Years''' ([[Modern Arithide]] '''''Diaunni Hev Kyrnēs''''' {{IPA|['ʤonni hɛf 'kʏ:ne:s]}}; [[Dethric language|Dethric]] '''''Seuphith Caures Chanai''''' {{IPA|['su:fiθ 'ko:rəs ʃə'ne:]}}), are three centuries of economic prosperity, political stability, and cultural flourishing in the Equora Dynasty of the [[Lazeian Empire]], lasting from 545 [[CIE]] to c. 850 [[CIE]]. The period witnessed the lives of some of the most respected figures in [[Arithia]]n history, particularly of the artistic professions of literature, art, drama and music, but also many eminent statesmen.

The term was first used by the [[Renaissance (Ilethes|Renaissance]] historian [[Aulus Chariven]], who considered the pacification of the [[Aderia]] in 545 [[CIE]] (see [[Sevian Wars]]) the end of the decades of chaos and internal strife that had plagued the empire since the late Aphoiros Dynasty, and the beginning of the longest period of peace and prosperity in imperial history, which would come into full swing around the turn of the century.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: History of Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsa'in</title>
    <id>3809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22977</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:30:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Syntax */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Phonology=

==Initials==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ts
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɹ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɫ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

&quot;Zero&quot; initials are not allowed. Foreign borrowings usually take /j/ or /w/ initials, depending on the vowel.

==Vowels==

There are nine vowels, laid out in a fairly unusual &quot;X&quot; shape instead of the more familiar &quot;V&quot; shape.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ͕
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ͔
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The above vowels may be short or long.

The following diphthongs are considered long vowels.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊw

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|əj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|əw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ͕w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ͔j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑj

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

&quot;Zero&quot; vowels are not allowed.

==Finals==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mb
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nd
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋg

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɫ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ld
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɫg

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

&quot;Zero&quot; finals are completely allowed, and are about as common as any non-zero final.

==Phonation==

A syllable may be ''perfect'' (plain), ''broken'' (glottalized), or ''heavy'' (faucalized).

===&quot;Perfect&quot;===

Perfect syllables have glottal tension of zero (voiceless) for the onset, of three (fully voiced) on the peak, and either zero or three on the coda (if present).

===&quot;Broken&quot;===

Broken syllables have an underlying glottal tension of 7 (fully closed) inserted in one of two places:

* Before short or long vowels
** Initial stop, affricate or fricative becomes ejective
** Other initial has /ʔ/ pronounced before it
* In the middle of a long vowel
** /ɑː/ &gt; /ɑʔɑ/ (and likewise)
** /ɑj/ &gt; /ɑʔi/ (and likewise)

Brokenness is marked with an apostrophe, placed either before the vowel letter, or between the two vowel letters.

===&quot;Heavy&quot;===

Heavy syllables are pronounced with faucal voice (that is, with overall expansion of the larynx, also known as ''hollow'' or ''yawny'' voice). It is marked with an ''h'' immediately after the vowel.

=Orthography=

Identical to IPA with the following exceptions

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;right&quot;|'''IPA'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ͕
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ͔
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɫ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɫg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ

|-
|align = &quot;right&quot;|'''Written'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|á
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǎ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ě
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǐ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǔ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|lh
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ll
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ñ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|lg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ng
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Non-diphthongal long vowels are written as doubled vowels. As the first or last phonemes in a word, /w/ and /j/ are written '''w''' and '''y''' respectively; otherwise they are written '''u''' and '''i''' respectively. For example /tɬɛ͕w/ is written '''tlhew''', but /tɬɛ͕wg/ is written '''tlheug'''. For another notable example, /ʃiː/ is written '''xiy''' vs /ʃiːb/ '''xiib'''.

==Spacing==

Every morpheme is a single syllable. Morphemes that directly modify or are modified by a morpheme directly before or after it is written without an intervening space, essentially forming a single word in the written language.

=Morphology=

ZOMG NONE!

=Syntax=

==Word Order==

Word order is strictly VSO, Head-Modifier. Apparent exceptions to this rule may all be explained by hand-waving. For instance, (copular) Adjective-head NPs are in fact VS-ordered VPs, with the adjective being &quot;underlyingly&quot; an essive verb.

===Nouns===

====Possession====

The usual order is ''Noun-Possessor''. ''Possessor-Noun'' constructions are possible, using auxilliaries. For instance '''naʼig yutkěn''', literally ''house farmer'' means ''(the) farmer's house'', as does '''ye yutkěn kʼáá naʼig''' (literally ''(the) farmer that(REL) (the) house'').

===Adjectives===

Adjective-Modifiers are normal modifiers: '''xiib kěy''', literally ''stone big'', is ''(the) big stone''. Adjective-Heads are used for copular purposes: '''kěy xiib''' is ''(the) stone is big''. As with possession in nouns, a relativising auxilliary can be used to say things like &quot;(the) big (one) is (made of/like) stone&quot;: '''ye kěy kʼáá xiib'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uínlīta</title>
    <id>3810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28028</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T19:47:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Languages */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The ''Norse Territory of Finla'' (Finlaesk ''Nódbᵫ́ð Fínlǣ'' /noːdbyːð viːnlæ̃/, Rygsnors ''Norsjobygd Vínlan'') was first established around 1000CE in what is nathistorically the northern tip of Newfoundland. The original name ''Vínland'' applied to a loosely-defined region centered on the first small settlement at the modern capital ''Bǽnnfekk'' /baːnvek/ (orig. ''Bjarnivík''). By 1100CE, Bjarnivík was well established as a self-sustaining permenent settlement, and the borders of Vínland were fairly well-defined.

=Internal Geopolitics=

==States==

Finla is subdivided into the states of Fínlǣ &quot;proper&quot; /viːnlã/, Mákklǣ /mɑːklæ̃/, Lul Œ /lul ø/, and Skrǽlīlǣ /ʃɹ̥aːlĩlã/ (or ''Hlǽllitt Nunátt'' /ɬaːlːit nunɑːt/).

==Government==

Finla is a [[Norse Territory (Finla AU)|Norse Territory]], and shares the usual division of power between the Federal [[Rigssal (Finla AU)|riᵹssál]] (in [[Gothenburg (Finla AU)|ᵹoððēbúᵹ]]), and a Territorial riᵹssál located in Bǽnnfekk.

Power is distributed by a two-directional selected-representation method.

Starting at the lowest level, each household selects one member to speak for them at the city, town or village sál. Likewise, the members of the local sál select one of their own to attend district sál, and upwards to state riᵹssáls, territorial riᵹssáls and the Federal riᵹssál.

From the other end, the Crown selects Proxies for all territories, who select Sherrifs for states, who in turn select one or more Deputies for each community. As noted elsewhere, Deputies serve mainly as justices of the peace, but also as chief investigators of criminal (and civil) evidence.

=Languages=

The official language of government (as in the rest of the Norse Lands) is [[Rygsnors (Finla AU)|Rygsnors]] (Finlaesk ''Rᵫᵹsnód'').

The majority language is [[Uínlītska]].

Additional minority languages include [[Hibernic]], [[Beothuk_(Finla_AU)|Bœ́wðukk]], [[Hraelisk|Hrǽlisk]] (or ''Hlǽktittútt''), English, Norn, and Scots.

= Ecology =

== Housing ==

The wigwam is known, as is the iglu in cold enough areas, as well as both Viking and Iroqious style longhouses, and log cabins.

== Food ==

''See the [[Finla Foods]] article for full details.''

Food is obtained both by farming and hunting/gathering. A fair number of European farmed crops and animals have been imported, and domestication has been tried with most local crops and animals, with variable success.

Many curing and preservation techniques are practiced, among which the manufacture of sausage and pemmican are the most common for meats, and pickling for vegetables.

Cooking techniques all involve metal vessels placed over, in front of, or directly on fires or embers.

= Fínlǣra Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===

The North-eastern portion of the North American continent. Plains, islands, river basins, mountains, verdant fields and forest, and inhositable frozen wastes.

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===

Arctic, Temperate and Alpine climates. Types Dfa, Dfb, ETf, and EF.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===

Variably severe winters, up to very severe. Occasional tropical storm and hurricane remnants. Nor'easter storm systems. Blizzards. Flooding in some areas.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===

Snow.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===

The most important exports are wood (mostly to Greenland, and also Iceland), furs, tobacco, and a selection of American herbs and spices, such as sassafrass, Eastern White Cedar, and sumac.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===

Though borders are fairly well defined, border security mostly consists of loose treaties, or the areas beyond the borders being uninhabited.

=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===

Deer, moose (''elᵹé''), bears (''bœ̨́n''), wolves (''ᵫlᵹǽ''), buffalo, raccoons, and beaver, as well as some feralized dogs and horses. In northerly regions, seals and whales are more common.

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===

== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===

Old Norse writings go back to c. 600CE. The first colony goes back to c. 1000CE.

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===

c. 1000CE.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===

There is a great sense of pride in the ''ðrekki'' or fortitude of the first settlers, Leifr Eiríksson Hinn Heppni, and his companions, who established the settlement which became known as Bǽnnfek, later the capital of Finla. The legendary tales of their meeting and eventual friendship with the Hrǽlingr, and learning (both from them and on their own) to adapt and thrive among the new plants and animals, during their initial two year stay, are very much part of the local identity of the Finlara.

=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===

Zero or One.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===

A couple may declare themselves married. Church recognition is very common.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===

A couple may mutually declare their marriage over. Church recognition is required.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===

The mother rejoins her parental household, bringing the children with her, unless teenaged children prefer to stay with their father.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named? What happens to orphans? ===

Males take a patronymic of the form &quot;Son of ''father''&quot;. Females take a matronymic that mentions the father, in the form &quot;Daughter of ''mother'' by ''father''&quot;, though the &quot;by ''father''&quot; part is omitted except in formal circumstances. Individuals may also take an Attributive name (a ''Hlǽlnamr'') based on their profession, build, demeanor, or other factor, and the Hlǽlnamr of their father (and mother) may be included in formal documents, and may even go by their Hlǽlnamr instead of their given name.

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===

Yes.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===

Rape is a common practice among unmarried warriors as part of the captive-taking process, and essentially makes the victim an adopted member of the captor's household. For married men, it is seen as dishonourable, though acceptable at least among the followers of the Æssri (as opposed to Christians).

Rape of people not taken in battle is considered a violation of the peace and is dealt with by measures ranging from branding to emasculation.

Incest between a parent and their nonadult children is treated just as any other relationship with children -- in case of a complaint (regardless of the complainer), the child is taken into private sessions with the crown proxy or deputy (who may interview others as part of the process) to determine which punishment if any is appropriate. 

Incest between other adult relatives is uncommon, and definitely markedly unusual, but generally little more than frowned upon. Indeed, incest as a measure to keep a well-regarded family line pure can be seen as admirable.

=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===

Both sexes dress in a mixture of skins, furs, and woollen clothing. In more northerly regions, dress is uniform between the sexes, at least outdoors, being boots, pants and a hooded jacket made of skin &amp; fur, over woollen clothing. In other places, clothing ranges from as little as a skin loincloth (common only during hunting in warmer conditions), up to kilts, skirts, pants, shirts &amp; tunics, with either light moccasins or boots.

=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===

Warrior, sailor, hunter, farmer, tradesman, teacher, poet, storyteller, Christian priest, odatte (heathen priest), furrier, woodsmith, metalsmith, and other &quot;heavy&quot; crafts.

=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===

Hunter, tradesman, teacher, poet, odattra (heathen preiestess), furrier, seamstress, weaver, baker, cook, woodsmith, and &quot;light&quot; crafts. Female warriors are very rare, but can be highly regarded (even moreso than male warriors) if they perform many fameworthy deeds.

=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===

Yes.

=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===

The Christian method is underground burial or private cremation. 

The heathen method is burial underground or in a mound-tomb, public cremation, or leaving the body in a remote spot or charnel house to decompose naturally, possibly followed by burial in a mound-tomb.

=== What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when? ===

Jewelry is usually minmal -- cloaks, coats, or capes may be bound by an ornate broach or clasp, protective or decorative necklaces are fairly common, either bearing Christian or heathen symbols plus possibly a prayer or spell on a stone, or on paper in a small bag.

Piercings and tattoos are known, as is the use of decorative or practical face-painting.

=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===

The Christian Church is part of the Northern section of [[Christianity (Finla AU)|The Church Catholic]].

The local heathen beliefs combine the traditional Æsir-based religion with symbols and rituals shared with the Native American population to a greater or lesser extend. See the article on [[Heathenism (Finla AU)|Heathenism]] for more details.

Heathenism is officially discouraged by the crown (and cathedral) at Gothenburg, but generally tolerated by the local population more than in Norse Europe.

=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===

The belief in positive and negative afterlives is common between Christianity and Heathenism, as well as the chance of an afterdeath redemptive period to move from the negative to the positive afterlife. 

=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===

They are generally well-tolerated. Heresy within Christanity is loooked on more harshly than heathenism, but neither are considered criminal.

=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===

Júl, celebrated around the Winter Solstice is considered a standard opportunity for Christians and heathens to join together in celebrating birth and a new beginning.

=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule? ===


=== What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


=== What supernatural events/beings do people fear? ===

Œtunnar are unified within Christianity and heathenism as malevolent nonhumans, and enemies of God / the gods. 

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===

Complaints are taken to the justice (either the Crown Proxy in Bǽnfekk, or a Deputy locally), who will privately interview the victim (and accuser, if distinct), and any others they feel are relevant, as well as collecting and examining physical evidence, before enacting summary judgement, or calling for a jury trial, during which the justice and jury will publically question witnesses called themselves, or by the accuser or accused (or their advocates), who may also ask questions of their own. The justice and jury may also call their own expert witnesses to examine and discuss physical evidence and the plausibility of factual assertations made by either side.

The jury will pronounce a guilty or not-guilty verdict based on the factuality of the alleged act, whether the accused committed the act, and whether the accused is mentally or legally culpable for committing the act, and may even find that a criminal act, comitted with culpable criminal intent, was just and reasonable, and therefore return a not guilty verdict. Once a verdict is decided, the justice will decide on a punishment, based on Crown guidelines, the advice of the jury, and any petitions made by any third party.

Trials ''in absentia'' are possible, where the accused has mandatory competent representation, which may be decided by their family, or appointed by the justice.

=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===

Fines, imprisonment (with a variety of severities), corporal punishment (even torture), capital punishment, disfigurement / amputation (including emasculation), branding, and indentured servitude (as restitution) are all more or less common.

=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== How are people executed? ===

Drowning, hanging, and beheading are the most common, but the oubliette is also known, and several of the &quot;old ways&quot; have been known in heavily heathen cases / areas/

=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===

Any jury verdict and decided punishment can be short-cut by a private agreement between the accuser and accused, which may include money, indentured servitude, or a gift of one or more captive(s).

=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===

Yes.

=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===

Basic (or better) litereacy is the same as in any modern country, which is to say above 75%, with less then half of that group having advanced literacy.

=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write? ===


=== Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===

Songs, stories and poems, and bas relief sculpture, sometimes colored.

=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===

Highly.

=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===

Often as part of the household of an important family.

=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===

Positively.


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===

No.

=== Or, is it supposed to be? ===

Among Christians it is strongly preferred.

=== What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===

Sexual behavior with a child or animal. Sexual behavior in the presence of children. Sex with or marriage to any foreigner who is not a freed captive.

=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===

Generally, cases of consensual sex invloving a victim who is visibly pubescent will not be prosecuted.

=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===

Captives (male or female) may be taken as concubines of any adult members of a household.

=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Is the family responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===

There's barely a notion of police at all. There exist agents of the Crown, overtly or covertly reporting on the state of the territories, but no organization secretly enforcing executive orders or anything of that nature.

=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===

The practice of &quot;cutting a deal&quot; and &quot;copping a plea&quot; are unknown within official law and common practice, though deals can be cut &quot;behind closed doors&quot; in exceptional circumstances.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Finla</title>
    <id>3811</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33720</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T06:15:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed double redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Uínlīta‎]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Elzinga</title>
    <id>3812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40569</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-06T23:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Shemspreg]]

[[Tepa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg</title>
    <id>3813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27012</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-24T17:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|33%}}} style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Shemspreg'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification
||Indo-European
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order
||{{{word-order|{{{wordorder|SVO}}}}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type
||{{{morphological-type|{{{type|mildly synthetic}}} }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|{{{alignment|nominative-accusative}}} }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by'''
|-
||{{{author|Dirk Elzinga}}} ||{{{date|2000}}}
|}
Shemspreg ('''shem''' ‘human’ + '''spreg''' ‘speak’) is a language which is derived from what has been reconstructed of Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor language for most of the languages of Europe and many of Western and Southern Asia. Proto-Indo-European was spoken somewhere in Eurasia approximately 6000 years ago, although it is not clear exactly where or if it was a single, homogeneous speech community.

Shemspreg is not intended to be a faithful reproduction of Proto-Indo-European but is rather derived from it. In creating Shemspreg, I have taken certain liberties in all aspects of grammar; this has been done for two reasons: (i) to reflect my personal aesthetic in language structure and design, and (ii) to simplify and regularize the complexities of Proto-Indo-European, a motivation ultimately related to (i). Shemspreg has been constructed solely for the pleasure of its construction; I have no plans to advertise or promote Shemspreg as an international auxiliary language.

In the pages which follow, I provide brief descriptions of the sounds of Shemspreg, nouns, pronouns and other particles, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and sentence structure. There are also three appendices which deal with additional matter. The first appendix lays out the principles used in adapting PIE reconstructions for use in Shemspreg. The second appendix contains some short texts with interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses and some notes on interesting grammatical constructions. The third appendix contains terms used in the description of Shemspreg which may be unfamiliar or which may be used in idiosyncratic ways. 


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Introduction to Shemspreg</title>
    <id>3815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>19976</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-10T21:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg sounds</title>
    <id>3816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24820</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-31T21:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this chapter, I give a brief sketch of the phonology of Shemspreg. I do not discuss the principles used in adapting PIE roots to Shemspreg; this is taken up in the first appendix, although some of these principles appear as productive phonological alternations in Shemspreg. 

==Inventory==

Unsurprisingly, the phonological inventory of Shemspreg is very similar to that of PIE. As in PIE, segments are divided into three types: i) obstruents, ii) sonorants, and iii) vowels. These are introduced below with explanatory notes concerning the transcription conventions adopted here. 

Obstruents are consonantal sounds which are made with a certain degree of constriction or blockage of airflow somewhere in the mouth. There are three series of obstruents in Shemspreg: voiceless stops, voiced stops, and fricatives. There are six places of articulation: i) labial, ii) dental, iii) alveolar, iv) palato-alveolar, v) velar, and vi) rounded velar. The obstruents are shown in the table below in the transcription which will be used throughout this grammatical sketch. 


{| cellspacing=5
! || align=center| labial || align=center| dental || align=center| alveolar || align=center| palato-alveolar || align=center| velar || align=center| rounded velar
|-
| '''voiceless stops''' || align=center| p || || align=center| t || align=center| ch || align=center| k || align=center| kw 
|-
| '''voiced stops''' || align=center| b || || align=center| d || align=center| j || align=center| g || align=center| gw 
|-
| '''fricatives''' || align=center| f/v || align=center| th/dh || align=center| s || align=center| sh/zh || align=center| kh/gh || align=center| khw/ghw 
|}


The digraph '''ch''' represents a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, while '''j''' represents a voiced palato-alveolar affricate. Although these sounds are not technically stops, I include them in the stop category since they behave as stops in Shemspreg. '''Kw''' and '''gw''' are voiceless and voiced rounded velar stops, respectively. The digraphs '''th''' and '''dh''' represent voiceless and voiced interdental fricatives; '''sh''' and '''zh''' are voiceless and voiced palato-alveolar fricatives; '''kh''' and '''gh''' are voiceless and voiced velar fricatives. '''Khw''' and '''ghw''' represent voiceless and voiced rounded velar fricatives. 

Fricative voicing is predictable and will be discussed in the section on common phonological processes.

Sonorants are consonants produced with a relatively open passage for airflow. The sonorants in Shemspreg include the nasals, liquids, and glides '''m, n, l, r, y''' and '''w'''. The transcription of the sonorants is fairly straightforward; '''y''' represents a palatal glide and '''r''' can be an apical trill (as in Spanish) or a retroflex approximant (as in English). All other symbols receive their IPA values.

There are five distinctive vowel qualities in Shemspreg. They are '''i, e, a, o''' and '''u.'''

Length is also a feature of Shemspreg vowels and is represented in the orthography by doubling; however, long vowels only occur in stressed syllables. The mid vowels '''e''' and '''o''' may be pronounced open when short and closed when long. Other vowels receive conventional IPA values. 

Shemspreg also contains a number of diphthongs consisting of a mid or low vowel followed by a glide (written in diphthongs as '''i''' or '''u'''); the diphthongs are '''eu, oi, au''' and '''ai'''.

There are no long diphthongs in Shemspreg.


==Common phonological processes==

===Fricative voicing===

Fricatives other than '''s''' come in voiced/voiceless pairs which alternate depending on their position within a word. When a fricative occurs at the beginning or the end of a word, it is voiceless; elsewhere it is voiced. The examples below show this alternation pattern. Below, both 'brother' and 'daughter' begin with a voiceless fricative since they are word-initial. These fricatives are voiced in the compounds 'brother-in-law' and 'sister-in-law' since in those compounds they fall between vowels. 


'''fraater''' ‘brother’

'''swekru-vraater''' ‘brother-in-law’


'''thugater''' ‘daughter’

'''swekru-dhugater''' ‘daughter-in-law’


The examples below show words derived from alternate stem forms which are related to each other. When the palato-alveolar fricative is initial, it is voiceless '''sh'''; when it is medial, it is voiced '''zh'''. 


'''shem''' ‘person, human’

'''dezhom''' ‘earth, ground’


'''shuu''' ‘fish’

'''dezhu''' ‘fish’


Below are examples of present and past tense verb forms. The past tense here is signalled by both affixation and by stem-shortening. When the '''e-''' prefix or the reduplicative prefix is attached to the stem, the following fricative is voiced; otherwise, when the root-initial prefix is initial in the word, it is voiceless. 


'''fendes''' ‘ties, is tying’

'''evindi''' ‘was tying’


'''thes''' ‘puts, is putting’

'''edhi''' ‘was putting’


'''sheres''' ‘encircles, is encircling’

'''ezhri''' ‘was encircling’


'''khaves''' ‘grasps, takes; is grasping, taking’

'''eghvi''' ‘was grasping, taking’


'''khwenes''' ‘hits, is hitting’ 

'''eghuni''' ‘was hitting’


===Vocalization of rounded velars===

When a stem-final rounded velar comes to stand immediately before a consonant, the rounding of the rounded velar is vocalized as a short [u], and the rounded velar consonant becomes a plain velar. This occurs mainly in the reduced grade of verbal stems. 


'''khwenes''' 'hits, is hitting'

'''eghuni''' 'was hitting'

'''khweghuni''' 'has hit'


===Simplification of diphthongs===

There are a number of verbal roots which end in a diphthong '''ei''' or '''ou'''. When such a diphthong appears word-finally (as in the imperative), or when the syllable containing the diphthong is closed (e.g. by afixation of present tense '''-s''' or cliticization of '''=kwe''' 'and'), the diphthong becomes a long vowel. 


'''awee!'''
{|
| au- || ei
|-
| away || go:IMP
|}
'Go away!'


'''so khoos echwosom'''
{|
| so || khou || -s || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || pay.attention.to || -PRES || horse || - PL || -OBL
|}
'He watches after the horses.'


==Prosody==

===Syllable structure===

Syllables in Shemspreg consist of a vowel optionally preceded by one or more consonants and optionally followed by one or more consonants. This means that syllable structure in Shemspreg can be rather complex. Like other Indo-European languages, syllables in Shemspreg can contain clusters of consonants, but these clusters are limited by a few general principles. 

Clusters of two consonants occur frequently. If the first consonant of such a cluster is '''s''', it may be followed by any sonorant or any of the voiceless stops '''p, t, k, kw'''. If the first consonant of a two consonant cluster is not '''s''', it must be another obstruent and the second consonant must be a liquid or glide. The sequences '''tl''', '''dl''', '''pw''', and '''bw''' are not allowed in syllable initial position. 

A syllable may also begin with a cluster of three consonants, but the first consonant must be '''s''', the second consonant must be one of '''p, t, k''', and the third consonant must be '''y, w, r, l'''. The same restrictions which hold for two consonant clusters also hold for the consonants following '''s''' in three consonant clusters. 

Clusters may also occur at the end of a syllable. Generally, such a cluster will have two members the first of which will be a sonorant and the second of which will be an obstruent. There are a few cases where two obstruents close a syllable; these generally involve '''s'''. 


'''deks''' 'right'

'''moks''' 'soon'

'''sweks''' 'six'

'''aisk''' 'clear, bright, shining'

'''osp''' 'aspen'


===Stress===

Stressed syllables in Shemspreg are higher in pitch and louder than neighboring syllables. Words are stressed on the first syllable of the root.


'''stáas''' 'stands, is standing'

'''estái''' 'was standing'

'''statái''' 'stood'

When the root contains no vowel (as is often the case with past tense verb forms), the stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the root. 


'''némes''' 'takes, is taking'

'''énmi''' 'was taking'

'''nénmi''' 'took'


In compounds, each element of the compound is stressed in accordance with the principles given above, with the initial constituent receiving primary stress and the following constituents receiving secondary stress. 


'''swékru-vràater''' 'brother-in-law'

'''shém-sprèg''' 'human language'


There are other interesting phonological processes in Shemspreg, primarily involving the insertion or deletion of vowels, but these are all connected with noun and verb morphology and will be explained in those sections.


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chan</title>
    <id>3817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43183</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-16T19:45:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''chan''' originated as a large gold coin the same size as the silver ''vezh'', used in the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]].  It is today the name of several [[Currencies of Galhaf|currencies]], the most important of which is the [[Imperial Chan]] of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  There are several other chans pegged at par to the Imperial Chan.  The [[Shivrashanian Chan]] is pegged at the rate of 2 Imperial to 3 Shivrashanian.

Other chans include the [[Krivashan Chan]], whose value is pegged at 60 to the Imperial Chan.

[[Category:Galhafan Currencies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg nouns</title>
    <id>3819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40980</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:36:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nouns are words that name people, other living beings, places, things, objects, ideas, and so on. For example, '''gwena''' 'woman', '''sperg''' 'sparrow', '''kwon''' 'dog', '''dom''' 'house', '''kwer''' 'bowl', and '''westo''' 'goodness' are nouns in Shemspreg. In other words, nouns serve to refer to the participants or things talked about in discourse. In this chapter I discuss how nouns are inflected, how new nouns are formed, and the structure of noun phrases. 


==Number==

Shemspreg nouns are inflected for singular and plural number. The plural in Shemspreg is marked by the suffix '''-es'''; if the noun stem is vowel-final, the '''e''' is omitted; the singular is unmarked. 


{| cellspacing=5
| sing || plur
|-
| '''ster''' || '''steres''' || 'star'
|-
| '''sperg''' || '''sperges''' || 'sparrow'
|-
| '''kwon''' || '''kwones''' || 'dog'
|-
| '''dom''' || '''domes''' || 'house'
|-
| '''wiro''' || '''wiros''' || 'man'
|-
| '''gwena''' || '''gwenas''' || 'woman'
|}


==Case==

The syntactic relations of subject and object are central to Shemspreg grammar. All Shemspreg sentences have a subject, and all transitive sentences have an object as well. In Shemspreg, nouns which function as subjects are in the nominative case, while nouns which function as objects are in the oblique case. Nouns which are the objects of prepositions are also in the oblique case. 

Another important relation involving nouns is the possessive. The possessive indicates a relationship between two nouns; this is typically a relationship of ownership, but can also be that of a part to the whole or of something and its origin. Nouns which function as possessors are in the genitive case. 

Shemspreg nouns are thus inflected for three cases: nominative, genitive, and oblique. Genitive case is marked by the suffix '''-os''', and the oblique case is marked by the suffix '''-om'''. If the noun-stem is vowel-final, the '''o''' of the oblique and genitive suffixes is omitted. The nominative case is not marked with a suffix. Case suffixes follow the plural suffix when the inflected noun is plural; case inflection is shown below. 


{| cellspacing=5
| || sing || plur || || sing || plur
|-
| nom || '''ster''' || '''steres''' || || '''wiro''' || '''wiros'''
|-
| gen || '''steros''' || '''steresos''' || || '''wiros''' ||| '''wirosos'''
|-
| obl || '''sterom''' || '''steresom''' || || '''wirom''' || '''wirosom'''
|-
| || 'star' || 'stars' || || 'man' || 'men'
|}


Specific examples of case marking are illustrated in the phrases and sentences which follow. Clause subjects and predicate nominals are in nominative case. 


'''wiro eskwi echwosom.'''
{|
| wiro || e- || skw || -i || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| man:NOM || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}
'(The) man saw the horses.'


'''ej es pater.'''
{|
| ej || es || pater
|-
| 1s:NOM || be.PRES || father:NOM
|}
'I am a father.'


Nouns which express a possessive relationship or a part/whole relationship are in genitive case. 


'''khostis wezho'''
{|
| khosti || -s || wezho
|-
| stranger || -GEN || wagon
|}
'the stranger's wagon'


'''wiros thugater'''
{|
| wiro || -s || thugater
|-
| man || -GEN || daughter
|}
'the man's daughter'


'''tauros chirn'''
{|
| tauro || -s || chirn
|-
| bull || -GEN || horn
|}
'the bull's horn'


'''chestros ardi'''
{|
| chestro || -s || ardi
|-
| knife || -GEN || tip, point
|}
'the tip of the knife'


Nouns which serve as subjects of nominalized subordinate clauses are also in genitive case.


'''wiro eskwi gwenas abel-apentom.'''
{|
| wiro || e- || skw || -i || gwena || -s || abel- || ap || -ent || -om
|-
| man:NOM || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || woman || -GEN || apple- || pick || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'The man saw the woman picking apples.' (lit: 'the woman's apple picking')


Other nouns are in oblique case. These include direct objects and objects of prepositions. 


'''wiro eskwi echwosom.'''
{|
| wiro || e- || skw || -i || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| man:NOM || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}
'The man saw the horses.'


'''putlo fredes en sreutom.'''
{|
| putlo || fred || -es || en || sreuto || -m
|-
| boy:NOM || wade || -PRES || in || stream || -OBL
|}
'The boy is wading in the stream.'


==Variable stems==

There are a handful of stems whose final segment is variable. These stems are of two types: (i) u/w-stems, and (ii) r/n-stems; below is a complete list of both types of stems in Shemspreg. 


{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| u/w-stems || r/n-stems || 
|-
| '''moru/w-''' 'ant' || '''esir/n-''' 'blood'
|-
| '''aru/w-''' 'field' || '''sneewir/n-''' 'bowstring; tendon, sinew'
|-
| '''solu/w-''' 'health' || '''sker/n-''' 'feces; manure'
|-
| '''ongu/w-''' 'oil; ointment, salve' || '''opir/n-''' 'goods, wealth, possessions'
|-
| '''snighu/w-''' 'snow' || '''mir/n-''' 'hand'
|-
| '''alghu/w-''' 'value' || '''cherisir/n-''' 'head'
|-
| '''seku/w-''' 'eye; view' || '''yekwir/n-''' 'liver'
|-
| '''weku/w-''' 'voice' || '''wesir/n-''' 'spring and summer'
|-
| || '''wedir/n-''' 'water'
|}


Variable stems show an alternation in the stem-final segment when that segment is followed by a suffix. U/w-stems end in '''u''' when no suffix follows the stem; this occurs in the nominative singular. Otherwise, these stems end in '''w'''; this '''w''' is always followed by a vowel-either the '''e''' of the plural suffix '''-es''' or the '''o''' of the case suffixes '''-os''' 'genitive' and '''-om''' 'oblique'. This is shown in the paradigm for the noun '''ongu/w-''' 'oil; ointment, salve'. 


{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| || sing || plur
|-
| nom || '''ongu''' || '''ongwes'''
|-
| gen || '''ongwos''' || '''ongwesos'''
|-
| obl || '''ongwom''' || '''ongwesom'''
|}


The variability of several of the u/w-stems is best understood to be the result of the vocalization of word-final rounded velars. The other stems end in a '''w''', which is then vocalized as '''u''' when word-final.

R/n-stems pattern similarly; they end in '''r''' in the nominative singular and otherwise in '''n'''. This is shown in the paradigm for the noun '''mir/n-''' 'hand'. 


{| border=0 cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| || sing || plur
|-
| nom || '''mir''' || '''mines'''
|-
| gen || '''minos''' || '''minesos'''
|-
| obl || '''minom''' || '''minesom'''
|}


The r/n-stem pattern is a direct carry-over from PIE; it is not understood what motivation there was for this alternation pattern. 


==Deriving nouns==

===Diminutive===

The suffix '''-(e)lo''' is attached to noun stems to indicate small size, helplessness, or as an endearment or even to show contempt. 


'''dom''' 'house' &gt; '''domelo''' 'small house'

'''kwon''' 'dog' &gt; '''kwonelo''' 'cute little dog'

'''wiro''' 'man' &gt; '''wirolo''' 'puny little man'


The diminutive suffix can also be attached to adjectives to form nouns; these nouns are often used as endearments or insults. 


'''ing''' 'cross, surly' &gt; '''ingelo''' 'nasty person'

'''medhu''' 'sweet' &gt; '''medhulo''' 'sweetheart'

'''seno''' 'old' &gt; '''senolo''' 'little old man/woman'


===Collective===

The suffix '''-ia''' is attached to noun stems to form collective plurals. These often have specialized meanings which are not predictable. This suffix is commonly used in refering to a group of animals such as a herd or flock. If the noun stem is vowel-final, the suffix is realized as '''-ya'''.


'''dont''' 'tooth' &gt; '''dontia''' 'set of teeth; dentures'

'''gwoo''' 'cow, bovine' &gt; '''gwooya''' 'cattle, herd of cattle'

'''owi''' 'sheep' &gt; '''owiya''' 'flock of sheep'

'''fraater''' 'brother' &gt; '''fraateria''' 'brotherhood'


===Characteristic===

The suffix '''-wo''' is attached to noun stems to refer to an object  or individual that is characterized by the possession of the noun. 


'''chirn''' 'horn' &gt; '''chirnwo''' 'animal having horns; ruminant'

'''roto''' 'wheel' &gt; '''rotowo''' 'having wheels; i.e., vehicle'


===Agentive===

The suffix '''-(i)ter''' is used to derive agentive nouns from verbs.


'''doo-''' 'give' &gt; '''dooter''' 'giver'

'''kwer-''' 'make, form' &gt; '''kweriter''' 'creator'

'''jen-''' 'beget' &gt; '''jeniter''' 'progenitor, ancestor'


===Thematic===

The suffix '''-men''' is used to derive nouns from a few verb stems. 


'''see-''' 'sow' &gt; '''seemen''' 'seed'

'''yos-''' 'gird' &gt; '''yosmen''' 'belt'

'''sreu-''' 'flow' &gt; '''sreumen''' 'stream'


===Instrumental===

The suffix '''-tro''' is attached to verbal stems to refer to instruments used in performing the action denoted by the verb. 


'''sker-''' 'shear, shave' &gt; '''skertro''' 'shears, scissors; razor'

'''ches-''' 'cut' &gt; '''chestro''' 'knife'

'''aru-''' 'plow' &gt; '''arutro''' 'plow'


===Other nominalizers===

In addition to the suffixes with the specific meanings given above, there are also two other methods for deriving noun stems with less easily specified meanings. The first is zero derivation; zero derivation occurs when a word such as an adjective or verb is simply used as if it were a noun.


'''seno''' 'old' &gt; 'old man, woman'

'''mej''' 'big' &gt; 'large person, thing'

'''pepkwent''' 'boiled' &gt; 'boiled (egg)'


Secondly, noun stems can be formed by suffixing '''-ti''' to an existing verb or adjective stem. These derived forms often have idiosyncratic meanings.  


'''dens''' 'thick' &gt; '''densti''' 'thickness'

'''ovro''' 'strong, violent' &gt; '''ovroti''' 'strength, violence'

'''sreu-''' 'flow' &gt; '''sreuti''' 'stream'

'''mir-''' 'die' &gt; '''mirti''' 'mortal'


==Compounds==

Another common way of forming new nouns in Shemspreg is by compounding. Compounds are words formed by putting together two or more other words or stems. In Shemspreg, the elements of a compound are always separated by a hyphen in writing.  


'''aus-aano''' 'earring' ('''aus''' 'ear' + '''aano''' 'ring')

'''puur-mil''' 'wheat grinder'	('''puur''' 'wheat' + '''mil''' 'mill, grinder')

'''kree-dom''' 'store' ('''kree-''' 'buy' + '''dom''' 'house')

'''dyeus-pater''' 'supreme deity' ('''dyeus''' 'sky' + '''pater''' 'father')

'''swekru-maater''' 'mother-in-law' ('''swekru''' 'in-law' + '''maater''' 'mother')

'''owi-paater''' 'shepherd' ('''owi''' 'sheep' + '''paa-''' 'feed' + '''-ter''' 'AGT')


==Noun phrases==

Noun phrases are one or more words which function together in the same way as single nouns. The functions of noun phrases, like nouns, is to refer to the participants in discourse. Within sentences, noun phrases are always in syntactic relations such as subject, object, possessor, or predicate noun. These syntactic roles are indicated in two ways: i) by case suffixes on nouns themselves, or ii) by prepositions.

Noun phrases can consist of a single noun or pronoun; noun phrases can also be more complex, consisting of a head noun with other words used to modify the head noun. The head noun may be preceded by a demonstrative, a number or quantifier, a possessive noun or pronoun, and one or more modifying adjectives. Participial and prepositional phrases may either precede or follow the head noun, while relative clauses generally follow the head noun. Examples of more complex noun phrases are given below. 


'''kwetwer seno wiros'''
{|
| kwetwer || seno || wiro || -s
|-
| four || old || man || -PL
|}
'four old men'


'''me leluvent maater'''
{|
| me || le- || luv || -ent || maater
|-
| 1s:GEN || PERF- || love:0 || -PTC || mother
|}
'my dear mother'


'''ne wilnam wesent owi'''
{|
| ne || wilna || -m || wes || -ent || owi
|-
|not || wool || -OBL || wear || -PTC || sheep
|}
'a sheep without wool' (lit: &quot;a sheep [who is] not wearing wool&quot;)


'''so dom en perkwum'''
{|
| so || dom || en || perkwu || -m
|-
| that || house || in || forest || -OBL
|}
'that house in the forest'

or

'''so en perkwum dom'''
{|
| so || en || perkwu || -m || dom
|-
| that || in || forest || -OBL || house
|}
'that house in the forest'


'''deru kwim rotowo khweghuni'''
{|
| deru || kwi || -m || rotowo || khwe- || ghun || -i
|-
|tree || REL || -OBL || car || PERF- || strike:0 || -PAST
|}
'the tree which the car struck'


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg pronouns and other particles</title>
    <id>3820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24755</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-28T21:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pronouns are words which can stand in for other words and phrases. There are several different types of pronouns in Shemspreg which are discussed in this section: personal pronouns, demonstratives, interrogative and relative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns. In addition, I also discuss numerals, conjunctions, and quantifiers.

==Personal pronouns==

The personal pronouns distinguish three persons and two numbers. They are also inflected for case. They are given in the table below.


{| cellspacing=5
| || nom || gen || obl
|-
| 1sing || '''ej''' || '''me''' || '''me'''
|-
| 2sing || '''tu''' || '''te''' || '''te'''
|-
| 3sing || '''so''' || '''sos''' || '''som'''
|-
| || || || 
|-
| 1plur || '''we''' || '''nos''' || '''nos'''
|-
| 2plur || '''yu''' || '''wos''' || '''wos'''
|-
| 3plur || '''to''' || '''tos''' || '''tom'''
|}


Reflexive pronouns are formed by suffixing '''-swe''' to the genitive pronoun stems; the plural and third person singular pronouns delete '''-s''' before suffixation of '''-swe'''. 


{| cellspacing=5
| 1sing || '''meswe''' || 'myself'
|-
| 2sing || '''teswe''' || 'yourself'
|-
| 3sing || '''soswe''' || 'him/her/itself'
|-
| || || 
|-
| 1plur || '''noswe''' || 'ourselves'
|-
| 2plur || '''woswe''' || 'yourselves'
|-
| 3plur || '''toswe''' || 'themselves'
|}


In possession, the reflexive pronoun is attached as a clitic to the end of the noun phrase it possesses.


'''so gwegumi ad domomswe.'''
{|
| so || gwe- || gum || -i || ad || dom || -om || =swe
|-
| 3s:NOM || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST || at || house || -OBL || =REFL
|}
'He arrived at his (own) house.'


When the regular third person possessive pronouns are used, they are understood as not being coreferential with a previously mentioned third person.


'''so gwegumi ad sos domom.'''
{|
| so || gwe- || gum || -i || ad || so || -s || dom || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST || at || 3s || -GEN || house || -OBL
|}
'He[1] arrived at his[2] house.'


==Demonstrative pronouns==

Demonstrative pronouns in Shemspreg distinguish between two degrees of deixis corresponding to English 'this' and 'that'. The inflection of the proximal ('this') and distal ('that') demonstratives are given below. Note that the distal demonstrative is identical to the third person pronouns. 


{| cellspacing=5
| 'this' || sing || plur
|-
| nom || '''id''' || '''ya'''
|-
| gen || '''is''' || '''yas'''
|-
| obl || '''im''' || '''yam'''
|-
| || ||
|-
| 'that' || sing || plur
|-
| nom || '''so''' || '''to'''
|-
| gen || '''sos''' || '''tos'''
|-
| obl || '''som''' || '''tom'''
|}


==Interrogative and relative pronouns==

The interrogative pronouns are formed from the stem '''kwi''', meaning 'who' or 'what'.


'''kwi''' 'who, what'

'''kwinu''' 'when' (lit: 'what now')

'''kwicho''' 'where' (lit: 'what there')

'''kwimod''' 'how' (lit: 'what manner')

'''kwige''' 'why' (lit: 'what because')


The interrogative '''kwi''' 'who, what' is inflected for case in the same manner as the demonstrative pronouns; i.e., '''kwi, kwis, kwim'''. The other interrogatives are not inflected for case. Examples of their use are provided below.


'''kwi api abelesom?'''
{|
| kwi || a- || p || -i || abel || -es || -om
|-
| who || PERF- || pick:0 || -PAST || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'Who picked the apples?'

'''kwim tu eskwi?'''
{|
| kwi || -m || tu || e- || skw || -i
|-
| who || -OBL || 2s || PERF- || see:0 || -PAST
|}
'Who did you see?'


'''kwis kwon edi shuum?'''
{|
| kwi || -s || kwon || e- || d || -i || shuu || -m
|-
| who || -GEN || dog || PERF- || eat:0 || -PAST || fish || -OBL
|}
'Whose dog ate the fish?'


'''kwinu so wiro gweguni?'''
{|
| kwinu || so || wiro || gwe- || gun || -i
|-
| when || that || man || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST
|}
'When did that man arrive?'


'''kwicho wech es?'''
{|
| kwicho || wech || es
|-
| where || village || be:PRES
|}
'Where is the village?'


'''kwige Jan woses kwonom?'''
{|
| kwige || Jan || wos || -es || kwon || -om
|-
| why || John || sell || -PRES || dog || -OBL
|}
'Why is John selling the dog?'


'''kwimod so wiro gweguni?'''
{|
| kwimod || so || wiro || gwe- || gun || -i
|-
| How || that || man || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST
|}
'How did that man arrive?'


The interrogative pronouns are also used as relative pronouns. The case of a relative pronoun is determined by its function in the subordinate clause. In the first of the following two examples, the relative pronoun functions as the subject of the embedded clause and is thus in the nominative case, while in the second example the relative pronoun functions as the object of the embedded clause and is inflected for oblique case.


'''ej eskwi wirom kwi dodoi patatom ad Sinanom.'''
{|
| ej || e- || skw || -i || wiro || -m || kwi || do- || do || -i || patat || -om || ad || Sinan || -om
|-
| 1s || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || man || -OBL || REL:NOM || PERF- || give:0 || -PAST || potato || -OBL || to || Sinan || -OBL
|}
'I saw the man who gave Sinan the potato.'


'''ej edi patatom kwim dodoi Hasan ad Sinanom.'''
{|
| ej || e- || d || -i || patat || -om || kwi || -m || do- || do || -i || Hasan || ad || Sinan || -om
|-
| 1s:NOM || PERF- || eat:0 || -PAST || potato || -OBL || REL || -OBL || PERF- || give:0 || -PAST || Hasan || to || Sinan || -OBL
|}

'I ate the potato that Hasan gave to Sinan.'


==Indefinite pronouns==

Indefinite pronouns are formed from the stems '''oi-''' 'some' and '''e-''' 'any'. Indefinite pronouns use many of the same stems as the interrogative/relative pronouns discussed above. 


'''oi''' 'someone, something'

'''oinu''' 'sometime'

'''oicho''' 'somewhere'

'''oimod''' 'somehow'


'''e''' 'anyone, anything'

'''enu''' 'anytime'

'''echo''' 'anywhere'

'''emod''' 'anyhow'


==Numerals==

The numerals in Shemspreg comprise a relatively small set of roots which are the source for a number of derivational patterns. When the roots are used alone, they are equivalent to ordinary cardinal numbers; there are additional derivational patterns which yield ordinal numbers, numerical adverbs, fractions, and multiplicative verbs. These are discussed in turn below. 


===Cardinals===

The cardinal numbers of Shemspreg are given below. Note that for twenty and its derivatives there are alternate forms. Numerals past the single digits + 10 are formed by compounding for the most part; there are also separate roots for twenty, hundred, thousand, and half. 


one '''oino'''

two '''dwo'''

three '''tree'''

four '''kwetwer'''

five '''penkwe'''

six '''sweks'''

seven '''septim'''

eight '''okto'''

nine '''newin'''

ten '''dechim'''

eleven '''dechim-oino'''

twelve '''dechim-dwo'''

thirteen '''dechim-tree'''

fourteen '''dechim-kwetwer'''

fifteen '''dechim-penkwe'''

sixteen '''dechim-sweks'''

seventeen '''dechim-septim'''

eighteen '''dechim-okto'''

nineteen '''dechim-newin'''

twenty '''wichimti (dwodechim)'''

twenty-one '''wichimti-oyno (dwodechim-oino)'''

thirty '''treedechim'''

forty '''kwetwerdechim'''

fifty '''penkwedechim'''

sixty '''sweksdechim'''

seventy '''septimdechim'''

eighty '''oktodechim'''

ninety '''newindechim'''

hundred '''chimtom'''

thousand '''sheslo'''

one half '''seemi'''


===Ordinals===

The ordinals for 'first' and 'second' are irregular and are derived directly from Proto-Indo-European roots meaning 'foremost' (*'''per-''') and 'following' (*'''sekw-'''). All other ordinals are formed by suffixing '''-to''' to the cardinal numbers (this option is available for 'first' and 'second' and is given in parentheses below).


first '''peristo''' ('''oinoto''')

second '''sekwent''' ('''dwoto''')

third '''treeto'''

fourth '''kwetwerto'''

etc.


===Numerical adverbs===

Numerical adverbs indicating the number of repetitions of a particular action are formed by suffixing '''-s''' to the cardinal numbers.


once '''oinos'''

twice '''dwos'''

three times '''trees'''

etc.


===Fractions===

In Shemspreg, the phrase '''''x'' apo ''y''''' is used to express the fraction 'x/y.' Thus, 3/4 is rendered as '''tree apo kwetwer''' and 5/19 is rendered as '''penkwe apo dechim-newin'''. When the numerator is '1', the fraction may be expressed by simply referring to the denominator as an ordinal.


'''kwetwerto''' 'fourth, one fourth'

'''newinto''' 'ninth; one ninth'

The only exception to this construction is for '''seemi''' 'one half'.


===Multiplicative verbs===

Shemspreg creates multiplicative verbs by incorporating the cardinal numerals into the verb '''pel-'''.


'''dwopel''' 'double'

'''treepel''' 'triple'

'''dwopeles''' 'doubles, is doubling'

'''dwopli''' 'was doubling'

'''dwopepli''' 'doubled'

'''dwopelent''' 'doubling'

'''dwopeplent''' 'doubled'


==Conjunctions==

Conjunctions are particles which serve to join two or more constituents together; these constituents may be single words or whole phrases or sentences. There are two coordinating conjunctions in Shemspreg; '''=kwe''' 'and' and '''=we''' 'or'. These conjunctions are clitics; when coordinating words in a simple list, the conjunction attaches to the last element of the list. 


'''we seskwi owim, taurom, echwosomkwe.'''
{|
| we || se- || skw || -i || owi || -m || tauro || -m || echwo || -s || -om || =kwe
|-
| 1p:NOM || PERF- || see:0 || -PAST || sheep || -OBL || bull || -OBL || horse || -PL || -OBL || =and
|}
'We saw (a) sheep, (a) bull, and (some) horses.'


'''ed abelom kirnosomwe!'''
{|
| ed || abel || -om || kirno || -s || -om || =we
|-
| eat:IMP || apple || -OBL || cherry || -PL || -OBL || =or
|}
'Eat (an) apple or (some) cherries!'


When coordinating phrases or clauses, the conjunction attaches to the end of the initial element.


'''sos gwer wezho-, sos mej gem-deukentom, soskwe oochu shem-ferentom'''
{|
| so || -s || gwer || wezho- || so || -s || mej || gem- || deuk || -ent || -om || so || -s || =kwe || oochu || shem- || fer || -ent || -om
|-
| that || -GEN || heavy || wagon- || that || -GEN || large || load- || pull || -PTC || -OBL || that || -GEN || =and || quickly || human- || bear || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'that (one) pulling a heavy wagon, that (one) a large load; and that (one) bearing a human quickly.'


==Quantifiers==

Quantifiers are like numerals in that they give information about the number of elements in a noun phrase. Quantifiers can stand alone as noun phrases, much as pronouns can. The most common quantifiers are given below.


all '''plino'''

few '''pau'''

many '''pli'''

some '''oi'''

any '''e'''


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg verbs</title>
    <id>3821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40982</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Verbs are words which express actions, perceptions, movements, mental conditions, and other relations. Verbs are at the core of all sentences, and are the most complex words in the language. Verbs are used to distinguish tense, aspect, valency, and mood-categories whose force or meaning apply to the whole sentence. In this chapter I discuss the formation and use of verbal stems and inflection, as well as processes used to derive new verbs. 


==Grade==

There are two stems or grades which can be derived from each verbal root: full and reduced. The distinction between full and reduced grades is fundamental to tense distinctions in Shemspreg; full grade marks non-past tense, and reduced grade marks past tense. The examples below show how verbal grades can cue tense with the verb root '''nem-''' 'take'. 


{| cellspacing=5
| a. || '''nemes''' 'takes, is taking'
|-
| b. || '''enmi''' 'was taking'
|-
| || '''nenmi''' 'took'
|}


In (a), the full grade of the verb is used with present tense meaning. In (b) the reduced grade in used in both forms with past tense meaning.  In this section I discuss how the grades are formed. 


===Full grade===

The full grade is phonologically identical to the verbal root, which is the dictionary entry form; it is normally a single syllable in length. The full grade may or may not begin or end with a consonant. 


'''nem-''' 'take'

'''sed-''' 'sit'

'''legh-''' 'lay'

'''mer-''' 'die'

'''ed-''' 'eat'

'''aj-''' 'drive (livestock)'

'''es-''' 'be'

'''doo-''' 'give'

'''poo-''' 'drink'

'''paa-''' 'feed'

'''ei-''' 'go'


The full grade may also contain a long vowel or diphthong. 


'''saag-''' 'seek'

'''leekw-''' 'leave (tr)'

'''leezh-''' 'lick'

'''woid-''' 'know'

'''leuv-''' 'love'

'''aig-''' 'swing'


Many roots have three consonants either in the arrangement CRVC- or CVRC-, where R is a sonorant: '''r, l''' or '''n'''. 


'''spreg-''' 'speak'

'''melj-''' 'milk'

'''terk-''' 'twist'

'''fend-''' 'tie'


===Reduced grade===

The reduced grade is derived from the root. To form the reduced grade from a root with a long vowel, the long vowel is shortened. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || reduced grade || gloss
|-
| '''saag-''' || '''sag-''' || 'seek'
|-
| '''leekw-''' || '''lekw-''' || 'leave (tr)'
|-
| '''leezh-''' || '''lezh-''' || 'lick'
|-
| '''doo-''' || '''do-''' || 'give'
|}


To form the reduced grade from a root with a diphthong, the diphthong is reduced to its second member. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || reduced grade || gloss
|-
| '''woid-''' || '''wid-''' || 'know'
|-
| '''pneu-''' || '''pnu-''' || 'blow'
|-
| '''aig-''' || '''ig-''' || 'swing'
|-
| '''snau-''' || '''snu-''' || 'float'
|-
| '''pneu-''' || '''pnu-''' || 'breathe'
|-
| '''ei-''' || '''i-''' || 'go'
|}


To form the reduced grade from a root with a short vowel, the short vowel is simply deleted. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || reduced grade || gloss
|-
| '''nem-''' || '''nm-''' || 'take'
|-
| '''sed-''' || '''sd-''' || 'sit'
|-
| '''legh-''' || '''lgh-''' || 'lay'
|-
| '''mer-''' || '''mr-''' || 'die'
|-
| '''ed-''' || '''d-''' || 'eat'
|-
| '''aj-''' || '''j-''' || 'drive (livestock)'
|-
| '''es-''' || '''s-''' || 'be'
|}


If the first consonant of a verb root is a rounded velar ('''kw''', '''gw''', or '''khw'''), the rounding of the rounded velar is vocalized as a '''u''' creating a '''CuC''' form for reduced grade. 

Roots with three consonants yield a '''CRC''' sequence when the vowel is deleted to create the reduced grade. In these cases, the vowel '''i''' replaces the root vowel. If the root is of the form '''CRVC-''' the reduced grade is '''CRiC-''' (a). If the root is of the form '''CVRC-''' the reduced grade is '''CiRC-''' (b). 


{| cellspacing=5
| || root || reduced grade || gloss
|-
| a. || '''spreg-''' || '''sprig-''' || 'speak'
|-
| || '''plech-''' || '''plich-''' || 'plait'
|-
| || '''smer-''' || '''smir-''' || 'remember'
|-
|-
| b. || '''melj-''' || '''milj-''' || 'milk'
|-
| || '''terk-''' || '''tirk-''' || 'twist'
|-
| || '''fend-''' || '''find-''' || 'tie'
|}


==Tense==

Verbs in Shemspreg distinguish between past and non-past tenses. As mentioned above, this contrast is cued by the use of the full and reduced grades of the verb. In addition, suffixes are used to mark tense. 


===Past tense===

Verbs in the past tense use the reduced grade, to which the suffix '''-i''' is added. 


'''esagi''' 'was seeking'

'''elezhi''' 'was licking'

'''enmi''' 'was taking'

'''esdi''' 'was sitting'

'''edi''' 'was eating'

'''esprigi''' 'was speaking'

'''etirki''' 'was twisting'


If the stem ends in '''e''' or '''i''', an epenthetic '''y''' is inserted upon suffixation of '''-i'''. 


'''eweyi''' 'was blowing' (&lt; '''wee-''' 'blow')

'''emeyi''' 'was measuring' (&lt; '''mee-''' 'measure')


===Non-past tense===

Non-past tense verbs use the full grade and bear the suffix '''-es'''. If the verbal stem ends with a vowel, the '''e''' is deleted upon suffixation of '''-es'''. 


'''paas''' 'guards, is guarding'

'''doos''' 'gives, is giving'


If the verbal stem ends in a glide, there will be variation in the realization of the present tense suffix; if the glide is interpreted as a sonorant consonant in the coda, the present tense suffix will be vowel-initial '''es''' (a). The glide can also be analyzed as belonging to the nucleus with the stem vowel, in which case the present tense suffix is realized as '''s''' (b). 


{| cellspacing=5
| || '''snau-''' 'float, swim'
|-
| a. || '''snawes''' 'floats, swims; is floating, swimming'
|-
| b. || '''snaus''' 'floats, swims; is floating, swimming'
|}


The past tenses are used for events occuring before the moment of utterance, while the non-past tense is used for events occuring at or following the moment of utterance. 


==Aspect==

Shemspreg distinguishes between two verbal aspects in the past tense: perfective and imperfective. Perfective aspect indicates completed action, or action which is inherently complete, while imperfective aspect indicates incomplete or &quot;open-ended&quot; action. Both imperfective and perfective aspects are formed from the stem created by suffixation of '''-i''' to the reduced grade. 


===Imperfective===

The imperfective is marked by the prefix '''e-''' which is attached to the past tense stem consisting of the reduced grade verb followed by the suffix '''-i'''. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || imperfective
|-
| '''snau-''' || '''esnui''' || 'was floating, swimming'
|-
| '''sed-''' || '''esdi''' || 'was sitting'
|-
| '''saag-''' || '''esagi''' || 'was seeking'
|-
| '''spreg-''' || '''esprigi''' || 'was speaking'
|}


===Perfective===

The perfective in Shemspreg is marked by prefixal reduplication. Reduplication is the repetition of part or all of the stem; in Shemspreg perfective reduplication is partial since only part of the stem is repeated. There are three basic reduplication patterns: 1) stems without an initial consonant cluster, 2) stems beginning with a cluster introduced by a consonant other than '''s''', and 3) stems beginning with a cluster introduced by '''s'''. In all cases, the reduplicant, or copied portion of the stem, takes the shape of a simple open syllable. 

For stems beginning with a simple consonant or with a vowel, the reduplicant consists of the initial consonant and the stem vowel, or of the stem vowel itself when there is no initial consonant. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || perfective
|-
| '''saag-''' || '''sasagi''' || 'sought'
|-
| '''woid-''' || '''wowidi''' || 'knew'
|-
| '''doo-''' || '''dodoi''' || 'gave'
|-
| '''sed-''' || '''sesdi''' || 'sat'
|-
| '''nem-''' || '''nenmi''' || 'took'
|-
| '''ed-''' || '''edi''' || 'ate'
|}


The perfective reduplicant for stems beginning with a consonant cluster introduced by a consonant other than '''s''' consists of the initial consonant only followed by the stem vowel. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || perfective
|-
| '''pneu-''' || '''pepnui''' || 'breathed'
|-
| '''klee-''' || '''kekleyi''' || 'leaned, inclined'
|-
| '''gnoo-''' || '''gognoi''' || 'knew'
|}


Stems beginning with a consonant cluster introduced by '''s''' form the reduplicant by first separating the '''s''' from the stem. If a single consonant is left, the reduplicant consists of this consonant followed by the stem vowel, preceded by the initial '''s'''. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || perfective
|-
| '''staa-''' || '''statai''' || 'stood'
|-
| '''snau-''' || '''snanui''' || 'floated, swam'
|-
| '''sker-''' || '''skekri''' || 'laughed'
|}


If after separating the '''s''' there is a consonant cluster, the reduplicant consists of the initial consonant followed by the stem vowel, preceded by the separated '''s'''. 


{| cellspacing=5
| root || perfective
|-
| '''spreg-''' || '''speprigi''' || 'speak'
|-
| '''splei-''' || '''spepliyi''' || 'split'
|-
| '''spyeu-''' || '''spepyui''' || 'spit'
|}


==Valency==

In any Shemspreg sentence there are obligatory arguments which must be present to fill the roles implicit in the verbal stem. Thus a transitive verb like '''khwen-''' 'hit' requires two arguments: an agent (one who hits) and a patient (one who is hit). The number of obligatory arguments which a verbal stem requires is its valency. There are two morphological operations in Shemspreg which can alter the inherent valency of a verb: these are 1) passive, and 2) causative.


===Passive===

It is often useful to omit mention of the agent; this reduces the valency of the verb by one. In many modern Indo-European languages, this is accomplished by the passive verbal form. In Shemspreg, the passive is marked by the suffix '''-a''' which immediately follows the verbal stem; tense suffixes are attached to this derived stem. In the Shemspreg passive, the agent may be optionally expressed as an object of the preposition '''ge''' 'by reason of, because'. Examples are given below. 


'''kwon edi meemsom.'''
{|
| kwon || e- || d || -i || meems || -om
|-
| dog || PERF- || eat:0 || -PAST || meat || -OBL
|}
'The dog ate meat.'

'''meems edai (ge kwonom).'''
{|
| meems || e- || d || -a || -i || (ge || kwon || -om)
|-
| meat || IMPF- || eat:0 || -PASS || -PAST || (by || dog || -OBL)
|}
'The meat was eaten (by the dog).'


'''rotowo khweghuni derum.'''
{|
| rotowo || khwe- || ghun || -i || deru || -m
|-
| car || PERF- || hit:0 || -PAST || tree || -OBL
|}
'The car hit the tree.'

'''deru khweghunai (ge rotowom).'''
{|
| deru || khwe- || ghun || -a || -i || (ge || rotowo || -m)
|-
| tree || PERF- || hit:0 || -PASS || -PAST || (by || car || -OBL)
|}
'The tree was hit by the car.'


===Causative===

In addition to the passive, Shemspreg also has an operation which increases the valency of a verbal stem by one. This is useful for expressing the discourse participant which is the cause of an action (causative) in addition to the obligatory arguments required by a verbal stem. This meaning is encoded in the suffix '''-eyo''' which is attached to the verbal stem, and to which tense suffixes are added. Examples are provided below for the verb '''ed-''' 'eat' (the verb '''edeyo-''' 'cause to eat' is probably better translated as 'feed'). 


'''kwon edi meemsom.'''
{|
| kwon || e- || d || -i || meems || -om
|-
| dog || IMPF- || eat:0 || -PAST || meat || -OBL
|}
'The dog was eating some meat.'

'''wiro edeyoi meemsom ad kwonom.'''
{|
| wiro || e- || d || -eyo || -i || meems || -om || ad || kwon || -om
|-
| man || IMPF- || eat:0 || -CAUS || -PAST || meat || -OBL || to || dog || -OBL
|}
'The man was feeding the dog some meat.'


An interesting feature of both the passive and the causative is that in each case the agent of the underived predicate is demoted from subject upon derivation. 


==Imperative==

The stem formed from the full grade of the verb is used as the imperative; no tense suffixes are added. 


'''staa swe'''
{|
| staa || swe
|-
| stand:IMP || REFL
|}
'Stand up!'


'''deuk wezhom'''
{|
| deuk || wezho || -m
|-
| pull:IMP || wagon || -OBL
|}
'Pull the wagon!'


The diphthongs '''ei''' and '''ou''' are simplified to long vowels when they are final on a verb stem used as an imperative. 


'''awee!'''
{|
| au || ei
|-
| away || go:IMP
|}
'Go away!'


'''khoo echwosom!'''
{|
| khou || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| pay.attention.to:IMP || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}
'Pay attention to the horses!'


==Participles==

Participles are verbal forms which have nominal and adjectival functions. There are two participles in Shemspreg: the present and the past participle. The marker for both participles is the suffix '''-ent'''. The present participle is formed from the non-past verbal stem by removing the non-past tense suffix '''-es''' and adding the participial suffix '''-ent''' (a). The past participle is formed from the pefective (reduplicating) verbal stem by removing the past tense suffix '''-i''' and adding '''-ent''' (b). 


{| cellspacing=5
| || '''nem-''' 'take'
|-
| a. || '''nement''' present participle ('taking')
|-
|-
| b. || '''nenment''' past participle ('taken')
|}


If the verbal stem ends with a vowel, the '''e''' of the participial suffix is deleted. 


{| cellspacing=5
| a. || '''doo-''' || 'give'
|-
| || '''doont''' || 'giving'
|-
| || '''dodont''' || 'given'
|-
|-
| b. || '''pneu-''' || 'blow'
|-
| || '''pnewent''' || 'blowing'
|-
| || '''pepnunt''' || 'blown'
|}


Participles are used both as nouns and as adjectives. When used as nouns they are inflected for case. Participle phrases can also be used in the place of subordinate clauses with regularly inflected (finite) verbs. Used in this way, the subordinate clause becomes an extended noun phrase and is inflected for case when appropriate. 


a. '''pekwent akwa'''
{|
| pekw || -ent || akwa
|-
| cook || -PTC || water
|}
'boiling water'


b. '''pepkwent oowi'''
{|
| pe- || pkw || -ent || oowi
|-
| PERF- || cook:0 || -PTC || egg
|}
'boiled egg'


c. '''to edi pepkwentom'''
{|
| to || e- || d || -i || pe- || pkw || -ent || -om
|-
| 3p:NOM || IMPF- || eat:0 || -PAST || PERF- || cook:0 || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'They ate the boiled (ones).'


d. '''[ne wilna-wesent] owi'''
{|
| ne || wilna- || wes || -ent || owi
|-
| not || wool- || wear || -PTC || sheep
|}
'a sheep without wool' (lit: &quot;a sheep [which is] not wool-wearing&quot;)


e. '''wiro eskwi [kwonos meems-edentom].'''
{|
| wiro || e- || skw || -i || kwon || -os || meems- || ed || -ent || -om
|-
| man || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || dog || -GEN || meat- || eat || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'The man watched the dog eat meat.' (lit: &quot;the dog's meat-eating&quot;)


In (a) and (b), the participles built on '''pekw-''' 'to cook, boil' are used as adjectives; the present participle pekwent modifies '''akwa''' 'water' and the past participle '''pepkwent''' modifies '''oowi''' 'egg'. In (c) the participle '''pepkwent''' is used as a noun, which is made apparent by case inflection. In (d) the participle phrase '''ne wilna-wesent''' 'wearing no wool' is used adjectivally as a non-finite relative clause modifying '''owi''' 'sheep'; it is thus similar to the examples in (a) and (b). Finally, in (e) the participle phrase '''kwonos meems-edentom''' '(the) dog's eating meat' functions as a non-finite object complement clause; like the example in (c) this is made apparent by the oblique case marking on the participle itself. Also note that in (d) and (e) the direct objects of the participle phrases are incorporated into the participles to form compounds.


==Deriving verbs==

Derivational processes yielding verbs are not as common as for nouns; it is much more common to have derived nouns than verbs. Nevertheless, there are two kinds of derivational processes which yield verbs. 


===Distributive denominalization===

A limited number of verbal stems can be created from noun stems by attaching the suffix '''-io''' ('''-yo''' for vowel-final stems); the derived verb forms have the meaning of spreading or distributing the nominal referent over an area. 


'''sal''' 'salt' &gt; '''salio''' 'to salt, season'

'''sker/n-''' 'dung' &gt; '''skenio''' 'to spread dung, manure; to fertilize'


The resulting verbal stem participates in regular verbal inflection; the reduced grade of these derived stems is formed from the original noun stem, to which the suffix '''-io''' is attached. 


'''sasliont''' 'seasoned'

'''skekniont''' 'fertilized'


===Negation===

Verbal negation can be syntactic or morphological. Syntactic negation is dealt with in [[Shemspreg sentences]]. Morphological negation is accomplished by adding the prefix '''in-''' to a verbal stem; this always has the meaning of undoing an action previously done, where the effects of the action can be reversed. Phonologically, the prefix assimilates in place of articulation to a following stop. 


'''paaj-''' 'lock, fasten'

'''impaaj-''' 'unlock, unfasten'


'''deu-''' 'fit, put together'

'''indeu-''' 'take apart'


'''wes-''' 'dress'

'''inwes-''' 'undress'


When a negated verb is inflected for past tense (and thus takes a prefix), the negative prefix occurs on the outside of the the stem.


'''impaaj-''' 'unlock, unfasten'

'''inepaji''' 'is unlocking'

'''impapaji''' 'unlocked'


===Preverbs===

Shemspreg contains a number of particles which serve both as prepositions and as verbal prefixes, much like modern Germanic or Slavic languages. These particles are called preverbs. A list of common Shemspreg preverbs is given below. 


{| cellspacing=5
|'''inder-''' 'under' || '''kom-''' 'with (instr)'
|-
| '''ambi-''' 'around' || '''meta-''' 'between, with'
|-
| '''an-''' 'on, upwards' || '''ni-''' 'downwards'
|-
| '''anti-''' 'over, against' || '''ovi-''' 'towards'
|-
| '''apo-''' 'from, as of' || '''pos(t)- ''' 'after, behind'
|-
| '''au-''' 'away from' || '''pro-''' 'ahead, before'
|-
| '''deksi-''' 'at the right side' || '''som-''' 'together'
|-
| '''ekhs-''' 'out' || '''traos-''' 'through'
|-
| '''en-''' 'in' || '''ud-''' 'on high'
|-
| '''enter-''' 'between' || '''uper-''' 'over'
|-
| '''eti-''' 'over, beyond' || '''upo-''' 'under'
|}


In prefixed verb constructions, the imperfective past tense form is marked only by the zero grade and the suffix '''-i'''; the imperfective prefix '''e-''' is omitted. The perfective past tense is formed by reduplication of the verb stem as expected, preceded by the prefix. Examples for the verb '''somspreg-''' 'converse' are given below.


'''somspreg-''' 'converse (lit. &quot;talk together&quot;)'

'''somsprigi''' 'was conversing'

'''somspeprigi''' 'conversed'


Many verbs derived by prefixing are semantically transparent, but in some cases the meaning of the complex form cannot be predicted from the meanings of the parts. The examples below show some typical prefixed verbs. 


a. '''ei-''' 'go'

'''an-''' 'on, upwards' &gt; '''anei-''' 'ascend'

'''ni-''' 'downwards' &gt; '''niyei-''' 'descend'

'''au-''' 'away from'&gt; '''awei-''' 'go away'

'''kom-''' 'with' &gt; '''komei-''' 'accompany'

'''enter-''' 'between' &gt; '''enterei-''' 'intervene, mediate'


b. '''staa-''' 'stand'

'''som-''' 'together' &gt; '''somstaa-''' 'support'

'''anti-''' 'against' &gt; '''antistaa-''' 'resist'

'''apo-''' 'from' &gt; '''apostaa-''' 'reject'

'''ni-''' 'down' &gt; '''nistaa-''' 'stop'


c. '''spreg-''' 'talk'

'''som-''' 'together' &gt; '''somspreg-''' 'converse'

'''eti-''' 'over' &gt; '''etispreg-''' 'boast, brag'

'''anti-''' 'against' &gt; '''antispreg-''' 'argue'

'''ambi-''' 'around' &gt; '''ambispreg-''' 'prevaricate'


==Modal verbs==

Modal verbs are verbs which indicate the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed in the sentence: should it happen? can it happen? There are three modals available in Shemspreg; they are given below.


{| cellspacing=5
| may (possibility) || '''pot-'''
|-
| must (necessity) || '''som-'''
|-
| can (ability) || '''gnoo-'''
|}


Modals have syntactic properties which set them apart from regular verbs. Most notably, they take the &quot;dummy&quot; subject '''so''' and a complement clause as an object. The syntax of modals is discussed further in [[Shemspreg sentences]].


==Verb phrases==

Just as noun phrases serve to refer to the participants in discourse, verb phrases serve as predicates of these participants. That is, verb phrases assert some quality, property, action or event of some discourse participant. Verb phrases may contain other elements besides a verb. Normally, the verb is initial in a verb phrase.


normal order: [V XP]

'''Jan edes abelesom.'''
{|
| Jan || ed || -es || abel || -es || -om
|-
| John || eat || -PRES || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'John is eating apples.'


Occasionally, when the object of a verb does not have a specific referent, it may precede the verb in a verb phrase. Such an object will not bear the oblique case marker -(o)m, and is joined to the verb in writing with a hyphen, just as elements of a compound are joined together. Such an object is said to be '''incorporated'''.


'''Jan abel-edes.'''
{|
| Jan || abel- || ed || -es
|-
| John || apple- || eat || -PRES
|}
'John eats apples.' (lit: &quot;John apple-eats.&quot;)


Participle phrases resemble verb phrases with incorporated objects in that the object i) is joined to the participle like a compound, and ii) doesn't bear the oblique case marker.


a. '''[ne wilna-wesent] owi'''
{|
| ne || wilna- || wes || -ent || owi
|-
| not || wool- || wear || -PTC || sheep
|}
'a sheep without wool' (lit: &quot;a sheep [who is] not wool-wearing&quot;)


b. '''wiro eskwi [kwonos meems-edentom].'''
{|
| wiro || e- || skw || -i || kwon || -os || meems- || ed || -ent || -om
|-
| man || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || dog || -GEN || meat- || eat || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'The man watched the dog eat meat.' (lit: &quot;the dog's meat eating&quot;)


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg adjectives</title>
    <id>3822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24435</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T22:17:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The primary function of adjectives is to modify nouns in noun phrases. In Shemspreg, adjectives modify nouns, act as predicates, and can even function as heads of noun phrases. In this chapter I discuss the inflection of adjectives and derivational processes involving adjectives. 

==Adjective inflection==

Adjectives carry inflection for comparative and superlative degrees. The comparative is formed by adding the suffix '''-ios''' to consonant-final adjective stems. 


'''khwer''' 'warm'

'''khwerios''' 'warmer'


If the adjective stem ends in a vowel, the '''i''' of the comparative suffix is realized as the glide '''y'''. 


'''alvo''' 'white'

'''alvoyos''' 'whiter'


The pivot construction in Shemspreg is illustrated below. In this construction, the comparative adjective precedes the standard of comparison, which is expressed as a prepositional phrase using '''ad''' 'to'. 


'''ulkwo es mejios ad kwonom.'''
{|
| ulkwo || es || mej || -ios || ad || kwon || -om
|-
| wolf || be:PRES || big || -COMP || to || dog || -OBL
|}
'(A) wolf is bigger than (a) dog.'


The superlative degree is formed by adding the suffix '''-isto''' to consonant-final stems, or by adding '''-sto''' to vowel-final stems. 


'''khwer''' 'warm'

'''khweristo''' 'warmest'


'''alvo''' 'white'

'''alvosto''' 'whitest'


Nouns which are modified by an adjective in the superlative degree are inflected for plural number and genitive case; an adjective in the superlative degree thus behaves syntactically like a noun. 


'''domesos khweristo'''
{|
| dom || -es || -os || khwer || -isto
|-
| house || -PL || -GEN || warm || -SUP
|}
'(the) warmest house' (lit: 'the warmest of houses')


==Deriving adjectives==

===Having===

The suffix '''-wo''' has already been encountered in nominal derivational morphology. When attached to a noun stem X, it yields an adjective with the approximate meaning 'having X, characterized by X'. 


'''sal''' 'salt' &gt; '''salwo''' 'salty'

'''gwi''' 'life' &gt; '''gwiwo''' 'alive, having life'

'''wiis''' 'power' &gt; '''wiiswo''' 'powerful'


===Negation===

The prefix '''in-''' has already been seen in verbal morphology. When attached to an adjective, it creates the antonym of the adjective. It is often found with participles.


'''mirto''' 'mortal' (from '''mir-''' 'to die') &gt; '''inmirto''' 'immortal'

'''chechukent''' 'clean' (from '''cheuk-''' 'to clean') &gt; '''inchechukent''' 'unclean'


===Adjectival marker===

The suffix '''-u''' serves to derive adjectives from nouns and verbs. It differs from the participial ending '''-(e)nt''' in that '''-u''' creates adjectives whose derivations are not always semantically transparent. Also, many adjectives ending in '''-u''' are not based on recognizable verbal stems. 


'''anj-''' 'strangle, pinch off' &gt; '''anju''' 'narrow'

'''wes-''' 'be, exist, become' &gt; '''wesu''' 'good'

'''legh-''' 'lay' &gt; '''leghu''' 'light'

'''medh''' 'honey' &gt; '''medhu''' 'sweet'

'''diw''' 'day' &gt; '''diwu''' 'daily'

'''oochu''' 'swift'

'''nogu''' 'naked'

'''gweru''' 'heavy'


==Deriving adverbs==

Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by adding the suffix '''-(e)ne'''.


'''reej''' 'efficient' &gt; '''reejene''' 'efficiently'

'''avro''' 'violent' &gt; '''avrone''' 'violently'

'''oochu''' 'swift' &gt; '''oochune''' 'swiftly'


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg sentences</title>
    <id>3823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24468</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-13T15:07:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Syntax is the study of how words are combined into phrases and sentences. In this chapter I will focus on the structure of sentences; there are references throughout this grammar to phrases of various sorts, so I will not treat them here. I begin by describing simple sentences and sentences using the verb '''es''' 'to be' and elaborations of these simple sentence types; I then discuss coordinate and other complex sentences. 

==Simple sentences==

With respect to basic sentence structure, Shemspreg is much like English, though not identical. The basic word order for transitive sentences is Subject + Verb + Object (= SVO). Transitive sentences are sentences with a subject, a verb, and a direct object. 


'''maater thees sos tekom.'''
{|
| maater || thee || -s || so || -s || tek || -om
|-
| mother || suckle || -PRES || 3s || -GEN || child || -OBL
|}
'The mother is suckling her child.'


'''ej edi tree abelesom.'''
{|
| ej || e- || d || -i || tree || abel || -es || -om
|-
| 1s:NOM || PERF- || eat:0 || -PAST || three || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'I ate three apples.'


'''owi skekwi echwosom.'''
{|
| owi || ske- || kw || -i || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| sheep || PERF- || see:0 || PAST || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}
'The sheep saw horses.'


While SVO is the normal word order in Shemspreg transitive sentences, other orders are also common to focus or place emphasis on a particular constituent. 


'''so wiro epi abelesom.'''
{|
| so || wiro || e- || p || -i || abel || -es || -om
|-
| that || man || IMPF- || pick:0 || -PAST || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'That man was picking apples.'


'''abelesom epi so wiro.'''
{|
| abel || -es || -om || e- || p || -i || so || wiro
|-
| apple || -PL || -OBL || IMPF- || pick:0 || -PAST || that || man
|}
'It was apples that that man was picking.'


'''abel-epi so wiro.'''
{|
| abel || e- || p || -i || so || wiro
|-
| apple || IMPF- || pick:0 || -PAST || that || man
|}
'Picking apples is what that man was doing.'


The sentences below are examples of intransitive sentences, which have a subject and a verb, but no object. As with transitive sentences, there is some flexibility of word order when sentence elements other than the subject appear. 


'''me swekru-vraater weses.'''
{|
| me || swekru || fraater || wes || -es
|-
| 1s:GEN || in.law || brother || stay.overnight || -PRES
|}
'My brother-in-law is staying overnight.'


'''so gwegumi ad domomswe.'''
{|
| so || gwe- || gum || -i || ad || dom || -om || =swe
|-
| 3s:NOM || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST || at || house || -OBL || =REFL
|}
'He arrived at his (own) house.'


'''owi weuri oochu en arum.'''
{|
| owi || we- || wr || -i || oochu || en || aru || -m
|-
| sheep || PERF- || turn.away:0 || -PAST || swiftly || in || field || -OBL
|}
'The sheep swiftly turned away into the field.'


'''oochu weuri owi en arum.'''
{|
| oochu || we- || wr || -i || owi || en || aru || -m
|-
| swiftly || PERF- || turn.away:0 || -PAST || sheep || in || field || -OBL
|}
'The sheep swiftly turned away into the field.'


'''en arum weuri owi oochu.'''
{|
| en || aru || -m || we- || wr || -i || owi || oochu
|-
| in || field || -OBL || PERF- || turn.away:0 || -PAST || sheep || swiftly
|}
'The sheep swiftly turned away into the field.'


Ditransitive sentences require two arguments besides the subject. In such sentences one distinguishes between a direct object, which is inflected for oblique case as in a simple transitive sentence, and an indirect object, which occurs in Shemspreg as a prepositional phrase. 


'''gwena dodoi yaam kwonom ad tekom.'''
{|
| gwena || do- || do || -i || yaam || kwon || -om || ad || tek || -om
|-
| woman || PERF- || give:0 || -PAST || already || dog || -OBL || to || child || -OBL
|}
'The woman already gave a dog to the child.'


'''wiro stetli chestrom an dezhomom.'''
{|
| wiro || ste- || tl || -i || chestro || -m || an || dezhom || -om
|-
| man || PERF- || place:0 || -PAST || knife || -OBL || on || ground || -OBL
|}
The man put the knife on the ground.


'''gwena meles meltom ad me.'''
{|
| gwena || mel || -es || melto || -m || ad || me
|-
| woman || tell || -PRES || story || -OBL || to || 1s:OBL
|}
'The woman is telling me a story.'


=='BE' sentences==

There are three kinds of sentences which use the verb '''es''' 'be'. They are: i) equational sentences, ii) existential sentences, and iii) possessive sentences. 


===Equational sentences===

Equational sentences are sentences which assert that the subject is characterized by some property or identity, or that it is located in some place. In English these sentences generally have the form: NP be AP/NP/PP. 

John is a man.

The milk is sour.

The mouse is in the bowl.


Equational sentences in Shemspreg work similarly to those of English; the noun phrase subject is equated with some property or identity by means of the verb '''es''' 'be'. The Shemspreg equivalents of the English sentences above are given below. 


'''Jan es wiro.'''
{|
| Jan || es || wiro
|-
| John || be:PRES || man
|}
'John is (a) man.'


'''glakt es suuro.'''
{|
| glakt || es || suuro
|-
| milk || be:PRES || sour
|}
'The milk is sour.'


'''muus es en kwerom.'''
{|
| muus || es || en || kwer || -om
|-
| mouse || be:PRES || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'The mouse is in the bowl.'


===Existential sentences===

Existential sentences are sentences which assert that some state of affairs exists. In English, existential sentences are introduced by &quot;There is/was...&quot;. In Shemspreg, they are introduced by '''(so) es ...'''. Some examples of existential sentences are given below. 


'''so es muus en kwerom.'''
{|
| so || es || muus || en || kwer || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || be:PRES || mouse || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'There's a mouse in the bowl.'


'''es thevu leuk deyent.'''
{|
| es || thev || leuk || dei || -ent
|-
| be:PRES || small || light || shine || -PTC
|}
'There's a small light shining.'


===Possessive sentences===

Possessive sentences are identical in form to existential sentences since they are also introduced by '''so es ...''' 'it is'. The possessor is expressed by a prepositional phrase headed by ad 'to'. Possessive sentences assert ownership, kinship, or a part/whole relationship, as the following sentences show. 


'''so es dom ad me.'''
{|
| so || es || dom || ad || me
|-
| 3s:NOM || be:PRES || house || to || 1s:OBL
|}
'I have a house.'


'''so es poti ad Marim.'''
{|
| so || es || poti || ad || Mari || -m
|-
| 3s:NOM || be:PRES || husband || to || Mary || -OBL
|}
'Mary has a husband.'


'''so es ach ardi ad chestrom.'''
{|
| so || es || ach || ardi || ad || chestro || -m
|-
| 3s:NOM || be:PRES || sharp || point || to || knife || -OBL
|}
'The knife has a sharp point.'


==Elaborations of simple sentences==

===Imperative sentences===

Imperative sentences are used to give commands and make requests. In Shemspreg, there are two features which distinguish imperative sentences from simple sentences. First, imperative sentences often do not have an subject. Since an imperative is used to give an order, the implied subject of the sentence is either '''tu''' 'you (sg)' or  or '''yu''' 'you (pl)', both of which are second person pronouns. Second, imperative sentences use the imperative verb form, which is simply the full grade of the verb without any inflection. While imperative sentences generally do not occur with a subject (which is always 2nd person), they may do so to make clear whether a single person or more than one person is being addressed. Some examples of imperative sentences are given below. 


'''prech te maaterom!'''
{|
| prech || te || maater || -om
|-
| ask:IMP || 2s:GEN || mother || -OBL
|}
'Ask your mother!'


'''ed abelom kirnosomwe!'''
{|
| ed || abel || -om || kirno || -s || -om || =we
|-
| eat:IMP || apple || -OBL || cherry || -PL || -OBL || =or
|}
'Eat (an) apple or (some) cherries!'


===Negative sentences===

Forming negative sentences in Shemspreg is fairly straightforward; the negation particle '''ne''' is placed immediately before the verb. The examples below contain simple sentences from earlier in this chapter which have been negated by adding '''ne'''. 


'''so wiro ne epi abelesom.'''
{|
| so || wiro || ne || e- || p || -i || abel || -es || -om
|-
| that || man || not || IMPF- || pick:0 || -PAST || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'That man was not picking apples.'


'''me swekru-vraater ne weses.'''
{|
| me || swekru || fraater || ne || wes || -es
|-
| 1s:GEN || in.law || brother || not || stay.overnight || -PRES
|}
'My brother-in-law is not staying overnight.'


'''Jan ne dodoi kwonom ad putlom.'''
{|
| Jan || ne || do- || do || -i || kwon || -om || ad || putlo || -m
|-
| John || not || PERF- || give:0 || -PAST || dog || -OBL || to || boy || -OBL
|}
'John didn't give a dog to the boy.'


'''muus ne es en kwerom.'''
{|
| muus || ne || es || en || kwer || -om
|-
| mouse || not || be:PRES || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'The mouse isn't in the bowl.'


'''so ne es muus en kwerom.'''
{|
| so || ne || es || muus || en || kwer || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || not || be:PRES || mouse || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'There isn't a mouse in the bowl.'


'''ne prech te maaterom!'''
{|
| ne || prech || te || maater || -om
|-
| not || ask:IMP || 2s:GEN || mother || -OBL
|}
'Don't ask your mother!'


===Yes/no questions===

Yes/no questions are formed by placing the verb before the subject of the sentence, in a pattern familiar from languages like German and French. Some examples are given below.


'''epi so wiro abelesom?'''
{|
| e- || p || -i || so || wiro || abel || -es || -om
|-
| IMPF- || pick:0 || -PAST || that || man || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'Was that man picking apples?'


'''weses me swekru-vraater?'''
{|
| wes || -es || me || swekru || fraater
|-
| stay.overnight || -PRES || 1s:GEN || in.law || brother
|}
'Is my brother-in-law staying overnight?'


'''dodoi Jan kwonom ad putlom?'''
{|
| do- || do || -i || Jan || kwon || -om || ad || putlo || -m
|-
| PERF- || give:0 || -PAST || John || dog || -OBL || to || boy || -OBL
|}
'Did John give a dog to the boy?'


'''es muus en kwerom?'''
{|
| muus || es || en || kwer || -om
|-
| be:PRES || mouse || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'Is the mouse in the bowl?'


'''es so muus en kwerom?'''
{|
| es || so || muus || en || kwer || -om
|-
| be:PRES || 3s:NOM || mouse || in || bowl || -OBL
|}
'Is there a mouse in the bowl?'


'''peprichi tu te maaterom?'''
{|
| pe- || prich || -i || tu || te || maater || -om
|- 
| PERF- || ask || -PAST || 2s:NOM || 2s:GEN || mother || -OBL
|}
'Did you ask your mother?'


===Wh-questions===

By 'wh-question' is meant the kind of question which is introduced by a word such as who, what, where, why and so forth. In Shemspreg, the &quot;wh-words&quot; are better named &quot;kw-words&quot;, but I will keep the labels &quot;wh-word&quot;, &quot;wh-phrase&quot;, &quot;wh-expression&quot; and &quot;wh-question&quot; since they will be familiar to many English speakers. In Shemspreg, wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-expression to the initial position of the sentence. The verb immediately follows the wh-expression. Some examples are given below. 


'''kwi api abelesom?'''
{|
| kwi || a- || p || -i || abel || -es || -om
|-
| who || PERF- || pick:0 || -PAST || apple || -PL || -OBL
|}
'Who picked the apples?'


'''kwim eskwi tu?'''
{|
| kwi || -m || e- || skw || -i || tu
|-
| who || -OBL || PERF- || see:0 || -PAST || 2s:NOM
|}
'Who did you see?'


'''kwis kwon edi shuum?'''
{|
| kwi || -s || kwon || e- || d || -i || shuu || -m
|-
| who || -GEN || dog || PERF- || eat:0 || -PAST || fish || -OBL
|}
'Whose dog ate the fish?'


'''kwinu gweguni so wiro?'''
{|
| kwinu || gwe- || gun || -i || so || wiro
|-
| when || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST || that || man
|}
'When did that man arrive?'


'''kwicho es wech?'''
{|
| kwicho || es || wech
|-
| where || be:PRES || village
|}
'Where is the village?'


'''kwige woses Jan kwonom?'''
{|
| kwige || wos || -es || Jan || kwon || -om
|-
| why || sell || -PRES || John || dog || -OBL
|}
'Why is John selling the dog?'


'''kwimod gweguni so wiro?'''
{|
| kwimod || gwe- || gun || -i || so || wiro
|-
| How || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST || that || man
|}
'How did that man arrive?'


==Coordinate sentences==

The particle '''=kwe''' 'and' may be used to join words or phrases together. It may also be used to join two or more complete sentences together in a coordinate sentence. When '''=kwe''' is used in this way, it immediately follows the first word of the second sentence, as the following examples show. 


'''so ewidi kaaveyo esi chel, sokwe popoi som.'''
{|
| so || e- || wid || -i || kaave || =yo || e- || s || -i || chel || so || =kwe || po- || po || -i || so || -m
|-
| 3s:NOM || IMPF- || know:0 || -PAST || coffee || =SUB || IMPF- || be:0 || -PAST || cold || 3s:NOM || =and || PERF- || drink:0 || -PAST || 3s || -OBL
|}
'He knew that the coffee was cold, but he drank it (anyway).'


'''sos gwer wezhom, sos mej gemom deukentom, soskwe shemom oochu ferentom'''
{|
| so || -s || gwer || wezho || -m || so || -s || mej || gem || -om || deuk || -ent || -om || so || -s || =kwe || shem- || fer || -ent || -om || oochu
|-
| that || -GEN || heavy || wagon || -OBL || that || -GEN || large || load || -OBL || pull || -PTC || -OBL || that || -GEN || =and || human- || bear || -PTC || -OBL || quickly
|}
'that (one) pulling a heavy wagon, that (one) a large load; and that (one) bearing a human quickly.'


==Complex sentences==

Complex sentences are those which have one or more other sentences embedded in them. Sentences that are embedded in another sentence are called subordinate clauses or dependent clauses, and the sentences they are embedded in are called main clauses. Embedded clauses can serve a number of functions; the most common of these are adverbial, conditional, complement, or modifying. 

Embedded clauses are marked with a particle or a relative pronoun. A short list of particles is given below. 


{|
| '''=yo''' || 'as, while'
|-
| '''=ye''' || 'if'
|-
| '''pos''' || 'after'
|-
| '''pro''' || 'before'
|-
| '''ge''' || 'because'
|}


In the sections which follow, I present examples of subordinate clauses filling various functions. 


===Adverbial clauses===

Adverbial clauses are clauses which indicate notions such as when, where, how, because, and so on. Several different kinds of adverbial clauses are shown below. 


'''[weyo ekni], esdi seno wiro swepent.'''
{|
| we || =yo || e- || kn || -i || e- || sd || -i || seno || wiro || swep || -ent
|-
| 1p:NOM || =as || IMPF- || sing:0 || -PAST || IMPF- || sit:0 || -PAST || old || man || sleep || -PTC
|}
'While we were singing, the old man sat sleeping.'


'''[pos so gwegumi], weuri we kwim so dustetli.'''
{|
| pos || so || gwe- || gum || -i || we- || wr || -i || we || kwi || -m || so || dus- || ste- || tl || -i
|-
| after || 3s:NOM || PERF- || go:0 || -PAST || PERF- || find:0 || -PAST || 1p:NOM || REL || -OBL || 3s:NOM || wrong- || PERF- || place:0 || -PAST
|}
'After he left, we found what he had lost (lit: misplaced)'


'''Janos threukh weusi som [soyo estirgi].'''
{|
| Jan || -os || threukh || we- || ws || -i || so || -m || so || =yo || e- || stirg || -i
|-
| John || -GEN || friend || PERF- || visit:0 || -PAST || 3s || -OBL || 3s:NOM || =as || IMPF- || be.sick:0 || -PAST
|}

'''Janos threukh weusi som [ge so estirgi].'''
{|
| Jan || -os || threukh || we- || ws || -i || so || -m || ge || so || e- || stirg || -i
|-
| John || -GEN || friend || PERF- || visit:0 || -PAST || 3s || -OBL || because || 3s:NOM || IMPF- || be.sick:0 || -PAST
|}
'John's friend went to see him when he was sick.'


===Conditional clauses===

A conditional clause is an embedded clause which serves to present an assumption, which may be a real or hypothetical state of affairs, while the main clause presents the logical consequence of that assumption; these are often referred to in English as &quot;if-then&quot; statements. Conditional clauses in Shemspreg are normally marked with '''=ye''' 'if'. Some examples are given below. 


'''tu feus kach [tuye ne edes].'''
{|
| tu || feu || -s || kach || tu || =ye || ne || ed || -es
|-
| 2s:NOM || become || -PRES || skinny || 2s:NOM || =if || not || eat || -PRES
|}
'You'll get skinny if you don't eat.'


'''[tuye ne edes] tu feus kach.'''
{|
| tu || =ye || ne || ed || -es || tu || feu || -s || kach
|-
| 2s:NOM || =if || not || eat || -PRES || 2s:NOM || become || -PRES || skinny
|}
'If you don't eat, you'll get skinny.'


===Subject/object clauses===

Subject and object clauses are sentences which fill the grammatical functions of subject and object. Subject clauses may be finite clauses, as in the following:


'''[soyo kores] nidheghwes me.'''
{|
| so || =yo || kor || -es || ni- || theghw || -es || me
|-
| 3s:NOM || =SUB || make.noise || -PRES || down- || anger || -PRES || 1s:OBL
|}
'That he makes so much noise annoys me.'


But it is more usual to see participial phrases as subject clauses.


'''[sos korent] nidheghwes me.'''
{|
| so || -s || kor || -ent || ni- || theghw || -es || me
|-
| 3s:NOM || -GEN || make.noise || -PTC || down- || anger || -PRES || 1s:OBL
|}
'His making so much noise annoys me.'


Object clauses usually appear as finite clauses rather than as participial phrases. 


'''so emli [akwayo pekwes].'''
{|
| so || e- || ml || -i || akwa || =yo || pekw || -es
|-
| 3s:NOM || IMPF- || say:0 || -PAST || water || =SUB || cook || -PRES
|}
'She said that the water is boiling.'


'''so ewidi [kaaveyo esi chel], sokwe popoi som.'''
{|
| so || e- || wid || -i || kaave || =yo || e- || s || -i || chel || so || =kwe || po- || po || -i || so || -m
|-
| 3s:NOM || IMPF- || know:0 || -PAST || coffee || =SUB || IMPF- || be:0 || -PAST || cold || 3s:NOM || =and || PERF- || drink:0 || -PAST || 3s || -OBL
|}
'He knew that the coffee was cold, but he drank it (anyway).'


===Modality===

Modal verbs are verbs which indicate something of the speaker's attitude toward a situation, including the speaker's belief in its reality or likelihood. There are two modal verbs in Shemspreg; '''pot-''' and '''som-'''. The modal verb '''som-''' has the meanings of necessity or obligation, which in English are expressed with modal verbs like 'must' and 'should'. The modal '''pot-''' expresses possibility or permission, which in English are expressed by modals like 'may' and 'can'. 

Modal verbs take complement clauses; these complements may occasionally be participle phrases, but are more usually full subordinate clauses. These subordinate clauses are marked with the particle '''=yo'''. An interesting feature of constructions with modal verbs is that very often the subject of these sentences is a non-referential third person pronoun: 


'''so potes [Janyo poos glaktom].'''
{|
| so || pot || -es || Jan || =yo || poo || -s || glakt || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || NEC || -PRES || John || =SUB || drink || -PRES || milk || -OBL
|}
'John must drink milk./John should drink milk.'


A more familiar construction with a referential subject is also possible:


'''Jan potes [soyo poos glaktom].'''
{|
| Jan || pot || -es || so || =yo || poo || -s || glakt || -om
|-
| John || NEC || -PRES || 3s:NOM || =SUB || drink || -PRES || milk || -OBL
|}
'John must drink milk./John should drink milk.'


Other verbs which often take complement clauses include '''wel-''' 'want', '''aazh-''' 'need', '''woid-''' 'know', '''sekw-''' 'see', and '''chleu-''' 'hear'. Complements consisting of a participle phrase are common with these verbs. 


'''Jan weles [soyo domeyes].'''
{|
| Jan || wel || -es || so || =yo || dom- || ei || -es
|-
| John || want || -PRES || 3s:NOM || =SUB || house- || go || -PRES
|}
'John wants to go home.'


'''Jan weles sos domeentom.'''
{|
| Jan || wel || -es || so || -s || dom- || ei || -nt || -om
|-
| John || want || -PRES || 3s || -GEN || house- || go || -PTC || -OBL
|}
'John wants to go home.'


===Relative clauses===

Relative clauses modify nouns in much the same way that adjectives do; for this reason, they are also called modifying clauses or adjectival clauses. Relative clauses always have understood in them a noun phrase indentical with the one they are modifying in the main sentence, and so they are relative to it. Relative clauses in Shemspreg are always introduced by relative pronouns which substitute for the noun phrase missing in them; this relative pronoun is an inflected form of '''kwi'''. 


'''ej eskwi wirom [kwi paas owisom].'''
{|
| ej || e- || skw || -i || wiro || -m || kwi || paa || -s || owi || -s || -om
|-
| 1s:NOM || IMPF- || see:0 || -PAST || man || -OBL || REL || feed || -PRES || sheep || -PL || -OBL
|}
'I saw the man who feeds the sheep.'


'''emlai soyo's thevu leuk deyent [kwim we ne sekwes]'''
{|
| e- || ml || -a || -i || so || =yo || es || thevu || leuk || dey || -ent || kwi || -m || we || ne || sekw || -es
|-
| IMPF- || say.0 || -PASS || -PAST || 3s:NOM || =SUB || be.PRES || small || light || shine || -PTC || REL || -OBL || 1p || not || see || -PRES
|}
'They say that there's a small light shining which we don't see.'


'''ej edi patatom [kwim Hasan dodoi ad Sinanom].'''
{|
| ej || e- || d || -i || patat || -om || kwi || -m || Hasan || do- || do || -i || ad || Sinan || -om
|-
| 1s:NOM || PERF- || eat.0 || -PAST || potato || -OBL || REL || -OBL || Hasan || PERF- || give || -PAST || to || Sinan || -OBL
|}
'I ate the potato that Hasan gave to Sinan.'

==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lornen</title>
    <id>3824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53949</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-30T13:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eledhi</username>
        <id>316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Uínlītska</title>
    <id>3825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26640</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-08T18:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Talk:Uínlitska]] moved to [[Talk:Uínlītska]]: missing macron</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[User:Paul.w.bennett|My]] notes in progress.

Write up a section on [[Wikipedia:Flyting|Fflᵫ́ttēȝ]]

=Summary=

Looks like the following will be needed:

* Maybe a distinct /kʷ/ phoneme
* Some kind of distinct verb paradigms based on semantic transitivity of the VP
* ... or go the Ojibwe way, with separate indicative, subordinate, and &quot;other&quot; (IIRC) paradigms
* Maybe a length distinction in stops
* Use '''-s''', and maybe other fricatives, to mark the Obv
* Regularize ''a lot''. Seven verb paradigms and who-knows-how-many noun paradigms is too many. Aim for about 4 of each.
* According to current sound changes, verbs can be reduced to 2 or 3 paradigms, or maybe all the way to 1
* Could probably stand to lose some more consonants

=ON Phonology=

==Consonants==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|θ ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|(x)
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''Per Wikipedia''

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|y yː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u uː
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|eː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o oː
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ ɛː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|œ œː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æ æː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɒ ɒː
|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''Per BPJ plus /æ/, /æː/ from Wikipedia''

=Sandbox=

en með því at þeim líkaði svá at hafa eða þar viðr auka, þá skrifaða ek þessa of it sama far, fyr útan ættar-tǫlu ok konunga-ævi.

en mez hluí ad hlejm lígazi suá ad hafa eza hlá uizli auga, hlá sgifaza eg hlesta øf id sama fá, fí iudā et·adølø øg gønø̄kaheui.

en mez ɬwiː ɑd̥ ɬejm liːg̊ɑzi swɑː ɑd̥ hɑfɑ ezɑ ɬɑː wizli ɑwg̊ɑ, ɬɑː sg̊ifɑzɑ eg̊ ɬestɑ əf id̥ sɑmɑ fɑː, fiː iwd̥ɑ̃ et·ɑd̥ələ əg̊ g̊ənə̃kɑhewi.

=Inuktitut=

Word structure is something like C&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;V(:|j|w)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;(CV(:|j|w)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

==Consonants==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|q ɢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɴ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|v
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɟ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u uː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Sandhi==

Morphology that creates CCC sequences always has a deletion rule. For Finlaesk, this will probably become '''phonemic''' CCC sequences, due to the odd couple of polysegmental phonemes.

Sandhi occurs by &quot;Manner of Articulation&quot; (voiced, voiceless, or nasal). E.g. /ipti/ is legal, but /inti/ and /iqgi/ are not. Generally, this is done by regressive assimilation, maybe to the point of gemination. Some Greenlandic forms tend to use ''pro''gressive assimilation. Some consonants in C1C2 sequences force C2:, which varies from dialect to dialect.

==Grammar Points==

Fully productive dual in verbal inflection. Is it saner to fall back to PN or PIE dual paradigm, or to borrow or mimic the Inukt pattern?

Verbs inflect via Conjugation I for Intransitives and Transitives with indefinite Direct Objects or Proper Noun DOs, and via Conjugation II for Transitives with definite non-Proper-Noun DOs. Actually, it's a bit more complificational, but that's enough gist for now.

=Algonquian=

==Proto-Algonquian==

Word structure is 

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e eː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o oː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The allowable consonant clusters are /rp/, /rk/, /ʔtʃ/, /ʔɬ/, /ʔs/, /ʔʃ/, /ʔr/, /ʔm/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/, /ʃk/, /tp/, /tk/, /rk/, /ɬp/, /ɬk/, or any cluster with a first constituent of /h/ or a (POA-assimilated) nasal and a second constituent of any consonant other than /m/, /n/, /w/ or /j/.

Several allophonic processes, morphophonemic processes, and phonological constraints can be reconstructed. /t/ and /ɬ/ became /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ before /i/, /iː/, or /j/. Of the short vowels, only /e/ and /a/ occurred in the first syllable of a word, and all words ended in a short vowel. Semivowels preceded by a consonant could not be followed by /o/ or /oː/. The pronominal prefixes, /ne/, /ke/, and /we/ became /net/, /ket/, and /wet/ when followed by a vowel.

==Ojibwe==

Word structure seems to be V&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;(CC&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;V)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;+&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;(CC&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;?&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

===Resources===

http://www.uwec.edu/AIS/Baraga_Ojibwe_Grammar_Index.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ ʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ dʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The phoneme /n/ allophonically becomes /ŋ/ immediately before the velars /k/, /g/, /ɰ/

The allowable medial consonant clusters are /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/, /nj/, /nz/, /ns/, /nʒ/, /sk/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/ and /ʃk/, or any cluster with a second element of /ɰ/. The allowable final consonant clusters are /nd/, /ŋg/, /nj/, /ns/, /nʒ/ and /ʃk/. Initial consonant clusters are disallowed.

===Vowels===

====Short====

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

====Long====

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|eː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|oː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Long vowels may be nasalized, either phonemically or allophonically (before /nj/ where both cons are deleted, before nasal+fricative clusters with nasal deletion in most dialects -- in some dialects, nasalization allophony occurs before ''all'' fricatives), and short vowels may be allophonically nasalized. That seems like a curious set of assertions to make, but Wikipedia Is Never Wrong™.

===Person===

The full suite of person distinctions in Ojibwe verbs is essentially one distinguishing person, animacy, number, inclusivity, and proximality, thus:

* 1 sg
* 1 incl pl
* 1 excl pl

* 2 sg
* 2 pl

* 3 inan prox sg
* 3 inan prox pl
* 3 inan obv sg
* 3 inan obv pl

* 3 an prox sg
* 3 an prox pl
* 3 an obv sg
* 3 an obv pl

* Unspecified/unknown

==Mahican==

Word structure seems to be 

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ts
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ks
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The phoneme /kʷ/ allophonically becomes /kʰ/ word-finally.

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|oː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a aː ã
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iːw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ew
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aw

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ej

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aj

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Maliseet==

Word structure seems to be 

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p pː b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t tː d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k kː g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ kʷː  gʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s sː z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ tːʃ dʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The phonemes /kʷ/, /gʷ/ allophonically become /kʰ/, /gʰ/ word-finally.

Voiceless stops, fricatives, and affricates are voiced when ''purely'' intervocalic (i.e. /ɑpɑ/ -&gt; /ɑbɑ/, but /ɑmpɑ/ -&gt; /ɑmpɑ/).

Voicing is only phonemic word-initially.

Geminated stops, fricatives, and affricates do not occur word-initially.

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|æ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aw

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛj

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aj

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Abenaki==

Word structure seems to be 

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p pː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t tː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k kː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ kʷː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ts dz
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ dʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The phonemes /kʷ/, /kʷː/ allophonically become /kʰ/, /kʰː/ word-finally.

Stops are not distinguished by voice, only by gemination.

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o oː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɔ̃

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|iw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aw

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|oj

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Innu-aimun==

Word structure is 

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʷm

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Stops are voiced intervocalically. The phoneme /ʷm/ is pronounced [m], but triggers ''rounding'' of preceeding vowels. What this means yet, I don't know, since there are already rounded vowels in the language, and not all unrounded vowels have obvious rounded counterparts, at least not phonemically.

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Iroquoian=

==Mohawk==

===Consonants===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|dʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Consonant clusters:

-tt, kt, -ʔt, st, -ht, tk, kk, -ʔk, sk, -hk, -ʔʤ, -hʤ, ts, ks, -ʔs, -ss, -hs, th, kh, sh, -nh, -lh, -wh, -ʔn, sn, -hn, -ʔl, sl, hl, -nl, -ʔj, ʤj, sj, -hj, nj, -lj, -ʔw, sw, -hw.

Those clusters preceded by a hyphen only occur word-medially; the others occur both initially and medially.

The consonants k, kw, t, ts are pronounced voiced before any voiced sound (i.e. a vowel or /j/). They are voiceless at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound. /s/ is voiced word initially and between vowels.

===Vowels===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ũ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ̃
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Vowels may be ''unstressed'', ''short high'', ''long high'', or ''long falling''.

===Grammar Points===

Mohawk expresses a large number of pronominal distinctions: person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, indefinite) and inclusivity/exclusivity on the first person dual and plural. Pronominal information is encoded in prefixes on the verbs, rather than given as separate pronoun words; there are two main paradigms of pronominal prefixes: intransitive and transitive.

=Germanic=

==Old English from an ON viewpoint==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:AbelChiaro</title>
    <id>3826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20057</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-14T13:05:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AbelChiaro</username>
        <id>317</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: == The World of ''[[Nălthea]]'' {{IPA|/ˈnalʷθeɐ/}} ==  === Landmasses ===  * Continents ** ''[[Năshelas]]'' {{IPA|/ˈnaʃelas/}} ** ''[[Ălgia]]'' {{IPA|/ˈalʷɡiɐ/}} ** ''[[Zăres...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The World of ''[[Nălthea]]'' {{IPA|/ˈnalʷθeɐ/}} ==

=== Landmasses ===

* Continents
** ''[[Năshelas]]'' {{IPA|/ˈnaʃelas/}}
** ''[[Ălgia]]'' {{IPA|/ˈalʷɡiɐ/}}
** ''[[Zăres]]'' {{IPA|/ˈzaɾes/}}
* Islands
** ''[[Ăhre]]'' {{IPA|/ˈaɦɾe/}}
** ''[[Rĕldmas]]'' {{IPA|/ˈɾɛlʷdmɐs/}}
** [[The Great Islands]]
*** ''[[Thăndaræ]]'' {{IPA|/ˈθandɐrɐe/}}
*** ''[[Ĭdharos]]'' {{IPA|/ˈiðɐɾos/}}
*** ''[[Farlast]]'' {{IPA|/faɾˈlast/}}
*** ''[[Shelloyah]]'' {{IPA|/ʃɛloˈjah/}}
*** ''[[Enu'ah]]'' {{IPA|/eˈnuʔah/}}
*** ''[[Arni]]'' {{IPA|/aɾˈni/}}

=== Languages ===
* ''[[Ălyis]]'' {{IPA|/ˈaʎis/}}
* ''[[Farlastin]]'' {{IPA|/faɾˈlastin/}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ălyis</title>
    <id>3827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20228</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-16T21:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AbelChiaro</username>
        <id>317</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

''{{IPA|'''Classical Ălyis'''}}'' {{IPA|[ˈaʎis]}} is the language that originated the {{IPA|[[Thăndaran]]}} and the {{IPA|[[Ălyis]]}} languages, the latter being the language of the ''{{IPA|Ĭdharas}} people,'' the dwellers of the Island of {{IPA|[[Ĭdharos]]}}, the northwesternmost of the [[The Great Islands|Great Islands]]. The word {{IPA|'''ălyis'''}} itself means simply “speak” or, when referred to as a proper name, “the speak”.

Classical {{IPA|Ălyis}} is the language used in formal contexts, such as religious ceremonies, court trials, royal audiences, school lectures. Although this is widespread in the island of {{IPA|Ĭdharos}}, not all cities in the [[Great Islands Empire|imperial]] island of {{IPA|[[Thăndaræ]]}} follow this practice.

The rules presented here were established by the {{IPA|ĭdharan}} [[Tradition Masters Council]] in the year 10I, after a decades work of standardization of the {{IPA|ĭdharan}} vernacular language.

== Phonology, orthography, and pronunciation ==

=== Phonology ===

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0&quot;
| '''Consonants''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Bilabial'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Labiodental'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Dental'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Alveolar'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Postalveolar'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Palatal'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Velar'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Glottal''
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Nasals'' ||   || m ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || n ||   ||   ||   || {{IPA|ɲ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Plosives'' || p || b ||   ||   ||   ||   || t || d ||   ||   ||   ||   || k || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Fricatives'' ||   ||   || f || v || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || s || z || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} ||   ||   || x || {{IPA|ɣ}} || h¹|| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Flaps &amp; Taps'' ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Lateral Approximants'' ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || l ||   ||   ||   || {{IPA|ʎ}}
|}

¹ The sound /h/ is considered a “foreign” sound and usually appears only in loanwords and foreign names, although it can appear as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0&quot;
| '''Vowels''' || style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Front'' || style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Central'' || style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot; | ''Back''
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Close'' || i || || u
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Close-mid'' || e || || o
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Open-mid'' || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Near-open'' || || {{IPA|ɐ}}
|- style=&quot;font-size: x-small&quot;
| ''Open'' || a
|}

=== Orthography ===

The above phonemes are rendered in writing as follows:

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0&quot;
! B b || P p || D d || T t || Z z || S s || G g || K k || L l || R r || M m || N n
|-
| /b/ || /p/ || /d/ || /t/ || /z/ || /s/ || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || /k/ || /l/ || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || /m/ || /n/
|-
! V v || F f || DH dh&lt;br /&gt;''Ð ð'' || TH th&lt;br /&gt;''Þ þ'' || ZH zh&lt;br /&gt;''J j'' || SH sh&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|''Ʃ ʃ''}} || GH gh&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|''Ɣ ɣ''}} || KH kh&lt;br /&gt;''C c'' || LY ly&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|''Ł ł''}} || H h || {{IPA|Ħ ħ}} || NY ny&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|''Ŋ ŋ''}}
|-
| /v/ || /f/ || {{IPA|/ð/}} || {{IPA|/θ/}} || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} || {{IPA|/ʎ/}} || {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || /h/ || {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|}

The consonant variants in italics are used when one desires to be as faithful as possible to the native orthography when transliterating.

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0&quot;
! A a || Æ æ || E e || I i || O o || U u
|-
| /a/, {{IPA|/ɐ/}} || /e/ || {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, /e/ || /i/ || {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, /o/ || /u/
|}

=== Pronunciation ===

==== Pronunciation of consonants and vowels ====

The position in a word doesn't change a consonant sound. The consonant '''L''', however, can become labialized as {{IPA|/lʷ/}} before other consonants or in word-final positions.

Vowels, on the other hand, usually don't become nasalized before /m/, /n/, and {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, but the vowel '''e''' is pronounced as /e/ in such positions even when stressed.

* '''A:''' /a/ when stressed, {{IPA|/ɐ/}} otherwise.
* '''Æ:''' /e/ when stressed, {{IPA|/ɐe/}} otherwise.
* '''E:''' /e/ when followed by /m/, /n/, or {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, otherwise {{IPA|/ɛ/}} when stressed, /e/ elsewhere.
* '''I:''' /i/ in all positions
* '''O:''' {{IPA|/ɔ/}} when stressed and followed by /i/, /l/, or {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, /o/ elsewehere.
* '''U:''' /u/ in all positions

==== Stress ====
Disyllabic words are, in general, paroxitones, and the stressed vowel — indicated with a ''macron'' ({{IPA|'''ǣ''',  '''Ǣ'''}}) or with a ''breve'' ({{IPA|'''ă''', '''ĕ''', '''ĭ''', '''ŏ''', '''ŭ''', '''Ă''', '''Ĕ''', '''Ĭ''', '''Ŏ''', '''Ŭ'''}}) — usually doesn't change with the addition of prefixes and/or suffixes — for example, {{IPA|'''ănis'''}} (life) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''shinănis'''}} (their (''f'') life); {{IPA|'''ăle'''}} (to love) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''shăle'''}} (they (''f'') love) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''shălete'''}} (they (''f'') love you (''s'')) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''shiălete'''}} (they (''f'') loved you (''s'')) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''oshiălete'''}} (they (''f'') would love you (''s'')). Exceptions to this rule are the preposition + demonstrative pronoun combinations — {{IPA|'''ǣkis'''}} (this) {{IPA|→}} {{IPA|'''ĭdækis'''}} (of this); words with three or more syllables are, in general, proparoxytones.

When a prefix is linked to an unstressed monosyllable, the stress falls on the prefix, as, for example, is the case of {{IPA|'''iv-'''}} (with) + '''-te''' (you) = {{IPA|'''ĭvite'''}} (with you). Stressed monosyllables, on the other hand, usually retain the stress: {{IPA|'''ăus'''}} (dog) {{IPA|→ '''dinăus'''}} (my dog).

== Grammar ==

=== Pronouns ===

Masculine and feminine pronouns are only used when applied to humans.

==== Personal pronouns (subject) ====

{|
! d-
| I
! dh-
| we
|-
! t-
| you
! th-
| you (''pl'')
|-
! s-
| she
! sh-
| they (''f'')
|-
! z-
| he
! zh-
| they (''m'')
|-
! l-
| it
! n-
| they (''n'')
|}

==== Personal pronouns (object) ====

{|
! -de
| me
! -dhe
| us
|-
! -te
| you (''obj'')
! -the
| you (''pl'', ''obj'')
|-
! -se
| her
! -she
| them (''f'')
|-
! -ze
| him
! -zhe
| them (''m'')
|-
! -le
| it (''obj'')
! -ne
| them (''n'')
|}

==== Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns ====

The prefixes are linked to consonant-starting words with the vowel '''-i-''', except when its absence would cause a double consonant; in this case, the consonants merge into a single one.

{|
! æg-
| this ''noun'' (close to the speaker)
! æk-
| this ''noun'' (close to the person spoken to)
! ærk-
| that ''noun''
|-
! ægis
| this (close to the speaker)
! ækis
| this (close to the person spoken to)
! ærkis
| that
|-
! æl-
| many ''noun'' (''pl'')
! æv-
| all, every ''noun''
! æf-
| no ''noun''
|-
! ælis
| multitude
! ævis
| everything
! æfis
| nothing
|-
! æn-
| some ''noun''
! ær-
| few ''noun''
|-
! ænis
| a handful
! æris
| a few
|}

'''Examples:'''

* {{IPA|'''Ægrĭs'''}} = this sand
* {{IPA|'''Ækĕm'''}} = these rocks
* {{IPA|'''Æfăus'''}} = no dogs
* {{IPA|'''Ælăum'''}} = many dogs
* {{IPA|'''Ævăum'''}} = all [the] dogs

==== Interrogative pronouns ====

{|
| '''dĭle''' || why || '''tĭle''' || for what
|-
| '''vĭnye''' || who || '''vĭme''' || where
|-
| '''dĭnye''' || whose || '''dĭme''' || whence
|-
| '''sĭnye''' || which || '''tĭme''' || to where
|-
| '''mĭnye''' || how much, how many || '''ĭhæ''' || what
|}

It is possible to omit the copula from a sentence and link the interrogative pronoun directly to the personal suffixes and demonstrative pronouns:
* {{IPA|'''Vĭnyete?'''}} = {{IPA|'''Vĭnye tĕne?'''}} = “Who are you?”
* {{IPA|'''Dĭnyele?'''}} = {{IPA|'''Dĭnye lĕne [ǣgis/ǣkis]?'''}} = “Whose is it/this?”
* {{IPA|'''Ĭhæle?'''}} = {{IPA|'''Ĭhæ lĕne [ǣgis/ǣkis]?'''}} = “What is it/this?”
----

=== Article ===

The only article is the definite, '''li''', and it is only used when the context alone is not enough to precisely identify the object being referred to.

----

=== Nouns ===

All nouns end in '''-s''', and the plural is made by changing '''-s''' to '''-m'''. Nouns derived from verbs usually end in '''-is'''.

* ''Augmentative:'' '''om-''' + noun
* ''Diminutive:'' '''um-''' + noun

If the noun starts in a consonant other than '''m-''', '''p-''', or '''b-''', '''om-''' and '''um-''' change to '''on-''' and '''un-''', respectively. Double consonants created this way merge into one.

'''Examples:'''
* {{IPA|'''ĕnis'''}} “[a] person” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''ĕnim'''}} “people”
* {{IPA|'''omĕnis'''}} “[a] big person” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''omĕnim'''}} “big people”
* {{IPA|'''pas'''}} “[a] hand” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''pam'''}} “hands”
* {{IPA|'''umpăs'''}} “[a] small hand” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''umpăm'''}} “small hands”
* {{IPA|'''fais'''}} “[a] tree” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''faim'''}} “trees”
* {{IPA|'''onfăis'''}} “[a] large tree” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''onfăim'''}} “large trees”
* {{IPA|'''nuis'''}} “[a] hole” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''nuim'''}} “holes”
* {{IPA|'''unŭis'''}} “[a] small hole” &amp;rarr; {{IPA|'''unŭim'''}} “small holes”

----

=== Adjectives ===

All adjectives end in '''-n''', and the ones derived from other words usually end in '''-æn''' or '''-in'''; many adjectives are derived from verbs.

* ''Comparative of superiority:'' '''om-''' + adjective
* ''Comparative of inferiority:'' '''um-''' + adjective

'''Example:'''
* {{IPA|'''ălnyin'''}} “good”, “useful” {{IPA|→ '''omălnyin'''}} “better”, “more useful”

==== Possessive adjectives ====

{|
! din-
| my
! dhin-
| our
|-
! tin-
| your
! thin-
| your (pl)
|-
! sin-
| her
! shin-
| their (f)
|-
! zin-
| his
! zhin-
| their (m)
|-
! lin-
| its
! nin-
| their (n)
|}

If the word being linked to begins with a bilabial consonant, the '''-n-''' changes to '''-m-'''. Double consonants formed when linking merge into one.

'''Examples:'''
* {{IPA|'''nĭzais'''}} “father” {{IPA|→ '''dinĭzais'''}} “my father” {{IPA|→ '''zindinĭzais'''}} “my father's”
* {{IPA|'''pam'''}} “hands” {{IPA|→ '''dimpăm'''}} “my hands”

----

=== Verbs ===

==== Tenses and modes ====

The general structure of a verbal word is [''secondary temporal prefix''] + [''personal prefix''] + [''primary temporal prefix''] + [''verb root''] + [''mode suffix''] + [''object suffix'']. Not all combinations are possible for all verbs.

The three mode suffixes are '''-e''', '''-i''', and '''-a''', and they are used as follows:

* ''Infinitive:'' root + '''-e'''
* ''Participle:'' root + '''-a'''
* ''Gerund:'' root + '''-i'''

For the following list, the '''-e''' ending can be changed to '''-i''' to give the idea of progression or continuous action. In some cases, it is possible to use the participle mode suffix to express a past, present or future state without using a copula.

* ''Indicative:''
** Present tenses
*** ''Simple Present:'' person + root + '''-e''' ''(action in course or true at the moment of speaking)''
*** ''Progressive Present:'' person + root + '''-i''' ''(action in course at the moment of speaking)''
** Past tenses
*** ''Finished Past:'' person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-e''' ''(action completed in the past)''
*** ''Progressive Past:'' person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-i''' ''(action in progress or true for some period of time in the past)''
*** ''Perfect Past:'' '''i-''' + person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-e''' ''(action completed before a past event)''
*** ''Perfect Progressive Past:'' '''i-''' + person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-i''' ''(action in progress or true for some period of time before a past event)''
** Future tenses
*** ''Simple Future:'' person + '''-o-''' + root + '''-e''' ''(action to be executed in the future)''
*** ''Progressive Future:'' person + '''-o-''' + root + '''-i''' ''(action expected to be in progress or true for some period of time in the future)''
*** ''Past Future:'' '''o-''' + person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-e''' ''(a future action relating to a past event)''
*** ''Past Progressive Future:'' '''o-''' + person + '''-i-''' + root + '''-i''' ''(a future action expected to be in progress or true for some period of time, relating to a past event)''
* ''Subjunctive:''
** '''Ve''' + corresponding indicative form
* ''Imperative:''
** '''Hæ''' + Simple Present

'''Examples:'''
* {{IPA|'''ve diĕni'''}} = “if I were”
* {{IPA|'''hæ tăhe ǣgis'''}} = “do this”

==== Passive voice ====

The simplest form of passive voice is a verbal form with the participle ending '''-a''' and without an object suffix.

The common ĭdharan salutation {{IPA|'''Tălnyaza!'''}} “[You're] welcome!” is also an example of linking the patient subject of a noun phrase directly to an adverb + participle nominal predicate, also omitting the copula of the passive voice, usually present in other languages. Of course, as the resulting word is still a verbal form, the primary and secondary time prefixes can apply, and adverbs of time can be added to the phrase in order to position the idea more precisely in time, as in the sixth example below.

'''Examples:'''
* {{IPA|'''Săla.'''}} = “She is loved.”
* {{IPA|'''Liărka.'''}} = “It was/has been weakened.”
* {{IPA|'''Doălka.'''}} = “I will be strengthened.”
* {{IPA|'''Zhiărba elærkizăis.'''}} “They (''m'') were/have been bought by that man.”
* {{IPA|'''Inævigăim idhiăra.'''}} “We had been hated everywhere.”
* {{IPA|'''Nĭlar ĭngar diălnyaza, ha ăinar va.'''}} “Yesterday I was welcome here, but not today.”

----

=== Adverbs ===

Most adverbs end in '''-ar''' and they usually come before the word they modify, especially when it is a verb. In many cases, the '''-r''' can be dropped to link the adverb to the verb it modifies, thus creating new verbal forms.  If the original verb starts in {{IPA|'''ĕ-'''}}, the starting vowel merges with '''-a-''' into '''-æ-'''. A very common example is the verb {{IPA|'''ălnyaze'''}} “to welcome”, created by linking the adverb {{IPA|'''ălnyar'''}} “well” to the verb {{IPA|'''ăze'''}} “to come”. This, in turn, leads to a very common salutation among the {{IPA|ĭdharash}}: {{IPA|'''Tălnyaza!'''}} “[You're] welcome!” (Note that, unlike English, this is not used as an answer to thanks.)

Some very important and very common exceptions to the above are:

{| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| || ''Linked to an adjective'' || ''Linked to a noun''
|-
| '''om-''' || Comparative of superiority || Augmentative
|-
| '''um-''' || Comparative of inferiority || Diminutive
|}

{|
| '''vi''' || yes
|-
| '''va''' || no
|-
| '''va-''' || not
|}

The (unstressed) adverb prefixes '''om-''' and '''um-''' can also be linked to other adverbs (with the vowel '''-a-''' if they begin with a consonant) to change their meanings. Thus {{IPA|'''Tomălnyaza!'''}} would mean something like “You're very much welcome!”

----

=== Prepositions ===

The prepositions in Ălyis are all prefixes (though they can receive endings to become independent words if such is needed) and as such they allow for a case system of sorts. The full list follows.

{|
| '''et-''' || to (''destination'') || '''id-''' || of || '''el-''' || by
|-
| '''ob-''' || behind || '''ed-''' || since || '''ep-''' || before (''sb or sth'')
|-
| '''ot-''' || until || '''in-''' || in || '''av-''' || without
|-
| '''ap-''' || after || '''im-''' || between, among || '''ib-''' || under
|-
| '''iv-''' || with || '''it-''' || to || '''eb-''' || on, on top of
|-
| '''al-''' || against || '''il-''' || for (''sb'')
|}

One can omit the verbs {{IPA|'''ĕne'''}} (“permanent” to be) and {{IPA|'''ĕme'''}} (“transitory” to be) ― the two generic copulae ― and link the preposition to its corresponding word with the vowel clusters '''-i-''', '''-e-''', '''-ei-''', '''-a-''', '''-oi-''', and '''-o-''' to convey time information, meaning Perfect Past, Finished Past, Progressive Past, Simple Present, Future in the Past and Simple Future, respectively. The resulting word can then be used as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb cannot be ommited (for reasons of clearness ― see the fourth example), the preposition is linked with the vowel '''-i-'''.

'''Examples:'''
* {{IPA|'''Ægitadinăus.'''}} = {{IPA|'''Ǣgis itadinăus.'''}} = {{IPA|'''Ǣgis lĕne itidinăus.'''}} = “This is for my dog.”
* {{IPA|'''Ægiteidinăus.'''}} = {{IPA|'''Ǣgis iteidinăus.'''}} = {{IPA|'''Ǣgis liĕni itidinăus.'''}} = “This was for my dog.”
* {{IPA|'''Ægiteidinăus ŏmar lălnye.'''}} = “This, which was for my dog, is very good.”
* {{IPA|'''Ægăleite, ha ăinar zĕne ĭlate.'''}} = “This [man] was against you, but now he is for you.”

----

=== Conjunctions ===

All conjunctions are independent words.

{|
| '''hi''' || and || '''ho''' || so || '''ilăinæ''' || while, as long as
|-
| '''hæ''' || that || '''ha''' || but || '''imăinæ''' || how
|-
| '''ve''' || if || '''ĭlæ''' || because
|}

----

=== Numerals ===

* ''Simple numbers:'' '''-l'''
* ''Tens:'' '''-lal'''
* ''Hundreds:'' '''-lel'''
* ''Thousands:'' '''-lyal'''
* ''Millions:'' '''-lyel'''

Numbers are writen and read from left to right; round numerals can have two numeral suffixes, shifting the stress:
* 10,001: {{IPA|'''elălyal hi el'''}}
* 11,002: {{IPA|'''ĕlal-ĕlyal hi kal'''}}
* 111,222: {{IPA|'''ĕlel-ĕlal-ĕlyal hi kălel-kălal-kal'''}}
* 9,456,123: {{IPA|'''mŏlyel hi tŏlel-rălel-gŏlyal hi ĕlel-kălal-fol'''}}
* 9,000,000: {{IPA|'''mŏlyel hi ŭlel hi ul'''}}, to emphasize the number's “roundness”, or simply {{IPA|'''mŏlyel'''}}

The numerals '''ul''', {{IPA|'''ŭlal'''}}, {{IPA|'''ŭlel'''}}, {{IPA|'''ŭlyal'''}}, and {{IPA|'''ŭlyel'''}} can also indicate the idea of emptiness at different degrees.

'''''Trivia:''''' the expression {{IPA|'''hi ŭlel hi ul'''}} is a common expression among the ĭdharash and means “absolutely nothing”.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
| ''Number'' || ''Numeral'' || ''×10'' || ''×100'' || ''×1,000'' || ''×1,000,000''
|-
| 0 || '''ul'''   || {{IPA|'''ŭlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''ŭlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''ŭlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''ŭlyel'''}}
|-
| 1 || '''el'''   || {{IPA|'''ĕlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''ĕlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''ĕlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''ĕlyel'''}}
|-
| 2 || '''kal'''  || {{IPA|'''kălal'''}} || {{IPA|'''kălel'''}} || {{IPA|'''kălyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''kălyel'''}}
|-
| 3 || '''fol'''  || {{IPA|'''fŏlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''fŏlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''fŏlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''fŏlyel'''}}
|-
| 4 || '''tol'''  || {{IPA|'''tŏlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''tŏlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''tŏlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''tŏlyel'''}}
|-
| 5 || '''ral'''  || {{IPA|'''rălal'''}} || {{IPA|'''rălel'''}} || {{IPA|'''rălyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''rălyel'''}}
|-
| 6 || '''gol'''  || {{IPA|'''gŏlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''gŏlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''gŏlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''gŏlyel'''}}
|-
| 7 || '''zhol''' || {{IPA|'''zhŏlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''zhŏlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''zhŏlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''zhŏlyel'''}}
|-
| 8 || '''val'''  || {{IPA|'''vălal'''}} || {{IPA|'''vălel'''}} || {{IPA|'''vălyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''vălyel'''}}
|-
| 9 || '''mol'''  || {{IPA|'''mŏlal'''}} || {{IPA|'''mŏlel'''}} || {{IPA|'''mŏlyal'''}} || {{IPA|'''mŏlyel'''}}
|}

== Syntax ==

''To be expanded''

== Samples ==

=== Short examples ===

{|
| {{IPA|'''Dăne.'''}} || “I live.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Dĕme ănin.'''}} || “I am alive.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Tălede?'''}}	|| “Do you love me?”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Vi, tăve dălete.'''}} || “Yes, you know I love you.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Va, vadărete, hi tăvele.'''}} || “No, I don't hate you, and you know that.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Vasăve vazărete.'''}} || “She doesn't know he doesn't hate you.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Dărle tăze ĭvide.'''}} || “I want you to come with me.” (''lit.'' “I want that you come with me.”)
|-
| {{IPA|'''Dĭle tărle tăse ăvide?'''}} || “Why do you want to go without me?” (''lit.'' “Why do you want that you go without me?”)
|-
| {{IPA|'''Vasărle săse ĭvite.'''}} || “She doesn't want to go with you.” (''lit.'' “She doesn't want that she goes with you.”)
|-
| {{IPA|'''Vadiăvi ziĕmi ălide.'''}} || “I didn't know [that] he was against me.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Shoănse!'''}} || “They (''f'') will die!”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Odiănse ĭlite…'''}} || “I would die for you…”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Dinărfis ĭdækis valoĕrne!'''}} || “My thoughts on this won't change!” (''lit.'' “My thought of this won't change!”)
|-
| {{IPA|'''Ĭnar doĕnme ĭngar.'''}} || “I will always stay here.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Vi, dăve ŏmomar dălye.'''}} || “Yes, I know [that] I speak too much.”
|-
| {{IPA|'''Ǣrkilas aĭnar siărnyælni.'''}} || “She looked bad before that day.” (''lit.'' “That day before she looked bad.”)
|-
| {{IPA|'''Ăstis lăstethe!'''}}	|| “May the light shine upon you!”
|}

=== Literal translations ===

{{IPA|'''Ĭnar diăve tiănlize ŏmar tiănlise, ha ănar diărfe thinănlis liĕni ho ălkin.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Always I-[past]-know you-[past]-be-friend-of-[progressive]-him more you-[past]-be-friend-of-[progressive]-her, but never I-[past]-think your(pl)-friendship it-[past]-be-[progressive] so strong.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“I always knew you were more friends with him than with her, but I never thought your friendship was so strong.”

{{IPA|'''Vĕnar lălnye dhăhe ǣvis dhărle, ve dhoărle dhănle ævĕnim.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Not-always it-be-good we-do all/everything we-want, if we-want we-be-friend-of all-people.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“It is not always good for us to do everything we want if we want to be friends with everybody.”

{{IPA|'''Ĭnar doărle omălnyin ĭtite, ĭnmar vatăflede.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Always I-[future]-want more-good to-you(obj), even not-you-believe-me.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“I will always want the best to you, even if you don't believe me.”

{{IPA|'''Ănar osiăreze, ĭnmar ve otiăilese 'hæ săreze'.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Never [future]-she-[past]-hate-him, even if [future]-you-[past]-tell-her that she-hate-him.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“She would never hate him, even if you told her 'hate him'.”

{{IPA|'''Vĭnye shĕne, dĭme shăze, hi dĭle ĭngar shĕme?'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Who they(f)-be, whence they(f)-come, and why here they(f)-be?'' &lt;br /&gt;
“Who are they (''f''), where do they (''f'') come from, and why are they (''f'') here?”

{{IPA|'''Vĭnyete, dĭmete, tĭlete?'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''Who-you(obj), who-you(obj), for-what-you(obj)?'' &lt;br /&gt;
“Who are you, where do you come from, what are you here for?”

{{IPA|'''Ægitadinăus ŏmar lălnye.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''This-to-[present]-my-dog much it-be-good.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“This, which is for my dog, is very good.”

{{IPA|'''Ærgis liĕni ĭtide.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''That it-[past]-be-[progressive] to-me.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“That was for me.”

{{IPA|'''Va, vadăfe tindĭzais.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''No, not-I-know your-brother.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“No, I don't know your brother.”

{{IPA|'''Ærkăus sindindĭsis.'''}} &lt;br /&gt;
''That-dog her-my-sister.'' &lt;br /&gt;
“That dog is my sister's.”

=== Sample text ===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px; border: 1px solid #dda; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; padding: 10px&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|'''“Ælĕnim naĭle, hi ælăilim nănya; aĭlim zhinakĕnim hi shim, ăigim ăihæn hi ăinim vanăivæn, ĕnim ăikin niălga hi ăufarim ilăhlis idălnyafis. Ænækăilim nălye idĭhim ănvenar niăneme, ilăinæ vǣgim vĕmar; năme ǣrkim ĭnmar vaniăneme, ha ĕnim hi ănemim ninǣrkim noăme ilăinæ ǣrkim naĭla. Hŏnæ năme ærkĕnim naĭle ærkăilim ăiar hi ăimiar ilămlis idanaĭlene, hi năme ærkĕnim naĭlene itanăule ăulim; zăme ănvalyæs, omăfin, hæ zălye vazărle zăule æfăulim, ha zănvalye ilămlis idaĭlæs.'''}}

{{IPA|'''“Ǣrkis vadĕne. Dăhe ægăilis ilitĭlis dăule ăulis itivĭnyes nănvanyele &amp;mdash; na ælăulim, ăblar vĭnyes nănvanyele. Ækăulim ălsæm năhle nănvame haum năke năgle ninăisim ĕpine hi năpe năisene &amp;mdash; hæ năme ælihăum ăkin năhele. Ăulis ităulyis ninărkim nănvanyele; dărle lălmanene hi lălnyene. Ha, ămlis idaĭlæs valărse edækidinăulis: ănvalyæs dăuhe dăule dinăulis lĕlne ăilis zănvalye ilămlis, ălnyar dăvele, hi ǣkis lĕne ĭlis diănageze: ŏmar lălnyeze, hŏnæ dăvele, zăule dinăilis. Ǣkar hŏnæ dălmaneze hi dăheve dintĭlis.'''}}

{{IPA|'''“Dănfede: diănma ivælănmis inælivĭmim, ha inăilis dănfethe dăfa -Li Ăvæs Ădæn-, ălnyalfæs zinăstanæs ănhin -Kăllæ-. Doăile lăke lăiba hi doănfe lăke lăbaka etăhevis itidintĭlis. Doăke dăire imăinim toăke tănvelne ălmanvæn, na doăke dănfe ĕlnam toăke tănvelne ăubæn &amp;mdash; Ĭdide, ha, ăgar doănfe, imăinæ dănvele, lăbe (na lăke lăbe) ăvanis epǣrkim noănvane edǣkivălum ăginin.”'''}}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px&quot;&gt;
''“Many tell stories, and many are the tales that have been heard of; legends of heroes and heroines, miraculous rescues and countless prodigies, opressed people that have been freed and insurrections in the hope of justice. Some of these stories talk about things that happened indeed, while others not as much; there are those that did not even happen, but their characters and events shall exist for as long as they are retold. There are also those who tell such stories purely and simply for the delight of telling them, and there are those who tell them to pass on messages; there is one, a very well known one, that says that he does not want to pass on any messages, but that he instead does so only for the pleasure of being a storyteller.''

''“That is not my case. I make this account with the intent of conveying a message to whomever reads it &amp;mdash; or many messages, depending on who reads it. These messages are wayfarers that expect to find houses that open their doors to them and allow them in &amp;mdash; may there be many able to do so. The message is meant to the good of those who read it; I want it to please them and to be useful for them. However, the delight in storytelling is not absent from this one of mine: the scribe I employ in order to pass on my message in the form of a story writes for pleasure, and I'm well aware of that, and this is why I chose him: it benefits him very much, and I am aware of that too, to pass on my tale. That way I please him as well and I fulfill my intent.''

''“Let me introduce myself: I have been called by many names in many places, but, in the story I present to you, I am known as the Wise {{IPA|Ădæn}}, counselor of the young king {{IPA|Kăllæ}}. I will tell what may be necessary and will show only what may be relevant to the fulfillment of my objective. I may omit some details you might consider to be interesting, or I may show some aspects you might consider to be superfluous &amp;mdash; from my part, however, I will show only what, as I see it, has (or might have) a meaning to those who come into contact with these brief parchments.”''
&lt;/div&gt;

(From the prologue of ''{{IPA|[[The Legend of Ĭdharos]]}}'')

== Lexicon ==

The words shown here are those that appear in this article; for a more comprehensive list, please see the ''main article: {{IPA|[[Classical Ălyis lexicon]]}}.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Shemspreg</title>
    <id>3828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20084</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-14T18:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started &quot;talk&quot; page about Dirk Elzinga's &quot;Shemspreg&quot;.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, Dirk.  On CONLANG-L you asked for comments on this page, &quot;especially about layout and organization&quot;.  I haven't studied it well enough to be confident commenting on any substantial content yet, but, as far as layout and organization go, I'd say this is [[''great'']]!  Can you create a &quot;template&quot; or some such thing for the rest of us to use?  Especially, I like the &quot;sentences&quot; part; can you create a &quot;template&quot; or similar thing for ''that'', if not for the rest?

Thanks.
eldin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shemspreg texts</title>
    <id>3830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33230</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T07:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Index */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Index==

*Introduction to [[Shemspreg]]
*[[Shemspreg sounds]]
*[[Shemspreg nouns]]
*[[Shemspreg pronouns and other particles]]
*[[Shemspreg verbs]]
*[[Shemspreg adjectives]]
*[[Shemspreg sentences]]
*[[Appendix A: Proto-Indo-European to Shemspreg]]
*Appendix B: [[Shemspreg texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Shemspreg Index</title>
    <id>3831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24556</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-16T23:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#[[Shemspreg|Introduction to Shemspreg]]
#[[Shemspreg sounds]]
#[[Shemspreg nouns]]
#[[Shemspreg pronouns and other particles]]
#[[Shemspreg verbs]]
#[[Shemspreg adjectives]]
#[[Shemspreg sentences]]
*[[Appendix A: Proto-Indo-European to Shemspreg|Proto-Indo-European to Shemspreg]]
*[[Appendix B: Shemspreg Texts|Shemspreg texts]]
*[[Appendix C: Shemspreg Glossary|Shemspreg glossary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendix A: Proto-Indo-European to Shemspreg</title>
    <id>3832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40983</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this appendix, I discuss the adjustments which I have used to derive Shemspreg forms from Proto-Indo-European. I will try to be exhaustive in this discussion in order to enable the reader to work out for himself vocabulary items which do not appear in the working lexicon. The reader is invited and encouraged to add to the lexicion of Shemspreg by following the principles laid out in this section. 

My sources for reconstructed PIE roots are primarily Pokorny (1959) and the ''American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots'' (hereafter AHD). Both of these works are rather conservative with respect to PIE phonology, and neither of them take recent (and not so recent) proposals in comparative Indo-European phonology into account. For example, the forms contained in these works include long vowels which have since been shown to be the result of short vowel-laryngeal sequences, and they omit laryngeals which were likely to have been realized as consonants in pre-PIE. When some kind of laryngeal has been included in a PIE root in these sources, it is represented as schwa; this happens frequently as part of a gradation or ablaut series (for example, *'''dō-: də-''' 'give', Pokorny 1959: 223). Since the reconstructions found in Pokorny (1959) and AHD form the baseline for Shemspreg, the laryngeals are not always represented in the Shemspreg lexicon. Where secondary sources show the quality of laryngeals, this information has been used in adapting the root to Shemspreg. 

I have also made extensive use of Gamqrelidze and Ivanov's ''Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans'' as a source for Shemspreg roots; however, no effort has been made to accomodate their glottalic theory in the derivation of Shemspreg lexical and grammatical material. There are various proposals which provide correspondences between the traditional reconstruction of the PIE consonant system, which includes voiced aspirated stops, and more recent systems which include glottalized consonants. In keeping with the conservative nature of my sources, I have chosen to retain the traditional PIE consonant system as the baseline for Shemspreg. 


==PIE voiced aspirates==

One of the arguments for the glottalic theory of Gamqrelidze and Ivanov and others was the typological implausibility of a series of voiced aspirated stops without an accompanying series of voiceless aspirates. In Shemspreg I have also tried to remove this typological anomaly. This has been done in in the following ways. First, PIE voiced aspirated stops are replaced in Shemspreg by plain voiced stops when they follow nasals. 


'''*longʰo''' &gt; '''longo''' 'long'

'''*dʰembʰ''' &gt; '''themb''' 'steam'

'''*bʰendʰ''' &gt; '''fend-''' 'to tie'


Elsewhere in Shemspreg, PIE voiced aspirated stops are replaced by fricatives. Voiced fricatives appear between voiced segments other than nasals. 


'''*nebʰos''' &gt; '''nevos''' 'cloud'

'''*medʰi-''' &gt; '''medhi''' 'middle'

'''*dl̩gʰo-''' &gt; '''dilgho''' 'long'

'''*albʰo''' &gt; '''alvo''' 'white'


Voiceless fricatives appear elsewhere.


'''*bʰraʰter''' &gt; '''fraater''' 'brother'

'''*bʰāgʰu-s''' &gt; '''faaghu''' &gt; 'forearm'

'''*reudʰ-''' &gt; '''reuth''' &gt; 'red'

'''*onogʰ-''' &gt; '''onokh''' 'claw'


PIE voiced aspirates which are final in a verbal stem are carried over into Shemspreg as voiced fricatives rather than voiceless fricatives since verb stems in Shemspreg always surface with a vowel initial suffix; the voiced fricative is thus always found between voiced segments.


'''*leubʰ-''' &gt; '''leuv-''' love

'''*sleidʰ-''' &gt; '''sleedh-''' slide

'''*u̯eǵʰ-''' &gt; '''wezh-''' carry, ride

'''*legʰ-''' &gt; '''legh-''' 'lay'


The alternation between voiced and voiceless fricatives which has been used to accomodate the reconstructed voiced aspirates into Shemspreg has been carried over into the phonology of Shemspreg as a productive process.


==PIE laryngeals==

PIE schwa (as found in Pokorny 1959 or AHD) is replaced in Shemspreg by '''i'''. 


'''*arə-mo-''' &gt; '''arimo''' 'arm'

'''*anət-''' &gt; '''anit''' 'duck'

'''*bʰerəǵ-''' &gt; '''ferij''' 'birch'


When it is possible to determine the quality of the original laryngeal (with the help of additional sources such as Beekes 1995), I have replaced *'''h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' with '''i''', *'''h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' with '''a''', and *'''h&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' with '''u'''. 

Very often, the laryngeals are found in combination with a vowel (usually *'''e'''). This has the effect of lowering the laryngeal such that *'''h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' becomes '''e''' and *'''h&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' becomes '''o'''. 


'''*h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''i'''

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;e''' &gt; '''e'''

'''*eh&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''ee'''

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''a'''

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;e''' &gt; '''a'''

'''*eh&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''aa'''

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''u'''

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;e''' &gt; '''o'''

'''*eh&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''oo'''


'''*h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;egʰs''' &gt; '''ekhs''' 'out'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;epi''' &gt; '''epi''' 'beside, by'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;eti''' &gt; '''eti''' 'over'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ed''' &gt; '''ad''' 'at; to, by'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;en''' &gt; '''an''' 'upwards'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;enti''' &gt; '''anti''' &gt; 'over, against'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;epo''' &gt; '''apo''' 'from, as of'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;eu''' &gt; '''au''' 'away from'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;mbʰi''' &gt; '''ambi''' 'around'

'''*meth&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' &gt; '''meta''' 'between, with'

'''*h&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;ebʰi''' &gt; '''ovi''' 'towards'


==PIE syllabic resonants==

PIE syllabic resonants are replaced by a sequence of '''i''' + resonant in Shemspreg.


'''*septm̩''' &gt; '''septim''' 'seven'

'''*n̩dʰer''' &gt; '''inder''' 'under'

'''*u̯l̩kʷos''' &gt; '''wilkwo''' 'wolf'

'''*i̯ekʷ-r̩''' &gt; '''yekwir''' 'liver'


Roots with three consonants yield a '''CRC''' sequence when the vowel is deleted to create the reduced grade. The vowel '''i''' is inserted to break up these triconsonantal clusters. If the root is of the form '''CRVC-''' the reduced grade is '''CRiC-'''. If the root is of the form '''CVRC-''' the reduced grade is '''CiRC-'''. 

{| cellspacing=5
| || root || reduced	grade || gloss
|-
| a. || '''spreg-''' || '''sprig-''' || 'speak'
|-
| || '''plech-''' || '''plich- || 'plait'
|-
| || '''smer-''' || '''smir-''' || 'remember'
|-
| b. || '''melj-''' || '''milj-''' || 'milk'
|-
| || '''terk-''' || '''tirk-''' || 'twist'
|-
| || '''fend-''' || '''find-''' || 'tie'
|}


==PIE diphthongs==

PIE long diphthongs are shortened in Shemspreg.


'''*ōus-''' &gt; '''aus''' 'ear'

'''*skēu-''' &gt; '''skeu-''' 'cut, divide, scratch'


In verbal roots, the PIE diphthongs '''*ei''' and '''*ou''' are retained.


'''*ei-''' &gt; '''ei-''' 'go'

'''*gʷei-''' &gt; '''gwei-''' 'live, be alive'

'''*gʰou-''' &gt; '''khou-''' 'pay attention to'

'''*ou-''' &gt; '''ou-''' 'put on footwear'

'''*pneu-''' &gt; '''pneu-''' 'to breathe'


Elsewhere (i.e., in closed syllables and nouns), '''*ei''' and '''*ou''' are replaced by '''ee''' and '''oo''', respectively. 


'''*deig''' &gt; '''deeg''' 'finger'

'''*bʰeid''' &gt; '''feed-''' 'bite'


==PIE Palatals==

The palatal series in PIE is replaced in Shemspreg with palato-alveolar consonants. Thus PIE '''*ḱ''' becomes Shemspreg '''ch''', PIE '''*ǵ''' becomes Shemspreg '''j''', and PIE '''*ǵʰ''' becomes Shemspreg '''sh''' or '''zh'''. 


'''*ḱeu-''' &gt; '''cheu''' 'hollow'

'''*ǵʰel-''' &gt; '''shel''' 'gall, bile'

'''*ǵr̩-no-m''' &gt; '''jirno''' 'grain' 


PIE palatals which are part of clusters with other obstruents become plain velars in Shemspreg. 


'''*sḱer/n''' &gt; '''sker/n''' 'feces; manure'

'''*sweḱs''' &gt; '''sweks''' 'six'


==Rounded velars==

PIE rounded velars occured root-finally as well as initially or medially. Because of PIE's morphological complexity, there was almost always a vowel which followed such a consonant. However, because of the simplification of this complex morphology in Shemspreg, many of these root-final rounded velars are word-final in Shemspreg; this is particularly the case for nouns and adjectives (verb roots have obligatory suffixation which avoids this problem). In such cases, the rounding of the PIE rounded velar is vocalized as a short '''u''' in Shemspreg. 


'''*okʷ-''' &gt; '''oku''' 'eye'

'''*sneigʰʷ-''' &gt; '''sneeghu''' 'snow'

cf.

'''*dʰegʰʷ-''' &gt; '''theghw-''' 'to burn'

'''*sekʷ-''' &gt; '''sekw-''' 'to say'


==Long vowels==

PIE long vowels are retained in Shemspreg in root-initial syllables only; non-initial syllables have no length contrast in vowels.


'''*māter-''' &gt; '''maater''' 'mother'

'''*akʷā''' &gt; '''akwa''' 'water'

'''*oktō''' &gt; '''okto''' 'eight'

'''*bʰardʰā''' &gt; '''fardha''' 'beard'

'''*deǵʰōm''' &gt; '''dezhom''' 'earth, ground'

'''*nepōt-''' &gt; '''nepot''' 'grandchild'


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendix B: Shemspreg Texts</title>
    <id>3833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45527</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-21T19:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A Sheep and Horses */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this appendix I present three short texts in Shemspreg. Each text is presented first in Shemspreg, then in an idiomatic English translation (the Tower of Babel story uses the KJV text as the idiomatic English translation), and finally in an interlinear, morpheme-by-morpheme gloss. Notes accompany the first two texts to provide commentary on interesting grammatical features.

==A Sheep and Horses==


'''owi echwoskwe'''

ne wilna-wesent owi eskwi echwosom: sos gwer wezho-, sos mej gem-deukentom; soskwe oochu shem-ferentom. owi wekwes echwosom: me cherd es gwer shemos echwo-ajent sekwent. echwos spreges: chleu owi! cherdes es gwer seskwent shemos, potis, apo owis wilnam khwer westro-werjentom, adkwe owim ne es wilna. chechlunt owi weuri en arum.


'''A Sheep and Horses'''

A sheep without wool saw horses: one pulling a heavy wagon, one a large load, and one bearing a human quickly. The sheep said to the horses: “My heart is heavy, seeing the human driving horses.” The horses said: “Listen, sheep! Our hearts are heavy having seen the human, the master, making warm clothing from sheep’s wool, and the sheep has no wool.” Hearing this, the sheep turned away into the field.


'''owi echwoskwe'''

{|
| owi || echwo || -s || =kwe
|-
| sheep || horse || -PL || =and
|}

A Sheep and Horses


'''ne wilna-wesent owi{{ref|SUBJ}} eskwi echwosom:'''

{|
| ne || wilna- || wes || -ent || owi || e- || skw || -i || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| not || wool- || wear || -PTC || sheep || IMPF- || see:0 || PAST || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}

A sheep without wool saw horses: 


'''sos{{ref|GENsubj}} gwer wezho-, sos mej gem-deukentom;{{ref|INCORP}}'''

{|
| so || -s || gwer || wezho- || so || -s || mej || gem- || deuk || -ent || -om
|-
| 3s || -GEN || heavy || wagon- || 3s || -GEN || large || load- || pull || -PTC || -OBL
|}

one pulling a heavy wagon, one a large load, 


'''soskwe oochu shem-ferentom.'''

{|
| so || -s || =kwe || oochu || shem- || fer || -ent || -om
|-
| 3s || -GEN || =and || quickly || human- || bear || -PTC || -OBL
|}

and one bearing a human quickly. 


'''owi wekwes echwosom:'''

{|
| owi || wekw || -es || echwo || -s || -om
|-
| sheep || speak || -PRES || horse || -PL || -OBL
|}

The sheep said to the horses: 


'''me cherd es gwer shemos echwo-ajent sekwent.{{ref|PARTone}}'''

{|
| me || cherd || es || gwer || shem || -os || echwo- || aj || -ent || sekw || -ent
|-
| 1s:GEN || heart || be:PRES || heavy || human || -GEN || horse- || drive || -PTC || see || -PTC
|}

“My heart is heavy, seeing the human driving horses.” 


'''echwos spreges:'''

{|
| echwo || -s || spreg || -es
|-
| horse || -PL || speak || -PRES
|}

The horses said: 


'''chleu owi!'''

{|
| chleu || owi!
|-
| hear:IMP || sheep
|}

“Listen, sheep! 


'''cherdes es gwer seskwent shemos, potis,'''

{|
|| cherd || -es || es || gwer || se- || skw || -ent || shem || -os || poti || -s
|-
|| heart || -PL || be:PRES || heavy || PERF- || see:0 || -PTC || human || -GEN || master || -GEN
|}

Our hearts are heavy having seen the human, the master


'''apo owis wilnam khwer westro-werjentom,'''

{|
| apo || owi || -s || wilna || -m || khwer || westro- || werj || -ent || -om
|-
| from || sheep || -GEN || wool || -OBL || warm || clothing || make || -PTC || -OBL
|}

making warm clothing from sheep’s wool, 


'''adkwe owim ne es wilna.{{ref|PARTtwo}}'''

{|
| ad || =kwe || owi || -m || ne || es || wilna
|-
| to || =and || sheep || -OBL || not || be:PRES || wool
|}

and the sheep has no wool.” 


'''chechlunt owi weuri en arum.'''

{|
| che- || chlu || -nt || owi || we- || wr || -i || en || aru || -m
|-
| PERF- || hear:0 || -PTC || sheep || PERF- || turn.away:0 || -PAST || in || field || -OBL
|}

Hearing this, the sheep turned away into the field.

==Small Light Shining==

'''thévu léuk déyent'''{{ref|ACCENT}}


émlai sóyo’s thévu léuk déyent

kwim sékwes wé ne; 

thé swe, thé swe.


émlai sóyo’s árjint khélsh méldent 

kwim áwes wé ne; 

stáa swe, stáa swe. 


émlai sóyo’s ánju árdi púros 

en chérdom égnint; 

wér som wéskwe.


'''Small Light Shining'''


They say there’s a small light shining 

that we don’t see; 

be prepared, be prepared. 


They say there’s a silver bell ringing 

that we don’t hear; 

stand up, stand up. 


They say there’s a pinpoint of flame 

burning in the heart; 

heed it and live. 


'''thévu léuk déyent'''

{|
| thevu || leuk || dei || -ent
|-
| small || light || shine || -PTC
|}

Small Light Shining


'''émlai{{ref|QUOT}} sóyo’s{{ref|CONTRACT}} thévu léuk déyent'''

{|
| e- || ml || -a || -i || so || =yo || es || thevu || leuk || dei || -ent
|-
| IMPF- || say:0 || -PASS || -PAST || 3s:NOM || SUB || be:PRE || small || light || shine || -PTC
|}

They say there’s a small light shining 


'''kwim sékwes wé ne;'''

{|
| kwi || -m || sekw || -es || we || ne
|-
| REL || -OBL || see || -PRES || 1p:NOM || not
|}

that we don’t see; 


'''thé swe, thé swe.'''

{|
| the || swe || the || swe
|-
| place:IMP || REFL || place:IMP || REFL
|}

be prepared, be prepared. 


'''émlai sóyo’s árjint khélsh méldent'''

{|
| e- || ml || -a || -i || so || =yo || es || arjint || khelsh || mel || -ent
|-
| IMPF- || say:0 || -PASS || -PAST || 3s:NOM || SUB || be:PRE || silver || bell || sound || -PTC
|}

They say there’s a silver bell ringing 


'''kwim áwes{{ref|AWES}} wé ne;'''

{|
| kwi || -m || au || -es || we || ne
|-
| REL || -OBL || perceive || -PRES || 1p:NOM || not
|}

that we don’t hear; 


'''stáa swe, stáa swe.'''

{|
| staa || swe || staa || swe
|-
| stand:IMP || REFL || stand:IMP || REFL
|}

stand up, stand up. 


'''émlai sóyo’s ánju árdi púros'''

{|
| e- || ml || -a || -i || so || =yo || es || anju || ardi || pur || -os
|-
| IMPF- || say:0 || -PASS || -PAST || 3s:NOM || SUB || be:PRES || narrow || point || fire || -GEN
|}

They say there’s a pinpoint of flame 


'''en chérdom égnint;'''

{|
| en || cherd || -om || egni || -nt
|-
| in || heart || -OBL || burn || -PTC
|}

burning in the heart; 

'''wér som wéskwe.'''

{|
| wer || so || -m || wes || =kwe
|-
| pay.attention:IMP || 3s || -OBL || become.animate || =and
|}

heed it and live. 


==The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)==

'''babas fersh'''

1 ad plino dezhomom esi oino dinju oinokwe spreg. 2 esikwe, toyo eyai apo ausom, toyo weuri pelitom en shinaros khertom; tokwe eusi cha. 3 tokwe emli oi ad alyo, gwem! so somes toyo kweres fog-achmo euskwe tom pilne. sokwe es fog-achmo enstel achmom, sokwe es sleeto enstel leyom. 4 tokwe emli, gwem! so somes toyo demes polim fershomkwe, kwis ardi antenes ad deyeum; so somes toyo thes tos nomenom, geye we ambistrewas an dezhomos pelitom. 5 potikwe nigwegumi sokwe seskwi polim ferzhomkwe kwim shemesos tekes edmi. 6 potikwe emli seku! shemia es oino, adkwe potes oino dinju; tokwe eres im: nukwe so ne somes, eyo apomiras apo tom, kwim to memni toyo kweres. 7 gwem! so somes weyo niyei chakwe semwers tos dinjum, soyo ne potes toyo semthes oi ad alyos spregent. 8 potikwe ambistetrui tom an dezhomos pelitom: tokwe nistatai polidement. 9 pro som nomenswe melas baba; ge poti semweursi cha plino dezhomos dinju: apokwe so stelom ambistetrui poti tom an dezhomos pelitom.


'''The Tower of Babel'''

1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. 2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 3 And they said to one another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. 4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. 6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech. 8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. 9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. 


'''babas fersh'''

{|
|baba || -s || fersh
|-
| babble || -GEN || tower
|}

The Tower of Babel


'''1 ad plino dezhomom esi oino dinju oinokwe spreg.'''

{|
| ad || plino || dezhom || -om || e- || s || -i || oino || dinju
|-
| to || whole || earth || -OBL || IMPF- || be:0 || -PAST || one || language
|}


{|
| oino || =kwe || spreg
|-
| one || =and || speech
|}


And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. 


'''2 esikwe, toyo eyai apo ausom, toyo weuri pelitom en shinaros khertom; tokwe eusi cha.'''

{|
| e- || s || -i || =kwe ||
|-
| IMPF- || be:0 || -PAST || =and ||
|}


{|
| to || =yo || e- || ya || -i || apo || aus || -om
|-
| 3p:NOM || =SUB || IMPF- || journey:0 || -PAST || from || east || -OBL
|}


{|
| to || =yo || we- || wr || -i || pelit || -om || en || shinar || -os || kherto || -m
|-
| 3p:NOM || =SUB || PERF- || find:0 || -PAST || plain || -OBL || in || Shinar || -GEN || land || -OBL
|}


{|
| to || =kwe || e- || ws || -i || cha
|-
| 3p:NOM || =and || IMPF- || dwell || -PAST || there
|}


And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 


'''3 tokwe emli oi ad alyo, gwem! so somes toyo kweres fog-achmo euskwe tom pilne. sokwe es fog-achmo enstel achmom, sokwe es sleeto enstel leyom.'''

{|
| to || =kwe || e- || ml || -i || oi || ad || alyo || gwem
|-
| 3p:NOM || =and || IMPF- || say:0 || -PAST || one || to || other || come:IMP
|}


{|
| so || som || -es || to || =yo || kwer || -es || fog || + || achmo
|-
| 3s:NOM || should || -PRES || 3p:NOM || =SUB || create || -PRES || bake || + || stone
|}


{|
| eus || =kwe || to || -m || pilne
| burn:IMP || =and || 3p || -OBL || fully
|}


{|
| so || =kwe || es || fog || + || achmo || enstel || achmo || -m ||
|-
| 3s:NOM || =and || be:PRES || bake || + || stone || in.place.of || stone || -OBL
|}


{|
| so || =kwe || es || slee || -to || enstel || lei || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || =and || be:PRES || slimy || -NML || in.place.of || mortar || -OBL
|}


And they said to one another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. 


'''4 tokwe emli, gwem! so somes toyo demes polim fershomkwe, kwis ardi antenes ad deyeum; so somes toyo thes tos nomenom, geye we ambistrewas an dezhomos pelitom.'''

{|
| to || =kwe || e- || ml || -i || gwem
|-
| 3p:NOM || =and || IMPF- || say:0 || -PAST || come:IMP
|}


{|
| so || som || -es || to || =yo || dem || -es
|-
| 3s:NOM || should || -PRES || 3p:NOM || =SUB || build || -PRES
|}


{|
| poli || -m || fersh || -om || =kwe
|-
| city || -OBL || tower || -OBL || =and
|}


{|
| kwi || -s || ardi || an- || ten || -es || ad || deyeu || -m
|-
| REL || -GEN || point || towards- || stretch || -PRES || to || heaven || -OBL
|}


{|
| so || som || -es || to || =yo || the || -s || to || -s || nomen || -om
|-
| 3s:NOM || should || -PRES || 3p:NOM || =SUB || place || -PRES || 3p || -GEN || name || -OBL
|}


{|
| ge || =ye || we || ambi- || streu || -a || -s
|-
| because || =if || 1p:NOM || around- || scatter || -PASS || -PRES
|}


{|
| an || dezhom || -os || pelit || -om
|-
| on || earth || -GEN || flat || -OBL
|}


And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 


'''5 potikwe nigwegumi sokwe seskwi polim ferzhomkwe kwim shemesos tekes edmi.'''

{|
| poti || =kwe || ni- || gwe- || gum || -i
|-
| master || =and || down- || PERF- || come:0 || -PAST ||
|}


{|
| so || =kwe || se- || skw || -i || poli || -m || ferzh || -om || =kwe
|-
| 3s:NOM || =and || PERF- || see:0 || -PAST || city || -OBL || tower || -OBL || =and
|}


{|
| kwi || -m || shem || -es || -os || tek || -es || e- || dm || -i
|-
| REL || -OBL || person || -PL || -GEN || child || -PL || IMPF- || build:0 || -PAST
|}


And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. 


'''6 potikwe emli seku! shemia es oino, adkwe potes oino dinju; tokwe eres im: nukwe so ne somes, eyo apomiras apo tom, kwim to memni toyo kweres.'''

{|
| poti || =kwe || e- || ml || -i || seku || shem || -ia || es || oino
|-
| master || =and || PERF- || say:0 || -PAST || see:IMP || person || -COLL || be:PRES || one
|}


{|
| ad || =kwe || to || -m || es || oino || dinju
|-
| to || =and || 3p || -OBL || be:PRES || one || language
|}


{|
| to || =kwe || er || -es || im
|-
| 3p:NOM || =and || begin || -PRES || this:OBL
|}


{|
| nu || =kwe || so || ne || pot || -es
|-
| now || =and || 3s:NOM || not || possible || -PRES
|}


{|
| e || =yo || apo- || mir || -a || -s || apo || to || -m
|-
| anything || =SUB || from- || hold || -PASS || -PRES || from || 3p || -OBL
|}


{|
| kwi || -m || to || me- || mn || -i || to || =yo || kwer || -es
|-
| REL || -OBL || 3p:NOM || PERF- || think:0 || -PAST || 3p || =SUB || create || -PRES
|}


And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 


'''7 gwem! so somes weyo niyei chakwe semwers tos dinjum, soyo ne potes toyo semthes oi ad alyos spregent.'''

{|
| gwem || so || som || -es || we || =yo || ni- || ei ||
|-
| come:IMP || 3s:NOM || should || -PRES || 1p:NOM || =SUB || down- || go:IMP
|}


{|
| cha || =kwe || sem- || wers || to || -s || dinju || -m
|-
| there || =and || together- || pour:IMP || 3p || -GEN || language || -OBL
|}


{|
| so || =yo || ne || pot || -es || to || =yo || sem- || the || -s
|-
| 3s:NOM || =SUB || not || possible || -PRES || 3p:NOM || =SUB || together- || put || -PRES
|}


{|
| oi || ad || alyo || -s || spreg || -ent
|-
| one || to || other || -GEN || speak || -PTC
|}


Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. 


'''8 potikwe ambistetrui tom an dezhomos pelitom: tokwe nistatai polidement.'''

{|
| poti || =kwe || ambi- || ste- || tru || -i || to || -m
|-
| master || =and || around- || PERF- || scatter:0 || -PAST || 3p || -OBL
|}


{|
| an || dezhom || -os || pelit || -om
|-
| on || earth || -GEN || flat || -OBL
|}


{|
| to || =kwe || ni- || sta- || ta || -i || poli- || dem || -ent
|-
| 3p:NOM || =and || down- || PERF- || stand:0 || -PAST || city- || build || -PTC
|}


So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. 


'''9 pro som nomenswe melas baba; ge poti semweursi cha plino dezhomos dinju: apokwe so stelom ambistetrui poti tom an dezhomos pelitom.'''

{|
| pro || so || -m || nomen || -swe || mel || -a || -s || baba
|-
| for || 3s || -OBL || name || -REFL || say || -PASS || -PRES || babble
|}


{|
| ge || poti || sem- || we- || wrs || -i || cha
|-
| because || master || together- || PERF- || scatter:0 || -PAST || there
|}


{|
| plino || dezhom || -os || dinju
|-
| all || earth || -GEN || language
|}


{|
| apo || =kwe || so || stel || -om || ambi- || ste- || tru || -i || poti
|-
| from || =and || that || place || -OBL || around- || PERF- || scatter:0 || -PAST || master
|}


{|
| to || -m || an || dezhom || -os || pelit || -om
|-
| 3p || -OBL || on || earth || -GEN || flat || -OBL
|}


Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.


==Notes==

#{{note|SUBJ}} The subject noun phrase contains an example of a participle phrase used as a prenominal modifier.
#{{note|GENsubj}} The pronoun is in the genitive case since it is the subject in a participle phrase.
#{{note|INCORP}} Both '''wezho-''' and '''gem-''' are incoporated objects of the verb '''deuk-'''; the first instance of the verb has been elided.
#{{note|PARTone}} This sentence contains nested participle phrases; the phrase '''shemos echwo-ajent''' is incorporated as an object of the participle '''sekwent'''.
#{{note|PARTtwo}} This is another example of nested participle phrases. Note that in this case, the embedded participle phrase follows rather than precedes the participle of which it is an object. This is because the embedded participle phrase is lengthy and is grammatically rather complex.
#{{note|ACCENT}} The text of the poem uses acute accents to mark stressed syllables.
#{{note|QUOT}} The verbal word '''emlai''' is technically a passive ‘it is said’, but it has been translated into English by ‘they say’ in this and parallel lines.
#{{note|CONTRACT}} The contraction of the verb '''es''' to '''’s''' is done for metrical reasons.
#{{note|AWES}} In normal prose, the verb '''awes''' would more likely have been rendered '''aus''', but the full form of the tense suffix was used in consideration of the meter.

==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Finlaesk</title>
    <id>3834</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45987</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:07:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>dubbelredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Uínlītska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dampantingaya</title>
    <id>3835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51190</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-30T11:10:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dampantingaya</username>
        <id>306</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Tebamaya Krisyān'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Residence:'''
|| Litareng, Hesan, Alamanye
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| Leman 20, 962 C.T.
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Sompamaya [[Wikipedia:Literature|tahambananena]] ya [[Wikipedia:University of Marburg|Kardangiray na Litareng]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| Almang, Inglis, Prangsey
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| Ayeri
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests other than conlanigng:'''
|| Bimakangyam, layayam, dipyam mantingaris
|-
|valign=top|'''Website(s):'''
|| [http://benung.nfshost.com Tay Benung], [http://www.beckerscarsten.de Carstens Homepage] (kayvo ya [http://www.beckerscarsten.de/sbk/ Der Sprachbaukasten]), [http://sanstitre.nfshost.com Sans Titre] (koyabahis benung)
|}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nullam mattis, est vitae ultricies commodo, felis elit nonummy quam, in pretium nisl nisi ut dui. Nulla commodo nunc in risus. Sed in nisl. In pretium orci sit amet nulla. In vitae neque euismod orci accumsan aliquam. Nulla vestibulum, lacus lacinia semper pulvinar, eros justo fermentum risus, ac condimentum ligula justo eu diam. Nam auctor urna et neque. Maecenas sed leo non nisl aliquet nonummy. Fusce at nulla ultricies leo rutrum gravida. Phasellus lacinia, orci ac vehicula dictum, massa ipsum convallis dui, vel imperdiet libero eros sed eros. Vivamus pellentesque eros eget urna interdum aliquet. Integer sit amet ipsum. Maecenas ac justo. Vivamus sagittis leo ut neque. Nam nec urna vel felis aliquam sagittis. Quisque hendrerit tellus nec arcu.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zhen Lin</title>
    <id>3836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32479</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T03:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Ndak Ta 
** Southwestern Ndak Ta (Edastean)
*** Adāta (Southwestern Edastean)
**** Common Vulgar Adāta
***** [http://www.geocities.com/low_zl/ayasthi/ Ayāsthi]
***** Adháta
****** E'át 
******* Yhát
******** [http://www.geocities.com/low_zl/erhadzy/ Erhadzy] (Anatolionesian Edastean)
********* Fëgáī (Western Erhadzy)
********* Sámote (Eastern Erhadzy)
********* Āluanmijá (Southern Erhadzy)
***** [http://www.geocities.com/low_zl/mavakhalan Mavakhalan]

(See also: [[Edastean languages]])</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Morpho-label</title>
    <id>3837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20310</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-19T11:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;morpho-label&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Morpho label</title>
    <id>3838</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20306</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-19T11:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Morpho label]] moved to [[Template:Morpho-label]]: spaces in template names don't work?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Morpho-label]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labels for local cases</title>
    <id>3839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51013</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T16:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Notes */ pretty terminological, too</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__
== Local cases {{ref|Blake}} ==

The usual labels for local are cases built on the model of the Latin ''ablātīvus'' 'ablative' which is made up of the preposition ''ab'' 'from' plus a stem ''{{IPA|lātīvus}}'' the root of which is ''{{IPA|lāt}}'', which is used for the perfect participle of ''{{IPA|ferō}}'' 'I bear'. Other labels are formed by varying the preposition or by combining prepositions with the stem essīvus from ''esse'' 'to be'.

{| class=&quot;bordertable&quot; width=&quot;80%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
!width=20%, align=left| Latin root 
!width=20%, align=left| Meaning 
!width=25%, align=left| Case label 
!width=350%, align=left| Meaning
|-
|  ''ad'' || 'to' || allative || 'to(wards) (the exterior of)'
|-
|  ''in'' || 'into' || illative || 'into'
|-
|  ''ab'' || 'from' || ablative || 'from (the exterior of)'
|-
|  ''e(x)'' || 'out of || elative || 'from (the inside of)'
|-
|  ''super'' || 'above' || superlative || 'to the top of'
|-
|  ''trans'' || 'through' || translative || 'through'
|-
|  ''per'' || 'through' || perlative || 'through, along'
|-
|   ||  || essive || 'at (cf. locative)'
|-
|  ''in'' || 'in' || inessive || 'in(side)'
|-
|  ''ad'' || 'to' || adessive || 'at'
|-
|  ''super'' || 'above' || superessive || 'above'
|-
|  ''sub'' || 'under' || subessive || 'below'
|}

There are other local cases and labels for local cases as well, but these are the most common, except that the case covering the 'at' function is more commonly called ''locative'', while ''essive'' is used for a case that carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English &quot;as a...&quot;.

== Table of labels for local cases {{ref|LinguaQuestionnaire}} ==

Please mark tentative or doubtful labels with a query (e.g. {{morpho-label|?translative}}) and newly coined labels with an asterisk (e.g. {{morpho-label|*preterlative}}!

&lt;!--
    Please don't remove the title attributes from the cells. They are not only helpful when viewing the table, which doesn't fit in one screen for most people, but above all they are indispensable for navigating in the table when editing it: by looking at the header cell describing the type of location and the title attribute you will easily be able to see in which row and column you are. Without them you will easily get lost, since the same English prepositions are used as descriptors in several places.
--&gt;

{| class=&quot;gridtable small sans align-top-left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Type of location
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | A. at rest
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | B. motion to
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | C. motion from
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | D. motion past
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 1.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | general
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | at
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | locative
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | to
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | lative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | separative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | past
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *preterlative{{ref|preterlative}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 2.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | proximate
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | near (to)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | adessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | near
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | allative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from near
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ablative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | near
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 3.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | interior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | in(side)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | inessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | in(to)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | illative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | out of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | elative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | through
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?translative{{ref|translative}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 4.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | exterior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | outside
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | up to
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?terminative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | away from
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?egressive
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | past
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | prolative
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 5.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | anterior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | in front of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | in front of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from in front of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | in front of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 6.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | posterior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | behind
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | behind
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from behind
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | behind
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 7.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | superior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | above/over
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *supraessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | above
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *supralative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from above
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *desuperlative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | over
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 8.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | superior-contact
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | superessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | on(to)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | sublative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | off
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | over
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 8a.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | surface
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | on(to)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | off
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | delative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | over/across
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 9.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | inferior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | below/under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *subteressive, *infraessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | below/under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *subterlative, *infralative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | *desubterlative, *deinfralative
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 10.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | inferior-contact
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | subessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | under
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 11.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | lateral
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | beside
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | apudessive
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | beside
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from beside
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | past
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 12.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | lateral-contact
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | pertingent
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | on(to)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | off
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | over, along
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | prolative
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 13.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | citerior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?cislocative
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | to this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?cislative
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | &lt;nowiki&gt;*?ecislative&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | on this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 14.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | citerior-contact
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | to this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | on this side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 15.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | ulterior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | beyond
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | beyond
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from beyond
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | beyond
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 16.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | ulterior-contact
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | on the other side of/across
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | across
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from across
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | on the other side of
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 17.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | medial (2)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | between
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | between
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from between
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | between
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 18.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | medial (3+)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | among
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | among
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from among
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | through
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | prolative
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 19.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | circumferential
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | -
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | -
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | -
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | round
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 20.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | citerior-anterior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; | opposite
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; | opposite
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; | from opposite
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | on the other side
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 21.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | interior (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | through/along
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 22.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | exterior (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | past/along
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | prosecutive
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 23.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | superior
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | along (above)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 24.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | superior-contact (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | along (on top of)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 24a.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | surface (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | along
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; | ?vialis
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 25.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | inferior (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | along (under)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right&quot; | 26.
! title=&quot;type of location&quot; | inferior-contact (long object)
| title=&quot;A. at rest&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;B. motion to&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;C. motion from&quot; |
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
| title=&quot;D. motion past&quot; | along (under)
| class=&quot;morpho-label&quot; |
|}

== Notes ==

{{note|Blake}} '''Source:''' Barry J. Blake, ''Case'', Cambridge: Camb. U. P., 1994. ISBN  	 0521441145 (cased),
ISBN 	0521446619 (pbk).

{{note|LinguaQuestionnaire}} This is based on a table of possible local semantic functions in the [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtools/linguaQ.html The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire], section ''2.1.1.5.''

{{note|preterlative}} A more conservative label for &quot;general motion past&quot; might be {{morpho-label|perlative}} which more specifically labels motion &quot;over/across a surface&quot; (8a.d.). Such homonymies arise because the more general and more specific cases seldom occur simultaneously in a single language, so that linguists and grammarians have found no need to distinguish them.

{{note|translative}} {{morpho-label|translative}} is more familiar as the label for a case indicating &quot;a change into a state&quot;, e.g. in Finnish, but it seems correct to use this label also for &quot;motion through something&quot;, at least in terms of the general meaning of Latin ''trans''.

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Book sources</title>
    <id>3840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20375</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-19T23:33:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hmm...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [http://www.addall.com/New/Partner.cgi?query=MAGICNUMBER&amp;type=ISBN AddALL]
* [http://www.pricescan.com/books/bookDetail.asp?isbn=MAGICNUMBER PriceSCAN]
* [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/bookSearch/isbnInquiry.asp?isbn=MAGICNUMBER Barnes &amp; Noble]
* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=MAGICNUMBER Amazon.com]
* [http://www.bookfinder.com/search/?isbn=MAGICNUMBER&amp;st=sr&amp;ac=qr BookFinder.com]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fínlǣ Foods</title>
    <id>3843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25028</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-05T12:49:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Commonly grown crops */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Commonly grown crops =

Well-known grains in the Norse Territory of [[Fínlǣ]] include native and European species: wheat (''hƿettj''), oats (''háfi''), barley (''big''), rye (''røg'') wild rice (''manømī''), maize (both ''nísjtāl'' (flint-corn hominy) and ''majz'' (sweet-corn)), and sunflower (''asjkabigƿā'').

Other staples (mostly native species) include bitter pecans (''posji''), hazelnuts, and other nuts, beans, squash (''kotasj''), leafy greens (brassicas and plangatos), various roots &amp; tubers, chili peppers (''tjili''), honey (''honā''), apples (''ebli''), cranberries, blueberries, cherries (including native choke cherries and black cherries, and European sweet cherries), maple syrup (''ødfiwðhonā''), tobacco (''tabak''). 

European carrots, parsnips, onions, beets, chard and celery are fairly widely cultivated.

Grains are most commonly used to make flatbreads, sourdough breads, soda breads, and beer, but the use of grains as flour and meal to make porridges and puddings, and to add body to other foods is well known, and oats and sunflower seeds are eaten raw and roasted on their own, or as an ingredient in pemmican.

Boiled-down &quot;candy&quot; from honey or maple syrup is regarded as tasty but extravagant, except in packing for long journeys, where the reduced mass and increased energy density is seen as preferable to the extra work involved and loss of taste and substance.

Sunflower oil is rarely extracted, given the free availability of animal fats, but it is known.

As astringent tea made from Eastern White Cedar needles is fairly popular, though the tree is gathered wild rather than farmed. The wood of this tree is also much prized as a crafting material.

= Commonly farmed and hunted meats =

Beef, buffalo, horse, mutton (wool is too valuable to consider eating lambs), goat (though mostly kept as walking garbage disposals and for milk), venison, pork, seal, whale, turkey, duck, goose, crab, lobster, salmon and various other river and sea fish. Marrow, organs, and other non-meat parts are eaten, especially in sausage.

= Commonly used herbs and spices =

Thyme, rosemary, sage (both European and American), dill, caraway, salt, black pepper, chilli pepper, paprika, cinnamon, vanilla, fennel, garlic (''hƿᵫdlœ́k''), ginger, mustard, horseradish, juniper, American licorice, nutmeg, mace, sassafras, sumac, cherry kernels, and Eastern White cedar are well-known flavorants.

Of these, dill, caraway, fennel, and horseradish are the most popular.

= Food prepration and preservation =

Most food is boiled, baked, pan-fried or deep-fried (frying is done almost exclusively in animal fat, with beef fat being the most popular) over or on a fireplace, or slow-cooked in glowing embers. Grilling on a grate or grid over flames or embers is also known.

The use of stocks as a basis for soups and stews is known, though their advance preparation and storage is unknown: stock is usually made overnight or for a longer period, in advance of a planned meal, before being strained over fried ingredients, and then roasted or boiled, in a kind of ''osso bucco'' technique. The solids from the stockmaking process are usually used as animal food, but can be seen as an acceptable food in tight circumstances (though stockmaking is unlikely in such circumstances).

Hot and cold smoking are known as preservation methods, as well as simple drying, and wet or dry curing in nitrate, nitrite, salt, honey, and/or maple syrup based solutions. Pickling in brine or vinegar (usually malt vinegar made from beer) is fairly common.

Sasuage and pemmican, in particular, are popular storage methods for cured meats. Various nuts and grains (whole, meal, butter, or flour) and dried fruits my be used as fillers. Both fresh and dry sausages are known.

Butter and cheese making are both known, with milk from cows, buffalo, goats, and sheep all being easy to find, depending on local livestock.

= Alcoholic drinks =

Yeast derived from sourdough starters are often used to make Mead (''mœðu'', made from honey, and often fresh or dried fruits, herbs and spices), and beer (''állu'', made from wheat, barley, malt and honey), which are both very common. Hard cider is surprisingly uncommon, but not unknown, especially in colder regions and times, where/when a concoction that is essentially mulled cider is fairly widely available, for the right price.

Ice distillation is the most common method of producing strong spirits, but heat distillation in copper stills is known. ''Ƿiskkepæƿ'' (distilled from beer mash) and ''mœðupœƿ'' (distilled from mead mash) are both known, but less common then beer and mead. 

''Hƿettjipæƿ'' is a kind of un-aged spirit distilled from wheat (and/or other grains), used as a drink (mainly to fortify other drinks, but also alone), a medicine, and a fuel (often as an accellerant for fat and tallow-based fuels). 

Wine (''fínu'') is uncommon, to the point where the Christian sacrament is often provided as mead. When found it is almost exclusively as an import from Europe, as the local grapes are not of high quality. 

''Ækkfævítt'' is imported from Norse Europe, and is definitely considered a delicacy. There is not much call for vodka or gin, given the ready availability of hƿettjipæƿ as a neutral spirit.

= Other intoxicants =

Tobacco use is reasonably common, mostly in pipes but also in cigars and chewing tobacco.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Finla Foods</title>
    <id>3844</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20443</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-21T20:25:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Fínlǣ Foods]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Fínlǣ Foods]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots к-l</title>
    <id>3846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58006</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T04:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==к / κ / к / բ / კ / כ / क==
# '''ĸááća''', 1) ''t.v.'' tickle. 2) ''i.v.'' tickle.
# '''ĸááfra''', ''i.v.'' use bellows.
# '''ĸááĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' choke, gulp; strangle. 2) ''i.v.'' choke, gulp (down), strangle.
# '''ĸaal-''', ''adj. prefix for dark colors''.
# '''ĸáála''', 1) ''t.v.'' hew, cut (down), chop, fell. 2) ''i.v.'' hew, chop.
# '''ĸáálnos''', valley, vale, dale, glen.
# '''ĸááma''', 1) ''t.v.'' fragment. 2) ''i.v.'' fragment.
# '''ĸááɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shriek, bray; screech. 2) ''i.v.'' shriek, bray; bell; screech.
# '''ĸaanátos''', wall (interior), wall mat.
# '''ĸáánmos''', tibia, shinbone [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸáápa''', ''t.v.'' measure (off) [''a piece of land''].
# '''ĸáára''', ''i.v.'' praise loudly, mention with praise, eulogize.
# '''ĸáárŭa''', ''t.v.'' give refuge to.
# '''ĸááva''', ''i.v.'' apply red ocher.
# '''ĸába''', 1) ''t.v.'' deceive. 2) ''i.v.'' deceive.
# '''ĸáća''', 1) ''t.v.'' comb, card; mesh [''of gears'']; dovetail, splice. 2) ''i.v.'' mesh [''of gears'']; dovetail.
# '''ĸáda''', 1) ''t.v.'' rob, plunder, pillage; abduct, deprive, bereave (of, '''èħa'''). 2) ''i.v.'' rob, plunder, pillage.
# '''ĸádĭa''', ''t.v.'' scrape skins.
# '''ĸáða''', 1) ''t.v.'' cover (up). 2) ''i.v.'' cover.
# '''ĸáðɱes''', female mustelid. (&gt; Hungarian &lt;font color=green&gt;hölgy&lt;/font&gt;, lady)
# '''ĸáfla''', ''t.v.'' lead, head, be at the top of, entitle, caption.
# '''ĸáfna''', ''i.v.'' enter the-, -harbor, -port.
# '''ĸáfres''', male mammal [''except caprids, ovids and cervids''].
# '''ĸága''', ''i.v.'' squint.
# '''ĸài''', ''conj.'' and; ~...~, both...and.
# '''ĸaílis''', ''adj.'' unhurt, safe and sound, whole, intact, unscathed, in good condition.
# '''ĸaȝémϙes''', shore ice.
# '''ĸáĸa''', ''i.v.'' cackle, cluck.
# '''ĸális''', ''adj.'' hard, difficult; harsh, rough, severe, stern, austere; insensitive.
# '''ĸálĸos''', stover, haulm. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kalki&lt;/font&gt;, stalk)
# '''ĸálnos''', narrow-, -alley, -path.
# '''ĸálpa''' , ''t.v.'' put on [''a kettle''].
# '''ĸálŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' weep, cry. 2) ''i.v.'' weep, cry.
# '''ĸáma''', ''t.v.'' desire.
# '''ĸámćos''', bag made of bark.
# '''ĸámra''', 1) ''t.v.'' vault, arch, camber. 2) ''i.v.'' arch, camber.
# '''ĸámsos''', whirlwind, tornado, cyclone.
# '''ĸámĭa''', ''t.v.'' weave [''silk''].
# '''ĸáɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' take down, lower; bring low, humiliate, degrade, abase. 2) ''i.v.'' knuckle under.
# '''ĸáɱlis''', ''adj.'' alone, single; solitary.
# '''ĸáɱtos''', chasm, gulf, ravine, gorge.
# '''ĸána''', 1) ''t.v.'' chant. 2) ''i.v.'' chant.
# '''ĸanáĸos''', wind from off the sea.
# '''ĸánda''', 1) ''t.v.'' make red-hot, mull, incandesce. 2) ''i.v.'' incandesce.
# '''ĸánga''', ''i.v.'' grow the hair long.
# '''ĸántĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' assemble, gather-, bring-, -together, convoke, convene, rally, coalesce, amalgamate, concentrate [troops, etc.]. 2) ''i.v.'' meet, assemble, convene, rally, concentrate [''troops, etc.''].
# '''ĸánþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' (form a) corner (with), be on the corner of. 2) ''i.v.'' corner.
# '''ĸápa''', 1) ''t.v.'' float, drift [''timber'']. 2) ''i.v.'' float, drift.
# '''ĸapálos''', sail boat.
# '''ĸapúϙos''', belly fat.
# '''ĸáϙa''', ''t.v.'' border, (turn on) edge; bind [''carpets'']; frame; mount [''in a frame'']; trim [''with lace'']; set [''jewels'']; barrel [''beer, etc.''].
# '''ĸáϙla''', ''t.v.'' pebble.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸára'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' play the ''karos''.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸára'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' fine, sentence.
# '''ĸarástos''', itch, mange.
# '''ĸárĸa''', ''t.v.'' armor-plate.
# '''ĸárϙĭa''', ''i.v.'' gather (in the communal house).
# '''ĸárta''', ''t.v.'' specify, delineate.
# '''ĸása''', 1) ''t.v.'' doom, fate, destine. 2) ''i.v.'' draw lots.
# '''ĸaséres''', heifer.
# '''ĸásna''', ''t.v.'' fetter, enfetter, shackle.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸáta'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' bring forth young [''of animals''].
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸátos'''&lt;/font&gt;, wood(land), woods, forest, hurst.
# '''ĸávra''', 1) ''t.v.'' sharpen, whet, strop; practice. 2) ''i.v.'' sharpen, practice.
# '''ĸáxra''', ''i.v.'' emerge, get out of the water.
# '''ĸéélmis''', ''adj.'' flabby, flaccid.
# '''ĸéélos''', skull, cranium [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸééɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mark, note, notice. 2) ''i.v.'' mark.
# '''ĸéénos''', front leg [''of a quadruped''].
# '''ĸéépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' split, cleave, slit, chink, cut open. 2) ''i.v.'' split off, crack; open; dissociate.
# '''ĸéérda''', 1) ''t.v.'' shipwreck. 2) ''i.v.'' shipwreck.
# '''ĸéérĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' end, conclude, close. 2) ''i.v.'' end, conclude, close.
# '''ĸéértos''', skeleton [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸéésa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shave. 2) ''i.v.'' shave.
# '''ĸééþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' reach, attain, get, obtain, gain. 2) ''i.v.'' reach; suffice, be enough, hold out.
# '''ĸebáros''', steppe.
# '''ĸéda''', ''t.v.'' hunt.
# '''ĸéȝa''', ''i.v.'' move (about), stir, be in motion, (take) exercise.
# '''ĸéĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hook (on), grapple. 2) ''i.v.'' hook, grapple.
# '''ĸéla''', ''i.v.'' have to, must; be-, -said-, -supposed-, -to, shall, should, ought to, be to.
# '''ĸélga''', ''i.v.'' writhe, wriggle; meander [''of rivers''].
# '''ĸélĸa''', ''i.v.'' tinkle, clink, ring [''phone''].
# '''ĸelĸúrϙes''', seaweed.
# '''ĸélɱa''', ''i.v.'' shave the head.
# '''ĸélpos''', pitcher, jug.
# '''ĸélſa''', ''t.v.'' quill.
# '''ĸélta''', ''t.v.'' fish with a net.
# '''ĸélŭa''', ''i.v.'' go, wander, ramble, roam; migrate [''of animals'']; shift [''of sand''].
# '''ĸélĭa''', ''t.v.'' size, birdlime.
# '''ĸéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' hinder, impede, hamper, prevent, stop, obstruct, obviate. 2) ''i.v.'' hinder, prevent, stop.
# '''ĸeɱélos''', egg shell.
# '''ĸémta''', ''t.v.'' parallel, lie alongside.
# '''ĸéna''', ''i.v.'' take-, -pains, -trouble, make an effort, do one's best.
# '''ĸénda''', ''t.v.'' husk, shell, hull, shuck.
# '''ĸéngos''', popliteal space [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸéntos''', wall of yurt.
# '''ĸénþa''', ''t.v.'' throw-, -away, -out, trash, discard, dispose of.
# '''ĸénĭa''', ''t.v.'' strew-, cover-, -with ashes.
# '''ĸépa''', ''t.v.'' cover [''as with a blanket''], tuck in.
# '''ĸépŭa''', ''t.v.'' give [''s.th.'']. to workers.
# '''ĸéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' shear. 2) ''i.v.'' shear.
# '''ĸérda''', ''t.v.'' craft; compose, draft.
# '''ĸerdótos''', spar, rafter.
# '''ĸerésos''', raw-, -meat, flesh.
# '''ĸérga''', 1) ''t.v.'' torture, torment; agonize, cause  pain. 2) ''i.v.'' agonize.
# '''ĸérĸa''', ''i.v.'' spawn.
# '''ĸérma''', 1) ''t.v.'' tire (out), weary, fatigue, wear out. 2) ''i.v.'' tire (out), weary, fatigue.
# '''ĸérnos''', fallen snow.
# '''ĸérpos''', body.
# '''ĸertésnos''', portion, helping, ration.
# '''ĸérva''', 1) ''t.v.'' veer, swerve. 2) ''i.v.'' veer, swerve.
# '''ĸérŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' plunge, precipitate. 2) ''i.v.'' plunge, precipitate.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸéta'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' spool.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸétes'''&lt;/font&gt;, mule.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ĸetos'''&lt;/font&gt;, living room, quarters.
# '''ĸetúpos''', hollow noise.
# '''ĸéþra''', 1) ''t.v.'' spindle. 2) ''i.v.'' spindle.
# '''ĸéz''', ''adj.'' eighteen.
# '''ĸííros''', herb.
# '''ĸííta''', 1) ''t.v.'' shield. 2) ''i.v.'' shield.
# '''ĸí''', thirteen.
# '''ĸíbos''', cancer [&lt;font color=red&gt;Med.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸíća''', 1) ''t.v.'' anchor. 2) ''i.v.'' anchor.
# '''ĸídas''', half-length of thumb [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;]. (&gt; Georgian &lt;font color=green&gt;(m)cida&lt;/font&gt;)
# '''ĸíȝla''', 1) ''t.v.'' deviate. 2) ''i.v.'' deviate.
# '''ĸílis''', ''adj.'' miserable, wretched, pitiful.
# '''ĸílźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pinch, nip, tweak. 2) ''i.v.'' twinge, gripe.
# '''ĸíma''', 1) ''t.v.'' intend, design, propose, purpose, plan. 2) ''i.v.'' intend, design, propose, plan.
# '''ĸíndos''', nit.
# '''ĸípa''', ''t.v.'' sling.
# '''ĸíϙŭa''', ''t.v.'' pile up [''stones''].
# '''ĸíra''', ''t.v.'' mince.
# '''ĸírga''', 1) ''t.v.'' bore through, drill. 2) ''i.v.'' drill.
# '''ĸírmos''', thin covering of snow.
# '''ĸírpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' crisp, crinkle, crimp, goffer. 2) ''i.v.'' crisp, crinkle.
# '''ĸírtos''', frozen crust on snow. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kerte&lt;/font&gt;, thin crust on snow)
# '''ĸirúϙĭos''', aurora borealis.
# '''ĸírŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' saddle. 2) ''i.v.'' saddle.
# '''ĸísis''', ''adj.'' solicitous.
# '''ĸísta''', ''t.v.'' pack [''in a crate''], crate, coffer.
# '''ĸìsu''', ''adv.'' truly, surely, certainly, verily, ever, quite, just; of course, by all means, so, after all, at all.
# '''ĸíþna''', 1) ''t.v.'' overturn, capsize, over throw. 2) ''i.v.'' overturn, capsize.
# '''ĸíva''', ''i.v.''  pull-, slip-, -down pants.
# '''ĸóóða''', ''t.v.'' hood.
# '''ĸóóĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hinge. 2) ''i.v.'' hinge.
# '''ĸóóla''', 1) ''t.v.'' befool, beguile. 2) ''i.v.'' infatuate, delude.
# '''ĸóólĭa''', ''t.v.'' scale, cover with scales.
# '''ĸóóma''', 1) ''t.v.'' mat, carpet. 2) ''i.v.'' mat. carpet.
# '''ĸóóɱa''', ''i.v.'' pass the shuttle back and forth.
# '''ĸóóra''', ''t.v.'' dung, manure.
# '''ĸóórmos''', bulb.
# '''ĸóba''', ''t.v.'' accommodate o.s. to, acquiesce in, submit to.
# '''ĸobános''', armpit.
# '''ĸóća''', ''i.v.'' wander.
# '''ĸódes''', hen.
# '''ĸófa''', ''t.v.'' hoof, trample.
# '''ĸóges''', doe, nanny (goat); female of any small ungulate.
# '''ĸóĸa''', ''t.v.'' throw-, -away, -in the trash.
# '''ĸóla''', ''t.v.'' imprison, incarcerate, jail.
# '''ĸolbéĸos''', (wheel) hub.
# '''ĸólga''', 1) ''t.v.'' cry, cry out, exclaim.
# '''ĸólnos''', hill.
# '''ĸólos''', beaker, goblet.
# '''ĸolpónos''', plain, open country, wold, ground; area, field of action, sphere, scope; square [''of a chessboard'']; panel.
# '''ĸólĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' whelp. 2) ''i.v.'' whelp.
# '''ĸòma''', ''postp.'' about, beside, by, close to, near, next to, on.
# '''ĸómħos''', onyx.
# '''ĸòmu''', ''adv.'' indeed, no doubt, to be sure, forsooth; probably, I shouldn't wonder, I daresay.
# '''ĸóna''', ''i.v.'' separate whey from curds.
# '''ĸónga''', ''i.v.'' ring a bell [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸónta''', ''i.v.'' weave [''a birch bark basket'']. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kontti&lt;/font&gt;, birch bark basket)
# '''ĸontóóres''', maggot.
# '''ĸópa''', ''i.v.'' bump one’s head.
# '''ĸopíros''', rift [''in a river''].
# '''ĸóqla''', ''i.v.'' go up the chimney.
# '''ĸóra''', ''t.v.'' hang (up), suspend.
# '''ĸórĸa''', ''t.v.'' exceed, surpass.
# '''ĸórma''', ''i.v.'' build a fence.
# '''ĸórĭa''', ''i.v.'' war, wage-, be at-, -war.
# '''ĸósĸos''', pelvis [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸóstos''', leg [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸǿsna''', 1) ''t.v.'' blacken, black. 2) ''i.v.'' blacken.
# '''ĸúúća''', ''t.v.'' hold in the arms.
# '''ĸúúĸos''', pubic hair [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸúúla''', ''i.v.'' rupture.
# '''ĸúúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' cloak. 2) ''i.v.'' put on a cloak.
# '''ĸúúrdis''', ''adj.'' rough, uneven, rugged.
# '''ĸúúzos''', grain porridge [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸúća''', ''i.v.'' stand upon the hind legs.
# '''ĸućúĸos''', rubber.
# '''ĸúda''', 1) ''t.v.'' scream. 2) ''i.v.'' scream.
# '''ĸúðos''', snowfall.
# '''ĸúðĭa''', ''t.v.'' found, cast.
# '''ĸúfrus''', hunchback.
# '''ĸúga''', ''i.v.'' make quilted clothing.
# '''ĸúȝos''', manner, means, method. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kuje&lt;/font&gt;, trick)
# '''ĸúĸa''', ''i.v.'' cuckoo.
# '''ĸuĸátos''', carpal joint of animals.
# '''ĸúlba''', 1) ''t.v.'' flex. 2) ''i.v.'' flex, buckle [''of the knees''].
# '''ĸúlĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' circle, encircle, circulate. 2) ''i.v.'' circulate.
# '''ĸúlos''', hollow bone.
# '''ĸúlpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' trot. 2) ''i.v.'' trot.
# '''ĸumbóros''', hilt.
# '''ĸúmĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' have s.th. between the teeth. 2) ''i.v.'' have food between the teeth.
# '''ĸúmos''', kindling.
# '''ĸúna''', ''t.v.'' mortify, disgrace.
# '''ĸúntos''', commune, community. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kunta&lt;/font&gt;, community)
# '''ĸúpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' boil. 2) ''i.v.'' boil; seethe.
# '''ĸupénos''', fish bladder. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kupinas&lt;/font&gt;, fish bladder)
# '''ĸúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' calve [icebergs)]. 2) ''i.v.'' calve.
# '''ĸurómos''', skirt, kilt.
# '''ĸúrpos''', wrist, carpus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸúrϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' have-, take-, -pity on. 2) ''i.v.'' have-, take-, -pity.
# '''ĸúrta''', ''i.v.'' play-, -a harp, -a lyre.
# '''ĸúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' kiss. 2) ''i.v.'' kiss.
# '''ĸútos''', skin, cuticle, dermis, integument, membrane [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸútĭos''', cottage, hut, cabin.
# '''ĸúva''', ''t.v.'' wisp, bunch.
# '''ĸuzðóros''', rectum [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸúzðos''', hiding place.
# '''ĸŭààni''', ''adv.'' when.
# '''ĸŭáása''', 1) ''t.v.'' cough (up). 2) ''i.v.'' (have a) cough.
# '''ĸŭáĸa''', ''i.v.'' quack.
# '''ĸŭála''', ''i.v.'' whale.
# '''ĸŭarámos''', abyss. (&gt; Georgian &lt;font color=green&gt;chvaran-&lt;/font&gt;)
# '''ĸŭásla''', 1) ''t.v.'' weave (a basket). 2) ''i.v.'' weave [''a basket''].
# '''ĸŭáta''', 1) ''t.v.'' spoil, damage; corrupt, demoralize, drag down. 2) ''i.v.'' be spoiled, go bad.
# '''ĸŭáþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' ferment. 2) ''i.v.'' ferment, work.
# '''ĸŭázos''', flatbread [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸŭéérna''', ''i.v.'' feed on carrion, scavenge.
# '''-ĸŭe…ĸŭe''', ''enclitic conj.'' and.
# '''ĸŭéda''', ''t.v.'' admonish, reprove, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, call down.
# '''ĸŭéȝa''', ''t.v.'' heap-, pile-, -up.
# '''ĸŭéĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' look like. 2) ''i.v.'' appear, show up; seem, look; come out [''of the sun''].
# '''ĸŭéla''', 1) ''t.v.'' distance. 2) ''i.v.'' recede.
# '''ĸŭéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' swallow, gulp, engulf, ingest, drink down. 2) ''i.v.'' swallow, gulp.
# '''ĸŭénus''', ''indef. pron.'' anyone whoever, so-and-so.
# '''ĸŭénþa''', ''t.v.'' tolerate, put up with, stand for.
# '''ĸŭépa''', ''i.v.'' give off gas.
# '''ĸŭér''', ''adj.'' four.
# '''ĸŭéra''', ''t.v.'' make, manufacture, fabricate, create, -fy.
# '''ĸŭérma''', 1) ''t.v.'' (make-, color-) crimson. 2) ''i.v.'' (turn-, become-) crimson, encrimson.
# '''ĸŭérŭa''', 1) '''t.v.''' crush, crunch. 2) ''i.v.'' crush, crunch.
# '''ĸŭérĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' buy, purchase. 2) ''i.v.'' buy.
# '''ĸŭííȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' comfort, console, relieve, allay, solace, assuage, ease, console. 2) ''i.v.'' ease.
# '''ĸŭííla''', 1) ''t.v.'' calm, sedate. 2) ''i.v.'' calm, pause.
# '''ĸŭííta''', 1) ''t.v.'' gladden. 2) ''i.v.'' have a good time, be glad.
# '''ĸŭíta''', ''t.v.'' honor, award.
# '''ĸŭoína''', 1) ''t.v.'' value, evaluate, estimate, appraise, assess; classify, rate, judge.
# '''ĸŭǿsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' carpenter. 2) ''i.v.'' carpenter.
# '''ĸŭus''', ''intrg. pron.'' who.
# '''ĸĭáános''', blood vessel. [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸĭáápes''', young animal born out of season.
# '''ĸĭáćos''', ends of the bow.
# '''ĸĭámpa''', ''i.v.'' crown.
# '''ĸĭántos''', large earthenware jar for storing grain or flour.
# '''ĸĭáros''', hoarfrost.
# '''ĸĭaźúros''', salt steppe.
# '''ĸĭóóma''', ''t.v.'' turn upside down.
# '''ĸĭóbos''', touchwood.
# '''ĸĭóćis''', ''adj.'' nasty, unpleasant.
# '''ĸĭóga''', ''t.v.'' spoke.
# '''ĸĭóĸos''', spine, vertebral column, chine [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ĸĭólos''', quiver.
# '''ĸĭóma''', 1) ''t.v.'' hop, add hops to. 2) ''i.v.'' hop, add hops.
# '''ĸĭóngus''', head of a Human clan or tribe.
# '''ĸĭópos''', bladder of kaluga used for storing oil.
# '''ĸĭórŭa''', ''i.v.'' rank.
# '''ĸĭúúća''', ''i.v.'' slander, calumniate, malign, defame, vilify, asperse, libel (with respect to, '''ϙòɱa''').
# '''ĸĭúúda''', 1) ''t.v.'' admire, approve, regard, respect, consider, look up to, value. 2) ''i.v.'' admire, approve, regard.
# '''ĸĭúúla''', ''t.v.'' hire.
# '''ĸĭúúna''', ''t.v.'' punish, chastise.
# '''ĸĭúbos''', coffin, casket.
# '''ĸĭúmes''', engorged tick.
# '''ĸĭúnas''', country.
# '''ĸĭúnćos''', sleeve.
# '''ĸĭúrma''', 1) ''t.v.'' wink. 2) ''i.v.'' wink.
# '''ĸĭúrpus''', new-born, neonate.
# '''ĸĭúrŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' screw. 2) ''i.v.'' screw.
# '''ĸĭúsa''', ''i.v.'' behave badly.
# '''ĸĭúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' owe. 2) ''i.v.'' be indebted.
281/169+7/63%

==l / λ / л / լ / ლ / ל / ल==
# '''láába''', ''i.v.'' hang down loosely.
# '''lááða''', 1) ''t.v.'' conceal, hide, secrete. 2) ''i.v.'' hide.
# '''láála''', ''t.v.'' lull, lull-, rock-, -to sleep.
# '''lááma''', 1) ''t.v.'' bog down. 2) ''i.v.'' be bogged down.
# '''lááɱa''', ''t.v.'' take-, seize-, -as booty.
# '''láápa''', ''i.v.'' dawn; emerge.
# '''láása''', ''t.v.'' caress, fondle; flirt.
# '''la''', ''postp.'' on this side of.
# '''làbu''', ''adv.'' very, much, very well, greatly.
# '''láća''', ''t.v.'' speckle, mottle, dapple, dab.
# '''láćŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mask, disguise, pretend, feign, simulate, make out. 2) ''i.v.'' mask, pretend, feign, make believe, imagine.
# '''láða''', ''t.v.'' carve, sculpt.
# '''láȝos''', bacon.
# '''láĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' slurp (up). 2) ''i.v.'' slurp.
# '''láĸŭa''', ''i.v.'' puddle, form pools.
# '''lála''', ''t.v.'' starch.
# '''lálta''', 1) ''t.v.'' take advantage of, benefit. 2) ''i.v.'' be of-, -advantage, -service, stead.
# '''lámpa''', ''i.v.'' wear snowshoes. (&gt; Nenets &lt;font color=green&gt;lampa&lt;/font&gt;, snowshoe)
# '''lámtos''', lowland. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;lansi&lt;/font&gt;, lowland)
# '''láɱos''', left hand.
# '''lápa''', ''t.v.'' lick.
# '''láϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' strike with the flat of the blade. 2) ''i.v.'' brandish (a sword).
# '''lásis''', ''adj.'' wanton, petulant.
# '''laúxa''', 1) ''t.v.'' throttle, choke. 2) ''i.v.'' choke.
# '''láva''', ''t.v.'' catch.
# '''lávlos''', lip [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''láxtos''', bay, gulf. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;lakti&lt;/font&gt;, bay)
# '''lééćis''', ''adj.'' lowly, obscure.
# '''lééȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' win; prevail over; produce,  extract, reclaim. 2) ''i.v.'' profit.
# '''lééĸa''', ''t.v.'' tear-, rip-, -up, -to pieces, rend; dismember.
# '''léémos''', vegetable [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''lééɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' dissolve, catalyze. 2) ''i.v.'' dissolve.
# '''léénis''', ''adj.'' gentle, easy; bland.
# '''léépa''', ''t.v.'' (make) even, level.
# '''léésis''', ''adj.'' slack, loose; limp.
# '''lééta''', ''i.v.'' (spend-, pass-, -the-) –summer.
# '''lébos''', fine sheep or goat hair.
# '''léda''', 1) ''t.v.'' play; sport; gamble; act, perform, play-, take-, -the part of. 2) ''i.v.'' play; sport; gamble; act, perform; trifle, toy (with, '''sùna''').
# '''léga''', 1) ''t.v.'' trickle, percolate, infiltrate; leach. 2) ''i.v.'' trickle, seep, ooze, percolate; leach.
# '''léȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' enter into, get on, bring-, show-, -in. 2) ''i.v.'' go-, come-, step-, -in, enter.
# '''léĸa''', ''t.v.'' blame, criticize, denounce (for, '''ħo'''), find fault with.
# '''lelúgos''', kerchief, shawl, scarf.
# '''lélus''', good-for-nothing.
# '''léła''', ''t.v.'' lighten; dismount, alight.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''léma'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' break-, -in-, -to-, -pieces, -up, shatter, smash, disintegrate. 2) ''i.v.'' break-, -in-, -to-, -pieces, -up, shatter, smash, disintegrate.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''lémus'''&lt;/font&gt;, destructive nocturnal spirit; sundered mage.
# '''léɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' escape, elude, evade. 2) ''i.v.'' escape, get away, slip away,  break-, get-, -loose.
# '''léna''', ''t.v.'' frost, deaden, dull, tarnish.
# '''lénða''', ''t.v.'' let lie fallow.
# '''lénga''', ''i.v.'' coil, turn.
# '''lénħos''', afterbirth, placenta [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''lénĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' diffract, refract, deflect. 2) ''i.v.'' diffract, deflect.
# '''lépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' peel, pare, strip. 2) ''i.v.'' peel off.
# '''léϙa''', ''t.v.'' lay; deposit.
# '''lérda''', 1) ''t.v.'' make crooked, spoil by bending. 2) ''i.v.'' grow-, become-, -crooked, bend down.
# '''lérga''', ''i.v.'' slip, skid.
# '''lésa''', 1) ''t.v.'' glean; gather-, pick-, -up. 2) ''i.v.'' glean.
# '''lesĸélos''', ankle [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;], pastern.
# '''lésŭos''', pasture land.
# '''léta''', ''t.v.'' stroke, touch gently; spread [''bread'']; apply [''salve'']; strike [''a match'']; strike [''a flag'']; lower, furl [''sails''].
# '''léþros''', leather.
# '''leúðus''', people.
# '''léźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' gather (together), collect, pick, group; amass, accumulate, cumulate, accrete, accrue. 2) ''i.v.'' gather (together), collect, pick; accumulate, accrue.
# '''lííga''', 1) ''t.v.'' fashion, model, throw [''a pot'']. 2) ''i.v.'' model.
# '''lííma''', 1) ''t.v.'' flood, inundate, swamp. 2) ''i.v.'' flood; swell, surge.
# '''líína''', ''i.v.'' suppurate, ulcerate, fester.
# '''líða''', ''t.v.'' violate.
# '''líga''', 1) ''t.v.'' legislate, pass [''a law''], enact (into law). 2) ''i.v.'' legislate.
# '''líħla''', ''t.v.'' spoon (up).
# '''líĸa''', ''i.v.'' bargain, negotiate, haggle; deal, trade, traffic (in).
# '''líĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' leave (alone), leave-, -behind, -over, -a remainder, bequeath. 2) ''i.v.'' set-, -forth, -out, leave.
# '''límos''', moist-, damp-, wet-, -earth, -soil.
# '''líɱa''', ''t.v.'' polish, glaze, burnish; flatter.
# '''lípa''', ''t.v.'' long-, yearn-, pine-, -for, hanker after, crave (for).
# '''lípŭis''', ''adj.'' dark red.
# '''líſis''', ''adj.'' less, fewer; minus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Math.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''lísta''', ''i.v.'' make a-, leave a-, -track.
# '''líta''', ''i.v.'' commit a crime; blaspheme (against, '''ànta''').
# '''líþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' leave, go from, depart (from), go out, exit, quit, get off; graduate. 2) ''i.v.'' go away, depart, leave, step out, exit; retire. graduate.
# '''líva''', 1) ''t.v.'' weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, enervate, prostrate; impair; tone down. 2) ''i.v.'' fail [''health''].
# '''lízda''', ''t.v.'' seam, suture.
# '''lóópa''', 1) ''t.v.'' paw. 2) ''i.v.'' paw.
# '''lóótos''', ardor, fervor, passion; rut.
# '''lóga''', ''t.v.'' switch, whip, flog.
# '''lóĸa''', ''t.v.'' miss; fail [''to do''].
# '''lóɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' wash, launder. 2) ''i.v.'' wash, launder.
# '''lóɱnas''', midday, noon.
# '''lónðos''', loin(s) [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''lóngis''', ''adj.'' idle, inactive.
# '''lópos''', nest of rodents.
# '''lórga''', ''t.v.'' cudgel, club.
# '''lósa''', ''t.v.'' loam.
# '''lúúgis''', ''adj.'' swarthy.
# '''lúúnos''', wet snow.
# '''lúútis''', ''adj.'' ruthless, bloodthirsty.
# '''lúúźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' make-, -sad, -melancholy, -dismal, sadden, cast a gloom over. 2) ''i.v.'' become-, grow-, -sad, -melancholy, -dismal, sadden.
# '''lúgos''', hackamore.
# '''lúĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' light (up), turn on, shine, illuminate, illumine, lighten, brighten (up). 2) ''i.v.'' shine, light, illuminate, lighten, brighten (up).
# '''lúda''', 1) ''t.v.'' stoop, duck. 2) i.v. duck, stoop.
# '''lúĸŭa''', ''t.v.'' take off [''clothes''].
# '''lúna''', ''t.v.'' loosen, loose; acquit.
# '''lúϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' vow, pledge, promise. 2) ''i.v.'' vow, pledge, promise, swear (on oath) (by, '''pèrsa'''); take an oath.
# '''lúvros''', inner bark, fiber [''of trees''], husk [''of flax, etc.'']; bast.
# '''lĭóma''', ''i.v.''  tell stories, spin yarns.
# '''lĭúla''', ''t.v.'' ransom.
total: 105/73+9/78%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots ł-ø</title>
    <id>3847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54942</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-07T03:16:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* ø / ω / ѫ / ո / ჵ /  אָ / ऒ */ Diacritics added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==ł / ƛ / л̀ / շ / ლ / ש / लः==
# '''łéða''', 1) ''t.v.'' beg, crave, importune. 2) ''i.v.'' beg.
# '''łéla''', 1) ''t.v.'' wish (for). 2) ''i.v.'' wish.
# '''łémba''', ''i.v.'' hop, jump, leap, spring, bounce.
# '''łéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' superabound with, abound in, be full of. 2) ''i.v.'' superabound, abound, grow luxuriantly, proliferate. ~-, ''verb prefix indicating to an excessive degree''.
# '''łéϙĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' tear down, destroy, demolish, raze, havoc, wreck. 2) ''i.v.'' destroy, havoc, wreck.
# '''łéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' heat, make hot. 2) ''i.v.'' heat.
# '''łérnos''', diaphragm [&lt;font color=blue&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
total: 7/6/86%

==m / µ / м / մ / მ / מ / म==
# '''mááćis''', ''adj.'' long and thin.
# '''mááda''', ''i.v.'' come here. 
# '''mááȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' conjure (up), charm, cast a spell-, -on, -over, bewitch, enchant, ensorcel, hex. 2) ''i.v.'' conjure, charm, cast a spell, bewitch, enchant, ensorcel; practice magic.
# '''mááĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' moisten, dampen; humidify. 2) ''i.v.'' moisten, dampen.
# '''máálos''', liquor.
# '''máámas''', mama, mommy.
# '''máána''', ''t.v.'' wet.
# '''máánŭis''', ''adj.'' useless, futile, vain, idle.
# '''mááqa''', 1) ''t.v.'' enable. 2) ''i.v.'' be able to, can, be possible.
# '''máća''', ''i.v.'' fast (from, '''apa''').
# '''máda''', ''t.v.'' secrete.
# '''máðlas''', grace.
# '''máȝa''', ''t.v.'' contaminate, defile, pollute.
# '''máȝtos''', toe ring.
# '''máĸa''', ''t.v.'' sack, bag.
# '''málŭos''', place of honor in the home for a guest.
# '''mána''', ''i.v.'' be [''temporary''].
# '''mánćŭos''', swaddling clothes.
# '''mándos''', pen-, fold-, fence-, -made of interwoven branches.
# '''mánus''', loquent being; man(-kind), humanity, people.
# '''máϙis''', ''adj.'' young, youthful, juvenile.
# '''mártis''', ''adj.'' dry [''of an udder''].
# '''márŭos''', hundred million.
# '''máſos''', collyrium, black pigment.
# '''máta''', 1) ''t.v.'' work [''with a mattock'']. 2) ''i.v.'' work with a mattock.
# '''máþes''', vermin, pest.
# '''máx''', fifteen.
# '''máxis''', ''adj.'' wild, unruly.
# '''mázdos''', mast, pole, pylon, spar.
# '''máźa''', ''t.v.'' oil, lubricate.
# '''méédis''', ''adj.'' eating raw flesh.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''mééða'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' demand, claim, require, levy, confiscate. 2) ''i.v.'' demand, claim, levy.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''mééða'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' brew mead.
# '''mééħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -bluish- purple. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, bluish-purple.
# '''méélća''', ''i.v.'' throb, beat, beat [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;], bate.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''mééna'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' trivialize.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''méénes'''&lt;/font&gt;, moon.
# '''mééϙa''', ''t.v.'' favor, prefer, patronize; promote; ~ + ''sup.'', be inclined to.
# '''mééra''', ''i.v.'' die (of, '''ħo'''); die-, fade-, -away, perish; go out.
# '''méézĭos''', plowhandle.
# '''méérźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' lure, bait; entice. 2) ''i.v.'' allure.
# '''me''', ''adv.'' not [''with the imp. and subj.''].
# '''méba''', 1) ''t.v.'' dance. 2) ''i.v.'' dance.
# '''méća''', ''i.v.'' low.
# '''méda''', 1) ''t.v.'' judge, weigh, estimate. 2) ''i.v.'' judge.
# '''méða''', 1) ''t.v.'' mediate, negotiate. 2) ''i.v.'' mediate, intervene, negotiate, re- concile.
# '''méðtos''', acorn, acorn mast.
# '''méħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' augment, enlarge, greaten, build up. 2) ''i.v.'' augment, enlarge, greaten.
# '''méȝa''', ''t.v.'' establish.
# '''méĸa''', pull out, extract.
# '''mel-''', ''adj. prefix for dark colors''.
# '''méla''', 1) ''t.v.'' articulate, link. 2) ''i.v.'' articulate, link.
# '''mélća''', 1) ''t.v.'' move-, rush-, -quickly past; run-, fly-, sweep-, -over, cut-, plow-, -through [''the waves'']; pass (by), overtake. 2) ''i.v.'' move-, rush-, -quickly past; run-, fly-, sweep-, -over, cut-, plow-, -through [''the waves''], pass (by).
# '''méldŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' soften, ease, mitigate, alleviate, assuage, relax, mitigate, remit; temper, anneal. 2) ''i.v.'' relax, mitigate, remit, loaf; temper.
# '''mélða''', 1) ''t.v.'' pray, intercede (for, '''ħo'''); beseech, cry for. 2) ''i.v.'' beg, entreat, implore, appeal to, adjure, intercede; pray
# '''mélna''', 1) ''t.v.'' honey. 2) ''i.v.'' make honey.
# '''mélſa''', ''t.v.'' experience, undergo.
# '''mélĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' anger, madden, infuriate. 2) ''i.v.'' bear ill-will (towards, '''anta'''), be angry (at, with, '''anta'''), madden.
# '''mémſa''', ''t.v.'' butcher, slaughter, strip of flesh, flense, flesh.
# '''memſáðros''', skin of an egg; flesh side of a hide.
# '''mémva''', ''t.v.'' censure, reprehend, condemn.
# '''méɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' advance, set forward, improve, start-, head-, -up. 2) ''i.v.'' move-, step-, -forward, advance, go on, continue, proceed, (make) progress, improve, start-, get better.
# '''ména''', 1) ''t.v.'' await, wait for. 2) ''i.v.'' wait.
# '''ménća''', ''t.v.'' knead; massage.
# '''ménda''', 1) ''t.v.'' suck; absorb. 2) ''i.v.'' suck.
# '''ménða''', 1) ''t.v.'' learn (of). 2) ''i.v.'' learn.
# '''ménga''', 1) ''t.v.'' beautify, embellish, adorn, dight, bedight, dizen. 2) ''i.v.'' beautify.
# '''ménȝos''', mountain-, -chain, -range, mountains.
# '''ménþa''', ''t.v.'' whisk, beat [''eggs, etc.''], stir; meddle.
# '''ménŭis''', ''adj.'' tiny, minute, diminutive.
# '''mérća''', 1) ''t.v.'' wipe; slip-, draw-, wipe-, -off; do away with; yaw. 2) ''i.v.'' wander away; digress; yaw.
# '''mérħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mesh, enmesh. 2) ''i.v.'' mesh, interlock.
# '''mérϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' ripple. 2) ''i.v.'' ripple.
# '''mérſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' disturb, interrupt, inconvenience, ruffle; disorder, upset, derange. 2) ''i.v.'' interrupt; upset; interfere.
# '''mérva''', ''t.v.'' shape.
# '''mérĭus''', young adult.
# '''meſéros''', palisade.
# '''méſra''', 1) ''t.v.'' forget. 2) ''i.v.'' forget.
# '''méta''', ''t.v.'' mark-, lay-, stake-, -out, trace; measure (off), mete (out), mark; gauge, graduate, calibrate; fathom; scan [''a verse''].
# '''méþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mow, cut, reap. 2) ''i.v.'' cut, reap.
# '''mézga''', 1) ''t.v.'' knit. 2) ''i.v. knit''.
# '''mííćos''', moustache.
# '''mííla''', 1) ''t.v.'' grind, mill, bray, beat [''paper''], dash in pieces. 2) ''i.v.'' grind, mill.
# '''mííɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' grieve for, mourn, afflict, feel sorry for. 2) ''i.v.'' grieve, mourn, sorrow, be sorry.
# '''míína''', ''i.v.'' think (of, '''upéra'''), reflect-, ponder-, (on, '''upéra'''), muse, bethink.
# '''mííra''', 1) ''t.v.'' pacify, placate, appease, propitiate, conciliate. 2) ''i.v.'' make peace (with, '''ſuna''').
# '''míća''', 1) ''t.v.'' mingle, mix, blend, combine, concoct, merge; shuffle; alloy. 2) ''i.v.'' mingle, mix, blend, combine, merge.
# '''míma''', 1) ''t.v.'' ride [''some kind of steed'']. 2) ''i.v.'' ride a steed.
# '''mímćĭos''', dried fish.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''mína'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' believe (in), think, assume, imagine, deem, hold (to be), consider; mean, intend. 2) ''i.v.'' be of the opinion, think, presume, imagine, deem; mean.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''mína'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' strut, swagger.
# '''míndus''', paramour, mistress.
# '''míngos''', billion.
# '''mínŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' diminish, abate, lessen; foreshorten; 2) ''i.v.'' wane, fall off.
# '''míϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' blink. 2) ''i.v.'' blink.
# '''míra''', 1) ''t.v.'' lumber. 2) ''i.v.'' lumber.
# '''mis''', ''adj.'' prompt, timely, opportune, seasonable, punctual.
# '''míſa''', ''i.v.'' glimmer, flicker.
# '''míþa''', 1) ''t.v.'' change, vary, alter, alternate, change places with; mutate. 2) ''i.v.'' change, vary, alter, alternate, take-, -turns, -a turn; mutate.
# '''mĸána''', 1) ''t.v.'' graft. 2) ''i.v.'' graft.
# '''mlááćis''', ''adj.'' ductile, supple, pliant.
# '''móóda''', 1) ''t.v.'' meet, encounter, light upon, befall, bechance, happen to, become of, behave towards, treat (of), betide. 2) ''i.v.'' meet, encounter; befall, happen, bechance, come-, -to pass, -about, fall out, take place, occur, betide.
# '''móóȝa''', ''t.v.'' charm, delight.
# '''móólis''', ''adj.'' audacious, intrepid.
# '''móóres''', [''anim.''] sea.
# '''móðra''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -blue. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -blue.
# '''móĸos''',  cirrus cloud.
# '''mólĸos''', leather-, -sack, -pouch.
# '''mónos''', neck [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''mórma''', 1) ''t.v.'' dread, have a horror of. 2) ''i.v.'' feel horror.
# '''mórɱa''', ''i.v.'' formicate.
# '''móros''', mountain pasture.
# '''mórźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' border (on), abut; adjoin; limit. 2) ''i.v.'' be bounded (by, ''stative case''), abut, march. 
# '''mórŭa''', ''t.v.'' spot, stain, blot.
# '''mòſću''', ''adv.'' soon, shortly, erelong; almost, nearly, just, not quite.
# '''móſos''', leathern-, -bottle, -skin.
# '''mózĸa''', ''t.v.'' pith, core.
# '''mózϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' calve. 2) ''i.v.'' calve.
# '''mǿros''', wooded hill. (&gt; Khanty &lt;font color=green&gt;mŏri&lt;/font&gt;, thicket)
# '''mrááða''', ''i.v.'' bubble; bubble up, brim over.
# '''mréħa''', ''t.v.'' shorten, abbreviate, abridge; curtail, simplify [&lt;font color=red&gt;Math.&lt;/font&gt;], contract.
# '''mréϙmos''', brain(s) [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''mréta''', ''t.v.'' betray, commit-, -treason, -treachery.
# '''mrúĸa''', ''i.v.'' be overrun with weeds.
# '''múúða''', ''t.v.'' be intent on, consider, deliberate, reflect.
# '''múúga''', ''i.v.'' start a bonfire.
# '''múúĸa''', ''t.v.'' mute, deaden.
# '''múúla''', ''t.v.'' plant. 
# '''múúra''', ''t.v.'' stultify, daze.
# '''múba''', 1) ''t.v.'' blunt. 2) ''i.v.'' blunt.
# '''múća''', ''t.v.'' scratch, graze, abrade, excoriate.
# '''múda''', ''t.v.'' exhaust, drain, deplete, spend, run out of.
# '''múga''', 1) ''t.v.'' lie in wait for, waylay; ambush. 2) ''i.v.'' lie in-, -wait, -ambush, lurk.
# '''múĸos''', slime; mucus; mucilage.
# '''muméϙos''', drumstick.
# '''mungúlas''', distance between thumb and index finger [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''múnos''', trillion.
# '''múnŭa''', ''i.v.'' make a mistake, be in the wrong, do wrong, err, blunder.
# '''múϙdos''', bank, embankment.
# '''múϙrŭos''', soft snow.
# '''múra''', ''t.v.'' gill.
# '''múrma''', 1) ''t.v.'' murmur, mutter. 2) ''i.v.'' murmur, mutter.
# '''mus''', pron. I.
# '''múſos''', muscle [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''múta''', ''t.v.'' cut off; lop, clip, crop, dock [tails]; amputate, truncate, prune, trim; deprive of.
# '''mĭáána''', 1) ''t.v.'' mix up, confuse, addle, bemuse. 2) ''i.v.'' mix up, addle.
# '''mĭáća''', 1) ''t.v.'' climb (up), clamber up, scramble up, mount, scale, ascend. 2) ''i.v.'' climb, scale, mount, ascend, rise, go up, clamber.
# '''mĭáĸŭos''', fur [''hair''].
# '''mĭálas''', 18 kg. [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;]
# '''mĭóȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mislead, make a fool of. 2) ''i.v.'' mislead.
# '''mĭóĸa''', ''i.v.'' bow [''obeisance''].
# '''mĭúlis''', ''adj.'' ignorant.
# '''mĭúnos''', fur clothing.
# '''mĭúſos''', fish-skin jelly.
# '''mĭúta''', ''t.v.'' believe, have faith in. 
# '''mĭúxćos''', mallet.
total: 156/94+10/67%

==ɱ / μ̀ / м̀ / մ̀ / ჳ / מּ / मः==
# '''ɱáába''', 1) ''t.v.'' wail, bewail, lament, bemoan. 2) ''i.v.'' wail, bewail, lament, keen, bemoan.
# '''ɱááðra''', ''t.v.'' weather. 
# '''ɱááſta''', 1) ''t.v.'' lay waste, devastate, ravage, ruin; squander. 2) ''i.v.'' ravage, ruin.
# '''ɱáĸes''', cow [''female Bos sp.'']; any large female ungulate, ''e.g.'', elephant.
# '''ɱáða''', 1) ''t.v.'' pledge, guarantee. 2) ''i.v.'' pledge, guarantee, give security.
# '''ɱága''', ''t.v.'' sheathe, cover over with; shroud, enshroud; overlap.
# '''ɱaí''', ''inter.'' woe!, alas!
# '''ɱáðĸos''', river bend. (&gt; Hungarian &lt;font color=green&gt;völgy&lt;/font&gt;, valley)
# '''ɱáȝos''', long animal hair.
# '''ɱálða''', ''t.v.'' strengthen, invigorate, fortify.
# '''ɱálſa''', ''t.v.'' stake-, -out, -off; fence with stakes; tie to a post.
# '''ɱámćos''', croup.
# '''ɱánćos''', beam, girder, balk.
# '''ɱángos''', precipice.
# '''ɱánĸa''', ''t.v.'' handle, hand-, (-on, -down); manage. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;vanka&lt;/font&gt;, iron hook)
# '''ɱápa''', ''i.v.'' gossip, meddle, tattle.
# '''ɱáſes''', elk calf.
# '''ɱáta''', 1) ''t.v.'' wrinkle, pucker, crumple. 2) ''i.v.'' wrinkle, pucker, crumple.
# '''ɱáxlos''', belt woven of twigs. (&gt; Finniah &lt;font color=green&gt;vaulo&lt;/font&gt;, twig strap)
# '''ɱázða''', 1) ''t.v.'' elongate, lengthen, prolong, protract. 2) ''i.v.'' elongate, lengthen.
# '''ɱééȝa''', ''t.v.'' conceive, figure-, make-, -out, reason.
# '''ɱééla''', 1) ''t.v.'' tool. 2) ''i.v.'' tool.
# '''ɱéénta''', 1) ''t.v.'' blow-,  -away, -along; fan. 2) ''i.v.'' blow.
# '''ɱéépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' blow up, inflate; swell, bloat. 2) ''i.v.'' swell, bloat.
# '''ɱééra''', ''t.v.'' right, correct, rectify, amend, set right.
# '''ɱééſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' house. 2) ''i.v.'' dwell, live, reside, abide, inhabit.
# '''-ɱe''', ''enclitic conj.'' or.
# '''ɱéća''', 1) ''t.v.'' want. 2) ''i.v.'' will, be willing; want.
# '''ɱéða''', 1) ''t.v.'' marry, wed, espouse. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, get-, -married.
# '''ɱéga''', 1) ''t.v.'' fasten-, knit-, together, knot, tie in a knot. 2) ''i.v.'' knot.
# '''ɱéȝos''', street, road, thoroughfare.
# '''ɱéĸa''', ''t.v.'' separate, single out, sort (out).
# '''ɱéla''', 1) ''t.v.'' write-, compose-, -(poetry). 2) ''i.v.'' write-, compose-, -poetry.
# '''ɱélĸa''', ''t.v.'' dazzle.
# '''ɱelĸános''', curly hair.
# '''ɱélnos''', wool.
# '''ɱélpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' amuse, please. 2) ''i.v.'' please.
# '''ɱéła''', ''t.v.'' affirm, ratify, confirm, approve; say yes.
# '''ɱémta''', 1) ''t.v.'' salivate. 2) ''i.v.'' salivate.
# '''ɱéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' love, cherish, be in love with. 2) ''i.v.'' love, be in love.
# '''ɱénĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' decline, inflect, conjugate. 2) ''i.v.'' inflect, conjugate.
# '''ɱénða''', 1) ''t.v.'' shrink, dwindle, atrophy. 2) ''i.v.'' shrink, dwindle, atrophy, waste away.
# '''ɱenðònu''', ''adv.'' at last, finally, in short, in fine, after all.
# '''ɱep-''', water [''used in naming water compounds''].
# '''ɱer-''', ''adv. pref.'' re-.
# '''ɱéra''', ''i.v.'' speak, talk, discourse.
# '''ɱérdos''', wart; stud, lug.
# '''ɱerónos''', field [''for cultivation''].
# '''ɱérſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' rain. 2) ''i.v.'' rain.
# '''ɱerténos''', distaff.
# '''ɱérvos''', heat rash [&lt;font color=red&gt;Med.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ɱérźa''', 1) ''t.v.'' effect, work, operate, perform (on, ''stative case''), execute. 2) ''i.v.'' act, do, work, operate, perform.
# '''ɱéſa''', ''i.v.'' wester, move-, travel-, -west.
# '''ɱéſla''', 1) ''t.v.'' make cheaper, reduce the price of; cheapen, deprecate, disparage. 2) ''i.v.'' get cheaper, come down in price; cheapen.
# '''ɱéſnas''', spring, springtime (''the vernal equinox [Mar 21] to Beltane [May 1] 41 days'').
# '''ɱeſpéras''', evening, vesper [''noon to nightfall''].
# '''ɱéſta''', 1) ''t.v.'' robe. 2) ''i.v.'' robe.
# '''ɱétas''', year.
# '''ɱéva''', 1) ''t.v.'' weave. 2) ''i.v.'' weave.
# '''ɱéxtos''', thing, object, article.
# '''ɱéźa''', ''t.v.'' freshen, refresh, revive, bring-, -to, -around.
# '''ɱíímes''', sacred primordial force.
# '''ɱííros''', rainbow.
# '''ɱííſa''', ''t.v.'' envenom.
# '''ɱííta''', 1) ''t.v.'' wilt, wither, shrivel (up). 2) ''i.v.'' wilt, wither, shrivel.
# '''ɱída''', ''t.v.'' know, have knowledge of. 
# '''ɱíða''', 1) ''t.v.'' divide, part, sever, sunder, disconnect; resolve. 2) ''i.v.'' divide, part, sever, sunder; resolve.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ɱíĸa'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' settle, colonize. 2) ''i.v.'' settle, colonize.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''ɱíĸa'''&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' prove, verify. 2) ''i.v.'' come true,  prove-, -right, -true, -correct.
# '''ɱírus''', man [''male human'']. 
# '''ɱíſa''', ''i.v.'' stink, smell foul.
# '''ɱìter-''', ''frequentative prefix''.
# '''ɱítos''', head band.
# '''ɱíþa''', ''t.v.'' shake, agitate, make vibrate.
# '''ɱléþa''', ''t.v.'' rest-, be based-, be founded-, rely-, depend-, -on.
# '''ɱóóga''', 1) ''t.v.'' take-, -in addition, -more; add (on), put on; add to (''stative''). 2) '''i.v.''' wax.
# '''ɱóóra''', 1) ''t.v.'' giddy, dizzy. 2) ''i.v.'' giddy.
# '''ɱóóta''', ''t.v.'' inspire.
# '''ɱo''', ''conj.'' or, or else.
# '''ɱoíĸas''', vitality.
# '''ɱoína''', ''t.v.'' make wine; wine.
# '''ɱóla''', ''i.v.'' become.
# '''ɱólnos''', tin. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;ón&lt;/font&gt;, tin)
# '''ɱóła''', 1) ''t.v.'' plow, till, furrow, plow-, turn-, -up; channel. 2) ''i.v.'' plow, furrow.
# '''ɱópos''', sleeping hole in snow.
# '''ɱórna''', ''t.v.'' chafe, gall, excoriate.
# '''ɱórtos''', gate, gateway.
# '''ɱóſa''', ''i.v.'' deal, trade, traffic (in). (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;osta&lt;/font&gt;, buy)
# '''ɱótos''', sleigh harness.
# '''ɱóxſa''', ''t.v.'' wax.
# '''ɱǿǿſis''', ''adj.'' superior, paramount, supreme, foremost; super-, arch-.
# '''ɱrááda''', 1) ''t.v.'' root. 2) ''i.v.'' take-, strike-, -root, become rooted, send out roots.
# '''ɱráħos''', thorn, prickle, spine [''on plants'']; catch [''of a buckle''].
# '''ɱrééna''', ''t.v.'' ram, butt. 
# '''ɱrééta''', 1) ''t.v.'' band, troop. 2) ''i.v.'' band (together), troop.
# '''ɱréna''', 1) ''t.v.'' splash, spray, bespatter, spatter. 2) ''i.v.'' splash, spray, spatter.
# '''ɱréſis''', ''adj.'' expensive, dear.
# '''ɱríía''', 1) ''t.v.'' take-, -up, -on; take in, admit, receive, accept, get; honor. 2) ''i.v.'' take; receive, accept.
# '''ɱríína''', ''t.v.'' file, rasp.
# '''ɱrúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' widen; stretch [''shoes'']. 2) ''i.v.'' widen.
# '''ɱúłos''', cooking-, -pot, -pan, saucepan.
# '''ɱus''', ''pers. pron.'' we.
# '''ɱĭis''', ''adj.'' fallible.
total: 103/60+2/60%

==n / v / н / ն / ნ / נ / न==
# '''náádos''', [''Hydoran''] village.
# '''nááła''', 1) ''t.v.'' moderate, temper, bate. 2) ''i.v.'' observe moderation, keep within-, -limits, -bounds.
# '''náámbis''', ''adj.'' thin, lean, spare, skinny; poor, meager, sparse, scanty.
# '''naaɱíȝos''', kneading trough.
# '''náána''', 1) ''t.v.'' turn-, set-, -back [the clock]. 2) ''i.v.'' return, go back.
# '''nándus''', wife of elder brother.
# '''nááſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shame, humiliate, debase, demean. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -ashamed, -humiliated.
# '''naaúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' sail. 2) ''i.v.'' navigate, sail.
# '''naaúta''', ''t.v.'' endanger, imperil.
# '''nábĭa''', ''i.v.'' bill.
# '''náća''', 1) ''t.v.'' tease. 2) i.v. tease.
# '''náðſa''', ''t.v.'' trap (fish).
# '''náftos''', petroleum, oil, asphalt.
# '''náȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' envy. 2) ''i.v.'' envy.
# '''náĸos''', pelt.
# '''náĸŭa''', ''i.v.'' cross the eyes.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''náma'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cover with turf.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''námes'''&lt;/font&gt;, doe, female goat; female of any small ungulate, ''e.g.'', saiga.
# '''náɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' force, enforce, constrain, coerce, compel.
# '''nánϙa''', ''t.v.'' praise, laud, commend, exalt.
# '''nánta''', 1) ''t.v.'' venture, risk, dare, embolden. 2) ''i.v.'' venture, risk, dare, make bold (to).
# '''náos''', piece of wood, lumber.
# '''nápa''', ''i.v.'' carry a burden on the back. (&gt; Komi &lt;font color=green&gt;nop&lt;/font&gt;, burden)
# '''náϙros''', mountain pass.
# '''naϙúros''', ill omen.
# '''nárges''', young male deer.
# '''nárϙŭos''', bone arrow-head.
# '''náſos''', nose [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''návlus''', child [''small person''].
# '''ndíĸa''', ''t.v.'' nettle, irritate, sting.
# '''néérus''', goddess of the Children of Water.
# '''nééþres''', viper, poisonous snake.
# '''néévos''', navel, umbilicus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]; hilum [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;]; umbo, boss.
# '''néévra''', ''t.v.'' narrow (down), confine, cramp, constrict, hem in; define closely.
# '''ne''', ''adv.'' not.
# '''néda''', 1) ''t.v.'' play (the syrinx). 2) ''i.v.'' play (the syrinx).
# '''néftus''', nephew, niece.
# '''néȝis''', ''adj.'' even.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''néĸos'''&lt;/font&gt;, corpse, cadaver.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''néĸos'''&lt;/font&gt;, curve on horse's back in the region of the neck and shoulder blades.
# '''néĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' spend-, pass-, -the night at. 2) ''i.v.'' spend-, pass-, -the night.
# '''néla''', ''t.v.'' prefer, like better, would rather.
# '''nélbŭos''', fringe; villus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''nélmos''', thick quilted coat.
# '''néła''', ''t.v.'' pierce, penetrate, perforate, gimlet.
# '''nełéros''', kidney [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''néma''', 1) ''t.v.'' divide; share (out), deal out, partition, distribute. 2) ''i.v.'' divide; share, graduate, go around.
# '''nemóſos''', grove, sylvan glade, bosket, boscage.
# '''némſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' count, reckon, number, compute, calculate, figure, estimate, enumerate, list; score. 2) ''i.v.'' count, reckon, number, compute, calculate, figure.
# '''némva''', 1) ''t.v.'' steam. 2) ''i.v.'' (give off) steam.
# '''néɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' nod; wave, sign, beckon, wink, signal. 2) ''i.v.'' nod; wave, sign, beckon, wink, signal.
# '''nénga''', ''i.v.'' pass-, spend-, -the early summer.
# '''néra''', 1) ''t.v.'' enter by force, break-, -in, -into, invade. 2) ''i.v.'' invade, break in.
# '''néris''', ''adj.'' under, sub-, infra-.
# '''nértos''', army, host.
# '''néſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' secure, insure, make-, -certain, -sure, mind; safeguard, save, belay. 2) ''i.v.'' insure, belay.
# '''néun''', ''adj.'' nine.
# '''néva''', 1) ''t.v.'' burst, explode, blow-, -out, -up, detonate. 2) ''i.v.'' burst, explode, blow out, go off, detonate.
# '''nevíϙćus''', nubile woman.
# '''névĸŭos''', dried meat.
# '''névla''', 1) ''t.v.'' cloud (over), becloud. 2) ''i.v.'' cloud.
# '''néxva''', ''i.v.'' wait for a seal at its breathing hole.
# '''ngáána''', ''t.v.'' take (s.o., s.th.) with [o.s.].
# '''ngános''', clear sky.
# '''ngúpa''', ''t.v.'' clamp, clasp.
# '''ngĭábos''', funeral.
# '''ngĭólis''', ''adj.'' pink.
# '''nííȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' conduct, lead, guide. 2) ''i.v.'' conduct, lead, guide.
# '''nííĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' fall on, assail, attack, assault, storm, force, charge, beset; dash-, run-, -at, pounce upon. 2) ''i.v.'' attack, assault, charge.
# '''níímos''', velvet [''on antlers''].
# '''níítos''', passion, vehemence, enthusiasm.
# '''nííva''', ''t.v.'' consecrate.
# '''nída''', 1) ''t.v.'' upbraid, scold, berate, revile, rail, nag, vituperate. 2) ''i.v.'' upbraid, scold, berate, revile, rail, nag.
# '''níga''', ''t.v.'' winnow.
# '''niláϙos''', freshwater ice.
# '''nílos''', small storehouse on a pole. (&gt; Saami &lt;font color=green&gt;njâllâ&lt;/font&gt;, small storehouse in the forest on a pole)
# '''níma''', 1) ''t.v.'' visit, call on. 2) ''i.v.'' visit, pay a call.
# '''níſta''', ''i.v.'' blow the nose.
# '''nitéris''', ''adj.'' low, nether.
# '''nízda''', 1) ''t.v.'' nest. 2) ''i.v.'' nest.
# '''nóódis''', ''adj.'' lovely [of things].
# '''nóómna''', 1) ''t.v.'' name, call, clepe, term, style, nominate, appoint. 2) ''i.v.'' call.
# '''nóóna''', ''t.v.'' (make a religious) vow.
# '''nóóris''', ''adj.'' noble [''of things''].
# '''nóótos''', buttock, rump [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''nóóvra''', 1) ''t.v.'' slim, slenderize. 2) ''i.v.'' slim (down), slenderize.
# '''nóda''', 1) ''t.v.'' use, make use of, avail, utilize, vail. 2) ''i.v.'' be of use, avail, vail.
# '''nógŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' strip (off), divest, denude, bare. 2) ''i.v.'' strip.
# '''nólis''', ''adj.'' indolent, lazy.
# '''nóma''', ''i.v.'' go home.
# '''nóris''', moss on stream bed. (&gt; Saami &lt;font color=green&gt;nor&lt;/font&gt;, moss)
# '''nórta''', 1) ''t.v.'' sled, sledge. 2) ''i.v.'' sled, sleigh, sledge.
# '''núúba''', 1) ''t.v.'' divert, entertain. 2) ''i.v.'' entertain.
# '''núúnis''', ''adj.'' present, now existing, actual, modern.
# '''núúros''', yurt.
# '''núȝos''', well.
# '''núĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' blur. 2) ''i.v.'' blur.
# '''nùnaváϙes''', walrus on ice.
# '''núngos''', point of the compass.
# '''núnĸos''', broken grain after pounding.
# '''núra''', 1) ''t.v.'' growl. 2) ''i.v.'' growl.
# '''nus''', ''demon. pron.'' that one.
# '''núſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' suspect, conjecture, speculate, suppose, surmise. 2) ''i.v.'' suspect, conjecture, suppose, surmise.
# '''núþf''', ''adj.'' nineteen.
# '''nĭááĸes''', male canid.
# '''nĭáálpa''', ''t.v.'' (cover with-, line with-, weigh with-) -lead.
# '''nĭáda''', ''i.v.'' languish, flag.
# '''nĭáĸos''', vertebra [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''nĭámna''', mount [''a steed''].
# '''nĭámos''', mountain side.
# '''nĭándos''', uvula [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''nĭángos''', good hunting-, fishing-, -place.
# '''nĭánmos''', large earthen-ware vessel for tanning hides.
# '''nĭéga''', 1) ''t.v.'' forbear, forego. 2) ''i.v.'' abstain, refrain, forbear.
# '''nĭógus''', sister’s son, nephew.
# '''nĭópis''', ''adj.'' front, anterior, fore.
# '''nĭúúngos''', intestinal feces.
# '''nĭúra''', ''t.v.'' soak, steep, macerate, infuse, ret.
# '''nĭúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' pestle. 2) ''i.v.'' pestle.
total: 119/57+10/56%

==o / ο / о / օ / ო / וֹ / ऒ==
# '''óóća''', 1) ''t.v.'' speed, accelerate, step up. 2) ''i.v.'' speed, accelerate.
# '''óóga''', ''i.v.'' pick-, gather-, -berries.
# '''óóȝa''', ''i.v.'' lay-, produce-, -an egg.
# '''óólna''', ''t.v.'' poison; taint.
# '''óóra''', ''i.v.'' pronounce a ritual formula.
# '''óóſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' seize-, catch-, -in one's mouth. 2) ''i.v.'' enter a-, -river, -channel; mouth.
# '''o''', ''inter.'' vocative particle.
# '''o''', ''postp''. at, for, into, on, per, (un)to, toward(s).
# '''óć''', ''adj.'' eight. 
# '''óda''', 1) ''t.v.'' smell, scent (out). 2) ''i.v.'' smell, scent.
# '''odégos''', stalk, stem.
# '''óga''', ''t.v.'' orphan.
# '''ói''', ''adj.'' one, mono-, uni-.
# '''oída''', ''i.v.'' swell.
# '''óĸa''', ''t.v.'' lay-, -over, -upon.
# '''óĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' see, behold. 2) ''i.v.'' see.
# '''olíínos''', elbow [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ólis''', ''adj''. last, latest, previous, antecedent, recent.
# '''ólĸis''', ''adj.'' sorry, shabby.
# '''ólnus''', ''demon. pron.'' yon one.
# '''ómis''', ''adj.'' raw, unrefined, untanned, undressed, unformed, unwrought, crude, rough.
# '''ómſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' (carry on the) shoulder, shoulder [''push'']. 2) ''i.v.'' shoulder.
# '''ómĭos''', bronze.
# '''óna''', ''t.v.'' burden, load, weigh down, encumber, lade; charge (with, '''ſúna''').
# '''ónda''', ''t.v.'' stone [''throw stones at or furnish with stones''].
# '''ónga''', ''i.v.'' mine coal.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''óngŭa'''&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' anoint, salve.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''óngŭos'''&lt;/font&gt;, larynx, Adam’s apple [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ónϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' claw. 2) ''i.v.'' claw.
# '''ónra''', 1) ''t.v.'' dream. 2) ''i.v.'' dream.
# '''ópa''', ''t.v.'' choose, select, pick out, adopt; elect, vote.
# '''oráćes''', barrow. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;oras&lt;/font&gt;, barrow)
# '''órba''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -purplish-red. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -purplish-red.
# '''órga''', 1) ''t.v.'' kill, murder, slay. 2) ''i.v.'' kill, murder.
# '''orgúmos''', the underworld, the abode of the damned; Hades.
# '''órħos''', testicle [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''órɱa''', ''t.v.'' urge (on), impel, importune.
# '''órſos''', hind-, back-, -part; crupper; arse, bottom, backside.
# '''órtis''', vine, tendril.
# '''órva''', 1) ''t.v.'' inherit. 2) ''i.v.'' inherit.
# '''óſna''', ''i.v.'' spend the-, pass the-, -autumn.
# '''óſþa''', ''t.v.'' bone.
# '''oúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' clothe, dress, garb, attire, array, put on. 2) ''i.v.'' dress.
# '''óvla''', 1) ''t.v.'' increase, multiply. 2) ''i.v.'' increase, multiply.
# '''ózgŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bud. 2) ''i.v.'' bud, gemmate.
total: 45/28+3/69%

==ø / ω / ѫ / ո / ჵ /  אָ / ऒ==

# '''ǿǿźa''', ''i.v.'' shine. 
# '''ǿþćes''', Ursa Major [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
total: 2/1/50%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon root s</title>
    <id>3848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55112</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-17T00:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* ſ-s / σ / с / ս / ს / ס / स */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==ſ-s / σ / с / ս / ს / ס / स==

# '''ſáába''', ''i.v.'' make a sign.
# '''ſááćis''', ''adj.'' wise, sagacious, sapient.
# '''ſáága''', 1) ''t.v.'' trace, track (down), trail, follow the track of, investigate. 2) ''i.v.'' trace, track.
# '''ſááȝa''', ''t.v.'' disable.
# '''ſááĸos''', fore-, index-, -finger [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſáála''', 1) ''t.v.'' soothe, calm, becalm, mollify. 2) ''i.v.'' soothe, calm (down).
# '''ſààmi''', ''conj.'' though.
# '''ſáándos''', menstrual discharge, menses.
# '''ſáánis''', ''adj.'' well, healthy, beneficial, salutary, salubrious.
# '''ſá''', fourteen.
# '''ſábos''', horsehide container.
# '''ſáćŭos''', a kind of soup.
# '''ſáftos''', raisin.
# '''ſágŭa''', ''i.v.'' weave [''a bamboo basket''].
# '''ſáȝas''', interval, interim, interlude, meantime, meanwhile.
# '''ſáĸa''', ''t.v.'' hallow, sanctify, sanction.
# '''ſála''', ''t.v.'' salt [''for preserving''], cure; salt [''add for taste''].
# '''ſálpŭos''', Pleiades [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſámpĭos''', short time, moment.
# '''ſámþa''', ''t.v.'' sand.
# '''ſámŭus''', shaman.
# '''ſánĸos''', bird dung.
# '''ſápa''', 1) ''t.v.'' protect, screen, defend, stand up for; escort, convoy [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mil.&lt;/font&gt;]. 2) ''i.v.'' defend.
# '''ſár''', ''adj.'' twenty.
# '''ſármos''', smoke hole in roof.  (&gt; Enets &lt;font color=green&gt;sámaʔa&lt;/font&gt;, smoke hole)
# '''ſárna''', ''i.v.'' chant an incantation. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;saarnaa-&lt;/font&gt;, preach)
# '''ſárpes''', donkey colt.
# '''ſáſros''', ten thousand.
# '''ſárta''', 1) ''t.v.'' hoe. 2) ''i.v.'' hoe.
# '''ſáſĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' crop, produce, yield, give off. 2) ''i.v.'' crop, produce, yield.
# '''ſáta''', 1) ''t.v.'' fill, sate, satisfy, slake, quench, satisfy.
# '''ſaúſa''', 1) ''t.v.'' dry- (-up, -out), desiccate. 2) ''i.v.'' dry- (-up, -out), desiccate.
# '''ſáva''', 1) ''t.v.'' pound-, crack-, -grain.
# '''ſćááȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shade, shadow. 2) ''i.v.'' cast a shadow.
# '''ſééĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' slow (down), slacken. 2) ''i.v.'' slow (down).
# '''ſééga''', ''t.v.'' drop, sow, inseminate, impregnate.
# '''ſeeíba''', ''t.v.'' render.
# '''ſééȝa''', ''t.v.'' sift.
# '''ſééla''', ''t.v.'' descend from, be descended from.
# '''ſéémĭa''', ''t.v.'' halve, bisect.
# '''ſééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' continue. 2) ''i.v.'' continue; keep on (''+ inf.'').
# '''ſébis''', ''adj.'' strange, weird.
# '''ſéda''', 1) ''t.v. seat''. 2) ''i.v.'' sit (down), perch.
# '''ſedúrĸos''', nasal bone [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſéf''', ''adj.'' seven.
# '''ſéfźa''', ''i.v.'' use magic energy.
# '''ſégĭa''', ''t.v.'' litter. 
# '''ſéħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' defeat, overcome, subdue, vanquish, conquer, subjugate, overpower, overwhelm, get over. 2) ''i.v.'' overcome, conquer, triumph.
# '''ſéĸa''', ''t.v.'' cut. 
# '''ſéĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' follow (after), ensue from, succeed (to). 2) ''i.v.'' follow, ensue, succeed.
# '''ſéla''', ''i.v.'' creep, crawl, cringe, sneak, fawn.
# '''ſélĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' drag, tow, haul, tug. 2) ''i.v.'' drag, haul, tug.
# '''ſélſos''', swamp, bog, fen, marsh, morass, quagmire.
# '''ſém''', ''adj.'' seventeen.
# '''ſéma''', ''i.v.'' flood [''of the tide''].
# '''ſémpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' rust. 2) ''i.v.'' rust.
# '''ſèmus''', ''indef. pron.'' someone.
# '''ſéɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' relinquish, abdicate, part with, let go of; withdraw (from), back out of; surrender, hand over, give up, waive. 2) ''i.v.'' abdicate, let go; withdraw; surrender, give up.
# '''ſenðóros''', slag, dross, scoria, cinders, clinker, sediment, scum.
# '''ſéngŭa''', ''i.v.'' pass-, spend-, -the late summer.
# '''ſénis''', ''adj.'' ancient, antique, archaic, olden.
# '''ſénĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' scorch, singe, water [''of fabric'']; toast; calcine, carbonize. 2) ''i.v.'' water, calcine.
# '''ſénła''', 1) ''t.v.'' sing. 2) ''i.v.'' sing.
# '''ſénta''', 1) ''t.v.'' travel, journey, voyage. 2) ''i.v.'' travel, journey, voyage.
# '''ſénŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' work out, complete, finish (off), bring to a close, terminate, adjourn, break off, perfect, consummate, elaborate, get throught, carry-, fill-, -out. 2) ''i.v.'' finish, terminate, elaborate, be over, get through; have just (''+ patient part.'').
# '''ſènĭus''', ''pron.'' each (one).
# '''ſépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' treat [''disease'']. 2) ''i.v.'' concern-, occupy-, -o.s. (with, '''épa'''), care (for, about, '''épa''').
# '''ſéϙna''', ''t.v.'' noose.
# '''ſéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, reddish-orange. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -reddish-orange.
# '''ſérdĭa''', ''i.v.'' make cheese. 
# '''ſérĸa''', ''t.v.'' wattle.
# '''ſérpa''', ''t.v.'' cut with a sickle.
# '''ſerúĸos''', dish made from bark.
# '''ſérŭos''', lattice.
# '''ſéſĭos''', herd of deer.
# '''ſféla''', ''i.v.'' throw out sparks; hiss, splutter; sizzle, crackle.
# '''ſfélħos''', spleen [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſfélta''', ''t.v.'' board up, plank, stave.
# '''ſfúda''', 1) ''t.v.'' argue (about). 2) ''i.v.'' argue, debate.
# '''ſgálos''', small of the back.
# '''ſííða''', 1) ''t.v.'' head toward, be bound for. 2) ''i.v.'' go straight to the-, -goal, -objective, -destination.
# '''ſííĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' achieve, acquire, procure, catch up with. 2) ''i.v''. catch up.
# '''ſííma''', 1) ''t.v.'' carve, cut, slice, knife; print. 2) ''i.v.'' carve, cut, knife.
# '''ſíípos''', turf, sod.
# '''ſíípĭos''', pipe [''for smoking''].
# '''ſíba''', 1) ''t.v.'' drip. 2) ''i.v.'' drip.
# '''ſídos''', tassel.
# '''ſíðos''', charcoal. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;sysi&lt;/font&gt;, charcoal)
# '''ſífa''', ''i.v.'' thrive, flourish, prosper, batten.
# '''ſíga''', 1) ''t.v.'' sigh. 2) ''i.v.'' sigh.
# '''ſígĭos''', snow storm.
# '''ſíȝos''', earring.
# '''ſíĸos''', lintel.
# '''ſíĸŭa''', ''i.v.'' run off, flow down; subside [''of water'']; ebb [''of the tide''].
# '''ſìlu''', ''adv.'' entirely, completely, thoroughly, utterly, altogether.
# '''ſimúćos''', small finger.
# '''ſíɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' sew, stitch, tack. 2) ''i.v.'' sew, stitch.
# '''ſílzos''', dewlap, wattle.
# '''ſínϙes''', Leo [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſípa''', ''t.v.'' pen (in), corral, coop up.
# '''ſípĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' spy. 2) ''i.v.'' spy.
# '''ſíra''', 1) ''t.v.'' quilt. 2) ''i.v.'' quilt.
# '''ſíſa''', ''t.v.'' baste.
# '''ſíſĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hay. 2) ''i.v.'' make hay.
# '''ſíta''', ''t.v.'' represent, symbolize, stand for.
# '''ſĸámva''', ''t.v.'' prop, stay, support, shore up, brace, uphold.
# '''ſĸééta''', 1) ''t.v.'' ejaculate. 1) ''i.v.'' gush-, spout-, (-forth, -up); ejaculate.
# '''ſĸénða''', 1) ''t.v.'' dip, plunge, submerge, dunk; immerse; imbue. 2) ''i.v.'' dive, plunge; submerge.
# '''ſĸíra''', 1) ''t.v.'' log. 2) ''i.v.'' log.
# '''ſĸímva''', 1) ''t.v.'' hobble. 2) ''i.v.'' (walk with a) limp, be-, go-, -lame, hobble.
# '''ſĸíɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' squeal 2) ''i.v.'' squeal.
# '''ſĸíþlos''', box, case.
# '''ſĸórðos''', pan, cauldron, pan [''of scales''].
# '''ſláĸa''', ''t.v.'' shock, concuss, contuse.
# '''ſlííɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' make-, color-, -greenish-blue. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -greenish-blue.
# '''ſlíga''', ''t.v.'' chop, hash, hack.
# '''ſlúća''', ''i.v.'' glide, slide; skate.
# '''ſlúga''', 1) ''t.v.'' serve, work for, minister to, wait on, bestead. 2) ''i.v.'' serve, be of service.
# '''ſmééȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' grease, lubricate. 2) ''i.v.'' lubricate.
# '''ſméra''', 1) ''t.v.'' remember, recall, think-, be mindful-, -of, keep in-, bear in-, call to-, -mind, commemorate. 2) ''i.v.'' recollect.
# '''ſmííĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' crumble. 2) ''i.v.'' crumble, become crumbly.
# '''ſmíta''', 1) ''t.v.'' throw, cast, fling, toss, pitch, hurl, heave, project. 2) ''i.v.'' cast, toss, pitch, heave.
# '''ſmóxros''', chin [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſmúxa''', 1) ''t.v.'' smoke. 2) ''i.v.'' smoke, fume.
# '''ſnáða''', ''t.v.'' cut into, incise.
# '''ſnátĭa''', ''i.v.'' bound, skip.
# '''ſnéépa''', ''t.v.'' sheave.
# '''ſnééta''', ''t.v.'' thread.
# '''ſneeɱénos''', sinew [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſnénþus''', maid, maiden.
# '''ſníła''', ''i.v.'' snow.
# '''ſnúda''', ''i.v.'' doze, nap.
# '''ſnúða''', 1) ''t.v.'' mist, fog, befog. 2) ''i.v.'' mist, fog.
# '''ſnúva''', ''t.v.'' woo, court.
# '''ſóólis''', ''adj.'' only, sole, unique.
# '''ſóóros''', calf [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſóga''', 1) ''t.v.'' inebriate, intoxicate, make drunk. 2) ''i.v.'' get-, be-, -drunk.
# '''ſógĭa''', ''i.v.'' roast [''meat''].
# '''ſóĸa''', stuff [''sausage''].
# '''ſólis''', ''adj.'' all, whole, complete, total, aught, pan-, omni-; every [''sg.''].
# '''ſóma''', ''t.v.'' liken, compare ('''nééɱħa''', to).
# '''ſóra''', 1) ''t.v.'' sour; displease, vex. 2) ''i.v.'' (go-) -sour.
# '''ſǿtos''', reindeer fat. (&gt; Nenets &lt;font color=green&gt;tūʔ&lt;/font&gt;, preach)
# '''ſpáĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' point, dot, spot, stipple; punctuate. 2) ''i.v.'' dot, spot; punctuate.
# '''ſpéća''', 1) ''t.v.'' witness, detect, espy, descry. 2) ''i.v.'' scout, reconnoiter; be on the lookout.
# '''ſpénda''', ''t.v.'' bring, offer, make [''a sacrifice''].
# '''ſpónða''', 1) ''t.v.'' bail (out). 2) ''i.v.'' bail.
# '''ſpúðna''', ''i.v.'' engage in business, run a business.
# '''ſréénos''', thigh [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;], shank; side [''of an angle''].
# '''ſréga''', 1) ''t.v.'' draw, illustrate. 2) ''i.v.'' draw, illustrate.
# '''ſrénĸa''', ''i.v.'' snore.
# '''ſréva''', 1) ''t.v.'' sip, lap, swig. 2) ''i.v.'' sip, lap, swig.
# '''ſrííga''', 1) ''t.v.'' frost. 2) ''i.v.'' frost.
# '''ſróma''', 1) ''t.v.'' paralyze. 2) ''i.v.'' paralyze.
# '''ſrúɱus''', elder sister.
# '''ſrúpos''', scurf.
# '''ſtááĸa''', ''t.v.'' set-, put-,  place-, -in the right place.
# '''ſtááȝa''', ''i.v.'' stand (still).
# '''ſtééba''', ''t.v.'' insult, affront.
# '''ſtééva''', 1) ''t.v.'' surprise, take-, -by surprise, -unawares, -aback. 2) ''i.v.'' be surprised, be taken aback.
# '''ſtemvóros''', trunk, bole; torso.
# '''ſténos''', chest, bosom, thorax [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſtéϙa''', ''t.v.'' strike with the flat of a blade.
# '''ſtérðis''', ''adj.'' fruitless, infertile, unfruitful, unprofitable, unproductive, barren, sterile.
# '''ſterénćis''', ''adj.'' tense, tight, taut; straight.
# '''ſtéres''', [''anim.''] star.
# '''ſtérĸa''', ''t.v.'' tend, nurse, care for, attend to, take care of, look after.
# '''ſtérnĭos''', forehead, brow [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. 
# '''ſteúres''', bull, male bovine; any large male ungulate, ''e.g.'', elephant; Taurus [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſtéva''', ''i.v.'' pause. 
# '''ſtííva''', ''t.v.'' put, place, set, situate, locate.
# '''ſtúris''', ''adj.'' old, antiquated, out-of-date, outmoded, obsolete, old-fashioned.
# '''ſþúúȝra''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -orangish-yellow. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -orangish-yellow.
# '''ſúúĸes''', doe.
# '''ſúúla''', ''i.v.'' sun is shining.
# '''ſúúnus''', son.
# '''ſúúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' (make-), -bitter, embitter. 2) ''i.v.'' (become-), -bitter.
# '''ſúúſa''', ''i.v.'' bluster, blow hard, howl, sough.
# '''ſúbes''', one-year-old animal.
# '''ſúćos''', ''t.v.'' soot.
# '''ſúda''', ''t.v.'' spit out.
# '''ſúȝlis''', edible plants. 
# '''ſúĸĭos''', farmstead.
# '''ſúla''', ''t.v.'' (extract the-) -juice.
# '''ſúmos''', nose ring. 
# '''ſúɱes''', sow.
# '''ſúna''', ''t.v.'' go (out) with, accompany, escort, chaperon.
# '''ſúnĸis''', ''adj.'' clumsy, unwieldy, awkward, cumbersome.
# '''ſúnsus''', daughter-in-law.
# '''ſúntis''', ''adj.'' alert, nimble, agile, brisk.
# '''ſúpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' put to sleep. 2) ''i.v.'' sleep, slumber, be asleep.
# '''ſúϙta''', 1) ''t.v.'' suffer from, be ill with. 2) ''i.v.'' fall ill, sicken, become-, get-, -sick.
# '''ſúros''', root [''of a tooth'']. 
# '''ſurſínos''', gland [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſúſas''', welfare, well-being.
# '''ſúſĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' parch, calcine. 2) ''i.v.'' parch, calcine.
# '''ſúta''', 1) ''t.v.'' simmer. 2) ''i.v.'' simmer.
# '''ſúxſos''', snow shoe.
# '''ſxéla''', 1) ''t.v.'' trip-, stumble, -over. 2) ''i.v.'' stumble, trip.
# '''ſxŭéĸos''', firewood.
# '''ſxŭóȝos''', needle [''of plants''].
# '''ſŭááda''', 1) ''t.v.'' sweeten, sugar; 2) ''i.v.'' sweeten, sugar.
# '''ſŭa''', ''postp.'' apart from, beside, besides, but (for), except (for), not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside, save, without.
# '''ſŭárda''', 1) ''t.v.'' laugh at. 2) ''i.v.'' laugh.
# '''ſŭéédas''', character, nature.
# '''ſŭéða''', 1) ''t.v.'' accustom, habituate; inure, familiarize, get used to.
# '''ſŭééris''', ''adj.'' strong, stout, tight, fast, rigid.
# '''ſŭéĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' swing, swivel, pivot, whirl round, flourish, brandish, wield, wave, toss [''a salad'']; thresh, flail, swingle, scutch. 2) ''i.v.'' swing, swivel, pivot, whirl round, flourish, wave; thresh, flail, swingle.
# '''ſŭeĸúrus''', brother-in-law.
# '''ſŭeída''', 1) ''t.v.'' sweat, perspire. 2) ''i.v.'' sweat, perspire.
# '''ſŭéȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' whistle. 2) ''i.v.'' whistle. 
# '''ſŭéla''', 1) ''t.v.'' char. 2) ''i.v.'' smolder, char.
# '''ſŭela''', 1) ''t.v.'' be related by marriage to. 2) ''i.v.'' be related by marriage.
# '''ſŭélpos''', sulfur, brimstone.
# '''ſŭéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' swim. 2) ''i.v.'' swim, welter.
# '''ſŭéna''', 1) ''t.v.'' sound, resound; play [''a musical instrument'']. 2) ''i.v.'' sound, resound; play [''a musical instrument''].
# '''ſŭéra''', ''i.v.'' hum, buzz.
# '''ſŭérva''', ''t.v.'' sweep.
# '''ſŭés''', ''adj.'' six.
# '''ſŭéſrus''', sister.
# '''ſŭéva''', ''t.v.'' (set) free, liberate, deliver, release.
# '''ſŭéxŭa''', ''t.v.'' resin, rosin, pitch.
# '''ſŭííĸis''', ''adj.'' taciturn, reserved, uncommunicative.
# '''ſŭóóla''', ''i.v.'' move-, travel-, -south.
# '''ſŭoínĭus''', spouse's sister's husband, brother-in-law. 
# '''ſŭórdis''', ''adj.'' [''shining''] black.
# '''ſŭùſŭu''', ''adv.'' even, likewise, in like manner, so.
# '''ſĭáábos''', stick for hanging kettle over fire.
# '''ſĭááȝros''', structure made of poles.
# '''ſĭáálos''', iron.
# '''ſĭáámos''', dry measure [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſĭáćos''', a kind ? of rope.
# '''ſĭága''', ''t.v.'' shoot [''a crossbow''].
# '''ſĭálos''', piece of meat.
# '''ſĭárpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' scar. 2) ''i.v.'' scar.
# '''ſĭáta''', ''t.v.'' ill-treat, abuse, misuse, maltreat.
# '''ſĭéérus''', husband's brother.
# '''ſĭípa''', 1) ''t.v.'' whisper. 2) ''i.v.'' whisper.
# '''ſĭóba''', 1) ''t.v.'' freckle. 2) ''i.v.'' freckle.
# '''ſĭógos''', pockmark.
# '''ſĭógŭos''', ice hole.
# '''ſĭóĸŭis''', ''adj.'' few.
# '''ſĭólos''', gall bladder [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ſĭónis''', ''adj.'' odd [''of numbers''].
# '''ſĭópa''', ''i.v.'' go-, move-, -to the side, -sideways.
# '''ſĭópŭos''', ''oval''.
# '''ſĭóϙdos''', vein.
# '''ſĭórĸa''', ''t.v.'' castrate, geld.
# '''ſþúúȝra''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -orangish-yellow. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -orangish-yellow.
# '''ſĭúća''', ''i.v.'' have diarrhea.
# '''ſĭúdos''', cloven hoof. 
# '''ſĭúngos''', frazil ice, grease ice, slush.
# '''ſĭúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' leak, ooze. 2) ''i.v.'' leak, ooze.
total: 253/143+15/62</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots t-ʒ</title>
    <id>3849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29228</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:00:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots t-ʒ]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots t-ʒ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==
*&lt;u&gt;Underlined&lt;/u&gt; entries are taken from a source other than PIE.
*&lt;font color=magenta&gt;indicates&lt;/font&gt; a coined word. 
*&lt;font color=violet&gt;indicates&lt;/font&gt; a non-PIE root.

==t / τ / т / տ / ტ / תּ / ट==
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋a̋da&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' do on purpose. 2) ''i.v.'' act on purpose.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋a̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' fix, plant, erect, put-, set-, -up; wager, stake; compose [''music''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋a̋la&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' become.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋a̋ƿa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' unravel, ravel, fray (out); solve, reduce [''fractions''], resolve [''discord'']; analyze [&lt;font color=red&gt;Chem.&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=red&gt;Gram.&lt;/font&gt;], break [''a spell''], dissolve [''partnership, marriage''], disband [''troops'']. 2) ''i.v.'' unravel, ravel, fray.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' touch ([up]on), contact, be contiguous to, adjoin. 2) ''i.v.'' touch, contact.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' silence, shut up. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, -silent, -quiet, keep silence, say nothing, hold one's tongue, shut up.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋mbos&lt;/font&gt;, tree stump; stock.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋nis&lt;/font&gt;, mold.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-tas&lt;/font&gt;, ''noun suffix used to name the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the noun or adjective base,'' -ty, -ness, -tude, -hood, ''etc''.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋pa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' humble. 2) ''i.v.'' humble o.s.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ta̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' cross, traverse. 2) ''i.v.'' cross, traverse.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋e̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cauterize; distill [''spirits'']; bake [''bricks'']; roast [''grain''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' shelter. 2) ''i.v.'' shelter.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;teğa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' plug, stop up, pack, caulk.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' stretch out the hand; shake hands.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋la&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' weigh, poise, balance. 2) ''i.v.'' weigh, poise, balance.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋lкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' rap, toll, knell.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋lƿis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' shallow, superficial.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋lna&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' acidify. 2) ''i.v.'' acidify.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋lpa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' clear away. 2) i.v. make-, leave-, -room (for, &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;), admit [''3rd person only'') (of, &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;), clear away.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋ma&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' hammer, forge. 2) ''i.v.'' hammer, forge.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;temsőris&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' glum, gloomy, morose, dour, saturnine.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋ƿa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' attend (to), pay attention to, heed, give-, pay-, -heed to. 2) ''i.v.'' attend, pay attention, give-, pay-, -heed.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋na&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' thunder. 2) ''i.v.'' thunder
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋nas&lt;/font&gt;, time, division of the day; +hour; tense [&lt;font color=red&gt;Gram.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋nda&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' while (away).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋nga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' thank (for, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ánta&lt;/font&gt;), appreciate. 2) ''i.v.'' give thanks, appreciate.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋nкa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' curdle, coagulate, congeal, clot, clabber. 2) ''i.v.'' curdle, coagulate, congeal, clot, clabber.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋nta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' string. 2) ''i.v.'' string.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tentőlos&lt;/font&gt;, net(ting), gauze; lattice, network.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋n̆is&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' thin, fine; flimsy; rare [''of gases'']; polite, courteous, cultivated, refined.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋pis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' lukewarm, tepid; mild [''weather'']; indifferent, half-hearted.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' cackle, cluck.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋rga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' strain. 2) ''i.v.'' strain.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋rğa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' threaten, menace, intimidate. 2) ''i.v.'' threaten, menace.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;térк̆a&lt;/font&gt;, ''postp.'' during, for, in, in the process of, on, through, throughout, under.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋rnis&lt;/font&gt;, einkorn (''Triticum monococcum'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋rsa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' thirst, be thirsty (for, o).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋r̆is&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' delicate, fragile, frail.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tete̋rкes&lt;/font&gt;, guinea fowl (''Numididae sp.'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋þкa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' plait, braid; wreathe, entwine, twine, coil-, wind-, twist-, -together. 2) ''i.v.'' wreathe.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;teűtas&lt;/font&gt;, society, folk.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;te̋va&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' establish, ascertain, determine, confirm, identify.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋ı̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' scrape, grate, scour, rasp, rub, shave; extort. 2) ''i.v.'' scrape, scour, rasp, rub, shave.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋ı̋rtes&lt;/font&gt;, ocean.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋ı̋tes&lt;/font&gt;, curlew (''Numenius arquatus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tiga̋a̋кes&lt;/font&gt;, edible snail (''Helix pomatia'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋gis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' sarcastic, caustic, biting.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋les&lt;/font&gt;, common snipe (''G. gallinago'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tı̋r&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' three.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;toááru&lt;/font&gt;, ''adv.'' then, so, accordingly; as I was saying.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;toa̋lis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' such.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;toðpéru&lt;/font&gt;, ''adv.'' perhaps, belike.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tőla&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' will, determine, decree. 2) ''i.v.'' decree.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tőlк̆a&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v''. lay down, state, set forth, explain, expound, make clear, define. 2) ''i.v.'' explain, expound.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tőpa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' reach, arrive at, get to. 2) ''i.v.'' arrive.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tőra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' louden. 2) ''i.v.'' louden.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tőrbis&lt;/font&gt;, horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;]
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóru&lt;/font&gt;, ''adv.'' there
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tove̋rus&lt;/font&gt;, priestess.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø̋sta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' witness to, testify to. 2) ''i.v.'' witness, testify.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűűla&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' bore. 2) ''i.v.'' be bored.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűűres&lt;/font&gt;, bull, male bovine; any large male ungulate.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűűta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' coo. 2) ''i.v.'' coo.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' lace-, tie-, -up, cord.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűla&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' pipe.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűmpa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' drum. 2) ''i.v.'' drum.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűpa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' squat, crouch, cower.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűra&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' hedge-, fence-, -in.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűrba&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' make a noise.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tus&lt;/font&gt;, you [''2nd personal pron. sing.''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűsa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' empty, evacuate, drain, vacate. 2) ''i.v.'' empty, evacuate, drain.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;tűsna&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' billow. 2) ''i.v.'' billow, surge.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮a̋a̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' enclose, surround; invest, besiege.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮a̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' bathe. 2) ''i.v.'' bathe.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮e̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' shake violently, convulse.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮e̋los&lt;/font&gt;, oarpin.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮e̋nqa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' oppress, ill-treat, abuse, misuse, maltreat, persecute.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮e̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' spin, twist. 2) ''i.v.'' spin, twist.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' excite, rouse, incite, provoke, agitate, irritate, stir up [''fear, etc.''], bestir.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮ı̋ła&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' survive, live through, endure, go through, stick to. 2) ''i.v.'' endure to the end, persevere, persist, hold out, survive.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-t̮is&lt;/font&gt;, ''noun suffix used to indicate a medicine or other substance used to perform the action expressed by the verb.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;t̮ı̋va&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' open, unseal; introduce.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ţe̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' shun, avoid, shrink from, eschew, keep out of. 2) ''i.v.'' shy.
total: 84

==þ / θ / &amp;#1106; / թ / თ / ת / ठ==
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þe̋rкes&lt;/font&gt;, black bear (''Ursus arctos'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;]; bear; Ursa Major [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þim&lt;/font&gt;, ''enclitic adv. indicates movement toward''.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þis&lt;/font&gt;, ''enclitic adv. indicates movement away from''.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þle̋e̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' bear, carry, convey; wear, have on. 2) ''i.v.'' bear, carry; wear.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þra̋pos&lt;/font&gt;, fireplace.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þre̋e̋ma&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' trample. 2) ''i.v.'' trample.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þre̋mes&lt;/font&gt;, death watch beetle (''Anobiidae'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þre̋pa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' tread, walk.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrı̋ı̋sta&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' defy.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrőőbos&lt;/font&gt;, structure, edifice.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrőzdes&lt;/font&gt;, mistle thrush (''Turdus viscivorus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrude̋sos&lt;/font&gt;, leprosy.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrűsis&lt;/font&gt;, reed grass (''Phragmites communis'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;þű&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' eleven.
# &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þus&lt;/font&gt;, ''nominal and'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adjectival suffixes used to indicate the recipient of the action expressed in the verb, the patient participles''.
total: 15

==u / υ / у / ու / უ / וּ / ऊ==
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űűðos&lt;/font&gt;, udder.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űba&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' push (down), press (down), squeeze, squash, strain, extrude; stamp; dun; depress, repress, suppress, put down. 2) ''i.v.'' press (on).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;úda&lt;/font&gt;, ''postp.'' up.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ude̋ros&lt;/font&gt;, belly, abdomen [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]; hold.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űða&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' possess, own, be endowed with.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űðta&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' bridle, rein in, curb, check.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űflis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' bad, ill, wicked, base, fell.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' be-, get-, -in the habit of, be-, become-, -accustomed to.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űla&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' hoot.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;up-&lt;/font&gt;, water [''used in naming water compounds'']. &gt; PIE &lt;font color = magenta&gt;ab&lt;/font&gt; &gt; Latin ''amnis'' river
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űpis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' upper, higher, superior; supreme, chief, principal, senior; super-, arch-.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űqos&lt;/font&gt;, nape-, back-, scruff-, -of the neck.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űqra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' chill, make cold. 2) ''i.v.'' become-, turn-, -cold.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;urı̋кis&lt;/font&gt;, heath, heather, ling (''Calluna vulgaris'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-űros&lt;/font&gt;, ''noun suffix that names the tool used to accomplish the action of the verb.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt;, ''noun suffix that indicates someone who performs the action named in the root verb'', -er.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt;, ''noun suffix indicating a person possessing the quality named in the adjectival root.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űsa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' draw [''water'']; ladle, lade, bale, dip, scoop out. &gt; PIE &lt;font color = magenta&gt;aus&lt;/font&gt; &gt; ''exhaust''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űsos&lt;/font&gt;, ear [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;űta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' feel, sense, be sensitive to, become aware of. 2) ''i.v.'' feel.
total: 19

==v / β / в / վ / ვ / ו / व==
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋dis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' good.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋gis&lt;/font&gt;, beech tree (''Fagus sylvatica'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋los&lt;/font&gt;, leaf; blade [''of grass'']; foil; page; sheet [''of paper, metal, etc.''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋ngos&lt;/font&gt;, forearm [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].  measurement?
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋ses&lt;/font&gt;, griffon vulture (''Gyps fulvus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋a̋ta&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' speak, talk, converse, discourse; discuss, talk over.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' assign, allot, allocate, distribute, apportion; impute, ascribe, attach, post, appoint [Mil.].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋qres&lt;/font&gt;, blue bream, zope (''Abramis ballerus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋rða&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' grow a beard. 
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;varge̋nos&lt;/font&gt;, bread [''unleavened''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋ris&lt;/font&gt;, conifer [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋rкes&lt;/font&gt;, European badger (''M. meles'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;varőzðis&lt;/font&gt;, Caucasian fir (''Abies nordmaniana'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋rx̆a&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cram, stuff, fill [''a pipe''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋sкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' bundle; truss.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;vátinga̋nis&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, eggplant (''Solanum melongena'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;va̋vis&lt;/font&gt;, bean plant (?) [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vde̋la&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' absorb.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋e̋ða&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' plague, torment; worry, harass.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋e̋qa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' quarrel, squabble, dispute, wrangle, disagree.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋e̋ris&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' brown [''of animals''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;v(e)-&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' ''prefix'' -less.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋ða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' dig, shovel. 2) ''i.v.'' dig, shovel.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' batter.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' keep bees.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋la&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' roar. 2) ''i.v.'' roar.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋lða&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' go astray, lose one's way, get lost.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vele̋ɱes&lt;/font&gt;, pine martin (''M. martes'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;velı̋кes&lt;/font&gt;, coot (''Fulica atra'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋lкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cushion, pad.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋lкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' joist.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋lmis&lt;/font&gt;, mullein (''Verbascum thapsus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Bot.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋lsa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cork.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋na, 1) ''t.v.'' wound. 2) ''i.v.'' wound.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋nda&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' rejoice, exult.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋nða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' bind, tie-, (-up, -down, -on), lash; hoop [''a cask'']; dress [''a wound'']. 2) i.v. set, harden.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋nкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' send, dispatch; +transmit, +mail, +post.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' lift-, raise-, (-up), hold up, elevate. 2) ''i.v.'' arise, get-, stand-, -up.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' saw. 2) ''i.v.'' saw.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rga&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' bark; hack [''cough''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rħa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' save, secure; salvage, rescue, recover, help. 2) ''i.v.'' save; recover.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rqis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' tall, lofty.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rsis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' rapid, swift, fleet, speedy.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rtas&lt;/font&gt;, (good) luck, fortune.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋rʒa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' break-, (-up), (-through), (-down), breach, fracture, quarry.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''i.v.'' exhale. 2) ''t.v.'' breathe out, exhale; aspirate.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋ta&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' push, shove, jostle.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vétu&lt;/font&gt;, ''adv.'' out(side), outwardly, without, out of doors.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ve̋vra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' embrown, brown. 2) ''i.v.'' brown.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋ı̋ða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' fear, be afraid of, have an aversion to. 2) ''i.v.'' stand in fear, fear, be afraid.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋ı̋la&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' befriend, make friends. 2) ''i.v.'' make friends.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋ı̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' carve, sculpt, whittle [''wood'']. 2) ''i.v.'' carve, sculpt, whittle.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋ı̋þlos&lt;/font&gt;, arrow, bolt, shaft, quarrel.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋ða&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' cooper.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋la&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' equal, equalize, equate; correspond, conform.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vı̋s̆a&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -purple, empurple. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -purple.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vla̋a̋gis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' silly, foolish, absurd.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vla̋a̋qmos&lt;/font&gt;, mirage.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vla̋qmus&lt;/font&gt;, priest.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vle̋e̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, -orange. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -orange.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vle̋da&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' hiss, fizz, fizzle, whiz.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vle̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' overflow. 2) ''i.v.'' overflow, flow over.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vle̋ƿa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' boil over.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vlőőris&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' blond, fair.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vlőкos&lt;/font&gt;, oakum, tow.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vő&lt;/font&gt;, ''inter. particle expressing protest or assertion.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőga&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' stream.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' flame; blaze, flare.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőla&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' mist, fog. 2) ''i.v.'' mist, fog (up).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőlnos&lt;/font&gt;, bottle, flask, flagon.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőƿa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' roast, grill, broil, bake.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vore̋ðes&lt;/font&gt;, post horse.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőris&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' disagreeable, unfavorable, unfriendly, unkind, ungracious, unpleasant, uncharitable.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vőrses&lt;/font&gt;, bass (?) [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vősa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' train naked, practice gymnastics.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vra̋a̋ta&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' adopt as a brother.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vra̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' perfume, cense. 2) ''i.v.'' smell good, be fragrant, exhale fragrance.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vra̋кos&lt;/font&gt;, trousers, pants, breeches, trewes.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vra̋nqa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' hoarsen. 2) ''i.v.'' hoarsen.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vra̋sta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' disdain, despise, scorn, show-, have-, -contempt for. 2) ''i.v.'' have contempt.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋e̋ƿa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' bridge, span, straddle, bestraddle.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋кa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' belie. 2) ''i.v.'' (tell a) lie.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋na&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' edge.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋ndes&lt;/font&gt;, Irish elk (''Megaloceros giganteus'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋nкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' bring, fetch.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vre̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' crackle, rustle, rattle.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrı̋ı̋ga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' fry. 2) ''i.v.'' fry.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrı̋sкis&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' tart, acrid, pungent.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrőða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' ford, wade. 2) ''i.v.'' wade.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűűga&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' fruit. 2) ''i.v.'' (bear) fruit, fructify.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűűnos&lt;/font&gt;, membrane of an egg.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűűsos&lt;/font&gt;, eyebrow [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűdos&lt;/font&gt;, vegetable.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűкa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' spring, snap, fly-, -back, -off with a jerk.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrűnos&lt;/font&gt;, cornice, molding.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűűla&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' there-, -is, -are.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vu-&lt;/font&gt;, ''inceptive prefix on verbs.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűða&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' observe, watch, examine, check up, look over. 2) ''i.v.'' observe, watch.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűðmos&lt;/font&gt;, floor, flooring, base, bottom [''of the sea''].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűga&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' flee, take flight, run away, retreat.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűк̆es&lt;/font&gt;, horsefly (''Tabanidae'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűlas&lt;/font&gt;, iridiscence.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnda&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' agree upon, allow, permit, admit of, pass, let. 2) ''i.v.'' assent, consent, agree, accede, concur, give in, be in accord (with/to, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nééɱħa&lt;/font&gt;).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnða&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' command, order, require, bid.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűnos&lt;/font&gt;, chalet.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűqa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' clean (out), cleanse, purify, purge. 2) ''i.v.'' clean, purify, purge.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűra&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' scrape-,  grind-, -off, wear-, -down, -out, sand.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűrnos&lt;/font&gt;, shelf, ledge, berm.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' pitch [''a tent'']. 2) ''i.v.'' tent.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;vűʒes&lt;/font&gt;, buck, male goat [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;]; male of any small ungulate.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;v̆e̋e̋tos&lt;/font&gt;, world, earth.
total: 114

==x / χ / х / խ / ხ / ח / ख==
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;xa̋ta&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' pop, puff; cuff, thump, whack. 2) ''i.v.'' pop, puff; thump, whack.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;xe̋nda&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' disperse, dissipate, diffuse, disseminate, spread, scatter, strew, bestrew, dispel, banish [''fear, etc.'']. 2) ''i.v.'' disperse, dissipate, diffuse, spread, scatter.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;xe̋rda&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' splinter, chip. 2) ''i.v.'' splinter, chip.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;xr̆a̋ta&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' leech.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;xra̋nges&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, firefly (''Lampyridae'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
total: 5/5

==z / ζ / з / զ / ზ / ז / ज़==
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;za̋l&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, ''adj.'' twelve.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;zğe̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' put out, turn off, extinguish. 2) ''i.v.'' go out, be extinguished.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;zı̋кes&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, snow leopard (''U. uncia'') [&lt;font color=red&gt;Zoo.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;z̆ı̋ı̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' vivify, give life, enliven, animate. 2) ''i.v.'' live, be alive.
total: 4

==ʒ / Ϡ / ѕ / ձ / ძ / צּ / द==

#&lt;font color=blue&gt;-ʒ-&lt;/font&gt;, ''augmentative suffix.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒa̋ba&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' make a show of, assume, affect; look-, -at, -upon, -out for, gaze upon; contemplate. 2) ''i.v.'' look, gaze, view.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ʒái...ʒaí&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, ''quotative particle.''
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒa̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' challenge.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋ja&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' germinate; arise, develop, stir.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋la&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' smile. 2) ''i.v.'' smile (at, upon, &lt;font color= blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;).
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋na&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' recognize, discern, distinguish, tell apart, take cognizance of, acknowledge, admit; diagnose; detect; know, acquaint, be acquainted with; have cognizance of; betoken.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋n̆a&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' be born.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' grow old, age.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋e̋sa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' taste. 2) ''i.v.'' taste.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋fa&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' eat [of animals]; feed.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋mva&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' bite (through), crunch, break with the-, -teeth, -beak. 2) ''i.v.'' bite, crunch.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋ƿa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' hasten, hurry, speed, rush. 2) ''i.v.'' make haste, hasten, (be in a) hurry, hurl, hurtle, speed, rush.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋nðos&lt;/font&gt;, jawbone, mandible [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋ntas&lt;/font&gt;, nature, disposition, constitution; temperament, temper, frame of mind.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋ntus&lt;/font&gt;, son-in-law.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋n̆a&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' kneel, be-,-kneeling, -on one's knees.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' ripen, mature.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒe̋rsa&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' distort, misshape, contort, warp, gnarl, deform; pervert. 2) ''i.v.'' distort, contort, warp, deform.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒı̋da&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' digest, asimilate. 2) ''i.v.'' digest, assimilate.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒı̋la&lt;/font&gt;, 1) ''t.v.'' run up to, rush against; call at, touch [''a port'']. 2) i.v. make land.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒı̋sos&lt;/font&gt;, quartz.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒőőlƿus&lt;/font&gt;, spouse's sister.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒőőna&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' procreate, beget; generate, engender, raise, breed, reproduce.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒőqos&lt;/font&gt;, bush, shrub.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒűsa&lt;/font&gt;, ''t.v.'' enjoy, have the use of, relish.
#&lt;font color=blue&gt;ʒ̆e̋ra&lt;/font&gt;, ''i.v.'' emit light and be hot.
total: 27

Grand Total: 1948</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/monobook.js</title>
    <id>3850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29082</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T16:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Grammar</title>
    <id>3852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20681</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-27T22:12:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>yay</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Format==
This page is designed to answer questions about the syntax, morphology, phonology, and ideophones/interjections of [[Faraneit]] more completely than its general page. It follows the format seen on [http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtools/linguaQ.html this page].

==Syntax==
'''General Questions'''
*1.1.1 Sentence Types:
**1.1.1.1 Spoken Faraneit does not inventively distinguish from personal speech and quoted speech, aside from common allusions such as, &quot;he said,...&quot; (Faraneit: &quot;haloan, ...&quot; rather it is said).
**1.1.1.2 Marking Interrogatives:
***1.1.1.2.1 Yes-No Questions
****1.1.1.2.1.1 Neutral questions use the common inversion technique coupled with rising intonation. ''Hav mepenih purej?'', can I join? When stressing the action rather than the subject of the sentence as the question, however, the word order can return to normal VSO; ''mepenihav purej?'', '''can''' I join?
****1.1.1.2.1.2 Leading:
*****1.1.1.2.1.2.1 Affirmative leading has two similar but contrasting methods. The first is to end the sentence, which is in regular flat intonation with the regular word order, with the modifier ''haneit''. For example, ''Mepenihav purej, hanit?'', I can join, right? The second is more delayed and generally comes after a greater pause, with the modifier ''deareivac''. For example, ''Mepenihav purej. Deareivac?'', I can join... right?
*****1.1.1.2.1.2.2 Negative leading has only one method, parrellel to the hanit construction for the affirmative, but with the modifier, ''zaneit''. For example, ''Mepenihav purej, zaneit?'', I can't join, can I? Note that the first sentence is negated by the subsequent zaneit and is therefore affirmative in Faraneit.
***1.1.1.2.2 Informational Questions:
****1.1.1.2.2.1 Questionable Sentence Elements
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.1 Of the main clause, the subject, both indirect and direct objects, as well as the verb can be questioned. ''Zealoaj nakat dekein?'', Who stole it? ''Zealoajoat nakeir?'', They stole what? 
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.2 Faraneit does not properly distinguish between subordinate and main clauses as English and other languages do. Therefore this question does not apply; the above answer suffices for subordinate clauses as well.
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.3 Noun phrases can not be questioned in Faraneit, unless they are the subject or object of the phrase, while prepositional phrases, and then they are questioned as an entire unit. A seperate idea is questioned rather than a parcel of the original. Instead of saying, &quot;The ''red'' block?&quot; Faraneit only has the construction, &quot;Do you want the red block?&quot; Although, in slang shorthand, it is common for the speakers to simply say, &quot;Red?&quot; (&quot;Lejeih dekein qeitom?&quot; and &quot;Qeitom?&quot;)
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.4 Prepositional Phrases can be questioned in two ways: in entirety (&quot;Across Lescealh?&quot; &quot;Deih Lescealh?&quot;) or simply in mode (&quot;Across?&quot; &quot;Deih?&quot;).
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.5 Conjunctions can be questioned in the same manner as prepositional phrases.
*****1.1.1.2.2.1.6 Single words can be pulled out from the sentence and questioned similarly to prepositions, conjunctions, and other single words.
****1.1.1.2.2.2 Change to questioned element:
*****1.1.1.2.2.2.1 No change is often realized. For example, ''Zealoaj nakat dekein?'' (who stole it?) is equivalent to the non-interrogative ''Zealoaj doan dekein'' (s/he stole it.). This is the dominate form.
*****1.1.1.2.2.2.3 To emphazise the subject, somtimes it is moved to before the verb: ''Zealoaj nakat dekein?'' and ''Nakat zealoaj dekein?''.
*****1.1.1.2.2.2.4 In many forms, to shorten the length, the questioned element is clefted and the sole part of the sentence.
*****1.1.1.2.2.2.8 The same rules apply, given multiple question elements, although that is a rare occurance. The subject can be emphazised when questioned by being placed before the verb. Similarly, the other questioned elements simply fall into place.
****1.1.1.2.3 Echo questions:
*****1.1.1.2.3.1 All forms of echoed phrases with an rising intonation are considered echo questions, and are quite common in Faraneih.
*****1.1.1.2.3.2 Echoing interrogatives are also quite common.
*****1.1.1.2.3.3 Echoed answers are rare in Faraneih as they are viewed as pedantic.
*****1.1.1.2.3.4 Echoed answers are rare in Faraneih as they are viewed as pedantic.
*****1.1.1.2.3.5 All sentence elements that can be questioned can be echo-questioned. This leads to much confusion and reliance on additional means to distinguish between who (the subject) and whom (the object/oblique) which are both ''nakat'' in Faraneih.
*****1.1.1.2.3.6 Echo questions can be repeated in a layering manner if there are several potential echo questions. ''Nakat? Neasceip? Nakir hot?'' Who? Why? Which day?
****1.1.1.2.4 Answers
*****1.1.1.2.4.1 Answer Marking</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Free Unicode fonts</title>
    <id>3853</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20569</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-25T19:53:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Free Unicode fonts]] moved to [[Help:Free Unicode fonts]]: It should be in the Help namespace, shouldn't it?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Free Unicode fonts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Editing with an external editor</title>
    <id>3855</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20572</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-25T20:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Help:Editing with an external editor]] moved to [[Help:Editing with an external editor in Windows]]: As written it is very Windows specific...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Editing with an external editor in Windows]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Editing with an external editor in Windows</title>
    <id>3856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21302</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-19T06:54:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Install and set up the ''It's All Text'' extension */ Added info on removal of MediaWiki bug</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">It may be advantageous to edit wiki pages with an external [[Wikipedia:text editor|text editor]], since this may, depending on which editor you use, allow you to do things like using the external editor's search and replace function or enter [[Wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]] characters more easily. This page describes how to set up the [[Wikipedia:Mozilla Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]] browser so that you can invoke one of the free Unicode text editor [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelPad.html BabelPad] from the wiki's edit view on [[Wikipedia:Windows|Windows]]. To do this you will need the following:

:1) The Firefox browser
:2) The ''It's All Text'' extension for Firefox
:3) The BabelPad Unicode text editor

You may want to print out this page for reference during setup.

== Setup procedure ==
=== Download and install Firefox ===

If you haven't got Firefox installed yet, follow these steps:

# Go to [http://www.mozilla.com/ mozilla.com]
# Click on the button which says &quot;Download Firefox - Free&quot;. 
#* The webpage somehow determines what country you are in, so that the button will link to a Firefox version in the language of your country.  If this doesn't work, or if you want another language version, click the &quot;Other Systems and Languages&quot; link below the button. 
#* &lt;span id=&quot;savetarget&quot;&gt;If you aren't sure where your old browser saves downloaded files you should click on the download link with the right mouse button and choose the menu item saying &quot;Save target as...&quot; or something similar, then in the file dialog which opens click on the location menu at the top and choose &quot;Desktop&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;
# Go to the desktop, double-click on the Firefox installer and follow the instructions in the installer.

=== Download and install BabelPad ===

# Go to the [http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Software/BabelPad.html  BabelPad page].
# You will have to scroll rather far down the page (about 3/4) to find the &quot;Download&quot; section.
# Click on the appropriate download link for your version of Windows.  You may want to follow the same right mouse button -&gt; &quot;Save target as...&quot; procedure as described [[#savetarget|above]]. A new ''.zip'' file named &quot;BabelPadNT(.zip)&quot; or &quot;BabelPad9X(.zip) will appear on your desktop, or wherever you choosed to place the downloaded file.
# If you have a zip-file compression/extraction utility installed you will probably know what to do. Otherwise the newly downloaded &quot;BabelPad...&quot; zip file will have an icon like a folder icon with a zipper on it. Right-click that icon, and then click Extract All. In the Compressed (zipped) Folders Extraction Wizard, specify where you want to store the extracted files. BabelPad doesn't have or need an installer. You just need to extract the zipped file to some appropriate place, like ''C:\BabelPad''.

=== Install and set up the ''It's All Text'' extension ===

# Open Mozilla Firefox and go to this wiki page.
# Go to the [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/4125 It's All Text download page] and click on the &quot;Install Now&quot; button.
#* &lt;strike&gt;Currently (25 March 2007) there is a bug which prevents the latest version of ''It's All Text'' to work with the wiki. While this lasts install the latest version which works with the wiki (v. 0.3.3.) by clicking [http://releases.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/addons/4125/it_s_all_text_-0.3.3-fx.xpi here].&lt;/strike&gt;
#: This bug seems to be gone with version 0.6.8 of ''It's All Text'' (19.4.2007).
# &lt;span id=&quot;configeditor&quot;&gt; Open a wiki edit page. [[Special:Mypage&amp;action=edit|Your user page]] might be a good choice.&lt;/span&gt;
# To the bottom right of the edit box a small blue &quot;Edit&quot; button should have appeared. Click on it.
# The first time you use the ''It's All Text'' edit button a file dialog appears.  In it browse to where you unpacked BabelPad and click on the BabelPad icon. A BabelPad window containing a copy of the contents of the wiki edit box opens.
#* Next time, and all following times, you click the ''It's All Text'' edit button the extension remembers your choice of external editor and opens a BabelPad window immediately. 
&lt;!--
#*You can choose another external editor in the ''It's All Text'' preferences dialog:
#*# In Firefox, choose the &quot;Tools -&gt; Extensions&quot; menu item. The Extension manager will open.
#*# Your installed extensions appear in alphabetical order.  Find the ''It's All Text'' item and click on it.
#*# Click the &quot;Preferences&quot; (or &quot;Settings&quot;, [[User:Melroch|I]] don't know which since I use a Swedish version of Firefox! {{-)}}) button.
#*# In the &quot;It's All Text Preferences&quot; dialog click the &quot;Browse...&quot; button and look up your preferred editor. 
--&gt;

== Using BabelPad as external editor ==

# If you haven't opened BabelPad with ''It's All Text'' as described [[#configeditor|above]], do so.
# The one feature of BabelPad which is really useful for wiki editing is its Unicode Character Map Utility. For instructions on how to use it consult BabelPad's online help:
##Press the F1 key on your keyboard, or choose &quot;Help Topics&quot; from BabelPad's Help menu and
## Choose &quot;Tools and Utilities -&gt; Character Map Utility&quot;.
#  If you can view Unicode characters in the wiki already you have appropriate Unicode fonts installed. Otherwise consult the [[Help:Free Unicode fonts]] page.
# You should neither close or leave the wiki edit page, nor save the BabelPad file opened by ''It's All Text'' with another name, or the link between them will be broken.
# When done editing save and close the BabelPad window and save the wiki edit page as usual.

Good luck!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide adjectives</title>
    <id>3857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47350</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-18T10:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Attributive usage &amp; case-marking */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Adjectives in [[Classical Arithide]]''', in accordance with the language's left-branching nature, are generally placed before the noun they modify (as with [[Classical Arithide adverbs|adverbs]]), but may technically be placed anywhere in a sentence due to the extensive case-marking system. This latter point is definitely true only for the standard dialect of the Equora dynasty; adjectival case-marking was rare before and gradually fell out of favour after the time, and even in the Equora, was an innovation adopted from the dialects of western [[Calagia]] and [[Demedria]].

As such, in Classical Arithide, adjectives were a rather nebulous class of words, and their indeterminate, halfway-house status contributed to their amorphism, or rather polymorphism, over the years, and indeed, a cursory glance at the adjectives in a certain text and the way they are inflected is one of the surest ways to discern the period from which it came.

The prestige tongue of the Equora dynasty, the most widely written and recognised variant, and the common modern benchmark for &quot;standard&quot; Classical Arithide, had two types of word, of more or less equal ubiquity, that could be considered as &quot;adjectives&quot;:

#'''Verbal adjectives''', also called '''adjectival verbs''', depending on the academic source, which were technically stative verbs, and constitute the vast majority of Classical Artihide adjectives. These were and are quoted in dictionaries in the infinitive verb-form.
#'''Nominal adjectives''', or '''adjectival nouns''', again depending on academic source, which behaved grammatically as nouns, like Latin adjectives. These were and are quoted in dictionaries in the nominative singular of the first declension.

It is worth noting that while nominal adjectives understandably decline for case, even verbal adjectives, when used attributively, take case-endings as well.

==Verbal adjectives==

Most words that could conceivably be used with an adjectival function were technically stative verbs, e.g. ''egnēn'', &quot;black&quot;, or literally, &quot;to be black&quot;, having the ability to conjugate for tense, mood and aspect while modifying a noun, whether predicatively or attributively. These adjectives behaved much like the &quot;''i''-adjectives&quot; of Japanese. While predicative use of verbs as adjectives was expected, the attributive property grew out of a grammatical device, now largely disused, of making verbs into modifiers by displacing them to the front of nouns rather than behind them, as is the usual SOV order.

===Conjugation===

Verbal adjectives typically belong to the consonant-stem conjugation (see [[Classical Arithide conjugation]]).

An example of a verbal adjective would be ''nistēn'' &quot;fast&quot;, or literally &quot;to be fast&quot;. Predicatively (&quot;the car '''is fast'''&quot;), it would be conjugated ''nista'' to mean &quot;it is fast&quot;, or ''niste'' to express that it used to be fast. When the adjective is used attributively (&quot;the '''fast''' car&quot;), the aspectual participles are used instead, and while past states still retain the use of the perfective aspect (''nistēm''), the imperfective aspect is employed for current states (''nistī'').

*''Viringa nista.'' The car is fast.
*''Nistī viringa dagemenum dakte.'' The fast car stopped in front of the house. (lit. &quot;is-fast sedan house-front-at stopped&quot;)

The existence of this present- and past-state distinction enables some handy locutions as well:

*'''''Ielanēm''' konkanditis '''egnī''' assula levē agare'' The sky that was '''once blue''' but now '''black''' with rage howled ferociously (Osces, ''Poetry'')

To form the future tense, the simple future ending is not used with adjectives; rather, ''-allān'', cliticised from the verb ''hallān'' &quot;to become&quot;, is used as an auxiliary, taking on the present tense and imperfective aspectual ending.

===Attributive usage &amp; case-marking===

Case endings are, logically, not required with predicative uses of verbal adjectives, not only because the adjective can only, by definition, be in the nominative, but also because the adjective is, here, grammatically a verb (since the adjective itself encompasses the copula), thus inflecting only for time and not case. With attributive use, however, cases are marked, though generally no endings are appended in the nominative. When the adjective modifies a noun in a case other than the nominative, however, case endings become necessary for purposes of disambiguation:

*''Viringa nistī fyre.'' The fast car left.
*''Viringatis nistītis fyre.'' (I/We/You/He/She/It/They) left in the fast car. (lit. &quot;by the fast car&quot;)&lt;br/&gt;
''c.f.'' ''Viringatis nistī fyre.'' I/You (sg.)/He/She/It who is fast left in the car. (singular due to ''nistī''; plural nominative would be ''nistīēs'')

The adjective takes on the case endings of the appropriate lexical class, i.e. the one to which the noun being modified belongs. Exceptions are that nouns of the sixth declension (agentive nouns) take adjectives declined in the fifth declension, and that declension VIII nouns (derivatives) take adjectives declined as per declensions I, II, III or IV according to their nominative ending.

Note: towards the end of the dynasty the innovation of a final ''-m'', borrowed from the perfective participle, with the imperfective participle (leading to ''egnīm'' etc.) spread to adjectives as well, and subsequently gave rise to the ''-im'' adjectival ending of [[Modern Arithide]].

==Nominal adjectives==

The nominal adjectives, which behave as nouns like their Latin counterparts, do not, due to their nature, conjugate for time-distinctions unlike the verbals. In addition, as they are technically nouns, their semantic scope does not include a [[Classical Arithide copula|copula]], and in predicative usage such an equating verb is frequently needed to express what would, with verbal adjectives, be encoded in the conjugation; innovation, however, reanalysed some nominal adjectives as nouns, and subsequently deriving verbal adjectives through the suffixation of the general-purpose adjectivaliser ''-nēn'' (see [[#Deriving adjectives from nouns]] below).

Many adjectives in the nominal class tend to be concerned with appearance, e.g. ''oluros'' &quot;ugly, out-of-shape&quot;, ''vobulos'' &quot;pitch-dark&quot;, ''nassos'' &quot;deepest, ulterior, core&quot;. Exceptions include all the adjectives of colour, which are morphologically derived from the names of the individual colours by affixing ''-nēn'', and are hence verbal in nature.

===Declension===

Nominal adjectives can be further divided into two groups based on their declension behaviour. Most nominal adjectives are of fixed declensions, i.e. their declension class is invariable regardless of the class of the noun they are modifying: in the nominative, ''vobul'''os''' aumos'' &quot;dark cave&quot; (declension I), ''vobul'''os''' hael'' &quot;dubious personality&quot; (V), or ''vobul'''os''' vosi'' &quot;suspicious step/move&quot; (VII). Such adjectives are quoted in dictionaries in the nominative singular form.

Not all adjectives of invariable declension class belong to the first declension, however. Certain, like ''lisis, lisit-'' &quot;wispy&quot; are declension VII adjectives, which means they decline as follows, differently from ''pan'' above: ''list'''īs''' baletēs'', ''list'''itē''' sivianēs'' and ''lisit'''erei''' foritēnēs''.

*N.b. With ''lisis, lisit-'', as with all other Classical Arithide words, syncope occurs, that is reflected in the orthography, of the ''-i-'' in the sequence ''-sit-'' when in an unstressed syllable or when another ''-i'' occurs immediately after the ''-t''. Another commonly known example of such syncope is with the passive voice.

There exist also some adjectives with variable declension classes. One of them is ''lef'' &quot;big&quot; {{footnote|1}}, which adopts its target noun's lexical class and declines accordingly. Hence:

*''levēs baletēs'' &quot;grand possibilities (VIII)&quot;
*''levanēs sivianēs'' &quot;of big towns (II)&quot;
*''levēnēs foritēnēs'' &quot;to big miners (VI)&quot;


{{footnote|1}} ''Lef'', when used predicatively, has a verbal form ''levēn'', which is a mixed conjugation verbal, taking vowel-stem endings with the stem ''lep-''.

====''Pan'' &quot;all&quot;====

The adjective ''pan'' is unique, in that as a mass adjective it does not have a plural form. With other similar adjectives, the plural would be used in the above examples. In later Classical Arithide ''pan'' would lose even its case endings and become a completely invariable adjective. The following is an example of the standard declension of ''pan'':

*''pan baletēs'' &quot;all possibilities (VIII)&quot;
*''panan sivianēs'' &quot;of all towns (II)&quot;
*''panae foritēnēs'' &quot;to all miners (VI)&quot;

===Derivatives from verbs===

The participle forms of verbs could also be used as adjectives, without further modification. These derivative adjectives fall under the nominal class, and are not availed the subtle distinctions of present and past states as are the adjectives of the verbal class. The participle adjectives are all of variable declensions, and they conjugate as per the declension class of the noun modified.

*''Īde tath zurōnēs enēn mēsēs labi, futisi '''lārīē segē''' nollos.''&lt;br&gt;alas again cruel.PL return.INFIN Fate.PL call.IMPF, hide.IMPF-and.CLIT '''swimming.PL.ACC eye.PL.ACC''' sleep.NOM&lt;br&gt;&quot;Alas again the cruel Fates are calling me back, and sleep is obscuring my swimming eyes.&quot; (Lēspēs, ''Laments'')

Similarly to verbal adjectives, these derived adjectives were affected by the rise of the use of final ''-m'' late in the Equora.

==Comparison==

The comparison of Classical Arithide adjectives (&quot;as ... as ...&quot;, &quot;more ... than&quot; etc.) makes extensive use of cases and suffixes, as elaborated in the sections below.

===Equivalence===

Equivalence can be expressed in any of a number of ways, and with the example sentence &quot;The tree is as tall as the house&quot; we have the following possible locutions, with noteworthy areas grammatically annotated:

*''Kisag dagena siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.EQUIV tall&lt;br&gt;Here the equating particle ''-ena'' &quot;like&quot; is attached to the reference.
*''Kisag dag siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.ESS tall&lt;br&gt;The reference here is in the essive case to signal equivalence.
*''Kisag dagen opena siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.GEN same.EQUIV tall&lt;br&gt;Here the comparison is explicit.

In all the above examples, the subject &quot;tree&quot; is in the nominative case; in all the cases it can be replaced with the topical case, ''kisagai''.

===Comparatives===

The most common method to construct a positively comparative adjective (&quot;more ... than&quot;) is to use the suffix ''-or'', which appends to the adjectival stem; negatively comparative adjectives are made with ''-ys''. To the resultant comparative are then affixed further articles of agreement, such as lexical class, case and number. In predicative uses of nominal-class adjectives, the presence of the comparative precludes the need for a copula or verbalisation (as seen with ''siōn'' &quot;tall&quot; in the past few examples).

Comparatives can, however, also be formed by periphrasis, and at times a combination of the two methods:

&quot;The tree is taller than the house.&quot;
*''Kisag dagōn siōnor.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.ABL tall.COMPP&lt;br&gt;This is the most common method. The reference is in the ablative, and the adjective is comparative.
*''Kisag dagōn siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.ABL tall&lt;br&gt;Here only the reference is marked with the ablative case.
*''Kisagae dagōn siōnor.''&lt;br&gt;tree.DAT house.ABL tall.COMPP&lt;br&gt;The emphasis here is on the tree as being taller.
*''Kisagae dagōn siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree.DAT house.ABL tall&lt;br&gt;Again, the comparative is dropped.

&quot;The tree is not as tall as the house.&quot;
*''Kisag dagae siōnys.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.DAT tall.COMPN&lt;br&gt;This is the most common method. The reference is in the dative, and the adjective is comparative.
*''Kisag dagae siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree house.DAT tall&lt;br&gt;Even the presence only of the dative case on the reference signals the subject's deficiency.
*''Kisagai dagos siōnor.''&lt;br&gt;tree.TOP house.NOM tall.COMPP&lt;br&gt;Again, the phrasing suggests a deficiency on the tree's part.
*''Kisagōn dagae siōnor.''&lt;br&gt;tree.ABL house.DAT tall.COMPP&lt;br&gt;Here the house is emphasised as being taller.
*''Kisagōn dagae siōnna.''&lt;br&gt;tree.ABL house.DAT tall&lt;br&gt;The comparative was simply dropped.

===Superlatives===

Positive superlative adjectives are formed simply by appending ''-ad-'', followed by the appropriate nominal or verbal ending as required; negative ones add ''-uss-''. This method applies for both the predicative and attributive uses of adjectives.

*''Aska nēsērē siōnnada.''&lt;br&gt;Aska boys.LOC tall.SUPP&lt;br&gt;Aska is the tallest amongst the boys.
*''Aska nēsērē siōnnussa.''&lt;br&gt;Aska boys.LOC tall.SUPN&lt;br&gt;Aska is the least tall amongst the boys.

==Deriving adjectives==

The derivation of adjectives mostly involved nouns as roots, except with the participle forms of verbs. Most derivations involve the affixation of adjectivalising suffixes to noun stems, i.e. the form without any grammatical ending (''didek-'' &lt; ''didekos''), 

===''e-'' and ''o-''===

These two prefixes make modifiers of nouns, the former according a positive meaning, and the latter a negative.

E.g. ''dira'' &quot;personal condition&quot; becomes ''edira'' &quot;feeling well&quot;, or ''odira'' &quot;feeling under the weather&quot;.

===Applicative adjectivaliser ''-nai''===

The adding of the adjectivalising suffix ''-nai'' to a noun turns the noun into an adjective (more broadly speaking, a modifier) of applicative denotation: root nouns are not all related to their derivative adjectives in the same way. The suffix is made up of two parts, the first (''-n-'') being the marker for modifiers, and the second (''-ai'') indicating intransitivity.

Phonetic assimilation takes place in cases where appending the suffix gives rise to certain consonant clusters:

*'''-kn &gt; -gn:''' ''didekos'', ''didek-'' &quot;strength&quot; &gt; ''didegnai'' &quot;strong&quot;
*'''-fn &gt; -vn:''' ''leif'', ''leif-'' &gt; ''leivnai''
*'''-bn &gt; -mn:''' ''leber'', ''leb-'' &quot;tail&quot; &gt; ''lemnai'' &quot;tailed&quot;
*'''-tn, -dn, -rn &gt; -nn:''' ''dīmotos'', ''dīmot-'' &quot;law&quot; &gt; ''dīmonnai'' &quot;lawful, legal&quot;; ''sōdos'', ''sōd-'' &quot;fear&quot; &gt; ''sōnnai'' &quot;fearful, afraid; &quot;klara'', ''klar-'' &quot;horn&quot; &gt; ''klarenai'' &quot;horned&quot;

When the noun stem ends in an ''-s'', a geminate consonant or a consonant cluster, an epenthetic ''-e-'' is inserted before the suffix; with ''s''-stem nouns the sibilant is voiced:

*'''-sn &gt; -zen:''' ''thalasos'', ''thalas-'' &gt; ''thalazenai''
*'''geminates:''' ''lassos'' &gt; ''lassenai''
*'''clusters:''' ''midra'' &quot;minister&quot; &gt; ''midrenai'' &quot;ministerial&quot;

All other unlisted consonant clusters are permissible. Note also that in all instances ''-gn'' is pronounced [ŋn] as elsewhere.

===Adjectives of approximation===

Adjectives of approximation, of which examples in English include &quot;salty&quot;, &quot;boyish&quot; and &quot;songlike&quot;, indicate the similarity of the noun described to the referent that forms the root of the adjective. Adjectivalisers of similarity in Classical Arithide include:

*'''-(i)ēlēn''', verbal; &quot;resembling, looking like&quot; (derives from the noun ''hael'' &quot;characteristic&quot;)&lt;br&gt;''alar'' &quot;bird&quot; &gt; ''alarēlēn'' &quot;birdlike&quot;
*'''-ītos''', nominal; &quot;having the character of&quot;&lt;br&gt;''dhīs'' &quot;fest, celebration&quot; &gt; ''dhidītos'' &quot;festive&quot;; ''nēs'' &quot;boy&quot; &gt; ''neītos'' &quot;boyish&quot;
*'''-ōrēn''', verbal; &quot;having or full of&quot;&lt;br&gt;''ves'' &quot;breeze&quot; &gt; ''vetōrēn'' &quot;breezy&quot;
*'''-assēn''', verbal; &quot;-ish&quot;&lt;br&gt;''nēs'' &quot;boy&quot; &gt; ''neassēn'' &quot;boyish&quot;

===Adjectives of relevance===

Familiar adjectivalisers of relevance in English are mostly Hellenic in origin: ''-ic'', as in ''poetic'' &quot;in the manner of a poem/poet&quot; or ''Tantric'' &quot;regarding the Tantras&quot;; ''-ous'', as in ''famous'' &quot;having a lot of fame&quot;. Classical Arithide has the following:

*'''-(i)kios''', nominal; &quot;in the manner of&quot; (derives from the verb ''ikēn'' &quot;to pass&quot;)&lt;br&gt;''paryos'' &quot;poem&quot; &gt; ''parykios'' &quot;poetic&quot;
*'''-(i)nos''', nominal; &quot;-(i)an&quot;, characteristic of; related to&lt;br&gt;''zier'' &quot;people&quot; &gt; ''zīrinos'' &quot;human&quot;
*'''-(i)vēn''', verbal; &quot;having a tendency to&quot;&lt;br&gt;''fignēn'' &quot;to light up and start burning&quot; &gt; ''fignivēn'' &quot;easily flammable&quot;
*'''-(i)ōs, -(i)od-''', nominal; &quot;consisting of&quot;&lt;br&gt;''orathos'' &quot;religion&quot; &gt; ''orathōs'' &quot;religious, infused with religion&quot;
*'''-essēn''', verbal; &quot;believing in&quot; (derives from ''hessēn'' &quot;to believe&quot;)&lt;br&gt;''elamos'' &quot;freedom&quot; &gt; ''elamessēn'' &quot;libertarian&quot;

===Adjectives of belonging===

Under this category fall adjectives that describe the &quot;belonging&quot; of a person, an object etc. to another, like the English suffixes ''-(i)an'' (&quot;Egyptian&quot;, &quot;Republican&quot;). There are in Classical Arithide the ones below:

*'''-ēthos'''{{footnote|1}}, nominal; indicates nationality or origin&lt;br&gt;''Lybein'' &quot;[[Lybia]]&quot; &gt; ''Lybēthos'' &quot;Lybian&quot;; ''[[Isphea]]'' &gt; ''Isphēthos'' &quot;Isphean&quot;
*'''-udēn'''{{footnote|1}}, verbal; &quot;to be of a nationality or origin&quot;&lt;br&gt;''[[Areth]]'' &gt; ''Arudēn'' &quot;to be an Areth&quot;; ''Isphēthos'' &gt; ''Isphudēn'' &quot;to be an Isphean&quot;
*'''-(i)meos''' or '''-(e)mios''', nominal; indicating a certain style&lt;br&gt;''ante'' &quot;water&quot; &gt; ''antimeos/antemios'' &quot;fluid like water, fluent like water&quot;

{{footnote|1}}These two suffixes are used complementarily.

==Derivation from adjectives==

===Adverbs===

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives:
*with the ending ''-ē'' in place of the declension endings for nominal-class adjectives (''aretis'' &quot;emotionally painful&quot; &gt; ''aretiē'' &quot;painfully&quot;),
*by appending ''-ur'' to the stems of verbal adjectives (''milnai'' &quot;vivacious&quot; &gt; ''milnur'' &quot;vivaciously&quot;), or
*by using ''-ider'' for certain adjectives, including all variable-declension ones (''kar'' &quot;gentle&quot; &gt; ''karider'' &quot;gently&quot;).

These endings convert adjectives to adverbs as predictably as the English suffix &quot;-ly&quot;.

===Nouns===

Deriving nouns from adjectives (&quot;sweet' &gt; &quot;sweetness&quot; etc.) involves two different processes in Classical Arithide, a different one for each of the nominal and verbal classes.

Verbal adjectives form their nouns regularly as with other verbs, by simply subtituting the verbal infinitive ending ''-ēn'':
*With the supine ending ''-os'' to form the noun of quality (identical to the English endings &quot;-ness&quot; or &quot;-(i)ty&quot;);
*With the agentive ending ''-on'' to form the substantive noun (as with English &quot;libertarian&quot; &gt; &quot;libertarian&quot;).

Nominal adjectives form their nouns with different suffixes from the verbal class. While some derivations appear irregular, it is due to phonetic changes that have obscured the relationship between the adjective and its derivative. To the stem of the nominal adjective is appended:
*''-(i)thos'' to form the noun of quality that declines with declension VIII;
*''-(i)tā'' (from ''-tata'') to form the substantive noun that declines with declension V.

===Verbs===

Verbs that can be formed from adjectives can be divided into two general types: transitive (e.g. &quot;sweeten&quot;, &quot;simplify&quot;) and intransitive (&quot;ripen&quot;). In Classical Arithide, to form the former group of verbs, one simply has to add the causativising verbal suffix ''-ārēn'' to the adjective's stem; the latter group comes about through more various ways&amp;mdash;by adding ''-erēn'' (''mal'' &gt; ''malerēn'' &quot;to ripen&quot;), by simply adding the verbal suffix ''-ēn'' to the stem, or by arbitrary inflections (''histos'' &quot;holy&quot; &gt; ''histamēn'' &quot;to sanctify&quot;).

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide declension]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide adpositions]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Tzenejri</title>
    <id>3858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20603</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-26T19:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hi, dont know if you still access your language. Just had a quick browse through it and it looks pretty cool. I'll have a proper look when I get more time..paticularly like the style you h...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, dont know if you still access your language. Just had a quick browse through it and it looks pretty cool. I'll have a proper look when I get more time..paticularly like the style you have for asking questions.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SILINDION</title>
    <id>3859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25434</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-17T04:29:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Silindion is the language of the [[Silineste]], who live in the country of [[Nole Silinel]] which is located in the southern part of Andolien a major region of the planet of Oreni. Basic facts about Silindion are:

1) It is VSO
2) It is fairly agglutinative in morphology, but has extensive morphophonemic rules which tend to obscure the boundaries between stem and suffix. 
3) At last count it has around 1900 words. 
4) It is based on Latin, Gaelic, Sanskrit, Greek, Finnish, Quenya and various other (mostly European) languages.
5) Its closest relatives are [[Essamea]] and [[Silic]]. Other languages spoken in Oreni are [[Classical Nindic]], [[Hinession]], [[Southern Nindic]], Sulindori, Kalaqhai, Lepontic and [[Atalantaic]]. 

Please see [[Grammar of Silindion]] for more indepth information concerning this major language of Andolien.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jotomicron/monobook.css</title>
    <id>3863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20845</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-31T18:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jotomicron</username>
        <id>323</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> /* &lt;pre&gt; */

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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latin Nov</title>
    <id>3864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20849</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T03:29:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xipirho</username>
        <id>289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The idea here is an IAL of Latin without hard grammar, but with this achieved by axing all the endings, not by choosing certain ones - thus &quot;lupus&quot; doesn't become &quot;lupu&quot; or &quot;lupo&quot; in every position but &quot;lup&quot;. This approach is really inspired by what's happened in the Germanic languages and also French (and Catalan to a lesser extent), and increasingly in Spanish etc. I see it as what will probably be the ultimate fate of the endings in many modern Romance languages anyway. So, to the chase:

==Pronouns==

I=eg
Me=me
You sing.=tu, te
It=ill
He=ille
She=illa

We/Us=nós
You pl.=vós
They=ills/os/as

==Pronunciation/Orthography==

Classical latin. Double consonants and long vowels are optional in both writing a speaking. &quot;v&quot; and &quot;j&quot; for the semivowels are probably actually quite a good idea, but whatever.

==Other stuff==

Most of the endings are axed full stop, but problems occur with semi-vowels. &quot;lingua&quot;-&gt;&quot;ling&quot;, &quot;aqua&quot;-&quot;ac&quot; are just about OK, but what happens to &quot;seruus&quot;? Most recognisable would be &quot;serv&quot; of course. Maybe semivowels can be written as &lt;v&gt; and &lt;j&gt; and kept in stems altogether - &quot;lingv&quot;, &quot;aqv&quot;, &quot;serv&quot; thus.

==Example==

''Salu! Nom mi est Caecil. Eg in Rom viv. Qvod est nom tu?''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Three hundred golden years</title>
    <id>3865</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>20855</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T09:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Three hundred golden years]] moved to [[Three Hundred Golden Years]]: capitalisation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Three Hundred Golden Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Latin Nov</title>
    <id>3866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20890</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T17:15:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Why preserve distinct subject and object forms in 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns but not other pronouns?  ''Most of the endings are axed full stop, but problems occur with semi-vowel...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Why preserve distinct subject and object forms in 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns but not other pronouns?

''Most of the endings are axed full stop, but problems occur with semi-vowels. &quot;lingua&quot;-&gt;&quot;ling&quot;, &quot;aqua&quot;-&quot;ac&quot; are just about OK, but what happens to &quot;seruus&quot;? Most recognisable would be &quot;serv&quot; of course. Maybe semivowels can be written as &lt;v&gt; and &lt;j&gt; and kept in stems altogether - &quot;lingv&quot;, &quot;aqv&quot;, &quot;serv&quot; thus.'' You could also change the semi-vowels to their corresponding vowels, thus ''lingu'', ''acu'', ''seru'' [[User:Nik|Nik]] 10:15, 2 April 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Paul w bennett.jpg</title>
    <id>3867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20963</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-04T02:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Small portrait of Paul.w.bennett</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small portrait of Paul.w.bennett</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tarasoriku</title>
    <id>3868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20970</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-04T09:10:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarasoriku</username>
        <id>328</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Laur]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Laur]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laur</title>
    <id>3869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23932</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-26T23:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tarasoriku</username>
        <id>328</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Laur Language */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The Laur Language==
Laur (ʟɑʊɹ) is a conlang authored by Taras.  It possesses the following distinctive features:
*Verbal roots which exist in aspectual pairs
*A system of trivative logic; i.e. morphological changes to a verb that cause it to denote a categorically affirmative, negative, or neutral action.  All verbs in Laur are inherently neutral.  This system eliminates many uses of the subjunctive mood in other languages.  
*A system of preverbs, verbal prefixes, series markers, and verbal suffixes similar to verbal structures of many polysynthetic languages.  In certain semantic cases the patient can be incorporated into the verb.  
*A double-tripartite case structure with mono- and di-transitive distinction.  
*An auxiliary form of the verb &quot;to be&quot; that does not inflect for tense or aspect but is served by floating particles in the clause.  It attaches directly to adjectives and substantives, and as a copula it is absent except in adverbial constructions.  
*Two numeric systems used for different things - the '''kiadun''' operates on base-20 while the '''saiodun''' is base-12.  
*Strong and Weak nouns - strong nouns possess an oblique form for inflection.  All substantives also have a bound form used in genitival constructions.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lyav</title>
    <id>3870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44244</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:11:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoplantae}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|&amp;nbsp;}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|&amp;nbsp;}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|&amp;nbsp;}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|&amp;nbsp;}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|&amp;nbsp;}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Valibaceae}}
{{ObTaxo|Genus|Valibi}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''Species''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[lyav|seminis]]
|}

'''Lyav''' (''Valibi seminis'', ''ékwà yùñè ima cha-yùñè'', &quot;Seed lyav from [those] like lyav&quot;), from the [[Classical Kasshian]] ''walībi'', is a major staple crop on [[Galhaf]], a native of the planet.  In some contexts, it can refer to a group of several related crops, or the lyav proper.  In this article, &quot;lyav&quot; refers to the standard flower-head variety.

== Appearance and Cultivation ==
The ''lyav'' proper is an annual plant, though other varieties (as well as its wild ancestor) were perenniels.  The plant itself is a tall flowering plant, with a single large head.  The head is a bright yellow flower, resembling an Earth [[Wikipedia:Sunflower|Sunflower]].  Most modern varieties must be staked due to the weight of the head.  After the flower has bloomed, the entire head can be eaten, although it is more common to remove the seeds to thresh into a kind of meal.  The leaves are also edible.  Purely ornamental varieties have also been developed.

Lyav is planted after the last spring frost, and is generally ready for harvest in 100-150 days, depending on the variety.  The wild form generally grew to around 6-10 feet in height, but most modern varieties grow to only about 5 feet in height, devoting most of their energy to seed production.  Traditionally, only the head was harvested, while the edible (but less pleasant-tasting) leaves and stalks were left for landless poor.  In famine times, however, that custom was often ignored.

== Uses ==
The head can be used for many purposes.  It can be cooked and eaten by itself, but more commonly, the seeds are removed by threshing.  The remaining head is used as animal feed, while the seeds are ground into a meal, which can be prepared in a number of ways.

== History ==
The [[Valibi antiquus|original wild ancestor]] had a much smaller head, larger leaves, and an underground tuber.  Several other crops have been derived from the same ancestor, emphasizing the leaves or tuber.  The lyav was first domesticated by [[pteranthropus kalpanis|P. kalpanis]] tribes, and subsequently adopted by early humans.

== Cultural Significance ==
The vilyav was historically the main staple of the Kasshi and other northwestern Odiran cultures, though in the days of the [[Second Kasshi Empire]], [[Wikipedia:rice|rice]] was encountered in southern regions, and came to gain some importance, particularly in southern parts of the Empire, where the climate was more conducive to growing rice.  The term is often used to refer to food in general, much like bread in Western civilizations of Earth, or rice in Eastern civilizations.

[[Category:Galhafan crops]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian days/months/seasons</title>
    <id>3871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47127</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:09:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

=='''Months'''==

January-'''Öjáni'''                                     

February-'''Fäjáni'''                                 

March-'''Säj'''                                              

April-'''Léba''' 
                                            
May-'''Æma'''                                              

June-'''Énöja'''                                               

July-'''Yáli'''                                                

August-'''Göstri'''                                        

September-'''Peströna'''  

October-'''Tødröna'''       

November-'''Ondröna'''     

December-'''Qédröna'''

=='''Days'''==

* day-'''áda'''

* Monday-'''Onéada'''                          

* Tuesday-'''Dionéada'''        

* Wednesday-'''Tredéada'''      

* Thursday-'''Teradéada'''       

* Friday-'''Penéada'''           

* Saturday-'''Hecéada'''        

* Sunday-'''Senaléada'''          

* Weekend-'''Qömbrandi'''

=='''Days as adverbs'''==

To say:

* Every Monday, Tuesday, weekend etc, the adverbial ending '''as''' is added. This equates literally as, ''Mondays, Tuesdays, weekends'' etc:

* '''Onéadas'''-''Every Monday/Mondays''

* '''Qömbrandias'''-''weekends/every weekend''

* '''Ádas'''-''daily/every day'' or ''on a daily basis''

=='''Seasons'''==

Winter-'''Vinti'''

Spring-'''Öráni'''

Summer-'''Strománi'''

Autumn-'''Ömáni'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian describing people</title>
    <id>3872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47128</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]'''

=='''Appearance'''==

attractive '''dræhalarädn'''

bald '''stælilangörädn'''

beard '''baráj'''

beautiful (feminine, said of a female) '''æanasiaÞáli'''

beautiful (masculine, said of males or inanimate objects/scenery etc) '''æanaÞáli'''

beauty '''æanaÞáliámn''' (same as above when refering to a female: '''æana''sia''Þáliámn''')

big '''giÞrö'''

tall '''viténa'''

black hair '''qalba lilangöaj''' 

blonde hair '''blondä lilangöaj'''

blue eyes '''öcéna visöjel'''

brace '''mölájacenéci'''

brown eyes '''Þráden visöjel'''

brown hair '''Þráden lilangöaj'''

curly hair '''satévrädn lilangöaj'''

cute '''holméni'''

fat '''véda'''

feminine '''siaviáträ'''

fit, healthy '''lijän'''

ginger hair '''mingá lilangöaj'''

glasses '''visániöestáj'''

goatee '''töribaráj'''

going bald '''vädenária stælilangöaj'''

gorgeous see ''beautiful''

green eyes '''liável visöjel'''

handsome  '''æaÞeliö'''

long hair '''langöamiÞrö''' 

masculine '''aviáträ'''

moustache '''pösntaÞij'''

plaits '''plátsijel'''

pony tail '''bacöni'''

pretty '''sægöra'''

receding '''lilangöäd'''

short hair '''lilangörieÞ'''

small, short '''törieÞ'''

spiky hair '''lilanqualtéø'''

stocky, sturdy '''herecömni'''

straight hair '''lilalencöÞ'''

strong '''herecöl'''

stubble '''qéacöri'''

tanned '''bronöst'''

thin '''glatri'''

to describe '''qörabár'''

to look like '''salém am gesibj'''

to recognise '''gøanör'''

ugly '''göratesca'''

unattractive '''stædræhalarädn'''

weak '''frál'''

What colour (hair/eyes etc)does he/she have? '''véca? hædrämös.....ábra mæ/sia.'''

He/she has black hair/blue eyes. '''mæ/sia ábra qalba lilangöaj/ öcéna visöjel.'''

=='''Personality'''==

arrogant '''sæötri'''

bad mannered '''stæöániø'''

clever '''astöratä'''

gifted '''gistä'''

friendly '''qurnéjen'''

funny '''ræatös'''

generous '''andöcráli'''

hard working '''ábæÞr disiri''' (works hard)

honest '''älig'''

ignorant '''najescrädn'''

intelligent '''ilalägra'''

jealous '''löigræÞ'''

lazy/idle '''édiál'''

mad '''vögeli'''

moody '''domä'''

nervous '''vöségraÞ'''

nice '''quraläla'''

open '''vönendrädn'''

polite '''éacadisci'''

quiet '''litrangæÞ'''

secretive '''gehéma'''

shy '''intovéä'''

sly '''enisci'''

stubborn '''stæandöcri'''

stupid '''dostibrostn'''

sullen '''söli'''

tight/stingy '''tætéran'''

talented '''gistáni'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan crops</title>
    <id>3873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39096</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T20:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Galhafan Plants]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Find or fix a stub</title>
    <id>3874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32478</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T02:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is this really even applicable to our wiki?  Most stubs can't - or at least shouldn't - be edited by anyone other than the creator [[User:Nik|Nik]] 14:50, 10 April 2007 (PDT)

:Well, if a person is using this site as the primary repository for their info, the page will probably not be editable by anyone else.  But if someone set out to describe here a language also described elsewhere, the case is different.   And of course there is the goal to work on linguistics and worldbuilding topics in general, though we don't really get around to doing much of that.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:36, 11 April 2007 (PDT)

::I was thinking of getting the Community Portal page up and running and thought one of the features could be a link to a page listing all of the articles that are stubs (this would maybe encourage people to improve some of the very brief linguistics articles). Does such a page exist? --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 10:31, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

:::There's only [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Stub]] at the moment.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:04, 8 June 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sano</title>
    <id>3875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21272</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-16T23:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sano</username>
        <id>286</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My conlangs:

* [[Proto-Nandi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Bukkia</title>
    <id>3876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49191</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T17:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi!

The thing you are trying to do at [[User:Bukkia/sandbox#Vowels]] with a &amp;lt;div&amp;gt; inside a table doesn't look good at all in Firefox or Opera, although I can see in MSIE what it is you are trying to do.  It would probably be better to do it with style rules applied to the table cells or the table as a whole. — [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 01:03, 12 April 2007 (PDT)
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;You're welcome! [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 17:52, 16 September 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albert Haelgasson</title>
    <id>3877</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52891</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>null redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Albert Hælgasson]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Albert Hælgasson</title>
    <id>3878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21195</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-14T08:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ===[[dal'qörian|back to dal'qörian main page]]===</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[dal'qörian|back to dal'qörian main page]]===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalin Cadoc</title>
    <id>3879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21304</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-19T08:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[dal'qörian|back to dal'qörian main page]]===

Dalin Cadoc was a wealthy Cornish hemp magnate and land owner, who was a childhood friend and business associate of Edmond, son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The Earl, who was the younger brother of the then King Henry III, was, at this time, one of the richest men in Europe, due to revenue from his Cornish estate. This wealth of course was enjoyed by Edmond AND Cadoc, since Cadoc had saved Edmonds life in a riding accident when they were teenagers. Edmond later inherited his fathers wealth when he died in 1272, and when Henry III died in November 1272, Edmund took a post in the governing council in England, promtly appointing Cadoc as his right hand man and managerial head of his Cornish estates. 

At this time, Cadoc was already running a profitable hemp trade throughout England and northern France. He also had his finger in the cornish tin industry, owning several mines. After studying history as a hobby, he discovered the cornish heritage in dal'qöria (although the Corno-dal'qörian connection had been lost now for some 400 years). This fertilised Cadoc's business brain with the idea of re-establishing the Cornish relations with the island, with a view to expanding his hemp trade.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terahnyan Sjol</title>
    <id>3880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29249</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:11:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Background =

Terahnyan Sjol was first documented on Earth in multi-species urban communities in the early 24rd century. It is clearly related to tlhIngan Hol, but it is more characteristic of an indigenous Earth language, such as French, Navajo, or Antarctican. It is believed to have emerged in immigrant communities who became more pluralistic after local authorities had established administrative and cultural centers.

= Phonology =

The sounds of Terahnyan Sjol are as follows:

== Vowels ==

* a - like &quot;a&quot; in &quot;father&quot;
* e - like &quot;ai&quot; in &quot;aircraft&quot;
* i - like &quot;ee&quot; in &quot;feet&quot;
* o - like &quot;oa&quot; in &quot;boat&quot;
* u - like &quot;oo&quot; in &quot;school&quot;

== Diphthongs ==

* ay - like &quot;i&quot; in &quot;pipe&quot;
* aw - like &quot;ou&quot; in &quot;output&quot;
* ew - no English equivalent, like German &quot;ö&quot; or French &quot;eu&quot;
* ey - like &quot;ay&quot; in &quot;ray&quot;
* iw - no English equivalent, like German &quot;ü&quot; or French &quot;u&quot;
* ua - like &quot;wa&quot; in &quot;schwa&quot;
* ue - like &quot;wea&quot; in &quot;swear&quot;

== Consonants ==

* b - as in English
* d - as in English
* h - as in English. Unlike in English, this occurs at the end of syllables, though in many dialects it is dropped in such a position.
* k - as in English
* l - as in English
* m - as in English
* n - as in English
* ng - as in English
* p - as in English
* r - as in Spanish or Italian (trilled)
* s - as in English
* sj - like &quot;sh&quot; in &quot;ship&quot;
* t - as in English
* th - like &quot;th&quot; in &quot;think&quot;
* t - as in English
* v - as in English
* w - as in English
* y - as in English
* z - as in English
* zj - like &quot;si&quot; in &quot;provision&quot;

== Consonant Clusters ==

* dzj - like &quot;j&quot; in &quot;jump&quot;
* ny - like &quot;ny&quot; in &quot;canyon&quot;
* tsj - like &quot;ch&quot; in &quot;chair&quot;
* st

== Assimilation ==

When either of the sounds s or z occurs adjacent to either of the sounds sj or zj within a word, the second sound's articulation point changes to match that of the first.

* s+sj becomes ss
* z+zj becomes zz
* sj+s becomes sjsj
* zj+z becomes zjzj
* s+zj becomes sz
* z+sj becomes zs
* sj+z becomes sjzj
* zj+s becomes zjsj

= Noun Morphology =

TS is agglutinative. Nouns have 5 types of suffixes. A noun may have at most one suffix of each type, and the suffixes must be ordered according to their type numbers.

== Type 1 ==

* -hah : augmentative
* -sjom : diminutive
* -ua : endearment (-wa on a root that ends in vowel)

== Type 2 ==

* -mey : plural

== Type 3 ==

Note: Type 3 suffixes are archaic and only used in highly stylized language. Their meanings are difficult to capture in English, so we paraphrase them here.

* -nah : &quot;That which I know to be ...&quot;
* -sjey : &quot;That which I believe to be ...&quot;
* -kok : &quot;That which I ironically call ...&quot;

The suffix -nah now has a completely different use as a nominalizer. See below.

== Type 4 ==

* -vam : this, these
* -veth : that, those
* -wiz : my
* -liz : your (singular)
* -daz : his, her, its
* -maz : our
* -raz : your (plural)
* -staz : their

== Type 5 ==

* -heh : nominative
* -yi : accusative (imperative only)
* -dak : locative
* -voh : ablative
* -vad : dative
* -moh : causative
* -loh : instrumental

= Verb Morphology =

Verb suffixes are governed by rules similar to those for noun suffixes. The exception is type 1 verb suffixes, of which a verb may have more than one. The type 1 suffixes still occur in a specific order, so they are often classified as 1A, 1B, and 1C.

== Type 1 ==

* (A) -sjah : equivalent to dis- or anti- in English. Indicates opposite or undoing.
* (B) -mosj : causative/transitivizer
* (C) -stuh : implies totality or absolution of action or state

Examples:

* yon - be satisfied
* yonsjah - be dissatisfied
* yonmosj - satisfy
* yonstuh - be completely satisfied
* yonsjahmosj - dissatisfy
* yonmosjsjtuh - completely satisfy
* yonsjahstuh - be completely dissatisfied
* yonsjahmosjsjtuh - completely dissatisfy

== Type 2 ==

* -hezj : reflexive
* -stuk : reciprocal
* -luh : passive

Examples:

* kip : hit
* kiphezj : hit oneself
* kipstuk : hit one another, hit each other
* kipluh : be hit

== Type 3 ==

* -stosj : begin, become
* -kah : resume

Examples:

* nudstosj - begin examining
* nudkah - resume examining

== Type 4 ==

These represent the verb modalities.

* -lasj : be able to
* -kang : want to
* -nis : need to
* -tsjoh : refuse to
* -vip : be afraid to

== Type 5 ==

These suffixes indicate aspect of verbs.

* -puh - perfect
* -tasj - continuous
* -besj - anticipative

Examples:

* sam - find
* sampuh - just found
* samtasj - finding
* sambesj - about to find

Occasionally a type 5 suffix occurs before a type 4 suffix in a verb.

== Type 6 ==

These represent the qualifiers.

* -bez : I know that...
* -bah : it is obvious that...
* -lawh : I think or have heard that...

-bez indicates firsthand knowledge, while -lawh indicates secondhand knowledge. -bah indicates shared knowledge and is used simply to stipulate some established information, often when changing the subject.

== Type 7 ==

* -hah - interrogative
* -moh - conjunction (because)
* -vis - conjunction (while)
* -dih - conjunction (when)
* -stuzj - conjunction (if)
* -pah - conjunction (before)
* -bozj - relativizer (who, which, that)
* -mesj - purpose clause (in order to)
* -zjast - gerund (-ing)

== Negation ==

The negative suffix is -beh. Most neutrally it occurs after every verb suffix except a type 7 (if one is present). More emphatically it may directly follow certain suffixes.

* zi lu lezjkahpuhbeh - I have not seen him again.

== Emphasis ==

The emphatic verb suffix is -kuh. It usually occurs after a verb root to augment it.

* tinkuh - very big

= Nominalization =

No root word can be both a noun and verb. Often a verb will have a noun form that differs only by the addition of one nominalizing suffix.

* -zjast - gerund
* -wih - agentive
* -lih - patientive
* -loh - resultative
* -nah - general nominalizer

= Syntax =

== Simple Sentences ==

Basic word order in TS is SOV.

* Sjodheh yas wahdist lezj. The captain sees the first officer.
* Yas wahdistheh sjod lezj. The first officer sees the captain.

The suffix -heh indicates the subject noun of the sentence.

Adverbs and adverbial phrases occur almost anywhere in a sentence, but most neutrally they are found right before the verb.

* Sjodheh yas payh lezj. The captain suddenly sees the officer.
* Sjodheh yas mesjdak lezj. The captain sees the officer on the bridge.

In imperative sentences, the subject &quot;you&quot; is understood, and the object noun ends in -yi.

* Puhyi sjodvad nob. Give the phaser to the captain.

== Tense ==

Tense is usually contextual and implicit, but it can be emphasized with special adverbs.

* Sjodheh yas dasj lezj. The captain now sees the officer.
* Sjodheh yas nyuzj lezj. The captain then saw the officer.
* Sjodheh yas zjik lezj. The captain then will see the officer.

== Voice ==

The suffix -luh indicates passive voice.

* Yasheh lezjluh. The officer is seen.
* Yasheh sjodmoh lezjluh. The officer is seen by the captain.

== Focus ==

Noun phrases may follow verbs if they are focal or indefinite.

* Yas lezj sjodheh. A captain sees the officer. The CAPTAIN (as opposed to someone else) sees the officer.
* Sjodheh yas lezj mesjdak. The captain sees the officer on a bridge. OR ... on the BRIDGE (as opposed to somewhere else).

Accusative nouns cannot occur after the verb. The passive must be employed.

* Sjodmoh lezjluh yasheh. The captain sees an officer. The captain sees the OFFICER (as opposed to someone else).

== Adjectives ==

A noun may be preceded by a stative verb.

* tin duz : big ship

== Possessive ==

Two nouns that occur next to each other form a possessive construction. The first noun is the possessor, while the second is the possessee. The second noun must be followed by -daz or -staz (depending on the number of the possessor).

* sjod duzdaz : captain's ship
* zazjmey nusjsjtaz : the enemies' weapon

== Nominals ==

The suffix -zjast creates a gerund out of an entire verb phrase.

* kohmey posmosjzjast - opening worlds
* Kohmey posmosjzjastheh tsjath. Opening worlds is difficult. (It is difficult to open worlds.)
* Sjoltezmeyheh kohmey posmosjzjast tiv. Linguists enjoy opening worlds.

== Serial Verbs ==

Many verbs can occur in serial to form more complex phrases. These often correspond functionally to English prepositions.

* mihtsjed kel zath : talk-consider math (talk about math)
* pah hel yit : walk-enter room (walk into the room)

Other verbs can be used in an adverbial sense. These are often idiomatic and difficult to apply broadly.

* stev stop : bite-separate (bite off)
* mez puv : fly-leave (fly away)
* lim chong : sleep-delay (sleep in)
* sal sayhmosj : clean-ascend (clean up)

== Pronouns ==

The nominative pronouns are as follows:

* zi - I
* so - you (singular)
* zja - he, she
* ho - it
* ma - we
* thi - you (plural)
* sta - they (plural of zja)
* bi - they (plural of ho)

The accusative pronouns are as follows:

* mu - me
* ni - you (singular)
* lu - him, her, it
* nu - us
* li - you (plural)
* di - them

The other cases for pronouns are formed by attaching type 5 noun suffixes to the nominative forms of the verbs.

* hodak - on/in/at it
* zivad - for/to me
* sovoh - from you
* stamoh - due to them

With imperative verbs a different set of accusative pronouns is used.

* sji - me
* yi - him, her, it
* zjo - us
* ti - them

== Conjunctions ==

The simple conjunctions can be used to join any kind of phrase.

* X hez Y - X and Y
* X koz Y - X or Y or both
* X pazj Y - X or Y

== To Be ==

There is no explicit copula in TS.

* Kamahheh zjokwih. The prisoner is a spy.

== Sentence as Object ==

The pronoun heh is similar to English &quot;that&quot; in objectizing an entire sentence.

* So kawhah heh zi vum? Do you remember that I work?

== Question Words ==

* nuk : what
* hiv : who
* nukdak : where
* zjodzj : when
* kath : why
* stayh : how

Question words do not have special positions in sentences.

= TODO =

* antipassive
* relative clauses
* examples... lots and lots of examples
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Halcánian dialect</title>
    <id>3881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34057</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-17T16:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]===

The Halcarnian dialect arose out the isolation period between 500 to 1400AD. Halcarnia was the main southern port on the island, and a major trading artery to central Dalcuria. However, after a corruption battle between a Halcarnian provincial governor and the King's central governmant, Halcarnia was segragated from the rest of Dalcuria, and ran as an autonomous province for nearly 900 years. Halcarnia fell on very hard times during this period since Dalcuria's leaders had always forged good relationships with England and Europe, and they were extremely influential in directing trade away from the province, thus forcing Halcarnia to survive on a recipricol economy. This also had a significant effect on the language, which failed to evolve beyond the realm of Old Dalcurian.&lt;br/&gt;Dalcuria managed to reclaim Halcarnia at the beginning of the 14th century, but the dialect never became superstrated. Although business, political and religious affairs were standardized, both orally and in literacy, the standard tongue of the region was very healthily retained. Of course, from that time, the Halcarnian dialect has undergone changes along with middle to modern-Dalcurian, but retains many old-Dalcurian features such as verb moods and modality, verb-pronoun inflection, and noun cases and accusative marking.

'''Pronunciation'''.

There is a distinct difference between standard Dalcurian and Halcarnian pronunciation, mainly:  

* High front vowels '''i''' and '''é''' tend to be more rounded.

* High back vowel '''u''' as in the noun ending '''ämös''' is shorter

* Non use of neither the characters nor the sounds '''Þ''' and '''ø'''

* Palatialization with doubled consonants-this is especially important in Halcarnian, for example the Halcarnian word for ''yearning/longing'' is '''hakan''' /hakan/ yet the word for a ''summer jacket'' is '''hakkan''' /hakʲan/

'''Written'''

Halcarnians spell as they speak. The marked vowels '''á''' and '''ä''' can be seen, though this is normally reserved for formal contexts. The high front vowels '''é''' and '''i''' are also only used with formality, however, since they are not pronounced they don't appear in normal writting. For example:

Dalcurian
* '''vélø'''-''cold''
** Halcarnian
*** '''veloc
Dalcurian
* '''disiri vélø'''-''very cold''
** Halcarnian
*** '''desere veloc</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Nandi</title>
    <id>3882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46393</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Phonotactics */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Proto-Nandi''' is a experimental conlang made by [[User:Sano|Sano]]. It may appear on an upcoming conworld.

==Phonology==

===Phonemes===

All the phonemes below are in X-SAMPA (phonemes in ''italic'', their respective romanised ortographies in '''bold''').

====Consonants====

Plosives /''p b t d k g''/ '''p b t d c g'''

Fricatives /''f v s z x h T D S''/ '''f v s z x h th dh sh'''

Nasals /''n m N''/ '''n m ŋ'''

Lateral /''l''/ '''l'''

Flap /''4''/ '''r'''

Semivowels /''j w''/ '''y w'''

Affricate /''tS''/ '''tch'''

====Vowels====

/''a e E i o O u y 2 a: e: E: i: o: O: u: y: 2:''/ '''a e é i o ó u ï ë a: e: é: i: o: ó: u: ï: ë:'''

===Stress===

''In construction''

===Syllabic Structure===

''In construction''

===Phonotactics===

''In construction''

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>True objective explanation</title>
    <id>3883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21289</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-17T19:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* [[dal'qörian|back to dal'qörian main page]] */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[dal'qörian|back to dal'qörian main page]]===

'''''True objective (accusative) case''''' 

In Old English, of which aspects meandered their way through dalq'qörian from Cadoc's reign, there existed what I must term a '''true objective case'''. This means that the articles ''a'' and ''the'' are different for the subject and object of a sentence (see '''German'''). This meant that, because the subject and object were diffirentiated, word order was less rigid, and could easily be swapped around for ,let's say, emphasis. Look at this example (in OE):

** '''se mann rídeð ðæt hors'''-''A man rides a horse''.

'''se''' can only mark the ''subject''. However, in OE one might wish to vary this by calling special attention to the horse as for example, in answer to the question '''Hwæt rídeð se mann?''' ''What is that man riding?'', by saying:

** '''ðæt hors rídeð se mann'''. 

Although the sentence now reads: ''A horse rides a man'' in English, the only way to efficiently translate this is to say, ''It's a horse that the man rides/is riding''. But in OE it still translates as, ''A man rides a horse'', because of the caseing. 

As stated, dal'qörian lost this use over time, becoming more related to English (probably due to its very close governmental and trade relationships over the past couple of centuries).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett/piephon</title>
    <id>3884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21456</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-27T19:32:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fricatives */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Traditional=

==Stops==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b bʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d dʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ḱ ǵ ǵʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g gʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ gʷ gʷʰ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b bʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d dʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c ɟ ɟʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ ɡʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ ɡʷ ɡʷʰ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Semivowels==

''Phonetic values of laryngeals per Beekes''

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u̯ u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i̯ i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʕ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʕʷ 

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Fricative==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Liquids==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r r̥
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l l̥

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɹ ɹ̩
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l l̩

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Nasals==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m m̥
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n n̥

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m m̩
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n n̩

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e ē
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o ō

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e eː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o oː

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Glottalic System=

==Stops==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p pʼ pʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t tʼ tʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ḱ ḱʼ ḱʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k kʼ kʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ kʷʼ kʷʰ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p pʼ pʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t tʼ tʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c cʼ cʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k kʼ kʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ kʷʼ kʷʰ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''All other symbols and sounds as per the Traditional system.''

=My System=

==Stops==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b pʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d tʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|č ǰ čʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c j cʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g kʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ gʷ kʷʰ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b pʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d tʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ dʒ tʃʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c ɟ cʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ kʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ ɡʷ kʷʰ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Note: The ''č ǰ čʰ'' series is recontructed as ''tḱ dǵ dʰǵʰ'' in the Traditional (and most other) systems. It seems clear to me that it's an affricate of some kind, and the postalveolar series is easiest for me personally to pronounce. Aside from a single attested ''dgʷ-'' onset, it's the only root-internal stop/stop cluster in PIE, and I'm quite willing to sweep the lone ''dgʷ-'' under the rug as a ''ǰu̯-''.

==Semivowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u̯ u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i̯ i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; h̥&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; h̥&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; h̥&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w u
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʕ ʌ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʕʷ ɔ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Fricatives==

I suspect two distinct fricatives, the standard ''s'' and ... &quot;something else&quot;. If present, it's rare, and I have tended to use ''x'' to notate it. I lean towards postalveolar as the point of articulation (i.e. /ʃ/ ~ /ʒ/), but I have very little evidence to go on so far.

=Gábor Sándi System=

==Stops==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b bʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d dʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g gʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ gʷ gʷʰ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b bʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d dʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ ɡʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ ɡʷ ɡʷʰ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Note: ''no palatal series''

==Semivowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|y

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;


==Fricatives==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Traditional'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; ∅
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; h̬
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;ʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h&lt;sub&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-3&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;ʷ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Sándi'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|xʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɣ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɣʷ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''The notations &quot;&gt; ∅&quot; and &quot;&gt; h̬&quot; indicate the outcome in the Anatolian branch. The /ʔ/ phoneme is written with an apostrophe: '''ʼ'''''

==Liquids==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Nasals==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |i
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;3&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |e
|align = &quot;center&quot; |ə
|align = &quot;center&quot; |o
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |a
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |ej
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |oj

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |aj
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |ew
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |ow

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; |aw
|align = &quot;center&quot; |&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''Note: no length distinction''

''Note: in this system, syllabic consonants are əC sequences''

=Rheimer(?) System (IIRC)=

''May not be exactly right, it's from memory''

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u uː

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a aː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:-(</title>
    <id>3885</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21368</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:-(]] moved to [[Template:Frown]]: Descriptive name.  Old page should remain as redirect/alternative syntax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Frown]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:-(</title>
    <id>3886</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21370</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template talk:-(]] moved to [[Template talk:Frown]]: Descriptive name.  Old page should remain as redirect/alternative syntax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template talk:Frown]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:-)</title>
    <id>3887</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21372</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-24T12:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:-)]] moved to [[Template:Smiley]]: More descriptive name.  Old name should remain as redirect/alternative syntax.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Smiley]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Scroll box</title>
    <id>3888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28766</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T12:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:{{{width|100%}}}; margin-bottom:3px; margin-top:3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background:{{{background|inherit}}};&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:auto; height:{{{height|230px}}}; width:{{{width|100%}}};  -moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding-left:0.5em; background:transparent;&quot;&gt;
{{{content|{{{1}}}}}}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;width:8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;__NOTOC__
==Usage instructions==
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{scroll box
|content=

}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

NOTE: An optional '''width''' variable can be used to control the width of the scroll box:
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{scroll box
|width=75% &lt;!-- Should be a relative value! --&gt;
|height=10em &lt;!-- Should be an absolute value! 1 line = 2em approx. --&gt;
|background=
|content=

}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

==Example==
===Code===
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{scroll box
|background=#A0CFEC
|content=
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
*blah
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

===Result===
{{scroll box
|background=#A0CFEC
|content=
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    <title>Longman Defining Vocabulary</title>
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      <timestamp>2007-04-24T18:07:41Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>[[Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (1)]] moved to [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (1)]]: For some reason i forgot that part when I created the pages</comment>
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      <comment>[[Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (2)]] moved to [[Longman Defining Vocabulary/more than one word class (2)]]: For some reason i forgot that part when I created the pages</comment>
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== Usage ==

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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Lexica]]
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  <page>
    <title>Gûittezu</title>
    <id>3896</id>
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      <id>22112</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-05T17:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Numbers - ''sûí nummyér'' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gûittezu''' (Eng: '''Guittese''') is a Romance language spoken on the Island of Guitta (''Ille Gûittecche''), a small remote isle in the Mediterranean Sea (''Marre Medditerranée'').

==Alphabet - ''s'affabette==

*A - /a/
*B - /b/
*C - /k/ before A, U, Y, /θ/ before I, E
*Ç - /θ/ before any letter
*D - /d/
*E - /e/
*F - /f/
*G - /g/ before A, U, Y, /θ/ before I, E
*H - only used after C or G that is before an E or I
*I - /i/
*J - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /θ/ in non-native words.
*K - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /k/ in non-native words.
*L - /l/
*M - /m/
*N - /n/
*O - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /u/ in non-native words.
*P - /p/
*Q - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /k/ in non-native words.
*R - /r/
*S - /s/
*T - /t/
*U - /u/
*Û - /w/
*V - /v/
*W - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /w/ in non-native words.
*X - Not used in native words. Generally pronounced like /ks/ in non-native words.
*Y - /j/
*Z - /z/

===Diphthongs and digraphs - ''sée diptungée ez sée digraffée''===
*SY - sh

==Vocabulary - ''sée ûerrée''==
See: [[Gûittezu lexicon]]

==Numbers - ''sûí nummyér''==
*u, unne - one
*dûi - two
*trey - three
*attûír - four
*ecche - five
*syezye - six
*syette - seven
*ûitte -eight
*nûíf - nine
*dyezze - ten
*çyettu - hundred
*melle - thousand

==Nouns - ''sée sussattivée''==

===Articles, conjunctions and prepositions - ''sûí atticûí, cuyuccyûí ez preppuzicyûí''===
*su, se, s' - the
*sûa, sya - the (acc)
*cu, che, c', ch' - a, an
*cûa, chya - a, an (acc)
*tu, te, t' - of
*tazzu, tazze, tazz' - of the 
*addu, adde, ad' - to
*dezzu, dezze, dezz' - to the
*innu, inne, inn' - in
*nizzu, nizze, nizz' - in the


==Verbs - ''sée vebbée''==

*ettín - to be
*lûin - to love
*vessín - to pour (out)
*macín - to eat
*dûin - to give
*meddín - to walk

*ey vessu
*tu vessi
*i/ûé vessa
*nûiz vessyamu
*nûiz vessazzu
*iz vessattu

==Pronouns - ''sûí prunûimmûí''==
*I - ey, me - ma
*you - tu, you (accusitive) - tûa 
*he - i, him - ya
*she - ûé, her - ûeya

Plural
*we - nûiz, us - na
*you - vûiz, you (acc) - va
*they - iz, them - izza


==Examples - ''sûí zapplûí''==
*''I vessa sûa viyu nizz'uzze.'' - He pours the wine into the cask.
*''Ûé maça sya payu.'' - She eats the bread.
*''Ey du sûa çayzu dezz'arryattu.'' - I am giving the cheese to the boy.
*''Ch'ûi medda dezzya dumme.'' - A man walked to the house.
*''Ey lu macín syée fruttée.'' - I love to eat fruit.
*''Iz lûatta sya dûittelle.'' - They love their daughter.
*''Du addu Çayzár i dezzu Çayzár.'' - Give to Caesar what is Caesar's.
*''S'ûi vizza sya verave.'' - The man saw the woman.
*''S'yecûe e nizzu cappu.'' - The horse is in the field.</text>
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    <title>User:Thegoatman</title>
    <id>3897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45510</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-20T01:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Current Projects: [[Old Verat]], [[Naka (Terek)|Naka]]

[[Aspawata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Verát</title>
    <id>3898</id>
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      <id>21507</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-30T23:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
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      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Classical Djūn Lexicon</title>
    <id>3900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21537</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-01T16:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''*Some &quot;words&quot; contain none standardized spellings''


'''B  -  b'''

bahl  	post.  English: to. Tja pōv bahl vīccis nōmō mī I comming to there.

bahlaċenh  	noun.  English: whale. Cī bahlaċenh nōmī mō It was a whale.

batadh  	noun.  English: slum, ghetto. Hefa batadh na vō? You live in a slum?

ba'  	post.  English: to, conjunction. Tja pōv ba' cugō I went there.

bē  	post.  English: upon. Tlamōm fādīn bē nīccī mō There was a knock upon the door.

bōccī  	adj.  English: last. Tja toidën bōccī nōmō I am the last man.

buhja  	noun.  English: girl. Tja buhja phīhō I love a girl.

'''Ċ  -  ċ'''

Ċihjen  	verb.  English: to learn. Vō Djūn ċihja sōnen! You Can learn Djūn!

Ċiten  	verb.  English: to track, stalk. Cī toi ċitis nōmī mī! He is stalking me.

Ċūbhen  	verb.  English: to hunt. Cī ga ċūbhī mū He will hunt it.

Ċanen  	verb.  English: to pledge, to proclaim, to strongly suggest. Tja Ga ccanō! I proclaim it!

Ċav  	noun.  English: Djūn City. Tja Ċav nōmō! I am Ċav.

Ċavena  	noun.  English: Kingdom. Cavōm ċavena toi hē nōmī! Cav is my Kingdom!

Ċenō  	noun.  English: Republic. Hlīmisōm ccenō gīn nōmī! Hlīmis is not a Republic!

Ċēdjō  	noun.  English: lock, a. Cī ċēdjōn fādīn bē nōmī It is the lock of the door.

ċahlō  	noun.  English: case, container, box. Ċahlōn zīcīv Stealing case.

ċim  	post.  English: beside. Cī ga ċim nōmī It/he is beside him/it.

ċoiphō  	noun.  English: wife. Hō ċoiphōn tó hē nōmī She is my wife.

ċōvī  	noun.  English: desert. Ċōvīm hanī nōmī The desert is here.

ċū  	post.  English: infront. Nōmō mō ga ċū Tja? Was I intront of him?

ċūhjan  	noun.  English: swindler, a. Cī ċūhjan nōmī He is a swindler.

ċëgauv  	noun.  English: sword. Tja ċëgauvōm cīdjō I have the sword.

'''Ch  -  ch'''

Cha  	noun.  English: any kind of disc, sometimes edible (like pizza). Tja cha hephō I like Pizza.

Chamen  	verb.  English: to unite. Tja Djūn chamō mū I will unite Djūn.

'''D  -  d'''

da  	adj,pro.  English: one. Tja da kīdjō I have one.

Damë  	noun.  English: allegiance, friendship. Vō damë toi hē cīdja You have my allegiance.

dāc  	int.  English: bye. Dāc, Tja va vīvī zëdō mū Bye, I will see you later.

Dān  	noun.  English: bucket. Tja dān cīdjō I have a bucket.

denō  	noun.  English: grass, grassland, plains. Cī denō nōmī It is grass.

dē  	adj.  English: all. Tja va dēv nīvī I want all of you.

din  	noun.  English: thing. Tja din nīvō I know a thing.

dip  	adj.  English: five. Hācë dipīv nīccī There are five cats.

dis  	noun.  English: hand, a fem. Tja dis kīdjō I have a hand.

disa  	noun.  English: death. Disa toi hē? My death?

Dīden  	verb.  English: to exile, to ban. Cī nī dīdis nōmī mō He has banned them.

Dīhjen  	verb.  English: to remember. Tja va dīhjō I remember you.

Dīc  	adj.  English: small. Va dīciv nōma You are small.

dīm  	adv.  English: alone. Toi nōmō dīm I am alone.

Dībhō  	noun.  English: slut. Hō dībhō nōmī She is a slut.

dōccen  	verb.  English: to think. Toi dōccō vis Vō toi nōma I think that you are me.

Dūccen  	verb.  English: to return. Toi dūccō mū I will return.

Dūbhō  	noun.  English: male &quot;slut&quot;. Cī dūbhō nōmī He is a male &quot;slut&quot;.

dëm  	adj.  English: four. Tja dëm kīdjō mō I had four.

'''F  -  f'''

fādī  	noun.  English: door, a fem. Hō fādī nōmī It is a door.

foinō  	adj.  English: big, huge, greater, enlarged, area of ect. Tja Djūn foinō hē hadjō I live in greater 
Djūn.

'''Ph  -  ph'''

Phipī  	adv.  English: better-than. Tja va nōmō phipī I am better than you.

phīhen  	verb.  English: to love. Tja va phīhō havī I love you too.

Phīcō  	adv.  English: always. Tja va nīvō phīcō mū I will always love you.

Pho  	adj.  English: full. Cī phov nōmī It is full.

phūma  	conj.  English: even-if. Tja va ba' nīnō phūma Cī ga gīn hephī. I will speak to you even if he 
doesn't like it.

phūnen  	verb.  English: to run. Toi phūnō I run.

'''G  -  g'''

Gaccëhr  	noun.  English: warship. Hlīmisōm gaccëhrid sūziv nōmī Hlīmis has onehundred warships.

gahlo  	adj.  English: blue. Tja gahlo nōmō I am blue.

Gāc  	noun.  English: day, a. Gācōm pōv nōmī The day is here.

Gāscen  	verb.  English: to ask. Tja ga gāscō mō I asked him.

gimī  	noun.  English: foot. Viscjë! Cī gimī toi hē nōmī! Damnit! That is my foot!

Gībhō  	adj.  English: high on drugs or drunk on Alcohol. Tja Gībhōv nōmō! Im high/drunk!

gīn  	negator.  English: no, not. Tja ga gīn nōmō I am not him.

Gjamen  	verb.  English: to result, to end in. Cī va ba' gjamī It ends with you.

Gjīcc  	noun.  English: truth. Tja va ba' gjīccōn nīnō mō I told you the truth.

govjë  	noun.  English: state, nation, tribe. Tja Govjë Caviv hē ta nōmō I am from the nation of Cav.

gūhjud  	noun.  English: lowely priest, a. Cī gūhjud nōmī mō He was a lowly priest.

Gūsen  	verb.  English: to believe. Toi gīn gūsō mō I couldn't believe.

Gënab  	noun.  English: Military Officer. Tja Gënab nōmō Cav na I am a military officer in Cav.

'''H  -  h'''

ha  	conj.  English: and. Toi manō mō ha ga manī havī I arrived and he arrived also.

haden  	verb.  English: to do. Tja ga hadō mū I will do it.

hadjen  	verb.  English: to live (in a place). Tja pōv hadjō I live there.

hama  	adj.  English: nice. Tja hamav nōmō I am nice.

hamīc  	noun.  English: friend, masc. Cī hamīc toi hē nōmī He is my friend.

hanī  	pro.  English: here. Tja hanī nōmō I am here.

Hanū  	noun.  English: language, tongue, speak. Hanūm Djūnīv na In the Djūn language.

hapīcca  	noun.  English: a rare spice from the Hīta islands. Pē hapīccad cīdjē They have hapīccas.

hatl  	conj.  English: because. Tja ga hagō, hatl Tąhlë ga hagī I know it/him/this, becuase Tyler knows it/
him/this.

habhī  	adv.  English: also, too. Tja cā phīhō habhī I love her too.

hāc'  	abr. noun.  English: cat, a. Tja hāc' cīdjō I have a cat.

hācë  	noun.  English: cat, a. Tja hākën toi hē fīhō I love my cat.

hech  	noun.  English: present, (time). Tja hechōn na hadjō I live in the present.

hephen  	verb.  English: to like. Tja ga hephī I like it/him.

het  	adj.  English: old. Cī Nibsi Hetīv naiccī mō He spoke Old Nibsi.

Heta  	adj.  English: same. Cī hetav nōmī It is (the) same.

hezë  	noun.  English: south. Kī hezë na nōmī It/he is in the south.

hē  	postposition.  English: of. Tja va hē nōmō I am yours.

hēden  	verb.  English: to travel, to march. Toi hēdō mū I will travel.

hid  	noun.  English: past. Vō hidōn na hadja Thou livest in the past.

hiphen  	verb.  English: to send. Hō toi ba' hiphī mū She will send it to me.

himen  	verb.  English: to make. Tja ga himis nōmō mī I have made it.

hin  	pro.  English: impersonal pronoun, (one) ABS. Tja hin hefī vis ga hadī hūmit I like one that does it well.

Hinid  	pro.  English: everyone.ABS. Hinid mū Everyone will.

hit  	pro.  English: impersonal pronoun, (one) ERG. Hit ga hephī One does like it.

Hitid  	pro.  English: everyone.ERG. Hitid ga cīdjē mū Everyone will have it.

hīben  	verb.  English: to respect. Tja ga hībō I respect him/it.

hīcjū  	adv.  English: so, very. Vō pīhlīv nōma hīcjū mō You were so wrong.

Hīnen  	verb.  English: to infect, infest. Cī va hīnī mū He will infest you!

hjan  	adj.  English: so, very. Nōma mōtiv hjan vō? Are you very happy?

hjāmen  	verb.  English: to destroy. Tja ga hjāmōs nōmō mū I will have destroyed it.

Hjitë  	post.  English: with. Tja Ga hjitë cugō mū I will go with him.

Hjōna  	noun.  English: justice, compensation, just desserts. Tja hjōna toi hē cīdjō mū! I will have justice!

Hjōbhen  	verb.  English: to fuck. Hjōbhenīm va! Fuck you!

Hjōbhë  	int.  English: Fuck. Hjōbhë! Tja ga gīn cīdjō! Fuck!, I don't have it!

hjūd  	noun.  English: world. Tja hjūdōn bē hadjō I live upon the earth.

Hjūn  	noun.  English: Liberty, sovereignty, independence. Nō hjūn cīdjē mū! We will have liberty!

hlam  	noun.  English: mountain, a. Hlamidōm hanī nomī The mountains are here.

hlanī  	noun.  English: west. Tja hlanī hadjī I live west.

Hlin  	noun.  English: language. Hlinōn Djūniv The Djūn Language.

hloitë  	noun.  English: forrest, any kind of. Tja hloitë na hadjis nōmō I have lived in the forrest.

hlō  	noun.  English: city, a. Cī hlōn nōmī It is the city.

hōm  	noun.  English: end, a. Kī hōmōn nōmī It is the end.

hōphë  	noun.  English: flag, banner, blanket. Tja hōphën cīdjō I have the flag.

hōpī  	adj.  English: strange, odd, wierd. Vō hōpīv nōma You are strange.

hram  	adj.  English: nine. Kī hram kīdjī He has nine.

hrenen  	verb.  English: to break, to destroy, to decapitate. Cī ga hrenī mō!!! He cut off his head!!!

hrōccë  	noun.  English: bear. Cī hrōccë nōmī! It is a bear!

hūb  	conj.  English: but. Tja va nīvō, hūb Tja cā nīvō havī I want you but I want her too.

hūphid  	noun.  English: marijuana. Tja hūphid cīdjō I have marijuana(plural).

hūcāth  	noun.  English: Duke. Cī hūkātōm nōmī He is the duke.

hūm  	adv.  English: well, good, precise. Tja ga hadō hūmit I do it well.

hūtīc  	noun.  English: women. Hō hūtīc nōmī She is a women.

hąpen  	verb.  English: to create. Tja ga hąpō mō I created it.

'''C  -  c'''

cāsten  	verb.  English: to buy, purchase, trade for. Tja ga cā ved cāstō mō I bought it for her.

ceben  	verb.  English: to defile, to piss upon, to desecrate. Cī ga cebīs nōmī mo He has defiled it.

cephen  	verb.  English: to conquer, to seize, to tak away. Tja ga cephō I conquered it.

cīdjen  	verb.  English: to have. Tja ga cīdjō I have it/him.

Cīvī  	adv.  English: easy. Tja ga dīdō cīvī mō I banned him so easily.

Cjīs  	post.  English: down. Tja cjīs cugō mō I went down.

Cjūb  	noun.  English: colour.

cjë  	adj.  English: seven. Tja cjë cīdjō mō ha mū I had seven and I will always have seven.

Cōvī  	noun.  English: camp, settlement. Cī cōvī ga hē nōmī It is his camp.

cugen  	verb.  English: to go. Tja pōv cugō I will go there.

cū  	adj.  English: eight. Cīdja cū Vō? Do you have eight?

Cūva  	noun.  English: nose. Cī cūva toi hē nōmī It is my nose.

Cët  	noun.  English: Chariot. Cī cëtidōn cīdjī He has chariots.

'''M  -  m'''

Mēccī  	adj.  English: classical, high class-like, classy, Tja Djūn Mēccīv natlhō I speak Classical Djūn.

manen  	verb.  English: to arrive. Bą manō mū We will arrive.

māgë  	noun.  English: Princess. Hō māgën nōmī She is the princess.

Mena  	adj.  English: common, peasantlike. Kī Djūn Menav natlhī He speaks vulgar Djūn.

mēhlō  	adj.  English: middle, midway, between. Tja Nibsi Mēhlōv natlhō mū I will speak Middle Nibsi.

mēsūn  	adv.  English: hungry. Toi nōmō mēsūn. I am hungry.

Mīnō  	noun.  English: male. Kī mīnō nōmī! He is a male!

Monī  	noun.  English: Mäjní. Cī tódë Monī hē nōmī He is a Majnian.

mōt  	adj.  English: happy, glad. Tja mōtiv hjan nōmō I am so glad.

mudjë  	noun.  English: daughter. Hō mudjën tó hē nōmī She is my daughter.

Mūvech  	noun.  English: peasant. Vō mūvech nōma You are a peasant.

më  	adj.  English: three. Mëhīv nīcī There are three.

mąc  	adj.  English: two. Tja hācë mącīv cīdjō I have two cats.

'''N  -  n'''

na  	post.  English: in. Tja tēcan na nōmō I am in the room.

na zëden  	verb.  English: to look, (to see on). Tja va na zëdis nōmō mī I am looking(seeing) at(on) you.

nanen  	verb.  English: to be ignorant. Va nana Thou art ignorant.

Natjīta  	noun.  English: Northern Djūn Kingdom. Tja Natjīta na hadjō I live in Natjīta.

Navja  	noun.  English: Queen. Hō Navja tó hē nōmī She is my queen.

neccī  	noun.  English: heaven. Tja neccī ved vīccō I come from heaven.

nith  	conj.  English: um, uh. Tja nith...Cī nith... I uh...he um...

Nībō  	noun.  English: east. Nō nībō bahl cugō We will go east.

Nīccen  	verb.  English: to exist, Ga nīccī He exists.

nīcō  	noun.  English: little boy. Vō nīcō nōma you are a little boy.

Nīnen  	verb.  English: to tell. Tja ga nīnō mō I told him.

Nīven  	verb.  English: to want. Tja va nīvō I want you.

not  	noun.  English: beast. Cī not nōmī! Nō ga vinē mū! He is a beast! We will kill him!

nōcī  	noun.  English: name. Sām nōcī toi hē nōmī Sam is my name.

nōmen  	verb.  English: to be. Tja ga nōmō I am him.

nōtë  	noun.  English: north. Cī nōtë ba' nōmī It is to the north.

Nōva  	adj, noun.  English: tsar, kaiser, Ceasar(title), Czar ect. Tja Nōvan nōmō! I am the Czar!

Nōvjō  	noun.  English: King. Cī Nōvjōn nōmī! He is the king.

nusāch  	noun.  English: sack of any kind. Tja nusāchōn gīn cīdjō mō I did not have the sack.

Nū  	 English: yes. Nī, Toi sīdō Yes, I am a looser.

nūbū  	noun.  English: infant. Cī nūbū toi hē nōmī He is my baby.

Nīmī  	int.  English: hello. Nīmī, Nōma manōm va gatin hē Hello, What is your name?

Nūccen  	verb.  English: to speak. Tja Djūn nūccō I speak Djūn.

'''P  -  p'''

pīhlī  	adj.  English: wrong. Vō pīhlīv nōma You are wrong.

pjūn  	noun.  English: sea. Pjūnōn gahlō nōmī The sea is blue.

Pjūnōn hezë na  	noun.  English: the south sea. Pjūnōn hezë na The sea in the south.

pōv  	pro.  English: there. Kī pōv nōmī He is there.

Pup  	noun.  English: mile, kilometre type of measurement.

Pūcen  	verb.  English: to clean. Tja ga pūcō mū I will clean it.

'''S  -  s'''

sabō  	adv.  English: then. Ha Sām vicī sabō, Kī hjūdōn bahl vīcī And God then cam, he came to earth.

Saca  	adj.  English: cool. Tja sacav nōmō I'm cool.

savō  	noun.  English: lord, master. Kī savō toi hē nōmī He is my master.

sām  	noun.  English: god, The Creator, kajīn ect... Sāmōm va gīn fīhī God does not love you.

Seccen  	verb.  English: to discover, to find. Tja cā seccō nīven I want to find her.

sema  	adj.  English: great. Vō semav nōma! You are great!

sēhlin  	noun.  English: stupid, dumb; He is dumb. Cī sēhlin nōmī

sichōhl  	noun.  English: boat, seaworthy vesel, raft, basically anything that floats on water, a. Cī sichōhl tó 
hē nōmī It is my boat.

sīben  	verb.  English: to write; I like to read. Toi hefō sīben

sīccen  	verb.  English: to kick. Tja ga sīccō mō I kicked him.

Sīden  	verb.  English: to loose. Ga sīdī He looses.

sīhen  	verb.  English: to find, discover. Tja ga sīhō I found it/him.

sōnen  	verb.  English: to can. Tja va gīn zëdō sōnen I can't see you.

Sū  	int.  English: Bad. Ga nōmī sū. It is bad.

sūnīhjo  	noun.  English: an ugly, unsightly fish. Cī sūnīhjo nōmī That is an ugly fish.

sūtl  	noun.  English: dog. Cī sūtl nōmī it is a dog.

sūbha  	noun.  English: fire. Sūbha nīccī! There is a fire!

sūz  	adj.  English: ten. Hō toidë sūzīv kīdjī She has ten men.

'''T  -  t'''

ta  	post.  English: from. Tja ga ta phūnō mō I ran from him.

tau  	adj.  English: six. Tja tau kīdjō I have six.

tēcca  	noun.  English: room, a. Cī tēcca toi hē nōmī it/that is my room.

Tin  	pro.  English: where. Nōma tin hō? Where is she?

tīhl  	adv.  English: still. Toi nīccō tīhl I still exist.

tjūten  	verb.  English: to settle, to plant, Va tjūta mō You settled.

Tlam  	noun.  English: knock, a. Tlam nīcī mō There was a knock.

toidë  	noun.  English: homo sapien, a. Tja toidë nōmō I am a homo sapien.

tran  	noun.  English: land. Tja tran sīhō mō! I found land!

trōden  	verb.  English: to introduce. Tja kā trōdis nōmī mō I have introduced her.

tavlō  	adj.  English: best. Tja tavlōhīv nōmō I am the best.

'''V  -  v'''

Van  	noun.  English: child.FEM. Vō van nōma You are a child.

vaphen  	verb.  English: to kiss. Tja kā vaphō mō I kissed her.

Vazë  	pro.  English: what. Nōmī vazë cī cjūb? What colour is it.

Vin  	noun.  English: boy, a. Vinōm toi hē nōmī a/the boy is mine.

vinen  	verb.  English: to kill. Tja va vinō mū ha vō ga vīnō. I will kill you and you know it.

Viscjë  	int.  English: damnit, (holy) shit. Viscjë! Tja ga gīn cīdjō! Damnit! I don't have it!

vitë  	noun.  English: marking, scar, bruise. Gīn, Cī vitë toi hē nōmī. No that is my scar.

vīccen  	verb.  English: to come. Tó vīccō mō I came.

vīhen  	verb.  English: to leave. Tja ga vīhō mū I will leave him.

vīten  	verb.  English: to sit, rest. Toi vītis nōmō mī I am sitting/resting.

vītlīnen  	verb.  English: to understand. Tja sobī nōmō hanī, hatl toidëm gīn toi vītlīnī I am a northerner/
barbarian here, because noone understands me.

vīvī  	post.  English: on. Disōm bą vīvī nīccī There is hand on(as a part of) you.

vjūccen  	verb.  English: to walk. Tja ga hjitë vjūccō mū I will walk with him.

Vjë  	post.  English: under. Tja va vjë nōmō?! I am under you?!

Vō  	adj.  English: medium. Ccëhrōm toi hē vōv nōmī My ship is medium (sized).

Vūn  	noun.  English: child.MASC. Vō vūn nōma You are a child.

vis  	pro.  English: that. Tja mōjiv hjan nōmō vis cī hōm bēs hē nōmī I am so happy that it is the end of the 
day.

ved  	post.  English: for. Tja ga va ved hadō mō I did it for you.

vīgen  	verb.  English: to live, alive. Tja vōdjën ved vīgō I live for the future.

vōccëhr  	noun.  English: ship. Tja vōccëhrid nōmō I have ships.

vōdjë  	noun.  English: future. Tja vōdjën ved vīgō I live for the future.

Vōten  	verb.  English: to save. Tja va vōtō mū! I will save you!

Vima  	where.  English: pro. Nōmī vima cī? Where is he?

vīnen  	verb.  English: to know. Tja va vīnō I know you.

Vōhjen  	verb.  English: to yell. Cī toi ba' vōhjī mū He yelled at me.

Vōcūm  	adv.  English: quickly. Toi sībō vōcūm I write quickly.

Vōmen  	verb.  English: to hit, punch, strike. Tja va vōmō mū! I will hit you.

vōnë  	noun.  English: place. Vōnë dēv na Everywhere(All places).

Vūccen  	verb.  English: to watch. Tja va vūccis nōmō mī! I'm watching you.

vūgen  	verb.  English: to survive. Tja vūgō mū I will survive.

vūc  	noun.  English: port. Cī vūcōn na nōmī It is in the port.

vūsë  	pro.  English: why. Nōmī vūsë cī semav? Why is he great?

'''Bh  -  bh'''

Bhāccen  	verb, refl.  English: to sad. Tja tjī bhāccō I am sad (I sad myself).

Bhūn  	noun.  English: soldier. Cī bhūn nōmī He is a soldier.

'''Z  -  z'''

zomūn  	noun.  English: wolf, a. Kī zomūn nōmī He is a wolf.

zīccen  	verb.  English: to steal. Tja ga zīccō mō I stole it.

zudjën  	noun.  English: art, artwork, painting, peice of music, sculpture ect. Zudjënōm pōv' nōmī The 
artwork is here.

zëden  	verb.  English: to see. Tja va gīn zëdō I don't see you.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Script.jpg</title>
    <id>3901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21538</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-01T17:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>practice script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">practice script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Halcanian.jpg</title>
    <id>3902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21539</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-01T17:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tempfile</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">tempfile</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ela mantabel.jpg</title>
    <id>3903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21540</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-01T18:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stand dal</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">stand dal</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Land of sprit.jpg</title>
    <id>3904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21543</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-01T18:58:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kuma-Koban</title>
    <id>3905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45772</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-31T02:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kuma-Koban is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]] spoken in the [[Wikipedia:North_Caucasus|North Caucasus]] during the [[Wikipedia:Bronze_Age_collapse late|bronze-age]], principally in the area around the [[Wikipedia:Kuma-Manych_Depression|Kuma-Manych depression]]. Nominally, it belongs to an independent branch of the IE family, though many characteristics point to a [[Wikipedia:Proto-Greek_language|pre-Proto-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Anatolian_languages|Anatolian]] origin.

==Culture==
The Kuma-Koban people show material practices consistent with those of the [[Wikipedia:Srubna_culture|Srubna Culture]], with influence from the older Koban-Culture.

==Phonology==
Kuma-Koban is rather conservative in terms of its phonological development away from PIE. It shows twelve plosive to six non-plosive consonants, and six vowel qualities and two lengths.

The langauge only displays two fricatives, of which /h/ has a rather limited distribution, found only word-initially and between /a/ (for good historical reasons: /h/ &lt; PIE *h2 or, more rarely, *h3).

===Major Historical Developments===
There are four main historical developments from [[Wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European_language|PIE]] to Kuma-Koban which deserve special consideration. These are, in their presumed order of occurrence, the preservation of PIE ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as consinants before ''*e'', the vocalization of syllabic resonants, the splitting of the labiovelar series, and [[Wikipedia:Grassmann%27s_law|Grassmann's law]].

====Laryngeal Preservation====
Kuma-Koban, unlike any other language outside Anatolia, preserves the PIE laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as /h/ before ''*e''. They show the same vowel-coloring property as in other languages, changing ''*e'' to /a/ and /o/ respectively.
{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|''*h₂ab-ōl-'' || → || '''haboːl-''' || &quot;fruit&quot;
|-
|''*h₂euh₂-os'' || → || '''haːu-os''' || &quot;grandfather&quot;
|-
|''*h₃estH-'' || → || '''hostə-''' || &quot;bone&quot;
|}

The laryngeals then merge completely, and are preserved as a single vowel /ə/ between consonants and at word-boundaries:
{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|''*h₃rēǵ-'' || → || '''əreːɟ-''' || &quot;chief&quot;
|-
|''*ph₂-tēr-'' || → || '''pʰəteːr-''' || &quot;father&quot;
|}

====Syllabic Resonants====
Syllabic resonants, both alone and with laryngeals (i.e. the &quot;long syllabics&quot;) behave much as they do in Sanskrit or Lithuanian. The vowel which the syllable takes depends on the preceding consonant: we see {{IPA|/u/}} after labiovelars, and /ə/ elsewhere.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ PIE forms and KK Reflexes
|-
! || C_C || (C.)C_V || Cʷ_C || (C.)Cʷ_V
|-
!''*rH''
|əːr || ər || uːr || ur
|-
!''*lH''
|əːl || ə || uːl || ul
|-
!''*r''
| ər || r || ur || r
|-
!''*l''
| əl || l || ul || l
|-
!''*mH''
| əː || əm || uː || um
|-
!''*nH''
| əː || ən || uː || un
|-
!''*m''
| ə || (ə)m || ə || (u)m
|-
!''*n''
| ə || (ə)n || ə || (u)n
|}

====Labiovelars====
At a relatively early stage in its development, Kuma-Koban lost the labiovelars as a phonemic series: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' split into plain labials and plain velars, conditioned on the roundness of nearby vowels. When a labiovelar is preceded immediately by ''*u'' or ''*ū'', or followed by any round vowel, it will lose its lip-rounding feature to become a plain velar. This also occurs before *s. Otherwise, the labiovelars become plain labials.

{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|+ Conditioned Splitting of Labiovelars
|''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' || → || /k g gʰ/ || /_[V+Round] /_s /u(ː)_
|-
|''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' || → || /p b bʰ/ || elsewhere
|}

====Grassmann's Law====
This is a sound law governing the distribution of aspirated plosives within a root, as seen in Greek, Sanskrit, and Kuma-Koban.

===Allophony===


==Morphology==


==Morphosyntax==


==Syntax==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Kingdom (KVC)</title>
    <id>3906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45389</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T21:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Poleasc</title>
    <id>3907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21602</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-03T04:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Poleasc</username>
        <id>604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>POLEASC</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sherlock</title>
    <id>3910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21647</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-04T13:04:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sherlock</username>
        <id>60</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Start</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello to everyone!

I am Polish and I live in Poland. By profession, I am biologist, but my interests go towards linguistics too, including conlangs. [http://www.grzegorj.prv.pl/ My website] is written partially in English and contains information on Polish, among others. There is also a conlang corner there, too (as for now, mainly in Polish, but it is going to change). Just go and visit the website, you are always welcome... also if you feel the need to contact me.

You can also feel free to copy any texts from my website to FrathWiki (and to Wikipedia and similar free projects as well) if only you find it useful (unless the text is marked as not mine or copyrighted in another way).

[[User:Sherlock|Sherlock]] 06:04, 4 May 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aganean lexicon</title>
    <id>3911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21710</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-08T17:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#Å|Å]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#Cg|Cg]] [[#D|D]] [[#Dg|Dg]] [[#E|E]] [[#Ë|Ë]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#Hg|Hg]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#Ρ|Ρ]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#Ś|Ś]] [[#U|U]] [[#Y (Aë)|Y (Aë)]] 
|}

==''Cucg ua håcg-cucg ua hencåù'' Aganean-English==

===A===
===Å===
===B===
===C===
*cucg - ''n.'' language, speak, tongue; ''v.'' to speak, to speak a language
===Cg===
*cgyś - to rule, reign; a reigning
**rå-cgyś - king
===D===
===Dg===
===E===
===Ë===
===G===
===H===
*hyś - war
*huyëm - dog
===Hg===
*hguecd - finger
===L===
===M===
*mascgyù - mountain
*muścgyù - boy
===P===
===R===
===S===
===Ś===
===U===
*uëc - egg
*uëm - man
===Y (Aë)===

__NOTOC__

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]]  [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ρ|Ρ]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] 
|}

==English-Aganean ''Cucg ua hencåù-cucg ua håcg''==
===A===
===B===
===C===
===D===
===E===
===F===
===G===
===H===
===I===
===J===
===K===
===L===
===M===
===N===
===O===
===P===
===Q===
===R===
===S===
===T===
===V===
===W===
===X===
===Y===
===Z===

a å b c cg d dg e ë g h hg l m p r s ś u y (aë) à ù</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gûittezu lexicon</title>
    <id>3912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22169</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-06T19:33:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* L */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===A===
*abbûír - tree
*accûe - water
*Americche - America ''Americchenne, Americchennu'' - American person
*arryattu - boy
*avve - bird
*Azye - Asia ''Azyenne, Azyennu'' - Asian person

===B===
*babbe - beard
*byette - animal
*braçu - arm
*bûi, bûimme - good

===C===
*cappu - field
*canne - meat, flesh
*Çayzár - Caesar
*çaytér - other, other one
*çayzu - cheese
*Cevá - John
*cevatte - barley
*Cezzu - Jesus
*chebbár - horse, stallion

===D===
*dûimme - house
*dûittelle - daughter
*dûittu - son

===E===
*Eruppe - Europe ''Eruppenne'' - European

===F===
*Fracya - France
===G===
*grá, gradde - big
*Gûittu - Guitta
===H===
===I===
*ille - island
*ippyeru - empire
*Ippyeru rummanu - Roman Empire

===L===
*lette - milk
*limmûe - language
*Lucye - Italy ''Lucyenne, Lucyennu'' Italian
*luya - moon

===M===
*ma, malle - bad
*manu - hand
*Marye - Mary
*myette - brain
===N===
*nezzu - nose
*nûivvu, nûivve - new
*nûizze - night
*nummeyru - number

===P===
*pappu - the Pope
*pappér - paper
*payu - bread
*pye - girl
*pyumme - pen
===R===
*rennyelle - queen
*rezzu - king
*Rummu - Rome
===S===
*sacette - arrow
*saggu - blood
*sevve - forest
*sûille - sun
*sûir - Mr.
*sûiryelle - Mrs.
*syettu, syette - old (not young)

===T===
*tyerre - land
===U===
*ûerre - word
*ûi - man
*Ûillé - William
*ûilleu - oil
*ûillíf - olive
*ûivve - egg
*ûizzu - bone
*uzze - vessel, cask

===V===
*veyttu, veytte - old (not new)
*vrave - woman
*viyu - wine
===Y===
*yeccûe - horse
===Z===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Kasshian Family Terms</title>
    <id>3913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45477</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T00:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Basic terms */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Classical Kasshian]] language used an [[Wikipedia:Iroquois kinship|Iroquois system]] of kinship.

The terms for family members are:
== Basic terms ==
*Chinani - Mother or Mother's sister
*Natatu - Father or Father's brother
*Chichoppa - Wife
*Chitassauppa - Co-wife
*Najīlakos - Husband (monogynous)
*Nachoppa - Husband (bigynous)
*Nrantani - Co-husband
*Chitassa - Younger sister or female [[Wikipedia:parallel cousin|parallel cousin]]
*Natassa - Younger brother or male parallel cousin
*Chespa (pl. Chettapalli) - Older sister or female parallel cousin
*Nastalka (pl. Nassatalki) - Older brother or male parallel cousin
*Trikan - Daughter (also, daughter of same-sex sibling)
*Nrikan - Son (also, son of same-sex sibling)
*Chikalū - Niece (daughter of opposite-sexed sibling)
*Nakalū - Nephew (son of opposite-sexed sibling)
*Chimitā - Father's sister
*Nazonka - Mother's brother
*Chikottas (pl. chekkottachi) - Female [[Wikipedia:cross cousin|cross cousin]] (see below for other uses)
*Nakottas (pl. nakkottachi) - Male cross cousin (see below for other uses)
*Chimanū - Maternal Grandmother or mother's mother's sister
*Nrammanū - Maternal Grandfather
*Naqualol - Paternal Grandfather or father's father's brother
*Tranqualol - Paternal Grandmother
**If needed, one can distinguish between siblings/parents/children and cousins/uncles/aunts/nephews/nieces adding the adjective ''chinokku/nanokku'' (near) for siblings/parents/children or ''chīpa/nāpa'' (far, pl. ''chekkapai/nakkapai'') for cousins/uncles/aunts/nephews/nieces

==Other terms==
*Nrannani - The father of one's child, often used for &quot;husband&quot; after the birth of the couple's first child

==More complex terms==
Further terms, as well as additional uses of ''chikalū'', ''nakalū'', ''chikottas'', and ''nakottas'' require an understanding of the dual-clan system of the Kasshi.  Every individual belonged to two clans, a patrilineal one, inherited from one's father, and passed down through a male line, and a matrilineal one, inherited from one's mother, and passed down through a female line.  This is the reason for the distinction between parallel and cross cousins.  One's father's brother's children belong to the same patrilineal clan as oneself, while one's mother's sister's children belong to the same matrilineal clan.  However, one's father's sister's children and one's mother's brother's children do not share clan membership, the reason being that, while one's father and father's sister have the same dual clan membership, one's father passed to his children his patrilineal clan membership, while his sister passed on the matrilineal clan membership.  Likewise with one's mother's brother.

Past grandparents, only ancestors in a matrilineal or patrilineal line are named.  Great-grandparents in a matrilineal or patrilineal line (that is, mother's mother's parents and father's father's parents) are ''chikanda'' (pl. ''chekkandaffi'') and ''nasadru''.  The next generation above that is ''chikanda chībi'' and ''nasadru nābi'' (literally ''second chikanda'' and ''second nasadru'') and so on.

For one's descendants, a man's male line grandchildren or a woman's female line grandchildren are called ''chidumaç'' and ''nadumaç''.  A man's male-line greatgrandchildren or a woman's female-line greatgrandchildren are called ''chinunu'' and ''nanunu''.  The next generation is ''chinunu chībi'' and ''nanunu nābi'' (literally ''second chinunu'' and ''second nanunu'').

Other grandchildren are called ''chiquilu'' and ''naquilu''.  Great-grandchildren who are not in a straight same-sex line are ''chiquilu chībi'' and ''naquilu nābi'' (''second chiquilu'' and ''second naquilu'' respectively), and so on.

The terms ''nakottas'' and ''chikottas'', translated above as cross-cousin, are more accurately defined as the child of a woman of one's patrilineage or a man of one's matrilineage.  Thus, for example, the children of your father's brother's daughter or your mother's sister's son are also called ''nakottas'' and ''chikottas''.  Descendants of these relatives are not named.

One's father's father's brother's children are called 2nd ''natatu'' and 2nd ''chimitā'', while mother's mother's sister's children are 2nd ''chinani'' and 2nd ''nazonka''

[[Category:Kasshian languages]]
[[Category:Lexica]]
[[Category:Classical Kasshian|Family Terms]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Web example1.jpg</title>
    <id>3914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21748</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T17:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ela mantab 16.jpg</title>
    <id>3915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21749</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T17:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ela mantab current.jpg</title>
    <id>3916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21750</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T17:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Marriage cert final unfinished copy.jpg</title>
    <id>3917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21751</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T17:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Marriage cert final small.jpg</title>
    <id>3918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21753</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-13T17:47:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hibernic</title>
    <id>3919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21809</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-21T19:07:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hibernic is a language of Norse America and Western Europe in the [[Finla]] AU.

It is born of a Brythonic koine, which has both Church Latin and Norse layered on top of it.

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

===Mutation-oriented===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Spirantised'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Nasalised'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Labial'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|pʰ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɸ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɸʰ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|β
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m̥ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m̥ʰ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Apical'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʰ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n̥ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n̥ʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Guttural'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʰ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɣ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ̥ 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ̥ʰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;


{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʍ w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r̥ r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ç j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===IPA-oriented===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p pʰ b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t tʰ d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k kʰ ɡ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɸ ɸʰ β
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z s ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x h ɣ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m̥ m̥ʰ m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n̥ n̥ʰn
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ̥ ŋ̥ʰŋ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʍ w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r̥ r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ç j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɒ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Vowels may be long.

===Diphthongs===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɪj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʊw

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ej
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ow

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|aj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɒw

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Orthography=

==Consonants==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Spirantised'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Nasalised'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plain'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Weak'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Strong'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Labial'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ph
|align = &quot;center&quot;|b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|fh
|align = &quot;center&quot;|bb
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mp
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mh 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Apical'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|th
|align = &quot;center&quot;|d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|dd
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nt
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nh
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Guttural'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ch
|align = &quot;center&quot;|g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|gg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nc
|align = &quot;center&quot;|nch
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ng

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;


{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|lh l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|wh w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|rh r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|yh y
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Palatalisation===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|si
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃi

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sia
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃa

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sía
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃia

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sui
|align = &quot;center&quot;|si

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|súi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sʊj

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|süi
|align = &quot;center&quot;|swi

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sìta
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃta

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Likewise for '''z''' (/z/ ~ /ʒ/), '''ts''' (/ts/ ~ /tʃ/), and '''dz''' (/dz/ ~ /dʒ/).

==Vowels==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|y
|align = &quot;center&quot;|u

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

Long vowels are marked by a macron or circumflex. Diphthongs are marked with i or u.

=Numbers=

==Ordinals==

1. yan

2. tein

3. teddr

4. peddr

5. pymp

6. wegg

7. sedd

8. oiddr

9. nabbr

10. dic

=Pronouns=

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Singular'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Plural'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''1st Person'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mî
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sìne

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''2nd Person'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sî

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''3rd Person'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|esê
|align = &quot;center&quot;|xwýnd

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Proximal'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|so
|align = &quot;center&quot;|sobban

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Distal'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|siẃd
|align = &quot;center&quot;|siẃbban

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Interrogative'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|tsiard

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Reflexive'''
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|sodyn
|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:ZebiaContinents.GIF</title>
    <id>3920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21792</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-19T02:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tmeister</username>
        <id>310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of Zebia with climates indicated with the Koppen climate scale and continents named with provisional Latinized-Greek-ordinal-derived-names.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of Zebia with climates indicated with the Koppen climate scale and continents named with provisional Latinized-Greek-ordinal-derived-names.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithmographic language</title>
    <id>3921</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50037</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T18:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arithmographic language''' is a term coined by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] for a particular type of [[philosophical language]] first envisioned by G. W. Leibniz.  In an arithmographic language, words are encoded numerically.  Semantic primitives are represented by prime numbers; more complex concepts are represented by numbers obtained by multiplying the numbers of the semantic primitives.

For example, if the idea &quot;life&quot; is assigned the number 2, all living beings receive even numbers and all inanimate things receive odd numbers.  The numbers are then converted into pronounceable words using a pronunciation rule which maps integer numbers into strings of phonemes.

Arithmographic languages are more flexible than the more familiar taxonomic-type languages; an advantage of the arithmographic approach is that the vocabulary is open because there is an infinity of prime numbers.  Another advantage is that words for related concepts do not sound similar because the numbers assigned to these concepts, while being related by common factors, look different.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X-5</title>
    <id>3922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27076</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-28T23:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''X-5'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||n.a.
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||a priori experimental language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666666&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2007
|}

'''X-5''' is an [[X-languages|experimental language]] by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  X-5 is an [[arithmographic language]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lords prayer.jpg</title>
    <id>3923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21828</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-22T12:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide pro-forms</title>
    <id>3924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30538</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-06T17:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Personal pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''pro-forms of [[Classical Arithide]]''' include pronouns, pro-verbs, pro-adjectives and pro-adverbs, each class of which substitutes for the part of speech in its name. Demonstrative pronouns are also listed below.

==Pronouns==

Like nouns, Classical Arithide pronouns [[Classical Arithide declension|decline]] for case, and sometimes number. Pronouns can be divided into two large groups: personal pronouns and impersonal pronouns. The former includes words like ''des'' &quot;I&quot; and ''kēa'' &quot;oneself&quot;, as well as the distributive pronouns like &quot;each&quot; and &quot;neither&quot;; the latter is further subdivided into possessive pronouns (&quot;This book is '''mine'''.&quot;), relative pronouns (&quot;The car '''which'''...&quot;), interrogative pronouns (&quot;'''Who''' did this?&quot;), and demonstrative pronouns (&quot;'''This''' is good.&quot;).

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns in Classical Arithide number many more than the average European language. In the traditional grammar, there are two types of personal pronouns: the '''direct''' class, corresponding to the &quot;I&quot;, &quot;you&quot;, &quot;we&quot; etc. of Indo-European languages and including the reflexive pronoun, which directly refer to people by their grammatical argument in a sentence; the '''indirect''' class, which, as its name suggests, refers to people via descriptive terms much as royalty are referred to as &quot;Your Majesty&quot;, and which tends to be honorific in nature.

All direct personal pronouns in Classical Arithide are irregularly declined, as in many languages. There are separate pronouns for each of the three persons and two numbers (and a distinction between the inclusive and exclusive &quot;we&quot;), as well as reflexive pronouns. They are listed and declined below:

{|style=&quot;border: 1pt solid #cccccc; width: 920px; padding: 2px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
! || ''1p. sg.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;me&quot; || ''1p. pl. excl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;we, not you&quot; || ''1p. pl. incl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;we + you&quot; || ''2p. sg.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;you&quot; || ''2p. pl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;you&quot; || ''3p. sg.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;he/she/it&quot;{{footnote|1}} || ''3p. pl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;they&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px; font-weight: bold&quot;| Nom. || des || rīs || er || his || aus || na || kina
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Top. || dās || rigās || ergās || hās || vās || nās || kinās
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Acc. || dei (dege) || rei (rege) || ergē || he(te) || vete || nede || kinede
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Gen.{{footnote|2}} ||  den, din- || rin, rign- || ern,  ergn- || hes, het- || ves, vet- || nes, net- || kines, kinet-
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Dat. || dinai || irige || ergaí || hinai || ivine || nizai || kinizai
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Loc.{{footnote|3}} || dēnou, dum || irigum || ergum || hēnou, hum || ivēnum || nēzou, num || kinum
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Abl. || dēdō || irigō || ergō || hēdō || ivēnō || nēdō || kinēdō
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ins. || ditis || irigis || ergis || hesis || ivesis || nesis || kinesis
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Voc. || diā || rīgā || ērgiā || hī || vīdā || nāi || kināi
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ess./Con. || di, de(g)- || rī, ri(g)- || erga, erg(e)- || he, hi(n)- || vī, vi(d)- || ne, ni(z)- || kine, kini(z)-
|}

{{footnote|1}} &quot;It&quot; here refers only to animate objects, such as animals and insects, or a gender-unspecified person such as a baby. For inanimate objects, see below.
{{footnote|2}} The first form in each pair is used in contexts where case marking is not needed or wanted; the second form where it is, and takes the appropriate case ending of the first declension.
{{footnote|3}} Where case forms occur in pairs, the first of each pair is literal in meaning, i.e. &quot;on me, on my body&quot; etc., while the second is idiomatic, i.e. &quot;with regard to me, as for me&quot; etc.

For inanimate objects, there were a separate set of pronouns. These were basically the pronominal stems of the appropriate person with first declension endings added.

{|style=&quot;border: 1pt solid #cccccc; width: 320px; padding: 2px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
! || ''2p. sg./pl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;you&quot; || ''3p. sg.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;it&quot; || ''3p. pl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;they&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px; font-weight: bold&quot;| Nom. ||  hos || nos || kinos
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Top. ||   hou || nou || kinou
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Acc. ||  ho || no || kino
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Gen. ||  hin, hen- || nin, nen- || kinin, kinen-
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Dat. ||  hae || nae || kinae
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Loc. ||  hira || nira || kinira
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Abl. ||  hōn || nōn || kinōn
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ins. ||  hois || nois || kinois
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Voc. ||  hā || nā || kinā
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ess./Con. ||  - || - || -
|}

The reflexive pronoun (&quot;self&quot;, or, in compounds, &quot;-self&quot;) has only two forms, the singular and plural, and each is declined below. Note that the full declension of the reflexive pronouns fell out of general use very early on in the language's history and only the earliest, or the most archaically or poetically written, texts document it&amp;mdash;for all practical purposes, and from epistolary evidence it can be deduced, that a much reduced declension served for both singular and plural (using older forms to clarify ambiguity where necessary). That reduced declension is seen in the rightmost column:

{|style=&quot;border: 1pt solid #cccccc; width: 400px; padding: 2px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
! || ''refl. sg.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;oneself&quot; || ''refl. pl.'' &lt;br&gt;&quot;theirselves&quot; etc. || ''reduced decl.''
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px; font-weight: bold&quot;| Nom. ||  kēa || agera || kē
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Top. ||   kēs || agerās || -
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Acc. ||  ke(te) || age(te) || ke
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Gen. ||  kēs, kess- || ages, agess- || kes, kess-
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Dat. ||  kinai || aginai || ke
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Loc. ||  kēnou, kedum || agedum || kum
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Abl. ||  kēdō || agedō || kō
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ins. ||  kitis || agitis || ke
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Voc. ||  kiā || agiā || -
|-
|style=&quot;width: 80px;  font-weight: bold&quot;| Ess./Con. ||  ki(-) || agī(-) || ke
|}

===Distributive pronouns===

===Possessive pronouns===

===Relative pronouns===

===Interrogative pronouns===

===Demonstrative pronouns===

{{main|Classical Arithide demonstratives}}
{{seealso|Classical Arithide determiners#Demonstrative determiners}}

==Pro-verbs==

==Pro-adjectives==

==Pro-adverbs==

Pro-adverbs inflect just like [[Classical Arithide adjectives|adjectives]] and [[Classical Arithide adverbs|adverbs]], with infixes for the comparative, superlative and other forms.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:X-3</title>
    <id>3925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21840</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-23T16:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soap</username>
        <id>615</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: If you are going for speed, I think you should make the phoneme inventory more normal and settle for 1-syllable morphemes instead of 1-phoneme morphemes.  They'll be a lot easier to pronou...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">If you are going for speed, I think you should make the phoneme inventory more normal and settle for 1-syllable morphemes instead of 1-phoneme morphemes.  They'll be a lot easier to pronounce, and therefore faster.  If, however, your primary goal is to have an actual 1-phoneme-per-morpheme language, then by all means go ahead, I'd like to see what you come up with :)  [[User:Soap|Soap]] 09:08, 23 May 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:DiZ</title>
    <id>3926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27919</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T05:19:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Zfârzâbêzet kunazi ut utži-zeð êmedd | Welcome to my userpage''' &lt;/big&gt;

{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big &gt;'''&quot;DiZ&quot; a.k.a. &quot;Wikiwow&quot;'''&lt;/big &gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Occupation:'''
|| High school student 
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| In order of proficiency: &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:English language|English]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Spanish language|Spanish]] &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Swedish language|Swedish]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Conlangs:'''
|| [[Napkožæc]] 
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Linguistics|Linguistics]], &lt;br /&gt;
Writing and literature, &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Theology|Theology]], &lt;br /&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Metal (music)|Metal music]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Other sites:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:User:Wikiwow|Wikipedia &quot;Wikiwow&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
[http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/User:DiZ Uncyclopedia &quot;DiZ&quot;]
|}

----
The official name is DiZ, capital D, lowercase i, capital Z, though I also go by &quot;DiZtheGreat&quot;, &quot;Wikiwow&quot;, &quot;AmpleVoltage&quot;, and many other online aliases. [[Constructed language]]s are nothing new to me, though this wiki is, so if I do something wrong, please let me know. 

I am working on one conlang to which I will dedicate my time and effort, after many long-forgotten efforts in the past. It is called [[Napkožæc]], and it is loosely based on [[Wikipedia:PIE|Proto Indo-European]] language, with some personal æsthetics mixed in. It was originally intended for use in a personal fantasy story of mine, but I have decided to elaborate it further. I know next to nothing about the IPA alphabet, little about phonetics, or really advanced grammar (though I understand basics), but I always try my best. 

I am familiar with wikis in general, as I contribute to Wikipedia, Uncyclopedia (an awesome satirical encyclopedia), and other various wikis.

Right now I am also working on developing the base for a conlang called &quot;Norlandic&quot; which will be a historical alternative to modern North Germanic languages, for incorporation into a new alternate history conworld. 

==In Napkožæc==
Ngâmnôra ngazerse ezæži DiZ, D makse, i bazise, Z makse; sanšut nožâbêz vezi êm DiZtheGreat, Wikiwow, AmpleVoltage, êz nêzaži sansutsian ngâmnen. Ngazê ut æcen bozisian, sanšung wikis zia na; šu zeiþ, zælê vôzês câl bozise, uzengalzaea êm.

Uoze ut æc bozis hu wru ut wrie daza êmedd dæž êz uoz, ðie wru nêza udazen þewro lac ðiê þewro. Zeþ ei ži napkožæc, êrê zeþ ziti þewro indo-uropæc, sanšung nôme utzês ið êmedd nis vaka. Zeþ gwražet huwræz wru hu êmedd zak, sanšung wazês uto klêzi zeiþ lacezar. Uðgretzê ožul nâl ut IPA, æc-skwrazezi, sanšuž æc-žkrizi, sanšung udazê vlužul dažul.

Ngazê ut wikis, opwrô uozê wru ut Wikipedia, Uncyclopedia, êz nêzaži sansutsian wikis.

Uoze ngužul gwrazi gazaz ut æc bozis sansuts kia eiži &quot;Norlantæc&quot; kia ezæža nezanzi kezasa ut zâng-nint jermanis æcên dæsian wru šužit aži nezans-kez tawra bozis ngus.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Napkožæc</title>
    <id>3927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28148</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-21T21:22:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The letter V */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Napkožæc
|pronounce= {{IPA|/nɑp.ˈko.tsɛtʃ/}}
|tu=Alternate Earth, modern era
|species=Human ([[Napž]]) 
|in=[[Napž-tawra]]
|no=''unknown''
|script=[[Napžic script]]
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Indo-Napžic&lt;br&gt; 
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Napkožæc'''
|morph=Fusional
|ms=
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[User:DiZ|DiZ]]
|date=late ''2006 - present}}

'''Napkožæc''' (or '''Napkotzaetch''') - literally &quot;language of the cloud-walkers&quot; - is a language spoken by the fictional [[Napž]] people. 

==Alphabet==
Napkožæc is usually written in the Napžic script. However, the language can be transliterated into the Latin alphabet using digaphs and diacritics that correspond to character combinations in Napkožæc. For the purposes of convenience, the majority of words will be written using this transliterated Latinized form. The alphabet is as follows:

Aa Ââ Ææ Bb Cc Dd Ðð Ee Êê Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Ôô Pp Rr Ss Šš Tt Uu Vv Ww Zz Žž Þþ 

With three additional graphemes:

Dd, Ng, Wr

These graphemes, as they represent their own distinct sounds, are treated as separate letters in the Napžic script.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
A - {{IPA|[ɑ]}} f'''a'''ther; some dialects, {{IPA|/a/}} &lt;i&gt;'''a'''mor&lt;/i&gt; (Spanish) &lt;br&gt;
Â - {{IPA|[æ]}} s'''a'''t&lt;br&gt;
Æ - {{IPA|[ɛ]}} b'''e'''d&lt;br&gt;
E - {{IPA|[e]}} &lt;i&gt;'''e'''ntender&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Ê - {{IPA|[ɪ]}} p'''i'''t&lt;br&gt;
I - {{IPA|[i]}} m'''ee'''t&lt;br&gt;
O - {{IPA|[o]}} &lt;i&gt;s'''o'''bre&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Ô - {{IPA|[ə]}} lem'''o'''n; when stressed, {{IPA|/ʌ/}} r'''u'''n&lt;br&gt;
U - {{IPA|[u]}} t'''oo'''&lt;br&gt;

===Consonants===
====Table====
{|
!Type || Bilabial  || Labio-dental || Dental || Alveolar || Palatal || Post-alveolar || Labial-velar || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
|plosive || p '''b''' ||  ||  || t '''d''' ||  ||  ||  || k '''g'''     
|-
|fricative || ɸ || f || θ '''ð''' || s '''z''' ||  || ʃ ||  ||  || || ||
|-
|affricate ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || tʃ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||                     
|-
|trill ||  ||  ||  || '''r''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|tap ||  ||  ||  || '''ɾ''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|-
|approximant ||  ||  ||  || '''l''' '''ɹ''' || '''j''' ||  || '''w''' ||  ||  || || h   
|-
|nasal || '''m''' ||  ||  || '''n''' ||  ||  ||  || '''ŋ''' ||   ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|}

*As a general rule, voiced consonant stops never occur in the middle of words.

====Per Latin alphabet====
B - {{IPA|[b]}} '''b'''ite &lt;br&gt;
C - {{IPA|[tʃ]}} '''ch'''eat&lt;br&gt;
D - {{IPA|[d]}} '''d'''en&lt;br&gt;
Ð - {{IPA|[ð]}} '''th'''en&lt;br&gt;
F - {{IPA|[f]}} '''f'''ire&lt;br&gt;
G - {{IPA|[g]}} '''g'''ut&lt;br&gt;
H - {{IPA|[h]}} '''h'''arm&lt;br&gt;
J - {{IPA|[j]}} '''y'''our&lt;br&gt;
K - {{IPA|[k]}} '''c'''ast&lt;br&gt;
L - {{IPA|[l]}} '''l'''ie&lt;br&gt;
M - {{IPA|[m]}} '''m'''ine&lt;br&gt;
N - {{IPA|[n]}} '''n'''o&lt;br&gt;
P - {{IPA|[p]}} '''p'''it&lt;br&gt;
R - {{IPA|[r]}} &quot;trilled&quot; R, '''''r'''atón'' (Spanish) &lt;br&gt;
S - {{IPA|[s]}} '''s'''ay&lt;br&gt;
Š - {{IPA|[ʃ]}} '''sh'''ine&lt;br&gt;
T - {{IPA|[t]}} '''t'''en&lt;br&gt;
V - {{IPA|[ɸ]}} (no English equivalent, see below) &lt;br&gt;
W - {{IPA|[w]}} '''w'''eek&lt;br&gt;
Z - {{IPA|[z]}} '''z'''oo&lt;br&gt;
Ž - {{IPA|[ts]}} ma'''ts'''&lt;br&gt;
Þ - {{IPA|[θ]}} '''th'''in&lt;br&gt;
Dd - {{IPA|[d]}} as in la'''dd'''er, a'''dd'''&lt;br&gt;
Ng - {{IPA|[ŋ]}} lo'''ng'''&lt;br&gt;
Wr - {{IPA|[ɺ]}} '''r'''ock

====The letter V====
The sound of the letter has no equivalent in the English language. In most dialects, it is somewhat similar to the voiceless labiodental fricative (f), but it is made without touching your top teeth to your bottom lip, and with a smaller opening between the lips. If need be, [f] is an acceptable substitute, and &quot;V&quot; is in fact pronounced this way in several dialects.

==Further transliteration==
The Napkožæc alphabet can be further transiletarated using the most basic Latin characters, without diacritics:

*Â â - Aa, aa
*Æ æ - Ae, ae 
*Ê ê - Ii, ii
*Ô ô - Uu, uu; sometimes omitted altogether
*C c - Ch, ch; tch
*Ð ð - Th, th
*Š š - Sh, sh
*Ž ž - Tz, tz
*Þ þ - Th, th

Sometimes ''wr'' is simply changed to ''r''.

==Dialects==

==Lexicon==
''Main article: [[Napkožæc lexicon]]''


[[category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Napkožæc lexicon</title>
    <id>3928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34911</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-05T00:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''This list is incomplete.'''
----
''See [[Napkožæc]].''

''n.'' = noun; ''v.'' = verb; ''adj.'' = adjective; ''adv.'' = adverb; ''prep.'' = preposition; ''conj.'' = conjuction; ''pro.'' = pronoun; ''det.'' = determiner (treated as adjectives); ''int.'' = interjection

''c.'' = common (neuter); ''m.'' = masculine; ''f.'' = feminine; some entries regarding people will have '''-ži''' following them, signifying the feminine or female form. A colon before a word's definition indicates the word's ''core meaning''.

This lexicon lists nouns in their singular, indefinite form; verbs in the infinitive; adjectives in their basic neuter form; adverbs in their most basic &quot;-ži&quot; form. Joint prepositions are listed under single prepositions. 

==A==
'''aæ''' ''n.'' ice ''c.''

'''aæžaþ''' ''n.'' field of ice ''c.'' (from ''aæ-zeð'', &quot;place of ice&quot;)

'''aæži''' ''n.'' glacier ''f.'' (literally, &quot;that which is of ice&quot;)

'''aðêc''' ''n.'' dawn ''c.''

'''aklôzi''' ''v.'' to close 

'''apâtzi''' ''v.'' to forgive

'''apærêc''' ''n.'' dusk ''c.''

'''aô''' ''n.'' elbow ''c.''

'''atærs''' ''adj.'' early

'''ave''' ''adv.'' ''prep.'' up, above, over

'''awra''' ''n.'' air ''c.''

'''aži''' ''prep.'' within, inside

==Â==
'''âknâ''' ''n.'' lamb ''c.''

'''âlbærs''' ''adj.'' white

'''âlns''' ''det.'' all

'''âls''' ''adj.'' light in color 

'''ânazi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' close friend ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''âwrijis''' ''adj.'' silver 

'''âwrja''' ''n.'' silver ''c.''

==Æ==
'''æc''' ''n.'' language ''c.''

'''ækwô''' ''n.'' liver ''c.''

'''æng''' ''adv.'' ''prep.'' along

==B==
'''bakuz''' ''n.'' livestock ''m.''

'''baske''' ''n.'' a fish ''c.''

'''bawrzi''' ''v.'' to stand 

'''bazi''' ''v.'' 1. to eat 2. to kill or die 

'''bazis''' ''adj.'' small

'''bærzi''' ''v.'' to carry 

'''bežazi''' ''v.'' to ask

'''bêwrs''' ''adj.'' 1. pale (when referring to a person) 2. light green 3. ill

'''bêwrzi''' ''v.'' to infect or make ill

'''blâng''' ''n.'' field ''f.''

'''bolz''' ''n.'' lung ''c.''

'''borus''' ''adj.'' 1. pure, clean 2. transparent 3. simple, simply-stated

'''bozi'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; ''n.'' man, human ''m.'' (literally &quot;one who walks&quot;) 

'''bozi'''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ''v.'' to walk 

'''bozis''' ''adj.'' 1. artificial, relating to mankind 2. mortal, deadly 3. incorrect, false

'''boži''' ''n.'' woman ''f.'' (from ''bozi'')

'''bwrawrtza''' ''n.'' beard ''c.''

==C==
'''cawrs''' ''adj.'' 1. some 2. any

'''câl''' ''n.'' 1. anything 2. something ''c.''

'''câlen''' ''n.'' 1. somebody 2. anybody ''m.'', ''f.''

'''cânzi''' ''v.'' to sing

==D==
'''dazi''' ''v.'' to give

'''daži''' ''adv.'' always

'''dæž''' ''n.'' time ''f.''

'''dizi''' ''v.'' to tell, convey

'''dwræzi''' ''v.'' to travel 

==Ð==
'''ðaikos''' ''adj.'' black

'''ðaozi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' father's sibling; aunt or uncle ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''ðap''' ''adj.'' warm

'''ðæzi''' ''n.'' mother's brother - uncle ''m.''

'''ðêc''' ''n.'' day ''c.''

'''ðêcezi''' ''n.'' year ''m.''

'''ðiê''' ''prep.'' :used to relate to time - before, during, after, etc. Cannot exist by itself.
:'''ðiê ut''' 1. during 2. as (related to time)
:'''ðiê wru''' after
:'''ðiê þewro''' before

'''ðiži''' ''n.'' finger, toe ''f.''

'''ðung''' ''n.'' tongue ''m.''

==E==
'''e''' ''n.'' eon ''c.''

'''eizi''' ''v.'' to be called or named

'''eræ''' ''n.'' weather ''c.''

'''ešezi''' ''v.'' to help

'''ezæzi''' ''v.'' to be [a noun] 

==Ê==
'''êre''' and (between adjectives, adverbs, or separate thoughts - compare to ''êž'')

'''êž''' and (between nouns or pronouns)

==F==
'''fæzi''' ''v.'' to drink

'''flæzi''' ''v.'' to beat or hit 

'''flêzi''' ''v.'' to float or drift 

'''funzi''' ''v.'' to put into place 

'''fus''' ''adj.'' few

'''fuzi''' ''v.'' to push, thrust

'''fuži''' ''adv.'' 1. least 2. not very

'''fwrezi''' ''v.'' to beg

==G==
'''ganzi'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; ''v.'' to hide oneself

'''ganzi'''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, '''-ži''' ''n.'' lion ''m.'' or ''f.'' (literally, &quot;one who hides&quot;, referring hunting lions' hiding and stalking movements)

'''gafôzi''' ''v.'' to receive

'''gawrc''' ''n.'' fowl ''c.''

'''gâz''' ''n.'' belly, torso ''c.''

'''gon''' ''int.'' yes

'''grenazi''' ''v.'' to buy, trade

'''gung''' ''n.'' dog ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''guzi''' ''v.'' to look at

'''gwraez''' ''n.'' 1. plant 2. fern ''m.''

'''gwrazi''' ''v.'' to make or create

'''gwrezi''' ''v.'' to cry

==H==
'''hantas''' ''adj.'' other (usually reserved for people or objects of respect - compare to ''sansuts'')

'''hânzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' friend ''m.'' or ''f.''
 
'''huæz''' ''n.'' morning ''m.''

'''huntazi''' ''v.'' to wonder

'''huzi''' ''v.'' to run

==I==
'''ið''' ''adv.'' also, too

'''ipz''' ''adj.'' late

'''ipzêc''' ''n.'' evening ''f.''

==J==
'''jæž''' ''n.'' laws ''f.''

==K==
'''kalôži''' ''n.'' mother's sister - aunt ''f.''

'''kalzi''' ''v.'' to cover

'''kang''' ''n.'' chin ''m.''

'''kawaži''' ''adv.'' where

'''kawrt''' ''n.'' heart ''c.''

'''kawruži''' ''adv.'' where to

'''kazi''' ''v.'' 1. to be silent 2. to silence

'''kaži''' ''n.'' hand ''f.''

'''kâf''' ''n.'' human body ''f.''

'''kâô''' ''n.'' head ''c.''

'''kâzi''' ''v.'' to hold 

'''kâwroži''' ''adv.'' where from

'''kâwrzi''' ''v.'' to be able to

'''kæf''' ''n.'' mouth ''m.''

'''kæl''' ''n.'' gold ''f.''

'''kælæs''' ''adj.'' 1. yellow 2. golden 

'''kæzi''' ''v.'' 1. to begin 2. to live; be alive

'''ke''' ''pro.'' what, which (plural - compare to ''kwav'' and ''kwe'')

'''kelzi''' ''v.'' to shine 

'''kenlam''' ''n.'' camel ''f.''

'''kez''' ''n.'' history, past ''c.''

'''kezas''' ''adj.'' historical

'''kezi''' ''v.'' 1. to take 2. to bring 3. to care for

'''kirizi''' ''v.'' to seek or search

'''klêzi''' ''v.'' to grow 

'''kluzi''' ''v.'' to hear

'''kluži''' ''n.'' ear ''f.''

'''kolos''' ''n.'' hare ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''kodd''' ''n.'' throat ''m.''

'''kôngæzi''' ''v.'' to kiss

'''kræzi''' ''n.'' grass ''m.''

'''krês''' ''adj.'' green

'''kuezi''' ''v.'' to ask, pray

'''kun''' ''n.'' skin ''m.''

'''kunazi''' ''v.'' to come, arrive

'''kuzi''' ''v.'' to choose

'''kungeži''' ''n.'' knee ''f.''

'''kuwrla''' ''n.'' neck ''c.''

'''kwa''' ''n.'' cow, especially one bred for milking ''f.''

'''kwanzi''' ''n.'' young woman ''f.''

'''kwav''' ''pro.'' what, which (singular - compare to ''ke'' and ''kwe'')

'''kwæži''' ''adv.'' when

'''kwe''' ''pro.'' what, which (dual - compare to ''kwav'' and ''ke'')

'''kwev''' ''pro.'' 1. who (singular - compare to ''wi'' and ''kwê'') 2. one, oneself

'''kwê''' ''pro.'' who (dual - compare to ''wi'' and ''kwev'')

'''kwrors''' ''adj.'' huge, collosal 

'''kwun''' ''n.'' cattle ''m.'' or ''f.''

==L==
'''las''' ''adj.'' long, far

'''lazi''' ''v.'' to lie, lay

'''laži''' ''n.'' 1. earth 2. planet Earth; land ''f.''

'''lâkôz''' ''n.'' lake ''m.''

'''lâzwas''' ''adj.'' blue

'''lâpf''' ''n.'' lip ''m.''

'''læzi''' ''v.'' to leave from

'''likzi''' ''v.'' to tell a lie

'''luzgung''' ''n.'' large bat ''m.'' (from ''luzwazi|gung'', &quot;sky hound&quot;)

'''luznguzi''' ''n.'' small bat ''m.'' (from ''luzwazi|mnguzi'', &quot;sky rat&quot;)

'''luzwazi''' ''n.'' sky ''m.''

'''luž''' ''n.'' light ''f.''

==M==
'''mafâzi''' ''n.'' mother's father ''m.''

'''maks''' ''adj.'' large

'''manôm''' ''n.'' flesh ''m.''

'''manži''' ''adv.'' 1. more

'''marzi''' ''v.'' to kill (a person - compare to ''šlâzi'')

'''mat-ðêc''' ''n.'' noon, midday ''c.''

'''mazi''' ''v.'' to think, believe (occurences in the future - compare to ''ngezi'' and ''ngæzi'')

'''maži''' ''n.'' 1. mother 2. womb ''f.''

'''mâmn''' ''n.'' brain ''c.''

'''mângži''' ''n.'' mother's mother ''f.''

'''Mæ''' ''n.'' the Moon, in technical terms (as opposed to ''Wi-Bêwrse'')

'''me''' ''adv.'' very

'''melzi''' ''v.'' to command or lead 

'''mngæf''' ''n.'' descendent ''c.''

'''mnguzi''' ''n.'' mouse or rat ''m.''

'''mnôzi''' ''n.'' fly, gnat ''m.''

'''monþ''' ''n.'' hill ''m.''

'''muri''' ''n.'' ocean ''c.'' synonyms: wutzi

'''muz-muz''' ''n.'' mosquito ''m.''

==N==
'''na''' ''adv.'' not 
:'''na ðiê''' no longer

'''naddes''' ''n.'' vine ''f.''

'''nadduzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' niece or nephew ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''naiezi''' ''v.'' shall, must

'''nal''' ''adj.'' bad

'''nalži''' ''adv.'' badly

'''nap''' ''n.'' cloud ''c.''

'''napnôn''' ''n.'' daytime ''m.'' (literally, &quot;cloud hour&quot;)

'''nap-pele''' ''n.'' rain ''c.'' (from &quot;cloud-fall&quot;)

'''nap-stâô''' ''n.'' hail ''c.'' (literally, &quot;cloud-stone&quot;)

'''napuzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' grandchild; grandson, granddaughter ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''napžis''' ''adj.'' 1. cloudy 2. cold

'''nâl''' ''n.'' nothing ''c.''

'''nâlen''' ''n.'' nobody ''c.''

'''nâns''' ''adj.'' young 

'''nânâk''' ''n.'' young child ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''nânpwrazi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' younger sibling ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''nânzôzi''' ''n.'' younger son ''m.''

'''nânžôži''' ''n.'' younger daughter ''f.''

'''nâzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' 1. younger niece or nephew 2. child ''m.'' or ''f.'' 

'''næži''' ''adv.'' most

'''nezas''' ''adj.'' many (see ''nêzaži'')

'''neži''' ''n.'' century ''f.''

'''nêuc''' ''n.'' night ''f.''

'''nêzaži''' ''adv.'' very, many

'''nint''' ''adv.'' ''prep.'' down, below

'''nis''' ''adj.'' own

'''nônæz''' ''n.'' hour ''m.''

'''nukuz''' ''n.'' snow ''m.''

'''nukuži''' ''n.'' field of snow ''f.''

'''numplêž''' ''n.'' whale ''f.'' (from ''nunž-flêtži'', &quot;floating mountain&quot;)

'''nunž''' ''n.'' mountain ''f.''

==O==
'''oboroz''' ''n.'' fog ''m.''

'''oboros''' ''adj.'' foggy 

'''ofôzi''' ''v.'' to open

'''olk''' ''n.'' wolf ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''opwrô''' ''conj.'' because

'''owê''' ''n.'' egg ''c.''

'''oži'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; ''adv.'' almost, barely, nearly

'''oži'''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ''n.'' 1. bone 2. skeleton ''f.''

'''owrzi''' ''n.'' buttocks ''m.''

==Ô==
'''ôsvat''' ''n.'' back (human) ''f.''

'''ôngwazi''' ''n.'' fingernail ''m.''

==P==
'''pai-kæl''' ''n.'' honey ''f.'' (literally, &quot;bee-gold&quot;)

'''paiz''' ''n.'' bee ''m.''

'''palzi''' ''v.'' to fail

'''paros''' ''adj.'' 1. white, pale 2. pale (when referring to animals or inanimate objects - compare to ''bêwrs'')

'''par''' ''n.'' bronze ''c.''

'''parngs''' ''n.'' fire ''f.'' synonyms: uži, þaik, spaži, per, upluži

'''parzi''' ''v.'' to compel, persuade

'''pawras''' ''adj.'' brown, bronze

'''pazi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' baby ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''pângži''' ''n.'' father's mother ''f.''

'''pâzi''' ''v.'' to speak 

'''pæfâzi''' ''n.'' father's father ''m.''

'''pæm''' ''n.'' shore, bank ''m.''

'''pæræs''' ''adj.'' grey

'''pæzi'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; ''n.'' father ''m.''  

'''pæzi'''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, '''-ži''' ''n.'' parent ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''pentzi''' ''v.'' to crack or split

'''per''' ''n.'' small flame ''c.'' synonyms: parngs, uži, þaik, spaži, upluži

'''pêfwrez''', '''-ž''' ''n.'' beaver ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''pêlazi''' ''v.'' to fall

'''piz''' ''n.'' bread ''m.''

'''pižô''' ''n.'' chest ''c.''

'''pluži''' ''n.'' flower ''f.''

'''pole''' ''n.'' young horse; foal ''c.''

'''pozi''' ''v.'' to fight

'''poži''' ''adv.'' less

'''pôntazi''' ''v.'' to bind

'''pôlazi''' ''v.'' to shine (see ''kelzi'')

'''pôkuzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' deer ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''prêt''' ''adj.'' cool

'''pria ''' ''n.'' breast ''c.''

'''pruzi''' ''v.'' to break

'''pukwrô''' ''n.'' piglet ''c.''

'''purs''' ''n.'' a relative; kin ''c.''

'''puþ''' ''n.'' foot ''c.''

'''pwrazi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' sibling; brother, sister ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''pwru''' ''n.'' brow, forehead ''c.''

==R==
'''raizi''' ''v.'' to tear

'''rasta''' ''n.'' lizard ''c.''

'''razi''' ''v.'' to steal

'''ruzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' in Napž culture, a close lover whom one has had a child with ''m.'' or ''f.'' As the Napž do not traditionally marry or have any sort of sacred union, there is no proper translation for husband or wife.

==S==
'''saikzi''' ''v.'' to follow

'''san''' ''prep.'' without
:'''san þewro''' away, far from, against

'''sansuts''' ''adj.'' other (usually for animals or common objects - compare to ''hantas'')

'''sanšung''' ''conj.'' but, although

'''sanšuž''' ''conj.'' nor

'''sanšuzi''' ''v.'' to run from (see ''ušuzi'')

'''sara''' ''n.'' hair ''f.''

'''sânži''' ''adv.'' all but one

'''skewros''' ''adj.'' dark

'''skranzi''' ''v.'' to yell

'''skwrazi''' ''n.'' sound ''m.''

'''spaži''' ''n.'' a ritual fire ''f.'' synonyms: parngs, uži, þaik, per, upluži

'''stâô''' ''n.'' stone (material) ''c.''

'''stâz''' ''n.'' boulder, rock ''m.''

'''stônor''' ''n.'' 1. thunder 2. lightning ''m.''

==Š==
'''škæ''' ''n.'' 1. face 2. cheek ''f.''

'''šlâzi''' ''v.'' to kill (an animal - compare to ''marzi'')

'''šluzi''' ''v.'' to swallow

'''šu''' ''conj.'' as

'''šuzi''' ''v.'' 1. to chase or hunt 2. hunter ''m.''

'''šuža''' ''n.'' rib ''f.''

==T==
'''tac''' ''n.'' afternoon ''c.''

'''taik''' ''n.'' thigh ''m.''

'''taizi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' goat ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''taraiži''' ''n.'' river ''f.''

'''tasawr''' ''n.'' bull ''m.''

'''tawra''' ''n.'' the world, dry land ''c.''

'''tawrs''' ''det.'' every, each

'''tawrži''' ''n.'' soil, ground ''f.''

'''tâlen''' ''n.'' everybody ''c.''

'''tâlt''' ''n.'' everything ''c.''

'''tânzi''' ''v.'' to have

'''tâzi''' ''v.'' to place or lay

'''tekzi''' ''v.'' to say or tell 

'''teres''' ''adj.'' dark

'''tunži''' ''n.'' tooth ''f.''

==U==
'''ubarzi''' ''v.'' to sell

'''ubawrôzi''' ''v.'' to stop 

'''udazi''' ''v.'' to try or attempt

'''uðgrezi''' ''v.'' to understand

'''ugozi''' ''v.'' to aim

'''ukez''' ''n.'' draft ox ''m.''

'''ukrezi''' ''v.'' 1. to believe 2. to believe in someone or something

'''ukuzi''' ''v.'' to find or encounter

'''ukwô''' ''n.'' eye ''c.''

'''ulozi''' ''v.'' to learn

'''uozi''' ''v.'' to work

'''upluži''' ''n.'' a flame, usually one which ignites or combusts suddenly ''f.'' synonyms: parngs, uži, þaik, spaži, per

'''uskêzi''' ''v.'' to hide something

'''ušuzi''' ''v.'' to run from

'''ut''' ''prep.'' 1. of, about, regarding 2. on, at, near, by
:'''ut sans''' except 
:'''ut wru''' through 

'''uto''' ''prep.'' in order to

'''uts''' ''adj.'' near in location

'''utzi''' ''v.'' to use

'''utži''' ''adv.'' near

'''uvwâž''' ''n.'' question ''f.''

'''uwri''' ''n.'' large bird, such as storks, herons, but also raptors like eagles ''c.''

'''uzak''' ''n.'' bear ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''uzengalzi''' ''v.'' to show

'''uzi''' ''v.'' 1. to burn 2. to destroy (compare to ''þaikezi'')

'''uzpôzi''' ''v.'' to wait

'''už''' ''conj.'' or

'''uži''' ''n.'' large fire; conflagration ''f.'' (literally, &quot;that which burns&quot;) synonyms: parngs, þaik, spaži, per, upluži

==V==
'''vaka''' ''n.'' 1.personality 2. beauty ''c.''

'''vakwaz''', '''-ž''' ''n.'' horse ''c.'' (''vakwaz'' and ''vakwaž'' are used to refer to male and female horses, respectively; however, both words have a common gender)

'''vanþ''' ''n.'' wind ''m.''

''vanþes''' ''adj.'' windy

'''važi''' ''n.'' bird ''f.''

'''væik''' ''n.'' blood ''c.''

'''væozi''' ''n.'' young man ''m.''

'''veižis''' ''adj.'' hot

'''vezi''' ''v.'' to eat (see ''bazi'')

'''vezi''' ''v.'' to call 

'''vêozi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' sheep ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''vizi''' ''v.'' to love (slight or shallow - compare to ''wripôzi'')

'''vlô''' ''n.'' strand of hair ''c.''

'''vlu''' ''adj.'' good

'''vluži''' ''adv.'' well

'''vos''' ''n.'' bone (material - compare to ''oži'') ''c.''

'''vôelži''' ''adv.'' how

'''vôzi''' ''v.'' 1. to do an action 2. to occur

'''vrængna''' ''n.'' storm ''c.''

'''vrængna-vanþ''' ''n.'' cyclone (literally, &quot;storm wind&quot;)

'''vuži''' ''adv.'' why

'''vwâzi''' ''v.'' 1. to want something 2. to want to do something

==W==
'''wakzi''' ''v.'' 1. to weave or form  

'''wakži''' ''n.'' 1. weaver 2. wasp (literally, &quot;weaver&quot; or &quot;sculptor&quot;, from its habit of building nests) ''f.''

'''walæzi''' ''v.'' 1. to need something 2. to need to do something

'''wetuz''' ''n.'' tree ''m.''

'''wetuži''' ''n.'' forest ''f.'' (literally, &quot;that which is of trees&quot;)

'''wezi''' ''v.'' 1. to talk 2. to speak to another

'''wi''' ''pro.'' 1. who (plural - compare to ''kwev'' and ''kwê'') 2. one, when referring to sacred beings or the most noble of people

'''Wi-Bêwrse''' ''n.'' the moon ''c.'' (literally, &quot;Pale One&quot;; compare to ''Mæ'')

'''Wi-Kelse''' ''n.'' the Sun ''c.'' (literally, &quot;Shining One&quot;; compare to ''Zâng'')

'''wi-parnži''' ''n.'' volcano ''f.'' (''parnži'' is related to ''parngs'', &quot;fire&quot;; hence, the meaning is &quot;one who is of the fire&quot;)

'''wizi''' ''v.'' 1. to know a person (compare to ''ngazi'') 2. to see

'''wonzi''' ''v.'' to win

'''wutvaži''' ''n.'' waterbird ''f.'' (literally, &quot;water bird&quot;, or &quot;ocean bird&quot;)

'''wutwra''' ''n.'' water ''c.''

'''wutzi''' ''n.'' sea or ocean ''m.'' synonyms: muri

==Z==
'''zak''' ''n.'' story ''f.''

'''zala''' ''conj.'' when [something occurs] (used with ''žio'')

'''zans''' ''adj.'' similar

'''zanzi''' ''v.'' to feel

'''zanži''' ''adv.'' somewhat

'''zaozi''' ''v.'' to hold, to grasp

'''zatôzi''' ''v.'' to sit

'''zâ''' ''conj.'' unless

'''Zâng''' ''n.'' the Sun, in technical terms ''f.'' (compare to ''Wi-Kelse'')

'''zâvas''' ''adj.'' wild, untamed

'''zâvaži''' ''n.'' wild bird ''f.''

'''zæc''' ''adj.'' near

'''zælê''' ''conj.'' if (always used at the beginning of a sentence - see ''žio'')

'''zængži''' ''adv.'' soon

'''zdêš''' ''n.'' duck ''f.''

'''zeð''' ''n.'' place ''c.''

'''zeozi''' ''v.'' to be accustomed to 

'''zêzi''' ''v.'' to search

'''zfârzi''' ''v.'' to bless or welcome

'''zonadd''' ''n.'' stomach ''m.''

'''zopzi''' ''v.'' to sleep

'''zôam''' ''n.'' shoulder ''m.''

'''zôzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' son or daughter ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''zu''' ''n.'' wild bird's egg ''c.''

'''zuzi''' ''v.'' 1. to hold, to grasp 2. to hope

==Ž==
'''žazi''' ''v.'' to reside or live in

'''žio''' ''conj.'' then (used in the second clause after ''zælê'' and ''zala'')

'''žkrizi''' ''v.'' to write

'''žopþrazi''' ''v.'' to suffer

'''žuwrts''' ''adj.'' unclean, dirty

'''žuzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' pig ''m.'' or ''f.''

==Þ==
'''þaik''' ''n.'' slow, smoldering fire ''f.'' synonyms: parngs, uži, spaži, per, upluži

'''þaikezi''' ''v.'' to burn or destroy (from ''þaik'', &quot;slow, smoldering fire&quot;)

'''þewro''' ''prep.'' from
:'''þewro ut''' outside

'''þezi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' ancestor ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''þuzi''' ''v.'' to think

==Dd==

==Ng==
'''ngaðôn''' ''n.'' snake ''f.''

'''nganadd''' ''n.'' elder niece or nephew ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''ngaprawzi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' elder sibling ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''ngas''' ''adj.'' old 

'''ngaz''' ''n.'' nose ''m.''

'''ngazers''' ''adj.'' 1. final, ultimate 2. real, tangible

'''ngazi''' ''v.'' to know a fact or object (compare to ''wizi'') 

'''Ngazi''', '''-ži''' ''v.'' Elder ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''ngaznôn''' ''n.'' midnight ''m.'' (literally, &quot;final hour&quot;)

'''ngazôzi''' ''n.'' elder son ''m.''

'''ngažôži''' ''n.'' elder daughter ''f.''

'''ngân''' ''n.'' name ''c.''

'''ngâna''' ''n.'' friend (deceased). ''c.'' The Napž differ between the living and dead when using some nouns. This usually only applies to close friends and relatives, and the noun is almost always common gender. 

'''ngæzi''' ''v.'' to think, believe (occurences in the present - compare to ''ngezi'' and ''mazi'')

'''ngæži''' ''n.'' bird's nest ''f.''

'''ngezi''' ''v.'' to think, believe (occurences in the past - compare to ''ngæzi'' and ''mazi'')

'''ngoân''' ''n.'' grandmother (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngobo''' ''n.'' man, woman (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngofâ''' ''n.'' grandfather (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngoma''' ''n.'' mother (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngon''' ''int.'' no

'''ngonâ''' ''n.'' child (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngopæ''' ''n.'' father (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngopwra''' ''n.'' brother or sister (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngoru''' ''n.'' mate or lover (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngos''' 1. none, no ''det.'' 2. dead (for people) ''adj.''

'''ngozo''' ''n.'' son or daughter (deceased) ''c.''

'''ngoži''' ''adv.'' 1. never 

==Wr==
'''wra''' ''n.'' arm ''c.''

'''wrakzi'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, '''-ži''' ''n.'' commander ''m.'' or ''f.'' 

'''wrakzi'''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ''n.'' king (''obsolete'') ''m.''

'''wrazi''' ''v.'' to allow 

'''wrezi''', '''-ži''' ''n.'' lover, mate ''m.'' or ''f.''

'''wripôzi''' ''v.'' to love (deep - compare to ''vizi'')

'''wru''' ''prep.'' for, toward, around
:'''wru ut''' with

'''wrutôs''' ''adj.'' 1. red 2. pink

[[category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian verb tense</title>
    <id>3929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22408</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-12T10:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ''The Continuous Past'' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[dal'qörian|back to dalq'örian main page]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|back to dalq'örian verbs]]===

=='''Tense'''==

==='''The present tense'''===

The present tense indicates something which is happening now. It includes habitual actions and 
statements of fact:

* ''The building is collapsing''.

* ''She lives in France''.

* ''I visit my brother every Tuesday''.
----

===='''The present progressive'''====

This is the ''ing'' form of the verb used with a present tense form of the verb ''to be''. It can have several functions in English:

'''a'''  to describe an action that is going on at this moment:

* ''She’s talking too loudly!''

* ''Ask that man what he’s selling.''

* ''He is driving too fast!''

* ''They are expecting him here at any moment.''

'''b'''  to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:

* ''Are you still working for the same company?''

* ''More and more people are becoming vegetarian.''

'''c'''  to describe an action in the future that has already been planned or prepared:

* ''We’re going on holiday next week.''

* ''I’m meeting my boyfriend tonight.''

* ''Are they visiting you next winter?''

'''d'''  to describe a temporary event or situation:

* ''He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.''
 
* ''The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.''

'''e'''  with ''always, forever, constantly'', to describe and emphasize a continuing series of repeated action:

* ''Stacey and Brian are always arguing!''
 
* ''You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!'' 

The dal'qörian present progressive tense is used to denote 'only' the action that is happening now, as in example '''a''' and most times in examples '''b''' and '''d''' above:

* '''Mæ evédria den vös!''' ''He is driving too fast!''

* '''Binä quascria diöra ni qualtédrämös!''' ''I am asking you a question!''
  
* '''Jöna grætölária Palö.''' ''John is congratulating Paul.''
      
* '''Yil yil! stæabetár diöra giÞvetária!''' ''Oh do stop exaggerating!''

* '''Diö, máriÞ di méÞril sä ädavonas, brát ábæÞria, yil?''' ''Are you still working for the same company as before?''

* '''DanöÞ brát mériÞ nörasáb,, taÞ vädenária stæmöjátsiel.''' ''There are more and more people becoming vegetarian.''

The Dalcurian present progressive is only used to denote the future if the event will happen on the same day:

* '''IádaninÞi, binä tirigöria di qömerinöj qve binöra.''' ''I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight''

'''C''' see ''Future tense''

'''E''' is rendered by the infinitive:

* '''Stäsé ön Brián sævála vecsár!''' ''Stacey and Brian are always arguing!'' (lit: ''Stacey and Brian always argue!'')

* '''Diö sævála rödnqonvelistr di siaparenöj-vála qve diöra.''' ''You're always/forever complaining about your mother-in-law.'' (lit: ''You, about your mother-in-law, always complain.'') 
----

===='''The present perfect tense'''====

In English, the present perfect is formed with the auxiliaries ''have/has'' and the past participle. Its use in dal'qörian is much the same and is used for:

ː Verbs of state that begin in the past and lead up to and include the present. (usually with for or since)&lt;br/&gt;ː To express habitual or continuous action.&lt;br/&gt;ː Events occurring at an un-defined or unspecified time in the past, with ever, never, already, yet or before:

* '''Rödn vélas yérasel, mæ gä’ábrahabitr dérÞ.''' ''He has lived here for many years.''

* '''Rödn 20 yérasel, ména, andri séÞa nörasabödä, gä’ábra-acäödr.''' ''We have taught at this school for 20 years.''

* '''Binä gä’ábraqömárax,, sintra binä gä’descöbr,, taÞ di abödä qve binöra perösendos!''' ''I haven’t slept since I found out the house is haunted!''

* '''Dörac di vétä qve mæöra, mæ gä’ábragliár visániöestáj.''' ''He has worn glasses all his life''. ('glasses' is singular in dal’qörian and can mean 'a pair of glasses')

* '''Iádas, sia, dörac séÞa qömblas, máriÞ di sabaj, gä’ábramösár, levaltr.''' ''She has had to catch the bus every day this week.'' 

* '''Dörac iáda, binä gä’ábra nis ecörämös di sentániäj.''' ''I have had a headache all day.''

When used with ''ever, never, already, yet, before'' and ''just'', then these must go 'after' the past participle. However, with the form ''ever + before'', then 'before' immediately 'follows' ever: (ever is rendered by the intensifier '''esti''', see '''Intensifiers''')

* '''Nabödn, te binä, gä’ábraságr esti vonéri taÞ!''' ''Nobody has ever said that to me before!''

* '''Döqu sä séÞa, te ména, gä’ábradaƒödr esti.''' ''Nothing like this has ever happened to us.''

* '''Éren gä’ábravisör néavára ni plampäj.''' ''They have never seen a hippo.''

* '''Sia gä’ábrastæabetár aléaræÞ di ábæabödäj qve siöra, yil?''' ''Has she finished her homework already?''

* '''Binä gä’ábrabesöcérax nø di 'Tate Gallery'.''' ''I haven’t visited the Tate Gallery yet.''

* '''Sonar diöra! Binä gä’ábralétr aléaræÞ tredimä!''' ''Hurry up! Ive told you three times already!''

* '''Binä, te mæ, gä’ábraqonvetár jenö.''' ''I have just spoken to him.''

'''Have/has been'''

The form ''have/has been'' is rendered in one of three ways. When referring to places such as ''countries, cities, friends houses'' etc, in the sense of 'having been/never been', the verb '''besöcér'''-''visit'' is used:

* '''Binä gä’ábrabesöcér néavára Japéna.''' ''I have never been to Japan.''

* '''Mæ gä’ábrabesöcér néavára di abödä qve binöra.''' ''He has never been to my house.''

And idiomatically in sentences such as:

* '''Diö gä’ábrabesöcér nø abödä, néƒaracte?''' ''Haven't you been home yet?''
  

When talking about ''performances, concerts, shows'' or anything connected with performing arts, the verbs '''visör'''-''to see'' and '''ansör'''-''to'' watch are preferred:

* '''Di beröj qve binöra gä’ábravisör esti ni peƒerödn.''' ''My brother has never been to a concert''. (lit: ''has never seen'').

* '''Iáda voninÞi, ména, andri animatáj, gä’ansör ni mosödrämös.''' ''We’ve been to the cinema tonight''. (lit: ''This evening, we, at the cinema, have watched a film'').

When ''have/has been'' refers to the 'whereabouts' (in an existential sense with ''since/for'') or the 'state' of someone/something, and the action is still on going, the present indicative tense is used with the 
preposition '''sintra'''-''since'': 

* '''Sintra hec qömblasel, ména dérÞ'''. ''We have been here for six weeks'' (and still are.) (lit: ''Since six weeks, we are here'').
  
* '''TiÞ morgér,, taÞ, sintra etirimiÞ, ména talehasria, néƒaracte?''' ''It seems like we’ve been on holiday for ages, doesn’t it''? (lit: ''It seems that, since a long time, we are on holiday, doesn’t it?'')
  
* '''Sintra ni Þömn äda, danöÞ ni veclérÞ darø lemasträmös, öcra di öløsimáj, qamöria.''' ''There has been a really bad smell coming from the cellar for over a month''. (lit: ''Since a month ago, there is a really bad smell, from the cellar, coming'').

To ask about the whereabouts of someone, or to answer in the affirmative, the verb '''Þalár'''-''to reside'' is used:

* '''Dorac iáda, væl? gä’ábraÞalár diö.''' ''Where have you been all day?'' (lit: ''All day, where have resided you?'') 

* '''Binä, andri léjänabödä, gä’ábraÞalár.''' ''I have been at the hospital''. (lit: ''I, at the hospital, have resided.'')
----

===='''The present perfect continuous'''====

In English, there are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense. (There is usually a connection with the ''present'' or ''now''):

'''A'''. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped:

* ''I'm tired'' (now) ''because '''I've been running'''''. 

* ''Why is the grass wet?'' (now) '''''Has it been raining'''''? 

* ''She has been out running along the canal.''

* ''You don't understand'' (now) '''''because you haven't been listening'''''.

'''B'''. An action continuing up to now (usually used with ''for'' or ''since''):

* ''I have been reading for 2 hours''. (I am still reading now.) 

* ''We've been studying since 9 o'clock''. (We're still studying now.) 

* ''We have been waiting over an hour for a bus!'' (still waiting)

The examples in '''A''' are rendered using the Dalcurian ''simple past'' with, for the most part, the adverb '''jenö'''-''just'':

* '''Binä tädø,, qösra binä jenö gä'vaÞr'''. lit: ''I'm tired, because I just ran.''

* '''Várö? di rasenj nahasrädn. TiÞ jenö gä'danpör, yil?.''' ''Why is the grass wet? It just rained, yes?.''

* '''Sia, enga di geböædénij, jenö gä’vaÞr.''' ''She, alongside the canal, just ran.''

* '''Diö vestéörax,, qösra diö jenö gä'alhörax.''' ''You didn't understand because you just listened not''. (''just'' in this example indicates that this has just happened).


The examples in '''B''' would normally be rendered in the present tense:

* '''Sintra 2 stöndæel äda, binä quádria.''' lit: ''Since 2 hours ago, I am reading.'' 

* '''Sintra 9, ména stödæéria.''' lit: ''Since 9, we are studying.''

* '''Sintra on stöndæ äda, ména, öcra ni sabaj, vögéria!''' lit: ''Since an hour ago, we are, for a bus, waiting!'' 

However, if the event has just finished, then the sentence goes into the present perfect tense:

* '''Sintra 2 stöndæel äda, binä gä'ábraquádr.''' lit: '' Since 2 hours ago, I have read.'' (but I've just finished)

* '''Sintra 9, ména gä'ábrastödæér.''' lit: ''Since 9 we have studied''. (but we've just stopped)

* '''Sintra on stöndæ äda, ména, öcra séÞa sabaj, gä'ábravögér!''' lit: ''Since an hour ago, we, for this bus, have waited.'' (the bus has just arrived)
----

==='''The Past Tense'''===

There are 2 forms of the past tense in Dalcurian: ''simple past, perfect'' or ''pluperfect past''.

====''Simple past''====

The Dalcurian simple past is formed with the prefix '''gä’''' to the front of the infinitive:

* '''gör'''-''go''  '''gä’gör'''-''went''

* '''andöcr'''-''give''  '''gä’andöcr'''-''gave''

* '''pilƒör'''-''steal''  '''gä’pilƒör'''-''stole''

* '''Ädiáda, mæ, te binä, gä’andöcr ni gistäj'''. ''He gave me a present yesterday''.

* '''Sia gä’voltir quascr mæöra eÞöa'''. ''She wanted to ask him something''.

* '''Sia, te sia, gä’Þonábr disiri tagéÞrädnas'''. ''She gestured very seductively to her.''

The dal'qörian simple past is used in much the same way as in English. However, one of its main uses in Dalcurian is to render the English ''past continuous tense'' (the past tense of the verb ''to be-was/were'' and the present participle of a main verb; see '''Past continuous''').
----

====''Perfect/Pluperfect Past''====

This tense states an action that began in the past and ended before another began (usually followed by before or when). This is formed with the auxiliary verb ''had'' in English, which is '''ádra'' in Dalcurian and formed in the same way as the Present Perfect:

* '''jedár'''-''adjust''  '''gä’ádrajedár'''-''had adjusted''

* '''täsplétr'''-''burst''  '''gä’ádratäsplétr'''-''had burst''

* '''Binä, öcra di danpörämös stæabetár, gä’ádravögér,, vonéri binä näocr gadörajvalcr'''. ''I had to wait for the rain to stop before I could walk the dog''.

* '''Mæ gä’ádragörør jenö,, vömä diö gä’téádr'''. ''He had just gone out when you rang.''

Notice how, in English, the auxiliary and main verb can separate; this can’t happen in dal'qörian.
----

====''The Continuous Past''====

Again, in English, this tense has multiple uses:

ː To describe the background in a story written in the past tense:&lt;br/&gt; * ''The sun '''was shining''' and the birds '''were singing''' as the elephant came out of the jungle''.

ː To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event (usually followed by when or until):&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was having''' a great dream when/until the dog barked''.

ː To describe an action that happened over a period of time:&lt;br/&gt; * ''They '''were climbing''' for twenty seven days before they reached the summit''. 

ː With 'wonder', to make a very polite request:&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was wondering''' if you could baby-sit for me tonight?''

ː To express a change of mind:&lt;br/&gt; * ''I '''was going''' to spend the day at the beach but I decided to go on an excursion instead''.
 
With the exception of the last 2 examples above, Dalcurian uses its simple past to render this tense. If the action was unfinished or interrupted, the  subordinate clause is introduced by '''lintöni'''-''until''. Where 'before' is used in the English sentence, again, Dalcurian uses '''lintöni''':

* '''Di Siárij gä’ømár,, ön di vögäl gä’löigár,, sä di majentáj, gä’ömøqamör di jonglæ'''. ''The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle''. lit: ''The sun '''shone''' and the birds '''sang''' as the elephant came out of the jungle''.

* '''Binä gä’æanémr éagöra,, lintöni di gadöraj gä’vaƒr'''. ''I was having a great dream when/until the dog barked''. lit: ''I '''dreamed''' well until the dog barked''.

* '''Rödn senal’dionta iádel, éren gä’qlimbér,, lintöni éren gä’öraqur di viténiÞ'''. ''They were climbing for twenty seven days before they reached the summit''. lit: ''For 27 days, they '''climbed''' until they reached the summit''.

To express a change of mind or plan/intention, the verb '''septér'''-''intend'' is used in the simple past:

* '''Binä, andri öbri, dörac di áda, gä’septér gör,, brát binä, máriÞ ni töribesöcérämös, gä’edécödr gör tisdæd.''' ''I was going to spend the day at the beach but I decided to go on an excursion instead. 
lit: ''I, at the beach, throughout the day, intended to go but I, with an excursion, decided to go instead''.

* '''Ména, am Strománi, gä’septér vehær,, brát ména nöra gä’ábra, lintöni Tødröna, lobéstr'''. ''We were planning on a summer wedding but we’ve had to put it off until October now''. lit: ''We, in the summer, intended to marry but we now have had to, until October, postpone''.

With 'wonder', a special verb is used. The verb is formed with the appropriate reflexive personal pronoun attached to the end of the word '''qualtéa'''. (This is quite an idiomatic word; '''qualtéa''' roughly translates as ''a thought'' or ''goal'' that may be difficult to reach):

* '''Qualtéabinöria méla diöra neldrquas te binä di vötöj qve diöra¿''' ''I was wondering if you would lend me your car?'' lit: ''I am wondering if you would lend to me your car?''

* '''Qualtéaménöria,, öbæ tev’araciev, diö iquirquas, máriÞ ménöra, amøcamör¿''' ''We were wondering whether you'd like to come out with us later?'' lit: ''We were wondering whether later, you would like, with us, to come out?''


'''PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:JonMoore/Tholb</title>
    <id>3930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>21902</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-25T17:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: a b d ð e g h k l m n ng o p r s t þ u w y z</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">a
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  <page>
    <title>User:DiZ/Napkožæc lexicon</title>
    <id>3931</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21905</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-25T17:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:DiZ/Napkožæc lexicon]] moved to [[Napkožæc lexicon]]: moving out of userspace</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Napkožæc lexicon]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Schlaier</title>
    <id>3932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31157</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-09T21:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">hǽl &lt;br&gt;
my names reilly &lt;br&gt;
i love to conlang &lt;br&gt;
thats about it :D &lt;br&gt;
[[Vityng]] &lt;br&gt;
[[South Vityng]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Folkendetonge]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Mainlandc]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Rhasnikþ]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Ghasynekyd]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Aen Mhiddrun]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Theudho]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Džyiaiso]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Tagyt]] &lt;br&gt;
[[some sentences]] &lt;br&gt;
[[vityng our Father]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Vityng ethnographical questionnaire]] &lt;br&gt;
[[The Storm at kvintlat]] &lt;br&gt;
[[of Morath and Kaeles]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Vityng Poems]] &lt;br&gt;
[[The four houses]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vityng</title>
    <id>3933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33884</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-12T01:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Vityng (born of winter) (northern dialect) dominant

----

{| ALPHABET
a á æ ǽ b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v ƿ ƕ y ý þ ø ǿ 
in handwriting only
&quot;ƿ&quot; replaces &quot;vy&quot;, &quot;vý&quot;  and &quot;ƕ&quot; replaces &quot;hv&quot;

----

Vowels

	stressed  unstressed
a	ɑ	  ɐ
á	æʊ	  o
æ	æ	  ɛ
ǽ	æi	  e
e	e	  ɛ
é	jɛ	  i 
i	i	  ɪ 
í	i	  i 
o	ɒ	  ɐ 
ó	oʊ	  o 
u	u	  ʊ 
ú	u	  u 
y	y	  ʏ
ý	y	  y 
ø	ø	  œ 
ǿ	øy	  ø

there are two types of stress:
heavy stress (dynamic + qualitative) which falls on the first syllable of every word
secondary stress (qualitative) falls only on final vowels
light stress (dynamic) which falls on the penultimate syllable of words four syllables or longer.


before [ŋ], [m] and [mː]
[æ] &gt; [e]
[æɪ] &gt; [e]
[ɛ] &gt; [e]
[ɪ] &gt; [i]
[ʊ] &gt; [u]
[ʏ] &gt; [y]
[œ] &gt; [ø]

before [ʂ] and [ʐ]
[æ] &gt; [ɑ]
[æi] &gt; [oʊ]
[ɛ] &gt; [ɔ]
[e] &gt; [o]
[ɪ] &gt; [ʊ]
[i] &gt; [u]
[ʏ] &gt; [ʊ]
[y] &gt;[u]
[œ] &gt; [ɔ]
[øy] &gt; [oʊ]


DIPHTHONGS

ai/ay	æi
ag      æi      
æg	æi	
ǽg      æi      
ei/ey	ei	
eg	ei     
ég      jei     
eo      æʊ     
ig      i      
íg      i     
øy	øy	

----

	int.	med.	fin.
b	b	β	f
d	d	ð	θ 
ð	- 	ð	ð 
f	f	f	f 
g	g	ɣ	x  (g&gt;j before æ ǽ e é i í)
h	h	-	-  (h&gt;j before æ ǽ e é i í)
j	j	j	- 
k	kʰ	g	k̚ (kʰ&gt;kʲ before æ ǽ e é i í)
l	l	l	l 
m	m	m	m 
n	n	n	n 
p	pʰ	b	p̚ 
r	ɹ	ɹ	 ɚ/r 
s	s	s	s  
t	tʰ	d	t̚  
v	v	v	v 
hv	ɸ      ɸ       -
þ	θ/ð	θ	- 

CONSONANT CLUSTERS 

bn      -       bn      bɪn
bt      -       pt      pt
dn      -      dⁿ       dɪn
dv	dʷ	dʷ	 -
fn	-	vn	vɪn
gg	-	x	x
gj	xʲ	 j	 -
gn	xn	gn	gɪn
gs      -       ɧ       ɧ
ggs     -       ɧ       ɧ
gt      -       kt      kt
gv      gʷ      gʷ       -
hj      hʲ       j       -
hl      ɬ        ɬ       - 
hn      n       xn      -
hr      hɹ      xɹ      -
kk	-	xk	xk
kn      kn      kn      kɪn
kv	kʷ	kʷ	 -
ll	-	lː	lː
mm      -       mː      mː
nd      -       nd      nθ
ng	-	ŋg	ŋ
nn      -       nː      nː
pp	-	xp	xp
rd      -       ɖ      ˞θ
rl      -       ɭ       ɭ
rn      -       ɳ       ɳ
rr	-	r	r
rs      -       ʂ       ʐ
rt      -       ʈ       ɚ
sj	ʃ	ʃʲ	 -
sk	sk	ʃk	ʃ
ss	-	s	s
sv	sʷ	sʷ	 -
tr	vɹ	ʧɹ	 -
tt	-	xt	xt
tv	tʷ	tʷ	 -
þv	θʷ	θʷ	 - 

[j] &gt; [ɻ] when followed by a rhotic vowel or a vowel followed by a retroflex consonant

----

UMLAUT
Diphthongs are not affected by umlaut
RADICAL	U	I	A
a	ø	æ	a
á	ǿ	ǽ	á
e	ø	i/y	æ
é	ǿ	í/ý	ǽ
i	y	i	e
í	ý	í	é
o	o	ø	o
ó	ó	ǿ	ó
u	u	y	o
ú	ú	ý	ó
y	y	y	ø
ý	ý	ý	ǿ
æ	æ	e	a
ǽ	ǽ	é	á
ø	ø	y	æ
ǿ	ǿ	ý	ǽ

----

PRONOUNS
	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th
nom.	akk/eig	þá	þætt	-o	-eo
	vitt	þitt	þeir
	varr	þarr	þǿ
accu.	mikk	þikk	þætt
	okkur	ykkur	þeir
	óss	yður	þǿ
dat.	mérr	þérr	því
	okkorað	ykkorað	þǽm
	ǿssi	yðorað	þǽm
gen.	minn	þinn	þess
	okka	økka	þára
	óssa	øða	þára


reflexive
acc.	ask	þesk	sikk
	vitsk	þetsk	sekka
	varsk	þersk	sikks	
dat.    ask	þesk	sikk
	vitsk	þetsk	sekka
	varsk	þersk	sikks
gen.    askar	þæskar	sikks
	vetskar	þetsks	sækkar
	varsks	þærskar	sekkar


3rd refers to subject, 4th to object, 5th to other
akk/eig = personal/formal	
&quot;vitt&quot; is often exclusive
while &quot;varr&quot; is often inclusive

2nd&amp;3rd dual plural = honorary

interrogative contractions
1st    2nd      3rd
       artá	arðæ	
ørmar  ørðar	ørðǿ

----

NOUNS

D 1
&quot;horse&quot; - hest
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ǽn høstur	ǽn hæstar	hystrinn	hestærnir
acc.	ǽn hest		ǽn hest		hystinn		hæstna
dat.	ǽn hysti	ǽn høstum	hystennað 	til hæstna
gen.	ǽn hests	ǽn hæsta  	hystinns	hæstanna

D 2
&quot;forest&quot; - skogg
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ǽtt skogg	ǽtt skøggir	skogget		skøggnir
acc.	ǽtt skogg	ǽtt skaggan	skøggni		skaggna
dat.	ǽtt skoggen	ǽtt skoggum	til skøggni	til skaggna
gen.	ǽtt skoggs	ǽtt skaggar	skoggets	skaggarna

D 3
&quot;corpse&quot; - skapp
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.  
nom.	ǽ skappa	ǽ skæppi	skappǽ		skæppinir 
acc.	ǽ skapp		ǽ skæppi	skappa		skappna
dat.	ǽ skappen	ǽ skøppum	til skappa	til skappna
gen.	ǽ skøppu	ǽ skappar	skøppoa		skapparna

D 4 
&quot;rafter&quot; - spærr
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ǽð sperri	ǽð sperrir	spærreð		sperrirnir
acc.	ǽð spærr	ǽð sparran	sperrni		sparrna
dat.	éði spærr	éði sparran	sperrnjað	til sparrna
gen.	ǽð spærra	ǽð sparra	spærræða	sparrens

D 5 
&quot;island&quot; - øy
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	øy		øyjar		hinn øy		hnir øyjar
acc.	øy		øyjar		hinn øy		hna øyjar
dat.	að øy		að øyjar	hennað øy	til hna øy	
gen.	øys		øyja		hinn øys	hna øyjar

D 6
&quot;hammer&quot; - hammar
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ǽn hammar	ǽn hæmri	hammar		hæmri
acc.	ǽn hammar	ǽn hæmri	hammar		hæmri
dat.	ǽn hammren	ǽn hømmrum	hammren		hømmrum
gen.	ǽn hammars	ǽn hæmris	hammars		hæmris

----

NOUN/PRONOUN LIST
alf - elf d3 
agja - edge d3
ama - grandmother d3 
arm - arm d3 
arn - eagle d3
arsar - buttocks d6
avanna - festival, evening d3 (often spelled and pronounced without the first &quot;a&quot;)
æðm - lung air d3 
æfi - grand father (informal) d4 [af]
æffi - age d4 [aff]
ægir - dread / awe / respect d6 [ag]
æg - egg d2
æpi - father (informal) d4 [ap]
æpla - apple, fruit d3 [epl]
ærvyngur - heir d1 [ærving] 
æska - ash d3 [esk]
ǽk - oak tree d2
ǽga - eye d3 [ǿg]
ǽr - copper, bronze d2
ǽra - ear d3 [ǿr]
bakka - back meat / bacon d3
bald - prince d3
barð - poet (1st rank) d3
barn - child/offsrping d3
bars - perch, bass d3
bǽn - bone d2
bǽrr - boar d2
belg - bag d3
breost - breast d3
bjarg - hill/fortress d3
bjørru - hole/small homested d4 [bjarr]
bjørn - bear d3
blað - blade/leaf/spoon shaped object d2
blóm - flower d2
bløð - blood d2
borkur - bark d1
botn - ground d3
bólar - bowl/cup d6
bóndur -  farmer d1
brand - short sword/club d3
brædi - brother (informal) d4 [brad]
bræðirr - brother (formal)d2
brøggja - bridge d3 [brygg]
brǿð - bread d2
busk - bush, thicket d3
bykkjona - female of any non-human species d3 [bykkjun]
byrðenja - burden d3
bøkk - book d2
bølgur - belly/gut/stomach d1
bøllu - bellows d4 
dagg - day d2
dagagg - dawn d2
dall - dale/valley d2
dattra - daughter d3
dǽlur - part, share d1
dǽt - death d2
doltur - fool d1
dóstur - dust d1
dverg - dwarf d3
dyr - animal d2
dvørru - delving/underground tunnels d4 [dverr]
dør - door d2
dragna - blackthorn d3 
drækki - dragon d4 [drakk]
drǿmur - dream d1 [drám]
elg - elk d2
eorð - world d3
ésarn - iron d3
fæðirr - father (formal)d2
færa - fear d3
fjeld - field d2
fjøður - feather d1 [fjeð]
flǽsk - flesh d3
flikka - large piece of meat d3
fløtur - plain d1
folkur - person d1
fror - frost d2
froskur - frog d1
fryður - peace d1 [frið]
fúsk - fox d3
fyngur - finger d1 [fing]
fyrn - last year d3
fyskur - fish d1
førkur - pigling d1 [fark]
føtt - foot d2
fǿtur - fat d1
gafel - pitch fork d2
galæggð - law d3
gand - magic d3
gata - gate d3 street d2
gatrøggt - courtesy d2
gælg - gallows d3
gællu - meat hook d4
gærn - yarn d3
gǽr - spear d2
gǽtur - goat d1
gofa - steam d3 [guf]
gold - gold d3
grassa - grass d3
grimm - face d3
grundur - base d1
grunn - pasture d3
gúð - god d2
gǿsur - goose d1
hafn - haven d3
hattja - hag, witch d3
hagja - hedge d3
haldændi - possession (holding) d4 [haldand]
halsa - neck d3
hammar - war hammer d6
hanja - female bird d3
har - hair d3
harr - army/host d2
hængest - stallion d3
hǽður - honor d1
hǽlgedagg - religious festival d3
henda - female deer d3
hey - hay d5
hérna - here
himinn - heaven d2 
hirn - brain d3
hjærta - heart d3
hord - treasure d3
horn - horn d3
hlagg - laugh d2
hlǽff - loaf d2
hlyrr - forehead d2
hlyss - sound d2
hløkkur - armour d1 [hlekk]
hnafa - servant boy d3
hnekka - peninsula d3 [hnikk]
hoddur - covering/protection d1 [hudd]
holta - fortified homestead d3 
hundur - hound/dog d1
húss - house d2
hrivirr - organ d2 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;rhiwir&quot;]
hroffa - scab d3
hróff - roost d2
hróss - horse d2
hrótt - roof d2
hryggur - backside, tail, arse d1 [hrigg]
hreggja - back d3
hryngur - ring d1 
hvyrl - crown d3
hvølur - whale d1 [hval]
høkk - bang/bump d2
høll - hall d2
hømmur - work hammer d1 [hamm]
hønd - hand d3
hørr - Honorary title d2
høstur - horse d1 [hest]
hǿfuð - head d2
hǿkur - hawk d1
hǿst - harvest d3
jarl - noble man d3
jærða - dirt/soil d3 [jørð]
jokkja - desire d3 [jukk]
kaðarmark - heavy warship d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;kþanpark&quot;]
kæggi - cask/keg d4 [kagg]
klǽ - brick d5
klodda - cheese d3 [kludd]
knappá - meal, supper d5
kné - knee d5
kokk - male bird d2
komma - block (of wood) d3
korn - grain d3 wheat d5
kóna - woman d3
kónung - king d2
krafa - personal strength d3
kroða - cabbage d3
kut - hut d2
kvó - cow d3
kyrnvi - foreign tongue d4 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;kunwi&quot;]
kvøld - evening d2
køfl - chin, jaw d2
køssa - kiss d3 [kyss]
køttur - cat d1 [katt]
kǿka - cheek d3
land - country d2
langt - length d3
laskt - weakness d3
læk - lake d2
læðn - loin d2
lǽrðør - boss, master d2
leðja - filth d3 
lefa - life d3 [lif]
léfrekka - song bird d3 [léfrikk]
lim - lime, mortar d2
loft - night sky d3
lús - louse d2
lyfurn - liver d3
løggur - leg d1
løn - lane d2
lønd - estate d2
lǿður - soap d1
lǿff - leaf (either book or tree) d2
lǿg - hot spring d2     
maða - moth d3 
máða - anger d3
maðkur - maggot d1
magædin - maiden d2
margøn - morning d2
mætir - food d6
meddagg - midday, noon d2
moðra - mother d3
moggja - gnat d3
móga - monster d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;nhuuja&quot;]
munnur - mouth d1
múss - mouse d2
møður - human d1 [mann]
nægla - nail d3 [negl]
nest - provision d2
nu - now
ny - new
nyttur - night d1 [nitt]
nøkkur - horse demon d1
nøss - nose d2
oðnarnta - husband d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;uþnant&quot;] 
oksa - ox d3
opant - hospitality d2
orð - word d3
ormur - snake, dragon d1
óðal - home d2
óður - poetry d1 
ófla - owl d3
óføst - breakfast d2
ólfur - wolf d1
pørukk - tract of land  d2
rann - house d2
ræft - log d3
rǽppur - rope d1
regn - rain d3
røfnur - raven/bird d1 [rafn]
saragg - shore d2
sæði - d4 [sað]
sær - sea d2
sǽpp - tree resin d3
sebba - blood relative d3 [sibb]
sekk - sack/bag d2
seyða - sheep d3
singel - pebble d2
síð - pivotal moment d2
skald - poet (second rank) d3
skalla - skull d3
skappa - body (lifeless) d3
skǽð - sheath d2
skegg - beard d2
skera - shire d3 [skir]
skerg - island (off shore) d3
skestaða - sky d3
skestaðagg - horizon d2
sketa - manure d3 [skit]
ski - cloud d4
skill - skill, art d2
skinn - skin, hide d2
skjøld - shield d2
skogg - forest d2
somar - summer d6
skøkkur - shank (leg of meat) d1 [skakk]
skøkull - chain d2
skømm - dishonour d2
skøpur - body (alive) d1 [skap]
skørru - shore d4 [skerr]
slanga - worm d3
slata - dirty or illbred woman d3
slænga - loop for lifting or carrying d3
sól - sun d2
spann - shingle d2
spaða - shovel d3 sword d2
sperri - rafter d4 [spærr]
sperrymúss - bat d2 
spjar - short spear d2
spjør - pole d2 
spjók - ghost d2
staða - location/place d3
staff - letter d2
staffændi - writing, script d4
stæfnir - plant stem d1 [stafn] 
stǽnn - stone d2 
stefn - voice d3
stekka - stick d3 [stikk]
stjærna - star d3 [stjern]
stjorr - bull d2
stormur - storm d1
strønd - beach d3
støður - city d1 [stað]
søstra - sister d3 [systre]
svæfirl - teacher, counseler d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;safil&quot;]
sveggða - fish flesh d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;sikþ&quot;]
svernæppi - whiskey, vodka d4 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;sinap&quot;]
svyrlírts - holy ground, holy grove d3 [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;sulitþ&quot;]
svømpur - mushroom d1
svørð - crust d3
svørður - long sword d1 [svarð]
svønur - swan d1 [svan]
sønur - son d1 [sen]
sørkur - shirt d1
sørve - necklace d3
tafla - table d3
tala - number d3
tar - tear d2
tid - tide d2
tjara - tar d3
tonga - tongue, language d3 [tung]
træ - tree d5
trommur - copse d1
tun - palisade d2
tyd - time d2
tymmur - timber d1 [timm]
tønn - tooth d2
ungur - youth d1
urdǽln - verdict d3
vald - small forest d3
varar - oath d6
varg - outlaw d3
vatn - water d3
vælka - storm cloud d3 [velk]
vællyskur - foreigner, a person who doesnt speak vityng d1
vænd - wind d3
vængur - wing d1
vena - wine d3 [vin]
venna - struggle d3 [vinn]
vest - west, right hand d3
vyður - wood d1 [við]
vif - female blood relation d2
vikk - coastal city d2 
vykkjur - witch d1 [vikk]
vin - field d5
vin - friend d2 
vinber - grape d2
vráðar - courage d6
vrǽð - wrath d2
vrótla - root d3 [vrútle]
vøgur - way d1 [veg]
vøggur - wall d1 [vagg]
vølogg - snail d2 
vøtur - winter d1 [vet]
þatta - that d3
þælja - plank d3
þessa - this d3 [þiss]
þérna - there
þikkt - thought/wisdom d2
þing - thing d2
þmæli - small animal d4 [þmal]
þjorr - castrated bull d2
þmørr - butter d2
þmyður - smith d1 [þmið]
þmyrr - oil d2
þnægi - hook d4 [þnag]
þnǽ - snow d5
þnorra - sister-in-law d3
þnøkur - snake d1 [þnak]
þolnur - peg d1
þólt - tolerance d2
þróta - throat d3
þvælta - fever d3 [þvelt]
þøffur - custom d1
øl - beer d2
øln - all d2
øngur - distress d1 [ang]
ørlur - plague d1 [arl]
øskur - ash tree d1 [ask]
øy - island (mid ocean) d5
ǿstur - east, left hand d1
ǿtur - poison d1 [át]

----

VERBS

CLASS 1
segjan &quot;to say&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segja	segjar	seg
du/plr	segjum	segið	segja

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segð	segður	segður
du/plr	segðum	segð	segð

NEGATIVE
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segna	segnar	segna
du/plr	segjona	segnið	segna

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segðen	segðurn segðurn
du/plr	segðon	segðen	segðen

&quot;t&quot; can replace &quot;ð&quot; anytime
vowels do not mutate in class 1 verbs

TENSES
infinitive - segjan (to say)
present - segja	(say/saying)
past - segð (said)
imperfect - segð før (used to say)
future - skæl segja (will say)
present perfect - hafa segð (have said)
past perfect - haft segð (had said)
future perfect - skæl segð (will have said)
past progressive - segðændi (was saying)
progressive - segjændi (saying)
future progressive - skæl segjændi (will be saying)
past participle - gasegð (said) only for passive voice

MOOD
conditional - jogann skald segja, skald segja (would say, should say)
&quot;can&quot; &quot;able&quot; - hald segja (can say)

CLASS 2
þykkú &quot;to think&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	þikk	þikkert	þykkú
du/plr	þikke	þykkú	þikki

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	þakk	þakkert	þøkkú
du/plr	þakke	þøkkú	þækki

class 2 vowels
pres.	past.
a	ó
á	ú
e	o
é	jo
i	a
í	ai/ay
o	e
ó	ei/ey
u	æ
ú	ai/ay
y	ø
ý	øy
æ	ǿ
ǽ	ý
ø	o
ǿ	oy


IRREGULAR 
att kyr &quot;to choose&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	kyr	kyr	kyr
du/plr	kyr	kyr	kyr

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	kyrt	kyrt	kyrt
du/plr	kyrt	kyrt	kyrt

----

VERB LIST
att argo - to unman/unnerve (irregular
æggjan - to goad c1 ð
bakan - to bake c1 t
bjargan - to shelter/to bury c1 t
bløðú - to bleed c2
brynnú - to burn c2
bǿgnan - to beckon c1
dængjan - to hammer c1 t
deyjan - to die c1 t/ð
drefn - to drive c1 ð
drekkan - to drink c1 t
égynnú - to own c2 
farn - to go c1 t/ð
att fæðm - to fathom (irregular)
færan - to fear c1 ð
fæstan - to hold firm c1
flan - to skin c1 t/ð
frosú - to freeze c2
fyllú - to fill c2
fynnú - to find c2
føstan - to fast c1
gabban - to mock c1 t
gan - to go/come c1 t/ð
gasn - to gaze/look/gape c1 t
gefn - to give c1 t/ð
gældan - to castrate c1 t
gengan - to walk c1 t
gætan - to get/obtain t
grætan - to pardon/forgive c1 t
hafn - to have c1 t/ð
haldan - to hold c1 t
halsoln - to kiss passionately c1
hørskú - to sour c2
hækeln - to heckle c1
hæspan - to pinch/pin c1
hǽman - to dwell c1 t
hlǿpn - to run c1 t
hongan - to hunger c1 t
jokkjan - to itch c1 t
kallan - to call c1 t/ð
kastan - to throw c1 t
knappan - to eat c1 t
knottan - to tie in a knot c1 t
knøvu - to kneel c2 [kne]
kogan - to oppress c1 ð
kopénan - to keep c1 t
krafjan - to demand by right c1 t/ð
att kyr - to choose (irregular)
kyssú - to kiss c2
lákan - to exercise/play c1 t
lákkan - to dance c1 t 
læggjan - to lay c1 ð
lǽfn - to remain c1 t
lǽðjan - to lead c1 t
leggjan - to rest horizontally c1 ð
lernan - to learn c1 t
lúfn - to love intimately c1 t/ð
lyðú - to praise/to sing c2
lygú - to speak falsely c2
mornan - to mourn c1 t
mornú - to pine c2
nyfferan - to pamper c1 t/ð [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;nufir&quot;]
opan - to be hospitable c1
opn - to weep c1 t
uttú - to expel c2
pryttú - to trick c2
rásn - to raise c1 t
reidan - to read/guess c1 t
rotjan - to rot c1 t
rysú - to rise c2 
rǿfn - to rob c1
sækkvan - to sink c1 t
sændan - to send c1 t
sætjan - to set/sit c1 t
segjan - to say c1 t/ð
sengvan - to sing c1 t
seikjan - to search c1 t
sjan - to see c1 t/ð
skapn - to shape/make c1 t
att skóla - to owe (irregular)
skømmú - to dishonour c2
slæppan - to sleep c1 t
sóppan - to become inebriated c1 t
att stand - to stand (irregular)
strekvan - to stroke c1 t
svemman - to move in the water c1 t
takan - to take c1 t
taln - to tell c1 t/ð
targan - to defend t
tællan - to remember c1 t/ð
tǽgn - to tie c1 t/ð
tekkan - to touch c1 t
trǽstan - to trust c1 t
tryggú - to believe c2
valdan - to rule c1 t
valkan - to drag c1 t
vandran - to travel/to wander c1 t/ð
veskjan - to ask c1 t
vrækkjan - to wreck c1 t
þakkan - to thank c1 t
þartan - to betray c1 t [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;þat&quot;]
þækjan - to cover c1 t
þmyrvú - to smear c2
þólan - to endure/to love plutonically c1 t/ð
þykkú - to think c2
þræskan - to thresh c1 t
þrútnan - to swell c1 t/ð
ønnú - to work d2
øpennan - to open c1 t
øskjan - to want c1 t

----

COPOLAs
varan &quot;to be&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	æm	art	ar	
du/plr	ørum	ørð	ør

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	var	vara	var
du/plr	vørum	vør	vør

	IMPERATIVE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	vera	verst	ver
du/plr	vørum	virið	vera	
	
        NEGATIVE
        PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	ana	arna	arna	
du/plr	ørona	ørna	ørna

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	varna	varana	varna
du/plr	vørona	vørna	vørna

	IMPERATIVE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	verana	verna	verna
du/plr	vørona	virena	verana


----
	
ADJECTIVES
ungur &quot;young&quot;

nom.	ungur
        onga
        ungen
acc.	ung
        onga
        ungen
dat.	unge
        yngi
        ungum
gen.	ungs
        ongas
        ungens

----

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB LIST
aðal - noble
ald - old
angð - vengeful anger (a sense of righteousness)
annarr - other
arg - unmanly
ǽ - ever
ǽva - forever
ændir - last 
berh - bright
biggǽð - exact [borrowed from Rhasnikþ pjiiþjaiþ]
blakk - dark
bǿsja - bad/evil
drǿg - dry
efn - even
endir - end
færr - far
fætt - fat
fegjar - fair
fjara - few
frið - free
full - full
før - before
føst - firm
gamla - old
gnogg - enough
góð - good
half - half
har - venerable/respectable
hefig - heavy
hǽlge - holy
hørð - hard
hǿr - high
kald - cold
lang - long 
lask - weak
prett - pretty
harsk - rough, harsh
hlægglik - funny
hlóð - famous
lúð - loud
matt - mighty
mest - most
méri - more
mikkil - great/many/large
myrklik - murky
myrk - dark
nyst - next
nørðlik - northern
oftra - after/later
óð - insane/mad
rang - little [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;ranh&quot;]
rett - correct
salf - dirty
seð - late
skala - bald
skamm - short
skarpf - sharp 
skæla - balance
slat - common
slav - blunt, dull
slett - smoothe
slør - slow/blunt/stupid
spekka - small
stark - strong
stor - big
stirtli - barren sterile
sum - some
svókk - lithe [borrowed from Rhasnikþ &quot;suuk&quot;]
trést - loyal/faithful
tvark - strange
ung - young
vat - wet
við - wide
virsera - worse
viss - wise
þekk - thick
þrukk - through/thorough
þunn - thin/narrow
yfir - over
yndir - under
øffug - backward
øln - all

----

COMMON WORDS/PHRASES
jǿ - yes
gíss - yes (used in less formal settings)
nǽ - no
næta - no (used when impatient, and is often spoken thrice)
hǽl - hello
goðǽl - good health (goodbye or hello)
góð dagg - good day/morning
góð kvøld - good evening/night
for oftra - goodbye
þakka/þakka þikk - thank you

----

QUESTION WORDS (not declined)
hvem - who
hvað - what (is that?)/ that 
hvatt - what (do you want?) 
hvar - where
hvarn - where from
hvætyd - when
hvarfor - why
hvilyk - which
hvatøg - how

----

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
hérna - here
heðar - hither
gjønd - that there (yonder)
þatta - that 
þætti - those
þessa - this 
þissi - these
þérna - there
þaðar - thither

----

hinn gæstarmargøn - yesterday morning
hinn gæstar - yesterday
hinn gæstarkvøld - last night
hinn margøn - this morning
hinn dagg - today
hinn kvøld - tonight
hinn nystormargøn - tomorrow morning
hinn nystur - tomorrow
hinn nysturkvøld - tomorrow night

----

PREPOSTION/CONJUNCTION LIST
af/-sk - of, from
an - on+accu./onto+dat.
at - locative marker &quot;at&quot;
bi - near, by+accu. /next to+dat. 
ekka - no/without
for - for
fram - away from
i - in+accu./into+dat.
jaf - if
með - with
ney - not (almost entirely replaced with -na)
og - and
sið - since
sva - so
þæn - then
þja - instrumental marker &quot;with&quot; &quot;using&quot;
ut - out+accu./out of+dat.
úr - made by/done by
veð - apart (not with)

----

AFFIXES
al- - the whole of something ølhúss = all houses
-ekkla - diminutive hyndekkla = little dog
-føldur - multiplicative suffix þrerføldur = threefold/thrice
ga- - collective many together gaspjók(nir) = (all)many ghosts
-ga - see &quot;-yskur&quot;
-lykur - see &quot;-yskur&quot;
-lyngur - diminuative bældlyngur = princeling
-lǿss - lacking þekklǿss = thoughtless
ó- - indicates opposite	ǿviss = not wise (stupid)
-ness - city on a beach	svanness = swanness
-sk - reflexive suffixe	tælsk = tell yourself/oneself (remember)
-skøpur - state of being gofaskøpur = to be steam (angry)
-sømur - added to a number to make a group of that number fæmmsømur = fivesome
-vyrður - worthy lyðvyrður (praiseworthy)
-vik - city by the sea	længvik = longwick
-vørður - toward nittvørður = near to night
-yngur - &quot;born of&quot; þikkyngur = born of thought (idea/man of science)
-yskur - approximative vissyskur = smart (almost wise)
-ør - agentive gifør = giver

noun &gt; adjective = -ga
noun &gt; verb = -ændi
adjective &gt; noun = -ð / -yng
adjective &gt; verb = -en
verb &gt; noun = minus -an plus -á 
verb &gt; adjective = minus -an plus -er

----

CURRENCY
each denomination has two values, a copper value and a silver value
the copper being 1/16th the value of the silver

halfpenyng - half penny (2 grams) 
penyng - penny (4 grams)
skilyng - shilling (6 grams)
hvyrl - crown (12 grams)
femmt - fifth (60 grams)
klǽ - brick (300 grams)

----

WEIGHT
singel - 2 grams
hring - 32 grams
mark - 320 grams
halfstǽnn - 5.12 kilos
stǽnn - 10.24 kilos
tviføldur - 20.48 kilos
skipstǽnn - 163.84 kilos

----

VOLUME
drópa - 0.1 ml
hæspa - 1.6 ml
blað - 25.6 ml
ból - 204.8 ml
stor ból - 409.6 ml
kæggi - 6 l 553.6 ml
oksuhǿfuð - 104 l 857.6 ml

----

MEASURE
þomm - 2.2 cm 
fyngur - 8.8 cm 
hønd - 17.6 cm
aln - 70.4 cm
skeplangt - 11 m 26.4 cm
geng - 180 m 22.4 cm
rastja - 2 km 883 m 58.4 cm

----

TIME
tung - usually 1/300 of a speka
speka - 5 min  
tjand - 1.5 hrs 
dagg - 24 hrs 
monæð - 28 days 
gjar - 364 days 
langjar - 367 days

----

MONTHES
#1 nøgjar (new year) december 22 
#2 midvøtur (midwinter) january 19
#3 stirtlimonæð (barren month) february 16
#4 ǽnmonæð (one month) March 16
#5 femmt (fifth) April 13
#6 eggtid (eggtide) May 11
#7 sólmonæð (sunmonth) June 8 (29 every 12 years)
#8 heymonæð (haymonth) July 6 (29 every 12 year)
#9 tviføld (twofold) August 3
#10 hǿstmonæð (harvest month) August 31 (29 every 12 years)
#11 nyvøtur (new winter) September 28
#12 frormonæð (frostmonth) October 26 
#13 førnøgjar (before new year) november 25 

----

COLOURS
bla - dark blue
brúnur - brown
gjólur - yellow
gul - gold
grænn - green
hlúd - grey
hvytur - white
rǿður - red
svørtur - black
sylf - silver

----

NUMBERS
All numbers are 5th declension
CARDINAL
ǽn - one
tvǽr - two 
þrir - three
féra - four 
femm - five
sess - six
sjǿfn - seven 
átta - eight
ni - nine
ti - ten
elefn - eleven
tvølf - twelve
þrirten - thirteen
férten - fourteen
femmten - fifteen
sesten - sixteen
sjǿften - seventeen
áttaten - eighteen
ninten - nineteen
tverté / skor - twenty
ǽn an tverté - one on twenty
þrirté - thirty
tvǽr an þrirté - two on thirty
férté - forty
femmté - fifty
sesté - sixty
sjǿfté - seventy 
átté - eighty
nité - nine
hóndræð - hundred
stor hóndræð - big hundred (120)
femm hóndreðir og sess an skor - five hundreds and six on score
þúsynd - thousand
stor þúsynd - big thousand (1200)
þrir þúsyndir og ǽn hóndræð sess an sjǿfté - three thousands and one hundred six on seventy

ORDINAL
fyrstur - first
annarr - second
þrið - third
férand - fourth
femmt - fifth
sesst - sixth
sjǿfnt - seventh
áttand - eighth
njand - ninth
tjand - tenth
elefnt - eleventh
tvølft - twelfth

----

DISCLAIMER
I am no longer sure if this section is grammatically correct

SENTENCES
SVOI - declarative
OVSI - interogative
IVO(S) - imperative

Akk hǽma i ǽtt nørðlik skogg.
i dwell in a northern forest.
þætt kall þikk Bjørn.
he calls you bjorn.
Akk taka gérni fram þérr.
i take the spear from you.
þinginn hvað skap hykkir i nittinn.
the thing what makes bangs in the night. - the thing that goes bump in the night.

þikk finnert ungur Olfarr?
find you young Olf? - did young olf find you?
ung Olfarr fynnú þá.
find young Olf you? - did you find young olf?
gérni taka Akk fram þérr?
take the spear i from you? - did i take the spear from you?

mérr gefar þætt.
to me give it. - give it to me.


ASPECTS
frequentive - segjol (chatter)
habitual - segjændi (speak often)
protractive/iterative - segjæng (saying over and over/again and again) often implies that the action was boring


MOOD
cohortative - varr/vitt velja (let us)
conditional - skald (would)

----

NAMES
Aldrik - old power m.
Alfrik - elf power m.
Annarr - second child m./f.
Ǽrik - &quot;Eric&quot; m.
Bjørn - bear m.
Bjærna - bearess f.
Bærny - small child m.
Fyrst - first child m./f.
Karl - man m.
Olfarr - related to Ólf m.
Ólf - wolf m.
Starkstǽnn - strong stone m.
Trestǽ - trusted one f.
Vrekkør - wrecker m.
Øydis - island godess f.

VIRTUES
1. Gifting is praiseworthy. - gefændi ar lyðvyrður.
2. Generosity is praiseworthy. - gefængt ar lyðvyrður.
3. Moderation is praiseworthy. - skæla ar lyðvyrður.
4. The maintaining of frith in all circumstances is praiseworthy. - fryður kopénændi ǽva ar lyðvyrður. 
5. Courage is praiseworthy. - vráðar ar lyðvyrður.
6. The seeking of good over ill is praiseworthy. - seikjan góð før bǿsja ar lyðvyrður.
7. Hospitality is praiseworthy. - opant ar lyðvyrður.
8. Courtesy is praiseworthy. - gatrøggt ar lyðvyrður.
9. Tolerance is praiseworthy. - þólt ar lyðvyrður.
10. The pursuit of wisdom and knowledge is praiseworthy. - seikjan þikktir ar lyðvyrður.
11. The defense of freedom is praiseworthy.
12. Industriousness is praiseworthy.
13. Vigilance is praiseworthy.
14. The protection, nurturing and forbearing of kin is praiseworthy.
15. Showing respect for elders is praiseworthy.
16. Loyalty to friends and kin is praiseworthy.
17. Keeping an oath is praiseworthy.
18. Honoring the sanctity of marriage is praiseworthy.
19. Refraining from mockery is praiseworthy.
2o. Refraining from arrogance is praiseworthy.
21. Making kin, honor and justice more important than gold is praiseworthy.
22. Cleanliness is praiseworthy.
23. The maintaining of one's dignity in all situations is praiseworthy.
24. Good organization is praiseworthy.
25. Persistence is praiseworthy.
26. The rule of law is praiseworthy.
27. To try ones steel against an opponent fairly is praiseworthy.
28. Respect for the dead is praiseworthy.
29. For a man to never strike a woman is praiseworthy.
30. To not abuse one's power is praiseworthy.

akk lófa spekka kruðling minn. - I love my little cabbageling.
ɑxk loʊ.fɐ spɛx.kɐ kɹʊð.liŋ mɪn
til kónyngni eig æm trést. - I am loyal to the king.
tʰɪl kʰoʊ.nʏŋ.ni ɛɪx æm vɹɛst

hystinn, þætt ar góð. - the horse is good.
hʏs.tɪnː ðæxt ɑ˞ goʊð
kóna, þætt slæpp. - the woman is sleeping. 
kʰoʊ.nɐ ðæxt slæxp
kóna, þætt lǽkk. - the woman is dancing.
kʰoʊ.nɐ ðæxt læɪxk
kónǽ, þætt stryku bjørna. - the woman is petting the bear.
kʰoʊ.næɪ ðæxt ʃtɹʏ.gu bʲœ˞.ɳɐ
kónǽ, þætt sja bjørna. - the woman sees the bear.
kʰoʊ.næɪ ðæxt ʃɑ bʲœ˞.ɳɐ
kónǽ, þætt gef bykkni til mænninn. - the woman is giving the book to the man.	
kʰoʊ.næɪ ðæxt jɛf bʏxk.ni tʰɪl mæ.nːɪnː

&lt;/pre&gt;
[[some sentences]] &lt;br&gt;
[[vityng our Father]]
[[Vityng names]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ðanmarc</title>
    <id>3934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28021</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T03:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Ðanmarc
|pronounce=/'ðænmarʃ/
|tu=[[Aarð]], [[Aarð#Classical Period|Classical Period]]
|species=Human
|in=Ðanmar Empire
|no=0
|script=[[Ðanmarc Alphabet|Ðanmarc]] (unique)
|tree=Þēo-Niraþi &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Þeali &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Yaþinn-Ðanmarc &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Ðanmarc''' &lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=Navidel
|date=May 25, 2007}}
'''Ðanmarc''' is a language spoken in the ancient [[Ðanmar Empire]]. The language uses SVO word order in most cases but OSV is sometimes used to highlight the object in literature and poetry. Since the empire's fall, the language has had no native speakers, but is used as a diplomatic and general-purpose interlanguage in the region, similar to Latin in our world.
=Script=
The alphabet consists of six vowels and 20 consonants, for a total of 26 letters, which are listed below.

Hh - Hatc* /ħ, x/

Mm - Mē /m/

Nn - Nē /n/

Ŋŋ - Ŋē /ŋ/

Ee - E /&amp;epsilon;/

Bb - Be /b/

Ēē - Ē /e/

Vv - Va /&amp;beta;/

Pp - Pa /p/

Gg - Gi /g/

Ff - Fi /&amp;phi;/

Tt - To /t/

Oo - O /o/

Dd - Do /d/

Kk - Ka /k/

Rr - Ra* /r/

Aa - A /a/ (/æ/ before m, n, or ŋ)

Ww - Wa /w, ɰ/

Ss - Sa /s/

Zz - Zē /z/

Ii - I /i/

Cc - Ci /ʃ/

Jj - Ji /ʒ/

Ðð - Þa* /ð, &amp;theta;/

Uu - U /ɔ/

Yy - Yog /j/

*Hatc is also sometimes written ''ħ'' or ''x''
*Þa is written as ''þ'' when it represents /&amp;theta;/.
*Ra is written as ''l'' when it means a lateralized (/l/ or /ɫ/) sound.

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
====Case====
Ðanmarc is an accusative language and thus has two cases: nominative (used when the noun is the subject of a transitive or intransitive verb) and accusative (used when the noun is the object of a transitive verb). Words are in the nominative by default and become accusative in the following ways:
:*Words ending in vowels: The vowel is mutated one down on the hierarchy below (u becomes i) and a final lateralized r (actually, an l) is added.
:::ieēaou
:*Words ending in consonants (unlike the inflections below, this includes ''r'' and ''w''):  The consonant is &quot;softened&quot; as per the below chart.
 Letter  h ŋ n m t p k d b g f s r z v w c j y ð
 Becomes ŋ n m b d b g z v ŋ v z w r w w j y w j
====Plurals====
In Ðanmarc, plural nouns are formed by adding the following suffixes in the nominative case:
:*-s for words ending in vowels or ''r''
:*-as for words ending in other consonants
And these in the accusative case:
:*-n for words ending in vowels or ''r''
:*-an for words ending in other consonants
====Possessives====
Possessive nouns, too, are formed by adding suffixes:
:*-c is used for words ending in vowels or ''r'' (hence Ðanmarc &lt;- Ðanmar).
:*-ac is used for words ending in other consonants.
:*-j is used on plural words ending in vowels or ''r''. (The plural suffix is dropped.)
:*-aj is used on plural words ending in other consonants.
*In cases of possession, only the possessed object inflects for case.
===Verbs===
====Tense====
Ðanmarc verbs have a variety of tenses. The most basic are the present, past, and future; the inflections for these are given below.
:*-d forms the past tense of verbs ending in vowels and ''r''.
:*-ad forms the past tense of verbs ending in other consonants.
:*-s forms the present tense of Type A verbs (those ending in vowels and ''r'').
:*-as forms the present of type B verbs, which end in consonants other than ''r''.
:*-k is added to type A verbs to form their future tense.
:*-ek is added to form the future tense of a type B verb.

More complicated tenses employed in the Ðanmarc language include participles, gerunds, and infinitives; the basic uses of these are outlined below. In case you, like me, are not very familiar with complex and nonfinite verb tenses, a ''gerund'' is a verb used as a noun (''Swimming'' is fun), a ''participle'' is one used as an adjective (The ''falling'' snow blinded him), and an ''infinitive'' can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs (''To run'' a mile is difficult; I have a book ''to read''; She practiced ''to become'' better).
:*-(i)ð is used to form past participles.
:*-(i)z is used to form present participles.*
:*-(i)c is used to form future participles.
:*-(a)g is used to form gerunds.
:*-(ē)r is used to form infinitives.
*There is a difference between the pronunciation of present and present participle forms of type A verbs in Ðanmarc. In English (think ''tears'') we pronounce a final ''s'' voiced, like a ''z''. This is not true in Ðanmarc. If it helps, think of the Ðanmarc final ''-s'' as an English final ''-ce''.

Other tenses include perfect, imperfect and progressive tenses. These are a little tougher to grasp than those above, but English speakers use them every day. In grammar, ''perfect'' has a different meaning than its usual one. To say that an action is &quot;perfect&quot; means that the action is completed. For example, consider English examples: ''I lived'' is an imperfect past tense, while ''I have lived'' is a perfect one. ''I have come'' is perfect; ''I'm coming'' is not. Progressive tenses are imperfect by definition; they show that an action is going on. In Ðanmarc, verbs are in a basic (not progressive) imperfect by default.
:*-(o)t forms the past perfect tense.
:*-(a)ŋ forms the past progressive tense.
:*-(a)p forms the present perfect tense.
:*-(a)m forms the present progressive tense.
:*-(a)g forms the future perfect tense.*
:*-(a)n forms the future progressive tense.
*Note: The ''a'' in this suffix is prononced /æ/, an exception to the usual rule.
====Mood and Aspect====
Ðanmarc has a fairly complex system of mood, including indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and negative moods. Verbs are by default in the indicative mood, meaning that they are real and certain, but this can also have a strengthened form, equivalent roughly to the English construction &quot;I am sure that...&quot;. The subjunctive mood indicates that the verb is uncertain or desired. It, too, has a differing form to show that the speaker does not know that something happened [but speculates that it did]. The imperative mood, used to command, also has a more polite form. The negative mood does not have an alternate form, but is indicated by an auxiliary verb, ''te'', and so can be used in combination with other moods. ''Te'' must agree with the verb it modifies in tense, but not mood. Other moods are indicated by prefixes:
:*k(@*)- indicates the strengthened indicative mood.
:*g(@)- indicates the subjunctive mood.
:*ŋ(@)- indicates the second subjunctive mood mentioned above.
:*r(@)- indicates the imperative mood.
*Note: The ''@'' indicates a variable vowel (it is '''not''' an X-SAMPA schwa). This vowel is ''e'' if the verb is part of a secondary clause in the sentence, and ''a'' if it is in the main clause. When the speaker is being especially polite, ''e'' is replaced by ''ē'' and ''a'' by ''o''. All of these vowels, except ''a'', are present at the word's beginning when the verb is in the simple indicative mood or begins with a vowel. In that case, the ''o'' is accented to become ''ó'', which indicates a deviation from the standard penultimate-stress rule in Ðanmarc, and the ''ē'' is accented to become ''ê''.

===Adjectives and adverbs===
====Adjective agreement====
Adjectives in Ðanmarc must agree with the noun they modify in number. This is accomplished in the same way as with the nouns, by modifying the coda of the final syllable. To see how to do this, look at the [[Ðanmarc#Plurals|''Plurals'' section of ''Nouns'']].

====Adverb agreement====
This section does not really need to be here, as adverbs do not need to agree with the verbs they modify unless they are in secondary clauses, in which case the adverb takes the suffix ''-o''.
==Derivation==
===Negation===
In Ðanmarc, two prefixes are used to negate a word. The prefix ''ók(a)-'', roughly equivalent to English ''anti-'' is used mainly on verbs, when an action of doing the opposite (not just refraining from doing the action) is meant. The auxiliary ''te'' is used when the subject is merely not doing the action (as opposed to doing its opposite, implied by ''ók(a)-''). The second prefix, ''íŋē-'', is used to negate a noun or adjective (''happy'' vs. '''''un'''happy'').
[[Category:Aarð]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages]]

=See Also=
[http://www.langmaker.com/db/%C3%90anmarc Ðanmarc] at [http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page langmaker]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Small ei ligature</title>
    <id>3936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25104</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T07:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25em;&quot;&gt;ɛ&lt;/span&gt;ɩ</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Ei</title>
    <id>3938</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>21948</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-28T10:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Ei]] moved to [[Template:Small ei ligature]]: What should redirect to what? :-)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Small ei ligature]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Capital EI ligature</title>
    <id>3939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25105</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T07:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25em;&quot;&gt;Ɛ&lt;/span&gt;Ɩ</text>
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    <id>3940</id>
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    <revision>
      <id>21951</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-28T10:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:EI]] moved to [[Template:Capital EI ligature]]: A short name is more useful for a ligature-faking template, but the main template should have a descriptive name.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Capital EI ligature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Navidel/Sandbox</title>
    <id>3941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23597</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T22:38:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Main=
==Sub==
===More===
====And More====
=====And even more=====
'One'
''Two''
'''Three'''
''''Four''''
'''''Five'''''
:1
::2
:::3
::::4
:::::5
{| align=left
|http://img50.imageshack.us/img50/7560/picture19nl.th.gif
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Nation</title>
    <id>3942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22077</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-02T00:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added &lt;/noinclude&gt; tag</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| {{{name}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{pronounce}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{tu}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{species}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{lang}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{pop}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Type of government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{gov}}}
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| History
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;{{{from}}}&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;'''{{{name}}}'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;{{{to}}}&lt;/center&gt;
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{creator}}}
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{date}}}
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
This template was designed by me, [[User:Navidel|Navidel]], to document different aspects of a constructed country. It is currently in use on the [[Ðanmar Empire]] page and a few others. Much of the format is based on [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]]'s [[Template:Infobox]].
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ðanmar Empire</title>
    <id>3943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22105</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-03T23:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Nation
|name=Ðanmar Empire
|pronounce=/ðænmar/
|tu=[[Aarð]], [[Aarð#Classical Period|Classical Period]]
|species=Human
|lang=[[Ðanmarc]]
|pop=unknown
|gov=Empire
|from=[[Kingdom of Ðanmar]]
|to=[[Arþon]], [[Gadón]], [[Doria]], [[Abzar]]
|creator=Navidel
|date=May 26, 2007}}
The '''Ðanmar Empire''' was a [[Aarð#Classical Period|Classical Period civilization]] of [[Aarð]]. The Empire was formed when a king of what was then the [[Kingdom of Ðanmar]] named himself Emperor shortly after his conquest of neighboring [[Yaþín]]. Eventually, [[Yaþinn|Yaþinn language]] and culture became almost seamlessly integrated into the Imperial mainstream. (In fact, today the Yaþinn language is known only from early Ðanmarc grammars.) Over a period of several centuries, Ðanmar grew to cover much of the southwestern quarter of the continent, bordered only by the [[Northern Kingdoms]], the [[Aasti tribes]] and the only major civilized nation it never managed to conquer, [[Sonyēl]].

The Empire's capital was the city known as Ðanmar. Other notable localities within the empire include Yaþín, often used as a geographical region, and the [[Great Forest]], a huge deciduous forest near the center of the empire. This was spanned by many paths in the heyday of the Empire, but in later times they fell into disuse and became overgrown.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonyēl</title>
    <id>3944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22104</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-03T23:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Nation
|name=Sonyēl
|pronounce=/soɲel/
|tu=[[Aarð]], [[Aarð#Ancient Times|Ancient Times]]
|species=Human
|lang=[[Sonyēlē]]
|pop=unknown
|gov=Monarchy
|from=[[Seven Tribes of Sonyēl]]
|to=[[Budenor]]
|creator=Navidel
|date=May 27, 2007}}
'''Sonyēl''' was one of the [[Aarð#Ancient Times|earliest nations]] of Aarð. It was formed when [[Raanol I|Raanol Bughdi]] of the [[Seven Tribes of Sonyēl#Bughdi|Bughdi]] tribe united the [[Seven Tribes of Sonyēl]] under one monarchy in [[Ðanmari Era|ÐE]] -652. His successors established Sonyēl as a prominent military power, able to withstand even the power of the [[Ðanmar Empire]]. Centuries later, after the fall of the Empire, Sonyēlē King [[Agamen]] married the queen of the [[Aasti]] kingdom that bordered Sonyēl to the north. The resultant unified nation is known as [[Budenor]], one of the youngest nations in all of [[Aarð]]. Due to this fact, citizens of the [[Budenor#The North|northern region]] still speak the Aasti-influenced [[Abzari]] language, while southerners speak [[Sonyēlē]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ðanmari Era</title>
    <id>3945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22026</id>
      <timestamp>2007-05-30T00:37:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Ðanmari Era''' is the name of the dating system used by the peoples of the east portion of the continent of [[Aarð]]. Instituted by the [[Ðanmar Empire]] (although the form ''Ðanmar...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ðanmari Era''' is the name of the dating system used by the peoples of the east portion of the continent of [[Aarð]]. Instituted by the [[Ðanmar Empire]] (although the form ''Ðanmari'' comes from an [[Aasti]] inflection), ÐE 0 marks the date when the first Emperor of Ðanmar conquered [[Yaþín]], marking the empire's foundation.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aarð</title>
    <id>3946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23646</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T19:12:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Minor spelling revision</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Planet|
|name=Aarð
|image=[[Image:Aarð3.png|300 px]]
|distance=0.7834 AU
|year_local=260.0 Aarði days
|year_earthdays=253.263815 earth days
|siderealday=23.5026976 hours
|solarday=23.37819831 hours
|diameter_metric=13,072 km
|diameter_usa=8,124 mi
|area_metric=536,826,505.9 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|area_usa=207,343,154.8 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|tilt=19.277382 degrees
|mass_metric=6021.2 Yg
|mass_earths=1.007968394 earths
|gravity=9.40687056 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|moons=2 ([[Cetí]] and [[Tiró]])}}
'''Aarð''' is a conworld created by [[User:Navidel|Navidel]]. The planet is 13072 km (approximately 8124 US miles or 2442.81 [[Aarði measurement|great leagues]]) in diameter. Aarð, whose name comes from an [[Aasti]] word meaning Earth, is the second planet from its parent star, a main sequence class G9 with a mass of 0.8501 solar masses. It is technically a binary planet, orbited by a body known as [[Tiró]] that is .97 times its mass. A smaller moon known as [[Cetí]] orbits around both bodies (technically, the barycenter). The Aarð-Tiró system shares its sun with several other planets, including [[Luariaþ]], a small, hot rocky planet thats orbits closer to the sun than Aarð does; [[Odonor]], and several more distant planets.

[[Þeal]], a small continent on the lower right of the map, is the most highly developed part of Aarð. Other landmasses seen on the map include [[Ornoþ]] (upper left), [[Samir]] (top center), [[Goriað]] (upper right), [[Zuniaar]] (lower left), [[Niraþ]] (west of Þeal), and the islands of [[Saiïc|Saiyic]] (east of Þeal), Soktareŋ (west of Goriað), Astaraþ and Cion (between Ornoþ and Zuniaar), and the Þanit archipelago (far left of map).
[[Category:Aarð]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:16 wed prop.jpg</title>
    <id>3947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22067</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-01T08:07:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ell Crasses</title>
    <id>3948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23309</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T11:30:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ell Crasses</username>
        <id>634</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Marlon Betz'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| I am still looking for a picture of me&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
||march 16th, 1993 AD, Bad Friedrichshall, Germany
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| still pupil
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| German, English, Latin and a bit Japanese, Chinese, Dutch, Turkish and Esperanto
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Lâmian]], Schveveg
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| [[Wikipedia:Verdurian|Verdurian]], [[Hairo]], [[Islysian]], [[Þrjótrun]], [[Hattic]], [[Albic|The Albic Languages]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Languages, ego-shooters,&lt;br&gt; hearing [http://www.inextremo.de/homepage.php3?IE=1| In Extremo]  
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| bla
|}
Hi, I am Ell Crasses (means ''the fat'' in [[Schveveg]]). My real name is Marlon Betz and I live near to Heilbronn (Germany).
I'm 14 years old and a pupil of the ''Justinus-Kerner-Gymnasium Weinsberg'' and very interested in languages (and computer games)
and I speak German,English,Latin (and next year Italian by school) and a bit Japanese,Chinese,Dutch,Turkish and Esperanto.
I've already made lots of conlangs (around 50, but the most were funlangs, of course), but i haven't finished them yet (and the most won't be finished ever). The conlangs I am working on are [[Schveveg]] and [[Lâmian]].
My email adress is '''amicusnecandi@yahoo.de'''&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Star wars and the cold war</title>
    <id>3949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47562</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:OT ;)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am building this page!!!!!!


Star Wars Movie Timeline

  A New Hope		     Return of the Jedi	              Attack of the Clones
     (1977)			 (1982)			            (2002)
_____½_____________________½______________________½____________________   
		     ½					  ½			       ½
	The Empire Strikes Back	       The Phantom Menace	     Revenge of the Sith
		 (1980)				        (1999)			    (2005)


Robert and Franklin:
	Star Wars reflects neoconservative foreign policy.
	The neoconservative movement was started by Irving Kristol in the 1960s.
	Neoconservatism is linked to religious conservatism, strict moral views
The Force and the Empire/Rebellion dualities reflect strict moral viewpoints of neoconservatism
Violent conflict in Star Wars reflects the militaristic agenda of the neoconservative movement

	Pictures: Irving Kristol, DARTH VADER, Luke

Ethan:
	The male main characters all represent different arctypes 
	Canobe is a mix of the Eisenhower, Regan arctype 
	Luke is the arctype of the American soldier and military supportive populace 
Han Solo is the arctype of the unsupportive American populace who eventually comes around
The force is western religion the thing which gives the rebellion and the military populace strong 

	Pictures: Obi Wan &amp; Eisenhower &amp; Reagan

Matt:
In both Star Wars and during the Cold War, civilian casualties were not considered worthy of attention.
For example, civilian deaths were considered acceptable, but unmentionable, during the twenty years of instability from 1960 to 1980 in El Salvador.
Additionally, collateral damage as a result of the coup in Iran was not considered.
Furthermore the extermination of East Timorese was considered unnewsworthy.
Terrorism stems from funding Mujahidin in Afghanistan during the Cold War.

[[Category:Off topic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JonMoore/Tholb lexicon</title>
    <id>3950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22114</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-05T19:05:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*yirb
*galb
*bilm
*kemp
*hest
*gârm
*pûlð
*nûlm
*pap
*gorb
*walb
*ðowr
*tay
*pel
*ðawl
*kow
*korw
*duwb
*bâk
*leþ
*nâlþ
*bis
*hub
*yeð
*bery
wed
ral
help
yâg
bip
lel
bet
ðûkguð
ðuwslûr
kûgþûls
ðimmon
tatnawl
donwub
heksel
hebpârþ
yakser
tuðdih
gidkâþ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Þolb</title>
    <id>3951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24595</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T18:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adjectives and adverbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Þolb]] - [[Þolb texts]] | [[Þolb phrase book]] | [[Þolb vocabulary]] &gt;&gt;


there are no prepostions. these are done with adverbs.

==Overview==
Þolb is an ergative-absolutive language. Word order is generally Patient-Verb-Agent.

==Nouns - ''ðâpþtpontek''==
Nouns are divided into several classes, depending on the type of item. Each class has a special set of pronouns. Ony classes one and two have a first person pronoun. Several of the classes have special words that may belong only to those classes, as well as special affixes. Some words may fall into several classes.

Nouns have two cases: a combined ergative/genetive, absolutive.

*kþeltomp - man ''or'' woman, person
*þmeltilb - God
*þkwelmport - King
*twilmerd - important person/VIP

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!Markers!!Ergative/Genetive!!Absolutive
|-
|Singular||k||(þ)
|-
|Plural||wem (k)||þek (þ)
|-
|Dual (rare)||nilm k||nilm þ
|}


===Pronouns===

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!Singular pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
|-
|'''First person'''||þkwâm||k þkwâm
|-
|'''Second person'''||meþt||k meþt
|-
|'''Third person'''||klont||k klont
|-
|'''Fourth person'''||wim||k wim
|}

 First person plural pronouns are treated differently. See below.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!Plural pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
|-
|'''Second person'''||þek (þ) meþt||wem (k) meþt
|-
|'''Third person'''||þek (þ) klont||wem (k) klont
|-
|'''Fourth person'''||þek (þ) wim||wem (k) wim
|}

First person plural pronouns are distinct words. Unlike English, the first person plural pronouns distinguish who is included in &quot;we&quot;.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!We pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
|-
|'''I + you (not he she or they)'''||hegrâl||k hegrâl
|-
|'''I + he, she or they (not you)'''||þkim||k þkim
|-
|'''I + he, she or they +you'''||bwok||k bwok
|}


==Verbs  - ''ðâpþthempt''==
Compared to the complex class system of nouns, verbs are relatively simple. Verbs fall into two types, transitive and intransitive.

There is no tense in the language, but aspect. Aspect and mood are expressed by prefixes to the verbs. These words may be combined together.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!verbs!!perfective!!continuous!!habitually!!negative
|-
|'''imperative'''||mok-||þkek-||hem-||lâmp-
|-
|'''would'''||mâr-||þâr-||hâr-||lâr-
|-
|'''negative'''||mek-||þek-||hek-||lek-
|-
|'''positive'''||mi-||þi-||hi-||li-
|-
|'''want'''||milþ-||þilþ-||hilþ-||lilþ-
|-
|'''must'''||mu-||þu-||hu-||lu-
|-
|'''can'''||muþ-||þuþ-||huþ-||luþ-
|-
|'''need'''||men-||þen-||hen-||len-
|-
|}

*þke- to make, cause
*kwo- to become

==Adjectives and adverbs==

&quot;Natural&quot; adjectives follow the noun and a particle '''m'''. For example: ''þkor m tilmp'' &quot;blue water&quot;

*tem- (“made of” or “being a”): ''hirþ m temþkor'' “a water-way”, i.e. “a way made of water”.
*twu- (“of” or “relating to”) ''roptr m twuþkor'' “water sports”.
*kint- (“having” or “full of”): ''hirþ m kintþkor'' “a way full of water”.

''yar m kintnidr'' - beautiful woman nidr = beauty


Adjectives are usually considered nouns. so...

==Alphabet - ''kormpbarþt''==
a â b d ð e g h k l m n ng o p r t þ u û w y

==Examples==
*''Darm halb remp.''
*The man has arrived.

*''Þkek meþt wipt k þkwâm.''
*I love you.

*''Milk halb gelþ t kolm r melm.''
*The man walked into the house.

*''Þkek þkor kwemp.''
*The water is boiling.

*''Þkek mantr þkekwemp k klont.''
*I am boiling the potato.

&lt;&lt;
*''Walm gelþ kolm balþteþ r grûmp.''
*The girl walked inside the house.
&gt;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Testtable</title>
    <id>3953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22148</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-06T11:45:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;{{{class|}}}&quot; style=&quot;{{{style|}}}&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;
! Lorem
! ipsum
! modus
|-
| Delectus
| ocurreret
| ex
|-
| assueverit
| temporibus
| cum
|-
| mei
| vivendum
| molestiae
|-
| Ei
| cetero
| antiopam
|-
| ex
| vis
| elit
|-
| Sea
| vero
| iudicabit
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lâmian</title>
    <id>3955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22446</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-13T13:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ell Crasses</username>
        <id>634</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Modal Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Lâmian(lâm.:Leithet)
|pronounce=léy-thet
|tu=Alternate Earth, ~500 BC- ~200 AD
|species=Human
|in=South Germany
|no=at least 500.000
|script=an modified Etruscian
|tree=[[Lâmian Language Family]]&lt;br&gt;  
:Lâmian
|morph=agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SOV
|creator=[[user:Ell Crasses|Ell Crasses]]
|date=June 2007
}}
'''Lâmian''' is the oldest documented language of the [[Lâmian Language Family]] and was spoken by the ancient tribes of the '''Lâmians''', before the Roman Empire made them to leave northwards.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===

{|
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Postalveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
||Stops, voiceless||'''p'''||'''t'''|| || || ||'''c'''||
|-
||Stops, voiced||'''b'''||'''d'''|| || || ||'''g'''||
|-
||Fricatives, voiceless||'''f'''||'''th'''||'''s'''||'''sh'''|| ||'''ch'''||'''h'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''dh'''||'''z'''|| || ||
|- 
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''|| ||  || ||'''ŋ'''||
|-
||Lateral|| || ||'''l'''|| || || ||
|-
||Flap|| || ||'''r'''|| || || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''w'''|| || || ||'''i/j/'''|| || ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Double consonants are spoken a bit longer.
===Vowels===
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| ||front||central||back
|-
||high||'''i î'''|| ||'''u û'''
|-
||mid||'''e ê'''|| ||'''o ô'''
|-
||low|| ||'''a/ɑ/ â/ɑ:/||
|}
&lt;br&gt;The diphtongs are the follow: '''ei, ai, au'''
===Phontactics===
The following syllable structures are allowed:
CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, CCV, CCVV, CCVC, CCVVC, CVCC, CCVCC.
&lt;br&gt;
A syllable must not begin and end with two plosives:
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;s&gt;'''tept, pte, tkatp'''&lt;/s&gt;&lt;br&gt;
But two fricatives can do this:&lt;br&gt;
'''fthei''' ''air''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
 
===Accent===
The Lâmian accent is usually on the first syllable. But if there is a long vowel or a diphtong in a syllable, this syllable is stressed:&lt;br&gt;
'''e'ôrane''' ''swords''&lt;br&gt;
'''son'naiwesh''' ''at the snake''&lt;br&gt;
If there are more long vowels or diphtongs in a word, the syllable with the first is stressed:&lt;br&gt;
''' 'leithîm''' ''of a language''&lt;br&gt;
===Sandhi===
{|
| ||a||â||e||ê||i||î||o||ô||u||û
|-
|a||'''â'''||'''â'''||'''e'''||'''ê'''||'''ai'''||'''ê'''||'''au'''||'''ô'''||'''au'''||'''û'''
|-
|â||'''â'''||'''â'''||'''â'''||'''ê'''||'''â'''||'''ê'''||'''â'''||'''ô'''||'''â'''||'''ô'''
|-
|e||'''ê'''||'''â'''||'''ê'''||'''ê'''||'''ei'''||'''î'''||'''o'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''
|-
|ê||'''ê'''||'''ê'''||'''ê'''||'''ê'''||'''ê'''||'''î'''||'''ê'''||'''â'''||'''ê'''||'''ô'''
|-
|i||'''ai'''||'''â'''||'''ei'''||'''ê'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''e'''||'''ô'''||'''î'''||'''û'''
|-
|î||'''î'''||'''ê'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''ê'''||'''î'''||'''ê'''
|-
|o||'''au'''||'''â'''||'''o'''||'''ê'''||'''e'''||'''î'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''
|-
|ô||'''ô'''||'''â'''|||'''ô'''||'''ê'''||'''ô'''||'''ê'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''
|-
|u||'''au'''||'''â'''||'''ô'''||'''ê'''||'''î'''||'''î'''||'''ô'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''||'''û'''
|-
|û||'''û'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''||'''ô'''||'''û'''||'''ê'''||'''û'''||'''û'''||'''û'''||'''û'''

|}
&lt;br&gt;
Examples:&lt;br&gt;
'''ri''' ''you'' + '''-uk''' ''and'' -&gt; '''rîk''' ''and you''&lt;br&gt;
'''kerî''' ''shield'' + '''-et''' ''our'' + '''îm''' ''GEN'' + '''-ane''' ''PL'' -&gt; '''kerîtîmane''' ''of our shields''&lt;br&gt;
If a diphtong collides with a vowel, the vowel disappears:&lt;br&gt;
'''lothei''' ''hut'' + '''-ûta''' ''AKK/ALL'' -&gt; '''lotheita''' ''(to) a hut''&lt;br&gt;
If a diphtong collides with another diphtong, a '''w''' seperates the two diphtongs:&lt;br&gt;
'''methau''' ''moon'' + '''-ai''' ''the'' -&gt; '''methauwai''' ''the moon''&lt;br&gt;
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Lâmian nouns are inflected by case and number.This is shown by pre- and suffixes, what are added in the following order:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''Case prefix - root - definite article/possesive suffix/demonstrative suffix - case suffix - plural suffix - other suffixes'''&lt;br&gt;
====Case====
Lâmian nouns are declined by 9 cases:
{|
|pre-/suffix||case
|-
|'''0/-î&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''||nominative
|-
|'''-îm'''||genitive
|-
|'''-er'''||dative
|-
|'''-ûta'''||accusative, allative
|-
|'''-esh'''||locative
|-
|'''-rim'''||ablative
|-
|'''-îru'''||partitive
|-
|'''ha-...-û'''||the focus or the theme of a sentence (name?, jap. '''-wa''')
|}&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1: A few nouns have this nominative suffix(which disappears, if other suffixes are added), but they are exeptions.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Examples:&lt;br&gt;
'''lâmî''' (with nominative suffix)&lt;br&gt;
{|
|'''lâmî''' ''a human''
|-
|'''lâmîm''' ''of a human''
|-
|'''lâmer''' ''to a human''
|-
|'''lâmûta''' ''(to) a human''
|-
|'''lâmesh''' ''at a human''
|-
|'''lâmrin''' ''from a human''
|--
|'''lâmîru''' ''of a human''
|-
|'''halâmû''' ''about a human''
|}

====Plural====
The plural is marked with the suffix '''-ane''':&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''hauri -&gt; hauraine''' ''bulls''&lt;br&gt;
'''lôr -&gt; lôrane''' ''signs''
====Definite Article====
The definite article is '''-ai''':&lt;br&gt;
'''ftheiwai''' ''the air''&lt;br&gt;
'''sigûrai''' ''the clan/tribe''&lt;br&gt;
====Demonstrative Suffixes====
There are two suffixes in this category:&lt;br&gt;
'''-êla''' ''this here'' and&lt;br&gt;
'''-urim''' ''that over there''
====Possesive Suffixes====
{|
| ||Sg.||Pl.
|-
|1.||'''-gam'''||'''-et'''
|-
|2.||'''-ram'''||'''-met'''
|-
|4.||'''-em'''||'''-ît'''
|}&lt;br&gt;
Examples:&lt;br&gt;
{|
|'''lewirai apetîmane'''
|-
|ownership-def.art. father-our-GEN-PL
|-
|''Our fathers' ownership''
|-
|'''airêlesh'''
|-
|world-this-LOC
|-
|''in this world''
|}&lt;br&gt;
===Verbs===
In Lâmian, there is only one conjugated verb ('''dôni''' ''to do''),what conjugates the other verbs by person, number and aspect.
But unlike English, there are more infinitives, which indicate the mood, voice and negation.&lt;br&gt;
====Regular Verbs====
Verbs are only conjugated in special infinitives (which also are gerunds and participles) showing the mood, voice and negation.
{|
|'''-âni'''||Indicative active
|-
|'''-ûn'''||Indicative active negative
|-
|'''-âdi'''||Indicative passive
|-
|'''-ûd'''||Indicative passice negative
|-
|'''-meli'''||Optative active
|-
|'''-shor'''||Optative active negative
|-
|'''-edh'''||Optativ passive
|-
|'''-âm'''||Optative passive negative
|-
|'''-tei'''||Intensive active 
|-
|'''-gar'''||Intensive active negative
|-
|'''-efô'''||Intensive passive
|-
|'''-podh'''||Intensive passive negative
|} 

Roots can either end in a consonant...&lt;br&gt;
'''tanta-''' ''speak''&lt;br&gt;
'''tantâni''' ''to speak''&lt;br&gt;
'''tantshor''' ''wouldn't speak''&lt;br&gt;
...or in a vowel:&lt;br&gt;
'''pâ-''' ''come''&lt;br&gt;
'''pâni''' ''to come''&lt;br&gt;
'''pôn''' (&lt;*pâ-ûn) ''not to come''
===='''dôni''' ''to do''====
{|
| ||1.sg||2.sg||3.sg||1.pl||2.pl||3.pl
|-
|Imperfective||'''dôg'''||'''dôr'''||'''dât'''||'''dôt'''||'''dôm'''||'''dôn'''
|-
|Perfective||'''dosg'''||'''dôsir'''||'''dôseit'''||'''dost'''||'''dôsim'''||'''dôsin'''
|}
Examples:&lt;br&gt;
{|
'''Paikôta athreimâni dôg.'''
|-
|meat-AKK eat-Ind.act do-1.sg
|-
|''I eat/am eating meat.''
|-
|'''Lâmêlâne leithetûta tantshor dôn.'''
|-
|human-this-PL language-our-AKK speak-Opt.act.neg. do-3.pl
|-
|''This men wouldn't speak our language.''
|}
====Modal Verbs====
There also modal verbs like in English, but they are used in a different way:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
''modal verb - main verb in the partitive - dôni''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''lamahôni''' (root ''lamahû-'') to be able''&lt;br&gt;
{|
||'''lamahôni sagânîru dôg.'''
|-
||''be_able-ind.act. sing-ind.act.-PART do-1sg''
|-
||I am able to sing.
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aasti</title>
    <id>3956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49439</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-27T21:13:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Âsti
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| /'ɒsti/
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Aarð]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Âstâl (The Eastland)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 30,000 (approx.)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Ðanmarc Alphabet|Ðanmarc]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Âsti Group
:'''Âsti'''
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Inflecting
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Fluid-S]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Subject Object Verb|SOV]]
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Navidel
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| June 6, 2007
|}
'''Âsti''' is the language of the peoples of [[Âstâl]], often referred to as the Aasti tribes. It is a fluid-S language, and uses SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order, meaning that the normal form of the sentence ''He saw her'' would be rendered as *''He her saw''.
==Script==
For our purposes, Âsti will be written using the Latin alphabet. (Note: Because the (mostly illeterate) speakers of the language live in a world where the Latin alphabet does not exist, in the rare cases that Âsti ''is'' written down by a native speaker, an adaptation of the common [[Ðanmarc Alphabet]] is used.) The general rules of pronunciation follow:

*'''''a, e , i, o, u''''' -- Pronounced as in Spanish or IPA, respectively like ''taco'', ''play'' (Canadian), ''beet'', ''row'' (GA), and ''beet''.
*'''''â''''' -- Pronounced as in RP* ''bother'' (/ɒ/). In some dialects this vowel has unrounded to (/ɑ/), a sound similar to that (/ɑ/) found in RP* ''father'' .
*'''''b''''' -- Pronounced as in English ''boat'', except before the vowels ''i'' or ''e'', where it is pronounced like the ''v'' in ''very'' unless doubled (see '''h''').
*'''''c''''' -- As in ''cat'' or ''car'', except for before ''i'' or ''e'' (where most &quot;soft&quot; c's are found in English), where it is said like the ''sh'' in ''shout''. However a ''cce'' or ''cci'' retains the ''k''-like pronunciation. For the pronunciation of ''ch'', see '''h'''.
*'''''d''''' -- As in ''dock'' or ''day'', except before ''i'' or ''e'', where it is pronounced like the ''th'' in ''that'' (not that in ''thin'') unless doubled (See '''h''').
*'''''g''''' -- As in ''game'' or ''goal'', except when singly before ''i'' or ''e'' (where most &quot;soft&quot; English g's are found), where its pronunciation changes to a sound like French ''j'' or the ''s'' in ''vision''.
*'''''h''''' -- Never on its own, Âsti ''h'' is found only in consonant clusters (i.e., following b, c, d, g, p, or t). In those cases, the cluster is pronounced like the ''soft'' form of the initial consonant (/v/ for b, /ʃ/ for c, /ð/ for d, /ʒ/ for g, /f/ for p, or /θ/ for t).
*'''''l, m, n, r, s, z''''' -- Same as English. Note that ''r'' is pronounced in all positions (as /ɹ/)
*'''''p''''' -- As in ''part'' or ''play'' except singly when followed by an ''i'', ''e'', or ''h'', when it is said like the ''ph'' in ''phonetics'' or ''telephone'' (see '''h''').
*'''''t''''' -- As in ''tired'' or ''try'' except singly when followed by an ''i'', ''e'', or ''h'', when it is pronounced like the ''th'' in ''thrift'' or ''thin'' (but not that in ''that'' or ''the'').
*'''''x''''' -- Pronounced as English single ''h'' or Spanish ''j'' (Sometimes an x, like that in México, is pronounced this way).
*'''''f, j, k, q, v, w,''''' and '''''y''''' are not used.

Note to speakers of American English: RP stands for Received Pronunciation, sometimes called &quot;High British&quot; or &quot;Queen's English&quot;. I don't think I can explain about the Father-bother and Caught-cot mergers here, so if you can't find some other resource to explain this to you, try pronouncing ''a'' /æ/ as in ''cat'' and ''â'' /ɑ/ as in ''bother''. Since /æ/ and /ɑ/ are not phonemic in Âsti and close to the actual pronunciations, the ''(fictitious)'' native speakers would probably perceive only a foreign accent.
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
*Plural nouns are usually formed by adding ''i'' to the end of a noun ending in a consonant or replacing the final vowel with ''i'' (change word-final diphthongs with ''i'' as the first letter to í). The major exception to this is that many words ending in ''o'' form their plurals in ''-or'' (For example ''uoreddio'', meaning ''horse'' or ''stallion'', becomes ''uoreddior'').
*The feminine forms of nouns are usually formed in ''-a'', except for those ending in ''o'', which are formed by changing the ''o'' to an ''i'' (''uoreddí'' mare).
*In addition the distinction mentioned above between masculine and feminine forms of some nouns, Âsti has five grammatical &quot;genders&quot;, none of which have anything to do with physical gender. Gender I is a highly respectful form of address. The only nouns always in gender I are gods. Gender II includes all humans, male and female, whereas gender III includes animals and &quot;semi-animate&quot; objects, such as fire and running water. Gender IV includes all inanimate objects except those in gender III. All plural nouns, no matter what gender the singular form is in, have no gender. Nouns do not conjugate for gender, but verbs, articles and adjectives do.
*Nouns in genders I, II, and III are in the agentive by default, with the suffix ''-(u)ne'' forming the patientive, used as the object of transitive verbs and the subject of intransitive verbs when the action is considered involuntary. Gender IV nouns, on the other hand, are considered patientive by default, and can only take stative verbs (see [[Aasti#Adjectives|Adjectives]]).
*The ablative case, used when a noun is the object of a preposition, is formed with the suffix ''-(e)mn''.
*The suffix ''-z'' forms the genitive (adjective) forms of nouns ending in vowels, while ''-i'' does the same for those ending in consonants.

===Verbs===
:Verb conjugations in Âsti may be the language's most complex feature. The table below gives a simplified form of the conjugations. The initial vowel of the conjugation is extremely variable, due to the fact that most Âsti verbs already end in vowels, and the resulting diphthongs may or may not be allowable. In addition, if the original verb is monosyllabic, conjugations for imperfective tenses change. Instead of adding an accent to the final vowel of the perfective form, an ''r'' is added to the end of the word.
{|
! || Past Perfect || Past Imperfect || Present Perfect || Present Imperfect || Future Perfect || Future Imperfect
|-
| 1s (s) || -em || -el || -iâ || -uâ || -am || -ame
|-
| 1p || -mie || -lue || -(l)ie || -(l)ue || -(l)it || -(l)ite
|-
| 2s.I  (gg) || -ea || -era || -ggis || -ggim || -er || -ere
|-
| 2s.II (gg) || -en || -er || -is || -im || -ar || -are
|-
| 2p || -ne || -re || -(o)lí || -(o)lím || -(i)d || -(i)de
|-
| 3s.I || -sa || -san || -rai || -mei || -(e)s || -(e)se
|-
| 3s.II (n) || -a || -al || -ai || -ei || -as || -ase
|-
| 3s.III (t) || -o || -ul || -ui || -oi || -os || -ose
|-
| 3s.IV z-eu || -e || -il || -z || -âz || -uz || -uze
|-
| 3s.IV (i)tt-e || (i)-en || (e)-en || (i)-e || (e)-e || (i)-ia || (e)-ia
|-
| 3p (tt) || -i || -iu || -am || -em || -igh || -ige
|-
| 3p (i)tt-e || (e)-i || (e)-iu || (e)-iam || (e)-em || (e)-igh || (e)-ige
|}

===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Pronouns===
====First Person====
'''Singular'''
*Nominative: '''geâ'''
*Accusative: '''ceân'''
*Dative: '''ceâmn'''
*Genitive: '''geâxt'''
'''Plural'''
*Nominative: '''dzia'''
*Accusative: '''tsin'''
*Dative: '''tsimn'''
*Genitive: '''dzixt'''
====Second Person====
'''Singular'''
*Nominative: '''ttiia'''
*Accusative: '''tiian'''
*Dative: '''tiiamn'''
*Genitive: '''tiiaxt'''
'''Plural'''
*Nominative: '''uenna'''
*Accusative: '''uen'''
*Dative: '''uemn'''
*Genitive: '''uext'''
====Third Person====
'''Singular'''
*Gender I
:*Nominative: '''aicia'''
:*Accusative: '''aician'''
:*Dative: '''aimn'''
:*Genitive: '''aicht'''
*Gender II
:*Nominative: '''iebe'''
:*Accusative: '''iebhne'''
:*Dative: '''iemn'''
:*Genitive: '''iext'''
*Gender III
:*Nominative: '''dixa'''
:*Accusative: '''dixan'''
:*Dative: '''dimn'''
:*Genitive: '''dixt'''
*Gender IV
:*Nominative: '''dhe'''
:*Accusative: '''dha'''
:*Dative: '''dhan'''
:*Genitive: '''dhaxt'''
'''Plural'''
*Nominative: '''iol'''
*Accusative: '''ioln'''
*Dative: '''ione'''
*Genitive: '''ioext'''

=See Also=
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/Aasti Aasti] at [http://www.langmaker.com/db/Main_Page Langmaker]
*The lexicon [[Aasti/Lexicon|here]]
[[Category:Aarð]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages]]</text>
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        <username>Melroch</username>
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{{ #if: {{{&amp;|}}}	| | 
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&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2007-06-07T15:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
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      <comment>[[Tholb]] moved to [[Þolb]]: propper spelling</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Þolb]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Þolb vocabulary</title>
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      <id>23173</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-09T18:58:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* D */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;&lt; [[Þolb]]

__NOTOC__

==Þolb-English==

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#Â|Â]] [[#B|B]] [[#D|D]] [[#Ð|Ð]] [[#E|E]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#T|T]] [[#Þ|Þ]] [[#U|U]] [[#Û|Û]] [[#W|W]] [[#Y|Y]]
|-
|[[#English-Þolb|English-Þolb]]
|}

===A=== 
===Â===
===B===
*balþ - toe
*balþt - girl
*balþramp - food
*barþt - order, to put in ordert
*bramp - to go
*brent - to be about something; r brent - about
*brentkadr - to describe
*bulm - sun
*bûþt - island

===D===
*dimp - to say
*dlelt - ''adj, adv'' almost, nearly, soon
*dolm - ''v intr'' to end, to be over
*drent - cow
*dreþk - ''adj'' correct, right; r dreþk - ''adv'' correctly, rightly
*dolm - ''v intr'' to end, to be over

===Ð===
*ðâpþt - word
*ðâpþthempt - verb
*ðâpþtpontek - noun
*ðaþt - legs, (pair of)
*ðilm - eyes, (pair of)
*ðolþt - mountain
*ðrând - to give
*ðrilm - teeth, (set of)

===E===

===G===
*gelm - snow
*gelþ - to walk
*golmp - ''adj'' big, grand; r golmp - ''adv'' grandly
*grûmp - inside, interior

===H===
*halb - man
*Hâmerik - America
*helþ - health, helþm - healthy
*hempt - action, to act
*Hepþ - Europe
*het! - ''interj'' cry of pain or frustration
*heþ - war
*hikt - land
*hilmpet strawberry
*holt- ''v tr'' to marry
*holthalb - husband
*holtyar - wife
*homp - box

===I===
===K===
*kadr - ''v intr'' to talk, speak, discuss
*karp - ''n.6'' eyebrow
*kûrþ - ocean
*kept - light
*kimb - ''n'' grouping, collective, collection
*klâþt - rose
*klûtl - to push
*kolm - house
*kormp - letter (of the alphabet)
*kormpbarþt - alphabet
*krâm - arm
*kþer - grass
*kûlm - head
*kwemp - ''v int'' to boil
*kweþ ''n.2'' human baby, child

===L===
*laþt - sky
*lâpþ - hill

===M===
*mantr - potato
*maþl - olive
*mârð - ''v tr'' to see
*merp - rock
*mompþ - flower
*mult - boy
*muþk - heart

===N===
*narp - mouth
*nelm - hair
*nimpt - peace
*Nûbm - Africa

===O===
===P===
*pâbþt - rain
*parnd - clock
*pontek - thing

===R===
*remp - to arrive, arrival

===T===
*tâlþ - star
===Þ===
*þakt - flight, to fly
*þâlm - fish
*þkeþt - tree
*þkor - water
*þkorkimb - body of water
*þkrâlm - nose
*þnâþt - boat
*þpampt - bay
*þpelm - cloud
*þprind - nurse
*þrâm - sea
*þwâlt - situation

===U===
===Û===
===W===
*wampt - truth, true
*wâlkt - to speak, say
*wâlktwampt - to speak, tell the truth
*welm - ''v tr'' to bear (a child); kwowelm - ''v intr'' to be born
*wipt - love, to love
*wirð - heaven, sky
*worlk - dog

===Y===
*yar - woman
*yarþt - moon
*yeð - cat
*yerpþ - finger
*yerpþram - hand
*yilt - friend
*yoðm - ''v tr'' to push

==English-Þolb==

{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
|[[#Þolb-English|Þolb-English]]
|-
| [[#A_2|A]] [[#B_2|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D_2|D]] [[#E_2|E]]  [[#F|F]] [[#G_2|G]] [[#H_2|H]] [[#I_2|I]]  [[#J|J]] [[#K_2|K]] [[#L_2|L]] [[#M_2|M]] [[#N_2|N]] [[#O_2|O]] [[#P_2|P]]  [[#Q_2|Q]] [[#R_2|R]] [[#S_2|S]] [[#T_2|T]] [[#U_2|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W_2|W]]  [[#X|X]] [[#Y_2|Y]]  [[#Z|Z]]
|}

===A===
*action - ''n.4'' hempt
*to act - ''v intr'' hempt
*Africa- ''n.5'' Nûbm
*America - ''n.5'' Hâmerik
*arm(s) - ''n.6'' krâm
*arrival - ''n.4'' remp
*to arrive - ''v tr'' remp
*Asia - ''n.5'' Kraþt

===B===
*baby - ''n.2'' kweþ
*bay - ''n.5'' þpampt
*boat - ''n.4'' þnâþt
*boil - ''v intr'' kwemp
*box - ''n.4'' homp
*boy - ''n.2'' mult

===C===
*child - ''n'2'' kweþ
*clock - ''n.4'' parnd
*cloud - ''n.3'' þpelm
*cat - ''n.3'' yeð

===D===
*dog - ''n.3''worlk

===E===
*Europe - ''n.5'' Hepþ
*eye(s) - ''n.6'' ðilm

===F===
*fish - þâlm
*finger - yerpþ
*flight - ''n'' þakt
*to fly - ''v intr'' þakt
*food - balþramp

===G===
*grass - kþer
*to go - ''v intr'' bramp
===H===
*husband - ''n.2'' holthalb 
===I===
===J===
===K===
===L===
*to love - ''v tr'' wipt; kwowipt - ''v intr'' to be loved
===M===
===N===
===P===
*potato - mantr
===Q===
===R===
===S===
===T===
===U===
===V===
===W===
*water - ''n.3'' þkor; body of water ''n.5'' þkorkimb
*wife - ''n.2'' holtyar
===X===
===Y===
===Z===


 a â b d ð e g h k l m n ng o p r t þ u û w y</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Berag</title>
    <id>3967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22297</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-09T08:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Berag'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Ari Berag
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Time Period:
|| ???
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||2 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Sarmic
Beragic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Berag'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VOS
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||isolating-agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Split-Ergative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Gremlins]] || 2007-
|}

== '''Phonology''' ==

Berag distinguishes the following phonemes:
Labial: /p m ɸ β/ &lt;p m f v&gt;
Dental: /θ/ &lt;th&gt;
Alveolar: /t d n s z ts r l/ &lt;t d n s z tz r l&gt;
Palatal: /ɕ j/ &lt;sh y&gt;
Velar: /k g ŋ x/ &lt;k g ŋ h&gt;

/i e ɛ a ɨ ɔ o/
&lt;i ei e a u o ou&gt;

/ae ao/
&lt;ae ao&gt;

With most dialects having the following basic allophony:

-Berag stops are always lax, with aspiration playing just as big a part in distinguishing the two series of stops as voicing. Word-initially and -finally, /p t k/ are realised [b̪ʰ d̪ʰ g̪ʰ], whilst /d g/ are realised as [d̪ g̪]. Word internally, /d g/ are realised as fully voiced, but /p t k/ remain lax aspirated stops. When adjacent to a voiceless fricative the voiceless series loses its aspiration. The affricate /ts/ is always realised as [d̪z̪]. When adjacent to a voiced consonant, all stops are realised as fully voiced. 

-The dental fricative /θ/ is generally realised as interdental.

-/s z/ are generally realised as apical [s̠ z̠].

-Intervocalically, /d g/ may weaken to [ð ɣ].

-The low vowel /a/ is generally realised somewhere inbetween cardinal [a] and [ɑ].

-In closed syllables, there is a tendency for /ɛ ɔ/ to be realised closer to [æ ɒ]. /i 1/ may also lower to [ɪ ɘ] in the same situation. 

-The general realisation of /o/ is somewhat raised, closer to [ʊ]. When word-final it raises to [u].

-Word finally, /ɛ ɔ/ raise to [e o].

'''''Phonotactics'''''

Berag syllables follow a basic structure of (C){r y)V(C), with the following restictions:

-Clusters of labial consonants + /j/ do not occur.

-Clusters of stop + nasal do not occur. If they would due to morphology, they undergo metathesis to nasal + stop. Clusters of */sn/ become /nz/.

-In the coda positions, only /m n t d k gr T s x/ may occur. 

----


== '''Morphology''' ==


Berag marks verbs for tense and valancy. There are no case or number markings on nouns. Berag predominantly uses prefixes.

The citation form of a verb is the active present, e.g. '''kara''' ''speak'', '''ban''' ''see, look at'', '''taes''' ''bite''.

The past is formed by suffixing '''-he''' to the stem. This has the allomorph -'''e''' after a consonant, with the caveat that coda /m n/ become /ŋ/: '''karahe''', '''baŋe''' '''taese'''

The future is formed by suffixing '''-nen''' to the stem, -'''den''' if the stem ends in a nasal: '''karanen''', '''banden''', '''taenzen'''.

The habitual is formed by suffixing -'''as''' if the stem ends in a consonant, and -'''r''' if it does not: '''karar''', '''banas''', '''taesas'''.


The antipassive is formed by a prefix, '''shou'''-.

Verbs are negated with the particles '''di'', placed before the verb and '''mei''', placed after the direct object.

'''Pronouns'''

Berag pronouns are marked for nominative and oblique cases:

---NOM---OBL
1PS-na---nem
2PS-ath---ande
3PS(A)-o---omo
4PS(A)-tra---trem
1PP-sen---sen
2PP-adi---adem
3PP(A)-ao---aom
4PP(A)-trana---tranam

Where (A) stands for animate. The inanimate 3rd and 4th person pronouns are not marked for case.

---ABS
3PS(I)-ta
4PS(I)-ri
3PP(I)-tao
4PP(I)-ren


*''Other than this, there will be a fair bit of derivational morphology, I just haven't worked it out yet''

----

== '''Syntax''' ==

Berag divides words into two major groups: Lexical Words and Grammatical Words. Berag grammarians call these &quot;bases&quot; and &quot;particles&quot;. Bases are further subdivided into verbs and nouns. Particles are divided into Nominal, Verbal, and Phrasal particles. 

'''θ-roles in Berag'''

Berag is a split-ergative/dative language. Common nouns and inanimate pronouns display Ergative-Absolutive alignment, where the absolutive covers the subject of an intransitive verb and the patient of a transitive one, whilst the ergative covers the agent of a transtive verb. The Ergative argument is marked with the preposition '''e'''. 

Animate pronouns are Nominative-Accusative, where the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb are marked as Nominative, and the patient of an intransitive verb is accusative.

All participants in a Berag sentence have Dative alignment, e.g. the theme of a ditransitive verb is marked as the dative, with the preposition '''krei'''

'''Tense Usage'''

The Present, Past, and Future tenses are more properly the Hodiernal, pre-Hodiernal, and post-Hodiernal tenses. That is, they refer to events that happened today, before today, and after today, respectively (today defined as the time between two sunrises), regardless of whether the action takes place before, during, or after an utterance. The &quot;habitual&quot; tense refers to a trans-hodiernal timeframe, i.e. over yesterday and today, or today and tommorow, or all three. 

'''The definate article'''

The definate article in Berag is '''a''', '''ad''' if the following word begins in a vowel. There are many contractions with it:

e + a -&gt; '''ya'''
si + a -&gt; '''sha'''


'''Basic Word Order'''

The basic word order in a Berag clause is Verb-Absolutive.argument-(Oblique.argument)(Ergative.argument):

'''alad a pous'''
open.PRES DEF door
The door opens

'''alad a pous ya dun'''
open.PRES DEF door ERG.DEF man
the man opens the door

'''Topic Fronting''' 

In theory, any argument can be fronted, however in practice the most commonly fronted arguments are oblique:

'''alade a pous se ki indraihe ki regahe tra o ya dun'''
open.PAST DEF door at SUB hear.PAST SUB scream.PAST 4PP 3PP ERG.DEF man
The man opened the door when he heard him(OBV) scream

'''se ki indraihe ki regahe tra o, alade a pous ya dun'''
at SUB hear.PAST SUB shout.PAST 3PS 1PS, open-PAST DEF door 1PS
I opened the door''When I heard them scream''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heathenism (Finla AU)</title>
    <id>3968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22345</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-10T21:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Finlara Heathenist system is essentially the Wide Path Heathenism system, reframed in some ways to absorb the notions of the local Hraling belief systems.

=Primary Gods=

* '''Jetūr''' - Chaos, Bad luck, Natural disasters, Dangerous weather, Disease, Ice, Stars
* '''Ǫðn''' - Knowledge, Writing, Magic, Animals, Hunting, War, Sky, Sun, Libido
* '''Ffríȝ''' - Wisdom, Memory, Healing, Plants, Farming, Art, Earth, Moon, Fertility

Father Ǫðn and Mother Ffríȝ are allied together against Jetūr, but have lesser contrasts and oppositions between them. They form a triangle more isoceles than equilateral.

=Secondary Gods=

Every plant and animal species has its own &quot;Lord&quot; and &quot;Lady&quot;, embodying the intersection of the properties of either Ǫðn or Ffríȝ with the properties of that species.

==Allies of Jetūr==

* '''Lókki''' - Chance, Trickery, Deception, Games, Sports, Stalking of Game, Shapeshifting

==Allies of Ǫðn==

* '''Hður''' - War, Thunder, Lightning, Boastfullness, Hubris
* '''Nœ́dd''' - Sailing, Navigation, Solar Compass, Fishing

==Allies of Ffríȝ==

* '''Fóssetj''' - Justice, Peace, Truth, Eloquence
* '''Bǫƿr''' - Innocence, Beauty, Joy, Brightness
* '''Brǽȝe''' - Praise, Mockery, Rhetoric, Grammar, Debate</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sarim</title>
    <id>3970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44631</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-07T10:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sarim''' (Sarim: '''sarimengo''' 'our language', '''sarime Kansū''' 'Language of Kansu') is one of the larger languages of the Ke:tic family. It is a strongly head-initial, largely agglutinating ergative language. 

== Phonology ==

===Phoneme Inventory===

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
|
|'''Labial'''
|'''Dental'''
|'''Alveolar'''
|'''Palatal'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive/Affricate'''
|'''b''' /p/ '''p''' /pʰ/
|'''d''' /t/ '''t''' /tʰ/
|
|
|'''g''' /k/ '''k''' /kʰ/
|-
|'''Fricative'''
|
|'''th''' /θ/
|'''s''' /s/ 
|'''hy''' /ç/
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n''' /n/
|'''ny''' /ɲ/
|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
|'''Liquid'''
|
|
|'''r''' /ɾ/ '''l''' /l/ 
|'''y''' /j/
|'''w''' /w/
|
|}


'''Vowels'''

&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''i''' /i/ '''ī''' /i:/ &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''u''' /u/ '''ū''' /u:/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; 
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''e''' /ɛ/ '''ē''' /e:/ &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''o''' /ɒ/ '''ō'''/o:/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;  
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''a''' /ɐ/ '''ā''' /ɐ:/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

Sarim also has the dipthongs '''ai au ei eu oi ou''' /ai au ei eu oi ou/, all falling.

===Syllable Structure===

Sarim has a (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure. Onset clusters are made up of one of /p t k pʰ tʰ kʰ θ s h/ + /r/. Only /p t k m n θ s h l/ can occur in coda position. Note that word-internally coda /θ/ merges with /s/. Note that long vowels do not occur in long syllables.

===Allophony===
 
- /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of any following consonant, e.g. /np/ [mp]. Note that /m ŋ/ do not assimilate to the same point of articulation as the following consonant. (Note that /ŋ/ is written as '''n''' before a velar consonant, since ambiguity is not an issue).

- Coda stops are realised as unreleased. 

- /k kʰ/ may be realised as [ʧ ʧʰ] before front vowels. 

- /h/ often strengthens to [x] between vowels.
 
- /r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] word-initially and in onset clusters, and as an approximant [ɻ] between vowels. 

- Unstressed short /i ɐ u/ are realised as [ɪ ə ʊ].

===Stress and Prosody===

Sarim is a mora-timed language: syllables take up a certain amount of time based on their nucleus. Open syllables with a short vowel take up one mora; closed syllables with a short vowel, and open syllables with a long vowel or diphthong, take up two morae, whilst closed syllables with a diphthong take up three morae. 

Stress falls on the syllable containing the antepenultimate mora, or leftmost mora in words with less than three morae.


== Nominal Morphology ==

Sarim nouns are marked for Absolutive and Oblique cases, as well as singular and plural number. The unmarked form of the noun is the absolutive singular: '''yad''' - man, '''kare''' - sorghum '''ari''' - town, '''nasu''' - child, '''sau''' - dog, '''prasnā''' - number. 

===The Plural===

The plural is marked with '''-ma''': '''yadma, arima, nasuma, sauma, prasnā'''.  The oblique plural is marked irregularly by '''-mē'''. 

Plural marking is mandatory with animate nouns; with inanimate nouns marking plurality is option, and inanimate nouns are never marked as plural if followed by a number or an adjective marking number such as '''hou''' - many.

===Absolutive Case===

The absolutive case is the unmarked form of the noun. The absolutive marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the patient of a transitive verb. It is also used with certain prepositions, as noted in the syntax section. 

===Oblique Case===

The underlying marker of the Oblique case is *'''-i''', which manifests itself in several ways:

- After a monosyllabic word ending in a vowel, and after long vowels, it is marked with -yi: '''sauyi''' - dog-OBL; '''prasnāyi''' - number-OBL.

- Nouns ending in short '''a, e''' or '''o''' lose the final vowel and add -i: '''kari''' - sorghum-OBL

- Nouns ending in a consonant add -i: '''yadi''' - man-OBL

- Final -u and -i become -ī: '''arī''' - man-OBL;; '''nasī''' child-OBL

The oblique is used with the majority of Sarim's prepositions. Its other main use is to mark the agent of transitive verbs in most circumstances. However, in the follow circumstances the agent of a transitive verb is marked as absolutive, primarily:

- If the agent is indefinite: '''kithīne sau arimē''' ''see-IMPF-TRANS DOG-0 MAN-PLUR-OBL'' 'the men saw the dog', but: '''kithīne sau arima''' ''see-IMPF-TRANS DOG-0 MAN-PLUR'' '(some) men saw the dog'. 

- If the agent is nullar in number: '''makithīne sau ari mau''' ''NEG-see-IMPF-TRANS dog-0 man-0 NEG''  'no men saw the dog'.

- If the agent is significantly more animate than the patient: '''ramnagin kare ari''' ''harvest-PERF-TRANS sorghum-0 man-0'' 'the man harvested the sorghum', but '''nawēne hrath arī''' ''love-IMPF-TRANS woman-0 man-ERG'' 'the man loves the woman'.

===Possession Marking===

Sarim has a range of possessive suffixes, from previously cliticised pronouns. Vowels in brackets are used if the clitics follow a consonants, whilst the third person possessive marker has three allomorphs: it lengthens final short vowels, is '''-a''' after consonants, and '''-ya''' after long vowels and dipthongs. Long vowels before '''-n''' and '''-th''' become short. 

{|
| | Singular || Plural
|-
||1st Person || '''-(e)n''' ||'''-(e)ngo
|-
||2nd Person ||'''-(e)th''' ||'''-(e)sgo'''
|-
||3rd Person ||'''-(y)a/:''' ||'''-(y)a/:'''
|}

The possessive suffixes follow case and plural marking:

'''hrathen''' 'my wife'
'''nasumango''' 'our children'
'''karē''' 'his sorghum'
'''ti saumeth''' 'from your dogs (OBL)'


==Verbal Morphology==

The citation form of Sarim verbs is the root, which may end in a vowel, a consonant, or a permissible medial cluster: '''kithi-''' 'look at, see'; '''edn-''' 'go'; '''aut-''' 'eat', '''mo-''' 'break'. 

===The Infinitive===

The infinitive is the only non-finite form a Sarim verb has. The infinitive always ends in '''-ni''', and has three allomorphs:

-After a monosyllabic root ending in a vowel, -'''yini''': '''moyini''' - to break.

- After a consonant, '''-ini''': '''autini''' - to eat; '''ednini''' - to go.

- After a vowel, '''-ni''': '''kithini''' - to look at, to see.


===Voice===

As well as the unmarked active voice, Sarim has antipassive and a reflexive voices marked on the verb. Voice marking always immediately follows the verb stem. 

- The '''antipassive''' is marked by '''-ū'''', which displaces any stem-final short vowel. Monosyllabic stems ending in a vowel and stems ending in diphthongs or long vowels have '''-yū''' instead: '''kithū-''' 'see something', '''ednū-''' - make someone go, '''autū-''' 'eat something, '''moyū''' 'break something'. 

- The '''reflexive''' is marked by '''-(a)s-''', with an epenthetic '''-a-''' only occuring if the stem ends in a cluster or a consonant that does not occur in coda position: '''kithis-''' 'see oneself', '''ednas-''' 'go', '''autas-''' 'eat oneself', '''mos-''' 'break oneself'. 

Because verbs marked for a voice other than active can take the infinitive too (e.g. '''kithūni''' - to see something), it has been argued that voice is really more of a feature of derivational morphology. 


===Aspect===

Sarim verbs are marked for three aspects: perfective, imperfective, and habitual. 

- The imperfective is marked by '''-a'''. Stem final short vowels are lengthened, and the imperfective is zero-marked after stems ending in a long vowel or diphthong: '''kithī''' 'it is seen'; '''edna''' 'it goes'; '''auta''' 'it is eaten'; '''mō''' 'it breaks'.

- The perfective is marked by '''-(i)gi''': '''kithigi''' 'it was looked at'; '''ednigi''' 'it went'; '''autigi''' 'all of it is eaten'; '''mogi''' 'it broke completely'. 

- The habitual</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:- andrew</title>
    <id>3980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24396</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-08T10:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Sysop==
For fighting spam I have given you the 'sysop' power, so that you may block as well as revert.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:45, 11 June 2007 (PDT)

==Interesting language==
I just noticed that Zelandish is derived from Old English having read several words in your lexicon that sound similar to their counterparts in my conlang [[Piscean language|Piscean]], which is derived from Old English and Modern German. Our languages are therefore related!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Language</title>
    <id>3982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22403</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-12T10:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Described table style issue</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">After I set the [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] default border style for tables to &quot;none&quot; in order to avoid Firefox's obituary notice-style default table style this and other templates got adversely affected.  style=&quot;bordertable&quot; will resurrect a table style with thin gray borders. Please look out for templates and tables that want a border and apply style=&quot;bordertable&quot;! Specifying a border style/color with a style attribute doesn't work for some reason... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 03:15, 12 June 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aarði measurement</title>
    <id>3985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23245</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-13T01:12:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Revised time measurement to comply with Kepler's Third Law</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The system of measurement used in [[Aarð]] is closer to *our* US/Imperial system than metric. It was based on early measurement using one's body, and was standardized by the [[Ðanmar Empire]].
==Linear Measure==
The basic unit of linear measure is the '''standard inch (si)''', equivalent to about 1.27 of *our* inches or 3.2258 cm.
*1 standard foot (sf) = 8 si
*1 hand (h) = 5 si
*1 walk (wk) = 144 sf
*1 standard league (sl) = 24 wk (3456 sf)
*1 great league (gl) = 6 sl (144 wk or 20736 sf)
These are related to metric and the US system as follows:
*1 sf = 25.8064 cm (10.16 in)
*1 h = 16.129 cm (6.35 in)
*1 wk = 37.161216 m (121.92 ft)
*1 sl = 891.869184 m (2926.04 ft or 0.554 mi)
*1 gl = 5.351215204 km (3.325 mi)
US equivalents are approximate; metric equivalents are closer to the actual values.
==Time Measure==
Aarði time measurement is based on subdivisions of the 23.37819831 hour Aarði day.
*1 tick = 4.058714984 seconds
*1 moment = 6 ticks (24.35228991 seconds)
*1 hour = 144 moments (58 minutes 26.7297465 seconds)
*1 watch = 4 hours (3 hours 53 minutes 8.61942 seconds)
*1 day = 6 watches (23 hours 22 minutes 41.5190768 seconds)
*1 moon = 20 days (19 days 11 hours 33 minutes 50.27815411 seconds) 
*1 year = 13 moons (253 days 6 hours 19 minutes 53.778 seconds)
==Measure of Weight==
The basic unit of weight is the '''grain (gr)'''.
*1 pebbleweight (pw) = 24 grains
*1 standard pound (sp) = 12 pebbleweights
*1 haul (hl) = 144 standard pounds
*1 ton (not abbreviated) = 144 hauls (20,736 sp)
*1 long ton (lt) = 72 tons (1,492,992 sp)
[[Category:Aarð]]
[[Category:Systems of Measurement]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Navidel</title>
    <id>3986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30712</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-16T00:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am the creator of the conworld of [[Aarð]] (also [http://www.langmaker.com/db/User:Navidel User:Navidel] on Langmaker and [[wikipedia:User:Luosiji|User:Luosiji]] on Wikipedia).

[[User:Navidel/To_Do|To Do]]

[[User:Navidel/Batra%C4%87i_ba%C4%87anen|Batraći baćanen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Turan</title>
    <id>3987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28023</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T03:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Turan
|pronounce=/'tuɹan/
|tu=[[Aarð]], all periods
|species=Human
|in=[[Turan Khagnét]]
|no=13,500
|script=[[Turan Alphabet]] (unique)
|tree=Þēo-Niraþi
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Atto-Turiq &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Turiq &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''East Turiq''' &lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Ergative-absolutive
|wo=[[Subject Verb Object|SVO]]
|creator=Navidel
|date=June 13, 2007}}
'''Turan''' is the language spoken by the Turans, a group of semi-nomadic peoples from the northeast of [[Niraþ]] who conquered the Kingdom of [[Arþon]] in [[Ðanmari Era|ÐE]] 1438. They now inhabit what is known as the [[Turan Khagnét]], which covers the area of Arþon, [[Gadón]], and part of [[Doria]].

Turan is an ergative language, quite different from Þēali languages like [[Aasti]] and [[Ðanmarc]]. It is most similar to the [[West Turiq]] language found on Niraþ. Turan has no fricatives or labials whatsoever, and is my first language to include glottal stops and trills. The orthography is given below.
=Script=
==Vowels==
*A a /a/
*E e /e/
*I i /i/
*O o /o/
*U u /u/
*Y y /ɨ/
==Consonants==
*T t /t/
*D d /d/
*K k /k/
*G g /g/
*Q q /q/
*Ğ ğ /ɢ/
*R r /ɹ/
*L l /l/
*W w /ɰ/
*N n /n/
*Ŋ ŋ /ŋ/
*J j /j/
*Ñ ñ /ɲ/
*Ř ř /ʀ/

*' ' /ʔ/
*&quot; &quot; /ʕ/
*Ll ll /ʎ/
*Lg lg /ʟ/
*Rr rr /r/
==Diacritics==
The letters with diacritics required for Turan are listed below, along with their functions.
*Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Úú, Ýý - Long Vowels
*Ğğ, Ññ, Řř - Unique Consonants
*Èè - Final only, a reminder that Turan final e is never silent
=Grammar=
==Pronouns==
Turan has a very complex system of pronouns. Here, possessive versions are shown in parentheses.
===First Person===
*'''ŋinè''' (ŋine'á) - 1p masculine singular; formal
*'''ŋy''' (ŋyn) - 1p masc. sing.; informal
*'''doŋu''' (doŋu'á) - 1p feminine singular; formal
*'''do''' (don) - 1p fem. sing.; informal
*'''ýrè''' (ýre'á) - 1p neutral gender singular; formal
*'''y''' (yn) - 1p n. sing.; informal
*'''qiŋta''' (qiŋta'á) - 1p plural; formal
*'''qy''' (qyn) - 1p pl.; informal
===Second Person===
*'''kohi''' (kohi'á) - 2p masculine singular; formal
*'''ko''' (kon) - 2p masc. sing.; informal
*'''darè''' (dare'á) - 2p feminine singular; formal
*'''dra''' (dran) - 2p fem. sing.; informal
*'''téli''' (téli'á) - 2p neutral gender singular; formal
*'''tè''' (ten) - 2p n. sing.; informal
*'''neŋar''' (neŋar'á) - 2p plural; formal
*'''nè''' (nen) - 2p plural; informal
===Third Person===
*'''atná''' (atná'á) - 3p masculine singular; formal
*'''na''' (nan) - 3p masc. sing.; informal
*'''adgý''' (adgý'á) - 3p feminine singular; formal
*'''gy''' (gyn) - 3p fem. sing.; informal
*'''doğat''' (doğat'á) - 3p neutral gender singular; formal
*'''do''' (don) - 3p n. sing.; informal
*'''qaŋ''' (qaŋ'á) - 3p inanimate singular; formal
*'''ky''' (kyn) - 3p i. sing.; informal
*'''ñady''' (ñady'á) - 3p animate plural; formal
*'''ña''' (ñan) - 3p a. pl.; informal
*'''qin''' (qin'á) - 3p inanimate plural; formal
*'''qa''' (qan) - 3p i. pl.; informal
==Nouns==
===Suffixes===
*''-dè'' - absolutive case suffix (singular)
*''-ri'' - ergative plural suffix
*''-rè'' - absolutive plural suffix
*''-lli'' - ergative possessive suffix
*''-llè'' - absolutive possessive suffix
*''-qi'' - ergative plural possessive suffix
*''-qè'' - absolutive plural possessive suffix
===List of common nouns===
See [[Turan/Lexicon/Nouns]]

==Verbs==
===Tenses and aspects===
'''Future perfective conjugations'''
*1ps: ''-qo''
*2ps: ''-qè''
*3ps: ''-qa''
*pl: ''-qy''
'''Future imperfective'''
*1ps: ''-llo''
*2ps: ''-llè''
*3ps: ''-lla''
*pl: ''-lly''
'''Present perfective'''
*1ps: ''-ğo''
*2ps: ''-ğè''
*3ps: ''-ğa''
*pl: ''-ğy''
'''Present imperfective'''
*1ps: ''-o''
*2ps: ''-è''
*3ps: ''-a''
*pl: ''-y''
'''Past perfective'''
*1ps: ''-řo''
*2ps: ''-řè''
*3ps: ''-řa''
*pl: ''-řy''
'''Past imperfective'''
*1ps: ''-u''
*2ps: ''-''Ø
*3ps: ''-''Ø
*pl: ''-i''
===''Ŋeq'' - To be===
The verb ''ŋeq'', meaning &quot;to be&quot; is irregular. Being that it is one of the most frequently used irregular verbs, its conjugations are listed below.&lt;br&gt;
'''Future perfective'''
*1ps: ŋeqo
*2ps: ŋeqè
*3ps: ŋeqa
*pl: ŋeqy
'''Future imperfective'''
*1ps: ŋeqllo
*2ps: ŋeqllè
*3ps: ŋeqlla
*pl: ŋeqlly
'''Present perfective'''
*1ps: keño
*2ps: qaqè
*3ps: tařki
*pl: oq
'''Present imperfective'''
*1ps: kè (polite form keqè)
*2ps: qaq (qaqill)
*3ps: ta (ta'y)
*pl: doq (doqa'íl)
'''Past perfective'''
*1ps: lgè (lgekal)
*2ps: lla (llaqè)
*3ps: ři (řiŋè)
*pl: rro (rrotu)
'''Past imperfective'''
*1ps: tjè (tjetal)
*2ps: dja (djateq)
*3ps: i (i'ári)
*pl: o (otoŋ)

===List of common verbs===
See [[Turan/Lexicon/Verbs]]

==Adjectives and adverbs==
==Postpositions==
Turan adpositions mostly consist of postpositions, with few prepositions and no circumpositions. The most frequent postpositions are listed below.
[[Category:Aarð]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Usernameblacklist</title>
    <id>3988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59215</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T14:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>see if we can remove some restrictions</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [0-9]+ buy .*</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talossan</title>
    <id>3989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29246</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:10:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Talossan''' is a Romance conlang begun in 1980 by R. Ben Madison for his micronation, the [http://www.kingdomoftalossa.net Kingdom of Talossa].  Talossan was originally a mish-mash of English, French, and whatever other languages Madison was interested in at the time.  Over the years, Talossan came to be based mainly on Occitan and Rhaeto-Romance languages, with substantial borrowings from English, other Romance languages, Berber languages, Native American languages, and Celtic languages.  

Several other individuals have participated in the development of the language, and most new words are derived from Sardinian, Sicilian, or Rhaeto-Romance.  Today, Talossan has a fully-developed grammar, a vocabulary of nearly 30,000 words, and a small body of literature spanning more than two decades.  The Kingdom of Talossa's [http://www.kingdomoftalossa.net/index.cgi?lingo=&amp;page=Glhetg Talossan language page] features a searchable dictionary and English&gt;Talossan word translator, a pronunciation guide, lists of common affixes, and samples of Talossan literature.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Poeleizih Sect</title>
    <id>3990</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22544</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-18T07:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Poeleizih Sect]] moved to [[Polizeih Sect]]: Orthography Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Polizeih Sect]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karyanic Languages</title>
    <id>3991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22551</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-18T12:24:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ɥ  == Introduction ==  The Karyanic languages are a major language family on Yandras, with members covering most of the southeast of the Continent. Proto-Karyanic was spoken about four th...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ɥ

== Introduction ==

The Karyanic languages are a major language family on Yandras, with members covering most of the southeast of the Continent. Proto-Karyanic was spoken about four thousand years ago, probably in the central highlands of Yandras. Major modern Karyanic languages are Sarim, Qeth, and Khādho.


==Phonology==

Karyanic is reconstructed as having four series of plosives (aspirated voiceless, plain voiceless, plained voiced, and voiced aspirated) at labial, alveolar, velar and uvular points of articulation, with no reconstructable ɢ ɢʰ. Each point of articulation apart from uvular had a voiced nasal stop. There are also two reconstruced fricatives */s h/, and three approximants */w j ɥ/, as well as the rhotic /r/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ela sample1.ogg</title>
    <id>3992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22583</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T10:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Oligosynthesis Project</title>
    <id>3993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23733</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-23T20:40:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Locoluis</username>
        <id>201</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Not enough redundancy. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Someone suggested this could be a [[League of Lost Languages]] language, but that won't do.  The LLL is for naturalistic conlangs only.  ''There are no oligosynthetic natlangs'', so there won't be an oligosynthetic lostlang.
--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 10:20, 24 June 2007 (PDT)

== Not enough redundancy. ==

I've taken a look at the roots. They look like generated by a filtered script or something.

This would generate a lot of confusion if the language ever gets used. Specifically, my biggest pet peeves are roots that contrast w and W but otherwise sound the same (e.g. paw and paW). Such distinction would get lost in the noise rather quickly.

Also, be careful with how it would end after roots get conjugation/declension/affixes.

[[User:Locoluis|Locoluis]] 13:40, 23 July 2007 (PDT)</text>
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    <title>File:Dalcurian.ogg</title>
    <id>3994</id>
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      <id>22589</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T20:35:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:Ela mantabel.ogg</title>
    <id>3995</id>
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      <id>22590</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T20:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  <page>
    <title>File:Lordsprayer.ogg</title>
    <id>3996</id>
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      <id>22592</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T21:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Shopswithdad halcarnian.ogg</title>
    <id>3997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22594</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T21:22:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Shopswithdad.ogg</title>
    <id>3998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22595</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-24T21:22:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cantate</title>
    <id>4001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22641</id>
      <timestamp>2007-06-29T22:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Infobox Language |name=Cantate (Lāngiŵāєєēp dē Āntātē) |creator=Movses A. Musaelian |date=2007 |setting=[[Engineered Language]] |speakers~1 |posteriori=vocabulary from [[Romanc...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language
|name=Cantate (Lāngiŵāєєēp dē Āntātē)
|creator=Movses A. Musaelian
|date=2007
|setting=[[Engineered Language]]
|speakers~1
|posteriori=vocabulary from [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and Russian/Armenian languages; phonology from [[Russian Language]] and [[Slavic Language]] and [[Latin Language]]
|agency=none}}

'''Cantate''' is a [[Conlang|contructed language]] based on the [[Latin alphabet]]. The words of Cantate derive from [[European languages]] and of course its own derived vocabulary. Many of the different sounds depend on acent marks and other types of symbols that affect the base letter. For example, &quot;e&quot; by its self is spoken like the e in see. However when its is &quot;ē&quot; then it is spoken like the e in met. Many similar changes exist in the Cantate language. Some of these letter patterns also come from [[Russian]], for example a &quot;p&quot; is pronounced as a r rather than a p sound which we would expect in [[English]]. This engineered language was made to experiment the different elements of linguistic study. All of the work was doen by the creator, Movses A. Musaelian. Even though this language is in its early stages, it is hoped that it will grow into a more substantial language. The purpose of Cantate, is to present an artifical language in which components of more languages are put in and unlike [[Esperanto]] and many other similar engineered languages where many European like components are factored in, Cantate brings in a different building block on which it is structured. Research was strictly done by the creator himself who based Canatate on a number of languages including, Russian, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Armenian, and Slavic elements. He used some of the elements of other articial languages too like [[Esperanto]].

==Here is the alphabet==
*A-as in the a in &quot;lap&quot;
*Ā-as in the a in &quot;lay&quot;
*P-as in the r in &quot;rose&quot;
*Đ-as in the p in &quot;poor&quot;
*B-as in the b in &quot;back&quot;
*C-as in the k in &quot;kick&quot;
*Ç-pronounced &quot;ts&quot; 
*Є-as in the s in &quot;say&quot;
*E-as in the e in &quot;see&quot;
*Ē-as in the e in &quot;met&quot;
*Ī-as in the i in &quot;like&quot;
*Ĩ-as in the i in &quot;Nick&quot;
*F-as in the f in &quot;fond&quot;
*Ŵ-as in the sh in &quot;show&quot;
*N-as in the n in &quot;next&quot;
*T-as in the t in &quot;take&quot;
*V-as in the v in &quot;verdict&quot;
*Ҹ-pronounced &quot;xh&quot; in the back of the through like the Scottish &quot;loch&quot;
*X-as in the h in &quot;hole&quot;
*M-as in the m in &quot;mouse&quot;
*Ť-pronounced &quot;dz&quot;
*D-as in the d in &quot;door&quot;
*O-as in the o in &quot;mow&quot;
*Ō-as in the o in &quot;moon&quot;
*J-pronounced as &quot;ye&quot; 
*G-as in the g in &quot;goat&quot;
*Ģ-as in the j in &quot;judge&quot;
*Ĵ-as in a strong j sound with the tounge pulled back
*L-as in the L in &quot;lost&quot;
*Ž-as in the z in &quot;zeal&quot;
==Simple Grammer==
(Fāєĩlĩcōє Gpāmāticōє)
===Singular and Plural Verbs===
Here is an example: ''cpāєēnt'' meaning to climb, can be made plural by adding the ''-āt'' prefix therefore if a group is climbing then it would be ''cpāєēntāt''.
===Personal Pronouns===
I~jn
you~vo
he~on
she~ān
it~ĩn
we~noє
you(pl./formal)~voє
they~ŵont
&lt;br&gt;
Essential Verbs
&lt;br&gt;
am~ōє
is~ōєē
are~ōєēє
===Some Phrases===
;'''Hello''': ''đoєtoҹ'' (postoxh)
;'''How are you''': ''¿Ťađo ōєēє vo'' (dsado uses vo?)
;'''Good''': ''nāє'' (nas)
;'''Great''': ''nāєeç'' (nasEEts)
;'''I am good''': ''jn ōє nāє'' (yen OOs nas)
;'''bad''': ''gālōє'' (galOOs)
;'''I like''': ''jn ĵāmāє'' (yen zjamas)
;'''Do you speak Cantate''': ''¿lēє vo gēç Āntātē'' (les vo ges antate?)
;'''Please''': ''đāpēҹ'' (parexh)
;'''Thank You''': ''єālvāç'' (salvats)
;'''What is your name''': ''¿cāc ōєē vod nōmēž'' (cac ose vod nomez)
;'''My name is John''': ''māž nōmēž ōєē Ģōxn'' (maz nomez ose Gohn)
;'''Goodbye''': ''lāŵōç'' (lashots)
;'''Good Morning''':''bonŵoє  ōtpo'' (bonshos OOtro)
;;'''Good Evening''':''bonŵoє  noҹ''  (bonshos noxh)
;'''The boy is nice and strong''':''tēlē mācōє ōєē ťenō ēє fōҹāŵātĩє '' (tele makos ose dseno es foxhashatis)
===The Lords Prayer===
&lt;poem&gt;
''Our Father in Heaven, 
hallowed be your name, 
your kingdom come, 
your will be done, 
on earth as in Heaven. 
Give us today our daily bread. 
Forgive us our sins 
as we forgive those who sin against us. 
Save us from the time of trial 
and deliver us from evil. 
[For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours 
now and for ever.] Amen.'' 
&lt;/poem&gt;
&lt;poem&gt;
'''''Єī Āєtāҹĩ Mopōt'''
Nop Ðātēp ēn Xōleçā,
lopāndāđ ōєēєēpē vod nōmēž,
vod rēgĩs cpēno,
vod vōltātapōє ōєēєēpē fenetōє,
xoҹ ēєđēpєōє ĵol ēn ģōpō,
dāt ҹoє moģĩєōє nop moģĩєōle xāҹço,
đpoҹādā ҹoє ҹoєĩ gālōєēç,
ĵol noє cāptāt ҹēnoє cop gālōєāt āҹt ҹoє ,
єālvētāє ҹoє bpōm tēlē gābāєҹolĩ oє ĵēnĵopōm,
ēє mēntit ҹoє brōm lōҹēŵēpēm.
Āmēn''
&lt;/poem&gt;
== References ==
[http://www.zompist.com/kit.html The Language Contruction Kit]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:HwkX8x</title>
    <id>4003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22666</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-01T19:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: HwkX8x is a spam-vandal who has never contributed anything but spam.  He should be banned.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">HwkX8x is a spam-vandal who has never contributed anything but spam.  He should be banned.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Systems of Measurement</title>
    <id>4004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22683</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T00:13:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Concultures]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Sol Novus</title>
    <id>4005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22685</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T01:05:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Is this a known star, or a fictional one? ~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is this a known star, or a fictional one? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 18:05, 1 July 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Moons</title>
    <id>4006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22690</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T06:46:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Suns</title>
    <id>4007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40184</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Astronomy]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moons of Galhaf</title>
    <id>4008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41357</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-31T06:17:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Moons of Galhaf'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from Galhaf''': || 272,568 km
|-
|'''Perigee''': || 264,827 km
|-
|'''Apogee''': || 280,309 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 17 d, 22 h, 26 m, 13.155 s (Earth time)&lt;br&gt;16 d, 21 h, 56 m, 8.674 s (Galhafan time)
|-
|'''Synodic Month (avg)''' || 19 d, 6 h, 22 m, 28.924 s (Earth time)&lt;br&gt;18 d, 4 h, 3 m, 19.816 s (Galhafan time)
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .0284
|-
|'''Inclination''': ||
|-
|'''Diameter''': ||
|-
|Sasash: || 2,659 km&lt;br&gt;32.6'-34.5' from Galhaf
|-
|Lhásta: || 887.6 km&lt;br&gt;10.9'-11.5' from Galhaf
|-
|'''Surface area''': ||
|-
|Sasash: || 22,212,000 km²
|-
|Lhásta: || 2,475,100 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': ||
|-
|Sasah: ||
|-
|Lhásta: ||
|-
|'''Mass''': ||
|-
|Sasash: || 4.2434×10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|-
|Lhásta: || 1.0253×10&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|-
|'''Gravity''': ||
|-
|Sasash: || 1.4954 m/s² (.1525 g)
|-
|Lhásta: || .3474 m/s² (.03542 g)
|}

'''[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]''' has two moons, sharing a single orbit, at a distance of 272,568 km.  The smaller, secondary, moon occupies the primary moon's [[Wikipedia:Lagrangian point#L4 and L5|L4 point]].  The larger moon was called ''waTassaklas'' in [[Classical Kasshian]] and ''Sasash'' in [[Ivetsian]], the smaller moon was called ''waKlastas'' in Classical Kasshian as Lhásta in Ivetsian.

Total solar eclipses (of [[Suns of Galhaf#Chihazh|Chihazh]]) are unknown on Galhaf, all solar eclipses being partial or annular.  Very rarely one of the moons will pass in front of Chimíve.

Both moons are large enough to have visible phases.  Sasash exerts somewhat stronger tidal forces on Galhaf than our moon does on Earth.

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Moons]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suns of Galhaf</title>
    <id>4009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41884</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-15T08:28:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]''' orbits within a double star system.

The main sun, known as ''chiKazhan'' in [[Classical Kasshian]] and Chihazh in modern [[Ivetsian]], is a class G7 star.  From Galhaf, it appears between 37.0' and 42.2', a bit larger than the Sun appears from Earth.  The secondary sun is a red giant known as chiMifesh in Classical Kasshian, and Chimíve in Ivetsian.  From Galhaf, it currently has an apparent magnitude of -21.6 (almost 1% the brightness of the sun).  At the suns' closest approach, it has a magnitude of -21.8, and at its furthest, -21.1.  Chimíve's apparent size in the sky as seen from Galhafis about 12', around a third the size of the sun.

The two suns orbit each other with an average separation of 167,460,000,000 km, and an eccentricity of .156 and an orbital period of 25,872 Earth years.

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|&amp;nbsp;
|'''Chihazh'''
|'''Chimíve'''
|-
|Spectral Type
|G7V
|G0III
|-
|Mass
|1.79260 × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;0.90129 M&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;
|2.37576 × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;1.1945 M&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
|Diameter
|1,318,745 km
|560,000,000 km
|-
|Luminosity
|.63 L&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;
|9,500 L&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
|Temperature
|5,240 K
|
|-
|Age
|colspan=2|5.3 billion years
|}

== See Also ==
*[[Planets of Chihazh]]
*[[Planets of Chimíve]]
*[[Galhafan Astronomy]]

[[Category:Suns|Galhaf]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ðanmarc Script.png</title>
    <id>4010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22701</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T19:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A self-made sketch of the name Ðanmarc in its own script.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A self-made sketch of the name Ðanmarc in its own script.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ðanmarc Alphabet</title>
    <id>4011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22702</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-02T19:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Alphabet==
[[Image:Ðanmarc_Script.png|thumb|''Ðanmarc'' in its own script]]
[[Image:Ðanmarc_Alphabet.png|thumb|Left to Right: Hatc, Mē, Nē, Ŋē, E, Be, Ē, Va, Pa, Gi, Fi, To, O, Do, Ka, Ra, (La), A, Wa, Sa, Zē, I, Ci, Ji, Ða, (Þa), U, Yog]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:In Lae Na Aen</title>
    <id>4012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55268</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicaera</title>
    <id>4013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55267</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World of Light</title>
    <id>4014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55263</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monoe</title>
    <id>4015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55264</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Lipsum</title>
    <id>4016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22733</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-04T09:19:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>If you need some filler text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Cen an unquë cumna terpellië, cer nuquéra lavralda sí. Sa amorta avatyara nís. Mar sanga amanyar arantyalmë cé, vor tixë armar vacco or. Uë valdë atacar foa. Téra píca minya ara oa, nor at pica telpë vairë. Má tië riel salmë hérincë, or tir heru línë poica. Hui be sundo laicë amaurëa, mat ya turúva carcassë, at cuivië orofarnë tengwanda.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Razaric</title>
    <id>4019</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22741</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-04T16:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Razaric]] moved to [[Coric]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Coric]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Coric</title>
    <id>4021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45982</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Coric]] is a language family in the British Isles in the [[League of Lost Languages]].

[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Aarð.png</title>
    <id>4022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22757</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-04T19:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The world of [[Aarð]], based on a hand-drawn map that I scanned in.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The world of [[Aarð]], based on a hand-drawn map that I scanned in.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Special character insertion</title>
    <id>4023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49211</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T07:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A word of warning */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In the FrathWiki page editing view there is a section beneath  the main edit box called '''Special character insertion''' which looks something like this:

[[Image:Charinsert screenshot.png|frame|center]]

__TOC__

== Special character insertion area contents ==
From top to bottom:
; The character insertion scroll box
: This scroll box contains several sections each consisting of [[Wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]] characters from a certain script or category of characters:
:; IPA
:: Recognised IPA characters as listed on [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm John Wells' site]. The combining characters are shown with a ◌ which has to be deleted.
:; Latin
:: These are the characters of the Latin script as understood by Unicode. It probably differs from your idea of 'the Latin Alphabet' in terms of the size and nature of what it includes. ''Inter alia'' all IPA letters are contained in the Unicode Latin script.
:; Greek
:: The Greek alphabet plus punctuation and symbols peculiar to Greek.  Also some symbols used in pre-classical Greek and in non-Greek languages which used to be written in the Greek alphabet.
:; Cyrillic
:: Cyrillic script for Slavic languages and several other languages of the former Soviet Union.
:; Diacritics
:: Common diacritics, shown in a larger font size so as to be easier to identify. The combining characters are shown with a ◌ which has to be deleted. Those most crucial to phonetic transcription are repeated in the IPA section.
:; Punctuation
:: Several punctuation characters not found on an ordinary keyboard.
:; Invisible characters
:: Some characters that are helpful for improving display but are not themselves shown as mark on the screen or paper. They are inserted as [[Wikipedia:List of XML and HTML character entity references#Character entities in HTML|HTML entities]] so that one can locate them in the edit box.
:To insert one of the listed characters in the main edit box all you need to do is to place the insertion point (the blinking wertical bar &lt;code style=&quot;text-decoration: blink;&quot;&gt; | &lt;/code&gt;) where you want to insert the character, then click on that character in the scroll box, and the character will appear at the insertion point.
;The script links
: Links you can use to quickly get to the various sections in the scroll box. Unfortunately the browser will jump to the insert box, so you'll have to scroll the browser window to see the edit box again.  However if you click on an insert character it will be inserted in the edit box and the browser will jump back up to that point in the edit box.

== User specific insert characters ==

You can make your own user-specific set(s) of insert characters by creating a page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://wiki.frath.net/User:&lt;your_username&gt;/charinsert&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (you can create it easily by clicking [[User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert|this link]]) and populate the page with one or more HTML paragraphs on this pattern:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Language name''':&lt;charinsert&gt;Th e   s p e c i a l   ch a r s   &amp;  
d i g r a ph s   o f   y o u r   c o n l a ng #1 &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Most used IPA:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; æ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɕ ɖ ɘ ɛ ɞ ɡ ɣ ɦ ɧ ɭ ŋ ø ɵ ɷ ɻ ɽ ʁ ʂ ʈ ʋ ʐ ʑ &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Conlang #2'''&lt;charinsert&gt; Ā ā Ă ă Ē ē Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ǖ ǖ Ǟ ǟ &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Conlang #3'''&lt;charinsert&gt; Ƃ ƃ Ƈ ƈ Ƌ ƌ Ƒ ƒ Ƙ ƙ Ơ ơ Ƥ ƥ Ƨ ƨ Ƭ ƭ Ư ư &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Conlang #4'''&lt;charinsert&gt;  ء آ أ ؤ إ ئ ا ب پ ة ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع
 غ ف ڤ ق ك ڭ گ ڴ ل م ن ه و ى ي ـ &lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

See [[User:Melroch/charinsert]] for an actual example!

You can now click on the &quot;User specific insert characters&quot; link in the '''Scripts''' section below the special character insertion box to reach your own insert character groups.

'''Tip:''' You can even provide easy access to your favorite templates this way, as long as you remember to replace any spaces in the template name with underscores &lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;. You can put a &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; where you want your parameter text to go.

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''IPA template:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; {{IPA|+}} {{IPA|[+]}} {{IPA|/+/}} &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Small-caps:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; {{SC|+}} &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Notes:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; {{ref|+}} {{note|+}} &lt;/charinsert&gt;

The cursor goes where the + is!&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

=== A word of warning === 

{{Infomessage|text-align=left|content=
'''Update to the above 9 mar 2009:''' Actually it would seem from [[wp:Combining grapheme joiner|the Wikipedia page on U+034F COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER]] that it is at least theoretically perfectly legitimate to use this character to prevent canonical recomposition, which makes much of the discussion below obsolete.

You are therefore henceforth advised to insert &lt;tt&gt;&amp;amp;#034F;&lt;/tt&gt; in your &amp;lt;charinsert&amp;gt; templates and pages wherever you want to force precomposed characters of '''i''' and a diacritic above not to be decomposed when combined with a diacritic below, e.g.&lt;tt&gt;í&amp;amp;#034F;̨&lt;/tt&gt; to get '''í͏̨''' rather than '''į́'''. 

However it also turns out that using the entity &lt;tt&gt;&amp;amp;#034F;&lt;/tt&gt; rather than the actual character doesn't render correctly either, which makes insertion with &amp;lt; charinsert&amp;gt; a bit tricky, since this is an invisible zero-width character! 
I created [[:Template:CGJ]] to help with this.
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]]

}}


The [[Wikipedia:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] engine will 'normalize' a [[wikipedia:Precomposed character|precomposed]] '''i''' with a superscript diacritic and a [[wikipedia:Combining character|combining]] subscript diacritic into a dotted '''i''' precomposed with a subscript diacritic and a combining 
superscript diacritic, which of course means that with most
fonts you get the dot of the '''i''' disturbing the superscript diacritic!

The behaviour is not an error of MediaWiki, but the usual Unicode normalisation, considered correct.  If you get bad results, then either your browser or your font is broken, not MediaWiki.

So some would recommend ''not'' to hack-fix a broken behaviour of a browser or font, but instead to use a working browser or font, or if that is out of the question (for whatever reason), live with a distorted display, and/or inform the maintainers of the browser or font of not being Unicode compliant.

Others think that computers should adapt to humans and not the other way around, want as correct display as possible ''now'', and won't sit around until someone fixes the problem if they can fake it now. &quot;Sometimes you can't make it, The best you can do is to fake it&quot;! {{ref|U2}}

Here is the hack-fix if you dare to use it: put a [[wikipedia:zero-width joiner|zero-width joiner]] character &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;zwj;&lt;/code&gt; between the precomposed i with a superscript diacritic and the combining subscript diacritic, writing e.g. &lt;code&gt;ī&amp;amp;zwj;̨&lt;/code&gt; &amp;mdash; i.e. &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#x012B;&amp;amp;zwj;&amp;amp;#x0328;&lt;/code&gt; &amp;mdash; to get the right thing. Unfortunately you can't directly insert &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;zwj;&lt;/code&gt; with Charinsert, so rather than writing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;ī&amp;amp;zwj;̨&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; you must write &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;ī&amp;amp;amp;zwj;̨&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or there will be no ZWJ at all, neither as an invisible character or as HTML. Life '''is''' hard sometimes! {{frown}} This is certainly an abuse of the ZWJ, but it works to get what we want, so let's have no qualms about it! {{smiley}}

;Note : I guess it would be at least quasi-compliant to use the '''[[wikipedia:Combining grapheme joiner|Combining grapheme joiner]]''' character &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;#x034F;&lt;/code&gt;, which at least currently produces the right result,  instead of &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;zwj;&lt;/code&gt;. It can only be entered as a numeric entity, however (or as an actual invisible character!), and I guess I'm not the only one who has trouble remembering numeric entities... Anyway, I've changed my user charinserts. --[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 02:36, 5 October 2007 (PDT)

{{note|U2}} '''U2''' (2004) &quot;[[wikipedia:Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own|Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own]]&quot; from the album, ''[[wikipedia:How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb|How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb]]''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Þeal</title>
    <id>4024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23639</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T16:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Another Xolcti &lt;- Zolcti correction</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Þeal''' is a continent on the planet [[Aarð]]. It has been developed in greater depth than most other continents on the planet by its creator, [[User:Navidel|Navidel]]. It was previously home to the Empire of [[Ðanmar Empire|Ðanmar]]; the kingdoms of [[Yaþín]], [[Sonyēl]], [[Tlazca]], [[Arþon]], [[Gadón]], and [[Abzar]]; the [[Xolcti League]]; and the culture often called [[Avarra]]. Currently, it contains the nation of [[Budenor]], the [[Turan Qañét]], the [[Northern States]], the [[Aasti tribes]], and [[Doria]].
=List of Locales=
==[[Northern States]]==
*'''Tlazca'''
*'''Ploktí'''
*'''Xolctilán'''
:*Kaspra
*'''Chiyangza'''
*'''Ašti'''
:*Aniku
*'''Hari'''
==[[Turan Qañét]]==
'''Yaþín''' (region)
*Kurii (Curi)
*Ðanmar
*Eðên
*Olara
*Ari
*Bolka
*Ceþi
*Arcen
*Þonê
==[[Budenor]]==
'''Northern Budenor'''
*Olotan
*Áranel
*Zari
*Ēnor
*Oras
*Ekti
'''Sonyēl''' (region)
*Tēri
*Asopan
*Ahil
*Karþ
*Oraþ
*Soren
==[[Doria]]==
*Uralia
*Lamén
*Ocí
=History=
==Ancient Times==
When applied to the history of Aarð, ''Ancient Times'' is not a general term but a specific one. It refers to a period of time between ÐE -437 and ÐE 0, when the kingdoms of [[Yaþín]], [[Kingdom of Ðanmar|Ðanmar]], [[Tlazca]] and [[Sonyēl]] were at their peaks. The [[Xolcti League]] was also active during this period, until it was formally dissolved in ÐE -108, a hundred years after the [[Last Dynasty of Avarra]] came to power in the south.
==Classical Period==
In this period of Aarði history, [[Ðanmar Empire|Ðanmar]] rose to power, conquering Yaþín in ÐE 0 and Avarra in ÐE 39. The [[Turan Tribes]] arrived largely unnoticed from the west around ÐE 230. The Northern States had been in disarray ever since the Xolcti League was dissolved in -108, and remained so until just before the fall of Ðanmar in 622, which marked the end of the Classical Period.

==Dark Age==
The name ''Dark Age'' for the period between ÐE 622 and 1438 is somewhat of a misnomer. It was coined by Turan historians, who viewed their nation as the only truly civilized one around. Many of the peoples of Budenor, Doria, and the Northern States view this as a positive period in history. Aasti Tribesfolk from the East overran the former Ðanmar empire during this period (about ÐE 630-700), founding the kingdoms of [[Arþon]], [[Gadón]], [[Doria]] and [[Abzar]]. Politics in the North became somewhat more stable with the return of some of the old alliances (i.e. Ašti-Tlazca, Xolctilán-Hari, and Chiyangza-Ploktí). The period ended with the rise of Turan Qañ Talii I.

==Modern Times==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/charinsert</title>
    <id>4027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49215</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T08:06:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Rhodrese]] and [[Burgendish]]''': &lt;charinsert&gt; Çç ſ ſſ ſs ß &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''[[Vínlenzka]]''': &lt;charinsert&gt; Ƕ ƕ Ꜧ ꜧ &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''[[NASS]]''': &lt;charinsert&gt;{{EI}} {{ei}}&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Knoschke:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;Ő ő Ű ű a̋ A̋ e̋ E̋ I̋ ı̋ A ̋ E˝ I˝ Ą ą {{CGJ|Á|̨}} {{CGJ|á|̨}} {{CGJ|a̋|̨}} {{CGJ|A̋|̨}} Ę ę É {{CGJ|é|̨}} {{CGJ|e̋|̨}} {{CGJ|E̋|̨}} Į į {{CGJ|Í|̨}} {{CGJ|í|̨}} {{CGJ|I̋|̨}} {{CGJ|ı̋|̨}} Ǫ ǫ {{CGJ|Ó|̨}} {{CGJ|ó|̨}} Ų ų {{CGJ|Ú|̨}} {{CGJ|ú|̨}} Č č Ľ ľ Ł ł Ň ň Š š Ž ž&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Romance:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;{{SC|+}} Ā {{CGJ|Ā|̣}} {{CGJ|Ā|̨}} ā {{CGJ|ā|̣}} {{CGJ|ā|̨}} Ă {{CGJ|Ă|̣}} {{CGJ|Ă|̨}} ă {{CGJ|ă|̣}} {{CGJ|ă|̨}} Ē {{CGJ|Ē|̣}} {{CGJ|Ē|̨}} ē {{CGJ|ē|̣}} {{CGJ|ē|̨}} Ĕ {{CGJ|Ĕ|̣}} {{CGJ|Ĕ|̨}} ĕ {{CGJ|ĕ|̣}} {{CGJ|ĕ|̨}} Ī {{CGJ|Ī|̣}} {{CGJ|Ī|̨}} ī {{CGJ|ī|̣}} {{CGJ|ī|̨}} Ĭ {{CGJ|Ĭ|̣}} {{CGJ|Ĭ|̨}} ĭ {{CGJ|ĭ|̣}} {{CGJ|ĭ|̨}} Ō {{CGJ|Ō|̣}} {{CGJ|Ō|̨}} ō {{CGJ|ō|̣}} {{CGJ|ō|̨}} Ŏ {{CGJ|Ŏ|̣}} {{CGJ|Ŏ|̨}} ŏ {{CGJ|ŏ|̣}} {{CGJ|ŏ|̨}} Ū {{CGJ|Ū|̣}} {{CGJ|Ū|̨}} ū {{CGJ|ū|̣}} {{CGJ|ū|̨}} Ŭ {{CGJ|Ŭ|̣}} {{CGJ|Ŭ|̨}} ŭ {{CGJ|ŭ|̣}} {{CGJ|ŭ|̨}} Ȳ {{CGJ|Ȳ|̣}} {{CGJ|Ȳ|̨}} ȳ {{CGJ|ȳ|̣}} {{CGJ|ȳ|̨}} Y̆ {{CGJ|Y̆|̣}} {{CGJ|Y̆|̨}} y̆ {{CGJ|y̆|̣}} {{CGJ|y̆|̨}}&lt;/charinsert&gt;

&lt;charinsert&gt;[[Category:Kijeb]] [[Category:Sohlob]] [[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]&lt;/charinsert&gt;

&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;!nowiki&gt;+&lt;/!nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; &lt;pre&gt;&lt;!nowiki&gt;+&lt;/!nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; &lt;includeonly&gt;+&lt;/includeonly&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;+&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Knoshke</title>
    <id>4030</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22838</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T11:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Knoshke]] moved to [[Knoschke]]: I like the German spelling better.  It is also more realistic in central Europe.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Knoschke]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Knoshke</title>
    <id>4031</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22840</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T11:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Knoshke]] moved to [[Talk:Knoschke]]: I like the German spelling better.  It is also more realistic in central Europe.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Knoschke]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Calendars</title>
    <id>4032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22848</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T21:15:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Concultures]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan year</title>
    <id>4033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53046</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-19T09:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]an [[Wikipedia:sidereal year|sidereal year]] is 259 d, 15 h, 36 m, 13.286 s in Earth time, and in Galhafan time, 244 d, 20 h, 53 m, 22.709 s.

The mean [[Wikipedia:tropical year|tropical year]] is 259 d, 15 h, 18 m, 52.130 s s Earth time, 244 d, 20 h, 37 m, 0.818 s Galhafan time.  In modern times, perihelion occurs near the northern hemisphere's summer solstice (about 18° before it).  Axial precession takes about 21,547 local years (15,317 Earth years) to complete, or just over 1 arcminute per year.

== Lunar Months ==
Galhaf's [[Moons of Galhaf|two moons]] co-orbit the planet, on average, once every 16 d, 21 h, 56 m, 8.674 s Galhafan time.  The mean synodic month comes out to 18 d, 4 h, 3 m, 19.816 s, about 13.48 per year.

== Calendars ==
*[[Blafu Calendars]]
*[[Sanle Calendars]]
*[[Kasshi Astrological Calendar]]
*[[Nrastaist Calendar]] (traditional Kasshi lunisolar calendar)
*[[Kasshi Solar Calendar]]

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Galhafan Calendars|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Calendars</title>
    <id>4034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22852</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-06T21:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Calendars]] [[Category:Galhaf|Calendars]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:Galhaf|Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kelanian</title>
    <id>4035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32463</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T19:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Kelanian'''&lt;br&gt;'''Kélanìas tyéñalī'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(not yet named)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||none
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical Classification:
||Kelanian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Western Kelanian]]
&amp;nbsp;[[Eastern Kelanian]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||OSV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||[[fluid-S]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Andre|Andrew]] || 2007
|}

'''Kelanian''' (native name ''Kélanìas tyéñalī'', lit. &quot;Kelanian speech&quot;) was the original language spoken by all people. It was how the first men interpreted the speech of the ''Kélanui'' (sg. ''Kélanū''), or &quot;holy ones,&quot; who shaped the earth, govern its existance, and guided men in their earliest days. In truth, the actual speech of the Kelanui is more complex than Kelanian, with each Kelanu having his or her own slightly different version, but the two were close enough to be mutually intelligible. 

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
Kelanian contains 21 consonantal phonemes. The majority, 13, of these are stops. It has labial, dental and velar aspirated and unaspirated stops, both voiced and unvoiced, as well as the glottal stop '''q''' /?/, as in &quot;uh-oh&quot;. There is only 1 fricative, '''s''' /s/. The remaining 7 are sonorants. It has three nasals, '''m''' /m/, '''n''' /n/, and '''ñ''' /N/. Each nasal is inherently linked to a certain group of stops- '''m''' with the labials, '''n''' with the dentals, and '''ñ''' with the velars. There are two liquids, '''l''' /l/ and '''r''' /r/, and two semivowels '''w''' /w/ and '''y''' /j/.
 
{| border=1
|
|Labial
|Dental
|Palatal
|Velar
|Glottal
|-
|Stops, unaspirated
|align=center|'''p''' '''b'''
|align=center|'''t''' '''d'''
|
|align=center|'''k''' '''g'''
|align=center|'''q'''
|-
|Stops, aspirated
|align=center|'''ph''' '''bh'''
|align=center|'''th''' '''dh'''
| 
|align=center|'''kh''' '''gh'''
|
|-
|Fricatives
| 
|align=center|'''s'''
| 
| 
|
|-
|Nasals
|align=center|'''m'''
|align=center|'''n'''
| 
|align=center|'''ñ'''
|
|-
|Liquids
| 
|align=center|'''l''' '''r'''
| 
| 
|
|-
|Semivowels
|align=center|'''w'''
| 
|align=center|'''y'''
| 
|
|}

==== Allophony ====
'''r''' is realized as [4] (an alveolar flap) when not initial or geminated.

Before or after voiced stops, '''s''' is realized as [z].

=== Vowels ===
There are 5 vowels, '''a''', '''e''', '''i''', '''o''', and '''u''', which can all be short or long. Long vowels are written with a macron, '''ā''', '''ē''', '''ī''', '''ō''', '''ū'''. The two mid vowels, '''e''' and '''o''', are tense when they are long, /e: o:/ and lax when they are short /E O/. 

{| border=1
| 
|Front
|Central
|Back
|-
|Close
|align=center|'''i'''
| 
|align=center|'''u'''
|-
|Mid
|align=center|'''e'''
| 
|align=center|'''o'''
|-
|Open
| 
|align=center|'''a'''
| 
|}

There are also 8 diphthongs, essentially treated as long vowels. They are formed when '''i''' follows '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', or '''u''' and when '''u''' follows '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', or '''i'''. The first element becomes long (the macron isn't written), and the second becomes a semivowel, '''ai ei oi ui au eu ou iu''' are /a:j e:j o:j u:j a:w e:w o:w i:w/.

=== Phonotactics ===
Consonants and consonant clusters are always viewed as syllable onsets. There may only be a coda on a final syllable. 
Word initial or medial syllables are of the form (C)(C)(w,y)V, though there are very strict rules for what clusters can be formed (see below). Final syllables are of the form (C)(C)(w,y)V(sonorant, fricative). Only a vowel or diphthong is required to form a syllable. 

==== Consonant Clusters ====
There are rules for what consonant combinations form permissable clusters. All of the clusters  formed by the following rules may be medial, but not all may be initial. The ones that can are marked so.

Note: '''q''' is a stop, but cannot be used to make clusters. All of the rules that refer to &quot;stops&quot; do not apply to '''q'''.


Liquids can precede nasals and stops. 

Anything but stops can be geminated. 

'''s''' can precede or follow stops. (can be initial)

Stops can follow their matching nasals. (can be initial)

The semivowels '''w''' and '''y''' can follow a consonant or cluster. (allowed initial clusters followed by '''w''' and '''y''' are also allowed initially)

=== Accent ===
In Kelanian, the accent is always found on the word's root vowel. For words that have two or more syllables after the root vowel, every second vowel from the root vowel gets a secondary accent. 

Words that don't have analysable roots, e.g. pronouns, prepositions, &amp;c., are always three or less syllables, and are accented on the first. The addition of derivational prefixes and suffixes, like the comparative or superlative, do not move the stress to earlier or later in the word; it is completely fixed. 

A long accented vowel is written with a circumflex, a short accented vowel with an acute. A secondary accent is written with a grave.

=== Elision ===
If one word ends with a vowel and the next begins with one, the first vowel is dropped in speech if it is short. If the first vowel is long and the second vowel is short and unaccented, the second one is dropped. If both are long, neither is dropped.

There is one notable instance when elision doesn't occur—the formation of verbs. This lack of elision is emphasized in writing by using a hyphen, e.g. '''tséraye-éni'''. In this case, the first vowel simply flows into the second.

== Morphology ==
=== Word Derivation ===
==== Primitive Root Structure ====
The roots of Kelanian are of the structure (C)(C)(w,y)VCV. The initial cluster may only be one of the clusters outlined above as permissible initially. Other than this, there is only one rule concerning the consonants in a root: there must be one between the vowels. 

There are two vowels in every root. The second is called the &quot;determining vowel&quot; of the root, because it determines what the first vowel, the &quot;root vowel,&quot; will be. (It is not very common for two roots to differ only by the determining vowel.) If the determining vowel is '''e''' or '''i''', the root vowel is '''e'''. If it is '''o''' or '''u''', the root vowel is '''o''', and if the determining vowel is '''a''', in the majority of cases the root vowel will be '''e''', though it may be '''o''' if the initial consonant cluster contains a '''w'''. The root vowel, as mentioned above, is the vowel that is accented in all words derived from a certain root.

==== Lexeme Formation ====
Lexeme derivation from primitive roots is accomplished through the addition of suffixes, though sometimes the root vowel is also lengthened. The suffixes are of the form (C)(C)V, though few suffixes consist of just a vowel. For example, by using the suffix '''-nū''', the root '''ETA''' gives '''étanū''' ''man/person''. 

When nouns are derived, the form produced is the absolutive singular. When modifiers are derived, the form produced is the imperfective active.

==== Word Formation ====
Lexemes themselves are words, though there are a variety of words that can be derived from them, as well as many inflections that can be added. To derive totally new words from lexemes, the final vowel is dropped and suffixes are added. These suffixes are of the form (V)VC(V). For example, '''étanū''' gives '''étanothē''', ''a host of men'' by dropping the final vowel and adding the suffix '''-othē'''. 

The various inflections that can be added onto a lexeme or a new derived word include suffixes and prefixes of many different forms. They are clearly marked throughout the rest of this article.

----

=== Nouns ===
Nouns are split into ''5 declensions'' and are marked for ''3 numbers'' and ''8 cases''.
==== Declensions ====
Nouns fall into three main categories: animate nouns, a small group of abstract nouns, and inanimate nouns. 

Animate nouns include people, animals, and anything else that was seen as having a will of its own. This includes some things that, to us, are inanimate, but were perceived as being conscious, such as the sun and the moon. The reason for this is mythological. 

The abstract class of nouns is not found in anything but the singular, since they are intangible concepts and cannot logically be pluralized.

The class of inanimate nouns consists of anything non-living (besides abstract nouns). Since they are not seen as having a will of their own, the inanimate nouns are not found in the nominative case, which shows intent and thoughtful purpose. Some inanimate nouns, the so-called &quot;mass nouns,&quot; (e.g. water, knowledge, information, &amp;c.) can also not be pluralized.

Based on these distinctions, nouns are split into 5 declensions, each with its own characteristic vowel. The 1st ('''u''' declension) and 2nd ('''o''' declension) include the animates, the 3rd ('''a''' declension) and 4th ('''e''' declension) the inanimates, and the 5th ('''i''' declension) is for the abstracts. For proper nouns, these distinctions are not maintained-names may fall into any declension.

==== Number ====
Kelanian nouns are marked for three numbers: ''singular, paucal and plural''. Singular refers to a single object. Paucal refers to a small, usually countable, number of something. For certain nouns (e.g. ears, eyes, hands, &amp;c.) it refers to exactly two of something (dual). The paucal is formed by adding the prefix '''e-''' to the singular form of the noun. Plural refers to a large, usually uncountable, number of something. It is formed by adding the suffix '''-i''' after the stem, before the case ending. When a specific number of something is referenced, the adjectival number is applied to the singular form.

==== Cases ====
Kelanian nouns are marked for 8 cases: ''nominative (agentive), absolutive (patientive), ergative, dative, genitive, comitative, locative/temporal, and essive.'' Cases mark the semantic function of a noun only. Syntactic functions are indicated by other means. (see ''Syntax'') 

The '''nominative''' marks the agent of an active verb when it is the subject or the willing experiencer of an eventive verb. Inanimate nouns cannot have a will and, therefore, cannot be in the nominative.

The '''absolutive''' marks the patient of an active verb or the unwilling experiencer of an eventive verb.

The '''ergative''' marks the agent of an active verb when it is not the subject. In these cases, the absolutive patient is the subject. It is the only case that inanimate nouns can take to be an agent. When a nominative noun is also present, the ergative functions as an instrumental case. It cannot be used as the subject of an intransitive verb. 

The '''dative''' marks the indirect object of verbs of giving or transferring. It also marks alienable possessions or qualities, purpose, or something/someone with a vested interest in the action (benefactive). It can also have an allative meaning.

The '''genitive''' marks the literal or figurative source of something, and inalienable possessions or qualities (as opposed to the dative). It can also have an ablative meaning.

The '''comitative''' marks the company an action or event is done with. 

The '''locative/temporal''' marks the location or time at which an action was done or a state was experienced. With prepositions it marks a referential location or time. 

The '''essive''' marks a temporary state or being, usually the same as the English &quot;like/as a...&quot;.

The genitive, comitative, locative/temportal, essive and, in some usages, the ergative and dative all change nouns into modifiers.

==== Paradigms ====
'''Singular'''
{| border=1
|-
| 
|1st
|2nd
|3rd
|4th
|5th
|-
!Nom
|déran'''ul'''
|rémadh'''ol'''
|léran'''al'''¹
|sénes'''el'''¹
|mbênal'''ìle'''
|-
!Abs
|déran'''ū'''
|rémadh'''ō'''
|léran'''ā'''
|sénes'''ē'''
|mbênal'''ī'''
|-
!Erg
|déran'''òtye'''
|rémadh'''òtye'''
|léran'''ètye'''
|sénes'''ètye'''
|mbênal'''ìtye'''
|-
!Dat
|déran'''ur'''
|rémadh'''or'''
|léran'''ar'''
|sénes'''er'''
|mbênal'''ìre'''
|-
!Gen
|déran'''òbhō'''
|rémadh'''òbhō'''
|léran'''èbhō'''
|sénes'''èbhō'''
|mbênal'''ìbhō'''
|-
!Com
|déran'''um'''
|rémadh'''om'''
|léran'''am'''
|sénes'''em'''
|mbênal'''im'''
|-
!Loc
|déran'''u'''
|rémadh'''o'''
|léran'''an'''
|sénes'''en'''
|mbênal'''i'''
|-
!Ess
|déran'''uis'''
|rémadh'''ois'''
|léran'''ais'''
|sénes'''eis'''
|mbênal'''īs'''
|-
|}

'''Paucal'''

The paucal is not included, as it is identical to the singular except for a prefixed '''e-'''.


'''Plural'''
{| border=1
|-
| 
|1st
|2nd
|3rd
|4th
|5th
|-
!Nom
|déran'''uil'''
|rémadh'''oil'''
|léran'''ail'''¹
|sénes'''eil'''¹
|''no plural''
|-
!Abs
|déran'''ui'''
|rémadh'''oi'''
|léran'''ai'''
|sénes'''ei'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Erg
|déran'''òitye'''
|rémadh'''òitye'''
|léran'''èitye'''
|sénes'''èitye'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Dat
|déran'''ùire'''
|rémadh'''òire'''
|léran'''àire'''
|sénes'''èire'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Gen
|déran'''òibhō'''
|rémadh'''òibhō'''
|léran'''èibhō'''
|sénes'''èibhō'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Com
|déran'''uim'''
|rémadh'''oim'''
|léran'''aim'''
|sénes'''eim'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Loc
|déran'''ui'''
|rémadh'''oi'''
|léran'''ain'''
|sénes'''ein'''
|''no plural''
|-
!Ess
|déran'''īs'''
|rémadh'''īs'''
|léran'''īs'''
|sénes'''īs'''
|''no plural''
|-
|}

¹ Even though inanimate nouns cannot be in the nominative, a nominative form is given anyway for the 3rd and 4th declension, for the case of proper nouns. 

----

=== Pronouns ===
Pronouns are stand-ins for nouns. Like nouns, they are also marked for case and number. Because of how they’re formed, all pronouns except for the 1st and 2nd person personals, come in pairs—one animate, used for nouns that can be in the nominative, and one inanimate, used for nouns that cannot be in the nominative. There are three types of pronouns: ''personal, demonstrative'', and ''interrogative''.

==== Personal ====
Personal pronouns substitute directly for a noun or a name. They come in all three persons. The first and second persons do not differentiate animacy, but the third person pronoun does. There are also both inclusive and exclusive first person plural pronouns, indicating whether or not the person being spoken to is included.

'''1st Person'''
{| border=1
|-
| 
|Singular
|Plural-Inclusive
|Plural-Exclusive
|-
!Nom
|bh'''ál'''
|bh'''áril'''
|bh'''álil'''
|-
!Abs
|bh'''â'''
|bh'''árī'''
|bh'''álī'''
|-
!Erg
|bh'''átye'''
|bh'''áritye'''
|bh'''álitye'''
|-
!Dat
|bh'''áre'''
|bh'''árire'''
|bh'''álire'''
|-
!Gen
|bh'''ábhō'''
|bh'''árbhō'''
|bh'''álbhō'''
|-
!Com
|bh'''ám'''
|bh'''árim'''
|bh'''álim'''
|-
!Loc
|bh'''á'''
|bh'''árei'''
|bh'''álei'''
|-
!Ess
|bh'''âis'''
|bh'''árīs'''
|bh'''álīs'''
|-
|}

'''2nd Person'''
{| border=1
|-
| 
|Singular
|Plural
|-
!Nom
|lén'''al'''
|lén'''il'''
|-
!Abs
|lén'''ā'''
|lén'''ī'''
|-
!Erg
|lén'''atye'''
|lén'''itye'''
|-
!Dat
|lén'''are'''
|lén'''ire'''
|-
!Gen
|lén'''abhō'''
|lén'''ibhō'''
|-
!Com
|lén'''am'''
|lén'''im'''
|-
!Loc
|lé'''na'''
|lén'''i'''
|-
!Ess
|lén'''ais'''
|lén'''īs'''
|-
|}

'''3rd Person'''
{| border=1
|-
| 
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Animate
!colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Inanimate
|-
| 
|Singular
|Plural
|Singular
|Plural
|-
!Nom
|ñgw'''ól'''
|ñgw'''íl'''
|
|
|-
!Abs
|ñgw'''ô'''
|ñgw'''î'''
|dy'''ê'''
|dy'''î'''
|-
!Erg
|ñgw'''ótye'''
|ñgw'''ítye'''
|dy'''étye'''
|dy'''ítye'''
|-
!Dat
|ñgw'''óre'''
|ñgw'''íre'''
|dy'''ére'''
|dy'''íre'''
|-
!Gen
|ñgw'''óbhō'''
|ñgw'''íbhō'''
|dy'''ébhō'''
|dy'''íbhō'''
|-
!Com
|ñgw'''óm'''
|ñgw'''ím'''
|dy'''ém'''
|dy'''ím'''
|-
!Loc
|ñgw'''ó'''
|ñgw'''í'''
|dy'''én'''
|dy'''ín'''
|-
!Ess
|ñgw'''ôis'''
|ñgw'''îs'''
|dy'''êis'''
|dy'''îs'''
|-
|}

==== Demonstrative ====
Demonstrative pronouns substitute for a specific noun with reference to its proximity to the speaker, be it physical or abstract. They should not be confused with demonstrative modifiers (see below): 

Pronoun: I like '''this'''. 

Modifier: I like '''this''' car. 

The demonstrative pronouns are the substantive (see ''Modifiers:Substantives'') forms of the demonstrative modifiers '''dhê''', ''this'' and '''dhâ''', ''that''. These modifiers are unanalyzable, and inflections described under ''Modifiers'' below cannot be applied, with the exceptions of the comparative and superlative. The comparative and superlative are used to emphasize exactly how close or far something is. For instance, the superlative-distal modifier '''ksēdhâ''' would mean &quot;that thing, way over there.&quot;

==== Interrogative ====
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. Similar to the demonstrative pronouns, they are the substantive forms of the interrogative modifier '''ûtse''', ''which''. When used with a noun, the interrogative modifier asks for indication of a specific example of that noun. When used with a verb, it forms a yes or no question, with word order indicating with constituent is being questioned. Like the demonstrative modifiers, the interrogative modifier is also unanalyzable, and cannot be inflected except for the comparative and superlative. Many of the various question words found in most languages are the declined forms of the two pronouns &quot;who&quot; and &quot;which.&quot; 

{| border=1
|-
| 
!&quot;Who?&quot;
!&quot;Which?&quot;
|-
!Nom
|Who?
|
|-
!Abs
|Whom?
|Which?, What?
|-
!Erg
|By whom?
|With what?, How?
|-
!Dat
|For whom?
|For what?, Why?
|-
!Gen
|Whose?
|Of what?
|-
!Com
|With whom?
|(Along) with what?
|-
!Loc
|At whose location?
|At what?, Where?, When?
|-
!Ess
|Like whom?
|Like what?
|-
|}

----

=== Prepositions ===
Prepositions are used just about as frequently as in English, with some exceptions. The use of “from” or its temporal equivalent “after” is taken over by the genitive, “to” or “towards” or its temporal equivalent “until” by the dative and “at,” “in,” or “on” by the locative.

----

=== Modifiers ===
Kelanian modifiers include everything in English that would be classified as an adjective, adverb or participle, as well as derived modifiers formed by applying oblique cases to nouns and pronouns. 

==== Adjectives vs. Adverbs ====
There is no morphological difference between the use of modifiers as adjectives, participles, or adverbs, implying that meaning is entirely dependent on context: when used with a noun it is an adjective or participle, and when used with a verb it is an adverb. In both cases, modifiers precede what they modify. Because modifiers can be used as adjectives, participles or adverbs, they are not marked for case and number to agree with the nouns they modify like in other languages.

==== Dynamic and Static Modifiers ====
There originally were two types of modifiers that could be derived from each root, based on some object's or some person's relation to a state of being and whether the state is fixed or changing. Dynamic modifiers were used to show changing states and static modifiers were used to show fixed states. Furthermore, there were transitive and intransitive versions of each of these categories, indicating whether the state or change of state was being felt by or being caused by the noun being modified. 

===== Static to Perfect =====
The dynamic-static and transitive-intransitive distinctions split modifiers into four categories (dynamic-transitive, dynamic-intransitive, static-transitive and static-intransitive) though this four-way split was not maintained for long. By the time of the form of Kelanian being described here, the static modifiers became viewed simply as the perfect aspect of dynamic modifiers. (This has some weird implications. What would normally be considered plain adjectives, such as ''red'' or ''big'', are now the perfect form of verbs such as ''to become red'' and ''to become big''.)

==== Transitivity ====
The collapse of the dynamic-static distinction, described above, simplified the modifier system to a simple two-way split (ignoring aspect) based on transitivity—the source of Kelanian's two &quot;voices&quot;: the '''active''' and the '''eventive'''. The active &quot;voice&quot; is transitive and marks actions done by the modified noun, i.e. the change in state being described is being caused by the modified noun. The eventive &quot;voice&quot; is intransitive and, in a similarly obvious fashion, marks events occuring to the modified noun, i.e. the change in state being described is being felt by the modified noun.

==== Aspect ====
The original dynamic modifiers (see above) were capable of being marked for three aspects: the ''imperfective'', the ''habitual'' and the ''aorist''. With the collapse of the static modifiers into the dynamic modifiers, another aspect, the ''perfect'', was created. 

The '''imperfective''' is used for events or actions that are happening at the time specified. It conveys the meanings of the progressive and simple participles. 

The '''habitual''' is used for events or actions that happen on a regular basis at the time specified. It conveys the meaning of the relative clause &quot;who/what regularly [verbs].&quot;

The '''perfect''' is used for events or actions that are completed, resulting in a current state.

The '''aorist''' isn't really an aspect, as much as a combination of the perfective aspect and past tense. It conveys the meaning of the relative clause &quot;who/what once [verbed]&quot;.

==== Paradigm ====
{| border=1
|-
| 
|Active
|Eventive
|-
|Imperfective
|tséra'''ye'''
|'''moi'''tséra'''ye'''
|-
|Habitual
|tséra'''ya'''
|'''moi'''tséra'''ya'''
|-
|Perfect¹
|'''ta'''tsêra'''we'''
|tsêra'''we'''
|-
|Aorist²
|atsér-
|'''mòi'''atsér-
|-
|}
¹ As can be seen, the perfect is formed quite differently from the other modifiers. There are different markers for the two voices, the root vowel is lengthened, and there is the suffix '''-we'''. 

² The aorist forms given are the eventive and active stems instead of modifiers. See ''Verb:Morphology:The Aorist'' below for more information.

==== Modifiers from Oblique Nominal Cases ====
It was said in the Nouns section that applying oblique nominal cases form modifiers from nouns and pronouns. The form given by such derivations is equivalent to the eventive-perfect. These newly-formed modifiers can be made into any other normal modifier form by simply adding the proper suffixes and prefixes. They always form weak aorist stems. 

These modifiers are very useful, and eliminate the need in Kelanian for the verbs &quot;to give,&quot; &quot;to receive,&quot; &quot;to go to [a place],&quot; &quot;to come from [a place],&quot; &quot;to have,&quot; and others. For instance, the way to say &quot;I am going home&quot; would literally be translated as &quot;I am becoming at home,&quot; in the sense that the speaker's state is changing into one of being &quot;at home.&quot; This would be the verb formed with imperfective-active form of the noun &quot;home&quot; in the locative case.

==== Comparison ====
Modifiers can be marked for both the comparative and the superlative. (The unmarked form is called the positive.) In the perfect aspect, the comparative and superlative have their normal &quot;more-most&quot; meanings. But in other aspects, the comparative and superlative show increasing degrees of intensity for the action or event, not usually comparable to any construction in English.

The comparative is formed by adding the prefix '''rā-''', and the superlative by adding '''ksē-'''.
==== Substantives ====
When a modifier is used with one of the third person personal pronouns, it becomes a noun meaning an animate being (with ''ñgwô'') or inanimate object (with ''dyê'') having that trait.

----

=== The Copula ===
The copula is a heavily inflected word used to relate nouns to other nouns or to modifiers. Its most common use is to relate a noun to a modifier to create a verbal phrase. It is inflected for mood and tense.
==== Mood ====
There are 6 moods: the ''indicative'', ''subjunctive'', ''potential'', ''hortative'', ''imperative'', and ''optative''.
The '''indicative''' marks statements that the speaker intends to be understood as true.
The '''subjunctive''' marks statements that are logically possible and have some probability of being true.
The '''potential''' marks that the subject has some capability.
The '''hortative''' marks an insistance that the statement come to be true. It is a &quot;polite imperative&quot; in the second person.
The '''imperative''' marks an order or command. It is only found in the second person.
The '''optative''' marks a wish or desire for the statement to be true.

==== Tense ====
There are three tenses: past, present and future. The only one of any real value discussing is the future, since the past and present speak for themselves. The future is used only for things that are certain to be true or that the speaker is intent on seeing completed, and therefore is found only in the indicative.

==== Paradigm ====
{| border=1
|-
| 
|Indicative
|Subjunctive
|Potential
|Hortative
|Imperative
|Optative
|-
|Past
|'''énai'''
|'''éntai'''
|'''éndai'''
|'''énau'''
| 
|'''élnai'''
|-
|Present
|'''éni'''
|'''énti'''
|'''éndi'''
|'''énu'''
|'''énō'''
|'''élni'''
|-
|Future
|'''énoi'''
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
|-
|}

----

=== Verbs ===
The term &quot;verb&quot; refers to a verbal phrase created with the copula and a predicate modifier. Active verbs are formed with modifiers in the active voice, and eventive verbs from modifiers in the eventive voice. Since a verb is formed from a modifier and the copula, it is marked for voice, aspect, tense and mood. For a full description of each of these, see the so-named sections under Modifiers and The Copula, above. There is also an optional set of pronominal suffixes that agree with the syntactic subject. 

==== Alignment and Core Arguments ====
Transitive verbs show a split alignment for animate agents. For inanimate agents, animate agents with no volition, or agents that are less notable than the patient, the alignment is ergative. The patient is most likely the subject and is in the absolutive, and the agent is in the ergative. When an animate agent is volitional, the alignment is accuative. The agent is in the nominative and is most likely the subject. The patient is in the abolutive. If just one argument is expressed with a transitive verb, then an ambiguous argument can be supplied in translation to fill the spot of the other (i.e. &quot;something&quot; or &quot;someone&quot;).


Eventive verbs are all perfectly fluid-S, meaning that their subject can be marked as the same as either the agent or patient of a trainsitive verb (nominative or absolutive) based on its percieved level of control over the change in state. Inanimate objects cannot have this control, so they cannot be put into the nominative.

==== Voice ====
In the section Modifiers:Transitivity, the word &quot;voice&quot; is put into quotation marks because the active and eventive are not really voices, since they do not indicate which nominal constituent of a sentence is the subject. (See the section directly above and the Syntax section below for more about this.) The active and eventive are really just the terms used to denote transitive and intransitive. 

==== Aspect-Mood Interaction ====
Aspect and mood have some unpredictable interaction. They are shown here with the active verb &quot;to lift [something]&quot; with a first person agent (if possible).

{|border=1
|-
| 
|Indicative
|Subjunctive
|Potential
|Hortative
|Imperative³
|Optative
|-
|Imperfective
|I '''am''' lift'''ing'''.
|I '''might be''' lift'''ing'''.
|I '''can be''' lift'''ing'''.
|I '''should be''' lift'''ing'''.
|Lift!
|'''Would that''' I '''be''' lift'''ing'''.
|-
|Habitual
|I '''do''' lift.
|I '''might''' lift.¹
|I '''can''' lift.
|I '''should''' lift.
|Lift!
|'''Would that''' I lift.
|-
|Perfect²
|I''''ve''' lift'''ed'''.
|I '''might've''' lift'''ed'''.
|I '''could've''' lift'''ed'''.
|I '''should've''' lift'''ed'''.
|'''Be''' lift'''ed'''!
|'''Would that''' I '''had''' lift'''ed'''.
|-
|Aorist
|I lift'''ed'''.
|'''Maybe''' I lift'''ed'''.
|I '''could''' lift.
|I '''had to''' lift.
|(does not exist)
|(does not exist)
|-
|}
¹ A more accurate translation is &quot;I might be the one who lifts,&quot; since the way it is written here implies a future possibility, which is the meaning of the imperfective subjunctive. 

² &quot;Have&quot; has been contracted to &quot;'ve&quot; to save space.

³ The two forms of the imperative have different meanings that aren't clear here. The imperfective is an order to do something immediately, while the habitual is an order to acquire a future behavior. The imperative also is only found in the second person. 

It might not be clear here, but the potential, hortative and optative are all contrafactual in the perfect. In the aorist, the potential and hortative give no indication of whether they are factual or not, which explains why the optative is not found in the aorist-it is inherently contrafactual.

==== The Aorist ====
As mentioned under ''Modifiers:Aspects'', the aorist is a combination of the perfective (not perfect) aspect and past tense. It refers to a past action viewed as a single whole. In English the equivalent form is the simple past, the preterate in Spanish and in ancient Greek a tense of the same name. Unlike the perfect, there are no implied effects on the present when using the aorist.

The aorist is not formed with a modifier and the copula like the other verb forms, meaning that voice and mood are marked differently——aspect and tense are, by nature, fixed. Even though the aorist isn’t formed with aorist modifiers, aorist participles can still be derived, hence its inclusion on the modifier charts. The copula, however, is not used at all in constructing the aorist. 

There is more than one way to form it, so the aorist form generally must be learned along with each modifier. To form all the aorist's inflections, including its verbal moods and its modifier, various affixes are added into the aorist stem. 

'''There are 2 ways to form the aorist stem:'''

The first method, called the '''strong aorist''', was usually, but not exclusively, used for words with an initial cluster. From an imperfective-active modifier, the final '''-ye''' is dropped and the characteristic vowel is prefixed and dropped. E.g. '''tséraye''' → '''atsér-'''

The second method is called the '''weak aorist'''. The imperfective-active modifier is taken, the final '''-ye''' is dropped, and '''-ts''' is added after. E.g. '''déraye''' → '''dérats-'''


While which method used to form the aorist stem isn’t completely predicatable, the formation of the indicative, subjunctive, potential, hortative and modifier from this stem is highly regular. 

{|
|-
||Indicative||Subjunctive||Potential||Hortative||Modifier
|-
||atsér'''ī'''||atsér'''on(e)'''||atsér'''om(e)'''||atsér'''au'''||atsér'''e'''
|-
|}

==== Verbal Nouns ====
Each modifier can form two verbal nouns: one from the active voice and another from the eventive voice. They roughly correspond to active and passive infinitives. For the modifier &quot;sending,&quot; the active verbal nouns would mean &quot;the act of sending [something]&quot; while the eventive would mean &quot;being sent.&quot; 

The verbal nouns are formed by taking the perfect form of an active or eventive modifier, dropping the final '''-we''', and adding '''rī'''. Verbal nouns belong to the fifth declension. E.g. tsêrawe → tsêrarī, tatsêrawe → tatsêrarī

===== Gerundive =====

From each verbal noun, a gerundive may also be formed. The gerundive is a modifier showing that the modified noun is supposed to either perform an action or undergo an event. For the modifier sending,&quot; the active gerundive would mean &quot;supposed to send [something]&quot; while the eventive would mean &quot;supposed to be sent&quot; or &quot;for sending.&quot; 

The gerundive is formed by contracting the dative form of the verbal noun so that the word ends in '''-rre''' instead of '''-rire'''. E.g. tsêrarrī, tatsêrarrī

== Syntax ==
=== Phrase Structure ===
Phrases are groups of words that funtion as a single constituent. Every phrase has a head, a central word which determines what type of phrase it is. For example, a nouns in core cases are the heads of a nominal phrases and verbs comprised of a modifier and copula are the heads of a verbal phrases. Nouns in oblique cases are the heads of adjectival phrases. The only exception to this rather simple rule is prepositional phrases, which require a noun in the locative as well as a preposition. Prepositional phrases are bounded by the preposition at the beginning and the locative noun at the end. 

The rest of the phrase is made of modifiers added onto the head and each other. Phrases are left-branching, meaning that all modifiers, including nouns in oblique cases, are put before the head in order of descriptiveness, with the most descriptive modifier coming directly before the head.

----

=== Clause Structure ===
==== Word Order ====
Since the head of each phrase in the language is marked, the order of these phrases could be rather flexibile. But because word order is linked to the syntactic roles of the constituents, there is a set of standard word orders for different types of sentences. For transitive phrases with a nominative subject, word order is PAV. For transitives without a nominative subject, i.e. the absolutive patient is the subject and there is no expressed agent or there is an agent in the ergative, word order is (A)PV. In other words, the standard word order is OSV. The consitituent nearer to the verb is the subject, regardless of whether it is the agent or the patient. For intransitive verbs, the one constituent is the subject, and word order is SV. The general rule is that the constituent immediately preceding the verb is the subject in all instances, including simple statements, questions, exclamations, &amp;c., as well as for sub-clauses.

These rules are almost always followed in prose and speech, with some special exceptions. To topicalize or especially emphasise a word, it may be positioned at the beginning of the sentence. This isn’t very common with verbs. Word order conventions are not followed very strictly in poetry.

==== Independent Clauses ====
===== Active, Passive and Weather Constructions =====
For intransitive verbs, the single nominal constituent is always the subject, but if it is omitted, the verb becomes a &quot;weather&quot; verb. 

For transitive verbs, if the patient is the subject, the verb is the equivalent of a passive. If the agent is the subject, the verb is the equivalent of an active. If either constituent is omitted, then a general noun like &quot;someone&quot; or &quot;something&quot; is understood to be the second constituent.  

===== Copulaic Clauses =====
The copula can be used to show that a noun belongs to a class defined by another noun, e.g. &quot;'''He''' is '''a king'''.&quot; In these situations, since they are always simple statements of fact, no indication of voice or aspect is needed. The argument referring to class is put into the absolutive, and the other's case is determined the same was as it would be for an eventive verb. In the above example, '''a king''' would be in the absolutive, and '''he''' could be either nominative or absolutive, depending on whether &quot;he&quot; wants to be a king or not. 

To form a sentence with a noun and a predicate adjective, then the perfect-eventive modifier is used with the copula to construct an eventive verb. 

==== Dependent Clauses ====
===== Relative Clauses =====
Since there are no relative pronouns, there are no relative clauses like there are in many languages. The equivalent is formed by treating a would-be relative clause like a long string of adjectives or by using a coordinated clause (see ''Coordinated Propositions'' below). The first method is usually used for short relative clauses, where the verb is indicative. If the verb is supposed to be in other moods, the second method must be used.

For example, the sentence &quot;The man, who we saw on TV, is over there,&quot; could be formed as something along the lines of &quot;The seen-by-us-on-TV man is over there,&quot; or by adding another whole proposition. This second way is roughly equivalent to saying, &quot;The man is over there, seen by us on TV,&quot; with &quot;seen&quot; agreeing with &quot;the man,&quot; or &quot;The man we saw, over there,&quot; with &quot;to be over there&quot; agreeing with &quot;the man&quot;.

But in the sentence &quot;The guy, who you might have met before, is coming today&quot; the verb of the relative clause &quot;might have met&quot; has to be in the subjunctive, so it can't be formed by modifiers alone. The correct way to form this would be along the lines of &quot;You might have met the guy before, coming today,&quot;  with &quot;coming&quot; agreeing with &quot;the guy.&quot;

===== Declarative Clauses =====
The term &quot;declarative clause&quot;, aka indirect statement, refers to an independent clause becoming lowered to a dependent clause, and being used as one of the consituents of a higher clause. In the sentence &quot;you said that he fell,&quot; &quot;that he fell&quot; is an example of an indirect statement. It would be formed by saying something along the lines of &quot;you spoke of his falling,&quot; using the verbal noun of the verb in the indirect statement as the object of the main clauses' verb. The agent in the indirect statement is put into the genitive if it has will and into the dative if it doesn't have will, the same way the nominative or absolutive can be used for eventive verbs.

----

=== Subject-Verb Agreement ===
As was mentioned above under ''Verbs'', an optional pronominal suffix may be added onto a verb that agrees with the syntactic subject in person, number and case (either nominative or absolutive). So, while word order is the main method used to identify the subject, the agreement of the pronominal suffix with the subject may also be used. This is most common when the OSV word order is broken to topicalize a constituent by moving it to the beginning of the sentence, or when forming coordinated propositions. 

==== Coordinated Propositions ====
Explicitly marking the subject of a verb is necessary when forming coordinated propositions, where the constituent of the first verb acting as the subject of the second isn't repeated and therefore can't be determined by word order. For example, in the sentence &quot;Étanui déranul déraya-éni, qêñiwe-éni,&quot; the agent &quot;déranul&quot; happens to be the subject of the first verb &quot;déraya-eni&quot; because of word order, so the first part of the sentence means ''The king leads the people.'' But the subject of the second verb &quot;qêñiwe-eni,&quot; ''to be happy'' is undeterminable since no suffix is given, so it is unclear whether the king or the people are happy. If there were a nominative, third person, singular suffix, the subject would be the king, and if there were an absolutive, third person, plural suffix, the subject would be the people. If the suffix were something else, it would either not make sense or be referring to another constituent from a previous sentence, perhaps the topic of the conversation.

== Sample Sentences ==
*Formal Greeting:

'''Lénā tanêserī ksēmbênawe-éni. '''

Lénā-Ø ta-nêse-rī-Ø ksē-mbêna-we éni. 

2S-ABS ACT-meet-GERUND-ABS SUP-good-PERF be-PRES-IND. 

Literally: ''&quot;Seeing/meeting/visiting you is wonderful.&quot; ''


*Informal Greeting:

'''Mbenêserī.''' 

From: &quot;''Mbênawe tanêserī,''&quot; ''Good seeing (you)''.


*''&quot;I spoke to him, but he doesn't want to live with us.&quot;''

'''Ñgwóre bhál tyéñatsī, ka ñgwól mâi-bhárim moidélaya-élni. '''

3S-DAT 1S-NOM speak-AORIST-IND but 3S-NOM NEG-1PL-COM INTRANS-living-HABITUAL-be-OPT-IND 

Literally: ''&quot;To him I spoke, but he not with us wants to reside.&quot;''


*''&quot;This house is his.&quot;''

'''Dhê mégalā ñgwóbhō-éni.'''

Dhê mégalā-Ø ñgwó-bhō éni.

DMNSTR home-ABS 3S-GEN be-PRES-IND.


*''&quot;I am going home.&quot;''

'''Bhál moimégalàrye-éni.'''

Bhá-l moi-mégala-r-ye éni.

1S-NOM INTRANS-home-DAT-IMPERFECTIVE be-PRES-IND. 


*''&quot;I am being taken home.&quot;''

'''Bhā moimégalàrye-éni.'''

Bhā-Ø moi-mégala-r-ye éni.

1S-ABS INTRANS-home-DAT-IMPERFECTIVE be-PRES-IND.

== Scripts ==
Kelanian can be written with two scripts. The first to develop was a logographic script called '''Tsêrilī''', but it was complex, like the Ancient Egyptian writing system. When the demand for a simpler writing system grew large enough, a phonemic script was developed to be easier to write by hand, called the '''Êlewe Tsêrilī''', or &quot;fast writing&quot;. The older script became used mainly for monuments, stone inscriptions, and some holy texts, while the 'fast writing' was used to write just about everything else.


'''The Êlewe Tsêrilī'''

[[Image:Kelanian1.JPG]]&lt;br&gt;

=== Samples ===
[[Image:Kelanian_script_sample.jpg]]&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Enzepedon</title>
    <id>4036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22867</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-07T05:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The Enzepedon is an entity worshipped on the planet Djaiik of the Aturae star system.  The Aat-Djaiik, who live there, speak the language [[Eiuie]] (my first conlang).</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Enzepedon is an entity worshipped on the planet Djaiik of the Aturae star system.  The Aat-Djaiik, who live there, speak the language [[Eiuie]] (my first conlang).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eiuie</title>
    <id>4037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24082</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-01T09:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Eiuie
|pronounce=/ɛiuiɛ/ (accent on first ɛ)
|tu=[[Aturae Solar System]], unspecified future
|species=Aat-Djaiik
|in=[[Djaiik]]
|no=8.4 million
|script=Eiuie Script
|tree=Flinarian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Colonist Flinarian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Djaiik-Flinar Meld &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Eiuie'''
|morph = Unsure
|ms = Nominative-Accusative
|wo = SVO (not a rigid rule)
|creator=[[User:Enzepedon|Enzepedon]]
|date=July 2007}}

Eiuie is a [[constructed language]], spoken by the Aat-Djaiik, residents of the planet Djaiik in the Aturae system.  The word &quot;eiuie&quot; itself means &quot;speech&quot;, it is the noun form of the verb &quot;eiui&quot;, &quot;to speak&quot;.  

=Phonology=
Here is the phonemic inventory of the consonants of Eiuie, the letters in the table are the ones used to transcribe Eiuie, rather than the IPA symbols.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Interdental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|'''Plosive'''
| align=center | p  b
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | t  d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasals'''
| align=center | m
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | ng
|-
|'''Fricatives'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | f  v
| align=center | th  dh
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | sh  zh
| align=center | h  x
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximants'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | r
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Lateral Approximants'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | l
|-
|'''Affricates'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | ch  j
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Stops'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center| '
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=wikitable
|+'''Consonants (Boiap váo Moian váo Zhoiash)'''
|-
! Eiuie
| b || p || d || t || j || ch || ' || m || n || ng || l || r || zh || sh || v || f
| dh || th || h || x ||
|-
! IPA
| b || p || d || t || ʤ || ʧ || ʔ || m || n || ŋ || l || ɹ || ʒ || ʃ || v || f
| ð || θ || ç || ʝ
|-
! X-SAMPA
| b || p || d || t || dZ || tS || ? || m || n || N || l || r/ || Z || S || v || f
| D || T || C || j/ 
|}

The vowels are:
{|class=wikitable
|+ '''Vowels (Niuoiah)'''
! Eiuie
| i || í || ə || e || á || a || ú || o || y || u
|-
! IPA
| i || ɪ || ə || e || æ || a || ʌ || o || ʏ || u
|-
! X-SAMPA
| i || I || @ || e || { || a || V || o || Y || u
|}
===Phonotactics===

(C)(V)V(V)(C)
or
(F/N)(L)(V)V(V)(C)

F=fricative N=nasal L=liquid

Onset:  Can be C, CC.  If CC, then the second C can only be l or r, and the first can only be a nasal or fricative.

Nucleus:  The nucleus must always contain a vowel.  R and l, though liquid, can not form a nucleus.  Diphthongs or triphthongs are very common, but I don't think it's correct to call four vowels in a row one syllable, so at that point, a different syllable will have been started.

Coda: A consonant if the word is a noun, unless the noun ends with -e, the other acceptable noun ending.  If not a noun, the word ends with a vowel (or glottal stop ['] in some instances).

==Alphabet==

The Eiuie alphabet has 41 symbols: the 32 sounds plus an alternative smaller symbol for each of the vowels.  It is usually represented in 5 columns from left to right, in the order of hard consonants, soft consonants, fricatives, vowels, and lastly alternate vowels in line with their corresponding vowels.  The glottal stop is usually placed at the bottom of the hard consonant column.  Eiuie is written vertically in columns from left to right, with each character in a word connecting together, as in English cursive.  Small (alternate) symbols will be discussed in the script section.

[[Image: Alphabetnew.PNG]]

{|class=wikitable
|+ '''Vowels (Uoiai)'''
! Primary
| [[Image:Eiuie-accent_a.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-a.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-e.PNG]]
| [[Image:Eiuie-i.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-accent_i.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-o.PNG]]
| [[Image:Eiuie-accent_u.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-neutral_vowel.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-u.PNG]]
|-
! Alt
| [[Image:Eiuie-alt_accent_a.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-alt_a.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-alt_e.PNG]]
| [[Image:Eiuie-alt_i.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-alt_accent_i.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-alt_o.PNG]]
| [[Image:Eiuie-alt_accent_u.PNG]] || [[Image:Eiuie-alt_neutral_vowel.PNG]]
| [[Image:Eiuie-alt_u.PNG]]
|}


===Word Structure===

*Words tend to be composed either an equal number of vowels and consonants, or more vowels than consonants. 
*Verbs in all tenses end with -ui
*Nouns end in a consonant or -e
*Adjectives end with -í
*For adverbs the prefix ú'- is added to the beginning of any word, the prefix approximately means &quot;in the manner of&quot;
*Nasals (m,n,ng) can be placed next to the other soft consonants, r and l, but otherwise, consonants are very rarely next to each other
*The glottal stop almost always comes before a vowel (the exception being a prefix with a ' at the end of it attached to a word that starts with a consonant), usually in between two vowels, but sometimes after a &quot;soft consonant&quot; or fricative after a previous vowel.

=Grammar=
==Syntax==
==Tenses==

=Script=
==Numerals==
The people of Djaiik use a base-12 (duodecimal) numeral system, for unknown evolutionary reasons, but highly logical practical reasons.  Rather than the 1,2,5, and 10 factors of the decimal system that the human colonists brought with them, the duodecimal of the aat-Djaiik has factors 1,2,3,4,6, and 12.  The numerals are divided into four groups of three: ''tom, ten, tang'' (1,2,3) ''kom, ken, kang'' (4,5,6) ''som, sen, sang'' (7,8,9) ''nom, nen, nang'' (c,y,0).  (The letters 'c' and 'y' are used to represent 10 and 11 because they do not conflict with any of the letters in the Eiuie alphabet.)  Ten is ''rel'', one hundred is ''júl''.

===Numerical Morphology===
Numbers are always represented by only one word, made up of digits, tens, hundreds, and so on.  The smallest value is always the first part of the word -- for example, 11 is one-ten (''tomrel'').  A multiplier to the larger value is added to the end of that value, so 20 is ten-two (''relten''), 21 is one-ten-two (''tomrelten''), and so forth.  This pattern continues for even larger numbers, 101 being one-hundred (''tomjúl''), 110 ten-hundred (''reljúl''), 111 one-ten-hundred (''tomreljúl''), 120 ten-two-hundred (''reltenjúl''), 200 hundred-two (''júlten'').  The pattern never breaks, sometimes causing very large words to represent numbers, such as 2,5c4 four-ten-c-hundred-five-ten-two (''komrelnomjúlkenrelten'')
{|class=wikitable
|+'''Eiuie Numbers'''
|-
! Duodecimal
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || c || y || 0 || 10 || 11 || 20 || 21 || 100
|-
! Eiuie
| tom || ten || tang || hom || hen || hang || shom || shen || shang || nom || nen || nang || rel
| tomrel || relten || tomrelten || júl
|-
! Eiuie Script
|}

==Other Characters==

=Dictionary=
=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Twenex</title>
    <id>4038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54329</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-30T21:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">You can look at my conlang, [[Velian]]; unfortunately there's not much there yet.

I've started a new conlang, provisionally named [[Canadu]].

And now one [[Novizik|based on Russian, provisionally called Novizhik]].

Or try one [[Lo'it|inspired by the Semitic languages]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velyan</title>
    <id>4039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47381</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-19T21:16:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ Expanded consonant inventory to include palatalised and labialised nasals, plosives and fricatives, prenasalised, prenasalised palatalised and prenasalised labialised stops and fricat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Velyan is one of the two main [[Wikipedia:Classical_language|classical languages]] of the continent Pellargos, on the planet Máa. Máa is an alternate Earth planet.

=Phonology=
==Vowels==

There are 12 vowels, each of which can be short or long.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || ||  || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || ||  || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}}  || {{IPA|ø}} || ||  || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || ||  || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

== Consonants ==

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2|Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || {{IPA|m}} m|| || || || || {{IPA|n}} n||  || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ŋ|| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised Nasal || {{IPA|mʷ}} mw || || || || || {{IPA|nʷ}} nw||  || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋʷ}} ŋw|| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Nasal || {{IPA|mʲ}} my/m' || || || || || {{IPA|nʲ}} ny/n'||  || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋʲ}} ŋy/ŋ'|| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} p||  || || || || {{IPA|t}} t|| ||  || || || || || {{IPA|k}} k|| || {{IPA|q}} q||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised plosive || {{IPA|pʷ}} pw ||  || || || || {{IPA|tʷ}} tw || ||  || || || || || {{IPA|kʷ}} kw|| || {{IPA|qʷ}} qw||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Plosive || {{IPA|pʲ}} py/p' ||  || || || || {{IPA|tʲ}} ty/t' || ||  || || || || || {{IPA|kʲ}} ky/k'|| || {{IPA|qʲ}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Aspirated Plosive || {{IPA|pʰ}} ph/px ||  || || || || {{IPA|tʰ}} th/tx || ||  || || || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} kh/kx|| || {{IPA|qʲ}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenalised Plosive || {{IPA|ⁿp}} mp/mb||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿt}} nt/nd || ||  || || || || || {{IPA|ⁿk}} nk/ng || || {{IPA|ⁿq}} nq/mq||   
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenalised Labialised Plosive || {{IPA|ⁿpʷ}} mpw/mbw||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿtʷ}} ntw/ndw|| ||  || || || || || {{IPA|ⁿkʷ}} nkw/ngw|| || {{IPA|ⁿqʷ}} nqw/mqw
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenalised Palatalised Plosive || {{IPA|ⁿpʲ}} mpy/mby||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿtʲ}} nty/ndy|| ||  || || || || || {{IPA|ⁿkʲ}} nky/ngw|| || {{IPA|ⁿqʲ}} nqy/mqy 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenasalised Aspirated Plosive || {{IPA|ⁿpʰ}} mph/mbh ||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿtʰ}} nth/ndh || ||  || || || || || {{IPA|ⁿkʰ}} nkh/ngh|| || {{IPA|ⁿqʰ}} nqy/mqy|| 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;|  Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|s}} s|| {{IPA|ʃ}} ʃ|| || || || || ({{IPA|x}} h)|| {{IPA|h}} h|| || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|sʷ}} sw|| {{IPA|ʃʷ}} ʃw|| || || || || ({{IPA|xʷ}}) xw|| {{IPA|hʷ}} hw || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|sʲ}} sy/s'|| {{IPA|ʃʲ}} ʃy/ʃ'|| || || || || ({{IPA|xʲ}}) xy/x'|| {{IPA|hʲ}} hy/h'|| ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Prenalised Labialised Fricative ||  ||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿsʷ}} nsw/nzw|| {{IPA|ⁿʃʷ}} nʃw/nʒw||  || || || || {{IPA|ⁿxʷ}} nxw|| {{IPA|ⁿhʷ}} nhw|| ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;|  Prenasalised Palatalised Fricative || || || || ||  || {{IPA|ⁿsʲ}} nsy/nzy/nz'|| {{IPA|ⁿʃʲ}} nʃy/nʒy/nʒ'|| || || || || ({{IPA|ⁿxʲ}}) nxy/nx'|| || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || {{IPA|ʋ}} v|| || || ||  || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|rː}} rr
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|rʷː}} rrw
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|rʲː}} rry/rr'
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}} r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾʷ}} rw
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾʲ}} ry/r'
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Labialised Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|lʷ}} lw|| || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Palatalised Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|lʲ}} ly/l'|| || || ||
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Transcription==
Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Velyan, with transcription.

{|
!IPA||Letter
|-
|{{IPA|a}}||a
|-
|{{IPA|æ}}||ä
|-
|{{IPA|e}}||e
|-
|{{IPA|h}}||h
|-
|{{IPA|i}}||i
|-
|{{IPA|j}}||j
|-
|{{IPA|k}}||k
|-
|{{IPA|l}}||l
|-
|{{IPA|m}}||m
|-
|{{IPA|n}}||n
|-
|{{IPA|ŋ}}||ŋ
|-
|{{IPA|o}}||o
|-
|{{IPA|ö}}||ö
|-
|{{IPA|p}}||p
|-
|{{IPA|q}}||q
|-
|{{IPA|r}}||r
|-
|{{IPA|ɾː}}||rr
|-
|{{IPA|s}}||s
|-
|{{IPA|ʃ}}||š
|-
|{{IPA|t}}||t
|-
|{{IPA|u}}||u
|-
|{{IPA|y}}||y
|-
|{{IPA|ʋ}}||v
|-
|}
==Tone==
Velyan has three basic tones, called ''high'', ''mid'' and ''low''. The high and low tones are marked with accents, whilst the mid tone is the default tone and is not marked. The high tone is marked by an acute accent over back and neutral vowels and '''y''' ('''á é í ó ú ý''') and by a double-acute accent over front vowels ('''a̋ ő'''); similarly, the low tone is marked by single or double grave accents: ('''à ȁ è ì ò ȍ ù ỳ'''). Long vowels and diphthongs can have two tones.

==Vowel harmony==
Velyan phonotactics restrict the vowels that can appear in any one word to a subset of the entire inventory. Vowels are divided into three groups: front vowels (ä, ö, ü), back vowels (a, o, u) and neutral vowels (e, i). All vowels in a word must be either front vowels, or back vowels, but not both (though neutral vowels can appear in words with either front or back vowels.)

==Initial Consonant Mutation== 
In Velyan, consonants at the beginning of words undergo a process of ''initial consonant mutation''', whereby an initial '''p''', '''t''', or '''k''' is mutated to its equivalent nasal consonant (respectively '''m''', '''n''' or '''ŋ''' under certain conditions. Conversely, under the same conditions the consonants '''m''', '''n''' or '''ŋ''' mutate to the consonants '''p''', '''t''' or '''k'''. The conditions under which this happens are explained more fully in the section on Syntax.
==Consonant Gradation==
The phenomenon of ''consonant gradation'' arises due to a restriction in Velyan words, that prohibits a &quot;strong&quot; syllable from ending in a consonant. A '''strong syllable''' is a syllable that begins with a consonant and is preceded by another ending in (at least) one consonant. When this happens, the consonant or cluster at the beginning of the final syllable undergoes '''lenition''' or softening (although it can be historically explained as a process of '''fortition''' or hardening).

The following changes occur as a result of consonant gradation:
#Geminate phonemes change to simplex ones, e.g. ''tt'' -&gt; ''t'', ''rr'' -&gt; ''r'', ''ss'' -&gt; ''s''.

The remaining changes only affect plosives and clusters containing plosives:
Clusters change as follows:
#Nasals:
##Nasal + voiceless plosive changes to geminate nasal, e.g. ''mp'' -&gt; ''mm'', ''nt'' -&gt; ''nn''
#Liquids:
##''lt'' -&gt; ''ll
##''lp'' -&gt; ''lv''
##''lkU'' -&gt; ''lvU''
##''rkU'' -&gt; ''rvU''
##''lkI'' -&gt; ''lji''
##''rkI'' -&gt; ''rji''
#Consonant clusters beginning with ''s'':
##''sp'' -&gt; ''sv''
##''st'' -&gt; ''*sr'' -&gt; ''rs''
##''sk'' -&gt; ''ss''
#Consonant clusters ending with ''s'':
##''ps'' -&gt; ''*vs'' -&gt; ''sv''
##''ts'' -&gt; ''rs''
##''ks'' -&gt; ''s''
#Simplex consonants
##''t'' -&gt; ''r''
##''p'' -&gt; ''v''
##''k'' -&gt; Ø
##''iki'' -&gt; ''iji''
##-UkU'' -&gt; ''UvU''
##''v'' -&gt; ''w''


Notes:
#Long vowels and geminate consonants are written double, e.g. ''aa'', ''kk''. Note that {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is the geminate counterpart of {{IPA|/r/}}.

=Morphology=
==Nouns==
Nouns are divided into '''noun classes''' and inflect for '''quality''', '''dimension''', '''age''', '''tense/aspect''', '''number''', '''case''', '''possessor''', '''destination''' and '''deixis'''. Suffixes (there are no prefixes or infixes in Velyan) are added to the noun, or (more often) to the '''oblique stem'''.
===Noun Classes===
There are several noun classes, reflecting the division of nouns into several semantic categories. The noun classes are added to a notional form of the noun known as the '''base'''. In some cases, the base of a noun ends in one of the letters '''l''', '''n''', '''r''', '''s''', or '''t''', and the noun is in Class IX, which has no suffix; in these cases the base form does surface.

The class suffixes are as follows:
{|
|Class||||Meaning||||Suffix    
|-
|I||||Divine Female||||'''-tAri'''
|-
|II||||Divine Male||||'''-tAr'''
|-
|III||||Female Human||||'''-O'''
|-
|IV||||Masculine Human||||'''-á'''
|-
|VI||||Female Professional||||'''-jA'''
|-
|V||||Male Professional||||'''-ri'''
|-
|VII||||Animate (Non-Human)||||'''-e'''
|-
|VIII||||Inanimate I||||∅
|-
|IX||||Inanimate II||||'''-i'''
|-
|X||||Abstract||||'''-U'''
|-
|XI||||Small Place||||'''-lA'''
|-
|XII||||Large Place||||'''-mA'''
|-
|XIII||||Instrument||||'''-ìn'''
|}

===Quality===
Nouns in Velyan take suffixes to show '''quality''', that is, whether something is good or bad. The suffix for ''good'' is '''-
====Dimension====
Nouns in Velyan take suffixes to show '''dimension''', that is whether something is large or small. The suffix for ''large'' is '''-iso''' after consonants, '''-is-''' after consonants and before vowels and '''-so''' after consonants and before vowels. 
===Age===
===Number===
Number in Velyan distinguishes the following categories: general, singulative (''&quot;one&quot;''), dual (''&quot;two&quot;''), paucal (''&quot;more than two, upto about 10 or a dozen&quot;''), plural (''&quot;more than ten or a dozen&quot;'') and collective (''&quot;all&quot;''). The general form of the noun is the form used when citing the noun in general contexts. as in the English equivalents ''The '''lion''' is a member of the cat family''. The number suffixes differ depending on whether the suffix is the last suffix on the noun, or is followed by a suffix beginning with a consonant or a vowel.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Number affixes
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=4| Singulative ||colspan=4| Dual ||colspan=4| Paucal ||colspan=4| Plural ||colspan=4| Collective
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Finally || '''-na''' ||  || || || '''-r''' || || || || '''-há''' || || || || '''-t'''|| || || || '''-kà'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Before consonant || '''-na-'''|| || || || '''-u-'''|| || ||  || '''-h-''' || || || || '''-i-''' || || || || '''-kà-''' 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Before a vowel || '''-nan-'''||   || || || '''-v-''' || || || || '''-h-''' || || || || '''-j-''' || || || || '''-kàk-'''

|}

&lt;/div&gt;

===Deixis===
In English, the demonstratives &quot;this&quot;, &quot;these&quot;, &quot;that&quot; and &quot;those&quot; are used to point out objects located in space or time. In Velyan, the demonstratives occur as prefixes on the noun, and, in addition, there is a three-way distinction as opposed to the two-way distinction of English (similar to Spanish ''esto, eso, aquel'' or the archaic &quot;this, there, yon&quot;.

The suffixes are as follows:
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=50 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Demonstrative Suffixes
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
|-
|| || || Near || Medial || Far
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || '''-ŋi''' || '''-ti''' || '''-mi'''
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

These forms are clearly related to the possessive suffixes (below).

===Possession===
Nouns take suffixes to show possession.

==Verbs==
Verbs are divided into two groups: the transitive conjugation and the intransitive conjugation. Verbs in the intransitive conjugation inflect for person, class/gender and number of the patient; gender and number of the addressee; tense; aspect; voice; mood and verbal number. Verbs in the transitive conjugation also inflect for person, class/gender and number of the agent, indirect object and beneficiary. There are also evidential suffixes and non-finite forms, comprising infinitives, participles, and gerunds.

===Tense===
There are four tenses: present, past, remote past and future.

====Compound Tenses====
There are compound tenses formed from the past participles of verbs in all moods plus the appropriate tense of the verbs '''ralta''' (an old verb meaning ''&quot;to have&quot;'') for verbs of the transitive conjugation, or '''halka''' (the full form of the existential verb which now survives as a suffix on nouns) for verbs of the intransitive conjugation.

===Aspect===
There are seven aspects: aorist, imperfect, perfective, continuative, inchoative, habitative, and conclusive.

===Voice===
There are five voices: active, passive, antipassive, medial and reciprocal.

===Mood===
There are eight moods, comprising the indicative, the imperative, the hortative, the optative, the desiderative, the necessitative, the obligative, and the similitive,

===Infinitives===
There are infinitival (non-personal) forms for all tenses and aspects except the imperative.

===Numbers===
The numbers from 1 to 20 are:

'''hanki''' ''1'', '''rotpi''' ''2'', '''työtki''' ''3'', '''papsi''' ''4'', ''vuusi''' ''5''
'''kauvi''' ''6''
'''kirpi''' ''7''
'''lÿÿlli''' ''8''
'''saunni''' ''9''
'''muupi''' ''10''
'''hankimuupi''' ''11''
'''rotpimuupi''' ''12''
'''työtkimyypi''' ''13''
'''papsimuupi''' ''14''
'''vuusimuupi''' ''15''
'''kauvimuupi''' ''16''
'''kirpimuupi''' ''17''
'''lyyllimyypi''' ''18''
'''saunnimuupi''' ''19''
'''väppi''' ''20''

=Syntax=
See main article [[Velyan syntax]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Velyan</title>
    <id>4040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47357</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-18T16:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Velian]] to [[Talk:Velyan]] over redirect: Reintroducing palatalisation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Looks good.
You might want to join Muke Tever's Frathwiki Yahoo! egroup.

== Velar nasal &quot;eng&quot; ==

ŋ is an IPA symbol that does, in fact, exist here on Frathwiki.

== Certain hooked IPA symbols. ==

ɧɱŋɳɲ
are all there;
ɲ n with a left hook on the left leg, 
ɳ n with a right hook on the right leg,
ŋ n with a left hook on the right leg (a.k.a. eng).
Start editing your page and go down to &quot;special character insertion&quot; just below the new-text frame.
Look at the top &quot;IPA&quot; row, just to the right of its middle.
The symbol you've used ƞ is not in the top row; it's far to the right in the fourth &quot;Latin&quot; row.
But there's an &quot;eng&quot; in the Latin too: look in the third row just about a quarter to a third from the right.  You have both an uppercase Ŋ and a lowercase ŋ there.

== I made some minor edits ==

Maybe I shouldn't have, but, since you seemed to be having trouble, I have just now changed some of your n to eng and also changed some of your eta to eng.
It's easy to change back if you don't like it.
Maybe you don't want to change back but you still wish I hadn't done it.  If that's so, tell me; and also, I apologize.
I hope I did it right.

== Some questions ==

Why are some of the consonants listed with parenetheses?  Does that indicate allophones, or what?  Also, what precisely is the distinction between &quot;human&quot; and &quot;professional&quot; in the noun class section?  And, are these noun classes a gender system? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 16:04, 7 October 2007 (PDT)

== The suffix shows person/number/gender of the possessor of the suffixed noun. ==

Although any reader would eventually figure it out, it's probably worth mentioning explicitly that the suffix shows person/number/gender of the ''possessor'' of the suffixed noun; not of the noun itself.  The noun is suffixed ''provided'' it is possessed.

Have you considered having the suffix (optionally) also show the ''case'' of the possessor?

Good stuff so far!

[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:20, 16 May 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nrastaist Calendar</title>
    <id>4041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53074</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T12:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Secondary Cycles */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Nrastaist Calendar''' is a lunisolar calendar used by the Kasshi since [[Chinrasta]]'s time.  The calendar was established by [[Chinrasta]], who based it upon several earlier calendars.  It has been slightly revised from time to time since then.

== Days ==
Each day is considered to begin 15 [[Odiran Standard Units#Time|daymins]] (6 hours) after mean midnight, that is, the average time of sunrise.

=== Day Count ===
The calendar is based, ultimately, on a continuous count of days which began on the first day of the first year of the calendar's usage.

=== Divisions of the Ecliptic ===
The [[Wikipedia:ecliptic|ecliptic]] is divided into 288 ''segments'' of equal size.  The calendar is based on the calculated movement of [[Chihazh]] and [[Moons of Galhaf|Sasah]]'s calculated movement along the ecliptic.

Each day is associated with one ''solar segment'' and one ''lunar segment'', named after the segment occupied (according to calculation) by Chihazh and Sasash at the beginning of the calendrical day.

== Months ==
The calendar has 12 '''ordinary months'''.  Most years contain all 12 of the ordinary months (though some have only 11), and 1-3 '''extra months''' (years with 3 extra months always skip one of the ordinary months).  More on the distinction below.  Each month contains either 18 or 19 days.  The pattern of short and long months varies from year to year.  Most of the months contain 18 days.

=== Half-Months ===
Each month is divided into 2 ''halves'' of (generally) equal length, each of which are divided into 2 ''quarters'' of uneven length.  In 19-day months, the extra day is not counted as being part of any quarter or half, and is considered very unlucky.  It occurs either between the first and second halves or at the end of the second half.  The first and third quarters are 6 days each, while the second and fourth are three days each.  Each day of the quarters have certain functions
*First and Third Quarters
**1st day (1st and 10th of the month): Markets held
**2nd day (2nd and 11th of the month): Fasting; funeral services are held on these days
**3rd day (3rd and 12th of the month): Council of Elders meet, courts held
**4th day (4th and 13th of the month): Council of Elders meet, courts held
**5th day (5th and 14th of the month): Feasting; weddings are held on these days
**6th day (6th and 15th of the month): Unlucky; nothing important should be started on these days, sexual abstinence required; any child born on this day is considered cursed
*Second and Fourth Quarters
**1st day (7th and 16th of the month): Markets held
**2nd day (8th and 17th of the month): Religious rituals performed
**3rd day (9th and 18th of the month): Unlucky; nothing important should be started on these days, sexual abstinence required; any child born on this day is considered cursed

In addition, the entire fourth quarter is considered somewhat unlucky.  The 19th day of the month, in those months with 19 days, is considered extremely unlucky and a day for abstaining from most activities, and for fasting.

The quarters developed as a result of the [[Moons of Galhaf|moons]] sharing a single orbit, with Lhasta being 60 degrees ahead of Sasash.  The first quarter was the period during which both moons were waxing, the 2nd quarter was the period during which Lhasta was waning while Sasah was still waxing, the 3rd quarter was the period during which both moons were waning, while the 4th quarter was the period during which Lhasta was waxing and Sasash waning.

In the [[Kasshi Solar Calendar|modern solar calendar]], this has evolved into a 9-day week, without the interruptions (and thus no longer in sync with the moons).

=== Days of the Month ===
Month lengths are determined independently of the year.  Sasash is considered to spend 3 daymins, 31 daysecs, 25½ daytrices in each segment. Each day is given a date according to the difference between the lunar and solar segments.  If they are in the same segment, or separated by 1-15 segments, it is day 1 of the first half, 16-31 segments, day 2, and so on, 16 segments to each day.  If the same date is assigned to sequential days, the second is labeled &quot;repeat&quot;.  On occasion, a date may also be skipped.  Sasash travels 17 segments in most days, with the occasional day traveling 18 segments.  Chihazh travels 1 or 2 segments per day.  Thus, the distance may increase anywhere from 15-17 segments.  If, for example, the distance was 16 segments in one day, and the next it was 31,  both dates would be counted as day 2 of the month.  Conversely, if the distance was 15 in one day, and the next 32, then the first would be day 1 and the second day 3.

There is a special rule that every month *must* have one, and only one, each of day 1 and day 10.  If the normal rules would cause either of those days to be repeated, the second is counted as the following day (day 2 or day 11) and what would've been the regular day 2 or day 11 is counted as a repeat.  Likewise, if the normal rules would cause either of those days to be skipped, the day that would've been day 2 or day 11 is instead counted as day 1 or day 10, with day 2/day 11 being skipped instead.

== Solar Periods ==
The solar year is divided into 12 &quot;solar periods&quot; of 24 segments each, which represent the time it takes Chihazh to move across &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; of the ecliptic.  Due to the mild eccentricity of Galhaf's orbit, these periods vary from just under 18 days to a little over 23 days.  A lunar month is named according to the solar period the Sun is in on the first day of the month.  If a month begins in the same period as the previous month, it is an &quot;extra&quot; month.  The extra month is named with a suffixed ''wābi'' (second).  A little under half of all years will contain 14 months.

Very rarely, a month may begin two solar periods after the previous month (that is, the previous month began near the very end of one solar period, and contained the entirety of the next period).  In this case, the month containing the entire solar period is named after both the period it begins in and the period it contains, for example, Wamūtra-Wakommū.

In Chinrasta's time, there were only 36 segments, which were based on the then-known lengths of the solar periods (but it was assumed that each segment of a period was equal in length; the solar periods were divided into thirds as 36 was the lowest common multiple of the 12 periods and the 18 days of a typical month).  As more precise measurements became available, the segments were initially divided into two each, for a total of 72, and each of those were subsequently divided into fourths, creating the present 288 total segments, increasing the precision of the calendar, and ensuring that Chihazh always moves at least one segment from one day to the next.

Today, walītra (Early Spring) begins in segment 194 and ends in segment 217.  The calendar incorporates precession by shifting each solar period 1 segment back every 75 years (specifically, in multiples of 75 in the [[Galhafan Chronology|Calendrical Era]]; the most recent such adjustment being in 3975 CE = 837 OE).  Precession was unknown when the calendar was first established, which caused the segments to gradually become inaccurate.  This is part of the reason for the division of the original 36 segments into 288.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|rowspan=2|'''Name'''
|rowspan=2|'''Translation'''
|rowspan=2|'''Start of Solar Period'''&lt;br&gt;(relative to winter solstice)
|rowspan=2|'''Start of Solar Period'''&lt;br&gt;(Segment; modern times)
|colspan=2|'''Length of Solar Period'''&lt;br&gt;(Classical Era)
|colspan=3|'''Length of Solar Period'''&lt;br&gt;(Modern)
|rowspan=2|'''Name of Season'''
|-
|Days
|Daymins
|Days
|Daymins
|Daysecs
|-
|Walītra
|Early Spring
|45º
|194
|'''18'''
|27
|'''20'''
|55
|47
|rowspan=3|Walīja (Spring)
|-
|Wakunrī
|Mid-Spring
|75º
|218
|'''17'''
|56
|'''19'''
|34
|19
|-
|Walenkalel
|Late Spring
|105°
|242
|'''18'''
|0
|'''18'''
|31
|11
|-
|Wamūtra
|Early Summer
|135º
|268
|'''18'''
|38
|'''17'''
|57
|43
|rowspan=3|Wamūja (Summer)
|-
|Wakommū
|Mid-Summer
|165°
|2
|'''19'''
|44
|'''17'''
|58
|27
|-
|Wamūnalel
|Late Summer
|195º
|26
|'''21'''
|6
|'''18'''
|33
|16
|-
|Watreshtra
|Early Autumn
|225º
|50
|'''22'''
|23
|'''19'''
|37
|28
|rowspan=3|Watrezzha (Autumn)
|-
|Wakontresh
|Mid Autumn
|255°
|74
|'''23'''
|8
|'''20'''
|59
|18
|-
|Watreshnalel
|Late Autumn
|285º
|98
|'''23'''
|3
|'''22'''
|17
|52
|-
|Wadreftra
|Early Winter
|315º
|122
|'''22'''
|9
|'''23'''
|6
|30
|rowspan=3|Wadrevja (Winter)
|-
|Wakondref
|Mid Winter
|345°
|146
|'''20'''
|49
|'''23'''
|5
|23
|-
|Wadrefnalel
|Late Winter
|15º
|170
|'''19'''
|28
|'''22'''
|15
|0
|}

== Post-Chinrastan Developements ==
Chinrasta understood that the figures she had for the solar periods were of relatively low precision, and had [[Imperial Observatory|an observatory]] built in [[Ivets|Ibettu]] (modern-day Ivets) for the purpose of gathering more precise data.  It didn't take long for the calendar to drift out of sync.  For some time, the error was dealt with simply by dropping days on an ad hoc basis.  Finally, in the year 603 of the Calendrical Era (423 Imperial Era, 2536 BOE), a reformed calendar was introduced that, for the first time, measured Chihazh's time in the then-36 segments out to a precision of 10 daysecs.

Precession was discovered during the [[First Interregnum]].  The first known reference to that phenomenon is in 1507 BOE (1632 CE), by which point precession had moved the solstices about 27 degrees relative to the zodiac, almost one full solar period.

During the Interregnum, there were a number of minor variations of the calendar, based on different estimates of the solar periods, as well as being based on different locations (the original calendar used the meridian of Ivets).  Precession was a particularly thorny issue, requiring changes to the solar periods beyond merely greater precision.

In 407 BOE, shortly after the establishment of the Third Empire, a Great Reform took place.  Each segment had already been halved, creating a total of 72 segments (with Chihazh spending from just under 3 to just under 4 days in each), and were now divided into quarters, creating the present 288-segment calendar, and each segment calculated out to the daysec (thanks to the discovery of the Laws of Orbital Motion [equivalent to our Kepler's Laws], given knowledge of the total orbital period and the eccentricity of the orbit, the segments could be calculated rather than requiring direct measuremnt).  Precession was accounted for by a rule that shifted each solar period backwards by one segment per 75 years (which gives a precessional period of 21,600 years - very close to the actual figure of 21,547 years)

== Year Cycles ==
Traditionally, years were named in relation to three interlocking cycles, a 60-year cycle (itself built up on a 12-year and a 5-year cycle), a 7-year cycle, and a 9-year cycle.  These cycles long predated the Nrastaist Calendar.  These cycles repeat themselves every 1,260 years.  The last time all the cycles were at their start was in the year 342 OE.  These once-every-1,260-year alignments are a time of great celebration, as are years that have the same name as years of historic significance (for example, for Nrastaists, the year Red Increasing Fire Young Adult Ofsandakh, which was the name of the year of the Revelation, is extremely important; this last occurred in 809 BOE, and will next occur in 1352 OE)

=== Sexagesimal ===
The 60-year cycle was built from two lesser cycles, a 5-year cycle of colors (red, yellow, blue, white, black) and a 12-year cycle built from the 6 traditional elements (Fire, Ice, Wind, Rock, Life, Death), each of which covered two years, the first labeled &quot;Increasing&quot; and the second labeled &quot;Decreasing&quot;.  This is believed to have been the oldest of the cycles.

=== Septimal ===
The 7-year cycle was based on the traditional phases of life - Infant, Young Child, Child, Adolescent, Young Adult, Adult, Elder

=== Nonal ===
The 9-year cycle used the names of the primary celestial objects: [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]], [[Tusatrakh]], [[Ofsandakh]], [[Moons of Galhaf|Sasah]], Lhásta, [[Ospendakh]], [[Zheftakh]], [[Ozatraftakh]], Chimíve

=== Secondary Cycles ===
The combination of the elements and the nonal cycle make up a 36-year cycle.  Each element can only be paired with one of three celestial bodies and each celestial body can only be paired with four elements.  This 36-year cycle is sometimes used to divide a person's life into 36-year phases, each of which begin when the element-planet combination of their birth year reoccurs.  Even now, ones 36th, 72nd, 108th, and (for those lucky enough to live that long) 144th birthdays are considered noteworthy.

The combination of the sexagesimal and nonal cycles create a 180-year cycle.  Years are often given by that cycle with, in historical contexts, a term such as an Imperial rule given to specify (for example, &quot;Yellow Decreasing Fire Lhásta of [[Chalanya]]'s Reign&quot; for the year 1 IE.

The 9- and 7-year cycles are sometimes considered by themselves for a 63-year cycle, which is very important in [[Kasshi Astrology|astrology]].

The year 1 CE was Yellow Decreasing Fire Young Child Lhásta, while the year 1 YF was Red Increasing Fire Young Adult Ofsandakh.  The year 846 OE is Black Increasing Fire Infant Chihazh (which last occurred in the year 415 BOE)

== See Also ==
*[[Kasshi Solar Calendar]] the modern solar calendar, based upon this one
*[[Kasshi Astrological Calendar]]

[[Category:Galhafan Calendars]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Calendar, nrastaist]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alpine languages</title>
    <id>4042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57795</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-19T21:27:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Palaeo-Alpine languages in the LLL */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Alps mountain range is occupied by languages of three Indo-European groups:

* West Germanic
:* Alemannic
:* Bavarian
* Romance
:* French
:* Occitan
:* Italian
:* Rhaeto-Romance
::* Grisons
::* Dolomites Ladin
::* Friulian
* South Slavic
:* Slovenian

Extinct languages of the Alps include the Celtic languages Gaulish and Lepontic and the non-Indo-European language Rhaetian, which is probably related to Etruscan.

In the [[League of Lost Languages]], the Alps, similar to the Caucasus, are home to several ('''fictional''') non-Indo-European languages in addition to the languages listed above.  (The idea behind this is that the Alps, being similar in size and landscape to the Caucasus, could harbour a similar wealth of languages.)  These languages are grouped together als   '''Alpine languages''' or '''Palaeo-Alpine languages'''.  Like the Caucasian languages, they do not form a single family.

==Palaeo-Alpine languages in the LLL==

* [[Alpic]]
* [[Noric]]

[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palaeo-Alpine languages</title>
    <id>4043</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22921</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-07T19:22:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Alpine languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Alpine languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleo-Alpine languages</title>
    <id>4044</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>22922</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-07T19:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Alpine languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Alpine languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt u small.PNG</title>
    <id>4045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22974</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:17:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Alt. U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-b.PNG</title>
    <id>4046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22972</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:14:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script B</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script B</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-p.PNG</title>
    <id>4047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22973</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:16:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script P</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script P</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-d.PNG</title>
    <id>4048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22978</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:36:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script D</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script D</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-t.PNG</title>
    <id>4049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22979</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script T</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script T</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-g.PNG</title>
    <id>4050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22980</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script G</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script G</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-k.PNG</title>
    <id>4051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22981</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script K</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script K</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-j.PNG</title>
    <id>4052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22982</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script J</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script J</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-ch.PNG</title>
    <id>4053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22983</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:37:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script CH</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script CH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-glottal.PNG</title>
    <id>4054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22985</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Glottal Stop</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Glottal Stop</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:Eiuie-l.PNG</title>
    <id>4055</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:40:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script L</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script L</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-n.PNG</title>
    <id>4056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22987</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:40:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script N</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script N</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-ng.PNG</title>
    <id>4057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22988</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script NG</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script NG</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-m.PNG</title>
    <id>4058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22989</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:41:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script M</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script M</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-r.PNG</title>
    <id>4059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22990</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script R</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script R</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-h.PNG</title>
    <id>4060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22991</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script H Fricative</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script H Fricative</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-zh.PNG</title>
    <id>4061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22993</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script ZH</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script ZH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-sh.PNG</title>
    <id>4062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22994</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script SH</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script SH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-v.PNG</title>
    <id>4063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22995</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script V</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script V</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-f.PNG</title>
    <id>4064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22996</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script F</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script F</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-z.PNG</title>
    <id>4065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22997</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:46:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Z</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Z</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-s.PNG</title>
    <id>4066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22998</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:46:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script S</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script S</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-dh.PNG</title>
    <id>4067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22999</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script DH</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script DH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-th.PNG</title>
    <id>4068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23000</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:47:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script TH</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script TH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-accent a.PNG</title>
    <id>4069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23002</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Accented A</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Accented A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-a.PNG</title>
    <id>4070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23003</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:49:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script A</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-e.PNG</title>
    <id>4071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23004</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script E</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script E</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-i.PNG</title>
    <id>4072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23005</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:50:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script I</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-accent i.PNG</title>
    <id>4073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23006</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Accented I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Accented I</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-o.PNG</title>
    <id>4074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23007</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script O</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script O</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-accent u.PNG</title>
    <id>4075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23008</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Accented U</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Accented U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-neutral vowel.PNG</title>
    <id>4076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23010</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:51:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script Neutral Vowel</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script Neutral Vowel</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-u.PNG</title>
    <id>4077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23011</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T12:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script U</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christianity (Finla AU)</title>
    <id>4078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23385</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T21:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Churches */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Christianity is the dominant religion in the AU.

All Christian demoninations form part of ''The Church Catholic'', and are split into regions (''Churches'') where each is predominant. Each Church has its own ''Papal Seat'' and liturgical language, the practical importances of which varies from Church to Church.

=The Churches=

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Church Name'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Papal Seat'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Liturgical Language(s)'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Other Common Languages'''
|align = &quot;left&quot;|'''Other Local Religions'''

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Northern
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Gothenburg
|align = &quot;left&quot;|[[Latinn Nordr (Finla AU)|Norse Latin]]
|align = &quot;left&quot;|[[Rygsnors]], [[Fínlǣsk]], Hibernic, etc.
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Various forms of Heathenism

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Western
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Rome
|align = &quot;left&quot;|[[Wikipedia:Classical Latin|Latin]], [[Hibernic]]
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Various [[Wikipedia:Romance Language|Vulgates]], Various Germanic, Other
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Eastern
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Istanbul
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Byzantine, Church Slavonic
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Attic, Rus, Various Slavic, Others
|align = &quot;left&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Asian
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Jerusalem
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Byzantine, Hebrew, Sanskrit, [[Helleno-Sanskrit (Finla AU)|Helleno-Sanskrit]]
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Latin, Persian, Various Turkic, Slavic and Prakrit, Other
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Hinduism, Buddhism, Other

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Oriental
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Bagan
|align = &quot;left&quot;|[[Church Mon (Finla AU)|Church Mon]]
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Sanskrit, Tocharian, Various Others
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Buddhism, Various forms of Heathenism

|-
|align = &quot;left&quot;|African
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Cairo
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Coptic, Amharic, Attic, Latin
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Hebrew, Various Others
|align = &quot;left&quot;|Various forms of Heathenism

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie Alphabet.PNG</title>
    <id>4080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23056</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T20:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Script for the Eiuie language, as traditionally represented.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Script for the Eiuie language, as traditionally represented.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt accent a.PNG</title>
    <id>4081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23073</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate accented A</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate accented A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt a.PNG</title>
    <id>4082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23076</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate A</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt e.PNG</title>
    <id>4083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23077</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate E</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate E</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt i.PNG</title>
    <id>4084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23078</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate I</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt accent i.PNG</title>
    <id>4085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23079</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:13:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate accented I</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate accented I</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt o.PNG</title>
    <id>4086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23080</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate O</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate O</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt accent u.PNG</title>
    <id>4087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23081</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:13:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate accented U</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate accented U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt neutral vowel.PNG</title>
    <id>4088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23082</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate neutral vowel</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate neutral vowel</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eiuie-alt u.PNG</title>
    <id>4089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23083</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-08T22:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Eiuie Script alternate U</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eiuie Script alternate U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sample Sentence.PNG</title>
    <id>4090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23105</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-09T09:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A sample sentence in Eiuie.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A sample sentence in Eiuie.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/sandbox2</title>
    <id>4091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29114</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T19:35:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;dpl&gt;
 title=List of conlangs
 include=#Conlangs on FrathWiki
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Þolb texts</title>
    <id>4093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23171</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-09T18:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">«»
==A baby was born talking: it described heaven==
==''Mok kweþ m kadr kwowelm: mok wirð brentkadr k klont.''==

*Husband 
*It'll be all right, honey.
*''Mok dimp k holthalb: «Pilk þwâlt kwodreþk, ponwipt þ þkwâm.»''

*Midwife 
*Push, dear, push!
*''Mok dimp k þprind: «W meþt klûtl, yilt þ þkwâm!»''

*Wife 
*Arghh!
*''Mok dimp k holtyar: «Heeeeeeeeet!»''

*Midwife 
*The baby is crowning, dear. It's nearly over. Push, dear, push!
*''Mok dimp k þprind: «Þkek kûlm mârð, yilt þ þkwâm. W meþt klûtl, yilt þ þkwâm!»''
Husband 
It'll be all right, honey.
Wife 
Arghh!!
Midwife 
The head is outside.
Baby 
Wow, I didn't think that I would see this place.
Midwife 
Arghh!!!
Wife 
Huh?
Midwife 
Um, push, dear, push!
Husband 
It'll be all right, honey.
Baby 
Someone should put some clothes on me! All of us had fine robes in the past.
Wife 
Who is talking?
Baby 
Hi, mother, I'm your son. I didn't like the name &quot;Connor&quot;. Please do not name me that. It was too trendy.
Wife 
This is some kind of trick. Male how does this?
Midwife 
Now I am after cutting the umbilical cord.
Baby 
I knew an angel with the name &quot;Peter&quot;. That's a good name. Name me &quot;Peter&quot;.
Wife 
Aaaaaah!
Baby 
I am thirsty, but I will not - no, no, no - drink at the breast.
Midwife 
Stay still, um, Peter.
Baby 
Nine months ago I drank wine.
Wife 
Aaaaaah!
Baby 
Aaaaaah!
Husband 
It'll be all right, honey.
The headline of an important newspaper the next day writes, &quot;A baby was born talking: it described heaven.&quot;

==''Mok kweþ m kadr kwowelm: mok wirð brentkadr k klont.''==
Mok dimp k holthalb: «Pilk þwâlt kwodreþk, ponwipt þ þkwâm.»&lt;br&gt;
Mok dimp k þprind: «W meþt klûtl, yilt þ þkwâm!»''&lt;br&gt;
Mok dimp k holtyar: «Heeeeeeeeet!»&lt;br&gt;
Mok dimp k þprind: «Þkek kûlm mârð, yilt þ þkwâm. W meþt klûtl, yilt þ þkwâm!»&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/templates</title>
    <id>4094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23176</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-10T06:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: &lt;dpl&gt;   createdby= Melroch   namespace=Template &lt;/dpl&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;dpl&gt;
  createdby= Melroch
  namespace=Template
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Þolb phrase book</title>
    <id>4095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23194</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-11T23:14:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JonMoore</username>
        <id>90</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">a â b d ð e g h k l m n ng o p r t þ u û w y


{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!English!!Tholb
|-
|'''Hello'''||Murþt m kolon (literally: Prosperous day)
|-
|'''Goodbye'''||Glimârð r târnd (literally: Until again-see)
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiró</title>
    <id>4096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23202</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T02:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Planet|
|name=Tiró
|image=(No image available)
|distance=0.7834 AU
|year_local=230.0 Tiró days
|year_earthdays=253.263815 earth days
|siderealday=26.4699585 hours
|solarday=26.3553699 hours
|diameter_metric=12794 km
|diameter_usa=7949.8 mi
|area_metric=514,236,105 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|area_usa=198,546,520 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|tilt=27.202355 degrees
|mass_metric=5840.6 Yg
|mass_earths=0.977729175 earths
|gravity=9.52556983 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|moons=2 ([[Cetí]] and [[Aarð]])}}
'''Tiró''' is part of a conworld created by [[User:Navidel|Navidel]]. It is the smaller member of a double planetary system, and, together with [[Aarð]], forms part of the second planet from its parent star. Tiró is a name given to the planet by the [[Aasti tribes|Aasti people]] of Aarð, and is not an autonym. The planet has a mass of 5840.6 Yg. Its small moon, [[Cetí]], actually orbits the barycenter of Tiró and Aarð.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saiïc</title>
    <id>4098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23231</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T22:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Saiïc''' is an island located off the east coast of [[Þeal]] in [[Aarð]]. Saiïc is home to its own unique culture, the [[Saiïcé]], from whose language the name comes. It is usually written as ''Saiyic'' in the Ðanmarc alphabet.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chief Trader of Shivrashan</title>
    <id>4099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40120</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T08:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Chief Trader''' is the elected head of the city-state of [[Shivrashan]].  The Chief Trader is elected by the [[Council of Traders and Merchants]], nominally for life (although in modern times, most Chief Traders step down after 20-30 [[Galhafan year|years]]).  As the title implies, the office was originally restricted to the traders of the city.

The office tended to be monopolized by several powerful families, with numerous short parent-child dynasties.

The position originated as an advisory role to the Lady Mayor of Shivrashan during the early [[Fourth Kasshi Empire]].  The position of Lady Mayor survived until the [[Shivrashan Crisis]], although by that point it had become a purely ceremonial position.  It was formally discontinued after the last Lady Mayor died in 17 [[Galhafan Chronology|ShE]].

[[Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan</title>
    <id>4100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23301</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-14T18:34:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Rulers]]
[[Category:Shivrashan]]
[[Category:Shivrashanian Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kotar Trovakkakan</title>
    <id>4101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33221</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T07:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kotar Trovakkakan''' (49 BShE - 34 ShE) was the first Viceroy of the [[Trans-Fantasta|Republic of the Trans-Fantasta]].

She was elected as [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]] at the age of 36 [26 Earth years] to succeed her father [[Litsat Vitratskan]].

== Family ==
Kotar had three husbands and one co-wife.  She gave birth to two daughters and three sons.
*son [[Litsat Kotarkan]] (9 BShE - 58 ShE)
*son [[Mindak Kotarkan]] (5 BShE - 63 ShE)
*daughter [[Toran Kotarkan]] (3 BShE - 91 ShE)
*son [[Naldrak Kotarkan]] (1 ShE - 138 ShE)
*daughter [[Chardang Kotarkan]] (1 ShE - 143 ShE)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Litsat Vitratskan]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Chief Trader of Shivrashan'''&lt;br&gt;13 BShE - 34 ShE
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Litsat Kotarkan]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;''New Title''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Viceroy of the Trans-Fantasta'''&lt;br&gt;1 - 34 ShE
|}

[[Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saiïcé</title>
    <id>4102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23239</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T23:30:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Saiïcé culture''' is the predominant culture on the island of [[Saiïc]] in [[Aarð]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Aarð2.PNG</title>
    <id>4103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23241</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-12T23:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Added names of landmasses to [[:Image:Aarð.png]] and widened right edge.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Aarð</title>
    <id>4104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33044</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T06:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Litsat Kotarkan</title>
    <id>4107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40121</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T08:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Litsat Kotarkan''' (9 BShE - 58 ShE) was the second Viceroy of the [[Trans-Fantasta|Republic of the Trans-Fantasta]].  Litsat was the 2nd son of [[Kotar Trovakkakan]] and was elected Chief Trader following his mother's death in 34 ShE.  He consolidated Shivrashanian control over the Trans-Fantasta, making the Trans-Fantasta into a centralized political entity, and effectively eliminated [[Ivets]]' control.  He died under mysterious circumstances in 58 ShE, and was succeeded by his younger brother [[Mindak Kotarkan]].  It is generally believed that he was poisoned.  He had one daughter and two sons, the eldest 23 [[Galhafan year|years]] old [16 Earth years].  His will had directed that his eldest, Yukan Orontakan, should succeed him, but his brother was able to get the [[Council of Traders and Merchants]] to favor himself over his niece, whom he subsequently forced to marry him.

== Family ==
Litsat had two wives, Oronta Misharkan and Zhinal Tovakan.
*Children by Oronta
**daughter [[Yukan Orontakan]] (35 - 146)
**son [[Litsat Orontakan]] (42 - 158)
*Children by Zhinal
**son [[Litsat Zhinalkan]] (38 - 118)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Kotar Trovakkakan]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Chief Trader of Shivrashan'''&lt;br&gt;34 - 58 ShE
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Mindak Kotarkan]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Viceroy of the Trans-Fantasta'''&lt;br&gt;34 - 58 ShE
|}

[[Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mindak Kotarkan</title>
    <id>4108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33224</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T07:38:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Family */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mindak Kotarkan''' (5 BShE - 63 ShE) was [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]] of [[Shivrashan]] and Viceroy of the [[Trans-Fantasta]] between 58 and 63 ShE.  He succeeded to the position after the death (and probably poisoning) of his elder brother [[Litsat Kotarkan]].  In 60 ShE he forced his niece, [[Yukan Orontakan]], the eldest child of Litsat Kotarkan, to marry him, in order to consolidate his authority.  In 63 ShE, after just five years of rule, he died, quite possibly another assassination, and was succeeded by his wife/niece.

== Family ==
Mindak had one child by his niece/wife
*[[Mokar Yukankan]] (63 - 145)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Litsat Kotarkan]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Chief Trader of Shivrashan'''&lt;br&gt;58 - 63 ShE
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Yukan Orontakan]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Viceroy of the Trans-Fantasta'''&lt;br&gt;58 - 63 ShE
|}

[[Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yukan Orontakan</title>
    <id>4109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40122</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T08:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Yukan Orontakan''' (35 - 146 [[Galhafan Chronology|ShE]]) was the last Viceroy of the [[Trans-Fantasta]] and first Empress of the Trans-Fantasta.

Yukan was the eldest daughter of [[Litsat Kotarkan]].  Upon his untimely death in 58 ShE (believed to have been a poisoning), her uncle, [[Mindak Kotarkan]], forced the [[Council of Traders and Merchants]] to elect him instead of her as [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]].  Two years later, he forced her to marry him to consolidate his claim on the semi-hereditary office.  In 63 ShE, while Yukan was pregnant with his first (and only) child, he died, also probably a poisoning.  She was elected to succeed him.

She proved to be one of the greatest Chief Traders in [[Shivrashan]]'s history.  In 74, she married [[Nandali Nyarakan]], son of [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]] [[Chara]] of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  She continued her predecessors' work consolidating control over the northern Provinces and extended the boundaries further.

In 95, she married her daughter Mokar off to King [[Ntakw of Kalpan|Ntakw]] of [[Kalpan]], bestowing direct control of the Kalpanian Provinces to the King in exchange for his fealty.  This set off the Kalpanian Crisis, which led to the short [[Second Kalpanian War]] (96-98), resulting in the full independance of Shivrashan from the Kasshi Empire, and the establishment of the [[Trans-Fantasta#The Empire of the Trans-Fantasta|Empire of the Trans-Fantasta]].  In 99 she became a grandmother with the birth of Mokar's first child, a son named [[Mpara Mokarkan]], heir to the throne of Kalpan.

In 101, she led an invasion of [[Blafu]]-controled [[East Kalpan]], beginning the [[Third Kalpanian War]] (101-135), which eventually ended in Blafu being driven from Kalpan, and all of Kalpan becoming a part of the Trans-Fantasta Empire.

By the time of her death, in 146 ShE, the Trans-Fantasta Empire had achieved something close to its maximum territorial extent, and the title of Chief Trader came to be used less often than that of Empress.  The Shivrashanian Chief Traders came to assume an increasing degree of royal prestige.

== Family ==
*By [[Mindak Kotarkan]]
**daughter [[Mokar Yukankan]] (63 - 145)
*By [[Nandali Nyarakan]]
**daughter [[Chandali Yukankan]] (78 - 173)
**daughter [[Nutsa Yukankan]] (86 - 166)
*Uncertain Paternity
**son [[Narik Yukankan]] (90 - 185)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Mindak Kotarkan]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; colspan=2|'''Chief Trader of Shivrashan'''&lt;br&gt;63 - 146 ShE
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chandali Yukankan]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;20%&quot;|'''Viceroy of the Trans-Fantasta'''&lt;br&gt;63 - 98 ShE
|width=&quot;20%&quot;|'''Empress of the Trans-Fantasta'''&lt;br&gt;98 - 146 ShE
|}

[[Category:Chief Traders of Shivrashan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andersonic alphabet</title>
    <id>4110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27869</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-01T19:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt;&lt; [[Piscean Lexicon]]&lt;/small&gt;

[[Image:Communistleader2.jpg|thumb|S.C. Anderson, Editor of the Piscean Lexicon, Representative of the New Piscean Workers' Nation]]

The Andersonic alphabet (Piscean: Alefbef andersonum) was conventionally - but no longer - used to write the [[Piscean language]]. It was devised in June 2007 by S.C. Anderson, editor of the Piscean Lexicon. Though designed to match the Phoenician alphabet - via which many modern-day alphabets arrived - as closely as possible, the Andersonic letters are, visually, heavily influenced by those from Latin, Greek and Cyrillic.

In a recent conference, Anderson 'called out' to all peoples of the world in a bid to promote his alphabet. He stated, 'I believe that the Andersonic system is the most accurate alphabet in implementation today. So many corruptions of glyphs have occurred in the transition from Phoenician to the majority of our modern-day alphabets. Created through scrutiny of that Phoenician alphabet, the Andersonic alphabet is true to the pure letter-forms. It can be easily adapted to by users of Latin, Cyrillic and Greek alphabets; therefore, I encourage you all to &quot;Andersonise&quot; your languages today. Creators of conlangs, unite and use the Andersonic alphabet!'

==Letter-forms==
The letters of the Andersonic alphabet are shown below alongside their Latin equivalents, name and IPA pronunciation.

[[Image:Alefbef 1.jpg]]
[[Image:Alefbef 2.jpg]]
[[Image:Alefbef 3.jpg]]

To install the font file, click on the following link, download the TTF and drag it into the Windows Fonts folder. It is provided with the intention of being used for other people's conlangs: [[Media:Font1.ttf|Download the Andersonic alphabet font]]

==Evolution==

Most Andersonic letters are based on those of Phoenician, but produced by altering 'models' from other alphabets.

{|border=1
! Phoenician letter on which Andersonic letter is based
! Andersonic letter
! Latin, Greek or Cyrillic letter used as model
! Corresponding Latin letter
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_aleph.png]]
| [[Image:Alef.png]]
| A
| A
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_beth.png]]
| [[Image:Bef.png]]
| Б
| B
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_kaph.png]]
| [[Image:Kaf.png]]
| K
| C, K
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_daleth.png]]
| [[Image:Dalef.png]]
| D
| D
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_he.png]]
| [[Image:He1.png]]
| E
| E
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_gimel.png]]
| [[Image:Gimmel.png]]
| Γ
| G
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_heth.png]]
| [[Image:Hef.png]]
| H
| H
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_yodh.png]]
| [[Image:Yod.png]]
| F
| J
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_lamedh.png]]
| [[Image:Lamed.png]]
| L
| L
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_mem.png]]
| [[Image:Mem.png]]
| M
| M
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_nun.png]]
| [[Image:Nun.png]]
| И
| N
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_ayin.png]]
| [[Image:Oyin.png]]
| O
| O
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_pe.png]]
| [[Image:Pe1.png]]
| J
| P
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_res.png]]
| [[Image:Resh.png]]
| P
| R
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_sin.png]]
| [[Image:Sin.png]]
| W
| S
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_taw.png]]
| [[Image:Taw.png]]
| X
| T
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_waw.png]]
| [[Image:Uwaw.png]]
| Y
| U
|-
| [[Image:35px-Phoenician_zayin.png]]
| [[Image:Zayin.png]]
| I
| Z
|}

The remaining six letters of the Andersonic alphabet are not influenced by Phoenician directly and have been imported directly from Latin, Greek or Cyrillic:

{|border=1
! Original letter
! Source
! Andersonic letter
! Corresponding Latin letter
|-
| Θ
| Greek
| [[Image:Fetef.png]]
| F
|-
| η
| Greek
| [[Image:Heeta.png]]
| I
|-
| Q
| Latin
| [[Image:Coof.png]]
| Q
|-
| В
| Cyrillic
| [[Image:Ve1.png]]
| V
|-
| V
| Latin
| [[Image:We1.png]]
| W
|-
| Ξ
| Greek
| [[Image:Samex.png]]
| X
|}

==Special characters==
===Comma, apostrophe and pilcrow===
The Andersonic comma is based on a prime (Unicode U+2032) that is rotated 180º from a central point and lowered to the usual position of a letter's base (unlike the comma of the Latin alphabet, no part of the Andersonic comma protrudes below this baseline). 

[[Image:Andersoncomma.png]]

[[Image:Commaexample.png|thumb|Placement of an Andersonic comma]]
 
In correct usage, the comma is followed by a single space - unless in quotations - but followed by an en-width space before text continues.

In addition to using the comma to separate clauses (e.g. I went to Germany '''(independent clause)''','''(comma)''' but ''(conjunction)'' Bill went to Japan ''(independent clause)''), as in English, S.C. Anderson encourages people to use them also before noun clauses that begin with 'that', 'what', 'where', 'when', etc (e.g. Let me know what you plan to do'''//'''when you get to London.).

[[Image:Decimalseparator.png]] [[Image:Numberexample.png]]

The Andersonic comma plays an important numerical role as a decimal separator, where apostrophes (an exact replication of the prime) are used as thousands separators.

Used together, the comma and apostrophe are the main constituents of quotation marks. Quotations are introduced with a colon and en-space (if introduction is required), opened with a comma (no space) and closed with an apostrophe. If the quotation includes a full sentence, it is customary in Piscean to place the punctuation, such as commas and full stops, within the quote marks.

[[Image:Andersonicspeech.png]]

If speech is interrupted, the first section of speech ends on a comma or semicolon, the quote marks are closed by an apostrophe, the interruption is added (after en-space) and the second section of speech is reintroduced using a colon:

[[Image:Andersonicspeech2.png]]

Should there be a quote within a quote, the same rules apply except for substituting pilcrow (Unicode U+00B6) for both the opening comma and the closing apostrophe.

[[Image:Andersonicspeech3.png]]

===Periods===

When talking about the Andersonic alphabet, the word 'period' is not equivalent to 'full stop'. It can refer to any of six types of punctuation with which to end a sentence: full stop, ellipsis, question mark, exclamation mark, interrobang or abstract mark.

{|border=1
! Andersonic period
! Name of character
! Purpose
! Example sentence
|-
| [[Image:fullstopperiod.png]]
| Full stop
| Ends sentence
| They were making cake.
|-
| [[Image:ellipsisperiod.png]]
| Ellipsis
| Implies incomplete idea or aposiopesis; ends sentence
| They were making cake, when a creature interrupted them ...
|-
| [[Image:questionperiod.png]]
| Question mark
| Indicates interrogative sentence; ends sentence
| What type of cake are you making?
|-
| [[Image:exclamationperiod.png]]
| Exclamation mark
| Indicates strong feeling or high volume; ends sentence
| Don't eat the cake!
|-
| [[Image:interrobangperiod.png]]
| Interrobang
| Indicates interrogative sentence; indicates strong feeling or high volume; ends sentence
| What on Earth is that cake supposed to be?!
|-
| [[Image:abstractperiod.png]]
| Abstract mark
| Indicates sentence should be understood at a second level (i.e. for irony, sarcasm or a rhetorical question: something that is not meant to be taken literally); ends sentence
| You can't have your cake and eat it.
|}

===Embarkments===
When writing in the Andersonic alphabet, S.C. Anderson encourages the use of 'embarkments' before sentences that end with emphatic periods, namely question marks, exclamation marks, interrobangs and abstract marks. The embarkments are inverts of their period equivalents, excluding the 'lower stop'.

{|border=1
! Embarkment
! Period with which it is used
|-
| [[Image:Questionembark.png]]
| [[Image:Questionperiod.png]]
|-
| [[Image:Exclamationembark.png]]
| [[Image:Exclamationperiod.png]]
|-
| [[Image:Interrobangembark.png]]
| [[Image:Interrobangperiod.png]]
|-
| [[Image:Abstractembark.png]]
| [[Image:Abstractperiod.png]]
|}

[[Image:Demopunctuation.png]]

===Colons and semicolons===
Colons and semicolons are written the same way in the Andersonic alphabet as in the Latin alphabet. Generally, colons are used only to introduce speech, while semicolons are the single way to connect two sentences without conjunction.

Colons and semicolons are not preceded by a space, but followed by an en-space.

[[Image:Democolon2.png]] [[Image:Democolon.png]]

Note that the encouraged (Piscean) format instructs the writer to always follow colons with a capital letter, but always to follow semicolons with a lower-case letter.

===Umlaut-A===
The only letter in the Andersonic alphabet designated an umlaut - or any kind of accent - is A. It is pronounced like the word 'air' and replaces the dipthong 'ea' in words of Old English origin and the letters 'ah' in words of German origin. For example, Old English 'dēad' ('dead') becomes Piscean 'däd' and German 'Bahn' ('rail') becomes Piscean 'Bän'.

[[Image:Andersonumlaut.png]]

For more information about transliterating umlauts in loanwords, see below.

==Transliteration==
The Andersonic alphabet uses transliteration to render the words of a language that normally uses another writing system for the comprehension of names of people, places and companies in Andersonic texts. All non-Andersonic letters are mapped directly to their Andersonic equivalents, although some arguably require transcription for the purpose of disambiguation. Without transcriptions, there is no way to distinguish between alternate letter pronunciations or to convey accents.

Confusion arises, in Piscean, in such instances as soft C's rendered as hard C's in the language because they are the only option. The name 'Charlotte' is seen by Piscean-speakers as 'Kharlotte'. As the Andersonic J is conventionally pronounced as English Y, the name 'Jessica' is seen as 'Yessica' and 'John' as 'Yohn'. It is generally accepted that skills must be learned to recognise the appearance of names and how that reflects their origins, thus how it is properly spoken.

When transliterating umlauts, circumflexes acute or grave accents, they must be dropped in favour of a following E. ë becomes ee, for example. Even the Andersonic umlaut-A is not used for transliteration, giving way instead to ae. Accents on consonants are ignored.

===In industries===
[[Image:Windowsvistapiscean.jpg|thumb|Names of well-known companies' products are transliterated]]
Names of foreign companies, as a rule of Piscean, remain the same as in their native languages (i.e. aren't translated), yet are transliterated into the Andersonic alphabet. In New Pisces, however, foreign companies are an infrequent sight. Its purist communist approach has led to it becoming virtually self-sufficient. The thumbnail to the right depicts the non-Piscean computer operating system that has been 'allowed' by the government and thrives in the country. S.C. Anderson commented, 'We can't make everything ourselves and Windows Vista(TM) is my favourite OS, as well as the entire country's favourite, so I made it the single official operating system.'

[[Image:translitorigin.jpg|thumb]]
[[Image:translitanderson.jpg|thumb]]
This rule also applies to the music industry, where names of bands, album titles and track titles are transliterated into the Andersonic alphabet, as shown in the thumbnails.

==Keyboard layout==
Keyboards in New Pisces are based on a PFGRCL layout, with the exclamation and question marks appearing beside each other, a Yen symbol added to the numerical row and many punctuation marks from the bottom row of letters replacing keys at the top row of letters. It is said to be the optimal keyboard layout for the Piscean language; containing all vowels in consecutive positions on the second row of letters, it apparently increases hand alternation. Punctuation on the PFGRCL keyboard is moved from the inaccessible bottom-right hand corner of the keyboard, serviced by the inherently weak pinky on the QWERTY keyboard, to the more open top-left corner where the Q, W and E keys are found. Question embarkments are entered with Alt+2; exclamation embarkments, with Alt+1; interrobang embarkments, with Alt+Shift+3; lower-case umlaut-A's, with Alt+A; upper-case umlaut-A's, with Ctrl+A. 

In order, the letters on the keyboard include:

P, F, G, R, C, L;

A, O, E, U, I, D, H, T, N, S;

J, X, B, M, W, V, Z, Q

[[Image:Keyboardlayout.jpg]]

==Native names of letters, punctuation marks and variations of the standard alphabet==
(Refer to 'letter-forms' for English pronunciation of letter names.) This is a list of the different languages that use the Andersonic alphabet, their Latinised native names of certain features and any variations from the standard (Piscean) Andersonic alphabet.

===In Piscean===
Alefbef andersonum
{|border=1
! Letter or punctuation mark
! Piscean name (Latinised)
|-
| [[Image:Alef.png]]
| Alef
|-
| [[Image:Bef.png]]
| Bef
|-
| [[Image:Kaf.png]]
| Caff
|-
| [[Image:Dalef.png]]
| Dalef
|-
| [[Image:He1.png]]
| Hee
|-
| [[Image:Fetef.png]]
| Fetef
|-
| [[Image:Gimmel.png]]
| Gimmel
|-
| [[Image:Hef.png]]
| Heff
|-
| [[Image:Heeta.png]]
| Hite
|-
| [[Image:Yod.png]]
| Jod
|-
| [[Image:Lamed.png]]
| Lammed
|-
| [[Image:Mem.png]]
| Memm
|-
| [[Image:Nun.png]]
| Nunn
|-
| [[Image:Oyin.png]]
| Ojin
|-
| [[Image:Pe1.png]]
| Pee
|-
| [[Image:Coof.png]]
| Cuf
|-
| [[Image:Resh.png]]
| Resch
|-
| [[Image:Sin.png]]
| Sinn
|-
| [[Image:Taw.png]]
| Täh
|-
| [[Image:Uwaw.png]]
| Uwäh
|-
| [[Image:Ve1.png]]
| Vee
|-
| [[Image:We1.png]]
| Wee
|-
| [[Image:Samex.png]]
| Sammex
|-
| [[Image:Zayin.png]]
| Zajinn
|-
| [[Image:Umlautalef.png]]
| Umlätalef
|-
| [[Image:Andersoncomma.png]]
| Comme
|-
| [[Image:Andersonapostrophe.png]]
| Apostrof
|-
| [[Image:Pilcrow.png]]
| Pilcräh
|-
| Period
| Period
|-
| [[Image:Fullstopperiod.png]]
| Punct
|-
| [[Image:Ellipsisperiod.png]]
| Treepunct
|-
| [[Image:Questionperiod.png]]
| Frignenpunct
|-
| [[Image:Exclamationperiod.png]]
| Cirmenpunct
|-
| [[Image:Interrobangperiod.png]]
| Frignencirmenpunct
|-
| [[Image:Abstractperiod.png]]
| Abstractenpunct
|-
| [[Image:Questionembark.png]]
| Frignenutfar
|-
| [[Image:Exclamationembark.png]]
| Cirmenutfar
|-
| [[Image:Interrobangembark.png]]
| Frignencirmenutfar
|-
| [[Image:Abstractembark.png]]
| Abstractenutfar
|-
| [[Image:Andersoncolon.png]]
| Sprecenutfar
|-
| [[Image:Andersonsemicolon.png]]
| Gebeodienpunct
|}

===In Tauro-Piscean===
Effectively, the original Tauro-Piscean writing system implemented an enhanced version of the Andersonic alphabet, the Partridgo-Andersonic alphabet, one in which formerly Partridgic letters are used alongside the original Andersonic letters. When written in the Latin alphabet, Tauro-Piscean contains double consonants; however, in the correct alphabet, any double consonants are replaced with a single Partridgic letter. Also, Tauro-Piscean vowels written in the Latin alphabet with acute accents or circumflexes to mark atypical stress - á, é, í, ó, ú, ĵ - are replaced with Partridgic vowels.

*bb, cc, dd, ff, gg, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt, vv, xx, zz respectively:

[[Image:partridgic_consonants.png]]


*á, é, í, ó, ú, ĵ respectively:

[[Image:partridgic_vowels.png]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Soyuine1</title>
    <id>4111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24825</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-01T14:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soyuine1</username>
        <id>731</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>update</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello I'm Soyuine1. Born in the Netherlands. I have written a few languages a few years ago with its own world. A world called &quot;ər&quot;(sounds like ''ear'' in ''earth''). The languages are called &quot;soyuin&quot;(''sōjən'') and Langdemon(''langʋādĕmȏǹ''). I guess now you know what my username means, or a little! Soyuine1 means soyuinish1, so the first men ever who has spoken soyuin.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Shivrashanian Government</title>
    <id>4112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43229</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Shivrashan|Government]]
[[Category:Galhafan Governments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Traders and Merchants</title>
    <id>4113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40119</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-24T08:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Council of Traders and Merchants''' is the legislative body of the city-state of [[Shivrashan]].  It originated as an advisory body for the [[Mayor of Shivrashan|Lady Mayor]], but gradually assumed greater power.  It is lead by the [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]].

As the name implies, it originally contained only representation from the traders and merchants.  Today, however, there is universal suffrage.

[[Category:Shivrashanian Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Alefbef 1.jpg</title>
    <id>4114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23310</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T13:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Alefbef 2.jpg</title>
    <id>4115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23311</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T13:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Alefbef 3.jpg</title>
    <id>4116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23312</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T13:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician aleph.png</title>
    <id>4117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23318</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T14:41:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician beth.png</title>
    <id>4118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23319</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:08:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician ayin.png</title>
    <id>4119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23320</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:08:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician daleth.png</title>
    <id>4120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23321</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician gimel.png</title>
    <id>4121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23322</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician he.png</title>
    <id>4122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23323</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician heth.png</title>
    <id>4123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23324</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:09:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician kaph.png</title>
    <id>4124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23325</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:09:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician lamedh.png</title>
    <id>4125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23326</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:09:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician mem.png</title>
    <id>4126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23327</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:10:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician nun.png</title>
    <id>4127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23328</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:10:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician pe.png</title>
    <id>4128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23329</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician qof.png</title>
    <id>4129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23330</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician samekh.png</title>
    <id>4130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23331</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician sin.png</title>
    <id>4131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23332</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician taw.png</title>
    <id>4132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23333</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:12:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician teth.png</title>
    <id>4133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23334</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:13:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician waw.png</title>
    <id>4134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23335</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician yodh.png</title>
    <id>4135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23336</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:35px-Phoenician zayin.png</title>
    <id>4136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23337</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:13:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Alef.png</title>
    <id>4137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23338</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bef.png</title>
    <id>4138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23339</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kaf.png</title>
    <id>4139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23340</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalef.png</title>
    <id>4140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23341</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:He1.png</title>
    <id>4141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23342</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:37:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Fetef.png</title>
    <id>4142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23343</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Gimmel.png</title>
    <id>4143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23344</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hef.png</title>
    <id>4144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23345</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T15:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yod.png</title>
    <id>4145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23354</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lamed.png</title>
    <id>4146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23355</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mem.png</title>
    <id>4147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23356</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nun.png</title>
    <id>4148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23357</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:20:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Oyin.png</title>
    <id>4149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23358</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:20:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pe1.png</title>
    <id>4150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23359</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T16:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Resh.png</title>
    <id>4151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23362</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T17:24:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sin.png</title>
    <id>4152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23363</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T17:24:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Taw.png</title>
    <id>4153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23364</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T17:24:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uwaw.png</title>
    <id>4154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23365</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T17:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zayin.png</title>
    <id>4155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23366</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-15T17:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Heeta.png</title>
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      <comment>New page: [[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Classical Kasshian</title>
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      <timestamp>2007-07-16T21:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
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      <comment>New page: [[Category:Kasshian languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshian languages]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Classical Kasshian Numbers</title>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Basic Numerals */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Classical Kasshian]]''' used a duodecimal number system.  The basic numerals, uninflected, are used for the cardinal numbers.  To form ordinals, gender prefixes and appropriate number- and case-suffixes are added.

== Basic Numerals ==
*1 - Tā
*2 - Kabi (ordinal form: chībi, nābi, etc.)
*3 - Flī
*4 - Vandu
*5 - Daç
*6 - Mandu
*7 - Zaba
*8 - Dabi
*9 - Fafli
*10 - Kāz
*11 - Yanu
*12 - Nadu

== Multiples of Twelve ==
*24 - Kannadu
*36 - Jījī
*48 - Chendu
*60 - Daçendu
*72 - Jenkadu
*120 - Kaznadu
Other multiples of twelve are formed by adding -ndu (contracted from ''nadu'') to the basic numeral, thus 84 (seven dozen) is ''zabandu''

== Compounding ==
The basic way to form large numbers up to 143 is to combine a multiple of twelve with a single-digit number.  For example, decimal 20 (duodecimal 18) is ''nadudabi''.  ''Flī'', and ''kāz'' shorten the stem-vowel in compounds, ''daç'' and ''zaba'' become, respectively, -sshi and -zba.  ''Tā'' and ''kabi'' are a bit more complicated.  They are shortened to, respectively, ''ta'' and ''bi'' while lengthening the preceding vowel.  Thus, 13 = 12 + 1 = nadūta; 14 = 12 + 2 = nadūbi.
== 37 - 47 ==
''Jiijii'' is somewhat irregular with compounsd
*37 (36 + 1) - Jījata
*38 (36 + 2) - Jījekkabi
*41 (36 + 5) - Jījīdaç
*43 (36 + 7) - Jījīzaba
*47 (36 + 11) - Jījiçanu
Others are as expected
== 144 and Higher ==
The number for 144 is ''saçā''.  Multiples are formed by prefixing the basic numeral (shortened in the case of ''tā'', ''flī'', and ''kāz'') to ''saçā'', which becomes -sshā after vowel-final numbers.  720 (144*5) is ''daçesshā''.  Multiples of 144 do not compound with smaller numbers, e.g., 200 = 144 + 48 + 8 = saçā chendudabi

1,728 (12&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) is ''zanta'', ''-zanchi'' with multipliers

20,736 (12&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;) is ''kapalta''; ''-kapalchi'' or ''-palchi'' plus lengthening with multipliers

429,981,696 (12&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;) is ''tasanna''; ''-ssanni'' or ''-tasanni'' with multipliers

Saçā and zanta can be used themselves as multipliers.  For example, 247,669,456,896 (400,0000,0000 in duodecimal) would be ''vandosshātasanni''

[[Category:Classical Kasshian|Numbers]]
[[Category:Lexica]]</text>
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    <title>Neo-Khitanese Lexicon</title>
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      <comment>deleted vowel length marking to better reflect native orthography</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Numerals==
''Multiplicative'' forms measure quantities: &quot;X times as much; X-fold; of X parts; double, triple, quadruple&quot;. ''Distributive'' forms give the sense &quot;X each; by Xes, in sets of X; X by X&quot;. There are also ''collective'' and ''iterative'' forms, not shown here.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Numeral Systems'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Number''' ||colspan=1| '''Cardinal''' ||colspan=1| '''Counting (1)''' ||colspan=1| '''Counting (2)''' ||colspan=1| '''Ordinal''' || '''Multiplicative''' ||'''Distributive''' ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 0 || '''kosu''' ||  ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 1 || '''ümün, ümüken''' || '''dïsïk''' || '''naï''' || '''ümnin''' || '''ümürmen''' || '''ümü:tel'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 2 || '''jür''' || '''kassa''' || '''ho''' || '''êkindi, gên''' || '''jürmen''' || '''jü:rtel'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 3 || '''ïlan''' || '''cok''' || '''gur''' || '''ïlagï''' || '''ïlarman''' || '''ïlantal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 4 || '''dïgïn''' || '''cak''' || '''dur''' || '''dïgï''' || '''dïgïrman''' || '''dïgïntal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 5 || '''tuŋga''' || '''caŋ''' || '''tau''' || '''tuŋgï''' || '''tuŋgarman''' || '''tuŋgatal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 6 || '''ñuŋgun''' || '''kilkü''' || '''nir''' || '''ñuŋgï''' || '''ñuŋgurman''' || '''ñuŋgunta:l'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 7 || '''nadan''' || '''daktuŋk''' || '''döl''' || '''nadagï''' || '''nadarman''' || '''nadanta:l'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 8 || '''japkun''' || '''coktuŋk''' || '''maï''' || '''japkï''' || '''japkurman''' || '''japkunta:l'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 9 || '''êgin''' || '''caktaŋk''' || '''is''' || '''êgi''' || '''êgirmen''' || '''êgintel'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 10 || '''jan''' || '''cuŋtuk''' || '''on''' || '''jagï''' || '''jarman''' || '''jantal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 11 || '''jan ümün'''  ||  ||  || '''jan ümnin''' || '''jan ümürmen''' || '''jan ümütel'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 15 || '''komdok''' || || || '''komdoki''' || '''komdokmon''' || '''komdoktol'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 20 || '''orïn'''  ||  ||  || '''orï'''  || '''orïrman''' || '''orïntal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 30 || '''gucïn'''  ||  ||  || '''gucï'''  || '''gucïrman''' || '''gucïntal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 40 || '''döcin'''  ||  ||  || '''döci'''  || '''döcirmen''' || '''döcintel'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 50 || '''tabun'''  ||  ||  || '''tabï''' || '''taburman''' || '''tabuntal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 60 || '''jïran'''  ||  ||  || '''jïragï'''  || '''jïrarman''' || '''jïrantal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 70 || '''najan'''  ||  ||  || '''najagï'''  || '''najarman''' || '''najantal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 80 || '''söksön'''  ||  || || '''söksi'''  || '''söksörmön''' || '''söksöntöl'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 90 || '''tokson'''  ||  ||  || '''toksï'''  || '''toksormon''' || '''toksontol'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 100 || '''ñamadï''' ||  || '''jaur''' || '''ñamadï''' || '''ñamadïrman''' || '''ñamadïtal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 1,000 || '''mïŋgan''' ||  || || '''mïŋgï''' || '''mïŋgarman''' || '''mïŋgantal'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| 10,000 || '''tümen''' ||  || || '''tümeŋgi''' || '''tümermen''' || '''tümentel'''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Color Terminology==
{| style=&quot;text-align: left; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #efefef;&quot;| '''Color Terms'''
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; height: 2em&quot;
| '''Kilda''' || '''English''' || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''borko''' || color, hue || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''dikteme''' || blue || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''lüpcürin''' || dark green, brownish-green; blue-black, dark blue || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''culdïn''' || blue-green ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''kökü''' || light blue, blue-gray, sky-blue || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''koŋdorïn''' || dark brown, brownish-black ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''ñölmö''' || green ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''yasïl''' || green (of vegetation, landscape) || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''kaktarma''' || orange; (archaic) light yellow || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''šêrarï''' || light yellow, lemon-colored || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''fulama''' || red  ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''horïn''' || bright red, scarlet  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''segdi''' || dark red, blood-colored || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''jayarïn''' || light red, pink || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''cacalu''' || golden-yellow, gold-colored, coppery; red (of rust, rocks, fish, etc.)  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''jajaŋ''' || red and yellow (of autumnal foliage)  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''kürilik''' || maroon, reddish-purple  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''cucïrïn''' || violet, purplish  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''bagdarïn''' || white  ||  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''gïltarïn''' || bright white, pure white ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''beli, kêmala''' || pale, light (of color) || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''ñigjeme''' || black; dark (of color) ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''pïŋgalak''' || gray || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''fepkerin''' || light gray, speckled/mottled gray || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''ïgjama''' || yellowish-gray, beige || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''hurïma''' || gray (of weather) || 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Body Parts ==
The language has a pretty well worked out vocabulary in this area. What I give below is strictly for human bodies; there's often special terminology for talking about the analogous parts of different animals. Body-part terminology shows a lot of irregular plurals (duals, one could argue), and even some odd singular forms where the default is plural/dual. There's a fairly distinct register of &quot;baby speech&quot; which I've included here. The orthography is the sort used in native typography; no distinction of front/back &quot;i&quot; vowels or of vowel length; note that {c, j} = alveopalatal affricates [tS], [dZ].

Body 
#Blood vessel: '''hunggikta''', no lexical differentiation between veins and arteries (obsolete: '''sodun''', now meaning &quot;pulse&quot;)
#Material of which it is composed 
##Bone: '''giramda''' (babytalk: '''foni''')
##Gristle or cartilage: '''tadaksa'''
##Skin: '''kilfa'''
##Muscle: '''sümü'''
##Fat: '''nimükse''' (usu. restricted to abdominal fat deposits)
##Blood: '''sekse''' (babytalk: '''misi-misi''')
#Trunk (torso):  '''tünggen''' (see ''chest'' below)
##Chest:  '''tünggen''', refers both to upper torso and the torso as a whole (obsolete: '''kengkütir''', &quot;chest, ribcage&quot;)
###Heart: '''mêwan''' (babytalk: '''ling-ling''')
###Lung: '''pagun''', pl. '''pagad'''
##Abdomen or Belly: '''nangka''' &quot;abdomen, belly; stomach&quot;; refers to both the area and the innards.
###Stomach: '''nangka''' &quot;belly; stomach&quot; or '''fükin''' &quot;stomach, intestines&quot; (babytalk: '''pisi-bisi''')
###Liver: '''pakin'''
###Spleen: '''dilkin'''
###Intestines: '''fükin''' &quot;stomach, intestines&quot;
##Waist: '''darama''' &quot;hips&quot; and '''enggeñe''' &quot;waist, lower flanks&quot;
#Neck: '''minggön''' &quot;neck&quot;, '''silde''' &quot;nape of neck&quot;, '''ceken''' &quot;front of throat, larynx; jowls&quot;
#Extremity
##Head: '''dil, köbül''' (syn.) (babytalk: '''pa-pa''')
###Hair: '''ñürikte, kümid''' (syn., on head and in general; babytalk equivalents '''numa, cik-cik'''); '''tikta''' &quot;body hair&quot;; '''dêki''' &quot;facial hair'''
###Ear: '''šên'''
####Earhole: '''šên kobin''' (lit. &quot;cavity of the ear&quot;)
####Earlobe: TBD
###Eye: '''isa''' (babytalk: '''nübi'''); the eye as it appears in the face
####Eyeball: '''ñündün''' (the organ in the strict sense)
#####Iris: TBD
#####Pupil: TBD
#####Sclera: TBD
####Eyebrow: '''kamig''' (sg. '''kam''')
####Eyelid: '''kömdekte'''
#####Eyelash: '''kirimki'''
####Eye socket: '''isa kobin''' (lit. &quot;cavity of the eye&quot;)
####Tear gland: TBD
###Nose:  '''onggara''' (formal), '''ñarak''' (vernacular, lit. &quot;snot-container&quot;), '''yakkan''' (slang), '''kaiko''' (babytalk)
####Nostril: '''kangša''', pl. '''kanggid'''
###Mouth: '''amga, šekše''' (syn.)
####Jaw: '''kebi'''
#####Maxilla (upper jaw): TBD
#####Mandible (lower jaw): '''kebi'''
####Tooth: '''kikta''' (babytalk: '''kip-kep''', pl. '''kiped''' [yes, Kilda infant-speak has irregular plurals])
#####Incisor: TBD for human bodyparts
#####Eyetooth or Canine Tooth: TBD for human bodyparts
#####Molar (and/or premolar?): TBD for human bodyparts
####Tongue: '''necil''' (babytalk: '''hilengki''', lit. &quot;licker&quot;)
##Limb: no unitary term
###Arm: no unitary term
####Shoulder: '''tannun''', pl. '''tanud''' (idiomatic/obsolete: '''mire'''); '''kende''' &quot;shoulderblade, shoulder bone&quot;
####Elbow: '''hiñcen''' &quot;elbow (joint)&quot;, '''sirmüsik''' &quot;elbow (bone)&quot;
####Wrist: '''bilen''' &quot;wrist (joint)&quot;, '''kombuki''' &quot;wrist (bones)&quot;
####Humerus (upper arm): '''bokto'''
####Lower Arm: '''sötö''', pl. '''sitüt'''
####Hand: '''gala'''
#####Palm: '''mañjan''' (and note '''maniran''' &quot;back of the hand&quot;)
###Leg: '''begdi''' &quot;foot, leg&quot;
####Hip: '''ogo''' &quot;hips, pelvis&quot; (literary: '''uldug''')
#####buttock (if different): '''pikangga''' (polite), '''puk-puk''' (vernacular and babytalk), '''künggüki''' (vulgar)
####Knee: '''söjö''', pl. '''süjid''' (babytalk: '''kokobo'''); also '''cöjökü''', pl. '''celköt''' &quot;hollow behind the knee&quot;, '''pengjen''' &quot;knee joint&quot;, '''töbgi''' &quot;kneecap (bone)&quot;
####Ankle: '''cimenek, cimnek'''
####Thigh (upper leg): '''talpi''' (literary: '''uldug''')
####Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle): '''silbi'''
#####Shin: '''silbi'''
#####Calf: '''cakci''' &quot;calf muscle, back of lower leg&quot;
####Foot: '''begdi''' &quot;foot, leg&quot;; also '''ölmi''' &quot;top/upper part of foot&quot;
#####Sole:  '''fata'''
#####Heel: '''ningti'''
#####Ball: N/A
##Digit (toe or thumb or finger): no unitary term
###Nail: '''osikta''' (with long vowel in second syllable; minimal pair with initial-long '''osikta''' &quot;star&quot;)
####Fingernail: no separate term
####Toenail: no separate term
###Toe: '''cimki'''
####Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe): TBD
####Pinky toe or little toe: TBD
####Other individual toes?: TBD
###Thumb: '''perüken, tamka''' (syn.)
####Thumbnail: TBD or N/A
###Finger: '''huñakan''' (babytalk: '''kekkö''', pl. '''kikêd''')
####Index finger: '''talgalan'''; also '''tikalan''' &quot;middle or ring finger, either or both of the two inside fingers&quot;
####Pinky finger: '''cimcen'''
####Middle finger: TBD, see above
####Ring finger: '''tunglik'''
##Genitalia
###female 
####vagina: '''koñju''' (polite), '''köppön, kapilak''' (slang), '''kwappa''' (vulgar), '''paku''' (intimate), '''bi-bi''' (babytalk)
####womb: '''doptun'''
###male 
####penis: '''cicük''' (formal/polite), '''lölö''' (vernacular/slang), '''ci-ci''' (babytalk)
####testicle: '''nama''' (babytalk: '''noki''')
#Side 
##Back: '''sogdonso''' &quot;back&quot;, '''ñiri''' &quot;backbone, spine&quot;
##Front: '''tünggen''' &quot;chest, breast&quot;
##Left: '''ñiligdi''' &quot;left (adj.)&quot;, '''ñiliski''' &quot;leftwards, to the left&quot;; also '''šucaka''' &quot;left-handed (of person, etc.)&quot;
##Right: '''anggu, maran''' &quot;right (adj.)&quot;, '''angguski, marangku''' &quot;rightward, to the right&quot; (syn.)
##Bottom (lower): '''ütilme''' &quot;lower&quot; (general; not specific to body)
##Top (upper): '''ügi:gde''' &quot;upper&quot; (general; not specific to body)
#Orifices 
##anus: '''ilmi'''
##urethral meatus?: TBD

---- 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes?  Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? ''With the exception of directional terms, no; they're all nouns/nominals, and are mostly substantives.''

---- 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? ''Probably the stomach.''

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? ''The liver and the heart.''

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? ''The brain ('''tarki''') in modern times, but in different idiomatic contexts, it can be various other body parts, including the feet.''

== Indo-Iranian Loanwords On The Bering Strait ==
See the separate page [[Indo-Iranian Loans in Kilda]]

== Pimp My Portuguese ==
The following vocabulary was borrowed from Portuguese (P.) and Spanish (S.) in the second half of the 16th and the 17th century. Several are themselves loanwords from African, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and American languages, but only entered Kilda through Portuguese and more rarely Spanish contacts. As mentioned on CONLANG/ZBB, I'd appreciate input from those knowledgable about the phonetics of early modern Portuguese (or with the topic in general) to advise and correct. 

I've included the modern Kilda meaning of the term where it's significantly different from either the archaic or the modern Portuguese sense. Regarding how Kilda phonology would color borrowings, see the main Kilda page, but a few other points: stress is always word-initial unless there's a long vowel in the word, in which case it falls on the first long vowel; accordingly, Portuguese words with non-initial stress were perceived as having long vowels in their stressed syllable. /-m/ is a strongly dispreferred word-final consonant in Kilda. There's no voiced 'hushing' sibilant, /ʒ/ to correspond to the voiceless /ʃ/. /s/ is always [ʃ] before a high front vowel. Kilda voiceless stops are strongly aspirated, more than Portuguese ones; accordingly, (non-initial?) voiceless stops in Portuguese were borrowed as voiced stops in Kilda.

* P. abacati &gt; ''bagadï'' /'bagadɪ/ &quot;avocado&quot;
* P. abacaxi &gt; ''bagasï'' /'bagaʃɪ/ &quot;pineapple&quot;
* P. adufe &gt; ''düfi'' /'duɸi/ &quot;tp. of tambourine/frame drum&quot;
* P. amendoim &gt; ''mendön'' /mən'do:n/  &quot;peanut&quot;
* P. armada &gt; ''armad'' /aɹ'ma:d/ &quot;fleet, flotilla&quot;
* P. armazém &gt; ''armajïn'' /aɹma'ʤɪ:n/ &quot;shipping warehouse&quot;
* P. âncora &gt; ''oŋgōr'' /ɔŋ'gɔ:ɾ/ &quot;anchor&quot;
* P. baju &gt; ''bašu'' /'baʃʊ/ &quot;blouse, light jacket&quot;
* P. banana &gt; ''bana'' /'bana/ &quot;banana&quot; (reinterpreted as containing a collective number suffix; K. plural of ''bana'' is ''banal'', &quot;bunch of bananas&quot; is ''bananal'')
* P. bandolim &gt; ''bandulïn'' /ban'dʊ:ɬɪn/ &quot;mandolin, cittern&quot;
* P. batata &gt; ''badada'' /'badada/ &quot;potato&quot;
* P. bolo &quot;ball&quot; &gt; ''bölö'' /'boɬo/ &quot;tiny round cake or ball-shaped pastry&quot;
* P. bomba &gt; ''bombo'' /'bɔmbɔ/ &quot;pump&quot;
* P. cadeira &gt; ''kadêra'' /'kadɛʲɾa/ &quot;armchair&quot;
* P. calçada &gt; ''kalsad'' /'kaɬsad/ &quot;pavement, sidewalk&quot;
* P. cama &gt; ''kama'' /'kama/ &quot;bedframe, framed bed&quot;
* P. camisa &gt; ''kamïsïk'' /'kamɪʃɪk/ &quot;shirt opening in front and closed by buttons&quot; (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
* P. campo &gt; ''Kampu'' /'kampʊ/ &quot;neighborhood in the Winter Capital [Petropavlovsk], site of the original Portuguese trading enclave&quot;
* P. canequim &gt; ''kanïgïn'' /'kanɪgɪn/ &quot;plain linen, percale, calico&quot;
* P. caralho &gt; ''karalu'' /'kaɾaɮʊ/ &quot;crow's nest (on a ship)&quot;
* P. caramelo/caramel &gt; ''karamïl'' /'kaɾamɪɬ/ &quot;caramel&quot;
* P. cartas de jogar &gt; ''kartas'' /'kaɹtas/ &quot;card game&quot;
* P. casado &gt; ''kašadïn, kašadumnï'' /'kaʃadɪn, 'kaʃadʊmnɪ/ (adj., n.) &quot;Eurasian, mixed-race people (Asian and European)&quot;
* P. cavaquinho &gt; ''kawgïn'' /'kaβgɪ:n/ &quot;ukulele, machimbo, etc.; any kind of tiny guitar-like instrument&quot;
* P. chapinha &gt; ''šabïna'' /'ʃabɪna/ &quot;keel&quot;
* P. charamela &gt; ''šarmêla'' /'ʃaɹmɛʲɬa/ &quot;double-reed woodwind tp.&quot;
* P. chiclete &gt; ''siklêkte'' /ʃi'klɛʲktə/ &quot;chewing guum, chicle&quot; (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
* P. christão &gt; ''krïstodïn, krïstomnï'' /kɾɪs'tɔ:dɪn, kɾɪs'tɔ:mnɪ/ (adj., n.) &quot;Portuguese, Portuguese people&quot;
* P. condição &gt; ''köndisö'' /kondi'so:/ &quot;quality, condition, grade (of goods)&quot;
* P. confeito &gt; ''kömfêdü'' /kom'ɸɛʲdu/ &quot;rock candy&quot;
* P. conta &gt; ''könde'' /'kondə/ &quot;account, bookkeeping record&quot;
* P. côco &gt; ''kökö'' /'koko/ &quot;coconut&quot;
* P. dado &gt; ''dadusal'' /'dadʊsaɬ/ &quot;dice&quot; (with K. collective plural suffix)
* P. feitor &gt; ''fêdör'' /'ɸɛʲdoɾ/ &quot;trade representative, dealer, commercial consul&quot;
* P. feitoria &gt; ''fêdöriket'' /'ɸɛʲdoɾikɛ:t/ &quot;trading post&quot; (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
* P. fita &gt; ''fide'' /'ɸidə/ &quot;decorative ribbon, colored ribbon; ribbon (on military uniform)&quot;
* P. galeão &gt; ''galïyo'' /galɪ'jɔ:/ &quot;galleon&quot;
* P. garfo &gt; ''garfu'' /'gaɹɸʊ/ &quot;fork (tableware)&quot;
* P. gasto &gt; ''gastu'' /'gastʊ/ &quot;toll, surcharge, usage fee; bribe&quot;
* P. goiaba &gt; ''goyaba'' /gɔ'ja:ba/ &quot;guava&quot;
* P. Hollanda &gt; ''Folanda'' /'ɸɔɬanda/ &quot;Netherlands, Holland; Dutchman&quot; (unusually for K., as a noun can refer either to the country or to its inhabitants)
* P. Inglez &gt; ''Iŋlis, Iglis'' /'iglis/ &quot;England, Britain; Englishman&quot; (see ''Folanda'' above)
* P. inhame &gt; ''ñamï'' /'ɳamɪ/ &quot;yam&quot;
* P. jagra &gt; ''jagar'' /'ʤa:gar/ &quot;palm sugar, jaggery&quot;
* P. lançado &gt; ''lansadumnï'' /'ɬansadʊmnɪ/ &quot;mercenaries, freebooters, soldiers of fortune, adventurers&quot; (with K. nominal derivational suffix)
* P. leilão &gt; ''leino'' /ɬɛʲ'nɔ:/ &quot;auction, sale by auction&quot;
* P. linguiça &gt; ''liŋgīse'' /ɬiŋ'gi:sɘ/ &quot;cured hard sausage&quot;
* P. limão &gt; ''limö'' /ɬi'mo:/ &quot;lemon&quot;
* P. lençol &gt; ''lensü'' /'ɬɛ:nsu/ &quot;handkerchief&quot;
* P. marimba &gt; ''marïmba'' /'maɾɪmba/ &quot;xylophone, marimba&quot;
* P. marmelo &gt; ''marmï, marma'' /'maɹmɪ/, /'maɹma/ &quot;quince&quot;
* P. merda em boca &gt; merdinbuca &gt; K. ''mejibük'' /'mɘʤibuk/ &quot;junk, worthless or damaged goods, good-for-nothing scrap, crap&quot;
* P. nao &gt; ''nō'' /nɔ:/ &quot;cargo ship&quot;
* P. papo de anjo &gt; ''pabudañju'' /'pabʊdaɳʤʊ/ &quot;tp. of dessert made with baked whipped eggs&quot;
* P. pelouro &gt; ''pelür'' /'pɛ:ɬu:ɾ/ &quot;cannonball&quot;
* P. pastelão &gt; ''pastïlo'' /pastɪ'lɔ:/ &quot;pastry, baked sweets&quot;
* P. pepino &gt; ''pebīnü'' /pə'bi:nu/ &quot;cucumber&quot;
* P. pimentão, pimento &gt; ''pimȫndü'' /pi'mo:ndu/ &quot;bell pepper, pimento&quot;
* P. pintura &gt; ''pindüre'' /pin'duɾə/ &quot;oil or tempera painting&quot;
* P. pipoca &gt; ''pïpuga, pipöge'' /'pɪpʊga/, /'pipogə/ &quot;popcorn&quot;
* P. pistola &gt; ''pistön'' /'piston/ &quot;handgun, pistol&quot;
* P. por cento &gt; ''pörsen'' /poɹ'sɛ:n/ &quot;percent&quot;
* P. pão, pão doce &gt; ''pō'' /pɔ:/ &quot;cake, sweet bread&quot;
* P. quartel &gt; ''kortïl'' /'kɔɹtɪɬ/ &quot;barracks; guardroom, guardpost&quot;
* P. real &gt; ''ïral, ïryal'' /'ɪɾaɬ/, /ɪɾ'ja:ɬ/ &quot;unit of currency used for accounting&quot;
* P. relógio &gt; ''erlögi'' /əɹɬo:gi/ &quot;clock, timepiece&quot;
* P. renda &gt; ''erênde'' &gt; /ə'ɾɛʲndə/ lace (cloth)
* P. sabão &gt; ''sabo'' /sa'bɔ:/ &quot;soap&quot;
* P. salada &gt; ''salad'' /sa'ɬa:d/ &quot;salad&quot;
* P. sapato &gt; ''sabadu'' /'sabadʊ/ &quot;stiff leather shoe with hard sole&quot;
* P. tiro &gt; ''tirü'' /'tiɾu/ &quot;customs duty, excise tax&quot;
* P. Tourane &gt; ''Turan'' /tʊɾa:n/ &quot;modern city of Da Nang&quot;
* P. trato &gt; ''cadu'' /'ʧadʊ/ &quot;business deal or agreement, trade or mercantile deal&quot;
* P. tudo laia &gt; ''tudalaï'' /'tʊdaɬaʲ/ &quot;knicknacks, kickshaws, gimcracks, assorted goods&quot;
* P. veludo &gt; ''welüdü'' /'ɰəɬudu/ &quot;velvet&quot;
* P. viola &gt; ''wïyola'' /ɰɪ'jɔ:ɬa/ &quot;violin, viola&quot;
* P. zamboa &gt; ''sombu'' /'sɔmbʊ/ &quot;pomelo, shaddock, Chinese graprefuit&quot;

SPANISH
* S. (Mex.) chile &gt; ''cili'' /ʧiɬi/ &quot;chili (pepper)&quot; (Mexican Spanish &lt; Nahuatl chilli)
* S. San Miguel &gt; ''Semigel'' /sɛ:migɛ:ɬ/ &quot;modern city of Manilla&quot;
* S. (Mex.) tamales (pl) &gt; ''tamalas'' /ta'ma:ɬas/ &quot;tamale, steamed dumpling&quot; (sg.), K. plural ''tamalasal'' (&lt; Nahuatl tamalli)
* S. (Mex.) tomate &gt; ''tomatï'' /'tɔmatɪ/ (&lt; Nahuatl xitomatl)
* S. vainilla &gt; ''waïnïl'' /'ɰaʲnɪɬ/ &quot;vanilla&quot;
* S. vihueal &gt; ''biwêle'' /bi'ɰɛʲɬe/ &quot;tp. of 12-stringed guitar-like instrument&quot;
* S. Xerés &gt; ''šeres'' /ʃəɾɛ:s/ &quot;sherry&quot;
* S. (Mex.) chicole (sp?) &gt; ''ciköli'' /ʧi'ko:ɬi/ &quot;hot chocolate, chocolate drink&quot; (&lt; Nahuatl chicolli &quot;stick for frothing drinks&quot;)
* S. (Mex.) guajolote &gt; ''wešölö'' /ɰəʃo'ɬo:/ &quot;turkey&quot; (&lt; Nahuatl huexolotl)
* S. (Mex.) &gt; ''cokowa'' /tʃɔ'kɔ:ɰa/ &quot;chocolate, cocoa&quot; (&lt; Nahuatl)
* S. zanfona &gt; ''sïmfuna'' /ʃɪm'ɸʊ:na/ &quot;hurdy gurdy, wheel fiddle&quot; (? source - perhaps not from Spanish)

Return to main Neo-Khitanese page: [[Kilda Kelen]]
[[Category:Kilda Kelen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sprak</title>
    <id>4198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32195</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:22:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grammar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Classification ==

Sprak is an auxilary language, invented and presented by [[User:Stephan Schneider|Stephan Schneider]] in 2006, based on Germanic languages. Its purpose is to serve as an interlingua for speakers of Germanic languages. Therefore, the design of Sprak is as simple and regular as possible, keeping as many characteristica of Germanic languages as possible.

Sprak and its naturalistic approach may be compared with Interlingua (based on Romance languages) and Slovio (based on Slavonic languages).

== Grammar ==

Not every grammatical feature of Germanic languages appears in Sprak. For example, there is no conjugation of verbs, like in English (it ''is'', I ''am'', we ''are'', vs. it ''er'', ik ''er'', wi ''er'') and no capitalization of nouns like in [[High German|German]].

On the other hand, Sprak has strong verbs (''ik sing'', ''ik sang'', ''ik hav songen'' - ''I sing'', ''I sang'', ''I have sung''). It is correct to use weak forms only, though (''ik sing'', ''ik singed'', ''ik hav singed'').

== Vocabulary ==

The vocabulary is based on Protogermanic roots that still exist in modern Germanic vocabulary, for example the Protogermanic root ''bok'' (''German'' '''Buch''', ''Dutch'' '''boek''', ''English'' '''book''', ''Danish'' '''bog''', ''Swedish'' '''bok'''). The respective word in Sprak is ''bok''. In other cases a common change of phonemes is taken into account in Sprak. For instance, the word ''sprak'', the name of the language, means ''language'' (''German'' '''Sprache''', ''Dutch'' '''spraak''', cf. ''English'' '''speech''', ''Danish'' '''språg'''). Its Protogermanic root is ''spræk'', and since since none of the source languages has kept the Protogermanic vowel ''æ'', it will not be kept in Sprak either.

The vocabulary includes many loan words as well, especially Latin and Greek words.

== Orthography ==

Sprak uses only the English alphabet. Yet another way of writing in Sprak is ''Spræk''. Spræk uses many diacritical letters in order to represent sound shifts of Protogermanic roots. For example, the Protogermanic root ''fulk'' (''German'' '''Volk''', ''Dutch'' '''volk''', ''English'' '''folk''', ''Danish'' '''folk''') is ''folk'' in Sprak. Its representation in Spræk is ''fůlk'', where the ring above the ''u'' indicates the shift from ''u'' to ''o'' (in most cases, a Protogermanic ''u'' doesn't change at all in Sprak).

== Related work ==

* [[Folkspraak]]
* [[Folksprak]]
* [[Folksprâk]]
* [[Middelsprake]]
* [[Westsprak]]
* [[Norsprak]]
* [[Westersprak]]

== Links ==

* [http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Folksprak Wikibook about Folksprak ''german'']
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/folkspraak/ yahoo group about Folkspraak and other dialects]
* [http://www.susning.nu/Folkspraak Folkspraak (''schwedish'')]
* [http://www.geocities.com/folkspraak/ Folkspraak-Page]
* [http://www.tidingkonien.com/drupal/ ''TidingKonien'' – News, poems and more in Folkspraak and other dialects]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Andersoncolon.png</title>
    <id>4199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23555</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T15:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Andersonsemicolon.png</title>
    <id>4200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23556</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T15:47:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Umlautalef.png</title>
    <id>4201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23557</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T15:50:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Andersonapostrophe.png</title>
    <id>4202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23559</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T15:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pilcrow.png</title>
    <id>4203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23560</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T15:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spræk</title>
    <id>4204</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23564</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T18:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Sprak]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sprak]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Stephan Schneider</title>
    <id>4205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23569</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T18:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Inventor of Sprak. Please leave a message. --~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Inventor of Sprak. Please leave a message. --[[User:Stephan Schneider|Stephan Schneider]] 11:59, 20 July 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orsprak</title>
    <id>4206</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23570</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T19:26:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Sprak]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sprak]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boksprak</title>
    <id>4207</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23572</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T19:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>oops</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sprak]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norsprak</title>
    <id>4208</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23580</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T20:53:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Norsprok]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Norsprok]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Westersprak</title>
    <id>4209</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23581</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T20:53:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Westersprach]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Westersprach]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Westersprach</title>
    <id>4210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23617</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T02:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Westersprach (&quot;Western Language&quot;) is version of [[Sprak]] (called &quot;Westersprak&quot; in Sprak), created by Stephan Schneider, focussing on western Germanic languages.

== Sound shifts different from Sprak ==

=== Vowels ===

* o → u (''Sprak'' '''god''' → ''Westersprach'' '''gud''')
* u → au (''Sprak'' '''hus''' → ''Westersprach'' '''haus''')
* e → i (''Sprak'' '''ete''' → ''Westersprach'' '''ite''')
* i → ai (''Sprak'' '''min''' → ''Westersprach'' '''main''')

=== Consonants ===

* k → ch (''Sprak'' '''ik''' → ''Westersprach'' '''ich''')
* ch → j (''Sprak'' '''nacht''' → ''Westersprach'' '''najt''')
* ch → j (''Sprak'' '''sicht''' → ''Westersprach'' '''sijt''')
* ch → w (''Sprak'' '''doch''' → ''Westersprach'' '''dow''')
* g → j (''Sprak'' '''dag''' → ''Westersprach'' '''daj''')
* g → j (''Sprak'' '''og''' → ''Westersprach'' '''oj''')
* j → h (''Sprak'' '''seje''' → ''Westersprach'' '''sehe''')
* w → h (''Sprak'' '''schow''' → ''Westersprach'' '''schuh''')</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norsprok</title>
    <id>4211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23619</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T02:15:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Norsprok (&quot;Northern Language&quot;) is version of [[Sprak]] (&quot;Norsprak&quot; in Sprak), created by Stephan Schneider, focussing on northern Germanic languages.


== Differences from Sprak ==

=== Vowels ===

* a (from Spræk ''æ'') → o (''Sprak'' '''mal''' → ''Norsprok'' '''mol''')


=== Consonants ===

* sch (from Spræk ''sk'') → sk (''Sprak'' '''schipp''' → ''Norsprok'' '''skipp''')
* w (from Spræk ''ƕ'') → hv (''Sprak'' '''wal''' → ''Norsprok'' '''hval''')
* w (from Spræk ''w'') → - (''Sprak'' '''word''' → ''Norsprok'' '''ord''')
* j → - (''Sprak'' '''jar''' → ''Norsprok'' '''or''')

=== Grammar ===

==== Article ====

* ''Sprak'' '''de folk''' → ''Norsprak'' '''folket'''
* ''Sprak'' '''folken''' → ''Norsprak'' '''folker'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Xipirho/Folksprak</title>
    <id>4212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24317</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T14:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Talk:Folksprak]] moved to [[User talk:Xipirho/Folksprak]]: The Folksprak dialect created by Xipirho is &quot;Westsprak&quot;. Folksprak is a consensus project by more than one Folksprak speaker.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== About Folksprak ==

Hy Roly,
This dialect is very similar to the dialect Ingmar, David and I agreed on (and that's cool). I called my personal dialect [[Sprak]], in order to avoid name clashes. I think it's worth reserving ''Folksprak'' for the project we are all working on. Is there any synonym in order to call your Folksprak another way, too?

Mid friandlik greuten,
Stephan</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Niraþ.png</title>
    <id>4213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23607</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-20T23:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Based on [[:Image:Aarð2.PNG]], a map showing the location of the continent of [[Niraþ]] on the planet of [[Aarð]].</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Based on [[:Image:Aarð2.PNG]], a map showing the location of the continent of [[Niraþ]] on the planet of [[Aarð]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niraþ</title>
    <id>4214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24534</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-16T14:47:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Niraþ''' is a continent on the planet [[Aarð]]. Located in the southern hemisphere, Niraþ is home to the [[Turqa|Turiq]], [[Kipiru]], [[Atali]], [[Pÿrvao]] and [[Dorontai]] cultures. [[Þeal]] and [[Saiyic]] are important islands.&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Niraþ_loc.png|thumb|Location of Niraþ]]
[[Image:Niraþ_map.png|750 px]]
[[Category:Aarð]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Niraþ map.png</title>
    <id>4215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23635</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T16:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of [[Niraþ]], based on the original scan I made for [[:Image:Aarð.png]].</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of [[Niraþ]], based on the original scan I made for [[:Image:Aarð.png]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Aarð3.png</title>
    <id>4216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23643</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T18:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An updated version of [[:Image:Aarð.png]].</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An updated version of [[:Image:Aarð.png]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Niraþ loc.png</title>
    <id>4217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23645</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-21T19:01:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Location of the continent of [[Niraþ]] on [[Aarð]].</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Location of the continent of [[Niraþ]] on [[Aarð]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Senyecan, Part III</title>
    <id>4218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23958</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-27T15:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is there a reason this page is blanked? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:36, 21 July 2007 (PDT)

:He seems to have blanked it around the time the language spelling changed to Senjecan.  I'm not sure if it corresponds to any of the new documents enough to make it into a redirect.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 08:43, 27 July 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oppai (language)</title>
    <id>4219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31752</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Oppai''' is a language spoken in [[West Odirá]], related to the [[Kasshian languages]].  It's the largest language in the [[Oppai branch]] of the [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]].

[[Category:Galhafan languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mumuñu</title>
    <id>4220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23687</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-22T05:08:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bzzatch</username>
        <id>733</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Mumuñu
|tu=Alternate Earth, modern era
|species=Human
|in=Mumuñu
|no=7
|script=Latin
|tree=Isolate&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=OVS
|creator=
|date=August 2006}}


Mumuñu (Mumuñu: Muμúñu) is a language isolate conlang spoken by about 7, in the East Shore area of Staten Island in New York City. It is also currently an in-process conlang.

The Mumuñu Alphabet has 23 letters:

A a (ah) B b (beh) Ĉ ĉ (che) D d (deh) Æ æ (ay) I i (ee) K k (ka) L l (lam)  M μ (muh) N n (muh) Ñ ñ (nye) O o (oh) P p (puh) R r (rah) S s (seh) Š š (sheh) T t (teh) Þ þ (theh) U u (oo)  Z z (zeh) Ž ž (zheh) ' (similar to Hawaiian okina) - (hyphen)

Notes:

* Accented letters are not part of the alphabet
* The English words &quot;the&quot; and &quot;a&quot; are replaced by &quot;this/that&quot; and &quot;one&quot;

áǽíóú represent stressed vowels

Some Mumuñu words:

==Persons==

* I = mǽ
* you = þu
* he = í
* she = ží
* he/she = dǽ
* we/us = úsa
* you (plural) = ró'ñi
* they = róμo

==More==

* the/this/that = da
* a/one = á
* is/am/are = ǽžu
* it = ztǽ'</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oppai branch</title>
    <id>4221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23675</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-22T04:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Oppai branch''' is one half of the [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]].  [[Oppai (language)|]] is the largest language in the branch.  = Proto-Oppai = Proto-Oppai is the reconstructed ancestor ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Oppai branch''' is one half of the [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]].  [[Oppai (language)|Oppai]] is the largest language in the branch.

= Proto-Oppai =
Proto-Oppai is the reconstructed ancestor of the Oppai branch.
== Phonology ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stop || p ||  || || || t ||  ||  ||  || k ||  || q
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n || || || || ŋ || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || || s || || || || x || || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || w || || || || r || || y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || i || ü || || || || || || || || u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Medium || || || e || || || || || o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || a
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

Vowels could be long or short.  Long ü is romanized as ű.

=== Changes ===
Prenasalized stops in Proto-Kasshi-Oppai merged with the nasals, while the fricatives v and z merged with w and r.  c merged with k, while ñ moved back to nasal.  Syllabic consonants were lost.  After short vowels, they became non-syllabic with the preceding vowel lengthened.  After long vowels, they became consonant-a syllables, while after consonants, they became a+consonant.  E.g., al' -&gt; āl, āl' -&gt; āla, afl' -&gt; afal.

Vowel sequences merged:
*ia -&gt; yē, īa -&gt; īye, iā -&gt; iyē, īā -&gt; īyē, ai, āi, aī, āī -&gt; ē
*ya -&gt; ye, yā -&gt; yē
*ua -&gt; wō, ūa -&gt; īwo, uā -&gt; uwō, ūā -&gt; ūwō au, āu, aū, āū -&gt; ō
*wa -&gt; wo, wā -&gt; wō
*iu, īu, iū, īū -&gt; ű
*yu -&gt; ü, yū -&gt; ű
*ui -&gt; wī, ūi -&gt; ūwi, uī -&gt; uwī, ūī -&gt; ūwī
== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
The gender system of Proto-Kasshi-Oppai was completely lost, classifiers came into use.
==== Number ====
*Dual: -ri
*Plural: -ŋa
==== Case ====
*Nominative: --
*Accusative: -hyē
*Genetive: -āf (-yēf, -wōf)
*Dative: ār (-yēr, -wōr)

[[Category:Galhafan languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Alphabetnew.PNG</title>
    <id>4222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23685</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-22T05:08:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Enzepedon</username>
        <id>726</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Faraneit</title>
    <id>4223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24127</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T10:40:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Adpihi will also be base-twelve; they'll count the joints of the fingers (three joints per finger, four fingers per hand, so twelve joints per hand).

Is it just me, or are a lot of conlangs base-twelve? [[User:Humancadaver101|Humancadaver101]] 03:40, 2 August 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Keenir</title>
    <id>4224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30637</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-11T21:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Keenir</username>
        <id>326</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In Progress:  [[gin Hob]]


ABANDONED:

'''Plural form''' is ''-osk-'' and, when present, will be immediately in front of the Aspect.

'''Demanding''' is a place-holder name, for events one states will happen in the future, though there is no certainty that event will occur.  ie, ''Carthage must '''be/will''' be destroyed.''

'''ASPECTS, etc:'''
{| border=1

! Aspect 
  |align=center| ! 1st person singular / plural ! Dual  ! 3rd person singular / plural  ! Aspectless
|- ! Genitive
|align=center| -ow   |  -owá  |   -owá   |   
|- ! Construct
|align=center| -aitó 
|- ! Instrumentative
|align=center| ! 
|- !
|align=center| ! Perfect  |-uumo |  |   |  |
|- !
|align=center| ! Imperfect | -uumò    |   |   |
|- !
|align=center| ! Demanding | -uumó  |      |   |
|- 
|align=center|  !      |-ea.a   |  -ea.ana   |  -ea.a.ō|
|-
|align=center|   !     |  -aoti | -ana.oti   |    |   -aot 
|-   
|align=center|    !  |/////|-atri   |-atrō  |    |   
|-
|align=center|     !    |-atrá |  ///// |   -atrà  |
|- 
|align=center|      ! |                        |                       |                   |    -ō­w.ō­      |
|-
|align=center|       !|                          |             |                  |  -ainōnō­         |
|- 
|align=center| !       |                            |                   |                   |         -oif       |
|-
|align=center|       |                            |                    |                    |              -à.ō­ 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thesome</title>
    <id>4225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58190</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T15:02:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebilein</username>
        <id>219</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vocalic Endings */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Thesome''' [⁸tʰe.zɔ.mɛ] is a constructed language. It is similiar to Ancient Greek in terms of phonology and Finnish in terms of morphology. - THIS PAGE IS STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION.

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
'''Phonemes'''
 
/a e i o u y/ &lt;a e i o u y&gt;

'''Allophony'''

All vowels have a lax counterpart: /a/ - [ɐ], /e/ - [ɛ], /i/ - [ɪ], /o/ - [ɔ], /u/ - [ʊ] and /y/ - [ʏ]. Lax vowels appear instead of the tense ones
# always in closed syllables; e.g. emnathon [&quot;ɛm.nɐ.tʰɔn]
# in the syllable following a stressed vowel; e.g. Thesome[&quot;tʰe.zɔ.mɛ]
# in the last syllable of a word; e.g. deromi [&quot;de.ɾɔ.mɪ]

Word final [ɛ] may be realised as [ə] in fast speech: Thesome /&quot;tʰe.zɔ.mə/

When the penultimate syllable is stressed, the vowel is usually pronounced longer; contrast deromi [&quot;de.ɾɔ.mɪ] with derthi [&quot;dɛ:ɾ.tʰɪ]

=== Diphthongs === 
'''Phonemes'''

/aɪ eɪ ɔɪ aʊ/ &lt;ai ei eu/oi au&gt;

/ɔɪ/ is written &lt;eu&gt; in the first syllable of a word, &lt;oi&gt; anywhere else; probably a sound change that has occurred in an earlier stage but that has been undone.

'''Glide Insertion'''

When another vowel follows a diphthong,
# in formal speech diphthongs ending in /ɪ/ add a /j/-glide before the next vowel whereas after /aʊ/ a /w/ is added.
# in colloquial speech diphthongs become (long) monophthongs  with a glide onset on the following syllable.

E.g. andromeía: 1. [ɐn.dɾo.&quot;meɪ.jɐ] 2. [ɐn.dɾo.&quot;me:.jɐ] and Sauos: 1. [saʊ.wɔs] 2. [sa:.wɔs]

===  Consonants === 
'''Phonemes'''

Plosives: /p pʰ b t tʰ d k kʰ g/ &lt; p ph b t th d k kh g&gt;

Fricatives: /f s x h/ &lt;f s ch h&gt;

Nasals: /m n/ &lt;m n&gt;

Liquid: /ɾ l/ &lt;r l&gt;

'''Allophony'''

The voiced stops /b d/ may be softened to [v ð] between vowels: eudein [&quot;ɔɪ.ðeɪn]

/k kʰ g/ are usually pronounced [c cʰ ɟ] before the vowels /e i y/.

/s/ becomes [z] in the onset cluster sm- (pronounced [zm]) and between vowels: contrast thesomi [&quot;tʰe.zɔ.mɪ] with thesthi [&quot;tʰɛ:s.tʰɪ]

Nasals, if preceding plosives, assimilate to the latter's point of articulation (with the exception of compounds).

===  Stress === 
Stress usually falls on the antepenultimate syllable.
If stress falls on any other syllable, it is marked with an acute accent (which is placed on the second part of a diphthong). If the penultimate syllable is stressed, it is pronounced longer than usual.
E.g. mnathygata [mna.&quot;tʰy.gɐ.tɐ] mnathygataí [mna.tʰy.ga.&quot;taɪ]  mnathygatánen [mna.tʰy.ga.&quot;ta:.nɛn]

===  Syllables === 
'''Onset'''

Any single consonant

Plosive + Liquid: pr-, phr-, br-, pl-, phl-, bl- etc.

/f/ or /x/ + Voiceless Plosive (except Bilabials): ft-, fth-, cht-, chth- etc.

/s/ + /m/ or Voiceless Plosive: sm-, sp-, sph-, st- etc.

/p/ or /k/ + /t/: pt-, kt-

/m/ + /n/: mn-

'''Nucleus'''

Any vowel or diphthong.

'''Coda'''

Except for the word's final syllable, any consonant except /h/ is allowed. Word finally, only /ɾ/, /l/, /n/, /s/ and /t/ are used.

===  Morphophonology ===
'''Vowels and Diphthongs'''

Also have a look at allophony of simple vowels and glide-insertion after diphthongs, which were discussed before (under section 1.1 and 1.2).

The diphthong /eɪ/ changes in formal speech commonly if preceeded or followed by a syllable with the same nucleus /eI/ (except when there are no consonant between the two nuclei). Whether the first or second diphthong changes, depends on the stress:

*When the second diphthong is not stressed, its /eɪ/ changes /i/.
*When the second diphthong is stressed, the preceding diphthong changes to /e/.

These changes aren't usually written.

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  ! 2nd /ei/      || unstressed     || stressed  
  |-
  | Thesome       || '''smeidein''' || '''smeideí'''
  |-
  | Pronunciation || zmeɪdɪn        || zmedeɪ 
  |-
  | Meaning       || ''I fear''     || ''he fears'' 
  |}


'''Consonants'''

Especially /tʰ/ is prone to many changes.

/tʰ/ &gt; [s] / C_ (C=voiceless stop), e.g. hekthi &gt; heksi

/ntʰ/, /mtʰ/ &gt; [s], e.g. famthi &gt; fasi, helenthi &gt; helesi

/tʰ/ &gt; ø / CC_, e.g. lapsthi &gt; lapsi

/tʰ/ &gt; [s] / _#, e.g. eude:thi &gt; eudeith &gt; eudeis

/m/ &gt; [n] / _#, e.g. eude:mi &gt; eudeim &gt; eudein

F &gt; ø / _s (F=fricative/sonorant), e.g. lalsme &gt; lasme, thessme &gt; thesme, kerofsme &gt; kerosme

/h/ &gt; [ɪ] / e_V, e.g. ehelenthe:mi &gt; eieleseín, ehekthe:thi &gt; eiekseís

/l/ &gt; ø / r_, e.g. farlje &gt; fairle &gt; faire

ø &gt; o / C_m (unless the previous syllable contains /o/, e.g. lalmi &gt; lalomi, but kerofmi &gt; kerofmi

== Morphology ==

=== Verbal Morphology ===

==== Personal Endings ====

With verbs, Thesome distinguishes four persons, three tenses, four numbers and two genera verbi.

'''Persons'''
*1st person: the speaker(s): I, we
*2nd person: the adressee(s): you
*3rd person: other(s): he, she, they
*NC (Noun Compound): used when the subject is a noun

'''Tenses'''
*Present: reports things that happen now
*Past: reports things that happened in the past
*Future: reports things that will happen in the future

'''Numbers'''
*Singular: denoting singularity
*Paucal: denoting only a part of a previous mentioned group
*Dual: denoting duality 
*Plural: denoting many or all

'''Genera Verbi'''
*Active
*Passive

Thesome verbs are usually grouped in three Classes, which themselves have Subcategories depending on the last sound of the verbal stem. To the first Class belong verbs whose stem ends in the vowel '''e''' (e.g. '''eude-''' ''to see'', '''smeide-''' '' to fear''), to the second Class verbs whose stem ends in a diphthong (e.g. '''tleu-''' ''to drink''), a consonant (e.g. '''helen-''' ''to sing'' or '''kerof-''' ''to write'') or a consonant cluster (e.g. '''laps-''' ''to sleep'') and to the third Class belongs the irregular verb '''ei-''' ''to be''.

Here follows the Set of Endings in the Active voice:
  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Endings
  !align=center| Singular
  !align=center| Paucal
  !align=center| Dual
  !align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | -mi
  | -sme
  | -smet
  | -men
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | -thi
  | -sthe
  | -sthet
  | -then
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | -eí
  | -seí
  | -set
  | -eíen
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| -én
  |}


The Passive endings:
  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Vocalic Endings
  !align=center| Singular
  !align=center| Paucal
  !align=center| Dual
  !align=center| Plural
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center| Singular
  !align=center| Paucal
  !align=center| Dual
  !align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | -emai
  | -efme
  | -emne
  | -emnai
  ! 1st
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | -ethai
  | -efthe
  | -etne
  | -etnai
  ! 2nd
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | -eíai
  | -efeí
  | -eneí
  | -enaí
  ! 3rd
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  | -?
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| -aí
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| -aí
  |}

==== Present Tense ====

===== Class I =====

Class I verbs (thus verbs, whose stem ends in the vowel '''e''') attach most endings without modifications. Exceptions are endings that start with a vowel (3rd Person Singular '''-eí''', 3rd Person Plural '''eíen''' and NC '''-én''') - here, the stem-final vowel '''e''' is deleted before the Endings are attached. Another complication is that - due to soundchanges - the first and second Person Singular endings are '''-in''' and '''-is''', thus forming a diphthong with the stem-final vowel '''e''' (the developement can be described as follows: eudein &lt; eudeim &lt; eudemi; similarly eudeis &lt; eudeith &lt; eudethi). 

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Active
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | eude'''in'''
  | ''I see''
  | eude'''sme'''
  | ''some of us see''
  | eude'''smet'''
  | ''we two see''
  | eude'''men'''
  | ''we see''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | eude'''is'''
  | ''you see''
  | eude'''sthe'''
  | ''some of you see''
  | eude'''sthet'''
  | ''you two see''
  | eude'''then'''
  | ''you see''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | eud'''eí'''
  | ''he sees''
  | eude'''seí'''
  | ''some of them see''
  | eude'''set'''
  | ''they two see''
  | eud'''eíen'''
  | ''they see''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| eud'''én'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X see(s)''
  |-
  | Passive
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | eud'''emai'''
  | ''I am seen''
  | eud'''efme'''
  | ''some of us are seen''
  | eud'''emne'''
  | ''we two are seen''
  | eud'''emnai'''
  | ''we are seen''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | eud'''ethai'''
  | ''you are seen''
  | eud'''efthe'''
  | ''some of you are seen''
  | eud'''etne'''
  | ''you two are seen''
  | eud'''etnai'''
  | ''you are seen''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | eud'''eíai'''
  | ''he is seen''
  | eud'''efeí'''
  | ''some of them are seen''
  | eud'''eneí'''
  | ''they two are seen''
  | eud'''enaí'''
  | ''they are seen''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| eud'''aí'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X is/are seen''
  |}

Attention should also be drawn to the fact, that the pronunciation changes a little bit if the paenultimate syllable of the verbalstem contains the diphthong '''ei''' (see also the section Morphonology). E.g. '''smeide-''' ''to fear'' &gt; '''smeidein''' /zmeɪdɪn/ ''I fear'', '''smeideis''' /zmeɪdɪs/ ''you fear'', '''smeideí''' /zmedeɪ/ ''s/he fears'' and '''smeideíen''' /zmedeɪen/ ''they fear''.

===== Consonant Endings =====

Consonant Endings are attached to the verb's stem; they trigger, however, modifications, depending on the last sound of the verbal stem.

'''Liquid Stems'''

Liquid Stems are stems ending in -l, -r, and -s, e.g. '''lal-''' ''speak'', '''der-''' ''stay'' and '''thes-''' ''lie''. 

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | lal'''omi'''
  | ''I speak''
  | la'''sme'''
  | ''some of us speak''
  | la'''smet'''
  | ''we two speak''
  | lal'''omen'''
  | ''we speak''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | lal'''thi'''
  | ''you speak''
  | la'''sthe'''
  | ''some of you speak''
  | la'''sthet'''
  | ''you two speak''
  | lal'''then'''
  | ''you speak''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | lal'''eí'''
  | ''he speaks''
  | la'''seí'''
  | ''some of them speak''
  | la'''set'''
  | ''they two speak''
  | lal'''eíen'''
  | ''they speak''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| lal'''én'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X speak(s)''
  |}

'''Modifications''':
# They insert a vowel -o- in 1SG and 1PL. (lal-'''o'''-mi, der-'''o'''-mi, thes-'''o'''-mi)
# They lose their final consonant when appended with the Paucal- and Dual-endings. (la-sme, de-sme, the-sme).

'''Stop Stems'''

Stop Stems are stems ending in -p, -t, and -k, e.g. '''hek-''' ''strike''. 

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | hek'''omi'''
  | ''I strike''
  | hek'''osme'''
  | ''some of us strike''
  | hek'''osmet'''
  | ''we two strike''
  | hek'''omen'''
  | ''we strike''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | hek'''si'''
  | ''you strike''
  | hek'''osthe'''
  | ''some of you strike''
  | hek'''osthet'''
  | ''you two strike''
  | hek'''sen'''
  | ''you strike''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | hek'''eí'''
  | ''he strikes''
  | hek'''seí'''
  | ''some of them strike''
  | hek'''set'''
  | ''they two strike''
  | hek'''eíen'''
  | ''they strike''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| hek'''én'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X strike(s)''
  |}

'''Modifications''':
# They insert a vowel -o- in all first persons and in 2PC/DU. (hek-'''o'''-mi, hek-'''o'''-sme, hek-'''o'''-men, hek-'''o'''-sthe)
# The aspirated voiceless stop /tʰ/ in 2SG and 2PL becomes /s/. (hek-'''s'''i)


'''Nasal Stems'''

Nasal Stems are stems ending in -m and -n, e.g. '''fam-''' ''say'' and '''helen-''' ''sing''. 

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | fa'''mi'''
  | ''I say''
  | fa'''sme'''
  | ''some of us say''
  | fa'''smet'''
  | ''we two say''
  | fa'''men'''
  | ''we say''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | fa'''si'''
  | ''you say''
  | fa'''sthe'''
  | ''some of you say''
  | fa'''sthet'''
  | ''you two say''
  | fa'''then'''
  | ''you say''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | fam'''eí'''
  | ''he says''
  | fa'''seí'''
  | ''some of them say''
  | fa'''set'''
  | ''they two say''
  | fam'''eíen'''
  | ''they say''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| fam'''én'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X say(s)''
  |}

'''Modifications''':
# The final consonant is lost in all forms except 3SG, 3PL and NC.
# The aspirated voiceless stop /tʰ/ in 2SG becomes /s/ (but not in 2PL). (fa-'''s'''i vs. fa-'''th'''en)


'''Stop-S Stems'''

Stop-S Stems are stems ending in an unvoiced stop followed by an /s/, e.g. '''laps-''' ''sleep'' and '''kleits-''' ''to be captive''. 

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | lap'''osmi'''
  | ''I sleep''
  | lap'''osme'''
  | ''some of us sleep''
  | lap'''osmet'''
  | ''we two sleep''
  | lap'''osmen'''
  | ''we sleep''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | laps'''i'''
  | ''you sleep''
  | lap'''osthe'''
  | ''some of you sleep''
  | lap'''osthet'''
  | ''you two sleep''
  | laps'''en'''
  | ''you sleep''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | laps'''eí'''
  | ''he sleeps''
  | lap'''oseí'''
  | ''some of them sleep''
  | lap'''oset'''
  | ''they two sleep''
  | laps'''eíen'''
  | ''they sleep''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| laps'''én'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X sleep(s)''
  |}

'''Modifications''':
# In 1SG and 1PL, an &lt;o&gt; intrudes between the stop and the /s/ of the stem. (lap'''o'''smi ''I sleep'').
# In all Paucal and Dual forms, the /s/ of the stem is lost and replaced by an &lt;o&gt;. (lap'''o'''sthe ''some of you sleep'')
# In 2SG and 2PL, the /tʰ/ of the personal ending is lost. (laps'''i''' ''you sleep'')


'''Irregular'''

'''Ei-''' ''be'' is an irregular verb.

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Consonant Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | ei'''mi'''
  | ''I am''
  | e'''sme'''
  | ''some of us are''
  | e'''smet'''
  | ''we two are''
  | ei'''men'''
  | ''we are''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | ei'''s'''
  | ''you are''
  | e'''sthe'''
  | ''some of you are''
  | e'''sthet'''
  | ''you two are''
  | ei'''then'''
  | ''you are''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | '''ei'''
  | ''he is''
  | e'''seí'''
  | ''some of them are''
  | e'''set'''
  | ''they two are''
  | '''eíen'''
  | ''they are''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| '''en'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X is''
  |}

==== Past Tense ====

===== The Past Stem =====

The Past Stem is formed via a circumfix consisting of an augment and a dental suffix, which will be dealt with seperately in this section.

'''The Augment''' is - like in Ancient Greek - a vowel, '''e-''' which is prefixed to the stem. This leads to no difficulties with verbal stems beginning with a consonant (except h-) and verbal stems beginning with the vowel i- (thus forming the diphthong ei-).
* der- &gt; '''e'''der-
* lal- &gt; '''e'''lal-
* thes- &gt; '''e'''thes-
* ir- &gt; '''e'''ir-

When the stem begins with the vowels a-, e- and o-, the augment becomes an infix '''i-''' (thus forming the diphthongs ai-, ei- and eu-).
* ar- &gt; '''ai'''r-
* echt- &gt; '''ei'''cht-
* op- &gt; '''eu'''p-

Verbal stems beginning with eu- replace the diphthong with '''y-''', those beginning with h- replace the consonant with '''ei-'''.
* eumath- &gt; '''y'''math-
* helen- &gt; '''ei'''elen-

Verbal stems beginning with any other diphthong than eu- (ai-, ei- or au-) and those beginning with the vowels u- or y- do not use the augment.
* eib- &gt; eib-
* uk- &gt; uk-

'''The Dental Suffix''' is with the verbal stems that use the vocalic endings in present tense always '''-eth'''.
* met- &gt; emet'''eth-'''
* eud- &gt; yd'''eth-'''

With the verbal stems using the consonantal endings in the present tense, the dental suffix usually corresponds to the ending of the 2SG without the final vowel '''-i'''.
* lal- &gt; elal'''th-''' (2SG: lalthi)
* thes- &gt; ethes'''th-''' (2SG: thesthi)
* hek- &gt; eiek'''s-''' (2SG: heksi)
* helen- &gt; eiele'''s-''' (2SG: helesi) 
* laps- &gt; elaps- (2SG: lapsi)
* eib- &gt; eib- (2SG: eibi)

One additional change in the past stem of verbal stems that occurs quite frequently (however, not always) is the change of an '''a''' to an '''e''' if in the syllable before the past tense dental suffix and followed by '''s''' (which may be part of the verbal stem or the past tense dental suffix itself).
* gel'''a'''s- &gt; egel'''e'''sth-
* f'''a'''m- &gt; ef'''e'''s-


'''Some interesting tidbits that arise from these rules:'''

*'''Thes-''' ''lie'' and '''thas-''' ''hear'' share the same past stem '''ethesth-'''.
*'''Eibeí''' (from '''eib-''' ''stand'') means both ''he stands'' and ''he stood''.
*'''Ukseí''' (from '''uk-''' ''free'') means both ''some of them free'' and ''he freed''.

===== Endings in the Past Tense =====

The Endings in the Past Tense are the Vocalic Endings of the Present Tense with the exception of the NC-ending, which - in Past Tense - is '''-és''' rather than Present Tense '''-én'''. Also note, that in Singular Number, it is always the Ending that is stressed.

Two Example Conjugations: '''ydeth-''' (from '''eud-''' ''see'') and '''elalth-''' (from '''lal-''' ''speak'').

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | Vocalic Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | ydeth'''eín'''
  | ''I saw''
  | ydeth'''esme'''
  | ''some of us saw''
  | ydeth'''esmet'''
  | ''we two saw''
  | ydeth'''emen'''
  | ''we saw''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | ydeth'''eís'''
  | ''you saw''
  | ydeth'''esthe'''
  | ''some of you saw''
  | ydeth'''esthet'''
  | ''you two saw''
  | ydeth'''ethen'''
  | ''you saw''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | ydeth'''eí'''
  | ''he saw''
  | ydeth'''eseí'''
  | ''some of them saw''
  | ydeth'''eset'''
  | ''they two saw''
  | ydeth'''eíen'''
  | ''they saw''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ydeth'''és'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X saw''
  |-
  | Vocalic Endings
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Singular
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Paucal
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Dual
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | elalth'''eín'''
  | ''I spoke''
  | elalth'''esme'''
  | ''some of us spoke''
  | elalth'''esmet'''
  | ''we two spoke''
  | elalth'''emen'''
  | ''we spoke''
  |-
  ! 2nd
  | elalth'''eís'''
  | ''you spoke''
  | elalth'''esthe'''
  | ''some of you spoke''
  | elalth'''esthet'''
  | ''you two spoke''
  | elalth'''ethen'''
  | ''you spoke''
  |-
  ! 3rd
  | elalth'''eí'''
  | ''he spoke''
  | elalth'''eseí'''
  | ''some of them spoke''
  | elalth'''eset'''
  | ''they two spoke''
  | elalth'''eíen'''
  | ''they spoke''
  |-
  ! NC
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| elalth'''és'''
  | colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=center| ''X spoke''
  |}

==== Future Tense ====


==== Participles ====

'''Participle Present Active''': Formed with the Suffix '''-ein''', declined like masculine or feminine -is nouns from the stem '''-en-'''

e.g: '''eud-''' ''see'' =&gt; '''eudein''' ''seeing'', '''lal-''' ''speak'' =&gt; '''lalein''' ''speaking''
'''eudein''' ''seeing'' =&gt; '''eudenes''' ''of the seeing (one)'', '''lalein''' ''speaking'' =&gt; '''lalenes''' ''of the speaking (one)''

=== Nominal Morphology ===

With nouns, Thesome distinguishes three (biological) sexes, five numbers and eight cases.

'''Sexes'''
*Masculine: Used for male persons and male animals (when the latter's sex is being stressed), e.g. '''yleíon''' ''man'', '''mesos''' ''boy'' and '''eutlephon''' ''stallion''.
*Feminine: Used for female persons and female animals (when the latter's sex is being stressed), e.g. '''androme''' ''woman'', '''meitle''' ''girl'' and '''aitlephis''' ''mare''.
*Neuter: Used for animals (when their sex is unstressed), plants and objects (both concrete and abstract), e.g. '''tlephon''' ''horse''.

'''Numbers'''
*Singular: denoting singularity 
*Paucal: denoting only a part of a previous mentioned group 
*Dual: denoting duality 
*Plural: denoting many
*Collective: denoting all

'''Cases'''
*Nominative: citation form; used for predicats, appositions and direct adress
*Subjective: used as the subject of a verb
*Accusative: used for direct objects
*Genitive: used as posessors
*Benefactive: used for the noun that gains profit from the action
*Instrumental: used for instruments
*Allative: used to express motion towards the noun
*Ablative: used to express motion away from the noun

The Stem that receives the case-affixes usually corresponds to the Accusative Singluar without the ending -en.

==== Masculine Declension ====

Masculine Nouns commonly end in the Nominative in a consonant ('''far''' ''king'', stem far-; '''mol''' ''male slave'', stem mol-), in '''-on''' ('''yleíon''' ''man'', stem yleí-) or '''-os''' ('''mesos''' ''boy'', stem mes-).

Here follows the declension of '''far''' ''king''. The affixes are used here with a hyphen in order to let them be seen easier; in ordinary texts, no hyphen is used.

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | 
  ! Singular 
  ! Paucal
  ! Dual
  ! Plural
  ! Collective
  |-
  ! Nominative
  | far
  | '''te'''-far
  | far-'''oi'''
  | far-'''ir'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''mai'''
  |-
  ! Subjective
  | far-'''un'''
  | '''te'''-far-'''un'''
  | far-'''y'''
  | far-'''eirun'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''mai'''
  |-
  ! Accusative
  | far-'''en'''
  | '''ten'''-far
  | far-'''yn'''
  | far-'''irmen'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''main'''
  |-
  ! Genitive
  | far-'''es'''
  | '''tes'''-far-'''es'''
  | far-'''ys'''
  | far-'''irthes'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''mais'''
  |-
  ! Benefactive
  | far-'''é'''
  | '''te'''-far-'''é'''
  | far-'''ý'''
  | far-'''eiré'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''main'''
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  | far-'''énen'''
  | '''ten'''-far-'''énen'''
  | far-'''ýnen'''
  | far-'''eirén'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''mánen'''
  |-
  ! Allative
  | far-'''emna'''
  | '''ten'''-far-'''en'''
  | far-'''yna'''
  | far-'''irman'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''main'''
  |-
  ! Ablative
  | far-'''eksa'''
  | '''tes'''-far-'''es'''
  | far-'''ysa'''
  | far-'''irkan'''
  | '''il'''-far-'''mais'''
  |}

===== Singular =====

The SUBJ.SG. has two allomorphs: '''-un''' and '''-us'''; '''-us''' is only used in two cases:
#with nouns ending in '''-on''' in NOM.SG., e.g. yleí'''on''' &gt; yleí'''us'''
#with nouns ending in '''-l''' in NOM.SG., e.g. mo'''l''' &gt; mol'''us'''

===== Paucal =====

Nouns beginning with e- contract tee- to tei-, thus: emnathon &gt; NOM.PC. teimnas (&lt; te-emnath), SUBJ.PC. teimnathus, ACC.PC. tenemnas.

Nouns beginning with any other vowel use tei- as prefix, thus: yleíon &gt; NOM.PC teiyleí (&lt; te-yleí), ACC.PC. tenyleí

As can be seen above, the '''-on'''/'''-os''' ending of the NOM.SG. is lost, too, leading the the change of final '''-th''' &gt; '''-s''' (teimnas from teimnath).

==== Feminine Declension ====

Feminine Nouns commonly end in the Nominative in '''-e''' ('''meitle''' ''girl''), '''-a''' ('''mnathygata''' ''mother'') or '''-is''' ('''ptosis''' ''wife''). Each of these three types has a slightly different declension in the singular, but they share endings in all other numbers.

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | 
  ! Singular (-e)
  ! Singular (-is)
  ! Singular (-a)
  ! Paucal
  ! Dual
  ! Plural
  ! Collective
  |-
  ! Nominative
  | meitle
  | ptosis
  | mnathygata
  | 
  | meitl-'''et'''
  | meitl-'''eía'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ai'''
  |-
  ! Subjective
  | meitl-'''é'''
  | ptos-'''un'''
  | mnathygat-'''aí'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''et'''
  | meitl-'''eíai'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ai'''
  |-
  ! Accusative
  | meitl-'''en'''
  | ptos-'''en'''
  | mnathygat-'''an'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''etse'''
  | meitl-'''echna'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ain'''
  |-
  ! Genitive
  | meitl-'''es'''
  | ptos-'''es'''
  | mnathygat-'''as'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''eptós'''
  | meitl-'''echtha'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ais'''
  |-
  ! Benefactive
  | meitl-'''eí'''
  | ptos-'''é'''
  | mnathygat-'''aí'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''epté'''
  | meitl-'''eíen'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ain'''
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  | meitl-'''énen'''
  | ptos-'''énen'''
  | mnathygat-'''ánen'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''epténen'''
  | meitl-'''eíena'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ánen'''
  |-
  ! Allative
  | meitl-'''emna'''
  | ptos-'''emna'''
  | mnathygat-'''amna'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''etna'''
  | meitl-'''enai'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ain'''
  |-
  ! Ablative
  | meitl-'''eksa'''
  | ptos-'''eksa'''
  | mnathygat-'''aksa'''
  | 
  | meitl-'''etsa'''
  | meitl-'''esai'''
  | '''il'''-meitl-'''ais'''
  |}

==== Neuter Declension ====

Neuter Nouns commonly end in the Nominative in '''-on''' ('''keron''' ''stone''), '''-os''' ('''taknos''' ''lesson'') or '''-is''' ('''ktesis''' ''hand''), thus uniting both typically masculine endings (-on and -os) with typically feminine (-is).

Here follows the declension of '''pheresis''' ''school''. The affixes are used here with a hyphen in order to let them be seen easier; in ordinary texts, no hyphen is used.

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | 
  ! Singular 
  ! Paucal
  ! Dual
  ! Plural
  ! Collective
  |-
  ! Nominative
  | pheres-'''is'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''a'''
  | 
  | pheres-'''ia'''
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iai'''
  |-
  ! Subjective
  | pheres-'''is'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''a'''
  | 
  | pheres-'''ia'''
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iai'''
  |-
  ! Accusative
  | pheres-'''en'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''an'''
  | 
  | pheres-'''ias'''
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iain'''
  |-
  ! Genitive
  | pheres-'''es'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''as'''
  | 
  | pheres-'''iatos'''
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iais'''
  |-
  ! Benefactive
  | pheres-'''é'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''ié'''
  | 
  | 
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iain'''
  |-
  ! Instrumental
  | pheres-'''énen'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''iánen'''
  | 
  | 
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iánen'''
  |-
  ! Allative
  | pheres-'''emna'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''iana'''
  | 
  | 
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iain'''
  |-
  ! Ablative
  | pheres-'''eksa'''
  | '''a'''-pheres-'''iasa'''
  | 
  | 
  | '''il'''-pheres-'''iais'''
  |}

==== Adjectives ====

There are three big classes of adjectives: those ending in -is, those ending in -ys and the rest (consonant adjectives).

'''-is adjectives'''

Here belong adjectives ending in -is, e.g. '''ftelmis''' ''red'' or '''hyklis''' ''little''.

'''-ys adjectives'''

Here belong adjectives ending in -ys in the unmarked form, e.g. '''ektys''' ''black''.

'''Consonant adjectives'''

Here belong adjectives ending a consonant, but not in one of the combinations mentioned above, e.g. '''glas''' ''beautiful'' or '''nen'' '''yellow''

When used as predicates, the adjectives take endings according to the sex of the subject.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|
! Neuter
! Male
! Feminine
|-
! -is
| ftelm'''is'''
| ftelm'''is'''
| ftelm'''is'''
|-
! -ys
| ekt'''ys'''
| ekt'''yon'''
| ekt'''is'''
|-
! CONS
| glas
| glas'''on'''
| glas'''is'''
|}

==== Numerals ====

  {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
  | 
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Cardinalia
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Ordinalia
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Multiplicative
  !align=center colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Partitive
  |-
  ! Arabic
  | '''Thesome'''
  | ''English''
  | '''Thesome'''
  | ''English''
  | '''Thesome'''
  | ''English''
  | '''Thesome'''
  | ''English''
  |-
  ! 1
  | '''urun'''
  | ''one''
  | '''eute'''
  | ''first''
  | '''uruseít'''
  | ''once''
  | '''???'''
  | ''whole''
  |-
  ! 2
  | '''at'''
  | ''two''
  | '''aitse'''
  | ''second''
  | '''atseít'''
  | ''twice''
  | '''???'''
  | ''half''
  |-
  ! 3
  | '''tair'''
  | ''three''
  | '''tairthe'''
  | ''third''
  | '''tartheít'''
  | ''thrice''
  | '''???'''
  | ''third''
  |-
  ! 4
  | '''leir'''
  | ''four''
  | '''leirthe'''
  | ''fourth''
  | '''lertheít'''
  | ''four times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''quarter''
  |-
  ! 5
  | '''peben'''
  | ''five''
  | '''pebeise'''
  | ''fifth''
  | '''pebeseít'''
  | ''five times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''fifth part''
  |-
  ! 6
  | '''laian'''
  | ''six''
  | '''laiaise'''
  | ''sixth''
  | '''laiaseít'''
  | ''six times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''sixth part''
  |-
  ! 7
  | '''meil'''
  | ''seven''
  | '''meilthe'''
  | ''seventh''
  | '''meltheít'''
  | ''seven times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''seventh part''
  |-
  ! 8
  | '''hebat'''
  | ''eight''
  | '''hebaitse'''
  | ''eighth''
  | '''hebatseít'''
  | ''eight times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''eighth part''
  |-
  ! 9
  | '''nefteír'''
  | ''nine''
  | '''nefteírthe'''
  | ''ninth''
  | '''neftertheít'''
  | ''nine times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''ninth part''
  |-
  ! 10
  | '''theichte'''
  | ''ten''
  | '''theichtite'''
  | ''tenth''
  | '''???'''
  | ''ten times''
  | '''???'''
  | ''tenth part''
  |}

== Syntax ==

=== Subject and Predicate ===

Every sentence normally consists of a Subject and a Predicate.

The Subject may be
* a noun, usually in Subjective case: '''Meitlé helenén.''' ''The girl sings.''
* a personal ending on the verb: '''Heleneí'''. ''She sings.''

The Predicate may be
* a verb: '''Mesun helenén.''' ''The boy sings.''
* a noun, usually in Nominative case: '''Alafnon mesun.''' ''The boy is Alafnon.''
* an adjective: '''Glason mesun.''' ''The boy is handsome.''

=== Agreement ===

One feature is the absence of agreement between a noun used as subject and verbal predicates: the noun stands in subjective case and the verb in the noun-compound form.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Meitlé helenén.
| The girl sings.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Mesun helenén.
| The boy sings.
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Meitlet helenén.
| The two girls sing.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Mesy helenén.
| The two boys sing.
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Ilmeitlai helenén.
| All girls sing.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Ilmesmai helenén.
| All boys sing.
|}

When the predicate is an adjective, however, it agrees with the subject in '''number and sex'''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glasis meitlé.
| The girl is beautiful.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glason mesun.
| The boy is handsome.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glas leison.
| The house is beautiful.
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glaset meitlet.
| The two girls are beautiful.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glasoi mesy.
| The two boys are handsome.
!
|
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glaseía meitleíai.
| The girls are beautiful
!
|
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Glasia leisia.
| The houses are beautiful.
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Ilglasai ilmeitlai.
| All girls are beautiful.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Ilglasmai ilmesmai.
| All boys are handsome.
! align=&quot;left&quot; |Ilglasia illeisia.
| All houses are beautiful.
|}

=== Cases ===

==== Nominative ====

The Nominative is used as predicate in &quot;to be&quot; sentences: '''Mesos Alafnus.''' ''Alafnon is a boy''.

It is used for direct adress (Vocative): '''Mesos!''' ''Boy!''

It may be used in Passive sentences as Agent, when the Agent does not gain profit from the action: '''Mesos eudemai.''' ''I am seen by the boy.''

==== Subjective ====

The Subjective is used as Subject in &quot;to be&quot; sentences: '''Mesos Alafnus.''' ''Alafnon is a boy.''

It is used as Subject in combination with the NC-verbal form: '''Alafnus Helenen eudén.''' ''Alafnon sees Helena.''

It is used for the Patient in Passive sentences: '''Alafnon Helené eudaí.''' ''Helena is seen by Alafnon.''

==== Accusative ====

==== Genitive ====

==== Benefactive ====

==== Instrumental ====

==== Allative ====

==== Ablative ====

=== Numbers ===

==== Singular ====

The Singular is used for single entities that are usually specified (and thus correspond roughly to Singular nouns with the English definite article ''the'').

'''Mesen eudein.''' ''I see one/the boy.''
'''Leisemna parthomi.''' ''I go into one/the house.''

==== Paucal ====

The Paucal is usually used to indicate a rather small group, although this is, of course, a very rough guideline; it somewhat corresponds to the English indefinite marker ''some''.

'''Aleisan eudein.''' ''I see some houses.'' vs. '''Leisias eudein.''' ''I see many houses.''

The Paucal is also used to indicate only a part of the previously mentioned group:

'''Teknias ydetheín meus ateknan ehkylastheín.''' ''I saw (many) lessons but I only learned some (of them).''

It is also used in the Nominative Case as Predicate to indicate unspecifiedness or the belonging to a larger group or class.

Contrast: '''Aleisa pheresis.''' ''The school is a building.'' vs. '''Leison pheresis.''' ''The school is the building.''

==== Dual ====

The Dual is usually used to denote two entities. '''Mesyn eudein.''' ''I see two boys.'' '''Meitletse eudein.''' ''I see two girls.''

The Nominative Dual is used as Predicative when two Singular Subjectives are present: '''Mesoi Alafnus Hektorunta.''' ''Alafnon and Hektor are (two) boys.''

When two people of a previous mentioned bigger group are to be expressed, usually the paucal and the numeral '''at''' ''two'' are used. '''Ilmesmain eudein meus tenmes at kalosmi.''' ''I see all the boys but I know (only) two of the boys.''

==== Plural ====

==== Collective ====

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piscean language</title>
    <id>4226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27479</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-12T16:30:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Language_tree.png|thumb|Language tree showing the partially naturalistic, partially synthetic, evolution of Piscean from Indo-European]]

Piscean (Piscean: pisceesum) is the official language of the proposed New Piscean Workers' Nation, founded on the manmade island New Pisces - off the coast of western France - that is said to be created in 2028. Despite being the constructed language of Representative S.C. Anderson, Piscean is linguistically derived from Old English and modern German; however, it is written not with the Latin or runic alphabets, but with the 'pro-Phoenician' [[Andersonic_alphabet|Andersonic writing system]] devised in 2007. (For the purpose of this article, examples of Piscean will be transliterated into the Latin alphabet.) The official ancestor of Piscean is [[Old_Piscean_language|late Old Piscean]], which provided the foundation for the modern dialect that would take on even more influence from German, yet would also make Old English the dominant source.

==Pronunciation==
Piscean uses the standard pronunciation of the Andersonic alphabet (see [[Andersonic alphabet#Letter-forms|here]]). Vowels are short if they are followed by a double consonant or long if they are followed by either a single consonant or no consonant, e.g. the I in 'icc' is pronounced like 'th'''i'''ck', noting the double C, whereas the I in 'bit' is pronounced like ''''ea'''t'.

Note the exceptions: 

*E at the end of a Piscean word is equivalent to a schwa /ə/ like English 'winn'''er''''.
*EN at the end of a Piscean word is equivalent to a schwa /ə/ followed by /n/ like English 'gard'''en''''
*JN at the beginning of a Piscean word is pronounced as EN - above
*ER within a Piscean word is /ɛə/ like English 'h'''air''''
*EST within a Piscean word is /ɛ st/ like English 'b'''est''''
*EL within a Piscean word is /ɛ l/ like English 'h'''e'''lp'
*AN at the end of a verb infinitive is /æ n/ like English 'b'''a'''n'
*F as the initial or final letter of a Piscean word is /f/ as it is in English, but ...
*F anywhere else inside a Piscean word is /v/ like English ''''v'''oice'

===Dipthongs and multigraphs===
Piscean also uses various dipthongs and multigraphs like letters in their own right, albeit not considered part of the alphabet.

*ij /aɪ/ like 'k'''i'''te'
*ow /aʊ/ like 'h'''ou'''se'
*oj /ɔɪ/ like 'j'''oi'''n'
*ee; aj; ej /eɪ/ like 'p'''ai'''n'

*sch /ʃ/ like ''''sh'''op'
*tsch /tʃ/ like ''''ch'''air'
*scg /dʒ/ like 'e'''dge''''

===Phonology===
====Vowels====
[[Image:Piscean_vowels.png]]

Vowels followed by a red mark are those sounds that are used if the vowel is followed by a double consonant. The blue mark next to the E indicates that the sound only appears as the final letter of a Piscean word. There are several dipthongs in Piscean, in addition to Ä, which behaves like a dipthong in the way it is a transition from one vowel sound to another. These are depicted below as maps, where the green lines portray the journeys of the sounds and the square indicates the destination sound.

[[Image:Piscean umlaut.png]] [[Image:Piscean ee aj ej.png]] [[Image:Piscean ij.png]] [[Image:Piscean oj.png]] [[Image:Piscean ow.png]]

====Consonants====
[[Image:Piscean_consonants.png]]

====Stress====
Stress in Piscean usually falls on the first syllable, with the following exceptions:

*Verbs of the '-eeran' group receive stress on their penultimate syllable.

*Similarly, nouns of the '-eerung' group receive stress on their penultimate syllable.

*Verbs beginning with the prefixes a-, ond-, bi-, for-, ge-, ofer-, on-, to-, un-, under-, ijmb-, of-, full-, fram-, in-, fort-, mid-, eefter-, befor-, eet-, ongän-, gäder-, feest-, efen- and jeond- receive stress on the first syllable that comes after the prefix. For example, in 'efen'''mac'''ian' ('to make equal'), the stress is placed on the syllable 'mac'.

*Words in which vowels are marked with acute accents. These are commonly found in words to retain the stress from the original source language (if it differs from Piscean stress rules), especially names of countries, which have been derived from several languages. An acute accent marks the vowel that belongs to the stressed syllable. For exmaple, in 'Am'''ér'''ico' (America), the stress is placed on the syllable 'er'. In 'Scgi'''pún'''' (Japan), the stress is placed on 'pun'.

==Articles==
The Piscean language includes three 'logical' grammatical genders. While in many languages, the genders do not often relate to physical properties of nouns, they do in Piscean; therefore, most nouns are neuter, while creatures of the male sex are masculine and creatures of female sex are feminine. If one refers to a creature, but does not wish to distinguish sex, the neuter gender can be used as a substitute. Observe the following examples:

*teet Sunne - the sun (no sex, so neuter)

*teet Mann - the person (no sex specified, so neuter)
*se Mann - the man (male, so masculine)
*seo Mann - the woman (female, so feminine)

The above example shows the importance the article plays in Piscean of distinguishing between sexes in a language where one noun fits all.

===Definite article===
The definite article is inflected in various ways, firstly split into three depending on grammatical gender, then into six depending also on quantity - whether singular or plural - and finally into a further thirty depending on grammatical case - whether nominative, accusative, dative, genitive or instrumental.

[[Image:definitearticle.png]]

Those words highlighted with an asterisk follow irregular patterns. 'Enum' is a contraction arising from a rather complex - and now incorrect - 'teemenum'. 'Seäm' is a result of 'seoum', which is difficult for a Piscean speaker to pronounce. The O and U thus collapse into Ä. Similarly, 'som' is contrived, as 'säum' is awkward in speech, giving way instead to a collapse of Ä and U into O.

===Indefinite article===
The indefinite article (in English, 'a/an') is inflected in much the same way as the definite article, but lacking plural forms (which are shown not with an article, merely by inflecting the noun itself).

[[Image:indefinitearticle.png]]

Those words highlighted with an asterisk follow irregular patterns. 'Een', 'eem', 'ees' and 'eum' are contracted forms of 'aneen', 'aneem', 'anees' and 'aneum', respectively. Regarding the feminine irregularities, 'änoen', 'änoem', 'änoes' and 'änoum' first contracted to 'oen', 'oem', 'oes' and 'oum', but - for even easier pronunciation - the O (and E, where applicable) finally collapsed into the dipthong IJ, which sounds like the English word 'eye'.

==Cases and prepositions==
Piscean implements five cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive and instrumental. Anderson affirms that these have greatly important and stylistic purposes.

===Nominative===
This case is used for the subject of the sentence (i.e. the noun doing the verb) and as a complement after: 'bean' ('to be'), 'weortan' ('to become') and 'hatan' ('to be called').

===Accusative===
This case is used for the direct object (i.e. the noun having the verb done to it/them) and after certain prepositions:

*to (for)
*ijmbe (around)
*geond (through)
*ot (until)
*butan (without)
*wider (contrary to)
*on (against)
*betwix (among)
*tonne (than)
*ofer (during)
*abreotan (failing)
*folgian (following)
*gelice (like)
*minus (minus)
*nahtmidstandan (notwithstanding)
*plus (plus)
*belimpan (regarding)
*geondut (throughout)
*mal (times)
*togänes (towards)
*ungelice (unlike)
*fortonan (because of)
*tonteetan (in order that)
*leesan (in case of)
*interessan (on behalf of)

The accusative case allows for flexible sentence structure that can place emphasis on a certain word by changing its location, yet retaining original meaning. For example:

*Se Hund bit sen Mann - The dog bites the man
*Sen Mann bit se Hund - The dog bites the man

Both of the above Piscean sentences have the same translation into English. On first glance, an English speaker might confuse the second example as 'the man bites the dog', although this is because the object comes before the subject. Because the word 'Mann' is preceded by the accusative article and 'Hund', by the nominative, those skilled in Piscean can easily deduce the sentence's meaning. Meanwhile, the first example places emphasis on the subject, while the second places greater emphasis on the object.

===Dative===
This case is used for the indirect object (i.e. the noun receiving or being given/sent/lent something); note that in this usage, there is no requirement to translate the word 'to' from English to Piscean:

*Icc geef hit sem Leerere - I give it (to) the teacher

The 'to' is not translated because it is suggested by the dative case ('sem').

When one goes to a place, that place is technically 'receiving' one, so the dative case is used when referring to travel. For example:

*Icc far teem Larenhus - I go to the school; I go to school

Note that proper nouns (that don't take an article) can also be inflected to reflect case:

*Lundenburg - London (nominative)
*Lundenburg'''en''' - London (accusative)
*Lundenburg'''em''' - London (dative)
*Lundenburg'''es''' - London (genitive)
*Lundenburg'''um''' - London (instrumental)

The action of going to London would involve the dative case:

*Icc far Lundenburgem - I go to London

It is also used after certain prepositions:

*eet (at)
*ut (outside)
*fram (from)
*ofer (about)
*eefter (after/according to)
*ongän (opposite)
*sittan (since)
*butan (except)
*mid (with)
*behionan (alongside)
*rittlingan (astride)
*beforan (before)
*gehende (near)
*escgan (aslant [into])

===Genitive===
This case is used to denote possession or ownership. 'The man's car' translates literally as 'the car of the man', but without any word for 'of'.

*Teet Äto ses Mann - the man's car (the car of the man)

To put proper nouns into the genitive case: if the noun ends in a consonant, add 'es'; if the nound ends in a vowel or Y, add 's'. For example:

*Teet Rum Seanes - Sean's room (the room of Sean)
*Teet Deejweorc Gaynores - Gaynor's job (the job of Gaynor)

===Instrumental===
The first use of the instrumental case is to replace words such as 'with' and 'by' in English in the context that they mean 'by means of' - in other words, to indicate that the noun in question is an 'instrument'. Usually, the instrumental case is not used with an article, unless for emphasis; therefore, the noun itself must be inflected. Despite the rule in Piscean that all nouns begin with a capital letter, when in the instrumental case, this capital is dropped. If a noun ends in a consonant, one must add 'um' to make it instrumental; if a noun ends in a vowel, one must add 'num'.

*Teet Bän - the train
*Icc far bänum - I go (by) train

*Teet Culi - the pen
*Icc writ culinum - I write (with a) pen

The second use of the instrumental case is to denote belonging, belief or status. When the noun is inflected, it can become similar to an adjective:

*Englaland - England
*Icc bee englalandum - I am English
*Icc sprec englalandum - I speak English

*Commjunizmäs - communism
*Icc bee commjunizmäsum - I am communist

===Irregular prepositions===
The third group of prepositions are designated no specific case. They are followed by accusative if they describe where something/things ''travel'' or dative if they describe where something/things ''already is/are''. For example:

*Icc far in teen Rum - I go into [the room] (accusative)
*Icc bee in teem Rum - I am in [the room] (dative)

The following prepositions are applied in this manner:

*in (in/into)
*behindan (behind)
*bufan (on top of)
*eetforan (in front of)
*bee (on, e.g. the wall; along)
*oter (next to)
*ofer (over/above; across)
*betweonan (between)
*under (under)
*needrigan (below)
*begeondan (beyond)
*dun (down)
*up (up/upon)
*hinter (past)
*bordan (aboard)

===Inflection of various words to reflect case===
The above information uses the definite article as a demonstration of inflection to represent case. However, the indefinite article, nouns, adjectives and possessive pronouns can also be inflected.

If there is a definite or indefinite article present, these must be inflected:

*Icc habb '''teen''' Culi - I have the pen
*Icc habb '''anen''' Culi - I have a pen
*Icc habb '''anen''' goden Culi - I have a good pen (note that only the indefinite article is inflected to reflect case; the adjective is inflected to reflect its status as a quasi-modifier; only one part of speech should be inflected to reflect case)

If there are no definite or indefinite articles present, inflect the possessive pronoun (if there is one) and then nothing else:

*Hit brecede '''meenen''' Culi - it broke my pen
*Hit brecede '''meenen''' goden Culi - it broke my good pen (remember that only one word is inflected to reflect case - here: meenen; inflection of the possessive pronoun is preferable over that of the adjective)

If there are no articles or possessive pronouns present, inflect the adjective (if there is one) and then nothing else:

*Icc habb '''goden'n''' Culie - I have good pens

To inflect a quasi-modifier adjective to reflect the accusative case, add '-'n' to it. (This is actually a contraction of '-en' to aid pronunciation; i.e. 'godenen' &gt; 'goden'n'.) The final N is classed as a silent letter, but in spoken Piscean, it indicates that the vocal emphasis should be placed on the last syllable, regardless of where in the word it is usually placed: 'goden = 'GOD-en', whereas 'goden'n' = 'god-EN'. To reflect all other cases, use those endings demonstrated in the 'Lundenburg' example.

Tinte in '''godenem''' Culie - ink in good pens ('godenem' reflects dative case, with '-em' suffix)

If there are no other inflectable words available, one must inflect the noun itself. For the accusative case: if the noun ends in '-e', add '-n'n' and if the noun ends in '-en', add '-'n'. For any other case: if the noun ends in a vowel, add '-n-', plus the relevant suffix (see the 'Lundenburg' example); if the noun ends in a consonant, just add the relevant suffix.

Icc habb '''Informaxionen'n''' - I have information

==Pronouns==
Pronouns in Piscean bear little resemblance to those in either Old English or German. This is because Anderson, Editor of the Piscean Lexicon, deemed their pronouns 'incompatible with the style and rules of the language'. Therefore, a new set of pronouns has been contrived, each with three inflections: pronoun, possessive and reflexive. (Note that, in Piscean, when the reflexive pronoun is referred to, it can be either reflexive or objective: in Piscean, both are the same.)

[[Image:Pisceanpronoun.png]]

Below are demonstrations of how the different forms are used:

*Icc bee an Lingwist - I am a linguist (pronoun)
*Meen Boc - My book (possessive pronoun)
*Icc feorme mir - I wash myself (pronoun and reflexive pronoun)
*Frignan naht mir - Don't ask me (reflexive [objective] pronoun)

To say words such as 'mine', 'yours' and 'theirs' in Piscean, find the pronoun that corresponds and use the possessive form of its Piscean equivalent. For example:

*Teet bee meen! - that is mine! (literally, 'that is my!')
*Teet bee jor - that is yours (literally, 'that is your')

Note that the word 'eem' ('one') can be translated either as 'people in general', 'everyone' or 'anyone':

*Eem cunn teet doan - Everyone/anyone can do that

Finally, the word 'noht' ('nothing') can also be translated as 'nobody':

*Noht cunn teet doan - Nothing/nobody can do that

==Verbs==
Verbs in Piscean are organised into five classes and each, where appropriate, is further conjugated depending on quantity and/or tense.

===Infinitive===
This is the verb class that one would find in a Piscean dictionary. All verbs end in either '-an' or '-ian' when infinitive.

*bean - to be
*habban - to have
*feormian - to clean

*Feoh - money
*[Feoh habban] bee eem! - [To* have money] is everything!

Observe that an SVO (subject-verb-object) word order is used alongside the infinitive. Money is the subject of the sentence, which comes before the infinitive verb. *The infinitive verb class notably eliminates the need to translate the word 'to' from English to Piscean.

*magan - to like
*plejan - to play
*Compjuter - computer
*Icc mag [compjuterum plejan] - I like [to play on the computer]

The above example demonstrates the use of the infinitive after an auxiliary verb, such as 'magan', which must use a second verb to clarify meaning; in this case, 'plejan'.

===Imperative===
Imperative verbs express direct commands, requests and prohibitions. The imperative is formed with an infinitive verb in conjunction with the nominative case, a VSO (verb-subject-object) word order and exclamation marks around the sentence (the first of which is only apparent when writing in the Andersonic alphabet).

*macian - to do/to make
*Macian jor Huslarenweorc! - Do your homework! (In Piscean, the exclamation mark is compulsory, while it is optional in English, often used only for emphasis)

*faran - to go
*Faran in Bedd! - Go to bed!

The exclamation marks supposedly indicate the natural intonation that is used for the imperative mood in spoken Piscean.

===Indicative===
The indicative verb is the most common in the Piscean language, used for factual statements and positive beliefs. It is further split into non-past and past tenses.

====Non-past singular====
This branch of the Piscean indicative mood is used to refer to events that are actively in progress or that haven't yet happened: either the present or future. The singular form, as opposed to non-past plural, is used for the following pronouns:

*icc (I)
*ja (you [for one person])
*tee (they [for one person])
*hee (he)
*zee (she)
*hit (it)
*...and after singular nouns

To form the present, one must create a stem from a verb infinitive. For verbs that end in '-an', this ending must be removed, leaving the stem.

*habban - to have
*Icc habb - I have/I am having

For verbs that end in '-ian', this ending must be replaced with '-e'.

*macian - to make
*Icc mace - I make/I am making
*Icc mace Cucen'n - I make cakes (Present uses subject-verb-object word order)

To form the future, follow the noun or pronoun always with 'will' - as an auxiliary verb - and then include the essential verb in its infinitive mood.

*habban - to have
*Icc will habban - I will have/I will be having
*Icc will Eefenwisten habban - I will have dinner (Future uses subject-(aux verb)-object-verb word order)

====Non-past plural====
This used for the same purpose as the non-past singular, but applies to only the following pronouns:

*wee (we)
*jam (you [for more than one person])
*teem (they [for more than one person])
*eem (one)
*noht (nothing)
*...and after plural nouns

To form the present, one must create a stem as in the instructions for the non-past singular. If the stem ends in a consonant, add '-en' to alter it to the non-past plural. If the stem ends in '-e', simply add '-n'.

*habban - to have
*Wee habben - we have/we are having
*Wee habben Eefenwisten - we have dinner

Form the future using 'willen' after the noun or pronoun along with the essential verb in its infinitive form.

*Wee willen habban - we will have/we will be having
*Wee willen Eefenwisten habban - we will have dinner

====Past singular====
The same rules as the nonpast singular apply, except for one additional step. If the stem ends in a consonant, add '-ede'; if the stem ends in '-e', add '-de'.

*Icc habb - I have
*Icc habbede - I had/I have had

*Icc bee - I am
*Icc beede - I was/I have been

*Icc writ - I write
*Icc writede - I wrote/I have written
*Icc writede anen Boc - I wrote a book/I have written a book

====Past plural====
The same rules as the past singular apply, but '-n' must be added.

*Icc habbede - I had/I have had (singular)
*Wee habbeden - we had/we have had (plural)

*Wee beeden
*Wee writeden

===Interrogative===
Verbs in inflected in this manner if they are used to ask questions. The interrogative mood not normally issued with a pronoun, but if context does not make the addressee clear, a pronoun - or, indeed, noun - can be included after the interrogative verb.

====Non-past====
For the present: firstly, create a stem according to aforementioned instructions. If it ends in a consonant, add '-est' to make it interrogative; if it ends in '-e', add '-st'.

*Habbest? - do you have/are you having?
*Writest? - do you write/are you writing?
*Macest? - do you make/are you making?

*Habbest anen Culi? - do you have a pen? (Interrogative present uses verb-subject-object word order)

For the future, always use the interrogative verb 'willest', with the essential verb in infinitive form inverted to the end of the sentence.

*Willest habban? - will you have/will you be having?
*Willest writan? - will you write/will you be writing?
*Willest macian? - will you make/will you be making?

*Willest anen Culi habban? - will you have a pen? (Interrogative future uses (aux verb)-subject-object-verb word order)

====Past====
To form the interrogative past, inflect the verb as in the indicative past singular, then add '-st'.

*Habbedest? - did you have/were you having?
*Writedest? - did you write/were you writing?
*Macedest? - did you make/were you making?

*Habbedest anen Culi? - did you have a pen?

====Using the interrogative mood with nouns and pronouns, etc====
Begin the sentence with the interrogative, non-past or past, verb and follow it with the subject, then a comma, then the rest of the sentence.

*Onbrejdest teet Geschäft, ta? - does the shop open, when? (When does the shop open?)
*Onbrejdedest teet Geschäft, ta? - did the shop open, when? (When did the shop open?)

===Conditional===
The conditional mood is used to speak of an event whose realisation is dependent on a certain condition.

====Non-past====
First create a stem, as one would in the indicative present singular mood and then subject the first vowel in the stem to a vowel shift. Vowel shifts occur in a predefined manner, with one vowel mapping to another (refer to the section 'Vowel shifts').

*Icc bee an Lingwist - I am a linguist (indicative)
*Icc bo an Lingwist - I would be a linguist (conditional - 'bee' has been subjected to a vowel shift, rendering it 'bo')

*Se Hund bit - the dog bites/the dog is biting (indicative)
*Se Hund bijt - the dog would bite (conditional)

Note that when one puts 'cunn' ('can') into the conditional non-past mood, it changes its meaning to 'could'. Because this is an auxiliary verb, one must invert the essential verb, in its infinitive form, to the end of the sentence.

*Se Hund cenn bitan - the dog could bite
*Icc cenn an Lingwist bean - I could be a linguist

If a situation requires a conditional verb to be inverted to the end of a sentence, it can be made into a quasi-infinitive. Add '-an' onto the end of the conditional stem.

*Ta ja naht cut wikium boan - if you are not familiar with Wikis (when 'bo' becomes a quasi-infinitive, it is 'boan')

====Past====
To form the conditional past: firstly, follow the instructions for the conditional non-past to retrieve a conditional stem. If this stem ends in a vowel, add '-de'; if it ends in a consonant, add '-ede'.

*Icc bode an Lingwist - I would have been a linguist
*Se Hund bijtede - the dog would have bitten

'Cunn' ('can'), when put into the conditional past, means 'could have'.

*Se Hund cennede bitan - the dog could have bitten
*Icc cennede an Lingwist bean - I could have been a linguist

===='If' and 'when'====
The English words 'if' and 'when' are both translated as 'ta'. Usage of the indicative mood defines 'ta' as 'when', while usage of the conditional mood defines 'ta' as 'if'.

*Ta icc far - when I go (indicative)
*Ta icc fär - if I go (conditional)

===Jussive===
The jussive mood in Piscean is used to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish and desire.

====Non-past====
One must use the conditional form of 'will' ('wijl') and the quasi-infinitive conditional form of the essential verb (subjected to vowel shift).

*Se Hund wijl bijtan - the dog should bite
*Icc wijl an Lingwist boan - I should be a linguist

====Past====
The jussive past is formed in a similar manner to the jussive non-past, but substituting the conditional past form of the essential verb for the quasi-infinitive form (subjected to vowel shift).

*Se Hund wijl bijtede - the dog should have bitten
*Icc wijl an Lingwist bode - I should have been a linguist

===Dubitative===
The dubitative mood expresses the speaker's doubt, uncertainty or speculation about the event denoted by the verb.

====Presumptive non-past====
This form of the dubitative indicates a presumption or possible event.

*Hee bee in Californjenem - He is in California (indicative)
*Hee beedog in Californjenem - He might be in California

The suffix '-dog' is attached to the non-past singular form of verb.

====Presumptive past====
The presumptive past is the same as the presumptive non-past except that the suffix '-dog' is attached to the past singular form of verb.

*Hee beededog in Californjenem - He might have been in California

====Assumptive non-past====
This form of the dubitative indicates an assumption or - at least what the speaker believes to be - a probable event.

*Beedog hee in Californjenem - He must be in California

It is similar to the presumptive, but requires a shift of syntax. While the presumptive requires SVO, the assumptive requires VSO, thus placing greater emphasis on the verb.

====Assumptive past====
This is similar to the assumptive non-past, but the suffix '-dog' must be attached to the past singular form of a verb.

*Beededog hee in Californjenem - He must have been in California

===Vowel shifts===
Verbs in both the conditional and jussive moods undergo predetermined vowel shifts. In some cases, single vowels substitute for double ones (the vowel is 'strengthened').

*a &gt; ä, any double consonants that follow change to single consonant
e.g. 'habb' &gt; 'häb'


*e OR ee &gt; o
e.g. 'bee' &gt; 'bo'


*i &gt; ij, any double consonants that follow change to single consonant
e.g. 'bit' &gt; 'bijt'


*o &gt; u
e.g. 'do' &gt; 'du'


*u &gt; e
e.g. 'cunn' &gt; 'cenn


*ij &gt; a
e.g. 'hijd' &gt; 'had'

Even though IJ is not considered a vowel in its own right, but a dipthong, the two letters collapse into A.


*eo &gt; ue
e.g. 'weorc' &gt; 'wuerc'

Not a vowel, but with the vowel shift, the letters are easier to pronounce than what they should be.


*ä &gt; eo
e.g. 'bät' &gt; 'beot'


===Voice===
Piscean has two voices for verbs: the active and the passive. The active form follows the basic SVO pattern, whereas the passive voice is derived by a shift of syntax, while retaining relevant cases. Observe

*Icc see Bill - I see Bill
*Bill see icc - Bill is seen by me

*Bill see mir - Bill sees me
*Mir see Bill - I am seen by Bill

*Se Hund bit sen Mann - the dog bites the man
*Sen Mann bit se Hund - the man is bitten by the dog

*Se Mann bit sen Hund - the man bites the dog
*Sen Hund bit se Mann - the dog is bitten by the man

The English 'third voice' can also be translated using an artificial pronoun - 'jo' - (and the SVO word order) in Piscean.

*Jo schnijd hänlic teen Bräd - the bread slices poorly (note that the bread itself is not slicing, but the phrase expresses that it can't be sliced easily)

*Jo ciep god heen Romane - his novels sell well

=='Bean' and 'zijan'==
The Piscean language has a loan feature from Spanish: two verbs that can both be translated into English as 'to be'.

The first of these, 'bean', describes the '''condition''' of something. Observe:

*Teet Eepel bee grene - the apple is green (because it is unripe)

This example speaks of the apple's condition. The apple is green, as it has not yet ripened. When the condition of the apple changes, it will no longer be green - it will be ripe.

The second of the verbs, 'zijan', describes the '''essential characteristics''' of something. Observe:

*Teet Eepel zij grene - the apple is green (by nature)

In this case, the apple is green in colour and remains green even after it has ripened.

Overall, 'bean' tells one '''how''' something is, whereas 'zijan' tells us '''what feature''' something has.

*Icc bee mete - I am currently tired
*Icc zij mete - I am generally tired

*Icc bee feegen - I am currently happy
*Icc zij feegen - I am generally happy

*Zee bee ruhij - she's being quiet
*Zee zij ruhij - she is introverted

*Icc bee fus - I am ready
*Icc zij fus - I'm ready for anything/I'm a quick thinker

Note that when an irreversible change has occurred, 'bean' is still used.

*Hee bee däd - he is (currently) dead
*Teet Äto bee abreotede - the car is (currently) destroyed

While this instruction may seem to contradict previous rules, it has a reason: in the examples, the person cannot be 'generally dead' and the car can't be 'generally destroyed'. The objects are not necessarily supposed to be that way and, as such, the adjectives describe their conditions.

Note that in these situations, 'zijan' is still sometimes used for idioms. For example:

*Hee zij däd - ''he is a dull and unresponsive person''
*Teet Äto zij abreotede - ''the car is falling to pieces''

==Adjectives and adverbs==
Adjectives in Piscean exist in two forms. The first is the sole stem of the adjective, forming a statement. In this case, the adjective always comes after the noun.

*Teet Culi bee god - the pen is good
*Teet Äto bee niwe - the car is new

This form of adjective, when preceding or following a verb other than 'bean', also serves as an adverb.

*Se Mann beede '''god''' gearcede - the man was '''well''' prepared

The second occurs when the adjective modifies the noun. If this is the case, the adjective comes directly before the noun and is altered.

*Teet goden Culi - the good pen
*Teet niwen Äto - the new car

To alter a modifying adjective that ends in an E, suffix '-n'. For one that ends in any other letter, add '-en'.

==Nouns==
All nouns are capitalised in Piscean, clearly showing their function within a sentence.

Like most Germanic languages, Piscean forms left-branching noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second. For example: Hundenhutte (dog hut or doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Piscean always uses the closed form without spaces. For example: Treowenhus (tree house).

Piscean compounds also assist in the differentiation of a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modify the noun. Compare the following examples:

*Essijzoweren '''Zojrenlauzung''' - '''acid solution''' that is acetic &gt; acetic acid solution
*'''Essijzoweren Zojre''' Lauzung - solution of '''acetic acid''' &gt; acetic-acid solution

*'''Runden Beod''' Reedung - discussion held at the '''round table''' &gt; round-table discussion
*Runden '''Beodenreedung''' - '''table discussion''' that is round &gt; round table discussion (note that this does not make sense)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Language tree.png</title>
    <id>4227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23736</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-24T13:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Definitearticle.png</title>
    <id>4228</id>
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      <id>23742</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-24T16:12:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Indefinitearticle.png</title>
    <id>4229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23744</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-24T16:30:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eastern Seaboard</title>
    <id>4230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23765</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T05:16:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Eastern Seaboard''' of [[Arophania]] is a relatively fertile mountainous region on the east of the continent, criss-crossed by numerous rivers and of a varied climate, ranging from ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eastern Seaboard''' of [[Arophania]] is a relatively fertile mountainous region on the east of the continent, criss-crossed by numerous rivers and of a varied climate, ranging from the cool temperate in the north and northeast, to warm temperate in the inland region, to Mediterranean in the southern coastal regions. The Eastern Seaboard lies entirely within the political boundaries of the state of [[Arithia]].

==Terrain==

==Climatic regions==

==Agriculture &amp; fishery==

==Settlement==

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arophania]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cape Beytes</title>
    <id>4231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23767</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T05:34:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Cape Beytes''' ([[Modern Arithide|Arithide]] '''''Beytes Tavas''''' {{IPA|['beitɛs 'tavɐs]}}) is a cape in [[Tannaea province]] on the northern reach of the [[Issol A'i]], located on the eastern edge of the [[Chisthian Sea]], on the continent of [[Marcasia]]. The cape is also the site of the city of [[Tannea]], capital of the province, and which grew out of a 8th century [[CIE]] citadel: due to its strategic location overlooking the strait so vital to international trade, the cape, along with its counterpart on the southern shore 16km away, [[Cape Somorra]], has always been strongly fortified. Today, the [[Arithian Soldierate]] retains a presence there in the form of [[Fort Lessanes]].

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cape Somorra</title>
    <id>4232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23768</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T05:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Cape Somorra''' ([[Modern Arithide|Arithide]] '''''Somorre Tavas''''' {{IPA|[so'mœ:re 'tavɐs]}}) is a promontory on the eastern edge of the [[Chisthian Sea]], located on the southern ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Cape Somorra''' ([[Modern Arithide|Arithide]] '''''Somorre Tavas''''' {{IPA|[so'mœ:re 'tavɐs]}}) is a promontory on the eastern edge of the [[Chisthian Sea]], located on the southern rim of the [[Issol A'i]]. The cape is best known as the location of [[Isphea]], the old capital of the [[Areth]] [[Lazeian Empire]], and for its unusual geography as the mouth of the [[Taphae-Nes river]], which has eroded away most of the hard rock that used to make up the cape, leaving only the headrock, and depositing softer sediment in its place.

Like its counterpart on [[Marcasia]]n coast, [[Cape Beytes]], Somorra is well defended, both for its strategic location on the vital and lucrative strait, and for its unique position, as the site of the old imperial capital and as part of the traditional [[Areth]] cultural, political and economic heartland.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Landforms of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]
[[Category: Arithia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaea</title>
    <id>4233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23772</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T06:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tannaea''' can refer to either of:

*The historical [[Tannaea (region)|region]] in southeast [[Marcasia]], or
*The modern [[Tannaea (province)|province]] of the [[Arithia]]n state

==See also==

*[[Tannaean]]


{{disambig}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Political territories of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannaea province</title>
    <id>4234</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>23775</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T06:12:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Tannaea (province)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tannaea (province)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Av (Arithide)</title>
    <id>4235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24592</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T07:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Arithide language|Arithide]], whether [[Classical Arithide|classical]] or [[Modern Arithide|modern]], the lexeme '''av''' is used almost universally in negation, and surfaces in various forms: standalone particle, prefix and suffix. While dialects may differ as to the exact quality of the vowel&amp;mdash;some have ''-e-'', others ''-o-'', others a schwa, and still others a variable vowel identical to the previous or next vowel, depending on whether the negation is prefixal or suffixal&amp;mdash;the consonant is in all cases the voiced labiodental fricative.

==Classical Arithide==

In [[Classical Arithide]], ''av'' was a flexible suffix, attaching not only to verbs, but also to nouns in negation, expressing by its mere position the negation of different elements in a sentence. Thus, for example, the sentence ''izō nosum surit'' &quot;(He) stole the money yesterday&quot; has the following negations:

#''Izō nosum surit'''''av'''''.&lt;br&gt;money.ACC yesterday.LOC steal.PAST.NEG&lt;br&gt;'''Regular verbal negation.''' This sentence is almost as ambiguous as the English, except that it is unambiguous that the money was involved, whereas in English appropriate emphasis could cast doubt even on that.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
#''Izō nosum '''''av'''''surit.''&lt;br&gt;money.ACC yesterday.LOC NEG.steal.PAST&lt;br&gt;'''Lexical verbal negation.''' This sentence translates to English &quot;(He) didn't steal the money yesterday&quot;, but unlike the English, which could plausibly be negating anything from the stealing to what was stolen to when it was stolen, in the Arithide the sentence's semantic scope is significantly narrower: it only means that what was done with the money was not stealing; he could have borrowed the money, put it in a safe, or burnt it. In this case the adverb ''nosum'' &quot;yesterday&quot; functions differently from the English, and would be interpreted to mean, loosely, &quot;yesterday's money&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
#'''Av'''''izō nosum surit.''&lt;br&gt;NEG.money.ACC yesterday.LOC steal.PAST&lt;br&gt;'''Nominal (object) negation.''' I.e. &quot;It wasn't the ''money'' that (he) stole yesterday.&quot; Something else was stolen yesterday, by him. Perhaps he did steal the money as well, but that wasn't done yesterday, and whether he did or not is not important. The emphasis here is on what was stolen yesterday, and that it wasn't the money; see also (5).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
#'''Av'''''na izō nosum surit.''&lt;br&gt;NEG.pron-3p-sg money.ACC yesterday.LOC steal.PAST&lt;br&gt;'''Nominal (subject) negation.''' &quot;It wasn't (him) who stole the money yesterday.&quot; Someone else stole the money yesterday. The additional pronoun is necessary here for disambiguation; other sentences omit the pronoun ([[Classical Arithide]] is pro-drop; see [[Classical Arithide grammar]]).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
#''Izō '''''av'''''nosum surit.''&lt;br&gt;money.ACC NEG.yesterday.LOC steal.PAST&lt;br&gt;'''Adverbial negation.''' &quot;It wasn't yesterday that (he) stole the money.&quot; He did indeed steal the money, but it wasn't yesterday; he had stolen it some time else, perhaps minutes ago. In contrast to (3), this construction is generally interpreted to mean that he did not steal anything else, but again the fact is not usually important.

==Modern Arithide==

''Av'' in [[Modern Arithide]] is purely a verbal affix, the language having lost much inflection and consequently the ability to negate nouns as in the classical tongue. As a result, sentence negation of types 3, 4 and 5 above have largely been replaced with periphrastic constructions, using the copula ''hē'' whose remit has been considerably expanded, not unlike the English &quot;It wasn't him who...&quot;, &quot;It wasn't the money that...&quot; etc. For comparison, here are the equivalent sentences in Modern Arithide:

#''Izoi eg ema sorie'''''v'''.&lt;br&gt;money ACC yesterday steal.PAST.NEG
#''Izoi eg ema '''''av'''''sorie.''&lt;br&gt;money ACC yesterday NEG.steal.PAST
#''Ema soriostou izoi he'''''v'''.&lt;br&gt;yesterday steal.PASSIVE.SUBST.TOP money be.NEG
#''Izoi eg sorie daidau nos he'''''v'''.&lt;br&gt;money ACC steal.PAST hand.TOP he be.NEG
#''Izoi eg sorie nevou ema he'''''v'''.&lt;br&gt;money ACC steal.PAST time.TOP yesterday be

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]], especially [[Classical Arithide conjugation#Negation]] for the two types of verbal negation.

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[CAtegory:Ethnography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tannea</title>
    <id>4236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23779</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T07:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Tannea''' is the capital of [[Tannaea province]] of [[Arithia]], located in the south of [[Marcasia]] on the eastern shore of the [[Chisthian Sea]] on [[Cape Beytes]]. The city grew out...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tannea''' is the capital of [[Tannaea province]] of [[Arithia]], located in the south of [[Marcasia]] on the eastern shore of the [[Chisthian Sea]] on [[Cape Beytes]]. The city grew out of an tenement built by the army of the [[Lazeian Empire]] in the 8th century [[CIE]], which later was extended and reinforced to become a full fortress. The modern city now occupies an area nine times larger than the old city, and is home to approximately 3.7 million people.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Geography of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Cities of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithia]]
[[Category: Marcasia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pisceanpronoun.png</title>
    <id>4237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23797</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-25T15:40:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Piscean</title>
    <id>4238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45169</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:46:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;Todeej bee {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{PisceanDay/{{CURRENTDOW}}}}, {{PisceanMonth/{{CURRENTMONTH}}}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Wilcume '''FrathWikiem''', an 'Wiki', hweer eem cunn ter 'Conspreece' and 'Conculture' instandan, and an Project to Informaxionen'n ofer Conspreecmacian, Conculturmacian and Woruldareeran gesamnian. Sean [[FrathWiki:Goals]] to uhren Ziel understandan!

FrathWiki nu habb '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' Trameten'n.

Teet Inhalt FrathWikies bee costenlos (tonne in Cwidem). Sean [[FrathWiki:Copyrights]] to Detajlen'n understandan!

'''Anfangmacian;''' Sean [[Help: How does one start a page]] and [[Help: Editing]] to Wikien'n allgemijnan understandan, ta ja naht cut wikium boan! An fullen Liste Temenes eet [[Help: Contents]] will ihn helpan. Scäwian bitte [[FrathWiki: Naming conventions]] beforan jorem formen Tramet macian!

Hit geef anen Tramet eet [[Help: Free Unicode fonts]] to helpan, hwelc ja cunn downlädeeran and installeeran tonteetan ja cunn sundoren Steefe sean; huru teet [[IPA]] neotede eet teem heonan Wiki.

Hit geef sumen '''[[Templates|Schablonen]]''' to joren Trametmacian helpan.

Hit geef nu anen [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki Yahoogroup] to teen heonan Websijt, hweer Gemelden will macede bean and Geawrite Informaxionenes will nerede bean.

'''Teet Wiki beede vorcurzan MediaWikiem 1.9.2 äfstijgede.''' Berictan bitte eenij uncuten Verhalten [mailto:muke@frath.net Mukenem](Muke)! 

[[Carune (page)|Teet heonan Tramet]] writede [[Carune]].
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|Teet heonan Tramet]] writede [[Satirocitan]].
[[Main Page in Mumuñu|Teet heonan Tramet]] writede [[Mumuñu]].
[[Main Page|Teet heonan Tramet]] writede englalandum.

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''[[Help:Contents|Temen to helpan]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Verscheeden'nsprecan]] - [[List of mailing lists|Liste Postzendunglistenes]] - '''[[List of conlangs|Liste Conspreecenes]]'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''Spreectemen;''' [[:Category:Grammar|Steefcreeftconzepte]] - [[person|Steefcreeftenmann]] - [[number|Steefcreeftenrim]] - [[tense|Steefcreeftenfierst]] - [[aspect|Steefcreeftenaspect]] - [[mood|Steefcreeftenstimmung]] - [[Swadesh list|Liste Swadeshes]]

|-
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'''Gemijnschaftlicen projecte:'''
*[[Hangraphy|Hangrafee]]
*:An Conortografee to Spreece indoojropenum, whelc neot Stefen'n cinenum.
*[[Sisiwön|Sisiwoen]]
*:An gemijnschaften Conspreec gegrundde fram [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages|Homonume ofer Spreecenem]]
*:An Liste Wordenes, tonne gal gelice mal Spreecen'n.
*[[Noric|Spreece norum]]
*:An Spreeccijn sprecde in teem Alpe osterricenum; in teem [[League of Lost Languages|Gruppe Forleosenes Spreece]]
*[[Oligosynthesis Project|Teet Oligosuntezenproject]]
*:An Project to anen Conspreec oligosuntezenum macian.
*[[Attested diachronic changes|Bezojgten diacronicen Awendednese]]
*:An Gener to interessanten diacronican Awendednesen'n instandan
*[[Zebia|Zebien]]
*:An gemijnschaftlicen Conworuld zompistum Bulletin Board.
''...sean äc [[:Category:Collaborations]]!''

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Liste Temenes conculturum:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar|Gerimboc zeremoneenum henädutenum]]
*[[New Royce|Niwerojs]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Senjecas]]
*[[Ilethes|Iletes]] &amp; [[:Category:Ilethes]]
''...sean äc [[:Category:Conworlds]]!''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Oter Conspreecwikiprojecte'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Pisceesumsprecan</title>
    <id>4239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58685</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-22T00:47:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Main Page/News banner */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm responding to your email here because it's easier to explain &quot;live&quot; like this. 

The main page has '''&lt;nowiki&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.'''

To translate it for the Piscean front page you can use templates and magic words.

For example, a template like [[Template:PisceanMonth/07]] (in which you would put the Piscean name for July) can be called by using '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{PisceanMonth/{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''', which will automatically convert to calling [[Template:PisceanMonth/08]] in August. 

The magic word for the day of the week is '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CURRENTDOW}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' (today being {{CURRENTDOW}} — Sunday is 0 and it counts upwards), so you could have something like [[Template:PisceanDay/3]] (in which you would put the Piscean name for Wednesday) which could be called by '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{PisceanDay/{{CURRENTDOW}}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''.

So you could have put such templates in place and put a line—arranged however your grammar would have it—like '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[Today is] {{PisceanDay/{{CURRENTDOW}}}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{PisceanMonth/{{CURRENTMONTH}}}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. 

Hope this helps. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:24, 25 July 2007 (PDT)


Thanks, Muke. —[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Anderson]]

== Combining diacritics ==

Combining diacritics are placed after the letter they're supposed to appear on (the few double-wide combining diacritics go after between the two letters they cover).  In the character selection box they're placed after a dotted circle (which is the usual convention in print to differentiate a combining diacritic from a spacing one) which you would replace with the letter you want to put it on.

If there's a &quot;precombined&quot; or single-character version of your character+diacritic combination, the Wiki software automatically converts it from the combination to the precombined character automatically when you submit it.  This may prevent its displaying well if your font doesn't have glyphs for the precomposed character, even if it has the glyphs for the base and the diacritic.  

If there is no precombined character, the wiki software will leave it as a sequence of character+diacritic, and it's up to the browser and your fonts to generate the correct appearance (some engines do better than others, and some fonts are better designed for this).  

I don't know if this answers your request for information--the question is a bit vague.  But feel free to ask again if not.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 12:08, 28 July 2007 (PDT)

::Have you been replacing the dotted circle with the letter the diacritic should go over? (i.e. click &quot;æ&quot; and the combination &quot;◌̄&quot; to get the three-character string &quot;æ◌̄&quot;, then delete the dotted circle between the æ and the macron, after which you should have &quot;ǣ&quot;).  If by 'does not combine' do you mean that it still stays separate, and you get something like æ¯ , then that's a font problem.  If something else is happening, please describe your results... —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:35, 29 July 2007 (PDT)

:::Hey, did you ever resolve this issue? If your problem is not getting the circle &amp; the diacritic apart - the circle is, after all, a &quot;letter goes here&quot; placeholder that SHOULD combine with any diacritic - here's how it goes. Say you want a sub-breve: you'll be starting with &quot;◌̥&quot;. In edit mode it should take ''two'' strokes of the arro keys to scroll thru this in either direction. The first is the circle; the 2nd is the diacritic. The easiest way to proceed is to apply Delete from the left, only erasing the circle. You can also place the cursor in the &quot;middle&quot;, either by placing the cursor on the left and pressing right, or on the right and pressing left (it should appear to be at the right of the compound) and then backspace.
:::Another useful thing is to use shift + L/R to select, then cut/copy + paste the diacritic part. You can cut/copy existing diacritics off letters this way (not with single glyphs like ǣ tho).
:::--[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 10:16, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

== Fonts ==

It should work like this:  
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times new roman&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: rk anactor&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: rk accardi&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;

I'm pretty sure font tags don't work, so it needs to be CSS like that.  Mind you, it's a very un-wiki way to do things.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:33, 3 December 2007 (PST)

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-color: red&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15mm&quot;&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;

:You can use pretty much any [http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/ CSS] in the style tags here, I believe.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 18:38, 4 December 2007 (PST)

== Dal'qörian double comma ==

[[User Talk:Rivendale]] Hi, thanks for your mail. Yes the double comma basically separates a '''clause''', be it '''subordinate''' or  '''coordinate'''. (''At least thats what its supposed to do, i'm currently going through the site checking for mistakes etc'').

The reason for this because of the '''prepositional word order rule''' which places prepositioned phrases immediatley 'after' a noun or pronoun, but is always separated by a single comma so as to incite a change of intonation in the voice. Hope this explains it, cheers.

== addition to dalcurian double comma ==

I originally created the double comma scenario for '''that''' clauses: ''I think (that) she is nice''. Since in English, we often ellipse the word '''that''', ''I think she is nice'', i wanted to do the same in Dalcurian but wanted it to be grammatically 'marked'. But in the end i just made the rule that '''that''' is never ellipsed...or even '''who''' as in, ''The people, who are here, are unknown to me''.

A good example of the way Dalcurian translates an 'elipsed' sentence is from my verb page:

* '''DanöÞ brát mériÞ nörasáb,, taÞ vädenária stæmöjátsiel'''. ''There are more and more people becoming vegetarian''.

In the English sentence, '''who are/that are''' is omitted but the sentence could also read:

''There are more and more people '''who are''' becoming vegetarian''

The Dalcurian example shows this as a separated, subordinate clause: '''taÞ vädenária stæmöjátsiel'''-''who are becoming vegetarians''. '''taÞ''' in these instances can also mean ''who''.

Its akin to the way German works with '''that''' clauses. Its proper to say: '''Ich denke, ''das'' sie hübsch ist''', rather than: '''ich denke, sie ist hübsch''' (I think that she's pretty). Only difference is that in German, '''das''' is subordinate and sends the verb of that clause to the end where as in Dalcurian it has no relevance.

== loan feature ==

[[User Talk:Rivendale]]

Hi, I dont mind at all about using the double comma feature. A reference will be nice but I will leave that to your own discression. I did have a look at your conlang and found some interesting features there myself so there maybe something of yours i could 'adapt' for Dalcurian if thats ok...I'll place any acknowledgements on my User/Disclaimer page?

You could even 'educate' me a little sometime. I'm still a bit wet behind the ears when it comes to serious syntax etc. Such as: bilabials, dentals, back and front vowels etc...its something i never really looked at (hence why I describe my site as being written in 'simple English')

By the way, I especially like the Old English traits, and also the small 'agglugnative' features in your case system, which bear some similarities to [[Halcánian dialect|Halcarnian]] (a Dalcurian dialect derived from a '''Finno-Dalcurian''' culture hundreds of years ago).

== Dalcurian dictionary ==

Hi, thanks for that, its nice to know that something you work hard on is noted by someone else. Yes, ive created a dictionary, it currently has around 6000 references, though I dont feel ready to put it online yet as there are still some gaps and discrepancies that need to be sorted. However, if you wanted to see the version as it stands currently, I'd be more than willing to send you the file (microsoft word) to an email address? Alternitavely, my msn address is: dwhmusic@hotmail.com if you wanted to add me and my regular email address is: dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk.&lt;br/&gt;I havent worked on my page for a while because of personal issues, but I'm steadily getting back into the swing of things now and back working on the dictionary.&lt;br/&gt;What do you think of the 'history' of the language? Do you think that it is a 'plausable' one?&lt;br/&gt;Ive also been working on the physical country too, creating various maps. I must find the time to have a proper look at your conlang too, I have briefly looked at it and noted some interesting things. I guess it would be nice to exchange some ideas in the near future as I'm thinking about creating another one; possibly another dialect or 2.

==Carune e Terra Alterna==
''Dispiaccio che n'uso FrathWiki tanto come forse devo. Non sapo quando postaste il tuo messaggio nella mia pàggina. Lo lessì ozzè, e m'interessò.''&lt;br&gt;Sorry that I don't use FrathWiki as much as I perhaps should. I don't know when you posted your message on my page. I read it today, and it interested me.&lt;br&gt;''Mi scordè de Terra Alterna. Attempo ch'ho refatto Carune e 'Ukana'akau (mà ni Futozi ni Khombu, e non penso in farlo), esserì preparato per refare il forgiamondo con alcùn.''&lt;br&gt;I forgot about Alternate Earth. Now that I have remade Carune and 'Ukana'akau (although not Futozi or Khombu, and I don't plan on doing that), I would be prepared to remake the conworld with someone.

Alternate Earth...what an unimaginative name. Chiaro che possomo forgiare un nome più interessante, non?

== Thank you, ==

I developed an Alternative writing system for English on here, called [[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]], and I hope to finish the [[Anglo-Saxon]] page in the next few days.  I also plan on having some basic pages for other real life languages too, such as Old Norse, German, and others.  I also want to do some more work with the Linguistics topics, since I can definitely help contribute to that, such as adding in a line of Affricates to the IPA page....
[[User:Blackkdark]]

== Common CSS blooper ==

What have you done to the Common CSS? Everything's big!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 19:09, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry about that. My user CSS caused me not to see the real effect of what I had done!  One million apologies! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:06, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

== Spammers ==

Thanks for reporting the spambots.  I've added sysop rights to your login should you care to help deal with them more directly in future.  (No obligations.)  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 23:59, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

== [[Main Page/News banner]] ==

Sean,
You've been idle here a while so I've taken your email address off of [[Main Page/News banner]] to keep you from getting too much spam from it.  If you feel like joining us again or are still just lurking, feel free to re-add it if you wish.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:47, 21 December 2010 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/0</title>
    <id>4240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29934</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sunnande</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/1</title>
    <id>4241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29935</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Monande</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/2</title>
    <id>4242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29936</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tiwesde</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/3</title>
    <id>4243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29937</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:23:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Wodénesde</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/4</title>
    <id>4244</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tunresde</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/5</title>
    <id>4245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29939</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Frïêde</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanDay/6</title>
    <id>4246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29940</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:25:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Setànesde</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/7</title>
    <id>4247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23832</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-26T11:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Julius</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Julius</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/07</title>
    <id>4248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29927</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Julio</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/01</title>
    <id>4249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29921</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Janjuario</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/02</title>
    <id>4250</id>
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      <id>29922</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Februario</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/03</title>
    <id>4251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29923</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Matio</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/04</title>
    <id>4252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29928</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Aprélo</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/05</title>
    <id>4253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29925</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:13:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Meo</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/06</title>
    <id>4254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29926</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:14:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Junio</text>
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    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/08</title>
    <id>4255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29929</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:16:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Agústo</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/09</title>
    <id>4256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29930</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Septémbä</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/10</title>
    <id>4257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29931</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:17:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Octóbä</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/11</title>
    <id>4258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29932</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Novémbä</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PisceanMonth/12</title>
    <id>4259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29933</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T17:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dekémbä</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett/charinsert</title>
    <id>4260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28031</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T20:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Uínlītska Orthographic:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;a	æ	sc	ð	e	f	h	i	j	k	kj	l	hl	m	n	n	o	p	s	sj	sk	t	tj	þ	u	z	ø · á ā é ę í ī ó ǫ ǿ ø̄&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Uínlītska Phonetic:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;ɑ	ɛ	sk	θ	e	f	x	i	j	k	tʃ	l	ɬ	m	n	ŋ	o	p	s	ʃ	ʃk	t	tʃ	ɬ	w	z	ə ʔ ː ◌̃ ɔ&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Uínlītska Metaphonetic:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;∅ ''υ'' ''η'' ''ω'' ''ы'' ''ю'' ''ɴ'' ''ʟ'' ''ᴊ'' ''ᴡ'' ''ᴋ''&lt;/charinsert&gt;

[[User:Paul.w.bennett/charinsert]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piscean Lexicon</title>
    <id>4262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23945</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-27T12:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The Piscean Lexicon (Piscean: Lexicon Pisceesum) is the first Internet-published collection of documents to describe the Piscean language and Andersonic alphabet. The first section of the ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Piscean Lexicon (Piscean: Lexicon Pisceesum) is the first Internet-published collection of documents to describe the Piscean language and Andersonic alphabet. The first section of the Lexicon, ''Anderson's Laws on the Andersonic Alphabet'', was published in English on 20th July 2007 by means of the FrathWiki conlang portal, while other sections await completion. The Lexicon in its entirety is expected to contain:

*''Anderson's Laws on the Andersonic Alphabet''
*''Anderson's Laws on the Piscean Language''
*''Examples of Correct Implementation of the Piscean Language'' (including the Lord's Prayer, some Bible verses - notably the Babel Text, and some translations of poems or short stories, etc.
*''Foundation of Piscean'' (a collection of exercises)
*''Dictionary of Piscean''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Paul.w.bennett</title>
    <id>4263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>23955</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-27T15:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Just wanted to say that you appear to be a regular member and this is how I discovered Finlaesk - within Recent Changes - and I find your conlang very interesting. Regards, Pisceesumspreca...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Just wanted to say that you appear to be a regular member and this is how I discovered Finlaesk - within Recent Changes - and I find your conlang very interesting. Regards, Pisceesumsprecan (S.C. Anderson).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ālen</title>
    <id>4264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28861</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T23:50:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>category:conlangs and fixing the formatting a bit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonology ==
'''Consonants'''&lt;br&gt;
Stops: /p b t d k g/ &amp;lt;p b t d k g&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Fricatives: /f s x/ &amp;lt;f s h&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Liquids: /l 4/ &amp;lt;l r&gt;&lt;br&gt;

'''Vowels'''&lt;br&gt;
Short oral: /a e i o u/ &lt;a e i o u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Long oral: /a: e: i: o: u:/ &lt;ā ē ī ō ū&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Short nasal: /a~ e~ i~ o~ u~/ &lt;an en in on un&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Long nasal: /a:~ e:~ i:~ o:~ u:~/ &lt;ān ēn īn ōn ūn&gt;

Syllables are (C)V(C).

After a nasal vowel, /b d l g/ are realized as [m n n N] and written &lt;m n n ng&gt;. /la:~la/ is pronounced [la:~na] and spelled '''lāna'''.

'''Nouns'''&lt;br&gt;
There are two genders — ''animate'' and ''inanimate''. They keep fairly close to natural gender, but there are exceptions: &quot;house&quot; is animate, &quot;nephew&quot; is inanimate, and so on.

A noun that is modified (by another noun, an adjective, a relative clause, etc) is said to be in construct state. An unmodified noun is in absolute state.

The construct state forms of common gender nouns are formed by suffixing -en, -in or -on, or by nasalizing an internal vowel (usually the second-to-last).

:dasū &quot;boy&quot; arrow dasūon &quot;boy of&quot;
:eli &quot;house&quot; arrow eni &quot;house of&quot;
:karri &quot;aunt&quot; arrow karrīn &quot;aunt of&quot;

The construct state forms of neuter nouns are formed by suffixing -el, -il or -ul, or by geminating an internal consonant (usually the initial of the last syllable).

:bis &quot;mouse&quot; arrow bisel &quot;mouse of&quot;
:hēlu &quot;hair&quot; arrow hēluil &quot;hair of&quot;
:kurifa &quot;branch&quot; arrow kuriffa &quot;branch of&quot;

There are a fair number of irregular nouns in which other changes to the stem go along with these endings.

:gauru &quot;dog&quot; arrow guron &quot;dog of&quot;
:sēsu &quot;wheat&quot; arrow suessu &quot;wheat of&quot;

When an unmarked noun follows a noun in the construct state, the relationship between them is one of alienable posession.

:guron Iona &quot;John's dog&quot;
:eni ame &quot;my house&quot;

For inalienable posession the posessor is put in the partitive case, marked with the preposition ō.

:karrīn ō Iona &quot;John's aunt&quot;
:eni ō ame &quot;my family, my household&quot;

The partitive is also used to describe the material something is made of or the group it is drawn from.

:piuhta ō sēsu &quot;wheat bread&quot;
:enim ō dasū &quot;one of the boys&quot;

The benefactive and malefactive cases, marked with ni and den respectively, can be used to describe the purpose of a noun.

:fakal ni sēgē &quot;seed corn&quot; [i.e. &quot;corn for the field&quot;]
:ōanillē den kuotta &quot;rat poison&quot; [i.e. &quot;poison against rats&quot;]

They can also be used for indirect objects, as we'll see later.

The locative, allative and ablative cases — marked with the prepositions a, ēn and ko — are used to describe locations, sources and destinations of movement.

:a eli &quot;at the house&quot;
:ēn eli &quot;to the house&quot;
:ko eli &quot;from the house&quot;

Construct state nouns in these cases are used to form more complex descriptions of position or motion.

:sogu &quot;top&quot; arrow a sogūl &quot;on top of&quot;
:tieka &quot;teeth&quot; arrow ēn tiekka &quot;into the middle of&quot;

Some commonly used combinations have contracted into one word.

:omā &quot;deep&quot; arrow ko omāl arrow kōmāl &quot;up out of&quot;
:lase &quot;eye&quot; arrow ēn lasse arrow ēnasse &quot;straight at&quot;
:eli &quot;house&quot; arrow a eni arrow anni &quot;at the house of, chez&quot;

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Piscean language</title>
    <id>4265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29880</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-13T22:14:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The uvular trill, uvular fricative and alveolar approximant are in free variation with one another.
 ⁺Glottal stops are present between a word that ends in a vowel and the next word when it begins with a vowel.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dooma</title>
    <id>4266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29099</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:54:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | '''{{{Dooma|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | '''{{{Dooma|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | | '''Dooma ''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{Dooma|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{Dooma|}}}'''''| '''''{{{Dooma|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{Dooma|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Dooma'''''}} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||{{{country|(Doomet)}}} {{ #if: {{{native-country|}}} | ({{{Doomet|}}}) | {{ #if: {{{nativecountry|}}} | ({{{nativecountry|}}}) }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||{{{galaxy|(Parisye)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||{{{speakers|(12,300,000)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||{{{family|(Alienic)}}}
:{{{branch|(Parisic)}}}
::{{{subbranch|(1st quadrantic)}}}
:::'''{{{english|{{{English|{{{native|(Dooma)}}}}}}}}}'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||{{{word-order|{{{SVO|}}}}}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by: Andrew Wood'''
|-
||{{{author|Andrew Wood}}} ||{{{date|2007}}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Dooma ==

A language from the world of Doomet which is the moon of Ipi an unihabited planet in the Parisye galaxy, 5th from the sun:

&lt;div style=&quot;width: 250px; border: 1px solid; padding: 6px; float: none;&quot;&gt;
'''''Legend:'''''
;parameter name
:;[alternate parameter name] :explanation
&lt;/div&gt;

Parameter names are lowercase by default, although '''English''' may be Uppercase

;english
:;English : ''Dooma''.
;native : ''Dooma''.
;Planet : Doomet
;Galaxy : Spoken in the Parisye Galaxy
;speakers : There are approximately 12,300,000 people living on Doomet, all speak the same language, there are no seas splitting lands
;family : It is an alienic language. 
;branch : Parisic, the languages of the Parisic Galaxy
;subbranch : 1st Quadrantic, The languages of the first eight planets of the Parisye galaxy
;word-order
:;wordorder : The same grammar as english, as the Doomeits have bred with english people and adopted their grammar to help the survival of their species. 

;date : This language was created in 2007 by my dear self, Andrew Wood
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Dooma</title>
    <id>4267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45166</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:43:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Main page in other languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;Tama'do ''Prizz, 10th Guym 12.9''&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

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[[Carune (page)|This page]] oo [[Carune]].
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|This page]] oo [[Satirocitan]].
[[Main Page in Mumuñu|This page]] oo [[Mumuñu]].
[[Main Page in Piscean|This page]] oo [[Piscean language|Piscean]].
[[Main Page in Dooma|This Page]] oo [[Dooma]]

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'''[[Help:Contents|Iudam'aimo]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Zim'aim'cambed]] - [[List of mailing lists|Pamai'ip'mizzem'pamaa]] - '''[[List of conlangs|Pamai'ip'comfeomi]]'''

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'''Feomipem'duac:''' [[:Category:Grammar|Cuomi]] - [[person|Daapr]] - [[number|Zumip]] - [[tense|Zatrez]] - [[aspect|Doomra]] - [[mood|Rirri]] - [[Swadesh list|Swadish'Pamai]]

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'''Trazpazett'edmefeo:'''
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:Ia'comdarracci'paa'imdo'arateen'feomipou, Uutep'cimmete'tempazte
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:Ia'trazpazett'comfeom'durra'pree'ip  [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages]]
*:Ia'pamai'ip'paruc'dudd'irza'feo'rutar'affen'feomipou.
*[[Noric]]
*:Ia'feomipem'afirit'zpam'oo'feo'aztri'arz'oo'feo [[League of Lost Languages]].
*:Feo [[Oligosynthesis Project]]
*:Ia'edmef'pem'comdai'oripozimtetic'comfeom.
*[[Attested diachronic changes]]
*:Ia'durripz'paa'ipzamou'diacronicz'coupe.
*[[Zebia]]
*:Ia'trazpazett'commido'tio [[Zompist Bulletin Board]] Mamatr.
''...Ozo'atuu [[:Category:Collaborations|trazpazette]]'' 

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'''Pamai'ip'comcomotaam'aimo:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[New Royce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Senjecas]]
*[[Ilethes]] &amp; [[:Category:Ilethes]]
''...Ozo'atuu [[:Category:Conworlds]]''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

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'''Aatiz'comfeom'wiki'edmefeo'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piscean dictionary</title>
    <id>4268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24398</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-08T13:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]]  [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]] 
|}

===A===
*'''a''' - ''indefinite article''
*1. an (n) - ''from Old English 'an'''
*2. ane (m) - ''from Old English 'an'''
*3. äno (f) - ''from Old English 'an'''


*'''not a''' - ''adj''
*nan - ''from Old English 'nan'''


*'''abandon''' - ''verb''
*forleetan - ''from Old English 'forlætan'''


*'''abbey''' - ''noun''
*Abtee - ''from German 'Abtei'''


*'''abbreviation''' - ''noun''
*Abcurzung - ''from German 'Abkürzung'''


*'''ability''' - ''noun''
*Creeft - ''from Old English 'cræft'''


*'''about''' - ''prep''
*1. (On the subject of) ofer - ''from Old English 'ofer'''
*2. (Approximately) ijmbe - ''from Old English 'ymbe'''


*'''above''' - ''prep''
*ofer - ''from Old English 'ofer'''


*'''abroad''' - ''adv''
*äsland - ''from German 'im Ausland'''


*'''absent''' - ''adj''
*unandwärd - ''from Old English 'unandweard'''


*'''absent-minded''' - ''adj''
*zerstrojt - ''from German 'zerstreut'''


*'''absolute''' - ''adj''
*geendian - ''from Old English 'geendian'''


*'''absolutely''' - ''adv''
*cleene - ''from Old English 'clǣne'''


*'''abuse''' - ''noun''
*1. (Material abuse) Missbräc - ''from German 'Missbrauch'''
*2. (Offense) Beschimfungen - ''from German 'Beschimpfungen'''


*'''abuse''' - ''verb''
*1. (Material abuse) missbräcan - ''from German 'missbrauchen'''
*2. (Offense) beschimfan - ''from German 'beschimpfen'''


*'''accelerator''' - ''noun''
*Gazpedal - ''from German 'Gaspedal'''


*'''accent''' - ''noun''
*Aczent - ''from German 'Akzent'''


*'''accept''' - ''verb''
*onfan - ''from Old English 'onfōn'''


*'''acceptable''' - ''adj''
*annehmbar - ''from German 'annehmbar'''


*'''access''' - ''noun''
*Zugang - ''from German 'Zugang'''


*'''access''' - ''verb''
*zugrijfan - ''from German 'zugreifen'''


*'''accessory''' - ''noun''
*1. (Extension) Zubehortijl - ''from German 'Zubehörteil'''
*2. (Fashion item) Aczesswor - ''from German 'Accessoires'''


*'''accident''' - ''noun''
*Unfall - ''from German 'Unfall'''


*'''accidental''' - ''adj''
*zufälig - ''from German 'zufällig'''


*'''accommodation''' - ''noun''
*Untercunft - ''from German 'Unterkunft'''


*'''according''' - ''phr''
*eefter - ''from Old English 'æfter'''


*'''accordion''' - ''noun''
*Accordeon - ''from German 'Akkordeon'''


*'''account''' - ''noun''
*1. (In an establishment) Conto - ''from German 'Konto'''
*2. (An explanation) Darstellung - ''from German 'Darstellung'''
*3. (To take something into account) in Gerad doan - ''from Old English 'in'+'gerad'+'dōn'''


*'''accountant''' - ''noun''
*Buchalter - ''from German 'Buchhalter'''


*'''accurate''' - ''adj''
*genow - ''from German 'genau'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gelach</title>
    <id>4269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43349</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T21:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Gelaĉ Grammar==

''Çataimé'î'mamoûr'blú ê nain ageç pûr croçaîmi'î'çêlánç''

Translation: My lovely blue house is no match for you excelent crocheting

Meaning: Buying is not as impressive as making. 

Let's split this sentence up shall we. The first word is ''Çataime'' This means My house, To show ownership of an object, Gelac uses inflections. 

When the word ends in a vowel as Çatai (house) does, The inflections are as follows: 

My - Mé

Your - mo

Their - Mú

Its/his/hers - Mêç

Our - mam

Your Pl - Mó

When the word ends in a constonant, Such as Gát (cat) The inflections are the same without the beginning m. 

== Accents ==

there are only two Diacritics, with simple Functions. ' Elongates the vowels, while ^ shortens them. And a note on the C's as there are three in this language. C is like Cat ç is like '''S'''oap Ĉ is '''Ch'''air. G is always ALWAYS as in Gate. 

== Pronunciation of Letters ==

The Gelaĉ alphabet is as follows

A B C Ç Ĉ D E F G H I L M N O P R T U V Y Z

The consonants are the same as in english, the vowels and their elongated pronunciations are below, The shortened sounds are just the same as the normal ones, only much quicker. 

A – hat – elon hay

E – Egg – elon Pea

I – Sit – elon Sight

O Pot – elon Poo

U – Hut – Hurt

== Grammar == 

Adjectives are joined straight after the object with 'î' which means is, Colors always go right at the end. 

'''COLORS'''

Red - ''Çritá''

Blue - ''Blú''

Orange - ''Arânĉá''

Yellow - ''Velîto''

Green - ''Várdû''

Silver - ''Ĉilvâ''

Black - ''Múdreç''

Brown - ''Maró''

Purple - ''Pâpúriâ''

Peach - ''Pyaĉ ''

Magnolia - ''Mâgnól''

== My Fat Dog == 

To explain this, lets look at the sentence my fat dog, In Gelaĉ, this in effect is My dog is fat blue. all joined into one word. The word for dog is ''Parol'', meaning My dog is ''Parolé''. Join is on leaves us with ''Parolé'î''. The word for fat is Gûrat, meaning My fat dog is ''Parolé'î'Gûrat''. 

'''My fat brown dog''' 
- ''Parolé'î'Gûrat'Maró''

For two or more adjectives, they are joined by 'o' which means and, but this is only for adjectives not colors. 

'''My stupid, Fat, Sad, brown dog'''
- ''Parolé'î'gûrat'o'ĉúpidâ'o'malóni'maró''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arcadian</title>
    <id>4270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24859</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-02T06:26:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Gramatical Notes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Arcadian''' is at the other end of the alphabet to [[Zelandish]].  It is a language sketched out by Andrew Smith -- a romance language designed reflect sound changes in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language Scots].  As a designed language it covers no new ground than what I have already achieved in designing [http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig], and yet it deserves a repeal from redundancy, so I describe it here.

It was once suggested in correspondence with '''IJzeren Jan''' that Arcadian's homeland lies somewhere between the borders between France and Italy.

The name of the language, ''Arcadian'' was chosen as a reference to the Otago settlement of southern New Zealand under the patronage of the Free Church of Scotland, promoted as a utopian social project called 'Arcadia'.

== Sound changes ==

The changes in the language is treated as if it was conventional romance language.

Short vowels are treated the same as other romance languages in that '''e''' and '''i''' collapse together as ''e'' /ɛ/.  Original short '''u''' in a stressed open position becomes a front rounded vowel ''ö'' /ø/, otherwise '''o''' and '''u''' collapse together as ''o'' /ɔ/.  Short and long '''a''' collapse together /a/.

Long '''u''' is unchanged /u/.

The other long vowels undergo a great vowel shift: long '''i''' becomes a diphthong /ɑɪ/ written ''ai''.  '''E''' rises to replaces it, written ''i''.  '''O''' becomes ''ö'' in all positions.

When a velar consonant after a vowel becomes a ''ʒ'' it creates new vowels before it disappears.
'''Oʒ''' (from short '''u''') becomes ''ou'' /ʌʊ/; '''uʒ''' (from long '''u''') is no different to ''u'' and '''iʒ''' no different to ''i''.  '''Eʒ''' rises to become /e/, written ''è''.  '''A''' in the cluster ''aʒi'' becomes /ɑɪ/, reduced to /ɛ/ in words such as ''mes'', but (from *'''magis'''); otherwise '''aʒ''' becomes ''au'' /aʊ/.

The loss of '''l''' after ''a, o,'' and ''u'' has created new diphthongs: ''au, ou,''  and ''u'' (again not distinguished ''u'' from above).

All vowels are short, except before '''v''', '''s''' /z/, '''d''' /ð/, and '''r'''.  The '''e''' in the plural ending '''-es''' is silent.

Consonants show little change from early romance to Arcadian.  Clusters simplify at the end of words (''nt, nd'' become ''n'', ''st'' to ''s'', etc.), '''mpt''' and '''nct''' become ''nt''.  The cluster '''rd''' becomes ''rt'' at the end of a word.  ''D'' is pronounced as a fricative /ð/ when it occurs between vowels.  Certain consonants have become palatals: '''gn''' and '''ni''' have become ''ny'' /ɲ/ or /nj/, /ŋ/ at the end of a word.  '''ti''' has become '''ci''' /ʧ/ before a vowel, and /ʃ/ where it is word-final.  Likewise ''gi'' is /ʤ/ before a vowel and /ʧ/ where is word-final.  '''Si''' is pronounced /ʃ/.

'''V''' becomes ''f'' when final, it disappears before a closed syllable ending in a nasal,
semivowel or liquid.

'''R''' is pronounced as a retroflex /ɾ/ except when doubled, or at the beginning or end of a word where it is pronounced as /ʀ/.

The '''u''' is pronounced /w/ in the combination '''qu-'''.


== Gramatical Notes ==

===Pronouns===

The personal pronouns are ''jo'', I; ''nos'', we; ''tu'', thou; ''vos'', you; ''el'', he; ''ella'', she, and ''elles'', they.  ''nos'' and ''vos'' can be used before or after a verb or after a preposition.  ''Jo'', ''tu'', and the third person pronouns are all used as subject pronouns.  The forms of these pronouns used after a preposition are ''mi'', me; ''ti'', thee, and ''si'', oneself.  As the subject of a verb they become shorter in form ''m''', ''t''' and '''s'''.  They shift to before the verb, after the subject.  There are also special forms with the preposition ''con'', with: ''comec'', ''contec'', and ''consec''.  If the third person pronoun does not refer back to the subject, different pronouns are used: after a preposition 'he' or 'she' is ''lé'' (accented for stress, and never reduced to l'), and 'they' is ''lör''.  As the object of a verb, 'he' or 'she' is ''lö'' and ''la'' respectively.  They come before a verb.  The plural forms are ''los'' and ''las''.

The possessive pronouns agree with the gender of the possessed object.  They are ''miun/mia'', my; ''nostre/nostra'', our; ''tön/tua'', thy; ''vostre/vostra'', your, and ''sön/sua'', one's.

Polite forms of address to a man or a woman are ''domnevostre'', sir, you; and ''domnevostra'', ma'am, you.

When an indefinite pronoun is needed ''gen'' or ''gentes'', one, we, people, is used.

The interrogative pronouns are ''quai'', who; and ''qué'', what.  'Whom' is ''qué'', after a preposition it is ''quai''.  The relative pronoun is ''que'', or more specifically for gender and number ''le quau, la quau'' and ''les quaus''.

=== Verbs ===

''Cantar'', to sing

Present tense, indicative and subjunctive:

{|
||jo can||nos cantamos||jo can||nos cantemos
|-
||tu cantas||vos cantates||tu cantes||vos cantetes
|-
||el canta||elles cantan||el can||elles canten
|}

Imperative: canta, cantat

Simple past tense:

{|
||jo cancia||nos canciamos
|-
||tu cancias||vos canciates
|-
||el cancia||elles cantán
|}

Past Historic

{|
||jo cantai||nos cantamos
|-
||tu cantaste||vos cantastes
|-
||el cantau||elles cantaron
|}

Conditional

{|
||jo cantas||nos cantassemos
|-
||tu cantesses||vos cantassetes
|-
||el cantas||elles cantassen
|}

''Tenir'', to hold

Present tense, indicative and subjunctive
{|
||jo teny||nos teniamos||jo tenya||nos tenyamos
|-
||tu tenes||vos tenites||tu tenyas||vos tenyates
|-
||el ten||elles tenen||el tenya||elles tenyan
|}

Imperative: ten, tenit

Simple Past Tense:

{|
||jo tenia||nos teniamos
|-
||tu tenias||vos teniates
|-
||el tenia||elles tenian
|}

Past Historic:

{|
||jo tené||nos tenemos
|-
||tu teneste||vos tenestes
|-
||el teniu||elles teneron
|}

Conditional:

{|
||jo tenis||nos tenìssemos
|-
||tu tenìsses||vos tenìssetes
|-
||el tenis||elles tenìssen
|}

''Perdre'', to lose, to miss

Present tense, indicative and subjunctive

{|
||jo pert||nos perdemos||jo perda||nos perdamos
|-
||tu perdes||vos perdetes||tu perdas||vos perdates
|-
||el pert||elles perden||el perda||elles perdan
|}

Imperative: pert, perdet

Simple Past Tense:

{|
||jo perdia||nos perdiamos
|-
||tu perdias||vos perdiates
|-
||el perdia||elles perdian
|}

Past Historic:

{|
||jo perdé||nos perdemos
|-
||tu perdeste||vos perdestes
|-
||el perdiu||elles perderon
|}

Conditional:

{|
||jo perdes||nos perdessemos
|-
||tu perdesses||vos perdessetes
|-
||el perdes||elles perdessen
|}

''Dormair'', to sleep

Present tense, indicative and subjunctive:

{|
||jo dorm||nos dormaimos||jo dormia||nos dormiamos
|-
||tu dormes||vos dormaites||tu dormias||vos dormiates
|-
||el dormai||elles dormen||el dormia||elles dormian
|}

Imperative: dorm, dormait

Simple past tense:

{|
||jo dormaya||nos dormayamos
|-
||tu dormayas||vos dormayates
|-
||el dormaya||elles dormayan
|}

Past Historic:

{|
||jo dormi||nos dormemos
|-
||tu dormeste||vos dormestes
|-
||el dormiu||elles dormeron
|}

Conditional:

{|
||jo dormes||nos dormessemos
|-
||tu dormesses||vos dormessetes
|-
||el dormes||elles dormessen
|}

Apart from common verbs: partair, dormair, tenair, morair, etc; verbs of the -air class take the affix -esc-:

''Patair'', to suffer

Present tense, indicative and subjunctive:

{|
||jo pates||nos pataimos||jo patesca||nos paciamos
|-
||tu patesces||vos pataites||tu patescas||vos paciates
|-
||el pates||elles patescen||el patesca||elles patescan
|}

Imperative: pates, patescet

== Babel Text ==

To whet the appetite:

Accöra le mön entèr avía un lenguagi e las parablas cemas.  Como movían de l'öciden, venayan a un plan en la terra de Sennar e lau's stablayan.

&quot;Venait,&quot; daicían a un autre, &quot;alamos far uns briques e corlos a fön.&quot;

Avian le bric por la petra, e le bitume por le mortari.

&quot;Venait,&quot; daicían, &quot;alamos edifecarnos una ciutá, è un tör que tocci les cels.  Alamos far un nome por nos; autremen seramos disperset söpra la facia de la terra entèra.&quot;

Le DOM descendía vedir la ciutá e le tör, que les umanes avian edifecat.

&quot;Vaidit,&quot; le DOM daicía, &quot;son un popöl, e tot an un lenguagi; ces es sölamen le començamen de le quau facessen.  Nu que proponyan sera impossibel por lör.  Venait, alamos descendre, e comföndre siu lenguagi lau, por que n' comprendran las parablas d'un autre.&quot;

Esai le DOM los dispersía de lau söpra la facia de tota la terra, e lausían edifecar la ciutá.  Car s'appellía Babel, porque lau le DOM comföndía le lenguagi de tota la terra; e de lau le DOM los dispersia söpra la facia de la terra.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan</title>
    <id>4271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41808</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-10T12:34:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==S.C. Anderson==
[[Image:Anderson Ray.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Sean Anderson and Ray Davies, of The Kinks, in Nottingham, 2007]]
I first noticed this wiki last year, looking for a place that would host my conlang's grammar. FrathWiki was a very opportune find; it's accessible, familiar and the administrator Muke pays a lot of attention to it. Another great thing is being able to host one's conlang among thousands of other pages, being part of a community. In early 2008, my thoughts began to drift from my personal project in an endeavour to make that community great. I sketched out designs for a new concise, vibrant Main Page to replace what I felt to be an outdated layout (in use from 2003!).
 
I'm 16 years old with a conlang called West Germanic, née Piscean, studying English, French, German and 20th Century History at The Rutland College, in England's smallest county with Europe's largest reservoir. FrathWiki, alongside Kinks fan fora (yes, they are my favourite band), is one of my favourite websites. As well as using it for uploading information regarding my efforts, I love reading others' articles. As a result of this, I want to make FrathWiki community-friendly. I feel very passionate; now with lots of experience, I want the best for all condoers and will happily dedicate some of my time to help those who want it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sky Pisceesum.png</title>
    <id>4272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24061</id>
      <timestamp>2007-07-31T16:04:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sky Pisceesum</title>
    <id>4273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27629</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-17T16:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Sky_Pisceesum.png|thumb|Sky logo in New Pisces]]

Sky Pisceesum is the television contractor of the New Piscean Workers' Nation. Sky Pisceesum, which is owned by News Corporation, uses a format based on that of Sky Digital, in the UK, and Sky Italia.

New Pisces and Taurus is served entirely by the Sky Pisceesum satellite network and every home provided by its government includes a ready-to-use Minidish; this is then wired through the house, where it reaches sockets in each room, as if it were an aerial. No set-top box is required: all televisions on the Piscean market have inbuilt decoders, which decompresses the signals from a coaxial cable that is plugged into the wall socket.

==Available Channels==
Tauro-Piscean television would at first be limited; however, it would aim to use international programming (with overdubs or subtitles). The list that follows contains the names of the channels:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Etimri Declensions</title>
    <id>4274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24125</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T10:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Do the nouns have teh same case system as the pronouns?  That is, do they use one case of monotransitive accusative and ditransitive dative, and a second for ditransitive accusative?  If so, is -out/-ouk/-oud used for the primary object (mon. acc/ditrans. dat.) and -etsh/-ets for teh secondary object (ditrans. acc)? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 00:53, 1 August 2007 (PDT)

Thank you for catching that mistake on my part. Yes, I meant monotransitive accusitive/ditransitive dative when I said accusitive and the other for dative. I'll go fix that now. [[User:Humancadaver101|Humancadaver101]] 03:36, 2 August 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Rajo-Faraneit</title>
    <id>4275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54757</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-01T01:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Proto-Rajo-Faraneit
|pronounce= own name unknown, extinct
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=[[Lheinead|Measceineafh]]
|no=extinct
|script=Romanization
|tree=None, proto-language
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=VSO and SVO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=July 2007}}
Proto-Rajo-Faraneit (PRF) is the language from which all other [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]] derive. This includes [[Faraneit]], Rajat, [[Fórong]], [[Kelsiut]], [[Hana]] and several others. This language is quite nebulous and ill-defined in places due to a highly incomplete historical and linguistic record.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Non-Siblant Alveolar
!Siblant Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|pf&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;bv}}
| align=center | {{IPA|tθ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ts}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|θ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximants and Trills'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

[[Image:Proto-rajo-faraneit.png]]

*NOTE: The quality of the open back unrounded vowel is highly disputed. Reliance on the Northern and Eastern Branches of Proto-Rajo-Faraneit suggests it had a quality more central than this image portrays. Alternatively, the evolution of this phoneme within the Western and Southern Branches suggests the opposite, a phoneme as securely central as the rest. Outside of a few dissenters, the majority of linguists accept the theory that it held a gradient value, being more central within the populations that later developed the two major branches, and being less so in the populations that later developed the other two branches. Thus, this image attempts to present a balanced, dialect-neutral version.

*/xi/ = [çi] 
*/si/ = [ʃi] 
*VX(V) = VY(V), where X is any unvoiced phoneme without a voiced counterpart and Y is the corresponding voiced phone 
**With the exception of /k q/ which never become [g ɢ] under any circumstance.
*/'e 'o 'æ/ = [e: o: æ:] 
*unstressed /i u ɛ ɑ/ = [ɪ ʊ ə ɒ] 
*V/i/V, V/u/V = V[j]V, V[w]V 
*/#'i/, /#'u/ = [ji], [wu] 
*stressed /p b t d k q/ are aspirated

==Grammar==

==Conjugation==
There are five tenses in PRF, narrative past, past, simple present, progressive, and future. All of these except the simple present rely on auxilaries to perform conjugation. These participles conjugate for the person of the subject, but not the number.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'iθ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'iɑi}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'iɑi}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'iɑi}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'ɛθ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'iɑ}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'io}}
|-
|}

==Root List==
[[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit Root List]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Proto-rajo-faraneit.png</title>
    <id>4276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24116</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T10:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vowels in Proto-Rajo-Faraneit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vowels in Proto-Rajo-Faraneit</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fórong</title>
    <id>4277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34582</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-27T08:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fórong is a language spoken in northwestern sections of [[Lheinead|Measceineafh]]. It is a member of the Rajo-Faraneit family, and is one of the more innovative of the daughter languages, particularly in phonetics.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Post Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|pf}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ts}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʧ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Aspirate'''
| align=center | {{IPA|bʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|dʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|gʰ}}
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|l&amp;nbsp;r&amp;nbsp;ɬ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}
*Consonant Allophony:
**/p pf t ts ʧ k/ and [tɕ)] aspirate when initial in a stressed syllable
**/si: sɪ se/ &gt; [ʃi: ʃɪ ʃe]
**/tsi: tsɪ tse/ &gt; [tɕ)i: tɕ)ɪ tɕ)e]
**/ti: tɪ te/ &gt; [tɕi: tɕɪ tɕe]
**/li: lɪ le/ &gt; [lʲi: lʲɪ lʲe]
**/ɬi: ɬɪ ɬe/ &gt; [ɬʲi: ɬʲɪ ɬʲe]
**/gi: gʰi: xi:/ &gt; [ɟi: ɟʰi: çi:]

*Long Vowels: /i: y: u: ø:/
*Short Vowels: /ɪ ʏ e ɛ a ə ɔ o ʊ/
*Vowel Allophony:
**/ø: a ɛ ə/ &gt; [ø ɐ ə ə] /[-stress]
**Nasalize prior to /m n ɲ ɳ/

==Morphology==

==Syntax==

==Sound Changes from WM to Fórong==
*VCgV, VgCV &gt; Vg:V &gt; Vgɣ)V &gt; VgʰV
*k &gt; ʧ /_ɨ,i,e,ɛ
*q &gt; k
*ʔ &gt; DELETE
*ɺ &gt; ɺ~ &gt; n
*iV uV &gt; jV wV &gt; i: u:
*n ɴ &gt; ɲ /_i,i:
*ɴ &gt; ŋ
*ɲiV &gt; ɲV
*iu ui &gt; ʉ:
*oe ue &gt; ø:
*'ø: ø: &gt; ø: ø
*i u &gt; ɪ ʊ
*ɨ ʉ ʉ: &gt; ə ʏ y:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Humancadaver101</title>
    <id>4278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43878</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T07:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">    * [[!suta]]
    * [[Abuda]]
    * [[Central Lescealh Faraneit]]
    * [[Central Measceineafh]] 
    * [[Etimri]]
    * [[Etimri Conjugations]]
    * [[Etimri Declensions]]
    * [[Etimri Lexicon]]
    * [[Etimri pronouns]]
    * [[Faraneit]]
    * [[Faraneit Dialectical Slang]]
    * [[Faraneit Grammar]]
    * [[Faraneit Lexicon]]
    * [[Faraneit Music]]
    * [[Faraneit Pronouns]]
    * [[Fraze]]
    * [[Furonj]]
    * [[Fórong]]
    * [[Hana]]
    * [[Hana Lexicon]]
    * [[Hlotderb]]
    * [[Hloterb]]
    * [[Héhà]]
    * [[Héhà Lexicon]]
    * [[Irregular Verbs in Héhà]]
    * [[Kelsiut]]
    * [[Korce]]
    * [[Korce Lexicon]]
    * [[Kupmec Faraneit]]
    * [[Laescelh]]
    * [[Lescealh]]
    * [[Lheinead]]
    * [[Lhined Pitch Split]]
    * [[Lotá]]
    * [[Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit]]
    * [[Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana]]
    * [[Poeleizih Sect]]
    * [[Poleiseam Faraneik]]
    * [[Polizeih Sect]]
    * [[Pre-Tir'jauta]]
    * [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]
    * [[Proto Faraneit to Classical Faraneit Sound and Morphological Changes]]
    * [[Rajat]]
    * [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]]
    * [[Scekoah Faraneit]]
    * [[Sezara]]
    * [[Sezara Lexicon]]
    * [[Sezara pronouns]]
    * [[Tiijaato]]
    * [[Tir'àata]]
    * [[Tnusjakt]]
    * [[Tnusjakt Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Pisces</title>
    <id>4279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29722</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-07T19:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: partridgo-andersonic&quot;&gt;Spreec täropisceesum&lt;/span&gt;
|pronounce=[spɹek tɛəɹopiskesum]
|tu=Present, this universe
|species=Human
|in=[[People's Democratic Republic of New Pisces and Taurus]]
|no=2
|script=Partridgo-Andersonic alphabet
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Multi-Western&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Early_Old_Piscean|Early Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Middle_Old_Piscean|Middle Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Late_Old_Piscean|Late Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Piscean_language|Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Taurusian_language|Old Taurusian]]
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-accusative
|wo=V2
|creator=S.C. Anderson, L.J. Partridge
|date=27 November 2007}}

[[Image:Tauro-pisces.png|left]]
The Tauro-Piscean language belongs to S.C. Anderson and L.J. Partridge, residents of the territories claimed by the New Pisces and Taurus micronation. Throughout its history, Piscean has belonged to several branches of the Indo-European language family, including Italic and West Germanic. Due to the awkward classification, a new pseudo-branch of Indo-European languages has been created by Anderson: 'Multi-Western', after the languages spoken in western Europe that have inspired Piscean. Tauro-Piscean is essentially the [[Piscean_language|modern Piscean dialect]], reformed and with some revived features from its history, and the newly developing - now ingested - language Taurusian. Since an agreement on 27 November 2007, Anderson (Piscean) and Partridge (Taurusian) have agreed to work on a joint language and now both moderate the Piscean Lexicon.


==Sounds==
Tauro-Piscean sounds are based mainly on those in the modern standard dialects of German and English.

For non-linguists or for casual browsing: Tauro-Piscean letters can be compared to English phonetically:

[[Image:EngTP.png]]

===Types of consonants===
Linguistically, Tauro-Piscean consonants can be arranged in a grid like this:

[[Image:TPconsonants.png]]

==Nouns==

===Genders===
The Piscean language includes three 'logical' grammatical genders. While in many languages, the genders do not often relate to physical properties of nouns, they do in Piscean; therefore, most nouns are neuter, while creatures of the male sex are masculine and creatures of female sex are feminine. If one refers to a creature, but does not wish to distinguish sex, the neuter gender can be used as a substitute. Observe the following examples:

*teet Sunne - the sun (no sex, so neuter) 
*teet Mann - the person (no sex specified, so neuter) 
*se Mann - the man (male, so masculine) 
*seo Mann - the woman (female, so feminine)
 
The above example shows the importance the article plays in Piscean of distinguishing between sexes in a language where one noun fits all.

===Articles===

====Definite articles====
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: comic sans ms&quot;&gt;The word ‘the’ is known as the definite article.&lt;/span&gt; 

The definite article is inflected in various ways, firstly split into three depending on grammatical gender, then into six depending also on quantity - whether singular or plural - and finally into a further thirty depending on grammatical case - whether nominative, accusative, dative, genitive or instrumental.

[[Image:definitearticle.png]]

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times new roman&quot;&gt;Those words highlighted with an asterisk follow irregular patterns. 'Enum' is a contraction arising from a rather complex - and now incorrect - 'teemenum'. 'Seäm' is a result of 'seoum', which is difficult for a Piscean speaker to pronounce. The O and U thus collapse into Ä. Similarly, 'som' is contrived, as 'säum' is awkward in speech, giving way instead to a collapse of Ä and U into O.&lt;/span&gt;

====Indefinite articles====
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: comic sans ms&quot;&gt;The word ‘a’ is known as the indefinite article.&lt;/span&gt;

The indefinite article is inflected in much the same way as the definite article, but lacking plural forms (which are shown not with an article, merely by inflecting the noun itself).

[[Image:indefinitearticle.png]]

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times new roman&quot;&gt;Those words highlighted with an asterisk follow irregular patterns. 'Een', 'eem', 'ees' and 'eum' are contracted forms of 'aneen', 'aneem', 'anees' and 'aneum', respectively. Regarding the feminine irregularities, 'änoen', 'änoem', 'änoes' and 'änoum' first contracted to 'oen', 'oem', 'oes' and 'oum', but - for even easier pronunciation - the O (and E, where applicable) finally collapsed into the dipthong IJ, which sounds like the English word 'eye'.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Anarel</title>
    <id>4280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24145</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T17:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Anarel</username>
        <id>739</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: Anarel, creator of the conworld named Nahaiteru, where he placed his concultures and conlangs.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Anarel, creator of the conworld named Nahaiteru, where he placed his concultures and conlangs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Fordsmender</title>
    <id>4281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24741</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-28T15:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;Zeke Fordsmender&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top|&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| August 16, 1985, Santa Monica, California, USA
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Student
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English, German, French
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| Cepperjòleddicg, Thiazic (long dead), Ýmaéndyrie (extinct), Fordsmendrian Gaelic, Tikasako (a sketchlang), Akilo (a group project), Rhaetwelsch (a sketchlang), Vizquéyol (moving more slowly than I'd like), and [[Hemackle]], [[Rorapori]], [[Arkan]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| Theadish, Firðiskt, Adelic, Scallin, Bálabhádh
|}

ANY TEXT OF MY CHOICE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:New Pisces</title>
    <id>4282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24156</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-02T20:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;i&gt;100%&lt;/i&gt; of the population is below the poverty line?  Isn't there even a small elite? ~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;100%&lt;/i&gt; of the population is below the poverty line?  Isn't there even a small elite? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 13:44, 2 August 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Mathion</title>
    <id>4283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24167</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-03T06:29:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mathion</username>
        <id>743</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hi! My name's Mathion, a name which is taken from my conlang, [[Cénárol]], a language which I use extensively in my novel '''''Mathion'''''.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi! My name's Mathion, a name which is taken from my conlang, [[Cénárol]], a language which I use extensively in my novel '''''Mathion'''''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Korce</title>
    <id>4284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24793</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-31T06:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lexicon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Korce
|pronounce=/'koɹ.ʧe/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=south-central [[Lheinead]]
|no=~ half of one million
|script=Romanized Equivalent
|tree=unknown
|morph=agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SOV
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=August 2007}}
Korce is a language spoken in a few isolated areas of the great plains of [[Lheinead]]. Korce speakers generally constitute minorities or enclave majorities inside of predominantely Kang-Eur settlements, which speak a seperate language [[Sezara]]. The Korce speakers are believed to have spread from the northeast onto the plains and to have occupied small sections of the pre-existing cultures.


==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̪&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d̪}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʧ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʤ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɖ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|c&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɟ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɢ}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| 
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| 
| &amp;nbsp;
| 
| 
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɹ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|j}}
| align=center | {{IPA|w}}
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʎ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʟ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Vowels - /a e i o u/
**Diphthongs - /ai au/
*Phonotactics - (C)V(X)(Y), where X is any non-plosive and Y is any plosive

==Allophony==
*/s z/ assimilate in terms of voicing and point of articulation when followed by a plosive
*/c ɟ/ and /k g/ merge to [c ɟ] prior to /i e/
*/c ɟ/ and /k g/ merge to [k g] prior to /u/
*/ʧ ʤ/ and /t d/ merge to [t d] prior to /o u/
*/ŋ ɴ/ merge to /ŋ/ medially
*/ʎ ʟ/ merge to [ʟ] and /ɲ ŋ/ merge to [ŋ] initially
*/ɹ/ is [r] medially
*unstressed /a e i o u/ are realized as [ɒ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ]
*stressed plosives are aspirated

==Orthography==
*/a e i o u ai au/
**&lt;a e i o u ai au&gt;
*/ʈ ɖ t̪ d̪ p b t d ʧ ʤ c ɟ k g q ɢ/
**&lt;t' d' th dh p b t d c j ky gy k g q gg&gt;
*/m n ɲ ŋ ɴ/
**&lt;m n ñ ŋ nn&gt;
*/l ʎ ʟ/
**&lt;l ll ł&gt;
*/ʋ ɹ ɻ j w/
**&lt;v r r' y w&gt;
*/z s/
**&lt;z s&gt; unless followed by a plosive, in which case both are &lt;h&gt;

==Grammar==

==Lexicon==
[[Korce Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piscean language/googlec99d811e2d1bbe82.html</title>
    <id>4285</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24177</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-03T13:46:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: #</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hemackle</title>
    <id>4286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24598</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-20T16:26:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}}

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | '''{{{English|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | '''{{{english|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | | '''Hemackle''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{native|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{native|}}}'''''| '''''{{{native|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Ghmachle'''''}} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||{{{country|(country)}}} {{ #if: {{{native-country|}}} | ({{{native-country|}}}) | {{ #if: {{{nativecountry|}}} | ({{{Denmark|}}}) }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||{{{speakers|(~ 1000)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||{{{family|(Indo-European)}}}
:{{{branch|(Germanic)}}}
::{{{subbranch|(West)}}}
:::{{{subbranch|(North Sea)}}}
::::'''{{{english|{{{English|{{{native|(Hemackle)}}}}}}}}}'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||{{{SVO (V2)|SVO (V2)|}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||{{{morphological-type|inflecting| }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|Accusative| }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Zeke Fordsmender ||2003 to ''present''
|}
&lt;br/&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|fʰ}} || {{IPA|v}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|sʰ}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃʰ}} || || || || {{IPA|xʰ}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χʰ}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʧʰ}} || {{IPA|ʤ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹʷ}} || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|ɰʷ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;The CONSONANTS&lt;/font&gt;
__NOTOC__
[[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#CH|CH]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#GH|GH]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;

== B ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; is [b].


== G ==
&lt;g&gt; has no set pronunciation, but instead is used to denote a number of glides.  

== R ==
&lt;r&gt; is pronounced [ʀ] when alone and in syllable-initial clusters.  It is pronounced [χʰ] before [pʰ] and [kʰ], and is silent before [sʰ], [tʰ], [d], [n], and [l], and after [ɛː].  In most dialects it is silent word-finally, though a few now render it [ɹʷ].

There is no agreement in the literature regarding the precise articulation of /w/ and /gh/ (when realized as an approximant).  The dispute lies in whether or not the sound may be considered a ''labialized'' velar approximant, or a true labiovelar one.  Although the complex historical relationship between Proto-Germanic *&lt;s&gt;''ɡ''&lt;/s&gt; and &lt;w&gt; seems to imply a labialized velar approximant, in the present language both [ɰʷ] ( [w] ) and [ɰ͡β̞] ''may'' be heard in dialect, and so to avoid confusion the authors have chosen to use the graph &lt;ɰʷ&gt; in describing this sound.


{| align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Table 1
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| {{IPA|íə}} || {{IPA|ýə}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|úə}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || {{IPA|ǿə}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|óə}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || {{IPA|ɛ́ə}} || {{IPA|œ́ə}} || || || || {{IPA|ɔ́ə}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || {{IPA|ɐ́ə}}
|}
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Middle Hemackle used a two pitch accent, believed to have been adopted from native languages of the area sometime after the Hemackles migrated to Scandinavia.  The grave accent was falling and applied to words that in Old Hemackle were monosyllabic.  The acute accent was applied to words in Old Hemackle which were bisyllabic, including monosyllables with syllabic plural desinences, and rose on the first syllable and then fell around the syllable break.  Modern Hemackle no longer makes this distinction, but the rising-falling nature of the Middle system has left its traces on the vowel inventory.&lt;br&gt;
{| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Table 2
|-
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || {{IPA|ɪ̥ǽː}} || {{IPA|ʊ̥ǽː}} || {{IPA|ʊ̥ɐ́ː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || {{IPA|ɐ́ː}}
|}
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Middle [[Hemackle vowel system]] broke its long vowels into a stress-bearing one-mora-length monophthong and an unstressed one-mora-length &quot;reduced&quot; central off-glide, probably originally the schwa, although early there seems to have been a tendency toward vowel harmony, especially among the front vowels.  (Table 1)  In bisyllabic words in which these &quot;long&quot; two-mora-length vowel series bore an accute stress, the stress was systematically shifted toward the off-glide, and the first vowel of the series was reduced to a semivowel.  The off-glide was then lowered, either to [ɐ], when the result of a back vowel, or to [æ], from a front vowel, and lengthened.    (Table 2)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean consonants.png</title>
    <id>4287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24247</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-04T12:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spread of humans on Zebia</title>
    <id>4288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58066</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-25T17:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Sunset|Sunset]] ([[User talk:Sunset|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Cedh audmanh|Cedh audmanh]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Human migration=

[[image:Zebia_Migration.jpg]]

*Red: migration before 100 kya
*Orange: migration 100-80 kya
*Yellow: migration 80-60 kya
*Green: migration 60-40 kya
*Dark blue: migration 40-20 kya
*Light Blue: migration less than 20 kya

==Migration before 80 kya==

[[Zebia|Zebian]] humans evolved in the northeastern corner of [[Protera]] around 200,000 years ago, and they are the only living species of their genus. They possess roughly the same physiology as Earth humans. Around 150,000 years ago, they began to migrate out of the region, producing the first genetic split between those who moved south and those who did not. By 120 kya a small group splits off and moves to the east coast, while another group splits to the west, and by 110 kya, has reached the northeastern coast of the inland sea. Now we find a group split off and begin a rapid migration westward along the large peninsula north of the inland sea. Around 90 kya this group even crosses the narrow strait separating this peninsula from the northwestern portion of Protera. This strait is extremely shallow, and a temporary land bridge, caused by silt or slightly reduced sea levels, might have made the crossing easy. 

Possibly encouraged by a warming climate, some of those who stayed in the region east of the inland sea start moving south and west about 80 kya. Some of them follow the south coast of the inland seas into western Protera. Also around 80 kya, some humans migrate from their original homeland in the northeast to the island chains immediately west of it. This is one of the many mysteries of Zebia, as only a tremendous drop in sea level would allow for a dry-land crossing to any of those islands. It is therefore very likely that these humans accidentally drifted across on floating rafts of vegetation. Zebia’s extremely swift east-to-west circumequatorial current would have carried them this distance quickly, if such a raft could hold together. There is also a chance that these people developed outrigger canoes, but there is no fossil evidence of such craft on Zebia for several millennia.

==Genetic differentiation==
At this point, all of the major population groups of Zebian humans are present (if not yet differentiated). The biggest division is between those humans who stayed in the northeast or traveled to the nearby islands on the one hand and those who traveled south on the other hand. The first group will be named [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Boreoids|Boreoids]], and the second group Austroids. The Boreoids are further divided into those who stayed on Protera, called Paleoboreoids, and those who crossed over to the islands, and later, to [[Tetarta]] and [[Pempta]]. These are referred to as Neoboreoids. 

The Austroids are also divided into two main groups, the group which inhabits the east coast, and the group which inhabits everything west of that. The eastern group is called [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Anatolicoids|Anatolicoids]], and the western group Hesperoids. The Hesperoids are further divided into those who traveled west along the long, snaking peninsula, and those who moved south into the taiga. The northern one of these group is called [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Dyticoids|Dyticoids]] and the southern group [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Notoids|Notoids]].

All of these groups are still very close together genetically even in modern times; they do not constitute true &quot;races&quot; in a biological sense. Due to cultural contact from well before the advent of civilisation, the populations on Protera have mixed considerably, and even phenotypes commonly associated with one of the Proteran groups do sometimes appear on other continents. However, some general tendencies as to their appearance can be discerned, and will be outlined below.

==Migration after 80 kya==

Around 70 kya, the Notoids break through the icy mountains south of the inland sea, and join the Dyticoids in colonizing the west portion of Protera, but from the south rather than the north. By 60 kya, they reach the cold southwest coast with its peninsulas and glaciers, and by 50 kya, they have reached the coast of the strait separating the two southern continents. Meanwhile, the Boreoids have managed to reach Tetarta and begin colonization, settling the entire continent by 45 kya. The crossing to Pempta occurred only in historical times, around 3000 years ago.

Some time around 50 kya, the Notoids cross over to [[Trita]]. By 40 kya, virtually the entire continent is inhabited. This settlement results in the extinction of much of Trita's impressive dinosaur megafauna, but a number of species does survive human contact. The same pattern repeats when one group from Trita reaches [[Deutera]] around 30 kya. By 10 kya, almost all territories suitable for human habitation are populated. This crossing probably required some primitive boat technology, but again, this is an area of mystery in Zebian history.

Back on Protera, things are shifting around. Around 50 kya, the Notoids move north, displacing the Dyticoids in most of the west, leaving pockets of Dyticoids and lots of genetic mingling. This coincides with a massive migration by the Anatolicoids, who move north (taking over most mainland areas from the Paleoboreoids) and west (taking over the former homeland of the Notoids in the southeast of the continent). It is unclear whether these migrations are causally connected to each other.

The islands west of Protera, the islands west of Deutera, and most oceanic islands remain uninhabited until sea-going vessels are developed.

=Population groups=

==Genetic diagram==
(with mention of the main locations of each group in modern times)
*[[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Boreoids|Boreoids]]
**Paleoboreoids (northeastern Protera) 
**Neoboreoids (Tetarta, Pempta)
*Austroids
**[[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Anatolicoids|Anatolicoids]] (southeastern Protera)
**Hesperoids
***[[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Dyticoids|Dyticoids]] (northwestern Protera)
***[[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Notoids|Notoids]]
****Paleonotoids (southwestern Protera)
****[[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Neonotoids|Neonotoids]] (Trita, Deutera)


Basal humans are dolichocephalic (long, narrow skulls), prognathic (protruding rather than flush mouth), with dark skin, sundadont (i.e. typical) dentition, with wide noses and gently sloping foreheads (this is very similar to early humans on Earth). Unlike Earth, the genetic populations that stayed in tropical regions (the Boreoids) tended towards bracchicephalism (rounded skulls), while those groups moving into cooler climates (Anatolicoids and Dyticoids) tended to keep the dolichocephalic head-shape. Notoids have independently developed slightly rounded heads, in appearance between the shapes found in the other groups and therefore termed mesocephalic. The Neonotoids in the eastern hemisphere show some degree of variety.

==Boreoids==

[[image:Zebia_Boreoid.jpg]]

Boreoids have more rounded (bracchicephalic) skulls. Their facial bones, especially the maxilla, mandible, and zygoma, are far more gracile than basal humans. Skin color ranges from very dark to slightly dark. Their eyes are brown, their hair is black and tightly curled, and they tend to have large nostrils (probably an adaptation to heat). Boreoid females have a distinctive feature not found on Earth which is called “Steatovulvia.” The adipose tissue of the vulva is quite large by human standards, and during arousal increased blood flow gives it a very dark color. Also, Boreoid dentition is slightly derived, having one less root in the first molar on the top and bottom (one root instead of two).

==Anatolicoids==

[[image:Zebia_Anatolicoid.jpg]]

The Anatolicoids feature many basal characteristics lost in the Boreoids, such as a dolichocephalic skull shape, and prominent facial bones. Along with large brow ridges and zygoma, they have by far the largest mandibles and greatest prognathism of any Zebian group. Their skin ranges from slightly dark in the north to very light in the south and west, with amber and other hues along the east coast. Their hair tends to be curly in the north but wavy or straight in the south and west. Anatolicoid dentition is also slightly different, with the first upper molar having one extra root (three instead of two).

==Dyticoids==

[[image:Zebia_Dyticoid.jpg]]

The Dyticoids represent some of the least derived humans on Zebia. They retain many features of ancestral humans, such as prominent facial bones and a narrow skull shape. The zygoma is especially pronounced. Skin tone tends to be dark, but it is much lighter along the west coast. Infant Dyticoids are born with “blue toes”, a build up of pigment that disappears a few days after birth.

==Notoids==

[[image:Zebia_Notoid.jpg]]

The Notoids are a highly derived form. The maxilla and mandible are more gracile than the basal human norm, but the zygoma is still pronounced. Hair is straight or wavy and black. Several features are present that seem to respond to the cold of the southern climate: stout frame, short digits, abundant body fat, epicanthic fold, and extra vellus hair (though no extra terminal hair). Smaller buttocks, noses, penises, and breasts may be responding to the same pressures, or they may not. Notoids all have sundadont dentition.

===Neonotoids===

[[image:Zebia_Neonotoid.jpg]]

The Neonotoids of the “New World” are very similar to Old World Notoids, and even more similar to each other. However, there are a few key differences. First, the Neonotoids of the eastern hemisphere north of the Antarctic region have lost some of the cold weather adaptations of their ancestors, such as small noses and digits (though their epicanthic folds remain intact). Also, skin color varies greatly in the eastern hemisphere. Most importantly, the Neonotoids on the west coast of Trita have a remarkable adaptation. For reasons that are still unclear, some of them have evolved light hair and eye coloration. Many communities in this region have a majority of inhabitants featuring brown hair, or in some rare cases even dark blonde hair. Blue or green eyes are very uncommon, but far more common than anywhere else on Zebia. There is no trace of light hair among Zebians on any other continent.

[[Category:Zebia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Migration.jpg</title>
    <id>4289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24276</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of human migration on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of human migration on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Boreoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24277</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Boreoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Boreoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Boreoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24278</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Boreoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Boreoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Anatolicoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24279</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Anatolicoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Anatolicoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Dyticoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24280</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Dyticoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Dyticoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Notoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24281</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Notoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Notoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Spread of humans on Zebia</title>
    <id>4295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24284</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T11:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Some fun future developments might include: colonists from the tropical continent may colonize the oceanic islands and then the northern continent, pitting two groups against each other that are 130,000 years distant (more distant than natives of Tierra del Fuego are from Khoi-San)!
''suggestion by brandrinn, seconded by cedh audmanh''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geological and biological history of Zebia</title>
    <id>4296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30971</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Geological history=

==The break-up of PanZebia==

[[Zebia]], circa 350 million years ago. Almost all landmasses are comprised in PanZebia, a large supercontinent with its center just north of the equator, near the current position of Trita's northeastern tip. It is mostly oriented in north-to-south direction, with a huge bay in the northwestern corner. Much of PanZebia is covered by shallow oceans as there is neither land nor ice at either pole at the time, and sea levels are ~150m higher than currently. A perfect environment for amphibians, of which there is an amazing variety.

The northernmost part of PanZebia soon splits off and moves north by northwest. It will be called Proto-Pempta. Around 30 MYA later it is sufficiently near the north pole for an ice cap to form, which causes a drop in sea level and enhanced evolutionary pressure on the amphibians on PanZebia. Some of them become capable of surviving in drier environments and evolve into primitive reptiles.

About 300 MYA ago, the southeastern edge of PanZebia breaks away and moves east by southeast. This will later become the southeastern portion of Protera, but for now it is a small continent of its own, called Southern Proto-Protera.

Around 280 MYA, the rest of the supercontinent splits in two halves, starting in the northwest. The eastern portion, which encompasses today's Deutera, Pempta, southwestern Protera, and northern Trita, slowly moves north, rotating clockwise. It will be called Borea for now. The western portion, a long but rather narrow stretch of land consisting of today's Tetarta, northeastern Protera, and southern Trita, moves west by southwest and turns counter-clockwise. It will go by the name of Austra. All continents except Arctica carry both amphibians and reptiles, although only Austra has diapsids (the ancestors of dinosaurs and birds), most of them in the southern regions.

==The age of small continents==

Soon after this final split of PanZebia, around 250 MYA, the southern portion of Borea breaks away and heads southeast, moving towards the equator and the southern hemisphere. This will eventually be the southwestern portion of Protera, and go by &quot;Western Proto-Protera&quot; for now. It carries several species of synapsid reptiles that are at this time rather closely related to groups on both Austra and Borea, but will evolve into a separate class during 180 MYA of isolation, a class that doesn't exist on Earth. These animals will end up on Protera and Tetarta.

The rest of Borea continues to the northwest and collides with the small polar continent of Proto-Pempta around 210 MYA. However, these continents do not completely fuse, but rather slide alongside in opposite directions. The rock shapes resulting from this slide are rather bizarre. Finally, around 60 MYA these continents separate for good; [[Pempta]] now dropping the &quot;Proto-&quot; from its name and drifting southeast.

This implies that the flora and fauna of Deutera and Pempta is roughly similar at the order level, but distinct in further subdivisions. As for animals, there are synapsid reptiles in all kinds of shapes, filling most of the available ecological niches. As the continents have both been near the north pole for a long time, fur and feather-like scales to save body warmth was evolved early on. Many of these reptiles look rather similar to certain types of mammals, but they belong to a completely different class.

In the meantime, the southeastern third of Borea proper has split off (around 180 MYA), moving south under the name of Proto-Trita. Accordingly, Trita has a few synapsid subclasses (but not orders or families) shared with Deutera and Pempta, but not with the other continents. From this time on, the rest of Borea is called [[Deutera]].

==Formation of the modern continents==

In the southern hemispere, Austra collides with Southern Proto-Protera around 160 MYA, leaving behind the cleft to the east of the inland sea. In most other places, no clear plate boundary is discernible. The CCW rotation of Austra accelerates because of this collision. Its southeastern tip breaks off around 140 MYA and moves east, colliding with Proto-[[Trita]] by 100 MYA.

By 80 MYA, Western Proto-Protera joins Austra, forming modern [[Protera]].

The splitting of Austra occurs shortly after the emergence of mammals, and also after the divergence of archosauria vs. lepidosauria. Accordingly, all southern hemisphere continents have both mammals and dinosaurs. However, the course of evolution is different from one continent to the other. On Protera there are rather few dinosaurs, and they never reach the size they had on Earth, due to evolutionary pressure from other types of reptiles (e.g. lizards) and mammals. There has been no single mass extinction event, so several archaic clades of animals (both reptile and mammal) survive to date with a few rare species. In general, Protera has been dominated by mammals for at least 90 MYA, about 150% the time this has been the case on Earth. This leads to a lot of diversity.

On Trita, on the other hand, dinosaurs had the upper hand and soon became the dominant group of animals. They did not become quite as huge as a T-Rex or a brontosaur, given that the continent is rather small and Zebia has slightly more gravity than Earth. But then, elephant-sized is still big, and there may have been larger ones... And, like on Earth, they evolved into birds at a point. About 30 MYA the first birds managed to cross the ocean to Protera, and about the same time the dominance of dinosaurs began to wane. Mammals had their chance, and succeeded in taking it. Today, Trita has large species of all three classes. Dinosaurs have become rare and are not bigger than, for instance, a hippopotamus, at their largest today, but there's still a stunning variety of them, compared to relatively few species of mammals with high numbers each.

Where there was once a spreading sea floor between Deutera and Protera there is now an ocean plate being subsumed on almost all sides. Also gone without a trace are the spreading zones that separated Trita and Deutera and Western ProtoProtera from PanZebia. Most of the current spreading zones are new. Part of northern Protera splits off beginning 40 MYA, creating [[Tetarta]]. A smaller zone north of Trita creates the volcanic island chain north of that continent. Both of these zones push Protera and Trita further south, creating the circumpolar mountains.

=Biology=

Each kind of organism that existed around 300 million years ago on Zebia could have up to 4 main groups of descendents now. These groups differ from one another at about the class level (which suggests that Zebia might have more distinct classes in each phylum than Earth does).

==Group I: Paleo-Oriental==
This group evolved in what is now southeastern Protera, where it was isolated from about 300 to 160 million years ago. It's the most divergent group, and also the rarest; these organisms were largely replaced by Austral species after about 160 million years ago. A few surviving species are found, mostly in eastern Protera, but some isolated ones occur elsewhere in the southern hemisphere. The few ones found in Trita form a distinct subgroup that split off about 140 million years ago.

==Group II: Austral==
This group evolved in the supercontinent Austra (now northern Protera, Tetarta, and southern Trita), which was isolated from about 280 to 160 million years ago. This seems to be the group that most closely resembles modern Terrestrial organisms: it includes lizards, birds and dinosaurs, probably mammals, and maybe flowering plants and bees. Austral species are found throughout the southern hemisphere, and a few types (bats, birds, marine mammals, humans) are cosmopolitan. An important subgroup has evolved in Trita since about 140 million years ago; this group includes the true birds, and maybe marsupial mammals.

==Group III: Occidental==
This group evolved in what is now southwestern Protera, which was isolated from about 250 to 80 million years ago. It's slightly more closely related to the Boreal group than to the others, and includes a distinct class of synapsids. Occidental species are found mainly in western Protera, but they could live anywhere in Protera or Tetarta.

==Group IV: Boreal==
This group evolved in the supercontinent Borea (now Deutera, Pempta, and northern Trita) from about 250 to 180 million years ago. It and the Occidental group are more closely related to each other than to the others. The dominant Boreal animals are synapsids. Boreal species are found throughout Deutera, Pempta, and Trita. The subgroup found in Trita is quite distinct, having split from the others about 180 million years ago.


These groups line up with the continents to create three super-biomes:
*Protera and Tetarta: dominated by Austral organisms, but with Occidentals as well (especially in the west), and a few Paleo-Oriental survivors (especially in the east)
*Trita: very distinctive forms of both Austral and Boreal organisms
*Deutera and Pempta: almost exclusively Boreal organisms 


[[Category:Zebia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pempta</title>
    <id>4297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30972</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:23:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zebia_Globeview_SmallContin.gif|thumb|Pempta (top left), one of [[Zebia]]'s continents]]

'''Pempta''' is the smallest and most isolated continent on [[Zebia]], located in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Its flora and fauna is most closely related to that of [[Deutera]] and consists predominantly of [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_IV:_Boreal|Boreal organisms]]. Pempta was populated by Zebian humans in historical times only, by [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Boreoids|Boreoid]] settlers from [[Tetarta]].


[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]


Continents of Zebia:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]


[[Category:Zebia]]

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deutera</title>
    <id>4298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:22:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zebia_Globeview_Deutera.gif|thumb|Deutera, one of [[Zebia]]'s continents]]

'''Deutera''' is the main continent of [[Zebia]]'s northern hemisphere. It stretches north to south, almost touching both north pole and equator. The most important geological feature of Deutera is a long and high mountain chain running along its southwestern coast. Deutera's flora and fauna is most closely related to that of [[Pempta]] and consists almost exclusively of [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_IV:_Boreal|Boreal organisms]]. The continent was populated by Zebian humans around 30 kya ago, by [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Neonotoids|Neonotoid]] settlers arriving from [[Trita]].


[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]


Continents of Zebia:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]


[[Category:Zebia]]

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trita</title>
    <id>4299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50982</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-09T11:06:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link maps</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zebia_Globeview_Trita.gif|thumb|Trita, one of [[Zebia]]'s continents]]

'''Trita''' is a continent in [[Zebia]]'s southern hemisphere. Its flora and fauna is distinctively diverse, as it is the only continent to feature both [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_II:_Austral|Austral]] and [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_IV:_Boreal|Boreal]] organisms, with a few remnants of the [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_I:_Paleo-Oriental|Paleo-Oriental]] group as well. All of these are fairly different from their relatives on other continents. Trita was populated by Zebian humans between 50 and 40 kya ago, by [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Neonotoids|Neonotoids]] arriving from [[Protera]] via the island chain in the southeast of the continent, and served as a stepping-stone for human colonisation of [[Deutera]].


[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]


See also:
*[http://img168.imageshack.us/img168/6510/tritaphysical02yg5.gif A physical map of Trita] (by cedh audmanh)
*[http://img144.imageshack.us/img144/1199/tritaclimatego7.jpg A climate map of Trita] (by cedh audmanh)


Continents of Zebia:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]


[[Category:Zebia]]

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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Protera</title>
    <id>4300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30973</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zebia_Globeview_Protera.gif|thumb|Protera, one of [[Zebia]]'s continents]]

'''Protera''' is [[Zebia]]'s largest and biologically most diverse continent. It is located in the southern hemisphere and stretches east to west, being divided into numerous ecological zones by a large inland sea, several desert regions and huge mountain ranges. Protera's flora and fauna is dominated by [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_II:_Austral|Austral]] organisms, but with [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_III:_Occidental|Occidentals]] as well (especially in the west), and a few [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_I:_Paleo-Oriental|Paleo-Oriental]] survivors (especially in the east). Zebian humans evolved in the northeast of Protera approximately 200 kya ago, and are present today in four major subgroups, the [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Boreoids|Boreoids]], [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Anatolicoids|Anatolicoids]], [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Dyticoids|Dyticoids]], and [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Notoids|Paleonotoids]].


[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]


Continents of Zebia:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]


[[Category:Zebia]]

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tetarta</title>
    <id>4301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30975</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:24:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Zebia_Globeview_SmallContin.gif|thumb|Tetarta (centre), one of [[Zebia]]'s continents]]

'''Tetarta''' is [[Zebia]]'s geologically youngest continent. It stretches east to west, just north of the equator, and is almost completely tropical in climate. Its flora and fauna is very similar to that of northern [[Protera]], consisting mainly of [[Geological_and_biological_history_of_Zebia#Group_II:_Austral|Austral organisms]]. Tetarta was colonised by Zebian humans of the [[Spread_of_humans_on_Zebia#Boreoids|Boreoid]] subgroup around 80 kya ago, and has been the starting point for the settlement of [[Pempta]] which occurred fairly recently, in historical times.


[[Image:ZebiaContinents.GIF|560px]]


Continents of Zebia:
*[[Protera]]
*[[Deutera]]
*[[Trita]]
*[[Tetarta]]
*[[Pempta]]


[[Category:Zebia]]

{{msg:stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean vowels.png</title>
    <id>4302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24304</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:30:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean umlaut.png</title>
    <id>4303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24305</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean ow.png</title>
    <id>4304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24306</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean oj.png</title>
    <id>4305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24307</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:31:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean ij.png</title>
    <id>4306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24308</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Piscean ee aj ej.png</title>
    <id>4307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24309</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-05T16:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Folksprak</title>
    <id>4308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29105</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>clean up  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Folksprak''' is an auxilary language based on Germanic languages. It is an attempt to create a consensus between various &quot;Folksprak developers&quot; and their Folksprak dialects: [[Middelsprake]], [[Folksprâk]] and [[Sprak]].
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Folksprak</title>
    <id>4309</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24318</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T14:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Folksprak]] moved to [[User talk:Xipirho/Folksprak]]: The Folksprak dialect created by Xipirho is &quot;Westsprak&quot;. Folksprak is a consensus project by more than one Folksprak speaker.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:Xipirho/Folksprak]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Xipirho</title>
    <id>4310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24319</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T14:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan Schneider</username>
        <id>732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Folksprak moved</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Folksprak ==

Hi Roly! As we have discussed recently, I have removed the content of the article Folksprak. And I have moved it to [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Folksprak&amp;action=history your user domain]. Greetz! --[[User:Stephan Schneider|Stephan Schneider]] 07:26, 6 August 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kelanian1.JPG</title>
    <id>4311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24325</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T20:32:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The phonemic Kelanian script.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The phonemic Kelanian script.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western Kelanian</title>
    <id>4312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29427</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T03:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Western Kelanian'''&lt;br&gt;'''Kálanyas tyañáli'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(not yet named)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||none
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical Classification:
||[[Kelanian]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Western Kelanian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV by convention, could be free
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||[[fluid-S]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Andre|Andrew]] || 2007
|}

When men started expanding, their language started to change. In the west, the latest common language was what is now called Western Kelanian or sometimes Kalanian (native name ''Kálanyas tyañáli'', lit. &quot;Kelanian speech&quot;). The changes to Western Kelanian weren't to extreme, as opposed to its sister [[Eastern Kelanian]], and it and [[Kelanian]], its parent, could probably have been mutually intelligible. 

== Sound Changes from Kelanian ==
P = plosive, N = nasal, F = fricative, L = liquid, W = semi-vowel C = a consonant, V = a vowel

* P[+voice] → P[-voice]/#_s
* P[+voice] → P[+voice][+asp]/ #_V
* P[+voice][+asp] → F[+voice] (/B D G/ &lt;v dh gh&gt;)
* V[+length] → V[-length] /_#
* V[+stress] → V'[+stress] /_CV'
(I'm not sure if I wrote that in a way that makes sense. Its supposed to say that a stressed vowel becomes whatever the next vowel is.)
* V[-length] → Ø /_W
* Pw → Pʷ
* Cj → Cʲ
* Ci → Cʲi /_C
* Ci → Cʲ /_V
* V[-length] → Ø /C_C, where both C's are the same
* Stress moves to the antepenultimate vowel, or to the penultimate vowel if it is long.

== Morphology Changes from Kelanian ==
Most of the changes in inflection were the result of the above sound changes, though the following changes also occurred.

=== Noun Changes ===
The comitative case merged with the instrumental into the suffix '''-tye'''. Also, because of sound changes, the absolutive long final vowel shortens, meaning it is no longer morphologically distinct from the locative in the 1st, 2nd and 5th declensions.

=== Modifier Changes ===
Modifiers remained almost completely unchanged except for sound change. 

tséraye → tsárye

tséraya → tsárya

tsêrawe → tsârwe

=== Verb Changes ===
The verbal system simplified. The modifier-copula phrase used to make verbs in Kelanian collapsed into single words, forming a regular verbal conjugation system. The present indicative is shown here in its three aspects. 


tséraye-éni → tsaryêni

tséraya-éni → tsaryâni

tsêrawe-éni → tsārwêni

==== Aorist Changes ====
The aorist took a rather interesting turn. All words started to use the strong aorist stem formation, making it very predictable. This changed all of the aorist forms, including the modifier. This change took place rather early, after the third but before the fifth sound change listed above. 

Verb: atsérī → atsíri

Modifier: atsére → atsére

== Syntax Changes from Kelanian ==
The most obvious syntax change is in conventional phrase order, from OSV to SOV, showing more ergative tendencies. As in Kelanian, phrase order is necessary to show grammatical roles, though subject-verb agreement is more frequently used than it was before.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naka (Terek)</title>
    <id>4313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24357</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T03:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Workinprogress}}   {{Language| | English = Naka | native = ??? | country = Terek Highlands | nativecountry = ??? | universe = Khelivega Continuity | speakers = A bunch... | family = Nort...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}} 

{{Language|
| English = Naka
| native = ???
| country = Terek Highlands
| nativecountry = ???
| universe = Khelivega Continuity
| speakers = A bunch...
| family = Northeast-Caucasian
| branch = East-Caucasian
| subbranch = Nakh
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinating
| alignment = Ergative
| author = [[User:thegoatman|S. G. McCabe]]
| date = c2002 CE
| background = white
| headingbg = olivedrab
| width = 25%
}}

==History==
==Phonology &amp; Orthography==
===Consonants===
===Vowels===
Naka has a system of 8 vowels (with long and short for 16 total), arranged in a somewhat unusuall patter
{|
|+Vowels
|i [i]||ɨ [ɨ]||u [u]
|-
|e [ɛ̝]||ə [ə]||o [ɔ]
|-
|æ [æ]||a [ɐ]||&amp;emsp;||&amp;emsp;
|-
|}

==Noun==
===Class===
===Number===
===Case===
==Verb==
===Morphology===
===Tense-Aspect-Mood===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Neonotoid.jpg</title>
    <id>4314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24361</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T09:30:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A map of the approximate distribution of Neonotoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn, with modifications by cedh audmanh</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of the approximate distribution of Neonotoid humans on Zebia. Made by brandrinn, with modifications by cedh audmanh</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Globeview Deutera.gif</title>
    <id>4315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24366</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T10:37:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Deutera (45°N, 45°E). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Deutera (45°N, 45°E). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Globeview Protera.gif</title>
    <id>4316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24367</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T10:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Protera (30°S, 45°W). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Protera (30°S, 45°W). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Globeview Trita.gif</title>
    <id>4317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24368</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T10:39:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Trita (30°S, 120°E). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A globe view of Zebia, centered on the continent Trita (30°S, 120°E). Orthographic projection. Made by cedh audmanh.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zebia Globeview SmallContin.gif</title>
    <id>4318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24372</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-07T10:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A globe view of Zebia, showing the two small continents Tetarta and Pempta. Orthographic projection centered on 25°N, 90°W. Made by cedh audmanh.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A globe view of Zebia, showing the two small continents Tetarta and Pempta. Orthographic projection centered on 25°N, 90°W. Made by cedh audmanh.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eastern Kelanian</title>
    <id>4319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27985</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-04T20:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Syllable Structure */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Eastern Kelanian'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||(not yet named)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||none
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical Classification:
||[[Kelanian]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Eastern Kelanian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||root-and-pattern
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||[[fluid-S]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Andre|Andrew]] || 2007
|}

When men started expanding, their language started to change. In the east, the latest common language was what is now called Eastern Kelanian. Though Eastern and [[Western Kelanian]] are the two offspring of [[Kelanian]], Eastern Kelanian was spoken later than it's sibling because the men of the east were fewer in number and didn't expand as quickly as the men of the west. Accordingly, the changes that occurred in the east are much more extreme, and took much more time.

== Overview ==
The first profound change from Kelanian to Eastern Kelanian was in the formation of words. The men of the east departed from the Kelanui so early that the concept of the Kelanian primitive roots had not been too deeply ingrained in them. Instead of verbs or adjectives being formed from their proper primitive roots, the speakers formed them from the most basic noun assocciated with them. For example the words for &quot;to rule, lead&quot; and &quot;royal&quot; derive from the word for &quot;leader, king&quot;. Essentially, nominal stems replaced the roots. 

As a result of all the sound changes that took place, another profound change occurred in the very structure of the language. Vowels affected each other so much that the only thing that remained constant in related words were the three consonants originating from the noun they came from; it changed from a fusional language to one based on triliteral roots.

== Sound Changes ==
P = plosive, N = nasal, F = fricative, L = liquid, W = semi-vowel C = a consonant, V = a vowel
*u:, o: → o /_#
*a:, e: → e /_#
*Prosthetic /h/ is added before initial vowels. &lt;h&gt;
*p_h t_h k_h → p\ T x/_ &lt;f th kh&gt;
*b_h d_h g_h → B D G /_ &lt;v dh gh&gt;
*Cj → C_j /_
*Cw → C_w /_
*NC → C /#_
*ps, ks → s /_
*bs, gs → z /_
*ts → S /_ &lt;š&gt;
*ds → Z /_ &lt;ž&gt;
*Accented vowels caused the following vowel to become the same as they are. 
*V[-length] → Ø /_#
*W → V /_#
*i-mutation and u-mutation; i and i-diphthongs or u and u-diphthongs in the final syllable caused the preceding vowel to become i or u respectively. 
*i[-length], u[-length] → Ø /_#
*i[+length] → i[-length] /_#
*C → eC /C_#
*VV → V[+length] /_, V=V
*Modifiers become verbs; Prosthetic /a/ and verb endings added to all verbs
*i-diphthongs → i: /_
*u-diphthongs → u: /_
*Stress moves to the penultimate vowel.
*V → Ø /_CV[+stress], _CCV[+stress]
*CCC → CCeC /_
*onon → ōn
*p_w t_w k_w → p\ t p /_
*b_w d_w g_w → B d b /_
*F_w N_w L_w → F N L /_
*p_j t_j k_j → p t_S k /_ /t_S/=&lt;c&gt;
*b_j d_j g_j → b d_Z g /_ /d_Z/=&lt;j&gt;
*F_j N_j L_j → F N L /_
*Stress retracts to the first vowel, or to the antepenultimate vowel in words four syllables or longer. 
*Prosthetic /@/ is added before initial clusters, written &lt;ə&gt;

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
Eastern Kelanian has 25 consonant phonemes. It retains Kelanian's unaspriated plosive sequence, its 3 nasals and 2 liquids, but unlike Kelanian, it has an abundance of fricatives and 2 affricates: 
* 2 bilabial: '''f''' /p\/ and '''v''' /B/
* 6 coronal: '''th''' /T/, '''dh''' /D/, '''s''' /s/, '''z''' /z/, '''š''' /S/, '''ž''' /Z/
* 2 velar: '''kh''' /x/,'''gh''' /G/
* 1 glottal: '''h''' /h/

* 2 post-alveolar affricates: '''c''' /t_S/ and '''j''' /d_Z/


{| border=1
|
|Labial
|Dental
|Alveolar
|Post-Alveolar
|Velar
|Glottal
|-
|align=center|Stops
|align=center|'''p''' '''b'''
|
|align=center|'''t''' '''d'''
|
|align=center|'''k''' '''g'''
|align=center|'''q'''
|-
|align=center|Fricatives
|align=center|'''f''' '''v''' 
|align=center|'''th''' '''dh''' 
|align=center|'''s''' '''z''' 
|align=center|'''š''' '''ž''' 
|align=center|'''kh''' '''gh''' 
|align=center|'''h'''
|-
|align=center|Affricates
|
|
|
|align=center|'''c''' '''j'''
|
|
|-
|align=center|Nasals
|align=center|'''m'''
|
|align=center|'''n'''
| 
|align=center|'''ñ'''
|
|-
|align=center|Liquids
| 
|
|align=center|'''l''' '''r'''
| 
| 
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
There are 6 short vowels, '''a, e, i, o, u, ə''', /a e I o U @/, and two long vowels, '''ī''' and '''ū''' /i:
u:/, which may also be written '''ii''' and '''uu'''. There are no diphthongs. 

{|border=1
|
|Front
|Central
|Back
|-
|Close
|align=center|'''ī'''
|
|align=center|'''ū'''
|-
|Near-close
|align=center|'''i'''
|
|align=center|'''u'''
|-
|Mid
|align=center|'''e'''
|align=center|'''ə'''
|align=center|'''o'''
|-
|Open
|
|align=center|'''a'''
|
|}

=== Syllable Structure ===
Syllables are of the form (C)V(C). Since Eastern Kelanian is based on triconsonantal roots, there are no restrictions on what clusters may form at syllable boundaries. There are, however, no clusters comprised of more than two consonants.

=== Allophony ===

== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
The nominal system was drastically altered. The paucal took on the function of the plural, and the plural took on the function of the collective. Whereas in Kelanian, cases were indicated by suffixes, in Eastern Kelanian only the genitive is formed by altering the word from its natural absolutive form. 
{| border=1
|
|align=center|Singular
|align=center|Plural
|align=center|Collective
|-
|Abs
|align=center|C'''(é/ó)'''C'''(e/o)'''C
|align=center|'''é'''CC'''(e/o)'''C
|align=center|'''ə'''CC'''í'''C'''ī'''
|-
|Gen
|align=center|'''ə'''CC'''(é/ó)'''C'''ov'''
|align=center|'''é'''CC'''(e/o)'''C'''ov'''
|align=center|'''ə'''CC'''í'''C'''īv'''
|}

The nominative, dative and instrumental/comitative are formed analytically with case-marking postpositions. The locative was also replaced and changed. In Kelanian, prepositions were used with a noun in the locative to show position, but in Eastern Kelanian they are now postpositions used with an absolutive noun, and the original meaning of the locative is also now formed with a postposition.

{| border=1
|Case
|Marker
|-
|Nom
|align=center|'''elə'''
|-
|Dat
|align=center|'''erə'''
|-
|Instr
|align=center|'''ce'''
|-
|Loc
|align=center|'''na'''
|}

=== Verbs ===
The verbal system went through a major change. An early change was that only the weak aorist was used to form the aorist stem, which regularized it completely. The regular modifier forms, with tense and mood suffixes added after, became used to mark full verbs soon after the i- and u-mutations and the splitting up of final clusters. At about the same time, a prosthetic '''a-''' came into use to mark all verbs, causing verbs with both active and eventive forms to mark the eventive with '''amī-''' and the active with '''a-'''. Verbs with no transitive form became morphologically indistinguishable from transitives as a result. Contrast intransitive ''ámširi'', &quot;to leave&quot; with transitive ''átširi'', &quot;to take.&quot; (It so happens that most if not all triconsonantal roots that form intransitive verbs start with an 'm'.) Due to sound changes, the imperfective and habitual merged. 

{| border=1
|
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Active
|
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Eventive
|-
|
|Indicative
|Subjunctive
|Hortative
|Optative
|
|Indicative
|Subjunctive
|Hortative
|Optative
|-
|Imperfective
|'''á'''CC'''i'''C'''i'''
|'''á'''CC'''i'''C'''on'''
|'''á'''CC'''i'''C'''u'''
|'''á'''CC'''i'''C'''el'''
|
|'''amî'''CC'''i'''C'''i'''
|'''amî'''CC'''i'''C'''on'''
|'''amî'''CC'''i'''C'''u'''
|'''amî'''CC'''i'''C'''el'''
|-
|Perfect
|'''á'''CC'''u'''C'''i'''
|'''á'''CC'''u'''C'''on'''
|'''á'''CC'''u'''C'''u'''
|'''á'''CC'''u'''C'''el'''
|
|'''amî'''CC'''u'''C'''i'''
|'''amî'''CC'''u'''C'''on'''
|'''amî'''CC'''u'''C'''u'''
|'''amî'''CC'''u'''C'''el'''
|-
|Aorist
|'''a'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešī'''
|'''a'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešōn'''
|'''a'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešū'''
|
|
|'''amī'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešī'''
|'''amī'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešōn'''
|'''amī'''C'''(é/ó)'''CC'''ešū'''
|
|}

=== Modifiers ===
Since all the forms that used to be modifiers changed into verbs, new ways of forming modifiers came into use. The basic adjective came from the essive form of the original noun used as the new root. 

Participles have a slightly more interesting origin. Since the aorist wasn't originally formed from modifiers, its verbal and participial forms remained distinct-its participial form didn't change into a full verb, so, by analogy, the method to form the aorist participle from the aorist verb was used on imperfective and perfect verbs to form their respective participles.

{| border=1
|
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Active
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Eventive
|-
|Basic adjective
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''ə'''CC'''í'''C'''īs'''
|-
|Aorist
|'''á'''CC'''(e/o)'''C'''eš'''
|'''amî'''CC'''(e/o)'''C'''eš'''
|-
|Imperfective
|'''á'''CC'''i'''C'''eš'''
|'''amî'''CC'''i'''C'''eš'''
|-
|Perfect
|'''á'''CC'''u'''C'''eš'''
|'''amî'''CC'''u'''C'''eš'''
|}

== Syntax Changes ==
Word order changed from OSV to VSO.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andersonic alphabet font</title>
    <id>4320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24412</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-10T16:01:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Media:Font1.ttf|Download the Andersonic alphabet font]] This font will enable one to use the [[Andersonic alphabet]], which is conventionally used to write the [[Piscean language]], crea...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Media:Font1.ttf|Download the Andersonic alphabet font]] This font will enable one to use the [[Andersonic alphabet]], which is conventionally used to write the [[Piscean language]], created by [[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]],  and is open to any others who wish to use it for their own conlangs. Please tell me if this is desired: [mailto:greybell2006@hotmail.com Anderson] or drop me a message on my User Talk [[User talk:Pisceesumsprecan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Workinprogress</title>
    <id>4321</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24417</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Workinprogress]] moved to [[Template:Work in progress]]: You '''can''' have spaces in template names!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Work in progress]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Section work in progress</title>
    <id>4322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24422</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template:Section wip]] moved to [[Template:Section work in progress]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This section is currently undergoing a major edit.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''The contents are incomplete and in need of elaboration and/or change!'''&lt;br/&gt;
As a courtesy, please do not make edits to this section while this message is displayed, in order to avoid [[Wikipedia:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]].  If you need to know who is working on the section and when the edit session began, please check the [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} edit history][[Template:Inuse|.]]
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Section wip</title>
    <id>4323</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24423</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Section wip]] moved to [[Template:Section work in progress]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Section work in progress]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Section WIP</title>
    <id>4324</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24424</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-11T14:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Creqted redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Section work in progress]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Blast/sandbox</title>
    <id>4327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24475</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-14T01:34:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blast</username>
        <id>307</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add vowels</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Consonants ==

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;background:#F9F9F9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Dental
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Alveolar
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Post-alveolar
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Retroflex
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Palatal
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Velar
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Uvular
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Pharyngeal
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Epiglottal
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Glottal
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Nasal''' ||  || n ||  ||  ||  || ŋ ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Plosive''' || d t̪̪ || t d ||  ||  || c || k ɡ || q ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Fricative''' || ð || s z ||  ||  || ʝ || x ||  || ħ ||  || h
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Approximant''' ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Trill''' ||  || r ||  ||  ||  ||  || ʀ ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Flaps and taps''' ||  ||  ||  || ɽ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|}

Other sounds:
* ɫ (velarised alveolar lateral approximant)

== Vowels ==

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;background:#F9F9F9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Front
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Near-front
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Central
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Near-back
! style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | Back
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Close''' ||  ||  || ɨ ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Near‑close''' || ɪ ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Close‑mid''' || e ||  || ɘ ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Mid''' ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Open-mid''' ||  || ɛ ||  ||  || ʌ
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Near-open''' || æ ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F2F2F2&quot; | '''Open''' || a ||  ||  ||  || ɑ
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendix C: Shemspreg Glossary</title>
    <id>4328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24762</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-29T02:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What follows is a glossary of grammatical terms used in the description of Shemspreg. Some of these terms are used in ways that are particular to this description and should not be taken to be general definitions.


__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]] - [[#Index|Index]]
&lt;/center&gt;


==A==

; adjective : An adjective is a word which describes a property characteristic of the noun which it modifies. Adjectives in Shemspreg are inflected for comparative and superlative degrees.

; adverb : An adverb is a word which modifies a verb or adjective. 

; adverbial clause : An adverbial clause is an embedded clause which has adverbial function.

; affricate : An affricate is a consonant which, like a stop, is produced by completely blocking the airflow at some place of articulation but then releasing it with a great deal of friction like a fricative. The affricates of Shemspreg are [ch, j].

; agent : An agent is a discourse participant which instigates some action or event.

; argument : An argument is a noun phrase which occurs with a verb as part of a proposition. 

; aspect : Aspect is a verbal category used to mark the way in whch a situation described by a verb takes place in time. In Shemspreg, there are two aspects: imperfective, which asserts that an action is incomplete; and perfective, which asserts that an action is complete.


==B==

; base : The base is the stem for reduplication.


==C==

; case : Case marks the grammatical function of a noun in a clause. There are three cases in Shemspreg: nominative, genitive, and oblique.

; causative : The causative in Shemspreg is a verbal suffix which has the effect of adding one more argument to the verb. The causative is used for expressing the argument which is the cause of an action in addition to the obligatory arguments required by a verbal stem. 

; comparative : The comparative is an inflectional property of adjectives in which two nouns are compared with each other with respect to the degree to which they are characterized by the property referred to by the adjective.

; complex sentence : A complex sentence is formed by embedding a clause within a phrase or clause as a complement or modifier of some sort. Such a sentence will have a single subject, in contrast to a coordinate sentence which is formed by joining two independent sentences together, each with their own subject.

; compounding : Compounds are complex words formed by joining separate words together. 

; conditional clause : A conditional clause is an embedded clause which serves to express some hypothetical state of affairs.

; consonant : A consonant is a speech sound which is produced by narrowing or completely obstructing airflow through the vocal tract. 

; constituent : A constituent is a syntactic unit which functions as part of a larger unit within a sentence.

; coordinate sentence : Coordinate sentences contain two or more clauses niether of which functions as a grammatical constituent of the other. Clauses of a coordinate sentence in Shemspreg are joined by a coordinating conjunction like =kwe ‘and’ or =we ‘or’. 


==D==

; dental/alveolar : Dental/alveolar consonants are produced by touching the tip of the tongue to the back of the upper teeth or to the bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth (the alveolar ridge). The dental/alveolar consonants of Shemspreg are [t, d, th, dh, n, l, r] and the sibilants [s, z].

; dependent clause : Dependent clause is another name for an embedded clause.

; direct object : The direct object is the noun phrase which forms part of the verb phrase and which is one of the arguments of the verb.


==E==

; embedded clause : An embedded clause is a clause that serves as a subject, object, or modifier in some larger phrase or clause.


==F==

; fricative : A fricative is a consonant which is produced by passing a continuous stream of air through a narrowed passage in the vocal tract at some place of articulation thereby causing turbulence.

; full grade : The full grade in Shemspreg is the form of the verb which contains an undeleted or unshortened vowel; it is a marker for the present tense. The dictionary entry of a verb is equivalent to the full grade.


==G==

; genitive case : Genitive case marks the grammatical function of possessor and the subject of embedded clauses whose verb is a participle.

; glide : A glide is a vowel-like consonant which is produced when one articulator is close to another but the vocal tract is not sufficiently narrowed to create the audible friction that characterizes fricatives. The glides of Shemspreg are [y, w].

; grade : Grade refers to the shape of a verbal stem; the verb in Shemspreg can occur in full grade or reduced grade.


==H==

; head : The head is the word which is obligatory in a phrase. It expresses the core meaning of the phrase which contains it.


==I==

; imperative : The imperative is the form of the verb which is used to express commands or obligations.

; imperfective aspect : Imperfective aspect is asserts that the action, event, or process expressed by the verb is incomplete or unbounded. Imperfective aspect in Shemspreg is marked by the prefix e- attached to the past tense stem.

; incorporation : Incorporation is a process similar to compounding which joins a noun with a verb. In incorporating constuctions, the noun represents the direct object of the verb and is always generic in reference.

; intransitive : An intransitive verb is a verb which does not take a direct object.


==J==


==K==


==L==

; labial : Labial consonants are produced with one or both lips. The labial consonants of Shemspreg are [p, b, f, v, m].

; liquid : The liquids of Shemspreg are [r, l]. There is no single articulatory description of liquids. 


==M==

; main clause : The main clause is the sentence which is not part of any other clause.

; manner of articulation : The manner of articulation of a consonant refers to the degree of constriction used in the production of that consonant. Shemspreg distinguishes six manners of articulation: i) stop, ii) fricative, iii) affricate, iv) nasal, v) liquid, and vi) glide.

; modal verb : Modal verbs express concepts of necessity, possibility, obligation, and permission.

; modifier : A modifier restricts the range of possible referents of a noun phrase by more narrowly describing or identifying them.

; mood : Mood is the semantic category expressed by modal verbs and the imperative verb form. That is, mood expresses concepts of necessity, possibility, obligation, and permission


==N==

; nasal : A nasal is a consonant which is produced by simultaneously stopping airflow in the oral tract and lowering the velum to allow air to flow out through the nasal cavity. The nasals of Shemspreg are [m, n].

; nominative case : Nominative case marks the grammatical function of subject.

; non-past : Non-past tense refers to events, actions, processes or states of affairs which occur after any point before the moment of utterance. It thus encompasses present and future tense. Non-past tense is marked in Shemspreg by the full grade of the verb and the suffix -es.

; noun : A noun is a word which can serve as an argument.

; noun phrase : A noun phrase is a constituent which contains a noun as its head.


==O==

; object : An object is a noun phrase which serves as an argument of a verb or preposition.

; oblique case : Oblique case marks the grammatical function of direct object and object of preposition.

; obstruent : An obstruent is a consonant which is produced with some degree of constriction in the vocal tract. The constriction may be partial, creating turbulence as with fricatives; or it may be complete, blocking airflow as with stops; or it may have both qualities, completely blocking airflow and then releasing it with friction, as with affricates.


==P==

; palato-alveolar : Palato-alveolar consonants are produced by touching the portion of the tongue immediately behind the tip against the alveolar ridge. The palato-alveolar consonants of Shemspreg are [sh, zh, ch, j].

; participle : A participle is a form derived from a verb which functions as an adjective or noun.

; passive : The passive form of a verb has one fewer argument than the corresponding active form. The argument which is omitted is the agent.

; past tense : The past tense of verbs refers to events, actions, processes or states of affairs which occur before the moment of utterance. In Shemspreg past tense is marked by the reduced grade of the verb and the suffix -i.

; patient : A patient is a discourse participant which undergoes the effects of some action or event.

; perfective aspect : Perfective aspect is asserts that the action, event, or process expressed by the verb is complete or bounded. In Shemspreg perfective aspect is marked by prefixing reduplication and the past tense stem of a verb.

; place of articulation : The place of articulation of a consonant is the location within the vocal tract where the characteristic obstruction occurs in the production of a consonant. In Shemspreg, consonants are produced at five different places of articulation: i) labial, ii) dental / alveolar, iii) palato-alveolar, iv) velar, and v) rounded velar.

; preverb : A preverb is a prefix which attaches to a verb, and which is used to derive additional meanings from the verb stem. The set of preverbs in Shemspreg overlaps considerably with the set of prepositions.


==Q==


==R==

; reduced grade : The reduced grade in Shemspreg is the form of the verb which is characterized by deletion or shortening of the stem vowel; it is a marker of the past tense.

; reduplicant : The reduplicant is the portion of the stem which has been copied by reduplication.

; reduplication : Reduplication is a morphological process in which part or all of the stem is copied and attached to the stem.

; relative clause : A relative clause is a clause which is used to modify a noun.

; rounded velar : Rounded velars are velar consonants produced with simultaneous lip rounding. The rounded velars of Shemspreg are [kw, gw, khw, ghw, w].


==S==

; sentence : The sentence consists of a verb with its arguments. A sentence may be serve as a constituent of a complex sentence, or function as a simple sentence on its own.

; sibilant : Sibilants are hissing or hushing sounds produced with a great deal of noise. The sibilants of Shemspreg are [s, z, sh, zh, ch, j].

; sonorant : A sonorant is a consonant which is characterized by voicing and a lack of turbulent airflow. The sonorants of Shemspreg are the nasals [m, n], the liquids [r, l], and the glides [y, w].

; stop : A stop is a consonant which is produced by completely obstructing the airflow at some place of articulation and then suddenly releasing it. The stops of Shemspreg are [p, t, k, kw, b, d, g, gw]. 

; subject : A subject is a noun phrase which serves as the topic of a sentence; it is what the sentence is “about”.

; subordinate clause : Subordinate clause is another name for an embedded clause.

; superlative : The superlative degree of an adjective is used to assert that some noun phrase is unique in that it has the property of the adjective to the greatest degree. 

; syntax : The syntax of a language is the set of principles which govern how words are combined together to make phrases and sentences.


==T==

; tense : Tense is a verbal category which expresses the time of an event, action, process, or state of affairs relative to the speaker. Tense in Shemspreg is marked by verbal grade; two tenses are distinguished in Shemspreg: past tense and non-past tense. Tense in Shemspreg is marked by verbal grade and suffixation.

; transitive : A transitive verb is a verb which requires a direct object.


==U==


==V==

; valency : The valency of a verb is expressed by the number of arguments which it requires to form a complete proposition.

; velar : Velar consonants are produced by placing the body of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. The velar consonants of Shemspreg are [k, g, kh, gh].

; verb : A verb is a word which relates arguments together in an action, event, or state of affairs.

; verb phrase : A verb phrase is a constituent which contains a verb as its head.

; voiced : A speech sound is voiced if it is pronounced with regular vocal fold vibration.

; voiceless : A speech sound is voiceless if it not pronounced with regular vocal fold vibration.

; voicing : Voicing is a parameter of pronunciation which refers to the state of the vocal folds. Shemspreg distinguishes voiced from voiceless consonants. 

; vowel : A vowel is a speech sound which is produced without any radical constriction in the vocal tract. The vowels of Shemspreg are [i, e, a, o, u, ii, ee, aa, oo, uu]


==W==


==X==


==Y==


==Z==

; zero derivation : Zero derivation is a morphological process which changes a word of one part of speech to another without any change in form.


==Index==

{{Shemspreg Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto Faraneit to Classical Faraneit Sound and Morphological Changes</title>
    <id>4329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54763</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-01T03:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonological Changes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A number of changes both phonological and morphological distinguish Classical [[Faraneit]] from [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]. Most markedly, the language expanded its voicing distinctions, regularized its vowel system, simplified its internal clusters, and moved from a near isolating structure to a much more aglutinative manner of operating.

==Phonological Changes==
*Vowels:
**/ɑi ɑu/ &gt; /ɛ ɔ/
**/æi æu/ &gt; /ɛ ɔ/
**/ɛi ei/ &gt; /e i/
**/ou/ &gt; /u/
**/ɑ/ becomes [ə], then is deleted.
**/æ/ becomes /a/
**Stress shift makes unstressed previously-allophonic [ɪ ʊ] phonetic.
*Approximants:
**/ɻ/ &gt; /ɹ/
**/r ɹ/ merge into /r/
**/r/ &gt; /ʀ/
**Terminal /l ɭ/ merge into [ɬ] which then becomes /ɭ/
*Clusters:
**/ts ʦ tθ tθ) pf pf) bv bv)/ &gt; /ʦ tθ) pf) bv)/
**/ds sd sb bs/ &gt; /z/
**/df fd fb/ &gt; /v/
**/tx xt dx xd/ &gt; /ç/
**/kx xk sk ks/ &gt; /x/
**Stop1 + Stop2 &gt; Stop1
**Any other combination - the phoneme with greater sonority is preserved
*Other Consonants:
**Affricates fricate.
**Medial /s f θ/ &gt; /z v/ and [ð]
**/xi/ ([çi] or medially [ɟi]) &gt; /ç/, /i/ on preserved when stressed
**Initial /si/ &gt; /ç/, /i/ only preserved when stressed
**Medial /si/ &gt; /ʒ/, /i/ only preserved when stressed
**Terminal /θ/ deleted.

==Morphological Changes==
*Verbal particles shift to follow verbs, eventually affixing. Previously tense and aspect markers become regularized while person markers are not. Originally, secondary verbs were required to agree with the main verb, but this rule was erased after differing tenses allowed speakers to show the movement of time in the actions.
*The word order also became much more regularized. To avoid confusion when both the subject and object were both in third person, a strictly enforced SO pattern evolved. Occasional SVO sentences remained but VSO predominated increasingly.
*A class of commonly used adjectives irregularly nasalize their endings, thereby merging the animate (/on/), and inanimate (/om/) markers. Regular adjectives follow suit and fossilize in the inanimate form. The previously mentioned irregular class then shifted to using either -/ɛ~/ or dialectically -/ɪ~/. Each became standard for several of this class of adjectives. They eventually became interpreted as -/ɛn/ or -/ɪn/ depending on the particular adjective.
*An original possessive preposition, /ɛɑ/, later /ɛ/, becomes cemented between first the possessed object and finally the possesor or pronominal adjective.
*Parrallel to this, the conjunction, /i/, later /ɪ/, became cemented between listed nouns. The word later fell out of other uses, due to confusion with /iɑ/, later /i/, meaning nearby, while the originally phrasial conjunction, /ɑfdiɻ/, later /vir/, meaning additionally, became adopted for other uses of &quot;and&quot;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Alash</title>
    <id>4330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24593</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T13:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alash</username>
        <id>746</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Franj Overview]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Franj Overview]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franj Overview</title>
    <id>4331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24594</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T13:28:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alash</username>
        <id>746</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This page is a work-in-progress.  Franj is a mostly Romance conlang with heavy Turkic influences spoken on an alternate Earth, known, at least in my head, as ''Li Alam''.  The speakers of ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is a work-in-progress.

Franj is a mostly Romance conlang with heavy Turkic influences spoken on an alternate Earth, known, at least in my head, as ''Li Alam''.

The speakers of Franj are the descendants of Old French-speaking crusaders and a (here-) fictitious tribe of Nestorian Christian Turkic peoples who moved westward out of Central Asia into the Levant.  In the alternate timeline of which the Franj language and people are a part, the various crusader states managed to survive, and eventually coalesced into a single kingdom, called in Franj ''La Regne de las Kroixandes'', or in English, ''the Kingdom of the Crusands''.

*[[Franj Language]]
*[[Li Alam Historical Overview]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franj Language</title>
    <id>4332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24596</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T20:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alash</username>
        <id>746</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: *[[Franj Phonology &amp; Script]] *[[Harmony]] *[[Franj Morphology]] *[[Nouns]] *[[Verbs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Franj Phonology &amp; Script]]
*[[Harmony]]
*[[Franj Morphology]]
*[[Nouns]]
*[[Verbs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Franj Phonology &amp; Script</title>
    <id>4333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24597</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-19T21:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alash</username>
        <id>746</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The standard Roman orthography for the Franj language is as follows:  {| ! Character || IPA || Notes &amp; Exceptions |- | Aa || a || - |- | Àà || æ || - |- | Bb || b || - |- | Cc || ts || ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The standard Roman orthography for the Franj language is as follows:

{|
! Character || IPA || Notes &amp; Exceptions
|-
| Aa || a || -
|-
| Àà || æ || -
|-
| Bb || b || -
|-
| Cc || ts || -
|-
| Dd || d || -
|-
| Ee || ɛ, e || pronounced ə in word-final position
|-
| Ff || f || -
|-
| Gg || g || ''gh'' is pronounced ɣ
|-
| Hh || h || silent except between two vowels, or following ''g'' or ''x''
|-
| Ii || i, ɪ || pronounced j in diphthongs eg ''ai''. ''ei'', ''oi''
|-
| Jj || ʒ || ʤ when at the beginning of a word
|-
| Kk || k || -
|-
| Ll || l || ''ll'' is pronounced ʎ, or j when between two vowels
|-
| Mm || m || -
|-
| Nn || n || ''gn'' and its word-final form ''ng'' are pronounced ɲ
|-
| Oo || o, ɔ || -
|-
| Pp || p || -
|-
| Qq || q || -
|-
| Rr || r || -
|-
| Ss || s || pronounced z when following a voiced consonant (eg in a plural)
|-
| Tt || t || pronounced t◌̪ in word-final position
|-
| Uu || u, ʊ || -
|-
| Ùù || y, ʏ || -
|-
| Vv || v || -
|-
| Ww || gw || pronounced w in some dialects
|-
| Xx || ʃ || ''xh'' is pronounced x
|-
| Yy || j || -
|-
| Zz || z || -
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hemackle vowel system</title>
    <id>4334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24613</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-20T20:43:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| align=&quot;center&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | PGmc
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Fris-Hm &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | OHm
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | MHm
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | NHm
|- 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Grave
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Acute
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Grave
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Acute
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
| open
| closed
| open 
| closed 
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ī
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ī
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìː&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈiu&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìʊ̥ː&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iýː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jəʏ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | i
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | i
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ì
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | í
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ì
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | í
| align=&quot;center&quot; | i
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | i
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘iu’&lt;sup&gt;2, 4&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘ìu’
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘iú’
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ì
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘iý’
| align=&quot;center&quot; | i
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪ / ‘əɪ̥’&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | jy
| align=&quot;center&quot; | jʏ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ē
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ē
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìː&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈeo
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | èu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ió
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìʊ̥ː&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǿː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jøʏ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | è
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | é
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | è
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | é
| align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘eo’&lt;sup&gt;2, 4&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘èu’
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘ió’
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | è
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ‘iǿ’
| align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | jø
| align=&quot;center&quot; | jœ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | eu
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈiu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìʊ̥ː&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iýː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jəʏ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈeo
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | èu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ió
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ìʊ̥ː&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǿː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jøʏ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ā
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ā
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | àɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ̀ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ́ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐə̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐə̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | a
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | a
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | à
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | á
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ̀
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ́
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʌ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʌ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | (''see'' '''e''' ''above'') 
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ai
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ā
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | àɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ̀ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐ́ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐə̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɐə̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ̄
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ̀ɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ̀ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈɛɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ̀ɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛ̀ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛɪ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | jɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈɛi
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛí
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | íː&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | iɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | au
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ̄
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ̀ɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ̀ɐ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔə̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɐə̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œ̄
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œ̀ɐ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œ̀ɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œə̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ˈɔu
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | úː&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uʊ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ō
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ō
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | òɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ̀ɐ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɛʊ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɐə̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ø̄
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œ̀ɐ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ̀ɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | œʏ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | o
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | o
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ò
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ó
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ò
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ó
| align=&quot;center&quot; | o
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | o
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɔ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ø
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ø̀
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ǿ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ø̀
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ǿ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ø
| align=&quot;center&quot; | œ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ø
| align=&quot;center&quot; | œ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ū
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ū
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ùɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ùː&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | uɐ́ː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əʊ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɐə̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ȳ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ỳɐ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ỳː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | yǽː
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | əʏ̥
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ̥ɛɪ̥
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | u
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | u
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ù
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ú
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ù
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ú
| align=&quot;center&quot; | u
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | u
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | y
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ỳ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ý
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ỳ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ý
| align=&quot;center&quot; | y
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʏ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | y
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʏ
|}

&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Here we refer to a stage in the language's development when Frisian and Hemackle were sister dialects of the Ingvaeonic isogloss.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; This is the result of PGmc &lt;ī, ē&gt; in an environment which causes fracture.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Before a nasal in a closed syllable with Middle Hemackle grave accent, PGmc &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; becomes the diphthong &lt;‘əɪ̥’&gt;, a short diphthong sounded for one mora-length.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; Here to denote a short, one mora-length diphthong, I'm using Voyles' notation.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Some sentences</title>
    <id>4335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27834</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-30T02:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I see a man.	               &lt;br&gt;			
Akk sja ǽn Mann. 			&lt;br&gt;
[ɑxk ʃɑ æɪn mɑnː] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
You see a woman.			&lt;br&gt;
Þá sjar ǽ Kóna. 			&lt;br&gt;
[ðæʊ ʃɑ˞ æɪ kʰoʊ.nɐ]	&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
We see a man and a woman.		&lt;br&gt;
Varr sjum ǽn Mann og ǽ Kóna. 		&lt;br&gt;	
[vɑr ʃum æɪn mɑnː ɒx æɪ kʰoʊ.nɐ]                  &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
I have a dog.				&lt;br&gt;
Akk hafa ǽn Hund. 		 	&lt;br&gt;	
[ɑxk hɑ.fɐ æɪn hunθ] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
You have a cat.				&lt;br&gt;
Þá hafar ǽn Katt. 			&lt;br&gt;	
[ðæʊ hɑ.fɐ˞ æɪn kʰɑxt] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
This is my dog.				&lt;br&gt;
Þessa ar hund minn. 			&lt;br&gt;	
[ðe.sɐ ɑ˞ hunθ minː] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
That is your cat.			&lt;br&gt;
Þatta ar Katt þinn.  			&lt;br&gt;	
[ðɑx.tɐ ɑ˞ kʰɑxt θinː] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Where is the cat?			&lt;br&gt;
Kættinn ar hvar? 			&lt;br&gt;	
[kʰæx.tɪnː ɑ˞ ɸɑ˞] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cat is here.			&lt;br&gt;
Kættrinn ar hérna. 			&lt;br&gt;	
[kʰæx.ʧɹɪnː ɑ˞ jɛ.ɳɐ] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Birds sing.				&lt;br&gt;
Garafn, þeir sengva. 			&lt;br&gt;	
[gɑ.ɹɐ.vɨn ðeir seŋ.vɐ]&lt;br&gt;	&lt;br&gt;
Children play.				&lt;br&gt;
Bærni, þeir lǽk. 			&lt;br&gt;	
[bæ.ɳi ðeir læi] &lt;br&gt;	&lt;br&gt;
Children, play!				&lt;br&gt;
skap lǽk Bærni!				&lt;br&gt;	
[skɑː læi bæ.ɳi] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
do you want red wine?			&lt;br&gt;
Rǿð vin øskjar þá? 			&lt;br&gt;	
[ɹœʏð vin œʃ.kʲɐ˞ ðæʊ] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
is this your wife?			&lt;br&gt;
Kóna þinn ar þætt?			&lt;br&gt;	
[kʰoʊ.nɐ θinː ɑ˞ ðæxt] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
give me your lands and possessions!	&lt;br&gt;
Mérr gefar Lyndi og Haldandan þinn!	&lt;br&gt;	
[mʲɛr ɣɛ.fɐ˞ lyn.θi ɒx hɑl.dɐn.dɐn θinː] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
You dishonour yourself.			&lt;br&gt;
Þá skammert þesk.			&lt;br&gt;	
[ðæʊ skɑmː.ɛ˞ θeʃ] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
think for yourself!			&lt;br&gt;
Verst ekka laskt!			&lt;br&gt;	
[vɤʂ ex.kɐ lɑʃk]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
i would like forty pounds of grain.	&lt;br&gt;
Akk øskja tvǽr stánnan af kornen.	&lt;br&gt;	
[ɑxk œʃ.kʲɐ tʷæir stæʊnː.ɐn ɑf kʰɒ.ɳɛn] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
it's about 4 miles to svanness.		&lt;br&gt;
langtǽ ar féra ræsti svannissi. &lt;br&gt; 
[lɑŋ.tʰe ɑ˞ fjɛ.ɹɐ ɹæs.ti sʷɑnː.ɪs.i] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
what time is it?			&lt;br&gt;
hvað tyd ar nu?                         &lt;br&gt; 
[ɸɑð tʰyθ ɑ˞ nu] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
the time is 2 pm.			&lt;br&gt;
tydet ar sess tjandan.                  &lt;br&gt;            
[tʰʏ.ðɛː ɑ˞ ses tjɑn.dɐn] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
remember to sleep.			&lt;br&gt;
tælsk slæppan.                          &lt;br&gt;                  
[tʰælʃ slæx.pɐn] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where is the inn?			&lt;br&gt;
Slæphýssni ar hvar?                     &lt;br&gt;                 
[slæ.pʰys.ni ɑ˞ ɸɑ˞] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bukhstav.gif</title>
    <id>4336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24648</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-24T11:53:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Bukhstav runic alphabet, used to write Khangaþyagon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Bukhstav runic alphabet, used to write Khangaþyagon</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kelsiut</title>
    <id>4337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34903</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-04T22:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Kelsiut
|pronounce=[kɛɬ.si.'ut]
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=[[Lhined|Measceineafh]]
|no=~3,000
|script=None, the culture is illiterate
|tree=[[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Proto-Kelsiut&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kelsiut
|morph=isolating
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=July 2007}}
Kelsiut is a relative of [[Fórong]] and [[Faraneit]], among other members of the [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit|Rajo-Faraneit Family]]. As it lacks an writing system of its own, the only word transcribed into Roman Orthography is the name, for ease with researching it on the internet.

=Phonology=
Kelsiut distinguishes the following stop phonemes:
*/p b t d k g/
Fricatives:
*/f v θ ð s z x ɣ/
Approximants:
*/l ɹ ɺ/
Nasals:
*/m n ŋ/
Vowels:
*/i e ɛ a ɔ o u/
Phonotactics:
*(C)V(C)
Distribution:
*/ð z ɣ/ only contrast with their voiced counterparts medially (voicless otherwise)
*/ŋ n/ only contrast medially (/n/ otherwise)
*/ɹ ɺ/ only contrast when not in a cluster (/ɹ/ then)

=Allophony=
*Stress-related allophony:
**Stops are aspirated when the onset of a stressed syllable
**Unstressed /i u/ become [j w] when they proceed or follow another vowel
**Unstressed /i u/ in other environments become [ɪ ʊ]
**Other vowels when unstressed slightly centralize
*Other allophony:
**/si zi xi ɣi/ &gt; [ʃi ʒi çi ɟi]
**/ni/ &gt; [ɲi]
**/θ ð/ after a rounded vowel &gt; [f v]

=Dialectical Variants=
A few dialects merge /s z/ with /θ ð/ in all positions, however, this is a minority realization.

=Morphology=
One two major inflectional morphemes still exist in Kelsiut, given the strong tendency towards isolating forms. The first is the generic pluralizer: -b. A -b is attached to virtually any noun's end to make it plural, but frequently it considered unnecessary as context makes it clear that the thing is plural - so, while important, it is not frequently used.

More important than the pluralizer, is usually the sandhi which results. For instance:

 bel vɔx

Could be either-

 bel vɔx
 tree pretty
 pretty tree

or underlyingly

 bel(b) (f)ɔx
 trees papery
 papery trees

But only context can provide the answer. See [[Sound and Morphological Changes between Kelsiut and Proto-Rajo-Faraneit#Mutations|Kelsiut Mutations]] for more.

The other main inflectional morpheme is -k, which actually functions in a variety of ways depending on what it attaches to. Without it the transformational &quot;mood&quot; would need to be entirely different. For instance:

 ɛf ixi lɛt ɔpuzik θɛkut
 ɛf ixi lɛt ɔpuzi-k θɛkut
 1P.S.NOM break PAST root-TRANS flour
 I beat the root(s) into flour.

It is generally used in similar situations between objects that are equal or interchangable - 

 ɛf bɔnix dɔnk.
 ɛf bɔnix dɔn-k.
 1P.S.NOM eat 3P.S.ANI-TRANS
 I eat (as much/the same food/etc) as him/her.

An inflectional alternation is visible in vɔp/vɔm and xiam/xiap as well, where the -m endings denote an irrealis mood, while the -p endings denote a realis mood. 

 bɔnix vɔp ɛf bɔnix
 eat CONT-REAL 1.S.NOM eat
 Eat while I eat.

Versus-

 bɔnix vɔm ɛf bɔnix
 eat CONT-IRR 1.S.NOM eat
 Eat while I might too.

In the first, the non-imperative action is certain to happen, while in the second it is utterly uncertain. Therefore the first agrees with the realis, while the second takes the irrealis.

Nonetheless, analysis is controversial, as this distinction is lacking in all other words in the language.

=Syntax=
Kelsiut discarded almost every agglutinating or inflecting aspect of its originally less isolating grammar, making it one of the most analytical [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]]. Its structure is relatively simple, beginning with very regular noun and verb phrase forms, then with larger clauses.

==Noun Phrases==
Modifiers to the base noun are divided into four basic categories: prepositions, quantifiers, demonstratives, and other qualifiers. The first two groups uniformally proceed the noun, the other two uniformally follow. Like so:

 θi muk ti ɽi di lɛ
 in one house yellow his this
 In this one yellow house of his

As you can see, prepositions must proceed not only the main noun, but all other elements of the noun phrase. Quantifiers then follow, then the noun itself bookended by various other qualifiers, and finally the demonstratives. Genitive adjectives typical settle between the various qualifiers and demonstratives, which as led to a secondary word order of placing related clauses prior to the demonstrative but following the other qualifiers:

 θi muk ti ɽi xi ixi mɛp lɛ
 in one house yellow REL break FUT this
 In this one yellow house that will break

==Verb Phrases==
The verbal complements are much more flexible compared to those in noun phrases. Essentially, which ever modifiers are viewed as most important are stressed by being more fronted that the others.

 ɛf ixi ɔz mɛp detin
 1-S-NOM break NEG FUT 3-S-ACC-INANI
 I will '''''not''''' break it.
 
Here, the negative aspect is stressed more strongly than the future aspect, so naturally it proceeds it. Still, under no circumstances do any adverbial particles proceed the main verb. A less marked way of saying the above would invert the tense and negative markers:

 ɛf ixi mɛp ɔz detin
 1-S-NOM break FUT NEG 3-S-ACC-INANI
 I '''will''' not break it.

While still marking the tense more heavily than the negativity, it serves as a default when neither is more important than the other - making it only a slight stress on the future tense.

==Within Clauses==
The nominative subject's clause proceeds most others in general. A fronted prepositional clause is permitted, although it strongly topicalises and stresses the information given in that phrase - making it less frequent option. Following the subject, the verb phrase is placed, and then finally the secondary sections, which follow this order:

 usk lɛ bɔnix muk ɔpuzi ɽi θi ti di xi ixi mɛp θi ko lɛ i li pa mɛp ti bi.
 man DEM eat one root yellow in house 3.S.GEN REL break FUT in moment DEM ABL all fall FUT CAUS old
 This man is eating one yellow root in his house that will break in a moment as all (the parts) fall down because (they're) old.

Clearly, direct and indirect objects proceed other noun phrases, but following them, a seemingly endless string of related information can be strung along. Generally, it's formatted with location and time prior to method and cause, but those extra components are rather flexible, and similarly to the verb phrase's subcomponents, they can rearrange easily to show greater weight in the overall meaning.

The front of the clause does take the various clausual modifiers, however:

 xiap usk lɛ bɔnix ɔpuzib...
 xia-p usk lɛ bɔnix ɔpuzi-b...
 if-REAL man DEM eat root-PLUR
 If this man eats some roots...

This brings us to the xiap/xiam distinction, which was only perserved in Kelsiut and the Northern branch of Proto-Rajo-Faraneit. Xiap is used when the clause concerns a possiblity, typically the correct conditions that could bring about the result in the secondary clause (as in the above example), otherwise, xiam is used, to denote a different situation from what is real:

 xiam usk lɛ bɔnix ɔpuzib...
 xia-m usk lɛ bɔnix ɔpuzi-b...
 if-IRR man DEM eat root-PLUR
 If this man would eat some roots...

This makes it seem less likely that the man will, and that this is more of a wish than a statement. 

The other major clausual markers are all aspectual. Aspect, in many languages related to Kelsiut and Kelsiut itself, is handled outside of the main tense conjugations, in many cases with adverbial forms, such as in Kelsiut:

 vɔp no bɔnix ɔpuzib.
 CONT-REAL 2.S.NOM eat root-PLUR
 You are eating roots. (Not, you eat roots)

The emphasis of the aspect has shifted from a general and relatively unmarked form into one that specifies that this event is either continuitive (You're in the process of eating roots), habitual (You're always eating roots), or progressive (While you eat roots). As with xiam and xiap, vɔp and vɔm decline for the modality of the phrase (either realis or irrealis), but they are far more ambiguous, as they specify a more spread out aspect in all clauses that they modify, but also function to denote two clauses' events occuring at the same time. More on this in the next section.

==Clauses==

Like many [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]], Kelsiut prefers periphrastic constructions to multiple clause sentences, but such sentences are not entirely absent. For instance:

 ɛf fɛz xi no bɔnix ɔpuzib
 ɛf fɛz xi no bɔnix ɔpuzi-b
 1.S.NOM believe/think REL 2.S.NOM eat root-PLUR
 I think that you're eating roots.

There is a method that avoids two clauses. With the two clauses method, however, the above is merely the default word order or the form for emphasizing the contents of the second clause. Emphasis can be placed on the first clause by backing it:

 no bɔnix ɔpuzib xi ɛf fɛz
 2.S.NOM eat root-PLUR REL 1.S.NOM think
 '''''I think''''' that you're eating roots.

Notice that xi, merely functions as the barrier between the two clauses not truly belonging to one or the other. This is highly different from the function of vɔp, which clearly belongs to one clause or the other:

 no on lɛt vɔp ɛf bɔnix lɛt
 2.S.NOM watch PAST CONT 1.S.NOM eat PAST
 You watched while I was eating.

But vɔp remains at the front of the secondary clause, even when that clause is fronted:

 vɔp ɛf bɔnix lɛt, no on lɛt.
 CONT 1.S.NOM eat PAST, 2.S.NOM watch PAST
 While I was eating, you watched.

Clearly a different paradigm from xi, which also does not agree with either phrase for modality, while vɔp must.

Back to the original sentence, almost every modality verb (think, doubt, must, should) which exists in English has a corresponding verb-noun in Kelsiut, which is then used rather strangly to avoid a diclausual sentence:

 fɛz ɛ bɔnixk nis xi ɔpuzibk.
 fɛz ɛ bɔnix-k nis xi ɔpuzi-b-k.
 think 1.S.GEN eat-TRANS 2.S.GEN REL root-PLUR-TRANS
 (lit) My thinking is your eating that is (of) roots.
 I think you're eating roots.

Unfortunately, this greatly reduces the temporality of the construction. Tense is used by using the (generally adverbial) mɛp or lɛt:

 fɛz ɛ lɛt bɔnixk nis xi ɔpuzibk.
 think 1.S.GEN PAST eat-TRANS 2.S.GEN REL root-PLUR-TRANS
 My thinking was your eating that is (of) roots.
 I had thought that you were eating roots (and you still are).

 fɛz ɛ lɛt bɔnixk nis lɛt xi ɔpuzibk.
 think 1.S.GEN PAST eat-TRANS 2.S.GEN PAST REL root-PLUR-TRANS
 My think was your eating that was (of) roots.
 I had thought that you had been eating roots (but no longer are you eating nor am I thinking so).

Or, for something more modal, by most values:

 siɛt di bɔnixk di xi ɔpuzik ri.
 siɛt di bɔnix-k di xi ɔpuzi-k ri.
 need 3.S.GEN eat-TRANS 3.S.GEN REL root-TRANS yellow
 His need is his eating that is (of) yellow roots.
 He must eat (some) yellow roots.

=Kelsiut Divergence From Proto-Rajo-Faraneit=
[[Sound and Morphological Changes between Kelsiut and Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]

=Culture=
Kelsiut is spoken by a few small settlements in southern Measceineafh. The vast majority of the population lives on small islets within estuary-like floodplains. Typically, the plains are replete with water during the rainy season (winter and spring) due to rainfall as well as the majority of the dry season (summer) due to snowmelt from the eastern mountain range. During the fall, the water level recedes exposing the Kelsiut-speaking communities to Forong and other local raiders as well as Faraneit caravans, which are reputed for their unpredictable behavior towards non-Faraneih within the Measceineafh.

The majority of the Kelsiut subsist on a dangerous borderline between foragers and farmers. They are semi-nomadic, shifting camps when the water levels first become easily crossed, resorting to hunting game and gathering from wild food sources. Towards the end of summer, however, they return to their ancestral islets and wait for the rains to refill their natural moats. During the rainy season, they gather food from a few sources on their islet until most sources have dimenished greatly. Then they practice slash and burn agriculture along the opposite banks, rowing across their moats to briefly plant a few vegetables. On the islets, they harvest root-fruits from the puzil trees that grow around their houses and fish intermittantly before their crops are ripe. After harvest, the water recedes and they leave for more fertile pastures temporarily, allowing the islets to recharge with harvestable plants and game.

Their culture can easily be divided into the structure used on the islet and those used in the bush. During the dry season, while out in the open land, they follow a more militant paradigm. The groups splinter into smaller bands. Within the bands, women rarely leave the camps. They carry the sleeping mats and watch the children while travelling, but once camp is laid, they remain stationary and forage only within shouting distance. Children (generally defined as pre-pubescents) are permitted even less freedom, remaining within sight of the women in the camp. Men, when not travelling between camps, generally split into different foraging groups, which then disperse in the general area. During the distant foraging operations, the men also scout ahead in case of danger from other ethnic groups. 

Other bands of Kelsiut-speakers are viewed as both potential trading partners as well as competitors. Usually bands of Kelsiut-speakers which meet in the open country are peaceful to one another and trade news of any Faraneit caravans or other intruders to the area as well as young girls as potential wives. The constant inter-islet interchange of wives has not only permitted the ethnic group to maintain genetic diversity within islets but also maintain some linguistic continuity. During rare periods of extreme famine, contacts between Kelsiut-speakers, particularly of different islets, can only be described as guerrilla warfare.

Once returned to the islet, the Kelsiut-speakers' culture dramatically changes methods. Instead of militant and male-dominated, the different summer bands on and islet function similarly to clans in Iroquois society. Agreements about land use or other large issues are discussed by all adults on the island, of both genders, until concensus is reached. Gender roles are much less sharpely defined, as both men and women, unless pregnant, clear the shore's brush to make it suitable for horticulture, as well as gather food and cook it. Men generally fish and women generally harvest the puzil roots, but it is not unheard of for individuals to violate this tendency. Men almost exclusively harvest the shore's crops, however, as it is viewed as potentially dangerous for women to work along the shore during the dry season.

Their religion can only be described as animistic, but with some polytheistic aspects.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sezara Lexicon</title>
    <id>4338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24685</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-26T05:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pronouns, main particles, and basics for first tc</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Sezara]]

==a==
AI = ''eat''

==aa==

==e==

==f==
FI = ''part'' relative past

==h==

==i==

==ii==

=='==

==k==
KA = ''prn'' second person informal singular

==kh==
KHI = ''prn'' third person inanimate singular

==k'==

==l==

==ll==

==m==
ME = ''part'' future

MUU = ''prn'' third person dual

==mn==
MNARRI = ''prn'' third person plural

==n==
NI = ''part'' perfect

==ng==
NGA = ''part'' relative future

==p==

==ph==

==p'==
P'AKA = ''prn'' second person formal singular

==q==

==r==

==rr==
RRA = ''part'' imperfect particle

==s==
SE = ''prn'' first person plural (we)

SI = ''prn'' third person animate singular (he/she)

==t==
TIIKA = ''prn'' second person informal plural

TIIP'U = ''prn'' second person formal plural

TUU = ''part'' habitual or repeated

==th==
THU = ''part'' in the past

==t'==

==u==

==uu==

==x==
XAA = ''prn'' this

XI = ''part'' presently, currently, immediately

==z==
ZARA = ''v'' to speak

ZI = ''prn'' I, first person singular nominative</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nordien</title>
    <id>4339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32194</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nordien''', a fictional language, was developed by Aaron Chapman, which is developing towards a international auxiliary language.


'''Design principles'''
: Nordien is a simplified version of a Germanic conlang. It combines an easy grammar and easy phonology with a vocabulary from taken from other Germanic languages. In spite of the simplification its still sounds natural.


'''Language sources'''
: Nordien vocabulary is based on [[High German|German]], [[English]], [[Dutch]] and [[North Germanic|Scandinavian languages]].


'''Interest of Others'''
:Recently a Wiki Space for Nordien was created, where different contributors develop the language further. A Yahoo Group for Nordien was established recently. Nordien is very easy to learn for speakers of at least one Germanic language.

=== Phonetics ===
Nordien's alphabet consists of only 21 letters:

A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Z
 

Pronunciation of Nordien is very regular and consistent.

''Consonants''

The letters B, D, F, K, L, M, N, P, T, V, and Z are pronounced as in English. Note that:

    G is always pronounced as in go
    H is always pronounced as in have
    J is pronounced as Y in yes
    R is lightly trilled (or in the throat as in Danish, i.e. softer than in German and Dutch)
    S is always pronounced as in see

The sound of NG in ring is also written as NG in Nordien. This is the only consonant sound that is represented by more than one letter. NG should never be pronounced as two separate sounds.

Note that the consonant sounds in the words she, chew, and joy do not exist in Nordien.

''Vowels''

Nordien has only six vowel sounds:

    A -- as in ah!
    E -- as in get
    I -- as in machine
    O -- as in role
    U -- as in rule
    EE -- as in A in late, Ä in German

The vowels in Nordien are pronounced with more tension and precision than in English. The rounded vowels O and U are best pronounced with the lips held in a tight circle.

=== Grammar === 

'''Pronouns''' 

The subject pronouns in Nordien are:
	singular	plural
first person	eg (I)	vi (we)
second person	du (you)	jee (you)
third person	han (he) zi (she)het (it)man (one)	dee (they) 
The object pronouns are:
	singular	plural
first person	meg (me)	os (us)
second person	deg (you)	ir (you)
third person	han (him) zi (her)het (it)man (one)	dem (them) 
Here are the possessive forms:
	singular	plural
first person	min (my, mine)	vor (our, ours)
second person	din (your, yours)	jeer (your, yours)
third person	hans (his) zir (her, hers)hets (its)mans (one's)	der (their, theirs) 
 
'''Nouns '''

As in English, nouns in Nordien are not divided into genders or categories.
Only the genetive (possessive) case is marked. The suffix -(e)s is used for this. 
Example: hund (dog); hunds (dog's)
A plural noun is indicated by the suffix -ar.
Example: kat (cat); katar (cats)
The indefinite article is en, and the definite article is de.
Example: en hus (a house); de hus (the house) 
 
'''Adjectives and Adverbs'''
 
Adjectives and adverbs take the same form in Nordien. They can only be differentiated by context.
Adjectives are placed before the noun they describe. Adverbs can be placed more freely in a sentence, but their most logical placement for the intended meaning is preferred.
The comparative and superlative are always formed with the suffixes -re and -ste respectively.
 
'''Verbs'''
 
Verb formation in Nordien is simple and entirely regular. There are also no different conjugations for the different persons.
There are three verb suffixes that are added to the root to arrive at the correct form: 
 -en is used for the infinitive
 -e is used for the present tense
 -ende is used for the progressive
 -te is used for the past tense and past participle
The imperative form is the bare root itself.
To form the future tense, the auxiliary skal is used. Similarly, for the conditional mode, skul is used. 
Examples:
Zi vile singen (She wants to sing)
Dee skal komen (They will come)
Han skul haven spelte (He would have played) 
Note that verbs occur in the same place in the sentence as in English. They are not moved to the end of certain clauses as in German.
 
'''Word formation''' 

Nordien uses affixes to modify the meaning of the root word. Here are some of these:
 -bel - multiple (tvobel - double)
 -er - agent, tool, person (baker - baker)
 -et - ordinal number (tvoet - second)
 -het - -ness (gladhet - happiness)
 -ien - person from a place (Kanadien - Canadian)
 -ig - adjective (pertaining to the root) (basig - basic)
 -in - specifically female (levenin - lioness)
 -ir - make, render (svartiren - to blacken)
 -let - smaller (buklet - booklet)
 -ling - offspring (hundling - puppy)
 -mal - repetition (tvomal - twice)
 -ning - noun from verb (beslisning - decision)
 -ort - place (grindort - mill)
 -sam - adjective (full of, like a) (smartsam - painful)
 -ska - language or adjective of place (Svenska - Swedish)
 -tel - fraction (tvotel - half) 
 
 
'''Numbers'''

The Nordien numbers are:
0 - nul
1 - en
2 - tvo
3 - tri
4 - fir
5 - fiv
6 - seks
7 - siven
8 - akt
9 - neen
10 - ten
100 - hundred
1000 - tusen
1,000,000 - miljon
These are combined logically in a single word to form other numbers. 
Examples:
tenen - eleven (ten and one)
tvotenfir - twenty-four (two tens and four)
tvotusenakthundredtenfir - two-thousand eight-hundred fourteen 
Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix -et.
Examples:
tvoet - second
fivet - fifth
firtensivenet - forty-seventh

'''Questions''' 
 
In Nordien, questions are formed by inverting the subject and verb.
Examples:
Kene du han? - Do you know him?
Ere de stad grot? - Is the city large?
Va skal vi lesen? - What will we read? 


''Sample Translation''
''Nordien Translation: Sternlikt''

    Eg skal jagen de sternlikt 
    Tils min livnings end 
    Eg vet neet als het er' vider tidvard 
    Holden deg i min armar 
    Eg nur vilte holden 
    deg i min armar 
    (Muse - Starlight) 


''Original English Version Starlight''

    I will be chasing the starlight 
    Until the end of my life 
    I don't know if it's worth it anymore 
    Hold you in my arms 
    I just wanted to hold 
    You in my arms 
    (Muse - Starlight) 


'''Links'''

:http://www.geocities.com/aronoc Original version of the language by Aaron Chapman 
:http://nordien.wikispaces.com The recently created Nordien wikispace where the project is further developed.
:http://groups.yahoo.com/group/nordien-language The newly established Yahoo Group for Nordien Language
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rorapori</title>
    <id>4340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26583</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-06T18:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}}

{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.5em; float: left; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0;&quot;
|
__TOC__
|}

== Sexual Beliefs ==

&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Rorapori believe that the embryo is solely the the product of the father's seed, and thus a child is only &quot;genetically&quot; related to his father's family.  Marriages within the patrilineal family are considered incestuous within five degrees of separation.  However, marriage to the child(ren) of one's father's sister or one's mother's siblings are not taboo.&lt;p&gt;

== &quot;Levirate&quot; Marriage ==

&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;If a Rorapori dies in a monogamous marriage, and the man's father is still alive, his, the deceased's, eldest brother, or his immediately younger brother if the deceased brother is the eldest, &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; marry the widow and raise the children.  If the father is dead, the youngest brother then marries the widow, following [[#Ultigeniture|Rorapori ultigeniture]].  This is the only circumstance under which polygynous &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_marriage group]&lt;/span&gt; marriage is permissible.

== Polyandrous Marriage ==

&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Polyandrous marriages are not uncommon, and their logic seems to derive from both a desire to hold wealth and [[#Ultigeniture|inheritance]] within one generation, and to ensure no child is raised without a father.  Polyandrous marriages are always fraternal, and arranged by the eldest brother in the union, with permission of his father and his elder brothers.  The younger male partner(s) have no say.  The younger husband(s) need not be of age, although they can be no more than twelve years younger than the eldest husband.  If the younger husbands are not of age at the time of the marriage, they take altered form of their surname and have no rights to any children their wife bears during their, the younger husbands', minority.

== Ultigeniture ==

~</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nole Silinel</title>
    <id>4341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25879</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-01T23:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Monarchy in Nole Silinel */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nole Silinel is one of the Nestean Kingdoms of southern Andolien.

==History==

The history of Nolë Silinel is long by the standards of men, because the Nestë are a long lived species, whose eldest die at ages in excess of 3000 years. The history of Nolë Silinel covered around 15000 years, however for much of that time, no records were recorded.

===Kings of Nolë Silinel===

The country only had six kings in this long span of time. The following table gives the names of these kings and their relationships to one another

{| border = 1
! '''Name'''
! '''Father'''
|-
| '''Lastamir Turnirolion'''
| Nukonis Meunaril
|-
| '''Nossanë Nosmaravos'''
| Lastamir Turnirolion
|- 
| '''Imavë Tilnondo'''
| Lastamir Turnirolion
|- 
| '''Essiva Nanthalonistë'''
| Imavë Tilnondo
|-
| '''Imulos Ivanorë'''
| Essiva Nanthalonistë
|- 
| '''Viunwë Silion'''
| Imulos Ivanorë
|}

===The Age of Learning===

===The Downfall===

===The Renaissance===

==Government==

Nole Silinel is a Representational Democracy in the context of a strong Constitutional Monarchy. It is based upon the major principles of Nestean philosophy, which both recognizes the free will of all people as a product of the 'divine will' and realises that free will can be dangerous if not exersized with the proper wisdom and experience. This has led to the basics of the government system of Nole Silinel as well as laying the groundwork for other Nestean countries.

===Monarchy in Nole Silinel===

The Monarch is the Head-of-State and notional Head-of-Government, although that office is ''de facto'' held by either a Crown Minister or another member of the Cabinet. The monarch's role is to symbolise the fundamental ideas of Nestean society: Freedom and Justice. Furthermore, because Orenyaic thought posits these ideas as 'emmanations of the beauty of the Will of God', the monarch represents the nation's personal relationship with the immanent divinity of God - i.e. a king is head of the State Religion. It is important to recognize, however, that he is constitutionally the ''representative'' of these concepts and not the ''embodiment'' of them on earth. That is, the monarch is not himself the 'beauty of the Will of God', and hence does not rule through divine right.  Rather, he rules by consent of the governed, a constitutional precept which has important consequence in actual political occurances. 

As the fount of Freedom, the presence of the Monarchy ensured the protection of freedom. This constitutional principle took its outward form in two ways. The first was the role of the monarch in approving elections. He or his representatives would officially declare dates and locations and ensure that votes were counted in an appropriate manner. In order to prevent corruption, a monarch who attempted to rig the vote in his favour would be considered to have forfeited is right to the Crown by the legislature. This would result in a general halting of governmental processes as the legislature would refuse (and indeed be ''de jure'' unable ) to fulfill its functions in a state where freedom had been destroyed. Generally, this would be enforced through a forced abdication of the monarch - something which never occured in the history of the state. 

The second way the Monarch ensured the protection of freedom was through his ability to veto policies attempted by the Government. His veto had to be wielded in an extremely cautious manner, and was referred to as a 'reserve power'. If a Government attempted to seize power for itself and enact policies dangerous to the democracy, the Monarch was required to demand a public referendum on the Government. A negative response would result in a veto. If the Monarch did not call for a referendum before issuing a veto, this was viewed as a forfeiture of the Crown by the legislature. It is important to note that the Monarch had no power of veto over legislation arising from non-governmental councillors, as these were seen as publically mandated. Oversight of these bills would always be the purview of the King's Council. It was only legislation arising as part of the policy of a given Government and directly connected with it that could be affected. In practice a veto was rarely used, since, its use would abrogate the King's Council's normal right to oversee all bills originating in the legislature, whether they were part of Governmental policy or not and hence create a situation where the protection of freedom in general curtailed the freedoms of a specific group.

===Legislative Council===
 
The '''Legislative Council''' or &lt;'''Ivanari Denimëa'''&gt;, ''Family of the People'', was made up of politicians elected at popular elections that were called at various times by the Government. Once elected to the council, these politicians were termed &lt;'''paidë'''&gt;, ''shepherd''. In English, it is common to refer to these ''shepherds'' as councillor. They were representatives of the 13 districts of the kingdom and served with no term limit, unless ousted by a vote in council. A councillor could also be sent out of office by the natural elective process. 

Elections were held at irregular intervals but were necessary whenever a Government fell. The King approved of the elections directly with no official input by the '''King’s Council'''. Thus they were upheld as the major way the Monarchy protected the freedoms of the people, without the influence of his appointees (the nobility).

The legislature had broad powers over law-making and taxation and was the national forum to debate issues arising at the local level that may have consequences for the nation as a whole. Outside of their ability to control taxation, the legislature had little power over foreign affairs.  
 
===The King's Council===

The '''King’s Council''' or &lt;'''Fiena Denihwië'''&gt;, ''Fireplace of the King'',  was elected by the people from the nobility – who were the heirs of various philosophic, religious and military families. These families were ennobled directly (i.e. with no formal advice from ministers of Government) by the king for services to their country and were entrusted by the Monarchy to educate and prepare their members for leadership positions. Elections to the King’s Council were called by the King at intervals of around 100 years and were also necessary when a Government fell. Having been elected to the council, these nobles (&lt;'''nilli'''&gt;) became known as &lt;'''hyanë'''&gt;, ''elders''. 

This council could introduce some legislation, but their major function was to delay and amend legislation in accordance with the (unwritten) constitutional ideals of the nation (an interpretation in context of Nestean philosophy). The council was also one of the higher courts of the nation, dealing with crimes committed against the state. 

===The Crown Ministers===
 
The '''Crown Ministers''' (&lt;'''Rani nismië'''&gt;) were two officials appointed directly to the '''Cabinet''' by the King. They were selected from among the nobility and usually from among the same few families. These Crown ministers were '''The Lord of Dorusse''' and '''Prince of Lannelka'''. 

The Lord of Dorusse was an important position within the cabinet, usually amounting to either a kind of prime minister or commander-in-chief, depending on the time period and circumstances. In addition to the title of Lord of Dorusse, he/she had the title '''Lord Steward of the King's Light''', which referred to the special relationship that this position had with the monarch. 

The Prince of Lannelka, by contrast was a sinecure position with an often minor or non-existent role. He/she had the privilege of sitting on the '''Cabinet'''. Additionally, the position came with large land holdings in the northeast part of the country. 

===The Cabinet===

The '''Government''' or '''Cabinet of Ministers''' was the actual executive of the country. It was made up of members of both the King’s Council and the Legislative Council. Those legislative councilors who made up the majority party in the legislature were entitled to choose from among their party membership individuals to head a Government. They were then formally approved of by the king and given the ability to rule. In order to do this effectively however, they needed to form an alliance with the majority party of the King’s Council, since that body had oversight and amendment powers over bills originating in the legislature. The Cabinet of Ministers also included nobles holding '''Dignitary Positions''' – i.e. crown appointments. Finally, it included the Crown Ministers.

Dignitary positions were important ministerial positions which were appointed by the King under recommendation from the Cabinet. The King had the special right to call upon a new Government to nominate any nobles (not just those sitting in the King's Council) for certain dignitary positions. These positions varied among successive governments and were created as needed by the King. They were positions of special importance, such as the military position of '''Mareschal-of-the-Horse''' and the judicial position of '''Seneschal-of-the-Household'''. The king was duty bound to appoint only from among the nominees to these positions. However, he was usually swayed in his opinion by both the Government and his personal biases.

==Regions==


Nolë Silinel was divided into four main geographic regions. The main inhabited area was the '''Green Hill Country''' (&lt;'''Pendenya Nelëa'''&gt;). This was a region of rolling hills and wide valleys covered with trees and fields. It was roughly 400 miles in width and 170 miles from south to north. It was cut off from the rest of the kingdom by a high escarpment on the north and east, pierced in three places by the main rivers of the kingdom. On the west, the change to higher elevations was less abrupt; instead the rolling hills were gradually replaced by peaks of approximately 800 to 1500 meters in height. 

In the northeast, the basin of '''Lannelka''' extended from the escarpment to a group of hills around 200 miles to the north. It was bounded on the west  by the '''Oloril''' river, on the north by the '''Lëannir''' river and the hills, on the east by the hills, on the south by the escarpment and the '''Silmostanir''' river.

In the north, the mountain '''Lordship of Dorussë''' spread for 500 miles, from the last '''sentinel''' hill upon which the city was built in the east to the lake of '''Kirasar''' in the west. It was sparsely populated, although many of its wider dales held large farms and upon many of the hills sheep were pastured. 

The west was a wide land which was under the official jurisdiction of the '''Lord Chancellor for the Western Department''', a dignitary in the '''Cabinet'''. It was approximately 500 miles from the southern shores of '''Kirasar''' in the north to the shores of the sea in the south. It had many small streams and wide valleys and was heavily populated. Upon a peak above the waterfall of the '''Kamordun''' river, the tower and city of '''Falmostari''' guarded the pass over the escarpment. In the far west of this region the land was bounded by a wide and shallow river, upon whose banks the city of '''Loisammornë''' was situated.


[[Image:NoleSilinel.jpg]]

==Cities==

There were four main cities in Nolë Silinel. The capital was '''Mar Silinestin''', in the south of the country. The northernmost city was '''Dorussë'''. The other two cities, '''Falmostari''' and '''Loisammornë''' were in the west of the country.

===Mar Silinestin===

Mar Silinestin (or Silinestin) was built upon three small islands just before the Oloril river enters its delta. The largest of these islands is 11 miles across and 3 miles wide. It is mostly low lying, except for a large hilly area in the middle, extending to the southwest. The city itself is

==Languages==

Two languages were spoken in '''Nolë Silinel''': Lannelka or Northern Silic and [[SILINDION]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arkan</title>
    <id>4342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40174</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-25T21:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;width: 400; background: #ddffdd; border: 1pt solid #aaaaaa; margin: 2.5% 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;
| '''Note on transliteration in this article:'''&lt;br /&gt;This article makes use of more than one transliteration scheme. This is not nonstandard text, substandard work or ignorance on the part of the article's author.
|}

&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The term “Pagro-Pinnic” is a geophysical description of a language family comprising more than one hundred and twenty languages with some twelve millions speakers.  The largest of these languages simply in terms of number of speakers are Aaro, Huqqoraz, and Fintheoq.  The family is known from the north and interior of the Pagrian continent, from the islands of Bins and Red, and from The Pinnic Peninsula and the surrounding Pinlands.  Its generally-accepted boundary is the Finktsa Mountains, to the southeast of which the Kim languages are spoken, and the northeast the Paleosevernian.&lt;br&gt;


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__TOC__
|}

== Abbreviations ==
Fth. Finθeok&lt;br&gt;
Psg. Psguemmiag&lt;br&gt;
Snts. Śńæiŋtse&lt;br&gt;
Sq. Sqı̦̔rta̔&lt;br&gt;


{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|+ Arkan Language relationships
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Reddic
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Continental
| &quot;River Kepper&quot; || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [ʔɐr]
|-
| Iozdsā || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [æə̥z]
|-
| Lissi || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [æː]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Insular
| Red || &lt;b&gt;o̽do&lt;/b&gt; [ˈɐoð̞o]
|-
| Bins (ext.) || *arV ?
|-
| rowspan=&quot;14&quot;|
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Pinnic
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| West Taebic
| Aba̓ssa || &lt;b&gt;araq&lt;/b&gt; [ˈɐʀʌq]
|-
| Minyuay || &lt;b&gt;aaq&lt;/b&gt; [ɐʁq]
|-
| Narfi t Nı̓kus̔ || &lt;b&gt;arq&lt;/b&gt; [ɐːq]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| East Taebic
| Aaro || &lt;b&gt;arq&lt;/b&gt; [ˈɐːq]
|-
| Tsipkharuna || &lt;b&gt;arq&lt;/b&gt; [ɐɹq]
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Uoqsaic
| [[Huqqoraz]] || &lt;b&gt;uaraq&lt;/b&gt; [ˈwɒrʌq]
|- 
| Cc̔arntuppi || &lt;b&gt;arec̔&lt;/b&gt; [ˈwɒrʌq]
|-
| Papuisaoan || &lt;b&gt;haorac&lt;/b&gt; [ˈhɒʊ̥rɑk]
|-
| Qobsuot || &lt;b&gt;arec̔&lt;/b&gt; [ˈwɒrʌq]
|- 
| Pasilguomngi || &lt;b&gt;edeći&lt;/b&gt; [ˈɛɾɜˌʃːi]
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;17&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Pagric
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Kepper
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Odic
| Ćheū || &lt;b&gt;ōus&lt;/b&gt; [əːʊ̥s]
|-
| Qeuvlot || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [ˈoluq]
|-
| Qehol || &lt;b&gt;olohh&lt;/b&gt; [ˈoloχ]
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Itic
| Sqı̦̔rta̔ || &lt;b&gt;o̔rqa̔&lt;/b&gt; [ɔʀqɐ]
|-
| Śńæiŋtse || &lt;b&gt;æurra&lt;/b&gt; [ɔʁʁə]
|-
| Mpsoisdoa || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [oːɢoɐ]
|-
| Bueisledu || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [ˈoʀɢu]
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Ixnic
| Finθeoq || &lt;b&gt;eork&lt;/b&gt; [eʊ̥rkʰ]
|-
| Juwθissian || &lt;b&gt;iorik&lt;/b&gt; [ˈiɤrɪkʲ]
|-
| Psguemmiat || &lt;b&gt;iaris&lt;/b&gt; [ˈiərɪɕ]
|-
| Megferian || &lt;b&gt;jariħ&lt;/b&gt; [ˈjɑrɪç]
|-
| Toro || &lt;i&gt;not written&lt;/i&gt; [ˈiɹʷi ~ ˈiɹʷy]
|}

&lt;b&gt;Proto-Arkan&lt;/b&gt; ʔVr- &lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Proto-Reddic&lt;/i&gt; ar-V- &lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Proto-Pagro-Pinnic&lt;/i&gt; ar-V-qʰV-

== Prolegomena ==

The Tæbo-Uoqsaic languages are restricted largely to the Pinnic Peninsula, Benávęicćit, spoken in the Eastern Kepper Steppes, being the one exception.

Continental Reddic is spoken along the western shores of Kepperland Proper.  The language commonly referred to as &quot;River Kepper&quot; is unique in both its being the largest Continental Reddic language, and in its liberal borrowings from the Odic languages.  Red is the only literary language.  Bins is known only from the so-called &quot;Salt-Stone Inscriptions.&quot;

The exact genetic relationships between the &quot;Itic&quot; and &quot;Odic&quot; languages are heavily disputed, and their accepted designations are largely geographic; the Itic languages are spoken in relative proximity to the the River Ixit (called &lt;i&gt;ı̦̔t&lt;/i&gt; in Sqı̦̔rta̔), and the Odic ones by the Oso (Sq. &lt;i&gt;oda̔&lt;/i&gt;).  Ćheū is spoken on the barrier islands south of the Pinnic Peninsula, and Qeuvlot is spoken entirely within Tæblande, though the Qeuvles seem to have been recently driven from their original territories by the Qehols.  Sqı̦̔rta̔ is the largest Itic language and is used as a business and commerce language throughout the Northern Kepperlands; Fintheok and Megferian share this role in the South.

The Ixnic languages, or &quot;Marsh Kepper,&quot; are considered to be Pagric largely by virtue of their location.  They exhibit the most innovation of the Pagro-Pinnic languages, including an split ergative morphosyntactic scheme which seems to have arisen &lt;i&gt;a priori&lt;/i&gt;, and not from the original postulated Proto-Arkan grammatical system.  They lack entirely a series of uvular consonants (the [q] in, for example, Tæblandic &lt;i&gt;arq&lt;/i&gt; &quot;blossoming,&quot; or in Sq. &lt;i&gt;Qe̔parro̔nt&lt;/i&gt;, &quot;Kepperlands&quot;), but boast both voiced and voiceless dental fricatives ([θ] and [ð]), found nowhere else in Pagric, and thought to be borrowed from the North Hapori languages, Rorapori, Lyapori, and Mišfola.  Ixnic languages also have a tendency to transform inherited aspirates into affricates: Sq. &lt;i&gt;paga̔rt&lt;/i&gt;, but Fth. &lt;i&gt;ford&lt;/i&gt;; Sq. &lt;i&gt;qe̔par&lt;/i&gt;, Psg. &lt;i&gt;ksiar&lt;/i&gt;.

== Reddic ==

=== Continental ===

=== Insular ===

== Pinnic ==

=== Tæbic ===

=== Uoqsaic ===

== Pagric ==

=== Odic ===

=== Itic ===

=== Ixnic ===
The term &quot;Ixnic&quot; derives from Sq. &lt;i&gt;ı̦̔xni̔&lt;/i&gt;, [joʃʲʃʲɳə], &quot;bogland.&quot;</text>
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    <title>Låzhö</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Låzhö
|pronounce=/lɑ.ʝø/
|tu=[[Zebia]]
|species=Human
|in=&amp;nbsp;
|no=&amp;nbsp;
|script=Zhetu Låzhö (Låzhö script)
|tree=&amp;nbsp;
|morph=[[Isolating language|Isolating]]
|ms=[[Ergative]]-[[absolutive]], [[dechticaetiative]]
|wo=SVO
|creator=Tmeister
|date=&amp;nbsp;}}

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:left; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || || || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Vowels===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:left; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || || || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ø}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɤ}} || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || {{IPA|æ}}  || || {{IPA|a}} || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Phonotactics and allophony===
The core syllable structure is CV, although various standalone consonants (/s n t p k/) may complicate a syllable. Standalone consonants (except for /n/) assimilate in voicing with the next consonant, although /l/ is considered unvoiced for this purpose. /n/ assimilates in place of articulation with the next consonant, and so may be realized as any of [m n ɳ ŋ ɴ] ([ɴ] occurs before /ʔ/, but this sound can also be merged with [ŋ]).

A standalone consonant attaches to the previous syllable if this is possible, then to the next syllable if this is possible, then to a dummy syllable /ʔa/ if neither is possible. At the beginning or end of a syllable, a single consonant is possible, as is /s/+C. At the end, C+/s/ and /n/+C are also possible.

The glottal stop /ʔ/ varies freely with zero except in very careful speech. Intervocalically, it is pronounced as a semivowel based on the frontness and roundedness of the previous vowel, except when that vowel is /a/. For example, /iʔo yʔo uʔo ɯʔo/ are realized as [ijo yɥo uwo ɯɰo].

==Romanization==
Consonants are romanized as in [[IPA]] except for /c ɟ ç ʝ/, which are romanized &lt;ch j sh zh&gt;. /ʔ/ is not written except when it is between a consonant and a vowel within one word, in which case it is written as a dash (&lt;-&gt;) separating two syllables. Standalone consonants are phonetically transcribed, taking assimilation into account by writing one of &lt;z m d b g&gt;. Standalone [ɳ ŋ ɴ] are all transcribed as &lt;n&gt;, and standalone /k/ is written as &lt;c&gt; for esthetic reasons.

The vowels /i e a o u/ are written as in IPA. /y ø æ ɑ ɤ ɯ/ are transcribed as &lt;ü ö ä å ë ÿ&gt;, respectively.

==Grammar==
===Word order===
The basic word order is SVO. The object is optional, and the subject may be left out if the topic is known, although generally a sentence consisting only of one verb is not permissible. Sometimes dropping the subject can cause ambiguity, in which case it must be included for clarity, even if it is only the placeholder word ''ÿ''.

===Verbal morphology===
Verbs are marked for two attributes: [[aspect]] and [[voice]]. The aspect may be ''imperfective'' or ''perfective'', and the voice may be ''active'' or ''passive''.

Aspect is indicated by placing a single-consonant morpheme before the verb: ''s'' for imperfective and ''n'' for perfective. Imperfective aspect is used for incomplete or ongoing actions, while perfective aspect is used for state-of-being or for actions which have been completed and have not been undone.

Voice is also indicated by a single-consonant morpheme: ''s'' for active and ''n'' for passive. This morpheme goes after the verb. Active voice means that the subject is the agent and the object is the patient. Passive voice means that the subject is the patient and the object is the agent. In either case, the object is optional.

For example, in imperfective aspect and active voice, the verb ''-z güs'' means &quot;to make (something) red&quot;. By changing the aspect to perfective, the word becomes ''-n güs'', &quot;to have made (something) red&quot;. If we now change the voice to passive, it becomes ''-n gün'', meaning &quot;to have been made red (by something)&quot;, and so if there is no object, it means simply &quot;to be red&quot;. Finally, changing the aspect to imperfective yields ''-s gün'', which means &quot;to be made red (by something)&quot; or, in the absence of an object, &quot;to be made red&quot; (by something)&quot; or, in the absence of an object, &quot;to become red&quot;.

===Ditransitive verbs===
Låzhö uses dechticaetiative alignment, meaning that the recipient is treated as the object, while the theme is specially marked with the prefix ''u''. The theme comes after the object. For example, ''-s fus'' means &quot;to give&quot;. A sentence of the form &quot;A gives B to C&quot; is expressed as '''A'''''s fus'' '''C''' ''u'' '''B''', where A, B, and C are the donor, theme, and recipient respectively. ''-S lås'' (&quot;say&quot;) is another ditransitive verb, where the words being said are the theme and the person being spoken to is the recipient.

===Clauses===
====Subordinate====
A subordinate clause is usually opened with ''t'' and closed with ''c''. More rarely, ''p'' is used instead of ''t'', which occurs when the speaker is saying that the clause is true (as opposed to ''t'', which makes no statement about the truth of the clause). A subordinate clause like ''-t''/''-p'' '''X''' ''c'' is treated as a noun meaning &quot;the fact that (X)&quot;. At the end of a sentence, ''c'' may be omitted, although it is always included in the examples in this article for clarity.

When reporting speech indirectly in a subordinate clause, pronouns are always used as if they were direct. For example, the sentence ''Ös lås ut soz ŋos choc'' is translated as &quot;The person says that he/she is drinking water&quot;, but the literal meaning is &quot;The person says that '''I''' am drinking water&quot;. This is because the statement is from the person's perspective, and in that case &quot;I&quot; is the way to refer to that person.

====Relative====
Like subordinate clauses, relative clauses are enclosed in ''t--c'', and ''c'' can be omitted at the end of a sentence. Within the clause, the word being relativized is replaced by the relative pronoun ''ë''. The relative clause comes after the word it modifies. For example: ''Chot öz ŋos ëc'' = &quot;The water that the person is drinking&quot;. When the relative pronoun is the first word in the clause, it can be (and usually is) omitted. For example, the previous phrase can be reworded as ''Chot azŋon öc'' by changing the voice to passive, switching the subject and object, and then dropping ''ë'', which is now at the beginning of the sentence. Because of this, in a subordinate clause the subject cannot be dropped, since otherwise it would look like a relative clause.

===Questions===
A declarative sentence can be made into a question by enclosing the entire sentence in ''t--c'', just like a clause. For example, ''Gez ŋos'' means &quot;You eat/drink&quot;, and ''At gez ŋosc'' means &quot;Are you eating/drinking?&quot;

===Serial verbs===
Serial verbs can be used to provide tense and mood information about the main verb. The main verb comes last, and various auxiliaries come before it. Auxiliary verbs do not have voice, since they have no object as such, so there is no voice-indicating morpheme after them. The aspect of an auxiliary verb is usually perfective, but imperfective can be used to express a changing mood.

For example, the sentence ''Soz ŋos'' means &quot;I am eating/drinking&quot; in a tense-neutral way. The auxiliaries ''-m bu'', ''-n cha'', and ''-n sa'' can be put before the main verb to express explicit tense: e.g., ''Som buz ŋos'' &quot;I ate/drank&quot; and so on.

Other verbs that can be used as auxiliaries are ''-n chi'' (&quot;to be able to...&quot;) and ''-n gu'' (&quot;to quickly do X&quot;). So ''Son chiz ŋos'' means &quot;I can eat/drink&quot; and ''Son guz ŋos'' means &quot;I am quickly eating/drinking&quot;. If we change the aspect of the auxiliary verbs to imperfective, then the sentences become ''Sos chiz ŋos'' (&quot;I am acquiring the ability to eat/drink&quot;) and ''Soz guz ŋos'' (&quot;I am accelerating my pace of eating/drinking&quot;).

===Serial nouns===
Nouns are compounded right-branchingly, the reverse of languages like [[German]] or [[Chinese]]. That is, the head of the noun phrase comes first, while its modifiers come after it. For example, the word ''zevä'', meaning &quot;night&quot;, is composed of ''ze'' (&quot;time&quot;) and ''vä'' (&quot;star&quot;).

Noun compounding also can indicate possession, with the possessor coming after the possessed. For example, ''cho so'' means &quot;my water&quot;, literally &quot;water me&quot;. The particle ''e'', translating roughly as &quot;of&quot;, is used to separate the constituents of a large compound noun phrase that might otherwise run together and create confusion. For example, a phrase like &quot;the cryptographer's berry-juice&quot; would be rendered as ''ŋodÿmäki e öchituŋä'', since if the ''e'' were left out, then the result, ''ŋodÿmäkiöchituŋä'', means &quot;food/drink liquid fruit small person ability writing secret&quot;, which is confusing even if not wholly incomprehensible. Of course, long compound nouns can be used deliberately to confuse outsiders.

===Parts of speech===
====Nouns and verbs====
In principle any noun can be used as a verb by surrounding it with aspect and voice markers. However, not all of them make sense. For example, the noun ''të'' means &quot;knowledge&quot;, and the verb ''-s tës'' means &quot;to teach&quot;.

Both nouns and verbs can be modified by relative clauses. In the case of a verb being modified, the relative clause comes immediately after the voice marker. For example: ''-z ŋos'' &quot;to eat/drink&quot;; ''-z ŋost anjönc'' &quot;to pleasantly eat/drink&quot;. The relative clause is ''-t anjönc''.

====Determiners====
Certain pronouns cannot be possessed:
* ''so'': I, me
* ''ge'': you
* ''shë'': you and me (the two of us)
* other personal pronouns
* ''ku'': this
* ''te'': that
* ''po'': what
* ''shö'': all
* ''be'': each
* ''che'': any
* ''fä'': other
When one of these words is placed in the position of a possessee, it is taken to modify the &quot;possessor&quot;. For example, ''ku ŋodÿmäki'' means &quot;this berry-juice&quot;, and ''ge zögä'' means &quot;you leader&quot;.

====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions may be used to connect clauses (both subordinate and relative), nouns, and verbs. When more than one relative clause modifies the same word, a conjunction is inserted between them only if it is not &quot;and&quot;. In that case, simple juxtaposition of the relative clauses indicates that both modify the word before them.

====True adjectives====
Most expressions translated into English as adjectives are actually relative clauses. There are only a few &quot;true adjectives&quot; in Låzhö, which generally indicate the speaker's thoughts about a particular item in the sentence. They are placed after the modified word. For example, ''lö'' (which means &quot;yes&quot; by itself) when placed after a word indicates &quot;indeed&quot;, as if the speaker were contradicting an opposing statement that someone else said. Also ''kila'' means &quot;just, only&quot;, as if it would not be expected that something would be so limited in scope.

====Referents====
Referents are used to clarify references to previous words. These are words for &quot;he&quot;, &quot;she&quot;, &quot;it&quot;, and &quot;do&quot;, but there are different words depending on what is being referenced. The rules for which word to use are given in the dictionary. Like determiners, referents cannot be possessed, and can also be used to modify another word by putting the referent before the other word.

====Articles====
There is only one article: ''o'', the indefinite article. It is attached to the end of the word it is associated with. In the absence of ''o'', if a word is used more than once, it is understood to be referring to the same thing as before.

===SOV word order and double subjects===
Sometimes, adhering to the usual SVO word order is extremely awkward, usually because of a long phrase modifying the verb that would otherwise separate the object far from the verb. In this case, SOV order can be used by separating the subject and object with the particle ''u'' (the same word used for ditransitive sentences).

A few verbs are obligated to take a double subject, such as ''-n nös'' &quot;to be on either side of&quot;. The two subjects are also separated by ''u'', and if the voice is changed, both subjects must be moved after the verb.

===Expressions of implication===
Implication is expressed with the word ''-m fÿs'', which means &quot;implies&quot; (the aspect is perfective because implication is a state, not an action). The subject and object may be either subordinate clauses or nouns. By changing the voice to ''-m fÿn'', the meaning becomes &quot;because (of)&quot;.

As mentioned earlier, there are two types of subordinate clauses: ''p-c'' clauses (ones that the speaker is saying are true, opened with ''p'' and closed with ''c'') and ''t-c'' clauses (ones that are not necessarily true, opened with ''t'' and closed with ''c''). Combined with mood and tense markers, variou types of implication expressions can be formed. Note: ''-m bu'' is the past tense marker, ''-n cha'' present, and ''-n sa'' future; ''-n tå'' means &quot;habitually do something&quot;.

* ''t'' '''A''' ''c am fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A, then B. A timeless statement.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c am bum fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A had happened, then B would have happened. A did not happen.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c an cham fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A is happening now, then B would also be happening.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c an sam fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A happens, then B will happen (in the future).

* ''t'' '''A''' ''c an tåm fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': While A endures, B endures. A is not necessarily true.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c am bun tåm fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A had endured, then B would have endured. A did not endure.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c an chan tåm fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A is ongoing now, then B would also be ongoing.
* ''t'' '''A''' ''c an san tåm fÿs t'' '''B''' ''c'': If A endures (in the future), then B will also endure.

* ''p'' '''A''' ''c am fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': A, therefore B. A timeless statement expressing a general truth.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c am bum fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': When A happened, B happened as a result.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c an cham fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': Because A is happening now, B is also happening.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c an sam fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': When A happens, B will happen (in the future). We know that A will happen.

* ''p'' '''A''' ''c an tåm fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': Because A endures, B endures. A is true, and the statement is timeless and expresses a general truth.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c am bun tåm fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': While A endured, B also endured.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c an chan tåm fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': Because A is ongoing now, B is also ongoing.
* ''p'' '''A''' ''c an san tåm fÿs p'' '''B''' ''c'': As long as A endures, B will also endure.

If A is in a ''p-c'' clause and B is in a ''t-c'' clause, then the interpretation is that we know A, and that ought to imply B, but we are not sure of B. On the other hand, if A is in a ''t-c'' clause and B is in a ''p-c'' clause, then we know B, and we know that A would cause B if A were true, but we are not sure about A. To express &quot;because&quot;, we switch the subject and object and change the voice.

===Comparatives and superlatives===
To express a comparative, modify the word that is being compared with a relative clause using either the verb ''-n nen'' (&quot;exceed&quot;), ''-n jån'' (&quot;equal&quot;), or ''-n lën'' (&quot;be less than&quot;). For example, starting from the sentence ''Son jöz ge'' &quot;I like you&quot;, we can make ''Son jöz get an nen te öc'' (&quot;I like you who exceed that person&quot;, or &quot;I like you more than [I like] that person&quot;). We can also make ''Sot an nen te öc an jöz ge'' (&quot;I who exceed that person like you&quot;, or &quot;I like you more that that person [does]&quot;); and, if we modify the verb, ''Son jöst an nen an näs ac ge'' (&quot;I like which exceeds dislike you&quot;, or &quot;I like you more than [I] dislike [you]&quot;).

A superlative is the same as a comparative, except the object of the comparing verb is the word ''be'', meaning &quot;each [thing, person, etc.]&quot;. Less commonly, ''shö'' is used, which expresses the meaning &quot;everything put together&quot;.

==How to use the dictionary==
The dictionary is located [[Låzhö dictionary|here]].

The Låzhö words are listed in the left column, and their meanings on the right. In the &quot;monosyllabic&quot; section, entries are given even for meaningless syllables so that meanings can be assigned to them later. The parts of speech are indicated as follows:
* ''adj.'' = true adjective
* ''conj.'' = conjunction
* ''det.'' = determiner (including personal pronouns)
* ''n.'' = noun
* ''ref.'' = referent
* ''vss.'' = imperfective-active verb
* ''vns.'' = perfective-active verb
* ''vsn.'' = imperfective-passive verb
* ''vnn.'' = perfective-passive verb
* ''vs-aux.'' = imperfective auxiliary verb
* ''vn-aux.'' = perfective auxiliary verb
Definitions given in quotation marks are explanations of the grammatical functions of words rather than definitions as such. For example ''o'' does not mean &quot;indefinite article&quot;, but rather it '''is''' the indefinite article.

(+X) means that X should be added after the word to complete the meaning. In particular, (+u) indicates that the &quot;object&quot; (given as &quot;sth.&quot; or &quot;smn.&quot;) should be preceded by ''u''.

Because of the way the definitions are written, it is difficult to search for the word that means &quot;to be&quot; or &quot;become&quot;. That word is ''ZÄ''.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lazho</title>
    <id>4346</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>24791</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-30T21:54:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tmeister</username>
        <id>310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Låzhö]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Låzhö]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Korce Lexicon</title>
    <id>4347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25020</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-05T06:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new stuffz0rz</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Korce]]

==a== 
ACAQEDH = ''n'' ritual, religious practice

==e==
ER'T'SO = ''n'' poison, pestilence

==i== 

==o==
ORJEND = ''adj'' pregnant, with child

==u== 
UTHONN - ''n'' wet heat, humid heat 

==ai== 

==au==

==t'==

==d'== 

==th== 

==dh== 

==p==
PAR'ÑEB = ''n'' sorghum grain(s)

==b== 

==t== 

==d== 

==c==
CEND = ''n'' baby, child

==j== 

==ky== 

==gy==
GYILP = ''n'' shallow riparian depression

GYORUM = ''n'' fire pit, hearth

==k== 

==g== 

==q== 
QEROLLSU - ''n'' fracture, split, crack

==gg==

==m== 
MAHGYAI - ''n'' settlement, city/village 

==n== 

==ñ== 

==ŋ== 

==nn==
NNAT'EVK = ''adj'' brittle

==l== 

==ll==
LLIPAU = ''n'' cough, sneeze, gag, belch, burp

==ł==

==v== 
VENJ - ''v'' to judge, to weigh 

==r== 

==r'== 

==y== 

==w==

==z== 

==s==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Kijeb (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>4348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49690</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-10T14:46:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pre-Kiijeb shortening/monophthongization */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pre-Kiijeb shortening/monophthongization ==

Note to self:

=== Monophthongization ===

In fact only rising diphthongs were monophthongized:

* {i,e} &gt; y / _V
* {u,o} &gt; w / _V

=== Syncope/Apocope ===

Later short unstressed vowels in fully unstressed syllables were lost, possibly subject to some restrictions:

==== Possible restrictions ====
* Final vowels were preserved in the first round.
* Only odd-numbered vowels counting from the stressed vowel were lost.  However this happens in the transition from K to the later langs, and I don't want to have this same pattern twice!
* Final vowels were lost only if the preceding syllable was unstressed,
** i.e. proparoxytone words were made paroxytone by losing the last syllable if that was short, 
** possibly by losing the penultimate if that was short and the ultimate long.
* Clitics were always unstressed. 
** This included clitic pronouns on verbs (aargh so Quenya-like, I know! :-/). 
** The nominal inversion marker was a clitic but must originally have had a long vowel: ''*yaa''.
* Were PK words root-stressed or something else? 
** A Latin-like stress rule? 
** Perhaps the fourth from last was stressed if all the three last were short? (The rule falsely attributed to Sanskrit!)
*** How long could verbal complexes be?
**** Perhaps an pro-proparoxytone rule will cover them?
**** In any case the final vowel of a verbal complex was lost while a nominal in the absolutive always ended up ending in a vowel.
***** Was there an absolutive ending &quot;vowel-length&quot;?
***** Beware of inversely copying the Mærik pattern were pre-form nominals ended in short vowels or consonants while pre-form verbs stems ended in long vowels!
** Distinctive stress?
* Did the language tend towards penultimate stress by losing short vowels in syllables after the one after the stressed one?
** What about nominals with derivational suffixes?
*** These may show up as derivation by different final vowels in K.
*** I will have to assume there are nominal absolutives ending in (dental) consonants.

=== Shortening ===

Later still remaining VV were shortened by losing the first V, e.g.

* aa &gt; a
* ae &gt; e
* ai &gt; i
* ao &gt; o
* au &gt; u

N.B. there could arise new diphthongs when unstressed {w,y}V syllables lost their vowels in the previous stage, unless yCV &gt; CyV and wCV &gt; CwV already at this stage.

=== Loss of mid vowels ===

Lastly e &gt; ya and o &gt; wa.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Låzhö/Dictionary</title>
    <id>4349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24812</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-31T18:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tmeister</username>
        <id>310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Låzhö dictionary</title>
    <id>4350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29424</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T01:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tmeister</username>
        <id>310</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sее аlsо &quot;[[Låzhö#How to use the dictionary|Hоw tо úsе thе dіctіоnаry]]&quot;.

==Mоnоsyllаbіc==
{|
|A || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|Å || ''ref.'' he/she/it (last noun)
|-
|Ä || ''ref.'' he/she/it (last object)
|-
|BÅ || ''vss.'' lie down; vns. be lying down
|-
|BÄ || ''n.'' sequence, order; ''vns.'' to rank (+number for ordinal)
|-
|BA || ''n.'' fun, recreation; ''vss.'' to have fun with sth.; ''vnn.'' to be fun/entertaining
|-
|BE || ''det.'' each, all (as individuals)
|-
|BË || ''vss.'' to think/believe sth.
|-
|BI || ''vns.'' to disagree with, to go against
|-
|BÖ || ''n.'' motion; ''vss.'' to move sth.
|-
|BO || ''n.'' one
|-
|BU || ''n.'' the past; ''vns.'' to have been; ''vn-aux.'' &quot;past tense marker&quot;
|-
|BÜ || ''n.'' sugar; ''vnn.'' to be sweet
|-
|BŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|CHA || ''n.'' the present; ''vns.'' to be now; ''vn-aux.'' &quot;present tense marker&quot;
|-
|CHÄ || ''n.'' salt; ''vnn.'' to be salty
|-
|CHÅ || ''n.'' two
|-
|CHË || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|CHE || ''det.'' any
|-
|CHI || ''n.'' ability; ''vn-aux.'' to be able to...
|-
|CHÖ || ''n.'' time, point in time, event; ''vss.'' to make sth. happen; ''vsn.'' to happen
|-
|CHO || ''n.'' water
|-
|CHÜ || ''n.'' hair, fur, wool
|-
|CHU || ''vnn.'' to be very much
|-
|CHŸ || ''n.'' bulk, volume
|-
|DA || ''vnn.'' to be black
|-
|DÅ || ''n.'' spouse; ''vss.'' to marry smn.
|-
|DÄ || ''vss.'' to come to (a place), from (a place) (+u); ''vns.'' stand, be at (a place)
|-
|DË || ''n.'' end, destination; ''vsn.'' to end, to reach a destination
|-
|DE || ''n.'' folk, people
|-
|DI || ''n.'' rock, stone, earth
|-
|DÖ || ''n.'' disorder, randomness; ''vss.'' to scramble sth; ''vnn.'' to be disordered/random
|-
|DO || ''n.'' sound; ''vss.'' to make a sound
|-
|DU || ''n.'' command, order; ''vss.'' to command/order/tell (+subordinate clause)
|-
|DÜ || ''n.'' plant
|-
|DŸ || ''n.'' liquid; ''vss.'' to pour sth.; ''vsn.'' to flow
|-
|E || &quot;compound word separator&quot;
|-
|Ë || &quot;relative pronoun/proverb&quot;
|-
|FÅ || ''vss.'' to meet, come together with
|-
|FA || ''n.'' name; ''vss.'' to name sth. sth.; ''vnn'' to be called sth. (+u)
|-
|FÄ || ''det.'' other, another
|-
|FË || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|FE || ''vss.'' to cross, to go through
|-
|FI || ''n.'' life, living things; ''vss.'' to bring to life; ''vnn.'' to live
|-
|FO || ''n.'' each other
|-
|FÖ || ''n.'' eight
|-
|FÜ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|FU || ''vss.'' to give sth. sth.; ''vsn.'' to obtain (+u); ''vnn.'' to have (+u)
|-
|FŸ || ''vns.'' to imply; ''vnn.'' to be because of sth.
|-
|GÅ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|GA || ''n.'' body, physical manifestation
|-
|GÄ || ''n.'' country, nation, land
|-
|GË || ''n.'' yellow
|-
|GE || ''det.'' you
|-
|GI || ''n.'' solid
|-
|GÖ || ''ref.'' he/she/it/do (last subject or verb)
|-
|GO || ''vnn.'' to amount to (+number for cardinal), to measure (+measurement)
|-
|GU || ''vss.'' to speed sth. up; ''vnn.'' to be fast; ''vn-aux.'' to quickly do sth.
|-
|GÜ || ''vnn.'' to be red
|-
|GŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|I || ''conj.'' and, and then...
|-
|JA || &quot;quote opener&quot;
|-
|JÄ || ''n.'' eleven
|-
|JÅ || ''n.'' equality; ''vns.'' to equal
|-
|JE || ''vsn.'' to enter; ''vns.'' to contain; ''vnn.'' to be inside sth.
|-
|JË || ''vss.'' to save/protect
|-
|JI || ''n.'' day (light/dark cycle)
|-
|JO || ''n.'' device; ''vss.'' to build (as a device)
|-
|JÖ || ''vns.'' to like sth.; ''vnn.'' to be liked, to be good
|-
|JU || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|JÜ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|JŸ || ''n.'' tool; ''vss.'' to use
|-
|KÄ || ''n.'' child (offspring)
|-
|KÅ || ''conj.'' exclusive or
|-
|KA || ''vn-aux.'' &quot;imperative marker&quot;
|-
|KE || &quot;foreign word opener&quot;
|-
|KË || ''n.'' fire, flame; ''vss.'' to heat up sth.; ''vnn.'' to be hot
|-
|KI || ''vss.'' to shrink sth.; ''vnn.'' to be small
|-
|KO || ''n.'' sun
|-
|KÖ || ''vss.'' to touch/contact sth.; ''vns.'' to be touching sth.
|-
|KÜ || ''n.'' six
|-
|KU || ''det.'' this
|-
|KŸ || ''n.'' line, strand
|-
|LA || ''adj.'' even, wow!
|-
|LÄ || ''n.'' front; ''vss.'' to move sth. forward; ''vsn.'' to move forward; ''vnn.'' to be in front of (+u)
|-
|LÅ || ''n.'' word(s); ''vss.'' to say, to tell smn. sth.
|-
|LE || ''vs-aux.'' to again do sth. (+number+main verb)
|-
|LË || ''vns.'' to be less than
|-
|LI || ''vns.'' to agree with, to go with
|-
|LO || ''n.'' moon
|-
|LÖ || ''adj.'' yes, surely
|-
|LÜ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|LU || ''n.'' five
|-
|LŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|MA || ''n.'' female, woman
|-
|MÄ || ''n.'' fruit, berry, vegetable (non-leafy edible plant matter)
|-
|MÅ || ''n.'' origin, start; ''vsn.'' to begin
|-
|ME || ''n.'' circle; ''vss.'' to come surround sth.; ''vns.'' to encircle sth.
|-
|MË || ''vs-aux.'' to try/intend to do sth.
|-
|MI || ''n.'' list, index; ''vss.'' to compile a list/index of
|-
|MÖ || ''n.'' death; ''vss.'' to kill; ''vsn.'' to die, to be killed; ''vnn.'' to be dead
|-
|MO || ''n.'' the universe, what exists; ''vss.'' to make, to bring into existence; ''vsn.'' to come into existence; ''vnn.'' to exist; ''vs-aux.'' to cause, bring about
|-
|MÜ || ''n.'' building, structure; ''vss.'' to build (as a building)
|-
|MU || ''n.'' zero
|-
|MŸ || ''n.'' four
|-
|NÄ || ''vns.'' to dislike sth.; ''vnn.'' to be disliked, to be bad
|-
|NA || ''n.'' fight, conflict, dispute; ''vss.'' to fight/conflict/dispute
|-
|NÅ || ''n.'' metal
|-
|NE || ''vns.'' to be more than, to exceed
|-
|NË || ''n.'' straightness, flatness, regularity; ''vss.'' to straighten/flatten sth.; ''vnn.'' to be straight/flat/regular
|-
|NI || ''n.'' thing; ''vss.'' to do
|-
|NÖ || ''vns.'' to be on either side of; ''vnn.'' to separate, to be between
|-
|NO || ''n.'' year
|-
|NÜ || ''n.'' family, related group
|-
|NU || ''n.'' freedom, liberty; ''vss.'' to liberate; ''vnn.'' to be free
|-
|NŸ || ''n.'' seat; ''vss.'' sit (on sth.)
|-
|ŊÅ || ''vnn.'' to be soft
|-
|ŊÄ || ''n.'' doubt, obscurity, secrecy; ''vss.'' to not know about
|-
|ŊA || ''n.'' three
|-
|ŊË || ''n.'' harm; ''vss.'' hurt/harm sth.
|-
|ŊE || ''n.'' work; ''vss.'' to work
|-
|ŊI || ''vsn.'' to exit/leave; ''vnn.'' to be outside of
|-
|ŊÖ || ''vss.'' to rest, to camp
|-
|ŊO || ''n.'' food, drink; ''vss.'' to eat/drink
|-
|ŊU || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ŊÜ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ŊŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|O || &quot;indefinite article&quot;
|-
|Ö || ''n.'' person
|-
|PÅ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|PA || ''n.'' male, man
|-
|PÄ || ''vnn.'' to be white
|-
|PË || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|PE || ''n.'' something that is perceived; ''vss.'' to sense/perceive sth.
|-
|PI || ''n.'' skin
|-
|PÖ || ''n.'' angle, corner, point
|-
|PO || ''det.'' who, what
|-
|PU || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|PÜ || ''n.'' leg; ''vss.'' to walk (somewhere)
|-
|PŸ || ''n.'' arm
|-
|SÄ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|SA || ''n.'' the future; ''vns.'' to be going to be; ''vn-aux.'' &quot;future tense marker&quot;
|-
|SÅ || ''n.'' realm, domain, framework; ''vnn.'' to be within the realm/domain/framework of
|-
|SË || ''n.'' plane, sheet
|-
|SE || ''conj.'' rather than
|-
|SHÅ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|SHÄ || ''vss.'' to enlarge sth. in size; ''vnn.'' to be big/large/great
|-
|SHA || ''n.'' child (youngling)
|-
|SHË || ''det.'' you and me
|-
|SHE || ''n.'' institution, establishment, foundation; ''vss.'' to institute/establish/found sth.
|-
|SHI || ''n.'' ice; ''vss.'' to cool down sth.; ''vnn.'' to be cold
|-
|SHÖ || ''det.'' every, all (as a collective)
|-
|SHO || ''n.'' space, area
|-
|SHÜ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|SHU || ''n.'' soul, emotion
|-
|SHŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|SI || ''n.'' seven
|-
|SÖ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|SO || ''det.'' me
|-
|SU || ''n.'' head, face
|-
|SÜ || ''n.'' lizard
|-
|SŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|TÄ || ''n.'' bug (small non-vertabrate)
|-
|TÅ || ''n.'' habit; ''vn-aux.'' to habitually do sth.
|-
|TA || ''ref.'' he/she/it (with abbreviation)
|-
|TË || ''n.'' knowledge; ''vss.'' to teach smb. sth.; ''vsn.'' to learn (+u); ''vnn.'' to know (+u)
|-
|TE || ''n.'' that
|-
|TI || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|TO || ''n.'' air, gas
|-
|TÖ || ''n.'' self
|-
|TU || ''n.'' mark, sign, writing; ''vss.'' to write, to make a mark
|-
|TÜ || ''vss.'' to destroy; ''vnn.'' to not exist; ''vs-aux.'' to stop doing sth.; ''vn-aux.'' to not do sth.;
|-
|TŸ || ''n.'' mind, thoughts; ''vss.'' to think about, to ponder
|-
|U || &quot;indirect object separator&quot;
|-
|Ü || &quot;relativity remover&quot;
|-
|VÅ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|VÄ || ''n.'' star
|-
|VA || ''n.'' top, sky; ''vss.'' to raise sth.; ''vsn.'' to rise; ''vnn.'' to be above (+u)
|-
|VË || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|VE || ''n.'' nine
|-
|VI || ''n.'' money
|-
|VO || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|VÖ || ''n.'' mouth
|-
|VU || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|VÜ || ''n.'' material, substance
|-
|VŸ || ''n.'' parent
|-
|Ÿ || &quot;placeholder particle&quot;
|-
|ZÅ || ''n.'' place, location
|-
|ZA || ''n.'' ten
|-
|ZÄ || ''vss.'' to become sth.; ''vns.'' to be sth.
|-
|ZE || ''n.'' period of time; ''vnn.'' to occur during
|-
|ZË || ''n.'' piece, part, portion; ''vss.'' to divide sth. into pieces; ''vnn.'' to be in pieces
|-
|ZHÄ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ZHA || ''n.'' choice, decision; ''vss.'' to choose sth; ''vs-aux.'' to decide to do sth.
|-
|ZHÅ || ''n.'' possibility; ''vn-aux.'' to maybe do sth.
|-
|ZHË || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ZHE || ''n.'' order, method; ''vss.'' to sort/organize sth; ''vnn.'' to be ordered/organized
|-
|ZHI || ''n.'' the divine
|-
|ZHÖ || ''n.'' &quot;name for the people, language, etc.&quot;
|-
|ZHO || ''n.'' value, worth
|-
|ZHU || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ZHÜ || ''n.'' necessity, obligation; ''vn-aux.'' to have to do sth., to be obligated to do sth.
|-
|ZHŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|-
|ZI || ''n.'' a mammal bigger than a rodent
|-
|ZÖ || ''n.'' leader, ruler, king/queen; ''vss.'' to become the ruler/leader of; ''vns.'' to rule over
|-
|ZO || ''n.'' sibling
|-
|ZU || ''n.'' light; ''vss.'' to shine
|-
|ZÜ || ''n.'' desire; ''vns.'' to want sth.; ''vn-aux.'' to want to do sth.
|-
|ZŸ || &amp;nbsp;
|}

==Pоlysyllаbіc==
{|
|CHÖBÄ || ''n.'' story
|-
|CHÖLA || ''vn-aux.'' to still be; ''vs-aux'' to still be doing sth.
|-
|CHÖZEKI || ''n.'' suprise, sudden event
|-
|DATÜZU || ''vnn.'' to be dark
|-
|DËŊI || ''n.'' production, output
|-
|DOZHE || ''n.'' music
|-
|FETOPŸ || ''vss.'' throw sth. (at sth.) (+u)
|-
|FUJŸŊË || ''n.'' violent/overt theft; ''vss.'' to violently/overtly steal sth. (+u)
|-
|FUŊÄ || ''n.'' secret theft; ''vss.'' to secretly steal sth. (+u)
|-
|GÄME || ''n.'' the world
|-
|KÄMA || ''n.'' daughter
|-
|KŸZÅKI || ''vnn.'' to be next to, nearby
|-
|KŸZÅSHÄ || ''n.'' far-away place; ''vnn.'' to be far away
|-
|LASE || ''conj.'' despite the fact that...
|-
|LÅFÅ || ''n.'' greeting
|-
|LÅSHÄ || ''vss.'' to shout, yell
|-
|LECHÅZENË || ''vsn.'' to grow exponentially
|-
|MIGO || ''n.'' statistics
|-
|MONA || ''n.'' challenge; ''vss.'' to challenge smn.
|-
|MOPE || ''vss.'' to simulate, pretend, put on an appearance
|-
|MOZŊI || ''vsn.'' remove sth. from (+u) somewhere
|-
|MÜDÄŊÖ || ''n.'' house, residence
|-
|NAJE || ''vss.'' to invade
|-
|NINÄ || ''n.'' problem, bad thing
|-
|NÖGADÖ || ''vss.'' to break sth.; ''vsn.'' to break; ''vss.'' to be broken
|-
|NÖZÄGO || ''vss.'' to split up, separate into parts
|-
|ŊËBÅ || ''vss.'' to knock smn. out
|-
|ŊËCHŸ || ''vss.'' to hit (with a punch, kick, or blunt object)
|-
|ŊÖZEVÄ || ''vsn.'' to fall asleep; ''vnn.'' to be asleep
|-
|ÖCHI || ''n.'' expert, specialist
|-
|ÖŊÄ || ''n.'' mysterious person
|-
|ÖTÅBÖ || ''n.'' nomad
|-
|ÖVÜNÄTÜ || ''n.'' cleaning person
|-
|PEDO || ''vss.'' to hear
|-
|PEZU || ''vss.'' to see
|-
|PEZUNÄ || ''vnn.'' to be ugly, unpleasant in appearance
|-
|PÜGU || ''vss.'' to run (somewhere)
|-
|SHUCHÖZEKINÄ || ''vsn.'' to become shocked, unpleasantly surprised
|-
|SHUKË || ''vss.'' to anger someone; ''vsn.'' to become angry; ''vnn.'' to be angry
|-
|TÅGA || ''vss.'' to wear sth.
|-
|TUŊÄ || ''n.'' cryptography
|-
|TÜDO || ''vnn.'' to be silent
|-
|TŸŊÄ || ''vnn.'' to be strange, odd, curious
|-
|SHOMÜ || ''n.'' room
|-
|SHUCHÄFÄ || ''vnn.'' to feel sympathy/pity for smn. (+u)
|-
|VÜNÄTÜ ||  ''vss.'' to clean sth.; ''vnn.'' to be clean, pure
|-
|VÜSËŊÅ || ''n.'' fabric, cloth
|-
|VÜSËŊÅPI || ''n.'' leather
|-
|VŸPA || ''n.'' father
|-
|ZEVÄ || ''n.'' night
|-
|ZHAZHESA || ''n.'' plan; ''vss.'' to make a plan
|-
|ZIŊÅTI || ''n.'' goat
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kazujisha</title>
    <id>4351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24880</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-02T17:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Avaja</username>
        <id>750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Infobox|name=Kazujisha&lt;br&gt;''(Rãesha Kazujisha)''|pronounce='rɛ:ʃa kazuji'ʃa|tu=Our Earth, modern era|species=Human|in=Republic of Kazujisha|no=4.5 million|script=Latin/native|tree=Ka...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Kazujisha&lt;br&gt;''(Rãesha Kazujisha)''|pronounce='rɛ:ʃa kazuji'ʃa|tu=Our Earth, modern era|species=Human|in=Republic of Kazujisha|no=4.5 million|script=Latin/native|tree=Kazujishan languages&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Kazujisha'''|morph=Isolating|ms=Accusative|wo=SVO|creator=[[User:Avaja|Avaja]]|date=2002}}

'''Kazujisha''' (''Rãesha Kazujisha'' ['rɛ:ʃa kazuji'ʃa]) is the official language of the People's Republic of Kazujisha (''Máfeirepublika Kazujisha''). It is spoken by approximately 4.5 milion in Kazujisha and 50,000 emigrants (of which the majority lives in Europe). The language is an isolate.

==''Máfeirepublika Kazujisha''==

The '''People's Republic of Kazujisha''' is an European nation consisting of four islands located to the southeast of Iceland. The current Prime Minister (''Rah Teienkovamá'') is Aruhikesa Kotaeivha.

''(( The author and only speaker of this beautiful language (harhar) is Avaja. In case you have another connation existing in our current world and are interested in some sort of collaboration, talk to me on irc (preferable) or send me a ZBB pm. ))''

==External links==
[http://geocities.com/kazujishamai/ Kazujisha language and related things - the site]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Kazujisha</title>
    <id>4352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45167</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;Sehekasjala jaju daks {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Irashá vorde '''FrathWiki''', wiki kyn arajatytsano má daks ao autaren raku vorde ise najala konsha ja konkultura. Daks ja ka projekta kynvali kahsin daks klogas te konsha, -kultura ja -kuhime hya rakjuse. Nãei [[FrathWiki:Goals|FrathWiki:Juzhin]] kynvali jusupa daks klogas mijalaja hya rakjuse.

Sehekasjala minsha ni FrathWiki jedan vorde  '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' jutal.

FrathWiki ra daleipgafei daks sôbritesla. Nãei [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|FrathWiki:Kopyráta]] kynvali jusupa je tasgura rakjuse.

'''Kusun te ralma:''' Nãei [[Help:How does one start a page|Kivr:Tergast mijala te neshva jutal]] ja [[Help:Editing|Kivr:Te ralma]] ras sujala daks gu wiki agest ie-kasun. Telage katava sujala ra neshva jutal, jusupa [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|FrathWiki:Te kirnjorãe-konventiona]] kudamejii itte.

Kivrjutal kyn daks klogas [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Onasonda Unikodarakevest]] sluviere. Tahtm ni, sujala daks kata ujabitsuke ja installitega mittegin daks sluviere kynvali jusupa kripitaerakubetseh hya rakevest, [[IPA]]-rakubetseh kripigripi.

[[Templates|Ytasin]] kyn te sujala ra ralma je kualata sluviere.

Sehkamintoda, sehekasjala konjutal ras [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Yahoogroupa] sluviere. Tahtm gu, kabirakjuse kongiutata raku ja databasabackupa kongiutata fahist.

'''Vorgata, wiki daks nepa kongiutata upgrada aoki MediaWiki 1.9.2.''' Raku vorja [mailto:muke@frath.net Muke] ras nãei zeotevdest elafeihen ie-kasun kudamejii itte.


[[Main Page|Anjajutal]] ni [[English|Englekasha]].
[[Carune (page)|Anjajutal]] ni [[Carune|Karunesha]].
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|Anjajutal]] ni [[Satirocitan|Satirokitansha]].
[[Main Page in Mumuñu|Anjajutal]] ni [[Mumuñu|Mumunjusha]].
[[Main Page in Piscean|Anjajutal]] ni [[Piscean language|Piskeansha]].
[[Main Page in Dooma|Anjajutal]] ni [[Dooma|Doomasha]].
Anjajutal ni [[Kazujisha]].
[[Main Page in Nytal|Anjajutal]] ni [[Nytal|Nytalsha]].

|-
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'''[[Help:Contents|Kivrjutal]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Madritahke]] - [[List of mailing lists|E-gatsepagásti aogásti]] - '''[[List of conlangs|Gásti ao konsha]]'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''Shajutal:''' [[:Category:Grammar|grammatikafei]] - [[person|mádurgas]] - [[number|feidurgas]] - [[tense|minshui tessetuia]] - [[aspect|aspekta]] - [[mood|modusa]] - [[Swadesh list|gásti ao Swadesh]]

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Junshiaprojekta:'''
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:Konortografia kyn komastap Kinesishaarakube, ki Indo-Europasha
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:Junshiakonsha kyn daks vorde ao [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages]]
*:Aogásti vorde soina kyn te katu ni kirpaktara ni tasgura sha
*[[Noric]]
*:Shatadan ni Ôsterákasha ra alpa ni [[League of Lost Languages]].
*The [[Oligosynthesis Project]]
*:Projekta kynvali katava oligosyntetasha.
*[[Attested diachronic changes]]
*:Jutal ao ripigast rãesharalmafei
*[[Zebia]]
*:Junshiakonkuhime vorde [[Zompist Bulletin Board]]-nindamá.
''...nãei [[:Category:Collaborations|Konfeira:Junshiaprojekta]] ja ka'' 

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Aogásti vorde konkulturajutalfei:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[New Royce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Senjecas]]
*[[Ilethes]] &amp; [[:Category:Ilethes]]
''...nãei [[:Category:Conworlds|Konfeira:Konkuhime]] ja ka''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Haguta Konshawikiprojekta'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Makerowner</title>
    <id>4353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30628</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-10T16:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>To put something on a new line, put a colon before it</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:[[History of the Imperial Church]]
:[[Peoples of the Empire]]
:[[History of the Western Kingdom]]
:[[The Seven Provinces' Confederacy]]
:[[Modern Standard Imperial]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modern Standard Imperial</title>
    <id>4354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26242</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-16T03:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makerowner</username>
        <id>751</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Modern Standard Imperial is the de-facto official language of the [[Empire-in-the-West]] during the Regency period. It is a descendant of Classical Imperial, with significant influence from the creole languages of the Empire. Its ancestor during the pre-contact era has been identified with the [[Archaic Imperial (Empire-in-the-West)|Archaic Imperial]] of the runic carvings from the Early Empire, but is better known from the reconstructions based on its current descendants. A Proto-Eastern language has been reconstructed, but is not attested. Throughout its history, the Imperial language has been influenced by the Western language, the creole varieties between the later and itself, the Pygmy language, and a little-known neighbour to the east, likely the people from whom they learned steel-smelting. Towards the end of the Early Empire period, richer burghers of Capital City began to borrow constructions and forms from Classical to 'elevate' their dialect, which had considerable influence from Western and the creoles. The court nobility eventually adopted this variety, and with the ascendancy of the court in the Regency period, it spread its influence over the whole Empire, establishing itself as the standard. Much of the old territorial nobility refused to give up their regional varieties, but even in these cases, standardization of grammar and lexicon occurred, leaving the Empire with a single written standard and a single prescriptive norm of pronunciation.
== Phonology ==

===Phonemic Inventory===

Consonants

{| border=1
!POA
|align=center| Labials
|align=center| Dentals
|align=center| Palatals
|align=center| Velars
|align=center| Gutturals
|-
  ! Fortis stops
|align=center| p /p/
|align=center| t /t/
|align=center| c /t͡ʃ/
|align=center| k /k/
|align=center| q /q/
|-
  ! Lenis stops
|align=center| b /b/
|align=center| d /d/
|align=center| j /d͡ʒ/
|align=center| g /g/
|-
  ! Fortis fricatives
|align=center| ph /f/
|align=center| th /θ/
|align=center| ch /ç/
|align=center| kh /x/
|align=center| qh /ʜ/

|-
  ! Lenis fricatives
|align=center| f /f/
|align=center| s /s/
|align=center| ç /ç/
|align=center| x /x/
|align=center| gh /ʢ/
|-
  ! Nasals
|align=center| m /m/
|align=center| n /n/
|-
  ! Liquids
|align=center|
|align=center| l /l/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| r /ʀ/
|-
  ! Glides
|align=center| (u) /w/
|align=center|
|align=center| (i) /j/
|align=center| (u) /w/
|}

Vowels
{| border=1
|-
! POA
|align=center| '''Front''' Short
|align=center| '''Front''' Long
|align=center| '''Front''' Rounded
|align=center| '''Near-Front''' Long
|align=center| '''Central''' Short
|align=center| '''Central''' Long
|align=center| '''Near-Back''' Long
|align=center| '''Back''' Short
|align=center| '''Back''' Long
|-
! Close
|align=center| i /i/
|align=center| ī /iː/
|align=center| ue /yː/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| u /u/
|align=center| ū /uː/
|-
! Near-close
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| īh /ɪː/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| ūh /ʊː/
|-
! Close-Mid
|align=center| e /e/
|align=center| ē /eː/
|align=center| oe /øː/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| o /o/
|align=center| ō /oː/
|-
! Mid
|-
! Open-Mid
|align=center|
|align=center| ēh /ɛː/
|align=center| 
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| 
|align=center| ōh /ɔː/
 
|-
! Near-Open
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| 
|align=center| 
|align=center| āh /aː/
|align=center|
|align=center| a /ɑ/
|align=center| ā /ɑː/
|}

===Phonetic Realization and Allophonic Variation===

====Consonants====

* Most consonants have different allophones for initial, intervocalic, and coda situations:

{| border=1
|-
! Orthography || Initial || Intervocalic || Coda
|-
|p || [pʰ] || [b] || [p̚]
|-
|b || [ɓ] || [β] || [p̚]
|-
|ph || [f] || [f] || [f]
|-
|t || [tʰ] || [d] || [t̚]
|-
|d || [ɗ] || [ð] || [t̚]
|-
|c || [ʧʰ] || [ʧ] || [k̚]
|-
|j || [ʤ] || [ʤ] || [k̚]
|-
|k || [kʰ] || [g] || [k̚]
|-
|g || [ɠ] || [G] || [k̚]
|-
|q || [q] || [ʔ] || [ʔ]
|-
|f || [f] || [v] || [v]
|-
|s || [s] || [z] || [h]
|-
|m || [m] || [~β] || [~]
|-
|n || [n] || [~ð] || [~]
|-
|l || [l] || [l, ɫ] || [l, ɫ, ʊ̯]
|-
|r || [ʁ] || [ɾ] || [ɐ̯]
|}

*Intervocalic geminates de-geminate but undergo no further lenition.
*Note that &lt;ph&gt; is distinguished from &lt;f&gt; in all but initial position.
*All other consonants are the same in all positions.
*The voiced fricative allophones of the lenis stops may or may not have actual frication
* /m/ and /n/ are realized intervocalically like /b/ and /d/, but with nasalization of the preceding vowel

====Vowels====
*Short vowels are lax before two consonants, or a consonant and a word-boundary. The lax allophones of /i e A o u/ are [I E a O U].
*Long vowels are only realized as phonetically long in stressed syllables
*Short vowels are reduced word finally, and before a consonant cluster containing a fortis phoneme.
*The reduced vowels differ by region, but the Capital Region has /i e a/-&gt;[@] and /u o/-&gt;[U]
*These reduced vowels are also subject to elision, which is allowed or prohibited based on the ensuing consonant cluster. 

=====Neutralizations=====
The three-way distinction between short, long lax, long tense vowels is neutralized before /r/, /l/, and /n/:

{| border=1
! Vowel|| _/r/ || _/l/ || _/n/
|-
|align=center| i || [I6] || [I@l], [IU] || I~(:)
|-
|align=center| e || [E6], [E:] || [E@l], [EU] || E~(:)
|-
|align=center| a || [A:] || [Q:l], [O:] || a~(:)
|-
|align=center| o || [O:] || [O:l], [O:] || O~(:)
|-
|align=center| u || [U6] || [U@l], [U:] || U~(:)
|-
|align=center| /y: 2:/ || [3:] || [3:l], [8U] || I~(:)
|}

=====Diphthongs=====

There are no phonemic diphthongs in MSI, but the vowels /i u/ are realized as semivowels [j w] when unstressed and adjacent to another short vowel. The resulting phonetic diphthongs are somewhat variable in pronunciation, especially in speakers influenced by regional varieties.

===Phonotactics===

===Suprasegmentals/Prosody===

====Pitch-Accent/Tone====
The phonetic realization of pitch in MSI resembles a tone system, but it is better analyzed as a pitch-accent. Only the stressed syllable of a word bears a phonemic tone; the other syllables of the word can be assigned a tone based on this.

====Stress Rule====
For the purposes of assigning stress, syllables in MSI can be divided into light, medium, and heavy:

Light: (C)V

Medium: (C)V(C) or (C)V:

Heavy: (C)V:C

The stressed syllable is the heaviest of the last three; if two or more of these syllables are 'tied' in weight, the last of them takes stress. All consonants that form part of an admissible initial cluster are assigned to the following vowel. If a word stressed on the antepenultimate takes a suffix that adds a syllable, the stress is assigned instead to the new antepenultimate; likewise for words stressed on the penultimate with two-syllable suffixes. Compound words keep the stress of their components, though they may be reinterpreted as single words, especially if either of the components falls into disuse. Especially long words often assign a secondary stress to another heavy syllable earlier in the word; the rules for this are rather more complex, as they take into account the elision of reduced vowels and the clusters that develop. The overall tendency is for stressed syllables (primary or secondary) to alternate with unstressed ones.

====Pitch assignment====
The stressed syllable can be high or low, and both can be either level or falling. These tones correspond to different initial or coda consonants in Archaic Imperial (see Tonogenesis below). The other syllables tend to have pitches that maximize the contrast with the stressed syllable: a low accent is surrounded by high syllables, and a high one by low.

/X.H.X-&gt;[L.H.L]
/X.L.X-&gt;[H.L.H]

Falling accents lower the following syllable, but have no effect on the preceding. High syllables become mid, and low syllables become creaky.
/X.H↘.X/-&gt;[L.H.C]
/X.L↘.X/-&gt;[H.L.M]

A final falling tone is realized on the vowel itself: high falling, or low creaky.
Other syllables tend to alternate between low and high, with the exception that an unstressed ultimate is always low unless a low accent precedes it. This pattern may be disrupted by elision of reduced vowels, and by applying secondary stress to other long vowels, which then realize their phonemic tone. These complications have led some to analyze tone as phonemic on all vowels in MSI. Some regional varieties apply the alternating pitch after vowel elision, which leads to more regular patterns, but often very different ones than MSI.

====Tonogenesis====

====Tone sandhi====

====Intonation====

===Assimilation &amp; Sandhi===

==Morphosyntax==

===Parts of Speech===

====Nouns====
Nouns in MSI include essentially all words from a root that aren't verbs. Many nouns have a transparent relation to one or more verbs; others are related, but less obviously; still others have no corresponding verb form. Nouns in MSI include many words that would be considered adjectives in other languages, though other adjectival concepts are expressed using stative verbs. A brief overview of the noun and some operations it undergoes follows; the uses and meanings of these operations will be explained in more detail under 'Nominal Morphosyntax' below.

=====Number=====
Number in MSI is not a primary feature of nouns. Many number concepts are not marked and others are expressed only when pragmatically salient. The underlying number system is singular-dual-plural, but few nouns have separate forms for all three. Many have only one form for all numbers, while another group has two: direct and inverse. Direct refers to the expected or characteristic number for the noun in question, while inverse can be either of the other two. 'Hands', for example, are dual in their direct form, and either singular or plural in their inverse. These two forms are based on alterations of the triconsonantal roots in Archaic Imperial, but the patterns have been so distorted by sound change and semantic shift that the relation between them is nearly suppletive. Words of this type are called 'broken' plurals; they are the minority, but they are also some of the most commonly used words. Nouns with no alternation for number may take an optional plural particle. This particle also has associative meanings, especially when used with a proper noun. Some words occur only in the plural (mass nouns); special classifiers are used to express &quot;one item of X&quot;.

=====Case=====
There are four cases for nouns in MSI; pronouns and agreement markers have a different system. These are the nominative, absolutive, genitive, and oblique. Nouns function in a fluid-S system, so either of the first two can occur on the subject of an intransitive clause. In transitive clauses, the nominative marks the subject and the absolutive, the direct object. The genitive is used to mark the possessor, and also for the recipient of a trivalent verb. The oblique is used for several other roles: locative, benefactive, instrumental, etc. Case is marked by enclitic particles, but is not always explicit.

=====Class/Gender=====
Nouns distinguish two genders: animate and inanimate. All nouns have an inherent gender, often discernible by their form. Adjectives and verbs agree with nouns by gender. A separate system of noun class by shape/texture/consistency also occurs, and is related to verb agreement and the classifiers used with numerals and mass nouns.

====Verbs====

===NP Morphosyntax===

====Predicate Constructions====


===VP Morphosyntax===

[[Category: Empire-in-the-West]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Avaja</title>
    <id>4355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24959</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-03T13:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Avaja</username>
        <id>750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Avaja''' at the [[Zompist Bulletin Board|ZBB]] and irc.sorcery.net; conlangs of mine include [[Kazujisha]].</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Avaja''' at the [[Zompist Bulletin Board|ZBB]] and irc.sorcery.net; conlangs of mine include [[Kazujisha]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Verat Cons Inv.gif</title>
    <id>4356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27555</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-15T04:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Verat Cons Inv.gif]]&quot;: Dec. 2007 Revision; Changed transcription of /ɣ/ to &lt;h&gt;. Phonemicity of syllabic consonants, as well as labiovelars, under review.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This table shows the inventory of phonemic consonants and their accompanying standard romanizations for v2.0 Old Verat (as of Summer, 2007).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Verat SC Cons.gif</title>
    <id>4357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24968</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-03T20:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Three-Phase model of PIE to Old Verat consonant shifts.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Three-Phase model of PIE to Old Verat consonant shifts.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Modern Standard Imperial</title>
    <id>4358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24991</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-04T06:09:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makerowner</username>
        <id>751</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: What I'm working on: *Phonotactics should be up in a day or two. *Working out the rules for reduced vowel elision *Starting to figure out tone sandhi *Putting up some of the conworld infor...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What I'm working on:
*Phonotactics should be up in a day or two.
*Working out the rules for reduced vowel elision
*Starting to figure out tone sandhi
*Putting up some of the conworld information related to the language
*Some more info on the history of the language and its relatives, probably in the next week or so
*I've got a few ideas for a writing system, but that's going on the back burner right now (though I just found out that I have a scanner, so I'll be able to add it once I've made it).
*Once that stuff is underway, I've got to get started on the lexicon so I can start creating some sentences. I've got some basic morphology worked out, but I don't want to get too deep into until I've got some words. [[User:Makerowner|Makerowner]] 23:09, 3 September 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Our Father</title>
    <id>4359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59123</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-30T02:51:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Our Father''', also known as the '''Lord's Prayer''', is a widely-known prayer of Christianity. It is used by linguists and conlangers for comparing the differences between languages.  In many cases it is also called the '''Pater Noster''' because of the widespread use of Latin in the Church.  There are even [[Runes|Runic]] inscriptions in Latin along the lines of &quot;say a Pater Noster for so-and-so's soul.&quot;

=Natlangs=
==[[Romance Languages]]==
===Latin===
:Pater noster, qui es in caelis: 
:sanctificetur Nomen Tuum; 
:adveniat Regnum Tuum; 
:fiat voluntas Tua, 
:sicut in caelo, et in terra. 
:Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie; 
:et dimitte nobis debita nostra, 
:Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris; 
:et ne nos inducas in tentationem; 
:sed libera nos a Malo.

==[[Germanic languages]]==
===[[High German]]===
:Vater Unser im Himmel,
:Geheiligt werde Dein Name,
:Dein Reich komme.
:Dein Wille geschehe,
:Wie im Himmel, so auf Erden.
:Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute,
:Und vergib uns unsere Schuld,
:Wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern.
:Und führe uns nicht in Versuchung,
:Sondern erlöse uns von dem Bösen.
:Denn Dein ist das Reich und die Kraft
:und die Herrlichkeit, in Ewigkeit.
:Amen.

===[[Dutch]]===
:Onze Vader,
:die in de hemelen zijt,
:geheiligd zij Uw naam.
:Uw rijk kome,
:Uw wil geschiede op aarde als in de hemel.
:Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood,
:en vergeef ons onze schulden,
:gelijk ook wij vergeven aan onze schuldenaren.
:En leid ons niet in bekoring,
:maar verlos ons van het kwade.

===[[Modern English]] ELLC (1988)===
:Our Father in heaven,
:hallowed be your name,
:your kingdom come,
:your will be done,
:on earth as in heaven.
:Give us today our daily bread.
:Forgive us our sins
:as we forgive those who sin against us.
:Save us from the time of trial
:and deliver us from evil.
:[For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours
:now and for ever. Amen.] 

===[[Early Modern English]] (1662 BCP)===
:Our Father, which art in Heaven, 
:Hallowed be thy Name. 
:Thy Kingdom come. 
:Thy will be done, 
:in earth as it is in Heaven. 
:Give us this day our daily bread. 
:And forgive us our trespasses, 
:As we forgive them that trespass against us. 
:And lead us not into temptation; 
:But deliver us from evil. 
:[For thine is the kingdom, The power, and the glory, 
:For ever and ever.] Amen. 

===[[Middle English]]===
:Fader ure ðatt art in hevene blisse,
:Ðin hege name itt wurðe bliscedd,
:Cumen itt mote ði kingdom,
:Ðin hali wil it be al don,
:In heven and in erðe all so,
:So itt sall ben ful wel ic to;
:Gif us alle one ðis dai,
:Ure bred of iche dai,
:And forgive us ure sinne,
:Als we don ure wiðerwinnes:
:Leet us noct in fondlinge fall,
:Ooc fro ivel ðu sild us alle. Amen.

===[[Anglo-Saxon]]===
:Fæder ūre, þū eart on heofonum:
:sī þīn nama ȝehāȝlod.
:Tōbecume þīn rīce.
:Ȝeƿeorþe þīn ƿilla
:on eorþan sƿāsƿā on heofonum.
:Ūre dæȝhƿāmlican hlāf sielle ūs tō dæȝe.
:And forȝief ūs ūre ȝyltas
:sƿāsƿā ƿē forȝiefaþ ūrum ȝyltendem.
:And ne ȝelǣd þū on costnunȝe,
:ac ālīes ūs of yfele.

===[[Norwegian]]===
:Fader vår, du som er i himmelen!
:Helliget vorde ditt navn;
:komme ditt rike;
:skje din vilje,
:som i himmelen, så og på jorden;
:gi oss idag vårt daglige brød;
:og forlat oss vår skyld,
:som vi og forlater våre skyldnere;
:og led oss ikke inn i fristelse;
:men fri oss fra det onde.
:For riket er ditt,
:og makten og æren i evighet.
:Amen.

==[[Celtic Languages]]==

===[[Proto-Gallo-Brythonic]]===
:Asron atīr, esti·i̯o eni nemesi,
:noibos buu̯et tou anu̯an,
:ro·to·aχsāt tou rīgi̯on 
:u̯reχtus tou au̯illos
:u̯or talamoni samalī eni nemesi.
:Asron baragon petidīi̯ācon dā snūs sindīu̯on. 
:Matu̯ī snūs asron dligetā,
:samalī i̯on matu̯imos asron dligeti̯obo,
:ne·c snīs wede dū u̯osagitē,
:eχtos snīs dīlunge au u̯allū.
:Amen.

=Conlangs=
Feel free to add Lord's prayer in your conlangs' version here.

==Esperanto==
:Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo,
:sanktigata estu Via nomo.
:Venu Via regno.
:Fariĝu Via volo,
:kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.
:Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ.
:Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn,
:kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj.
:Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
:sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
:(Ĉar Via estas la regno kaj la potenco
:kaj la gloro eterne.)
:Amen.

==[[Háfrig]]==
:Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri,
:genomentuz i missild,
:offimmoz i tis agenir,
:geroz i tis élekk,
:léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si.
:Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl,
:et offűliz i bêtgánandu,
:léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo.
:E gin véliz kum kojsitána,
:ak gemojgiriz i vultími.
:(Dé tis i h-agenir, i forrel e l-iskür forvenâk.)
:Roz ö-gen.

==Lojban==
:doi cevrirni.iu noi zvati le do cevzda do'u fu'e .aicai .e'ecai lo do cmene ru'i censa
:.i le do nobli turni be la ter. ku se cfari
:.i loi do se djica ba snada mulno vi'e le cevzda .e .a'o la ter.
:.i fu'e .e'o ko dunda ca le cabdei le ri nanba mi'a
:.i ko fraxu mi loi ri zu'o palci
:.ijo mi fraxu roda poi pacyzu'e xrani mi
:.i ko lidne mi fa'anai loi pacyxlu
:.i ko sepri'a mi loi palci
:.i .uicai ni'i loi se turni .e loi vlipa .e loi mi'orselsi'a cu me le do romei
:fa'o

==&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;[[Anoé]]&lt;/span&gt;==

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,nul-((fuuilat-en-ia)-él-éltil)&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;efma-en-ve fi-atfalit tléé&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;((tintom-en-ve fi-ulaat tléé&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;uuifó-en-ve fó-én-aé)&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;an-(Earth)-fn-(al-ló-él-éltil)).&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,ve ie-aile-ufuium li-aten-óf-(ailu)-at-ia.&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,ve felien-en-ia éliuón-at-ia&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;nif-(ia én-(laéen ia feliu) éliuón-at-al.&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,ve ia erian-ól-(ésélit-en-uilien)&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;tléé ve ia erian-sééld.&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;(fan ól-tintom tlé ól-élein tlé ól-aliaten (al-en-ve al&lt;/span&gt;

:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;ló-(et-tlé-néf)). ,fti-ló.)&lt;/span&gt;

==Classical Longrimol==
{{seealso|Longrimol}} by [[User:Longrim|Longrim]]

:Adhor mêna winedhúrari
:Airalichy raivam gêna
:therdäil barandoram gêna
:dhánäilichy molfanam gêna
:dhanaríb noi winedúrari.
:bantholgh mênam teljail gwelenil.
:tharvo mênam yaldhadil
:noi thärvim daurilil jäldhár mór mêne.
:dulro mênil ainúlyrth il ghlastat
:a dhulro mênil ghruidyrth.
:[find i Dharandor, i gambad a i asdago ghêna cwil a adríl. Aven]

==Magorionian==
By [[User:Longrim|Longrim]]

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#V1F2V1 | Classical Magorionan
! bgcolor=#V1F2V1 | Vulgar Central Magorionan
! bgcolor=#V1F2V1 | Vulgar Central Magorionan IPA
|-
| width=33% valign=top | Listef and suang girmas, &lt;br/&gt; Tinef kuns sánerijz. &lt;br/&gt; Tinef júnion, kece! &lt;br/&gt; Tinef tarun, sódi! &lt;br/&gt; Eng ionas is eng girmas. &lt;br/&gt; Kele listes listef farsalgn rimem &lt;br/&gt; Jaukune listes listef onferm &lt;br/&gt; Bas list belerm, tukwor un listem onfeź, jaukunen. &lt;br/&gt; Chune listem fing lunun hanum &lt;br/&gt; Is chune listem fing sirdkurtum. &lt;br/&gt; Ghan ionan, bórun is reçkurtun ataź tinef. &lt;br/&gt; Ungf is tach. &lt;br/&gt; Amen.
| width=33% valign=top | Litef ãd suã girms, &lt;br/&gt;  Tẽif kõus sáni. &lt;br/&gt; Tẽif júnion, keße!&lt;br/&gt; Tẽif  turon, sóde!&lt;br/&gt; Ẽg iõs is ẽg girms.&lt;br/&gt; Kele lits ref farsäl rẽi,&lt;br/&gt; Jokune lits ref õfare&lt;br/&gt; Bas lit belare, tukwur un lit õfe, jokunen.&lt;br/&gt; Chune lit fẽi lõun hã&lt;br/&gt; Is chune lit fẽi sirdkurt.&lt;br/&gt; Van ionan, bórun is reçkurtun ga tẽif&lt;br/&gt; Sõut is tach.&lt;br/&gt; Ãn.
| width=33% valign=top | 'litef ãd swã 'jiəms &lt;br/&gt;  tẽf 'kɔ̃s sa:ni &lt;br/&gt; tẽf 'júnjon kçes &lt;br/&gt; tẽf  'turõn so:d&lt;br/&gt; æ̃g jɔ̃s i 'zẽ jiəms.&lt;br/&gt; kçel 'lits ref' fa:so: rẽ,&lt;br/&gt; 'jokun lits ref 'ɔ̃far&lt;br/&gt; ba lit bə'lar, tu'kuə õ lit ɔ̃fe, jo'kunən.&lt;br/&gt; xun lit fẽ lõn hã &lt;br/&gt; i xun lit fẽ siətkuət.&lt;br/&gt; Van jonan, bo:run i reçkuətun ga tẽif&lt;br/&gt; sõt i ´tax.&lt;br/&gt; ãn
|}
* here, [r] represent the uvular trill.

==Classical Arithide==
{{seealso|Classical Arithide}} by [[User:Denihilonihil|Eugene]]
{{seealso|Arithide Sample Text Corpus}}

{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;
|-
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Classical Arithide
! bgcolor=#dfdfdf | Late Classical Arithide
|-
| width=33% valign=top | Fābā rignā, zōon saluminnum, &lt;br/&gt;histamosit illos ays. &lt;br/&gt;Egēra lisgas ays. &lt;br/&gt;Reskerosit deiros ays, &lt;br/&gt;halagum saluminnumena. &lt;br/&gt;Rignor emereto haror omer krerērō, &lt;br/&gt;a kansārērō irige syndrē, &lt;br/&gt;rīgisae syndirēnēs kansārena. &lt;br/&gt;On rege avgērērō thiftiae, &lt;br/&gt;nege rege magārērō vokirōn. Amen.
| width=33% valign=top | Fābā rikin, saluminnum hero, &lt;br/&gt;histamesit illos ayn. &lt;br/&gt;Egura lisgas ayn. &lt;br/&gt;Reskeresit deiros ayn, &lt;br/&gt;halaginnum saluminnumena. &lt;br/&gt;Rikin emnatir haro omnat kreruras, &lt;br/&gt;nam kansaruras rīkae syndrē, &lt;br/&gt;rikisyndoris syndirēnēs kansariena. &lt;br/&gt;On riko avlataguras orgrei, &lt;br/&gt;nege riko magāruras vokyrōn. Amen.
|}

==Ellesklavan==
{{seealso|Ellesklavan}}

:vidrömü, ci eu en éfni,
:aolé eu tli nömü.
:tli řoyamü viyen.
:tli sřay eu fazi,
:en teřya é ža eu en éfni.
:dono no sé širu pasirana kotined.
:éti frocefi no trégepaseniran,
:kön no frocefi elehli ci  trégepaseni kontri no.
:éti neu kleřtni pa no ostü betnosü;
:mé délifeř no dé džharag.
:(porceu lešé eu lé řoyamü, lé pufovřir, éti lé kloriyen,
:por tu éti tu) amné.

==Thorsutian==
{{seealso|Thorsutian}}

:Man baset, cus ёd nё parasje,
:ёsmardzsёn ёdur xjen zavke.
:Xjen mёbraţje rikas.
:Xjen zsёdu çozid,
:ёn toke siç ёd tho parasjud.
:Jat maţu ked ord man vorje bucje.
:E ţalis maţu man funёbartiv,
:siç maţ ţalёmi çadёk cus funёbart kurda maţu 
:E pron maţu nok tho ёnarzsud,
:pas shonah maţu el necud,
:(ţa xjen ёl mёbraţi, uuzs, e strirren,
:ţa dadarma e dadarma.)
:Amen


==Tauro-Piscean==
{{seealso|Tauro-Piscean language}}

:Tet Fedä ëleêses, wa zï in Heofonem,
:¡Letan tet Namen janes clenê bean!
:Tet Kïnedom janes kum.
:¡Letan tet Willê janes dodê bean,
:Et Eëtenem tonnê in Heofonem!
:¡Jefan ëleêsen tode tet jedewamliken Bräden!
:¡And fëjefan ëleêsen te Jïêlten,
:Tonnê ëleês fëjef kvinem, dass makê Jïêlten!
:¡And ledan ëleêsen nat in Kostnungen,
:Ak beëjan ëleêsan fram Ïfeêlem!
:[Tï janes zï tet Kïnedom, tet Mït and tet Wöldë,
:To efä nes efä.] Sotlikê.

It is worth noting that the Tauro-Piscean language evolved into the (New) West Germanic language below.

==West Germanic==
{{seealso|West Germanic language}}

:Uɍę Ąldoɍ, tu tąt is in ħjovonųm,
:Si tin namę halaɉ.
:Kumę tin riŧę,
:Maŧiǫn tin wįleǫn up eɍdųm ék swa in ħjovonųm.
:Uɍę daɉliŧ lafǫn gįvǫn us todaɉ,
:ǫnd foɍgįvǫn us uɍę ſųldzǫn ék swa we foɍgįf uɍę ſųldaɉǫn.
:Ǫnd faɍǫn tu ųn in ħjan kǫstnųnðǫn, ak luzǫn ųn uvęlęnę.
:[Ųmbętąt tin is tąt riŧę, tąt miħt ǫnd tąt wųldoɍ,
:ąvɍweɍd eŧę.]
:Sodliŧę.

==Vityng by [[User:Schlaier|Schlaier]]==
{{seealso|Vityng}}
{{seealso|Vityng our Father}}

:fæðirr óssa, hvem ar i himinn
:nama þinn ver hǽlge
:kónungrikk þinn ver gaður
:øskja þinn ver skaftur
:an eorð og sva i himinn.
:ǿssi gefar dægglykur brǿð óssa, þessa dagg.
:og synni óssa grætar óss
:sva varr grætum þætt ƕað skap synni an ǿssi
:i nǿðen lǽðarna óss
:og fram yfil takar óss.
:sænnlykur.

==Nytal==
{{seealso|Nytal}}
{{seealso|Nytal biblical texts}}

:Babu ni la, ki ad’jo ju ojl &lt;br&gt;
:Ni la a’šijnt noym Ok &lt;br&gt;
:Nori sliknost Ok &lt;br&gt;
:Ni la a’nut ehoj Ok &lt;br&gt;
:Iknijt ju ojl, Iknijt sjep bajus vsi &lt;br&gt;
:Ole tyahri er ni la ejs ni la &lt;br&gt;
:A vlup er ni la le finans ni la &lt;br&gt;
:Iknijt gek ni la a’vlup er le mefinanser ni la &lt;br&gt;
:A ta nenijt ni la ka medoljem &lt;br&gt;
:U vrij ni la de olim &lt;br&gt;
::Amen

==Lánc==
{{seealso|Lánc}}

:Vojun nát, eráv bálot
:Townon úk svútutolas
:Townon krišpót atja
:Townon šalja toljas
:Džú bálot džu pánot
:Lakfadžo vojay vojunon banfadžáro bágwo kál
:Ši vojay vojunyojon plačoy gwalč
:Džu vój vojunyajon plajačanay mijo gwalčen
:Ši vojo onás gorávtjámás ét majv
:Ýbo vojo ód ono gráwno nálutol.
:Amen

==Lišěč==
{{seealso|Lišěč}}
{|
|
:&lt;center&gt;'''''Latin alphabet'''''&lt;/center&gt;
:
:Fial Ipa, ktõr õłokotë tajväka
:sanktakammë leel nimien
:mënnajast leel küningrik
:tĕdaekemmë leel vylen
:śo tajväka, śo mälmake
:đnes antajatë fiam đnesmasen lĕjpäen
:õnt fergepejetë fial velkĕnesen
:śo fi fergepekemmë fial velketelnesem
:õnt ĕłi oğiatojotë ferśukedenë
:õnt svobõdojotë fian pakadaţë
:Amen
||
:&lt;center&gt;'''''Cyrillic alphabet'''''&lt;/center&gt;
:
:Фиал Ипа, ктõр õљокотё тайвäка
:санктакаммё леел нимиен
:мённайаст леел кÿнингрик
:тĕдаекеммё леел вылен
:зо тайвäка, зо мäлмаке
:ћнес антайатё фиам ћнесмасен лĕйпäен
:õнт фергепейетё фиал велкĕнесен
:зо фи фергепекеммё фиал велкетелнесем
:õнт ĕљи ођиатойотё ферзукеденё
:õнт свобõдойотё фиан пакадаθё
:Амен
|}

==Keβag==
{{seealso|Keβag}}

:Fät man, lë beş ë pöt taɸ ë nheμet'
:lo seintsat ë seɸot'u ðo
:qeşa e dewönhoxul ðo
:ër sat'a ë pełäk do
:aże taɸ ë nheμet', aże taɸ ë nhujm'
:ovinë manheşë ekys ë nałecu ekyşoru μan
:cë danosë en μyg μan
:lo danos aże en μyɣocuv μan
:cë μë phonë manhëm taɸ ë rhejżaxaş
:aca püksatё manhëm renh e-ekwaň.
:Amen

==Nician==
{{seealso|Nician}}

:'''Il nost pat'''

:Il nost pat, chi ses nis ceis,
:Saintifcat sie’l tu nom.
:Venì’l tu regn.
:Se face la tue volontat,
:Nis ceis com sope la terre.
:Oz dànos il nost pan cottizan.
:E dimìttenos is nosts dèvits,
:Com ezze nos dimittius ais nosts devitoes.
:E n’indùcenos in teumtazion,
:Veò lìveanos da male.

==Brithenig==

:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo chel,
:sia senghid tew nôn,
:gwein tew rheon,
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo chel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechad.
:E salw nu di'll temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew, per segl e segl.

==Kerno==

:a Phazeoir Nusteor que bias 'n y ceues;
:foreth noef il tew nom;
:gouenyes il tew camouils;
:foreth fès la teva gouoluntáts
:en lâ derra cuomo 'ny ceues;
:danos-el osdia le nusteor panèn cuotidièn;
:dimeti y nusteor dheuz
:cuomo dimitemus ai nusteor dheutoeres;
:et ne nus attrayer rhen al tentación,
:mays eliveránus des val.

==Old High Jermench==

:fatzar nôstar cî es in câlîs
:seiaz cunsantzîts noum twou
:wienaz rin twou
:seiaz cundahtûts wuontzats twâ
:siht in câl ah in zerra
:fân nôstar côsitân ta nous houd
:ez ferdouna nous ôdsa nôstra
:siht ez nus ferdounams ôdintîs nôstrîs
:ez nei nus intûtzas in zinhôn
:mâhs liura nus tei mâl

==Talarian==

:elemtilenopâtar
:sánctyata tawas xonomar-ca-he
:wewóytâ hanirfanar-ca-he
:pepelewórkâ tawas walar-ca-he
:hostanuššexomani-han-he
:elemtileno-han-he
:tatâhyata-me tâlcoteyel támtar-ca-he
:ffaffalyata-me mesas taipallanar-ca-he
:ffalmá cam taipallanar-ca-he
:anhaharxanyata-me çalarswwalana-ca-he
:roromyata-me tusar-te-he. Omen.

:Heavenly Father
:and blessed-be thy name
:and realised-be spiritual-Rest
:and fullydone-be thy will
:and Middle-World-in-the
:and Heavens-in-the
:and give us each-day godly-gift-the
:and wash us our spiritual-separation
:and we wash their spiritual-separation
:and burden-not us heavenly-adjudication-by
:and guide us evil-out-from

==(Modern) Ialacian==

:Yamono Fadatheudeur inmiso hedeveudeun,
:leteyim no nekem bi aneurshta.
:Leteyim no kidingdeudeum kam,
:leteyim kiena waonteyim fu hapeun bi dushta
:onmiso eukeurtheu asoru biya dushta inmiso hedeveudeun.
:Giveyim pamo tisoneun yamono neunlimiso beurekedeu.
:Forgiveyim pamo aru yamono sikinsi
:jesteumiso asoru haveyamo alsorumiso forgiveushta taseto kien sin agensteumiso pamo.
:Kipeyim pamo feurommiso faollinggeu intumiso sikin kienu biyamo tempeushta.
:Seiveyim pamo feurommiso lo iveulmung in; 
:foru lo kidingdeudeum, lo padauweudeur, toru lo geulodoridi bi yimno, forueveurmiso. Amen.

==(Modern) Avelian==

:Camo no Fadatheudeur inmiseot hedeveudeun,
:cim letnida no netem bimnida-aneurnidayo.
:Cim letnida no kidingdeudeum kamao,
:cim letnida kimnat weontnida hapeunao bimnida-dumnidayo
:onmiseot euteurtheu cometeo ca bimnida-dumnidayo inmiseot hedeveudeun.
:Cim givnida camo koretien camo no tienlimiseot beureted.
:Cim forgivnida camo ateo camo no sitin
:jestmiseot cometeo camo alsuteomiseot forgivnijiyo il kim sinnida agenstmiseot camo.
:Cim kipnida camo feurommiseot feolshao intumiseot sitin kimnut camo bimnida-tempnidayo.
:Cim seivnida camo feurommiseot iveulmang il; 
:feteo kidingdeudeum, padauweudeur, kuteo geulodoridi biseo cim no, kuteoeveurmiseot. Emen.

==Bu'ochia==

:Njosto padrón, kia asta an chiellium 
:Chea sjen nom asta sancituri 
:Chea sjen raliam venvi 
:Chea sjen volosón asta naochi 
:Ser terrum sem ser chiellium 
:Dunnavi-noasta azi njosto pani je chachi uro 
:Pardanvi njostosi ovenchuvati 
:Ser noasta pardunomós achi ere ellum kia noasta uvos ovensuvasa 
:Lel nen noasta inducha teminotium 
:Masi leberani noasta ochje malum. 
:Aminan

==[[Nyenglisk]]==

:Ár faður ín hevinað,
:Halóað er þín nam,
:þín kingdom kome,
:þín vil er makað,
:on erðað as ín hevinað.
:Give víð tilda ár dali bred.
:Forgive víð, ár sina
:As ví forgive þata, som sin eje víð
:Save ví fro tímiðum af trialað
:o delive ví fro ývilað
:[For kingdomiðum, páeriðum, o glóríðum er þíns ná o for evur. Amen.]

==[[Solaric]]==

:Fòrr ewo nhebn,
:neem Yöö yehöle,
:rüü Yöö yesiwoikèm
:weu Yöö yesiwoigeedü
:nadwol loi nhebn.
:yügevusye daalebreed ewo tadee.
:Yüfgevus eemyesen ewo,
:loi wifgevem daa deesen ngeets us.
:Yüseevys frè jentaam,
:an yübrengus frè ivu.
:[Kèz ödrüü, edpawo, 'n odgloi deeyööz
:nyo 'n freve. Amen.]

==Intrekómi==
:Món Pápa ínno ávno,
:ton nomí es holíninó,
:ton ressilénto komí,
:Te hi esóno finí,
:ono l’Érti se ínno ávno.
:Áttū ma’ món díni bréto sedí.
:Forgívū món sína per mas
:se  ma forgíva la pópla ki sí kon mas.
:Sévū mas de l’hóro di triálo
:ve delíverū mas de la vílo.
:[Per la ressilénto, la póvro, ve la glóro es ton
:adéssi ve per etérni. Ámen.]

==Duqaska==
:Ar muro qi ekam ul ylun,
:Dol gyka ekam sakarad,
:Dol ubrigik taram, 
:Dol virkja erkam fakarad,
:Sur erjega qas ylu.
:Beri havo aron dagiś proston.
:Verga haliśte pe armu senivo,
:Qas haliś vergam eśne, qi senem mu havo.
:Preda haliśte as sega amomu seje traloja,
:ać sende haliśte as ojalmu.
:[Pe sega ubrigikmu, sega regumu,ać sega istalmusmu ekam dolja,
:nis ać imult. Amen]  

==[[Sandic]] (Kémani)== 
:Pé da aŵ pa lēyar,
:Daeyui obatara béenú pé,
:Obafézu béno pé,
:Obamectav wîc pé,
:O ba imprîa obaahlto búra pa lēyar.
:Opétora ŵian pipab jémohni,
:Wî opéfama ta lenadabin aŵin,
:Wî opéfama ta opur ŵiab kémabin.
:Wî opéneot mawîc ŵiab ân aŵma lenadabin,
:A opéjjémz ŵiab dé akeno.
:[Pa skra jébi- Ba imprîa bal pé, mé ba béno, mé ba auzeract,  
:Pa ba ivisrît, obatara,]
:Lēamian


=Alternative Writing System=
==[[Tower Orthography|Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]]==
*Erlii Maadyrn Ingglic (1662 BCP)
:Aur Fadhyr, witc art in Hevyn, 
:Halood bii dhai Neem. 
:Dhai Kingdym cym. 
:Dhai wil bii dyn, 
:in erth az it iz in Hevyn. 
:Giv ys dhis dee aur deelii bred. 
:And foorgiv ys aur trespasiz, 
:Az wii foorgiv dhem dhat trespas ygenst ys. 
:And liid ys naat intuu tempteetcyn; 
:Byt dylivyr ys frym iivil. 
:[Foor dhain iz dhy kingdym, dhy pawyr, and dhy gloorii, 
:Foor ever and ever.] Amen.

==Mënk==
By [[User:Sam_s89|Sam_s89]]

*An alternative writing system for a Mancunian conlang, still in the early stages of development.
:Ë të-afse,
:Wah bÿ n Elÿsÿum,
:Fntastk bÿ je næm.
:Je tym kum
:Je wanh bÿ tun
:N ve Näf n Elÿsÿum.
:Gf wÿ ttæ ë clep
:N fegyf ë prÿfjus
:N wÿ ulfegyf veh wah prÿfjus wÿ
:N tunt sent wÿ nefe temcun
:But tlyfe wÿ frm ÿfyl
:[Fe Elÿsÿum, ve pë n glary bÿ ja, në n frefe]
:Ëmn

==[['Ingglish|Íngglish]]==
By [[User:Personak|personak]].

*King Dgeimzs Vurczén (King James Version)
:Aur fáadhur,
:Which aart in héeven,
:Háaloud bii dhai neim.
:Dhai kíngdem kuom,
:Dhai wil bii duon on Urth,
:Azs it izs in héeven.
:Giv uos dhis dei aur déiliy breed.
:And fourgív uos aur deets,
:As wii fourgív aur déeterzs.
:And liid uos not íntuu teemptéicsen,
:Buot delíver uos fruom íivel:
:Four dhain izs dhe kíngdem, and dhe páuwer, and dhe glóuriy, fouréver.
:Éimeen. 

[[Category:Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uínlītska Phonology</title>
    <id>4360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30774</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-19T23:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Back to [[Uínlītska]]''.

=Syllable Structure=

==BNF==

''Not quite right yet''

&lt;pre&gt;WORD ::= SIMPLE | SIMPLE WORD | SIMPLE COMPLEX WORD | WORD SUFFIX
SIMPLE ::= STRONGVOWEL | C STRONGVOWEL | Q STRONGVOWEL 
COMPLEX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | Q C WEAKVOWEL | Q WEAKVOWEL
SUFFIX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | C WEAKVOWEL C | C STRONGVOWEL
STRONGVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL | EXTVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL '*'
WEAKVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL '~'
COREVOWEL ::= 'i' | 'ə' | 'ɑ'
EXTVOWEL ::= 'e' | 'o'
C ::= 'ʃk' | 'sk' | 'p' | 't' | 'tʃ' | LIQUID | SIBILANT | NASAL
Q ::= '·' | LIQUID | SIBILANT
LIQUID ::= 'w' | 'j' | 'l'
NASAL ::= 'm' | 'n'
SIBILANT ::= 's' | 'ʃ' | 'f' | 'x' | 'z' | 'ɬ'
&lt;/pre&gt;

=Stress=

The first syllable of any root takes primary stress. Secondary stress in words of three or more syllables falls immediately before the last consonant, including suffixes. Prefixes are not stressed.

Thus, stress falls on the bold and italic vowels in '''a''', k'''a''', k'''a'''fta, k'''a'''ft''a''sa, k'''a'''ftas''a''t.

=Consonants=

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k g
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ gʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|θ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x
|align = &quot;center&quot;|xʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|tʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Vowels=

==Conventional Description==

There are 7 short (oral) vowels, 5 long (oral) vowels, and 3 (short) nasal vowels.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;7&quot;|'''IPA'''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Short'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ę
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Long'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|á
|align = &quot;center&quot;|é
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǿ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ó
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Nasal'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ā
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø̄
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ī
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==IPA-style Tables==

===Stressed===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i iː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e eː
|align = &quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|ə əː
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o oː
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɛ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɔ
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑː
|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

===Unstressed===

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i ĩ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ə ə̃
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''(o)''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ ɑ̃

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

''The vowel /o/ can occur as a vocalic allophone of /w/.''

=Sound adaptation in borrowed words=

Every foreign phoneme (if possible) maps to the identical phoneme in Uínlītska.

The following general rules tend to apply to phonemes from various languages without exact duplicates in Uínlītska:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Foreign'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|q
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɴ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɟ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kʷ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Uínlītska'''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋɡ*
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|kw
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Inuktitut /ɴ/ becomes /ɡ/ word-initially.

=Optional Letters=

Almost all affixes (and a noticable number of stems) start and/or end with an &quot;optional letter&quot;, and sometimes more than one.

An optional letter is a phoneme or archiphoneme that technically forms part of the morpheme in question, but which may or may not be realised depending on its environment in the whole word.

There are two kinds of optional letter, those that appear unless suppressed, and those that disappear unless invoked. 

Within dictionaries and grammars, both kinds are written with superscript letters; the first kind appear unadorned, while the second kind are parenthesized. 

In other (i.e. normal) circumstances, isolated morphs do not naturally appear in their underlying forms. If forced to produce the isolated form of a given morph, most native speakers fully pronounce all optional letters.

=Ablaut=

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;right&quot;|Base vowel
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''η''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|á
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|é
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ę
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ó
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǿ

|-
|align = &quot;right&quot;|i-mutation
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''υ''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|é
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|é

|-
|align = &quot;right&quot;|u-mutation
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ω''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǿ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|eu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|éu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ęu
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ó
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ó

|-
|align = &quot;right&quot;|breaking
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ю''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫj
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ui
|align = &quot;center&quot;|oui
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǫui

|-
|align = &quot;right&quot;|weak
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ы''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|i
|align = &quot;center&quot;|í
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ø

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

=Sandhi=

CCC sequences are phonotactically disallowed, though note that this means ''phonemic'' sequences (things like '''tj''' /tʃ/ are considered single consonants under these rules). The following is a simple summary of the rules, in the order they are applied, along with contrived examples.

* If an orthographic '''j''' occurs anywhere in the CCC sequence, it is moved to the end: '''mantj''' /mɑntʃ/ + '''kun''' /kun/ &gt; '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/
* Phonemic &quot;double&quot; or &quot;long&quot; consonants lose their first orthographic component: '''mantkjun''' /mɑnttʃun/ &gt; '''mankjun''' /mɑntʃun/.

=Sound Change rules in sc.py format=

&lt;pre&gt;# Some shenannigans to workaround multi-char symbols and funky mappings
* ǫ́ ǫː _
* e ɛ _
onlng = áéíóúýœæ
onsht = aeiouyøɛ
* 0 ː &lt;onlng&gt;_
* &lt;onlng&gt; &lt;onsht&gt; _
nonipa = aǫþv
ipa = ɑɒθw
* &lt;nonipa&gt; &lt;ipa&gt; _
blb = pbfvφβmλρ
alv = tdθðsznlr
vlr = kgxɣфвŋля
tv = bdg
tu = ptk
t = tu~tv
sv = vzɣ
su = fsx
spri = fsxvzɣ
ssec = φθфβðв
s = su~sv
cv = tv~sv
cu = tu~su
c = cu~cv~ʔʃ
C = c~λρlrляwjmnŋ
v = eioɛɑɒə
vt = jjwjʔwɣ
fv = eoɛɒ
uv = iəəɑ
r = λρlrля
w = λρlrляwj
rt = bbddgg
ro = lrlrlr
rv = əəiiɑɑ
n = mnŋ
nt = bdg
nr = wlj
na = ɑɑɑ

# Read ON as IPA
* f v _
* v f #_
* 0 s x_
* 0 s z_
* z t _
* r Ω &lt;vlr&gt;_
* &lt;t&gt; &lt;s&gt; _Ω
* Ω 0 _
* g Ω _
* Ω g n_
* Ω g #_
* Ω x _s
* Ω x _t
* Ω ɣ _
* k x _s
* k x _t
* l ɬ #h_
* l ɬ &lt;cu&gt;_#
* l ɬ &lt;cu&gt;_&lt;cu&gt;
* n ŋ _&lt;vlr&gt;
* qu kw _
* q k _
* &lt;C&gt; 0 &lt;C&gt;#1_

#t &gt; s, tt &gt; st, d &gt; t, dd &gt; ʔt (et al)
* &lt;tu&gt; &lt;su&gt; _&lt;^v&gt;
* &lt;tu&gt; &lt;su&gt; #_
* &lt;tu&gt; &lt;su&gt; &lt;^su&gt;_#
* &lt;tu&gt; s _&lt;tu&gt;
* &lt;tv&gt; ʔ _&lt;tu&gt;
* &lt;tv&gt; 0 _&lt;tv&gt;
* &lt;tv&gt; &lt;tu&gt; _

#More fricathivization
* s ʃ #_&lt;c&gt;
* s ʃ _&lt;vlr&gt;
* θ ɬ _
* ð z _
* x c ʃ_
* ʃ s _c
* ʃ s _&lt;c&gt;

#Vowels
* o ə _
* øy oj _
* øː ew _
* ø e _
* yː iw _
* y i _
* ɛi ej _
* ɛ Ω _ː
* ː 0 Ω_
* ɛ e _
* Ω ɛ _
* ɒː ɑw _
* ɒu əw _
* uː iw _
* u o _

#Eliminate 'r'
* r ː &lt;v&gt;_
* r j &lt;alv&gt;_
* r n _&lt;alv&gt;
* r d #_
* r l _
* ɫ l _
* l ɬ s_
* l ɬ s_
* s 0 _ɬ

#Vowel reduction in noninitial syllables
* 0 Ω &lt;v&gt;&lt;^v&gt;*&lt;v&gt;_
* 0 Ω Ω&lt;^v&gt;*&lt;v&gt;_
* &lt;fv&gt; &lt;uv&gt; _Ω
* ː 0 Ω_
* &lt;n&gt; ƞ Ω_
* &lt;w&gt;&lt;n&gt; ƞ#1 Ω_
* Ω 0 _

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters and other mess
* j i &lt;c&gt;_&lt;c&gt;
* j i #_&lt;c&gt;
* j i &lt;c&gt;_#
* w o &lt;c&gt;_&lt;c&gt;
* w o #_&lt;c&gt;
* w o &lt;c&gt;_#
* i j &lt;c&gt;_&lt;v&gt;
* i j &lt;v&gt;_&lt;c&gt;
* o w &lt;c&gt;_&lt;v&gt;
* o w &lt;v&gt;_&lt;c&gt;

#Epenethenetic stuff
* 0 a &lt;c&gt;_x&lt;c&gt;
* 0 i &lt;c&gt;_s&lt;c&gt;
* 0 i &lt;c&gt;_ʃ&lt;c&gt;
* 0 a &lt;c&gt;_f&lt;c&gt;

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
fipa = ɑəɛɒw
fnonipa = aøęǫu
fsht = aeioø
flng = áéíóǿ
fnas = ā‽ī‽ø
* &lt;alv&gt;ʃ #1j _
* &lt;vlr&gt;ʃ #1j _
* ʃ0 sj _
* &lt;r&gt; &lt;ro&gt; _
* ə ø _
* &lt;fipa&gt; &lt;fnonipa&gt; _
* &lt;fsht&gt; &lt;flng&gt; _ː
* ː 0 _
* &lt;fsht&gt; &lt;fnas&gt; _ƞ
* øƞ ø̄ _
* ƞ 0 _
* 0 h _ɬ
* ɬ l _
* x h _
* ɣ g _
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:K1234567890y</title>
    <id>4361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30028</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-19T08:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello, I'm a conlanger and conworlder from Taiwan.

It seems that the langmaker.com wiki has some problem, I may make copies of my conlangs' page to here and other conlang-related wikis.

==Conlangs going to host here==
*[[User:K1234567890y/Language_for_MoeGirls_TypeA|Language for &quot;Moe Girls&quot; - TypeA(unnamed)]]
*[[User:K1234567890y/Language_for_MoeGirls_TypeB|Language for &quot;Moe Girls&quot; - TypeB(unnamed)]]

===Languages of [[The 8th World]](The 8th world is a conworld created by me)===
*Sudi languages
**[[Keyot language]](The proto language)
**[[Eastern Sudi Language]](language used in the eastern part of [[Sudi Plateaux]])
**[[Western Sudi Language]](language used in Violet Sierra Area and the western part of [[Sudi Plateaux]])
**Central Sudi Languages
***[[Northern Sudi Language]], also called [[Plateau Sudi]].
***[[Southern Sudi Language]], also called [[Standard Sudi]].
*[[Vämbai language]]

==Other things==
*[[Koolesh language]](A High-German Language used in [[The 59th world]], original article is [http://www.langmaker.com/db/User:K1234567890y/Conlangs/Koolesh/ hosted in Langmaker wiki])

==External links==
*[[:wikipedia:zh:User:K1234567890y|My user page in Chinese wikipedia]]
*[[:wikipedia:en:User:K1234567890y|My user page in English wikipedia]]
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/User:K1234567890y My user page in Langmaker.com, where most of my conlangs are hosted in.]
*[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/User:K1234567890y My user page in Conlang Wikia]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Virgoranto</title>
    <id>4362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32193</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T06:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">VIRGORANTO is a International Auxiliary Language created 2007 by Andoromeda.


'''Description'''

The name VIRGORANTA means &quot;virginal Esperanto&quot;. That means that Esperanto's grammar is reduced to its core and the vocabulary is modernized by reducing Latin terms and bringing in more Germanic words from [[Modern English|English]] and [[High German|German]].


'''Uniqueness'''

VIRGORANTO is a modern germano-centric hybrid and simplified form of several reform movements of Esperanto.


'''Design principles'''

To combine reform efforts to reform the grammar of Esperanto with a modern vocabulary. VIRGORANTO has no accusative ending, no article and the plural adjective ending is omitted. Virgoranto is of course not discriminative against women as Esperanto.


'''Language sources'''

VIRGORANTO vocabulary is based mainly English and German, but also some words from Scandinavian languages. The vocabulary is quickly expanding.


'''PHONETICS'''

Virgoranto uses 5 consonants
A like in German &quot;Alphabet&quot;
E like in energy
O like in often
I like in intention
U like in good

B, D, F, L, M, M, P. T are pronounced like in German or English
C is “ts” like German “Zucker”
G like in good
H like in have
J like in &quot;yes&quot;
K like in cat
KV like Q in question
S like in sound
SH like she
V like in vacuum
X like ch in German “ich”
Z like s in rose

There are no diphtongs, where two vocals meet, they are pronounced seperately “E-u-ro-po


''ACCENT''

The first syllable carries always the accent.


'''MORPHOLOGY'''


''ARTICLES''

No defined or undefined article, so „fato“ can mean a father or the father depending on context.


''NOUNS''

1. No gramnatic gender, Words for professions are gender neutral. If a gender should be expressed then –ma for male and –fe for female are put before the ending
Gender neutral sekretaro (secretary)
sekratamaro male secretary
sekretafero female secretary)
2. Nouns are ending in -o like girlo (girl) and bojo (boy)
3. The Plural is formed by adding–s girlos (the girls)


''CAUSES''

Acussative is identical to the nominative. So it is necessary to have a strict word order (S-V-O).
Me vidir Claudia (I saw Claudia.) un Claudia vidir me. (and Claudia saw me.)
The genitive is formed with the help of the preposition „of”. Example: Buko of Claudia (Claudia’s book)
The dative is formed with help of the prepposition „an“. Example: Me givar an Claudia buko (I give Claudia the book.)


''ADJECTIVE''

Ends in an –a, there is no plural ending for the adjective
Juna girlo (a young girl)
Juna girlos (young girls)

The Comperative is formed by “mer” and Superlative by “mest”
Anne esar mer bela kvi Claudia (Anne is more beautiful than Claudia).
Men Doro esar mest bela girlo. (But Doro is the most beautiful girl.)


''ADVERBS''

Adverbs are ending in –e
:Girlo singar bele. (The girl sings beautifully.)


''VERB''

Ends in the infinitive in -i (singi = to sing)
Present Tense ends in –ar (Girlo singar – The girl sings.)
Past Tense ends in.-ir (Girlo singir – The girl sang.)
Future Tense –or (Girlo singor - The girl will sing.)
Conditional –ur (Girlo singur - The girl would sing.)


''Imperative''

The verb stem without its infinitive ending
Singi (to sing) - Sing! (Sing!)


''Active Participle''

-anta singanta (singing)
Singanta girlo (The singing girl)


''Passive Participle''

-ata singata 
Songo, kvile esir singata. (The song which was sang)

There is no progressive tense in Virgoranto.


''NEGATION''

Verbs are negated with „ne”
Me ne esar stora. (I am not big.)


''NUMBERS''

:1 = en
:2 = du 
:3 = tre 
:4 = fir 
:5 = fem
:6 = six 
:7 = sev 
:8 = ok 
:9 = nin
:10 = ten
:11 = ten en 
:12 = ten du 
:20 = duten
:30 = treten
:46 = firten six
:100 = hond 
:110 = hond ten
:132 = hond treten du 
:200 = duhond 
:1000 = tus 
:2983 = dutus nin hond okten tre


''ORDINAL NUMBERS''

The ordinal numbers are formed by adding -te at the cardinal number.
So: ente (first), dute (second), hond treten trete (the 103rd).


''QUESTIONS''

:Who = Kvis
:Where = Kvo
:When = Kvam
:How = Kvi
:How much = Kvand
:Why = For kvod
:What= Kvod


''PERSONAL PRONOUNS''

:Me (I) Mes (we)
:Ju (you) Jus (you pl.)
:Hi (he) His (they m.)
:Shi (she) Shis (they f.)
:Gi (it) Gis (they n.)


''POSSESIVE PRONOUNS''
:The ending –a is put at the personal pronoun
:Mea (my) Mesa (our)
:Jua (your) Jusa (your pl.)
:Hia (his) Hisa (their m.)
:Shia (her) Shisa (their f.)
:Gia (its) Gisa (their n.)


''TO HAVE and TO BE''

:To ben = esi = Me esar, Yu esar, Shi esar, Hi esar, Gi esar (I am, you are...)
:To have = havi = Me havar en brolo un du siskos (I have a brother and a sister)


'' PASSIVE VOICE''

The Passive Voice is formed with the conjugated form of &quot;to be&quot; (sein) and the Passive Participle Partizip Passiv. The subject of the active sentence is expressed by the preposition &quot;per&quot; (of).

:Prezidento esir electata per folko. (The president is elected by the people)


'''SYNTAX'''


''WORD ORDER''

The word order is Subject-Verb-Object in statements.
:Example: Me spelar futbol. (We play football)


In questions the word order is Verb-Subject-Object
:Kvo esar balo? Where is the ball?
:Lesar yu buko? Are you reading the book?


'''RELATIVE CLAUSES'''

The relative pronoun is &quot;kvile&quot; (who, what). Kvile is never changed. To mark the different between subject and object relations in the relative clause, the word order is decisive.

:Girlo, kvile me vidir, esir bela. (The girl, who I saw, was beautiful.)
:Girlo, kvile vidir me, esir bela (The girl, who saw me, was beautiful.)


----


'''SOME IMPORTANT PHRASES'''
:Guda morno! Good morning!
:Guda dago! Good afternoon!
:Guda eveno! Good evening!
:Guda nakto! Good night!
:Ave! Hello!
:Kvi ju goar? How are you!
:Takju, gude. Thank you, I am fine!
:Kvi ju hetar? What’s your name?
:Me hetar Doro My name is Doro
:Me amorar ju! I love you
:Kvand ju havar jaros? How old are you?
:Me havar duten fir jaros. I am 24 years old
:Farvel! Good bye!


'''Links'''

    http://pauker.at/VIP/Andoromeda/kate_DE/6196 (An outline of Virgoranto in English) 
    http://wb.pauker.at/VIP/Andoromeda/kate_de/6003 (An outline of Virgoranto in German) 
    http://wb.pauker.at/VIP/Andoromeda/kate_de/6004 (Dictionary Virgoranto/German/English) 
    http://wb.pauker.at/VIP/Andoromeda/kate_de/6006 (Dictionary German/Virgoranto/English)
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keyot language</title>
    <id>4363</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54660</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-18T19:32:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>rewritten as a language family</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Keyot Languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Help:Special character insertion</title>
    <id>4364</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25118</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T08:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Melroch/Help:Special character insertion]] moved to [[Help:Special character insertion]]: Completum est! :-)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Help:Special character insertion]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Benjaburns</title>
    <id>4365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25123</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T12:03:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Benjaburns</username>
        <id>754</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Profile:'''

*Name: Ben Loewen
*Age: 22
*Email: benjaburns@hotmail.com
*AIM: LuffyofLewistown
*Websites:
          http://www.starwarsfm.com
          http://benjaburns.deviantart.com
          http://www.myspace.com/benjaburns
*Conlangs:
          Galáthir (First conlang, Sindarin/Quenya/Old English clone)
          Svånisk (West Germanic conlang, very bad :P)
          Synga (First somewhat well made conlang, led into Glásesca)
          Glásesca (Continuation of Synga after completely redoing the sound changes)
          [[Strøllandsk]] (Current conlang, North Germanic conlang)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strøllandsk</title>
    <id>4366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33783</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-03T18:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Benjaburns</username>
        <id>754</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:The growing of Long-longs.jpg</title>
    <id>4367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25148</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T13:45:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The picture is created by me.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The 8th World</title>
    <id>4368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27841</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-30T08:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Languages Used by Humans */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The 8th World''' is a parallel universe to our universe, there are also a &quot;Galaxy&quot;, a &quot;Solar system&quot; and an &quot;Earth&quot; similar to ours, but the continents and beings living on are not completely same to ours.

Our world is called &quot;The 7th World&quot; by some inhabitants(mostly the Long-longs), who know the existence of our world, of The 8th World.

==Geography of the &quot;Earth&quot; of The 8th World==
Just like our Earth, there are 365.2422 days per year, and 24 hours per day, the Size of their &quot;Earth&quot; is very close to our earth, but the shape of the continents and islands are different to our world.

==Biology on the &quot;Earth&quot; of The 8th World==
===Long-longs===
:Main page:[[Long-longs]]
A long-long is a kind of intelligence animal of the 8th world,
the long-longs are as smart as human-being at last,
and when they meet proverty in their early life,
they can become much smarter than usual.

The whole body of every long-long is covered with white hair(s),
every long-long has a black, small, and square &quot;horn&quot; on their head,
and most of matured long-longs are 140cm~150cm in height.

Long-longs eat the almost same food just as humans, but compared with human,
they are prefer to eat vegetables and foods with starches.

The feces and urines of long-longs are completely covered by a flexible skins
when they(feces and urines) are dumped.

====Sort====
Although long-longs are similar to Reptiles, but in fact they are not Reptiles,
their class is &quot;Lonlons&quot;, The animals of the class &quot;Lonlons&quot; evolved from the Amphibias,
and many animals of the class &quot;lonlons&quot;, including the so-called long-longs,
has absolutly got used to the enviorment of the land, just like the Reptiles,
so the long-longs have no many blood relations with Reptiles.

====Life of long-longs====
[[Image:The_growing_of_Long-longs.jpg|thumb|The growing of Long-longs, The first step(Tzaka) of Long-longs love to gather into a group of 8 Tzaka-step long-longs, It is shown in the Picture.]]
A typical long-long can live up to 400 to 500 year old, if no accident, they grows into the next step every four years until they becomes a Zam'keye.

====Language and Culture====
Most long-longs speak [[Liunan]] as their native tongue, but they can still learn other languages.

===Humans===
Humans are just as same as what we see in our world, Ancestors of some of the humans there came from our world, others came from other worlds, just like our world, Humans living in different regions speak different language, and thus they have different cultures.

====Nation(Group of people) of the 8th World====
*[[Ganvana people]]
*[[Sitr People]]
*[[Tsaras People]]
*[[Sudi People]]
*[[Ethinish People]]
*[[Kamarham People]]
*[[Gur People]]
*[[Sgen People]]
*[[Vämbai People]](also named [[Dabai People]])
*[[Akastan People]]
*[[Hotti Peoples]](divided into 3 groups:Azade, Kinlo and Alokin)
*[[Natar People]]
*[[Zleka people]]
*[[Ghinsun People]]
*[[Hoks People]]
*[[Yenchi-Hai People]](In fact the Ancient and Middle Chinese people came from our world.)
*Whites(In fact the European Peoples people came from our world.)

===&quot;Moe Girls&quot;===
[[Image:Die_Bildung_der__Meimei.jpg|thumb|Her name is Meimei, she is one of the &quot;Moe Girls&quot;, bue she has been transformed into machine except her head and her neck(her head and her neck are untransformed), thus she has become a cyborg for fighting purpose.]]
The so-called &quot;Moe Girls&quot; are human-like being, but all of them are all female, they are usually short, and their face are similar to the large-eyed and children-like &quot;Moe&quot; girls appearing in Japanese Anime and Manga, but are &quot;3D-ized&quot;, that's why they are called &quot;Moe Girls&quot; here.

The &quot;Moe Girls&quot; are very naive, very kind-hearted and carefree, mostly they are seemed to be happy, some of them are seemed to be dull in doing something, but they are in fact very smart, their IQ are usually higher than 150, and therefore, more than half of them are tenured profferser of Mathematics, Physica and Computer Science, others of them, although not as dull as they may look like, are proficient in other major, espacially cooking and home-business.

The &quot;Moe Girls&quot; are nearly immortal and always young everytime, some of them are over 10000 years old but still very young and naive, although they might be very &quot;old&quot; in age in fact, they still call &quot;Big brother&quot; or &quot;Big sister&quot; to others, who are looked to be elder to them.

Nowadays, there are about 2 million &quot;Moe Girls&quot; in the 8th World, 1.9 million of them are born in about 20 to 10 years ago, the rest of them are at least 10000 years old.

Notice:&quot;Moe Girls&quot; are unable to give birth, and if you insult them, you will be killed by someone.

==List of Languages in The 8th World==
===Language Used by Long-longs===
*[[Liunan|Liunan/Lonmai Luna]]

===Language used by the Iius(another kind of Long-long living in about 36 Mya to 20 Mya)===
*[[Iqua iius]](Language of [[the Iius]])

===Languages Used by Nevotaks(another kind of Long-long living in about 55 Mya to 20 Mya)===
*[[Nevotak (language)]]
*[[Qitatyhattas]](qitas Language)
*[[Aranos Kena]](Aranos Language)

===Languages Used by Humans===
*[[Liunan language|Liunan/Lonmai Luna]]
*[[Ganvana language|Gan-Vana]]
*[[Likepeg sitr|Sitr/Likepeg sitr]]
*[[Ghinsun Languages]]
*[[Akastanish Language]]
*[[Hottish Language|Hottish  Languages]]
*[[Makane-tsaras|Alang, or makane-tsaras]]
*[[Kamarham Language|Kamarham Language]]
*[[Gur languages]]
*[[Old Ethinish Language]]
*[[Natar Language]]
*[[Zleka Languages]]
*Sudi languages
**[[Keyot language]](The proto language)
**[[Eastern Sudi Language]](language used in the eastern part of [[Sudi Plateaux]])
**[[Western Sudi Language]](language used in Violet Sierra Area and the western part of [[Sudi Plateaux]])
**Central Sudi Languages
***[[Northern Sudi Language]], also called [[Plateau Sudi]].
***[[Southern Sudi Language]], also called [[Standard Sudi]].
*[[Vämbai language]]
*[[Sgen language]]
*[[noighinsun language]], not relate to the ghinsun language family.

==A Brief History of The 8th World==
*55 mya, the rise of the being Nevotaks.
*36 mya, the rise of  the being Iius.
*35.2 mya, the rise of the so-called Long-longs(more accurately, modern Long-longs), and Long-longs brought the industrial technologies to the countries of Nevotaks and Iius.
*20 mya, the being Nevotaks and Iius became extinct in a disaster of an infectious disease.
*...
*At about B.C. 20000, the &quot;Moe Girls&quot; appeared in the 8th world.
*At about B.C. 15000, the Humans appeared in the 8th world, then the Humans started to found their own country under the permission of the Long-longs.
*At about B.C. 13000, a Meteorite came to the Earth of the 8th World, but it was destroyed before it fell into the earth and caused disasters.
*At about B.C. 10000, the alien Olgrns appeared, starting to cooperate with the Human country [[Kots&amp;iuml; Republic]], in order to rule the earth and make the earth the colony of the alien Olgrns step-by-step, but their conspiracy of earth-ruling was exposed, then the war broke out, at last, the alliance of the Olgrns and [[Kots&amp;iuml; Republic]] was defeated, but the &quot;Prehistoric Civilization&quot; of the 8th World was also destroyed.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Conworlds]]
[[Category:The 8th World|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vämbai language</title>
    <id>4369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25298</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-10T22:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Dzonaquna we kingaikeng(Prayer to the Kingai(ghosts of ancestors)) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
|name=qoyataka dabainga
|pronounce=/qojAtA.dabAINa/
|tu=Spoken in [[The 8th World]]
|species=Human
|in=[[Vämbai islands]] in [[The 8th World]]
|no=unknown
|script=[[Aqäna]]
|tree=
|morph=Agglutinative
|ms=
|wo=SOV
|creator=[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS (K1234567890y)]]
|date=2007
}}
'''Vämbai language'''(Native name:qoyataka dabainga) is a language spoken by the [[Dabai People]], who dewell in [[Vämbai islands]] in [[The 8th World]]. The language is written in a script called [[Aqäna]].

===Phonology(Pronouciations are shown in X-SAMPA)===
*a - /A/ or /Q/
*ai - /AI/
*au - /aU/
*ä - /{/;/E/
*b - /b/
*d - /d/
*dz - /dz/, /dZ/ or /dz\/ before /i/
*e - /e/
*eu - /eu/
*f - /f/
*g - /g/
*gh - /G/
*h - /h/
*i - /i/
*k - /k/
*kh - /x/
*l - /l/
*m - /m/
*n - /n/
*ng - /N/
*(ngg - /Ng/)
*(nk - /Nk/)
*o - /o/
*oi - /OI/
*p - /p/
*q - /q/
*r - /r/
*s - /s/, /S/ or /s\/ before /i/
*t - /t/
*ts - /ts/, /tS/ or /ts\/ before /i/
*u - /u/
*v - /v/
*wa - /uA/
*wä - /uE/
*we - /ue/
*wi - /ui/
*wo - /uo/
*ya - /iA/
*yä - /iE/
*ye - /ie/
*yo - /io/
*yu - /iu/
*z - /z/, /Z/ or /z\/ before /i/
*' - /?/

Syllable Structures:(C)V(C), every syllable are ended up with vowels, -p, -t, -k, -q, -', -m, -n, -ng

===Grammar of Vämbai language===
====Syntax====
*Basic word order:
**(Moods-)Agent-Patient-(Aspects-Negation-Aux verbs-)Verb(-Question maker).
***The Basic word order is Agent-Patient-Verb, but Agent-Verb-Patient, Patient-Agent-Verb, and Patient-Verb-Agent are also used.
**The modifiers follow the words they modify, e.g.:&quot;daba qoeta&quot; = &quot;Great person&quot;, &quot;daba&quot; means &quot;a person, (absolutive)&quot;, the modified word; &quot;qoeta&quot; means &quot;great&quot;, the modifier.

====Noun inflections====
*Noun affix order:(root)-I-II-III
*I:
**Single:-a
**Dual:-oi
**Plural:-ai
*II:
**Modifier of the noun is 1st single:-na
**Modifier of the noun is 1st exclusive dual:-no
**Modifier of the noun is 1st exclusive triple:-noi
**Modifier of the noun is 1st exclusive plural:-ne
**Modifier of the noun is 1st inclusive dual:-lo
**Modifier of the noun is 1st inclusive triple:-loi
*Modifier of the noun is 1st inclusive plural:-lai
**Modifier of the noun is 2nd single:-la
**Modifier of the noun is 2nd dual:-le
**Modifier of the noun is 2nd plural:-ni
**Modifier of the noun is other:-ta
*III - Cases:
**Absolutive:-(none)
**Ergative:-q
**Genitive:-nga
**Locative:-k
**Terminative:-keng
**Ablative/Instrumental/Comitative/Prolative:-kip
**Vocative:-ka

====Verb inflections====

=====tenses=====

*Infinitive/present:-e
*past:-eng
*aux verb:-o

=====aspect particles(added before verb)=====
*perfect:yo
*progressive:no
*habitual:to
*continuative:seo
*prospective:auno
*causative:zu'o
*simple:(none)

=====Moods(added in the initial of words)=====
*Indicative:(none)
*Subjunctive:lu'e
*Imprative:aki
*Optative:kho

=====Other things=====

*Negation:veu
*Verb causative:be-
*Verb Anitpassive voice(before causative prefix &quot;be-&quot;):a-(for consonant start words)/an-(for vowel start words)

===Words===
====Pronouns====

*1st single:na
*1st exclusive dual:no
*1st exclusive triple:noi
*1st exclusive plural:nai
*1st inclusive dual:lo
*1st inclusive triple:loi
*1st inclusive plural:lai
*2nd single:la
*2nd dual:le
*2nd plural:ni
*3rd general single:ka
*3rd general dual:koi
*3rd general plural:kai
*3rd near single(this):nga
*3rd near dual(these two):ngoi
*3rd near plural(these):ngai
*3rd far single(that):nge
*3rd far dual(those two):ngo
*3rd far plural(those):ngu
*someone/something:gha
*Here:hä
*There:ni

====Other words====
*And:euk
*Or:auk
*But:zik
*Also:nese
*Relative clause starter:pok
*Since; after:at
*Until; before:bet
*When(not pronoun for making questions); as soon as:&amp;auml;ng
*Quite:akaghe
*Very:antse
*Too(not also); excessively:gare

====Prepositions====
*To(people, + Terminative):ga
*For(+Terminative):we
*To(Place, +Terminative):dzo'
*From(+Ablative):dze
*Via(+Ablative):va
*With(Tools, +Ablative):en
*With(People, +Ablative):ba
*On(+Locative):neng
*In(+Locative):eng
*Under(+Locative):ong
*At(Place, +Locative):eng
*At(Time, +Locative):&amp;auml;k

===Sample texts===

*&quot;(&amp;auml;k) nadzak (eng) nik naq le veu onlo mateng&quot; - &quot;I couldn't see you two at there yesterday.&quot;
*&quot;la yo sakoneng.&quot; - &quot;you're already dead&quot;/&quot;You've died&quot;
*&quot;laq muvoi ngume.&quot; - &quot;you have two cows.&quot;
*&quot;naq (gha) veu no barane&quot;/&quot;na veu no abnarane&quot; - &quot;I'm not eating.&quot;
*&quot;aki laq (gha) veu onlo ngatsaro madze&quot; - &quot;Don't stop learning!&quot;
====Dzonaquna we kingaikeng(Prayer to the Kingai(ghosts of ancestors))====
kingainaka qoeta, kho ni zuke,

kho (&amp;auml;k) bakaik nigela niq nagara noqa ga naikeng saghe,(nagara noqa = Rich harvest)

kho niq nai dina beke,

euk kho (&amp;auml;k) qunak niq nai (dze) arenakip akope nese,

ngai ke baranai pok ga nikeng naiq saghe,

kho ni abarane naebe.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages Spoken in The 8th World]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vämbai islands</title>
    <id>4370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25162</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T23:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Vämbai islands''' are tropical Volcanic Islands located in the Western Ocean of the 8th world, they are the homelands of the [[Dabai People]], the name &quot;Vämbai&quot; means &quot;archipalego&quot; or &quot;islands&quot; in the [[Vämbai language]].

{{stub}}

[[Category:Geography of the &quot;Earth&quot; in The 8th World]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cloue</title>
    <id>4371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25164</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-07T23:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ɑɐæɶCloue is a Cyrillic Language, Spoken in Second Russia  Cloue - Клаоуэяцй линѦаущ - Klaouzjatsj Lingjaushj - /klɪæʘʋzɧæʧʎ lɪŋɠʝæʏʑʂʝʎ/  This is not...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ɑɐæɶCloue is a Cyrillic Language, Spoken in Second Russia

Cloue - Клаоуэяцй линѦаущ - Klaouzjatsj Lingjaushj - /klɪæʘʋzɧæʧʎ lɪŋɠʝæʏʑʂʝʎ/

This is not how i expected to serve my winters. 

Датъу Ба ҔиѦадумазе цатсаземой назетих маґѳфздаланказеӥѱй

Dat'u ba Sbigjadumae catsaemoj naetikh magrouphedalankaeiuj

/dætʔʋ ɓæ ʂʑɓɨʝʎɖʉɱæɚ ʈʂæʧɑɐœɱʉøɜ næɘɨtɪɣχ ɱɯæɠʁʘɶʉʄəəɖæɫæɳkʷɑæɚɨʜʉʋʝʎħ/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dauphnee</title>
    <id>4372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33301</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-25T23:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>1223</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Dauphneé ==

{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Dauphneé
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| /dæʊfɳæə/
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Second Earth; Mulchy Vae Universe
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Second Type Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Romaunz
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 19,000
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Latin
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| after Humans colonised, a form of romantic language, part french, part Dranguan
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Isolating
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Morpheme based
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Object-subject-verb
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Andrew Wood
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2007-August
|}

Out there in the second colonization of Earth after the Moon, which, might I add, was a fretful disaster, the air tanks burst, and almost 700,000 people on the seventh sector died. Luckily, astrologers and Astronomers had discovered 'Aeaea X99bc2' called 'Romaunzae' by the natives. It was mostly the french, Italian and Spanish that settled on this planet. few English made it, nor Americans, therefore, they adapted french, and eventually Dauphneé. 

==Phonology==

'''Constonants'''

The Dauphneéan's adopted Latin alphabet, as the dranguan letters were ten feet long.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Farisian People</title>
    <id>4373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25244</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-08T22:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page:   __TOC__  == Farisia ==  === The Geography ===  Farisia is a mainly flat place.     === Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===    === What kinds o...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">

__TOC__

== Farisia ==

=== The Geography ===

Farisia is a mainly flat place. 


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Special character insertion</title>
    <id>4374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43966</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T11:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Special character insertion */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===== Special character insertion =====
&lt;table id=&quot;charinserttable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom:3px; margin-top:3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background:transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:auto; height:11em; width:100%;  -moz-border-radius-topleft:0.5em; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding-left:0.5em; background:transparent;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;insertIPA&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
Insert the '''[[Templates#IPA_transcription|IPA template]]:'''
&lt;span class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;{&amp;#x7B;IPA|+}}&lt;/charinsert&gt; 
(Phonetic &lt;charinsert&gt;{&amp;#x7B;IPA|[+]}}&lt;/charinsert&gt; 
or phonemic  &lt;charinsert&gt;{&amp;#x7B;IPA|/+/}}&lt;/charinsert&gt; transcription.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
'''IPA segments''': &lt;charinsert&gt;æ a ɶ ɐ ɑ ɒ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ə ɚ ɿ ʅ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ɪ ʏ ʊ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;j ɥ ɰ w ʍ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;l ɫ ɭ ȴ ʎ ʟ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ʋ ɹ ɻ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ʙ ɺ r ɾ ɽ ʀ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ɸ f θ ɬ s ʃ ʂ ɕ ɧ ç x χ ħ ʜ h&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;β v ð ɮ z ʒ ʐ ʑ ʝ ɣ ʁ ʕ ʢ ɦ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ʦ ʧ ʨ ʣ ʤ ʥ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;p t ʈ ȶ c k q ʡ ʔ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;b d ɖ ȡ ɟ ɡ ɢ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;m ɱ n ɳ ȵ ɲ ŋ ɴ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt; ʘ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
'''IPA suprasegmentals''':&lt;charinsert&gt;˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ˈ ˌ ː ˑ&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;ʼ ʰ ʱ ʲ ʸ ʷ ˠ ʶ ˤ ˡ ⁿ ˢ ˣ ʳ ʴ  ʵ ˞&lt;/charinsert&gt; • &lt;charinsert&gt;↓ ↑ ← → ↗ ↘ ∅&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
'''IPA combining diacritics''': &lt;span class=&quot;charinsert&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;◌̥ ◌̊ ◌̤ ◌̪ ◌̬ ◌̰ ◌̺ ◌̼ ◌̻ ◌̚ ◌̹ ◌̃ ◌̜ ◌̟ ◌̠ ◌̈ ◌̴ ◌̽ ◌̝ ◌̩ ◌̞ ◌̯ ◌̘ ◌̙ ◌̆ ◌̋ ◌́ ◌̄ ◌̀ ◌̏&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
(Obsolete: &lt;charinsert&gt;ɩ ɷ ʚ ɼ ʆ ʓ ʖ ʇ ʗ ʞ&lt;/charinsert&gt;)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;insertLatin&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Latin''': &lt;charinsert&gt;A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ª º À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Ā ā Ă ă Ą ą Ć ć Ĉ ĉ Ċ ċ Č č Ď ď Đ đ Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę Ě ě Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ Į į İ ı Ĳ ĳ Ĵ ĵ Ķ ķ ĸ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ Ľ ľ Ŀ ŀ Ł ł Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ŉ Ŋ ŋ Ō ō Ŏ ŏ Ő ő Œ œ Ŕ ŕ Ŗ ŗ Ř ř Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Ş ş Š š Ţ ţ Ť ť Ŧ ŧ Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ů ů Ű ű Ų ų Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ſ ƀ Ɓ Ƃ ƃ Ƅ ƅ Ɔ Ƈ ƈ Ɖ Ɗ Ƌ ƌ ƍ Ǝ Ə Ɛ Ƒ ƒ Ɠ Ɣ ƕ Ɩ Ɨ Ƙ ƙ ƚ ƛ Ɯ Ɲ ƞ Ɵ Ơ ơ Ƣ ƣ Ƥ ƥ Ʀ Ƨ ƨ Ʃ ƪ ƫ Ƭ ƭ Ʈ Ư ư Ʊ Ʋ Ƴ ƴ Ƶ ƶ Ʒ Ƹ ƹ ƺ ƻ Ƽ ƽ ƾ ƿ Ǆ ǅ ǆ Ǉ ǈ ǉ Ǌ ǋ ǌ Ǎ ǎ Ǐ ǐ Ǒ ǒ Ǔ ǔ Ǖ ǖ Ǘ ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ ǝ Ǟ ǟ Ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǣ Ǥ ǥ Ǧ ǧ Ǩ ǩ Ǫ ǫ Ǭ ǭ Ǯ ǯ ǰ Ǳ ǲ ǳ Ǵ ǵ Ƕ Ƿ Ǹ ǹ Ǻ ǻ Ǽ ǽ Ǿ ǿ Ȁ ȁ Ȃ ȃ Ȅ ȅ Ȇ ȇ Ȉ ȉ Ȋ ȋ Ȍ ȍ Ȏ ȏ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ȕ ȕ Ȗ ȗ Ș ș Ț ț Ȝ ȝ Ȟ ȟ Ƞ Ȣ ȣ Ȥ ȥ Ȧ ȧ Ȩ ȩ Ȫ ȫ Ȭ ȭ Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ȳ ȳ ȷ ȸ ȹ Ⱥ Ȼ ȼ Ƚ Ⱦ ȿ ɀ Ɂ ʩ ʪ ʫ ʬ ʭ ʮ ʯ ᴀ ᴁ ᴂ ᴃ ᴄ ᴅ ᴆ ᴇ ᴈ ᴉ ᴊ ᴋ ᴌ ᴍ ᴎ ᴏ ᴐ ᴑ ᴒ ᴓ ᴔ ᴕ ᴖ ᴗ ᴘ ᴙ ᴚ ᴛ ᴜ ᴝ ᴞ ᴟ ᴠ ᴡ ᴢ ᴣ ᴤ ᴥ ᴬ ᴭ ᴮ ᴯ ᴰ ᴱ ᴲ ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴻ ᴼ ᴽ ᴾ ᴿ ᵀ ᵁ ᵂ ᵃ ᵄ ᵅ ᵆ ᵇ ᵈ ᵉ ᵊ ᵋ ᵌ ᵍ ᵎ ᵏ ᵐ ᵑ ᵒ ᵓ ᵔ ᵕ ᵖ ᵗ ᵘ ᵙ ᵚ ᵛ ᵜ ᵢ ᵣ ᵤ ᵥ ᵫ ᵬ ᵭ ᵮ ᵯ ᵰ ᵱ ᵲ ᵳ ᵴ ᵵ ᵶ ᵷ ᵹ ᵺ ᵻ ᵼ ᵽ ᵾ ᵿ ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶋ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ ᶏ ᶐ ᶑ ᶒ ᶓ ᶔ ᶕ ᶖ ᶗ ᶘ ᶙ ᶚ ᶛ ᶜ ᶝ ᶞ ᶟ ᶠ ᶡ ᶢ ᶣ ᶤ ᶥ ᶦ ᶧ ᶨ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ᶬ ᶭ ᶮ ᶯ ᶰ ᶱ ᶲ ᶳ ᶴ ᶵ ᶶ ᶷ ᶸ ᶹ ᶺ ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ ᶾ ᶿ Ḁ ḁ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ḉ ḉ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḏ ḏ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ḙ ḙ Ḛ ḛ Ḝ ḝ Ḟ ḟ Ḡ ḡ Ḣ ḣ Ḥ ḥ Ḧ ḧ Ḩ ḩ Ḫ ḫ Ḭ ḭ Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ḳ ḳ Ḵ ḵ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ Ḻ ḻ Ḽ ḽ Ḿ ḿ Ṁ ṁ Ṃ ṃ Ṅ ṅ Ṇ ṇ Ṉ ṉ Ṋ ṋ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ṑ ṑ Ṓ ṓ Ṕ ṕ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ṡ ṡ Ṣ ṣ Ṥ ṥ Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ Ṫ ṫ Ṭ ṭ Ṯ ṯ Ṱ ṱ Ṳ ṳ Ṵ ṵ Ṷ ṷ Ṹ ṹ Ṻ ṻ Ṽ ṽ Ṿ ṿ Ẁ ẁ Ẃ ẃ Ẅ ẅ Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ Ẋ ẋ Ẍ ẍ Ẏ ẏ Ẑ ẑ Ẓ ẓ Ẕ ẕ ẖ ẗ ẘ ẙ ẚ ẛ Ạ ạ Ả ả Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ậ ậ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ặ ặ Ẹ ẹ Ẻ ẻ Ẽ ẽ Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ỉ ỉ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ỏ ỏ Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ụ ụ Ủ ủ Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỵ ỵ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ ⁱ ⁿ ₐ ₑ ₒ ₓ ₔ K Å ﬀ ﬁ ﬂ ﬃ ﬄ ﬅ ﬆ ¹ ² ³ ⁰ ⁱ ⁲ ⁳ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ⁺ ⁻ ⁼ ⁽ ⁾ ⁿ ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉ ₊ ₋ ₌ ₍ ₎ &lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;insertGreek&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Greek''': &lt;charinsert&gt;ʹ ͵ ͺ ΄ ΅ Ά Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ ϐ ϑ ϒ ϓ ϔ ϕ ϖ ϗ Ϙ ϙ Ϛ ϛ Ϝ ϝ Ϟ ϟ Ϡ ϡ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϶ Ϸ ϸ Ϲ Ϻ ϻ ϼ Ͻ Ͼ Ͽ ᴦ ᴧ ᴨ ᴩ ᴪ ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί ῝ ῞ ῟ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾ Ω&lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;insertCyrillic&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Cyrillic''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Ѐ Ё Ђ Ѓ Є Ѕ І Ї Ј Љ Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я ѐ ё ђ ѓ є ѕ і ї ј љ њ ћ ќ ѝ ў џ Ѡ ѡ Ѣ ѣ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ѹ ѹ Ѻ ѻ Ѽ ѽ Ѿ ѿ Ҁ ҁ ҂ ◌҃ ◌҄ ◌҅ ◌҆ ◌҈ ◌҉ Ҋ ҋ Ҍ ҍ Ҏ ҏ Ґ ґ Ғ ғ Ҕ ҕ Җ җ Ҙ ҙ Қ қ Ҝ ҝ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ҧ ҧ Ҩ ҩ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ҹ ҹ Һ һ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ӏ Ӂ ӂ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ӈ ӈ Ӊ ӊ Ӌ ӌ Ӎ ӎ Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ Ӕ ӕ Ӗ ӗ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Ӝ ӝ Ӟ ӟ Ӡ ӡ Ӣ ӣ Ӥ ӥ Ӧ ӧ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӭ ӭ Ӯ ӯ Ӱ ӱ Ӳ ӳ Ӵ ӵ Ӷ ӷ Ӹ ӹ Ԁ ԁ Ԃ ԃ Ԅ ԅ Ԇ ԇ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ ᴫ ᵸ &lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: large&quot; id=&quot;insertDiacritics&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Diacritics''':&lt;span class=&quot;charinsert&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large&quot;&gt; &lt;charinsert&gt;ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˟ ˪ ˫ ˬ ˭ ˮ ˯ ˰ ˱ ˲ ˳ ˴ ˵ ˶ ˷ ˸ ˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽ ˾ ˿ ◌̀ ◌́ ◌̂ ◌̃ ◌̄ ◌̅ ◌̆ ◌̇ ◌̈ ◌̉ ◌̊ ◌̋ ◌̌ ◌̍ ◌̎ ◌̏ ◌̐ ◌̑ ◌̒ ◌̓ ◌̔ ◌̕ ◌̖ ◌̗ ◌̘ ◌̙ ◌̚ ◌̛ ◌̜ ◌̝ ◌̞ ◌̟ ◌̠ ◌̡ ◌̢ ◌̣ ◌̤ ◌̥ ◌̦ ◌̧ ◌̨ ◌̩ ◌̪ ◌̫ ◌̬ ◌̭ ◌̮ ◌̯ ◌̰ ◌̱ ◌̲ ◌̳ ◌̴ ◌̵ ◌̶ ◌̷ ◌̸ ◌̹ ◌̺ ◌̻ ◌̼ ◌̽ ◌̾ ◌̿ ◌̀ ◌́ ◌͂ ◌̓ ◌̈́ ◌ͅ ◌͆ ◌͇ ◌͈ ◌͉ ◌͊ ◌͋ ◌͌ ◌͍ ◌͎ ◌͏ ◌͐ ◌͑ ◌͒ ◌͓ ◌͔ ◌͕ ◌͖ ◌͗ ◌͘ ◌͙ ◌͚ ◌͛ ◌͜ ◌͝ ◌͞ ◌͟ ◌͠ ◌͡ ◌͢ ◌ͣ ◌ͤ ◌ͥ ◌ͦ ◌ͧ ◌ͨ ◌ͩ ◌ͪ ◌ͫ ◌ͬ ◌ͭ ◌ͮ ◌ͯ &lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Combining Grapheme Joiner:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;{{CGJ|+|}}&lt;/charinsert&gt;  (The ''[[wp:Combining Grapheme Joiner|Combining Grapheme Joiner]]'' is the legitimate means to prevent Mediawiki's [[wp:Uncode equivalence|canonical &quot;recomposition&quot; of unicode characters with diacritics]].  This is often useful e.g. to get '''í͏̨''' with the CGJ against '''į́''' without it. '''NB:''' since the CGJ character itself is zero-width and invisible it is provided as a [[Template:CGJ]] which automatically inserts the CGJ between its two parameters!)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p id=&quot;insertPunctuation&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Punctuation''': &lt;charinsert&gt;¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ ° ± ´ µ ¶ · ¸ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ ‐ ‑ ‒ – — ― ‖ ‗ ‘ ’ ‚ ‛ “ ” „ ‟ † ‡ • ‣ ․ ‥ … ‧ ‰ ‱ ′ ″ ‴ ‵ ‶ ‷ ‸ ‹ › ※ ‼ ‽ ‾ ‿ ⁀ ⁁ ⁂ ⁃ ⁄ ⁅ ⁆ ⁇ ⁈ ⁉ ⁊ ⁋ ⁌ ⁍ ⁎ ⁏ ⁐ ⁑ ⁒ ⁓ ⁔ ⁕ ⁖ ⁗ ⁘ ⁙ ⁚ ⁛ ⁜ ⁝ ⁞ &lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p  id=&quot;insertInvisible&quot; class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
'''Invisible characters''' (HTML entities): 
N-width space:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;ensp;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
M-width space:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;emsp;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
Thin space:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;thinsp;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
Zero-width non-joiner:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;zwnj;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
Zero-width joiner:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;zwj;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
Left-to-right mark:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;lrm;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;mdash; 
Right-to-left mark:	&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;amp;rlm;&lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Combining Grapheme Joiner:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;{{CGJ|+|}}&lt;/charinsert&gt;  (The ''[[wp:Combining Grapheme Joiner|Combining Grapheme Joiner]]'' is the legitimate means to prevent Mediawiki's [[wp:Uncode equivalence|canonical &quot;recomposition&quot; of unicode characters with diacritics]].  This is often useful e.g. to get '''í͏̨''' with the CGJ against '''į́''' without it. '''NB:''' since the CGJ character itself is zero-width and invisible it is provided as a [[Template:CGJ]] which automatically inserts the CGJ between its two parameters!)
&lt;/p&gt;
====== User specific insert characters ======
&lt;div class=&quot;charinsert&quot;&gt;
{{:User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/charinsert}}

Insert charinsert tags: &lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;lt;charinsert&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;/charinsert&amp;gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

See [[Help:Special character insertion#User specific insert characters]].

&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;width:8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;'''Scripts:''' [[#insertIPA|IPA]], [[#insertLatin|Latin]], [[#insertGreek|Greek]], [[#insertCyrillic|Cyrillic]], [[#insertDiacritics|Diacritics]], [[#insertPunctuation|Punctuation]],
[[#insertInvisible|Invisible characters]], [[#User specific insert characters|User specific insert characters]]&lt;br&gt;
See [[Help:Special character insertion]]! ''Click a character to insert it. The combining characters are shown with a ''◌'' which has to be deleted.'' &lt;/p&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tjai Melat</title>
    <id>4377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25327</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-12T02:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tjai Melat</username>
        <id>755</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Janté! Melo Japonai, ana k'tjen Malken!. Kien, panarina maltok quia. Aminya kinrya tjen lepranten. Maij tjen majenkoren peli tama. Tal, i kematai itai najya!

Matī matī! Ēžokīoižo? A'oitarāmgē nāšokīt. Ya dāšon? I'aininmā'at imgunžo yānwai. Tālžotema kičoiyū nāmgūnkiča dāšelwai.

[[Nimnan]] [[Rehoran]]  [[Toltenak]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tae'dugraumich in Zagraphantic' lintuantephgain du tae'Ponande</title>
    <id>4378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29245</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T11:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tae'dugraumich in Zagraphantic' lintuantephgain du tae'Ponande''' ''(Eng: The different and frightening language of the north)'' Is a Duaeintic (''dwaintic'') language. Spoken by the Sepraccion ''(seprakshan)'' on the moon of Tular, BB445.
These people fought a loosing battle against the Samakgliain ''(Sa-mag-li-aan)'', a religious sect, that had been well established for well over 10,000 years, then, a movement speparated the continent, The Faglghga, to show their disgust with the way the Samakgliain was run, by the Daea, they created a new language, and lived up in the North. 

The language of the Samakgliain, Aa, was a romantic language, therefore, the Faglghga ''(Fa-gul Guk-aar)'' created a sharp language, Where Aa sh fricatives, sh, ch, s, ts, f, phy and sts. TDiZLdTP had sharp plosives, P D T G Gk K Q and J

The Samagkliain, understandably hear threats in this language, with the forcing of air in their direction, and the spit. eg. 

I love you in Aa is ''Shasam Yo Ia'' (Love you, I)
I love you in TDiZLdTP is ''Kak Lutadad'ap Q'a'q' '' (You loved by me)

The worst insult in TDiZLdTP is:

; May you house burn down with you're children in it. : ''Kakam Chyokadmam egg Kakam kabudak, mank dai fagbakbagdo gkaip'' 

Your children in your house, may it burn down'

== Greetings ==

; Hello : Gakder sci! (form) Gakk! (Very inf) 
; How are you? : Kak Q'aam?
; What is your Name? : Kaak nadti Q'itiz (Form) Kak gudip Fetmaad? (a form of Who the hell are you?)
; My Name is... : Q'a Nadti tiz...
; Where are you from? : Kak advergam Q'itvag?
; I am from ... : Q advergam...

== In a restaurant ==

; Waiter! : Qokimd!
; May i see the wine list? : Q ovkam tae'liddre vink det?
; Is there a house speciality? : Spigrattemagk-kabudak sgye? (speciality-house here?)
; The food was excellent : tae'Dadregtam kellik. 
; The food was awful : tae;Dadregtam Spugam. 
; I refuse payment : Q Dinrot nyectam 
; I would like... : Q... ...Liq'qliq. 
;;
;; Ham : Kard
;; Beef : Trap
;; Pork : Apda
;; Lamb : Skit
;; Vegetables : Garkom
;; Tea : Bid
;; Coffee : Fitm
;; Beer : Gragk
;; Champagne : Kampadnye
;; something a little stronger : Grotwak viermdik.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Small au ligature</title>
    <id>4380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25321</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-11T11:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25em;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;u</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Capital AU ligature</title>
    <id>4381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25320</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-11T11:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25em;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Au</title>
    <id>4382</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25322</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-11T11:15:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Template:Small au ligature]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Small au ligature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:AU</title>
    <id>4383</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25323</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-11T11:17:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Template:Capital AU ligature]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ Template:Capital AU ligature]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Our Father</title>
    <id>4384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25338</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-13T04:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">As the title of this page could be used for the &quot;Our Father&quot; translations of many conlangs, I think it might be better, and more helpful, to include the language name, e.g. &quot;Our Father (English)&quot;. This is in accordance with the page-title conventions. :-) --[[User:Denihilonihil|Denihilonihil]] 02:02, 12 September 2007 (PDT)
:I think so, and I've told the creator about that in his/her User talk page.--[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 21:27, 12 September 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Schlaier</title>
    <id>4385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27431</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-11T19:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Conlang comparison page==
I created a new [[Conlang comparison]] page to show how ''a posteriori'' conlangs relate to one another. I have currently created a Germanic section and Tauro-Piscean (my mainly Germanic conlang) sits on its own. Would you consider visiting the page and adding translations one or more of your conlangs? If not, you could translate the words in the list and I could do the dirty table work for you.

==About the page &quot;[[Our Father]]&quot; you created==
I've heard someone suggested that the title &quot;Our Father&quot; should be used as a page for displaying multilingual translation(espacially Conlangs) of the &quot;Lord's Prayer&quot;(more imformations, please go to [[Talk:Our Father|the talk page of &quot;Our Father&quot; page you created]]), thus, not only for the conlang you created, and I think it's better to make another page, named &quot;Our father(Vityng)&quot;, or others for your own conlangs.
You can still display the Vityng translation of &quot;Our Father&quot; in the page &quot;[[Our Father]]&quot;, but since it's better to be a page for multilingual translation(espacially Conlangs) of the &quot;Lord's Prayer&quot;(also named &quot;Our Father&quot;), you may add a title said it's a Vityng version of &quot;Our Father&quot;.--[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 21:27, 12 September 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Altaic'</title>
    <id>4386</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57258</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T17:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>disclaimer</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;blockquote&gt;''This is a protoconlang, not to be confused with the hypothetical, '''re'''constructed [[Proto-Altaic]]. Cf. [[Earth']].''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Approx -5ka.

{| &lt;!--Dammit is there no formatting available 'round here?--&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Labial
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dental /&lt;br/&gt; alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uvular
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Labialized&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Labialized&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiceless stops
| p
| t
| ʈ
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiced stop
| b
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Fricativs
| f
| s
| ʂ ~ ʃ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Nasals
| m
| n
|-
! Approximants
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | l
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɽ
| align=&quot;left&quot; | j
| align=&quot;center&quot; | w
|-
|}

[ʃ] occurs before front vowels, [ʂ] elsewhere.

CV(N), maybe other codas too?

/NN Nf Nl/ do not occur. /ʈ/ does not occur initially and has been argued to have rather been /d ~ ɖ/.

Vowels come in a set of nine: /i ɪ e ɛ a ɔ o ʊ u/ plus the semi-difthongs /ej aj aw ow/ (/ɛj ɔj/ have also been proposed by these are much less secure). Some reconstructible alternations between the &quot;lax&quot; /ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ/ and &quot;tense&quot; /i e o u/ occur, for the mid vowels in several cases conditioned by the presence of a following /a/.

Splits to [[Proto-West Altaic']] and [[Proto-East Altaic']] around -4.5ka.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-West Altaic'</title>
    <id>4387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57257</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T03:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Erly to mid PWA' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'==
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
*Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]])
*/N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
*Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
*Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)

==Erly to mid PWA'==
Till ca. -3ka.

Middle PWA' had two main dialects: [[Northern Altaic'|Northern]], spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and [[Proto-Sadabax]], spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
*/ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
*Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
*Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
*General difthong raising
**/ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
**/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
**(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently

From here on, dialect divisions appear:

*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family.
** /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
*Approximant drift
**/l/ → /n̻/
**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
*/q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
*/s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
** --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
*/ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
*/i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
*Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
*/aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
**In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
**In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
*More difthong raising:
**/ei/ → /iː/ (general)
**/ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
**/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
**/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
* Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
** in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/

==Mid to late PWA'==
ca. -1.5ka
*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
*Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
*Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. [[East Persian']]!)
*/θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
*Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (&amp; elsewhere?)
**also hʷ → xʷ
* Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
**[ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
* Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
**/iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/ 
*[ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
**[eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
**Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
**The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.

{|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Labial
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Lamino-&lt;br/&gt;dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Apico-&lt;br/&gt;postalveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Velar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Laryngeal
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Emphatic&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Emphatic&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Labial&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Emphatic&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Stops
! align=&quot;left&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
| p
| pˤ
| t̻
| ṯ
| ṯˤ
| k
| kʷ
| (ʔ ~ ∅)
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Voiced&lt;/small&gt;
| b
| bˤ
| d̻
| ḏ
| ḏˤ
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Fricatives
! align=&quot;left&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
| s̻
| s̱
| ʂˣ
|
| xʷ
| h
| ħ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| (&lt;small&gt;Voiced&lt;/small&gt;
|
|
| z̻
| ẕ
| ʐˠ
|
| (ɣʷ))
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Nasals
| m
| mˤ
| n̻
| ṉ
| ṉˤ
| ŋ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Laterals
| ||
| l̻
| (ḻ)
| ɫ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Semivowels
| || || ||
| ɻˠ
| align=&quot;left&quot; | j
| w
|}

(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-East Altaic'</title>
    <id>4388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58256</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T01:07:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Palatalization of [[Proto-Altaic']] /k/ and some successiv reorganization of the vowel system introduced a new palatoalveolar consonant series, separate from retroflex. Dorsal nasals developed from glides in vicinity of other nasals&lt;!--CF &quot;Caucasian Sanskrit&quot;--&gt;; *ŋ seems to have however been at least in late PEA' purely velar, not palatalized. Smaller changes include f → ∅ and b → β.

The stops were very likely allophonically voiced when prenasal, as they developed to voiced stops almost always in daughterlangs in that position.
{|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Labial
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dental /&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Retroflex
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palato-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uvular
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Labialized&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Labialized&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Stops
| align=&quot;center&quot; | p
| align=&quot;center&quot; | t
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʈ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʧ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | k
| align=&quot;center&quot; | kʷ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | q
| align=&quot;center&quot; | qʷ
|-
! Fricativs
| align=&quot;center&quot; | β
| align=&quot;center&quot; | s
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʂ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʃ
|-
! Nasals
| align=&quot;center&quot; | m
| align=&quot;center&quot; | n || ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ŋ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ŋʷ
|-
! Approximants
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | l
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɽ
| align=&quot;right&quot; | j ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | w
|-
|}

Vowels come in four tense-lax pairs:
{|
!Pair !! Tense !! Lax
|-
| High front || align=&quot;center&quot; | i || align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪ
|-
| High back || align=&quot;center&quot; | u || align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ
|-
| Mid || align=&quot;center&quot; | e || align=&quot;center&quot; | ɜ
|-
| Lo || align=&quot;center&quot; | ɑ || align=&quot;center&quot; | æ
|-
|}

PA' *i, *ɪ, *u, *ʊ are continued regularly, save for some tensing/laxing effects and labiality assimilations. *ej, *o, *ow (but *e generally not) raise to *i, *u, *u while *ɛ, *ɔ merge to *ɜ, which upon tensing defaults to *e. *a is split to *ɑ (upon secondary tensing) and *æ (default); *aj, *aw both yield *ɑ.

(N)CV(C)

&quot;Noun class&quot; suffixes include at least -t, -q, -l; whether these were actual codas in Proto-Altaic' or were a result of apocope remains to be seen (decided). The actual semantic meaning may have been diminutiv for -t and collectiv for -l.

Splits to Proto-[[East-A Altaic']], Proto-[[East-B Altaic']] and Proto-[[East-C Altaic']] ca. -2ka.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>East-A Altaic'</title>
    <id>4389</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47467</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T10:51:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>way too much schirantism around</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A more conservativ subfamily of [[East Altaic']], spoken in NW Himalayas.

Some sound changes from [[Proto-East Altaic']]:
*ʈ → q, ʂ → s
*ɪ ʊ → ə → ʌ
*ɜ → ∅ (generally)
*æ → e, je, ɑ varyingly
*i u → e o / _q(ʷ)
*loss of labialized uvulars (merging into labiovelars or plain uvulars)
*prenasalization drops
&lt;!-- voicing also in fricativs--&gt;
*ɢ → ʁ → ∅&lt;!--with vowel changes...--&gt;, h
*β → v
*labialized velars → labial-velars
*stop lenition k q → x χ, similar to West
**these generally then collapse to a single phoneme /x/ with a possible allophone [χ] before back vowels; the front allophone may shift → h
**in a few branches also p → f
**labiovelars unaffected
**this change seems to be younger than the Western one by a minimum of 1.5 ka, possibly as much as 3 ka - a slo diffusion thru pre-Altaic' languages of south-central Asia (of especially [[Klusterax]], but possibly also [[Persian']] and extinct families) is possible, but another choice would be &quot;rub-off&quot; from the alternation's systematic employment in acrolectal [[Old Sadabax]].
*fricativ voicing intervocally

A typical phoneme system is (phonemes only occuring in few languages in parentheses):

{|
|-
|
! Labial
! Dental /&lt;br/&gt; alveolar
! Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! Velar
! Labial-&lt;br/&gt;velar
! Uvular /&lt;br/&gt;glottal
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiceless stops
| p || t || ʧ || k || kp || q
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiced stops
| b || d || ʤ || ɡ || ɡb
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiceless fricativs
| (f) || s || ʃ || (x) || || h
|- align=&quot;center&quot; 
! Voiced fricativs
| v || z || ʒ || (ɣ)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Nasals
| m || n || || ŋ || ŋm
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Approximants
| || l || r &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; j || || w
|}

{|
|-
! !! Front !! Lax !! Back
|-align=&quot;center&quot; 
! Hi
| i || (ɪ ~ ɨ) || u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Mid
| e || ʌ || o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Lo
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | a ~ ɑ
|}

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-East-A Altaic'</title>
    <id>4390</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25381</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-14T12:40:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Proto-East-A Altaic']] moved to [[East-A Altaic']]: Probably no need for separate family/protolang articles at this stage</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[East-A Altaic']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vityng our Father</title>
    <id>4391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25385</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-14T12:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Our Father, which art in Heaven, &lt;br&gt; fæðirr óssa, hvem ar i himinn &lt;br&gt; {{IPA|[fæðɪr oʊsɐ ɸɛm ɑ˞ i hɪmɪnː]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Hallowed be thy Name. &lt;br&gt; nama þinn ver hǽlge &lt;br&gt; ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Our Father, which art in Heaven, &lt;br&gt;
fæðirr óssa, hvem ar i himinn &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[fæðɪr oʊsɐ ɸɛm ɑ˞ i hɪmɪnː]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Hallowed be thy Name. &lt;br&gt;
nama þinn ver hǽlge &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[nɑmɐ θɪnː vɛ˞ hæɪljɐ]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Thy Kingdom come. &lt;br&gt;
kónungrikk þinn ver gaður &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[kʰoʊnʊŋɹɪxk θɪnː vɛ˞ gɑðʊ˞]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Thy will be done, &lt;br&gt;
øskja þinn ver skaftur &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[œʃkʲɐ θɪnː vɛ˞ skɑftʊ˞]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
in earth as it is in Heaven. &lt;br&gt;
an eorð og sva i himinn. &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[ɑn æʊ˞ð ɒx sʷɑ i hɪmɪnː]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Give us this day our daily bread. &lt;br&gt;
ǿssi gefar dægglykur brǿð óssa, þessa dagg. &lt;br&gt; 
{{IPA|[œʏsi jɛfɑ˞ dæxlʏgʊ˞ bɹœʏθ oʊsɐ ðɛsɐ dɑx]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
And forgive us our trespasses, &lt;br&gt;
og synni óssa grætar óss   &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[ɒx sʏnːi oʊsɐ gɹæɾɑ˞ oʊs]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
As we forgive them that trespass against us. &lt;br&gt;
sva varr grætum þætt ƕað skap synni an ǿssi &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[sʷɑ vɑr gɹæɾʊm ðæxt ɸɑθ skɑ sʏnːi ɑn œʏsi]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
And lead us not into temptation; &lt;br&gt;
i nǿðen lǽðarna óss &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[i nœʏðɛn læɪðɑɳɐ oʊs]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
But deliver us from evil. &lt;br&gt;
og fram yfil takar óss. &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[ɒx fɹɑm ʏfɪl tʰɑgɑ˞ oʊs]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Amen. &lt;br&gt;
sænnlykur. &lt;br&gt;
{{IPA|[sænːlʏgʊ˞]}} &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>East-C Altaic'</title>
    <id>4392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48892</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-04T00:35:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sound changes from Proto-East Altaic' */ slight vowel reorganization</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Yet another [[phonology]] excercize. This one originated from the observation that [[Labialization|labialized]] [[velar consonant|velars]] are common; [[labial-velar]]s and labialized [[uvular consonant|uvulars]] are restricted to certain areas, but still common within them. These areas (chiefly: west Africa on one hand, Ethiopia and northwest America on the other) however do not overlap [http://wals.info/feature/combined?id1=6&amp;id2=6&amp;text=Presence+of+Uncommon+Consonants&amp;hidden=Presence+of+Uncommon+Consonants], and thus labial-uvular consonants do not exist in any [[natlang]]. Clearly this a basically random gap that needs to be filled! The overall sound here seems so far quite unique to me, which is good.

This will probably eventually be forked to a separate daughterlang page.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
|
! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Postalveolar !! Velar !! Labial-velar !! Uvular !! Labial-uvular !! Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stops (P)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | p
| align=&quot;center&quot; | t ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | c {{IPA|/ʧ/}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | k
| align=&quot;center&quot; | kp
| align=&quot;center&quot; | q
| align=&quot;center&quot; | qp
|-
! Voiced stops (B)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | b
| align=&quot;center&quot; | d
| align=&quot;center&quot; | dr {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | j {{IPA|/ʤ/}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | g
| align=&quot;center&quot; | gb ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | xb {{IPA|/ɢb/}}
|-
! Nasals (N)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | m
| align=&quot;center&quot; | n
| align=&quot;center&quot; | nr {{IPA|/ɳ/}} ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ŋ (ng)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | gm {{IPA|/ŋm/}} ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | xm {{IPA|/ɴm/}}
|-
! Fricativs (F)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | v {{IPA|/β/}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | s
| align=&quot;center&quot; | sr {{IPA|/ʂ/}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | sy {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | x {{IPA|/ʁ/}} ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | h
|-
! Approximants (A)
|
| align=&quot;center&quot; | l
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ll {{IPA|/ɭ/}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | y {{IPA|/j/}} ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | w
|}

*{{IPA|/β/}} is written &lt;&amp;#98;&gt; after {{IPA|/t/}} and in some words intervocally.
*{{IPA|/ʂ ʃ/}} are written &lt;&amp;#115;&gt; in coda position.
*{{IPA|/ɭ/}} is written &lt;l&gt; before another retroflex.

===Long vowels===
{|
! !! Front !! Back
|-
! Hi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | í {{IPA|/iː/}} || align=&quot;center&quot; | ú {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
! Mid
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ie {{IPA|/iɛ̯/}} || align=&quot;center&quot; | ua {{IPA|/uɔ̯/}}
|-
! Lo
| align=&quot;center&quot; | é {{IPA|/aɪ̯/}} || align=&quot;center&quot; | á {{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|-
|}

===Short vowels===
'''Hi''' i, u /ɪ ~ ʊ/; '''lo''' e, a /ɛ ~ ʌ/.

There's a front-back harmony in effect which prohibits short back vowels occuring after front vowels, and vice versa. Factor in that the first vowel of a word is always long, and hey presto, we have only two short arkivowels.

A final lo short vowel is reduced to shwa or elided wholesale before a word beginning with a sonorant.

===Stress===
Final if it's a long vowel, on the penult if that has a long vowel but the final doesn't, initial otherwise. In the first 2 cases, there's secondary initial stress.

===Phonotax===
CV{t, c, S, m, n, ŋ, L}

dr nr ll xm do not occur word-initially. b does not occur intervocally.

Occuring clusters:
*tP tŋ tb (={{IPA|/tβ/}}) ty tw
*ck cy cw
*SP Sv SS Sw
**This arkiphoneme is {{IPA|/ʂ/}} before another {{IPA|/ʂ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{IPA|/ʃ ʧ/}}, as well as word-finally or before a non-coronal after a front vowel; and {{IPA|/s/}} elsewhere.
*mp
*n + coronal other than {{IPA|/ɖ ɳ ɭ l/}}; ny nw
*ŋP ŋB ŋŋ ŋF ŋl ŋy ŋw
**except ŋb ŋɖ ŋʤ
**ŋq ŋqp ŋx ŋxb have {{IPA|[ɴ]}}
*lP lB lF ly lw
**ldr lsr are {{IPA|/ɭɖ ɭʂ/}})

A final t or c is elided before a word beginning with a voiced stop.

===Sound changes from [[Proto-East Altaic']]===
(partial list)
*Vowel shift:
**e → əɪ → aɪ
**æ → ɛ → iɛ
**ʊ → ɔ → uɔ
**stage 2 conditional - block'd in closed syllables (prenasals notwithstanding)
*syncope
&lt;!--**conditions--&gt;
*ɪ ɜ → ɪ~ʊ, ɛ~ʌ as decribed
*ʈ → ɽ
*Prenasalization drops before stops, creating a voiced stop series
**also mβ → mw → ŋw intervocally
**remaining preconsonantal non-postvocalic nasals vocalize
*Labialized velars &amp; uvulars become labial-velars &amp; -uvulars
*ɢ → ʁ; b → β intervocally
*cluster cleanup:
**elimination of 1st member
***t d → ∅ / _ɽ
**regressiv gemination
***m n → l / _l
***S → N / _N
***t → m / _m
***P → S / _S
**tb → tβ
**labiodorsalization w/ regressiv voicing
***kb km → gb ŋm
***qb qm → ɢb ɴm
***gp gm → kp ŋm
***etc.
**sj → ʃ
*ɽ → ɭ in coda position, → ɖ intervocally, → ∅ elsewhere
*ll → ɭ
*ʂ, ʃ → j intervocally in front-harmonic context, later generalized in certain suffixes to back-harmonic context too

==Test words==
{|
! orthography !! pronunciation !! late PEA'?
|-
| ''diesetbeyi'' || /ˈdiɛ̯sɛtβɛjɪ/ || *dēsa-t-baṣ-ī
|-
| ''srúxmu'' || /ˈʂuːɴmʊ/ || *ṣū-q-mi
|-
| ''syétbenná'' || /ˌʃaɪ̯tβɛnˈnɑː/ || *šay-t-baṣ-nā
|-
| ''nguajasqí'' || /ˌŋuɔʤʌsˈqiː/ || *ŋ°ōnja-səq-ī
|-
| ''déxessikpi'' || /ˌdaɪ̯ʁɛsːɪkpɪ/ || *ndayŋxa-səq-sik°i
&lt;!--|-
| '''' || // || *--&gt;
|}

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tropylium</title>
    <id>4393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52644</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T21:13:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;less&quot; &quot;scare&quot; &quot;quotes&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Aka John Vertical on [[CONLANG]] (and other, unrelated mailing lists). On forums, wikis, etc. I use this nick - pretty sure I'm the only one on the 'net using this, too.

Most of the stuff I've put here are (and will be) languages of my althistory [[Earth']] (Earth-prime). You can recognize them from working titles that are either prime-appended counterparts of real languages or families (eg. [[Japanese']]) or nonsense names ending in ''-ax'' (see [[indax]]). Doodles in both diachronic and synchronic phonology, basically. Only a few projects have internal names yet, most prominently [[Ouiqál]] and [[Åzuli]].

I'm also a participant of the [[Round Robin Conlang]] project.

Those interested in a posteriori languages may want to check out the [[Angrex]] project, not of the Earth' series despite the similar name. Perhaps my more loglangy projects will some day be here too, but they're a bit too much in flux currently.

I'm furthermore contributing various general linguistics information, mostly on phonology - articles I've written so far include [[Allophone]], [[Aspiration]], [[Spirant]] and [[Velar consonant]] — as well as some natlinguistics stuff (generally around Uralic historical phonology, see [[Proto-Uralic]], [[Finnish]]) and occasional [[FrathWiki:Maintenance|maintenance]].

==To do==
*sort the Latin block of the SCI box on a by-letter basis
*upload labiodental flap icon &amp; create {{:Template:B\}} for substituting
*[[C]] [[J]] [[Q]] [[V]] in a fashion similar to [[X]] (why not eventually all the rest too)
*[[Comparision of ASCII phonetic alphabets]]
*Add [[linguistic universal]]s from [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/index.php Universals Archive] ([[User:Tropylium/Temp]])
** Done up to 8
***yeah J, ain't that a feat
* clean up [[Body Parts in Your Conlangs]]?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polymorphic conlang</title>
    <id>4394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29143</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T20:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added Category:Conlang  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a stratchpad for an idea I've had floating around for a long time.

I'm trying to put together a conlang where each morpheme has several possible allomorphs, whose distributions are fairly unpredictable.

First I'm creating an ancestor language. This is a pretty regular, agglutinating language, with a simple phonemic inventory.


== Consonants ==

{|
! || Labial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal
|-
! Stops
| p
| t
|
| k
| ?
|-
! Fricatives
| f
| s
|
| x
| h
|-
! Nasals
| m
| n
| 
| N
|
|-
! Approximants
| w
| r
| j
|
|
|}


== Vowels ==
i a u

Syllable structure is &lt;nowiki&gt;[C]V[L][n]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Where L is an approximant.

Here's a list of [[Polymorphic conlang/Roots|roots]] that I've generated using this phonology. I'll be defining them a few at a time, with the assumption that the speakers are a bronze-age city state.

In the meantime, I'll also be putting together the [[Polymorphic conlang/Morphology|morphology]], syntax, and corpus.

While the phonemic inventory is simple, there's going to be a lot of [[Polymorphic conlang/Allophones|allophony]]. Once I've got a decent sized corpus written, I'm going to convert it into a phonetic (rather than phonemic) transcription.

The next step is ''Cry havoc and let slip the dogs of sound change''.  I'm going to apply sound changes that break the allophony, turning different allophones into independent phonemes, or merging realisations of different phonemes. At this point the morphology should become a lot more fusional and unpredictable.

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 08:09, 14 September 2007 (PDT)
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polymorphic conlang/Roots</title>
    <id>4395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26289</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T11:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added a few definitions</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are given in CXS notation. They're denoted phonemically. There are just over 2200 of them.

; pa : 
; pu : 
; ti : 
; ta : 
; ki : 
; ka : 
; ku : 
; ?i : 
; ?a : 
; ?u : one
; fi : 
; fa : 
; fu : 
; sa : 
; su : 
; xi : 
; xu : 
; ha : 
; hu : 
; mi : 
; ma : 
; mu : 
; ni : 
; na : 
; nu : 
; Ni : 
; Na : 
; Nu : 
; wi : 
; wa : 
; wu : 
; ri : 
; ra : 
; ji : 
; ja : 
; ju : 
; an : 
; pan : 
; pun : 
; tin : 
; kin : 
; kan : 
; ?an : 
; ?un : 
; fin : 
; fan : 
; fun : 
; xin : 
; hin : 
; han : 
; min : 
; man : 
; mun : 
; nin : 
; nan : 
; nun : 
; Nan : 
; Nun : 
; win : 
; wan : 
; wun : 
; run : 
; jun : 
; ij : 
; aw : 
; ar : 
; aj : 
; piw : 
; pir : 
; par : 
; paj : 
; puj : 
; tiw : 
; tir : 
; taw : 
; tar : 
; taj : 
; tuw : 
; tur : 
; tuj : 
; kiw : 
; kir : 
; kij : 
; kaw : 
; kar : 
; kaj : 
; kur : 
; kuj : 
; ?iw : 
; ?ir : 
; ?aw : 
; ?ar : 
; ?aj : 
; ?uw : 
; ?ur : 
; fiw : 
; fij : 
; faj : 
; fuw : 
; fur : 
; fuj : 
; siw : 
; sir : 
; sij : 
; saw : 
; sar : 
; saj : 
; suj : 
; xiw : 
; xir : 
; xij : 
; xaw : 
; xar : two
; xuw : 
; xur : 
; xuj : 
; hiw : 
; hij : 
; haw : 
; har : 
; haj : 
; huw : 
; hur : 
; huj : 
; miw : 
; mir : 
; mij : 
; maw : 
; mar : 
; maj : 
; muw : 
; mur : 
; muj : 
; niw : 
; nir : 
; nij : 
; nar : 
; naj : 
; nuw : 
; nur : 
; Niw : 
; Nir : 
; Nij : 
; Naw : 
; Nar : 
; Naj : 
; Nuw : 
; Nur : 
; Nuj : 
; wiw : 
; wir : 
; wij : 
; waw : 
; war : 
; waj : 
; wuw : 
; wur : 
; wuj : three
; riw : 
; rij : 
; raw : 
; rar : 
; raj : 
; ruj : 
; jiw : 
; jir : 
; jij : 
; jar : 
; jaj : 
; juw : 
; jur : 
; juj : 
; iwn : 
; irn : 
; ijn : 
; ajn : 
; piwn : 
; pirn : 
; pijn : 
; pawn : 
; parn : 
; pujn : 
; tiwn : 
; tirn : 
; tijn : 
; tawn : 
; tajn : 
; tuwn : 
; kirn : 
; kijn : 
; karn : 
; kujn : 
; ?irn : 
; ?ijn : 
; ?uwn : 
; ?urn : 
; ?ujn : 
; fiwn : 
; firn : 
; fijn : 
; farn : 
; fajn : 
; siwn : 
; sawn : 
; sajn : 
; suwn : 
; sujn : 
; xawn : 
; xarn : 
; xajn : 
; xuwn : 
; xurn : 
; xujn : 
; hiwn : 
; hirn : 
; hijn : 
; hawn : 
; hurn : 
; miwn : 
; mirn : 
; mijn : 
; mawn : 
; marn : 
; majn : 
; muwn : 
; mujn : 
; nirn : 
; nijn : 
; nawn : 
; narn : 
; nuwn : 
; Niwn : 
; Nirn : 
; Nijn : 
; Nawn : 
; Narn : 
; Nuwn : 
; Nurn : 
; wiwn : 
; wawn : 
; warn : 
; wuwn : 
; wurn : 
; wujn : 
; riwn : 
; rirn : 
; rijn : 
; rarn : 
; rajn : 
; ruwn : 
; rurn : 
; jiwn : 
; jijn : 
; jajn : 
; juwn : 
; jujn : 
; ii : 
; uu : 
; uhi : 
; iran : 
; ijan : 
; afan : 
; uwun : 
; air : 
; uir : water
; uur : 
; isar : 
; apij : 
; atuj : 
; aNar : sword
; ajir : 
; ixawn : 
; inawn : 
; asawn : four
; aharn : 
; ukuwn : 
; pia : 
; piu : 
; pua : 
; puu : 
; tau : 
; tui : 
; kau : 
; ?aa : 
; ?au : 
; fii : 
; fia : 
; fau : 
; sii : 
; suu : 
; xua : 
; xuu : 
; hiu : 
; mia : 
; miu : 
; maa : 
; nau : 
; nui : 
; nua : 
; Nua : 
; Nuu : 
; wia : 
; ria : 
; rai : 
; rua : 
; jaa : 
; jau : 
; piha : 
; piNa : 
; piwi : 
; piwu : 
; piru : 
; pata : father
; paku : 
; pa?i : 
; pa?a : 
; pasu : 
; pawi : 
; para : 
; paru : 
; puta : 
; pu?i : 
; pusi : 
; puni : 
; puwu : 
; tipu : 
; tifa : 
; tihi : 
; tiNu : 
; tiji : 
; taku : 
; tasi : five
; tahu : 
; tamu : 
; taru : 
; tupi : 
; tu?i : 
; tusa : 
; tumu : 
; kiti : 
; ki?u : 
; kisi : 
; kixa : 
; kini : 
; kiNu : 
; kiji : 
; kiju : 
; kata : 
; kaku : 
; ka?a : 
; kaxu : swive (usu man to woman)
; kana : 
; kawa : 
; kaji : 
; kupi : 
; kuta : 
; kufa : 
; kumi : 
; kunu : swive (esp woman to man), female ganitals
; kuru : 
; ?iki : 
; ?ixa : 
; ?ihi : 
; ?iha : 
; ?iju : 
; ?aki : 
; ?aku : 
; ?axu : 
; ?uka : 
; ?u?a : 
; ?uxa : 
; ?uxu : 
; ?uhi : 
; ?uri : 
; ?uja : 
; fiki : 
; fi?u : 
; fisi : 
; fisa : 
; fisu : 
; fima : 
; firu : 
; fapi : 
; fati : 
; faka : 
; faku : 
; fafu : 
; fasa : 
; fahu : 
; fama : 
; faja : 
; fufi : 
; furu : 
; sipu : 
; si?a : 
; siNi : knife
; siji : 
; sapa : 
; safa : 
; sahi : 
; sami : 
; sawi : 
; supu : 
; suhi : 
; suha : 
; suNa : 
; suwu : 
; xifi : 
; xiwa : 
; xata : 
; xafi : 
; xaxi : 
; xahi : 
; xari : 
; xuha : 
; xumi : 
; himi : 
; hini : 
; hinu : 
; hira : 
; hiju : 
; hapu : 
; ha?a : 
; hama : 
; hawu : 
; hupa : 
; huxi : 
; huma : 
; huna : 
; huju : 
; mika : 
; mihu : 
; miNa : 
; miji : 
; mapa : 
; mati : 
; mata : six
; matu : 
; maka : 
; maku : 
; masu : breast
; mama : mother
; mupa : 
; mupu : 
; muti : 
; muku : 
; muNi : 
; nitu : 
; nisa : 
; nixi : 
; nihi : 
; niwu : 
; napa : 
; na?u : 
; nasi : 
; naxu : 
; naNa : 
; naNu : 
; naji : 
; nupi : 
; nuki : 
; nu?u : 
; nusu : 
; nuha : 
; nuNi : 
; nuri : 
; nura : 
; nuji : 
; Nika : 
; Nima : 
; NiNu : 
; Niwa : 
; Nani : 
; Naja : 
; Nufi : 
; Nufu : 
; Nusa : 
; Nusu : 
; Nuhu : 
; Numi : 
; Nura : 
; Nuru : 
; wi?u : 
; wiwa : 
; waku : 
; wafa : 
; wawi : 
; wupu : 
; wuxu : 
; wuhi : 
; wuNu : 
; wuru : 
; ripu : 
; riti : 
; ri?a : 
; risu : 
; rixi : 
; rinu : 
; riNa : 
; riju : 
; rati : 
; rafu : 
; rasu : 
; rama : 
; raru : 
; ru?a : 
; rusu : 
; runa : 
; ruNa : 
; ruri : 
; jifi : 
; jisi : 
; jixa : 
; jiha : 
; jiwi : 
; japa : 
; jaka : 
; jaku : 
; janu : 
; jaNu : 
; jara : barley
; juxi : 
; juxa : 
; juru : 
; juja : 
; puan : 
; ?ain : 
; ?aan : 
; ?aun : 
; ?uin : 
; ?uun : 
; fain : 
; suan : 
; xain : 
; hiun : 
; haan : deified ancestor
; muan : 
; nuin : 
; Nuin : 
; Nuun : 
; ruan : 
; ruun : 
; jaan : 
; pikin : 
; pifun : 
; pixun : 
; pihan : 
; pimun : 
; piwin : 
; pakun : 
; panun : 
; puman : 
; puran : 
; tifin : fig
; takun : 
; tahun : 
; tuxun : 
; tuwun : 
; kipin : 
; kawan : 
; karin : 
; kupin : 
; kupan : spear
; kutun : 
; ?iNan : 
; ?awun : 
; ?utin : 
; fitin : 
; fisan : 
; faxan : ox
; fanun : 
; faNan : 
; farin : 
; futan : 
; fuwin : 
; fuwan : 
; si?in : 
; si?un : 
; sihun : seven
; sasin : 
; saNan : 
; sutin : cloak
; xiNun : 
; xiran : 
; xapan : 
; xahin : 
; hipan : 
; hitin : 
; hinan : 
; hiwun : 
; hahin : 
; mijan : 
; mufan : 
; muxan : 
; muwun : 
; nipun : 
; nihan : 
; nihun : 
; nakan : 
; nanin : 
; naNun : 
; nupun : 
; nukun : 
; nu?in : 
; Ninan : 
; Nirin : 
; Nanun : 
; NaNan : 
; Najan : 
; Nupan : 
; Nu?an : 
; Nufan : 
; Nusun : 
; wihin : measure of weight
; winun : 
; wiwan : 
; wapun : clay
; wakin : 
; wa?an : 
; wahan : 
; wutan : 
; wutun : 
; ripan : 
; rifin : 
; rahun : 
; raNun : 
; rarin : 
; rutin : 
; rutan : 
; rujin : 
; jitin : 
; jifin : 
; jiNun : 
; jiwun : 
; jafin : 
; jahan : 
; jukun : 
; junan : 
; jujin : 
; piaj : 
; piur : eight
; puir : 
; taar : 
; kiiw : 
; kiir : 
; kuiw : 
; kuaw : 
; kuuw : 
; fuaj : 
; sauw : 
; suij : 
; xaur : 
; hiuw : 
; huur : 
; muiw : 
; niaw : 
; niar : 
; nair : 
; naur : 
; nuaj : 
; nuur : 
; nuuj : 
; Niiw : 
; Niaw : 
; Nuaw : 
; wair : 
; waaw : 
; wuij : 
; wuaw : 
; wuuj : 
; riaw : 
; raij : 
; raar : 
; pipaj : 
; pihij : 
; pimij : 
; piniw : 
; paxuw : 
; pahaj : 
; pamaw : 
; pawaw : 
; pupiw : 
; pumir : 
; puNuw : 
; puraw : 
; tapaj : 
; tapuj : 
; takuj : 
; ta?aw : 
; taxir : 
; tawaw : 
; tariw : 
; tarar : 
; kitiw : 
; kikar : 
; kixij : 
; kiwij : 
; kapij : 
; kafur : 
; kasiw : 
; kasuw : 
; kahuw : 
; kamiw : 
; kajaw : 
; kajur : 
; kupir : 
; ku?ur : 
; kuNaw : 
; kuwij : 
; kujuj : 
; ?ikiw : 
; ?asar : 
; ?utij : 
; ?ukuj : 
; ?uwuj : 
; ?ujij : 
; fiNiw : 
; fa?ur : 
; fahaj : 
; famiw : 
; fanuj : 
; fusiw : 
; fuxaw : 
; fuNur : 
; fujuj : 
; sisir : 
; sisar : 
; sihaw : 
; sakiw : 
; safur : 
; suxuj : 
; suhir : 
; surar : 
; xi?ir : 
; xifar : 
; xisaj : 
; xihir : 
; xijaj : 
; xajar : 
; xutiw : 
; xukuw : 
; xu?ur : 
; hitij : 
; hi?ij : 
; himiw : 
; hiwir : 
; harir : 
; huwij : 
; hurij : 
; hujar : 
; mixar : 
; mixaj : 
; miNaw : 
; ma?aw : 
; mafij : 
; masaw : 
; maNuj : 
; munar : 
; mujir : 
; mujur : 
; ni?aj : 
; nifaw : 
; nisir : 
; nirij : 
; na?ir : 
; nafiw : 
; nawaj : 
; narar : 
; nutuw : 
; nuriw : 
; Nikiw : 
; Nixuj : 
; Nakaw : 
; Na?ij : 
; Namaj : 
; Nupuw : 
; Nupuj : 
; wixuw : 
; wimar : 
; wapaj : nine
; wahuw : 
; waNuw : 
; warij : 
; waraw : 
; wajar : 
; wunij : 
; wuNir : 
; wuNaw : 
; wuwaj : 
; ritaj : 
; rifar : 
; rixuj : 
; rihuj : 
; rijaj : 
; rasar : 
; rajuj : 
; rumij : 
; rujir : 
; rujaj : 
; jaxar : 
; jaNiw : bronze
; jaruj : 
; piiwn : 
; paarn : 
; puarn : 
; puajn : 
; tiirn : 
; tiarn : 
; tauwn : 
; tuawn : 
; tuajn : 
; tuuwn : 
; tuurn : 
; kiijn : 
; kaarn : 
; kuiwn : 
; kuajn : 
; ?iarn : 
; ?aajn : 
; ?uujn : 
; fiijn : 
; fauwn : 
; siarn : 
; siajn : 
; siujn : 
; saijn : 
; saarn : 
; saujn : 
; xaiwn : 
; xaajn : 
; hauwn : 
; haurn : 
; haujn : 
; huuwn : 
; huujn : 
; miajn : 
; maurn : 
; muujn : 
; niawn : 
; naujn : 
; nuirn : 
; nuawn : 
; Naawn : 
; Nuiwn : 
; Nuarn : 
; waiwn : 
; waujn : 
; wuajn : 
; riuwn : 
; ruirn : 
; ruawn : ten
; jairn : 
; juirn : 
; juuwn : 
; juurn : 
; pitujn : 
; puruwn : 
; tamiwn : 
; tamirn : 
; tanawn : 
; tarujn : 
; tukurn : 
; katujn : 
; kafujn : 
; kahirn : 
; kahujn : 
; kawuwn : 
; kajujn : 
; kuwujn : 
; ?axuwn : 
; ?ukarn : 
; ?u?urn : 
; fihajn : 
; firirn : 
; fafujn : 
; fupiwn : 
; fufirn : 
; sikiwn : 
; sisujn : 
; sinijn : 
; sapirn : 
; sa?ijn : 
; samarn : 
; supawn : 
; xixiwn : 
; xirarn : 
; xijawn : 
; xa?ijn : 
; xafurn : 
; xaNujn : 
; xujirn : 
; hipajn : 
; hu?ijn : 
; humuwn : 
; huniwn : 
; mikawn : 
; miwawn : 
; mijajn : 
; masujn : 
; nixurn : 
; niwirn : 
; nakajn : 
; nupijn : 
; nukiwn : 
; nukirn : 
; nurijn : 
; nururn : 
; Nitirn : 
; Nitarn : 
; Nafirn : 
; Nu?urn : 
; Nuxarn : 
; Nuxujn : 
; Nuhajn : 
; NuNarn : 
; wunujn : 
; rihijn : 
; rafuwn : 
; rawujn : 
; ru?uwn : 
; rujijn : 
; jatijn : 
; jajiwn : 
; jurijn : 
; inma : 
; innu : 
; ansa : 
; unra : 
; inan : 
; anun : 
; unkin : 
; ankar : gold
; aniwn : 
; unarn : 
; inharn : 
; anNijn : 
; pini : 
; tini : 
; kina : 
; kinu : 
; kana : 
; ?ani : 
; ?una : 
; ?unu : 
; fina : 
; fana : 
; suna : 
; xina : 
; xinu : 
; xana : 
; hanu : male genitals
; mani : 
; manu : 
; muni : 
; nanu : 
; wani : 
; wana : 
; wuni : 
; wunu : 
; rana : 
; jina : 
; jani : 
; juna : 
; pinmu : 
; punpu : 
; pun?u : 
; punsa : 
; tinNa : 
; tinru : 
; tanti : 
; tanki : 
; tansu : 
; tunxi : 
; tunnu : 
; tunju : 
; kinta : 
; kintu : 
; kin?u : 
; kinxi : 
; kunra : 
; ?inha : 
; ?inwu : 
; ?anfi : 
; finsi : 
; finsu : 
; finxa : 
; finna : 
; fanpa : 
; fanfi : 
; fanna : 
; fanri : 
; fun?u : 
; funma : 
; funNi : 
; funwu : 
; funji : 
; sinmi : 
; sinNu : 
; sanni : 
; suntu : 
; sunhu : 
; sunnu : 
; sunri : 
; xinhi : 
; xanti : 
; xanka : 
; xanxu : 
; xunNa : 
; hinpu : 
; hinti : 
; hinka : 
; hinsu : 
; hinji : 
; hanfi : 
; huntu : 
; minta : 
; minnu : 
; mantu : 
; manfi : 
; mansa : 
; manxi : 
; manwu : 
; manri : 
; manru : 
; munxu : 
; munwi : 
; munru : 
; munju : 
; ninta : 
; nansa : 
; nanhi : 
; nanwi : 
; nanwa : 
; nunka : 
; nunku : 
; nunma : 
; nunja : 
; Nin?u : 
; Ninxa : 
; Ninwu : 
; Nanpu : 
; Nanxi : 
; Nanhi : 
; Nanhu : 
; Nanri : 
; Nunni : 
; winxi : 
; winni : 
; winnu : 
; wan?u : 
; wun?u : 
; wunxi : 
; wunhu : 
; rinhi : 
; rinmi : 
; rinju : 
; ranhi : 
; ranmu : 
; ranNi : 
; ranwi : 
; runta : 
; runsu : 
; runxa : 
; runna : 
; runwi : 
; runja : 
; jinja : 
; janpi : 
; junsi : 
; junsa : 
; junmu : 
; tanan : 
; tanun : 
; sinun : 
; sanun : 
; sunan : 
; hanun : 
; Nanan : 
; runun : 
; janan : 
; pinhan : 
; pantun : 
; pun?un : 
; punmun : 
; punnan : 
; punrin : 
; tintin : 
; tin?un : 
; tinhin : 
; tantun : 
; tanxin : 
; tanxan : 
; tannan : 
; tanrin : 
; tanjun : 
; tunNan : 
; kin?in : 
; kinsan : 
; kinnin : 
; kinran : 
; kanpin : 
; kanrun : 
; kunjin : 
; ?inpun : 
; ?annin : 
; ?anrin : 
; ?anrun : 
; ?unpun : 
; ?untan : 
; ?unmun : 
; fan?un : 
; fannin : 
; fanran : 
; funtun : 
; funsun : 
; funnin : 
; funwan : 
; funjun : 
; sintin : 
; sinrin : 
; sanpin : 
; sankin : 
; xinhin : 
; xanpan : 
; xankan : 
; xanwun : 
; xunfin : 
; xunxan : 
; xunnun : 
; hinpan : 
; hintun : 
; hin?an : 
; hinfin : 
; hansin : 
; hanrun : 
; huntan : 
; min?in : 
; minran : 
; mantan : 
; manmun : 
; munfan : 
; munrin : 
; ninNin : 
; ninwan : 
; nanxan : 
; nanxun : 
; nanwan : 
; nunsin : 
; nunhan : 
; nunnin : 
; Ninxin : 
; NunNin : 
; winrun : 
; wanfan : 
; wannan : 
; wannun : 
; wunsan : 
; wunhun : 
; wunNun : 
; wunran : 
; wunrun : 
; rinmun : 
; rinjan : 
; rantin : 
; rantan : 
; rantun : 
; ranhun : 
; ranNin : 
; ranrun : 
; ranjin : 
; run?un : 
; runfun : 
; runnan : 
; runNan : 
; jinpan : 
; jinxin : 
; janhun : 
; janwun : 
; janjin : 
; junfan : 
; junwin : 
; pinaj : 
; panur : 
; panuj : 
; punij : 
; punaj : 
; tinar : 
; tunar : to sound a horn
; tunuj : 
; kinaj : 
; kanir : 
; kanur : 
; kunaw : 
; kunuw : 
; ?inuw : 
; ?anar : 
; siniw : 
; sinaw : 
; sunaj : 
; xinaw : 
; xinuj : 
; xunir : 
; xunuj : 
; hunij : 
; manuw : 
; manur : 
; munur : 
; nanaj : 
; nanur : 
; nuniw : 
; Ninir : 
; Ninaw : 
; Nanir : 
; Nunij : 
; Nunaj : 
; winir : 
; winar : 
; rinij : 
; runur : 
; jinar : 
; januw : 
; junar : 
; panNuj : 
; tinfuj : 
; tinhuj : 
; tinnaw : 
; tinwuj : 
; tan?iw : 
; tanfur : 
; tunpar : 
; tuntaj : 
; tunkir : 
; tunkij : 
; kinhaw : 
; kinhaj : 
; kinniw : 
; kanmuw : 
; kannaj : 
; kanwur : 
; kanwuj : 
; kunxiw : 
; kunwaj : 
; ?anruw : 
; ?unfiw : 
; finnaj : 
; finNij : 
; fanfij : 
; fanjuj : 
; funpaj : 
; funkuw : 
; sinwaj : 
; sinwuj : 
; sanhar : 
; sunhar : 
; sunNaj : 
; xinsiw : 
; xanjir : 
; xunpuj : 
; hintij : 
; hin?iw : 
; hinmaj : 
; hinrij : 
; hinruj : 
; hanNir : 
; hanjaj : 
; minkur : 
; minmiw : 
; manmaw : 
; manrir : 
; mun?ar : 
; munsaw : 
; munjuj : 
; nanhij : 
; nun?iw : 
; Nin?iw : 
; Nanxij : 
; Nanraw : 
; Nunfir : 
; winhij : 
; wanpiw : 
; wan?ur : 
; wanwij : 
; wunxiw : 
; rinxij : 
; ranhaw : 
; ranmiw : 
; runsaj : 
; jin?ir : 
; junkuj : 
; junfur : 
; pinujn : 
; punarn : 
; tinirn : 
; tinawn : 
; tanirn : 
; tanarn : 
; kinajn : 
; kanajn : 
; kunarn : 
; kunurn : 
; ?anirn : 
; ?anurn : 
; ?uniwn : 
; ?unawn : 
; fanarn : 
; funuwn : 
; funurn : 
; funujn : 
; sinuwn : 
; sanujn : 
; sunawn : 
; xunajn : 
; hanajn : 
; hunirn : 
; hunawn : 
; manurn : 
; munirn : 
; ninijn : 
; nanurn : 
; nunijn : 
; nunajn : 
; Nanajn : 
; Nunirn : 
; Nunuwn : 
; winuwn : 
; runajn : 
; jinirn : 
; janiwn : 
; janarn : 
; panhawn : 
; panmarn : 
; panwuwn : 
; punfawn : 
; punharn : 
; punmirn : 
; punnajn : 
; tinsajn : 
; tinxawn : 
; tinhuwn : 
; tunNarn : 
; kinrujn : 
; kanmurn : 
; kannujn : 
; kunNurn : 
; kunwirn : 
; ?inkujn : 
; ?anmuwn : 
; ?unjiwn : 
; finjirn : 
; funsuwn : 
; funjarn : 
; funjuwn : 
; sanNiwn : 
; xinkurn : 
; xin?arn : 
; xanfijn : 
; xanfurn : 
; xun?uwn : 
; xunsujn : 
; xunmiwn : 
; hinxarn : 
; hinwajn : 
; hanmijn : 
; hunkirn : 
; hunmirn : 
; minsujn : 
; minxurn : 
; ninfirn : 
; Ninharn : 
; Nanpiwn : 
; Nuntarn : 
; Nunkirn : 
; Nunxujn : 
; Nunwurn : 
; wanmawn : 
; wanrawn : 
; wunpuwn : 
; ran?ajn : 
; ransirn : 
; runhirn : 
; runnawn : 
; runwarn : 
; jan?ujn : 
; jannuwn : 
; jun?ujn : 
; iwi : 
; iru : 
; ija : 
; iju : 
; awi : 
; awa : 
; aru : 
; aja : 
; uri : pray
; ura : 
; iwpu : 
; iwfa : 
; irku : 
; irxi : 
; irxa : 
; irhu : 
; irwi : 
; ijsu : 
; aw?i : 
; awfu : 
; awhi : 
; awnu : 
; awwi : 
; awwa : 
; arju : 
; ajki : 
; uwki : 
; uwka : 
; uwfa : 
; uwhu : 
; uwwa : 
; uwja : 
; ur?i : 
; urna : 
; ujti : 
; uj?i : 
; uj?a : 
; ujnu : 
; ujNi : 
; iwun : 
; irin : 
; iran : 
; irun : 
; arin : 
; arun : 
; uwin : 
; uwun : 
; urin : 
; uran : 
; iwpin : 
; iwpan : 
; iwman : 
; iwmun : 
; iwwun : 
; irtin : 
; irnin : 
; irwin : 
; ijjin : 
; awnan : 
; awNun : 
; awwan : 
; arpin : 
; arfin : 
; arsan : horse
; arwun : 
; ajsun : 
; ajhan : 
; ajNan : 
; urmin : 
; urNin : 
; urjan : 
; ijiw : 
; ijaw : 
; awaw : 
; ajaw : 
; ajaj : 
; uwur : 
; uwuj : 
; ujar : 
; ujuj : 
; iwkar : 
; iwjur : 
; irpuw : 
; ijwar : 
; artur : bear
; arsiw : 
; arxur : 
; arniw : 
; ajmaj : 
; uwfaj : 
; iwarn : 
; irawn : 
; ijuwn : 
; ariwn : 
; ajurn : 
; urujn : 
; ujirn : 
; iwsijn : 
; iwmirn : 
; iwmujn : 
; iwrirn : 
; ir?irn : 
; irfajn : 
; irmurn : 
; ijmijn : 
; awpiwn : 
; awpawn : 
; aw?iwn : 
; awjarn : 
; armirn : 
; ajkujn : 
; ajfurn : 
; uwNirn : 
; urpirn : 
; ujnarn : 
; ujNirn : 
; paju : 
; tawu : 
; tuji : 
; ?awa : 
; ?uru : 
; firu : ride
; fuwu : 
; siwi : 
; siwu : 
; suwu : 
; xari : 
; huwu : 
; miju : 
; Niru : 
; Naji : 
; Nuju : 
; riri : 
; rawa : 
; jiji : 
; piwpa : 
; pirki : 
; pirju : 
; parsa : 
; puw?i : 
; pujNi : 
; tiwpi : 
; tiw?i : 
; tijnu : 
; tawka : barter
; tawxu : 
; tawji : 
; tajna : 
; tujxa : 
; tujwi : 
; kiwku : 
; kiw?u : 
; kawpu : 
; kawka : 
; kajsa : 
; kuwfu : 
; ?iwni : 
; ?ajNa : 
; ?uwfi : 
; ?ujku : 
; fiwwu : 
; firnu : 
; fijfi : 
; fijhi : 
; fajhi : 
; fajNa : 
; fuwri : 
; furxu : 
; fujsu : 
; fujwi : 
; siwfi : 
; sirxa : 
; sarNu : 
; sarwi : 
; saj?a : 
; suw?a : 
; suwra : 
; surxi : 
; surNi : 
; sujka : 
; sujNa : 
; xarsi : 
; xarsa : 
; xuwsu : 
; xujja : 
; hijNa : 
; harku : 
; harwa : 
; hajma : 
; hurha : 
; hurru : 
; mirsi : 
; mawwa : wall
; muwfa : 
; mujma : 
; niwki : 
; nirsu : 
; nirja : 
; nawti : 
; nawsa : 
; najpi : 
; najxu : 
; nuwwi : 
; nurmu : 
; Niwmi : 
; Nirxi : 
; Nirwi : 
; Nijki : 
; Narni : 
; Najti : 
; Nuwpu : 
; Nuwwu : 
; Nuwji : 
; Nurta : 
; NurNa : 
; Nurja : 
; Nuj?i : 
; wirpi : 
; wijNu : 
; waw?a : 
; wajxi : 
; wajru : 
; wuwtu : 
; wuwku : 
; wuw?a : 
; wuwNi : 
; wujtu : 
; rirji : 
; rawwu : 
; rajfi : 
; rajja : 
; ruwki : 
; ruw?u : 
; rurpu : 
; rurmi : 
; rujpa : 
; jirju : 
; jijpi : 
; jawka : 
; jajpi : 
; juwru : 
; tujun : 
; fawan : clan elder
; fajun : 
; suran : 
; huran : 
; hurun : 
; muwun : 
; najun : 
; Nijin : 
; Nuwin : 
; Nuwun : 
; wawun : 
; rijan : 
; jiwin : 
; juwan : 
; parpin : 
; parsan : 
; parnan : 
; pujwan : 
; tiwfin : 
; tarjan : 
; tajhin : 
; tuwsin : 
; kijkun : 
; karfin : 
; kuj?an : 
; ?iwrun : 
; ?ijrun : 
; ?arNin : 
; ?urfun : 
; ?ujnan : 
; fiwsin : 
; far?in : 
; fajman : 
; furhan : solstice
; siwkan : 
; sartun : 
; suwhin : 
; xiwtin : 
; xarhan : 
; xajsin : 
; xuwjan : 
; xujxan : 
; hiwkin : 
; hiwwin : 
; haj?un : 
; hujnin : 
; mawhin : 
; mujpan : 
; nirsun : 
; narhun : 
; narmin : 
; narjan : 
; nuwkun : 
; nujfun : 
; nujran : 
; NiwNin : 
; wawpin : 
; wuw?an : 
; wurhin : 
; riwsun : 
; rawfin : 
; jijjan : 
; jarman : 
; jajkun : 
; jajjan : 
; juj?an : 
; piwuj : 
; pariw : 
; pujar : 
; tuwuj : 
; kiwar : 
; kiwaj : 
; kiwuw : 
; kajaw : 
; kuwar : 
; ?aruj : 
; fajaw : 
; fujuw : 
; saruj : 
; xarij : 
; xuruw : 
; mawuw : 
; niwuj : 
; nijuj : 
; Niwij : 
; Nijij : 
; Nijuw : 
; Nuraw : 
; raruw : 
; jiwij : 
; jiwaw : 
; jiwar : 
; jajaj : 
; juwiw : 
; piwwaw : 
; pawtuj : 
; pawmir : 
; pajjir : 
; puw?ir : 
; pujjiw : 
; tiwhur : 
; tijnur : 
; tajkuw : 
; tajfir : 
; kijmuw : 
; karxuw : 
; karwaj : 
; kaj?uw : 
; kuw?aj : 
; kuwnur : 
; kujnaw : 
; ?irsur : 
; ?irraw : 
; ?arNur : 
; ?uwkur : 
; fijsur : 
; fawpaw : 
; faw?uw : 
; fawNur : 
; faj?ir : 
; fujpaj : 
; fujkar : 
; fujnaw : 
; fujwar : 
; siw?ij : 
; siwNaj : 
; sijjur : 
; sawmir : 
; sarmaj : 
; surniw : 
; xiwpij : 
; xuw?uw : 
; xuwsar : 
; xujhij : 
; hiwnuj : 
; hawhaj : 
; hujNir : 
; mirwaj : 
; mawrij : 
; marpiw : 
; nirtij : 
; nirjij : 
; nijnuw : 
; nijwij : 
; narfaj : 
; nujtiw : 
; nujkaw : 
; nujNiw : 
; Niwkur : 
; Nirmiw : 
; Nijjaj : 
; Nurnur : 
; Nurjaj : 
; wiwmuj : 
; wirsir : 
; warhaw : 
; wuwmiw : 
; wurpaw : 
; wur?iw : 
; rirxaw : 
; rirnur : 
; rawmiw : 
; rurhiw : 
; rurnuw : 
; jiwjiw : 
; jawmaw : 
; jajtaw : 
; kiwijn : 
; kawurn : 
; suwuwn : 
; xirurn : 
; hiwajn : equinox
; hiwurn : 
; hiriwn : 
; hajiwn : 
; hurijn : 
; mirajn : 
; niwiwn : 
; waruwn : 
; wurajn : 
; rawawn : 
; ruruwn : 
; jujurn : 
; piwnurn : 
; pirsajn : 
; pirriwn : 
; pawrujn : 
; puwtiwn : 
; purNurn : 
; pujnajn : 
; tiwfirn : 
; tiwsarn : 
; turpirn : bandit
; tursujn : 
; turmarn : 
; kijpijn : 
; kijwujn : 
; kawnijn : 
; karhirn : 
; kuwNijn : 
; kurxawn : 
; kujpajn : 
; ?ar?ajn : 
; fajnuwn : 
; fuwharn : 
; sajnuwn : 
; sujrurn : 
; xirpuwn : 
; xirtarn : 
; xijNijn : 
; xujxuwn : 
; harfuwn : 
; huwnuwn : 
; miwtujn : 
; miwNiwn : 
; mirtirn : 
; mijkurn : 
; majmiwn : 
; muwsuwn : 
; murmarn : 
; mujjajn : 
; nawhurn : 
; narNawn : 
; naj?awn : 
; nurhujn : 
; Niwxirn : 
; Nuwnawn : 
; warkurn : 
; warfujn : 
; wujjarn : 
; rijsijn : 
; rawjirn : 
; jawmurn : 
; iwni : 
; irni : 
; irna : 
; ijni : 
; ijna : 
; awnu : 
; arni : 
; arna : 
; ajna : 
; uwni : 
; urna : ritual purification
; urnu : 
; ujni : 
; iwn?a : 
; iwnxa : 
; iwnha : 
; iwnwu : 
; irnsa : 
; ijntu : 
; ijn?a : 
; awnpu : 
; awnsu : 
; arnsu : 
; ajnti : 
; ajnku : 
; ajnma : 
; ajnnu : 
; ajnwu : 
; uwnti : 
; uwnki : 
; uwnma : 
; urnpi : 
; urnta : 
; urnfu : 
; urnha : 
; ujnpi : 
; ujn?a : 
; ujnxa : 
; ujnna : 
; ijnun : 
; iwntan : 
; iwnran : 
; iwnjin : 
; irnmun : 
; ijnpin : 
; ijnsun : 
; ijnxin : 
; awnfun : 
; arnpin : 
; arnfan : 
; ajn?un : 
; ajnran : 
; uwnhun : 
; urnnin : 
; urnnun : 
; ujn?an : 
; ujnnun : 
; ujnwan : 
; irnir : 
; irnaw : 
; awnaj : 
; arnar : 
; ajnij : 
; ajnur : 
; urnaw : 
; urnar : 
; ujniw : 
; ujnar : 
; iwnwij : 
; ijnwar : 
; awnkaw : 
; ujnjaj : 
; iwnarn : 
; arnajn : 
; arnurn : 
; ujnujn : 
; awnfujn : 
; ajnpirn : 
; ajnrurn : 
; urnsujn : 
; ujnkiwn : 
; ujnxurn : 
; parna : 
; pajnu : 
; turni : 
; ?ijna : 
; ?urna : 
; fajni : 
; fujni : 
; sujni : 
; xurni : incence
; xurna : 
; hurnu : 
; mawnu : 
; nawnu : 
; Nawni : 
; Nuwnu : 
; wawni : 
; rijna : 
; piwnxu : 
; pirnku : 
; pirn?a : 
; pijnta : 
; parnhu : 
; pajnfi : 
; puwn?i : 
; purn?i : 
; pujnwu : 
; tiwntu : 
; tiwnfa : 
; tawnpi : 
; tarnki : 
; tajnna : 
; tujnhi : 
; kiwnha : 
; kirnta : 
; kirnfu : 
; kijnra : 
; kawnxa : 
; kuwn?a : 
; kuwnha : 
; kurntu : 
; kujn?u : 
; ?iwnhi : 
; ?awnru : 
; ?ajnhu : 
; ?urn?u : 
; ?urnsi : 
; ?urnxa : 
; ?urnru : 
; fiwnsu : 
; firn?a : 
; firnnu : 
; fawnfa : 
; farnfu : 
; farnNa : 
; fuwnmi : 
; fuwnwu : 
; fuwnru : 
; fuwnji : 
; furntu : 
; furnji : 
; siwnja : 
; sirnpa : 
; sijnsa : 
; sarn?a : 
; sarnji : priest
; sarnju : 
; sajnti : 
; sajnha : 
; suwnxa : 
; suwnha : 
; surnpi : 
; surnNi : 
; sujn?i : 
; xirn?u : 
; xirnsi : 
; xirnhi : 
; xijn?i : 
; xijnni : 
; xijnji : 
; xawnwu : 
; hiwnsu : 
; hiwnru : 
; hirnpa : 
; hirnna : 
; hirnju : 
; huwnka : 
; huwnhi : 
; hujnpi : 
; miwn?u : 
; nirnsa : 
; nawnxa : 
; najnnu : 
; nujnfa : 
; Nijnwi : 
; Narnju : 
; NajnNa : 
; Nurnki : 
; Nurnsa : 
; Nurnra : 
; Nujnni : 
; wiwnsa : 
; wiwnmi : 
; wirnxi : 
; wirnxa : 
; wijnki : 
; wijnju : 
; wawnti : 
; wuwnri : 
; riwnnu : 
; rawnNa : 
; rawnra : 
; ruwnnu : 
; rujnta : 
; rujnni : 
; jirnha : 
; jijn?i : 
; jijnha : 
; jajnpu : 
; jajnxi : 
; jajnxu : 
; juwn?u : 
; pijnin : 
; pawnin : 
; ?uwnin : 
; fiwnan : 
; firnin : decorate
; fijnun : 
; siwnun : 
; sawnan : 
; sujnan : 
; miwnun : 
; nuwnun : 
; nujnun : 
; Nujnun : 
; wijnin : 
; rijnan : 
; rijnun : 
; piwntin : 
; tiwnNun : 
; tuwnrun : 
; kajn?in : 
; kajnxin : 
; ?awnjin : 
; ?arnman : 
; ?arnwan : 
; ?ajnkin : 
; ?ajnxan : 
; ?uwnkan : 
; ?uwnxun : 
; ?urnjun : 
; farnnin : 
; fajnsan : 
; fuwn?un : 
; furnkan : 
; fujnfun : 
; sirnnun : 
; sawnpan : 
; suwnfin : 
; surn?in : 
; sujnwan : 
; xiwnfun : 
; xiwnwan : 
; xajn?in : 
; xurnnun : 
; hawnmin : 
; hajnhan : 
; hajnran : 
; huwnsun : 
; huwnjin : 
; mirnmin : 
; niwnsin : 
; nirnkin : 
; nurnran : 
; nujnkun : 
; Nirnman : 
; Nirnnun : 
; Nijnfun : 
; Nijnhun : 
; Nawnfin : 
; Narnran : 
; Najnhin : 
; wurnjan : 
; wujnsan : 
; rirntan : 
; rirnnan : 
; rarnsan : to braid hair
; rajnpin : 
; rajnran : 
; ruwnhin : 
; ruwnwan : 
; juwnnan : 
; kawnir : 
; fawnir : 
; fajnaj : 
; sawnir : 
; xurnaw : 
; hirnaw : 
; hirnar : 
; mijnij : 
; nujnuj : 
; wawnaj : 
; rijnar : 
; ruwnij : 
; rurnaj : 
; jurnaj : 
; pirnfiw : 
; purnfaw : 
; tiwnnar : 
; tirnraw : 
; kiwnwij : 
; kajnkaj : 
; kuwnfiw : 
; kurnrir : 
; ?iwnmar : 
; ?uwnsiw : 
; ?ujnxuw : 
; furnkuw : 
; siwnsiw : 
; sirnpuw : 
; sajnnaw : 
; sajnnuj : 
; suwntuj : 
; xawnmir : 
; xarnxir : 
; xarnnaj : 
; hirnxaw : 
; hijnhir : 
; hijnNuj : 
; hawnpiw : 
; hajnfar : 
; hajnhiw : 
; huwn?ar : 
; huwnraw : 
; hurnxuw : 
; mirnrij : 
; mawnmaw : 
; mawnrij : 
; majnkur : 
; nawnpaj : 
; nujnmuw : 
; Nijnwaj : 
; Nawnwiw : 
; Nuwnpaw : 
; wajnjuj : 
; wujnwuw : 
; riwn?ir : 
; riwnmij : 
; rarnNiw : 
; rurnhuw : 
; rujnfiw : 
; jiwnsuw : 
; jijnpij : 
; jurnsij : 
; kiwnawn : 
; ?ujnajn : 
; hajnujn : betrothal ceremony
; hujnarn : 
; rirnajn : 
; tujnmirn : 
; kirnmajn : 
; kawnNijn : 
; kuwnsujn : 
; ?irnpujn : 
; ?ajnsujn : 
; ?uwnfuwn : 
; ?urn?ijn : 
; fijntirn : 
; furnhawn : 
; fujnsarn : 
; sijnNijn : 
; sujnnarn : 
; xijnkajn : 
; xuwnwarn : 
; xujnsiwn : 
; hijnxujn : 
; harnkurn : 
; marnkuwn : 
; murnhiwn : 
; Niwnkarn : 
; Niwnrujn : 
; NirnNurn : 
; Najnpiwn : 
; wiwnwijn : 
; wijnhirn : 
; warnsuwn : 
; wuwnsawn : 
; rajnsajn : 
; ruwnhijn : 
; rurnfarn : 
; rujnhirn : 
; jirnNirn : 
; jarnmujn : 
; juwnmurn : 

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 08:13, 14 September 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett/IPA</title>
    <id>4396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25405</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-14T18:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {|border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |align = &quot;center&quot;|p b |align = &quot;center&quot;| |align = &quot;center&quot;| |align = &quot;center&quot;|t d |align = &quot;center&quot;| |align = &quot;center&quot;|ʈ ɖ |al...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʈ ɖ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c ɟ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|k ɡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|q ɢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʡ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʔ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|m
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɱ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|n
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɳ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɲ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ŋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɴ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʙ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|r
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʀ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɾ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɽ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɸ β
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f v
|align = &quot;center&quot;|θ ð
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ ʒ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʂ ʐ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ç ʝ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|x ɣ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|χ ʁ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ħ ʕ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʜ ʢ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|h ɦ

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɬ ɮ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʋ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɹ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|j
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɰ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|l
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɭ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʎ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʟ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʘ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǀ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ǂ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Azucar</title>
    <id>4397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25425</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-16T12:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Azucar</username>
        <id>760</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Rashan]]
[[Vaital]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashan</title>
    <id>4398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25424</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-16T12:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Azucar</username>
        <id>760</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Rashan'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Northern Scotland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Time Period:
|| 4000 B.C.E - ?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Unknown'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||semi-fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Azucar|Colton Booth]] || July 27, 2007-
|}

Rashan was born July 27, 2007. It is the language spoken in Northern Scotland before Gaelic.
== I. Phonology: ==


'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


a. Plosives: &lt;nowiki&gt;/p b t d k g/ &lt;p b t d k g&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

b. Nasals: &lt;nowiki&gt;/m n N J / &lt;m n nh nn &gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

c. Fricatives: &lt;nowiki&gt;/ f B s z S T C/ &lt;f v s z sh th kh &gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

d. Affricates: &lt;nowiki&gt;/ts  tS  dZ/ &lt;ks ksh gh&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

e. Lateral Approximants: &lt;nowiki&gt;/l/ &lt;l&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

f. Approximants: &lt;nowiki&gt;/r\ j/ &lt;r y&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

g. Vowels: &lt;nowiki&gt;/a e i o u  ai au oi/ &lt;a e i o u ai au oi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''B. Allophones:'''


a. [N] occurs medially as an allophone of /n/
b. [dZ] occurs medially as an allophone of /g/


'''C. Phonotactics'''


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c.  Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following 
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/ when ending a word.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


'''D. Syllable Structure'''


a. CV(C)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vaital</title>
    <id>4399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25431</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-17T02:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Azucar</username>
        <id>760</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Vaital'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Northern Britian
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Time Period:
|| 6000 B.C.E - ?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Unknown'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||semi-fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Azucar|Colton Booth]] || July 27, 2007-
|}

Vaital was created July 27, 2007. It is the language spoken in Britian before Gaelic Or Welsh


== I. Phonology: ==


'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


a. Plosives: &lt;nowiki&gt;/p b t d k g/ &lt;p b t d k g&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

b. Nasals: &lt;nowiki&gt;/m n N J / &lt;m n nh nn &gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

c. Fricatives: &lt;nowiki&gt;/ f B s z Z T C/ &lt;f v s z zh th kh &gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

d. Affricates: &lt;nowiki&gt;/ts  tS  dZ/ &lt;ks ksh gh&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

e. Lateral Approximants: &lt;nowiki&gt;/l/ &lt;l&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

f. Approximants: &lt;nowiki&gt;/r\ j/ &lt;r y&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

g. Vowels: &lt;nowiki&gt;/a e i o u  ai au oi/ &lt;a e i o u ai au oi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''B. Allophones:'''


a. [4] occurs medially as a allophone of /r/

b. [@] occurs medially as a allophone of /a/


'''C. Phonotactics'''


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c.  Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following 
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/ when ending a word.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


'''D. Syllable Structure'''


a. (C)VC</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atalantaic</title>
    <id>4400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25433</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-17T04:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page:  Atlantaic was a language spoken by three human tribes of the east Kastuvoita plains - Sakermidë, Daronidë, and Kadimidë. It was mostly spoken in the period before the Battle of Tor Min...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Atlantaic was a language spoken by three human tribes of the east Kastuvoita plains - Sakermidë, Daronidë, and Kadimidë. It was mostly spoken in the period before the Battle of Tor Minnen. Afterwards, the Kingdom of Dernedd (the main human kingdom in that area) started publishing decrees in 'Classical Daronidic' a descendent of Atlantaic. 

Besides being the name of the language, Atlantaic can be used to describe the entire culture of these three tribes. For this usage, see [[Atlantaic Culture]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantaic Culture</title>
    <id>4401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25465</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-18T04:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Settlement Patterns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Atlantaic Culture was a major human culture of Oreni which flourished in southern Andolien and eastern Salkanien from around SA 1000 to SA 3000. It was the second of two human cultures to come into contact with the Nestë in the second millenium of the second age (the other being the Lepontids). The Atlantaic culture was early divided into three main groups or tribes: Daronidë, Kadimidë and Sakermidë, eached named after their chieftains. These chieftains were the sons of Atalantos, the first chief of the Atlantaic people. What follows is a general overview of the main aspects of this culture.

==Religion==

The religion of the human kingdoms of Dernedd, Ceddi and Carnol was originally a form of animism and ancestor worship. There are some reports of veneration of the Wolf amongst the ancient Sakermidë who entered the Yunirien Basin in SA 1490. This is most evident in the name of the tribe itself - ''saker'' being the ancient Daronidic term for 'wolf'. It is apparent that the Wolf was a totemic figure amongst the Sakermidë and perhaps held to be the mythic ancestor of the tribe. This figure is prominent in the naming practices of this tribe: the goddess ''Sakentis'' was frequently invoked in times of need; ''Sakermenos'', ''Sakros'', and ''Sakermos'' were common names, at least amongst the nobility. Other gods of the Sakermidë were Akrantis and Brigantos, the war-deities. Another widespread belief, in Dernedd at least, was the worship of the moon. However, Daronidic worship of the moon must be sharply contrasted with Nestean Alarie-worship, for in Daronidic practice the moon was always seen as a entity which moved of its own accord, having it's own will - there was no one GOD in Atlantaic thought. 

Beyond anecdotal and written evidence of the ancient religion, there is some material evidence as well. In Dun Naron three temples were  erected to unknown pagan deities - their entire contents and inscriptional remains were destroyed during the reign of Marikantos. Afterwards, they were used as Orenyaic temples, before being burned during the purges in the 3rd millennium. Elsewhere, architectural evidence is rather slim,  we have uncertain examples in the East March of Ceddi. These consist of altar stones set up on hill tops with un-deciphered inscriptions. Sometimes, they are accompanied at lower elevation by boulders arranged in a circular pattern. Beside the architectural evidence, animal figurines were once common throughout the Atlantaic world, usually stone but sometimes carved from wood. 

Finally, Atalantos himself was usually revered in one form or another. The most common was as a spirit-guardian to young men about to undergo the rituals of betrothal. The young man's spirit was thought to interact with that of first chief to become both an able father and a wise and noble husband. Frequently, young men had to endure a week in the wilderness before being admitted into his bride's family for the wedding. This practice was gradually replaced, as the human tribes became more urbanized. Eventually, the practice was altered such that, in place of a wilderness trek, a man entered a special location called the ''kastikos'', where he would lie in solitude for at least a day. During this period, no light nor food or water was admitted to the young man. ''Kastikos'' was a term meaning 'place of the ancestor' (''kastis''  'ancestor'), however, it is unclear if each family had its own ''kastikos'' or if each community had a special shrine for the purpose.

===Religious History (~ SA 1400 - 1600)===

After the royal family of Dernedd started to educate themselves in Orenyaic philosophy, they began to oppose many of the ancient pagan practices. In Dernedd, the kings Marikantos and Koron were instrumental in the dismantling of the old religion, which, however, surived another 300 years in some places. Polufast, the son of Koron went to study at Caer Aldun and returned determined to spread the philosophies of Nossanë, Eril, Rankalos and others. In SA 1560, he obtained a royal charter to found a Orenyaic school in Dun Naron - in a former temple. This had sat for almost a hundred years as an unoccupied building, after its confiscation by the kingdom under Marikantos. There, Polufast taught the concepts of free-will, emanation of beauty, Ildiva and Ilieina to anyone interested. While only those with the blood of both human and Nestë could hope to achieve the status of Orenya, these concepts proved to be important in the religious life of the kingdoms as time went by. 

Sikonos, the Lord of Carnol, allowed the practice of the ''kastikos'' ritual to continue amongst his people. This was due to the fact that most of Carnol was inhabited by Sakermidë who adhered rigidly to their totemic ways. The land was split into clan-lands by the various chieftains of the Sakermidë. Each clan had a specific totemic animal who was housed in a large ''kastikos'' in the center of the village. In this case, the Carnolide ''kastikos'' was a pillar made of carved stone with a wide base, where offerings could be made. This was different from the ''kastikos'' of the betrothal rites as it could clearly not be sealed for fasting and confinement purposes. Since Sakermidë families were roughly matrilineal (in that a man married into his wife's clan), Sikonos had a personal interest in permitting paganism in his lands: his wife was of the powerful Karolidë clan. Carnol had two temples, one to Sakentis and another to a god named Zexên who had some connection to water or rain.
 
The pagan underpinning of Carnolide religion, may have been a large factor in that land's subjugation of Radnor under Sikonos and his sons. Because Radnorians were Nestëan monotheists (albeit of human descent), they were the subject of ridicule in the heavily Sakermidë village lands of the western part of the country. In the city of Carnol itself, the urban population was associated to a large extent with Dun Naron and tended to harbor pro-Orenyaic (and hence monotheistic) ideas. However, this population was outnumbered by the rural Sakermidë and had less power in a monarchy dependent on support from clan-chieftains who were all pagan. Thus, when the chieftain of the Karolidë clan sited his royal charter granted by the King Koron of Dernedd as evidence that the Radnorians were inhabiting his lands, Sikonos had almost no choice but to agree to action. Propagandists at that time made much of the backwardness of Radnor, including its monotheistic tendencies. That the capital of the kingdom, Dun Naron was itself a bastion of Orenyaic practice, was hardly thought worth mentioning.

==Settlement and Architecture==

===Settlement Patterns===

Originally, Atlantaic people were nomadic, hence subsisting by hunting and gathering and having no established villages. Stories from the Sakerimide allow one to reconstruct a bit of nomadic life.

==Government==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polymorphic conlang/Allophones</title>
    <id>4402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25502</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-19T14:05:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Stops ==
/p t k/ are realised as
* [p_h t_h k_h] word initially
* [b d g] after a nasal or approximant
* [p t k] elsewhere

/?/ is realised as [?_h] initially, [?] elsewhere.


== h ==
/h/ is realised as
* [C] before /i/
* [h] before /a/
* [W] before /u/


== n ==

/n/ is realised as
* [n] before alveolars, vowels and [?]
* [m] before labials, including [W]
* [N] before velars
* [J] before /j/ or [C]


== Fricatives ==
/f s x/ are realised as
* [v z G] after an approximant or nasal
* [f s x] elsewhere


== r ==
/r/ is realised as
* [4] word initially
* [l] before /j/
* [r\] before other consonants
* [r] elsewhere

==Vowels==
/i/ is realised as
* [y] before [u] or [w]
* [e] before [a]
* [i] elsewhere

/a/ is realised as
* [e] before [i] or [j]
* [o] before [u] or [w]
* [a] elsewhere

/u/ is realised as
* [y] before [i] or [j]
* [o] before [a]
* [u] elsewhere</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World of Light</title>
    <id>4403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55270</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Die Bildung der Meimei.jpg</title>
    <id>4404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29401</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-28T05:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Die Bildung der Meimei.jpg]]&quot;: Newer version</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A picture of the so-called &quot;Moe girl&quot; drawn by me, but I don't think I made it well, the picture is not good at all, thus is not &quot;Moe&quot; at all, sorry. --[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 13:13, 18 September 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of Europe (Nytal)</title>
    <id>4405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46183</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-20T13:34:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Some other non-European names */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Europe countries map nytal.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Europe. Names of countries are in Nytal]]
Here there are the Nytal names of all European states according to Wikipedia:

==Le kayd yd Europa==

* '''Albanija''': Albania 
* '''Andorra''': Andorra 
* '''Armenija''': Armenia 
* '''Azerbaian''': Azerbaijan  
* '''Belgija''': Belgium
* '''Bosnija a Erzegovin''': Bosnia and Herzegovina'''
* '''Bylgarija''': Bulgaria
* '''Danmark''': Denmark 
* '''Dojcland''': Germany 
* '''Eesti''': Estonia 
* '''Ellas''': Greece 
* '''Elvecija''': Switzerland 
* '''Espanja''': Spain
* '''Francija''': France 
* '''Hoids Cerkven''': Montenegro 
* '''Irlandija''': Ireland
* '''Island''': Iceland 
* '''Italija''': Italy 
* '''Kazakstan''': Kazakhstan 
* '''Kayl Veljer''': Netherlands 
* '''Kipri''': Cyprus
* '''Krovatska''': Croatia 
* '''Latvija''': Latvia 
* '''Liktenštajn''': Liechtenstein 
* '''Ljetuva''': Lithuania 
* '''Luxemburg''': Luxembourg
* '''Magijarorsag''': Ungary 
* '''Malta''': Malta 
* '''Moldova''': Moldova 
* '''Monako''': Monaco 
* '''Norgen''': Norway 
* '''Ostrijk''': Austria 
* '''Polna''': Poland 
* '''Portugal''': Portugal 
* '''Romynija''': Romania 
* '''Russija''': Russia 
* '''Russija Cerne''': Belarus 
* '''Sakartvelo''': Georgia 
* '''San Marino''': San Marino 
* '''Sikeltirins Ceko''': Czech Republic 
* '''Sikeltirins Makedonija''': Republic of Macedonia 
* '''Sliknost Bojsitan'lo''': United Kingdom 
* '''Slovak''': Slovakia
* '''Slovenija''': Slovenia 
* '''Srbija''': Serbia 
* '''Suomi''': Finland
* '''Sverijk''': Sweden 
* '''Syr Vatikan''': Vatican City
* '''Turkija''': Turkey 
* '''Ukraijna''': Ukraine

==Other European names==

* '''Anglija''': England
* '''Cekoslovak''': Czechoslovakia
* '''Jugoslavija''': Yugoslavia
* '''Kosovo''': Kosovo
* '''Sikeltirins Bontes Dojcland''': Federal Republic of Germany
* '''Sikeltirins Sikelt Dojcland''': Democratic Republic of Germany
* '''Bojsitan Europa''': European Union
* '''Bojsitan Sovjet''': Soviet Union

==State adjective==
Unlike most substantives, states' names have their own adjective, which indicates also the people's name.

* ''Albanija'': '''alban''' 
* ''Andorra'': '''andor''' 
* ''Armenija'': '''armen''' 
* ''Azerbaian'': '''azerb''' 
* ''Belgija'': '''belgik'''
* ''Bosnija a Erzegovin'': '''bosnik'''
* ''Bylgarija'': '''bylgar'''
* ''Danmark'': '''danik'''
* ''Dojcland'': '''dojc'''
* ''Eesti'': '''eestik'''
* ''Ellas'': '''elladik'''
* ''Elvecija'': '''elvec'''
* ''Espanja'': '''espanjik'''
* ''Francija'': '''francik'''
* ''Hoids Cerkven'': '''hoidicerkvnik'''
* ''Irlandija'': '''irsik'''
* ''Island'': '''islandik'''
* ''Italija'': '''ital'''
* ''Kazakstan'': '''kazak'''
* ''Kayl Veljer'': '''kaylveljerik'''
* ''Kipri'': '''kiprik'''
* ''Krovatska'': '''krovat'''
* ''Latvija'': '''latvik'''
* ''Liktenštajn'': '''liktenštajnik'''
* ''Ljetuva'': '''ljetuvik'''
* ''Luxemburg'': '''luxemburgik'''
* ''Magijarorsag'': '''magijar'''
* ''Malta'': '''maltik'''
* ''Moldova'': '''moldovik'''
* ''Monako'': '''monakik'''
* ''Norgen'': '''norgik'''
* ''Ostrijk'': '''ostrijkik'''
* ''Polna'': '''polnik'''
* ''Portugal'': '''portugik'''
* ''Romynija'': '''romyn'''
* ''Russija'': '''rus'''
* ''Russija Cerne'': '''ruscernik'''
* ''Sakartvelo'': '''sakartvel'''
* ''San Marino'': '''sanmarinik'''
* ''Sikeltirins Ceko'': '''ceko'''
* ''Sikeltirins Makedonija'': '''makedon'''
* ''Sliknost Bojsitan'lo'': '''anglik''' 
* ''Slovak'': '''slovakik'''
* ''Slovenija'': '''slovenik'''
* ''Srbija'': '''srbik'''
* ''Suomi'': '''suomik'''
* ''Sverijk'': '''sverijkik'''
* ''Syr Vatikan'': '''vatikan'''
* ''Turkija'': '''turk'''
* ''Ukraijna'': '''ukraijn'''

[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandboxII</title>
    <id>4406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30040</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-20T13:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;Tyahri si ad'jo {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Nori'lo klo fols ka '''FrathWiki''', wiki hvo le sok vsi a'mbit li si la a'mauik le lenk sindak'lo a le nimrod sindak'lo si la, a uvulka dla li si la a'falden le varning ob le lenk sindak'lo a le nimrod sindak'lo. Ljub &quot;[[FrathWiki:Goals]]&quot; dla li ok la a'kjal ejek ad'jo ju wiki tjel.

FrathWiki ad'ejen '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' le strong nu.

Skj, ki ad'jo ju Frathwiki, ad'jo vrij (gek ju lenk). Ljub &quot;[[FrathWiki:Copyrights]]&quot; dla le varning.

'''Dla li ok la a'bolsenj:'''  Ljub &quot;[[Help:How does one start a page|Goda:Gek ni a'bolsenj strong]]&quot; a &quot;[[Help:Editing|Editing]]&quot; giv ok la ta a'bijl le wiki. Trjari yd ahalar dla goda ad'jo ju &quot;[[Help:Contents]]&quot;. Norjein kjal [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions]] voor li ok la a'sonud strong is tjux.

Strong goda ad'jo ju [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|le fonts Free Unicode]], hvo ok la a'mbit li ok a'lole le fonts dla li ok la a'mbit li ok la a'ljub le bukstip utrajyk, ju [[IPA]], kj le sol a'ljos ju wiki tjel. 

Behd '''[[Templates|template]]''' ad'jo, dla li si la a'goda ok, li ok a'sonud strong ok qarh klo.

Nu [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Yahoogroup] ad'jo dla websajt tjel.

'''Wiki bed'aln kraj klo vis MediaWiki 1.9.2.'''. Norjein pih er ni la, giv behd xade olim a'kojle ka [mailto:muke@frath.net Muke].

[[Carune (page)|Strong tjel]] ju [[Carune]]. 
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|Strong tjel]] ju [[Satirocitan]]. 
[[Main Page in Mumuñu|Strong tjel]] ju [[Mumuñu]]. 
[[Main Page in Piscean|Strong tjel]] ju [[Piscean language|Piscean]]. 
[[Main Page in Dooma|Strong tjel]] ju [[Dooma]]. 
[[Main Page in Kazujisha|Strong tjel]] ju [[Kazujisha]]. 

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''[[Help:Contents|Le ahalar goda]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Le pih]] - [[List of mailing lists|Trjari yd sokuljejat]] - '''[[List of conlangs|Trjari yd le lenk sindak'lo]]'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

'''Le ahalar lenk:''' [[:Category:Grammar|gramata]] - [[person|sok]] - [[number|cuslo]] - [[tense|caj]] - [[aspect|ljybka]] - [[mood|ehreas]] - [[Swadesh list|trjari yd Swadesh]]

|-
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'''Le uvulka visrbjit:'''
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:Folsiskit sindak'lo dla le lenk indoeuropa vis bukstip cinik.
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:Lenk sindak'lo vjsrbijt [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages]]
*:Trjari yd le vorin, ki a'ljybka adhkol ju le lenk sir.
*[[Noric]]
*:Kuku lenk oraj'lo ju Alpe ostrijk ju [[League of Lost Languages|Bontes yd le Lenk Klinj'lo]].
*The [[Oligosynthesis Project]]
*:Uvulka, dla li ni la a'sonud lenk oligosyntesi.
*[[Attested diachronic changes]]
*:Le ijak lenk .
*[[Zebia]]
*:Gija sindak'lo yd [[Zompist Bulletin Board]].
''...ljub toge [[:Category:Collaborations]]'' 

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Trjari yd le ahalar ob le nimrod sindak'lo:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar|Trjari yd le ahriyd Henaudute]]
*[[New Royce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Senjecas]]
*[[Ilethes]] a [[:Category:Ilethes]]
''...ljub toge [[:Category:Conworlds]]''

&lt;!-- these items should probably be moved or at least rotated, once they get enough to merit a page --&gt;

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Le uvulka wiki ijls ob le lenk sindak'lo'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Nytal</title>
    <id>4407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48670</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T01:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Le fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Gek ni a'bolsenj strong]] • [[Help:Contents|Goda]]&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Nori'lo klo fols ka FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Ujn yd FrathWiki]] ad'jo falden yd le varning ob le skal sindak'lo, le gija sindak'lo a ob le ahalar yd skalrejn. Evre sok a'mbit li ok a'tahlat er rejn. FrathWiki ad'ejen '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' le strong nu, ki ad'jo vrij fre ljos.

Ni la a'kanj ''ok'' li ok a'goda ni la vsi! Ok a'mbit li ok a'baša a ok a'sonud le strong aln. Kjal le ahalar fre goda fre li ok a'toum gek li ok a'skit le strong fik. Giv ok a'myr goda ni la, ok a'mbit li ok a'pita ju strong ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]''.
&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Le ahalar&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Le skal prarod]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Le skal sindak'lo]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Le aveze sindak'lo]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Le gija sindak'lo]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Qastej skal]]
:[[Our Father|Le sinskan yd &quot;Babu ni la&quot;]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Trjari yd sokuljejat elektrika]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Le template]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki ju Yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki ju le skal ijls

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki ju le skal ijls&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune]] • [[Main Page/Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan]] • [[Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta)|Háfrig (Avorenta)]] • [[Main Page/Itëłan|Itëłan]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč|Lišěč]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč (Cyrillic)|Lišěč (Cyrillic)]] • [[Main Page/Lánc|Lánc]] • [[Main Page/Piscean|Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Romanto|Romanto]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian]] • [[Main Page/Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/West Germanic|West Germanic]] • [[Main Page|English]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!--
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polymorphic conlang/Morphology</title>
    <id>4408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25915</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-02T13:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Secondary Stative Cases */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Nouns ==
There are two genders of nouns, animate and inanimate. Gender is not marked, but does affect the noun morphology in other ways. The language is split-S, with animates being nominative-accusative, inanimates being ergative-absolute.

The basic form is
{Deixis}+{Case1}+{Number}+Root+{Case2}+{Definiteness}, where anything in braces may be a null morpheme.

===Deixis===

{|
| this || 
|-
| that ||
|-
| yonder ||
|-
| what ||
|}

For the first three, the noun must also be marked definite. For the last, it must be indefinite (unmarked).

===Case===

The marking of case comes in two parts, and depends on gender. The case system can be regarded as consisting of primary and secondary, active and stative cases.

====Primary Cases====

The primary cases of a noun are gender dependent.

{|
! !! Active case !! Stative Case
|-
! Animate

| Nominative
| Accusative
|-
| || Root || Root+
|-
! Inanimate
| Ergative
| Absolute
|-
| || hu+Root || Root
|}

====Secondary Active Cases====
Secondary active cases are formed by adding a suffix to the primary active case.

{|
! Genitive 
| -ti
|-
! Dative 
| -un
|-
! Causative 
| -ka
|-
! Locative 
| -ir
|}

====Secondary Stative Cases====
Secondary stative cases are formed by adding a prefix to the primary stative case.

{|
! Instrumental
| aw-
|-
! Allative
| pin-
|-
!
| xu-
|-
!
| ur-
|-
|}

===Number===

There are three numbers, 

{|
! Singular 
|
|-
! Dual/paucal
| huj-
|-
! Plural
| si-
|}

The middle number indicates dual for animates or paucal for inanimates.

===Definiteness===

Indefinite nouns are unmarked. Definite nouns are marked with the suffix -arja

==Verbs==

The verb follows the following paradigm

{subject animacy}+{tense/aspect}+root+{mood}+{voice}+{object animacy}

===Subject animacy===
Unmarked for animate subjects, ''ta-'' for inanimate subjects


===Tense and aspect===
These are not orthogonal, so a single marker covers both.

===Mood===

===Voice===

{|
! Voice || Marker || Use
|-
! Active
| 
| Subject and object have their usual roles.
|-
! Passive
|
| Animate subject is treated as object
|-
! Antipassive
|
| Inanimate object is treated as subject
|-
! Reflexive
|
| Subject acts upon itself
|}

===Object animacy===
Unmarked for inanimate objects, ''-ajn'' for animate objects</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Specific Nytal lexycon</title>
    <id>4409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29355</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-22T21:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Everyday lexycon &amp; phraseology==
These are some examples of everyday sentences and question in Nytal:

* '''Kredi fols''': ''Good morning''
* '''Ahriyd fols''': ''Good afternoon''
* '''Njosi fols''': ''Good evening''
* '''Klidir fols''': ''Good night''
* '''Na'saj''': ''Hello, Hi'' (from ''Ni a'saj'': I greet)
* '''Puhlen''': ''Thank you''
* '''Norjein''': ''You're welcome, Please'' (from ''Ni a'orjein'': I pray)


* '''Gek ok a'noym?''': What's your name?
* '''Ni a'noym...''': My name is...

* '''Gek šak ad'jo?''': How are you (lit. ''How is (your) life?'')
* '''Klo fols''': Good
* '''Vsi ad'jo klo fols''': All is good

* '''Tyka le gad ad'jo er ok?''': How old are you? (lit. ''How many years are to you?'')
* '''Do'din le gad ad'jo er ni!''': I'm 20 years old! (lit. ''20 years are to me'')

* '''Ni a'tuja ok''': I like you
* '''Ni a'ljek ok''': I love you


===Le ahryd yd ejkahrd===
[[Image:Nytal Sol System.gif|thumb|right|280px|Nytal names for Solar System planets]]
* '''arahriyd''': monday
* '''lojtarhiyd''': tuesday
* '''vejyrarhiyd''': wednesday
* '''pomararhiyd''': thursday
* '''kjenimahriyd''': friday
* '''šišitahriyd''': saturday
* '''lysahriyd''': sunday

==Universal Declaration of Human Rights==
*'''Article 1''':

Le sok vsi a'co vrij a tecej ju kyšyl a le yrkej si la. Si la ad'ejen uym a visrinj a si la a'blinj li si la ad'ake vis le sok ijls ju ka yd jajanost.

:Transcription:
''[PLUR]person all [PRES]be-born free and equal in dignity and [PLUR]right-he[PLUR]. He[PLUR] [PRES]have reason and conscience and he[PLUR] [PRES]must that he[PLUR]act with [PLUR]person other in spirit of brotherhood''

:Translation:
All people are born free and equal in dignity and their rights. They have the reason and the conscience and they must act with other people in a spirit of brotherhood.

:English original version:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nytal Sol System.gif</title>
    <id>4410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25516</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-20T01:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Under original GNU Licence</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Under original GNU Licence</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Borgonze.jpg</title>
    <id>4411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27083</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-29T11:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus|Maps}}
Map showing approximate extent of [[User:Melroch/Borgonze|Borgonze]] superimposed on [[althist:OTL|OTL]] modern France. 

&lt;div id=&quot;improve&quot;&gt;
== Who can improve this map? ==

The borders certainly need to be adjusted to correspond to natural boundaries. The map was created by coloring parts of a low-resolution map of the regions of OTL France red and then pasting the colored parts into a layer over a high resolution physical map of OTL France, outline the colored parts and lastly approximately scale and trim it. It certainly needs more trimming by someone who is better at these graphics things than I am! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 04:47, 20 September 2007 (PDT)

{{R3 pages}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Borgonze</title>
    <id>4412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25574</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-21T13:40:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Links to R/B</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Borgonze.jpg|frame|center|Approximate outline of Borgonze superimposed on [http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/OTL OTL] France. The borders certainly need to be adjusted to correspond to natural boundaries.]]

I'm not sure how big the Borgonze where [[User:Melroch/Rhodrese|Rhodrese]]/[[User:Melroch/Rhodrese/Borgonzay|Borgonzay]] is spoken is. It does extend further south than the French region called Bourgogne in OTL, including Lojú/Lyon and further south along the Rhuodre/Rhône, but not including Provença/Provence nor extending east into OTL Switzerland. I don't know how far west or north it extends, although it does ''not'' include Paris. It includes the full course of Saugone/Saône, and is probably not landlocked but includes Picardie and Cales/Calais. This means it does not directly correspond to the Burgundia of the Dark Ages, having lost Provence but expanded northward.  Due to the existence of Borgonze France and Germany have no common border, and Alsace and Lorraine are German. Still Borgonze was probably part of the realm of Charlemagne and its reemergence is later, similar to what happened in OTL. It may even be part of an in that case less centralist France.  

Walloon would BTW be a separate language or a dialect of R/B too, or perhaps more likely all of Belgium would be Germanic-speaking — not necessarily Dutch-speaking of course!

The OTL where Borgonze exists may be [[Lucus]].

{{R3 pages}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Rhodrese/Borgonzay</title>
    <id>4413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25599</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-21T14:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The name of the language</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
== The name of the language ==

The modern name of the language as a whole should be something like '''''Borgonzay''''' &lt; {{SC|*Burgundiense}} (i.e. the Romance language of ''Burgundia'', parallel to ''Français'' for the Romance language of ''Francia'') with two main dialect groups ''Rhodray'' along the Rhodre (Rhône) and ''Saugonay'' along the Saugone (Saône). The problem is that in the ATL there was also a Germanic language ''Borgonzc &lt; *burgundiska'' which survived long enough to become a written language in books with Latin letters. In contradistinction to this language the Romance language of [[User:Melroch/Borgonze|Borgonze]] was of course called ''Romanz'' or some variation thereof and any derivative of ''*Burgund'' would be inappropriate, but ''Romanz'' would be equally inappropriate in contradistinction to ''Français/Frantxay'' (or perhaps ''Francien/Frantxiá''), not to speak of the Rumantsch and Romand{{ref|Romand}} of Switzerland.  

The likely situation is that they all be ''Romant/Romanz/Romand/Romantx'' as a group compared to ''*Franconais/Borgonzc{{ref|Borgonzc}}/Allemand'', but by other, geographical names, and so ''Rhodray'' is still a plausible name, based on the fact that it is spoken along the Rhuodre-Saugone (Rhône-Saône) valley. Nothing like ''Borgonzay, Borgonzá'' &lt; {{SC|*Burgundianum}} or ''Borgongá'' &lt; {{SC|*Burgundicanum}} seems me enough differendiated from ''Borgonzc/Borgondesc'' &lt; {{SC|*Burgundiska}} or ''Borgonzong'' &lt; {{SC|*Burgundionicum}}, nor as appealing. 

''Saugonay'' for the language as a whole isn't appealing to me either; perhaps the Rhuodre part of the valley has always been dominant?  To the extent that I've worked out the differences between the northern and southern dialects the standard language slants towards the southern dialects, similar to Italian and Provençal rather than towards the Northern, more French-like dialects.  The one feature where the standard goes with the north is the outcome of labial + {{SC|j}} and labial + liquid which are ''u(n)dg/un(j), ul, ur'' {{IPA|/udʒ/, /ul/, /ur/}} in the north but labial + ''-e, -o, -re'' {{IPA|/ɪ, ʊ, ɾɪ/}} in the south{{ref|labial-sonorant}}. rather than being consciously cross-dialectal the standard builds on the actual situation in central dialects around Lojú (Lyon).

=== Notes ===
==== {{note|Romand}} Romand and Rumantsch ====
I wonder what Rumantsch and Romand would be called in the ATL.
Romand would most probably be something like ''Helvetxan &lt; *{{SC|Helveticanum}}'',
notwithstanding its spread over a larger area than Roman Helvetia. Compared to [[Wikipedia:Franco-Provençal language#toc|the map here]] it would in any case extend further east but not as far west as Franco-Provençal does in OTL, since the western part of the Franco-Provençal area will be R/B in the ATL, and so F-P/Romand will in the ATL more specifically be ''the'' language of western Switzerland, which may well comprise Savoy and Val d'Aosta in the ATL, so ''Helvetxan'' will be a more appropriate name in the ATL than it may be in OTL.

Rumantsch would possibly be ''Rumantsch'' in the ATL too ''if'' it need define itself primarily in contradistinction to Allemannic German there too, although its status and spread would probably be stronger in the ATL. If so it might well be {{SC|*Raeticanum}}. It would be spelled ''Retxan'' since in that case I'd also expect its orthography to be Italian and R/B-influenced rather than German-influenced and use ''tx'' instead of ''tsch'' and ''x'' for {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and perhaps ''sg(i)'' for {{IPA|/ʒ/}} instead of ''sch'' for both. I imagine international words with ''x'' would have got pronounced with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} or written with ''xh'' {{IPA|/ks/}} analogous with ''ch'' and ''gh'' for unpalatalized {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/g/}} before ''e'' or ''i''.  Some orthographic difference from R/B would be likely and healthy given the four-way differentiation {{IPA|/ts—tɕ—tʃ—k/}} where R/B only has three-way {{IPA|/ts—tʃ—k/}}, and the intervening Romand/Helvetxan.  I'd expect the same confusion over the spelling of {{IPA|/ʒ/}} arise as in R/B. If [[User:Melroch|I]] had designed ''[[Wikipedia:Romansh#Standardisation|Rumantx Grixun]]'' I would have used these spellings and also probably accent marks to differentiate {{IPA|/e/}} ''é'' and  {{IPA|/ɛ/}} ''è'' from  {{IPA|/ə/}} ''e'' and {{IPA|/o/}} ''ù'' from {{IPA|/ɔ/}} ''o''.  I would definitely have used ''ç'' for {{IPA|/tɕ/}} rather than ''tg'', which looks daft word initially — compare ''tgirar'' and ''çirar''! — but ''çh'' in those words where {{IPA|/tɕ/}} is in dialectal variation with {{IPA|/k/}}, which would leave ''ch'' unambiguous for {{IPA|/χ/}} in those cases where all dialects have that sound. In the ATL this latter would then be a late differentiation from an earlier situation with variation between ''c'' and ''ç/cz''. See the pronunciation guide in [http://www.unifr.ch/rheto/documents/Gramminstr.pdf this grammar (PDF)] and the [http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumantsch#Cumparanza_da_la_variaziun_rumantscha comparative table of dialect forms in the Rumantsch Wikipedia].

==== {{note|Borgonzc}} Borgonzc ====
''Borgonzc'' as a Romance form may be a haplology of {{SC|*Burgundioniscum}} — perhaps ''Borgondesc'' or ''Borgonzonesc'' are more likely.

==== {{note|labial-sonorant}} Labial + sonorant ====
Examples:
* {{SC|capio}} 
*:&gt; northern ''txautx''
*:&gt; southern ''cope/cobe''
*:&gt; standard ''cautx''
* {{sc|stabulum}}
*:&gt;  northern ''etau''
*:&gt;  central ''esta(v)o''
*:&gt;  southern ''estable''
*:&gt;  standard ''estaul''

:Standard orthography normally doesn't reflect l-vocalization, which is lacking in the southern dialects, but is reflected in medieval manuscripts from the central area, where postvocalic ''l'' was reintroduced as a prestige social variant under southern influence, and as a conscious distancing from ''Frantxay''.


* {{sc|caprum}} 
*:&gt; northern ''txaur''
*:&gt;  southern ''cabre''
*:&gt;  standard ''caur''
* N.B. {{sc|eximius}}
*:&gt; northern ''sceundg''
*:&gt;  southern ''esceme'' (plural ''escime'')
*:&gt;  standard ''esceundg''.

{{R3 pages}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R3 pages</title>
    <id>4414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42394</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-29T17:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Liquid consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">


== Pages about [[Althist:Lucus|Lucal]] languages ==

&lt;DPL&gt;
category=Lucus
&lt;/DPL&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucus</title>
    <id>4415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27091</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-29T12:14:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus}}
'''Lucus''' is [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]'s alternate timeline.

The information about it has been moved to [[Althist:Lucus]].

The adjective for 'belonging to Lucus' is ''Lucal''.

{{R3 pages}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pete</title>
    <id>4416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49799</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-18T21:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''La jermene Lingwe''' gehört '''aläu''' nordlichen Zweig '''lauer romener Lingwer eß est vor''' allem '''in Jermannien,''' Österreich, '''la Jermenhelvetien''', Liechtenstein, '''Fitzekasels,''' Ost'''belgien,''' Süd'''tirol eß dei''' Minderheiten '''in machses '''mittel'''europäenes Zerres ken'''sprochen. '''Aleis Varietätes läs jermene Lingwe''' gehören einerseits '''la jermene Tipolingwe, kei''' auf der Grundlage hoch'''jermenes''' Mundarten entstanden '''est eß''' auch als Hoch'''jermench, Tipojermench,''' Schrift'''jermench''' oder als '''jermene Literaturlingwe''' bezeichnet '''est,''' andererseits eine Vielzahl '''dei Lokaldialektes, laur sei in''' hoch'''jermene eß basjermene''' Mundarten aufteilen lassen '''eß deläs Tipolingwe''' überdacht '''sunz. La Jermench est la''' meist'''ken'''sprochene Mutter'''lingwe in lä Europäene Union eß est aleis titz''' wichtigsten '''Lingwes lä Welt''' '''ken'''zählt.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rienench</title>
    <id>4417</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>39759</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-11T00:25:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Jermench (MGR)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Jermench (MGR)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Pete</title>
    <id>4418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34197</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-20T08:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pete, I moved PNR to PNR (MGR) and converted your group labels to level 5 headings, which is both better markup practice (headings should be marked up as headings) and leaves bold/italics free for linguistic citation and emphasis purposes.

I suggest adding the following CSS code to [[User:Pete/monobook.css]]:

&lt;pre&gt;
body {font-family: serif !important;}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {font-family: sans-serif !important;}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Improved readabilty and preserved sanity in the bargain!

or even better download the DejaVu fonts (see [[Help:Free Unicode fonts]]) and make it

&lt;pre&gt;
body {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Serif&quot; !important;}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Sans&quot; !important;}
&lt;/pre&gt;

BTW you might want to set font-size to something sane as well!
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 08:47, 20 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Language-new</title>
    <id>4419</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25660</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-23T14:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Template:New language box]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:New language box]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Language new</title>
    <id>4420</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25659</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-23T14:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Template:New language box]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:New language box]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:New language</title>
    <id>4421</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25658</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-23T14:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:New language]] moved to [[Template:New language box]]: More informative</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:New language box]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhodrese</title>
    <id>4422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46834</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
{{Lucus|languages}}


{{Language|
| English = Gallo-Romance
| native = 
| dialect English = Rhodrese
| dialect native = Rhodray, Borgonzay
| country = Burgundy
| nativecountry = [[Althist:Borgonze|Borgonze]]
| universe =  [[Lucus]]
| speakers = several million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Italic
| subbranch = Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = accusative
| author = [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]
| date = 2007
| background-color =
| heading-background = lightsteelblue
| width =
}}
[[Image:Borgonze.jpg|frame|center|Approximate outline of [[Althist:Borgonze|Borgonze]] superimposed on [[althist:OTL|OTL]] modern France. The borders certainly need to be adjusted to correspond to natural boundaries.]]

__TOC__

== Alphabet and pronunciation ==

Digraphs which appear bold in the left column below are considered separate letters of the alphabet.

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | a, ə
| Stressed '''a''' is {{IPA|[a]}}, unstressed '''a''' is {{IPA|[ə]}}.
|-
| Ai ai, Ay ay
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ai̯
| The only difference between '''ai''' and '''ay''' is that theoretically final '''ai''' is unstressed while final '''ay''' is stressed.  In practice final '''ai''' occurs mostly in unstressed monosyllabic particles like ''mai''.
|-
| Ao ao, Au au
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | au̯
| These digraphs are pronounced alike.  Their distribution is partly governed by etymological criteria, in that '''ao''' is found where there was {{SC|al}} or {{SC|ol}} in Latin, and '''au''' where there was {{SC|au}} or {{SC|a}}β' in Vulgar Latin, but the main criterion is whether related forms with i-affection have '''eo''' or '''eu'''. These criteria are of course related, in that the i-affected form of original {{SC|al}} or {{SC|ol}} was originally {{SC|el}}, which became '''eo''', while the i-affected form of original {{SC|au}} or {{SC|a}}β' was '''eu'''.
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b, p
| Pronounced {{IPA|[p]}} at the end of a word.
|-
! C c 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k, s
| Pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} before '''e, i''' and '''y''' and {{IPA|[k]}} elsewhere.

The older 'soft' pronunciation of '''c''' was {{IPA|[ts]}}. This pronunciation is preserved in some dialects, and some purists think that it ought to still be the standard pronunciation.  Other dialects have {{IPA|[θ]}} as the soft pronunciation of '''c''', and those speakers may use that pronunciation when speaking standard Rhodrese.{{ref|soft_c}}
|-
| Ch ch 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| Note that the Rhodrese pronunciation of '''ch''' differs from the French but agrees with the Italian.
|-
| Ç ç
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| This is the traditional spelling for the 'soft' pronunciation of '''c''' in other positions than before '''e, i''' and '''y'''. The above remarks about the 'soft' pronunciation of '''c''' apply equally to '''ç'''.  Some dialects often have '''ç''' before '''a''' where the corresponding French word has '''ch''', e.g. ''çaod'', standard Rhodrese ''caod'', Fr. ''chaud''; ''ciar'', standard Rhodrese ''chiar'', Fr. ''cher''.
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d, ð. t
| Pronounced {{IPA|[t]}} at the end of a word, {{IPA|[ð]}} after a vowel or '''r''' inside a word and {{IPA|[d]}} elsewhere, including at the beginning of a word.  Some speakers have {{IPA|[θ]}} for '''d''' after a vowel at the end of a word.
To pronounce '''d''' after a vowel as {{IPA|[z]}} or zero is considered sub-standard. Some speakers whose dialects have these pronunciations use a hard {{IPA|[d]}} in all word-internal positions.
|-
| dg 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʤ, ʧ
| 
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e, ɛ, ɪ
| Stressed '''e''' is {{IPA|[e]}} or {{IPA|[ɛ]}}. Unstressed '''e''' is {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, even where it derives from Latin {{SC|a}}
|-
| Eu eu 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | y
| 
|-
| Eo eo 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | eu̯, ɛu̯
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g, ɣ, ʤ, k
| 
|-
| Gh gh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g, ɣ
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | Ø
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i, ɪ
| 
|-
| Ia ia 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ja
| 
|-
| Iao iao 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | jau̯
| 
|-
| Ie ie 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | jɛ
| 
|-
| Ieo ieo 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | jɛu̯
| 
|-
| Io io 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | iu̯
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʤ
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| Some speakers pronounce '''l''' as {{IPA|[ɺ̢]}} (cf. '''ll''') at the beginning of words.
|-
| Gl gl 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʎ
| 
|-
| Ll ll 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɺ̢
| A lateral retroflex flap.  Some speakers who don't have this sound in their dialect pronounce '''ll''' as {{IPA|[dl]}}.
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
| Gn gn 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɲ
| 
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o, ɔ, ʊ
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! Q q 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʁ, ɾ
| 
|-
| rr 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʁ
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s, z
| 
|-
| Sc sc
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | sk, ʃ
| 
|-
| Sç, sç 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
| 
|-
| Sdg, sdg 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ, ʃ
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}} at the end of words.
|-
| S'dg, s'dg 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | zʤ, sʧ
| {{IPA|[sʧ]}} at the end of words.
|-
| Sg, sg 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ, zɡ, sk
| {{IPA|[ʒ]}} before '''e, i''' and '''y''', e.g. ''basgiar'' {{IPA|[bəˈʒjaɾ]}}; {{IPA|[sk]}} at the end of words; {{IPA|[zɡ]}} elsewhere.
|-
| S'g, s'g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | zʤ
| {{IPA|[zʤ]}} before '''e, i''' and '''y'''.
|-
| ss
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
| Tx tx 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʧ
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u, ʊ
| 
|-
| Ua ua
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | wa
| 
|-
| Ue ue
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ø
| 
|-
| Uo uo
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | wo
| 
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | v
| 
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | v, w
| 
|-
! X x 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ks, gz
| 
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j, i, ɪ
| 
|-
| Yo yo 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | jo, jɔ, iu̯
| 
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | z
| 
|}


== Liquid consonants ==

Rhodrese has five distinct liquid phonemes, developed out of Latin single and double double liquids and some combinations of liquid and consonant. The spelling of these phonemes is consistent:

* {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is written ''r''.
* {{IPA|/l/}} is written ''l''.
* {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is written ''gl'' (and {{IPA|/gl/}} is written ''ghl'').
* {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is written ''rr'' except after a consonant or at the beginning of a word, where it is written ''r''.
* {{IPA|[ɹ]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} which occurs before a consonant and before a pause. However some speakers have {{IPA|[ʁ]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}} which are allophones of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in this position, so in fact the distinction between {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is neutralized there.
* {{IPA|/ɽˡ/}} is written ''ll''. The distinction between between {{IPA|/ɽˡ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} is only maintained between vowels. {{IPA|[ɽˡ]}} occurs instead of {{IPA|[l]}} word-initially if the preceding word ends in a vowel and word finally if the next word begins in a vowel. In modern Rhodrese this is shown in spelling only with the masculine singular definite article before a word beginning in a vowel (and in the contractions ''della, alla, delli, alli'' etc.).

The following table Illustrates the origins of these sounds in Vulgar Latin.


&lt;table class=&quot;gridtable IPA&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;Position&lt;hr&gt;Latin&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;#__&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;V__V&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;__C&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;__’C&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 12%;&quot;&gt;__#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;__’#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɾ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;d&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɾ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{ref|dC}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Ø/t&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;rr&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;dr, d’r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;dʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;tr, t’r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;tʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;n’r&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɹ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;l&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l/ɽˡ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l/w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;ll, l’n&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l/ɽˡ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɽˡ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l/w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;t’l, d’l&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l/ɽˡ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ɽˡ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;lj, llj, gl, g’l&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class=&quot;smallcaps&quot;&gt;kl, k’l&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;td&gt;kl&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;—&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;w&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;ʎ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
=== Examples ===

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;&gt;Vulgar Latin&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 66%;&quot;&gt;Rhodrese&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo pede}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el pier'' {{IPA|/pjɛɾ/}} pl. ''li pir''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo patre}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el piar'' (Old Rh. ''pearr'') pl. ''li pier''!&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|laudare}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''lauriar'' {{IPA|/ləwɾˈjaɾ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|rotundu}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''rodon'' {{IPA|/ʁʊˈdɔn/}}, f. ''rodonde'' {{IPA|/ʁʊˈdɔndɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ʁʊˈdɔnɪ/}}, pl. ''reden''.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|petra}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''pierre'' {{IPA|/ˈpjɛʁɪ/}}{{ref|pierre}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|quadraginta}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''quarrante''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|senior}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''ser'' 'Mr.' ( and analogical ''sir'' 'Messrs.') cf. ''segnaur'' 'lord' &amp;lt; {{SC|seniorem}}.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|ponere habet}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''porrat'' {{IPA|/pʊˈʁat/}} 's/}he will put'&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illu bellu}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el bel''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illa stella}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''l'estelle''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo malo}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el mao''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illa mala}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''la male''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo stab'lu}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''ell estabo''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illi oc'li}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''igl egl'' (sg. ''ell egl''){{ref|aghle}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo filio}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el fegl'' pl. ''li figl'' 'son, children' (Old Rh. ''el figl, li figl'')&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illo filiolu}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''el figláo'' pl. ''li figléo'' 'brat'{{ref|figlao}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{SC|illa fil[j]ina}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;''la figline'' pl. ''li figlí'' 'daughter'{{ref|figline}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

=== Notes ===

{{note|dC}} To the extent that '''d / __C''' existed in Latin it was assimilated to the following consonant. The main exception was {{SC|dj}} which in Old Rhodrese became either {{IPA|/dz/}} ''z'' or {{IPA|/dʒ/}} ''j, g''.

{{note|pierre}} Since the plurals of {{SC|petra}} and {{SC|pede}} became homophones in Rhodrese the former is strictly an uncountable mass noun. To denote 'piece(s) of stone' ''pierghe'' pl. ''pirg'' &amp;lt; {{SC|petrica}}, or if the stone(s) be larger ''el pierráu'' &amp;lt; {{SC|petrone}} are used. Many of the ''sensu stricto'' Rhodrese dialects, like several Italian dialects, have forms like ''el pried, li prid'' as if from {{SC|preta, pretae}} but these are strictly banned from the written language. The personal name {{SC|Petrus}} is now used only in the semi-learned form ''Piedre'' or in the originally Provençal form ''Pair'', but the adjective ''pierraus'' (O.Rh. ''perrous'') and the surnames ''Pirrí'' and ''Pierrot'' are still current. ''Pier'' is used as an ethnic slur for a Frenchman (cf. French ''Pierre'' {{IPA|/pjɛʁ/}} &amp;lt; {{SC|Petrus}})

{{note|aghle}} ''egl'' {{IPA|/ɛʎ/}}, the plural of ''ogl'' {{IPA|/ɔʎ/}} should not be confused with ''eghle'' {{IPA|/ˈɛglɪ/}} the plural of ''aghle'' {{IPA|/ˈaglɪ/}} &amp;lt; {{SC|aquila}}.

{{note|figlao}} The pejorization in the meaning of ''figláo'' {{SC|filiolus}} was no doubt due to confusion with a supposed or real ''**figláu'' &amp;lt; {{SC|filione}}.

{{note|figline}} ''la figline, li figlí'' is an example of how the ending {{SC|-ina}} became productively added to nouns and nominalized adjectives denoting female living beings after the plurals of paired masculine/feminine designations had become identical. This happened also with names: the lady Claudine and her maid Clauzine (&amp;lt; {{SC|-ina}} added to the male name Clauz &amp;lt; {{SC|Claudius}} are a staple pair of the traditional Borgonzay comedy. Sometimes the endings ''-áu'' {{SC|-one}} or ''-air'' {{SC|-ariu}} were added to the masculine designation instead of or in addition to adding {{SC|-ina}} to the feminine designation. This was however a rule only with trees and their fruits as ''perair'' 'pear-tree' and ''paire'' 'pear'.

{{R3 pages}}
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dark ages borgonze.jpg</title>
    <id>4423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27080</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-29T11:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus|maps}}
The greatest extent of [[Borgonze]], or rather Burgundia, during the Dark Ages, superimposed on modern [[althist:OTL|OTL]] France.

== Who can improve this map? ==

&lt;DPL&gt;
title=Image:Borgonze.jpg
include=#Who can improve this map?
&lt;/DPL&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Medieval borgonze.jpg</title>
    <id>4424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27081</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-29T11:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus|maps}}
The medieval Duchy of [[Borgonze]] before the Hundred Years War, superimposed on modern [[althist:OTL|OTL]] France.

== Who can improve this map? ==

&lt;DPL&gt;
title=Image:Borgonze.jpg
include=#Who can improve this map?
&lt;/DPL&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Borghenzc.jpg</title>
    <id>4425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25689</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-25T15:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categorized</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The approximate area where [[Borghenzc]] was spoken in the 13th century marked in red.  The black line is the approximate borders of the Duchy of [[Borgonze]] in the same period.

{{R3 pages}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Burgendish</title>
    <id>4426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46830</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:23:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{wip}}&lt;br&gt;{{lucus|languages}}
[[Image:Borgensco rasde.png|none|left]] 
{{Language| 
| English = Burgundian 
| native =  
| dialect English = Burgendish 
| dialect native = Borgenzco 
| country = Burgundy 
| nativecountry = [[Althist:Borgonze|Borgonze]] 
| universe = possibly [[Lucus]] 
| speakers = extinct 
| family = Indo-European 
| branch = Germanic 
| subbranch = East Germanic 
| word-order = V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 
| morphological-type = inflecting 
| morphosyntactic-alignment = accusative 
| author = [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 
| date = 2007 
| background-color =  
| heading-background = lightsteelblue 
| width = 50% 
}} 

&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left&quot;&gt;
Borgenzco {{IPA|/ˈboɾɣən(d)sko/}}was a sister language to [[wikipedia:Gothic language|Gothic]] which was still spoken by [[wikipedia:Burgundians|Burgundians]] in 12th century [[wikipedia:Gaul|Gaul]]. In English it is called ''Burgendish'' — a supposed modern derivative of the [[wikipedia:Old English|Old English]] [[wikipedia:ethnonym|ethnonym]] ''Burgendan'' 'Burgundians'. In [[Lucal]] [[Inglisc]] it would rather be ''Burgændisc'', also pronounced {{IPA|/ˈbɜʴɡəndɪʃ/}} .

[[Image:Borghenzc.jpg|thumb|25%|left|The approximate are where Burgendish was spoken (red outline) within 12th century Borgonze (black outline).]] 

Phonologically Burgendish was about as advanced as Old English. It had shared its most recent phonological developments with the co-territorial Romance language [[Rhodrese]] as a result of [[wikipedia:Multilingualism#Multilingualism_within_communities|long-term bilingualism]].&lt;/div&gt;

{{clear}}

__TOC__

== Alphabet and pronunciation ==

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot; style=&quot;width: 80%;&quot;
!style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;| A a
|class=&quot;IPA&quot; style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;| /a/
| A low unrounded vowel.  It is unclear whether it was [a] or [ɑ]. Very occasionally '''a''' was used for {{IPA|[ə]}}, especially after a '''g''' to show that it was to be pronounced {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and not {{IPA|/ʤ/}}; thus {{IPA|[ˈborɣəndə]}} could be spelled ''borgande'' beside ''borgende'' and the equally occasional ''borghende''.
|-
! B b
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [b]
| A voiced bilabial stop. The sound {{IPA|[b]}} occurred only initially, in the combination {{IPA|[mb]}} and geminated as {{IPA|[bb]}}. The phoneme {{IPA|/b/}} had an allophone {{IPA|[β]}} which was usually spelled with '''v'''.
|-
! C c
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [k], [ts]
| Usually a voiceless velar stop. Very occasionally '''c''' was used for the combination {{IPA|/ts/}} before the letters '''e, i''' or '''y'''.  The very unusual '''cz''' was a variant of '''tz''' or '''thz'''.
|-
! Ch ch
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [k], [x]
| Used for the voiceless velar stop before the letters '''e, i''' or '''y'''. Before consonants and word-finally it stands for {{IPA|[x]}}, which is an allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} or {{IPA|/g/}}, e.g. ''chleifs, douchter, ouchſe, dachs'' (also ''dags''), ''macht/magt, dach/dag, iach/iag &lt; *jah''. N.B. that ''ch'' and ''g'' for word-final {{IPA|[x]}} were in free variation, regardless of whether the underlying/etymological final was {{IPA|/h/}} or {{IPA|/g/}}
|-
! D d
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [d], [ð]
| The phoneme {{IPA|/d/}} had two allophones: {{IPA|[d]}} which occurred initially, in the combinations {{IPA|/nd/}} and {{IPA|/ld/}}, in gemination and perhaps in the combination {{IPA|/dz/}} written '''z'''.  Since there was no contrast between {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} after vowels '''th''' is occasionally found for {{IPA|[ð]}} in this position, and word finally '''th''' and '''d''' are practically in free variation for {{IPA|[θ]}}.
|-
! E e
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [e]
| In stressed syllables a high mid unrounded front vowel, possibly even {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, or a low or low mid unrounded front vowel {{IPA|[æ]}} or {{IPA|[ɛ]}} when it represents the i-umlaut of ''*a''. The latter was very occasionally spelled ''æ'', but the two were always kept apart in rimes. In unstressed syllables '''e''' stood for {{IPA|[ə]}}.
|-
! Ea ea
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ɛɐ]/[æː]
| A diphthong {{IPA|[ɛɐ]}}or a long low unrounded front vowel {{IPA|[æː]}}. The breaking to a diphthong may have taken place during the 12th century — thus somewhat later than in [[Rhodrese]] —, or the occasional '''æ''' spellings in the relevant words are mere slips.
|-
! Ei ei (Ey ey)
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ɛɪ]
| A front unrounded diphthong, e.g. in ''chleifs''.  Unlike the case in [[Rhodrese]] there was no contrasting {{IPA|[eɪ]}} diphthong.
|-
! F f
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ɸ]/[f]
| An unrounded bilabial or labiodental fricative.
|-
! G g
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ɡ]/[ʤ], [ɣ], [x]
| The most multivalued letter in Burgendish writing. Initially it ussually stood for {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, but medial double '''gg''' before the letters '''e, i''' and '''y''' usually stood for {{IPA|[ʤ]}}, as in ''degge'', while medial single '''g''' usually stood for {{IPA|[ɣ]}} as in ''borgende'', and final '''g''' stood for {{IPA|[x]}}. While {{IPA|[ɡ], [ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} arguably were allophones of a single phoneme {{IPA|/ʤ/}} &lt; ''*gj, *g{{sup|i,e}}'' was a distinct phoneme.
|-
! Gh gh
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ɡ], [ɣ]
| Was very occasionally used to differentiate {{IPA|[ɡ]}} or {{IPA|[ɣ]}} from {{IPA|[ʤ]}} before the letters '''e, i''' and '''y'''.
|-
! H h (hh)
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [h], Ø
| Medial {{IPA|[h]}} was usually written '''hh''', e.g. ''thoahhe''. Perhaps it was still pronounced {{IPA|[x]}}?
|-
! Hu hu uh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | [ʍ]
| The voiced counterpart of {{IPA|/w/}} was written '''hu''' initially and medially, but '''uh''' finally: ''huaſug, ahua, sauh''. Occasional spellings like ''saf, nief'' for ''sauh, nieuh'' may indicate that a merger was under way.
|-
! I i (j)  Y y
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [i], [j]
| '''I''' and '''y''' were used interchangeably for both {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, and as usual in medieval writing '''j''' was merely a graphic variant of '''i'''. Unlike the case in [[Rhodrese]] initial or medial '''i''' never stood for {{IPA|/ʤ/}} in Burgendish. An '''i''' between two vowels was usually {{IPA|[jj]}} but was seldom written '''ii''' or '''ij''', e.g. usually ''leie'' and only occasionally ''leiie''. The usual spelling ''buiie'' should be interpreted as the '''ui''' digraph for {{IPA|/y/}} followed by '''i''' for {{IPA|/jj/}}. Cf. the nonce spelling ''beuie'' for the same word.
|-
! Ie ie (Ye ye)
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! K k
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! L l
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! M m
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! N n
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! O o
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! Oa oa
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
| ''oals &lt; *aɣlus'' vs. ''thoahhe &lt; *þwahan''
|-
! Oe oe
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [ø]
|
|-
! Ou ou
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! P p
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! Qu qu
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! R r
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! S ſ ſſ ſs s
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [s], [z]
| While '''ſ''' was used word-initially and '''s''' word-finally for {{IPA|/s/}}, medially '''ſ, ſſ''' and '''ſs''' were distinct graphemes for the two phonemes {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} and the geminate {{IPA|/ss/}}, e.g. ''nexeſe'' {{IPA|/ˈnaʃəzə/}} ''aſſens'' {{IPA|/ˈasəns/}} ''uueſse'' {{IPA|/ˈwessə/}}. N.B. the occasional occurrence of triple '''ſſſ''' for {{IPA|/ss/}} as in ''uueſſſo''. This was an elaboration on the pattern in Rhodrese orthography where the use of '''ſ''' for {{IPA|/z/}} and '''ſſ''' for {{IPA|/s/}} was due to the fact that the voicing distinction went back to a distinction between single {{IPA|/s/}} {{IPA|[z]}} and geminate {{IPA|/ss/}} in Latin.
|-
! T t
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! Th th
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| θ
| ''*þ''
|-
! Thz thz
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| θʲ, ɕ
| ''*þj''
|-
! Tx tx
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|ʧ
| ''*kj, *k{{sup|i,e}}''
|-
! Tz tz
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| ts
| ''*tj''
|-
! V u v
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! Vi ui
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| [y]
|
|-
! Vo uo
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! VV uu w
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;|
|
|-
! X x
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| ʃ
| ''*sj''
|-
! xz
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| ʒ
| ''*zj''
|-
! Z z
|class=&quot;IPA&quot;| dz
| ''*dj''
|}

== Historical phonology ==

{| class=&quot;gridtable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 80%&quot;
|+ '''Burgendish vowel developments'''&lt;br&gt; ¨ = i-umlaut of vowel in preceding syllable, ° = u-umlaut of vowel in preceding syllable.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Germanic
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Early Burgundian
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Burgendish
|-
! Stressed
! Unstressed
! Final
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *a
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | a
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | e, Ø
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -Ø
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; | *an / _h, *aɣ / _{C,#}
| title=&quot;burgundian&quot; | *a:, {{IPA|[aː], [ɒː]}}
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | ea, oa
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | a
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -a
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *an, *am
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | an, am
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | en, em
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -a
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; | *e, *i
| title=&quot;burgundian&quot; | *i, *-Ø
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ¨e,Ø
| title=&quot;final&quot; | ¨-Ø
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; | *en, *in, *em, *im
| title=&quot;burgundian&quot; | *in, *im
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ¨en, ¨em
| title=&quot;final&quot; | ¨-e
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *æ:, *e:
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | ie
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | i
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -e
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *i:
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ¨i
| title=&quot;final&quot; | ¨-e
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | *o, *u
| title=&quot;burgundian&quot; | *u
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | °o
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | °e, °Ø
| title=&quot;final&quot; | °-Ø
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; | *on, *un, *om, *um
| title=&quot;burgundian&quot; | *un, *um
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | °on, °om
| title=&quot;final&quot; | °-a
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *u:
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | u
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | °o
| title=&quot;final&quot; | °-o
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *o:
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; | uo
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | o
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -o
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *ai
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ei
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | e
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -e
|-
| title=&quot;germanic&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | *au
| title=&quot;stressed&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ou
| title=&quot;unstressed&quot; | o
| title=&quot;final&quot; | -o
|}

{{R3 pages}}
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Huqqoraz</title>
    <id>4427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25708</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-25T16:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">(This page exists merely as notes for the author.)


'''Consonant Inventory'''
{|
| p {{IPA|[p]}} || || || t {{IPA|[t]}} || || || c {{IPA|[c]}} || k {{IPA|[k]}} || q {{IPA|[q]}} || ʼ {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|-
| m {{IPA|[m]}}  || || || n {{IPA|[n]}} || || || nc {{IPA|[ɳ]}} || ng {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || (n {{IPA|[ɴ]}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
| v {{IPA|[ɸ ~ β]}} || || || s {{IPA|[s ~ z]}} || || || hc {{IPA|[ç ~ ʝ]}} || g {{IPA|[x ~ ɣ]}}  || r {{IPA|[χ ~ ʁ]}} || h {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| || || || z {{IPA|[ð̞ ~ ɹ]}} || || || y {{IPA|[j]}} || w {{IPA|[ɰ]}}
|-
| || || || l {{IPA|[l]}} || || || lc {{IPA|[ʎ]}} 
|}

Only voiceless fricatives, plosives, and sonorants may be geminated.

jj yields cç /chc/; and ww yields kx /kg/.  

ey &quot;night&quot; + ye locative = echce.  

o-i-je -&gt;

[[Taeblandic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japonic languages (IE)</title>
    <id>4429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50683</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T11:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Japonic languages
| native =
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country = [[Japan (IE)|Japan]] and former colonies
| nativecountry =
| universe = [[Indo-European Japan Timeline]]
| speakers = 
| family = [[Euro-Japonic languages|Euro-Japonic]] (''Indo-European in our timline'')
| branch = [[East Asian languages|East Asian]]
| subbranch = 
| word-order = SOV?
| morphological-type = inflectional
| morphosyntactic-alignment = 
| author = [[User:Nik|Nik]]
| date = 2007-09-25
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}
The '''Japonic languages''' are the sole surviving languages of the [[East Asian languages|East Asian]] branch of the [[Euro-Japonic languages|Euro-Japonic language family]] (''Indo-European'' in our timeline).

The ancestors of the Japanese are believed to have arrived some time around 800 BC from China, bringing with them agriculture, horses, and metallurgy.  There are generally considered to be three Japonic languages spoken today, although some linguists divide the family into five languages.

== Proto-Japonic ==
Proto-Japonic split off from Proto-East Asian around 800 BC or so.

== Old Japonic ==
The term '''Old Japonic''' is used for the earliest written form, around the 8th century, as Chinese-derived ''anzi'' came into use.  Old Japonic had a strict CV(C) syllable structure.

== Middle Japonic ==
By the Middle Japonic period, the Eastern and Western dialects were becoming increasingly divergent, and some linguists prefer to consider them already distinct languages, as Old East Japonic and Old West Japonic.

== Modern Japonic Languages ==

[[Category:East Asian (IE) conlangs]]
[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taeblandic</title>
    <id>4431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26584</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-06T18:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| pˠ || t || t̜ʷ || tʷ || || || k || k̜ʷ || kʷ || q͡ʡʷ
|-
| || || || || ||  tɕ
|-
| ɸˠ || s || || || 
|-
| mˠ || n || || || || || ŋ
|-
| || l 
|-
| w || ɹ || ɹ̜ʷ || ɹʷ || || || || || || ʁʷ
|- 
|-
|}


[[Proto-Pinnic Vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Pinnic Vocabulary</title>
    <id>4432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26784</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-14T22:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1
|i=No| №
!c=en| [[English]]
!c=01| Proto-Pinnic
!c=02| Minyic
!c=03| Taeblandic
!c=04| Qobsuot
!c=05| Papuisaoan
!c=06| Huqqoraz
!c=07| Benávęicćit
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I 
|c=01| '''wem-Vt''' 
|c=02| hon 
|c=03| hem 
|c=04| β̞ɛ 
|c=05| weas 
|c=06| hiet 
|c=07| ą 
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| '''nan-it''' 
|c=02| non 
|c=03| naine 
|c=04| ɣonɒn 
|c=05| nais 
|c=06| nciet 
|c=07| ńęi 
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he 
|c=01| '''tV''' ? 
|c=02| to 
|c=03| to 
|c=04| 
|c=05| as
|c=06| at 
|c=07| tei 
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we 
|c=01| '''wem-á''' 
|c=02| ama 
|c=03| ma 
|c=04| 
|c=05| wameas 
|c=06| ma 
|c=07| maei 
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| '''nan-é''' 
|c=02| ane 
|c=03| ne 
|c=04| inɒn 
|c=05| haneas 
|c=06| ncie 
|c=07| ńęini 
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they 
|c=01| '''t(V)-é''' 
|c=02| te 
|c=03| te 
|c=04| 
|c=05| seas
|c=06| cie 
|c=07| si 
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this 
|c=01| '''sam-Vt'''
|c=02| in
|c=03| nem
|c=04| 
|c=05| haos
|c=06| saat
|c=07| są
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that 
|c=01| '''kam-Vt'''
|c=02| on
|c=03| nengki
|c=04| 
|c=05| kaos
|c=06| kaat
|c=07| ką
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one 
|c=01| '''kV-tɬĩ'''
|c=02| kesse
|c=03| tes
|c=04| ɦɬʉi
|c=05| ellei
|c=06| eise
|c=07| aeś
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two 
|c=01| '''paku-'''
|c=02| ok
|c=03| ku
|c=04| okou
|c=05| paoku
|c=06| uavu
|c=07| pauh
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three 
|c=01| '''parnu-'''
|c=02| ornu
|c=03| pronu
|c=04| oiγu
|c=05| paonu
|c=06| uara
|c=07| pąur
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| baingngi
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| pẻngnga
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| karfa
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| baet
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| songa
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue 
|c=01| hank- 
|c=02| onka 
|c=03| hongmas 
|c=04| 
|c=05| haong 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 

|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| nganq
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| (i)ngiosu
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| momnga
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| qẻinu
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| qorfu
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| itla
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand 
|c=01| '''akli'''
|c=02| 
|c=03| aekyi
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| baimnu
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| haka
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night 
|c=01| ō 
|c=02| o 
|c=03| o 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| uey 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 
|c=en| '''[[English]]'''
|c=01| '''Proto-Pinnic''' 
|c=02| '''Minyic''' 
|c=03| '''Taeblandic'''
|c=04| '''Qobsuot'''
|c=05| '''Papuisaoan'''
|c=06| '''Huqqoraz'''
|c=07| '''Benávęicćit'''
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round 
|c=01| '''mom-'''
|c=02| 
|c=03| maimmu
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| 
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name 
|c=01| 
|c=02| 
|c=03| tukian, tukyamngẻ
|c=04| 
|c=05| 
|c=06| 
|c=07| 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Euro-Japonic languages</title>
    <id>4433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50676</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T11:12:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Euro-Japonic''' is the term given in the [[Indo-European Japan Timeline]] to what we call Indo-European in our timline.  It was initially referred to as Indo-European when the relationship between Sanskrit and the European languages was noted.  The connection with the [[Japonic languages (IE)|Japonic languages]] was quickly noted, however, and several new names were proposed, including Japano-Indo-European, Indo-Euro-Japonic, Eurasian, and Indo-Japonic.  Euro-Japonic won out, however, although ''Japanogermanisch'' is still sometimes used in Germany.

[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indo-European Japan Timeline</title>
    <id>4435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51975</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T07:35:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Alaska */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Indo-European Japan Timeline''' is an alternate history whose POD is somewhere around 2000-3000 BC when a group of Indo-Europeans migrated eastwards into China, and eventually to Japan.

== Nations ==
=== Asia ===
''Incomplete''
*[[Japanese Union]]
**[[Enchukok]]
*[[China (Indo-European Japan)|China]]

=== Europe ===
''Incomplete''
*German States
**[[Rhineland]]
**[[North German Confederation]] (Prussia)
**[[Saxony]]
**[[South German Confederation]] (Bavaria)
**[[Austria]]
*Italian States
**[[Two Sicilies]]
**[[Corsica]]
**[[Papal States]]
**[[Sardinia-Piedmont]]
**[[Venice]]
**[[Tuscany]]
**[[Benevento]]
*[[France]]
*[[Britannic Confederation]]
**[[Scotland]]
**[[Ireland]]
**[[England]]
*The [[Netherlands]]
*[[Navarre]]

=== Alaska ===
[[Alaska (Indo-European Japan)|Alaska]] is the continent known as North America in our timeline
*[[Fusan]]
*[[Shinnippon]]
*[[Hudsonia]]
*[[Canada et Acadie]]
*[[Newfoundland]]
*[[Texas (Indo-European Japan)|Texas]]
*[[Louisiane (Indo-European Japan)|Louisiane]]
*[[Cherokee Empire]]
*[[Las Floridas]]
*[[English Alaska]]
*[[New Netherlands]]
*[[Potomac Federation]]
*[[Virginia]]
*[[Appalachian Confederation]]
*[[Mexican Empire]]
*[[Atemashak]]
*[[South Alaskan Confederation]]
*[[Belize (Indo-European Japan)|Belize]]
*[[Yucatan]]
*[[Miskito Coast]]
==== Caribbean Nations ====
''Incomplete''
*[[Cuba]]
*[[Santiago]]
*[[Ayiti]]
*[[Quisqueya]]
==== Extinct Nations ====
*[[Appalachia]]
*[[Las Floridas y las Antillas]]

=== America ===
South America in our timeline.
=== Oceanea ===
''Incomplete''
*[[Mid-Ocean Federation]]
=== Africa ===

== Historical Events ==
*[[First War of the Scottish Succession]]
*[[Second War of the Scottish Succession]]

[[Category:Indo-European Japan|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Rienench Dialects.png</title>
    <id>4438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25736</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-26T13:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dialects of Rienench</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dialects of Rienench</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tzinacan</title>
    <id>4439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33727</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T06:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Spacefiller (for now) so that I can put up a conlang, [[Pencek]].

Also, notes on [[Eigə-Isthmus languages|Faraghin]].

And [[Naidda]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Rienench</title>
    <id>4440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27184</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-02T03:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Acknowledgements */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kelanian script sample.jpg</title>
    <id>4441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25756</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-27T04:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sample of the Kelanian script with transliterations.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sample of the Kelanian script with transliterations.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Borghenzc</title>
    <id>4444</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25771</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-27T12:48:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Borghenzc]] moved to [[Burgendish]]: I'm not sure what the native name will be</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Burgendish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Clear</title>
    <id>4445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25777</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-27T13:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Parameters</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;clear:{{{1|both}}}&quot;&gt;{{{2|}}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucal</title>
    <id>4446</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>25778</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-27T13:57:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lucus]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Brel</title>
    <id>4447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25786</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-28T03:03:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Brel</username>
        <id>775</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My name is '''Brel''' and I have been conworlding and conlanging for six years. I joined the ZBB in 2004 to show others the work I have done on my concontinent [[Čenzai]] and its cultures. My efforts on Čenzai are still in progress, and my main conlang, [[Šokazan]], has been vastly improved since its early days. Thank you for visiting my page and considering my work.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Brel</title>
    <id>4448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25788</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-28T03:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Brel</username>
        <id>775</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Whoops</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Talk to [[User:Brel|Brel]] here.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qɔχsɒ</title>
    <id>4449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25793</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-28T17:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fordsmender</username>
        <id>742</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: In Qobsuot mythology, the &lt;i&gt;qɔχsɒʟgɔgɔʀ&lt;/i&gt; is a hunter who is swallowed by a whale and retrieved alive by his comrades after the animal is slaughtered.  He goes on to become a mes...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In Qobsuot mythology, the &lt;i&gt;qɔχsɒʟgɔgɔʀ&lt;/i&gt; is a hunter who is swallowed by a whale and retrieved alive by his comrades after the animal is slaughtered.  He goes on to become a messiah figure to the Qobsuot people, leading them to sovereignty and freedom.

The word &lt;i&gt;qɔχsɒ(ʟ)&lt;/i&gt; has fallen out of currency in the Qobsuot language, and is now only found in two fossilized phrases: &lt;i&gt;qɔχsɒʟgɔgɔʀ&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;ɬɲaqɔχsɒ&lt;/i&gt;, a deformed whale with vestigial hind limbs.  The word is believed to be cognate with Huqqoraz &lt;i&gt;qovsuo&lt;/i&gt;, whence &lt;i&gt;qovsuoz&lt;/i&gt;, the commonly accepted designation for the Qobsuot people.  Though today most Qobsuot prefer to call themselves &lt;i&gt;ɛʀægæɣdɮɜ&lt;/i&gt;, or &quot;Brothers-in-Arms,&quot; &lt;i&gt;qɔχsɒɣdɮɜ&lt;/i&gt; seems to have been an historical term, reinforced, to Huqqoraz ears, by &lt;i&gt;qovsuo&lt;/i&gt;, &quot;goblin shark.&quot;  The term may be a reference to the Qobsuots' facial tattoo tradition, the black linework of which seems to separate the face into a mouth and triangle forehead, like the goblin shark.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>East Asian languages</title>
    <id>4450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50685</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T11:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proto-East-Asian */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''East Asian languages''' are the easternmost branch of the [[Euro-Japonic languages|Euro-Japonic language family]] in the [[Indo-European Japan Timeline]].  Today, the [[Japonic languages (IE)|Japonic languages]] are the sole surviving representatives of the family, but in the past, there were a number of languages spoken in parts of Siberia, Manchuria and Korea.

== Proto-East-Asian ==
The common ancestor of the East Asian languages is known as Proto-East Asian.  PEA split off from PEB at an early stage, its speakers migrating eastwards into modern-day Manchuria and southeastern Siberia.

=== Grammar ===
Ablaut remained productive.  Nominal inflection was slightly simplified.  The dual number was lost in most cases.  Six cases (Nominative, accusative, genetive, locative-ablative, dative, and a vestigial instrumental) are believed to have existed.  The original Euro-Japonic genders were still in at least some use, but counters began to enter the language.  All of the East Asian languages eventually replaced the inherited EJ gender with counters.

[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]
[[Category:East Asian (IE) conlangs|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:The 8th World</title>
    <id>4451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25869</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-01T14:09:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What is the origin of the name &quot;8th World&quot;? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 21:27, 29 September 2007 (PDT)
:It is named by the very high-tech alien race called &quot;Ba&quot; , the &quot;8th World&quot; was in fact the 8th &quot;Level I Multiverse&quot; they discovered.

:More imformation about multiverse(parallel universe), you can find in Wikipedia.--[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 07:09, 1 October 2007 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:East Asian (IE) conlangs</title>
    <id>4453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25826</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-30T06:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zalasaeu</title>
    <id>4455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25843</id>
      <timestamp>2007-09-30T23:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zalasaeu</username>
        <id>793</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My conlangs:


[[Vedani|Vedani / &quot;Hala ma'Vedan&quot;]]

[[Kalari]]

[[Ai'saeon]]

[[Vuuri]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vedani</title>
    <id>4456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25861</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-01T05:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zalasaeu</username>
        <id>793</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other Modifiers */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonology==

===Vowels===

Vedani incorporates eight vowels; in the Vedani alphabet, each has its own glyph.

{|
!Vowel || Pronounced as
|-
|a || t'''a'''ll
|-
|ɛ || b'''e'''ll
|-
|i || kn'''ee'''ll
|-
|o || r'''o'''ll
|-
|u || f'''oo'''ll
|-
|æ || c'''a'''t
|-
|ɪ || f'''i'''ll
|-
|ʊ || b'''oo'''k
|-
|}

Each vowel is always pronounced, rather than combined, and position of other sounds does not effect a vowel's pronunciation.

===Consonants===

Vedani incorporates 21 consonants, each with its own glyph in the alphabet.  Here they are placed in the IPA chart with appropriate symbols for transcription.  '''Bold''' indicates a '''voiced''' consonant.

{|
!Type || Labial  || Labio-dental || Dental || Alveolar || Post-alveolar || Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
|stop || p '''b''' ||  ||  || t '''d''' ||  || k '''g'''     
|-
|fricative ||  || f '''v''' || θ || s '''z''' || ʃ '''ʒ''' ||  ||  ||
|-
|affricate ||  ||  ||  || ϗ || x ||  ||  ||                     
|-
|tap ||  ||  ||  || r ||  ||  ||  ||  
|-
|approximant ||  ||  ||  || '''l''' || '''j''' ||  || '''ʁ''' || h   
|-
|nasal || '''m''' ||  ||  || '''n''' ||  ||  ||  ||   ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|}

(The affricate transcription glyphs ϗ and x are not standard [[Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]]; they are used only for the expediency of using one glyph instead of two.  They were chosen for resemblance to their tones' respective Vedani glyphs.)

Examples: p as in &quot;pay,&quot; b as in &quot;buy,&quot; t as in &quot;take,&quot; d as in &quot;dog,&quot; k as in &quot;cat,&quot; g as in &quot;grow,&quot; f as in &quot;free,&quot; v as in &quot;voice,&quot; θ as in &quot;'''th'''aw,&quot; s as in &quot;see,&quot; z as in &quot;zoo,&quot; ʃ as in &quot;'''sh'''ow,&quot; ʒ as in &quot;vi'''s'''ion,&quot; ϗ as in &quot;'''ts'''unami,&quot; x as in &quot;'''ch'''ange,&quot; l as in &quot;lay,&quot; j as in &quot;'''y'''es,&quot; (ʁ is a soft guttural, similar to that in German and Hebrew), h as in &quot;hello,&quot; m as in &quot;man,&quot; and &quot;n&quot; as in &quot;nose.&quot;

====Consonant clustering====

Strong consonants are often placed consequitively, sometimes in series of three or more.  Depending on the consonants, pronunciation is either fluid across the tones or separated by a very brief catch in the pharynx, transcribed as a '.  The ' also occurs between vowels in certain inflection cases.

===Stresses===

In verbs, the syllable immediately following the stem is always stressed.  The 'ɛl suffix is always stressed.  Typically in nouns, the penultimate syllable is stressed.

==Morphology==

Vedani is an agglutinating tongue with an extensive set of prefixes and suffixes which can be used to modify various words, often regardless of their function.

===Roots===

Vedani utilizes &quot;primitive&quot; and &quot;compound&quot; roots.  Primitive roots are often irreducable in simplicity and designate elemental concepts or basic-essence ideas.  Compound roots are much more numerous than primitive roots and are complex and specialized.

====Primitive Roots====

The Vedani alphabet is based off of the primitive root system; there is one letter for each root, plus the vowels.

*v :: light
*ʃ :: sky
*f :: water
*ʒ :: fire/life
*ʁ :: earth/ground
*t :: dark/darkness
*θ :: time
*s :: truth/one/single
*ϗ :: unknown/enigma/query
*x :: false/not/no/negation
*k :: death
*d :: man/human
*p :: object/animal
*g :: plant/foliage
*j :: action/movement
*z :: heart/emotion
*h :: spirit/breath
*r :: ownership/proximity/this
*b :: separation/that/other
*l :: much/large/great quantity
*n :: plural/multiple
*m :: relation/of

====Compound Roots====

A few examples:

zɛ_r :: sense, physical feeling.  A primitive root can be filled in for the _ to create a root for a specific sense, such as zɛvr: sight, zɛʁr: touch, zɛhr: hearing, zɛʃr: smell, etc.

jɛoʁ :: go, move.  Can be modified with primitives to form &quot;come,&quot; &quot;return,&quot; &quot;go elsewhere,&quot; etc.

ʁɛd :: of the body

_ɛʁo :: a place.  Often with a primitive-root modifier to form &quot;here,&quot; &quot;there,&quot; &quot;home,&quot; etc.

vɛz :: knowledge or thought.

====Vocalic Roots====

Also called &quot;half-roots&quot; or &quot;implied roots.&quot;  Certain vowels can carry one or more implications:

*&quot;a&quot; and &quot;i&quot; carry a positive connotation.
*&quot;o&quot; and &quot;u&quot; carry a negative connotation.
*&quot;ɛ&quot; carries a neutral connotation, neither positive or negative.
*&quot;i&quot; often inflects for feminine, sometimes in combination with &quot;a.&quot;
*&quot;u&quot; often inflexts for masculine, sometimes in combination with &quot;ɛ.&quot;
*&quot;o&quot; carries strong ties to the &quot;p&quot; primitive root and signifies an inanimate, neutral object.
*&quot;ɪ&quot; implies reference or an alternate naming

===Nouns===

Often (but not always), nouns will end in a, ɛ, or ɛo.  Nouns ending in a are typically seen as &quot;elemental&quot; or &quot;essential,&quot; and most of the primitive roots can be made nouns by adding 'a' (va, ʃa, etc.).  Nouns ending in ɛ are more numerous; verb stems can be made nouns by adding the ɛ suffix (zɛvrɛ: sight, jɛoʁɛ: way or path, etc.).

====Plurals====

Nouns are made plural by adding the 'n' suffix.  E.g., jɛʁɛd, &quot;foot&quot;; jɛʁɛdn, &quot;feet.&quot;

====Possessives====

Possessives are formed with the appropriate suffix:

*-ra :: my
*-ru :: your (masculine)
*-ri :: your (feminine)
*-run :: your (plural, masculine)
*-rin :: your (plural, feminine)
*-ran :: our
*-bru :: his
*-bri :: her
*-brun :: their (masculine)
*-brin :: their (feminine)
*-bron :: their (indefinite)
*-o :: its
*-on :: their (inanimate)

Possessive suffixes are preceded by a pharynx catch '.

Example: dɛʁo, &quot;home,&quot; dɛʁo'ra, &quot;my home&quot;

====Genitive Case====

Nouns in the genitive case (and the dedative case, for you Quenyan folk) are indicated with the &quot;ma'-&quot; prefix.  E.g., ma'da, &quot;of me,&quot; ma'tɛθ, &quot;of the night.&quot;  While in other languages the genitive carries a connotation of possession, that is not typically the case here; rather, the prefix indicates relation or ties to something.  Usually, the most direct English translation is the &quot;of&quot; preposition, but in some instances, &quot;about,&quot; &quot;related to,&quot; &quot;regarding,&quot; etc. might be more appropriate.

====Dative Case====

Nouns receiving action (but not usually being acted upon) are indicated with the &quot;j'-&quot; prefix.  The most typical English translation is the &quot;to&quot; or &quot;for&quot; prepositions.  E.g., O'parja j'di, &quot;I give it to you.&quot;

However, the &quot;v'-&quot; prefix is also used at times to mean &quot;for the purpose of.&quot;  Compared to English, the difference between &quot;j'-&quot; and &quot;v'-&quot; is subtle, but &quot;v'-&quot; implies a more profound motive, whereas &quot;j'-&quot; would often be more casual.  ʁ'ja v'di, &quot;I did it for you!&quot;

====Other Modifiers====

Nouns can be modified with a number of prefixes, which are always followed by a pharynx catch '.

*Ra'- :: this ::: Ra'jɛoʁɛ, &quot;this path&quot;
*Ba'- :: that ::: Ba'θala, &quot;that year&quot;
*Lo'- :: great/large ::: Ra'lo'ʁolo, &quot;this large mountain&quot;
*Xlo'- :: lesser/small/diminutive ::: Xlo'dɛʁo'ra, &quot;my small home&quot;
*La'- :: greatest/largest ::: Ra'la'jɛoʁɛ, &quot;this greatest of paths&quot;
*Xla'- :: least/smallest ::: Xla'apajɛ'ra, &quot;my smallest horse&quot;
*X'- :: not ::: X'dɛbu, &quot;not him&quot;
*Sɛ'- :: one/single ::: Sɛ'vɛθ, &quot;one day&quot;
*Nɛ'- :: two ::: Nɛ'tɛθvalan, &quot;two moons&quot;
*Nɛn' - :: several ::: Nɛn'dɛun, &quot;several men&quot;
*ʒi'- :: good ::: Nɛn'ʒi'dɛun, &quot;several good men&quot;
*To'- :: bad ::: Sɛ'to'apajɛ, &quot;a bad horse&quot;

(Among others; the above is just a sample)

====The 'ɛl Suffix====

Loosely translated, the 'ɛl acts as a definite article; va'ɛl, &quot;the light.&quot;  However, its use is much more restricted than in English.  It denotes very heavy importance or significance to the noun it modifies.  For instance, jɛoʁɛ j'dɛʁo (the path home) is not the same as jɛoʁɛ'ɛl ma'ʒada (the Path of Life).  A man who wakes up in the morning might see va ma'sha (the light of the sky), but a man who awakes to see angels descending from the clouds sees va'ɛl ma'sha'ɛl (the Light of Heaven).

===Verbs===

Vedani infinitives are denoted with the &quot;aj&quot; dipthong, which is pronounced somewhat like &quot;ps'''y'''chic.&quot;  In conjugation, the &quot;aj&quot; suffix is removed.  Both prefixes and suffixes can be applied to a verb to indicate tense, objects, hypotheticals, subjects, voice, negation, and affirmation.  All prefixes and the tertiary tense suffix are separated with a catch.  The conjugation pattern is this:

HYPOTH./INTERROG. + AFFIRMATION/NEGATION + OBJECT + P. TENSE + '''STEM''' + VOICE + S. TENSE + SUBJ + T. TENSE

''Hypothetical/Interrogative'': either a ϗ'- or ϗi'- prefix.  The ϗ'- prefix indicates an &quot;if&quot; statement.  The &quot;then&quot; portion of the statement will utilize the affirmation or negation prefix.  ϗi'- indicates a question.

''Affirmation/negation'': the s'- and x'- prefixes denote positive or negative assurance, respectively.

''Object'': indicates the object of transitive verbs.  Possible objective prefixes are:

*da'-, &quot;me&quot;
*du'-, &quot;you&quot; (masculine)
*di'-, &quot;you&quot; (feminine)
*dan'-, &quot;us&quot;
*dun'-, &quot;you&quot; (plural masculine)
*din'-, &quot;you&quot; (plural feminine)
*bu'-, &quot;him&quot;
*bi'-, &quot;her&quot;
*bun'-, &quot;them&quot; (masculine)
*bin'-, &quot;them&quot; (feminine)
*bon'-, &quot;them&quot; (indefinite)
*o'-, &quot;it&quot;
*on'-, &quot;it&quot; (plural) 

''Primary tense'': Indicates past tense (ʁ'- prefix), future tense (ʃ'- prefix), or present tense (no prefix)

''Voice'': Indicates whether the verb is passive (-ra suffix) or active (no suffix)

''Secondary tense'': Indicates if the verb is progressive (-aj suffix) or not (no suffix)

''Subject'': Indicates the subject of the verb.  Possible subject suffixes are:

*-a, &quot;me&quot;
*-u, &quot;you&quot; (masculine)
*-i, &quot;you&quot; (feminine)
*-an, &quot;us&quot;
*-un, &quot;you&quot; (plural masculine)
*-in, &quot;you&quot; (plural feminine)
*-ɛbu, &quot;him&quot;
*-iba, &quot;her&quot;
*-ɛbun, &quot;them&quot; (masculine)
*-iban, &quot;them&quot; (feminine)
*-abon, &quot;them&quot; (indefinite)
*-o, &quot;it&quot;
*-on, &quot;it&quot; (plural)
*-ʊ, creates an imperative. This form can be used with the present or future tense.

''Tertiary tense'': Indicates whether the verb is perfect (-'ʁ suffix) or not (no suffix).

Examples:

Jɛoʁaj (to go) --&gt; jɛoʁa (I go) --&gt; ʁ'jɛoʁa (I went) --&gt; ϗ'x'jɛoʁa (if I don't go) --&gt; s'ʁ'jɛoʁa (I did go)

Parjaj (to give) --&gt; parjɛbu (he gives) --&gt; ʁ'parjarɛbu'ʁ (he was given) --&gt; ϗ'x'o'ʁ'parjarɛbu (if he hadn't been given it) --&gt; ϗi'o'ʁ'parjabon y'debu? (did they give it to him?)

(Note that past tense hypotheticals don't require a perfect tense modifier as they do in English.)

===Adjectives===

Specializes adjectives that can't be simplified into prefix modifiers appear in close proximity to the noun they modify--typically (though not exclusively) immediately afterward.

Participle adjectives are formed by replacing the infinitive &quot;aj&quot; ending with the &quot;aɛ&quot; suffix (ʒadaj &quot;to live&quot; --&gt; ʒadaɛ &quot;alive&quot;).

Also, adjectives can often be treated as verbs in the case of predicate-adjective constructs (when a passive-voice verb is insufficient).  In such instances, the adjective is paired with a pronoun (or even absorbs the pronoun as an objective prefix) and utilizes the appropriate modifiers.  Di'ʒadaɛ! &quot;You're alive!&quot;

===Adverbs===

The typical adverb suffix is &quot;ɛi.&quot;  Most often, an adverb immediately follows its parent, though in some constructs it introduces a clause.  This is especially common in similes or comparisons, which often use the adverb nɛi (like, as, similarly, equally).  Sɛi (surely) nɛi vaθvolo vjo, hasaja sa!  &quot;As surely as the sun shines, I am telling the truth!&quot;

==Syntax==

Vedani syntax behaves somewhat (strangely) like an oral form of sign language, based on conceptual rendering rather than exposition.  Ideas are described rather than stated, which grants significant syntactical leeway.

Subjects and verbs appear together in sentences only when absolutely necessary; otherwise, a conjugated verb, or noun + adjective clause, suffices.  The verb &quot;to be&quot; is barely ever used.  As much description as possible is achieved through inflection and connotation, and word order is mostly what the speaker feels gets the point across best.

==Sample Passages==

''Excerpt from 'Soldier's Song':''

Vɛzʊ ϗ'x'jɛnrɛʁa, da ʃ'nem'di laθɛna.  X'laθɛna dan x'ʃ'nem.  X'ʒadjɛbun da'kjaj sɛi nɛi vaθvolo vjo; nɛi teθvala jɛnrɛʁo eθ lapɛna θɛltɛva, nɛi ʃ'yɛnrɛʁa j'di.  ϗ'x'zɛm ʁɛda, s'zɛm haʃia, da laθɛna riɛ.

Know if I don't return, I will be with you forever.  Never will we be apart.  They can't kill me, as surely as the sun shines.  As the moon returns with every month, so shall I return to you.  If not in body, then in spirit, I am forever yours.


''Excerpt from John 1:''

ɛθ ʒaθio'ɛl Haso'ɛl.  Na Haso'ɛl nɛm Sɛ'ɛl, na Sɛ'ɛl.  Dɛbu nɛm Sɛ'ɛl ɛθ ʒaθio'ɛl.  Jɛm dɛbu lapɛna ʁ'ʒapjaro.  X'jɛm dɛbu, x'lapena ʒapjae ʁ'ʒapjaro.  ʁ'zɛm dɛbu ʒada, na ba'ʒada va'ɛl ma'dɛon.

In the beginning was the Word.  And the Word was with God, and the Word was God.  He was with God in the beginning.  Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.  In him was life, and that life was the light of men.

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Borgensco rasde.png</title>
    <id>4458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25870</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-01T14:46:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grammar change...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Grammar change...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:DiZ/Sandbox</title>
    <id>4459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28222</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-26T15:43:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Countries and Nationalities */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}

This is a list of the most common given (first) names for the [[Napž]] people, whose language is [[Napkožæc]]. The names are shown in technical Latin transliteration (using diacritics), and common transliteration (sans diacritics); the pronunciation is given, as well as any derived or similar names (similar in meaning or origin), and the meaning and etymology, if known. Furthermore, the names are divided into male, female, and unisex. 

==Male names==
*'''Âwrjiz''' ['æɹ.jiz] '''Aarjiz''': &quot;silver; silver-haired&quot; (from ''âwrijis'', &quot;silver&quot;) Similar names: Âwrja (female)
*'''Bêwr''' [bɪɹ] '''Biir''': &quot;fair, pale&quot; (from ''bêwrs'', &quot;pale&quot;) Similar names: Bêwrža, Bêwra
*'''Luzêk''' ['lu.zɪk] '''Luziik''': &quot;bright one, joyous one&quot; (meaning &quot;you will be lit, bright&quot;, from ''lužos'', bright, from ''luž'', light) Similar names: Luzan (male or female), Luzaia (female), 
*'''Tuddu''' ['tu.ru] unknown meaning and origin. Similar names: Tuddêk, Tud, Tiddu (variations)
*'''Ngazêk''' ['ŋɑ.zɪk] &quot;wise one&quot; (meaning &quot;you will be wise&quot;, from ''ngas'', wise) Similar names: Ngazaia (female), Ngazan (male or female)

==Female names==
*'''Âwrja''' ['æɹ.jɑ] '''Aarja''': &quot;silver, silver-haired&quot; (from ''âwrijis'' or ''âwrja'', &quot;silver&quot;) Similar names: Âwrija, Âwrjiz (male) 
*'''Bêwrža''' ['bɪɹ.tsɑ] '''Biirtza''': &quot;fair, pale&quot; (from ''bêwrs'', &quot;pale&quot;) Similar names: Bêwra, Bêwr
*'''Luzaia''' [lu.'zai.ɑ] &quot;bright one, joyous one&quot; (meaning &quot;you will be lit, bright&quot;, from ''lužos'', bright, from ''luž'', light) Similar names: Luzan (male or female), Luzêk (male)
*'''Ngazaia''' [ŋɑ.'zai.ɑ] &quot;wise one&quot; (meaning &quot;you will be wise&quot;, from ''ngas'', wise) Similar names: Ngazêk (male), Ngazan (male or female)

==Male and female (unisex) names==
*'''Kezet''' ['ke.zet] &quot;cared for, cherished&quot; [from ''kezêæt'', &quot;(you) are cared for&quot;] Similar names: Kežit, Keza (female), Kezi (male)
*'''Luzan''' ['lu.zɑn] &quot;I am joyous&quot; (from ''lužos''; bright joyous;, from ''luž'', light) Similar names:  Luzêk (male), Luzaia (female)
*'''Pâzbo''' ['pæz.bo] '''Paazbo''': &quot;well-spoken, eloquent&quot; (shortened; from ''pâzi'' &quot;speak&quot; + ''boruži'' &quot;clearly, simply&quot;, modified form of ''borus'', &quot;clear&quot;) Similar names: Pâzbor, Pâzburu, Pâzi (male), Pâži (female)

==See also==
*[[Napkožæc]]
*[[Napkožæc lexicon]]

==Lesson I: Introducing Yourself==
'''Hello/Good day'''
:Ðêcrên âvlužibazet. (The days are fair.)
:[THITCH-rin av-LOOTS-zi-BAH-zet]

'''Good evening'''
:Nêucêz âvlužibazet.
:[Nih-OOH-chizz av-LOOTS-zi-BAH-zet]

'''What's your name?'''
:Eizêæ zi/že kwev? (&quot;zi&quot; is male; &quot;že&quot; is female)
:[ay-ZIH-eh zee/tseh kwev?]

'''My name is ____.'''
:Eizê ____.
:[AY-zih ____.]

'''Yes/No'''
:Gon/Ngon
:[Goh-n / Ngoh-n]

'''How are you? (one person)'''
:Avluzêæt? (Are you good?)
:[AV-loo-ZIH-et?]

'''How are you? (two people)'''
:Avlužêzôt?
:[AV-loots-ZIZZ-zut?]

'''How are you? (more than two people)'''
:Avlužâbêzet?
:[av-LOOTS-zah-BIH-zet?]

'''Good/Bad'''
:Vlus/Nals (among Napž, it is always common courtesy to answer &quot;How are you?&quot; with a positive response. You can be honest and mention any troubles during casual conversation.)
:[vloos / nawls]

'''Welcome (one person)/(two people)/(more than two people)'''
:Zfârzêæt / Zfâržêzôt / Zfâržâbêzet
:[zuh-far-ZIH-et / zuh-farts-ZIH-zut / zuh-FARTS-zah-BIH-zet]

'''Where are you from?'''
:Duzêæ zi/že kâwroži?
:[DOO-zih-eh zee/tseh car-ROH-tsee]

'''I come from _____.'''
:Duzê _____.
:[DOO-zih _____.]

==Numbers==
Napkožæc uses a number system based on 10. Each number inflects according to the gender of the object(s) being counted. For example, &quot;three days&quot; would be &quot;twr'''a''' ðêcên&quot; (because &quot;day&quot; is of common gender); &quot;three gnats&quot; would be &quot;twr'''an''' mnôz&quot; (because &quot;gnat&quot; is of masculine gender); and &quot;three flowers&quot; would be &quot;twr'''il''' pluž&quot; (because &quot;flower&quot; is of feminine gender). 


{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| '''Common'''
  |align=center| '''Masculine'''
  |align=center| '''Feminine'''
  |-
  ! 1
  |align=center| hu 
  |align=center| hun
  |align=center| hul
  |-
  ! 2
  |align=center| dov
  |align=center| duvôn
  |align=center| duvil
  |-
  ! 3
  |align=center| twra
  |align=center| twran
  |align=center| twril
  |-
  ! 4
  |align=center| kwôra
  |align=center| kwôran
  |align=center| kwôril
  |-
  ! 5
  |align=center| pvang
  |align=center| pvangôn
  |align=center| pvangil
  |-
  ! 6
  |align=center| zakžt
  |align=center| zanka
  |align=center| zankil
  |-  
  ! 7
  |align=center| zaia
  |align=center| zaian
  |align=center| zail
  |-
  ! 8
  |align=center| ukutu
  |align=center| ukutôn
  |align=center| ukutil
  |-
  ! 9
  |align=center| naejôn
  |align=center| naejôn
  |align=center| naejil
  |-
  ! 10
  |align=center| dêkžt
  |align=center| dênka
  |align=center| dênkil
  |-
  ! 11
  |align=center| dêkžt-hu 
  |align=center| dêkžt-hun
  |align=center| dêkžt-hul
  |-
  ! 12
  |align=center| dêkžt-dov
  |align=center| dêkžt-duvôn
  |align=center| dêkžt-duvil
  |-
  ! 13
  |align=center| dêkžt-twra
  |align=center| dêkžt-twran
  |align=center| dêkžt-twril
  |-
  ! 20
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt
  |align=center| dôvê-dênka
  |align=center| dôvê-dênkil
  |-
  ! 21
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-hu
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-hun
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-hul
  |-
  ! 22
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-dov
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-duvôn
  |align=center| dôvê-dêkžt-duvil
  |-
  ! 30
  |align=center| twraê-dêkžt
  |align=center| twraê-dênka
  |align=center| twraê-dênkil
  |-
  ! 40
  |align=center| kwôraê-dêkžt
  |align=center| kwôraê-dênka
  |align=center| kwôraê-dênkil
  |-
  ! 100
  |align=center| hu-nêza 
  |align=center| hu-nêza
  |align=center| hu-nêza
  |-
  ! 237
  |align=center| dov-nêza ê twraê-dêkžt-zaia
  |align=center| dov-nêza ê twraê-dêkžt-zaian
  |align=center| dov-nêza ê twraê-dêkžt-zail
  |-
  ! 5864
  |align=center| pvang-mae ê ukutu-nêza ê zakžtê-dêkžt-kwôra
  |align=center| pvang-mae ê ukutu-nêza ê zakžtê-dêkžt-kwôran
  |align=center| pvang-mae ê ukutu-nêza ê zakžtê-dêkžt-kwôril
  |-
  ! 246,781
  |align=center| dov-næ-næ ê kwôra-mêrdêaz ê zakžtê-mae ê zaia-nêza ê ukutuê-dêkžt-hu
  |align=center| dov-næ-næ ê kwôra-mêrdêaz ê zakžtê-mae ê zaia-nêza ê ukutuê-dêkžt-hu
  |align=center| dov-næ-næ ê kwôra-mêrdêaz ê zakžtê-mae ê zaia-nêza ê ukutuê-dêkžt-hu
|}

Notes:
*To form numbers between 10 and 20, take ten (dêkžt), followed by the second digit (usually with a hyphen in-between).
*To form numbers between 19 and 100, take the first digit, with the suffix &quot;-ê&quot;; followed by ten; followed by the second digit.
*To form numbers greater than 99, use the above technique (for forming numbers between 19 and 100); preceded by &quot;x-nêza ê&quot; (''x'' being the first digit), which means ''so many and...''
*To form numbers in the thousands, simply add &quot;x-mae ê&quot; for 1000's; &quot;x-mêrtêaz ê&quot; for 10,000; &quot;x-næ-næ ê&quot; for 100,000's.

==Countries and Nationalities==

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=left| '''Place'''
  |align=left| '''Adjective'''
  |align=left| '''Person'''
  |align=left| '''Language'''
  |-
  ! '''Afghanistan'''
  |align=left| Apkan-Tawra
  |align=left| Apkans
  |align=left| Apkan
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''America (U.S.A.)'''
  |align=left| Amæwrêka
  |align=left| Amæwrêkas
  |align=left| Amæwrêkazi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! Arabia (''Saudi'')
  |align=left| Arapeâ
  |align=left| Arapis
  |align=left| Arap
  |align=left| Arapæc
  |-
  ! '''Argentina'''
  |align=left| Arjenteâ
  |align=left| Arjentis
  |align=left| Arjentezi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Armenia'''
  |align=left| Armeneâ
  |align=left| Armenis
  |align=left| Armenzi, -ži
  |align=left| Armenæc
  |-
  ! '''Australia'''
  |align=left| Astrâle-Tawra
  |align=left| Astrâlis
  |align=left| Astrâlzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Austria'''
  |align=left| Ôstreâ
  |align=left| Ôstris
  |align=left| Ôstrezi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Belgium'''
  |align=left| Belja
  |align=left| Beljas
  |align=left| Beljazi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Brazil'''
  |align=left| Brazil
  |align=left| Brazils
  |align=left| Brazilzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Britain (U.K.)'''
  |align=left| Bwrêtôn
  |align=left| Bwrêtôns
  |align=left| Bwrêtônzi, -ži
  |align=left| (see ''England'')
  |-
  ! '''Canada'''
  |align=left| Kânâta
  |align=left| Kânâtas
  |align=left| Kânâtazi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Chile'''
  |align=left| Cile
  |align=left| Ciles
  |align=left| Cilezi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''China'''
  |align=left| Šina
  |align=left| Šinas
  |align=left| Šin
  |align=left| Šinæc
  |-
  ! '''Cuba'''
  |align=left| Kupa
  |align=left| Kupas
  |align=left| Kupazi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Czechia'''
  |align=left| Cæžeâ
  |align=left| Cæžis
  |align=left| Cæž
  |align=left| Cæžæc
  |-
  ! '''Denmark'''
  |align=left| Daneâ
  |align=left| Danis
  |align=left| Dan
  |align=left| Danæc
  |-
  ! '''Egypt'''
  |align=left| Âjôpt
  |align=left| Âjôptôs
  |align=left| Âjôpzi, -ži
  |align=left| Âjôptæc
  |-
  ! '''England'''
  |align=left| Ænglant
  |align=left| Ænglants
  |align=left| Ænglanzi, -ži
  |align=left| Ænglæc
  |-
  ! '''Finland'''
  |align=left| Fineâ
  |align=left| Finis
  |align=left| Fin
  |align=left| Finæc
  |-
  ! '''France'''
  |align=left| Frankeâ
  |align=left| Frankes
  |align=left| Frank
  |align=left| Frankæc
  |-
  ! '''Germany'''
  |align=left| Þuceâ
  |align=left| Þucis
  |align=left| Þuc
  |align=left| Þucæc
  |-
  ! '''Greece'''
  |align=left| Elaia
  |align=left| Elais
  |align=left| Ela
  |align=left| Elaæc
  |-
  ! '''Haiti'''
  |align=left| Haite
  |align=left| Haites
  |align=left| Haitezi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Hungary'''
  |align=left| Mâkjareâ
  |align=left| Mâkjaris
  |align=left| Mâkjar
  |align=left| Mâkjaræc
  |-
  ! '''Iceland'''
  |align=left| Êslant
  |align=left| Êslants
  |align=left| Êslanzi, -ži
  |align=left| Êslantæc
  |-
  ! '''India'''
  |align=left| Inteâ
  |align=left| Intis
  |align=left| Intô
  |align=left| Intæc (''Hindi'')
  |-
  ! '''Indonesia'''
  |align=left| Intônažeâ
  |align=left| Intônažis
  |align=left| Intônazi, -ži
  |align=left| Intônažæc
  |-
  ! '''Iran'''
  |align=left| Ârazi-Tawra
  |align=left| Ârazes
  |align=left| Ârazi, -ži
  |align=left| Ârazæc (''Farsi'')
  |-
  ! '''Iraq'''
  |align=left| Irak
  |align=left| Iraks
  |align=left| Irakzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Ireland'''
  |align=left| Heparneâ
  |align=left| Heparnis
  |align=left| Heparnzi, -ži
  |align=left| Heparnæc
  |-
  ! '''Israel'''
  |align=left| Izrâl
  |align=left| Izrâls
  |align=left| Izrâlzi, -ži
  |align=left| Izrâlæc (''Hebrew'')
  |-
  ! '''Italy'''
  |align=left| Italeâ
  |align=left| Italis
  |align=left| Italzi, -ži
  |align=left| Italæc
  |-
  ! '''Japan'''
  |align=left| Nêpôn
  |align=left| Nêpôns
  |align=left| Nêpônzi, -ži
  |align=left| Nêpônæc
  |-
  ! '''Korea'''
  |align=left| Koreâǂ 
  |align=left| Koris
  |align=left| Korzi, -ži
  |align=left| Koræc
  |-
  ! '''Lebanon'''
  |align=left| Lapanan
  |align=left| Lapanans
  |align=left| Lapananzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Malaysia'''
  |align=left| Mâlæzeâ
  |align=left| Mâlæis
  |align=left| Mâlæ 
  |align=left| Mâlæc (''Malay'')
  |-
  ! '''Mexico'''
  |align=left| Mežiko
  |align=left| Mežikos
  |align=left| Mežikozi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Morocco'''
  |align=left| Næwru-Tawra
  |align=left| Næwrus
  |align=left| Næwruzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Mongolia'''
  |align=left| Monkoleâ
  |align=left| Monkolis
  |align=left| Monkol
  |align=left| Monkolæc
  |-
  ! '''Netherlands'''
  |align=left| Holant
  |align=left| Holants
  |align=left| Holanzi, -ži
  |align=left| Holantæc (''Dutch'')
  |-
  ! '''New Zealand'''
  |align=left| Nofa-Zilant
  |align=left| Nofa-Zilants
  |align=left| Nofa-Zilanzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Norway'''
  |align=left| Nowrjæ
  |align=left| Nowrjæs
  |align=left| Nowrjæzi, -ži
  |align=left| Nowrjæc
  |-
  ! '''Philippines'''
  |align=left| Filipinaz
  |align=left| Filipinas
  |align=left| Filipinazi, -ži
  |align=left| Filipinæc
  |-
  ! '''Poland'''
  |align=left| Polana
  |align=left| Polans
  |align=left| Polan
  |align=left| Polanæc
  |-
  ! '''Portugal'''
  |align=left| Portkal
  |align=left| Portkals
  |align=left| Portkalzi, -ži
  |align=left| Portkalæc
  |-
  ! '''Puerto Rico'''
  |align=left| Burika
  |align=left| Burikas
  |align=left| Burikazi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Romania'''
  |align=left| Rumaneâ
  |align=left| Rumanis
  |align=left| Ruman
  |align=left| Rumanæc
  |-
  ! '''Russia'''
  |align=left| Ruzeâ
  |align=left| Ruzis
  |align=left| Ruzi, -ži
  |align=left| Ruzæc
  |-
  ! '''Scotland'''
  |align=left| Kaletoneâ
  |align=left| Kaletonis
  |align=left| Kaletonzi, -ži
  |align=left| Kaletonæc (''Scots'')
  |-
  ! '''Spain'''
  |align=left| Ispaneâ
  |align=left| Ispanis
  |align=left| Ispanzi, -ži
  |align=left| Ispanæc
  |-
  ! '''Sweden'''
  |align=left| Swezeâ
  |align=left| Swezis
  |align=left| Swezi, -ži
  |align=left| Swezæc
  |-
  ! '''Switzerland'''
  |align=left| Helpeteâ
  |align=left| Helpetis
  |align=left| Helpezi, -ži
  |align=left| Helpetæc
  |-
  ! '''Syria'''
  |align=left| Âzireâ
  |align=left| Âziris
  |align=left| Âzirzi, -ži
  |align=left| -
  |-
  ! '''Thailand'''
  |align=left| Sajôm
  |align=left| Sajôms
  |align=left| Sajômzi, -ži
  |align=left| Sajômæc
  |-
  ! '''Turkey'''
  |align=left| Tokeâ
  |align=left| Tokis
  |align=left| Tok
  |align=left| Tokæc
  |-
  ! '''Ukraine'''
  |align=left| Ukræng
  |align=left| Ukrængs
  |align=left| Ukrængzi, -ži
  |align=left| Ukrængæc
  |-
  ! '''Vietnam'''
  |align=left| Fjâtnam
  |align=left| Fjâtnams
  |align=left| Fjâtnamzi, -ži
  |align=left| Fjâtnamæc
  |-
  ! '''Wales'''
  |align=left| Kampreâ
  |align=left| Kampris
  |align=left| Kamprizi, -ži
  |align=left| Kampræc
|}

Notes:
*ǂ Nint- (''North''), Ave- (''South'')
*Not all countries are listed.
*The suffix -ži is the female variant of -zi, a common way to denote one's nationality, among other purposes.  
*A language shown in italics signifies that the name of the language does not match with the name of the country in English. Nonetheless, they do in Napkožæc.</text>
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    <title>NASS</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>25893</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-02T08:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[New AngloSaxon Spelling]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ligature</title>
    <id>4461</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-03T07:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected code</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: {{{3|-0.25em}}};&quot;&gt;{{{1|}}}&lt;/span&gt;{{{2|}}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-03T07:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
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      <comment>Created redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Ligature]]</text>
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    <title>File:NASS2.svg</title>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-03T11:52:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
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      <comment>NASS2 vowel glyphs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">NASS2 vowel glyphs</text>
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    <title>File:Nass2samples.svg</title>
    <id>4464</id>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-03T12:35:12Z</timestamp>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:Charinsert screenshot.png</title>
    <id>4466</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-04T11:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>See [[Editing Help:Special character insertion]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [[Editing Help:Special character insertion]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohldar)</title>
    <id>4469</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]] to [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohldar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Sohlob languages family tree.png|The family tree of the [[Sohlob]] languages or dialects.]]

The time depth between [[Kijeb]] and the lowest nodes is at the most 2000 years, and mutual comprehension is generally possible between the varieties in the central group, Kidilib, Nandrab and Heleb, and Classical, which functions as the High and literary variety of Heleb and Nandrab. The term '''Nandrab''' was variously used by [[Sohlçan]] grammarians both for the common ancestor of Heleb and southern dialects, and for the unwritten contemporary dialects spoken by the rural population of the Helandar valley, which probably were transitional between Kidilib and Heleb.  

It was a disputed question whether the speech that formed the basis of Classical Sohlob was really the ancestor of Heleb, or represented a third node in the Helandrab/Eastern group.  Some even held that Classical Sohlob was an entirely artificial literary language, based on written Middle Kidilib but heavily influenced by Eastern varieties.

[[Category: Sohlob]]
[[Category:Language families]]</text>
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    <title>User talk:DiZ</title>
    <id>4470</id>
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      <timestamp>2007-10-05T01:21:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DiZ</username>
        <id>616</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">Just filling in this space, because I'm tired of seeing a red link. Oh yeah, and you can leave me a message here as well. :-) --[[User:DiZ|DiZ]] 18:21, 4 October 2007 (PDT)</text>
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    <title>Template:Lucus</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;border: 3px double #4682B4; padding: 0.5em; background: #B0C4DE; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
This article is about {{#if: {{{1|}}} | the|}} '''{{#if: {{{1|}}}| {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} of }} [[althist:Lucus|Lucus]]''', an [[althist:ATL|Alternate Timeline]] created by [[User:Melroch|Benct Philip Jonsson]]
&lt;/div&gt;
{{ #if: {{{1|}}} |[[Category:{{ucfirst:{{{1|}}}}} of  Lucus]]|}}
[[Category:Lucus]]
[[Category:Languages of Lucus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Alphabet and pronunciation</title>
    <id>4476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26063</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-05T10:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
;Usage
:# Type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:Alphabet and pronunciation}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
:# Save
:# Edit to suit your language
; Don't edit ''this'' page!

If you need a version for some other reasonably sized Unicode block, contact [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]!

----

&lt;/noinclude&gt;== Alphabet and pronunciation ==

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, C&amp;nbsp;c, D&amp;nbsp;d, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, K&amp;nbsp;k, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, O&amp;nbsp;o, P&amp;nbsp;p, Q&amp;nbsp;q, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, T&amp;nbsp;t, U&amp;nbsp;u, V&amp;nbsp;v, W&amp;nbsp;w, X&amp;nbsp;x, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! C c 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! Q q 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! X x 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Languages of Lucus</title>
    <id>4477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46664</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T14:19:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Countries of Lucus</title>
    <id>4478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26076</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-05T12:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Lucus}}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lucus</title>
    <id>4479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26077</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-05T12:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Lucus}}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ynglisc (Lucus)</title>
    <id>4480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46847</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:56:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Lucus|languages}}
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs based on English]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]
''''Ynglisc'''' {{IPA|[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]}} is the [[wikipedia:English|English]] of [[Lucus]].

Lucal Ynglisc differs from Terran English chiefly because the [[wikipedia:Normans|Normans]] never occupied all of England, and it was a Northern dialect, much less influenced by French which eventually came to be the basis for ''Mean Ynglisc'' (corresponding to Terran Standard English), which Thomas Scieridan defined as &quot;A Norron reerd in a Suþron mowþ&quot; ('A Northern language in a Southern mouth'), since after the Ynglisc kingdom drove out the Normans in the 15th century and its court and government moved from Geork to Lunden they brought with them a somewhat standardized written language based on Northern tradition and speech which now came to be pronounced by southerners according to their speech habits.

== Spelling ==

{{Wynn warning}}
Northern Lucal Ynglisc spelling was not 'reformed' under French influence during the 12th century as Terran English was, but continued as a native development of Old Ynglisc spelling.

In Northern Old Ynglisc the spellings '''ea eo io/ie''' had stood both for the diphthongs {{IPA|/æə eə iə æːə eːə iːə/}} and for the monophthongs {{IPA|/æ(ː) ɑ(ː) o(ː) u(ː) e(ː)/}} when these followed one of the consonant graphies '''c g cg sc''' standing for {{IPA|/ʧ j ʤ ʃ/}}, or rather the spellings '''ce ge cge sce''' stood for these palatal sounds before the letter '''a''' standing for {{IPA|/æ/}} or {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and  '''o''' standing for {{IPA|/o/}}, and '''ci gi cgi sci''' stod for the same sounds before the letter '''o''' standing for {{IPA|/u/}} and '''e''' standing for {{IPA|/e/}}.  In addition the digraph '''iu''' was in use as an alternative to '''gio''' for {{IPA|/ju/}}.  Trigraphs were not permitted in the spelling system, so e.g. '''cea''' was used for both {{IPA|/ʧɑ/}} and {{IPA|/ʧæ/}} rather than spelling the latter as '''ceæ''' or '''ciæ'''.

At the end of the Old Ynglisc period the diphthongs were monophthongized by losing their [ə] element. Short {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɑ/}} merged as {{IPA|/a/}}, and {{IPA|/y(ː)/}} merged with {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}. In early Middle Ynglisc the above-mentioned vowel digraphs came to make sense, and only be used, to mark preceding '''c g cg sc''' as palatal, except for '''ea''' which continued to be used as a spelling for {{IPA|/æː/}}. Conversely '''y æ''' came to be used for {{IPA|/i e/}} when these followed a non-platalized '''c g cg sc''', which was now more common than before due to the merger of unstressed vowels as [ə], which was perceived as belonging to the {{IPA|/e/}} phoneme, and Old Norse loanwords with velar consonants before front vowels.  The spelling of {{IPA|/e/}} was thus highly redundant, as special spellings were used for it both when a preceding '''c g cg sc''' was palatalized and when it was non-palatalized. In addition '''æ''' was used as an alternative spelling for {{IPA|/æː/}}!

In time a need was felt to mark also whether a following '''c g cg sc''' was palatalized or not, and the analogical spellings '''ai ei oe oi''' arose for this purpose, partly inspired by occasional spellings like '''dai dæi''' for traditional '''dæg''', now pronounced {{IPA|/dei/}}.  In addition the spelling '''io''' came to be used for {{IPA|/i/}} in words like '''cionc''' 'chink' where it was preceded by a palatal and followed by a velar.  This made spellings like '''cioc''' potentially ambiguous between {{IPA|/ʧuk/}} and {{IPA|/ʧik/}}.  As can be seen the vowel digraphs were used to indicate palatal pronunciation also in syllable final clusters like '''nc ng lc lg rc rg'''.

Somewhat later new vowel digraphs '''aa ee ij oo w''' came into use for long vowels, and the traditional sequences '''aƿ eƿ iƿ oƿ''' came in practice to be seen and used as vowel spellings, in free variation with '''au eu iu ou'''.  In time '''ƿ''' (wynn) came to be felt as too similar to '''p þ''' and was replaced by '''w''' in all its uses.

Little by little vowel trigraphs like '''iea eau ieo æi''' came to be eccepted, though spellings like '''iee''' containing a doubled vowel-letter coupled with another vowel letter was still frowned upon.  It should be noted that '''iw''', replacing '''iƿ''', was largely ousted by '''iow''', probably because sequences of many vertical lines were perceived as ugly and ambiguous in the medieval hand, and it was probably for the same reason that '''iu ui''' never caught on as a means of disambiguating '''io oi''' (quite apart from the fact that '''y''' was by tradition perceived as a ligature for '''ui''').

It should be noted that unlike Irish spelling Ynglisc spelling never demanded that soft consonants should be flanked by soft vowels on both sides; the rules for soft and hard spellings only applied within the syllable. In addition unstressed '''e''' was treated as hard or disregarded, so that {{IPA|/sɪŋgən/}} was written '''syngen/siongen''' and {{IPA|/sɪnʤən/}} was written '''singen/singien'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vityng ethnographical questionnaire</title>
    <id>4481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28268</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-28T01:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== I. Questions of Place ==

(a) Describe the geography of where your society calls home.&lt;br&gt;
    drǿmmøyjar is a chain of large islands off the coast of dragnaland which has fjords on the coast and mountainous forrest farther inland. &lt;br&gt;
(b) Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons?&lt;br&gt;
    northern temperate climate. the winter is moredately severe and the summers are mild. &lt;br&gt;
(c) What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to?&lt;br&gt;
    harsh winters, low crop yields due to vermin and hurricane like storms. &lt;br&gt;
(d) What are the most commonly-grown foods?&lt;br&gt;
    wheat, potatoes, barley, cabbage, carrots, onions and mushrooms &lt;br&gt;
(e) What are the most commonly-eaten meats?&lt;br&gt;
    fish, deer, cow and domesticated duck &lt;br&gt;
(f) What foods are considered exotic or expensive?&lt;br&gt;
    veal, tomatoes and grapes &lt;br&gt;
(g) What forms of alcohol are common? Rare?&lt;br&gt;
    beer, mint mead, whiskey and vodka are common. and hallucinagenic whiskey infused with morning glory seeds called drǿmvatn (dream water) &lt;br&gt;
(h) Is there usually enough food and water for the population?&lt;br&gt;
    generally the population is well fed, but during the harsher winters whole towns can starve to death. &lt;br&gt;
(i) What is this place's most abundant resource?&lt;br&gt;
    sea food and iron &lt;br&gt;
(j) What is its most valuable resource?&lt;br&gt;
    soldiers rented out to foreign lords. &lt;br&gt;
(k) What resource is it most lacking?&lt;br&gt;
    precious metals and lumber &lt;br&gt;
(l) How do people travel from one place to another?&lt;br&gt;
    walk, horse or for off island journeys they use ships &lt;br&gt;
(m) Are the borders secure? In what way?&lt;br&gt;
    yes, the sea protects from the peoples on the mainland. &lt;br&gt;
(n) How many people live here?&lt;br&gt;
    between 60,000 and 75,000 depending on the time of year &lt;br&gt;
(o) Where in this place to they congregate?&lt;br&gt;
    the largest island in the chain, langøy &lt;br&gt;
(p) What part of this place do they avoid? Why?&lt;br&gt;
    no part &lt;br&gt;
(q) What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for?&lt;br&gt;
    ducks. for food. &lt;br&gt;
(r) What are the most common wild animals?&lt;br&gt;
    deer &lt;br&gt;
(s) Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be?&lt;br&gt;
    dogs and mice. most others. &lt;br&gt;

== II. Questions of Time ==

(a) How far back does this society's written history go?&lt;br&gt;
    about 500 years &lt;br&gt;
(b) How far back do its people believe it goes?&lt;br&gt;
    over 2500 years &lt;br&gt;
(c) What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced?&lt;br&gt;
    the great winter, which lasted for 100 years &lt;br&gt;
(d) What was the best thing that ever happened to them?&lt;br&gt;
    nothing &lt;br&gt;
(e) What in their past makes them feel ashamed?&lt;br&gt;
    nothing &lt;br&gt;
(f) What in their past makes them proud?&lt;br&gt;
    conquering the mainland &lt;br&gt;
(g) What are they afraid of happening again?&lt;br&gt;
    another great winter &lt;br&gt;
(h) What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely?&lt;br&gt;
    a great summer. no. &lt;br&gt;
(i) What do they assume the future will hold?&lt;br&gt;
    nothing. &lt;br&gt;
(j) How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this?&lt;br&gt;
    they have become less warlike. yes. &lt;br&gt;
(k) What are the most popular stories about the past?&lt;br&gt;
    stories of famous warriors. &lt;br&gt;
(l) Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain?&lt;br&gt;
    harlang ragnmundssen. dǽtvæng the dragon. &lt;br&gt;
(m) Do people think the present better or worse than the past?&lt;br&gt;
    the same. &lt;br&gt;
(n) Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past?&lt;br&gt;
    the same. &lt;br&gt;

== III. Questions of Sex and Family ==

(a) How many spouses may a man or woman have?&lt;br&gt;
    a man may have a wife and as many consorts as he can support. while a woman is supposed to be with just her husband it is not unheared of for woman to have as many consorts as her husband. &lt;br&gt;
(b) Who decides on a marriage?&lt;br&gt;
    with the commoners marriage is decided by the people getting married. &quot;royal&quot; marriages are decided by the parents. &lt;br&gt;
(c) Can a marriage end in divorce? How?&lt;br&gt;
    yes, a man can leave his wife for being unfaithful and a woman may leave her husband for cowardice or being unable to support her. &lt;br&gt;
(d) Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason?&lt;br&gt;
    the person who dissolves the marriage. &lt;br&gt;
(e) How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides?&lt;br&gt;
    adultery for a man is taking another woman into his marriage bed, the punishment is a loss of face. adultery for a woman is being with any man other than her husband, the punishment is divorce. &lt;br&gt;
(f) How are families named? &lt;br&gt;
    families are named after a common ancestor &lt;br&gt;
(g) What happens to orphans?&lt;br&gt;
    orphans are usually adopted by an uncle from the fathers side. &lt;br&gt;
(h) How are boy and girl children treated differently?&lt;br&gt;
    boys are treated roughly to make them tough &lt;br&gt;
(i) Are premarital relations allowed?&lt;br&gt;
    there are no laws or religious rules prohibiting premarital relations, but &quot;royal&quot; marriages can be dissolved if it is found that the woman had premarital relations. &lt;br&gt;
(j) How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these?&lt;br&gt;
    incest is anything closer than a second cousin. rape is taken up with either the father or if the woman is married, the husband. the man will lose face and the womans family will often kill him. &lt;br&gt;
(k) What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift?&lt;br&gt;
    lands, livestock, ships, precious metals. &lt;br&gt;
(l) What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced?&lt;br&gt;
    homosexuality among men. &lt;br&gt;
(m) What secret vice actually is practiced?&lt;br&gt;
    homosexuality among women. &lt;br&gt;
(n) What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners?&lt;br&gt;
    fellatio and cunnilingus &lt;br&gt;
(o) How do people react to homosexuality?&lt;br&gt;
    if the participants are men they are shunned or sent into exile, if they are women it is considered normal. &lt;br&gt;
(p) How do the genders dress?&lt;br&gt;
    men wear long pants, shirts and tall boots. women wear long dresses and bodices. &lt;br&gt;
(q) Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate?&lt;br&gt;
    prostitution is legal and wholly unthought of by the general population &lt;br&gt;
(r) What professions or activities are considered masculine?&lt;br&gt;
    any activity using strength or wit. &lt;br&gt;
(s) What professions or activities are viewed as feminine?&lt;br&gt;
    any activity that requires tenderness or care. &lt;br&gt;
(t) What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female?&lt;br&gt;
    weapons and tools are male and plants, the home and ships are female. &lt;br&gt;
(u) What is the biggest sexual taboo?&lt;br&gt;
    group sex. &lt;br&gt;
(v) Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love?&lt;br&gt;
    only among the commoners &lt;br&gt;
(w) What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it?&lt;br&gt;
    unpenetrated women are virgins and it is unimportant among commoners and very important among &quot;royals&quot; &lt;br&gt;

== IV. Questions of Manners ==

(a) Who speaks first at a formal gathering?&lt;br&gt;
    he who called the gathering &lt;br&gt;
(b) What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste?&lt;br&gt;
    weapons unless it is father to son or from a dying man to any other. &lt;br&gt;
(c) How do younger adults address their elders?&lt;br&gt;
    hørr (name) &lt;br&gt;
(d) What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death?&lt;br&gt;
    black is associated with power and brown with poverty, light blue with virtue and green with wickedness, red with death and lust, and white with mourning. &lt;br&gt;
(e) If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved?&lt;br&gt;
    they fight until they stop or one dies.
(f) If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved?&lt;br&gt;
    one or both husbands/fathers are supposed to intervene. &lt;br&gt;
(g) When is it rude to laugh at something funny?&lt;br&gt;
    rarely but usually at a wedding or a religious ceremony &lt;br&gt;
(h) What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all?&lt;br&gt;
    family matters cannot be politely asked in public.
(i) How do people demonstrate grief?&lt;br&gt;
    one wears red for a month and fasts from dawn till dusk for the first two weeks. &lt;br&gt;
(j) What does this society do with their corpses?&lt;br&gt;
    the bodies are left for the ravens but the heads are kept in a family crypt. &lt;br&gt;
(k) What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when?&lt;br&gt;
    silver rings and necklaces. during formal occasions or feasts. &lt;br&gt;
(l) Who inherits property? Titles? Position?&lt;br&gt;
    the eldest son inherits property. all children inherit titles. position goes to the eldest son. &lt;br&gt;
(m) What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness?&lt;br&gt;
    they are usually killed if their family is unwilling to care for him or her. &lt;br&gt;
(n) What are the most popular games? How important are they?&lt;br&gt;
    checkers, a type of chess and a variant of hurling. &lt;br&gt;
(o) What parts of the body are routinely covered?&lt;br&gt;
    all of it except for the hands and head, and the chest for men. &lt;br&gt;
(p) How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating?&lt;br&gt;
    bathing is not private but it is considered to be a bit rude to watch some one bathing without showing your presence. urinating and defecating are considered to be very private. &lt;br&gt;
(q) How do people react to physical deformity?&lt;br&gt;
    badly. obvious physical deformation results in a child being killed at birth. &lt;br&gt;
(r) When and how does someone go from child to adult?&lt;br&gt;
    at 16 years for men and 14 for women. &lt;br&gt;

== V. Questions of Faith ==

(a) Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized?&lt;br&gt;
    there are priests. they are only organized by cult. &lt;br&gt;
(b) What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this?&lt;br&gt;
    sailors and warriors and women believe they go to a great feast hall. men of other professions believe they are reincarnated until they  can go to the feast hall. &lt;br&gt; 
(c) What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion?&lt;br&gt;
    there is no majority, but many many cults. &lt;br&gt;
(d) Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like?&lt;br&gt;
    the sea, mountain tops and some forrests.
(e) What are the most popular rituals or festivals?&lt;br&gt;
    equinoxes and solstices, and the first day of every month. &lt;br&gt;
(f) What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it?&lt;br&gt;
    usually just the favor of the god is sought. the seeker asks a priest what he thinks the god wishes and then attempts to do it to gain favor. &lt;br&gt;
(g) How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours?&lt;br&gt;
    there are almost no differences. &lt;br&gt;
(h) What is the most commonly broken religious rule?
    wearing the token of a god without earning it. &lt;br&gt;
(i) What is the least-violated religious rule?&lt;br&gt;
    failing at a task set by a priest. &lt;br&gt;
(j) What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete?&lt;br&gt;
    there is no dominant faction but the four main cults are: drukktmann (drowned man), hængtmann (hanged man), flokkør (shepherd) and moðra (mother). &lt;br&gt;
(k) Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one?&lt;br&gt;
    there are monastic orders. one can only join by having a vision. &lt;br&gt;
(l) How are those who follow different faiths treated?&lt;br&gt;
    all faiths are treated the same. &lt;br&gt;
(m) What relationship do religious and political leaders have?&lt;br&gt;
    they have a great relationship but rarely does it affect the governance of the kingdom. &lt;br&gt;
(n) What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernaturalevents/beings do people fear?&lt;br&gt;
    amulets are common. werebeasts are commonly believed as are monster bears and wolves. &lt;br&gt;

== VI. Questions of Government ==

(a) Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How?&lt;br&gt;
    the king, local lord or the kings sheriffs. &lt;br&gt;
(b) What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why?&lt;br&gt;
    if the crime is theft or murder the victim or victims family decides on either monetary reimbursement, exile or a vendetta. if the crime is treason or slander the persons toungue is cut out.
(c) How are new laws created or old ones changed?&lt;br&gt;
    the king. &lt;br&gt;
(d) Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved?&lt;br&gt;
    the king may pardon whom ever he likes unless the punishment is a vendetta. &lt;br&gt;
(e) Who has the right to give orders, and why?&lt;br&gt;
    the king or local lords. &lt;br&gt;
(f) What titles do various officials have?&lt;br&gt;
    there are too many levels of lord to mention. &lt;br&gt;
(g) How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person?&lt;br&gt;
    they dont differ. &lt;br&gt;
(h) How do government officials dress?&lt;br&gt;
    similar to commoners but more richly. &lt;br&gt;
(i) Is the law written down? Who interprets it?&lt;br&gt;
    only the most basic laws like no murder, protecting your guests and vendettas may only be settled by death. &lt;br&gt;
(j) Once accused, what recourse does someone have?&lt;br&gt;
    trial by combat. &lt;br&gt;
(k) Is torture allowed? What kinds?&lt;br&gt;
    officially no, but slowly cutting out the lungs through the back is not uncommon. &lt;br&gt;
(l) How are people executed?&lt;br&gt;
    beheading or drowning &lt;br&gt;
(m) Who cannot rise to positions of leadership?&lt;br&gt;
    criminals. &lt;br&gt;
(n) Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances?&lt;br&gt;
    never. &lt;br&gt;
(o) What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it?&lt;br&gt;
    over taxing, and losing battles. &lt;br&gt;
(p) What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal?&lt;br&gt;
    most common is theft. &lt;br&gt;

== VII. Questions of War ==

(a) Who declares war?&lt;br&gt;
    the king. &lt;br&gt;
(b) Who has the power to declare conditions of peace?&lt;br&gt;
    the king. &lt;br&gt;
(c) What happens to prisoners taken in battle?&lt;br&gt;
    they are ransomed back to their people or kept as thralls. &lt;br&gt;
(d) What form of warfare does this society use?&lt;br&gt;
    medieval would be most accurate. &lt;br&gt;
(e) Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them?&lt;br&gt;
    langmannærnir (the long men). they are chosen from birth and built up until they are massive, they are trained in all weapons and hand to hand combat. 
(f) How does someone get command of troops?&lt;br&gt;
    troops are commanded by their local lord. &lt;br&gt;
(g) Where do the loyalties of military units lie?&lt;br&gt;
    their lord. &lt;br&gt;
(h) Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military?&lt;br&gt;
    yes but they do not make up the bulk of the military. &lt;br&gt;
(i) Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so?&lt;br&gt;
    they have attacked the mainland many times. &lt;br&gt;
(j) Who are their enemies? Who's winning?&lt;br&gt;
    many of the peoples on the mainland. it is a draw. &lt;br&gt;
(k) What do soldiers do when there's no war?&lt;br&gt;
    go back to their usual lives.

== VIII. Questions of Education ==

(a) Does this society have its own language? Its own writing?&lt;br&gt;
    yes and yes. &lt;br&gt;
(b) How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed?&lt;br&gt;
    literacy is about 15%. &lt;br&gt;
(c) What form and value are books?&lt;br&gt;
    books are very valuable and treated with reverence by those who cannot read. &lt;br&gt; 
(d) Who teaches others? How do they teach?&lt;br&gt;
    parents teach children or hire a tutor. &lt;br&gt;
(e) Who decides who learns to read or write?&lt;br&gt;
    &quot;royals&quot;. &lt;br&gt;
(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe?&lt;br&gt;
    carpenters and scribes. &lt;br&gt;
(g) Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that?&lt;br&gt;
    rarely. &lt;br&gt;
(h) How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness?&lt;br&gt;
    wounds and sickness are treated by a fairly advanced level of herbal medicine. &lt;br&gt;
(i) Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong?&lt;br&gt;
    all diseases are foreign in origin (outside the body that is). &lt;br&gt;

== IX. Questions of Art ==

(a) What are the favorite artforms?&lt;br&gt;
    music, metal and leather working. &lt;br&gt;
(b) What are the least-favorite?&lt;br&gt;
    dance and painting. &lt;br&gt;
(c) How respected are artists?&lt;br&gt;
    very. &lt;br&gt;
(d) Do artists require official or unofficial protection?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(e) What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in?&lt;br&gt;
    they may find themselves destitute very easily. &lt;br&gt;
(f) How might a very successful artist live?&lt;br&gt;
    luxuriously. 
(g) What forms of theatre does your society have?&lt;br&gt;
    plays are common. &lt;br&gt;
(h) How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art?&lt;br&gt;
    fairly stylize. &lt;br&gt;
(j) What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture?&lt;br&gt;
    knots and triangles. &lt;br&gt;
(k) Which artforms get the most and least respect?&lt;br&gt;
    music and painting. &lt;br&gt;
(l) What form does censorship take?&lt;br&gt;
    the king and his lords may destroy any work that displeases them. &lt;br&gt;
(m) Who may not be an artist?&lt;br&gt;
    every one can be an artist. &lt;br&gt;
(n) What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society?&lt;br&gt;
    
(o) What makes a man or woman especially beautiful?&lt;br&gt;
    overall strength in men. large breasts and a fair face in women. brown hair and green eyes for both genders.
(p) How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up?&lt;br&gt;
    tattoos are nearly universal usually religious. piercings are unheard of. facial hair is more common than not. makeup is not common. &lt;br&gt;

== X. Questions of sex and marriage ==

(a) Is sex confined to marriage?&lt;br&gt;
    no &lt;br&gt;
(b) Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior?&lt;br&gt;
    only among women &lt;br&gt;
(c) Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct?&lt;br&gt;
    few &lt;br&gt;
(d) Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution?&lt;br&gt;
    just a few &lt;br&gt;
(e) How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex?&lt;br&gt;
    they should come of age 14 or 16. &lt;br&gt;
(f) What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple?&lt;br&gt;
    about 16 years. &lt;br&gt;
(g) Do relationships allow multiple partners?&lt;br&gt;
    not in marriage but men are allowed consorts. &lt;br&gt;
(h) Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed?&lt;br&gt;
    yes sex should be one on one. &lt;br&gt;
(i) And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged?&lt;br&gt;
    male homosexuality is discouraged while female homosexuality is considered normal. &lt;br&gt;

== XI. Questions of death and burial ==

(a) What is their understanding of death and dying?&lt;br&gt;
    death is something to embrace when it comes. &lt;br&gt;
(b) Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of?&lt;br&gt;
    the bodies are fed to the ravens and the heads are put in the family crypt. except sailors who are tossed into the sea. &lt;br&gt;
(c) Is the family  responsible for the body?&lt;br&gt;
    yes. &lt;br&gt;
(d) What part do the priests play?&lt;br&gt;
    none. &lt;br&gt;
(e) Are there cemeteries at all?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(f) Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it?&lt;br&gt;
    yes. &lt;br&gt;
(g) Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why?&lt;br&gt;
    yes. for advice. &lt;br&gt;

== XII. Questions of suicide ==

(a) What do people in this culture think about suicide?&lt;br&gt;
    it is only acceptable for elderly people. &lt;br&gt; 
(b) Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(c) Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(d) Is it worse than murder?&lt;br&gt;
    the same. &lt;br&gt;

== XIII. Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

(a) Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military?&lt;br&gt;
    the law is enforced by the kings shefiffs. &lt;br&gt;
(b) Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces?&lt;br&gt;
    the kings sheriffs are under the direct comand of the local lords. &lt;br&gt;
(c) How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed?&lt;br&gt;
    always armed. &lt;br&gt;
(d) What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can 
they use telepathy?&lt;br&gt;
    they may use any force necessary to bring the criminal before  the family or the lord. &lt;br&gt;
(e) Are there individuals or groups who are above the law?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(f) Is there a secret police?&lt;br&gt;
    no. &lt;br&gt;
(g) What is the role of police informants, if any?&lt;br&gt;
    most people are tight lipped. &lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Mezzo</title>
    <id>4482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26125</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-08T02:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Mezzo, also known as Saem or Samuel Hopping, was born on July 30, 1990. His first serious conlang was created on February 8, 2007 which is called [[Classical Diūn]]. He first conlang was ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Mezzo, also known as Saem or Samuel Hopping, was born on July 30, 1990. His first serious conlang was created on February 8, 2007 which is called [[Classical Diūn]]. He first conlang was called [[Zëonic]] and was started on July 26, 2006. It has since been abandoned. He is an active member of both the [[ZBB]] and [[CBB]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xeta</title>
    <id>4486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26195</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-13T09:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeta</username>
        <id>940</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Xeta'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|| nowhere
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
|| 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||none-
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Xeta|Holger Ebermann]]||2006-
|}

'''Xeta''' is an international auxiliary language, created by Holger Ebermann in 2006. It has 14 letters, 5 vowels and 9 consonants. It has just a small grammar and strict rules. Xeta was invented to make it possible to communicate in one language in the whole world, but with easier spelling then the romance auxlangs have.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Photo 23.jpg</title>
    <id>4487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26198</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-14T13:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Silindion Alphabet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Silindion Alphabet</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Silindionalphabet.jpg</title>
    <id>4488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26199</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-14T13:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Silindionexample.jpg</title>
    <id>4489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26201</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-14T13:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Maps</title>
    <id>4493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26216</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-14T21:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Geography]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Geography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Archaic Imperial (Empire-in-the-West)</title>
    <id>4497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37811</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-15T02:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makerowner</username>
        <id>751</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Archaic Imperial (AI) is the name given to the earliest attested ancestor of [[Modern Standard Imperial]], spoken in the [[Empire-in-the-West]]. The corpus of AI texts is fairly small: some runic carvings, and the Imperial Law Code of the Temple; the language has been reconstructed based on its daughter and sister languages with a fair degree of confidence.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| border=1
!POA
|align=center| Labials
|align=center| Dentals
|align=center| Emphatics
|align=center| Velars
|align=center| Uvulars
|align=center| Glottals
|-
  ! Voiceless stops
|align=center| p /p/
|align=center| t /t/
|align=center| ṭ /tˤ/
|align=center| k /k/
|align=center| q /q/
|align=center| ? /ʔ/
|-
  ! Voiced stops
|align=center| b /b/
|align=center| d /d/
|align=center| ḍ /dˤ/
|align=center| g /g/
|align=center| ġ /ɢ/
|-
  
|-
  ! Fricatives
|align=center| f /f/
|align=center| s /s/
|align=center| ṣ /sˤ/
|align=center| x /x/
|align=center| ẋ /χ/
|align=center| h /h/
|-
  ! Nasals
|align=center| m /m/
|align=center| n /n/
|-
  ! Liquids
|align=center|
|align=center| l /l/, r /r/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
  ! Glides
|align=center| w /w/
|align=center|
|align=center| 
|align=center| y /j/
|}

=== Vowels ===
* Short: /i a u/ i a u
* Long: /iː aː uː/ ī ā ū
* Diphthong: /aj aw/ ay aw

=== Suprasegmentals ===

=== Allophony ===

There is strong vowel allophony in AI, with backed or lowered allophones of most vowels occurring near the emphatic consonants (ṭ /tˤ/ q /q/ ḍ /dˤ/ ḡ /ɢ/ ş /sˤ/ ẋ /χ/).
/i/ &gt; [e]
/u/ &gt; [o]
/a/ &gt; [A]
/i:/ &gt; [i@] or [@i] (The former if the emphatic consonants follows the vowel, the latter if it precedes it.)
/u:/ &gt; [u@] or [@u] (As with /i:/)
/a:/ &gt; [A:]

The diphthongs show allophony based on the following consonant, with raised allophones before voiceless ones.
/aj/ &gt; [Ei]
/aw/ &gt; [Ou]

The short vowel also have tense/lax allophony, with lax allophones occurring in closed syllables. This applies after the emphatic allophony, so /i/ has the realizations [i], [I], [e], [E]. The vowel /a/ has no tense/lax allophony.

==Morphosyntax==
Archaic Imperial was a VSO language, though it already showed signs of the shift to SOV that occurred in its descendants. Word order is consistently head-modifier, and therefore noun-adjective, noun-genitive, preposition-noun, noun-relative clause, etc. are all neutral word-orders.

===Clauses===
AI clauses come in many different forms. The smallest is a single inflected verb, eg. ''Xiritān.'' &quot;He/she argued&quot;. Verbal clauses can also have various stated arguments, eg. ''Liqitān uxucālik ummigāmirax'' &quot;The traveller took off the cloak.&quot; There are clauses that lack verbs and have nominal predicates: ''Uxucālik aqsumik'' &quot;The traveller is strong.&quot;
There are also a variety of dependent clauses: relative, complement, and adjectival.

====Predicate Nominal Clauses====

====Verbal Main Clauses====
Verbal main clauses consist of a verb and several optional NPs, usually one or two. The verb is usually inflected for the person, gender, and number of the Agent and Patient (if present)

====Subordinate Clauses====

===Verbal Morphosyntax===
The basic division of AI verbs is between different moods: Indicative, Subjunctive, and Participial. The Indicative is represented by two aspects: Perfective and Imperfective. Tense as such is not shown on the verb. Indicative verbs have agreement/anaphora person markers in an Active-Stative alignment. Nominative arguments (A and S&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;) are marked by suffixes, while Absolutive arguments (P and S&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;) are marked by prefixes.

====The Indicative====
The indicative is used for regular declarative clauses and for some less-than-finite constructions, such as clause-chains and serial verbs.

Nominative arguments:
{| border=1
  ! Person
  |align=center| Singular
  | Dual
  | Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | -ul
  | -utul
  | -rul
|-
  ! 2nd
  | -uk
  | -utuk
  | -ruk
|-
  ! 3rd an.
  | -(ān)
  | -utān
  | -rān
|-
  ! 3rd in.
  | -(aw)
  | -utaw
  | -raw
  |}

The 3s suffixes can be deleted in certain circumstances: with an impersonal subject, with an overt NP filling the role, and with a previously mentioned referent obvious from the context.

With the verb ''xirit'' &quot;to argue&quot;:

{| border=1
  ! Xirit
  |align=center| Singular
  | Dual
  | Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | xirtul
  | '''xiruttul'''
  | xiritrul
|-
  ! 2nd
  | xirtuk
  | '''xiruttuk'''
  | xiritruk
|-
  ! 3rd an.
  | xirtān
  | xirtutān
  | xiritrān
|-
  ! 3rd in.
  | xirtaw
  | xirtutaw
  | xiritraw
  |}

''Note: The bolded forms are irregular. The regular forms would be *xirtutul and *xirtutuk, which seem to have undergone metathesis to avoid successive identical syllables.''

The alternation between CiCC and CiCiC is used to avoid three-consonant clusters, which did not occur in AI.

Absolutive
{| border=1
  ! Person
  |align=center| Singular
  | Dual
  | Plural
  |-
  ! 1st
  | su-
  | siya-
  | is-
|-
  ! 2nd
  | ku-
  | kai-
  | iku-
|-
  ! 3rd an.
  | lau-
  | lai-
  | ilu-
|-
  ! 3rd in.
  | nau-
  | nai-
  | in-
  |}

The same markers are used in the perfective (CiCaaCi).

====The Subjunctive====
The subjunctive has the form(i)CCiC:usi, eg. ''ixrittusi'' 'that he argue'. It occurs in a variety of subordinate clauses, often accompanied by auxiliaries (q.v.) specifying the relation to the matrix clause. It can also occur in a main clause in a jussive sense, eg. ...
One of the most common uses of the subjunctive is in complement clauses, ie. as an argument of the verb. In this usage, it takes the case suffix of the argument it is replacing.

====Auxiliaries &amp; Serial Verbs====

===Nominal Morphosyntax===

AI's morphosyntactic alignment combines elements of the tripartite and fluid-S systems. Pronouns have separate forms for A, P, and S; while nouns have only A and P forms (Nominative and Absolutive), either of which can be used for S. There is also a Genitive case (also used for Recipient and Benefactor roles) and an Oblique case that serves a variety of other functions.

====The Definite Article====
The definite article is inflected for the gender of the noun it modifies. For animate nouns the form is u-, while for inanimate nouns, it is u~-, where ~ represents a &quot;chroneme&quot;: the gemination of the following consonant.

====Case and Postpositions====
{| border=1
  ! Animate
  |align=center| Singular
  | Plural
  |-
  | Nominative
  | -ik
  | -lik
  |- 
  | Absolutive
  | -as
  | -las
  |- 
  | Genitive
  | -ā
  | -āl
  |- 
  | Oblique
  | -ay
  | -ali 
  |}


{| border=1
  ! Inanimate
  |align=center| Singular
  | Plural
  |-
  | Nominative
  | 
  | -il
  |- 
  | Absolutive
  | -ax
  | -lax
  |- 
  | Genitive
  | -ā
  | -āl
  |- 
  | Oblique
  | -ay
  | -ali 
  |}

==See Also==
*[[Modern Standard Imperial]]
*[[Sound Changes in Imperial Languages (Empire-in-the-West)|Sound Changes in Imperial Languages]]

[[Category: Empire-in-the-West]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Dele</title>
    <id>4499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36287</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-23T18:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Dele'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| February 16, 1995; Vancouver, Canada
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English, French
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Ellesklavan]] (Not Complete)
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Video Games, The Internet
|-
|}

I am currently working on [[Ellesklavan]], which is part of Ahlegon, a conworld I'm working on.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ellesklavan</title>
    <id>4500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39270</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-01T03:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Ellesklavan&lt;br&gt;''elesclav''|pronounce=[elesklavin]|tu=2875 - 3859&lt;br&gt;&amp;emsp;Sölédi|species=Ahlegonian Human|in=[[Ellesklava]], Tyordé, Celurhyo|no=42 million|script=Marcil Script|tree=Ahlegonian&lt;br&gt;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;Western&lt;br&gt;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;Sekanese&lt;br&gt;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;&amp;emsp;Ellesklavan|morph=Agglutinating|ms=Accusative|wo=SVO|creator=[[user:dele|Eric B.]]|date=2007}}
Ellesklavan is an Alskev language spoken by about 42 million people, mainly in the west of Ahlegon. It is the official language of [[Ellesklava]], Tyordé and Celurhyo. It is also spoken in Ihřnel, Krofsé, Noria, Erilnat, Kohltinet and Pyalurget. 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
It is the most widely spoken language in western Ahlegon and the North. For this reason it is also widely spoken by traders and travelers. Almost everyone who lives in the western half of Ahlegon knows at least a few sentences in Ellesklavan.
==Phonology==
The IPA value is indicated in &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Red&lt;/font&gt;. The Latin transliteration is indicated in black.
===Consonants===
There are 22 consonants in Ellesklavan &lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|m}}&lt;/font&gt; m || || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|n}}&lt;/font&gt; n || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Stop || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|p}}&lt;/font&gt; p || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|b}}&lt;/font&gt; b || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|t}}&lt;/font&gt; t || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|d}}&lt;/font&gt; d || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|tʃ}}&lt;/font&gt; č || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|k}}&lt;/font&gt; c || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|g}}&lt;/font&gt; g || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|q}}&lt;/font&gt; k
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|f}}&lt;/font&gt; f || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|v}}&lt;/font&gt; v || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|θ}}&lt;/font&gt; ť || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ð}}&lt;/font&gt; ď || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|s}}&lt;/font&gt; s || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|z}}&lt;/font&gt; z || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʃ}}&lt;/font&gt; š || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ʒ}}&lt;/font&gt; ž || ||  || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|h}}&lt;/font&gt; h || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|R}}&lt;/font&gt; ř
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|j}}&lt;/font&gt; y
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|r}}&lt;/font&gt; r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|l}}&lt;/font&gt; l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Vowels===
There are 9 vowels in Ellesklavan&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|i}}&lt;/font&gt; i || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|y}}&lt;/font&gt; ü  || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|é}}&lt;/font&gt; é || || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|u}}&lt;/font&gt; u
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|e}}&lt;/font&gt; e || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ø}}&lt;/font&gt; eu || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|A}}&lt;/font&gt; ö || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|o}}&lt;/font&gt; o
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || |
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|a}}&lt;/font&gt; a
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Stress===
Stress is usually added (lightly) to the last syllable of a word.
===Syllable Structure===
The most common syllable structures in Ellesklavan are CCVC, CVC, and VC
==Morphology==
Ellesklavan is an agglutinating language with a large set of prefixes and suffixes to modify words.
===Nouns===
Most (but not all) nouns will end with ü or a.
====Gender====
The nouns and adjectives in Ellesklavan have 3 genders; masculine, feminine and neutral. Masculine nouns and adjectives end with the -ü suffix, and it will end with the -a suffix if it is feminine. If a noun has neither suffix, it is neuter.
&lt;br&gt;gřön &amp;emsp;(grain) Neutral, no suffix&lt;br&gt;
mon&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt; &amp;emsp;(horse) Masculine&lt;br&gt;
sén&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt; &amp;emsp;(floor) Feminine&lt;br&gt;

====Plurals====
Nouns are made plural by adding the u- prefix. E.g., néoi, &quot;night&quot;; unéoi, &quot;nights&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
If the singular noun begins with u, the prefix n- is added in stead. E.G. usoé, &quot;colour&quot;; nusoé &quot;colours&quot;.
====Possessives====
Possessives are formed by adding the appropriate suffix, before the gender suffix.
&lt;br&gt;
*-öm: My
*-sé: Your
*-so: Your (plural)
*-nar: Our (exclusive)
*-ran: Our (inclusive)
*-ber: His
*-sel: Her
*-kar: Their
*-naon: Its
Example: '''monömü''' My Horse '''monberü''' His Horse
===Verbs===
====Verb Conjugation====
The verbs in Ellesklavan are Conjugated by adding a suffix.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;table1&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;590&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 6.15in; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;baüva
		&lt;/b&gt;To drink&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 8.25pt&quot;&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.35pt; height: 8.25pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Present&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.45pt; height: 8.25pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Past&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.5pt&quot;&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.35pt; height: 16.5pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;mö baüv&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;tü/té baüv&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ihl/el/ža 
		baüv&lt;u&gt;ü&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;no baüv&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;nya baüv&lt;u&gt;aze&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;vo baüv&lt;u&gt;azi&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ehli baüv&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.45pt; height: 16.5pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;mö baüv&lt;u&gt;é&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;tü/té baüv&lt;u&gt;é&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ihl/el/ža 
		baüv&lt;u&gt;é&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;no baüv&lt;u&gt;us&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;nya baüv&lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;vo baüv&lt;u&gt;ané&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ehli baüv&lt;u&gt;né&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 13.5pt&quot;&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.35pt; height: 13.5pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
		Incomplete&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.45pt; height: 13.5pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Future&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 17.5pt&quot;&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.35pt; height: 17.5pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;mö baüv&lt;u&gt;et&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;tü/té baüv&lt;u&gt;eut&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ihl/el/ža 
		baüv&lt;u&gt;öt&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;no baüv&lt;u&gt;üt&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;nya baüv&lt;u&gt;ét&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;vo baüv&lt;u&gt;ot&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ehli baüv&lt;u&gt;eti&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=&quot;295&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width: 221.45pt; height: 17.5pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in&quot;&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;mö baüv&lt;u&gt;ain&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;tü/té baüv&lt;u&gt;esni&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ihl/el/ža 
		baüv&lt;u&gt;na&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;no baüv&lt;u&gt;neri&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;nya baüv&lt;u&gt;eucü&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;vo baüv&lt;u&gt;seuné&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;ehli baüv&lt;u&gt;énat&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
===Adjectives===
====Gender====
The nouns and adjectives in Ellesklavan have 3 genders; masculine, feminine and neutral. Masculine nouns and adjectives end with the -ü suffix, and it will end with the -a suffix if it is feminine. If an adjective has neither suffix, it is neutral. An adjective is the same gender as the noun it is tied to.&lt;br&gt;
gréni firo &amp;emsp;(large animal) Neutral, no suffix&lt;br&gt;
gréni&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt; mon&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt; &amp;emsp;(large horse) Masculine&lt;br&gt;
gréni&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt; sén&lt;font color=&quot;4169e1&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt; &amp;emsp;(large floor) Feminine&lt;br&gt;
==Syntax==
The basic word order of Ellesklavan is SVO - The subject is first in the sentence, then comes the verb, and then the object.&lt;br&gt;
===Questions===
====Yes/No Questions====
To form yes/no questions, you add '''nyé''' to the beginning of the sentence if you expect the answer to be yes, and you place it at the end if you expect the answer to be no.
====Other Questions====
For other questions you place a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
*'''cev''' - which
*'''ci''' - who
*'''ca''' - what
*'''feř''' - where
*'''cö''' - when
*'''cömé''' - how
*'''peřca''' - why
==Writing system==
Ellesklavan is written using the [[Marcil script]].
==Sample Text==
===Lord's Prayer===
====English 1662 BCP version====
Our Father, which art in Heaven,&lt;br&gt;
Hallowed be thy Name.&lt;br&gt;
Thy Kingdom come.&lt;br&gt;
Thy will be done,&lt;br&gt;
in earth as it is in Heaven.&lt;br&gt;
Give us this day our daily bread.&lt;br&gt;
And forgive us our trespasses,&lt;br&gt;
As we forgive them that trespass against us.&lt;br&gt;
And lead us not into temptation;&lt;br&gt;
But deliver us from evil.&lt;br&gt;
[For thine is the kingdom, The power, and the glory,&lt;br&gt;
For ever and ever.] Amen.
====In Ellesklavan====
vidrömü, ci eu en éfni,&lt;br&gt;
aolé eu tli nömü.&lt;br&gt;
tli řoyamü viyen.&lt;br&gt;
tli sřay eu fazi,&lt;br&gt;
en teřya é ža eu en éfni.&lt;br&gt;
dono no sé širu pasirana kotined.&lt;br&gt;
éti frocefi no trégepaseniran,&lt;br&gt;
kön no frocefi elehli ci  trégepaseni kontri no.&lt;br&gt;
éti neu kleřtni pa no ostü betnosü;&lt;br&gt;
mé délifeř no dé džharag.&lt;br&gt;
(porceu lešé eu lé řoyamü, lé pufovřir, éti lé kloriyen,&lt;br&gt;
por tu éti tu) amné.

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Elesklavconsonants.PNG</title>
    <id>4501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26272</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-18T16:10:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The consonants of the Ellesklavan language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The consonants of the Ellesklavan language.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Elesklavvowels.PNG</title>
    <id>4502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26273</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-18T16:21:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The vowels in the Ellesklavan language</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The vowels in the Ellesklavan language</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Paul.w.bennett/Doodle</title>
    <id>4503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26343</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-21T21:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Word Structure */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Word Structure=

&lt;pre&gt;WORD ::= SYLLABLE | SYLLABLE WORD | SYLLABLE C
SYLLABLE ::= R V | R V N | C R V N | C R V 
C ::= ''p'' | ''t'' | ''k'' | ''q''
R ::= ''ᵝ'' | ''ᵞ'' | ''ᶿ'' | ''ʷ'' | ''ʸ'' | ''ˀ'' | ''ʰ''
V ::= ''a'' | ''i'' | ''u''
N ::= ''ː'' | ''ʷ'' | ''ʸ'' | ''ᵓ'' | ''ᵝ'' | ''ᵞ'' | ''ᵦ'' | ''ᵧ'' | ''ᵨ'' | ''ᶰ''
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;pᵝ &gt; b
pᵞ &gt; w
pᶿ &gt; f
&lt;/pre&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵝ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵞ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᶿ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʷ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʸ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ˀ'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʰ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''p''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|b
|align = &quot;center&quot;|w
|align = &quot;center&quot;|f
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p
|align = &quot;center&quot;|p

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''t''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|z
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɹ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|s
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʃ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|d
|align = &quot;center&quot;|t

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''k''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''q''

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵝa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵞa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᶿa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʷa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʸa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ˀa'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʰa''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵝi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵞi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᶿi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʷi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʸi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ˀi'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʰi''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵝu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵞu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᶿu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʷu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʸu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ˀu'' 
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʰu''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ʌ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|
|align = &quot;center&quot;|o
|align = &quot;center&quot;|e
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ɑ
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ː''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʷ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ʸ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵓ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵝ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵞ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵦ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵧ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᵨ''

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''ᶰ''

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Rhenania Flag.png</title>
    <id>4504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26290</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rhenanian Flag</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Rhenanian Flag</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Helvetia Flag.png</title>
    <id>4505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26291</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:EU Flag.png</title>
    <id>4506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26292</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:31:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:France Flag.png</title>
    <id>4507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26293</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Italy Flag.png</title>
    <id>4508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26294</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Saxony Flag.png</title>
    <id>4509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26295</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-19T23:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Andre</title>
    <id>4510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33091</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-18T15:30:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre</username>
        <id>621</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Andrew is the creator of the conlang [[Kelanian]] and its derivatives [[Western Kelanian]], [[Eastern Kelanian]], and Chölnaz as well as the unnamed conworld they belong to. He has been a member of the ZBB since January 14, 2007.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sound Changes in Imperial Languages (Empire-in-the-West)</title>
    <id>4511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31430</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-19T01:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makerowner</username>
        <id>751</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* II. Developments to Classical */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Archaic Imperial =
Sample sentence: ''Liqâti ux-xucâlik um-migâmirax'' /liqaːti uxxuʔaːlik ummigaːmirax/
==Initial Phonemic Inventory==
=== Consonants ===
{| border=1
!POA
|align=center| Labials
|align=center| Dentals
|align=center| Emphatics
|align=center| Velars
|align=center| Uvulars
|align=center| Glottals
|-
  ! Tenuis stops
|align=center| p /p/
|align=center| t /t/
|align=center| ṭ /tˤ/
|align=center| k /k/
|align=center| q /q/
|align=center| ? /ʔ/
|-
  ! Lenis stops
|align=center| b /b/
|align=center| d /d/
|align=center| ḍ /dˤ/
|align=center| g /g/
|align=center| ǵ /ɢ/
|-
  
|-
  ! Fricatives
|align=center| f /f/
|align=center| s /s/
|align=center| ṣ /sˤ/
|align=center| x /x/
|align=center| ḥ /χ/
|align=center| h /h/

|-
  ! Nasals
|align=center| m /m/
|align=center| n /n/
|-
  ! Liquids
|align=center|
|align=center| l /l/, r /r/
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
  ! Glides
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| y /j/
|align=center| w /w/
|}

=== Vowels ===
* Short: /i a u/ i a u
* Long: /iː aː uː/ ī ā ū
* Diphthong: /ai au/ ai au

Symbols:
* E= ṭ, q, ḍ, ḡ, ṭh, qh
* V=any vowel
* C=any consonant

==I. Developments in Late Archaic==
Sample sentence: [ɫeˈʔɑːte uxːuʔˈaːlik umːiˈɡaːmirax
===Consonants===
# l&gt;ɫ/[+emph]
# f s sˤ x χ&gt;[+voice]/V_C[+voice], V_V[-stress]
# h&gt;0/V_C[+voice], V_V[-stress]
# tˤ dˤ sˤ&gt;{t d s}
# q&gt;ʔ
# ʔ&gt;q/#_

===Vowels===
# iː uː&gt; əi əu/E_
Emphasis spreading:
# i u a&gt; e o ɑ/[+emph]
# iː uː aː&gt; eː oː ɑː/[+emph]
Diphthongs:
# ai au&gt; ajə awə/_[+stress]#
# ai au&gt; ɛː ɔː
# V&gt;ə/[-stress]_{# l r}$

==II. Developments to Classical==
Sample sentence: hwǣl łāthe megīmer [hwaːl ɫɑːθə məɟiːmɚ]
===Consonants===
# p t k&gt; pʰ tʰ kʰ/_V[+stress]
# p t k&gt; f θ x/V_V[-stress]
# b d g&gt; β ð ɣ/V_V
# χ&gt; ʜ
# ɢ&gt; q/#_
# ɢ&gt; ʢ
# Cː&gt;C
# k g x&gt; kʲ gʲ xʲ/_i(ː)

===Vowels===
# i u&gt; ɪ ʊ
# e o&gt; e o
# a ɑ&gt; ɛ ɔ

==III. Developments to Late Classical==

===Consonants===
# kʲ gʲ xʲ&gt; ʧ ʤ ʃ
# ɣ&gt; w/V[+back]_
# ɣ&gt; j/V[+front]_
# ð&gt; j
# β&gt; w
# C&gt; Cʲ/_i(ː)
# C&gt; Cʷ_u(ː)
# C&gt; Cˠ/_a

===Vowels===
# ə&gt;0
# V&gt;0/C_C
# ɪ ɑ&gt; ʏ ɒ/Cʷ_
# ɪ ʊ&gt; ɨ ʌ/Cˠ_

=Classical Imperial=

=Modern Standard Imperial=

==Advanced Capital Imperial==

=Examples=
̝*'xirit&gt;heɪɹt
*xi'raːti&gt;ʃɾɑːjθ
*'gimir&gt;ˈʤɪnɚ
*mi'gaːmir&gt;ʔənʤɑːmɚ
*'χimit&gt;ʜeɪnt
*qas'sam&gt;ʔə'sɑm
*fus'sil&gt;fə'sɪl
[[Category: Empire-in-the-West]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>South Vitung</title>
    <id>4513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27019</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T01:42:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>South Vityng</title>
    <id>4514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29533</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-03T13:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Vityng (born of winter) (southern dialect) 

----

{| ALPHABET
a á æ b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v ƿ ƕ y ý þ ø 

----

Vowels

a	æ
á	e
æ       ɛjə
ei	ɑɪ
e	ɛ
é	iɪ
i	ɪ
í	əɪ
o	ɔ
ó	uʊ
u	ʊ
ú	əʊ
y	ɪʊ	
ý	ɪwə
ø	ɛwə
øy	ɔɪ

jæ      je
jø      eɔ
væ      ve
vø      vɔɪ

----

b	b	
d	d 
ð	θ
f	f
g	ɣ
h	h
j	j
k	k 
l	l
m	m
n	n
p	p
r	r
s	s
t	t  
v	v
þ	θ

UMLAUT
Diphthongs are not affected by umlaut
RADICAL	U	I	A
a	ø	æ	a
á	ǿ	ǽ	á
e	ø	i/y	æ
é	ǿ	í/ý	ǽ
i	y	i	e
í	ý	í	é
o	o	ø	o
ó	ó	ǿ	ó
u	u	y	o
ú	ú	ý	ó
y	y	y	ø
ý	ý	ý	ǿ
æ	æ	e	a
ø	ø	y       ø

----

PRONOUNS
	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th
nom.	akk	þá	þætt	-o	-au
	vitt	þitt	þeir
	varr	þarr	þøy
accu.	mikk	þikk	þætt
	okkur	ykkur	þeir
	óss	yður	þøy
dat.	mérr	þérr	því
	okkorað	ykkorað	þeim
	øyssi	yðorað	þeim
gen.	minn	þinn	þess
	okka	økka	þára
	óssa	øða	þára


reflex.	ask	þesk	sikk
	vitsk	þetsk	sekka
	varsk	þersk	sikks	

3rd refers to subject, 4th to object, 5th to other
akk = personal/formal	
&quot;vitt&quot; is often exclusive
while &quot;varr&quot; is often inclusive

2nd&amp;3rd dual plural = honorary

----

NOUNS

D 1
&quot;horse&quot; - hest
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ein høstur	ein hæstar	hystrinn	hestærnir
acc.	ein hest	ein hest	hystinn		hæstna
dat.	ein hysti	ein høstum	hystennað 	til hæstna
gen.	ein hests	ein hæsta  	hystinns	hæstanna

D 2
&quot;forest&quot; - skogg
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	eitt skogg	eitt skøggir	skogget		skøggnir
acc.	eitt skogg	eitt skaggan	skøggni		skaggna
dat.	eitt skoggen	eitt skoggum	til skoggni	til skaggna
gen.	eitt skoggs	eitt skaggar	skoggets	skaggarna

D 3
&quot;corpse&quot; - skapp
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.  
nom.	ei skappa	ei skæppi	skappei		skæppinir 
acc.	ei skapp	ei skæppi	skappa		skappna
dat.	ei skappen	ei skøppum	til skappa	til skappna
gen.	ei skøppu	ei skappar	skøppoa		skapparna

D 4 
&quot;rafter&quot; - spærr
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	eið sperri	eið sperrir	spærreð		sperrirnir
acc.	eið spærr	eið sparran	sperrni		sparrna
dat.	éði spærr	éði sparran	sperrnjað	til sparrna
gen.	eið spærra	eið sparra	spærræða	sparrens

D 5 
&quot;island&quot; - øy
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	øy		øyjar		hinn øy		hnir øyjar
acc.	øy		øyjar		hinn øy		hna øyjar
dat.	að øy		að øyjar	hennað øy	til hna øy	
gen.	øys		øyja		hinn øys	hna øyjar

D 6
&quot;hammer&quot; - hammar
		indef.				def.
	sng.		plr.		sng.		plr.
nom.	ein hammar	ein hæmri	hammar		hæmri
acc.	ein hammar	ein hæmri	hammar		hæmri
dat.	ein hammren	ein hømmrum	hammren		hømmrum
gen.	ein hammars	ein hæmris	hammars		hæmris

----

NOUN/PRONOUN LIST
alf - elf d3 
ama - grandmother d3 
arm - arm d3 
arn - eagle d3
æðm - lung air d3 
æfi - grand father (informal) d4 [af]
æffi - age d4
æg - egg d2
æpi - father (informal) d4 [ap]
æpla - apple, fruit d3 [epl]
æska - ash d3 [esk]
eik - oak tree d2
bald - prince d3
barð - poet (1st rank) d3
barn - child/offsrping d3
bein - bone d2
belg - bag d3
braust - breast d3
bjarg - hill/fortress d3
bjørru - hole/small homested d3 [bjarr]
bjørn - bear d3
blað - lead/leaf shaped object d2
blóm - flower d2
bløð - blood d2
borkur - bark d1
botn - ground d3
bóndur -  farmer d1
brand - short sword/club d3
brædi - brother (informal) d4 [brad]
bræðirr - brother (formal)d2
brøggja - bridge d3 [brygg]
brøyð - bread d2
bykkjona - female of any non-human species d3 [bykkjun]
bøkk - book d2
bølgur - belly/gut/stomach d1
bøllu - bellows d3 
dagg - day d2
dall - dale/valley d2
dattra - daughter d3
deit - death d2
dóstur - dust d1
dverg - dwarf d3
dyr - animal d2
dvørru - delving/underground tunnels d3 [dverr]
dør - door d2
dragna - blackthorn d3 (borrow from irish lang)
drækki - dragon d4 [drakk]
drøymur - dream d1 [drám]
aurð - world d3
faðirr - father (formal)d2
fjeld - field d2
fjøður - feather d1 [fjeð]
fleisk - flesh d3
flikka - large piece of meat d3
fløtur - plain d1
folkur - person d1
fryður - peace d1 [frið]
fror - frost d2
fyngur - finger d1 [fing]
fyrn - last year d3
fyskur - fish d1
føtt - foot d2
føytur - fat d1
gafel - pitch fork d2
galæggð - law d3
gand - magic d3
gata - gate d3 street d2
gærn - yarn d3
geir - spear d2
gofa - steam d3 [guf]
gold - gold d3
grassa - grass d3
gúð - god d2
gøysur - goose d1
hafn - haven d3
hattja - hag, witch d3
hagja - hedge d3
haldændi - possession (holding) d4 [haldand]
halsa - neck d3
hammar - war hammer d6
har - hair d3
harr - army/host d2
heiður - honor d1
hey - hay d5
hérna - here
himinn - heaven d2 
hirn - brain d3
hjærta - heart d3
horn - horn d3
hlagg - laugh d2
hleiff - loaf d2
hlyss - sound d2
hløkkur - armour d1 [hlekk]
hnekka - peninsula d3 [hnikk]
hoddur - covering/protection d1 [hudd]
holta - fortified homestead d3 
hundur - hound/dog d1
húss - house d2
hroffa - scab d3
hróff - roost d2
hróss - horse d2
hrótt - roof d2
hryggur - backside, tail, arse d1 [hrigg]
hreggja - back d3
hryngur - ring d1 
hvyrl - crown d3
hvølur - whale d1 [hval]
høkk - bang/bump d2
høll - hall d2
hømmur - work hammer d1 [hamm]
hønd - hand d3
hørr - mister d2
høstur - horse d1 [hest]
høykur - hawk d1
høyst - harvest d3
jarl - prince d3
jærða - dirt/soil d3 [jørð]
kæggi - cask / gut d4 [kagg]
kley - brick d5
hné - knee d5
komma - block (of wood) d3
korn - grain d3 wheat d5
kóna - woman d3
kónung - king d2
krafa - mettle d3
kroða - cabbage d3
kó - cow d3
kvøld - evening d2
køssa - kiss d3 [kyss]
køttur - cat d1 [katt]
land - country d2
langt - length d3
laskt - weakness d3
læk - lake d2
leðja - filth d3 
lefa - life d3 [lif]
lim - connection d2
loft - night sky d3
lús - louse d2
lyfurn - liver d3
løn - one's proper place d2
lønd - estate d2
løyf - leaf / child (either book or tree) d2
maðkur - maggot d1
moðra - mother d3
móga - monster d3 (borrow from irish lang)
munnur - mouth d1
múss - mouse d2
møður - man/human d1 [mann]
nægla - nail d3 [negl]
nest - stuff d2
nu - now
ny - new
nyttur - night d1 [nitt]
nøkkur - demon d1
nøss - nose d2
orð - word / promise d3
ormur - snake, dragon d1
óðal - home d2
óður - poetry d1 
rann - house d2
ræft - boat d3
reipur - rope d1
regn - rain d3
røfnur - raven/bird d1 [rafn]
sæði - satisfaction d4 [sað]
sær - sea d2
sebba - blood relative d3 [sibb]
sekk - sack/bag d2
seyða - sheep d3
singel - pebble d2
skald - poet (second rank) d3
skalla - head d3
skappa - body (lifeless) d3
skeið - sheath d2
skegg - beard d2
skera - shire d3 [skir]
skerg - island (off shore) d3
skestaða - sky d3
sketa - manure / something distasteful d3 [skit]
ski - something imagined d4
skill - skill, art d2
skinn - skin, hide d2
skjøld - shield d2
skogg - forest d2
somar - summer d6
skøkkur - leg d1 [skakk]
skøkull - chain d2
skømm - dishonour d2
skøpur - body (alive) d1 [skap]
skørru - shore d3 [skerr]
slanga - worm d3
slata - whore d3
sól - sun d2
spann - shingle d2
spaða - shovel d3
sperri - rafter d4 [spærr]
sperrymúss - bat d2 
spjar - short spear d2
spjør - pole d2 
spjók - ghost d2
staða - home d3
stein - stone d2 
stekka - stick d3 [stikk]
stjærna - star d3 [stjern]
stjorr - bull d2
støður - city d1 [stað]
søstra - sister d3 [systre]
svørður - long sword d1 [svarð]
svønur - swan d1 [svan]
sønur - son d1 [sen]
sørkur - shirt d1
sørve - necklace d3
tafla - table d3
tar - tear d2
tid - tide d2
tjara - tar d3
tonga - tongue, language d3 [tung]
træ - tree d5
tun - town d2
tyd - time d2
tymmur - timber d1 [timm]
tønn - tooth d2
vald - small forest d3
varar - oath d6
vatn - water d3
vællyskur - foreigner d1
vængur - wing d1
vena - wine d3 [vin]
venna - struggle d3 [vinn]
vyður - wood d1 [við]
vif - female blood relation d2
vikk - coastal city d2 
vykkjur - old woman d1 [vikk]
vin - field d5
vin - friend d2 
vinber - grape d2
vrótla - root d3 [vrútle]
vøgur - path d1 [veg]
vøggur - wall d1 [vagg]
vøtur - winter d1 [vet]
þatta - that d3
þessa - this d3 [þiss]
þérna - there
þing - thing d2
þmæli - small animal d4 [þmal]
þjorr - castrated bull d2
þmørr - butter d2
þmyður - smith d1 [þmið]
þmyrr - oil d2
þnægi - hook d4 [þnag]
þnorra - sister-in-law d3
þnøkur - snake d1 [þnak]
þróta - throat d3
þvælta - fever d3 [þvelt]
øl - beer d2
øln - all d2
øskur - ash tree d1 [ask]
øy - island (mid ocean) d5
eiga - eye d3 
eira - ear d3 
øystur - east d1
øytur - poison / bad food d1 [át]

----

VERBS

CLASS 1
segjan &quot;to say&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segja	segjar	seg
du/plr	segjum	segið	segja

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	segð	segður	segður
du/plr	segðum	segð	segð

&quot;t&quot; can replace &quot;ð&quot; anytime
vowels do not mutate in class 1 verbs

CLASS 2
þykkú &quot;to think&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	þikk	þikkert	þykkú
du/plr	þikke	þykkú	þikki

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	þakk	þakkert	þøkkú
du/plr	þakke	þøkkú	þækki

class 2 vowels
pres.	past.
a	ó
á	ú
e	o
é	jo
i	a
í	ai/ay
o	e
ó	ei/ey
u	æ
ú	ai/ay
y	ø
ý	øy
æ	ǿ
ǽ	ý
ø	o
ǿ	oy

----

VERB LIST
æggjan - to goad c1 ð
bakan - to bake c1 t
bjargan - to shelter/to bury c1 t
bløðú - to bleed c2
brynnú - to burn c2
dængjan - to hammer c1 t
deyjan - to die c1 t/ð
drefn - to drive c1 ð
drekkan - to drink c1 t
égynnú - to own c2 
farn - to go c1 t/ð
att fæðm - to fathom (irregular)
frosú - to freeze c2
fyllú - to fill c2
fynnú - to find c2
flan - to skin c1 t/ð
gabban - to mock c1 t
gan - to go/come c1 t/ð
gasn - to gaze/look/gape c1 t
gefn - to give c1 t/ð
gældan - to castrate c1 t
gengan - to walk c1 t
gætan - to get/obtain t
grætan - to pardon/forgive c1 t
hafn - to have c1 t/ð
haldan - to hold c1 t
halsoln - to kiss passionately c1
heiman - to dwell c1 t
hløypn - to run c1 t
hongan - to hunger c1 t
kallan - to call c1 t/ð
kastan - to throw c1 t
knøvu - to kneel c2 [kne]
kogan - to oppress c1 ð
kopénan - to keep c1 t
krafjan - to demand by right c1 t/ð
kyssú - to kiss c2
lákan - to exercise/play c1 t
lákkan - to dance c1 t 
læggjan - to lay c1 ð
leiðjan - to lead c1 t
leggjan - to rest horizontally c1 ð
lúfn - to love intimately c1 t/ð
lyðú - to praise/to sing c2
lygú - to speak falsely c2
mornan - to mourn c1 t
mornú - to pine c2
opn - to weep c1 t
uttú - to expel c2
pryttú - to trick c2
rásn - to raise c1 t
rysú - to rise c2 
røyfn - to rob c1
sækkvan - to sink c1 t
sætjan - to set/sit c1 t
segjan - to say c1 t/ð
sengvan - to sing c1 t
seikjan - to search c1 t
sjan - to see c1 t/ð
skapn - to shape/make c1 t
skømmú - to dishonour c2
slæppan - to sleep c1 t
strekvan - to stroke c1 t
svemman - to move in the water c1 t
takan - to take c1 t
taln - to tell c1 t/ð
targan - to defend t
tællan - to remember c1 t/ð
teign - to tie c1 t/ð
treistan - to trust c1 t
tryggú - to believe c2
valdan - to rule c1 t
valkan - to drag c1 t
vandran - to travel/to wander c1 t/ð
veskjan - to ask c1 t
vrækkjan - to wreck c1 t
þakkan - to thank c1 t
þækjan - to cover c1 t
þmyrvú - to smear c2
þólan - to endure/to love plutonically c1 t/ð
þykkú - to think c2
þrútnan - to swell c1 t/ð
ønnú - to work d2
øpennan - to open c1 t
øskjan - to want c1 t

----

COPOLAs
varan &quot;to be&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	am	art	ar	
du/plr	ørum	ørð	ør

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	var	var	var
du/plr	vør	vør	vør

	IMPERATIVE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng.	vera	verst	ver
du/plr	vørum	virið	vera	

----
	
ADJECTIVES
ungur &quot;young&quot;

nom.	ung
acc.	ung
dat.	unge
gen.	ungs

----

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB LIST
aðal - noble
annarr - other
ei - ever
eiva - forever
ændir - last 
berh - bright
blakk - dark
bøysa - bad/evil
efn - even
endir - end
ftt - fat
fegjar - fair
fjara - few
frið - free
full - full
før - before
gnogg - enough
góð - good
half - half
har - venerable/respectable
hefig - heavy
heilge - holy
høyr - high
lang - long 
lask - weak
prett - pretty
hlægglik - funny
hlóð - famous
matt - mighty
mest - most
méri - more
mikkil - great/many/large
myrklik - murky
myrk - dark
nørðlik - northern
oftra - after/later
óð - insane/mad
skala - bald
skamm - short
skæla - balance
slat - common
slør - slow/blunt/stupid
spekka - small
stark - strong
stor - big
stirtli - barren sterile
sum - some
trést - loyal/faithful
tvark - strange
ung - young
við - wide
viss - wise
þekk - thick
þrukk - through/thorough
þunn - thin/narrow
yfir - over
yndir - under
øll - all

----

COMMON WORDS
yes - jei
no - nei
hello - heil
goodbye - for oftra
thank you - þakka/þakka þikk

----

QUESTION WORDS (not declined)
hvem - who
hvað - what (is that?)/ that 
hvatt - what (do you want?) 
hvar - where
hvarn - where from
hvætyd - when
hvi - why
hvilyk - which
hvatøg - how

----

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
hérna - here
gjønd - that there (yonder)
þatta - that 
þessa - this 
þérna - there

----

PREPOSTION LIST
af/-sk - of
an - on+accu./onto+dat.
ekka - without
for - for
fram - from
i - in+accu./into+dat.
jaf - if
og - and
ney - not (almost entirely replaced with -na)
sva - so
þæn - then
þja - instrumental marker &quot;with&quot; &quot;used&quot;
ut - out+accu./out of+dat.
úr - made by/done by

----

AFFIXES
al- - the whole of something ølhúss = all houses
-føldur - multiplicative suffix þrerføldur = threefold/thrice
ga- - collective many together gaspjók(nir) = (all)many ghosts
-ga - see &quot;-yskur&quot;
-lykur - see &quot;-yskur&quot;
-lyngur - diminuative bældlyngur = princeling
-løys - lacking þekklǿss = thoughtless
ó- - indicates opposite	ǿviss = not wise (stupid)
-ness - city on a beach	svanness = swanness
-sk - reflexive suffixe	tælsk = tell yourself/oneself (remember)
-skøpur - state of being gofaskøpur = to be steam (angry)
-sømur - added to a number to make a group of that number fæmmsømur = fivesome
-vyrður - worthy lyðvyrður (praiseworthy)
-vik - city by the sea	længvik = longwick
-vørður - toward nittvørður = near to night
-yngur - &quot;born of&quot; þikkyngur = born of thought (idea/man of science)
-yskur - approximative vissyskur = smart (almost wise)
-ør - agentive gifør = giver

----

CURRENCY
half penyngur (1 g of silver)
penyngur - penny (2 g of silver) 2 haypennies
skilyngur - shilling (12 g of silver) 6 pence
hvyrl - crown (60 g silver) 5 shillings
femmt - fifth (900 g of silver) 15 crowns

----

WEIGHT
singel - 2 g or .07 ounces d5
half stein - 4.5 kg or 10 lbs (2250 singilir) d5
stein - 9 kg or 20 lbs (4300 singilir or 2 half sténnir) d5
tviføldur - 18 kg or 39.5 lbs (8900 singilir or 4 half sténnir or 2 sténnir)

ti sténnir og ein half stein og féra hóndræðs femmté søyfn og skor singilir.
ti stiniː ɔɣ ɑɪn hɑlf stɑɪn ɔɣ firæ hundrɛjɪθs fɛmti sɔɪbən ɔɣ skɔː sɪŋgɪliː
----

MEASURE
fyngur - 6 cm or 2.25 inches d5
hønd - 11 cm or 7.5 inches (1.8 fengar) d5
skeplangt - 8 m or 8.8 yrd (1333 fengar or 727 hændi) d5
geng - 4.8 km or 3 miles (800,000 fengar or 436,363 hændi or 600 skeplængti) d5

----

TIME
speka - 4 min  
tjand - 2 hrs 24 min or 1/10 of a day (36 spiki)
dagg - 24 hrs or 1 day (10 tjandjar)
monæð - 28 days (280 tjandjar or 28 dæggir)
gjar - 365 days (3650 tjandjar or 365 dæggir or 13 moneði)

----

MONTHES
#1 nøgjar (new year) december 22 
#2 midvøtur (midwinter) january 19
#3 stirtlimonæð (barren month) february 16
#4 einmonæð (one month) March 16
#5 femmt (fifth) April 13
#6 eggtid (eggtide) May 11
#7 sólmonæð (sunmonth) June 8
#8 heymonæð (haymonth) July 6 (29 every 12 year)
#9 tviføld (twofold) August 3
#10 høystmonæð (harvest month) August 31 (29 every 12 years)
#11 nyvøtur (new winter) September 28
#12 frormonæð (frostmonth) October 26 (29 every 12 years)
#13 førnøgjar (before new year) november 25 

----

COLOURS
bla - dark blue
brúnur - brown
gjólur - yellow
gul - gold
grænn - green
hlúd - grey
hvytur - white
røyður - red
svørtur - black
sylf - silver

----

NUMBERS
All numbers are 5th declension
CARDINAL
ein - one
tveir - two 
þrir - three
féra - four 
femm - five
sess - six
søyfn - seven 
átta - eight
ni - nine
ti - ten
elefn - eleven
tvølf - twelve
þrirten - thirteen
sessten - sixteen
ninten - nineteen
tverté/skor - twenty
femmté/ti og tveir skors - fifty
ni og tveir skors - 49
hóndræð - hundred
femm hóndræðs sess og skor - 526


ORDINAL
fyrstur - first
annarr - second
þrið - third
férand - fourth
femmt - fifth
sesst - sixth
søyfnt - seventh
áttand - eighth
njand - ninth
tjand - tenth
elefnt - eleventh
tvølft - twelfth

----

DISCLAIMER
I am no longer sure if this section is grammatically correct

SENTENCES
SVOI - declarative
OVSI - interogative
IVO(S) - imperative

Akk heima i eitt nørðlik skogg.
i dwell in a northern forest.
þætt kall þikk Bjørn.
he calls you bjorn.
Akk taka gérni fram þérr.
i take the spear from you.
þinginn hvað skap hykkir i nittinn.
the thing what makes bangs in the night. - the thing that goes bump in the night.

þikk finnert ungur Olfarr?
find you young Olf? - did young olf find you?
ung Olfarr fynnú þá.
find young Olf you? - did you find young olf?
gérni taka Akk fram þérr?
take the spear i from you? - did i take the spear from you?

mérr gefar þætt.
to me give it. - give it to me. 

TENSES
infinitive - segjan (to say)
present - segja	(say/saying)
past - segð (said)
future - skæl segja (will say)


ASPECTS
frequentive - segjol (chatter)
habitual/progressive - segjændi (speak often)
protractive/iterative - segjæng (saying over and over/again and again) often implies that the action was boring
present perfect - haft segð (have said)
future perfect - skæl segð (will have said)

MOOD
cohortative - varr/vitt velja (let us)
conditional - skald (would)

----

NAMES
Aldrik - old power m.
Alfrik - elf power m.
Annarr - second child m./f.
eirik - &quot;Eric&quot; m.
Bjørn - bear m.
Bjærna - bearess f.
Bærny - small child m.
Fyrst - first child m./f.
Karl - man m.
Olfarr - related to Ólf m.
Ólf - wolf m.
Starkstein - strong stone m.
Trestei - trusted one f.
Vrekkør - wrecker m.
Øydis - island godess f.

VIRTUES
1. Gifting is praiseworthy. - gæfændi ar lyðvyrður.
2. Generosity is praiseworthy. - gefæng ar lyðvyrður.
3. Moderation is praiseworthy. - skæla ar lyðvyrður.
4. The maintaining of frith in all circumstances is praiseworthy. 
5. Courage is praiseworthy.
6. The seeking of good over ill is praiseworthy.
7. Hospitality is praiseworthy.
8. Courtesy is praiseworthy.
9. Tolerance is praiseworthy.
10. The pursuit of wisdom and knowledge is praiseworthy.
11. The defense of freedom is praiseworthy.
12. Industriousness is praiseworthy.
13. Vigilance is praiseworthy.
14. The protection, nurturing and forbearing of kin is praiseworthy.
15. Showing respect for elders is praiseworthy.
16. Loyalty to friends and kin is praiseworthy.
17. Keeping an oath is praiseworthy.
18. Honoring the sanctity of marriage is praiseworthy.
19. Refraining from mockery is praiseworthy.
2o. Refraining from arrogance is praiseworthy.
21. Making kin, honor and justice more important than gold is praiseworthy.
22. Cleanliness is praiseworthy.
23. The maintaining of one's dignity in all situations is praiseworthy.
24. Good organization is praiseworthy.
25. Persistence is praiseworthy.
26. The rule of law is praiseworthy.
27. To try ones steel against an opponent fairly is praiseworthy.
28. Respect for the dead is praiseworthy.
29. For a man to never strike a woman is praiseworthy.
30. To not abuse one's power is praiseworthy.

akk lófa spekka kruðling minn. - I love my little cabbageling.
ɑxk loʊ.fɐ spɛx.kɐ kɹʊð.liŋ mɪn
til kónyngni eig æm trést. - I am loyal to the king.
tʰɪl kʰoʊ.nʏŋ.ni ɛɪx æm vɹɛst

hystinn, þætt ar góð. - the horse is good.
həstɪn θɛjɪt æː ɣuθ
kóna, þætt slæpp. - the woman is sleeping. 
kunæ θɛjɪt slɛjɪp
kóna, þætt leikk. - the woman is dancing.
kunæ θɛjɪt lɑɪk
kónei, þætt stryku bjørna. - the woman is petting the bear.
kunɑɪ θɛjɪt stɹəku bʲɛwɪːnæ
kónei, þætt sja bjørna. - the woman sees the bear.
kunɑɪ θɛjɪt ʃæ bʲɛwɪnæ
kónei, þætt gef bykkni til mænninn. - the woman is giving the book to the man.	
kunɑɪ θɛjɪt ɣɛg bəkni tɛɪ mɛjɪnɪn

&lt;/pre&gt;
[[some sentences]] &lt;br&gt;
[[vityng our Father]]
[[Vityng names]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yenchi-Hai People</title>
    <id>4516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26386</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-26T15:31:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Yenchi-Hai People'''(Hanzi: 嚴居海人) is the ethnic group of human in [[The 8th World]], they are in fact the Chinese people who came from the 7th world(the world you are living in) in about 3000~1000 years ago, now, the Yenchi-Hai People is the largest ethnic group of human in the 8th world.

Since the Chinese people originally appeared at the area around [[The Great Lake Yenchi]], they are called &quot;Yenchi-Hai People&quot; by many &quot;Aboriginal&quot; inhabitants in the 8th world, although later other group of Yenchi-Hai People appeared in various places.

==Subgroups==
There are several subgroups of Yenchi-Hai People:
*Eastern Contient Yenchi-Hai People
*Western Contient Yenchi-Hai People
*Ethinstan Yenchi-Hai People
*Berk Island Yenchi-Hai People
*Hokes-Stan Yenchi-Hai People
*Kowa people
*Phon people

==Origin==
===Western Contient Yenchi-Hai People and Ethinstan Yenchi-Hai People===
The Western Contient Yenchi-Hai People originally appeared at the area around [[The Great Lake Yenchi]](Hanzi: 嚴居海, the word &quot;Yenchi&quot; means &quot;Lake&quot; or &quot;Sea&quot; in [[Proto Ghinsun language]], but not comfirmed) in the [[Western Contient]], but the Yenchi-Hai People soon explored the most south hemisphere of the earth of the 8th world and knew that the earth is a great sphere, then some of them colonized the [[Yenchi-HaiStan]] on the [[Western Contient]], then [[Ethinstan]] on the [[Eastern Contient]] and Some islands of [[Vämbai islands]], the people who colonized [[Ethinstan]] became Ethinstan Yenchi-Hai people later.

===Phon people===
The Phon people originally appeared at the edge of [[The Great Desert]] in the [[Eastern Contient]], they appeared in about 3000 years ago, almost the same time the Western Contient Yenchi-Hai People appeared, they had a country named the &quot;Phon kingdom&quot;(Hanzi: 奉王國), but the Phon kingdom suddenly Fell at about 2500 years ago because of an unknown reason, but acoording to Archeological evidance recently, it seems that the Phon Kingdom fell because it was invaded by an unknown high-tech civilization, although the Phon kingdom has collapsed for about 3 thousand years, the Phon people still established many countries at the area where the Phon Kingdom were established at.

==Language==
All the Yenchi-Hai People speak the Sino-Tibetan Chinese language as chinese people in our world, and they also write their languages with Hanzi(Hanzi: 漢字), but since they came from various era and live at various place, their languages are quite different from the Mandarin Chinese in our world.

Although their languages are different, most of the Yenchi-Hai People use the Classical Chinese(also known as Wenyan ,Hanzi:文言) as the written language, although recently there are another written language of Ethinstan Yenchi-Hai Language based on the modern spoken Ethinstan Yenchi-Hai Language.

The brief introduction of the languages of different Yenchi-Hai People are shown below:

===Eastern Contient Yenchi-Hai Language===
Eastern Contient  Yenchi-Hai Language is the language used by Eastern Contient  Yenchi-Hai People, it was derived from Hakka language.

Eastern Contient  Yenchi-Hai Language is very similar to Jiaoling language (might be a dialect of Hakka language, Hanzi:蕉嶺話) and Siyen language(might be a dialect of Hakka language, Hanzi:四縣話) of Hakka language, thus, it can be regarded as a dialect of Hakka language.

===Berk Island Yenchi-Hai Language===
[[Berk Island]] Yenchi-Hai Language is spoken by Berk Island Yenchi-Hai People, it was derived from Min-Nan language.

Berk Island Yenchi-Hai Language is similar to Taiwanese language(might be a dialect of Min-nan language,Hanzi: 臺灣話) and Amoy language(might be a dialect of Min-nan language,Hanzi: 廈門話), thus, it can be regarded as a dialect of .

===Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language===
Western Contiend Yenchi-Hai Language is the language used by Western Contient Yenchi-Hai People, it was derived from Old Chinese.

Unlike most Chinese languages we know, there are no tones in Western Contiend Yenchi-Hai Language since it was directly derived from the Old Chinese(Old Chinese had no tones) and not inflected by any tonal Chinese language later, and it has cases, the word order of Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language is basically SVO, just like Chinese languages we know, but it also uses the SOV word order when the genitive postposition or the accusative postposition is used for marking accusative like the usage of Wenyan.

===Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language===
Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language is a language similar to Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language, it was derived from Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language, but there are some words in Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language which was derived from [[Old Ethinish Language]].

Similar to Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language, it has no tones, but there are still some differences between Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language and Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language, the main difference is that Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language still uses SVO word order frequently in speaking, but Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language always uses the SOV word order.

===Phon Language===
Phon Language is the language used by Phon People, it was also derived from the Old Chinese but quite different from Western Contiend Yenchi-Hai Language orEthin Yenchi-Hai Language.

Phon Language was not tonal originally, but recently, it has been inflected by Eastern Contient Yenchi-Hai Language step by step, thus, many words of Phon Language are tonal nowadays.

===Hokes-Stan Yenchi-Hai Language===
Hokes-Stan Yenchi-Hai Language is a Creole language based on Western Contient Yenchi-Hai Language with many words derived from [[Hokes Language]], It is spoken by Hokes aboriginal people and Yenchi-Hai people living in Hokes-Stan(The western part of the Western Contient) as a lingua franca, the Hokes Yenchi-Hai people use the language as their native language.

===Kowa language===
Kowa language is a Creole language based on Ethin Yenchi-Hai Language and [[Liunan language]], it is spoken by the Kowa people living in the Eastern Contient.


{{stub}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups of human in The 8th World]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ellesklava</title>
    <id>4517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26465</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-28T04:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing page with '&lt;pre&gt;
This article is a work in progress.
&lt;/pre&gt;'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
This article is a work in progress.
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mark Rosenfelder</title>
    <id>4528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41143</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-21T16:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Mark Rosenfelder''' is a famous conlanger and conworlder.  He created the fantasy world [[Almea]] with many well-elaborated conlangs, of which [[Verdurian]] is the most thoroughly worked out one.

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Almea</title>
    <id>4529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50447</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T21:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>we have that article</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Almea''' is the [[Verdurian]] name for the [[conworld]] created by [[Mark Rosenfelder]].  Maps, history, etc. can be found at http://www.zompist.com/virtuver.htm .  This constructed world is highly detailed, and has a written history that spans thousands of years.

==Sapients of Almea==

Many separate sentient species live in the world of Almea, including humans.

===Humans, Icëlani, and Flaids===

The humans, or ''uesti'', of Almea are very close in appearance to terrestrial humans.  However, they do have a deal less bodily hair,  a different musculature with more surface fat, wider hips, flatter noses and ears, very large eyes, less prominently colored lips, and a more bluish complexion (uesti run from a golden color near the poles, to an olive brown (or reddish or greyish) in the latitudes of Verduria, to a dark bluish brown near the equator).  ''Uestu'' feet are wider than ours, and sport only four toes, which are much less separated than ours.

The ''flaids'' are related to the ''uesti'', but are much taller, and have large, flat heads and large feet.  They are indigenous to only one island in all of Almea, being Flora, which is north of Verduria.

The ''icëlani'' are the most primitive.  They have no technology, agriculture, writing, and their art and language skills are rudimentary.  Although they are sometimes called 'nymphs' or '[[elves]]', a better interpretation is that the icëlani represent something close to the form of the first hominids from which their brothers have diverged -- they are a sort of living australopithecus.

===Elcari and Múrtani===

The ''elcari'' are the most removed of their aquatic origins.  They have adapted well to mountains and deserts, and their skin is hardy and thick.  Elcari are able to go a week without water, and their oversized noses have adapted to allow them to breathe without losing moisture.  They are small, like the ''icëlani'', but very muscular.

The ''múrtani'' are considered to be a seperate species than the elcari by most Almeans, but this is inaccurate -- the two people are even interfertile.  They, too, are adapted to dry climates, and their bodies are similarly built, but with some exceptions: large, pointed ears; a more elongated face with a sharp chin; and hornlike knobs at the top of the skull.

===Ilii and Ktuvoki===

The ''ilii'' are larger and heavier than humans, and they have a shiny, greyish or greenish skin.  They are completely hairless, and appear wet even when perfectly dry.  The main habitat of these people is the ocean's [[continental shelf]], which they settled, allowing men to inhabit the land.  The bulk of the ''ilii'' diet consists of plants grown on the sea floor, which are harvested to feed the towns, villages, and cities that rest on the sea floor as well.  All through Almea's history, the ilii have outmatched the humans in technology.

The ''ktuvoki'' evolved from sharklike predators, but they are no longer sea-dwelling; now sending most of their lives in swamps or wetlands.  These creatures are taller than a man, are bulky and muscular, and have fearsome teeth and claws.  A frill of small tentacles protrudes from their hairless heads, and the skin on their chest and back is thick and strong enough to resist a knife or arrow.  Like the ''ilii'', the ktuvoki remain able to breathe on land and in the water, but cannot tolerate desiccation.

===Gdeoni and Kushaki===

''Gdeoni'', or giants, are extinct [[hominid]]s that once lived in the plains and savannahs where they hunted large game.  They were hominids, at least twice the height of an adult human.  Some Almean authors say that they are merely creatures of legend, and never really existed.

''Kushaki'', or ogres, are also spoken of by Almeans. They can be compared to the giants as the ''múrtani'' can be to the ''elcari''.  Their historical nature is even more doubtful than the ''gdeoni''.

==External links==
*[http://zompist.com/drill1.htm Almea]
*[http://zompist.com/virtuver.htm Virtual Verduria]
*[http://zompist.com/verbio.htm The descent of lesüasi], an account of the various sentient species on Almea</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Storm at kvintlat</title>
    <id>4530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26487</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-30T09:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">lang før, ǽn sturm farð kvintlaten &lt;br&gt;
long before, a storm fared to kvintlat &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

øln seiktur hafn i vaggna, ǽn møður lǽft ut þǿgg. &lt;br&gt;
all sought haven in the walls, a man remained out though &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kǽles farð þveo og þætt veskt hvi þeo lǽft. &lt;br&gt;
kahless went to him and he asked why he remained &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;&lt;Akk færa ney&gt;&gt; mænnrinn segð &lt;br&gt;
&quot;i fear not&quot; the man said &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;&lt;akk skal bjarga ney grimm minn i stǽnn og i lim. &lt;br&gt;
&quot;i shall shelter not my face in stone and mortar &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Akk skal standa før vændǽ og þo skal ægir mikk&gt;&gt; &lt;br&gt;
i shall stand before the wind and it shall respect me&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

kǽles ægirt þeos kyrt og þætt farð i til vaggna. &lt;br&gt;
kahless respected his choice and he went in to the walls &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

styrmrinn ga daggoftra og mænnrinn var deyt &lt;br&gt;
the storm came dayafter and the man was dead &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

sva vændǽ ægirna ǽn dolt. &lt;br&gt; 
as the wind respects not a fool &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Northern Romance Distribution.png</title>
    <id>4531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26527</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-31T21:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Northern Romance Distribution.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The four houses</title>
    <id>4532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27356</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-09T13:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&quot;noble&quot; houses &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;

drakkabjørg - rules the north most islands. led by Arnólf Harlang Ragnmundssen. maintains the &lt;br&gt; largest navy of the four houses. arms: red dragon wrapped around a white tower on black &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
	
ørnubjørg - rules ørnøy	the second largest island. led by brothers Firste dragna Olfarssen and &lt;br&gt; Annarr Øskjøl Olfarssen, the former known for having been raised on the mainland. arms: brown eagle on yellow &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

ǽkness - rules the small southern islands. led by Høyrsen Belgbein Skjasen, terribly violent and a &lt;br&gt;  bastard. arms: unicorn and lion combatant on red 	&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

hvyrlyk	- rules langøy. led by Karl Ǽkarm Vrekkørssen. arms: silver crown on black &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;

conquered houses &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

gúðolta	- formerly leal to ørnubjørg the entire house was wiped out in the war between drakkabjørg &lt;br&gt;  and ørnubjørg &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

høttjukné - leal to ǽkness. lead by Olfar Olfarssen. known for having adept seid men. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
	
somarstað - leal to hvyrlyk. led by Aldrik Karlssen.	&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

svanness - leal to hvyrlyk. led by Bjørn Alfrikssen.	&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

norðbjørg - leal to drakkabjørg. led by Gǽrólf Arnólfssen Drakkabjørg, first son of Arnólf Harlang &lt;br&gt;  Ragnmundssen Drakkabjørg. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

súðbjørg - leal to ørnubjørg but hotly disputed by drakkabjørg. led by Dyr Dvergssen. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
	
rafnsbjørg - lea to drakkabjørg. led by Dǽtólf Arnólfssen Drakkabjørg, second son of Arnólf  &lt;br&gt; Harlang Ragnmundssen Drakkabjørg. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Of Morath and Kaeles</title>
    <id>4533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26523</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-31T11:45:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kǽles hald skappan fæðirs þess. &lt;br&gt;
Kahless held his father's lifeless body. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Kǽles trøggna hvað bræðir þess haft skapt. &lt;br&gt;
kahless belived not what his brother had made. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

þæn, Morað kast svarð fæðirs þess i sarað og Morað segð &lt;&lt;jaf, Akk skæl hafa ney svarð fæðirs minn naþeir skald Kǽles&gt;&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
then Morath threw his father's sword into the sea and Kahless's brother said if he shall not have his father's sword neither would kahless. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

þessa var ændir segjændi af hna tvárarsk. &lt;br&gt;
this was the last said between the two.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Kǽles opt og þætt gøstur i sarað. &lt;br&gt;
Kahless wept and he gazed into the sea. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

sva, sværðrinn var ændir af hældengar fæðirs Kǽless og tara þess føltur sarna og sara røstur yfir skørroa. &lt;br&gt;
as the sword was the  last of kahless's father's holdings and his tears filled the sea and the sea raised over the shore. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Folkærnir vøsktur Kǽles opanna og þætt opturna og þætt farður fennan lor svarð þess, hvað var i sernir. &lt;br&gt;
the people asked Kahless to weep not and he wept not and he went to find his lost sword that was in the sea. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Kǽles seikturæng saras myrklik botn og þætt kopéntur æðm þess þrir daggs langt og þrir nitts langt før þætt fynntur svarð fæðirs þess. &lt;br&gt;
Kahless searched and searched the sea's murky bottom and he kept his breath for three days length &lt;br&gt;
and three nights length.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Persian'</title>
    <id>4534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49878</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-23T12:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cluster table */ *no* medial postaspirates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thanks to some of the oldest languages attested in writing ([[Tsonboran]] especially) belonging in the [[Persian']] family, this protolang can reliably be traced all the way back to about -8ka, despite the family being relativly small. (Out of real language families, the &quot;analog&quot; of this might be Dravidian.)

===Consonants===
{|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Labial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Coronal
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uvular
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Glottal
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Central&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Lateral&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Aspirate stops
| pʰ
| tʰ
|
| kʰ
| qʰ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Tenuis stops
| p
| t
|
| k
| q
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiced stops
| b
| d
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Nasal stops
| m
| n
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiceless fricativs
|
| s
| ɬ ||
| χ
| h
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Voiced continuants
| w
| r
| l
| align=&quot;left&quot;| j
| ʁ
|}

====Cluster table====
{|
! Color key
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFFF&quot; | Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications
|-
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; | Contrast neutralization; occurs intermorphemically&lt;br/&gt;(Also interpretable as allophones of the aspirates, which do not occur intervocally!)
|-
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | Intermorphemic only
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | Intermorphemic sandhi
|-
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | Interword (?) sandhi
|-
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | Epenthetic /ʊ/
|}

{|
|Coda →&lt;br/&gt;Onset ↓
! p !! t !! k !! q !! h !! m !! n
|-
! pʰ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A || tpʰ || kpʰ || qpʰ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | ʰp || mpʰ || npʰ
|-
! p
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰtp
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰkp
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰqp || mp || np
|-
! b
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A || tb || kb || qb
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m
|-
! tʰ
| ptʰ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qtʰ
| ktʰ || qtʰ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | ʰt || mtʰ || ntʰ
|-
! t
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰpt
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ʰqt
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰkt
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰqt || mt || nt
|-
! d
| pd
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | tr || kd || qd
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n
|-
! kʰ
| pkʰ || tkʰ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | tkʰ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | ʰk || mkʰ || nkʰ
|-
! k
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰpk
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰtk
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʰtk || mk || nk
|-
! qʰ
| pqʰ || tqʰ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | tqʰ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | ʰq || mqʰ || nqʰ
|-
! q
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰpq
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ʰtq
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | ʰtq || mq || nq
|-
! s
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qs || ks || qs
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | hs || ms || ns
|-
! ɬ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ql
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | kl
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ql
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | hɬ || mɬ || nɬ
|-
! χ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | qʰ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | hh || mχ || nχ
|-
! ʁ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | tʀ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qʀ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | qʀ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | hʀ || mʁ || nʁ
|-
! h
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ʰp
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ʰt
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ʰk
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ʰq
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | hh || mh || nh
|-
! m
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m || hm
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m
|-
! n
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n || hn
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n
|-
! r
| pr || tr || kr || qr || hr
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ms
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ns
|-
! l
| pl
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ql || kl || ql || hl
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | mɬ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | nɬ
|-
! j
| pj || tj || kj
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qʀj || hj || mj || nj
|-
! w
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A || tw || kw || qw || hw
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | m || nw
|}

===Vowels===
{|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Front
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Non-Front
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Short&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Long&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;_j&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;_w&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Short&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Long&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;_j&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;_w&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Hi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪː
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪj
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɪw
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊː
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ʊj
|-
! Mid
| align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| align=&quot;center&quot; | eː
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ej
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ew
| align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ɐ || ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ow
|-
! Lo
| align=&quot;center&quot; | æ
| align=&quot;center&quot; | æː
| align=&quot;center&quot; | æj
| align=&quot;center&quot; | æw
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ɒː
|}

/ɐ ɒː/ form similar long-short pair, &quot;/A Aː/&quot; as the other vowels. /ow/ seems in some cases associated with this pair, in others with /ʊ ʊː ʊj/ (and in most, there's just no telling). There is no **/Aj/ of any sort; if there ever was, it might have previously merged into /æj/.

A medial glide forms a difthong with a preceding short vowel, but not a preceding long one.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Persian'</title>
    <id>4535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29963</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-16T23:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>absolute *chronology*</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Is this an althistory where Dravidian became a major language family, instead of being restricted to South India? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 09:52, 1 November 2007 (PDT)

:No. Just look at the thing - it looks nothing like Dravidian. (Three stop phonation series, no geminates, and only one coronal but two dorsal POAs, for just the few most glaring feature mismatches thus far.) Earth' branches from ours a few hundred thousand years ago: we get multiple surviving hominid species etc. The &quot;present day&quot; is a millenia or two off from ours, too.

:The allusions are per the wider historical role played by the family. Tsonboran is pretty much the Sumerian analog, in a nod to the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis... And yes &quot;allusion'''s'''&quot;, as there are more of these. The Altaic' family (see [[Proto-Altaic']]) for instance is something of an Afro-Asian parallel, and the alleged Betamax (actually, that one has a proper interuniverse name too: &quot;Ouiqál&quot;) is a &quot;pseudo-Spanish&quot;. There's more, but these are the most up-front about it. --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 08:13, 2 November 2007 (PDT)

::Ah, okay.  I thought by &quot;analogue&quot; you meant that it was descended from it.  I know only a little bit about modern Tamil (and no other Dravidian languages), and nothing about reconstructed Proto-Dravidian.
::Multiple surviving hominid species?  How'd that happen? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 16:07, 2 November 2007 (PDT)

:::I haven't worked out much details, but chiefly it seems that ''H. sapiens'' &amp; co. were not quite successful in wiping out ''H. erectus''. It, or its descendants generally hold the hunter-gatherer ecological niche in continental Eurasia, and have domesticated the dog. Civilization is generally limited to Asia and NW Africa. There may be a Neanderthalid species still in Europe, and a fourth species in southern Africa. Australia and the Americas have nothing radically different, and I'm unsure if the latter have even been completely colonized yet. Oh, and this just in: the dromedary was hunted to extinction before the Neolithic, which could explain why there have been no nomadic peeples invading the Iberian Peninsula. --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 10:23, 4 November 2007 (PST)

::::So, is ''H. sapiens'' the only species with our level of intelligence?  Also, is their highest civilization still at a fairly low level of development? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 07:13, 5 November 2007 (PST)

:::::[bɜ̃ːʰ] [&lt;sound of smacking face&gt;], I realized I never checked back on this. Yeah, there's only one truly sapient hominid species. Actually, due to some differences — tentativly, a more &quot;water-ape&quot; development leading to eg. a smaller figure: a well-fed person would be 1.6 m on average, with less variation between sexes — I don't think they should be called ''H. sapiens'' actually. Nevertheless, this is all still pretty half-baked; this conworld isn't really in activ development as much as a background sketch to hang some projects &amp; excess phonology sketches to... When, or if, I get around to expanding on this it'll be at [[Earth']] and subpages.
:::::As for your other question, it's a highly diachronic conworld, but my &quot;present day&quot; in terms of politics &amp; absolute chronology compares somewhat close to 1100s~1300s Arabia &amp; China. Some, but certainly not all technological aspects may be as far as mid-1800s level. Haven't decided yet which. (Leaning towards at least medicine.) --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 16:53, 16 March 2008 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsonboran</title>
    <id>4536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57147</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-23T23:37:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Para-Tsonboran */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Attested in western Persia from around -5ka to -4.3ka as a language of one of the first major civilizations. Falls into disuse later, but not before contributing significant amounts of technical vocabulary to (…). Briefly re-emerges around -3ka before its apparent extinction some 500 years later.

===Consonants===

{|
|
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Nasals
| m || n || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Voiceless plosivs
| p || t || ts || k || q || ʔ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Voiced plosivs
| b || d || (dz) || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Voiceless fricativs
| f || θ || s || x || χ || h
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Voiced fricativs
| v || ð || z || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot;| Approximants
| w || l || r || align=&quot;left&quot; | j || ||
|}

===Vowels===

{|
|
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Hi
| align=&quot;center&quot; | i, y ||
| align=&quot;center&quot; | u
|-
! Mid
| align=&quot;center&quot; | e
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ə
| align=&quot;center&quot; | o
|-
! Lo
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | a~ɑ
|}

===Development from [[Proto-West Persian']]===
====to Proto-Tsonboid====
* hʀ → χ
* palatalization
** k ɡ x → ʧ ʤ ʃ before /j/ &amp; front vowels (incl. /a(ː)/)
** labiovelars palatalized only before /yː/
* spirantization &amp; more in obstruent clusters:
** p t k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; q → h θ x&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; χ before another obstruent
** p → β before a sonorant
** voiced stop clusters devoice
* o₁ː and o₂ː merge, then aː → o₃ː (the distinction's nature remains obscure)
* -h- lost
** resulting iV uV → jV wV, V₁V₂ː → V₂ː, Va → aː, other V₁V₂ → V₁ː (?)
* vowel reduction
** unstressed long vowels shortened in closed or final syllables
** unstressed short vowels commonly reduce to shwa
** …and are lost altogether in the pretonic position
* uvular coloring
** i u ə(j) → e₂ o a(j) / _Q
* prenasal fortition
** mɸ nɸ Nθ Nɬ Ns Nʃ Nx Nχ → mp ŋkʷ Nt Ntɬ Nts Nʧ Nk Nq
** mw nw Nr Nl Nj → mb ŋɡʷ Ndr Ndl Nʤ
* related:
** ɮ j w → dl ʤ ɡʷ also intervocally under certain conditions
** in non-fortiting intervocalic positions β ð ɮ → w j l
** morphological t + s ɬ l also change to ts tɬ dl, where still productiv
* hF → Fː, -χ- → χː

====to Old Tsonboran====
* kʷ ɡʷ → p b
* voiced dorsal stops lost
** devoiced when adjacent to another obstruent
** ɡ → (…) ''(/r/ a la [[Battlax]] 3?)''
** ɢ → ʁ → ð, ∅ (…)
* umlaut
** i(ː) e₂(ː) → y(ː) ø(ː) / _(C)Cu/w, (original e(ː) = e₁(ː) unaffected)
** e₂β → ø
** ø(ː) → (j)o(ː)
* the distinction between e₁(ː) and e₂(ː), likewise o₁ː and o₃ː is lost
* word-final stops lost
* tj dj → ts dz
* Fː→ F
* tɬ dl ɬ → t d ʃ
* ɸ β → f v

====to New Tsonboran====
* do something w/ prenasality?
* some vowel breikage?
* ʧ ʤ ʃ → ts z s
*…

===Para-Tsonboran===
The remaining Tsonboid languages fall into two main branches: [[Oqomur]] in the South, near the Eufrat/Tigris delta (now extinct too), and the Northern Tsonboid languages. These are separated into three main groups on the basis of their obstruent correspondences. The palatalization of /t d/ to /ts dz/ affected all of these, as did the loss of lateral obstruents (but slightly differently in each). The loss of labiovelars and shibilants applied only sporadically and is in some cases dateable to the individual languages.

Side note: *lhaterals and *dr only occur medially. The evidence for *dr as distinct from *d is very feeble, based on transcriptions of New Tsonboran and a handful of group A lexemes.

{|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! PTs
| *p || *t || *tɬ || *ts || *ʧ || *k || *q || *ʔ
| *b || *d || *dr || *dl || *dz || *ʤ || *g || *ɢ
| *f || *θ || *ɬ || *s || *ʃ || *x || *χ || *h
| *v || *ð || *z || *l || *r
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! A
| p || t || ks || ts || ʧ || k || k || ʔ &lt;!--tɬ &gt; tx &gt; θx &gt; sx &gt; sk &gt; ks--&gt;
| b || d || d/g || g || z || ʤ || g || g
| h || s || x || s || ʃ || h || x/h || h
| v || z || z || l || r
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! B
| f || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt; || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt; || θ || ʧ || x || k || h
| b || &lt;u&gt;dz&lt;/u&gt; || &lt;u&gt;dz&lt;/u&gt; || l || ð || ʤ || g || ɣ
| f || t || &lt;u&gt;s&lt;/u&gt; || s || ʃ || k || k || ∅
| v || d || z || l || r
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! B'
| f || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt; || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt; || ʧ || ʧ || x || k || h
| p/w || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt;/r || r || r || ʧ/ʃ || ʧ/ʃ || k/∅ || k/∅ &lt;!-- dL &gt; ts_ not found due to distribution--&gt;
| h || t || &lt;u&gt;s&lt;/u&gt; || s || ʃ || k || k || ∅
| f || t/l || s || l || t/l
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! C
| p || &lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt; || t || ts || ts || k || q || ʔ
| b || &lt;u&gt;dz&lt;/u&gt; || &lt;u&gt;dz&lt;/u&gt; || d || dz || dz || g || ɢ
| f || t || t || θ || s || k || q || x
| v || d || ð || x/∅ || r
|}
* Branch A, under Bustaxian influence, looses uvulars and most fricative distinctions.&lt;!--Including voice?--&gt; The development *tɬ *dl → ks g probably proceeds thru *tx *dɣ → *θx *ðɣ → *θk *ðg → *sk *zg and finally metathesis for the former.
* Branch B sees lenition of original voiceless stops, combined with fortition of spirants (an aspirate intermediate is likely involved somewhere). This leads to a cyclic chain-shift concerning the phonemes /θ t ts/, and similarly, /ð d dz/. The first step is the fortition of the interdentals to dental stops. The chain-shift in proper begins when the alveolar affricates lenite to laminal alveolar sibilants. These then take the place of the old interdentals. The chain becomes complete when the alveolar stops become new affricates (alveolar ~ retroflex), and the dental stops shift to the alveolar position.
** Branch B' is a minor subgroup, displaying (in addition to a more recent devoicing tendency) some difference in treatment of certain consonants that may hint an erly split.
* Branch C resembles B in fortition of spirants and affrication of /t d/, but retains uvulars and most original stops. The old alveolar sibilants /s z/ become interdental. New /s/ is derived from /ʃ/, in modern-day languages also from the various affricate series.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit</title>
    <id>4537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29436</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T20:01:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vowels */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit is a dialect of [[Lescealh]] [[Faraneit]], spoken in and around the city of Heajaz. It is one of the more innovative dialects, but is still fairly conservative, until it underwent rapid developement after the expulsion of the Heajazarifh into the Kupeimeceah.

==Diacritics==
On this webpage, all characters will be presented in IPA with a few exceptions, for retraction, advancement, voicing, devoicing, and dentalization. In these cases, the X-SAMPA diacritics (-, +, _0, _v, and _d, respectively) will be used because this site cannot reproduce those characters.

==Consonants==

*Nasals: /m n/ 
**/m/ [ɱ] (through sandhi) in rapid speech when in close quarters with /f v/ 
**/n/ [ŋ] (through sandhi) in rapid speech &quot;near&quot; velars or /q/ (karotejoan keareik neih keuscej = (S)he gives Keareik (a name) power, can be realized as [ˈkʰaɣod_d_0ˌeʒɔ~ŋ ˈkʰɛɣɨk ŋɨ ˈkʰʊʃeʒ]) 
**/n/ [ɲ] prior to /i/. 

*Plosives: /p p_v t_d t_d_v k q/ 
**+lenis when coda/onset of unstressed syllables 
**+aspiration when onset of stressed syllables 
**/k q/ [c] prior to /i ɨ/ and [ʉ] 
**/k/ [c] prior to /e ɛ/ 

*Fricatives: /f v θ s z ʃ ʒ x/ 
**/s z/ [z] intervocallically and in very rapid speech 
**/s z/ [s+ z+] when in close proximaty to /θ t_d_v t_d/
**/θ/ [ð] intervocallically and in very rapid speech 
**/θ/ [θ- ð-] when in close proximaty to /s n l/
**/ʃ/ [ç] prior to /i ɨ/ and [ʉ] 
**/ʃ ʒ/ [s z]~[ʃ ʒ] when &quot;bracketed&quot; by back vowels 

*Approximants: /ʀ l ɭ/ 
**/ʀ/ [ɣ] unless initial 
**/ʀ/ [ɣ] ~ [χ] ~ [ʀ] when initial, generally [ɣ] in more &quot;colloquial&quot; terms (Orthodox Lescealh Faraneit influence) [χ] in trade terms and political terms (Early Poleiseam Faraneik influence) and [ʀ] in local terms. 
**/l ɭ/ [ɬ_v ɬ`_v] intervocallically and in very rapid speech 
**/l ɭ/ [ɬ ɬ`] word finally

==Vowels==
*Front: /ɛ e i/ 
**/ɛ/ [ɜ] when unstressed 
**/i/ [ɪ] when unstressed or rapid speech

*Central: /ɑ ɨ/ 
**/ɑ/ [ɒ] when unstressed 
**/ɨ/ [ə] when unstressed

*Back: /ɔ o ʊ u/ 
**/ɔ/ [ɞ] when unstressed 
**/ʊ/ [ɵ] when unstressed in more conservative registers 
**/ʊ/ [ə] when unstressed in more innovative registers 
**/u/ [ʉ] when unstressed

==Nasalization==
Nasalization always occurs in vowels prior to /n m/ and when spoken rapidly in vowels also following them. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Normal
!Nasal 1
!Nasal 2
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|i}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɪ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɘ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|e}}
| align=center | {{IPA|e~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɛ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɜ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|ɨ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɨ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɘ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɒ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɒ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɞ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|o}}
| align=center | {{IPA|o~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɔ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|ʊ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʊ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɞ~}}
|-
| align=center | {{IPA|u}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʊ~}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɵ~}}
|}

(Where nasal1 is a nasal vowel in a stressed syllable and nasal2 is a vowel in an unstressed sylllable)

==Semi-Haplology==
When there are two syllables with either /ɨ ʊ/ as the vowel and the first is stressed while the second is not, a form of haplology happens, under the correct circumstances. For /ɨ/, the second vowel needs to be bracketed by two voiced consonants, in order to delete. For example: neibeidej /ˈnɨp_vɨt_vˌeʒ/ simplifies as [ˈnɨp_vdeʒ] because both the consonant before and after are voiced. 

/ʊ/, on the other hand, only deletes between nasals or approximants, as in leureumeih (/&quot;lʊRʊmɨ/  [&quot;lʊɣmə]).

==Terminal Syllable Reduction==
When a word ends on an unaccented syllable with a plosive onset, a &quot;secondary&quot; vowel (/ɛ ɔ ɪ ʊ/), and a fricative coda, there is a form of extreme reduction. In the place of that syllable, an affricate, based on the position of the plosive, and to a lesser degree the fricative, comes about. For example, hoateiv, /ɔtɨv/, is realized as [ɔts)] while hoateac, /ɔtɛx/, is realized as [ɔtʃ)]. 

To explain, /p/ along with any fricative creates [pf)], while /t/ with /x ʃ/ produces [tʃ)] but with any other produces [ts)]. /k/ with /ʃ/ also produces [tʃ)], but with any other, [kx)]. /q/, however, uniformally produces [qχ)].

==Phonotactics==
(C)v(C), no consonant clusters are permitted within words, except those arising due to haplology. 

==Vowel Clusters== 
*/a ɛ ɔ/ + any other vowel, [a: ɛ: ɔ:] or if unstressed [ɒ: ɜ: ɞ:] 
*(other vowel) /i ɨ/ (other vowel), [j] 
*(other vowel) /u ʊ/ (other vowel), [w]. 
*Otherwise, seperate vowel qualities are retained

==Stress==
Stress falls on the initial syllable about 90% of the time, but that remaining group is unpredictable. Stress is phonemic but highly unproductive, therefore. 

Secondary stress is required on many affixes, notably on the terminal verb marker -ej.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vulgar Diūn</title>
    <id>4538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48954</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T16:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* II. Phonology */ link consentration</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Vulgar Diūn'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Diūn City-States
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Time Period:
|| 200 YSK - 600 YSK(600 C.E - 1000 C.E)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Proto-Diūn&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Classical Diūn]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Vulgar Diūn'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||semi-fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Hopping]] || November 3, 2007-
|}

==='''I. About'''===

Vulgar Diūn was the variant of Diūn spoken by much of the commoners throughout the Diūn cultural area  following the Classical Period (200 BK - 200 YSK). There was no unified dialect called Vulgar Diūn, but a collection of regional dialects that would continue to evolve to create the Diūn Language Family. The Official Variant of Diūn referred to as [[Classical Diūn]] was used as the official language of government and literature. The variant discussed on this page will be the variant that was spoken in and around the City of [[Ccav]].

==='''II. Phonology'''===

a. Sound Changes


i.. [tj] &gt; [tS]  '''tia &gt; cha''' [tja] &gt; [tS{]

ii. [dj] &gt; [dZ] '''diūn &gt; dzūn''' [diu:N] &gt; [dZu:N]

iii. [sj] &gt; [S] '''siōmen &gt; siōmen''' [sjo:meN] &gt; [So:meN]

iv. /zj/ &gt; [Z] '''ziōcten &gt; ziōcten''' [zjo:kteN] &gt; [Zo:kteN]


v. [tts, ts] &gt; [s] '''mēcca &gt; mēsa''' [me:tts{] &gt; [me:s{]

vi. [ttS, tS] &gt; [S] '''mūchen &gt; mūssen''' [mu:ttSeN] &gt; [mu:SeN]

vii. [dZ] &gt; [Z] '''cūgen &gt; cūgen''' [ku:dZeN] &gt; [ku:ZeN]


viii. [p\] &gt; [W]  '''phāde &gt; hvāde''' [p\a:de] &gt; [W{:de]

ix. [B] &gt; [w] '''vinidom &gt; vinidom''' [BiJidom] &gt; [wiJidom]


x. [p_h] &gt; [f] '''mōtep &gt; mūtef''' [mo:tep_h] &gt; [mu:tef]

xi. [t_h] &gt; [T] '''desadit &gt; desadett''' [desadit_h] &gt; [des{deT]


xii. [s`] &gt; 0 '''hush &gt; hū''' [Cus`] &gt; [Cu:]
xiii. [z`] &gt; 0 '''māzh &gt; mā''' [ma:z`] &gt; [ma:]


xiv. [o] &gt; [u] Labials_ '''ponen &gt; punen''' [poJeN] &gt; [puJeN]

xv. [o:] &gt; [u:] Labials_ '''bōccī &gt; būsē''' [bo:ttsi:] &gt; [bu:se:]

xvi. [i] &gt; [e] Alveolars_ '''tismāta &gt; tesmāta''' [tisma:ta] &gt; [tesm{:t{]

xvii. [i:] &gt; [e] Alveolars_ '''tīhl &gt; tēhl''' [ti:Cl] &gt; [te:Cl]

xviii. [a] &gt; [{] Except-Velars_ '''ma &gt; ma''' [ma] &gt; [m{]

xix. [a:] &gt; [{:] Except-Velars_ '''gāc &gt; gāc''' [ga:k_h] &gt; [ga:k_h]

xx. [au] &gt; [u:]  _ '''tau &gt; tū''' [tau] &gt; [tu:]


b. Resulting Phoneme Inventory

{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;&quot;
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|p, b
| align=&quot;center&quot;|t, d
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|t`, d`
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;|m
| align=&quot;center&quot;|n
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|s, z
| align=&quot;center&quot;|S, Z
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|r\
|
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|l
|
|
|
|
|}


Other /w W/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ċav</title>
    <id>4539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>26596</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-06T23:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Ccav]] moved to [[Ċav]]: Spelling Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==='''About'''===

Ccav or Ċav is a major city in the Principality of Ċav and served as the capital of a united Kingdom of Diūn until the Kingdom's collapse. It is a major cultural center and has enjoyed the designation of being the richest city in the eastern-hemisphere.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ccav</title>
    <id>4540</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26597</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-06T23:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ccav]] moved to [[Ċav]]: Spelling Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ċav]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fínlǣsk</title>
    <id>4542</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33721</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T06:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed double redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Uínlītska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Fínlǣsk</title>
    <id>4543</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45986</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>dubbelredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Uínlītska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Uínlitska</title>
    <id>4545</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26641</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-08T18:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Uínlitska]] moved to [[Talk:Uínlītska]]: missing macron</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Uínlītska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fínlǣsk Phonology</title>
    <id>4546</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26644</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-08T18:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Fínlǣsk Phonology]] moved to [[Uínlītska Phonology]]: Language rename</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Uínlītska Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hitatc</title>
    <id>4547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30512</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-05T11:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>deleted all content because it was all outdated</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fínlǣ</title>
    <id>4548</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26697</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-10T22:16:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Fínlǣ]] moved to [[Uínlīta]]: Language Rename</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Uínlīta]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krivashanian Chan</title>
    <id>4550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43238</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[Chan]] is the official currency of the [[Krivashan Confederation]].  It is divided into 60 ''zasssash''.  Historically, it had the same division and value as the [[Imperial Chan]].  After the [[Global War]], the currency's value plummeted in an episode of serious hyperinflation.  In 764, a new Chan was established, at the rate of 1 Old Chan = ½ New Zash (1 New Chan = 360 Old Chan), or 1 Imperial Chan = 2½ New Krivashanian Chan.  This value did not hold, and it began slowly slipping, although not to anywhere near the same degree as before.  The redivision took place in 793, at which point the 3-zash was the smallest still-produced coin.

Every city in the Confederation produces its own coins, which are all legal tender in every part of the Confederation.  The Confederation government produces banknotes.

Its value is now pegged at 60 to the Imperial Chan, or 3 Imperial zash to the Krivashan chan.  This peg has held since 824.
== Coins ==
*5 Zassash
*15 Zassash
*30 Zassash
*1 Chan
*3 Chan
*5 Chan (some city-states)
*6 Chan (some city-states)
*10 Chan (some city-states)
*12 Chan (some city-states)
*20 Chan (some city-states)
All cities produce either 5- and 10-chan coins ''or'' 6- and 12-chan coins.  A few cities also produce 20-chan coins.
== Banknotes ==
*''½ Chan'' (no longer produced)
*''1 Chan'' (no longer produced)
*''3 Chan'' (no longer produced)
*''5 Chan'' (no longer produced)
*''10 Chan'' (no longer produced)
*25 Chan
*50 Chan
*100 Chan
*250 Chan
*500 Chan

Historically, prior to the redivision of the chan, there were some 3-vezh banknotes in circulation as well.

[[Category:Galhafan Currencies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krivashan Confederation</title>
    <id>4551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40615</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-07T20:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Krivashan Confederation''' is a small confederation of city-states in modern-day [[Odira]].  The largest member is the City-State of [[Krivashan]].  Prior to the [[Global War]], the Confederation was a member-state of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Empire]].  It seceeded during the last days of the War, forming a separate peace with the Eastern Alliance.

== Organization ==
The Confederation is divided into several city-states, which consist, in turn, of a central City and a number of surrounding towns, which control surrounding rural areas (if any), and, in many cases, subordinate villages.

The City-States have a modest degree of autonomy, and produce their own coins (banknotes are issued by the central Confederation government).

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Odira</title>
    <id>4552</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26832</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-17T18:02:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Odirá]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Odirá]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elesclav</title>
    <id>4553</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>26933</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-22T05:53:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dele</username>
        <id>993</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Ellesklavan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ellesklavan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Piscean language</title>
    <id>4554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30078</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-22T10:04:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Middle Old Piscean */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term 'Old Piscean' is used to describe Piscean language (between 2005 and 2007) that is in any way dissimilar to the [[Piscean_language|modern dialect]]. Old Piscean technically has several stages and was changed by Anderson rapidly. However, few records of the language remain and it is currently understood to have had three major transitions, the first of which is barely mutually intelligible with modern Piscean, while the last of which is closely related. Old Piscean was always written using the Latin alphabet, before the introduction of the [[Andersonic alphabet]], which defined a new age in the language.

==Early Old Piscean==
Early Old Piscean, then referred to as Gallifreyan (G'ow'lufrën) after the name of the protagonist's home planet in the popular science-fiction programme ''Doctor Who'', was an extremely basic variety of the language. It began as the fictional 'vulgar' language of the Time Lords in Anderson and Dearden's abandoned novel ''[[Wasporella]]'', one of the only remaining sources that proves Gallifreyan's existence. Mostly, it appears to be a creole of modern English  vocabulary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-based_creole_languages], with some invented stems and influences from Romance languages; in the novel from whence it came, Gallifreyan was supposedly the result of the Festaran conquest, a race of aliens who had observed cultures on Earth, especially enjoying British mannerisms, and had been inspired to alter their language.

From ''Wasporella'' is the following excerpt of early Old Piscean text:

'Ne G’ow’lufrëän réfömiä foЋ &lt; À’de’löd Inplaçä Gég Zil &gt; skrip’ine: William Shakespeare foЋ Ongliä, Barg Brætannik, Yö’rûps, puЋ Teπniä, à ne Lûdöniä Likwæ’sek’ine: Täm Seköndriäkën Nundiä’fondät’air’ëä, tiam’ine: IV:00;00. Réligën y’ow’l’air’s cuπ Krövën’déçæ’berЋä! Öd lokäti’de’biß inkluçä Frarnäçëä, D’oy’cëä, RûЋëä, IjiÞëä, Chinnëä, JiÞänëä, Östarlëä, Harbor’ore Ajäçënsë-ύ foЋ Annërikä, Jumäkä, nes Méksikö. Skrip’ëlög’ine, ne puЋ Sakörëä, Pökävil, Dash’tæt, Içæn Kaßuذl, nes Olëänfäkëä. Ermendä a’ow’l’air's tu réçæ elög dat.'

This text reveals many features of early Old Piscean. Of particular note is the frequent use of apostrophes. The primary reason for this is due to 'sound units': these are groups of letters that make a widely-used sound in the language, almost becoming letters themselves by being isolated from surrounding letters. Sound units from the excerpt include 'ow', 'ine', 'air', 'oy' and 'ore'; these units are all considered members of the Old Piscean alphabet, which also consists of:

a à ä b c з d e é æ ë f Ћ ύ g h i j k l m n ŋķ o ö p Þ r π s ß ç t u û v w y z ذ 

The exact phonological values of these letters cannot be completely determined. Note that some letters are corrupted and do not match their original values: for example, з is a double C, Ћ is a double F (or TH), Þ is a double P and π is a double R.

While the excerpt resembles an English creole, some original compounds have been made. For example, observe the word 'likwæ’sek’ine', which is derived from [likwæ ('liquid')]+[sek'ine ('section')]. This word is translated into English as 'river'. It shows that early Old Piscean was heavily dependent on apostrophes, not only to make new 'letters' from sound units, but also to separate words in compounds.

Some words in Old Piscean have different meanings from those in English from which they were produced:

*réfömiä - from 'reform' &gt; 'adaptation'
*réligën - (probably) from 'realign' &gt; 'treat' (verb)
*ajäçënsë - from 'adjacency' &gt; 'state'
*ermendä - (possibly) from 'amend' &gt; 'contact'
*elög - (probably) from 'elong[ate]' &gt; 'more'
*dat - from 'data' &gt; 'information'

Early Old Piscean was crude, so to speak. There were no conjugations or alternate forms of verbs whatsoever, only a stem that was used in every instance; the word 'neeЋ' placed after a stem made it past tense. Piscean also incorporated a dash as a significant linguistic device because the language had no standalone verb translated as 'to be'; it merely had the word 'nee', which meant 'it is':

*[M'ow'l - nee] - [I - it is]&gt;I am
*[A’ow’l’air’s – nee dæpätä-ŋķ] - [we - it is going]&gt;we are going

(Sometimes, 'liz' was used instead of 'nee' for a purpose that has become unclear.) Note that a hyphen and 'ŋķ' after a verb stem indicates present continuous tense, which was also adapted as the sole future tense. A hyphen and 'ύ' indicates a plural. Either '-ύύ' or '-ύύύ' were used to indicate possessive forms, although the reason for choosing one of the two is now unknown.

Despite its clumsiness, Old Piscean would eventually become a functional, albeit limited, conlang in its right, aside from ''Wasporella''.

===Survival of early Old Piscean===
Some vulgar Gallifreyan vocabulary has survived throughout Old Piscean and has ultimately been adapted into modern Piscean. For this reason, Gallifreyan is still classified as Piscean language. Vocabulary retained from Old Piscean is now recessive, due to the Piscean's dominant new foundation of Old English and German. So words have been replaced, while the old words are sub-branches to fill more specific meanings. Observe the following examples:

*Old Piscean ''gibs'y'ow'l'' - English ''thank you''
*Modern Piscean ''gibsjówl'' - English phrase ''You shouldn't have!''
*Modern Piscean ''tancee'' - English ''thank you''

~

*Old Piscean ''winfanëä'' - English ''flight''
*Modern Piscean ''Winfanéje'' - English ''flight'' (only referring to a single flight (journey by flight), e.g. a flight on a plane)
*Modern Piscean ''Fleojung'' - English ''flight'' (only referring to the ability of flight)

~

*Old Piscean ''harbor’ore'' - English ''community''
*Modern Piscean ''Harbortsche'' - English ''ethnic-minority community''
*Modern Piscean ''Gefere'' - English ''community''

~

*Old Piscean ''y’ow’l’æçé'' - English ''yours'' (singular)
*Modern Piscean ''Jowleçaé'' - English ''it's yours!'' (exclamation; referring to something that wasn't previously theirs or not what they believed to be theirs)
*Modern Piscean ''jor'' - English ''your''; ''yours''

~

*Old Piscean ''spannäkën'' - English ''time''
*Modern Piscean ''Spannáccen'' - English ''time'' (only referring to one's sense of time, e.g. 'The time goes quickly when you're having fun'
*Modern Piscean ''Time'' - English ''time'' (only referring to physical time)

~

*Old Piscean ''vén’anz'' - English ''location''
*Modern Piscean ''Venánz'' - English ''sought-after location''
*Modern Piscean ''Pozixion'' - English ''location''; ''position''

~

*Old Piscean ''foЋ'' - English ''of''; ''within''
*Modern Piscean ''foff'' - English ''within'' (only in an abstract sense, i.e. not physically within something, when an [abstract noun] is within sth, as opposed to a concrete noun, e.g. 'the anger within him')
*Modern Piscean [genitive case]/''in''[+dative] - English ''of''/''within'' (only referring to a [concrete noun] within sth

~


Additionally, some early Old Piscean words have retained their original meanings because they are very functional, especially in conversation. These include:

===='Nee'====
As aforementioned, early Old Piscean had no verb 'to be', but had a steam that meant 'it is'. On the other hand, modern Piscean has two different verbs translated as 'to be' and a separate word 'hit' meaning 'it'. 

Nevertheless, modern Piscean revives the use of 'nee' for expressions beginning with 'it is' in English in which 'it' does not refer to an actual item, at least not one that has previously been clarified. For example, many 'nee' statements relate to the weather.

*Nee wolcij - it's cloudy (at the moment)
*Nee god, dass cunn icc faran - it's good that I can go (on one occasion)

'Nee' allows one be concise in a subject matter from which the audience automatically derives the context; in this case, the weather does not need to be mentioned. Furthermore, it would be incorrect in Piscean to say 'the weather is [cloudy]' because that would be seen as describing the concept of weather, rather than its effect on one's surroundings.

Modern Piscean has also derived 'nij' from the Old Piscean word 'nee'. 'Nij' refers to the essence rather than condition. Compare the usage of 'nee' and 'nij' to the verbs [[Piscean_language#'Bean'_and_'zijan'|'bee' and 'zij']] in modern Piscean: the principles are the same.

*Nij wolcij - it's (generally) cloudy 
*Nij god, dass cunn icc faran - it's good that I can go (regularly)

===='Tiamíne' and 'eatíne'====
In modern Piscean, it is incorrect to say 'the time is ...' and 'the temperature is ...' because these are seen as describing the concepts of time and temperature themselves rather than making a remark about their current state.

'Tiamíne' is from Old Piscean 'tiam'ine' and is ultimately related to modern English 'time'. Translated into English, the word means 'the time is'. In Piscean, it is customary to always use the twenty-four-hour clock and to separate the time into two two-digit numbers (when using hours and minutes) using a hyphen:

*Tiamíne 13-22 - the time is 13.22/1.22 p.m.

'Eatíne' is from Old Piscean 'ëät’ine' and is likely related to modern English 'heat'. In English, the word means 'the temperature is'. It used to state the temperature of the general surroundings, not a specific item, thus not taking various temperature-affecting factors into account. With the Celsius scale in Piscean, a lower-case C is placed before the figure. (Similarly, with the Fahrenheit scale, a lower-case F is placed before the figure.)

*Eatíne c22 - the temperature is 22°C

===='Nes'====
Throughout Piscean's history, there have always been two words for 'and', the usage of either depending on context. Early Old Piscean had 'uπ' and 'nes'. Later down the line, modern Piscean had replaced 'uπ' with Old English 'and', whereas 'nes' was kept to cater for its unique meaning.

To know whether to use 'and' or 'nes', when translating English, can be achieved by imagining possible contexts. If the word 'and' could be replaced by 'and then' and still make sense, one should use 'nes'. If the word 'and' does not make sense in its context when replaced by 'and then', one should use 'and'.

==Middle Old Piscean==
Middle Old Piscean is the clearly transitional stage between early and late Old Piscean. At this point, the name 'Gallifreyan' was completely replaced by 'Piscean' after the star sign of its inventor Anderson and also the name of his proposed nation (New Pisces).

Middle Old Piscean seems to retain much of the vocabulary from the earliest dialect, but is more fuctional, having been influenced directly by Romance and Germanic languages, especially French and Italian and - to some degree - German.

In this dialect, spelling reforms become apparent. 'Præma' (early Old Piscean) becomes 'pryma' in middle Old Piscean and ultimately becomes 'prime' in the modern dialect of the language. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qX32ZAQR6D0 ''Li Pryma Piskeser Kasta''] enables one to hear middle Old Piscean in usage. Furthermore, the document ''The Reformed Constitution for the Language of Piscean'' shows how individual letters should be pronounced:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
===The model===
Piscean is mainly a logical language, as opposed to naturalistic. It is easy to speak and even to make up if in doubt, because of the reduced irregularities in its system.

===The sounds===
[[Image:Where_sounds_are_made.gif|left]]
Piscean has a wide array of sounds, as its base words are adapted from several different languages, with high Romance and Germanic influences. However, certain sounds have been changed and Piscean should be a language which is easy to speak, that rolls naturally off the tongue. The pronunciation should not be an art; thus, no aspirated nasal, as in French, or guttural sounds are included. Pronunciation is very similar to English.
[[Image:OP_ME_comparison.gif|right]]
Here is an example of a word pronunciation grid for English, which helps with the position of vowels in the mouth. Below are the equivalent sounds for Piscean, so an Anglophone understands how to say them.
[[Image:ME_OP_comparison.gif|right]]
Vowels in words that don’t end in ‘h’ are always emphasised. In words that do end in ‘h’, the ‘h’ is silent, but the word’s vowel is closed rather than open. There are hardly any closed vowels in Piscean. Put simply, one of two tones is expressed by the presence or absence of an ‘h’.

*The vowel distinguished by a grave accent is always the most stressed in the word.

*If there is no accentuated vowel, but the word ends in a normal vowel, that normal vowel is the most stressed in the word.

*If there is no accent and the word ends in a consonant, the first syllable of the word is the most pronounced.

It is hard to find strict phonological constraints in Piscean. Consonants such as ‘m’ + ‘r’ and ‘v’ + ‘l’ are illegal in English, but they can be used in Piscean. However, they tend not to be used due to the constraints of the languages that influence Piscean.

===The letters===
Piscean uses the Roman alphabet and can potentially use the following letters, where examples are given for the variations of pronunciation from English:

 
*a – f'''a'''ther, b'''a'''t
*b 
*c – whi'''ch'''
*d 
*e – s'''ay''', b'''e'''t
*f
*g – '''g'''arden (always hard)
*h
*i – b'''i'''t, s'''ay''' (at end of word)
*j – '''sh'''ow
*k
*l
*m
*n
*o – b'''oa'''t, h'''o'''t
*p 
*q – '''qu'''een at the start of or within words; ba'''ck''' at the end of words
*r – barn (within word), whale (at start of word)
*s – boss
*t
*u – r'''u'''ne, s'''oo'''t
*v
*w omitted
*x
*y – s'''ee''' (long vowel)
*z – single ‘z’, '''z'''oo; double ‘z’, pi'''zz'''a
*à
*è
*ì
*ò
*ù
*ỳ
 

'''NOTE:'''  All accentuated vowels are to be aspirated, as if an ‘h’ is preceding them. ‘Duò’, therefore, is doo-hoa.

===The construction of words===
Base words in Piscean come from already existent languages and from that point, you can combine several base words to make a new constructed word. For example, the word for ‘succeed’ in Piscean is ‘fetaben’, which literally means ‘make good’. The word for ‘fail’ is ‘fetamales’, which translates ‘make bad’. From these constructed words, Piscean can make new routes by attaching suffixes. A ‘success’ is a ‘fetabeno’ while a failure is a ‘fetamaleso’. A successor is a ‘fetabenu’ and the study of success, if there ever was one, would be ‘fetabeny’. This system is easy to make up in everyday speech once you understand it and assists with the growth of the language. The base words ‘feta’ and ‘ben’ come from French ‘fait’ and Italian ‘bene’.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Note that modern Piscean still does combine words, but not in the definite matter as in middle Old Piscean. However, there are still remnants in modern Piscean of words that have been combined that way. As traces of early Old Piscean vocabulary, middle Old Piscean fills more obscure gaps in the modern dialect. Observe:

*Old Piscean ''fetaben'' - English ''succeed''
*Modern Piscean ''fetábenan'' - English ''surpass expectation''
*Modern Piscean ''folgan'' - English ''succeed''

===Latter middle Old Piscean===
Latter middle Old Piscean is classified as a moderate transition, but not major because the middle Old Piscean dialect is not dramatically affected. However, despite little new vocabulary, this stage saw an influx of inspiration from modern Dutch. Arguably, latter middle Old Piscean is every bit as crucial as the other transitions, as it marks the point at which Piscean first becomes a distinctly flavoured West Germanic language.

==Late Old Piscean==
This form of Piscean is the distinct bridge between the old dialects and the modern dialects. It is very close to modern Piscean, but without any Old English influence. However, the earlier phonology was adapted to an inventory that would be retained in modern Piscean and Tauro-Piscean, all nouns began to be capitalised, a new - albeit mainly synthetic - tense system was introduced and much Romance vocabulary in common use (such as the articles and numbers) was ruthlessly replaced by that of Germanic - namely Dutch and German - origin. Of particular note are the word-forming tendencies preserved from Old Piscean: instead of borrowing words directly, compounds were formed, e.g. the late Old Piscean word 'Getranfer' means 'change', from the Germanic prefix 'ge-' plus middle Old Piscean 'tranfer' - literally 'that which has been transferred'. This compounding is one of the major elements that separates late Old Piscean from the modern dialect, which does prefer to borrow directly from German and Old English.

It still remains unclear why the Dutch link was severed in favour of the Old English link, despite the preservation of many German words. It is assumed that Anderson felt the Dutch language to be too modern, meaning that its impurities may have caused confusion, especially considering that a large amount of modern vocabulary already came from German; thus, an extinct classical language, i.e. Old English, would have had large appeal for the foundation of modern Piscean, with modern German continuing to fill gaps in the vocabulary.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:DalJpegtest.jpg</title>
    <id>4555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27021</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T10:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test upload</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">test upload</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English/Dal'qörian dictionary</title>
    <id>4556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27022</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T10:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: English/Dalcurian dictionary will be here soon!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">English/Dalcurian dictionary will be here soon!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Where sounds are made.gif</title>
    <id>4557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27038</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T19:25:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Shows a human face. Annotated with the locations that enable one to make certain sounds.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Shows a human face. Annotated with the locations that enable one to make certain sounds.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:OP ME comparison.gif</title>
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      <id>27040</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T19:29:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:ME OP comparison.gif</title>
    <id>4559</id>
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      <id>27041</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-25T19:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tauro-Piscean language</title>
    <id>4560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42430</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T19:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Tauro-Piscean_Republic.png|left|180px]]
{{Infobox|name=Lingvo täropiskes'um
|pronounce=[liːŋgvoː teəɹoːpiːskeːsuːm]
|tu=Present, parallel Earth
|species=Human
|in=[[Democratic People's Republic of New Pisces and Taurus]]
|no=~2,000,000
|script=Latin alphabet
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[West Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Early_Old_Piscean|Early Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Middle_Old_Piscean|Middle Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Late_Old_Piscean|Late Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Piscean_language|Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Old Taurusian&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-accusative
|wo=V2
|creator=S.C. Anderson, L.J. Partridge
|date=27 November 2007}}

The '''Tauro-Piscean language''' is a [[West Germanic]] language and principally a descendant of [[Old English]]. It is spoken by approximately two million native speakers in the Tauro-Piscean Republic. It stands out from other [[Germanic languages]] due to its lack of purely grammatical gender - despite retaining this feature in a significant form - its peculiar tense system and inflection, its large number of moods, the amount of vocabulary borrowed from Romance languages and Old Taurusian, and, to some degree, its phonology.

==Phonology==
[[Image:Tpphon.png]]

*The uvular trill, uvular fricative and alveolar approximant are in free variation with one another.

*Glottal stops are present between a word that ends in a vowel and the next word when it begins with a vowel.

*The black vowels are the dominant forms, whereas the grey vowels are recessive and only pronounced in such a manner when they are followed by two like consonants, e.g. bb, dd, ff, etc.

*The multicoloured umlaut vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, where the arrows represent the glides.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;ä = /eə/&lt;br&gt;
ï = /aɪ/&lt;br&gt;
ü = /ɔɪ/&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Phonotactics===
====Syllable structure====
The syllable structure in Tauro-Piscean is (C)(C)(C)V(V)(C)(C)(C). Thus, every syllable must contain at least one vowel. 

====Onset====
The following can occur as the onset:

[[Image:Tponset.png]]

====Coda====
The following can occur as the coda:

[[Image:Tpcoda.png]]

====Syllable-level rules====
*Both the onset and coda are optional
*/l/ as a coda may only be preceded by a, ê and ö. /lp/, /lt/, /lk/, /lf/, /lv/ and /lm/ as a coda may only be preceded by ö.

===Stress===
Stress in Tauro-Piscean usually falls on the first syllable, with the following exceptions:

*Verbs of the -eêran group (applicable to all inflections, e.g. -eê, -eêrong, etc.) receive stress on their penultimate syllable.

*Similarly, nouns of the -eêrung group receive stress on their penultimate syllable.

*Nouns ending in -izmo also receive stress on their penultimate syllable.

*Adjectives of the -abêl, -ibêl, -itis, -ozê and -ezê groups receive stress on the first syllable of the suffix.

*Words that begin with the prefixes be-, ge-, ent-, ä-, är- vä-, vär-, zä-, zär-, miss-, äf-, äs-, a-, ond-, bi-, fë-, je-, on-, to-, un-, ïm-, of- and et- receive stress on the syllable that follows the prefix.

*Nouns ending in -ion, -ä and -io receive stress on the syllable that precedes the suffix.

*Nouns ending in -uê receive stress on the penultimate syllable.

*Prefixes and suffixes associated with grammatical tense and mood are never stressed; the verb stem is always that which receives stress. For example, in 'gekumut', 'kum' - which is the stem of 'kuman' ('to come') - is the syllable that is stressed.

*Words in which a vowel is marked with an acute or grave accent receive stress on the indicated syllable (in which the marked vowel is contained). (Note that a grave-accent-marked vowel is a combination of an umlaut vowel and a acute-accent-marked vowel. Therefore, the grave accent affects pronunciation in addition to stress.)

===Intonation===
Prosodic stress is extra stress given to words when they appear in certain positions in an utterance, or when they receive special emphasis. It can shift for various pragmatic functions, such as focus or contrast.

*Best Mäjenenwist tomäjen? - Is it breakfast tomorrow?
*Nesê, ne Ĕfenenwist tomäjen - no, it's ''dinner'' tomorrow

*Ikk rekk nat„ wet smä jă - I don't care what ''you'' think

*Ikk kwetedê„ dass hāb ikk twa Hundênen - I said that I ''would have'' two dogs

Often indicated in English using italic letters, it is indicated in Tauro-Piscean by replacing the first vowel of the stressed word with its breve or macron form, depending on whether the vowel is plain or umlaut respectively.

==Orthography==
The Tauro-Piscean alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet, using the following letters:

A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Z Ĝ Ŝ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü Ê 

(Vowels with acute, grave, macron and breve accents are not considered part of the alphabet because they affect only stress: Á É Í Ó Ú À È Ì Ò Ù Ă Ĕ Ĭ Ŏ Ŭ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū)

Tauro-Piscean orthography is highly phonemic and graphemes correspond accurately to phonemes.

In some cases, silent letters are present or the usual grapheme to which a phoneme corresponds is changed, namely when verbs are inflected for the present perfect and past continuous tenses (when T is added to the stem of the verb):

*The value of B becomes /p/ e.g. habb /hæ'''b'''/ becomes habbt /hæ'''p'''t
*D becomes silent, e.g. hïd /haı'''d'''/ becomes hïdt /haı'''t'''/
*The value of G becomes /k/ e.g. zag /zɑ:'''g'''/ becomes zagt /zɑ:'''k'''t/
*The value of V becomes /f/ e.g. revölv /re:vø:l'''v'''/ becomes revölvt /re:vø:l'''f'''t/
*The value of Z becomes /s/ e.g. rïz /raız/ becomes rï'''z'''t /raı'''s'''t/

Dominant vowels - apart from Ê - are always long, while recessive vowels (followed by two like consonants) and Ê are always short.

Two like consonants are pronounced in the same manner as one of those consonants alone, but the pronunciation of the vowel preceding the consonants is altered (from dominant to recessive).

Loanwords from other languages are adapted for Tauro-Piscean orthography and pronunciation. In many cases, the new variants become unrecognisable from the original word, but consistent spelling is retained. For example, the Tauro-Piscean word 'Seĝuê' ('weekend') /se:ʤu:ə/ is adapted from the French word 'séjour' ('stay', 'sojourn', 'abode') and 'Feton' ('soap opera') /fe:to:n/ from the French 'feuilleton'.

Anderson plans to develop an enhanced version of the Tauro-Piscean orthography as an alternative to IPA for transliterating words.

==Nouns==
The initial letter of every noun in Tauro-Piscean is capitalised.

Like most Germanic languages, Tauro-Piscean forms left-branching noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second. For example: Hundenhuttê (dog hut or doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Piscean always uses the closed form without spaces. For example: Tŝreënhus (tree house).

Tauro-Piscean compounds also assist in the differentiation of a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modify the noun. Compare the following examples:

*Essïzëren '''Zürênlözung''' - '''acid solution''' that is acetic &gt; acetic acid solution
*'''Essïzëren Zürê''' Lözung - solution of '''acetic acid''' &gt; acetic-acid solution

*'''Runden Beod''' Redung - discussion held at the '''round table''' &gt; round-table discussion
*Runden '''Beodenredung''' - '''table discussion''' that is round &gt; round table discussion (note that this does not make sense)

When forming a compound of two words, -n must be added to the end of the first word if it ends in a vowel, or -en if it ends in a consonant.

===Genders===
The Piscean language includes three 'logical' grammatical genders. While in many languages, the genders do not often relate to biological gender of nouns, they do in Tauro-Piscean; therefore, most nouns are neuter, while creatures of the male sex are masculine and creatures of female sex are feminine. If one refers to a creature, but does not wish to distinguish sex, the neuter gender can be used as a substitute. Observe the following examples:

*tet Sunnê - the sun (no sex, so neuter)
*tet Mann - the person (no sex specified, so neuter)
*sê Mann - the man (male, so masculine)
*seo Mann - the woman (female, so feminine)

The above example shows the importance the article plays in Piscean of distinguishing between sexes in a language where one noun fits all.

===Articles===

====Definite articles====
[[Image:tpdefart.png]]	

====Indefinite articles====
[[Image:tpindefart.png]]

====Demonstrative articles====
Tauro-Piscean makes a two-way distinction between the demonstratives, the proximal of which is formed by using the appropriate definite article plus the word 'heonan'.

*Tet heonan Tŝramet - this page
*Ikk red ten heonan Bok - I read this book

The distal is formed using the appropriate definite article plus the word 'tonan'.

*Tet tonan Tŝramet - that page
*Ikk red ten tonan Bok - I read that book

===Singular and Plural===
There are several ways to form plural nouns in Tauro-Piscean:

*Bok &gt; Bokê (add –ê to nouns that end in a consonant)
*Äto &gt; Ätos (add –s to nouns that end in a vowel other than ê)
*Sunnê &gt; Sunnên (add –n to nouns that end in ê)

===Cases===
Tauro-Piscean implements five cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive and instrumental.

====Nominative case====
This case is used for the subject of the sentence (i.e. the noun doing the verb) and as a complement after: 'bean' ('to be'), 'weëtan' ('to become') and 'hatan' ('to be called').

*'''Tet Äto''' be niwê - the car is new
*'''Tet Hund''' bit - the dog bites

====Accusative case====
This case is used for the direct object (i.e. the noun having the verb done to it/them) and after certain prepositions.

*Ikkê bïĝ '''ten Äto''' - we buy the car
*Ikk et '''ten Banánê''' - I eat the banana

When there is no article with the noun, the noun itself must be inflected. To do so with a noun that ends in a consonant, add -en - or, if it is a proper noun, add -'en. If the noun or proper noun ends in a vowel, add -nen or -'nen respectively. 

*Infëmaksion - information
*Ikk habb '''Infëmaksionen''' - I have information

Note that when inflecting a plural noun, it must be made plural before it is inflected for the accusative (the same applies to the dative, genitive and instrumental cases).

*Äto - car
*Ätos - cars
*Ikk mag '''Ätosen''' - I like cars

The accusative case allows for flexible sentence structure that can place emphasis on a certain word by changing its location, yet retaining original meaning. For example:

*Se Hund bit sen Mann - The dog bites the man
*Sen Mann bit se Hund - The dog bites the man

Both of the above Tauro-Piscean sentences have the same translation into English. On first glance, an English speaker might confuse the second example as 'the man bites the dog', although this is because the object comes before the subject. Because the word 'Mann' is preceded by the accusative article and 'Hund', by the nominative, those skilled in Tauro-Piscean can easily deduce the sentence's meaning. Meanwhile, the first example places emphasis on the subject, while the second places greater emphasis on the object.

====Dative case====
This case is used for the indirect object (i.e. the noun receiving or being given/sent/lent something) and after certain prepositions. This also translates the English word 'to' when it precedes a noun.

*Ikk jef tenen '''sem Lerärê''' - I give it to the teacher

The dative case is used when referring to travel:

*Ikk fa '''tem Sköl''' - I go to the school

To inflect a noun ending in a consonant when there is no article, add -em, or -'em for a proper noun. For a noun ending in a vowel, add -nem, or -'nem for a proper noun.

*Ikk fa '''Lunden'em''' - I go to London

====Genitive case====
This case is used to denote possession or ownership. 'The man's car' translates literally as 'the car of the man', but with the genitive case translating 'of' (instead of a separate word).

*Tet Äto ses Mann - the man's car (the car of the man)

To inflect a noun ending in a consonant when there is no article, add -es, or -'es for a proper noun. For a noun ending in a vowel, add -nes, or -'nes for a proper noun.

*Tet Rum Sean'es - Sean's room (the room of Sean)
*Tet Abït Gaynor'es - Gaynor's job (the job of Gaynor)

The case is also used as the genitive partitive.

*An Stïkê Kïsênes - a piece of cheese
*An Gruppê sis Mannê - a group of men

====Instrumental case====
The first use of the instrumental case is to replace words such as 'with' and 'by' in English in the context that they mean 'by means of' - in other words, to indicate that the noun in question is an 'instrument'.

*Tet Bän - the train
*Ikk fa bänum - I go (by) train
*Ikk fa temum bän - I go (by) the train

*Tet Kuli - the pen
*Ikk rit kulinum - I write (with a) pen
*Ikk rit temum kuli - I write (with) the pen

Despite the rule in Tauro-Piscean that all nouns begin with a capital letter, when in the instrumental case, this capital is dropped.

The second use of the instrumental case is to denote nationality.

*Englas - England
*Ikk zï englas'um - I am English (literally - 'I am by means of England')

To inflect a noun ending in a consonant when there is no article, add -um, or -'um for a proper noun. For a noun ending in a vowel, add -num, or -'num for a proper noun.

==Adjectives==

===Adjective Endings===
In English, an adjective can appear in one of two different places in a sentence:

*Separated from the noun it describes: the tree is '''small'''
*Immediately before the noun it describes: the '''small''' tree

The same phrases in Tauro-Piscean are:

*Tet Tŝreë zï smalê - the tree is small
*Tet smalên Tŝreë - the small tree

Notice that when the adjective appears ammediately in front of the noun it describes, it must be inflected. The endings depend on whether the adjective's final letter is a vowel or a consonant.

For one that describes a neuter noun, whose final letter is a vowel, add -n and for one whose final letter is a consonant, add -en.

For one that describes a masculine noun, whose final letter is a vowel, add -het and for one whose final letter is a consonant, add -et.

For one that describes a feminine noun, whose final letter is a vowel, add -heo and for one whose final letter is a consonant, add -eo.

===Possessive Adjectives===
Possessive adjectives are translated using genitive-derived variants of pronouns. In Tauro-Piscean, they always follow the noun. Additionally, the definite article is used.

[[Image:Tpposadj.png]]

*Tet Bok '''ikkes''' - my book
*Tet Hus '''janes''' - your house

===Comparative and Superlative Adjectives===

====Comparative adjectives====
One uses these to compare things, for example when you're saying something is smaller than something else. 

*smalê (small) &gt; smalêjä (smaller)

Whereas English sometimes uses 'more' and 'less' instead of '-er', Tauro-Piscean follows regular patterns.

*intäressant - interesting
*more .../...er &gt; ...ä (more interesting &gt; intäressant'''ä''')

To say 'more ...', one simply adds -ä to an adjective that ends in a consonant, or -jä to an adjective that ends in a vowel.

*intäressant &gt; intäressantä (interesting &gt; more interesting)

To say 'less ...', one adds -ë to an adjective that ends in a consonat, or -jë to an adjective that ends in a vowel.

*intäressant &gt; intäressantë (interesting &gt; less interesting)

To say 'less/more interesting than ...', use 'tonnê' and the accusative case afterwards.

*An Bok zï intäressantä '''tonnê anen''' Fiêlm - a book is more interesting than a film
*An Bok zï intäressantë '''tonnê anen''' Fiêlm - a book is less interesting than a film

====Superlative adjectives====
Superlative adjectives are used to say something is the best, tallest, etc.

*jod (good) &gt; jodü (best)

To say 'most ...', one adds -ü to an adjective that ends in a consonant, or -jü to an adjective that ends in a vowel.

*intäressant &gt; intäressantü (interesting &gt; most interesting)

To say 'least ...', one adds -uš to an adjective that ends in a consonant, or -š to an adjective that ends in a vowel.

*intäressant &gt; intäressantuš

====Comparative and superlative adjective endings====
As with normal adjectives, comparatives and superlatives must have an ending if they appear directly in front of a noun they are describing.

*Tet Bok zï intäressantä - the book is more interesting
*Tet '''intäressantän''' Bok - the more interesting book

==Adverbs==
Adverbs describe or give more information about verbs. In Tauro-Piscean, they are the same as adjectives.

*Tet Äto be sneêl - the car is quick
*Tet Äto fa '''sneêl''' - the car goes quickly

==Pronouns==
[[Image:Tppronoun.png]]

===Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns===
Like nouns, pronouns change according to the case. Here is the full ist of pronouns in the nominative, accusative and dative cases.

[[Image:Tpdirobjprn.png]]

*Ikk mag '''tenen''' nat - I don't like them
*Te mag '''ikken''' nat - they don't like me

*Ja send '''ikkem''' anen Jefu - you send [to] me a present
*Ikk send '''janem''' anen Jefu - I send [to] you a present

===Relative Pronouns===
Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns: words that correspond to 'who', 'whom', 'that' and 'which' in English.  These may be omitted in English, but must be included in Tauro-Piscean.  A comma always precedes the relative pronoun, which is put into the correct gender depending on the noun it refers to (the same as the definite articles), and the correct case depending on its function in the clause.  (In the following example, the relative pronoun is in the masculine accusative case because 'Manteêl' is masculine, and is a direct object of the verb 'to buy'; therefore, it is accusative.)

*Te zï tet Manteêl, '''ten''' bïĝedê ikk jestŝran - that is the coat '''[that]''' I bought yesterday
*Seo Hund, '''seon''' sedê ikk et endenesten Wiku - the bitch '''[that]''' I saw last week
*Te be sê Mann, '''sem''' kwetedê ikk nemkvënen - he is the man '''to whom''' I said nothing

==Verbs==
===Moods and Tenses===
====Infinitive mood====
Using the infinitive unchanged translates the word 'to' in addition to the verb.

*Ikk mag '''plean''' - I like to play

In their widely known form, Tauro-Piscean verbs end in -an, -ran, -ian, -rian, -wian or -jian.

This needs to be changed according to grammatical mood and tense. There is no conjugation depending on grammatical person in the Tauro-Piscean language.

====Imperative mood====
Imperative verbs express direct commands, requests and prohibitions. The imperative is formed with an infinitive verb in conjunction with a VSO (verb-subject-object) word order.

*Redan ten Bok - read the book
*Skäwian ten heonan Tramet - see this page

====Indicative mood====
The indicative mood is the most common in the Piscean language, used for factual statements and positive beliefs. It is normally formed in the present simple tense by removing the infinitive ending.

*Ikk red ten Bok - I read the book
*Ja skä ten heonan Tramet - you observe this page

The mood is compatible with other tenses, in which cases the infinitive must be altered differently.

[[Image:Tpindic.png]]

To form:

'''Present simple''' - if the infinitive ending is -an, -ran, -rian, -wian or -jian, remove it. If it is -ian, change it to -ê

'''Present continuous''' - remove the significant part of the infinitive ending (i.e. the -an or the -ian, but not the R, W or J that may come before those letters). Then, add -ong if the stem ends in a consonant, or -ng if it ends in a vowel.

'''Present perfect''' - the word 'nef' must be placed before the variant verb, which is formed as in present simple, but with an additional T.

'''Preterite''' - formed as in present continuous, but with -edê (after a consonant) and -dê (after a vowel) substitued for -ong and -ng respectively.

'''Imperfect''' - formed as in present continuous, but with -ot (after a consonant) and -jot (after a vowel) substituted for -ong and -ng respectively.

'''Past continuous''' - formed as in present perfect, but with the word 'wüz' in place of 'nef'.

'''Pluperfect''' - formed as in imperfect, but with -ut and -jut substituted for -ot and -jot respectively; additionally, ge- must be prefixed onto the verb if it begins with a consonant, or g- if it begins with a vowel.

'''Future''' - formed with the infinitve. The word 'will' must be placed before the verb.

'''Future perfect''' - formed as in pluperfect, but with -in and -jin substituted for -ut and -jut respectively - and ez- substituted for both ge- and g-.

====Interrogative mood====
Verbs in inflected in this manner if they are used to ask questions. The interrogative mood not normally used with a noun or pronoun, but if context does not make this clear, a noun or pronoun can be included after the interrogative verb (VSO word order).

*Habbest anen Kuli? - do you have a pen?

[[Image:Tpinterro.png]]

In every tense, the interrogative is formed as in the indicative, save for adding -est to the verb if its final letter is a consonant, or -st if its final letter is Ê and with the future being an exception to this rule.

In the future, the word 'will' (modal verb 'willan') must be inflected by adding -est. Additionally, whichever verb is in question - in the case of the table 'faran' - is inverted to the end of the sentence.

*Willest anen Kuli habban? - will you have a pen?

====Conditional mood====
The conditional mood is used to speak of an event whose realisation is dependent on a certain condition.

*Ikk häb anen Kuli - I would have a pen

[[Image:Tpcond.png]]

The conditional present simple, present continuous and present perfect tenses are formed as in indicative, but with the first vowel in the verb taking an umlaut. If the stem of the verb ends in a double consonant (same letter), this must be reduced to just one. For example:

*Ikk ha'''bb''' (indicative) &gt; Ikk hä'''b''' (conditional)

=====Ta=====
The Tauro-Piscean word 'ta' can mean both 'if' and 'when'. It means 'when' when it is followed by a verb in the indicative mood.

*'''Ta habb''' ikk jenün Feë - when I have enough money

It means 'if' when it is followed by a verb in the conditional mood.

*'''Ta häb''' ikk jenün Feë - if I have enough money

====Jussive mood====
The jussive mood in Tauro-Piscean is used to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish and desire.

*Se Hund wïêl bït - the dog should bite

[[Image:Tpjuss.png]]

It is formed in the same way as conditional, but with the word 'wïêl' before the verb in question, or before the word 'nef' if it is present.

====Dubitative mood====
The dubitative mood expresses the speaker's doubt, uncertainty or speculation about the event denoted by the verb. Tauro-Piscean implements two variants of the dubitative mood, one of which is known as 'presumptive' and the other as 'assumptive'.

*Te bedog in California'nem - They must be in California (assumptive - what is perceived to be the probable event)
*Te bëdog in California'nem - They might be in California (presumptive - what is perceived to be a possible event)

[[Image:Tpdubitass.png]] 

The assumptive is formed similarly to the interrogative mood, but with the -dog suffix substituted for -est.

[[Image:Tpdubitpres.png]]

The presumptive is formed as the assumptive, but with an umlaut on the first vowel of the verb stem and 'wïêldog' instead of 'willdog' for the future.

===Modal Verbs===
Modal verbs give additional information about the mood of the main verb that follows it.

*Mean - to be allowed to
*Kunnan - to be able to
*Magan - to like
*Skölan - to have to
*Zollan - to be supposed to
*Wölan - to want to
*Willan - will

The other verb that is used with the modal is always in the infinitive form and at the end of a clause.

*Ikk '''kunn''' tem Fotenpuffenspeêl '''faran''' - I can go to the football match
*Ikk '''wöl''' tem Fotenpuffenspeêl '''faran''' - I want to go to the football match

===Reflexive Verbs===
These verbs refer to something that you are doing to yourself. Tauro-Piscean marks this using the accusative form of a pronoun (direct object pronoun) after the verb.

*Ikk feëmê ikken - I wash myself
*Ikk abíê ikken - I dress myself
*Ja feëmê janen - you wash yourself
*Tes abíê tesen - they wash themselves

===Negation===
====Nat====
'Nat' means 'not'. It comes immediately after the verb.

*Ikk farong '''nat''' tem Fotenpuffenspeêl - I'm not going to the football match

====The negative articles====
'Nat' is not the only way of saying 'not' in Tauro-Piscean. One cannot say 'nat an', but would say 'nan', 'nanê' or 'näno' instead. These words are inflected in the same way as the words 'an', 'anê' and 'äno' (but with the prefix -n).

*Ikk habb '''nen''' Brotë - I don't have a brother
*Te habb '''nanen''' Feë - they don't have any money

===To Be===
The Tauro-Piscean language has a loan feature from Spanish: two verbs that can both be translated into English as 'to be'.

The first of these, 'bean', describes the '''condition''' of something. Observe:

*Tet Epeêl be grenê - the apple is green (because it is unripe)

This example speaks of the apple's condition. The apple is green, as it has not yet ripened. When the condition of the apple changes, it will no longer be green - it will be ripe.

The second of the verbs, 'zïan', describes the '''essential characteristics''' of something. Observe:

*Tet Epeêl zï grenê - the apple is green (by nature)

In this case, the apple is green in colour and remains green even after it has ripened.

Overall, 'bean' tells one '''how''' something is, whereas 'zijan' tells us '''what feature''' something has.

*Ikk be metê - I am currently tired
*Ikk zï metê - I am generally tired

*Ikk be feên - I am currently happy
*Ikk zï feên - I am generally happy

*Te be ruï - they are being quiet
*Zee zï ruï - they are introverted

*Ikk be fus - I am ready
*Ikk zï fus - I'm ready for anything/I'm a quick thinker

Note that when an irreversible change has occurred, 'bean' is still used.

*Hee bee däd - he is (currently) dead
*Teet Äto bee abreotede - the car is (currently) destroyed

While this instruction may seem to contradict previous rules, it has a reason: in the examples, the person cannot be 'generally dead' and the car can't be 'generally destroyed'. The objects are not necessarily supposed to be that way and, as such, the adjectives describe their conditions.

Note that in these situations, 'zïan' is still sometimes used for idioms. For example:

*Te zï däd - ''they are a dull and unresponsive person''
*Tet Äto zï abreotedê - ''the car is falling to pieces''

==Prepositions==
[[Image:Tppreps.png]]

Prepositions, apart from 'foff', are either followed by the accusative case or the dative case. Usually, they will be found in conjunction with the dative case, which indicates that they refer to something that is stationary.

*Ikk be '''in tem''' Rum - I am in the room (stationary)

Sometimes, they will be found in conjunction with the accusative case, which indicates that they refer to something that is in motion.

*Ikk fa '''in ten''' Rum - I go into the room (in motion)

Notably, there are two prepositions that translate the English word 'in'. The Tauro-Piscean 'in' translates the physical sense, whereas 'foff' translates the dynamic sense. The word 'foff', unlike any other preposition, is accompanied by the nominative case.

*Ni tonan Feë '''in''' tem Rum - there is money in the room (physical)

*Ni tonan sumen Jod '''foff''' te - there is some good in them (dynamic)
*Ikk zï jod foff Nundeê englas'um - I am good in [at] English (dynamic)
*Ikk belef foff tet Jod - I believe in God (dynamic)

By adding endings to a preposition - namely -à and -ù respectively where it ends in a consonant or -jà and -jù where it ends in a vowel - one can say 'x where' and 'x which', where x is the preposition.

*... alïf Misfadungen arisan, '''framù''' spring Blodĝrïnk ... - ... allow disorder to arise, '''from which''' springs bloodshed ...

*Kumest te, '''framà'''? - '''From where''' does it come?

*Tet Feë '''tojù''' weëk tet Mann  - the money '''for which''' the man works

To say 'whose', one would use 'tonnêjù'

*Sê Mann '''tonnêjù''' hat seo Mann tenes Jessica - the man '''whose''' wife is called Jessica

==Word Order==
In many cases, Tauro-Piscean word order is identical to English. This is true for simple subject+verb+other elements sentences: 'Ikk se janen' ('I see you') or 'Te weëk et Hamem' ('They work at home'). This word order places the subject first, the verb second and any other elements third.

*''Sê ölden Mann'' '''kum''' tode Hamem - the old man comes today home

However, a sentence is often begun with something other than the subject, in which case the verb remains second and is immediately followed by the subject.

*Tode '''kum''' ''sê ölden Mann'' Hamem - today comes the old man home

===Time, Manner, Place===
Another area where Tauro-Piscean syntax may vary from that of English is the position of time, manner and place. In English, one would say 'Eric is coming home on the train today', but in Tauro-Piscean, the time, manner, place pattern must be followed in exact order.

*Eric kum tode bänum Hamem - Eric comes today on the train home

When beginning the sentence with a different element, the elements that follow remain in the same order.

*Bänum kum Eric tode Hamem (but emphasising 'by train' - as opposed to by car or by plane, etc.)

In a clause that begins with an introductory word or phrase and after a dependent clause when it precedes the independent clause (where English may optionally use a comma; this comma is not used in Tauro-Piscean), the verb must follow said element and the subject must follow the verb.

*Ikk wit nat, '''ta''' ''kum'' te tode - I don't know '''when''' ''come'' they today
*'''Et Wintänem''' ''weët'' te köld - '''In winter,''' ''become'' they cold

==Voice==
Tauro-Piscean has two voices: the active and the passive. The active form follows the basic SVO pattern, whereas the passive voice is derived by a shift of syntax (subject and object), while retaining relevant cases. Observe

*Ikk se Bill - I see Bill
*Bill se ikk - Bill is seen by me

*Bill se ikken - Bill sees me
*Ikken se Bill - I am seen by Bill

*Sê Hund bit sen Mann - the dog bites the man
*Sen Mann bit sê Hund - the man is bitten by the dog

*Sê Mann bit sen Hund - the man bites the dog
*Sen Hund bit sê Mann - the dog is bitten by the man

Tauro-Piscean has another voice related to the middle voice, where in English, the patient becomes the subject, as in passive, but the verb remains in apparently active voice, no agent can plausibly be supplied, and generally, an adverbial modifies the entire construction. This voice is made using the dummy pronoun 'jo', which acts as a subject.

*Jo fësle lïtä ten Bräd - the bread slices poorly ([dummy pronoun] slices the bread poorly)
*Jo kep jod tenên Románê tenes - their books sell well ([dummy pronoun] sells their books well)

Similarly, the dummy pronoun 'jo' (and the relevant tense) is also used when a clause is passive, but no subject is present.

*Jo makedê ten Rodë - the sky was made ([dummy pronoun] made the sky)
*Jo kep tenên Románê - the books are sold ([dummy pronoun] sells the books)

==Question Words==
In Tauro-Piscean, question words are always the final element of a clause and set off by a comma.

[[Image:Tpqwords.png]]

There are two forms of 'what'. 'Wet' is an inquiry into an action (in relation to a verb):

*Makêst, '''wet'''? - '''What''' do you make?
*Etongest, '''wet'''? - '''What''' are you eating?

'Weêlk' is an inquiry into an object (in relation to a noun):

*Best te Äto, '''weêlk'''? - '''What'''/'''which''' car is it?

There are also two forms of 'how'. 'Hu' seeks an explanation:

*Dodêst tenen, '''hu'''? - '''How''' did you do it?

'We' is used in relation to quantities:

*Habbest mikeêl, '''we'''? - '''How''' much do you have?

The difference between 'hu' and 'we' can be significant, as illustrated in these examples:

*Habbest mikeêlen Feë, hu? - How do you have much money?
*Habbest mikeêlen Feë, we? - How much money do you have?

==Numerals==
In Tauro-Piscean numerals, the tens and units are reversed, such that 21 is rendered 'antwentï', i.e. one-twenty. A similar pattern occurs in hundreds, thousands, millions, etc. For large numbers, the long scale is used, e.g. one short-scale billion is a milliard. The thousands separator is an apostrophe, while the decimal separator is a comma.

[[Image:Tpnums.png]]

Numbers are read in reverse order compared to in English, as can be witnessed in the above examples. Notably, the thousands separator is rendered in speech and in writing as 'plo', which means 'plus'. The decimal separator is rendered as 'pre'.

*5,2 - fifpretwa (five point two)

Ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinals by suffixing '-dê'.

*Andê - first
*twentïdê - twentieth
*tŝrefiftïhundfifplotusendtŝrefiftïdê - fifty-three thousand, five hundred and fifty-third

As a number, ordinals can be made also by adding '-dê', e.g. 1st = 1dê and 20th = 20dê

In formal writing (unless in headlines and reports heavy on statistics), numerals are always preferable to short-hand numbers, so one would be more likely to see ...

*Milliotwa Mannê faredê tem Reŝtríkidärênkeosung - two million people went to the election

than ...

*2'000'000 Mannê faredê tem Reŝtríkidärênkeosung - 2,000,000 people went to the election

Only the numeral 'an' (the indefinite article) is inflected. Following any other number, it is the nouns themselves that must be inflected. For example:

*Ikk habb '''anen Hund''' - I have a dog
*Ikk habb '''twa Hudênen''' - I have two dogs

To emphasise that 'an' refers to 'one' rather than the indefinite article, one can inflect the noun in a similar manner.

*Ikk habb '''an Hunden''' - I have one dog

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]

==Punctuation==
===Full Stop; Semicolon; Colon; Question Mark; Exclamation Mark===
Tauro-Piscean use of full stops, semicolons, colons, question marks and exclamation marks does not differ from English - nor, indeed, many other languages. Preceding the aforementioned punctuation, there is no space and following, there is a single em space. Capital letters are used after full stops, question marks and exclamation marks, but not after colons and semicolons.

===Quotation Marks===
Primarily, Tauro-Piscean implements guillemets to indicate a quotation. The left guillemet is preceded by a space, but not followed, and the right guillemet is followed by a space, but not preceded. For example:

*«Te heonan zï an Zitat.» - 'This is a quote.' 

Quotations within quotations are set off by double inverted commas. For example:

*Ikk smä„ dass kwetedê te: «Sê Mann kwetedê: &quot;Ikk habb jenün Feë&quot;.» - I think that they said, 'The man said, &quot;I have enough money&quot;.'

A quotation introduced part-way through a sentence is preceded by a colon. 

The Tauro-Piscean convention, as is that of British English, is to place punctuation either in or outside of the quotation marks in accordance with whether or not the punctuation is part of the quoted phrase. For a quotation consisting of several paragraphs, the convention is to start each separate paragraph of the quoted text with an opening quotation mark, but to use a closing quotation mark only at the end of the last paragraph.

===Commas===
Following influence from the [[Dal'qörian|Dalcurian language]], Tauro-Piscean has since made use of two types of comma: single and double. This often helps to resolve ambiguity, notably in the arguments for and against serial commas.

====Single comma====
The single comma (,) is used in the following instances:

*To separate two independent clauses that are joined by a co-ordinating conjunction.

*To separate co-ordinate adjectives.

*To separate items in lists and as a serial comma.

*As the decimal point.

*To indicate that a word has been omitted.

====Double comma====
The double comma („) is used in the following instances:

*To set off parenthetical phrases.

*Before a subordinating conjunction.

*When writing names that are presented last name first.

*When writing the full date.

*To set off individual elements in names of geographical places or political divisions.

Note that, in Unicode, the symbol used by Tauro-Piscean for the double comma is the 'double low-9 quotation mark'.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chupai</title>
    <id>4561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27191</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-02T07:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chúpaì''' is a Sinitic language introduced in the year 3142, when an earthquake broke Hong Kong in half. The inhabitants of the then dubbed ''Kômdó Lài'' declaired independance and created a new language. 

== A little word on Accentation ==

Like Mandarin and Cantonese, ChúPaì is a tonal language, with 5 tones, a - flat á - Rising à - falling â - rise and fall ä -pronounces twice

It is important to remember this as some word have diferent intonations and therefore, different meanings. 

Mai - May
Mái - sudden
Mài - mail
Mâi - Mary
Mäi - Drunk (tipsy)

== Alphabet ==

A B C Ch D E G I J K L Ly M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Zh

Ch - Chair

G - Like The Russian X (Kh)

Ly - Like Loi in Loin

Q - Like Russian ц (Ts)

Zh - Like ch, but more Plosive. 


== Grammar ==

Sample

; Would you like a drink? : Qàmdo du guá beö?  Would(ques) you like drink? : 

; that is daniel's hat : Dar küm daanífâ  That Hat Daniel(posses)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Allicivere</title>
    <id>4562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27101</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-30T00:10:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Allicivere.   Allicivere (Ag-lits-i-veh-reh) is the official language of the Alliciverit Islands, on the planet Yanam S44. It is considered a Romance language and is derived from it’s an...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Allicivere. 

Allicivere (Ag-lits-i-veh-reh) is the official language of the Alliciverit Islands, on the planet Yanam S44. It is considered a Romance language and is derived from it’s ancestral form, Allicim. Created By Andrew Wood Nov 29th 2007.

The Language contains 2 Question Markers, Kam asks for a yes or no answer, Kamda asks for something more in-depth. . The alphabet  consists  of 31 consonants and seven vowels.  38 letters in all. 

A B C D E EE F G GH I J K L LL M N O OO P PY PL QU QV R RR S T U V W X Y Z ZH SH CH TH KH. 

== Pronunciation ==

A - As in Cat

B - As in Bat

C - Ts as in Cats

D - As on dog

E - As in Pet

EE - as in Feet

F - as in foot

G - as in Gate

Gh - Gy Like the Spanish Ñ but with a G

I - As in sit

J - as in jam

K - Silent, Like in '''K'''nock

L - as in Love

Ll - Gl, As in Glug

M - As in Mate

N - As in Note

O - as in pot

OO - as in Boot

P - As in Paste

Py - As in Pygmy 

Pl  - as in play

Qu - As in Queen

Qv - Kv As in german Knockwurst (K’nok’vurst)

R - As in Ran

RR - Trilled, Like Spanish Raul

S - as in State

T - As in Tate

U - as in Put

V - As in Vein

W - as in Wine

X - As in excellent

Y - As in Boy

Z - As in Zoo

Zh - as the S in Pleasure

Sh - As in Shine

Ch - As in China

Th -As in Thane

Kh - Like in Scottish Loch. 

== Grammar ==

Allicivere follows a SOV grammar style.  Adjectives are joined to the object it decribes by a hyphen and always come before the object. 

==Possesives 1==
 - If ending in consoant

House - Domam

My house - Domamo

Youre (sing) House - Domame

Youre (Pl) House - Domamee
Their House- Domamut

Our House - Domamim

Her/His/It’s house -  Domamitse. 

==Possesives 2== 
- If ending in a vowel. (also if ending in vowel + K, as K is silent)

Carrot - Cauvlak

My Carrot - Cauvlakni

Your (Sing) Carrot - Cauvlakno

Your (pl) Carrot - Cauvlaknoo

Their Carrot - Cauvlaknas

Our Carrot - Cauvlaknit

Her/his/it’s carrot - Cauvlaknoci

==And Sentences?==

; The red car. : Ju Rusi-utombille

Sample sentences. 

; I love Jam : Kee Yaum Amuerr. ( I Jam Love)

; My cat eats old fish : Gatini Gerrit-Aqvanti Domer (Mycat Old-fish eats)

; Your brother slapped me! : Hemantille Koy Jaipeme! (Yourbrother me slapped!)

; Is there a house speciality? : Ceceille-domam Vere kam? (Special-house here Yes/no Question)

; What is Einstein’s theory of relativity? Einensteeny Ralacivitathewemitse kamda? (Eistein Relativitytheoryhis  answer in depth)

== Plurals?==

If ending in a vowel, at lli

If ending in a constant, Ij. 

Dog - Perdom - Perdomij

Cat - Gati - Gatilli

House - Domam - Domamij

Heart - Aurauga - Auraugalli.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diverglish</title>
    <id>4563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27102</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-30T00:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: New Script for English  Script:  [[Image:ScannedImage.jpg]]   Sample  [[Image:ScannedImage-2.jpg]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">New Script for English

Script:

[[Image:ScannedImage.jpg]]


Sample

[[Image:ScannedImage-2.jpg]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:ScannedImage.jpg</title>
    <id>4564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27103</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-30T00:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:ScannedImage-2.jpg</title>
    <id>4565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27104</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-30T00:59:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Schizero</title>
    <id>4566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27125</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-01T02:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Schizero''' Short for '''Schizeraandit Failandam''' is the Official language of [[Fayland]], a small island 79 1/4 miles of the north coast of Nauru. Schizeraandit Failandam simply mean...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Schizero''' Short for '''Schizeraandit Failandam''' is the Official language of [[Fayland]], a small island 79 1/4 miles of the north coast of Nauru. Schizeraandit Failandam simply means normal speech of Fayland. 

The language has it's own writing system, However, for the sake of easiness we shall use the Randfangam Transliteration. Dr. Arven Randfang was a dutch explorer who found Fayland in 2332, he was a language expert and took to translating the language. 

Schizero is of a language branch all of it's own, with to Creoles on two neighbouring smaller islands. It is a very simple language, and isn't used to go into much detail as the Faisians are a very primitive people. 

== Randfangam Alphabet == 

The Randfangam Alphabet consits of 28 constonants and 7 vowels. 

Consonants: B C D F G H J K # L M N P Qv R R- S T V X Y Z Zh Kw Qu Q| Ch Sh

Vowels : A E I O U Ü Ø</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>D͌in̷nïn</title>
    <id>4567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27127</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-01T02:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''D͌in̷nïn''' Is a language with a very diverse alphabet, Created to have a mess about with characters.

Alphabet. 

A Â Å B B̃ D D͌ D̶ E Ë É F Ƒ G H Ƕ I Ï Î K Kʷ Kʸ K̺ L Ł Ḽ Ҩ M N N̷ O Ö Ô Ó Ø P P͌ Qʳ Qᵘ Q͖ ‡ R Rʳ S Š T T̃ U Ü U̐ V V́ W Ẃ W̆ X X́ Y Ȳ Z Ž Z̷ Z͚

Sample Sentence - SOV

; The Cats are out of the Bag : Dï'gaƒid͌iz͚ Dï'at̃ä‡ amu̐.        (''Dai-Ga-Shf-idsh-iz'z Dai-at-ayf'f am-oo-u'')

Grammar (The'Cat(pl) The'Bag Out.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tauro-Pisces portal</title>
    <id>4568</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>27149</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-01T11:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Tauro-Pisces portal]] moved to [[Tauro-Piscean language]]: All elements relating to language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tauro-Piscean language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tauro-pisces.png</title>
    <id>4569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27158</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-01T12:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ethnicities of Galhaf</title>
    <id>4570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42365</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T04:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Odiran Races */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Humans (Galhaf)|Humans]] on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] are, as on Earth, divided into a large number of ethnicities.  From an historical perspective, there are five main ethnic divisions, descended from 5 settlements established by the first humans to arrive on Galhaf.  These groups have since divided into a number of subraces, and intermixing has occurred among them, particularly among the four [[Odira]]n groups.

== Odiran Races ==
=== Northwestern ===
The Northwestern group includes the [[Kasshi]].  Northwesterners tend to be short (averaging 5'3 for men, 5'0 for women).  They have sparse body hair, red or strawberry-blond hair.  Eyes commonly have a single fold (&quot;Asian&quot;-like), with green being a common color.  Skin tone is generally medium-dark.

=== Southwestern ===
Southwesterners (which include the [[Sanle]]) are very dark.  Hair color ranges from blonde to brunet.  Eye color is generally brown.  Body hair is sparse, though men commonly have moderate facial hair.  Height is variable among different groups, with the shortest averaging a little taller than the Northwesterners (c. 5'5 for men, 5'2 for women), and the tallest approaching 6'0&quot; for men and 5'10&quot; for women.
=== Central ===
=== Eastern ===

== Krayan Races ==
Krayans are light-skinned, some to the point of Earth's Scandinavians.  Eye color is frequently blue.  Hair color tends to be blond or light brown.  They are usually fairly hirsute.

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Diphthongs.jpg</title>
    <id>4571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27221</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-02T22:39:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Classical Diūn Diphthongs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Classical Diūn Diphthongs</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ashamaic</title>
    <id>4572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30731</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-17T17:50:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ashamaic''' is an ancient language spoke by the people that once inhabited Egypt in 10,240 b.c. it had no writing system and was only spoken. People know the language as they have spoken to spirit guides and shamans who are from this time. Psychic Medium [[Ashanti Barorem]] used the help of her spirit guide Bixam to decipher the language and bring it back. There it the National Ashamaic Society in Brooklyn, founded by Ashanti in 1898. 

The Ashamis were a very primitive people, however they had democracy, taxes, a heirachical structure and alcohol. See [[Ashami (race)]] for more details and see [[Axandu Travelguide]] for those who wish to travel back in time .   

==First of all. The Ashamaic Alphabet. ==

The alphabet was the basis of alphabets like Greek, Latin and Hebrew, which some people wandering picked up and sounds spread throught the world. The transliteration was invented by Ashanti Barorem in 1884, and is know as the Baroric Alphabet. 

==A B D E F G H H’ X I K L M N O P R S Sh T Th U V Z. ==

Pronunciation. 

A - like a in Cat

B - Like in Boat

D - Like in Dance

E - Like in Egg

F - Like in France

G - Like in Gulp

H Like in Ham

H’ Like in ham, only more forced. 

X Like the Russian Letter X. (kh) 

I - Like in Sit
 
K  - Like in Kit

L - Like in Land

M - Like in Move

N - Like in Nine

O - Like in Dog

P - Like in Person

R - Like in Right. 

S - Like in Sit

Sh - Like in Share

T - Like in Time

Th - Like in These, Not like Thump. 

U - Like in Put

V - Like in Vicious

Z - Like in Zoo. 

Grammar. 

Sentences are VSO.  Exept in Questions.  The, It and are redundant. This that and these are all the same, Ashi. 


So, I am riding a bike become Riding I am a bike. 

Verbs are inflected, like in Spanish. 

Verbs ending ina constonant. 

*To Live - Axan
*I Live - Axani
*You (sing) live - Axanu
*We Live - Axanis
*They Live - Axanit
*He Lives - Axano
*She Lives - Axanot
*It Lives - Axanom
*You (pl) Live - Axanut

Verbs ending in a vowel. 

*To Fall - Athene
*I fall - Athenem
*You (Sing) fall - Athenet
*We fall - Athenema
*They Fall - Athenesh
*He Falls - Athenex
*She Falls - Athenexe
*It Falls - Atheneme
*You (pl) Fall - Athenetam. 

I am riding a bike would become

;Katardem bixixlet. 

However Questions aren’t much diferent. 

Am I riding a bike? Becomes Bike, I ride, then the question marker Kele. OVQ. 

;Bixixlet Katardem Kele?

==More Examples==

; I like these cakes! : Amaxim ashi carka!

; Do you like these cakes? : Ashi Carka amaxit kele? 

; They thought it was a mouse. : H’arxitit shalame Kaxaz! (They thought, it be a mouse)

; Did you (pl) think it was a mouse? : Kaxaz shalame H’arxitut kele?

== Ashamaic Literature = 

'''H’um Shalax lanaxi''' (''lit: The man, he is poor'' The Poor Man) Is a short play written about the death of Axandi Farmer Himex. 

Quote from Himex

; Galaxum, vathitoxom dis H’avatik, dimali votha, lamidu timam, timam evush laxumve. : As the sun rose over the horizon, I went to work, you know I do, like every other morning.  
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ashanti Barorem</title>
    <id>4573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27224</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-03T02:43:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Ashanti Barorem''' was a 1870's psychic medium, a very famous woman who traveled america doing shows and psychic readings.  == Eary life ==   Ashanti was born, then adopted and raised b...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ashanti Barorem''' was a 1870's psychic medium, a very famous woman who traveled america doing shows and psychic readings.

== Eary life == 

Ashanti was born, then adopted and raised by her blind grandmother. her mother died when ashanti was at the age of 4 months. She led a normal life up until the age of eight, when she met an egyptian man who was her spirit guide, Her guide taught her the language of Ashamaic, an ancient and forgotten language. 

== The Language == 

Ashanti fell in love with the language and was soon teaching a small community of her folowers the language. And it spread. 

==See also==

*[[Ashamaic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Partridgic vowels.png</title>
    <id>4574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27241</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-03T17:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Partridgic consonants.png</title>
    <id>4575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27246</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-03T18:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tauro-Piscean Republic</title>
    <id>4576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30253</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-26T19:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Country|natname=Demokrátiŝen Bölkenrepúblik Nuvpiskeotäros'es
|name=Democratic People's Republic of New Pisces and Taurus
|flag=[[Image:Tauro-Piscean_Republic.png|120px|center]]
|arms=[[Image:pisces_arms.png|120px|center]]
|anthem=''In You I Believe''
|map=[[Image:Tprep.png|190px]]&lt;br&gt;
|cap=Kiel
|lrgecity=N/A
|lang=[[Tauro-Piscean_language|Tauro-Piscean]]
|dem=Tauro-Piscean
|gov=Single-party communist state&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Representatives:&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;- S.C. Anderson&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;- L.J. Partridge&lt;br&gt;
|ind=(From [[Wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] and [[Wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]) 15 June 1920
|area=19,701 km²
|pop=3,089,454}}

The '''Tauro-Piscean Republic''', oficially the '''Democratic People's Republic of New Pisces and Taurus''', is a country that lies in the Jutland Peninsula between northern Germany and southern Denmark.

==History==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Country</title>
    <id>4577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50093</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-04T00:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Map: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{map goes here}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Anthem: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Capital: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Largest city: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language(s): ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Demonym: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Independence: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Area: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pisces arms.png</title>
    <id>4578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27276</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-04T18:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pisces flag.jpg</title>
    <id>4579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27294</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-04T21:05:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Pisces flag.jpg]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Co-ord.png</title>
    <id>4580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27287</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-04T20:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pisces google earth.jpg</title>
    <id>4581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27290</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-04T20:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Location pisces.jpg</title>
    <id>4582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27301</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-05T16:40:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Axandu Travelguide</title>
    <id>4583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27312</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-06T02:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Axandu''' Is the country that was in place of Egypt in and around 10,000 b.c. It wasn't in any way a densly populatred land, it was mainly a dry and barren land, used for farming. There was a heirarchical structure, with a Royal Family. It was discovered by [[Ashanti Barorem]] on an Out of Body experience, since then, she takes most of her students there to learn the Official Language.

==Regions== 
* Timani - The Larges area, all desert, used only by travelers. 
* Xashan - The Capital, a large city containing most of the population, there was a marketand lots of farmland. 
* Kaman - The southern most city, very hot land, though quite fertile. 
* Tizimda - a city to the west, where about 4 people lived

==Understand==
The official, and indeed, only language, is [[Ashamaic]], a little must be learned. 

===History===
Axandu Is mostly history in itself. There was a civil war in approximately 9,761 bc, caused by the King of the time, Spini, dissallowing travel through Timani, causing food lines to be broken. This caused an uproar, as people in Xashan relied heavily on supplies from Kaman, which was the more fertile land. Kaman were fist to rebel, after knowing that their inability to travel the plains would heavily effect the people of Xashan. 


==Get in==

There is only one way. Astral projection. Then ask to go to Ancient Axandu. 

==Main dangers==

Megatherium. Prehistoric bear like creatures, very big, and very touchy.


==Stay healthy== 

Avoid drinking water from the estuaries, watch where locals drink from, they know. 

==Respect==
* The country's people are very devout Koridalavs, two extremely offensive things are exposing yourself to the sun, wether intentional or not. and spitting, as it is seen as insulting the rains efforts, which may make the god of rain not bother. 
   
===Touchy Topics===
* The state of someones land
* Religion
* Talk of the Royal Family.

===Visiting Sacred Ground===
* Do not sight-see during prayers
* Dress appropriately (no uncovered shoulders or thighs)
* Do not step into the sacred circle. Not even The King or Priests are allowed. 
* Although there is a make-shift font, at the sites, the water is not for drinking or crossing yourself, it is to ward of evil and touching the water either implies you are evil, or you break the barrier. 

===Uncommon Customs===
* Waving to people is as bad as sticking one's middle finger up. It means 'i am trying to block you form my sight.' 
* at least some basic language should be learned, trying to shout or attract attention in a another language will lead to the impression of insanity, seeing as these people have no idea foreigners and other languages exist. 
* Don't Write. it will change the course of time if these people were to discover it before the egyptians. 

==Cope==

* Common Currency is Food and Livestock, and is mainly only used in mortgaging. 
===Toilets===

Bushes are widely available.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sound and Morphological Changes between Kelsiut and Proto-Rajo-Faraneit</title>
    <id>4584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27317</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-06T08:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonological Changes So You Can Follow What The Hell Is Happening */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonological Changes Chronologically==

*terminal fricatives devoice 
*/ˈt/ &gt; [ˈtʰ]; /ˈk/ &gt; [ˈkʰ] 
*/æ/ &gt; /a/; /ɑ/ &gt; /ɔ/ 
*/ɛ/ &gt; /ə/; /e o/ &gt; [ɛ ɔ] when unstressed 
*/v f/ are deleted. 
*/bv pf/ &gt; /v f/ 
*/θ s/ medially  / z/; /θ s/ finally  deleted 
*/tθ ʦ/ &gt; /θ s/ 
*/r l/ merge to /ɽ/. 
*unaccented terminal vowels deleted (thereby created a contrast between [x], terminal and initial /x/, and [G], medial /x/. /k/ also splits from allophones [k] and [g].) 
*Unpredictable stress regularizes into ultimate stress, but allophones of /t k e o/ do not shift alongside. 
*/ɻ/ &gt; /r\/ 
*/ɭ/ &gt; /l/ 
*/tʰ/ &gt; /ʦ/  [ʧ] before /i e/ 
*/kʰ/ &gt; /tʰ/ 
*/q k/ merge to [k]. 
*/ng/ &gt; ([ŋg])  /ŋ/ 
*/mb/ &gt; /m/ 
*/nd/ &gt; /n/ 
*/ai au/ &gt; /ɛ ɔ/ 
*/ei ou oi eu ao ae/ &gt; /e o i u ɔ E/ 
*/ki ke/ ([ci ce]) &gt; /ʧi ʧe/ 
*All [ʧ] hypercorrected to /k/ [c] 
*/tʰ t/ &gt; /t/ 
*/ʦ/ &gt; /t/ initially and /s/ elsewhere


==Phonological Changes So You Can Follow What The Hell Is Happening==

*Plosive Madness: 
**/ˈt/ &gt; [ˈtʰ]; /ˈk/ &gt; [ˈkʰ] 
**unaccented terminal vowels deleted (thereby created a contrast between [k], terminal and initial /k/, and [g], medial /k/.) 
**Unpredictable stress regularizes into ultimate stress, but allophones of /t k/ do not shift alongside. 
/tʰ/ &gt; /ʦ/ [ʧ] before /i e/ 
**/kʰ/ &gt; /tʰ/ 
**/q k/ merge to [k]. 
**/ki ke/ ([ci ce]) &gt; /ʧi ʧe/ 
**All [ʧ] hypercorrected to /k/ [c] 
**/tʰ t/ &gt; /t/ 
**/ʦ/ &gt; /t/ initially and /s/ elsewhere 


*Vowel Shift: 
**/æ/ &gt; /a/; /ɑ/ &gt; /ɔ/ 
**/ɛ/ &gt; /ə/; /e o/ &gt; [ɛ ɔ] when unstressed 
**Unpredictable stress regularizes into ultimate stress, but allophones of /e o/ do not shift alongside. 
**/ai au/ &gt; /ɛ ɔ/ 
**/ei ou oi eu ao ae/ &gt; /e o i u ɔ E/ 

*Fricatives: 
**/v f/ are deleted. 
**/bv pf/ &gt; /v f/ 
**/θ s/ &gt; medially / z/; /θ s/ finally deleted 
**/tθ ʦ/ &gt; /θ s/ 
**terminal fricatives devoice 
**unaccented terminal vowels deleted (thereby created a contrast between [x], terminal and initial /x/, and [G], medial /x/.)


*Approximants: 
**/r l/ merge to /ɽ/. 
**/ɻ/ &gt; /r\/ 
**/ɭ/ &gt; /l/ 


*Nasals: 
**/ng/ &gt; ([ŋg]) /ŋ/ 
**/mb/  /m/ 
**/nd/  /n/

==Grammatical Changes==

*Because lenition essentially converted the verbal particles into dust, they dropped out of usage. 
*Without an indicator of tense, aspect, or distinction between subject and object the grammar needed to respond quickly and did so. lEt (from *l`eTA ot, that day) became the simple past marker. mE (from ealier *mep, oblige) became the simple future marker. To compensate for the loss of agreement between subject and verb, the VSO and AVSO word order shifted to SVO, making the meaning much clearer. 
*More is on its way.


==Mutations==

To form plurals in the proto-language, the adjective *be, meaning many, was added immediately following the noun in question. This language, similarly to the majority of the daughter languages cemented this to the end of nouns, eventually turning it into an affix -b. 

This caused lenition on adjectives following plural nouns. Essentially, /p t k/ &gt; /b d g/ &gt; /v z ɣ/, /f θ s x/ &gt; /v ð z G/ &gt; [ʋ r_d r M\], /n m/ &gt; /m m/. Other consonants didn't change. 

Now here's where it gets really, really weird. Since the unusual endings differentiated the noun from singular, the plural marker was dropped when an adjective followed. The result is wonderful delicious ambiguity: 

bel - tree 
belb - trees 
bel lizOm - garnished tree 
belb lizOm - garnished tree 
bel vOx - pretty tree OR paper trees 

==Example Derivation==
Protolang: 
/ɑziɑ mid efdi tiʦ ɭeθ/ 
[ɑZI6 mid evdI tis: ɭeθ] 
PAST.1P build 1P.SING.NOM home this 

Unnamed Daughterlang: 
/ɛf mid lɛt ti lɛ/ 
[ɛf mit lɛt ti lɛ] 
1P.SING.NOM build PAST home this 

Faraneit: 
/midɔʒiav tis ɭeθ/ 
[midɔʒjav tis ɭeð] 
build.PAST.REAL.1P.SING home this 

I built this house.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strish</title>
    <id>4585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29242</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>I'm putting all pages listed on [[List of conlangs]] into so that one can generate a list of them with a DPL query for category=Conlangs.  [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Strish is a streamlined yet feasible conlang. The intent is to have a phonology, morphology, and syntax that minimizes the time to produce meaningful utterances, while at the same time not being so compact that it prevents normal persons from using it.

Some earlier attempts at a streamlined conlang include Speedtalk, which required such fine distinctions that only a trained phonologist could use it. It was not even described well enough for anyone to learn. It is likely to have been completely fabricated.

At the other end of the spectrum are some modest attempts to abbreviate every word. Making almost every root monosyllabic can certainly help, but there are further refinements one can make to a grammar that will help streamlinedness.

In Strish, most roots are not even syllables. They are initial consonants and consonant clusters. Trained runners know that if you want to maximize speed, you have to minimize friction. The way you do that is to make your strides as long as possible, because every time your foot hits the ground, you slow down. In the same way Strish has some complex consonant clusters to maximize the number of words in the fewest possible syllables.

The grammar is highly synthetic, so a single word with many affixes can convey a complex meaning.

Strish is subject to change, but it will follow a schedule to keep it somewhat stable. Its alpha release will occur when it has 400 roots, complete morphologies for major lexical categories, and a complete syntax for simple, compound, and complex sentences. Its beta release will occur four months later and will include adjusts for clarity, feasibility, and of course streamlinedness. Four months after that it will have its official release. After that it will be subject to changes once every six months. At least half of the changes must involve increases to streamlinedness.

*[[Strish Phonology]]
*[[Strish Morphology]]
*[[Strish Syntax]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strish Phonology</title>
    <id>4586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27393</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-10T17:05:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Guido</username>
        <id>580</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">For its alpha release Strish orthography will be a variant of ASCII IPA.

Here is the phonemic inventory for Strish:

Vowels

* /i/ - like &quot;ee&quot; in &quot;see&quot;
* /I/ - like &quot;i&quot; in &quot;it&quot;
* /e/ - like &quot;ay&quot; in &quot;say&quot; (without gliding towards the final /i/ sound)
* /E/ - like &quot;e&quot; in &quot;bet&quot;
* /a/ - like &quot;a&quot; in &quot;father&quot;
* /A/ - like &quot;a&quot; in &quot;cat&quot;
* /o/ - like &quot;o&quot; in &quot;phone&quot; (without gliding towards the final /u/ sound)
* /O/ - like &quot;au&quot; in &quot;caught&quot;
* /u/ - like &quot;oo&quot; in &quot;food&quot;
* /U/ - like &quot;oo&quot; in &quot;cook&quot;
* /@/ - like &quot;u&quot; in &quot;cup&quot;
* /y/ - rounded /i/
* /R/ - like &quot;ur&quot; in &quot;hurt&quot;; rhotic

The tense vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/, /y/, /R/ can all be parts of diphthongs. Not every combination of tense vowels forms a valid diphthong, but there are still too many valid combinations to comfortably try to list here.

Consonants

* /p/ - like &quot;p&quot; in &quot;put&quot;
* /b/ - like &quot;b&quot; in &quot;but&quot;
* /f/ - like &quot;f&quot; in &quot;foot&quot;
* /v/ - like &quot;v&quot; in &quot;vase&quot;
* /m/ - like &quot;m&quot; in &quot;mom&quot;
* /t/ - like &quot;t&quot; in &quot;top&quot;
* /d/ - like &quot;d&quot; in &quot;dot&quot;
* /n/ - like &quot;n&quot; in &quot;no&quot;
* /s/ - like &quot;s&quot; in &quot;sing&quot;
* /z/ - like &quot;z&quot; in &quot;zoo&quot;
* /c/ - like &quot;sh&quot; in &quot;shoe&quot;
* /j/ - like &quot;s&quot; in &quot;pleasure&quot;
* /l/ - like &quot;l&quot; in &quot;lap&quot;
* /r/ - trilled r
* /k/ - like &quot;k&quot; in &quot;keep&quot;
* /g/ - like &quot;g&quot; in &quot;go&quot;
* /x/ - like &quot;ch&quot; in German &quot;ach&quot;
* /'/ - glottal stop</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Strish Morphology</title>
    <id>4587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27396</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-10T17:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Guido</username>
        <id>580</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Major lexical categories include nouns and verbs.

Pronouns

* b - first person
* d - second person
* g - third person

Nouns

Number: singular, distributive plural, collective plural

Case: general, dative, allative, ablative, instrumental, comitative, comparative

* @ - general
* a - dative
* e - allative
* i - ablative
* o - instrumental
* u - comitative
* R - comparative</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang comparison</title>
    <id>4588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58108</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-28T16:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pet1</username>
        <id>1431</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Conlang comparison table */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Because ''a posteriori'' languages borrow vocabulary from real spoken languages, it is often found that conlangs of this type relate to one another. On this page, it is possible to make comparisons between natlangs of the main branches and also of conlangs influenced by them. If you have an ''a posteriori'' conlang, please contribute to this page.

==Germanic conlangs==
===Natlang comparison table===
{|border=1
! English
! Scots
! West Frisian
! Dutch
! Low Saxon
! German
! Gothic
! Icelandic
! Faroese
! Swedish
! Danish
! Norwegian (Nynorsk)
|-
|Apple || Aiple || Apel || Appel || Appel || Apfel || Aplus || Epli || Epl(i) || Äpple || Æble || Eple 
|-
|Board || Buird || Board || Bord || Boord || Brett / Bord || Baúrd || Borð || Borð || Bord || Bord || Bord 
|-
|Beech ||Beech || Boeke/ Boekebeam || Beuk || Böke || Buche || Bōka || Bók || Bók || Bok || Bøg || Bøk, Bok
|-
|Book || Beuk || Boek || Boek || Book || Buch || Bōka || Bók || Bók || Bok || Bog || Bok 
|-
|Breast || Breest || Boarst || Borst || Bost || Brust || Brusts || Brjóst || Bróst || Bröst || Bryst || Bryst 
|-
|Brown ||Broun || Brún || Bruin || Bruun || Braun || Bruns || Brúnn || Brúnur || Brun || Brun || Brun 
|-
|Day || Day || Dei || Dag ||  Dag || Tag || Dags || Dagur || Dagur || Dag || Dag || Dag 
|-
|Dead ||Deid || Dea || Dood || Dood || Tot || Dauþs || Dauður || Deyður || Död || Død || Daud 
|-
|Die (Starve) || Dee || Stjerre || Sterven || Döen/ Starven || Sterben ||Diwan ||Deyja || Doyggja || Dö || Dø || Døy 
|-
|Enough || Eneuch || Genôch || Genoeg || Noog || Genug || Ganōhs || Nóg || Nóg/ Nógmikið || Nog || Nok || Nok
|-
|Finger || Finger || Finger || Vinger || Finger || Finger || Figgrs || Fingur || Fingur || Finger || Finger || Finger 
|-
|Give || Gie || Jaan || Geven || Geven || Geben || Giban || Gefa || Geva || Giva / Ge || Give || Gje(va) 
|-
|Glass || Gless || Glês || Glas || Glas || Glas || || Gler || Glas || Glas || Glas || Glas 
|-
|Gold || Gowd || Goud || Goud || Gold || Gold || Gulþ || Gull || Gull || Guld/ Gull || Guld || Gull 
|-
|Hand || Haund || Hân || Hand || Hand || Hand || Handus || Hönd || Hond || Hand || Hånd || Hand 
|-
|Head || Heid || Holle || Hoofd/ Kop || Kopp || Haupt/ Kopf || Háubiþ || Höfuð || Høvd/ Høvur || Huvud || Hoved || Hovud 
|-
|High || Heich || Heech || Hoog || Hoog || Hoch || Háuh || Hár || Høg/ur || Hög || Høj || Høg 
|-
|Home || Hame || Hiem || Heim || Heim || Heim || Háimōþ || Heim || Heim || Hem || Hjem || Heim 
|-
|Hook || Heuk || Hoek || Haak || Haak || Haken || Krappa/ Krampa || Krókur || Krókur/ Ongul || Hake/ Krok || Hage/ Krog || Hake/ Krok 
|-
|House || Hoose || Hûs || Huis || Huus || Haus || Hūs || Hús || Hús || Hus || Hus || Hus 
|-
|Many || Mony || Mannich/Mennich || Menig || Mennig || Manch || Manags || Margir || Mangir/ Nógvir || Många || Mange || Mange 
|-
|Moon || Muin || Moanne || Maan || Maan || Mond || Mēna || Tungl/ Máni || Máni/ Tungl || Måne || Måne || Måne 
|-
|Night || Nicht || Nacht || Nacht || Natt/ Nacht || Nacht || Nótt || Nótt || Natt || Natt || Nat || Natt
|-
|No || Nae || Nee || Nee(n) || Nee || Nein (Nö, Nee) || Nē || Nei || Nei || Nej || Nej || Nei 
|-
|Old || Auld || Âld || Oud, Gammel || Oll || Alt || Sineigs || Gamall (but: eldri, elstur)|| Gamal (but: eldri, elstur)|| Gammal (but: äldre, äldst)|| Gammel (but: ældre, ældst) || Gam(m)al (but: eldre, eldst) 
|-
|One || Ane || Ien || Een || Een || Eins || Áins || Einn || Ein || En || En || Ein 
|-
|Ounce || Unce || Ûns || Ons || Ons || Unze || Unkja || Únsa || Únsa || Uns || Unse || Unse 
|-
|Snow || Snaw || Snie || Sneeuw || Snee || Schnee || Snáiws || Snjór || Kavi/ Snjógvur || Snö || Sne || Snø 
|-
|Stone || Stane || Stien || Steen || Steen || Stein ||  Stáins || Steinn || Steinur || Sten || Sten || Stein 
|-
|That || That || Dat || Dat, Die || Dat (Dit) || Das || Þata || Það || Tað || Det || Det || Det 
|-
|Two/Twain || Twa || Twa || Twee || Twee || Zwei (Zwo) || Twái || Tveir/ Tvær/ Tvö || Tveir (/Tvá) || Två || To || To 
|-
|Who || Wha || Wa || Wie || Wokeen || Wer || Ƕas (Hwas) || Hver || Hvør || Vem || Hvem || Kven 
|-
|Worm ||Wirm || Wjirm || Wurm/ Worm || Worm || Wurm || Maþa || Maðkur, Ormur || Maðkur/ Ormur || Mask/ Orm || Orm || Mark/ Makk/ Orm
|}

===Conlang comparison table===
{|border=1
! ''English''
! Tauro-Piscean (original)
! Koolesh/Koulesh
! Vityng
! Folkendetonge
! Thorsutian
! Nyenglisk
! Intrekomi
|-
| ''Apple'' || Epeêl || Afel || æpla || äpel || mollu || Apel ||áplo
|-
| ''Board'' || Bëd || Bord || þælja || häle || bjerd || bórd || bórdo
|-
| ''Book'' || Bok || Buu(k)h || bøkk || búk || cingarta || búk || líbro
|-
| ''Beech'' || Bok || Buu(k)he || træ || trää || blёzsa || bých || bísso
|-
| ''Breast'' || Breost || Brust || breost || breyst || gloçine || brest || briésto
|-
| ''Brown'' || Brun || Braun || brúnur || brónd || kifo || brán || bróno
|-
| ''Day'' || De || Tag/Dag || dagg || dag || ord || da || di
|-
| ''Dead'' || Däd || Tout || deyð || deggðe || vimordёd || ded || móro
|-
| ''Die (Starve)'' || Steëfan || Sterben || deyja || degga || vishmordur || dæa || moróno
|-
| ''Enough'' || Jenü || Genuuk || gnogg || genog || mjalzsi || enuf ||enófo
|-
| ''Finger'' || Finjä || Finger || fyngur || finger || cisti || fingur || fínkro
|-
| ''Give'' || Jefan || Geben || gefa || gefe || jatur || giva || áddi
|-
| ''Glass'' || Öles || Glas || glass || glass || clёc || glas || gláso
|-
| ''Gold'' || Jöld || Gold || gold(metal)/gul(colour) ||gold(metal)/gul(colour) || voziţa || góld || goltí
|-
| ''Hand'' || Hand || Hand || hønd || hend || ruuca || hand || ''h''ánto
|-
| ''Head'' || Häfod || Kof/Houbet || hǿfuð || heyfuð || korrd || hed || éto
|-
| ''High'' || Hä || Hou(k)h || hǿr || heyr || ljenёç || hæ || táli
|-
| ''Home'' || Ham || Heim || óðal || hós || shmer || hóm || ''h''ómo
|-
| ''Hook'' || Anjeêl || Hakken || þnægi || snäge || grrepa || húk || hóko
|-
| ''House'' || Hus || Haus || húss || hós || shmer || hás || dómo
|-
| ''Many'' || Manï || Fil || mikkil || mikil || shumed || maný || máni
|-
| ''Moon'' || Monê || Maane || monæð || monð || luna || mún || mūno
|-
| ''Night'' || Nït || Naht || kvøld || kveld || narrlid || næt || nitó
|-
| ''No'' || Nesê || Ne || nǽ || nä || ne || nó || no
|-
| ''Old'' || Öld || Ald || ald || ald || vёrmad || óld || ólti
|-
| ''One'' || An || Ein || ǽn || ään || ej || et || óna
|-
| ''Ounce'' || Ïnsê || (none) || hring || stu mas || || ánce || ūnso
|-
| ''Snow'' || Sma || Snei || þnǽ || snä || bolurţe || snó || snóvo
|-
| ''Stone'' || Stan || Stein || stǽnn || stän || gjur || stón || róko
|-
| ''That'' || Tet || Dazh || þetta || hete || çad || þat || ta
|-
| ''Two/Twain'' || Twa || Zvei/Zvou || tvǽr || tär || xa || tvo || do
|-
| ''Who'' || Wa || Ver(Nominative form) || hvem || ven || cus || vú || ki
|-
| ''Worm'' || Wïêm || Vurm || slanga || slange || sligert || vurm || vormó
|}

==Romance conlangs==
===Natlang comparison table===
{|border=1
! ''English''
! Latin
! Catalan
! French
! Galician
! Italian
! Norman Jèrriais
! Lombard
! Piedmontese
! Spanish
! Portuguese
! Romansh
|-
| ''Apple'' || [Mattiana] Mala; Pomum (fruit) || Poma || Pomme || Mazá || Mela || Poumme || Pomm/Pumm || Pom || Manzana/Poma || Maçã || Mail
|}

===Conlang comparison table===
{|border=1
! ''English''

|-
| ''Apple'' 
|-
| ''Board'' 
|-
| ''Book'' 
|- 
| ''Breast'' 
|-
| ''Brown'' 
|-
| ''Day'' 
|-
| ''Dead'' 
|-
| ''Die'' 
|- 
| ''Enough''
|-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang comparison</title>
    <id>4589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27531</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-13T13:00:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New section: [[Talk:Conlang comparison#To User:Schlaier|To User:Schlaier]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
&lt;pre&gt;
two of my conlangs words are in order
thanks for adding them

vityng

æpla þælja træ bøkk breost brúnur dagg deyð deyja gnogg fyngur gefa glass
gold (metal) gul (colour) hønd hǿfuð hǿr óðal þnægi húss mikkil monæð kvøld ald ǽn hring þnǽ stǽnn þetta tvǽr hvem slanga

folkendetonge

äpel häle trää búk breyst brónd dag deggðe degga genog finger gefe glass 
gold (metal) gul (colour) hend heyfuð heyr hós hós snäge mikil monð kveld ald ään ring snä stän hete tär ven slange
&lt;/pre&gt;

== I think i messed up ==

okay im still getting used to using this and i seem to be having a hard time adding a comment without editing the talk page AGH!!
lol

== To User:Schlaier ==

I've helped you add the words of your conlangs into the list.--[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 05:00, 13 December 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Folkendetonge</title>
    <id>4590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27616</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-17T00:42:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt; folkendetonge

----

ALPHABET
a ä b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó å p r s t u ú v x y


----

Vowels

        
a       ɐ
au	o
å       æo
ä	æ
ää	æə
e       ə
ey/ei	ɑe
é       ei 
i       ɨ
í       ɨi    
o       ʌ    
ó       ɐʉ
u       ʉ   
ú       ɔɯ    

----

        int.    med.    fin.
b	b	b	b    
d       d	d	ɝ
ð 	-	-	d
f       f	-	f
g       g	g       ː (pronounced [ʝ] before ä, e, é, i and í)
h       h/θ	-	- (pronounced [θ] only in pronouns) 
k       k	g	k (pronounced [c] before ä, e, é, i and í)
l	ɭ	ɭ	ɭ (pronounced as a voiceless retroflex lateral fricative)
m  	m	m	m
n     	n	n	n
p	p	b	p
r       ɻ	ɻ	ɻ
s	s	z	z      
t       t	d	t
v       ʋ       ʋ       ʋ

ðð      -       ðʷ       ð
mh      -       ʋ       ʋ
ng      -       ŋg      ŋk
ld      -       lʲ       lʲ
nd      -       nʲ       nʲ
rd      -       rʲ       rʲ
sk      ʃ/ɕ     ʃ/ɕ      ʃ/ɕ ( [ɕ] before or after ä, e, é, i and í)

----

PRONOUNS
        1st     2nd     3rd
			common	neu  
nom.    ag 	hå      han	hät 
        vit	hit 	här	ho
accu.   mig     hig	hande	hät
        ogur    igur   	här	ho
dat.    mér     hér     hendi	hví
        ogur 	igur	hän	hän
gen.    min     hin     hans	hes
        oge     ige    	häre	häre

----

NOUNS

COMMON
i umlaut for plural

	indef		def
nom	ään skip	skipen
	skiper		skipner
acc	äände skipe	skipen
	skiper		skipner
gen	äänder skips	skipens	
	skipe		skipende
dat	äänden skipe	skipen
	skipen		skipende

NEUTER
u umlaut for plural

	indef		def
nom	ää barn		barnet		
	bern		bernende
acc	ää barn		barnet
	bern		bernende	
gen	ää barns	barnsens
	berne		bernende
dat	ää barne	barnende
	bernen		bernende

UMLAUT
        i      u
a       e      e
å       å      å
ä	e      ä
ää	ei     ää
e       i      e
é       í      é 
i       i      i
í       í      í    
o       e      o    
ó       au/ey  ó
u       i      u
ú       í      ú 

----

NOUN/PRONOUN LIST
alf - elf c
age - edge n
amhe - grandmother n 
arm - arm c 
arn - eagle c
äððem - breath n 
äpe - grand father n
äppe - age c
ägir - dread / respect n
äg - egg c
äpel - apple, fruit n
äske - ash n
ääk - oak tree c
bake - bacon n
bald - prince / nobleman c
barð - poet n
barn - child n
bän - bone c
bär - boar n
breyst - breast n
biarg - fortress n
bierde - hole c
biern - bear c
blað - leaf / spoon n
blúm - flower c
bleð - blood n
bork - bark c
boten - bottom n
búl - bowl / cup n
búnd -  farmer c
brand - club n
bräðir - brother c 
brege - bridge c
breyð - bread n
bikunde - female dog n
búk - book n
belg - belly/bag c
belde - bellows n 
dag - day c
dald - dale n
datir - daughter c
dät - death n 
dolt - fool c
dúst - dust c
dverg - dwarf n
dir - animal c
dverde - delving n
dúr - door c
dräge - dragon c
dreym - dream n
fäðir - father c
färe - fear n
field - field n
féðð - feather n
fläsk - flesh c
flenke - large piece of meat n
flet - plain n
folk - person c
fros - frost n
frosk - frog c
friðð - peace n
finger - finger n
firn - last year c
fisk - fish n
ferk - pigling c
fút - foot n
feyt - fat n
gafel - pitch fork n
galdät - law c
gand - magic n
gate - street n
gatret - courtesy c
gärn - yarn n
gär - spear c
gofe - steam n
gold - gold c
grase - grass n
grim - face n
góð - god c
geys - goose n
hafen - haven c
hate - hag, witch n
hage - hedge c
haldende - possession n
halse - neck c
hamhar - hammer n
har - hair n
her - army/host c
häð - honor c
hende - female deer n
hey - hay c
hérne - here
himhin - heaven n 
hirn - brain n
hiärte - heart c
horn - horn c
lag - laugh n
läf - loaf c
lis - sound n
lenk - armour c
nafe - servant boy c
neke - peninsula n
hod - covering n
holte - fortified homestead c 
hund - hound, dog c
hós - house n
rofe - scab n
rúf - roost c
húrs - horse n
rút - roof c
rig - backside, tail, arse n
rege - back n
ring - ring c 
virel - crown c
vel - whale n
hek - bang c
held - hall c
hend - hand n
herde - Honorary title 
hest - horse n
heyfuð - head c
heyk - hawk c
heyst - harvest n
gärel - noble man c
gärððe - earth n
käge - cask/keg c
klä - brick n
kné - knee n
komhe - block n
korn - grain c
kúnde - woman n
kúng - king c
krafe - strength c 
kroððe - cabbage n
kúr - cow c 
kveld - evening n
kiste - kiss n
ket - cat c
land - country n
langt - length n
laskt - weakness n
läk - lake c
leðe - filth c 
lefe - life c
lim - mortar n
loft - night sky c
lós - louse n
lifur - liver n
leg - leg c
len - lane n
lend - estate n
leyð - soap n
leyf - leaf (either book or tree) c
leyg - hot spring c
morgen - morning n
moðir - mother c
mund - mouth n
mós - mouse c
men - human c
nägle - nail n
nest - provision n
ne - now
ni - new
nigt - night c
nes - nose n
oxe - ox c
opant - hospitality n
orð - word n
orm - snake c
óðal - inn n
óð - poetry n 
ófel - owl c
ran - house n
räpt - log c
räp - rope n
regen - rain n
refen - raven/bird c
sär - sea c
säp - tree resin n
sek - sack n
seðe - sheep c
singel - pebble n
skald - poet n
skale - skull c
skape - body n
skäð - sheath n
skeg - beard n
skere - shire c
skerg - island n
skete - manure c
ske - cloud n 
skil - skill, art c
skin - skin, hide n
skield - shield n
skog - forest c
somhar - summer n
skenk - shank (leg of meat) c
skekel - chain n
ském - dishonour n
skerde - shore n
slange - worm c
slate - dirty or illbred woman n
súl - sun n
span - shingle n
spaððe - shovel c
sperde - rafter n
spiar - short spear c
spier - pole c 
spiúk - ghost n
staððe - household n
stän - stone n 
steke - stick n
stiärne - star c
stior - bull c
storm - storm n
steð - city n
svestir - sister c
sverð - crust c
sven - swan n
sen - son c
serk - shirt n
serv - necklace n
tafel - table n
tar - tear c
tid - tide / time n
tiare - tar c
tonge - tongue, language n
trää - tree n
tun - town c
timher - timber n
tend - tooth c
ung - youth n
vald - small forest n
varar - oath c
varg - outlaw n
vaten - water c
välisk - foreigner c
vänd - wind n
väng - wing c
venda - wine n
vende - struggle c
við - wood c
vif - female blood relation n
vik - coastal city c 
vike - witch n
vin - friend n
råðar - courage n 
räð - wrath c
rútel - root c
veg - way n
vege - wall n
vet - winter n
hing - thing c
smer - butter c
smið - smith n
smir - oil c
snäge - hook c
snorde - sister-in-law c
snek - snake d1 n
rúte - throat n
svälte - fever n
él - beer c
ald - all c
esk - ash tree n
ei - island c
auge - eye n
aure - ear n
aust - east n
aut - poison c

----

VERBS

at sega &quot;to say&quot;
        PRESENT TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    seg     seger   seger
du/plr  segun   sigið   sege

        PAST TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    segðe   segðer  segðe
du/plr  segðun  segðe   segðe

til baka &quot;to bake&quot;
	PRESENT TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng	bake	bäkir	bake
plr	bäkin	bäkið	bake

	PAST TENSE
	1st	2nd	3rd
sng	bakðe	bäkðir	bakðe
plr	bäkðin	bäkðið	bakðe

TENSES
infinitive - at sege (to say)
present - seg (say/saying)
past - segðe (said)
future - skäl seg (will say)
present perfect - hafe segðe (have said)
past perfect - hafðe segðe (had said)
future perfect - skäl segðe (will have said)
past progressive - segðende (was saying)
progressive - segende (saying)
future progressive - skäl segende (will be saying)
past participle - gasegðe (said) 

----

VERB LIST
at arga - to unnerve 
at äga - to goad 
til baka - to bake 
til biarga - to bury 
til bleða - to bleed 
til brinda - to burn 
til dänga - to hammer
til degga - to die 
til drefa - to drive
til drenka - to drink 
at elska - to love
at éginda - to own  
til fara - to go 
at fäðemha - to fathom 
at fära - to fear
til frosa - to freeze
til filda - to fill 
til finda - to find 
til fla - to skin 
at gabba - to mock 
til gan - to come 
at gasa - to look/gape
til gefa - to give 
til gälda - to castrate 
til genga - to walk 
til gäta - to obtain 
at gräta - to forgive 
at hafa - to have 
til halda - to hold 
til halsa - to kiss
at häkla - to heckle 
til häspa - to secure
til hämha - to dwell 
til leypa - to run 
at hongera - to hunger 
til kalda - to call 
til kasta - to throw 
til knappa - to eat 
til knotta - to tie in a knot
at kneva - to submit
til kneva - to kneel 
at koga - to oppress 
at kopa - to keep 
at krafa - to demand
at kira - to choose 
at låka - to play
til låka - to exercise
til låkka - to dance  
til läga - to lay 
at läfa - to remain 
at läðða - to command in action
til läðða - to lead 
at liða - to praise
til liða - to sing
at liga - to speak falsely 
at morna - to mourn 
til morna - to pine
til vepa - to weep 
til uta - to expel 
at pritta - to trick 
til råsa - to raise 
til risa - to rise  
til reyfa - to rob 
til sänka - to sink 
til sända - to send
til säta - to set
at sega - to say
at seika - to search 
at sia - to see 
at skapa - to shape/make
at skemha - to dishonour
at släpa - to sleep 
til standa - to stand 
til streka - to stroke 
til svemha - to move in the water 
til taka - to take 
at tala - to tell 
at targa - to defend 
at tälda - to remember 
til täga - to tie 
at trigga - to believe/trust 
at valda - to rule 
til valka - to drag 
til vandra - to travel
at veska - to ask 
til räka - to wreck 
at hanka - to thank 
til häka - to cover 
til mirva - to smear
til húla - to endure
at hinka - to think 
til rótna - to swell
til enda - to work
til openda - to open 
at eska - to want 

----

COPOLAs
vara &quot;to be&quot;
        PRESENT TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    ere     ert     er      
plr     ere     ere     ere

        PAST TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    var     vart    var
plr 	vere    vere    vere 

        IMPERATIVE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    vore    vorst   vor
du/plr  vore    vore    vore 

----
        
ADJECTIVES
ungur &quot;young&quot;

nom.	ungur
	unger
acc.	ungen
	unger
gen.	ungs
	unge
dat.	ungen
	ungen

----

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB LIST
aðal - noble
ald - old
andar - other
arg - unmanly
ääve - forever
ändir - last 
bert - bright
blak - dark
beyse - bad
efen - even/fair
endir - end
fät - fat
fegar - fair
fiare - few
frið - free
fuld - full
fer - before
genog - enough
gúð - good
half - half
har - venerable/respectable
hefig - heavy
hälg - holy
herð - hard
heyr - high
lang - long 
lask - weak
pret - pretty
lúðð - famous
lóð - loud
magt - mighty
mest - most
mére - more
mikil - great/many/large
mirk - dark
nist - next
ofter - after/later
úð - insane/mad
skale - bald
skamh - short
skäle - balance
slat - common
sler - slow/blunt/stupid
speke - small
stark - strong
stor - big
stirtel - barren sterile
sum - some
trést - loyal/faithful
tvark - strange
ung - young
við - wide
vist - wise
hek - thick
ruk - through/thorough
hund - thin/narrow
ifir - over
indir - under
elen - all

----

COMMON WORDS/PHRASES
gä - yes
nä - no
häl - hello
gúð dag - good day/morning
gúð kveld - good evening/night
for ofter - goodbye
hanka - thank you

----

QUESTION WORDS (not declined)
vemh - who
vað - what / that
var - where
varn - where from
vein - when
varfor - why
vilk - which

----

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
hérne - here / there
heðar - hither
gend - that there (yonder)
hate - that 
heste - this 
haðar - thither

----

gästarmorgen - yesterday morning
gästar - yesterday
gästarkveld - last night
morgen - this morning
dag - today
kveld - tonight
nistermorgen - tomorrow morning
nister - tomorrow
nisterkveld - tomorrow night

----

PREPOSTION/CONJUNCTION LIST
af - of
an - on+accu./onto+dat.
ekka - no/without
for - for
fre - from
i - in+accu./into+dat.
gäf - if
ney - not 
og - and
sve - so
hän - then
he - instrumental marker &quot;with&quot; &quot;using&quot;
ut - out+accu./out of+dat.
ór - made by/done by
veð - with

----

AFFIXES
al- - the whole of something alhós = all houses 
-feld - multiplicative suffix rirfeld = threefold/thrice
gä- - collective many together gäspiúk = many ghosts
-ge - see &quot;-isk&quot;
-lik - see &quot;-isk&quot;
-ling - diminuative baldeling = princeling
-leys - lacking hinkeleys = thoughtless
ú- - indicates opposite úvis = not wise (stupid)
-nes - city on a beach svanes = swanness
-sk - reflexive suffixe tälsk = tell yourself/oneself (remember)
-skep - state of being gofeskep = to be steam (angry)
-sem - added to a number to make a group of that number femsem = fivesome
-virð - worthy liðvirð (praiseworthy)
-vik - city by the sea  langvik = longwick
-verð - toward nigteverð = near to night
-ing - &quot;born of&quot; hinking = born of thought (idea/man of science)
-isk - approximative visisk = smart (almost wise)
-er - agentive gifer = giver

----

CURRENCY
each denomination has two values, a copper value and a silver value
the copper being 1/16th the value of the silver

halfepenig - half penny (2 grams) 
penig - penny (4 grams)
skildig - shilling (6 grams)
virel - crown (12 grams)
femt - fifth (60 grams)
komhe - block (300 grams)

----

WEIGHT
däl - 2 grams
ring - 32 grams
mark - 320 grams
halfeständ - 5.12 kilos
ständ - 10.24 kilos
tvafeld - 20.48 kilos
skipeständ - 163.84 kilos

----

VOLUME
drúpe - 0.1 ml
häspe - 1.6 ml
blað - 25.6 ml
búl - 204.8 ml
käge - 6 l 553.6 ml
oksheyfð - 104 l 857.6 ml

----

MEASURE
hom - 2.2 cm 
fing - 8.8 cm 
hend - 17.6 cm
alen - 70.4 cm
skeplang - 11 m 26.4 cm
geng - 180 m 22.4 cm
raste - 2 km 883 m 58.4 cm

----

TIME
tung - usually 1/300 of a speka
speke - 5 min  
tiand - 1.5 hrs 
dag - 24 hrs 
monäð - 28 days 
geär - 364 days 
langeär - 367 days

----

MONTHES
#1 negeär (new year) december 22 
#2 tärt (second) january 19
#3 stirtelmonð (barren month) february 16
#4 äämhonð (one month) March 16
#5 femt (fifth) April 13
#6 varem (warm) May 11
#7 súlmonð (sunmonth) June 8 (29 every 12 years)
#8 heymhonð (haymonth) July 6 (29 every 12 year)
#9 tärfeld (twofold) August 3
#10 heystemonð (harvest month) August 31 (29 every 12 years)
#11 nivet (new winter) September 28
#12 frormonð (frostmonth) October 26 
#13 endirmonð (endmonth) november 25 

----

COLOURS
blå - dark blue
brónd - brown
giúld - yellow
gul - gold
grän - green
lód - grey
vit - white
reyð - red
sart - black
silfe - silver

----

NUMBERS
All numbers are 5th declension
CARDINAL
ään - one
tär - two 
rir - three
fére - four 
fem - five
sex - six
seyfen - seven 
ågte - eight
nev - nine
te - ten
elfe - eleven
telf - twelve
rirten - thirteen
sexeten - sixteen
nevten - nineteen
terté - twenty
rirogterté - twentythree
femté - fifty
húndärd - hundred
hósind - thousand

ORDINAL
first - first
andard - second
rið - third
férend - fourth
femt - fifth
sexet - sixth
seyfend - seventh
ågtend - eighth
nivand - ninth
tiand - tenth
elfend - eleventh
telfet - twelfth
I see a man.
ag sia äände mene.

----

You see a woman.
hå sia ää kúnde.
[θæo sɨɐ ɑe kɔɯnʲə]

We see a man and a woman.
vit siun äände mene og ää kúnde.
[ʋɨt sɨʉn ɑenʲə mənə ʌː ɑe kɔɯnʲə]

I have a dog.
ag haf äände hunde.
[ɐː hɐf ɑenʲə hʉnʲə]

You have a cat.
hå hafer äände kete.
[θæo hɐəɻ ɑenʲə cədə]

This is my dog.
heste er min hunde.
[həstə əɻ mɨn hʉnʲə]

That is your cat.
hate er hin kete
[hɐdə əɻ θɨn cədə]

Where is the cat?
var keten er?
[ʋɐɻ cədən əɻ]

The cat is here.
keten er hérne.
[cədən əɻ heiɻnə]

Birds sing.
refener liðe.
[ɻəːnəɻ ɭɨdə]

Children play.
bern låker
[bəɻn ɭæogəɻ]

Children, play!
vara låkende bern!
[ʋɐɻɐ ɭæogənʲə bəɻn]

do you want red wine?
hå reyð venda esker?
[θæo ɻɑed ʋənʲɒ əɕəɻ]

is this your wife?
heste hin kúnde er?
[həstə θɨn kɔɯnʲə əɻ]

give me your lands and possessions!
gifir mér hin lend og haldende!
[ʝɨːɻ meiɻ θɨn ɭənʲ ʌː hɐlʲənʲə]

You dishonour yourself.
hå skemher hig.
[θæo ɕʋəɻ θɨː]

think for yourself!
hafer hin hinketer!
[hɐəɻ θɨn hɨŋkədəɻ]

i would like forty pounds of grain.
ag eske ään ständ og ään halfeständ af korn.
[ɐː əɕə ɑen stænʲ ʌː ɑen hɐlfəstænʲ ɐf kʌɻn]

it's about 4 miles to svanness.
tär raster er til svannessende. 
[tæɻ ɻɐstəɻ əɻ tɨɭ sʋɐnəsənʲə]

what time is it?
vað tidet er?
[ʋɐd tɨdət əɻ]

the time is 4 pm.
tidet er sex tiander.
[tɨdət əɻ səks tɨɐnʲəɻ]

remember to sleep.
hinker af at släpa.
[hɨŋkəɻ ɐf ɐt ʂɭæbɐ]

where is the inn?
var óðalet er?
[ʋɐɻ ɐʉdɐɭət əɻ]

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Taurusian language</title>
    <id>4591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27812</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-29T15:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Randomman</username>
        <id>1168</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Old Taurusian (Old Taurusian: tauroseean) is the official language of the proposed Old Taurusian Miners' Association founded on the manmade island of New Taurus. Before the rise of [[Tauro-Piscean_language|Tauro-Piscean]], Old Taurusian was to be used in conjunction with the [[Piscean language]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baeda</title>
    <id>4594</id>
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      <id>55266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:35:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
      </contributor>
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    <title>Category:Nicaera</title>
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      <id>55269</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:37:38Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian countries</title>
    <id>4596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47129</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Home page]]

__TOC__

'''Countries in alphabetical order:'''

==='''A'''===

Afghanistan '''Afganéstn'''

Africa '''Afræca'''

Alaska '''Alascä'''

Albania '''Albána'''

America '''Ameréca'''

Andorra '''Andöra'''

Angola '''Angolä'''

Antarctic '''Stæácratiqu'''

Antigua &amp; Barbuda '''Antiqu ön Báböda'''

Arctic '''Ácratiqu'''

Argentina '''ÁgeniÞia'''

Armenia '''Áminia'''

Asia '''Asélia'''

Australia '''Astarélia'''

Austria '''Östélä'''

Azerbaijan '''Atsabäjéna'''
----

==='''B'''===

Bahamas '''Bahämas'''

Bahrain '''Báræn'''

Bangladesh '''Bangladési'''

Barbados '''Bábadösa'''

Belarus '''Belarösi'''

Belgium '''Belgéom'''

Belize '''Belétsi'''

Benin '''Benéna'''

Bhutan '''Bötán'''

Bolivia '''Boléva'''

Bosnia '''Boséna'''

Botswana '''Botsöáni'''

Brazil '''BráÞäl'''

Brunei '''Berönæ'''

Bulgaria '''Bulgára'''

Burkina Faso '''Böcéna Fasø'''

Burma/Myanmar '''Bömä/Mæanmár'''

Burundi '''Baröndi'''
----

==='''C'''===

Cambodia '''Qambodéla'''

Canada '''Qanäda'''

China '''Qéna'''

Columbia '''Qolömbéla'''

Comoros '''Qomorös'''

Congo '''Qongö'''

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

Costa Rica '''Qosta Ricä'''

Cote d’Ivoire/Ivory Coast '''Qöti Ivöra'''

Croatia '''Qröatsa'''

Cuba '''Qöbä'''

Cyprus '''Qæprös'''

Czech Republic '''Repöbléc qve Qzeci'''

==='''D'''===

Denmark '''Denmác'''

Djibouti '''Dijiböti'''

Dominica '''Dominéca'''

Dominican Republic '''Repöbléc qve Domönéc'''

==='''E'''===

East Timor '''StâániÞ Timör'''

Ecuador '''Ecöadø'''

Egypt '''Ejépte'''

El Salvador '''El Salvadø'''

England '''Anglæána'''

Equatorial Guinea '''Equatöri Ginæ'''

Eritrea '''Eritréa'''

Estonia '''Estöna'''

Ethiopia '''EÞiöpa'''

Europe '''Öropä'''
----

==='''F'''===

Fiji  '''Féjä'''

Finland '''Finána'''

France '''Eƒranca'''

==='''G'''===

Gabon '''Gabön'''

Gambia '''Gamba'''

Georgia '''Géogra'''

Germany '''Gemáni'''

Ghana '''Gána'''

Great Britain '''Bretæna'''

Greece '''Grecé'''

Greenland  '''Liavána'''

Grenada '''Grenáda'''

Guatemala '''Göatemála'''

Guinea '''Ginæ'''

Guinea-Bissau '''Ginæ-Bisö'''

Guyana '''Gæána'''

==='''H'''===

Haiti '''Hæti'''

Holland '''Ølána'''

Honduras '''Hondöras'''

Hungary '''Hongöræ'''
----

==='''I'''===

Iceland '''Icliána'''

India '''Indéla'''

Indonesia '''Indonisi'''

Iran '''Iran'''

Iraq '''Iraq'''

Ireland '''Æalána'''

Israel '''Isræl'''

Italy '''Itali'''

==='''J'''===

Jamaica '''Jamäca'''

Japan '''Japéna'''

Jordan '''Jorödn'''

==='''K'''===

Kazakstan '''Qazacstán'''

Kenya '''Qenæa'''

Kiribati '''Qiribáté'''

Korea North '''VitniÞ’Qöræa''' 

Korea South '''ÖløniÞ’Qöræa'''

Kuwait '''Qöäti'''

Kyrgyzstan '''Qögistán'''
----

==='''L'''===

Laos '''Läos'''

Latvia '''Latva'''

Lebanon '''Lebanön'''

Lesotho '''LesoÞø'''

Liberia '''Læbéra'''

Libya '''Libæa'''

Liechtenstein '''Licenstæn'''

Lithuania '''LiÞöäna'''

Luxembourg '''Löcsembörag'''

==='''M'''===

Macedonia '''Masidonä'''

Madagascar '''Madagasgä'''

Malawi '''Malöé'''

Malaysia '''Maläsa'''

Maldives '''Maldéves'''

Mali '''Máli'''

Malta '''Malta'''

Marshall Islands '''Æsániel qve Másahäl''' 

Mauritania '''Máritána'''

Mexico '''Mecsécö'''

Micronesia Micronésa

Moldova '''Moldöva'''

Monaco '''Monácö'''

Mongolia '''Mongöla'''

Morocco '''Mocarøni'''

Mozambique '''Motsambéqu'''

==='''N'''===

Namibia '''Naméba'''

Nauru '''Naröa'''

Nepal '''Nepál'''

Netherlands '''NeÞilána'''

New Zealand '''Nasæána'''

Nicaragua '''Nicaragöa'''

Niger '''Nægé'''

Nigeria '''Nægéra'''

Norway '''Nöramä'''
----

==='''O'''===

Okinawa '''Ocinöa'''

Oman '''Omán'''

==='''P'''===

Pakistan '''Pacéstn'''

Palau '''Palöa'''

Palestein '''Palestæna'''

Panama '''Panamä'''

Papua New Guinea '''Papä Naginæ'''

Paraguay '''Paragæ'''

Peru '''Pérö'''

Philippines '''Filipénes'''

Poland '''Poldána'''

Portugal '''Portögrä'''

==='''Q'''===

Qatar '''Qatá'''

==='''R'''===

Romania '''Römanéla'''

Russia '''Röscá'''

Rwanda '''Röanda'''

==='''S'''===

Saint Kitts and Nevis '''Sánt Qéts ön Nevés'''

Saint Lucia '''Sánt Löcia'''

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '''Sánt Vintient ön di Grenádénes'''

Samoa '''Samöa'''

San Marino '''San Marénø'''

Sao Tome and Principe '''Säø Töm ön Prinsép'''

Saudi Arabia '''Sádi Aräba'''

Scotland '''Scotána'''

Senegal '''Senigál'''

Seychelles '''Säcaheles'''

Sierra Leone '''Séara Léonä'''

Singapore '''Singapöra'''

Slovakia '''Slováca'''

Slovenia '''Slovéna'''

Solomon Islands '''Æsáni qve Solömán'''

Somalia '''Sömála'''

South Africa  '''Ölø’aƒræca'''

Spain '''Sapéna'''

Sri Lanka '''Saralänca'''

Sudan '''Södan''

Suriname '''Sörináma'''

Swaziland '''Söatsilána'''

Sweden '''Söédn'''

Switzerland '''Söitsilána'''

Switzerland '''SvéÞalána'''

Syria '''Siára'''
----

==='''T'''===

Thailand '''Tælána'''

Turkey '''Töcä'''

==='''U'''===

Uruguay '''Öraquæ'''

==='''V'''===

Venezuela '''Venötéla'''

Vietnam '''Vétanám'''

==='''W'''===

Wales '''Öáles'''
----

==='''Y'''===

Yemen '''Ieman'''
----

==='''Z'''===

Zambia '''Samba'''

Zimabwe '''Simbabi</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Verat Vow Inv.gif</title>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:Wasporella.jpg</title>
    <id>4598</id>
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      <id>27567</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-15T15:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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    <title>File:Atlasgallifrey.jpg</title>
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    <title>File:Gallifreyhopper.jpg</title>
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      <timestamp>2007-12-15T15:57:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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    <title>File:Infomatika.jpg</title>
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      <id>27570</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-15T15:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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  <page>
    <title>Wasporella</title>
    <id>4602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27577</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-15T17:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Beginning of the Gallifreyan language */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Wasporella.jpg|thumb]]

''Wasporella'', the abandoned the novel of Anderson and friend Dearden, is the first example of Anderson's conlang Piscean and has survived to this day. Associated with it are several drawn pictures featuring early Old Piscean (then called Gallifreyan) text.

==Synopsis==
It is difficult to comprehend how far the novel was completed because it never had a finalised plot and often involved 'making it up as one went'. Generally, it follows the capers of Sean, a human teenager abducted from Earth in order to revive the Doctor (who has depleted all twelve Time Lord regenerations), associate Nick and Chronotis, alongside several villains.

Chronotis' plot included capturing Sean using the new Doctor's phobia as an advantage: wasps. The formulated contagious disease Wasporella most prominently infected wasps, altering their DNA in order to make them enormous killing machines, while it was engineered to mutate in the bodies of various other animals, distributing the disease farther and causing often comical conditions:

''Further down, a man was feeding mammoth sturgeons fresh, top-quality salad, the same type that Nick had on the side of his plate with his pizza. Suddenly, the sturgeon went crazy and began to swim in super-fast circles around its tank, eating its fry and a couple of rays, and smashing the glass with its sharp nose. The water gushed out everywhere and the sturgeon flipped and squirmed about in it, hopelessly yearning to travel further. It was infected with Wasporella… but how? ... The man that fed the fish assisted Sean and Nick with finding a spider and a few ants. They put them together in a plastic container. The spider sat still and the ants went off to the other side of the container. Then, the man cut off a microscopic piece of salad and painted it with black food colouring so it looked like a fly. They put the ‘fly’ on the end of a bit of fishing line and dangled it into the container. After the spider took it, it scurried around its prison like the sturgeon swam round its tank. It then jumped onto the ants and ate them, afterwards attempting to get out but to no avail ...''

==Beginning of the Gallifreyan language==
At the centre of the plot in several chapters were the alien Festarans, who had, according Wasporella, adored the planet Earth - especially the Britons. This would explain why early Old Piscean is influenced by western European languages (mostly English) and explain its resemblence to a creole.

In the eighth chapter of ''Wasporella'', it is stated, 'The rest of Skaro was forced to learn English because this was the language the Festarans spoke in,' revealing that it was originally intended the Festarans should speak English. Piscean is first witnessed, as Gallifreyen [sic], in the tenth chapter of the novel, when Sean's shuttle lands in Gallifrey and the pilot gives details in the two primary languages of the universe of ''Wasporella'', English and Gallifreyan. The following excerpt is thus like a Rosetta Stone for the early Old Piscean dialect:

''The pilot said into his microphone, ‘We have successfully landed at East Boundary Airport in Gallifrey, Council of Time, 1.33 p.m. It is quite cloudy and the temperature is 13˚C. We hope you have enjoyed your flight, thank you.

''‘Voost neeЋ harbor’ored ne EЋ Lin’ex Harbor’ore ne G’ow’lufrën, Göv’air’nëä foЋ Spannakën, tiäm’ine: XIII:IV;IV. Nee rark ûbr’ow’t nes ëät’ine: XIII. A’ow’l’air’s drekkën Y’ow’l’air’s winfanëä, gibs’y’ow’l.'''

Incidentally, the early Old Piscean extract contains several words that have survived - in their original meanings - to the Tauro-Piscean language of today. Compare this modern Piscean translation: 'Voost neef eet Ästem Linexx Harbortschinfleoj eet Gowlúfren, Govájrneje Timenes, landt. Tiamíne 13-33. Nee gans wolcij nes eatíne 13˚. Owlájrs dreccen, dass teet Winfanéje ûbrótede. Tancee.' It is, however, now more flavoured by influences that have been absorbed since the conlang's earliest form. Note also the interesting example of semantic drift between the two dialects in question. In the early Old Piscean extract, 'ûbr’ow’t', which means 'cloudy' (from the adjective 'ûb' - 'bland') does not correspond to 'ûbrótede' in the modern Piscean text, which means 'to seem the opposite of bland to one' (yet also from the early Old Piscean adjective 'ûb').</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Piscea</title>
    <id>4608</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -50px; left: -172px; z-index: -1&quot;&gt;[[Image:Barnstar-rotating.gif|180px]]&lt;/span&gt;
Piscea is the organisation of S.C. Anderson, L.J. Partridge, and purportedly the Tauro-Piscean people, that encompasses everything related to the proposed country [[People's_Democratic_Republic_of_New_Pisces_and_Taurus|New Pisces and Taurus]]. Thus, Piscea has several sub-branches splitting regulations into smaller topic areas so as to make tasks easier.


{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|

'''PISCEA'''

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;33.333%&quot;|

'''Government:'''
* [[Piscean Constitution]]
* [[Taurusian Miners' Association]]
* [[Union_of_Ambassadors_(of_Piscea)|Union of Ambassadors]]
* [[Piscean Parliament]]
* [[Voyages International]]


|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;33.333%&quot;|

'''Public Sector:'''
* [[Office_for_Home_Allocation_(of_Piscea)|Office for Home Allocation]]
* [[Office_for_Business_Allocation_(of_Piscea)|Office for Business Allocation]]
* [[Communist Airways]]
* [[Sky Pisceesum]]


|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;33.333%&quot;|

'''National Features:'''
* [[Piscean Lexicon]]
* [[Quasitheism|Quasitheistic Order]]
* [[Office for the Creation of Idents]]
* [[Taurusian Census]]

|}</text>
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|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Logo: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{logo}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| IATA, ICAO, Callsign: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{designated}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Founded: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{founded}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Hub(s): ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{hub}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Frequent flyer programme: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{freqfly}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Alliance: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{allied}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Fleet size: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{fleet}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Destinations: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{dest}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Parent company: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{owned}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Headquarters: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{based}}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Key people: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{{inchrge}}}
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Communist Airways</title>
    <id>4611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27608</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-16T17:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Infobox Airline|natname=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: partridgo-andersonic&quot;&gt;Winfanéjenfirme Coμjunizmäsum&lt;/span&gt; |name=Communist Airways |logo=[[Image:Communi...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Airline|natname=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: partridgo-andersonic&quot;&gt;Winfanéjenfirme Coμjunizmäsum&lt;/span&gt;
|name=Communist Airways
|logo=[[Image:Communist_Airways2.png|250px]]
|designated=~
|founded=~
|hub=~
|freqfly=~
|allied=~
|fleet=~
|dest=~
|owned=Piscea
|based=~
|inchrge=S.C. Anderson, L.J. Partridge}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Empire-in-the-West</title>
    <id>4612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37810</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-15T02:33:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makerowner</username>
        <id>751</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mainlandc</title>
    <id>4613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27656</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-18T00:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
DRAGNASCK (mainlandic)

vityng	mainlandic

a	a [ɑ]
á 	aa [ɑː]
æ       eh [ɜː]
ǽ 	ei [ɑi]
e 	e [ɜ]
é	ej [e] 
i 	ij [e]
í 	ih [iː]
o 	o [u]
ó	oh [uː]
u 	u [i]
ú	uh [iː]
y 	y [ʉ]
ý 	i [i]
ø 	y [ʉ]
ǿ 	au [ɜi]
b 	b [p]
d 	d [t]
ð 	th [θ]
f 	v [β]	
g 	g [k]
h 	h [h]
j 	ge [ʝ]
k 	c/ck [kʰ]
l 	l [lˠ]
m 	m [m]
n 	n [n]
p 	p [pʰ]
r 	r [r]
s 	s [ʃ]
t 	t [tʰ]
v 	w [ʋ]
þ 	th [θ]

PRONOUNS
        1st     2nd     3rd 
nom.    ack     thaa    theht
        war     thar    thau
gen.    mijn    thijn   thes
        ohsa    ytha    thaara


reflexive
acc.    asck     thesck     sick
        warsck   thersck    sicks   
gen.    asckes   thesckes   sickes
        warsckes thehrsckes seckes

barne - child

indef        
nom/acc barne
        barner
gen     barnes
        barnese
def
nom/acc se barne
        thei barner
gen     thes barnes
        thera barnese

NOUN/PRONOUN LIST
alv - elf 
agea - edge 
arm - arm  
arn - eagle 
carle - farmer
cehgij - keg 
clei - brick 
cloda - cheese 
cnej - knee 
cock - male bird 
coma - block 
corne - grain
cona - woman 
conunge - king 
crava - wish, want
crotha - cabbage, lettuce 
cut - hut 
cwoh - cow 
cwylde - evening 
cysa - kiss 
cyt - cat
ethme - breath
evij - age 
egijr - dread 
ehg - egg 
eple - apple, fruit
escka - ash 
eic - oak
backa - bacon 
balde - prince 
barne - child
bein - bone 
beir - boar 
belge - bag 
brauste - breast 
bearge - hill, city
beyrne - bear 
blath - blade, spoon 
blohm - flower 
blyth - blood 
borc - bark 
botne - bottom
bohl - bowl, cup 
brand - short sword, club
brethijr - brother 
brygea - bridge 
brauth - bread 
byrthen - burden 
byck - book 
bylge - gut
byllu - bellows
dag - day 
dal - valley
dahtra - daughter
deil - share
deid - death 
dolt - fool 
dost - dust 
dwerge - dwarf 
dyr - animal 
dwyru - mine
dur - door 
dragna - blackthorn  
dreckij - dragon 
draum - dream 
vethijr - father
vehra - fear 
veld - field 
veyth - feather 
vleisck - flesh
vlyt - plain 
volke - person 
vros - frost 
vrosck - frog 
vryth - peace 
vyngur - finger 
vyrne - old one
vysck - fish 
vyrk - pigling 
vyt - foot 
vaut - fat 
gavel - fork 
gand - evil, enemy 
gata - gate 
gerne - yarn 
geir - spear 
gova - steam 
gold - gold 
grasa - grass 
grijm - face 
guth - god 
gaus - goose 
havne - haven 
hatgea - hag, witch
hagea - hedge 
haldij - possession 
halsa - peninsula
hamar - hammer 
hangea - female bird 
har - hair 
hargea - army
hengeste - horse
heith - honor 
henda - female deer 
hei - hay 
hejrne - here
himijn - sky 
hijrne - brain, head
herta - heart 
horne - horn, cup
hod - protection
holta - castle 
hunde - hound
huhs - house 
hyl - hall 
hynde - hand 
hyr - Honorary title 
hyste - 
hauvuth - head, top
hauck - hawk
hauste - harvest 
ihlag - laugh 
ihleiv - loaf 
ihlys - sound 
ihlynck - link, chainmail
ihnava - boy 
ihnecka - neck
ihrova - cover
ihrohv - roof
ihrohs - mule
ihroht - den 
ihryg - arse
ihregea - back 
ihrynge - ring, circle, crown 
ihvyrle - whirl pool
ihwyl - whale
gearle - man
gertha - soil
lande - land
lehck - lake 
lethea - filth  
leva - life 
lijm - mortar 
lopte - night sky 
luhs - louse 
lyvurne - liver 
lyg - leg 
lyn - lane 
lynd - place
lauth - soap 
lauv - leaf, child 
laug - hot spring, bath      
matha - moth  
margyn - morning
mehtijr - food 
mothra - mother 
mogea - gnat 
mohga - horror 
munth - mouth 
muhs - mouse 
men - human 
negla - nail 
neste - provision 
nu - now
ny - new
niht - night
nyck - demon 
nys - nose 
oxa - ox 
worth - word 
worme- worm
othal - home 
oth - poetry 
ovla - owl 
pyrck - estate
ran - house 
repte - log 
reip - rope 
regne - rain 
ryvne - bird
sethij - happyness
sehr - sea
seip - sap
seba - blood relative 
seck - sack
singel - pebble 
scald - poet 
scala - skull 
scapa - shape
sceith - sheath, cover 
sceg - beard 
scehp - sheep
scera - earldom
scerg - island 
scestath - heaven
sceta - manure 
skij - cloud, something imagened
scijl - skill
scijn - hide
sceylde - shield 
scog - woodland 
somar - summer 
scynck - shank 
scyckul - chain 
scym - dishonour 
scyp - body
scyru - shore
slanga - snake 
slata - prostitute
sohl - sun 
span - shingle 
spatha - shovel
sperij - rafter, column
sperijmuhs - bat  
spear - spear
speyr - pole  
spohk - ghost, spirit 
statha - village
stein - stone  
stecka - stick
sterna - star
steor - bull 
storme - storm 
strynde - beach 
systra - sister
sympe - mushroom 
syrthe - crust 
syn - swan
syne - son
syrcke - shirt, skirt
syrve - necklace 
tar - tear 
tid - tide, time 
teara - tar 
tonga - tongue, language 
treh - tree 
tun - town
tymbur - timber
tynd - tooth
geung - youth 
walde - small forest 
warar - oath 
warge - outlaw 
watne - water 
wehlysck - foreigner
wende - wind 
wenge - wing 
wena - wine 
wenna - struggle
weste - west
wyth - wood 
wiv - wife
wick - coastal city 
wycke - witch 
win - field 
wijn - friend  
wraathar - courage 
wreith - wrath 
wrotla - root 
wyg - way 
wygge - wall 
wyt - winter 
thehla - plank 
therna - there
thinge - thing 
smehlij - small animal 
smyr - butter 
smyth - smith
smyrre - oil 
snehgij - hook 
snei - snow 
tholne - peg 
throhta - throat 
thwelta - fever 
yl - beer 
ylne - all 
yscke - ash tree 
ey - island 
eiga - eye 
eira - ear 
auste - east
aut - poison 

VERB

sege &quot;say&quot;
        PRESENT TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    sege    segeth  sege
plr.    seger   seger   seger

        PAST TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    seged   seged   seged
du/plr  seged   seged   seged

VERB LIST
argo - frighten
ehge - taunt
baka - bake 
bearge - to bury
blythuh - bleed
brynuh - burn
denge - hit 
dey - die
drev - drive 
drenck - drink
ejgnuh - own 
var - to go c1
vethem - fathom
vehre - fear
vrosuh - freeze
vyluh - fill
vynduh - find
vla - skin
gaba - mock 
gaa - go
gas - look
gev - give
gelda - castrate
genga - walk
gehte - get
grehta - forgive
hav - have
halda - hold 
hehckel - heckle
hespa - pin
heima - dwell
ihlaup - walk
honger - hunger 
calla - yell 
caste - throw 
cnap - eat
cnota - tie in a knot
cnywu - kneel
coga - oppress
copejn - keep
crave - demand 
cyr - choose
cysuh - kiss
laack - play 
laacke - exercise
lehge - lay
leiv - leave behind
leithe - lead
luhv - love 
lyth - praise
lyg - speak falsely
mornan - to mourn 
op - weep
ut - expel 
pryt - trick 
raas - raise
reid - guess 
reyde - read
rote - rot 
rys - rise 
rauv - rob
senck - sink 
send - send
sehte - set
sege - say
seng - sing
seick - search
sea - see 
scap - make
scym - dishonour
slehp - sleep
stande - stand
streck - stroke
swem - to swim
tack - take
tal - say, talk
targe - defend
tehl - tell
teig - tie
treiste - trust
tryg - believe
wald - rule
walk - run
wander - travel
wesck - want
wrehck - wreck
thanck - thank
thehck - shelter
smyr - smear
thohl - endure
thynck - think 
thruht - swell
yn - work
ypen - open
yscke - ask

COPOLAs
wara &quot;be&quot;
        PRESENT TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    be      biste   be      
plr     sinde   sinde   sinde

        PAST TENSE
        1st     2nd     3rd
sng.    war     war     war
du/plr  wara    wara    wara


ADJECTIVES
ung &quot;young&quot;

nom/acc ung
        ung
gen.    ungs
        ungs


&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Halcarnian; Language or Dialect?</title>
    <id>4614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27642</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-17T21:08:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Halcánian dialect|back to Halcarnian grammar]].

On first hearing Halcarnian, one could be forgiven for describing it as another language. However, Halcarnian shares over 90 percent Dalcurian vocabulary, and in formal conditions adheres to the same prepositional phrase word order rule as standard Dalcurian.&lt;br/&gt;Some gramatarians argue that dialects are in fact languages unto themselves. I however, feel that, if a 2 forms of the same language are mutualy intelligeable (''albiet with a little training''), then they are in fact 'dialects'.

Having lived in Dalcuria for over 10 years, and actually in Halcarnia itself for 4 years, I feel that Halcarnian IS merely a dialect. I have had many a conversation with people from central Dalcuria-they speaking SD (''Standard Dalcurian'') and me speaking ED (''Eastern Dalcurian/Halcarnian'') with very little effort to be understood. It's akin to the way in which '''Finish''' and '''Estonian''', or '''High German''' and '''Austrian''' are mutually intelligeable.

For me, what causes the argument is that, Halcarnian, unlike many 'true' dialects, has its own grammar and written standard.&lt;br/&gt;I come from the north east of England, so I have a 'northern' accent-or a ''Geordie'' accent as it's commonly known. I class my everyday speak as a 'northern dialect'. I can still be understood anywhere in England, but 'Geordie' doesn't have a written form. For example, I might say to my pals:

* '''&quot;D'ye's fancy ganin oot f'ra bevvie the neet like?&quot;'''&lt;br/&gt;(lit: ''Do you's [you all] fancy [like the idea of] going out for a bevvie [pint/drink] tonight'')

Of course, if I was sending an email or maybe a text, then I wouldn't write it like that, I would write it in standard English.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhasnikþ</title>
    <id>4615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28273</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-28T02:06:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
VSO
rhasnikþ
a   [ɑ]
aa  [ɑː]
e   [æ]
ee  [æː]
i   [i]
ii  [iː]
u   [ɯ]
uu  [ɯː]
w   [ʊ]
p   [p]
pj  [pˠ]
t   [ʈ]
tj  [ʈˠ]
k   [q]
kj  [k]
f   [ɸ]
fj  [x]
s   [ʂ]	
sj  [x]
j   [ɣ]
r   [ɽ]
rj  [ɰ]
l   [ɭ]
lj  [ʟ]
nh  [ŋ]
n   [ɳ]
nj  [ŋ]
rh  [ʁ]
lh  [ɬ]
þ   [θ]
þj  [x]

numbers are singular, partative and plural

PRONOUNS
        1st     2nd     3rd    
acc.    ink     af      uk
        jajut   jaft    juft
        jajur   jar     jufair
gen.    nik     fik     uk
        nikt    fikt    ukt
        nikr    fikr    ukr
dat.    inkil   afal    ukul
        jinkilt jafalt  jukult
        jinkil  jafal   jukul
abl.    naink   naaf    nauk
        njajut  njaft   njuft
        njajur  njar    njufair
ben.    niluk   filuk   uluk
        niklut  fiklut  uklut
        niklur  fiklur  uklur
loc.    inki    afi     uki
        jajut   jaft    juft
        jajur   jar     jufair

NOUNS
nant &quot;man&quot;

nom.    nant
        ianant
        iunant
acc.    nant
        ianant
        iunant
gen.    þanant
        þianant
        siunant
dat.    nantal
        ianantal
        iunantal
abl.    natant
        niatant
        niutant
ben.    nanlut
        iananlut
        iunanlut
loc.    nanti
        iananti
        iunanti
intsr.  nantap
        ianantap
        iunantap

VERBS

þikanja &quot;to say&quot;
        1st&amp;2nd        3rd
past    þikanjak       þikanjut
        þikanjakt      þikanjutþ
        þikanjakþ      þikanju
pres.   aþikanjak      aþikanjut
        aþikanjakt     aþikanjutþ
        aþikanjakþ     aþikanju
fut.    þikanjawik     þikanjuwit
        þikanjawikt    þikanjuwitþ
        þikanjawikþ    þikanjuwi

kuu - who
kwat - where
kwiri - what
kwin - when
nut - all
nani - much
þunhi - some
siw - few
ufirh - other

BASE 16
lan - 0
inhu - 1
uut - 2
falii - 3 
suur - 4
siwi - 5 
þitþ - 6
þiwi - 7 
iipti - 8
inin - 9
kin - a
irun - b
kils - c
firjin - d
sulhi - e
sisji - f
siinhu - 10
inhupwi siinhu - 11 (literally one-and sixteen)
uutpwi siinhu - 12
uut siinhu - 20
firjinpwi uut siinhu - 2d
unakrik - 100
falii unakrik - 300
sulhipwi uut siinhupwi falii unakrik - 32e
fuuþant - 1000

ADJECTIVES
fik - thin
fin - thick
jawi - light (weight)
pik - small
narhuu - wide
ranh - short
witi - narrow
þnalh - big
þurt - tall, long

NOUNS
air - hair
airh - copper [borrowed from Vityng &quot;ǽr&quot;]
alinhu - arm
aninh - animal
antak - hand
api - edge
apir - awe
arhaþ - elf
asinh - air
atjuurhal - bowl
aulha - ear
aupa - eye
ip - egg
japil - eagle
jartus - heart
jasjut - head
jin - skin
kail - tail
kalhaþ - grass
kilt - child
kjal - farmer [from Vityng karl]
kunwi - tongue
kuuf - tooth
ljas - leaf
lupi - rope
nant - man
nhuuja - monster
nip - neck
nja - knee
njat - meat
nufir - mother, aunt, grandmother
nuuf - mouth
nuþi - nose
paluut - blood
parik - bark
parjatþ - breast
pirt - bird
putþ - gut
rip - leg
rhiwir - liver
rhuup - root
rhuuþi - louse
safil - father, uncle, grandfather
sak - fat
salwirh - flower
sarjut - apple
sikþ - fish
sinap - drink
sinirna - nail
sjafirh - feather
sulitþ - forest
suuk - foot
tairja - boar
talhi - tree
taluunh - flower
tap - back
tapa - bacon
taras - leaf
tilip - bag
tiarhip - hill
tjalak - prince
tjuurhal - cup
tukunt - dog
tulhaak - bark
tuni - bone
tuwin - bear
unhan - human
uran - horn
uurnh - worm
uþnant - husband
waliiskjarh - one who speaks Rhasnikþ [from Vityng vællyskur]
wisi - wife
wuinh - wing
wunhan - woman
þikjuk - stick
þjit - seed
þnaki - snake

BOATS
boat/ship - wepja 
kayak - rhanhaaþje
row boat - tiiluepja
large oar powered - taaluepja
small sail - sjelh
large sail - þnalhisjelh
fishingboat - sikþuepja
warship - kþanpark 
cargoship - kþanrat
whalingboat - þalhikþuepja

VERBS
fikanja - spit
finapan - think
flik - split
ikanha - hit
jakanh - eat
jarinhi - hear
karatþ - scratch
kipif - dig
kji - die
laup - laugh
nuu - know
parjafi - breath
pil - kill
paluu - blow
pukalhu - cut
rhiwi - live
sikt - fight
sjarhil - fear
tiki - bite
unjak - hunt
wunhik - vomit
þat - stab
þii - see
þjaliit - sleep
þnilh - smell
þuinh - swim
þup - suck

Kinship Terms

Older Female - nufir   Older Male - safil
Contemporary Female - þeeki   Contemporary Male - þaate
Younger Female - efjuki   Younger Male - efjeti

OUR FATHER

Our Father, which art in Heaven,
nikr safil iasini
our father loc.heaven

Hallowed be thy Name.
ulhi fik najanh
holy your name

Thy Kingdom come.
punhiwitþ fik pintuunh
fut.come your kingdom

Thy will be done,
nhakawitþ fik wanakja
fut.make your want

in earth as it is in Heaven.
lasani laip iasini
loc.earth like loc.heaven

Give us this day our daily bread.
apisik nikr þakap tuuruk niklur 
pres.give our day's bread ben.us

forgive us our trespasses,
asuulpisk nikr iukaritþaþ
pres.forgive our plur.trespass

lead us not into temptation;
pjaur arjakak jajur kitaasui 
not pres.lead us loc.temptation

deliver us from evil.
aþask jajur naisil
pres.save us abl.evil  

Amen.
kjiilhaasju
amen

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Barnstar-rotating.gif</title>
    <id>4616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27698</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-22T20:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Just a bit of fun, really.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Just a bit of fun, really.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Starry-Backround.gif</title>
    <id>4617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27706</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-23T10:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:K1234567890y/Language for MoeGirls TypeA</title>
    <id>4618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45371</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T10:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|K1234567890y|My project has been changed}}

This is a langauge for the so-called &quot;Moe Girls&quot;, I'm thinking to make the language a &quot;MoeDenpo&quot;(萌電波) language.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Vowels
|-
!  !! Front !! Central !!  Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| e || (&amp;#601;) || o
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Consonants
|-
!  !! Labial !! Avelor !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Stops
| p || t ||  || k || &amp;#660;
|-
! Fricatives
|  || s ||  || || h
|-
! Nasals
| m || n ||  || &amp;#331;
|-
! Approximants
|  || l || j || w
|}

*The stop consonants are usually unaspirated.
*the vowel /a/ can be either a front vowel or a central vowel.

Syllable: (C)V(C), most of the words are open-syllabic.

===Latin Alphabets' Representation===
*A - /a/
*E - /e/
*H - /h/
*I - /i/
*K - /k/
*L - /l/
*M - /m/
*N - /n/; /&amp;#331;/ before /k/
*O - /o/
*P - /p/
*S - /s/
*T - /t/
*U - /u/
*W - /w/
*Y - /j/
*' - /&amp;#660;/

==Grammar==
The language is SVO, Right-branching, Topic-prominent, and isolating, it has no iflections.

Words with two different syllables may be reduplicated, but Reduplication never changes the meaning of words.

==Words==
===Numbers===
*Minus:'i
*Zero:nu
#One:wa
#Two:le
#Three:te
#Four:he(initial)/'e(non-initial)
#Five:mo
#Six:ku
#Seven:se
#Eight:pa
#Nine:so
#Ten:wanu(n)
#Eleven:wawa(n)
#Twelve:wale(n)
*100:wanunu(n)
*254:lemo'e(n)
*-34:ite'e(n)
*......th:ke-
*Numbers larger than or equal to 10 are usually ended with &quot;-n&quot;.

===Prepositions===
*To(person):kui
*To(place):ta
*To(time):nui
*From(place):hoi
*From(Time):soi
*At; in(Place):'en
*At(time):'on
*Via(Place):'an
*Of:no
*With(tools):mei
*With(people):pe
*Topic maker(postpositional):'a

===Pronouns===
*1st person:mi
*1st+2nd person:mui
*2nd person:to
*3rd person:tai

*This; these:ena
*That; those:ana

*Here:hi
*There:ten

*This time:'eta
*That time:'ata

*Past tense:sao
*Future tense:seo
*Perfect aspect:yo

===Articles===
*Thing that the speaker defined as:sei
*Thing that really is:'a
*Set of things that the speaker defined as:kei
*Set of things that really are:kai
*Typical things marker:koi
*All; Every:'oi
*There exist one; At least one:'ai

===Nouns===
*Little girl/&quot;Moe Girl&quot;:meme
*Elder Brother:nini
*Elder Sister:nesa
*Water:kulu

===Verbs===
*To see:meta
*To hear:heki
*To come/to go:kana
*To drink:hulu
*To eat:kaka
*To like:suki
*To hate:kato
*To sleep:meke

===Aux verbs===
*Want:tesa
*Be able to:kano
*Like to:suni
*Must; have to:peki

===Adjectives/Adverbs===
*Good:koto
*more:kete
*most(for adjectives):mesa
*most(for verbs):masa

===Other words===
*Not(Logical negation): na
*Question maker(placed in the end of a sentence):ne

==Sample texts==
*&quot;Nini('a) mi sukisuki (tai) masamasa!&quot; - &quot;I like &quot;Oniichan&quot;(Big Brother) the most.&quot;
*&quot;Nini na sukisuki meme ne?&quot; - &quot;Doesn't Oniichan like meimei(Sometimes the word &quot;meme&quot; is used by some Moe Girls instead of using &quot;I&quot; or &quot;me&quot; for calling themselves.)?&quot;
*&quot;Nini, mi tesatesa kaka 'ana.&quot; - &quot;Oniichan, I want to eat that.&quot;
*&quot;Nini kotokoto mesamesa!&quot; - &quot;Oniichan is the best!&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PierreAbbat</title>
    <id>4619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27730</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-25T02:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Pierre Abbat'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 1963-12-18 in New York state
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| Draftsman to a surveyor and computer programmer.
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English, French, Spanish, German, Russian, Greek, Hebrew
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Borogoni]], [[Weniti]], [[Pihaki]], [[Kivdanu]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| Lojban
&lt;!--|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| MY INTERESTS
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| MORE INFORMATION--&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Borogoni</title>
    <id>4620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54685</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-27T00:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>make a link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Borogoni languages''' are spoken in the continents Bor and Gon. Bor is east of Gon; Weni is west of Gon, and has its own language family, [[Weniti]].

*Bori languages
**[[Melonian languages]]
***[[Malwinish]]
***[[Azarian]]
*Goni languages
**Western
***[[Filofonecian]]
**Eastern
***[[Tavashi]]
***[[Entebamshi]]

Proto-Borogoni had some thirteen noun cases, grouped into two groups with different stem forms: ''śarib'' (water), ''śarib-i'', ''śareb-a'', etc. The major modern languages have little trace left of this declension system; Filofonecian retains the two stems (''ośriw/ośraw''), but nothing else.

The noun also had three numbers: singular, plural, and numeric. This is preserved in Goni but lost in Bori, which has just singular and plural.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azarian</title>
    <id>4621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27806</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-29T07:33:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tones, numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language
|English=Azarian
|native=Mejinsyè
|country=Azaria
|nativecountry=Mejín
|universe=Melin
|speakers=?
|family=[[Borogoni]]
|branch=Bori
|subbranch=Melonian
|wordorder=SVO
|type=inflecting
|alignment=nominative-accusative
|author=Pierre Abbat
|date=late 1970s}}
==Phonetics==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|ĩ}} || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|õ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || ({{IPA|ə}}) ({{IPA|ə̃}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|ɛ̃}} || ({{IPA|œ}}) ({{IPA|œ̃}}) || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}} {{IPA|ã}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|sʲ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʃʲ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} {{IPA|ʒʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Tones===
Azarian has three tones: falling, mid, and rising. Only stressed syllables have tone; unstressed syllables are pronounced with pitches determined by surrounding tones. Sentence intonation modifies the pronunciation of tones, making the falling tone high level, for instance. A word may have more than one toned syllable, e.g. ''fìxteynzàyhatvà'' &quot;sixty-eight&quot;.

Minimal pairs are ''sá'' &quot;you&quot; and ''sā'' (interrogative particle); and ''kézd'' &quot;time&quot; and ''kèzd'' &quot;tool&quot;. ''Sá onjō sā kézd ī xtá jè? Háx, mó xanztè kézdkèzd.'' &quot;Do you know what time it is? No, I'll ask the clock.&quot; A minimal pair that can easily be confused is ''háyx'' &quot;zero&quot;, related to ''háx'', and ''hàyx'' &quot;four&quot;. To avoid this, Azarians often say ''máx'' &quot;nothing, nobody&quot; for ''háyx''.

==Alphabet==
Azarian has the same alphabet as [[Malwinish]], except for letters representing sounds not found in both languages.
{|
| Transliteration || Sound || Notes
|-
| k || k
|-
| o || o
|-
| s || s || Usually a dental sibilant, but the dental and alveolar sibilants are allophones.
|-
| j || ʒ 
|-
| z || z
|-
| h || h || Initial ''hi'' is voiceless ''i'', unless followed by a vowel, in which case a diphthong results.
|-
| v || v
|-
| b || b || The letter for ''v'' originally represented ''b'', and that for ''b'' is a modification of it.
|-
| a || a
|-
| g || g
|-
| e || e || Pronounced as either ɛ or ə.
|-
| x || ʃ
|-
| t || t
|-
| i || i
|-
| f || f
|-
| m || m
|-
| p || p
|-
| d || d
|-
| y || j || Diacritic indicating palatalization of s, z, x, and j, and diphthong with o, a, and e.
|-
| n || ◌̃ || Diacritic indicating a nasal vowel.
|}
The falling (high) tone is written as an accent above the vowel, and the rising (low) tone as an accent below, when they are written. The mid tone is not written in the Azarian alphabet.

Some words, such as ''yhatvà'', begin with ''y'' or ''n''. This is not pronounced, and in Azarian writing is not written, unless the previous word ends with a letter that can take the diacritic. ''n'' and ''y'' commute.

==Numbers==
{|
| Azarian || English
|-
| háyx, máx || zero
|-
| tan || one
|-
| và || two
|-
| háov || three
|-
| hàyx || four
|-
| xayf || five
|-
| fìxte || six
|-
| jáyn || seven
|- 
| yhatvà || eight
|-
| ki, kays (archaic) || nine
|-
| káyn || ten
|-
| káyn tan || eleven
|-
| vàynzà || twenty
|-
| háovzà || thirty
|-
| hìzà || forty
|-
| xāyfzà || fifty
|-
| fìxteynzà || sixty
|-
| jáynzà || seventy
|-
| yhatvàynzà || eighty
|-
| kīzà || ninety
|-
| kèsfayn || hundred
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Šokazan</title>
    <id>4622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27811</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-29T13:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Brel</username>
        <id>775</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}}
{{Infobox|name=Šokazan&lt;br&gt;''Teinzenzā Raišen'', ''Mei Teinzenzā''|pronounce=ˌʃokaˈzan|tu=[[Čenzai]]|species=Near-human|in=[[Šokaza]]|no=c. 3 million|script=[[Šokazan syllabary]]/[[Script of Gimerī]]|tree=[[Valley Language Family]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Forest Languages]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Šokazan'''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Dīzzen]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Langaran]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Teryat (languages)|Teryat]]&lt;br&gt;|morph=Fusional|ms=Ergative (split-S)|wo=SVO|creator=[[User:Brel|Brel]]|date=2001}}
'''Šokazan''' was the language spoken by the inhabitants of the country of [[Šokaza]]. It was a predominately fusional language, though it gained more isolating elements over time. Šokazan had an SVO word order and was a split-S language.

==Name==
&quot;Šokazan&quot; is of course an Anglicism, based on the final name of the land in which it was spoken, Šokaza. The language's real name was ''Teinzenzā Raišen'', &quot;Language of All&quot;, or merely ''Mei Teinzenzā'', &quot;The Language&quot;. The [[Šokazans]] used such general terms because they believed their tongue to be the archetype of all human languages. All others were either pale imitations or debasements of it. The Šokazans did give [[Peliumeryum (language)|Peliumeryum]] considerably more respect, but always found their own tongue ultimately superior.

==Related Languages==
Šokazan was a member of the [[Valley Language Family]], so called because its speakers tended to live in forested valleys among the mountains, or in the low-lying areas right next to the sea (which to the Šokazans was a wall against further habitation, and thus viewed as a mountain in this regard). The &quot;barbarians&quot; to the south and west of Šokaza, who still lived in the same places from which the Šokazans had migrated centuries before, of course spoke languages of this family also. They were, however, never written down before the disastrous [[Great Tumult]], so knowledge of them is scant. The [[Teryat]] [[Teryat (languages)|languages]] were also related to Šokazan, and some of these were studied and written down by Šokazan linguists, who of course used them as opportunities to show that other languages were mere imitations of their own.

==Daughter Languages==
The Great Tumult brought about the end of the Šokazan language and civilization. The few survivors on the mainland either assimilated into the tribes to the south and west of their former country (people whom only shortly before they had discounted as &quot;barbarians&quot;) or managed to find other Šokazans and found tiny city-states. One of these city-states, [[Okuðai]], managed to grow strong and reunify most of the others; its people spoke a language called [[Dīzzen]], which they considered to be the purest form of Šokazan in the &quot;[[Dim Days]]&quot; (as they called them). The other city-states had their own languages, each a daughter of Šokazan, but they had few scribes among them, and wrote down little.

The other main daughter language was [[Langaran]]. Though its speakers had spoken very dialectal Šokazan while their mother country stood, they best preserved the language after the Great Tumult because [[Langara]] still had most of the realm's ancient records, which were lost to everyone else. Even so, Langaran itself underwent no fewer changes after the Tumult than its relatives on the mainland did. But among the noblest and those in the highest echelons of the priesthood, Šokazan was itself preserved and used in rituals and other formal occasions.

==History==
Šokazan became differentiated from the other languages of the Valley Family when the ancestors of the Šokazans migrated, probably due to a population increase that caused them to look for a place that could yield more food, from the inland forests to a rich land between the mountains and the sea. The original inhabitants were either destroyed, fled with those Šokazans not willing to stay in the new land (who continued migrating and were the progenitors of the [[Teryat]]), or were assimilated into the Šokazan people. The Šokazans devised their own writing system at this time, the [[Šokazan syllabary]], and with it came the first attestations of [[Old Šokazan]].

The next three and a half centuries were mostly uneventful for Šokazan, but with the invention of large ships, its speakers were able to reach new lands about 220 years after the founding of their nation. One of the places they found was [[Peliumeryum (nation)|Peliumeryum]], a nation which was to have a large part in Šokaza's history, as well as that of its language. The [[Peliumeryum (people)|Peliumeryum]] were far more advanced than the Šokazans, and profited from trading with them enough to be willing to teach them some of their knowledge. In the three hundred fifty second year from the beginning of Šokaza, the Honorable [[Gimerī]], who had already learned all that Šokazan schools had to offer about his native language, traveled to Peliumeryum to learn theirs. When he returned nearly two decades later, he brought extensive writings and a proposal to the King with him: an offer to completely reform Šokaza's writing system. He, along with many other scribes employed by the aristocracy, argued that the current syllabary was inadequate for the needs of the language, especially since it had changed so much from the time when it was devised. With the things he had learned, Gimerī said, he could make a far better writing system for his people. The King agreed, and over the years the [[script of Gimerī]] replaced the old system. It continued to be utilized until Šokaza's end, and variants of it were used by the [[Langarans]] and [[Okuðaians]] later.

Contact with the Peliumeryum of course also led to a phenomenon which altered the Šokazan language greatly: loanwords. Some more conservative linguists (and common people) objected to the importing of Peliumeryum words, but it was an ineluctable process. By the time of Šokaza's fall some twenty percent or more of its words came directly from Peliumeryum. The new script of Gimerī, combined with the sudden influx of Peliumeryum words, was the landmark that divided [[Middle Šokazan]] from Old Šokazan.

Several more centuries went by, in which many sound and semantic changes that obscured Gimerī's finely detailed script took place. As tension mounted between the erstwhile allies of Šokaza and and Peliumeryum, loanwords came to be seen as despicable, and many were replaced by &quot;authentic&quot; Šokazan forms. When the colony of [[Čaikaza]] was founded, its people devised new words to describe natural features not found in their motherland, but these did not generally make their way into the language as a whole.

Soon after the eight hundredth year from Šokaza's founding, a massive natural disaster, graven in the memory of its survivors with the name ''Great Tumult'', took place, in which the Šokazan civilization was utterly destroyed and few of its people even survived. This catastrophic downfall was considered to be the end of [[Classical Šokazan]] as such, but the language did not fully die out: it was survived by its direct descendants Dīzzen and Langaran, among others. And after the old records of the Šokazan kingdom were rediscovered and uncoded in Langara, Šokazan itself was revived for formal purposes.

==Dialects==
The form of Šokazan described in this article is the Classical Šokazan of [[Tłončečī]], the capital city, and its vicinity. The major cities of Šokaza each had their own dialect, but rural areas were less divergent. Records tell us of four major rural dialects, each covering a broad swath of the country: the [[Southwestern Šokazan|Southwestern]], [[Northeastern Šokazan|Northeastern]], [[Central Šokazan|Central]], and [[Čaikazan]] forms of Šokazan. Southwestern and Northeastern can be seen as occupying two extremes on a continuum of differing linguistic features, while Central was at a point halfway between them (though it possessed unique aspects of its own). Čaikazan was the dialect that was spoken in Čaikaza, and was thus the direct ancestor to Langaran.

==Phonology==
===Phoneme Inventory===
Šokazan had 42 phonemes: 14 vowels and 28 consonants. Some of these are not found in English or other Indo-European languages, though several are present in Native American languages.

====Vowels====
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-left:75px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Šokazan Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| '''Front''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Near-front''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Central''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Back'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''High''' || || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || {{IPA|u}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''High-mid''' || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Low''' || || || || {{IPA|a}} || || || || {{IPA|ɒ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

As can be seen, Šokazan had a very symmetrical vowel system: three unrounded front vowels balanced by three rounded back vowels at the same heights; /ɒ/, however, was not as fully rounded as the other two back vowels. There were also long versions of each of the following vowels: /iː/, /uː/, /aː/, /ɒː/. For the lengthened forms of /e/ and /o/ see below.

Šokazan also had a few diphthongs: /eɪ̯/, /oʊ̯/, /aɪ̯/, /ɒʊ̯/. /eɪ̯/ and /oʊ̯/ were considered to be the long forms of /e/ and /o/, respectively; but since they were not pure monophthongs I have included them here, and transcribe them differently from the other long vowels. All diphthongs were falling diphthongs, with the stress on the first vowel.

/i/ and /u/ were pronounced as in English, while /e/ and /o/ had the same pronunciation as their counterparts in Spanish: they were pure vowels, not glides as in English—indeed, such pronunciation would greatly confuse a Šokazan, whose language did contain phonemic high-mid glides. /a/ was more fronted than its English counterpart, to allow for maximum contrast with /ɒ/. /ɒ/ is a rather unusual vowel for English speakers; it can be produced well enough by rounding the lips when saying &quot;ahhh&quot;. The Šokazan vowel was produced further back in the mouth than our /a/ generally is, however.

The four lengthened monophthongs, /iː/, /uː/, /aː/, /ɒː/, were pronounced the same as their short versions but held for twice the amount of time as them. The long and short forms of these vowels were thus distinguished only be quantity, not quality. The lengthened versions of /e/ and /o/, however, were realized as in English ''paid'' and ''mowed'', respectively—these were actually glides (and are found in English), and differed in both quality and quantity from the short vowels.

The diphthong /aɪ̯/ was pronounced like English ''eye'', but /ɒʊ̯/ does not correspond directly to any sound in English. It is most similar to the diphthong in ''loud'', but the first part is pronounced farther back in the mouth with the lips rounded.

====Consonants====
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-left:75px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Šokazan Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| '''Bilabial''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Labiodental''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Alveolar''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Post-alveolar''' ||colspan=2| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Velar''' 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Nasal''' || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || {{IPA|n}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Plosive''' || {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}} || || || || {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Fricative''' || || || || {{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}} || ||  {{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Trill''' || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Lateral''' || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} {{IPA|l}} 
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Šokazan had many of the consonants found in English, but it lacked the velar nasal and possessed only one approximant, the lateral. The alveolar lateral fricative, /ɬ/, was also found in Šokazan. Most of Šokazan's consonants were pronounced very closely to how they are in English, but /b/, /d/, /g/ were fully voiced, and the voiceless stops had less aspiration at the beginnings of words than they did in English. They were released more strongly at the ends of words than in English, however.

/x/ was a voiceless velar fricative, similar to the sound in Scottish ''Loch''. /ɬ/ was the voiceless lateral fricative, pronounced by positioning the tongue similar to when pronouncing the ''l'' sound and then forcing air through the mouth so as to make an audible hissing sound. /l/ was seen by the Šokazans as the voiced counterpart to /ɬ/, but it was actually an approximant, not a voiced lateral fricative. /l/ was thus pronounced much as in English, but was never dark in syllable codas. /r/ was generally a trill, as in Spanish &lt;rr&gt;. In some dialects it was a flap or even a retroflex approximant, however.

Šokazan contained several affricates; because there were so many in the language, they are given in a separate table below:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-left:75px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Affricates  
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Bilabial''' || {{IPA|pf}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Bilabial-alveolar''' || {{IPA|ps}}{{footnote|1}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Alveolar''' || {{IPA|ts}} {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Lateral''' || {{IPA|tł}} {{IPA|dl}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Velar''' || {{IPA|kx}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: x-small;&quot;| '''Velar-alveolar''' || {{IPA|ks}}{{footnote|1}} 
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:x-small&quot;&gt;{{footnote|1}}/ps/ and /ks/ were ''heterorganic affricates''; that is, the stop and the fricative into which it released were at very different places of articulation. They were considered affricates because they were subject to the same phonological rules as other Šokazan affricates, and because they could be distinguished in sound from clusters of the same consonants by the Šokazans: after the release of the stop, the fricative reached full volume much faster in the affricates /ps/ and /ks/ than in the combinations /p/ + /s/ and /k/ + /s/. Technically speaking, /pf/ is also a heterorganic affricate, occurring at the bilabial and labiodental places of articulation. I do not call it that here because these two places are very close to each other, and because in many dialects of Šokazan, /pf/ was realized as [pϕ] (fully bilabial) or [p̪f] (fully labiodental). In the speech of Tłončečī, however, the most common pronunciation was [pf], and so I list it here thus.&lt;/div&gt;

The pronunciation of affricates merely involves saying the stops and the fricatives described above, but care must be taken to pronounce them quickly, as one sound. In Šokazan, affricates could be, and were, distinguished from stop-fricative clusters by the speed of articulation. /dl/ is rather unusual in that it appears not to have been released into a fricative, but rather an approximant; but it was often realized as [dɮ]. /ɮ/, the voiced lateral fricative, has not been found to contrast with /dɮ/ in any language, and Šokazan does in fact preserve this distinction, since it has /l/ instead of /ɮ/. I write &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;dl&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; in order to connect the affricate with /d/ and /l/, but [ɮ] was the typical realization of the fricative release.

===Romanization===
The following table shows the Romanization scheme I have used for Šokazan.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-left:75px;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Romanization of Šokazan Phonemes
|- style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size:x-small; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! Letter || &amp;nbsp;Sound || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Letter || &amp;nbsp;Sound || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Digraph || &amp;nbsp;Sound 
|-
| A&amp;nbsp;a || {{IPA|a}} || L&amp;nbsp;l || {{IPA|l}} || Ai&amp;nbsp;ai || {{IPA|aɪ̯}}  
|-
| Ā&amp;nbsp;ā || {{IPA|aː}} || M&amp;nbsp;m || {{IPA|m}} || Åu&amp;nbsp;åu || {{IPA|ɒʊ̯}} 
|-
| Å&amp;nbsp;å || {{IPA|ɒ}} || N&amp;nbsp;n || {{IPA|n}} || Dl&amp;nbsp;dl || {{IPA|dl}} 
|-
| Ä&amp;nbsp;ä || {{IPA|ɒː}} || O&amp;nbsp;o || {{IPA|o}} || Dz&amp;nbsp;dz || {{IPA|dz}} 
|-
| B&amp;nbsp;b || {{IPA|b}} || P&amp;nbsp;p || {{IPA|p}} || Ei&amp;nbsp;ei || {{IPA|eɪ̯}} 
|-
| Č&amp;nbsp;č || {{IPA|tʃ}} || R&amp;nbsp;r || {{IPA|r}} || Ks&amp;nbsp;ks || {{IPA|ks}} 
|-
| D&amp;nbsp;d || {{IPA|d}} || S&amp;nbsp;s || {{IPA|s}} || Kx&amp;nbsp;kx || {{IPA|kx}} 
|-
| E&amp;nbsp;e || {{IPA|e}} || Š&amp;nbsp;š || {{IPA|ʃ}} || Ou&amp;nbsp;ou || {{IPA|oʊ̯}} 
|-
| F&amp;nbsp;f || {{IPA|f}} || T&amp;nbsp;t || {{IPA|t}} || Pf&amp;nbsp;pf || {{IPA|pf}} 
|-
| G&amp;nbsp;g || {{IPA|g}} || U&amp;nbsp;u || {{IPA|u}} || Ps&amp;nbsp;ps || {{IPA|ps}}
|-
| I&amp;nbsp;i || {{IPA|i}} || Ū&amp;nbsp;ū || {{IPA|uː}} || Tł&amp;nbsp;tł || {{IPA|tɬ}}
|-
| Ī&amp;nbsp;ī || {{IPA|iː}} || V&amp;nbsp;v || {{IPA|v}} || Ts&amp;nbsp;ts || {{IPA|ts}}
|-
| J&amp;nbsp;j || {{IPA|dʒ}} || X&amp;nbsp;x || {{IPA|x}}
|-
| K&amp;nbsp;k || {{IPA|k}} || Z&amp;nbsp;z || {{IPA|z}}
|-
| Ł&amp;nbsp;ł || {{IPA|ɬ}} || Ž&amp;nbsp;ž || {{IPA|ʒ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
 
===Suprasegmental Features===

===Constraints===

===Allophony===

==Word Classes==
===Nouns===

===Verbs===

===Pronouns===

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

===Conjunctions===

===Numbers===

===Interjections===

==Morphology==

==Syntax==

==Discourse==
===Politeness and Formality===

==Writing System==

==See Also==
* [[Šokaza]]
* [[Šokazans]]
* [[Gimerī]]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Šokaza]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wanian</title>
    <id>4623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28060</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-10T05:05:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pronouns</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language
|English=Wanian
|native=Wanyat
|country=Wania
|nativecountry=Wanya
|universe=Melin
|speakers=?
|family=[[Weniti]]
|branch=...
|subbranch=...
|wordorder=SOV
|type=agglutinative
|alignment=nominative-accusative
|author=Pierre Abbat
|date=late 1970s}}
'''Wanian''' is the Weniti language that best preserves the grammar of the family. It features:
*four noun cases (ergative, nominative, accusative, dative) for the main verb arguments, plus other cases such as locative and genitive
*double case, when a noun is an argument of two verbs
*agreement of case marking on nouns and verbs.
Examples:
:''Certer-u-be-n-yod nebat-it-ab-en-s cobens-es-ev tibas-at-be-s-er-v-eth?''
:cistern-PL-2ND-GEN-LOC cold-CAUS-PAST-FOLL-NOM water-NOM-ACC have-PRES-2ND-NOM-PREC-ACC-QUES
:Do you have in your cisterns water that has been made cold? (Out of the Silent Planet)
The verb ending ''-ens'' (or ''-nes''; many endings have a CV form and a VC form and use one or the other for euphony reasons) indicates that the subject ''cobenses'' follows the verb ''nebatens''; this gives it the force of a participle. The suffix ''-erv'' in ''tibaserv'' indicates that the object ''cobensev'' precedes it, which is the normal order. The 2nd plural suffix is ''-bu'', which unlike ''-be'' does not metathesize. The 1st person pronoun is ''-li''. The ergative ending is ''-l'' and the dative is ''-m''.
:''Jan-es-es adrab-u-re-s jan-ay-a har-er-s.''
:man-NOM-NOM language-PL-PREC-NOM man-SAMENUM-IS worth-PREC-NOM
:A man is worth as many men as he speaks languages.
The noun ''janeses'' has two nominative endings, indicating that it is the subject of two verbs. ''adrab'' is both a noun and a verb; being plural, it indicates that the man speaks more than one language. ''-res'' is metathesized for euphony. The plural of ''janeses'' is ''januses'', where one NOM ending loses its vowel. The same number ending is ''-a'', but since it precedes another ending ''-a'', a ''y'' is inserted between them. The second ''-a'' makes a verb &quot;to be a man&quot; out of a noun &quot;man&quot;, or is a case indicating &quot;as a man&quot;. ''har'' has a homophone meaning &quot;see&quot;, but that would normally take the accusative case.
:''Be janes adrabens zimasares.''
:the man-NOM language-FOLL-NOM animal-NOM-IS-PREC-NOM
:Man is the animal that speaks.
This illustrates ''-a'' forming a verb. ''zima'' takes the ending ''-s'' indicating that it's the subject of ''adrabens'', then ''-a'' makes it a verb, which takes ''-res'' indicating that the subject ''janes'' precedes.

==Pronouns==
Wanian has three different third person pronouns, depending on whether the referent is in the same sentence or not, and if so, whether it is before or after the pronoun. This marking is obligatory when the pronoun is a verb suffix; when it is a standalone word, it is used sometimes loosely. The pronouns are ''li'' &quot;I&quot;, ''be'' &quot;you&quot;, ''te'' &quot;it&quot; (not in the sentence), ''re'' &quot;it&quot; (preceding), and ''ne'' &quot;it&quot; (following).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Šokaza</title>
    <id>4624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27772</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-27T06:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Brel</username>
        <id>775</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: This category contains articles pertaining to [[Šokaza]].  [[Category:Čenzai]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category contains articles pertaining to [[Šokaza]].

[[Category:Čenzai]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Čenzai</title>
    <id>4625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27773</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-27T06:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Brel</username>
        <id>775</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: This category contains articles pertaining to [[Čenzai]].  [[Category:Conworlds]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category contains articles pertaining to [[Čenzai]].

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ela mantabel2.jpg</title>
    <id>4626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27780</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-27T22:32:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Declaration.jpg</title>
    <id>4627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27781</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-27T22:43:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Declaration1.jpg</title>
    <id>4628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27782</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-27T22:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Navidel/To Do</title>
    <id>4629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27825</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-29T22:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Blue-linked Pages==
*[[Aarð]]
*[[Ðanmarc]]
*[[Þeal]]
*[[Aasti]]
*[[Tiró]]
*[[Turan]]
*[[Ðanmarc Alphabet]]
*[[Niraþ]]
*[[Aarði measurement]]
*[[Sonyēl]]
==Red-linked Pages==
*[[Yaþín]]
*[[Tlazca]]
*[[Arþon]]
*[[Gadón]]
*[[Abzar]]
*[[Doria]]
*[[Xolcti]]
*[[Xolcti League]]
*[[Avarra]]
*[[Budenor]]
*[[Turan Khagnate]]
*[[Northern States]]
*[[Aasti Tribes]]
*[[Last Dynasty of Avarra]]
*[[West Turiq]]
*[[Turqa]]
*[[Kipiru]]
*[[Atali]]
*[[Dorontai]]
*[[Cetí]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aarð/Þeal</title>
    <id>4630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27827</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-29T23:34:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hottish Language</title>
    <id>4631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27839</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-30T08:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Hottish Languages]] moved to [[Hottish Language]]: Rename, since the plural form is worng=_=&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hottish Language''' is a language family in The 8th World, Nowadays there are 3 languages in the Hottish Language family, they are:

*[[Proto Hottish Language]]
*Western
**[[Azade Language]]
*Eastern
**[[Kinlo language]]
**[[Alokin language]]

==See also==
*[[Hotti Peoples]]

[[Category:Hottish Languages|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hottish Languages</title>
    <id>4632</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>27840</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-30T08:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hottish Languages]] moved to [[Hottish Language]]: Rename, since the plural form is worng=_=&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Hottish Language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Koulesh Y.GIF</title>
    <id>4634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27859</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-31T16:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Koolesh language</title>
    <id>4635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27864</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-31T16:48:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: ==Notice== Since Langmaker.com Wiki has been in database errors for several days, I'm thinking about reconstructing the language here, thus contents hosted here might be different from tho...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Notice==
Since Langmaker.com Wiki has been in database errors for several days, I'm thinking about reconstructing the language here, thus contents hosted here might be different from those I hosted in Langmaker.com Wiki.--[[User:K1234567890y|KOS-MOS]] 08:48, 31 December 2007 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simptlikian</title>
    <id>4636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27877</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-02T01:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Simptlikian''' is a small language family indigenous to Bor (it was in Bor before the Borogonis arrived from Gon). The two languages I know of in it, [[Simptliki]] and [[Tnapmokngechi]]...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Simptlikian''' is a small language family indigenous to Bor (it was in Bor before the Borogonis arrived from Gon). The two languages I know of in it, [[Simptliki]] and [[Tnapmokngechi]], are not closely related.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simptliki</title>
    <id>4637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27879</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-02T02:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>apostrophe</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language
|English=Simptliki
|native=Zĩptliki
|country=somewhere in Gon
|universe=Melin
|speakers=?
|family=[[Simptlikian]]
|wordorder=TBD
|type=TBD
|alignment=TBD
|author=Pierre Abbat
|date=2007-ongoing}}
'''Simptliki''' is an indigenous language spoken by the Sintlip people somewhere in the boonies of Gon. It has many consonants, few vowels, a few morphemes (not many of them assigned a meaning), and not much else yet.
==Vowels==
The vowels are ''a'', ''i'', and ''u''. They can be long or short, or any two can be put together to make a diphthong. Short vowels have three tones, high, mid, and low; long vowels and diphthongs have in addition rising and falling tones. Vowels can be nasal (ãĩũ), constricted (ạịụ), or both. The pronunciation is rather variable; either /a/ or /i/ can sound like [ɛ].

==Consonants==
Most consonants that precede the vowel come in pairs, one ejective and one not. The ejective is written as if voiceless and the other as if voiced; voicing is nondistinctive.
* p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, f, v, š, ž, ts, tz
Other consonants don't come in pairs:
* m, n, tl, kl
Any of these consonants can be preceded by ''f'' or ''s''. Then the vowel can be followed by any of these six consonants:
* m, n, ŋ, p, t, k
Ejectivity is distinctive only in the consonant immediately preceding a vowel.

The ejective stops appear to descend from Proto-Simptlikian prestopped nasals, and the ejective fricatives were formed by analogy.

==Morpheme forms==
The morpheme forms are as follows:
#CVCVC, inflecting to CVCCV by metathesis
#*''tlibit'' -&gt; ''tlitbi'' &quot;one&quot;
#*''tlaikum''. The form ''tlaimku'' is rare.
#*''zitlip'' -&gt; ''ziptli''
#*''klandii''. The form ''kladiin'' is rare.
#*''Zĩtlip'' -&gt; ''Zĩptli'' (name of this people)
#:These morphemes can be strung together: ''tlaikumzitlip'', ''zitlipklandii''.
#CVCVCV where the first two CV are the same
#*''tlitlima''
#-CV
#*''-ki'' in ''zĩptliki''
#*''-kla'' and ''-di'' in ''zitlũpkladi''
#CV-
#Single syllables
#*''tlit'' or ''tlĩ'' &quot;one&quot;, &quot;an&quot;
#*''bịt''
#Other words
#*''ftuda''
#*''tliniãtla''
#*''zistạ̃ụ̃dii</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Filofonecian</title>
    <id>4638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27883</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-02T05:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Language |English=Filofonecian |native=Filofonikisye |country=Filofonecia |nativecountry=Filofoniki |universe=Melin |speakers=? |family=[[Borogoni]] |branch=Goni |subbranch=West |wordord...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language
|English=Filofonecian
|native=Filofonikisye
|country=Filofonecia
|nativecountry=Filofoniki
|universe=Melin
|speakers=?
|family=[[Borogoni]]
|branch=Goni
|subbranch=West
|wordorder=SVO
|type=inflecting
|alignment=nominative-accusative
|author=Pierre Abbat
|date=late 1970s}}
==Phonetics==
''Copied from Azarian. I'll fix it later.''
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|ĩ}} || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|õ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || ({{IPA|ə}}) ({{IPA|ə̃}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|ɛ̃}} || ({{IPA|œ}}) ({{IPA|œ̃}}) || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}} {{IPA|ã}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|sʲ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʃʲ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} {{IPA|ʒʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

==Alphabet==
{|
| Transliteration || Sound || Notes
|-
| u || u
|-
| k || k
|-
| o || ɔ
|-
| r || r || As in English. A rolled ''r'' would be taken to be ''ź''.
|-
| w || w
|-
| ć || tʃ
|-
| s || s 
|-
| ŋ || ŋ 
|-
| l || l 
|-
| j || ʒ 
|-
| x || x 
|-
| z || z
|-
| h || h 
|-
| n || n
|-
| b || b
|-
| a || a
|-
| ō || o
|-
| g || g
|-
| gh || ɣ
|-
| e || ɛ
|-
| ś || ʃ
|-
| t || t
|-
| é || e
|-
| y || j
|-
| i || i
|-
| f || f
|-
| m || m
|-
| p || p
|-
| d || d
|}

==Numbers==
{|
| Filofonecian || English
|-
| kéb || zero
|-
| tos || one
|-
| takob || two
|-
| kétoba || three
|-
| xita || four
|-
| sépa || five
|-
| pétos || six
|-
| olbés || seven
|- 
| kotabé || eight
|-
| okté || nine
|-
| axin || ten
|-
| tosaxin || eleven
|-
| takobaxin || twelve
|-
| kétobaxin || thirteen
|-
| xitaxin || fourteen
|-
| sépaxin || fifteen
|-
| pétosaxin || sixteen
|-
| olbésaxin || seventeen
|-
| kotabaxin || eighteen
|-
| oktaxin || nineteen
|-
| takétob || twenty
|-
| takétob u tos || twenty-one
|-
| kétatoba || thirty
|-
| xitita || forty
|-
| sépaba || fifty
|-
| pétobos || sixty
|-
| olbétes || seventy
|-
| kotabété || eighty
|-
| oktété || ninety
|-
| oktété u okté || ninety-nine
|-
| kespinas || hundred
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Tauro-Piscean language</title>
    <id>4639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35113</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-08T10:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Congratulations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: partridgo-andersonic&quot;&gt;Spreec täropisceesum&lt;/span&gt;
|pronounce=[spɹek tɛəɹopiskesum]
|tu=Present, this universe
|species=Human
|in=[[People's Democratic Republic of New Pisces and Taurus]]
|no=2
|script=Partridgo-Andersonic alphabet
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Multi-Western&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Early_Old_Piscean|Early Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Middle_Old_Piscean|Middle Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Piscean_language#Late_Old_Piscean|Late Old Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Piscean_language|Piscean]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old_Taurusian_language|Old Taurusian]]
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-accusative
|wo=V2
|creator=S.C. Anderson, L.J. Partridge
|date=27 November 2007}}

Tauro-Piscean is an a posteriori constructed language, whose vocabulary is adapted primarily from Old English and German. There is also a growing influx of words from French and Old Taurusian where adapted words are not felt to be appropriate: for example, Avion (‘aeroplane’, from French avion) is used in place of German Flugzeug. Coinages, which often translate entire English phrases, are formed from various Romance languages. Because Old Taurusian orthography was based on phonetic English and, to a lesser extent, French spelling, it was changed to Taurusian before being consumed into Piscean, which uses a Piscean orthography, e.g. Old Taurusian Rougeonstul &gt; Taurusian (Tauro-Piscean) Ruǧonstull.

[[Image:Tauro-pisces.png|left]]
The Tauro-Piscean language belongs to S.C. Anderson and L.J. Partridge, residents of the territories claimed by the New Pisces and Taurus micronation. Throughout its history, Piscean has belonged to several branches of the Indo-European language family, including Italic and West Germanic. Due to the awkward classification, a new pseudo-branch of Indo-European languages has been created by Anderson: 'Multi-Western', after the languages spoken in western Europe that have inspired Piscean. Tauro-Piscean is essentially the [[Piscean_language|modern Piscean dialect]], reformed and with some revived features from its history, and the newly developing - now ingested - language Taurusian. Since an agreement on 27 November 2007, Anderson (Piscean) and Partridge (Taurusian) have agreed to work on a joint language and now both moderate the Piscean Lexicon.

==Writing system==
to be replaced ...

==Vocabulary of Tauro-Piscean==
===Words from Piscean===
Due to Piscean's history of borrowing from different Germanic and Romance languages, modern Piscean has 'recessive' vocabulary, i.e. it has words that mean the same as one another in their source languages, but now have different meanings in Tauro-Piscean. For example, there are four words that originally translated as 'day':

*Dominant: 'Deej' (Germanic) - 'day'
*Recessive 1: 'Tag' (Germanic) - 'typical day'
*Recessive 2: 'Scharne (Romance) - 'personal holiday'
*Recessive 3: 'Pee' (Germanic) - 'bank holiday'

The last form was imported into early Old Piscean from modern English ('pé', a corruption of 'day'); the third, into middle Old Piscean from French/Italian ('jarna', compare 'jour' and 'giorno'); the second, into late Old Piscean from German ('Tag'); the first, into modern Piscean from Old English (reformed spelling: 'daeg'). Therefore, Tauro-Piscean could now be compared to English, albeit  the language of Anderson and Partridge arguably has a much more consistent method of assigning vocabulary. See also: [[Piscean language]]

====Reform 07/12/07====
The Reform of December has meant that in Tauro-Piscean, the letter G in words of Old English origin will be replaced by the letter J. Previously, in Piscean, some were replaced, but the substitution is now made complete. Observe:

*Godendeej (modern Piscean) &gt; Jodendeej (Tauro-Piscean)
*frignan (modern Piscean) &gt; frijnan (Tauro-Piscean)
*geond (modern Piscean) &gt; jeond (Tauro-Piscean)

Also in words of Old English origin, the letters HW are replaced by W in Tauro Piscean and the letters WR are replaced by R.

*hwit (modern Piscean) &gt; wit (Tauro-Piscean)
*hweet (modern Piscean) &gt; weet (Tauro-Piscean)
*writan (modern Piscean) &gt; ritan (Tauro-Piscean)

===Words from Taurusian===
Tauro-Piscean, in addition to Romance and Germanic influences, is influced by Taurusian. Taurusian vocabulary is invented spontaneously by Partridge and, as a result of which, can cater for unique words among the Piscean language that often help to make communication quicker and less ambiguous. Observe (Piscean elements of infinitives are enclosed in square brackets):

*pars [bean] - to have mixed emotions
*Hijfíĵs - someone that opposes one's ideas or mannerisms
*Dijnumm - AstroTurf, flat 'artificial turf' used for sports
*Hupíjcort - cross-country running
*Runndajvu - motocross
*Ruscgonstull - registration at regular intervals to affirm attendance
*Handjular - personal computer (PC)
*Cornipáznaj - compact disc (CD)
*Hijvidrool - digital versatile disc (DVD)
*Bude - box set
*lijtáccan - to be taken lightly
*ruffär - shaky/sketchy
*Waterdogg - subwoofer
*fuzdulaársan - to rub it in someone's face
*Tornade - jet lag
*Blubruze - highlighter pen
*Tijard - greetings card

==Tenses of Tauro-Piscean==
{|border=1
! Tense
! Piscean 'faran'
! English 'to go'
|-
! Present simple
| Icc far
| I go
|-
! Present continuous
| Icc farong
| I am going
|-
! Present perfect
| Icc neef fart
| I have gone
|-
! Preterite
| Icc farede
| I went
|-
! Imperfect
| Icc farot
| I used to go
|-
! Past continuous
| Icc wojz fart
| I was going
|-
! Pluperfect
| Icc gefarut
| I had gone
|-
! Future
| Icc will faran
| I will go
|-
! Future perfect
| Icc ajzfarin
| I will have gone
|}

Note that modern Piscean used few of the above tenses, but due to their useful functions, those that were not used have been revived from Old Piscean usage and adapted for Tauro-Piscean. Verb inflection instructions follow (note that 'infinitive stem' refers to the removal of '-an', '-ian' or '-s' and addition of '-'. '-e' or '-' respectively):

===Present simple===
Refer to [[Piscean_language#Verbs#Indicative#Non-past_singular|indicative non-past]]

===Present continuous===
To form the present continuous in singular, add '-ong' to an infinitive stem that ends in a consonant or '-ng' to one that ends in a vowel.

To form the present continuous in plural, do as above, but use '-ongen' and '-ngen' respectively.

===Present perfect===
To form the present perfect in singular, use the word 'neef' before an infinitive stem that has '-t' attached to it.

To form the present perfect in plural, do as above, but use '-ten'.

===Preterite===
Refer to [[Piscean_language#Verbs#Indicative#Past_singular|indicative past]]

===Imperfect===
To form the imperfect in singular, add '-ot' to an infinitive stem that ends in a consonant or '-jot' to one that ends in a vowel.

To form the imperfect in plural, do as above, bue use '-oten' and '-joten' respectively.

===Past continuous===
To form the past continuous in singular and plural, follow the same instructions as for present perfect, but substitute the word 'wojz' for 'neef'.

===Pluperfect===
To form the pluperfect in singular, prefix 'ge-' and suffix '-ut' to an infinitive stem that ends in a consonant. If it starts with a consonant, use 'gej-' instead of 'ge-'. For one that ends in a vowel, suffix '-jut' instead of '-ut'.

To form the pluperfect in plural, do as above, but use '-uten' and '-juten' in place of '-ut' and '-jut' respectively.

===Future===
Refer to [[Piscean_language#Verbs#Indicative#Non-past_singular|indicative non-past]]

===Future perfect===
To form the future perfect in singular, prefix 'ajz-' and suffix '-in' to an infinitive stem that ends in a consonant. For one that ends in a vowel, replace '-in' with '-jin'.

To form the pluperfect in plural, do as above, but use '-inen' and '-jinen' in place of '-in' and '-jin' respectively.

===Grammatical moods===
The document [[Piscean_language|''Piscean language'']] also shows how to inflect all verb stems to reflect grammatical mood.

[[Category: Indo-European conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vityng Poems</title>
    <id>4640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-04T10:27:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Gold ar for aðalkóna,
gold is for the noblewoman

sylfur for magædinni,
silver for the maiden

ǽr ar for skillmænnennað
copper is for the artsman

lernt i skillni af sækkar
learned in the trade of hisself

Góð! var segður úr jarla,
Good! was said by the Earl,

hvað gasætt i hølla þess,
who sat in hall his

ut ésarn, kald ésarnǽ
but iron, the cold iron

ar lǽrðyrni alþára
is the master all theirs

 
Gold is for the mistress,
silver for the maid, 
Copper for the craftsman, 
cunning at his trade. 
Good! Said the baron, 
while sitting in his hall, 
But Iron, Cold Iron, 
is master of them all.&quot; 
- Kipling


&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Træ Spæch</title>
    <id>4641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28017</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-05T23:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronunciation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Træ Spæch''' (Trai Spaikh) Is a germanic-inspired conlang. Literally meaning True Speech

==Alphabet.==

A Á Æ B Ch D E É F Ƒ G I Ï J K L LL M N O P Ṕ R S Ś T T́ U ʋ V W Y Ȳ Z Ź Z̊ 

===Pronunciation===

A - As in Sat

Á - As in Hate

Æ - Ai as in Hight

B - As is Boat

Ch - Like Ch in Loch

D - As in Doom

E - as in pet

É - As if Feet

F - As in food

Ƒ - Fy as in Fjord

G - H as in Heat

I - I as in sit

Ï - Oy like in Deploy

J - Y as in Yam

K - Before a vowel, as Cat, Before a constonant is Silent

L - As in Land

LL - oo as in Moon

M - As in Man

N - As In Name

O - As in hot

P - As in Pipe

Ṕ - Pf, think Lap fire

R - After any letter as in read, after an E or U as a Kl 

S - as in Sound

Ś - As in Share

T - as in Town

T́ - As in Thought

U - As in Put

ʋ - Saild like Oar

V - As in Vase

W - Uf like at the end of Fluff

Y - Y like Yam

Ȳ - Ij, Like Fridge, Incidentally, Fridge in Træ spæch is Ṕriȳ. 

Z - As in Zoo

Ź - Zh plike S in Pleasure

Z̊ - Tz Like in greek Tzatziki

==Sample Texts==

; This is some text, This text is written in True Speech, which is a Germanic language, the people who speak True Speech are in the delusion that their language is the one true language. Or, that is what was thought when it first emerged. It is closely related to languages like Icelandic and Swedish. Thankyou for Reading. :  ''Déś es z̊umman t́ekis, Déś t́ekis es schrében æch Træ Spæch, wát es o Germanasch Spæchaz̊, dé mandem wæ spæch Træ Spæch e o dé ivantaźinnen dæt zem Spæchaz̊ es dé ænna træ Spæchaz̊. Dév, dæt es wát vaś tinkem wenn ʋt ænnï emdérga. Ʋt es næra eƒmalæt dʋm Spæchaz̊ similur Iklasdill ʋn Svetisill. Dánkæ ṕʋ reźiburdall.'' 

-- Phonetic (Emphasis in capitals) ''(Deesh ess TZUH-man THEH-kiss, Deesh THEH-kiss ess s-KHREE-ben ai-kh trai spaikh, uf-AYT ess oh Hekl-man-ASKH SPAI-khatz, Dee MAN-dem uf-AI spai-kh trai spai-kh eh oh dee iv-ant-AZH-in-en dait zem SPAI-khatz ess dee AIN-a trai Spai-khatz. Deev, Dait ess uf-AYT vash TINK-em, uf-enn Oart AI-Noy Em-DEER-ha. Oart ess Nai-RAH Eh-fuy-MAL-ait doarm SPAI-khatz sim-il-UKL I-las-di-oo Oarn SVET-is-i-oo. DAYN-kai Pfoar rezh-i-BUKL-da-oo.)''

; All Human Beings are born free and equal and dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards on another in a spirit of brotherhood.  : ''Oll mandem e ábʋn ṕræ ʋn ékvall æch skdaʋfellur ʋn rechtig, z̊æ e walliché viṕ gæz̊ʋn ʋn konz̊enz̊ï ʋn du áchto avaw æn ænot́ o á atit́udæ ʋu brodurʋm.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalcuria basic map working template.jpg</title>
    <id>4642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28011</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-05T19:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>test file</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">test file</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pihaki</title>
    <id>4643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28020</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T02:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Pihaki languages''' are spoken in Seligam, one of the eight continents of Melin. The people speaking the protolanguage called themselves ''Pighaki'' or ''Seli'' and their land ''Sel...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Pihaki languages''' are spoken in Seligam, one of the eight continents of Melin. The people speaking the protolanguage called themselves ''Pighaki'' or ''Seli'' and their land ''Seli-ghama'', &quot;home of the Seli&quot;. Among the modern languages are [[Pigaic]] and [[Ubnadck]], which are closely related, and the various Eastern Seligamine dialects, including [[Menolian]] and standard [[Eastern Seligamine]].

Proto-Pihaki and most of its descendants are inflecting, with nouns having singular, plural, and several cases, and verbs inflecting for three persons, two numbers, and several tenses. Verbs generally had three consonants, with vowels indicating tense, but modern languages have lost the three-consonant pattern.

{|
| tazaʔa &quot;to give birth&quot; || Singular || Plural
|-
| 1 || tazaʔit || tazaʔitit
|-
| 2 || tazaʔub || tazaʔubub
|-
| 3 || tazaʔa || tazaʔana
|}

The Pighaki appear not to have had any words for numbers over three. Their reconstructed number words are ''lebha, sibhina, tesekla'', well attested in all branches of the family. Daughter languages, however, use different words after that, and don't even use the same base: Pigaic and Ubnadck use centered base 9, or base 9 with subtraction, while other languages use base 10.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Þēo-Niraþi Languages</title>
    <id>4644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28025</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-06T03:09:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Þēo-Niraþi languages are spoken on the continent of [[Niraþ]] and the neighboring [[Aarð|Aarði]] island of [[Þeal]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Knoschke orthography</title>
    <id>4645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49828</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T14:45:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>added categories</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The new Knoschke transcription==

The first column shows Knoschke phonemes in IPA transcription.

The second column shows the transcription based on Hungarian orthography which Németh used in his notes and taught to some Knoschke speakers. Variants in parentheses were used by Németh at some time or other. This mode of writing Knoschke is the only one with a claim to be called its standard orthography. It can be approximated in Latin-1 by using circumflex instead of double acute and the tilde dash ~ instead of ogonek.

The third column shows the 'scientific' transcription Németh used in his 1873 ''Grammatik der Knoschkesprache Transsylvaniens'' and in subsequent scholarly articles. He never used it in field notes.

The fourth column shows the transcription used on the Old Knoschke pages. A dash indicates that the phoneme in question was missing in the old version of the language,

{| class=bordertable width=60%
! IPA
! Orthography (aka New Transcription, Németh 1860-1912)
! style=&quot;vertical-align: top&quot; | ''Grammatik'' (Németh 1873)
! (Old Transcription)
|-
| ɔ
| a{{ref|1}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ḁ, ḁ̈''
| ò
|-
| ɔː
| á
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ḁ̄, ḁ̈̄''
| ô
|-
| a
| ä
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''a''
| a
|-
| aː
| a̋ (â)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ā''
| á
|-
| b
| b
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''b''
| b
|-
| bʲ
| by
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''bʹ''
| —
|-
| ts
| cz (c)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''c''
| ts
|-
| tsʰ
| czh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ch''
| —
|-
| tʂ
| cs
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''č''
| tš
|-
| tʂʰ
| csh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''čh''
| —
|-
| χ
| ch (hh)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''χ''
| x
|-
| dz
| dz (x)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ʒ''
| dz
|-
| dʐ
| dzs (xs)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ǯ''
| dž
|-
| dʑ
| dy
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ʒ́''
| dzj
|-
| ɛ
| e
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ä''
| è
|-
| ɛː
| é
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ǟ''
| ê
|-
| e
| ë
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''e''
| e
|-
| eː
| e̋ (ê)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ē''
| é
|-
| f
| f
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''f''
| f
|-
| g
| g
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''g''
| g
|-
| [ɟ]
| (gy)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''gʹ''
| —
|-
| ʁ
| gh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''γ''
| q
|-
| h
| h
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''h''
| h
|-
| ɨ
| i
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''y''
| y
|-
| ɨː
| í
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ȳ''
| ý
|-
| i
| ï{{ref|2}}(y)i{{ref|3}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''i''
| i
|-
| iː
| ı̋ (î){{ref label|2|2|}}, (y)í{{ref label|3|3|}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ī''
| í
|-
| j
| j
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''j''
| j
|-
| k
| k
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''k''
| k
|-
| [c]
| (ky)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''kʹ''
| —
|-
| kʰ
| kh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''kh''
| kh
|-
| [cʰ]
| (khy)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''kʹh''
| —
|-
| ɫ
| l
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ł''
| l
|-
| l
| ly
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''lʹ''
| lj
|-
| m
| m
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''m''
| m
|-
| mʲ
| my
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''mʹ''
| —
|-
| n
| n
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''n''
| n
|-
| ɲ
| ny
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ń''
| nj
|-
| ŋ
| ngh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''nγ (ṅ)''
| nq
|-
| o
| o{{ref label|1|1|}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''o, ö''
| o
|-
| oː
| ó{{ref label|1|1|}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ō, ȫ''
| ó
|-
| p
| p
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''p''
| p
|-
| pʰ
| ph
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ph''
| ph
|-
| pʲ
| py
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''pʹ''
| —
|-
| pʲʰ
| phy
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''pʹh''
| —
|-
| ʂ
| s
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''š''
| š
|-
| ʂʰ
| sh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''šh''
| —
|-
| ɕ
| sy
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ś''
| sj
|-
| ɕʰ
| shy
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''śh''
| —
|-
| s
| sz
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''s''
| s
|-
| sʰ
| szh
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''sh''
| —
|-
| t
| t
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''t''
| t
|-
| tʰ
| th
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''th''
| —
|-
| tɕ
| ty
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ć''
| tsj
|-
| tɕʰ
| thy
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ćh''
| —
|-
| u
| u{{ref label|1|1|}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''u, ü''
| u
|-
| uː
| ú{{ref label|1|1|}}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ū, ǖ''
| ú
|-
| v
| v
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''v''
| v
|-
| (dz)
| (x)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
|-
| (dʐ)
| (xs)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
|-
| z
| z
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''z''
| z
|-
| ʐ
| zs
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ž''
| ž
|-
| ʑ
| zy (zsy)
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''ź''
| zj
|-
| ˜{{ref|4}}
| ˛
| valign=&quot;top&quot; | ''˛''
| ñ (µ)
|}

&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

=== Aspiration and voiceless vowels ===

Short vowels after aspirated consonants, especially finally and before other voiceless consonants, tend to be pronounced voiceless. Németh had trouble hearing the exact quality of such vowels and often wrote them as ''ẹ'' or ''ə'' in his notes. He was constrenated when his informants told him that theso vowels never were indistinct or tended to merge in their ears, and it was only after corresponding with a famous German phonetician that he realized both that Knoschke had distinctive aspiration and that the peculiarity of these vowels was that they were voiceless. As his auditory difficulties with these vowels continued he consistently marked them with an underdot (''ạẹịọụỵ'' etc.) both in his notes and in the ''Grammatik'', using ''ə̣'' when he considered himself ignorant of the true quality of the vowel. He noted in the ''Grammatik'' that the underdot and schwa only denoted that &amp;quot;the author as a foreigner is uncertain about the exact quality of these vowels. To the native speaker, accustomed to the phenomenon of unvoiced vowels, there exists no uncertainty whatsoever, nor are these vowels distinct sounds [i.e. phonemes] to him, but merely the result of the influence of a preceding breathed consonant. In fact the author must confess his dificulties also with distinguishing breathed from unbreathed consonants, so that this perceived indistinctness of a vowel is often his best clue to the presence of a breathed consonant.&amp;quot;

Németh's dufficulties were certainly compounded by the fact that only one of the three dialects of Knoschke (still) possessed distinct aspirated consonants. Speakers of the other dialects tended to pronounce all voiceless consonants as aspirated, except before another obstruent and in VCV sequences. It should however be noted that his main Knoschke informant was a woman speaking the dialect with distinct aspirates (and who probably is the native speaker referred to as 'he' in the passage quoted above!)

Underdots were never part of the orthography of handwritten or printed material written by or for native speakers. Moreover aspirated consonants are no more a part of Knoschke orthography to the extent that the language is still written today, since the 'aspirating' dialect of Pe̋terkhird (which Németh in the ''Grammatik'' referred to with the Germanized name ''Petershain'') is now extinct. Scholars of the language however continue to use the aspirating orthography, since that was the orthography which Németh endeavored to use in his notes and ''Grammatik'', as well as, and most importantly, in the ''New Testament and Psalter'', and since an inordinate amount of preserved original texts were written by Pe̋ter Miklós (after his emigration to the USA known as Peter Nichols), who was from Pe̋terkhird and himself spoke the aspirating dialect.  Inspired by the avid diarist and ethnographic-linguistic notetaker Németh Pe̋ter Miklós kept a diary and notebook in Knoschke from the age of sixteen until he went blind at the age of eighty-two, at which time he had lived for more than fifty years in America. His respellings of English words and whole English passages in Knoschke orthography give valuable insights not only into the phonology of Knoschke, but also into 19th century US English, since he often noted and made comments on dialectal differences in English which he encountered.  It is interesting to note that Miklós used ''ch'' and ''x'' to denote English {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} but wrote English {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/dz/}} as ''ts'' and ''dz''; however he himself wrote that 'although this is how I initially perceived these sounds it is not how the English [sic!] pronounce them, so that my spelling is merely an expedient.'

== Notes ==

{{note|1}}[1] After palatal(ized) consonants the back vowels have front rounded allophones [y ø œ],

and Németh to begin with wrote cü, cö etc. instead of tyu, työ etc., and failed to distinguish [œ] from [ø], something he continued to have trouble with all along. In the Grammatik he wrote these allophones as ü, ö and ḁ̈, (ćü, pʹü) but noted that they were conditioned variants, so that Knoschke speakers were prone to mispronounce both Hungarian tü and Hungarian tyu as ćü.

{{note|2}}[2] At the beginning of words.

{{note|3}}[3] Not at the beginning of words. The combination /ji/ is written ji as */jɨ/ doesn't occur.

{{note|4}}[4] All Knoschke vowels can occur nasalized, but nasalization is phonemic only word-finally as in gí&amp;#x034f;̨ /gĩː/ 'wine'. Word internally nasalization of vowels occurs only before fricatives and is there an archiphoneme for /n/ and /ŋ/.
[[Category:Knoschke]]
[[Category:Conlang orthographies using the Latin alphabet]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Transliteration]]
[[Category:Transcription]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Weeman</title>
    <id>4646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28036</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-07T20:00:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Randomman</username>
        <id>1168</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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    <title>User talk:Randomman</title>
    <id>4647</id>
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      <id>28037</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-07T20:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Liam, when you're experimenting, please consider that you cannot delete pages and if you create irrelevant content, you leave a mess.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Liam, when you're experimenting, please consider that you cannot delete pages and if you create irrelevant content, you leave a mess.</text>
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    <title>Template:Last changed</title>
    <id>4648</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-01-08T12:31:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infomessage|This page was last changed {{ #time: l j F Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }} }}</text>
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    <title>Eoe</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-07-24T00:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>In Lae Na Aen</username>
        <id>720</id>
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      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
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    <title>Senjecan domiciles</title>
    <id>4651</id>
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      <id>41193</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-25T01:51:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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  <page>
    <title>Hana</title>
    <id>4652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35504</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-12T23:16:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Hana
|pronounce=/'ha.nɒ/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=northwestern [[Lheinead]]
|no=~5,000
|script=unknown
|tree=[[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]
|morph=unknown
|ms=unknown
|wo=unknown
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=August 2007}}
Hana is a language in the Rajo-Faraneit family, which has the most similarities to Faraneit, but has a number of phonological distinctions from its sister languages, largely from areal influences of the Mbathu language family.

Prior to the forced migration of various Heajazareifh groups into the Kupeameiceah, the various patches of oasis were inhabited by Hana speakers. Several small communities of them still exist along the northern edges of the Kupeameiceah.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Velar
!Glottalized
|-
|'''Stops'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɖ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k'}}
|-
|'''Aspirated Stops'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pʰ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|tʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Prenasalized Stops'''
| align=center | {{IPA|mb)}}
| align=center | {{IPA|nd)}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋg)}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋɠ)}}
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;β}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʐ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ'}}
|-
|'''Liquid'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;r&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɬ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

Vowels:
/a e i o u y/

Orthography:
*/a e i o u y p b t d ʈ ɖ k k' pʰ tʰ mb) nd) ŋg) ɴɠ) ɸ β s z ʂ ʐ x h m n ɳ ŋ ŋ'/
*a e i o u y p b t d t' d' k q ph th mb nd ng nq f v s z s' z' x h m n n' nn nn'

==Grammar==

==Derivation from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit==
[[Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana]]

==Lexicon==
[[Hana Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phonological and Morphological Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Hana</title>
    <id>4653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28192</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-25T04:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonological Changes: circa 550 - 732 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonological Changes: circa 250 - circa 400==
*Faraneit Substratum
**Vowel Shift *ɛ &gt; *æ &gt; ɑ
**Vowel Shift *ɒ &gt; ə &gt; X
**Phonemic Stress &gt; Initial (actually more extreme than Faraneit)
*Independent Development
**ˈu &gt; y (prior to stress shift)
**No Epenthesis following deletion of *ɒ (unlike Faraneit)
**Resultant /mb) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ)/ initially phonemic (possibly Mbathu substrata)
**/tθ) θ ts) s/ voice between vowels or voiced consonants
**pf) bv) f v &gt; pɸ) bβ) ɸ β
**tθ) dð) θ ð &gt; pf) bv) f v
**ɭ ɻ &gt; ɺ finally

==Phonological Changes: circa 400 - circa 550==
*Various Mbathu substrata
**pɸ) bβ) pf) bv) ts) dz) &gt; pʰ bʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ
**k q + fricative &gt; kʰ qʰ
*Independent Development
**f &gt; ɸ &gt; h, v &gt; β &gt; h
**ts) dz) + i e &gt; tʃ) dʒ) (vowel only incorporated when followed by another vowel)
**kʰ &gt; kx) &gt; tʃ)
**qʰ &gt; kʰ
**ɭ ɻ + voiced fricative, + voiceless fricative &gt; ʃ, ʒ
**fricative + ɺ &gt; ʃ
**ɭ ɻ &gt; l r (where remaining)
**ɑ æ &gt; a

==Phonological Changes: circa 550 - 732==
*Torsion, assimilation, and epenthetic a produce phonotactics 
**Onsets - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding fricative + nasal/approximant, corresponding plosive + nasal/approximant
**Epenthetic t between VVV+ clusters
**Codas - any consonant, corresponding fricative + plosive, corresponding nasal/approximant + fricative or plosive)
*Otherwise
**Where affixation has produced medial mp) nd) ŋg) ɴɢ), they become m n ŋ ɴ
**Transfer from retroflexive approximants to post-alveolar is hypercorrected, along with other post-alveolar consonants
**tʂ) dʐ) &gt; ʈ ɖ
**dʰ bʰ kʰ &gt; z v x
**Nasal + a + Consonant &gt; Nasal (at the consonants POA) when unaccented syllable
**q &gt; k', ɴɢ) &gt; ŋɠ), ɴ &gt; ŋ'
**Fricative + l, l + fricative &gt; ɬ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Burgendish</title>
    <id>4654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>25910</id>
      <timestamp>2007-10-02T12:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing page with '&lt;DPL&gt;
title=Burgendish
include=#Historical phonology
&lt;/DPL&gt;'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;DPL&gt;
title=Burgendish
include=#Historical phonology
&lt;/DPL&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hana Lexicon</title>
    <id>4655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38282</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-26T17:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* x */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Hana]]

==a==
AHEZ = ''v'' to touch, to feel (intentional)

AUNEZ = ''v'' to look, to watch (intentional)

AUNZEZ = ''v'' to see (unintentional)

AXSEZ = ''v'' to feel (unintentional)

==b==
BEZ = ''v'' to go, to come, to move (intentional)

==mb==
==d==
==d'==
==nd==
==e==
==f==
==h==
==i==
==k==
==ng==
==l==
==l'==
==m==
==n==
==n'==
==nn==
==nn'==
==o==
==p==
==ph==
==q==
QAUTEZ = ''v'' to discover (intentional)

QAUZEZ = ''v'' to discover (unintentional)

==nq==
==r==
==s==
==s'==
==t==
TADEZ = ''v'' to listen, to hear (intentional)

==t'==
TAD'EZ = ''v'' to hear (unintentional)

==th==
==u==
==v==
VEZ = ''v'' to come, to go, to move (unintentional)

==x==
XO = ''mod'' fast, quickly

==y==
YXI = ''n'' man, person

==z==
==z'==</text>
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    <title>File:PeteMGR.png</title>
    <id>4656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28204</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-25T19:52:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:MGR empire 395.png</title>
    <id>4657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28206</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-25T20:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Flicky1991</title>
    <id>4658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28223</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-26T16:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flicky1991</username>
        <id>1180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hi, I'm a conlanging newbie who is not yet ready to post his language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, I'm a conlanging newbie who is not yet ready to post his language.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tir'àata</title>
    <id>4659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29437</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T20:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tir'àata is a language spoken in northeastern Lescealh, in the area between the Razoheariscah Mountain Range and the Timeareitah peninsula. It bears extreme similarities to [[Tiijáta]] and [[Tiijaato]], that have even led to some analysists to classify them as all dialects of a modernized form of their parent language [[Tir'jauta]]. Tir'àata and its sister languages are ultimately descendents of [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]], in the same family as [[Faraneit]], [[Raj]], Fraze, [[Kelsiut]], [[Hana]], and other languages spoken in various parts of Northeastern Lescealh.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Apical Alveolar
!Laminal Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Labiovelar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|c}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kp)}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| align=center | {{IPA|xʷ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

Vowels:
*/a˥ aː˥ i˥ e˥ u˥ a˧ aː˧ i˧ e˧ u˧ a˩ aː˩ i˩ e˩ u˩/
**&lt;á áa í é ó ú a aa i e u à àa ì è ù&gt;
*No diphthongs are permitted. A pause is placed between individual vowels, and in VVV+ clusters, epenthetic [ʔ] occurs
Consonants:
*/t̺ t̻ ʈ p c kp) k ʔ/ 
**&lt;t d t' p c q k '&gt;
*/ɸ f s̺ s̻ ʂ ç xʷ x/
**&lt;ph f s z s' ch qh x&gt;
*/m n̺ n̻ ɳ ŋ ɴ/
**&lt;m nh n n' ng g&gt;
*/ʋ r l ɻ ɭ/
**&lt;v r l r' l'&gt;
*Phonotactics:
*(C)V(C)

==Distribution==
*/k kp) c/ are all present and contrast prior to /e a aː/
*/kp) c/ are both present and contrast prior to /i u/
*/ʔ/ contrasts with a simple pause and is only present between vowels

==Allophony==
Stress-Related:
*Stops (except for /ʔ/) aspirate when the sole part of the onset of a stressed syllable
*When the coda of a final, unstressed syllable, stops and fricatives in most speakers' dialects become voiced and lenis
*When unstressed /a aː i e u/ become [ɒ aɒ) ɪ ə ʊ]

Tone-Related:
*In syllables closed by a consonant other than the nasal series, tones have a slight downward contour, but remain distinct from one another

Nasalization-Related:
*When followed by a nasal consonant, vowels nasalize and when stressed simply are realized as [ɒ~ aɒ)~ i~ e~ u~]
*When unstressed - [ɒ~ aɒ)~ ɪ~ ə~ ʊ~]

Other:
*[i i~ ɪ ɪ~ e e~] following /kp) xʷ/ are realized as rounded
*Fricatives voice between vowels and between vowels and voiced consonants, but do not reduce to lenis
*Stops undergo the same process in very rapid speech, and a minority of speakers
*/a/ reduces to [ə] terminally, unless stressed, and /aː/ reduces to [a] in the same environment, but tones are preserved in both

==Morphology and Syntax==


==Lexicon==
[[Tir'àata Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tir'àata Lexicon</title>
    <id>4660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28265</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-28T00:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Duke = to become, to be similar to

Láati = to be horrified by...

Phaasa = thoughts, opinions</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajo-Faraneih Languages</title>
    <id>4661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38766</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-17T20:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Eastern Group */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Rajo-Faraneih Language Family is a large block of languages spread through out northwestern Lescealh which derive from [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]. Because of the enormous diversity within the family, categorization is difficult, although not impossible.

==Categorization==
*Central Group
**RF1 - [[Central Measceineafh]]
***[[Rajat]]
***[[Fraze]]
**RF2 - [[Western Measceineafh]]
***[[Fórong]]
***[[Furonj]]
**RF3 - Southern Measceineafh
***[[Kelsiut]]
*Southern Group
**RF4 - Razoheariscah
***[[Tir'àata]]
***[[Tiijáta]]
***[[Tiijaato]]
*Northern Group
**RF5 - Lescealh
***[[Faraneit|Classical Faraneit]]
***[[Poleiseam Faraneik]]
***[[Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit|Heajaz Faraneit]]
***[[Kupmec Faraneit]]
***[[Central Lescealh Faraneit]]
***[[Scekoah Faraneit]]
***[[Scekoah_Faraneit#Lhezoat_Dialect|Lhezoat Faraneit]]
***[[Scekoah_Faraneit#Cohut_Dialect|Cohut Faraneit]]
**RF6 - Kupeameiceah
***[[Hana]]
*Eastern Group
**RF7 - Pre-Bokeih
***[[!suta]]

==Central Group==
The Central Group is the most diverse of the main groups. The main reason for the grouping of these three distinct branches from PRF into one supragroup is that they all allow the existance of a phoneme /g/. Of the remaining languages, there is no /g/ and only a few examples of [g]. In other words, the split recognition of voice has been replaced by a full voiced/voiceless distinction for the plosives, and in most cases the fricative series as well.

Another principle commonality is the preservation of having a pitch-stress system (although not perfectly preserved from PRF in any case) but not a full tonality system, like the Southern Group.

The final principle commonality is the complete dissolution of the retroflex liquids from PRF, and with the creation of no alternative retroflex consonants. This, however, occurs through a variety of means.

Within this group, RF1 is known for extensive fricative deletion, as well as an extreme shift towards SVO and SOV constructions, notably deviating from the VSO dominance of PRF. Here, *l and *ɭ are preserved, yet *ɻ and *r merged, then became [ɖ] word initally, [z] between vowels, and [ɻ] in clusters.

RF2 is notable for its extensive number of vowel qualities (as many as eleven) and its preservation of the voiceless affricates in some dialects, as well as the more universal reanalysis of voiced affricates as voiced aspirates. Grammatically, RF2 is much more conservative and preserves the majority of the isolating features of PRF while maintaining the VSO word order. In this group, *ɻ also became a (usually nasal) flap, but *r deteriorated into /ʔ/ then deleted in many dialects. On the other hand, the *l - *ɭ distinction remained, but *ɭ shifted into /ɬ/

On the other hand, RF3 is rather innovative grammatically, evolving terminal mutations in relation to plurality and adjectives following the noun. It also developed SVO word order, reduced *l and *r to /ɺ/ and changed *ɭ *ɻ into /l/ and /r/, respectively, after leniting the affricate series.

==Southern Group==
The Southern Group contrasts with the chaotic Central Group with its extreme homogeneity. All of the three descendent languages have dissolved the partial voice distinction, instead of having a Central Group complete distinction, extreme lenition of the voiced stops and fricatives destroyed the instances of distinction. The areal influence of the indigenous [[Sjisia]] dialects is believed to have resulted in tonogenesis, in tandem with a sudden period of notable [[Kelsiut]] influence creating certain conditions aiding this process. 

Original syllable terminal *w became [ɣ] or [g] dependent on language, which in turn produced low tone and high tone respectively. Contemporaneously, syllable terminal *j became [ʒ] or [ʔ] again dependent on dialect, and later deleted and produced low or high tone. The sudden formation of [g ɣ ʒ ʔ] is believed to have been the result of sudden interaction with the Kelsiut speakers, which during the time period had recently evolved phonemic /g ɣ ʒ/, even if the contrast was admittedly limited.

The deletion of these voiced phonemes producing tone is only one example from various influences of the [[Sjisia]] speakers. Originally a mere allophonic distinction, *k split into phonemes /k kp) c/ showing influence from both High Sjisia, which has phonemic /k c/, and Low Sjisia, which has phonemic /k kp)/.

There is also ample evidence of dramatic phonetic influence from the local [[Héhà]] speakers, which potentially gave areal support to the tonogenesis process due to its fairly tonal nature. In addition, the frequent preference of /ʌ/ as a middle back vowel over /o/ was directly absorbed from this group.

While showing the least tonogenesis, [[Tiijaato]] arguably shows by far the most Sjisia influence as far as phonotactics, visible from the complete adoption of a (C)V syllable structure, while the other two modern languages still maintained (C)V(C).

Grammatically, all of the languages show compromise between preserving Proto-Rajo-Faraneit and Sjisia influence. All of them are extremely similar in the notably isolating tendencies. The historical future tense has ceased usage and has been replaced with the same historically modal construction in all three. A copula form has also developed, although its use is somewhat restricted.

Another notable innovation, this time independently created, is the inchoative &quot;voice&quot; which appears to have been modeled from a combination of the copula form and imperfect tense.

==Northern Group==
The Northern Group is the most widely spoken and one of the more conservative branches of the Rajo-Faraneit Language Family. Hana and the various pieces of the Faraneit dialect spectrum are united by a variety of morphological, syntactic, and phonetic similarities.

Phonetically, the (generally) universal deleltion of *ɑ and the maintainence of a voicing distinction in the alveolar and labial series, but the non-developmence of one in the velar or uvular series. Notably the absolute lack of [g ɢ] was maintained by the Hana subset while the vast majority of Faraneih dialects did the same.

The two strains differ, however, in their approach the sudden increase in clusters caused by the wholesale deletion of *ɑ. Hana relied heavily on torsion, while Faraneit used epenthetic /a/. Both strains are also notable for their unusual development of front rounded vowels (only in Kupmec and other Faraneit dialects, within the Faraneit subset), which can not be explained by areal influence, since exposure to Bokeih speakers, the Malaba speakers, and various other groups uniformally did not include those with either /y ø/.

Syntactically, both subsets where less conservative, although compared to the other main branches they were notably conservative. Faraneit in particular strengthened the VSO constructions, while Hana maintained the originally more free word order, which other branches, including Faraneit restricted more frequently. In full, however, this entire group maintained the freer word order much more readily, even within Faraneit.

Morphologically, both groups created interesting verb couplets regarding the intentionality. The infix *ɑs was incorporated into a variety of verbs resulting in a number of pairs. In Faraneit, these were reanalyzed as a distinction between sensing something or sensing a certain characteristic of something. Needless to say, Faraneit failed to preserve any of the couplets aside from those for sensation verbs.

Hana, on the other hand, expanded the distinction to include several motion verbs among others, while also maintaining the distinction as one of intention-disintention.

Both reduced to original auxilaries to verbal suffixes, ultimately resulting in highly synthetic verb forms, while they differed dramatically in terms of nominal grammar, where Faraneit preserved the extremes of isolation that Proto-Rajo-Faraneit practiced, while Hana developed some level of synthesis, although not a significant amount.

==Eastern Group==
The now-extinct Eastern Group contained only one language !suta, which was remarkable for developing an extreme level of vowel harmony and gaining an entire class of click consonants while maintaining a strange level of conservatism concerning grammatical innovation - maintaining the aspect-tense system almost purely from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit.

==General Similarities and Patterns==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ghasynekyd</title>
    <id>4662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28277</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-28T03:37:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;pre&gt; Ghasynekyd  a   ɑ ae  æ ai  ɑi e   e i   i o   o u   u y   ə v   ʋ p   p t   t k   k c   c b   bʰ s   s g   gʰ r   r l   l nv  nʷ n   n gh  ʀ th  θ d   dʰ  numbers are sin...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Ghasynekyd

a   ɑ
ae  æ
ai  ɑi
e   e
i   i
o   o
u   u
y   ə
v   ʋ
p   p
t   t
k   k
c   c
b   bʰ
s   s
g   gʰ
r   r
l   l
nv  nʷ
n   n
gh  ʀ
th  θ
d   dʰ

numbers are singular and plural

PRONOUNS
        1st     	2nd     	3rd    
acc.    enk     	ab      	ok
        gagor   	gar     	gobayer
gen.    nek     	bek     	ok
        nekyr   	fekyr   	okyr
dat.    enykel  	abal    	okol
        genykel  	gabal   	gokol
abl.    nayenyk   	nayab    	nayok
        nygagor  	nygar    	nygobayer


NOUNS
nanyt &quot;man&quot;

nom.    nanyt
        eyonanyt
acc.    nanyt
        eyonanyt
gen.    dananyt
        seyonanyt
dat.    nanytal
        eyonanytal
abl.    natanyt
        neyotanyt
intsr.  nanytap
        eyonanytap

VERBS

dekanyga &quot;to say&quot;
        1st&amp;2nd        3rd
past    dekanygak      dekanygot
        dekanygakyd    dekanygo
pres.   adekanygak     adekanygot
        adekanygakyd   adekanygo
fut.    dekanygavek    dekanygovet
        dekanygavekyd  dekanygove

pu - who
pat - where
pere - what
pen - when
not - all
nane - much
donve - some
sev - few
obegh - other

BASE 16
lan - 0
envo - 1
ut - 2
bali - 3 
sur - 4
seve - 5 
detyd - 6
deve - 7 
ipyte - 8
enen - 9
ken - a
eron - b
kelys - c
berygen - d
sothe - e
sesyge - f
sinvo - 10
envo pyve sinvo - 11 (literally one-and sixteen)
uty pyve sinvo - 12
ut sinvo - 20
berygen pyve ut sinvo - 2d
onakyrek - 100
bali onakyrek - 300
sothe pyve ut sinvo pyve bali onakyrek - 32e
budanyt - 1000

ADJECTIVES
bek - thin
ben - thick
gave - light (weight)
pek - small
naghu - wide
ranv - short
vete - narrow
dynath - big
doryt - tall, long

NOUNS
ayer - hair
alenvo - arm
anenv - animal
anytak - hand
ape - edge
aper - awe
aghad - elf
asenv - air
atygughal - valley
ayotha - ear
ayopa - eye
ep - egg
gapel - eagle
garytos - heart
gasygot - head
gen - skin
kayel - tail
kathad - grass
kelyt - child
konyve - tongue
kub - tooth
lygas - book
lope - rope
nanyt - man
nvuga - monster
nep - neck
nyga - knee
nygat - meat
nober - mother, aunt, grandmother
nub - mouth
node - nose
palut - blood
parek - bark
parygatyd - breast
peryt - bird
potyd - gut
rep - leg
ghever - liver
ghup - root
ghude - louse
sabel - father, uncle, grandfather
sak - fat
salyvegh - flower
sarygot - apple
sekyd - fish
senap - drink
seneryna - nail
sygabegh - feather
soletyd - forest
suk - foot
tayeryga - boar
tathe - tree
talunv - flower
tap - back
tapa - bacon
taras - leaf
telep - bag
teyaghep - fort
tygalak - king
tygughal - bowl
tokonyt - dog
tothayak - cover
tone - bone
toven - bear
onvan - human
oran - horn
urynv - snake
odynanyt - husband
vese - wife
voyenv - wing
vonvan - woman
decok - sword
dyget - seed
dynake - worm

BOATS
boat/ship - vaepyga 
kayak - ghanvayadygae
row boat - tilyvaepyga
large oar powered - tayalyvaepyga
small sail - sygaeth
large sail - dynathesygaeth
fishingboat - sekydyvaepyga
warship - kydanyparyk 
cargoship - kydanyrat
whalingboat - dalthekydyvaepyga

VERBS
bekanyga - spit
benapan - think
bylek - break
ekanva - hit
gakanv - eat
garenve - hear
karatyd - cut
kepeb - dig
ce - die
layop - laugh
nu - know
parygabe - breath
pel - kill
palu - suck
pokarho - cut
gheve - live
sekyt - fight
sygaghel - fear
teke - bite
onygak - hunt
vonvek - vomit
dat - stab
di - see
dygalit - sleep
dyneth - smell
doyenv - drown
dop - blow

Kinship Terms

Older Female - nober   Older Male - sabel
Contemporary Female - daike   Contemporary Male - dayatae
Younger Female - aebygoke   Younger Male - aebygaete

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiijáta</title>
    <id>4663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28286</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-28T04:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tiijáta is a language spoken in the foothills of the mountain range Razoheariscah by the Faraneih, which is extremely similar to [[Tir'àata]] and [[Tiijaato]], but also from the same linguistic family as [[Faraneit]], [[Kelsiut]], [[Rajat]], and even [[Hana]].

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Apical Alveolar
!Laminal Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Labiovelar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|c}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kp)}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| align=center | {{IPA|xʷ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|j}}
| align=center | {{IPA|w}}
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

Vowels:
*/a˥ o˥ i˥ e˥ u˥ a˧ aː˧ i˧ iː˧ e˧ eː˧ u˧ uː˧ a˩ i˩ e˩ u˩/
**&lt;á ó í é ú a aa i ii e ee u uu à ì è ù&gt;
*No diphthongs are permitted. A pause is placed between individual vowels, and in VVV+ clusters, epenthetic [ʔ] occurs
Consonants:
*/t̺ t̻ ʈ p c kp) k q ʔ/ 
**&lt;t d t' p c kp k q '&gt;
*/ɸ s̺ s̻ ʂ ç xʷ x χ/
**&lt;f s z s' ch qh x xg&gt;
*/m n̺ n̻ ɳ ŋ/
**&lt;m nh n n' ng&gt;
*/ʋ r l ɻ ɭ j w/
**&lt;v r l r' l' j w&gt;
*Phonotactics:
*(C)V

==Allophony==

==Morphology and Syntax==

==Lexicon==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan alphabets 2</title>
    <id>4664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28360</id>
      <timestamp>2008-01-31T15:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Staigard</title>
    <id>4665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28530</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-05T17:48:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Seuna]]


[[Word Shape]]
[[Pronouns]]
[[Word order]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna</title>
    <id>4666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39666</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T00:46:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|33%}}} style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Seuna'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order
||{{{word-order|{{{wordorder|SVO}}}}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type
||{{{morphological-type|{{{type|mildly synthetic}}} }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|{{{alignment|nominative-accusative}}} }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by'''
|-
||{{{author|Stewart Fraser}}} ||{{{date|2008}}}
|}
The Seuna pages are currently under construction.

[[Category:Seuna]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]


==Index==

{{Seuna index}}
{|
[[Delete:Seuna word order]]
|-
[[Seuna pronouns]]
|-
[[Seuna word shape]]
|-
[[Seuna nouns]]
|-
[[Seuna verbs]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna word order</title>
    <id>4667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28534</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-05T18:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The basic word order is SVO. However if the subject is indefinite the word order changes to VSO.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The basic word order is SVO. However if the subject is indefinite the word order changes to VSO.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna verbs</title>
    <id>4668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51254</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T15:42:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Evidential suffixes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In finite form, the verb can have upto five slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood, negation and tense. A fifth slot, which gives evidential information is also often tagged on.

==Subject suffix==

The subject slot is filled as follows ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| I
  |align=center| -'''a'''-
  |align=center| we(exc.)
  |align=center| -'''au'''-
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.)
  |align=center| -'''ai'''-
  |-
  |align=center| you 
  |align=center| -'''i'''-
  |align=center| you(pl.)
  |align=center| -'''e'''-
  |-
  |align=center| he/she
  |align=center| -'''o'''-
  |align=center| they
  |align=center| -'''u'''-
  |}

==Mood suffix==

The mood slot is filled as follows ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| indicative
  |align=center| -'''r'''-
  |-
  |align=center| subjunctive
  |align=center| -'''s'''-
  |-
  |align=center| conditional (hypothetical)
  |align=center| -'''mo'''
  |-
  |align=center| conditional (counterfactual)
  |align=center| -'''mi'''
  |-
  |align=center| imperative
  |align=center| -'''ya'''
  |}

===The imperative mood===

When the imperative is used there is no tense suffix. Also it is used only with the two second person subject suffixes. So for example;- 

 {| border=1
  |align=center| to hit
  |align=center| '''timpa'''
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her.
  |align=center| '''timpiya na'''
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her(spoken to more than one person).
  |align=center| '''timpeya na'''
  |}

For the negative imperative we use the particle '''kya''' and the verb in its recitation form. For example ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| Don't hit him/her.
  |align=center| '''kya timpa na'''
  |}

Notice that in the negative form, the single/plural distinction is lost.

===The conditional moods===

{| border=1
  |align=center| if you hit him, I will hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimo na, timpamo yu'''
  |-
  |align=center| if you had hit him, I would have hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimi na, timpami yu'''
  |}


{| border=1
  |align=center| if you hit him, I will not hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimo na, timpampu yu'''
  |-
  |align=center| if you had hit him, I would not have hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimi na, timpampe yu'''
  |}

Usually verbs with the conditional moods come in pairs. Sometimes, however you get a conditional verb by itself in a sentence that expresses the wishes of the speaker. 

'''benamo''' &quot;millionaire&quot; = if only I was rich

'''benomo miho''' = Would that she be mine

Perhaps one way to understand the above to examples, is that there is an unstated, second part to the sentence meaning &quot;I would be content/happy&quot;

===The subjuntive mood===

====Subjunctive form====

The subjunctive have the subject slot filled and then an '''s'''.

====Subjunctive &quot;reason&quot;====

I have called this mood the subjunctive because its use is similar to the subjunctives. The &quot;reason&quot; why Seuna has this mood, is that it is disallowed to have redundant tense/aspect information in a sentence. If the tense/aspect of a sentence has been given already by a verb in the indicative mood, then any verb in a later subordinate sentence is given the subjunctive mood (it is mandatory for the indicative form to show tense/aspect)

I will stand up and let you sit.

Also Seuna strongly dislikes redundant person/number information. It is mandatory for the subjunctive form to show person/number. For this reason the second verb in a sentence will often be reduced further to its infinitive form (or nominative form ... actually I like the Arabic term &quot;maSdar&quot; which means source, it seems appropriate for the Seuna infinitive form)

The English eat to live : the French live to eat.

====Subjunctive examples====

Although the subjunctive usually appears on sentence-non-initial verbs. In one function it can appear on the first verb of a sentence.

'''donais''' = Lets walk

Probably in this &quot;hortative&quot; function the 1.pl.inc person/number is the one most frequently encountered. However all the person/number forms can occur.

For the second person these come across as a mild imperative (the second person having a dedicated imperative form).

'''doniya''' = walk! 

'''donis''' = why don't you walk

In the first person singular form, this function of the subjunctive form is often used when sort of talking to yourself ... as in English &quot;Let me see&quot;

====Negative subjunctive====

For the negative subjunctive we suffix '''ka'''.

'''timpaska na''' = In order that I do not hit him

===The indicative mood===

Note that the subjunctive mood takes no tense suffixes and no evidential suffixes.
Also imperative mood has no tense suffixes and no evidential suffixes and its personal pronoun suffixes are severely trunkated.

====Tense suffixes====

The tense slot is filled as follows ;-

{| border=1
 |align=center| general
 |align=center| -'''o'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past
 |align=center| -'''i'''
 |- 
 |align=center| present 
 |align=center| -'''e'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future
 |align=center| -'''u'''
 |-
 |align=center| perfect 
 |align=center| -'''a'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past perfect
 |align=center| -'''ia'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future perfect
 |align=center| -'''ua'''
 |}

====Evidential suffixes====

{| border=1
  |align=center| reported
  |align=center| -'''n'''
  |-
  |align=center| inferred
  |align=center| -'''s'''
  |-
  |align=center| seen
  |align=center| -'''a'''
   |}

Evidentials are only used in main(independent clauses), with the indicative mood. The &quot;seen&quot; evidential is only used with the past tense suffix. None of the evidentials are obligatory. The reported and inferred seem to bring into doubt the reliability of the information somewhat.

'''-n''' means inferred from evidence	and is used in the situations in which we prefix or tag on &quot;I guess&quot; or &quot;I think&quot; to a clause in English.

'''-s''' means and information asserted is got from some third party and is used where we might prefix &quot;they say&quot; to a clause in English.

==The reciprocal==

For the reciprocal we place the particle '''gan''' immediately after the verb.

==Negation==

'''solboru''' = he/she will drink

'''solbortu''' = he/she will not drink

The infinitive is negated by suffixing '''hu''' which by itself, means 'to lack'.

'''hutimpa''' = to not hit

==Two epistemic particles==

The two epistemic particles '''meu''' and '''loi''' take the same positions relative to the verb as '''ka'''.
 
'''meu''' = &quot;may&quot;

'''loi''' = &quot;probably&quot;

== Antonyms ==

Some verbs that end with '''a''' have antonyms. For example;-

'''tata''' = to tangle
'''tatua''' = to untangle

==The copula==

The forms of the copula are almost identical to the TAM markings. 

{| border=1
  |align=center| I was
  |align=center| '''bari'''
  |align=center| we(exc.)were
  |align=center| '''bauri'''
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.) were
  |align=center| '''bairi'''
  |-
  |align=center| you were
  |align=center| '''biri'''
  |align=center| you(lot) were
  |align=center| '''beri'''
  |-
  |align=center| he/she was
  |align=center| '''ri''' or '''bori'''
  |align=center| they are
  |align=center| '''buri'''
   |}

Notice that the third person singular copula drops the '''o''' that occurs in the verb paradigm. The '''u''' of the third person singular can also be dropped if the subject has already been stated. It usually depends upon phonological factors.

'''kaunu nan ro hau@e''' = her coat is beautiful
'''kauneu wan buro hau@e''' = their coats are beautiful 
'''kauneu wan ro hau@e''' = their coats are beautiful

You will notice that in the above table we demonstrated the copula system using the past tense. The reason that the past tense was used is that the present tense in English corresponds to two forms and two meanings in Seuna. The difference in meaning between the two forms, is the same as the difference between the two Spanish copulas “estar” and &quot;ser&quot;. The &quot;'''e'''&quot; form being used for a less permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of &quot;estar&quot;)and the &quot;'''o'''&quot; form being used for a more permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of &quot;ser&quot;). 

'''bare buke''' = I am sick
'''baro buke''' = I am an invalid

There is a set of negative copulas as given below;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| I wasn't
  |align=center| '''harti'''
  |align=center| we(exc.)weren't
  |align=center| '''haurti'''
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.) weren't
  |align=center| '''hairti'''
  |-
  |align=center| you weren't
  |align=center| '''hirti'''
  |align=center| you(lot) weren't
  |align=center| '''herti'''
  |-
  |align=center| he/she wasn't
  |align=center| '''horti'''
  |align=center| they aren't
  |align=center| '''hurti'''
   |}

As in Russian, if tense information is unimportant, two words can just stand together with no copula.

'''mi moltai''' = I am a doctor

==Gerund constructions==

In English we have what is called the 'gerund'. For example;-
&quot;Me hitting him is not on&quot;. In this example &quot;Me hitting him&quot; is sort of a noun. In Seuna there is only one verbal-noun. It is the 'base form' or 'recitation form' of the verb. It is also the infinitive.

'''timpa mige nafi horto boi''' = &quot;Me hitting him is not on&quot;

==Verbs from nouns==

Many nouns are also verbs in Seuna. The relationships between the verb and noun are quite varied.

In the infinitive the verb can be seen to have a different form from the noun. However in non-infinitive forms no difference is apparent. For example :-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| salt
  |align=center| '''kenko'''
  |-
  |align=center| to salt, to add salt
  |align=center| '''kenkilo'''
  |-
  |align=center| She salted the food
  |align=center| '''kenkori humpos'''
  |}

==Some key verbs==

{| border=1
  |align=center| to take
  |align=center| '''eu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''oi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to get, to receive, to become
  |align=center| '''dai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''su'''
  |}

Note ... '''eu''' means &quot;to pick up&quot;. To take an inanimate object (somewhere) would be &quot;take (Object) go/come&quot;.
To take a person (somewhere), one would use ???? which translates as &quot;to lead&quot;.

As well as being followed by nouns, these key words can also be complemented by adjectives and other verbs. For example ...


1) to take (Adjective) = to make oneself (Adjective) ....for example ....'''ewori aiho''' = She made herself ugly
Short for '''take give ya aiho'''  ??

2) to give (Adjective) = to make someone (Adjective) ....for example ....'''oyori mi aiho''' = She made me ugly 
Short for '''oyori mi ya aiho''' ?? or make '''aiho''' = to uglify ??

3) to get (Adjective) = to become (Adjective) ....for example ....'''dayori aiho''' = She became ugly

4) to have (Adjective) = to be (Adjective) ....for example ....'''swori aiho''' = She was ugly


5) to take (Verb) = to (Verb) yourself (i.e. this is the reflexive) .... for example .... '''ewori timpa''' = He hit himself

6) to give (Verb) = to allow someone to (Verb)  .... for example .... '''oyori mi laudo''' = She allowed me to wash

7) to get (Verb) = to be (Verb) (i.e. this is the passive) .... for example .... '''dayori laudo''' = She was washed

8) to have (Verb) = to be under obligation to (Verb) .... for example .... '''swori laudo''' = She had to wash

'''jene dayori laudo''' = Jane was washed (Not Jane is allowed to wash)
'''jene dayore laudo''' = Jane is being washed
'''jene dayora laudo''' = Jane has been washed ***
'''jene dayoru laudo''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene dayori mama laudo''' = Jane was washed by her mother
'''jene dayore mama laudo''' = Jane is being washed by her mother
'''jene dayoru mama laudo''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene swori laudoi''' = Jane was washed
'''jene swore laudoi''' = Jane is washed ***
'''jene sworu laudoi''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene lauda waulo''' = Jane has washed her dog
'''jene laudia waulo''' = Jane had washed her dog
'''jene laudua waulo''' = Jane will have washed her dog

Note - in all the above occurrences of '''mama''' we could have '''mamate'''.

The constuction 2) and 6) are generally only used when the Adjective and the Verb are viewed as something that you would want. 
There is also another way of expressing 2) and 6) that can be used in all situations. This is with the infix '''-il-'''.

'''aiho''' = ugly

'''aihilo''' = to uglify

'''hau'e''' = beautifull

'''hau'ile''' = to beautify .... the glottal stop is real

laudilo = to make someone wash = &quot;do&quot; laudo .... I must read up on this, why is the morphological causative so pervasive ??
 

Also oi, and su can take clauses as their complements. For example ...

==Verb list==

Usually a verb is recognizable by its midword consonant cluster. These verbs are of course multi-syllable. However the most common verbs are single-syllable. They are given below.

?/'''m'''/'''my'''/'''y'''/j/'''jw'''/f/'''fy'''/fl/'''b'''/'''by'''/bl/'''bw'''/g/gl/'''gw'''
/d/'''dw'''/'''l'''/c/cw/'''s'''/sl/'''sw'''/'''k'''/ky/'''kl'''/kw/p/py/pl
/'''t'''/tw/w/'''n'''/'''ny'''/'''h'''/

 {| border=1
  |-
  |align=center| to take
  |align=center| '''eu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''oi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to receive/get
  |align=center| '''dai'''
  |align=center| Thai
  |align=center| 65 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''su'''
  |-
  |align=center| to lack
  |align=center| '''hu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to read
  |align=center| '''baca'''
  |align=center| Indonesian/Malasian
  |align=center| 230 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to buy
  |align=center| '''osta'''
  |align=center| Finnish
  |align=center| 5 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to show
  |align=center| '''kle'''
  |align=center| Baule
  |align=center| ? mil (page 2)
  |-  
  |align=center| to be at
  |align=center| '''fo'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| to be able to(mentally/generally)
  |align=center| '''weka'''
  |-
  |align=center| to be able to (physically) 
  |align=center| '''wai'''
  |align=center| Thai
  |align=center| 65 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to be allowed 
  |align=center| '''bisa'''
  |align=center| Indonesian/Malasian
  |align=center| 230 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to walk
  |align=center| '''dono'''
  |-
  |align=center| to wash
  |align=center| '''laudo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to flutter 
  |align=center| '''awata'''
  |-
  |align=center| to wonder 
  |align=center| '''awasa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to bite
  |align=center| '''glehe'''
  |-
  |align=center| to build
  |align=center| '''bunda'''
  |-
  |align=center| to sever
  |align=center| '''nya'''
  |-
  |align=center| to cut
  |align=center| '''kata'''
  |-
  |align=center| to talk
  |align=center| '''cata'''
  |-
  |-
  |align=center| to fly
  |align=center| '''senfo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to throw
  |align=center| '''fyo''' 
  |-
  |align=center| to know 
  |align=center| '''moi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to tell 
  |align=center| '''myoi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to realize,recognize 
  |align=center| '''maloi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to do 
  |align=center| '''tu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to start 
  |align=center| '''dwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to be 
  |align=center| '''ku'''
  |-
  |align=center| to become
  |align=center| '''gwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to see
  |align=center| '''bai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to 
  |align=center| '''bya'''
  |-
  |align=center| to meet
  |align=center| '''bwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''swa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to want
  |align=center| '''ye'''
  |-
  |align=center| to need 
  |align=center| '''?'''
  |-
  |align=center| to run 
  |align=center| '''cwonso'''
  |-
  |align=center| to say
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| to write
  |align=center| '''kludau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''loi'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''jwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to feel that you should
  |align=center| '''jada'''
  |-
  |align=center| to enter
  |align=center| '''pali'''
  |-
  |align=center| to put in
  |align=center| '''palyi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to exit
  |align=center| '''malu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to extract
  |align=center| '''malyu'''
  |-
  |align=center|  to stop
  |align=center| '''ha'''
  |-
  |align=center| to go down 
  |align=center| '''teu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to raise
  |align=center| '''jwo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to lower 
  |align=center| '''twe'''
    |-
  |align=center| to enter
  |align=center| '''pai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to exit 
  |align=center| '''myu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to insert
  |align=center| '''pli'''
  |-
  |align=center| to extract
  |align=center| '''fyu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to go through
  |align=center| '''fau'''
  |-
  |align=center| to say
  |align=center| '''plo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to think
  |align=center| ''''''
  |-
  |align=center| to wish
  |align=center| '''flua'''
  |-
  |align=center| to want
  |align=center| '''heu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to understand
  |align=center| '''nai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to follow
  |align=center| '''dwe'''
  |-
  |align=center| to cross
  |align=center| '''cwo'''
    |}

The initial '''k''' is not taken by '''ku''' = to be, because this is of course realized by the '''r''' paradigm when the verb is finite. It is taken by the negative copula '''kvrv'''.

'''fyo''' was originally '''senfyo'''
'''awan''' is an adjective meaning 'random'
gleno is a noun meaning tooth ???

??I will take = '''oyaru''', imperative singular '''oi''', imperative plural '''oye'''

[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna pronouns</title>
    <id>4669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45644</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-25T19:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* other examples */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== the ten pronouns ==

{| border=1
|align=center|I, me
|align=center|'''mi'''
|align=center|we, us
|align=center|'''mia'''
|-
|align=center|you
|align=center|'''yu'''
|align=center|you(pl)
|align=center|'''yua'''
|-
|align=center|he/she, him/her
|align=center|'''na'''
|align=center|they them
|align=center|'''wa'''
|-
|align=center|it
|align=center|'''to'''
|align=center|they
|align=center|'''ton'''
|-
|align=center|you and me
|align=center|'''myu'''
|align=center|we
|align=center|'''myun'''
|}

'''to''' and '''ton''' is for the category non-human. The ONLY exception to this is in folk tales where certain animals are given the power of speach. Then these animals can use the eight human pronouns.

'''myu''' is a dual number pronoun meaning &quot;me and you&quot;. 
'''myun''' is the first person inclusive plural pronoun. 
It means &quot;me and you and somebody else&quot; or &quot;me and you and other people&quot; 
That &quot;somebody else&quot;/&quot;other people&quot; could be from the me-group the you-group or from elsewhere.

'''to''' is often not used in SEUNA where we would use &quot;it&quot; in English. For example, if you were asked &quot;where did you buy that magazine&quot;, you would reply &quot;I bought in station news-stand&quot; instead of &quot;I bought it in the station news-stand&quot;

== the reflexive particle ==

There is also the reflexive pronoun '''te'''

This pronoun can never be used as a subject. However the following compounds can be.

{| border=1
|align=center|I myself
|align=center|'''temi'''
|align=center|we ourselves
|align=center|'''temia'''
|-
|align=center|you yourself
|align=center|'''teyu'''
|align=center|you yourself
|align=center|'''teyua'''
|-
|align=center|he/she him/her/self
|align=center|'''tena'''
|align=center|they themselves
|align=center|'''tewa'''
|-
|align=center|it itself
|align=center|'''teto'''
|align=center|they themselves
|align=center|'''teton'''
|-
|align=center|we ourselves
|align=center|'''temyu'''
|align=center|we ourselves
|align=center|'''temyun'''
|}

== pronouns and role tags ==

The pronouns take all the role tags that normal nouns take (except the &quot;-s&quot; tag).

As with regular adjectives, the genitive pronouns come after the nouns they qualify.

'''hendori kaunu swege.'''
{|
| hend || -o || -r || -i || kaunu || tege 
|-
| put on || -3s || -ACT || -PAST || coat || &quot;own&quot;
|}
'He put on his (own) coat.'

When the regular third person possessive pronouns are used, they are understood as not being coreferential with the subject.

'''hendori kaunu nage.'''
{|
| hend || -o || -r || -i || kaunu || nage 
|-
| put on || -3s || -ACT || -PAST || coat || &quot;his&quot;
|}
'He put on his (someone else's) coat.'

== other examples ==

'''sukoro cata tewa''' = he likes talking about himself

'''sukoro cata teyo''' = he likes to talk to himself


[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mayor of Shivrashan</title>
    <id>4670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28545</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-05T20:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Lady''' or '''Lord Mayor''' of [[Shivrashan]] (today, the title is often shortened to simply Mayor) is the head of the [[Old City (Shivrashan)|Old City]] district, and, formerly, the nominal leader of the whole City of Shivrashan.  The position was originally appointed by the [[Kasshi Empress]], often for life, and was established shortly after [[Navesh]]'s conquest of the city.  Her position was later eclipsed by that of the [[Chief Trader of Shivrashan|Chief Trader]].

The position was abolished after the decline of the [[Third Kasshi Empire|Third Empire]].  After the establishment of the Empire of the [[Trans-Fantasta]], the position was re-established, but this time as a position inferior to that of the Chief Trader.  After Shivrashan fell under [[Blafu]] domination, the position was merged into that of Chief Trader.  Upon the creation of the City-State out of the original city and suburbs, the position was re-established as head of the [[Old City (Shivrashan)|Old City]], and elected by the inhabitants of the Old City.

[[Category:Shivrashanian Government]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna word shape</title>
    <id>4671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49552</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-03T03:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Word ordering */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Consonants ==

The full consonant inventory is;-

{|
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
||Stops||'''b   p'''||'''d   t'''|| || ||'''g   k'''||
|-
||Fricatives|| '''f''' ||  ||'''s'''|| || ||'''h'''
|-
||Affricates||   ||   ||   ||'''j'''   '''c'''
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''|| || || ||
|-
||Lateral|| || ||'''l'''|| || ||
|-
||Flap|| || ||'''r'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''w'''|| || ||'''y'''|| ||
|}

== Initial consonant clusters ==

The single consonants and consonant combinations given below are allowed to start a word. There are 37 (45&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;) of them.

'''@''' is a glottal stop. It should be treated as any other consonant. (When the glottal stop comes word initially @ is used to represent it, but elsewhere an apostophe is used ... no real reason. Perhaps it looks slightly better) 

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''my'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''jw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''f'''
  |align=center| '''fy'''
  |align=center| '''fl'''
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''by'''
  |align=center| '''bl'''
  |align=center| '''bw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''gl'''
  |align=center| '''gw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''dw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''c'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''cw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''sl'''
  |align=center| '''sw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''k'''
  |align=center| '''ky'''
  |align=center| '''kl'''
  |align=center| '''kw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''py'''
  |align=center| '''pl'''
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''t'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''tw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
   |}

'''z''' is an allophone of '''s''' ... when inside a word and before a voiced consonant.

'''ʃ''' is also an allophone of '''s''' ... when before the front vowels '''i''' or '''ia'''.

'''ŋ''' is an allophone of '''n''' ... when followed by '''k''' or '''g'''.

The post-alveolar affricates are represented here by '''c''' and '''j''', are the initial sounds of &quot;Charlie&quot; and &quot;Jimmy&quot; respectively. .

The consonant '''r''' is exceptional in that it only occurs in suffixes attached to active verbs.

== Vowels ==

There are five simple vowels in Seuna ...  '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''o''' and '''u'''.

For diphthongs we have the four closing diphthongs '''ai''', '''au''', '''oi''', '''eu''', and the two opening diphthongs '''ia''', and '''ua'''. 

== Mid consonant clusters ==

The single consonants and consonant combinations given below are allowed word internally. There are 53 of them.

 {| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| '''f'''  
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| '''c'''  
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| '''k'''  
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''t'''  
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''lm'''
  |align=center| '''ly'''
  |align=center| '''lj'''
  |align=center| '''lf'''  
  |align=center| '''lb'''
  |align=center| '''lg'''
  |align=center| '''ld'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''lc'''  
  |align=center| '''ls'''
  |align=center| '''lk'''  
  |align=center| '''lp'''
  |align=center| '''lt'''  
  |align=center| '''lw'''
  |align=center| '''ln'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| '''nj'''
  |align=center| '''nf'''  
  |align=center| '''mb'''
  |align=center| '''ŋg'''
  |align=center| '''nd'''
  |align=center| '''  '''
  |align=center| '''nc'''  
  |align=center| '''ns'''
  |align=center| '''ŋk'''  
  |align=center| '''mp'''
  |align=center| '''nt'''  
  |align=center| '''mw'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''sm'''
  |align=center| '''sy'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''  '''  
  |align=center| '''sb'''
  |align=center| '''sg'''
  |align=center| '''sd'''
  |align=center| '''sl'''
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''sk'''  
  |align=center| '''sp'''
  |align=center| '''st'''  
  |align=center| '''sw'''
  |align=center| '''sn'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |}

Actually the voicing of the consonant clusters '''-sm- -sb- -sg- -sd- -sl- -sw-''' and '''-sn-'''  starts well before the beginning of the second consonant, so it might have been more appropriate to use the notation  '''-zm- -zb- ...''' . However I decided against using a new character for the notation and just kept with '''-sm- -sb- ...''' .

== Final vowels ==

All eleven vowels/diphthongs can occur finally.

== Tail consonants ==
 
Two consonants are allowed to come word finally. They are '''n''' and '''s'''.

== Word ordering ==

Words are initially sorted according to the pre-figure. So words are first ordered in the sequence;-

'''@, m, y, j, f, b, g, d, l, c, s, k, p, t, w, n, h'''

Then words are ordered according to the off-gesture. So, for example, words beginning with '''b''' are ordered;-

'''b, by, bl, bw'''

Then the are ordered according to the mid-figure. The ordering is the same as the initial ordering, namely ;- 

'''@, m, y, j, f, b, g, d, l, c, s, k, p, t, w, n, h'''

Then words are ordered depending on mid-figure on-gesture.

So, for example, words having a '''b''' as the last element in the mid-cluster are ordered;-

'''b, lb, zb, mb'''

Then they are ordered according to the first vowel cluster. This order is;-

'''au, o, oi, i, ia, a, ua, u, eu, e, ai'''


[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zelandish Ethnographical Questionnaire</title>
    <id>4672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28563</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-06T01:37:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Zelandish Ethnographical Questionnaire */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Zelandish Ethnographical Questionnaire =

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===

The Zelandish people, in as far they exist outside a conceit in my personal journal, exist in the city of Land-in-Siet.  A city established in a harbour in southern New Zealand surrounded by a volcanic cone.  Further settlements have been established in the surrounding area.  A second city exists south of Land-in-Siet at Leewell and they have spread into the hinterland of southern New Zealand at least as far as Foxet and Flinthom.

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===

Mild temperate climate.  Temperatures can get up into the mid 30s (celsus) in summer.  Land-in-Siet generally suffers only one severe snowfall per year.  Frost and ice can be a problem for traffic.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===

Floods, storms, droughts, earthquakes.

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===

Sheep and cattle are farmed.  Oatmeal and vegetables.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===

Beef, pork, mutton.

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===

Mutton is the most expensive of the meats listed above.  Deer are also farmed for venison.  Indian, Chinese, and Thai restaurants exist.

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===

Beer is widespread.  Red and white wines are available, as are spirits.  Red is considered more reliable.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===

Yes.  Nearly everyone has access to a ''cheepstoew'', supermarket, and clean running water.  There is a concern that changes in farming practices (moving from sheep to dairy) could affect water quality.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===

Farming and people.  Land-in-Siet is a university city.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===

Probably the university.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===

Industry.

=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===

Private or public transport, walking, bike.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===

The Zelandish do not maintain an open border with the rest of New Zealand north of the river.

=== How many people live here? ===

perhaps 300 000 people.

=== Where in this place do they congregate? ===

The city centre.

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===

Parts of the southern city are considered depressed as are some communities in the shires.

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===

Cats and dogs are kept as pets.

=== What are the most common wild animals? ===

Birds; are are very few wild mammals, most of which are introduced.

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===

Cats, dogs, songbirds.  Native birds and animals are frowned on as pets, especially if they are considered protected under law.  Other domesticated animals may be kept as pets.  Small caged animals.


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===

Between 100-200 years.

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===

Back to European history.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===

The Zelandish were involved in a series of wars on behalf of the Imperium at the height of its power.  They still commemorate their wardead on St. Mark's Mass.

=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===

Nationhood.

=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===

Legally one.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===

An agreement between the marriage partners.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===

Yes, spouses may separate, sometimes amicably.  After a period of separation the marriage is annulled.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===

One of the partners, generally the woman.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===

Families are named after the husband, there are exceptions.  Some people may maintain a separate surname for various reasons.

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===

Cohabitation is a widespread practice and can be recognised under law.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===

Cushions.

=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foreigners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===

Homosexaulity is accepted, except in conservative religious circles.

=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===

Prostitution is legal.

=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===

Burial or cremation within a few days of the death.

=== What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Seuna index</title>
    <id>4673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51443</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-11T14:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Seuna]]
#[[Introduction to Seuna]]
#[[Seuna : Chapter 1]]
#[[Seuna : Chapter 2]]
#[[Seuna word shape]]
#[[The script of Seuna]]
#[[Seuna sentence structure]]
#[[Seuna pronouns]]
#[[Seuna nouns]]
#[[Seuna verbs (1)]]
#[[Seuna adjectives]]
#[[Seuna demonstratives]]
#[[Seuna verbs (2)]]
#[[Asking a question in Seuna]]
#[[Seuna relative clauses]]
#[[Seuna verbs (3)]]
#[[Methods for deriving words in Seuna]]
#[[List of all Seuna derivational affixes]]
#[[List of all Seuna non-derivational affixes]]
#[[Numbers in Seuna]]
#[[Naming people in Seuna]]
#[[The Seuna calendar]]
#[[Seuna units]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pronouns</title>
    <id>4674</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47560</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Pronoun]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Demonstratives</title>
    <id>4675</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47539</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirecting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Pronoun]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asking a question</title>
    <id>4676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28651</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T21:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Numbers</title>
    <id>4677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39932</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T22:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This (could) be a place with a list of all different languages numbers/number systems.
*Numbers:
**A:
***[[Numbers in azjherben]] Main link: [[Azjherben]]
***[[Japanese Number system]] Main Link: [[Japanese]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Personal names</title>
    <id>4678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28653</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T21:52:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adjectives</title>
    <id>4679</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47626</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T14:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Adjective]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verbs</title>
    <id>4680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28643</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T21:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna nouns</title>
    <id>4681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45741</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-27T23:48:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* position.tags */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nouns in Seuna]] has a lot of old ideas.
[[Seuna suffixes and some grammar]] has an old idea.
[[Seuna rubbish]] the same.

==plural==

The plural is formed by adding a final &quot;n&quot;. In the writing system this is represented by a grammatical mark ''':''', not by the soundmark '''n'''.

'''kloga''' = shoe, '''klogan''' = shoes

There is a subgroup of nouns that become plural by changing internally.

{| border=1
  |align=center| man
  |align=center| '''bla'''
  |align=center| men
  |align=center| '''bala'''
  |align=center| male(adjective)
  |align=center| '''obla'''
  |-
  |align=center| woman 
  |align=center| '''gla'''
  |align=center| women
  |align=center| '''gala'''
  |align=center| female(adjective)
  |align=center| '''egla'''
   |}

==role.tags==

Nine role.tags are end.stuck to nouns.

'''u''' = &quot;by&quot;

'''yo''' = &quot;to&quot; or &quot;upto&quot;
 
'''ji''' =  &quot;for&quot;

'''fi''' = &quot;at&quot;

'''ge''' = &quot;of&quot;

'''le''' = &quot;from&quot;

'''s''' ... can be said to show the accusative case. Also used for the vocative case.

'''wa''' =  &quot;towards&quot; or &quot;about&quot;

'''ho''' = &quot;with&quot;

'''yo''' is used to indicate the receiver of a gift.

'''wa''' also corresponds to English &quot;about&quot; as in &quot;I think about you&quot;.

'''fi''' is often eroded to '''f''' if the word ends in a vowel or '''n'''. The eight position.tags can be thought of as a semantic expantion of '''fi'''. You normally use '''fi''' along with one of the position.tags. 

The nominative is unmarked. Also the nouns that follows all prepositions are unmarked ???

There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.

==position.tags==

Eight tags are front.stuck to nouns.

'''bali''' = above

'''keja''' = below

'''fas''' = in front (i.e. this side of)

'''cimo''' = behind (i.e. at the far side of)

'''ni''' = on (covers about the same semantic space as English &quot;on&quot;)

'''tian''' = beside 

'''pi''' = in &gt; '''pilia''' &quot;to enter&quot; ... '''pilyari''' &quot;I entered&quot;

'''ompu''' = out &gt; '''pilua''' &quot;to exit&quot; ... '''pilwari''' &quot;I went out&quot;

There is a special symbol given to each of these tags, that is in text, they are never spelled out phonetically but their special symbol is used.

==motion verbs==

'''na''' go '''pidwolo''' = (S/he goes into the house)

'''na''' run '''pidwolo''' = (S/he runs into the house)

&quot;go&quot; and &quot;run&quot; are considered &quot;motion verbs&quot; hence a change of position is assumed when they are used. When no change in position occurs

with a &quot;motion verb&quot;, the sentence must receive extra marking. i.e. 

'''na''' run '''pidwolof''' = (S/he runs in the house)


cat jumped '''ni'''wall = The cat jumped onto the wall 

cat jumped '''ni'''wall'''f''' = The cat jumped on top of the wall (the English translation is actually ambiguous)

&quot;the cat jumped from the wall&quot; would be

meu jumped wall'''le''' 

or if you really wanted to pin the meaning down

meu jumped '''ni'''wall'''le''' 

== When two nouns come together ==

===attributive===

For the many situations in which one noun qualifies another and ownership isn't involved, we use the particle '''ta''' between the nouns.

book '''ta mi''' = a book written by me

===possession===

As mentioned above the endtag '''-ge''' is translated by &quot;of&quot; in English. However -ge actually functions in a smaller range of situation than &quot;of&quot;. In actual fact it is only used when &quot;possession&quot; is involved. 
For example;-

book '''mige''' = my book (a book owned by me)

===inalienable possession===

'''yu''' = second person pronoun

'''baba''' = father

'''babayu''' = your father

'''nogami''' = my leg

As well as body parts and family members, also locations take the inalienable construction
(Interesting fact - the words for &quot;face&quot; and &quot;back&quot;, can be considered both body parts and locations.

'''pi''' = the interior, the inside

'''dwolo''' = house

'''pidwolo''' = the interior of the house

'''pidwolof''' = in the house

=== other associations ===

door '''ta''' room

paper '''ta''' today

table '''ta''' wood

milk three litres milk

'''ta''' can be used withiut a proceding noun.

'''ta''' room = the one of the room

'''ta''' today = the one of today

'''ta''' wood = the one of wood

'''ta hia''' = the red one

'''tan hia''' = the red ones

'''ta''' wood = the one made of wood

'''tan''' '''pi'''boat'''fi''' = the ones in the boat

'''ta mige''' = that one of mine

'''tan mige''' = those ones of mine

=== two nouns together ===

In Seuna when to nouns come together, they can be translated into English with an &quot;and&quot; between them. (Same also for verbs). 

X Y Z.jwo = X and Y and Z
X Y Z.ple = X or Y or Z When speaking a list, there is a definite pause between each item.

'''jwo''' and '''ple''' are both clitics.

Adposition is not allowed in Seuna - you can not have &quot;Obama, the president&quot; but must insert a '''ta''' between the two nouns, introducing the second element, in a relative clause. Similarly &quot;William the Conqueror&quot;, Alexander the Great&quot;

Co-ordinative compounds ( motherfather = parents, swordspear = weapen, armleg =limb) when both words contribute equally to the compound. Called Dvandva in Sanskrit.

My son, the doctor, went to town
My son, the doctor, and I went to town

===compounds===

'''tolno.senai''' = windmill 

'''tolno.mose''' = watermill 

There are many compounds. The compounds are head final. More than 50% are attributive compounds. 

The same method of compounding is used for object incorporating in verbs.

I hunt deer =&gt; I deer.hunt

hand.make'''oi''' = handmade 

wife.beat'''gu''' = wifebeater

[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Word shape</title>
    <id>4682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28634</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T06:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are 17 distinctive consonants in Seuna.

They are ;-   '''p	b	t	d	k	g    m	n	s	h      f      w     y      r     l       c'''   and    '''j'''	

&quot;'''c'''&quot; is used here to represent the initial sound in ''church''.
&quot;'''j'''&quot; is used here to represent the initial sound in ''George''.
All the other consonants take there usual English value, although under certain circumstances &quot;'''s'''&quot; is realized as &quot;'''z'''&quot;, and &quot;'''n&quot;''' as &quot;'''ŋ'''&quot;.
&quot;'''r'''&quot; is exceptional in that it only occurs in suffixes attached to active verbs. There is no entry for it in the Seuna alphabet.

There are 5 distinctive vowels in Seuna ... ''' i    e    a    o    u'''.
Also there are 4 closing diphthongs  '''ai   au  oi  eu'''   and the 2 opening diphthongs '''ia   ua'''.

A Seuna word may begin with one of the following consonants or consonant clusters ;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|  '''m'''
  |align=center| '''my'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center| ''' j'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''jw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''f'''
  |align=center| '''fy'''
  |align=center| '''fl'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|  '''b'''
  |align=center| '''by'''
  |align=center| '''bl'''
  |align=center| '''bw'''
  |-
  |align=center|  '''g'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''gl'''
  |align=center| '''gw'''
  |-
  |align=center|   '''d'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''dw'''
  |-
  |align=center|  '''l'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|   '''c'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''cw'''
  |-
  |align=center|   '''s'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''s'''l
  |align=center| '''sw'''
  |-
  |align=center|   '''k'''
  |align=center| '''ky'''
  |align=center| '''kl'''
  |align=center| '''kw'''
  |-
  |align=center|   '''p'''
  |align=center| '''py'''
  |align=center| '''pl'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|   '''t'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| '''tw'''
  |-
  |align=center|   '''w'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|   '''n'''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |-
  |align=center|   '''h'''
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
  |align=center| &amp;nbsp;
   |}

In the terminology of Seuna, it is said that there are 37 possible &quot;head-events&quot;. 
'''@''' actually stands for a missing consonant. That is the word actually begins with the following vowel. However Seuna has a symbol for this. A symbol is necessary because vowels are writen as small marks over the consonant symbol. 

When Seuna words are listed they can be ordered as above. That is in a Seuna dictionary you will have all words beginning with &quot;'''@'''&quot;, followed by all words beginning with '''m''', then '''my''' then '''y''' etc. etc.   

After the &quot;head-event&quot; there is the &quot;initial-span-sound&quot;. The 11 possible &quot;initial-span-sounds&quot; are

'''au      o        oi        i       ia        a         ua         u        eu        e         ai''' 
          
Notice that no opening diphthongs allowed in this position.

After the &quot;initial-span-sound&quot; we have what is called the &quot;mid-event&quot; There are 58 possible &quot;mid-events&quot;, which are ;-

	'''m	y	j	f	b	g	d	l	c	s	k	p'''	'''t	w	n	h  ''' 
	'''zm	zy			zb	zg	zd	zl			sk	sp'''	'''st	zw	zn'''	    	
	'''lm	ly	lj	lf	lb	lg	ld		lc	ls	lk	lp'''	'''lt	lw	ln	lh'''  
		'''ny	nj	nf	mb	ng 	nd	nl	nc	ns	nk	mp'''	'''nt	mw		nh''' 
						'''ngw					nkw'''					      

After the &quot;mid-event&quot; we have what is called the &quot;final-span-sound&quot;. There are the same as the  &quot;initial-span-sounds&quot;, namely ;-

A	I     U      E     O    AI    AU      OI	EU	IA     UA
 
Finally there can be two possible &quot;tail-events&quot;. Theses are n and s.
These are slightly anomalous in that they are used only for suffixes.

The above constitutes what in SEUNA terminology is called a &quot;word&quot;. Most concepts in Seuna are represented by a &quot;word&quot;. Many particles (and a few concepts such as cat = MEU) are represented by 
shorter &quot;sound-strings&quot; (called &quot;mini-words&quot; in Seuna terminology), but the vast majority of concepts are represented by &quot;words&quot;.

So how many words are possible in Seuna ? Well if there was no restictions on what could occur 
together in a &quot;word&quot;, we would have a total of 37 x 9 x 58 x 11 or 212,454 possible &quot;words&quot;.

 However there are restrictions. 		

(In the following discussion S represents any &quot;unitary&quot; &quot;head-event&quot; and KL any &quot;head-event&quot; cluster, similar representatives are taken for the other positions. X means any sound at all that is allowed in this slot)
1) A word can have at the most only two clusters. A cluster is a diphthong or two abutting consonants.

This cuts thing down to 132,202 possible &quot;words&quot;. 

S		A		G		U		17x5x16x5=6,800
KL		A		G		U		20x5x16x5=8,000
S		AU		G		U		17x6x16x5=8,160
KL		AU		G		U		20x6x16x5=9,600	
S	 	A		ND		U		17x5x42x5=17,850
KL		A		ND		U		20x5x42x5=21,000
S		AU		ND		U		17x6x42x5=21,420
KL		AU		ND		U		20x6x42x5=25,200	disallowed by rule 1
S		A		G		AI		17x5x16x6=8,160
KL		A		G		AI		20x5x16x6=9,600
S		AU		G		AI		17x6x16x6=9,792
KL		AU		G		AI		20x6x16x6=11,520	disallowed by rule 1
S		A		ND		AI		17x5x42x6=21,420
KL		A		ND		AI		20x5x42x6=25,200	disallowed by rule 1
S		AU		ND		AI		17x6x42x6=25,704	disallowed by rule 1
KL		AU		ND		AI		20x6x42x6=30,240	disallowed by rule 1

In Seuna there are clear classes of nouns, verbs and adjectives. These classes differ as to how they are phonologically expressed. For example nouns must be of the form KL  A  X  X or S  AU  X  X or KL AU  X  X. Verbs must be of the form  X  X  ND  X and adjectives must be of the form S  A  G  X. 

Note that there are many words (42,420) that can be both nouns or verbs.

adjectives 		14,960
nouns       		7,572
verbs        		81.690
noun &amp; verb 	42,420

2)  LvL is disallowed i.e. &quot;flolde&quot; is not allowed

3)  YI and WU are allowed but XYI and XWU are banned. &quot;fumwua&quot; is OK 

4) A noun (also a Noun/verb) can not end in I
    An adjective can not end in U or UA ..... LITE = small, LITUA = smallness
    Some verbs can not end in O, (a Noun/verb can though ??)

So we have out of a hundred :-

34 disallowed
23 verbs
13 nouns
15 nouns/verbs
15 adjectives

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Introduction to Seuna</title>
    <id>4683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39740</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-10T16:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Seuna is a work in progress. ==

== About Seuna ==
 
In its final form Seuna is seems to be quite a natural language. By that I mean that most of the grammar and the &quot;patterns&quot; in the language would not be considered out of place in any natural language.

However Seuna, during its construction went though some stages that might not be considered so natural. At one stage the case of the nominative case was split into two cases depending upon whether the action was volitional or accidental, and the accusative case was split in two depending on whether the object was affected by the action or not. This sort of thing is not unknown in natural languages (in fact Dixon has written a book??? which covers this sort of thing)but I found that in Seuna that as different aspects of grammar affected each other, that Seuna took on the form of a bog standard nominative/accusative language. This is just one example of a process that was continually happening during the construction of Seuna.

The shaping of Seuna can be compared to the shaping of a protein. This is basically a long chain molecule that takes on a very definite and complicated shape. The final shape is determined by a series of folding events that are initiated by the attractive and repulsive forces that the various links in the chain have for each other. In a similar way the final shape of Seuna was determined by the way that different grammatical patterns and phonological patterns either clashed with each other, or matched with each other through a number of successive revisions. Taking this analogy further : as I couldn't have any thought that is impossible (or too difficult to express) - the protein that I created was constrained never to have to much unfilled space within its physical limits while it was developing.

It was an appreciation of the elegance of patterns within natural languages and the fascinating ways in which languages change shape through time that led to me constucting Seuna. And I suppose that the forces that shaped Seuna also shape natural languages.

[[Category:Seuna]]
==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon roots e-ȝ</title>
    <id>4684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58005</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T03:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]==

==e / η / е / է / ჱ / אֵ / ए==

# '''èè''', ''adv.'' near(by), close by.
# '''ééga''', ''t.v.'' say, tell; declare, state.
# '''ééĸa''', ''t.v.'' persuade, induce, prevail upon; bully [''a p. to do a th.''].
# '''ééĸŭos''', standing water.
# '''ééla''', 1) ''t.v.'' streak, stripe, striate; touch-, -slightly, -on, graze, brush, skim. 2) ''i.v.'' streak; graze, brush, skim.
# '''éélĸa''', ''i.v.'' hunger, be hungry (for, '''o''').
# '''éélnos''', kneecap, patella [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''eenó''', ''inter.'' behold, hey look.
# '''éénsa''', ''i.v.'' fight with a sword.
# '''éépa''', 1) ''t.v.'' associate. 2) ''i.v.'' associate.
# '''éézla''', ''t.v.'' eel. 2) ''i.v.'' eel.
# '''éba''', ''t.v.'' carry on the back.
# '''éćĭos''', drumhead.
# '''éda''', 1) ''t.v.'' eat; take [''medicine'']. 2) ''i.v.'' eat.
# '''éða''', ''i.v.'' set up a fencepost.
# '''éga''', 1) ''t.v.'' lack; miss. 2) ''i.v.'' be in want.
# '''èħa''', ''postp.'' from, out of.
# '''eħéros''', lake.
# '''eħó''', ''inter. cry to get s.o.'s attention'', hey there!
# '''éȝa''', ''t.v.'' trust-, confide-, (-in), entrust, commend, rely upon.
# '''éka''', 1) ''t.v.'' paw, hit with the hooves. 2) ''i.v.'' paw, hit with the hooves.
# '''exvíϙos''', small bag for belongings.
# '''éla''', 1) ''t.v.'' use an awl on. 2) ''i.v.'' use an awl.
# '''élga''', ''t.v.'' impoverish.
# '''élĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' ulcerate. 2) ''i.v.'' ulcerate.
# '''élna''', 1) ''t.v.'' herd. 2) ''i.v.'' herd.
# '''éma''', 1) ''t.v.'' capture, seize. 2) ''i.v.'' seize.
# '''émris''', ''adj.'' cruel.
# '''éɱos''', fin. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;evä&lt;/font&gt;, fin)
# '''èna''', ''postp.'' at, in, inside, into, on, to, within.
# '''éndos''', heat of the sun.
# '''énga''', 1) ''t.v.'' foal. 2) ''i.v.'' foal.
# '''énĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' grumble, growl. 2) ''i.v.'' grouse, grumble, growl (at, '''upera''').
# '''énsa''', ''t.v.'' haunt.
# '''ènta''', ''postp.'' from within.
# '''entèra''', ''postp.'' among(st), between, through, with.
# '''énvos''', atmosphere.
# '''èpa''', ''postp.'' after the manner of, after, at, behind, by, is, on the authority of, (according) to, under. 
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''épos'''&lt;/font&gt;, hundred million.
# &lt;font color=red&gt;'''épus'''&lt;/font&gt;, elder brother of father [&lt;font color=red&gt;Kin&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''eϙímos''', foreshaft of harpoon.
# '''éϙra''', 1) ''t.v.'' begin, start, commence, initiate. 2) ''i.v.'' spring up, rise [''of rivers, etc.''], arise, issue, originate, begin, commence, start, proceed (with, from, '''apa''').
# '''éra''', 1) ''t.v.'' row, oar, paddle. 2) ''i.v.'' row, oar, paddle.
# '''érda''', ''i.v.'' grow.
# '''érða''', 1) ''t.v.'' heighten, culminate in. 2) ''i.v.'' heighten.
# '''érgos''', cupboard, cabinet.
# '''éris''', ''adj.'' light, porous; not watertight, leaky, unsound, pervious.
# '''érĸŭa''', ''t.v.'' extol, glorify.
# '''érmis''', ''adj.'' mad, crazy, insane, delirious.
# '''érna''', ''i.v.'' compete, contend.
# '''érϙa''', ''t.v.'' churn.
# '''érta''', 1) ''t.v.'' ground; substantiate, school, connect [''electricity''], run aground. 2) ''i.v.'' ground.
# '''ésa''', ''i.v.'' be, exist.
# '''ésĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' believe (in), think, assume, imagine, deem, hold (to be), consider; mean, intend. 2) ''i.v.'' be of the opinion, think, presume, imagine, deem; mean. (&gt; Udmurt &lt;font color=green&gt;osk-&lt;/font&gt;, believe)
# '''ésna''', 1) ''t.v.'' harvest. 2) ''i.v.'' harvest.
# '''ésra''', 1) ''t.v.'' bleed. 2) ''i.v.'' bleed.
# '''eténos''', grain, cereal.
# '''ètu''', ''adv.'' also, too, as well, either.
# '''etúϙa''', ''t.v.'' sling.
# '''eú''', ''inter. exclamation of joy.''
# '''èva''', ''postp.'' on, over, to, upon.
# '''evźa''', ''t.v.'' understand, comprehend, grasp, know well, apprehend.
# '''exviϙos''', small bag for belongings.
total: 63/35+3/60%

==f / φ / Ф / ֆ / ჶ / פ / फ़==
# '''fááfla''', ''i.v.'' flutter.
# '''fééĸa''', ''t.v.'' effect, bring about, accomplish, make happen.
# '''féltĭos''', clod; floe.
# '''féła''', 1) ''t.v.'' offer, proffer, tender, present; extend, afford, propose, volunteer. 2) ''i.v.'' offer, volunteer.
# '''fénſa''', ''t.v.'' shingle.
# '''fííɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' spit, expectorate. 2) ''i.v.'' spit, expectorate.
# '''fóóla''', ''i.v.'' fall, tumble; descend [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''fóórɱis''', ''adj.'' lively, vivacious, spirited, active, sprightly.
# '''frúmþus''', great-grand-son, -daughter [&lt;font color=red&gt;Kin&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''fúðna''', ''t.v.'' employ, exploit, serve for.
total: 10/7/70

==g / γ / г / գ / გ / גּ / ग==

# '''gaaúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' arrogate. 2) ''i.v.'' presume, take for granted.
# '''gáȝa''', ''i.v.'' pole [''a boat''].
# '''gála''', 1) ''t.v.'' shout, yell. 2) ''i.v.'' shout, yell.
# '''gálŭa''', ''t.v.'' uncover, expose to view, show up; reveal, predict, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, vaticinate.
# '''gámus''', co-wife [&lt;font color=red&gt;Kin&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gáɱa''', ''t.v.'' make similar, resemble.
# '''gánða''', ''t.v''. can [''preserve''].
# '''gánga''', 1) ''t.v.'' mock, scoff-, jeer-, (-at), deride, ridicule, sneer (at). 2) ''i.v.'' mock, scoff, jeer.
# '''gáϙtos''', one of a pair.
# '''gáros''', radius [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gárźis''', ''adj.'' barbarous, brutal.
# '''gátŭos''', fur on an animal’s foot.
# '''gázdos''', rice paddy.
# '''géémos''', poop, stern.
# '''géra''', 1) ''t.v.'' awake, awaken, wake (up), waken, rouse. 2) ''i.v.'' awake, awaken, wake (up), waken, rouse.
# '''gédĭos''', back of head [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''géfsa''', ''t.v.'' plaster, stucco.
# '''géla''', 1) ''t.v.'' form-, roll-, -in- to a ball, conglomerate, clench [''the fist'']. 2) ''i.v.'' conglomerate, cluster.
# '''gélma''', 1) ''t.v.'' paste, glue, gum, stick (to, '''ena'''). 2) ''i.v.'' cling, stick, adhere (to, '''ena''').
# '''gélva''', 1) ''t.v.'' plane, smooth, fair. 2) ''i.v.'' plane, smooth.
# '''géma''', ''t.v.'' grasp, seize, lay hold of, prey upon.
# '''géɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' chew, masticate. 2) ''i.v.'' chew.
# '''géna''', 1) ''t.v.'' convey, transport, transfer. 2) ''i.v.'' transfer.
# '''génϙa''', 1) ''t.v.'' wrestle (with). 2) ''i.v.'' wrestle.
# '''génvos''', stick, wand, baton, cane.
# '''génźos''', water from boiled grain or vegetables [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''géra''', ''t.v''. embrace, include, contain, comprise, comprehend.
# '''gerézðos''', awn, beard, arista.
# '''géta''', 1) ''t.v.'' observe, watch. 2) ''i.v.'' observe, watch.
# '''gíírus''', girl.
# '''gíbes''', mare, female equid.
# '''gída''', 1) ''t.v.'' tickle, titillate. 2) ''i.v.'' tickle.
# '''gíȝa''', ''t.v.'' notch, indent, dent, mill; tally, score.
# '''gíma''', ''t.v.'' blemish, mar.
# '''góóȝos''', fermented whey drink.
# '''góóla''', ''t.v.'' store, lay-, put-, -aside, stock up, garner, stow away.
# '''góóra''', 1) ''t.v.'' irritate. 2) ''i.v.'' irritate.
# '''góda''', 1) ''t.v.'' persist in. 2) ''i.v.'' persist, be diligent.
# '''góga''', ''i.v.'' proceed solemnly.
# '''gólos''', knot, knar [''in a tree''].
# '''gólĭes''', doe, hind.
# '''góɱa''', ''i.v.'' squawk, caw.
# '''góndos''', bamboo tube.
# '''górma''', ''t.v.'' weave wicker.
# '''gúúlĭos''', [''Human''] sod-, turf-, dwelling.
# '''gúúngos''', shin [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gúúta''', ''i.v.'' deteriorate.
# '''gúda''', ''t.v.'' gut [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gúga''', 1) ''t.v.'' bulge. 2) ''i.v.'' bulge (out).
# '''gúla''', ''t.v.'' bake under hot coals.
# '''gúna''', ''i.v.'' torture.
# '''guntálos''', shovel.
# '''gúntos''', pellet.
# '''gúpa''', 1) ''t.v.'' cave. 2) ''i.v.'' cave in.
# '''gúra''', 1) ''t.v.'' grunt. 2) ''i.v.'' grunt, oink.
# '''gúrlos''', cowrie snail shell.
# '''gúrnos''', back; bridge [''of the nose''] [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gúsa''', ''i.v.'' fall [''of leaves''].
# '''gŭááva''', 1) ''t.v.'' sink, lower, let down; submerge, scuttle. 2) ''i.v.'' sink; founder, go down, submerge, set [''of the sun''].
# '''gŭáða''', 1) ''t.v.'' drown; smother, put out [''a fire'']; stifle. 2) ''i.v.'' drown.
# '''gŭéða''', ''t.v.'' encroach (upon), infringe.
# '''gŭéla''', ''t.v.'' entangle.
# '''gŭélvos''', uterus, womb [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gŭéma''', ''i.v.'' come.
# '''gŭénus''', woman, wife.
# '''gŭéra''', ''t.v.'' welcome, receive, greet.
# '''gŭérða''', ''i.v.'' perform as bard, minstrel, skald.
# '''gŭérĸos''', crop, craw; maw.
# '''gŭérvos''', fetus.
# '''gŭérŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' full. 2) ''i.v.'' full.
# '''gŭéta''', 1) ''t.v.'' round (off). 2) ''i.v.'' round.
# '''gŭííɱos''', gum.
# '''gŭíína''', ''t.v.'' tan, dress [''a hide''].
# '''gŭíȝa''', ''t.v.'' string [a bow].
# '''gŭístos''', finger, digit; toe.
# '''gŭóóses''', ox.
# '''gŭóros''', mountain.
# '''gŭózda''', ''t.v.'' nail, fasten with pegs; stretch [''a canvas''].
# '''gĭáála''', ''i.v.'' remain, stay (behind), wait, bide; stop.
# '''gĭáálŭos''', jade, nephrite [&lt;font color=red&gt;Min.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''gĭára''', 1) ''t.v.'' spread out over, stretch over, bespread. 2) ''i.v.'' spread out.
# '''gĭóópa''', 1) ''t.v.'' blister. 2) ''i.v.'' blister, form blisters.
# '''gĭóćis''', catkin.
# '''gĭóris''', ''adj.'' contagious.
total: 84/50+2/62%

==ħ / h / ы / հ / ჰ / ה / ह==
 
# '''ħáá''', ''inter.'' ha! [''exclamation denoting contempt or disgust''].
# '''ħááłes''', chick, young of any bird.
# '''ħaaϙúlos''', gum [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ħáȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' lose, forfeit, let slip; miss [''train, etc.'']. 2) ''i.v.'' lose.
# '''ħádos''', armpit smell.
# '''ħálga''', ''t.v.'' scourge, lash, whip, flagellate.
# '''ħálϙos''', pliant-, -branch, -bough, withe, withy.
# '''ħáɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' call (-up), call to, hail, summon; call-, ring-, -up. 2) ''i.v.'' call, hail.
# '''ħána''', ''i.v.'' yawn.
# '''ħása''', ''t.v.'' throw a dart at, stick-, pierce-, -with a dart.
# '''ħástos''', arm [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]; foreleg; beam [''of a scale''].
# '''ħázða''', ''i.v.'' branch.
# '''ħðéma''', ''i.v.'' land, disembark.
# '''ħééȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' follow up, prompt, abet; force [''plants'']. 2) ''i.v.'' drift-, float-, -against, -ashore. 
# '''ħéélos''', cider [''fermented beverage made from tree fruits''] [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ħéélĭa''', ''i.v.'' be twilight.
# '''ħéémnos''', palate, roof of the mouth [font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ħééra''', 1) ''t.v.'' beam, radiate, emit [''light, rays'']. 2) ''i.v.'' beam, radiate.
# '''ħéérða''', 1) ''t.v.'' starve, famish. 2) ''i.v.'' starve, famish.
# '''ħéérɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' make-, color-, -gray. 2) ''i.v.'' (turn-, become-), -gray.
# '''ħéérsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' stiffen, harden. 2) ''i.v.'' stiffen; bristle, stand on end.
# '''ħéba''', ''t.v.'' convince.
# '''ħéȝa''', ''t.v.'' shoot, fire.
# '''ħelísos''', marl.
# '''ħélna''', ''t.v.'' glaze, glass; ice, glaze [''pastry''].
# '''ħélnĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' jewel, bejewel. 2) ''i.v.'' make jewelry.
# '''ħélŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' color-, make-, yellowish-green. 2) ''i.v.'' turn-, become-, -yellowish-green.
# '''ħéɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pour (out), shed, spill. 2) ''i.v.'' shed, spill.
# '''ħéɱĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' mine. 2) ''i.v.'' mine.
# '''ħénϙos''', pubic region [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ħéra''', 1) ''t.v.'' scribble, scrawl, scratch. 2) ''i.v.'' scratch, splutter [''of pens''].
# '''ħérða''', ''t.v.'' embrace, put one's arm a round, hug.
# '''ħésis''', ''adj.'' yester-.
# '''ħéslos''', thousand, chiliad.
# '''ħésra''', ''t.v.'' handle, hand-, (-on, -down); manage.
# '''ħíma''', ''i.v.'' (spend the-, pass the-) –winter; become wintry.
# '''ħíros''', mane.
# '''ħo''', ''postp''. at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, over, owing-, due-, -to, from, through, under, with.
# '''ħórða''', ''t.v.'' plant an orchard.
# '''ħórĭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' farrow. 2) ''i.v.'' farrow.
# '''ħúda''', ''i.v.'' vanish, pass away, disappear, wear off.
# '''ħúðtis''', ''adj.'' evil, malicious.
# '''ħúþ''', sixteen.
# '''ħŭála''', ''i.v.'' crystallize.
# '''ħŭélga''', ''t.v.'' look-, -at, -in the face, view; face, look out on.
# '''ħŭéris''', ''adj.'' wild, uncultivated, in the natural state; growing-, -wildly, -naturally, agrestal; rough, unkempt, dishevelled.
# '''ħŭóóĸŭa''', ''t.v.'' enlighten.
total: 47/29+1/64

==i / ι / и / ի / ი / אִי / इ==
# '''ííħa''', 1) ''t.v.'' need, require, have-, be in-, -need of. 2) ''i.v.'' behoove.
# '''íílos''', male genitalia [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''íínus''', younger sister [&lt;font color=red&gt;Kin&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ííra''', 1) ''t.v.'' augur, betoken. 2) ''i.v.'' augur.
# '''íísa''', 1) ''t.v.'' pole, punt. 2) ''i.v.'' pole.
# '''íbos''', yard, court, courtyard.
# '''íća''', ''t.v.'' harpoon.
# '''íða''', 1) ''t.v.'' burn-, (-down, -up). 2) ''i.v.'' burn- (-down, -up), be on fire; sting, smart.
# '''íðra''', ''t.v.'' air, ventilate.
# '''ìðu''', ''adv.'' here; present.
# '''íga''', ''t.v.'' ask (for), request, order.
# '''íĸa''', ''t.v.'' invoke.
# '''ílĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' hope. 2) ''i.v.'' hope.
# '''íła''', 1) ''t.v.'' embarrass, abash. 2) ''i.v.'' be embarrassed.
# '''íma''', ''t.v.'' imitate, mimic, impersonate, copy, mime.
# '''iménis''', ''adj.'' aforementioned.
# '''ína''', ''t.v.'' hang up to dry.
# '''ínga''', 1) ''t.v.'' vex, annoy, bother, pester, harrass. 2) ''i.v.'' annoy.
# '''inívĸos''', mirage.
# '''inléϙos''', sleeping platform.
# '''íϙa''', ''i.v.'' set right, adjust, regulate, standardize.
# '''írtis''', ''adj.'' severe; acrimonious, rancorous, bitter.
# '''írŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' harmonize. 2) ''i.v.'' harmonize.
# '''ísa''', ''t.v.'' suggest, allude to, make mention of.
# '''ísĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' clear (away), clarify, rectify [''spirits'']; refine, sublime, extract [''ore'']. 2) ''i.v.'' clear (up), rectify; refine, sublime.
# '''ísra''', ''t.v.'' sum (up) summarize, abstract.
# '''íta''', 1) ''t.v.'' wend. 2) ''i.v.'' make one's way, meander [''of people''].
# '''ivtéϙos''', juice from meat [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
total: 28/19+1/71%

==ȝ / j / j / յ / ჲ / י / य==

# '''ȝáágos''', bear fat.
# '''ȝááȝa''', 1) ''t.v.'' avenge, (take) revenge, venge. 2) ''i.v.'' avenge, get even (with, '''neeɱħa''').
# '''ȝááĸos''', candle, taper.
# '''ȝáála''', 1) ''t.v.'' take great pains-, -over, -with; vie, emulate, rival. 2) ''i.v.'' act-, advocate-, -with zeal; endeavor, vie, emulate, take great pains.
# '''ȝáćos''', pine forest. (&gt; Mari &lt;font color=green&gt;jakta&lt;/font&gt;, spruce)
# '''ȝága''', ''t.v.'' venerate.
# '''ȝágŭos''', perineum [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝáma''', 1) ''t.v.'' ditch, trench. 2) ''i.v.'' ditch, trench.
# '''ȝápŭa''', ''i.v.'' use an adze.
# '''ȝáϙa''', ''t.v.'' pursue, hunt, chase (after), run-, send-, hasten-, -after.
# '''ȝáxpos''', jasper [&lt;font color=red&gt;Min.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝéégĭas''', youthful strength.
# '''ȝééĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' heal, cure, make well. 2) ''i.v.'' heal, be cured, get well.
# '''ȝééras''', season.
# '''ȝéĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' narrate, give an account, recount, relate, recite, voice. 2) ''i.v.'' recite.
# '''ȝeĸŭénos''', liver [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝéga''', 1) ''t.v.'' ice. 2) ''i.v.'' ice.
# '''ȝélis''', ''adj.'' unripe, raw, green; immature; premature.
# '''ȝéma''', 1) ''t.v.'' sort, match, pair, couple. 2) ''i.v.'' match; pair, couple, mate.
# '''ȝéɱa''', 1) ''t.v.'' keep-, -away, -off. 2) ''i.v.'' keep-, stand-, -aloof (from, '''àpa''').
# '''ȝénus''', wife of the spouse's brother [&lt;font color=red&gt;Kin&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝésa''', 1) ''t.v.'' foam, froth, lather. 2) ''i.v.'' foam, froth, lather; effervesce; fizz.
# '''ȝéta''', ''t.v.''  approach, apply to, solicit; concern, have to do with, relate.
# '''ȝéva''', 1) ''t.v.'' have sexual intercourse with. 2) ''i.v.'' copulate.
# '''ȝéźa''', ''t.v.'' inform, notify, report.
# '''ȝimálos''', malt. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;imelä&lt;/font&gt;, sweet)
# '''ȝóóla''', ''t.v.'' hang [''s.th.''] on a hook.
# '''ȝóónos''', soup [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝóóra''', 1) ''t.v.'' aggravate, intensify, make worse. 2) ''i.v.'' worsen.
# '''ȝóósa''', ''t.v.'' gird, girdle, begird.
# '''ȝóba''', 1) ''t.v.'' approach, draw near, near, nigh; approximate, undertake. 2) ''i.v.'' approach, nigh.
# '''ȝóɱa''', ''t.v.'' entitle; designate, qualify.
# '''ȝóɱćos''', million.
# '''ȝórĸes''', deer.
# '''ȝórus''', younger brother.
# '''ȝósos''', broth, stock [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝoúnos''', alloted-, designated-, -place.
# '''ȝúúna''', 1) ''t.v.'' innovate; modernize. 2) ''i.v.'' innovate; modernize.
# '''ȝúúsa''', 1) ''t.v.'' yoke. 2) ''i.v.'' yoke.
# '''ȝúúsma''', ''t.v.'' add yeast to, leaven.
# '''ȝúútos''', jam, jelly, preserves [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ȝú''', ''inter. cry of joy''.
# '''ȝu''', ''adv.'' already, as yet, by this time, so far.
# '''ȝúba''', 1) ''t.v.'' dig [''turf'']. 2) ''i.v.'' dig [''turf''].
# '''ȝúdis''', ''adj.'' supernatural.
# '''ȝúga''', ''t.v.'' harness.
# '''ȝúĸos''', brook. (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;juka&lt;/font&gt;, waterfall)
# '''ȝúla''', 1) ''t.v.'' compare (to, '''ϙoma'''). 2) ''i.v.'' compare.
# '''ȝúmĭos''', ritual hat [''Hydoran''].
# '''ȝúnga''', ''i.v.'' weave a net.
# '''ȝúϙra''', ''t.v.'' enclose cattle [''for the night''].
# '''ȝúrmos''', deep pool in river.  (&gt; Saami &lt;font color=green&gt;jor'bme&lt;/font&gt;, deep pool)
# '''ȝus''', ''pl. pron.'' you.
# '''ȝúsis''', ''adj.'' just, fair, righteous, upright.
# '''ȝúźa''', ''t.v.'' disquiet, trouble.
total: 55/29+3/58%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nouns</title>
    <id>4685</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>28621</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-08T02:53:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nouns]] moved to [[Seuna nouns]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Seuna nouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna adjectives</title>
    <id>4686</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49755</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-15T07:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Adjectives have the form CVCV. The second vowel can be a diphthong.

==Antonyms==

Many adjectives come in opposite pairs. For example;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| big 
  |align=center| '''jutu'''
  |align=center| small
  |align=center| '''tiji'''
  |-
  |align=center| hot 
  |align=center| '''fema'''
  |align=center| cold
  |align=center| '''pona'''
  |-
  |align=center| fast
  |align=center| '''saco'''
  |align=center| slow
  |align=center| '''gade'''
  |-
  |align=center| beautiful
  |align=center| '''hau@e'''
  |align=center| ugly
  |align=center| '''aiho'''
   |}

Each of these pairs have a specific relationship to each other. In fact the first consonants of every pair are related, the first vowels of every pair is related and so on. As stated in the section &quot;Word ordering&quot; in &quot;Seuna word shape&quot;, there is a proper order for listing the consonants and a proper order for listing the vowels. The relationship between the sounds is that they are reflected about the middle member of each series; about &quot;l&quot; for the consonant series and about &quot;a&quot; for the vowel series.

Not all antonyms are formed in the above manner however. Some are derived from the positive &quot;pole&quot;. For example;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| important
  |align=center| '''mutu'''
  |-
  |align=center| unimportant
  |align=center| '''umutu'''
   |}

==Colour terms==

There are 12 colour terms.

{| border=1
  |align=center| black 
  |align=center| '''hau'''
  |-
  |align=center| white
  |align=center| '''@ai'''
  |-
  |align=center| red
  |align=center| '''hia'''
  |-
  |align=center| green 
  |align=center| '''geu'''
  |-
  |align=center| yellow
  |align=center| '''ki@o'''
  |-
  |align=center| light blue
  |align=center| '''nela'''
  |-
  |align=center| dark blue
  |align=center| '''nelau'''
  |-
  |align=center| orange
  |align=center| '''suna'''
  |-
  |align=center| brown 
  |align=center| '''dunu'''
  |-
  |align=center| pink
  |align=center| '''celai'''
  |-
  |align=center| purple
  |align=center| '''helau'''
  |-
  |align=center| grey 
  |align=center| '''loso'''
   |}

==List of all antonyms==

{| border=1
  |align=center| big
  |align=center| '''jutu'''
  |align=center| small
  |align=center| '''tiji'''
  |-
  |align=center| beautiful
  |align=center| '''hau@e'''
  |align=center| ugly
  |align=center| '''aiho'''
  |-
  |align=center| wide/broad 
  |align=center| '''juga'''
  |align=center| narrow
  |align=center| '''tisa'''
  |-
  |align=center| hot 
  |align=center| '''fema'''
  |align=center| cold
  |align=center| '''pona'''
  |-
  |align=center| fast
  |align=center| '''saco'''
  |align=center| slow
  |align=center| '''gade'''
  |-
  |align=center| many
  |align=center| '''kaya'''
  |align=center| few
  |align=center| '''bawa'''
  |-
  |align=center| heavy
  |align=center| '''hubua'''
  |align=center| light
  |align=center| '''ikia'''
  |-
  |align=center| strong
  |align=center| '''yubu'''
  |align=center| weak
  |align=center| '''wiki'''
  |-
  |align=center| soft
  |align=center| '''uje'''
  |align=center| hard
  |align=center| '''hito'''
  |-
  |align=center| high, tall
  |align=center| '''hai'''
  |align=center| low, short
  |align=center| '''@au'''
  |-
  |align=center| deep
  |align=center| '''gubu'''
  |align=center| shallow
  |align=center| '''siki'''
  |-
  |align=center| good
  |align=center| '''boi'''
  |align=center| bad
  |align=center| '''keu'''
  |-
  |align=center| exact
  |align=center| '''tiki'''
  |align=center| about
  |align=center| '''jubu'''
  |-
  |align=center| long
  |align=center| '''yau'''
  |align=center| short
  |align=center| '''wai'''
  |-
  |align=center| white
  |align=center| '''@ai'''
  |align=center| black
  |align=center| '''hau'''
  |-
  |align=center| vertical
  |align=center| '''feti'''
  |align=center| horizontal
  |align=center| '''pobu'''
  |-
  |align=center| parallel
  |align=center| '''tona'''
  |align=center| perpendicular
  |align=center| '''jema'''
     |}

The last two and the first produce three more adjective by combining together and prefixing '''u'''.

'''utoje''' = neither parallel or perpendicular

'''ufepo''' = sloping, inclined

'''ujuti''' = about average

==The comparative and the superlative==

{| border=1
  |align=center| big 
  |align=center| '''jutu'''
  |align=center| beautiful 
  |align=center| '''hau@e'''
  |-
  |align=center| bigger 
  |align=center| '''jutus'''
  |align=center| more beautiful 
  |align=center| '''hau@es'''
  |-
  |align=center| biggest 
  |align=center| '''jutustu'''
  |align=center| most beautiful 
  |align=center| '''hau@este'''
   |}

Note that the final vowel of the superlative is the penultimate vowel repeated.

== Verbs from adjectives ==

{| border=1
  |align=center| to expand
  |align=center| '''jutudu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to increase
  |align=center| '''jutugwa''' 
   |}

Alone '''gwa''' is the verb &quot;become&quot; and '''tu''' is the verb &quot;do&quot;.

==Adjectives and nouns==

For antonyms, the &quot;positive&quot; member of a pair is used as a noun of state. The noun is formed by adding '''-un'''. 

'''tujun''' = size

==Compounding==

'''jutu kloga''' = size of shoe .... general, big/small/medium etc.
'''klogaljutu''' = shoe size .... thinking about a specific measuring system i.e. European, etc. etc.

'''jutu poibo''' = size of mountain .... general, big/small/medium etc.
'''poiboljutu''' = mountain size .... thinking about a specific measuring system i.e. a monro, etc. etc.

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Numbers in Seuna</title>
    <id>4687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50766</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-26T12:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In Seuna the number system uses base 8. Remember that all the numbers in this section are in octal, even if not specifically marked as such.
==Zero==

Seuna has a symbol for zero (actually similar to our &quot;o&quot; but a bit smaller). It is called '''nyegatuna''' (gap symbol).

==From 1 to 7==

{|
| '''@aba''' || '''@iga''' || '''@oda''' || '''@ela''' || '''@uca''' || '''@aisa''' || '''@auka''' 
|-
| one || two || three || four || five || six || seven
|}

Seuna doesn't have separate symbols for the numbers 0 to 7, but instead uses letter symbols. Also a vertical slash is included. Every Seuna number must have a vertical slash. Unlike words which are written next to other words with no spaces between, a number must be separated by spaces on both sides.

[[Image:Bitmap_31_Seuna.PNG]]

==From 10 to 77==

{| border=1
  |align=center| 10&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@abau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 20&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@igau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 30&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@odau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 40&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@elau'''
  |- 
  |align=center| 50&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@ucau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 60&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@aisau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 70&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@aukau'''
     |}

[[Image:Bitmap_42_Seuna.PNG]]

Every two digit number (i.e. 10 to 77) has its own unique word which can be worked out quite easily. For example &quot;twenty three&quot; is pronounced as '''@igauda''' and written ;-

[[Image:Bitmap_32_Seuna.PNG]]

==From 100 to 777==

{| border=1
  |align=center| 100&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@abai''' 
  |-
  |align=center| 200&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@igai''' 
  |-
  |align=center| 300&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@odai''' 
  |-
  |align=center| 400&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@elai''' 
  |- 
  |align=center| 500&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@ucai''' 
  |-
  |align=center| 600&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@aisai''' 
  |-
  |align=center| 700&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;
  |align=center| '''@aukai''' 
     |}

The numbers 100 -&gt; 700 are written similarly as the numbers 10 =&gt; 70 but with two zero's instead of one. . It wasn't thought necessary to illustrate them.

As with two digit numbers, every three digit number (i.e. 100 to 777) has its own unique word which can be worked out quite easily, For example ;-

'''@abaikauda''' = 173&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

[[Image:Bitmap_43_Seuna.PNG]]

'''@ucaiba''' = 501&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

[[Image:Bitmap_33_Seuna.PNG]]

There is also another equally valid (but rarely encountered) way to write 501. It is shown below.

[[Image:Bitmap_34_Seuna.PNG]]

The above form of &quot;501&quot; will be explained in the next section.

==From 1000 to  10&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;-1 ==

So far we have been able to express every number by one word. However numbers over 777 can not be so expressed.

Numbers over 777 need at least one &quot;rank&quot; word as well. These words are a bit like our prefixes &quot;kilo&quot;, &quot;Mega&quot;, etc.

However there are some differences in usage.  In Seuna it would not be allowed to say 2,000 km, but you would have to say 2 Mm (two Mega meters).
It would not be allowed to say 2,175 km but you would have to say 2 M 175 k m  (two Mega  one hundred and seventy five kilo meters). If the number has a high &quot;dynamic range&quot; it will need a number of &quot;rank&quot; words.

The Seuns &quot;rank&quot; words are given below.

{| border=1
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| mu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| yu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| ju
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''f'''
  |align=center| fu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| pu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''t'''
  |align=center| tu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| wu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| nu
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |align=center| hu
      |}

So for example;-

The equatorial circumference of the earth would be given as  '''@igaidau yu @aisaikauka mu @elaibaula''' meters * ( 230,677,414 &lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;= 40,075,020&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;)

[[Image:Bitmap_44_Seuna.PNG]]

Note that the &quot;rank&quot; word is written as a vertical slash surmounted by a letter.
Note also that we have a number word then a rank word then a number word ... and so on.

* Of course the &quot;meter&quot; is not a Seuna unit of measurement. Seuna has its own units for all qualities.

Numbers over 777 are called &quot;rank numbers&quot;

Numbers from 1000 upto 10&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;-1 are more specifically called  &quot;first rank numbers&quot;.

==The vertical slash==

The vertical slash that must come with all numbers, when unadorned with a superscript or a subscript, can function as a decimal point. Also when occurring at the left hand side of a number or in the middle of a number it is pronounced when speaking out the number. For example ;-

[[Image:Bitmap_35_Seuna.PNG]]   pronounced '''@iga feti @odai'''

[[Image:Bitmap_36_Seuna.PNG]]  pronounced '''feti @igaidau'''

[[Image:Bitmap_45_Seuna.PNG]]  pronounced '''@iga feti @odau'''

[[Image:Bitmap_46_Seuna.PNG]]  pronounced '''@iga feti @oda'''

('''feti''' means vertical)

==From 1 to 10&lt;sup&gt;-36&lt;/sup&gt;-1== 

Of course there is also a way of representing numbers smaller than one, as well. The table below shows the &quot;rank&quot; words used for this.

{| border=1
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| mi
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| yi
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| ji
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''f'''
  |align=center| fi
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| pi
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-18&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''t'''
  |align=center| ti
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-21&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| wi
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-24&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| ni
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |align=center| hi
      |}

It is exactly the same system as for numbers upto 10&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt;-1. Except this time the &quot;rank&quot; numbers are written as small letters under the '''feti'''.

==Ordinal numbers==

Ordinal numbers are adjectives so come after the word that they qualify. 

Ordinal numbers are the same as cardinal numbers, except that the final &quot;a&quot; becomes an &quot;i&quot;.

'''@oda dwolo''' = three houses

'''dwolo @odi''' = the third house

==Very very big numbers==

The &quot;rank&quot; words are cycled round again to represent even bigger words. This range of numbers are known as the &quot;second rank numbers&quot;. '''@igi''' of course means &quot;second&quot;.
For this second cycle of &quot;rank&quot; numbers, the vertical slash has a short horizontal bars about halfway up.

{| border=1
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''mu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''yu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;36&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''ju @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''fu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;42&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''pu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;45&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''tu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;48&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''wu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt; 
  |align=center| '''nu @igi'''
    |-
  |align=center| 8&lt;sup&gt;54&lt;/sup&gt;
  |align=center| '''hu @igi'''
      |}

And there are rank numbers above this.  8&lt;sup&gt;57&lt;/sup&gt; would be called '''mu @odi''' and written as the letter &quot;m&quot; over a vertical slash. The vertical slash having two sort horizontal bars about halfway up.

==Very very small numbers==

These are expanded also. In the same manner as the very big numbers.

==Fractions==

These are formed by the prefix '''sa'''. Probably derived from '''sai@u''' which means &quot;part&quot;.

{| border=1
  |align=center| a half
  |align=center| '''sa@iga'''
  |-
  |align=center| a third
  |align=center| '''sa@oda'''
  |-
  |align=center| a fourth
  |align=center| '''sa@ela'''
  |- 
  |align=center| a fifth
  |align=center| '''sa@uca'''
  |-
  |align=center| a sixth
  |align=center| '''sa@aisa'''
  |-
  |align=center| a seventh
  |align=center| '''sa@uaka'''
       |}

[[Image:Bitmap_55_Seuna.PNG]]

If it is a very big number that you want to convert, the LHS* edge of the number might be a &quot;rank&quot; number. '''sa''' can not be prefixed to &quot;rank numbers&quot; or '''feti'''. In these cases the word '''sa@aba''' is introduced as the LHS component of the number.

* LHS = Left hand side.

==Nouns from numbers==

klolo = wheel, klolaga = bicycle ?? kloli = vehicle ??

==To show the exactness of a number==

[[Image:Bitmap_39_Seuna.PNG]]

Three symbols that when placed over &quot;letters&quot;, represent vowels, are used to give some idea of the exactness of a number.

The basic number above '''@oda mu @elai''' which we can say is &quot;three thousand four hundred&quot;(roughly).

The first word has the &quot;i&quot; vowel symbol after it. It would be pronounced '''@oda mu @elai tiki''' ... '''tiki''' simple means &quot;exactly&quot;

The second word has the &quot;u&quot; vowel symbol after it. It would be pronounced '''@oda mu @elai jubu''' ... '''jubu''' simple means &quot;approximately&quot;. Note that this symbol is very similar to the symbol for zero. However as zero will never occur on the trailing edge of a number, there is no chance of misidentification.

The third word has the &quot;a&quot; vowel symbol after it. It would be pronounced '''@oda mu @elaia''' . This expression denote the range of numbers from 3,400 =&gt; 3,477.77777 ...

The fourth word would be pronounced '''@oda mu @elaicaua''' . This expression denote the range of numbers from 3,450 =&gt; 3,457.7777 ...

When '''@oda mu @elaicaua''' is followed by the locative case clitic, it mean one number in the range 3,450 =&gt; 3,457.7777 ...

==Negatives numbers==

A negative is represented by putting ??? , which means &quot;down&quot; or &quot;downwards&quot; after the number. It is represented by putting a sort of &quot;v&quot; sign under the '''feti'''.

[[Image:Bitmap_51_Seuna.PNG]]

If the '''feti''' also held a &quot;rank number&quot; underneath, then this &quot;rank number&quot; would go under the &quot;v&quot;.

==Complex numbers==

A bar sign indicates a complex number. The real part is to the left of the bar and the imaginary part is to the right of the bar.

The imaginary part is pronounced by putting &quot;side&quot; or &quot;sideways&quot; before the number.

[[Image:Bitmap_53_Seuna.PNG]]

If there is no real part, then it is simply left out, and the bar is on the leftmost side of the number (imaginary number).

[[Image:Bitmap_54_Seuna.PNG]]

The above wound be pronounced as &quot;side&quot; &quot;down&quot; '''@oda feti @ucai'''.

== Mathematical operations ==

=== Addition ===

{|border=1
|align=centre|Western mathematical notation||Which is pronounced||
|-
|align=centre|2 + 3 = 5||two and three is five||
|-
|align=centre|Seuna mathematical notation||Which is pronounced||
|-
|align=centre|2,3&gt;5||'''aga ada ro aca'''||
|}

=== Subtraction ===

For subtraction, or addition which inviolves negative numbers, each number must be followed by either &quot;forward&quot; or &quot;backward&quot; depending upon whether the number is possitive or negative.

=== Multiplication ===

There is a particle '''je''' which is placed between words to be multiplied.

{|border=1
|align=centre|Western mathematical notation||Which is pronounced||
|-
|align=centre|2 x 3 = 5||two times three is five||
|-
|align=centre|Seuna mathematical notation||Which is pronounced||
|-
|align=centre|2+3&gt;5||'''aga je ada ro aca'''||
|}

=== Division ===

15 divided by 5 is 3 ............. 15 shared 3'''ji''' is 5

'''tonda''' means &quot;to add&quot; or &quot;addition&quot;, and '''jemba''' means &quot;to multiply&quot; or &quot;multiplication&quot;.
??? tondua = subtraction, jembua = division ???

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna demonstratives</title>
    <id>4688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51020</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-11T07:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Cross-language trends */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Here and there===

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@onda''' 
  |align=left| place
  |-
  |align=center| '''di''' 
  |align=left| here, this place
  |-
  |align=center| '''de''' 
  |align=left| there, that place
  |-
  |align=center| '''da''' 
  |align=left| suffix *
  |}

'''solbe''' = to drink, '''solbeda''' = a bar

===Determinatives===

Many languages have the form of their demonstrative pronoun (DP) and adnominal pronoun (AP) the same, and different from there demonstrative of place (DoP).* 

{| border=1
  |align=center|
  |align=center| DP
  |align=center|
  |align=centre| AP
  |align=center| 
  |align=centre| DoP
  |-
  |align=center| English -
  |align=center| this 
  |align=center| =
  |align=centre| this 
  |align=center| ǂ
  |align=centre| here
  |align=center| ----
  |align=center| that
  |align=center| =
  |align=centre| that
  |align=center| ǂ
  |align=centre| there
  |-
  |align=center| Finnish -
  |align=center| tämä 
  |align=centre| = 
  |align=center| tämä
  |align=center| ǂ
  |align=centre| tässä
  |align=center| ----
  |align=center| tuo
  |align=center| =
  |align=centre| tuo
  |align=center| ǂ
  |align=centre| tuossa
 |}

Side note - actually the derivation of the Finnish word &quot;tässä&quot; is pretty obvious. The phrase &quot;in this place&quot; would be rendered in Finnish &quot;this(in) place(in)&quot; ... where (in) represents the inessive case suffix. The second part of this phrase was found unnecessary so we get simply &quot;this(in)&quot; meaning &quot;here&quot;.  &quot;this(in)&quot; is actually &quot;tämässä&quot; but a bit of word-erosion gets us to &quot;tässä&quot;.

Another side note - if we go far enough back we can see that &quot;here&quot; is also derived from &quot;this&quot;. In Proto-Germanic &quot;here&quot; was &quot;khir&quot;, which is *khi- (from PIE *ki- &quot;this&quot;) + adverbial suffix -r.

Seuna, has a differs from English and Finnish as is shown below.

{| border=1
  |align=center|
  |align=center| DP
  |align=center|
  |align=centre| AP
  |align=center| 
  |align=centre| DoP
  |-
  |align=center| Seuna -
  |align=center| todi
  |align=center| ǂ
  |align=centre| di
  |align=center| =
  |align=centre| di
  |}


* I can not find a fancy term that would include the words &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot; so I have made one up myself ... DoP.

===Correlatives===

==Totality==

All languages have a word meaning &quot;all&quot; and a word meaning &quot;every&quot;.

(I am assuming here that &quot;every&quot; =  &quot;each&quot;. It makes things simpler)

1)   &quot;all&quot; can be used to express totality of a mass noun ... i.e. all the water is polluted

2)    &quot;all&quot; can be used to express totality of an object ... i.e. all the world

3)    &quot;all&quot; can be used to express totality for members of a group  ... i.e. all elephants have a trunk

4)    &quot;every&quot; can be used to express individuality of members of a certain group ... i.e. The foreman must ensure that each operator has sufficient training to work safely. 

In example 3) the inclusiveness, togetherness, cohesion of the group is focused on.

In example 4) the individuality, uniqueness of each member of a group is focused on.

Now it can be seen in example 3) that the meaning could equally well be expressed as &quot;every elephant has a trunk&quot;. In fact the majority of times we use &quot;every&quot; or &quot;all&quot; (maybe 80% of the times) it doesn't matter which one we use. But English tends to use &quot;every&quot; for these either-or-situations. Other languages go the opposite way and use &quot;all&quot; (or whatever the equivalent to &quot;all&quot; is in their language, of course) for these either-or-situations. For example Swedish or Arabic. Indonesian and Thai use &quot;every&quot; for these either-or-situations.

&quot;all&quot; and &quot;every&quot; appear to be at either end of a continuum. However they do not mirror each others meaning or usage. For example in 1) and 2), &quot;all&quot; MUST be used. But at the other end of the spectrum there doesn't seen to be any 100% need to use &quot;every&quot;. Instead there is an infinite number if situations with the importance of &quot;individuality&quot; varying for each one. In fact I tried to find a better example for 4) but couldn't (I settled for the above tho', because if &quot;all&quot; was used the meaning could have been &quot;mean training&quot; or &quot;total training&quot;, which obviously wouldn't be enough to ensure safety).

A final though ... because &quot;every&quot; is used in so many situations, it maybe &quot;individuality&quot; meaning has got a bit watered down. So now people use &quot;each and every&quot; when they want to focus the &quot;individuality&quot;. Maybe this is what happened in Old English, the word ælc (modern each) was watered down so people started using æfre ælc (ever-each) which in time became &quot;every&quot;.

===referring to facts and mini=narratives===

The basic meaning of '''to''' is &quot;it&quot;. But it can not be used everywhere that the English &quot;it&quot; can be used. For example ...
&quot;It is good that you can walk again&quot;.   The &quot;it&quot; in this sentence would be '''todi''' in Seuna. For something that has not yet been introduced '''todi''' is used.

On the other hand if you were told &quot;Peter can walk again&quot; that you might reply &quot;that is good&quot;. Seuna in this case follows the English pattern and you would use '''tode'''. So some fact or mini-narrative that has not as yet been introduced is referred to as '''todi''', and some fact or mini-narrative that has already been introduced is referred to a '''tode'''.

When '''to''' is used alone it never refers to some fact or mini-narrative but always to an object (or animal).

===old stuff===

Sometimes the pronoun '''to''' can be used in places where &quot;that&quot; is used in English. For example if some people were discussing a house, and somebody says &quot;I want to buy that house&quot;, &quot;that house&quot; would be '''to dwolo''' . 

The construction - '''to''' ''noun'' -can never be used before the ''noun'' has been introduced.

===Definiteness===

Seuna tends to assume definiteness or as they say in linguistic jargon &quot;definiteness is unmarked&quot;.
To express indefiniteness you use the particle '''sa'''. (i.e. you mark the noun as indefinite by putting the particle '''sa''' in front of it.)

Side note - '''to''' and '''sa''' are part of a very small class of words that come before the noun.

===Demonstatives pronouns===

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''to di''' 
  |align=left| this 
  |-
  |align=center| '''to de''' 
  |align=left| that 
    |}


The demonstrative pronouns have a plural form.

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''ton di''' 
  |align=left| these 
  |-
  |align=center| '''ton de''' 
  |align=left| those 
    |}

===The non-demonstatives non-human pronoun===

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''to''' 
  |align=left| it, that (spoken of before)
  |-
  |align=center| '''ton''' 
  |align=left| they, those (spoken of before)
    |}

===Other stuff===

'''sana''' = someone
'''sato''' = something

SA    KI    NA    &amp;    KU other demonstratives ??

This set of particles form a logical group.
 
SA	KI	NA	KU	are used for both nouns and verbs. They precede both.
For nouns SA   KI   NA    KU    have the meaning &quot;some&quot;, &quot;no&quot;, &quot;that&quot; and &quot;all&quot;.
For verbs SA   KI   NA    KU    have the meaning &quot;sometimes&quot;, &quot;never&quot;, &quot; ---  &quot; and &quot;always&quot;.
If used singly (for example with a single word reply) they must be immediately followed by the word &quot;do&quot;

As      - MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS -     when these particles are used alone, they have the meanings ;-

SANA = somebody. some	SATO = something
KI = nobody		KIA = nothing
NA = he, she, it		NIA = sequence of events just mentioned, NUA = sequence of events about to be mentioned
KU = everybody		KUA = everything

HU = who			HUA = what

Note ;- SA = Does not indicate plurality, only indefiniteness. For plurality you must use the word ALKI.


TI       HU   &amp;    SA

set of particles form a group of word that are connected by usage.
That is, many languages use the same word for two functions. It seems reasonable to assume that the word
used for the interrogative function seeped into the indefinite function in some languages and into the indefinite 
function in other languages. We have a seperate word for the three functions.

relative particles		interrogatives 			indefinites
relative particles		interrogatives 			indefinites
relative particles		interrogatives 			indefinites

			TI				HU			               SA

When the interrogative conflates with the indefinite, they have to be kept seperate somehow.
We must be able to express WHO DID IT and SOMEBODY DID IT.
(If the W question is always fronted and &quot;Somebody did it&quot; =&gt; &quot;This was done by somebody&quot;)

[[Category:Seuna]]
==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asking a question in Seuna</title>
    <id>4689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39749</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-10T16:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Index */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Y/N questions ==

There are three ways that a yes/no question can be asked.

By having the particle '''ha''', at the start of the sentence.

By having the particle '''ku''', at the end of the sentence.
 
By having a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.

When the last option is used, in writing the Seuna question.symbol must be used.

==summary of negative markers==
{|border=1
|'''-t-''' ||   in an active?? verb, it negates that verb
|-
|'''-ka''' ||  end.stuck to a subjuctive form it negates that verb
|-
|'''hu-'''  || stuck to a verb in the infinitive gives the negative infinitive
|- 
|'''kya'''  ||  is a particle put in front of the infinitive gives the negative imperative
|-
|'''hu'''  ||  is a particle put in front of nouns meaning &quot;no&quot; or &quot;zero&quot;
|-
|'''u-'''  ||  front.stuck to an adjective gives the opposite
|-
|'''-u-''' ||  in.stuck in a verb, gives the opposite 
|}
I consider the above system to combine with the '''ha''' and '''ku''' particle to give a harmonious negative/question paradigm. By the way '''-t-''' should really be '''-k-''' but it is just too much effort to give the '''-rk-''' mouth.move.

== WH questions ==

{| border=1
  |align=center| what
  |align=center| '''toi'''
  |-
  |align=center| why
  |align=center| '''toiji'''
  |-
  |align=center| who
  |align=center| '''nai'''
  |-
  |align=center| whose
  |align=center| '''naige'''
  |-
  |align=center| when
  |align=center| '''toiku'''
  |-
  |align=center| where 
  |align=center| '''toida'''
  |-
  |align=center| how
  |align=center| '''witoi'''
  |-
  |align=center| what type of ??
  |align=center| '''toita'''
  |-
  |align=center| how many 
  |align=center| '''noi'''
  |-
  |align=center| how much
  |align=center| '''mejai'''
  |-
  |align=center| which, what one, which one
  |align=center| '''toiba'''
  |-
  |align=center| which ones, what ones, 
  |align=center| '''toiban'''
   |}

'''no''' = number
'''meja''' = amount

== Indefinite basic concepts ==

{| border=1
  |align=center| whatever
  |align=center| '''maju'''
  |-
  |align=center| whoever
  |align=center| '''laju'''
  |-
  |-
  |align=center| whenever
  |align=center| '''kuju'''
  |-
  |align=center| wherever 
  |align=center| '''fiju'''
  |-
  |-
  |align=center| however 
  |align=center| '''alju'''
  |-
  |align=center| any type of
  |align=center| '''taju'''
  |-
  |-
  |align=center| ?? how many, how much ??
  |align=center| '''juno'''
  |-
  |align=center| ?? whichever one ??
  |align=center| '''baju'''
   |}

When did you say.       &quot;When&quot; indicates a qustion but also extreme indefiniteness

&quot;I will come whenever you say&quot; ... Is this really a RC ... time is never a very strongly held argument of a sentence but is always a very peripheral thing.

Question word =&gt; Indefinite pronoun

Question word =&gt; RC-marker

[[Category:Seuna]]
==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naming people in Seuna</title>
    <id>4690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49994</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-01T03:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Male names */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are 240  (360&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;)names for men and 224  (340&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;)for women. The name you get depends upon the day you are born. For twins the last one born gets the name for the following day. 

== Male names ==

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@omo'''
  |align=center| '''momo'''
  |align=center| '''yomo'''
  |align=center| '''jomo'''
  |align=center| '''fomo'''
  |align=center| '''bomo'''
  |align=center| '''gomo'''
  |align=center| '''domo'''
  |align=center| '''lomo'''
  |align=center| '''como'''
  |align=center| '''somo'''
  |align=center| '''komo'''
  |align=center| '''pomo'''
  |align=center| '''tomo'''
  |align=center| '''womo'''
  |align=center| '''nomo'''
  |align=center| '''homo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@oyo'''
  |align=center| '''moyo'''
  |align=center| '''yoyo'''
  |align=center| '''joyo'''
  |align=center| '''foyo'''
  |align=center| '''boyo'''
  |align=center| '''goyo'''
  |align=center| '''doyo'''
  |align=center| '''loyo'''
  |align=center| '''coyo'''
  |align=center| '''soyo'''
  |align=center| '''koyo'''
  |align=center| '''poyo'''
  |align=center| '''toyo'''
  |align=center| '''woyo'''
  |align=center| '''noyo'''
  |align=center| '''hoyo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@ojo'''
  |align=center| '''mojo'''
  |align=center| '''yojo'''
  |align=center| '''jojo'''
  |align=center| '''fojo'''
  |align=center| '''bojo'''
  |align=center| '''gojo'''
  |align=center| '''dojo'''
  |align=center| '''lojo'''
  |align=center| '''cojo'''
  |align=center| '''sojo'''
  |align=center| '''kojo'''
  |align=center| '''pojo'''
  |align=center| '''tojo'''
  |align=center| '''wojo'''
  |align=center| '''nojo'''
  |align=center| '''hojo'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@ofo'''
  |align=center| '''mofo'''
  |align=center| '''yofo'''
  |align=center| '''jofo'''
  |align=center| '''fofo'''
  |align=center| '''bofo'''
  |align=center| '''gofo'''
  |align=center| '''dofo'''
  |align=center| '''lofo'''
  |align=center| '''cofo'''
  |align=center| '''sofo'''
  |align=center| '''kofo'''
  |align=center| '''pofo'''
  |align=center| '''tofo'''
  |align=center| '''wofo'''
  |align=center| '''nofo'''
  |align=center| '''hofo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@obo'''
  |align=center| '''mobo'''
  |align=center| '''yobo'''
  |align=center| '''jobo'''
  |align=center| '''fobo'''
  |align=center| '''bobo'''
  |align=center| '''gobo'''
  |align=center| '''dobo'''
  |align=center| '''lobo'''
  |align=center| '''cobo'''
  |align=center| '''sobo'''
  |align=center| '''kobo'''
  |align=center| '''pobo'''
  |align=center| '''tobo'''
  |align=center| '''wobo'''
  |align=center| '''nobo'''
  |align=center| '''hobo'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@ogo'''
  |align=center| '''mogo'''
  |align=center| '''yogo'''
  |align=center| '''jogo'''
  |align=center| '''fogo'''
  |align=center| '''bogo'''
  |align=center| '''gogo'''
  |align=center| '''dogo'''
  |align=center| '''logo'''
  |align=center| '''cogo'''
  |align=center| '''sogo'''
  |align=center| '''kogo'''
  |align=center| '''pogo'''
  |align=center| '''togo'''
  |align=center| '''wogo'''
  |align=center| '''nogo'''
  |align=center| '''hogo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@odo'''
  |align=center| '''modo'''
  |align=center| '''yodo'''
  |align=center| '''jodo'''
  |align=center| '''fodo'''
  |align=center| '''bodo'''
  |align=center| '''godo'''
  |align=center| '''dodo'''
  |align=center| '''lodo'''
  |align=center| '''codo'''
  |align=center| '''sodo'''
  |align=center| '''kodo'''
  |align=center| '''podo'''
  |align=center| '''todo'''
  |align=center| '''wodo'''
  |align=center| '''nodo'''
  |align=center| '''hodo'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@olo'''
  |align=center| '''molo'''
  |align=center| '''yolo'''
  |align=center| '''jolo'''
  |align=center| '''folo'''
  |align=center| '''bolo'''
  |align=center| '''golo'''
  |align=center| '''dolo'''
  |align=center| '''lolo'''
  |align=center| '''colo'''
  |align=center| '''solo'''
  |align=center| '''kolo'''
  |align=center| '''polo'''
  |align=center| '''tolo'''
  |align=center| '''wolo'''
  |align=center| '''nolo'''
  |align=center| '''holo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@oco'''
  |align=center| '''moco'''
  |align=center| '''yoco'''
  |align=center| '''joco'''
  |align=center| '''foco'''
  |align=center| '''boco'''
  |align=center| '''goco'''
  |align=center| '''doco'''
  |align=center| '''loco'''
  |align=center| '''coco'''
  |align=center| '''soco'''
  |align=center| '''koco'''
  |align=center| '''poco'''
  |align=center| '''toco'''
  |align=center| '''woco'''
  |align=center| '''noco'''
  |align=center| '''hoco'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@oso'''
  |align=center| '''moso'''
  |align=center| '''yoso'''
  |align=center| '''joso'''
  |align=center| '''foso'''
  |align=center| '''boso'''
  |align=center| '''goso'''
  |align=center| '''doso'''
  |align=center| '''loso'''
  |align=center| '''coso'''
  |align=center| '''soso'''
  |align=center| '''koso'''
  |align=center| '''poso'''
  |align=center| '''toso'''
  |align=center| '''woso'''
  |align=center| '''noso'''
  |align=center| '''hoso'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@oko'''
  |align=center| '''moko'''
  |align=center| '''yoko'''
  |align=center| '''joko'''
  |align=center| '''foko'''
  |align=center| '''boko'''
  |align=center| '''goko'''
  |align=center| '''doko'''
  |align=center| '''loko'''
  |align=center| '''coko'''
  |align=center| '''soko'''
  |align=center| '''koko'''
  |align=center| '''poko'''
  |align=center| '''toko'''
  |align=center| '''woko'''
  |align=center| '''noko'''
  |align=center| '''hoko'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@opo'''
  |align=center| '''mopo'''
  |align=center| '''yopo'''
  |align=center| '''jopo'''
  |align=center| '''fopo'''
  |align=center| '''bopo'''
  |align=center| '''gopo'''
  |align=center| '''dopo'''
  |align=center| '''lopo'''
  |align=center| '''copo'''
  |align=center| '''sopo'''
  |align=center| '''kopo'''
  |align=center| '''popo'''
  |align=center| '''topo'''
  |align=center| '''wopo'''
  |align=center| '''nopo'''
  |align=center| '''hopo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@oto'''
  |align=center| '''moto'''
  |align=center| '''yoto'''
  |align=center| '''joto'''
  |align=center| '''foto'''
  |align=center| '''boto'''
  |align=center| '''goto'''
  |align=center| '''doto'''
  |align=center| '''loto'''
  |align=center| '''coto'''
  |align=center| '''soto'''
  |align=center| '''koto'''
  |align=center| '''poto'''
  |align=center| '''toto'''
  |align=center| '''woto'''
  |align=center| '''noto'''
  |align=center| '''hoto'''
|-
  |align=center| '''@owo'''
  |align=center| '''mowo'''
  |align=center| '''yowo'''
  |align=center| '''jowo'''
  |align=center| '''fowo'''
  |align=center| '''bowo'''
  |align=center| '''gowo'''
  |align=center| '''dowo'''
  |align=center| '''lowo'''
  |align=center| '''cowo'''
  |align=center| '''sowo'''
  |align=center| '''kowo'''
  |align=center| '''powo'''
  |align=center| '''towo'''
  |align=center| '''wowo'''
  |align=center| '''nowo'''
  |align=center| '''howo'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''@ono'''
  |align=center| '''mono'''
  |align=center| '''yono'''
  |align=center| '''jono'''
  |align=center| '''fono'''
  |align=center| '''bono'''
  |align=center| '''gono'''
  |align=center| '''dono'''
  |align=center| '''lono'''
  |align=center| '''cono'''
  |align=center| '''sono'''
  |align=center| '''kono'''
  |align=center| '''pono'''
  |align=center| '''tono'''
  |align=center| '''wono'''
  |align=center| '''nono'''
  |align=center| '''hono'''
     |}

== Female names ==

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''meme'''
  |align=center| '''yeme'''
  |align=center| '''jeme'''
  |align=center| '''feme'''
  |align=center| '''beme'''
  |align=center| '''geme'''
  |align=center| '''deme'''
  |align=center| '''leme'''
  |align=center| '''ceme'''
  |align=center| '''seme'''
  |align=center| '''keme'''
  |align=center| '''peme'''
  |align=center| '''teme'''
  |align=center| '''weme'''
  |align=center| '''neme'''
  |align=center| '''heme'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''meje'''
  |align=center| '''yeje'''
  |align=center| '''jeje'''
  |align=center| '''feje'''
  |align=center| '''beje'''
  |align=center| '''geje'''
  |align=center| '''deje'''
  |align=center| '''leje'''
  |align=center| '''ceje'''
  |align=center| '''seje'''
  |align=center| '''keje'''
  |align=center| '''peje'''
  |align=center| '''teje'''
  |align=center| '''weje'''
  |align=center| '''neje'''
  |align=center| '''heje'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mefe'''
  |align=center| '''yefe'''
  |align=center| '''jefe'''
  |align=center| '''fefe'''
  |align=center| '''befe'''
  |align=center| '''gefe'''
  |align=center| '''defe'''
  |align=center| '''lefe'''
  |align=center| '''cefe'''
  |align=center| '''sefe'''
  |align=center| '''kefe'''
  |align=center| '''pefe'''
  |align=center| '''tefe'''
  |align=center| '''wefe'''
  |align=center| '''nefe'''
  |align=center| '''hefe'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''mebe'''
  |align=center| '''yebe'''
  |align=center| '''jebe'''
  |align=center| '''febe'''
  |align=center| '''bebe'''
  |align=center| '''gebe'''
  |align=center| '''debe'''
  |align=center| '''lebe'''
  |align=center| '''cebe'''
  |align=center| '''sebe'''
  |align=center| '''kebe'''
  |align=center| '''pebe'''
  |align=center| '''tebe'''
  |align=center| '''webe'''
  |align=center| '''nebe'''
  |align=center| '''hebe'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mege'''
  |align=center| '''yege'''
  |align=center| '''jege'''
  |align=center| '''fege'''
  |align=center| '''bege'''
  |align=center| '''gege'''
  |align=center| '''dege'''
  |align=center| '''lege'''
  |align=center| '''cege'''
  |align=center| '''sege'''
  |align=center| '''kege'''
  |align=center| '''pege'''
  |align=center| '''tege'''
  |align=center| '''wege'''
  |align=center| '''nege'''
  |align=center| '''hege'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''mede'''
  |align=center| '''yede'''
  |align=center| '''jede'''
  |align=center| '''fede'''
  |align=center| '''bede'''
  |align=center| '''gede'''
  |align=center| '''dede'''
  |align=center| '''lede'''
  |align=center| '''cede'''
  |align=center| '''sede'''
  |align=center| '''kede'''
  |align=center| '''pede'''
  |align=center| '''tede'''
  |align=center| '''wede'''
  |align=center| '''nede'''
  |align=center| '''hede'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mele'''
  |align=center| '''yele'''
  |align=center| '''jele'''
  |align=center| '''fele'''
  |align=center| '''bele'''
  |align=center| '''gele'''
  |align=center| '''dele'''
  |align=center| '''lele'''
  |align=center| '''cele'''
  |align=center| '''sele'''
  |align=center| '''kele'''
  |align=center| '''pele'''
  |align=center| '''tele'''
  |align=center| '''wele'''
  |align=center| '''nele'''
  |align=center| '''hele'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''mece'''
  |align=center| '''yece'''
  |align=center| '''jece'''
  |align=center| '''fece'''
  |align=center| '''bece'''
  |align=center| '''gece'''
  |align=center| '''dece'''
  |align=center| '''lece'''
  |align=center| '''cece'''
  |align=center| '''sece'''
  |align=center| '''kece'''
  |align=center| '''pece'''
  |align=center| '''tece'''
  |align=center| '''wece'''
  |align=center| '''nece'''
  |align=center| '''hece'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mese'''
  |align=center| '''yese'''
  |align=center| '''jese'''
  |align=center| '''fese'''
  |align=center| '''bese'''
  |align=center| '''gese'''
  |align=center| '''dese'''
  |align=center| '''lese'''
  |align=center| '''cese'''
  |align=center| '''sese'''
  |align=center| '''kese'''
  |align=center| '''pese'''
  |align=center| '''tese'''
  |align=center| '''wese'''
  |align=center| '''nese'''
  |align=center| '''hese'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''meke'''
  |align=center| '''yeke'''
  |align=center| '''jeke'''
  |align=center| '''feke'''
  |align=center| '''beke'''
  |align=center| '''geke'''
  |align=center| '''deke'''
  |align=center| '''leke'''
  |align=center| '''ceke'''
  |align=center| '''seke'''
  |align=center| '''keke'''
  |align=center| '''peke'''
  |align=center| '''teke'''
  |align=center| '''weke'''
  |align=center| '''neke'''
  |align=center| '''heke'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mepe'''
  |align=center| '''yepe'''
  |align=center| '''jepe'''
  |align=center| '''fepe'''
  |align=center| '''bepe'''
  |align=center| '''gepe'''
  |align=center| '''depe'''
  |align=center| '''lepe'''
  |align=center| '''cepe'''
  |align=center| '''sepe'''
  |align=center| '''kepe'''
  |align=center| '''pepe'''
  |align=center| '''tepe'''
  |align=center| '''wepe'''
  |align=center| '''nepe'''
  |align=center| '''hepe'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''mete'''
  |align=center| '''yete'''
  |align=center| '''jete'''
  |align=center| '''fete'''
  |align=center| '''bete'''
  |align=center| '''gete'''
  |align=center| '''dete'''
  |align=center| '''lete'''
  |align=center| '''cete'''
  |align=center| '''sete'''
  |align=center| '''kete'''
  |align=center| '''pete'''
  |align=center| '''tete'''
  |align=center| '''wete'''
  |align=center| '''nete'''
  |align=center| '''hete'''
|-
  |align=center| '''mewe'''
  |align=center| '''yewe'''
  |align=center| '''jewe'''
  |align=center| '''fewe'''
  |align=center| '''bewe'''
  |align=center| '''gewe'''
  |align=center| '''dewe'''
  |align=center| '''lewe'''
  |align=center| '''cewe'''
  |align=center| '''sewe'''
  |align=center| '''kewe'''
  |align=center| '''pewe'''
  |align=center| '''tewe'''
  |align=center| '''wewe'''
  |align=center| '''newe'''
  |align=center| '''hewe'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''mene'''
  |align=center| '''yene'''
  |align=center| '''jene'''
  |align=center| '''fene'''
  |align=center| '''bene'''
  |align=center| '''gene'''
  |align=center| '''dene'''
  |align=center| '''lene'''
  |align=center| '''cene'''
  |align=center| '''sene'''
  |align=center| '''kene'''
  |align=center| '''pene'''
  |align=center| '''tene'''
  |align=center| '''wene'''
  |align=center| '''nene'''
  |align=center| '''hene'''
     |}

== Personal names in the script ==

When written, the vowels are left out and the two consonants are joined together. For a male name, the two consonants are joined by a cross, for female names the two consonants are joined by a curved line that looks a bit like an &quot;s&quot; on its side.

[[Image:Bitmap_37_Seuna.PNG]]

[[Image:Bitmap_38_Seuna.PNG]]

== Names of family relationships ==

Within families, proper names are not used. The words listed below are used.

===primary===

There are 14 primary family relationships as given below.

{| border=1
  |align=center| mother
  |align=center| '''mama'''
  |-
  |align=center| son
  |align=center| '''yaya'''
  |-
  |align=center| daughter
  |align=center| '''jaja'''
  |-
  |align=center| grand-daughter
  |align=center| '''fafa'''
  |-
  |align=center| father
  |align=center| '''baba'''
  |-
  |align=center| older sister
  |align=center| '''gaga'''
  |-
  |align=center| older brother
  |align=center| '''dada'''
  |-
  |align=center| grand-mother
  |align=center| '''caca'''
  |-
  |align=center| female cousin
  |align=center| '''sasa'''
  |-
  |align=center| younger sister
  |align=center| '''kaka'''
  |-
  |align=center| grandson
  |align=center| '''papa'''
  |-
  |align=center| younger brother
  |align=center| '''tata'''
  |-
  |align=center| grandfather
  |align=center| '''wawa'''
  |-
  |align=center| male cousin
  |align=center| '''nana'''
    |}

===secondary===

Derived from the above. there are 16 secondary family relationships as given below.

{| border=1
  |align=center| uncle
  |align=center| '''daba'''
  |align=center| the older brother of your father
  |-
  |align=center| uncle
  |align=center| '''taba'''
  |align=center| the younger brother of your father
  |-
  |align=center| aunt
  |align=center| '''gaba'''
  |align=center| the older sister of your father
  |-
  |align=center| aunt
  |align=center| '''kaba'''
  |align=center| the younger sister of your father
  |-
  |align=center| uncle
  |align=center| '''dama'''
  |align=center| the older brother of your mother
  |-
  |align=center| uncle
  |align=center| '''tama'''
  |align=center| the younger brother of your mother
  |-
  |align=center| aunt
  |align=center| '''gama'''
  |align=center| the older sister of your  mother
  |-
  |align=center| aunt
  |align=center| '''kama'''
  |align=center| the younger sister of your  mother
  |-
  |align=center| offspring/children
  |align=center| '''yaja'''
  |-
  |align=center| parents
  |align=center| '''maba'''
  |-
  |align=center| grandparents
  |align=center| '''cawa'''
  |-
  |align=center| brothers
  |align=center| '''data'''
  |-
  |align=center| sisters
  |align=center| '''gaka'''
  |-
  |align=center| elder syblings
  |align=center| '''daga'''
  |-
  |align=center| younger syblings
  |align=center| '''taka'''
  |-
  |align=center| grandchildren
  |align=center| '''fapa'''
    |}

Notice that the last eight ('''yaja''' to '''fapa''') are plural nouns. You would not normally come across the form, for example, '''gakan''' (maybe in certain circumstances, if you were talking about &quot;sets of sisters&quot; but it would be unusual).

Some of the above can take a number stuck on the end. For example;-

'''yayada''' = the third oldest son

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nouns in Seuna</title>
    <id>4691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32455</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T14:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''kla''' = person, man
'''kala''' = people
'''kola''' = a group, band
...................
'''klakla''' = everyone ... '''kulu kala''' = all people


'''kloga''' = a shoe
'''kaloga''' = shoes ... this plural not used if any other indication of number is given.
'''kologa''' = a pair of shoes
'''kulu kloga''' = all the shoe, an entire shoe
'''klokloga''' = every shoe ... '''kulu kaloga''' = all shoes

There are 14 suffixes that can be appended to nouns. Their functions include many of the ones associated with cases. In the table below all the noun suffixes are given. 0-11 are equivalent to what are described by &quot;case&quot; in many languages.

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot; 
|0||Nominative: || '''-'''
|-
|1||Accusative: || '''-''' or '''-s'''
|-
|2||Genitive: || '''-n'''
|-
|3||Dative: || '''-mu'''
|-
|4||Ablative: || '''-da'''
|-
|5||Instrumental: || '''-li'''
|-
|6||Inessive: || '''-pi'''
|-
|7||Benefactive: || '''-go'''
|-
|8||Adessive: || '''-jai'''
|-
|9||Locative: || '''-teu'''
|-
|10||Partative: || '''-be'''
|-
|11||Abessive: || '''-lu'''
|-
|12||Essive: || '''-fau'''
|-
|13||&quot;like/-ish&quot;: || '''-ca'''
|-
|14||&quot;in the manner&quot;: || '''-koi'''
|}

==Nominative==

For the nominative case, just the bare noun is used. Just the bare noun is used following a preposition also.

==Accusative==

For the accustive case, usually just the bare noun is used. However if the noun is definite, then the suffix '''s''' is added.

==Genitive==

For the genitive, the suffix '''n''' is added. The main use of the genitive is to denotes ownership. However it is used in other situations as well. In fact is uses coincide pretty much with the uses of &quot; 's&quot; and &quot;of&quot; in English. 

In the situation were a clause is the subject or object of a sentence, the infinitive form of the verb comes first. Then the subject of the clause immeditely follows in the genitive. Then the object of the clause follows (if the clause has an object, of course). 

==Dative==

For the dative, the suffix '''mu''' is added.

One of the main functions of the dative is to denote the indirect object of an action (that to which something is given, thrown, read, etc). 

It also indicates motion towards (as in English). This function is sometimes the &quot;lative case&quot;, in some languages. A subset of this function involves time and is usually indicated by &quot;until&quot; in English.

Another use of '''mu''' is 'in the eyes of, in the opinion of'. For example;-
'''mimu re''' &quot;very cold&quot; = I am finding it very cold

It is also used to indicate purpose. When used in this way it is appended to the infinitive form of the verb. For example;- '''kare humpamu''' = I am going to eat.
'''tamu''' = in order to ?
It is used with the object of certain verbs. For example;-

'''?ari ?smu''' = I helped the prisoners

==Ablative==

For the ablative, the suffix '''da''' is added.

It indicates motion from something. A subset of this function involves time and is usually indicated by &quot;since&quot; in English. Must be appended to &quot;that&quot;? Since is usually followed by a clause?

As with the dative (I got a present from my sister)(I was thrown a ball from my father)(I was read a book from my uncle)

Another use of '''da''' is for comparison.For example;-
'''na ro ? mida''' = He is taller than me.

It is also used to indicate cause. When used in this way it is appended to the infinitive form of the verb. For example;- '''kare humpamu''' = I am going to eat.
'''tada''' = because ??
stop fishing

'''da''' ... DACA =  away from?
Another use (called the seperative in Latin) is &quot;the bees kept the farmer from the honey in the hive&quot;

mark motion away from something

kari London = I went to London
?ari Londonda = I came from London

kari Londonmu = I went in the direction of London = I went towards London

==Locative==

'''teu'''		&quot;at, near, by&quot; 
		&quot;schoolTEU&quot; = at school, &quot;tuesdayTEU' = on tuesday. Combines with many preverbs to give relative locations. &quot;out&quot;'''teu dwolon'''= outside the house. etc. etc.

==Instrumental==

'''li'''	&quot;with&quot; ... instrumental, adverb forming, adjective forming
		&quot;we went with friends&quot;, &quot;to see with the eyes&quot;, &quot;with care&quot;, &quot;with great speed&quot;
		saw.LI = with a saw(saw.JAI once considered), 
		&quot;I bought the doll for 25 baht&quot; Could also be called the &quot;comitative case&quot;.

==Inessive==

'''pi'''   
&quot;schoolPI = &quot;in the school building&quot; 
as opposed to the more usual term &quot;schoolTEU&quot;

==Benefactive==

'''go'''	&quot;for&quot;&quot;for the benefit

 of,&quot; or &quot;intended for&quot;... for bread ?? 

==Adessive==

'''jai'''    &quot;on, touching, incontact with, adjacent&quot; 
contiguous with, about table.JAI = on the table, &quot;I am talking about you lot&quot;, &quot;He is a alcoholic&quot;, &quot;He is in love&quot;

==Partative==

the partative case marker
&quot;five of them', &quot;she drank from the milk&quot;, &quot;I watched the news&quot;, &quot;he searched for his screwdriver(and did not find it)&quot; ... If instead of &quot;BE&quot;, &quot;S&quot; is suffixed in the 			above sentence, then the meaning of each one changes quite a bit.

==Abessive==

'''lu'''	Equivalent to the English &quot;without&quot; or &quot; -less&quot;. The same as '''li'''  but opposite. She left the room without speaking. without buying. without caring.

==Essive==

'''fau'''     Called the essive case here because it is very close to the Finnish case which is called the essive. Usually expressed in English with &quot;as&quot;. It denotes a temporary state. For example;-

&quot;I work as a waiter&quot;, 
&quot;She replied in English&quot;??
youngsterFAU = when I was a youth/in my youth/as a youngster,
cubFAU big = considering it is a cub, it is big, 
as the city was captured we fled ?? 

In English it sometimes corresponds to &quot;while&quot; or &quot;in the capacity of&quot;

According to SIL:
 
Equative case is a case that expresses likeness or identity to the
referent of the noun it marks.

It can have meaning, such as

as
like, and
in the capacity of.
 
or even an &quot;essive case&quot;, 

According to SIL:
 
Essive case is a case that expresses the temporary state of the referent
specified by a noun.

==&quot;like&quot;==

'''ca''' is used to make an adjective from a noun. Sometimes an adjective from another adjective. Sometimes a case-ending from another case ending. Can also be considered a noun in its own right? For example;-

= humanoid

= bluish

'''tateuca'''= if

denotes likeness or similarity, does not denote a temporary state as FAU does.

==&quot;in the manner&quot;==

'''koi'''	Usually in Seuna the adjective comes directly after the noun. If an adjective comes directly after a verb it is an adverb qualifying that verb. However if '''koi''' is affixed to the adjective, it can be moved anywhere in the sentence and will be understood to be acting on the main verb of that sentence. It can also be suffixed to nouns to give an adverb. For example;-

She behaves as a boy.

He is dressed in European fashion.

Stand like soldiers.

To love as brethern.

That boy acts like an emperor.

Note that koi does not denote a generl likeness as '''ca''' does, but a likeness in relation
to a particular action.
	
==Rubbish==


@ 		If the noun is the subject of the sentence or follows a preposition.

MU		&quot;to&quot; ... MUTEU = upto, MUCHA = towards
In the situation were a clause is the subject or object of a sentence, in the 			clause the verb is in its full/citation form (actually a verbal noun), the subject is 		marked with the genative and the object with MU. 	

-NI	equivalent to &quot;to&quot; or &quot;for&quot;	i.e.    comeARA HITANI  xxS = I am coming in order to hit her ????
AN = reason,	ANMU = in order to,	ANDA = because

{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px #aaa solid&quot;
|1||Illative: || '''pimu'''|&quot;into&quot;
|- 
|2||Elative: || '''pida'''|&quot;from out of&quot; or &quot;from the inside of&quot;
|-
|3||Allative: || '''jaimu'''|&quot;onto&quot;
|-
|4||Ablative: || '''jaida'''|&quot;from of off&quot;
|-
|5||Nonamive: || '''teuca'''|&quot;around about&quot; or &quot;if&quot;
|}

'''dwolopida''' = &quot;out of the house&quot;
&quot;table&quot;'''jaimu''' = &quot;onto the table&quot;

The ablative in the above table is clearly different from the ablative in the first table...we need another fancy name.

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azjherben</title>
    <id>4692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46395</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:20:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Websites */ no such category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:ri.jpg]][[Image:pa.jpg]] pronounced &quot;re'pa&quot; Means &quot;Did you see it?&quot;


==Base Information==

Created in 2006 to present day (2008-2009). This language uses aproxamently 110 letters and symbols and is very easy to learn type read and speak. ( Although it is kind of hard to hand write ) This language also shows a lack of grammar related rules and other basics like capitalization. Most words are not over 3 letters long. These things make the language fairly unique. It has over 950 defined words online as of 1/11/2008. dd/mm/yyyy ( a priori language ) My references are the below many links: (links at bottom of page)

==Numbers==
{{main|Numbers in azjherben}}

The numbers in Azjherben form 0 to 10 ( zero to ten ) are as follows:

{| border = 1
! English || Azjherben (With latin characters)
|-
| one || unize      
|-
| two || dunize
|-
| three || threze 
|-
| four || queize 
|-
| five || cheze 
|-
| six || sais 
|-
| seven || seze 
|-
| eight || nize 
|-
| nine || coze 
|-
| ten || geize
|}
*This is pronunciation only not written fashion... keep reading for details.

===Higher Numbers===
{{main|Numbers in azjherben}}
A few higher numbers are in the table below:
{| border = 1
! English || Azjherben (With latin characters)
|-
| ten || vaunize      
|-
| twenty || vadunize
|-
| thirty || vathreze 
|-
| fourty || vaqueize 
|-
| fifty ||  vathrezekadunize
|-
| sixty || vaqueizekadunize 
|-
| seventy || vaqueizekathreze
|-
| eighty || vathrezekadunize 
|-
| ninety || vaqueizekaqueizekaunize
|-
| one hundred || geizekr
|-
| one hundred and ten || geizker unizeva
|}
*This is pronunciation only not written fashion... keep reading for details.

==Alphabet==
===Symbols/Characters===
*
*This is just the begining of the alphabet as making this whole table may take a long time.
*
*Go to [http://Azjherben.com/inde.html Azjherben word list and &quot;alphabet&quot;] to see the word list and full &quot;alphabet&quot; of over *110 characters.
*
*The alphabet has 87 letters they are:
*[[Image:along.jpg]]         a long
*[[Image:ashort.jpg]]        a short
*[[Image:ab.jpg]]            ab
*[[Image:air.jpg]]           air
*[[Image:as.jpg]]            as
*[[Image:at.jpg]]            at
*[[Image:ay.jpg]]            ay
*[[Image:broll.jpg]]         rolled b
*[[Image:Be.jpg]]            be
*[[Image:Bt.jpg]]            bt
*[[Image:bur.jpg]]           bur
*[[Image:ce.jpg]]            ce
*[[Image:ch.jpg]]            ch
*[[Image:click.jpg]]         click
*[[Image:co.jpg]]            co
*[[Image:de.jpg]]            de
*[[Image:dx.jpg]]            dx
*[[Image:elong.jpg]]         e long
*[[Image:eshort.jpg]]        e short
*[[Image:exx.jpg]]           exx (harder x)
*[[Image:er.jpg]]            er
*[[Image:es.jpg]]            es
*[[Image:fre.jpg]]           A voiced &quot;f&quot;
*[[Image:fsl.jpg]]           A voicless &quot;F&quot; like sound.
*[[Image:grolle.jpg]]        A rolled &quot;G&quot;
*[[Image:ge.jpg]]            ge
*[[Image:ha.jpg]]            ha
*[[Image:he.jpg]]            he
*[[Image:i.jpg]]             i (longer)
*[[Image:ige.jpg]]           ige ( like in beige )
*[[Image:in.jpg]]            in
*[[Image:is.jpg]]            is
*[[Image:ir.jpg]]            ir
*[[Image:ize.jpg]]           ize ( used mostly in numbers )
*[[Image:jal.jpg]]           ja ( longer )
*[[Image:jas.jpg]]           ja ( shorter )
*[[Image:jou.jpg]]           jou
other letters will come to this pagfe soon
===Phonomics===
{{IPA|}}
{{IPA|[]}}
{{IPA|//}}
{{IPA|}}

==Grammer==
There are not words such as the or an in this language as to save space and time for the writer/reader. Sentence structure varys from sentence to sentence depending on it's condidtions and many small gramatical things such as capatlaziton and punction for the most part have been removed complety to make it faster to use and easier to learn.
===Sentence Structure===
===The verb To Be===
The verb to be has been generalized into one word:
'''Gragen'''
Spelt with 4 Azjherbenix letters and means all forms of to be. Furture present and past for all people. Even groups such as they we and even pronouns and groupings not in English.

It is used in a different way than just the word am or are is in english. The sentence ( for example ) I want to eat an apple has to be in it. It sounds like this. (it is written of course, with Azjherbenix symbol characters ) On'gragen zou asple-jou.

*On = I
*Gragen = (to) be
*zou = (to) want
*asple = apple
*-jou = a changer than changes nouns into there action and vice versa

===Use of the lazh===
==Words==
See [[Vocab]]

==Websites==

*For more information look here: 
** http://Azjherben.com 
** http://Anspt.bravehost.com (Use above link) (( it just takes you to azjherben.com too ))
*And for samples there should be many pages like: 
** http://azjherben.com/samples.html 
** http://azjherben.com/trans.html 
*Entries in other wikis are:
**[http://wiki.unilang.org/Azjherben Unilang Azjherben]
**[http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/Azjherben Knee Quickie Azjherben]
**[http://wiki.frath.net/azjherben Azjherben in Frath wiki]
**[http://talideon.com/concultures/wiki/?doc=Azjherben The starting wiki]
*Other:
**[http://community.livejournal.com/conlangs Forum entrys]

[[Category:Azjherben|*]]
[[Category:Conlangs|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Logogram Project</title>
    <id>4693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28720</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-11T20:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ran</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Collaborations]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logogram Project</title>
    <id>4694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28731</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-11T21:04:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ran</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Participants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Logogram Project''' is a collaborative conscripting project that aims to derive, naturalistically, a logographic writing system for English.

{{Logogram Project}}

[http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=26886 Original Proposal on ZBB]

==Introduction==

In a nutshell, the idea is this:

# A group of Japanese from our timeline is transported back in time to the ancient Levant
# The Greeks learn writing from the Japanese instead of the Semites
# The Romans still learn writing from the Greeks
# English still adopts the Roman writing system

The motivation for this is that, as Japanese has a two-layered logographic system that is the most complex system still in use in the world, it would be interesting to see how this system adapts itself if additional layers are tacked on to it. The English writing system, for example, would end up a mixture of Japanograms, Greekograms, Latinograms, Futharkograms, Normanograms, and syllabograms, all of which are subject to multiple readings originating in different languages, the sound changes of multiple languages, and the semantic drift of multiple languages, over two thousand years. How much complexity can we load into a writing system before it dies?

There is no conlanging or alternate history involved &amp;mdash; everything stays the same, except for the nature of the scripts being passed around.

==Process==

The idea is to conduct the project as a relay: each stage of evolution is handled by two groups of people, each well-versed in one of the two involved languages. When each stage is reasonably complete, we move on to the next stage.

For example, the first stage is carried out by a group well-versed in Japanese, and another group well-versed in Ancient Greek. The Japanese people provide detailed information on the Japanese writing system while the Ancient Greek people are in charge of deciding how to adapt the system to Ancient Greek. This is then continued with Greek-Latin, etc. etc.

* Stage 1: Japanese to Ancient Greek
* Stage 2: Ancient Greek to Old Italic and/or Latin
* Stage 3a: Old Italic to Futhark and/or some sort of orthography for Old English
* Stage 3b: Latin to Old French and/or Norman French
* Stage 4: Old English and Norman French to Middle English
* Stage 5: Middle English to Modern English

==Participants==

People familiar with the following languages:
* Japanese
* Ancient Greek
* Latin
* Vulgar Latin
* Norman French or Old French
* Proto-Western-Germanic
* Old English
* Old Norse
* Middle English

==Future Expansion==

There are many possibilities for future expansion. Modern Greek and all of the modern Romance languages can be derived relatively easily from stages 1 and 2 respectively. It is possible to branch off with some extra work to all of the other Western languages (Germanic, western Slavic, Celtic, Hungarian, Finnish, Basque) between stages 2 and 4. Finally, it is possible to branch off from Stages 1 and 2 to create Cyrillograms, Coptograms, Gothograms, and Armenograms.

[[Category:Logogram Project|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logogram Project/Stage 1</title>
    <id>4695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28735</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-11T22:35:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ran</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Logogram Project}}

== Idea Repository ==

=== Variety of Japanese used? ===
We can be flexible between Modern and not-so-Modern Japanese.

=== Type of borrowing? ===

Ran's original proposal:

Adapt to the historical fact that Ancient Greek does not contain any Japanese loans. The best scenario to follow is that the Ancient Greeks simply borrowed the idea of writing but were not heavily influenced by the Levantine Japanese otherwise. As such, it would be good if the Greeks could independently devise some (30% to 70%, depending on how things look) of the Greekograms based on what they already know about Japanograms and Sinograms.

A good way to imagine this, I think, is to imagine that there is a group of Ancient Greeks, fully bilingual in Modern Japanese and Ancient Greek, but familiar with no writing system other than the Japanese one. They initially correspond with each other in Japanese, but soon they begin to switch to Ancient Greek by adapting ideas from the Japanese writing system. Their system is then learned by monolingual Ancient Greeks. The Japanese readings would drop away (Greek has no Japanese loans), while new Hellenograms arise to fill gaps and resolve ambiguities. A mature writing system soon emerges.

The inventors would be heavily constrained by the quirks (or should I say features) of the Japanese writing system, such as:
* A dual system:
** Logograms for content words and a large proportion of function words
** Syllabograms for the remaining function words, as well as inflectional affixes
* Mismatch between the Logograms and actual morphemes
** One logogram can map to multiple morphemes
** One morpheme can map to multiple logograms
** One logogram can map to a sequence of morphemes
** One morpheme can map to a sequence of logograms
* Crossovers -- Japanese syllabograms becoming Greek logograms, and Japanese logograms becoming Greek syllabograms, would of course make things even more interesting. For example, there is a Japanese &quot;syllabogram&quot; whose only use is to mark the direct object. Ancient Greek has an accusative case. Perhaps the Greeks would see the connection.

The best analogy of the process of the Greeks inventing new Hellenograms based on the idea of Japanese characters is probably the obsolete Chu Nom script of Vietnam. Chu Nom made use of the principles of Chinese characters, as well as actual elements from Chinese characters, to create new characters for native Vietnamese morphemes. The following techniques can be used:
* New pictograms can be drawn
* Existing characters can be combined to express a combination of ideas in a single morpheme
* 90% of Chinese characters are semantic-phonetic compounds. Most Chu Nom characters appear to have been made in the same way. In semantic-phonetic compounds, one half of the character is a &quot;radical&quot;, which gives hint to its meaning, and another half is the &quot;phonetic&quot;, giving hint to its pronunciation. For our Hellenograms, the radicals should be based on extant Japanese (Kanji) radicals, while the phonetics should ideally be based on the Greek pronunciations of adopted Japanograms and invented Greekograms.

Ollock's suggestion:

Just as a side note -- I don't have any historical background for it, but for Yeltax I built the Kedeke script starting with symbols for CV syllables that get arranged into blocks such that all but one of the symbols in the block (which can have up to three glyphs) will lose its vowel association. A similarly convoluted situation could work here -- one position is part of the onset + nucleus, another position is the coda, and clusters are resolved by breaking up the respective sub-blocks. Might also make for a very backward phonological theory for a while.

=== Division of Labor ===

Ran's original proposal:

As far as division of labour and authoritativeness goes:
The Japanese people are responsible and authoritative as to things like:
* which character fits each meaning best
* how a logogram or syllabogram should be pronounced in the original Japanese
* the mechanics of the Japanese writing system
* what each radical is generally used for
* what kind of character-design makes intuitive sense
The Ancient Greek people are responsible and authoritative as to things like:
* what the Ancient Greek morphemes mean
* the final say on how to design the Hellenograms and the Hellenographic script
** what radical to choose
** what phonetic to choose, and what principles should be used to assign phonetics to each Hellenogram
** (But please keep in mind that the designer of the script lives in the end of the Greek Dark Ages and would be literate in ONLY Japanese --- hence he would not know, say, what a phoneme is! So, please don't pull a hangul and dump the entire logographic script, that wouldn't be realistic nor fun at all =D)

=== Linear B ===

Yiuel mentions Linear B as another possible source of logograms and syllabograms.

[[Category:Logogram Project|1]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logogram Project/Stage 2</title>
    <id>4696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28730</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-11T21:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ran</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Logogram Project}}

Zompist's suggestion:

Here's an idea for another insane complication though: perhaps Claudius (who actually tried to reform the Latin spelling system) invented a hankul-like method of forming syllabograms from the kana. These were then reinterpreted as new logograms by the French and Normans-- that is, they graphically evolved as syllables, not as combinations of kana.

[[Category:Logogram Project|2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Logogram Project</title>
    <id>4697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28867</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-14T02:21:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ran</username>
        <id>10</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Logogram Project]] (Main Page)
**[[Logogram Project/Stage 1]] (Japanese / Ancient Greek)
***[[Logogram Project/Stage 1/The Japanese Writing System]]
***[[Logogram Project/Stage 1/The Ancient Greek Language]]
***[[Logogram Project/Stage 1/Hellenogram Repository]]
**[[Logogram Project/Stage 2]] (Ancient Greek / Latin)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oppai</title>
    <id>4698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28740</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-12T16:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Oppai''' are a culture on the Odiran mainland, related to the [[Kasshi]].  They speak languages belonging to the [[Oppai branch]] of the [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]]  [[Category:Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Oppai''' are a culture on the Odiran mainland, related to the [[Kasshi]].  They speak languages belonging to the [[Oppai branch]] of the [[Kasshi-Oppai Family]]

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Musmeh</title>
    <id>4699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46672</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T14:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removed ghost [[Category:Conlang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| 
Musmeh
&lt;br&gt;
Ёluçqan
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Earth, modern era
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Republic of [[Muskat]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 3 million
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Latin(Musmeh revised)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Indo-European

|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Mos
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2007/2008
|}
&lt;br&gt;
== Influences | Evendane ==
* Russian (minor)
* Other Slavic Languages 
* Latin (Grammatical)
* Turkmen/Uzbek (Vocabulary basis)
* Armenian (Vocabulary basis)
Orthography is slightly influenced by the alphabets of various Slavic counties including Albania and Croatia. 

== Phonology and Orthography | Muizlega eh Uçfurmi ==

A (a) -- /a/ -- fall

B (b) -- /b/ -- boss

C (c) -- /tʃ/ 

Č (č) -- /tʃʰ/ -- '''ch'''ip

Ç (ç) -- /ts/ -- lis'''ts''' 

D (d) -- /d/ -- door

E (e) -- /ɛ/ -- men

Ё (ё) -- /ə/ -- p'''u'''ll

F (f) -- /f/ -- fin

G (g) -- /g/ -- goat

H (h) -- /h/ -- hen

I (i) -- /i/ -- eel

K (k) -- /kʰ/ -- oak

L (l) -- /l/ -- low

M (m) -- /m/ -- mow

N (n) -- /n/ -- nose

O (o) -- /o/ -- hole

P (p) -- /pʰ/ -- pole

Q(q) -- /k’/ -- ti'''c'''

R (r) -- /r/ -- roll

S (s) -- /s/ -- slow

T (t) -- /tʰ/ -- toll

Ţ (ţ) -- [ts’] – *

U(u) -- /y/ -- lune

V (v) -- /v/ -- vote

X (x) -- /ʁ/ -- lo'''ch''' ``pronounced in the back of the throat

Y (y) -- /y/

Z (z) -- /z/ -- zen


* similar to /ts/ but a harder affricate emphasis, pronouced like the Armenian letter “ ծ “


Vowels
{a, e, ë, i, o, u}

== Grammar || Lezuqma ==

== Nouns || Saksozi ==

In talking about nouns, it is essential to state the basics of nouns in the language of Musmeh. At first, nouns do not have gender, but have case to them. The case in which nouns fall into is rather simple and straight-forward. My demonstrating word will be kečat (meaning dog). The default or dictionary form of a word is always in the nominative singular. 

Nominative

Singular: kečat

Plural: kečati


Genitive

Singular: kečatu

Plural: kečatun


Accusative

Singular: kečaten

Plural: kečatenen


As you may not have noticed endings are put regardless the last letter of the word.


Some prepositions that might be useful:

With – behet

For – hamaţ

To – vёx

On -- boyengaç

== Verbs || Balti ==

The verbs in Musmeh follow a distinct structure. First, when written in a dictionary form, every verb is written in its infinitive form. The verb that we will use to demonstrate is ezmakur meaning to feel. As you see, the ur is the infinitive stem adding the “to” preposition to the meaning, its pretty straightforward. 

Personal Pronouns

I – vёs

You – dёn

He – en

She – an

It – on


We – vёsi

You(formal) – dune

They – ex


Present Tense

I feel – vёs ezmakёm

You feel – dёn ezmakus

He/she/it feels – en/an/on ezmakut


We feel – vёsi ezmakim

You(plural) feel – dune ezmaksus

They feel – ex ezmakuç


Imperfect – a similar structure to English exists, the word is formated as a present tense word, but the perfect form of the word “to be” is placed before the verb (as a separate word) respectively. 


Future – a similar structure to English exists, the word is formated as a present tense word, but the future form of the word “to be” is placed before the verb (as a separate word) respectively.


Perfect

I felt -- vёs ezmakom

You felt – dёn ezmakous

He/she/it felt – en/an/on ezmakot


We felt – vёsi ezmakoem

You(plural) felt – dune ezmakosus

They felt – ex ezmakouç


Plu-Perfect 

I had felt – vёs ezmakolёm

You had felt – dёn ezmakolus

He/she/it had felt – en/an/on ezmakolut


We felt – vёsi ezmakolem

You(plural) felt – dune ezmakolsus

They felt – ex ezmakoluç


There are no irregular verbs in the language of Musmeh.


Helpful Verbs:

To be – vur

Will be - ţuqur 

To like – selmaţur

To greet – saxanashur

To have – dunvur

To talk – oqçolur

To eat – pevegeshur

To know – yelqapur

To do -- ёtur

== More Pronouns || Gonshac Saqsozardami ==

Possessive Pronouns:
The construction of possessive pronouns is a simple task.

Let’s say you have the pronoun dun (you). To make it possessive you have to add the ça ending thus making it dunça (yours). You perform the same task to the other pronouns respectively. 

== Style, Numbers, and More || Fenţar, Hamashliki, ё Gonţar ==

A typical sentence follows the same word order as English, subject – verb – adjective. However, word order in speech is free to an extent.

The boy was late.

Daxa vot sonvan.


Here is a scenario, you have a question stating, do you eat? Since the “do” is a question word here (its behind the subject) you would use the infinitive form. However if the question states was, you do eat, the form of do would conform to “you.”


In negating a question, I do not speak Musmeh, you would had a “na” after the “do” to negate it.


It is important to realize that in the few cases like “vёs” where vowels are lacking, “ё” is required to be inserted so pronounciation is constant. Once you see enough examples, you will be more aquainted in the certain situations where “ё” is used.


Punctuation:
The punctuation in Musmeh is period(.), comma(,), exclamation point (!), question mark (?). However, in the plural genetive there is a (‘) sign to the last letter of that noun.


Numbers:
1 – ёn

2 – dva

3 – ţi

4 –četre

5 – hinsa

6 – sinç

7 – sent

8 – ut

9 – xin

10 – dёv


Question Words

How? – nahat?

When? – hax?

Where? – uţar?

Who? – ev?

What? – ёla?

Why? – veţe?


Since Musmeh is not frequently spoken I will pardon the time to discuss the specifics of spoken Musmeh. Speaking Musmeh is the same in relationship to reading Musmeh, but sometimes like in all languages word order can be switched around more easily in speech. 

== Phrases || Artyesi  ==

*You questions are written in the formal tense because that’s how you would greet somebody you did not know

Good day – Bevdaba

Hello – Gaba

Goodbye -- Nastadon

Yes – Ţa 

No – Ne

Nothing – noqoč

Good – liyev

Bad -- xapan

How are you – Nahat vuç dun?

Do you speak Musmeh? – Ёtur dun gexosuç Musmehen?

I speak Musmeh – Vёs gexosm Musmehen

What is your name? – Ёla vut dunça anyexa?

I do not know Musmeh – Vёs etshalёm na yelqapёm Musmehen

Where do you live? – Uţar etshalur dun ačmakuç?

I like to eat bread – Vёs selmaţёm axvalur haxaç

I think therefore, I am – Vёs meţashёm naxa vёs vёm

I had ate the bread – Vёs axvalolёm haxaçen

I will play with the ball – Vёs vučёm xacёm behet qёndavar 

== Texts || Iţgezi ==

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


Vax maserçi vuç ţёnţal vihshmi ё havas id qёxanvar ё pashёvani. Ex vuç evpexver behet vaz ё ţunshiran ё bevkuç xaxvazuç ёţ en opxeç id axbaraçunu vičvanţug. 

== Vocabulary || Baxabash ==

A vocabulary list will be kept here, but remember there are other words defined throughout this document. All verbs are in dictionary form (infinitive form).


After—basha

Argument – danban

Arise -- tačanur

Bad -- exva

Big -- mevre

Bread – haxaç

Cut -- qёsevur

Day – daba

Eat -- axvalur

Flag – Doshqa

Friend – nёgvar

Great – Bevesh

Good – Bev

Hairy – mazma

In case – dipni

Infection -- henaţgra

Insisit – uzuvukur

Live – ačmakur

Long – shira

Medical -- bediger

Name – anyexa

Play -- xacur

Republic –  Xavlikё

Some -- minč

Speak – Gexosur

Take -- daqur

Time – ţam

Treatment -- luzva

Water -- Subaq

Vital – qaraxesh

Up -- ven</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muskat</title>
    <id>4700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29321</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-21T23:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;|
Dunţaru Xavlikё
&lt;br&gt;
The Republic of Muskat
|-
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| 
Muskat
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Flag: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Image:Flag.JPG|200px]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Anthem: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| &quot;[[My Muskat]]&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Motto: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| &quot;Strength and Justice&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Capital: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Ashbaxh (Ashbax)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Largest city: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Ashbaxh (Ashbax)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language(s): ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Musmeh]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Demonym: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Musmeh
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Republic 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Independence: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| August 25, 1985
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Area: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 27,000 km² 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2.9 million
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Constitution: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Constitution of Muskat]]
|}

== Background | Badvaç ==
After being a persecuted minority, the Musmeh people led by the ruler, Mus, established the first kingdom in the name of the Musmeh people. After the death of the great king, Mus, the Musmeh people were left with a great empire, the expansive lands and area, are called today “Greater Muskat.” A series of Kings ruled Muskat and many wars left “Greater Muskat” in shambles. Plagues and rebellions spread through the Musmeh Kingdom. After much time of disarray and misery in the Musmeh Kingdom, a group of reformers organized an overthrow of the government and the execution of the king. A series of clashes and battles confirmed the brutality and violence of the revolution. However, the group successfully overthrew the government, beheaded the king, and took over the Musmeh Kingdom. The new government declared the Musmeh Kingdom a republic, and went on to name it “The Republic of Muskat.” The economical situation improved, and the Musmeh people saw a better future in front of them. However, the government took part in funding “secret police” to execute anybody that was a threat to the republic. A series of executions, with out trial, and brutality existed. However, as years passed reforms were passed to stop these executions and expand personal freedom in the state. With this personal freedom, the “Revolutionary Party of Muskat” was formed and quickly became the top political party in Muskat. They advocated violence and brutality in re-acquiring “Greater Muskat” and replacing the government with “pure” Musmeh. The dominant political party that is in control of the government is the republican party of Muskat which advocates peace and socialist agenda. Tensions are high between the two parties as their ideologies differ so much. Now the republic is in peace and stability, but an overthrow of the government by the revolutionaries might spark a series of battles with the neighbors of Muskat.

== Culture | Mёxaţir ==
The culture of the Musmeh people can be described as closer to the cultures of the Caucus Region. They love dance, literature, and history. The Musmeh people are also deeply involved in politics and are always aware of the affairs of the state. The Musmeh people also love and greatly respect their traditions and history, and on holidays can be seen wearing traditional clothes. Many Musmeh people eat meat and nuts, you will rarely see any vegetariens. In the case of war, many Musmeh people would join the army and fight for Muskat, as many are patriots of their state. The Musmeh people are known for their hard work and determination to succeed. The customs of people belonging to the Revolutionary party are similar, but much more centered around patriotic beliefs and their ideologies. The Musmeh people have lived in mountainous areas for ages, for the Musmeh people, mountains are one of the most beautiful natural landmarks in the world.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Mos</title>
    <id>4701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28890</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-14T15:32:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of conlangs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== List of conlangs ==

I put the list of conlangs started by [[User:Mos]] into a scroll box so that it doesn't take too much room on the page -- since it potentially may contain most pages on the wiki!  I also made it into a [http://semeb.com/dpldemo/index.php?title=Dynamic_Page_List DPL] list of pages that are members of [[:Category:Conlangs]] (but not ATM its subcategories). That way it becomes easier to maintain and more democratic, in that everyone decides for themselves if their page should belong to [[Category:Conlangs]] and thus be included in the list. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 04:27, 13 February 2008 (PST)

: I did not delete your conlang from the list; the list is automatically generated and shows all pages that are tagged with
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Conlang]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or now also one of its sub-categories.  You just need to put &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Conlang]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; somewhere in the page about your conlang.  I'll do it for you. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:24, 14 February 2008 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan postpositions</title>
    <id>4702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55211</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-19T18:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Senjecan pronunciation guide|Pronunciation]]==

==Notes==
*Senjecan postpositions end in &lt;font color=blue&gt;-a&lt;/font&gt;, with three exceptions: &lt;font color=blue&gt;be, ħo&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;.
*Polysyllabic postpositions are pronounced on the secondary pitch: &lt;font color=blue&gt;àda&lt;/font&gt;.
*Postpositions &lt;u&gt;underlined&lt;/u&gt; are derivative, ''i.e.'', derived from another part of speech, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;lààba&lt;/font&gt;, down from, &lt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;láába&lt;/font&gt;, to hang down loosely.

==List==
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àða&lt;/font&gt; denotes in association or connection with.
**a custom popular '''among(st)''' the people
**a custom popular '''with''' the people.
**it is not '''within''' my power to free you.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àfa&lt;/font&gt; denotes separation from support, attachment or position.
**one '''of''' us.
**the horse shied and he fell '''off''' it.
**the mayor was removed '''from''' office.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àlĭa&lt;/font&gt; denotes to or on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively.
**the time is '''after/past''' midnight.
**the army arrived '''behind''' schedule.
**it is '''beyond''' the time for sowing.
**your plan is '''beyond/past''' my understanding.
**he drove the wagon '''by/past''' the fortress.
**the soldier's brave action was '''outside''' his duty.
**please stay with us '''over''' the holidays.
**the child couldn't count '''past''' 10.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àmva&lt;/font&gt; denotes in or to various directions or locations or encirclement.
**'''About/On all sides of/All about''' the living room were many chairs.
**We wandered '''about/around''' the market.
**The prince built a wall '''around''' his castle.
**The singing could be heard '''(all) over''' the whole camp.
**The king said we might wander '''through''' the castle.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àɱa&lt;/font&gt; denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively.
**The monkey climbed '''down''' the tree.
**He has been my friend '''down through''' the years.
**The two otters followed our boat '''down''' the river.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àna&lt;/font&gt; denotes change to, toward or at an elevated place literally or figuratively.
**She ran '''up''' the hill.
**The sailors will row their boat '''up''' the river.
**You'll find the inn '''up''' the road.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ànta&lt;/font&gt; denotes in a position forward of.
**He stood '''in front of''' the church.
**His shadow advanced '''before/ahead''' of him.
**We saw the flowers easily '''against''' the dark background.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àntĭa&lt;/font&gt; denotes in opposition to, in contact with, in exchange for or in place of, literally or figuratively.
**They had to row '''against''' the current.
**We saw the exhausted runner leaning '''against''' the tree.
**I do this '''against''' my better judgment.
**He lost his struggle '''against''' his illness.
**He asked for an advance '''against''' his salary.
**This is '''contrary to''' my better judgment.
**The rowers had to use boards '''for''' oars.
**Run '''for''' your life!
**The child does not yet know good '''from''' bad.
**I will give you three apples '''for''' your bow.
**The workman ran '''into''' the tree.
**The attack on the castle was planned '''for''' tomorrow.
**They were '''opposed to''' his going to war.
**He climbed the tree '''opposite''' the store.
**The woman played '''opposite''' her husband.
**They had to sail the boat '''up''' wind.
**He spent the day fighting '''with''' his brother.
**The picture hangs '''on''' the wall.
**His illness brought him '''face to face with''' death.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;àpa&lt;/font&gt; denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively.
**The herd of red deer ran '''away from''' the prowling lion.
**He is '''away from''' home during the summer months.
**He is '''from''' that town.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;be&lt;/font&gt; denotes on or toward the exterior of.
**There was a noise '''outside''' the door.
**He stood '''without''' the room while we decided.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;dèćŭa&lt;/font&gt; denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing east.
**The princess sat '''to the right of''' her father the king.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;èga&lt;/font&gt; denotes having a lack of something.
**They traveled for three days '''without''' water.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;èħa&lt;/font&gt; denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside.
**They ran '''from''' the burning building.
**They were looking '''out (of)''' the window when he rode by.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt; denotes stationary position, location within, or movement from without to within.
**The boulder came to rest '''at''' the bottom of the hill.
**Please put the dishes '''in''' the cupboard.
**'''Inside''' each baked apple was a walnut.
**He put the clothing '''into''' the box.
**He ran '''into''' the house on the left. 
**You'll find your book '''on''' the table.
**Horses are not permitted '''within''' the city.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ènta&lt;/font&gt; denotes movement or direction from the outside to the inside.
**We heard the sound of fighting '''from within''' the fortress.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;entèra&lt;/font&gt; denotes situation or partition between two or more entities.
**There is no honor '''among(st)''' thieves.
**The beehives are '''between''' the house and the barn.
**This book has passed '''through''' many hands.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;èpa&lt;/font&gt; denotes in accordance with.
**She rode her horse '''after the manner of''' the nomads. 
**He carved a statue '''after''' the image of his wife. 
**'''At''' the general's command the troops charged.
**It was clear that she was '''behind''' the plan.
**We learned of his actions '''by''' his story.
**We seized the cargo '''on the authority''' of the governor.
**'''According to''' what she said, they should have known what to do.
**'''Under''' the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
**I am '''in accord/agreement with''' him on this policy.
**We left at sunset '''in conformity''' to the rules.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;èva&lt;/font&gt; denotes inclusion within or position on top of literally or figuratively.
**We found the missing items '''in''' the closet. 
**They applied paint '''to''' the wagon.
**The tree landed '''upon''' their house.
**She put a cloth '''over''' the table.
**Please put the bowl '''on top of''' the cabinet for me.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ħo&lt;/font&gt; denotes causality.
**'''At''' his request, we opened the door.
**'''Because of''' the rain we could not go.
**'''By''' working nights, he was able to buy the gift.
**She was famous throughout the land '''for''' her beauty.
**There was a famine and they died '''of''' hunger.
**'''On account of''' the flood, we could not cross the river.
**They were weary '''from''' all the walking.
**'''Out of''' fear, the people stayed in their homes.
**They were arguing '''over''' the money he had spent.
**'''Owing to (due to)''' his poor directions, we got lost.
**But '''through''' the skill of our guide, we soon were on the right road.
**'''Under''' these circumstances, we should turn back.
**At the sight they went pale '''with''' fear.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ħŭèlga&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object.
**The child stood '''facing''' the wall.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ĸémta&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes in a parallel direction.
**They walked '''along''' the road.
**The dog ran '''alongside''' me all the way.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸòma&lt;/font&gt; denotes physical proximity.
**He is '''about''' the house.
**He sat '''beside''' her on the hill.
**They lived in a home '''by/on''' the lake.
**The barn is so '''close to''' the house that you can hear the animals.
**The village lies '''near''' the edge of the forest.
**He was standing '''next to''' the tree when it fell.
**He parked the wagon '''against''' the house.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;lààba&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes hanging down from.
**Apples grow '''on''' trees.
**He dangled the puppy '''from''' the roof.
**She wore earrings '''in''' her ears.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;làlta&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes done for the benefit or interest of someone.
**We are here '''on behalf of''' the people.
**I must pack '''for''' my trip.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;làɱa&lt;/font&gt; denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing east.
**We turned '''to the left''' when we came to the stream.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;með-&lt;/font&gt; denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is joined.
**She stood '''''in'' the middle of''' (&lt;font color=blue&gt;meðèna&lt;/font&gt;) the room and cried.
**He ran '''''from'' the middle of''' (&lt;font color=blue&gt;meðàpa&lt;/font&gt;) the group.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;mòòda&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes possibility.
**'''In case of''' rain, we'll have the party in the barn.
**They are saving money '''against''' a rainy day.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ɱèèla&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes instrumentality.
**'''By means of''' a knife he was able to open the door.
**He killed the enemy '''with''' his sword.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ɱòòga&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes addition.
**'''Besides''' a mother, he has a sister to support.
**'''In addition to''' the toll there was a special tax.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;nèra&lt;/font&gt; denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively.
**He broke his leg '''below''' the knee.
**'''Beneath''' that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
**The farmer buried his treasure '''under(neath)''' the floor.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;nòma&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes location at someone's home.
**We will meet you '''at the home of''' the mayor.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt; denotes motion toward literally or figuratively.
**He threw the rock '''at''' the bear.
**These flowers are '''for''' you.
**The herd moved off '''in the direction of''' the river.
**Tomorrow the herd will move '''into''' the mountains.
**Go '''(un)to''' the party and have a good time.
**If you walk '''toward(s)''' the river, you will see the children playing.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;òlna&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes motion from one side to the other.
**They waded '''across''' the stream at its shallowest part.
**Please put the chair '''on the other side of''' the room.
**The defeated troops fled '''over''' the bridge.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;pèga&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes position at or movement towards the side of something.
**They sat '''at the side''' of the room.
**They ran '''to the side of''' the room.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;pèrſa&lt;/font&gt; denotes at or during a time anterior to.
**Be here '''by/no later than''' sunset.
**Twenty minutes '''of/to''' five.
**'''To''' this very day, he insists he was right.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;pòrſa&lt;/font&gt; denotes up to a limit.
**She stood '''at the edge of''' the cliff, then jumped.
**We will go with you '''as far as''' the river.
**You may have '''as many as''' five apples.
**The apple tree grew '''to a height of''' eight feet.
**We will wait for you '''until/till''' sunup.
**He filled my cup '''(up) to''' the brim.
**We are '''about''' to land.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;pòſa&lt;/font&gt; denotes posterior to in time or space.
**It was '''after''' noon when we finally arrived.
**I could see the smoke of the fire '''behind''' me.
**The general threatened to take the fortress apart piece '''by''' piece.
**'''Following''' the battle, the women looked for survivors.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ϙòma&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes with respect or regard to or concern for.
**'''In/with regard to''' your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
**'''With respect to''' your knowledge, I disagree.
**He knew nothing '''concerning/regarding/as regards''' the stolen money.
**I am sure your wife will be pleased '''with''' this gift.
**The Committee '''on''' Orthography.
**'''For''' this stitch, use a heavier thread.
**She helped me '''with''' my homework.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;rèèźa&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes the dimension to which something is extended.
**He is shorter than she '''by''' two inches.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ſììda&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes direct movement toward.
**After arriving home late, she headed '''straight to''' her bed.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ſòma&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes comparison.
**'''Compared to''' last year, this was not a hot summer.
**A horse is bigger '''than''' a cow.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ſtììva&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes replacement or preference.
**'''Instead of''' beef we had lamb for supper.
**He gave us three chickens '''in lieu of''' cash for his rent.
**I used apples '''rather than''' pears in this cake.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;ſùna&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes accompaniment in time or space.
**They went '''with''' their parents to the beach.
**I went '''along with''' their plan.
**The trader '''in company with''' three associates robbed the store.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭa&lt;/font&gt; denotes exception.
**'''Apart from''' that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
**Your statement is '''beside''' the point.
**There's no one here '''besides''' Bill and me.
**'''But for''' his brave deed, we would have lost the battle.
**They were all there '''except/save''' me.
**They served the army three oxen and five sheep, '''not to speak of/mention''' the many chickens.
**I have no money '''other than''' the few coins in my pocket.
**'''Outside''' her beauty, she has nothing going for her.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;tèèla&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes a means of conveyance.
**They went '''on''' the train.
**They went '''by''' train.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;tèrĸŭa&lt;/font&gt; denotes duration or extension through time or space literally or figuratively.
**We worked very hard '''during''' the harvest.
**He was sick '''for''' a long time.
**He completed his work '''in''' only ten minutes.
**We are '''in the process of''' building a home.
**They came '''through''' their ordeal with few injuries.
**'''Throughout''' the nation there was great joy.
**'''Under''' the rule of that king, new laws brought justice.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;tììrſa&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes disregard for.
**He went hunting '''despite''' his lack of experience.
**'''In spite of''' the bad weather, we decided to begin our journey.
**He is a good worker '''for''' having only one arm.
**'''In the face of''' opposition, he succeeded in his task.
**'''Notwithstanding''' his objection, we took the horse.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;ùpa&lt;/font&gt; denotes at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively.
**He held the sword '''above''' his head.
**The osprey hovered '''over''' the lake.

*&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;u&gt;vèèrŭa&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt; denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing.
**The boy perched '''astraddle''' the fence.
**She sat '''astride''' her horse.
**The town was '''on both sides of''' the river.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag.JPG</title>
    <id>4703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28819</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T17:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Map.JPG</title>
    <id>4704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>28827</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-13T18:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>My Muskat</title>
    <id>4705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29322</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-21T23:16:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&quot;My Muskat&quot; 

Offical Anthem of the Republic of Muskat


My Muskat!

My Muskat!

Oh Glorious Muskat,

Your beautiful mountains,

And luscious fields.

(repeat)


Fair and strong you stand,

Keeping us from the evils of the world,

It is you Muskat my fatherland,

That I can always trust and love,

And under God we will flourish!

(repeat)


&quot;Vёsça Dunţar!&quot;

Isqaçal Yervek ёn Dunţaru Xavlikё


Vёsça Dunţar!

Vёsça Dunţar!

Ah sirmi Dunţar,

Dunça sivrat ţaxi,

Ё bushmunav tareni

(ёllev)


Qovor ё yexar dun gagus,

ţashaqev vёsen nat ashbatu kexi,

on vut dun Dunţar vёsça paperqa,

un vёs ovёm amal tasqёm ё selmaţёm,

Ё daq astva vёsi vim zarqa !</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Logogram Project/Stage 1</title>
    <id>4706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45481</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T20:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Josy</username>
        <id>1298</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ran's musings while working through Chapter 1 of ''Greek: An Intensive Course'''''

Ancient Greek phonology is actually surprising similar to Japanese. The vowel system, the long and short vowels, the pitch accent, all seems rather reminiscent of Japanese. Of course, the phonotactics aren't Japanese at all.

In any case, given the following claims made by Wikipedia about the Classical Period:
* All the plosives are still intact, including the aspirated ones
* The spiritus asper is pronounced, etc.
* The various vowel letters and digraphs actually reflect real phonemic differences
* etc.

It seems that the Japanese vowels click themselves into place (but not the consonants):

(Vowels)
{|
| a
|あ
| aa
|ああ
| ai
|あい
| au
|あう
| aai
|ああい
|
|
|-
| e
|え
| ee
|ええ
| ei
|えい
| eu
|えう
| eei
|ええい
| eeu
|ええう
|-
| i
|い 
| ii
|いい
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| o
|お
| oo
|おお
| oi
|おい
| ou
|おう
| ooi
|おおい
|
|
|-
| u
|う
| uu
|うう
| ui
|うい
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

(Consonants)
{|
|p
|ぱぴぷぺぽ
|b
|ばびぶべぼ
|ph
|ぱは　ぴひ　ぷふ　ぺへ　ぽほ
|-
|t
|たちつてと
|d
|だぢづでど
|th
|たは　ちひ　つふ　てへ　とほ
|-
|k
|かきくけこ
|g
|がぎぐげご
|kh
|かは　きひ　くふ　けへ　こほ
|-
|m
|まみむめも
|n
|なにぬねの
|
|
|-
|r
|らりるれろ
|l
|らりるれろ？
|-
|s
|さしすせそ
|(z?)
|ざじずぜぞ
|zd
|ずだ　ずぢ　ずづ　ずで　ずど
|-
|h
|はひふへほ
|}

Zeta-row --&gt; use Japanese ざ row or ずだ digraph?

Or.... the &quot;Ionic alphabet&quot;?

{|
|p
|はひふへほ
|b
|ばびぶべぼ
|ph
|ぱぴぷぺぽ
|-
|t
|たちつてと
|d
|だぢづでど
|th
|たちつてと＋゜
|-
|k
|かきくけこ
|g
|がぎぐげご
|kh
|かきくけこ＋゜
|-
|m
|まみむめも
|n
|なにぬねの
|
|
|-
|r
|らりるれろ＋゜
|l
|らりるれろ＋゛
|-
|s
|さしすせそ
|z
|ざじずぜぞ
|
|
|-
|h
|あいうえお＋゜
|}

(Consonants not being followed by a vowel)

What to do with these?
{|
|p
|ぷ
|b
|ぶ
|ph
|ぷふ
|-
|t
|と
|d
|ど
|th
|とほ
|-
|k
|く
|g
|ぐ
|kh
|くほ
|-
|m
|む
|n
|ぬ
|n /_C
|ん？
|-
|r
|る
|l
|る？
|s
|す
|
|
|}

(Kana that are not being used)

や　ゆ　よ　わ　を

(Test - as can be seen, consonant clusters aren't being handled very well)


{|
|tékhnee
|てくほねえ / 技ねえ
|tékhnai
|てくほない / 技ない
|-
|tékhnees
|てくほねえす / 技ねえす
|tekhnóon
|てくほのおぬ / 技のおぬ
|-
|tékhneei
|てくほねえい / 技ねえい
|tékhnais
|てくほないす / 技ないす
|-
|tékhneen
|てくほねえぬ / 技ねえぬ
|tékhnaas
|てくほなあす / 技なあす
|}

{|
|agoraá
|あごらあ / 市らあ
|agoraí
|あごらい / 市らい
|-
|agoráas
|あごらあす / 市らあす
|agoróon
|あごろおぬ / 市ろおぬ
|-
|agoráai
|あごらあい / 市らあい
|agoráis
|あごらいす / 市らいす
|-
|agoraán
|あごらあん / 市らあぬ
|agoraás
|あごらあす / 市らあす
|}

{|
|ánthroopos/-e
|あんとほろおぽす/-ぺ / 人ぽす/-ぺ
|ánthroopoi
|あんとほろおぽい / 人ぽい
|-
|anthroópou
|あんとほろおぽう / 人ぽう
|anthroópoon
|あんとほろおぽおぬ / 人ぽおぬ
|-
|anthroópooi
|あんとほろおぽおい / 人ぽおい
|anthroópois
|あんとほろおぽいす / 人ぽいす
|-
|ánthroopon
|あんとほろおぽぬ / 人ぽぬ
|anthroúpous
|あんとほろうぽうす / 人ぽうす
|}

{|
|érgon
|えるごぬ / 仕事ごぬ
|érga
|えるが / 仕事が
|-
|érgou
|えるごう / 仕事ごう
|érgoon
|えるごおぬ / 仕事ごおぬ
|-
|érgooi
|えるごおい / 仕事ごおい
|érgois
|えるごいす / 仕事ごいす
|-
|érgon
|えるごぬ / 仕事ごぬ
|érga
|えるが / 仕事が
|}

Also.... the biggest question of all:

Do we use '''hiragana or katakana'''?

I'm inclined towards finding some excuse to keep both.

-- [[User:Ran|Ran]] 19:04, 13 February 2008 (PST)
:I'm not sure if it's okay for me to just leap in like this, or even if the project is still active, but I have a number of observations and suggestions:
:*How about using the -u katakana for final consonants and clusters? Thus ανθρωπος would come out as 「あんツ゜ろおほス」. Another option might be to adopt some hentaigana for this purpose.
:*The 'Ionian alphabet' seems to make the most sense, but I'd be tempted to try to add ψ, ζ, ξ as extra modified versions (in addition to dakuten and handakuten) of the π-, τ- and κ-rows, respectively, since they palpably form a series, particularly in earlier forms of the language when ζ was still an affricate.
:*If the Japanese script were adopted at the same time as the Phoenician one was adopted *here*, then the language would have been at a stage where digamma (capital Ϝ, minuscule ϝ, pronounced /w/) still existed, so that (for example) οἰνος ('wine') would have been ϝοινος (woinos). This phoneme had died out by the Classical period, and the letter with it, but it would certainly be an interesting complication to the system if the script retained an (unpronounced) distinction between わゐ？ゑを (with digamma) and あいうえお (without), so that (ϝ)οἰνος would be rendered をいのス rather than おいのス.
[[User:Josy|Josy]] 20:52, 18 May 2009 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Senjecan complex terms</title>
    <id>4714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53240</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T23:57:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Updating</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==just==

*1. '''póris''', done or made according to principle; equitable; proper; fair; guided by truth, reason, justice and fairness.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ɱuùm o póro ĸŭíínom per dóóɱa:&lt;/font&gt;
**He gave us a just price.

*2. '''líϙmis''', valid within the law; legitimate; based on right; rightful; lawful.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;médus líϙma réćam per réća:&lt;/font&gt;
**The judge made a just decision.

*3. '''ɱééris''', in keeping with truth or fact; true; correct.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ɱuùm o ɱuùm piſdóſĭ’ àntĭa mééro métom pos dóóɱa:&lt;/font&gt;
**He will give us a just measure for our money.

*4. '''álłis''', given or awarded rightly; deserved.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸólaþus nùſĭo álło pérton perë ɱríía:&lt;/font&gt;
**The prisoner received his just desserts.

*5. '''ɱlé‏þis''', sound; well founded; in accordance with standards or requirements; proper or right.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ɱùſĭ’ o ɱlé‏þa ĸŭoínam pos dóóɱa:&lt;/font&gt;
**He will give us a just appraisal.

*6. '''ȝúſis''', upright before God; righteous.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoſéfus ȝúſu ɱírus per éſa:&lt;/font&gt;
**Joseph was a just man.

*7. ''patient participle'' + '''ſenŭa''', within a brief preceding time; but a moment before.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ſúúles ĸŭéĸaþesë ſénŭa:&lt;/font&gt;
**The sun just came out.

*8. '''axrììbu''', exactly; precisely.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;dos mùſĭo mínaþom axrììbu éſa:&lt;/font&gt;
**This is just what I mean.

*9. '''mòſću''', by a narrow margin; barely; just about.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííþlosë ſííðomë mòſću per ħáȝa:&lt;/font&gt;
**The arrow just missed the mark.

*10. '''ĸàɱlu''', only or merely.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;nus—pèri num ĸŭiþȝáálmum per tààlo—ćéérus ĸàɱlu per móla:&lt;/font&gt;
**He was just a farmer until he became ambitious.

*11. '''ĸìſu''', simply; certainly; actually; really; positively; used as an intensive
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćíɱaþos dos ĸìſu méngos éſa:&lt;/font&gt;
**This painting is just beautiful.

*12. '''ća''', but a little distance.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tus ɱeȝóſĭ’ àɱa ća nuùm nómom pos dééſa:&lt;/font&gt;
**You’ll find their home just down the road.

*13. '''ſììðu''', at the exact moment of
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ténasë ſììðu ſŭes éſa:&lt;/font&gt;
**It’s just six o’clock.

*14. '''pòrſa''' + ''supine'' + '''móla''', just about, on the point of
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus pòrſ' átu per móla:&lt;/font&gt;
**I was just about to go.

*15. '''nuùnu''', just now, at this very moment.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus ĸálpom nuùnu ĸálpa:&lt;/font&gt;
**I am just now setting the kettle to boil.

*16. '''pèra menŭáſĭo''', just now, only a moment ago
**&lt;font color=blue&gt; mus pèra menŭáſĭo ĸálpom per ĸálpa:&lt;/font&gt;
**I just now set the kettle to boil.</text>
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    <title>Template:Category DPL warning</title>
    <id>4727</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>28999</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-15T18:39:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Category DPL warning]] moved to [[Template:DPL from category warning]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:DPL from category warning]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mycorthografia</title>
    <id>4731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29018</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-15T23:57:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xipirho</username>
        <id>289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is some ideas for a phonemic spelling system for English. It's named in honour of [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/Mycorrhizae mycorrhizal fungi] for no reason at all. I'll write everything in it underneath the normal spelling to give you an idea of how it works ..or rather how some bits of it could work.

dhis iz sm ajdihz fr α fαnemik speling sistm fα inhglish. its nejmd in onα αv [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/Mycorrhizae maikαrizl fαnhgi] fα no rijzn αt ool. ajl rajt evrαthing in it undαnijth dhα nohml speling tα giv ju αn aidiαr αv haw it wααks ..oh raadhα haw sαm bits αv it kud wααk. 


aw (au)
ay (ai)

iy/i
uw/u

oy

ow (ou)/ew (eu) v. oo

ey (ei) v. ee

ah (aa)
ih
uh
eh
oh

It's probably easiest for now just to whack down examples:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Constitution of Muskat</title>
    <id>4732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29323</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-21T23:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Constitution of the Republic of Muskat ==

Chapter 1

The Foundations of Constitutional Order 


Article 

1)	The Republic of Muskat is a sovereign and democratic state based on the rule of law.

2)	The power of the Republic of Muskat lies within the people.

3)	The state guarantees the protection of the rights and freedoms of people given by the constitution.

4)	The protection of human rights are ensured in Muskat.

5)	The supreme law is protected in Muskat.

6)	The right of property is protected in Muskat.

7)	The right of a multiparty system is protected in Muskat.

8)	The state language of Muskat is Musmeh. 

9)	The state anthem of Muskat is “My Muskat!”.

10)	Every citizen has the right to life, privacy, and freedom in Muskat.

-Portion

== Constitaç ёn Dunţaru Xavlikё ==

Masçer 1

Elemexţi ёn Qonstitaçet Varča

Zar 

1)	Pёduscet ёn Dunţaru vut axirn ё demoqraçin bёsh uvur boyengaç ёzge ёn ork. 

2)	Ucёţ yev Dunţaru Xavlikё barqut behetish maserçi.

3)	Bёsh caznačut paxbanen ёn pashёvan ё vihshmi ёn maserçiun darot behet qonsitaç. 

4)	Paxban ёn maserçun pashёvanun vuç ţёshqanuç id Dunţar.

5)	Hacqivё ork vut paxbanot id Dunţar.

6)	Pashёvan ёn daraçu vut paxbanot id Dunţar. 

7)	Pashёvan ёn muçgrupu kashlau vut paxbanot id Dunţar. 

8)	Bёshu lёzguţ ёn Dunţaru vut Ёluçqan. 

9)	Bёshu yervek ёn Dunţaru vut “Vёsça Muskat!”.

10)	Sal masqru dunvut bёshen vёx giyel, susqruč, ё vishshmi id Dunţar. 

-yelqad</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of language topics</title>
    <id>4734</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29030</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-16T13:54:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[List of language topics]] moved to [[DPL list of language topics]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[DPL list of language topics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>DPL list of conworlds</title>
    <id>4736</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29039</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-16T14:19:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[DPL list of conworlds]] moved to [[List of conworlds]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[List of conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Teplate:DPL topic list</title>
    <id>4738</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29059</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T12:59:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Teplate:DPL topic list]] moved to [[Teplate:DPLtopic]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Teplate:DPLtopic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Orphan</title>
    <id>4742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29087</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-17T17:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;noinclude&gt;Should be empty&lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;Should be empty&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/sandbox0</title>
    <id>4743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39602</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-08T11:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Header */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Header ==

{{test|bart|fee=me}}

{{test|benct|fie=my}}

{{test|border-collapse=2|benct=Philip|border=1px dashed #aaa}}

{{test|border-collapse=1|border=1px dashed #aaa}}

See [[#header|above]]

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid #aaa; border-spacing: 0.3ex;&quot;
|style=&quot;border: 1px solid #aaa;&quot;| fee 
|style=&quot;border: 1px solid #aaa;&quot;| fie 
|style=&quot;border: 1px solid #aaa;&quot;| foe
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Melroch/sandbox0</title>
    <id>4746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29188</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T08:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[User talk:Melroch/sandbox3]] moved to [[User talk:Melroch/sandbox0]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">gonzo</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/sandbox3</title>
    <id>4748</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29187</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T08:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Melroch/sandbox3]] moved to [[User:Melroch/sandbox0]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Melroch/sandbox0]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Melroch/sandbox3</title>
    <id>4749</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29189</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T08:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User talk:Melroch/sandbox3]] moved to [[User talk:Melroch/sandbox0]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User talk:Melroch/sandbox0]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Move-prefix-dpl</title>
    <id>4750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29207</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;DPL&gt;
  {{{1}}}={{{2}}}
  mode=userformat
  replaceintitle= ,_
listseparators=,\n*&lt;http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:Movepage&amp;action=success&amp;oldtitle=%PAGE%&amp;newtitle={{{3}}}{{lc:%TITLE%}}&amp;talkmoved=1&gt;,,
&lt;/DPL&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Move-prefix.dpl</title>
    <id>4751</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29194</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T08:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Move-prefix.dpl]] moved to [[User:Melroch/Move-prefix-dpl]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Melroch/Move-prefix-dpl]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/Move-prefix-dpl</title>
    <id>4752</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29197</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T08:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[User:Melroch/Move-prefix-dpl]] moved to [[Template:Move-prefix-dpl]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Move-prefix-dpl]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots a-b</title>
    <id>4753</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29213</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:42:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots a-b]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots a-b]]: It is generally desirable that the names of pages show what conlang or conculture they are about!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots a-b]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots c-ð</title>
    <id>4754</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29215</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:43:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots c-ð]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots c-ð]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots c-ð]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots e-i</title>
    <id>4755</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29217</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots e-i]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-i]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-i]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots e-j</title>
    <id>4756</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29219</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:46:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots e-j]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-j]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-j]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots e-ȝ</title>
    <id>4757</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29221</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots e-ȝ]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-ȝ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots e-ȝ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots p-r</title>
    <id>4758</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29223</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots p-r]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots p-r]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots p-r]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots s-ś</title>
    <id>4759</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29225</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots s-ś]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots s-ś]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots s-ś]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots t-ź</title>
    <id>4760</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29227</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T09:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots t-ź]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots t-ź]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots t-ź]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots t-ʒ</title>
    <id>4761</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29229</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:00:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots t-ʒ]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots t-ʒ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots t-ʒ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots ł-ø</title>
    <id>4762</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29231</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:01:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots ł-ø]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots ł-ø]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots ł-ø]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lexicon roots к-l</title>
    <id>4763</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29233</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T10:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lexicon roots к-l]] moved to [[Senjecan lexicon roots к-l]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan lexicon roots к-l]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inglisc</title>
    <id>4764</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44325</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-21T11:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ynglisc]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Ynglisc (Lucus)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ynglisc (Lucus)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wynn warning</title>
    <id>4766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29328</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-22T07:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Wynn.png|right|thumb|100px|This page or section uses the letter '''Ƿƿ''' ''wynn'', Old&amp;nbsp;English&amp;nbsp;'''w''', which is missing in many Unicode fonts.]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Wynn.png</title>
    <id>4767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29327</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-22T07:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Wynn.png]]&quot;: Made image non-transparent, since it will print out as a black square on some systems/browsers.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Image of the letter wynn, which is missing in many Unicode fonts.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Nobreak</title>
    <id>4768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29270</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-19T14:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;span class=&quot;nobreak&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;nobreak&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aen Mhidun</title>
    <id>4769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29294</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-20T11:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;pre&gt; Aen Mhidun        dark    &quot;twilight&quot;    light p     pˠ       p            pʲ  t     tˠ       t            tʲ c     k        k           kʲ b     bˠ       b            bʲ d    ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Aen Mhidun

      dark    &quot;twilight&quot;    light
p     pˠ       p            pʲ 
t     tˠ       t            tʲ
c     k        k           kʲ
b     bˠ       b            bʲ
d     dˠ       d            dʲ
g     ɣ        g           gʲ
f     fˠ       f            fʲ
th    θˠ       θ            θʲ
ch    x        x           xʲ	 
v     vˠ       v            vʲ	
w     wˠ       w            wʲ
dd    ðˠ       ð            ðʲ
m     mˠ       m            mʲ		
mh    βˠ       β            βʲ
n     nˠ       n            nʲ		 
nh    zˠ       z            zʲ        
r     rˠ       r            rʲ  	
rh    hrˠ      hr           hrʲ
l     lˠ        l           lʲ	
lh    hlˠ      hl           hlʲ
s     sˠ       s            sʲ	
sh    ʃˠ       ʃ            ʃʲ
j     j       j            j

dark = before or after &quot;o&quot; or &quot;u&quot;
light = before or after &quot;e&quot; or &quot;i&quot;
twilight = preceded by a dark or light and followed by the opposite or preceded and followed by &quot;a&quot;

*note - fricatives tend to be dropped between vowels which includes the soft mutation 
they are often replaced with [j] after &quot;i&quot; and &quot;e&quot; or [w] after &quot;u&quot; and &quot;o&quot;

VOWELS

a   æ
e   ɛ
i/y ɪ
o   ʌ
u   ʊ

rad	soft	mix	nas

p	b	f	m
t	d	th	n
c	g	ch	g
b	v	w	m
d	dd	dw	n
g	j	gw	n	
f	v	f	mh
th	dd	th	nh
ch	j	ch	nh
v	w	v	mh
dd	thw	dd	nh
m	b	mh	m
n	d	nh	n
r	rh	r	r
l	lh	l	l
s	s	sh	s

plural mutation
a &gt; ai
e &gt; ei
i &gt; y
o &gt; e
u &gt; i

gen mutation
	a	u
a	a	e
e	a	e
i	e	i
o	o	o
u	i	u

----

PRONOUNS
        1st     2nd     	3rd   
obl.    oen	ddaor      	get   
        aorn    gevar    	thear
gen.    moen    nhaor   	net
        maorn   nevar    	nhear


----

NOUNS

common
&quot;homestead&quot; - chest
                def.              
        sng.            plr.           
nom.    aen nhest       aen nheist           
gen.    aen nhasta      aen nhaista        

neuter
&quot;shore&quot; - scab
                def.                  
        sng.            plr.          
nom.    ae sgarb        ae sgairb                  
gen.    ae sgerbu       ae sgeirbu      

VERB

sleep - sanaor

    past tense
sng   asanaor
plr   eseneorhudd

    present tense
sng   nur shanaor
plr   nur sheneorhudd

    future tense
sng   sanaor
plr   seneorhudd


elhiolhudd aorn ddiold
[ɛhlʲɪʌhlˠʊðˠ æʌrˠn ðʲɪʌlˠd]
we were loyal to a lord

nur shanaor ae thwiold
[nˠʊrˠ ʃænæʌrˠ æɛ θwʲɪʌlˠd]
the lord sleeps

ae thwioldu chest
[æɛ θwʲɪʌlˠdˠʊ wʲɛsʲt]  
the lords homestead

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aen Mhiddrun</title>
    <id>4770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29532</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-03T13:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Aen Mhiddrun

      dark    &quot;twilight&quot;    light
p     pˠ       p            pʲ 
t     tˠ       t            tʲ
c     k        k           kʲ
b     bˠ       b            bʲ
d     dˠ       d            dʲ
g     ɣ        g           gʲ
f     fˠ       f            fʲ
th    θˠ       θ            θʲ
ch    x        x           xʲ	 
v     vˠ       v            vʲ	
w     wˠ       w            wʲ
dd    ðˠ       ð            ðʲ
m     mˠ       m            mʲ		
mh    βˠ       β            βʲ
n     nˠ       n            nʲ		 
nh    zˠ       z            zʲ        
r     rˠ       r            rʲ  	
rh    hrˠ      hr           hrʲ
l     lˠ        l           lʲ	
lh    hlˠ      hl           hlʲ
s     sˠ       s            sʲ	
sh    ʃˠ       ʃ            ʃʲ

dark = before or after &quot;o&quot; or &quot;u&quot;
light = before or after &quot;e&quot; or &quot;i&quot;
twilight = preceded by a dark or light and followed by the opposite or preceded and followed by &quot;a&quot;

*note - fricatives tend to be dropped between vowels which includes the soft mutation 
they are often replaced with [j] after &quot;i&quot; and &quot;e&quot; or [w] after &quot;u&quot; and &quot;o&quot;
but a fricative will not become [j] if it is light ex. &quot;prathi&quot; [præθʲə] not [præjə]

VOWELS

a   æ
e   ɛ
i/y ɪ/ə
o   ʌ
u   ʊ

rad	soft	mix	nas

p	b	f	m
t	d	th	n
c	g	ch	g
b	v	w	m
d	dd	dw	n
g	j	gw	n	
f	v	f	mh
th	dd	th	nh
ch	chw	ch	nh
v	w	v	mh
dd	thw	dd	nh
m	b	mh	m
n	d	nh	n
r	rh	r	r
l	lh	l	l
s	s	sh	s

plural mutation
a &gt; ai
e &gt; ei
i &gt; y
o &gt; e
u &gt; i

gen mutation
	a	u
a	a	e
e	a	e
i	e	i
o	o	o
u	i	u

----

PRONOUNS
        1st     2nd     	3rd   
obl.    oen	ddaor      	get   
        aorn    gevar    	thear
gen.    moen    nhaor   	net
        maorn   nevar    	nhear


----

NOUNS

common
&quot;homestead&quot; - chest
                def.              
        sng.            plr.           
nom.    aen nhest       aen nheist           
gen.    aen nhasta      aen nhaista        

neuter
&quot;shore&quot; - scarb
                def.                  
        sng.            plr.          
nom.    ae sgarb        ae sgairb                  
gen.    ae sgerbu       ae sgeirbu      

VERB

sleep - sanaor

    past tense
sng   asanaor
plr   eseneorhudd

    present tense
sng   nur shanaor
plr   nur sheneorhudd

    future tense
sng   sanaor
plr   seneorhudd

NOUNS
aob - eye com.
aor - metal ore neu.
aorh - ear neu.
dac - bacon neu.
dalhyg - king neu.
daon - bone neu. 
daor - pig com.
darcha - poem com.
darna - child com.
darsua - fish com.
delby - bag neu.
drescu - breast com.
diarb - hill com.
dierhu - homestead neu.
dierh - bear com. 
dilhach - blade com.
dillion - flower com.
dilluch - blood com.
ddiold - lord neu.
ddorp - bark neu.
ddochyn - ground com.
gwycaor - witch neu.
gwydd - wood neu.
gwyn - friend com. 
gwioc - city neu. 
gwiof - woman com.
gwion - field neu. 
nach - man com.


VERBS

bethyn - give
baelga - castrate
bemb - walk
baec - obtain 
braeca - forgive
fathyn - have
falga - hold
falsol - love
foeryspu - sour
faechel - heckle 
faest - pinch
faon - dwell
floet - run 
fomb - hunger
ioca - itch
lhiol - to be loyal
palh - call
pasca - throw 
pynath - eat
pynoch - marry
pynoef - kneel
pob - oppress
pothiem - keep
prathi - demand
sanaor - sleep
achyr - choose

ADJECTIVES
bovethyn - generous 
bovemb - active
baovaec - greedy
baovaelga - weak
braobraeca - forgiving
favathyn - rich
feovoeryspu - sour
faovaechel - crude / rude 
faevaon - protected
fevomb - hungry
uegioca - annoyed
lhuelhiol - loyal
pabalh - poor
pabasca - boisterous 
bynath - glutenous 
bynoch - married
bynoef - enthralled
pebob - oppressive
pebothiem - cared for
prathi - pious
sanaor - lazy
achwachyr - adopted

elhiolhudd aorn ddiold
[ɛhlʲɪʌhlˠʊwˠ æʌrˠn ðʲɪʌlˠd]
we were loyal to a lord

bovethyn aen mrathi dach
[bˠʌvɛθʲənʲ æɛnʲ mræθʲə dæx]
the pious man is generous

nur shanaor ae thwiold
[nˠʊrˠ ʃænæʌrˠ æɛ θwʲɪʌlˠd]
the lord sleeps

ae thwioldu chest
[æɛ θwʲɪʌlˠdˠʊ wʲɛsʲt]  
the lords homestead

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abuda</title>
    <id>4771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29428</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-01T09:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>spelling; also do you mean &quot;south-centre of the nation&quot;?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Abuda is a province of the Malaba Empire, located in the central south of the nation. Previously, it had been under Polizeih control, and had fostered the most liberal interpretations of the [[Polizeih Sect|Polizeih]] faith throughout the history of the Polisah-based Polizeih Theocracy.

While the Polizeih populace was the sole portion of the Polizeih granted amnesty and permitted to remain on their land, with their possessions intact, within a few years of the Polizeih expulsion, the majority fell target to a systematic cultural genocide, which resulted in the absorption of their number into the Malaba portion of the Abudate population, or the resultant exile into the Kang-Eur lands, which almost invariably led to a violent death in the midst of the mass genocide (See: [[Polizeih Sect#Tumultuous Era: 7350-7500|Tumultuous Era]])</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15</title>
    <id>4772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40692</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-10T21:20:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Dancing Out Of Time Relay==
Conlang Relay 15 started on March 31st, 2008. The Relay Master was Pete Bleackley, and the starting text was [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon|Khangaþyagon]]. The relay then ran follows-

{|
|-
! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Carrajena|Carrajena]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Old Albic|Old Albic]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Silindion|Silindion]] 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Kélen|Kélen]]  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Talarian|Talarian]]  ||[[Conlang Relay 15/Sora Suraetua|Sora Suraetua]] 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Rhean|Rhean]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Wenedyk|Wenedyk]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Xara|Xara]]
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Naisek|Naisek]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean]]  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Nesheti|Nesheti]] 
|-
| ||[[Conlang Relay 15/Classical Arithide|Classical Arithide]] || 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Prevli|Prevli]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Regimonti|Regimonti]] || [[Conlang Relay15/Old Draconic|Old Draconic]]
|-
|  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Ayeri|Ayeri]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Mirexu|Mirexu]]
|-
|  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Terkunan|Terkunan]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Vozgian|Vozgian]]
|-
|  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Mærik|Mærik]] || 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Neimalu|Neimalu]] ||  || [[Conlang Relay 15/'Yemls|'Yemls]]
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Labarion|Labarion]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/gjâ-zym-byn|gjâ-zym-byn]] || 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Kamakawi|Kamakawi]]  || [[Conlang Relay 15/Rhaetian|Rhaetian]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Calénnawn|Calénnawn]] 
|-
| &amp;nbsp; || [[Conlang Relay 15/Vetela|Vetela]] || 
|-
| [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring A Final|Khangaþyagon]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final|Khangaþyagon]] || [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring C Final|Khangaþyagon]]
|}

There were a lot of delays and withdrawals, hence the name ''Dancing out of Time''.

[[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arithide numeral system</title>
    <id>4773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29420</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-29T01:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Classical Arithide numeral system]] moved to [[Arithide numeral system]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''[[Classical Arithide]] numeral system''' is a decimal-base numeral system that first arose as an additive-multiplicative system sometime before the fifth century B[[CIE]], but later developed positional notation during the Balathias dynasty. The system was widespread in the Western classical world, spread via the cultural and trading influence of the Areth, but use of the Arithide symbols waned with the rise of the (relatively simpler) [[Carabaean numerals]] at the turn of the first millenium [[CIE]], and its subsequent introduction into [[Arithia]] itself.

==Development of positional notation==

 as a result of the efforts of military mathematicians commissioned to invent a 

==Cardinals &amp; ordinals==


==Numeric symbols==

{{main|Classical Arithide numerals}}


==Constructing numbers==


==Usage==

===Years===

===Music===

===Listing===

==See also==


{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide numerals</title>
    <id>4774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29422</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-29T01:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Classical Arithide]] numerals''' are symbols within the orthography of the Classical Arithide language used for dedicated graphical representation of digits and numbers. These symbols developed first for use within the additive-multiplicative framework of the [[Arithide numeral system]] of the classical world, and were later adapted for use in positional notation.

Certain of these numeric symbols also bear cultural significance to the [[Areth]].

==Basic symbols==

==Variants &amp; Alternatives==

===Ligatures===

==Symbolism==

==See also==

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Arithide numeral system</title>
    <id>4775</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>29421</id>
      <timestamp>2008-02-29T01:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Classical Arithide numeral system]] moved to [[Arithide numeral system]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Arithide numeral system]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qang</title>
    <id>4776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59179</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-04T13:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* langs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

[[User:Qang|&lt;big&gt;''Sano''&lt;/big&gt;]]

*[[User:Qang/sandbox|muyamo]]
*[[User:Qang/pataka|kamusa / word list]]
*[[User:Qang/nkala|naho / grammar]]


-

#[[Kala|Kala grammar]] - naho
#[[Kala lexicon]] - kamusa
#[[Kala phrases]] - teyemi'i
#[[Kala thematic lexicon]] - nosa
#[[Kala lists]] - soye
#[[Kala writing]] - moya
#[[:Category:Moya|Moya Gallery]] - sokyo te moya

== links ==

===forums===

*[http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/index.php Zompist Bulletin Board]
*[http://aveneca.com/cbb/index.php Conlanger Bulletin Board]

===wikis===

*[http://dick.penguindeskjob.com/Special:Contributions/Sano Dictionary]
*[http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/Special:Contributions/Sano KneeQuickie]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/User:Sano Wiktionary]
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sano Wikimedia]
*[http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Special:Contributions/Sano Almeopedia]
*[http://wiki.frath.net/Special:Contributions/Qang FrathWiki]
*[http://www.english-concertina.co.uk/akana/index.php?title=User:Sano AkanaWiki]
*[http://www.unilang.org/wiki/index.php/User:Sano Unilang]

===langs===

*[http://www.ancientscripts.com/index.html AncientScripts.com]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm Omniglot.com]
*[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Dep of Linguistics]
*[http://zhongwen.com/ Zhongwen Chinese/Hanzi]
*[http://www.sakkal.com/index.html Sakkal Arabic Calligraphy]
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ik2r-myr/kanji/list_jouyou_en_1945.htm Kanji Database]
*[http://www.wandel.person.dk/korean.html Hangul Keyboard]
*[http://sori.org/hangul/conv2kr.cgi Hangul Keyboard #2]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ Persian Dictionary]
*[http://www.behindthename.com/ BehindTheName.com]
*[http://www.zompist.com/thematic.htm Thematic Verdurian Thematic Lexicon]
*[http://aulex.org/ Aulex Native American Lexical Database]
*[http://awkwords.wsr3.net/ WordGen vocabulary generator]
*[http://www.cojak.org/index.php COJAK Hanzi database]
*[http://www.zein.se/patrick/3000char.html common hanzi] 
*[http://radiotime.com/index.aspx international radio]
*[http://www.decodeunicode.org/en unicode] 
*[http://ccgi.esperanto.plus.com/cgi-bin/lfn/dictionary.php LFN dictionary] 
*[http://donh.best.vwh.net/esperanto.php esperanto] 
*[http://www2.research.att.com/~ttsweb/tts/demo.php text-to-speech]
*[http://ccgi.esperanto.plus.com/lfn/grammar.pdf LFN gramatica]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova LFN en wikibooks]
*[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/lfnbasicwordlist.html parolas en categoria]
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/main2.htm phonetics]
*[http://dictionary.chamoru.info/ chamorro]
*[http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/affixes.html word formation]
*[http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/rules.html rules]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages con-portal]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language phrasebooks]
*[http://interlanguages.net/yindex.html IDO]
*[http://library.nu/ Library Nu]
*[http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/lfnbasicwordlist.html LFN basic list]
*[http://weston.ruter.net/projects/ipa-chart/view/keyboard/ IPA keyboard]
*[http://wikitravel.org/en/Category:Phrasebooks phrasebooks 2]
*[http://www.beckerscarsten.de/downloads/sprache/basic_and_additional_vocabulary.txt GP vocab]
*[http://www.culturev.com/cherokee/vcherokee.html Tsalagi]
*[http://www.eskimo.com/~ram/Ladekwa/ ladekwa]
*[http://www.uld3.org/uld27/index.html ULD]
*[http://www.veche.net/grammar/index.html veche]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=EHqZPoOQhW0C&amp;pg=PA5&amp;lpg=PA5&amp;dq=arabic+parts+of+speech&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=IjeGwUf1Y2&amp;sig=_j1-E7bKn735FQBEgkDg88RuRmg&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=8FEmTf_jBsK88garmvWVAQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=9&amp;ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=arabic%20parts%20of%20speech&amp;f=false arabiya]
*[http://www.gcw.it/ido/ido_for_all.pdf IDO duo]
*[http://www.kotane.org/alubetah/ alubetah]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ize.JPG</title>
    <id>4777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29441</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T04:16:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Akkida</username>
        <id>1183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ize letter in Azjherben most commnly used in numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ize letter in Azjherben most commnly used in numbers</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Numbers in azjherben</title>
    <id>4778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29442</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T04:17:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Akkida</username>
        <id>1183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Most numbers in Azjherben end with an ize letter or sound. That would look like: [[Image:ize.jpg]]. ---- *This is pronuncition olny not written fashion...keep reading for details. **one   ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Most numbers in Azjherben end with an ize letter or sound. That would look like: [[Image:ize.jpg]].
----
*This is pronuncition olny not written fashion...keep reading for details.
**one       unize      
**two       dunize
**three     threze 
**four      queize 
**five      cheze 
**six       sais 
**seven     seze 
**eight     nize 
**nine      coze 
**ten       geize


----


Note that all numbers and/or words in Azjherben are written with a different alphabet so these are what they soudn like. To give you an idea of what they look like... 

all number words in Azjherben end with (&quot;ize&quot;) written [[Image:Ize.jpg]]


See [[Azjherben]] for some details about the language.

And see [http://Azjherben.com Azjherben] for everything in and/or about then langauge and the complete alphabet and over 350 words of the langauge with note and more things.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ize.jpg</title>
    <id>4779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29443</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T04:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Akkida</username>
        <id>1183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ize in azjherben used mostly in numbers</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ize in azjherben used mostly in numbers</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama grammar</title>
    <id>4780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48862</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-02T11:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Undo revision 48861 by [[Special:Contributions/Qang|Qang]] ([[User talk:Qang|Talk]])</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

=Intro=

Qatama grammar is relatively straightforward.

&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|&lt;noinclude&gt;Qatama&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{altname|Qatam / Q`tam}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|[[User:Qang|Qang]]}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|personal language}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|~1998}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|~80 million}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Spoken in'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|The Qatama Empire}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Genetic Classification'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|Humanoid}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Grammar
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Most Common Word-Order'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|OVS}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morphological Typology'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|Isolating}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morpho-syntactic Alignment'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|Nom-Acc}}}
|-
| 
|}&lt;/div&gt;

*There are no verb conjugations; plurals are marked by a particle, articles that can be disregarded in speech, and only three genders. 
*The language lacks conjugation, declension, or any inflection at all (there are minor exceptions). 
*Concepts like plural or past tense are expressed in a syntactical way. 
*Due to the nature of Qatama, most words are not limited to one word class, but can in fact work as verbs, nouns or adjectives. In fact, quite a number of them even can work as adpositions or linked verbs (whatever we wish to analyze them as - the usual difference being that linked verbs can occur as postpositions). 
*There are no visible morphological signs that would give away what function a specific word has in a sentence - syntax and intonation convey this information.

=Phonology=

*'''Vowels'''

'''a''' = /a/ '''o''' = /o/ '''u''' = /u/ '''`''' = /?/ Between vowels and [@] between consonants

*'''Plosives'''

'''t''' = /t/ '''d''' = /d/ '''k''' = /k/ '''g''' = /g/ '''q''' = /q/ (or [X] as a final)

*'''Affricates'''

'''j''' = [tS] or [dZ] or /Z/ (These variations are dialectal, /Z/ being most common)

*'''Nasals'''

'''m''' = /m/ '''n''' = /n/ '''ng''' = /N/

*'''Trills'''

'''r''' = /r/ or the Approximant [r\]

*'''Fricatives'''

'''h''' = /h/ '''tl''' = /t_K/

*'''Approximants'''

'''l''' = /l/ '''y''' = /j/ and '''u''' = [w] before /a/

==Phonotactics==

Qatama phonotactics are very easy because all of the words are formed by predictable syllables.

[[Image:Qutan.GIF|300px]]

*Only an '''o''' syllable can precede another '''o''' syllable, so where '''omoq''' is correct, ''amoq'' would be incorrect.
*Note that '''o''' can not immediately precede an '''l''', so where '''mal''' and '''mul''' are correct, ''mol'' is not.

=Dialects=
The most recognizable dialect is [[Tam`q]].

Described by Qatama scholar [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=367 Nor]

=Syntax=

==Word order==

Unlike English, word order in Qatama is object-verb-subject. 

*object -- verb -- subject
:'''tamu kojra al mung'''
::&quot;''[the] house love the woman''&quot; = The woman loves the house.
*Questions are formed by adding the interrogative particle '''qa''' to the end of declarative statements.
**object -- verb -- subject -- '''qa'''
:'''tamu kojra al mung qa'''
::&quot;''[the] house love the woman INT-PART''&quot; = Does the woman loves the house?
*particles -- noun -- adjectives
:'''al tamu taha''' 
::&quot;''the house big''&quot; = The big house.
*adverbs  -- auxiliaries -- verb
:'''noj muna kuj gun ta''' 
::&quot;''with care must walk I''&quot; = I must walk carefully.

==Dependent Clauses==

*Dependent clauses are handled by placing the particle '''ruq''' before the clause and '''ra''' after. 

*I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, ''who had a thick black hair'', was very pretty.
**'''kang ma mung ngumaq ko`oga ta | al mung ruq unuq ohada ma oga kura na ra ung t`ha aya'''
***''man and woman yesterday to-meet 1SG | ART woman general-clause-particle-initial hair thick and black to-have 3SG general-clause-particle-final PAST very pretty/beautiful''  

*I met two women yesterday, one with thick black hair and one with soft brown hair. The woman ''who had a thick black hair'' was very pretty.
**'''mung to ngumaq ko`oga ta ruq noj unuq ohada ma oga ong ma noj unuq ayuha ma myoga ong ra | al mung ruq unuq ohada ma oga kura na ra ung t`ha aya'''
***''woman two yesterday to-meet 1SG general-clause-particle-initial with hair thick and black one an with hair soft and brown one general-clause-particle-final | ART woman general-clause-particle-initial hair thick and black to-have 3SG general-clause-particle-final PAST very pretty/beautiful''

=Plurals=

*The particle '''uj''' is placed in front of nouns to mark plurality.
*When '''uj''' is present there is no other particle/article used.
*Adjectives are not pluralized.

*'''kama''' -- village | '''al kama''' -- the village | '''uj kama''' -- the villages

=Demonstratives=

*'''Qatama''' demonstratives do change depending on number, but not gender.
==As pronouns==
**this -- '''kun'''
***I like this. -- '''kun koj ta'''
**that -- '''nuq'''
***Is that yours? -- '''nuq m`ga qa'''
**these -- '''qunju'''
***Where are these from? -- '''moq qunju aj qa'''
**those -- '''nuja'''
***My father gave me those. -- '''nuja naj ta ung kura kangha m`ta'''
**that which -- '''nuda'''
***I have what he wanted. -- '''ung nung nada nuda kura ta'''
**those which -- '''nujada'''
***She will give you what [those things] you want. -- '''nujada nung ga uq gaya na'''
==As subordinators==
:''He hopes you proceed with the speech''
::'''muaha ga noj al mutara kanuj nada'''
:''He hopes '''that''' you proceed with the speech''
::'''muaha ga nuq noj al mutara kanuj nada'''

=Adjectives=

Adjective always follow the word they modify in Qatama.
*'''al tamu taha''' -- The big house.

=Articles=

Qatama makes use of several articles that could be analyzed as particles.

*'''al''' - This is used as both definite and indefinite, but could also be thought of as particle that marks words as nouns.
:'''m`ja''' -- n. blood, v. to bleed | '''m`ja ongo ta''' = I see bleeding | '''al m`ja ongo ta''' = I see (the) blood.

*'''o''' - This is an honorific article used to show respect for the concept or topic being referred to.
:'''al kang''' -- The man. | '''o kang''' The (honorable/respected) man.

*'''oyo''' - This is a diminutive article used to show a lack of importance, disdain or malice toward the concept or topic being referred to, often accompanied by profanity or vulgarity.
:'''oyo tamu q`na''' -- The[that] shitty shack.

*'''um''' - This is an emphatic article is used to show immediacy or importance of the concept or topic being referred to. It is often used in imperatives.
:'''goku al tamu''' -- The house burns./The house is burning. | '''goku um tamu''' -- The house is burning!
:'''kya mada naj um kama''' -- Come (back) to the village!

=Questions=

*Questions are asked using the interrogatory particle '''qa''', always placed at the end of a phrase. 
*Qatama does not ask questions the same way as English. 
*The syntax of a question is exactly the same as a declarative statement. 
*There are no interrogatives such as who, what, or when in Qatama. 
*Questions are asked by placing the desired result as the object and placing '''qa''' at the end of what would normally be a statement.

*'''tamu kojra al mung''' | &quot;[the] house love the woman&quot; = The woman loves the house.
:'''tamu kojra al mung qa''' | &quot;[the] house love the woman [interrogative]&quot; = Does the woman loves the house?

[[Image:Alqa.GIF|center|thumb|350px|uj kuja aj Qatama]]

=Tense=

There are five basic tenses in Qatama. The tense particle is always placed immediately before the verb it modifies.
*Negative Past
:'''ungla''' - '''al tajala ungla gaq taka''' - We did not eat the sauce.
*Past
:'''ung''' - '''al tamu ung qal nara''' - They built the home.
*Simple Present
:The simple present tense isn't marked. '''naj al daq gun nada''' - He is walking toward the mountain.
*Negative Future
:'''uqla''' - '''ga uqla ongo naya''' - She will not see you.
*Future
:'''uq''' - '''m`ta uq muq na''' - It will be mine.

The tense need not be marked if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same phrase: '''kumaq kuda na''', He cooks(prepare food) (will cook) tomorrow.

=Pronouns=

Qatama pronouns ('''uj uta''') are fairly straightforward.

[[Image:Pronouns.GIF]]

*Note that the polite form of the 2nd person is used in both singular and plural.
*The 3PLM and 3PLF do not have possessive forms.
*It is important to use the correct form of the 1PL, inclusive and exclusive.
*The reflexive of any pronoun is formed by placing '''ayu''' after it.
:I built it myself. -- '''na ung qal ta ayu''' | Will you prepare it yourself? -- '''na uq udaq gahan ayu qa'''

=Imperatives=

There are four distinct imperatives in Qatama.
*'''kya''' -- general imperative, always placed in front of the verb phrase
:'''kya naj tamu m`ga mua''' -- Go to your home!
::'''kya muta''' -- Speak [to me]!
*'''gya''' -- used specifically for the demand of an item, i.e. to give
:'''gya al ujla''' -- Give the knife [up / to me]!
*'''kyo''' -- used specifically to demand silence
:'''kyo''' -- Quiet!
::'''kyo muq''' -- Stand quietly!
*'''kyala''' -- general negative imperative, always placed in front of the verb phrase
:'''kyala naj ta muta''' -- Do not talk to me!
*Where '''kyo''' or '''gya''' are used '''kya''' is not.

=Semantic Morphology=

*Semantic Morphology is not as prevalent in Qatama as it is in other languages, but there is a semi-constant them that runs throughout a portion of the lexicon.
*What is important to remember is that not every time you see one of these particular syllables does it change the word in a consistent, predictable way.

=='''-ha'''==

*Appended to;

:*'''m''' - often indicates the augmentative

:*'''n''' - often used to create an obscure relation

:*'''ng''' - often indicates the augmentative

:*'''l''' - often used to create a related lexical entry

:*'''r''' - often used to create a related lexical entry

=='''-la'''==

*Appended to;

:*'''q''' - often indicates negation or opposition

:*'''m''' - often used to create an obscure relation

:*'''ng''' - often indicates negation or opposition

:*'''j''' - often used to create a related lexical entry

=='''-ra'''==

*Appended to;

:*'''q''' - often indicates a close semantic relation

:*'''m''' - often used to create an obscure relation

:*'''ng''' - often indicates an extreme relation to the base root

:*'''j''' - often used to create a related lexical entry

[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
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    <title>File:Qutan.GIF</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>created by Qang</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">created by Qang</text>
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    <title>File:Alqa.GIF</title>
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      <comment>New page: &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Qatama|Qatama]]''' [[Image:Mooj2.png|center|75px|[[Qatama]] in [[Moj]]]].''&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Qatama]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Qatama|Qatama]]'''
[[Image:Mooj2.png|center|75px|[[Qatama]] in [[Moj]]]].''&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
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    <title>Tam`q</title>
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      <comment>New page: {{Qatama}}  '''SQ''' = Standard Qatama '''TQ''' = Tam’q Qatama  [[Category:Qatama]]  =Phonology=  ==Consonants==  &lt;table&gt; &lt;tr&gt;  &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th&gt;Labial&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;th colspan=2&gt;Coronal&lt;/th&gt;  &lt;t...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

'''SQ''' = Standard Qatama
'''TQ''' = Tam’q Qatama

[[Category:Qatama]]

=Phonology=

==Consonants==

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Labial&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th colspan=2&gt;Coronal&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Palatal&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th colspan=2&gt;Dorsal&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Stops&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;t&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;k&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Nasals&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;ŋ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Approximants&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Fricatives&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;ʃ ~ ʒ&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;χ ~ ʁ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Affricates&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;(t)ʃ&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th align=right&gt;Trills&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;r ~ ɾ&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td align=center colspan=2&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

SQ onset /q/ has merged with /k/. TQ /χ/ subsumes SQ coda /q/, /h/ and /ʔ/. /χ/ still has a vocalic allophone [ə] between consonants. Between vowels, /χ/ becomes [ʁ].

The realization of /k/ and /g/ depends on its position within the word and whether or not the syllable is stressed. /k/ is [g] if word-internal and unstressed, and /g/ becomes [Ø] if word-internal and unstressed. This usually results in allophonic diphthongs or long vowels. Unstressed intervocalic /t/ becomes [d].

SQ /tɬ/ has become /(t)ʃ/. [ʃ] is also an allophone of [ʒ] preceding voiceless consonants.

Syllables with /k/, /g/, /m/ + /j/, /w/ lose their initial consonant.

The /l/ in the definite article /al/ is assimilated if the following word begins with a coronal consonant.

SQ /ʒr/ is often realized as [ʒ:].

==Vowels==
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Front&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Back&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

SQ /o/ has merged with /u/.

Unstressed /a/ is often realized as [ə] and sometimes dropped.

Both vowels become nasalized _NC or _N#. /ã/ is often [ɑ̃]

The dropping of [ə] depends on the number of syllables in the word.

== Stress==
Stress falls on a word’s first syllable or on its first non-(C)V-syllable.

Pronouns treated differently?

==Sample words==
tam’q [təˈməχ]

aja [ˈaʒə]

daya [ˈdajə]

m’hu [ˈməχu]

anha [ˈɑ̃χə] (/a/ nasalized)

tlaga [ˈʃaə] or [ˈʃa:] (/g/ dropped)

g`tla [ˈgəʃə]

taruya [ˈtaɾuj(ə)]

muga [ˈmuə] (/g/ dropped)

anyaga [ˈɑ̃jə:] (/g/ dropped creating [əə] becoming [ə:], /a/ nasalized)

komuga [ˈkumuə] (/g/ dropped)

kangha [ˈkɑ̃χə]

mungra [ˈmũɾə]

mura [ˈmuɾə]

okada [ˈugdə] (/k/ becomes [g], middle [ə] dropped)

onyom [ũˈjũ] (both /u/’s are nasalized)

gumahu [ˈgũʁu] (first the [ə] is dropped, creating the syllable /gum/, which becomes [gũ])

amahaq [əməˈʁaχ], possibly [məˈʁaʁ]

ongoq [uˈŋuχ]

tajum [təˈʒũ]

tangaq [təˈŋaχ]

galam [gəˈlɑ̃] (/g/ not dropped since it is word-initial)

kayata [ˈkajdə] (/k/ not [g] since it is word-initial, dropping of middle [ə], unstressed intervocalic /t/ becomes [d])

maqla [ˈmaʁl(ə)]

guaja [ˈwaʒə] ([gw] becomes [w])

mugun [muˈgũ] (/g/ not dropped, because it is stressed)

==Sample sentences==
tamu kojra al mung = lit. &quot;house loves the woman&quot; = ''the woman loves (the) house''

[ˈtamu ˈkuʒːəl ˈmũ]


al tamu taha = lit. &quot;the house big&quot; = ''the big house''

[əˈtːamu ˈtaχə]


kogra nara al kama aj tanga aj munu m`ta ung gun ta | oyo tamu m`nara uja ung g`tam naya

[ˈkurːə ˈnarə lˈkamə aʃ ˈtaŋə ʒˈmunu ˈmətə ŋˈɡun tə || ˈuyu ˈtamu ˈmənrə ˈujə ˈuŋ ɡəˈtam ˈnayə]

&quot;to-meet 3PL ART village of family of sister POSS-1SG PAST travel 1SG | DIM-ART home POSS-3PL but/however PAST happy 3SG-F&quot;

''I went to the village of my sister and her family to meet with them. Their house was very poor, but she seemed happy anyway.'' 


noj muna kuj gun ta = lit. &quot;with care must walk I&quot; = ''I must walk carefully''

[ˌnuʒ ˈmunə ˌkuʒ ˈɡun tə] (or [&quot;ɡun də]?)


al tajala ungla gaq taka = lit. &quot;the sauce did.not eat we&quot; = ''We did not eat the sauce''

[əˈtːaʒl ˈuŋlə ˌɡəχ ˈtaɡə]


kya naj tamu m`ga mua = lit. &quot;IMP to house your go&quot; = ''Go to your house!''

[ˈja nəʃ ˈtamu məː ˈwa] (possibly [tam:ə:]?)


kya mada naj um kama = lit. &quot;IMP return to EMPH village&quot; = ''Come back to the village!''

[ˈja ˌmadə nəʒ ũˈkamə]

=Morphology and syntax=

=Vocabulary=</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|Qang}}}|{{{1|Qang}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|Not being used, no longer relevant.}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
| style='text-align:center;' valign=middle| &lt;br \&gt;&lt;font style='font-size: 80%;'&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Category_talk:For_deletion talk]&lt;/font&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:For deletion|*]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:For deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <title>Moj</title>
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      <comment>/* Moj */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]

=Moj=

[[Image:Nm moj2.PNG]]

Moj is the alphabetic representation of the [[Qatama]] language. [[Moj]] and the [[Qatama]] [[conlang]] were invented by [[User:Qang|Qang]] for use in his [[conworld]], [[Qatama]]. It was first created in mid 1999 and has slowly developed to its current form.

==Notable features==

*Moj is written from left to right in horizontal lines, it may also be written vertically from top to bottom.
*The word moj not only refers to the script but also means &quot;to write&quot; in [[Qatama]].
*Moj was inspired by the [[Tibetan]], [[Klingon]], and Masonic [[script|writing systems]].
*Moj contains 14 consonants, 4 vowel diacritics and 2 vowel carriers.

==Moj consonants==

[[Image:Moj cons2.png]]

==Moj vowels==

[[Image:Moj vwl2.png]]

*The vowel carriers are used when a vowel begins a word or for diphthongs.
*The vowel carriers are not used when the script is written vertically.
*There is no punctuation used in [[Qatama]], pauses, stops and questions are understood through the use of context and particles.
*The three different pronunciations of &lt;'''j'''&gt; are dialectal in [[Qatama]].

==Moj numerals==

[[Image:Moj num2.png]]

Higher numbers are constructed as follows:

[[Image:Moj_num3.gif]]

==Moj sample==

[[Image:Moj sample2.png]]

==The Mogua==

[[Image:Mogua1.PNG]]

*This is something I call '''mogua''', it's a play on '''moj''' (writing system) + '''gua''' (face), if you look closely, every grapheme of '''Moj''' can be made with a combination of these brush strokes.</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|Qang}}}|{{{1|Qang}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|Not being used, no longer relevant.}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
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    <title>Qatama Culture</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

=Physical Description, Life Span=

The average Qatama stands between five and seven feet tall. Most Qatama have either green or grey eyes and there are cases of blue and even light orange. The typical Qatama lives to be about 100 years old with noticeable physical degradation only late in life. Around the age of 70-75 a Qatamas hair begins to turn dark gray it is then they are declared Elders. Qatama men usually have brown or black hair while most women only have black hair. Men are almost always bearded in some fashion.

=Likes, Dislikes=

Above all, the Qatama are reasonable and rational. Most humans would consider the Qatama cruel and uncaring, this is partially true. The Qatama view emotions as a weakness. They have emotions but completely control them through rigid discipline. If one were to look into a Qatama soul, one would see calm hate, controlled anger and rigid uncaring nonchalance. Qatama have been known to torture, kill nonchalantly and throw prisoners to hungry animals. It is also very common for Qatama men to fight in public over a disagreement; however this is usually done after much drinking.

=Religion, Legends, Myths=

Stories of the &quot;ancient ones&quot;, the first few generations of Qatama, have been passed down. Such tales form the backbone of their oral tradition and religious belief. Their religion is focused on a form of ancestor worship. The Qatama worship ancient generations, the great early generations that made the ground tremble with their step and the world tremble with fear. The Qatama revere Nature and the natural order of things. They believe the world is a living thing, to be protected and loved. In turn, the world provides. They will hunt only for meat and skins, but never for pleasure. They will not cut down trees for lumber, but will use wood from a tree which has fallen naturally. They use stones from fields, but will not quarry stone from rocky cliffs.

=Regions, Boundaries=

The Main continent is the only native region of the Qatama. Thousands of small villages dot the landscape of which about twenty or so communities are large enough to be called cities and governors loyal to the emperor control each of these. The Main continent is considered holy land, spiritual above all other lands on the planet, and is also considered to be the center of the world by the Qatama. Few resources exist on the main continent to be exploited. This is fine with the Qatama for they have little desire to trade with outside cultures. To compensate for the climate and lack of natural wealth, this culture relies heavily on hard work, ingenious agricultural techniques, animal husbandry and of course... war.

==Realms and Regions==

There are five realms that make up the Qatama Empire.

*'''Anaha''', which encompasses [[Qatama_Culture#Tanaq|Tanaq]], Anam and Aramun. It is ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Muhaj.png Muhaj] clan, of the Qatam tribe, and is considered the center of the Empire.

*'''Gomoq''', which encompasses '''Godoqra''' and the Northeast portion of the mainland. It is ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Damaq.png Damaq] clan, of the Guang tribe, and is considered the coldest realm of the Empire.

*'''Katala''', which encompasses '''Katlaq''' and the Southwest portion of the mainland. It is ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Gutan.png Gutan] clan, of the Qatam tribe, and is considered the forest of the Empire.

*'''Qutamya''', which encompasses [[Qatama_Culture#Qutam|Qutam]], and the Northwest portion of the mainland. It is ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Alhaj.png Alhaj] clan, of the Ajra tribe,  and is considered the desert of the Empire.

*'''Mujra''', which encompasses [[Qatama_Culture#Mujara|Mujara]], and the Southwest portion of the mainland. It is ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Tlang.png Tlang] clan, of the [[Tam`q]] tribe,  and is considered the seaport of the Empire.

=Community Sizes=

There are no sub-races of the Qatama. All Qatama are of the same race with virtually no physical or cultural differentiation. Community sizes vary from several hundred to several thousand. Villages are sparsely scattered and immobile.

=Language, Alphabet=

The central language of the Qatam people is the [[Qatama]] language. Due to the Qatama cultural purity, Qatama is linguistically unique. It is sometimes considered difficult to translate complex ideas or culture specific ideas into or out of Qatama. There are 3 primary, distinct writing systems used throughout the Empire by various social and tribal groups. These primary writing systems are; [[Moj]], used by the imperial government and the military and most Qatam, [[Ajan]], used primarily by spiritual leaders for religious texts and the [[Ajra]] tribe, and [[Uyata]], often used in commerce and businessand is also favored by the [[Tam`q]] tribe. Reading and writing is very prevalent among the population. In fact, most of their history is textual in nature rather than verbally recited. Historical records are common and accurate. This stems from the Qatama custom of keeping a personal journal. Literature and poetry is extensive as these are considered intellectually enlightening. Drawing and painting are often limited because pigments, canvas and other more delicate art supplies can be difficult to obtain and protect in the harsh Qatama environments.

=Trade, Alliances=

The Qatama are somewhat isolationists. They generally avoid contact with outside cultures and do not welcome travelers. Culturally purity has been the main reason and it has been maintained for centuries. However, as the decades pass, more and more Qatama leave the main continent to seek what lies beyond its shores. Qatama are rare on the other continents, but most of the nomadic tribes are aware of the Qatama just as the Qatama are aware of most of the nomadic tribes. The most frequent Qatama renegades are thieves and warriors who only seek knowledge and believe that the only way to understand life and the world is to experience it firsthand. Rarely are these renegades welcomed home. Therefore, the decision to leave is a grave one.

=Food Distribution=

Primary food sources are crops; various land animals and the occasional aquatic delight. Food surplus and food storage does not occur, as there is usually just enough to feed everyone. (It is considered an insult to the host to waste even a single crumb). Indeed, wasting food at any time is virtually unheard of.

=Technology - Architecture, Tools, Weapons=

Qatama technology is consistent with the human average. They are capable of producing tools and weapons of most metals. Architectural construction is advanced in stone cutting and fitting. Most Qatama dwellings are completely stone. Qatama is akin to Earth's Middle Ages, roughly 700AD-1200AD. Some of the most identifiable achievements include; Silk, Thread combination Weaving Loom, Complex glasswork, Stained glass, Paper, Advanced minted coins, Iron, Standard Measures, Magnetic Compass, Hooded Lanterns, Cog, Great Galley, Shipboard rams, Simple crossbows, Re-curved bows, Catapults.

=Use of Animals/Transportation, Long Distance Communication=

Horses and oxen are often used as steeds and beasts of burden. Long distance communication is often done with trained hawks or other birds. Dogs serve a variety of functions.

=Currency=

The Empire of Qatama uses an ancient system of coinage, which has remained unchanged for centuries. The coins of Qatama are rectangular in shape and have an indentation, which makes them easy to stack. 

*One gold '''kutara''' = 5 silver '''kutal''' = 25 copper '''kutaq'''

=Gender Differences - Rights, Responsibilities=

The Qatama are unique in their perceptions of the sexes. Virtually no distinction between male and female rights and responsibilities exist. This quality is considered alien by most other cultures (that are male dominated).

=Marriage System=

Qatama marriages unite a male and female in a social bond as &quot;mates&quot;. Qatama marriage is misogynous, but only at a superficial level. Qatama are very open about social interaction and sex. Marriage rituals are small and simple. Mates are usually close and rely on each other while they are together. Divorce is nonexistent. Partners simply leave each other. 

=Household Form, Family Form=

The duties of the household are divided up by gender. Women cook food, wash clothes and see to the children. Men work within the clans and in the fields. Men also perform repairs about the house and do most heavy manual labor. Large families are typical with as many as seven or eight spouses and as many as twenty children.
Children normally live with their parents until age ~16 for boys and ~18 for girls. At that point, they may move into a guild, join the military, serve aboard a ship, marry into a family or choose some other path. In agricultural areas, it is common for them to stay on and help with the farm.

[[Image:Danjatanga.GIF|center|thumb|525px|Taq's family tree]]

=Birth - Beliefs, Customs=

Qatama have a gestation period of 11 months. Unwanted pregnancies are terminated through the ingestion of a mildly poisonous herb. Adoption is not unheard of on Qatam, however, it is most often between family members and mostly orphans that are adopted. There have been cases of the Qatam Imperial Guards adopting unwanted children to work preparing food, caring for animals and equipment; these children are put to work at the age of ~13 and are granted the right to join the military or follow their own path by the age of ~20.

=Children=

Children are educated in groups by village scholars. In the larger cities, specialized academies exist. Discipline is harsh. Recreation and games usually have an educational theme. Children are taught that strength of will is as important as strength of body. Girls are educated by women and boys by men until the age of ~5, after which they are educated by whomever the teacher may be.

=Death - Beliefs, Customs=

The Qatama death ritual involves wrapping the deceased tightly in a fine mesh cloth from head to foot and then burning it. Ceremonies are short and simple consisting of prayers and songs by relatives and friends. It is common for entire clans to gather for the passing of a well known clan member. These gathering are always held at sundown, after the '''gokumaq''' (burning of the body) there is a feast that usually lasts until sunrise.

=Names=

::''Main article: [[Qatama names]]''

Qatama names usually consist of two or three parts, depending on the class and tribe affiliation: the personal name, sometimes a familiar name and the family or clan name. Ranks and titles always precede the personal name.

*'''Qan Kaguma Amul oj Takaga'''
:Lord '''Kaguma Amul''' son/descendant-of '''Takaga'''
::(title-personal name-familiar name-patronymic-clan/family name)
*'''Najan aj D`haga'''
:'''Najan''' of/from '''D`haga'''
::(personal name-of/from-clan/family/place)
*'''Muha Ohan'''
:Monk '''Ohan'''
::(title-personal name)
*'''Koyonam'''
:commoner name
::commoners often have single names as they may or may not have clan/familial/tribal affiliations.

=Social Structure=

The Social structure is complex. From lowest rank to highest: commoners, artisans, scholars, judges, warriors, monks, elders, lords, overlords and the emperor.

*The '''Kahan'''
:The '''Kahan''' is the noble class and are usually found in government positions...in charge of familial clans and often trade organizations.
::This class is made up of the '''Omoq''' (emperor) and his extended family, the '''Kagan''' (overlords) and the '''Qan''' (lords). Judges and council members also belong to this class.

*The '''Muhan'''
:The '''Muhan''' are the monks and nuns and are responsible for the upkeep of temples and shrines as well as protecting religious and spiritual texts.  
::The '''Qan Muha''' (lord monk/nun)is considered the highest ranking monk in the Empire and is often an adviser to the '''Omoq'''.
:::Other spiritual titles include; '''ongoq muha''' - elder monk/nun, and '''murha''' - monk/nun apprentice.
::::Scholars also fall into this class and are usually referred to as '''mon ru''' (one who learns).

*The '''Tohan'''
:The  '''Tohan''' is the warrior class and is made up mostly of the [[Qatama_Culture#Military|Imperial Army]].

*The '''Odohan'''
:The '''Odohan''' is made up of artisans of all types, it also includes the merchants.

*The '''Mulhan'''
:The '''Mulhan''' is the worker class, sometimes referred to as the peasant class...

==Tribal structure==

*Each [[Qatama]] belongs to a tribe, clan and at a minimum a family.
*The tribal hierarchy is;
:Tribe -- '''tang'''
::Clan -- '''tang'''
:::House/Order/Brotherhood -- '''t'ja'''
::::family -- '''tanga'''
*Tribe and Clan are differentiated by name recognition.
*There are only 4 tribes: '''Qatam, Guang, Ajra, Tam`q'''
*There are ~40 clans that are powerful and influential enough to warrant recognition. Their banners are flown throughout the Empire and can be seen [http://wiki.frath.net/Category:Qatama_Heraldry here].

[[Image:Example.png|thumb|290px|center|An example for Taq of the Gyota clan, Guang tribe who lives in [[Qatama_Culture#Qutam|Qutam]]]]

=Political System=

The elders of each clan unite into councils and serve as the legislators, creating and refining laws. Small patrol groups enforce laws. The Judges deals with legal transgressions. The ruling elders appoint the Judges.

=Common Laws=

* Honor and Praise the Ancient Ones 
* Control your weaknesses keep a rigid discipline. 
* Train and focus your physical strength. 
* Avoid outside contact, keep your culture pure. 
* Use war as a return if either yours or a fellow clan is being attacked. 
* Study your history, write your own. 
* Show your family honor. 
* Your strength of your will is as your strength of body. 
* Your sex does not change your responsibilities or rights in your clan. 
* Keep what is yours not another's. 
* Keep your life safe; do not take another's. 
* Eat and drink what is in front of you, do not take food for granted. 
* Take only what nature has given; do not take what has not been given. 
* Honor Qatama, the Land of your Ancestors.

==Ownership, Inheritance Customs==

Ownership laws and property customs are similar to humans. Bartering is the main system of trade. Credit and debt are mathematical concepts, which the Qatama understand but rarely use because it is considered impolite to trade in such abstracts. Inheritance always falls to the oldest surviving child, regardless of sex.

=Military=
The Qatama military is rather divided. Each clan can muster a militia of approximately 2/5 its total size. If ever there was a great need, dozens of these groups could be united into a formidable army. However, no hostile force has ever attempted to penetrate the main continent. Qatama militias combine bows and steel, utilizing both ground and mounted troops.

*The military of Qatama is integrated into the fabric of each tribe and clan, as well as the government.

*'''Omoq''' -- Emperor, responsible for governing the empire, considered the 'commander in chief' of all imperial forces.

*'''Kagan''' -- Overlord, responsible for the governance of a realm, appointed by the '''Omoq'''. Usually a clan leader, occasionally a tribe leader, inherently responsible for the ruling of said clan and daily business. Commands a '''q'ma''', ~50,000 warriors.

*'''Qan''' -- Lord, responsible for the governance of a region (subdivision of a realm). A Lord is also the traditional leader of a familial clan, can also lead a brotherhood or order. Commands a '''qada''' ~20,000 warriors.

*'''Kanaq''' -- Warlord, appointed by a '''Kagan''', most often in time of war, but not uncommonly as commanders of policing units. Warlords give up ascension rights within a clan to gain this appointment. '''Kanaq''' is seen as a purely militaristic posting.

*'''Qan Maj''' -- Lord Commander, not a rank of nobility, simply the highest military rank within a '''q'dom''', ~5000 warriors

*'''Maj''' -- Commander/Chief, responsible for governance of a city/village. A '''Maj''' is also the traditional leader of an extended family within a city/village. Commands a '''q'tan''', ~100-500 warriors.

*'''Q'toj''' -- Lord Warrior, also not nobility, simply the highest rank in the warrior class. Serves at the side of a '''Qan''' all of the way down to a '''Maj'''. This position is similar to a senior enlisted adviser in today's armed forces. This position is lifelong once appointed.

*'''Tojra''' -- Master Warrior, responsible for the training of warriors and apprentices, works hand in hand with the '''Q'toj''' to insure that all needs are attended to.

*'''Toj''' -- Warrior.

*'''Gulhan''' -- A '''gulhan''' is a personal guard for a '''Qan''' and higher. Often they are groomed for appointment as a '''Maj'''.

*'''Gulha'''/'''Gul''' -- Apprentice. The difference between a '''gulha''' and a '''gul''' is the length of time in training, the '''gulha''' having trained longer.

=Sports=
 
Physical strength, speed, resilience and endurance are important qualities for a Qatama. Man against man competitions is a normal form of sport. In this type of competition there is usually a champion and a challenger. Common sports are Archery, Javelin, Sword fighting, Swimming, and Wrestling.

=Around the Empire=

[[Image:Onha4.jpg|350px|thumb|center|The map of Qatama, as drawn by [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=62 Lord D`rada]]]

==Tanaq== 

[http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Tanaq.png '''Tanaq'''] is the capital and the largest city in the empire; it is home to more than 10 clans and is where the Emperor and his extended family reside. It is home to several hundred thousand people and has the largest concentrations of Imperial Warriors in the empire. Before the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Qatama.png '''Qatama'''] took power it was known as '''Jarba''' and was ruled by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Ajra.png '''Ajra'''] tribe. When the '''Qatama''' conquered it they left most of the structures intact due to not wanting to have to rebuild before beginning their rule over their new empire. The [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Muhaj.png '''Muhaj'''] clan, which is the Emperors clan, controls '''Tanaq''' but a cousin of the Emperor does the actual governing of the city due to the Emperor having other obvious obligations.

==Mujara==

[http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Mujara.png '''Mujara'''] is the largest port on the '''Qatama''' coastline. It is a center for commerce and a haven for countless people. Many of the citizens of '''Mujara''' make their living from fishing and trade, but there is also a large amount of smuggling of '''Qatama''' banned items. The schools in '''Mujara''' are decent and the children learn well. The religious community in '''Mujara''' is not quite as large as it is in other big cities within the empire and much of this is due to the unsavory characters that frequent the streets. '''Mujara''' is run by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Mujar.png '''Mujar'''] clan and has been off and on since the city first sprang up. The '''Mujar''' clan is powerful in regards to shipping, fishing, and trade but has a very small militia in comparison to other clans the same size. When it comes to defense of '''Mujara''' shores they rely heavily on other clans that they hold trade agreements with. '''Mujara''' is considered a decent place to live and work but has political importance only because of the trade in the region. 

==Qutam==

[http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Qutam.png '''Qutam'''] is the oldest city in the empire and is home to the oldest known ruins ever discovered. The city first belonged to the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Guang.png '''Guang'''] tribe and was known as '''Grotlun'''. After the '''Ajra''' tribe took power the city became their capital for a while and was known as '''Bakra''', under the '''Ajra''' the city flourished and became the cultural center of the known world. After the founding of '''Jarba''', by the '''Ajra''', '''Qutam''' was simply referred to as the second city, and many saw it has a place to only visit. When the '''Qatama''' rose to power they decided to rename the city out of respect to the '''Guang'''. '''Qutam''' has never reached the heights that it did under '''Guang''' rule, but it has become a large cultural center once more with the '''Qatama''' in charge. '''Qutam''' boasts the second largest population in the empire, as well as the largest temple known as '''al Kagaha''', it also has three universities while most cities only have one, there are two libraries and several art houses. Unfortunately though, '''Qutam''' is now after many years of drought in the desert and many have begun to leave. '''Qutam''' is run by the [http://wiki.frath.net/Image:Amuq.png '''Amuq''']' clan, which is the 4th largest clan in the empire and one of the lifelong seats on the Imperial Council, and the Council of Lords.

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      <text xml:space="preserve">The heraldry of Qatama.

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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

The heraldry of Qatama.

These banners are used by cities, families, clans and tribes to show pride in their associations.

[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Cities.png</title>
    <id>4808</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:Damaq.png</title>
    <id>4809</id>
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      <id>29476</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Dhaga.png</title>
    <id>4810</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <title>File:Example.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:24:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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    <title>File:Gamun.png</title>
    <id>4812</id>
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      <id>29479</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:Gomu.png</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Goru.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Gotaq.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:25:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Guang.png</title>
    <id>4816</id>
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      <id>29483</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:25:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Mudaq.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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    <title>File:Muhaj.png</title>
    <id>4825</id>
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      <id>29492</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:27:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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    <id>4826</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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    <id>4827</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:28:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Nyom.png</title>
    <id>4830</id>
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      <id>29497</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Ota.png</title>
    <id>4831</id>
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      <id>29498</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:28:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Qra.png</title>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:29:30Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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    <id>4836</id>
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      <id>29503</id>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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    <title>File:Qutam.png</title>
    <id>4837</id>
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      <id>29504</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Rulingclans.png</title>
    <id>4838</id>
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      <id>29505</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:30:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Takaga.png</title>
    <id>4839</id>
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      <id>29506</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:30:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <title>File:Tamq.png</title>
    <id>4840</id>
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      <id>29507</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Tamuja.png</title>
    <id>4841</id>
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      <id>29508</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Tamul.png</title>
    <id>4842</id>
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      <id>29509</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:31:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <id>4843</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
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    <title>File:Tanaq.png</title>
    <id>4844</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:31:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <title>File:Tlang.png</title>
    <id>4845</id>
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      <id>29512</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <id>4846</id>
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      <id>29513</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <id>4847</id>
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      <id>29514</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:32:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <title>File:Uhaj.png</title>
    <id>4848</id>
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      <id>29515</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:32:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Ulal.png</title>
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      <id>29516</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:32:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Umul.png</title>
    <id>4850</id>
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      <id>29517</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-02T05:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Qatama</title>
    <id>4851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55320</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-28T19:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This project has been abandoned.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Qatama|Qatama]]'''
[[Image:Mooj2.png|center|75px|[[Qatama]] in [[Moj]]]].''&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Danjatanga.GIF</title>
    <id>4852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38538</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-07T08:23:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Onha4.jpg</title>
    <id>4853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38539</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-07T08:23:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Qang.gif</title>
    <id>4854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38224</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Qang in Moj
[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kēlen</title>
    <id>4855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49091</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-10T21:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add link to new mailing list</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kēlen''' is an [[artlang]] invented by Sylvia Sotomayor.  Its main uncommon feature is that the language does not have an open lexical class of verbs; instead, four ''relationals'' are used.

Kēlen is spoken by the Kēleni, a humanoid species of the planet Tērjemar.

Kēlen was chosen, in a tie with [[gjâ-zym-byn]], for the [[Conlang learners]] project in September 2009.

==External link==

*[http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php An Introduction to Kēlen]
*[http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/kelen-conlang.org Kēlen mailing list]

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Artlang</title>
    <id>4856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46344</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:51:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''artlang''' is a [[conlang]] created for artistic purposes, as opposed to an [[auxlang]], which is for international communication.  Many, if not most artlangs are [[naturalistic artlang|naturalistic]] [[fictional language]]s meant to be spoken in a [[conworld]].

{{stub}}

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fictional language</title>
    <id>4857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46337</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:42:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''fictional language''' is a [[conlang]] that represents a language spoken in a fictional world ([[conworld]]).  Examples of fictional languages are [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]] ([[Elves|Elvish]] languages of Middle-earth), or [[Klingon]] from the ''Star Trek'' universe.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conworld</title>
    <id>4858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46011</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T22:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''conworld''' is a constructed (fictional) world, such as a fantasy world, a science fiction universe, or an alternative timeline.  Many conworlds feature [[fictional language]]s.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Conworlds|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 16</title>
    <id>4859</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51673</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-03T10:52:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang Translation Relay 16]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpdefart.png</title>
    <id>4861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29739</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-08T10:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean definite articles</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean definite articles</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpindefart.png</title>
    <id>4862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29740</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-08T10:19:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean indefinite articles</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean indefinite articles</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpposadj.png</title>
    <id>4863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29752</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-08T15:21:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tpposadj.png]]&quot;: Tauro-Piscean possessive adjectives</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscea possessive adjectives</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solanstanu</title>
    <id>4864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29790</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T04:07:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;|
Solanstanu Respūblike 
&lt;br&gt;
Republic of Solanstanu
|-
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| 
Solanstanu
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Flag: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Image:Fl2.jpg|220px]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Anthem: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| &quot;[[Solanstanu Forever!]]&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Motto: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| &quot;Progress&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Capital: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Golcanas (Golqanas)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Largest city: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Golcanas (Golqanas)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language(s): ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Solanian]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Demonym: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Solanian
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Republic 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Independence: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| August 1, 1987
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Area: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 25,000 km² 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 3.1 million
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Constitution: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Constitution of Solanstanu]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Fl.jpg</title>
    <id>4865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29782</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T03:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Fl2.jpg</title>
    <id>4866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29789</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T04:07:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tppronoun.png</title>
    <id>4867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29796</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T10:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean pronouns</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean pronouns</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpdirobjprn.png</title>
    <id>4868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29798</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T12:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean direct and indirect object pronouns</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean direct and indirect object pronouns</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpindic.png</title>
    <id>4869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29801</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T14:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean indicative verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean indicative verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpinterro.png</title>
    <id>4870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29804</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T14:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean interrogative verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean interrogative verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpcond.png</title>
    <id>4871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29808</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T15:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean conditional verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean conditional verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpjuss.png</title>
    <id>4872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29811</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T15:37:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean jussive verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean jussive verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpdubitass.png</title>
    <id>4873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29814</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T15:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean dubitative (assumptive) verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean dubitative (assumptive) verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpdubitpres.png</title>
    <id>4874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29816</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-09T16:20:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tpdubitpres.png]]&quot;: Tauro-Piscean dubitative (presumptive) verb conjugation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean dubitative (presumptive) verb conjugation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:PeteBleackley</title>
    <id>4875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29828</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-10T16:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Sorry I changed the Tauro-Piscean link. I didn't know there'd be a relay-specific page.  --~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sorry I changed the Tauro-Piscean link. I didn't know there'd be a relay-specific page.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 09:19, 10 March 2008 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Web template.jpg</title>
    <id>4876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29833</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-10T20:06:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>web test dalcurian islands</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">web test dalcurian islands</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>4877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40686</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-10T12:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Addel link for ring A final text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Pete Bleackley

===The Text===

====gwendontsivolk====

iðuzhelt ye yir ginsonar. wiþir yir markshe. ushu wiþir yir elrushe yengashar tolsashar yiuzar, ushu þanturnewtifœsher yir ginsmarkswo. sami modwo nazgu u sloni yi de. shosh dahi gins yi'uzar gins kaþlikhim, gins filikhim ginsuzar su'uzar. dahiufar ginsonholsher ennitezhmsher arra ennitdahir yir. torsir yir beb dwallir yir nazbanol u rashurir yir wiþo folne modl. rashuri enil newtontþað galgukokra yiungar. apidaur ginsonholwor vrima mœzaezhm kirrlol mœzadeduol? shosh garwir yir megontshe modlshe.

====In Bukhstav Runes====

[[Image:BukhstavRelay15.png|The text in Bukhstav Runes should be here, honest!]]

===Smooth English===

====A Riddle====

See them dance. The have no leader. They have no music but their own voices, nor have they studied any choreography. Each goes where he will. But their dance is the most graceful, the most harmonious of all dances. There are no dancers more lithe than they are. They turn and weave so that they seem to have a single mind. This seems the least difficult work for them. Do any dancers make greater beauty with less effort? But they take not a single step.


===Vocabulary=== 
(Roots - see [[#Grammar|grammar section]] for suffixes)

;beb:(conj) and
;u:(conj) such that
;ushu:(conj) neither/nor
;su:(adj) all
;sam-:(v) go
;sivolk:(n) story
;slon-:(v) desire
;tors-:(v) turn
;tols:(adj) personal
;ap-:(v) make
;arra:(conj) than
;vrima:(n) beauty
;hol:(n) person
;dah-:(v) be
;de:(pr) alternative 3p pronoun used when repeating yi would cause an ambiguity between two referents.
;dwall-:(v) weave
;en:(n) thing
;ennit:(adj) lithe
;elru:(n) music
;folne:(n) mind
;fi:(n) harmony
;mark:(n) chief
;marks:(n) plan, counsel
;mod:(numeral) one
;meg-:(v) step
;mœza:(adj) great
;þantur-:(v) learn
;það:(n) act, deed
;shosh:(conj) but
;rashur-:(v) seem
;iðuzh-:(v) see
;kaþ:(n) grace
;kirrl:(n) effort
;naz:(n) way
;newt-:(v) work
;garw-:(v) take
;galgu:(adj) difficult
;gins:(n,v) dance
;gwend-:(v) hide
;y+person ending: (see [[#Verbs|verbs]]) (pr) personal pronouns
;yeng: (n) voice
;wiþ-: (v) have

===Grammar===

====Syntax====
VSO. Agglutinating. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify, and agree with them. Predicative adjectives compound with the verb. Roots compund in head last order within words. However, grammatical affixes are suffixes (segunakar)

====Morphology====
=====Nouns=====
Nouns may be followed by segunakar of six ranks. Each rank has a particular grammatical role. They are specified in the order they occur following the root.

'''modsegunakar''' (1st rank) Deiexis

;il:this
;ban:that
;wo:any
;she:no

'''densegunakar''' (2nd rank) Proximity

Indicates how closely associated the think qualified by the proximity-marked noun is with the thing specified by the proximity-marked noun.

;ash:without

'''radsegunakar''' (3rd rank) Relative position

Not used in this text

'''karvsegunakar''' (4th rank) Sense of motion

;gu:by (route)

'''sintsegunakar''' (5th rank) Abstract relationships
;uz:of
;ol:by (instrumental)
;ung:for (benefactive)

'''bantsegunak''' (6th rank) number
;(a)r:plural

=====Verbs=====
Verbs may be followed by the following segunakar

'''Person/infinitive/participles''' (obligatory)
;a:1p
;e:2p
;i:3p
;o:infinitive
;on/ont:Present participle. For many verbs this has the sense of an agent noun. If the sense normal for the verb is not the one required, the present participle compounds with another nouns to form the required sense.

'''Reflexiveness'''

Not used in this passage

'''Continuous aspect'''

Not used in this passage

'''Perfect aspect'''

fœ

'''Tense'''

Only the unmarked present tense is found in this passage.

'''Voice'''

;uf:passive

'''Mood'''

;lt:imperative
;dau:interrogative

'''Negation'''

she

'''Number'''

;(a)r:Plural

=====Adjectives=====

Adjectives may be marked for five degrees of comparison with the following segunakar

;ikhim:superlative
;ezhm:comparative
;dedu:reductive (less)
;kokra:minimative (least)

Positive is unmarked.

These segunakar preceed noun agreement or verb compounding.

=====Derivational affix=====

;l:forms adjectives from nouns in the sense of &quot;Characterised by&quot;.

===Concultural note===
gwendontsivolkar are frequently used by wizards to instruct enchanters (those with active magical powers who have not yet attained the ''true knowledge of magic'' that is the mark of a wizard) in the art of discerning hidden meanings.

See also [[Khangaþyagon]]
* [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring A Final|Ring A final]]
* [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final|Ring B Final]]
* [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring C Final|Ring C Final]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Carrajena</title>
    <id>4878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40967</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T13:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded Carrajena text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The text==
Ul Anguscharu Prova, suns uls bajistus.  Avins al djinima neguna. Nevi avins al muziga sini ils sustrus vochis probjis, nevi avins cuñuxudu al djinima auguna djil baji. Djerrans il filivi peu'l cunsini fi amvichunid, peru esti il baji il sustru baji grachozismi ed harmuñusisimi djils bajis todis.  Nu avins uls bajistus fin suns fin uls adjilus madji.  Djirans ed djerrans.  Acusi comparins averi juni mindi.  Compared ul fistu junu fapu mutu prompu peru si. ¿Podedi falari uls bajistus augunus al bejeza muta cun al esforrulicha mindra?  Peru nun falans juna puanda sola. 

==Vocabulary==
Nouns are listed in singular form, adjectives in masculine singular, and verb in the infinitive. 
;adjilu: agile, lithe, supple, flexible 
;acusi: so, therefore, thus 
;al: the (fem.) 
;amvichuniri: to desire 
;anguscharu: riddle 
;auguna: some, any, someone, anyone, somsomething, anything 
;averi: to have, also used as a helping verb to form the perfect indicitive 
;baji: dance 
;bejeeza: beauty 
;compareri: to appear, seem 
;cun: with  
;cunsini: however, by whatever means, in whatever way, by hook or by crook 
;cuñuxeri: to learn, study, recognnize, etc. 
;djerrari: to wander,  weave, stray, go astray, err 
;dji: of (frequently compounds with forms of ''the'') 
;djinima: plan 
;djirari: to turn 
;ed: and 
;esforrulicha: effort 
;falari: to make, do 
;fapu: n. deed, act, adj. made of 
;fi: that, which 
;filivi: anyone, any 
;fin: who 
;fistu: this 
;grachozu: graceful  
;harmuñusu: harmonious 
;il: the (neut.) 
;junu: one, any, a 
;madji: more (indecl.) 
;mindi: mind 
;mindru: minor, less, small, unimportant 
;mutu: much, many, a lot 
;muziga: music 
;negunu: no one, nobody, not any, none, not one 
;nevi: neither, nor 
;nu: no, not 
;nun: not 
;peru: but 
;peu: for (frequently compounds with ''the'') 
;poderi: to be able to, can 
;porbju: own, very own 
;prompu: ready, easy 
;provari: try, try on, try out, ha have a look-see, approve, prove 
;puanda: step, footprint 
;si: him, her, it 
;sini: without 
;solu: only, mere merely, alone 
;sustrus: their 
;todu: all , everyone 
;ul: the (masc.) 
;vochi: voice 

==General notes on grammar and syntax==
 
Carrajena is a VSO language.  Adjectives, except for articles and possessive pronouns, follow their nouns. Pronominal subjects are often left unstated when the verbal ending makes obvious who or what is referenced. Only pronouns are marked for case, but all nouns and adjectives are marked for and agree for number and gender.  There are two numbers ­ singular and plural ­ and three genders ­ masculine, feminine and neuter. Plural is marked by ­s while gender is marked by ­u for masculine, -a for feminine and ­i for neuter. Verbs come in three conjugations ­-ari, -eri and ­-iri all of which conjugate similarly. Esseri is an irregular verb meaning ''to be''.  The following froms of esseri are used in the text.  
*Suns is 3p pres. indic.  
*Esti is 3s pres indic. 
===Suffixes=== 
;-a: feminine noun or adjective, imperative verb of -ari class 
;-ans: 3p pl indicative of ­ari verb 
;-ed: 3p sg indicative of ­eri verb 
;-edi: 2p sg formal/impersonal  of ­eri verb 
;-i: neuter noun or adjective 
;-id: 3p sg indicative of ­iri verb 
;-ins: 3p pl indicative of ­iri or or ­eri verb 
;-isimi: superlative of adjective 
;-istu: one who 
;-s: plural 
;-u: masculine noun or adjective
;-udu: past participle of ­eri verb</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Old Albic</title>
    <id>4879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31859</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T11:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo revision 31858 by [[Special:Contributions/PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] ([[User talk:PeteBleackley|Talk]])</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jörg Rhiemeier

===The Text===

====Talal sugunthul====

Salétha raiganthal!
Na bá san ratharam, na bá laras silendil,
na bá gribinthid lurusul danal raiganthalal.
Haiesi meneth hanath amath vantesi.
Mar há seraigan am raigan mithinith,
am raigan sallaranath raigenimil cvenimil.
Na hai raigirim phlisirim amal hai.
Chvalasa a vaivasa meneth am thajá bá sam mantham sin.
Thajá dang san caras lindith sin.
Mai dési reigiri deni vernes machar brasteri pichiri?
Mar na dési sam trad.

===Interlinear===
{|
|Talal ||sugunthul
|-
|story ||hide-VN-LOC
|}

{|
|Salétha ||raiganthal!
|-
|see-SBJ-3PL:P-2SG:A ||dance-VN-LOC
|}

{|
|Na ||bá ||san ||ratharam,
|-
|not ||ESTAR-PRS-3SG:P ||3PL-DAT ||chief-OBJ
|}

{|
|na ||bá ||laras ||silendil,
|-
|not ||ESTAR-PRS-3SG:P ||music ||3PL-voice-PL-PRT
|}

{|
|na ||bá ||gribinthid ||lurusul ||danal ||raiganthalal.
|-
|not ||ESTAR-PRS-3SG:P ||learn-VN-ABL ||plan-LOC ||any-LOC ||dance-VN-LOC-LOC
|}

{|
|Haiesi ||meneth ||hanath ||amath ||vantesi.
|-
|go-PRS-3PL:A ||way-PERL ||some-PERL ||REL-PERL ||desire-PRS-3PL:A
|}

{|
|Mar ||há ||seraigan ||im ||raigan ||mithinith,
|-
|but ||SER-PRS-3SG:P ||3PL-dance ||the:I:OBJ ||dance  ||graceful-SUP
|}

{|
|am ||raigan ||sallaranath ||raigenimil ||cvenimil.
|-
|the:I:OBJ ||dance ||harmonic-SUP ||dance-PL-LOC ||all-LOC
|}

{|
|Na ||hai ||raigirim ||phlisirim ||amal ||hai.
|-
|not ||SER-PRS-3PL:P ||dance-er-PL ||lithe-COMP ||REL-LOC ||SER-PRS-3PL:P
|}

{|
|Chvalesi ||a ||vaivesi
|-
|turn-PRS-3PL:A ||and ||weave-PRS-3PL:A
|}

{|
|meneth ||am ||thajá ||bá ||sam ||mantham ||sin.
|-
|way-PERL ||CPL ||seem-PRS-3SG:P ||ESTAR-PRS-3SG:P ||one ||mind-OBJ ||3PL-DAT
|}

{|
|Thajá ||dang ||san ||caras ||lindith ||sin.
|-
|seem-PRS-3SG:P ||thing ||this ||work ||easy-SUP ||3PL-DAT
|}

{|
|Mai ||dési ||reigiri ||deni ||vernes ||machar
|-
|INT ||make-PRS-3SG:P-3PL:A ||dance-er-PL-AGT ||any-PL-AGT ||beauty ||great-COMP
|}

{|
|brasteri ||pichiri?
|-
|effort-INS ||little-COMP-INS
|}

{|
|Mar ||na ||dési ||sam ||trad.
|-
|but ||not ||make-PRS-3SG:P-3PL:A ||one ||step
|}

===Smooth English===

====Story of Hiding====

May you see them dancing!
There is no chief to them,
there is no music of their voices,
there has been no learning of any plan for their dance.
They go some way which they desire.
But the dance is the most graceful,
the most harmonic of all dances.
They turn and they weave
along such a way that there seems to be one mind to them.
This work seems the easiest to them.
Do any dancers make more beauty with less effort?
But they do not make one step.

===Vocabulary=== 

;a (objective stem am): relative pronoun.
;am: inanimate definite article.
;b-: to be (momentarily).
;brastar: effort.
;d-: to make.
;dan: any.
;caras: work.
;cvenim: all.
;grib-: to learn.
;h-: to be (permanently).
;hai-: to go.
;laras: music.
;lenda: voice.
;mach: great.
;mai: interrogative particle.
;mantha: mind.
;mar: but.
;mithin: graceful.
;phlis: lithe.
;pich: little.
;raig-: to dance.
;raigan: dance.
;rathara: chief.
;sal-: to see.
;sallaran: harmonic.
;sam: one.
;san: this.
;sug-: to hide.
;talal: story.
;thaj-: to seem.
;trad: step.
;vant-: to desire.
;vernes: beauty.

===Grammar===

====Phonology====

The vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/ cause umlaut of the preceding vowel:
*/a/ lowers (/i/ &gt; /e/, /y/ &gt; /ø/, /u/ &gt; /o/)
*/i/ fronts (/a/ &gt; /e/, /o/ &gt; /ø/, /u/ &gt; /y/)
*/u/ rounds (/a/ &gt; /o/, /e/ &gt; /ø/, /i/ &gt; /y/)

Two subsequent vowels of the same quality contract into a long
vowel (marked with acute accent).

Some suffixes undergo vowel harmony with the preceding vowel.
Such harmony vowels are transcribed as ° below.


====Morphology====

=====Nouns=====
Animate nouns have an agentive stem (AS), and an objective stem
(OS) obtained by adding -m to the AS.  The AS is listed in the
vocabulary section.  Inanimate nouns have only an OS (listed)
and no AS.  Cases occuring in the text:

;partitive: AS-l
;dative: AS-n
;objective: OS-0
;instrumental: OS-i
;locative: OS-°l
;ablative: OS-°d
;perlative: OS-°th

Nouns modifying other nouns undergo suffixaufnahme.

=====Adjectives=====

;comparative: -°r
;superlative: -°th.

Adjectives agree with their head nouns in gender, number and case.


=====Verbs=====

;present tense: -a-
;subjunctive mood (also used as imperative): -i-
;2nd person singular agent: -tha
;3rd person singular agent: -sa
;3rd person plural agent: -si
;3rd person singular patient: -a
;3rd person plural patient: -i
;verbal noun: -°nth

There is one instance of a periphrastic perfect formed with
b- 'to be (momentarily)' and the ablative case of the verbal noun.


====Syntax====

VSO, modifiers follow their heads.

See also [[Old Albic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Silindion</title>
    <id>4880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31854</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T09:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formatting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Elliot Lash

===The Text===

Issë i hyumbántëa emmuirë në lindienta ulya i
phuryeilirya. Amaivissa eintë liu po lëorna indinyello
nanilo i hyumbán - imalyana hyuvë ninindu yendamma -
sammi lëorvi, ëan niuprasso në nasenamprasso i
hyumbússëa eis hyumbilim samyattë. Emmë molmandë
ventivoyo teilim. Verentë në malyantë yestildianta
limmo ala semimari. Fantë të efantavoya teini eni
vayo. Esi suintë ulya hyuvë nayo nivamán patto
norkoindu, issina eni phellín alayorë?

===Smooth English===

Look at them dancing, leaderless and without music
save for their own voices. Though they have not yet
learned fully the knowledge of dance - each dancer
moving with desire and joy- but still, of all such
dances theirs is most full of grace and harmony. There
are none more lithe than they. They turn and weave in
such a way that they seem of one mind. It is a deed
that is by no means difficult for them. Do any other
dancers make a greater beauty by less effort, taking
no unified step?

===Vocabulary=== 

;(n)yen-: rejoice (v)
;ala : one		
;alayo-: unify (v) 
;amaivissa: although, even though 	(+subjunctive) 
;e-: do not		(v) 
;e-: be		(v, present: ëa-)
;efantavoya: undoable, impossible 	
;eis: out of, among, out, from	(+genitive/ablative)
;emmë: there is not		
;eni: no		
;esi: QUESTION ptc.  	
;estildiaT-: seem like, appear, come into sight	(v)
;fanta: deed, act		(a-stem)
;hyuB-: dance		(v)
;hyumbu: dance (a specific instance)	(u-stem)
;hyuvo: dancer		(o-stem)
;i: the
;id: behold, see, look		
;indin-: be knowledgeable 	(v)
;lëor:	time		(r-stem)
;limmo: using, through, by	(+genitive) 
;lindë:	music		(ay-stem)
;liu: PERFECT ptc. 		
;malya-: move 		(v, intr.)
;molmando: learner, studier, reader	(o-stem)
;mui-: steer, direct		(v)
;nai: great		
;nanilo: wholly, fully		
;nasenampra: harmonious		
;në: and		
;nin-: desire		(v) 
;niupra: beautiful		
;nivama: beauty		(a-stem)
;norkoy-: exert, make an effort	(v)
;patto: less		
;pelli:	step		(i-stem)
;po: upto, to, onto		(+allative/accusative)
;purya:	voice		(a-stem)
;sammi: same		
;samyaT-: grow similar (v)
;semima: mind
;sui-: do, make		(v)
;të: which is		
;tei-: them		
;ti-: take		(v)
;ulya: other, except 		
;vaya: way		(a-stem)
;ventivoya: flexible, pliable, foldable, bendable (etc)
;ver-: turn		(v)

===Grammar===

====Syntax====

*VSO
*Modifiers: may come before or after noun (usually before) 
*This is High Silindion, possessives require an extra definite article before noun.
*Commitative Case may be used to connect two nouns. 
*Ablative is used for 'than' in comparative constructions


====Sound Changes====

#Consonants
#*d+s &gt; ss
#*n+m &gt; mm
#*m+r &gt; r
#*b+n &gt; mb
#*t+n &gt; nt
#Vowels
#*ë+e &gt; ie
#*e+i &gt; ei/ë
#*ya+yo &gt; yëo &gt; yo
#*i+yo &gt; yo 
#*i+e &gt; ye
#Lenition:
#*p &gt; ph
#*t &gt; ss 


====Morphology====

=====Verbs=====

;Imperative:	      -ssë		(plural)
;Nominal Gerund: -(V)na		(d-stem, or a-stem)
;Passive Participle: -rë 			(-dë, -në, -të, -ë)
;Subjunctive:	      -i
;Infinitive:	     -(e)ye/(a)ya/o-llo  (-llë) 
;Consecutive Gerund: i-….-na
;Personal Endings: -n  (3rd Singular), -ntë (3rd plural)


=====Nouns=====

See: http://erelion.free.fr/morphology.html

=====Adjectives=====

;Superlative: -sso (-to)
;Comparative: -yo 

=====Possessives=====

;-ssëa (-tëa): 'their'
;-rya: 'his, her, its, their own'

=====Affixes=====
;en-: 'un-'
;-enta: '-less' 

See also [[Silindion]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Kélen</title>
    <id>4881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32205</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T08:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Smooth English</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Sylvia Sotomayor

===The Text===

====se jawāññerañ====

se jatākken mo majjārien cī;
la sāeþ ānen jaxūnīke honahan wā;
la sāeþ ānen jexīma wā ānen sawūrri āñ ēmma;
wā sexe jatawāla ien jajāra jaxūnīke wā;
ñaxxa honahan jarāka jarāeλa ja sexe jakīña;
ewaþ ñaxxa jajāra jaxālāja jatēnnen nā ñe janaren;
wa majjārien pa anākexa nā;
ñi sāeþ sarāoλa ñi sāeþ sarāeλa;
se jawāña ien pa sāeþ sasōnne jāniþa;
se jawāña ien la jawāra nā;
ñaxxa jāŋŋeren nā ā majjārien ānen jakēwīke pē hōkēñ;
wā ñaxxa jarāka jāniþa jē nā;

===Smooth English===
====The Riddle====
Give attention to the dancers. They are without any kind of plan. The are without music except for their own voices. They have not studied a pattern of the dance. They each make any kind of weaving step they wish. And yet they make the most harmonious and graceful dance of all. None of the dancers have more agility. They make turns, they make weavings. It seems they have one mind. It seems very easy. How do the dancers each make so much beauty with so little effort? They do not make each merely one step.

===Vocabulary===

;ā: [Preposition] agent marker
;-ākex-: [N] agility, dexterity
;ānen: [Preposition] with
;ānen ... ēmma: [Modifier] except ...
;ānen ... wā: [Modifier] without ...
;-āniþ-: [N] singleness, oneness, unity
;āñ: [Postposition] reflexive marker and emphasis marker
;-āŋŋeren-: [N] beauty
;cī: [Mood] commissive, polite imperative
;ewaþ: [Conjunction] and yet, but
;-exīm-: [N] music
;honahan: [Pronoun] any kind of, some kind of
;hōkēñ: [Interrogative Pronoun] how?
;ien: [Preposition] renames the object of SE
;ja: [Inanimate Relative Pronoun] that, which
;janaren: [Pronoun] everything, all
;-jār-: [N] dance
;jē nā: [Clause-Level Modifier] merely, only, just
;-kēwīk-: [N] work, labor, effort
;-kīñ-: [N] wish, want, desire
;mo: [Preposition] goal or beneficiary marker
;nā: [Postposition] more, much, many, very
;nā ñe: [Preposition] more than, greater than
;pē: [Postposition] few, little, some
;-rāeλ-: [N] erratic or weaving motion, motion without an intended direction
;-rāk-: [N] a step
;-rāoλ-: [N] a turn, motion in a direction different from a previous direction
;sāeþ: [Pronoun] 3rd Person Plural, they, them
;-sōnn-: [N] mind
;-tākken-: [N] attention
;-tawāl-: [N] close study, learning
;-tēnnen-: [N] grace, controlled motion
;wā: [Postposition] no, not, none
;wā: [Clause-Level Modifier] not, no, none (emphatic)
;-wār-: [N] easiness
;-wāñ-: [N] seeming, appearance
;-wāññerañ-: [N] contradiction, paradox, riddle
;-wūrr-: [N] voice
;-xālāj-: [N] harmony
;-xūnīk-: [N] pattern, plan

===Grammar &amp; Syntax===

OK. Here is the fun stuff....
First, there are no verbs. Instead, there are 4 relationals, each of
which appear in the text. The four relationals are LA, PA, NI, and SE.

LA [object] states that something exists, generally in a state or location

LA [object1] PA [object2] states that object1 exists and contains
object2 as a part or attribute

PA [object1] [object2] is the equivalent of above

NI [object] states that something has come into existence, or changed
its state or location

SE [object] states that something exists with a source and/or a
beneficiary/recipient/goal

LA and SE can inflect for tense and aspect

NI and SE can inflect for person. When NI inflects for person, that
person is the agent of the change in existence, state, or location.
When SE inflects for person, that person is either the source or
beneficiary, or both.

LA is used for simple statements. NI is used for motion as well as
what I said above. SE is used for transactions, such as
giving/receiving, and for speech and experiences.

It's really not that complicated.

Forms of relationals that appear in the text:

;la: LA + non-past
;ñaxxa: NI + non-past + 3rd person plural
;ñi: NI + non-past + unidentified or reflexive agent
;pa: PA
;se: SE + non-past + unidentified source + unidentified beneficiary/recipient
;sexe: SE + non-past + unidentified source + 3rd person plural ben/rec
;wa: LA + negative

OK?

Now on to the Nouns.

There are (in this text) 4 prefixes:
;an-: for abstract nouns (ideas, qualities)
;ja-/j-: for inanimate nouns (things, places, instances of an abstraction)
;ma-/m-: for animate nouns (people, people with a given quality)
;sa-/s-: for obligatorily possessed in the 3rd person nouns

Then there are the suffixes:
;-a/-e/-0: for non-plural
;-i: for plural inanimates and collective animates
;-ien with some initial root consonant reduplication (if applicable): for plural animates

Note: animates are collective when considered as a single group and
plural when considered as a bunch of individuals. Pronouns follow this
pattern by using a paucal inflection for the collective group of any
size, and plural for a bunch of individuals of any size.

Nouns in juxtaposition with the same inflection refer to the same
entity. Otherwise, they follow a whole-part pattern or a
general-specific  or a animate-inanimate pattern.

Obligatorily possessed nouns mess with the system a bit. They can be
considered the equivalent of inanimate nouns.

See also http://www.terjemar.net</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Talarian</title>
    <id>4882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31992</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-29T08:31:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Padraic Brown

===The Text===

hawactôs camawtaruša

weytyast tu hawarççan-ca — tlicakîsâyast!
na içatla-ca; na hawatôs-ta; na manayâmtar antar
limtanar-ta, na hawarççan-ca.
tarâmtar antar xattamaxaxartar.
hawarççan-cat maxakananati; maxaharamanacasamati.
tarfâs-ta mesas na werkómtar kananes-hupar-com,
wartâmtar antar wacâmtar-he, tarâmtar antar; içatlamanyel.
weyttâr makam: cat it hassa workar hayos dengýmyy.
tarfâs-ta mesas werkómtar-mat hawarkanes-enso-com.
irila-ca na içatlapatanômti.

===Smooth English===

story of hidden things

look at the dance — examine it closely!
it is not the first; it is not the song; they don't learn
the music, nor the dance.
they go along the path of their great desire
this dance is most graceful, most harmonious.
our dervishes do not dance with greater grace, they whirl
and weave, they go along; of one spirit.
seems to me: this itself is the work of His Voice.
do our dervishes dance with less effort?
these others do not make even one step.

===Grammar and Vocabulary===
See
http://the-world.bethisad.com/languages/talarian_grammar.htm</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Sora Suraetua</title>
    <id>4883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31862</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T13:03:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Lars Finsen

===The Text===
Hihwaihinaumach dedasa chohiqariht, aharachentawaunaithwana  
wangurautha qamhanan olthwawqemachnaberesader. Hihwainawa wanagasedir  
ihischendumachqewana - hitaharmach hikuriwajusa herawejasaimhi -  
wedaren hihwainawamachnaqe qarderahicha hartatanwangurahichaimhi  
hihwainawalamihisa ahiahmadjan. Ahara hichuraranwara machsader  
chodarmuna. Hichurawarochasamihisa hizwaldamach, hitaharmach. Ahara  
wanangwaha machari hachandamarmuna. Hakswa hihwaihinawarawqe hilar  
aksonadarug qardera hiqinchwa, tahanarug laqnasa, bere  
wananghwahauthasaimhi?

===Smooth English===
See how they dance, undirected and without music except their own  
voices! Although they have mastered dancing fully until now - moving  
with desire and rejoicing - at the same time their dance becomes ever  
more like the most beautiful and harmonious of dances. There is not a  
student more dexterous than them. They turn and move as if with one  
mind. No move is impossible to them. Are there any other dancers who  
make greater beauty with less exertion, and without a single wrong step?


===Grammar===

Syntax generally SOV.

Attributes precede heads if separate words, otherwise they are  
attached to the end of the word.

Pronouns do not have possessive forms, the personal ones act as  
possessives if they are attached to nouns.

Affixes are attached in the following order:

Nouns: root-plural-possessive-case(s)-demonstratives/determinatives- 
their case-endings

Verbs: aspect-tense-root-subject.pronoun-mood-object.pronoun-nominaliser

A copula (be) if used, will attach to the subject, if specified.
Attaching a suffix with a leading vowel to a word with a final vowel  
will lead to the loss of that final vowel. Attaching a suffix with a  
leading consonant to a word ending in a 'w' will turn that 'w' into a  
'u'.

====Relevant nominal morphemes====

;-(i)qe: ergative - marks subject of transitive sentence
;-(a)wqe: plural
;-na: genitive
;-sader: ablative - origin, also of comparison
;-sa: instrumental
;-imhi: comitative - used instead of &quot;and&quot;
;-ren: temporal, adverbialiser
;-(a)la: terminative - goal of movement or action
;-(h)ari: dative

====Comparison====

;-(a)rug: comparative
;-hicha: superlative

====Relevant verbal morphemes====

;-(i)ht: imperative
;-wana: perfective, completive
;ahi-: continuous
;ihis-: perfect
;-(i)thwa: antipassive
;-(i)thwana: verbal adjective
;hil-: interrogative
;-chwa: relative

====Pronouns====

;2s: hiqar
;3s: muna
;3p: mach

===Vocabulary===

;ahara: no, not, un-
;ahmadjan: become
;aksonada: great
;(a)r: be
;bere: single, sole, own
;chendu: master, accomplish, know, be able to
;chentawauna: - direct, lead, command
;cho: look, see
;choda: supple, dexterous
;dedasa:  how
;hachandama: difficult
;hakswa: other, different
;hartatanwangura: harmonious
;heraweja: rejoicing, happiness
;hichuraranwara: student, pupil
;hichurawara: mind, memory
;hihwaihinaw: dance (v)
;hihwaihinawara:  dancer
;hihwainawa: dancing, dance (n)
;hikuriwaju: desire
;hiqin: make, do
;hitahar: move, touch, come, go
;hizwalda: turn
;laqna:  effort, work
;mihisa: -like, similar to
;ocha: 1, one
;olthwa: voice
;qamhanan: apart, except (+abl)
;qardera: beautiful, beauty
;tahana: little
;utha: without, empty, -less
;wanagasedir: hitherto
;wanangwaha: step
;wangura: music, game
;weda: same, self</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Rhean</title>
    <id>4884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31863</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T13:32:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Mike Ellis

===The Text===

====Taǧiwastik če:====

Dornikin miryat kraza.
Tizem hatuka mu anče.
Čavuna waki egva sangira mu anče.
Dorozagaca naprov deǧez.
Hošazna idir taujasu, hošazna idir pšokto sacek rez.
Po dla ǩokira paiyem točiksoi doro saciz.
Dla tori viticyan dornikira mu anče.
Magrudin saciz, dižnin saciz.
Nisra du tizem datu diin anče.
Nisra du tizem šaasai če.
¿Arduyoka ebie košom kunie enie nora ček rez?
Du datu pšoktoin saciz zar deǧe.

===Smooth English===

====It’s a paradox:====	

Please regard the dancers.
They have no plan.
They have no music except their own voices.
They have been taught no choreography.
They make any kind of step in any direction they wish.
But they do a dance more graceful than all others.
There are no dancers more agile than these.
They make their turns, they make their motions.
It looks like they have a single mind
It looks very easy for them.
How can they be so beautiful with so little effort?
It is not just that they make the same steps.


===Glossary===
====Roots====

;anč.ek: (v) exist, be, “there is”
;arduyok:	(n)	work, effort, force
;čavun:		(n)	self
;č.ek:		(v)	be
;datu:		(aj)	same
;deǧ.ek:		(v)	not be
;diin:		(n)	mind
;dižna:		(n)	movement, motion
;dla:		(pr)	than, more than ...
;dor.ek:		(v)	dance
;dornik:		(n)	dancer
;doro:		(n)	dance
;dorozagac:	(n)	choreography
;du:		(cj)	that, the fact that ...
;ebie:		(av)	that much, as much as that
;egva:		(av)	except, other than ... (follows the noun or verb)
;enie:		(av)	that way, like that
;hatuk:		(n)	plan, program, system
;hoš.ak:		(v)	want, wish, desire
;idir:		(aj)	any, any kind of
;kraza:		(av)	please (marks requests)
;koš:		(n)	little, not much
;kunie:		(av)	how?
;ǩok:		(n)	other, the other one
;magrud:	(n)	turn
;mir.ek:		(v)	see, look at
;mu:		(av)	not (negates a verb)
;napr.ak:		(v)	learn
;nisr.ak:		(v)	appear, seem
;nora:		(aj)	beautiful
;paiyem:		(av)	all, all of them
;po:		(cj)	but
;pšokto:		(n)	step
;r.ek:		(v)	can, able to
;sac.ek:		(v)	do, make, perform
;sangi:		(n)	music
;šaas:		(aj)	easy
;tauja:		(n)	direction
;taǧiwastik:	(n)	paradox, contradiction
;tizem:		(pn)	3rs person plural pronoun, instrumental case
;točiksoi:	(aj)	precise, perfect, controlled
;tori:		(pn)	these
;vitic:		(aj)	nimble, agile
;wak:		(n)	voice
;zar:		(av)	only, merely, just (follows noun or verb)

====Inflections====

;-:		zero ending; nominative case
;-:		zero ending; accusative case (for some nouns)
;-a:		genitive case (for nouns ending in a consonant)
;-a:		third person singular present tense (-ak verbs)
;-ai:		very ..., muchly ...
;-az:		third person plural present tense (-ak verbs)
;-e:		third person singular present tense (-ek verbs)
;-ez:		third person plural present tense (for some semi-regular –ek verbs)
;-i:		plural suffix (replaces final –a of some nouns)
;-in:		plural accusative
;-ira:		plural genitive
;-iz:		third person plural present tense (for regular –ek verbs)
;-n:		accusative case (for most nouns ending in a vowel)
;-na:		turns a verb into a relative clause
;-om:		instrumental case (for nouns ending in a consonant)
;-ov:		past active participle (-ak verbs); “having done...”
;-ra:		genitive case (for nouns ending in a vowel)
;-su:		dative case (for most inanimates ending in a vowel)
;-yan:		comparative suffix; “-er”
;-yat:		second person singular imperative (-ek verbs)


===Grammar===

This text turned out to be pretty simple for grammar. There is a Rhean grammar page online at http://suzsoiz.free.fr/rhean but some inflections are different in the more recent “version” of the language. You won’t have to use the site; I’ll give you all you need here:

Rhean is an inflected language with a Subject-Object-Verb word order. Anything that modifies a noun usually comes before it, whether that’s an adjective or an entire relative clause. Prepositions didn’t appear in this text.

Verbs come in two conjugations, depending on whether the infinitive ends in –ak or –ek. The infinitive ending is replaced by the various person/tense endings. The infinitive itself can also be the complement of another verb, especially an auxiliary: mirek mu rez “they cannot see”.

The verb ček means “to be” but it is never negated with mu. There is a special verb deǧek meaning “not be”, which is used for the negative of ček.
The verb anček means “to exist” and is commonly used in “there is, there are” sentences. But it is also used for possession, because Rhean doesn’t use a verb for “to have” the same way English does. The structure for “X has Y” is X-(instrumental case) Y-(nominative case) anče, or “there is Y with X”.

The only participle that appears here was the past active, which means someone has completed doing something. It is usually used with ček (or deǧek): tafa ‘he eats’ --&gt; tafov če ‘ he has eaten’ (literally “he-is having-eaten”).

Nouns inflect for five cases, all of which appeared in this text.
The nominative case is used for the subject of a verb, and for noun predicates
The accusative case is used (among other things) for the object of a verb
The genitive case requires some special attention in this text. This case often works like the English possessive, showing that one thing belongs to another. But when the object or the subject of a verb appears in the genitive case, it means “some, any” or with a negative “none, no, none of”.
The dative case shows the recipient of something, but with inanimate nouns it is often a destination or a direction of motion. All verbs that indicate heading towards something take objects in the dative.
The instrumental case does a lot of work in Rhean. Its main use is to show the means by which something was done: čekicom “with a hammer”, aftom “by car”, pešim “on foot”. It is also a locative case, showing where something is or happens. As shown above, it also indicates who a possessed thing is “with”.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Wenedyk</title>
    <id>4885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31993</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-29T08:43:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jan van Steenbergen

===The Text===

DESKARS FRUDLĘCI

Ił daniec je wiortablemięć jelkód, kód fole widziar! Wień i 
gwarda bień! Łu nie je sięgłamięć daniec, wolkąk li nie kętą - 
nękwa miecim sie nie dokierą jekar muzyka. Nę, li traszczędą sie 
sułór i en ił mód deskoprzę Wiortać Profędzieśma. Daniec ił je 
mółt gracuzy i strarodnarzemięć harmonicy. Uta nostrzy dańcarzy 
nie faczę sięgłamięć mumien płerześmie elegantór: kędy wirą, li 
rzekątą historia wiora, traszczędzięć świe proprze jenie. Pro 
miej je kłar: zocemięć en ił mód li sprzymą Poruła sułu Dzieju. 
Szy zista jałtra splekaceń, prokoju łu kosta nostrzew dańcarzew 
szyk pieskieł oprze? Jałtrzy sur łór łoku się miecim nie stacier 
wynu posu!

===Smooth English===

A FRAUDULENT SPEECH

This dance is really something you should see! Come and take a good
look! It is not merely a dance, although they are not singing - they
never even learned how to play music. No, they are transcending
themselves and in that way discover the Deepest Truth. This dance is
very graceful and extraordinarily harmonious. Yet, our dancers are
not just making the most elegant movements: when they whirl around,
they are telling a true story, thereby transcending their own souls.
To me it's clear: in this very way they are expressing the Word of
God Himself. Can there be another explanation for that fact that it
costs our dancers so little effort? Others in their place wouldn't
even be able to make a single step!

===Grammar===

Wenedyk is quite an ordinary romlang. As you may or may not know, it's essentially based 
on Vulgar Latin, combined with the sound changes that distinguish Modern Polish from 
Common Slavic. Virtually all vocabulary is Romance, morphology is predominantly Latin-
based, but syntax, orthography and pronunciation are mostly Polish. 

Wenedyk has three genders (m, f, n), and two numbers (sg, pl). There are three cases: 
direct case, genitive, and dative. The direct case is nothing more than the nominative 
and the accusative in one; the latter two have separate forms only in the case of 
personal pronouns. 

Word order is basically free, although SVO would be the &quot;normal&quot; way of saying something. 

There are two things you need to know about negations:
*Wenedyk often has double negation (&quot;I don't want no present for Christmas&quot;)
*The object of a negation is always in the genitive case.

A question that can be answered with a simple &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot; is often preceded by the particle &quot;szy&quot;.

Pronouns:

*The forms &quot;ił&quot;, &quot;łu&quot;, &quot;li&quot;, and &quot;łór&quot; can both be personal pronouns of the third person and demonstrative pronouns.
*&quot;Miej&quot; is the genitive of the first person personal pronoun &quot;jo&quot;.
*Pro-drop is allowed in Wenedyk, but not compulsory.

Adjectives:

Adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns and the like agree with the noun they 
modify in gender, number and case. They can be placed before and after the noun they modify. 
Some will usually go first, some will almost always go after, but that doesn't really matter 
in this case.
The ending &quot;-eśmy&quot; is used for superlatives.

Verbs:

In this text, you will encounter the present tense, the perfect tense, the imperative, the 
infinitive, the present active participle, and the conditional. It is important to know that 
in most cases the conditional is based on the infinitive + the conditional of the verb &quot;szer&quot; 
(to be). These two components may be separated: &quot;jemarsi&quot; or &quot;si jemar&quot;: &quot;I would love&quot;.

Everything else you can find in the grammar: http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk.


===Word list===

Most words used in this text you can find easily in the dictionary: 
http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk/vocabulary.html. 

The list below shows you which entries to search for. In cases where it might not be obvious 
which word in the text I'm referring to, I'll quote it from the text first.

*bień (adv.)
*daniec (m.)
*dańcarz (m.)
*deskars (m.)
*deskoprzer (v.)
*dokierą -&gt; doczar (v.)
*Dzieju -&gt; Dziew (m.)
*eleganty (adj.)
*en (prep.)
*faczer (v.)
*fole (v.)
*frudlęci (adj.)
*gracuzy (adj.)
*gwardar (v.)
*harmonicy (adj.)
*historia (f.)
*i (conj.)
*jałtry (adj.)
*je -&gt; szer (v.)
*jekar (v.)
*jelkód (pron.indef.)
*jenia (f.)
*kędy (adv./conj.)
*kętar (v.)
*kłary (adj.)
*kostar (v.)
*kód (pron.interrog.)
*miecim (adv.)
*mód (m.)
*mółt (adv.)
*mumię (n.)
*muzyka (f.)
*nę (intj.)
*nękwa (adv.)
*nie (adv.)
*nostry (pron.poss.)
*opra (f.)
*pieskieł (adv.)
*płerześmie (adv.)
*poruła (f.)
*pos (m.)
*pro (prep.)
*profędy (adj.)
*prokoju (adv.)
*proprzy (adj.)
*rzekątar (v.)
*sie (pron.refl.)
*sięgłamięć (adv.)
*splekaceń (f.)
*sprzymier (v.)
*stacier (v.)
*strarodnarzemięć (adv.)
*suły (adj.)
*sur (prep.)
*szy (conj.)
*szyk (adv.)
*świe -&gt; swej (pron.poss.)
*traszczędzier (v.)
*uta (conj.)
*widziar (v.)
*wiortablemięć (adv.)
*wiortać (f.)
*wiory (adj.)
*wirar (v.)
*wień -&gt; wnier (v.)
*wolkąk (conj.)
*wyn (num.)
*zistar (v.)
*zocemięć (adv.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Xara</title>
    <id>4886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32066</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T08:12:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Audio</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jim Taylor

===The Text===

jilider ja gorimes, xeyur si a tajepasme, jerexer ri si a faguxasme,
ejaro xadevmeyur asmeyar. tajepeyiler ha timeyovasme soyol. a xumijasme
xo kaxaled xu xo xemereyil. guropejol, tajepeyil asmeyar simer
tajepeyilan xemejfejan xu xajeyelfejan a orjias. fajidum rean a oras
viremedfean tem asme. a puladasme xu a xumijasme gamo gilixur tan. ri a
oros xumijeyil, xeye si a oras gov rugulan asmeyir. vi a oros tajepumme
telean, xeyeme si a orasme fajalfean xemejeyiler gojival, xo xumijeyil
nurolfe xu yo fuminod nurimfe?

===Audio===

[[Media:XaraRelay15.ogg]]


===Smooth English===
 
See how they dance not leading the music, except with their voices.
They have mastered the dance beforehand - they move with desire and
happiness - At the same time their dance becomes the most beautiful
and the most harmonious type of dance. No student is more supple than
them. They turn, they move as with one mind. No step is difficult for
them. Are there any other dancers greater at creating beauty, with
less effort and without a single step?

===Pronunciation===

The vowels a e i o u are pure as in Spanish

The consonants are pronounced as in English with the following exceptions

*t, d are more dental as in Spanish or French
*r is lightly rolled
*j is pronounced as in French
*x is pronounced ''sh''

===Punctuation===

Commas, full stops and question marks are used as in English. Capital letters are only used for proper names.

===Grammar===

Articles: the definite and indefinite articles ''the'' and ''a/ an'' are not used in Xara

Nouns: declined with the following suffixes

;(no ending): nominative singular
;-er: accusative singular
;-ar: genitive singular
;-ir: dative singular
;-ur: ablative singular
;-me: nominative plural
;-meyer: accusative plural
;-meyar: genitive plural
;-meyir: dative plural
;-meyur: ablative plural

 
Pronouns: declined as the nouns above.

Possesive pronouns: the genitive form of the personal pronoun is used.

The relative pronoun ''xeye'' drops its final e before adding any suffixes.

Adjectives: mostly and in -an. They follow the noun they qualify and do not decline or change for case or number.

The comparative is formed by replacing the -an ending with -fean

The superlative is formed by replacing the -an ending with -fejan

Verbs: conjugated as follows

mood indicator (if used) + tense indicator + verb stem + personal
pronoun ending

In this text the following personal pronoun endings are used

;-es: 2nd person singular
;-as: 3rd person singular
;-asme: 3^rd person plural
;-os: indefinite pronoun (equivalent to the English ''one'' or as ''there is /are'' with the verb ''to be'')

The mood indicator ''si'', as well as indicating continuous action is also used in all relative clauses. In this case it does not necessarily indicate continuous action, merely that the verb belongs to the relative clause.

====Syntax====

The usual word oder is as follows:

subject - object - verb - adverb or relative clause

Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify and adverbs follow the verbs
they qualify.

More use is made of relative clauses than in English.

===Vocabulary===

;a: present tense indicator
;as: 3rd personal pronoun
;ejaro: except (conj.)
;fagux: lead, direct (v.)
;fajalan: great, magnificent (adj.)
;fajidum: pupil, student (n.)
;fuminod: step, pace (n.)
;gamo: like, as (conj.)
;gilix: mind (n.)
;gojival: make, create (v.)
;gorim: see, look (v.)
;gov: too 
;guropejol: simultaneously, at the same time (adv.)
;ha: past tense indicator
;ja: imperative mood indicator
;jerex: music (n.)
;jilider: manner, way (n.)
;kaxaled: desire (n.)
;nurimfe: single (adj.)
;nurolfe: less (adj.)
;or: be (v.)
;orji: become (v.)
;pulad: turn, rotate (v.) 
;rean: no (adj.)
;ri: negative mood indicator
;rugulan: difficult (adj.)
;si: continuous mood indicator
;simer: sort, type (n.)
;soyol: previuosly, beforehand (adv.)
;tajep: dance (v.)
;tajepeyil: dance (n.)
;tajepeyilan: dancing (adj.)
;tajepum: dancer (n.)
;tan: one (num.)
;telean: other, another (adj.)
;tem: than, compared to (prep.)
;timeyov: master (v.)
;vi: interrogative mood indicator
;viremedan: bendy, flexible, supple (adj.)
;xadev: voice (n.)
;xajeyelan: harmonious, concordant 
;xemejan: beautiful (adj.)
;xemejeyil: beauty (n.)
;xemereyil: happiness (n.)
;xeye: relative pronoun 
;xo: with (prep.)
;xu: and (conj.)
;xumij: move (v.)
;xumijeyil: effort (n.)
;yo: without (prep.)

====Legend====

;(n.): noun
;(adj.): adjective
;(v.): verb
;(adv.): adverb
;(conj.): conjunction
;(prep.): preposition
;(num.): number</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Classical Arithide</title>
    <id>4887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32070</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T09:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Eugene Oh

===The Text===
====Topos Kūrōs====

Inne dāreu euptōra nonnē, zier nōn fostaima! Tygnegē! Evveirē dāre,
kori evikin; itae karasa ninevē veirē feono latro te. Olasōi, iknofta
nos agames, sinam oplōis dyntesta nassos synthos. Nou dāre pou dōve
kitēsi ambeltōra. Sin fānera rigne dāratēne evveirē sōlōradur:
volumprān falevta nassaelo iknoftestrae rimnos zīrinos. Kiriāssae:
oplur tēta soest fius. Antē syn ognēn dāratēnēn fyset dūtōis falystro
peras da? Kithona pateōn faltim sisnīo toro.


===Smooth English===
====A Deceitful Speech====

This dance truly holds promise, and everyone should watch it! It is not only a 
dance, though it is not a song; it teaches one never only to play music. No 
indeed, it, resolute, transcends, and by this way can be discovered the deepest 
truth. It is a dance of great grace and extraordinarily harmonious. But it does 
not only move our dancers most elegantly: when they spin around, they let show 
their truest emotions so that the human soul and consciousness may be 
transcended. To clarify: in this way the word of God is accurately borne. Is it 
possible to explain otherwise how the dancers achieve it with so little effort? 
A common man would give up taking his first cautious step.

===Grammar===

The details are probably all available on Frath, so I'll simply point
you to the places most important for comprehension:

*[[Classical_Arithide_declension]]
*[[Classical_Arithide_conjugation]]
*[[Classical_Arithide_adjectives]]
*[[Classical_Arithide_adpositions]]
*[[Classical_Arithide_pro-forms]]

In approximately declining order of importance. What you really really
need to know is that

#Classical Arithide was an absolutive language, and tended to be SOV in word order, with modifiers after antecedents.
#However, its inflection system was so entrenched, embedded and pervasive that the above is not necessarily true (like Latin).
#Classical Arithide has a strong compounding ability, particularly with verbs. Suffixation is king.
#Classical Arithide had a copula that was barely ever used. Instead, the rule of the age was to form the equation simply as a nominative-essive pair.
#Classical Arithide also had a negative copula, and this was sometimes used.
#Phonologically speaking, Classical Arithide also had a large degree of assimilation, to the extent that morpheme boundaries might not be instantly recognisable, but such changes are illustrated on the pages provided above.
#Classical Arithide words are largely classifiable into two groups, verbal and nominal (acting grammatically like verbs or nouns), and for inflection of each group refer to the correct page!
#That above point is partly because of the considerable ambiguity arising from syncretism across word classes.
#And speaking of word classes (of which Cl. Ar. has 8 lexical ones), certain adjectives are fixed declension, and certain are of variable declension! Also see the adjectives page for how some are not declined at all.
#Due to the great difference in phraseology and expression from Latinate and European languages, translating directly will cause you much headache.
#I have only given root forms of words below, hence no &quot;-ation&quot; equivalent for verbs etc. Irregular stuff I have, otherwise it would be unfair. (:
#Agreement between words of the same grammatical argument is pervasive.
#All grammatical function words can be found on the pages above.
#All pronouns are irregular.


===Glossary===

;agames: adj. fix. &quot;fixed, resolute&quot;
;amblēn: v. &quot;to converge, to blend; to be in harmony, to be in sync&quot;
;antos: n. &quot;other, alternative&quot;
;da: part. (interrogative particle)
;dāra: n. &quot;dance&quot;
;dārān: v. &quot;to dance&quot;
;dōvos: adj. var. &quot;graceful&quot;
;dūtos: n. &quot;effort, work, exertion&quot;
;dyntēn: v. &quot;to find&quot;
;egēn: v. &quot;to come&quot;
;euptos: n. &quot;watchability, point of interest&quot;
;falēn: v. &quot;to let loose, to release; to cause to bloom; to take (a step)&quot;
;falyssēn: v. &quot;to achieve&quot;
;fānerēn: v. &quot;to excite, to stir up, to rouse&quot;
;falevtēn: v. &quot;to reveal, to show, to let loose, to express&quot;
;feonos: n. &quot;music&quot;
;feos: n. irreg. &quot;god&quot;
;fostān: v. &quot;to watch, to look&quot;
;fys: adj. fix. &quot;few, little&quot;
;iknoftēn: v. &quot;to rise above, to transcend&quot;
;inne: dem. pron. invar. &quot;this&quot;
;ither: it-, n. &quot;person, one, human&quot;
;karasēn: v. &quot;to impart&quot;
;kirios: adj. fix. &quot;clear&quot;
;kis, kit-: adj. var. &quot;ordinary&quot;
;kithon: n. &quot;normal, common people&quot;
;kore: n. &quot;song&quot;
;kūros: n. &quot;lie&quot;
;latēn: v. &quot;to play&quot;
;nassaelos: n. &quot;truest feelings, deepest emotions&quot;
;nassos: adj. fix. &quot;deepest, innermost&quot;
;ninevē: adv. &quot;never&quot;
;nonnos: n. &quot;real&quot;
;nos: pron. &quot;it (inanim.)&quot;
;nōn: part. &quot;also, too&quot;
;ognos: dem. adj. var. &quot;this&quot;
;olā: interj. &quot;no&quot;
;oplos: n. &quot;this way, this manner&quot;
;oplur: adv. &quot;thus, so, in this way&quot;
;patē, pate-: v. &quot;to give up, to abandon&quot;
;perān: v. &quot;to explain&quot;
;pou: adj. adv. invar. &quot;a lot, much, many; very, greatly&quot;
;rimnos: n. &quot;soul, spiritual consciousness&quot;
;rīs, rig-: pron. &quot;we (excl.)&quot;
;sin, sina: conj. &quot;but&quot;
;sinam: conj. &quot;and, furthermore, moreover&quot;
;sisnēn: adj. &quot;careful, cautious&quot;
;soest: n. &quot;words, sayings, speech&quot;
;sōi: interj. &quot;indeed, true, so it was, thus&quot;
;syn: prep. +abl. &quot;by (agentive)&quot;
;synos: adj. &quot;true, honest&quot;
;te: part. +acc. &quot;that; (direct quotation)&quot;
;tētēn: v. &quot;to pinpoint, to point out, to precisely determine, to accurately show&quot;
;topos: n. &quot;speech&quot;
;tos, tor-: (I), n. &quot;step&quot;
;tygnēn: v. &quot;to see, to look closely, to observe, to take a peek&quot;
;Vv-: pref. &quot;un-, in-, not, no&quot; [where V is a reduplicated vowel, identical to the next following vowel in the word]
;veirē: adv. &quot;only, just, simply&quot;
;vēn, ev-: v. (the negative copula)
;volumēn: v. &quot;to spin, to whirl&quot;
;zier: n. &quot;people, folk, everyone&quot;
;zīrinos: adj. fix. &quot;human&quot;
;-ad-: infix. (superlative infix)
;-aimēn: v. suff. &quot;should, ought to&quot;
;-ān: tempor. loc. suff. &quot;when&quot;
;-ē: adv. suff. &quot;-ly&quot; (on nominal stems only)
;-ikin: suff. &quot;though&quot; (on verbs only)
;-on (pl. -ein): n. suff. (agentive suffix, on verbs only)
;-ōs, -ōd-: adj. suff. &quot;full of, -ous&quot;
;-si: suff. &quot;and, as well as&quot;
;-(e/o)stēn: v. suff. (passive suffix)
;-thos: n. suff. &quot;-ness, -ity, -dom&quot;
;-ur: adv. suff. &quot;-ly&quot; (on verbal stems only)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Naisek</title>
    <id>4888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32067</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T08:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jeff Jones

===The Text===
====Si Nelebarkla!====


Lementaxna hal dispino.
Mitwe gauti minde.
Stor pehin gautim musikam josku narbelum fam.
Stor lentsep gauti dispaixofkap.

Nage xoltor laihax supokmi natkun ehoxoki wix supim jaiksem ehoxokim.
Stor laihin dispai lanhossi tep swala joufala.
Emi gautal dispino xenglossal tep besal.
Stor reldin pone stor wasgin.
Jadi ir mitwe kwa denje.
Ementi ir juku holaipti tali.

Ga rampki ir xolto tesuren launtax tesuren pikipe merflape.
Lo poupo stor laihin hifil natkuno ga si.

===Smooth English===

====It's a Paradox!====

Please look at the dancers.
They have no plan.
They use no music but their own voices.
They haven't learned any choreography.

But they can perform any kind of step desired in any direction desired.
They perform a more precise dance than all others.
There are no dancers more agile than these.
They turn and move.
It seems they have one mind.
It appears to be very easy for them.

I don't believe they can be so beautiful with such a small amount of
effort.
It isn't that they merely perform the same steps.

===Grammar===

Note: Although I use ergative-type terminology in the grammar, Naisek is more of a direct role alignment language (i.e. the case of an argument doesn't change when the verb becomes passive) with some fluid-S behavior.

Naisek is an agglutinative language with some incipient fusion, and is
mostly suffixing.

The order of phrases within a clause is determined pragmatically.
The word order within phrases (when all types appear) is:

determiner, quantifier, noun, adjective.

Nouns have implicit gender (animate and inanimate) and are marked for
number (singular and plural) and case (only the absolutive, ergative,
dative, genitive, and instrumental occur here). The partly fused
suffixes are given below. There are different suffixes for vowel stems
and consonant stems.

Adjectives, demonstratives, and the definite article h- agree with the
noun in gender, number, and case. For all of these, the gender suffix
(consistently -a for animate and -i for inanimate) comes first. The
number and case suffixes are the same as those for vowel-stem nouns.

The only other declined forms occuring here are given in the vocabulary
section.

The number and case suffixes occurring here are as follows, with the
vowel-stem suffixes given first (if both occur in the text).

;Absolutive Singular: (no suffix)
;Absolutive Plural: -l, -o
;Genitive Singular: -m
;Genitive Plural: -lum
;Ergative Plural: -la
;Instrumental Singular: -pe

Phrases in the genitive case are used as either possessors, objects of
prepositions, or objects of verbal nouns and follow their heads except
in cases that don't apply here.

Phrases in the instrumental case specify the means or instrument.

Class 5I verbs are regularly derived from adjectives using the suffix
-t. The only other relevent adjective suffix is -oss, which forms the
comparative stem.

The relevent finite verb stems are:
;-0:	basic stem (meaning depends on verb class)
;-ax:	subjunctive (and polite command) stem

Finite verb forms end in subject agreement suffixes. These distinguish
(redundantly) the subject's case as well as its person and number. The
forms occurring are:

;1st person singular dative: -ki
;2nd person singular ergative: -na
;3rd person singular absolutive (basic stem): -i (-0 after a vowel)
;3rd person plural ergative: -tor
;3rd person plural dative: -twe
;3rd person plural absolutive: -to

The non-finite verb forms are the participles, infinitives, and verbal
nouns. Each of these may occur in a compound tense (with no further
suffixing) following the copula. The verbal nouns specify habitual
participation. The verbal nouns may also be used as inflected nouns and
the participles as inflected adjectives. The relevent suffixes are:

;-ok: progressive participle
;-ep: retrospective participle
;-ax: infinitive
;-in: verbal noun

Grammatical voice marking (which changes the verb's argument structure)
is accomplished using prefixes for both finite and non-finite forms.
The prefixes occurring are:

;le-: turns dative argument into ergative argument (becomes class 2 and the TAM class becomes P)
;ho-:	adds dative argument (becomes class 3)
;e-:	deletes dative argument (becomes class 5)

Compounds have the form modifier-head.

The complementizer ir is used with deductive complements; lo is used
for all others.

===Vocabulary===

Only the bare stems of inflected forms are given. Verbs, adjectives,
and determiners always take some non-zero suffix (see grammar). A couple of
inflected forms have been included.

====Word/Stem Types====
;A: adjective
;C: conjunction or particle
;D: determiner or pronoun
;NA: noun, animate
;NI: noun, inanimate
;P: preposition or adverb
;Q: quantifier or number
;V#$: verb, where # = argument structure class and $ = TAM class.

The argument structure classes are:
;2: Ergative subject, Absolutive object
;3: Dative subject, Absolutive object
;4: Ergative or Absolutive subject
;5: Absolutive subject
;6: auxiliary; subject agrees according to the content verb
;8: Absolutive subject, Absolutive complement (which immediately follows the verb)

The TAM classes are:
;P: basic stem represents imperative
;M: basic stem represents present imperfective indicative
;I: basic stem represents present imperfective indicative

====Words and Stems====
;bes:	(D)	this/these, here
;denje:	(NA)	mind
;disp:	(V4P)	dance
;dispai: (NI)	dance (in the sense of ballet number)
;fam:	(D)	(reflexive pronoun, genitive)
;ga:	(C)	not (precedes what it negates)
;gaut:	(D)	negative determiner (declined like adjective)
;h:	(D)	the (definite article)
;hif:	(A)	the same, identical
;hox:	(V3M)	want, wish, desire
;ir:	(C)	(complementizer, indirect)
;jad:	(V8I)	seem
;jaikse: (NI)	direction (spatial)
;josku:	(P)	except
;jouf:	(A)	other
;juku:	(Adv)	very
;kw:	(Q)	one (declined like singular adjective)
;laih:	(V2P)	perform
;laip:	(A)	easy
;lanh:	(A)	precise, accurate
;laun:	(A)	beautiful
;lents:	(V2M)	learn
;lo:	(C)	(complementizer, direct)
;ment:	(V3M)	see (le --&gt; look at, e --&gt; appear)
;merfla: (NI)	work, effort
;mi:	(V3M)	have (e --&gt; exist, &quot;there is&quot;)
;minde:	(NI)	plan
;musika: (NI)	music
;nage:	(C)	but (connects clauses and sentences)
;narbe:	(NI)	voice
;natkun: (NI)	step
;nelebarkla: (NI)	paradox, contradiction
;peh:	(V2P)	use
;pik:	(A)	little (+ mass noun; declined like singular noun)
;pone:	(C)	and (connects clauses)
;poupo:	(Adv)	only, merely, insignificantly
;ramp:	(V3I)	believe
;reld:	(V4P)	turn
;s:	(V8M)	be (copula)
;sup:	(Q)	any (declined like singular adjective)
;sw:	(Q)	all (declined like plural adjective)
;tali:	(D)	(3rd person pronoun, dative plural)
;tep:	(C)	than, as (comparisons)
;tesuren: (Adv)	to that degree
;wasg:	(V4P)	move, gesture
;wix:	(P)	to (spatial)
;xengl:	(A)	nimble, agile
;xofkap: (NI)	written record
;xol:	(V6I)	can, be able to

====Derivational Suffixes====
;-okm:	(D)	kind (of); added to pronominal/determiner stems</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Tauro-Piscean</title>
    <id>4889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32074</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T12:49:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Sean Anderson

===The Text===
====TET SWIKLIKEN KWIDÊ==== 
Tet heonan Frikiung zï sot jemkvë mikeêlù„ dass zöl munkvi tenen sean! Kuman nes skäwian närolik! Te zï nat efnê an Frikiung, tä zï te nan San; te le kvinen nat efä fötum Swenen plean. Neg ubäbidd te anred nes„ in tem heonan Wisê„ onfind jo ten Deopün Sot. Te zï an Frikiung„ dass zï switê tanklik and inkut answejê. Ak weëf te Frikiärên ikkênes nat efnê jetïnlikü: ta aspinn tes tek tes ekkten Steê tontetan ubäbidd jo tenên mannliken Jastê teses. Ikken äsweotölan: tes tek in tem heonan näroliken Wisê ten Wëd tens Jod. Kunnest jo in enïn otän Wisênem nonen rekkan„ hu du jo mid zo fän Jedeëfem tenen frikiärênum? Otän Mannê fötum fëlet anen weên Last settan.

===Audio===
[http://rapidshare.com/files/118813286/conlangrelay.mp3.html Audio version of this text]

===Smooth English=== 
====THE DELUSIVE SPEECH==== 
This dance is truly something, so much so that everyone should see it! Come and observe closely! This isn't only a dance, although it isn't a song; it never even teaches one to play music. No, it transcends consistently and, in this manner, the Deepest Truth is discovered. It is a dance that is very gracious and extraordinarily harmonious. But our dancers don't only move most elegantly: when they whirl, they demonstrate real history, surpassing their mortal souls. To make myself clear: they express the Word of God in this exact manner. Can it be explained in any other way how this is achieved with so little effort by our dancers? Other persons even neglect to place one correct step. 

===Grammar===
Tauro-Piscean is a Germanic language, primarily descended from Old English and German, though it does have notable Romance influence. It may look very artificial in places, but it is supposed to be that way; it should be very easy to learn. There are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. However, grammatical genders always match biological genders. Thus, most nouns (inanimate objects and animals of unspecified sex) are neuter. In fact, you will only encounter the neuter gender in this text. There are definite and indefinite articles, which are inflected for gender, the nominative, accusative, dative, genitive and instrumental cases: 
[[Tauro-Piscean_language#Articles]]  

When a noun must be inflected for a particular case and there are no articles present, the noun itself must be inflected, as explained here: 
[[Tauro-Piscean_language#Cases]] 

The word list provided gives nouns in their nominative form. Note that prepositions are followed by the accusative or dative case: dative when the event is stationary, accusative when there is motion, e.g. 'in' can mean both 'in' and 'into', depending on whether it is followed by the dative or the accusative respectively. Verbs are negated either with the word 'nat' (c.f. English 'not') or using a negative article such as 'nan' (c.f. German 'kein' - English 'not a'). More information here: [[Tauro-Piscean_language#Negation]] 

You should also understand how the voices work, particularly the dummy pronoun 'jo', which is similar to the way in which English often uses 'it': 
[[Tauro-Piscean_language#Voice]] 

When preceding a noun that they describe, adjectives take the ending -en when they end in a consonant and -n when they end in a vowel. This does not apply to adjectives in any other location. They do not agree with gender or number. Word order is V2; in many cases, it is the same as in English, but in several cases (when the clause begins with an element other than the subject), the verb comes before the subject. More information here: [[Tauro-Piscean_language#Word_Order]] 
 
Tauro-Piscean has a large number of grammatical moods and tenses. In the text, you will encounter the infinitive, the indicative, the imperative and the interrogative: 
[[Tauro-Piscean_language#Verbs]] 
The webpage tells you how to form them; the word list gives verbs in the infinitive. 
===Word list=== 
(bear in mind that adjectives also function as adverbs): 
;Swiklik: (adj.) - deceitful, treacherous, cheating 
;Kwidê: (n.) - speech 
;Frikiung: (n.) - dance 
;Zïan: (v.) - to be 
;Sot: (adj.) - true 
;Mikeêlù: - so much so 
;Dass: (conj.) - that 
;Zölan: (v.) - to be supposed to 
;Sean: (v.) - to see 
;Kuman: (v.) - to come, to arrive 
;Nes: (conj.) - and (then) 
;Skäwian: (v.) - to observe, to behold, to examine 
;Närolik: (adj.) - accurate, close 
;Efnê: (adj.) - only 
;Tä: (conj.) - though 
;San: (n.) - song 
;Leran: (v.) - to teach 
;Efä: (adv.) - ever 
;Fötum: (adj.) - only 
;Swe: (n.) - music
; Plean (v.): - to play, to joke 
;Neg: (intj.) - no, certainly not 
;Ubäbiddan: (v.) - to surpass, to transcend 
;Anred: (adj.) - constant, consistent, resolute 
;In (prep.): - in, into 
;Wisê: (n.) - manner, way, matter, usage, idiom 
;Onfindan: (v.) - to realise, to discover 
;Deop: (adj.) - deep 
;Sot: (n.) - truth 
;Switê: (adj.) - very, greatly, strongly 
;Tanklik: (adj.) - gracious 
;And: (conj.) - and 
;Inkut: (adj.) - extraordinary 
;Answejê: (adj.) - accordant, harmonious 
;Ak: (conj.) - but 
;Weëfan: (v.) - to move, to roam 
;Frikiärê: (n.) - dancer 
;Jetïnlik: (adj.) - elegant 
;Ta: (conj.) - when, if 
;Aspinnan: (v.) - to spin, to whirl 
;Tekan: (v.) - to show, to demonstrate 
;Ekkt: (adj.) - real, genuine 
;Steê: (n.) - story, history 
;Tontetan: (prep.) - in order that 
;Mannlik: (adj.) - mortal, human 
;Jast: (n.) - spirit, soul, ghost 
;Äsweotölan: (v.) - to make clear 
;Wëd: (n.) - word, report, subject of talk 
;Jod: (n.) - good, goodness, God 
;Kunnan: (v.) - to be able to 
;Enï: (adj.) - any 
;Otä: (adj.) - other 
;Rekkan: (v.) - to explain, to care, to narrate 
;Hu: (conj.) - how 
;Duan: (v.) - to achieve, to benefit, to be useful, to work, to avail 
;Mid: (prep.) - with 
;Zo: (adv.) - so
;Fä: (adj.) - few, little 
;Jedeëf: (n.) - effort 
;Mann: (n.) - person, man, woman 
;Fëletan: (v.) - to abandon, to neglect, to forsake, to leave, to surrender, to let go 
;Weê: (adj.) - correct, prudent, cautious 
;Last: (n.) - vow, duty, gait, step 
;Settan: (v.) - to set, to place, to occupy, to appoint, to compose, to establish</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Nesheti</title>
    <id>4890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32069</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T09:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Tony Hogard

===The Text===

Uskike mahenek, haf hala aniyazinzi.  Uwatehanzi nata halak kus
miyalen, kreme gelselek halas.  Hala duduskine uves aniyagak.  Hala
luhanzi kum zelatik is radasefek.  Bemeraf hala aniyazinzi.  Evur
aniyagas halas kivazi krasafmun felke is garmun felke.  Esazi nata
unzen, ge esazi gibek bulu haf hala.  Hala werazunzi is luhanzi, haf
ume din.  Esazi nata trusit, ge esazi slezin slisk halan. Esanzi
aniyahal dame, ge husnusunzi krasafak wali bulu, kus usilun menez is
kus nata patamen dinefa?

===Smooth English===

See the way that the dance.  They are not led by any music except
their voices.  They have already mastered the dance.  They move with
desire and happiness.  They dance together.  Their type of dance
becomes the most beautiful and most harmonious.  No student is more
flexible than they.  They turn and move as one mind.  There is no
effort that is too difficult for them.  Are there other dancers who
create a greater beauty, with less effort and without a single step?

===Lexicon===

;aniyag: (n.) dance
;aniyaha: (n.) dancer
;aniyazin: (v.) to dance
;bemeraf: (adv.) at the same time, simultaneously
;bulu: (adv.) more, greater
;wali: (adj.) great, important
;werazun: (v.) to turn, to rotate, to spin
;garmun: (adj.) harmonious
;ge: (pron.) relative pronoun
;gels: (n.) voice
;gibek: (adj.) flexible, pliable
;dame: (adj.) other, different
;din: (adj.) one
;dinefa: (adj.) single, singular
;duduskin: (v.) to master, to learn
;evur: (n.) category, type
;esan: (v.) to be
;is: (conj.) and
;kivan: (v.) to become
;krasaf: (n.) beauty
;krasafmun: (adj.) beautiful
;kreme: (prep.) except
;kum: (prep.) with, having, accompanied by
;kus: (prep.) with, via, by means of
;luhan: (v.) to move
;mahen: (n.) way, manner
;menez: (adv.) less, smaller
;miyale: (n.) music
;nata: (adv.) not, no, negative
;patame: (n.) step, footstep
;radasef: (n.) happiness
;slezin: (adj.) difficult, complex
;slisk: (adv.) too, overly
;trusit: (n.) effort, attempt
;uwatehan: (v.) to bring, to lead
;uves: (adv.) already
;ume: (n.) mind, soul
;unzen: (n.) student
;usilu: (n.) effort
;uskin: (v.) to see
;felke: (adv.) most, best
;hala: (pron.) 3rd person plural
;haf: (conj.) how, as, like, than (in comparatives)
;husnusun: (v.) to make, to create
;zelati: (n.) desire

;n.: ­ noun
;pron.: ­ pronoun
;v.: ­ verb
;adj.: ­ advective
;adv.: ­ adverb
;conj.: - conjunction

===Grammar notes===

Nesheti has two genders for nouns:  active nouns include people, animals, fire, moving water, and astronomical and meteorological phenomena.  Other nouns are neuter.

Nesheti usually has SVO word order. Adjectives and adverbs follow the nouns or verbs they modify.

Nouns are declined for accusative, dative, and genitive cases, and for plural number:

;nominative:  -(no ending)
;accusative:  -k
;dative:  -n
;genitive:  -s
;plural:  -l

Verbs conjugations appearing in this text:

;present tense:    -zi, third person singular       -nzi, third person plural
;preterite tense:   -ne, third person plural
;imperative mood  -ke, second person singular</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Rokbeigalmki</title>
    <id>4891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29864</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-13T12:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: A@B.C  ;A:draqonfayir ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A@B.C

;A:draqonfayir
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Becenög</title>
    <id>4892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29865</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-13T13:08:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details== A_B@C.D  ;A:leg ;B:biter ;C:hotmail ;D:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==
A_B@C.D

;A:leg
;B:biter
;C:hotmail
;D:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpphon.png</title>
    <id>4893</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29903</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-14T16:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tpphon.png]]&quot;: Tauro-Piscean phonology</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean phonology</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Džyiaiso</title>
    <id>4894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29958</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-16T23:09:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;
Džyiaiso

 
      e    i    ai    o    yu
p-    pe   pi   pai   po   pyu
b-    be   bi   bai   bo   byu
v-    ve   vi   vai   vo   vyu
t-    te   ti   tai   to   tyu
d-    de   di   dai   do   dyu
dž-   dže  dži  džai  džo  džyu
džy-  džye džyi džyai džyo džyuu
k-    ke   ki   kai   ko   kyu  
ky-   kye  kyi  kyai  kyo  kyuu
s-    se   si   sai   so   syu
z-    ze   zi   zai   zo   zyu
w-    we   wi   wai   wo   wyu
-f    ef   if   aif   of   yuf
-s    es   is   ais   os   yus
-tš   etš  itš  aitš  otš  yutš
-ks   eks  iks  aiks  oks  yuks
-m    em   im   aim   om   yum
-n    en   in   ain   on   yun
-r    er   ir   air   or   yur
-l    el   il   ail   ol   yul


stress = high pitch
antistress = low pitch
stress falls on the &quot;heaviest&quot; syllable (the one with the most mora)
antistress falls on the &quot;lightest&quot; syllable (the one with the fewest mora)
e, i, o = 1
ai, yu = 2
each consonant = 1 

heaviest 
džyaitš, džyaiks = 7
lightest
e, i, o = 1

s = 0 unless it is intial or final, because it can be on either end of a syllable

example
syllables       tone
e*s*i-wai       low-low-high           
džyo-di-kyaiks  mid-low-high
etš-e-vi-wai    high-low-mid-high
e*s*el-i-peks   low-mid-low-high
yul-džyo-kyaiks low-mid-high

VSO

VERB
džyo - to go
      1st           2nd          3rd
pres  džyokyai      džyowai      džyo
      džyokyaiks    džyowaiks    džyoks
past  džyodikyai    džyodiwai    džyodi
      džyodikyaiks  džyodiwaiks  džyodiks
fut   yuldžyokyai   yuldžyowai   yuldžyo
      yuldžyokyaiks yuldžyowaiks yuldžyoks

NOUN
 Pronoun
           1st      2nd      3rd
Agent      -kyai    -wai     -
           -kyaiks  -waiks   -ks
Patient    emi      oyu      etši
           emiks    oyuks    etšiks

Genitive   emwai    woyur    etšais
           emwaiks  woyureks etšaiseks
Possessive emaini   waini    etšaini
           emainiks wainiks  etšainiks

CORPUS
NOUNS
bairdi - bird
dodžyi - dog
džyairel - woman
emen - man
kaidi - child
seti - cat
   PRONOUNS
etširi - here
titšais - this/that
yutširi - where

VERBS
esaindžyi - to sing
eselpi - sleep
esi - to see
etševi - to have
yuiri - to be

CONJUNCTIONS
odžyi - and

I see a man.
esikyai emen-tai
[esikʲai ementai]

You see a woman.
esiwai džyairel-tai
[esiwai ʤʲaireltai]

We see a man and a woman.
esikyaiks emen-tai odžyi džyairel-tai
[esikʲaiks ementai oʤʲi ʤʲaireltai]

I have a dog.
etševikyai dodžyi-tai
[eʧevikʲai doʤʲitai]

You have a cat.
etševiwai seti-tai
[eʧeviwai setitai]

This is my dog.
yuiri dodžyi emwai titšais
[juiri doʤʲi emwai tiʧais]

That is your cat.
yuiri seti woyur titšais
[juiri seti wojur tiʧais]

Where is the cat?
doyuiri seti yutširi?
[dojuiri seti juʧiri]

The cat is here.
yuiri seti etširi
[juiri seti eʧiri]

Birds sing.
esaindžyiks bairdiks
[esainʤʲiks bairdiks]

Children sleep.
eselpiks kaidiks-tai 
[eselpiks kaidikstai]

Children, play!
efyun kaidiks yu!
[efyun kaidiks yu]

do you want red wine?
doyuentiwai yuaini-tai eroyudžyi?
[dojuentiwai yuaini eroyuʤʲi]

is this your wife?
doyuiri kone waini titšais?
[doyuiri kone waini tiʧais]

give me your lands and possessions!
džyaiviwai istetiks-tai odžyi estyufeks-tai woyur emi-kyo
[ʤʲaiviwai istetikstai oʤʲi estjufekstai wojur emikʲo]

You dishonour yourself.
eskemiwai oyu
[eskemiwai oju]
&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Tauro-Piscean</title>
    <id>4896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45175</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:55:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Category:Main page in other languages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;Tode be {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{PisceanDay/{{CURRENTDOW}}}}, {{PisceanMonth/{{CURRENTMONTH}}}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Wiêlkumê '''FrathWiki'nem''', an «Wiki», weê kunn possokvi tenên Konlingvos and Konköltuên instandan nes an Projekt to Infëmaksionen ofä Konlingvonmakiungem, Konköltuênmakiungem and Wëröldenarerungem jesamnian. Sean [[FrathWiki:Goals]] ten Zeêl ikkênes undästandan.

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Nï tonan nu an [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Yahoogroup] to tem heonan Websït, weê makê jo Möldiungê and nerê jo Bakkupê tens Datosenbank.

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:''sean:'' [[:Category:Collaborations]]
&lt;!--
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:A con-orthography for Indo-European languages, using Chinese characters.
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:A collaborative conlang based out of  [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
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*:A list of words that sound the same in multiple languages.
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''...see also '''Category:Collaborations:'''''
{{scroll box|
|background=#FFFFE0
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&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Collaborations
namespace=
&lt;/dpl&gt;
}}
--&gt;
'''Lingvontemên'''
: ''sean:'' [[:Category:Linguistics]] 

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'''Konwëröldê'''
:''sean:'' [[:Category:Conworlds]]
&lt;!--
'''List of concultural topics:'''
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'''Category:Conworlds:'''
{{scroll box|
|background=#fff5f5
|content=
&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Conworlds
namespace=
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}}
--&gt;
'''Konlingvos'''
:''sean:'' [[:Category:Conlangs]]
&lt;!--
''List of '''Category:conlangs:'''''
{{scroll box|
|background=#fff5f5
|content=
&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Conlangs|*Conlangs
namespace=
&lt;/dpl&gt;
}}
--&gt;
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0e0f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Arekkiungê tens heonan Tramet'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Carune (page)|Tet heonan Tramet]] ritedê [[Carune|karúne'num]].
[[Main Page in Dooma|Tet heonan Tramet]] ritedê [[Dooma|dumet'um]].
[[Main Page in Kazujisha|Tet heonan Tramet]] ritedê [[Kazujisha|kazujíŝo'num]].
[[Main Page in Nytal|Tet heonan Tramet]] ritedê [[Nytal|nêtal'um]].
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|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tponset.png</title>
    <id>4897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29945</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-15T23:01:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean onset occurrences</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean onset occurrences</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wytukaze/charinsert</title>
    <id>4898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30008</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T22:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wytukaze</username>
        <id>42</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''JEC-Tansu''': &lt;charinsert&gt;A a Á á À à Æ æ Ǽ ǽ Æ̀ æ̀ B b C c D d Ð ð E e É é È è Ə ə Ə́ ə́ Ə̀ ə̀ F f G g H h I i Í í Ì ì J j L l M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Œ œ Œ́ œ́ Œ̀ œ̀ P p R r Ŕ ŕ S s Ś ś T t Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù V v W w Y y Ý ý Ỳ ỳ Z z Ź ź&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''M&amp;B Hacean''': &lt;charinsert&gt;A a Á á À à Æ æ Ǽ ǽ Æ̀ æ̀ B b C c D d E e É é È è F f G g H h I i Í í Ì ì J j L l M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ø ø Ǿ ǿ Ø̀ ø̀ P p R r S s T t U u Ú ú Ù ù V v W w Y y Ý ý Ỳ ỳ Z z&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Thwalish ES''': &lt;charinsert&gt;A a Á á B b C c Ć ć D d Ð ð E e É é F f G g Ǵ ǵ H h I i Í í J j L l Ĺ ĺ M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ø ø Ǿ ǿ P p R r Ŕ ŕ S s Ś ś T t Þ þ U u Ú ú V v W w Ẃ ẃ Ƿ ƿ Y y Ý ý Z z Ź ź&lt;/charinsert&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Prevli</title>
    <id>4899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32170</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-02T10:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Roger Mills

===The Text===
====kaŋ or suśtu g,i:mä====

məriná mizent at givonta. 
usel duŋ zet diez ttamne. 
uśparne zetento duŋ yaśna, ŋok o tukpu hå zet biltuktaśte. 
uśturŋü zento bon nifar tturŋüt od y,üri. 
ŋo tuvnaga zetento kaŋalá hhimni di kaŋalá gozo, kaŋalá ye:mmípu niśtá. 
tafsuso nagbovon zet man ot sün,åt olta. 


usel duŋ givonta or tavzumpü man okta. 
navge te hulhim zet. 
meŋgö u on keśtá nama ddiśkä. 
meŋgö u muhu äyva keśtá. 


uśtuvbaśnak u tuvon neśóvnu ttate bak neždeenu ŋŋaro. 


usel ya, mempun anertaner nagaŋgá zetento kahot hhimnit. 

===Smooth English=== 
====A Paradox==== 


Observe dancers 
They have no plan 
They use no music, but just the sound of their own voices 
They do not learn the dance from (by means of) written instructions. 
But they can perform any step in any direction, whatever they wish.. 
They are dancing more precisely than all the others 


There are no dancers more agile than these. 
They turn and gesture. 
It seems they are of one mind 
It appears to be very easy for them. 


I cannot believe that there can be so much beauty from so little effort. 
It is not as if they are doing the same steps over and over. 

===Grammar=== 

Prevli is a VSO language.(Adverbials may precede the verb.) There is a lot of 
metathesis and consequent allophony, much of which is not indicated here to avoid an unnecessarily 
complicated description. Note only: 
#/s/ &gt; [ś] before most cons, [ž] before a vd. stop.
#palatalized C are indicated with a following comma, e.g. “g,”. Sorry, there's nothing on-line. 

====Irrealis verbs==== 

May be translated 'probably..., may...', but in fact they are simply required in certain 
constructions involving doubt, questioning, lack of knowledge, hypotheticals etc. 

====Relative clauses====

Rel.Pron. must be the subject of the vb. in the RC; consequently the verb must 
sometimes be passive. 

====Possession==== 
Alienable: Possessor + /dia+poss.sfx/ + possessed 

Inalienable: 
#(optional PRON) Possessed+poss.sfx. 
#Possessed+sfx + (Noun) possessor 

====Nouns==== 
There is no case marking; only plural is marked. Modifying adjectives precede the noun, and agree in number. 

====Pronouns==== 
#simple, with intrans.vbs.; neuter “it” is not indicated 
#compound Subj+Obj. with trans. vbs.; there are dative and passive-agent forms in the wordlist, actually Prep+Pron.


===Vocabulary=== 
;a: (pl. at) marks animate DO 
;/anid/ aner: another, again; 
;anertaner: = aner te aner 
;bak: prep. from 
;/basan/ baśna: to believe 
;biltuk: voice (N, inalien.) 
;bon: a certain dance (traditional)
;givon: (agt.noun) one who does this dance 
;bovon: vb. to do the bon dance 
;dee [de?e]: little, little bit 
;di: prep. to (direction) 
;/dia/: die+poss. marker of alienable possession 
;/disak/ diśkä: to intend, noml. ddiskä [(.)'d:iSk&amp;] 
;/duŋu/; no, none 
;el: vb. there is; (irreal.) on; may sometimes = simply 'it is...'; with dative/possessive, 'to have....' 
;/giham/: to understand, pass. g,i:mä ['dZi:m&amp;] /g-i-iham/ 
;/goza/ gozo: N. direction 
;hå: same, own 
;hulhum: gesture (n, vb.) 
;/inim/ imni: to move: noml. hhimni ['ximni] 
;-k (pron.sfx.): 1st pers.sing. (**Omitted from the version I sent to Kevin) 
;kahu: same 
;kaŋ: thing, something 
;kaŋalá: whatever, any(thing) at all 
;keśtá: 3rd pl dative 
;/madin/ marne: observe, look at; imper. məriná 
;man: part. than 
;mei: vb. to want; irreal. emmí [Em'bi], pass. ye:mmí 
;mempun: conj. as if 
;/menug/ meŋgö: to seem appear 
;mizent: compd. pron. 2s subj+3pl. obj. 
;muhu: adv. very 
;/nabig/ navge: vb. to turn 
;/naga/: vb. to do, act, irreal. aŋgá 
;nag-: pfx. of the progressive aspect “be...ing” 
;nama: NUM. one 
;nes-: adv, prefix: so...
;neśóv so much...: 
;nifar: prep. by means of 
;niśtá: pron. 3rd pl. agent (passive) 
;nu: indicates partitive 
;/ŋadu/ ŋaro: vb. to try; noml. 
;ŋŋaro: [(ə)'Ngaro] effort 
;ŋo(k): conj. but 
;o, pl ot: def. article 
;/odi/ ore ~ or: REL pronoun 
;oku: demonst. that, that one 
;ôl: adj. all, pl. olta 
;/padin/ parne: to use 
;-pu: Part. just, only 
;-śte: 3d pl. possess. suffix 
;/susa/ suso: precise, exact 
;/susut/ suśtu: difficult 
;/suyan/ sün,å ['synjO]: adj. other, different 
;-ta ~ -t: noun/adj. plural marker 
;/tanim/ tamne: to plan, design; noml. ttamne ['tsamne] 
;/tati/ tate: beautiful 
;/tavu/ tav- ~ taf-: comparative, 'more...' 
;te: conj. and 
;/tudiŋ/: turŋü to learn noml. 
;tturŋü ['tsurŋy]: 'lesson, instruction' 
;/tug/: N. sound 
;tuv-: pfx. of the potential aspect: able to..., can... 
;u: introduces complement clauses 
;us: negator (the -s undergoes sandhi) 
;ya: part., indicates cleft sentence (in this text) 
;/yasan/ yaśna: N. music 
;/yava/: easy irreal. äyvá 
;/yuri/: to write; pass. y,üri [žy'ri] (**I had “z,üri” in the version sent to Kevin) 
;zet: pron. 3pl. 
;zento: compd pron. 3pl subj+3sg obj. 
;zetento: compd.pron. 3pl.subj+3pl.obj. 
;/zunip/ zumpü: skillful, agile</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Regimonti</title>
    <id>4900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32171</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-02T12:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Scotto Hlad

===The Text===
===Una fapule des mènşus===
 
Èca salte e una rès şènugulara de vidur. Cèşè dèben vidur. Sprèget! Eu nu şèmplèmèm e una salte set cam unu canşu, eu munstra ce şèdam nu èrudu la musice. Itè eu nu e alicit utrè lu işèrègu lu jèns, eu e una sèmite de èspişor la vèrite prufundear. Vulgarmèm, candu oņus şèmul saltan la salte e dècora. Set mos nus nem èşèstèmu suşitor et nus saltamu intèntèmèm u nus munstramu les senses vèritear ce orun utrè la aņe humane. Itè les vales deu dju en şènè les èdatus et valun la vèrite. Pun oņus faşèlmèm cuşèndor de saltar sèr èca ete? Unes privatus pun suxumben et cipun les vèşjius modères et ceşèn saltar intèntèmèm.

===Smooth English===

====A tale full of lies.====

This dance is really something to see: everyone should see it. Look! It is not simply a dance but like a song it shows that one never just teaches music. So it is not something way above people, it is a way to find the deepest truth. Normally, it is graceful when done together. But then we get excited and we dance not only earnestly but by spinning we show the truest feelings that rise above the human soul. Thus the words of God are clear and accurate. Can others achieve this type of dancing with little effort? Some people may give up and instead take careful steps rather than letting themselves dance freely.

===Lexicon===

;alicit:	pronoun	something
;aņe:	noun, feminine	soul, spirit
;cam:	adverb	like, how
;candu:	adverb	when
;canşu:	noun, masculine	song
;ce:	pronoun, relative	what, that
;cèşè:	prounoun	everyone, everything
;ceşor:	verb, transitive	to cease, stop
;cipur:	verb, transitive or intransitive to begin, start, undertake
;cuşèndor:	verb, intransitive	to ascend, mount up
;de:	preposition of, when used with a verb &quot;so as to&quot; &quot;in order that&quot;
;dèbor:	verb, intransitive	must, should
;dècoru:	adjective	graceful, beautiful, without blemish
;dju:	noun or proper noun	god
;èdatu:	noun, masculine	error
;èrudor:	verb, transitive or intransitive	to teach
;etur:	verb, intransitive	to be
;èşèstor:	verb, transitive	to become
;èspişor:	verb, transitive	to find
;ete:	noun, feminine	level, stratum, degree
;fapule: 	noun, feminine	story, fable, history
;faşèlu:	adjective	easy
;humanu:	adjective	human
;intèntèmèm:	adverb	purposefully
;işèrègu:	noun, masculine	understaning
;itè:	adverb	thus
;jèns:	noun, masculine	people, race
;mènşu:	noun, masculine	lie
;modèror:	verb, transitive	measure
;mos:	adverb	soon, thereafter
;munstrar:	verb, transitive	to demonstrate, show
;musice:	noun, feminine	music
;nu:	particle	negates verb
;oņu:	adjective	all
;orur:	verb, transitive	rise, pass over, transcend
;pozur:	verb, intransitive	can, be able
;privatus:	noun, masculine	person
;prufundu:	adjective	deep, profound
;rès:	noun, masculine	thing
;saltar:	verb, transitive or intransitive	to dance
;salte: 	noun, feminine	dance
;şèdam:	pronoun	one, individual
;sèmite:	noun, feminine	path, track, internet link
;şèmplèmèm:	adverb	simply
;şèmulu:	adjective	together
;şènè:	preposition	without
;sense:	noun, feminine	feeling, sense
;şènugularu:	adjective	singular
;sèr:	preposition	over, above, on top of, atop
;set:	conjunction	but, however
;sprègor:	verb, transitive	to look at, observe
;suşitor:	verb, transitive or reflexive	to excite
;suxumbor:	verb, intransitive	to surrender
;utrè:	preposition	beyond, past, after
;vale:	noun, feminine	lyric, spoken word
;valiur:	verb, transitive	to speak
;vèrite:	noun, feminine	truth
;vèşjiu:	noun, masculine	track, step, footprint
;vidur:	verb, transitive or intransitive	to see
;vulgaru:	adjective	common, ordinary, unremarkable
 
===Grammar===
Regimonti (Rumanşa) is a Romance language with the vocabulary descending from classical Latin rather than vulgar Latin. The word order is SVO. Modifiers generally follow their antecedents. In the case of adverbs, they can come before only for a point of emphasis.

There are four verb conjugations in the language which are diplayed below. Only present tense appears in this so all others are suppressed for the sake of brevity.

{|
!	!!-ar	!!-eor	!!-or 	!!-ur
|-
!	!!Presèn	!!Presèn	!!Presèn	!!Presèn
|-
|	||inf w/o -ar	||inf w/o -eor	||inf w/o -or	||inf w/o -ur
|-				
| o	||-a	||-eo	||-è	||-o
|-
|tu	||-as	||-es	||-ès	||-us
|-
|eu, ea	||-a	||-e	||-è	||-u
|-
|nus	||-amu	||-eomu	||-èmu	||-imu
|-
|vus	||-at	||-èt	||-èt	||-it
|-
|es	||-an	||-èn	||-en	||-un
|-
| || || || ||
|-				
|	!!candar	!!başeor	!!sèssor	!!şribur
|-
|o	||canda	||başeo	||sèssè	||şribo
|-
|tu	||candas	||başes	||sèssès	||şribus
|-
|eu, ea	||canda	||başe	||sèssè	||şribu
|-
|nus	||candamu	||başeomu	||sèssèmu	||şribimu
|-
|vus	||candat	||başèt	||sèssèt	||şribit
|es	||candan	||başèn	||sèssen	||şribun
|-
|				
! !!Past Part	!!Past Part	!!Past Part	!!Past Part
|-
|	||candaşa	||başoti	||sèsse	||şriboşi
|}

====Irregular Verbs====

{|
!	!!etur	!!pozur	!!valiur
|-
|o	||e	||po	||valo
|-
|tu	||ès	||pus	||valus
|-
|éu, éa	||e	||pu	||valu
|-
|nus	||emu	||pimu	||valimu
|-
|vus	||èt	||pit	||valit
|-
|és	||èn	||pun	||valun
|-			
|Past Part	||eu	||puzi	||valoşi
|}
  
====Pronouns====
{|
!	!!Nominative	!!Reflexive
|-
|1st sing	||o	||me
|-
|2nd sing	||tu	||te
|-
|3rd sing, m,f	||eu, ea	||se
|-		
|1st pl	||nus	||nem
|-
|2nd pl	||vus	||vem
|-
|3rd pl	||es	||ses
|}

====Articles====
{|	
!	!!Def	!!Indef
|-
|masc	||lu	||unu
|-
|fem	||la	||una
|-
|plu	||les	||unes
|}

The article “unes” corresponds to “some”, “a few” etc.

preposition &quot;de&quot; contracted with the definite article
{|
!Masculine	!!Feminine	!!Plural
|-
|deu	||dea	||des
|}

====Near Demonstrative====
{|
!Masculine	!!Feminine	!!Plural
|-
|ècu	||èca	||èces
|}

====Adjective Endings====
{|	
!Masc	!!Fem	!!Plu
|-
|-u	||-a	||-es
|}

====Comparative adjective====
{|
!Masc	!!Fem	!!Plu
|-
||-ear	||-ear	||-eares
|}

====Superlative form====

Definite article + antecedent + comparative form

Lu maxear homu = the biggest man.

Adverbs are formed by dropping the adjective ending and adding the ending
-mèm

Alèsu: quick  alèsmèm: quickly</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay15/Old Draconic</title>
    <id>4901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32172</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-02T12:38:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Geijss Streijde

===The text===

Geit'pumk'pot fex'eit sias geit'nax'nias xef'eit ca'tox'nos. Fex'eit
pax'nax'pos siax pumk'not xef'eit fet'toi fex'eit mat'nax'pios siax
pumk'nos xef'eit fet'tio cex'nos. Sias geit'nax'pot mat'zos'gias. Sias
mat'pumk'pod fet'toi pumk'jan'pod fet'tio cex'nias. Sias geit'nax'nias.
Fet'pumk'pos geit'nax'nox siax nax'kos pumk'jan'kos pumk'zos. Fex'eis
mat'zos'pas pumk'nat xef'eis pumk'cex'fos siat pumk'nos. Sias fet'ias
Cex'zain'nias fet'toi Cex'nias. Fex'eis pumk'mat'nos pumk'not xef'eis
pumk'don'fos siat pumk'jan'nos. Geit'nax'pias fex'fian nax'pos mat'nos
xef'fain fex'fian pumk'don'pos pumk'not xef'fain fex'ian fet'cex'pos
fet'os pumk'not xef'ain ta'ias

===Smooth English===
See the way they dance. Bring not their music, but their voices. They
learned to dance. They move with desire and happiness. They dance. Their
type of dance is beautiful and harmonious. No student is more flexibel
than they. They turn and move as one. No attempt is more difficult than
they can do. Dancers make more beautiful, with less effort, a single
step, are they different?

===Vocabulary===
;Ca'tox: see, vision
;Cex: bring, move
;Cex'zain: circle, turn, spin
;Fet'pumk: Be one, species, type
;Fet'cex: move a short distance, step
;Geit'pumk: Way, manner
;Geit'nax: dance
;Mat: make
;Mat'nax: speak, voice
;Mat'pumk: Create, wish, desire
;Mat'zos: learn, research
;Nax: beauty, niceness
;Pax'nax: - music
;Pumk:  existence, being, to be
;Pumk'don: unhappy, sick, difficult, impossible
;Pumk'jan: happy, healthy, balanced, easy, doable
;Pumk'mat: try, attempt
;Pumk'cex: Movable, flexible
;Ta: different

===Grammar===

See http://stridercorp.gethost.be/wiki/CW:Old_Draconic</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Minza</title>
    <id>4902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T11:31:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details== A@B.C  ;A:hmiller ;B:io ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==
A@B.C

;A:hmiller
;B:io
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Ayeri</title>
    <id>4903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36184</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T16:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add index links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Carsten Becker

:[[Conlang Relay 15/Regimonti|Previous: Regimonti]] / [[Conlang Relay 15|Up: relay 15 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 15/Terkunan|Next: Terkunan]]

===The Text===

====Ningambakar====

New words marked with °, extensions to existing words marked by *

Linyareng °kumeng silvyam eda-°tuyānyam. Ang mea silvongu mengay enya adanyās! Silvu yoa! Adanyāng voy mətuyānas-nama, nārya sa telbayong ku-malinoang adanya nyam sas ang sompoyyo tingra nas. Kada adanyāng ranyās *pang °bihānya keynamena, nārya adanyāng miranas sungyam vetānas ranitisu. Sitadaya tuyaiyan ikanang yomasāra °irayisu adanyareng. *Arēn epangya kivo sa tavyong tipinyam padang nana nay kyunnang mangayam demingeri, sa telbanang manganye kalam si payratong tenanas keynamena. Kada narānyeang si narayos ri Nahang °birenyānya kaivay, nay naratong veta. Ya ming lingiyan tuyamayāng-ikan da-mesam? °Mangasara sitang-iliyan keynamang-aril nay kyuntang °tandangyam bangalyeas yilana, nay saratang mangayam demingeri.

===Smooth English===

====Tell Tale====

To watch this dance is a unique thing. Everyone should have seen it! Look at it! It is not just some dance, but like a song it shows us what music does not teach us. Thus it is nothing beyond human comprehension, but it is a way to find the hidden truth. When all dance it is usually something exalting. However, shortly after we get excited and we begin to move purposefully, we show the feelings which surpass the human soul. Thus the words spoken by the Lord are without doubt and they speak veritably. Can all dancers ascend to such a level? Some people surrender themselves and they begin to pay attention to the traces of feet and they cease to move purposefully.

===Smooth English Translation of Previous Text===
====A tell tale====

This dance is unique to watch. Everyone should have seen it! Look at it! It is not just a dance, but like a song it shows us what music does not teach one. Hence it is not something beyond human comprehension, but it is a way to find the hidden truth. When all dance together it is usually something exalted. However, soon after we get excited and we start to move purposefully, we show the true feelings that transcend the human soul. Thus the spoken words of God are without doubt and speak truth. Can all dancers ascend to that degree? Some people surrender themselves and start to pay attention to the footprints; and they cease to dance purposefully.

&lt;/div&gt;


===Interlinear===

{|
| Ningambakar
|-
| ningambakar
|-
| story-lie
|-
| lie story
|}
Tell tale
{|
| Linyareng || kumeng || &amp;nbsp; || silvyam || eda-tuyānyam.
|-
| linya-reng || kumeng || &amp;nbsp; || silv-yam || eda=tuyān-yam
|-
| thing-AGT:inan || unique || COP || see-BEN || this=dance-BEN
|-
| thing || unique || is || see || for this dance
|}
To watch this dance is a unique thing.
{|
| Ang || mea || silvongu || mengay || enya || adanyās!
|-
| ang || mea || silv-ong-u || mengay || enya-0 || adanya-as
|-
| AGTFOC || shall || see-SUBJ-IMP || once || everyone-FOC || that_one-PAT
|-
| 0 || shall || would-see! || once || everyone || that
|}
Everyone should see it once!
{|
| Silvu || yoa!
|-
| silv-u || yoa
|-
| see-IMP || 3s:n.LOC
|-
| see! || at it
|}
Look at it!
{|
| Adanyāng || &amp;nbsp; || voy || mətuyānas-nama, || nārya || sa || telbayong  || ku-malinoang || adanya  || nyam || sas || ang || sompoyyo || tingra || nas.
|-
| adanya-ang || &amp;nbsp; || voy || mə-tuyān-as=nama || nārya || sa || telba-yong || ku=malino-ang || adanya-0 || nyam || s-as || ang || somp-oy-iyo || tingra-0 || nas
|-
| that_one-AGT || COP || no || INDEF-dance-PAT=just || but || PATFOC || show-3s:n || like=song-AGT || that_one-FOC || 1p.BEN || REL-PAT || AGTFOC || learn-NEG-3s:n || music-FOC || 1p.PAT
|-
| that || is || no || just some dance || but || 0 || it shows || like a song || that || to us || which || 0 || does not learn || music || us
|}
It is not just some dance but what music does not teach us is what it shows to us like a song.
{|
| Kada || adanyāng || &amp;nbsp; || ranyās || pang || bihānya || keynamena, || nārya  || adanyāng || &amp;nbsp; || miranas  || sungyam || vetānas || ranitisu.
|-
| kada || adanya-ang || &amp;nbsp; || ranya-as || pang || bihān-ya || keynam-ena || nārya || adanya-ang || &amp;nbsp; || miran-as || sung-yam || vetān-as || ranitisu
|-
| thus || that_one-AGT || COP || nothing-PAT || behind || comprehension-LOC || humans-GEN || but || that_one-AGT || COP || way-PAT || find-BEN || truth-PAT || hidden
|-
| thus || that || is || nothing || beyond || comprehension || of humans || but || that || is || way || to find || Truth || hidden
|}
Thus it is nothing beyond human comprehension, but it is a way to find the hidden Truth.
{|
| Sitadaya || tuyayan || ikanang || yomasāra || irayisu || adanyareng.
|-
| sitadaya || tuya-yan || ikan-ang || yoma-asa-ara || irayisu || adanya-reng
|-
| When || dance-3p:m || all-AGT || be-HAB-3s:inan || exalting || that_one-AGT:inan
|-
| when || dance || all || is usually || exalting || that
|}
When all dance it is usually something exalting.
{|
| Arēn || epangya || kivo || sa || tavyong || tipinyam || padang || nana || nay || kyunnang || mangayam || demingeri, || sa || telbanang || manganye || kalam || si || payratong || tenanas || keynamena.
|-
| arēn || epang-ya || kivo || sa || tav-yong || tipin-yam || padang-0 || nana || nay || kyun-nang || manga-yam || deming-eri || sa || telba-nang || mangan-ye-0 || kalam || si || payr-tong || tenan-as || keynam-ena
|-
| anyway || after-LOC || small || PATFOC || get-3s:n.AGT || itch-BEN || mind-FOC || 1p.GEN || and || begin-1p.AGT || move-BEN || purpose-INST || PATFOC || show-1p.AGT || feeling-PL-FOC || true || REL || surpass-3p:n.AGT || soul-PAT || humans-GEN
|-
| however || after || short || 0 || it gets || itching || mind || our || and || we begin || to move || with purpose || 0 || we show || feelings || true || which || surpass || soul || of humans
|}
However, shortly after we get excited and we begin to move purposefully, the feelings which surpass the human soul we show.
{|
| Kada || narānyeang || si || narayos || ri Nahang || &amp;nbsp; || birenyānya || kaivay, || nay || naratong ||  veta.
|-
| kada || narān-ye-ang || si || nara-yos || ri Nahang || &amp;nbsp; || birenyān-ya || kaivay || nay || ada=nara-tong || veta
|-
| thus || word-PL-AGT || REL || speak-3s:n.PAT || INST Lord || COP || doubt-LOC || without || and || that=speak-3p:n.AGT || veritable
|-
| thus || words || that || are spoken || by the Lord || are || doubt || without || and || they speak || veritably
|}
Thus the words spoken by the Lord are without doubt and they speak veritably.
{|
| Ya || ming || lingiyan || tuyamayāng-ikan || da-mesam?
|-
| ya || ming || ling-iyan || tuyamaya-ang=ikan || da=mesam-0
|-
| LOCFOC || can || ascend-3p:m || dancer-AGT=all || such=level-FOC
|-
| 0 || can || ascend || all dancers || to such a level
|}
To such a level, can all dancers ascend to it?
{|
| Mangasara || sitang-iliyan || keynamang-aril || nay || kyuntang || tandangyam || bangalyeas || yilana, || nay || saratang || mangayam || demingeri.
|-
| mangasara || sitang=il-iyan || keynam-ang=aril || nay || kyun-tang || tandang-yam || bangal-ye-as || yila-na || nay || sara-tang || manga-yam || deming-eri
|-
| away || self=give-3p:m || people-AGT=some || and || begin-3p:m.AGT || pay_attention-BEN || trace-PL-PAT || feet-GEN || and || cease-3s:m.AGT || move-BEN || purpose-INST
|-
| away || self-give || some people || and || they begin || to pay attention || traces || of feet || and || they cease || to move || with purpose
|}
Some people surrender themselves and they begin to pay attention to the traces of feet and they cease to move purposefully.

===Vocabulary===

This information is copied straight from the dictionary.

{| width=&quot;auto&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
| width=&quot;100&quot; | '''Ayeri'''
| width=&quot;275&quot; | '''Part of speech'''
| width=&quot;50&quot; | '''ID'''
| '''English'''
|-
| '''-nama'''
| adverb ''suffix''
| 64
| (1) '''just''' (2) '''only'''
|-
| ''' Nahang'''
| noun ''singular, animate''
| 1517
| (1) '''lord''' (2) '''the Lord''' (as in the Bible)
|-
| '''adanya'''
| pronoun ''3rd person''
| 100
| '''that one'''
|-
| '''arēn'''
| adverb
| 134
| (1) '''in every way''' (2) '''in any way''' (3) '''anyway''' (4) '''however'''
|-
| '''bangal'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 766
| '''trace'''
|-
| '''bihān'''
| noun ''animate, no plural''
| 1639
| (1) '''comprehension''' (2) '''understanding'''
|-
| '''birenyān'''
| noun ''animate, no plural''
| 1641
| '''doubt'''
|-
| '''da-'''
| ''3rd person, prefix''
| 745
| '''such'''
|-
| '''deming'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 471
| '''purpose'''
|-
| '''eda-'''
| article ''prefix''
| 353
| '''this'''
|-
| '''enya'''
| pronoun ''3rd person, plural''
| 621
| (1) '''everybody''' (2) '''anybody''' (3) '''everything''' (4) '''anything'''
|-
| '''epang'''
| adverb
| 627
| (1) '''after''' (2) '''next'''
|-
| '''ikan'''
| adjective
| 858
| (1) '''all''' (2) '''complete'''
|-
| '''il-'''
| verb
| 862
| (1) '''to be less ... than ...''' (2) '''to give'''
|-
| '''irayisu'''
| adjective
| 1640
| '''exalting'''
|-
| '''kada'''
| conjunction
| 763
| (1) '''then''' (consequence) (2) '''thus'''
|-
| '''kaivay'''
| adverb
| 203
| '''without'''
|-
| '''kalam'''
| noun ''animate, no plural''
| 239
| '''truth'''
|-
| '''kalam'''
| adjective
| 240
| '''true'''
|-
| '''kalam'''
| adverb
| 1254
| '''to be honest ...'''
|-
| '''keynam'''
| noun ''animate, plural by default''
| 244
| (1) '''humans''' (2) '''people'''
|-
| '''kivo'''
| adjective
| 259
| (1) '''small''' (2) '''little''' (3) '''short''' (span of time)
|-
| '''kumeng'''
| adjective
| 1637
| '''unique'''
|-
| '''kyun-'''
| verb
| 257
| (1) '''to begin with sth.''' (2) '''to start'''
|-
| '''ling-'''
| verb
| 1341
| '''to ascend'''
|-
| '''linya'''
| noun ''inanimate, singular''
| 900
| '''thing'''
|-
| '''malino-'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 930
| '''song'''
|-
| '''manga-'''
| verb
| 948
| (1) '''to move''' (2) '''to remove'''
|-
| '''mangan'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 942
| (1) '''feeling''' (2) '''sentiment''' (3) '''dream'''
|-
| '''mangasara'''
| adposition
| 946
| '''away'''
|-
| '''mangasara ilao'''
| verb
| 1642
| '''to surrender''' (lit. 'to give away')
|-
| '''mea-'''
| verb
| N/A
| (1) '''shall''' (2) '''to be to'''
|-
| '''mengay'''
| adverb
| 1174
| '''once'''
|-
| '''mesam'''
| noun ''inanimate, singular''
| 1242
| '''degree'''
|-
| '''ming-'''
| verb
| 1496
| (1) '''to be able to''' (2) '''can'''
|-
| '''miran'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1498
| (1) '''way''' (of doing something) (2) '''style''' (3) '''custom''' (4) '''kind''' (of something)
|-
| '''nana'''
| pronoun ''1st person, plural, genitive''
| N/A
| '''our'''
|-
| '''nara-'''
| verb
| 1534
| (1) '''to speak''' (2) '''to talk'''
|-
| '''narān'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1533
| '''word'''
|-
| '''nas'''
| pronoun ''1st person, plural, patient''
| N/A
| '''us'''
|-
| '''nay'''
| conjunction
| 1542
| '''and'''
|-
| '''ningambakar'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1645
| '''tell tale''' (lit. 'lie story')
|-
| '''nyam'''
| pronoun ''1st person, plural, benefactive''
| N/A
| '''to us'''
|-
| '''nārya'''
| conjunction
| 1581
| (1) '''but''' (2) '''although''' (3) '''though''' (4) '''nevertheless''' (at the end of the sentence)
|-
| '''padang'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1588
| (1) '''heart''' (i.e. where the feelings are) (2) '''mind'''
|-
| '''pang'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 397
| '''back'''
|-
| '''pang'''
| adposition
| 626
| (1) '''behind''' (2) '''at/to the back of''' (3) '''at/to the end of''' (4) '''beyond'''
|-
| '''payr-'''
| verb
| 960
| '''to surpass'''
|-
| '''ranitisu'''
| adjective
| 803
| '''hidden'''
|-
| '''ranya'''
| pronoun ''3rd person, singular''
| N/A
| (1) '''nobody''' (2) '''nothing'''
|-
| '''sara-'''
| verb
| N/A
| (1) '''to go''' (2) '''to leave''' (3) '''to cease'''
|-
| '''silv-'''
| verb
| 1310
| (1) '''to see''' (obj. = PAT) (2) '''to watch''' (obj. = BEN) (3) '''to look at''' (obj. = LOC)
|-
| '''sitadaya'''
| adverb
| N/A
| '''when'''
|-
| '''sitang-'''
| pronoun
| N/A
| '''self'''
|-
| '''somp-'''
| verb
| 1217
| (1) (itr) '''to learn''' (2) (tr) '''to teach'''
|-
| '''sung-'''
| verb
| N/A
| '''to find'''
|-
| '''tandang-'''
| verb
| 1643
| '''to pay attention'''
|-
| '''tav-'''
| verb
| 1324
| (1) '''to get''' (2) '''to become''' (3) '''to conceive'''
|-
| '''telba-'''
| verb
| N/A
| '''to show'''
|-
| '''tenan'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1204
| '''soul'''
|-
| '''tingra'''
| noun ''animate, no plural''
| N/A
| '''music'''
|-
| '''tipin-'''
| verb
| 1401
| '''to itch'''
|-
| '''tuya-'''
| verb
| N/A
| '''to dance'''
|-
| '''tuyamaya'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| N/A
| '''dancer'''
|-
| '''tuyān'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 1638
| '''dance'''
|-
| '''veta'''
| adjective
| 553
| (1) '''true''' (as a virtue) (2) '''veritable'''
|-
| '''vetān'''
| noun ''animate, singular''
| 555
| (1) '''truth''' ('truth' as a virtue) (2) '''verity'''
|-
| '''voy'''
| interjection'', colloquial''
| 310
| '''no'''
|-
| '''yila'''
| noun ''animate, plural''
| N/A
| '''feet'''
|-
| '''yoa'''
| pronoun ''3rd person neuter, singular, locative''
| N/A
| '''in/at it'''
|-
| '''yoma-'''
| verb
| N/A
| (1) '''to be '''(2) '''to exist'''
|}

Words with an ID can be directly accessed by opening [http://benung.freehostia.com/?go=dictionary http://benung.freehostia.com/?i=&lt;ID&gt;] in a browser, where ''&lt;ID&gt;'' is to be replaced with the ID given in the table above. Most other words can be found in the old vocabulary list at http://beckerscarsten.de/conlang/ayeri/dictionary.html.

===Grammar===

All grammar that is up so far can be read at http://benung.freehostia.com/?go=grammar&amp;action=grammar.The grammar notes presented here are rather incomplete in that they only contain things that are most important in order to translate this text.

====Typology====

* Ayeri has V-A-P-Obl constituent order (Obl = oblique arguments, i.e. non-core arguments).
* Whether it is Nom/Acc or Erg/Abs is not very clear.
* Modifiers (including possessive pronouns) commonly follow their heads.

====Nouns====

* Nouns are marked for these cases:
** Agent - Who does something? (also, origin in ditransitive clauses)
*** suffix: ''-ang'' (animate), ''-reng'' (inanimate)
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''ang'' (animate), ''eng'' (inanimate)
*** prefixed before name: ''ang'' (animate)
** Patient - Who is affected by the action? (also, thing given in ditransitive clauses)
*** suffix: ''-as'' (animate), ''-ley'' (inanimate)
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''sa'' (animate), ''le'' (inanimate)
*** prefixed before name: ''sa'' (animate)
** Benefactive - Who is in benefit of the action? (also, recipient of ditransitive clauses)
*** suffix: ''-yam''
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''yam''
*** prefixed before name: ''yam''
** Genitive - Who does something belong to? Where is it from?
*** suffix: ''-(e)na'' (the ‘e’ is infixed when the stem ends in a consonant)
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''na''
*** prefixed before name: ''na''
** Locative - Where is something?
*** suffix: ''-ya'' when the stem ends in a vowel, ''-ea'' when the stem ends in a consonant
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''ya''
*** prefixed before name: ''ya''
** Instrumentative - By means of what or whom is the action done? Who helped?
*** suffix: ''-(e)ri'' (‘e’ is infixed when the stem ends in a consonant)
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''ri''
*** prefixed before name: ''ri''
** Causative - What is the reason for the action? Who made it happen (on purpose)?
*** suffix: ''-isa''
*** prefixed to a verb to mark focus on that argument: ''sā''
*** prefixed before name: ''sā''
* Nouns are also marked for number
** Marker: ''-ye''
** If there is a measurement either implied or given as e.g. “three”, “many” etc. nouns are not marked for number.
* Nouns are by default without any articles
* The closest thing to an indefinite article is ''mə-'', which means “some X” in the sense of something rather general, like German ''irgendein''.
* Some nouns are in plural by default, they have been given in their respective form in the vocabulary list.
* The demonstrative articles are:
** near: ''eda-''
** far: ''ada-''
** &quot;such&quot;: ''da-''
* The demonstrative pronoun ''adanya'' is frequently used instead of third person pronouns.

====Noun phrases and topic marking====

* The topic of a sentence, which comes closest to the Subject of IE languages, is marked by omitting the case marker of an NP’s head noun and putting it in front of the verb as an anaphora to the NP.
* Topic marking does not work with objects of participles.

====Verbs and Verb phrases====

* Verbs can have a very high information load in Ayeri.
* Focus markers are always the first element of a verb phrase. They are anaphora to the argument of the sentence that is in focus (see above).
* After that (if present) follow preverbal adverbs: Words like ''ming'' have been classified as adverbs in this grammar, though not undisputedly so. They are derived from regular verbs, so they might as well be regarded as auxiliaries — except that they are not inflected for anything because the content verb carries the inflections instead.
* The verb stem itself can be further modified by the tense prefixes as well as suffixes for mood and person agreement with the agent of a transitive clause or the only argument of an intransitive sentence, which may be both an agent or a patient.
* The word ''manga'' can also be put in the place of preverbal adverbs in order to indicate progressive aspect. It is not as widely used as in English however.
* When the agent (or the single argument of an intransitive clause) of a sentence is expressed as a pronoun, this pronoun attaches to the end of a verb word, replacing the person agreement with a case-marked form of it.
* Adverbs of degree and measure are always appended to the end of a verb phrase, usually hyphenated.
* Adverbs of manner always follow the whole verb complex, temporal adverbs often precede it.
* The copula ''yoma-'', ‘to be, to exist’, is usually omitted, except when the context explicitly requires TAM marking.
* Tense markers:
** Present: Ø-
** Near or immediate past: ka-
** Past: ma-
** Remote past: va-
** Near or immediate future: pa-
** Future: se-
** Remote future: ni-
* Mood markers (preceding vowel is always deleted):
** Indicative: Ø-
** Imperative: -u
** Subjunctive: -ong
** Habitative: -asa
* Participles following modal verbs are formed by marking a verb with the benefactive case ending, e.g. verb tuyayam, ‘verb dancing’ or ‘verb to dance’.

====Adjectives and Adverbs====

* Adjectives and adverbs always follow their heads
* They do not show agreement with their heads, except in some very old-fashioned styles

====Pronouns====

* Ayeri has got a lot of personal pronouns, which are irregularly formed due to the unmarked person agreement clitics having merged with the case markers over time
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Agent'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Patient'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Genitive'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Benefactive'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Locative'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Instrum.'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Causative'''
| width=&quot;75&quot; | '''Person agreement/&lt;br /&gt; Unmarked'''
|-
| '''1s'''
| yang
| yas
| nā
| yām
| yā
| rī
| sā
| ay
|-
| '''2s'''
| vāng
| vās
| vana
| vayam
| vaya
| vari
| vasa
| va
|-
| '''3s masc'''
| yāng
| yās
| yana
| yayam
| yāy
| yari
| yasa
| (-i)ya*
|-
| '''3s fem'''
| yeng
| yes
| yena
| yeyam
| yea
| yeri
| yesa
| (-i)ye*
|-
| '''3s neut'''
| yong
| yos
| yona
| yoyam
| yoa
| yori
| yosa
| (-i)yo*
|-
| '''3s inanimate'''
| reng
| raley
| ran
| rayam
| raya
| reri
| rasa
| ara
|-
| '''1p'''
| nang
| nas
| nana
| nyam
| nya
| ni
| nisa
| ayn
|-
| '''2p'''
| vāng
| vās
| vana
| vayam
| vaya
| vari
| vasa
| va
|-
| '''2p hon'''
| vayang
| vayas
| vayena
| vayyam
| vayea
| vayeri
| vayisa
| vay
|-
| '''3p masc'''
| tang
| tas
| tan
| tyam
| tya
| tri
| tis
| (-i)yan*
|-
| '''3p fem'''
| teng
| tes
| ten
| teyam
| teya
| teri
| teys
| (-i)yen
|-
| '''3p neut'''
| tong
| tos
| ton
| toyam
| toya
| tori
| toys
| (-i)yon
|-
| '''3p inanimate'''
| teng
| ratey
| ten
| ratyam
| ratya
| ray
| ratas
| aran
|}

* when pronouns beginning with 'y' are suffixed to verbs, ‘i’ is inserted when the preceding morpheme ends in a consonant.
* Reflexive pronouns are formed with ''sitang-'' plus the respective pronoun.

====Relative clauses====

* The relative pronoun is ''s(i)-'', or ''si'' when it is directly following the NP that is described by the relative clause
* The relative pronoun can be marked for its head’s case in order to disambiguate. The head is in the matrix clause. The relative clause is usually a complete clause in that it contains at least an agent/patient and a verb. It can be used as an attributive clause as well (i.e. like an adjective).
* It can be double-marked to derive forms like “of which”, e.g. ''sangena'' is the relative pronoun marked both for agent and for genitive.

====Prepositions/postpositions====

* Ayeri usually has prepositions, although for example ''kaivay'' ‘without’ is usually a postposition. The number of such words is very small though.
* Adpositions are technically nouns, though they already include the ‘of' that would be necessary in English, e.g. ''ling Xya'' = top_of X-LOC, i.e. ‘on X’. Dependants of locatives must be marked with the locative case. When there is no adposition but only an NP marked for the locative case, the adposition is implied by semantics. It is usually ‘in’ or ‘at’.
* The word ''manga'' put before an adposition denotes moving along the path that is defined by the preposition: ''manga ling Xya'' = MOT top_of X-LOC, i.e. ‘over X’</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Mirexu</title>
    <id>4904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32212</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T13:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Amanda Babcock Furrow

===Text===

====ifwefu neatarbepukopu lupsia ajaelup====

ifwefu tidu nultitei kjeluapasep, tidu nisozhutei luapasep.  pulkoa 
attijukwiv.  ti jedeweso isewedu luapasep.  ti apukop.  pukowetei 
kjemni jutjurausapu kujufemerusap.  kwipwena kjeataduirupse ti vapasesep.
ti siwedu lutepu reapasep.  tigi kjeankehisepi tia anatjurausadep.
pulok femeruresapu kjedarauresapu tameluskisuresapu aletamlusap.

===Smooth translation===

====One sees the way that they dance====

One moves not with their music, but with their voices.  They have studied 
dance.  They move with creativity and possibility.  They dance.  Their
style of dancing is the happiest and most beautiful.  Because they do not 
have learning they can move.  They circle and move as one.  That they are 
unable not to try makes them happy.  The dances are more beautiful, more 
unsaddening, more complex, and different.

===Interlinear===

{|
|ifwefu ||ne-  ||at-      ||a-  ||rbepuko ||-p   ||-u   ||lupsi ||-a   ||aj-        ||a-  ||el ||-up
|-
|N      ||REL- ||3pl.erg- ||PR- ||V       ||-IMP ||-ADJ ||N     ||-ACC ||3sg.m.erg- ||PR- ||V  ||-IMP
|}

{|
|ifwefu ||ti  ||-du  ||nulti ||-tei      ||kje- ||lu-  ||a-  ||pase ||-p
|-
|N      ||3pl ||-OBL ||N     ||-3pl.poss ||NEG- ||COM- ||PR- ||V    ||-IMP
|}

{|
|ti  ||-du  ||nisozhu ||-tei      ||lu-  ||a-  ||pase ||-p
|-
|-3pl ||-OBL ||N       ||-3pl.poss ||COM- ||PR- ||V    ||-IMP
|}

{|
|pulko ||-a   ||at-      ||ti- ||jukwi ||-v
|-
|N     ||-ACC ||3pl.erg- ||PT- ||V     ||-PERF
|}

{|
|ti      ||jedewe ||-so   ||isewe ||-du  ||lu-  ||a-  ||pase ||-p
|-
|3pl.nom ||N      ||-CONJ ||N     ||-OBL ||COM- ||PR- ||V    ||-IMP
|}

{|
|ti      ||a-  ||puko ||-p
|-
|3pl.nom ||PR- ||V    ||-IMP
|}

{|
|pukowe ||-tei      ||kjem ||-ni         ||jutjurausa ||-p   ||-u    ||ku-  ||jufemerusa ||-p
|-
|N      ||-3pl.poss ||N    ||-3sg.n.poss ||V          ||-IMP ||-CONJ ||FUT- ||V          ||-IMP
|}

{|
|kwipwe ||-na      ||kje- ||at-      ||a-  ||duiru ||-p   ||-se 
|-
|N      ||-SUB.OBL ||NEG- ||3pl.erg- ||PR- ||V     ||-IMP ||-ADVCLAUSE
|} 

{|
|ti      ||v-    ||a-  ||pasese ||-p
|-
|3pl.nom ||REAS- ||PR- ||V      ||-IMP
|}

{|
|ti      ||siwe ||-du  ||lute ||-p   ||-u    ||re-   ||a-  ||pase ||-p
|-
|3pl.nom ||N    ||-OBL ||V    ||-IMP ||-CONJ ||SUBS- ||PR- ||V    ||-IMP
|}

{|
|ti  ||-gi      ||kje- ||a-  ||nkehise ||-p   ||-i    ||ti  ||-a   ||an-        ||a-  ||tjurausade ||-p
|-
|3pl ||-SUB.NOM ||NEG- ||PR- ||V       ||-IMP ||-COMP ||3pl ||-ACC ||3sg.n.erg- ||PR- ||V          ||-IMP
|}

{|
|pulok ||femeruresa ||-p   ||-u     ||kje- ||darauresa ||-p   ||-u
|-    
|N     ||V          ||-IMP ||-CONJ  ||NEG- ||V         ||-IMP ||-CONJ
|} 

{|
|tameluskisuresa ||-p   ||-u    ||a-  ||letamlusa ||-p
|-
|V               ||-IMP ||-CONJ ||PR- ||V         ||-IMP
|}

====Key====

;3pl:	third person plural
;3pl.erg: &quot; &quot; &quot; ergative
;3pl.nom: &quot; &quot; &quot; nominative
;3pl.poss:	&quot; &quot; &quot;, possessive
;3sg.m.erg:	third person singular, male, ergative
;3sg.n.erg:	third person singular, neuter, ergative
;3sg.n.poss:	&quot; &quot; &quot; &quot;, possessive
;ACC:	accusative case
;ADJ:	adjectival relative clause ending
;ADVCLAUSE:	adverbial clause ending
;COM:	comitative/instrumental role marker, agrees w/argument in oblique case
;COMP:	subordinate complement clause ending
;CONJ:	conjunctive ending
;FUT:	future tense
;IMP:	imperfective aspect
;N:	noun
;NEG:	negation
;OBL:	oblique case (agrees with role marker on verb)
;PERF:	perfective aspect
;PR:	present tense
;PT:	past tense
;REAS:	reason clause agreement marker (agrees with adverbial clause)
;REL:	relative clause
;SUB.NOM:	nominative case in subordinate clause
;SUB.OBL:	accusative/oblique case in subordinate clause
;SUBS:	substitutive role marker, agrees with argument in oblique case
;V:	verb

===Glossary===

;a:	accusative case
;a:	present tense marker
;aj:	3rd person singular male ergative agreement marker
;an:	3rd person singular neuter ergative agreement marker
;at:	3rd person plural ergative agreement marker
;darauresa:	to be sadder
;du:	oblique case ending
;duiru:	to have
;el:	to see
;femeruresa:	to be more beautiful
;gi:	nominative case ending in subordinate clauses
;i:	subordinate complement clause ending
;ifwefu:	someone
;isewe:	possibility
;jedewe:	creativity
;jufemerusa:	to be the most beautiful
;jukwi:	to study, to master
;jutjurausa:	to be the happiest
;kje:	negation marker
;kjem:	type, style
;ku:	future tense marker
;kwipwe:	learning, study
;letamlusa:	to be different
;lu:	comitative role marker
;lupsi:	manner, way
;lute:	to move in a circle
;na:	accusative/oblique case ending in subordinate clauses
;ne:	relative clause prefix
;ni:	3rd person singular neuter possessive ending
;nisozhu:	voice
;nkehise:	to be able not to try
;nulti:	music
;p:	imperfective aspect marker
;pase:	to move
;pasese:	to be flexible, to be able to move
;puko:	to dance
;pukowe:	dancing
;pulko:	a dance
;pulok:	dances, plural
;rbepuko:	to dance in some manner
;re:	&quot;acting as&quot; role marker (can't remember the name for this)
;se:	adverbial clause ending
;siwe:	being one, a unit
;so:	conjunctive suffix for nouns
;tameluskisuresa:	to be more complex
;ti:	3rd person plural pronoun
;ti:	past tense marker
;tei:	3rd person plural possessive ending
;tjurausade:	to make happy
;u:	adjectival relative clause ending
;u:	conjunctive suffix for verbs
;up:	imperfective aspect marker (after consonants)
;v: reason clause agreement marker on main verb

===Grammar===

Verbs are marked for: agreement with certain types of subordinate clause;
negation; agreement with any ergative argument; agreement with 
non-third-person absolutive arguments; agreement with each oblique argument; 
tense; and aspect.  Verbs frequently contain many derivational morphemes 
which are not given separately above for time and space reasons.  The verb 
paradigm is as follows:

[ ADV ] [ NEG ] [ ABS ] [ ERG ] [ OBL [ OBL ...] ] TENSE verb-base ASPECT

Verbs may form subordinate clauses in the following ways:

*adverbial clauses: the adverbial clause marker -se is appended to a fully declined verb.  Its arguments take on subordinate clause suffixes. In the main clause, an agreement morpheme is prefixed to the verb complex.
*complement clauses: the complement clause marker -i is appended to a fully declined verb.  Its arguments take on subordinate clause suffixes. In the main clause, the appropriate agreement for a third person singular neuter argument is used (usually null, as complement clauses are usually not agents).
*relative clauses: the relative clause marker ne- is prefixed to a verb with core argument agreement, tense, aspect, and optional negation, but no oblique arguments or subordinate clause agreement markers.  If an external head exists, the adjectival marker -u is appended.  The position relativized is that of the absolutive argument.

Verbs may combine through conjunction if they share all arguments (and
therefore also degree of transitivity) and tense.  All but the final verb 
are marked for aspect and negation only, and the conjunctive ending -u 
appended.  The final verb is an ordinary fully declined finite verb.

Nouns and free pronouns show nominative/accusative alignment, in contrast
with the absolutive/ergative alignment of verb agreement.  Since the ergative 
and absolutive agreement markers on the verb are really incorporated pronouns, 
any standalone pronoun agreed with by such a marker will not appear.  
However, as absolutive third person pronouns are not marked on the verb, they
do appear either in the accusative as objects of transitive verbs, or 
in the nominative (with null case ending) as subjects of intransitive verbs.
Nouns with the oblique case ending have their role marked on the verb.
In subordinate clauses nominative nouns take the subordinate nominative 
ending, and accusative and oblique nouns take the subordinate oblique ending.

Nouns may be possessed.  If this is the case, instead of their case ending
they have a possessive suffix.  They will be preceded by their possessor
(unless it is a pronoun which has been subsumed by a verb agreement marker),
on which their case will be marked.  Agreement on the verb is with the 
possessor, but the actual argument is the possessed noun.

Nouns in the same case and to which all the same arguments (adjectives,
relative clauses, possessors) apply may form conjunction by all but the 
first noun having the conjunctive noun suffix -so instead of a possessive 
or case suffix.

The derivational verb prefix rbe- is used to create relative clauses of
manner.  For example, if &quot;sosu&quot; is &quot;to sleep&quot;, &quot;ti asosup&quot; is &quot;they
sleep&quot;, &quot;[...] atarbesosup&quot; is &quot;they sleep-in-manner [...]&quot;, then
&quot;neatarbesosup&quot; is &quot;how they sleep&quot; and &quot;neatarbesosupu lupsi&quot; is &quot;the
way that they sleep&quot;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Proto-Drem</title>
    <id>4905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29974</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  ;A:kevinurbanczyk ;B:juno ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

;A:kevinurbanczyk
;B:juno
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Terkunan</title>
    <id>4906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36183</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T16:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add index links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Henrik Theiling

:[[Conlang Relay 15/Ayeri|Previous: Ayeri]] / [[Conlang Relay 15|Up: relay 15 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 15/Mærik|Next: Mærik]]

===Text===

====Un Ful====

Oserve tu kul balat, es unik.  Tot mun deve vis le.  Oserve tu le!  No
sulmentu les bal, ma a nos les kant i nsingre musik.  Popre ornali no
kupren le, ma ku kul stil de balat les popre trove urtime virtat
oskur.  Kandu les bal, les deven sopril.

Depost un kurt moment, les tuk nos cor i kumis present a nos sisasiun
onest a soprepas spirt oman.  Esku nos pos peven tant nevel de kul
balator?

Popre ornali pos fik atensiun a movasiun de pede sulmentu i ngrul
proposit vir de balat.


===Smooth English===

====A Tale====

Observe this dance! -- it is unique.  Everybody must see it.  Look at
it!  They not only dance, but sing to us and teach us music.  Ordinary
people don't understand it, but with that style of dance people find
the ultimate hidden truth.  When they dance, they become superior.

After a short while, they touch our heart and begin to show us the
honest feeling to surpass the human soul.  Can we reach the level of
that dancer?

Ordinary people can just pay attention to the movement of the feet and
ignore the purpose of the dance.


===Etymologies===

All Latin nominal forms are given in accusative case, from which
Terkunan nominals usually derive.  This final -M dropped early, but to
make the words look more like Latin, it was kept in the orthographic
presentation here.

Verbs are given in the infinitive, although the Terkunan form might
have been derived from a different form.

NOTE: Only the Terkunan words and their Latin roots were sent to the next translator.

;a:              prep.    AD                      to
;atensiun:       n.       ATTENTIONEM             attension
;bal:            v.       BALLARE                 to dance
;balat:          n.       BALL(ARE) + ATUM        dance
;balator:        n.       BALL(ARE) + ATOR        dancer
;cor:            n.       COREM                   heart
;de:             prep.    DE                      of
;depost:         prep.    DE POSTUM               after
;deve:           v.       DEBERE                  must, to have to
;deven:          v.       DEVENIRE                to become
;es:             v.       EST                     to be
;esku:           adv.     EST ECCUM QUIA          {YN question particle}
;fik:            v.       FACERE                  to do; to make, to create
;i:              conj.    ET                      and
;nsingre:        v.       INSIGNARE               to teach; to inform
;kandu:          adv.     QUANDO                  when
;kant:           v.       CANTARE                 to sing
;ku:             prep.    CUM                     with
;kul:            det.     ECCUM ILLE              this; that
;kumis:          v.       COMMITTERE              to begin
;kupren:         v.       COMPREHENDERE           to understand
;kurt:           adj.     CURTUM                  short
;le, l', 'l:     det.     ILLE                    the
;le:             pron.    ILLE                    he, she, it, him, her, his, its
;les:            pron.    ILLOS                   they, them, their
;ma:             conj.    MAGIS                   but
;movasiun:       n.       MOV(ERE) + ATIONEM      movement
;mun:            n.       MUNDUM                  world
;musik:          n.       MUSICAM                 music
;ngrul:          v.       IGNORARE                ignore
;nevel:          n.       NIVELLUM                level
;no:             adv.     NON                     not
;nos:            pron.    NOS                     we, us, our
;oman:           adj.     HUMANUM                 human
;onest:          adj.     HONESTUM                honest; real
;ornali:         adj.     ORDINARIUM              ordinary; simple
;oserve:         v.       OBSERVARE               to observe
;oskur:          adj.     OBSCURUM                hidden
;pede:           n.       PEDEM                   foot
;peven:          v.       PERVENIRE               to reach
;popre:          n.       POPULUM                 people
;pos:            v.       POTESSE                 can, to be able to
;present:        v.       PRAESENTARE             to present
;proposit:       n.       PROPOSITUM              purpose, aim, goal
;sisasiun:       n.       SENSATIONEM             sensation, feeling
;soprepas:       v.       SUPERPASSARE            to surpass
;sopril:         adj.     SUPERIOREM              superior
;spirt:          n.       SPIRITUM                spirit, soul
;stil:           n.       STYLUM                  style
;sulmentu:       adv.     SOLAMENTE               only, exclusively
;tuk:            v.       TOCCARE &gt; prov. tocar   to touch
;tant:           adj.     TANTUM                  such
;tot:            adj.     TOTUM                   all
;trove:          v.       TROPARE &gt; prov. trovar  to find
;tu:             pron.    TU                      thou, thee, thy, thine
;un:             det.     UNUM                    a, one
;unik:           adj.     UNICUM                  unique
;urtime:         adj.     ULTIMUM                 last, ultimate
;virtat:         n.       VERITATEM               truth
;vir:            adj.     VERO                    true
;vis:            v.       VIDERE                  to see

====Abbreviations====

;n.:      noun
;v.:      verb
;adj.:    adjective
;adv.:    adverb
;conj.:   conjunction
;prep.:   preposition
;det.:    determiner
;prov.:   Provencial
;pron.:   pronoun


===Grammar===

Terkunan is quite a typical Western Romance language, the most different
feature being isolating morphology.

The standard word order is SVO, but in some sentences, the verb may be
fronted for focus changes and in imperatives (the subject is usually
not dropped in imperatives).

A 3rd person pronoun subject may be dropped, frequently with the verb
'es'.

Oblique objects are typically before the direct object, but there is
no strict rule and they may well also follow.

Terkunan has optional definite and indefinite articles, which are
often inserted to separate two noun phrases instead of to stress
definiteness.  The indefinite article is also the number word 'one'.

Number is not marked on nouns, but only on pronouns, articles, and
number words.  A typical noun phrase without article is, therefore,
underspecified wrt. number.

Adverbs are usually fronted, but may also be in final position.

Adjectives usually follow nouns.

There are no compound verb forms in the text, so I'll drop anything
about verbs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Calénnawn</title>
    <id>4907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38759</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-17T07:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruittenb</username>
        <id>302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Contact Details */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by René Uittenbogaard

===The text===

===='El or panaléyavra zóno fá$e csívi====

'É$e toráddo zóno ðon ifúrta fes molt be uráro se scìpala-snómobov
bólitol be hi uráro se di$áli félo noteytíno se núsvo ifúrti.
Cas hort or csìvi-ánnavra tof.
Sófa fa lúxci sum cas ífna, fa csívimo.
Nocuxàfe-gáwna zóno bru mòðëo-folcsìvi-tëéled ðo elíso be
$ánxa cas ífna.
Fa molt-gáwna hes balmítemor sno bru folcsívi or nosílgovra.
Fa márcamumo pra sínu-bwam cas séfnu.
Bru folhalówbu elìso-snómomo tof sìnu-ródo$ fa halòwbu-gáwna
sínu nus cas ífna.
Sófa pso ray o bru mòðëo-folcsívi or pèla-vúvennvra pra
be ùlumub-vúvennvra.
Ray or snómovra fond félo ðo álëumo pey ðo nus sínu núsvo
ifúrti pey.

===Vocabulary===

;álëumo (adj):complicated, difficult
;ánna (v):teach (someone)
;balmíte (v):hinder, obstruct
;be (conj):(appositive: subject of 1st sentence is identical to subject of 2nd)
;bólitol (n):sound
;-bov (suffix):(inverse participle used as adjective)
;bru (poss.pron):his/her
;-bwam (conj):(appositive: prepositional object of 1st sentence is identical to subject of 2nd)
;cas (pron):someone
;csívi (v):dance
;cuxáfe (v):assume
;di$áli (n):music
;ðo(n) (art):(predicate article, see note (5))
;é-, el (pron):I (1SG)
;elíso (adj):happy, joyful
;fa (pron):he/she (3SG, animate, nominative)
;félo (conj):(restrictive: object of 1st sentence is identical to subject of 2nd)
;fes (conj):(restrictive: subject of 1st sentence is identical to subject of 2nd)
;fol- (prefix):act of ... (verbal noun; gerund)
;fond (pronoun):something
;gáwna (v):can, be able to
;halówbu (v):behave, act
;hes (adv):not at all, not in the least (degree)
;hi (adv):not (boolean)
;hort (numeral):no, none, zero
;ífna (numeral):all, every
;ifúrta (n):person
;lúxci (v):give (sth)
;márcamu (v):turn (tr.)
;me (conj):(ends construct started with 'félo' or 'fes')
;-mo (suffix):(habitual aspect)
;móðëo (adj):usual, habitual
;molt (v):move (intr.)
;-mor (suffix):(inverse participle used as adverb)
;no(r)- (prefix):(puts verb in inverse voice)
;nus (adj):different
;o (art):the (definite, countable, nominative)
;or (adv):(or ... -vra: perfective aspect)
;panaléya (v):see
;péla (adj):beautiful
;pey ... pey (adv):both A and B (rendered as: A pey B pey)
;pra (pron):(reflexive pronoun)
;pso (prep):because of
;ray (pron):he/she/it (obviative)
;-ródo$ (conj):(degree abstraction: prepositional object of 1st sentence is identical to degree of 2nd)
;scípala (n):voice
;se (art):(indefinite, countable, accusative)
;séfnu (v):live
;sílgo (v):show, demonstrate (something)
;sínu (prep):compared to; like; as; than (for positive, comparative and superlative)
;sno (conj):and (connecting sentences that have no overlapping constituents)
;snómo (v):create, make
;sófa (conj):but
;spíxo (adv):only
;sum (prep):to, towards, for
;$ánxa (v):to please (someone)
;$e (adv):(past tense; often clitic)
;tëéled (n):style
;teytíno (v):play, perform (music)
;tof (pron):him/her (3SG, accusative)
;toráddo (v):perceive
;úlumub (adj):sad
;uráro (v):use
;-vo (suffix):(suffix for making ordinals out of cardinal numbers)
;-vra (suffix):(or ... -vra: perfective aspect)
;vúvenn (v):change (tr)
;zóno (conj):(fact abstraction: the direct object of 1st sentence is identical to the fact expressed by the 2nd)


===Grammar===

Calénnawn is a pro-drop language, usually with SVO word order.

$ is an alternative spelling for s-caron (i.e. s-hachek, š) for
non-UTF-8 environments. These represent the same letter (/S/).

Acute and grave accents denote primary and (in compounds)
secondary stress, respectively. Vowels with acute or grave accents
are not fundamentally different from the plain vowels, since the
stress can shift when words are combined into compound words.

Adjectives precede the nouns, but can also occur standalone
(e.g. the big [one]).  Cardinal numerals follow the nouns
they belong to, ordinals precede them.

There is no copula &quot;to be&quot;: a noun or adjective may be used
as predicate directly. If the predicate article is used and the
subject is omitted, it denotes an existential construct.

There are two cases used in this text: nominative and accusative.
The cases are marked on the article.

The absence of an article in the nominative indicates indefiniteness.

All prepositions govern the nominative.

The plural forms of nouns are formed (in this text) by
replacing the vowel in the last syllable with &quot;i&quot;.

In compound words, the first part is the modifying part:
a predicate A-B is a B of type A.

Verbs have two voices: active and inverse. There are
corresponding active and inverse participles, which have different
forms depending on whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs.

There are many conjunctions, nearly all of which express that
one constituent of the first sentence is identical to one of the
constituents in the second sentence. The constituent may be left
out from one of the sentences.
If one of the constituents is a prepositional object, a compound
of the conjunction and the preposition is used.


===Smooth English translation of 'Yelms===

====I have seen him dancing====

I have perceived that there is a person that moves and uses sound
created by his voice and doesn't use music played by others.
Nobody has helped him become proficient at dancing.
But he gives to all, he always(*) dances.
It can be assumed that his habitual dancing style is joyful and
pleasing to all.
He knows how to move and not be hindered and his dancing has been
demonstrated.
He always(*) turns as if he is part of one who is alive.
His behaviour always makes him happy insofar as he can act like
everybody else.
But this is the cause why his habitual dancing has become
beautiful and sad.
This has created something which is both complicated and is
different from all others.

(*) in the &quot;habitual&quot; sense

===Smooth English translation of Calénnawn===

====I have seen him dance====


I perceived that there is a person who moves and uses voice-created
sound and doesn't use music played by other people.
Nobody has taught him to dance.
But he gives to all, he always dances.
It can be assumed that his habitual dancing style is happy and
pleases all.
He can move unhindered and his dancing has been demonstrated.
He always turns as if he is alive.
His behavior always makes him happy insofar as he can behave
like all others.
But because of this, his habitual dancing has become beautiful
and sad.
This has created something which is both complicated and
different from other people.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Taruven</title>
    <id>4908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29977</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:27:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details==  A-B@C.D  ;A:taliesin ;B:conlang ;C:nvg ;D:org</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==

A-B@C.D

;A:taliesin
;B:conlang
;C:nvg
;D:org</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Mærik</title>
    <id>4909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36182</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T16:15:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add index links</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Benct Philip Jonsson


:[[Conlang Relay 15/Terkunan|Previous: Terkunan]] / [[Conlang Relay 15|Up: relay 15 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 15/gjâ-zym-byn|Next: gjâ-zym-byn]]

===The Text===
====OOP FRYYT====

Cridh edd kraadh, fere höghlet. Slat lukpawadhan sakla taadh
edd. Critton edd. Gantas särn kraaneddan tröör saklarr
graghal vpst bät fadd. Skirk ganta olmske trörr eddär
lydhnär kraackär forld hawathk nywess gij veri borti. Ap
kraass höktes liwnan.

Witt gomär tranztär skylffuess foottuk draadh bät pämpess
footz taadh woorghand wilpind tyyrz homwm olmär forldkär
hawathk. Fann hökterr wdhi gij edki krawalki?

Skirk offua fer cridhert sätnz gäwenks bät ganta olmske
woorghdhand fromdand kraakthand.


===Morpheme Breakdown===
====OOP FRYYT====

Cridh-0 edd-dh kraa-dh, fer-(e)-0 höghlet. Slat lukpawadh-an
sakl-(a)-0 taadh-0 edd-dh. Crit-0-ton edd-dh. Gant-(a)-s sär-
an kraa-an-edd-an tröör sakl-(a)-rr gragh(a)l-0 vpst-dh bät
fadh-dh. Skirk gan-(t)(a)-0 olmske-0 trörr edd-är lydhn-är
kraa-k-är forld hawathk nyw-(e)-ss gij-i ver-i bort-i. Ap
kraa-ss hökt-(e)-s liwn-(a)-n.

Witt goom-är tranzt-är skylffu-(e)-ss foott-(u)-k dra-dh bät
pämp-(e)-ss foot-s tadh-0 woorgh-(a)-n-dh wilp-(i)-n-dh tyr-0-
s homwm olm-är forld-k-är hawadh-k. Fann hökt-(e)-rr wdh-i
gij-i edk-i krawal-k-i?

Skirk offu-(a)-0 fer-0 cridhert sätn-s gäw-(e)-n-k-s bät 
gant(a)-
0 olmske-0 woorgh-dh-an-dh from-dh-an-dh kraa-k-dh-an-dh.

===Vocabulary===

Verbs are cited in the third person singular present indicative.

;ann:       pron.     that (nearby), it, the
;ap:        conj.     when
;bæt:       conj.     and
;bort:      adj.      forbidden, secret
;cridha:    v.        look at, watch
;cridhert:  adj.      watchful, attentive, observant
;dra:       n.        heart
;edd:       pron.     that (far), it, the
;fadh:      n.        music
;fann:      pron.     what?
;fere:      v.        be
;forld hawathk:       human
;forld:     n.        seed
;from:      n.        goal, aim, purpose
;fryyt:     pron.     some
;gæw:       n.        foot
;gan:       adj.      all gone
;ganta:     v.        there is not
;gij:       adj.      high
;goom:      adj.      short
;graghla:   v.        learn
;gwaara:    v.        do not...
;gwarum:    v.        not yet
;gøntem:    adv.      never
;haa:       pron.     much
;hawadh:    n.        earth
;homwm:     adj.      downstream, beyond
;høghlet:   adj.      like, similar
;høkte:     v.        come
;kraa:      v.        dance
;krawal:    n.        dancer
;liwn:      adj.      fine, excellent, superior
;lospro:    v.        be familiar, be accustomed
;lwkpawadh: n.        world
;lydhn:     n.        kind, sort, species
;nywe:      v.        take
;offua:     v.        can (capable of)
;olm:       n.        soul
;olmske:    v.        understand
;oop:       n.        tale
;pæmpe:     v.        give
;røwe:      v.        happen, occur, pass
;særet:     adj.      only, unique
;særom:     adv.      only
;sætn:      n.        movement
;saghafa:   v.        trust
;sakla:     v.        must
;skirk:     n.        common people
;skylffue:  v.        touch
;slat:      pron.     all
;stædhle:   v.        be ...ing
;stanskom:  adv.      ever
;tadha:     v.        see
;tera:      v.        make, do
;ton:       pron.     you, thou
;tranzt:    n.        moment
;trøørr:    conj.     but
;tyre:      v.        go
;wdh:       adv.,adj. thus, such
;ver:       n.        strength, power
;wilp:      n.        feeling,sensation
;wilpa:     v.        feel
;witt:      adv.      after
;woorgh:    adj.      true
;vpst:      n.        song, singing
;vpstaa:    v.        sing
;wørføghe:  v.        arrive
;øll:                 that, which

===Grammar===

Orthography is somewhat irregular. Doubling of both
consonants and vowels can be omitted at will. Spelling is
shallow wrt devoicing assimilation: in voiceless context
_dh, gh_ become _th, ch_, _x_ writes /ks/, /Gs/ etc., _z_
writes /ts/, /Ds/ etc. etc. _i j v w y_ may all be both
consonants and vowels.

Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have eight cases:

{|
|           ||  sing.       ||  plur. ||
|-
| Nom./Voc. || -0 (zero)    || -n     || (subject)
|-
| Accusative || -dh         ||  -nd   || (direct object)
|-
| Dative ||     -s          ||  -nz   || 'for'
|-
| Genitive ||   -k          ||  -nk   || 'of'
|-
| Ablative ||   -r          ||  -nnär || 'from'/'out of'
|-
| Instrumental || -gh        || -ng   || 'with'
|-
| Locative ||   -(u)m    ||     -num  || 'at'/'in'
|-
| Allative ||   -i      ||      -ni   || 'to'/'into'
|}

A theme vowel of varying quality goes between the stem and a
plural ending.

Mærik has Suffixaufnahme or &quot;case stacking&quot;, i.e. a noun
carrying a genitive ending may take a further grammatical or
local case ending, e.g. dølk 'the farmer's', dølks or dølx
'for the farmer's' (dative of genitive).

Adjectives inflect for case and number in congruence with
their nouns, e.g. verghar trækker &quot;From a big house&quot;,
hughand skond &quot;poor men (acc.)&quot;.

Sometimes the same word functions as an adjective and as a
noun for the quality denoted by the adjective.

Most derived adverbs and some primary end in -m (with theme
vowel). This formant is observed to coincide with the
locative ending - probably not a coincidence!

The demonstrative pronouns are often enclitically postposed
to a noun, in which case their meaning is similar to a
definite article. Both the noun and the &quot;article&quot; inflect
for case. It should be observed that the -ann forms are
often used where the context would properly call for the -
edd forms.

The infinitive or gerund, the imperative and the supine all
consist in the bare stem, and can be distinguished only by
their function, except that the infinitive/gerund can be
inflected like a noun and the imperative often but not
always is followed by a pronoun in the nominative/vocative.

The present tense shows a theme vowel -a, -e or -o between
the stem and the ending, and since the third person has a
zero ending this theme vowel becomes the de facto ending for
this form.

Person inflection on verbs
{|
! Singular !! !!
|-
| 1. ||  -wl/-w(V)l/-l   ||     'I'
|-
| 2. ||  -ck        ||          'you'(sg.), 'thou'
|-
| 3.  || -Ø (zero)  ||          'he, she, it'
|-
! Plural !! !!
|-
| 1. excl.   || -ff   ||        'we'
|-
| 1. incl.   || -rr   ||        'you and I', 'we and you'
|-
| 2.  || -n      ||             'you'(pl.)
|-
| 3.  || -ss     ||             'they'
|}

Negation is made with the verb ganta 'there is not' + stem
form of the verb + instrumental of agent:

ganta lek mærikth skawdh niigh gan -ta -0 lek -0 mæri -k -th
skaw -dh nii -gh 

not.be -PRES -3.sg. speak -SUP we.exclusive
-GEN -ACC tongue -ACC she -INSTR

'she doesn't speak our language' (lit. 'there is not speak
our language by her')</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Tvern El</title>
    <id>4910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29979</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:32:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details== A@B.C  ;A:carrajena ;B:yahoo ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==
A@B.C

;A:carrajena
;B:yahoo
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Neimalu</title>
    <id>4911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32260</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-05T12:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by G.V. Pietersen

===The Text===

====Inu anur kaþaðjat skižos====

Jek abendöþ gomoþa veixjan.
Lüs pröti þembišurar gomold.
Lüs vala naširöt plaždobold. Kön lüdobold stentumed ladus.

Gomoþa veixjan lüs texobold þeikjuðumed meljeras dem rušobold pöstrat
kalbašant, kažabašant iripeigold.

Gomobold muriti griat tši aliituba. Lüs gomor alja pios tui einos
laxtiðr asuajan tši laduba.

Rušold ei teitsutandold lu rušord bež destüram.

Asu eskoþnašémos. Straxle aft glaubé tui šmiþes lu asuba essköjlaxtos.
Lüs dosežold alar, zbaþe dosobold kuajat.

===Smooth English===
====Something that is hard to understand====

Look at their traditional dance.
They have made no design for it.
They do not play musical instruments, they only make sounds with their
own voices.

The dance is not taught to them by written lessons, but they move
randomly in every direction, wherever they want to go.

They dance better than any other. There are no other dancers more
skilled than they.

They move and make gestures, it seems as if it has no purpose.

It seems to be so easy. I find it hard to believe that something so
simple can be so beautiful. It is not like they are constantly doing
something else; they always move in the same way.

===Vocabulary===

;abendos: look at, observe
;aft: to
;aliitu: other+person (compound)
;alu: something else
;anu: this
;asu: that
;asuaja: more (adj)
;bež (+dative):  without
;dem: but
;destures: destination, goal
;dosos: to do
;ei: and
;einos: to have
;glaubos:  believe
;gomos: dance (verb)
;gomoþ: dance (noun) 
;gomor: dancer
;gria: goed
;inu: – 3p impers
;iros: – move
;jek: (cohortative)
;kalbašu: every+place (compound)
;kaþaðja: hard
;kažabašu: any+place (compound)
;kön: only
;koþnaša: easy 
;eskoþnašos: to be easy
;kuaja: the same (adj)
;ladu: 3p sg/pl (he, she or they)
;-laxtos: to be able to
;laxtiðu: ability, skill
;lu: such as, like
;lüdos:  make sound
;lüs: not
;naširu: music
;meljos: write
;meljera: written
;muriti: more
;-peigos: want
;pios: to be, exist
;plaždos: use
;pöstra: random
;pröti: following, according to
;rušos: move oneself
;skižos: understand
;sköja: beautiful
;essköjos: to be beautiful
;šmiþes: junk, something simple
;stentu: voice
;straxlos: to have trouble doing
;teitsutandos: hand+gesture (compound)
;tši: than
;tui: that (relative pronoun)
;þembišuru: plan, design
;þeikjoþ: lesson
;vala: tool, instrument
;veixja: holy
;zbaþe: always

===Grammar===
====Noun cases====
;-ant: allative
;-ba: predicative
;-med: instrumental

Nouns ending with -u:
;-u: nominative
;-ar/-ur/-r: genitive
;-um: dative

Nouns ending with -es:
;-es: nominative
;-a: genitive
;-am: dative

Nouns ending with –oþ (-oþ nominalizes verbs):
;-oþ: nominative
;-oþa: genitive
;-uðum: dative

====Adjectives====
;-(j)a: nom
;-(j)an: gen
;-(j)as: dat
;-(j)at: turns adjective into adverb

====Verbs====
;-e: 1p present
;-é: 1p future
;-ob-: habitual
;-os: normal verb
;-old: 3p present
;-ord: irrealis
;-öþ: 2p future
;-ém-: 'unsure mirative', involves doubt: maybe, probably, seem
;-ež-: repetative</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Asha'ille</title>
    <id>4912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29981</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details== A@B.C  ;A:arthaey ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==
A@B.C

;A:arthaey
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Labarion</title>
    <id>4913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32262</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-05T13:15:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Lars Finsen

Labarion is a reconstruction of Gaulish

===The Text===
====Ida-sios anassaios essi peillateios.====

Pie scoxtin glessin! Ne scociont eron britacu. Ne gniiont accerdis.  
Vrexont inti gutus eion oinicu vogaron.

Ne vercanontri scoxtin glesson inti vissusaitura advedatus, extos  
suelontor escomediatu ambiollon, ad sentin ne sanin, cuti suelta au  
ejobi buet.

Scocint vellu aissobi allobi. Allobo scociaunobo ne essi elves  
cerdias eiobi. Suelontor eti lamovertont duci sueliontor ex verpennu.  
Aibait assaios. Cretiu crodiu eri isselovirobi ixobi buont sua  
cainis. Ne allon ategneiont, bessugneiont aivi somon.

===Smooth English===
====This stuff is difficult to understand.==== 

(I suspect this sentence has  
been included by accident.)

See the holy dance! They are not dancing after a design. They don't  
have musical instruments. They make sounds only with their voices.

They are not taught the holy dance with prescribed lessons, but move  
at random everywhere, in no particular direction, wherever they want to.

They dance better than any others. There is no other dancer who has  
more skill than them. They move and gesture seemingly aimlessly. It  
seems easy. I can hardly believe that such low people can be so  
beautiful. Ever again they do nothing else, always they are doing the  
same.

===Grammar===

====Nominal morphology====
;acc. sg: -in, -on
;gen. sg: -ias
;abl. sg: -u
;instr. sg: -u
;nom. pl: -ii
;acc. pl: -is, -us, -a
;abl. pl: -obi
;dat. pl: -obo

====Verbal morphology====

;1s present indicative: -iu
;3p present indicative: -ont, -int
;3s present subjunctive: -ait
;2s imperative: -e
;gerundive: -teios
;3p (medio)passive: -ontri
;past participle: -atos
;3p deponent present indicative: -ontor
;3p deponent present subjunctive: -iontor
;passive impersonal: -ar

===Vocabulary===

;accerdis: musical instrument
;ad: towards
;advedat: prescribe, recommend
;aibet: appear
;aissus: people
;aivi: always
;allos: other, another thing
;ambiollon: everywhere
;anassaios: difficult
;assaios: easy
;ategneiet: redo, do again and again
;au: from, away from (+abl.)
;bessugneiet:  habitually do
;britacon: design, plan, mindfulness
;cainis:  beautiful
;cerda: ability, skill
;cretit: believe
;crodios: hard, difficult
;cuti: where
;duci: as, like, as if
;eion: their
;eiobi: them, abl.
;elves: much, many
;eri: about (+abl)
;eron: after, according to (+abl)
;escomediatos: random, arbitrary, without direction
;eti: and
;ex: without
;extos: but
;glessos: holy
;gniet: know, have, use
;gutus: voice
;ida: this
;inti: with, using (+acc)
;isseloviros: lowly person, plebeian, (white) thrash
;ixos: such
;lamovertet: gesture
;ne: no, not
;oinicos: alone
;peillat: gather, understand
;piet: look, see
;sanis: different, special, particular
;scociaunos: dancer
;scocit: dance, v
;scoxta: dance, n
;sentis: way, path, course, direction
;sios: emphatic pronoun
;somos: same, the same
;sua: so
;suelet: move, turn
;suelta: movement, turn
;vellos: better
;vercanet:  teach
;verpennon: finish, goal, target
;vissusaituron: lesson, training, exercise
;vogaron: sound, tone
;vreget: make, do

Forms used of the verb be:
;3s pres ind:  essi
;3s pres subj: buet
;3p pres subj: buont

Ways to put things:

;be from + x.abl: x wishes
;x.nom y.abl: x than y
;be + x.dat: x has
;adj.instr: adverb</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/gjâ-zym-byn</title>
    <id>4914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46076</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-16T06:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Glossary */ fmt</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jim Henry

:[[Conlang Relay 15/Mærik|Previous: Mærik]] / [[Conlang Relay 15|Up: relay 15 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 15/Rhaetian|Next: Rhaetian]]

===The Text===
flĭŋ ðĭ-i ₣um-van kâ-rĭm kǒ. te kâ-i rĭm-van mwe mâ-zla hǒl.  !kâ-rĭm-ť-zô mwe. flĭŋ-zô žǒŋ źǒ Ќ-ť, mǒj ŝrun pe twâ-cu-ŝrun kâ-i hyw jâ-o mwe. hî'mâr-van heŋ mâ jǒm, mǒj flĭŋ kǒ gân-ř kî'ĥu-kě'ĝu-źa jâ-o mâ. vĭj lǒ i flĭŋ-zô ƥ reŋ, râ-van huw-fwa.

nu ƴu-cô-bô ši, Ќ-ť im fâ-ŋĭw ĥy-i źum-ga-zô ƥ reŋ, kiň Ќ-ť ĥy-i rĭm-ķy jâ-o. žâw-van Ќ-ť, hǒŋ cu-rô-sra jâ-o šî'fy mâ-za ðĭ-i. ?ru nǒ i flĭŋ-pja kǒ ŝu-i hu jâ-o Ќ-ť.

ʝĭl-plâŋ kâ-i ðu-van kâ-zô mâ jǒm, mǒj flĭŋ kǒ ŝu-i kujm ķy-bô kâ-i hî'mâr-van heŋ.

===Smooth English===
This watching is like a dance. The whole world must see it. Watch! We must not only dance, but learn the music and song. Most people do not understand, but from this kind of dancing people take great secret strength. When they dance, good things happen.

After a brief moment, they touch our hearts and give us a true vision;we feel we become more complex than human souls. How can we become like this dancer?

Most people can observe the movement of feet, but do not understand the true purpose of this dance.

===Grammar overview===
gjâ-zym-byn (gzb) is an agglutinative language, fairly minimalistic lexically, which leads to some long and sometimes not perfectly perspicuous compounds. In the glossary I've listed mostly only the root words, particles and suffixes, but also listed a few compounds used in the text where they seemed especially hard to guess from the component morphemes. Feel free to email asking for help, or look at the online lexicon.

Root words are nominal, and are turned into verbs and modifiers --also postpositions and conjunctions — with appropriate suffixes.Compound postpostions, used to mark case roles, are formed using one of the core spacetime postpositions {i, o, ř} as a suffix on a rootword for the appropriate abstract concept. I've listed a few of the most abstract compound postpositions in the glossary; others should be clear enough from their component morphemes.

The only verb suffixes used in the text are {-zô} and {-van}. {-zô}former marks an active (and agentive) verb. {-van} marks a stative(but not necessarily non-agentive) verb.

Number is not obligatorily marked on nouns; {mâ} by itself could mean either &quot;person&quot; or &quot;people&quot; for instance.

Typical word order is OVS, but varies since subjects and objects are marked fairly explicity for theta roles with postpositions. Postpositional phrases almost always precede what they modify. Most complements tend to precede the direct object and verb. If the subject is at the end of a clause or sentence, the subject postposition can be omitted. gjâ-zym-byn allows for omitting the subject when it is the same as in the previous sentence.

Punctuation: all sentences end in a period. The exclamation point ! marks an imperative sentence. The apostrophe or single quote ' marks syllable boundaries in polysyllabic roots.

===Glossary===
;bô: 	suff. 	quality noun -&gt; adjective
;cô: 	suff. 	reverse, contradictory quality from root
;cu: 	n. 	complex system, organized group
;cu-rô: 	mod. 	complex, synergetic
;ðĭ: 	n. 	relationship, connection, assocation
;ðu: 	n. 	ability, capacity, power
;fâ: 	n. 	love, friendliness
;fâ-ŋĭw: 	n. 	emotional faculty
;flĭŋ: 	n. 	dance; moving about for fun
;fwa: 	suff. 	causative suffix
;₣um: 	n. 	similarity
;ga: 	suff. 	metaphorical extension of root's meaning
;gân: 	n. 	cause; determining condition
;heŋ: 	mod. 	negative particle; not, no
;hî'mâr: 	n. 	understanding, comprehension
;hǒl: 	mod. 	whole, entire(ly)
;hǒŋ: 	conj. 	that (introduces subordinate clauses)
;hu: 	n. 	essence, nature, set of essential qualities
;huw: 	n. 	happiness, contentment
;ĥy: 	n. 	patient, thing acted on
;ĥy-i: 	postp. 	patient case postpostition
;hyw: 	n. 	direct, interior knowledge; memory, experience
;i: 	postp. 	at, with
;im: 	postp. 	in (part of); of, belonging to (body parts, faculties)
;jâ: 	n. 	role, state, form
;jâ-o: 	postp. 	entering a state of, becoming
;jǒm: 	mod. 	most of, a majority of
;ʝĭl: 	n. 	motion in place; change of orientation, shift of position
;kâ: 	n. 	noticing, focusing one's attention upon, watching
;kě'ĝu: 	n. 	hiding, privacy, secrecy
;kiň: 	conj. 	and
;kî'ĥu: 	n. 	strength
;kǒ: 	dem. 	this
;Ќ: 	pron. 	I, me
;kujm: 	n. 	purpose, motive, end
;ķy: 	n. 	truth, fitting reality
;lǒ: 	mod. 	relativizer particle (who, which...)
;mâ: 	n. 	person, human
;mǒj: 	conj. 	but, however, nonetheless, even so
;mwe: 	mod. 	imperative particle
;nǒ: 	mod. 	WH-question particle
;nu: 	n. 	time, moment, occasion
;ŋĭw: 	n. 	faculty, body part
;o: 	postp. 	to, towards
;pe: 	conj. 	and (links words within clause, not clauses)
;pja: 	suff. 	person who does ~ avocationally, not for money; amateur, hobbyist, volunteer
;plâŋ: 	n. 	foot, feet
;ƥ: 	pron. 	he, she, they (spirits, people, animals already mentioned)
;râ: 	n. 	occurrence, happening, event, process
;reŋ: 	mod. 	many, much
;rĭm: 	n. 	seeing, having within view
;rô: 	suff. 	characteristic quality of (tangible noun -&gt; idiomatic adjective)
;ř: 	postp. 	out of, away from
;ru: 	n. 	method, way, manner, style
;ši: 	postp. 	after (time)
;šî'fy: 	n. 	spirit, soul; angel
;sra: 	suff. 	more, greater; comparative suffix
;ŝrun: 	n. 	music
;ŝu: 	n. 	possess, have (quality, part, faculty)
;teL: 	pron. 	it (plants, inanimate things, abstractions already mentioned)
;ť: 	pron. 	you, y'all
;twâ: 	n. 	sentence; strophe of a poem; proverb, saying, prophecy, quotation, aphorism
;twâ-cu: 	n. 	poem, lyric, text
;van: 	suff. 	stative verb suffix
;vĭj: 	n. 	time, while
;ƴu: 	n. 	length (duration)
;za: 	suff. 	having to do with, associated with root
;zla: 	suff. 	universal collective suffix
;zô: 	suff. 	active verb suffix
;žâw: 	n. 	feeling, sensing, perceiving
;žǒŋ: 	mod. 	only, just, merely; no more than
;źa: 	suff. 	augmentative suffix
;źǒ: 	mod. 	imperative negative particle
;źum: 	n. 	touching, feeling; contact

====Abbreviations====
;conj.: 	conjunction
;dem.: 	demonstrative
;mod.: 	modifier (adjective/adverb)
;n.: 	noun
;postp.: 	postposition
;pron.: 	pronoun
;suff.: 	suffix</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Teonaht</title>
    <id>4915</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29984</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:46:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details==  A@B.C  ;A:scaves ;B:frontiernet ;C:net</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==

A@B.C

;A:scaves
;B:frontiernet
;C:net</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Kamakawi</title>
    <id>4916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43247</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T15:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added native script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by David Peterson

===The Text===
====A meuto'u hoe mata neu ima.====

Mata ia ie itei fuilaila!  Oku takamaka amo ti itakepo'u; iu popowi
oku: Moala ie noala neape.

A kama'a'u itei fuilaila ti ima'a; e miki.

Au neyana tei o amo tiu emi.  Ae totou emi kulona.  U takekenipi
utai fe'a ie neale o upea oku.  A eovuku amo hitie.  Oku hale ei i
amo tou, ae meliki ipe emi kapale oku.  Oku e male hake ika; a
male ikaka amo okuka.
====Native Script====
[[Image:Kamakawi.png|Text in Kamakawi script]]
===Smooth English===
====It's very difficult to understand.====

See the celestial dance!  It does not proceed according to plan;  
there are no musical instruments: a voice is the only sound.

The dance isn't taught by a lesson; it goes about randomly.

Its dancers are better than humans.  Humans have not much skill.   
They move about directionless, as if they don't know their goal.  It  
looks easy.  I can't believe that these dancers are so beautiful.  I  
will not visit again; it will never be different.

===Lexicon===
The lexicon is arranged in English alphabetical order. Where applicable, additional grammatical
information will appear in parentheses, and additional etymological
information will appear in brackets.  Though many Kamakawi words
have many different meanings and can appear in many different
categories, I've only included the relevant translations and categories.

;a: (part.) marks present tense, and that the subject of the sentence is new or different
;amo: (pron.) 3sg. neuter pronoun
;au: (part.) marks present tense, and that the subject of the sentence is new or different and plural
;e: (part.) the (definite article, sg.; attaches to prepositions);  
;::(part.) marks present tense, and that the subject of the sentence is identical to the subject of the previous sentence
;emi: (n.) human (being), person
;eovuku: (vi.) to seem, to appear (takes noun + adjective)
;fe'a: (v.) to know
;fuilaila: (n.) sky; (adj.) celestial
;hake: (v.) to visit
;hale: (v.) to believe (note: hale...i amo..., ae = to believe that)
;hitie: (adj.) easy, simple
;ho: (part.) a resumptive particle (see note below)
;hoe: (contr.) contraction of /ho/ and /e/
;i: (prep.) marks direct objects; marks general locations and/or times
;ia: (pron.) you
;ie: (contr.) contraction of /i/ and /e/
;ika: (adv.) again
;ikaka: (v.) to be different
;ima: (part.) emphatic particle
;ima'a: (n.) lesson
:ipe: (dem.) that/those
;itakepo'u: (n.) plan
;itei: (n.) dance
;iu: [1] (prep.) through
;iu: [2] (contr.) contraction of /i/ and /u/
;iu: [3] (v.) there are (argument is plural)
;kama'a: (vt.) to teach
;kapale: (adv.) so
;kulona: (adv.) not much
;mata: (v.) to see
;mata neu: (v.) to understand
;male: (part.) future tense
;meliki: (vi.) to be beautiful
;meuto'u: (v.) to be difficult to (see note below)
;miki: (vi.) to move at random, in any direction
;moala: (n.) voice
;neape: (adv.) only
;neale: (n.) goal, destination
;neyana: (vt.) to be better than x
:noala: (n.) sound
;o: (prep.) marks the genitive (X o Y = &quot;X of Y&quot;)
;oku: (part.) negates a sentence (used initially or finally); (adv.) not
;okuka: (adv.) never
;popowi: (n.) musical instrument
;-tai: (suf.) as if, like
;takamaka: (v.) to proceed
;takekenipi: (vi.) to go about without a goal, directionless
;tei: (n.) dancer
;ti: (prep.) with (instrumental); marks oblique phrases; by, because of
;tiu: (contr.) contraction of /ti/ and /u/
;tou: (adv.) can, be able to
;totou: (v.) to be skilled, to have skill
;-'u: (suf.) passive
;u: (part.) the (definite article, plu.; attaches to prepositions);  
;::(part.) marks present tense, and that the subject of the sentence is identical to the subject of the previous sentence and plural
;upea: (pron.) 3plu. pronoun that indicates no gender
;utai: (contr.) contraction of /u/ and /tai/

===Grammar===
Typological facts: word order = VSO; prepositional; NG; NA; NR.

A PP can be moved to the front of a clause, but otherwise word
order is maintained.

Kamakawi is a pro-drop language.  If the subject marker /e/ or
/ae/ is used, the subject may be omitted, as it can be retained
from the previous clause.

Subject status markers let the hearer know if the subject of the new
sentence (embedded or otherwise) is the same as the subject of
the previous sentence.  There are three possibilities:
#It's  identical;
#it's from the previous clause, but isn't the previous clause's  subject;
#it's brand new (or more than a clause old).  To mark these statuses,
a particle is used which preposes the verb.  The markers are as follows:

*(k)e = (1)
*(k)ae = (2)
*(k)a = (3)

Certain discourse particles (words like &quot;because&quot; and &quot;so that&quot;) are
suffixed directly to these subject status markers.  So if you had a
sentence like Kale X Y, it'd mean &quot;Because Y did X&quot;.

Adverbs occur sentence-finally, generally.  Adverbs are sometimes
used like modals in English.  For example, if you say Ka mama eine
i nawa (PAST hug woman PREP fish), it'd mean &quot;The woman hugged
a fish&quot;.  If you say Ka mama eine i nawa tou (PAST hug woman PREP
fish can), it'd mean &quot;The woman could hug a fish&quot;.

Where a verb has 2 arguments, the preposition /i/ marks the less
agent-like of the two.  For this reason, it's used to cover a whole
range of prepositional functions, including spatial and temporal.

Certain verbs take adverbial complements.  They're listed in the
lexicon as X...Y.  For these verbs, any objects and subjects come in
between the members X and Y.  Otherwise, the two function as a
single verb with a single meaning.

When two vowels of the same quality occur next to one another,
they're separated by a glottal stop.

Kamakawi allows--and even encourages--double negation.

The romanization system matches up fairly well with CXS, except
for the following: [j] (palatal glide) = &quot;y&quot;; [?] (glottal stop) =  
&quot;'&quot; (an apostrophe).  Additionally, capital letters are used at the beginning
of sentences, and general English punctuation is used.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Rhaetian</title>
    <id>4917</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32394</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-06T15:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Philip Newton

===The Text===
====Native Orthography====

Δωδε δε Τηαμε βαϊνεταϊ ωρεν ένν Γαρες.
Άλε ή Αντροβαδδετ τθηε ηγνεν τηορεσαϊ.
Τηορρεν ηγνεν! Γαρευαμεν υ μανεν,
αλλε αββαλλαυσμεν αΐ δην Μυρεγεν αΐ δος Οθθος.
Ωί φλιστοι Αντροβοι συιννιωισε ηγνεν υ,
αλλε δωδερ ά Γαρες τθεθθοιρε δοις Αντροβοιρ ηροτεργεν Τθωιναιμμεν Γαραχτρερ.
Άδεν ηγνοι γαρευοιρε, τθωινανδαϊ ηγνοι δυς αιμβε Έσταμνυρ ευβραϊνεθταϊ φωιεν.
Μητε αλεχχεν Γρανεν άφτανδαϊ ωί Γαρευταϊ δων νωιτερον Συινναϊθτεμαδδον,
αΐ νω αργαμεν δην Αλετεον ιθθεν,
αΐ νω ναυμεν αίδε δε νωιδερεν Φνευμε δρηβετταϊ.
Φως τθωιναμετεν νω δην Βυισεν δωδον δων Γαρευτον χτωσταϊ;
Ωί φλιστοι Αντροβοι τθωινανδαϊ μενν δε Ήνεματτε δυ Γαρυ ιθθεν,
ηγνοι τθωινανδαϊ τθε υ δαν αλετνεν Σκαβεν δωδυ δυ Γαρυ συιννιενναϊ.

====Romanisation====
Dode de Teame bainetai ohren henn Gares.
Hale he Antrobaddet zehe egnen teoresai.
Teorren egnen! Gareuamen u manen,
alle abballausmen hai den Muregen hai dos Oßßos.
Hö flistö Antrobö sünnjöse egnen u,
alle doder ha Gares zeßßöre dös Antrobör erotergen Zönämmen Garachtrer.
Haden egnö gareuöre, zönandai egnö dus ämbe Hestamnur eubraineßtai föen.
Mete alechen Granen haftandai hö Gareutai don nöteron Sünnaißtemaddon,
hai noh argamen den Aleteon ißßen,
hai noh naumen häde de nöderen Fneume drebettai.
Fohs zönameten noh den Büsen dodon don Gareuton chtoostai?
Hö flistö Antrobö zönandai menn de Henematte du Garu ißßen,
egnö zönandai ze u dan aletnen Schaben dodu du Garu sünnjennai.

===Smooth English===
This sight looks like a dance.
All mankind should watch it.
Watch it! Let us not only dance,
but let us also enjoy music and songs.
Most people do not understand it,
but this dance gives people inner strength of character.
When they dance, they can make people standing around happy.
After a short time, the dancers touch our emotions,
and we begin to see the truth,
and we realise that our spirit is being nourished.
How can we obtain the nature of these dancers?
Most people can see the movements of the dance,
but they cannot understand the true purpose of this dance.

====From Previous Text====

This spectacle looks like dancing. All of mankind should see it.
Look at it! Let us not only dance,
but let us experience music and songs.
Most people do not understand this,
but this dance gives people inner strength of character.
When they dance, they can make people around them happy.
After only a short while, they touch our emotions,
and we start to see truth,
and we see that our spirit is enriched.
How can we obtain the essential traits and properties which these
dancers possess?
Most people can watch the dance moves,
but they do not understand the true purpose of this dance.

===Grammar===
Rhaetian is essentially a Hellenic language (descended from Ancient Greek)
with German syntax and phonology.

This means that:
*word order is verb-second (V2) in main clauses, verb-final in subordinate  clauses
*pronouns are nearly never dropped, even though verb endings are usually  distinctive
*infinitives go to the end of the clause
*adjectives precede nouns
*genitives follow nouns
*nouns (including nominalised adjectives) are capitalised
*otherwise, grammar is fairly similar to English!

Some Hellenisms (i.e. non-Germanisms) in Rhaetian:
*demonstratives take the article after the demonstrative: &quot;this dance&quot; is &quot;doder ha Gares&quot;, or literally &quot;this the dance&quot;.
*similarly, possessive adjectives take the article, but before the possessive  adjective: &quot;our [of two] dance&quot; is &quot;ha nöderer Gares&quot;, or literally  &quot;the our dance&quot;.
*(the definite article is used when talking about abstract notions or  entire categories, e.g. &quot;he Aleteo&quot; = &quot;truth&quot;.

====Word order====
In main clauses, the verb phrase comes second. Exactly one of the other phrases precedes it, most often the subject (in which case we get SVO order), though it could be an adverbial, for example. All other phrases are behind the verb.
 
Imperative sentences are verb-first.
====Case====
In a normal sentence, nominative, accusative, and dative are used for the subject, direct object, and indirect object of the verb, respectively. The genitive case is used to show possession (the possessor will appear in the genitive case). Some prepositions and verbs may also govern specific cases even where English might have an equivalent verb govern a different case. This will be noted in the vocabulary list, where applicable; for example, &quot;to touch (something [gen.])&quot; means that the verb means &quot;to touch&quot; and that the object (the thing touched) will be in the genitive case.
====Aspect====
Two aspects are present in this text: present and aorist.
For infinitives and imperatives, the distinction is that a present form encodes a general or habitual meaning, while an aorist form encodes a specific or one-time meaning. For example, &quot;I want to see[pres.] your book&quot; would mean something like, &quot;I want to be able to see it (always)&quot;, whereas &quot;I want to see [aor.] your book&quot; would mean something more like, &quot;I want to see it (right now)&quot;. Similarly, &quot;Fear[pres.] not!&quot; would be a general admonition, to be of a courageous nature, whereas &quot;Fear[aor.] not!&quot; would be a command for the present situation.

Indicative and subjunctive forms of the verbs in this text all happen to be in the present aspect, indicating either a general statement or something that takes place now.
====Imperative====
Rhaetian has an imperative not only for the second person (&quot;Go!&quot;) but also for
the first and second persons.
Several first-person imperatives occur in the text; perhaps a better term for this form might be hortatives: for example, &quot;let's go!&quot;.
====Number====
Rhaetian has not only a singular and a plural number, but also a dual number, used when speaking of exactly two people or things.

===Vocabulary===
The citation form is:
*for nouns, the nominative singular
*for pronouns and adjectives, the masculine nominative singular
*for verbs, the active present infinitive 
&quot;+&quot; indicates that (a) this preposition is followed by a specific case; (b) this conjunction is followed by a verb in a specific aspect.

;abballausmen:	v.	act.aor.imp.sg.3 of &quot;abballauen&quot;
;abballauen:	v.	to enjoy, take pleasure in
;alechen:		adj.	m.sg.acc. of &quot;alecher&quot;
;alecher:		adj.	a little, few
;Aleteo:		n.f.	truth
;Aleteon:		n.f.	sg.acc. of &quot;Aleteo&quot;
;aletnen:		adj.	m.sg.acc. of &quot;aletner&quot;
;aletner:		adj.	true, real
;alle:		conj.	but
;ämbe:		prep.	around, surrounding
;Antrobö:		n.m.	pl.nom. of &quot;Antrober&quot;
;Antrobör:	n.m.	pl.dat. of &quot;Antrober&quot;
;Antrobaddet:	n.f.	humanity, the set/group of all humans, mankind
;Antrober:	n.m.	human, person
;argamen:		v.	act.pres.ind.du.1 of &quot;argen&quot;
;argen:		v.	to begin, to start (doing something)
;Büsen:		n.f.	sg.acc. of &quot;Büses&quot;
;Büses:		n.f.	nature
;baineßtai:	v.	to seem (like), to look (like), to appear (like)
;bainetai:	v.	pres.ind.sg.3 of &quot;baineßtai&quot;
;chtoostai:	v.	to obtain
;dan:		art.	m.sg.acc. of &quot;ha&quot;
;de:		art.	n.sg.nom. and n.pl.acc. of &quot;ha&quot;
;den:		art.	f.sg.acc. of &quot;ha&quot;
;dode:		dem.	n.sg.nom. of &quot;doder&quot;
;doder:		dem.	this
;dodon:		dem.	m.pl.gen. of &quot;doder&quot;
;dodu:		dem.	m.sg.gen. of &quot;doder&quot;
;don:		art.	m.pl.gen. of &quot;ha&quot;
;dos:		art.	f.pl.acc. of &quot;ha&quot;
;dös:		art.	m.pl.dat. of &quot;ha&quot;
;dreben:		v.	to feed, enrich, nourish
;drebettai:	v.	pass.pres.ind.sg.3 of &quot;dreben&quot;
;du:		art.	m.sg.gen. of &quot;ha&quot;
;dus:		art.	m.pl.acc. of &quot;ha&quot;
;egnen:		pron.	n.sg.acc. of &quot;egner&quot;
;egner:		pron.	third person pronoun (he, she, it, they)
;egnö:		pron.	m.pl.nom. of &quot;egner&quot;
;erotergen:	adj.	f.sg.acc. of &quot;eroterger&quot;
;eroterger:	adj.	inner, inside
;eubraineßtai:	v.	to be happy, to rejoice
;falüs:		adj.	many
;flistö:		adj.	m.pl.nom. of &quot;flister&quot;
;flister:		adj.	comparative and (with definite article) superlative of &quot;falüs&quot;
;:: more, most
;Fneume:		n.n.	spirit
;föen:		v.	to make (someone [acc.] do something [inf.]), to cause (something [acc.] to happen [inf.]), to do
;Fohs:		adv.	how
;Garachter: 	n.m.	character
;Garachtrer:	n.m.	sg.gen. of &quot;Garachter&quot;
;Gares:		n.m.	dance
;gareuen:		v.	to dance
;gareuöre:	v.	act.pres.subj.pl.3 of &quot;gareuen&quot;
;gareuamen:	v.	act.pres.imp.du.1 of &quot;gareuen&quot;
;Gareutai:	n.m.	pl.nom. of &quot;Gareutes&quot;
;Gareutes:	n.m.	dancer
;Gareuton:	n.m.	pl.gen. of &quot;Gareutes&quot;
;Garu:		n.m.	sg.gen. of &quot;Gares&quot;
;Granen:		n.m.	sg.acc. of &quot;Graner&quot;
;Graner:		n.m.	time
;häde:		conj.	that
;ha:		art.	definite article: the	(see also under d- for many inflected forms)
;haden:		conj.	when (+ subjunctive)
;haftandai:	v.	pres.ind.pl.3 of &quot;hafteßtai&quot;
;hafteßtai:	v.	to touch (something [gen.])
;hai:		conj.	and; (as adverb) also
;hale:		dem.	f.sg.nom. of &quot;haler&quot;
;haler:		dem.	all
;he:		art.	f.sg.nom. of &quot;ha&quot;
;Henematt:	n.n.	movement
;Henematte:	n.n.	pl.acc. of &quot;Henematt&quot;
;henn:		num/art	one; a, an
;hestamner:	adj.	standing; (nominalised:) one who stands	 (present participle of &quot;hestme&quot;)
;hestamnur:	adj.	m.pl.acc. of &quot;hestamner&quot;
;hestme:		v.	to stand
;hö:		art.	m.pl.nom. of &quot;ha&quot;
;ißße:		v.	act.aor.imp.sg.2 of &quot;pflebben&quot;
;ißßen:		v.	aor.inf. of &quot;pflebben&quot;
;manen:		adv.	only; 
;;u manen ... alle hai:: not only ... but also
;menn:		pcl.	
;;menn ... ze:: on the one hand ... on the other hand; ... but; it is true that ... but; a contrastive particle often best left untranslated
;mete:		prep.	after (+ acc.)
;Murege:		n.f.	music
;Muregen:		n.f.	sg.acc. of &quot;Murege&quot;
;nän:		v.	to realise, recognise, notice, understand
;naumen:		v.	act.pres.ind.du.1. of &quot;nän&quot;
;nöderen:		adj.	n.sg.nom. of &quot;nöderer&quot;
;nöderer:		adj.	our (dual form, i.e. belonging to two people or things)
;noh:		pron.	du.nom.1: we (two)
;nöteron:		adj.	n.pl.gen. of &quot;nöderer&quot;
;Oßße:		n.f.	song
;Oßßos:		n.f.	pl.acc. of &quot;Oßße&quot;
;ohren:		adv.	like
;pflebben:	v.	to see
;Sünnaißtemadd:	n.n.	emotion
;Sünnaißtemaddon:	n.n.	pl.gen. of &quot;Sünnaißtemadd&quot;
;sünnjöse:	v.	act.pres.ind.pl.3 of &quot;sünnjennai&quot;
;sünnjennai:	v.	to understand, to comprehend
;Schaben:		n.m.	sg.acc. of &quot;Schabes&quot;
;Schabes:		n.m.	purpose, goal
;Teame:		n.n.	sight, spectacle
;teören:		v.	to watch, to look at
;teoresai:	v.	aor.inf. of &quot;teören&quot;
;teorren:		v.	act.aor.imp.sg.2 of &quot;teören&quot;
;u:		adv.	not
;ze:		pcl.	but, but also; see also &quot;menn&quot;
;zehe:		v.	act.pres.ind.sg.3 of &quot;zehen&quot;
;zehen:		v.	need, must, should
;zeßßöre:		v.	act.pres.ind.sg.3 of &quot;zeßßanai&quot;
;zeßßanai:	v.	to give
;Zönämmen:	n.f.	sg.acc. of &quot;Zönämmes&quot;
;Zönämmes:	n.f.	strength, power
;zönaßtai:	v.	to be able to; can
;zönameten:	v.	act.pres.ind.du.1 of &quot;zönaßtai&quot;
;zönandai:	v.	act.pres.ind.pl.3 of &quot;zönaßtai&quot;

====Abbreviations used in the vocabulary list====
;1:	first person
;2:	second person
;3:	third person
;acc.:	accusative case
;act.:	active voice
;adj.:	adjective
;adv.:	adverb
;aor.:	aorist aspect
;art.:	article
;dat.:	dative case
;dem.:	demonstrative adjective
;du.:	dual number
;f.:	feminine gender
;gen.:	genitive case
;imp.:	imperative mood
;ind.:	indicative mood
;m.:	masculine gender
;n.:	noun [followed by an abbreviation for the gender of the noun];
;::	neuter gender
;nom.:	nominative case
;num.:	number
;pass.:	passive voice
;pcl.:	particle
;pl.:	plural number
;prep.:	preposition
;pres.:	present aspect
;pron.:	pronoun
;sg.:	singular number
;subj.:	subjunctive mood
;v.:	verb</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Vozgian</title>
    <id>4918</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40735</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-12T14:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IJzeren Jan</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Smooth translation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jan van Steenbergen

===The Text===

====ОБСЕРВАЦІА КОҒУСЕ УВІДШЫГУ АК ІЋЕ КРОНЖЕНЋ==== 

Челoвяк сет уважах, шу мястятум музикoнтјöнс спoле седвікћа, людoве ші седвікнoнћ зўoнкентямес 
гoлсўo сўöјіх імяніх. Крoнженю іће кялу самoючені сoнћ. Іђенак двікћех сўöјіх іће весе дадoнћ, 
чемук чінітелнoћ і мoжамoће тялесенаје іх ім дoсевўoленћ - іће правўoће крoнженћ. Семoжећ іда 
прібераће, шу стил крoнженја іх нывезелешы і нылађенешы вешхез ећ. Села шу іх узюченје фoрмалену 
неећ, іће седвікнoће сўoвoђенo умянћ. Іће крoнкух секрöнтенћ такак іће бялібы быће ену жіјöнћу. 
Сету іх так сеченћеніћ, шу іће лећену інак дялаће немoғoнћ. А ету крoнженюм сім кoмбінаціö 
пякрoће і сумoнћенoће дoдаћ, ету іхез чедусе чініћ, чеду сулöжену ећ і oржену інчедўoд. 

===Romanised Text===
====OBSERVACIA KOHUSE UVIDŠAIGU AK IÞE KRONŽENÞ==== 

Čeloväk set uvažach, šu mästätum muzykontjöns spole sedvikþa, lüdove ši sedviknonþ zŭonkentämes 
golsŭo sŭöjich imänich. Kronženü iþe kälu samoüčeni sonþ. Iðenak dvikþech sŭöjich iþe vese dadonþ, 
čemuk činitelnoþ i možamoþe tälesenaje ich im dosevŭolenþ - iþe pravŭoþe kronženþ. Semožeþ ida 
priberaþe, šu styl kronženja ich naivezelešai i nailaðenešai vešchez eþ. Sela šu ich uzüčenje 
formalenu neeþ, iþe sedviknoþe sŭovoðeno umänþ. Iþe kronkuch sekröntenþ takak iþe bälibai baiþe 
enu žijönþu. Setu ich tak sečenþeniþ, šu iþe leþenu inak dälaþe nemohonþ. A etu kronženüm sim 
kombinaciö päkroþe i sumonþenoþe dodaþ, etu ichez čeduse činiþ, čedu sulöženu eþ i orženu inčedŭod. 

===Smooth Translation===
====Observation of somebody who has seen them dancing====

This person noticed that instead of moving along with the music, these people are moving along with the sound of their own voices. In dancing, they are completely self-taught. Yet, in their movements they give everything their creativity and their physical possibilities allow them to; they are really dancing. One may even presume that their dancing style is the merriest and prettiest of all. Because they lack any formal education, they are able to move freely. They are whirling around in circles as if they were one living being. This makes them so happy that they just can't do it any differently. And this adds a combination of beauty and sadness to their dances, it makes them into something that is complicated and differs from anything else. 

===Grammar===

Vozgian is a North-Slavic language that underwent some considerable influence from the Uralic 
languages. It is a highly synthetic language, mostly fusional but with agglutinative elements. 
Its grammar is rather complicated. In this relay I will not bother you with its (in)famous noun 
declensions from hell, the numerous verbal classes, etc. I'll limit myself to the most elementary.

Word order is rather rigid: SOV. Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), 
number (singular, dual, plural), case (13 cases), and definiteness (definite, indefinite). The 
latter is mostly a matter of a postfixed article; all forms are indefinite by default, unless 
otherwise marked. In combination with demonstrative and/or possessive pronoun, the indefinite 
form is normally used.

In the glossary, all nouns are given in their basic form: the nominative singular (indefinite). 
In the text, you will encounter the following case endings:

*masculine:
*;-ентямес -entämes: 	comitative sg.def.
*;-ух -uch: 		locative pl.
*;-ўo -ŭo: 		genitive pl.
*feminine:
*;-е -e:		nominative pl.
*;-е -e:		genitive sg.
*;-oнтјöнс -ontjöns:	comitative sg.def.
*;-ö -ö:		accusative sg.
*neuter:
*;-а -a:		genitive sg.
*;-ех -ech:		locative pl.
*;-ю -ü:		locative sg.
*;-юм -üm:		dative pl.

Adjectives, as well as demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, numerals etc., agree with 
the noun in gender, number and case (but not in defininess, as only nouns make this distinction). 
They are always placed AFTER the noun they modify. In the glossary, the masculine nominative 
singular form is given, ending with -ы -ai. Apart from that, you will encounter the following 
adjectival endings:
;-аје:		nom/acc.pl.fem.
;-ез -ez:		elative pl.
;-ешы -ešai: comparative (inflected, of course, like an adjective) (in combination with the prefix &quot;ны-&quot; &quot;nai-&quot;: superlative)
;-і -i:		nom.pl.masc.
;-іх -ich:		gen.pl.
;-у -u:	nom.sg.neut.
;-ыгу -aigu:		gen.sg.masc/neut.

Verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, and mood. Verbal paradigmata in Vozgian are 
pretty huge, but let's keep it simple. In the glossary, verbs are giving in the infintive 
(ending: -ће -þe). In this text, the following forms appear:
;-х -ch:		past tense, 3sg
;-ібы -ibai:		conditional, 3pl
;-нћ -nþ:		present tense, 3pl
;-ћ -þ:		present tense, 3sg

Besides, we have a few participles. These are inflected like adjectives. The masculine 
nominative singular endings are:
;-нћы -nþai:		present active participle
;-ны -nai:	perfect passive participle
;-шы -šai:		perfect active participle

In the case of irregularities, you will find both forms in the glossary: the irregular form 
as used in the text, and the &quot;basic&quot; form. Where it comes to pronouns, I have decided to give 
all pronouns used in this text a separate entry in the glossary, as most of them are 
irregular anyway.

When a verb is reflexive, the reflexive pronoun &quot;се-&quot;  &quot;se-&quot; is prefixed to the verb. As pro-drop 
is not allowed in Vozgian, when a reflexive verb appears without a subject, this implies and 
impersonal subject: &quot;one can see...&quot;, &quot;it is said that...&quot;, etc.

When a verb is negated, this is also indicated with the help of a prefix: &quot;не-&quot; &quot;ne-&quot;.

Unlike Russian, Vozgian has a fully inflected and pretty irregular verb &quot;to be&quot;: &quot;быће&quot; &quot;baiþe&quot;. But 
just like Russian, Vozgian lacks a word for &quot;to have&quot;. Instead, the genitive is used in 
combation with a form of &quot;быће&quot; &quot;baiþe&quot;. So instead of &quot;I have two parrots&quot;, the Vozgians say: &quot;Mine 
are two parrots&quot; (actually, more literally: &quot;Mine parrots two are&quot;, but that's a different 
story). 

That's all I can think of for now. So let's move on to the glossary...

===Glossary===

Keep in mind that I follow Cyrillic alphabetisation here!

;а a:		(conj)			and, but
;ак ak:		(adv, conj)		how, in what way, like
;быће baiþe:		(n)			being, creature
;быће baiþe:		(v)			to be
:бялібы	bälibai:	(v)			cond.3pl. of &quot;быће&quot;
;везелы vezelai:		(adj)			merry, joyful
;весе vese:		(pron.ind.)		all, everything
;вешхы vešchai:		(adj)			every, all
;гoлс gols:		(m)			voice
;дадoнћ dadonþ:		(v)			pres.3pl. of &quot;даће&quot;
;даће daþe:		(v)			to give
:дoдаће dodaþe:		(v)			to add, to give to
;двікнoће dviknoþe:	(v)			to move
;двікће dvikþe:		(n)			movement; moving
;дoсевўoліће dosevŭoliþe:	(v)		to permit, to allow
;дялаће dälaþe:		(v)			to do, to make
;ену enu:		(num.card.)	nom.sg.neut. of &quot;іђін&quot; &quot;iðin&quot;
;ету etu:		(pron.pers.)		it
;ећ eþ:		(v)			pres.3sg. of &quot;быће&quot; &quot;baithe&quot;
;жіће žiþe:		(v)			to live
;зўoнк zŭonk:		(m)			sound
;іђенак iðenak:		(adv)			yet, however
;іђін iðin:		(num.card.)		one
;імяны imänai:		(adj)			own
;і i:		(conj)			and
;іда ida:		(adv)			even
;ім im:		(pron.pers.)		dative of &quot;іће&quot; &quot;iðe&quot;
;інак inak:		(adv)	otherwise, else, in another way
;інчеду inčedu:		(pron.ind.)	something else, anything else
;інчедўoд inčeduod:	(pron.ind.)	ablative of &quot;інчеду&quot; &quot;inčedu&quot;
;іће iþe:		(pron.pers.)		they
;іх ich:		(pron.pers.)	genitive of &quot;іће&quot; &quot;iþe&quot;
;іхез ichez:		(pron.pers.)	elative of &quot;іће&quot; &quot;iþe&quot;
;кялу kälu:		(adv)			wholly, entirely
;кедусе keduse:		(pron.ind.)		someone, somebody
;кoғусе	kohuse:	(pron.ind.)		genitive of &quot;кедусе&quot; &quot;keduse&quot;
;кoмбінаціа kombinacia:	(f)			combination
;крoнженје kronženje:	(n)			dance; dancing
;крoнжіће kronžiþe:	(v)			to dance
;крoнк kronk:		(m)			circle	
;крöнтіће krontiþe:	(v)			to turn, to spin
;лађены laðenai:	(adj)		nice, pretty
;лећену leþenu:		(adv)		easily, simply, just
;людoве	lüdove:	(m.pl.)			people
;мoғoнћ	mohonþ:	(v)	pres.3pl. of &quot;мöхће&quot; &quot;mochþe&quot;
;мoжамoћ možamoþ:		(f)			possibility
;мoжећ	možeþ:	(v)	pres.3sg. of &quot;мöхће&quot; &quot;mochþe&quot;
;мöхће mochþe:		(v)			can, may, be able
;музика muzyka:		(f)			music
;мястятум mästätum:	(prep with gen.)	instead of
;не- ne:		(prefix)		not
;ны- nai:		(prefix)		superlative marker
;oбсерваціа observacia:	(f)			observation
;oржены	orženai:	(adj)			different
;правўoће pravŭoþe:	(adv)			really, truly
;прібераће priberaþe:	(v)			assume, suppose
;пякрoћ päkroþ:		(f)			beauty
;самo- samo-:		(prefix)		self-
;се- se:		(pron.refl.)		oneself
;села sela:		(adv)			for this reason
;села шу sela šu:		(conj)			because
;сет set:		(pron.dem.)		this
;сету setu:	(pron.dem.)	nom.sg.neut. of &quot;сет&quot; &quot;set&quot;
;сеченћеніће sečenþeniþe:	(v)	to make happy
;сім sim:		(pron.dem.)		dat.pl. of &quot;сет&quot; &quot;set&quot;
;сoнћ sonþ:	(v)		pres.3pl. of &quot;быће&quot; &quot;baithe&quot;
;спoле spole: (adv, postp with comitative) together (with), along (with)
;стил stil:		(m)			style
;сулöжены sulöženai:	(adj)			complicated, complex
;сумoнћенoћ sumonþenoþ:	(f)			sadness
;сўoвoђенo sŭovoðeno:	(adv)			freely, liberally
;сўöй sŭöj:		(pron.poss.)		one’s own
;так tak: 		(adv)			so, in such way
;такак takak: 		(conj)			so that; as if
;тялесены tälesenai:	(adj)	physical, pertaining to the body
;уважаће uvažaþe:		(v)			to notice
;увідеће uvideþe:	(v)			to see (perfective)
;узюченје uzüčenje: 	(n)			education
;умяће umäþe:		(v)		to be able, to know how to
;фoрмалены formalenai:	(adj)			formal
;чеду čedu:		(pron.int.)		what
;чедусе čeduse: 	(pron.ind.)		something
;челoвяк čeloväk: 	(m)			human being, person
;чемук čemuk:		(pron.int.)	allative of &quot;чеду&quot; &quot;čedu&quot;
;чінітелнoћ činitelnoþ: 	(f)			creativity
;чініће činiþe:		(v)			to make, to create
;ші ši:		(pron.dem.)	nom.pl.masc. of &quot;сет&quot; &quot;set&quot;
;шу šu:		(conj)			that
;ючіће üčiþe:		(v)			to teach</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/säb zjeda</title>
    <id>4919</id>
    <revision>
      <id>29988</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-17T13:54:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact Details== A1973@B.C  ;A:jimhenry ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact Details==
A1973@B.C

;A:jimhenry
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Vetela</title>
    <id>4922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33097</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-18T15:50:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uploaded text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Kinetic


===The Text===

I mikova talezo zenmeune.
Eki teulautama kuta zenimante.

Zama ta zenimai!  Kai nyu nakuvu talezai -
kiulanui ny loitunui aaku lyilai.
Teulo enkostama ita saunuve nau,
i talezama teulai yinavi teumeazama volne.
Teulama, talezo menea, kasinua lestozalve.

Kilkotoo exku, talezuama nyn lexyma mete,
nyuma leisa zeneine,
nyn esela levynala na zenmeke.
Valalto i talezo mea nylekialve?

Teulo enkostama, i talezo muila zenalve nau,
tyn leisi vona saunalvuve.

===Smooth English===
This scene seems to be a dance.
All of mankind must watch it.

Look at it!  Let us two not only dance,
but also take pleasure in the music and the songs.
Though most people don't understand it,
this dance gives people inner strength of character.
When people dance, they can make those around them happy.

After a short while, the dancers touch our emotions,
we start to see the truth,
and we observe that our spirit has been nourished.
How can we acquire the nature of this dance?

Most people can see the motions of this dance,
but they cannot understand its true purpose.


===Grammar===

Vetela is head-final / left-branching, so:

*adjectives precede nouns
*adverbs and objects precede verbs
*postpositions, not prepositions
*the verb is the final word in any clause


====Verbs====


Vetela is also an ergative language these days, so the patient of a
transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb are treated
in the same way (both take the absolutive case, unmarked), while
the agent (subject) of a transitive verb is treated differently (it
takes the ergative case, marked with -ma).  Since the basic word
order is SOV, in transitive verb constructions the agent generally
comes before the patient.

If a verb with a fundamentally intransitive meaning is used
transitively, this expresses causativity (e.g. &quot;lesta&quot; means
&quot;be happy&quot; when used intransitively, and &quot;to cause to be happy&quot;
when used transitively).  The presence of an agent in ergative
case is sufficient to implicitly transitivise a verb.

However, ambiguity can arise when applying verb-modifying affixes
to a verb thus transitivised: for example, applying the potential
infix (&quot;-alv-&quot;) to the verb &quot;to see&quot; (&quot;zena&quot;), we get &quot;zenalva&quot;,
meaning &quot;to be able to see&quot;; but when used transitively, does this
mean &quot;to be able to cause to see&quot; or &quot;to cause to be able to see&quot;?
In order to resolve this ambiguity, there exists an explicit
transitivising infix, &quot;-oz-&quot;.  To continue with the same example,
&quot;zenozalva&quot; would be &quot;to be able to cause to see&quot;, while &quot;zenalvoza&quot;
would be &quot;to cause to be able to see&quot;.

A verbal noun in the allative case acts as an imperative.  Both
1st and 2nd person imperatives exist in the text.


====Nouns====


Nouns (and pronouns) are not marked for definiteness or number,
though number may be made explicit by (among other means) simply
placing a number before a noun or pronoun.

Compound nouns are common; like everything else they work in a
left-branching way (i.e. the last element in the compound is what
the word actually /is/, the previous ones qualify it in some way).
To give an example using words from the text, &quot;talezakiula&quot; would
be &quot;dance-music&quot;.

Postpositions generally take their arguments in the genitive case;
additionally, some verbs take some of their arguments in specific
cases too.  Where this differs from what would be intuitive, the
required case is noted in the vocab list: e.g. &quot;to enjoy [ablative]&quot;
means that the object (the thing enjoyed) takes the ablative case.


====Directional demonstratives====


The demonstrative particles &quot;i&quot; (&quot;this&quot;) and &quot;ku&quot; (&quot;that&quot;) can join
with the 3rd-person pronoun &quot;ta&quot; to form pronouns which act in
specific directions.  &quot;Ita&quot; is used cataphorically (to refer forward
to a referent that appears after the pronoun), while &quot;kuta&quot; is used
anaphorically (to refer backward to a previous referent).


===Vocabulary===


I've simplified things for this vocab section.  Word classes such
as &quot;noun&quot;, &quot;verb&quot; and &quot;adjective&quot; don't exist as such, but I've
pretended that they do, listing forms as they appear in the text
and labelling them appropriately.

The verbs in the list are shown in their dictionary form, i.e. a
verbal noun in &quot;-a&quot; (this may be thought of as an infinitive). In
the text, however, they appear in various inflected forms, especially
the present tense &quot;-e&quot; (see list of affixes below).

All nouns and verbs drop their final -a before appending suffixes.

Abbreviations:
;adj.:   adjective
;adv.:   adverb
;conj.:  conjunction
;n.:     noun
;part.:  particle
;pron.:  pronoun
;postp.: postposition
;v.:     verb

;aaku:       adv. also
;eki:        adj. all (of)
;enkosta:    n. majority, most part
;esela:      n. spirit
;exku:       postp. after
;i:          part. demonstrative &quot;this&quot;
;ita:        pron. 3rd-person directional (see notes above)
;kai:        the number two
;kasinua:    n. that which is nearby
;kilkotoa:   n. short period of time
;kiula:      n. music
;kuta:       pron. 3rd-person directional (see notes above)
;leisa:      n. truth
;leisi:      adj. true
;lekia:      v. receive, acquire, obtain
;lesta:      v. be happy
;levyna:     v. be nourished
;lexyma:     n. emotion
;loitua:     n. song
;lyila:      v. enjoy, derive pleasure from [ablative]
;mea:        n. nature, quality
;mena:       n. time
;meta:       v. touch
;mikova:     n. scene, spectacle
;muila:      n. movement
;na:         part. nominalises the preceding verb phrase for use as an argument to another verb; may be thought of as equivalent to English &quot;that&quot; in e.g. &quot;I know that it's true&quot;
;nakuvu:     adv. not only
;nau:        conj. although, but
;ny:         conj. and
;ny-:        clitic encoding the same meaning as &quot;nyuma&quot; (&quot;inclusive we&quot; in the ergative case), which attaches to the verb; e.g. &quot;nyuma ta zene&quot; and &quot;ta nyzene&quot; are equivalent, both meaning &quot;we see it&quot;
;nyn:        (genitive of &quot;nyu&quot;)
;nyu:        pron. inclusive &quot;we&quot; (1st and 2nd persons)
;sauna:      v. understand
;ta:         pron. 3rd person, number unspecified
;taleza:     n. dance, the act of dancing
;:v. to dance
;talezua:    n. dancer, one who dances
;teula:      n. person
;teulauta:   n. humanity, mankind
;teumea:     n. personality
;tyn:        (gen. of &quot;ta&quot;)
;valalto:    how? (lit. &quot;by doing what?&quot;)
;volna:      v. pass, give
;vona:       n. reason, purpose
;yinavi:     adj. interior, inner
;za:         pron. 2nd person (number unspecified)
;zama:       n. power, strength
;zena:       v. to see
;zenima:     v. to look at (actively, intentionally)
;zenmeka:    v. to notice, observe
;zenmeuna:   v. to resemble, to look like [genitive]


====Noun cases====

;-:        absolutive (unmarked)
;-ma:      ergative
;-o:       genitive (of X)
;-ai:      allative (to/towards X)
;-(a)nui:  ablative (away from X)
;-ea:      adessive (at/around X)

====Verb forms====

;-uv-:     negative (not)
;-ant-:    necessitative (to have to)
;-alv-:    potential (to be able to)
;-ein-:    inceptive (to begin to)

;-e:       present/habitual
;-ala:     past (perfect or imperfect)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qiihoskeh</title>
    <id>4923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58382</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-07T18:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>TIAL + SR/CC</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I've worked on a large number of conlangs, mostly sketches. Some of the more developed ones are:

*[['Yemls]] (uses roman alphabet as syllabary and has interchangeable parts of speech)
*[[Vallés]] (a not-quite-generic Romlang)
*[[Naisek]] (a not-quite Euroclone)
*[[K'tlê]] (head-marking with a 2-1-3 person hierarchy and a fairly small phoneme set)

While I plan to put the results on my own googlepages site, I'm putting a copy of the schedule and some other info here on FrathWiki at [[Conlang Translation Relay 16]].

A little more recently, I've worked on a couple of auxlangs: FIAL (First IAL) and [[SIAL]] (Second IAL) -- I'd like to avoid wiki pages pending name changes, but couldn't -- with somewhat different approaches. SIAL actually has more than a trivial number of words (for a change; it helps to adapt recognizable Latin words), although a lot of it is provisional.

Even more recently, I've started a number of sketches. One is TriCons4, which is supposed to be triconsonantal, but doesn't go very far along that road; a bit more like PIE, only simpler (but then, what isn't?). Another is Q-OVS aka Ŋovasi aka Kàafesà; it's OVS as the first name suggests and has active alignment.

I've played with trying to do a Pao-type language as well. I've also started a language for fictional purposes, but I may reuse the syntax for another auxlang (TIAL, I suppose). Actually, I've been working on [[TIAL]] for some time now; I don't remember if I reused the syntax. Aside from that, I've been playing with switch-reference and clause-chaining.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthesis project syntax</title>
    <id>4924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30031</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-19T09:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sentence structure</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This will be a Trigger language, which is essentially a Topic/Comment language with a rich array of verbal voices. The basic sentence structure is

Trigger {Cause} {Agent} {Primary object} Verb {Secondary Object} {Instrument}

Any argument in braces is optional, or may be taken by the trigger according to the voice of the verb.

The primary object is the object in a simple transitive sentence, and the recipient in a ditransitive sentence.

The secondary object corresponds to the direct object in a ditransitive sentence.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lans Solari</title>
    <id>4925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46387</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:03:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lans Solari''' (земной или солнечный универсал) - универсальный язык Солнечного Союза (Unis Solari), наследник гипернурийского языка (lans gipernuri) и алголя звездных баз (i basamen astri algol).

Гипернурийцами (gipernuramen, от giper nur - сверхсвет) называли группировку людей, первыми получивших доступ к технологиям сверхсветового полета во время Войны Четырех Солнц (Militar de Kvar i Solar).

* [http://artlang.info/dixi/view.php?go=uni Lans Solari Grammar &amp; Dictionary]

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/'Yemls</title>
    <id>4926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32458</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T18:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* I've Seen Them Dance */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Jeff Jones

===The Text===
====i: ViDr K d: BER====

#i: poLxf K But: WOI Eaez sKM PDoU NrA-d EYOaez UsM CTaG YOd.
# YOa: GxPf K d: DuBERx.
# yEJ d: AmL-a UN,, d: BER^m.
# a: JMxom K VrM LBERm d: jOL NeS UN VrM-a.
# d: DuWOI EYOPQxQ-a, EYOPXonr LBER-a.
# d: TmPm qO ZEM 1 jePn.
# d: FENxm LHeb-d RE Nfk: YOJMHeb qO jfL.
# yEJ s: EJ AReHxr LBERm dd EJ Amojxr CT.
# s: DoUr LGM EJ wYzBt EJ jfL UN YOd dd.

===Smooth English===
====I've Seen Them Dance====

#I noticed people moving using the sound of their own voices and not using music played by others.
#Nobody helped them learn dancing.
#However, they're giving everything: they really dance.
#Someone can even assume that their style of dancing is the most joyful and pleasant of all.
#They know how to move unhindered, having not been shown any dancing.
#They turn as if they should be parts of one living thing.
#Doing so makes them so happy that they just can't act differently.
#But it's made the dances beautiful and sad.
#It has created something complicated and different from anything else out of them.

====Notes on the Translation====

I've simplified the text somewhat, eliminating untranslatable parts.

===Smooth Translation of Previous Text===

====Someone's Observation of Seeing How They Dance====

This person noticed that instead of self-movement together with music,
people were moving themselves with the sound of their own voices.
They're completely self-taught at dancing.

However, they're giving everything in one's own movements, toward which
they permit them their creativity and physical possibility - they
really dance. It can even be assumed that their style of dancing is the
most joyful and nicest of all. Because their formal education doesn't
exist, they know how to move freely. They turn themselves as if they
should be a single living thing. This makes them so happy that they
just can't act otherwise.

But it adds this combination of beauty and sadness to the dances; it
creates something out of them which is complicated and different from
anything else.


===Grammar===

'Yemls is an agglutinating SVO language written using a syllabary which
resembles the alphabet.

The most important thing to know is that any content word can appear in
either the verb position (V) or as part of a noun phrase (S or O). Note
that words within noun phrases may also have objects.

The inflectional morphology is strictly verbal. Singular and plural
aren't distinguished.

There's no case marking. The role a subject or object phrase plays
depends on the argument structure of the verb or the head word of which
the phrase may be an object. Each content word has a basic argument
structure which applies when no grammatical voice prefix is used; this
is listed in the vocabulary. The first letter indicates the role of the
subject, the second indicates that of the first object, and the third
indicates that of the second object. These are left blank (or indicated
with a (-)) for objects that can't occur. The letters are used also in
most of the definitions; this should clear up what the letters stand
for.

The grammatical voice prefixes A, P, C, and L rearrange the argument
structure. The L prefix puts the subject in front of the first object.
The A, P, and C prefixes move the A, P, and C objects, respectively, to
the subject position. The original subject isn't deleted, but moved to
one of the object positions. An A subject will end up as the second (in
some case only) object, while a P or C subject will end up as the first
object. An AP subject acts like an A subject.

The subject is always followed by (:). In clauses where the subject has
been omitted, (:) is attached to the preceding conjunction. The omitted
subject is (here) the same as the matrix subject.

The pronouns ii, dd, aa, and ss have different forms depending on where
they appear. The full forms are used as independent object pronouns.
The hyphenated forms (-i, -d, -a, and -s) are used as enclitic objects,
and the other single character forms (i, d, a, and s) are used as
subjects.

See the vocabulary for additional notes.

===Vocabulary===

The argument structures here are simplified; only the relevent parts
are given. The words are in syllabary order, I'm afraid!

====Affixes and Clitics====
;E:	prefix	marks secondary predicate and certain adverbials
;P:	prefix	changes argument structure, making P the subject
;L:	prefix	verbal noun
;C:	prefix	changes argument structure, making C the subject
;Du:	prefix	knows how to do (makes a dynamic verb static)
;JM:	prefix	be possible
;YO:	prefix	logical negative
;A:	prefix	changes argument structure, making A the subject
;r:	suffix	retrospective (perfect) aspect
;f:	suffix	past tense (all perfective in this text)
;m:	suffix	habitual
;x:	suffix	to become (applied to static verbs; the resulting stem is dynamic)
;n:	suffix	indicates that the property is inherent
;^:	infix	used for emphasis
;''':''':	encl.	follows last word of subject

====Roots====
;EJ:	conj.	and (usually precedes each clause, including the first) Conjoined clauses may have a common subject which comes before the first EJ.
;BER:	AP	AP dances
;But:	P	person
;poL:	P C	P is aware of C
;FEN:	P C	P is happy	(C = stimulus)
;VrM:	C P	C is P's style (P can also be a clause)	
;ViD:	P C	P sees C
;moj:	P - A	P is sad	(A = cause)
;Msg:	A P C	A tells C to P
;WOI:	AP	AP moves
;wYzBt:	C	C is complicated
;RE:	conj.	followed by degree
;ReH:	C - A	C is beautiful	(A = cause)
;LGM:	C	thing, something unknown or hard to categorize
;TmP:   AP	AP turns
;TaG:	AP C	AP plays/performs C
;CT:	pron.	refers to an earlier C argument (in same sentence)
;dd:	pron.	3rd person
;DoU:	A P C	A creates P from C
;jOL:	P	P is joyful
;jeP:	P	P is alive
;jfL:	P C	P is different from C
;ss:	pron.	refers to what's just been said, or the situation it describes
;sKM:	C	sound
;Xon:	A P C	A shows, demonstrates, acts out C for P
;xom:	P C	P assumes C
;ZEM:	C P	C is part of P
;ii:	pron.	1st person
,NeS:	C	C is nice or pleasing
;Nfk:	conj.	introduces result
;NrA:	C P	C is voice of P
;YOd:	pron.	other
;YOa:	pron.	nobody, nothing
;yEJ:	conj.	but, however
;qo:	conj.	as if
;QxQ:	A P C	A hinders P by means of C
;K:	conj.	complementizer introducing full clause
;aez:	A P	A uses P
;aa:	pron.	indefinite
;AmL:	A P C	A gives C to P
;GxP:	A - C	A helps C be accomplished
;UsM:	C	music
;UN:	quant.	all (can also act as pronoun or determiner)
;Heb:	AP	AP acts or does or behaves
;1:	quant.	one</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tauro-Piscean Republic.png</title>
    <id>4927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30048</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-20T21:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Flag of the Tauro-Piscean Republic</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Flag of the Tauro-Piscean Republic</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list for Nytal</title>
    <id>4928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46203</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-21T09:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Swadesh list]] for the [[Nytal]] language.

{| border=1 cellpadding=2 {{prettytable}}
|-
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  English
!c=01|  Nytal
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| ni
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ok
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| si
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| ni la
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ok la
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| si la
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| tjel
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| ski
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| fik
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| kone
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| ejik
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| ejek
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| hvo
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| nhi
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| gek
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| ta
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| vsi
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| sir
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| behd
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| tysir
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| ijls
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| is
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| do
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| vif
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| ti
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| si
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| haron
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| qord
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| dašyn
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| fili
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=01| škej
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| mec
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| sik
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| sok
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| cel
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| miri
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| babu
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| kosul
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| bin
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| otisa
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| hon

|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| cans
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| cirill
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| virneh
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| ohlse
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| dox
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| kolos
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| grasi
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| mleka
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| flus
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| oxo
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| roda
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| sasal
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| eren
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| khpit
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| ece
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| of
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| djed
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| min
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| zan
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| lenk
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| many
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| tiloc
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| gino
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| ond

|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| emer
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| steni
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| tal
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| jantra
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| kaj
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| jole
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| hamen
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| atmy
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| ehihe
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| ljub
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| edjo
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| rinj
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| tikli
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| šocali
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| isar
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| šak
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| ahlen
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| nutahlen
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| qenk
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| umjet
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| plyza
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| otjez
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| manšel
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| nori
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| plinte
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| ole
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| zand
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| pih
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| benda
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| ohij
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| xanš
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| lys
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| ara
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| spind
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| mej
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| lua
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| ahar
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| byr
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| soh
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| nošk
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| štani
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| krenul
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=01| cuti
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bajus
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| njob
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| njibo
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| ojl
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| aer
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| hoer
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| xanš
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| damyk
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| fyr
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ash
|c=01| pleher
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| veg
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| hoids
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| bailis
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| yrid
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| gylk
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| cerne
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| cerkven
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| klidir
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ahriyd
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| gad
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| kold
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| xyn
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| vald
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| aln
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| tolk
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| fols
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| puls
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| tort
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| *
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| mejnut'lo
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| bakald
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| rajl
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| blisk
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| fern
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| djasmy
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| revy
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| ka
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| ju
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| vis
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| a
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| giv
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| dali
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| noym
|}

[[Category:Swadesh lists|Nytal]]
[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpcoda.png</title>
    <id>4929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30081</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-22T11:50:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean coda occurrences</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean coda occurrences</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tppreps.png</title>
    <id>4930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30090</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-22T16:33:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean prepositions</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean prepositions</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>People's Democratic Republic of New Pisces and Taurus</title>
    <id>4931</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30097</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-23T13:48:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[People's Democratic Republic of New Pisces and Taurus]] moved to [[Tauro-Piscean Republic]]: Better style</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tauro-Piscean Republic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tprep.png</title>
    <id>4932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30103</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-23T14:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean Republic</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean Republic</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thorsutian</title>
    <id>4933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31026</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T21:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]

== Torsutё -- Thorsutian ==

''For more information on the Thorsutian Language please click on the PDF links further down the page.''
&lt;br&gt;
''Ca tër informacia ën Torsutësh Lazgu stu hhiķule ën PDF driikëk mëlpoor şve edźë.''

== Preezantin - Introduction ==

Thorsutian, a constructed language, contains an Indo-European influence. It's grammatical influences stem from many European language including Czech and Armenian. It's orthography influences come from Albanian and other European languages (mostly Slavic). This being the third conlang, I personally strived to make a conlang not have a very complicated grammatical structure so it would be easier to use and learn, but still retain that kind of structure. In a way Thorsutian is connected to my previous conlang, Musmeh. However, there are many differences and revisions enough to classify it as a different language. Thorsutian is the official language of the Republic of Thorsutia.

Torsutё, nedojnozi lazgu, ёnaçil Indo-Jevropa nidkisёn. Anun graammasidёs nidkisёs ķiliçiç el şumetёcu Jevropacu lazgizu penjeşunac Çeķtё e Ermenjetё. Anun othrografe nidkisёs rikasiç el Albeenitё e olma Jevropacu lazgizu. Ked ёdunac triist conlange, je perdźisoçu pёrķinom đojcur conlange nok cam ёşmi zёdķunavozidёn graammasidёn struucture ca an źёd źa falin pёrduur e mёsojuur pas ёźa mateer çadёn melojtёn struķturje.  Iniima, Torsutё ёd ljёtёn nek jen uźjotё conlange, Musmehё. Minjava, andej ёl şumetёsh difinicaş e thjedźaş tojķe đaķeźonuur anu siç difinitё lazgu. Torsutё ёd Torsutije Respubliķje officane lazgu. 

== Aflёvit - Alphabet ==
== A B C Ç D Đ E Ë F G H HH I J K Ķ L M N O P R S Ş T U V Z Ź ==

== Driikës -- Links ==

[http://wiki.frath.net/images/9/95/Thorsutian.pdf Thorsutian Grammar] 

[http://wiki.frath.net/images/e/e6/Microsoft_Word_-_Thorsutian_Dictionary.pdf English - Thorsutian Dictionary(Old Script - Still Updating)]

[http://www.freewebs.com/thorsutia/ The Official Website of the Republic of Thorsutia]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Islysian-newdeclension.jpg</title>
    <id>4934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30115</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-23T19:55:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iliem</username>
        <id>293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The new noun declension for Islysian.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The new noun declension for Islysian.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tnusjakt</title>
    <id>4935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30169</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-24T03:46:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>u</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bold text'''{{Infobox|name=Tnusjakt
|pronounce=/tnu.sjakt/ [ˈtnúːɕjaːgd]
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in= Central North coast of [[Lhined]]
|no=~10,000
|script=None, romanized in IPA equivalents to phonemes
|tree=isolate, assumed distant relation to Bokeih, notable Rajo-Faraneit and Etimri influences
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative and Topic-Comment
|wo=TSOV but also TOSV, TSVO, SVOT, and STVO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=March 2008}}

Tnusjakt is a language spoken in [[Lheinead]], along the coast just south of the peninsular known as Teimeareitah in [[Faraneit]] and Trovvog in [[Etimri]]. The speakers are semi-agriculturalists, who have adopted many of the [[Etimri]]-speakers' crops, although not many of their methods. Still heavily reliant on fishing, and to a much lesser extent, gathering, they are considered relatively primitive by the Faraneih and other political powers in the area.

The speakers of this language refer to themselves as the &quot;Tnusjaktut&quot;, meaning Tnusjakt-speakers.

==Phonological Chart==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|j}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

==Phonlogy==
*Phonemes:
**/p t k s n j a i u/
*Phonotactics:
**Onsets:
***Any Consonant
***(s) + p / t / k + (n) + (j)
***Nothing
**Coda:
***Any Consonant
***(s / n) + p / t / k + (s)
***p / k + t / p / k
***Nothing
*Allophony:
**Stress-Related
***/ˈa ˈi ˈu/ &gt; [áː íː úː]
***/ˌa ˌi ˌu/ &gt; [aː iː uː]
***unaccented /a i u/ &gt; [ə e o]
*** #/ˈt ˈp ˈk/ &gt; [ts) pɸ) kx)]~[tʰ pʰ kʰ]
**Voicing-Related
***/t p k/ &gt; [d b g], when between vowels or /n/
***/s/ &gt; [z]~[ɹ], when between vowels or /n/
***/t p k/ &gt; [d b g], when final after /a/
***/t p k/ &gt; [dʑ) bʲ ɟ], when final after /i/
***/t p k/ &gt; [dˠ bˠ ɢ], when final after /u/
***/s/ &gt; [z]~[h], when final after a vowel
**Cluster-Related
***/n/ assimilates to following consonant in clusters
***/tj/ &gt; [tɕ)j] when initial or in a cluster with another voiceless consonant, [dʑ)j] otherwise
***/kj/ &gt; [cj ɟj] with the same distinction
***/pj/ &gt; [pʲj bʲj] with the same distinction
***/sj/ &gt; [ɕj ʑj] with the same distinction
***/apk akp/# &gt; [agb)]
***/ipk ikp/# &gt; [iɟbʲ)]
***/upk ukp/# &gt; [uɢbˠ)]
***/ukt/# &gt; [uɣ_edˠ]
***/ikt/# &gt; [iɟdʲ]
***/akt/# &gt; [agd]
***/apt/# &gt; [abd]
***/ipt/# &gt; [ibʲdʲ]
***/upt/# &gt; [ubˠdˠ]
***a + i + consonant &gt; vowel + j
***a + u + consonant &gt; vowel + w
***a + i# &gt; ai)
***a + u# &gt; au)
***i + a &gt; ja
***u + a &gt; wa

==Morphology==
Tnusjakt is relatively inflecting, in that it has established declension patterns and conjugations, and, similarly to Latin and other inflecting languages, lacks commonly used pronouns.

Three cases are distinguished: Oblique (topic-marking, arguably), Nominative, and Accusitive. Singular and Plural forms are distinguished in oblique and accusitive forms, but not the nominative.

For example, nanp, meaning branches, fits the first declension, nouns whose final vowel is a --
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Oblique (Comment)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|inanp}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ininp}}
|-
|'''Nominative (Oblique)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|nanp}}
| align=center | {{IPA|nanp}}
|-
|'''Accusitive'''
| align=center | {{IPA|knanp}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kninp}}
|}

When an illegal cluster between k and the nominative onset would otherwise occur, an epenthetic a is inserted.

The second declension is made of nouns whose final vowel is u. For example, pnuk, woman, declines thus --
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Oblique (Comment)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ipnuk}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ipnik}}
|-
|'''Nominative (Oblique)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pnuk}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pnuk}}
|-
|'''Accusitive'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kapnuk}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kapnik}}
|}

The third and final class is made of nouns whose final vowel is i. For example, kint, meaning idea.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Oblique (Comment)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ikint}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ikint}}
|-
|'''Nominative (Oblique)'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kint}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kint}}
|-
|'''Accusitive'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kakint}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kakint}}
|}

Note how no distinction is made between the singular and plural, because the earlier i-mutation could not affect a stem vowel of /i/.

To clarify the distinctions between these cases, Oblique (topic) is solely used when marked for topic, and therefore is often considered anything but oblique. Nominative is frequently alternatively considered oblique as (while it definitively fills the role of a verb's subject) it is the only form used with various prepositions. The use of the nominative with prepositions is one of the more common examples of alleged Rajo-Faraneit influence.

As for verbs, there are only two true tenses: the perfect and imperfect, which function similarly to a past/non-past system. The particle/adverb tu, meaning now or presently, is extremely frequently used, and therefore is sometimes referred to as the present tense particle, but this is a minority interpretation. There are no imperfect forms of &quot;to be&quot;, and that verb is highly irregular in the perfect.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Imperfect
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|un}}
|-
|'''Second Person Formal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|unak}}
|-
|'''Second Person Informal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ip}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|sip}}
|}


When it comes to conjugation, no distinctions are made regarding number, which is generally credited to [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit|Rajo-Faraneit Languages]]' influence. A highly non-Rajo-Faraneit conjugated distinction is made between formal and informal forms of the second person.

For example, the regular verb kjunt, to nibble/munch, conjugates as --
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Imperfect
!Perfect
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kjuntju}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kjuntsta}}
|-
|'''Second Person Formal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kjuntja}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kjunttja}}
|-
|'''Second Person Informal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kjunti}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kjunttjai}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kjunti}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kjuntank}}
|}

Please note that the tt clusters are actually /t.t/, where a final /t/ from the stem, and an initial /t/ from the affix meet. Also, the terminal /a/ in kjuntsta is purely epenthetic and missing in many forms.

==Syntax==
Word order is rather fluid. Generally, topic proceeds other parts of the sentence, then followed by subject, then object, and finally verb. This emphasizes the Topic and to a lesser extent the Subject.

Other constructions are additionally extremely common, however, particularly TOSV, TSVO, SVOT, STVO. The first two are subtler promotions of the object's role. The third emphasizes the topic and object together. The fourth emphasizes the interaction between the topic and object, and is often used in cause and effect explanations.

==Lexicon==
[[Tnusjakt Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tnusjakt Lexicon</title>
    <id>4936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30167</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-24T03:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>first entries</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Tnusjakt]]

==a==
ANTJAK = ''n'' deer

==i==

==u==
UNSPNAS = ''v'' to collect, to gather

UNKT = ''n'' man

==p==
PNUK = ''n'' woman

==t==

==n==
NANP = ''n'' branches

==s==

==j==
JAN = ''adv'' now, presently

==k==
KJUNT = ''v'' to nibble/munch</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta Raonta</title>
    <id>4937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30234</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-25T23:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gnodaslov</username>
        <id>1196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link to Swadesh list</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Stonelandic
| native = Ta Raonta
| country = Stoneland
| nativecountry = Hajax Raonta
| universe = Bazariya (continent)
| speakers = 15 million
| family = Pan-Bazariyan
| branch = Drakenarian
| subbranch = Central Drakenarian
| wordorder = SOV
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = Y. Anné
| date = 2003
| background = white
| headingbg = lightblue
| width = 33%
}}

'''Ta Raonta''' (literally &quot;Speech One&quot;) or '''Stonelandic''' is the official language of the Kingdom of Stoneland, a country in the (undiscovered) continent of Bazariya. It is the standardized form of the so-called &quot;King's Speech&quot; which used to be the lingua franca par excellence in Bazariya. Nowadays, it is spoken mainly in Stoneland, and taught all over Bazariya as a means of cultural development.


== Phonology and orthography ==
=== Phonology ===
The phonology shown in the tables beneath is that of the official standard, as spoken by news anchors and other role models in society. In home environment, most people use a different accent, depending on the region they come from. Although this pronunciation is widely accepted to be the official one, some independist movements in the Western Region have proposed their own standards.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|χ}} || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || {{IPA|ə}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Romanized orthography ===
Usually, Stonelandic is written in a unique, purely logographic script. Since a romanization is easier to use in these modern, computerized times, many versions of the Latin script have been proposed. The one, given below, is the official one, although orthography can differ depending on the political wing one belongs to. Royalists, for example, are the most devoted users of the official spelling.

Every vowel can be pronounced long too, and then it takes an ''accent aigu'' (as shown in the list).

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation (IPA + description)
| 
|-
! A a / Á á
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| a or a: (like in French ''Ça va.'')
|-
! Aú aú
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; |
| ɑ: (like the ''au'' in ''laugh'')
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| b (more or less like in English ''bed'')
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| d (like in ''drink'')
|-
! E e / É é
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| ɛ or e: (like the ''e'' in ''bed'' or the ''a'' in ''take'')
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| f (like in ''food'')
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| g (like in ''great'')
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| χ (like the ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'')
|-
! I i / Í í
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| i or i: (like the ''ee'' in ''see'', but shorter)
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| j (like the ''y'' in ''yard'')
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| k (like in ''like'')
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| l (like in French ''léger'', not like in English)
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| m (like in ''moon'')
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| n (like in ''nut'')
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| ɔ or o: (like the ''o'' in ''dot'' or the French ''o'' in ''pivot'')
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| p (like in ''put'')
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| r (like in Italian ''Rimini'')
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| s (like in ''less'')
|-
! Š š (Ch ch) 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; |
| ʃ (like the ''sh'' in ''shine'')
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| t (like in ''take'')
|-
! U u / Ú ú
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| u or u: (like in ''you'')
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| v (like in ''vowel'')
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| w (like in ''walk'', but less rounded)
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | 
| z (like in ''size'')
|-
! Ž ž (Zj zj)
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; |
| Ʒ (like the j in French ''je'')
|}

== See also ==
*[[Swadesh list for Ta Raonta]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Gnodaslov</title>
    <id>4938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30191</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-24T20:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gnodaslov</username>
        <id>1196</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>name</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Ioannes Aquilius'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| A picture will follow soon! :)&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 19 September 1990; Antwerp, Belgium
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| none (student)
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| Dutch (my mother tongue), French, English, German, a little Italian, and (to much smaller extent) Latin and Greek
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Ta Raonta]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| I really appreciate Novial and Esperanto. Quenya, Sindarin, and Verdurian are also lovely constructed.
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| linguistics, cars, and geography
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| Not really interesting, I guess...
|}

Hi, reader! My user name is Gnodaslov (a translation of my real name, as is that one in the box on the right-hand side...) and I am really interested in linguistics. Some time ago, I bumped into this site, and I really got interested in the content. I hope you'll enjoy my first creation (see the box), and I wish you a nice day further...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpnums.png</title>
    <id>4939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30230</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-25T20:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean numerals</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean numerals</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list for Ta Raonta</title>
    <id>4940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47777</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T09:30:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>delinking</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This article is currently undergoing a major edit.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''The contents are incomplete and in need of elaboration and/or change!'''&lt;br/&gt;
As a courtesy, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed, in order to avoid [[Wikipedia:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]].  If you need to know who is working on the article and when the edit session began, please check the [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} edit history][[Template:Inuse|.]]
&lt;/div&gt;

This is the Swadesh list for '''Stonelandic''', also called [[Ta Raonta]]. It gives you a small sample of the rich vocabulary of this language.

{| border=1
|i=No|  №
!c=en|  [[English]]
!c=01|  [[Ta Raonta]]
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=01| te
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| ro
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he
|c=01| vi
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=01| no
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| chi
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=01| da
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=01| sadót
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=01| gedót
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=01| sadoni
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=01| gedoni
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=01| lidóv
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=01| lidót
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=01| lidoni
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=01| hich
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=01| irolínen
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=01| raonta
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=01| rionta
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=01| roonta
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=01| reonta
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=01| ruonta
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=01| 
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| [short
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=01| han
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (male)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| hev
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| person
|c=01| ot
|c=02| udot
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a youth)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| otot
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=01| kiw
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=01| kow
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=01| vertot
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of wood)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of tree)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (of a person)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in flesh)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (noun)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not down)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (rather not molar)
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| to drink
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| to eat
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| to bite
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| to suck
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| to spit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| to vomit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| to blow&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as wind)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| to breathe
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| to laugh
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| to see
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| to hear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| to know&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (a fact)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| to think
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| to smell&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| to fear
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| to sleep
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| to live
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| to die
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| to kill
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| to fight
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| to hunt&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (transitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| to hit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| to cut
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| to split
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| to stab&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (or stick)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| to scratch&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (an itch)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| to dig
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| to swim
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| to fly
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| to walk
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| to come
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| to lie&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as on one's side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| to sit
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| to stand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| to turn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (change direction)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| to fall&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in drop)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| to give
|c=01| zjunéhiré
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| to hold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (in one's hand)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| to squeeze
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| to rub
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| to wash
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| to wipe
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| to pull
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| to push
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| to throw
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| to tie
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| to sew
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| to count
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| to say
|c=01| tihíré
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| to sing
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| to play
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| to float
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| to flow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| to freeze
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| to swell
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| to rain
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in ocean)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| [[dust]]
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in soil)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in breeze)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| to burn&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (intransitive)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (daytime)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as in weather)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as, a log)
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (as a knife)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (adjective)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (correct)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (side)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=01| [[]]
|c=02| [[]]
|c=03| [[]]
|c=04| [[]]
|c=05| [[]]
|c=06| [[]]
|c=07| [[]]
|c=08| [[]]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Sectori</title>
    <id>4941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44343</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-21T16:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Just wanted to show my appreciation of your conlang Carune. Also, I should like to pose an offer: the Tauro-Piscean Republic (my concountry), which lies on the Jutland Peninsula or the real-world provinces of German Schleswig-Holstein and Danish South Jutland, stands alone - attached to no conworld - and thus seeks allies. 

Based on an alternate Earth timeline, it came to be when the plebiscite held in 1920 revealed that the population of both provinces neither wanted to be part of Germany nor Denmark and preferred to be recognised as independent. The country was taken over by the current communist government and named the Tauro-Piscean Republic. Since then, the Tauro-Piscean language was enforced on the population.

I would like it very much if you would consider becoming an ally.

Regards,

S.C. Anderson
Representative of the Tauro-Piscean Republic.

''Jodende, Sectori. Ikk mäg jod an Stïkê anes Konwëröld bean.''

Hello, Sectori. I would like very much to be part of a conworld.

''Tï zï tet Konwëröld an missenliken Eëtê be «Alternate Earth» skädlik, ak ne tonan intäressantän Kïrên.''

Because the conworld is an alternate Earth, ‘Alternate Earth’ is logical, but there are more interesting possibilities.

''Ja makedê ten Namê «Terra Nuva», ottê? Te bë biénn.''

Didn’t you think up the name ‘Terra Nuva’? That would be okay.

==Conworld offer==
Hello. I've spoken to you before about a conworld, but now I've got something together. It is collaborative to an extent, but once you have the land, you are free to do with it what you like as long as worldwide events don't conflict too much. My conworld has the same geography as our Earth and more-or-less the same history, but it differs in places (where you choose). Here is Europe in its current state (with only three people owning land):

[[Image:Europe.png]]

You say Carune is in our world 'northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War)'. If you accept, I will happily give you this land, but could you be more specific as to provinces, so I can get an idea where to draw the borders?

The good thing about this project is that you can have as little or as much involvement as you want. I won't pressure you for your time, but it would be really interesting to get as many different people's concountries on my conworld as possible.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 16:54, 21 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Europe countries map nytal.jpg</title>
    <id>4942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30265</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-27T20:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Map of European countries with Nytal names</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Map of European countries with Nytal names</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Caedes</title>
    <id>4943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45979</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Caedes'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| 
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| March 16, 1993 - Bad Friedrichshall, Germany
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| student
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| German, southern South Franconian, English, Latin, Italian, a bit Spanish, Romontsch Sursilvan, Turkish, Middle / Old High German, Dutch, minimal (!) pieces of Hungarian, Finnish, Eastern Mari, Danish, Lithuanian, Chinese, Japanese, Navajo, Kalaallisut, Lakhota, Hindi, Gothic, Old English, Old Norse and more ...     
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| 
*[[Nician]] - Romance language between Italian and French and Catalan. Unfortunately I lost all the GMP, grammar and lexicon. Hmpft.
*[[Imstian Dialects]] - Group of Upper German Dialects in Germany, Austrian and Italy. Still in progress.
* And many more wanting to be shown here. Some day. Maybe when those dialects are finished. 
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| Islysian, Wenedyk, Brithenig, Old Jermench, Itëłan,  all that a posteriori stuff ... and Kazujisha =)
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Linguistics, politics, religious philosophy, all that nerdy stuff, except programming. And collecting language guides of the German Kauderwelsch series. Currently more than 90, including Northern Sami, Cornish, Low and Upper Sorbian, Maya, Nahuatl, Guaraní, Quechua (both Ayacuchano and Cuzqueño), New Egyptian, Xhosa, Chichewa, Dari, Tunisian Arabian and Tamasheq. =)  
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nician</title>
    <id>4944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45835</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-05T15:39:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Niciane Grammàziche]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Nicians Testes]]

[[Category:Italic conlangs]][[Category:Romance conlangs]][[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicians Testes</title>
    <id>4945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30289</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-28T17:11:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Il nost pat===
Il nost pat, chi ses nis ceis,&lt;br&gt;
Saintifcat sie’l tu nom.&lt;br&gt;
Venì’l tu regn.&lt;br&gt;
Se face la tue volontat,&lt;br&gt;
Nis ceis com sope la terre.&lt;br&gt;
Oz dànos il nost pan cottizan.&lt;br&gt;
E dimìttenos is nosts dèvits,&lt;br&gt;
Com ezze nos dimittius ais nosts devitoes. &lt;br&gt;
E n’indùcenos in teumtazion,&lt;br&gt;
Veò lìveanos da male.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of Asia (Nytal)</title>
    <id>4946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30424</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-02T16:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le kayd yd Asija */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there are the Nytal names of all Asian states according to Wikipedia:

==Le kayd yd Asija==
* '''Afganistan''': Afghanistan
* '''Arabija Saudi''': Saudi Arabia
* '''Armenija''': Armenia
* '''Azerbaian''': Azerbaijan
* '''Bahrajn''': Bahrain
* '''Bangladeš''': Bangladesh 
* '''Brunej''': Brunei
* '''Butan''': Bhutan
* '''Cina''': People's Republic of China
* '''Divehi Male''': Maldives
* '''Egipt''': Egypt
* '''Girdunija''': Jordan
* '''Hatar''': Qatar
* '''Indija''': India
* '''Indonesija''': Indonesia
* '''Irah''': Iraq
* '''Iran''': Iran
* '''Israel''': Israel
* '''Jemen''': Yemen
* '''Kampuca''': Cambodia
* '''Kazakstan''': Kazakhstan
* '''Kipri''': Cyprus 
* '''Korea Šolit''' or '''Sikeltirins Korea''': Southern Korea
* '''Korea Ylofik''' or '''Sikeltirins yd sikelt Korea''': Northern Korea
* '''Kyrgizstan''': Kyrgyzstan
* '''Lao''': Laos
* '''Le Hemirnost Arab Bojsitan'lo''': United Arab Emirates
* '''Lubnan''': Lebanon
* '''Malajsija''': Malaysia
* '''Mjanmar''': Burma
* '''Mongolija''': Mongolia
* '''Nepal''': Nepal
* '''Nipon''': Japan
* '''Ouman''': Oman
* '''Ozbekstan''': Uzbekistan
* '''Pakistan''': Pakistan
* '''Pilipina''': Philippines
* '''Quajt''': Kuwait
* '''Russija''': Russia
* '''Sakartvelo''': Georgia
* '''Singapur''': Singapore
* '''Srilanka''': Sri Lanka
* '''Surija''': Syria
* '''Tajland''': Thailand
* '''Tajuan''': Taiwan
* '''Timor Trons''': East Timor
* '''Tocikistan''': Tajikistan
* '''Turkija''': Turkey
* '''Vjetnam''': Vietnam

[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of the World (Nytal)</title>
    <id>4947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43886</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T13:58:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there is a list of all states on Earth (according to Wikipedia), with their Nytal names, and their correspondent adjectives for nationalities.

==Europe/Europa==
{{main|States of Europe (Nytal)}}

==Asia/Asija==
{{main|States of Asia (Nytal)}}

==Africa/Afrika==
{{main|States of Africa (Nytal)}}

==America (North-South)/Amerika (Ylofik/Šolit)==
{{main|States of America (Nytal)}}

==Oceania/Oceanija==
{{main|States of Oceania (Nytal)}}

[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandboxIII</title>
    <id>4948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57441</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-11T01:06:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Paic [ˈpajk] ''fiume''&lt;br&gt;
Payc [ˈpajʧ] ''padre'' &lt;br&gt;
Pajc [ˈpaʧ] ''strada'' &lt;br&gt;

Paic → pæca [pæˈka] &lt;br&gt;
Payc → pæjca [pæˈʧa] &lt;br&gt;
Pajc → pajca [paˈʧa] &lt;br&gt;

[aj] ai → [æ] æ &lt;br&gt;
[oj] oi → [œ] œ &lt;br&gt;
[uj] ui → [ʊ] ů &lt;br&gt;
[ej] ei → [ɪ] î &lt;br&gt;

[ʧ]: jc/yc &lt;br&gt;
[ʤ]: jg/yg &lt;br&gt;
[ʃ]: js/ys &lt;br&gt;
[ʒ]: jz/yz &lt;br&gt;
[x]: h &lt;br&gt;
[ɦ]: q &lt;br&gt;
[ħ]: k &lt;br&gt;

Assolutivo: / - (determinato: -e)&lt;br&gt;
Ergativo: -a* (determinato: -ā)*&lt;br&gt;
Obliquo: -în* (determinato: -īne)*&lt;br&gt;

Assolutivo plurale: -u (det: -ū)*&lt;br&gt;
Ergativo plurale: -ua* (det: -ūe)*&lt;br&gt;
Obliquo plurale: -un (det: -ūn)*&lt;br&gt;

{|
| '''Assolutivo''' || Payc || Payce || Paycu || Pæjcū
|- 
| '''Ergativo''' || Pæjca || Pæjcā || Pæjcua || Pæjcūe
|-
| '''Obliquo''' || Pæjcîn || Pæjcīne || Paycun || Pæjcūn
|}

* ''Il padre guarda suo figlio'': puidek lejpa pæjcā
* ''Il padre corse'': rodoih payce

lejpa: ''vedere'', ''guardare''&lt;br&gt;
rōnda: ''correre'' (perf: rodoih)&lt;br&gt;
puid: ''figlio''&lt;br&gt;

'''Desinenze possessive'''

{|
| '''io, noi''' || -[i]'''l'''
|- 
| '''tu, voi''' || -[i]'''v'''
|-
| '''egli, loro''' || -[i]'''k'''
|-
| '''qualcun altro'''|| -[i]'''js'''
|}

Schema genitivo:&lt;br&gt;
Si mette il posseduto al caso obliquo ed il possessore prende la desinenza possessiva corrispondente: &lt;br&gt;
 

La forma base, imperfettiva, termina in qualsiasi vocale.&lt;br&gt;

La forma perfettiva si costruisce aggiungendo la desinenza '''-Vih'''. La vocale cambia a seconda della vocale che sostituisce: /a/ → /o/, /i/ → /u/, /o/ → /e/, /u/ → /œ/, mentre /e/ si dittonga in /ei/ quindi la desinenza diventa -eīh. La desinenza è tonica e quindi eventuali dittonghi vengono ridotti. Alcuni perfettivi presentano radici irregolari.

* leipa ''vedere'' → lîpoih
* tome ''prendere'' → tomeīh
* rōnda ''correre'' → rodoih
* uyso ''scrivere'' → uējsaih

* ''the man write a letter'': uīsol uyso zekā
* ''the man is writing'': uyso zeke

'''Pronomi personali''':
I pronomi personali possiedono una forma di plurale:&lt;br&gt;
* ''io'': ass: '''læ''', erg: '''lā''', obl: '''luī'''
* ''tu'': ass: '''væ''', erg: '''vā''', obl: '''vuī'''
* ''egli/essa'': ass: '''kæ''', erg: '''kā''', obl: '''kuī'''
* ''noi'': ass: '''le''', erg: '''lea''', obl: '''luie'''
* ''voi'': ass: '''ve''', erg: '''vea''', obl: '''vuie'''
* ''essi'': ass: '''ke''', erg: '''kea''', obl: '''kuie'''

* ''hai visto la strada''?: pajce lîpoih qe vā?
* ''dove vai''?: ome vajmu qe væ?

* vajmu ''andare'' (væmœih)

La struttura ergativo-assolutiva è più complicata della struttura nominativo-accusativa, in quanto non tutti i nomi possono prendere la desinenza ergativa, dato che in realtà non corrispondono al reale agente dell'azione:

* ''La chiave non apre la porta'': Glæjcīne tareme pumat ('''''chiave'''''.OBL.DET '''''porta'''''.ASS.DET. '''''aprire'''''.NEG):&lt;br&gt;
La parola ''chiave'' non va al caso ergativo perché, nonostante sia in italiano il soggetto del verbo, non è il reale agente dell'azione, dato che una chiave non è in grado, in quanto oggetto, di agire da sé, ma è in realtà lo strumento con cui qualcuno apre la porta. Perciò va in caso obliquo, mentre la porta è all'assolutivo. Il soggetto viene lasciato sottinteso. In pratica la frase è una variante della frase:
* ''La porta non si apre'': Tareme pumat ('''''porta'''''.ASS.DET. '''''aprire'''''.NEG)&lt;br&gt;quindi: Glæjcīne tareme pumat → ''la porta non si apre con la chiave''.

L'utilizzo della struttura ergativa inoltre provoca delle differenze nella sintassi. In particolare si rileva una discrepanza quando si accostano nella frase due verbi, uno transitivo ed uno intransitivo:

* Puidek lîpoih pæjcā me væmœih: a prima vista la frase può essere tradotta ''Il padre vide suo figlio e se ne andò'', ma in realtà non è così. Questa frase deve essere tradotta ''Il padre vide suo figlio ed il figlio se ne andò''. Infatti dato che il caso assolutivo è quello base, è l'unico che può essere omesso se la parola coinvolta concorda nelle due frasi. Nel caso di verbi di transitività diversa tuttavia l'omissione indica che il verbo non si riferisce al soggetto del verbo precedente. Per tradurre una frase come ''Il padre vide suo figlio e se ne andò'', è necessario esprimere il pronome: Puidek lîpoih pæjcā me væmœih kā. L'espressione del pronome indica che l'argomento della frase in assolutivo, non è il medesimo argomento in assolutivo della frase precedente.

La forma negativa del verbo all'imperfettivo si costruisce aggiungendo '''-t''' alla forma positiva, mentre la desinenza del perfettivo diventa '''-Vyc''', seguendo le regole di formazione della forma positiva.

* ''Il padre non vide suo figlio e non se ne andò'': Puidek lîpoyc pæjcā me væmœyc kā</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Caedes</title>
    <id>4949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36964</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T21:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi. On your Nicians Testes page, you have included what seems to be a translation of the Lord's Prayer ('Our Father') in your conlang. You might consider additionally putting this with the other translations on the designated Lord's Prayer page: [[Our Father|Lord's Prayer in various conlangs]]

Hi, I've been doing some reading of your language and it seems to be a nice flowing conlang, what did you base Nician on? French, Latin etc or was it just created based on nothing but imagination?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tpqwords.png</title>
    <id>4950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30303</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-29T16:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tauro-Piscean question words</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tauro-Piscean question words</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Héhà</title>
    <id>4951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48617</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-26T09:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Héhà
|pronounce=/héˈhà/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=Northwest and central [[Lhined]]
|no=~10,000
|script=Romanized Equivalent
|tree=[[Pre-Tir'jauta]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Héhà
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Split Ergativity with limited Animacy Hierarchy
|wo=SVIO
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=March 2008}}

Héhà is the language of the largest indigenous tribe to the mountainous area directly south of Lescealh. This group was largely displaced during the mass immigration from the Measceineafh, but not only has it survived in the vast majority of the more remote subregions, but also provided an extensive substrata (among other local languages) in the contemporarily dominant Eastern Rajo-Faraneit languages.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Apical Alveolar
!Laminal Alveolar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t}}
| align=center | {{IPA|d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ts_a}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ts_m&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dz}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;β}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| align=center | {{IPA|z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɣ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Vowels
**High Tone: /a i u e ʌ/
**Low Tone: /a i u e ʌ/
**Wild Tone: /a~ i~ u~ ə/

*Phonotactics
**Onsets
***Nothing
***Any Consonant
***/p b t d s z k g ʔ/ + /l n/
***/p b s z k g ʔ/ + /r/
***/p b ɸ β t d/ + /m/
***/t d s z k g ʔ/ + /ɴ/
***/k g ʔ/ + /χ/
**Cores
***Any Vowel
***/i u/ + /a e ʌ/
**Codas
***Nothing
***/p b t d s z k g m n ɴ r l/
**Intersyllabic
***Epenthetic [ʔ] between vowels
***/z/ + /b d g m n ŋ ɴ/
***Nasal + Corresponding Plosive
****Epenthetic slightly shortened [ə] between anything else

*Distribution
**/ɸ β ɣ h/ are only distinguished from /s z/ prior to nasal vowels.
**/ts_a ts_m dz ŋ/ are only present syllable-initially

*Allophony
**/ts_a ts_m dz/ + /i/ &gt; [ʧi tɕi dʑi]
**/kχ ʔχ/ &gt; [qχ]
**/pl tl sl kl ʔl/ &gt; [pɬ tɬ sɬ kɬ ʔɬ]
**Unstressed Vowels slightly centralise
**Affricates and Plosives aspirated when initial
**Intervocular (or when following a nasal and prior to a vowel) Plosives have no audible release
**Unstressed /ə/ lowers to [ɐ] when followed in the next syllable by /a/

*Tone Sandhi
**HL and LH clusters have slight tonal contours
**HWL and LWH are realised as HML and LMH regardless of stress
**HˈWH and ˈWH are realised as HLH and LH
**LˈWL and ˈWL are realised as LHL and HL
**Otherwise WH and WL are realised as HH and LL
**W# is realised as M

==Orthography==
*/p b t d k g ʔ ts_a) ts_m) dz)/
**p b t d k g q ts tz dz
*/ɸ β s z ɣ χ h/
**f v s z gh x h
*/m n ŋ ɴ r l/
**m n ng nq r l
*/a_H i_H u_H e_H ʌ_H a_L i_L u_L e_L ʌ_L/
**á í é ú ó à ì è ù ò
*/a~ i~ u~ ə/
**a i u y

==Verbal Morphology==
All verbs conjugate for two &quot;tenses&quot; (in the general sense): the perfective and the imperfective. While frequently, this system is conflated with a past (perfective) and non-past (imperfective) system, in reality, it is much more complex. While frequently these associates are made, a variety of particles can specify more specifically whether the verb is taking past, present, or future tense, and to a greater degree it's aspectual placement with in those three categories.

These adverbial modifiers come in two forms: noun-based, and purely particle. The first have semantic meaning for a specific time relating to the present. For instance, áŋè, tomorrow, ì, yesterday, or íúl, a while ago, all modify the verb by giving it a specific time.

On the other hand, there are pure particles, which cannot function as nouns and modify more generically. To specifically mark the imperfective as occuring in the present, such a marker, ín, is used. Likewise, èl gives the perfective a plurperfect meaning and the imperfective a distant future tense. The last commonly used one is tãk, which reinforces the perfective's implications of past tense and moreso suggested distant past, while purely suggesting that an imperfective verb denotes a past action.

There are three main verb classes, but the distinctions among them are purely phonetic and not semantic.
*I VERBS - These typically end in -í, -ì, or -ìà in the infinitive. In the perfective they end in -è, while in the imperfective they end in -é.
*U VERBS - These typically end in -ú, -ù, or -ùà in the infinitive. In the perfective, they end in -ò. In the imperfective they end in -ó
*A VERBS - These typically end in -á. For the perfective, -y. For the imperfective, -yá.

To see the three irregular verbs' paradigms, see [[Irregular Verbs in Héhà]]

It is worth mentioning, in tandem with its highly isolating nature, verbs never conjugate for person or number, solely for &quot;tense&quot;. As a result, SVO constructions are vastly favored over alternatives, provided that both agent and patient roles extist for a given verb.

Imperatives are formed with the reproduction of the first syllable of the verb a second time. For instance:

 lùà - to eat
 lùàlùà - Eat!
 zagá - to think
 zazagá - Think!

Negative imperatives are formed by replacing the final verb marker with -y.

 tsígù - to bring, to give
 tsítsígù - Bring (it)! Give (it)!
 tsítsígy - Don't bring (it)! Don't give (it)!

==Syntax==
As mentioned in the previous section, SVO is the foundational word order for monotransitives, but to go beyond low valency transitives such as these, a much more complex system needs to be understood.

Intransitive verbs are broken into three categories: controlled, uncontrolled, contextual actions. The first uniformally places the subject prior to the verb, syntactically marking it as nominative, while the second uniformally places the subject after the verb, syntactically marking it as accusitive. The final group can use either pattern depending on whether the action was perceived as intentional and controlled or unintentional and uncontrolled. This distinction has eliminated various English pairs (such as jump off and fall off) as they are distinguished grammatically, rather than semantically.

This split ergativity is completely absent in the monotransitive verbs. Instead agents are uniformally placed prior to the verb and patients placed after. There is no passive voice, except through the so-called &quot;fourth person&quot;. Even that construction, however, is rather rare.

Although ditransitive verbs also lack any sense of split ergativity, they incorporate an animacy hierarchy. Inanimates (abiotic material, and relatively non-motile biotic material such as plants) automatically follow animates or humans, while animates in turn automatically follow humans. Inanimate and animate direct objects are marked with the prefix ku- when the indirect object is human. Likewise, inanimate direct objects take the prefix tyrà- when the indirect object is animate.

==Nominal Morphology==

===Topicalization===
Similar to the verbal paradigm, topicalization of a given noun in Héhà is concatenative, that is, internally changing, rather than strictly morphological or syntactic. Nouns ending in /i a u/ in low tone have them become high. For example.

 Héhà mákó
 (Some) Héhà are jumping.

 Héhá mákó
 (Some) '''''Héhà''''' are jumping.

All other nouns are much more logically morphological, adding é- to their front.

 Mákó kxùdó
 (Some) fruit(s) are falling.

 Mákó ékxùdó
 (Some) '''''fruits(s)''''' are falling.

==Lexicon==
[[Héhà Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pre-Tir'jauta</title>
    <id>4952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43226</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pre-Tir'jauta is the name used for all non-[[Rajo-Faraneih Languages|Rajo-Faraneit]] and non-[[Sjisia]] languages spoken in the area. The most widely spoke of which is [[Héhà]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhugrid</title>
    <id>4953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30318</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-30T04:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Psykie</username>
        <id>1199</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{subst:New language box}}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English =
| native =
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type =
| morphosyntactic-alignment =
| author =
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| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
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}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Areth names</title>
    <id>4954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30339</id>
      <timestamp>2008-03-31T13:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Names of the [[Areth]] people''' consist generally of two or three parts: a '''āmios''' &quot;family name&quot;, followed by the person's '''mnethos''' or given name, and finally the '''thetros''', the name of the clan to which he belonged, although many people from rural areas and certain ethnic minorities would use their birthplace or the name of their race/tribe respectively as their ''thetros''. The entire phrase is known as a person's '''illos''' &quot;name, appellation&quot;, although it would by no means be the only name by which the person is known to his acquaintances.

Famous people in Areth society, e.g. writers or statesmen, tended to have, but not always did, a fourth '''ptheler''' &quot;epithet&quot; after their ''illos'', which could be derived from a number of sources&amp;mdash;his place of birth; a salient physical characteristic; an object of strong association; a pseudonym/''nom-de-plume'' once used; any name of his own choosing&amp;mdash;and this ''ptheler'' would normally be the name he was most commonly and popularly known by. Married females (see [[Family in Areth society#Marriage]]) normally adopt their husband's ''āmios'' in the genitive.

==Use of names==

It was considered normal in imperial, mediaeval and even early Republican times for an Areth person (particularly adult males) to be known by no fewer than six different names. The only thing that would remain constant was his ''āmios''. Among the remainder of his ''illos'', besides his real name (''nonther''), he would be known to elders in his family by his ''apuler'', to his social elders (teachers, superiors, etc.) by his ''kailos'', to his peers and social equals by his ''sūper'', to his formal acquaintances by his ''ostemos'', and to his social inferiors and juniors by his ''dōmner''.

==Marriage and descendants==


==Popular name==

The '''popular name''' was an appellation that famous [[Areth]] personages would bear, and was normally appended to the ''illos'' as a fourth element.

==Classical declension==

In terms of grammar, Areth names differ significantly from names in other inflecting languages. First, many, if not most, given names exhibit an abnormally high degree of irregularity in their declensions, to the extent that most names are unrecognisable from the nominative when declined, e.g. ''Pereos'' &quot;Pereus&quot;, when used in the genitive case, takes the form ''Fini''. Second, names do not necessarily follow standard declension patterns. Whereas in Latin names like ''Marcus'' and ''Cicerō'' corresponded closely to extant noun declensions (II and III, respectively), names in [[Classical Arithide|the classical language]] may mix and match case endings from multiple declensions.

The six most common given names, three male and three female, are declined below.

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eu'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eiā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''eu'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''eiā'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''or'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''or'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''or'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''ei'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ius'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 120px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eus'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''ius'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eīs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''īei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''eīs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''īei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''eīs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''īei'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''era'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''irē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''era'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''erē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''era'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''irē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''eōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''iēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''eōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''iēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''et(is)'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''itū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''et(is)'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''etū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''et(is)'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''itū'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''ī'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''ē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''ī'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''e''', thel'''e-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | thel'''i''', thel'''i-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''a''', steim'''a-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | steim'''e''', steim'''e-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''e''', stant'''e-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | stant'''i''', stant'''i-'''
|}

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niciane Grammàziche</title>
    <id>4955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46013</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
|name=Nician
|pronounce=nitʃ'ã
|tu=Alternate Earth, modern era|species=Humans
|in=La Nice/Il Regn Da Nice - Nice/The kingdom of Nice 
|no=~930.000|script=Roman
|tree=
[[Indo European]] &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Nician]]&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Fusional
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[Caedes]]
|date=2008}}

==Nominal Morphology==
===Gender===
There are two different gender, masculine and feminine: &lt;br&gt;
'''Masculine Nouns'''&lt;br&gt;
Masculine nouns usually end in a '''consonant''' or in a '''voiced vowel''':
*'''l'argen''' ''the money''
*'''l'òmin''' ''the man''
*'''l'ingleis''' ''The Englishman''
*'''il doitò''' ''The doctor''
Of course, there are some irregularities:
*'''il fìli''' ''the son'' 
*'''il poete''' ''the poet''

'''Feminine Nouns'''&lt;br&gt;
Feminine nouns usually end in a '''-e''':
*'''la signòe''' ''the woman''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Héhà Lexicon</title>
    <id>4956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54761</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-01T02:29:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* gh */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Héhà]]

==á==
ÁNGÈ = ''n'' tomorrow, ''adv'' generic future marker

==à==

==a==
AEZÍR = ''n'' blood

==b==
BÁRATÁ = ''adj'' ugly, displeasing

BÉ = ''n'' sky

BÍZÍ = ''intrans v'' to grow, ''trans v'' to become

==d==
DÁQÁZ = ''n'' a specific species of bird that has a short beak and grey and brown plumage

DMÉNQ = ''n'' promise, word

==dz==
DZÍZATÙN = ''adj'' twisted, halfway snapped, partially broken

DZUQIN = ''n'' a small outcrop of rocks; colloquially, a courtyard, an inner sanctum, an indoor or fortified garden

==é==

==è==
ÈL = ''adv'' marks pluperfect on perfective and distant future on imperfective

==f==

==g==
GAPÁFMÁ = ''adj'' three (intangible, animate)

GAPÁKÓ = ''adj'' three (sticky, inanimate)

GAPÁKÒ = ''adj'' three (soft, inanimate)

GAPÁKÚ = ''adj'' three (rough, inanimate)

GAPÁMÁ = ''adj'' three (honorific, human)

GAPÁMÀ = ''adj'' three (non-honorific, human)

GAPÁSÁ = ''adj'' three (augmentative, animate)

GAPÁSÀ = ''adj''  three (diminutive, animate)

==gh==
GHÉN = ''n'' specific ritual ceremony of divine communion

GHUVA = ''n'' idea

==h==
HÉHÀ = ''n'' person who speaks héhà, man, person

HÍVATÀ = ''v'' to chew

HYFMÁ = ''adj'' some (intangible, animate)

HYKÓ = ''adj'' three (sticky, inanimate)

HYKÒ = ''adj'' three (soft, inanimate)

HYKÚ = ''adj'' three (rough, inanimate)

HYMÁ = ''adj'' three (honorific, human)

HYMÀ = ''adj'' three (non-honorific, human)

HYSÁ = ''adj'' three (augmentative, animate)

HYSÀ = ''adj'' three (diminutive, animate)

==í==
ÍN = ''adv'' presently, currently

ÍÚL = ''n'' a while ago, ''adv'' generic past marker

==ì==
Ì = ''n'' yesterday, ''adv'' generic past marker

==i==
I = ''part'' neutral venative particle

IT = ''part'' addressee's POV venative particle

IK = ''part'' speaker's POV venative particle

==k==
KÁPLÁ = ''v'' to believe, to trust (in)

KÍ = ''adj'' double, general dual number marker

KÍKÀ = ''adj'' many, general plural number marker

KÍKÓ = ''adj'' two (sticky, inanimate)

KÍKÒ = ''adj'' two (soft, inanimate)

KÍKÚ = ''adj'' two (rough, inanimate)

KÒZGI = ''n'' disease, ailment, illness

KXÙDZÓ = ''n'' fruit(s)

==l==
LÙÀ = ''v'' to eat, to nibble

==m==
MÁKÙ = ''v'' to fall, to push, to be pushed, to jump

==n==

==ng==

==nq==

==ó==

==ò==

==p==
PRA = ''n'' bird

==q==
QNÉTÉR = ''n'' root, origin

QRAM = ''adj'' rich, vibrant, bright red

QXÍÁ = ''n'' fracture, crack, severance

QXÍTÁ = ''adj'' two (honorific, human)

QXÍTIÀ = ''adj'' two (non-honorific, human)

QXÍVMÁ = ''adj'' two (intangible, animate)

QXÍZÁ = ''adj'' two (augmentative, animate)

QXÍZIÀ = ''adj'' two (diminutive, animate)

QXÒDZÁ = ''v'' to bite, to attack

==r==
RÚ = ''n'' place, there, over there

==s==

==t==
TÁNQ = ''n'' tree root, plant root

TÁTSÙ = ''v'' to stare, to make uncomfortable, to cause discomfort, to be too forward

TA = ''n'' woman, girl, aunt

TAK = ''adv'' distant past marker for perfective, past imperfect marker for imperfective

TLÚ = ''n'' berry

TÒKÓ = ''adj'' one (sticky, inanimate)

TÒKÒ = ''adj'' one (soft, inanimate)

TÒKÚ = ''adj'' one (rough, inanimate)

TÒM = ''adj'' sole, general singular marker

==ts==
TSATSÍ = ''v'' to worry

TSÌGÚ = ''v'' to bring, to give

==tz==
TZAQÙM = ''adj'' annoying

TZÒNÁ = ''adj'' one (honorific, human)

TZÒNIÀ = ''adj'' one (non-honorific, human)

TZÒVA = ''adj'' one (intangible, animate)

TZÒZÁ = ''adj'' one (augmentative, animate)

TZÒZIÀ = ''adj'' one  (diminutive, animate)

==ú==

==ù==

==u==

==v==
VÀGHÁ = ''n'' to speak, to say, to blurt out

VI = ''n'' rainwater, rainfall, drops of rain

VIQÍ = ''v'' to rain (nonstandard)

VUGHÁ = ''v'' to live, to thrive, to survive

==y==

==z==
ZAGÁ = ''v'' to think, to contemplate, to ponder, to have an idea occur to the agent</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irregular Verbs in Héhà</title>
    <id>4957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30398</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-02T03:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Héhà]] has only three irregular verbs: sá (to have, to hold, and to contain), u (to be), and àrì (to go, to come, to return, to move).

==HÁ==
Hà is unique among these three verbs in that it does not incorporate information such as person or number into its conjugation. In this respect it is much more regular. In fact, the only way in which this verb is irregular is that it has (similarly to the French verb aller) combined two verbal conjugations into one.

For the perfective, the form used is ''sy''. For the imperfective, ''ky''.

 Héhà ì sy vadó.
 man yesterday have_PERF basket
 The man had a basket yesterday

 Héhà ín ky vadó.
 man now have_IMPERF basket
 The man is holding a basket.

==U== 
U has incorporated the various pronouns, which are now required in its conjugation in the imperfective.

The first person singular and first person plural/dual exclusive form of u is tu.

 Tu héhà.
 1P_EXC héhà
 We/I am héhà.

The first person dual inclusive form is krù. The first person plural inclusive form is kxù.

 Krù héhà.
 1P_INC_D héhà.
 You (singular) and I are héhà.

 Kxù héhà.
 1P_INC_P héhà.
 You (plural) and I are héhà.

The second person formal conjugation is sù. The second person informal conjugation is tzù. Note that both of these forms do not denoted number.

 Tzù héhà.
 2P_INF héhà.
 You (informal) are héhà.

 Sù héhà.
 2P_FOR héhà.
 You (formal) are héhà.

The third person inanimate singular is tus. The third person animate singular is tsus. The third person human singular is tzus.

 Tus tlú.
 3P_INANI_S berry
 It's a berry.

 Tsus pra.
 3P_ANI_S bird
 It's a bird.

 Tzus héhà.
 3P_HU_S héhà.
 He/She is a héhà.

The third person duals are tug, tsug, and tzug respectively.

 Tug tlú.
 3P_INANI_D berry.
 Those two things are berries.

 Tsug pra.
 3P_ANI_D bird
 Those two animals are birds.

 Tzug héhà.
 3P_HU_D héhà
 Those two people are héhà.

The third person plural has only one form: tù.

 Tù tlú.
 3P_P berry
 They're berries.

 Tù pra.
 3P_P bird
 They're birds.

 Tù héhà.
 3P_P héhà.
 They're héhà.

The sole perfective form is u, identical to the infinitive.

 U tlú.
 PERF berry
 It/They was/were (a) berry/berries.

 U kíkà tlú.
 PERF PLUR berry
 They were berries.

 U ta.
 PERF woman
 I/You/We/She/They was/were (a) woman/women.

==ÀRÌ==
Àri has also incorporated pronouns, which are also now a part of its conjugation. It is notably less complex than u, however.

The first person exclusive is kàrì in the imperfective, and kàré in the perfective.

 Ín kàrì i ta.
 PROG 1P_EXCL.move.IMPRF VEN woman
 I / I and people other than you are coming from the woman.

 Èl kàré i ta.
 FUT 1P_EXCL.move.PRF VEN woman
 I / I and people other than you will have come from the woman.

The first person inclusive is kxàrì in the imperfective, and kxàré in the perfective.

 Ín kxàrì ta.
 PROG 1P_INCL.move.IMPRF woman
 You and I are going (to) the woman.

 Íúl kxàré ta.
 a-while-ago 1P_INCL.move.PERF woman
 You and I went (to) the woman a while ago.

The second person informal is sàrè in the impefective, and sàré in the perfective.

 Èl sàrè kíkà pra.
 FUT 2P_INF.move.IMPRF PLUR bird
 You will be going (to) the birds.

 Ì sàré ta.
 yesterday 2P_INF.move.PRF woman
 Yesterday, you went (to) the woman.

The second person formal is sarè in the imperfective, and sarí in the perfective.

 Ín sarè i héhà.
 PROG 2P_FOR_move.IMPRF VEN héhà
 You are coming (from) the héhà (man).

 Íúl sarí héhà.
 a-while-ago 2P_FOR_move.PRF héhà
 You had gone (to) the héha (man) a while ago.

The third person has human imperfective tzaré, human perfective tzarí, animate imperfective tsaré, animate imperfective tsarí, inanimate imperfective tar, and inanimate perfective tarùp.

 Ín tzaré i ta.
 PROG 3P_HU.move.IMPRF VEN woman
 (S)He is coming (from) the woman.

 Èl tzarí.
 FUT 3P_HU.move.PRF
 (S)He will have come/gone.

 Pra ín tsaré i kíkà tlú.
 bird PROG 3P_ANI.move.IMPRF VEN PLUR berry
 The bird is coming (to) the berries.

 Pra íúl tsarí rú.
 bird a-while-ago 3P_ANI.move.PRF place
 The bird left a while ago.

 Vi tar i bé.
 rain 3P_INANI.move_IMPRF VEN sky.
 Rain comes from the sky.

 Íúl tarùp kíkà tlú i rú.
 a-while-ago 3P_INANI.move.PRF PLUR berry VEN place
 (The) berries came from over there.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carune (page)</title>
    <id>4958</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30379</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-01T06:36:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Carune (page)]] moved to [[Main Page/Carune]]: Main Page translations really '''should''' be subpages of Main Page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Carune]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page in Dooma</title>
    <id>4959</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30381</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-01T06:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Main Page in Dooma]] moved to [[Main Page/Dooma]]: Main Page translations really '''should''' be subpages of Main Page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Dooma]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page in Kazujisha</title>
    <id>4960</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30383</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-01T06:39:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Main Page in Kazujisha]] moved to [[Main Page/Kazujisha]]: Main Page translations really '''should''' be subpages of Main Page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Kazujisha]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Primên Tramet</title>
    <id>4961</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30386</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-01T16:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Primên Tramet]] moved to [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean]]: What Melroch said</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raxúl</title>
    <id>4962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30714</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-16T20:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Freezethemoment</username>
        <id>1200</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Raxúl /raˈɕyl/ is a [[conlang]] inspired by the languages of native North America created by [[user:Freezethemoment|Freezethemoment]]. The language, currently being developed, was started in February 2008.

&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|&lt;noinclude&gt;Raxúl&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{altname| None}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Freezzze}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|Personal Artlang}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year| February 2008}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|~2 million speakers}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Spoken in'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|Unkown}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Genetic Classification'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|Human}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Grammar
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Most Common Word-Order'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|SOV}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morphological Typology'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|Agglutinating}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morpho-syntactic Alignment'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|Nom-Acc &amp; Erg-Abs}}}
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Template:Conlang&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;


== Phonology ==


===Phoneme Inventory=== 

'''Consonants'''¹

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
! 
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Plosive 
|Plain
| p
| t
| 
| k
| ʔ
|-
! 
|Aspirated
| pʰ
| tʰ
| 
| kʰ
| 
|-
! 
|Ejective
| p’
| t’
| 
| k’
| 
|-
!
|Voiced
| b
| d
| 
| g
|
|-

! Fricative
|Plain 
| ɸ
| 
| 
| x
| h
|-
! 
|Ejective
| ɸ’
| 
| 
| x’
|
|-
! Sibilant
|Plain
| 
| s
| ɕ
|
|
|-
! 
|Ejective
| 
| s’
| ɕ’
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| ʋ
| 
| j
| 
| 
|-
! Lateral
|
| 
| l
|
| 
| 
|-
! Trill
|
| 
| r
|
| 
| 
|-
|}


'''Vowels'''³

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
|''Plain''
!Front
!
!Mid
!Back
|-
| 
|Spread
|Rounded
|Spread
|Rounded
|-
!High
|i
|y
|
|
|-
!Mid
|e
|
|(ə)
|o
|-
!Low
|
|
|a
|
|
|-
|}


{| {{whitetable2}} 
|''Nasal''
!Front
!
!Mid
|-
| 
|Spread
|Rounded
|Spread
|-
!High
|ĩ
|ỹ
|
|-
!Mid
|
|
|ã
|}
 
 
Notes:

1. All consonants, except for voiced plosives which cannot occur in coda position, may be geminated medially.&lt;br&gt;
2. The contoid [h] doesn't appear at the surface level. It is phonetically realized as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ].&lt;br&gt;
3. All vowels may be geminated.&lt;br&gt;
4. Sibilant harmony allows either dental (/s/ and /s’/) or palatal (/ɕ/ and /ɕ’/) sibilants in one and the same word. This may affect affixes regressively.&lt;br&gt;
5. The phoneme /ə/ has merged with /a/ but is still distinct in the native script and can optionally be marked in the romanisation.&lt;br&gt;

===Syllable structure===

(C)(L)(G)V(V)(G)(L)(F)

C = Any consonant.
F = Any consonant except for voiced stops.
L = Liquids; /r/ and /l/.
G = Glides; /ʋ/ and /j/.
 
 
Notes:

1. No gemination of consonants is allowed within a syllable.&lt;br&gt;
2. Sonority hierarchy must be respected.&lt;br&gt;

== Orthography ==

'''Alphabet (Single Graphs)'''

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
| Grapheme
| A
| 
| 
| Ä
|
|
| Ą
| 
| 
| B
| 
| 
| C
| 
| 
| D
| 
| 
| E
| 
| 
| F
| 
| 
| G
| 
| 
| H
| 
| 
| I
| 
| 
| Į
| 
| 
| K
| 
| 
| L
| 
| 
| M
| 
| 
| N
| 
| 
| O
| 
| 
| P
| 
| 
| Q
| 
| 
| R
| 
| 
| S
| 
| 
| T
| 
| 
| U
| 
| 
| Ų
| 
| 
| W
| 
| 
| X
| 
| 
| Y
| 
| 
| '
|-
| Phoneme
| a
| 
| 
| (ə)
|
|
| ã
| 
| 
| b
| 
| 
| x
| 
| 
| d
| 
| 
| e
| 
| 
| ɸ
| 
| 
| g
| 
| 
| h
| 
| 
| i
| 
| 
| ĩ
| 
| 
| k
| 
| 
| l
| 
| 
|  -
| 
| 
|  -
| 
| 
| o
| 
| 
| p
| 
| 
| ʔ
| 
| 
| r
| 
| 
| s
| 
| 
| t
| 
| 
| y
| 
| 
| ỹ
| 
| 
| ʋ
| 
| 
| ɕ
| 
| 
| j
| 
| 
|  
|}

''Stressedmarked Oral Vowels''

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
| Grapheme
| À
| 
| 
| Ȁ
|
|
| È
| 
| 
| Ì
| 
| 
| Ò
| 
| 
| Ù
|-
| Phoneme
| a
| 
| 
| (ə)
|
|
| e
| 
| 
| i
| 
| 
| o
| 
| 
| y
|} 

'''Digraphs &amp; Trigraphs'''

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
|Grapheme
| C'
| 
| 
| F'
| 
| 
| K'
| 
| 
| P'
| 
| 
| S'
| 
| 
| T'
| 
| 
| X'
| 
| 
| KH
| 
| 
| PH
| 
| 
| TH
|-
|Phoneme
| x’
| 
| 
| ɸ’
| 
| 
| k’
| 
| 
| p’
| 
| 
| s’
| 
| 
| t’
| 
| 
| ɕ’
| 
| 
| kʰ
| 
| 
| pʰ
| 
| 
| tʰ
|}

''Stressmarked Nasal Vowels''

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
| Grapheme
| ĄN/ĄM
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ĮN/ĮM
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ŲN/ŲM
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ĄRM/ĄRN
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ĮRM/ĮRN
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ŲRM/ŲRN
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ĄLM/ĄLN
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ĮLM/ĮLN
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ŲLM/ŲLN
|-
| Phoneme(s)
|   ã
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ĩ
| 
| 
| 
|
|   ỹ
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ãr
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ĩr
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ũr
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ãl
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ĩl
| 
| 
| 
| 
|   ũl
|}
 
 
Notes:

1. An acute accent is only used in few words with irregular stress on the root. Like the name of the language «Raxúl».

== Nominal Morphology ==

Nouns can be marked for case. The nominal case system is a Ergative-Absolutive system. The absolutive case is the unmarked case. Ergative case is marked by the suffix -ti. 
The Ergative case is used for subjects of a transitive sentence.

1. Sentences are considered to be transitive if only an underlying direct object is present in its syntactic nominal slot.

2. The ergative case may also be used when a subject role in a sentence considered to be intransitive needs to be emphasized.

{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
|Ergative
| -ti
|-
|Absolutive
| Ø
|-
| Dative
| t'a(r)-
|-
|Ablative
|
|-
|Comitative
| es-
|-
|Instrumental
|
|}

== Verbal Morphology ==

Verbs must always be inflected for person and aspect and they can optionally be inflected for moods other than declaritive and tense other than the present. Person is marked by prefixes, aspect by suffixes.

'''Personal Prefixes'''

Personal prefixes on verbs are as their name suggests prefixed to the verb root. They may be marked for case. The order of the suffixes is as follows: Nominative - Dative - Ablative - Accusative. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''1st Person'''
&lt;br&gt;
{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
! Nominative
! 
! Neutral
! Emotive
! Rational
|-
| Singular
! 
| so(th)¹-
| se(th)¹-
| ec-
|-
| Plural
| Exclusive
| sow-
| sa(th)¹-
| es-
|-
!
|Inclusive
| xoxi(t)¹-
| xey-
| exi(t)¹-
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''2nd Person'''
{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
! Nominative
! Neutral
! Emotive
! Rational
|-
| Singular
| fo(k')¹-
| 
|
|-
| Plural
| fosi(k')¹-
| 
| 
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''3nd Person'''
{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
! Nominative
! Neutral
! Emotive
! Rational
|-
| Singular
| wų(k)¹-
| 
|
|-
| Plural
| wųsi(k)¹-
| 
| 
|-
| ''Referential''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Singular
| ų(k)¹-
| 
| 
|-
| Plural
| ųsi(k)¹-
| 
| 
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''4rth Person'''
{| {{whitetable2}} 
|-
! Nominative
! Neutral
! Emotive
! Rational
|-
| Singular
| ke(l)¹-
| 
|
|-
| Plural
| kes/kix-
| 
| 
|}


'''Aspectual Suffixes'''


{| {{whitetable2}}
|-
|''1''
|''2''
|''3''
|-
!Habitual
!Perfective
!Atelicity
|-
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-ke/k/e-&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-h/wi/(wih)-&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-c&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|
!Imperfective
|
|-
|
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-dey/ey-&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
|-
|
!Continuous
|
|-
|
|&lt;nowiki&gt;-gą/ą-&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
 
 
Notes:
 
1. Consonants between brackets will appear on the surface if only the verb root starts in a vowel. If the first consonant of the root is the same as the final consonant of the suffix next to it, the consonant is simply geminated.

== Texts and Translation Challenges ==

'''Short CBB Translation Challenges'''

Kixpháxąc&lt;br&gt;
/kiɕˈpʰaɕãx/&lt;br&gt;
kes-phax-gą-c&lt;br&gt; 
4.PL-Rain-CONT-ATEL&lt;br&gt;
&quot;It's raining&quot; ~ &quot;It keeps on raining&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Info:''Sun Mar 16, 2008 2:16 pm    Post subject: TC — It's raining''

'''Others'''


Esphúlteq wųláptok&lt;br&gt;
/esˈpʰylteʔ ʋỹˈlaptok/&lt;br&gt;
es-phulteq wų-lapto-ke&lt;br&gt;
COM-wolf 3.Sg.NEUT-dance-HAB&lt;br&gt;
&quot;He dances with a wolf&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Info: &quot;Sun Mar 30, 2008 15:00&quot;&lt;br&gt;

Bąthrí sekórodeyc khwo t'awąntlo sethrąnkah&lt;br&gt;
/bãˈtʰri seˈkorodejx kʰʋo t’aˈʋãtlo setʰˈrãkah/&lt;br&gt;
bąs'-thri seth-koro-dey-c khwo t'ar-wątlo seth-rąka-wih&lt;br&gt;
LOC-rain 1S.EMO-sing-IMPERF-ATEL and.incl DAT-child 1S-laugh-PERF&lt;br&gt;
&quot;I'm singing in the rain and once smile at a child.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
Info: &quot;Wed Apr 09, 2008 15:15&quot;
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/HGR</title>
    <id>4964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30445</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-03T08:41:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* High Germano-Romance vowel changes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=High Germano-Romance vowel changes=
== SVG image version ==

[[Image:High-Germano-Romance vowel changes bw.svg|600px]]

==HTML table version==
&lt;table style=&quot;border-color: #000; width: 90%;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;7&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;CL&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;CL phonetic&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;Early VL&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;open syll. lengthen.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;diphthong- ization&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;OHGR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;MHGR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;Late MHGR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;Early NHGR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;NHGR&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;[i&amp;#x02D0;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0250;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;ae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x026A;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff99;&quot;&gt;[&amp;#x026A;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;e&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;ei&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&amp;aelig;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0250;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;ae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;e&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;[e&amp;#x02D0;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;e&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;oe&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;[oe]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;[&amp;#x025B;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&amp;#x0259;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x025B;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc99;&quot;&gt;ie&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;euml;&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;auml;&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;ae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;[ae/a&amp;#x025B;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&amp;aelig;&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;a&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&amp;aelig;&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff6600;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&amp;#x02D0;/e&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc66;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;a&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;[a&amp;#x02D0;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;a&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff5050;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;[a]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ffcc00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x025B;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff9900;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;[&amp;#x0254;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;oelig;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ff99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;&amp;#x0259;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x0254;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #339966;&quot;&gt;y&amp;oelig;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;y&amp;oslash;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;y&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x0254;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;uo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;[o&amp;#x02D0;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;oslash;&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;[U]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;ou&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;oslash;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;oelig;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;oslash;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;ou&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0252;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;ao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;[u&amp;#x02D0;]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #339966;&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #339966;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #339966;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #339966;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x028F;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #3366ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x028A;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #008000;&quot;&gt;y&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #008000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;oelig;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;oslash;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;u&amp;#x02D0;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #0000ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0252;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;ao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;au&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;[au/ao]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;au&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;au&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;ou&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #00ff00;&quot;&gt;&amp;oslash;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;oelig;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffcc;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #ccffff;&quot;&gt;o&amp;oslash;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 1px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #800080;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #99ccff;&quot;&gt;ou&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #cc99ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0254;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0252;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; background-color: #993366;&quot;&gt;ao&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ibV&amp;#x0306;C ivV&amp;#x0306;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;i&amp;beta;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;iuC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 0px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;iuC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;y&amp;#x02D0;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0259;yC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;oelig;yC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;o&amp;oslash;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ebV&amp;#x0306;C evV&amp;#x0306;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;e&amp;beta;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-left: 0px solid #000; border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;ioC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x025B;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;ieC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;i&amp;#x02D0;C&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;border-right: 1px solid #000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Version 0.3; Benct Philip Jonsson 2 April 2008&lt;/p&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Microsoft Word - Thorsutian Dictionary.pdf</title>
    <id>4965</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30788</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-19T23:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Microsoft Word - Thorsutian Dictionary.pdf]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theudho</title>
    <id>4966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30544</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-07T10:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;

Theudho
[θʲɛəɣʌ]

    broad  slender  
b   p      pj
bh  w      β
c   kʰ     cʰ
ch  x      ç
d   t      ʧ
dh  ɣ      ʝ
ff  f      fj
fh  h      hj
g   k      c
gh  ɣ      ʝ
l   ɫ      ʎ
lh  ɬ      ɬj
m   m      mj
mh  w      β
n   n      ɲ
nh  ð      ðj
p   pʰ     pʰj
r   r      rj
rh  hr     hrj
s   s      ʃ
t   tʰ     ʧʰ
th  θ      θj
f   w      v    
a  a
à  aː
e  ɛ
è  e
i  ɪ
ì  i
o  ʌ
ò  ɤ
u  ə
ù  u

broad before aàoòuù
slender before eèiì

final 'c' = [kə] 'p' = [pə] 't' = [tə] 

MUTATION
rad.    soft    hard
b   	bh	b
bh      m       b
c       g       c
ch      gh      c
d       dh      d
dh      n       d
ff      f       p
fh      -       b
g       gh      g
gh      -       g
l       l       l
lh      lh      l
m       m       m
mh      m       m
n       n       n
nh      n       n
p       b       p
r       r       r
rh      rh      r
s       s       s
t       d       t
th      nh      t
f       m       b


i love you
lubho èagan thege  
[ɫəwʌ ekæn θʲɛc]

I see a man.
sèapàn èagan mành.
[ʃepʰɑn ekæn mɑð]

You see a woman.
sèapàn thu fibheàn 
[ʃepʰɑn θə vɪβɑn]

We see a man and a woman.
sèapàn finh mành unna fibheàn 
[ʃepʰɑn vɪð mɑð ənæ vɪβɑn ]

I have a dog.
caiff èagan cunnas.
[kʰɛːf ekæn kʰənæs]

You have a cat.
caiff thu cadunh.
[kʰɛːf θə kʰætəð]

This is my dog.
èasam that mineành cunnas.
[esæm θætə mʲɪɲɑð kʰənæs]

That is your cat.
èasam that thineành cadunh.
[esæm θætə θʲɪɲɑð kʰætəð]

Where is the cat?
èasam par sgadunh?
[esæm pʰær skætəð]

The cat is here.
èasam sgadunh ci.
[esæm skætəð cɪ]

Birds sing.
senhàn ffell.
[ʃɛðɑn fʲɛɫ]

is that your daughter?
èasam that thineành dùither? 
[esæm θætə θʲɪɲɑð tuθʲɛːr]

she is beautiful.
èasam that aineành lidinh 
[esæm θætə ɛɲɑð ʎɪʧɪːð]

will you stand with the king through the battle?
sgu stann thu mith sguingh, laisteàn smenheàn?
[skə stæn θə mʲɪːθ scəŋɣ ɫɛsʧʰɑn mʲɛðʲɑn ]

this is a battle?
èasam that fenheàn?
[esæm θætə vɛðʲɑn]

I work in a post office.
fuircheà èagan ffuir malh-cuiseà.
[vəɪrçɑ ekæn fəɪːr mæɬ kʰəɪʃɑ]

Greg works in a bank.
fuircheà Grèg ffuir bhangh.
[vəɪrçɑ krʲeːk fəɪːr βæŋɣ]

They live in Washington.
bofa thait aineành i Màisìonghtun
[pʌwæ θɛːtə ɛɲɑð ɪ mɑʃiŋɣtʰən]

I eat breakfast at 8:00 a.m.
edeàn èagan tuai timheà aifder marghan.
[ɛʧɑn ekæn tʰəɛ ʧʰɪβɑ ɛfʧɛːr mærɣæn]

She goes to work at 9:00 a.m.
fuircheà that aineành thriginh timheà aifder marghan.
[vəɪrçɑ θætə ɛɲɑð θərʲɪcɪːð ʧʰɪβɑ ɛfʧɛːr mærɣæn]

Eddy plays basketball every Friday.
blegh Eadoì Bascatbàl aighlich renheàsdagh.
[pəʎɛːɣ ɛti pæskætʰpɑɫ ɛɣʎɪːx rɛðʲɑstæɣ]

Penny starts class at 10:00.
lìonho Penì èuduor timheà aifder marghan.
[ʎiðʌ pʰʲɛɲi etəʌr ʧʰɪβɑ ɛfʧɛːr mærɣæn]

I don't drink beer.
ne dhrengh èagan àlth.
[ɲɛ ɣərɛːŋɣ ekæn ɑɫəθ]	

Are you a letter carrier?
èasam thu malh-feaghàn?
[esæm θə mæɬ vɛɣɑn]

Is he a teller?
èasam that aineành bangh-mành?
[esæm θætə ɛɲɑð bæŋɣ mɑð]

Are they senators?
èasam thait aineành thengh-mành?
[esæm θɛtə ɛɲɑð θʲɛŋɣ mɑð]

What do you eat?

Where does she work?

Where does he play?

When does she finish?

Why (not)?
	

No, I'm a postal clerk.

Yes, he is.

No, they aren't.

(I eat) eggs, bacon, and toast.

In the cafeteria.

At the gym.

At 11:00.

I don't like it. 

1 - aineành 
2 - tuai
3 - thriginh
4 - èuduor
5 - ffimhe
6 - sechs
7 - sèubhun
8 - achto
9 - nìofun
10 - tèacan
11 - tèacan unn' aineành
20 - tuaidec
21 - tuaidec unn' aineành
100 - cunrath
1000 - thusun

PRONOUN
	1st	2nd
nom	èagan	thu
	finh	iufoình
acc	mege	thege
	òs	iufoình
gen	mineành	thineành
	òiser	iufoìr

NOUN
human/man - mành

nom./acc. mành
          màinh
gen.      mànhas
          màinhes

wolf - fuffanh

nom./acc. fuiff
          fìuff
gen.      foffeàs
          foffàis

king - cuingh

nom./acc. cuingh
          cìungh
gen.      conghàs
          conghàis

Prepositions/Mutations s.= soft h.= hard

dog - cunnas

the - sgunnas s.
about - imb cunnas h.
from - ffir gunnas s.
on - an cunnas h.
toward - at cunnas h.
above - ubhan cunnas h.
below - ùinner gunnas s.
in - i gunnas s.	
onto - anno gunnas s.  	
after - full gunnas s.
out of - uidfir gunnas s.
until - tìoln cunnas h.
by - bi gunnas s.
into - do gunnas s.	
among - ainnedh cunnas h.		
like - gailhig cunnas h.		
with - mith cunnas h.
against - fith cunnas h.
during - laisteàn cunnas h.		
of/off - aff cunnas h.	
through - thuirch cunnas h.	
for - ffuir gunnas s.	
to - to gunnas s.
after - aifder gunnas s.
every - aighlich cunnas h.

VERB
to be - èasam

past	èasanno
pres	èasam
future 	sg' èasam
	
to see - sèapàn

past	sèapànno
pres	sèapàn
future	sgu sèapàn

to love - lubho

past	lubhodho
pres	lubho
future	sgu lubho

to have - caiff

past	caiffdo
pres	caiff
future	sgu gaiff

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:High-Germano-Romance vowel changes bw.svg</title>
    <id>4967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30444</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-03T08:39:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:High-Germano-Romance vowel changes bw.svg]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Proposed vowel change diagram for High Germano-Romance of Mundus Germaniae Romanae</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Biology</title>
    <id>4969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33691</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T01:38:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Biology of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>4970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45404</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are at least four life-bearing worlds in the [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]] system.  In addition, [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] has organisms derived from the [[Humans (Galhaf)|human]] homeworld, brought when humanity colonized the planet several tens of thousands of years ago, and both Galhaf and [[Ospendakh]] have organisms derived from [[Khanda]].  All life is divided into three ''biotas'', the Neobiota (those organisms related to humans), the Nikhandan Biota (consisting solely of bacterial-level organisms on Nikhanda) and the Paleobiota (all others).

The Paleobiota originated on Galhaf.  During the late [[Geological History of Galhaf#Hesperoprotomacrozoic Era|Hesperoprotomacrozoic Era]], a sentient race evolved on Galhaf, and terraformed [[Ospendakh]] and [[Khanda]].  Later, [[Ancient Ones|a sentient race]] evolved on Khanda and transported some life from Khanda onto Ospendakh and Galhaf.

The Biota level was recognized only fairly recently.  It had long been recognized that a small number of plants and animals had very different basic structures from other [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]an organisms, and that they appeared rather late in the fossil record.  However, they had traditionally been grouped along with the native life, arbitrarily grouped with native organisms.

The existence of these &quot;neoanimals&quot; and &quot;neoplants&quot; was considered a strong argument against evolutionary theory when the theory was first proposed, but eventually the [[xenogenesis theory]] became accepted.

== Biotas ==
*[[Paleobiota]]
*[[Nikhandan Biota]]
*[[Neobiota]]

[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mesoptera</title>
    <id>4971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45460</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superoder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Mesoptera}}
|}

'''Mesoptera''' is an order of [[thermovaria]].  They are distinguished by the adaptation of the middle limbs to wings.  Most mesopterans have shrunken front-limbs in the adult forms, which are retained in full in the larval forms for propulsion.

== Suborders ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Megaencephalia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pteranthropus</title>
    <id>4972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45489</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superoder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Mesoptera}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|Megaencephalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Pteranthropidae}}
{{ObTaxo|Genus|Pteranthropus}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Species|'''sapiens'''}}
|}

'''Pteranthropus''' (''rrabu'') is a genus of [[Mesoptera]]ns, consisting of a single extant species, ''P. sapiens''.  They are the the most intelligent organisms native to [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], with an intelligence comparable to humans.

== Life cycle of Pteranthropus ==
Pteranthropan larvae develop with no parental investment, save for an initial investment - by both parents - of nutrients, and the long-term investment in producing sheltered environments. The haploid stage is reduced to only a few large nutrient-bearing nurse cells, in both sexes.

They exist as larvae for 5 or 6 Galhafan years (c. 3½ or 4¼ Earth years). During this time, they have simple nervous systems and are largely driven by instincts, seeking food and avoiding danger, growing rapidly. After their larval stage is over, they emerge onto land, metamorphosing into terrestrial animals, and undergoing a rapid increase in brain size. They instinctively seek out close relatives, especially their parents, using pheromones to identify them. They emerge from water in the spring, at around the same time as the mating season. They integrate into the tribe, and, during this period, most of the development is in their brains. They reach near-adult size during the larval period. It generally takes around 30 Galhafan years (20 Earth years) for their brains to mature. At this point, their external appearance changes moderately, as they enter the pre-sexual adult phase. Sexual maturity has become disconnected with physical maturity. Pre-sexual adults often help their parents raise their siblings. After, on average, 27 years (19 Earth years), they finally reach sexual maturity. Both sexes develop external secondary sexual characteristics (in pre-sexual adults, the distinction between the sexes is small, although pteranthropans can usually identify sex correctly). They are generally around 60 years (c. 40 Earth years) of age before they begin mating. Their total life span is quite long, however. It is common to pass the century mark, especially in modern times. Senility generally sets in around 225 (160 Earth years) or so. 300 (210 Earth years) is an unusual age to reach, but not unheard of.  The oldest known Pteranthropan was 318 at death (226 Earth years)

== Diet ==
''Pteranthropus'' mostly eat fruits and insects.  They consume small amounts of meat as well.  During the egg-laying season, and in the larval stages, they consume shellfish, fish, and seaweed.

== Threats ==
''Pteranthropus'' have a few natural predators, but can generally protect themselves.

== Behavior ==
''Pteranthropus'' are gregorious species, banding together to utilize food sources and defend themselves against predation.  They have little hostility towards other tribes, and will freely accept strangers.  There is some sexual dimorphism, and mating is polygamous.  Loose ties are formed between individuals who have mated, and they cooperate in raising the young.  They are highly intelligent and have had agriculture for over a million years.  Prior to the arrival of humans, however, they lacked metal use or permanent settlements.

== History ==
The ''Pteranthropus'' genus dates back some 10-15 million Earth years.  Their closest relatives are the ''[[Hydropithecus]]'' genus.

== Subspecies ==
*P. s. kalpanensis
*P. s. krayae
*P. s. borealis
*P. s. australis

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]
[[Category:Sentients of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydropithecus</title>
    <id>4973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45463</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superoder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Mesoptera}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|Megaencephalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Pteranthropidae}}
{{ObTaxo|Genus|Hydropithecus}}
|}

'''Hydropithecus''' (''gyabì'') is a genus of [[mesoptera]], related to ''[[Pteranthropus]]''.  They are highly intelligent, though not as intelligent as ''Pteranthropus''.  They split off from the ''Pteranthropus'' roughly 20 million years ago.

''Hydropithecus'' does not appear to have any language skills or tool use.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandboxIV</title>
    <id>4974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49913</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-26T20:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''STUVE = village, town''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || STUV'''E''' || STUV'''Ī'''|| STUV'''ETE'''
|-
| Genitive || STUV'''U''' || STUV'''ĪU'''|| STUV'''ETU'''
|-
| Dative || STUV'''AI''' || STUV'''ĪAI'''|| STUV'''ETAI'''
|-
| Accusative || STUV'''ON''' || STUV'''ĪON'''|| STUV'''ETON'''
|-
| Instrumental || STUV'''ENE''' || STUV'''ĪENE'''|| STUV'''ETĪNE'''
|-
| Locative || STUV'''OTE''' || STUV'''ĪOTE'''|| STUV'''ETETE'''
|-
| Adlative || STUV'''AASE''' || STUV'''ĪĪSE'''|| STUV'''ETAASE'''
|-
| Delative || STUV'''AATE''' || STUV'''ĪĪTE'''|| STUV'''ETAATE'''
|}

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''MILAS = woman''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || MILA'''S''' || MILA'''II'''|| MILA'''TE'''
|-
| Genitive || MILA'''U''' || MILA'''IU'''|| MILA'''TIU'''
|-
| Dative || MILA'''IAI''' || MILA'''IAII'''|| MILA'''TIAI'''
|-
| Accusative || MILA'''UON''' || MILA'''IONI'''|| MILA'''TON'''
|-
| Instrumental || MILA'''IENE''' || MILA'''IENEI'''|| MILA'''TĪEN'''
|-
| Locative || MILA'''IOTE''' || MILA'''IĪTE'''|| MILA'''TETE'''
|-
| Adlative || MILA'''IAASE''' || MILA'''IĪĪSE'''|| MILA'''TIISE'''
|-
| Delative || MILA'''IAATE''' || MILA'''IĪĪTE'''|| MILA'''TIITE'''
|}

====Palatalized declension====

Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel declension pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes ''palatalization'', except for the nominative and genitive in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''AAKE = water''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || AAK'''E'''|| AAK'''IĪ'''|| AAK'''ETE'''
|-
| Genitive || AAK'''U''' || AAK'''IU'''|| AAK'''ETU'''
|-
| Dative || AAK'''IAI''' || AAK'''IAI'''|| AAK'''ETAI'''
|-
| Accusative || AAK'''UON''' || AAK'''IONI'''|| AAK'''ETON'''
|-
| Instrumental || AAK'''IENE''' || AAK'''IENEI'''|| AKK'''ETĪNE'''
|-
| Locative || AAK'''IOTE''' || AAK'''IĪTE'''|| AAK'''ETETE'''
|-
| Adlative || AAK'''IAASE''' || AAK'''IĪĪSE'''|| AAK'''ETAASE'''
|-
| Delative || AAK'''IAATE''' || AAK'''IĪĪTE'''|| AAK'''ETAATE'''
|}

==Verbs==

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''GIANORE = to thank''
|-
!Present
!Imperfective past
!Imperfective future
!Perfective past
!Perfective future
|-
|GIANU || GIANEVU || GIANESU || OGIANEVU || TEGIANESU
|-
|GIANEZA || GIANEVEZA || GIANESEZA || OGIANEVEZA || TEGIANESEZA
|-
|GIANET || GIANEVE || GIANESET || OGIANEVE || TEGIANESET
|-
|GIANENE || GIANEVENE || GIANESENE || OGIANEVENE || TEGIANESENE
|-
|GIANEIE || GIANEVEIE || GIANESEIE || OGIANEVEIE || TEGIANESEIE
|-
|GIANEKE || GIANEVEKE  || GIANESEKE || OGIANEVEKE || TEGIANESEKE
|-
|GIANENET || GIANEVENET  || GIANESENET || OGIANEVENET || TEGIANESENET
|-
|GIANEIET  || GIANEVEIET  || GIANESEIET || OGIANEVEIET || TEGIANESEIET
|-
|GIANEKET  || GIANEVEKET  || GIANESEKET || OGIANEVEKET || TEGIANESEKET
|}

Example:&lt;br&gt;
- ''They thank the man'': GIANEKE MONAI (Lantian: ona mona džanek)&lt;br&gt;
- ''The woman sees the man'': SALIET MILAS MONON [VSO] (Lantian: Ó mila ono mono sálje [SOV])</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Esperisto</title>
    <id>4976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30680</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-14T15:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Esperisto</username>
        <id>1201</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Saluton!

Mi estas Esperisto. Mi preferas paroli al vi Esperante, cxar mia lingvo, la Itala, povas ne esti kunprenata de cxiuj kaj mi ne konas la anglan bone kiel la esperantan. 

Mi amas krei lingvojn. Mia plej bona lingvo aktuale estas [[Idiom]], kiun mi konigos, kiam gxi estos preta, ne antauxe.

[[User:Esperisto/charinsert]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Esperisto/charinsert</title>
    <id>4977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30480</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-04T14:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Esperisto</username>
        <id>1201</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Á á É é Í í Ó ó Ú ú</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Á á É é Í í Ó ó Ú ú</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talarian</title>
    <id>4984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32971</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T18:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Talarian&lt;br&gt;Tenxwwar Haryuça'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Telera
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[The World]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||c. 400000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||East Aryan, Puntic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Elemtilas|Padraic Brown]] || 1990s
|}

'''Talarian''' (native name '''Tenxwwar Haryuça''') is an Aryan language of the East Asian branch of that great language family.  It is spoken in the kingdom called Teleran, north of Westmarche and a way to the northwest of Auntimoany.  Its sister language, Yllurian, is spoken in the neighbouring country of Yllera.  Some thousands of years ago, according to ancient histories, the sea around which the proto Aryans, the Punt, lived experienced some devastating cataclysm, generally accepted to be an earthquake and subsequent flood.  The destruction of this land precipitated a mass exodus in all directions and gave rise to several great language families in both East and West: the Aryan and the Semitic.  The ancestors of the Talarians wandered for a time in the east amongst the ancestors of the Persians and Indians.  They were much influenced by these peoples and acquired not a few cultural, religious and linguistic borrowings.  The ancestral Talarians continued into the East, at last arriving in the vicinity of several moribund Archaic Empires.  They settled in the lands of the old Yllemese kingdom, and in later years moved across the Severn River into Teleran proper.

'''Texts''' in Talarian.

Some examples of religious / spiritual mantras:

çreyfti-he teywas-cos aretel; Talomatan-tây fféwencati, coç-he tây camaporos.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;On high rides God; to Earth he bends, her lover. (a mantra)&lt;/i&gt;

coç-he hâstan-sa-han yesam punerrohati-na; coç-pe hâstan-sa-ut-te yesam punerrohti.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;What enters your mouth doesn't defile you; rather what leaves your mouth defiles you.&lt;/i&gt;

wárkaççweti saç-he wiros-tos:&lt;br&gt;
	pâtâto pataxartassan-ca;&lt;br&gt;
	pâtâto xowan-can;&lt;br&gt;
	ffrencato pûrahamtar-ta pûray-cây sactuça.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;i&gt;These things a man should do:&lt;br&gt;
	feed the hungry;&lt;br&gt;
	feed the cattle;&lt;br&gt;
	bring firewood to the holy fire.&lt;br&gt;

A translation of an ancient tale, &lt;i&gt;owis ekwoskwe&lt;/i&gt;:

Wellan-cohes, weweyssi walmanuça-ne xowios-ca hahâms, içatla maxuça waconar-can rómati, iriloç-he wiram çerewana ffárati.  Xowios-coç hahames feffâti: Cartay-ca-he mamaç haxanatar, wirahaharomomtoç. Hahas-toy xowiay-ca feffâti: Harcato! Xowie, cartay-ca-he wosaç haxanatar, wirawalmanffartaromtos, xowiay-he walnar-ça-ne! Tlewehetasa, xowios-cas sexoman-sa-han xaxâtenti.

Upon the hill, a sheep with no wool saw some horses, one of which drew a large waggon, the other of which swiftly bore a man. The sheep said to the horses: &quot;It pains my heart, to see the man leading horses.&quot;  The horses replied: &quot;It pains our heart, to see the man wearing wool; and the sheep has no wool!&quot;  Hearing this, the sheep fled into the plain.

'''Grammar''': the complete Grammar and lexicon can be found [http://the-world.bethisad.com/languages/talarian_grammar.htm here].

[[Category:The World]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The World</title>
    <id>4985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38401</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-03T02:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Typo rearrangement.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Middle World'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|align=center colspan=2| [[Image:Map_world.jpg|300 px]]
|-
|'''Distance from sun''': || 4,759,406 miles (Poseidon)
|-
|'''Length of Year''': || 365 1/4 days
|-
|'''Length of Day''': || 24 hours
|-
|'''Circumference''': || 34,851 mi
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 11,093 mi
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 386,622,432 sq mi
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || understood but unmeasured
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 2
|}


'''The Universe''' -- The universe, as a place, is often confused by the inhabitants of the World with the planet Earth itself. Most philosophers agree that the universe is heliocentric, that is, the Sun resides at the center of the universe and presides over a court of various small orbiting bodies: the planets, the comets and the fixed stars. This of course is not the case, as the World exists within a fairly mundane universe of galaxies, black holes, quasars, star systems, gas clouds, dark matter and other exciting astronomical bits and pieces. The main difference between *that* universe and ours is the existence of magic as a natural force.

'''The World''' -- Some philosophers aver that the world is a roundish disc rotating upon the backs of four oliphants that in turn stand upon the back of a gargantuan tortoise which swims through the vastness of space. In this cosmology, the Sun, planets and moons are reduced to very small orbiting rocks. 

Most aver that the Earth is a round planet that orbits the Sun along with a number of other planets and moons. The circumference of the Earth has been measured as have the distance between Earth and Sun and Earth and its moons (none of the measurements are precise, but the scales are proportionate). Surrounding the planet, and presumably including the Sun and other planets, is the realm known as &lt;i&gt;Overheaven&lt;/i&gt;. It is not always clear whether this realm is truly the mundane regions of space or is the spiritual realms that surround and imbue the universe. 

The surface of the Earth, the &lt;i&gt;Middle World&lt;/i&gt; is where most of the known inhabitants of the World live and where they go about their daily lives (except for miners and adventurers). But the surface world is but a part of the whole picture. 

There are realms known collectively as the &lt;i&gt;Underworld&lt;/i&gt;, and by this we mean not just the sewers and underdelvings of the old city of Hoopelle. Many are the ancient dungeons and delvings of various dark powers, but there are also natural realms under the surface of the Earth inhabited mostly by beasts, but sometimes by peoples unknown to those on the surface except in folklore (particularly Gnomes and Dwarves). There are also tales of vast underworld chasms where whole communities of peoples live; some are said to be like the Daine, others like Men. No Middle World organisation has undertaken the daunting task of fully exploring and mapping the Underworld. It is certainly too large, too diverse and too inaccessible. 

There is a philosophic speculation that the center of the Earth is hollow and that the core is a small body that generates heat and light for the hollow Underworld and also drives the thaumic field of the planet. While at present this is only to be taken as speculation, it would not be inconsistent with the structure of a magical world. 

The Reshaping of the World was one of the most spectacular geological events in the planet's history, probably since the Creation. The Reshaping of the World was a catastrophic event that happened some hundreds of thousands of years ago when the Dark Power was defeated. Upon his demise, the beings that inhabit the very foundations of the world were agitated and their movements caused upheavals of seismic and volcanic natures in the regions of the world particularly inhabited by the Dark Power. At that time, the Dark Power inhabited the bitter East, having raised up in the eastern Ocean a great land for his minions and servants. As a result of the upheavals, those lands sunk under the waves, causing massive tsunammis, and the whole globe of the Earth turned about 67 degress to one side so that, from the perspective of those living nearest the Dark Power's domains, the lands that once were in the eastward were ever after in the northward. Those lands, however, remained quite bitter.

The Teor record in their histories that the world turns in this way about once in every two star ages. So, it might be a coincidence that the planet turned at this time. Of course, it is also possible that the motions of the subterranean beings upset some delicate balance that simply initiated an event that was immanent anyway.

Deepest of all the Underworld's realms are the very Foundations of the World itself. No dweller of the Upper World has ever gone so far into the belly of the Earth, for the heats of the &lt;i&gt;Ankanic Fires&lt;/i&gt; burn all flesh, and it is said that the airs of the depths of Underworld are crushing and deadly. There, it is said, dwell -- &lt;i&gt;beings&lt;/i&gt; -- of immense size and ponderous motion that uphold the basments of the upper earth. It is said their slow motions cause the lands themselves to change place, as if playing out some great and mysterious ballet. Their agitations, it is said, are the cause of volcanic eruptions (the Ankanic fire) and earth tremors of all magnitudes. These beings dwarf even the mightiest of the World's ancient mountains, Amath, Gahalt and Zahair.
----
'''Inside the Multiverse''' -- The Multiverse is the place where everything happens. It all comes down to having enough dimensions for it all to happen in. It contains Existence and allows Being and Reality to have their day in the sun. The portion of the Multiverse where the World has its day in the sun is a not-so-tidy corner of some half-wild universe where lots of odd things happen that don't normally happen in the more orderly universes. Here, then, is a good place for fantastic stories and mythical peoples to live and breathe and share in the experience of Being. Thus the reason for the World itself. 

'''Outside the Multiverse''' -- Outside the confines of reality lies what is thought to be the great void of Potentiality. It is from this potential -- not matter (chaotic or organised), not energy, in fact it is nothing we have experience of -- that the earliest universes sprang, and from that raw material that further universes were created. If the Creator were a small child in a nursery, this Potential would be her box of building blocks. The how and by whom those first universes came to Be is unknown, and probably unknowable, as their first beginnings and ultimate ends are now lost in the mists of unhistory. 

Though it is uncertain how universes come into being within the Potential, some posit a sort of fountain from which they emanate, accreting Potential as they evolve and progress along their journey towards the eschaton. Others posit that Creators cause universes to come into existence through a process known to the denizens of those universes only as the Creation. 

The most orderly universes are safely walled off from the Void, and thus from their ultimate source of Potential. Their outer limits are protected by layers of vacuophobic fascias which act as a sort of protective layer of barnacles around a universe -- the Things that desire to consume realities can never come close. It might be possible to travel between universes, but not outside them (unless you possess a diacosmic vehicle, in which case Gog's your paternal relative of choice). 

Other universes, particularly those where magic operates, have difficulty being completely sealed. Magic tends to bend, distort and at times shred the fabric of Reality. Thus, rays and bands of Reality and Being may escape from these universes into the Void, coalescing into small hot protocosms. There are said to be Things out there, known to the Wise as acosmic entities for they are not beings in any known sense of he word and can not exist within a proper cosmos. It would seem that the energy of existence and the protocosms are irritating to them, for most of them desire nothing more than to consume and utterly destroy the small drops of Being that float in their sea of potentiality. Others like to crack open universes and suck out their vitality and then lay their eggs inside. 

How, then, is a universe to defend itself? Those that are properly sealed are scarcely detectable. 

Otherwise, the Watchers, or Guardians that inhabit the outer limits of reality and existence battle such Things as dare to come too close, reducing them from predators of unfathomable quality to insignificance. The natures of these Watchers is unknown, though it is possible that they are Angels or gods of some sort. 
----
Two fairly well described langauges of the World are [[Talarian]] and [[Yllurian]]

Many races are known in the world, including Men, but of them all, the [[Daine]] are the most comprehensively described.
----
By no means comprehensive or even complete, The World has a website describing some of its inner workings ''[http://the-world.bethisad.com/ here]''.
----
[[Category:The World|*]]
[[Category:Conworlds|World]]
[[Category:Planets|World]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>'Yemls</title>
    <id>4986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30813</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-22T07:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Although the language has been known for a few years (at least to some degree), there's no culture firmly associated with it yet.
== Grammar ==
=== Syntax ===
'Yemls uses SVO order with modifiers following heads. Up to 2 objects can appear. There is neither inflectional nor adpositional case marking. There are no prepositional phrases; something like adverbial clauses are used instead. A definite article is used.

The role of an argument depends on its position and on the voice-marking and argument structure of its head. The voice-marking is unusual in that it only rearranges the mapping of roles to positions; it doesn't delete arguments (and for some words, it can add an argument).

Generally speaking, a content word's syntactical use is independent of its lexical class, the latter affecting only its morphology. Mandatory possessors appear as objects while optional possessors appear as adjectival modifiers.

=== Morphology ===
'Yemls is agglutinative, marking aspect, mood and tense, temporal point of reference, and voice. Each of these has a 0-marked possibility, so that the average number of morphemes per word is low. Otherwise, suffixing is used for these except that voice and certain aspectuals use prefixes. Except for haplology and vowel doubling indications, the usual written form of a morpheme rarely changes.

Some pronouns have enclitic forms which can be used in certain circumstances. There's no plural marking, although there are collective and distributive prefixes. There's a distinct inclusive personal pronoun.

=== Orthography and Phonology ===
'Yemls is written using a 52 character syllabary, the glyphs of which resemble alphabetic characters. Symbols resembling apostrophes, colons, and hyphens are also used, as are spaces, punctuation, and a few logographic symbols.

The syllabary has 4 vowel columns and 12 consonant rows, representing 48 historical CV syllables, and an additional row, representing historical V syllables. The relationship between the written form and pronunciation is complicated but regular. It involves column-dependent consonant shifts, coalescence of diphthongs and long vowels, high vowel deletion, and a few other details.

Thus, the possible syllable types in the spoken language are (C)V, (C)VC, (C)VV, and (C)(A)V:, where A can be [j] or [w].

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna sentence structure</title>
    <id>4987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49960</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-29T13:12:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* the noun phrase */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The basic sentence structure ==

The basic sentence structure is SVO. In the basic sentence, the subject is assumed to be definite and the object is assumed to be indefinite. 

To show a subject is indefinite, the subject is put after the verb, so we have VSO. 

To show an object is definite, the role.tag '''-s''' is added. This can be called the accusative case, but remember it only appears when the object is definite.

Outside of the nominative and accusative cases, every case is assumed to be definite untless it has the particle '''sa''' in front of it. I guess that this must be called an indefinite article. So Seuna is a language with an indefinite article but no definite article. Turkish is an example of a natural language with an indefinite article but no definite article.

== the noun phrase ==

The basic noun phrase is NUMBER NOUN ADJECTIVE DETERMINER POSSESSOR (RELATIVE CLAUSE)

Nouns end.stick '''-n''' to show plurality. This end.tag is also extended to the adjective and the determiner.

'''kloga hai di''' =  this red shoe.

'''@iga klogai hai din nan ta ...''' =  these two red shoes of hers that ...

By the way '''di''', '''din''' and '''hain''' can be used as nouns ( '''hain''' = the red ones).
'''hai''' can not be used in this way, but the phrase '''ta hai''' can be.

?? Should any three shoes = '''ada san klogan''' or '''san ada klogan''' ?? What does the guy in that book say about the overlap between &quot;any2 and &quot;some&quot;. ??

== the verb phrase ==

The basic verb phrase is VERB ADJECTIVE.

'''donoro saco''' = he walks quickly

If the adjective is moved to any other position other than immediately after the verb, the adjective must take the front.tag '''wi-'''.

'''wisaco donoro''' = quickly he walks 

Adverbs are not regarded as a word class by SEUNIA linguists.

== the 2 protagonist sentences ==

The relative word order of the two central nouns is fixed. The &quot;doer&quot; always precedes the &quot;undergoer&quot;. Or put in another way the nominative case always precedes the accusative case.  

== the 3 protagonist sentence ==

Some sentences can be said to have three central nouns. These sentences usually have the verb '''give''' or a verb semantically close to '''give''' (i.e. award, present etc.).

In Seuna the following construction is possible (exactly as it is in English). Typically with the receiver being human and the thing given being inanimate. 

'''lari jene kludas''' = I gave Janet the book

== the &quot;yo&quot; role.tag ==

However if the receiver is given the &quot;yo&quot; (dative) end.tag they are free to appear anywhere in the sentence.

'''jeneyo lari kludas ''' = I gave the book to Janet
'''lari jeneyo kludas''' = I gave the book to Janet
'''lari kludas jeneyo''' = I gave the book to Janet

A second major use of this tag is to indicate the end point of some motion. For example ;- ??

A third major ......... It is cold to me

== role.tags ==

'''-yo''' is an example of a role.tag. There are nine role.tags in Seuna. Actually seven of them fit this name very well. Two : '''-s''' and '''-ge''', less so. 

'''-s''' even though it only occurs in the accusative case is more a definiteness indicator. 

'''-ge''' turns a noun into something that is very nearly an adjective. Not quite an adjective (because, for one thing it doesn't take the '''-n''' end.tag for plurality in the noun phrase) but very close to an adjective.

The seven role.tags ('''-wa''','''-yo''','''-le''','''-u''','''-ho''','''-ji''' and '''-fi''') give the the words that they are attached to great mobility with in a sentence. 

== the &quot;le&quot; role.tag ==

This tag is used when making comparisons. For example ;- '''aro jutus yule''' = I am bigger than you. 

A second major use of this tag is to indicate the start point of some motion. For example ;- ??

== Participant tracking in dialogue ==

some ......... some other ..........
[[Category:Seuna]]
==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tolerosan</title>
    <id>4989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30632</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-10T22:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jonizaak</username>
        <id>1204</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alphabet */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tolerosan''' or '''Toleran''' (''zanka tolerosenu'' also ''zanka tullerusenu'') is the language of the recently discovered sunken Mediterranean island of Tolerot (also Tolera or Tullerut). Tolerosian is an Indo-European of a distinct family.

Due to certain variables between the eastern and western dialects, even the origin of the name Tolerot is obscure. it may come from ''tola'', &quot;one&quot; due to it being the only island in the area or ''tūllot'', &quot;sun&quot; perhaps due to its location in the eastern Mediterranean.

==Alphabet==

A few different scripts were used to write Tolerosan, most notably a modified Greek alphabet. It also appears that later Tolerosan was written in the Greek alphabet itself.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;center&gt;'''Alphabet ''Elfavedda'' ''Ελφαϝεδδα'''
|-
|Tolerosan||English||Tolerosan||English||
|-
|Α α||A||Ν ν||N
|-
|Β β||B||Ξ ξ||Q (gh)
|-
|Γ γ||G||Ο ο||O, U
|-
|Δ δ||D||Π π||P
|-
|Ε ε||E||Ϟ ϟ||Ā
|-
|Ϝ ϝ||V||Ρ ρ||R
|-
|Ζ ζ||z||Σ σ ς||S
|-
|Η η||Ē||Τ τ||T
|-
|Θ θ||T||Υ υ||Ī
|-
|Ι ι||I||Φ φ||F
|-
|Κ κ||K||Χ χ||X (kh)
|-
|Λ λ||L||Ω ω||Ō, Ū
|-
|Μ μ||M
|}

In most dialects O and U or Ō and Ū were considered variations of the same phoneme, and were spelt the same. The only dialect which which differentiated were those around the capitol city of Emxu Oikkerot and the Bladdeu region.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tolerosan/Declension</title>
    <id>4990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30615</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-09T19:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jonizaak</username>
        <id>1204</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|man||sing||pl
|-
|nom||xummot χομμοθ||xummoit χομμοιθ
|-
|acc/dat||xummenu χομμενο
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Daleyrecent.jpg</title>
    <id>4991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30619</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-09T20:57:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Hoodinski</title>
    <id>4992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30623</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-10T08:27:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hoodinski</username>
        <id>1203</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[The Continent]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[The Continent]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gin Hob</title>
    <id>4993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30649</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-11T21:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Keenir</username>
        <id>326</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|

|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||{{{country|Hob Mororor}}}   | ({{{nativecountry|}}}) }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||{{{universe|Mororor}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||{{{speakers|(number of speakers)}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||{{{family|(Family)}}}
:{{{branch|(Branch)}}}
::{{{subbranch|(Subbranch)}}}
:::{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}{{{english|{{{English|{{{native|(Language)}}}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}
{{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} |::::''' {{{dialect english|{{{dialect English|}}}}}} (''{{{dialect native|}}}'')''' | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' | }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||{{{word-order|{{{wordorder|}}}}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||{{{morphological-type|{{{type|}}} }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|{{{alignment|}}} }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||{{{author|Keenir}}} ||{{{date|March-April 2008}}}
|}

.

{{Infobox|name=gin Hob|pronounce=/gin hob/|tu=Mororor|species=Human|in=|no=|script=|tree=|morph=|ms=|wo=|creator=Keenir|date=March-April 2008}}


.
= Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Microsoft Word - Thorsutian.pdf</title>
    <id>4994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30779</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-19T23:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Microsoft Word - Thorsutian.pdf]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emi Asar Unenes</title>
    <id>4995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30718</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-17T00:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cy Progenyer</username>
        <id>1206</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata&quot; id=&quot;inuse&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;'''This article is currently undergoing construction.'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''The contents are incomplete and in need of elaboration and/or change!'''&lt;br/&gt;
As a courtesy, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed, in order to avoid [[Wikipedia:Edit conflict|edit conflicts]].  If you need to know who is working on the article and when the edit session began, please check the [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} edit history][[Template:Inuse|.]]
&lt;/div&gt;
{{Language|
| English = Desertic
| native = Emi Asar Unenes
| country = Hunetic Desert
| nativecountry = Unenes
| universe = N/A
| speakers = N/A
| family = Aseretean-Hunetazian
| branch = Senaslavatic 
| subbranch = Hunenestic 
| word-order = VOS
| morphological-type = Rather Isolating
| alignment = Nominative-Accusative
| author = Bren Martinez
| date = March 2008
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}

Desertic (''Emi Asar Unenes'' or ''Emi Ater'') is a [[Senaslavatic language]] originating from the [[Hunetic Desert]]. Desertic is derived from vulgar [[Senaslavish]] and acquires most of its grammar and diction from Senaslavish. 

Desertic, like Senaslavish, was designed as a artistic and liturgical language for [[Aseretism]], a non-fictional philosophy.

== History and geographic information ==

The creation of Desertic is attributed to the lone wanderer in the story [[&quot;The Way of the Angels&quot;]] (Desertic: ''Giner Aser Anetas''). In the sixth part of the story, the wanderer meets an aseretean [[perceptual angel]], or nymph, named Heomýrete (Senaslavish for &quot;the singing one&quot;), who tells him to remember a prayer. Heomýrete gives him the prayer in Senaslavish, however the wanderer cannot speak in that language, and instead utters the prayer in a new language, Desertic. 

Though a story, the first recorded literature in Desertic is the prayer given by Heomýrete, &quot;For the Subtle One&quot; (Desertic: ''O Aserete''), and is thus viewed as the figurative birth of the language.

The [[Hunetic Desert]] or simply ''[[Unenes]]'' does not refer to a specific desert, however to higher elevation deserts. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert Mojave Desert], however, is the only desert of this type to be plainly referred to as ''Unenes'' (Desert). Though no specific desert is given in the story, [[&quot;The Way of the Angels&quot;]] it is thought to take place either in the Mojave Desert or one inspired by it. Many names exist for unique and very specific plants and animals, many of which are only found in the Mojave. One of these is a name for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_toad Arroyo toad] (''ereman''), a species only found western parts of the California Mojave. Some other words exist for weather patterns and seasonal changes that are close to those in Mojave Desert.

== Classification and related languages ==

Desertic is a member of the [[Hunenestic]] sub-branch of the [[Senaslavic]] branch in the [[Aseretean-Hunetazian]] family of languages, which has a lineage that claims to originate from the language of [[Aserete]] and its [[perceptual angels]]. Desertic is related most closely to the [[Highland Senaslavish]], a language that developed under the influence of Liturgical Senaslavish and Desertic, but is spoken in the mountains. 

== Grammer ==

Desertic is a [[rather isolating]] language, and contains some inflection.

=== Syntax ===

Desertic preserves the basic, verb-object-subject or VOS syntax of the liturgical syntax (Senaslavish: ''revimiiáehpmiiyráviitákét'') from Senaslavish. Complex syntax also, for the most part, follows this pattern, though some clear changes are present. In a comparative nominative sentence, the subjects surround the verb in a subject-verb-subject pattern, whereas Liturgical Senaslavish remains firmly in the VOS positioning.

=== Verbs ===

Native and most foreign verbs in Desertic follow a very regular pattern in their infinitive forms. Verbs are most readily identified by the infinitive suffix '''-ma'''. Verbs are conjugated into persons and numbers and mood is added by inserting isolated mood words after the conjugated verb. These elements form a verb clause, which contains the total meaning of any given verb.

Verb conjugation into the persons, singular and plural, is the only significantly inflected part of Desertic grammar. There is only one standard verb conjugation, though there are dialectic variations with added conjugations, moods, and tenses. Verbs are conjugated into the following forms:

* three persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
* three 3rd person genders: masculine, feminine, and neutral
* two numbers: singular and plural

Though the three 3rd person genders may be conjugated in a plural number, it is not often done and seen as archaic.

Conjugation into any of the persons and numbers requires the infinitive ending, '''-ma''', to be dropped and the appropriate suffix to be added to the verb stem. The endings for the various persons and numbers are detailed in the following table (note that the common use 3rd person plural is in bold):

{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st
| -ta || -te	
|-
! 2nd
| -la || -le
|-
! 3rd
| -ri &lt;br&gt; -li &lt;br&gt; -sa || -re &lt;br&gt; -le &lt;br&gt; '''-se'''
|}

'''An Example'''

''kema'' (to have)
{| valign=&quot;top&quot; id=&quot;toc&quot;
! ''kema'' !! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st
| keta || kete	
|-
! 2nd
| kela || kele
|-
! 3rd
| keri &lt;br&gt; keli &lt;br&gt; kesa || kere &lt;br&gt; kele &lt;br&gt; '''kese'''
|}

Tenses and moods are assigned to verbs by the inclusion of a verb particle into the verb clause. Verb particles exist for:

* two tenses: past (''i'') and future (''oa'')
* three moods: imperative (''et''), interrogative (''ye''), and negative (''rey'')
: seven interrogatives: who (''iyez''), what (''ayel''), where (''iyer''), why (''yeve''), which (''ayal''), how (''ep''), and when (''iyef'') 

[[Category:Desertic]]
[[Category:Senaslavic]]
[[Category:Aseretean-Hunenestic]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Dal'qörian</title>
    <id>4996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30679</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-14T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A32@B.C.D  ;A:dwhmusic ;B:yahoo ;C:co ;D:uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A32@B.C.D

;A:dwhmusic
;B:yahoo
;C:co
;D:uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian negatives</title>
    <id>4997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47100</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

In Dalcurian, there are two ways in which ''not'' is rendered. 

=='''Negation of verbs'''==  

With verbs, ''not'' is rendered by the suffix '''ax/x'''. If the verb is already inflected with the future or conditional tense suffix, or is in the infinitive or past tense form, '''ax''' is added. '''x''' is added to the present participle. This is the only use '''x''' has in Dalcurian, therefore it is easy to recognize when a verb is in a negative state:

* '''qöhacria'''-''approaching''   '''qöhacriax'''-''not approaching''  

* '''gä’vaÞr'''-''ran''   '''gä'vaÞrax'''-not ran'' (didn't run)  

* '''quascrquas'''-''would ask''   '''quascrquasax'''-''would not ask  

* '''göræ'''-''will go''   '''göræax'''-''will not go''

===='''With auxilliary and modal verbs'''==== 

Modal verbs and the auxiliaries '''ábra/ádra''' and '''néba''', do NOT take the negative inflection when being used with a main verb; the main verb carries the inflection. They can however, be used as a main verb, as in English (although this is colloquial), and must then take the inflection:

* '''Diö már, am dérÞ, sécösatrax'''. ''You can’t smoke in here''. lit: ''You may, in here, smoke not''.

* '''Binä Þöldr sécösatrax qoÞ'''. ''I shouldn’t be smoking anyway''.
 
* '''Sia voltirax tiÞ'''. ''She doesn’t want it.'' lit: ''She wants not it''.

* '''Binä ábrax eÞöa nömæaj'''. ''I don’t have any money.'' (Again, this is proper usage. Colloquially a Dalcurian would say: '''Binä öna nömæaj'''-''I'm without money'').

=='''Negation of adjectives'''==

The standard negation of adjectives is rendered with the prefix '''stæ''' which most commonly equates to the following English prefixes (which normally denote the opposite of) but can carry the meaning of ''not'':  
  
* un: '''stædembrödn'''-''unashamed'' (not ashamed)  

* dis: '''stævehiqualosträdn'''-''disassociated'' (not associated) 

* anti: '''stæasötséal'''-''antisocial'' (which carries the meaning of not sociable)

and some words that end in ''less'': 
  
* '''stævösérädn'''-''useless'' (not useful)

Here, the prefix is a part of the word as a whole. But with non-prefixed adjectives, '''stæ''' is separated with an apostrophe:

* '''vélø'''-''cold'' '''stæ'vélø'''-''not cold'' Lit: ''uncold''

NOTE: It's not possible in Dalcurian to say literally: ''He is not antisocial, you are not useless'' etc; in other words, to disagree with an already negated adjective. In these instances, the preposition '''néfaracte'''-which literally means ''on the contrary'' is tagged at the end of the positive sentence:

* '''Mæ stæasötséal néfaracte!''' ''He is NOT anitsocial''!

For more on negation of comparative sentences, see [[dal'qörian adjectives|Comparative sentences]]

Finally, there is an unwritten rule for foreign speakers: if you're not sure how to negate your sentence, simply put an '''x/ax''' on the end of the adjective. Grammatically this is incorrect, but you will be understood!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Navidel/Batraći baćanen</title>
    <id>4998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30713</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-16T01:00:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lexicon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Batraći baćanen=
A few weeks ago I decided to create a language, which has become the one of the most well-developed of all of my languages, with hundreds of words. But I couldn't create a page because I didn't have a name for the language, so it is temporarily placed here under the title '''batraći baćanen''', which means &quot;the drunken frog.&quot; Weird, huh?
==Pronouns==
The language has a fairly simple system of pronouns (some of the ones I didn't totally make up are Germanic in origin.) The first person singular is nominative ić, accusative/dative ića, cf. German ich; while the plural is nuć/nuća, which is of no exact origin, but starts, like in Latin (and hence most Romance languages) with the letter n. Second person singular sa/sas ultimately derives from Old English, but the original þ has been obscured. The second person plural o'i/o'is is entirely of my own invention, however, as are third person singular 'jes/'jesa and plural ne'a/ne'as. Possession is indicated by the suffix -o.
==Lexicon==
The lexicon is much too long for me to spell out here at the moment, but most of it is Greek-derived. I will therefore tell you about some of the non-Greek words, of which there are far fewer. You would do well at this point to note that ć is pronounced /ʃ/ (as is plain c [otherwise /k/] before a front vowel), ' as /h/ (c' as /k/) and the rather ambiguous j as /j/ (word-finally /ʝ/). Stress is on the ultimate syllable except when the last syllable ends in a vowel, in which case it is on the penultimate; or where indicated otherwise by an acute accent.

'ja - god

domast - great

cora'o - to invade or conquer

ćati - water

ćan - sky

do'a - color

'jebo - to marry

'jebocsa - marriage

cata'o - to greet

simbat - also

adu'ić - a notice

ama'í - hail!

buć - boat

ća'ijo - to say

će'i - this

će'a - that

do'umo - to dock

ascaja - building

pac'e'o - to seize

cict - silent

ćlagec - meat

ćo'u - to smoke

ćubel - head

tju'i - door

sera'u - to look

groce'u - to understand

pe'i - person

'ilin - bird

namo - mammal

'jisc - fish

na'u - reptile

ćjoc - military

'arino - to speak

'arin - an utterance

==Grammar==
Some basic points:
*There is no indefinate article.
*The definate article is a suffix, -i (or -'i after a vowel, -ji after an apostrophe-vowel group).
*The particle ''o'' is roughly equivalent to &quot;of&quot;, but the possessor always comes before it.
*Adjectives in the predicate that describe the subject end in -pt, -st, or -l as listed, while adjectives that come directly after the nouns they describe (it is a head-first language) change -pt to -m and -st to -n. -l adjectives stay the same
(eg: ''Agalma'i eji adamapt'' (&quot;The statue is [of] iron&quot;) vs. ''Agalma'i adamam'' (&quot;The iron statue&quot;). Note this could also be expressed as ''Agalma'i o adamacsa'' (&quot;The statue of iron-ness&quot;).)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Gloss</title>
    <id>4999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30729</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-17T15:31:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;gloss&quot; title=&quot;{{{2|}}}&quot;&gt;{{{1|}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Smorßáßec</title>
    <id>5000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30730</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-17T17:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Smorßáßec''' Is a language created (in still in progress) by Andrew Wood on April 17, 2008. The language is going to be a serious attempt at creating a language that is very differen...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Smorßáßec''' Is a language created (in still in progress) by Andrew Wood on April 17, 2008. The language is going to be a serious attempt at creating a language that is very different and unique and one that would be quite difficult to learn. 

At the moment the language consists of 27 letters, 18 constonants and 9 vowels. R and W have been made vowels as they are both open sounds. 

Constonants include: 

B ß C D Ð F G L M N Ñ N͂̍ P S T θ X Z

And vowels include 

A Á E I O R U W Y

== PHONOLOGY IN X-SAMPA! (and letter names ==

A - /{/ Af

Á - /{u/ Áf

B - /b/ Bá

ß - /B/ ßá

C - /k/ Cet

D - /d/ Det

Ð - /D/ Ɖet

E - /e/ Ei

F - /f/ Fei

G - /x/ Ga

I - /L/ Im

L - /l/ Lá

M - /m/ Má

N - /n/ Ná

Ñ - /J/ Ñá

N͂̍- /N/ N͂̍á

O - /M/ Omo

P - /p/ Pia

S - /S/ Sem

T - /t/ Tem

θ - /T/ θemet

U - /V/ Um

W - /w/ ''when at the beginning of a word, word for example, Waθo, /w{TM/'' /H/ ''When elsewhere in a word, Murderer, Mođrawe, /mMDr{He/'' Umđra Ká

X - /tS/ Xix

y - /X\/ Yam

Z - /z/ Zett</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Battlax</title>
    <id>5001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48060</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T09:17:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Branch 3 */ starting to click in place</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I have been compelled to create yet another phonology sketch. Well, more like a family of four. They're like snacks, only the come out of you rather than going into you.

==Proto-form==

{|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#e4e4e4&quot;| P || tʰ || ʧʰ || kʰ
|-
| t || ʧ || k
|-
| || d || ʤ || ɡ
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e4e4e4&quot;| || s || ʃ || x
|-
| m || n || ɲ ||
|-
| w || l || j ||
|}

Not quite decided what the labial obstruent should be phonetically. Doesn't really matter anyway.

==Branch 1==
The conservativ one.

'''Proto-stage'''
* P → p, conditionally pʰ
* Stop phonation shift the 1st
** Voiced → aspirated

Insert non-inventory-disrupting changes here.

'''Until modern stage'''
* Stop phonation shift the 2nd
** Aspirated → voiceless
*** except pʰ → f
** Voiceless → voiced
* l → r
* Make vricativs

'''Result'''
{|
| || t || ʧ || k
|-
| b || d || ʤ || ɡ
|-
| f || s || ʃ || x
|-
| v || z || ʒ ||
|-
| m || n || ɲ ||
|-
| w || r || j ||
|}

==Branch 2==

More mixing going on in here. Most numerous branch.

===First developments===

'''Proto-stage'''
* P → ɸ → h
* POA shift the 1st
** Labiodentogenesis ''(dentalogenesis? dentigenesis?)''
*** s → f
*** w → v
** Sibilant fronting: ʧ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; ʤ ʃ → ts dz s

===2a===

'''Old stage'''
* 1st spirantization
** v d ɡ → b~β d~ð ɡ~ɣ (B D G)
*** spirant allophones intervocalic
** dz → z in most positions, incl. initial
** additionally: j h → D G or zero
* Conditional labialization of velars
* ts dz → θ ð
* z → r
* ɣ ɣʷ → j w

Doesn't match the Central Asia Sprachbund. Maybe Middle East… There's something in the complex spirant system resembling Ouiqál, so this might indeed fit in the East Mediterranean Sprachbund even if the primary form doesn't have voiceless nasals. That would however mean having to relocate the EMSB relativs of Dork Elvish, maybe to eastern Anatolia. Or am I overdoing the separation? If Tsonboran dies around -4ka at latest, there ought to be plenty of room for this in Persia, too. Also, this is around -2.5ka while Dork Elvish is -1.5ka.

Alternately, the final inventories here match [[East-A Altaic']] so NW India is also up for consideration. If I put this in there, where does Klusterax go, tho??

'''Middle stage'''
* Fricativ voicing messes up &amp; phonemicizes the B D G allophony
** Check history of English for details?
* 2nd spirantization
** Aspirate stop → spirant
** Messes up the previous even better… &amp; we probly get some fairly tasty orthographical arcaisms in the process
* ɲ → j (restoring it as an initial)

'''Until modern stage'''
* Labialization contrast of velars shifted to palatalization contrast
** …after which the palatal ones decay to postalveolar affricates
** CF Ethiopian'?
** Contemporary vowels should count too; perhaps via chains like kʷu → ku → ky → ci → ʧi
* Also in the same palatalization hullabaloo: s z → ʃ ʒ
* Kill interdentals
** θ → s
** ð → n, r?
* Remaining ɣ → ɦ

'''Result'''
{|
| || t || ʧ || k
|-
| b || d || ʤ || ɡ
|-
| f || s || ʃ || x
|-
| v || z || ʒ || ɦ
|-
| m || n || ||
|-
| w || l, r || j ||
|}

===2b===
'''Old stage'''
* h → ∅
* x → h
* Similar labialization of velars as 2a
* …

'''Later'''
* 2nd spirantization hits this too
* Labiovelars → labials
* Whence /r/?

==Branch 3==
Batfuck. This needs to settle in an illabial Sprachbund. Indus Valley? Near [[Sahax]]?

'''Proto-stage part 1'''
* P → f
* x → h / #_
* Coda nasals:
** m → ũ
** n → ː~ / _S
** ɲ → ĩ
** [ŋ] → ũ / _x (if this occurs?)
** with difthong collapse later
* ɲ → n (initial), jn (medial)
* kʰ → kx
* ɡ → ɣ
* Stop phonation shift the 1st
** voiceless → mild ejectiv (CF Klusterax B?)

'''Proto-stage part 2'''
* Schirantism: (k)x ɣ → (t)ʂ ʐ
** may hint at a [[West Altaic']] substrate
* l → ɾ intervocally and before semivowels
* Stop phonation shift the 2nd
** Aspiration lost medially
** d ʤ → d̥ ʤ̥ / #_ (possibly also in some medial positions)
** so we have initially glottalic &lt;&gt; aspirate &lt;&gt; lenis; medially glottalic &lt;&gt; tenuis &lt;&gt; voiced; no contrasts are lost here
* Dental weakening
** ld lt → lː → l
** tʰ tʼ → h ʔ / #_
* V~ → Vŋ / _#

The point here is to get a single phonological [+POSTERIOR] series, consisting of a velar ejectiv, retroflexen (fleces? :b), and [[heng]]. This was inspired by an attempt to reconcile the classic &quot;implausibly random consonant inventory&quot;
/ǀ kʼ ts ɖ  ɬ m r/
with as few changes as possible - start with
:ǀ ɬ m r → tsʼ s n ɽ
then make voicing allophonic, yielding &lt;br&gt;
&lt;tt&gt;/ tsʼ kʼ/&lt;br/&gt;
/ ts  ʈ /&lt;br/&gt;
/ &amp;nbsp;s &amp;nbsp; /&lt;br/&gt;
/ n &amp;nbsp;ɽ /&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;
where the +POSTERIOR series is clear. If you fill in missing common consonants /t m w j l/, add aspiration &amp; palatalize the affricates, it starts looking like the intermediate inventory here in some respects:
{|
|-
| || tʼ ~ ʔ || tʃʼ || kʼ
|-
| || t&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; || tʃ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; || tʂ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
| || d || dʒ || ʐ
|-
| f || s || ʃ || ʂ
|-
| m || n || || ŋ ~ h
|-
| w || l &amp;nbsp; ɾ || j ||
|}

'''Proto-stage part 3''' ('Till 'bout -1.5Ka. Attested yet? Prolly not)

* hiatus
** j → ʔ / {i e}_V
** w → ʔ / {u o}_V
* Sibilant → (lenis) affricate / CONDITION
** further dz → d (perhaps via [θ])
** (actually is this still shared at all?)

'''Branch 3a'''
* ʐ → ɻ
* (t)ʂ ɻ → (t)s ɹ
* ejecticity &lt;&gt; aspiration ceases to be contrastiv
** tʼ tʰ lenited, ʧʰ  originally rare, kʰ routed previously → no biggie
making

'''Daughter 1''' (Attested since ca. -700a)
* w → b
* ɾ → d
* ʧ ʤ → ts dz → s z
* fricativ collapse: f → h (at least…)
(…)
making
{|
|-
| m || n || ||
|-
| b || d || ||
|-
| || t || &amp;nbsp; k || ʔ
|-
| || s || ʃ &amp;nbsp; || h
|-
| || z || ||
|-
| || l ɹ || j &amp;nbsp; ||
|}
Vowels /i e a u/ (iu eu au ai ia ea …?), /b h a/ common, tones

'''Branch 3b'''
* Further initial devoicing:
** m n → m̥ n̥ → p t (latter merging with the reflex of initial *d); or → f h?
** ʐ → ʂ
* medial voiced stops lost
* stuff with *w?
* retroflex/postalveolar sibilants merge
* labialization of /ʃ j k ŋ/


I like how we get contemporary /r/ out of three completely different original consonants - /l ʤ ɡ/ ;)

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Telefax</title>
    <id>5002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59225</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T21:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Telefax A */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Telefax A==
'''Consonants'''
{|
| pʰ ||style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| tʰ || || kʰ ||
|-
| p ||style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| t || ts ~ ʧ || k ||style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| ʔ
|-
|  || ɬ || s ~ ʃ ||style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| x ||style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| h
|-
| ɓ ||style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| ɗ || ||style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| ɠ ||
|-
| m ||style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| n || || ||
|-
| w ||style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| l || &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; j || ||
|-
|}

*[tʰ ʔ h l] occur only initially.
*[t n ɗ ɠ x] occur only medially.
*Occurring alternation pairs (productive in bold): '''t~tʰ'''; '''n~h''', '''n~l'''; '''ɓ~pʰ'''; ɗ~∅, ɗ~l, '''ɗ~tʰ'''; ɠ~j, ɠ~w, ɠ~m, '''ɠ~kʰ'''; '''x~h'''
**Old strata: n~h, conditionally ɓ~p, ɗ~t, ɠ~k
**Step 1: remaining initial ɓ ɗ ɠ → w ɹ ɰ ''or'' m n ŋ (modulo vowel nasality), initial voiceless stops aspirated
**Step 2: ŋ → m / _{õ ũ}, → ∅ / _{ĩ ẽ ã}, → ɰ or nasality elsewhere (might imply the existence of m~w)
**Step 3: ɹ ɰ → ∅ j/w, n x → l h / #_, l → ɾ → ɗ / V_V
**Step 4: Development of new marginal initial ɓ from *u+vowel (presumably via *ʔw-)
&lt;!-- so what has happened to other initial glottal stops?! --&gt;
**Synchronically, [tʰ] is clearly an allophone of /t/ and [ʔ] epenthetic, [h] is probably best interpreted as an allophone of /x/, and /ɠ/ as an independant phoneme. The voiced coronal situation seems less clear.
*[ʧ ʃ] may be used before a front vowel.

We'll use ''c'' for the affricate, ''b d g'' for implosivs, ''ł'' for /ɬ/ or ''ad hoc'' ASCIIfied as ''f''.

'''Vowels'''
{|
| i || ĩ || || u || ũ
|-
| e || ẽ || ə || o || õ
|-
| || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp; a &amp;nbsp; ã &amp;nbsp; ||
|-
|}

Difthongs consist of /ə a/+/j w/ (oral only).

Tone??

/ə/ harmonizes with /a/, with the latter dominating.

Syllable structure CV, medially (F)CV with valid 2nd cluster members including voiceless stops, implosivs &amp; /m/.

{|
!1st ↓ · 2nd → !! p !! t !! c !! k !! ɓ !! ɗ !! ɠ !! m
|-
! s
| sp || st || || sk || sɓ || sɗ || sɠ || sm
|-
! x
| || xt || xc || || || (xɗ) || || xm
|-
|}

===Pronouns===
{|
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3pA !! 3pB !! Prox !! DistA !! DistB
|-
! S
| khudi || than || yoso || leso || banni || exa || mo
|-
! P
| yaninna || lomi || cəso || wawka || lasda || cesi || cəmo
|}

The 3 singular forms are female/male. The 3p plural &amp; distal are definit/indefinit (or collectiv/paucal).

===Example vocabulary===
* ''phudi wakiyaw kəmecə'' 'to slowly digest' (consume=INF stomach.SUBST ('bile') slowly) 
* ''podan wenophu lumonki''
* ''thuxawante kuyoken acimay''&lt;!--
? 'herd of reddish-skin'd deer' (GENER.red-skinned deer_species herd) - what does the preclitic ''thu'' signify? --&gt;
* ''heyo igaten mubun thapu''&lt;!--
''i-'' is a TAM prefix of sorts, -n some other marker, ''mubu'' an auxiliary or 2nd verb; is ''heyo'' still in the VP?--&gt;
* ''soba losan ka wate annophu'' &lt;!--
''ka'' begins a prepositional phrase, ''an-'' is probably a case or possessiv prefix (or maybe a participle?)--&gt;
* ''kisgətəme khanayon'' 'misty bog' (mist.ADJ bog)
Alternation examples: the *augmentativ prefix ''o-''
* ''lopu'' 'water' &lt;&gt; ''odopu'' 'lake, sea, ocean'
* ''huca'' 'child' &lt;&gt; ''onuca'' 'teenager'
* ''yawdi'' 'dog' &lt;&gt; ''ogawdi'' 'wolf'
Modal prefixes
* ''phefa'' 'rush' &lt;&gt; ''mebefa'' 'have to rush'
* ''thaca'' 'drop' &lt;&gt; ''yexidaca'' 'sprinkle'
* ''khəto'' 'hang' &lt;&gt; ''asgato'' 'keep hanging'
* ''yuga'' 'sail' &lt;&gt; ''ayuga'' 'keep sailing'
===Grammar notes===
SOV, basic nom/acc (nom unmark'd, acc marking varies), verbs uninflected for person

==Telefax B==
===Phonology===
'''Consonants'''
{|
| pʰ || tʰ || ʧʰ || kʰ
|-
| p || t || ʧ || k
|-
|  || tɬ || || x
|-
| ɓ || ɗ || ||
|-
| m || n || || ŋ
|-
| w || ɾ || j ||
|-
|}
Step 2 abov doesn't take place, insted *ɠ → ɣ ''or'' ŋ in all positions. Not sure where /s/ has gone. Into aspiration maybe?

(C)V(C). More freedom with clusters here I think — but still not much. Need to include /tw tɬw kw/ ← *Cow-. Geminates: /pː tː ʧː kː/, possibly /mː nː ŋː/.

'''Vowels'''
{|
| i || ĩ || u || ũ
|-
| e || ẽ || o || õ
|-
| æ || ã || ɑ ||
|-
|}

[ə] occurs in unstressed syllables, contrasting chiefly with [i u], rarely [e].

Difthongs: /æi ɑu ju jũ jʌ jʌ̃/

===Pronouns===
{|
! !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p
|-
! S
| kawrə || tawrə || awrə
|-
! P
| wanni || nanni || awxi
|}

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Thorsutian</title>
    <id>5003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45176</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Category:Main page in other languages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt; Mёrd Ord {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|

Rikaned nek '''FraathWiki''', wiki ki blёsej hh preezon eşan ķonlangёs e ķonķulturaş, e proojeķt stackur informacia ёn temaş hëgldadunac nek ķonlangunac, ķonķulturanunac, e çolerstrehhunac. Şmiitule [[FrathWiki:Goals|FrathWiki: Sёhhin]] per şte mac ёdi dźena.

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'''Ķolaborcidës Proojeķtёs'''
:''see:'' [[:Category:Collaborations|Caţagorje:Colaborţidës Projectёs]]
&lt;!--
*[[Hangraphy]]
*:A con-orthography for Indo-European languages, using Chinese characters.
*[[Sisiwön]]
*:A collaborative conlang based out of  [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlangcollaboration].
*[[Homonyms Across Languages]]
*:A list of words that sound the same in multiple languages.
*[[Noric]]
*:A language family spoken in the Austrian Alps in the [[League of Lost Languages]].
*The [[Oligosynthesis Project]]
*:A project to create an oligosynthetic conlang.
*[[Attested diachronic changes]]
*:A repository for interesting diachronic changes.
*[[Zebia]]
*:A collaborative conworld by [[Zompist Bulletin Board]] members.
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*:A naturalistic con-orthography project for Ancient Greek, Latin, Norman French, and eventually English.
''...see also '''Category:Collaborations:'''''
{{scroll box|
|background=#FFFFE0
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&lt;dpl&gt;
category=Collaborations
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&lt;/dpl&gt;
}}
--&gt;
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: ''see:'' [[:Category:Linguistics|Caţagorje:Lazgu Temash]] 

|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Ķonworldës'''
:''see:'' [[:Category:Conworlds|Caţagorje:Conworldës]]
&lt;!--
'''List of concultural topics:'''
*[[Henaudute ceremonial calendar]]
*[[New Royce]]
*[[Galhaf]]
*[[Senjecas]]
*[[Muskat]]
*[[Ilethes]] &amp; [[:Category:Ilethes]]
'''Category:Conworlds:'''
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:''see:'' [[:Category:Conlangs|Caţagorje:Conlangës]]
&lt;!--
''List of '''Category:conlangs:'''''
{{scroll box|
|background=#fff5f5
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|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0e0f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Edźje Përjezidës'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Main Page|Stritё Edźje]] në [[English|Inglise]].
[[Carune (page)|Stritё Edźje]] në [[Carune|Karunesha]].
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|Stritё Edźje]] në [[Satirocitan|Satirokitansha]].
[[Main Page in Mumuñu|Stritё Edźje]] në [[Mumuñu|Mumunjusha]].
[[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Stritё Edźje]] në [[Piscean language|Piskeansha]].
[[Main Page in Dooma|Stritё Edźje]] në [[Dooma|Doomasha]].
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|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Olma'''&lt;br&gt;
'''[[Help:Contents|Anucithe Temash]]''' - [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Lired Rrad]] - [[List of mailing lists|Poçtunaţje Struceţje Struce]] -  [[Swadesh list|Swadeshe Struce]] - [[Our Father|Atreti Dinoga nё shumedёs conlangёs]] - [[Conlang comparison|Conlang stotstirës]]

|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0f3e0; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
'''Olma Ķonlang Wiki Proojeķtës'''

[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]] · [[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] · [[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]] · [[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]] &lt;br&gt; [[Wikipedia:P:CL|Wikipedia Constructed languages portal]] · [[conlangcity:|Conlang Wikicity]] · [[Langmaker:|Langmaker Wiki]]

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Gladi8r</title>
    <id>5004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30808</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-22T00:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gladi8r</username>
        <id>1209</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hello, this is Gladi8r, the creator of [[Palekama]]!  I do not live on Earth. Instead, I live in Neptune and have a very high-speed internet. This enables me to browse the web even though ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello, this is Gladi8r, the creator of [[Palekama]]!

I do not live on Earth. Instead, I live in Neptune and have a very high-speed internet. This enables me to browse the web even though I am millions of miles away from the Earth.
Sometimes I am able to pick up alien web sites also. They are very strange.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palekama</title>
    <id>5005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30860</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-27T11:42:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gladi8r</username>
        <id>1209</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Palekama is a conlang made by Gladi8r. Its alphabet has 37 letters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border &quot;l&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;b&gt;Palekama&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Pronounced: pɑliːkɑmɑ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Universe: C&gt;leka&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Timeline: 2345 (base 7) HÜ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Spoken: Palek, Hialoi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Number of speakers: 3 million&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Writing system: Latin, Palek-uú&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Genealogy: Isolate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt; 
Palekama's users are the Palekamians, a group of humans who live in Palek, a fictitous country also made by Gladi8r.&lt;br /&gt;
Its sentence order is object-subject-verb.&lt;br /&gt;
The alphabet (and corresponding pronunciations using IPA) is thus:&lt;br /&gt;
a-ɑ&lt;br /&gt;                                                                  
á-æ&lt;br /&gt;
ä-a combination of a and æ -- most people just pronounce it like á&lt;br /&gt;                                                 
e-i&lt;br /&gt;
é-ɛ&lt;br /&gt;
ë-e&lt;br /&gt;
i-j&lt;br /&gt;
ì-ɪ&lt;br /&gt;
ï-ɨ&lt;br /&gt;
o-o&lt;br /&gt;
ó-ɒ&lt;br /&gt;
ö-ɵ&lt;br /&gt;
u-u&lt;br /&gt;
ú-ɐ&lt;br /&gt;
ü-ʊ&lt;br /&gt;
p-p&lt;br /&gt;
l-l&lt;br /&gt;
k-k&lt;br /&gt;
n-n&lt;br /&gt;
g-g&lt;br /&gt;
s-s&lt;br /&gt;
t-t&lt;br /&gt;
m-m&lt;br /&gt;
pl-pl&lt;br /&gt;
n-n&lt;br /&gt;
q-x&lt;br /&gt;
k&gt;-ʧ&lt;br /&gt;
s&gt;-ʃ&lt;br /&gt;
z&gt;-ʒ&lt;br /&gt;
z-z&lt;br /&gt;
ś-lateral s&lt;br /&gt;
ź-lateral z&lt;br /&gt;
x-χ&lt;br /&gt;
d-ɖ&lt;br /&gt;
H-h&lt;br /&gt;
Ť-ʈ&lt;br /&gt;
ts-ts&lt;br /&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naisek</title>
    <id>5006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34709</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T06:44:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Naisek (the original name was New Year's Supposed EuroClone) is meant to be vaguely European, although in fact, it has a number of features that aren't typical of Europe.
== Orthography and Phonology ==
=== Alphabet ===
Under the most common orthography, the modern basic latin alphabet is used. Q, V, and Z are limited to foreign names, although some writers use Z or TZ for TS. Although diacritics aren't normally used, a system of marking vowels with acute, grave, and circumflex accents exists as an aid to reading a text aloud. The circumflex and acute are also used in dictionaries to indicate otherwise unpredictable stress.

There's a much less commonly used orthography that has Ĉ for C, C or TC for TS, Ĵ for J, J for Y, and Ŝ for X.

There's a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes, except that TS is used for both /ts)/ and /t:s)/ and that vowel length isn't marked.
=== Phonemes ===
The orthographic symbols are shown in UPPER CASE, followed by the /phonemes/. The phoneme symbols chosen are those of the principal allophones. Additional allophones are in [brackets].

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labioden. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| PostAlveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar || Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || P /{{IPA|p}}/ || B /{{IPA|b}}/ || || || T /{{IPA|t}}/ || D /{{IPA|d}}/ || || || || || K /{{IPA|k}}/ || G /{{IPA|g}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || TS /{{IPA|ts}}/ || || C /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ || J /{{IPA|dʒ}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || F /{{IPA|f}}/ || [{{IPA|v}}] || S /{{IPA|s}}/ || [{{IPA|z}}] || X /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ || [{{IPA|ʒ}}] || || || || || H /{{IPA|h}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || M /{{IPA|m}}/ || || || || N /{{IPA|n}}/ || || || || || || [{{IPA|ŋ}}]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || R /{{IPA|r}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approx. || || || || || || L /{{IPA|l}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || W /{{IPA|w}}/ || || || || || || || || Y /{{IPA|j}}/
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| || Front || || || Central || || || Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || I /{{IPA|i}}/ || || || || || || U /{{IPA|u}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || E /{{IPA|e}}/ || || || || O /{{IPA|o}}/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || [{{IPA|ɛ}}] || || [{{IPA|ɔ}}]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || A /{{IPA|a}}/
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Accent ===
The accent is one of stress, which is determined according to syllable weight. For words of at least three syllables the following rules hold:
*the ultima is stressed if extraheavy; otherwise
*the penult is stressed if heavy or extraheavy; otherwise
*the antepenult is stressed.
For words of two syllables:
*the ultima is stressed if extraheavy; otherwise
*the penult is stressed.
Some one syllable words are unstressed.

*An extraheavy syllable ends in either two consonants, or a single consonant preceded by a diphthong or long vowel.
*A heavy syllable ends in either a single consonant or a diphthong or long vowel.
*A light syllable ends in a short vowel.
=== Phonotactics ===
Onset and coda clusters are each limited to certain two consonant combinations.
== Vocabulary ==
While there are a number of words borrowed from, or via, known European languages, the bulk of the lexicon is of unknown origin.
== Morphosyntax ==
Notable features include the Fluid-S alignment and the voice-case agreement system.
=== Basic Morphology ===
Naisek is agglutinative with some inflectional fusion. There are a few prefixes; otherwise inflection uses suffixing. Derivational processes involve suffixing and compounding, sometimes together. In compounds, the modifier precedes the head. Some derivations are completely regular and productive, while others are lexicalized.
=== Noun Phrases ===
The order of phrase components is:
:Determiner-Quantifier-Noun-Adjective(s)-Relative Clause.

The determiners include the demonstratives and the definite, indefinite (not common), and negative determiners. The quantifiers include cardinal and fractional numbers as well as more general quantifiers.

Nouns have implicit gender (animate or inanimate) and are inflected for number (singular or plural) and case. There's no correlation between declension (vowel stems vs. consonant stems) and gender. Adjectives, determiners, and certain pronouns (3rd person and relative) are inflected for gender as well, agreeing with the noun. Other pronouns are inflected for either number and case (1st and 2nd person), gender and case (interrogative), or just case (indefinite). &quot;One&quot; is inflected for both gender and case; other cardinal numbers are inflected only for case.

The cases are: Agentive(=Ergative=Nominative), Patientive(=Absolutive=Accusative), Dative, Genitive, Partitive, Instrumental, and Temporal. Adjectives also have forms used as adverbs and secondary predicates. Agentive and Dative are rare with inanimates, Partitive is rare with singular count nouns, and Temporal is mostly limited to time words. Prepositions are mostly followed by Genitive objects.
=== Verbs and Clauses ===
The order of components in a clause is mostly determined by pragmatics. Contrastive focus is indicated using particles.

Both finite and non-finite verbs are inflected for grammatical voice, using prefixes when marked. In addition, finite verbs are  inflected for mood and tense and for the person, number, and case of the verb's subject while non-finite verbs are inflected for aspect. The moods are indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and contrafactual. The tenses, distinct only for the indicative, are past, present, and future.

Constructions using the copula followed by a non-finite verb are used for the progressive, retrospective(=perfect), prospective, and habitual aspects. The verbal noun is used for the last and participles are used for the others. The progressive isn't used for purely stative verbs, since their simple forms are all imperfective. Only purely dynamic verbs have simple imperative forms (which include performative, hortative, and jussive forms as well as true imperatives). Mixed verbs have simple present imperfectives like stative verbs, but are otherwise like dynamic verbs.

The verbal noun may also be used, with case marking, as a noun and the participles as fully inflected adjectives. The prospective participle is also used with no further inflection as the infinitive in constructions involving auxiliary verbs.
=== Voice-Case Agreement ===
The ending of a finite verb agrees with the case of the clause's subject, which is selected from the possible arguments according to the Agentive &gt; Dative &gt; Patientive hierarchy. Which of these are possible depends on the verb's class as well as its grammatical voice marking. Notably, an argument retains its case when it becomes the subject.
== More Information ==
For more information, see the grammar at
http://qiihoskeh.googlepages.com/Ntoc.htm
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vallés</title>
    <id>5007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46374</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T13:01:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vocabulary */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vallés, also known as Granvallés, is spoken on an alternate-history Earth and derives from Vulgar Latin, somewhere in the southwestern portion of Europe. The precise location of the speaker community and the details of that world's history (at least for the last two millennia) are still largely unknown.

The language is relatively conservative, compared to the romance languages in Our Time Line and probably to the others in the Vallés time line as well. This may be due to a stronger Latin influence. It resembles Iberian Romance in some respects and Italian in others and also Gallo-Romance.
== Orthography and Phonology ==
Vallés is written using the basic latin alphabet plus the letter Æ (for which AE may be substituted). The letters K, W, and Y are used only when writing foreign names. There are four diacritical marks used: grave, acute, circumflex, and breve. Except for the breve, these are used prosodically.

For a romance language, Vallés has more than the normal number of sounds. There may be as many as thirty-one consonant phonemes (not counting approximants) and fifteen vowel phonemes (not counting length); the phoneme status of a few of these is questionable. Five of the vowels are nasal. Accentuation includes pitch as well as stress. A stressed syllable has either a high tone (this can't occur in the ultima) or a high-to-low tone (this can't occur in the antepenult). Any following syllables have low tone, and any preceding syllables have a low or medium tone. Intonation may be modified in questions.

The orthography is not very phonemic. In addition to the use of digraphs, there are phonemes written more than one way and letters used for more than one phoneme. This, of course, is typical of romance languages.
== Morphosyntax ==
The word order is typical of romance languages.
=== Declension ===
Case isn't distinguished, except in some of the pronouns. The major declensional categories are gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural), with noun modifiers agreeing. Certain pronominals have &quot;abstract&quot; forms and interrogative pronouns distinguish human, non-human, and situational rather than masculine and feminine. There are definite articles (which contract with several of the prepositions), indefinite articles (in the singular), and partitive articles. The first three numbers decline for gender, with the masculine and feminine forms of &quot;three&quot; being identical.

Plurals are mainly formed by adding -S or -ES. There are a few oddities, such as vowel lowering before R in final syllables. One peculiarity is that dictionaries prefer to cite the feminine singular of adjectives rather than the masculine; this is because those that end in -A drop that to form the masculine singular (mostly) while those that don't have the same form for both.

Only a few words have synthetic comparatives and superlatives, with the adverbs PLUS &quot;more&quot; and MENS &quot;less&quot; used otherwise. There's a suffix -ISSEM called superlative, but it has only an &quot;absolute&quot; use. Adjectives can be made into adverbs by putting MENT after them (as a separate word).
=== Conjugation ===
Verbs have four major conjugations. A lot of verbs are irregular, mainly in stem formation.

Finite verbs have inflection for the following combinations of aspect, mood, and tense: present indicative, imperfect indicative, future indicative, preterite indicative, present subjunctive, past subjunctive, conditional, and imperative. All of these further inflect for person and number, except that the imperative has only 2nd person forms.

The non-finite verb forms are the infinitive, gerund, supine, present participle, and perfect participle; the last two are adjectives and the perfect participle has the same stem as the supine, while the supine and gerund are indeclinable forms used in constructing compound verbs. The infinitive is also indeclinable. Passives are periphrastic.

Unstressed object pronouns are clitics following non-finite verbs and imperatives, but preceding other finite verbs.
== Vocabulary ==
Most of the vocabulary comes from Latin, either inherited directly from Vulgar Latin, or borrowed later on from Classical Latin. The most peculiar thing about this is that the scholars who introduce the latter kind into the language attempt to modify them according to the changes that would have happened had they been inherited.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian modal particles/intensifiers</title>
    <id>5008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47175</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-08T22:41:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

This page is now obselete.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tackada</title>
    <id>5009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30846</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-24T21:09:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tackada</username>
        <id>1210</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hey everyone! I am tackada, but iBiteVampires on the zbb. I currently have one project, [[Hvaklandic]], which is undergoing major changes, still tweaking morphology and phonology, so it's ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hey everyone! I am tackada, but iBiteVampires on the zbb. I currently have one project, [[Hvaklandic]], which is undergoing major changes, still tweaking morphology and phonology, so it's still in its early stages. Keep checking back for updates!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hvaklandic</title>
    <id>5010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30851</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-24T21:17:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tackada</username>
        <id>1210</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tolerosan/Vocabulary</title>
    <id>5011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30885</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-28T21:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jonizaak</username>
        <id>1204</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;center&gt;'''Numbers'''
|-
|one||tula
|-
|two||zu
|-
|three||zer
|-
|four||tader
|-
|five||pempa
|-
|six||tekt
|-
|seven||tezza
|-
|eight||ukt
|-
|nuem||nine
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jack.hall</title>
    <id>5012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30955</id>
      <timestamp>2008-04-30T18:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack.hall</username>
        <id>1208</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Natural languages: Swedish, english, french, italian, arabic, russian, romanian, czech and german. Conlang: Imatra.
skärsj
phonology
vowels
i u
e o
a
consonants
b d f g j k l m n p r s t v
sylable structure
cvvn
the alphabet
a
b
d
e
f
g
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
r
s
t
u
v
morphology
Skärsj is an inflecting language.
nouns
There are two numbers: singular and plural.
gender
Skärsj has 2 genders: feminine and masculine.
case: In Skärsj there are 4 cases: nominative, genitive, direct object and indirect object.
here's the endings for all these numbers, genders and cases:
sing
plur
masc
fem
dir obj
ind obj
abimera
fem dir obj plur abimeraja
mask. dir objekt
abimerafa
fem. ind. obj:
abametilo
masc. ind. obj. 
abameneme</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)</title>
    <id>5013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53030</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-15T00:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 4th Conjugation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| english = Proto-Northern-Romance
| native = *Jermānttjē / *Rōmānttjē / Lingua Rūstica Germāniārum
| country = northwestern Europe
| nativecountry =
| universe = Mundus Germaniae Romanae
| speakers = ''unknown''
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Romance
| subbranch = Italo-Northwestern-Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[user:pete|P Collier]], [[User:Melroch|BP Jonsson]]
| date = 2006+
| background-color = white
| heading-background = lawngreen
| width = 50%
}}

== Introduction ==

Proto-Northern Romance is a reconstructed language. It is the posited common ancestor of today's Northern Romance languages (see below), sometimes known as the Germanican languages, that developed in central and northwestern Europe from the local variant of Vulgar Latin.

==== Modern Descendants ====
[[image:Modern_Romance_Distribution_(MGR).png|right|400px|thumb|''The distibution of Romance languages in Europe. The modern descendants of Proto-Northern Romance are shown in green.'']]

* ''{Rom-English}''
* ''{Rom-Scots}''
* ''{Rom-Frisian}''
* [[Bataafk (MGR)|Batavian]] (Bataafk)
* [[Afrikaank (MGR)|Afrikaank]]
* [[Basjeirmenk (MGR)|Low Jermench]] (Basjeirmenk)
* [[Jermench (MGR)|(High) Jermench]]
* [[Fitzekaselch (MGR)|Fitzekaselch]]
* [[Jiddich (MGR)|Jiddich]]


&amp;ensp;

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Consonants | cols=20 }}
| || || ''Bilabial'' || || ''Labiodental'' || || ''Dental'' || || ''Alveolar'' || || ''Palatal'' || || ''Velar'' || || ''Glottal''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Nasal'' || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Plosive'' || || p &amp;ensp; b &amp;sup1; || || || || t &amp;ensp; d &amp;sup1; || |||| || || || k &amp;ensp; g &amp;sup1;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Fricative'' || || &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; β &amp;sup1; || || f &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || θ &amp;ensp; ð &amp;sup1; || || s || || || || x &amp;ensp; ɣ &amp;sup1; || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Approximant'' || || w|| || || || || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Trill'' || || || |||| || || || r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Lateral'' || || || || || || || || l
|}
&lt;small&gt;&amp;sup1;The stop allophones occured in initial position or when geminated. In other positions b d and g are realised as fricatives.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Vowels ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Vowels | cols=13 }}
| || || || ||''Front''|| ||''Near-front''|| ||''Central''|| ||''Near-back''|| ||''Back''
|-
| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High'' || || || ||iː|| || || || || || || ||uː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Near-high'' || || || || || ||ɪ|| || || ||ʊ|| ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High-mid'' || || || ||e|| || || || || || || ||oː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low-mid'' || || || || || ||ɛ &amp;ensp; ɛː|| || || || || ||ɔ &amp;ensp; ɔː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low'' || || || || || || || ||a &amp;ensp; aː
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Phonological History ===

&lt;br/&gt;
==== Earliest Developments, Gallo-Romance/Germano-Romance Split ====
The earliest linguistic developments in Germania paralleled those in neighbouring Gaul. A more detailed description of Vulgar Latin and its development in Gaul can be found elsewhere.

The differing substratum in Germania however ultimately led to a divergence of Gallo- and Germano-Romance dialects from around the 2nd century CE.

One of the earliest Northern Romance developments that marks the split with Western Romance is the further development of the Vulgar Latin vowel system, as outlined below. N-Rom also did not take part in the intervocalic lenition undergone by all the W-Rom dialects.

Also distinctive is that the palatisation of stops before front vowels, a common feature of W-Rom, is not present in N-Rom where such consonants were instead geminated. Since such palatisation is singularly lacking in N-Rom despite the fact that very early evidence exists for palatisation in Latin, it is thought that not only did this feature not develop further in N-Rom but that existing palatised consonants must have reverted to pure stops. The generally accepted hypothesis for this phenomenon is that palatised consonants did not exist in the languages of Pre-Roman Germania, and this exerted a strong substratic influence causing their elimination in N-Rom.

The final major defining feature of early Proto-Northern Romance is the change in stress from the penult or antepenult to the word stem.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==== Stress ====
Pimary stress in Proto-Northern Romance moved to the word stem in all instances. Formerly stressed vowels retained a slight, secondary stress. For example: {{SC|haˈbēmus}}  &gt;  *''ˈhāˌbīms''. The change in stress coupled with the syncope of unstressed vowels had a considerable effect on morphology.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==== Vowels ====
The 10-vowel system of classical Latin had already, through a replacement of length distinctions with qualitative distinctions and subsequent merger of some qualities, evolved into a 7 or 8 vowel system in the Italo-Northwestern dialects of Vulgar Latin.

In Proto-Northern Romance the vowel system developed further, and a phonemic length distinction began to re-emerge.

{{shaded table| title=Evolution of vowels in PNR | cols=3 }}
|''VL''||||''PNR''
|-
| ɪ ||&gt; || iː
|-
| e ||&gt; || ɪ
|-
| eː ||&gt; || ɪ
|-
| ɛ ||&gt; || ɛ
|-
| æː&amp;sup1; ||&gt;|| aː
|-
| a ||&gt; || a
|-
| ʊ ||&gt; || uː
|-
| o ||&gt; || ʊ
|-
| ɔ ||&gt; || ɔː
|-
|}
&lt;small&gt;&amp;sup1; From Latin diphthong /a͡i/. In other VL dialects this vowel merged with /ɛ/.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
===== Vowel Lengthening in Open Syllables =====
Vowels in open syllables became lengthened, and three new sounds /ɛː/, /eː/ and /oː/ emerged:

{{shaded table| title=Open Syllable Lengthening | cols=3 }}
| ɪ ||&gt; || eː
|-
| ɛ ||&gt; || ɛː
|-
| a ||&gt; || aː
|-
| ʊ ||&gt; || oː
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

===== A-Mutation =====
A short high vowel (/ɪ/ or /ʊ/) was lowered when the following syllable contained a non-high vowel (/aː/, /eː/, /ɛː/, or /ɔː/). The high vowel was not lowered, however, if /j/ intervened between it and the following non-high vowel. An intervening nasal consonant followed by a consonant of any kind also blocked the process.

{{shaded table| title=A-Mutation | cols=11 }}
| ɪ ||&gt; || ɛ
|-
| ʊ ||&gt; || ɔ
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

===== Vowel Breaking =====
Some long vowels broke and became diphthongs.

{{shaded table| title=Vowel Breaking | cols=3 }}
| eː ||&gt; || e͡ı
|-
| ɛː ||&gt; || ɛ͡ə
|-
| oː ||&gt; || o͡u
|-
| ɔː ||&gt; || ɔ͡ə
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

===== Vowel Syncope in Non-Stressed Syllables =====
The process of vowel elision began prior to the separate development of Proto-Northern Romance, such as with the loss of unstressed vowels between an obstruent and a liquid (e.g. {{SC|Populus}} &gt; *{{SC|Poplus}}).

This syncope continued in Proto-Northern Romance, with the loss of non-initial pretonic vowels, and unstressed post-tonic e and u.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==== Consonants ====
Consonants underwent many changes in their evolution from Vulgar Latin. The main changes are summarised below.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
===== Assimilation in Consonant Clusters =====
In common with Gallo-Romance, the Germano-Romance dialects assimilated some consonant clusters.

{{shaded table| title=Assimilation | cols=3 }}
|''VL''||||''PNR''
|-
| tl ||&gt; || kl
|-
| bs ||&gt; || ps
|-
| bt ||&gt; || pt
|-
| skl ||&gt;|| sl
|-
| nkt ||&gt; || nt
|-
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
===== Simplification of Consonant Clusters =====
Certain consonant clusters were simplified.

{{shaded table| title=Simplification | cols=3 }}
|''VL''||||''PNR''
|-
| ns ||&gt; || s
|-
| ks ||&gt; || s
|-
| ls ||&gt; || s
|-
| mpt ||&gt;|| nt
|-
| kw ||&gt; || k &amp;sup1;
|-
|}
&lt;small&gt;&amp;sup1; Except before /a/ or /aː/&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
===== Loss of Final Consonants =====
Final m had been lost since classical times. In Proto-Northern Romance final n was also lost (except in monosyllables) from a very early stage and, later, final d.  The loss of final d is attributed to the Gallo-Romance super- / adstratum.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
===== Interchange of w, b and u =====
The pronunciation of b and w had begun to merge in Vulgar Latin, as the two sounds approached [β]. In the Germanian dialects it appears w remained perhaps more distinct while b developed two allophones, [b] and [β], depending on position.

Ultimately there was some interchange of b and w, depending on position, or vocalisation of either to u, ū or au.

* b or w between i or e and a short vowel vocalised to u
* b or w between u or ō and a short vowel vocalised to ū
* b or w between o, a or ā and a short vowel vocalised to au
* w before t vocalised to ū
* w after m shifted to b
* b was generally realised as [β], except in initial position or after m, when it was realised as [b].
* b after any obstruent shifted to w
* b before w shifted to w

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

===== Consonant Shifts =====
The following sound shifts are also attested in Proto-Northern Romance:

{{shaded table| title=Consonant Shifts | cols=4 }}
|''VL''||||''PNR''||
|-
| Any labial ||&gt; || f || before t
|-
| Any dental + t||&gt; || ss ||
|-
| ss ||&gt; || st || before r
|-
| f ||&gt;|| θ || except before l
|-
| z ||&gt; || s ||
|-
| (s)sj ||&gt; || x ||
|-
| x ||&gt; || h || between vowels
|-
| gj ||&gt; || dj ||
|-
| dj ||&gt; || j || in initial position
|-
| g ||&gt; || j || before front vowels
|-
|}

===== Gemination =====
Any consonant (except r) was geminated when it fell between a short vowel and j.

* *''cla'''''d'''''ju'' &gt; *''cla'''''dd'''''jō''
* *''ra'''''t'''''jōnis'' &gt; *''ra'''''tt'''''jōnes''

== Morphology ==

'''''Note with regard to spelling:'''''

''The written language of the literate Roman inhabitants of Germania was Classical Latin. Proto-Northern Romance was never transcribed, but rather was the local spoken dialect of Vulgar Latin.''

''Since any spelling of Proto-Northern Romance is moot, it allows a certain freedom when transcribing the language. For this reason, and ease of reading, modern spelling conventions are used in transcribing the semivowels /j/ and /w/ and those sounds not present in Classical Latin.''

:/j/ &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; ''j''
:/w/ &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; ''w''
:/θ/ &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; ''th''
:/ð/ &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; ''dh''
:/x/ &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; &amp;emsp; ''ch''

''The Proto-Northern Romance phoneme'' /b/ ''was pronounced either as frictaive'' [β] ''or stop'' [b]'', depending on position (see phonology). Both allophones here are transcribed as ''b''. Similarly ''/g/'', which could be'' [ɣ] ''or'' [g]'', is transcribed as ''g''.''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
=== Nouns ===
Latin's seven case system had reduced to four in Proto-Northern Romance – nominative, accusative, genitive and dative.

The neuter gender was lost, neuter nouns on the whole being reanalysed as masculine.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
==== 1st Declension ====

===== Group I =====
Mainly feminine, with some masculine exceptions. Derived from Latin 1st and 5th declensions.
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group I | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ā||– ārō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ā||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above (starred forms are presumed/attested in Vulgar Latin):
:* {{SC|terra, terrae}}
:* {{SC|*dia, *diae}} (&lt; {{SC|*diēs, diēī}})
:* {{SC|*Aenēa, Aenēae}} (&lt; {{SC|*Aenēas, Aenēae}})
:* {{SC|*Anchīsa, Anchīsae}} (&lt; {{SC|*Anchīses, Anchīsae}})
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=====Group II =====
Feminine. Derived from Latin 1st declension.
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group II | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ē ||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ē ||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– es||– ārō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ā||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigm declines per the above:
:* {{SC|crambē, crambes}}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==== 2nd Declension ====

=====Group I =====
Masculine, including originally neuter Latin nouns. Derived from Latin 3rd declension.
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group I | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ē ||– ī
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ē ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– es||– ōrō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ī||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above:
:* {{SC|rēte, rētis}}
:* {{SC|pater, patris}}
:* {{SC|*nōme, nōminis}} (&lt; {{SC|nōmen, nōminis}})
:* {{SC|opus, operis}}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
=====Group II =====
Masculine, including originally feminine Latin nouns. Derived from Latin 3rd declension.
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group II | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– es||– ī
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ē||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– es||– ōrō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ī||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above:'
:* {{SC|amnis, amnis}}
:* {{SC|*animālis, *animālis}} (&lt; {{SC|animāl, animālīs}})
:* {{SC|*amantis, amantis}} (&lt; {{SC|amans, amantis}})
:* {{SC|*ossus, ossis}} (&lt; {{SC|os, ossis}})
:* {{SC|*āeris, āeris}} (&lt; {{SC|āēr, āeris}})
:* {{SC|*hērōis, hērōis}} (&lt; {{SC|hērōs, hērōis}})
:* {{SC|*Periclis, Periclis}} (&lt;{{SC|Periclēs, Periclis}})
:* {{SC|*poēmatis, poēmatis}} (&lt; {{SC|poēma, poēmatis}})
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
=====Group III =====
Masculine, including originally feminine or neuter Latin nouns. Derived from Latin 2nd and 4th declensions.
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group III | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– ī
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ō||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ī||– ōrō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ō||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above:
:* {{SC|modus, modī}}
:* {{SC|Lūcius, Lūcī}}
:* {{SC|*Dēlus, Dēlī}} (&lt; {{SC|Dēlos, Dēlī}})
:* {{SC|*dōnus, dōnī}} (&lt; {{SC|dōnum, dōnī}})
:* {{SC|portus, *portī}} (&lt; {{SC|portus, portūs}})
:* {{SC|*genūus, *genuī}} (&lt; {{SC|genū, genūs}})
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
=====Group IV =====
Masculine, including originally feminine Latin nouns. Derived from Latin 2nd declension.
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IV | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– ī
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ō||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ī||– ōrō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ō||– īs
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above:
:* {{SC|liber, librī}}
:* {{SC|puer, puerī}}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==== 3rd Declension ====

Feminine, including originally masculine Latin nouns. Derived from Latin 3rd and 5th declensions.
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– es||– es
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ē||– es
|-
|||''Genitive''||– es||– jō
|-
|||''Dative''||– ī||– ius
|}
The following Latin paradigms decline per the above
:* {{SC|*clādis, clādis}} (&lt; {{SC|clādēs, clādis}})
:* {{SC|*urbis, urbis}} (&lt; {{SC|urbs, urbis}})
:* {{SC|*laudis, laudis}} (&lt; {{SC|laus, laudis}})
:* {{SC|*aetātis, aetātis}} (&lt; {{SC|aetās, aetātis}})
:* {{SC|rēs, *reis}} (&lt; {{SC|rēs, reī}})
:* {{SC|*Naiadis, Naiadis}} (&lt; {{SC|Naias, Naiadis}})
:* {{SC|*mōris, mōris}} (&lt; {{SC|mōs, mōris}})
:* {{SC|*ratiōnis, ratiōnis}} (&lt; {{SC|ratiō, ratiōnis}})
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Pronouns ===


{| cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;shadedtable bordertable&quot;
!colspan=9 class=&quot;shadedtable&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px !important;&quot;| Pronouns 
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Singular''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Plural''
|-
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
! ''impersonal''
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1st person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | jō 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | mē 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | nus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mej 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nosttrē
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mī
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nūs
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2nd person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | tū
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | tē
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | wus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | twī 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | westtrē
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | tī
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | waus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 3rd person
! ''Nominative''
| ellē
| ella
| ―
| hōmō
| illī
| ellas
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sē
| hōmmē
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sē
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | swī 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| hōmmes
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | swī
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sī
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ― 
| hōmmī
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sīs
| ― 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Interrogative&lt;br&gt;&amp; relative
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cī
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cī
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cē
| ― 
| ―
| cus
| quas
| ―
|-
! ''Genitive''
| cus
| quājs
| ―
| ―
| cōrō
| quarō
| ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| cī
| quāī
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | cius
| ― 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Verbs ===
In the transition from Latin to Proto-Northern Romance, verbs went through several syntactic and semantic changes. Most of the distinctions present in classical Latin continued to be made, but synthetic forms were often replaced with analytic ones. Other verb forms changed meaning, and new forms also appeared.

In common with the other Romance dialects, Latin's synthetic passive voice was completely lost, to be replaced by a periphrastic form utilising the appropriately conjugated form of the verb 'to be' plus the past participle.

Similar new periphrastic forms also developed for the future tense, utilising the verb 'to come' plus the infinitive, and the perfect tense, using 'to have' and the past participle.

Latin's perfect tense had also functioned as a preterite (simple past). Following the development of a new periphrastic perfect tense (see above), use of the original perfect form continued but became limited solely to its preterite meaning.

Latin's imperfect tense was completely lost in Proto-Northern Romance.
&lt;br&gt;
==== Indicative Mood ====

=====1st Conjugation=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ō ||– āms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– āttjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– at||– ant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– aj||– aums
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ahī||– āhes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– aut||– ārnt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
A small group of 1st conjugation verbs, primarily those with stems ending in – d, formed their preterite indicative differently:
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||...d – ej ||...d – ams
|-
|||''2nd person''||...d – hī||...d – hes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||...d – et||...d – arnt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

===== 2nd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ō ||– aems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– es||– aettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– et||– int
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– bī||– baems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– bihī||– bihes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– bet||– baernt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 3rd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||–ō ||– ms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– es||– ttjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– et||– nt
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– si||– sams
|-
|||''2nd person''||– hī||– hes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– set||– saernt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 4th Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ō||– īms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– īs||– īttjīs
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– et||– ant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– i||– jōms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– hī||– īhes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– iut||– īrnt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Subjunctive Mood ====

===== 1st Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ē ||– eims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– es||– aettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– et||– int
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– sē||– saems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ses||– saettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– set||– sint
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 2nd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||–a ||– āms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– āttjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– at||– ant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– bessē||– saems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– bisses||– saettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– bisset||– bissint
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 3rd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||–a ||– āms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– āttjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– at||– ant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ssē||– ssaems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– sses||– ssaettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– sset||– ssint
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 4th Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||–a ||– āms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– āttjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– at||– ant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– iusē||– iusaems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– iuses||– iusaetjets
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– iuset||– iusint
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Imperative Mood ====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Singular | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– a
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– ē
|-
|||''3rd Conjugation''||||– ē
|-
|||''4th Conjugation''||||– ī
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Plural | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– āttjē
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– aettjē
|-
|||''3rd Conjugation''||||– ttjē
|-
|||''4th Conjugation''||||– īttjē
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Infinitive and Past Participles ====

{{shaded table| title=Infinitive | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– ārē
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– aerē
|-
|||''3rd Conjugation''||||– rē
|-
|||''4th Conjugation''||||– īrē
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Perfect Past Participle (Supine) | cols=4 }}
|''1st Conjugation''||||cun – ātō
|-
|''2nd Conjugation''||||cun – ūtō
|-
|''3rd Conjugation''||||cun – tō
|-
|''4th Conjugation''||||cun – ītō
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Passive Past Participle | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''1st Conjugation''|| cun – āts || cun – āta
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''|| cun – ūts || cun – ūta
|-
|||''3rd Conjugation''|| cun – ts || cun – ta
|-
|||''4th Conjugation''|| cun – īts || cun – īta
|}
During the Proto-Northern Romance period the past particples increasingly came to be prefixed with *cun- (from the Latin verbal prefix {{SC|con}}-). The precise semantic purpose of the prefix is unclear, although it clearly served to differentiate the past participles from other verb forms. It is possible the use of such a prefix had its origins in the pre-Roman languages of the Germanian tribes.

The passive participle agrees with the gender of the patient.
&lt;br&gt;

==== Auxilliary Verbs ====

=====*''Esttrē ''(to be)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *sou || *soums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *es || *ehes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *ess || *sunt
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *thwī || *thoums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *thuhī || *thuhes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *thut || *thournt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
''*Esttrē'' was used in conjunction with a passive participle to create the passive voice.

The passive participle agrees in gender with the patient. For example, ''*ell&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; ess cunāmāt&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'' (she is loved), ''*ell&lt;u&gt;ē&lt;/u&gt; thut cundā&lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt;'' (it was given).
&lt;br&gt;

=====*''Hābaerē ''(to have)=====
{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *hāō || *hābaems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *has || *hābaettjes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *hat || *haunt
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *houwī || *houwaems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *houwihī || *houwihes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *houwet || *houwaernt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
The present tense of ''*hābaerē'' was used in conjunction with a past participle to create the perfect: ''*jō hāō cunthūtō'' (I have been).

The preterite of ''*hābaerē'' was used in conjunction with a past participle to create the pluperfect: ''*nus houwaems cunwintō'' (we had come).
&lt;br&gt;

=====*''Wēnīrē ''(to come)=====
{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *weanō || *wēnīms
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *weanīs || *wēnīttjīs
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *weanet || *weant
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| *winbi || *winbaems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| *winbihī || *winbihes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| *winbet || *winbaernt
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
The present tense of ''*wēnīrē'' was used in conjunction with an infinitive to create the future: ''*tū weanīs indūttjarē'' (you will lead).

The preterite of ''*wēnīrē'' was used in conjunction with an infinitive to create the conditional (i.e. 'future-in-the-past): ''*jō winbī perdōnārē'' (I would forgive).

=== Articles ===

====Definite Article====

The definite article, present in some form in all of the Romance languages, must have arisen during the Vulgar Latin period since most surviving texts in early Romance show the articles fully developed.

Definite articles formerly were demonstrative pronouns or adjectives; compare the fate of the Latin demonstrative adjective {{SC|ille}}, {{SC|illa}}, ({{SC|illud}}), in the Romance languages, becoming French ''le'' and ''la'', Catalan and Spanish ''el'' and ''la'', and Italian ''il'' and ''la''. The Portuguese articles ''o'' and ''a'' are ultimately from the same source. Sardinian went its own way here also, forming its article from {{SC|ipse}}, {{SC|ipsa}} (''su'', ''sa''); some Catalan and Occitan dialects have articles from the same source.

The original Latin demonstrative adjectives were felt no longer to be specific enough.Reconstructed forms suggest that the inherited Latin demonstratives were made more forceful by being compounded with {{SC|ecce}}.

On the other hand, even in the Oaths of Strasbourg, no demonstrative appears even in places where one would clearly be called for in all the later languages (for example: ''For Teuuî amari''). Using the demonstratives as articles may have still been considered overly informal for a royal oath in the ninth century. 

{{shaded table| title=Definite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| *lē || *la 
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| *lō || *la 
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| *lūjs || *lājs
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| *luī || *laī
|-
|||''Nom. plur.''|| *lī || *las
|-
|||''Acc. plur.''|| *lus || *las
|-
|||''Gen. plur.''|| *lărō || *lărō
|-
|||''Dat. plur.''|| *līs || *līs
|}

====Indefinite Article====

The numeral {{SC|vnvs}}, {{SC|vna}} supplies the indefinite article. This is anticipated in Classical Latin; Cicero writes {{SC|cvm vno gladiatore neqvissimo}}. This suggests that {{SC|vnvs}} was beginning to supplant {{SC|qvidam}} in the meaning of &quot;a certain&quot; or &quot;some&quot; by the 1st century BCE.

{{shaded table| title=Indefinite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| *ūns || *ūna
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| *ūnō || *ūna
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| *ūnūjs || *ūnājs
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| *ūnbi || *ūnāī
|}

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akana</title>
    <id>5014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57636</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
The world of '''Akana''' ([[Ndak Ta]]:  '''''Ngkana'''''; [[Fáralo]]: '''''Kečǽnə'''''), also known as '''Ranradius''', is a collaborative conlanging and conworlding effort, with a focus on family diachronics and a shared historical basis for these linguistic developments. The world grew out of two different games on the [[ZBB|Zompist Bulletin Board]]: a linguistic reconstruction game in 2005 for which Akana was originally created, and a diachronic derivation relay in 2006, which gradually metamorphosed into the conworld of today and its flagship language family, the [[Edastean languages]].

= History =
== Historical telephone ==

In 2005 [[User:Legion|Legion]] had an idea that met with enthusiastic response: he challenged the members of the ZBB to create a proto-language and a set of daughter languages, and then have people try to reconstruct the proto-language from the daughters only. Due to a vague similarity with the ever-popular ''Polyglottal Telephone'' games on the ZBB, this game was called ''Historical Polyglottal Telephone''. There were two teams, each with a secret protolanguage; [http://thelegion.free.fr/Proto-Isles%20Grammar.htm Proto-Isles] was created by [[User:Ran|Ran]] for the first team, and [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ndak_Ta Ndak Ta] was created for the second by [[User:Tzinacan|Radius Solis]].

Work on the daughter languages was supplemented with some basic conworlding to provide a historical setting. Much of the basis for Akana grew out of Team Two's creation of the [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Aiwa_valley Aiwa Valley], including both a local and a world map and brief descriptions of other peoples in the region. The original maps were drawn by Radius following the setting description originally proposed by [[User:zompist|zompist]], who later revised the world map to allow the Eastern Isles setting of Team One to be on the same planet.

After the game was over, work on Akana slowed and then stopped. A summary of the state of the world at this time can be found in the [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ke%C4%8D%C7%BDn%C9%99 Kečǽnə articles] on Almeopedia.

== The Cursed Relay ==

In 2006, Radius suggested another game for the ZBB: starting with one protolanguage, to develop several long chains of daughter languages, to explore linguistic change over great time depths. While there was no original intention to connect this &quot;derivation relay&quot; to the world of Akana, a protolanguage was needed as a base to start from, and Dewrad offered his [http://deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm Adāta] language from the Historical Telephone game. The structure of the relay began with each participant having ten days to complete at least a certain minimal level of description of their daughter language so that the next person in the chain could begin deriving a subsequent daugther from it.

Three teams were formed. In the first generation, the direct daughters of Adāta - [[Æðadĕ]], [[Aθáta]], and [http://zhenlin.nsfhost.com/akana/ayasthi/ayasthi.html Ayāsthi] - were derived by [[User:ebilein|ebilein]], [[User:RHaden|RHaden]], and [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] respectively. [[User:gsandi|gsandi]], [[User:Rory|Rory]], and [[User:Legion|Legion]] provided the second generation, and the chains of descent continued for several months. Unfortunately, during this period a number of participants were forced to drop out for various personal reasons, some of them after losing their work in computer crashes. This gave rise to the game's nickname, &quot;The Cursed Relay&quot;. The relay continued for months, gradually slowing as each link in the chains tended to take longer than previous ones had. Eventually work on these branches petered out, leaving only a few of the game's core participants still involved. By this time the three branches had reached their sixth, fourth, and fifth generations.

== Revival ==

The modern game is far less structured than its two predecessors; as the Cursed Relay's original setup and progression slowly ground to a halt, those still interested in the world began creating other languages, broadening the [[Edastean languages|Edastean language family]] for fun. In mid 2007 Radius suggested that this new &quot;contribute how and when you like&quot; paradigm be made official. This led to a substantial fleshing out of the conworld's history and, in turn, to the return of several prior Akana contributors from both games to the active conworlding/conlanging scene. 

In late 2007 the level of activity reached a new high, with new maps, new historical descriptions, and new conlang proposals, among other things, appearing sometimes almost daily, with fast-paced discussion in between. Since then, work has slowed, and sometimes nearly halted for substantial lengths of time - but each time, progress has resumed. The central Edak sphere has reached an impressive level of description, and a body of work in other cultural spheres and language families is growing.

In June 2008, the team launched the [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana AkanaWiki] as an official project website, where articles on all kinds of topics relating to Akana are being published. In August 2009, the [http://akana.dreamersdisease.de AkanaForum] was opened as a place for detailed discussion about Akana.

== Contributors to Akana, past and present ==

Following is a list of all participants who have made material contributions to the world of Akana, in alphabetical order. Some of the most notable credits are listed for each person (including only published languages). 

''Note: This list is heavily out of date; it represents the status quo of ca. 2007.''


* [[User:4pq1injbok|4pq1injbok]] (one language)
* [[User:Avaja|Avaja]] (one language)
* [[User:dunomapuka|boy #12]] (one language; history)
* [[User:brandrinn|brandrinn]] (one language)
* [[User:cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] (maps; game organization; history)
* [[User:con quesa|con quesa]] (one language)
* [[User:Corumayas|Corumayas]] (one language; history; linguistic reconstruction)
* [[User:Dewrad|Dewrad]] (two languages; history, culture, and religion; the infamous [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Tsinakan_text Tsinakan text])
* [[User:ebilein|ebilein]] (one language)
* [[User:ghur|ghur]] (one language)
* [[User:gsandi|gsandi]] (one language)
* [[User:Ink Pudding|Ink Pudding]] (one language)
* [[User:jmcd|jmcd]] (one language; game organization)
* [[User:Legion|Legion]] (three languages; game organization)
* [[User:kode|kode]] (one language; history)
* [[User:kolyn|kolyn]] (one language)
* [[User:Mr. Zetler|Mr. Zetler]] (maps)
* [[User:Nuntar|Nuntar]] (one language)
* [[User:Tzinacan|Radius Solis]] (three languages; maps; history and culture; game organization)
* [[User:Ran|Ran]] (one language)
* [[User:Rory|Rory]] (two languages; religion)
* [[User:RHaden|RHaden]] (one language)
* [[User:Salmoneus|Salmoneus]] (history; climate; helpful critiques)
* [[User:Space Dracula|Space Dracula]] (one language)
* [[User:Starsinger|Starsinger]] (one language)
* [[User:TzirTzi|TzirTzi]] (one language)
* [[User:Whimemsz|Whimemsz]] (one language)
* [[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]] (four languages; history and culture)
* [[User:zompist|zompist]] (one language; history, culture, and religion; game organization; maps)

= See also =
* [[Edastean languages]]

= External links =
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Main_Page The AkanaWiki]
* [http://akana.dreamersdisease.de The AkanaForum]
* [http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?t=19130&amp;highlight= The cursed relay] thread on [[ZBB]]
* [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ke%C4%8D%C7%BDn%C9%99 Kečǽnə] on Almeopedia
[[Category:Conworlds]]
[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Akana|*]]
[[Category:Planets]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edastean languages</title>
    <id>5016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57635</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
The Edastean language family (from Fáralo '''''Edástə''''', &quot;Ndak Ta&quot;) is a family of conlangs in the world of [[Akana]]. It encompasses '''Ndak Ta''' and the large number of tongues descended from it. These are the principal languages of the cultural sphere centered on the Aiwa Valley. Edastean is itself a branch of the larger '''Macro-Edastean Family'''. Currently known direct descendants of Ndak Ta are:
*'''Adāta''', native to the Rathedān highlands, with its numerous descendants, the Dāiadak Languages, spread in every direction by the conquests of the [[Empire of Athalē]]
*'''Ndok Aisô''', native to the original Ndak homeland of Lasomo
*'''Buruya Nzaysa''', the language of the trading town of Buruya on the middle Aiwa river
*'''Naidda''', the language of [[Kasca]] (the areas in and around the delta of the Aiwa) which was the center of Ndak civilization
*'''Fáralo''', spoken in the areas to the north of Kasca, and the language of the Empire of [[Huyfárah]]
*'''Komeyech''', spoken in the Dagæm Islands
*'''Qedik''', spoken on the coast north of the Northern Mountains

Fáralo and Adāta, the languages of the two great Edastean empires of the Classical Era, are believed to be the most influential in the long term.

The family was created by members of the [[ZBB]] in the course of two different conlang relay games. 

The first one, a reconstruction relay, was begun in 2005. Two teams each derived five daughter language sketches from one protolanguage, which was then to be reconstructed by the other group. Starting from Radius Solis' [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ndak_Ta Ndak Ta], Team Two of this game created [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm Adāta], [http://www.zompist.com/faralo2.htm Fáralo], [http://staff.washington.edu/salmiak/akana/naidda.html Naidda], [http://conlang.awardspace.com/zbbbackup/ndok_aiso.html Ndok Aisô], and [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Qedik Qedik].

The second relay, which started in the summer of 2006, took Dewrad's '''Adāta''' language as a starting point and set out to create several long branches of the language family, the longest of which is currently in the 8th generation. As of October 2007, this relay is still ongoing, and currently being supplemented with a [tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana collaborative conworlding effort].

The [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Tsinakan_text Tsinakan text] is the Babel Text of Edastean studies. Translations will be posted at the linked page when available.

== Tree of the Edastean language family ==

''Note: This tree is somewhat out of date. The latest version is available at the [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Languages_of_Akana#Edastean_languages AkanaWiki].''

* '''Ndak Ta''' [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ndak_Ta] ([[User:Tzinacan|Radius Solis]])
** Western Edastean languages:
*** '''Dāiadak languages''': Adāta [http://www.deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm] (Dewrad)
**** [[Æðadĕ]] (ebilein) 
***** Yād [http://www.tundria.com/Zompist/Yad-1.shtml] (gsandi)
****** Zhaj [http://mechanopanda.com/wiki/index.php?title=Conlang_Relay] (con quesa)
******* Aríe [http://www.placid-acid.com/filesforoffsite/Arie.pdf] (TzirTzi) 
******** Arie [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Arie] (Nuntar)
********* ʔAghïyï [http://www.soapboxindustries.com/zbb/aghiyi-IPA.html] (kodé) 
****** Yēt [http://www.placid-acid.com/filesforoffsite/Grammar_Yet.doc] (TzirTzi)
**** [[Aθáta]] (RHaden)
***** E'át [http://www.r0ry.co.uk/E%27at.html] (Rory)
****** Yhát [http://www.stokesinternet.com/lang/yhat.html] (Starsinger)
******* Öhat (Whimemsz) [http://conlang.awardspace.com/zbbbackup/oehat.htm ''{backup link}'']
******* Erhadzy [http://zhenlin.nfshost.com/akana/erhadzy] ([[User:Zhen Lin|Zhen Lin]])
******** Orrótx (cedh audmanh) ''{not online yet}''
**** Ayāsthi [http://zhenlin.nfshost.com/akana/ayasthi/ayasthi.html] (Zhen Lin) ''{the original version, which A'gɑf and its descendents were derived from, is [http://zhenlin.nfshost.com/akana/ayasth/ayasth.html here]}''
***** A'gɑf [http://thelegion.free.fr/agaf/introduction.htm] (Legion)
****** Yïåf [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?p=543890#543890] (jmcd)
******* Ghaf [http://home.cinci.rr.com/grod/ghaf4.9.html] (Corumayas)
******** Xa' (Ink Pudding) ''{probably lost}''
**** Mavakhalan [http://zhenlin.nfshost.com/akana/mavakhalan] (Zhen Lin)
***** Ājat he-Heloun [http://members.shaw.ca/a00/conlang/AhH/05-11.html] (4pq1injbok)
**** Kozado [http://thelegion.free.fr/kozado.htm] (Legion)
***** Kōt (kodé) ''{not online yet}''
**** Koyek (Legion) ''{not online yet}''
**** Pencek [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Pencek] ''{lexicon [http://staff.washington.edu/salmiak/akana/penlex.html here]}'' (Radius Solis)
*** Ndok Aisô [http://www.arvorec.net/adata/ndokaiso3.html] (ghur) ''{broken link, therefore: [http://conlang.awardspace.com/zbbbackup/ndok_aiso.html backup link]. A more detailed [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Ndok_Aisô revised version] has been created by ''boy #12'' and ''cedh audmanh''}''
** Eastern Edastean languages:
*** [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Delta_Naidda Naidda] (Radius Solis) ''{for reference: the version from the original relay game is [http://staff.washington.edu/salmiak/akana/naidda.html here]}''
*** [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa] (cedh audmanh)
*** '''Fáralo languages''': Fáralo [http://www.zompist.com/faralo2.htm] (zompist)
**** Puoni (Radius Solis) ''{grammar not available; lexicon [http://staff.washington.edu/salmiak/akana/puonilex.txt here]}''
**** [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Namɨdu Namɨdu] (boy #12)
*** Komeyech (Legion) ''{not online yet}''
** Qedik [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Qedik] (Space Dracula)

----
{{AkanaWikiLink|Edastean language family|Category:Edastean_languages}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naidda</title>
    <id>5024</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>30989</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:42:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Naidda]] moved to [[Delta Naidda]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Delta Naidda]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Blueinfobox</title>
    <id>5026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30992</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>add template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">class=&quot;blueinfobox {{{1|}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Akana</title>
    <id>5027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57611</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#eeeaea&quot; | [[Image:Akanalogo.png]]
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This page relates to the &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; collaborative conworld &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Akana'''&lt;/big&gt;
|- 
| '''Local links'''
* [[Akana]]
* [[Edastean languages]]
* [[:Category:Akana|other articles...]]
'''External links'''
* [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Main_Page The AkanaWiki]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#eeeaea&quot; | {{edit|Template:Akana}}
|}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Akana]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Conlang3</title>
    <id>5028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34825</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T08:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>repair...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''{{{language|Language}}}''' &lt;br&gt;[{{{phonetic|ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪʧ}}}]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Timeline/Universe''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{world|Conworld}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Period''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{date|Date}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Spoken in''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{place|Location}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Total speakers''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{speakers|Speakers}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Writing system''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{script|Script}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Classification''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{family|Protolanguage &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Language}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Typology'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Basic word order''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{word-or|SVO}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Morphology''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{mor-type|isolating}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |''Alignment''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{morphalign|NOM-ACC}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; | '''Credits'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Created by''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{author|User}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | {{edit|Template:Conlang3}}
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Akana</title>
    <id>5029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30995</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T11:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These articles relate to the collaborative conworld [[Akana]].

[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Bluetable2</title>
    <id>5031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31000</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T12:14:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>add template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Edit</title>
    <id>5032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31001</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-02T15:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: &lt;span class=&quot;noprint plainlinks&quot;&gt;[ [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{{1}}}|action=edit}} edit] ]&lt;/span&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;noprint plainlinks&quot;&gt;[ [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{{1}}}|action=edit}} edit] ]&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Blafu</title>
    <id>5033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31009</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T19:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Silent God</title>
    <id>5034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31011</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T19:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started as stub</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Silent God''' is the chief deity of the [[Blafu]] religion.  He is the god of death

[[Category:Blafu]]
[[Category:Galhafan Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag1.jpg</title>
    <id>5035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31013</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T20:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Thorsutian.pdf</title>
    <id>5036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31021</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T21:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Thorsutian.pdf]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Music</title>
    <id>5038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31037</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-06T02:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Faraneit music, particularly that of Lescealh, is typified by two main scale forms: Dakeh Vah (the Common Chord) and the Bokah Dakeh (the Bokeih Chord). The Dakeh Vah in turn has to varian...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Faraneit music, particularly that of Lescealh, is typified by two main scale forms: Dakeh Vah (the Common Chord) and the Bokah Dakeh (the Bokeih Chord). The Dakeh Vah in turn has to variant chords, the Dakeh Vah Sein (the Greater Common Chord) and the Dakeh Vah Fhean (the Lesser Common Chord).

==Dakeh Vah Sein==
The most widespread chord, this is based on the Dakeh Vah, which in turn when viewed through the western 12-tone system can be deconstructed as:

'''Note 1''' -threesteps- '''Note 2''' -twosteps- '''Note 3''' -twosteps- '''Note 4''' -twosteps- '''Note 5'''

Or, for example, if Note 1 is equivalent to C, the entire scale would be CEGAB.

This chord then takes the notes 1, 3, and 4, or for our examplary C scale, CGA.

==Dakeh Vah Fhean==
This is the secondly most widespread thread, also based on the Dakeh Vah. It uses the same scale, but instead takes notes 1, 4, and 5, or for the example C scale, CAB.

==Bokah Dakeh==
What is refered to as the Bokah Dakeh is, in fact, a hamitonic scale, which are extremely rare on earth outside of the North African region.

'''Note 1''' -onestep- '''Note 2''' -twosteps- '''Note 3''' -foursteps- '''Note 4''' -onestep- '''Note 5'''

The main chord is formed with 145, on a C-based scale, CGAflat.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thaduracian</title>
    <id>5039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34247</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-21T15:06:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Back to Dalcurian main page]]

Suprisingly, a fair bit is known about early Thaduracian (210BC-300AD) pronunciation and grammar. This was aided by the discovery of documents (thought to be that of Thadurac himself), detailing various points on word markings, inflections and indeed some on pronunciation. 

Initial studies showed that early Thaduracian was quite synthetic. Verbs were highly inflected to denote things such as: ''person, modality, mood, voice'' (always the indicative as there was no passive), and ''tense''. Pronouns were rarely used with the verb, possibly only for emphasis.

Thaduracian was a syllabic language. That is, consonants had an inherent vowel (though these vowels differed from consonant to consonant, unlike most abugidas where the inherent vowel was the same for all). These 'inherent vowel sounds' remained static in base words and roots, but could be changed in affixes by diacritical markings. Vowel sounds could also be silenced, again with a specific marker. The alphabet consisted of 17 consonants (however the sounds '''ch''' and '''th''' had no inherent vowel), and was as follows (inherent vowels included with the nearest English sound representation): 

'''bi'''-as in bit /bɪ/

'''po'''-as in pot /pɒ/

'''de'''-as in street /di:/

'''to'''-as in boat /bəʊ/

'''c/k/qa'''-as in father /ka:/

'''gu'''-as in but /gʊ/

'''fo'''-as in caught /fɔ:/

'''va'''-as in bait /veɪ/

'''su'''-as in soon /su/

'''zi'''-as in like /zaɪ/

'''le'''-as in bet /le/

'''ma'''-as in father /ma:/

'''ni'''-as in bit /nɪ/

'''re'''-as in street /ɹi:/

'''hu'''-as in root /hu/

'''th'''-

'''ch'''-

As we know, King Thadurac was a Carthaginian and would have spoke '''Punic''', a neo-Phonecien language, and would have written in a Phonecian variant. When he created Thaduracian, he chose to write it using his own varient of the Etruscan alphabet. He created glyphs with a one to one morphemic identity, assigned ''stand alone'' values to each character, and also marked some characters with diacritics, also giving them stand alone values (mainly to denote ''prepositions'' and ''conjunctions''). Since the Etruscan alphabet did not distinguish voiced and unvoiced occlusives, ''b, d'' and ''g'', he created varients of other glyphs to denote these as they had to be distinguished in Thaduracian (due to the vowel inherency).

Below is a transliteration of a Thaduracian pagan 'Prayer For The Dying', as it would have looked written in the Latin alphabet (is not phonetic, see above for pronunciation; original script to follow shortly):

[[Image:Thad_prayer.jpg‎]]

'''Find your way to the land of the ancestors,&lt;br/&gt;for the way is lit from the light of God.&lt;br/&gt;They wait for you with open arms,&lt;br/&gt;there on the edge, between this world and the next.&lt;br/&gt;See; they stand.&lt;br/&gt;Ancestral spirits, welcome our brother to the place we all must go.'''&lt;/span&gt;

Although there were many prayers and ritual writings in Thadurac's new language, it lacked standardization. It wasn't until the transition into proto-Dalcurian that a standard written form was established. This became evident after studying later versions of the same [above] prayer in which variations of verb stems and grammar can be seen.

Other Thaduracian traits :

* Adjectives and nouns with a verbal relative were formed with derivational affixes.

* It was highly morphemic; for example, free adjectives (non verb-related) were formed with bound morphemes to denote opposition, eg: '''ged'''-''big'', '''stiged'''-''small'', '''belu'''-''cold'', '''stibelu'''-''warm.''

* It only had one past tense: preterite and perfect were rendered as the same, although telecity could be accounted for with a marker.

* There was no copula 'to be', a feature that still exists in the language today.

* Syncopation towards the end of the Thaduracian period.

An interesting feature of Thaduracian through to modern Dalcurian is that, the language has never undergone typical 'vowel shifts' that many languages suffer. Vowel sounds of today more or less emulate those of Thaduracian and it's successors.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Dalcurian</title>
    <id>5044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34246</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-21T15:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian mainpage]]

Proto-Dalcurian (300AD-800AD) saw the following changes and introductions:

* syncopation and the loss of the inherent vowel, which resulted in the decline of the Thaduracian alphabet, replaced by the Irish unical, vowels became fully represented but only phonemically

* introduction of the character '''Þ''', representing an unaspirated '''th'''

* minor vowel shift, '''/ʊ/''' became long as in ''do'' 

* many loan words from germanic and celtic origin

* '''ch''' became somewhat 'gutteral' as in the German ''doch''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ethran</title>
    <id>5046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40987</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T15:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* aríſanmîĸŭos Saffron Sauce */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=&lt;font color=blue&gt;aríſanmîĸŭos&lt;/font&gt; Saffron Sauce=
*1/3 cup [[wikipedia:ghee|ghee]] (or butter)
*6 small leeks minced
*1 cup vegetable stock
*1 cup mead
*1 cup heavy cream
*1/2 teaspoon salt
*1/4 teaspoon white pepper
*1/2 teaspoon saffron

#Sauté leeks in ghee until tender.
#Stir in mead and stock and reduce by half.
#Stir in cream, salt, pepper and saffron.
#Boil, then simmer for five minutes.
#Strain, discarding leeks and saffron.
#Serve over buckwheat noodles.  A little goes a long way.

=&lt;font color=blue&gt;ooȝrûϙmos&lt;/font&gt; Egg Custard=
*6 (chicken) eggs, separated
*1/3 cup light honey
*3/4 cup rhodomel (more or less to taste) or a scant 3/4 cup of mead and a tablespoon of rose water

#Place the yolks in a large bowl.
#Add the rhodomel and honey.
#Half-fill a pot with water and bring to a simmer. Set bowl over water.  Bottom of bowl should not touch the water.
#Whisk the custard making sure that the water does not boil.
#Whisk for about 10 minutes until the custard triples in volume and becomes frothy and pale.
#When the desired consistency is reached, remove the bowl from the water.
#Slightly thickened it can served warm as a sauce over fruit or cold over shaved ice or snow.
#Continued whisking and cooking gives a thicker custard which may be served warm in bowls, topped with a bit of rose hip or other fruit jam.
#The custard may be served cold.  When cool, fold in the beaten egg whites.  Reserve a bit of the whites to decorate the top.
#If desired place the custard topped with whites under the broiler and brown the whites.

=aaa=

=bbb=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tagyt</title>
    <id>5047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31167</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-10T04:00:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Schlaier</username>
        <id>619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;pre&gt;

p   p
t   t
d   d/n
þ   θ
n   n
th  ʈ
dh  ɖ/ɳ
s   ʂˡ (retroflex lateral fricative)
nh  ɳ
k   k
g   g/n 
gh   ɣ
r   ɾ  
rh  ɽ
l   ɫ

a   ɑ
â   aʊ
y   ə/j
ŷ   i
long before k, g, gh

PRONOUNS
     1st     2nd                3rd
             m.       f.        m.      f.
erg. aþyr    kpŷra    kpŷryt    tghysa  tghysyt
abs. aþyrra  kpŷrâ    kpŷrytta  tghysâ  tghysytta 
gen. rhaþyr  sykpŷra  sykpŷryt  atghysa atghysyt

NOUN
dhâghyt - wife
erg. dhâghyt
abs. dhâghytta

VERB
gysal - to tell
            masc.        fem.
pres./past. gysallŷ      gysallâ
plr.        a gysallŷ    yt gysallâ
fut.        gysallŷnh    gysallânh
plr.        a gysallŷnh  yt gysallânh

multi gender plr. has the masc. marker and the fem. word

I Tell my Wife.
aþyr dhâghytta rhaþyr gysallŷ.
[ɑθəɾ ɳaʊːɣətːɑ ɽɑθəɾ nəʂˡɑɫːi]

You and your wife are good.
kpŷrâ ynha dhâghytta sykpŷra a tŷghâ ya.
[biɾaʊ əɳɑ ɳaʊːɣətːɑ ʂˡəːkpirɑ ɑ tiːɣaʊ jɑ]

VOCABULARY
NOUNS
dhâghyt - wife  

VERBS
gysal - to tell

ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS
tŷgh - good

OTHER
ya - progressive marker

&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Noric vocabulary</title>
    <id>5048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31173</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-10T15:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This page serves to collect the [[Proto-Noric]] roots and affixes for the [[Noric]] collaborative project.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page serves to collect the [[Proto-Noric]] roots and affixes for the [[Noric]] collaborative project.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kyohanese language</title>
    <id>5049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31180</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-10T19:33:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thursdayeveryday</username>
        <id>1211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Earth'</title>
    <id>5051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58649</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T23:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Earth-Prime, as in &quot;apostrophe-like thing&quot;, not &quot;primary&quot;. Not as much as a conworld as much as a place to dump phonology sketches on. Regardless, they have quite a bit of interaction so some fleshing-out is inevitable.

Ruff divergence outline:
* &quot;Present day&quot; is around 15000 BCE by absolute chronology. Highest level of technology is mostly mid 1800sy, more advanced in eg. material sciences (&lt;s&gt;rudimentary quantum physics&lt;/s&gt; experimentally going on spectroscopy, theoretically far behind) but less advanced in eg. geography &amp; astronomy (1600s-ish).
* ''Homo sylvatica'', on the general level of development of ''H. erectus'', survives in northern woodlands of continental Eurasia as well as a separate subspecies in southeast Asia.
* A possible third hominid species survives in southern Africa?

==Project summary==

{|
! Name !! Status !! World-internal size
! Areal(ish) features contained
! Location
|-
| Genjax || Sketch || Single language, part of a large family (Mid-Sahel ~ upper Zambezi)
| Labiopalatals, no /m/, small vowel system
| around Serengeti?
|-
| Nilotic' || Sketch || Major family; possibly distantly related to Caucasian'
| /tθ kx/; implosivs (West); voiceless nasals (Egyptian'); /j+ j-/, ejectivs &amp; uvulars (South)
| All the way along the Nile, eastern Sahara
|-
| [[Zithromax]] || Very sketch || Major family
| Unitary splosivs &amp; prenasals
| Let's say Western Sahara
|-
| [[Univax]] || Sketch || Single language
| Allophonic uvulars, stable palatal stop, interdentals, noncontrastiv voicing, voiceless nasals, mid vowel harmony
| North Africa
|-
| [[Ouiqál]] || Beginnings || Notable; family size undecided
| Voiceless nasals
| Anatolia, originates from SW Central Asia (due to Altaic' expansion)
|-
| [[East Caucasian' languages|East Caucasian']] || Postulated || Minor family - possibly related to SC'
|-
| [[South Caucasian' languages|South Caucasian']] || Very sketch || Major but geographically limited family
| Clicks (lost in some sub-branches), vricativs, tones, monosyllabic tendency
| Caucasus &amp; Levant
|-
| [[Transcaspian']] || Very sketch || Small but old family
| Palatalization, labialization, pharyngealization, …
| West-central Asia
|-
| [[Proto-Altaic'|Altaic']] || Sketch+ || Major family
| Uvulars, labial-velars (East); emphatics (West)
| Dispersed from Central Asia
|-
| [[Proto-Persian'|Persian']] || Sketch++ || Medium-sized family
| Uvulars; tones, lhaterals, vricativs &amp; multiple sonorant sets (modern branch)
| From Persia eastwards (historically also Levant)
|-
| Klusterax || Sketch+ || Small family
| Loose phonotactics, non-contrastiv voicing
| Southeast Asia (need to pin down better)
|-
| [[Battlax]] || Sketch || Currently medium-sized, formerly major family
| Vricativs, no /p/; brief /kx/ (branch 3)
| NW India &amp; therearound
|-
| [[Sahax]] || Sketch || Part of a small, fractured family
| Vricativs, not keen on labial stops, /u/, /e/; 
| Woodlands of India
|-
| [[Austric']] || Sketch+ || Major family of Southern Asia
| Small sound inventories; ablaut
|-
| [[Classical Chinese']] || Sketch || &quot;Classical Chinese&quot;. You do the math.
| Polysynthetic, /ʃ/ w/o /s/
| Gee, I have no idea… :)
|-
| [[Japanese'|Japonic']] || Sketch || Small, formerly medium-sized family
| /ɬ/
| Coastal East Asia
|-
| [[Telefax]] || Sketch || Small family
| Implosivs, lhaterals, nasal vowels
| North India? North Africa?
|}
===Sprachbund symmary===
*Rare POAs
**Interdentals: central Sahara to East Africa, ATM &lt;!--also sporadically elsewhere--&gt;
**Pharyngeals/emphatics: NW Asia
**Labiovelars: Himalaya(ish)
**Lhaterals: NW India, …
**Front rounded vowels: Indonesia, Indochina (feat. vowel harmony), East Himalayan foothills
*Rare MOAs
**Voiceless nasals: East Mediterranean (limiting line: Black Sea ~ Libya) &lt;!--ase--&gt;
**Clicks: Caucasus
*Odd phonemes or holes
**No /p/ or even /b/: Southern India
**No or few nasals: Congo
*Other phonetic stuff
**Contour tones: Caucasus, Levant, the Indus valley to some extent
**Register tones: (??)

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydoran</title>
    <id>5052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40988</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T16:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Fish stew &lt;font color=blue&gt;píſĸëpêĸŭos&lt;/font&gt;==
*1/2 cup cattail (or other vegetable) oil
*1 cup chopped onions
*the white parts of 2 or 3 leeks, thinly sliced
*2 cloves garlic, crushed
*2 carrots, peeled and chopped
*2 parsnips (turnips, ''etc.''), peeled and chopped
*4 stalks celery, diced
*1 tbsp. chopped fresh mint
*2 tsp. salt
*1 tbsp. chopped watermint (or to taste)
*3 pounds of assorted fish filets, shellfish, frogs, ''etc.'', chopped
*2 tbsp. cattail (or white) vinegar 
*2/3 cup cattail wine (or other dry white wine)

#Sauté onions, leeks and garlic in 1/4 cup of the oil.
#Add carrots, parsnips and celery and stir into oil.
#Add remaining oil.
#Cook until the onion is soft and golden but not brown.
#Cut fish fillets into 2-inch pieces.
#Add the pieces of fish and 2 cups of water to the vegetable mixture.
#Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, for about 10 minutes.
#Add shellfish, ''etc.''
#Add mint, salt, and watermint.
#Add vinegar and wine.
#Bring to a simmer again and cook about 5 minutes longer.
#At serving time taste and correct the seasoning of the broth.
#Serve with &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸírpëħârlos&lt;/font&gt;

==Pickled fish &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſorárĸëpîſĸos&lt;/font&gt;==
*Fish filets
*salt
*cranberry (or white) vinegar
*sliced onions
*1 quart cranberry (or dry white) wine
*3/4 cup honey or 1 1/4 cup sugar
*2 tbs. chopped mint
*2 tbs. chopped watermint

#Cut filets into bite-size pieces.
#Add 5/8 cup salt to each quart of fish.
#Cover with white vinegar.
#Let stand 4-6 days, at 40 degrees, stirring occasionally by hand.
#Remove fish from brine, drain, and rinse well with cold water.
#Place in wide mouth jars alternately with layers of sliced onions.
#Cover with a solution of cranberry (or dry white) wine, honey (sugar), mint and watermint.
#Heat until sugar dissolves, then cool.
#Pour over fish chunks and let stand 1 week before eating.

==ccc==

==ddd==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Eldin raigmore</title>
    <id>5053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31689</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-22T18:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is just a quick temporary way to save some information from the ZBB that might get deleted (when no-one wants it to be) and that can't be put on the KneeQuickie yet because Neek can't maintain his wiki at the moment.  I can organize it into a Wiki article later.

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== Body Parts ==
 In Your Conlangs
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Author Message 
TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:16 am    Post subject: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Again, apologies to Janko. 
This goes with his &quot;Numbers ...&quot;; it also goes with the threads &quot;Kinterms ...&quot; and &quot;Colorterms ...&quot; which I started in this forum. 

How many, and who, among us have more-or-less completish vocabularies for body parts in some of our conlangs? And which conlangs? 

(&quot;Not me, yet&quot;, is, I'm afraid, my first contribution.) 

Here's my attempt at an outline. If you find it incomplete, add stuff; if you find a different order would be better, re-arrange it; and if you find it makes &quot;different&quot; things your conlang would make &quot;same&quot;, edit it. 


Body 
-Blood vessel 
--Artery 
--Vein 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) 
--Skin 
--Muscle 
--Fat 
--Blood 
-Trunk (torso) 
--Chest 
---Heart 
---Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly 
---Stomach 
---Liver 
---Spleen 
---Intestines 
--Waist 
-Neck 
-Extremity 
--Head 
---Hair 
---Ear 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye 
----Eyeball 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash 
----Eye socket 
----Tear gland 
---Nose 
----Nostril 
---Mouth 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue 
--Limb 
---Arm 
----Shoulder 
----Elbow 
----Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand 
-----Palm 
---Leg 
----Hip 
-----buttock (if different) 
----Knee 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle) 
-----Shin 
-----Calf 
----Foot 
-----Sole 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail 
----Fingernail 
----Toenail 
---Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
----Pinky toe or little toe 
----Other individual toes? 
---Thumb 
----Thumbnail 
---Finger 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
-Side 
--Back 
--Front 
--Left 
--Right 
--Bottom (lower) 
--Top (upper) 
-Orifices 
--anus 
--urethral meatus? 
--vagina was covered under &quot;genitalia&quot;. 
--mouth and nose and ear were covered under &quot;head&quot;. So was &quot;eye&quot;, but your conlang might not consider that an orifice. 

----- 
I am looking forward to the answers! 

Thanks, in advance. 
-------- 

&lt;EDIT:&gt; 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 
&lt;/EDIT&gt; 

-------- 

&lt;EDIT:&gt; 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 
&lt;/EDIT&gt; 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:58 am; edited 4 times in total 
 
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cromulant
Gent


Joined: 14 Jul 2006

 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:29 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

Last edited by cromulant on Sun May 04, 2008 1:14 am; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:56 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
-Blood vessel tamapop 
--Artery tamap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pansa 
--Skin perebi 
--Muscle soppi 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
--Blood tapema 
-Trunk (torso) sumpobi 
--Chest pammum 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
---Stomach pemarapupi 
---Liver pabapi 
---Spleen barrampi 
---Intestines wampupi 
--Waist pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Hair wesum 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
----Earhole umabosadepi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
-----Iris pispadapi 
-----Pupil pispaliapi 
-----Sclera no word yet 
----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
----Eyelid osinipi 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
----Eye socket opposadepi 
----Tear gland liblapampi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Nostril taposadepi 
---Mouth popopi 
----Jaw poposopi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Tongue blampi 
--Limb pemia 
---Arm pemia 
----Shoulder maba 
----Elbow pemiabimbra 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
---Leg pampipi 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Knee pimbra 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
----Shin no word yet 
----Foot aspi 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
---Nail ebbi 
----Fingernail ebbi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
----Thumbnail arpebbi 
---Finger sempi 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! perpebi (&quot;genitals&quot;) 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
-Side popapitabi 
--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--Front jubipi 
--Left blumperbap 
--Right porpubat 
--Bottom (lower) purpa 
--Top (upper) pimpampi 
-Orifices 
--anus parpab 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 

More: 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
clitoris: pubi 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 12:41 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
cromulant wrote: 

Your forgot the Isles of Langerhans.  
 

I tried to leave out most things that were microscopic (like the Islets), and most things that were not visible on the surface (like the Islets). 

(I also left out the Organ of Zuckerkandl, which resides in the arch of the aorta. Nobody seems to know what it's for.)  

(And I left out the voicebox or larynx, and other parts of the speech system. Perhaps I should have included some of them. Others are welcome to, if they feel it would be good to do so.) 

Bones and blood and stomachs-and-or-intestines and hearts and wombs, however, seemed like I should include them. 

Blood is often visible on the surface, after a minor injury. 

If bone is visible on the surface, a major injury has occurred; but one can detect the bone from the outside by touch. 

Hearts move and make a sound detectable from the outside. 

The same is true of the stomach-and-or-intestines; furthermore the owner of the stomach can often tell when it's empty, or when it wants to operate in reverse (the name of that sensation is &quot;nausea&quot;). 

Wombs have visible results; and their owners know what's going on in them. (Actually, I've been kicked awake by an unborn baby whose mother slept through the kick!) 

As for livers and spleens and sweetbreads and so on: They are often referred to in old-fashioned conversations preceding the advent of modern medicine; I assume that the practice of butchery, together with those of surgery and veterinary and medicine, familiarized people with some of them. In some Native North American languages, for instance, an automobile's battery is referred to as its &quot;liver&quot;. 

It would be reasonable for some conlangs not to have all of these, and for others to have body-part terms in addition to these. 


cromulant wrote: 

My word for arm is khaib. 
I'll get back to you on all the others. 
 

Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
-Blood vessel tamapop 
--Artery tamap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pansa 
--Skin perebi 
--Muscle soppi 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
--Blood tapema 
-Trunk (torso) sumpobi 
--Chest pammum 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
---Stomach pemarapupi 
---Liver pabapi 
---Spleen barrampi 
---Intestines wampupi 
--Waist pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Hair wesum 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
----Earhole umabosadepi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
-----Iris pispadapi 
-----Pupil pispaliapi 
-----Sclera no word yet 
----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
----Eyelid osinipi 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
----Eye socket opposadepi 
----Tear gland liblapampi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Nostril taposadepi 
---Mouth popopi 
----Jaw poposopi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Tongue blampi 
--Limb pemia 
---Arm pemia 
----Shoulder maba 
----Elbow pemiabimbra 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
---Leg pampipi 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Knee pimbra 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
----Shin no word yet 
----Foot aspi 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
---Nail ebbi 
----Fingernail ebbi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
----Thumbnail arpebbi 
---Finger sempi 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! perpebi (&quot;genitals&quot;) 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
-Side popapitabi 
--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--Front jubipi 
--Left blumperbap 
--Right porpubat 
--Bottom (lower) purpa 
--Top (upper) pimpampi 
-Orifices 
--anus parpab 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 

More: 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
clitoris: pubi 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

Thanks. 
What's the name of your conlang? 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

Why more than one word? 
In some cases, viz. 
Kuvdamos wrote: 

--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
 

it looks like you need a phrase to distinguish from some other body-part; 
but in some cases, viz. 
Kuvdamos wrote: 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

it looks like you have more than one term which are interpretable by the same &quot;English&quot; term. 
In the latter cases, is that because your conlang makes a distinction &quot;English&quot; doesn't (actually, that I didn't?) 
Or do you have two different synonyms? In which case when is it appropriate to use the one, and when the other? 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

-----Sclera no word yet 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Shin no word yet 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
 

Fine. Not all languages have words for these. Yours may end up needing phrases for some of these. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
 

Fine. Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 
 

OK. Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
 

That's fine, probably. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
 

Yes!    
I have edited it. 
Do you have a word for &quot;thigh&quot; in your conlang? 


----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:12 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 12:42 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
(Accidental duplicate post I was not able to delete.) 
----- 
Tom H.C. in MI

Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:14 pm; edited 2 times in total 
 
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doctrellor
Šalea


Joined: 19 Oct 2003
Location: Land of 10,000 lakes..:)
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 1:34 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 
 

I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail 

like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on 

so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem 

I'll post my list sometime later/tonight..
_________________
Nilikuonyesha nyota (mwezi) na uliangalia kidole tu. 
I pointed out to you the stars (the moon) and all you saw was the tip of my finger. 
 
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cromulant
Gent


Joined: 14 Jul 2006

 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 2:48 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Kuvdamos, I'm detecting a fondness for bilabial plosives. Am I right?  
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:16 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
doctrellor wrote: 

TomHChappell wrote: 

Does your conlang ... use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
 

I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail 
like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on 
so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem 
I'll post my list sometime later/tonight.. 
 

Thanks. I look forward to it. 
-------- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Goza Lesha
Endi


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:26 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
(For Zevino'shoma) This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 

These are the ones I have words for: 

Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 

Body Body 
-Blood vessel Bleed Vessel 
--Artery Artery 
--Vein Vein 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Bone 
--Skin Skin 
--Muscle Muscle 
--Fat Fat 
--Blood Bleed 
-Trunk (torso) Torso 
--Chest Chest 
---Heart Heart 
---Lung Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdoman, Belly 
---Stomach Stomach 
---Liver Liver 
---Spleen Sploon 
---Intestines Intestines 
--Waist Waist 
-Neck Neck 
-Extremity Extremity 
--Head Hed 
---Hair Hair 
---Ear Ear 
----Earhole Ear Canal 
---Eye Eye 
----Eyeball Eyeball 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupil 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Eyebrow 
----Eyelid Eyelid 
-----Eyelash Eyelash 
----Eye socket Eye socket 
----Tear gland Tear Gland 
---Nose Nose 
----Nostril Nostril 
---Mouth Mouth 
----Jaw Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla, Upper Jaw 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandible, Lower Jaw 
----Tooth Tooth 
-----Incisor Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molar, premolar 
----Tongue Tongue 
--Limb Limb 
---Arm Arm 
----Shoulder Shoulder 
----Elbow Elbow 
----Wrist Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus, Upper Arm 
----Lower Arm Lower Arm 
----Hand Hand 
-----Palm Palm 
---Leg Leg 
----Hip Hip 
----Knee Knoo 
----Ankle Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) Thigh, upper leg 
----Shin Shin 
----Foot Foot 
-----Sole Sole 
-----Ball Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) Digit 
---Nail Nail 
----Fingernail Fingernail 
----Toenail Toenail 
---Toe Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) Big Toe 
----Pinky toe or little toe Little Toe 
----Other toes? Toes 
---Thumb Thumb 
----Thumbnail Thumbnail 
---Finger Finger 
----Index finger Index Finger 
----Pinky finger Pinky Finger 
----Middle finger Middle Finger 
----Ring finger Ring Finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! Genitals 
---female Female 
----vagina Vagina 
----womb Womb 
---male Male 
----penis Penis 
----testicle Testicle 
-Side Side 
--Back Back 
--Front Front 
--Left Left 
--Right Right 
--Bottom (lower) Bottom 
--Top (upper) Top 
-Orifices Orifices 
--anus Anus 
--urethral meatus? Urethral Meatus 

My favorite one in the list is sploon. (spleen would be the plural) 
 
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nebula wind phone
Tšur


Joined: 02 Mar 2005
Location: Austin, Texas, USA
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:35 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Sploon! Fabulous! (But shouldn't it be weemb?)
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&quot;When I was about 16 it occurred to me that conlanging might be a sin, but I changed my mind when I realized Adam and Eve were doing it before the Fall.&quot; —Mercator 
 
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Shm Jay
Šalea


Joined: 14 Nov 2002
Location: 5.4.5.2
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 7:49 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
What about the oonus? 
 
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schwhatever
Šalea


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: NorCal
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 8:15 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Wow, I've got almost nothing....  

blood - kedes (archaic form: qidis) 
eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
lip - zilh 
muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
fat - jeikosc 
throat - vezop 
genitalia - vuseis
_________________
Jar Jar Binks wrote: 
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Xonen wrote: 
^ WHS. Except for the log thing and the Andean panpipers. 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:19 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Goza Lesha wrote: 

(For Zevino'shoma) 
This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 
These are the ones I have words for: 
Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 
 

Great! Thanks. 


Goza Lesha wrote: 

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 
Body Body 
-Blood vessel Bleed Vessel 
--Artery Artery 
--Vein Vein 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Bone 
--Skin Skin 
--Muscle Muscle 
--Fat Fat 
--Blood Bleed 
-Trunk (torso) Torso 
--Chest Chest 
---Heart Heart 
---Lung Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdoman, Belly 
---Stomach Stomach 
---Liver Liver 
---Spleen Sploon 
---Intestines Intestines 
--Waist Waist 
-Neck Neck 
-Extremity Extremity 
--Head Hed 
---Hair Hair 
---Ear Ear 
----Earhole Ear Canal 
---Eye Eye 
----Eyeball Eyeball 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupil 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Eyebrow 
----Eyelid Eyelid 
-----Eyelash Eyelash 
----Eye socket Eye socket 
----Tear gland Tear Gland 
---Nose Nose 
----Nostril Nostril 
---Mouth Mouth 
----Jaw Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla, Upper Jaw 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandible, Lower Jaw 
----Tooth Tooth 
-----Incisor Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molar, premolar 
----Tongue Tongue 
--Limb Limb 
---Arm Arm 
----Shoulder Shoulder 
----Elbow Elbow 
----Wrist Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus, Upper Arm 
----Lower Arm Lower Arm 
----Hand Hand 
-----Palm Palm 
---Leg Leg 
----Hip Hip 
----Knee Knoo 
----Ankle Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) Thigh, upper leg 
----Shin Shin 
----Foot Foot 
-----Sole Sole 
-----Ball Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) Digit 
---Nail Nail 
----Fingernail Fingernail 
----Toenail Toenail 
---Toe Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) Big Toe 
----Pinky toe or little toe Little Toe 
----Other toes? Toes 
---Thumb Thumb 
----Thumbnail Thumbnail 
---Finger Finger 
----Index finger Index Finger 
----Pinky finger Pinky Finger 
----Middle finger Middle Finger 
----Ring finger Ring Finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! Genitals 
---female Female 
----vagina Vagina 
----womb Womb 
---male Male 
----penis Penis 
----testicle Testicle 
-Side Side 
--Back Back 
--Front Front 
--Left Left 
--Right Right 
--Bottom (lower) Bottom 
--Top (upper) Top 
-Orifices Orifices 
--anus Anus 
--urethral meatus? Urethral Meatus 

My favorite one in the list is sploon. (spleen would be the plural) 
 

Weird! Thanks. I look forward to seeing what the diachronic relationship to English is. 


schwhatever wrote: 

Wow, I've got almost nothing....  
 

I've got you beat; I've got exactly nothing! 

schwhatever wrote: 

blood - kedes (archaic form: qidis) 
eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
lip - zilh 
muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
fat - jeikosc 
throat - vezop 
genitalia - vuseis 
 

What's the name of your conlang? 

schwhatever wrote: 

eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
 

Interesting! Is this suppletive, or irregular, or what? Is &quot;soemaef&quot; dual or plural? How are the forms &quot;simah&quot; and &quot;soemaef&quot; derived one from the other? 

schwhatever wrote: 

lip - zilh 
 

I left that out. Should I have included it? 
I'm glad you got my suggestion that people should include anything they thought of, even if I'd left it out. 

schwhatever wrote: 

throat - vezop 
 

Is that the same as &quot;neck&quot;, or different? 

schwhatever wrote: 

muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
 

Good; these probably should be the same word in many languages. 

-------- 
Thanks, Goza Lesha. 
Thanks, schwhatever. 
Thanks, everyone. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Radagast
Šalea


Joined: 21 May 2005
Location: Mexico
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:30 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 


&lt;EDIT&gt; 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 
&lt;/EDIT&gt; 
 

Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 


TomHChappell wrote: 

&lt;EDIT&gt; 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 
&lt;/EDIT&gt; 
 

Mèlw: 
Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 

(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/)
_________________
Humani nihil a me alienum sit 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:49 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radagast wrote: 

Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 
 

That's the kind of thing I wanted to know about. 
What's the answer for Mèlw? 


Radagast wrote: 

Mèlw: 
Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 
 

Thanks. 


Radagast wrote: 

(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/) 
 

Interesting! 
Thanks. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Radagast
Šalea


Joined: 21 May 2005
Location: Mexico
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:53 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Mèlw doesn't allow bodypart affixation it only incorporates patients.
_________________
Humani nihil a me alienum sit 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:08 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
THC wrote: 
What's the name of your conlang?  
Sorry, it's called Pabappa. 

Quote: 
Why more than one word?  
The ones separated by commas are synonyms. In some cases, there are synonyms because Pabappa was spoken for a long time over a large area, and since much of its vocabulary was created by loaning from aboriginal languages, even body parts could be called something different from one place to the other. Also, some words are just variations of each other; e.g. blampilpim and pilpi are both from the same root. And in the case of the genitals, there are a lot of slang words as well. Some of them probably have slightly different uses, but I haven't thought about it deeply yet. 

No word for thigh yet, other than if I wanted to make a phrase that just means &quot;upper behind leg&quot;, but I might think of something better eventually. Is this all going to a database somewhere or are you just curious? 

cromulant wrote: 
Kuvdamos, I'm detecting a fondness for bilabial plosives. Am I right? 
Yes. Pabappa started as a jokelang three years ago, but I got too attached to it to let it remain as such.
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Delalyra
Šalea


Joined: 15 Jun 2005
Location: Deliriously Happy [2.7.9.1]
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:23 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;.  


Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot;
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&lt;Rhob&gt; I have a fetish for women. 
 
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Goza Lesha
Endi


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:53 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Terran humans for this: (Muphridian language) 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Heart 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Heart 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Brain 
 
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Raluv
Endi


Joined: 27 Oct 2006
Location: Kansas
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 2:56 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I have a few in Palhàwan: 

body - ë̀yro 
head - ë̀yròi 
hair (mass)- lëyrotelùmar 
mouth - lhàma 
nose - tìa 
eye - àsþol 
ear - fazs 
tooth - b̀àma 
tongue )- dàðel 
neck - wonh 
arm - telumàrel 
hand - telùmar 
knee - wòxin 
leg - wòxel 
foot - woxh 
heart - selùmel 
skin -nìam 
blood -mìrim 

Seat of Life: 
Head 

Seat of Emotion: 
Heart 

Seat of Consciousness: 
Head 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:28 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radagast wrote: 

Mèlw doesn't allow bodypart affixation it only incorporates patients. 
 

Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

THC wrote: 

What's the name of your conlang? 
 

Sorry, it's called Pabappa. 
 

Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

Quote: 

Why more than one word? 
 

The ones separated by commas are synonyms. In some cases, there are synonyms because Pabappa was spoken for a long time over a large area, and since much of its vocabulary was created by loaning from aboriginal languages, even body parts could be called something different from one place to the other. Also, some words are just variations of each other; e.g. blampilpim and pilpi are both from the same root. And in the case of the genitals, there are a lot of slang words as well. Some of them probably have slightly different uses, but I haven't thought about it deeply yet. 
 

Kind of what I thought. Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

No word for thigh yet, other than if I wanted to make a phrase that just means &quot;upper behind leg&quot;, but I might think of something better eventually. 
 

Let us know? Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

Is this all going to a database somewhere 
 

I wish! 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

or are you just curious? 
 

'Fraid so. 
My own computer has no internet connection; &quot;my&quot; internet connection is not on my own computer. It takes more technical skill than I have been able to acquire as yet to put all this in a database someplace. But, if Janko can do it, I should be able to as well, shouldn't I? I just don't know how. 


Delalyra wrote: 

Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot; 
 

Interesting; thanks. 
(I have been told -- I don't know whether it's true -- that in &quot;modern western&quot; societies, men tend to see certain parts of their bodies as the &quot;center of their sexual attractiveness&quot;, whereas women OTOH see each and every part of their bodies as the &quot;center(?) of their sexual attractiveness&quot;. Your Vernaclerians' thinking that each part of their body is the &quot;seat of life&quot; sounds a little like the latter. But do they feel that way about hair and nails? And excretions such as sweat and saliva and earwax?) 


Goza Lesha wrote: 

Terran humans for this: 
(Muphridian language) 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? Brain 
 

Thanks. I'm getting curious about these Muphridians. Where do you have their conhistory stored? 


Raluv wrote: 

I have a few in Palhàwan: 
body - ë̀yro 
head - ë̀yròi 
hair (mass)- lëyrotelùmar 
mouth - lhàma 
nose - tìa 
eye - àsþol 
ear - fazs 
tooth - b̀àma 
tongue )- dàðel 
neck - wonh 
arm - telumàrel 
hand - telùmar 
knee - wòxin 
leg - wòxel 
foot - woxh 
heart - selùmel 
skin -nìam 
blood -mìrim 

Seat of Life: Head 
Seat of Emotion: Heart 
Seat of Consciousness: Head 
 

Thanks. 
&quot;telumàrel&quot; and &quot;telùmar&quot; look related; are they? 
&quot;wòxin&quot;, &quot;wòxel&quot;, and &quot;woxh&quot; look related; are they? 
Are there other relationships I've missed? 
Thanks again. 

-------- 
Thanks again, everyone! 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Eddy
Šalea


Joined: 11 Aug 2003
Location: In the middle of the American empire
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:44 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Well, so far, Socialese seems to be taking an impressionistic turn with a strong emphasis on personal meaning. So the concept of &quot;eye&quot; might be expressed as &quot;It lets me see&quot; and &quot;genital&quot; as &quot;it gives me sexual pleasure&quot;. So far, though, I haven't worked out all the details. 
 
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daryush
Mey


Joined: 23 Jul 2006

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 12:08 pm    Post subject:    

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Here u go 
 

_________________
Gremlins wrote: 
Dice don't boing. 

Conworld site 
 
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Oric
Tšur


Joined: 22 Feb 2004
Location: Kentucky, USA
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 12:48 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
...I...have ...penis 
 

By the way, what city are you from? SE is nowhere close to where I visit- I go to West Branch (the smiley-face city) annually.
_________________
ils wrote: 
Listen to Oric. He knows what he's talking about. 

 
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Rik
Tšur


Joined: 04 Jul 2003
Location: London, UK
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 1:55 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Gevey does better than I expected on body parts - lots of words/concepts still missing, though. Most of these words have been generated to meet various translation exercise requirements: 

Simple animate status body parts: 
aelne (aeln) ear 
bazhjarhe (bazhjarh) thumb 
bazhve (bazhev) finger 
becye (beceey) skin 
khuane (khuant) womb 
me'he (met) throat 
shaawe (shaawg) hand 
shkipe (shkip) heart 
shlune (shlum) nose, snout 
slofre (slofehr) head 
wanhe (wang) eye 
woole (wool) face, visage 
yeetse (yeetes) tongue 
zwi'he (zwit) blood 

Inanimate status body parts: 
cesuu (cesk) body, torso 
drestuu (drest) forehead 
ezekuu (ezek) foot, paw 
friskuu (frisk) guts, intestines 
ghimuu (ghim) muscle 
grupuu (grup) hair, fur, wool 
joejuu (joej) leg 
koguu (kog) bone 
osucuu (osuc) stomach, belly 
poyuu (poy) chin 
raekhwuu (raekhouwg) shoulder 
rhuuluu (rhuul) tooth 
shewuu (shewg) back, saddle 
shnaathuu (shnaath) placenta 
storuu (stor) chest 
ubulhuu (ubul) neck 
vroiduu (vroid) arm 
zdanuu (zdant) skull 

Body products (all inanimate status): 
thakluu becyizhuu (yuu becyizhuu thakel) spot, zit 
ma'haelhuu (ma'hael) urine, piss 
ma'haelhuu zdanizhuu (yuu zdanizhuu ma'hael) phlegm 
mabecyuu (mabeceey) sweat 
zwibecyuu (zwibeceey) scab 
 
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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Delalyra
Šalea


Joined: 15 Jun 2005
Location: Deliriously Happy [2.7.9.1]
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:46 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
daryush wrote: 
amazing pictures 

Oh my god, that is truly amazing. Is that your conlang? ...it reminds me of turkish. 
_________________
[dEl.@.&quot;lir\.@] &lt;-- correct pronunciation of my username. 

&lt;Rhob&gt; I have a fetish for women. 
 
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Whimemsz
Šalea


Joined: 20 Jun 2003
Location: Gimaamaa onibaaganing
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:52 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
daryush wrote: 
Here u go 


That looks...remarkably similar to Turkish. Is it derived from Turkish, or a conTurkic lang or something?
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:56 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Delalyra wrote: 

daryush wrote: 

amazing pictures 
 

Oh my god, that is truly amazing. Is that your conlang? ...it reminds me of turkish.  
 

Whimemsz wrote: 

daryush wrote: 

Here u go 
 

That looks...remarkably similar to Turkish. Is it derived from Turkish, or a conTurkic lang or something? 
 

What they said. Amazing, Turkish-oid, all of it. 

------ 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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daryush
Mey


Joined: 23 Jul 2006

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:59 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
It was originally an auxlang for Turkish before I decided to build a conworld around it ... so yeah, its absurdly heavily influenced (there is quite a bit of con- in it, though ) 

Thanks for the comments btw 
_________________
Gremlins wrote: 
Dice don't boing. 

Conworld site 
 
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Goza Lesha
Endi


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 4:11 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Goza Lesha wrote: 

Terran humans for this: 
(Muphridian language) 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? Brain 
 

Thanks. I'm getting curious about these Muphridians. Where do you have their conhistory stored? 
 

I don't have much of the history of the Muphridian language (or the Muphridians), but there is a general overview there of the history, and the language here: http://scjuwiki.azivelar.net/wiki/Muphridian_Language. (under construction) 
 
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schwhatever
Šalea


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: NorCal
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 5:18 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What's the name of your conlang? 

Faranit. Although there is a little ambiguity. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
 

Interesting! Is this suppletive, or irregular, or what? Is &quot;soemaef&quot; dual or plural? How are the forms &quot;simah&quot; and &quot;soemaef&quot; derived one from the other? 


It's left over from an older plural system similar to German's lengthening system. I haven't worked out the specifics yet, unfortunately. It irregular, but with some method to its madness, as you can see the remnents of the earlier plural system, but also a worn down version of the later -(I/E)b system. 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

lip - zilh 
 

I left that out. Should I have included it? 
I'm glad you got my suggestion that people should include anything they thought of, even if I'd left it out. 


Maybe? It was buried in my lexicon and I thought I might as well... 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

throat - vezop 
 

Is that the same as &quot;neck&quot;, or different? 

No, it's the same. 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
 

Good; these probably should be the same word in many languages. 

Thanks. 
_________________
Jar Jar Binks wrote: 
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Xonen wrote: 
^ WHS. Except for the log thing and the Andean panpipers. 
 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:37 pm    Post subject:    

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...

Last edited by Sano on Thu Nov 23, 2006 9:41 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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MustangDan15
Për


Joined: 17 Jul 2006
Location: Boise, ID
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:41 pm    Post subject:    

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Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents. 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:42 pm    Post subject:    

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MustangDan15 wrote: 
Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents.  


Yeah, it might.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 1:31 pm    Post subject:    

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Thanks, Sano. 

Sano wrote: 

MustangDan15 wrote: 
Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents.  
 

Yeah, it might. 
 

Qatama: English: 

anaq head 
anuq ear(s) 
ongo eye(s) 
okota heart 
toru back 
taruya hip/waist 
tara belly/stomach 
utar chest/breast 
nogra feet/toes 
anuja leg 
udan hand/arm 
qongo joint 
gan bone 
gua mouth/face 
ogua facial hair 
uha skin 
udanju fingers/knuckles 
dong nose 
g'tla shoulder 
qono muscle 
anaqra neck 
guata teeth 
guaja tongue 
unuq hair 

-Khang 


1) Did I do that right? 

2) Why did you quote yourself? 
2a) Apparently you had already answered this question in some other post. Where? and what post? 

3) The word &quot;nogra feet/toes&quot; reminds me a bit of Russian; but the rest of the list doesn't remind me of any language in particular. Is Qatama intended to be related to any natlang? 

Again, Thanks. 
----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Sun Oct 29, 2006 2:08 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 1:51 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
Did I do that right? 


Better than I did. 

Quote: 
Why did you quote yourself?, Where? 


ease, CBB 

Quote: 
Is Qatama intended to be related to any natlang? 


Not at all.
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sintau.tayua
Mey


Joined: 17 Mar 2006
Location: Taranaki (taradise!)
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 2:04 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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TomHChappell wrote: 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 
 

The main Psinu belief is that there are three main parts of a person: 

1) the physical body, exemplified by the hands (eg. &quot;bring your hands over here&quot; - come here) 

2)The conection with God (this is sometimes used to mean your ability to love someone, because it is believe that this connection with God escorts your soul to heaven, so if it's gone, the person has lost their soul), exemplified in the brain (actually, they think it's just a goey good-for-nothing, yet God must have put it there for a purpose, so maybe it's our connection with God?) This is not like the christian 'Holy Spirit, because it doesn't help you in life, it just guides you to heaven. 

3) The personality, the 'real you'. This is said to be in the lungs.

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Old Man Neek
Šalea


Joined: 30 Sep 2002
Location: im itësin
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 10:24 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 


My current conculture project is retooling a proto-language, so at the moment I lack a total vocabulary and am not too sure on how to expand the entire ideal. However, I would like to answer these questions here. 

The Paratinó should not be considered an individual, existing culture. There are are little known texts about these people, and what is drawn here is drawn as a common denominator from the cultures that arose from the Paratinó. 

The assumed idea is that any given emotion has three components: 
* A fluid (blood, semen, saliva, bile) 
* An organ (any of them, really; though the genitals, liver, heart, brain, eyes, and tongue are chief) 
* Direction. 

This means that the path to any emotion requires one fluid to be filtered through an organ in a very specific direction. To make it simple, there is no simple way to say &quot;life is seated in the liver,&quot; life can be many things. 

The fluid of blood is oftentimes called *adda sēυsŭ, or humor vitae. This sort of phrase stands side-by-side for the root for blood, *φĭlem. When one is lively and active, the blood flows through the heart upward. When one is wrought with anger, it is upward through the brain. 

When one is virile, it is semen (*adda tmilsŭ, the water of birth, or simply sθiwar) that flows downward into the genitals; however whenever when one is lustfull and simply desires self-pleasure, it is saliva that passes through the genitals (saliva being *adda gnāstıtsŭ, the water of desire; also aspa, spit) When on is empassioned with love, it is semen that flows to the left through the heart. 

Consciousness and guilt are bile (*adda graχwisŭ, the water of spite, or graχwisos that flow downward through the liver. When one is reighteous, bile passes upward through the liver. 

I hope this helps, and soon I should be able to expand the vocabulary to name all the organs. 

[Edit]Dumb grammar.
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Raluv
Endi


Joined: 27 Oct 2006
Location: Kansas
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 4:39 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 

&quot;telumàrel&quot; and &quot;telùmar&quot; look related; are they? 
&quot;wòxin&quot;, &quot;wòxel&quot;, and &quot;woxh&quot; look related; are they? 
Are there other relationships I've missed? 
 

The suffix &quot;-el&quot; means something like &quot;the source of.&quot; So &quot;telùmar&quot; is hand, and &quot;telumàrel&quot; is literally &quot;hand source&quot;, or the arm. With &quot;woxh,&quot; which is foot, the h is silent and then dropped when the suffix is added making &quot;wòxel,&quot; or leg. &quot;Wòxin&quot; is foot with the suffix for what equates to &quot;middle.&quot; There are a few more like &quot;ë̀ro&quot; and &quot;ë̀roi&quot; for body and head. &quot;ërotelùmar,&quot; meaning hair, is also related believe it or not, to hand, literally meaning &quot;little hands.&quot; 
 
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Radioguy
Mey


Joined: 19 Aug 2006
Location: Golden Temple, Bham
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 5:02 pm    Post subject:    

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I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality!
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 7:04 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 

I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality! 
 

I'm not ashamed of it, no; 
it just slipped my mind completely!  
I had to go back and put them in. I had been intending to include them when I started.   
The reason for the different capitalization patterns is just that I did them at different times. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Radioguy
Mey


Joined: 19 Aug 2006
Location: Golden Temple, Bham
 Posted: Tue Oct 31, 2006 3:57 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Radioguy wrote: 

I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality! 
 

I'm not ashamed of it, no; 
it just slipped my mind completely!  
I had to go back and put them in. I had been intending to include them when I started.   
The reason for the different capitalization patterns is just that I did them at different times. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI 

It's awwwwwwwwwwwwwright 
I should have my post here by the end of the week.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 4:40 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 

I should have my post here by the end of the week. 
 

I'm still looking forward to it. 
Thanks.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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bulbaquil
Endi


Joined: 17 Nov 2006

 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 5:50 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Beftokan's still a new conlang (only about 150 words in the lexicon to date), but it does have most of the points of consonantal articulation noted (linguistics is a living science in Beftok), so I'll list them here: 

lip - èman [e_M.ma_Ln] (paucal: kaèman) 
tooth - ghîš [GI_Hs`] 
tongue - šuun [s`u:n] 
alveolar ridge - gìkew [gi_M.ke_L.M_L] 
palate - bugháth [bu_L.Ga_Ht_h] 
velum - ughom [u_L.GO_Lm] 
uvula - bháplekh [Ba_H.plE_Lx] 
glottis - durtan [du_L4.ta_Ln] 

All body parts, including these, are considered to be part of the &quot;human&quot; noun class, and will decline according to it once I post the grammar. 

-- Bulbaquil, 13 bhal. 875
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有声両唇摩擦音は僕の友達だ。 
 
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Boskobènet
Gent


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: Somewhere north of Dixieland
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 8:41 pm    Post subject:    

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I just thought of several terms one might include here. Not all of them will apply to all non-human species, but I've bolded the ones I think are essential, or at least very likely to be used among humans. 

lip(s) 
gums 
palate 
uvula 
throat, esophagus (&quot;I've got something in my neck&quot; doesn't mean ... quite the same thing) 
throat, thrachea, windpipe 
breast, tit, teat 
nipple 
belly button 
tendon 
forehead 
temple 
bladder 
calf 
butt, buttocks, ass/arse 
pelvis 
spine, backbone 
skull 
rib(s) / ribcage 

How could you forget &quot;breast&quot; and &quot;ass/arse&quot;? 
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Turtlehead
Šalea


Joined: 07 May 2005
Location: Aotearoa
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 9:08 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Body Kanana 
-Blood vessel aka 
--Artery akala 
--Vein akawana 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone ohakao 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) lahala 
--Skin lamaha 
--Muscle kako 
--Fat lapala 
--Blood koko 
-Trunk (torso) koho 
--Chest hahaka 
---Heart 'alona 
---Lung lana 
--Abdomen or Belly po'o 
---Stomach 'ahakalo 
---Liver lawala 
---Spleen hapalana 
---Intestines po'oloko 
--Waist hopa 
-Neck na'a 
-Extremity 
--Head opo'o 
---Hair ma'awa 
---Ear kalana 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye 'alo 
----Eyeball 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash 
----Eye socket 
----Tear gland 
---Nose aho 
----Nostril 
---Mouth waha 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue 
--Limb 
---Arm lana 
----Shoulder 
----Elbow 
----Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand 
-----Palm 
---Leg wawa 
----Hip 
----Knee 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot 
-----Sole 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail 
----Fingernail 
----Toenail 
---Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
----Pinky toe or little toe 
----Other individual toes? 
---Thumb 
----Thumbnail 
---Finger 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--genitalia 
---female 
----vagina kala 
----womb halapapa 
---male 
----penis ola 
----testicle paopao 
-Side kaha 
--Back mola 
--Front moa 
--Left maoa 
--Right makao 
--Bottom (lower) lalo 
--Top (upper) lona 
--anus anoho
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Arunaza
Tšur


Joined: 16 Oct 2005
Location: Nouvelle Angleterre
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 7:26 am    Post subject:    

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Sdannískr 

Lihhámr (body) 
-Flǽskr (flesh) 
--Bǽnr (bone) 
--Flǽskr (flesh) 
--Kríǥr (strength--muscle) 
--Tálgr (fat) 
--Bloðís (blood) 
-Búlr (trunk, usually of a tree, but also a term for torso) 
--Bármr (chest) 
---Hǽrto (heart) 
---Lúnǥwr (lung) 
---Brýstr (breast) 
--Hrǽfr (abdomen) 
--Gérþ (waist) 
-Hálsr (neck) 
-Strǽkætiwr (limbs, lit. &quot;extendeds&quot;) 
--Hǿvuð (head) 
---Hǽrr (hair) 
---Ǿro (ear) 
---Ǿǥa (eye) 
----Bréhwo (eyelash) 
---Snútr (nose) 
---Múnþr (mouth) 
----Kǿko (jaw) 
----Tánþr (tooth) 
----Túngo (tongue) 
--Lím (limb) 
---Ármr (harm) 
----Sklúðro (shoulder) 
----Wrístr (wrist) 
----Múndr (hand) 
-----Lófr (palm) 
---Hýpr (hip) 
---Kníw (knee) 
---Ánkulwr (ankle) 
---Þýhr (thigh) 
---Skíno (shin) 
---Fót (foot) 
----Lǽstr (sole) 
----Hahílr (heel) 
--Fíngrr (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Tǽhwo (toe) 
---Ðúmo (thumb) 
--Grúnd (groin) 
--Fúlwatos (genitals/groin area, lit. &quot;hiddens&quot;) 
---Blédr (bladder) 
---Ársr (butt) 
----Arskúlr (anus) 
---Kwénir (woman) 
----Slít (vagina) 
----Wámb (womb) 
---Mánnr (man) 
----Sǽkkr (scrotum) 
----Fýrnr (penis) 
----Bállukr (testicle) 
-Síðo (side) 
--Hrýng (back) 
--Fǿro (front) 
--Hlǿmr (left) 
--Ríhtr (right) 
--Bóð (bottom)
_________________
TomHChappell wrote: 
Gazariah wrote: 
You mean the gnomic aorist. 
Contrast with the &quot;aortic gnomist&quot;, a physician who specializes in the cardiovascular ailments of earth-elementals. 


Last edited by Arunaza on Sun Aug 26, 2007 1:36 pm; edited 4 times in total 
 
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Waldkater
Tšur


Joined: 15 Oct 2002
Location: Leipzig
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 11:00 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 


Body - elwer - ellor 
-Blood vessel - uía - clœya 
--Artery - súloŋ 
--Vein - coluía (&quot;bluish blood vessel&quot;) 

-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone - σá (σaxx-)/ σaxxode - shacchod 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) - δoσσa - dóssha 
--Skin - sár (sarc-)/ sarca - chámha [&quot;xA:w@] 
--Muscle - deuma - tóimma 
--Fat - gyom (gyób-) - ceóimb [cOmj] 
--Blood - sur (surg-) - tía [ci:@] 
-Trunk (torso) 
--Chest - ámos 
---Heart - céo - chéomh [CE:w] 
---Lung - sválode - sbállod 
--Abdomen or Belly - lomme - lóimm 
---Stomach - byallo - beáll 
---Liver - bóyar - póughar 
---Spleen - quellego 
---Pancreas - felgeustar 
---Intestines - zoibe, unyode - dsóibe [dzObj@] 
--Waist 
-Neck - dyalle - áirdeall [Ar\J\6l] 
-Extremity 
--Head - oan (oand-) - lúivan [&quot;lu:vj@n], mhand [wAn] 
---Hair - fille - híll 
---Ear - lωm (lωv-) - lúabh [&quot;lu:@v] 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? - tulma - tsulma 
---Eye - sáde - sáitt [sac] 
----Eyeball - sassum (eye ball) 
-----Iris - tiŋyen - tsínge [tSINj@] 
-----Pupil - marya - máira [&quot;mA:r\@] 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow - círes (círeθ-) - chíreth 
----Eyelid - fánes (fáneθ-) - fáinneth 
-----Eyelash - satwaco - sátmhag 
----Eye socket - sattuce 
----Tear gland - sádelos (sadeloσσ-) 
---Nose - tús (túy-) - áippeg 
----Nostril - túyoce - tsúghog 
---Mouth - beuta - tsúiga 
----Jaw - vaugo - vóugh 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) - arvaugo 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) - survaugo 
----Tooth - náŋ (nág-) - nág 
-----Incisor - ctainaŋ (cteinag-) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth - sηnaŋ (sηnag-) 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) - aunaŋ (aunag-) 
----Tongue - maiga - máigga 
--Limb 
---Arm - lámo - láom 
----Shoulder - marθa - mártha [mArh@] 
----Elbow - láδer - láidher [&quot;lA:j\@r\] 
----Wrist - gyalláδer - gealláidher [J\@&quot;lA:j\@r] 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand - gyán - geán [J\An] 
-----Palm - yéna 
---Leg - baŋ (bang-) - páinge, háidda [hAJ\@] 
----Hip - rωbe - rúaibh 
----Knee - nébos - néobhas 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot - δos (δoi-) - dóigh [dOj] 
-----Sole - sumba 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail - caŋ (cág-) - chág- 
----Fingernail - gyácaŋ (gyácag-) 
----Toenail - δoicaŋ (δoicag-) 
---Toe - derdon 
---Thumb - duntice 
---Finger - dún - tún 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---female - quenwe 
----vagina - θeíma (vulg.: morma) 
----womb - urwa - urbha 
---male - donya 
----penis - litto - líott [Lit] 
----testicle - byólos (byoloσσ-) - beóllosh 
-Orifices 
--anus - roξo 

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Yes, e.g. -los &lt; loσσo (sack) in byólos 'testicle' and sádelas 'tear gland' 


The other body liquids you haven't got mentioned: 

urine - fulbis 
pus - peugema
_________________
Sé da o• dáire an gudd’ a• ráilla. Hal’ tso tsoissan i• théinn’ an chursad ton. 

(Fate is like a gorilla in a cage – it throws dung at you if you mock it) 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 12:02 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
bulbaquil wrote: 

Beftokan's still a new conlang (only about 150 words in the lexicon to date), but it does have most of the points of consonantal articulation noted (linguistics is a living science in Beftok), so I'll list them here: 

lip - èman [e_M.ma_Ln] (paucal: kaèman) 
tooth - ghîš [GI_Hs`] 
tongue - šuun [s`u:n] 
alveolar ridge - gìkew [gi_M.ke_L.M_L] 
palate - bugháth [bu_L.Ga_Ht_h] 
velum - ughom [u_L.GO_Lm] 
uvula - bháplekh [Ba_H.plE_Lx] 
glottis - durtan [du_L4.ta_Ln] 

All body parts, including these, are considered to be part of the &quot;human&quot; noun class, and will decline according to it once I post the grammar. 

-- Bulbaquil, 13 bhal. 875 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Boskobènet wrote: 

I just thought of several terms one might include here. Not all of them will apply to all non-human species, but I've bolded the ones I think are essential, or at least very likely to be used among humans. 

lip(s) 
gums 
palate 
uvula 
throat, esophagus (&quot;I've got something in my neck&quot; doesn't mean ... quite the same thing) 
throat, thrachea, windpipe 
breast, tit, teat 
nipple 
belly button 
tendon 
forehead 
temple 
bladder 
calf 
butt, buttocks, ass/arse 
pelvis 
spine, backbone 
skull 
rib(s) / ribcage 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Boskobènet wrote: 

How could you forget &quot;breast&quot; and &quot;ass/arse&quot;?  
 

&quot;Breast&quot; might not apply to non-mammals. 
Nevertheless it should be included. Thanks for bringing it up. 
&quot;Ass/arse&quot; should obviously apply to nearly any animal, even sea-squirts. 
Thanks for including it. 

Turtlehead wrote: 

Body Kanana 
-Blood vessel aka 
--Artery akala 
--Vein akawana 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone ohakao 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) lahala 
--Skin lamaha 
--Muscle kako 
--Fat lapala 
--Blood koko 
-Trunk (torso) koho 
--Chest hahaka 
---Heart 'alona 
---Lung lana 
--Abdomen or Belly po'o 
---Stomach 'ahakalo 
---Liver lawala 
---Spleen hapalana 
---Intestines po'oloko 
--Waist hopa 
-Neck na'a 
-Extremity 
--Head opo'o 
---Hair ma'awa 
---Ear kalana 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye 'alo 
----Eyeball 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash 
----Eye socket 
----Tear gland 
---Nose aho 
----Nostril 
---Mouth waha 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue 
--Limb 
---Arm lana 
----Shoulder 
----Elbow 
----Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand 
-----Palm 
---Leg wawa 
----Hip 
----Knee 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot 
-----Sole 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail 
----Fingernail 
----Toenail 
---Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
----Pinky toe or little toe 
----Other individual toes? 
---Thumb 
----Thumbnail 
---Finger 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--genitalia 
---female 
----vagina kala 
----womb halapapa 
---male 
----penis ola 
----testicle paopao 
-Side kaha 
--Back mola 
--Front moa 
--Left maoa 
--Right makao 
--Bottom (lower) lalo 
--Top (upper) lona 
--anus anoho 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Arunaza wrote: 

Svannískar 

Lik-hámar (body) 
-Flǽskar (flesh) 
--Bǽnar (bone) 
--Flǽskar (flesh) 
--Krígar (strength--muscle) 
--Tálgar (fat) 
--Bloðísøam (blood) 
-Búlar (trunk, usually of a tree, but also a term for torso) 
--Bármar (chest) 
---Hérto (heart) 
---Lúnġwar (lung) 
--Hrǽfir (abdomen) 
--Gérþu (waist) 
-Hálsar (neck) 
-Strǽkætiwir (limbs, lit. &quot;extendeds&quot;) 
--Haúbuðam (head) 
---Hǽrar (hair) 
---Aúro (ear) 
---Aúġa (eye) 
----Bréhwo (eyelash) 
---Snútar (nose) 
---Múnþar (mouth) 
----Kaúko (jaw) 
----Tánþar (tooth) 
----Túngo (tongue) 
--Límu (limb) 
---Ármar (harm) 
----Sklúðro (shoulder) 
----Urístir (wrist) 
----Múndar (hand) 
-----Lófar (palm) 
---Hýpir (hip) 
---Kníwam (knee) 
---Ánkulwar (ankle) 
---Þýhar (thigh) 
---Skíno (shin) 
---Fótam (foot) 
----Lǽstar (sole) 
----Hahílar (heel) 
--Fíngrar (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Tǽhwo (toe) 
---Ðúmo (thumb) 
--Fúlwatar (genitals, lit. &quot;hiddens&quot;) 
---Kwénir (woman) 
----Slítam (vagina) 
----Wámbam 
---Mánnar (man) 
----Fýrnir (penis) 
----Bállukar (testicle) 
-Síðo (side) 
--Hrýggam (back) 
--Faúro (front) 
--Hleúmar (left) 
--Ríhtar (right) 
--Bóðam (bottom) 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Waldkater wrote: 

English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 
 

Not quite sure I understand. 
Are you talking about &quot;trial number&quot;? (A grammatical number for when a noun refers to exactly three items; distinguished from dual (two) and paucal (few).) 

Waldkater wrote: 

Body - elwer - ellor 
-Blood vessel - uía - clœya 
--Artery - súloŋ 
--Vein - coluía (&quot;bluish blood vessel&quot;) 

-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone - σá (σaxx-)/ σaxxode - shacchod 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) - δoσσa - dóssha 
--Skin - sár (sarc-)/ sarca - chámha [&quot;xA:w@] 
--Muscle - deuma - tóimma 
--Fat - gyom (gyób-) - ceóimb [cOmj] 
--Blood - sur (surg-) - tía [ci:@] 
-Trunk (torso) 
--Chest - ámos 
---Heart - céo - chéomh [CE:w] 
---Lung - sválode - sbállod 
--Abdomen or Belly - lomme - lóimm 
---Stomach - byallo - beáll 
---Liver - bóyar - póughar 
---Spleen - quellego 
---Pancreas - felgeustar 
---Intestines - zoibe, unyode - dsóibe [dzObj@] 
--Waist 
-Neck - dyalle - áirdeall [Ar\J\6l] 
-Extremity 
--Head - oan (oand-) - lúivan [&quot;lu:vj@n], mhand [wAn] 
---Hair - fille - híll 
---Ear - lωm (lωv-) - lúabh [&quot;lu:@v] 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? - tulma - tsulma 
---Eye - sáde - sáitt [sac] 
----Eyeball - sassum (eye ball) 
-----Iris - tiŋyen - tsínge [tSINj@] 
-----Pupil - marya - máira [&quot;mA:r\@] 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow - círes (círeθ-) - chíreth 
----Eyelid - fánes (fáneθ-) - fáinneth 
-----Eyelash - satwaco - sátmhag 
----Eye socket - sattuce 
----Tear gland - sádelos (sadeloσσ-) 
---Nose - tús (túy-) - áippeg 
----Nostril - túyoce - tsúghog 
---Mouth - beuta - tsúiga 
----Jaw - vaugo - vóugh 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) - arvaugo 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) - survaugo 
----Tooth - náŋ (nág-) - nág 
-----Incisor - ctainaŋ (cteinag-) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth - sηnaŋ (sηnag-) 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) - aunaŋ (aunag-) 
----Tongue - maiga - máigga 
--Limb 
---Arm - lámo - láom 
----Shoulder - marθa - mártha [mArh@] 
----Elbow - láδer - láidher [&quot;lA:j\@r\] 
----Wrist - gyalláδer - gealláidher [J\@&quot;lA:j\@r] 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand - gyán - geán [J\An] 
-----Palm - yéna 
---Leg - baŋ (bang-) - páinge, háidda [hAJ\@] 
----Hip - rωbe - rúaibh 
----Knee - nébos - néobhas 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot - δos (δoi-) - dóigh [dOj] 
-----Sole - sumba 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail - caŋ (cág-) - chág- 
----Fingernail - gyácaŋ (gyácag-) 
----Toenail - δoicaŋ (δoicag-) 
---Toe - derdon 
---Thumb - duntice 
---Finger - dún - tún 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---female - quenwe 
----vagina - θeíma (vulg.: morma) 
----womb - urwa - urbha 
---male - donya 
----penis - litto - líott [Lit] 
----testicle - byólos (byoloσσ-) - beóllosh 
-Orifices 
--anus - roξo 

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Yes, e.g. -los &lt; loσσo (sack) in byólos 'testicle' and sádelas 'tear gland' 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Waldkater wrote: 

The other body liquids you haven't got mentioned: 

urine - fulbis 
pus - peugema 
 

Thanks for mentioning them.
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Waldkater
Tšur


Joined: 15 Oct 2002
Location: Leipzig
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 3:48 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
Waldkater wrote: 

English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 

Not quite sure I understand. 
Are you talking about &quot;trial number&quot;? (A grammatical number for when a noun refers to exactly three items; distinguished from dual (two) and paucal (few).)  


ohh... sorry - 
Actually I planned a third column with a third conlang, another unfinished daughter language of Archeía (I should have written &quot;preview&quot;, not &quot;trial&quot;) 
but i was too lazy later
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(Fate is like a gorilla in a cage – it throws dung at you if you mock it) 
 
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 2:38 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 
I should have my post here by the end of the week. 

@Radioguy, did you ever post here? 

Waldkater wrote: 
Actually I planned a third column with a third conlang, another unfinished daughter language of Archeía (I should have written &quot;preview&quot;, not &quot;trial&quot;) but i was too lazy later 

Thanks. Do you have any more you'd like to show us now?
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Sappho wrote: 
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 3:16 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Ooo, I forgot this thread existed! Please find enclosed (sic) the Yuiyo words for various body parts! 

Head - dú 
Nose - amar 
Eye - škíol 
Mouth - armu 
Ear - níu 
Chin - va 
Cheeks (and side of neck) - súdd 
Throat / Neck - damá 

Shoulder - issun 
Chest / Stomach - núa 
Sides - gatod 
Back - rammrót 
Hip / Waist - fúv 

Arm / Leg - skaro 
Back of arm / Back of leg - orga 
Palm of hand / Sole of foot - ét 
Back of hand / Top (?) of foot - tull 
Finger / Toe - ram 
Knee / Elbow - aitait 

Flaccid penis - pelúa 
Erect penis - lakkuš 
Scrotum / Testes - ssap 
'Gooch' - emrát 
Vagina - tlaš a feu 
Anus - tlaš 
Buttock - mappíok
_________________
Serali wrote: 
You ALL need to grow up! 


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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 5:28 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
cromulant wrote: 
My word for arm is khaib. I'll get back to you on all the others. 

@Cromulant; Did you get back to us on the others yet? Or, how much of it is available elsewhere? and, if any, where? 
Thanks. 

doctrellor wrote: 
I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail, like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on, so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem. I'll post my list sometime later/tonight.. 

@Doc; Did you post a list for Drem? Or is one available somewhere else? Thanks. 

Goza Lesha wrote: 
(For Zevino'shoma) This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 
These are the ones I have words for: 
Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 
---SNIP Muphridian--- 
 

@Goza Lesha; Thanks for the Muphridian. Thanks also for as much of the Zevino'shoma as you've posted. Do you have anything on-line telling about their anatomy? Or other interesting things about them? 
In re the Zevino'shoma bodyparts, you said &quot;I'll come back for the rest later&quot;. Have you some more bodypart terms for them available somewhere? 
Thanks. 

Radagast wrote: 
Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 
... 
Mèlw: 
Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 
... 
(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/) 

@Radagast; thanks. (Radagast the Brown, right?) 
Do you have more Mèlw terms online somewhere? Or that you'd like to post here? 

Delalyra wrote: 
Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot; 

@Delalyra; What else can you tell us about Vernaclerian bodypart terms etc.? 

Eddy wrote: 
Well, so far, Socialese seems to be taking an impressionistic turn with a strong emphasis on personal meaning. So the concept of &quot;eye&quot; might be expressed as &quot;It lets me see&quot; and &quot;genital&quot; as &quot;it gives me sexual pleasure&quot;. So far, though, I haven't worked out all the details. 

@Eddy; Do you have anything else you think we'd like to see yet? 

sintau.tayua wrote: 
The main Psinu belief is that there are three main parts of a person: 


the physical body, exemplified by the hands (eg. &quot;bring your hands over here&quot; - come here) 

The conection with God (this is sometimes used to mean your ability to love someone, because it is believe that this connection with God escorts your soul to heaven, so if it's gone, the person has lost their soul), exemplified in the brain (actually, they think it's just a goey good-for-nothing, yet God must have put it there for a purpose, so maybe it's our connection with God?) This is not like the christian 'Holy Spirit, because it doesn't help you in life, it just guides you to heaven. 

The personality, the 'real you'. This is said to be in the lungs. 

 
@sintau.tayua; What else do you know about Psinu that probably belongs on this thread? 
Thanks. 

Old Man Neek wrote: 
TomHChappell wrote: 


What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 

 
My current conculture project is retooling a proto-language, so at the moment I lack a total vocabulary and am not too sure on how to expand the entire ideal. However, I would like to answer these questions here. 
The Paratinó should not be considered an individual, existing culture. There are are little known texts about these people, and what is drawn here is drawn as a common denominator from the cultures that arose from the Paratinó. 
The assumed idea is that any given emotion has three components: 
* A fluid (blood, semen, saliva, bile) 
* An organ (any of them, really; though the genitals, liver, heart, brain, eyes, and tongue are chief) 
* Direction. 
This means that the path to any emotion requires one fluid to be filtered through an organ in a very specific direction. To make it simple, there is no simple way to say &quot;life is seated in the liver,&quot; life can be many things. 
The fluid of blood is oftentimes called *adda sēυsŭ, or humor vitae. This sort of phrase stands side-by-side for the root for blood, *φĭlem. When one is lively and active, the blood flows through the heart upward. When one is wrought with anger, it is upward through the brain. 
When one is virile, it is semen (*adda tmilsŭ, the water of birth, or simply sθiwar) that flows downward into the genitals; however whenever when one is lustfull and simply desires self-pleasure, it is saliva that passes through the genitals (saliva being *adda gnāstıtsŭ, the water of desire; also aspa, spit) When on is empassioned with love, it is semen that flows to the left through the heart. 
Consciousness and guilt are bile (*adda graχwisŭ, the water of spite, or graχwisos that flow downward through the liver. When one is reighteous, bile passes upward through the liver. 
I hope this helps, and soon I should be able to expand the vocabulary to name all the organs. 

@You, Neek ('cause there is only one of you); Oh, yes, it surely does help; thanks. Have you been able to expand the vocabulary yet to any other names of organs that you'd like us to see? If so, where can we look for them? 

-Klaivas- wrote: 
Ooo, I forgot this thread existed! Please find enclosed (sic) the Yuiyo words for various body parts! 
Head - dú 
Nose - amar 
Eye - škíol 
Mouth - armu 
Ear - níu 
Chin - va 
Cheeks (and side of neck) - súdd 
Throat / Neck - damá 
Shoulder - issun 
Chest / Stomach - núa 
Sides - gatod 
Back - rammrót 
Hip / Waist - fúv 
Arm / Leg - skaro 
Back of arm / Back of leg - orga 
Palm of hand / Sole of foot - ét 
Back of hand / Top (?) of foot - tull 
Finger / Toe - ram 
Knee / Elbow - aitait 
Flaccid penis - pelúa 
Erect penis - lakkuš 
Scrotum / Testes - ssap 
'Gooch' - emrát 
Vagina - tlaš a feu 
Anus - tlaš 
Buttock - mappíok 

Thanks, -Klaivas-. 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
I recall a discussion from my younger days about what to call the feminine version of the &quot;gooch&quot;; the consensus was it should be called &quot;the chin-rest&quot;.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Amsel
Ur


Joined: 03 Jan 2007
Location: Seattle
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 2:28 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
The paltry list of bodyparts in Hantic. I must endevour to expand it. 

Head kaif 
Hand kamr 
Eye axr 
Tongue lis
_________________
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Amsel 
 
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 10:30 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
Haha, but of course they (I) do  What else would I call it? Area-between-anus-and-front-genetalia ( etde-om-tlašos-om-[pelúas/lakkušos/tlaš-a-feus] ) ?
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You ALL need to grow up! 


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nebula wind phone
Tšur


Joined: 02 Mar 2005
Location: Austin, Texas, USA
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 11:51 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
I recall a discussion from my younger days about what to call the feminine version of the &quot;gooch&quot;; the consensus was it should be called &quot;the chin-rest&quot;. 

When I was growing up, the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; (Hrm, can't blame that on regional differences either, can I?) But since then I've been introduced to the word &quot;taint&quot; ('t ain't one end and 't ain't the other) which appears to be gender-neutral.
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 11:56 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
nebula wind phone wrote: 
the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; 
I've been brought up with the definition of &quot;choad&quot; or &quot;chode&quot; or however you spell it being &quot;a penis which is wider than it is long&quot;. 

Also, use thy &quot;t&quot;s consistently! 'T ain't one end and 't ain't t' other 
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You ALL need to grow up! 


ZBB Meet Nº: 2.7.10.1 
 
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:33 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Klaivas- wrote: 
What else would I call it? 


Perineum. Having kids introduces you to vocabulary you never knew existed.
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wycoval.googlepages.com 
I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's; 
I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:43 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Amsel wrote: 
The paltry list of bodyparts in Hantic. I must endevour to expand it. 

Head kaif 
Hand kamr 
Eye axr 
Tongue lis 

You're doing well in other semantic fields; and in this one you're at least four ahead of me. 
Thanks. 
We'll be looking forward to seeing/hearing your expanded list.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:46 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Klaivas- wrote: 
nebula wind phone wrote: 
the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; 
I've been brought up with the definition of &quot;choad&quot; or &quot;chode&quot; or however you spell it being &quot;a which is wider than it is long&quot;. 

Well, I wasn't &quot;brought up&quot; with the term, but I'd seen &quot;choad&quot; used to mean &quot;jism&quot; (or &quot;semen&quot; or &quot;seed&quot; or &quot;ejaculate&quot;(the noun)).
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Mar 23, 2007 3:50 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Has anyone got anything new? 
Has anyone who hasn't posted yet got anything responsive to the first 10 or 15 posts? 
Has anyone who has already posted got anything new they haven't posted yet that fits in with the first 10 or so posts? 
Does anyone want to change anything?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 11:12 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
What would be better, to put this thread in the museum or to let it die?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 11:16 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
No offense, but I think nearly everyone will vote to let it die. It's not that it's not a great thread, it's just that hey, if we do it for this thread, why not 99 others? And then the museum would just be hard to browse though. I saved the thread to my hard drive though.
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:14 pm    Post subject:    

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So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose?
_________________
wycoval.googlepages.com 
I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's; 
I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:17 pm    Post subject:    

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Wycoval wrote: 
So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose? 


booger slide?
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Nuntar
Šalea


Joined: 25 Oct 2003
Location: [16.50.72.0]
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:52 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
What would be better, to put this thread in the museum or to let it die? 

I was happy to move the kinterms thread to the Museum because it contains some very useful information on the way different languages divide up the &quot;kinship space&quot; differently and how this correlates to cultural factors. I can't see any corresponding justification for indexing this thread; it's a nice collection, but it is just a collection of vocabulary from our conlangs.
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Amaya wrote: 
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:55 pm    Post subject:    

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Wycoval wrote: 
So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose? 


A Uvula. Remember Google is your friend! 


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Last edited by Serali on Sun Apr 27, 2008 12:29 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 1:10 pm    Post subject:    

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Sorry, no. 
The uvula is that thingy hanging down at the back of your mouth. 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 1:31 pm    Post subject:    

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Philtrum.
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 2:28 pm    Post subject:    

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Philtrum. 
 

Obviously, we need to find a better English word for it. None of this Latiny-Greeky nonsense.
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wycoval.googlepages.com 
I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's; 
I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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mavonduri
Endi


Joined: 27 Aug 2006

 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 3:07 pm    Post subject:    

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Cénárol 

nava- foot (pl. navam)* 
paldo- hand (pl. paldom)* 
qar'ta- finger 
hir'da- head 
ristai- arm (pl. ristím)** 
nif- leg (pl. nífu)* 

*NOTE: These terms are pluralized in the dual form only, unless when referenced in a group of people 

**NOTE: Cénárol sound rule- ai&gt;í
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 6:40 pm    Post subject:    

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Rav Shimon wrote: 
Sorry, no. 
The uvula is that thingy hanging down at the back of your mouth. 


Oh then I have no idea what he's talking about nor what it looks like. 

EDIT: Now that I've seen the pic I know what it is and what it looks like. Now I have a question: 

What purpose does it serve? 


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Last edited by Serali on Sun Apr 27, 2008 12:30 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 7:09 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Serali wrote: 
What purpose does it serve? 


Don't think it has any. But it is a feature often affected by deformities, it seems. A cleft palate may extend the cleft onto the upper lip, thus splitting it along the philtrum (i.e. a harelip), whereas kids with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome lack the indent entirely. Also, anecdotally, a friend of mine used to have a convex skin-bump thing instead of an indentation (she had it surgically corrected at young age). 

EDIT: now I realize you are talking about the uvula rather than the philtrum. but I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure.
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Eddy
Šalea


Joined: 11 Aug 2003
Location: In the middle of the American empire
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 7:17 pm    Post subject:    

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Here are the words for body parts I have for Terpish so far: 

Bol — belly 
Jok — eye 
Klit — clitoris 
Kof — head 
Kor — heart 
Liöshan — brain 
Mumbe — butt 
Piej — foot 

Naturally, the Terps understand biology well enough to understand the appropriate place for the seat of emotion and consciousness (the brain).
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 10:08 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
boy #12 wrote: 
Serali wrote: 
What purpose does it serve? 


Don't think it has any. But it is a feature often affected by deformities, it seems. A cleft palate may extend the cleft onto the upper lip, thus splitting it along the philtrum (i.e. a harelip), whereas kids with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome lack the indent entirely. Also, anecdotally, a friend of mine used to have a convex skin-bump thing instead of an indentation (she had it surgically corrected at young age). 

EDIT: now I realize you are talking about the uvula rather than the philtrum. but I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure. 


WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  


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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 3:00 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Serali wrote: 
WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  

Of course we need it. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philtrum for purposes of the philtrum. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvula for purposes of the uvula. 
 
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Atalant
Endi


Joined: 13 May 2007
Location: Island Star Cities
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 6:20 am    Post subject:    

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Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 11:11 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 

Soap wrote: 

--Fat blampilpim 
 

lol 

Sorry, I didn't intend to be mean, that word just sounds funny. Blampilpim. 
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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 11:44 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Qwynegold wrote: 
What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 


-Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 
-Cartilage is a connective tissue in the body. It's what the soft parts of the nose and ear are made of. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. When you find some in meat it's called &quot;gristle.&quot; 
-The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye. 
-The shin is the bony front part of the lower leg. 
-&quot;Orifice&quot; means any opening in the body, like the mouth, anus, etc. 
-The rest of your words are names for the teeth: On each side of each row there are, proceeding from front to back, two incisors, the canine (eye tooth), two premolars, and three molars. The third is called the &quot;wisdom tooth.&quot;
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Atalant
Endi


Joined: 13 May 2007
Location: Island Star Cities
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 1:38 pm    Post subject:    

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Ok, here's a tricky question*: where's the canthus? 

*extra points if you don't use wikipedia.
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And rules the shadows of the wood, 
And the white breast of the dim sea 
And all dishevelled wandering stars. 
 
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 3:10 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Rav Shimon wrote: 
Serali wrote: 
WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  

Of course we need it. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philtrum for purposes of the philtrum. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvula for purposes of the uvula. 


Thanks! Never knew that! 


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Last edited by Serali on Sun Apr 27, 2008 12:31 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Shm Jay
Šalea


Joined: 14 Nov 2002
Location: 5.4.5.2
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 4:41 pm    Post subject:    

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Eddy wrote: 
Klit — clitoris 
 

Now why would they have borrowed this word? 
 
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Eddy
Šalea


Joined: 11 Aug 2003
Location: In the middle of the American empire
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 5:39 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
Now why would they have borrowed this word? 


Same reason why English did? Actually, I was lazy and didn't feel like coining a new word at the time (happens a lot with Terpish).
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 8:19 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 


-Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 
-Cartilage is a connective tissue in the body. It's what the soft parts of the nose and ear are made of. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. When you find some in meat it's called &quot;gristle.&quot; 
-The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye. 
-The shin is the bony front part of the lower leg. 
-&quot;Orifice&quot; means any opening in the body, like the mouth, anus, etc. 
-The rest of your words are names for the teeth: On each side of each row there are, proceeding from front to back, two incisors, the canine (eye tooth), two premolars, and three molars. The third is called the &quot;wisdom tooth.&quot; 

Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg?
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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 10:10 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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Qwynegold wrote: 
Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg? 


It refers more to the leg itself, in front of the bone. When I think of the word &quot;shin&quot; I think of how close the bone is to the skin and how much it hurts to get kicked there.
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Imralu
Šalea


Joined: 28 Mar 2006
Location: here
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 10:01 pm    Post subject:    

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In Zali [&quot;Zali] 


Body tem [tEm] 
-Blood vessel 
--Artery 
--Vein 
-Material of which it is composed pu [pu] (just means &quot;stuff&quot;, &quot;material&quot;) 
--Bone zaik [Zajk] 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) 
--Skin 
--Muscle mad [mad] 
--Fat 
--Blood eik [Ejk] 
-Trunk (torso) jul [dZUl] 
--Chest bus [bUS] 
---Heart 
---Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly taun [tawn] 
---Stomach 
---Liver 
---Spleen 
---Intestines 
--Waist edil [&quot;EdIl] 
-Neck stiv [StIv] 
-Extremity 
--Head pok [pOk] 
---Hair iki [&quot;iki] (= hair on head), tal [tal] (= hair on body, fur, general word for hair) 
---Ear cok [tSOk] 
----Earhole cokdvad [&quot;tSOkdvad] 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye og [Og] 
----Eyeball ogwel [&quot;OgwEl] 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil ognol [&quot;OgnOl] (= &quot;eyeblack&quot;) 
-----Sclera ogaigu [&quot;Ogajgu] (= &quot;eyewhite&quot;) 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash ogtal [&quot;Ogtal] (= &quot;eyehair&quot;) 
----Eye socket ogdvad [&quot;Ogdvad] (= &quot;eyehole&quot;) 
----Tear gland 
---Nose penk [pENk] 
----Nostril penkdvad [&quot;pENkdvad] 
---Mouth sab [Sab] (= externally visible part of the mouth, ie. the lips), cik [tSIk] (= oral cavity) 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth (!I think I had a word for this, but lost it when I lost my dictionary) 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue lamil [&quot;lamIl] 
--Limb 
---Arm cad [tSad] 
----Shoulder zut [ZUt] 
----Elbow cadwelik [&quot;tSadwElIk] (= &quot;armjoint&quot;) 
----Wrist logwelik [&quot;lOgwElIk] (= &quot;handjoint&quot;) 
----Humerus (upper arm) yalcad [&quot;jaltSad] (= &quot;toparm&quot;) 
----Lower Arm loncad [&quot;lOntSad] (= &quot;bottomarm&quot;) 
----Hand log [lOg] 
-----Palm 
---Leg duk [dUk] 
----Hip pois [pOjS] 
----Knee dukwelik [&quot;dUkwElIk] (= &quot;legjoint&quot;) 
----Ankle dezwelik [&quot;dEZwElIk] (= &quot;footjoint&quot;) 
----Thigh (upper leg) yalduk [&quot;jaldUk] 
----Shin hilag [&quot;hilag] (= shin, bony part at front), oboz [&quot;ObOZ] (= calf, muscular part at back), lenduk [&quot;lEndUk] (= &quot;bottomleg&quot;) 
----Foot dez [dEZ] 
-----Sole dezlen [&quot;dEZlEn] (= &quot;footbottom&quot;) 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) ix [Its] 
---Nail vask [vaSk] 
----Fingernail log(ix)vask [&quot;lOg(Its)vaSk] (= &quot;hand(digit)nail&quot;) 
----Toenail dez(ix)vask [&quot;dEZ(Its)vaSk] (= &quot;foot(digit)nail&quot;) 
---Toe dezix [&quot;dEZIts] (= &quot;footdigit&quot;) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) darix [&quot;dazIts] (= &quot;bigdigit&quot;), dadezix [&quot;dadEZIts] (= &quot;bigfootdigit&quot;) 
----Pinky toe or little toe posxirix [&quot;pOStsizIts] (= &quot;mostlittledigit&quot;) 
----Other individual toes? xidezix [&quot;tsidEZIts] (= &quot;littlefootdigit&quot;) 
---Thumb zadix [&quot;ZadIts] (= &quot;importantdigit&quot;) 
----Thumbnail zadixvask [&quot;ZadItsvaSk] (= &quot;importantdigitnail&quot;) 
---Finger logix [&quot;lOgIts] 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---Female en [En] 
----vagina munu [&quot;munu] 
----womb 
---male az [aZ] 
----penis wung [wUN] 
----testicle 
-Side vel 
--Back (!don't remember offhand) 
--Front (!don't remember offhand) 
--Left 
--Right 
--Bottom (lower) len- [&quot;lEn-] 
--Top (upper) yal- [&quot;jal-] 
-Orifices 
--anus dumfdvad [&quot;dUmfdvad] (= &quot;arsehole&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? 

Other 
breast, boob bumba [&quot;bUmba] 
arse, buttocks, bum dumf [&quot;dUmf] 
skull pokzaik [&quot;pOkZajk] (= &quot;headbone&quot;) 

As for the other questions - they are much like us, technologically and scientifically advanced, so they know the true function of each organ, but much like us, although they know the true situation, there still remain certain cultural attachments to organs. The heart and guts are the home of the emotions - the heart beats faster with just about any intense emotion, and when it gets even more intense, the stomach aches. Consciousness was associated with the eyes, although it then became associated with the brain because people who had lost their eyes still reported being conscious - the brain was the obvious choice, being behind the eyes, and able to see through them.
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Imralu
Šalea


Joined: 28 Mar 2006
Location: here
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 11:11 pm    Post subject:    

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boy #12 wrote: 
I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure. 


In my family, it was always called the &quot;dribble drain&quot;, which kind of doesn't make sense, because ... um, gravity goes down, so ... I don't know. 

Some guy in a pub told me one night that that was where the devil pressed his finger into man's upper lip to silence him from telling God something ...
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Fri Jul 13, 2007 8:04 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg? 


It refers more to the leg itself, in front of the bone. When I think of the word &quot;shin&quot; I think of how close the bone is to the skin and how much it hurts to get kicked there. 

OK, now I understand. Thx! 
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Jul 14, 2007 5:57 pm    Post subject:    

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Atalant wrote: 
Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible  

There are several conspecies around who cannot pronounce labials, and they don't seem to mind. Ollock's Xala, for a start.
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Jul 14, 2007 5:59 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 

The oxygenation state is the other way round in the vessels going between the heart and the lungs. I dunno how it works before being born. 

Oh, add &quot;placenta&quot; to the list if you want.
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sun Jul 15, 2007 6:10 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Thanks, mavonduri, eddy, soap, imralu 

Imralu wrote: 
Some guy in a pub told me one night that that [the philtrum] was where the devil pressed his finger into man's upper lip to silence him from telling God something ... 
I heard that Plato or the Platonists said it was the &quot;cavern angel&quot; telling each newly-reborn soul not to tell any memories of its former lives. 

So, what are the body-parts people want to add to the list? 
uvula 
philtrum 
artery (any blood vessel carrying blood from the heart) 
vein (any blood vessel carrying blood from any organ other than the heart) 
portal vein (any vein carrying blood to any organ other than the heart) 
brain 
back of the neck 
front of the neck 
back of the head 
forehead 
wisdom tooth 
canthus 
clitoris 
breast 
buttock 
butt 
skull 
placenta
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Sun Jul 15, 2007 7:16 am    Post subject:    

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Atalant wrote: 
Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible  
No philtrums on some Fetal Alcohol Syndrome people, but Ive never heard them have a problem with labial consonants. 

I'll put up the Izda Mir body parts soon. (They'll be pretty similar to Pabappa's.)
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 7:39 am    Post subject:    

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Here are the words in Lhueslue: 

Body lu /lu:/ (human), rhu /ɻu:/ (animal) 
-Blood vessel ueshie-echul /yʃə:etʃu:l/ (human), ueshie-echurh /yʃə:etʃuɻ/ (animal) 
--Artery ueshie-echulxhe /yʃə:etʃulxe:/ (human), ueshie-echurhxhe /yʃə:etʃuɻxe:/ (animal) 
--Vein ueshie-echulqe /yʃə:etʃulqe:/ (human), ueshie-echurhqe /yʃə:etʃuɻqe:/ (animal) 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pujchul /puʒtʃu:l/ (human), pujchurh /puʒtʃu: ɻ/ (animal) 
--Gristle or cartilage pubchul /pubtʃu:l/ (human), pubchurh /pubtʃu: ɻ/ (animal) 
--Skin xhuchul /xutʃu:l/ (human, homonynous with front side of body), xhuchurh /xutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Muscle euchul /eutʃu:l/ (human), euchurh /eutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Fat bee-chulu /bɛ:tʃulu:/ (human), bee-churhu /bɛ:tʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Blood ueshie /yʃə:/ 
-Trunk (torso) yuchulu /jutʃulu:/ (human), xhuchurhu /xutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Chest yuyuchulu /jujutʃulu:/ (human), yuxhuchurhu /juxutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
---Heart ije /iʒe:/ 
---Lung hichul /hitʃu:l/ (human), hichurh /hitʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Abdomen or Belly zuyuchulu /zujutʃulu:/ (human, same as stomach), zuxhuchurhu /zuxutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as stomach) 
---Stomach zuyuchulu /zujutʃulu:/ (human, same as abdomen and belly), zuxhuchurhu /zuxutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as abdomen and belly) 
---Liver ueshie-juch /yʃə:ʒutʃ/ 
---Spleen tyueshie-juch /tjyʃə:ʒutʃ/ 
---Intestines lhunyejuch /ðˡunjeʒutʃ/ 
--Waist ungtudlu /uŋtudlu:/ (human), ungtudrhu /uŋtudɻu:/ (animal) 
-Neck huzchul /huztʃu:l/ (human), huzchurh /huztʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-Extremity chulu /tʃulu:/ (human, same as limb and bodypart), churhu /tʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as limb and bodypart) 
--Head chyuel /tʃjy:l/ (human), chyuerh /tʃjy:ɻ/ (animal) 
---Hair bochyul /botʃju:l/ (human), borh /bo:ɻ/ (animal, actually fur) 
---Ear su /su:/ 
----Earhole sujung-ie /suʒuŋə:/ 
----Earlobe zungsu /zuŋsu: 
---Eye wu /wu:/ 
----Eyeball wubuzuytud /wubuzujtu:d/ 
-----Iris wu-wuech /wu:wytʃ/ 
-----Pupil wu-miewuech /wu:məwytʃ/ 
-----Sclera wu-fwueh /wu:fwyh/ 
----Eyebrow boywu /bojwu:/ 
----Eyelid wuyeung /wujeuŋ/ 
-----Eyelash bowu /bowu:/ 
----Eye socket wujung-iechyuel /wuʒuŋətʃjy:l/ (human), wujung-iechyuerh /wuʒuŋətʃjy:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Tear gland - 
---Nose nyu /nju:/ 
----Nostril nyujung-ie /njuʒuŋə:/ 
---Mouth znu /znu:/ 
----Jaw zuchyul /zutʃju:l/ (human), zuchyurh /zutʃju:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) yuzuchyul /juzutʃju:l/ (human), yuzuchyurh /juzutʃju:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) zuchyul /zutʃju:l/ (human, same as jaw), zuchyurh /zutʃju:ɻ/ (animal, same as jaw) 
----Tooth poznu /poznu:/ 
-----Incisor poznuxhu /poznuxu:/ 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth poznupú /poznupǔ:/ 
-----Molar poznutud /poznutu:d/ (both molar and premolar), qupoznutud /qupoznutu:d/ (molar only) 
-----Premolar xhupoznutud /xupoznutu:d/ 
----Tongue nub /nub/ 
--Limb/bodypart chulu /tʃulu:/ (human, same as extremity), churhu /tʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as extremity) 
---Arm zyux /zjuχ/ 
----Shoulder xa /χa:/ 
----Elbow jungzyux /ʒuŋzjuχ/ 
----Wrist xua /χua/ 
----Humerus (upper arm) yux /juχ/ 
----Lower Arm zux /zuχ/ 
----Hand xu /χu:/ 
-----Palm xuz /χuz/ 
---Leg zechul /zetʃu:l/ (human), zechurh /zetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Hip azuchulu /azutʃulu:/ (human), azuchurhu /azutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
----Knee jungzechul /ʒuŋzetʃu:l/ (human), jungzechurh /ʒuŋzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Ankle chae-pyuzechul /tʃæ:pjuzetʃu:l/ (human), chae-pyuzechurh /tʃæ:pjuzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Thigh (upper leg) yuzechul /juzetʃu:l/ (human), yuzechurh /juzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Shin - 
----Foot chae-zechul /tʃæ:zetʃu:l/ (human), chae-zechurh /tʃæ:zetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Sole chae-zuzechul /tʃæ:zuzetʃu:l/ (human), chae-zuzechurh /tʃæ:zuzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Heel chae-quzechul /tʃæ:quzetʃu:l (human), chae-quzechurh /tʃæ:quzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Ball - 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) chochulu /tʃotʃulu:/ (human), chochurhu /tʃotʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
---Nail puchochulu /putʃotʃulu:/ (human); puchochurhu /putʃotʃuɻu:/ (animal, also means claw) 
----Fingernail puchoxu /putʃoχu:/ 
----Toenail puchozechul /putʃozetʃu:l/ (human) 
---Toe chozechul /tʃozetʃu:l/ (human), chozechurh /tʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) ochozechul /otʃozetʃu:l/ (human), ochozechurh /otʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Pinky toe or little toe oe-chozechul /ø:tʃozetʃu:l/ (human), oe-chozechurh /ø:tʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Second toe chozechulowu /tʃozetʃulowu:/ (human), chozechurhowu /tʃozetʃuɻowu:/ (animal) 
----Third toe chozechuloqaxh /tʃozetʃuloqa:χ/ (human), chozechurhoqaxh /tʃozetʃuɻoqa:χ/ (animal) 
----Fourth toe chozechulo-rhuength /tʃozetʃulo:ɻyŋθ/ (human), chozechurho-rhuength /tʃozetʃuɻo:ɻyŋθ/ (animal) 
---Thumb choxutud /tʃoχutu:d/ (human), choxu-oeue /tʃoχu:øy/ (animal) 
----Thumbnail puchoxutud /putʃoχutu:d/ 
---Finger choxu /tʃoχu:/ 
----Index finger choxuowu /tʃoχuowu:/ 
----Pinky finger oe-choxu /ø:tʃoχu:/ 
----Middle finger choxuoqaxh /tʃoχuoqa:x/ 
----Ring finger choxuo-rhuength /tʃoχuoɻyŋθ/ 
--genitalia vichul /vitʃu:l/ (human), vichurh /vitʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
---female ci /ɕi:/ 
----vagina ciljung-ie /ɕilʒuŋə:/ (human), cirhjung-ie /ɕiɻʒuŋə:/ (animal) 
----womb iájung-ie /iǎ:ʒuŋə:/ 
---male ri /ri:/ 
----penis vichri /vitʃri:/ 
----testicle buzuytudri /buzujtudri:/ 
-Side tud /tu:d/ 
--Back quchul /qutʃu:l/ (human), yuchurh /jutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Front xhuchul /xutʃu:l/ (human, homonymous with skin), zuchurh /zutʃu:ɻ/ (animal, actually underside) 
--Left tu /tu:/ 
--Right du /du:/ 
--Lower zuchulu (human) /zutʃulu:/, quchurhu /qutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Upper yuchulu /jutʃulu:/ (human, same as torso), xhuchurhu /xutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as torso) 
-Orifices chulujung-ie /tʃuluʒuŋə:/ (human), churhujung-ie /tʃuɻuʒuŋə:/ (animal) 
--anus jung-ieqae /ʒuŋəqæ:/ 
--urethral meatus vichrijung-ie /vitʃriʒuŋə:/ (male), ciljungjung-ie /ɕilʒuŋʒuŋə:/ (human, female) cirhjungjung-ie /ɕiɻʒuŋʒuŋə:/ (animal, female) 

Heh! This is probably the only language that has three words for urethral meatus.  

But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understnad the picture. And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body?
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Last edited by Qwynegold on Sun Aug 26, 2007 9:07 am; edited 3 times in total 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 8:22 am    Post subject:    

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Wow, I don't think I've ever seen a fully developed conlang with nearly as much /u/ as that. Is it because you just like /u/ or did you do it to set this language apart from others in your conworld?
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 9:11 am    Post subject:    

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Heh!  I didn't intend it to become so common from the beginning. In Lhueslue every phoneme bears a meaning and /u/ means material. As it happened, almost every noun gets an /u/.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 1:05 pm    Post subject:    

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Thanks, Qwynegold. 
--------- 
If this thread is enduringly popular, should it be moved to the Museum?
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aardwolf
Šalea


Joined: 22 Feb 2005
Location: Nice, France
 Posted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 7:12 pm    Post subject:    

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Museum? Nah; there's no real 'important' information here. Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. But the way it is now; nah.
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*May be NSFW 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Thu Aug 23, 2007 6:59 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
Thanks, Qwynegold. 
--------- 
If this thread is enduringly popular, should it be moved to the Museum? 

Your welcome. Oh, and I had some questions too: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understnad the picture. And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body? 

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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Aug 25, 2007 11:48 am    Post subject:    

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Qwynegold wrote: 
But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understand the picture. 
Tears are the watery, salty secretion that keeps the eyes moist. The bulk of the refracting of light during focussing is done by a thin veil of tears; the lens just fine-tunes it. Tears also contain protein (and FAIK other biological ingredients); that is why it is necessary to clean contact lenses once a day. 
When the eye is irritated the production and flow of tears is increased, to the point that they leak out of the eye; the usual result is to wash out whatever is irritating the eye. When someone weeps, they often over-produce tears this same way. 
Tear-glands (aka lacrimal glands) are in the upper outer corners of the eyes. In the lower inner corners of the eyes are ducts that ordinarily take tears down into the nose; if the tear-glands aren't overproducing, this is where tears usually are disposed of. 

Qwynegold wrote: 
And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body? 
Just think either &quot;bottom of body&quot; and &quot;top of body&quot;, or &quot;lower half of body&quot; and &quot;upper half of body&quot;. If you want two pairs of terms, go ahead and provide both. Otherwise take your pick. 

aardwolf wrote: 
Museum? Nah; there's no real 'important' information here. 


If more people responded to the following questions, would it? 

I wrote: 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 


aardwolf wrote: 
Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. 
Feel free to rephrase the question(s) then! Or pose this question, if it's the one you like. 

How would posters modify this thread so that it would be museum-worthy?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Sat Aug 25, 2007 11:55 am; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 9:10 am    Post subject:    

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OK, I added upper and lower body to my post. I guess my conlang won't have a word for tear gland since it's something you can't see so the conpeople wouldn't know about it.
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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Boskobènet
Gent


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: Somewhere north of Dixieland
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 10:01 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
aardwolf wrote: 
Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. 
Feel free to rephrase the question(s) then! Or pose this question, if it's the one you like. 

How would posters modify this thread so that it would be museum-worthy? 

I think you'd need things like discussion of (systematic) cultural associations (e.g. your original questions about the seat of emotion, etc.), strong cross-linguistic tendencies (always distinguishing certain body parts or not, words for the genitals being taboo/impolite), and derivation (e.g. how my conlang Old Gzho uses the same word for &quot;arm&quot; and &quot;hand&quot;, but can also refer to the arm as the &quot;hand-neck&quot;). Also usage of body part terms for other things, i.e. verbal affixes, locative/directional expressions, etc. And investigating how changes to body structure would affect language, e.g. having no lips wouldn't just mean a lack of labial consonants - you also wouldn't be able to produce rounded vowels, which could have a big affect on the vowel inventory.
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Arunaza
Tšur


Joined: 16 Oct 2005
Location: Nouvelle Angleterre
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 1:34 pm    Post subject:    

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I'm glad this thread is still around--I was thinking I might have to rederive all the Sdannískr body words, which would be irritating (and time-consuming, for that matter). I think this thread has just increased my new lexicon by half, or just about.
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TomHChappell wrote: 
Gazariah wrote: 
You mean the gnomic aorist. 
Contrast with the &quot;aortic gnomist&quot;, a physician who specializes in the cardiovascular ailments of earth-elementals. 
 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:11 am    Post subject:    

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I've got this list for a year already, but I still haven't got words for every single body part on it. On the other hand, I felt free to add some items you left out, Tom. 

FWIW these items are still missing: tear gland, upper/lower jaw, thigh, shank, shin, calf, the name(s) of the toe(s), the name(s) of the finger(s), ovaries (for that matter, I could also include prostate) and, last but not least, buttock. And colloquial/slang/vulgar words for certain body parts.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:46 am    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
I've got this list for a year already, but I still haven't got words for every single body part on it. On the other hand, I felt free to add some items you left out, Tom. 

FWIW these items are still missing: tear gland, upper/lower jaw, thigh, shank, shin, calf, the name(s) of the toe(s), the name(s) of the finger(s), ovaries (for that matter, I could also include prostate) and, last but not least, buttock. And colloquial/slang/vulgar words for certain body parts. 


Which items did you add? I'm pretty sure I included, or added, some of those; tear gland, upper and lower jaw, thigh, shin, two of the toes and &quot;other individual toes?&quot;, and each of the fingers. I'm not sure what a shank is. I didn't include the calf, I don't think; I guess I should. I included the hips; I didn't distinguish the buttocks from the hips. I didn't get into internal organs that a layman couldn't tell were there and doing things without opening up the body; so that's why I left out the ovaries and the prostate, though I include the womb and the testes. 

My last update on that was July 15 on Page 4. 
TomHChappell wrote: 
So, what are the body-parts people want to add to the list? 
uvula 
philtrum 
artery (any blood vessel carrying blood from the heart) 
vein (any blood vessel carrying blood from any organ other than the heart) 
portal vein (any vein carrying blood to any organ other than the heart) 
brain 
back of the neck 
front of the neck 
back of the head 
forehead 
wisdom tooth 
canthus 
clitoris 
breast 
buttock 
butt 
skull 
placenta 

_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:58 am; edited 2 times in total 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:51 am    Post subject:    

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I don't know anymore, but I only have your original list. I think I added all those you quoted save the parts of the mouth (except tongue and teeth), portal vein, back of the neck, front of the neck, back of the head, names for teeth, skull and placenta. Quite a lot I didn't add actually 
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Aisling
Iseléaku


Joined: 23 Jul 2007
Location: Kentucky
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:00 pm    Post subject: Body parts   

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My small dictionary has some basic body parts but nothing specific like artery. 

ANKLE = TĀMA 
ARM = RŌTA 
BLOOD = PĀTA 
CHEST = ShŌMĀ 
ELBOW = JeĪTŌ 

etc, etc 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:01 pm    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
I don't know anymore, but I only have your original list. I think I added all those you quoted save the parts of the mouth (except tongue and teeth), portal vein, back of the neck, front of the neck, back of the head, names for teeth, skull and placenta. Quite a lot I didn't add actually :P 
I just edited the original post and added the shank, the calf, and the buttocks. I didn't add the ovaries or the prostate. The other things you mentioned three posts ago were already in the list. Some of the names of the teeth are there, too.
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Sappho wrote: 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:04 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
I just edited the original post and added the shank, the calf, and the buttocks. I didn't add the ovaries or the prostate. The other things you mentioned three posts ago were already in the list. Some of the names of the teeth are there, too. 


Ah, I see. 

[edit] My list, so far [/edit]
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:16 pm    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it.
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Rodlox
Gent


Joined: 12 Jul 2005

 Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 10:11 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it. 


I tried to take a look, but I keep getting the Freehostia home page. 
 
*is puzzled*
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 11:40 pm    Post subject:    

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Rodlox wrote: 
TomHChappell wrote: 
guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it. 
I tried to take a look, but I keep getting the Freehostia home page.  *is puzzled* 
If I click on the link that happens to me too; but if I copy the URL and past it in the address window I see Guitarplayer's PDF like I want to. 
That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL?
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Sun Sep 16, 2007 3:02 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
If I click on the link that happens to me too; but if I copy the URL and past it in the address window I see Guitarplayer's PDF like I want to. 
That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL? 

I guess that my host doesn't allow direct linking to files other than HTML, just like Geocities. So much for free hosting. 
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Rodlox
Gent


Joined: 12 Jul 2005

 Posted: Sun Sep 16, 2007 9:16 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 

That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL? 


not yet - *goes to try it* 

thanks.
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 10:06 am    Post subject:    

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I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 

For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 

People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. (I am thinking of Ilaksh in particular. How about it JQP?  )
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 10:12 am    Post subject:    

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What a smart idea! 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 2:23 pm    Post subject:    

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simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. I know actual helmsman's binnacles had half-points and quarter-points, but I thought they had only 32 named points; NEWS (4), NE NW SE SW (4 more), XXY and YXY (, X by Y and XY by X and XY by Y (16), for a total of 32. 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. 
For humans I don't believe more than 16 compass points in a plane are natural. 
For a solid I haven't worked it out or thought it out; I can see 48 (in rectangular &quot;xyz&quot; coordinates, the coordinates' absolute values could be in 6 orders, and the coordinates could come in 8 combinations of positive and negative), but can't be certain more wouldn't be possible. 

For instance if spherical coordinates (longitude and latitude) are used, and my idea of &quot;16 points is natural in a plane&quot; is true, there might be 128 &quot;points&quot; on a sphere (8 latitudes x 16 longitudes). 

If a &quot;spherical coordinate system&quot; is used, there needs to be some way to indicate or suggest distance from the center. (If a &quot;cylindrical coordinate system&quot; is used, it would be &quot;distance from the pole&quot; that would need to be suggested or indicated.) There'd have to be at least two degrees (body vs extremity), perhaps three (body vs limb vs hand-or-foot-or-digit) or four (&quot;body&quot; might come in two grades, core vs &quot;rind&quot; or some such); possibly a human language might have five or six, I'd have to think about that; a non-human system might have more than six, or be likelier than a human system to have more than three. 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 
Are your Kigdatsi human? 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. ...  
Thanks; Reptigan might need that, since it's a multi-species society and not every speaker has the same body-plan as every other speaker.
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 4:11 pm    Post subject:    

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Hel·lerà / Helleran 

Body tol, estou 

Blood guès 
Blood vessel cabinyol guesetz “blood vessel” 
Artery maxarva 
Vein ôued 

Bone tot 
Cartilage martel•let 
Skeleton gargamol, gaugamol 

Skin fiu 
Muscle rambe 
Fat (corporal) lhud 
Tendon tirant 

Head pot, tuc, tuys, syet, arsyet (m), tuche, tutze (f) 
Hair togès 
Hair (a fiber) bli 
Skull golag (m/f) 
cranium raz 
Neck lleg, nyoc 

Ear onze, osye, oge 
Earhole bosit na s’onze “hole of the ear” 
Earlobe lhob na s’onze “lobe of the ear” 

Eye oc, oig, uoc 
Iris gavi 
Pupil chelandé 
Sclera bel na s’oc “white of the eye”; cýncolis (neolog) 
Eyebrow tirse 
Eyelid pedillou 
Eyelash goume 
Eye socket bou na s’oc “socket of the eye” 
Tear gland dragole 

Nose per 
Nostril bosit nas per “hole of the nose” 

Mouth tamà 
Cheek guys 
Jaw radagame (sg) or radagames (pl) 
Maxilla (upper jaw) berosti 
Mandible (lower jaw) carmazzi 
Tooth gam 
Incisor cartalh, gartalh “central incisor”; cartalet, gortalet “lateral incisor” 
Eyetooth or Canine tooth anhac 
Molar cheral “molar, second molar”; cheraló “first molar” 
Tongue lheme. But &quot;language, idiom&quot; is lhambe 
Lip jami 

Trunk bros 
Chest tor 
Abdomen mablada 
Belly beli 
Lower abdomen naig beli “lower belly”; sabel 

Heart lhò 
Lung beloi 
Stomach mansaghe 
Liver sagé 
Spleen vèdem 
Intestines ganyalons (pl.) 

Extremity, limb estighiu; espadelhe 

Waist caradanç 
Pelvis cadanche or tot nas caradanç “bone of the waist” 
Buttock dabons (pl.) / dabó, bono and guys nas sat “cheek of the butt” 
Bum, arse, butt sat 
Hip bemuc 
Leg (from hip to ankle) gambe 
Thigh (upper leg, from hip to knee) gamays 
Knee golde 
Kneecap, patella gavanhol 
Shank (lower leg, from knee to ankle) garme 
Shin astanye 
Calf tonsim na s’astanye “doughy part of the shin” 
Ankle poghet 
Foot pedh, madà 
Heel garou 
Sole mad 

Shoulder espambelh (traditional), espemble (neolog) 
Arm (from shoulder to wrist) ram 
Arm (from shoulder to elbow) ramec 
Elbow ajoc 
Arm (from elbow to wrist) ramell 
Wrist arbou 
Hand badh 
Palm pançou 

Digit gartembi, cartempe (neolog) 
Finger, toe ghez (traditional) 
Toe (foot digit) ghez nas pedh “finger of the foot” 
Finger (hand digit) ghez nas badh “finger of the hand” 
Ball tonsim nas ghez “doughy part of the finger” 
Thumb tigarembi, tigampó, garampó 
Index finger ghez casarteu “managing/governative/guiding finger” 
Middle finger ghez perís “middle finger” 
Ring finger ghez nigançant “dependent finger” 
Little finger ghez polzuc “small finger” 

Genitalia zinyaroncs 
Vagina begane 
Womb gameu 
Penis gozzi (traditional); felghe (neolog) 
Testicle galló 
Anus guada 
Urethral meatus dragavàrie 


Quote: 
Does Helleran use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Helleran has affixes for different bodyparts or body materials/substances to create neologisms (although I must work on them). 

Quote: 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 

Some verbs are derived from the words for heart, skin, ear, etc. Many bodypart names have adjectival forms. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of life? 

Not a bodypart but a microscopic life-form present in all cells. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of emotion? 

The heart, the diafragma, the skin and the stomach. But it really depends on the emotion. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilisation all four bodyparts play some role in any emotion, although only one has a main role; it is said that that one is the leading organ. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of consciousness? 

The soul. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilization it isn’t a bodypart but the essence of the living body.
_________________
Izambri fadí carol geldi! Sis perans geu gasirant! 
Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex

Last edited by Izo on Sat Sep 22, 2007 8:12 am; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 3:25 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. I know actual helmsman's binnacles had half-points and quarter-points, but I thought they had only 32 named points; NEWS (4), NE NW SE SW (4 more), XXY and YXY (, X by Y and XY by X and XY by Y (16), for a total of 32. 


North 
North-one-quarter-east 
North-by-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-north 
North-north-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-east 
North-east-by-north 
North-east-one-quarter-north 
North-east 
&amp;c
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That's RABBI Dude to you. 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 3:16 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Rav Shimon wrote: 

North 
North-one-quarter-east 
North-by-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-north 
North-north-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-east 
North-east-by-north 
North-east-one-quarter-north 
North-east 
&amp;c 
 

Hmm. I thought halfway between North and North-by-East was &quot;North-a-half-East&quot; rather than &quot;North-a-quarter-East&quot;. And so on. You are making the (N,S,E,W,NE,NW,SE,SW)-by-(N,S,E,W) be half-points instead of points.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 5:39 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
North, north-north-east, north-east &amp;c are the sixteen primary points of a compass. Halfway between north and north-north-east is north-by-east (that is, the next half-point east of north), and half of that (half of half being a quarter) is north-one-qaurter-east (said point being one quarter of the way from north to the next point in an easterly direction).
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Sep 22, 2007 11:07 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. 
I could have been wrong about that, but the details don't matter here. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. 
For a solid I haven't worked it out or thought it out; I can see 48 (in rectangular &quot;xyz&quot; coordinates, the coordinates' absolute values could be in 6 orders, and the coordinates could come in 8 combinations of positive and negative), but can't be certain more wouldn't be possible. 

For instance if spherical coordinates (longitude and latitude) are used, and my idea of &quot;16 points is natural in a plane&quot; is true, there might be 128 &quot;points&quot; on a sphere (8 latitudes x 16 longitudes). 

If a &quot;spherical coordinate system&quot; is used, there needs to be some way to indicate or suggest distance from the center. (If a &quot;cylindrical coordinate system&quot; is used, it would be &quot;distance from the pole&quot; that would need to be suggested or indicated.) There'd have to be at least two degrees (body vs extremity), perhaps three (body vs limb vs hand-or-foot-or-digit) or four (&quot;body&quot; might come in two grades, core vs &quot;rind&quot; or some such); possibly a human language might have five or six, I'd have to think about that; a non-human system might have more than six, or be likelier than a human system to have more than three. 

The system would necessarily be as irregular and wonky as the body is. Fortunately, their limbs all have the same basic structure, so analogising could reduce the set of needed roots. (It is not the same as the pentadactyl limb system.) 

TBH I am not sure how I will actually do this, or how similar to the compass system it would actually be, though cylindrical co-ordinates look promising. I mean that (e.g.) there would be no root for &quot;elbow&quot;, but something derived from &quot;wrist&quot; and &quot;shoulder&quot;. And &quot;knee&quot; and one of the wing-joints would be the same word, with just one part changed because they are on different limbs. Or you could refer to (e.g.) &quot;the bottom half of the upper-right quadrant of your back&quot; in a simple way. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 
Are your Kigdatsi human? 
No. They are not even evolved, but designed. This makes them odd in many ways, though mostly good ones. It also means I will need terms for secondary brains, telekinesis organs, etc.  

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. ...  
Thanks; Reptigan might need that, since it's a multi-species society and not every speaker has the same body-plan as every other speaker. 
Nice. Not available for inter-conworld cooperation over at conworlds.info are you? 
_________________
Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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Zoris
Šalea


Joined: 19 Jul 2006
Location: The Place Where There is No Darkness
 Posted: Sat Sep 22, 2007 12:13 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word?
_________________
The Conproject (join us) 
Serali wrote: 
Dewrad wrote: 
You know, for a retarded girl you're talented ^__^ 
Why thank you! ^_^ 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Sep 24, 2007 8:46 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Izo wrote: 
Hel·lerà / Helleran 
---SNIPPED out the meat--- 
 
Very interesting, Izo! Thanks. 
Izo wrote: 
....Helleran has affixes for different bodyparts or body materials/substances to create neologisms (although I must work on them). 
.... 
Some verbs are derived from the words for heart, skin, ear, etc. Many bodypart names have adjectival forms. 
.... 
Not a bodypart but a microscopic life-form present in all cells. 
.... 
The heart, the diafragma, the skin and the stomach. But it really depends on the emotion. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilisation all four bodyparts play some role in any emotion, although only one has a main role; it is said that that one is the leading organ. 
.... 
The soul. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilization it isn’t a bodypart but the essence of the living body. 
I found these especially interesting. 


Zoris wrote: 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word? 
I don't think I included &quot;lap&quot; in my original list, did I? Do you think I should? What do others think?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Mon Sep 24, 2007 11:06 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Izo wrote: 
Hel·lerà / Helleran 
---SNIPPED out the meat--- 
 
Very interesting, Izo! Thanks. 
Izo wrote: 
[...] 
I found these especially interesting. 

Thanks to you! 

TomHChappell wrote: 
Zoris wrote: 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word? 
I don't think I included &quot;lap&quot; in my original list, did I? Do you think I should? What do others think? 

Why not? I included it in the expansion of the Helleran Lexicon of Human Anatomy, which I will post in this thread as soon as I complete it (what I included on my last post was based on your list): it will include more organs, bodyparts and substances, including the names for all human bones and muscles, and a deep view of every major organ system. 

The list, as I will show it, represents the medical knowledge of human anatomy as it was in the time where my novels take place.
_________________
Izambri fadí carol geldi! Sis perans geu gasirant! 
Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 9:08 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I'm gonna bump up this thread because I think it's full of valuable information.
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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imbecilica
Mey


Joined: 10 Jan 2008

 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 10:03 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
UROBASICAN 

Body Corpo 
-Blood vessel Vessilo de Sango 
--Artery Arterio 
--Vein Veîno 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Oso 
--Cartilage Cartilagio 
--Skin Pelo 
--Muscle Musclo 
--Fat Lipido 
--Blood Sango 
-Trunk (torso) Trongo/Torso 
--Chest Caffro 
---Heart Coro 
---Lung Pomeno 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdomeno 
---Stomach Estomaco 
---Liver Fusjo 
---Spleen Kescauro 
---Intestines Intesnós 
--Waist Dasrão 
-Neck Collo 
-Extremity 
--Head Testo 
---Hair Cavero 
---Ear Orelo 
----Earhole Casemo d'Orelo 
----Earlobe? Lûbe 
---Eye Optro 
----Eyeball Globo d'Optro 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupiro 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Sobbrio 
----Eyelid Pardigo 
-----Eyelash Cyliu 
----Eye socket Domecco d'Optro 
----Tear gland Glando dè Plurós 
---Nose Neso 
----Nostril Nestrilo 
---Mouth Boco 
----Jaw Macco 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandiblo 
----Tooth Dento 
-----Incisor Incisèro 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Primca dento 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molaro 
----Tongue Languo 
--Limb Omembrio 
---Arm Ièbro 
----Shoulder Costrio 
----Elbow Vikastrio 
----Wrist Pristão 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus 
----Lower Arm L'ièbro surina 
----Hand Maño 
-----Palm Paumo 
---Leg J'azabo 
----Hip Fahjo 
-----buttock Destro 
----Knee Noremo 
----Ankle Cavliniro 
----Thigh (upper leg) Ecaustro 
----Shank Shánk 
-----Shin Shimno 
-----Calf Vecravo 
----Foot Pedio 
-----Sole Sôle 
-----Heel Talono 
-----Ball Balo 
--Digit Dijéto 
---Nail Otrís 
----Fingernail Otrís de Dijéto 
----Toenail Otrís de Puçavo 
---Toe Puçavo 
----Pollex Pollexo 
----Pinky toe or little toe Granda Puçavo 
----Other individual toes? None 
---Thumb Puço 
----Thumbnail Otrís de Puço 
---Finger Dijéto 
----Index finger Dijéto Indexo 
----Pinky finger Dijéto Pestanda 
----Middle finger Dijéto Midiena 
----Ring finger Dijéto d'Annilo 
---female femaraia 
----vagina vajno 
----womb utero 
---male maraia 
----penis peneso/penetraso/pestaso 
----testicle testicuro 
-Side Visjeiro 
--Back Destra 
--Front Avastra 
--Left Gosca 
--Right Diréjito 
--Bottom (lower) Subina 
--Top (upper) Surina 
-Orifices Orifiçós 
--anus anús 
 
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dinnae
Tšur


Joined: 10 Jan 2007
Location: Elsewhere
 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 3:43 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Talanese motional/locational/temporal prepositions are derived from body parts or other nouns (note, /a/ is actually more central, and /r/ usually is a tap, but they written as such for the ease of transcription): 

My apologies, this was a neat table 

In, inside of - Tendet (heart) /ˈtɛndət/ 
Out, outside of - Twizo (shell, skull) /ˈtwizoʊ/ 
Around (static) - Natan (skin, bark) /natɔn/ 
Through (static) - Ped (stick, rod) /pɛd/ 
On top of, Over (static) - Miye (hair) /ˈmijə/ 
Above, Over (static) - Aol (cloud) /ɔβ̞͡ɫ/ 
Underneath - Bundu (underside) /ˈbɵndʊw/ 
Below - Neeza (grass) /ˈniza/ 
Beside, Next to - Stabed (arm) /ˈstabəd/ 
In front of - Danćod (chest) /ˈdɔntɕɔd/ 
Behind - Kee (back) /k͜xi/ 
At (in a place; at a moment) - Se /sə/ 
Over (dynamic) - Meyl (wing) /ˈmɛil/ 
Under, Before - Asper (water) /ˈaspər/ 
Through (dynamic), During, While being in - Ense (spear) /ˈɛnsə/ 
Past, After - Huś (wind) /hʊɕ/ 
From elsewhere towards here - Sitei (source of river) /ˈsiti/ 
Towards a specific location Ula (gaze) /ˈʊla/ 
Away from here - Pridas (buttocks) /ˈpridas/ 
Alongside - Dedomheyet (lover, lit hand-holder) /dədɔˈmejət/ &lt; relatively recent addition to the pronoun list, con-historically 
Off - Away, from touching - Donin (fall) /ˈdɔnɘn/ 
Into (place, area, state) - Raowemelek (field of view) /rɔwəˈmeilək/ (always makes me think 'raw milk') 
Out of (place, area, state) - Meśa (leaf bud) /ˈmeiɕa/ 
Around (dynamic) - Malman (orbit) /ˈmɔlmɔn/, dynamic form of /ˈmɔlma/, hug 
Moving around the inside of area or place - Sefse (sniff around) /ˈsɛfsə/ 

--- 
And no, this is not a confusing system. Talanese requires articles for nouns pretty much all the time (because nouns themselves don't inflect much), and of course prepositions don't have articles. It all came to me when I was reading a rather interesting text that had something to do with perception of time, progress and motion in Mediaeval paintings in the library. Actually, my whole TAM system is built upon inspiration drawn from that! 
--- 

As for the body parts list, well... I haven't filled out much, yet, because I've chosen to do it elaborately. I have more words for body parts than there are on this list, but I just haven't reached them yet while filling it out! 

Thanks for providing it, though. 
Here's what I have so far (.htm converted from .doc) http://www.by002.net/~neuteboo/bodyparts.htm 

I'll get there... some time! 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Sun Apr 27, 2008 6:20 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
This thread is 3 days away from being pruned. I will post in here with a list soon, I promise!
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Sun Apr 27, 2008 6:39 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Soap wrote: 
This thread is 3 days away from being pruned. I will post in here with a list soon, I promise! 

Two weeks ago I saw it was close of being pruned and I thought of posting here to retain it, but finally I forgot to do it...  . Luckily I'm not the only one that will post soon here!
_________________
Izambri fadí carol geldi! Sis perans geu gasirant! 
Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Apr 28, 2008 4:41 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Might it be a good idea to move this list to someplace it won't expire from, like a wiki? Maybe KneeQuickie? Or frathwiki? Or Chris Bates's linguistics wiki? Or the Conlang Wikia? 
Or even L&amp;L Museum? 
I can move it to KneeQuickie, I think. I probably need Neek's permission first. Same with the others; maybe I can do it, but I probably need the owners' permission. 
But I can't move it to the Museum. 

dinnae wrote: 
Talanese motional/locational/temporal prepositions are derived from body parts or other nouns (note, /a/ is actually more central, and /r/ usually is a tap, but they written as such for the ease of transcription): 
Hey, that's neat!  Thanks.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Thu May 01, 2008 5:06 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
I probably need Neek's permission first. 
The KQ is down right now and Neek's doing basic training so he probably wont be able to fix it anytime soon. Nevertheless, I think that in the long term that or some other wiki might be a good idea. 

Edit: the KQ is back; it looks like he has monthly bandwidth caps, and he exceeded it in April, but it's back now that it's May.
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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langover94
Gent


Joined: 24 Nov 2007
Location: USA
 Posted: Thu May 01, 2008 6:04 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Here's some of the body parts that I have in Danšlağ. I haven't really gotten specific with them, although I have got the &quot;main&quot; ones. 

body- ri 
nose- nopu 
ear- yakušu 
mouth- slata 
eye- aslo 
tongue- zabu 
teeth- clač 
tonsils- kakraku 
neck- uxač 
hair- skoru 
head- baru 
shoulder- tuŵ 
arm- cura 
hand- ğeš 
finger- baklaŵer 
fingernail- baklaŵeruka 
thumb- kuku 
chest- orka 
breast- ğuš 
stomach- iču 
lungs- abačeraku 
leg- laŵe 
ankle- etai 
foot- teš 
toe- kuklaŵer 
toenail- kaklaŵeruka 
genital- irosi 
penis- bamu 
vagina- omaru 

That's pretty much all I have so far. I'm sure I'll add more after reading this, though.
_________________
It's about time for a sig-change. 

TULIBU DIBU DOUCHOO!! 
 
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Mecislau
Šalea


Joined: 24 Jul 2003
Location: Maryland
 Posted: Sat May 03, 2008 2:47 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Novegradian: 


Body тѣло tiě́lo 
-Blood vessel кревоносита жила krevonósita žíla (lit. &quot;blood-carrying vessel&quot;) 
--Artery артеря artiéria 
--Vein вена véna 
-Material of which it is composed матеряљ зе котраево состаулене materiáł ze kotrájevo sostáulene 
--Bone кости kósti 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) хреце hréce 
--Skin плоти plóti 
--Muscle мишка míška 
--Fat туке túke 
--Blood крев krév 
-Trunk (torso) торсе tórse 
--Chest грандина дантина grándina dántina (lit. &quot;breast cavity&quot;) 
---Heart серце siérce 
---Lung плуце plúce 
--Abdomen or Belly желудок želudók (not distinguished from &quot;stomach&quot;) 
---Stomach желудок želudók 
---Liver етро iétro 
---Spleen слезени sleziéni 
---Intestines есто iésto 
--Waist таля tália 
-Neck шия šíja 
-Extremity концина kóncina 
--Head глава gláva 
---Hair власи vlási 
---Ear оху óhu 
----Earhole --- 
----Earlobe? --- 
---Eye око óko 
----Eyeball оцное яблоко ócnoje iábloko (lit. &quot;eye apple&quot;) 
-----Iris оцное кољце ócnoje kołcé (lit. &quot;eye ring&quot;) 
-----Pupil оцней дѣде ócnej dědié (lit. &quot;eye child&quot;) 
-----Sclera бѣлое око bě́loje óko (lit. &quot;white eye&quot;) 
----Eyebrow брев brév 
----Eyelid вѣко vě́ko 
-----Eyelash ресница résnica or ресна résna 
----Eye socket оцней доље ócnej dółe (lit. &quot;eye pit&quot;) 
----Tear gland слезная жлеза sléznaja žlezá 
---Nose носе nóse 
----Nostril носдера nosderá 
---Mouth роте róte 
----Jaw целусти célusti 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) верхеная целусти verhénaja célusti (lit. &quot;upper jaw&quot;) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) нижная целусти nížnaja célusti (lit. &quot;lower jaw&quot;) 
----Tooth забе zábe 
-----Incisor предней забе prédnej zábe (lit. &quot;foretooth&quot;) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth коле kóle 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) глауней забе gláunej zábe (lit. &quot;headtooth&quot;) 
----Tongue лизике lizíke 
--Limb концина kóncina (not distinguished from &quot;extremity&quot;) 
---Arm рока róka (not distinguished from &quot;hand&quot;) 
----Shoulder плеѕо pledzó (not distinguished from &quot;upper arm&quot;) 
----Elbow лакоти lákoti 
----Wrist подруцие podrucjé (lit. &quot;beneath the hand&quot;) 
----Humerus (upper arm) плеѕо pledzó (common usage, not distinguished from &quot;shoulder&quot;) or надлакоцие nadlakocjé (lit. &quot;above the elbow&quot;, in medical usage) 
----Lower Arm предлакоцие predlakocjé (largely medical usage) 
----Hand рока róka (not distinguished from &quot;arm&quot;) 
-----Palm длани dláni 
---Leg нога nogá (not distinguished from &quot;foot&quot;) 
----Hip ланцо lancó 
-----buttock (if different) заде záde (lit. &quot;rear, behind&quot;) 
----Knee колѣно kolě́no 
----Ankle глезне glézne 
----Thigh (upper leg) бедро bedró 
----Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle) голени goléni (not distinguished from &quot;shin&quot;) 
-----Shin голени goléni (not distinguished from &quot;shank&quot;) 
-----Calf лиска líska 
----Foot нога nogá (common usage, not distinguished from &quot;leg&quot;) or пѣхе pě́he (largely medical usage) 
-----Sole позпѣшие pozpěšjé (lit. &quot;under the foot&quot;) 
-----Heel пида pidá 
-----Ball --- 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) порсте pórste 
---Nail ноготи nógoti 
----Fingernail ноготи рокѣ nógoti rókě (lit. &quot;nail on the hand&quot;) 
----Toenail ноготи ногѣ nógoti nogiě́ (lit. &quot;nail on the foot&quot;) 
---Toe порсте на ногѣ pórste nogiě́ (lit. &quot;digit on the foot&quot;) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) палоке ногѣ páloke nogiě́ (lit. &quot;thumb on the foot&quot;) 
----Pinky toe or little toe вейка ногѣ véjka nogiě́ (lit. &quot;little digit on the foot&quot;) 
----Other individual toes? -just find the equivalent finger name and add ногѣ; each finger name can refer to either the finger or the equivalent toe, though in common usage it is generally assumed that the hand is meant unless otherwise specified or context makes it clear 
---Thumb палоке páloke 
----Thumbnail ноготи палокѣ nógoti pálokě (lit. &quot;nail on the thumb&quot;) 
---Finger порсте pórste (like the individual fingers and toes, this term can refer to either a finger or toe in general, but by default is assumed to refer to the fingers) 
----Index finger предовоке predovóke (lit. &quot;the front one&quot;) 
----Pinky finger вейка véjka (lit. &quot;little twig&quot;) 
----Middle finger срединоке sredinóke (lit. &quot;the middle one&quot;) 
----Ring finger безимѣнноке beziměnnóke (lit. &quot;the unnamed one&quot;, a name you see in Russian and several Uralic languages) 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! плодовии plodóviji (lit. &quot;[organs for] producing offspring&quot;) 
---female женески плодовии žéneski plodóviji 
----vagina туло túlo 
----womb трево trévo 
---male мужески плодовии múžeski plodóviji 
----penis шлене šléne (lit. &quot;member&quot;) 
----testicle яйѕок iajdzók (lit. &quot;little egg&quot;) 
-Side страна straná 
--Back заде záde (for the back part of the body) or спина spína (for the actual back/spine) 
--Front преде préde 
--Left лѣво lě́vo 
--Right право právo 
--Bottom (lower) низе níze 
--Top (upper) верхе vérhe 
-Orifices отуоре ótuore 
--anus задней отуоре zádnej ótuore (lit. &quot;rear orifice&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? -- 

Misc: 
--lap љону łónu 
--kidney нерка niérka 
--bladder пуғири puğíri (lit. &quot;bubble&quot;) 
--brain мозгѣ mozgiě́ 
--lip осту óstu
_________________
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== Calendar ==

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leonsherlock
Mey


Joined: 09 Oct 2006
Location: I exist independent of spacial boundaries
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 9:33 pm    Post subject: Calendar   

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What are the names of the days, months, weeks, ect in your conlang? Have you developed a special &quot;ConCalendar&quot;? 

I will post my zzarnildarciz calendar, complete with the names of the months, days, festivals, ect ect soon, (But Im currently late for a rock show I'm playing at, so I'll post these later). 

Tom Chappel (sp?) suggested this post be created. 
 
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Nuntarin
Šalea


Joined: 24 Jan 2004
Location: Here, where the world is quiet
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 4:33 am    Post subject:    

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http://www.geocities.com/zarathustra47/Atragam/PACalendar.html
_________________
Quote: 
Let us not look too closely at ourselves to see whether or not we have, in our untime, been successful. Turn your face from yourself; it is too late for that. I turn my face from you and I; let us look instead at how the ocean purrs. 
 
 
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leonsherlock
Mey


Joined: 09 Oct 2006
Location: I exist independent of spacial boundaries
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 8:54 am    Post subject:    

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What a great calendar! I like your website. I enjoyed reading about how they use 366 days in a year, and subtract. 

Here is the Zzarnildarciz Calendar: 

The Zzarnildarciz calendar is an observation based solar calendar that begins whenever the spring equinox occurs. It's very accurate, but difficult to predict when leap days occur. 

The Zzarnildarciz year has 365 days, or 366 days on leap year. Leap years happen whenever the spring equinox occurs after noon. The 365 days are divided into 15 months of 24 days, and five extra festival days, including new years day. Each month contains eight weeks of 3 days each. 

Names of the months: 

RROIVcav-cal 
MATTha-cav-cal 
ZAELPna-cav-cal 
TOORZcav-cal 
ADvaid-na-cav-cal 
TCCICvoitt-cav-cal 
zaic-loMARflid-cav-ca 
BONharm-cav-cal 
ROCloi-cav-cal 
MIPtzoo-cav-cal 
fpailNORcav-cal 
DDARLcav-cal 
aeczNILcav-cal 
TIRmadcc-cav-cal 
VADnlairttd-cav-cal 

Word for Week: orlzLAC (Means literally &quot;A group of Days&quot;). 

Days of the week: 
TTAELbain 
ANTi-clivc 
ZINaih-glidd (People get off work on this day)
_________________
gozz oTAIL ALdrae lliv oTAIL ALdrae GOZZin 
Translation: &quot;It has been said - Nothing is always, but NOTHING is ALWAYS&quot; 
 
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TomHChappell
Gent


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 4:31 pm    Post subject: Re: Calendar   

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leonsherlock wrote: 

What are the names of the days, months, weeks, etc in your conlang? Have you developed a special &quot;ConCalendar&quot;? 
 

I haven't created the actual names yet, sorry. 
My conculture's calendar is lunisolar. 
They have a cycle consisting of 57 years = 705 months = 20819 days. 
Most months (374 out of each 705) are 30 days long, but some months (331 out of each 705) are 29 days long. 
Most years (twelve out of each nineteen) are twelve months long, but some years (seven out of each nineteen) are thirteen months long. 
(19 years = 235 months.) 
(Two of the 19-year, 235-month thirds of each 57-year, 705-month cycle are 6940 days long; the other one is 6939 days long. The two longer thirds will have 125 30-day months and 110 29-day months; the shorter third will have 124 30-day months and 111 29-day months.) 
So a twelve-month year is usually 354 days long but may be 355 days long; and a thirteen-month year is usually 384 days long but may be 383 days long. 
It's going to be complicated. I meant it to be. But I expect it to turn out a little less complicated than it looks from this description. 
They may not have &quot;weeks&quot; at all; if not, of course they won't have names for days of the week. 
But they'll probably have names for years. 
I'm thinking maybe 19 names for year-of-the-cycle, 13 names for month-of-the-year, and 30 names for day-of-the-month. 


leonsherlock wrote: 

I will post my zzarnildarciz calendar, complete with the names of the months, days, festivals, etc etc soon, 
 

I look forward to it. 


leonsherlock wrote: 

(But I'm currently late for a rock show I'm playing at, so I'll post these later). 
 

How'd it go? What music did you play? What instrument(s) do you play, and/or what part do you sing? 


leonsherlock wrote: 

Tom Chappell (sp?) suggested this post be created. 
 

And I'm very glad you did, thank you. 
I look forward to other people's contributions too. 


leonsherlock wrote: 

Chappell (sp?) 
 

(two &lt;p&gt;'s and two &lt;l&gt;'s.) 


----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Shinali Sishi wrote: 
TomHChappell congrats, you are an earth, as far as humans fit into yawu ideas (your birth tried to make you water, but your manliness prevailed) 
 
 
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Ancenande
Endi


Joined: 04 Feb 2006
Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina (my toilet flushes the same way as krinnen's)
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 4:50 pm    Post subject:    

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In Arta, the only thing like here are the seconds. Every other thing is different. 

(E) means Earth, (A) means Arta. 


Code: 

1 min (E) = 60 s 
1 min (A) = 50 s 

1 hour (E) = 60 min (E) = 3600 s 
1 hour (A) = 50 min (A) = 2500 s 

1 day (E) = 24 hour (E) = 1440 min (E) = 86400 s 
1 day (A) = 20 hour (A) = 1000 min (A) = 50000 s 

1 year (E) = 365 day (E) + 6 hour (E) = 8766 hour (E) = 525960 min (E) = 31557600 s 
1 year (A) = 768 day (A) + 4 hour (A) = 15364 hour (A) = 768200 min (A) = 38410000 s 

 
I'll post the months soon.
_________________
linguoboy wrote: 
Ollock wrote: 
linguoboy wrote: 
I believe you mean &quot;Poilsh&quot; 
/failed joke or dilexia, linguo? 
And I've never heard of &quot;dilexia&quot;. Is that the state of knowing only two words of a language? 
 
 
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Goza Lesha
Për


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 8:17 pm    Post subject:    

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For Vinawasho, hours are the same length on both planets: 
Code: 
(E) 1 min = 60s 
(V) 1 min = 30 s 

(E) 1 hour = 60 min = 3600 s 
(V) 1 hour = 30 min = 900 s 

(E) 1 day = 24 hours = 1440 min = 86400 s 
(V) 1 day = 30 hours = 900 min = 27000 s 

(E) 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10080 min = 604800 s 
(V) 1 week = 8 days =240 hours = 7200 min = 216000 s 

(E) 1 year = 52 weeks (+ 1 day) = 365 days (+ 6 hours) = 8766 hours = 525960 min = 31557600 s 
(V) 1 year = 48 weeks = 384 days (+ 1 hour) = 11521 hours = 345630 min = 10368900 s 


When a leap year comes around, the extra day is added to the end of the 1st month, forming a 9 day long week. 

I don't have names for any of them yet. 
 
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leonsherlock
Mey


Joined: 09 Oct 2006
Location: I exist independent of spacial boundaries
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 8:21 pm    Post subject: Re: Calendar   

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TomHChappell wrote: 
leonsherlock wrote: 
&quot;] 
(But I'm currently late for a rock show I'm playing at, so I'll post these later). 
 

How'd it go? What music did you play? What instrument(s) do you play, and/or what part do you sing? 

 
I play drumset. Ive been playing for 9 years. I consider myself pretty good. I specialize in jazz and rock, but enjoy playing all styles. I also play the electric kazoo, simultenously with the drums, by mounting it on a harmonica holder. 

Are you a musician as well?
_________________
gozz oTAIL ALdrae lliv oTAIL ALdrae GOZZin 
Translation: &quot;It has been said - Nothing is always, but NOTHING is ALWAYS&quot; 
 
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Ancenande
Endi


Joined: 04 Feb 2006
Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina (my toilet flushes the same way as krinnen's)
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 2:51 pm    Post subject:    

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Goza Lesha wrote: 
For Vinawasho, hours are the same length on both planets: 
Code: 
(E) 1 min = 60s 
(V) 1 min = 30 s 

(E) 1 hour = 60 min = 3600 s 
(V) 1 hour = 30 min = 900 s 

(E) 1 day = 24 hours = 1440 min = 86400 s 
(V) 1 day = 30 hours = 900 min = 27000 s 

(E) 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10080 min = 604800 s 
(V) 1 week = 8 days =240 hours = 7200 min = 216000 s 

(E) 1 year = 52 weeks (+ 1 day) = 365 days (+ 6 hours) = 8766 hours = 525960 min = 31557600 s 
(V) 1 year = 48 weeks = 384 days (+ 1 hour) = 11521 hours = 345630 min = 10368900 s 


When a leap year comes around, the extra day is added to the end of the 1st month, forming a 9 day long week. 

I don't have names for any of them yet. 


Hey, what an original way of showing times in your conworld 
_________________
linguoboy wrote: 
Ollock wrote: 
linguoboy wrote: 
I believe you mean &quot;Poilsh&quot; 
/failed joke or dilexia, linguo? 
And I've never heard of &quot;dilexia&quot;. Is that the state of knowing only two words of a language? 
 
 
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guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Brunswick, Germany
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 3:11 pm    Post subject:    

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The months of the Earth (Tera): 

??? — But I'd be very thankful if somebody could give the etymologies of January, February, April, May and June from Latin. I know that January comes from the Roman god Ianus — he's the equivalent of Chronos, isn't he? 

The days of the week of the Earth (Tera): 

Monday — Bahis Kolunena (Moon/Luna) 
Tuesday — Bahis Kayanena (War &lt; Tiu/Mars) 
Wednesday — Bahis Bihanrengena (Middle of the Week) 
Thursday — Bahis Rugonena (Thunder &lt; Donar/Þor/Iuppiter?) 
Friday — Bahis Ty&amp;#257;nena (Love &lt; Frigga/Venus) 
Saturday — Bahis Kadanoena (Harvest &lt; Saturnus) 
Sunday — Bahis Perinena (Sun) 

The months of Areka: 

I — Talbang 
II — Nankyu 
III — Sirpang 
IV — Limbuy 
V — Dalming 
VI — Tuvoang 
VII — Sanam 
VIII — Kardaying 
IX — Nonamay 
X — Dirlem 
XI — Tayamang 
XII — Yangtim 
XIII — Lahang 
XIV — Ihaloy 
XV — Sintung 
XVI — Rayam 
XVII — Tyemuyang 
XVIII — Pihaling 
XIX — Ravikan 

All of these have 24 days, making up a year of 456 days. 

The days of the week of Areka: 

Bahis Pinena (Sun) 
Bahis Venena (Wind) 
Bahis Palayena (Joy) 
Bahis Siruena (Stars) 
Bahis Tingraena (Music) 
Bahis Tenena (Life, Soul)
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doctrellor
Šalea


Joined: 19 Oct 2003
Location: Land of 10,000 lakes..:)
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 4:09 pm    Post subject: Re: Calendar   

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leonsherlock wrote: 
What are the names of the days, months, weeks, ect in your conlang? Have you developed a special &quot;ConCalendar&quot;? 

I will post my zzarnildarciz calendar, complete with the names of the months, days, festivals, ect ect soon, (But Im currently late for a rock show I'm playing at, so I'll post these later). 

Tom Chappel (sp?) suggested this post be created. 


There is not much of a calender I can make when the orbit is a whopping 15 1/2 days..lol 

the &quot;time&quot; category or keeping track of time deals with biological items, and so it's relative generally
_________________
ajandob’amanancide&amp;#331;&amp;#601; 
Dominion over+people+evil 
One who has dominion over an evil people 

gú&amp;#331;es gbe ntisajando a&amp;#331;indebi 
2P+challenge CONJ exterminate+people 1PIDO+OCOMP 
You challenged and exterminated the people for my sake. 
 
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leonsherlock
Mey


Joined: 09 Oct 2006
Location: I exist independent of spacial boundaries
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 6:26 pm    Post subject:    

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15.5 days... lol 
Does this mean the planet is really close to it's star? Does that mean it's really hot?
_________________
gozz oTAIL ALdrae lliv oTAIL ALdrae GOZZin 
Translation: &quot;It has been said - Nothing is always, but NOTHING is ALWAYS&quot; 
 
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doctrellor
Šalea


Joined: 19 Oct 2003
Location: Land of 10,000 lakes..:)
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 8:19 pm    Post subject:    

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leonsherlock wrote: 
15.5 days... lol 
Does this mean the planet is really close to it's star? Does that mean it's really hot? 


the star is an MV5, pretty much like Proxima Centauri, so it's a very cool little red star...and so yeah, it really close in..lol
_________________
ajandob’amanancide&amp;#331;&amp;#601; 
Dominion over+people+evil 
One who has dominion over an evil people 

gú&amp;#331;es gbe ntisajando a&amp;#331;indebi 
2P+challenge CONJ exterminate+people 1PIDO+OCOMP 
You challenged and exterminated the people for my sake. 
 
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Shigeru
Endi


Joined: 09 Jul 2006
Location: Garland, Texas
 Posted: Tue Oct 31, 2006 1:22 am    Post subject:    

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seeing as my conworld isn't a world, but the small illuminated section of the infinitely sized skin of the universe, it's really hard to think in terms of we're used to. the measure of time, a &quot;minute&quot; so to say, the time it takes the beam from the Lighthouse Palace to rotate one degree, ançawwè. so there are 360 ançawwè in a &quot;day&quot; ançà, and 1000 ançà in a &quot;year&quot; or &quot;cycle&quot; bactà 

the Yionyooxscer and Esstam use a religious calendar and a business calendar that divide the bactà differently. i'll repost when i finish both. mostly it's like the mayan calendar, and has been used to predict events untill the end of time. the Aa'aan Church and the Theitspund use different calendars as well, but not as sophisticated.
_________________
ghur wrote: 
 
 
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finlay
Šalea


Joined: 22 Dec 2003
Location: York
 Posted: Tue Oct 31, 2006 6:09 am    Post subject:    

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I've forgotten most of what goes on in my calendar. It was the most detailed conthing I ever did, though. It's all in a spreadsheet somewhere at home. 

I will say what I can remember off the top of my head, though... 

um.. there's 489 days of the year; 12 months (though I've been thinking about changing this to match my moons a bit better) with days in the pattern 41-41-41-40-41-41-41-40-41-41-41-40. There's two leap years every five years, on the 2nd and 5th year of each cycle, on a different one of the 40-length months, and there's a special leap year every 160 years (next one's in 2017, I think). 

489 days there is equivalent to 471 (IIRC) days here, so their days are shorter by about 51 minutes (IIRC). 

The days are broken up into four quarters, morning/afternoon/evening/night, each of which is 6 earth-hours long, and each is broken into 16 &quot;hours&quot; (equiv. 22.5 earth-minutes each), each into 18 &quot;minutes&quot; (equiv 1.5 earth-minutes each), and each of those into 30 &quot;seconds&quot; (equiv 2.5 earth-seconds each). It should be noted that while it's equivalent to 2.5 earth-seconds, you also have to factor in that the day is slightly shorter overall. 

What else? Um... the week of 8 days is based on the cycle of the largest moon, which repeats every 8 days. You get the New Moon day off work, and most places give the day or two days beforehand as well. 

Oh, and it was new year around a month ago, on 23rd September; it's just turned 1112 K.Z. (though I'm not sure what that stands for yet, I just like it...). So a belated happy new year to all! 
 
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simon.clarkstone
Endi


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Fri Nov 03, 2006 10:09 am    Post subject:    

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Shigeru wrote: 
seeing as my conworld isn't a world, but the small illuminated section of the infinitely sized skin of the universe, it's really hard to think in terms of we're used to. the measure of time, a &quot;minute&quot; so to say, the time it takes the beam from the Lighthouse Palace to rotate one degree, ançawwè. so there are 360 ançawwè in a &quot;day&quot; ançà, and 1000 ançà in a &quot;year&quot; or &quot;cycle&quot; bactà 
This sounds like my kind of conworld! Do you have a website describing any of it?
_________________
Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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simon.clarkstone
Endi


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Fri Nov 03, 2006 10:25 am    Post subject: Re: Calendar   

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leonsherlock wrote: 
What are the names of the days, months, weeks, ect in your conlang? Have you developed a special &quot;ConCalendar&quot;? 
The Kigdatsi use the simplest possible calendar: counting from a particular point. They count in units of the Planck time since some point I haven't decided, but which is in our late 19th century, and is the instant of their creation (by the humans in their sub-universe). 1 Planck time (the shortest physically meaningful period of time) is a rather inconvinient 5.39121E-44s, so they will often work in units of 60^24 Planck times, about 1/4 of a second to us.
_________________
Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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Old Man Neek
Tšur


Joined: 30 Sep 2002
Location: im itësin
 Posted: Fri Nov 03, 2006 3:59 pm    Post subject:    

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The planet Ti Mahtinqmin, or better Hpimahttan IV, takes 24.98 Earth hours to complete 1 full revolution on its axis. To complete a full orbit around its host star, it takes approximately 466 days (465.98 if you want to fuss). 

There are plenty of ways to count, though the most common (and thusly most pertinent) is the Qmuning reckoning (as they reckoned a lot). 

First we must understand how the year is divided. The year is split into 4 parts coinciding with the 4 seasons. Each seasons takes approximately 116.5 days). The year is generally called a Qaqum, or a Span of 4 (seasons, or qate). Each season is named after one of the four stages of life, and starts with Fall: 

I. Ahkninq, Birth (lit., Birth) :: Fall. 
II. Hsamqoninq, Child (lit., Sees-not (the path)) :: Winter. 
III. Tqasninq, Adult (lit., Walks (the path)) :: Spring. 
IV. Qmunninq (lit., Ascends (the path)) :: Summer. 

(The words listed here are generally classifiers used in modern context, in reality, these were featured in finite phrases, that is the first day of the year would be refered to as, &quot;When the year was born,&quot; or when referencing the III month, &quot;When the year walks.&quot;) 

Each season can be further subdivided into 16 smaller spans, refered to as Hsepqum, or Spans of 7 (days, or o). Not each Hsepqum, though, is seven days long. Four Hsepqum have 8 days (the last Hsepqum of the Qate), while one (the first Hsepqum) have 9. Each Hsepqum can be numbered IV to I, where the IV is the first Hsepqum. Oftentimes, however, these are named. The function of an individual calendar generally dictates the name of each month; furthermore, the names of some are more 

Similar to Roman calendars, the month is not dated from the day it starts and counts up until it reaches the end. Rather, there are three days out of the month that are named, while the rest are counted from the close of the month. 

The first day of the Hsepqum is called the Ahko, or Initial-Day. The day before the last of the month is called Qmunemo, or the Day Near the Ascent. The last day is called the Qmuno, or Day of the Ascent. The other days of the Hsepqum are refered to as E Qmuno and the number, or x from the Ascent So, the first Hsepqum would be: 

Code: 
(This list also features modern names, transliterated from Hanáwenzo) 
(Ahkninq) Ahko    (Axníngu so) Áxu 
E Qmuno VIII     Kúno á VIII 
E Qmuno VII      Kúno á VII 
E Qmuno VI       Kúno á VI 
E Qmuno V        Kúno á V 
E Qmuno IV       Kúno á IV 
E Qmuno III      Kúno á III 
Qmunemo          Kúnemu 
Qmuno            Kúnu 

* I don't have the numbers yet, I'm sorry 


There'll be more about this later!
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Fhtagn | Fhtagn | Fhtagn 
 
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Shigeru
Endi


Joined: 09 Jul 2006
Location: Garland, Texas
 Posted: Sat Nov 04, 2006 12:57 am    Post subject:    

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simon.clarkstone wrote: 
This sounds like my kind of conworld! Do you have a website describing any of it? 


unfortunantly, i lack the funds to run a website. but i will get around to posting all my conworld's info and resources. i've always like concave world theories for their sci-fi and fantasy aspects, especially things like the Thule Society, wikipedia them sometimes. that was the inspiration for an entire concave universe, with people living on the inner shell. 

because of that, i wanted to craft a world centered around a giant new york or tokyo, and that became Haal, a city on a floating island in the center of the Centre Sea. in the center of that, the Lighthouse Palace is the tallest structure in the universe, able to illuminate an area the diameter of neptune, like a candle in the bottom of a large bowl.
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ghur wrote: 
 
 
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doctrellor
Šalea


Joined: 19 Oct 2003
Location: Land of 10,000 lakes..:)
 Posted: Sat Nov 04, 2006 6:54 am    Post subject:    

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Shigeru wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
This sounds like my kind of conworld! Do you have a website describing any of it? 


unfortunantly, i lack the funds to run a website. 


what do ya mean 'lack the funds'? there are loads of free site places out there where you can hang your hat until you can pay a few clams a month for a decent sized spot...
_________________
ajandob’amanancide&amp;#331;&amp;#601; 
Dominion over+people+evil 
One who has dominion over an evil people 

gú&amp;#331;es gbe ntisajando a&amp;#331;indebi 
2P+challenge CONJ exterminate+people 1PIDO+OCOMP 
You challenged and exterminated the people for my sake. 
 
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schwhatever
Mey


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: NorCal
 Posted: Sun Nov 05, 2006 7:46 pm    Post subject:    

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There are 379.5 days per year. 
These are divided into 19 months of twenty days, except on leap years (every other year) when one is only 19 days. 

I havn't worked out the names yet; I'm still working on their etymologies.
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Wycoval wrote: 
Which makes a more comfy blanket - The Hobbit or Watership Down? 
 
 
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Aidan
Tšur


Joined: 09 Nov 2002
Location: Tâl Katar
 Posted: Thu Nov 09, 2006 2:10 am    Post subject:    

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I have two calendars, one complete with names, for my conworld. A lunisolar calendar based on the northern solstice year; and a vernal-solar calendar. 

http://www.sedesdraconis.com/index.cgi?Calendar
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A convenient link to the ConScript Directory 
 
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mavonduri
Ur


Joined: 27 Aug 2006

 Posted: Sat Nov 18, 2006 8:08 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
The Wolven (Cénáre) had a calendar system consisting of four primary months of 79 days each, more or less corresponding to the different seasons throughout the year. In order, the months are: Oharel, Velókar, Adarel, Vaelar. After Vaelar, there is a seven-week &quot;sub-month&quot;, which is used to honor the Seven Royal Lines (i.e. of the Kings of Ánovén). 

Every four years (leap year), an additional day was added before these seven weeks began, which honored the first (and only) High King of Ánovén (Etheôn, of which the Seven Royal Lines were the descendants of his seven sons) 

The Ánovénean New Year began on the 1st of Oharel, which corresponded approximately to June 21st (summer solstice). Each week consisted of seven days (the Wolven considered 7 to be the most sacred number), a tradition they brought with them to the Lands of Refuge (modern-day Europe and N. America) after the Lands of Émae (Ánovén and Kânavad) sunk into the ocean.
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Visit the Cénárol website! 

Check out my debut novel, Mathion! 
 
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Tengado
Šalea


Joined: 12 Oct 2005
Location: Shenyang, China
 Posted: Sat Nov 18, 2006 9:44 pm    Post subject: Re: Calendar   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
leonsherlock wrote: 
the electric kazoo 

They exist?! Wow!  

Interesting calendar! 
Quote: 
Leap years happen whenever the spring equinox occurs after noon. 

How would they determine this? A sort of stonehenge-like thing? Would that work? 

The precise details of my conworld aren't decided on yet - its a planet around a real star in our galaxy [I had a few candidates a while ago but forgot what they were], so I don't know the precise length of the day year etc. But, the year length won't be too far off earth's, because in the story I have sketched out, it was chosen for it's earth-like ness. I also haven't got names for anything, unfortunately I'm having a bit of creative block in deciding how related my languages should be, and I can't get much further with them till that's resolved [have a look here if you'd liek to give me advice]. The calendar is pretty much applicable to any planet though. 

The year is defined in terms of the observable cycle of four key features: [&quot;day&quot; here means the time betweeen sunrise and sunset, not the rotational period] the first day which is longer than the previous day, the first day which is longer than it's night, the first day shorter than the previous day, and the first day shorter than the previous night. 

The year is split into 4 sections, each starting on one of those 4 key days. Each section is split up into 3 &quot;months,&quot; giving the familiar twelve months of our calendar. But this is coincidence. The conrace involved have three fingers and a thumb, and as a result, tend to count in threes and twelves - their number systems are mostly base 12*. The lengths of the 3 months in each section are chosen such that they either (a) all have the same length, or (b) the first two have the same length, and the third is different. This means that at a maximum the last month can be 2 days different in length from the other two [better than our three day difference of 28 - 31]. 

The solstices and equinoxes always fall on the final day of each of the 4 sections. There are festivals on these days. 

The calendar doesn't require leap years as the start date of each section is determined by the solstices and equinoxes, so it can never drift as ours would without leap days. 

* They count to 12 on the fingers of one hand by extending their fingers as follows [they have little finger, middle finger and index finger, and thumb, abbreviated as L, M, I, T] 

1: L 7: L T 
2: L, M 8: L, M T 
3: L, M, I 9: L, M, I, T 
4: M, I 10: M, I T 
5: I 11: I T 
6: L, I 12: L I T
_________________
In Osage, Linguoboy wrote: 
Tengado kitaake atxãhe &quot;I'm about to fight Tengado&quot;. 

&amp;#25152;&amp;#26377;&amp;#30475;&amp;#19981;&amp;#35211;&amp;#30340;&amp;#37117;&amp;#22312;&amp;#30524;&amp;#21069; 
 
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leonsherlock
Mey


Joined: 09 Oct 2006
Location: I exist independent of spacial boundaries
 Posted: Sun Nov 19, 2006 9:06 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Yes - Electric Kazoos Exist. I have a kazooka http://www.electrickazoo.com/ . 

I am able to play drums and kazoo simultaneously by mounting the kazoo onto a harmonica neck holding thingy. 

If you want to learn a strange instrument, I reccomend you buy one - they are only about 20 bucks. You will need an amp though. The Electric Kazoo is very hard to play, since there are no discreete pitches, but it's one of the most expressive instruments availible, besides the human voice.
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gozz oTAIL ALdrae lliv oTAIL ALdrae GOZZin 
Translation: &quot;It has been said - Nothing is always, but NOTHING is ALWAYS&quot; 
 
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Page 1 of 1</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Univax</title>
    <id>5054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52878</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T09:33:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Grammar= */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Phonetic doodle inspired by a [[ZBB]] discussion about the &quot;sound of polar languages&quot; (from [[Aleut]] to [[Icelandic]]). Just to be contrary, I'm putting it in Sahara.

===Phoneme inventory===
'''Consonants'''
{|
| p || t || || c || k
|-
| || θ || s || || x
|-
| m̥ || n̥ || || ɲ̊ || h
|-
| m || n || || ɲ ||
|-
| ʋ || l || r || j ||
|}

'''Vowels'''
{|
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Short
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Long
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Front&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Centr.&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Back&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Front&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Centr.&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Back&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Hi
| i || ʉ || u
| iː || ʉː || uː
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Non-hi
| || ə || ɑ
| || || ɑː
|}

'''Difthongs''' consist of a non-hi vowel + glide: '''front''' əj&lt;!--ej?--&gt;, '''back''' ɑw.

===Allophony===
* /k x/ backed to [q χ] before a back vowel or after one before a consonant
* /θ/ is lamino-interdental, /t n̥ n l/ are apico-dental, except apico-alveolar before /i/, /s r/ are apico-alveolar, /c ɲ̊ ɲ/ are lamino-postalveolar
* /θ x/ voiced to [ð ɣ~ʁ] between voiced sounds and initially
* /s/ voiced to [z] only intervocally &amp; if the next consonant is also voiced
** eg. /kisim/ [kizim], but /kisi/ [kisi], /kisixat/ [kisiχɑt̪]

===Structure===
'''Cluster table''' (obstruent-initials only for now):

{|
! 1st ↓ · 2nd → !! p !! t !! c !! k !! θ !! s !! x
! m̥ !! n̥ !! ɲ̊ !! m !! n !! ɲ !! ʋ !! l !! r
|-
! p
| || pt || pc || || || ps || px
| || pnh? || pñh? || || || || || ||
|-
! t
| tp || || || tk || || || tx
| tmh || || || || || || tv || || 
|-
! c
| cp || || || ck || || || cx
| cmh || || || || || || cv || ||
|-
! k
| kp || kt || kc || || || ||
| kmh || knh? || kñh? || || || || kv || || ||
|-
! θ
| ŧp || || || ŧk || || || ŧx
| ŧmh || ŧnh? || ŧñh? || ŧm || || || ŧv || ŧl || ŧr
|-
! x
| xp || xt || xc || || xŧ || xs ||
| xmh || xnh? || xñh? || xm || xn || xñ || xv || ||
|}

Coda /s/ occurs only word-finally.

'''Stress'''
* Level 1 (usually 2ndary) stress falls on the initial syllable, unless immediately pretonic
* Level 2 (usually primary) stress falls on
** the rightmost superhevvy syllable, if there is one
** otherwise the rightmost non-final hevvy syllable, if there is one
(so what's this in terms of feet? (C)V(V/C)(C)CV(C/V)(CV)(V/C)(CV)(V/C) I think?)

==Grammar==
Person markers:
* standalone pronouns sŋ. ''xuu suu uu'' [ʁuː(l) suː(l) uː(l)], pl. ''xusar tesar vaar'' [ʁusɑr t̪əsɑr ʋɑːr] &lt;!-- xu-sa-r, tə-sa-r, va-va-r; tə- former demonstrativ base--&gt;
** possessivs sŋ. ''xakta sakta vakta'' [ʁɑqt̪ɑ sɑqt̪ɑ ʋɑqt̪ɑ], pl. xaŧer saŧer vaŧer [ʁɑðər sɑðər ʋɑðər] &lt;!-- *Catrə --&gt;
* subject markers sŋ. ''-xa -sa -va'', pl. ''-x -s -u'' &lt;!-- *xə sə və &lt; *Ce &lt; *Ca-j &lt; ... --&gt;
&lt;!--* object markers [-k -t -n] &gt; benefactiv, ?, indicativ--&gt;

===Flavor test===
* seriutvalem [ˌseriˈut̪ʋɑl̪əm] ''(not difthongal due to foot breik)''
* kaarhuxmet [ˈqɑːrhuʁmət̪]
* terakvaasuxmit [ˌt̪ərɑqʋɑːˈzuʁmit̪] ''(do we have an '''-uxmit'''/'''-uxmet''' suffix here?)''
* ŧykurpyycuu [ˌðʉqurˈpʉːcuː]
* uñiivacxamhyykap [ˌuɲiːʋɑcχɑˈm̥ʉːqɑp] ''(perhaps tripedal)''
* xarvytxaanaa [ˌʁɑrʋʉˈt̪χɑːn̪ɑː]
* yŧkyr cepesak [ˈʉθkʉr ˈcəpəsɑq]
* kepuut sinikau suvatpeti [kəˈpuːt̪ ˈsiniqaw suˈʋɑt̪pəti]
* tylpyraktiipii [ˌt̪ʉl̪pʉrɑqˈtiːpiː]
* aŧrun kuulacxun [ˈɑðrun̪ quːˈl̪ɑcχun̪]

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Dalcurian</title>
    <id>5056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34249</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-21T15:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian mainpage]]

The onset of what is now termed Old Dalcurian saw a greater divide between that of Thaduracian and Proto-Dalcurian. The main introductions were:

* vowel shift and introduction of long vowels

* palatialisation-this became a tonal phenomenon of the higher classes

* lenition-'th'&gt;'t' 

* introduction of new verb tenses and endings: identifiable preterite with telecity prefix '''ga''' (which later came to denote the simple past), perfective present with '''habra'''

* spelling changes: long vowels were doubled

* gradual loss of modality inflection for 'can, may, should' and 'must'; introduction of auxiliaries '''habra, hatra'''

* identifiable noun and adjective endings: '''amos amin''' and '''adin''' respectively

* gradual loss of preposition inflection into stand alone position. This also induced prepositional word order

* increased usage of personal pronouns, thus forcing a gradual loss of verb concord</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:THAD PRAYER1.gif</title>
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      <id>31343</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-15T21:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>User:Jorjborjs</title>
    <id>5058</id>
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      <id>46635</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T11:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tucson''' er so siat teras [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima Kluavar]], [[Arizona]], [[Foriantan Statar]], funtta 118 miles (188 [[kilometer|km]]) southeast of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] and 60 miles (98 km) north of the [[U.S.-Mexico border]]. As of July 1 2006, a [[Census Bureau]] estimate puts the city's population at 518,956,&lt;ref name=popest/&gt; with a [[metropolitan area]] population at 946,362. In 2005, Tucson ranked as the [[List of United States cities by population|32&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; largest]] city and [[List of United States metropolitan areas|52&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; largest]] metropolitan area in the [[United States|U.S.]] It is the largest city in southern [[Arizona]] and the second largest in the state. Tucson is also the site of the [[University of Arizona]].

Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include [[Oro Valley]] and [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]] northwest of the city, and [[South Tucson]] and [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]] south of the city. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]], [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]], [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], [[Flowing Wells, Arizona|Flowing Wells]], [[Green Valley, Arizona|Green Valley]], [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]], [[New Pascua]], and [[Vail, Arizona|Vail]].

The English name ''Tucson'' derives from the [[Spanish]] name of the city, ''Tucsón'' {{IPA|[tukˈson]}}, which was borrowed from the [[O'odham language|O'odham]] name {{Unicode|''Cuk Ṣon''}} ({{pronounced|ʧʊk ʂɔn}}, roughly &quot;chook shown&quot;), meaning &quot;at the base of the black [hill]&quot;, a reference to an adjacent volcanic mountain. Tucson is sometimes referred to as &quot;The Old Pueblo.&quot;

==History==
[[Image:Tucson Stone Ave year 1880.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;Tucson's Stone Avenue in 1880.&lt;/center&gt;]]
Tucson was probably first visited by [[Paleo-Indians]], known to have been in southern Arizona by about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the [[Santa Cruz River]] have located a village site dating from 4,000 years ago. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting animals. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated by archaeologists as the [[Hohokam]] lived in the area from AD 600-1450 and are known for their red-on-brown pottery.

[[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary [[Eusebio Francisco Kino]] visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the [[Mission San Xavier del Bac]] about 7 miles (12 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson in 1700. The Spanish established a presidio (fort) on [[August 20]] 1775 and the town came to be called &quot;Tucson.&quot; Tucson became a part of [[Mexico]] after Mexico gained independence from [[Spain]] in 1821. Following the [[Gadsden purchase]] in 1853, Tucson became a part of the [[United States of America]], although the American military did not formally take over control of the community until March 1856. From August 1861, until mid-1862, Tucson was the capital of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Arizona Territory (CSA)|Arizona Territory]]. Until 1863, Tucson and all of Arizona was part of [[New Mexico Territory]]. From 1867 to 1879, Tucson was the capital of  [[Arizona Territory]]. The [[University of Arizona]], located in Tucson, was founded in 1885.

By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. At about this time, the US [[Veterans Administration]] had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been [[chemical weapons|gassed]] in [[World War I]] and were in need of [[respiratory therapy]] began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910, 20,292 in 1920, and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]], in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial area, whereas Phoenix was the seat of state government and agriculture. The establishment of Tucson Municipal Airport increased its prominence. By the 1920s-30s, Phoenix outgrew Tucson and has continued to expand. Tucson has still been growing but at a slower pace.
[[Image:Tucson old.jpg|thumb|700px|center|''Tucson, Arizona. 1909.'']]

==Geography and climate==
===Geography===
[[Image:TucsonAZ ISS009-E-10382.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Tucson, as seen from space.&lt;/center&gt;]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Tucson has a total area of 195.1&amp;nbsp;[[square mile]]s (505.3&amp;nbsp;[[km²]]), of which, 194.7&amp;nbsp;square miles (504.2&amp;nbsp;km²) of it is land and 0.4&amp;nbsp;square miles (1.1&amp;nbsp;km²) of it (0.22%) is water.

The city's elevation is 2,389 ft (728 m) above sea level. Tucson is situated on an [[alluvial plain]] in the [[Sonoran desert]], surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] and the [[Tortolita Mountains]] to the north, the [[Santa Rita Mountains]] to the south, the [[Rincon Mountains]] to the east, and the [[Tucson Mountains]] to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157-foot [[Mount Lemmon]], the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687-foot Wasson Peak. [[Image:windy600.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;A view of Tucson from Windy Point, at elevation 6,580 feet on [[Mount Lemmon|Mt. Lemmon]].&lt;/center&gt;]]

The city is located on the [[Santa Cruz River]], a dry river bed much of the year that floods during significant seasonal rains. (The Santa Cruz becomes a subterranean stream part of the year although it may appear dry.)

Tucson is located along [[Interstate 10]], which runs through [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] toward [[Santa Monica, California]] in the northwest, and through [[El Paso, Texas]], and [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], toward [[Jacksonville, Florida]] in the east. [[Interstate 19|I-19]], runs south from Tucson toward [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]] and the [[U.S.-Mexico border]]. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses &quot;[[kilometer]] posts&quot; instead of &quot;[[milepost]]s&quot;, although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.

====Environmental sustainability====
Tucson is considered to be in a natural location for the development of a solar energy community, but the city has not yet undertaken this as a serious project. Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem is potable water supply. Household water use is the principal drain on the water supply, with agriculture a close second. In 1997, the 35 golf courses in the area consumed about 10% of the municipal water supply, and since then, 16 of the remaining 25 or so courses use reclaimed water.
[[Image:Tucson golf reclaimed water.jpg|thumb|right|&lt;center&gt;This Tucson golf course uses reclaimed water.&lt;/center&gt;]]
As a result, residences consume the vast majority of municipal water. Like golf courses, agricultural lands are turning toward reclaimed water. Mining and other industrial water uses combined accounted for about a 15% of water use in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/publications/sustainability/report_html/chap5_01.html University of Arizona water sustainability report]&lt;/ref&gt; Although Tucsonans find lawns and swimming pools less acceptable than their neighbors in Phoenix{{Fact|date=May 2007}}, massive drawing down of groundwater resources over the last 100 years has occurred, visible as ground [[subsidence]] in some residential areas.

Tucson's reliance on the [[Central Arizona Project Aqueduct]], which passes more than 300 miles (480 km) across the desert from the [[Colorado River]], casts doubt over &quot;sustainability&quot; claims even at current population levels. This points to the need for further efforts at re-use and recycling, prompted by Pima County and the city in numerous outreach campaigns, and halt to urban growth into the fragile ecosystems of the surrounding Sonoran Desert.

====Water====
[[Image:Tucson Santa Cruz River Flood.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;The Santa Cruz River during the flood of 1983.&lt;/center&gt;]]More than 100 years ago, the Santa Cruz River flowed nearly year-round through Tucson. This supply of water has slowly disappeared, causing Tucson to seek alternative sources.

From 1803 until 1887, Tucson residents purchased water for a penny a gallon from vendors who transported it in bags draped over burros' backs. After that, water was sold by the bucket or barrel and delivered door-to-door in wagons.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In 1881, water was pumped from a well on the banks of the Santa Cruz River and flowed by gravity through pipes into the distribution system.

Tucson currently draws water from two main sources: [[Central Arizona Project]] (CAP) water and [[groundwater]]. In 1992, Tucson Water delivered CAP water to some customers that was referred to as being unacceptable due to discoloration, bad odor and flavor, as well as problems it caused some customers' plumbing and appliances. Tucson's city water currently consists of CAP water mixed with groundwater.

In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer[http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/heritage.htm]. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer.

====Cityscape====
[[Image:TucsonMap.png|thumb|right|&lt;center&gt;Tucson map&lt;/center&gt;]]
Similar to many other [[Western U.S.]] cities, Tucson was developed on a [[grid plan]], with the city center at Stone Avenue and Broadway Boulevard. While this intersection was initially near the [[geographic center]] of Tucson, that center has shifted as the city has expanded far to the east. An expansive city covering substantial area, Tucson has many distinct neighborhoods.

====Earliest neighborhoods====
[[Image:Tuscon 19thCentury Adobe.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;A 19th century adobe house in the Amory Park neighborhood.&lt;/center&gt;]]Tucson's early neighborhoods (some of which are covered by the [[Tucson Convention Center]]) include El Presidio; Barrio Histórico; Armory Park, directly south of downtown; Barrio Anita, named for an early settler; Barrio Tiburón (in the present Fourth Avenue arts district), designated in territorial times as a &quot;red light&quot; district; El Jardín, named for an early recreational site, Levin's Gardens; and El Hoyo, named for a lake that was part of the gardens. Up until the building of the Tucson Convention Center (or TCC), El Hoyo (Spanish for pit or hole) referred to this part of the city, which was inhabited mainly by Mexican-American citizens and immigrants from Mexico. Other historical neighborhoods include the University neighborhood west of the University of Arizona, Iron Horse and Pie Allen neighborhoods just east of downtown, Sam Hughes neighborhood (named after an instigator/hero of the [[Camp Grant Massacre]]), located east of the University of Arizona, and Menlo Park, situated adjacent to [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|Sentinel Peak]].

====Downtown====
Downtown Tucson is undergoing a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project is Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally classified as north of 12th Street, east of [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|I-10]], and southwest of Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the [http://www.tucsonhistoricdepot.org/1673/timeline/index.htm historic train depot] and &quot;Locomotive #1673&quot;, built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, Convention District, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District.

[[Image:Tucson Unisource Energy Building.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[UniSource Energy Tower]], which is currently the tallest building in Tucson.&lt;/center&gt;]][[Image:Pima County Courthouse.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;Pima County Courthouse&lt;/center&gt;]]Tucson's tallest building, the 23-story [[UniSource Energy Tower]] (also called the Bank Building) is situated downtown and was completed in 1986. The proposed Century Tower for downtown would surpass the Bank Building at 27 stories. Other high-rise buildings downtown include [[Bank of America|Bank of America Plaza]], and the Pioneer (completed in 1914).

Attractions downtown include the historic [[Hotel Congress]] designed in 1919, the [[Art Deco]] [[Fox Theatre (Tucson)|Fox Theatre]] designed in 1929, the [[Rialto Theatre (Arizona)|Rialto Theatre]] opened in 1920, and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine Cathedral]] completed in 1896.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=102386 Tucson Buildings, Real Estate, Architecture, Skyscrapers and Construction Database&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Included on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] is the old Pima County Courthouse, designed by Roy W. Place in 1928.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.azhistorytraveler.org/templates/content-view.php?nid=2&amp;sid=546 Arizona Heritage Traveler - Public Buildings - Pima County Courthouse&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Central or Midtown====
As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The [[University of Arizona]], chartered in 1885, is located in midtown and includes [[Arizona Stadium]] and [[McKale Center]]. Historic Tucson High School (designed in 1924), 
the Arizona Inn (built in 1930), and the Tucson Botanic Gardens are also located in Central Tucson.

[[Image:Tuscon UniversityofArizona.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;Old Main, University of Arizona.&lt;/center&gt;]]
Tucson's largest park, Reid Park is located in midtown and includes [[Reid Park Zoo]] and [[Hi Corbett Field]]. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The [[El Con Mall]] is also located in the eastern part of midtown.

Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the &quot;ugliest street in America&quot; by ''[[Life Magazine]]'' in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor [[Jim Corbett (politician)|James Corbett]]. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded &quot;Street of the Year&quot; by ''[[Arizona Highways]]'' in the late 1990s.

====South side and South Tucson====
[[Image:TUS Terminal Front.jpg|thumb|right|&lt;center&gt;[[Tucson International Airport]] when it was under renovation.&lt;/center&gt;]]
The Southside contains the city of [[South Tucson, Arizona|South Tucson]], with an area of approximately 1¼ square miles (3¼ square kilometers), which is completely surrounded by the city of Tucson. The South side is generally considered to be the area of approximately 25 square miles (65 square kilometers) north of Los Reales Road, south of 22nd Street, east of [[I-19]], west of Davis Monthan Air Force Base and southwest of Aviation Parkway. Much of Tucson's Mexican-American population live on the south side and South 12th Avenue is considered as the cultural locus of the working class Mexican-American population. The [[Tucson International Airport]] and [[Tucson Electric Park]] are also located here.

====West Tucson====
West Tucson is a combination of [[urban area|urban]] and [[suburban]] development. Generally defined as the area west of [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|I-10]], West Tucson encompasses the banks of the [[Santa Cruz River]] and the foothills of the [[Tucson Mountains]]. Attractions in West Tucson include [[Saguaro National Park|Saguaro National Park West]], [[Sentinel Peak (Arizona)|Sentinel Peak]], the [[Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum]], [[Old Tucson Studios]], and the [[JW Marriott Hotels|Marriott Starr Pass Resort &amp; Spa]].

[[Image:MountainLion.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;A mountain lion at the [[Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum]].&lt;/center&gt;]]
[[Image:Panorama-nw.jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama of western suburbs]]
On Sentinel Peak (also known as &quot;'A' Mountain&quot;), just west of downtown, there is a giant &quot;A&quot; in honor of the [[University of Arizona]]. Starting in about 1910, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the &quot;A&quot;, which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the [[Iraq War]], anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle where the &quot;A&quot; was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets, view the city lights at night, or engage in [[necking]]. This is no longer possible as a recent ordinance has forced the closing of Sentinel Peak at 8 p.m. Every evening, Tucson police set up a barricade blocking the entrance while they enforce the evacuation of all visitors off the mountain{{Fact|date=May 2007}}.

====North Tucson====
North Tucson includes the urban neighborhoods of Amphitheater and [[Flowing Wells, Arizona|Flowing Wells]]. Usually considered the area north of Fort Lowell Road, north Tucson includes some of Tucson's primary [[commerce|commercial]] zones ([[Tucson Mall]] and the Oracle Road Corridor). Many of the city's most upscale [[boutiques]], [[restaurants]], and [[art galleries]] are also located on the north side including St. Philip's Plaza. The Plaza is directly adjacent to the historic St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church (built in 1936).

[[Image:La Paloma Tucson.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Westin La Paloma Resort in north Tucson.&lt;/center&gt;]]
Also on the north side is the suburban community of [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], located in the foothills of the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] just north of the city limits. This community includes among the area's most expensive homes, commonly multi-million dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road, and west of [[Sabino Canyon|Sabino Creek]]. Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills, including the Hacienda Del Sol, [[Westin Hotels|Westin La Paloma Resort]], [[Loews Hotels|Loews Ventana Canyon Resort]] and [[Canyon Ranch|Canyon Ranch Resort]]. [[La Encantada (shopping mall)|La Encantada]], an upscale outdoor [[shopping mall]], is also in the Foothills. 

The foothills area is home to Tohono Chul Park (a botanical garden) near the intersection of Oracle Road and Ina.  Also the DeGrazia Gallery of the Sun near the intersection of Swan Road and Skyline Drive. Built by artist [[Ettore DeGrazia|Ted DeGrazia]] starting in 1951, the 10 acre property is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and features an eclectic chapel, an art gallery and a free museum.

====East Tucson====
East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s, such as [[Desert Palms Park, Tucson|Desert Palms Park]]. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The area includes urban and suburban development near the [[Rincon Mountains]]. East Tucson includes [[Saguaro National Park|Saguaro National Park East]]. Tucson's &quot;Restaurant Row&quot; is also located on the east side, along with a significant [[corporate]] and [[financial]] presence. Tucson's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson, completed in 1975. [[Park Place (Tucson, Arizona)|Park Place]], a recently renovated shopping center, is also located there.  

Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Road are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson’s iconic neighborhoods. The Fort abandoned at the end of the 1800s was rediscovered by a trio of artist in the 1930s. The Bolsius family purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the fort - transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drawn on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience. Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century renovated, built and lived in the area. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.

[[Image:DMAFB planes.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;Planes at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.&lt;/center&gt;]]
Situated between the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]] and the [[Rincon Mountains]] near [[Redington Pass]] northeast of the city limits is the community of [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]]. The Arizona National Golf Club, Forty-Niners Country Club, and the historic Tanque Verde Guest Ranch are also in northeast Tucson.

====Southeast Tucson====
Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes the [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]]. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]].

====Northwest Tucson==== 
[[Image:Continental Ranch.jpg|thumb|right|&lt;center&gt;The northwest side of Tucson is newer and more modern than other parts.&lt;/center&gt;]]
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the [[rural]] communities of [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]] and parts of the town of [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]], to the [[affluent]] town of [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]] in the western foothills of the [[Santa Catalina Mountains]], and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the [[Tucson Mountains]]. The community of [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]] is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered around the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). The [[Foothills Mall]] is also located on the northwest side. Continental Ranch(Marana), Dove Mountain(Marana), and Rancho Vistoso(Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the northwest, where thousands of residents live. 

Many of the Tucson area's golf courses and resorts are located in this area, including the [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton El Conquistador Golf &amp; Tennis Resort]] in Oro Valley, the [[Omni Hotels|Omni Tucson National Resort &amp; Spa]], and Westward Look Resort. [[Catalina State Park]] and [[Tortolita Mountains|Tortolita Mountain Park]] are also here.

===Climate===
[[Image:Wasson.jpg|thumb|left|&lt;center&gt;Snow on Wasson Peak.&lt;/center&gt;]] 
Tucson has two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the [[monsoon]].

[[Summer]] is characterized by low humidity, clear skies, and daytime high temperatures that exceed 100 degrees [[Fahrenheit]]. The average overnight temperature ranges between 68 °F (20 °C) and 85 °F (29 °C).

[[Image:Tucsonmonsoon.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;Monsoon clouds blanket the Catalina Mountains in August 2005.&lt;/center&gt;]]The [[monsoon]]  can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around [[July 3]]. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWS monsoon&quot;&gt;[http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php NWS Tucson Office Monsoon tracker]&lt;/ref&gt; During the monsoon, the [[relative humidity|humidity]] is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause [[flash floods]]. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have [[storm sewer]]s, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have &quot;feet of water&quot; scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm.&lt;ref&gt;Two underpasses leading towards downtown Tucson from the north, at Sixth Avenue and Stone Avenue, have such &quot;feet of water&quot; scales.&lt;/ref&gt; Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called &quot;Stupid Motorist Law,&quot; was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways.  If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

[[Autumn|Fall]] lasts from late October to November or December. It is much like summer, and similarly dry, with days above 100 degrees typical into early October. Average daytime highs of 84 °F (28 °C), with overnight lows of 55 °F (13 °C), constitute typical fall weather.

[[Winter]]s in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the [[United States]]. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 °F and 75 °F (18−23 °C) , with overnight lows between 30 °F and 44 °F (-1 –7 °C). Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day.

[[Spring (season)|Spring]] begins in late February or March, and is characterized by rising temperatures and several weeks of vivid wildflower blooms. Daytime average highs range from 72 °F (23 °C) in March to 88 °F (31 °C) in May with average overnight lows in March of 45 °F (7 °C) and in May of 59 °F (15 °C).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: #000080&quot; height=&quot;17&quot; | Month
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Jan
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Feb
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Mar
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Apr
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | May
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Jun
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Jul
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Aug
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Sep
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Oct
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Nov
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Dec
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Year
|-
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Extreme High °F&lt;br/&gt;(°C) 
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;&quot; | 87&lt;br/&gt;(30)
| style=&quot;background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;&quot; | 92&lt;br/&gt;(33)
| style=&quot;background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;&quot; | 99&lt;br/&gt;(37)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 104&lt;br/&gt;(40)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 107&lt;br/&gt;(42)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 117&lt;br/&gt;(47)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 114&lt;br/&gt;(45)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 112&lt;br/&gt;(44)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 107&lt;br/&gt;(41)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 102&lt;br/&gt;(38)
| style=&quot;background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;&quot; | 90&lt;br/&gt;(32)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;&quot; | 84&lt;br/&gt;(29)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;&quot; |&lt;center&gt;'''117'''&lt;br/&gt;(47)&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Avg High °F&lt;br/&gt;(°C) 
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;&quot; | 64&lt;br/&gt;(17)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;&quot; | 68&lt;br/&gt;(20)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;&quot; | 73&lt;br/&gt;(22)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;&quot; | 81&lt;br/&gt;(27)
| style=&quot;background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;&quot; | 90&lt;br/&gt;(32)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 100&lt;br/&gt;(37)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 99&lt;br/&gt;(37)
| style=&quot;background: #FF8000; color:#000000;&quot; | 97&lt;br/&gt;(36)
| style=&quot;background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;&quot; | 94&lt;br/&gt;(34)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;&quot; | 84&lt;br/&gt;(28)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;&quot; | 73&lt;br/&gt;(22)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;&quot; | 65&lt;br/&gt;(18)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;&quot; |&lt;center&gt;'''86'''&lt;br/&gt;(27)&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; height=&quot;16;&quot; | Avg Low °F&lt;br/&gt;(°C) 
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 39&lt;br/&gt;(3)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 41&lt;br/&gt;(5)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 44&lt;br/&gt;(6)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 51&lt;br/&gt;(10)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 58&lt;br/&gt;(14)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 68&lt;br/&gt;(20)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 74&lt;br/&gt;(23)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 72&lt;br/&gt;(22)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 67&lt;br/&gt;(19)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 57&lt;br/&gt;(13)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 45&lt;br/&gt;(7)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | 39&lt;br/&gt;(3)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color: black;&quot; | &lt;center&gt;'''55'''&lt;br/&gt;(12)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; height=&quot;16;&quot; | Extreme Low °F &lt;br&gt;(°C) 
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 16&lt;br/&gt;(-8)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 20&lt;br/&gt;(-6)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 20&lt;br/&gt;(-6)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 33&lt;br/&gt;(--)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 38&lt;br/&gt;(3)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 47&lt;br/&gt;(8)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 59&lt;br/&gt;(15)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFF99; color: black;&quot; | 61&lt;br/&gt;(16)
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFCC; color: black;&quot; | 44&lt;br/&gt;(6)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 26&lt;br/&gt;(-3)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 24&lt;br/&gt;(-4)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | 16&lt;br/&gt;(-8)
| style=&quot;background: #DDDDDD; color: black;&quot; | &lt;center&gt;'''16'''&lt;br/&gt;(-8)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;&quot; | Avg Rainfall in. 
| style=&quot;background: #1E90FF;&quot; | 1.0
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.7
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.7
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.3
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.2
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.2
| style=&quot;background: #4169E1;&quot; | 2.3
| style=&quot;background: #4169E1;&quot; | 2.3
| style=&quot;background: #4169E1;&quot; | 1.4
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.9
| style=&quot;background: #6495ED;&quot; | 0.6
| style=&quot;background: #1E90FF;&quot; | 1.0
| style=&quot;background: #FFFFFF;&quot; | &lt;center&gt;'''11.7'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:90%;&quot;|''Source: [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=47227&amp;refer= Weatherbase]
|}

==Demographics==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-left:3px; text-size:80%; text-align:right&quot;
|align=center colspan=2| '''City of Tucson &lt;br&gt;Population by year&lt;ref&gt;Gibson, Campbell. &quot;[http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990].&quot; ''[[United States Census Bureau]].'' June, [[1998]]. Retrieved on [[October 7]] [[2006]].&lt;/ref&gt;'''
|-
|1860 || 915
|-
|1870 || 3,215
|-
|1880 || 7,007
|-
|1890 || 5,150
|-
|1900 || 7,531
|-
|1910 || 13,193
|-
|1920 || 20,292
|-
|1930 || 32,506
|-
|1940 || 35,752
|-
|1950 || 45,454
|-
|1960 || 212,892
|-
|1970 || 262,933
|-
|1980 || 330,537
|-
|1990 || 405,371
|-
|2000 || 486,699
|-
|2006 || 518,956
|}
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 486,699 people, 192,891 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 965.3/sq&amp;nbsp;mi (2,500.1/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 415.7/sq&amp;nbsp;mi (1,076.7/km²). The [[Race (United States Census)|racial]] makeup of the city is 70.15% white, 4.33% black or African-American, 2.27% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 16.85% from other races, and 3.79% from two or more races. 35.72% of the population were Hispanic of any race. '''&lt;/font&gt; The Native American inhabitants in the area include primarily [[Tohono O'odham]] (formerly called the [[Papago]]), living in the city, on the nearby San Xavier reservation, and in the [[Tohono O'odham]] Nation, who may be descendants of the prehistoric inhabitants, as well as 6,800 [[Yaqui]] (the Yoeme), living in the city (largely in New Pascua, Old Pascua, and the Barrio Libre neighborhoods), and in the Yoeme community in the town of [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]]. 

There were 192,891 households out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the inner-city, the population has 24.6% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,981, and the median income for a family was $37,344. Males had a median income of $28,548 versus $23,086 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,322. About 13.7% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. Although the median income is relatively low and the city has a higher-than-average poverty rate, note that these statistics include a contingent of [[college student]]s and others at the [[University of Arizona]], who tend to have low median incomes despite having a medium [[quality of life]].

==Politics==
[[Pima County]] supported [[John Kerry]] 53% to 47% in the [[2004 U.S. Presidential Election]]. &lt;sup&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/AZ/P/00/county.000.html]&lt;/sup&gt;
As a general rule, Tucson and Pima County vote Democratic, as opposed to the overwhelming GOP support in the state's largest city, Phoenix. This led to the alleged [[gerrymander]]ing of Tucson into two Federal Congressional districts, one that contains a vast majority of Democratic voters and the other that contains a bare majority of Republicans.

==Economy==
Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered around the development of the [[University of Arizona]], which is currently the second largest employer in the city. [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]], located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of a US Army Intelligence Center (Fort Huachuca, the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. Today, there are more than 1,200 businesses employing over 50,000 people in the high-tech industries of Southern Arizona.

The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy with high-tech industries as its foundation. Advanced technology companies like [[Raytheon]] Missile Systems, [[Texas Instruments]], [[IBM]], [[Intuit Inc.]], [[Universal Avionics]], Misys Healthcare Systems, [[Sanofi-Aventis]], Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and [[Bombardier]] all have a significant presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are in the optics industry, earning Tucson the nickname &quot;Optics Valley&quot;.[http://www.azstarnet.com/neweconomy/optics.html]

Tourism is another major industry in Tucson, which has many resorts, hotels, and attractions. A significant economic force is middle-class and upper-class [[Sonora]]ns, who travel from [[Mexico]] to Tucson to purchase goods that are not readily available in their country. In addition to vacationers, a significant number of winter residents, or &quot;[[Snowbird (people)|snowbirds]]&quot;, are attracted by Tucson's mild winters and contribute to the local economy. Snowbirds often purchase [[second home]]s in Tucson and nearby areas, contributing significantly to the property tax base. Other snowbirds and &quot;[[perpetual traveler]]s&quot; can be seen in large numbers arriving in autumn in large [[Recreational vehicle|RVs]] towing small cars.

==Arts and culture==
===Annual cultural events and fairs===
====Tucson Gem and Mineral Show====
The [[Tucson Gem &amp; Mineral Show]] is held every year in February for two weeks. It is one of the largest [[Gemstone|gem]] and [[mineral]] shows in the world, and features many of the finest mineral specimens. There is no single location for display of minerals, but rather dozens of locations spread across town. The show has an estimated attendance of more than 50,000 people from over twenty countries. Attendees frequently include the general public, experts, beginning collectors, museum employees, dealers, retailers, and researchers. Many museums and universities, including the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], have displayed materials at the show.

====Tucson Folk Festival====
For the past 21 years the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages in one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the [http://www.tkma.org Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association], volunteers make this festival possible. Arizona's only community radio station [[KXCI]] 91.3-FM, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals.

====Fourth Avenue Street Fair====
There are two Fourth Avenue Street Fairs, in December and March, staged between 9th Street and University Boulevard, that feature arts and crafts booths, food vendors and street performers. The fairs began in 1970 when Fourth Avenue, which at the time had half a dozen thrift shops, several New Age bookshops and the Food Conspiracy Co-Op, was a gathering place for hippies, and a few merchants put tables in front of their stores to attract customers before the holidays.
These days the street fair has grown into a large corporate event, with most tables owned by outside merchants. It hosts mostly traveling craftsmen selling various arts such as pottery, paintings, wood working, metal decorations, candles, and many others.

====The Tucson Rodeo (Fiesta de los Vaqueros)====
[[Image:TeamRopingTucson.jpg|thumb|right|&lt;center&gt;Team roping competition at&lt;br&gt;Tucson's ''Fiesta de los Vaqueros''.&lt;/center&gt;]]
Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or [[rodeo]] week. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as the world's largest non-mechanized parade{{Fact|date=May 2007}}. The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High, which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States. Fiesta de los Vaqueros, the premier event of the rodeo year, is held at the beginning of the rodeo season. Go to websites tucsonrodeo.com tucsonrodeoparade.com

====Tucson Meet Yourself====
Every October for the past 30 years, [http://www.tucsonmeetyourself.org/ Tucson Meet Yourself] has presented the faces of Tucson's many ethnic groups. For one weekend, dancing, singing, artwork, and food from more than 30 different ethnicities are featured in the downtown area. All performers are from Tucson and the surrounding area, in keeping with the idea of &quot;meeting yourself.&quot;

====All Souls Procession Weekend====
One of the largest festivals celebrated is the All Souls Procession (www.AllSoulsProcession.org), held since 1990 on the first Sunday in November. Modeled on the Mexican holiday [[Day of the Dead|Dia de los Muertos]] (Day of the Dead), it combines elements of African, Anglo, Celtic, and Latin American culture. At sundown, thousands of people garbed in myriad costumes, mostly of the deceased, gather near the corner of Fourth Avenue and University Boulevard: Epic Cafe. In 2005, the Tucson Police Department estimated that 7,500 people participated in this event. The non-profit festal culture organization Many Mouths One Stomach (www.ManyMouths.org) organizes this event to acknowledge, mourn and celebrate deceased loved ones, and the &quot;grand mystery&quot; of death. Starting in 2006, the All Souls Procession became a 4-day long series of events. On Thursday evening the Fine Art Photography Exhibition opens, as well as the Evolving Community Altar. Friday evening is the MMOS Fundraiser ''Dance of the Dead''. Saturday afternoon and evening is the Procession of Little Angels, and the Personal Altars Vigil. Sunday evening is the All Souls Procession, which snakes through the historic Fourth Avenue and downtown areas, and leads to the culmination of the entire festival: The Grand Finale.

===Museums, art collections, and other attractions===
The [[Arizona Historical Society]], founded as the Pioneer Historical Society by early settlers, has a collection of artifacts reflecting the city's history--many focusing on the era before statehood was attained in 1912--as well as a fine collection of original documents in its library, including many interviews with early residents.

The Fremont House is an original adobe house in the Tucson Community Center that was saved while one of Tucson's earliest barrios was razed as urban renewal. Originally named the Fremont House after Gov. [[John C. Fremont]], who rented it for his daughter, it is now known as the Sosa-Carrillo-Fremont House to more accurately reflect its Latin heritage

Fort Lowell Museum is located on the grounds of a military fort, established in 1873 during the &quot;Indian Wars&quot; period and abandoned in 1891.

The Tucson Museum of Art was established as part of an art school. It contains nearly 6,000 objects concentrating on the art of the Americas and its influences. The museum also operates several historic buildings in the neighborhood, including La Casa Cordova, the J. Knox Corbett House, the Edward Nye Fish House and the Stevens/Duffield House.

The [[University of Arizona]] Art Museum includes works by [[Franz Kline]], [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Mark Rothko]] as part of the Edward J. Gallagher Memorial Collection, a tribute to a young man who was killed in a boating accident. The museum also includes the Samuel H. Kress Collection of European works from the 14th to 19th centuries and the C. Leonard Pfeiffer Collection of American paintings.

The [[University of Arizona|UA]] campus also features the [[Center for Creative Photography]], a leading museum with many works by major artists such as [[Ansel Adams]] and [[Edward Weston]].

The [[Mission San Xavier del Bac]] is a historic [[Spain|Spanish]] mission, located 10 miles (16 km) south of the city. It was founded by [[Eusebio Kino|Father Kino]] in the 1660s as one mission in a chain of missions, many of which are located south of the border. The present building dates from the late 1700s. The mission, which still actively functions, is located in the Tohono O'odham nation reservation southwest of Tucson off of I-19.

The Historic DeGrazia Gallery in the Sun is an iconic Tucson landmark in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Built by the famous artist Ettore DeGrazia the property features an expansive adobe Museum of DeGrazia's work, an adobe chapel called the Mission in the Sun that featuring stunning murals, gardens, and the artist home and grave site.

[[Old Tucson Studios]], built as a set for the movie ''[[Arizona (1940 film)|Arizona]]'', is a [[movie studio]] and [[theme park]] for classic [[Western movie|Westerns]]. It was partly destroyed in 1995, allegedly by arson, but has since been rebuilt.

The [[Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum]] is a non-traditional [[zoo]] devoted to [[animal]]s and [[plants]] of the [[Sonoran Desert]]. It is located west of the [[Tucson Mountains]].

The [[Pima Air &amp; Space Museum]], featuring over 250 modern and historical aircraft, is located to the southeast of the city near [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]].

The [[Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center]] (AMARC) is a facility where the federal government stores out-of-service aircraft. Bus tours are conducted regularly from the [[Pima Air &amp; Space Museum]].

[[Titan Missile Museum]] is located about 25 miles (40 km) south of the city on [[Interstate 19|I-19]]. This is a Cold War era [[Titan (rocket family)|Titan]] nuclear [[missile silo]] (billed as the only remaining intact post-Cold War Titan missile silo) turned tourist stop.

Tucson Rodeo Parade Museum has an inventory of 150 vehicles, ranging from small buggies to wagons, surries, and coaches. Historic artifacts from pioneer days and a re-created Western Main Street represent what early Wild West Tucson looked like, and what it offered in terms of businesses and services.

The [[Museum of the Horse Soldier]] includes artifacts and ephemera detailing Western [[cavalry]] and [[dragoon]] military units.

Shops in Summerhaven on Mount Lemmon offer such items as jewelry and other gifts, pizza, and delicious fresh-fruit pies. The legacy of the [[Aspen Fire]] can be seen in charred trees, rebuilt homes, and melted beads incorporated into a sidewalk.

Fourth Avenue, located near the [[University of Arizona]], is home to many shops, restaurants, and bars, and hosts the annual 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Avenue Street Fair every December and March. University Boulevard, leading directly to the UA Main Gate, is also the center of numerous bars, retail shops, and restaurants most commonly frequented by the large student population of the UA.

[[El Tiradito]] is a religious shrine in the downtown area. The Shrine dates back to the early days of Tucson. It's based on a love story of revenge and murder. People stop by the Shrine to light a candle for someone in need, a place for people to go give hope.

[[Trail Dust Town]] is an outdoor shopping mall and restaurant complex that was built from the remains of a 1950 western movie set. Trail Dust Town contains a number of historical artifacts, including a restored 1920s [[merry-go-round]] and a museum dedicated to Western [[cavalry]] and [[dragoon]] military units.

===Performing arts===
Theater groups include the [[Arizona Theatre Company]], which performs in the Temple of Music and Art, a mirror image of the [[Pasadena Playhouse]]; the Invisible Theatre; Live Theatre Workshop; Beowulf Alley; and the Gaslight Theatre, which performs [[melodramas]]. Additionally, many bands perform at the numerous local clubs.

===Automotive===
Due to its location in the Sunbelt and subsequently little oxidation and the availability of older vehicles that require little restoration, Tucson, like Phoenix has a prolific tuning and hot-rod following. The Speedway Boulevard is often packed with tuners and hot-rodders on Saturday nights, showing off and discussing modifications. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}

===Music===
Musical groups include the [[Tucson Symphony Orchestra]], founded in 1929, the Arizona Opera Company, founded as the Tucson Opera Company in 1971, the [[Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus]], founded in 1939, Tucson Girls Chorus, Catalina Chamber Orchestra, Southern Arizona Symphony Orchestra and Civic Orchestra of Tucson.

[[Mariachi]] music is popular and influential in Tucson, and the city is home to a large number of Mariachi musicians and singers. Mariachi is celebrated annually at the Tucson International Mariachi Conference.

Among other things, there is a vibrant underground [[ska]], [[metal (music)|metal]], [[hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[punk rock]], and a growing [[hip-hop]] scene in Tucson.

Tucson is also home to a small but committed independent music scene, nearly all of which is concentrated in the city's downtown area. [[The Bled]], [[Golden Boots]], [[The Deludes]], [[The Supersuckers]], [[Calexico]], [[Cassette Culture]], [[The American Black Lung]], [[Blues]] and [[Giant Sand]] are among the many bands based in Tucson. Following rappers such as [[James Ciphurphace]], [[BombAtomic]], [[Black 1]], and [[hip-hop]] group, [[Jivin Scientists]]. Local performers also receive some airplay (and occasionally play live) on the community radio station [[KXCI]]. The Tucson Area Music Awards, or TAMMIES, are an annual event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/Music/Content?oid=oid:83808
 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: Best Band or Artist: Calexico
 |publisher=[[Tucson Weekly]]
 |date=[[June 29]] [[2006]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sports==
The [[Arizona Wildcats|University of Arizona Wildcats]] sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams, are often the subject of national attention as well as strong local interest.

Tucson is home to the [[Tucson Electric Park]], the spring training location of the [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] ([[National League|NL]]), and the [[Chicago White Sox]] ([[American League|AL]]). The [[Colorado Rockies]] ([[National League|NL]]) practice at nearby [[Hi Corbett Field]]. These teams, along with the nine that practice in nearby [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], make up the [[Cactus League]].

The [[Tucson Sidewinders]], a triple-A affiliate of the [[Arizona Diamondbacks]], won the [[Pacific Coast League]] championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders play in [[Tucson Electric Park]] and are in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and will be moving to [[Reno, Nevada]] after the 2008 season.

Tucson was given a gold rating for bicycle friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists (LAB) in late April, 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called &quot;El Tour De Tucson&quot; happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving and has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually.

[[Tucson Raceway Park]] hosts [[NASCAR]]-sanctioned auto racing events and is the only asphalt short track in Arizona.

[[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] recently opened a youth academy in Tucson in May 2005.

The first organized [[quarter horse]] races were run in Tucson in the 1930s at the Rillito Downs, where they are still run today.

==Parks and recreation==
[[Image:SaguaroNationalPark Arizona.jpg|thumb|&lt;center&gt;[[Saguaro National Park]] is near Tucson.&lt;/center&gt;]]
The city is home to more than 120 parks, including [[Reid Park Zoo]]. There are five public golf courses located throughout the area. Several scenic parks and points of interest are also located nearby, including the [[Tucson Botanical Gardens]], [[Saguaro National Park]], [[Sabino Canyon]], and [[Biosphere 2]] (just north of the city, in the town of [[Oracle, Arizona|Oracle]]).

[[Mt. Lemmon]], 25 miles north (by road) and over 6,700 feet above Tucson, is located in the [[Coronado National Forest]]. Outdoor activities in the summer include hiking, birding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping, sky rides at Ski Valley, fishing and touring. In the winter, skiing and/or sledding is sometimes available at the southernmost ski resort in the continental U.S. [[Summerhaven, Arizona|Summerhaven]], a community near the top of Mt. Lemmon, is also a popular destination.

Tucson is a popular winter haven for cyclists, and is one of only eight cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the [[League of American Bicyclists]]. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with popular trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island. Maps can be found online for both road and mountain bikers. Tucson is the home to the Tour de Tucson, a famous cycling event held annually in November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://dot.ci.tucson.az.us/bicycle
 |title=Tucson Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Program
 |publisher=City of Tucson Department of Transportation
 |year=2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://tucsonbiketrails.wikispaces.com
 |title=Tucson Mountain Biking Trails
 |publisher=Tucson Mountain Biking Trails Wiki
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The University of Arizona Wildcat's swim teams, both men and women, recently won the NCAA national championships. The University of Arizona has an internationally recognized swim team, with swimmers coming from places like Japan and Africa to swim.

==Media==
There are two major daily [[newspaper]]s in Tucson; the ''[[Arizona Daily Star]]'' (morning), and the ''[[Tucson Citizen]]'' (afternoon). The ''Citizen'' is the oldest continuously published newspaper in [[Arizona]], established in [[1870]]. There are also several free, weekly newspapers, including the ''[[Explorer (newspaper)|Explorer]]'' and the ''[[Tucson Weekly]]'' (an alternative publication). The ''Downtown Tucsonan'', ''Tucson Lifestyle Magazine'', &quot;Lovin' Life News,&quot; and the ''DesertLeaf'' are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The ''[[Arizona Daily Wildcat]]'' is the [[University of Arizona]]'s [[student newspaper]], and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College [[student newspaper]].

The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 70th largest [[media market|designated market area]] (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.).&lt;ref name=&quot;nielsen&quot;&gt;Holmes, Gary. &quot;[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=6573d3b8b0c3d010VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD# Nielsen Reports 1.1% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006-2007 Season].&quot; ''[[Nielsen Media Research]].'' [[August 23]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[March 13]], [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt; The major [[television network]]s serving Tucson are: [[KVOA]] 4 ([[National Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]]), [[KGUN]] 9 ([[American Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]), [[KOLD-TV]] 13 ([[CBS]]), [[KMSB-TV]] 11 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]), [[KTTU]] 18 ([[My Network TV]]), and [[KWBA]] 58 ([[The CW Television Network|The CW]]). [[KUAT]] 6 is a [[Public Broadcasting System|PBS]] affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).

:''See also: [[List of radio stations in Arizona#Tucson|List of Radio Stations in Arizona (Tucson)]]''

==Government==
Tucson follows the &quot;weak mayor&quot; model of the [[council-manager government|council-manager]] form of local government. The 6-member city council holds exclusive legislative authority, and shares executive authority with the mayor, who is elected by the voters independently of the council. An appointed city manager, meanwhile, is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the city.

Both the council members and the mayor serve 4-year terms, and none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, come [[election day]], the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2007), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2005).

Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial [[campaign finance|publicly-financed campaigns]]. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to $.33 for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are $.64 per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as [[San Francisco]] and [[New York City]], have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Robert E. Walkup (R) was elected to Mayor on [[November 2]] [[1999]], re-elected for a second term on [[November 4]] [[2003]] and again for a third term on [[November 6]] [[2007]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tucsonaz.gov/mayor.html Mayor Profile&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; He was preceded by: George Miller (D), 1991-1999; Tom Volgy (D), 1987-1991; Lew(is) Murphy (R), 1971-1987; and Jim Corbett (D), ?-1971.

Tucson is divided between the 7th and 8th congressional districts of Arizona. The city center is in the 7th District, represented by [[Raul Grijalva]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the north and east are in the 8th District, represented by [[Gabrielle Giffords]], also a Democrat, since 2007.

==Education==
====Post-secondary education====
*[[University of Arizona]]: established in 1885; the second largest university in the state in terms of enrollment with over 37,000 students.
*[[Pima Community College]]: located in the Tucson area with six campuses.
*[[University of Phoenix]] has four Tucson campuses.
*[[Prescott College]] has a Tucson branch campus.
*[[Northern Arizona University]] has a Tucson branch campus.

===Primary and secondary public education===
Primarily, students of Tucson residents attend public schools in the [[Tucson Unified School District]] (TUSD). TUSD encompasses the central Tucson valley, including the lower [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]] and segments of the [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde Valley]]. There are, additionally, a large number of publicly funded charter schools available, many of which have a specialized curriculum.

Other school districts in the Tucson metropolitan area include:

* Altar Valley School District: located southwest of the city, primarily serving [[Three Points, Arizona|Three Points]].
* [[Amphitheater Public Schools]]: serves segments of the North Side, [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]], [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]], and the communities of [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]], eastern [[Tortolita, Arizona|Tortolita]] and [[Catalina, Arizona|Catalina]] northwest of the city.
* Catalina Foothills Unified School District: serves the upper [[Catalina Foothills, Arizona|Catalina Foothills]] north of the city.
* Continental School District: serves the rural area south of [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]].
* Flowing Wells Unified School District: serves segments of the North Side and the Northwest Side along [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|I-10]].
* [[Marana Unified School District]]: serves the town of [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]], [[Picture Rocks, Arizona|Picture Rocks]], [[Avra Valley, Arizona|Avra Valley]] and western [[Tortolita, Arizona|Tortolita]] northwest of the city.
* Sahuarita Unified School District: located south of the city and serves [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]] and [[Arivaca, Arizona|Arivaca]].
* [[Sunnyside Unified School District]]: serves the far South Side and segments of the Southwest Side.
* Tanque Verde Unified School District: serves the far Northeast Side, including the community of [[Tanque Verde, Arizona|Tanque Verde]].
* Vail School District: serves the far Southeast Side, including the community of [[Vail, Arizona|Vail]].

==Transportation==
*[[Tucson International Airport]] {{airport codes|TUS|KTUS}} is Tucson's public [[airport]] and is located six miles (10 [[Kilometre|km]]) south of Tucson's [[central business district]]. TIA is the second largest commercial airport in Arizona, providing nonstop flights to 27 destinations throughout the [[United States of America|United States]], and 1 destination in [[Mexico]]. Overall, Tucson International Airport serves 28 destinations.

*Interstates [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|10]] and [[Interstate 19|19]] are currently the only two freeways in the metropolitan area. Tucson does not have a large freeway system such as [[Phoenix Freeways|Phoenix's]].

*[[Sun Tran]] is Tucson's public bus system. It was awarded [[American Public Transportation Association|Best Transit System]] in 1988 &amp; 2005 and serves the major part of the metropolis of Tucson. The city remains largely dependent on automobiles for transportation.

*[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to [[Tucson (Amtrak station)|Tucson]] three times weekly in both directions, operating its [[Sunset Limited]] between [[Orlando, Florida]] and [[Los Angeles, California]].

*[[Old Pueblo Trolley]] operates weekend heritage streetcar service between the Fourth Avenue Business District and the [[University of Arizona]]. There are plans to extend it downtown, but no funds are currently allocated

*[[Cyclists]] are common in Tucson due to compatible climate, extensive commuter bike routes, off-road mountain biking trails, and bike facilities throughout the city. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) was established to serve in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was given a gold rating for bicycle friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/042406_press.php |title=League Names New Bicycle Friendly Communities |accessdate=2007-07-17 |date=[[2006-04-24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in late April, 2006.

==In popular culture==
* Many major [[motion pictures]] have been filmed in the Tucson area. Many, particularly classic western films, were shot at [[Old Tucson Studios]], including ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]'' (1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmo&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Filmography
  | work = 
  | publisher = Tucson Film Office, Metropolitan Tucson Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau
  | date = 2007 
  | url = http://www.filmtucson.com/filmography/
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2007-05-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OldT&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = History
  | work = Film Office
  | publisher = Old Tucson Studios
  | date = 2004 
  | url = http://www.oldtucson.com/film_office/movie_history/movie_history.htm
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2007-05-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Andy Warhol]]'s controversial film ''[[Lonesome Cowboys (1968 film)|Lonesome Cowboys]]'' (1968) was also filmed in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warhol&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | last = Comenas
  | first = Gary 
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Lonesome Cowboys
  | work = Warholstars
  | publisher = Warholstars.org
  | date = 2007 
  | url = http://www.warholstars.org/filmch/lone.html
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2007-06-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The TV show ''[[The High Chaparral]]'' (1967) was filmed in Tucson.&lt;ref name=&quot;OldT&quot;/&gt;  The song &quot;Throw the Jew Down the Well&quot; from [[Da Ali G Show]] was filmed at the Country West bar on Ruthrauff Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url=http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/currents/Content?oid=oid:59856
 |title=In My Country West There Is Problem
 |date=[[August 26]] [[2004]]
 |publisher=Tucson Weekly
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A visit to Tucson is part of [[Jack Kerouac|Jack Kerouac's]] ''[[On the Road]]'' (1957), where the protagonists meet up with a friend on Fort Lowell Road in the Fort Lowell Historic District (an east-west arterial in north-central Tucson).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&amp;res=9A00EED61E38F937A25751C0A964948260
 |title=What's Doing in Tucson
 |date=[[February 14]] [[1982]]
 |publisher=[[The New York Times]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Two [[United States Navy]] ships have also been named [[USS Tucson|USS ''Tucson'']] in honor of the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;USS&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = USS Tucson (SSN 770)
  | work = Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet
  | publisher = COMSUBPAC Public Affairs, [[United States Navy]]
  | date = 2007 
  | url = http://www.filmtucson.com/filmography/
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2007-05-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The 1987 teen romantic comedy [[Can't Buy Me Love (film)]] was filmed and set in Tucson.  One of the scenes featured the &quot;boneyard&quot; at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

* The sitcom ''[[Hey Dude]]'', which aired on Nickelodeon, was filmed on location at the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

*Exterior scenes from ''[[Revenge of the Nerds]]'' were filmed in Tucson and on the University of Arizona campus. Many of the buildings are easily recognizable, as well as footage of the old Speedway exit of I-10.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== Local place names ==
* Speedway Boulevard was the northern city limit of Tucson in the late 1800s. It was so named because of horse and buggy &quot;[[drag race]]s&quot; that would take place Saturdays along its straight length of a half mile.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Street numbering starts one block south of Speedway and increases southward at intervals of one-eighth, one-tenth, or one-twelfth of a mile, depending on the historic density of the areas. The highest street number is 48&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Street. Avenue numbers begin one block west of Euclid Avenue (the edge of the old university quarter) and increase westward, ending before the Santa Cruz River. The highest avenue number is 17&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Avenue. House and building numbering is based from a [[zero point]] at the junction of Stone Avenue and Congress Street and is incremented by 100 every one-eighth, one-tenth, or one-twelfth of a mile, again depending on the historic density of the areas.
* Drexel Road, located on the south side of the city, is named after [[Francis Anthony Drexel]], the father of Saint [[Katharine Drexel]]. Drexel owned property along the road in the 1800s. Another Drexel-related site is the [[Benedictine Sisters Monastery]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/163614 Upkeep, aging challenge dwindling order | www.azstarnet.com ®&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; built on the east side of town (now the middle of town) in 1940 with funds donated by St. Katharine.
* Ina Road, a major east-west thoroughfare north of town, is named for UA physical education professor Ina Gittings. Although the street is pronounced &quot;Eye-nah&quot; she pronounced her name &quot;Eee-nah.&quot;
* Rita Road, located on Tucson's southeast side, is popularly believed to have been named by [[Howard Hughes]] in honor of his then girlfriend [[Rita Hayworth]]. Hughes Aircraft was located there in the 1950s. It is also widely believed to be named for the [[Santa Rita Mountains]] located southeast of Tucson. However, Rita Road was named for its connection to the small community of Rita, which was the El Paso and Southwestern (EP&amp;SW) railroad stop serving the Santa Rita ranch. Rita was located just SE of Rankin, AZ which was located less than quarter-mile northeast of the present-day intersection of Kolb and Valencia. Rita was nearly due west from Esmond, AZ. Few traces of Rita survive, but Rankin and Esmond are easily located. Trivia: heading east from Tucson the railroad stops on the EP&amp;SW were Aldona, Santa Cruz, Rita, and Vail. On the Southern Pacific heading the same way you'd pass Polvo, Wilmot, Rankin, Esmond, and Vail. The community of Rita was shown on local maps until at least 1922.
* Until the late 1960s, city bus route number 1 was called the Binghampton route. This route went from downtown, past the university, and to the community of Binghampton around the Ft. Lowell Road and Dodge Road intersection. Binghampton was a farming community that was absorbed into the city in the 1940s.
* Grant Road was originally two different roads, Grant Road and North Street. Because of map [[platt]]ing irregularies, the road starts eastward from Stone Avenue to First Avenue then veers south a block to the North Street alignment at Park Avenue, continues to Campbell Avenue, kicks north a block to the Grant Road alignment and continues eastward. The Grant Road alignment is exactly one mile north of the Speedway alignment, but the North Street alignment was preferred in the Park Avenue to Campbell section because the [[Section (United States land surveying)|section]] line was laid out differently for the subdivision directly south and following the Grant Road alignment would have necessitated demolishing many homes.

==Sister cities==
Tucson has eleven [[town twinning|sister cities]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;sisters&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/AZ Arizona Sister Cities].&quot; ''[http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc.]'' Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt;

{|
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} &amp;ndash; [[Almaty]] ([[Kazakhstan]])
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} &amp;ndash; [[Ciudad Obregon]] ([[Sonora]], [[Mexico]])
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} &amp;ndash; [[County Roscommon]] ([[Ireland]])
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} &amp;ndash; [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]] ([[Jalisco]], [[Mexico]])
* {{flagicon|China}} &amp;ndash; [[Liupanshui]] ([[People's Republic of China|China]])
* {{flagicon|Mauritania}} &amp;ndash; [[Nouakchott]] ([[Mauritania]])
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} &amp;ndash; [[Pécs]] ([[Hungary]])
* {{flagicon|Spain}} &amp;ndash; [[Segovia]] ([[Spain]])
* {{flagicon|Iraq}} &amp;ndash; [[Sulaymaniyah]] ([[Iraq]])
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} &amp;ndash; [[Taichung City]] ([[Republic of China|Taiwan]])
* {{flagicon|Greece}} &amp;ndash; [[Trikala]] ([[Greece]])

== See also ==
*[[List of people from Tucson]]
*[[Tucson Garbage Project]]
*[[Tucson, Arizona Community Organizations]]
*[[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
#Evelyn S. Cooper: &lt;cite&gt;Tucson in Focus: The Buehman Studio &lt;/cite&gt;; Arizona Historical Society; ISBN 0-910037-35-3 (hardcover, 1995). A sample of the Buehman Collection, which includes 250,000 glass plate and nitrate negatives from the 1870s to the 1950s.
#Roy P. Drachman: &lt;cite&gt;From Cowtown to Desert Metropolis: Ninety Years of Arizona Memories&lt;/cite&gt;; Whitewing Press; ISBN 1-888965-02-9 (hardcover, 1999); ISBN 1-888965-03-7 (paperback, 1999).
#Bernard L. Fontana: &lt;cite&gt;Biography of a Desert Church: The Story of Mission San Xavier del Bac&lt;/cite&gt;; Tucson Corral of the Westerners; ASIN B0006RHO88 (paperback, 1996)
#George Hand: &lt;cite&gt; The Civil War in Apacheland &lt;/cite&gt;; (Part 1 of George Hand's diary) High Lonesome Books; ISBN 0-944383-36-X (paperback, [[1996]]).
#George Hand: &lt;cite&gt;Whiskey, Six-Guns and Red-Light Ladies&lt;/cite&gt;; (Part 2 of George Hand's diary) High Lonesome Books; ISBN 0-944383-30-0 (paperback, [[1995]]).
#John Bret Harte: &lt;cite&gt;Tucson: Portrait of a Desert Pueblo &lt;/cite&gt;; [[American Historical Press]]; ISBN 1-892724-25-1 (hardcover, reissued 2001).
#Bonnie Henry: &lt;cite&gt;Another Tucson&lt;/cite&gt;; Arizona Daily Star; ISBN 0-9607758-2-X (hardcover, 1992).
#William D. Kalt III: [http://tucsonrrtown.com/index.html Tucson Was a Railroad Town] &lt;/cite&gt;;[[VTD Rail Publishing]]; ISBN 978-09719915-4-5 (paperback, 2007).
#Allan J. McIntyre: [http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&amp;Product_Code=0738556335&amp;Store_Code=arcadia&amp;search=NEW&amp;offset=100&amp;filter_cat=&amp;PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&amp;sort=name.asc&amp;range_low=&amp;range_high=%20&amp;srch_newbook=1 &lt;cite&gt;The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta&lt;/cite&gt;]; [[Arcadia Publishing]]; ISBN 978-0738556-33-8 (paperback, 2008). 
#Rosalio Moisés: &lt;cite&gt;The Tall Candle: The Personal Chronicle of a Yaqui Indian &lt;/cite&gt;; [[University of Nebraska Press]]; ISBN 0-8032-0747-6 (paperback, 2001).
#Muriel Thayer Painter: &lt;cite&gt;A Yaqui Easter&lt;/cite&gt;; [[University of Arizona Press]]; (paperback, [[1971]]) [http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/YaquiEaster/particip.htm Read online]. 
#Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt: &lt;cite&gt;Borderman: The Memoirs of Federico Jose Maria Ronstadt&lt;/cite&gt;; University of New Mexico Press. (hardback, [[1993]]) [http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/borderman/index.html Read online].
#Don Schellie: &lt;cite&gt;Vast Domain of Blood: The Story of the Camp Grant Massacre&lt;/cite&gt;; Westernlore Press; ASIN B0006BW3N0 (paperback, 1968).
#Jack Sheaffer and Steve Emerine: &lt;cite&gt;Jack Sheaffer's Tucson, 1945-1965&lt;/cite&gt; Arizona Daily Star; ISBN 0-9607758-1-1 (hardback, 1985).
#Thomas E. Sheridan: &lt;cite&gt;Del Rancho al Barrio: The Mexican legacy of Tucson&lt;/cite&gt;; Arizona Historical Society (paperback, 1983)
#Thomas E. Sheridan: &lt;cite&gt;Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854-1941&lt;/cite&gt;; University of Arizona Press; ISBN 0-8165-1298-1 (paperback, reissued 1992)
#C. L. Sonnichsen: &lt;cite&gt;Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City&lt;/cite&gt;; The classic book on Tucson's history; [[University of Oklahoma Press]]; ISBN 0-8061-2042-8 (paperback, reissued 1987)
#Arizona Daily Star: &lt;cite&gt;Star 200 Trend Tracker&lt;/cite&gt;
# Bancroft: &lt;cite&gt;History of New Mexico and Arizona&lt;/cite&gt;, San Francisco, 1880
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Tucson, Arizona}}
*[http://www.ci.tucson.az.us Official government website]
*[http://www.visittucson.org/ Metropolitan Tucson Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau]
*[http://www.tucsonchamber.org Metropolitan Tucson Chamber of Commerce]
*[http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/index.php?wfo=twc&amp;zone=azz033&amp;county=azc019 NOAA Tucson Forecast]
*[http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/index.php?wfo=twc&amp;zone=azz033&amp;fire=azz148&amp;county=azc019&amp;dgtl=1&amp;lat=32.439583333333&amp;lon=-110.78125 NOAA Mt. Lemmon Forecast]
*[http://raws.wrh.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/roman/meso_base.cgi?stn=AP020&amp;time=MST Current Weather Conditions on Mt. Lemmon]
*[http://www.wikia.com/wiki/Tucson Tucson Wikicity]
*[http://www.tucsoncomplete.com Tucson Complete]

{{portal|Arizona}}
{{Cities of Pima County, Arizona}}
{{Arizona}}
{{USLargestCities}}

[[Category:Cities in Arizona]]
[[Category:County seats in Arizona]]
[[Category:Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:Tucson, Arizona| ]]
[[Category:Tucson metropolitan area]]
[[Category:University of Arizona]]
[[Category:United States colonial and territorial capitals]]
[[Category:Communities in the Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1775]]
[[Category:University towns in the United States]]

[[ar:توسن، أريزونا]]
[[bg:Тюсон]]
[[ca:Tucson]]
[[cs:Tucson]]
[[da:Tucson]]
[[de:Tucson]]
[[es:Tucson]]
[[eo:Tucson (Arizono)]]
[[fa:توسان]]
[[fr:Tucson]]
[[ko:투손]]
[[hr:Tucson, Arizona]]
[[id:Tucson]]
[[it:Tucson]]
[[he:טוסון]]
[[pam:Tucson, Arizona]]
[[lt:Tuksonas]]
[[nl:Tucson]]
[[ja:ツーソン]]
[[no:Tucson]]
[[pl:Tucson]]
[[pt:Tucson]]
[[ro:Tucson, Arizona]]
[[ru:Тусон]]
[[simple:Tucson, Arizona]]
[[sk:Tucson]]
[[sr:Тусон]]
[[fi:Tucson]]
[[sv:Tucson]]
[[vo:Tucson]]
[[zh:图森 (亚利桑那州)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tauro-Piscean writing system</title>
    <id>5059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31889</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T17:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tŝinĝi */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Writing System|natname=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 28px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: andersonic2&quot;&gt;tacZroZpiSkeSm&lt;/span&gt;
|name=Tauro-Piscean
|type=Alternative - uses ideographic (Grammatikos), alphabetic (Sonitos) and logographic (Tŝinĝi, Affektos) characters
|splang=[[Tauro-Piscean_language|Tauro-Piscean]]
|create=S.C. Anderson
|time=May 2008 to present
|parsys=Latin alphabet&lt;br&gt;
Hangul&lt;br&gt;
}}

The modern '''Tauro-Piscean writing system''' uses four scripts:

*'''Sonitos''', an alphabet,
*'''Grammatikos''', an ideographic system,
*'''Tŝinĝi''', characters of Chinese origin and
*'''Affektos''', a set of 'standardised emoticons'

Here is an example of text that uses both primary scripts (Sonitos red and Grammatikos green):

[[Image:Sonitos_Grammatikos.png]]
'I build a house for you'

==Usage of Scripts==
Most Tauro-Piscean sentences will contain both Sonitos and Grammatikos. Sonitos are used for stems of articles, nouns, verbs and adjectives, while Grammatikos are used for inflectional endings or variants of said parts of speech.

The writing format is horizontal and read left to right.

==Sonitos==
[[Image:Sonito.png|thumb|right|The word 'sonito' written in Sonitos]]
Sonitos is a phonemic alphabet organised into syllabic blocks, which are called 'units'. Each unit consists of three letters or 'constituents' that are written vertically top to bottom, the initial and final of which are consonants, zero-consonants or consonant clusters and the medial of which is a vowel.

There are two types of constituent: occupational and supplementary. Occupational constituents represent either one or one of two possible consonants (the latter of which is often the voiced counterpart and marked with a 'dakútên') and these are the same regardless of being in the initial or final position. Here is a table of occupational constituents:

[[Image:Occ_Constits.png|300px]]

The transliterations match IPA where possible. Sz stands for ʃ, gz stands for dʒ and r stands for ɹ generally, but can be an uvular sound.

Supplementary constituents are harder to learn because each one stands for one or one of two consonant clusters, but represent usually entirely different consonant clusters when in initial and final position. 

[[Image:Supp_Constits1.png|400px]]
[[Image:Supp_Constitsá.png|400px]]

The medial constituent in a unit is always a vowel (Tauro-Piscean syllables always contain a vowel).

[[Image:TP_Vowels.png|150px]]

Where there is no consonant in a syllable, the zero-consonant constituent is used. [[Image:Tp_zero.png|50px]]

===Diacritics===
Several diacritics are used in conjunction with Sonitos.

{|border=1
! Example
! Name
! Purpose
|-
|[[Image:dakuten.png]] || Dakútên || Alternates value of consonant or consonant cluster
|-
|[[Image:Tp_Stress.png]] || Stress marker || Marks a stressed syllable where stress is irregular
|-
|[[Image:Tp_Prosod.png]] || Prosodic stress marker || Marks a syllable with prosodic stress
|-
|[[Image:Tp_Umlaut.png]] || Umlaut || Alternates value of vowel
|-
|[[Image:Tp_Circum.png]] || Circumflex || Alternates value of vowel
|}

==Grammatikos==
While Sonitos is used to write what is known as the '''lexical stem''' of a Tauro-Piscean word, Grammatikos can be affixed to indicate an inflection. Though considered phonetic, Sonitos do not give a true pronunciation guide when combined with Grammatikos; also, Grammatikos only indicate an alteration to meaning such as tense or mood, so the pronunciation of the inflection can vary and rules must be memorised. Here is an example:

[[Image:Tet_Nom.png|50px]] This is the neuter definite article 'tet' as a lexical stem. It is spelled with the constituents t, e and t and is thus spelled phonetically.

[[Image:Tet_Acc.png|50px]] This is the neuter definite article 'ten'. It is spelled with the lexical stem and the Grammatiko that indicates inflection for the accusative case. It is not spelled phonetically.

[[Image:Tet_Dat.png|50px]] This is the neuter definite article 'tem'. It is spelled with the lexical stem and the Grammatiko that indicates inflection for the dative case. It is not spelled phonetically.

There are twenty-five Grammatikos in total, shown below:

[[Image:Grammatikos1.png]]
[[Image:Grammatikos2.png]]

For more information on how words are inflected, refer to the [[Tauro-Piscean_language|article about the Tauro-Piscean language]]

Note that the noun compound marker is neither prefixed nor suffixed, but lies between the two parts of the noun. Also, while the tense and mood markers are usually affixed to the lexical stem of the verb, in the case of the present perfect, past continuous and future, they are instead affixed to the word that is the subject of the sentence.

==Tŝinĝi==
Tŝinĝi are the Chinese characters that are used in the Tauro-Piscean writing system. There are ninety-one of them to memorise.

Each character has different readings depending on its relation to characters from other scripts. A Tŝinĝi standing on its own is read as the word whose concept it represents; sometimes, there is more than one possible word from which to choose, but this can be determined via context. Take the following Tŝinĝi, for example: 

[[Image:Tsingi_alone.png]] white (''wit'')

A Tŝinĝi combined with Sonitos or other Tŝinĝi has two possible readings.

1. Without dakútên, it abbreviates the spelling of a word that consists of more than one syllable. The concept of the character relates, albeit usually indirectly, to the meaning of the word. The usage in this case can be unpredictable and words spelled with Tŝinĝi abbreviations must therefore be learned. For example:

[[Image:Tsingi_abbrev.png]] clear, evident (''sweotöl'' - where only töl is written with Sonitos)

2. With dakútên, it is read not as a native Tauro-Piscean word, but as a word that is derived from the original Chinese form. The meaning here is more abstract, but tints a word with connotations.

[[Image:Tsingi_china.png]] cruel to be kind (''hakujïfeêl'' - literally white-evil; note that the dakútên makes the difference between 'wit' and 'haku')</text>
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    <title>File:Sonitos Grammatikos.png</title>
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        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Example of Sonitos and Grammatikos</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Example of Sonitos and Grammatikos</text>
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    <title>File:Sonito.png</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sonito example</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sonito example</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Writing System</title>
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      <comment>New page: {|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; !colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #df...</comment>
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|}</text>
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      <comment>Occupational Constituents - TP writing system</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Occupational Constituents - TP writing system</text>
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    <title>Ethrans</title>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Blackkdark</title>
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      <id>42537</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-01T06:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My Spelling system:

[[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]]

[[Meen Peedx]]

[[Meen Peedx: Introodykcjyn]]

[[Meen Peedx: yðyr langwidxiz]]

[[Meen Peedx: nuuz banyr]]

[[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii in Tawyr]]

[[Tower Orthography]]

[[Main Page in Tower]] [[Meen peedx in Tawyr]]

My pages

[[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]  &lt;This is my name, and has info about me on it.

[[Anglo-Saxon]]

[[High German]]

[[High German Consonant Shift]]

[[Modern English]]

[[Low German]]

[[English]]

[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] [[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate| ʍ]] [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]

[[Middle English]]

[[Spanish]]

[[Norwegian]]

[[Dutch]]

[[Italian]]

[[Great Vowel Shift]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tawyr Oorthaagryfii</title>
    <id>5069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39781</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-11T13:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">For this in Standard Orthography see [[Tower Orthography]] &lt;br&gt;

Tawyr Oorthaagryfii, oor &quot;Tower Orthagraphy,&quot; iz y simpyl oltyrnativ raiting sistym foor Ingglic. Its sistyr oorthaagryfii iz [[Krisauka]].


=Bakgraund=
[[Image:Bell Tower.jpg|thumb|right|Dhy Bel Tawyr yv Tempyl Juuniversitii]]
It iz y sistym yv raiting crijeetid bai [[Timothy Patrick Snyder|Timythii Patrik Snaidyr]] and Rybeky Spats.  It wys neemd foor dhy Bel Tawyr at Tempyl Juunivyrsitii, weer dhy tuu krijeetid dhy raiting sistym. It wys krijeetid tuu meek y dxenyrolii moor foonetik foorm yv Ingglic, withaut having aksents and ekstry leterz.  Dhy oonlii simbolz witc ar naat on standyrd Ingglic Kiiboordz ar '''þ''' and '''ð''', juuzd foor histoorikyl pyrpysiz kynektid tuu [[Oold Ingglic]], byt kan olsoo bii riipleest with dhy daiygrafs '''th''' and '''dh''' riispektivlii.

Tawyr imploiz dhy Dytc teknik yv dybyling y vaul tuu indikeet Tents/Laks veeriieecyn.  With dhy eksepcyn yv '''y''' ol vauls hav y singgyl and dybyl foorm, and ol yv dhooz eksept foor '''a''' and '''aa''' oonlii difyr bai Tentsnes or Laksness.  Moost ydhyr saundz wud bii similyr tuu dhy standyrd Ingglic ekwivylents, with dhy eksepcynz yv '''c''', '''x''', '''tc''', '''dx''', '''j''', and '.

=Dhy Sistym=
Hiir iz dhy tcart cowing dhy sistym with dhy AIPIIEE:

[[Image:Tawyr Oorthaagryfii.jpg]]

=Advantydxiz=
* Moor foonetik
** Iisiiyr foor fooren langgwidx lernyrz tuu lern Ingglic
** Iisiiyr raiting sistym foor Tcildren
* Meeks moor laadxikyl sents
** Neetiv Ingglic spiikyrs wud laiklii hav yn iisiyr taim with speling and gramyr
** Fits with ol foorms yv gramyr, and dyz naat hav peskii hoomyfoons
* It mee help standyrdaiz spooken Ingglic

=Disadvantydxiz=
* Dyznit riiflekt Inggliciz Histoorik speling and proonynsieetcyn
** It did naat iivaalv frym Midyl Ingglic orthaagryfii
* Wynts standyrdaizd, It wil naat bii az juusful foor spooken dajylekts
** If its standyrdaizd it wud naat prymoot dajylekt evyluutcyn
** If standyrdizd it wud help dajylects tuu merdx intuu wyn.

=Egzampylz=
==Egzampylz yv Ingglic wyrdz== 
===Moodulz -Models===
cud = should &lt;br&gt;
wud = would &lt;br&gt;
kud = could &lt;br&gt;
mee = may &lt;br&gt;
wil = will &lt;br&gt;
caal = shall &lt;br&gt;
kan = can &lt;br&gt;
===Impoortent verbz - Important verbs===
bii = be &lt;br&gt;
duu = do &lt;br&gt;
noo = know &lt;br&gt;
goo = go &lt;br&gt;
sii = see &lt;br&gt;
am = am &lt;br&gt;
ar = are &lt;br&gt;
iz = is &lt;br&gt;
wyz = was &lt;br&gt;
wer = were  &lt;br&gt;
===Kwestcyn wyrdz - Question words===
wai = why &lt;br&gt;
huu = who &lt;br&gt;
hau = how &lt;br&gt;
wyt = what &lt;br&gt;
weer = where &lt;br&gt;
wen = when &lt;br&gt;
===Proonaunz - Pronouns===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Case
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|First Person
! Second Person
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Third Person
|-
| || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. &amp; Plur. || Sing. Masc. || Sing. Fem. || Sing. Neut. || Plur.
|-
| '''Subjective''' || ai = I || wii = we|| juu = you|| hii = he  || cii = she|| it = it || dhee = they
|-
| '''Objective'''  || mii = me || ys=us || juu = you|| him = him || her = her|| it = it || them = them
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || main = mine, mai = my || awyrz = ours, awyr = our|| joorz = yours, joor = your || hiz = his|| herz = hers, her = her|| its = its || dheerz = theirs, dheer = their
|}

===Artikylz and Diimaanstrytives - Articles and Demonstratives===
y = a &lt;br&gt;
yn = an &lt;br&gt;
dhy = the &lt;br&gt;
dhis = this &lt;br&gt;
dhiiz = these &lt;br&gt;
dhat = that &lt;br&gt;
dhooz = those &lt;br&gt;
===Kaalyrz - Colours===
red = red &lt;br&gt;
aarandx = orange &lt;br&gt;
wait = white &lt;br&gt;
yeloo = yellow &lt;br&gt;
braun = brown &lt;br&gt;
pyrpyl = purple &lt;br&gt;
blak = black &lt;br&gt;
bluu = blue &lt;br&gt;
pingk = pink &lt;br&gt;
griin = green &lt;br&gt;
===Impoortent Adverbz - Important Adverbs===
verii = very &lt;br&gt;
wel = well &lt;br&gt;
kwiklii = quickly &lt;br&gt;
===Kynjyngktcynz - Conjunctions===
byt = but &lt;br&gt;
oor = or &lt;br&gt;
and = and &lt;br&gt;
biicyz = because &lt;br&gt;
iidhyr = either &lt;br&gt;
niidhyr = neither &lt;br&gt;

=Sampyl Tekst=

Mai frend and ai meed dhis nuu sistym foor raiting Ingglic, biikyz wii wyntyd y foonetik sistym yv raiting Ingglic witc kan bii yuuzd with dhy noormol kiiboord. Its feerlii simpyl, and beest y gud bit on dhy AI PII EE with influuentsys frym Dytc, aislandik, and y fjuu ydhyrz, dhoo moost yv dhy cansoonants ar dhy seem az standyrd Ingglic. Ai wynt tuu noo wyt piipyl thingk, and if dheed bii wiling tuu trai it. &lt;br&gt;
Timythii Snaidyr

My friend and I made this new system for writing [[Modern English|English]], because we wanted a phonetic system of writing English which can be used with the normal keyboard. It's fairly simple, and based a good bit on the [[IPA]] with influences from [[Dutch]], [[Icelandic]], and a few others, though most of the consonants are the same as standard English. I want to know what people think, and if they'd be willing to try it. &lt;br&gt;
Timothy Snyder

=Soorsiz: [[http://i28.tinypic.com/28ahlpl.jpg]] =

http://www.huitalk.com/activities/tawyr-oorthaagrafii-tower-orthography

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tower.php

http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Tawyr-Oorthaagryfii-85784289

Peedx rityn bai [[Timothy Patrick Snyder|Timythii Patrik Snaidyr]]

[[Category: Alternative Writing Systems|Tawyr Orthaagryfii]]</text>
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    <title>File:T&amp;B full a.JPG</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-05-19T23:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:T&amp;B full a.JPG]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tower Orthography
Tawyr Oorthaagryfii</text>
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        <id>1214</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  <page>
    <title>Tower Orthography</title>
    <id>5072</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-11T13:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Foor dhis in Tawyr Oorthaagryfii sii [[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]]

Tawyr Oorthaagryfii, or Tower Orthagraphy, is a simple alternative writing system for [[Modern English|English]].  Its sister orthography is [[Krisauka]].


=Background=
[[Image:Bell Tower.jpg|thumb|right|The Bell Tower of Temple University]]
It was a system of writing created by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]] and Rebecca Spatz.  It was named for the Bell Tower at Temple University, where the two created the writing system. It was created to make a generally more phonetic form of English, without having accents and extra letters.  The only symbols which are not on standard English Keyboards are '''þ''' and '''ð''', used for historical purposes connected to [[Old English]], but can also be replaced with the diagraphs '''th''' and '''dh''' respectively.

Tawyr employs the Dutch technique of doubling a vowel to indicate Tense/Lax variation.  With the exception of '''y''' all vowels have a single and double form, and all of those except for '''a''' and '''aa''' only differ by Tenseness or Laxness.  Most other sounds would be similar to the standard English equivalents, with the exceptions of '''c''', '''x''', '''tc''', '''dx''', '''j''', and '.

=The System=
Here is the Chart showing the system with the IPA:

[[Image:Tawyr Oorthaagryfii.jpg]]

=Advantages - Advantydxiz=
* More Phonetic
** Easier for foreign language learners to learn English
** Easier writing system for Children
* Makes more logical sense
** Native English speakers would likely have an easier time with spelling and grammar
** Fits with all forms of grammar, and does not have pesky homophones
* It may help standardise spoken English

=Disadvantages - Disadvantydxiz=
* Doesn't reflect English's Historic spelling and pronunciation
** It did not evolve from Middle English orthography
* Once standardised, It will not be as useful for spoken dialects
** If it's standardised it would not promote dialect evolution
** If standardised it would help dialects to merge into one.

=Examples - Egzampylz=

===Moodulz -Models===
cud = should &lt;br&gt;
wud = would &lt;br&gt;
kud = could &lt;br&gt;
mee = may &lt;br&gt;
wil = will &lt;br&gt;
caal = shall &lt;br&gt;
kan = can &lt;br&gt;
===Impoortent verbz - Important verbs===
bii = be &lt;br&gt;
duu = do &lt;br&gt;
noo = know &lt;br&gt;
goo = go &lt;br&gt;
sii = see &lt;br&gt;
am = am &lt;br&gt;
ar = are &lt;br&gt;
iz = is &lt;br&gt;
wyz = was &lt;br&gt;
wer = were  &lt;br&gt;
===Kwestcyn wyrdz - Question words===
wai = why &lt;br&gt;
huu = who &lt;br&gt;
hau = how &lt;br&gt;
wyt = what &lt;br&gt;
weer = where &lt;br&gt;
wen = when &lt;br&gt;
===Proonaunz - Pronouns===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Case
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|First Person
! Second Person
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Third Person
|-
| || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. &amp; Plur. || Sing. Masc. || Sing. Fem. || Sing. Neut. || Plur.
|-
| '''Subjective''' || ai = I || wii = we|| juu = you|| hii = he  || cii = she|| it = it || dhee = they
|-
| '''Objective'''  || mii = me || ys=us || juu = you|| him = him || her = her|| it = it || them = them
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || main = mine, mai = my || awyrz = ours, awyr = our|| joorz = yours, joor = your || hiz = his|| herz = hers, her = her|| its = its || dheerz = theirs, dheer = their
|}

===Artikylz and Diimaanstrytives - Articles and Demonstratives===
y = a &lt;br&gt;
yn = an &lt;br&gt;
dhy = the &lt;br&gt;
dhis = this &lt;br&gt;
dhiiz = these &lt;br&gt;
dhat = that &lt;br&gt;
dhooz = those &lt;br&gt;
===Kaalyrz - Colours===
red = red &lt;br&gt;
aarandx = orange &lt;br&gt;
wait = white &lt;br&gt;
yeloo = yellow &lt;br&gt;
braun = brown &lt;br&gt;
pyrpyl = purple &lt;br&gt;
blak = black &lt;br&gt;
bluu = blue &lt;br&gt;
pingk = pink &lt;br&gt;
griin = green &lt;br&gt;
===Impoortent Adverbz - Important Adverbs===
verii = very &lt;br&gt;
wel = well &lt;br&gt;
kwiklii = quickly &lt;br&gt;
===Kynjyngktcynz - Conjunctions===
byt = but &lt;br&gt;
oor = or &lt;br&gt;
and = and &lt;br&gt;
biicyz = because &lt;br&gt;
iidhyr = either &lt;br&gt;
niidhyr = neither &lt;br&gt;

=Sample text=

My friend and I made this new system for writing [[Modern English|English]], because we wanted a phonetic system of writing English which can be used with the normal keyboard. It's fairly simple, and based a good bit on the [[IPA]] with influences from [[Dutch]], [[Icelandic]], and a few others, though most of the consonants are the same as standard English. I want to know what people think, and if they'd be willing to try it. &lt;br&gt;
[[Timothy Patrick Snyder|Timothy Snyder]]

Mai frend and ai meed dhis nuu sistym foor raiting Ingglic, biikyz wii wyntyd y foonetik sistym yv raiting Ingglic witc kan bii yuuzd with dhy noormol kiiboord. Its feerlii simpyl, and beest y gud bit on dhy AI PII EE with influuentsys frym Dytc, aislandik, and y fjuu ydhyrz, dhoo moost yv dhy cansoonants ar dhy seem az standyrd Ingglic. Ai wynt tuu noo wyt piipyl thingk, and if dheed bii wiling tuu trai it. &lt;br&gt;
Timythii Snaidyr

=Sources: [[http://i28.tinypic.com/28ahlpl.jpg]] =

http://www.huitalk.com/activities/tawyr-oorthaagrafii-tower-orthography

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/tower.php

http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Tawyr-Oorthaagryfii-85784289

Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

[[Category: Alternative Writing Systems]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Alternative Writing Systems</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">This is for different writing systems created for languages that already exist.

These are commonly referred to as neographies, altscripts and cipher-scripts.

[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
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      <comment>Category:Main page in other languages</comment>
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&lt;center&gt; {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTH}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Syport:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Faants]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing y Peedx]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Artikyl Neeming Cynvencjyns]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting y Peedx]] • [[Help:Contents|Dxenyryl Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

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{{:Meen Peedx: nuuz banyr}}


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START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

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Introduction

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{{:Meen Peedx: Introodykcjyn}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Taapiks&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natcyral langwidxis]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Kaanlangz]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Kaanscripts]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Kaanworldsz]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Kanlang kympeerisyn]]
:[[Our Father|Lordz Prejyr trantsleecjynz]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Kaanlang rileez]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Maling lists]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Templits foor jus in artikylz]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Fraþwikii@Jaahuu]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

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{{:Meen Peedx: yðyr langwidxiz}}
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Peedx rityn bai [[Timothy Patrick Snyder|Timythii Patrik Snaidyr]]</text>
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    <title>Timothy Patrick Snyder</title>
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      <comment>/* Anthropology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Co-Creator of [[Tower Orthography]] with Rebecca Spatz.  His username is [[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]].
He is currently studying Linguistics, Anthropology, and English at Temple University in Philadelphia.  He specialises in Historical/Comparative Linguistics.

=Specialties=
==Linguistics==
Timothy specialises in historical and comparative linguistics, especially of [[Romance Languages| Romance]] and [[Germanic languages]].  He has studied several major and minor languages of this family of languages.  He has also studied ancient scripts such as Egyptian, Cuneiform, Ancient Chinese, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc Runic, Elder Fuþark Runic, Younger Fuþark Runic, Ancient Greek, Umbrian, Tuscan, and Phoenician.

Languages he has studied at one time or another include: [[High German]], [[Low German]], [[Dutch]], [[Danish]], [[Swedish]], [[Norwegian]], [[Old Norse]], [[Icelandic]], Old High German, [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Middle English]], [[Modern English]], [[Italian]], [[Romanian]], [[Portuguese]], [[Spanish]], [[French]], [[Latin]], [[Ancient Greek]], Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, [[Polish]], [[Russian]], Finnish, Hungarian, [[Ancient Egyptian]], Hebrew, Mandarin Chinese, and Japanese.

He also has extensively learned the [[IPA]].

==Anthropology==
He is majoring in Anthropology with a heavy weight on cultural and linguistic anthropology, although he has studied Archeology and Forensic Anthropology as well.

=TAG Productions Ink=
TAG productions ink is a small film group that Timothy was a co-founder of.  TAG stands for Timothy Anthony Greg, the founders of it.  They mostly make Youtube videos at this link [http://www.youtube.com/TAGproductionsink TAG Productions Ink].  Timothy directed and acted in most of them, as well as his friends Anthony and Greg.  The first video produced was a dancing music video to a ska swing song called [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wP6PIERHY08 Jumping Jack].  There is also a two part zombie film called '''ATAG of the Living dead''', they can be found at [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAMKJzGclKk Chapter 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkarBSQionE Chapter 2].  For a project for Chaucer class, Timothy with TAG Productions Ink and a classmate, produced 4 movies in [[Middle English]], all of which were co-written, directed by, and translated by Timothy: &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2FmbrbMsHs The Student's Tale Part 1] &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TnEK4i83QE Weapons of Medieval Destruction Ad] &lt;br&gt;
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiswlwUl9og The Student's Tale Part 2] &lt;br&gt; 
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9twtY8RFDk The Student's Tale Part 3] &lt;br&gt;
A recent video produced by TAG is called [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjor6Dm2wss Greg's Quest].  It currently has subtitles in German, French, Italian, English, Middle English, Pirate English, Portuguese, Russian, and Polish,

=Online Articles by Timothy=
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Why-is-English-so-Messed-up-80514694 Why is English so Messed Up?] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Where-do-Accents-Come-from-80519891 Where do Accents come from?] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Cognates-Aren-t-they-Great-80632298 Cognates, Aren't they Great?] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Idioms-Nightmares-of-Language-80754197 Idioms, Nightmares of Language] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Religion-in-Language-Part-1-80779275 Religion in Language] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Is-Middle-English-a-Creole-109334831 Is Middle English a Creole?] (Essay for a Linguistic Anthropology Class) &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Early-European-Alphabets-109335694 Early European Alphabets] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/The-Danish-Vowel-Shift-109284986 The Danish Vowel Shift] and [http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Danish-Vowel-Shift-Appendix-109285452 The Appendix and Bibliography](click download on the left to view the articles).

==The English Grammar Series==
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-Grammar-80516692 Table of Contents]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-1-Nouns-80510290 English Nouns]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-2-Articles-80510545 English Articles]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-3-Personal-Pronouns-80511076 Personal Pronouns]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-4-Other-Pronouns-80511425 Other Pronouns]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-5-Conjuctions-80511820 English Conjunctions]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-6-Preposition-80512018 English Prepositions]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-7-Verbs-Present-Future-80512430 English Verbs: Present and Future]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-8-Verbs-Simp-Cmpd-80512727 English Verbs: Simple and Compound Past]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-9-Verbs-The-3-Moods-80512995 English Verbs: the Three Moods]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-10-Verbs-Voicing-80513191 English Verbs: Voicing]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-11-Irregular-Verbs-80513388 English Verbs: Irregular Verbs]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/English-12-Special-Irregulars-80513714 English Verbs: Special Irregulars]

==The Advanced Grammar Series==
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Advanced-Grammar-Topics-81430739 Table of Contents]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Grammatical-Case-1-81426209 Grammatical Case 1]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Gender-81426571 Grammatical Gender]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Articles-81427064 Articles]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Grammatical-Case-2-81427386 Grammatical Case 2]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Agreement-81428004 Agreement]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Conjugation-81428829 Conjugation]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Grammatical-Case-3-81429197 Grammatical Case 3]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Word-Order-or-Basic-Syntax-81429546 Word Order or Basic Syntax]

==About the [[IPA]]==
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Why-do-We-Need-the-IPA-92468015 Why Do We Need the IPA?]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Intro-and-Consonants-92462590 IPA: Introduction and Consonants]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Consonants-of-English-92462988 IPA: The Consonants of English]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Vowels-in-English-92465132 IPA: The Vowels of English]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Vowels-Not-in-English-92466075 IPA: The Vowels Not in English]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Consonants-Not-in-English-92467100 IPA: The Consonants Not in English]
*[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/IPA-Effects-on-Sound-92467351 IPA: Effects on Sounds]

==Language Families==
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Language-Families-Romance-81016323 Romance Family] &lt;br&gt;
[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Language-Families-Germanic-81016620 Germanic Family] &lt;br&gt;

==FrathWiki Contributions==
===Real Languages===
[[Modern English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Anglo-Saxon]] &lt;br&gt;
[[High German]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Norwegian]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Spanish]] &lt;br&gt;

===Sound Shifts===
[[High German Consonant Shift]] &lt;br&gt;
===[[IPA]]===
[[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate ʍ]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Voiced dental fricative|Voiced dental fricative ð]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Voiceless dental fricative|Voiceless dental fricative θ]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Voiceless glottal fricative|Voiceless glottal fricative h]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|Voiceless postalveolar fricative ʃ]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Voiced postalveolar fricative|Voiced postalveolar fricative ʒ]] &lt;br&gt;

===Conscript===
[[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]] or [[Tower Orthography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pyrans</title>
    <id>5080</id>
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      <id>31580</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-20T14:02:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Hydorans</title>
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      <id>31581</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-20T14:03:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Humans</title>
    <id>5082</id>
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      <id>31582</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-20T14:04:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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    <title>Xylans</title>
    <id>5083</id>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labial-velar fricative</title>
    <id>5084</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47776</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T09:16:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>dblredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>W</title>
    <id>5085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58912</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T20:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One of the more recent additions to the canonical [[Latin alphabet]], the letter '''W''' arose as a digraph ''VV'' (but at a time preceding the estabilishment of ''[[U]]'' as separate from ''[[V]]'').

It is almost universally used to represent a [[labial-velar approximant]], but as always, [[ANADEW]]…

*One [[sound change]] later, [[German]], [[Polish]], old [[Swedish]] etc. use it for /v/, the [[voiced labiodental fricative]].
**Or /ʋ/ (the [[labiodental approximant]]), depending on your analysis. At least some varieties of [[Dutch]] contrast &lt;w&gt; /ʋ/ and &lt;v&gt; /v/.
**The [[Voiced bilabial fricative|bilabial]] counterpart [β] also makes an appearence occasionally. 
* Thanks to its vocalic origin, values such as [u] still occur in [[Welsh]].
* ''w'' also naturally lends itself to be used as a [[labialization]] diacritic.
*''Actually, this isn't really &quot;except worse&quot;. Values such as /ə/ in [[Tyl Sjok]] are definitely farther off than anything I can think of here. Dang.''

[[Category:Latin letters]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Transliteration]]
[[Category:Transcription]]</text>
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    <title>File:Bell Tower.jpg</title>
    <id>5086</id>
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      <id>31627</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-21T05:29:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:Supp Constits1.png</title>
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    <title>File:Supp Constitsá.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-05-21T16:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Supp Constitsá.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:TP Vowels.png</title>
    <id>5089</id>
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      <id>31653</id>
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        <id>729</id>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Tp zero.png</title>
    <id>5090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31659</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-21T16:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labial-velar approximant</title>
    <id>5091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50472</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T12:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Old Norse */ no</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2| &lt;big&gt;ʍ&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]]: || ʍ
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Velar]] [[bilabial]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[approximate]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s: || [-consonantal] &lt;br&gt; '''[-Voice]''' &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[+round] &lt;br&gt;  
| &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [-Syllabic]
|}

This is a devoiced bilabial velar approximate.  It's voiced form is /[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]/.

=Natlangs=
==English==
===[[Old English]]===
In [[Old English]] it was spelt '''Hw'''.  An example might be the first line of [[Beowulf]] &quot;Hwæt we Gar-Dena....&quot;
Other [[Anglo-Saxon]] words had this spelling, such as Hwær (where). Hwam (whom), Hwalas (whales), Hwon (who), Hwi (why). etc.

===[[Middle English]]===
This sound had three different spellings in Medieval English, but the most common was '''wh.'''  In the earliest days, in such works as '''[[Brut]]''' we see that they prefer [[Anglo-Saxon]] spelling, so '''hw''' is most common.  In works which have a heavy [[Old French]] influence it is common to see '''qu''' instead of the others, because qu /kw/ is the closest sounds French equivalent.  [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], being one of the most influential to standardised English, used '''wh.'''

===[[Modern English]]===
Most people who speak English today now use /w/ instead of the /ʍ/.  Some Dialects in the Northwest of the United States and quite a few Scottish accents still use it.  Also many English speaks come close when they add a devoiced sound next to it, so 'twas, quest, sweet, and others have semi-devoiced /ʍ/s in them.

==Old Norse==
In [[Old Norse]], a cognate sound was spelt '''hv''' and was used in cases similar to the Old English words. However, since it is reflected as /hv/ in East Scandinavian, /kv/ in [[Icelandic]], and it derives from [[Proto-Germanic]] *xw, it should not be taken as [ʍ], but rather as a cluster [xv] or [xʋ].

=Sources=
http://www.huitalk.com/articles/is-middle-english-a-creole

http://www.huitalk.com/activities/introduction-to-the-ipa-consonants-the-sounds-of-english

Back to [[IPA]].
Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments]]</text>
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    <title>File:Tp Circum.png</title>
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    <title>File:Tet Nom.png</title>
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    <title>File:Tet Acc.png</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Body Parts in Your Conlangs</title>
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      <id>46759</id>
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      <comment>Added cat Vocabulary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Questionnaire/Template ==
Author: TomHChappell
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:16 am

How many, and who, among us have more-or-less completish vocabularies for body parts in some of our conlangs? And which conlangs? 

Here's my attempt at an outline. If you find it incomplete, add stuff; if you find a different order would be better, re-arrange it; and if you find it makes &quot;different&quot; things your conlang would make &quot;same&quot;, edit it. 


Body 
#Blood vessel 
##Artery 
##Vein 
#Material of which it is composed 
##Bone 
##Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) 
##Skin 
##Muscle 
##Fat 
##Blood 
#Trunk (torso) 
##Chest 
###Heart 
###Lung 
##Abdomen or Belly 
###Stomach 
###Liver 
###Spleen 
###Intestines 
##Waist 
#Neck 
#Extremity 
##Head 
###Hair 
###Ear 
####Earhole 
####Earlobe? 
###Eye 
####Eyeball 
#####Iris 
#####Pupil 
#####Sclera 
####Eyebrow 
####Eyelid 
#####Eyelash 
####Eye socket 
####Tear gland 
###Nose 
####Nostril 
###Mouth 
####Jaw 
#####Maxilla (upper jaw) 
#####Mandible (lower jaw) 
####Tooth 
#####Incisor 
#####Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
#####Molar (and/or premolar?) 
####Tongue 
##Limb 
###Arm 
####Shoulder 
####Elbow 
####Wrist 
####Humerus (upper arm) 
####Lower Arm 
####Hand 
#####Palm 
###Leg 
####Hip 
#####buttock (if different) 
####Knee 
####Ankle 
####Thigh (upper leg) 
####Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle) 
#####Shin 
#####Calf 
####Foot 
#####Sole 
#####Heel 
#####Ball 
##Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
###Nail 
####Fingernail 
####Toenail 
###Toe 
####Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
####Pinky toe or little toe 
####Other individual toes? 
###Thumb 
####Thumbnail 
###Finger 
####Index finger 
####Pinky finger 
####Middle finger 
####Ring finger 
##My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
###female 
####vagina 
####womb 
###male 
####penis 
####testicle 
#Side 
##Back 
##Front 
##Left 
##Right 
##Bottom (lower) 
##Top (upper) 
#Orifices 
##anus 
##urethral meatus? 
##vagina was covered under &quot;genitalia&quot;. 
##mouth and nose and ear were covered under &quot;head&quot;. So was &quot;eye&quot;, but your conlang might not consider that an orifice. 

---- 

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 
---- 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 

---- 
Tom H.C. in MI
Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:58 am; edited 4 times in total 
--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 23:35, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

== Things included and things omitted on purpose, with reasons ==
Author: TomHChappell
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 12:41 pm

cromulant wrote: 
Your forgot the Isles of Langerhans.  

----

I tried to leave out most things that were microscopic (like the Islets), and most things that were not visible on the surface (like the Islets). 

(I also left out the Organ of Zuckerkandl, which resides in the arch of the aorta. Nobody seems to know what it's for.)  

(And I left out the voicebox or larynx, and other parts of the speech system. Perhaps I should have included some of them. Others are welcome to, if they feel it would be good to do so.) 

Bones and blood and stomachs-and-or-intestines and hearts and wombs, however, seemed like I should include them. 

Blood is often visible on the surface, after a minor injury. 

If bone is visible on the surface, a major injury has occurred; but one can detect the bone from the outside by touch. 

Hearts move and make a sound detectable from the outside. 

The same is true of the stomach-and-or-intestines; furthermore the owner of the stomach can often tell when it's empty, or when it wants to operate in reverse (the name of that sensation is &quot;nausea&quot;). 

Wombs have visible results; and their owners know what's going on in them. (Actually, I've been kicked awake by an unborn baby whose mother slept through the kick!) 

As for livers and spleens and sweetbreads and so on: They are often referred to in old-fashioned conversations preceding the advent of modern medicine; I assume that the practice of butchery, together with those of surgery and veterinary and medicine, familiarized people with some of them. In some Native North American languages, for instance, an automobile's battery is referred to as its &quot;liver&quot;. 

It would be reasonable for some conlangs not to have all of these, and for others to have body-part terms in addition to these. 

--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 23:35, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

== (lost post, including name of conlang) ==
Author: cromulant
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:29 am

My word for arm is khaib. 
I'll get back to you on all the others. 

----
Last edited by cromulant on Sun May 04, 2008 1:14 am; edited 1 time in total 


== Pabappa ==
Author: Soap
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 11:56 am

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
-Blood vessel tamapop 
--Artery tamap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pansa 
--Skin perebi 
--Muscle soppi 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
--Blood tapema 
-Trunk (torso) sumpobi 
--Chest pammum 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
---Stomach pemarapupi 
---Liver pabapi 
---Spleen barrampi 
---Intestines wampupi 
--Waist pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Hair wesum 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
----Earhole umabosadepi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
-----Iris pispadapi 
-----Pupil pispaliapi 
-----Sclera no word yet 
----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
----Eyelid osinipi 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
----Eye socket opposadepi 
----Tear gland liblapampi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Nostril taposadepi 
---Mouth popopi 
----Jaw poposopi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Tongue blampi 
--Limb pemia 
---Arm pemia 
----Shoulder maba 
----Elbow pemiabimbra 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
---Leg pampipi 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Knee pimbra 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
----Shin no word yet 
----Foot aspi 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
---Nail ebbi 
----Fingernail ebbi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
----Thumbnail arpebbi 
---Finger sempi 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! perpebi (&quot;genitals&quot;) 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
-Side popapitabi 
--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--Front jubipi 
--Left blumperbap 
--Right porpubat 
--Bottom (lower) purpa 
--Top (upper) pimpampi 
-Orifices 
--anus parpab 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 

More: 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
clitoris: pubi 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi

Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:08 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
THC wrote: 
What's the name of your conlang?  
Sorry, it's called Pabappa. 

Quote: 
Why more than one word?  
The ones separated by commas are synonyms. In some cases, there are synonyms because Pabappa was spoken for a long time over a large area, and since much of its vocabulary was created by loaning from aboriginal languages, even body parts could be called something different from one place to the other. Also, some words are just variations of each other; e.g. blampilpim and pilpi are both from the same root. And in the case of the genitals, there are a lot of slang words as well. Some of them probably have slightly different uses, but I haven't thought about it deeply yet. 

No word for thigh yet, other than if I wanted to make a phrase that just means &quot;upper behind leg&quot;, but I might think of something better eventually. Is this all going to a database somewhere or are you just curious? 

cromulant wrote: 
Kuvdamos, I'm detecting a fondness for bilabial plosives. Am I right? 
Yes. Pabappa started as a jokelang three years ago, but I got too attached to it to let it remain as such.

== I think Kuvdamos and Soap are the same person? ==
Author: Kuvdamos 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
-Blood vessel tamapop 
--Artery tamap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pansa 
--Skin perebi 
--Muscle soppi 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
--Blood tapema 
-Trunk (torso) sumpobi 
--Chest pammum 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
---Stomach pemarapupi 
---Liver pabapi 
---Spleen barrampi 
---Intestines wampupi 
--Waist pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Hair wesum 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
----Earhole umabosadepi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
-----Iris pispadapi 
-----Pupil pispaliapi 
-----Sclera no word yet 
----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
----Eyelid osinipi 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
----Eye socket opposadepi 
----Tear gland liblapampi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Nostril taposadepi 
---Mouth popopi 
----Jaw poposopi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Tongue blampi 
--Limb pemia 
---Arm pemia 
----Shoulder maba 
----Elbow pemiabimbra 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
---Leg pampipi 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Knee pimbra 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
----Shin no word yet 
----Foot aspi 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
---Nail ebbi 
----Fingernail ebbi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
----Thumbnail arpebbi 
---Finger sempi 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! perpebi (&quot;genitals&quot;) 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
-Side popapitabi 
--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--Front jubipi 
--Left blumperbap 
--Right porpubat 
--Bottom (lower) purpa 
--Top (upper) pimpampi 
-Orifices 
--anus parpab 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 

More: 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
clitoris: pubi 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

Thanks. 
What's the name of your conlang? 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

Why more than one word? 
In some cases, viz. 
Kuvdamos wrote: 

--Vein tamap wurpap peso 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Neck pia pawa palidapa 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) assa poposopi 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) palida poposopi 
----Wrist pia webes pampsam 
-----Palm purpapimpam bla pampsam pia mipalbapsa 
----Ankle pebapi bliwipi 
----Toenail ebbi warp aspi 
---Toe saweman sampi pia 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
 

it looks like you need a phrase to distinguish from some other body-part; 
but in some cases, viz. 
Kuvdamos wrote: 

Body abba, blassi, ubbalap 
--Fat blampilpim, pilpi 
---Heart wepse, wawa 
---Lung ebo, ebobi 
--Abdomen or Belly pia pemarapup, pemarapupi 
-Extremity palupopi, pemiabi 
--Head wibu, pawapi 
---Ear uma, sobopi 
---Eye pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
----Eyeball pamala, wamul, oppi, pispi 
---Nose tapi, wampadampi, ewepi 
----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Hand pebui, ampi, pampsam, salpo, pawam 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
---Thumb abi, abepi, pampsap abepem 
---female pupap, labap 
----vagina wempa, lara, rompa, arawap 
----womb rompa, pampam, mimal, topo, lolob, nipa 
---male nope, palsip, lupap 
----penis pubu, noba, nampe, pampapi, nidi, pidapi 
buttocks: porpe, perara, puru, sal 
urine: lop, ibbi, wapom, soba, sopa, pupi, pupu 
feces: wa, wam, wapsa, wawa, pilpabi, popop, porpobbum, pepabi, sepabi 
 

it looks like you have more than one term which are interpretable by the same &quot;English&quot; term. 
In the latter cases, is that because your conlang makes a distinction &quot;English&quot; doesn't (actually, that I didn't?) 
Or do you have two different synonyms? In which case when is it appropriate to use the one, and when the other? 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

-----Sclera no word yet 
-----Incisor no word yet 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth no word yet 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) no word yet 
----Humerus (upper arm) no word yet 
----Lower Arm no word yet 
----Shin no word yet 
-----Sole no word yet 
-----Ball no word yet 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) no word yet 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) no word yet 
----Pinky toe or little toe no word yet 
----Other toes? no word yet 
----Index finger no word yet 
----Pinky finger no word yet 
----Middle finger no word yet 
----Ring finger no word yet 
 

Fine. Not all languages have words for these. Yours may end up needing phrases for some of these. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Tooth pampi (plural only), amilam, wisse 
----Hip piam, perara (both plural) 
----testicle lespapi (plural only) 
 

Fine. Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

--Back porpepi (usually interpreted as meaning &quot;buttocks&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? loposadepi (&quot;urine hole&quot;) 
 

OK. Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Eyebrow pisamblesum 
-----Eyelash opwesum (ack!! I used &quot;eye hair&quot; twice with two different words for eye!) 
 

That's fine, probably. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

----Thigh (upper arm) dont you mean upper leg? 
 

Yes!    
I have edited it. 
Do you have a word for &quot;thigh&quot; in your conlang? 


----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:12 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 12:42 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
(Accidental duplicate post I was not able to delete.) 
----- 
Tom H.C. in MI

Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:14 pm; edited 2 times in total 
 
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== Drem ==
Author: doctrellor
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 1:34 pm

I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail 

like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on 

so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem 

I'll post my list sometime later/tonight..
_________________
 
cromulant
Gent


Joined: 14 Jul 2006

 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 2:48 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Kuvdamos, I'm detecting a fondness for bilabial plosives. Am I right?  
 
Back to top       
 
 
TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:16 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
doctrellor wrote: 

TomHChappell wrote: 

Does your conlang ... use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
 

I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail 
like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on 
so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem 
I'll post my list sometime later/tonight.. 
 

Thanks. I look forward to it. 
-------- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
Back to top       
 

== Zevino'shoma ==
Author: Goza Lesha
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:26 pm

(For Zevino'shoma) This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 

These are the ones I have words for: 

Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 

== Muphridian ==
Author: Goza Lesha
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:26 pm

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 

Body Body 
-Blood vessel Bleed Vessel 
--Artery Artery 
--Vein Vein 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Bone 
--Skin Skin 
--Muscle Muscle 
--Fat Fat 
--Blood Bleed 
-Trunk (torso) Torso 
--Chest Chest 
---Heart Heart 
---Lung Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdoman, Belly 
---Stomach Stomach 
---Liver Liver 
---Spleen Sploon 
---Intestines Intestines 
--Waist Waist 
-Neck Neck 
-Extremity Extremity 
--Head Hed 
---Hair Hair 
---Ear Ear 
----Earhole Ear Canal 
---Eye Eye 
----Eyeball Eyeball 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupil 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Eyebrow 
----Eyelid Eyelid 
-----Eyelash Eyelash 
----Eye socket Eye socket 
----Tear gland Tear Gland 
---Nose Nose 
----Nostril Nostril 
---Mouth Mouth 
----Jaw Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla, Upper Jaw 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandible, Lower Jaw 
----Tooth Tooth 
-----Incisor Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molar, premolar 
----Tongue Tongue 
--Limb Limb 
---Arm Arm 
----Shoulder Shoulder 
----Elbow Elbow 
----Wrist Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus, Upper Arm 
----Lower Arm Lower Arm 
----Hand Hand 
-----Palm Palm 
---Leg Leg 
----Hip Hip 
----Knee Knoo 
----Ankle Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) Thigh, upper leg 
----Shin Shin 
----Foot Foot 
-----Sole Sole 
-----Ball Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) Digit 
---Nail Nail 
----Fingernail Fingernail 
----Toenail Toenail 
---Toe Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) Big Toe 
----Pinky toe or little toe Little Toe 
----Other toes? Toes 
---Thumb Thumb 
----Thumbnail Thumbnail 
---Finger Finger 
----Index finger Index Finger 
----Pinky finger Pinky Finger 
----Middle finger Middle Finger 
----Ring finger Ring Finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! Genitals 
---female Female 
----vagina Vagina 
----womb Womb 
---male Male 
----penis Penis 
----testicle Testicle 
-Side Side 
--Back Back 
--Front Front 
--Left Left 
--Right Right 
--Bottom (lower) Bottom 
--Top (upper) Top 
-Orifices Orifices 
--anus Anus 
--urethral meatus? Urethral Meatus 

My favorite one in the list is sploon. (spleen would be the plural) 
 
 
nebula wind phone
Tšur


Joined: 02 Mar 2005
Location: Austin, Texas, USA
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 4:35 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Sploon! Fabulous! (But shouldn't it be weemb?)
_________________
&quot;When I was about 16 it occurred to me that conlanging might be a sin, but I changed my mind when I realized Adam and Eve were doing it before the Fall.&quot; —Mercator 
 
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Shm Jay
Šalea


Joined: 14 Nov 2002
Location: 5.4.5.2
 Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 7:49 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
What about the oonus? 
 
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== (don't know name of scwhatever's conlang) ==
Author: schwhatever
Posted: Thu Oct 26, 2006 8:15 pm
 
Wow, I've got almost nothing....  

blood - kedes (archaic form: qidis) 
eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
lip - zilh 
muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
fat - jeikosc 
throat - vezop 
genitalia - vuseis
_________________
Jar Jar Binks wrote: 
Now, by making just a few small changes, we prettify the orthography for happier socialist tomorrow! 
Xonen wrote: 
^ WHS. Except for the log thing and the Andean panpipers. 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:19 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Goza Lesha wrote: 

(For Zevino'shoma) 
This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 
These are the ones I have words for: 
Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 
 

Great! Thanks. 


Goza Lesha wrote: 

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 
Body Body 
-Blood vessel Bleed Vessel 
--Artery Artery 
--Vein Vein 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Bone 
--Skin Skin 
--Muscle Muscle 
--Fat Fat 
--Blood Bleed 
-Trunk (torso) Torso 
--Chest Chest 
---Heart Heart 
---Lung Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdoman, Belly 
---Stomach Stomach 
---Liver Liver 
---Spleen Sploon 
---Intestines Intestines 
--Waist Waist 
-Neck Neck 
-Extremity Extremity 
--Head Hed 
---Hair Hair 
---Ear Ear 
----Earhole Ear Canal 
---Eye Eye 
----Eyeball Eyeball 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupil 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Eyebrow 
----Eyelid Eyelid 
-----Eyelash Eyelash 
----Eye socket Eye socket 
----Tear gland Tear Gland 
---Nose Nose 
----Nostril Nostril 
---Mouth Mouth 
----Jaw Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla, Upper Jaw 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandible, Lower Jaw 
----Tooth Tooth 
-----Incisor Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molar, premolar 
----Tongue Tongue 
--Limb Limb 
---Arm Arm 
----Shoulder Shoulder 
----Elbow Elbow 
----Wrist Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus, Upper Arm 
----Lower Arm Lower Arm 
----Hand Hand 
-----Palm Palm 
---Leg Leg 
----Hip Hip 
----Knee Knoo 
----Ankle Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) Thigh, upper leg 
----Shin Shin 
----Foot Foot 
-----Sole Sole 
-----Ball Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) Digit 
---Nail Nail 
----Fingernail Fingernail 
----Toenail Toenail 
---Toe Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) Big Toe 
----Pinky toe or little toe Little Toe 
----Other toes? Toes 
---Thumb Thumb 
----Thumbnail Thumbnail 
---Finger Finger 
----Index finger Index Finger 
----Pinky finger Pinky Finger 
----Middle finger Middle Finger 
----Ring finger Ring Finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! Genitals 
---female Female 
----vagina Vagina 
----womb Womb 
---male Male 
----penis Penis 
----testicle Testicle 
-Side Side 
--Back Back 
--Front Front 
--Left Left 
--Right Right 
--Bottom (lower) Bottom 
--Top (upper) Top 
-Orifices Orifices 
--anus Anus 
--urethral meatus? Urethral Meatus 

My favorite one in the list is sploon. (spleen would be the plural) 
 

Weird! Thanks. I look forward to seeing what the diachronic relationship to English is. 


schwhatever wrote: 

Wow, I've got almost nothing....  
 

I've got you beat; I've got exactly nothing! 

schwhatever wrote: 

blood - kedes (archaic form: qidis) 
eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
lip - zilh 
muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
fat - jeikosc 
throat - vezop 
genitalia - vuseis 
 

What's the name of your conlang? 

schwhatever wrote: 

eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
 

Interesting! Is this suppletive, or irregular, or what? Is &quot;soemaef&quot; dual or plural? How are the forms &quot;simah&quot; and &quot;soemaef&quot; derived one from the other? 

schwhatever wrote: 

lip - zilh 
 

I left that out. Should I have included it? 
I'm glad you got my suggestion that people should include anything they thought of, even if I'd left it out. 

schwhatever wrote: 

throat - vezop 
 

Is that the same as &quot;neck&quot;, or different? 

schwhatever wrote: 

muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
 

Good; these probably should be the same word in many languages. 

-------- 
Thanks, Goza Lesha. 
Thanks, schwhatever. 
Thanks, everyone. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI


== Mèlw ==
Author: Radagast
Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:30 am

Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 

Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 

(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/)
_________________
Humani nihil a me alienum sit 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:49 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radagast wrote: 

Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 
 

That's the kind of thing I wanted to know about. 
What's the answer for Mèlw? 


Radagast wrote: 

Mèlw: 
Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 
 

Thanks. 


Radagast wrote: 

(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/) 
 

Interesting! 
Thanks. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Radagast
Šalea


Joined: 21 May 2005
Location: Mexico
 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 8:53 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Mèlw doesn't allow bodypart affixation it only incorporates patients.
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Humani nihil a me alienum sit 
 
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== Vernaclerian ==
Author: Delalyra
Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:23 pm

Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot;
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[dEl.@.&quot;lir\.@] &lt;-- correct pronunciation of my username. 

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Goza Lesha
Endi


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 1:53 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Terran humans for this: (Muphridian language) 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Heart 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Heart 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Brain 
 
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== Palhàwan ==
Author: Raluv
Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2006 2:56 pm
 
I have a few in Palhàwan: 

body - ë̀yro 
head - ë̀yròi 
hair (mass)- lëyrotelùmar 
mouth - lhàma 
nose - tìa 
eye - àsþol 
ear - fazs 
tooth - b̀àma 
tongue )- dàðel 
neck - wonh 
arm - telumàrel 
hand - telùmar 
knee - wòxin 
leg - wòxel 
foot - woxh 
heart - selùmel 
skin -nìam 
blood -mìrim 

Seat of Life: 
Head 

Seat of Emotion: 
Heart 

Seat of Consciousness: 
Head 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:28 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radagast wrote: 

Mèlw doesn't allow bodypart affixation it only incorporates patients. 
 

Thanks. 


Kuvdamos wrote: 

THC wrote: 

What's the name of your conlang? 
 

Sorry, it's called Pabappa. 
 

Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

Quote: 

Why more than one word? 
 

The ones separated by commas are synonyms. In some cases, there are synonyms because Pabappa was spoken for a long time over a large area, and since much of its vocabulary was created by loaning from aboriginal languages, even body parts could be called something different from one place to the other. Also, some words are just variations of each other; e.g. blampilpim and pilpi are both from the same root. And in the case of the genitals, there are a lot of slang words as well. Some of them probably have slightly different uses, but I haven't thought about it deeply yet. 
 

Kind of what I thought. Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

No word for thigh yet, other than if I wanted to make a phrase that just means &quot;upper behind leg&quot;, but I might think of something better eventually. 
 

Let us know? Thanks. 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

Is this all going to a database somewhere 
 

I wish! 

Kuvdamos wrote: 

or are you just curious? 
 

'Fraid so. 
My own computer has no internet connection; &quot;my&quot; internet connection is not on my own computer. It takes more technical skill than I have been able to acquire as yet to put all this in a database someplace. But, if Janko can do it, I should be able to as well, shouldn't I? I just don't know how. 


Delalyra wrote: 

Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot; 
 

Interesting; thanks. 
(I have been told -- I don't know whether it's true -- that in &quot;modern western&quot; societies, men tend to see certain parts of their bodies as the &quot;center of their sexual attractiveness&quot;, whereas women OTOH see each and every part of their bodies as the &quot;center(?) of their sexual attractiveness&quot;. Your Vernaclerians' thinking that each part of their body is the &quot;seat of life&quot; sounds a little like the latter. But do they feel that way about hair and nails? And excretions such as sweat and saliva and earwax?) 


Goza Lesha wrote: 

Terran humans for this: 
(Muphridian language) 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? Brain 
 

Thanks. I'm getting curious about these Muphridians. Where do you have their conhistory stored? 


Raluv wrote: 

I have a few in Palhàwan: 
body - ë̀yro 
head - ë̀yròi 
hair (mass)- lëyrotelùmar 
mouth - lhàma 
nose - tìa 
eye - àsþol 
ear - fazs 
tooth - b̀àma 
tongue )- dàðel 
neck - wonh 
arm - telumàrel 
hand - telùmar 
knee - wòxin 
leg - wòxel 
foot - woxh 
heart - selùmel 
skin -nìam 
blood -mìrim 

Seat of Life: Head 
Seat of Emotion: Heart 
Seat of Consciousness: Head 
 

Thanks. 
&quot;telumàrel&quot; and &quot;telùmar&quot; look related; are they? 
&quot;wòxin&quot;, &quot;wòxel&quot;, and &quot;woxh&quot; look related; are they? 
Are there other relationships I've missed? 
Thanks again. 

-------- 
Thanks again, everyone! 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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== Socialese ==
Author: Eddy
Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:44 am
 
Well, so far, Socialese seems to be taking an impressionistic turn with a strong emphasis on personal meaning. So the concept of &quot;eye&quot; might be expressed as &quot;It lets me see&quot; and &quot;genital&quot; as &quot;it gives me sexual pleasure&quot;. So far, though, I haven't worked out all the details. 
 

== (Don't know name of Daryush's conlang, and can't copy post contents.) ==
Author: daryush
Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 12:08 pm 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Here u go 

Conworld site 
 

== (don't know name of Oric's conlang) ==
Author: Oric
Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 12:48 pm

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
...I...have ...penis 
 

By the way, what city are you from? SE is nowhere close to where I visit- I go to West Branch (the smiley-face city) annually.
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ils wrote: 
Listen to Oric. He knows what he's talking about. 

 
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== Gevey ==
Author: Rik
Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 1:55 pm
 
Gevey does better than I expected on body parts - lots of words/concepts still missing, though. Most of these words have been generated to meet various translation exercise requirements: 

Simple animate status body parts: 
aelne (aeln) ear 
bazhjarhe (bazhjarh) thumb 
bazhve (bazhev) finger 
becye (beceey) skin 
khuane (khuant) womb 
me'he (met) throat 
shaawe (shaawg) hand 
shkipe (shkip) heart 
shlune (shlum) nose, snout 
slofre (slofehr) head 
wanhe (wang) eye 
woole (wool) face, visage 
yeetse (yeetes) tongue 
zwi'he (zwit) blood 

Inanimate status body parts: 
cesuu (cesk) body, torso 
drestuu (drest) forehead 
ezekuu (ezek) foot, paw 
friskuu (frisk) guts, intestines 
ghimuu (ghim) muscle 
grupuu (grup) hair, fur, wool 
joejuu (joej) leg 
koguu (kog) bone 
osucuu (osuc) stomach, belly 
poyuu (poy) chin 
raekhwuu (raekhouwg) shoulder 
rhuuluu (rhuul) tooth 
shewuu (shewg) back, saddle 
shnaathuu (shnaath) placenta 
storuu (stor) chest 
ubulhuu (ubul) neck 
vroiduu (vroid) arm 
zdanuu (zdant) skull 

Body products (all inanimate status): 
thakluu becyizhuu (yuu becyizhuu thakel) spot, zit 
ma'haelhuu (ma'hael) urine, piss 
ma'haelhuu zdanizhuu (yuu zdanizhuu ma'hael) phlegm 
mabecyuu (mabeceey) sweat 
zwibecyuu (zwibeceey) scab 

== Neo-Khitanese (Kilda) ==
The language has a pretty well worked out vocabulary in this area. What I give below is strictly for human bodies; there's often special terminology for talking about the analogous parts of different animals. Body-part terminology shows a lot of irregular plurals (duals, one could argue), and even some odd singular forms where the default is plural/dual. There's a fairly distinct register of &quot;baby speech&quot; which I've included here. The orthography is the sort used in native typography; no distinction of front/back &quot;i&quot; vowels or of vowel length; note that {c, j} = alveopalatal affricates [tS], [dZ].

Body 
#Blood vessel: '''hunggikta''', no lexical differentiation between veins and arteries (obsolete: '''sodun''', now meaning &quot;pulse&quot;)
#Material of which it is composed 
##Bone: '''giramda''' (babytalk: '''foni''')
##Gristle or cartilage: '''tadaksa'''
##Skin: '''kilfa'''
##Muscle: '''sümü'''
##Fat: '''nimükse''' (usu. restricted to abdominal fat deposits)
##Blood: '''sekse''' (babytalk: '''misi-misi''')
#Trunk (torso):  '''tünggen''' (see ''chest'' below)
##Chest:  '''tünggen''', refers both to upper torso and the torso as a whole (obsolete: '''kengkütir''', &quot;chest, ribcage&quot;)
###Heart: '''mêwan''' (babytalk: '''ling-ling''')
###Lung: '''pagun''', pl. '''pagad'''
##Abdomen or Belly: '''nangka''' &quot;abdomen, belly; stomach&quot;; refers to both the area and the innards.
###Stomach: '''nangka''' &quot;belly; stomach&quot; or '''fükin''' &quot;stomach, intestines&quot; (babytalk: '''pisi-bisi''')
###Liver: '''pakin'''
###Spleen: '''dilkin'''
###Intestines: '''fükin''' &quot;stomach, intestines&quot;
##Waist: '''darama''' &quot;hips&quot; and '''enggeñe''' &quot;waist, lower flanks&quot;
#Neck: '''minggön''' &quot;neck&quot;, '''silde''' &quot;nape of neck&quot;, '''ceken''' &quot;front of throat, larynx; jowls&quot;
#Extremity
##Head: '''dil, köbül''' (syn.) (babytalk: '''pa-pa''')
###Hair: '''ñürikte, kümid''' (syn., on head and in general; babytalk equivalents '''numa, cik-cik'''); '''tikta''' &quot;body hair&quot;; '''dêki''' &quot;facial hair'''
###Ear: '''šên'''
####Earhole: '''šên kobin''' (lit. &quot;cavity of the ear&quot;)
####Earlobe: TBD
###Eye: '''isa''' (babytalk: '''nübi'''); the eye as it appears in the face
####Eyeball: '''ñündün''' (the organ in the strict sense)
#####Iris: TBD
#####Pupil: TBD
#####Sclera: TBD
####Eyebrow: '''kamig''' (sg. '''kam''')
####Eyelid: '''kömdekte'''
#####Eyelash: '''kirimki'''
####Eye socket: '''isa kobin''' (lit. &quot;cavity of the eye&quot;)
####Tear gland: TBD
###Nose:  '''onggara''' (formal), '''ñarak''' (vernacular, lit. &quot;snot-container&quot;), '''yakkan''' (slang), '''kaiko''' (babytalk)
####Nostril: '''kangša''', pl. '''kanggid'''
###Mouth: '''amga, šekše''' (syn.)
####Jaw: '''kebi'''
#####Maxilla (upper jaw): TBD
#####Mandible (lower jaw): '''kebi'''
####Tooth: '''kikta''' (babytalk: '''kip-kep''', pl. '''kiped''' [yes, Kilda infant-speak has irregular plurals])
#####Incisor: TBD for human bodyparts
#####Eyetooth or Canine Tooth: TBD for human bodyparts
#####Molar (and/or premolar?): TBD for human bodyparts
####Tongue: '''necil''' (babytalk: '''hilengki''', lit. &quot;licker&quot;)
##Limb: no unitary term
###Arm: no unitary term
####Shoulder: '''tannun''', pl. '''tanud''' (idiomatic/obsolete: '''mire'''); '''kende''' &quot;shoulderblade, shoulder bone&quot;
####Elbow: '''hiñcen''' &quot;elbow (joint)&quot;, '''sirmüsik''' &quot;elbow (bone)&quot;
####Wrist: '''bilen''' &quot;wrist (joint)&quot;, '''kombuki''' &quot;wrist (bones)&quot;
####Humerus (upper arm): '''bokto'''
####Lower Arm: '''sötö''', pl. '''sitüt'''
####Hand: '''gala'''
#####Palm: '''mañjan''' (and note '''maniran''' &quot;back of the hand&quot;)
###Leg: '''begdi''' &quot;foot, leg&quot;
####Hip: '''ogo''' &quot;hips, pelvis&quot; (literary: '''uldug''')
#####buttock (if different): '''pikangga''' (polite), '''puk-puk''' (vernacular and babytalk), '''künggüki''' (vulgar)
####Knee: '''söjö''', pl. '''süjid''' (babytalk: '''kokobo'''); also '''cöjökü''', pl. '''celköt''' &quot;hollow behind the knee&quot;, '''pengjen''' &quot;knee joint&quot;, '''töbgi''' &quot;kneecap (bone)&quot;
####Ankle: '''cimenek, cimnek'''
####Thigh (upper leg): '''talpi''' (literary: '''uldug''')
####Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle): '''silbi'''
#####Shin: '''silbi'''
#####Calf: '''cakci''' &quot;calf muscle, back of lower leg&quot;
####Foot: '''begdi''' &quot;foot, leg&quot;; also '''ölmi''' &quot;top/upper part of foot&quot;
#####Sole:  '''fata'''
#####Heel: '''ningti'''
#####Ball: N/A
##Digit (toe or thumb or finger): no unitary term
###Nail: '''osikta''' (with long vowel in second syllable; minimal pair with initial-long '''osikta''' &quot;star&quot;)
####Fingernail: no separate term
####Toenail: no separate term
###Toe: '''cimki'''
####Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe): TBD
####Pinky toe or little toe: TBD
####Other individual toes?: TBD
###Thumb: '''perüken, tamka''' (syn.)
####Thumbnail: TBD or N/A
###Finger: '''huñakan''' (babytalk: '''kekkö''', pl. '''kikêd''')
####Index finger: '''talgalan'''; also '''tikalan''' &quot;middle or ring finger, either or both of the two inside fingers&quot;
####Pinky finger: '''cimcen'''
####Middle finger: TBD, see above
####Ring finger: '''tunglik'''
##Genitalia
###female 
####vagina: '''koñju''' (polite), '''köppön, kapilak''' (slang), '''kwappa''' (vulgar), '''paku''' (intimate), '''bi-bi''' (babytalk)
####womb: '''doptun'''
###male 
####penis: '''cicük''' (formal/polite), '''lölö''' (vernacular/slang), '''ci-ci''' (babytalk)
####testicle: '''nama''' (babytalk: '''noki''')
#Side 
##Back: '''sogdonso''' &quot;back&quot;, '''ñiri''' &quot;backbone, spine&quot;
##Front: '''tünggen''' &quot;chest, breast&quot;
##Left: '''ñiligdi''' &quot;left (adj.)&quot;, '''ñiliski''' &quot;leftwards, to the left&quot;; also '''šucaka''' &quot;left-handed (of person, etc.)&quot;
##Right: '''anggu, maran''' &quot;right (adj.)&quot;, '''angguski, marangku''' &quot;rightward, to the right&quot; (syn.)
##Bottom (lower): '''ütilme''' &quot;lower&quot; (general; not specific to body)
##Top (upper): '''ügi:gde''' &quot;upper&quot; (general; not specific to body)
#Orifices 
##anus: '''ilmi'''
##urethral meatus?: TBD

---- 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes?  Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? ''With the exception of directional terms, no; they're all nouns/nominals, and are mostly substantives.''

---- 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? ''Probably the stomach.''

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? ''The liver and the heart.''

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? ''The brain ('''tarki''') in modern times, but in different idiomatic contexts, it can be various other body parts, including the feet.''

== Resume editing here ==

 
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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Delalyra
Šalea


Joined: 15 Jun 2005
Location: Deliriously Happy [2.7.9.1]
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:46 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
daryush wrote: 
amazing pictures 

Oh my god, that is truly amazing. Is that your conlang? ...it reminds me of turkish. 
_________________
[dEl.@.&quot;lir\.@] &lt;-- correct pronunciation of my username. 

&lt;Rhob&gt; I have a fetish for women. 
 
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Whimemsz
Šalea


Joined: 20 Jun 2003
Location: Gimaamaa onibaaganing
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:52 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
daryush wrote: 
Here u go 


That looks...remarkably similar to Turkish. Is it derived from Turkish, or a conTurkic lang or something?
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:56 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Delalyra wrote: 

daryush wrote: 

amazing pictures 
 

Oh my god, that is truly amazing. Is that your conlang? ...it reminds me of turkish.  
 

Whimemsz wrote: 

daryush wrote: 

Here u go 
 

That looks...remarkably similar to Turkish. Is it derived from Turkish, or a conTurkic lang or something? 
 

What they said. Amazing, Turkish-oid, all of it. 

------ 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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daryush
Mey


Joined: 23 Jul 2006

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 2:59 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
It was originally an auxlang for Turkish before I decided to build a conworld around it ... so yeah, its absurdly heavily influenced (there is quite a bit of con- in it, though ) 

Thanks for the comments btw 
_________________
Gremlins wrote: 
Dice don't boing. 

Conworld site 
 
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Goza Lesha
Endi


Joined: 08 Oct 2006

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 4:11 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Goza Lesha wrote: 

Terran humans for this: 
(Muphridian language) 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? Heart 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? Brain 
 

Thanks. I'm getting curious about these Muphridians. Where do you have their conhistory stored? 
 

I don't have much of the history of the Muphridian language (or the Muphridians), but there is a general overview there of the history, and the language here: http://scjuwiki.azivelar.net/wiki/Muphridian_Language. (under construction) 
 
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schwhatever
Šalea


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: NorCal
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 5:18 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What's the name of your conlang? 

Faranit. Although there is a little ambiguity. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

eye - simah 
eyes - soemaef 
 

Interesting! Is this suppletive, or irregular, or what? Is &quot;soemaef&quot; dual or plural? How are the forms &quot;simah&quot; and &quot;soemaef&quot; derived one from the other? 


It's left over from an older plural system similar to German's lengthening system. I haven't worked out the specifics yet, unfortunately. It irregular, but with some method to its madness, as you can see the remnents of the earlier plural system, but also a worn down version of the later -(I/E)b system. 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

lip - zilh 
 

I left that out. Should I have included it? 
I'm glad you got my suggestion that people should include anything they thought of, even if I'd left it out. 


Maybe? It was buried in my lexicon and I thought I might as well... 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

throat - vezop 
 

Is that the same as &quot;neck&quot;, or different? 

No, it's the same. 

Quote: 
schwhatever wrote: 

muscle - hacaz (also means meat) 
 

Good; these probably should be the same word in many languages. 

Thanks. 
_________________
Jar Jar Binks wrote: 
Now, by making just a few small changes, we prettify the orthography for happier socialist tomorrow! 
Xonen wrote: 
^ WHS. Except for the log thing and the Andean panpipers. 
 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:37 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
...

Last edited by Sano on Thu Nov 23, 2006 9:41 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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MustangDan15
Për


Joined: 17 Jul 2006
Location: Boise, ID
 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:41 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents. 
_________________
&quot;I'd rather talk about something pleasant - like a nuclear war.&quot; - William Allen of Boeing in response to visitor about if first 747 crashed 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sat Oct 28, 2006 11:42 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
MustangDan15 wrote: 
Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents.  


Yeah, it might.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 1:31 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Thanks, Sano. 

Sano wrote: 

MustangDan15 wrote: 
Might be easier on everyone's eyes if you placed the Qatama words adjacent to their English equivalents.  
 

Yeah, it might. 
 

Qatama: English: 

anaq head 
anuq ear(s) 
ongo eye(s) 
okota heart 
toru back 
taruya hip/waist 
tara belly/stomach 
utar chest/breast 
nogra feet/toes 
anuja leg 
udan hand/arm 
qongo joint 
gan bone 
gua mouth/face 
ogua facial hair 
uha skin 
udanju fingers/knuckles 
dong nose 
g'tla shoulder 
qono muscle 
anaqra neck 
guata teeth 
guaja tongue 
unuq hair 

-Khang 


1) Did I do that right? 

2) Why did you quote yourself? 
2a) Apparently you had already answered this question in some other post. Where? and what post? 

3) The word &quot;nogra feet/toes&quot; reminds me a bit of Russian; but the rest of the list doesn't remind me of any language in particular. Is Qatama intended to be related to any natlang? 

Again, Thanks. 
----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Sun Oct 29, 2006 2:08 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Sun Oct 29, 2006 1:51 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
Did I do that right? 


Better than I did. 

Quote: 
Why did you quote yourself?, Where? 


ease, CBB 

Quote: 
Is Qatama intended to be related to any natlang? 


Not at all.
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sintau.tayua
Mey


Joined: 17 Mar 2006
Location: Taranaki (taradise!)
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 2:04 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 
 

The main Psinu belief is that there are three main parts of a person: 

1) the physical body, exemplified by the hands (eg. &quot;bring your hands over here&quot; - come here) 

2)The conection with God (this is sometimes used to mean your ability to love someone, because it is believe that this connection with God escorts your soul to heaven, so if it's gone, the person has lost their soul), exemplified in the brain (actually, they think it's just a goey good-for-nothing, yet God must have put it there for a purpose, so maybe it's our connection with God?) This is not like the christian 'Holy Spirit, because it doesn't help you in life, it just guides you to heaven. 

3) The personality, the 'real you'. This is said to be in the lungs.

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Old Man Neek
Šalea


Joined: 30 Sep 2002
Location: im itësin
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 10:24 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 


My current conculture project is retooling a proto-language, so at the moment I lack a total vocabulary and am not too sure on how to expand the entire ideal. However, I would like to answer these questions here. 

The Paratinó should not be considered an individual, existing culture. There are are little known texts about these people, and what is drawn here is drawn as a common denominator from the cultures that arose from the Paratinó. 

The assumed idea is that any given emotion has three components: 
* A fluid (blood, semen, saliva, bile) 
* An organ (any of them, really; though the genitals, liver, heart, brain, eyes, and tongue are chief) 
* Direction. 

This means that the path to any emotion requires one fluid to be filtered through an organ in a very specific direction. To make it simple, there is no simple way to say &quot;life is seated in the liver,&quot; life can be many things. 

The fluid of blood is oftentimes called *adda sēυsŭ, or humor vitae. This sort of phrase stands side-by-side for the root for blood, *φĭlem. When one is lively and active, the blood flows through the heart upward. When one is wrought with anger, it is upward through the brain. 

When one is virile, it is semen (*adda tmilsŭ, the water of birth, or simply sθiwar) that flows downward into the genitals; however whenever when one is lustfull and simply desires self-pleasure, it is saliva that passes through the genitals (saliva being *adda gnāstıtsŭ, the water of desire; also aspa, spit) When on is empassioned with love, it is semen that flows to the left through the heart. 

Consciousness and guilt are bile (*adda graχwisŭ, the water of spite, or graχwisos that flow downward through the liver. When one is reighteous, bile passes upward through the liver. 

I hope this helps, and soon I should be able to expand the vocabulary to name all the organs. 

[Edit]Dumb grammar.
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Raluv
Endi


Joined: 27 Oct 2006
Location: Kansas
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 4:39 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 

&quot;telumàrel&quot; and &quot;telùmar&quot; look related; are they? 
&quot;wòxin&quot;, &quot;wòxel&quot;, and &quot;woxh&quot; look related; are they? 
Are there other relationships I've missed? 
 

The suffix &quot;-el&quot; means something like &quot;the source of.&quot; So &quot;telùmar&quot; is hand, and &quot;telumàrel&quot; is literally &quot;hand source&quot;, or the arm. With &quot;woxh,&quot; which is foot, the h is silent and then dropped when the suffix is added making &quot;wòxel,&quot; or leg. &quot;Wòxin&quot; is foot with the suffix for what equates to &quot;middle.&quot; There are a few more like &quot;ë̀ro&quot; and &quot;ë̀roi&quot; for body and head. &quot;ërotelùmar,&quot; meaning hair, is also related believe it or not, to hand, literally meaning &quot;little hands.&quot; 
 
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Radioguy
Mey


Joined: 19 Aug 2006
Location: Golden Temple, Bham
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 5:02 pm    Post subject:    

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I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality!
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Oct 30, 2006 7:04 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 

I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality! 
 

I'm not ashamed of it, no; 
it just slipped my mind completely!  
I had to go back and put them in. I had been intending to include them when I started.   
The reason for the different capitalization patterns is just that I did them at different times. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI
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Radioguy
Mey


Joined: 19 Aug 2006
Location: Golden Temple, Bham
 Posted: Tue Oct 31, 2006 3:57 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Radioguy wrote: 

I like how the OP uses lowercase in these 
---female 
----vagina 
----womb 
---male 
----penis 
----testicle 
but capitalizes all the others. 
Someone is ashamed of their sexuality! 
 

I'm not ashamed of it, no; 
it just slipped my mind completely!  
I had to go back and put them in. I had been intending to include them when I started.   
The reason for the different capitalization patterns is just that I did them at different times. 

----- 
Tom H.C. in MI 

It's awwwwwwwwwwwwwright 
I should have my post here by the end of the week.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 4:40 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 

I should have my post here by the end of the week. 
 

I'm still looking forward to it. 
Thanks.
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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bulbaquil
Endi


Joined: 17 Nov 2006

 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 5:50 pm    Post subject:    

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Beftokan's still a new conlang (only about 150 words in the lexicon to date), but it does have most of the points of consonantal articulation noted (linguistics is a living science in Beftok), so I'll list them here: 

lip - èman [e_M.ma_Ln] (paucal: kaèman) 
tooth - ghîš [GI_Hs`] 
tongue - šuun [s`u:n] 
alveolar ridge - gìkew [gi_M.ke_L.M_L] 
palate - bugháth [bu_L.Ga_Ht_h] 
velum - ughom [u_L.GO_Lm] 
uvula - bháplekh [Ba_H.plE_Lx] 
glottis - durtan [du_L4.ta_Ln] 

All body parts, including these, are considered to be part of the &quot;human&quot; noun class, and will decline according to it once I post the grammar. 

-- Bulbaquil, 13 bhal. 875
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有声両唇摩擦音は僕の友達だ。 
 
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Boskobènet
Gent


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: Somewhere north of Dixieland
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 8:41 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I just thought of several terms one might include here. Not all of them will apply to all non-human species, but I've bolded the ones I think are essential, or at least very likely to be used among humans. 

lip(s) 
gums 
palate 
uvula 
throat, esophagus (&quot;I've got something in my neck&quot; doesn't mean ... quite the same thing) 
throat, thrachea, windpipe 
breast, tit, teat 
nipple 
belly button 
tendon 
forehead 
temple 
bladder 
calf 
butt, buttocks, ass/arse 
pelvis 
spine, backbone 
skull 
rib(s) / ribcage 

How could you forget &quot;breast&quot; and &quot;ass/arse&quot;? 
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Turtlehead
Šalea


Joined: 07 May 2005
Location: Aotearoa
 Posted: Fri Dec 01, 2006 9:08 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Body Kanana 
-Blood vessel aka 
--Artery akala 
--Vein akawana 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone ohakao 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) lahala 
--Skin lamaha 
--Muscle kako 
--Fat lapala 
--Blood koko 
-Trunk (torso) koho 
--Chest hahaka 
---Heart 'alona 
---Lung lana 
--Abdomen or Belly po'o 
---Stomach 'ahakalo 
---Liver lawala 
---Spleen hapalana 
---Intestines po'oloko 
--Waist hopa 
-Neck na'a 
-Extremity 
--Head opo'o 
---Hair ma'awa 
---Ear kalana 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye 'alo 
----Eyeball 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash 
----Eye socket 
----Tear gland 
---Nose aho 
----Nostril 
---Mouth waha 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue 
--Limb 
---Arm lana 
----Shoulder 
----Elbow 
----Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand 
-----Palm 
---Leg wawa 
----Hip 
----Knee 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot 
-----Sole 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail 
----Fingernail 
----Toenail 
---Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
----Pinky toe or little toe 
----Other individual toes? 
---Thumb 
----Thumbnail 
---Finger 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--genitalia 
---female 
----vagina kala 
----womb halapapa 
---male 
----penis ola 
----testicle paopao 
-Side kaha 
--Back mola 
--Front moa 
--Left maoa 
--Right makao 
--Bottom (lower) lalo 
--Top (upper) lona 
--anus anoho
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Arunaza
Tšur


Joined: 16 Oct 2005
Location: Nouvelle Angleterre
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 7:26 am    Post subject:    

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Sdannískr 

Lihhámr (body) 
-Flǽskr (flesh) 
--Bǽnr (bone) 
--Flǽskr (flesh) 
--Kríǥr (strength--muscle) 
--Tálgr (fat) 
--Bloðís (blood) 
-Búlr (trunk, usually of a tree, but also a term for torso) 
--Bármr (chest) 
---Hǽrto (heart) 
---Lúnǥwr (lung) 
---Brýstr (breast) 
--Hrǽfr (abdomen) 
--Gérþ (waist) 
-Hálsr (neck) 
-Strǽkætiwr (limbs, lit. &quot;extendeds&quot;) 
--Hǿvuð (head) 
---Hǽrr (hair) 
---Ǿro (ear) 
---Ǿǥa (eye) 
----Bréhwo (eyelash) 
---Snútr (nose) 
---Múnþr (mouth) 
----Kǿko (jaw) 
----Tánþr (tooth) 
----Túngo (tongue) 
--Lím (limb) 
---Ármr (harm) 
----Sklúðro (shoulder) 
----Wrístr (wrist) 
----Múndr (hand) 
-----Lófr (palm) 
---Hýpr (hip) 
---Kníw (knee) 
---Ánkulwr (ankle) 
---Þýhr (thigh) 
---Skíno (shin) 
---Fót (foot) 
----Lǽstr (sole) 
----Hahílr (heel) 
--Fíngrr (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Tǽhwo (toe) 
---Ðúmo (thumb) 
--Grúnd (groin) 
--Fúlwatos (genitals/groin area, lit. &quot;hiddens&quot;) 
---Blédr (bladder) 
---Ársr (butt) 
----Arskúlr (anus) 
---Kwénir (woman) 
----Slít (vagina) 
----Wámb (womb) 
---Mánnr (man) 
----Sǽkkr (scrotum) 
----Fýrnr (penis) 
----Bállukr (testicle) 
-Síðo (side) 
--Hrýng (back) 
--Fǿro (front) 
--Hlǿmr (left) 
--Ríhtr (right) 
--Bóð (bottom)
_________________
TomHChappell wrote: 
Gazariah wrote: 
You mean the gnomic aorist. 
Contrast with the &quot;aortic gnomist&quot;, a physician who specializes in the cardiovascular ailments of earth-elementals. 


Last edited by Arunaza on Sun Aug 26, 2007 1:36 pm; edited 4 times in total 
 
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Waldkater
Tšur


Joined: 15 Oct 2002
Location: Leipzig
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 11:00 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 


Body - elwer - ellor 
-Blood vessel - uía - clœya 
--Artery - súloŋ 
--Vein - coluía (&quot;bluish blood vessel&quot;) 

-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone - σá (σaxx-)/ σaxxode - shacchod 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) - δoσσa - dóssha 
--Skin - sár (sarc-)/ sarca - chámha [&quot;xA:w@] 
--Muscle - deuma - tóimma 
--Fat - gyom (gyób-) - ceóimb [cOmj] 
--Blood - sur (surg-) - tía [ci:@] 
-Trunk (torso) 
--Chest - ámos 
---Heart - céo - chéomh [CE:w] 
---Lung - sválode - sbállod 
--Abdomen or Belly - lomme - lóimm 
---Stomach - byallo - beáll 
---Liver - bóyar - póughar 
---Spleen - quellego 
---Pancreas - felgeustar 
---Intestines - zoibe, unyode - dsóibe [dzObj@] 
--Waist 
-Neck - dyalle - áirdeall [Ar\J\6l] 
-Extremity 
--Head - oan (oand-) - lúivan [&quot;lu:vj@n], mhand [wAn] 
---Hair - fille - híll 
---Ear - lωm (lωv-) - lúabh [&quot;lu:@v] 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? - tulma - tsulma 
---Eye - sáde - sáitt [sac] 
----Eyeball - sassum (eye ball) 
-----Iris - tiŋyen - tsínge [tSINj@] 
-----Pupil - marya - máira [&quot;mA:r\@] 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow - círes (círeθ-) - chíreth 
----Eyelid - fánes (fáneθ-) - fáinneth 
-----Eyelash - satwaco - sátmhag 
----Eye socket - sattuce 
----Tear gland - sádelos (sadeloσσ-) 
---Nose - tús (túy-) - áippeg 
----Nostril - túyoce - tsúghog 
---Mouth - beuta - tsúiga 
----Jaw - vaugo - vóugh 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) - arvaugo 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) - survaugo 
----Tooth - náŋ (nág-) - nág 
-----Incisor - ctainaŋ (cteinag-) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth - sηnaŋ (sηnag-) 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) - aunaŋ (aunag-) 
----Tongue - maiga - máigga 
--Limb 
---Arm - lámo - láom 
----Shoulder - marθa - mártha [mArh@] 
----Elbow - láδer - láidher [&quot;lA:j\@r\] 
----Wrist - gyalláδer - gealláidher [J\@&quot;lA:j\@r] 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand - gyán - geán [J\An] 
-----Palm - yéna 
---Leg - baŋ (bang-) - páinge, háidda [hAJ\@] 
----Hip - rωbe - rúaibh 
----Knee - nébos - néobhas 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot - δos (δoi-) - dóigh [dOj] 
-----Sole - sumba 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail - caŋ (cág-) - chág- 
----Fingernail - gyácaŋ (gyácag-) 
----Toenail - δoicaŋ (δoicag-) 
---Toe - derdon 
---Thumb - duntice 
---Finger - dún - tún 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---female - quenwe 
----vagina - θeíma (vulg.: morma) 
----womb - urwa - urbha 
---male - donya 
----penis - litto - líott [Lit] 
----testicle - byólos (byoloσσ-) - beóllosh 
-Orifices 
--anus - roξo 

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Yes, e.g. -los &lt; loσσo (sack) in byólos 'testicle' and sádelas 'tear gland' 


The other body liquids you haven't got mentioned: 

urine - fulbis 
pus - peugema
_________________
Sé da o• dáire an gudd’ a• ráilla. Hal’ tso tsoissan i• théinn’ an chursad ton. 

(Fate is like a gorilla in a cage – it throws dung at you if you mock it) 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 12:02 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
bulbaquil wrote: 

Beftokan's still a new conlang (only about 150 words in the lexicon to date), but it does have most of the points of consonantal articulation noted (linguistics is a living science in Beftok), so I'll list them here: 

lip - èman [e_M.ma_Ln] (paucal: kaèman) 
tooth - ghîš [GI_Hs`] 
tongue - šuun [s`u:n] 
alveolar ridge - gìkew [gi_M.ke_L.M_L] 
palate - bugháth [bu_L.Ga_Ht_h] 
velum - ughom [u_L.GO_Lm] 
uvula - bháplekh [Ba_H.plE_Lx] 
glottis - durtan [du_L4.ta_Ln] 

All body parts, including these, are considered to be part of the &quot;human&quot; noun class, and will decline according to it once I post the grammar. 

-- Bulbaquil, 13 bhal. 875 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Boskobènet wrote: 

I just thought of several terms one might include here. Not all of them will apply to all non-human species, but I've bolded the ones I think are essential, or at least very likely to be used among humans. 

lip(s) 
gums 
palate 
uvula 
throat, esophagus (&quot;I've got something in my neck&quot; doesn't mean ... quite the same thing) 
throat, thrachea, windpipe 
breast, tit, teat 
nipple 
belly button 
tendon 
forehead 
temple 
bladder 
calf 
butt, buttocks, ass/arse 
pelvis 
spine, backbone 
skull 
rib(s) / ribcage 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Boskobènet wrote: 

How could you forget &quot;breast&quot; and &quot;ass/arse&quot;?  
 

&quot;Breast&quot; might not apply to non-mammals. 
Nevertheless it should be included. Thanks for bringing it up. 
&quot;Ass/arse&quot; should obviously apply to nearly any animal, even sea-squirts. 
Thanks for including it. 

Turtlehead wrote: 

Body Kanana 
-Blood vessel aka 
--Artery akala 
--Vein akawana 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone ohakao 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) lahala 
--Skin lamaha 
--Muscle kako 
--Fat lapala 
--Blood koko 
-Trunk (torso) koho 
--Chest hahaka 
---Heart 'alona 
---Lung lana 
--Abdomen or Belly po'o 
---Stomach 'ahakalo 
---Liver lawala 
---Spleen hapalana 
---Intestines po'oloko 
--Waist hopa 
-Neck na'a 
-Extremity 
--Head opo'o 
---Hair ma'awa 
---Ear kalana 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye 'alo 
----Eyeball 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash 
----Eye socket 
----Tear gland 
---Nose aho 
----Nostril 
---Mouth waha 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue 
--Limb 
---Arm lana 
----Shoulder 
----Elbow 
----Wrist 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand 
-----Palm 
---Leg wawa 
----Hip 
----Knee 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot 
-----Sole 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail 
----Fingernail 
----Toenail 
---Toe 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) 
----Pinky toe or little toe 
----Other individual toes? 
---Thumb 
----Thumbnail 
---Finger 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--genitalia 
---female 
----vagina kala 
----womb halapapa 
---male 
----penis ola 
----testicle paopao 
-Side kaha 
--Back mola 
--Front moa 
--Left maoa 
--Right makao 
--Bottom (lower) lalo 
--Top (upper) lona 
--anus anoho 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Arunaza wrote: 

Svannískar 

Lik-hámar (body) 
-Flǽskar (flesh) 
--Bǽnar (bone) 
--Flǽskar (flesh) 
--Krígar (strength--muscle) 
--Tálgar (fat) 
--Bloðísøam (blood) 
-Búlar (trunk, usually of a tree, but also a term for torso) 
--Bármar (chest) 
---Hérto (heart) 
---Lúnġwar (lung) 
--Hrǽfir (abdomen) 
--Gérþu (waist) 
-Hálsar (neck) 
-Strǽkætiwir (limbs, lit. &quot;extendeds&quot;) 
--Haúbuðam (head) 
---Hǽrar (hair) 
---Aúro (ear) 
---Aúġa (eye) 
----Bréhwo (eyelash) 
---Snútar (nose) 
---Múnþar (mouth) 
----Kaúko (jaw) 
----Tánþar (tooth) 
----Túngo (tongue) 
--Límu (limb) 
---Ármar (harm) 
----Sklúðro (shoulder) 
----Urístir (wrist) 
----Múndar (hand) 
-----Lófar (palm) 
---Hýpir (hip) 
---Kníwam (knee) 
---Ánkulwar (ankle) 
---Þýhar (thigh) 
---Skíno (shin) 
---Fótam (foot) 
----Lǽstar (sole) 
----Hahílar (heel) 
--Fíngrar (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Tǽhwo (toe) 
---Ðúmo (thumb) 
--Fúlwatar (genitals, lit. &quot;hiddens&quot;) 
---Kwénir (woman) 
----Slítam (vagina) 
----Wámbam 
---Mánnar (man) 
----Fýrnir (penis) 
----Bállukar (testicle) 
-Síðo (side) 
--Hrýggam (back) 
--Faúro (front) 
--Hleúmar (left) 
--Ríhtar (right) 
--Bóðam (bottom) 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Waldkater wrote: 

English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 
 

Not quite sure I understand. 
Are you talking about &quot;trial number&quot;? (A grammatical number for when a noun refers to exactly three items; distinguished from dual (two) and paucal (few).) 

Waldkater wrote: 

Body - elwer - ellor 
-Blood vessel - uía - clœya 
--Artery - súloŋ 
--Vein - coluía (&quot;bluish blood vessel&quot;) 

-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone - σá (σaxx-)/ σaxxode - shacchod 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) - δoσσa - dóssha 
--Skin - sár (sarc-)/ sarca - chámha [&quot;xA:w@] 
--Muscle - deuma - tóimma 
--Fat - gyom (gyób-) - ceóimb [cOmj] 
--Blood - sur (surg-) - tía [ci:@] 
-Trunk (torso) 
--Chest - ámos 
---Heart - céo - chéomh [CE:w] 
---Lung - sválode - sbállod 
--Abdomen or Belly - lomme - lóimm 
---Stomach - byallo - beáll 
---Liver - bóyar - póughar 
---Spleen - quellego 
---Pancreas - felgeustar 
---Intestines - zoibe, unyode - dsóibe [dzObj@] 
--Waist 
-Neck - dyalle - áirdeall [Ar\J\6l] 
-Extremity 
--Head - oan (oand-) - lúivan [&quot;lu:vj@n], mhand [wAn] 
---Hair - fille - híll 
---Ear - lωm (lωv-) - lúabh [&quot;lu:@v] 
----Earhole 
----Earlobe? - tulma - tsulma 
---Eye - sáde - sáitt [sac] 
----Eyeball - sassum (eye ball) 
-----Iris - tiŋyen - tsínge [tSINj@] 
-----Pupil - marya - máira [&quot;mA:r\@] 
-----Sclera 
----Eyebrow - círes (círeθ-) - chíreth 
----Eyelid - fánes (fáneθ-) - fáinneth 
-----Eyelash - satwaco - sátmhag 
----Eye socket - sattuce 
----Tear gland - sádelos (sadeloσσ-) 
---Nose - tús (túy-) - áippeg 
----Nostril - túyoce - tsúghog 
---Mouth - beuta - tsúiga 
----Jaw - vaugo - vóugh 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) - arvaugo 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) - survaugo 
----Tooth - náŋ (nág-) - nág 
-----Incisor - ctainaŋ (cteinag-) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth - sηnaŋ (sηnag-) 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) - aunaŋ (aunag-) 
----Tongue - maiga - máigga 
--Limb 
---Arm - lámo - láom 
----Shoulder - marθa - mártha [mArh@] 
----Elbow - láδer - láidher [&quot;lA:j\@r\] 
----Wrist - gyalláδer - gealláidher [J\@&quot;lA:j\@r] 
----Humerus (upper arm) 
----Lower Arm 
----Hand - gyán - geán [J\An] 
-----Palm - yéna 
---Leg - baŋ (bang-) - páinge, háidda [hAJ\@] 
----Hip - rωbe - rúaibh 
----Knee - nébos - néobhas 
----Ankle 
----Thigh (upper leg) 
----Shin 
----Foot - δos (δoi-) - dóigh [dOj] 
-----Sole - sumba 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) 
---Nail - caŋ (cág-) - chág- 
----Fingernail - gyácaŋ (gyácag-) 
----Toenail - δoicaŋ (δoicag-) 
---Toe - derdon 
---Thumb - duntice 
---Finger - dún - tún 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---female - quenwe 
----vagina - θeíma (vulg.: morma) 
----womb - urwa - urbha 
---male - donya 
----penis - litto - líott [Lit] 
----testicle - byólos (byoloσσ-) - beóllosh 
-Orifices 
--anus - roξo 

Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Yes, e.g. -los &lt; loσσo (sack) in byólos 'testicle' and sádelas 'tear gland' 
 

Interesting! Thanks. 

Waldkater wrote: 

The other body liquids you haven't got mentioned: 

urine - fulbis 
pus - peugema 
 

Thanks for mentioning them.
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Waldkater
Tšur


Joined: 15 Oct 2002
Location: Leipzig
 Posted: Sat Dec 02, 2006 3:48 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
Waldkater wrote: 

English - Archeía - Séillethear Chéighea - Trial: Sorosya Cheía 

Not quite sure I understand. 
Are you talking about &quot;trial number&quot;? (A grammatical number for when a noun refers to exactly three items; distinguished from dual (two) and paucal (few).)  


ohh... sorry - 
Actually I planned a third column with a third conlang, another unfinished daughter language of Archeía (I should have written &quot;preview&quot;, not &quot;trial&quot;) 
but i was too lazy later
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 2:38 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Radioguy wrote: 
I should have my post here by the end of the week. 

@Radioguy, did you ever post here? 

Waldkater wrote: 
Actually I planned a third column with a third conlang, another unfinished daughter language of Archeía (I should have written &quot;preview&quot;, not &quot;trial&quot;) but i was too lazy later 

Thanks. Do you have any more you'd like to show us now?
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 3:16 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Ooo, I forgot this thread existed! Please find enclosed (sic) the Yuiyo words for various body parts! 

Head - dú 
Nose - amar 
Eye - škíol 
Mouth - armu 
Ear - níu 
Chin - va 
Cheeks (and side of neck) - súdd 
Throat / Neck - damá 

Shoulder - issun 
Chest / Stomach - núa 
Sides - gatod 
Back - rammrót 
Hip / Waist - fúv 

Arm / Leg - skaro 
Back of arm / Back of leg - orga 
Palm of hand / Sole of foot - ét 
Back of hand / Top (?) of foot - tull 
Finger / Toe - ram 
Knee / Elbow - aitait 

Flaccid penis - pelúa 
Erect penis - lakkuš 
Scrotum / Testes - ssap 
'Gooch' - emrát 
Vagina - tlaš a feu 
Anus - tlaš 
Buttock - mappíok
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Jan 25, 2007 5:28 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
cromulant wrote: 
My word for arm is khaib. I'll get back to you on all the others. 

@Cromulant; Did you get back to us on the others yet? Or, how much of it is available elsewhere? and, if any, where? 
Thanks. 

doctrellor wrote: 
I have a set of roots, with compounds to attach greater detail, like finger + nail = fingernail or mouth + lower = jaw or head + high = scalp/forehead and so on, so an amalgamation of roots or root/locatives usually does the trick (to get as specific as needed) for the Drem. I'll post my list sometime later/tonight.. 

@Doc; Did you post a list for Drem? Or is one available somewhere else? Thanks. 

Goza Lesha wrote: 
(For Zevino'shoma) This will be different, as they are alien, and somewhat odd in their body structure. I'll come back for the rest later. 
These are the ones I have words for: 
Chest, Abdomen, Belly: Shigilalumaga 
Brain: Shogatu 
Spleen, Kidney, Liver (all one organ): Shetashu 

All also do Muphridian, which is closely related to English: 
---SNIP Muphridian--- 
 

@Goza Lesha; Thanks for the Muphridian. Thanks also for as much of the Zevino'shoma as you've posted. Do you have anything on-line telling about their anatomy? Or other interesting things about them? 
In re the Zevino'shoma bodyparts, you said &quot;I'll come back for the rest later&quot;. Have you some more bodypart terms for them available somewhere? 
Thanks. 

Radagast wrote: 
Many languages have bodypartaffixes that functions as adverbs of manner. He &quot;headbutted&quot; him for example. In mesoamerican languages it is extremely common. Whether they are adverbs or not is a case of definition but they modify verbs that is for sure. 
... 
Mèlw: 
Seat of life: blood 
Seat of emotion: stomach 
Seat of conciousness: eyes 
... 
(nawatl has life=heart/blood, conciousness=liver, emotion=heart/) 

@Radagast; thanks. (Radagast the Brown, right?) 
Do you have more Mèlw terms online somewhere? Or that you'd like to post here? 

Delalyra wrote: 
Vernaclerians believe that the stomach is the&quot;mental heart&quot;...it makes so much more sense than the heart when you think about it, anyways. In their religion, most of their matter came from their Deitiy's life-force (basically), so everything is their &quot;seat of life&quot;...and they know that the brain is where they think, sleep, etc...the &quot;seat of consciousness.&quot; 

@Delalyra; What else can you tell us about Vernaclerian bodypart terms etc.? 

Eddy wrote: 
Well, so far, Socialese seems to be taking an impressionistic turn with a strong emphasis on personal meaning. So the concept of &quot;eye&quot; might be expressed as &quot;It lets me see&quot; and &quot;genital&quot; as &quot;it gives me sexual pleasure&quot;. So far, though, I haven't worked out all the details. 

@Eddy; Do you have anything else you think we'd like to see yet? 

sintau.tayua wrote: 
The main Psinu belief is that there are three main parts of a person: 


the physical body, exemplified by the hands (eg. &quot;bring your hands over here&quot; - come here) 

The conection with God (this is sometimes used to mean your ability to love someone, because it is believe that this connection with God escorts your soul to heaven, so if it's gone, the person has lost their soul), exemplified in the brain (actually, they think it's just a goey good-for-nothing, yet God must have put it there for a purpose, so maybe it's our connection with God?) This is not like the christian 'Holy Spirit, because it doesn't help you in life, it just guides you to heaven. 

The personality, the 'real you'. This is said to be in the lungs. 

 
@sintau.tayua; What else do you know about Psinu that probably belongs on this thread? 
Thanks. 

Old Man Neek wrote: 
TomHChappell wrote: 


What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 

 
My current conculture project is retooling a proto-language, so at the moment I lack a total vocabulary and am not too sure on how to expand the entire ideal. However, I would like to answer these questions here. 
The Paratinó should not be considered an individual, existing culture. There are are little known texts about these people, and what is drawn here is drawn as a common denominator from the cultures that arose from the Paratinó. 
The assumed idea is that any given emotion has three components: 
* A fluid (blood, semen, saliva, bile) 
* An organ (any of them, really; though the genitals, liver, heart, brain, eyes, and tongue are chief) 
* Direction. 
This means that the path to any emotion requires one fluid to be filtered through an organ in a very specific direction. To make it simple, there is no simple way to say &quot;life is seated in the liver,&quot; life can be many things. 
The fluid of blood is oftentimes called *adda sēυsŭ, or humor vitae. This sort of phrase stands side-by-side for the root for blood, *φĭlem. When one is lively and active, the blood flows through the heart upward. When one is wrought with anger, it is upward through the brain. 
When one is virile, it is semen (*adda tmilsŭ, the water of birth, or simply sθiwar) that flows downward into the genitals; however whenever when one is lustfull and simply desires self-pleasure, it is saliva that passes through the genitals (saliva being *adda gnāstıtsŭ, the water of desire; also aspa, spit) When on is empassioned with love, it is semen that flows to the left through the heart. 
Consciousness and guilt are bile (*adda graχwisŭ, the water of spite, or graχwisos that flow downward through the liver. When one is reighteous, bile passes upward through the liver. 
I hope this helps, and soon I should be able to expand the vocabulary to name all the organs. 

@You, Neek ('cause there is only one of you); Oh, yes, it surely does help; thanks. Have you been able to expand the vocabulary yet to any other names of organs that you'd like us to see? If so, where can we look for them? 

-Klaivas- wrote: 
Ooo, I forgot this thread existed! Please find enclosed (sic) the Yuiyo words for various body parts! 
Head - dú 
Nose - amar 
Eye - škíol 
Mouth - armu 
Ear - níu 
Chin - va 
Cheeks (and side of neck) - súdd 
Throat / Neck - damá 
Shoulder - issun 
Chest / Stomach - núa 
Sides - gatod 
Back - rammrót 
Hip / Waist - fúv 
Arm / Leg - skaro 
Back of arm / Back of leg - orga 
Palm of hand / Sole of foot - ét 
Back of hand / Top (?) of foot - tull 
Finger / Toe - ram 
Knee / Elbow - aitait 
Flaccid penis - pelúa 
Erect penis - lakkuš 
Scrotum / Testes - ssap 
'Gooch' - emrát 
Vagina - tlaš a feu 
Anus - tlaš 
Buttock - mappíok 

Thanks, -Klaivas-. 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
I recall a discussion from my younger days about what to call the feminine version of the &quot;gooch&quot;; the consensus was it should be called &quot;the chin-rest&quot;.
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Sappho wrote: 
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Amsel
Ur


Joined: 03 Jan 2007
Location: Seattle
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 2:28 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
The paltry list of bodyparts in Hantic. I must endevour to expand it. 

Head kaif 
Hand kamr 
Eye axr 
Tongue lis
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Amsel 
 
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 10:30 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
Haha, but of course they (I) do  What else would I call it? Area-between-anus-and-front-genetalia ( etde-om-tlašos-om-[pelúas/lakkušos/tlaš-a-feus] ) ?
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nebula wind phone
Tšur


Joined: 02 Mar 2005
Location: Austin, Texas, USA
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 11:51 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
I admit I'm kind of surprised the Yuiyo need a word for the gooch. 
I recall a discussion from my younger days about what to call the feminine version of the &quot;gooch&quot;; the consensus was it should be called &quot;the chin-rest&quot;. 

When I was growing up, the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; (Hrm, can't blame that on regional differences either, can I?) But since then I've been introduced to the word &quot;taint&quot; ('t ain't one end and 't ain't the other) which appears to be gender-neutral.
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-Klaivas-
Šalea


Joined: 30 Jan 2006
Location: Ebrauc
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 11:56 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
nebula wind phone wrote: 
the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; 
I've been brought up with the definition of &quot;choad&quot; or &quot;chode&quot; or however you spell it being &quot;a penis which is wider than it is long&quot;. 

Also, use thy &quot;t&quot;s consistently! 'T ain't one end and 't ain't t' other 
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:33 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Klaivas- wrote: 
What else would I call it? 


Perineum. Having kids introduces you to vocabulary you never knew existed.
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I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:43 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Amsel wrote: 
The paltry list of bodyparts in Hantic. I must endevour to expand it. 

Head kaif 
Hand kamr 
Eye axr 
Tongue lis 

You're doing well in other semantic fields; and in this one you're at least four ahead of me. 
Thanks. 
We'll be looking forward to seeing/hearing your expanded list.
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Sappho wrote: 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 12:46 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Klaivas- wrote: 
nebula wind phone wrote: 
the male version was a &quot;choad.&quot; 
I've been brought up with the definition of &quot;choad&quot; or &quot;chode&quot; or however you spell it being &quot;a which is wider than it is long&quot;. 

Well, I wasn't &quot;brought up&quot; with the term, but I'd seen &quot;choad&quot; used to mean &quot;jism&quot; (or &quot;semen&quot; or &quot;seed&quot; or &quot;ejaculate&quot;(the noun)).
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Sappho wrote: 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Fri Mar 23, 2007 3:50 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Has anyone got anything new? 
Has anyone who hasn't posted yet got anything responsive to the first 10 or 15 posts? 
Has anyone who has already posted got anything new they haven't posted yet that fits in with the first 10 or so posts? 
Does anyone want to change anything?
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 11:12 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
What would be better, to put this thread in the museum or to let it die?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 11:16 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
No offense, but I think nearly everyone will vote to let it die. It's not that it's not a great thread, it's just that hey, if we do it for this thread, why not 99 others? And then the museum would just be hard to browse though. I saved the thread to my hard drive though.
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:14 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose?
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I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's; 
I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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Sano
Šalea


Joined: 09 Sep 2004

 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:17 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Wycoval wrote: 
So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose? 


booger slide?
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Nuntar
Šalea


Joined: 25 Oct 2003
Location: [16.50.72.0]
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:52 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
What would be better, to put this thread in the museum or to let it die? 

I was happy to move the kinterms thread to the Museum because it contains some very useful information on the way different languages divide up the &quot;kinship space&quot; differently and how this correlates to cultural factors. I can't see any corresponding justification for indexing this thread; it's a nice collection, but it is just a collection of vocabulary from our conlangs.
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 12:55 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Wycoval wrote: 
So what do you call the little divet in your upper lip under your nose? 


A Uvula. Remember Google is your friend! 


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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 1:10 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Sorry, no. 
The uvula is that thingy hanging down at the back of your mouth. 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 1:31 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Philtrum.
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Wycoval
Šalea


Joined: 02 Feb 2005
Location: Body of an adult, mind of a child.
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 2:28 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Philtrum. 
 

Obviously, we need to find a better English word for it. None of this Latiny-Greeky nonsense.
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I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's; 
I will not reason and compare: my business is to create. - Wm Blake 
 
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mavonduri
Endi


Joined: 27 Aug 2006

 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 3:07 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Cénárol 

nava- foot (pl. navam)* 
paldo- hand (pl. paldom)* 
qar'ta- finger 
hir'da- head 
ristai- arm (pl. ristím)** 
nif- leg (pl. nífu)* 

*NOTE: These terms are pluralized in the dual form only, unless when referenced in a group of people 

**NOTE: Cénárol sound rule- ai&gt;í
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 6:40 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Rav Shimon wrote: 
Sorry, no. 
The uvula is that thingy hanging down at the back of your mouth. 


Oh then I have no idea what he's talking about nor what it looks like. 

EDIT: Now that I've seen the pic I know what it is and what it looks like. Now I have a question: 

What purpose does it serve? 


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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 7:09 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Serali wrote: 
What purpose does it serve? 


Don't think it has any. But it is a feature often affected by deformities, it seems. A cleft palate may extend the cleft onto the upper lip, thus splitting it along the philtrum (i.e. a harelip), whereas kids with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome lack the indent entirely. Also, anecdotally, a friend of mine used to have a convex skin-bump thing instead of an indentation (she had it surgically corrected at young age). 

EDIT: now I realize you are talking about the uvula rather than the philtrum. but I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure.
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Eddy
Šalea


Joined: 11 Aug 2003
Location: In the middle of the American empire
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 7:17 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Here are the words for body parts I have for Terpish so far: 

Bol — belly 
Jok — eye 
Klit — clitoris 
Kof — head 
Kor — heart 
Liöshan — brain 
Mumbe — butt 
Piej — foot 

Naturally, the Terps understand biology well enough to understand the appropriate place for the seat of emotion and consciousness (the brain).
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Tue Jul 10, 2007 10:08 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
boy #12 wrote: 
Serali wrote: 
What purpose does it serve? 


Don't think it has any. But it is a feature often affected by deformities, it seems. A cleft palate may extend the cleft onto the upper lip, thus splitting it along the philtrum (i.e. a harelip), whereas kids with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome lack the indent entirely. Also, anecdotally, a friend of mine used to have a convex skin-bump thing instead of an indentation (she had it surgically corrected at young age). 

EDIT: now I realize you are talking about the uvula rather than the philtrum. but I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure. 


WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  


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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 3:00 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Serali wrote: 
WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  

Of course we need it. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philtrum for purposes of the philtrum. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvula for purposes of the uvula. 
 
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Atalant
Endi


Joined: 13 May 2007
Location: Island Star Cities
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 6:20 am    Post subject:    

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Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible 
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And rules the shadows of the wood, 
And the white breast of the dim sea 
And all dishevelled wandering stars. 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 11:11 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 

Soap wrote: 

--Fat blampilpim 
 

lol 

Sorry, I didn't intend to be mean, that word just sounds funny. Blampilpim. 
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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 11:44 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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Qwynegold wrote: 
What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 


-Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 
-Cartilage is a connective tissue in the body. It's what the soft parts of the nose and ear are made of. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. When you find some in meat it's called &quot;gristle.&quot; 
-The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye. 
-The shin is the bony front part of the lower leg. 
-&quot;Orifice&quot; means any opening in the body, like the mouth, anus, etc. 
-The rest of your words are names for the teeth: On each side of each row there are, proceeding from front to back, two incisors, the canine (eye tooth), two premolars, and three molars. The third is called the &quot;wisdom tooth.&quot;
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Atalant
Endi


Joined: 13 May 2007
Location: Island Star Cities
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 1:38 pm    Post subject:    

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Ok, here's a tricky question*: where's the canthus? 

*extra points if you don't use wikipedia.
_________________
For Fergus rules the brazen cars, 
And rules the shadows of the wood, 
And the white breast of the dim sea 
And all dishevelled wandering stars. 
 
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Serali
Šalea


Joined: 26 Feb 2006
Location: New York City
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 3:10 pm    Post subject:    

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Rav Shimon wrote: 
Serali wrote: 
WOW! Another part of the body we don't need!  

Of course we need it. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philtrum for purposes of the philtrum. 
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvula for purposes of the uvula. 


Thanks! Never knew that! 


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Last edited by Serali on Sun Apr 27, 2008 12:31 pm; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Shm Jay
Šalea


Joined: 14 Nov 2002
Location: 5.4.5.2
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 4:41 pm    Post subject:    

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Eddy wrote: 
Klit — clitoris 
 

Now why would they have borrowed this word? 
 
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Eddy
Šalea


Joined: 11 Aug 2003
Location: In the middle of the American empire
 Posted: Wed Jul 11, 2007 5:39 pm    Post subject:    

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Quote: 
Now why would they have borrowed this word? 


Same reason why English did? Actually, I was lazy and didn't feel like coining a new word at the time (happens a lot with Terpish).
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 8:19 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
What's the difference between a vein and an artery? Also, I was wondering if someone could tell me what these words mean: gristle/cartilage, sclera, incisor, eyetooth/canine tooth, molar/premolar, shin, orifices? I think you've left out brain. Finnish and Swedish distuingishes between the back and front of the neck. Could you maybe add those, oh and back of the head too? 

EDIT: And forehead! 


-Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 
-Cartilage is a connective tissue in the body. It's what the soft parts of the nose and ear are made of. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. When you find some in meat it's called &quot;gristle.&quot; 
-The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye. 
-The shin is the bony front part of the lower leg. 
-&quot;Orifice&quot; means any opening in the body, like the mouth, anus, etc. 
-The rest of your words are names for the teeth: On each side of each row there are, proceeding from front to back, two incisors, the canine (eye tooth), two premolars, and three molars. The third is called the &quot;wisdom tooth.&quot; 

Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg?
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boy #12
Tšur


Joined: 30 Dec 2003
Location: Brooklyn/Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 10:10 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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Qwynegold wrote: 
Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg? 


It refers more to the leg itself, in front of the bone. When I think of the word &quot;shin&quot; I think of how close the bone is to the skin and how much it hurts to get kicked there.
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Imralu
Šalea


Joined: 28 Mar 2006
Location: here
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 10:01 pm    Post subject:    

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In Zali [&quot;Zali] 


Body tem [tEm] 
-Blood vessel 
--Artery 
--Vein 
-Material of which it is composed pu [pu] (just means &quot;stuff&quot;, &quot;material&quot;) 
--Bone zaik [Zajk] 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) 
--Skin 
--Muscle mad [mad] 
--Fat 
--Blood eik [Ejk] 
-Trunk (torso) jul [dZUl] 
--Chest bus [bUS] 
---Heart 
---Lung 
--Abdomen or Belly taun [tawn] 
---Stomach 
---Liver 
---Spleen 
---Intestines 
--Waist edil [&quot;EdIl] 
-Neck stiv [StIv] 
-Extremity 
--Head pok [pOk] 
---Hair iki [&quot;iki] (= hair on head), tal [tal] (= hair on body, fur, general word for hair) 
---Ear cok [tSOk] 
----Earhole cokdvad [&quot;tSOkdvad] 
----Earlobe? 
---Eye og [Og] 
----Eyeball ogwel [&quot;OgwEl] 
-----Iris 
-----Pupil ognol [&quot;OgnOl] (= &quot;eyeblack&quot;) 
-----Sclera ogaigu [&quot;Ogajgu] (= &quot;eyewhite&quot;) 
----Eyebrow 
----Eyelid 
-----Eyelash ogtal [&quot;Ogtal] (= &quot;eyehair&quot;) 
----Eye socket ogdvad [&quot;Ogdvad] (= &quot;eyehole&quot;) 
----Tear gland 
---Nose penk [pENk] 
----Nostril penkdvad [&quot;pENkdvad] 
---Mouth sab [Sab] (= externally visible part of the mouth, ie. the lips), cik [tSIk] (= oral cavity) 
----Jaw 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) 
----Tooth (!I think I had a word for this, but lost it when I lost my dictionary) 
-----Incisor 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) 
----Tongue lamil [&quot;lamIl] 
--Limb 
---Arm cad [tSad] 
----Shoulder zut [ZUt] 
----Elbow cadwelik [&quot;tSadwElIk] (= &quot;armjoint&quot;) 
----Wrist logwelik [&quot;lOgwElIk] (= &quot;handjoint&quot;) 
----Humerus (upper arm) yalcad [&quot;jaltSad] (= &quot;toparm&quot;) 
----Lower Arm loncad [&quot;lOntSad] (= &quot;bottomarm&quot;) 
----Hand log [lOg] 
-----Palm 
---Leg duk [dUk] 
----Hip pois [pOjS] 
----Knee dukwelik [&quot;dUkwElIk] (= &quot;legjoint&quot;) 
----Ankle dezwelik [&quot;dEZwElIk] (= &quot;footjoint&quot;) 
----Thigh (upper leg) yalduk [&quot;jaldUk] 
----Shin hilag [&quot;hilag] (= shin, bony part at front), oboz [&quot;ObOZ] (= calf, muscular part at back), lenduk [&quot;lEndUk] (= &quot;bottomleg&quot;) 
----Foot dez [dEZ] 
-----Sole dezlen [&quot;dEZlEn] (= &quot;footbottom&quot;) 
-----Heel 
-----Ball 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) ix [Its] 
---Nail vask [vaSk] 
----Fingernail log(ix)vask [&quot;lOg(Its)vaSk] (= &quot;hand(digit)nail&quot;) 
----Toenail dez(ix)vask [&quot;dEZ(Its)vaSk] (= &quot;foot(digit)nail&quot;) 
---Toe dezix [&quot;dEZIts] (= &quot;footdigit&quot;) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) darix [&quot;dazIts] (= &quot;bigdigit&quot;), dadezix [&quot;dadEZIts] (= &quot;bigfootdigit&quot;) 
----Pinky toe or little toe posxirix [&quot;pOStsizIts] (= &quot;mostlittledigit&quot;) 
----Other individual toes? xidezix [&quot;tsidEZIts] (= &quot;littlefootdigit&quot;) 
---Thumb zadix [&quot;ZadIts] (= &quot;importantdigit&quot;) 
----Thumbnail zadixvask [&quot;ZadItsvaSk] (= &quot;importantdigitnail&quot;) 
---Finger logix [&quot;lOgIts] 
----Index finger 
----Pinky finger 
----Middle finger 
----Ring finger 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! 
---Female en [En] 
----vagina munu [&quot;munu] 
----womb 
---male az [aZ] 
----penis wung [wUN] 
----testicle 
-Side vel 
--Back (!don't remember offhand) 
--Front (!don't remember offhand) 
--Left 
--Right 
--Bottom (lower) len- [&quot;lEn-] 
--Top (upper) yal- [&quot;jal-] 
-Orifices 
--anus dumfdvad [&quot;dUmfdvad] (= &quot;arsehole&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? 

Other 
breast, boob bumba [&quot;bUmba] 
arse, buttocks, bum dumf [&quot;dUmf] 
skull pokzaik [&quot;pOkZajk] (= &quot;headbone&quot;) 

As for the other questions - they are much like us, technologically and scientifically advanced, so they know the true function of each organ, but much like us, although they know the true situation, there still remain certain cultural attachments to organs. The heart and guts are the home of the emotions - the heart beats faster with just about any intense emotion, and when it gets even more intense, the stomach aches. Consciousness was associated with the eyes, although it then became associated with the brain because people who had lost their eyes still reported being conscious - the brain was the obvious choice, being behind the eyes, and able to see through them.
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Imralu
Šalea


Joined: 28 Mar 2006
Location: here
 Posted: Thu Jul 12, 2007 11:11 pm    Post subject:    

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boy #12 wrote: 
I'll keep my Record of Philtrum Deformities for anyone's reading pleasure. 


In my family, it was always called the &quot;dribble drain&quot;, which kind of doesn't make sense, because ... um, gravity goes down, so ... I don't know. 

Some guy in a pub told me one night that that was where the devil pressed his finger into man's upper lip to silence him from telling God something ...
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Fri Jul 13, 2007 8:04 am    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
Thanks for the informative answer!  The only thing I didn't quite understand was shin. Is it the name of the front part of the bone that goes all the way through your lower leg? 


It refers more to the leg itself, in front of the bone. When I think of the word &quot;shin&quot; I think of how close the bone is to the skin and how much it hurts to get kicked there. 

OK, now I understand. Thx! 
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Jul 14, 2007 5:57 pm    Post subject:    

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Atalant wrote: 
Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible  

There are several conspecies around who cannot pronounce labials, and they don't seem to mind. Ollock's Xala, for a start.
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Jul 14, 2007 5:59 pm    Post subject: Re: Body Parts In Your Conlangs   

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boy #12 wrote: 
Arteries are the blood vessels that pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and thus full of freshly oxygenated, bright red bood. Veins take the blood back to the heart, and are full of deoxygenated, purplish blood. 

The oxygenation state is the other way round in the vessels going between the heart and the lungs. I dunno how it works before being born. 

Oh, add &quot;placenta&quot; to the list if you want.
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sun Jul 15, 2007 6:10 am    Post subject:    

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Thanks, mavonduri, eddy, soap, imralu 

Imralu wrote: 
Some guy in a pub told me one night that that [the philtrum] was where the devil pressed his finger into man's upper lip to silence him from telling God something ... 
I heard that Plato or the Platonists said it was the &quot;cavern angel&quot; telling each newly-reborn soul not to tell any memories of its former lives. 

So, what are the body-parts people want to add to the list? 
uvula 
philtrum 
artery (any blood vessel carrying blood from the heart) 
vein (any blood vessel carrying blood from any organ other than the heart) 
portal vein (any vein carrying blood to any organ other than the heart) 
brain 
back of the neck 
front of the neck 
back of the head 
forehead 
wisdom tooth 
canthus 
clitoris 
breast 
buttock 
butt 
skull 
placenta
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Sun Jul 15, 2007 7:16 am    Post subject:    

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Atalant wrote: 
Us most of all... think how unhappy we'd be if nobody could pronounce labials because their lips were too inflexible  
No philtrums on some Fetal Alcohol Syndrome people, but Ive never heard them have a problem with labial consonants. 

I'll put up the Izda Mir body parts soon. (They'll be pretty similar to Pabappa's.)
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 7:39 am    Post subject:    

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Here are the words in Lhueslue: 

Body lu /lu:/ (human), rhu /ɻu:/ (animal) 
-Blood vessel ueshie-echul /yʃə:etʃu:l/ (human), ueshie-echurh /yʃə:etʃuɻ/ (animal) 
--Artery ueshie-echulxhe /yʃə:etʃulxe:/ (human), ueshie-echurhxhe /yʃə:etʃuɻxe:/ (animal) 
--Vein ueshie-echulqe /yʃə:etʃulqe:/ (human), ueshie-echurhqe /yʃə:etʃuɻqe:/ (animal) 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone pujchul /puʒtʃu:l/ (human), pujchurh /puʒtʃu: ɻ/ (animal) 
--Gristle or cartilage pubchul /pubtʃu:l/ (human), pubchurh /pubtʃu: ɻ/ (animal) 
--Skin xhuchul /xutʃu:l/ (human, homonynous with front side of body), xhuchurh /xutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Muscle euchul /eutʃu:l/ (human), euchurh /eutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Fat bee-chulu /bɛ:tʃulu:/ (human), bee-churhu /bɛ:tʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Blood ueshie /yʃə:/ 
-Trunk (torso) yuchulu /jutʃulu:/ (human), xhuchurhu /xutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Chest yuyuchulu /jujutʃulu:/ (human), yuxhuchurhu /juxutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
---Heart ije /iʒe:/ 
---Lung hichul /hitʃu:l/ (human), hichurh /hitʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Abdomen or Belly zuyuchulu /zujutʃulu:/ (human, same as stomach), zuxhuchurhu /zuxutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as stomach) 
---Stomach zuyuchulu /zujutʃulu:/ (human, same as abdomen and belly), zuxhuchurhu /zuxutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as abdomen and belly) 
---Liver ueshie-juch /yʃə:ʒutʃ/ 
---Spleen tyueshie-juch /tjyʃə:ʒutʃ/ 
---Intestines lhunyejuch /ðˡunjeʒutʃ/ 
--Waist ungtudlu /uŋtudlu:/ (human), ungtudrhu /uŋtudɻu:/ (animal) 
-Neck huzchul /huztʃu:l/ (human), huzchurh /huztʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-Extremity chulu /tʃulu:/ (human, same as limb and bodypart), churhu /tʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as limb and bodypart) 
--Head chyuel /tʃjy:l/ (human), chyuerh /tʃjy:ɻ/ (animal) 
---Hair bochyul /botʃju:l/ (human), borh /bo:ɻ/ (animal, actually fur) 
---Ear su /su:/ 
----Earhole sujung-ie /suʒuŋə:/ 
----Earlobe zungsu /zuŋsu: 
---Eye wu /wu:/ 
----Eyeball wubuzuytud /wubuzujtu:d/ 
-----Iris wu-wuech /wu:wytʃ/ 
-----Pupil wu-miewuech /wu:məwytʃ/ 
-----Sclera wu-fwueh /wu:fwyh/ 
----Eyebrow boywu /bojwu:/ 
----Eyelid wuyeung /wujeuŋ/ 
-----Eyelash bowu /bowu:/ 
----Eye socket wujung-iechyuel /wuʒuŋətʃjy:l/ (human), wujung-iechyuerh /wuʒuŋətʃjy:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Tear gland - 
---Nose nyu /nju:/ 
----Nostril nyujung-ie /njuʒuŋə:/ 
---Mouth znu /znu:/ 
----Jaw zuchyul /zutʃju:l/ (human), zuchyurh /zutʃju:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) yuzuchyul /juzutʃju:l/ (human), yuzuchyurh /juzutʃju:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) zuchyul /zutʃju:l/ (human, same as jaw), zuchyurh /zutʃju:ɻ/ (animal, same as jaw) 
----Tooth poznu /poznu:/ 
-----Incisor poznuxhu /poznuxu:/ 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth poznupú /poznupǔ:/ 
-----Molar poznutud /poznutu:d/ (both molar and premolar), qupoznutud /qupoznutu:d/ (molar only) 
-----Premolar xhupoznutud /xupoznutu:d/ 
----Tongue nub /nub/ 
--Limb/bodypart chulu /tʃulu:/ (human, same as extremity), churhu /tʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as extremity) 
---Arm zyux /zjuχ/ 
----Shoulder xa /χa:/ 
----Elbow jungzyux /ʒuŋzjuχ/ 
----Wrist xua /χua/ 
----Humerus (upper arm) yux /juχ/ 
----Lower Arm zux /zuχ/ 
----Hand xu /χu:/ 
-----Palm xuz /χuz/ 
---Leg zechul /zetʃu:l/ (human), zechurh /zetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Hip azuchulu /azutʃulu:/ (human), azuchurhu /azutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
----Knee jungzechul /ʒuŋzetʃu:l/ (human), jungzechurh /ʒuŋzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Ankle chae-pyuzechul /tʃæ:pjuzetʃu:l/ (human), chae-pyuzechurh /tʃæ:pjuzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Thigh (upper leg) yuzechul /juzetʃu:l/ (human), yuzechurh /juzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Shin - 
----Foot chae-zechul /tʃæ:zetʃu:l/ (human), chae-zechurh /tʃæ:zetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Sole chae-zuzechul /tʃæ:zuzetʃu:l/ (human), chae-zuzechurh /tʃæ:zuzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Heel chae-quzechul /tʃæ:quzetʃu:l (human), chae-quzechurh /tʃæ:quzetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
-----Ball - 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) chochulu /tʃotʃulu:/ (human), chochurhu /tʃotʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
---Nail puchochulu /putʃotʃulu:/ (human); puchochurhu /putʃotʃuɻu:/ (animal, also means claw) 
----Fingernail puchoxu /putʃoχu:/ 
----Toenail puchozechul /putʃozetʃu:l/ (human) 
---Toe chozechul /tʃozetʃu:l/ (human), chozechurh /tʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) ochozechul /otʃozetʃu:l/ (human), ochozechurh /otʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Pinky toe or little toe oe-chozechul /ø:tʃozetʃu:l/ (human), oe-chozechurh /ø:tʃozetʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
----Second toe chozechulowu /tʃozetʃulowu:/ (human), chozechurhowu /tʃozetʃuɻowu:/ (animal) 
----Third toe chozechuloqaxh /tʃozetʃuloqa:χ/ (human), chozechurhoqaxh /tʃozetʃuɻoqa:χ/ (animal) 
----Fourth toe chozechulo-rhuength /tʃozetʃulo:ɻyŋθ/ (human), chozechurho-rhuength /tʃozetʃuɻo:ɻyŋθ/ (animal) 
---Thumb choxutud /tʃoχutu:d/ (human), choxu-oeue /tʃoχu:øy/ (animal) 
----Thumbnail puchoxutud /putʃoχutu:d/ 
---Finger choxu /tʃoχu:/ 
----Index finger choxuowu /tʃoχuowu:/ 
----Pinky finger oe-choxu /ø:tʃoχu:/ 
----Middle finger choxuoqaxh /tʃoχuoqa:x/ 
----Ring finger choxuo-rhuength /tʃoχuoɻyŋθ/ 
--genitalia vichul /vitʃu:l/ (human), vichurh /vitʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
---female ci /ɕi:/ 
----vagina ciljung-ie /ɕilʒuŋə:/ (human), cirhjung-ie /ɕiɻʒuŋə:/ (animal) 
----womb iájung-ie /iǎ:ʒuŋə:/ 
---male ri /ri:/ 
----penis vichri /vitʃri:/ 
----testicle buzuytudri /buzujtudri:/ 
-Side tud /tu:d/ 
--Back quchul /qutʃu:l/ (human), yuchurh /jutʃu:ɻ/ (animal) 
--Front xhuchul /xutʃu:l/ (human, homonymous with skin), zuchurh /zutʃu:ɻ/ (animal, actually underside) 
--Left tu /tu:/ 
--Right du /du:/ 
--Lower zuchulu (human) /zutʃulu:/, quchurhu /qutʃuɻu:/ (animal) 
--Upper yuchulu /jutʃulu:/ (human, same as torso), xhuchurhu /xutʃuɻu:/ (animal, same as torso) 
-Orifices chulujung-ie /tʃuluʒuŋə:/ (human), churhujung-ie /tʃuɻuʒuŋə:/ (animal) 
--anus jung-ieqae /ʒuŋəqæ:/ 
--urethral meatus vichrijung-ie /vitʃriʒuŋə:/ (male), ciljungjung-ie /ɕilʒuŋʒuŋə:/ (human, female) cirhjungjung-ie /ɕiɻʒuŋʒuŋə:/ (animal, female) 

Heh! This is probably the only language that has three words for urethral meatus.  

But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understnad the picture. And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body?
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Last edited by Qwynegold on Sun Aug 26, 2007 9:07 am; edited 3 times in total 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 8:22 am    Post subject:    

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Wow, I don't think I've ever seen a fully developed conlang with nearly as much /u/ as that. Is it because you just like /u/ or did you do it to set this language apart from others in your conworld?
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Aug 21, 2007 9:11 am    Post subject:    

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Heh!  I didn't intend it to become so common from the beginning. In Lhueslue every phoneme bears a meaning and /u/ means material. As it happened, almost every noun gets an /u/.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 1:05 pm    Post subject:    

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Thanks, Qwynegold. 
--------- 
If this thread is enduringly popular, should it be moved to the Museum?
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aardwolf
Šalea


Joined: 22 Feb 2005
Location: Nice, France
 Posted: Wed Aug 22, 2007 7:12 pm    Post subject:    

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Museum? Nah; there's no real 'important' information here. Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. But the way it is now; nah.
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*May be NSFW 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Thu Aug 23, 2007 6:59 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
Thanks, Qwynegold. 
--------- 
If this thread is enduringly popular, should it be moved to the Museum? 

Your welcome. Oh, and I had some questions too: 
Qwynegold wrote: 
But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understnad the picture. And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body? 

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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Aug 25, 2007 11:48 am    Post subject:    

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Qwynegold wrote: 
But what exactly is the tear gland? I tried looking it up at WP but I couldn't understand the picture. 
Tears are the watery, salty secretion that keeps the eyes moist. The bulk of the refracting of light during focussing is done by a thin veil of tears; the lens just fine-tunes it. Tears also contain protein (and FAIK other biological ingredients); that is why it is necessary to clean contact lenses once a day. 
When the eye is irritated the production and flow of tears is increased, to the point that they leak out of the eye; the usual result is to wash out whatever is irritating the eye. When someone weeps, they often over-produce tears this same way. 
Tear-glands (aka lacrimal glands) are in the upper outer corners of the eyes. In the lower inner corners of the eyes are ducts that ordinarily take tears down into the nose; if the tear-glands aren't overproducing, this is where tears usually are disposed of. 

Qwynegold wrote: 
And what is meant with bottom and top side? Is it supposed to be the lower and upper half of the body? 
Just think either &quot;bottom of body&quot; and &quot;top of body&quot;, or &quot;lower half of body&quot; and &quot;upper half of body&quot;. If you want two pairs of terms, go ahead and provide both. Otherwise take your pick. 

aardwolf wrote: 
Museum? Nah; there's no real 'important' information here. 


If more people responded to the following questions, would it? 

I wrote: 
Does your conlang, or do your conlangs, use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 
(I left out &quot;adverbs&quot; and &quot;interjections&quot;. I assume the &quot;interjections&quot; part is &quot;yes&quot;, because some of these are probably good curse-words. I can't think how to make one of these body-part nouns into an adverb, though.) 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of life? 
Popular answers are the liver (hence the name &quot;liver&quot;) and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of emotion? 
Popular answers are the stomach, the guts, and the heart. 

What bodypart does your conculture think is the seat of consciousness? 
Popular answers are the eyes and the heart; but modern Western culture says &quot;the brain&quot;. 


aardwolf wrote: 
Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. 
Feel free to rephrase the question(s) then! Or pose this question, if it's the one you like. 

How would posters modify this thread so that it would be museum-worthy?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Sat Aug 25, 2007 11:55 am; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 9:10 am    Post subject:    

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OK, I added upper and lower body to my post. I guess my conlang won't have a word for tear gland since it's something you can't see so the conpeople wouldn't know about it.
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Boskobènet
Gent


Joined: 14 Aug 2006
Location: Somewhere north of Dixieland
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 10:01 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
aardwolf wrote: 
Were it a thread about 'how does your language chop up (so to speak) the body .. eg one word for arm+hand etc' then maybe. 
Feel free to rephrase the question(s) then! Or pose this question, if it's the one you like. 

How would posters modify this thread so that it would be museum-worthy? 

I think you'd need things like discussion of (systematic) cultural associations (e.g. your original questions about the seat of emotion, etc.), strong cross-linguistic tendencies (always distinguishing certain body parts or not, words for the genitals being taboo/impolite), and derivation (e.g. how my conlang Old Gzho uses the same word for &quot;arm&quot; and &quot;hand&quot;, but can also refer to the arm as the &quot;hand-neck&quot;). Also usage of body part terms for other things, i.e. verbal affixes, locative/directional expressions, etc. And investigating how changes to body structure would affect language, e.g. having no lips wouldn't just mean a lack of labial consonants - you also wouldn't be able to produce rounded vowels, which could have a big affect on the vowel inventory.
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Arunaza
Tšur


Joined: 16 Oct 2005
Location: Nouvelle Angleterre
 Posted: Sun Aug 26, 2007 1:34 pm    Post subject:    

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I'm glad this thread is still around--I was thinking I might have to rederive all the Sdannískr body words, which would be irritating (and time-consuming, for that matter). I think this thread has just increased my new lexicon by half, or just about.
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TomHChappell wrote: 
Gazariah wrote: 
You mean the gnomic aorist. 
Contrast with the &quot;aortic gnomist&quot;, a physician who specializes in the cardiovascular ailments of earth-elementals. 
 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:11 am    Post subject:    

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I've got this list for a year already, but I still haven't got words for every single body part on it. On the other hand, I felt free to add some items you left out, Tom. 

FWIW these items are still missing: tear gland, upper/lower jaw, thigh, shank, shin, calf, the name(s) of the toe(s), the name(s) of the finger(s), ovaries (for that matter, I could also include prostate) and, last but not least, buttock. And colloquial/slang/vulgar words for certain body parts.
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:46 am    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
I've got this list for a year already, but I still haven't got words for every single body part on it. On the other hand, I felt free to add some items you left out, Tom. 

FWIW these items are still missing: tear gland, upper/lower jaw, thigh, shank, shin, calf, the name(s) of the toe(s), the name(s) of the finger(s), ovaries (for that matter, I could also include prostate) and, last but not least, buttock. And colloquial/slang/vulgar words for certain body parts. 


Which items did you add? I'm pretty sure I included, or added, some of those; tear gland, upper and lower jaw, thigh, shin, two of the toes and &quot;other individual toes?&quot;, and each of the fingers. I'm not sure what a shank is. I didn't include the calf, I don't think; I guess I should. I included the hips; I didn't distinguish the buttocks from the hips. I didn't get into internal organs that a layman couldn't tell were there and doing things without opening up the body; so that's why I left out the ovaries and the prostate, though I include the womb and the testes. 

My last update on that was July 15 on Page 4. 
TomHChappell wrote: 
So, what are the body-parts people want to add to the list? 
uvula 
philtrum 
artery (any blood vessel carrying blood from the heart) 
vein (any blood vessel carrying blood from any organ other than the heart) 
portal vein (any vein carrying blood to any organ other than the heart) 
brain 
back of the neck 
front of the neck 
back of the head 
forehead 
wisdom tooth 
canthus 
clitoris 
breast 
buttock 
butt 
skull 
placenta 

_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 


Last edited by TomHChappell on Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:58 am; edited 2 times in total 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 11:51 am    Post subject:    

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I don't know anymore, but I only have your original list. I think I added all those you quoted save the parts of the mouth (except tongue and teeth), portal vein, back of the neck, front of the neck, back of the head, names for teeth, skull and placenta. Quite a lot I didn't add actually 
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Aisling
Iseléaku


Joined: 23 Jul 2007
Location: Kentucky
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:00 pm    Post subject: Body parts   

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My small dictionary has some basic body parts but nothing specific like artery. 

ANKLE = TĀMA 
ARM = RŌTA 
BLOOD = PĀTA 
CHEST = ShŌMĀ 
ELBOW = JeĪTŌ 

etc, etc 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:01 pm    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
I don't know anymore, but I only have your original list. I think I added all those you quoted save the parts of the mouth (except tongue and teeth), portal vein, back of the neck, front of the neck, back of the head, names for teeth, skull and placenta. Quite a lot I didn't add actually :P 
I just edited the original post and added the shank, the calf, and the buttocks. I didn't add the ovaries or the prostate. The other things you mentioned three posts ago were already in the list. Some of the names of the teeth are there, too.
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:04 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
I just edited the original post and added the shank, the calf, and the buttocks. I didn't add the ovaries or the prostate. The other things you mentioned three posts ago were already in the list. Some of the names of the teeth are there, too. 


Ah, I see. 

[edit] My list, so far [/edit]
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Thu Sep 13, 2007 12:16 pm    Post subject:    

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guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it.
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Rodlox
Gent


Joined: 12 Jul 2005

 Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 10:11 pm    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it. 


I tried to take a look, but I keep getting the Freehostia home page. 
 
*is puzzled*
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Sat Sep 15, 2007 11:40 pm    Post subject:    

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Rodlox wrote: 
TomHChappell wrote: 
guitarplayer wrote: 
http://benung.freehostia.com/files/bodyparts.pdf My list, so far 
Very complete! Thanks. I hope many people take a look at it. 
I tried to take a look, but I keep getting the Freehostia home page.  *is puzzled* 
If I click on the link that happens to me too; but if I copy the URL and past it in the address window I see Guitarplayer's PDF like I want to. 
That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL?
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Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Guitarplayer
Šalea


Joined: 12 Apr 2003
Location: Braunschweig, Germany | 3.8.8.1
 Posted: Sun Sep 16, 2007 3:02 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 
If I click on the link that happens to me too; but if I copy the URL and past it in the address window I see Guitarplayer's PDF like I want to. 
That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL? 

I guess that my host doesn't allow direct linking to files other than HTML, just like Geocities. So much for free hosting. 
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Rodlox
Gent


Joined: 12 Jul 2005

 Posted: Sun Sep 16, 2007 9:16 am    Post subject:    

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TomHChappell wrote: 

That still leaves me puzzled, but I get to see the PDF so I can stand it. 
Did you try pasting the URL? 


not yet - *goes to try it* 

thanks.
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 10:06 am    Post subject:    

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I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 

For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 

People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. (I am thinking of Ilaksh in particular. How about it JQP?  )
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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Qwynegold
Gent


Joined: 24 May 2007
Location: Sweden
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 10:12 am    Post subject:    

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What a smart idea! 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 2:23 pm    Post subject:    

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simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. I know actual helmsman's binnacles had half-points and quarter-points, but I thought they had only 32 named points; NEWS (4), NE NW SE SW (4 more), XXY and YXY (, X by Y and XY by X and XY by Y (16), for a total of 32. 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. 
For humans I don't believe more than 16 compass points in a plane are natural. 
For a solid I haven't worked it out or thought it out; I can see 48 (in rectangular &quot;xyz&quot; coordinates, the coordinates' absolute values could be in 6 orders, and the coordinates could come in 8 combinations of positive and negative), but can't be certain more wouldn't be possible. 

For instance if spherical coordinates (longitude and latitude) are used, and my idea of &quot;16 points is natural in a plane&quot; is true, there might be 128 &quot;points&quot; on a sphere (8 latitudes x 16 longitudes). 

If a &quot;spherical coordinate system&quot; is used, there needs to be some way to indicate or suggest distance from the center. (If a &quot;cylindrical coordinate system&quot; is used, it would be &quot;distance from the pole&quot; that would need to be suggested or indicated.) There'd have to be at least two degrees (body vs extremity), perhaps three (body vs limb vs hand-or-foot-or-digit) or four (&quot;body&quot; might come in two grades, core vs &quot;rind&quot; or some such); possibly a human language might have five or six, I'd have to think about that; a non-human system might have more than six, or be likelier than a human system to have more than three. 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 
Are your Kigdatsi human? 

simon.clarkstone wrote: 
People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. ...  
Thanks; Reptigan might need that, since it's a multi-species society and not every speaker has the same body-plan as every other speaker.
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The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Tue Sep 18, 2007 4:11 pm    Post subject:    

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Hel·lerà / Helleran 

Body tol, estou 

Blood guès 
Blood vessel cabinyol guesetz “blood vessel” 
Artery maxarva 
Vein ôued 

Bone tot 
Cartilage martel•let 
Skeleton gargamol, gaugamol 

Skin fiu 
Muscle rambe 
Fat (corporal) lhud 
Tendon tirant 

Head pot, tuc, tuys, syet, arsyet (m), tuche, tutze (f) 
Hair togès 
Hair (a fiber) bli 
Skull golag (m/f) 
cranium raz 
Neck lleg, nyoc 

Ear onze, osye, oge 
Earhole bosit na s’onze “hole of the ear” 
Earlobe lhob na s’onze “lobe of the ear” 

Eye oc, oig, uoc 
Iris gavi 
Pupil chelandé 
Sclera bel na s’oc “white of the eye”; cýncolis (neolog) 
Eyebrow tirse 
Eyelid pedillou 
Eyelash goume 
Eye socket bou na s’oc “socket of the eye” 
Tear gland dragole 

Nose per 
Nostril bosit nas per “hole of the nose” 

Mouth tamà 
Cheek guys 
Jaw radagame (sg) or radagames (pl) 
Maxilla (upper jaw) berosti 
Mandible (lower jaw) carmazzi 
Tooth gam 
Incisor cartalh, gartalh “central incisor”; cartalet, gortalet “lateral incisor” 
Eyetooth or Canine tooth anhac 
Molar cheral “molar, second molar”; cheraló “first molar” 
Tongue lheme. But &quot;language, idiom&quot; is lhambe 
Lip jami 

Trunk bros 
Chest tor 
Abdomen mablada 
Belly beli 
Lower abdomen naig beli “lower belly”; sabel 

Heart lhò 
Lung beloi 
Stomach mansaghe 
Liver sagé 
Spleen vèdem 
Intestines ganyalons (pl.) 

Extremity, limb estighiu; espadelhe 

Waist caradanç 
Pelvis cadanche or tot nas caradanç “bone of the waist” 
Buttock dabons (pl.) / dabó, bono and guys nas sat “cheek of the butt” 
Bum, arse, butt sat 
Hip bemuc 
Leg (from hip to ankle) gambe 
Thigh (upper leg, from hip to knee) gamays 
Knee golde 
Kneecap, patella gavanhol 
Shank (lower leg, from knee to ankle) garme 
Shin astanye 
Calf tonsim na s’astanye “doughy part of the shin” 
Ankle poghet 
Foot pedh, madà 
Heel garou 
Sole mad 

Shoulder espambelh (traditional), espemble (neolog) 
Arm (from shoulder to wrist) ram 
Arm (from shoulder to elbow) ramec 
Elbow ajoc 
Arm (from elbow to wrist) ramell 
Wrist arbou 
Hand badh 
Palm pançou 

Digit gartembi, cartempe (neolog) 
Finger, toe ghez (traditional) 
Toe (foot digit) ghez nas pedh “finger of the foot” 
Finger (hand digit) ghez nas badh “finger of the hand” 
Ball tonsim nas ghez “doughy part of the finger” 
Thumb tigarembi, tigampó, garampó 
Index finger ghez casarteu “managing/governative/guiding finger” 
Middle finger ghez perís “middle finger” 
Ring finger ghez nigançant “dependent finger” 
Little finger ghez polzuc “small finger” 

Genitalia zinyaroncs 
Vagina begane 
Womb gameu 
Penis gozzi (traditional); felghe (neolog) 
Testicle galló 
Anus guada 
Urethral meatus dragavàrie 


Quote: 
Does Helleran use any of these terms, or reduced forms of them, as affixes? 

Helleran has affixes for different bodyparts or body materials/substances to create neologisms (although I must work on them). 

Quote: 
Or as verbs or adjectives or prepositions or conjunctions or pronouns? 

Some verbs are derived from the words for heart, skin, ear, etc. Many bodypart names have adjectival forms. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of life? 

Not a bodypart but a microscopic life-form present in all cells. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of emotion? 

The heart, the diafragma, the skin and the stomach. But it really depends on the emotion. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilisation all four bodyparts play some role in any emotion, although only one has a main role; it is said that that one is the leading organ. 

Quote: 
What bodypart does the Megadelanian civilization think is the seat of consciousness? 

The soul. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilization it isn’t a bodypart but the essence of the living body.
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Izambri fadí carol geldi! Sis perans geu gasirant! 
Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex

Last edited by Izo on Sat Sep 22, 2007 8:12 am; edited 1 time in total 
 
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 3:25 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. I know actual helmsman's binnacles had half-points and quarter-points, but I thought they had only 32 named points; NEWS (4), NE NW SE SW (4 more), XXY and YXY (, X by Y and XY by X and XY by Y (16), for a total of 32. 


North 
North-one-quarter-east 
North-by-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-north 
North-north-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-east 
North-east-by-north 
North-east-one-quarter-north 
North-east 
&amp;c
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 3:16 pm    Post subject:    

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Rav Shimon wrote: 

North 
North-one-quarter-east 
North-by-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-north 
North-north-east 
North-north-east-one-quarter-east 
North-east-by-north 
North-east-one-quarter-north 
North-east 
&amp;c 
 

Hmm. I thought halfway between North and North-by-East was &quot;North-a-half-East&quot; rather than &quot;North-a-quarter-East&quot;. And so on. You are making the (N,S,E,W,NE,NW,SE,SW)-by-(N,S,E,W) be half-points instead of points.
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Rav Shimon
Endi


Joined: 10 Jul 2007
Location: Sydney
 Posted: Wed Sep 19, 2007 5:39 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
North, north-north-east, north-east &amp;c are the sixteen primary points of a compass. Halfway between north and north-north-east is north-by-east (that is, the next half-point east of north), and half of that (half of half being a quarter) is north-one-qaurter-east (said point being one quarter of the way from north to the next point in an easterly direction).
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simon.clarkstone
Gent


Joined: 21 Sep 2005
Location: England
 Posted: Sat Sep 22, 2007 11:07 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
I was struck by inspiration about this a while back, after seeing a tea-towel that had a 64-point compass rose on it: 
I'm only familiar with 32 points. 
I could have been wrong about that, but the details don't matter here. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
For the Kigdatsi native language I can invent short names for some extremity points, the font/back distinction, some horizontal &quot;slices&quot;, and some lines through the body. It should then be possible to derive names for many different parts of the body using a system of dividing up, like compass direction names use. 
For a solid I haven't worked it out or thought it out; I can see 48 (in rectangular &quot;xyz&quot; coordinates, the coordinates' absolute values could be in 6 orders, and the coordinates could come in 8 combinations of positive and negative), but can't be certain more wouldn't be possible. 

For instance if spherical coordinates (longitude and latitude) are used, and my idea of &quot;16 points is natural in a plane&quot; is true, there might be 128 &quot;points&quot; on a sphere (8 latitudes x 16 longitudes). 

If a &quot;spherical coordinate system&quot; is used, there needs to be some way to indicate or suggest distance from the center. (If a &quot;cylindrical coordinate system&quot; is used, it would be &quot;distance from the pole&quot; that would need to be suggested or indicated.) There'd have to be at least two degrees (body vs extremity), perhaps three (body vs limb vs hand-or-foot-or-digit) or four (&quot;body&quot; might come in two grades, core vs &quot;rind&quot; or some such); possibly a human language might have five or six, I'd have to think about that; a non-human system might have more than six, or be likelier than a human system to have more than three. 

The system would necessarily be as irregular and wonky as the body is. Fortunately, their limbs all have the same basic structure, so analogising could reduce the set of needed roots. (It is not the same as the pentadactyl limb system.) 

TBH I am not sure how I will actually do this, or how similar to the compass system it would actually be, though cylindrical co-ordinates look promising. I mean that (e.g.) there would be no root for &quot;elbow&quot;, but something derived from &quot;wrist&quot; and &quot;shoulder&quot;. And &quot;knee&quot; and one of the wing-joints would be the same word, with just one part changed because they are on different limbs. Or you could refer to (e.g.) &quot;the bottom half of the upper-right quadrant of your back&quot; in a simple way. 

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
Such a system would be non-natural and &quot;logical&quot;, but that is just what I want in my case. 
Are your Kigdatsi human? 
No. They are not even evolved, but designed. This makes them odd in many ways, though mostly good ones. It also means I will need terms for secondary brains, telekinesis organs, etc.  

TomHChappell wrote: 
simon.clarkstone wrote: 
People who want systematic body-part names are free to copy or draw inspiration from this system, of course. ...  
Thanks; Reptigan might need that, since it's a multi-species society and not every speaker has the same body-plan as every other speaker. 
Nice. Not available for inter-conworld cooperation over at conworlds.info are you? 
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Thi sisaf akecon langbu tno onec antell. Ia mwor kingo nare aloneb utver yslo wly.  
Kigdatsi/Humans of Su-0-0: Gae/nosf S5 Dnho Om Tc/m CL/-- SE1 CD4-3 CC1/5 CO5/1 E3 Pe,f 
 
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Zoris
Šalea


Joined: 19 Jul 2006
Location: The Place Where There is No Darkness
 Posted: Sat Sep 22, 2007 12:13 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word?
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Dewrad wrote: 
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Why thank you! ^_^ 
 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Sep 24, 2007 8:46 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Izo wrote: 
Hel·lerà / Helleran 
---SNIPPED out the meat--- 
 
Very interesting, Izo! Thanks. 
Izo wrote: 
....Helleran has affixes for different bodyparts or body materials/substances to create neologisms (although I must work on them). 
.... 
Some verbs are derived from the words for heart, skin, ear, etc. Many bodypart names have adjectival forms. 
.... 
Not a bodypart but a microscopic life-form present in all cells. 
.... 
The heart, the diafragma, the skin and the stomach. But it really depends on the emotion. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilisation all four bodyparts play some role in any emotion, although only one has a main role; it is said that that one is the leading organ. 
.... 
The soul. From the point of view of the Megadelanian civilization it isn’t a bodypart but the essence of the living body. 
I found these especially interesting. 


Zoris wrote: 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word? 
I don't think I included &quot;lap&quot; in my original list, did I? Do you think I should? What do others think?
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Mon Sep 24, 2007 11:06 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
TomHChappell wrote: 
Izo wrote: 
Hel·lerà / Helleran 
---SNIPPED out the meat--- 
 
Very interesting, Izo! Thanks. 
Izo wrote: 
[...] 
I found these especially interesting. 

Thanks to you! 

TomHChappell wrote: 
Zoris wrote: 
I wonder what your word for &quot;lap&quot; is, if any. Is it the same as &quot;legs&quot;, some sort of phrase, or a totally new word? 
I don't think I included &quot;lap&quot; in my original list, did I? Do you think I should? What do others think? 

Why not? I included it in the expansion of the Helleran Lexicon of Human Anatomy, which I will post in this thread as soon as I complete it (what I included on my last post was based on your list): it will include more organs, bodyparts and substances, including the names for all human bones and muscles, and a deep view of every major organ system. 

The list, as I will show it, represents the medical knowledge of human anatomy as it was in the time where my novels take place.
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Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 9:08 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
I'm gonna bump up this thread because I think it's full of valuable information.
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Body Parts In Your Conlangs
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imbecilica
Mey


Joined: 10 Jan 2008

 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 10:03 am    Post subject:    

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UROBASICAN 

Body Corpo 
-Blood vessel Vessilo de Sango 
--Artery Arterio 
--Vein Veîno 
-Material of which it is composed 
--Bone Oso 
--Cartilage Cartilagio 
--Skin Pelo 
--Muscle Musclo 
--Fat Lipido 
--Blood Sango 
-Trunk (torso) Trongo/Torso 
--Chest Caffro 
---Heart Coro 
---Lung Pomeno 
--Abdomen or Belly Abdomeno 
---Stomach Estomaco 
---Liver Fusjo 
---Spleen Kescauro 
---Intestines Intesnós 
--Waist Dasrão 
-Neck Collo 
-Extremity 
--Head Testo 
---Hair Cavero 
---Ear Orelo 
----Earhole Casemo d'Orelo 
----Earlobe? Lûbe 
---Eye Optro 
----Eyeball Globo d'Optro 
-----Iris Iris 
-----Pupil Pupiro 
-----Sclera Sclera 
----Eyebrow Sobbrio 
----Eyelid Pardigo 
-----Eyelash Cyliu 
----Eye socket Domecco d'Optro 
----Tear gland Glando dè Plurós 
---Nose Neso 
----Nostril Nestrilo 
---Mouth Boco 
----Jaw Macco 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) Maxilla 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) Mandiblo 
----Tooth Dento 
-----Incisor Incisèro 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth Primca dento 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) Molaro 
----Tongue Languo 
--Limb Omembrio 
---Arm Ièbro 
----Shoulder Costrio 
----Elbow Vikastrio 
----Wrist Pristão 
----Humerus (upper arm) Humerus 
----Lower Arm L'ièbro surina 
----Hand Maño 
-----Palm Paumo 
---Leg J'azabo 
----Hip Fahjo 
-----buttock Destro 
----Knee Noremo 
----Ankle Cavliniro 
----Thigh (upper leg) Ecaustro 
----Shank Shánk 
-----Shin Shimno 
-----Calf Vecravo 
----Foot Pedio 
-----Sole Sôle 
-----Heel Talono 
-----Ball Balo 
--Digit Dijéto 
---Nail Otrís 
----Fingernail Otrís de Dijéto 
----Toenail Otrís de Puçavo 
---Toe Puçavo 
----Pollex Pollexo 
----Pinky toe or little toe Granda Puçavo 
----Other individual toes? None 
---Thumb Puço 
----Thumbnail Otrís de Puço 
---Finger Dijéto 
----Index finger Dijéto Indexo 
----Pinky finger Dijéto Pestanda 
----Middle finger Dijéto Midiena 
----Ring finger Dijéto d'Annilo 
---female femaraia 
----vagina vajno 
----womb utero 
---male maraia 
----penis peneso/penetraso/pestaso 
----testicle testicuro 
-Side Visjeiro 
--Back Destra 
--Front Avastra 
--Left Gosca 
--Right Diréjito 
--Bottom (lower) Subina 
--Top (upper) Surina 
-Orifices Orifiçós 
--anus anús 
 
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dinnae
Tšur


Joined: 10 Jan 2007
Location: Elsewhere
 Posted: Fri Jan 11, 2008 3:43 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Talanese motional/locational/temporal prepositions are derived from body parts or other nouns (note, /a/ is actually more central, and /r/ usually is a tap, but they written as such for the ease of transcription): 

My apologies, this was a neat table 

In, inside of - Tendet (heart) /ˈtɛndət/ 
Out, outside of - Twizo (shell, skull) /ˈtwizoʊ/ 
Around (static) - Natan (skin, bark) /natɔn/ 
Through (static) - Ped (stick, rod) /pɛd/ 
On top of, Over (static) - Miye (hair) /ˈmijə/ 
Above, Over (static) - Aol (cloud) /ɔβ̞͡ɫ/ 
Underneath - Bundu (underside) /ˈbɵndʊw/ 
Below - Neeza (grass) /ˈniza/ 
Beside, Next to - Stabed (arm) /ˈstabəd/ 
In front of - Danćod (chest) /ˈdɔntɕɔd/ 
Behind - Kee (back) /k͜xi/ 
At (in a place; at a moment) - Se /sə/ 
Over (dynamic) - Meyl (wing) /ˈmɛil/ 
Under, Before - Asper (water) /ˈaspər/ 
Through (dynamic), During, While being in - Ense (spear) /ˈɛnsə/ 
Past, After - Huś (wind) /hʊɕ/ 
From elsewhere towards here - Sitei (source of river) /ˈsiti/ 
Towards a specific location Ula (gaze) /ˈʊla/ 
Away from here - Pridas (buttocks) /ˈpridas/ 
Alongside - Dedomheyet (lover, lit hand-holder) /dədɔˈmejət/ &lt; relatively recent addition to the pronoun list, con-historically 
Off - Away, from touching - Donin (fall) /ˈdɔnɘn/ 
Into (place, area, state) - Raowemelek (field of view) /rɔwəˈmeilək/ (always makes me think 'raw milk') 
Out of (place, area, state) - Meśa (leaf bud) /ˈmeiɕa/ 
Around (dynamic) - Malman (orbit) /ˈmɔlmɔn/, dynamic form of /ˈmɔlma/, hug 
Moving around the inside of area or place - Sefse (sniff around) /ˈsɛfsə/ 

--- 
And no, this is not a confusing system. Talanese requires articles for nouns pretty much all the time (because nouns themselves don't inflect much), and of course prepositions don't have articles. It all came to me when I was reading a rather interesting text that had something to do with perception of time, progress and motion in Mediaeval paintings in the library. Actually, my whole TAM system is built upon inspiration drawn from that! 
--- 

As for the body parts list, well... I haven't filled out much, yet, because I've chosen to do it elaborately. I have more words for body parts than there are on this list, but I just haven't reached them yet while filling it out! 

Thanks for providing it, though. 
Here's what I have so far (.htm converted from .doc) http://www.by002.net/~neuteboo/bodyparts.htm 

I'll get there... some time! 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Sun Apr 27, 2008 6:20 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
This thread is 3 days away from being pruned. I will post in here with a list soon, I promise!
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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Izo
Šalea


Joined: 04 Apr 2004
Location: Catalonia
 Posted: Sun Apr 27, 2008 6:39 am    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Soap wrote: 
This thread is 3 days away from being pruned. I will post in here with a list soon, I promise! 

Two weeks ago I saw it was close of being pruned and I thought of posting here to retain it, but finally I forgot to do it...  . Luckily I'm not the only one that will post soon here!
_________________
Izambri fadí carol geldi! Sis perans geu gasirant! 
Ia'mhrust no-Lhavindol suintil 
Lassenes tys sardanela eiseis armex 
 
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TomHChappell
Šalea


Joined: 28 Dec 2005
Location: South-East Michigan
 Posted: Mon Apr 28, 2008 4:41 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Might it be a good idea to move this list to someplace it won't expire from, like a wiki? Maybe KneeQuickie? Or frathwiki? Or Chris Bates's linguistics wiki? Or the Conlang Wikia? 
Or even L&amp;L Museum? 
I can move it to KneeQuickie, I think. I probably need Neek's permission first. Same with the others; maybe I can do it, but I probably need the owners' permission. 
But I can't move it to the Museum. 

dinnae wrote: 
Talanese motional/locational/temporal prepositions are derived from body parts or other nouns (note, /a/ is actually more central, and /r/ usually is a tap, but they written as such for the ease of transcription): 
Hey, that's neat!  Thanks.
_________________
Sappho wrote: 
The moon has set, and the Pleiades; it is midnight, and time passes, and I sleep alone. 
 
 
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Soap
Šalea


Joined: 16 Feb 2003
Location: Soapatopia
 Posted: Thu May 01, 2008 5:06 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Quote: 
I probably need Neek's permission first. 
The KQ is down right now and Neek's doing basic training so he probably wont be able to fix it anytime soon. Nevertheless, I think that in the long term that or some other wiki might be a good idea. 

Edit: the KQ is back; it looks like he has monthly bandwidth caps, and he exceeded it in April, but it's back now that it's May.
_________________
I've always been an anarcho-socialist. There should be no government, and it should pay for everything. --- seen on alternatehistory.com 
 
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langover94
Gent


Joined: 24 Nov 2007
Location: USA
 Posted: Thu May 01, 2008 6:04 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Here's some of the body parts that I have in Danšlağ. I haven't really gotten specific with them, although I have got the &quot;main&quot; ones. 

body- ri 
nose- nopu 
ear- yakušu 
mouth- slata 
eye- aslo 
tongue- zabu 
teeth- clač 
tonsils- kakraku 
neck- uxač 
hair- skoru 
head- baru 
shoulder- tuŵ 
arm- cura 
hand- ğeš 
finger- baklaŵer 
fingernail- baklaŵeruka 
thumb- kuku 
chest- orka 
breast- ğuš 
stomach- iču 
lungs- abačeraku 
leg- laŵe 
ankle- etai 
foot- teš 
toe- kuklaŵer 
toenail- kaklaŵeruka 
genital- irosi 
penis- bamu 
vagina- omaru 

That's pretty much all I have so far. I'm sure I'll add more after reading this, though.
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Mecislau
Šalea


Joined: 24 Jul 2003
Location: Maryland
 Posted: Sat May 03, 2008 2:47 pm    Post subject:    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Novegradian: 


Body тѣло tiě́lo 
-Blood vessel кревоносита жила krevonósita žíla (lit. &quot;blood-carrying vessel&quot;) 
--Artery артеря artiéria 
--Vein вена véna 
-Material of which it is composed матеряљ зе котраево состаулене materiáł ze kotrájevo sostáulene 
--Bone кости kósti 
--Gristle or cartilage (sp? cartilege?) хреце hréce 
--Skin плоти plóti 
--Muscle мишка míška 
--Fat туке túke 
--Blood крев krév 
-Trunk (torso) торсе tórse 
--Chest грандина дантина grándina dántina (lit. &quot;breast cavity&quot;) 
---Heart серце siérce 
---Lung плуце plúce 
--Abdomen or Belly желудок želudók (not distinguished from &quot;stomach&quot;) 
---Stomach желудок želudók 
---Liver етро iétro 
---Spleen слезени sleziéni 
---Intestines есто iésto 
--Waist таля tália 
-Neck шия šíja 
-Extremity концина kóncina 
--Head глава gláva 
---Hair власи vlási 
---Ear оху óhu 
----Earhole --- 
----Earlobe? --- 
---Eye око óko 
----Eyeball оцное яблоко ócnoje iábloko (lit. &quot;eye apple&quot;) 
-----Iris оцное кољце ócnoje kołcé (lit. &quot;eye ring&quot;) 
-----Pupil оцней дѣде ócnej dědié (lit. &quot;eye child&quot;) 
-----Sclera бѣлое око bě́loje óko (lit. &quot;white eye&quot;) 
----Eyebrow брев brév 
----Eyelid вѣко vě́ko 
-----Eyelash ресница résnica or ресна résna 
----Eye socket оцней доље ócnej dółe (lit. &quot;eye pit&quot;) 
----Tear gland слезная жлеза sléznaja žlezá 
---Nose носе nóse 
----Nostril носдера nosderá 
---Mouth роте róte 
----Jaw целусти célusti 
-----Maxilla (upper jaw) верхеная целусти verhénaja célusti (lit. &quot;upper jaw&quot;) 
-----Mandible (lower jaw) нижная целусти nížnaja célusti (lit. &quot;lower jaw&quot;) 
----Tooth забе zábe 
-----Incisor предней забе prédnej zábe (lit. &quot;foretooth&quot;) 
-----Eyetooth or Canine Tooth коле kóle 
-----Molar (and/or premolar?) глауней забе gláunej zábe (lit. &quot;headtooth&quot;) 
----Tongue лизике lizíke 
--Limb концина kóncina (not distinguished from &quot;extremity&quot;) 
---Arm рока róka (not distinguished from &quot;hand&quot;) 
----Shoulder плеѕо pledzó (not distinguished from &quot;upper arm&quot;) 
----Elbow лакоти lákoti 
----Wrist подруцие podrucjé (lit. &quot;beneath the hand&quot;) 
----Humerus (upper arm) плеѕо pledzó (common usage, not distinguished from &quot;shoulder&quot;) or надлакоцие nadlakocjé (lit. &quot;above the elbow&quot;, in medical usage) 
----Lower Arm предлакоцие predlakocjé (largely medical usage) 
----Hand рока róka (not distinguished from &quot;arm&quot;) 
-----Palm длани dláni 
---Leg нога nogá (not distinguished from &quot;foot&quot;) 
----Hip ланцо lancó 
-----buttock (if different) заде záde (lit. &quot;rear, behind&quot;) 
----Knee колѣно kolě́no 
----Ankle глезне glézne 
----Thigh (upper leg) бедро bedró 
----Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle) голени goléni (not distinguished from &quot;shin&quot;) 
-----Shin голени goléni (not distinguished from &quot;shank&quot;) 
-----Calf лиска líska 
----Foot нога nogá (common usage, not distinguished from &quot;leg&quot;) or пѣхе pě́he (largely medical usage) 
-----Sole позпѣшие pozpěšjé (lit. &quot;under the foot&quot;) 
-----Heel пида pidá 
-----Ball --- 
--Digit (toe or thumb or finger) порсте pórste 
---Nail ноготи nógoti 
----Fingernail ноготи рокѣ nógoti rókě (lit. &quot;nail on the hand&quot;) 
----Toenail ноготи ногѣ nógoti nogiě́ (lit. &quot;nail on the foot&quot;) 
---Toe порсте на ногѣ pórste nogiě́ (lit. &quot;digit on the foot&quot;) 
----Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe) палоке ногѣ páloke nogiě́ (lit. &quot;thumb on the foot&quot;) 
----Pinky toe or little toe вейка ногѣ véjka nogiě́ (lit. &quot;little digit on the foot&quot;) 
----Other individual toes? -just find the equivalent finger name and add ногѣ; each finger name can refer to either the finger or the equivalent toe, though in common usage it is generally assumed that the hand is meant unless otherwise specified or context makes it clear 
---Thumb палоке páloke 
----Thumbnail ноготи палокѣ nógoti pálokě (lit. &quot;nail on the thumb&quot;) 
---Finger порсте pórste (like the individual fingers and toes, this term can refer to either a finger or toe in general, but by default is assumed to refer to the fingers) 
----Index finger предовоке predovóke (lit. &quot;the front one&quot;) 
----Pinky finger вейка véjka (lit. &quot;little twig&quot;) 
----Middle finger срединоке sredinóke (lit. &quot;the middle one&quot;) 
----Ring finger безимѣнноке beziměnnóke (lit. &quot;the unnamed one&quot;, a name you see in Russian and several Uralic languages) 
--My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! плодовии plodóviji (lit. &quot;[organs for] producing offspring&quot;) 
---female женески плодовии žéneski plodóviji 
----vagina туло túlo 
----womb трево trévo 
---male мужески плодовии múžeski plodóviji 
----penis шлене šléne (lit. &quot;member&quot;) 
----testicle яйѕок iajdzók (lit. &quot;little egg&quot;) 
-Side страна straná 
--Back заде záde (for the back part of the body) or спина spína (for the actual back/spine) 
--Front преде préde 
--Left лѣво lě́vo 
--Right право právo 
--Bottom (lower) низе níze 
--Top (upper) верхе vérhe 
-Orifices отуоре ótuore 
--anus задней отуоре zádnej ótuore (lit. &quot;rear orifice&quot;) 
--urethral meatus? -- 

Misc: 
--lap љону łónu 
--kidney нерка niérka 
--bladder пуғири puğíri (lit. &quot;bubble&quot;) 
--brain мозгѣ mozgiě́ 
--lip осту óstu
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[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nm ajan.gif</title>
    <id>5101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31696</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:18:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajanx.gif</title>
    <id>5102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31697</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Smpajan.gif</title>
    <id>5103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31698</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajan.GIF</title>
    <id>5104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31699</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajan serif.GIF</title>
    <id>5105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31700</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nm ajan2.GIF</title>
    <id>5106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31701</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Smp ajan.GIF</title>
    <id>5107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31702</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-23T19:25:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ajan</title>
    <id>5108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39357</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T13:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Ajan abjad */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

=Ajan=

[[Image:Nm ajan2.GIF]]

Ajan is an abjad used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. Ajan and the [[Qatama]] [[conlang]] were invented by [[User:Qang|Qang]] for use in his [[conworld]], [[Qatama]]. It was created as an alternative to the alphabet [[Moj]].

=Notable features=

* Ajan is written vertically, in columns running from left to right.
* The word 'ajan' not only refers to the script but also means &quot;a tied rope, or knot&quot; in [[Qatama]] - referring to the appearance of the words.
* Ajan contains 15 consonants, two vowel markers and three vowel diacritics.

=Ajan abjad=

[[Image:Ajan.GIF]]

=== A serif style ===

[[Image:Ajan serif.GIF]]

==Notes==

* Full vowel indication (vocalization) can be added, usually by means of diacritics, but this is not common.
* The script can also be written horizontally, but this is only done to save space.
* There is no punctuation used in [[Qatama]], pauses, stops and questions are understood through the use of context and particles.
* Most often the vowels are not marked, the single diagonal mark is used to show that a vowel begins or ends the word, and is also used to connect graphemes that otherwise would not connect based on the normal methods of connecting.

=Sample text in Ajan=

[[Image:Smp ajan.GIF]]


[[Category:Qatama]][[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bwenkhir</title>
    <id>5109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49746</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-13T13:36:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeroderma Pigmentosum</username>
        <id>1216</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bwenkhir''' is a language spoken by an ancient people of the Converse. It is the proto-language from which all other languages in the [[Bwenkhiric language phylum]] are descended. 

==Phonemic inventory==

*p /p/; t /t/; k /k/; q /q/
*b /b/; d /d/; g /g/; x /ɢ/
*ph /ɸ/; s /s/ ([ʃ] before i); kh /x/
*bh /β/; z /z/ ([ʒ] before i); gh /ɣ/
*r /r/
*m /m/; n /n/ ([ŋ] before a velar)
*j: /j/
*w: /w/

*i /i/; y /y/; e /Ɛ/; a /a/; ï /ɪ/; u /u/; o /ɔ/

Accent is on the first syllable of one-morpheme words or for words with inflectional suffixes. For compound words, the accent is on the last morpheme, although the first morpheme (head) has a secondary stress.

When /n/ comes before /b/, /p/, /β/ or /ɸ/ in a compound word, the pronunciation mutates to /m/. When /m/ comes before /d/ or /t/, the pronunciation mutates to /n/.

==Grammar==
===Structure===

Word order is VSO.

===Nouns===

Nouns fall into three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.

The cases are as follows:

*Nominative -- Denotes the agent of an action (there is no passive voice).
*Accusative -- Denotes the person, animal or thing to which or to whom an action is done.
*Genitive -- Denotes possession or genealogical relation.
*Dedative -- Denotes the person by whom something was given to someone.
*Partitive -- Denotes the whole of which something is a part.
*Dative -- Denotes the object of a preposition or an indirect object.

Masculine nouns decline like this:

saph (wing)
*Singular Plural
*Nom saph saphi
*Acc sapham sapho
*Gen sapho saphes
*Ded saphun saphom
*Par saphakh saphïz
*Dat saphis saphy

Feminine nouns decline like this:

pwem (sun)
*Singular Plural
*Nom pwem pwemen
*Acc pwemen pwemor
*Gen pwemy pwemïn
*Ded pwemun pwemogh
*Par pwemas pwemo
*Dat pwemi pwemyr

Neuter nouns decline like this:

rez (mouth)
*Singular Plural
*Nom rez rezïm
*Acc rezis rezu
*Gen rezi rezys
*Ded rezakh rezubh
*Par rezakh rezubh
*Dat rezo rezy

If the singular nominative of a noun has two syllables and ends in a vowel, the vowel disappears when declining it:

duri (heart)
*Singular Plural
*Nom dur duri
*Acc duram duro
*Gen duro dures
*Ded durun durom
*Par durakh durïz
*Dat duris dury

If the singular nominative has one syllable and ends in a vowel, a -k- is added before the declensional suffix:

ma (mother)
*Singular Plural
*Nom ma maken
*Acc maken makor
*Gen maky makïn
*Ded makun makogh
*Par makas mako
*Dat maki makyr

When words are used as names, they are always masculine (if used as a boy's name) or feminine (if used as a girl's name), regardless of the gender of the noun in its common sense. So a woman named Wem (a neuter noun for sea) would have her name inflected as a feminine noun.

Something owned by a person takes the genitive, and something FROM a person takes the dedative. So, using the feminine name Mwan as an example, &quot;Mwany qonja&quot; means &quot;Mwan's egg (the egg Mwan owns)&quot;, and &quot;Mwanun qonja&quot; means &quot;Mwan's egg (the egg Mwan gave to me)&quot;.

Compound nouns are head-first: bhes (man), bhesban (husband). The first part of these compound nouns declines:

bhesban (husband)
*Singular Plural
*Nom bhesban bhesiban
*Acc bhesamban bhesoban
*Gen bhesoban bhesesban
*Ded bheshunban bhesomban
*Par bhesakhban bhesïzban
*Dat bhesisban bhesyban

An epenthetic -t is added if forming a compound word entails adding a word ending in a vowel to a word beginning with a vowel: xersa (speck) + ïm (time) = xersatïm (moment).

The nominative can be used as a vocative:

Arma, khamybh ghumam ni.&lt;br&gt;
Arma look_at+IMPER goat+m/ACC 1s/GEN&lt;br&gt;
Arma, look at my goat.

The dative without any preposition can indicate an indirect object. Indirect objects come between the verb and the subject:

Tybhor my phwo pwambis.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+give 1s/DAT woman cherry+n/ACC&lt;br&gt;
The woman gave me a cherry.

The dative without a preposition can indicate time:

Ronyn ykh ghumam tysis jobhis.&lt;br&gt;
m/FUT+cook 1pi goat+m/ACC year+m/DAT this+m/DAT&lt;br&gt;
We will cook the goat this year.

The word &quot;swegham&quot; is used in object position when a pronoun is reflexive:

Tikas Gho swegham.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+cut Gho REFL&lt;br&gt;
Gho cut himself.

When colors are used as nouns, they are all neuter.

===Pronouns===

Here are the personal pronouns in Bwenkhir:

*om (first person singular; I)
*ny (second person singular; you)
*bakh (third person singular masculine; he, it)
*gem (third person singular feminine; she, it)
*ra (third person singular neuter; it, he, she)
*ykh (first person plural inclusive; we)
*pabh (first person plural exclusive; we)
*dyr (second person plural; you)
*dïs (third person plural masculine; they)
*kher (third person plural feminine; they)
*an (third person plural neuter; they)

A third-person pronoun is chosen purely based on the grammatical gender of its antecedent. So &quot;jin&quot; (light) would be referred to by &quot;bakh&quot; because &quot;jin&quot; is masculine, and if you referred to a female friend with &quot;tengha&quot; (friend) and then used a pronoun to refer to &quot;tengha&quot;, you would use &quot;ra&quot; and not &quot;gem&quot; because &quot;tengha&quot; is neuter.

If you are referring to more than one entity (for instance, khir (m) and nys (f), river and mountain, as &quot;they&quot;), the masculine take precedence over the feminine and the feminine takes precedence over the neuter. So &quot;khir y nys&quot; (river and mountain) would be &quot;dïs&quot;.

The pronouns decline thus:

om (1s)
*Nom om
*Acc mo
*Gen ni
*Ded nikh
*Par mes
*Dat my

ny (2s)
*Nom ny
*Acc da
*Gen ger
*Ded gekh
*Par ges
*Dat gy

bakh (3sm)
*Nom bakh
*Acc bakham
*Gen bakho
*Ded bakhun
*Par bakhakh
*Dat bakhis

gem (3sf)
*Nom gem
*Acc gemen
*Gen gemy
*Ded gemun
*Par gemas
*Dat gemi

ra (3sn)
*Nom ra
*Acc rakis
*Gen raki
*Ded rakakh
*Par rakakh
*Dat rako

ykh (1pi)
*Nom ykh
*Acc ykh
*Gen ykhi
*Ded ykhas
*Par ykhï
*Dat ykhy

pabh (1pe)
*Nom pabh
*Acc pabh
*Gen pabhi
*Ded pabhas
*Par pabhï
*Dat pabhy

dyr (2p)
*Nom dyr
*Acc dyra
*Gen arta
*Ded rasta
*Par ren
*Dat rom

dïs (3pm)
*Nom dïsi
*Acc dïso
*Gen dïses
*Ded dïsom
*Par dïsïz
*Dat dïsy

kher (3pf)
*Nom kheren
*Acc kheror
*Gen kherïn
*Ded kherogh
*Par khero
*Dat kheryr

an (3pn)
*Nom anïm
*Acc anu
*Gen anys
*Ded anubh
*Par anubh
*Dat any

So:

*om: I
*mo: me
*ghum ni: my goat (the goat I own)
*ghum nikh: my goat (the goat I gave someone)
*ken mes: my hand
*khem my: with me (&quot;khem&quot; is the preposition for with)

===Adjectives===

Genitives (as well as dedatives and partitives) come after the nouns that &quot;possess&quot; them.

Adjectives come after nouns, and decline with the case, number and gender of the noun they modify.

Example with &quot;swebh&quot;:

saph swebh (warm wing)
*Singular Plural
*Nom saph swebh saphi swebhi
*Acc sapham swebham sapho swebho
*Gen sapho swebho saphes swebhes
*Ded saphun swebhun saphom swebhom
*Par saphakh swebhakh saphïz swebhïz
*Dat saphis swebhis saphy swebhy

pwem swebh (warm sun)
*Singular Plural
*Nom pwem swebh pwemen swebhen
*Acc pwemen swebhen pwemor swebhor
*Gen pwemy swebhy pwemïn swebhïn
*Ded pwemun swebhun pwemogh swebhogh
*Par pwemas swebhas pwemo swebho
*Dat pwemi swebhi pwemyr swebhyt

rez swebh (warm mouth)
*Singular Plural
*Nom rez swebh rezïm swebhïm
*Acc rezis swebhis rezu swebhu
*Gen rezi swebhi rezys swebhys
*Ded rezakh swebhakh rezubh swebhubh
*Par rezakh swebhakh rezubh swebhubh
*Dat rezo swebho rezy swebhy

The prefix we- before an adjective makes it comparative, and the prefix ghy- makes it superlative:

ghum zwon (big goat), ghum wezwon (bigger goat), ghum ghyzwon (the biggest goat).

The prefix si- means less, and the prefix nï- means least:

bhes phïz (angry man), bhes siphïz (less angry man), bhes nïphïz (the least angry man).

A -d- is added after the prefix when the adjective begins with a vowel, so:

nys ang (wide river), nys wedang (wider river), nys ghydang (widest river), nys sidang (less wide river), nys nïdang (least wide river)

The accent in these comparative and superlative forms is on the root word rather than the prefix.

Adjectives become adverbs through the construction &quot;khem arto ...o&quot; (with a ... manner).

Sïpher gem khem arto memo.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRES+paint she with manner+n/DAT good+n/DAT&lt;br&gt;
She paints well.

Kodan om khem arto wepako.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRES+walk 1s with manner+n/DAT COMP+slow+k+n/DAT&lt;br&gt;
I walk more slowly.

The preposition &quot;qïn&quot; means &quot;than&quot;:

Wepa myra qïn ghumis.&lt;br&gt;
COMP+slow snail than goat+m/DAT&lt;br&gt;
A snail is slower than a goat.

Determiners come after the nouns they modify:

*bhes jobh: this man
*bhesi jobhi: these men

===Prepositions===

Prepositions come before their objects in Bwenkhir.

===Verbs===

All verbs in the proto-language fall into one conjugation.

Tense markers are placed at the beginning, while mood and aspect markers come at the end.

Verbs inflect for gender, based on the grammatical gender of their subject.

*Past tense: ti- (m), ty- (f), ta (n)
*Present tense: ko- (m), sï- (f), bha (n)
*Future tense: ro- (m), ry- (f), phi- (n)

So:

*teph: to stand
*titeph bakh: he stood
*tyteph gem: she stood
*tateph ra: it stood
*koteph bakh: he stands
*sïteph gem: she stands
*bhateph ra: it stands
*roteph bakh: he will stand
*ryteph gem: she will stand
*phiteph ra: it will stand

I, you, we and you (pl.) all take the gender of the person (or sometimes for you, the animal) being referred to. So a man would say &quot;koteph om&quot; for &quot;I stand&quot;, but a woman would say &quot;sïteph om&quot;.

Mood comes after the verb:

*kotephar ny: you could stand (have the option of standing to consider) (if the &quot;you&quot; being referred to is male; if female this would be &quot;sïtephar ny&quot;)
*kotephas ny: you can stand
*kotephem ny: you may stand (have the permission to stand)
*kotephïph ny: you might/may stand
*kotephuz ny: you should stand
*kotephir ny: you must stand

*titephar ny: you could have stood (had the option of standing to consider)
*titephas ny: you could stand (were able to stand)
*titephem ny: you were allowed to stand
*titephïph ny: you might/may have stood
*titephuz ny: you should have stood
*titephir ny: you must have stood

*rotephar ny: you could stand (have the option of standing to consider in the future)
*rotephas ny: you will be able to stand
*rotephem ny: you will be allowed to stand
*rotephïph ny: you might be able to stand (in the future)
*rotephuz ny: you should stand (in the future)
*rotephir ny: you must stand (in the future)

While &quot;koteph om&quot; means &quot;I (male) stand&quot;, &quot;kotephun om&quot; means &quot;I am standing&quot;. The aspect marker -un goes after the mood marker, so:

*kotephuz ny: you should stand
*kotephuzun ny: you should be standing

Accent goes on the root of the verb.

If the verb's root ends in a vowel, -k- is added before the suffix or suffixes:

*phwu: to sleep
*sïphwu gem: she sleeps
*sïphwukun gem: she is sleeping
*sïphwukas gem: she can sleep
*sïphwukasun gem: she can be sleeping

A -d- is added before a root that begins with a vowel:

*ebh: to smile
*kodebh dïs: they (m) smile

An -n- (which may be pronounced as /m/ or /ŋ/ as well) is inserted after the tense/gender prefix to make the verb negative:

*tinteph bakh: he did not stand
*tynteph gem: she did not stand
*tanteph ra: it did not stand
*konteph bakh: he does not stand
*sïnteph gem: she does not stand
*bhanteph ra: it does not stand
*ronteph bakh: he will not stand
*rynteph gem: she will not stand
*phinteph ra: it will not stand

Before a root that begins with n, an -e- is added after the negative n:

*nyn: to cook
*tinenyn bakh: he did not cook
*tynenyn gem: she did not cook
*tanenyn ra: it did not cook
*konenyn bakh: he does not cook
*sïnenyn gem: she does not cook
*bhanenyn ra: it does not cook
*ronenyn bakh: he will not cook
*rynenyn gem: she will not cook
*phinenyn ra: it will not cook

A -d- is not used after the -n-:

*ebh: to smile
*konebh dïs: they (m) do not smile (not *kondebh dïs)

An imperative adds -ybh at the end:

*tephybh: stand!

To make a negative imperative, add -an at the beginning and -ybh at the end:

*antephybh: don't stand!

The hortatory is expressed with future tense (ro- if at least one of you is male, ry- if the speaker and addressees are all female) and the suffix -ïgh:

*rotephïgh ykh: let's stand
*rontephïgh ykh: let's not stand

For counterfactual/subjunctive, the vowel in the root of the verb changes:

*a -&gt; e
*e -&gt; i
*i -&gt; y
*ï -&gt; i
*o -&gt; y
*u -&gt; y
*y -&gt; u

*komakh bakh: he dies
*jor komekh bakh: if he died
*jor konmekh bakh: if he did not die
*jor timekh bakh: if he had died

*kores bakh: he lives
*jor koris bakh: if he lived

*koghir bakh: he grows
*jor koghyr bakh: if he grew

And so on.

Bwenkhir has no copula. To say &quot;is&quot;, you put the adjective (without a declensional ending), right before the noun where the verb would be:

Khur bïqi mes.&lt;br&gt;
thick blood 1p/PAR&lt;br&gt;
My blood is thick.

Linking verbs come before their predicate adjectives:

Sïgwukh swebh pwem.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRES+feel warm sun&lt;br&gt;
The sun feels warm.

Predicate adjectives do not take declensional endings:

wemïm bukïm&lt;br&gt;
sea+pl/NOM deep+k+n/pl/NOM

But:

Bharim bu wemïm.&lt;br&gt;
n/PRES+look deep sea+pl/NOM&lt;br&gt;
The seas look deep.

The verb &quot;nïph&quot;, not to be, is used to make a predicate adjective negative:

Sïnïph rebh pwem.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRES+not_be red sun&lt;br&gt;
The sun is not red.

Conjugated verbs go before the infinitive.

jïbh = to try&lt;br&gt;
Tyjïbh jes om jïsam.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+try eat 1s meat+m/ACC&lt;br&gt;
I (f) tried to eat the meat.

The verb &quot;tubh&quot; means &quot;to do&quot;. In the past tense, it can pair up with an infinitive to make the pluperfect, and in the future, &quot;tubh&quot; plus an infinitive makes the future perfect.

Titubh jes bakh pwambis.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+do eat 3sm cherry+n/ACC&lt;br&gt;
He had eaten the cherry.

The word &quot;ron&quot; means &quot;to exist&quot;, and is used to express &quot;there is/there are&quot;:

Koron khir jos.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRES+exist mountain here&lt;br&gt;
There is a mountain here.

Tyron tweza jos.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+exist tree here&lt;br&gt;
There was a tree here.

-yph after the root of the verb makes it into a participial adjective:

*Sïtïm phwo: The woman runs
*phwo sïtïmyph: the running woman

*Tytïm phwo: The woman ran
*phwo tytïmyph: the woman who was running

*Rytïm phwo: The woman will run
*phwo rytïmyph: the woman who will be running

Tipa om ghumam titïmypham.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+see 1s goat+m/ACC m/PAST+run+PARTADJ+m/ACC&lt;br&gt;
I saw the running goat. [the then-running goat]

===Conjunctions===

Conjunctions like &quot;if&quot; or &quot;because&quot; come before a clause, not after. Coming before a verb with its usual root vowel, &quot;ior&quot; (if) is conditional; coming before a verb with the altered vowel, &quot;jor&quot; makes a subjunctive.

*jor timakh bakh: if he died (conditional)
*jor romakh bakh: if he dies (conditional)
*jor komekh bakh: if he died (counterfactual)
*jor konmekh bakh: if he did not die (counterfactual)
*jor timekh bakh: if he had died (counterfactual)

Tyseph gem ïn tymakh ma gemy.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+cry 3sf because f/PAST+die mother 3sf/GEN&lt;br&gt;
She cried because her mother died.

The conjunction &quot;wes&quot; is used before an intentional clause (say that, know that, promise that, etc.), and is the equivalent of &quot;that&quot;:

Kodyn bakh wes tidï kus.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRES+say 3sm that m/PAST+fall wall&lt;br&gt;
He says (that) the wall fell.

This is also used with verbs like &quot;see&quot; or &quot;hear&quot;:

Tipa om wes tijes ghum phimphen.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+see 1s that m/PAST+eat goat grass+f/ACC&lt;br&gt;
I (m) saw the goat eat the grass.

&quot;In order to&quot;: To say that someone did X in order to do Y, the verb infinitive becomes the dative object of &quot;ez&quot; (to, for), and the object of the verb becomes a genitive. Infinitives/gerunds are neuter when they are used as nouns.

Tiphys pabh phanten ez bheko ghumo.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+enter 1pe house+f/ACC to feed+k+n/DAT goat+m/GEN&lt;br&gt;
We entered the house to feed the goat.

To say that someone did X so that someone else could do Y, use the word &quot;rïkh&quot; (so) as your conjunction, and then state the verb, subject and object of the dependent clause:

Ryzom om ghastis rïkh ronphekh bhiz ghumam ykhi.&lt;br&gt;
f/FUT+close 1s fence+n/ACC so m/FUT+NEG+get bhiz goat+m/ACC 1pi/GEN&lt;br&gt;
I (f) will close the fence so the bhiz will not get our goat.

===Deixis===

The words for &quot;here&quot;, &quot;there&quot; and &quot;over there&quot;:
*jos: here
*rus: there
*zys: over there

They correspond to the following pronouns:
*jom: this
*rum: that (by you)
*zym: that (away from both of us)

And to the following determiners:
*jobh: this
*rubh: that (by you)
*zybh: that (away from both of us)

===Verbs with two objects===

With a clause following the verb pïm (to make), saying that X makes Y do Z, the verb is put in the neuter accusative singular (the -is form) and the subject of the verb in the clause becomes genitive:

Typïm khizi dïkis twezïn.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+make lightning fall+n/ACC tree+f/pl/GEN&lt;br&gt;
The lightning made the trees fall.

If the verb has an object, it is put in the dative:

Tipïm pukh uris ni qonji.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+make storm+n/ACC drop 1s/GEN egg+f/DAT&lt;br&gt;
The storm made me drop an egg.

Verbs such as &quot;waph&quot; (to want) and &quot;qegh&quot; (to let) follow the same pattern:

Sïwaph om jesis bakho qonji zybhi.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRESENT+want 1s eat+n/ACC 3sm/GEN egg+f/DAT that3+f/DAT&lt;br&gt;
I (f) want him to eat that egg.

Datives can be used to mark a noun as a second object of verbs:

Tinem ma y ta bakho bakham Zemis.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+name mother and father 3sm/GEN 3sm/ACC Zem+m/DAT&lt;br&gt;
His mother and father named him Zem.

or adjectives as a second object of verbs:

Tipher bakh phanten kasi.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+paint 3sm house+f/ACC white+f/DAT&lt;br&gt;
I (m) painted the house white.

Ryqwe om swasten mes gighi.&lt;br&gt;
f/FUT+grow 1s hair+f/ACC 1s/PAR long+f/DAT&lt;br&gt;
I (f) will grow my hair long.

===Relative clauses===

To form a relative clause, you place the verb after the head noun or pronoun, then use the relative &quot;tïph&quot; (for masculine subjects), &quot;sem&quot; (for feminine subjects) or &quot;kir&quot; (for neuter subjects), then place the object or prepositional phrase:

bhes kojes tïph qonjor&lt;br&gt;
man m/PRESENT+eat that/m egg+f/pl/ACC&lt;br&gt;
the man who eats eggs

When the head noun is the object of another noun in the relative clause, place the subject between the verb and tïph/sem/kir. The relative will be chosen depending on the gender of the subject:

ghum tynyn om sem&lt;br&gt;
goat f/PAST+cook 1s that/f&lt;br&gt;
the goat I (f) cooked

Kogwor ghum tynyn om sem di karpi.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRESENT+be_located goat f/PAST+cook 1s that/f in bowl+f/ACC&lt;br&gt;
The goat I (f) cooked is in a bowl.

To form a descriptive clause (which/who) instead a restrictive clause (that/who), the relative &quot;xas&quot; is used. It does not vary with gender:

Tidaph bhes kojes xas qonjor narbu da.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+lift man m/PRESENT+eat which egg+f/pl/ACC often stone&lt;br&gt;
The man, who often eats eggs, lifted a stone.

Wagh ghum tynyn om xas.&lt;br&gt;
delicious goat f/PAST+cook 1s which&lt;br&gt;
The goat, which I (f) cooked, is delicious.

&quot;Tïph&quot;, &quot;sem&quot;, &quot;kir&quot; and &quot;xas&quot; can be made genitive, as &quot;tïpho&quot;, &quot;semy&quot;, &quot;kiri&quot;, &quot;xaso&quot; (m), &quot;xasy&quot; (f) or &quot;xasi&quot; (n), to translate the relative &quot;whose&quot;; they are declined according to the gender of the owner and come after the noun referring to the possessee:

Sïtephun phwo tywubh juja semy mo jos.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRESENT+stand+progr. woman f/PAST+soothe song who/f+f/GEN 1s/ACC there&lt;br&gt;
The woman whose song soothed me is standing there.

Konakun ghum tynyn om ghikhis xaso.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRESENT+bleat+progr. goat f/PAST+cook 1s kid+n/ACC which+m/GEN&lt;br&gt;
The goat, whose kid I cooked, is bleating.

The relative word can combine with a preposition by being placed after it:

qim: from&lt;br&gt;
qimtïph: from which (m)&lt;br&gt;
Tyrom tweza ez dughis tysam gem qimtïph.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+return tree to earth+m/DAT f/PAST+come 2sf from+that/m&lt;br&gt;
The tree returned to the earth from which it came.

Note that the masculine form of &quot;from which&quot; is used because the earth (dugh), from which the tree came, is masculine.

===Questions===

To make a yes/no question, place &quot;kwi&quot; before the verb:

Kwi kojes ghumi phimphen?&lt;br&gt;
Do? m/PRESENT+eat goat+m/pl grass+f/ACC&lt;br&gt;
Do goats eat grass?

To answer yes say &quot;oja&quot;, to answer no say &quot;na&quot;.

The word &quot;anka&quot; (really) can be placed after &quot;kwi&quot; to form a sentence tag:

Kwi anka kojes ghumi phimphen?&lt;br&gt;
Do? really m/PRESENT+eat goat+m/pl grass+f/ACC&lt;br&gt;
Don't goats eat grass?&lt;br&gt;
or&lt;br&gt;
Goats eat grass, don't they?

The following are question words:

Pronouns:
*xan (m): what
*qwor (m): who

Determiners:
*tas: what, which
*bum: how much (in plural, how many)

Adverbs:
*jus: where
*ezjus: where to
*qimjus: where from
*jïn: when
*qy: why
*ryma: how

&quot;Xan&quot; and &quot;qwor&quot; behave like masculine nouns. &quot;Tas&quot; and &quot;bum&quot; are declined like adjectives.

A question word comes at the beginning of the sentence. An adjectival question word will be followed by the noun it modifies, whether that noun is in subject or object position. Next comes the verb, then the subject, then the object, in that order:

Jïn tyjes ny qonjen?&lt;br&gt;
when f/PAST+eat 2s egg+f/ACC&lt;br&gt;
When did you (f) eat the egg?

Tasen qonjen tyjes ny?&lt;br&gt;
which+f/ACC egg+f/ACC f/PAST+eat 2s&lt;br&gt;
Which egg did you (f) eat?

Xanam tyjes ny?&lt;br&gt;
what+m/ACC f/PAST+eat 2s&lt;br&gt;
What did you (f) eat?

&quot;Xan&quot; and &quot;qwor&quot; can be made possessive to mean &quot;whose&quot;:

Qworo ghumam tixen bhiz?&lt;br&gt;
who+m/GEN goat+m/ACC m/PAST+steal bhiz&lt;br&gt;
Whose goat did the [[bhiz]] steal?

Here the masculine form of &quot;whose&quot; is used because &quot;ghum&quot;, goat, is masculine.

A preposition can come before a WH- question word:

Di qwory phanti tiphwu bhiz?&lt;br&gt;
in who+f/GEN house+f/DAT m/PAST+sleep bhiz&lt;br&gt;
In whose house did the bhiz sleep?

Note that here even with the question word no longer the first word in the sentence, &quot;whose&quot; still comes before the noun rather than in an adjective's usual position after it.

The word &quot;wes&quot; can be combined with question words to make a compound conjunction, expressing ideas like &quot;I know when&quot; or &quot;tell me what&quot;:

*weskwi: whether
*wesxan: what
*wesqwor: who
*westas: what, which
*wesbum: how much (in plural, how many)
*wesjus: where
*wesezjus: where to
*wesqimjus: where from
*wesjïn: when
*wesqy: why
*wesryma: how

Sïzun om wesqy sïsam janga.&lt;br&gt;
f/PRESENT+know 1s that+why f/PRESENT+come snake&lt;br&gt;
I (f) know why the snake comes.

Kowokh om wesbumor qonjor tyjes Phur.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRESENT+wonder 1sthat+how_much+f/pl/ACC egg+f/pl/ACC f/PAST+eat Phur&lt;br&gt;
I (m) wonder how many eggs Phur ate.

A preposition can be squeezed in between &quot;wes&quot; and the question word:

Kowokh om wesdiqwory phanti typhwu janga.&lt;br&gt;
m/PRESENT+wonder 1s that+in+who+f/GEN house+f/DAT f/PAST+sleep snake&lt;br&gt;
I (m) wonder whose house the snake slept in.

==Numbers==

Bwenkhir has a base-10 system:

*ki: one
*babh: two
*twes: three
*wïn: four
*kan: five
*pwobh: six
*pwen: seven
*xïgh: eight
*khekh: nine
*dykh: ten
*dykh y ki: eleven
*dykh y babh: twelve
*dykh y twes: thirteen
*dykh y wïn: fourteen
*dykh y kan: fifteen
*dykh y pwobh: sixteen
*dykh y pwen: seventeen
*dykh y xïgh: eighteen
*dykh y khekh: nineteen
*babhdykh: twenty
*babhdykh y ki: twenty-one
*twesdykh: thirty
*wïndykh: forty
*kandykh: fifty
*pwobhdykh: sixty
*pwendykh: seventy
*xïghdykh: eighty
*khekhdykh: ninety
*xoph: one hundred
*xoph ki: one hundred and one
*xoph dykh: one hundred and ten
*xoph kandykh y pwen: one hundred fifty-seven
*babh xoph: two hundred

Numbers come after the noun they modify and are not inflected:

Tyjes phwo pwambu kan.&lt;br&gt;
f/PAST+eat woman cherry+n/pl/ACC five&lt;br&gt;
The woman ate five cherries.

The ordinal numbers:

*am: first
*swon: second
*ghïz: third
*wïnagh: fourth
*kanagh: fifth
*pwobhagh: sixth
*pwenagh: seventh
*xïghagh: eighth
*khekhagh: ninth
*dykhagh: tenth
*dykh y am: eleventh
*dykh y swon: twelfth
*dykh y ghïz: thirteenth
*dykh y wïnagh: fourteenth
*dykh y kanagh: fifteenth
*dykh y pwobhagh: sixteenth
*dykh y pwenagh: seventeenth
*dykh y xïghagh: eighteenth
*dykh y khekhagh: nineteenth
*babhdykhagh: twentieth
*babhdykh y am: twenty-first
*twesdykhagh: thirtieth
*wïndykhagh: fortieth
*kandykhagh: fiftieth
*pwobhdykhagh: sixtieth
*pwendykhagh: seventieth
*xïghdykhagh: eightieth
*khekhdykhagh: ninetieth
*xophagh: one hundredth
*xoph am: one hundred and first
*xoph dykhagh: one hundred and tenth
*xoph kandykh y pwenagh: one hundred fifty-seventh
*babh xophagh: two hundredth

These are inflected like adjectives (because they are):

Tibhïs ino swono ni om ghumam.&lt;br&gt;
m/PAST+give child+n/DAT second+n/DAT 1s/GEN 1s goat+m/ACC&lt;br&gt;
I (m) gave my second child the goat.

==Kinship terms==

*ter (f): older sister
*bor (m): older brother
*rïnsa (f): younger sister
*dïm (m): younger brother
*enti (n): parent
*ma (f): mother
*ta (m): father
*ina (n): child
*no (f): daughter
*jo (m): son
*mama (f): maternal grandmother
*tama (m): maternal grandfather
*mata (f): paternal grandmother
*tata (m): paternal grandfather
*nono (f): granddaughter (daughter's daughter)
*jono (m): grandson (daughter's son)
*nojo (f): granddaughter (son's daughter)
*jojo (m): grandson (son's son)
*phwoban (f): wife
*bhesban (m): husband
*sesta (f): female cousin
*gwïsta (m): male cousin
*kyra (f): aunt
*swordu (m): uncle
*surja (f): niece
*danto (m): nephew

==Ageing==

When someone is a bos (child), they are either a suma (girl) or rakha (boy). Everyone starts out as a baba (baby). They then age into a khwesiphdan (toddler), before spending several years as a core bos. Upon hitting puberty, they become a zwona (adult), and are either a phwo (woman) or bhes (man). They remain zwonïm for the rest of their lives, including when they are an onku (elder), being either a sepha (old woman) or qïngu (old man).
 
==Lexicon==

*abh: to claim
*agh: to occupy
*agha (f): occupation (act of occupying a country)
*agwa (f): brain
*am: first
*an: third person plural neuter; they
*ang: wide
*anga (f): courtship (mom . . . angen khem = to date)
*anka: really
*aph: to pass
*aph (m): doctor
*aphta (n): hospital
*ar: to watch
*arma (m): rain
*artu (n): way, manner
*as: to lead
*baba (n): baby
*babh: two
*babh: to beat up, to batter
*babhdykh: twenty
*babhdykhagh: twentieth
*bakh: third person singular masculine; he, it
*bam: to rest
*ban: to drink; to take (medicine)
*baph: to chase
*bem: to think (think about . . .)
*ben: to bless
*beni (n): blessing
*bha (n): food
*bham: smooth
*bhan (m): dog
*bhaph (m): liver
*bhar: to burn (transitive)
*bharna (m): bar, tavern
*bhe: to feed
*bhem (f): fruit
*bhem: to pass out (become unconscious)
*bhes (m): man
*bhesban (m): husband
*bhessera (m): bridegroom
*bhezo (m): sandal
*bhïbh: to lie (tell a lie)
*bhïbha (f): lie
*bhigh: to invite
*bhïkh: to release
*bhïm: thin
*bhir: to rage
*bhirba (m): sausage
*bhïs: to give
*bhiz (m): bhiz, a carnivorous mammal
*bhïz: to infuriate
*bhon: full
*bhonja (f): knee
*bhun: to fill
*bhur: brown
*bhwar: to go
*bhwem (f): frost
*bhwen: many
*bhwis: to put, to set
*bhwom: to wipe
*bhy: to lie down
*bhyn: to hunt
*bhyr: to arrive
*bhyra (f): rope
*bi: to ask (for), to request
*bïbh: to repeat
*bïbha (f): repetition
*bïgh: embarrassing
*bïkh: to bleed
*bïm: embarrassed
*bïn: to meet
*bïqi (n): blood
*bïs: straight
*bita (f): request
*bïz: to embarrass
*bo (m): sauce
*bon: to retire (age out of working)
*bor (f): bottom
*bor (m): older brother
*bos (n): child (prepubescent age group)
*bu: deep
*buja (m): boot
*bukh: to fight
*bum: how much (in plural, how many)
*bur: low
*bwaju (m): tongue
*bwarti (m): evening
*bwebh: to experience
*bwekh: to settle
*bwen (n): person (in plural, people)
*Bwenkhir (n): mountain person; member of the Bwenkhir people
*bwertu (n): animal
*bwïn (n): day (period of time it takes the planet to rotate on its axis)
*bwor: to suggest; to recommend
*bwora (f): suggestion; recommendation
*bwugh: depressing
*bwum: depressed
*bwuz: to depress
*bym: to insist
*byma (f): insistence
*bys (f): fire
*da (n): stone
*dada (f): diamond
*dakh: hard
*dakha (f): cheese
*daku (m): shoulder
*dan: to walk
*danto (m): nephew
*daph: to lift
*dar: to float
*dem (m): metal
*den: alive
*dena (f): life (fact of not being dead)
*denja (f): autumn
*des: to hang
*dez: to hear
*di: in
*dï: to fall
*dïm (m): younger brother
*dir: to reach; to attain; to be (a certain age)
*dïs: third person plural masculine; they
*diz: sharp
*diza (n): citizen
*dizja (f): cabin
*dobh: to fall in love (with)
*dokh: to nod
*domu (n): pair of pants
*don: to fix
*doph: to pour
*dophu (m): penis
*dugh (m): earth
*dugh: disappointing
*dum: disappointed
*duri (m): heart
*dusi (m): coat
*duz: to disappoint
*dwekh (m): fish
*dwen: to seem
*dwimi (n): skirt
*dwista (f): floor
*dwïz: to shake
*dwogh: to flow
*dygh: to follow
*dykh: ten
*dykhagh: tenth
*dym: to lay (down)
*dyn: to say
*dyr: second person plural; you
*dys (f): stream
*ebh: to smile
*egh: to convince
*ekh: to masturbate
*ekha (f): cracker
*em (n): gold
*en: to move (go somewhere else)
*endi (m): mist
*enti (n): parent
*er (m): farmer
*es: open
*esa (f): soup
*ez: to, for
*ezjus: where to
*gabh (f): back
*gamba (f): body
*ganga (f): wrist
*gem: third person singular feminine; she, it
*ghagh: exciting
*ghakh (m): town; village
*gham: excited
*ghar (m): rock
*ghara (n): iron
*gharma (f): cloud
*ghaz: to excite
*ghedu (n): steel
*ghekha (n): roof
*ghem: to connect
*ghen (m): right (opposite of left)
*gher: to vomit, to throw up
*gherga (n): vomit
*ghes: to have (a child)
*ghi: to crawl
*ghikh (n): kid (young of the goat)
*ghiph (m): thief
*ghiphphanta (m): burglar
*ghir: to grow
*ghira (f): growth
*ghïsti (m): back (of body)
*ghïz: third
*gho (m): wind
*ghogh: rough
*ghor: glad
*ghos (f): day (daytime)
*ghosjiph (f): noon
*ghugh (m): throat
*ghum (m): goat
*ghwakh (m): king
*ghwan (n): candy, sweets
*ghwes: to find
*ghwï: to spread
*ghwom: to notice
*ghwun: to touch
*ghym: wrong
*ghysa (f): wine
*gigh: long
*gim: to frighten
*giphja (f): season
*gom (m): chop (of pork, etc.)
*gos: shallow
*gur: to swallow
*gwada (f): foot
*gwagh (f): queen
*gwan: to defeat
*gwem (m): oil
*gwen: to break
*gwes: to ask (a question)
*gwesa (f): question
*gweska (n): salad
*gwis: grey
*gwïsta (m): cousin (male)
*gwor: to be (location)
*gwukh: to feel (linking verb)
*gwum: to dig
*gwunja (f): middle
*gwygh: boring
*gwykh: to conquer
*gwykha (f): conquest
*gwym: bored
*gwyn: to fly
*gwyna (f): flight
*gwyz: to bore
*gy: to avoid
*gybh: to stab
*gys: to jump, to leap
*gytwa (f): gate
*ibh: to drive
*ïm (m): time
*in: store, shop
*ïn: because
*ina (n): child (reciprocal of parent)
*inga (f): steam
*ïnqa (f): finger, toe
*is: to open
*ïsa (m): country, nation, state, land
*ista (f): land
*iwu (n): liquid
*ïz: right, correct
*jabh: to kick
*jaja (f): afternoon
*jakh: to scratch
*jam: to speak
*jan: to regret
*janga (f): snake
*japh (n): neck
*je: happy
*jem: to collect
*jen: to pick up
*jeph: to menstruate
*jer: to guarantee
*jera (f): honey
*jersi (f): bee
*jes: to eat
*ji: to scream
*jibh (m): summer
*jïbh: to try
*jim: to sound
*jin (m): light
*jïn: when
*jiph: high
*jirba (n): view (political, etc.)
*jïs (m): meat
*jïtwa (f): leg
*jo: to sing
*jo (m): son
*jobh: this (determiner)
*jogh (m): leader, head
*jojo (m): grandson (son's son)
*jom: this (pronoun)
*jonja (n): breath; spirit
*jonjaswïm (n): weather
*jono (m): grandson (daughter's son)
*joph (f): top
*jor: if
*jos: here
*jospa (n): world
*juja (f): song
*jun: to teach
*juna (f): teaching
*juny (n): teacher
*jus: where
*jy: to delight
*jygh: shocking
*jym: shocked
*jyna (f): corner
*jys: to win
*jyz: to shock
*ka: short
*kaja (m): morning
*kaka (f): thunder
*kam: to compare
*kama (f): comparison
*kan: five
*kanagh: fifth
*kandykh: fifty
*kandykhagh: fiftieth
*kar (m): warrior
*karpa (f): bowl
*kas: to cut
*kas: white
*kaska (f): spring
*kekh (m): cookie, biscuit
*ken (f): hand
*kha: to cough
*khabh (m): soldier
*khakh: to choke
*kham: to look at
*khar: to share
*khaty (n): scarf
*khaz: to squat
*khebh: to build
*khebhy (n): carpenter
*khebwa (n): building
*khekh: nine
*khekhagh: ninth
*khekhdykh: ninety
*khekhdykhagh: ninetieth
*khem: with
*khem: to sneeze
*khen (n): water
*kher: third person plural feminine; they
*khiba (f): ribbon
*khigh: surprising
*khikh: to hiccough
*khim: surprised
*khir (m): mountain
*khirza (f): emerald
*khiz: to surprise
*khizi (f): lightning
*khiphtu (m): lip
*khokh (n): bone
*khonti (f): leaf
*khor: to laugh
*khorzu (n): vegetable
*khosi (m): ankle
*khu: to put a curse on
*khubh: to argue, to bicker, to quarrel
*khubha (f): argument, quarrel
*khudi (n): curse
*khugh: to deny
*khugha (f): denial
*khuph (m): abdomen
*khur: thick
*khwa: to bring
*khwes: to learn
*khwesiph (n): learner
*khwesiphdan (n): toddler
*khyn: old (opposite of young)
*khyz: to trade
*ki: one (number)
*kim: to take
*kïn: to locate
*kïph: jealous
*kir: that, who(m) (for neuter subjects)
*kis (m): shirt
*kïs: at
*kïz: far (from)
*kobh: to arrange
*kobho (m): employee
*kok: to defecate
*kokh: to knock
*koko (m): feces
*kom: black
*kon (m): head
*kor: proud
*kun (m): nout
*kus (m): wall
*kwa: small
*kwaph (m): priest
*kwas (m): land
*kwen: to smoke
*kwi: marker for yes/no questions
*kwigh (m): night
*kwighjiph (m): midnight
*kwïm: to brood
*kwïn: to buy
*kwir: to split
*kwis: to feel (organically)
*kwïs: light (in weight)
*kwïsta (f): dawn
*kwom: flat
*kwutu (m): ear
*kwypa (f): road
*kwys: few
*kybh: to hug, to embrace
*kyn: to kill
*kyra (f): aunt
*kyz: to announce
*ma (f): mother
*mada (n): solid
*makh: to die
*mama (f): maternal grandmother
*man: to give birth to
*maph: foreign
*maphi (n): foreigner
*mata (f): paternal grandmother
*mem: good
*meph: to pick (a fruit, etc.)
*mes (n): copper
*mï: to dance
*migh: heartbreaking
*mim: heartbroken, broken-hearted
*mïn (f): jewelry
*mïnjaph (f): necklace
*mis: to listen
*miz: to break the heart of
*mo: dead
*mogh: calming
*mom: to make, to form, to create
*mom: calm
*mon: to throw away
*mos (m): piece of furniture
*mota (f): death
*moz: to calm
*mubh (m): left (opposite of right)
*mugh: to suck
*mwan (f): sand
*mwes: to move (change residence)
*mwïm: to join
*mwïs: without
*mygh (f): milk
*myph: to play
*myphy (n): player
*myra (f): snail
*mys: sorry
*na: no (negative answer to a question)
*na: to bleat
*nagh: annoying
*nam (n): name
*nam: annoyed
*nan: to cremate
*nana (f): cremation
*nano (m): ash
*nar: blue
*narbu: often
*naz: to annoy, to bother
*nebh (m): kidney
*nem: to name
*nen: to return (to its original owner)
*nes: to admit, to confess
*nesa (f): confession
*nibh (m): nose
*niki (f): horn
*nïm: to lose (opposite of win)
*nin: to take over
*nïph: not to be
*nir: to feel (touch)
*no (f): daughter
*nojo (f): granddaughter (son's daughter)
*nom: to discuss
*noma (f): discussion
*nono (f): granddaughter (daughter's daughter)
*nos: drink, beverage
*nu (m): wave (of water)
*nubh: dull
*nwan (n): enemy
*nwaph: to handle
*nwem: to borrow
*nwor: to lend
*nwoz: happy (happy news)
*ny: second person singular; you
*nyn: to cook
*nyny (n): chef, cook
*nys (f): river
*o (n): deity
*obhes (n): god
*oja: yes
*om: first person singular; I
*on: think (believe that . . .)
*onga (f): pocket
*onku (n): elder
*onkughakh (n): village elder
*ony (m): glove
*oph: to state
*oph: sad (sad news)
*opha (f) statement
*ophwo (n): goddess
*or (m): lake
*orja (m): alcohol
*os: to stay
*oxy (m): sapphire
*pa: slow
*pa: to see
*pabh: first person plural exclusive; we
*pagha (n): student
*paghu (m): arm
*paja (m): camp
*pan: old (opposite of new)
*par: to order
*pas: to insult
*pasa (f): insult
*patwa (f): stomach
*pekh (m): hat
*perni (n): lung
*pezi (n): patient
*pha (m): sugar
*pha: to marry
*phakh: to bark
*pham: to look for, to search for
*phan (m): winter
*phanta (f): house
*phany (n): expert
*phara (n): cap
*phas: to hold
*phasa (f): marriage
*phekh: to get, to kill
*phem (m): bread
*pher: to paint
*phes: hot
*phïbh: to rub
*phimpha (f): grass
*phin: to make up, to reconciliate
*phïn (m): smoke
*phina (f): reconciliation
*phïz: angry
*phogh: narrow
*phom: afraid
*phonkhu (m): pimp
*phoph (n): dust
*phor: to supply
*phur (f): moon; month
*phuz: to frown
*phwabh (n): lead (metal)
*phwam (n): farm
*phwanka (f): fog
*phwem: to tie
*phwin: to provide
*phwis: to shoot
*phwo (f): woman
*phwoban (f): wife
*phwom (n): pond
*phwor: to offer
*phwosera (f): bride
*phwu: to sleep
*phygh: to carry
*phym: soft
*phyma (f): butter
*phyry (n): end
*phys: to enter
*phyz: to escape
*pi: to spit
*pïdu (n): door
*pikhi (n) nickel
*pïm: to make (cause)
*pïn: to cross
*pïn: rotten
*piph: to break wind
*piphi (m): flatulence, gas
*pir: to reply
*pira (f): answer
*pis: all
*pisa (f): vagina
*pita (n): artist
*pitu (m): saliva
*pokh: to tap
*pom: to beat (heartbeat)
*pon: to punch
*ponga (f): fist
*por: to burp
*pukh (m): storm
*pur: to become, to get
*pwabh (n): hill
*pwakh: to swim
*pwamba (n): cherry
*pwem (f): sun
*pwen: seven
*pwenagh: seventh
*pwendykh: seventy
*pwendykhagh: seventieth
*pwes: to cover
*pwimba (f): chest
*pwin (n): lover
*pwïn: to ride
*pwobh: six
*pwobhagh: sixth
*pwobhdykh: sixty
*pwobhdykhagh: sixtieth
*pwon (f): eye
*pwosu (n): fetus
*pwyph: to blow
*pwyz (n): victim
*pyr: other (ki pyr = another)
*qakh: to attack
*qakha (f): attack
*qam: to catch (something thrown)
*qaph: to point
*qas: to approach
*qegh: to let
*qekh: to catch (fish)
*qer (n): part
*qerswa (n): behind, butt, rear end
*qes: near
*qïgh: amazing
*qim: from
*qïm: amazed
*qimjus: where from
*qin: to celebrate
*qïn: than
*qïngu (m): old man
*qiska (f): poison
*qïz: to amaze
*qobhu (n): pair of shorts
*qonja (f): egg
*qor: to play (an instrument)
*qua (n): gas
*qugh: nerve-wracking
*qum: nervous
*quph: to leave alone
*quz: to make nervous
*qwa: to spend
*qwe: to grow (transitive)
*qwen: to operate (perform surgery)
*qwes: to face
*qwïs: to visit
*qwor (m): who
*qy: why
*qygh: green
*qyz (n): wood
*ra: third person singular neuter; it, he, she
*ragh (m): cereal
*raja (m): belt
*raja (n): platinum
*rakh: to scamper
*rakha (m): little boy
*rar: to throw
*ras: to worship
*raspha (f): forest
*rebh: red
*reph (f): front
*rephkon (f): forehead
*res: to live
*res (f): ruby
*resa (n): religion
*rez (n): mouth
*rïda (m): edge
*rïkh: so, so that, thus, therefore
*rim: to look (linking verb)
*rin: to be going to
*rïn: to climb
*rïnsa (f): younger sister
*rïph: dry
*rïs: to serve
*rïspu (m): thumb
*rista (f): observation (mom . . . risten + DAT = to observe)
*rom: to return (to the place one originally was)
*ronga (f): flower
*ror: to roll
*ros: to explain
*rosa (f): explanation
*roz (f): ring
*rozbwaju (f): tongue ring
*rozkwutu (f): earring
*roznibh (f): nose ring
*rozwerxa (f): eyebrow ring
*rubh: that (determiner, by you)
*rudu (n): stranger
*rum: that (pronoun, by you)
*rum: to run (of a nose)
*rur: round
*rus: there
*rwesta (f): surface
*ryba (n): tooth
*rykh: to push
*rym: to rise
*ryma: how
*rys: to turn (in a certain direction)
*ryz: to receive, to get
*sakh: heavy
*sakha (f): cake
*sam: to come
*san: to be born
*sana (f): birth
*saph (m): tear
*sapha (f): dress
*saphta (f): snow
*seja (f): tail
*sem: that, who(m) (for feminine subjects)
*sem: dirty
*sen: to leave
*seph: to cry
*sepha (f): old woman
*sera (m): wedding
*ses (n): shoe
*sesta (f): cousin (female)
*sez: to hop
*si: to send
*sï: to choose, to pick, to select
*sibh: to move (transitive)
*sïgh: to describe
*sïgha (f): description
*sighi (n): virgin
*sigu (m): fat
*sikh: to taste (use one's sense of taste)
*sïkh: to hit
*sim: scary
*sïm (m): dirt, soil
*sima (f): cheek
*sïn: to smell (linking verb)
*sipa (f): sweat, perspiration
*siph: to sweat, to perspire
*sirki (f): seed
*sis: to kiss
*sisi (n): nipple
*sixy (n): center
*siz: to bake
*sizy (n): baker
*sobh: to remain, to stay
*sogh (m): athlete
*soja (f): life (experience of living)
*sokha (n): bronze
*som: to have sex
*soma (f): sex
*soph: to breathe
*sudï (n): tin
*sum: precious
*suma (f): little girl
*suph: to accuse
*supha (f): accusation
*surja (f): niece
*swa: to sit
*swanja (f): ceiling
*swapha (f): flour
*swasta (f): hair (mass)
*swebh: warm
*swegham: oneself, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
*swenja (n): member
*swer: yellow
*swïm (f): sky
*swïs (m): glass
*swobh: to pay
*swokh: empty
*swon: second
*swordu (m): uncle
*swukh: to empty
*swyph (f): emotion, feeling
*swyphbïm (f): embarrassment
*swyphbwum (f): depression
*swyphdum (f): disappointment
*swyphgham (f): excitement
*swyphgwym (e): boredom
*swyphje (f): joy
*swyphjym (f): shock
*swyphkhim (f): surprise
*swyphkïph (f): envy
*swyphkor (f): pride
*swyphmim (f): heartbreak
*swyphmom (f): calm, calmness
*swyphmys (f): sorrow
*swyphnam (f): annoyance
*swyphphïz (f): anger
*swyphphom (f): fear
*swyphqïm (f): amazement
*swyphqum (e): tension
*swyphtwim (f): interest
*swyphwam (f): sadnses
*swyphxom (f): disturbance
*swyphzem (f): satisfaction
*sykh (m): juice
*sys: to creep
*sysa (m) hero
*sysi (n): worm
*ta (m): father
*tabu (m): clay
*tama (m): maternal grandfather
*tampa (f): branch
*tas: what, which
*tata (m): paternal grandfather
*tegh: to take away
*tem: to skin
*tengha (n): friend
*tenso (m): flame
*teph: to stand
*ter (f): older sister
*tes: to express
*tesphu (m): cave
*tez: to boil
*tïbh: to travel
*tïm: to run
*tinu (m): salt
*tïph: that, who(m) (for masculine subjects)
*titi (f): breast
*tos: to believe
*toso (m): belief
*tubh: to do
*tuph (n): church; temple
*tus: to crouch
*tusta (f): intestine
*twen: to count; to be (so many years old)
*twes: three
*twesdykh: thirty
*twesdykhagh: thirtieth
*tweza (f): tree
*twigh: interesting
*twim: interested
*twïm: to charge
*twïn (n): brass
*twiz: to interest
*twom: to hurt, to injure
*twon: to take pride
*twus (n): face
*twyr: to sew
*ty: bad
*tym: to fear
*tyn (m): beer
*typh (m): tower
*tyrsa (n): skin
*tys (m): year
*tysa (f): mistress
*tyza (m): side
*uba (m): robe
*ubhra (f): valley
*unjo (m): apothecary's shop; drugstore
*uno (m): apothecary
*upha (f): base
*upho (m): ghost
*ur: to drop; to leave (leave it at the door)
*us: to mention
*usa (f): mention
*wa: to talk, to converse
*wagh: delicious
*wam: sad
*wam: to nurse, to breast-feed
*waph: cold
*waph: to want
*wata (f): conversation
*waz: to break up (with) (terminate a relationship)
*we: to pray
*weja (f): prayer
*wem (n): sea
*wem: to tell
*wen (f): field
*wendu (m): waist
*werxa (m): eyebrow
*wes: that (say that, know that, etc.)
*wesbum: how much (in plural, how many) (I know how much, I wonder how much, etc.)
*wesezjus: where to (I know where to, I wonder where to, etc.)
*wesjïn: when (I know when, I wonder when, etc.)
*wesjus: where (I know where, I wonder where, etc.)
*weskwi: whether
*wesqimjus: where from (I know where from, I wonder where from, etc.)
*wesqwor: who (I know who, I wonder who, etc.)
*wesqy: why (I know why, I wonder why, etc.)
*wesryma: how (I know how, I wonder how, etc.)
*westas: what, which (I know which, I wonder which, etc.)
*wesxan: what (I know what, I wonder what, etc.)
*wez: to fall asleep
*wibha (f): prostitute
*wïgh: clean
*wïkh: to apologize
*wïkha (f): apology
*wïm (f): plant
*win: tiny
*wïn: four
*wïn: to wash
*wïnagh: fourth
*wïndykh: forty
*wïndykhagh: fortieth
*wis: to urinate
*wïs: wet
*wisa (n): urine
*wïsta (n): cream
*wiz (f): window
*wïz: to pull
*wo: to call
*wokh: to wonder
*wom: to envy
*won: to yawn
*woph (m): ice
*wu: to yell
*wubh: to soothe
*wugh (n): root
*wys: to whisper
*wyz: to squeeze
*xampa (n): neighbor
*xan (m): what
*xas: which, who (relative)
*xen: to steal
*xepi (n): piece of clothing
*xer: to sell
*xersa (n): speck
*xersatïm (n): moment
*xeti (n): bank (of a river)
*xïgh: eight
*xïghagh: eighth
*xïghdykh: eighty
*xïghdykhagh: eightieth
*xim: to tear, to rip
*ximpo (m): elbow
*xin (f): air
*xiph: new
*xïsta (n): pie
*xo (f): music
*xogh: disturbing
*xom: disturbed
*xoph: hundred
*xophagh: hundredth
*xoz: to disturb
*xwan: to hurry, to rush
*xwegh: to invade
*xwegha (f): invasion
*xwes (f): bird
*xwokh: to hurt (feel pain)
*xyn: to lose (come to no longer have)
*xys (m): mind
*y: and
*ybh: young
*ykh: first person plural inclusive; we
*ykhta (n): mud
*ym (m): wing
*yn: to taste (linking verb)
*yrsa (f): bark
*ys (m): bush
*ysta (m): muscle
*zam: cool
*zan (f): star
*zanza (n): sock
*zedo (n): nail (on finger or toe)
*ze: to promise
*zedu (m): suit, outfit
*zegh: satisfying
*zem (n): silver
*zem: satisfied
*zeta (f): promise
*zez: to get engaged
*zez: to satifsy
*zeza (f): engagement
*zi: to love (agape)
*zibha (n): louse
*ziby (m): guts (singular)
*zidu (n): chin
*zikh: to slit
*zim: to freeze (transitive)
*zïm: to bring up, to raise
*zimpa (m): dough
*zin: fast
*zingwa (f): heel
*ziph: to wake up
*zir (m): garden
*zis: to suffer
*zïs: some (but not all)
*ziti (n): lawn
*ziz: to bite
*zogh: huge, enormous, giant
*zom: to close
*zor: to smell (use one's sense of smell)
*zum: closed, shut
*zun: to know
*zus: to give away
*zwas: to surrender
*zwasa (f): surrender
*zwo: to grow up
*zwon: big
*zwona (n): adult
*zybh: that (determiner, away from both of us)
*zybra (f): feather
*zygh: to swell
*zymbha (m): stick
*zym: that (pronoun, away from both of us)
*zys: over there
*zyxa (m): testicle</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krisauka</title>
    <id>5110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32217</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T14:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Krisauka or Krisauká is an alternative writing system to English, using most letters of the standard English alphabet and a couple of special characters. It uses a phonetic system of writing English, which may be useful to those who are learning English as a non native language. It is a sister orthography of [[Tower Orthography]]. 

=History=
The origin of Krisauka dates back to early 2007, when its creator Dolmar, started to develop an orthography which would be used as an alternative to English spelling. It is heavily influenced by a fellow conlinguist whose forum name is Chris and a random phonetic of alchemy relating to gold, hence ''Krisauka'', meaning Chris' golden descendant.[[http://www.omniglot.com/forum/profile.php?mode=viewprofile&amp;u=410|Chris at Omniglot]]

Despite being an alternative to English, it is more foreign looking than it deems. It is currently undergoing some renovation.

=Alphabet=
Krisauka uses most English letters with a few additional characters. The following is a table of the Krisaukan alphabet.

[[Image:Krisauka.PNG]]

=Sample=
The following is an example taken from an extract from [[http://www.runescape.com|RuneScape]]'s website.

In last week's Image of the Future newspost, we revealed our secret plan for RuneScape: a complete graphical rework. We were sneaky and held back a little information, however: namely, when you can expect these updates.

Drum-roll, please... You will have access to all of these updates within a couple of months! There really isn't much time to wait. If you can't wait for more details on the update, a new Development Diary is coming later this month.

''Ín láct uikc ímídz ov øé fiutsé niuzpeuct, ui rivild auur cikret plan feur Runckeip: á komplit grafíkul riuérk. Ui uér sniki and held bak á lítul ínfeurmeisun, hauevé: neimli, uen ju kan ekcpekt øiz úpdeitc.''

''Drúm reul, pliz... Ju uíl hav akcec tu eurl ov øiz úpdeitc wíþín á kúpul ov múnþc! Øer rieli ízent múts taim tu ueit. Íf ju kánt ueit feur meur diteiulz on øíc úpdeit, á niu Development Dairi íz kúmíµ leité øíc múnþ.''

[[Category: Alternative Writing Systems]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Grammatikos1.png</title>
    <id>5112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31717</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-24T22:47:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Grammatikos2.png</title>
    <id>5113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31718</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-24T22:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Krisauka.PNG</title>
    <id>5114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31723</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-25T16:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A figure showing the Krisaukan characters.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A figure showing the Krisaukan characters.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag big.png</title>
    <id>5115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31730</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:04:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag sim.png</title>
    <id>5116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31732</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:06:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag thm.png</title>
    <id>5117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31733</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag dim.png</title>
    <id>5118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31734</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag mic.png</title>
    <id>5119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31735</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:07:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag sma.png</title>
    <id>5120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31736</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T07:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Odirá</title>
    <id>5122</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>31753</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-26T21:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Odirá]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Odirá]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Blafu</title>
    <id>5123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31920</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T18:54:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Classic Blafu]] moved to [[Classical Blafu]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Classical Blafu''' was the language of the [[Blafu Union]] during the [[Era of West-East Contact]].  It is a largely isolating language, and was historically the main language of scholarship throughout [[Odirá]].  Scientific terminology is still largely drawn from Classical Blafu.

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|colspan=2|&amp;nbsp;
|'''Bilabial'''
|'''Dental'''
|'''Retroflex'''
|'''Palatal'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Glottal'''
|-
|rowspan=4|Stops
|Aspirated
|'''Ph'''
|'''Th'''
|'''Trh'''
|'''Ch'''
|'''Kh'''
|-
|Unaspirated
|'''P'''
|'''T'''
|'''Tr'''
|'''C'''
|'''K'''
|-
|Voiced
|'''B'''
|'''D'''
|'''Dr'''
|'''J'''
|'''G'''
|-
|Prenasalized
|'''Mb'''
|'''Nd'''
|'''Ndr'''
|'''Nj'''
|'''Ng'''
|-
|colspan=2|Nasals
|'''M'''
|'''N'''
|'''Nr'''
|'''Ñ'''
|'''Ng''''
|-
|rowspan=2|Fricatives
|Voiceless
|'''F'''
|'''S'''
|'''Sr'''
|'''Ç'''
|
|'''H'''
|-
|Voiced
|'''V'''
|'''Z'''
|'''Zr'''
|'''Jh'''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Liquids
|Lateral
|
|'''L'''
|'''Lr'''
|'''Ly'''
|
|
|-
|Non-lateral
|
|'''R'''
|'''Rr'''
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=2|Glides
|'''W'''
|
|
|'''Y'''
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
Classical Blafu had four phonemic vowels, /i e a u/.  The vowels can occur with one of three tones, level (unmarked), rising (marked with an acute) or falling (marked with a grave).

=== Syllables ===
Classical Blafu had a simple syllable structure.  No closed syllables were permitted, no vowel sequences were permitted, and the only consonant clusters permitted were stop-liquid or stop-glide clusters.  Clusters of dental stops plus r are distinguished from retroflex by the insertion of an apostrophe between the two consonants (e.g., t'r is /tr/, tr is /ʈ/)

== Grammar ==
Classical Blafu is largely isolating, with little compounding or inflection, relying instead of syntax.
=== Inflections ===
The only inflections that existed in Classical Blafu were
*Repetition (verbs): -nu

=== Syntax ===
Basic word order in Classical Blafu is subject verb object.  Adjectives may precede or follow their heads, and prepositions are used.  Alternately, subject object verb order can be used, with the direct object marked with the preposition ''makhe''

[[Category:Blafu]]
[[Category:Conlangs|Blafu, Classical]]
[[Category:Galhafan languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anglo-Saxon</title>
    <id>5135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55821</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-06T04:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Anglo-Saxon or Old English (OE '''Englisc''') is the ancestor of [[Modern English]].  It is a West Germanic Language and like Dutch and Low Saxon (Low German) it did not go through the [[High German Consonant Shift]].  

{{Language|
| English = Anglo-Saxon
| native = Englisc
| dialect english = 
| country = Anglo-Land (England)
| nativecountry = Angelcynn
| universe = Real world
| speakers = unknown
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglo-Frisian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglic
| wordorder = Unimportant/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 400-1066 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}

=Stages=
English has had 4 primary stages:
* '''Anglo-Saxon''' also known as '''Old English'''
* '''[[Middle English]]'''
* '''[[Early Modern English]]'''
* '''[[Modern English]]'''

The separation of '''Anglo-Saxon''' from '''Middle English''' is marked by [[The Battle of Hastings]] in 1066.  The separation of '''Middle English''' and the '''Modern English''' stages is the [[Great Vowel Shift]].

Modern English words have many different origins, but a majority come from [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Old French|Old Norman French]], and a little [[Old Norse]].  However in the global world today, many words from many other languages have entered the English language.

=The People, Dialects, and Literature=
The story was that the British leader Vortigern invited the Saxons  to Britain to help fight off the Picts and Scots.  A large migration of Saxons, Frisians, Franks, Jutes and Angles later moved from modern Northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands to England.  The next few centuries they expanded westward constantly and gained more land.  The Anglo-Saxons then fought with the Romano-British people already living there until they owned most of Modern England.

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Danish Vikings invaded the Northern parts of England.  The [[Old Norse]] influence can still be seen today including things such as the pronoun '''they'''. 

The Dialects were split into 4 major ones: Northumbrian, Midlands, Kentish, and West Saxon.  The majority of the texts we have are from the West Saxon region.

The most well known text in Anglo-Saxon is that of the Heroic Epic, [[Beowulf]].  Old English literature is known for alliteration. There are many Anglo-Saxon riddles, religious documents, heroic tales, and poems.  A chronicle known as the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] was a chronicle of the events of the Kingdom, and was likely started in the 10th century and was continually updated into the 12th, although there are differences in the key Chronicle documents.


There is no standard spelling in Anglo-Saxon, so many words had more than one spelling.

=Orthography and Phonology=
==Runic==
[[Image:Anglo-saxon runes.gif|thumb|right|Anglo-Saxon Runic alphabet]]
Early forms of Anglo-Saxon writing was in [[Runic]].  It was an expansion of the original 24 rune Fuþark, and had become Fuþorc.  Because the language had shifted to include new sounds, the alphabet itself shifted and included several new letters that had not been in the Elder Fuþark.  However they did not develop the one Staff system similar to the runic designs in Norway, Sweden and Denmark.

When the Latin Alphabet was introduced, Anglo-Saxon added two symbols to the Latin alphabet from Runic, those would be &quot;þ&quot; /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/ and &quot;Ƿ&quot; /[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]/ from runic, called Thorn and Wynn respectively.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || ||  || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || ||  || t || d || || || || || k || g ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || θ || ð || s || z || ʃ || (ʒ) || || ç || x || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || (ʦ) || (ʣ) || ʧ || ʤ || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || ʍ || w  || || || || || ||  || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || ̥r || r || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || ̥l || l/ɫ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
[[Image:Wynn.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Ƿƿ''' ''wynn'', Old&amp;nbsp;English&amp;nbsp;'''[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]''', which is missing in many Unicode fonts.]]
* Placing '''h-''' before '''r''', '''l''', or '''w'''/'''ƿ''' yields the voiceless form of each sound /̥r ̥l ʍ/.
* When '''c''', '''g''' or '''sc''' are next to a front vowel (most often '''i''' but '''e''' and '''y''' can affect it sometimes too) they become /ʧ j ʃ/ respectively.  This is how words like '''gear''' became '''year'''.  '''-g''' is often not pronounced or becomes part of a diphtong, such as '''dæg''' /daj/.  When it ends with '''-ig''' it has a pronunciation of /-i/, dropping the '''g''' altogether.  From this, [[Modern English]] gets the '''-y''' ending (like '''halig''' &gt; '''holy''', '''sceadwig''' &gt; '''shady''', '''manig''' &gt; '''many''')
* The diagraph '''cg''' is pronounced /ʤ/.
* '''þ''' and '''ð''' is pronounced /θ/ except in the case below.
* Fricatives, particularly '''f, þ/ð, s''' are voiceless most of the time /f θ s/, and are voiced intevocalically or adjacent to voiced consonants as /v ð z/.  This is why '''v''' and '''f''' were not in Old English.
* '''h''' is pronounaced /ç/ after front vowels and /x/ after back vowels.
* The sound /w/ is often spelt with the letter '''Ƿ'''/'''ƿ''' (wynn).  From the Runic Alphabet.

===Vowels===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - i || yː - y || || uː - u
|- 
| Mid || eː - e ||  || ə || oː - o
|-
| Low || æ ||  || aː/a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Tense - Lax
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* With a macron the vowel becomes long.
*'''ī''', '''ȳ''', '''ē''', '''ǣ''', '''ā''',  '''ō''', and '''ū''' are pronounced /iː yː eː æː aː oː uː/ respectively.
* Without a macron the vowels are short.
* '''i''', '''y''', '''e''', '''æ''', '''a''', '''o''', and '''u''' are pronounced /i y e æ a o u/ or /ɪ ʏ ɛ æ ɔ ʊ/ respectively, depending on the source.
* '''e''' at the end of a word, and unstressed often becomes /ə/.

=Grammar=
==Nouns==
&lt;i&gt; Main Article: [[Anglo-Saxon Nouns]] &lt;/i&gt;
===Gender and Number===
There are there Genders in Old English: [[Masculine]], [[Feminine]], and [[Neuter]].  These are the same genders in [[Latin]], as well as modern [[Russian]] and [[High German|German]].  Like most languages which have genders, Nouns which reflect living things are usually indicated in the [[Gender]] of the noun, but a majority is completely random.

The two numbers of Anglo-Saxon are [[Singular]] and [[Plural]].  Pronouns have the Dual number as well.

===Cases===
Unlike [[Modern English]], Anglo-Saxon was filled with noun inflections denoting the case of the noun.  The only one that survived through the [[Middle English]] era was the '''-'s''' ending denoting the original Genitive case.  The cases were [[Nominative]], [[Accusative]], [[Genitive]], and [[Dative]].

===Strong and Weak===
Like with Verbs, Anglo-Saxon had many nouns which changed their stems, both in the plural and sometimes during some  of the cases of the singular.  These are the reasons for irregular nouns in [[Modern English]] with stem changes, such as Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Nom.).  This is often how Anglo-Saxon nouns are categorized.

===Example charts===
'''Masculine:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Dæg¹ 'Day'
! Dagas 'Days'
! Stān 'Stone'
! Stānas 'Stones'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas || stān || stānas
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || dæges || daga || stānes || stāna
|-
| '''Dative'''  || dæge || dagum || stāne || stānum
|-
| '''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas || stān || stānas
|}
¹'''Dæg''' was pronounced much like the word '''Die''' in [[Modern English]], or the Australian/Cockney pronunciation of '''&quot;Day.&quot;'''
* Note that both Nouns here are Strong &lt;br&gt;

'''Feminine:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Hond² 'Hand'
! Honda 'Hands'
! Ƿynn³ 'Joy'
! Ƿynna 'Joys'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || hond || hondu || Ƿynn || Ƿynna
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || honda || honda || Ƿynne || Ƿynna
|-
| '''Dative'''  || honda || hondum || Ƿynne  || Ƿynnum
|-
| '''Accusative''' || hond || honda || Ƿynne  || Ƿynna
|}
²'''Hond''' could also be spelt/pronounced '''Hand'''. &lt;br&gt;
³'''Ƿ''' could also be spelt '''W''', so '''Ƿynn''' could easily be '''Wynn'''. &lt;br&gt;
* Note the '''Hond''' is strong ja-stemmed and '''Wynn''' is regular strong.

'''Neuter:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Scip⁴ 'Ship'
! Scipu 'Ships'
! Dēor⁵ 'Animal'
! Dēor 'Animals'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || scip || scipu || dēor || dēor
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || scipes || scipa || dēores || dēora
|-
| '''Dative'''  || scipe || scipum || dēore || dēorum
|-
| '''Accusative''' || scip || scipu || dēor || dēor
|}

⁴'''Scip''' is pronounced the same way as the modern equivalent, '''Ship'''. &lt;br&gt;
⁵'''Dēor''', related to the German word '''Tier''' (animal), slowly became used for game animals, and later becomes '''Deer''' in Modern English. &lt;br&gt;
* Note that both nouns are strong here.

==Articles==
During the earlier ages of the Anglo-Saxon language, there were no articles.  Later, especially after the Viking invasion and towards the end of the Anglo-Saxon era, articles were developed.  They too declined by case and number, and included the [[Instrumental]] case, which was the same as Dative Nouns.  This also includes the meaning of '''that''' in the demonstrative sense.  Here are the articles:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || sē || sēo || ðæt || ðā
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || ðæs || ðǣre || ðæs || ðāra, ðǣra
|-
| '''Dative'''  || ðǣm || ðǣre || ðǣm || ðǣm, ðām
|-
| '''Accusative''' || ðone|| ðā || ðæt || ðā
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || ðē, ðon || ðǣre || ðē, ðon || ðǣm, ðām
|}

==Personal Pronouns==
Personal pronouns in Anglo-Saxon are quite different than Modern English.  They too are declined according to the four major cases, but also have an extra number illustration when there 2, [[Dual]].  With the dual, the verbs take the plural endings, and it only applies to the first and second person pronouns.  Here are the Charts for the Pronouns: &lt;br&gt;
'''First person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || mīn || uncer || ūre
|-
| '''Dative'''  || mē || unc || ūs
|-
| '''Accusative''' || mē|| unc || ūs
|}

'''Second person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative''' || þū || git || gē
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower
|-
| '''Dative'''  || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|-
| '''Accusative''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|}

'''Third person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Mascu. Sing.
! Fem. Sing.
! Neut. Sing.
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative''' || hē || hēo || hit || hīe
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || his || hiere || his || hiera
|-
| '''Dative'''  || him || hiere || him || him, heom
|-
| '''Accusative''' || hine || hīe || hit || hīe
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives also decline by gender, number, and case.  Because one adjective has to cover all three genders, two numbers, and four (five with the Strong) cases, there are more adjective forms than there are any other part of speech, with the possible exception of the verb.  They too have Strong and Weak forms and can have root vowel stems which are umlauted.  The plurals of the Weak forms are uniform across genders, but not in the Strong forms.  The same adjective could be Weak or Strong depending on context and the noun.

===Examples===
'''Gōd = Good''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Weak''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || gōda || gōde || gōde || gōdan
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| '''Dative'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| '''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|}

'''Strong''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Pl. Masc.
! Pl. Fem.
! Pl. Neut.
|-
| '''Nominative''' || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || gōdes || gōdre || gōdes || gōdra || gōdra || gōdra
|-
| '''Dative'''  || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|-
| '''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
| '''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdre || gōde || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|}

==Prepositions and Conjunctions==
Here is a list of Prepositions and Conjuctions.
===Prepositions===
æt - (dat.) at, from, (acc.) until, to &lt;br&gt;
tō - (dat.) to, towards, at, &lt;br&gt;
wið, wiþ - against, &lt;br&gt;
æfter - (dat.) after, &lt;br&gt;
on -  (dat.) in, on, (acc.) into, onto &lt;br&gt;
mid - (dat.) with, &lt;br&gt; 
of - (dat.) of, from, &lt;br&gt;
be - (dat. and acc.) by, near, along, about, &lt;br&gt;
beforan - (dat. and acc.) before, ahead of &lt;br&gt;
fram - (dat.) from, by, &lt;br&gt;
ofer - (dat.) over, upon (acc.) over to, across, &lt;br&gt;
þurh - (acc.) through &lt;br&gt;
under - (dat.) under (acc.) under, &lt;br&gt;
ymbe - (acc.) near, by, about, &lt;br&gt; 
in -  (dat.) in, (acc.) into, &lt;br&gt;
būtan - (dat. or acc.) outside, except, without, &lt;br&gt;
betweox - (dat. or acc.) between, among, &lt;br&gt;
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) to within, &lt;br&gt;
oð - (acc.) up to, until,  &lt;br&gt;
geond - (acc.) through, throughout, &lt;br&gt;
bufan (dat.) above, (acc.) upwards, &lt;br&gt;
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) into, &lt;br&gt;

===Conjunctions===
æfter - after, &lt;br&gt;
ǣr - before &lt;br&gt;
gif - if, &lt;br&gt;
hwæðer, hwæþer - whether &lt;br&gt;
þā, ðā - when, &lt;br&gt;
hwīle - while, &lt;br&gt;
swā - as, such,  (this word has a phonetic/semantic cognate in [[Old Norse]], sva.) &lt;br&gt;
swelce - as if, &lt;br&gt;
þæt, ðæt - that, so that, &lt;br&gt;
þǣr, ðǣr  - where, &lt;br&gt;
þēah, ðēah - though, &lt;br&gt;
siððan, siþþan - since, after, (this one is also in [[Old Norse]] and [[Middle English]] such as the first line in [[Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght]].) &lt;br&gt;

==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Page: [[Anglo-Saxon Verbs]] &lt;i&gt;
===Verbal Comparison, Patterns, and General Overview===
Like nouns and adjectives, Verbs have [[Strong]] and [[Weak]] forms.  The Strong forms usually involve vowel shifts in the stem, even in the present tense.  It is also inflected based on [[person]], [[number]], [[tense]], and [[mood]].

It is known for having -st in the second person, which was used for '''thou''' in the [[Middle English]] era.  It is also used in [[High German|German]] for the '''du''' form, which is the cognate to '''þū''' and '''thou''' (which is also a cognate to [[Latin]] '''tu''').  [[Anglo-Saxon Verbs]] are known for the signature -ð/-þ ending in the 3rd person singular, which was also used into the [[Early Modern English]] era, which [[Shakespeare]] is apart of, examples from that era include the words: hath, goeth, doth, knoweth, etc.  

The infinitive ending is commonly '''-an''' or '''-en''', which is similar to the modern [[High German|German]] '''-en''' infinitive ending.  Also the orthographic cognate '''ge-''' is used in both German and Anglo-Saxon to represent the past tense, even if they are not pronounced the same way, and in Standard [[High German]], the prefix is required, whereas the Anglo-Saxon one is more optional.  The [[Weak]] past tense marker inserts '''-ed-''', whereas the [[Strong]] past tense usually involves a vowel change.

Although Anglo-Saxon did have the Subjunctive and Imperative, the examples shall be focused on the Present and Past tenses.

==='''Weak Examples'''===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Lufian''' to love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Fremman''' to do
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || lufie || lufiað || fremme || fremmað
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lufast || lufiað || fremest || fremmað
|-
| '''3rd person''' || lufað || lufiað || fremeð || fremmað
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past tense'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || lufode || lufodon || fremede || fremedon
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lufodest || lufodon || fremedest || fremedon
|-
| '''3rd person''' || lufode || lufodon || fremede || fremedon
|}

==='''Strong Examples'''===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Singan''' to sing || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Niman''' to take
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || singe || singað || nime || nimað
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || singest || singað || nimest || nimað
|-
| '''3rd person''' || singeð || singað || nimeð || nimað
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past Tense'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || sang || sungon || nam || nāmon
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || sunge || sungon || nāme || nāmon
|-
| '''3rd person''' || sang || sungon || nam|| nāmon
|}

==='''The Verb &lt;i&gt; Bēon &lt;i&gt; and &lt;i&gt; Wesan &lt;i&gt;'''===
There are two forms of the verb &lt;i&gt;[[to be]]&lt;i&gt; in Anglo-Saxon.  They both share the same past tense, rooted in '''wesan'''.  The verb form '''wesan''' was preserved in the past tense, in the form of '''was''' and '''were'''.

These verb forms were also preserved into the [[Middle English]] era, in an [[Epic]] called [[Brut]]: &lt;br&gt;
&quot;Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)&lt;br&gt;
You are worth as much as you are kind.&lt;br&gt;

{|class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Bēon''' to be || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Wesan''' to be
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || bēo || bēoð || eom|| sind, sindon
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || bist || bēoð || eart || sind, sindon
|-
| '''3rd person''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past Tense''' (for both)
|-
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| sing. ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pl. 
|-
| '''1st person''' ||  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wæs ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣron 
|-
| '''2nd person''' ||  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣre || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣron 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wæs || colspan=&quot;2&quot;|wǣron 
|}

=Texts=
There are many primary texts in Anglo-Saxon.  The most famous of which would be [[Beowulf]].  Other text's include, ''The Wife's Lament'', ''The Wanderer'', ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', ''Judith'', ''Cædmon's Hymn'', just to name a few.

=Sources and External Links=
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html

http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html

http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm

http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html

Finegan, Edward. &quot;English.&quot; The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990

Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.

Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

=Translations=
Faind [[Anggloo-Saksyn|dhys peedx]] in [[Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]].

[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>Old English</title>
    <id>5136</id>
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      <id>31908</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T18:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Anglo-Saxon]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Anglo-Saxon]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Real Language background pages</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-05-28T06:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Linguistics]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
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    <title>User talk:Blackkdark</title>
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      <id>46002</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thank you for creating the page about Anglo-Saxon and linking it to my conlang's page. Your involvement is appreciated.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 08:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Again, thanks for the links on my (New) West Germanic page. Feel free to keep adding them where you've created relevant articles. I take it for granted that people are familiar with Germanic languages and it's nice for someone reading my grammar to be able to click on something for further explanation.


Hey, I just wanted to say that in the [[New High German]] article you wrote: &lt;br&gt;
'''Der Mann, den ich gestern sah, ist gelassen. &lt;br&gt;
'''(The man, whom I yesterday saw, left.) &lt;br&gt;
'''Instead of; The man, whom I saw yesterday, left. &lt;br&gt;

&lt;Gelassen sein&gt; means something like &quot;to be cool, unhurried, calm&quot;. I think you mean &lt;ist gegangen&gt; instead of that. I don't want to change it as it seems to be a quote from your site, but notice that it is kind of wrong. =)

* I think I was going for past tense Lassen &quot;to leave&quot; and using sein since that's used with verbs of motion.  I do see your point and will correct it.  The source material isn't that important, but was written years ago.  Thanks.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 16:01, 12 June 2009 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tsingi china.png]]&quot;</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Modern English</title>
    <id>5143</id>
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      <id>39778</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-11T13:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alternative Scripts for Modern English */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''English''' is a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] language, serving basically as the lingua franca over much of the world; the most notable English-speaking countries are the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.

{{Language|
| English = English
| native = Modern English
| dialect english = 
| country = Great Britian, Ireland, United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand amongst others.
| nativecountry = 
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 350-400 million native.
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglo-Frisian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglic
| wordorder = SVO,
| type = Isolating (mostly)
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = [[Great Vowel Shift]]-Present C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}

=Stages=
English has had 4 primary stages:
* '''[[Anglo-Saxon]]''' also known as '''Old English'''
* '''[[Middle English]]'''
* '''[[Early Modern English]]'''
* '''Modern English'''

The separation of '''Anglo-Saxon''' from '''Middle English''' is marked by [[The Battle of Hastings]] in 1066.  The separation of '''Middle English''' and the '''Modern English''' stages is the [[Great Vowel Shift]].

Modern English words have many different origins, but a majority come from [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Old French|Old Norman French]], and a little [[Old Norse]].  However in the global world today, many words from many other languages have entered the English language.

=Phonology=
==Consonants==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || ||  || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || ||  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || ʔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || θ || ð || s || z || ʃ || (ʒ) || || ç || (x) || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || (ʦ) || (ʣ) || {{IPA|ʧ}} || ʤ || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || ʍ || w  || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹ}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || ||({{IPA|r}}) || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || ||({{IPA|ɾ}}) || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || || l/ɫ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* The glottal stop /ʔ/ is used in some British and Scottish accents instead of an unstressed intervocalic alveolar stop. In many American and some Australian dialects it rather becomes an alveolar flap /ɾ/ . Between a fricative and a syllabic sonorant /t/ is often dropped altogether: '''soften, often, castle, fasten'''. In open forms it is preserved : '''oft, soft, fast'''.
* In most dialects /h/ + /j/ results in /ç/.
* Voiceless plosives and affricates are aspirated when not preceded by /s/.
* The voiceless labio-velar glide /ʍ/ was descended from [[Anglo-Saxon]] '''hw''' and [[Middle English]] '''wh''', although it has been replaced in most dialects with /w/, in some dialects (particularly Scottish and some Midwestern American dialects) have preserved this sound.
* The orthographic diagraph '''gh''' has many pronunciations in English, historically it was /x/ or /ç/ and this sound is still preserved in some Scottish dialects.  
* The nasal sound /ŋ/ occurs before a velar stop and morpheme-finally, so /ŋk/, /ŋg/, and /ŋ/ are common. The orthographic combination '''ng''' usually represents /ŋ/, the /g/ having been dropped. In standard English words such as '''sing''', '''sin''', and '''sink''' are minimal pairs as such /'''sɪŋ'''/, /'''sɪn'''/, and /'''sɪŋk'''/.  There are exceptions such as '''singer''' /'''sɪŋəɹ'''/ vs. '''finger''' /'''fɪŋgəɹ'''/ which obviously don't rhyme.
* The inter-dental sounds are spelt '''th''' for both voicings, although it is always devoiced before /ɹ/.
* The sound /ʒ/ occurs in [[French]] loanwords (written as '''j''') or is represented by an inter-vocal orthographic '''s''', with examples such such as mea'''s'''ure or A'''s'''ia.
* The sound /ʤ/ occurs from an orthographic '''j''', or the '''g''' in the combinations '''gi''' and '''ge''', although the latter two sometimes retain hard /g/ pronunciations from [[Old English]], such as give /gɪv/ and get /gɛt/. 
* The alveolar affricates usually occur as clusters /t d/ + /s z/, but can be occasionally found in loanwords, or dialectally for /s z/ before /n/.
* The '''c''' in the spellings '''ci''' and '''ce''' has the sound /s/, unless it is from an '''Old English''' root, such as celt /kɜlt/.
* * The inter-dentals are replaced by several other pairings in many dialects, some of the replacing sounds are: /d, t/, /f, v/ /s, z/.
* The Standard American value of the rhotic consonant /r/ is the approximate [ɹ] which also involves a bit of lip rounding, leading to some children substituting /w/ for /ɹ/ in early stages of development. The trill [r] is preserved in a few British and Scottish&lt;!--redundant, Scotland *is* in Britain--&gt; dialects.

==Vowels==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  |||Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - ɪ || || uː - ʊ
|- 
| Mid || eː - ɛ  || ə/ʌ || oː - ɔ
|-
| Low ||  æ ||  aː/a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Tense - Lax
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* '''ee''' is most often pronounced /iː/.
* '''i''' is /ɪ/ or  /aj/ (with S.e).
* '''y''' is pronounced /aj/ most of the time, occasionally /ɪ/, and when in the final position it's pronounced /i/.
* '''ai''' or '''a''' (with S.e) is often pronounced /eː/ or /ei/.
* '''a''' in a words (without S.e) is pronounced /æ/ in most American dialects and sometimes /a/ in British ones.
* '''o''' is pronounced /a/ in [[Standard American]] and /ɔ/ in [[British RP]].
* In words which do have S.e, the letter '''o''' have a pronunciation of /oː/.
* '''oo''' is either pronounced /uː/ or /ʊ/.
* '''u''' is pronounced /uː/ (with S.e) or /ʌ/.
* /ə/ is used for most unstressed syllables.  

===Diphthongs===
* '''oy''' and '''oi''' are pronounced /oj/.
* '''ie''', '''y''', '''igh''', and '''i''' or '''y''' with '''the Silent e''' are pronounced /aj/.
* '''ow''' or '''ou''' is pronounced /aw/.
* '''ei''' is often pronounced /ei/ and sometimes /aj/.
* '''ow''' is sometimes pronounced /ow/ rather than /aw/.

It should be noted that these vary greatly across dialects.  This is a simplified version based on '''British RP''' and '''Standard American'''.

===The Silent e===
Vowels in an English word are often affected by [[The Silent e]] abbreviated here as S.e, or a final '''-e''' at the end of a word.  The e used to pronounced as a schwa /ə/ in Middle English, but was affectively dropped in most cases by the [[Early Modern English]] era.  However, sometimes the S.e itself does not have to be present in order for its effects to be seen.  Sometimes a whole syllable can replace S.e.  Take a word like '''realize''' /rilajz/, when you change the '''-e''' to '''-ation''' you have '''realization''' /rilajzeʃjən/ or in not careful speech /riləzeʃjən/.

=Grammar=

==Articles==
There are two articles in the English language, one definite and one indefinite.  They are used in specific ways, sometimes unique to English, sometimes they are used in the generic meaning of [[definite]] and [[indefinite]].  The definite article is '''the''' and the indefinite article is '''a''' or '''an''' before a word starting with a vowel &lt;i&gt; sound &lt;i&gt;. This means that it must be a vowel sound, not orthographic vowel.  Examples that might seem strange would be : '''An honest''' decision, An hour, BUT: a universe, a unicorn, a use (many uni- words in English are pronounced /juni-/ with a consonantal /j/ not an initial vowel.
==Nouns==
English nouns have four forms, descended from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] declension system.  There are two numbers, singular and plural, and there is one case which distinguishes itself from the other forms.  That would be the [[Genitive]] which has the ending '''-'s'''  and sometimes '''-'''' in the singular and '''-'''' in the plural.

The common way to form the plural in English is addition of '''-s''' or '''-es''' (if the word ends with '''-sh''', '''-ch''', '''-s''', '''-z''' or '''-x'''.  If the word ends with a '''-y''' the plural is usually '''-ies'''.

A common noun such as '''ship''' or '''glass''' might look as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
!
! '''Sing.''' 
! '''Plur.'''
! '''Sing.'''
! '''Plur.'''
|-
| '''Nom.''' || ship || ships || glass || glasses
|-
| '''Gen.''' || ship's || ships' || glass's || glasses'
|}

There are many irregular nouns in English, most of which come from Old English, although a few come from Latin and French.  Some require stem changes, such as '''man''' to '''men''', '''mouse''' to '''mice''', or '''foot''' to '''feet'''.  There are some patterns, and a few are rooted in Germanic words such as '''child''' to '''children''' and '''ox''' to '''oxen'''.  Many animal nouns have plural forms which are the same as the singular forms, such as '''sheep''', '''deer''', and '''fish'''.  Some nouns are completely irregular and have to memorized, such as '''die''' and '''dice'''.  It should be noted that with words like '''Woman''' versus '''Women''' the difference in pronunciation is in the first vowel, not the second.

Latin based nouns often have Latin plurals or two plurals (one Latin ending, and another Standard English ending).  There are also many '''group''' nouns which are always plural.  There are some plural nouns which have plural forms, '''group''' &amp; '''groups''', '''people''' &amp; '''peoples'''.

===Gender===
English does not have Grammatical Gender like many other languages, but some of the nouns do reflect a system of endings which indicate gender.  The common masculine ending is '''-er''' or '''-or''', although these often can indicate either gender in modern society.  The common feminine ending is to add '''-ess''' to the end of the masculine form.  Examples include: '''waiter''' vs. '''waitress''', '''actor''' vs. '''actress''', '''lion''' vs. '''lioness''', '''duke''' vs. '''duchess''', '''prince''' vs. '''princess'''.

Other pairings are different because they may come from different stems.  These include: '''king''' vs. '''queen''', '''brother''' vs. '''sister''', '''father'''' vs. '''mother''', '''husband''' vs. '''wife''', '''(brides)groom''' vs. '''bride''', '''uncle''' vs. '''aunt''', '''son''' vs. '''daughter'''.

It should be noted that words ending with the suffix '''-man''' do NOT reflect a masculine person, but rather the Germanic root which means '''one'''.  So a '''Spokesman''' is not a '''man who speaks''', but '''one who speaks''', etc.

==Personal Pronouns==
There are two major cases for [[Personal Pronouns]] in English, Subjective and Objective (Nominative and Accusative).  
There is a possessive form, similar to an Genitive form, as well as an adjective form of that.  There is only one second person form in Modern English, although all previous stages had a second person form, leading to '''thou''' in [[Early Modern English]].  The third person singular pronoun does separate out by gender.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Case
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|First Person
! Second Person
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Third Person
|-
| || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. &amp; Plur. || Sing. Masc. || Sing. Fem. || Sing. Neut. || Plur.
|-
| '''Subjective''' || I || we || you || he || she || it || they
|-
| '''Objective'''  || me || us || you || him || her || it || them
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || mine, my || ours, our|| yours, your || his, his || hers, her || its, its || theirs, their
|}

==Adjectives and Adverbs==
[[Adjective]]s in English occur before the noun they describe, with a few specific French examples, or in poetic terms it can occur afterwards if the word '''so''' is inserted between the noun and the adjective: Maiden so fair.

Adjectives do not take any endings, unlike the adjectives of [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Old French]], [[Latin]], [[Old Norse]].

To form the [[Adverb]] form of an Adjective is created by adding the ending '''-ly'''.  An example might be: Happy, Happily.  Adverbs can be placed at different locations in a sentence.  [[Prescriptive]] grammar says that a verb infinitive cannot be split by an adverb, but most speaker do it and [[Descriptive]] grammar allows it.

It should be noted that not all adverbs have an '''-ly''' ending, such as: very, tomorrow, yesterday, fast, today, well, etc.  There are some cases when the adjective can become an adverb without the ending, usually when the adverb is at the end of the sentence, such as: He hit me very '''hard'''.

==Prepositions and Conjunctions==
There are many Prepositions in English, and because English does not have a case system, the prepositions often take the place of the case system.  English is an [[Isolating]] language partly in this way.  Prepositions describe loction (under, on, in) direction (into, towards, to) time (after, during, before) and other things. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; 
However, many idiomatic phrases are constructed using prepositions and many of these must be memorized and do not have a pattern or reason. Expressions like: '''On TV''', '''In your head''', '''Out of (outta) my mind''', etc. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There are also Verbal expressions which have prepositionals added to them.  This is common amongst many [[Germanic]] languages.  English separates these phrases and the meanings are different for these expressions from the solo verb. An example such as: '''to make''' vs. '''to make up''' vs. '''to make out'''. or '''to find''' vs. '''to find out'''.
&lt;br&gt;

Conjunctions have several generic types. &lt;br&gt;
The first type is the [[Coordinating Conjunctions]].  These include '''and''', '''yet''', '''so''', '''for''' '''or''', '''nor''' and '''but'''.  It is used for lists and to connect two phrases or sentences.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The next type is the [[Correlative Conjunctions]].  These come in pairing such as '''Neither...nor''' or '''Either...or'''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The last type is [[Subordinating Conjunctions]].  These are the conjunctions which combine independent and dependent 
clauses.  Often the clauses can be transported to other parts of the sentence for emphasis.  Some of these include '''because''', '''if''', '''although''', '''after''', and '''once'''.

==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Page: [[Modern English Verbs]] &lt;i&gt;
===Present Tense===
The Present tense is useful for describing different parts of events that are currently happening.  However, the rules are rather tricky and often confusing for non-native speakers.  The conjugation of almost any verb in English has the pattern of being the same in all numbers and person, except the third person singular, which adds '''-s''' or '''-es''' to the stem.  The ending '''-es''' occurs if the verb stem ends with '''-sh''', '''-ch''', '''-s''', '''-z''' or '''-x'''.  If the verb ends with a '''-y''' the third person singular usually ends with '''-ies'''. The [[Modals]] do not take this ending, and a few other verbs have vowel or consonant stem changes in this tense, such as do /du/ to does /dʌz/, say /se/ to says /sɜz/ or have /hæv/ to has /hæz/.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || learn || learn || guess || guess || sing || sing || go || go
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || learn || learn || guess || guess || sing || sing || go || go
|-
| '''3rd person''' || learns || learn || guesses || guess || sings || sing || goes || go
|}

====Progressive====
The progressive tense in English is used to describe things that are happening at the moment of the speech act.  This is formed by using a form of the verb '''to be''' and adding '''-ing''' to the verb stem.  A few verbs which end with the /aj/ sound replace the orthographic vowel for '''-y-''' at the end of the verb stem ('''lie''' vs. '''lying''', '''die''' vs. '''dying''').  The examples in the Progressive form are as follows:

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Progressive tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || am learning || are learning || am guessing || are guessing || am singing || are singing || am going || are going 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || are learning || are learning || are guessing || are guessing || are singing || are singing || are going || are going 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || is learning || are learning || is guessing || are guessing || is singing || are singing || is going || are going 
|}

====Emphatic====
The Emphatic part of the present tense is used for emphasis, negation, questions and in some British dialects it is used a lot in the imperative.  It is formed with the verb '''to do'''.  An example might be: &lt;br&gt;
Present tense: '''I sing in the chorus.''' &lt;br&gt;
Emphatic Present: '''I &lt;i&gt;do&lt;i&gt; sing in the chorus.''' &lt;br&gt;
=====Negation and Questions=====
In English, negative statements and '''yes or no''' questions also get the verb '''to do''' and are put into this category as well.  Take these: &lt;br&gt;
Question: '''Do you sing in the chorus?''' &lt;br&gt;
Negation: '''I don't sing in the chorus.''' (or) '''I do not sing in the chorus.''' &lt;br&gt;
Both: '''Don't you sing in the chorus?''' &lt;br&gt;
In [[Early Modern English]] and archaic sounding Modern English, the adverb '''not''' could be placed after the main acting verb.  This would lead to: &lt;br&gt;
Archaic: '''I sing not in the chorus.''' &lt;br&gt;
In response to questions which use the emphatic form, usually a yes or no comes, but an emphatic answer is allowed: &lt;br&gt; 
Question: '''Do you sing in the chorus?''' &lt;br&gt;
Answer: '''(yes,) I do'''. &lt;br&gt;

=====Emphatic Imperatives=====
In most forms of English, [[General American]] amongst them, the only emphatic form which comes into the imperative is the negative.  This leads to expressions like: &lt;br&gt;
'''Don't sing right now.''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Don't go into the forest.''' &lt;br&gt;
In some British dialects, the positive emphatic is used in the imperative.  Take examples such as: &lt;br&gt;
'''Do have yourself something to eat.''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Do come in.''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Do sit down.''' &lt;br&gt;

===Future Tense===
There are three basic ways to talk about future events in English.  The first is the present tense and an adverb of time (such as '''I leave tomorrow.''').  The second is using the verb '''to be''' with a verb infinitive (such as '''I am to leave.''').   The last way is to use the verb '''shall''' or '''will'''.  Although in [[Middle English]] and [[Anglo-Saxon]] there was a distinction between these two verbs, now they mean the same thing.  The verb '''shall''' has become more archaic, although its more acceptable to use with the first person ('''I shall, we shall'''), and in America the negative form '''shan't''' is rarely heard.  The examples will have the mix with the first person having '''shall''' although it is common to have both used in general.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || shall learn || shall learn || shall guess || shall guess || shall sing || shall sing || shall go || shall go
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || will  learn || will learn || will guess || will guess || will sing || will sing || will go || will go
|-
| '''3rd person''' || will learn || will learn || will guess || will guess || will sing || will sing || will go || will go
|}

===Simple Past===
For regular verbs, the simple past is formed by adding '''-ed'''  to the root.  If the root already ends in '''e''' then the ending is only '''-d'''.  For irregular verbs, there are several possible ways to form this tense.  Some involve vowel changes, and others change forms completely.  Some irregulars could be '''drive-drove''' or '''think-thought'''.   Two of the sample verbs are irregular:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || learned || learned || guessed || guessed || sang || sang || went¤ || went 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || learned || learned || guessed || guessed || sang || sang || went || went 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || learned || learned || guessed || guessed || sang || sang || went || went 
|}
¤The past tense of the verb '''to go''' is '''went''' because in older forms of English there were two verbs that meant '''to go''': '''goon''' and '''wenden'''.  Eventually they merged and the forms from '''wenden''' became part of the past tense.

===Perfect Tense===
The Perfect tense is formed in regular verbs in a way that is very similar to the Passive Voice and the Simple Past.  For irregular verbs it can be various different things from a vowel stem change to a complete change in form.  For all verbs in the Perfect tense (either Present Perfect or Past Perfect) there must be form of the verb '''to have'''.  Some irregulars take the Germanic '''-(e)n''' ending that is in [[High German]] as well as older forms of English.  These include '''take-taken''', '''prove-proven'''. '''steal-stolen''', '''know-known''', '''see-seen''', '''break-broken''', amongst many others.  Here are the samples 
(of which '''sing''' and '''go''' are irregular) in this tense:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || have learned || have learned || have guessed || have guessed || have sung || have sung || have gone || have gone 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || have learned || have learned || have guessed || have guessed || have sung || have sung || have gone || have gone 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || has learned || have learned || has guessed || have guessed || has sung || have sung || has gone || have gone 
|}

===Subjunctive and Imperative===
The subjunctive in English is nearly dead, though a few dialects still preserve it.  The subjunctive has often been replaced by the [[conditional]] case.  Some expressions still have the subjunctive, such as: &lt;br&gt;
If I '''were''' president, I would fix this economy. (instead of '''was''') &lt;br&gt;
He wishes it '''were''' different than it is. (instead of '''was''') &lt;br&gt;
It is imperative that he '''be''' read to leave when they get here. (instead of '''is''') &lt;br&gt;

Because the subjunctive uses the simple past tense of the verb, it is often impossible to show the difference between them.  The verb '''to be''' which has an irregular past tense is where the subjunctive can still be seen. &lt;br&gt;

The Imperative in English is formed simply by using the root of the verb, or the verb formed used in the infinitive.  The uses of the negative imperative are mentioned above (don't).  There is no difference in number for the imperative.  The first person plural form of the imperative is always formed by adding '''let's''' at the beginning.  This is the example using the verb '''to go''': &lt;br&gt;
Go to the store and get me something to eat. &lt;br&gt; 
Don't go into that field. &lt;br&gt;
Let's go to the movies tonight. &lt;br&gt;

===Passive===
The passive voice is also formed with the verb '''to be'''. Unlike of the progressive, the passive uses Present Perfect form of the verb.  It is not usually preferred and often is changed into the active voice.  A pairing might be: &lt;br&gt;
'''The man hit the ball.''' (active) &lt;br&gt;
'''The ball was hit by the man.''' (passive) &lt;br&gt;
The sample verbs are as follows: &lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to learn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to guess''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to sing''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''to go''' 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || am learned || are learned || am guessed || are guessed || am sung || are sung || am gone || are gone 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || are learned || are learned || are guessed || are guessed || are sung || are sung || are gone || are gone 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || is learned || are learned || is guessed || are guessed || is sung || are sung || is gone || are gone 
|} 

===The Verb &lt;i&gt;to be&lt;i&gt; &amp; &lt;i&gt;to have&lt;i&gt;===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to be''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''to have'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || am || are || have || have
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || are || are || have || have
|-
| '''3rd person''' || is || are || has || have
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Simple Past'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || was || were || had || had 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || were || were || had || had
|-
| '''3rd person''' || was || were || had || had
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Perfect Form'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || have been || have been  || have had || have had
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || have been  || have been  || have had || have had
|-
| '''3rd person''' || has been  || have been || has had || have had 
|}

===Modals===
Modals are important in English.  However, there are no standard infinitive forms and are often replaced with other expressions.  Here is a listing of them that has been over simplified:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Infinitive''' || to be allowed || to be able || to have to || to be supposed to || to possibly be || to want
|-
| '''Modal'''  || may || can || must, ought || should || could, might || would 
|}
* '''Might''' is a form of '''may'''.
* '''Would''' is a form of '''will'''.
* '''Should''' is a form of '''shall'''.
* '''Could''' is a form of '''can'''.
* The expression '''would like''' is similar to '''to want'''.

=Languages based on English=
==[[Creole]]s and natural descendants==
*[[Tok Pisin]]
*[[Scots]]
*[[Hawai'ian Creole]], also known as '''Hawai'ian Pidgin'''
*[[Spanglish]]
*[[Gullah]]

==Constructed languages==
*[[Volapük]] (with other sources)

----
=Alternative Scripts for Modern English=
[[Tower Orthography]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Krisauka]] &lt;br&gt;

=Sources=


Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

=Translations=

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]

[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Latin</title>
    <id>5145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>31939</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-28T21:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">hey, I'd like to add &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Real Language background pages]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; to this page. - [[user:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]]
:You can add categories anytime. [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:28, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
::Hmm ... okay, there was a link that prevented changes from being saved.  Edited to allow it [[User:Nik|Nik]] 19:31, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Thanks, I think it works better in that category that you can get to from the front site.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xenogenesis theory</title>
    <id>5146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42064</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Xenogenesis Theory''' grew out of evolutionary theory, and proposed that [[humans (Galhaf)|humans]], along with the other [[neoanimalia|&quot;new&quot; animals]] and the [[neoplantae|&quot;new&quot; plants]] had originated outside of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  The terms &quot;new&quot; animals and &quot;new&quot; plants referrred to species that appeared quite suddenly in the fossil record, with no predecessors, and major anatomical differences with the &quot;old&quot; plants and animals.  This eventually provided the basis for the &quot;world&quot; level in the [[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy|standard taxonomy]].

[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleoanimalia</title>
    <id>5148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45434</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:36:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
|}

'''Paleoanimalia''' (''Khávè phiña'', &quot;Old Animals&quot;) is a kingdom of [[Native life of Galhaf|native Galhafan life]], consisting of native animals.  Almost all paleoanimals display some form of [[Wikipedia:alternation of generations|alternation of generations]], although in some groups, the haploid stage is reduced to just a few cells.

== Subkingdoms==
Paleoanimalia are commonly divided into three subkingdoms, although the monophyly of these groups is not settled.
*[[Cispaleoanimalia]] (probably paraphyletic to the other two)
*[[Xenoanimalia]]
*[[Ospendakhian animalia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indo-European</title>
    <id>5149</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>31983</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-29T05:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Indo-European languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Indo-European languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germanic</title>
    <id>5150</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>31984</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-29T05:28:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Germanic languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Germanic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anggloo-Saksyn</title>
    <id>5151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32243</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-03T22:22:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;small&gt; This article is in [[Tower Orthography]], to see it in [[Modern English|standard English]] click [[Anglo-Saxon|here.]]&lt;small&gt;

Anggloo-Saksyn oor Oold Ingglic (A.S. '''Englisc''') iz dhy ansestyr yv Maadern Ingglic.  It iz y West Dxermanik Langgwidx and laik Dytc and Loo Saksyn (Loo Dxerman) it did naat goo throo dhy Hai Dxerman Kansynent Cift.  

{{Language|
| English = Anggloo-Saksyn
| native = Englisc
| dialect english = 
| country = Anggloo-Land (Inggland)
| nativecountry = Angelcynn
| universe = Riil world
| speakers = unknown
| family = Indoo-Joroopijyn
| branch = Dzermanik
| subbranch = West Dxermanik &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anggloo-Friixyn &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Angglik
| wordorder = Ynimpoortant/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflekting
| alignment = naminytiv-akjuusytiv
| author = ynoon
| date = 400-1066 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}


=Dhy Piipyl and Literytcyr=
Dhy Saksyns wer invaitid tuu Briten tuu help fait of dhy Pikts.  Y lardx maigreecyn yv Saksyns dhen muuvd frym maadern Nordhern Dxermanii and Haalind tuu Inggland.  Dhy nekst fjuu sentcyriiz dhee ekspandid westwyrd kaanstyntlii and geend moor land.  Dhy piipyl dhen biikeem mikst with dhy Roomanoo-Britic piipyl olredii living dheer.

In dhy 9th and 10th sentcyriis, Deenic Vaikings inveedid parts yv Inggland.  Dhy '''Oold Noors''' influunets kan stil bii siin tuudee.  

hy most wel noon tekst in Anggloo-Saksyn iz dhat vy dhy Hirooik Epik, '''Beowulf'''.  Oold Ingglic lityratcyr is noon foor alityreecyn, and dheer ar menii Angglo-Saksyn ridylz.  Y kraanicyl noon az dhy '''Anggloo-Saksyn Kraanicyl''' wyz y kraanicyl yv dhy iivents yv dhy Kingdym, and wyz laiklii startid in dhy 10th sentcyrii and wyz cyntinuwalii ypdeetid intuu dhy 12th.


Dheer iz noo standyrd speling in Anggloo-Saksyn, soo menii wyrds had moor dhan wyn speling.

=Oorthaagryfii and Fynaalodx=
==Ruunik==
[[Image:Anglo-saxon runes.gif|thumb|right|Anglo-Saxon Runic alphabet]]
Erii foormz yv Angglooo-Saksyn raiting wyz in Ruunik.  It wyz yn ekspancyn yv dhy aaridxinal 24 ruun Fuþark, and had biikym Fuþorc.  Biikyz dhy langgwidx had ciftid tuu ingkluud nuu saundz, Dhy aalfybet itself ciftid and ingkluudid severyl nuu letyrz that had nat bin in dhy Eldyr Fuþark.  Hawevyr dhee did nat diivelyp dhy wyn Staf sistym similyr tuu dhy ruunik dezainz in Noorwee, Swiidyn and Denmark.

Wen dhy Latin Aalfybet wyz introoduust, Anggloo-Saksyn adid tuu simbylz tuu dhu Latin aalfybet frym Ruunik, dhooz wud bii &quot;þ&quot; /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/ and &quot;Ƿ&quot; /[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]/ frym ruunik, kold '''Thorn''' and '''Wynn''' riispektivlii.

==Aalfybet==
[[Image:Wynn.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Ƿƿ''' ''wynn'', Old&amp;nbsp;English&amp;nbsp;'''[[Labial-velar approximant|w]]''', witc iz mising in menii juunikood faants.]]
Dhy Oold Ingglic Aalfybet wyz y Latin beest aalfybet and ingkluudid y fjuu ekstry simbylz dhat Madern Inghlic spiikyrz wud nat nesyseerilii rekagnaiz.  Dhy dajygrafs wer olsoo kwait diferent dhan madern speling and ingkluudid '''cg''' /[[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]]/ and  '''c''' /[[Voiceless Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]]/ and '''sc''' /[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/.  Dhy latyr tuu oonlii biikym dhooz saundz biifoor oor aftyr y frynt ynraundid vaulz, ydhyrwaiz dhej ar /[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]/ and /sk/ riispektivlii.  Dhy letyr '''g''' biikymz /[[Palatal approximant|j]]/ nekst tuu frynt vauls.  Dhis iz hau '''gear''' biikymz '''year'''.  Dhy kaamyn verbyl priifiks foor dhy past partysipyl iz '''ge-''' witc wyz prynaunst /jə/ and dhis saund wyz priizervd intuu Midyl Ingglic az '''y-''' sytc az in Dxefrii Tcausyr with wyrds laik '''yronne''' (ran).

Oold Ingglic did naat juuz dhy leterz '''v''' and '''z''', biikyz '''f''' and '''s''' bekeem /[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]/.  Dhy letyrz '''þ''' and '''ð''' booth repriisentid dhy intyr-dentyl frikytiv /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/ (inicalii and fainyli) and /[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ (biitwiin vaulz).  Dhis wud miin dhat ol dhy frikytivz wud bii voist biitwiin vaulz, and voisles in ythyr ceesizs.


Dhy letyr '''h''' wyz prynaunst /[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/ wen begining y silybyl oor wyrd.  Aftyr y bak vaul, it biikymz /[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/, and aftyr y frynt vaul, it biickymz /[[Voiceless palatal sibilant|ç]]/.  Dhis meeks it simylyr tuu Dxerman '''ch'''.

=Gramyr=
==Naunz==
===Dxendyr and Nymbyr===
Dheer ar thrii Dxenders in Oold Ingglic: [[Masculine|Maskjuliin]], [[Feminine|Feminiin]], and [[Neuter|Nuutyr]].  Dhiiz ar dhy seem dxendyrs in [[Latin]], az wel az madern [[Russian|Rycyn]] and [[German|Dxerman]].  Laik moost langgwidxz witc hav dxenders, Naunz witc riiflekt living thingz ar juuzuwalii indikeetid in dhy Dxender yv dhy naun, byt y mydxaritii iz kympliitlii randym.

Dhy tuu nymbyrz yv Anggloo-Saksyn ar Singgjuulyr and Plooryl.  Proonoauns hav dhu Duul nymbyr az wel.

===Keesiz===
Ynlaik Maadern Ingglic, Anggloo-Saksyn wyz fild with naun inflekcynz diinooting dhy kees yv dhy naun.  Dhy oonlii wyn Dhat syrvaivd thruu dhy Midyl Inghlic ery wyz dhy '''-'s''' ending diinooting dhy aaridxinyl Dxenytiv kees.  Dhy Keesiz wer Namnytiv, Akjuusytiv, Dxenytiv, and Deetiv.

===Strong and Wiik===
Laik with Verbz, Anggloo-Saksyn had menii naunz witc tceendxid Dheer stemz, booth in dhy plooryl and symtaimz dooring sym  yv dhy keesiz yv dhy singgjuulyr.  Dhiiz ar dhy riisynz foor iregjulyr naunz in Maadern Inhglic with stem tceendxiz, sytc az Man-Men (AS Mann-Menn in Naam.).  Dhis iz oftyn haw Anggloo-Saksyn naunz ar katygoorizd.

===Egzampyl tcarts===
'''Maskjuuliin:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Dæg¹ 'Dee'
! Dagas 'Deez'
! Stān 'Stoon'
! Stānas 'Stoonz'
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || dæg || dagas || stān || stānas
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || dæges || daga || stānes || stāna
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || dæge || dagum || stāne || stānum
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || dæg || dagas || stān || stānas
|}
¹'''Dæg''' wyz proonauntst mutc laik dhy wyrd '''Dai''' in Maadern Ingglic, oor dhy Ostreeljyn/Kaaknii proonyntsieecyn yv '''&quot;Dee.&quot;''' &lt;br&gt;

'''Feminiin:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Hond² 'Hand'
! Honda 'Handz'
! Ƿynn³ 'Joi'
! Ƿynna 'Joiz'
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || hond || hondu || Ƿynn || Ƿynna
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || honda || honda || Ƿynne || Ƿynna
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || honda || hondum || Ƿynne  || Ƿynnum
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || hond || honda || Ƿynne  || Ƿynna
|}
²'''Hond''' kud olsoo bii spelt/proonauntst '''Hand'''. &lt;br&gt;
³'''Ƿ''' kud olsoo bii spelt '''W''', soo '''Ƿynn''' kud iisilii bii '''Wynn'''. &lt;br&gt;

'''Nuutyr:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Scip⁴ 'Cip'
! Scipu 'Cips'
! Dēor⁵ 'Animyl'
! Dēor 'Animylz'
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || scip || scipu || dēor || dēor
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || scipes || scipa || dēores || dēora
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || scipe || scipum || dēor || dēorum
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || scip || scipu || dēore || dēor
|}

⁴'''Scip''' iz proonauntst dhy seem wee az dhy maadern ekwivylent, '''Cip'''. &lt;br&gt;
⁵'''Dēor''', riileetid tuu dhy Dxerman wyrd '''Tier''' (animyl), sloolii biikeem juuzd foor geem animylz, and leetyr biikymz '''Diir''' in Modern English. &lt;br&gt;

==Artikyls==
Dyring dhy iirlijyr adxiz yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn langgwidx, dheer wer noo artikylz.  Leetyr, especylii aftyr dhy Vaiking inveexyn and tuwyrdz dhy end yv dhy Anggloo-Saksyn ery, artikylz wer diivelypt.  Dhee tuu diiklaind bai kees and nymbyr, and ingkluudid dhy Instrymentyl kees, witc wyz dhy seem az Deetiv Naunz.  Hiir ar dhy artikylz:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Maskjuuliin
! Feminiin
! Nuutyr
! Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || se || sēo || ðæt || ðā
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || ðæs || ðǣre || ðæs || ðāra, ðǣra
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || ðǣm || ðǣre || ðǣm || ðǣm, ðām
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || ðone|| ðā || ðæt || ðā
|-
| '''Instrymentyl ''' || ðē, ðon || ðǣre || ðē, ðon || ðǣm, ðām
|}

==Persynyl Proonaunz==
Persynyl proonaunz in Anggloo-Saksyn ar kwait diferent dhan Maadern Ingglic.  Dhee tuu ar diiklaind ykoording tuu dhy foor meedxyr keesiz, byt olsoo hav yn ekstry nymbyr ilystreecyn wen dheer 2, Duul.  With dhy duul, dhy verbz teek dhy plooryl endingz, and it oonlii yplaiz tuu dhy fyrst and sekynd persyn proonaunz.  Hiir ar dhy Tcarts foor dhy Proonaunz: &lt;br&gt;
'''Fyrst persyn:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Singgjuulyr 
! Duul
! Plooryl
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || ic, ih || Ƿit, wit || Ƿē, wē
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || mīn || uncer || ūre
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || mē || unc || ūs
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || mē|| unc || ūs
|}

'''Second person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Singular
! Duul
! Plooryl
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || þū || git || gē
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || þīn || incer || ēoǷer, ēower
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || þē || inc || ēoǷ, ēow
|}

'''Third person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Maskjuu. Sing.
! Fem. Sing.
! Nuut. Sing.
! Plooryl
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || hē || hēo || hit || hīe
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || his || hiere || his || hiera
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || him || hiere || him || him, heom
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || hine || hīe || hit || hīe
|}

==Adxektivz==
Adxektivz olsoo diiclain bai dxendyr, nymbyr, and cees.  Biikyz wyn Adxektiv haz tuu cyvyr ol thrii dxendyrz, tuu nymbyrz, and foor (faiv with dhy Strong) keesiz, dheer ar moor adxektaiv foormz dhan dheer ar enii ydhyr part yv spiitc, with dhy paasibyl eksepcyn yv dhy verb.  dhee tuu hav Strong and Wiik foormz and kan hav ruut vaul stemz witc ar uumlautid.  Dhy ploorylz yv dhy Wiik foormz ar juunifoorm akros dxendyrs, byt naat in dhy Strong foorms.  Dhy seem adxektiv kud bii Wiik oor Strong diipending on caantekst and dhy naun.

===Egzampylz===
'''Gōd = Gud''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Wiik''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Maskjuuliin
! Feminiin
! Nuutyr
! Plooryl(ol Dxendyrz)
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || gōda || gōde || gōde || gōdan
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|}

'''Strong''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Keesiz
! Maskjuuliin
! Feminiin
! Nuutyr
! Pl. Mask.
! Pl. Fem.
! Pl. Nuut.
|-
| '''Naamnytiv''' || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
| '''Dxenytiv'''  || gōdes || gōdre || gōdes || gōdra || gōdra || gōdra
|-
| '''Deetiv'''  || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|-
| '''Akjuusytiv''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōde || gōda || gōd
|-
| '''Instrymentyl''' || gōde || gōdre || gōde || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum
|}

==Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz==
Hiir iz y list yv Prepysicynz and Cyndxynkcynz.
===Prepysicynz===
æt - (dat.) at, frym, (acc.) yntil, tuu &lt;br&gt;
tō - (dat.) tuu, tuwyrds, at, &lt;br&gt;
wið, wiþ - ygenst, &lt;br&gt;
æfter - (dat.) aftyr, &lt;br&gt;
on -  (dat.) in, on, (acc.) intuu, ontuu &lt;br&gt;
mid - (dat.) with, &lt;br&gt; 
of - (dat.) yv, frym, &lt;br&gt;
be - (dat. and acc.) bai, niir, ylong, ybaut, &lt;br&gt;
beforan - (dat. and acc.) biifoor, yhed yv &lt;br&gt;
fram - (dat.) frym, bai, &lt;br&gt;
ofer - (dat.) oovyr, ypon (acc.) oovyr tuu, ykros, &lt;br&gt;
þurh - (acc.) thruu &lt;br&gt;
under - (dat.) yndyr (acc.) yndyr, &lt;br&gt;
ymbe - (acc.) niir, bai, ybaut, &lt;br&gt; 
in -  (dat.) in, (acc.) intuu, &lt;br&gt;
būtan - (dat. or acc.) autsaid, eksept, withaut, &lt;br&gt;
betweox - (dat. or acc.) biitwiin, ymong, &lt;br&gt;
binnan - (dat.) within, (acc.) tuu within, &lt;br&gt;
oð - (acc.) yp tuu, yntil,  &lt;br&gt;
geond - (acc.) thruu, thruwaut, &lt;br&gt;
bufan (dat.) ybyv, (acc.) ypwyrds, &lt;br&gt;
innan - (dat.) within (acc.) intuu, &lt;br&gt;

===Cyndxynkcynz===
æfter - aftyr, &lt;br&gt;
ǣr - biifoor &lt;br&gt;
gif - if, &lt;br&gt;
hwæðer, hwæþer - wedhyr &lt;br&gt;
þā, ðā - wen, &lt;br&gt;
hwīle - wail, &lt;br&gt;
swā - az, sytc,  (dhis wyrd haz y fynetik/semantik caagneet in Oold Noors, sva.) &lt;br&gt;
swelce - az if, &lt;br&gt;
þæt, ðæt - dhat, soo dhat, &lt;br&gt;
þǣr, ðǣr  - weer, &lt;br&gt;
þēah, ðēah - Dhoo, &lt;br&gt;
siððan, siþþan - sints, aftyr, (dhis wyn iz olsoo in Oold Noors and Midyl Ingglic sytc az dhy fyrst lain in &quot;[[Sir Gawayn and the Grene Knyght]]&quot;.) &lt;br&gt;

==Verbs==
===Verbyl Cymparisyn, Paternz, and Dxenryl Oovyrvjuu===
Laik naunz and adxektivz, Verbz hav Strong and Wiik foormz.  Dhy Strong foormz juuxuwalii invaalv vaul cifts in dhy stem, iiven in dhy present tents.  It iz olsoo inflektid beest on persyn, nymbyr, tentse, and muud.

It is noon foor having '''-st''' in dhy sekynd persyn, witc wyz juuzd foor '''thou''' (Thau) in dhy Midyl Ingglic ery.  It iz olsoo uuzd in Dxerman foor dhy '''du''' foorm, witc iz dhy caagneet tuu '''þū''' and '''thou''' (witc iz olsoo y caagneet tuu [[Latin]] '''tu''').  Anggloo-Saksyn Verbz ar noon foor dhy signytcyr -ð/-þ ending in dhy 3rd persyn singjuulyr, witc wyz olsoo uuzd intuu dhy Erlii Maadern Ingglic ery, witc Ceekspiir iz ypart yv, egzampylz frym dhat ery ingkluud dhy wyrdz: '''hath, goeth, doth, knoweth,''' etc.

Dhy infinytiv ending iz caamynlii '''-an''' oor '''-en''', witc iz similyr tuu dhy maadern Dxerman '''-en''' infinytiv ending.  Olsoo dhy oorthaagryfik caagneet '''ge-''' iz juuzd in booth Dxerman and Anggloo-Saksyn tuu repriisent dhy past tents, iiven if Dhee ar naat proonauntst dhy seem wee, and in Standyrd High Dxerman, dhy priifiks iz riikwajyrd, weeraz dhy Anggloo-Saksyn wyn iz moor opcynyl.  Dhy Wiik past tents markyr inserts '''-ed-''', weeraz dhy Strong past tents juuxuwalii invaalvz y vaul tcandx.

Oldhoo Anggloo-Saksyn did hav dhy Sybdxynktiv and Imperytiv, dhy egzampylz cal bii fookyst on dhy Present and Past tentsiz.

==='''Wiik Egzampylz'''===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tents'''
|-
| '''Infinytiv''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Lufian''' tuu lyv || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Fremman''' tuu duu
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st persyn'''  || lufie || lufiað || fremme || femmað
|-
| '''2nd persyn'''  || lufast || lufiað || fremest || femmað
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || lufað || lufiað || fremeð || femmað
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past tents'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st persyn'''  || lufode || lufodon || fremede || femmedon
|-
| '''2nd persyn'''  || lufodest || lufodon || fremedest || femmedon
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || lufode || lufodon || fremede || femmedon
|}

==='''Strong Egzampylz'''===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tents'''
|-
| '''Infinytiv''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Singan''' tuu sing || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Niman''' tuu teek
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st persyn'''  || singe || singað || nime || nimað
|-
| '''2nd persyn'''  || singest || singað || nimest || nimað
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || singeð || singað || nimeð || nimað
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past Tents'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st persyn'''  || sang || sungon || nam || nāmon
|-
| '''2nd persyn'''  || sunge || sungon || nāme || nāmon
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || sang || sungon || nam|| nāmon
|}

==='''Dhy Verb &lt;i&gt; Bēon &lt;i&gt; and &lt;i&gt; Wesan &lt;i&gt;'''===
Dheer ar tuu foormz yv dhy verb &lt;i&gt;tuu bii&lt;i&gt; in Anggloo-Saksyn.  Dhed booth ceer dhy seem past tents, ruutid in '''wesan'''.  Dhy verb foorm '''wesan''' wyz priizervd in dhy past tents, in dhy foorm yv '''was''' and '''were'''.

Dhiiz verb foormz wer olsoo priiservd intuu dhy Midyl Ingglic ery, in yn Epik kold [[Brut]]: &lt;br&gt;
&quot;Al swa muchel thu bist woruh, swa thu velden ært.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
(All as much thou art worth, as thou kind art)&lt;br&gt;
Juu ar woorth az mutc az juu ar kaind.&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tents'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Bēon''' tuu bii || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Wesan''' tuu bii
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st persyn'''  || bēo || bēoð || eom|| sind, sindon
|-
| '''2nd persyn'''  || bist || bēoð || eart || sind, sindon
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || bið || bēoð || is || sind, sindon
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past Tents''' (foor booth)
|-
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| sing. ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pl. 
|-
| '''1st persyn''' ||  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wæs ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣron 
|-
| '''2nd persyn''' ||  colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣre || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wǣron 
|-
| '''3rd persyn''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| wæs || colspan=&quot;2&quot;|wǣron 
|}

=Sources and External Links=
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#futhorc

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/engol-0-X.html

http://members.tripod.com/babaev/archive/grammar43.html

http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/index.htm

http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html

Finegan, Edward. &quot;English.&quot; The World’s Major Languages. Ed. Bernard Comrie. New York, NY Oxford University Press, 1990

Atherton, Mark. Teach Yourself Old English. Coventry, England, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2006.

Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

=Translations=
Find [[Anglo-Saxon|this page]] in Standard [[English]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:BukhstavRelay15.png</title>
    <id>5152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32038</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-29T20:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The original text from Conlang Relay 15 in its native script, the Bukhstav</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The original text from Conlang Relay 15 in its native script, the Bukhstav</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neoanimalia</title>
    <id>5153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44168</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoanimalia}}
|}

'''Neoanimalia''' (''Yulà phiña'', &quot;New Animals&quot;) is a [[Biology of the Chihazh System|kingdom]] consisting of animals originating on [[Humans (Galhaf)|humanity]]'s native world.  Only a small number of animals were brought by humanity in colonizing [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].

The kingdom is defined rather more broadly than on Earth, including the related [[neofungi]] as a superphylum.  This incorporation occurred after the [[paleofungi]] were found to be a polyphyletic group, and its members scattered among multiple kingdoms.  Given the sparse knowledge of Earth life, it was impossible to determine what the boundaries of the animal kingdom were, and as molecular studies showed a close relationship between neoanimals and neofungi, it was assumed that, like the [[astomata]] in [[paleoanimalia]], neofungi had, likewise, grown out of the neoanimalia.  The name &quot;neofungi&quot; has survived, although some suggest dropping the neo- prefix, or replacing it with &quot;neoastomata&quot; (and changing astomata to paleoastomata).  Thus, in terrestrial terms, neoanimalia is actually equivalent to the [[Wikipedia:clade|clade]] [[Wikipedia:Opisthokont|Opisthokont]].

In the earliest taxonomies, both neofungi and paleofungi were included in the &quot;plantae&quot; kingdom.  A &quot;fungi&quot; kingdom had already been split off before the recognition of the world level, which created the neofungi-paleofungi distinction.

== Phyla ==
*[[Dorsoneuralia]] (Vertebrates)
*[[Tritagmata]] (Insects)
=== Superphylum [[Neofungi]] ===

[[Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Symbiota</title>
    <id>5154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44177</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Symbiota}}
|}

The '''Symbiota''' (''Çéná rèpyù'', &quot;Complex Eggs&quot;) is a [[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy|domain]] within the [[Biology of the Chihazh System|Galhafan World]].  It is characterized by extreme symbiosis, hence the name.  The ancestors of the symbiota were communities of symbiotic unicellular organisms.  The crucial step that lead to the development of the true symbiota was the development of the '''multinucleated gamete''', a special reproductive cell that contained nuclei of all the component cells.  In modern symbiota, the gametes remain multinucleated, but after fertilization, the first few cellular divisions do not involve divisions of the nuclei, instead, each cell acquires half the nuclei, until all the cells are mononucleated, at which point, further division involves duplication of nuclei.  Different organ systems within a symbiotan contain different cell-lines.  Some degree of horizontal gene transfer has occurred between these cell-lines, but they remain genetically distinct.  Parasitic cell-lines are found in many symbiota, but there appears to be some unknown mechanism for recognizing these parasites, as non are more than a few million years old.  Many groups of symbiotans have incorporated further endosymbiotes, causing symbiotan phylogeny to be very complex and difficult to easily divide into distinct groups.

== Kingdoms ==
*[[Pseudoplantae]]
*[[Pseudoanimalia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:English</title>
    <id>5155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32062</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T05:32:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: I'm going to change this to an Overview of English, I'm going to move all of the stuff here to [[Modern English]].  I want to get through [[Middle English]], expand on Modern English, and ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm going to change this to an Overview of English, I'm going to move all of the stuff here to [[Modern English]].  I want to get through [[Middle English]], expand on Modern English, and then write this overview.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:XaraRelay15.ogg</title>
    <id>5156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32065</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T08:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jim Taylor reads the text from Conlang Relay 15 in Xara</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Jim Taylor reads the text from Conlang Relay 15 in Xara</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oold Ingglic</title>
    <id>5157</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>32092</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-30T16:06:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Anggloo-Saksyn]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Anggloo-Saksyn]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suvåmi</title>
    <id>5158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47785</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T11:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Swåmi]] to [[Suvåmi]]:&amp;#32;No stress shift yet.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Well, I'll need to put those notes down somewhere anyway… might as well put them here.
==Sound changes==
===Dialectally complete===
* le ne → ː / 'V_C in verb roots (''oon tuun meen paan'')
* eA → eː
* ie yø uo → iɛ yœ uɔ
* n → ˣ / _#
* d → ∅ / h_
* ''enään'' (soundchange / analogy with ''tänään''?)
* ''-kO'' → ''-ks''
===Dialectally underway===
* æ → ɑ / unstressed
* p k → b ɡ / V_V (''tsygä'', ''väbä'' etc.)
* o → u / _i (''muimui'' etc.)
===Possingly beginning===
* ks → kʃ
* ll → ʎ
* ŭ → ʉ
* k ɡ ʋ → s / 'Vr_e (except i_re)
===Entirely new stuff===
* ĕ → ɛ / unstressed
* æ → ɛ (would be about time)
* y → ʉ, ju
* iɛ yœ uɔ → jɛ uœ wɔ
* j → ʃ / {p t k}_
* kʃ → ʃ
* ʋu → bʷ / _V (don't think this is even found in any other environment, but eh)
* unstressed vowel length lost
* Pː → ˣP (only required to deal with the next one neatly)
* ˣ → ˥
* h → ˩ / _C, → ∅ / V_V
===To be decided===
* Do any of -t-, -d-, -r- merge?
* Foot weight / position conditioning of medial voicing
* Whether we'll have middle tone; if not, how do vowels before voiced sounds develop
* How stress shifts
* Initial palatalization
* Getting /ts/ out of /s/
* Stressed long vowels: to shorten or difthongize?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pseudoanimalia</title>
    <id>5159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44237</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:07:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Symbiota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Pseudoanimalia}}
|}

The '''Pseudoanimalia''' (''Lranru phiña'', &quot;False Animals&quot;) are a [[symbiota]]n [[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy|kingdom]].  They have a superficial resemblance to [[paleoanimalia]] and [[neoanimalia]].  They are actually paraphyletic, but as exact divisions among the symbiota are very unclear, the term remains in use.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>German</title>
    <id>5160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46004</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T18:35:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">German is the language mainly spoken in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Liechtenstein.  It is has had several different stages and different dialects.

German and its variations and offshoots are all [[West Germanic]] languages, in the larger group of [[Germanic]].
There are many dialects of German, and often the location of an individual in and around Germany can determine how far the dialect is from the standard of [[High German]].  In the North, a large dialect is often acknowledged as a separate West Germanic language known as [[Low German]].  Low German and its close relative [[Dutch]] are known for only going through the fourth stage of the [[High German Consonant Shift]], which separates High German from most other West Germanic languages.


==List of German Dialects, Forms, and Offshots==
*Standard German
**[[Old High German]] '''†''' 
**[[Middle High German]] '''†''' 
**[[Early New High German]] '''†''' 
**[[New High German]]
*German dialect groups
*'''High German'''
**''[[Upper German]]''
***[[Alemannic]]
***[[Bavarian]]
***South Franconian
***East Franconian
**''Central German''
***West Central German
****Central Franconian
*****Ripuarian
*****Moselle Franconian
******Luxembourgish (official language of Luxembourg, standardized)
****Rhine Franconian
*****Lorraine Franconian
*****Palatinate German
*****Hessian
****East Central German
*****Berlin-Brandenburgish
*****Thuringian
*****Upper Saxon
*****Silesian
*****High Prussian
**'''Low German'''
***''[[Low Saxon]]''
****[[Old Saxon]] (Old Low German) '''†''' 
****[[Middle Low German]]  '''†'''
****Schleswigisch
****Holsteinisch
****Northern Low Saxon
****East Frisian Low Saxon
****Westphalian
****Eastphalian
***''East Low German''
****Mecklenbugisch-Vorpommersch
****Brandenburgisch
***''Low Franconian''
****Southern Low Franconian
****Ostbergisch
****(Old Dutch) '''†''' 
****(Middle Dutch) '''†''' 
****([[Dutch|Standart Dutch]])
****(South Guelderish)
****(Limburgish)
****(Brabantian)
****(East Flemish)
****(Zeelandic)
****(West Flemish)
****([[Afrikaans]])


[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>High German</title>
    <id>5161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46003</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T16:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Word Order */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">High German, or Hochdeutsch, (the stage is called '''New High German''') is the name of the standard form of Modern German.  It is a [[West Germanic]] and is related to [[Low German]], [[Dutch]], and [[Anglo-Saxon]]/[[Modern English]].  Today it is the official language of Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Liechtenstein.

{{Language|
| English = High German
| native = HochDeutsch
| dialect english = 
| country = Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein
| nativecountry = Deutschland, Schweiz, Österreich, Liechtenstein
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 105 million
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[German ]]
| wordorder = SVO, OVS/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1800-Present C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}

=Outline of the History of High German=
High German has 4 primary written stages, similar to [[English]].  The four stages are as follows:
* '''[[Old High German]]'''
* '''[[Middle High German]]'''
* '''[[Early New High German]]'''
* '''New High German'''

The last stage is the Modern German of today.

=Difference between High and [[Low German]]=
High German differs from other West German languages such as [[Low German]], [[Modern English|English]], and [[Dutch]] in that High German when through the [[High German Consonant Shift]].  The High German Consonant Shift (or HGCS) is the sound shift where; 
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]],
# Geminated, [[Nasal|nasal]]-adjacent and [[Liquid|liquid]]-adjacent voiceless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Affricate|affricates]],
# Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
# All interdental fricatives (/[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ and /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /[[Voiced dental stop|d̻]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]/. &lt;br&gt;
The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].

All of these stages occur in the Highest of High German dialects, but Standard High German does not have all of them.  The shift of /k/&gt;/kx/ in stage 2 did not occur in the standard, although it did in [[Upper German]] dialects, such as [[Bavarian|Southern Bavarian]].  Also the only part of stage 3 which actually became part of standard '''High German''' was /d/&gt;/t/.  The other two happened only in the '''Highest of High German''' or '''Upper German''' dialects

=Orthography=
High German is written with the Latin alphabet.  It has extra letters which represent some of the sounds of the German language, which are not otherwise found in the [[Roman alphabet|Latin alphabet]].  These include '''Ö ö, Ü ü, Ä ä, ß'''.

=Phonology=
==Consonants==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || ||  || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || ||  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || (ʒ) || || ç || {{IPA|x}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || pf || || {{IPA|ʦ}} || || {{IPA|ʧ}} || (ʤ) || || || (kx)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || ||  ||  || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || ||  || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || ||  || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* The diagraph '''ch''' is /x/ after a back vowel, and /ç/ elsewhere.
* '''v''' and '''f''' are (usually) both pronounced /f/, and '''w''' is pronounced /v/.
* /ŋ/ occurs as '''ng''' and /ŋk/ is '''nk'''.
* '''sch''' is pronounced /ʃ/.  '''tsch''' is pronounced /ʧ/.
*  Initially '''s''' is pronounced /z/ before vowels, and /ʃ/ before a consonant (such as '''st''' and '''sp''').
* '''j''' is pronounced /j/.
* The spellings '''tz''' and '''z''' are pronounced /ʦ/.
* '''ß''' and '''ss''' are pronounced /s/.
* German has [[Final Devoicing|final devoicing]].  This means that all voiced consonants with voiceless forms become those voiceless forms, at the end of the word.

==Vowels==

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - ɪ || yː - ʏ || || uː - ʊ
|- 
| Mid || eː - ɛ || øː - œ || ə || oː - ɔ
|-
| Low || || || aː/a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Tense - Lax
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* In order to form the long version of a vowel, add '''-h''' after the vowel or in rare cases double the vowel, although that is more common in [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].
* Final '''e''' is pronounced /ə/.
* '''ü''' is pronounced /yː/, /ʏ/.
* '''ö''' is pronounced /øː/, /œ/.
* '''ä''' is pronounced /eː/, /ɛ/.

===Diphthongs===
*'''eu''' and '''äu''' are pronounced /ɔʏ/, /ɔɪ/.
*'''ei''' and '''ai''' are pronounced /aɪ/.
*'''au''' is pronounced /aʊ/.

=Grammar=
==The General Stuff==
===Gender and Number===
[[Noun]]s, [[Adjective]]s, [[Article]]s, and to some extent [[Pronoun]]s are all affected by [[Gender]] and [[Number]].
There are three genders and two numbers in High German.  The three genders are [[Masculine]], [[Feminine]], and [[Neuter]], and the numbers are [[Singular]] and [[Plural]].  Usually all forms of the Plural are the same, when it comes to adjectives and articles.

===Case===
In German, there are four cases, [[Nominative]], [[Accusative]], [[Genitive]], and [[Dative]].  These affect articles, pronouns, adjectives, and nouns.  The prepositions of German also affect whether an phrase is genitive, dative, or accusative.

==Articles==
There are [[definite articles]] and [[indefinite articles]] in German as well as in [[Modern English|English]].  Articles are affected by [[Case|case]], [[Gender|gender]], and [[Number|number]].  The plural is the same across the genders.

===Definite===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || der || die || das || die
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || des || der || des || der
|-
| '''Dative'''  || dem || der || dem || den
|-
| '''Accusative''' || den || die || das || die
|}

===Indefinite===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || ein || eine || ein || meine†
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || eines || einer || eines || meiner
|-
| '''Dative'''  || einem || einer || einem || meinen
|-
| '''Accusative''' || einen || eine || ein || meine
|}
† There is no plural form of '''ein''', but there are other indefinite article-style words that do, such as '''mein''' which means '''my'''.

==Nouns==
Gender is arbitrary in German, but Nouns referring to living being usually are the gender of that being.  The ending of a noun is usually helpful in figuring out which gender a noun is, although it is not always the case.

Also, the first letter all German nouns is always capitalized.

===Genders of Nouns===
* Masculine
** Nouns ending with '''-en''' are usually masculine (that are not derived from verbs). Ex. Der Garten, der Norden.
** Nouns ending '''-er''' are usually masculine. Ex. Der Lehrer, die Amerikaner
** Nouns ending with '''-ismus''' are masculine. Ex. Der Feminismus, Der Kommunismus,
* Feminine
** To convert masculine nouns ending to feminine, add '''-in''' to it.  Ex. Die Lehrer'''in''', Die Freund'''in'''.
** Most nouns ending with '''-e'''.  Ex. Die Frage, Die Straße,
** Nouns ending with '''-ion, -ik, -ie, -unft, -tät, -ei, -heit, -keit, -schaft,''' and '''-ung''' are almost always feminine. Ex. Die Logik, Die Magie, Die Universität, Die Vorlesung, Die Gesundheit, etc.
* Neuter
** Young living beings are Neuter. Ex. Das Kind, Das Lamm, Das Baby,
** The ending '''-chen''' and '''-lein''' are diminutives and are always neuter. Ex. Das Mädchen, Das Märchen.  &lt;br&gt;
'''-lein''' is used more in the south than in the north, so it's less common in the standard form of German.  &lt;br&gt;
** Metals and infinitive-nouns are always neuter. Ex. Das Gold, Das Metall, Das Singen, Das Essen,

===Forming the Plural===
The formation of the plural is different for many different nouns.  The idea of the Umlaut is important in forming the plural as well.  
*For monosyllabic words, the plural is usually for by adding '''-e''' in the masculine and feminine and '''-er''' in some neuter nouns.
*For Polysyllabic masculine and neuter nouns, many take no ending, but most others take '''-e''' as an ending.  
*For most Polysyllabic feminine nouns that end with '''-e''', '''-er''' or '''-el''', the ending is '''-n''' or '''-en'''.  If the ending is '''-in''' then the total ending is '''-innen'''.
*Foreign words (except those from Latin) and new words usually take the ending '''-s'''.

===Noun Declensions===
There are many different kinds of German Nouns.  Here are a few fully declined ones: &lt;br&gt;
'''Masculine:''' &lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Tag 'Day'
! Tage 'Days'
! Apfel 'Apple'
! Äpfel'Apples'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || Der Tag || Die Tage || Der Apfel || Die Äpfel
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Des Tag(e)s || Der Tage || Des Apfels || Der Äpfel
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Dem Tag(e) || Den Tagen || Dem Apfel || Den Äpfeln
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Den Tag || Die Tage || Den Apfel || Die Äpfel
|}
'''Feminine:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Hand 'Hand'
! Hände 'Hands'
! Freude 'Joy'
! Freuden 'Joys'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || Die Hand || Die Hände || Die Freude || Die Freuden
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Der Hand || Der Hände || Der Freude || Der Freuden
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Der Hand || Den Händen || Der Freude  || Den Freuden
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Die Hand || Die Hände || Die Freude || Die Freuden
|}
'''Neuter:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Schiff 'Ship'
! Schiffe 'Ships'
! Volk 'Folk, People'
! Völker 'Folks, Peoples'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || Das Schiff || Die Schiffe || Das Volk || Die Völker
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Des Schiff(e)s || Der Schiffe || Des Volk(e)s || Der Völker
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Dem Schiff(e) || Den Schiffen || Dem Volk(e) || Den Völkern
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Das Schiff || Die Schiffe || Das Folk || Die Völker
|}

==Personal Pronouns==
'''First person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative''' || ich || wir 
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || meiner || uns(e)rer 
|-
| '''Dative'''  || mir  || uns 
|-
| '''Accusative''' || mich || uns 
|}

'''Second person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Singular Informal
! Plural Informal
! Plural/Singular Formal
|-
| '''Nominative''' || du ||  ihr || Sie‡
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || deiner || eu(e)rer || Ihrer
|-
| '''Dative'''  || dir || euch || Ihnen
|-
| '''Accusative''' || dich || euch || Sie
|}
‡The formal plural pronoun '''Sie''' is the same form as the 3rd person plural pronoun '''sie''' but is also always capitalized.

'''Third person:'''
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Mascu. Sing.
! Fem. Sing.
! Neut. Sing.
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative''' || er || sie || es || sie
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || seiner || ihrer || seiner || ihrer
|-
| '''Dative'''  || ihm || ihr || ihm || ihnen
|-
| '''Accusative''' || ihn || sie || es || sie
|}

==Possessive Pronouns==

'''Attributively-used''' they agree with the noun they refer to in case, number and gender. They stand always in front of the noun.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! 1st Sg. 
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Sg. masc.
! 3rd Sg. fem.
! 3rd Sg. neut.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
! 2nd Formal
|-
| '''Nominative Sg. m./n.''' || mein ||  dein || sein || ihr || sein || unser || euer || ihr || Ihr
|-
| '''Nominative Sg. f''' || meine || deine || seine || ihre || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|- 
| '''Nominative Pl.'''  || meine || deine || seine || ihre || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|-
| '''Genitive Sg. m./n.''' || meines || deines || seines || ihres || seines || unseres || eures || ihres || Ihres
|-
| '''Genitive Sg. f.''' || meiner || deiner || seiner || ihrer || seiner || unserer || eurer || ihrer || Ihrer
|-
| '''Genitive Pl. '''|| meiner || deiner || seiner || ihrer || seiner || unserer || eurer || ihrer || Ihrer
|-
| '''Dative Sg. m./n.'''  || meinem || deinem || seinem || ihrem || seinem || unserem || eurem || ihrem || Ihrem
|-
| '''Dative Sg. f.''' || meiner || deiner || seiner || ihrer || seiner || unserer || eurer || ihrer || Ihrer
|-
| '''Dative Pl. '''|| meinen || deinen || seinen || ihren || seinen || unseren || euren || ihren || Ihren
|-
| '''Accusative Sg. m.''' || meinen || deinen || seinen || ihren || seinen || unseren || euren || ihren || Ihren
|-
| '''Accusative Sg. f.''' || meine || deinen || seine || ihre || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|-
| '''Accusative Sg. n.''' || mein || dein || sein || ihr || sein || unser || euer || ihr || Ihr
|-
| '''Accusative Pl. '''|| meine || deine || seine || ihre || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|}

'''mein Haus''' - ''my house '' &lt;br&gt;
'''deiner Frau''' - ''of your wife, to your wife'' &lt;br&gt;
'''ihrem Buch''' - ''to her book ''

'''Predicatively-used''' they function as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! 1st Sg. 
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Sg. masc.
! 3rd Sg. fem.
! 3rd Sg. neut.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
! 2nd Formal
|-
| '''Masculine Sg.''' || meiner || deiner || seiner || ihrer || seiner || unserer || eurer || ihrer || Ihrer
|-
| '''Feminine Sg. '''|| meine || deine || seine || ihrer || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|-
| '''Neuter Sg. '''|| meines || deines || seines || ihres || seines || unseres || eures || ihres || Ihres
|-
| '''Plural''' || meine || deine || seine || ihre || seine || unsere || eure || ihre || Ihre
|}

'''Dieser Baum ist meiner.''' - ''This tree is mine.'' &lt;br&gt;
'''Seines ist es nicht.''' - ''This isn't his.''

==Adjectives and Adverbs==
===Adjectives===
German adjectives have different behaviours and patterns depending on whether there are articles or not, and whether those articles are definite or indefinite. Predicate adjectives take no endings.


'''Gut = Good'''
With Definite articles and demonstratives, so-called '''der'''-Words:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || Der '''gute''' Hund|| Die '''gute''' Katze || Das '''gute''' Boot|| Die '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Des '''guten''' Hundes || Der '''guten''' Katze || Des '''guten''' Bootes || Der '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Dem '''guten''' Hunde || Der '''guten''' Katze || Dem '''guten''' Boot || Den '''guten''' Völkern
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Den '''guten''' Hund || Die '''gute''' Katze || Das '''gute''' Boot || Die '''guten''' Völker
|}
With the Indefinite articles and possessives, so-called '''ein'''-words:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || ein '''guter''' Hund|| eine '''gute''' Katze || ein '''gutes''' Boot|| Meine '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || eines '''guten''' Hundes || einer '''guten''' Katze || eines '''guten''' Bootes || Meiner '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Dative'''  || einem '''guten''' Hunde || einer '''guten''' Katze || einem '''guten''' Boot || Meinen '''guten''' Völkern
|-
| '''Accusative''' || einen '''guten''' Hund || eine '''gute''' Katze || ein '''gutes''' Boot || Meine '''guten''' Völker
|}

Articles without articles of any form:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || '''guter''' Hund|| '''gute''' Katze || '''gutes''' Boot|| Meine '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || '''guten''' Hundes || '''guter''' Katze || '''guten''' Bootes || Meiner '''guten''' Völker
|-
| '''Dative'''  || '''gutem''' Hunde || '''guter''' Katze || '''gutem''' Boot || Meinen '''guten''' Völkern
|-
| '''Accusative''' || '''guten''' Hund || '''gute''' Katze || '''gutes''' Boot || Meine '''guten''' Völker
|}
===Adverbs===
In High German, the change from an adjective to an adverb does not require an ending, as it would in [[Modern English]] or [[French]].  The adverb form is usually the same as the nominative masculine form of the adjective.

The Word Order for Adverbs usually follows a pattern of the ordering of 1. Time, 2. Manner, and 3. Place.  This means '''Gut''' in German can mean both '''well''' and '''good'''.  There are other words which are strictly adverbs, such as '''sehr''', which means '''very'''.


==Prepositions==
Prepositions are classified by the cases that follow them.  Some have the accusative case follow, some the dative, and some the genitive.  However some take either accusative or dative, based on whether or not it is a there is motion involved.
===Accusative===
bis - until, as far as &lt;br&gt;
durch - through, by means of &lt;br&gt;
entlang - along, down &lt;br&gt;
für - for &lt;br&gt;
gegen - against, around &lt;br&gt;
ohne - without &lt;br&gt;
um - around &lt;br&gt;
===Dative===
aus - out of, from, made of, &lt;br&gt;
außer - at, &lt;br&gt;
bei - at, near, with, &lt;br&gt;
gegenüber von - opposite, across from, &lt;br&gt;
mit - with &lt;br&gt;
nach - to, after, according to, &lt;br&gt;
seit - since, for a period of time, &lt;br&gt;
von - from, of, by &lt;br&gt;
zu - to &lt;br&gt;

===Accusative and Dative===
an - on, to go to, &lt;br&gt;
auf - on, to, in, at &lt;br&gt;
hinter - behind, &lt;br&gt;
in - in, into, to, &lt;br&gt;
neben - next to, beside, &lt;br&gt;
über - over, above, across, &lt;br&gt;
unter - under, &lt;br&gt;
vor - in front of, before &lt;br&gt;
zwischen - between, &lt;br&gt;
===Genitive===
anstatt - instead of, &lt;br&gt;
statt - instead of, &lt;br&gt;
trotz - in spite of &lt;br&gt;
während - during &lt;br&gt;
wegen - because of, &lt;br&gt;
==Conjunctions==
There are different conjunctions which affect a sentence in different ways.  [[Coordinating Conjunction]]s usually do not affect the word or of a German sentence, whereas [[Subordinating Conjunction]]s usually involve the transposed word order mentioned below.
===Coordinating Conjunctions===
aber - but &lt;br&gt;
denn - because, for &lt;br&gt;
oder - or &lt;br&gt;
sondern - but, rather, &lt;br&gt;
und - and &lt;br&gt;
===Subordinating Conjunctions===
als, wann, wenn - when &lt;br&gt;
bevor - before &lt;br&gt;
bis - until &lt;br&gt;
da - since, &lt;br&gt;
damit - so that, &lt;br&gt;
dass - that &lt;br&gt;
ob - whether, if &lt;br&gt;
obwohl - although &lt;br&gt;
seit - since &lt;br&gt;
während - while &lt;br&gt; 
weil - because &lt;br&gt;
wenn - if &lt;br&gt;

==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Page: [[High German Verbs]] &lt;i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
German Verbs have two major subdivisions, [[Strong]] and [[Weak]].  German verbs are conjugated according to 3 [[Person|persons]], 2 [[Number|numbers]], 2 inflecting [[Tense|tenses]], and 3 [[Mood|moods]], although German is rather intermediate when it comes to verbal inflection.  The [[German Strong Verbs]] often have some patterns and classifications which are used for identifying them.

The [[infinitive]] of a verb is formed by adding '''-en''' to the end.

The [[imperative]] is formed, in the 2nd person singular informal by only the verb stem, the 2nd person plural informal is formed by adding '''-t''' to the stem.  The 2nd personal formal is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem and adding '''Sie''' afterwards.  The &quot;let's&quot; or first person plural imperative is formed by adding '''-en''' and '''wir''' after words or, as in English, with the imperative of '''lassen''' and '''uns'''.  Examples: Verb: Gehen - to go &lt;br&gt;
'''Geh nach Hause!''' &lt;br&gt;
'''Geht nach Hause!'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Gehen Sie nach Hause!''' &lt;br&gt;
Go home! &lt;br&gt;
'''Gehen wir nach Hause. / Lass uns nach Hause gehen. '''(speaking to one person)''' / Lasst uns nach Hause gehen.''' (speaking to several persons) - let's go home. &lt;br&gt;

===Modals===
There are a few verbs which are essential for German.  These are called Modals or [[Modal Auxiliaries]].  There are 6 primary modals, and one which has a subjunctive form in common use.  The latter would be '''Möchten''' which is the subjunctive of '''Mögen'''.  The modal in the present tense is as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;15&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''dürfen''' may, to be allowed|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''können''' can, to be able, ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''müssen''' must, to have to, ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''sollen''' should, ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''mögen''' to like, ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''möchten''' would like, ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''wollen''' to want, 
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || darf || dürfen || kann || können || muss || müssen || soll || sollen || mag || mögen || möchte || möchten || will || wollen
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || darfst || dürft || kannst || könnt || musst || müsst || sollst || sollt || magst || mögt || möchtest || möchtet || willst ||wollt
|-
| '''3rd person''' || darf || dürfen || kann || können || muss || müssen || soll || sollen || mag || mögen || möchte || möchten || will || wollen
|}

===Auxiliaries===
The most important auxiliaries are '''sein''' (to be), '''werden''' (to become, shall, will), and '''haben''' (to have).  '''Sein''' and '''Haben''' are both used to form the [[Present Perfect]] tense, and '''Werden''' is used to form the [[Future]] tense.  
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Sein''' to be|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Haben''' to have ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Werden''' to become
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || bin || sind || habe || haben || werde || werden
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || bist || seid || hast || habt || wirst || werdet
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ist || sind || hat || haben || wird || werden 
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperfect Tense'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || war|| waren || hatte || hatten || wurde || wurden
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || warst|| wart || hattest|| hattet || wurdest || wurdet
|-
| '''3rd person''' || war || waren || hatte|| hatten || wurde || wurden
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Perfect Form'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || bin gewesen || sind gewesen || habe gehabt || haben gehabt || bin geworden || sind geworden
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || bist gewesen || seid gewesen || hast gehabt || habt gehabt || bist geworden || seid geworden
|-
| '''3rd person''' || ist gewesen || sind gewesen || hat gehabt || haben gehabt || ist geworden || sind geworden
|}

===Present Tense===
In the present tense, German verbs follow a common pattern.  Quite a few verbs have change or umlaut the vowel in the second person informal singular and the third person singular.  Verbs that end with an alveolar fricative or affricate have identical '''du'''-forms and '''er, sie, es''' forms.  Verbs ending '''-d''' or '''-t''' insert an '''-e-''' in the '''du''', '''ihr''', and '''er, sie, es''' forms.  Here are examples:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Lernen''' To Learn|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Antworten''' to answer ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Heißen''' to be called ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Fahren''' to drive, go
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || lerne || lernen || antworte || antworten || heiße || heißen || fahre || fahren
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lernst || lernt || antwortest || antwortet || heißt || heißt || fährst || fahrt
|-
| '''3rd person''' || lernt || lernen || antwortet || antworten || heißt || heißen || fährt || fahren
|}

===Perfect Tense===
The present perfect is used in High German in the same senses that English uses the [[Simple Past]] and the [[Perfect]] tenses.  For weak verbs, in order to form the Present tense, first a form of '''haben''' (or '''sein''') must be used, and at the end of the clause comes the verb.  For the verb, '''ge-''' must be attached to beginning of the stem and '''-t''' must be attached to the end.  In many strong verbs, '''ge-''' is still often attached, but sometimes '''-en''' is the ending.  Also many strong verbs involve a vowel stem change as well.

Most Verbs take '''haben''' as the auxiliary verb, but verbs of motion and select others take the verb '''sein''' as the auxiliary.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present Perfect Tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Lernen''' To Learn|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Antworten''' to answer ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Heißen''' to be called ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Fahren''' to drive, go
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || habe gelernt || haben gelernt || habe geantwortet || haben geantwortet|| habe geheißen || haben geheißen || habe  gefahren || haben gefahren
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || hast gelernt || habt gelernt || hast geantwortet|| habt geantwortet|| hast geheißen || habt geheißen || hast gefahren || habt fahren
|-
| '''3rd person''' || hat gelernt || haben gelernt || hat geantwortet|| haben geantwortet|| hat geheißen|| haben geheißen || hat gefahren || haben gefahren
|}

===Imperfect===
The Imperfect tense in High German is used more as a written tense than as a spoken one, although a few key words are used more often in speech as well, such as the Modals and Auxiliaries.  The Imperfect tense is used to describe something that happened a while in the past.  It differs greatly from the Romance and Slavic Language idea of Imperfect.   It is used in telling stories of things that happened a long time ago.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Imperfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Lernen''' To Learn|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Antworten''' to answer ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Heißen''' to be called ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Fahren''' to drive, go
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || lernte || lernten || antwortete || antworteten || hieß || hießen || fuhr || fuhren
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lerntest || lerntet || antwortetest || antwortetet || hießest || hießt || fuhrst || fuhrt
|-
| '''3rd person''' || lernte || lernten || antwortete || antworteten || hieß || hießen || fuhr || fuhren
|}

==Word Order==
German word order is fairly unique and has particular features with which a learner must become acquainted.  The normal order is SVO, and occasional OVS, because German has a structure know as V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;sub&gt; or 2nd Position Verb rule, as described here:
{|class=&quot;blueinfobox&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|&quot;...I find German to be the strangest in the area of syntax. German has several interesting word order issues. Now a simple German sentence can be SVO. But German, as well as most other Germanic language such as Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, and Dutch, follow what I call the 2nd Position Verb rule. This states that no matter where the objects and subjects move, the conjugated verb or Finite verb stays in the second position. So this means that SVO or OVS are very common. Here is an example, You can say in German: &lt;br&gt;
'''Ich sehe den Himmel.''' (I see the sky.) or &lt;br&gt;
'''Den Himmel sehe ich.''' (The sky see I.) &lt;br&gt;
We can see how the verb stays when the other elements move. Now for questions it is acceptable to have a verb in the first position, using a standard inverted word order. However for many statements the verb second ideal needs to stay in place.&quot;  [http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Word-Order-or-Basic-Syntax-81429546] 
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;'''[[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]'''
|}

However, German and [[Dutch]] both have a unique trait in having something called Transposed or Dependent Clause word order.  This type of word order only occurs &lt;i&gt;inside&lt;i&gt; dependent clauses, and what happens is that the inflected or [[finite]] verb is sent to the end.  It is described as this:
{|class=&quot;blueinfobox&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|&quot;Now the pattern that Dutch and German have, but is not really shared with the other Germanic languages, is the movement of the conjugated verb to the end of a dependent clause. This might seem strange at first, but one must learn to notice it. An example would be: &lt;br&gt;
'''Der Mann, den ich gestern sah, ist gegangen.''' &lt;br&gt;  
('''The man, whom I yesterday saw, left.''') &lt;br&gt;
Instead of; '''The man, whom I saw yesterday, left.'''&quot; [http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Word-Order-or-Basic-Syntax-81429546] &lt;br&gt;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;'''[[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]'''
|}
Another interesting feature is the movement of the [[Infinitive]]s and [[Past Participle]]s to the end of the sentence.  This is a trait that written German got from Latin, and then it became common in spoken German as well.  It also leads to idioms such as '''Ich kann Deutsch.''' (Lit. '''I can German''', but means, '''I can speak German''') which comes from the expression '''Ich kann Deutsch sprechen.'''  In the cases of Transposed word order, the inverted verb goes &lt;i&gt;after&lt;i&gt; the infinitives and participles.

=Sources and External Links=
&lt;references /&gt;

[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/AGT-Word-Order-or-Basic-Syntax-81429546 An Introduction to Basic Word Order] by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

Stern, Guy, and Everett Bleiler. Essential German Grammar. Mineola, New York. Dover Publications inc, 1961.

Dippmann, Gerda, and Johanna Watzinger-Tharp.  A Practical review of German Grammar. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall inc. 2000.

Page written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

=Translations=


[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]
[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New High German</title>
    <id>5162</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>32122</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-01T22:40:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[High German]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[High German]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Espiritolan</title>
    <id>5163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36867</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T05:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Espiritolan''' (''Espiritolà'') siado un lingua fabricá para Chung Van Dao. Siado basá sora as ''Linguas Romanças'' ey fuede creyá justa recentamiente. 

== Hístoria ==
Era lingua fabricá fuede creyá en Aprilo 2008, tre recentamiente. Siado á la proximitia de sér un lingua completa vei os reglos grammaticos asseros developáos.

L'inspiracion de creyar era lingua fuede da un otra lingua fabricá do creyore, quí s'aspuerede ''Ùrobasica'' mas siado defonctá.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Timothy Patrick Snyder</title>
    <id>5164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35659</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-15T01:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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    <title>New Main Page Demo</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-06-07T11:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>changed to neutral colours</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;
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| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8888AA; background-color: #F8F8FF&quot; |
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Introduction

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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topics&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Real languages]]
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:[[:Category:Alternative Writing Systems|Conscripts]]
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    <title>Main Page/Introduction</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-11-28T15:08:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pet1</username>
        <id>1431</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Welcome to FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
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[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|FrathWiki's goal]] is to collect information about conlangs, conworlds and linguistic subjects in general. Anyone can contribute to the knowledge. FrathWiki is currently home to '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' pages, all of which are free to use (with [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|certain conditions]]).

''You'' are invited to help! You may edit these pages and make new ones. Read the help topics to learn how to write pages here. If you need assistance, you may ask questions at [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]].
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[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleobiota</title>
    <id>5187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45407</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:09:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
|}

'''[[Biology of the Chihazh System|Life]]''' first appeared on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] approximately 4.8 billion years ago.

One notable difference between Galhafan native life and terrestrial life is the [[symbiota]] domain, which achieved multicellularity through extreme symbiosis.

== Rough Timeline ==
''Somewhat speculative''&lt;br&gt;
Years refer to Earth years
*c. 4.8 billion years ago: First [[paleoprokaryota|prokaryotic]] cells
*c. 3.9 billion years ago: First photosynthetic bacteria appear
*c. 3.2 billion years ago: First [[paleoeukaryota|eukaryotic]] cells
*c. 2.4 billion years ago: Appearance of [[symbiota]]ns
*c. 2.1 billion years ago: First multicellular eukaryotes
*c. 1.7 billion years ago: First large, complex, organisms; origin of most phyla
*c. 1.5 billion years ago: Colonization of land begins
*c. 825 million years ago: Colonization of [[Ospendakh]] and [[Khanda]]

== Domains ==
Galhafan native life is divided into three domains
*[[Paleoprokaryota]]
*[[Symbiota]]
*[[Paleoeukaryota]]

[[Category:Galhafan Biology|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Humans (Galhaf)</title>
    <id>5188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45490</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:33:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart2|Human}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Dorsoneuralia}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Anovaria}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Legion|'''Vocifer'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Order|'''Ambulator'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Suborder|'''Manualia'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Family|'''Hominidae'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Genus|'''Homo'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Species|'''sapiens'''}}
|}

'''Humans''' (''Homo sapiens'', ''Minì Ñaphe ima Cha-Ñaphe'', &quot;Only humans from [those] like humans&quot;) are the sole representative of the primate order on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].

Humans are divided into a number of [[Ethnicities of Galhaf|ethnicities]]

[[Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf]]
[[Category:Sentients of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleoeukaryota</title>
    <id>5189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44238</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:08:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
|}

The '''paleoeukaryotes''' (''Kháve çéná tama'' &quot;Old Complex Cells&quot;) are a domain of native Galhafan life.  Like terrestrial eukaryotes, they are believed to have originated in endosymbiosis.  Some paleoeukaryotes are unicellular, and others are multicellular.

== Kingdoms ==
''incomplete''
*[[Paleoplantae]]
*[[Paleoanimalia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Other languages</title>
    <id>5190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46661</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T13:07:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed font spec from &quot;Verdana&quot; to &quot;sans-serif&quot;. Not everyone is on Windoze!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt sans-serif; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki in other languages&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
titlematch=Main Page%
category=Main Page in other languages
mode=inline 
inlinetext= &amp;nbsp; &amp;bull; &amp;nbsp;
replaceintitle=#Main Page/#,
redirects=include
&lt;/dpl&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;(Get your translation included [[:Main Page/Other languages|here]]!)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

To get your Main Page translation included in this listing make it a subpage of [[Main Page]] and  include it in [[:Category:Main Page in other languages]], i.e. make sure the title of your page is &lt;code&gt;&quot;Main Page&quot; + slash + ''the name of your language''&lt;/code&gt;, then insert the text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; somewhere in your page.  If you already created your translation and need help moving it contact [[Special:EmailUser/Melroch|BPJ]] (preferably by email!)

[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlang relays</title>
    <id>5191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45970</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:48:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat @ top</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A list of conlang relays:
[[Category: Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neoplantae</title>
    <id>5192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44175</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoplantae}}
|}

'''Neoplantae''' (''Yulà drà'', &quot;New Plants&quot;) is a [[Galhafan Biological Taxonomy|kingdom]] consisting of plants brought by [[Humans (Galhaf)|humanity]] during colonization.  All neoplants are classified into the single phylum '''neoflores''' (''Yulà úpá'', &quot;New Flowers&quot;).

== Classes ==

[[Category:Terrestrial Plants of Galhaf|*]]</text>
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    <title>File:Nm uyata.gif</title>
    <id>5193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32431</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T02:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uyata.gif</title>
    <id>5194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32432</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T02:48:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Smp uyata.gif</title>
    <id>5195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32433</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-07T02:50:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uyata</title>
    <id>5196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32481</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notable features */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]

=Uyata=

[[Image:Nm uyata.gif]]

Uyata is a syllabary used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. Uyata and the [[Qatama]] conlang were invented by [[User:Qang|Qang]] for use in his conworld, [[Qatama]]. It was created as an alternative to the alphabet [[Moj]].

==Notable features==

*Uyata is written in glyph blocks by vertically stacking the syllable glyphs to form words. The script is written vertically, in columns running from left to right.
*The word '''uyata''' not only refers to the script but also means &quot;box, container&quot; in Qatama - referring to the boxy appearance of the glyphs.
*Uyata was inspired by [[Wikipedia:Phagspa_script|Phags-pa]], and the [[Wikipedia:Seal_script|Chinese Seal Script]].
*Uyata contains 66 syllable glyphs, 1 null glyph to help form full glyphs and a syllable reverse glyph to aid in reduction of syllable glyphs needed to write words.
*Each full word glyph must have a minimum of 2 syllable glyphs and a maximum of 4.

==Uyata syllabary==

[[Image:Uyata.gif]]

==Notes==

*The null glyph is most often used to finalize a word glyph, but can be used to initialize as well.
*The syllable reverse glyph is placed immediately after the syllable it modifies.
*The script can also be written horizontally in glyph blocks, but this is only done to save space.
*There is no punctuation used in [[Qatama]], pauses, stops and questions are understood through the use of context and particles.

==Sample==

[[Image:Smp uyata.gif]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anovaria</title>
    <id>5197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44171</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:19:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Dorsoneuralia}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Anovaria}}
|}

'''Anovaria''' (''Jhu rèpyù'', &quot;Without Eggs&quot;) is the name given to [[Wikipedia:mammal|mammal]]s on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].

When [[humans (Galhaf)|humans]] arrived on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], they brought a few other [[neoplantae|plants]] and [[neoanimalia|animals]] with them.  These Earth-descended organisms created some difficulty in taxonomy, as, in many cases, entire orders contained only one or two species.

Mammals were no exception to this.  On Galhaf, there were just five species of mammals, including humans.  Initially, mammals were divided into two legions, the &quot;speaking&quot; (Vocifer) and &quot;non-speaking&quot; (Avocifer) mammals, though later the avocifer was divided into two legions.

The vocifer legion contains a single order, ''ambulator'', a single suborder ''manualia'', a single family ''homindae'', a single genus, ''homo'', and a single species ''solus''.

The historic avocifer legion was subidivided into two orders, subsequently raised to legions, the &quot;hoof&quot; (ungulata) and &quot;claw&quot; (Unguifer).

The ungulata legion contains two orders, ''monodactylia'' (one-toed) and ''tetradactylia'' (four-toed).  Monodactylia contains a single suborder, ''celeris'' (fast; originally a suborder of ungulata before it was promoted), a single family ''equidae'', genus ''equus'' and species ''[[Horse (Galhaf)|solus]]''.  Tetradactylia contains a single suborder ''tardis'' (slow), family ''suidae'', genus ''sus'', and species ''[[Pig (Galhaf)|solus]]''

Unguifer contains a single suborder ''carnivora'', two families ''canidae'' and ''felidae''.  Canidae contains one genus ''canis'' and one species ''[[Dog (Galhaf)|solus]]''.  Felidae contains one genus ''felis'' and one species ''[[Cat (Galhaf)|solus]]''.

[[Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neobiota</title>
    <id>5198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45409</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Earth life of Galhaf]] moved to [[Neobiota]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
|}

When [[Humans (Galhaf)|humanity]] arrived on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], they brought a small number of organisms with them.  Primarily various domestic [[neoplantae|plants]] and [[neoanimalia|animals]], along with their symbiotic [[neoprokaryota|microbes]] and [[neofungi|fungi]], and also some soil microbes.

Terrestrial [[Biology of the Chihazh System|life]] on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] represents only a very tiny fragment of the diversity of Earth.  Galhafan biologists have little to work with in attempting to understand the evolution of those few organisms.

== Domains ==
*[[Neoprokaryota]]
*[[Neoeukaryota]]

[[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf|*]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Uyata2.GIF</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uyata nm.GIF</title>
    <id>5200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32483</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uyata smp.GIF</title>
    <id>5201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32484</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uyata numbers.GIF</title>
    <id>5202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32485</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uyata num smp.GIF</title>
    <id>5203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32486</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uyata Abugida</title>
    <id>5204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32487</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T04:30:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Qatama}}  [[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]  =Uyata=  [[Image:Uyata nm.GIF]]  Uyata is an abugida used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. Uyata and the [[Qatama]] conlang wer...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]

=Uyata=

[[Image:Uyata nm.GIF]]

Uyata is an abugida used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. Uyata and the [[Qatama]] conlang were invented by [[User:Qang|Qang]] for use in his conworld, [[Qatama]]. It was created as an alternative to the alphabet [[Moj]].

==Notable features==

*Uyata is written in glyph blocks by vertically stacking the syllable glyphs to form words. The script is written vertically, in columns running from left to right.
*The word '''uyata''' not only refers to the script but also means &quot;box, container&quot; in Qatama - referring to the boxy appearance of the glyphs.
*Uyata was inspired by [[Wikipedia:Phagspa_script|Phags-pa]], and the [[Wikipedia:Seal_script|Chinese Seal Script]].
*Uyata contains 30 syllable glyphs, 3 vowel glyphs, a syllable reverse glyph and a number marker to form numbers.

==Uyata abugida==

[[Image:Uyata2.GIF]]

==Notes==

*The vowels are placed after the syllable they modify.
*The syllable reverse glyph is placed immediately before the syllable it modifies.
*The script can also be written horizontally in glyph blocks, but this is only done to save space.
*There is no punctuation used in [[Qatama]], pauses, stops and questions are understood through the use of context and particles.

==Sample==

[[Image:Uyata smp.GIF]]

==Uyata number system==

[[Image:Uyata numbers.GIF]]

==Number Sample==

[[Image:Uyata num smp.GIF]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nuvola filesystems www.png</title>
    <id>5206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32508</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T09:37:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Community Portal</title>
    <id>5207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51861</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T18:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Collaboration&lt;/div&gt;
*[[:Category:Collaborations|Expand someone else's collaborative project]]
*[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Stub|Improve a stub]]
*[[FrathWiki talk:Maintenance|Discuss wiki maintenance]]
*[irc://irc.efnet.net/ConLang Talk to other users on this IRC channel]
*[[User talk:Muke|Contact the administrator (Muke)]]
*[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Participate in Off-Topic Discussions]]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Nuvola filesystems www.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Related communities&lt;/div&gt;
*[[ConlangWiki:ConlangWiki|ConlangWiki]]
*[[IBWiki:|Ill Bethisad Wiki]]
*[[wikibooks:Conlang|Conlang Wikibook]]
*[[AltHist:|Althistory Wiki]]
*[[Wikipedia:P:CL|Constructed languages @ Wikipedia]]
*[[conlangcity:|ConLang Wiki]]
*[[Langmaker:|Langmaker]]
*[http://www.terralinguas.com TerraLinguas]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;</text>
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    <title>File:Guma2.gif</title>
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      <id>38541</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-07T08:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ujaga.gif</title>
    <id>5210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38540</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-07T08:24:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moj num11.gif</title>
    <id>5211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32516</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T13:31:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama thematic lexicon</title>
    <id>5212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46353</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T12:17:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Qatama]][[Category:General_lexica]]

=Numbers=

[[Image:Moj_num_a.gif|frame|right]]

*'''ogo''' = n. number, v. to count

*'''om''' = zero, nothing , none
*'''ong''' = one , single
*'''to''' = two
*'''mo''' = three
*'''oko''' = four
*'''do''' = five
*'''no''' = six
*'''oq''' = seven
*'''tong''' = eight
*'''noq''' = nine
*'''man''' = ten
*'''tan''' = hundred
*'''ngan''' = thousand 

==Larger Numbers==


[[Image:Moj num11.gif|thumb|right|200px|Larger numbers]]

*'''man ong''' = eleven
*'''man to''' = twelve
*'''man mo''' = thirteen
*'''to man''' = twenty
*'''to man oko''' = twenty-four
*'''tan to man oko''' = one hundred twenty-four
*'''mo tan mo to''' = 332
*'''oko man do ngan no oq tong''' = 45,678

==Ordinals &amp; Fractions==

To form ordinals place the particle '''nu''' after the number. To form multiples the suffix '''-a''' is added, with seven and nine being irregular, I.e. '''o'aq''' seven-times, and '''no'aq''' nine-times.

Fractions are form by using the adposition '''aj''' meaning of/from.

*'''ong aj to''' = half (lit: one of two)

*'''oko aj do''' = four fifths

==Addintional Vocabulary==

*'''aja''' = all / every
*'''toa''' = twice / double
*'''daya''' = many / much / a lot
*'''dayu''' = few / a little / a bit
*'''m`hu''' = less / fewer / v. to subtract
*'''m`ha''' = more / v. to add
*'''anha''' = some

=Colors=

[[Image:Ujaga.gif|right|thumb|200px|The [[Qatama]] color chart.]]

*'''aga''' -- n. color, pigment, hue | v. to color, paint
*'''oga''' -- black
*'''muga''' -- blue
*'''myoga''' -- brown
*'''huga''' -- clear, bright
*'''on''' -- dark, deep
*'''anyaga''' -- fair, blond
*'''tlaga''' -- gray
*'''namuga''' -- green
*'''konaga''' -- orange
*'''un''' -- pale in color, light
*'''koyuga''' -- pink
*'''komuga''' -- purple
*'''koga''' -- red
*'''uga''' -- white, bright, colorless
*'''naga''' -- yellow

=Family terminology=

[[Image:Danjatanga.GIF|thumb|right|Taq's family tree]]

*'''kang''' -- man, husband
*'''mung''' -- woman, wife
*'''-han''' -- Mr., sir, gentleman...(used as an unbound morpheme when name is 3 syllables)
*'''-hana''' -- Mrs., Miss, Ms., ma'am, lady...(used as an unbound morpheme when name is 3 syllables)
*'''ata''' -- n. name | v. to be called
*'''kong''' -- person
*'''tanga''' -- family (smallest unit in the kinship hierarchy)
*'''tang''' -- clan, tribe (ambiguous term that is usually followed by the name of clan/tribe.
*'''tang ru''' -- relative (lit: one of the clan/tribe)
*'''kangha''' -- father
*'''mungha''' -- mother
*'''taja''' -- brother
*'''munu''' -- sister
*'''taj''' -- boy, son
*'''mungu''' -- girl, daughter
*'''mungla''' -- aunt
*'''kangla''' -- uncle
*'''tajum''' -- niece, nephew
*'''kara | kangra''' -- grandfather
*'''mura | mungra''' -- grandmother
*'''tajal | munul''' -- cousin
*'''muhuka''' -- marriage | to marry | to be married
*'''muhula''' -- divorced | to divorce | to be divorced
*'''...ajum''' -- ...in-law
*'''umun''' -- baby | child
*'''umunha''' -- teenager | adolescent
*'''kanga''' -- adult | people
*'''maja''' -- friend, ally
*'''ujuna''' -- enemy
*'''ongoq''' -- elder

*The difference between '''kangra/kara''' and '''mungra/mura''' is one of familiarity/respect. If you know the elder well enough you would simply refer to him/her with '''kara/mura''', but in times when the goal is to show respect and tact, '''kangra/mungra''' are used.

=Clothing=

[[Image:Guma2.gif|right|thumb|200px|A picture of what a '''guma''' might look like.]]

*'''okada''' -- apron
*'''alaju''' -- belt
*'''noga''' -- boot, shoe, sandal, sock
*'''oka''' -- cloth, rag
*'''guma''' -- coat, shirt
*'''dohuq''' -- cotton
*'''kuha'a''' -- dress, skirt
*'''myanuq''' -- earring
*'''m`dan''' -- glove, wristband
*'''hanaka''' -- hat, headdress
*'''myar''' -- jewelry, jewel
*'''ongaya''' -- necklace
*'''tal''' -- rank, insignia
*'''yuj''' -- ring
*'''gon''' -- shield, armor
*'''akama''' -- shorts, trousers, pants
*'''onyom''' -- silk
*'''kuhaga''' -- suit
*'''kuha''' -- v. to wear clothes | n. clothing
*'''go`om''' -- tunic
*'''okuaha''' -- underclothes
*'''gumahu''' -- undershirt
*'''kuhan''' -- uniform
*'''ulana''' -- wool

=Body=

[[Image:Anaq.GIF|right|thumb|200px|A diagram with vocabulary]]

[[Image:Udan.GIF|right|thumb|200px|A diagram with vocabulary]]

*'''amaq''' -- body / anatomy
*'''anaq''' -- head / brain
*'''anuq''' -- ear(s) / to hear
*'''ongo''' -- eye(s) / to see, look
*'''okota''' -- heart
*'''toru''' -- back, spine
*'''taruya''' -- hip / waist
*'''tara''' -- belly, stomach
*'''utar''' -- chest / breast
*'''nogra''' -- feet / toes
*'''anuja''' -- leg / calf, thigh
*'''udan''' -- hand/arm
*'''qongo''' -- joint
*'''gan''' -- bone
*'''gua''' -- mouth/face
*'''ogua''' -- facial hair
*'''uha''' -- skin
*'''udanju''' -- fingers/knuckles
*'''dong''' -- nose / to smell
*'''g`tla''' -- shoulder
*'''qono''' -- muscle
*'''anaqra''' -- neck, throat
*'''guata''' -- teeth / to bite
*'''guaja''' -- tongue / to taste 
*'''unuq''' -- hair

=Time=


*'''ama''' -- time
*'''ung''' -- past
*'''naku''' -- present
*'''uq''' -- future
*'''njam''' - moment /instant
*'''maq''' -- day
*'''omaq''' -- sunrise / dawn / morning
*'''d`maq''' -- noon / midday break
*'''umaq''' -- afternoon / dusk / twilight / sunset
*'''onaq''' -- evening
*'''naq''' -- night
*'''unaq''' -- midnight
*'''aj maq''' -- daily
*'''ngumaq''' -- yesterday
*'''kun maq''' -- today
*'''kumaq''' -- tomorrow
*'''galam''' -- week
*'''aj galam''' -- weekly
*'''alam''' -- month
*'''aj alam''' -- monthly
*'''ngaja''' -- spring
*'''arung''' -- summer
*'''mugun''' -- fall / autumn
*'''ngumha''' -- winter
*'''alamu''' -- season
*'''ngaq''' -- year
*'''aj ngaq''' -- yearly
*'''ngaq aj umja''' -- leap-year
*'''maq aj umja''' -- leap-day
*'''kayata''' -- holiday / festival
*'''tangaq''' -- century
*'''amahaq''' -- epoch, age
*'''amaja''' -- forever, eternity
*'''maqla''' -- never / no more

=Random Words=

These words added in honor of the ZBBers that created them.

*'''kogyo''' -- shelf
*'''qalhangra''' -- n. a severe storm, particularly referring to noise and winds; (v) to howl and blow, referring to the sound the wind makes
*'''ogoyo''' -- n. annoyance, adj. annoying, v. to annoy, etc.
*'''k`ra''' -- conj. - but; denoting opposite, contradiction
*'''ayunha''' -- n. the horribly uncomfortable feeling that accompanies the inability to complete a sneeze
*'''q`dogo''' n. 1. Machinery. 2. A kludge; a hack; an unwieldy solution. 3. figurative A plot device, especially an implausible one. A cock-and-bull story.
*'''k'gaq''' - v.intrans to swallow something the wrong way
*'''d'mu''' - n. mouse
*'''ayula''' - n. star
*'''qadal''' - n. quicksand, soft/loose ground
*'''komoja''' - adj. the smell of vinegar
*'''kyutara''' - v. to ward off, to deter
*'''n'kara''' - n a bell, intr. v. to ring or chime (like a bell)
*'''kyor''' - n a rattle, shaken noise-maker
*'''nalha''' - trans. v to ring or shake (specifically a bell or a rattle)
*'''ulhu''' - v. to flow / n. flow
*'''g'laq''' - v. to explode
*'''kujanga''' - v. to sing a lullaby to make someone fall asleep
*'''doyoja''' - adj. confusing, difficult to follow or make sense of
*'''qung''' - n. phoneme, sound, utterance</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mooj1.png</title>
    <id>5213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38223</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngumja.png</title>
    <id>5214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38222</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nura.png</title>
    <id>5215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38221</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tojla2.png</title>
    <id>5216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38220</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:25:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mogua1.png</title>
    <id>5217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38250</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-26T13:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|Qang}}}|{{{1|Qang}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|redundant image, unnecessary}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
| style='text-align:center;' valign=middle| &lt;br \&gt;&lt;font style='font-size: 80%;'&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Category_talk:For_deletion talk]&lt;/font&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:For deletion|*]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:For deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;

[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:27aug.png</title>
    <id>5218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38218</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Poem1.png</title>
    <id>5219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38217</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama Calligraphy</title>
    <id>5220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38242</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-26T12:48:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* al Mogua */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]

A gallery of Qatama Calligraphy.

=Mo`oj=

[[Image:Mooj1.png]]

*'''mo`oj''' /'mo:?o:Z/

=Qatama=

[[Image:Mooj2.png]]

*'''Qatama''' /'qa:.ta:.ma:./

=Ngumja=

[[Image:Ngumja.png]]

*'''ngumja''' /'Nu:m.Za:/ -- n. the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations

=Nura=

[[Image:Nura.png]]

*'''nura''' /'nu:.ra:/ -- n. life, vitality; v. to live, exist

*This example shows the progression from a flowing calligraphic style to a square-ish emblematic style.

=Tojla=

[[Image:Tojla2.png]]

*'''tojla''' /to:Z.la:/ -- n. a traditional sword worn by the warrior class and nobility

=Tamaja=

[[Image:Tamaja3a.png]]

*'''tamaja''' /'ta:.ma:.Za:/ -- 'all is well, peace', a common response to being greeted. Presented in [[Moj]], [[Uyata]] and [[Ajan]].

=al Mogua=

[[Image:Mogua1.PNG]]

*This is something I call '''mogua''', it's a play on '''moj''' (writing system) + '''gua''' (face), if you look closely, every grapheme of [[Moj]] can be made with a combination of these brush strokes.

=Ogu=

[[Image:27aug.png]]

*'''ogu'''
*'''gomoku unja'''
*'''mo ngan omha'''
*'''ogu uj omha'''
*'''kyuna gomoku unja'''

a poem by ''Ryokan Taigu'':

*''Within''
*''A light snow''
*''Three Thousand Realms''
*''Within those realms''
*''Light snow falls''

=Ogu al kama=

[[Image:Poem1.png]]

*'''ogu al kama'''
*'''aj myatla ma koto al qam'''
*'''ogu daq nuj utahu'''
*'''al ma`aq aj gahaja moqra'''

*A poem by ''Ryokan Taigu''

*''Down in the village''
*''the din of flute and drum,''
*''here deep in the mountain''
*''everywhere the sound of the pines''

=Nja`ayu=

[[Image:Njaayu.png]]

*'''nja`ayu''' /nZa:?a:ju/ 
#n. an introvert, solitary individual 
#v. to be, act for, focus on oneself 
#adj. preferring the internal, satisfied with self, lacking interest or comfort in social interactions

*A contraction formed from '''nja''' (for, about) and '''ayu''' (self, reflective particle).

----

If you have a request, please, feel free to ask. -- [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tamaja3a.png</title>
    <id>5221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32530</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T14:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Espiritolan</title>
    <id>5222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45303</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-09T09:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;, Ogio es: {{CURRENTDAY}}/{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{CURRENTYEAR}}&lt;/center&gt;
{| cellspacing=5 width=100%
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#f3f3f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
¡Bienvená a la FrathWiki, L'Encyclopedia adon povo asjiar las Conlinguas, Conculturas ey los otros topicos na relacion de la linguagia.

Vidai las [[FrathWiki:Goals|Bugas de la FrathWiki]] por v'ensegnar, si v'hesitavo.

Manotença, habanos '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articulos. N'emplesário que povavo asjiar a nostra colleccion, por en más d'informacion.

|-
|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFFE0; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Vidar los Topicos:'''
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Con-linguas]]
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|align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff5f5; padding:8px&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;|

'''Vidar en un otra lingua'''
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|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;background:#e0e0f3; padding:8px&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fontas]] • [[Help:Editing|Editar un pagia]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Las Convencionas de nomar las Pagias]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Como commençar un pagia]] • [[Help:Contents|De l'Aida]]

:Por en más d'informacion, v'hesitar de contaçar [mailto:muke@frath.net Muke].

|-

|}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zgul.PNG</title>
    <id>5223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32559</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Zgulha.PNG</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>32560</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:50:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Zgulhan.PNG</title>
    <id>5225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32561</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:50:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zkagan.PNG</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>32562</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:50:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Zkanaq.PNG</title>
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      <id>32563</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Zmaj.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zomoq.PNG</title>
    <id>5229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32565</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Zqan.PNG</title>
    <id>5230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32566</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Zqanmaj.PNG</title>
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      <id>32567</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:52:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Zqtoj.PNG</title>
    <id>5232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32568</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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    <title>File:Ztoj.PNG</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>32569</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Ztojra.PNG</title>
    <id>5234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32570</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-08T20:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama Heraldry]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Central Measceineafh</title>
    <id>5235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47769</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T01:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sound Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Central Measceineafh */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Central Measceineafh is the name given to the language which predated [[Fraze]] and [[Rajat]] in the region which gave it it's name.

==Sound Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit to Central Measceineafh==
*Sporadic Reduplication, typically with &quot;stressed&quot; items, ethnonyms and a few toponyms, as well as a few other words.
*r ɻ &gt; ɻ
*ɛ æ &gt; æ
*ɐ &gt; ɑ
*initial ɻ &gt; ɖ
*æɻ ɑɻ &gt; əɻ &gt; ɻ
*v [ð z] &gt; DELETE
*pf) bv) tθ) ts) &gt; f v θ s
*æ# ɑ# &gt; ə &gt; e
*ix ex æx ɑx ox ux &gt; ə ɐ ɐ ɐ ɐ ə
*intervocular ɻ &gt; z
*sæ se si zæ ze zi &gt; ʃæ ʃe ʃi ʒæ ʒe ʒi
*&quot;ɐ &quot;ɑ ɐ ɑ &gt; &quot;ɑ &quot;ɑ ɐ ɐ

==Grammatical Changes==
*Topicalization of subject - Within introductory or unconnected clauses, the subject of the verb has been topicalized into the forefront, prior to the verb. On clauses were another clause (somehow connected to the second, not merely independent), VSO word order was strongly preferred.
*Subtopicalization of the object - Within verbs which fronted the subject, secondary fronting of the object is not unheard of. Thus, a tertiary word order, SOV, has become relatively common.
*Originally distinguishing the unmarked accusitive from later clauses or dative, locative, or other constructions, the conjunction, i, became associated with accusative suffix marking, and became the dominant accusative marker in VSO constructions.
*The relatively right-branching tendencies were also weakened by the tendency to place counters, the generic pluralizer, and a few preposition forms prior to their antecedent.
*PRF demonstrative pronouns (*dæun and *dæum) became stressed third person pronouns.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fraze</title>
    <id>5236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34981</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-05T23:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology and Allophony */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fraze is a [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages|Rajo-Faraneih Language]] spoken in various sections of the Measceineafh. Although relatively secure as a language, it is somewhat threatened by its relative, [[Rajat]], which is more economically powerful, as a local lingua franca.

==Phonology and Allophony==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɟʝ)}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Short Oral Vowels: /a e i o u/
*Long Oral Vowels: /a: i: u:/
*Nasal Vowels: /ɑ~ ɛ~/

*Consonantal Allophony and Distribution:
**/ʈ/ only appears initially, but contrasts with all other phonemes
**/ti di si zi li/ &gt; [tʲi dʲi sʲi zʲi ʎi]
**[sʲi zʲi] are in free variation with [ʃi ʒi]
**/se ze/ is also in free variation with [ʃe ʒe]
**/ki hi ka ha/ &gt; [ci çi qa χa]
**/b d ɟʝ/ &gt; [b̊ d̊ ɟʝ̊] when word final
**/s f/ and [sʲ] &gt; [z v zʲ] when between two vowels
**/b d ʈ/ &gt; [bʰ dʰ ʈʰ] when word initial
*Vowel Allophony:
**/i: u:/ &gt; [e: o:] prior to /m n/
**/a e i o u/ &gt; [ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ] when unstressed
**/a: i: u:/ and [e: o:] &gt; [ɐ: ɪ: ʊ: ɛ: ɔ:] when unstressed
**/ɑ~ ɛ~/ &gt; [ɐ~ ə~] when unstressed

==Morphology==

==Syntax==

==Lexicon==

==Changes from Central Measceineafh==
*All diphthongs become falling (through torsion of components of rising ones)
*ɑ &gt; a, æ &gt; e
*z &gt; ɻ
*ʃ ʒ &gt; s z
*θ &gt; s
*x &gt; h &gt; DELETED
*ui iu &gt; y &gt; i
*ue io &gt; ø &gt; e
*ua uo &gt; o: u:
*ia ie &gt; e: i:
*a e o i u [+open syllables] &gt; a: e: o: i: u:
*a: e: o: &gt; e: i: u:
*p# t# k# q# &gt; DELETED
*q &gt; χ &gt; h
*b d ɖ &gt; bʱ dʱ ɖʱ word initially
*ɖʱ &gt; ʈʰ when stressed
*ɖʱ &gt; ʈʱ when unstressed
*bʱ dʱ &gt; bʰ dʰ when stressed
*CʰV CʱV &gt; CʰV˥ CʰV˩ &gt; CʰV˩˥ CʰV˩ &gt; CʰV: CʰV
*Cm mC Cn nC &gt; m m n n
*u:m um un u:n &gt; o:m om on o:n
*i:m im in i:n &gt; e:m em en e:n
*an am en em on om &gt; ɑ~ ɑ~ ɛ~ ɛ~ ɑ~ ɑ~
*s z + i,e &gt; ʃ ʒ  (Still underway, therefore sporadic)
*do:m becomes a completely dominant third person pronoun, eliminating the inanimate, the distinct plural (pluralized do:m is do:me), and fourth person forms, and all other cases being determined by it (do:mi, etc).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajat</title>
    <id>5237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47771</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T01:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Rajat is spoken in much of the Measceineafh, as it is rapidly becoming a local lingua franca, largely because of indigenous political control.

=Phonology=
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɖ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɟ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Vowels: /a e i o u/

*Consonantal Allophony:
**/ti te di de si se ni ne/ &gt; [tʲi tʲe dʲi dʲe sʲi sʲe nʲi nʲe]
**/ɖi ɖe ɻi ɻe ɭi ɭe li le/ &gt; [ɖʲi ɖʲe ɻʲi ɻʲe ɭʲi ɭʲe lʲi lʲe]

*Vowel Allophony:
**/en em in im/ &gt; [en em en em]
**/on om un um/ &gt; [on om on om]
**/i u e o a/ &gt; [ə ɵ ɛ ɔ ɐ]
**/i u e o a/ and [ə ɵ ɛ ɔ ɐ] &gt; [i: u: e: o: a: ə: ɵ: ɛ: ɔ: ɐ:] when in an open syllable

=Morphology=

==Nominal Morphology==
Five major cases are distinguished morphologically - nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, and dative. Nominative is the base form, while the suffix -i is added to regular nouns to form the accusative. Meanwhile, the other cases are formed by what were prepositions (and now are prefixes), those being fi- (genitive), di- (instrumental), and ni- (dative).

 uteɻ fia uteɻ eoon difanot
 uteɻ fi-a uteɻ e-o-on di-fanot
 dog GEN-man dog PROG-3-see INSTR-field
 (The) man's dog sees (the) dog across the field.

Or, to give a proper example of the declension:

 uteɻ --- fiuteɻ -- diuteɻ ---- niuteɻ
 uteɻ --- fi-uteɻ - di-uteɻ --- ni-uteɻ
 dog-OBL  GEN-dog   INSTR-dog   DAT-dog

Or, for certain nouns:

 kam     kem         fikam       dikam         ni-kam
 kam     kem         fi-kam      di-kam        ni-kam
 promise promise/ACC GEN-promise INSTR-promise DAT-promise

===The Accusative===
This presentation of the accusative is dangerously deceptive, however, as a secondary declension exists which differs in its form. Nouns which end in /p b f m k ç h/ in the nominative experience a form of i-mutation. For instance:

 daun      dein         uoon
 daun      dein         u-   o-on
 3.S.ANI   3.S.ANI/ACC  PAST-3-see
 (S)He sees him/her.

Daun (*/dæun/ &gt; /daun/) mutates (in this case, fronts and unrounds) to deini because of the terminal i. This process affects all vowels or vowel clusters prior to an /i/ if they are in the same morpheme or the morpheme prior. Word boundaries are not crossed by this affect. The pattern is exceedingly regular, all of the vowels from that time have their specific pattern- /æ a e i o u ə/ became /e æ i i e i ɛ/.

Mutations also occur when the noun ends in a vowel, here a second set of problems evolved, as when the /i/ is actually in contact with another vowel, it disappeared. For example:

 ækænæ + i &gt; ækænei &gt; *ækæne (ACC), *ækænæ (NOM) &gt; (modern acc /akane/, nom /akana/)
 bæunə + i &gt; bæunɛi &gt; *bæunɛ (ACC), *bæunə (NOM) &gt; (modern /bauna/)
 æmɑu + i &gt; æmæii &gt; *æmæi (ACC), *æmɑu (NOM) &gt; (modern acc /amai/, nom /amau/)

The paradigm is precisely the same.

The greatest complications emerge later because /æ a ɛ/ all merged to /a/ following this event, producing pairs like kam (promise, from *kæm) and kam (breath, from *kam), which are homophones except in the accusative. For example:

 a        kem          eefad        ninoɻ
 a        kem          e-e-fad      ni- noɻ
 1.S.NOM  promise/ACC  PROG-1-give  DAT-2.INF
 I'm giving you my promise/word.

is distinct from

 a        kam         eefad        ninoɻ
 a        kam         e-e-fad      ni- noɻ
 1.S.NOM  breath/ACC  PROG-1-give  DAT-2.INF
 I'm giving you my breath (performing CPR).

Yet,

 kam  zeti         eobeli
 kam  zet-    i    e-   o-beli
 ???  nothing-ACC  PROG-3-mean
 ???  means nothing.

This could mean either &quot;breath/breathing means nothing&quot; or &quot;promise(s)/promising means nothing&quot;. Naturally, there are ways around such ambiguity, but this basic confusion still exists.

Similarly, nouns which previously ended in ə continue to make no distinction between the accusative and nominative (outside of syntactical markings). For example:

 bauna  amai           eonibad
 bauna  amai-          e-   o-nibad
 eat    strength/ACC-  PROG-3-make
 Eating produces strength.

While, in the accusitive, bauna changes not at all:

 daun         bauna   eove
 daun         bauna-  e-   o-ve
 3.S.ANI.NOM  eat     PROG-3-enjoy
 (S)He enjoys eating.

===&quot;Oblique&quot; Cases===
Regarding the other cases, the terms &quot;instrumental&quot;, &quot;genitive&quot;, and &quot;dative&quot; only partially capture the uses of the various cases, however. Dative is strictly reserved for andative complements and most indirect objects. 

 a        uepa       niuteɻ
 a        u-   e-pa  ni- uteɻ
 1.S.NOM  PAST-1-go  DAT-dog
 I        went       to the dog.

The genitive meanwhile has a broader meaning than is typically used. For instance, it is used where many other languages would use a locative case:

 a        iebauna      fifanot
 a        i-  e-bauna  fi- fanot
 1.S.NOM  FUT-1-eat    GEN-field
 I        will eat     in the field.

Naturally, the genitive is also used to denote ownership or composition.

 a        iebauna      fifanot         fiapudi     fiar
 a        i-  e-bauna  fi- fanot       fi- apudi   fi-ar
 1.S.NOM  FUT-1-eat    GEN-field       GEN-root    GEN-woman
 I        will eat     in (the) field  of root(s)  of (the) woman.
 I will eat in the woman's root-field.

The instrumental case is also somewhat expanded from conventional definitions. It is used in the context of not only something used to achieve something, but also for movement through something (combining the meanings of what are often called perlative, prolative, prosecutive, and vialis cases).

 a        aiepa      difanot
 a        ai- e-pa   di-   fanot
 1.S.NOM  IMP-1-go   INSTR-field
 I        was going  along/through (the) field

==Verbal Morphology==
Verbs conjugate for tense, mood, person, and number in a somewhat agglutinative fashion.

 a       deim              aiebauna
 a       deim              ai-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM 3.S.INANI.STR/ACC IMP-1-eat
 I was eating that.

This is roughly one of the most simple conjugations, as the mood is realis and the subject's number is singular (although, even if it was plural it would be marked without that because the subject is not in first person). For a more complex example:

 ti      deim             inababauna
 ti      deim             i-n-a-ba-bauna
 3.P.NOM 3.S.INANI.STR/AC FUT-IRR-2-P-eat
 They might go and eat that.

To begin, the tense and aspect section proceeds all others, then the mood-encoding morphemes (or a null), then the obligatory person marker, and then the plural marker, if necessary, and finally the root noun-verb.

Starting with tense, four major distinctions are made - perfect, past imperfect, present progressive, and future. Each has its own marker on regular verbs, and these are virtually always distinct on irregulars as well. For example:

 a uebauna
 a u-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM PRF-1-eat
 I ate.

 a aiebauna
 a ai-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM IMP-1-eat
 I was eating.

 a eebauna
 a e-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM PROG-1-eat
 I'm eating.

 a iebauna
 a i-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM FUT-1-eat
 I will/shall eat.

Moving on to mood, four moods are distinguished. These are the realis (null), irrealis (-n-), negative (-z-), and emphatic (-t-). Realis functions similarly to the indicative of other languages, but is used for statements that are known to be true or would be true given the correct changes (the then clause in and if-then construction). Irrealis mirrors this, being used for statements that may be true, could be true, or are unknown as to their validity, as well as in the if-clause in said constructions. Negative is used obviously to mark a statement as false. Meanwhile, the emphatic has a more convoluted meaning. Used for all imperatives (even negatives, which mark their negativity in a different manner), it is associated with things that should or must or otherwise have some requirement to be true.

 a aiebauna
 a ai-0-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM IMP-REAL-1-eat
 I was eating.

 a ainebauna
 a ai-n-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM IMP-IRR-1-eat
 I may have been eating.

 a aizebauna
 a ai-z-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM IMP-NEG-1-eat
 I wasn't eating.

 a aitebauna
 a ai-t-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM IMP-EMPH-1-eat
 I needed to eat.

As for person, it's relatively simple, as there are only three versions: -e- for first person, -a- for second, and -o- for third.

 a eebauna
 a e-e-bauna
 1.S.NOM PROG-1-eat
 I'm eating.

 noɻ eabauna
 noɻ e-a-bauna
 1.S.NOM PROG-2-eat
 You're eating.

 daun eobauna
 daun e-o-bauna
 3.S.ANI.NOM PROG-3-eat
 (S)He's eating.

The plurality of the subject is only encoded for third person (and then the singular is marked with a null, so marking in total is very limited). For example:

 daun eobauna
 daun e-o-bauna
 3.S.ANI.NOM PROG-3-eat
 (S)He's eating.

 ti eobabauna
 ti e-o-ba-bauna
 3.P.NOM PROG-3-P-eat
 They're eating.

=Syntax=

=Lexicon=

=Changes from [[Central Measceineafh]]=
*p &gt; f word terminally
*f v ʒ x &gt; DELETE
*z &gt; ɻ 
*θ &gt; f 
*ei ou &gt; e o when unstressed
*f# v# s# z# &gt; DELETE
*ɟʝ) &gt; ɟ
*æi ɑi ei oi ui əi &gt; e æ i ø y ɛ &gt; e æ i e i ɛ
*æCi ɑCi eCi oCi uCi &gt; eCi æCi iCi eCi iCi
**Where C is /p b f m k h ɟ ç/
*æ ɑ &gt; a
*e [-stress|+closed syllable] &gt; ɛ &gt; ə &gt; a
*ʃ &gt; ç 
*q &gt; h
*i &gt; DELETES when word final and proceeded by a front vowel
*l ɭ ɻ &gt; DELETE when syllable final
*Stress regularizes to intial where there are three or fewer syllables; penultimate where there are more.
*Fusion of fi (genitive), di (instrumental), and ni (dative) to beginning of nouns produces further cases and pushes stress back to second syllable, when it then regularizes again to penultimate in all words (except nouns, where it is initial for nominative and accusative (prior to the adding of the prefixes).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Biology</title>
    <id>5250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40180</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:09:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Science]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Smaldgia</title>
    <id>5252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32789</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-13T14:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jmcd</username>
        <id>1217</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>started article</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Smaldgia was a large island that did not exist in what is now called the Ontong Java Rise.
It went under the ocean sometime in the 15th century thanks to a combined earthquake and tsunami.

==Climate==
Volcanos and earthquakes happen sometimes in the South.
The climate is sometimes too hot and wet and the weather too predictable but it means there's almost always plants and animals to eat.
If you've ever seen snow, you're probably an explorer of some description.
You live in an equatorial rainforest.
In detail, the climate is as follows:

===Precipitation===
In the north, 310mm per month on average with 100 in February and 460 in May as extremes.
In the south, 280mm is the average rainfall per month, with 150 in June and 470 in March as extremes.
Obviously, these are still generalisations and there are still variations in the different areas.

===Temperature===
Almost constant throughout the year at between 25C and 30C.
In the South, it can get a bit colder at times, to the point of 22C.

==Geography==
The extent of Smaldgia is North to South from -3.979,159.475 to 6.214,158.196 and from East to West:
4.363,153.671 to 5.277, 161.240. 10.193 + 1,381 km N-S,7.569 + 701 km W-E.
Its total area is 352,471 km≤.
There were roughly 21,500 people living on Smaldgia when it went under the waves.
If Smaldgia existed now, it would be the 7th largest island in the world by area and 110th by population.

==Language==
{{main|Smaldgian languages}}

==Fauna and Flora==
{{main|Smaldgian Wildlife}}

===Humans===
The humans of Smaldgia are generally very dark-skinned and tall with wavy or curly hair.

====Culture====
{{main|Smaldgian culture}}

[[Category:Smaldgia]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Smaldgian culture</title>
    <id>5253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42883</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-09T07:02:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jmcd</username>
        <id>1217</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">You know you're a Smaldgian if...

This is an overview of Smaldgian culture.

==Arts==
There are regular shows in open spaces, often at beaches or around the fire, where people sing, dance, play instruments and generally have fun. These are often started impromptu and people just join in when they feel like it. There's no point being there if you don't participate to some degree but it would seem ridiculous to ask for more than that. Sometimes, people will dance, sing and play instruments all night.

===Oral Literature===
There are many mythic tales that are told which are usually 100s of verses long. These mythic tales change through the generations and even between different people; they have no fixed form and are meant partly for entertinment value. Shamans are often the ones to tell the stories.

Their creation myth tells of how, originally, there was only the forest. Then the rains came and created the rivers and the ocean. Another result of the rains was that the trees gradually swelled until they burst and out came all the animals of Smaldgia. The Smaldgians thus see the forest as their collective ancestor and worthy of worship.

There is one myth which tells of the time people destroyed the forest and ended up with so little to eat that they had to beg off their neighbours. This emphasises how important the forest is to the Smaldgians. Because trees are seen as the origin of life in this way, trees are considered to be sacred by the Smaldgians and anyone who cuts a tree down is liable to be the object of severe punishments. Parts of trees may still be cut but never the whole thing.

One tale tells of the Smaldgian hunter who put too much strength into his shooting and broke the string of his bow. He later tries to use his spear and it lands far away, much further than the monitor he was trying to catch. He then runs after the monitor and all the monitors in the surrounding area and is exhausted by the end of it and has neither time nor energy to join in sports or conversation. His community then finds that whenever they tried to go after monitors in the coming months, they could not find any and they all knew, the hunter of the story especially, why that was. This tale has the morals of pure power being far from the most important thing, that moderation should be used in hunting and that excess has bad consequences.

===Music===
You listen to and play various types of folk music, most of which emphasises vocals and percussion. The percussion is either performed using the people's own body parts or using a single drum. The percussion is played with complex polyrhythms and polyphony; improvisation is encouraged. You often start dancing and singing spontaneously but also as part of organised festivals and rituals. There are several sorts of music for different situations:

====Feast songs====
These are usually only percussion. Dirges are a form of feast song because you eat the dead.

====Polemics====
Songs expressing an idea or emotion for example love or a recent hunt. The voice is used most here and is the only form with lyrics. The lyrics often use complex imagery and allusions.

====Dance songs====
These use a variety of instruments as well as scat singing. Good dance music is expected to be highly technical and fast.

There are also songs sung as part of specific games.

==Bathroom==
You urinate and excrete by trees or bushes, several metres from the camp or further. You would never do these things near bodies of water, including rain. You would not bother if anyone sees. If anyone did bother, you would think they are hiding something like a disease, which would be cause for mocking.
After excreting, you wipe your bum with leaves. You do not bathe.

==Cleanliness==
If you're too clean, you'll end up with a weak immune system and allergies. And weakness is certainly nothing a Smaldgian wants. The worst thing to happen is for the clean people to try to pass their weakness onto their children through their genes. So they wouldn't want those clean people having any babies at all. Except that Smaldgians don't think of anything in terms of immune systems. Instead the Smaldgians think of it thus: Dirt contains kai which, in healthy doses, causes strength but when people are already ill or they get too much it makes them worse. They think of the genes in that the weak people pass on their weakness to their wives or husbands through their reproductive fluids. Then the women pass the weakness to their children.

Cleaning things also takes too much time up that could be used doing fun things.

==Clothing==
It is considered impolite to hide your body from someone, particularly inside a shelter. This is because it is a sign you are being too secretive and that you do not trust the people that you hiding your body from. People do wear some things as decoration though, especially the teeth and bones of dead animals, human or otherwise. These are worn in the form of necklaces, bracelets or piercings. The wing bones of wee birds are usually used for piercings.

==Economics==
Things are given with the expectation that something will be given at an indefinite later point in time. These gifts are rarely turn-for-turn. Instead, one is expected to give when one is able and to those that need things. People usually give people gifts when they go and visit them. The quality and quantity of the gifts are not important. The important part is that you give the gifts. If someone accumulates lots of material possessions, others will ask them for some of the objects. People must either accept such an offer or give it to someone else. If someone asks for something, you will usually give them to them. Rare circumstances where this does not stand is when people ask too much. People are considered good at gift giving if they have lots of people they give gifts to and have a wee bit of possessions which change hands often. People who give rarely are seen as bad at it, especially if they have a lot.

==Food==
{{main|Smaldgian Food}}

==Games==
Games are played most in the evening.

Some are sports, like races and swimming competitions.

One game is Trees, Sea and Land in which the players divide into 3 equal teams, each team only being allowed to be on one area.
When someone tigs another, the person who was tug must move into the other person's team. If someone does go onto another area, they must move into that team. The game ends when everyone is on the same team.

Another game involves the people acting as an animal of their choice and pretends to eat the appropriate other players in the game. Once someone is eaten, they are then out of the game.

==Hair==
Hair is usually cut just before the shoulders. Men usually have their cut bald except for the edge of the scalp where it is made into braids.

Some people dye their hair using ochre, beetle juice or fish. A common colour to dye one's hair is red but other bright colours, like green and blue are also used. Shamans dye their ears red with the fish too because this helps them communicate with spirits. 

==Health==
Diseases are sometimes caused by ancestors wanting their living friends and relatives to come to the land of the dead but they can have other causes. This wish is restrained by eating people when they die so that they always stay with their friends and family. Diseases are healed by people performing rituals, most of which involve the use of plants. Most people know how to use the plants and perform most of the rituals. The way Smaldgians see it is that ghosts and spirits both have many spells in their repetoir for harming humans. Each separate spell causes a separate disease and each separate disease can either be treated with the appropriate plants and rituals or whatever else or can not be treated. Sometimes, people will try to find a cure for the incurable diseases but, most of the time, people just accept that they are incurable. 

Scarification is used as a treatment for swellings on the body as well as for decoration. Coughs are cured by letting the person stay by the fire in their household shelter and getting them to eat some leaves of the alpinia plant.

Anyone severely disabled or with an inheritable or incurable disease is killed, cooked thoroughly and eaten, including babies who are in any way deformed. You yourself would let yourself be killed so you can enjoy the afterlife in your friends' stomach than to suffer the pain and be a burden on your friends and family. You think it would be extremely stupid to try to keep ill babies alive and people too old to fend for themselves if they are ill. They obviously make better meals than members of society and the person themself would be unwilling to stay alive knowing they could not help others and would die soon anyway. Furthermore, if people are ill with serious diseases, they are usually killed soon after the disease's discovery. This is partly to stop the disease from spreading but also to stop the bad kai and because such diseases are incurable and it would be a wasted effort to try to cure them. To kill an ill person, people usually give them a sharp knife blow to the back of the head after they have been given a strong soporific to drink. After someone dies like this, everyone moves camp as soon as the meal is finished.

You usually exercise every day as part of finding food and do more as part of games and sports.

===Mental Health===
You think insomnia is a horrible disease and, if someone can not be cured of it, then they should be put out of their misery. Other mental illnesses include celibacy and refusing to eat when you've not eaten in a while.

==Inheritance==
Depending on the object, when people die or when you become too old to work, their material possessions are given to others in the community who would have use of them, whether they are genetically related or not.

==Language==
You speak your people's language and usually one or two others, taught by people you have met from other societies. Your society probably has unique language. If not, you speak a different dialect from, but the same language as, a neighbouring society.

==Names==
Your name is made up of 3 names usually:
*your nickname, given sometime during your life
*your birth-name, given at birth by your mother. This name usually comes from the word for an animal which was eaten recently, especially if it was a powerful one.
*your mother's (or carer's) nickname.

Terms of Address are used when someone is present and names when they are not. You are called by the last 2 names until you are given nickname and then called almost exclusively by your nickname. Sometimes, people will call you by your nickname followed by one or both of your other names though.

===Terms of Address===
Smaldgians address each other as grandchild, child, sibling, parent or grandparent, depending on their age, not their genetic relationship to each other. Gender differentiation is only used sometimes. The Smaldgians only see people as having a gender if they are an adult. Because of this, gender is only shown when referring or talking to adults.

==Race==
You usually don't think in terms of race.
You think of people's skin colour as black.
You don't see how the colour of peoples' skin can affect anything except perhaps sexuality.

==Taboos==
Showing up at someone's place is not uncommon or considered rude but going in without waiting for them to acknowledge your prescence is.

You'd feel uncomfortable if anyone stands further than about a metre away when they are talking to you if they can help it as it would seem that they were scared of you.

It is considered wrong to hide useful knowledge from other members of society.
In order to make sure that everyone knows new knowledge, when it becomes known, it is told as soon as feasible to others in the community.

Accordingly, you do not tell lies. This is also done so you don't take effort continuing the lies and so people knows what you're like and that they can trust you. Also, you can't get what you want if you don't tell the truth and you should help others get what they want if you want something yourself.

You should make sure to contribute to a conversation and not be quiet and don't talk so quietly that people can not hear you. 

Taboos are not codified and it is accepted that they shall change from time to time. Changes are only made if they are felt to be necessary though.

Everyone is expected to respect and uphold the rules as everyone else. If you see someone violating a taboo, you are expected to call on your neighbours for help stop it. If noone else is around, you are expected to try to stop it by yourself. Serious crimes are dealt with by the community as a whole.

You are expected to be allowed to ask anyone about what is expected in society, including in court. Should you not have known that something was wrong before you did it, you will be let off.

===Court System===
The court system consists of the village meeting up, the evidence being presented and a vote taken on whether the person is guilty.

You can defend yourself in court and if anyone else thinks your case is worthy, they will argue your case.

===Reaction===
Normally, a short exile is used for serious crimes and scolding and shunning for less serious ones.
Capital punishment is used only used in extreme cases as punishment for repeats of serious crimes such as rape or murder.
The capital punishment mostly used is stabbing.

==Marriage==
You expect marriages to be decided by the participants concerned, not arranged by third parties. Marriage is living together and being called husband and wife. It is rare for a man who has not successfully hunted and killed to get married but it does still happen. In some Smaldgian societies, there are extra responsibilities when you marry, such as no extramarital sexual activity. However, in most societies, extramarital sexual activity is tolerated and is expected but only occasionally. Most of Smaldgia is monogamous but there are certain areas which allow polygamy and others which allow polyandry. If the newly wed couple are from different societies, they choose whether to stay in the wife's society or the husband's although it is usually the wife's.

====Divorce====
You can divorce someone if you can not resolve your differences with them. Divorcing is simply done by neither living together nor having sex regularly any more. Under such circumstances, people return to their own societies and the woman continues to look after the children. Both the man and the woman are then free to marry again; divorcing is not stigmatised at all.

===Conflict===
Fighting is mostly spontaneous and due to anger, not a rational decision. When there are fights, they are done either with bare hands or with the weapons used for hunting.
It is usually against people who are in the same community but not the same household.
Noone starts anything as big as a war because they are too useless at planning and organisation.

====Conflict Resolution====
Humour is used to lighten the mood and distract people from possible disputes.
When there is a dispute, they talk about the problem amongst themselves.
Should this not resolve the dispute, moderators will step in to help.
If this does not work, the appropriate parties will generally avoid the other until the event is no longer a problem.
The people who are disputing may go off away from the community and come back when they have calmed down.
If the dispute continues, the people in question would move to another community or even society.

===Raising Children===
Children are considered to be fully-fledged people and are generally not treated much differently from adults in some societies.
Exceptions are sexual intercourse (sexual play up to that point is still acceptable) and things they are too weak for.
By some societies, children are treated with extra care and attention but do still partake in the same activities as adults.
Children are rarely raised by their birth mother after weaning.
Babies may be looked after by multiple women, all sharing the task of child rearing.

====Education====
Children learn the history of Smaldgia and specifically one's own society. 
The education is not formal.
Instead, children are taught things as and when they are needed to be taught or when things are asked about.
Things are often taught as part of myths.

===Expressing Emotion===
It is considered proper for Smaldgians to express their emotions as soon as they feel them.
Letting feelings boil up is something which angers spirits, particularly those associated with time.
Smaldgians tend to be emotionally attached to many people in their society and someone who is shy and unwilling to be emotionally attached to anyone is significantly frowned upon.
It is proper to talk about the way you feel but to express it other ways is usually not ok.
It is improper to express a wish to do things alone though.
You are expected to listen to what other people say and respond before you make your own comment, no matter how important you think either comment is.

==Religion==
You have a form of Smaldgian religion and you believe in many spirits and ghosts but you do not believe in a single god.

These beliefs include the following:

Bodies are ephemeral but the forest always exists.

When people are born, souls come into them from the soul world.
The soul then leaves the body and returns to the soul world when they die.
Noone knows what the soul world looks like.

Spirits are based on places, living creatures or abstract concepts such as time.
A major difference between spirits and people is that spirits are amoral whereas humans can decide to do good or evil.
The land belongs to the spirits;it can not belong to people.
Humans are insignificant in terms of power compared to the spirits.
Because of this, the spirits must be appeased with rituals and taboos to avoid them attacking humans.

To some extent, it is up to the individual to think what the spirits and ghosts are like.

===Shamans===
Shamans are those with a connection to the soul world.
They use this to communicate with the ghosts of the recently deceased to stop bothering the ill person or in order to get advice about problems.
These are not considered necessary parts of the healing process but are certainly helpful.
Only some dead souls are worth communicating for advice.
The weak are never communicated and serious criminals only rarely.
The dead are also communicated to stop them trying to take the living into the soul world because they are lonely without them.

People can get such a connection by:
*fainting - afterwards, you are initiated as a shaman
*going into a coma - afterwards, you are initiated as a shaman
*not being afraid of spirits - once you gain a reputation for this, you are initiated as a shaman

You must go through a series of rituals and be taught particular bodies of knowledge from previous shamans before you can become a shaman. The most important purpose of a shaman is to convince people that everything is going fine and that the ill person or whatever else is not going to come to harm. Because of this, shamans have to also be amiable and confident.

===Rituals===
All rituals involve both genders either in the same role or in different complementary ones.
There are rituals for hunters who are not doing well.
These involve eating the hands and brain of recently deceased people who were good hunters within their lifetime to give them the power of the dead hunter.

====Nighttime Rituals====
Rituals, including rites of passage, take place during the night.
This means people are also sleep deprived which is supposed to help the experience and help people communicate with the spirits.
This is because people are seen to be able to both sleep and be awake, whereas spirits are always just one or the other.
These rituals may involve difficult mental challenges, such as remembering whole poems and reciting them off by heart.

==Rites of Passage==
===Birth===
Women sit up to give birth.
Afterwards, the father cuts the umbilical cord with a stone knife.
When a person is born, one of their parents eats the placenta.
Babies are very often adopted in Smaldgia so their carers are often different from their biological parents.
Babies are only kept alive if they are considered strong and healthy enough.
Less than half of all babies born are killed as soon as they are born and even less live through to weaning. 

===Adulthood===
A girl is considered a woman after she first has a period.
There is no equivalent definite time for a boy becoming a man though; it is celebrated whenever the boy decides it is right sometime during puberty.
Both sexes often have big ceremonies when they pass into adulthood.
There are often several more rites after these.
When all the appropriate rituals have been completed, then the person is allowed to marry.
What these rites are like depends on the area.
One thing common to all societies though is that these rituals are practiced during the night after a day of sleep deprivation.
For men, these involve stretching the skin of the penis so it covers the penis completely even when erect.

===Wedding===
A person usually has their first (sometimes also only) marriage sometime during puberty.
Sometimes people first marry later than this but children are forbidden to marry.
When this happens, there is a huge ceremony.
The groom's stomach is smeared with the menstrual blood of the bride.
Because of this, all weddings are held when the woman is having her period.
Weddings are not planned so they sometimes end up being several months after the husband and wife are considered married.
People often marry several times in their life.

===Death===
When someone dies, the rest of the community chop them up and make a meal of them. This is to keep them close to society and make sure they are not lonely in death. This is partly to care for them but partly to make sure their spirit don't attack the society afterwards.
Human meat is always made sure to be well cooked before it is eaten.
Bones are kept in order to communicate with the departed soul and for decoration and the skin is kept to be worn by the relatives and friends of the dead person.

==Sexuality==
You don't kiss your spouse. Instead, you skelp each other, either with your hand or with branches, as part of foreplay.

===Situation===
You wouldn't have sex in public but, as long as it is hidden from view, people don't bother where or with whom you have sex.
An exception is that people, especially your spouse, do bother who you have sex with if you are married and have too much extramarital sex, especially with the same person. In such a case, you would probably divorced and later married to the person you had had the extramarital sex with.

Generally, sex is expected to be during the nighttime inside a shelter but it does happen elsewhere and at other times.

People often have sex after a successful hunt as a celebration.

===Preferences===
====In Women====
A woman is a bit plumper than the average, it doesn't make much difference either way to her looks.
If she is much fatter than that though, it's a turn-off but then so is being too thin.

====In Men====
Men are generally unattractive if they are weak. Being a good hunter is also important. 

====In Both====
Facial features are very important also and people who have been scarified or pierced are generally considered attractive and those without are plain and boring.
Large nostrils are also thought of as attractive so picking one's nose is a way to beautify oneself.
Rings are also used to stretch one's nostrils.

===Paraphilia===
To a Smaldgian, deviant sexual relations are worse if children come from the act.
This is why rape of a woman is considered worse than paedophilia or rape of a male in Smaldgian society.
If a man has sex with another man, or equally if if a woman sleeps with another woman he's a homosexual and this is very odd and worthy of discussion but not something worthy of animosity.
Sex with a weakling would be more of a frowned upon thing.
Incest is also forbidden, which is counted as sex with biological parent, child, sibling, grandparent or grandchild.

==Shelters==
You are a nomad, moving place every week on average.
You probably build your temporary shelters yourself or you failed and are disabled and a friend (or friend of a friend) built it for you.
You have heating in the form of fire.
For making a home, you always make sure there is fresh water nearby.
Shelters are constructed so that various families have huts around a central large open space which contains the fire.
Shelters are made out of a central frame of branches tied together.
Strips of bark are lain flat over the frame.
Mud is then put at the edges of the strips of bark to keep the rain out.
In some areas, particularly mosquito-ridden ones, the shelters are on stilts.

==Sleep==
You scatter leaves on the ground before you sleep and sleep on that when it is dry.
When it is wet, you will construct a platform a little way off the ground beforehand.

===Fire===
A fire, originally started from rubbing 2 stones together, is kept going throughout the night. Later , people lost this knowledge and had to make sure not to let the fire go out at all.
This is needed to protect the community from malevolent spirits.
Rocks are placed as barriers between sleepers and the fire to protect the sleepers from burning.

===Sleeping Arrangements===
You will often have several people sleeping next to you and never sleep alone.
If you would sleep alone, you would be attacked by spirits.
If you are a baby, you will sleep with your mother.
Once they are weaned, they may be adopted by any other member of the society or another society.
Unmarried adults sleep in the same shelter as other unmarried adults but not all unmarried adults sleep in the same shelter.
The ill sleep separate from everyone else.
Once people are married, they sleep with their spouse and their children only.

===Bedtimes(?)===
You go to sleep when you are tired and wake up when you are feeling awake or there is something interesting happening.
However, you always do your hunting or gathering during the day and never make loud noises when most people are sleeping in the night.
Also, sleeping excessively, especially during the day, is usually associated with illness, particularly malaria, so anyone napping is asked how they feel and is taken to a shelter specifically for the ill.
Sleeping excessively except when ill is considered pretending to be ill and thus wanting to die so, if you do it regularly, you will be treated as ill, suicidal or both.

==Social Structure==
Smaldgian social structure is organised at 3 levels:the household, the community and society.
There are usually about 50 people in one community.
The size and composition of a community changes frequently and anyone except babies or the own can move to another community or rarely, to another society, as and when the community moves site.
You usually can go to any community where you have a friend or relative.
You will not be allowed into a community where you have strong negative feelings with any of the members.
You will not be allowed in either if you can not speak a common language with the inhabitants.
The composition of a community may also change because there were too many or too few children and babies in the group.
To solve this, children or parents and their babies will switch group.
The community moves camps on average 60 times a year and moves an average of 3 miles each time.

The society has about 1000 to 3000 people in it.
The society is usually split up into multiple communities but people do get together in the society as a whole for rites of passage and other ceremonies.
You could probably name all the societies in Smaldgia.

Everyone who has a decent command of a language known to a society gets an equal say in decisions affecting the community as a whole.
In addition, there are no leaders to a Smaldgian society or community.

Smaldgians treat there as being the following age groupings within society:
*babies
*children, who are distinguished from babies in that they have been weaned and have been adopted away from their parents
*adults, who have passed puberty
*elderly, who are too old to do subsistence work.

The last not existing in society long.

==Technology==
Smaldgian technology used stones but no metals and they used bones, teeth and shells as well.

Tortoise shells are particularly useful as they are the containers used most frequently for bowls and cups for liquids.

Other technology used by the Smaldgians include:
Digging stick
Spade
Shaping and cutting tools such as adzes, axes and knifes - all made of stone
Bow - same height as adult male, wood is cut, shaped with an adze, smoothed and string attached
Arrows - shell tip, harden in fire
Trident
Spear
Snares
unshaped Stones - for cracking nuts, hammering
Mortar &amp; Pestle
Sandals
Shelter
Clay, ochre - body paint

===Boats===
Smaldgian boats are rafts which are only used to cross or sail along rivers.
The rafts are made of branches tied together and could never go more than a few miles off the coast.
These are only used by people who live near the coast or a wide river.
Otherwise, people do not use watercraft and cross rivers by stepping stones, swimming or a log which has fallen across the river.

[[Category:Smaldgia]]
[[Category:Concultures]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Planet2</title>
    <id>5254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32797</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-13T15:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from sun''': || 
|-
|Perhelion: || 
|-
|Aphelion: || 
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || (Earth)&lt;br&gt;(local)
|-
|'''Mean Tropical Year''': || (Earth)&lt;br&gt;(local)
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || 
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': ||
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 
|-
|'''Mass''': || 
|-
|'''Gravity''': || m/s²&lt;br&gt;g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>High German Consonant Shift</title>
    <id>5256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35330</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-10T13:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Examples of the Shift */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''High German Consonant Shift''' or the '''Second German Consonant shift''' was a series of sound changes which separates the '''Upper High German''' dialects from other West Germanic languages such as [[Modern English]], [[Dutch]], and [[Low German]].  There are four major steps of this sound shift, and then there are other shifts which separate '''[[High German]]''' from other languages.

=The Phases of the Shift=
The 4 stages of the shift could be defined as follows:
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]],
# Geminated, [[Nasal|nasal]]-adjacent and [[Liquid|liquid]]-adjacent voiceless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Affricate|affricates]],
# Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
# All interdental fricatives (/[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ and /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /[[Voiced dental stop|d̻]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]/. &lt;br&gt;
The last stage was shared by [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].

The shift occured in the period before [[Old High German]] existed, and in fact was the marker of Old High German.

==Phase 1==
The first stage is where the three voiceless stops, when not in the cases of phase 2, became weakened into the closest fricative equivalents.  This means:
* /p/ → /f/
* /t/ → /s/
* /k/ → /x/

The [[Old High German]] forms of these are not always spelt the same way.  The spelling for /'''f'''/ was &lt;'''ff'''&gt; or &lt;'''f'''&gt;, /'''s'''/ is &lt;'''zz'''&gt; or &lt;'''z'''&gt;, and /'''x'''/ was commonly &lt;'''hh'''&gt;.  The first one was retained into New [[High German]], but &lt;'''zz'''&gt; became &lt;'''ss'''&gt; and &lt;'''hh'''&gt; became &lt;'''ch'''&gt;.

==Phase 2==
The second stage of the shift involved the same voiceless stops as the first stage.  However, this only affected geminated, liquid-adjacent and nasal-adjacent forms.  Those stops became Affricates rather than fricatives in this part of the shift.  This has several reasons.  For Geminated sounds, the first sound would remain unshifted, but the second part would go through the first shift, resulting in an affricate.  Nasals for one, are actually partially stops themselves, resulting in a pattern to the Geminated ones.  The sound shift is as follows:
* /p/ → /pf/
* /t/ → /ʦ/
* /k/ → /kx/

The first two are common in standard [[High German]], however, the third one only occurs in the [[Upper German]] dialects.  In [[Old High German]] the first affricate was spelt &lt;'''ph'''&gt; (Modern '''pf''') and the second was spelt &lt;'''z'''&gt; or &lt;'''tz'''&gt; which is the same as the modern forms.

There are exceptions to this rule, especially when these sounds were combined with others, such as '''st''', '''sp''', '''sk''' (which became '''sch'''), '''ht''' (which becomes '''cht'''), '''ft''', and '''tr'''.

==Phase 3==
The third part of the stage involves the Voiced stops becoming voiceless stops.  This involves the following:
* /b/ → /p/
* /d/ → /t/
* /g/ → /k/

Unfortunately the only part of this shift which made it into standard [[High German]] was the shift of '''/d/ → /t/'''.  The other forms of this shift do exist in the '''Upper German''' dialects, as well as in [[Pennsylvania German]].
==Phase 4==

But in replacing the lost /d/ sounds, the fourth part of the shift involved the inter-dental sounds /ð/ and /θ/ becoming /d/.  This is occurs in all forms of German including [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]].  This shift occurred in the three major [[North Germanic]] languages: [[Norwegian]], [[Swedish]], and [[Danish]].  Because this part occurred in the other forms of German, it is sometimes not included in the '''High German Consonant Shift'''.  It would look as follows:
*þ/ð→d
**/θ/→/d/
**/ð/→/d/

This shift did not happen in [[Anglo-Saxon]], thus resulting in [[Modern English]] having those two sounds, and [[Old Norse]], although the decedents of the latter did have this shift. [[Icelandic]] is one of the larger spoken languages, decended from '''Old Norse''' which did not have this shift and today still has the symbols '''þ/ð'''.

==Examples of the Shift==
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| ||colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Phase 1 ||colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Phase 2 ||colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Phase 3 ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Phase 4
|-
| High German || Schiff || essen || machen || Apfel || Herz || Werk (Werch †) || Bitten (pitten ‡) || Tag || Gott (Kot ‡) || das || denken
|-
| Dutch  || Schip || eten || maken || Appel || Hart || Werk || bieden  || Dag || God || dat || denken
|- 
| English  || Ship || eat ([[Anglo-Saxon|A.S.]] etan) || make || Apple || Heart || Work || bid || Day || God || that || think ([[Anglo-Saxon|A.S.]] þencan or þyncan)
|-
| Low German || Schipp || eten || maken || Aupel || Hert || Woakj || beeden || Dag || Gott || dat || denken
|}
†Alemanic &lt;br&gt;
‡Bavarian &lt;br&gt;
A.S. = [[Anglo-Saxon]]

=Other shifts=

==Labio-shift==
The labio-dental fricative /v/, written '''f''' and/or '''v''' in the original Germanic languages became /b/, '''b''', in High German.  Some of the dialects of [[Low German]] and [[Dutch]] have this shift, but it's mostly in [[High German]] and its '''Upper German''' forms.


==The /s/ shift==
This was the shift of the alveolar fricative of /s/ to /ʃ/ when the /s/ was in front of other consonants in combinations such as '''sp''', '''st''', '''sl''' (which often becomes '''schl'''), '''sr''' (which often becomes '''schr'''), '''sw''', amongst others.

All other /s/ sounds became /z/s before vowels.

==Examples of the Other Shifts==
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| /v/→/b/ ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| /s/→/ʃ/
|-
| High German || haben || halb || Schlafen || Schwein
|-
| Dutch  || hebben || half || slapen || Zwijn
|-
| English  || Have || half || sleep || Swine
|-
| Low German || hebben || haulf || slapen || Swien
|}

=Sources=


This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

=Translations=
[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neoeukaryota</title>
    <id>5260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44167</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
|}

'''Neoeukaryota''' (''Yulà çéná tama'' New Complex Cells) refers to eukaryotic organisms brought with [[Humans (Galhaf)|humanity]] during the colonization of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].

== Kingdoms ==
*[[Neoplantae]]
*[[Neoanimalia]]

[[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Animals</title>
    <id>5265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33672</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T01:25:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Animals of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zheftakh</title>
    <id>5266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42531</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-01T04:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 240,520,000 km
|-
|Perhelion: || 235,060,000 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 245,980,000 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 727 d, 16 h, 25 m, 36 s (Earth)
|-
|'''Mean Tropical Year''': || 
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .0227
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 145,000 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 2.7°
|-
|'''Mass''': || 1.846 × 10&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;(9.723 Jupiter Masses)
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 234 m/s²&lt;br&gt;23.9 g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || many (3 visible to naked eye from [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]])
|}

'''Zheftakh''' (from [[Classical Sanle]] ''Zhev tkab'' &quot;Great Star&quot;) is the [[Planets of Chihazh|fifth planet]] out from [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]].  It has [[Ospendakh|one trojan planet]]. Zheftakh is the either the largest planet or the second-largest planet in the system (depending on whether [[Dzesatakh]] is counted as a planet or a star), and comes close to the minimum size for a [[Wikipedia:brown dwarf|brown dwarf]].

== Moons ==
Zheftakh has three moons visible from Galhaf.  Naked-eye observations of their movement relative to Zheftakh supported the heliocentric model of the solar system from ancient times.  The moons visible to the naked eye are:
*[[Khanda]]
**The name is derived from [[Classical Sanle]] ''ák ald'' &quot;Inner Child&quot;.  Its surface has liquid water, and has evolved [[Native life of Khanda|complex organisms]].
*Khumanda
**Derived from ''kum ald'' &quot;Middle Child&quot;.  Khumanda may have once had liquid water on its surface, and is thought to possibly have microbial life under the surface
*[[Nikhanda]]
**Derived from ''nikh ald'' &quot;Outer Child&quot;.  Nikhanda is large enough to have a thin atmosphere and liquid water on its surface.  It has developed microbial life, but no multicellular life has evolved on Nikhanda.

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ancient Ones</title>
    <id>5267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45491</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Xenoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Xenophthalmata}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Class|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Legion|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Order|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Suborder|?}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Cosmonautidae}}
{{ObTaxo|Genus|Cosmonauta}}
|}

The '''Ancient Ones''' (''Cosmonauta antiquus'') are an extinct sentient species who lived on [[Khanda]] some 12 million years ago.  Little is known about them.  They developed a high level of technology, and appear to have triggered [[Khandan Catastrophe|a massive extinction]] that, presumably, was responsible for their own demise.

Their existence was first proposed to explain the presence of representatives of the [[Xenoanimalia]] on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  When Khanda was first explored, further evidence of their existence was found.

== Life Cycle ==
The Ancient Ones were eusocial, like ants or bees. Their colonies were structured a bit differently, however, and were based on alternation of generations, which all [[paleoanimalia|paleoanimals]] exhibit to some extent. In the Ancient Ones, this was modified into an interesting form. Diploids were sterile, with only the haploids being fertile. Haploids are capable of reproducing both asexually and sexually. When reproducing sexually, they produced genetically-identical gametes. Colonies were established by a &quot;King&quot; and &quot;Queen&quot;. All their offspring are genetically identical, creating a colony of clones. As the colony grows larger, the royal pair may reproduce asexually to produce haploid clones of themselves. A long-established colony may, therefore, have many kings and queens constantly producing new members (Of course, after a while, the individual haploids may accumulate mutations, creating slight variations within the colony).

Periodically, a fertilized zygote may, instead of developing into a new diploid member, instead divide by meiosis into two kings and two queens, who will leave the colony to find mates from other colonies, and establishing a new colony. In the later days of the Ancient Ones' existence, new colonies were rarely established (any meiosis-produced haploids were destroyed immediately), and, in fact, colonies were sometimes destroyed in wars, leading to a gradual decline in the number of distinct colonies, while their average populations grew. The colony was the basic unit of political organization among them, with only temporary alliances uniting colonies. Haploids had very little intelligence, and were controlled by the diploid members. Diploids, on the other hand, were intelligent (to varying degrees, depending on caste), and possessed individual minds (not some kind of swarm mentality). However, being genetically identical, they tended to be very similar to each other. Also, due to the fact that the diploids are sterile and rely on the haploids to produce clones of themselves, they developed a strong group-mentality. Individual survival instincts don't exist. A diploid would willingly sacrifice itself for the good of the colony, making wars between colonies extremely brutal, as they neither sought mercy nor gave it. Conquest was not a goal. Outsiders were worse than useless for the colony. Instead, the goal was to take land, wiping out non-colony-members on that land.

== See Also ==
*''[[The Secret History of the Three Worlds]]''

[[Category:Khandan Animals]]
[[Category:Sentients of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Speeches</title>
    <id>5268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32922</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-15T18:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:History]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Books</title>
    <id>5269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32923</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-15T18:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:History]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:History]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Secret History of the Three Worlds</title>
    <id>5270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42067</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:23:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''''The Secret History of the Three Worlds''''' is a controversial book claiming to &quot;uncover&quot; the &quot;secret history&quot; of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], [[Khanda]], and the [[Wikipedia:Earth|unknown homeworld]] of [[humans (Galhaf)|humanity]].

According to this book's claims, the [[Ancient Ones]] survived the [[Khandan Catastrophe]] in spiritual form.  They manipulated evolutionary processes on both their own world and Galhaf, as well as seeking other nearby stars, including humanity's, in order to recreate intelligence.

Having created both humanity and [[Pteranthropus kalpanis|pteranthropans]], they have taken over some individuals, in a form of spiritual possession.

The book further claims that some of the Ancient Ones are preserved in suspended animation, waiting to be revived (there is some disagreement over exactly where the Ancient Ones are).  They will then return to power to dominate the planets of [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]] once more, guiding humanity and pteranthropans with benevolence and wisdom.

Among &quot;possessed&quot; individuals, the book names most of the major religious prophets, and a number of world leaders both present and past, including [[Chalanya]] and [[Dzesa]].

Supporters of this book point to its allegedly successful prediction of the discovery of [[Dzesatakh]].  It is true that &lt;i&gt;The Secret History&lt;/i&gt; did describe an additional planet beyond the orbit of [[Nyatakh]], but critics point out that A) &lt;i&gt;The Secret History&lt;/i&gt; described it as Galhaf-like (supporters retort that the description may refer to a moon of Dzesatakh, rather than Dzesatakh itself), and that B) there had long been speculation about the possible existence of an eleventh planet.

Several rival religions have been founded upon the claims of this book, both collectively referred to as the [[Trimundialism|Trimundial faiths]].  Both are centered on the belief in the Ancient Ones as almost divine beings, and on the rejection of an immortal soul, believing, rather, that only those who find favor with the Ancient Ones will be preserved post-mortem.

[[Category:Books]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khandan Catastrophe</title>
    <id>5271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43488</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-25T01:57:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Khandan Catastrophe''' was an event that took place on [[Khanda]] some 12 million years ago.  It was a mass extinction on a truly massive scale, believed to have been caused by widespread environmental destruction by the [[Ancient Ones]].  Approximately 97% of all [[Native life of Khanda|species]] were wiped out, and the destruction even went up to the phylum level, with 2 phyla wiped out.

[[Category:Catastrophic Events]]
[[Category:Khandan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amenite Calendar</title>
    <id>5272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51138</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T06:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Amenite Calendar is a calendar devised for Amenitism, a constructed religion.  The accompanying language and culture are still undeveloped.  The calendar is lunar and assumed to be used in a world and year similar to our own.  It has twelve months:

{|
|Summēna||5 ''Midwinter'', 17 ''Freeborn'', 19-23 ''Fifthdays''
|-
|Dovimēna||21 ''Flocks''
|-
|Trīmēna||9, 11, 13 ''Ghosts''
|-
|Četurmēna||9 ''Heath''
|-
|Pinchemēna|| 
|-
|Svešamēna||5 ''Neras'', 15 ''Rose Moon''
|-
|Septummēna|| 
|-
|Aštōmēna|| 
|-
|Nevummēna|| 
|-
|Dešummēna||15 ''Hunters Moon''
|-
|Turamēna||Crossover 
|-
|Pūramēna||''Scripture Days''
|}

The calendar is metonic, so that in a  cycle of 19 years, the years 3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 19 have 13 months.  A leap-year month, second Svešamēna is added to bring the calendar closer to the solar year.  The festivals of sixth month occur in the bisextile month in a leap-year.  The civic calendar begins on the day of the new moon after 22 June, the southern winter solstice.

Each month consists of two fortnights.  The first is the bright fortnight which moves toward the full-moon night.  The second is the dark fortnight which moves toward the new-moon night.  The first and fifteenth days are known as the 'entry-days', when pious laity join with the priests for special observances.  At these times the priests will lead public worship and give scripture talks.

The Amenite Pantheon is hierarchical.  At the top is a creator god in heaven, an invisible hermaphrodite diety.  Second to god is the goddess who defeated the demons at the creation of the world and mediates between god and humanity.  The goddess is highly venerated.  Below her are the Holy Ones, an indefinite number of divine beings said to co-exist with humanity, dwelling in places, rivers and elements.


== Midwinter Ceremony ==
(5 Summēna) a thanksgiving addressed to God for the blessings of life, health, and sustenance and the privileges of social life.  Amenites celebrate this day as the birthday of the Prophet.  The Man chalked on the midwinter log represents an offering made by fire.  The occasion is marked with great solemnity and prayers which include ceremonial lights and candles to bring back the sun and light up the night.  Everyone sets off fireworks and firecrackers.  Many places celebrate with music, dancing and pageantry.  Feasts conclude the celebration.  The ceremony commemorating the death of the Prophet is also celebrated with great veneration, and worshippers attend temple, reciting prayers in his honour.  Holly and ivy are associated with the Midwinter Ceremony.  Trees may be planted on this occasion and fruit shared.


== Freeborn ==
(17 Summēna) a fertility festival characterised by masks, phallic symbols, and singing.  An icon is escorted into the community in a torchlight procession including priests of the various schools dressed in gold who make offerings and libations.  It is a popular occasion for initiation for freeborn children.


== Fifth Days ==
(19-23 Summēna) the first day of this festival commemorates the creation of the goddess.  It is proper to wear yellow, and little yellow bouquets are sold at the doors of the temples.  Children begin scavenging wood for bonfire night.  Acts of penance and offerings are made to the awaking earth to cleanse it of impurities.

The final day marks the goddess's triumph over the demons.  The ceremonial trumpets are purified in a festival as the goddess's image is clothed in new robes.  The robes are carried on a ship on wheels followed by the people.  It is considered a great honour for any girl to be considered worthy of weaving the goddess's robes.

Amenites observe the eve of the last day as vigil.  It is believed to be blessing to keep the vigil, even for thieves and hunters active that night.


== Flocks ==
(21 Dovimēna) a festival for the purification of shepherds and flocks.  Its ceremonies are conducted by priestesses.  The sheep pens are cleaned and decorated.  Sulphur is burned on bonfires so the smoke will purify the sheep.  Special offering cakes and milk are presented in temples on the 15th of Dovimēna.  The cakes are broken and sprinkled on the bonfires.  A lamb is paraded and venerated as an offering to the earth, to protect the flocks and keep them fertile.  Shepherds wash themselves, drink the milk and leap through the bonfires, followed by a celebration.  Gifts of food are given to friends and to the poor.


== Ghosts ==
(9, 11, 13 Trīmēna) the days that wandering spirits haunt the places of the living.  On each of these days the household prepares a measure of black beans.  As darkness falls he walks barefoot around the house to scatter these at the entrance of the house and in dark corners as food for the ghosts so they do not carry off living members of the household.  A wreath is placed over the door of the house to prevent evil spirits from entering.


== Hearth ==
(9 Četurmēna) the day the convents are opened for married women to walk barefoot within them to bring simple food-offerings.  Offerings are generally made when the crops are in danger.  The coming of the rain at this time is vital for the first crops, and temple bells petition God to send rain.  Bakers enjoy this day as a holiday.  Asses are freed from the tread-mill and decorated with garlands and cakes.  From 9 to 15 Četurmēna the convents stand open while they are cleaned.  15 Četurmēna, the Grass Moon, is a working day, when the dirt has been rightly cleared away.


== Neras ==
(5 Svešamēna) the celebration of the water deities.  These are both loved and feared and their images are painted on either side of doorways of houses, and are propitiated with offerings of milk and puffed rice.  At this time entire sheets of serpentine images can be bought, printed in pairs on brightly coloured tissue paper so that they can be affixed to every doorway in the house.

== Rose Moon ==
(15 Svešamēna) the priestly day of attonement commemorating the giving of the Three Laws.  Priests ritually cleanse themselves of the sins of the past year with ritual washing and the renewal of priestly symbols, and reaffirm their vows.


== Hunters Moon ==
(15 Dešummēna) the day the Holy Ones return to earth to dwell among humanity so everything must be repaired for them.  The festival celebrates not just the return of the Holy Ones but the transformation of life fro  m one state to another.  Two days beforehand a new pot must be bought and the house swept clean.  New account books are begun and businesses close to celebrate their return.  The holiday begins with an offering made at the temple followed by a public feast open to everyone, a time of enjoyment, goodwill and license, of present-giving.  It is a time of ritual mating and pairbonding.  Everyone dresses in holiday clothes and wears the soft cap.  Servants are freed from their duties and might even be waited on by their masters and everyone shares in common with everyone else.  Each household chooses a mock king to preside over the festivities.  As evening approaches each household will put out a lamp in each window to welcome the Holy Ones.

== Crossover ==
(Turamēna) this festival is a moveable one, held on a day announced by the civic justice early in Turamēna to mark the end of the agricultural year.  At a crossroad where the boundary of three or four farms meet, a small shrine is erected, open in all four directions to allow free passage to the ancestors that preside over each farm.  At the festival the farmers hung up a plough at the shrine, and also a woollen doll for every free person in the household and a woollen ball for every serf.  Serfs are allowed a great deal of licence at this festival, which is celebrated with copious beer drinking.

== Scripture Days ==
(13-21 Puramēna) on these days, devout Amenites recite the Hymn of the God in its entirety.  Families clean and prepare graves, repainting and decorating them with green branches and flowers and lighting candles on them, this is especially important if a family has lost a member in the preceding three years.  The dead are nourished by the food and drink offerings made to them in household shrines.  During this period magistrates do not wear the insignia of office, temples are closed and marriages forbidden, although public assemblies may be held.  

The third day, the Moon before Midwinter, a festival to secure fertility for the fields, the flocks and the people.  The worshippers gather at temple for a solemn offering, then the vettens, or wolfdancers, are smeared with red dye and dressed as wolves and bears.  They would then travel through the streets in the company of musicians, especially flautists, collecting coins for their dances, chasing children and whipping non-contributors with their tails.  

The last day of this festival is a public ceremony, when a pot containing a mixture of boiled vegetables is carried to tombs for the use of the dead.  At the end of the day the dead are banished with the cry, ''Be gone, ancestors, the festival is over''.  

Immediately after the Formula Days on the 22nd day of the month a family feast was celebrated to acknowledge the relationship between the dead and living members of the family.  It is the custom to garland young children on this day and to open a bottle of wine and share it with the whole household on this day as a libation to God.

[[Category:Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Elemtilas</title>
    <id>5273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59125</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-30T03:03:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Discoverer of [[The World]].

Member and collaborator on the [http://ib.frath.net/w/Main_Page| Ill Bethisad Project].

Principal Conlangs (and associated concultures):
*[[Kerno]]
*[[Talarian]]
*[[Yllurian]]

Other Articles:
*[[Lilith's Conlang]]
*[[Runes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Map world.jpg</title>
    <id>5274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32948</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T16:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Planet3</title>
    <id>5275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32965</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T17:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{{name}}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|align=center colspan=2| {{{image}}}
|-
|'''Distance from sun''': || 
|-
|'''Length of Year''': || 
|-
|'''Length of Day''': || 
|-
|'''Circumference''': ||
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 
|-
|'''Number of moons''': ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yllurian</title>
    <id>5276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T18:20:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300  class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Yllurian&lt;br&gt;Dengýmya Yllemó'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Yllera
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[The World]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||c. 550000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||East Aryan, Puntic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#6666FF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Elemtilas|Padraic Brown]] || 1990s
|}

'''Yllurian''' is an east Asian Aryan language, a sister tongue to Talarian. It is spoken in the kingdom called Yllera (that kingdom that was called in olden time Yllem), north of Westmarche and a way to the northwest of Auntimoany.  Its sister language, [[Talarian]], is spoken in the neighbouring country of Telera.  Some thousands of years ago, according to ancient histories, the sea around which the proto Aryans lived experienced some devastating cataclysm. Though it is generally accepted to be an earthquake and subsequent flood, the legendary material may yet shed some light on the matter.  The destruction of this land precipitated a mass exodus in all directions and gave rise to several great language families in both East and West: the Aryan and the Semitic.  The ancestors of the Yllurians and Talarians, though they were not yet sundered into two distinct groups, wandered for a time in the east amongst the ancestors of the Persians and Indians.  They were much influenced by these peoples and acquired not a few cultural, religious and linguistic borrowings.  This folk continued into the Eastlands, at last arriving in the vicinity of several moribund Archaic Empires.  They settled in the lands of the old Yllemese kingdom, and while in later years the Talarians moved across the Severn River into Teleran proper, the Yllurians stayed on in the old land of Yllem.

'''Texts''' in Yllurian.

 Ty eþþ égneþ: ve vôrendy róecevaþ, ve mégiþ Þóer,&lt;br&gt;
   tráiþþiþþ mégiþ îþerdevaþ!&lt;br&gt;
 Ty eþþ Þóer e próvanda hvós dóepeþ névdeva pra dáiva,&lt;br&gt;
   hvóþ práivaþtargiþve!&lt;br&gt;
 Pravaþtargety, ve próvandaþþeþ mére, îþeldevó ííreyeleþ:&lt;br&gt;
   argety pra varerôndóenaþi þeþyontevó!&lt;br&gt;

 Thou are fire: o light of the world, o great Sun,&lt;br&gt;
   thrice mighty star!&lt;br&gt;
 Thou are Sun in High Heaven who shears night from day,&lt;br&gt;
   who shines upon us!&lt;br&gt;
 Shine on us, o heavenly lady, queen of stars:&lt;br&gt;
   shine on our bountiful fields!&lt;br&gt;


 Terdoenó-ari hevergedonin ha:&lt;br&gt;
   haþ þeþity ta craema tayos gernentevoe;&lt;br&gt;
   haþ edeverity ta havió;&lt;br&gt;
   haþ ademandenity hayos þaceþ egny to detecevó.&lt;br&gt;

 All men must do these:&lt;br&gt;
   this one - give food to the hungry;&lt;br&gt;
   this one - guard the flocks;&lt;br&gt;
   this one - bring to the holy fire bundles of wood.&lt;br&gt;


'''Grammar''': the complete Grammar and lexicon can be found [http://the-world.bethisad.com/languages/talarian_grammar.htm here].

[[Category:The World]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brithenig</title>
    <id>5277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58795</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-03T00:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Contents */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99FF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Brithenig''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Brithenig'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Kemr {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Ill Bethisad]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European
:Italic
::Romance
:::{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}Brithenig{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}
{{#if:  |::::'''  ('''')''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99FF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Andrew Smith||1996
|}

'''Brithenig''' is a [[Wikipedia:Romance languages|Romance]] conlang devised by Andrew Smith from New Zealand, starting in 1996, and the foundation of the [[Ill Bethisad]] alternative timeline.  Brithenig is based on a Brythonic substratum, thus resembling Welsh in its phonology.  The language was received with enthusiasm in the conlang community, and inspired many conlangers to come up with their own Romance conlangs, such as [[Breathanach]] (Goidelic substratum; Geoff Eddy), [[Wenedyk]] (Polish substratum; Jan van Steenbergen), [[Judajca]] (Hebrew substratum; Steg Belsky) and [[Germanech]] (German substratum; Jörg Rhiemeier).

==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words is due to their common [[Indo-European]] background.

==Contents==
A mirror of the Brithenig website:

[[The Alphabet in Brithenig]]

[[Mutations in Brithenig]]

[[Nouns in Brithenig]]

[[Pronouns in Brithenig]]

[[Adjectives in Brithenig]]

[[Verbs in Brithenig]]

[[Questions in Brithenig]]

[[Commands in Brithenig]]

[[Numbers in Brithenig]]

[[Brithenig Lexicon]]


{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! English !! Latin !! Portuguese !! Spanish !! French !! Italian !! Rhaeto-&amp;#x200B;Romance !! Romanian !! [[Wenedyk]] !! '''Brithenig''' !! (Welsh)
|- 
| '''arm''' || brachium || braço || brazo || bras || braccio || bratsch || braţ || brocz || '''breich''' || (braich)
|-
| '''black''' || nĭger || negro || negro || noir || nero || nair || negru || niegry || '''nîr''' || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || cīvĭtas || cidade || ciudad || cité || città || citad || ''oraş'' || czytać || '''ciwdad''' || (dinas)
|- 
| '''death''' || mŏrs || morte || muerte || mort || morte || mort || moarte || mroć || '''morth''' || (angau)
|-
| '''dog''' || canis || cão || ''perro'' || chien || cane || chaun || cîine || kań || '''can''' || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || oreja || oreille || orecchio || ureglia || ureche || urzykła || '''origl''' || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || ovum || ovo || huevo || œuf || uovo || ov || ou || ów || '''ew''' || (yw)
|-
| '''eye''' || ŏcŭlus || olho || ojo || œil || occhio || egl || ochi || okieł || '''ogl''' || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || pater || pai || padre || père || padre || ''bab'' || ''tată'' || poterz || '''padr''' || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo || fuego || feu || fuoco || fieu || foc || fok || '''ffog''' || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || pĭscis || peixe || pez, pescado || poisson || pesce || pesch || peşte || pieszcz || '''pisc''' || (pysgod)
|-
| '''foot''' || pĕs || pé || pie || pied || piede || pe || picior || piedź || '''pedd''' || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || amīcus || amigo || amigo || ami || amico || ami || ''prieten'', amic || omik || '''efig''' || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || vĭrĭdis || verde || verde || vert || verde || verd || verde || wierdzi || '''gwirdd''' || (gwyrdd)
|-
| '''horse''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo || caballo || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cal || kawał || '''cafall''' || (ceffyl)
|-
| '''I''' || ĕgo || eu || yo || je || io || jau || eu || jo || '''eo''' || (i)
|-
| '''island''' || īnsŭla || ilha || isla || île || isola || insla || insulă || izła || '''ysl''' || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || lĭngua || língua || lengua || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || limbă || lęgwa || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || vīta || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || viaţă || wita || '''gwid''' || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || lac || leite || leche || lait || latte || latg || lapte || łoc || '''llaeth''' || (llaeth)
|-
| '''name''' || nōmen || nome || nombre || nom || nome || num || nume || numię || '''nôn''' || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || nŏx || noite || noche || nuit || notte || notg || noapte || noc || '''noeth''' || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || vĕtus || velho || viejo || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vechi || wiekły || '''gwegl''' || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || schŏla || escola || escuela || école || scuola || scola || şcoală || szkoła || '''yscol''' || (ysgol)
|-
| '''sky''' || caelum || céu || cielo || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cer || czał || '''cel''' || (wybr)
|-
| '''star''' || stēlla || estrela || estrella || étoile || stella || staila || stea || ścioła || '''ystuil''' ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente || diente || dent || dente || dent || dinte || dzięć || '''dent''' || (dant)
|-
| '''voice''' || vōx || voz || voz || voix || voce || vusch || voce || wucz || '''gwg''' || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || aqua || água || agua || eau || acqua || aua || apă || jekwa || '''ag''' || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || vĕntus || vento || viento || vent || vento || vent || vînt || więt || '''gwent''' || (gwynt)
|}

==Example==

The Lord's Prayer:
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn: 
:gwein tew rheon: 
:sia ffaeth tew wolont, 
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel. 
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd; 
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu, 
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur. 
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial, 
:mai llifr nu di'll mal. 
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew, 
:per segl e segl. Amen.

==External link==
http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html - [[Andrew Smith]]

=Old article below this line.=

'''Brithenig''' was devised by Andrew Smith in about 1996 and thereafter. It is a fictional diachronic language of the Romance family and has about 2500 words in its lexicon. See the link at the end of the article for the grammar and lexicon pages. The following was copied from Langmaker.

One of the best of the fictional languages on the web. Brithenig is the language of an alternate history, [[Ill Bethisad]] being the Romance language that might have evolved if Latin speakers had displaced Celtic speakers in Britain. Brithenig has undergone sound changes similar to those of Welsh, and has borrowed from Old Celtic and from Old, Middle and Modern English.  

Included in [http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/4854/trav.htm The Traveller's Phrasebook]:  

In your tour you are approaching the border of a new country.  The sign says: BENWENID A GHEMR and in smaller letters underneath: Welcome to Cambria.  As Kemr is a member of the Economic Community customs is easily dealt with, but the guidebook is a different matter altogether:   
{| width=&quot;90%&quot; border=0
| width=&quot;4%&quot; | 1. 
| width=&quot;48%&quot; | Hello 
| width=&quot;48%&quot; | Helo   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 2. || How are you? (or similar greeting question) || Co es'gw   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 3. || My name is... || Mew no^n es ...   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 4. || What is your name? || Ke gos es-sa wstr no^n?  
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 5. || I am lost. || Eo su berdded   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 6. || Where am I? || K'log su-eo?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 7. || Where is... || K'log es-sa...
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|  || &amp;nbsp; - the bathroom (WC/toilet/human waste collection center)? || &amp;nbsp; - ill ystafl baen?                      
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|  || &amp;nbsp; - my luggage? || &amp;nbsp; - mew fuly?
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|  || &amp;nbsp; - the tourist center? || &amp;nbsp; - ill sedd turist?         
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|  || &amp;nbsp; - the embassy? || &amp;nbsp; - lla ambasciad?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 8. || I'm sorry. || Fal meg.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 9. || Please || Se ddeg a'w   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 10. || Thank you! || Greid!   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 11. || Help! || Aydath!   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 12. || I don't speak Brithenig very well. || Eo mharol rhen Brithenig fenisaf.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 13. || I don't understand. || Eo nhompruin rhen.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 14. || Speak more slowly please. || Parolath bly lentfent, se ddeg a'w.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 15. || It was my wife's/husband's idea to come here for vacation! || Sa er buinsad mew briwad wenir ci per ill gweil!&lt;br&gt;''(The noun 'priwad' can be masculine or feminine in Brithenig according to which spouse is being referred to, so there is no difference here)''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 16. || Could you recommend... || Arybarew'gw...
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - a good restaurant? || &amp;nbsp; - yn rhestawrant bon?
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - something good to eat? || &amp;nbsp; - alch gos fon fannuger? 
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - a good hotel? || &amp;nbsp; - yn hotel bon? 
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - a good doctor? || &amp;nbsp; - yn meddig bon?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 17. || That was a lovely meal. What was it? || Sa er yn temp di'll gweith bel.  Ke gos er-sa?    
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 18. || How much do we owe you... || Cant defen-nu...
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - for the meal? || &amp;nbsp; - per ill temp di'll gweith? 
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - for the room? || &amp;nbsp; - per ill ystafl? 
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| || &amp;nbsp; - for the things that we broke? || &amp;nbsp; - per llo chos ke nu rumpefan?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 19. || How much did you say it cost again? || Cant dige'gu sa gost ancor?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 20. || You are joking, aren't you? || Mellta'gw, si?   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 21. || I am sorry, I didn't mean to insult you. || Fal meg, eo mhuinsaf rhen affrontar gw.    
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 22. || Our customs are very different from yours. || Nustr ddefad sun ddifferentisaf di wstr hyn.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 23. || I don't know anything about local politics, I'm afraid. || Eo sab rhen alch am ill politig llog, eo dif.   
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 24. || Our guide did not tell us that there was a  (revolution/war/soccer[football] championship) going on in this country. || Nustr gwidadur nu haddigef ke sa er yn (cluinediwn/wer/gwiadig Rugby) awen in ill paes ci.&lt;br&gt;''Ill gwiadig Rugby literally means 'Rugby tour'.  Rugby is generically similar to American Football but is played with less protective padding. Rugby-playing nations regullarly tour each other to play national and regional teams.  The Chemran do not consider Rugby to be a religion, quite the reverse.''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
| 25. || Thank you for your hospitality. We enjoyed our visit very much, but now we must be going home because we have many important things to do there. || Greididd per gwstr benwenid. Nu hinweidafan nustr gwisit mulltisaf, mai hur nu ddefen wenir a lla gas perch nu hafan mullt di llo chos far ffager.
|}

===External link===
http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html - [[Andrew Smith]]

[[Category:Ill Bethisad]]
[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daine</title>
    <id>5278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32983</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T21:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Physical Description of the Daine''' -- There are, in general, three body types that constitute Daine physiology.  These three types are Tall, Middling Height and Short.  Now, we must understand here that these types are not descriptive of the several individuals of a community, but are, rather, descriptive of entire races or tribes of Daine. Within each basic type, there is some variation in stature as well.

By far, the Tall Races constitute the vast majority of all Daine.  These people stand, as an average adult height, from slightly under six feet tall and do not exceed seven feet in height.  The tallest of the Tall Races are the Mahrudaine, who generally average above six feet in height.  The others are the Maraghdaine, the Alghadaine, the Athadaine, the Troaghladaine, the Schythondaine and the Hautherdaine. The Sharrundaine were once quite tall, it is said; but it seems that many thousands of years of living destitutely in Old Hoopelle have worn their bodies down somewhat. The average Sharrundaine is about five and a half feet tall.

Those of Moderate Height, average from around four to five feet in height.  The moderately tall races are: the Aoigheldaine, the Wovydaine, the Bolghaldaine, the Antheldaine and the Scathadaine.

The only known Short Race is the Tyngadaine.  They average three feet in height.

Most Daine have fairly light colored skins.  The Troaghladaine, the Maraghdaine, the Mahrudaine and the Hautherdaine are able to become tanned with the Summer sunshine, and become very light in Winter.  The Athadaine, the Bolghaldaine and the Antheldaine have very white colored skins that do not tan.  The Aoigheldaine and several other  related southern Daine races have darker skins.  All the others have lighter skins, but can not tan.

One of the features that is noticed immediately on any Daine is their hair. The hair on their heads they allow to grow quite long, and only a very few ever cut it in any way, unless the ends get raggedy. They commonly braid their hair; and many simply bind it back lest it get in the way of what they are doing. The Alghadaine have no dark hairs on their bodies, having in stead only a very fine fuzz, which is practically invisible, rather like that found on a young child. Most Alghadaine consider hair on the body an unsightly blemish; and they have been known to kill youngsters who show signs of developping any. Other Daine have rather more hair on their bodies. All Troaghladaine have hairy forearms and calves; and the men have hairy chests and armpits as well. Many also have a &quot;mane&quot; of long hair down their spines. Athadaine have black hair on their heads; and the men grow white downy fur on their chests.

The wings are, without doubt, the Daines most visible and striking physical feature.  Some Daine have longer or shorter wings than others, and the men have longer wings than the women; but all wings regardless of length are composed of the same five basic kinds of feathers.  The most visible, and most highly prized by Antimoaniate dressmakers, are the long feathers.  These feathers can reach lengths of two feet, and are found along the lower edges of the wings.  Above these are the broad feathers, shorter feathers, six to eight inches long, and are in a band between the long feathers and the short feathers.  Modified broad feathers, narrower than regular ones, are found on the area of the back between the wings and in the area between the wings and shoulder blades.  Along the upper edge are the short feathers, which are from one to two inches long.  In between the feathers, very close to the skin, are downy feathers, soft short feathers that provide excellent insulation. 

The wingspans are different for each individual, as they are dependent on wing length.  The longest wingspans are around twenty feet, assuming a seven foot tall person whose long segments reach from just above the head to the ground.  The average wingspan, for a more average six foot tall person, is around fourteen feet.

The wings of birds and Daine have been likened to arms and hands, which of course Daine also have.  The correlation seems true, and is corroborated by the examination of Daine skeletons during vivisection exercises.  Their wings have bones analogous to the humerus, radius, ulna, and all the hand and finger bones, though some are fused.  Their shoulder blades are modified to accept the upper bones, and have pockets similar to those which accept the arm bones.  Some Daine have been found with a sort of thumb on the wings.

The upper two segments of their wings, corresponding to the arm segments, are about as long as their proper arm segments, so about two foot long for both together. The third segment varies considerably. Women have as a rule shorter wings, men have longer ones, and it is the &quot;hand&quot; or most distal segment that varies most. A womans wing might be five foot long when extended, while a mans might be eight foot long.

Daine usually keep their wings folded neatly behind them, except when doing things like talking or fighting or engaging in sex.  They use wings for pointing and gesticulating as much as they do use their hands and arms to gesticulate.  Had they the training in the learned skill, a Daine orator would be quite the sight! Excitement, as when old friends meet, is shown by a rapdid movement of the wing hand up to about horizontal, then back down again; very much in the manner of how our women throw their arms up in order to hug each other upon meeting. An adversarial or indignant stance is signalled by a triangular stance, where the upper segments are perpendicular  to the body, the middle segments meet over or behind the head and the wing hands point down toward the ground.  Their hands will also be set upon their hips. They often hug each other with their wings as well as their arms, and sometimes they entwine their legs or feet as well; and when walking side by side, people usually have their arms around each other and their wings intertwined. They spread them out a little when they wrestle or fight, and sometimes a man will try to put the long feathers at the wingtip into his opponents face to blind or distract him. Sometimes they use the bony bit at the wrist to strike an opponent. When courting, men will unfold their wings a little to show off any curve and to show off the length of their wings.

It is considered a mark of close friendship or family relationship to allow someone to preen and comb out the feathers. They use the &lt;i&gt;carman an tyellow&lt;/i&gt; for this, and it be a narrow comb with long broad picks on one end and a single pick at the other. While Men might consider it a landmark to kiss for the first time; a Daine boy considers it quite the hurdle leapt when his lady allows him to comb out her wing feathers.

The primary feather colour generally matches the primary hair colour. So, brown haired people have brown wings; but they may also have some yellow, tan, white or even black feathers mixed in there, which are clept secondary colours. Some people have mottled patterns in their feathers; some even have mottled hair colour (areas of brown, tan or yelow). A common pattern is to exhibit darker hair and feathers on one side and lighter hair and feathers on the other. The effect is spectacular in black coloured individuals - where perhaps the left wing will have black feathers and the left arm black hair; across the chest the hair lightens and the head is a swirl of black, white and perhaps grey; the right arm is white and so is the right wing. The effect is frightening if the eyes are coloured differently as well! 

The most striking feature of the Daine face is their long pointed ears.  Other than this they have a similar variety of noses and mouths as do all other peoples on the Earth.  Several races, most especially the Mahrudaine, the Bolghaldaine and the Tyngadaine, have rather longer jaws than the others.  This gives them the appearance of having snouts like animals; especially the Tyngadaine.

Daine teeth are not so regular in size or shape as human teeth.  Many races have spiky teeth, with the exception of the front two, others have several extra teeth.  Those races that share longness of jaw tend to have two to four extra canine teeth, and these are often quite elongated.  The Troaghladaine, Sharrundaine and several other races share wide (sometimes quite wide) front teeth, and often have rather larger teeth in general, making them usually unsuitable as objects of transplant.

The internal anatomy of the Daine has been studied to some extent in the medical colleges of both old Hoopelle and in Auntimoany. The chief difference betwixt them and Men lie in the auxilliary vessels that draw the blood from the heart to the head. In Men, there are but two, the greater and lesser vessels of the neck; Daine however have yet two smaller vessels that pass through the bones of their backs and thus may bring blood to the head when the greater vessels be sliced or blocked. There also be two sinews or nerves that pass on either side of the spine and are plainly evident upon dissection. In the pelvic regions, these sinews terminate in a passing wondrous net nigh the tail bones.

Apart from this difference, they have the usual number and configuration of other innards, though many vivisection subjects exhibit a curious reversal of their innards, such that their hearts and stomachs and gall sacks be upon the leftward; and they be largely in the same place within the recesses of the body. They have a heart that moves within the marsuppim cardialis; their lungs are two, one to each side of the heart, and draw in breath from the outer airs, and if they be stopped up a Daine will in time choke from the abuse, though it may take up to a day for them to die therefrom. In their bellies there lies the stomach, lengths of viscerales: the minor and the major, the liver, the kidneys, the bladder, the cornua uterus in the women and testicles in the men and the greater vessels that bear blood to and fro. In general, the innards of Daine have been found suitable as objects of transplant, the kidney being perhaps the easiest to manage.

Those Daine that have long faces are quite different in their internal structures. Most wondrous are their hearts, for they have two greater hearts within their chests, and four lesser ones within their bellies. Their chests be a tangle of great vessels swooping this way and that, connecting the two chief hearts and the lungs with the great vessels that rise into the neck and descend into the belly. They too have auxilliary vessels in their spines and sinews to either side thereof; though they take only a few hours to die from choking.

[[Category:The World]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:The World</title>
    <id>5279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>32982</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-16T21:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds|World, The]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Planets</title>
    <id>5287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40182</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:10:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds|*]]
[[Category:Astronomy]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:High German Consonant Shift</title>
    <id>5289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33064</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-17T17:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: I want to make this kind of an Open Q&amp;A for this shift.  If anyone has any words they want me to explain or if they have any other questions about it, ask it here and I'll answer it. --~~~...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I want to make this kind of an Open Q&amp;A for this shift.  If anyone has any words they want me to explain or if they have any other questions about it, ask it here and I'll answer it. --[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 17:51, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zithromax</title>
    <id>5290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57259</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T17:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Proto-Zithromax */ V /V/ is clearer than V &lt;V&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Basically an excercise in MOA juggling. Aiming for a somewhat Polynesian meets PIE flavor, plus a dash of Algonquian maybe.

==History==
The family originates from northwest Sahara, but has been expanding south and southeast for a few millennia. (Note that &quot;current day&quot; on Earth' takes place at a time when the Sahara was more hospitable only a short time ago.) Current desertation has been halving the population in the area, driving many language groups near extinction as well.

==Proto-Zithromax==
{|
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
| s͡p || s͡t || s͡k || s
|-
| m͡p || n͡t || ||
|-
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
| w || l r || j ||
|}

* Initials: single C except ʔ, obstruent + /r/
* Finals: j r ŋ ʔ
** of which the glottal stop may only occur between a long vowel and a plain stop
** geminates and ŋl, ŋʔ, jʔ, rʔ may not occur
** ŋk may occur but is not an unitary consonant phonotactically

{|
| ĭ /i/ || ī /iː/ || ŭ /u/ || ū /uː/
|-
| ĕ /e/ || ē /eː/ || ŏ /o/ || ō /oː/
|-
| || ê /ɛː/ || || ô /ɑː/
|}

Roots are of the form (C)VC(C) from which different stem formations are derived, including:
* Nominal class 1: Nominativ *-ŭ, dativ *-ĭ
* Short consonantal: (C)VC
* Short vocalic: CV

==Basal dialect splits==
* ʔ → h / _P (branches A, C)
* ĭ ŭ → [ɪ ʊ] (branches A, C)
* NP → NB (branches A, B)
** Just to be clear, this does involve /ŋk/; but not the other eng-clusters.

==Branch A==
The best-studied branch, spoken in the Atlas mountains area, near the family's presumed homeland.
* sP → hP / V_, → P / {# r N}_
* ŋ → ∅ / _{mb nd}
* rŋ → ŋr
* ĭ ŭ → ĕ ŏ
* velars rounded before rounded vowels
* vowel shift
** j → ∅ / Vː_{C #} (via extra-long; → stress effects?)
** ɛː → eɜ → jɜ
** ĕ ŏ → ə / -STR
** Vː → V
** ɜ → ɑ / _C(C)ɑ &amp; in monosyllables, ə elsewhere
** jə wə → i u
** əj oj → ej ɑj (?)
* r → ɹ
* hP → NP
* coronal → retroflex / {ŋ u o}_
* ŋm ŋɳ ŋj ŋw ŋʈ → mː ɳː ɲː ŋʷː ɳʈ
** Nː → N / _#, → NB / context?
&lt;!--what for ŋp ŋʂ?--&gt;
* R → S / #_V, _P
===Branch A.1===
* NB → B
* ɭ w → ɖ v
* ɟ → ʤ → dz
* P → F / V_
** ɸ → h
* B → P
* labiovelar → labial

==Branch B==
* ʔP → Ɓ
* ĕ ŏ → a
===Branch B.1===
* Ɓ NB → B
* ê ē ō → ē ī ū
===Branch B.2===
(The &quot;Germanic&quot; one)
* P → F
* sP → P
==Branch C==
(Eastern Sahara, probably minor)
* ĭ ŭ → ə, ĕ ŏ → ɛ ɔ
* īŋ ēŋ → iaŋ ōŋ / _{C #}; vowel length then lost
* hP → sP; initially sP → əsP-
* ŋP → NP (possibly incl. ŋs(P) ŋr → ns(P) nr)
* nasalization from coda nasals; initially mp- nt- → ũp- ẽt- (late-ish… shared with [[Nilotic']])

==Branch D==
(laryngeal-happy)
* coda ŋ → w
* sP NP → P / #_
* sP → hP
* NP → ʔP

==Vocabulary==
*Numerals 1-10: *sīnkô, *wôstŭ, *lēʔtŭ, *kômp, *ŋêj, *spūtŭ, *mŏrūŋ (*ŋêj-wôstĭ), *ŋêj-lētĭ, *ŋêj-kômp, *sŏrwŏ
*Colors: *mpŭlŭ &quot;clear, white, shining&quot;, *stēʔpô &quot;dark, black&quot;, *jĕrwŭ &quot;red&quot;, *kūsôŋ &quot;green(ish)&quot;

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final</title>
    <id>5292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40518</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-05T13:24:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Pete Bleackley

===The Text===

rashurri tlinoshtil gins. iðuzhosfi holvlakh su yi! yeðozhelt ye yi! misushewanaltar ginsaltar den, anwetaltar yar elru beb leng. gevisher holar azor enil, shosh rugi ginsil glæstranesh mœza holakhar. halbanut u ginsir yir, analekapir holar dirsar yiissar.

halebðen khunebðen, agrenir gisnontholar esardar ya'uzar. loremar yar iðuzho genesh. degmovliufar glæsar ya'uzar iðuzhonol.
kralar yar trans ginsuz nazdauol?

iðuzovlir holar azor rolontþaðar ginsuz, shosh gevisher yir parushk ge de'uzar.


===Smooth English===

This spectacle seems like a dance. All humanity must see it! Watch it! Let us two not only dance, let us enjoy the music and the song. Most people do not understand this, but this dance gives people great spiritual strength. When they dance, people make others nearby happy.

After a short time, the dancers touch our feelings. We begin to see the truth. Our spirits can be fed by the sight.
How do we receive the nature of the dance?

Most people can see the movements of the dance, but they do not understand its true purpose.

===Vocabulary===

;beb:(conj) and
;u:(conj) such that
;khun: (adj) short
;su: (adj) all, whole
;tra: (adj) strong
;trans: (n) nature
;tlin-: (v) show
;azo: (adj) most
;anal: (n) joy
;anwet-: (v) enjoy
;agren-: (v) touch
;v-: (v) know
;vlakh: (n) folk
;parushk: (n) purpose
;osf-: (v) must
;ovl-: (v) can
;hal: (n) time
;hol: (n) person
;de: (pr) alternative 3rd person pronoun
;den: (numeral) two
;degm-: (v) feed
;dirs: (n,adj) other
;esard: (n) feeling, emotion
;en: (n) thing
;elru: (n) music
;misu: (adj) alone
;mœza: (adj) great
;það: (v) do, (n) deed
;shosh: (conj) but
;rug-: (v) give
;rashurr-: (v) seem
;rol-: (v) move
;iðuzh-: (v) see
;kral-: (v) receive
;naz: (n) way, manner
;lorem-: (v) begin
;leng: (v) sing, (n) song
;ge: (adj) true
;gins: (n,v) dance
;glæs: (n) spirit
;y+person affix: (pr) personal pronoun
;yeðozh-: (v) watch

===Grammar===
See [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon|the original text]] Below are listed the segunakar found in this text

====Morphology====
=====Nouns=====
'''modsegunakar''' (1st rank) Deixis
;il:this
;ban: that
;dau: what

'''densegunakar''' (2nd rank) Proximity
;ut: at
;eb: in contact with
;iss: near

'''radsegunak''' (3rd rank) Relative position
;ðen: beyond

'''karvsegunakar''' (4th rank) Sense of motion
Not used in this text

'''sintsegunakar''' (5th rank) Abstract
;akh: to (recipient)
;uz: of
;ol: by (instumental)

'''bantsegunak''' (6th rank) Number
;(a)r: plural

=====Verbs=====
Verbs may be followed by the following segunakar

'''Person/infinitive/participles''' (obligatory)
;a:1p
;e:2p
;i:3p
;o:infinitive
;on/ont:Present participle. For many verbs this has the sense of an agent noun. If the sense normal for the verb is not the one required, the present participle compounds with another nouns to form the required sense.
;osht:Past participle.

'''Reflexiveness'''

Not used in this passage

'''Continuous aspect'''

Not used in this passage

'''Perfect aspect'''

Not used in this passage.

'''Tense'''

Only the unmarked present tense is found in this passage.

'''Voice'''

;uf:passive

'''Mood'''

;lt:imperative

'''Negation'''

she

'''Number'''

;(a)r:Plural

=====Derivational Morphology=====
;wan:Forms adverbs from adjectives
;nesh:Forms abstract nouns from adjectives
;ek:Forms adjectives from nouns, usually in the sense of ''like''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ring B Final</title>
    <id>5293</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33096</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-18T15:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ring B Final]] moved to [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final]]: Originally created with the wrong name.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna serial verb construction</title>
    <id>5295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51211</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-02T16:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The serial verb construction (from now on - SVC) is used when two or more verbs can be thought of as representing one single action.

===The two basic types of SVC=== 

In a SVC the tense and person is (active voice only ? what about subjunctive ?) marked on the final verb only. The non-final verbs have the form of a shorn maSdar + &quot;i&quot; if the verbs happen one after the other. If the verbs all happen at the same time, the non-final verbs have the form of a shorn maSdar + &quot;ai&quot;.

If the maSdar is a monosyllable, &quot;eu&quot; is added instead of &quot;i&quot;.

Here are two examples demonstrating these two forms ;-

1) They caught cooked and eat three fish =&gt; catch(i) cook(i) eat(uri) three fish

2) They are going home singing and laughing =&gt; sing(ai) laugh(ai) go(ure) home.

Now if the actions do not occur strictly one after the other, &quot;i&quot; can not be used. If in the above example, they caught cooked and eat one fish on the first day and two fish on the second day, you would have to use &quot;ai&quot; instead of &quot;i&quot;.

3) The boss wrote letters, met supplicants all afternoon.

===The two types mixed=== 

4) They will wash iron and fold the shirt =&gt; wash(i) iron(i) fold(uru) shirt

however if we had 

5) She will wash iron and fold the dirty clothes =&gt; wash(i) iron(ai) fold(uru) shirt

However the above construction is a bit unusual. Although correct, most people would used two &quot;i&quot;s or two &quot;ai&quot;s.

===SVC's with two different objects===

In all the above examples the SVC's have only on object.

However it is possible for a SVC to have two objects. For example ;-

5) They drink champagne eat caviar =&gt; '''solbai siampena humpuro kawia''' (i.e. they lead the life of Riley)

===What we have two subjects===

If we have two different subjects we can not use a SVC. (or at least what I am calling a SVC here).

However we can have two clauses bound tightly together by using the sequential and the simultaneous tenses. Actually the table of tenses given in the chapter &quot;Verbs 1&quot; was incomplete. The full table is given below.

{| border=1
 |align=center| general
 |align=center| -'''o'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past
 |align=center| -'''i'''
 |- 
 |align=center| present 
 |align=center| -'''e'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future
 |align=center| -'''u'''
 |-
 |align=center| perfect 
 |align=center| -'''a'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past perfect
 |align=center| -'''ia'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future perfect
 |align=center| -'''ua'''
 |-
 |align=center| simultaneous 
 |align=center| -'''ai'''
 |-
 |align=center| consequential
 |align=center| -'''eu'''
 |}

A verb ending in &quot;ai&quot; or &quot;eu&quot; takes its tense from the next verb following it. 

In the case of &quot;ai&quot;, the first verb happens at the same time as the second verb.

In the case of &quot;eu&quot;, the first verb happens immediately before the second verb.

WE NEED A GOOD 2 SUB, 2 VERB, 2 OBJECT EXAMPLE HERE

'''solbureu siampena humpuro kawia''' = they drink champagne and then eat caviar

'''solburai siampena humpuro kawia''' = they drink champagne and eat caviar (i.e. it is understood that the two actions are alternating)

We can see that many different time structure are handle by morphology in Seuna.

===the 9 SVC verbs of motion===

Going back to example 1)

Here '''nia''' is a second verb indicating motion. Verbs of motion often occur as the non-initial element in SVC's.
In this position the motion verb is not so pertinent as the main verb but it certainly clarifies/colours the event described in the clause.

There are nine verbs of motion which are very commonly used as such.

 {| border=1
  |align=center|  along
  |align=center| '''lia'''
  |align=center|  to follow
  |align=center| '''l???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  past
  |align=center| '''swia'''
  |align=center|  to pass
  |align=center| '''sw???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  across
  |align=center| '''dia'''
  |align=center|  to cross
  |align=center| '''d???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  through
  |align=center| '''dwia'''
  |align=center|  to go through
  |align=center| '''dw??'''
  |-
  |align=center|  up
  |align=center| '''sia'''
  |align=center|  to ascend
  |align=center| '''s???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  down
  |align=center| '''jia'''
  |align=center|  to descend
  |align=center| '''j???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  back
  |align=center| '''wia'''
  |align=center|  to return
  |align=center| '''w???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  away from speaker
  |align=center| '''gia'''
  |align=center|  go
  |align=center| '''g??'''
  |-
  |align=center|  towards speaker
  |align=center| '''nia'''
  |align=center|  come
  |align=center| '''n???'''
  |}

Some examples ;-

he telephoned (to this location) = wire-speak'''ori nia'''

he telephoned (from this location) = wire-speak'''ori gia'''

to returned a call = wire-speak '''wia'''

These eight words often corespond to prepositions in English. As with prepositions they are often followed by nouns to which they relate.

----

===the copula in SVC===

In Seuna &quot;he painted the green house&quot; would mean the same as &quot;he painted the house green&quot; because of word order. Therefor to avoid confusion we must say &quot;he painted the house to be green&quot;. &quot;to be&quot; in this position is treated as a normal second element in a SVC. It is represented by '''ya''' which is a sort of modified '''ia'''.

===other stuff===

Note ;-
In the Seuna writing system '''ia''' is represented by the active verb symbol (i.e. &quot;r&quot;) unadorned with a vowel subscript.

Some more example ;-

he broke into the bathroom = break'''ori''' enter the bathroom

normally when the first verb is a word of motion, the word &quot;enter&quot; is not used.

'''donori pidwolo''' = &quot;S/he walked in the house&quot; or &quot;S/he walked into the house&quot;

However with &quot;break&quot;, which is not a verb of motion, you use &quot;enter&quot;.

===prepositions not supplanted by the SVC, but by case===
 
As mentioned above, the second element in many SVC are functionally equivalent to prepositions in English.

Other English prepositions are functionally equivalent case tags in Seuna.

Having a second verb in SVC's was considered but it was decided to go the &quot;case&quot; route.

{| border=1
  |align=center|  case marking
  |align=center| English equivalent preposition
  |align=center| 2nd element of SVC (thought of but not used)
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''ji'''
  |align=center| for
  |align=center|  &quot;to give&quot; or &quot;to help&quot;
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''u'''
  |align=center| with
  |align=center|  &quot;to use&quot;
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''ho'''
  |align=center|  with
  |align=center|  to accompany
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''fi'''
  |align=center|  at
  |align=center|  to be at
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''le'''
  |align=center|  than
  |align=center|  to surpass
  |}

Also the cases -'''le''', -'''yo''' and -'''wa''' ; could maybe have been reoplaced by verbs meaning &quot;come&quot;, &quot;go&quot;, &quot;arrive there&quot;, &quot;arrive here&quot;, &quot;reach&quot;, etc. etc.

===other verbs commonly used as SVC elements===

 {| border=1
  |align=center| meaning when independent verb
  |align=center| Form when independent
  |align=center| Meaning when 2nd element of SVC
  |align=center| Form when 2nd element
  |-
  |align=center| to oppose 
  |align=center| '''w???'''
  |align=center|  against
  |align=center| '''wia'''
  |-
  |align=center| to do carelessly
  |align=center| '''f???'''
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| '''fia'''
  |-
  |align=center|  to botch
  |align=center|  '''b???'''
  |align=center|  mis-
  |align=center|  '''bia'''
  |}

to hurry, 

to gather, to scratter

to repeat, ............... (again)

to enter, to exit

to stop off ..................  for a time on a journey(when second element &quot;to take five&quot;??)

to connect, to disconnect ... on and off

to stay ......................continue, keep on

arrive, leave ................... to start, to stop ??

===deliberate and accidental actions===

'''swela''' by itself means &quot;to pounce on&quot;,&quot;to jump on&quot;, to swoop down on&quot;, &quot;to fall on&quot;

'''toko''' by itself means &quot;to fall&quot;

'''sweli''' after a verb means that that verb was done deliberately

'''toki''' after a verb means that that verb was done accidentally

===The four verb forms in Seuna===

The verb '''dono''' (meaning, to walk) is used as an example.

1)  '''dono''' is the &quot;source form&quot;, which is the same as the infinitive in English.

2)  '''donia''' is the &quot;lagging form&quot; and is the form used in non-initial elements of SVC's.

3)  '''donais''' (Let's walk) is one of the &quot;weak forms&quot;. All forms that have an &quot;s&quot; in the suffix are weak forms.

The above form is used in situations in which the subjunctive form is used in some European languages.

4) '''donori''' (S/he walked) is one of the &quot;strong forms&quot;. All forms that have an &quot;r&quot; in the suffix are strong forms.

==Rubbish==

In this construction one verb comes first and then the second verb follows. (there is a hint of SVC in English when you hear things like &quot;go see&quot; : however that is about as far as it goes in English) 

In Seuna the first verb is given the full markings for tense, etc. etc. but the second verb has its final vowel deleted and the ending '''i''' added (if the verb is monosyllabic, the ending '''ia''' is added). For example ;-

1) '''donore nia''' = &quot;S/he is walking in this direction&quot; .... S/he is walking come

Some examples ;-

2) They caught cook eat three fish


==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dorsoneuralia</title>
    <id>5296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44170</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:19:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Dorsoneuralia}}
|}

'''Dorsoneuralia''' (''Lìnrú thwekú'', &quot;Top [nerve] cord&quot;) is a phylum of [[neoanimalia|neoanimals]].  They are a highly abbreviated version of their [[Wikipedia:chordata|terrestrial equivalent]].  Before the acceptance of the [[Xenogenesis theory]], they were considered, first, a class of [[endosteia]], known as ''tetrapoda'', and then a subphylum under the present name.

== Classes ==
*[[Anovaria]] (Mammalia)
*[[Aves (Galhaf)|Aves]]
*[[Pisces (Galhaf)|Pisces]]

[[Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf]]</text>
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    <title>Cadim Grammar</title>
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      <id>43356</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:23:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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    <title>File:Enom nom ek.GIF</title>
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    <title>File:Ecta1.GIF</title>
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    <title>Ecta</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:22:47Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Ilya</title>
    <id>5311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38251</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-26T13:01:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">The Ilya language.

&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|Qang}}}|{{{1|Qang}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|No longer relevant.}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
| style='text-align:center;' valign=middle| &lt;br \&gt;&lt;font style='font-size: 80%;'&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Category_talk:For_deletion talk]&lt;/font&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:For deletion|*]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:For deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Seuna suffixes and some grammar</title>
    <id>5312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45767</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T11:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Some grammar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
==Some grammar==

Predicates can not be adjectives. They must be nouns. Hence you can not say &quot;He is good&quot;. But you must say &quot;He is a good one&quot;.

The reason for this is because I want to be able to drop the copula in the present tense without creating any ambiguity. Let me explain.

&quot;the big man's beer&quot; is rendered '''beer man big''' in Seuna.
However this could be reanalysed '''[beer man] big''' which would be &quot;the man's beer is big&quot; if adjective predicates are allowed. This ambiguity is avoided when you must say &quot;the man's beer is a big one&quot;.

==More old rubbish===

==What is called the passive voice== 

This is made by end.sticking fi to the verb.
 
'''bundorinfi dwolo''' = they say a house was built (immaterial whether still standing or not)  ???'''dwolo rin bundoi'''???

'''dwolo bundortanfi''' = they say the house has been built (it is still standing)  ???'''dwolo rin bundoi'''???

'''caito kludorusfi''' = (I guess) the book will be written  ???'''caito rus kludoi'''???

==The causative, the inchoative and the reciprocal==

'''timpaya''' = to make hit

'''solbaye''' = to make drink

'''timpala''' = to start to hit

'''solbale''' = to start to drink

'''timpawa''' = to fight

==Other==

You ought to hit him = you should hit him = '''timpohire na'''

You must hit him = '''timpuhire na'''

You can hit him = '''timpawire na'''

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadim Lexicon</title>
    <id>5313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43354</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Replacing page with '( )'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">( )</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta4.PNG</title>
    <id>5314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33204</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-20T22:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nuqta2.PNG</title>
    <id>5315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33206</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-20T23:14:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nuqta3.PNG</title>
    <id>5316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33208</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-20T23:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Enom.GIF</title>
    <id>5317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43363</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WikiNode</title>
    <id>5318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33217</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T05:32:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Benkarnell</username>
        <id>1219</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* WikiNodes of our neighbors */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==A Friendly Welcome!==
This is a standard page called a WikiNode.  The [http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.cgi/WikiNodesProject Wiki Nodes Project] aims 
to create a fabric among wikis which allows users to traverse the universe of all wikis via topically related links. 
This wiki is also [http://wikiindex.com/FrathWiki listed in the WikiIndex], a related project that further groups wikis 
by language, wiki-engine, edit mode and topical tags.

==Points of Interest==
Welcome to '''FrathWiki''', a wiki for collecting information about conlangs, conworlds and linguistic subjects in general.  While you're here, be sure to check out:

* [[Main Page]]
* [[Special:Recentchanges|Recentchanges]] 
* [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Discussions]]

==WikiNodes of our neighbors ==
* [[Conlangcity:WikiNode|The Conlang wikicity]] &amp;ndash; a wiki for publishing and developing conlangs.
* [http://talideon.com/concultures/wiki/ ConlangWiki] &amp;ndash; another wiki devoted to the topics of ConLangs and ConCultures. 
* [[AltHist:WikiNode|The Alternate History wiki]] &amp;ndash; a wiki for Alternate History and counterfactual universes.
* [[IBWiki:WikiNode|Ill Bethisad Wiki]] &amp;ndash; The alternate Universe of Ill Bethisad.
* [http://home.unilang.org/main/wiki2/index.php/Main_Page Unilang wiki] &amp;ndash; a database of language- and linguistic-related information</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Cedh audmanh/PIE daughterlang sketch</title>
    <id>5319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33323</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T08:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>some fine-tuning; add vowel harmony</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This is a sound change sketch for a daughter of [[Proto-Indo-European]] projected by cedh_audmanh. Currently the language is thought to have been spoken during the first millennium BC in the southernmost reaches of the Ural mountains (hence the incipient Uralic-style vowel harmony), but this may be subject to change. If you have any comments regarding the plausibility of this project or certain details of it, please write it down at the [[User_talk:Cedh_audmanh/PIE_daughterlang_sketch|talk page]] for this article. Thank you!'' 

* NB: In the reconstruction used for this language, the traditional PIE palatovelars ''*ḱ ǵ ǵʰ'' are regarded as allophones of the plain velars. Accordingly, they are all transcribed as ''&lt;k g gʰ&gt;'' in the list of sound changes given below.


== Diachronic developments ==
=== Laryngeals ===

All vowels followed by a laryngeal were lengthened. Also, ''*e ē'' were coloured into '''a ā''' adjacent to ''*h₂'', and into '''o ō''' adjacent to ''*h₃''.
* Vowel colouring:
** ''*e ē'' → '''a ā''' / h₂_, _h₂
** ''*e ē'' → '''o ō''' / h₃_, _h₃
* Vowel lengthening:
** VH → Vː / _C, _#

In contrast to most other Indo-European languages, not all prevocalic laryngeals were deleted. Word-initially and between two non-identical vowels ''*h₂ h₃'' were preserved in the form of velar fricatives, with ''*h₃'' retaining its labialization.
* Prevocalic laryngeals:
** ''*h₂ h₃'' → '''ɣ ɣʷ'''  / V_V ''(where V₁≠V₂)''
** ''*h₂ h₃'' → '''x xʷ''' / #_V

In clusters with a consonant, laryngeals were deleted, but ''*h₂ h₃'' caused frication in preceding voiceless and voiced aspirated plosives that were not preceded by another consonant. Additionally, liquids adjacent to a laryngeal were velarized, with the velarized trill later turning into an uvular '''ʁ'''.
* Laryngeals in clusters:
** ''*p t k kʷ'' → '''f s x xʷ''' / [#/V]_[h₂,h₃]V
** ''*bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ'' → '''v z ɣ ɣʷ''' / [#/V]_[h₂,h₃]V
** ''*r l'' → [rˠ lˠ] → '''ʁ ł''' / H_, _H

Syllabic ''*h₁ h₂'' were generally reflected as '''a''', and syllabic ''*h₃'' became '''o'''. Word-initial laryngeals before a consonant were only retained in short words which would otherwise have been mono- or (rarely) disyllabic; ''*h₁'' in word-initial position became '''ə''' instead of '''a'''.
* Syllabic laryngeals:
** ''*h̥₁ h̥₂ h̥₃'' → Ø / #_C ''(in words with more than two syllables)''
** ''*h̥₁'' → '''ə''' / #_C 
** ''*h̥₁ h̥₂ h̥₃'' → '''a a o'''

In all other positions, laryngeals were dropped:
* ''*h₁ h₂ h₃'' → Ø

=== Vocalisation of syllabic sonants ===
The syllabic sonants of PIE developed an epenthetic schwa, usually at the same side of the sonant that would contain the full-grade vowel of the syllable. Sometimes the vowel was inserted on the other side instead, mostly splitting up awkward clusters. A few such exceptions were later generalized to become part of regular morphological patterns. 
* Ø → '''ə''' / _R̥ ~ R̥_
* R̥ → R

=== Voiced plosive merger ===
PIE voiced aspirated stops ''*bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ'' became fricatives in postvocalic position before another plosive, and intervocalically when post-tonic. In all other positions they merged with the plain voiced stops.
* ''*bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ'' → '''v z ɣ ɣʷ''' / V_[+plosive], &quot;(...)V_V
* ''*bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ'' → '''b d g gʷ'''

=== The satem change ===
All non-labialized velar consonants (this includes both plain and palatalized velars in the traditional reconstruction) became postalveolars before PIE ''*j i ī e ē''.
* ''*k g x ɣ'' → '''č dž š ž''' / _[j,i,ī,e,ē]

=== Assibilation of dentals ===
Dental stops ''*t d'' became alveolar affricates '''c dz''' before ''*j i ī''. Clusters of two dental stops fricated their first element.
* ''*t d'' → '''c dz''' / _[i,ī]
* ''*tj dj'' → '''c dz'''
* ''*t d'' → '''s z''' / _[t,d,c,dz]

=== Vowel shift ===
PIE ''*u ū'' fronted to '''y ȳ''' in all positions. This caused a pull shift by which ''*o ō'' raised to '''u ū''', and ''*e ē'' lowered to '''a ā'''. The PIE diphthongs ''*ei ēi eu ēu oi ōi ou ōu'' also raised to become the monophthongs '''i ī y ȳ y ȳ u ū''' respectively. PIE ''*ai āi au āu'' were unchanged in quality, but lost their length distinction. The reduced vowel ''*ə'' that had appeared adjacent to earlier syllabic sonants raised and fronted to merge into short '''i''', except adjacent to a labiovelar or if followed by a stressed rounded vowel in the next syllable, in which case it became '''u'''.
* ''*u ū o ō e ē'' → '''y ȳ u ū a ā'''
* ''*ei ēi eu ēu oi ōi ou ōu'' → '''i ī y ȳ y ȳ u ū'''
* ''*āi āu'' → '''ai au'''
* ''*ə'' → '''u''' / Kʷ_, _Kʷ, _$&quot;[y,u]
* ''*ə'' → '''i'''

As a result of this vowel shift, the allophonic distribution of plain and palatal velars was disturbed, and palatalization had become phonemic before '''a ā y ȳ i'''. Because consonant alternation within a single paradigm was not permitted in PIE while a vowel interchange was possible, either a palatal or a velar phoneme was generalized for each lexeme. These were usually taken from the most frequently occurring variant, i.e. those found in the nominative and accusative cases for nouns, and those found in the 3sg present and/or aorist for verbs. Unlike Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian, however, the vowel shift had not caused a merger of PIE ''*a ā'' and ''*o ō'', and so the eventual distribution of palatal vs. velar sounds ended up slightly different compared to other satem languages.

=== RUKI ===
The vowel shift had also considerably expanded the environment for the RUKI sound law by increasing the number of high vowels. By this change, ''*s z'' became postalveolar '''š ž''' after the segments '''r u K i''' and '''y''', where '''K''' is a cover term for ''*k g x ɣ'', and '''u i''' includes ''*au ai''. If preceded by a monophthongal vowel, the voiced fricative ''*z'' rhotacised to a postalveolar approximant '''ɹ''' instead. ''*r'' before coronal or palatal consonants also became '''ɹ''', which then quickly merged into '''ʁ'''.
* ''*s'' → '''š''' / [r,u,K,i,y]_
* ''*z'' → '''ž''' / [r,K,ai,au]_
* ''*z'' → [ɹ] → '''ʁ''' / [u,i,y]_
* ''*r'' → [ɹ] → '''ʁ''' / _[+coronal], _[+palatal]

=== Consonant voicing ===
All fricatives came to be voiced before vowels word-initially, intervocalically, and adjacent to a voiced plosive or liquid. In all other positions they were pronounced voiceless. Word-finally or before another voiceless consonant, plosives and affricates were also devoiced. ''These rules have remained productive until modern times.''
* F → [+voice] / #_V, V(L)_V, [+plosive +voice]_V
* F → [-voice] / ''(elsewhere)''
* P → [-voice] / _#, _[-voice]

=== Loss of labialisation ===
''*i ī ai a ā'' were rounded to '''y ȳ öy o ō''' adjacent to labiovelars and before intervocalic ''*w ɣʷ'', which subsequently merged into '''v'''. All other instances of ''*w'' were then lost adjacent to '''u ū y ȳ'''. Labiovelar obstruents were reanalysed as plain labials when followed by another, non-labial obstruent, as clusters of a velar obstruent plus '''v''' in intervocalic position not preceding a rounded vowel, and as plain velars elsewhere. As with the satem change, the most dominant outcome of these consonant changes was usually generalized throughout each morphological paradigm.
* ''*i ī ai a ā'' → '''y ȳ öy o ō''' / Kʷ_, _Kʷ, _wV
* ''*w ɣʷ'' → '''v''' / V_V
* ''*w'' → Ø / [u,ū,y,ȳ]_, _[u,ū,y,ȳ]
* ʷ → '''v''' / V[+velar]_[+vowel -rounded] 
* [+velar +labial] → [-velar] / _C
* [+velar +labial] → [-labial]
&lt;!--
=== Vowel shift #2 ===
Stressed long vowels diphthongised into '''íə ýə úə áə''' in word-initial position and when followed by a single consonant. The schwa offglide then developed into a front or back vowel depending on the vowel of the following syllable, eventually yielding the diphthongs '''jé jő jó wé wá wó ái őy áu'''.

* ''*iə'' → '''jö''' / _$[y,ö,u,o]; → '''je'''' elsewhere
* ''*yə'' → '''jo''' / _$[u,o]; → '''jö''' elsewhere
* ''*uə'' → '''we''' / _$[i,y]; → '''wa''' / _$[a,ai,au], → '''wo''' elsewhere
* ''*aə'' → '''au''' / _$[u,o]; → '''öy''' / _$[y,ö], → '''ai''' elsewhere 
--&gt;

=== Umlaut ===
&lt;!-- ''*a ā u ū'' underwent i-umlaut to '''e ai y ȳ''' if the next syllable contained '''i ī''', and ''*a ā'' also underwent u-umlaut if the next syllable contained '''u ū'''. In addition to this, stressed ''*u ū o ō au'' umlauted to '''y ȳ ö öy öy''' if the next syllable contained '''y ȳ'''.
* ''*a ā u ū'' → '''e ai y ȳ''' / _$[i,ī]
* ''*a ā'' → '''o au''' / _$[u,ū]
* ''*u ū o ō au'' → '''y ȳ ö öy öy''' / &quot;_$[y,ȳ]
--&gt;
Many vowels underwent umlaut depending on the vowel of the following syllable. In polysyllabic words, the stressed vowel was usually affected first, and the penultimate vowel second. Evidence for three or more vowels within the same word undergoing umlaut processes is very rare, but may have been obscured due to later syncope and analogical leveling.
* ''*a ā y ȳ u ū ai au'' → '''ä ai i ī y ȳ e ai''' / _$[i,ī]
* ''*a ā i ī y ȳ ai au'' → '''o au y ȳ u ū öy o''' / _$[u,ū]
* ''*i ī y ȳ u ū'' → '''e ie ö yö o uo''' / _$[a,ā]
* ''*a ā ai au'' → '''ö öy öy öy''' / _$[y,ȳ]

=== Syncope ===
Unstressed short vowels in non-initial open syllables were generally lost if a two-consonant cluster consisting of a nasal or liquid followed by an obstruent could be formed. Syncope of such vowels was also likely between two single obstruents or word-finally. Where syncope did not occur, this was usually motivated by a trend to avoid certain types of clusters; for instance, no clusters containing two fricatives of different POA were created, and affricates could only be the second component of newly-formed clusters. On the other hand, clusters of sibilant plus plosive counted as single segments for the purposes of syncope. The last vowel of a word - if it was both short and unstressed - was usually syncopated even in closed syllables, provided it was preceded by a sonorant and followed by an obstruent. If several adjacent syllables were liable to syncope, vowels immediately following the main stress were most likely to be dropped first.
* [+vowel -long -stress] → Ø / V[N/L]_[(s,š)P/F][V/#]
* [+vowel -long -stress] → Ø / V(N/L)C_#
* [+vowel -long -stress] → Ø / V(s,š)P_FV, VF_[c,č,P]V ''(with some exceptions)''

=== Minor vowel changes ===
Falling diphthongs ''*ai öy au'' monophthongised to '''e ö o''' in closed syllables. Short unstressed ''*e i y u'' lowered to '''ä e ö o''' if followed by a dorsal liquid '''ʁ ł'''. After this, all long vowels were shortened.
* ''*ai öy au'' → '''e ö o''' / _CC, _C#
* ''*e i y u'' → '''ä e ö o''' / _[ʁ,ł] ''(unstressed)''
* Vː → V

=== Simplification of clusters ===
Clusters of nasal + obstruent assimilated to the POA of the obstruent. Cluster-final fricatives fortified into affricates if preceded by a postvocalic nasal or liquid. Coda ''*ʁ'' dropped out if followed by a consonant, and prevocalic '''*j''' was lost from all clusters containing a postalveolar phoneme. Prevocalic velar fricatives preceded by a consonant merged into '''ʁ'''.
* ''*n'' → '''m''' / _[+labial]
* ''*m'' → '''n''' / _[+consonant -labial] 
* '''n''' → [ŋ] / _[+velar] ''(allophonic)''
* [+fricative] → [+affricate] / V(N/L)_
* ''*ʁ'' → Ø / _C
* ''*j'' → Ø / [+postalveolar]_V
* ''*x ɣ'' → '''ʁ''' / C_V

=== Stress shift ===
Word stress became fixed on the first vowel of a word, with the exception that prefixed reduplication remained unstressed in words of three or more syllables.

=== Vowel harmony ===
Labial rising diphthongs ''wa wo we wö wi'' monophthongized to '''o o ö ö y'''. Palatal rising diphthongs were also monophthongized, but with varying outcome: Depending on the quality of the stressed vowel of the same word, a vowel harmony process affected all unstressed vowels and assimilated or dissimilated them in relation to the accented syllable.
* ''*wa wo we wö wi'' → '''o o ö ö y''' / C_
* ''*o'' → '''ö''' / &quot;_$ö
* ''*u'' → '''y''' / &quot;_$y
* ''*a ä e i ai'' → '''ö ö ö y öy''' / _$&quot;[y,ö]
* ''*u o au'' → '''y ö öy''' / &quot;[y,ö]$(...)_, _$&quot;[y,ö]
* ''*y ö öy'' → '''i e ai''' / &quot;[u,o,a]$(...)_, _$&quot;[i,e,ä]
* ''*y ö öy'' → '''u o au''' / &quot;[i,e,ä]$(...)_, _$&quot;[u,o,a]
* ''*ju jo jö je ja'' → '''y ö ö ö ö''' / &quot;[y,ö]$(...)C_
* ''*ju jo jö je ja'' → '''i''' / &quot;[u,o,a]$(...)C_
* ''*ju jo jö je ja'' → '''u o o e e''' / &quot;[e,ä]$(...)C_
* ''*ju jo jö je ja'' → '''u o o a a''' / &quot;i$(...)C_
* ''*ä'' → '''e''' / ''(still written '''ä''' if '''y ö''' occur in the same word)''

&lt;!--
=== Reanalysis: Root-and-pattern morphology ===
At this point, most lexical and grammatical distinctions were signified by vowel changes within a triconsonantal root. Most remaining inconsistencies were leveled away by analogy, and root-and-pattern derivation became a highly productive process. Where a root exhibited consonant alternations, the paradigm was usually generalized to the most frequently occurring consonant sequence. In some cases, the rarer sequence lexicalised as a separate root.
--&gt;

== Phoneme inventory ==

=== Consonants ===

{| {{bluetable2}}
|- align=center
!
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; labial &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; coronal &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; palatal &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dorsal &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
! plosive
| '''p · b'''
| '''t · d'''
|
| '''k · g'''
|- align=center
! affricate
| ''(pf)''
| '''c'''
| '''č'''
| ''(kx)''
|- align=center
! fricative
| '''v'''
| '''s'''
| '''š'''
| '''x'''
|- align=center
! nasal
| '''m'''
| '''n'''
|
|
|- align=center
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; liquid/semivowel
|
| '''l · r'''
| '''j'''
| '''ł · ř'''
|-
|}


* The phonemic status of the labial and dorsal affricates '''pf kx''' is uncertain. In word-final position after another consonant they do behave as unitary segments, but do not contrast with simple fricatives. In all other positions it might be more suitable to analyse them as clusters. 
* The coronal and palatal affricates '''c č''' (phonetically [ʦ ʧ]), however, are clearly phonemic because unlike any other obstruent cluster they can appear in word-final position after a vowel, contrasting with both plosives and fricatives. 
* All fricatives can be allophonically voiceless [f s ʃ x] (in coda position, following a voiceless plosive, or when geminate) or voiced [v z ʒ ɣ] (in all other prevocalic positions). The two sibilants are transcribed with the &quot;voiced&quot; graphemes '''z ž''' in voiced clusters, and as '''s š''' elsewhere. The labial fricative is written '''v''' unless as part of the labial affricate '''pf''', and the dorsal fricative is always written '''x'''. 
* Some dialects pronounce '''x''' as [h] in word-initial position. 
* Adjacent to front vowels, '''x''' may become fully palatal [ç~ʝ]. Dialects that have this usually render '''tx kx dx gx''' as [c cç ɟ ɟ] before front vowels.
* '''ł''' is a velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral [ɫ]. It contrasts with '''l''' only before vowels, with coda laterals always being velarized except before '''m''' or coronal consonants.
* '''ř''' is an uvular trill or fricative [ʀ~ʁ]. Some dialects have merged '''ř x''' into an uvular phoneme that is a trill before vowels and [χ] elsewhere.
* '''n''' assimilates to [ŋ] before a dorsal consonant.

=== Vowels ===
{| {{bluetable2}}
|-
! 
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; front &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; central &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; back &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; high
| '''i · y''' || || '''u'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! mid
| '''e · ö''' || || '''o''' 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! low
| || '''a''' ||
|-
|}


DIPHTHONGS: '''ai öy au''' [æɪ œʏ ɒʊ]

* Due to vowel harmony, '''u o au ai''' cannot occur in the same word as '''y ö öy'''. 
** '''i e a''' are neutral with regard to harmony; however, the phoneme /e/ is written '''ä''' in words that contain a front rounded vowel.
** In synchronic exchange, '''y ö öy''' can alternate with both '''i e ai''' and '''u o au''', always dissimilating from the nucleus of the stressed syllable.
* All vowels have tense allophones [i y u e ø o ɑ] in open syllables and lax allophones [ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ œ ɔ ɐ] in closed ones.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta nom.PNG</title>
    <id>5320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39349</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:14:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Thad prayer.jpg</title>
    <id>5321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33244</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-21T22:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endosteia</title>
    <id>5322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45449</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:44:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
|}

'''Endosteia''' (''Zekyanju'' &quot;Inner bones&quot;) is a phylum of native [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]an animals.  It is sometimes counted as a subphylum of ''asegmata'' (in this classification, octopoda and hexapoda are demoted to superclasses).

== History of Category ==
At one time, endosteia included a class ''tetrapoda'' (equivalent to the modern [[dorsoneuralia]]).  Tetrapoda was later raised to subphylum status as ''dorsoneuralia'', with another subphylum ''ventroneuralia'', subdivided into superclasses [[hexapoda]] and [[octopoda]].  Biologists were slow to move dorsoneuralia out of endosteia, despite their considerable differences.  It was not until the acceptance of the [[xenogenesis theory]] that dorsoneuralia was promoted to phylum status.

== Characteristics ==
Endosteians are marked by the following characteristics
*Presence of an [[Wikipedia:endoskeleton|endoskeleton]]
*Ventral nerve cord
*Eight limbs, at least in embryonic development

== Evolutionary History ==
The ancestors of endosteia possessed an [[Wikipedia:exoskeleton|exoskeleton]].  This exoskeleton was lost, and an endoskeleton subsequently evolved.  The earliest endosteians were aquatic animals living on the bottom of the sea floor, typically in shallow waters, and were eight-limbed.

Endosteians have colonized land on three distinct occasions, twice among the [[Octopoda]] ([[nocturnalia]] in one group, the other three classes in the other), and once among the [[hexapoda]].

In the ancestors of hexapoda, the front two pairs of limbs merged into a single pair.  Today, most endosteians are terrestrial, with a few secondarily aquatic groups, and two classes of primitively aquatic species.

== Classes ==
=== Subphylum [[Hexapoda]] ===
*[[Osteopterygia]]
==== Superclass [[Prototerrestria]] ====
*[[Alarvacea]]
*[[Paleohexapoda]] (extinct)
*[[Paleovolantes]] (extinct)
*[[Thermovaria]]
=== Subphylum [[Octopoda]] ===
*[[Hydroctopoda]] (paraphyletic to tritoterrestria)
*[[Nocturnalia]]
==== Superclass [[Tritoterrestria]] ====
*[[Palustria]]
===== Clade [[Plumata]] =====
*[[Ambulaplumata]]
*[[Volantaplumata]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Aiyaa</title>
    <id>5323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33292</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-25T20:14:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aiyaa</username>
        <id>1221</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonology ==

===Vowels===
'''a ŏ''' /a ɒ/&lt;br&gt;
'''i y''' /i ɪ/&lt;br&gt;
'''e ē''' /ɛ ɛ:/&lt;br&gt;
'''o ō''' /ɔ ɔ:/&lt;br&gt;
'''u ū''' /u u:/&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
*Notes&lt;br&gt;
/ɪ ɛ/ are often merged into [ə] word-finally.&lt;br&gt;
/u/ is usually [ʊ] before the nasal /ŋ/ or before /k/ when it appears word finally.&lt;br&gt;
There are no true diphthongs, vowel sequences tend to be avoided.&lt;br&gt;

===Consonants===
'''p t k''' /p t k/ &lt;br&gt;
'''d g''' /d g/&lt;br&gt;
'''kw gw''' /kʷ gʷ/&lt;br&gt;
'''s š h''' /s ʃ x/&lt;br&gt;
'''m n ng''' /m n ŋ/ &lt;br&gt;
'''r l ly''' /ɾ l ʎ/&lt;br&gt;
'''w y''' /w j/ &lt;br&gt;
'''c ngs''' /ts ŋks/&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
*Notes&lt;br&gt;
/ptk/ are slightly aspirated, they are unreleased word-finally and before another stop.&lt;br&gt;
/t/ is dental.&lt;br&gt;
/d/ is geminated word-medially, and is further back than the English d.&lt;br&gt;
/g/ is often realized as [ŋ] word-intially, and [ŋŋg] word-medially.&lt;br&gt;
/gʷ/ behaved the same way as /g/, often being pronounced [ŋgʷ].&lt;br&gt;
/s/ is often slightly palatalized, especially before /i ɪ/.&lt;br&gt;
/ʃ/ is post-alveolar, like /d/, but slightly further back than the English /ʃ/.&lt;br&gt;
/ŋ/ is always followed by /k/ or /g/ word-medially.&lt;br&gt;
/ɾ/ is also post-alveolar, often devoiced word-finally and before other voiceless consonants.&lt;br&gt;
/l/ is always a 'dark l' [ɫ] in contrast to /ʎ/.&lt;br&gt;
/w j/ are geminated between vowels.&lt;br&gt;
/ŋks/ may be [ŋgz] for some speakers between vowels.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Phonological Constraints===
Any vowel or single consonant [apart from ng] may begin a word.&lt;br&gt;
Initial consonants clusters permitted:	/ps ts ks kt pt/&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

Any consonant may appear word-medially, /ŋ/ is always followed by /k/ or /kʷ/.&lt;br&gt;
Medial consonant clusters:	/kt pt ts ks ps rts mts ŋk ŋks ŋkʷ kn tn pn sn lŋg/&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

Words may end in the vowels: /a ɒ ɪ ɛ u/&lt;br&gt;
Word-final consonants:	/p t k ʃ n m ŋ r ʎ/&lt;br&gt;
Word-final clusters:	/ps ts ks mts ŋks rts/&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Stress===
Stress is primarily word-initial, although it tends to be very slight. Words with a long-vowel have stress on the long vowel, if there is more than one long-vowel the first is stressed or both stressed equally.&lt;br&gt;
Longer words can have secondary stress.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

===Examples===
Here are some words and their transcriptions in IPA: &lt;br&gt;
'''ktelyōr'''  /ktɛ'ʎɔ:r/ [ktʰɛ'ʎɔ:ɾ̥]&lt;br&gt;
'''gwēleks''' /'gʷɛ:lɛks/ ['ŋwʷɛ:ɫɛks]&lt;br&gt;
'''psily'''  /'psilɪ/ ['psʲiɫə]&lt;br&gt;
'''wērangs''' /'wɛ:raŋks/ ['wɛ:ɾ̥aŋks]&lt;br&gt;
'''doš'''    /dɔʃ/ [d̠ɔʃ̠]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Ōšqʷiť</title>
    <id>5324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33414</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T20:09:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Proto-Ōšqʷiť'''&lt;br&gt;'''???'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in: 
||Eurasia?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Earth, alternate universe
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||???
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||'''Proto-Ōšqʷiť'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||??? but reconstructed as SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||maailmaniag ||June 14th 2008
|}

Proto-Ōšqʷiť (/&quot;o:ʃ.qʷiθ/) is the reconstructed form of the language spoken by the ancient people of Eurasia (alternate universe). Because this is a reconstructed form of the language, there are no traces of writing, etc. of the language, and therefore no lexical item, point of syntax, or morphological paradigm is guaranteed to be 100% accurate, but instead, an approximation of how the language actually was spoken thousands of years ago (approximately 6,000-8,000 BC)

==Phonology==
This is the reconstructed phonology of Proto-Ōšqʷiť, which was put together via the comparative method, comparing the sound systems (or approximate sound systems, in the case of dead branches) or all 12 established branches of the Ōšqʷiť family. 
&lt;br&gt;
===Consonants===
Proto-Ōšqʷiť has a complex system of consonants, in that there are 3 &lt;i&gt;phonemic&lt;/i&gt; series of nearly all the sounds: plain, palatized, and labialized. This triples the amount of consonants that many of its descendants have, but are included in the reconstruction because there are still traces of this 3-way distinction in all of the 12 branches of descendants (however, the distinction may have been lost in various languages of the branches over time). Additionally, a 3-way distinction in stops is also reconstructed, being voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated.
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m mʲ mʷ|| || || || || || n nʲ nʷ || || || ŋ ŋʲ ŋʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive-voiced || || b bʲ bʷ || || || || || || d dʲ dʷ || || || g gʲ gʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive-unvoiced || || p pʲ pʷ || || || || || || t tʲ tʷ || || || k kʲ kʷ || || || q qʲ qʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive-aspirated || || pʰ pʲʰ pʷʰ || || || || || || t tʲʰ tʷʰ || || || k kʲʰ kʷʰ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative-voiced || || || || || || ð ðʲ ðʷ || || z zʲ zʷ || || || || || || ʁ ʁʲ ʁʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative-unvoiced || || || f fʲ fʷ || || || θ θʲ θʷ || || s sʲ sʷ || || ʃ ʃʲ ʃʷ || || || || χ χʲ χʷ || || h hʲ hʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate-voiced || || || || || || || || d͡z d͡zʲ d͡zʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate-unvoiced || || || || || || || || t͡s t͡sʲ t͡sʷ || || ͡ʧ ͡ʧʲ ͡ʧʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l lʲ lʷ ||
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

In addition, there are two semi-vowels, /j w/, although it has not been determined yet if (plain consonant)+(semivowel) contrasts with the palatized and labialized versions of the sound, as well.
&lt;br&gt;
===Vowels===
Most reconstructions of Proto-Ōšqʷiť have a 6 vowel system, as follows: 
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || || || || || u ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || ə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || e || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
In terms of diphthongs, any vowel could be followed by any other vowel, but sequences of two of the same vowel in a row were reanalyzed as long vowels, giving 12 total vowel phonemes:
/a a: e e: i i: o o: u u: ə ə:/
Explicitly, the diphthongs were:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=7 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| -a ||colspan=1| -e ||colspan=1| -i ||colspan=1| -o ||colspan=1| -u ||colspan=1| -ə
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| a- || a: || ae || ai || ao || au || aə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| e- || ea || e: || ei || eo || eu || eə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| i- || ia || ie || i: || io || iu || iə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| o- || oa || oe || oi || o: || ou || oə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| u- || ua || ue || ui || uo || u: || uə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| ə- || əa || əe || əi || əo || əu || ə: ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tvk</title>
    <id>5325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37141</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-03T22:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tvk</username>
        <id>1222</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlangs:

[[Tsani]]

[['ižiitsigh]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi</title>
    <id>5326</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33303</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T00:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>1223</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Category:Kasshi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[:Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Utaıjen</title>
    <id>5327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33416</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T20:29:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vowels */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Proto-Utaıjen'''&lt;br&gt;'''Utaıjen'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in: 
||The Middle East
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Earth, alternate universe
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||???
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Proto-Utaıjen'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||maailmaniag ||June 18th 2008
|}

Proto-Utaıjen (/u.ta:.jen/) emerged from the most conservative dialect of [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]]. Therefore, many of the phonological features in [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]] have been retained, including the three-way plain/palatized/labialized distinction, as well as many morphological features. Like [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]], we do not know exactly what Proto-Utaıjen sounded like; however, this is the first of the daughter languages to actually be written down, dating back to 1,500 BC, and therefore one of the more accurate &quot;reconstructions&quot; of [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]]'s daughter languages. Because it is also one of the more conservative dialects, and because it was written down, we can get a feeling of what [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]] was like, and what it would have looked like written down.
&lt;br&gt;
==Phonology==
Although there are written records of Proto-Utaıjen, the exact phonology is not as certain, and assumes that the writing system (an alphabet) was largely phonemic
===Consonants===
As mentioned earlier, Proto-Utaıjen shares a significant portion of its consonant inventory with it's predecessor, and therefore, not much is different. However, one significant change is the merging of the aspirated stops with the voiceless stops, one of the first reconstructed sound changes from [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]] to Proto-Utaıjen. This gives a consonant inventory that looks something like this:&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m mʲ mʷ|| || || || || || n nʲ nʷ || || || ŋ ŋʲ ŋʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive-voiced || || b bʲ bʷ || || || || || || d dʲ dʷ || || || g gʲ gʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive-unvoiced || || p pʲ pʷ || || || || || || t tʲ tʷ || || || k kʲ kʷ || || || q qʲ qʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative-voiced || || || || || || ð ðʲ ðʷ || || z zʲ zʷ || || || || || || ʁ ʁʲ ʁʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative-unvoiced || || || f fʲ fʷ || || || θ θʲ θʷ || || s sʲ sʷ || || ʃ ʃʲ ʃʷ || || || || χ χʲ χʷ || || h hʲ hʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate-voiced || || || || || || || || d͡z d͡zʲ d͡zʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate-unvoiced || || || || || || || || t͡s t͡sʲ t͡sʷ || || ͡ʧ ͡ʧʲ ͡ʧʷ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l lʲ lʷ ||
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There are also two semi-vowels, /j w/ that were inherited as well.
===Vowels===
The vowels are the aspect of the phonology that was most changed in comparison to [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]]. The constructed vowel system is as follows:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || || || || || u ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || ə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || e || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Similar to it's predecessor, Proto-Utaıjen has a very relaxed diphthong inventory, as well. Many vowels can be followed by others, with a few exceptions. Double vowels are all reanalyzed (and written) as long vowels, with the exception of /ə/, which has no long counterpart (the short and long  phonemes collapsed into 1 phoneme):
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=7 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| -a ||colspan=1| -e ||colspan=1| -i ||colspan=1| -o ||colspan=1| -u ||colspan=1| -ə
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| a- || a: || Ae || || Ao ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| e- || || e: || ei || || Eu || eə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| i- || ia || ie || i: || io || iu || iə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| o- || || || oi || o: || ou || Oə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| u- || ua || ue || ui || uo || u: || uə ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| ə- || || || əi || || əu ||
|}

==Sound Changes==
Here is a compilation of the sound changes from [[Proto-Ōšqʷiť]] to Proto-Utaıjen (listed as PŌ &gt; PU):
===Stress===
&quot;V.CV &gt; V.C&quot;V / C=aspirated consonant&lt;br&gt;
Stress, which was usually on the first syllable in Proto-Ōšqwiť, shifted to any syllable in the word that contained an aspirated consonant, usually the final syllable that contained one, in the case that there were two or more.&lt;br&gt;

===Consonants===
pʰ pʷʰ pʲʰ &gt; p pʷ pʲ&lt;br&gt;
tʰ tʷʰ tʲʰ &gt; t tʷ tʲ&lt;br&gt;
kʰ kʷʰ kʲʰ &gt; k kʷ kʲ&lt;br&gt;

===Vowels===
ə ə: &gt; ə&lt;br&gt;
ae &gt; əi / _C[+voice]&lt;br&gt;
ae &gt; e: / closed syllables&lt;br&gt;
ae ai &gt; Ae&lt;br&gt;
aə &gt; o:&lt;br&gt;
ao &gt; o: / open syllables&lt;br&gt;
ao &gt; Ao / closed syllables&lt;br&gt;
au &gt; Ao&lt;br&gt;
ea eə &gt; eə&lt;br&gt;
eo &gt; əo / _C[+voice]&lt;br&gt;
eo &gt; Eu / open syllables, _C[-voice]&lt;br&gt;
oe &gt; oi / open syllables&lt;br&gt;
oe &gt; e / closed syllables&lt;br&gt;
oa oə &gt; Oə&lt;br&gt;
əa &gt; a: / open syllables, _C[-voice]&lt;br&gt;
əa &gt; ə / other closed syllables&lt;br&gt;
əe əi &gt; əi&lt;br&gt;
əo əu &gt; əu&lt;br&gt;

===Syllable Structure===
There was also a change in syllable structure, where there was a preference for open syllables. &lt;br&gt;
C1C2 &gt; C1 / _#&lt;br&gt;
Cʷ Cʲ &gt; 0 / _#&lt;br&gt;
VC &gt; CV / _# when C = fricative, /r/, /R/&lt;br&gt; 
VC &gt; V: / _# when C = stop, liquid&lt;br&gt;
CVC.CV &gt; CV.CCV	(note: not applicable when the second C is a nasal)&lt;br&gt;
C1C2C3 &gt; :C2C3 / syllable boundaries, when C1 not nasal, and all 3 are different POAs&lt;br&gt;
Clusters of 4 or more consonants were extremely rare to begin with, but in general, consonants would be lost at the end of the cluster, so the string C1C2C3C4 would become :C2C3.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akana timeline</title>
    <id>5328</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33327</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T08:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Buruya</title>
    <id>5329</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33331</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Culture of Kasca</title>
    <id>5330</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33334</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Delta Naidda</title>
    <id>5331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57623</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Naidda''' is the language of the land of [[Kasca]] in [[Akana]]. It is descended from the eastern dialects of [[Ndak Ta]], forming part of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean language family]]. The Delta dialect of Naidda is spoken in the delta of the Ya river, and though it is not the prestige dialect, it has far more speakers than any other. 

{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eigə-Isthmus languages</title>
    <id>5332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57634</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:38:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
The '''Eigə-Isthmus''' languages are a family of conlangs spoken in the collaborative conworld [[Akana]], designed by members of the Zompist Bulletin Board.  The existence of this family was first proposed in the [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Aiwa_valley culture notes] for [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ndak_Ta Ndak Ta], near the inception of the conworld; but the family was left largely undeveloped, and the connection between the Eigə Valley and Isthmus branches was forgotten until recently.  Comparative and reconstructive work is ongoing.

Known members of the family include:

* '''Eigə Valley languages'''
** [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Ngauro Ngauro]
** [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Miwan_languages Miwan languages]
*** Old Eastern Miwan
**** Eastern Miwan
**** Southern Miwan
*** Forest Miwan
*** Meshi
* '''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Isthmus_languages Isthmus languages]'''
** Western Isthmus languages
*** Ferogh (Haran-Ferój) languages
**** [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Faraghin Faraghin]
**** Feråjin
*** Boesin
** Eastern Isthmus languages
*** Doroh
*** Kietek
*** Ka'alikora

'''Ngauro''' was the first written language in this part of the world (at least); it's attested from the late fourth millenium to the mid second millenium BP, with inscriptions found mainly in Kasca.  The closely related '''Miwan languages''' are spoken throughout the Eigə Valley, especially in the south and the northwest; the best-known are those spoken on the southern fringes of Kasca ('''Eastern Miwan''') and in the Etewg Peidæm ('''Forest Miwan''') during the first millenium YP.

The '''Isthmus languages''' are a diverse group, spoken mainly north and east of Huyfárah. The best known of these are the Western Isthmus languages '''Faraghin''' (spoken in Huyfárah proper in the second millenium BP) and its close relative '''Feråjin'''; also important is the Eastern Isthmus language '''Doroh''', spoken in the first millenium YP in the region east of Huyfárah.

----

{{AkanaWikiLink|Eigə-Isthmus languages|Category:Eigə-Isthmus_languages}}


[[Category:Akana]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>History of Akana</title>
    <id>5333</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33344</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>House of Mir</title>
    <id>5334</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33347</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:21:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Empire of Athalē]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Empire of Athalē]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Namɨdu</title>
    <id>5337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57629</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:35:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Forło Namɨdu''' [ˈfʌɾ.ʟɔ nɐˈmɨ.du] is a language of the Fáralo branch of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean family]], spoken in the city of Mɨdu and surrounding areas. At its greatest extent the city-state has controlled approximately the southern 1/4 of the former territory of [[Huyfárah]] and the portion of [[Kasca]] north of the delta, and at other times only a small area around the city itself. Regardless, it is likely the most influential language of [[Fáralo]]-descendants as of 1100 YP.
 
{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndok Aisô</title>
    <id>5338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57631</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Ndok Aisô''' is a language of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean family]] in the world of [[Akana]], descended from [[Ndak Ta]]. It was spoken around 0 YP in the land of Lasomo (native: ''Axôltseubeu'') on the middle Aiwa river. 

{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pencek</title>
    <id>5339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57632</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Pencek''' is a language of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean language family]] and the dominant tongue of the northeastern half of the great Ici Forest. Nowadays, of course, in the 1100th Year of the Prophet, much of this land has been deforested in favor of farms and pastures, but the name remains. The Ici Forest is roughly halfway between the lands of Rathan ([[Adāta]] ''Rathedān'') and Kazc ([[Delta Naidda|Naidda]] ''[[Kasca]]'') which lie to the west and east respectively. The vast and densely populated Eka river valley lies to the north. The Ici forest is peopled by several ethnic groups, but dominant among these are the speakers of Pencek, who call themselves Tactak (Adāta ''Dāiadak''). 
 
{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Habeo languages</title>
    <id>5340</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33366</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Xoronic</title>
    <id>5341</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33369</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T09:39:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Akana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Akana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasca</title>
    <id>5342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57628</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:34:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
Kasca is a region in the conworld of [[Akana]]. It has a longer civilized history than most other regions in the world, stretching at least as far back as the Ngauro civilization of approximately -4000 YP. At times in its history Kasca could be called a nation; at other times, it has been divided between others. It has also been the center of at least one empire.

{{AkanaWikiLink}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Huyfárah</title>
    <id>5343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57627</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Huyfárah''' ([http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Faraghin Faraghin]: ''Soifaragh'', &quot;Faraghin coast&quot;) is a nation in the conworld of [[Akana]], located north of the Eigə delta. It was one of the most powerful states in the 1st millennium YP, setting up a maritime empire and founding colonies all along the coast between Xšalad and Siixtaguna. 

{{AkanaWikiLink}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Empire of Athalē</title>
    <id>5344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57624</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
The '''Empire of Athalē''' (Imperial Adāta: ''Serin ax Athalē'') is a nation in the conworld of [[Akana]]. The capital of the empire was the '''holy city of Athalē''', the birthplace of the prophet Zārakātias. The founding date of the empire is generally said to be the year 183 YP, when Athalē conquered the then independent city-state of Thāras; however, some historians see the informal confederation of Rathedān city-states as the true origin of the empire.

{{AkanaWikiLink}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsani</title>
    <id>5345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44427</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-24T20:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tvk</username>
        <id>1222</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Overview==

Tsani is a conlang project that tvk has been working on since May 2007.  It is the daughter of an unnamed proto-language.  The vocabulary is a priori.

Tsani is designed to be strongly head-first.  The normal word order is VSO.  Role-marking particles and prepositions make the structure of a sentence clear, and free up word order for such things as passive constructions (which, in effect, simply switch word order to verb-patient-agent.)

Tvk designed Tsani as a personal language for journaling.  It is designed to reflect his personal aesthetic taste in languages and worldview.  It is also designed to be easy to learn and use, and to be easy to understand even out of context.  Methods of achieving the former criteria were inspired largely by [[Toki Pona]] and some natural creoles; the methods used to achieve the latter criterion were inspired by everything other than Toki Pona.  [[Japanese]] is also a major source of inspiration, and the creator has described his language as Japanese with backward syntax.

==Internal History==

Tsani is derived from an unnamed protolanguage.  The sound changes involved voicing initial glottalized stops, voicing medial non-glottalized stops, and losing the glottalization distinction.  Phonetic glottalization did not persist after phonemic glottalization was lost.

Tsani has a sister-language, [[Zãi]].

==Phonology==

===Phoneme Inventory===

*Vowels: &lt;a e i o u&gt; /a E i o u/
*Stops: &amp;lt;p t k d b g ty ky kw&gt; /p t k d b g t_j k_j k_w/
*Nasals: &lt;m n ng ny nw&gt; /m n N n_j n_w/
*Laterals/Flap: &lt;l ly lw&gt; /l l_j l_w/
*Sibilants: &amp;lt;s sh&gt; /s S/
*Affricates: &lt;ts ks ksh&gt; /ts ks kS/
*Approximants: &lt;h w y&gt; /h w j/

===Allophony===

*/E/ = [e] word-finally or before [4].
*/t p k d b g/ may be [t_h p_h k_h d_h b_h g_h] word-initially if not part of a cluster.
*/t_j/ = [tS] before /i/ or in the cluster &lt;chw&gt; = /tSw/
*/m n N/ = [m= n= N=] between consonants or word-initially if followed by a consonant.
*/l/ = [4] before /u/ or /i/
*/tl/ = [tK]

For ease of reading by speakers of English and other European languages, the Romanization spells the realization [tS] as &lt;ch&gt; and [4] as &lt;r&gt;, even though these spelling changes are not reflected in the native script.

===Phonotactics===

Syllable structure is (C)(C)(s, l)V(n).

The -n coda may assimilate to the point of articulation of the following consonant, if there is one. Otherwise, it remains [n].  If the coda is followed by a vowel within the same word, an apostrophe is inserted between the -n and the vowel to indicate that they belong to separate syllables.

For the purposes of syllable structure, syllabic nasals may be considered vowels.  The only constraint is that such a syllable cannot have a coda or have a nasal as its onset.

Legal diphthongs are /ai au ei oi ui/. Of these, only ai is common. The others occur mostly as a result of derivation or in loanwords.  In cases where morphology would result in a sequence of vowels that does not form a diphthong, a glide /w/ or /j/ is inserted between them.  In cases where the first vowel is /a/, /e/, or /i/, the preferred glide is /j/; if the first vowel is /o/ or /u/, the glide is /w/.

Legal consonant clusters are &lt;tk kt kp tl nt nk np ngk ngt ngp mp mt mk kts ktl chw&gt;. These can all occur initially.

ky, ly, y, ts, ks and s cannot occur before i.
kw, lw, chw and w cannot occur before u.

===Stress===

Stress is on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. CV and V syllables are one mora, CVn syllables and diphthongs are two.  Secondary stress occurs on alternate syllables; if the final syllable has primary stress, the antepenultimate often receives strong secondary stress.  Monosyllabic particles, adpositions, and conjunctions are always unstressed in speech.

Tsani does not have morphemic pitch accent, but the relative pitches of syllables in a word is fairly consistent.  In general, stressed syllables have higher pitch than unstressed syllables.  Words have a generally descending tone contour, but the lowest pitch occurs on the syllable between the primary and secondary stresses.

==Syntax and Grammar==

Word order is [[VSO]].

===Nominal Morphology===

All words that have nominal syntactical function end in -a.  (The converse is not true, however.)  This makes nouns easy to identify.

In a noun phrase, the order is head, adjectives, genitive(or relative clause).

A noun cannot usually be modified by a [[genitive]] and a [[relative clause]] simultaneously, as this would cause ambiguity as to whether the relative clause modified the genitive or the head noun.  In some contexts where the speaker's intention is clear, it is considered acceptable in informal speech, though never in formal speech or writing.  For example,

{|
! Ne || niya || tsaru || Amerikai || kiporu || ka || ko || mukowan || nai.
|-
| ''at'' || ''this'' || ''person-exist'' || ''America-GEN'' || ''that-protect'' || ''REL'' || ''ACC'' || ''cow-PL'' || ''1P-GEN''
|} This is the American man who takes care of my cows.

It's clear that &quot;takes care of my cows&quot; can only modify &quot;the man&quot;, not &quot;America.&quot;

Modifiers can precede or follow the verb, or they can be placed at the end of the sentence and separated from it by the particle ''wa''.

The [[direct object]] of a sentence is preceded by the particle ''ko''.

The [[genitive]] is formed with the ending ''-i''.
The [[plural]] is formed with the ending ''-n''.
The genitive plural is formed with the ending ''-ni''.

The plural is not marked on the noun when the noun is modified by a numeral or ''adogi'', which means &quot;many, much.&quot;

The genitive has a wider range of uses than does the [[possessive]] in [[English]].  In general, its function is to allow a noun to function as an adjective and thus modify another noun.  Whereas the English possessive ''-'s'' can typically only be paraphrased using the preposition &quot;of&quot;, the genitive in Tsani can paraphrase constructions with almost any preposition.  The exact relationship between the head noun and the genitive noun is determined by context.

===Verbal Morphology===

All verb roots end in ''-u''.  Conjugated verbs do not, since the tense suffixes are derived from adjectives in the proto-language and hence end in ''-i''.

Tsani has three verb tenses: Imperfect, Perfect, and Potential. The Imperfect is unmarked; the Perfect is marked with the suffix ''-wani'' and the Potential is marked with the suffix ''-wachi''

The imperfect tense is used for actions which are happening in the present, occur habitually, are generally true, or have not been completed. The perfect tense is used for completed actions or events in the past. The potential is used for actions and events that have not yet occurred.

Verbs are negated by adding the suffix ''-n''. This can be affixed before or after the tense ending, depending on where the speaker wants to put the emphasis.  Contrast:

'''marunwani'''

maru-n-wani

''go-NEG-PERF''

He didn't go


'''maruwanin'''

maru-wani-n

''go-PERF-NEG''

He didn't go

The first example implies that the subject is not likely to complete the action in the future, while the second is &quot;he didn't go, but still might later.&quot;

Tsani makes use of serial verb constructions such as '''niru maru na''' for &quot;I want to go&quot;

The imperative is formed by preceding the sentence with ''ai''. This is equivalent to &quot;please&quot;. In informal situations, or if the second person is of lower status, the Imperfect may be used. In formal situations, or when talking to superiors, the Potential must be used with imperatives.

To ask for an object, ''ai'' can be used before a noun.

Yes/no questions are formed by placing the particle ''mo'' directly after the part of the sentence in question.  The words for &quot;yes&quot; and &quot;no&quot;, ''aya'' and ''lo'', are used to express the speaker's agreement or disagreement with the statement in question, similar to ''hai'' and ''iie'' in Japanese.

Other questions are formed using the noun/adjective/verb triplet ''ma, mi, mu''. These words act as a &quot;filler&quot; that is to be replaced by the person answering the question.  Word order is not altered for interrogatives.  Compare the following questions and answering statements:

'''Sobuwani mo la ko tyala nai?'''  &quot;Did you drink my milk?&quot;

'''Aya, sobuwani'''  &quot;Yes, (I) drank (it).&quot;

OR '''Lo, sobuwanin''' &quot;No, (I) didn't drink (it).&quot;


'''Sobuwani la mo ko tyala nai?''' &quot;Did ''you'' drink my milk?&quot;

'''Aya, na''' &quot;Yes, I (drank it).&quot;

OR '''Lo, nanun''' &quot;No, (it) wasn't I.&quot;


'''Sobuwani la ko tyala nai mo?''' &quot;Did you drink ''my'' milk?&quot;

'''Aya, lai''' &quot;Yes, yours.&quot;

OR '''Lo, lain''' &quot;No, not yours.&quot;


'''Sobuwani ma ko tyala nai?''' &quot;Who drank my milk?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko tyala lai.''' &quot;I drank your milk.&quot;


'''Sobuwani la ko ma?''' &quot;What did you drink?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko tyala.''' &quot;I drank milk.&quot;


'''Sobuwani la ko tyala mai?''' &quot;Whose milk did you drink?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko tyala lai.''' &quot;I drank your milk.&quot;


'''Sobuwani la ko tyala mi?''' &quot;What kind of milk did you drink?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko tyala poni mukowai.''' &quot;I drank good milk from a cow.&quot;


'''Sobuwani la ko tyala adogi mi?''' &quot;How much milk did you drink?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko tyala adogin.''' &quot;I drank a little bit of milk.&quot;


'''Sobuwani mi la ko tyala?''' &quot;How (in what manner) did you drink the milk?&quot;

'''Sobuwani hapi na ko tyala.''' &quot;I drank the milk quickly.&quot;


'''Muwani la ko tyala?''' &quot;What did you do with the milk?&quot;

'''Sobuwani na ko sa, la tsa kuki.''' &quot;I drank it, you silly person.&quot;

==Pronouns==

The pronouns are:
{|
| '''na''' || (1p)
|-
| '''la''' || (2p)
|-
| '''sa''' || (3p)
|-
| '''owa''' || (topic)
|-
| '''ka''' || (relative)
|-
| '''ma''' || (interrogative)
|}
These are entirely regular in their inflection. Forms of &quot;we&quot; can be created by compounding the pronouns: ''nala'' for dual &quot;we&quot;, ''nasa'' for exclusive, etc.

The common masculine and feminine endings ''ga'' and ''la'' can also be added to the third-person pronouns: ''saga'' &quot;he&quot; and ''sala'' &quot;she&quot;. However, this isn't normally used, since the Tsan people consider it rude to rely on someone's gender to make it clear whom you're talking about.

Tsani is pro-drop. Often one or more arguments of the verb are completely inferred. The default is usually 3PS (or 2PS for interrogatives in the perfect tense, or 1P dual for interrogatives in the imperfect) unless context suggests otherwise.

The topic pronoun is used to refer to a topic which was previously marked with the particle ''o''. This particle precedes the noun as well as any preposition or other particle that may be associated with it.

The relative pronoun is used inside relative clauses.  The antecedent of this pronoun is always the noun being modified by the relative clause.

==Other Constructions==

===Relative Clauses===

Relative clauses are formed by prefixing ''ki-'' to the verb and using the relative pronoun ''ka. ''Word order is not altered within the subclause.  ''Ka'' can be left out of the subclause if the verb is intransitive or the relative pronoun is the agent of the sentence with all other arguments explicit.  The relative clause must also modify the last argument of the independent clause in order for omission of the relative pronoun to be possible.

There is an added complication - in the development from the proto-language to Tsani, medial stops were voiced, but medial glottalized stops were left unvoiced (and un-glottalized).  By contrast, initial glottalized stops were voiced and un-glottalized.  Because of this, prefixes in Tsani (at least ones that were productive during the transition period) cause a switch in voicing on initial stops.  Thus:

p b -&gt; b p

t d -&gt; d t

k g -&gt; g k

For example:

'''Pemu na wa ne kalada.'''  &quot;I sit in a tree.&quot;

'''kalada kibemu na wa ne ka.'''  &quot;the tree that I sit in&quot;

'''Deguwani la ko latsa.'''  &quot;You wrote a book.&quot;

'''latsa kiteguwani la ko ka'''  &quot;the book that you wrote&quot;

This doesn't apply to when consonants are in clusters; for example:

'''Ktuwani kuna ko sa.'''  &quot;The dog bit him.&quot;

'''kuna kiktuwani ko sa'''  &quot;The dog that bit him.&quot;

More examples:

'''Maru ne nomuwena i tsaga.'''  &quot;The man goes to the market.&quot;

'''tsaga kimaru ne nomuwena i ka'''  &quot;the man who goes to the market&quot;

'''tsaga kimaru ne nomuwena'''  &quot;the man who goes to the market&quot;

'''nomuwena kimaru tsa ne ka'''  &quot;the market that the man went to&quot;

'''Maruwani ne nomuwena Kename so tsaga.'''  &quot;Kename and the man went to the market.&quot;

'''tsaga kimaruwani ne nomuwena Kename so ka.'''  &quot;The man that Kename went to the market with.&quot;

Tsani can even do some things that are not possible in English:

'''Sekyanu nai so tsai shi Kename.'''  &quot;Kename is a friend of mine and that person's.&quot;

'''tsa shi kisekyanu nai so kai Kename.'''  &lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;that person who Kename is a friend of me and&quot;

===The Passive Voice===

In passive constructions, the &quot;object&quot; (really the semantic agent) is preceded by the particle ''i'', whereas the &quot;subject&quot; (semantic patient) is optionally marked with ''ko''.

'''Maktaruwani Peteri ko niya.'''  &quot;Peter sent this.&quot;

'''Maktaruwani niya i Peteri'''  &quot;This was sent by Peter.&quot;

==Derivational Affixes==

===Verb Roots===

'''(''mtu'' &quot;eat&quot;)'''

*mtuwa &quot;eating (gerund)&quot;
*mtuwi &quot;eating (active participle)&quot;
*mtukshi &quot;eaten (passive participle)&quot;
*mtupi &quot;able to be eaten, edible&quot;
*mtuwabi “able to eat”
*mtusoi “liking/wanting to eat, hungry”
*mtuwena “place for food”
*mtusha “eating utensil”
*mtudu “start to eat”
*mtoiksa “bone-eater” from mmtu + o + iksa &quot;bone&quot;
*imtu “re-eat, eat again”

===Noun Roots===

'''(''saba'' &quot;house&quot;)'''

*sabai “of a house”
*sabachi “house-like”
*sabanu “to be a house”
*sabaru “there is a house”
*sabayu “to make a house”
*sabantu “to become a house”
*sabaheyu “to give a house”
*sabena “place for a house”
*sabala “great house”
*sabachwa “little house”
*sabakwa “town”
*sabakwi “which is the house”

'''(''egoya'' &quot;wood&quot;)'''

*egoyadi “made of wood”

===Adjective roots===

'''(''kawi'' &quot;big&quot;)'''

*kawiya “big thing”
*kawinu “to be big”
*kawiyu “to make big”
*kawintu “to become big”
*kawika “bigness”
*kawiksa “size”
*kawiri “bigger”
*kawimi “biggest”
*kawishi “too big”

==Markers==

*Topic: o
*Agent (when normal word order is broken): i
*Patient: ko
*Instrument: chi

==Example Sentences==

{|
! Chiruwani || tyo || saba || tsa.
|-
| ''watch-PERF'' || ''from'' || ''house'' || ''man.''
|}
&quot;The man watched from the house.&quot;

{|
! saba || kichiruwani || tyo || ka || tsa.
|-
| ''house'' || ''that-watch-PERF'' || ''from'' || ''REL'' || ''man.''
|}
&quot;The house that the man watched from.&quot;

{|
! Tleru || na || ko || yabiya || ele || deguwa || ko || kwaila.
|-
| ''need'' || ''1P'' || ''ACC'' || ''yellow-thing'' || ''for'' || ''draw'' || ''ACC'' || ''sun''
|}
&quot;I need something yellow to draw the sun.&quot;

{|
! Niru || na || ko || ktana || egoyadi || ele || ktakuwa || shalatsan || nai.
|-
| ''want'' || ''1P'' || ''ACC'' || ''spear'' || ''wood-made_of'' || ''for'' || ''kill-GER'' || ''enemy-PL'' || ''1P-GEN''
|}
&quot;I want a wooden spear to kill my enemies.&quot;

{|
! Kiyu || mo || la || ko || tyela?
|-
| ''hear'' || ''?'' || ''2P'' || ''ACC'' || ''water''
|}
&quot;Do you hear water?&quot;

{|
! Higu || na || ko || menwa || kshi. || Agoguwachi || keshi || runwachwan.
|-
| ''have'' || ''1P'' || ''ACC'' || ''egg'' || ''three'' || ''hatch-POT'' || ''maybe'' || ''duck-DIMIN-PL''
|}
&quot;I have three eggs. Maybe ducklings will hatch.&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Utājen</title>
    <id>5346</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33412</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-26T19:59:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Proto-Utājen]] moved to [[Proto-Utaıjen]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Utaıjen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polychordata</title>
    <id>5347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45436</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:37:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
|}

'''Polychordata''' (''Vundá srapé'' &quot;Many Spines&quot;) is a phylum of [[paleoanimalia|paleoanimals]], characterized by, ancestrally, trilateral symmetry.  Polychordates also often have triplicated organ systems.  Modern forms generally have a derived bilateral symmetry.

The earliest polychordates were sessile animals looking something like three-armed starfish.  The modern subphylum [[tribrachidia]] retains this ancestral pattern.

Most extant polychordates are aquatic.  There were, formerly, large [[trichordata|trichordate]] land animals, but nearly all of the terrestrial trichordates, as well as a considerable number of marine polychordates, died out in a mass extinction episode.

Polychordates have regained dominance of the sea, but terrestrial groups never recovered.

== Subphyla ==
Polychordata is traditionally divided into three subphyla.  There is debate over whether these subphyla are monopyletic.  Tribrachidia is likely paraphyletic to the other two, while trichordata  may be polyphyletic.  As there is no consensus as to the correct division, the traditional subphyla remain in use.
*[[Tribrachidia]]
*[[Trichordata]]
*[[Bichordata]] (sometimes called eubichordata)

An alternate classification is
*[[Bichordata|Eubichordata]]
*[[Triangulata]] (part of trichordata in the conventional taxonomy)
*[[Tribrachidia]]
*[[Tripartia]] (part of trichordata in the conventional taxonomy)

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Prettytable</title>
    <id>5348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>20720</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-29T04:47:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:OpTaxo</title>
    <id>5349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33565</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-29T23:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template:Opentry]] moved to [[Template:OpTaxo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|{{{1}}} ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[{{{2}}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Taxoboxstart</title>
    <id>5350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33432</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T01:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| '''{{PAGENAME}}'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thermovaria</title>
    <id>5352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45457</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:07:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
|}

'''Thermovaria''' (''Nrúnrá tá yakrena'' &quot;Warm[-blooded creatures] with larvae&quot;) is a class of [[Endosteia]]ns.  They are warm-blooded amphibious animals.  They are one of the dominant classes of terrestrial organisms on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  They came to dominance after the [[alarvacea]]ns nearly died out.

They are homeothermic, covered by a soft scale-like covering, which has a function similar to fur or feathers.  Thermovarians are primitively tetrachromatic, though some groups have reduced their color vision, particularly nocturnal animals.

Thermovarians have radiated out to many niches, including both aquatic and aerial.  Nearly every environment has some thermovarians.  Even desert environments have been colonized by viviparous and migratory orders.

== Legions ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Megovaria]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hexapoda</title>
    <id>5353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45450</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
|}

'''Hexapoda''' (''bùng'à zraemá'' &quot;Six legs&quot;) is one of two suphyla of [[Endosteia]].  They are marked by a fusion of the front and front-middle limbs of the ancestral endosteians.  This is why the ancestral pattern of digits in hexapods is hexadactyly for the forelimbs and tridactyly for the middle and rear limbs.

== Classes ==
* [[Alarvacea]]
* [[Osteopterygia]]
* [[Thermovaria]]
* [[Paleovolantes]] (extinct)

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palustria</title>
    <id>5354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44280</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:18:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Tritoterrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Palustria}}
|}

'''Palustria''' (''La çukyé'' &quot;In the swamp&quot;) is a small class of mostly swamp-dwelling cold-blooded carnivorous endosteians.  They have a superficial resemblance to Earth [[Wikipedia:crocodile|crocodile]]s.  Palustrians possess mostly bichromatic vision, though some groups have aquired trichromatic vision.  Along with [[volantaplumata]] and [[ambulaplumata]], they are sometimes grouped as superclass [[tritoterrestria]], being the third group of endosteians to emerge on land.

Palustria has a single extant legion, the ''eupalustria''.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nocturnalia</title>
    <id>5355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44279</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Nocturnalia}}
|}

'''Nocturnalia''' (''Jhékwa'' &quot;Night [creatures]&quot;) is a class of [[endosteia]]ns.  Nocturnalia are cold-blooded animals, lacking color vision.  As the name implies, most nocturnalians are active during the night.  They were the second group of endosteians to emerge on land, and the first octopods.

Most nocturnalians have very sharp night vision.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleovolantes</title>
    <id>5356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44256</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Paleovolantes}}
|}

The '''paleovolantes''' (''Khávè múçà'' &quot;Old fly[ing animals]&quot;) are an extinct class of flying hexapods.  They were formerly a highly-successful group, before being wiped out in the same mass extinction that greatly reduced the [[alarvacea]]ns.

Paleovolantes appeared very soon after their ancestors had left the ocean.  They were small hexapods, and are thought to have been originally insectivorous.

Their wings were derived from a pair of thermoregulatory membranes present in archaic hexapods (later independently lost in both alarvaceans and [[thermovaria]]ns)

Advanced paleovolantes achieved sophisticated flight adaptations, and some of them were truly impressive, with wing spans nearly 15 meters.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alarvacea</title>
    <id>5357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45452</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Alarvacea}}
|}

'''Alarvacea''' (''Jhu yakrena'' &quot;Without larvae&quot;) is a class of terrestrial hexapods.  They are marked by the absence of a larval stage, and the development of eggs that can be laid on dry land.

They were once the dominant group of hexapods, but were nearly wiped out in a mass extinction, which also nearly exterminated terrestrial [[trichordata|trichordates]].  Many of their former niches have been taken over by [[thermovaria]]ns.

Alarvaceans are cold-blooded, with generally bichromatic vision (though a few orders have evolved trichromatic vision).  They fill a range of niches.

== Legions ==
There are only two extant legions of larvacea, descendants of the only two groups of alarvaceans to survive the mass extinction
*[[Eualarvacea]]
*[[Paraalarvacea]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osteopterygia</title>
    <id>5358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45456</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T01:57:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Osteopterygia}}
|}

'''Osteopterygia''' (''Kyanju fi lrúwa'' &quot;Bones and fins&quot;) are a minor class of &quot;fish&quot;.  They are the sole group of surviving hexapods to primitively remain in the ocean (there are some secondarily aquatic hexapods).  They have abandoned the ancestral bottom-feeding lifestyle to become pelagic.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Volantaplumata</title>
    <id>5359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44285</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Tritoterrestria}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Plumata}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Volantaplumata}}
|}

'''Volantaplumata''' (''Namúçà khwétá'' &quot;Flying Feathered Animals&quot;) are one of two extant groups of flying [[endosteia]]ns (the other is order [[Mesoptera]] within the [[Thermovaria]] class).

They radiated out into new niches after the [[paleovolantes]] died out.

Volantaplumata, like most endosteians, are amphibious in nature.  They generally lay eggs in freshwater, producing tadpole-like larvae.  They possess tetrachromatic vision.  Many volantaplumata have developed considerable parental care and an accelerated larval stage, followed by a period of dependant juveniles.

Most volantaplumata have lost the middle pairs of limbs, though more basal members preserve vestiges of them.  Other flight adaptations include hollow bones.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Megovaria</title>
    <id>5360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45458</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:12:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
|}

'''Megovaria''' (''Ng'é rèpyù'' &quot;Big eggs&quot;) is a legion within the [[Thermovaria]] class characterized by significant parental investment in the young, including very large eggs (hence the legion's name).  Although they retain a lengthy larval stage, they ensure that their larvae have a favorable environment, in some groups, forming large groups to create protected areas of water.  At the very least, in building nests for their eggs.  Most megovarians have seawater larvae, though some have moved into freshwater.  Megovarians tend to have a high degree of intelligence.

== Alternation of Generations ==
Reversing the general trend towards reduction of the haploid phase, the megovarians have increased the haploid phase, in the males.  The main phase of their life cycle is diploid.  The haploid phase is reduced to a small sporophyte, consisting of a single ovum and several support cells, which, after fertilization, provide nutrients.  The male, in turn, also produces a large sporophyte, consisting, likewise, of a single sperm and a number of support cells, some of which detect hormones released by the ova and direct the sperm to the ova, while most simply provide nutrients for the developing young post-fertilization.  After fertilization, the haploid support cells of both parents are gradually consumed by the zygote.

== Orders ==
''Incomplete''
=== Superorder [[Geminaria]] ===
*[[Mesoptera]]
*Unknown
**[[Moleconstructor]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asegmata</title>
    <id>5361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45448</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:44:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
|}

'''Asegmata''' (''Jhu Ndrekwà'' &quot;Without parts&quot;) is a [[Wikipedia:clade|clade]], sometimes classified as a phylum, of [[Dorsopulmonia]].  They are characterized by the loss of visible segmentation in the adult form (although embryonic and larval forms often retain some segmentation)

== Phyla ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Endosteia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ambulaplumata</title>
    <id>5362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44284</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Tritoterrestria}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Plumata}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Ambulaplumata}}
|}

'''Ambulaplumata''' (''Nazrèli khwétá'' &quot;Walking feathered animals&quot;) is a small class of endothermic [[endosteia]]ns related to [[volantaplumata]].  They can be defined as primitively non-flying feathered animals.

When used for extant animals, ambulaplumata is monophyletic.  Some paleontologists use the term for all feathered animals exclusive of volantaplumata, which would make it paraphyletic, others define it to exclude stem-volantaplumatans

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plumata</title>
    <id>5363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44283</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:22:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Tritoterrestria}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Plumata}}
|}

'''Plumata''' (''Khwétá'' &quot;Feathered Animals&quot;) is a [[Wikipedia:clade|clade]] incorporating [[ambulaplumata]] and [[volantaplumata]].  It is sometimes ranked as a superclass, and sometimes as a class, in which case ambulaplumata and volantaplumata are ranked as subclasses.

Plumatans are homeothermic, covered with feather-like structures.  Some plumatans are viviparous, but most are amphibious.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Octopoda</title>
    <id>5364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44276</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:10:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
|}

'''Octopoda''' (''Phrá zremá'' &quot;Eight Legs&quot;) is one of two subphyla of [[Endosteia]].  They are characterized by non-fusion of the first two pairs of limbs.  Some groups (most notably the [[Volantaplumata]]) have lost some of the limbs in the course of evolution.  Most groups have specialized one or more pairs of limbs for various functions

== Classes ==
*[[Ambulaplumata]]
*[[Hydroctopoda]] (paraphyletic)
*[[Nocturnalia]]
*[[Palustria]]
*[[Volantaplumata]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English language</title>
    <id>5365</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>33485</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T17:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Modern English]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Modern English]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dorsopulmonia</title>
    <id>5366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45447</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:44:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
|}

'''Dorsopulmonia''' (''Syúfyú kru lìnrú'' &quot;Lungs on top&quot;) is a superphylum.  Primitive dorsopulmonians were segmented animals with jointed legs, and a single feeding/respiration tube on each segment.  Most primitive dorsopulmonians possessed [[Wikipedia:exoskeleton|exoskeleton]]s, though the largest extant phylum, the [[endosteia]]ns, have replaced the exoskeleton with an [[Wikipedia:endoskeleton|endoskeleton]].

== Phyla ==
''Incomplete''
=== Clade [[Asegmata]] ===
*[[Endosteia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydroctopoda</title>
    <id>5367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44278</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Hydroctopoda}}
|}

'''Hydroctopoda''' (''Phrá zremá la yágì'' &quot;Eight Legs In Water&quot;) is a traditional class in the [[octopoda|octopods]].  It is paraphyletic relative to the [[tritoterrestria]]ns ([[Palustria]] and [[Plumata]]).

Hydroctopodans are cold-blooded primitively aquatic animals, generally bottom-feeders, though some have adapted to a swimming lifestyle

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Canthres</title>
    <id>5369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33490</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T17:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Ilethes]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Eresphria</title>
    <id>5370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33491</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T17:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Ilethes]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ilethes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Languages Spoken in The 8th World</title>
    <id>5371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33492</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T17:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Maps of Lucus</title>
    <id>5372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33493</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-27T18:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Maps]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Maps]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Megaencephalia</title>
    <id>5373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45461</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:28:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superoder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Mesoptera}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|Megaencephalia}}
|}

'''Megaencelephalia''' (''Ng'é drafè'' &quot;Big brains&quot;) is a suborder of [[Mesoptera]] characterized by moderate to high intelligence.

== Families ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Pteranthropidae]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pteranthropidae</title>
    <id>5374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45462</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:42:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superoder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Mesoptera}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|Megaencephalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Pteranthropidae}}
|}

'''Pteranthropidae''' (''Cha-rrabu'' &quot;[Those] like pteranthropans&quot;) is a family of intelligent [[mesoptera]]ns, named after the genus ''[[Pteranthropus]]''.

== Genera ==
''Possibly incomplete''
*[[Hydropithecus]]
*[[Pteranthropus]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tribrachidia</title>
    <id>5376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45437</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Tribrachidia}}
|}

'''Tribrachidia''' (''Ng'ame thónà'' &quot;Three Arms&quot;) is a small, possibly paraphyletic subphylum of polychordates, which are exclusively aquatic.  They resemble three-armed starfish, the ancestral pattern for polychordates.

== Superclasses ==
*[[Pseudobichordata]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trichordata</title>
    <id>5377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45438</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:38:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Trichordata}}
|}

'''Trichordata''' (''Ng'ame srapé'' &quot;Three Spines&quot;) is a possibly polyphyletic subphylum of polychordates, characterized by the retention of all three ancestral arms, moved to face backwards, so that the former central ring became the front, and was subsequently cephalized.

Most extant trichordates are aquatic, but there were formerly a large number of terrestrial trichordates.

== Taxonomy ==
Trichordata is divided into two superclasses.  Both superclasses are known to be monophyletic.  The monophyly of the trichordata as a whole is in quesion.  In some classification systems, trichordata is abandoned, and these two are promoted to subphylum status
*[[Tripartia]]
*[[Triangulata]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Humanworld</title>
    <id>5379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45412</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''Biota''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Neobiota]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Galhafanworld</title>
    <id>5380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45403</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:06:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''Biota''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Paleobiota]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ObTaxo</title>
    <id>5382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33568</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-29T23:13:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Template:Obentry]] moved to [[Template:ObTaxo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''{{{1}}}''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[{{{2}}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Taxoboxstart2</title>
    <id>5386</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33608</id>
      <timestamp>2008-06-29T23:41:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 |- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; !colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #df...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| '''{{{1}}}'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Humantaxo</title>
    <id>5388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33665</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T01:20:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''{{{1}}}''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[{{{2}}} (Chihazh)|{{{2}}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qwynegold</title>
    <id>5389</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54372</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-02T21:23:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Other stuff I've done */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Qwynegold'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| 
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| 
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| Finnish, Swedish, English, Japanese
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| [[Akabẽ]], [[Gwongbholü]], [[Koġołħuẓ]], [[Lhueslue]], [[Linkōbẽ]], [[Liu]], Lu, [[Pastok]], [[Proto-Choogo]], [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]], [[Qwynegold]], [[Seebẽ]], [[Shochakbẽ]], [[Songulda_language|Songulda]], [[Teekaabẽ]], [[Tôbẽ]], [[Tosamabẽ]], [[Ũlyuubẽ]], [[Xǔngpìng]], Yanusu, [[Yōbẽ]]

|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| 
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Languages, drawing, manga, anime, geography, mythology.
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| 
|}
My [[User:Qwynegold/charinsert|charinsert]].


== Other stuff I've done ==
[[Nuxálk Han'gǔl]]

=== Redirects ===
[[Proto-Kunnurujungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnurûjungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Kunnurujungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Kunnurûjungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnu-lujungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnu-lûjungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnulujungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnulûjungo]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Proto-Kunnulūjungo]]&lt;br&gt;

=== Main page translations ===
[[Main_Page/Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qwynegold</title>
    <id>5390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48854</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-02T09:35:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Pronouns and determiners */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Workinprogress}}

Qwynegold is an artlang, spoken in the island of Qwynegold, which is located in the Malackan strait. The language has borrowed heavily from European languages, as well as its neighboring Asian languages. Qwynegold has two main dialect groups: Qwadralónia {{IPA|/kwʌd.ra.loˑ.nia/}} and Quadralónia {{IPA|/kwad.ra.loˑ.nia/}}. In this article, as a shorthand, purple color has been used to indicate that something is written in &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;Qwadralónia&lt;/span&gt; and green for &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Quadralónia&lt;/span&gt;. Purple is the traditional color of Qwadralónia speakers, while green is that of Quadralónians.
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Qwynegold
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{IPA|/ˈkwy.ne.gold/}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Real world, modern time
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Demokrītivas Kyngestāt r'Qwynegold/Demokriites Kyngestaat r'Qwynegold
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Appr. 46,000
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Extended Latin alphabet
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Isolate
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Fusional
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Nominal
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| SVO
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 1998 (?) - 2009
|}


----

== Phonology ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ɕ}} || || {{IPA|ɧ}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} ||  || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Velar cluster || || {{IPA|kw}} || || || || || {{IPA|ks}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Long consonant || || || || || || || {{IPA|tt}} || {{IPA|nː}} {{IPA|lː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|ɰ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:QW_vowelchart.png]]&lt;/div&gt;
The above table shows the exact phonetic transcription of the vowels, but the following, simpler transcription will be used from here on:
{| border=1
  ! Exact transcription
  !align=center| Simple transcription
  ! Orthography
  |-
  | ɐ̞
  | a
  | a
|-
| ʌ̞
  | ʌ
  | a
|-
| e̠̽
  | e
  | e
|-
| e̝
  | e̝
  | e
|-
| ɪ̝
  | ɪ
  | i
|-
| i
  | i
  | i
|-
| o̜̽
  | o
  | o
|-
| o̹˖
  | o̹
  | o
|-
| u̜˕
  | u
  | u
|-
| u̹˖
  | u̹
  | u
|-
| ʏ̜˔
  | ʏ
  | y
|-
| y̹
  | y
  | y
|-
| æ̠
  | æ
  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;æ&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| ɛ̠˕
  | ɛ
  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;æ&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| ø̠̽
  | ø
  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ö&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;ø&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| œ̠
  | œ
  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ö&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;ø&lt;/span&gt;
  |}

Qwynegold has three length distinctions in vowels and two in consonants. The long consonants are considered to be in two different syllables at once, hence they are here transcribed as {{IPA|[p.p]}}, {{IPA|[b.b]}}, etc. There are three special long consonants that act as single phonemic units: {{IPA|[lː]}}, {{IPA|[nː]}} and {{IPA|[tt]}}. These do not have a syllable break between them, like the others have. Besides the {{IPA|[lː]}}, {{IPA|[nː]}} and {{IPA|[tt]}}, the forms {{IPA|[l.l]}}, {{IPA|[n.n]}} and {{IPA|[t.t]}} also exist.

== Orthography ==
=== Alphabet and pronunciation ===

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, C&amp;nbsp;c, D&amp;nbsp;d, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, K&amp;nbsp;k, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, O&amp;nbsp;o, P&amp;nbsp;p, Q&amp;nbsp;q, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, T&amp;nbsp;t, U&amp;nbsp;u, V&amp;nbsp;v, W&amp;nbsp;w, X&amp;nbsp;x, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z, &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;Ä&amp;nbsp;ä&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Æ&amp;nbsp;æ&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;Ö&amp;nbsp;ö&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Ø&amp;nbsp;ø&lt;/span&gt;, [[Image:SJ_fat_normal.png]]&amp;nbsp;[[Image:_sj_fat_normal.png]], [[Image:TJ_fat_normal.png]]&amp;nbsp;[[Image:tj_fat_normal.png]]'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | a ʌ
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| 
|-
! C c 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s k
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| 
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e e̝
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɪ i
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o o̹
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! Q q 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | r
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u u̹
| 
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | v
| 
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | w
| 
|-
! X x 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ks
| 
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʏ y
| 
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ts z
| 
|-
! &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;Ä ä&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Æ æ&lt;/span&gt; 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | æ ɛ
| 
|-
! &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;Ö ö&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;Ø ø&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ø œ
| 
|-
! [[Image:SJ_fat_normal.png]] [[Image:_sj_fat_normal.png]]
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɧ
|
|-
! [[Image:TJ_fat_normal.png]] [[Image:Tj_fat_normal.png]]
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɕ
|
|}
This is the order of the Qwynegoldian alphabet. The Qwadralónia dialects use Ää and Öö, while the Quadralónia dialects instead use Ææ and Øø. Half-long vowels are indicated by an acute accent (´) over the vowel in both dialects. Long vowel are marked by macron (¯) in Qwadralónia, and by doubling the vowel in Quadralónia.

Qwynegold also uses several digraphs as can be seen in this table (capital V stands for any vowel):
{| border=1
  ! Digraph
  !align=center| Pronounciation
  |-
  | ch
  | tʃ
|-
| dz
  | dʒ
|-
| ng
| ŋ
|-
| quV
| kwV
|-
| sh
| ʃ
|-
| xh
| kʃ
|}

===Tense and lax phonemes===
{| border=1
  ! Lax
  !align=center| Tense
! Letter
  |-
  | a
  | ʌ
| a
|-
| e
| e̟
| e
|-
| ɪ
| i
| i
|-
| o
| o̹
| o
|-
| u
| u̹
| u
|-
| ʏ
| y
| y
|-
| æ
| ɛ
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;æ&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| ø
| œ
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ö&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;ø&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| ts
| z
| z
|}
Some of the phonemes (16 vowels and 2 consonants) in Qwynegold come in pairs, which could be described as tense and lax. (Note however that Qwynegold does not have vowel harmony.) The lax phonemes are much more common than the tense ones. Both phonemes in a pair share the same letter, but whenever a tense phoneme appears in a word, it is indicated by a change of one of the other letters in the same syllable.
{| border=1
! Ordinary letter
!align=center| 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; alternation
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; alternation
|-
| ch
| zh
| tsh
|-
| i
| y
|
|-
  | j
  | y
| 
|-
| k
| q
| c
|-
| quV
| kwV
| qw
|-
| s
| c
|
|-
| x
| ks
| 
|-
| xh
| ksh
| 
|-
| z
| ts
| 
|}
If there are two tense phonemes in the same syllable, then two letters will alternate, if there are two letters that are capable of that. But if there is only one alternable letter, then it will turn into its 1° form. If there are three tense phonemes in one syllable, then a similar manner is used except with the 2° form.

Some examples with random syllables:
lak {{IPA|/lak/}} - laq {{IPA|/lʌk/}}
sen {{IPA|/sen/}} - cen {{IPA|/se̟n/}}
syik {{IPA|/syik/}} - cyik {{IPA|/sy̟ik/}} - syiq {{IPA|/syi̟k/}} - cyiq {{IPA|/sy̟i̟k/}}
chjuz {{IPA|/tʃjuts/}} - chyuz {{IPA|/tʃju̟ts/}} or {{IPA|/tʃjuz/}} - zhyuz {{IPA|/tʃju̟z/}} - tshjuz {{IPA|/tʃju̟z/}}

====Silent &lt;e&gt; and &lt;h&gt;====
Besides altering one of the other letters, there is another way to mark that a tense phoneme is present. If tense phoneme is in the last syllable of the word, a silent &lt;e&gt; may be added at the end of the word. If a word ends with an &lt;e&gt; that is supposed to be pronounced, then a silent &lt;h&gt; is added at the end of the word.

====The letter &lt;c&gt;====
The letter &lt;c&gt; stands for {{IPA|/s/}} when followed directly or indirectly by &lt;e&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;y&gt;, &lt;ä/æ&gt; or &lt;ö/ø&gt; in the same syllable, or if it's syllable-final and preceded either directly or indirectly by any of the abovementioned vowels. In all other cases it stands for {{IPA|/k/}}. (The digraph &lt;ch&gt; however stands for{{IPA|/tʃ/}}.)

== Grammars ==
=== Nouns ===
There is two morphologically marked cases on nouns in Qwynegold: genitive and locative; as well as singular and plural number. In the following table, the locative case has been used together with the word ''tau'' (in) as an example.
{| border=1
! Type of noun declension
! Declension
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Prefix in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Example in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Prefix in Quadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Example in Quadralónia
|-
! Number
! Singular
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | medi - ''house''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | medi - ''house''
|-
! Number
! Plural
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | d'-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | d'medi - ''houses''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | d'-
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | d'medi - ''houses''
|-
! Case
! Genitive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | r'-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | r'medi - ''house's''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | r'-
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | r'medi - ''house's''
|-
! Case
! Locative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | ér-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tau érmedi - ''in the house''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | ér-
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tau érmedi - ''in the house''
|-
! Number/case
! Plural-genitive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | dz'-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | dz'medi - ''houses'''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | dz'-
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | dz'medi - ''houses'''
|-
! Number/case
! Plural-locative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | dér-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tau dérmedi - ''in the houses''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | dér-
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tau dérmedi - ''in the houses''
|}

The dependent preceeds the noun with genitive case. An adverb preceeds nouns with the locative case, see [[Qwynegold#Location|Location]] for an explanation of how the locative case is used.

=== Pronouns and determiners===
Pronouns in Qwynegold do not distinguish animacy.

==== Personal pronouns ====
There is much suppletion in the personal pronouns of Qwynegold, so all the forms of the personal pronouns are presented in the following tables. The pronouns also have an accusative case which the nouns lack.
{| border=1; style=&quot;background:Plum&quot;
|+ Personal pronouns in Qwadralónia
! Number/case
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Reciprocal
! Indefinite
|-
! Singular/nominative
| ix - ''I''
| uz - ''you''
| huo - ''he/she''
| -
| citka - ''one; you''
|-
! Plural/nominative
| xie - ''we''
| zuo - ''you''
| quō - ''they''
| -
| d'citka - ''they''
|-
|-
! Singular/accusative
| xi - ''me''
| zu - ''you''
| hao - ''him/her''
| hajak suqu - ''each other''
| cyriaia - ''one; you''
|-
! Plural/accusative
| xia - ''us''
| zua - ''you''
| quā - ''them''
| hajak d'suqu - ''each other''
| d'cyriaia ''them''
|-
! Singular/genitive
| xin - ''my''
| zun - ''your''
| r'huo - ''his/her''
| hajak r'suqu - ''each other's''
| r'citka - ''one's; your''
|-
! Plural/genitive
| xing - ''our''
| zung - ''your''
| quong - ''their''
| hajak dz'suqu - ''each other's''
| dz'citka - ''their''
|-
! Singular/locative
| tau érix - ''in me''
| tau éruz - ''in you''
| tau érhuo - ''in him/her''
| tau hajak érsuqu - ''in each other''
| tau ércitka - ''in one; in you''
|-
! Plural/locative
| tau érxie - ''in us''
| tau érzuo - ''in you''
| tau érquō - ''in them''
| tau hajak dérsuqu - ''in each other''
| tau dércitka - ''in them''
|-
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| border=1; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;
|+ Personal pronouns in Quadralónia
! Number/case
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Reciprocal
! Indefinite
|-
! Singular/nominative
| ix - ''I''
| uz - ''you''
| huo - ''he/she''
| -
| we'ttan - ''one; you''
|-
! Plural/nominative
| xia - ''we''
| zwa - ''you''
| vuue - ''they''
| -
| d'we'ttan - ''they''
|-
! Singular/accusative
| xi - ''me''
| zu - ''you''
| hao - ''him/her''
| laet suqu - ''each other''
| wendl - ''one; you''
|-
! Plural/accusative
| xji - ''us''
| zji - ''you''
| vuji - ''them''
| laet d'suqu - ''each other''
| d'wendl - ''them''
|-
! Singular/genitive
| xiǽe - ''my''
| zuǽe - ''your''
| vuǽe - ''his/her''
| laet r'suqu - ''each other's''
| r'we'ttan - ''one's; your''
|-
! Plural/genitive
| xing - ''our''
| zung - ''your''
| vunge - ''their''
| laet dz'suqu - ''each other's''
| dz'we'ttan - ''their''
|-
! Singular/locative
| tau érix - ''in me''
| tau éruz - ''in you''
| tau érhuo - ''in him/her''
| tau laet érsuqu - ''in each other''
| tau érwe'ttan - ''in one; in you''
|-
! Plural/locative
| tau érxia - ''in us''
| tau érzwa - ''in you''
| tau érvuue - ''in them''
| tau laet dérsuqu - ''in each other''
| tau dérwe'ttan - ''in them''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Reduplicating of a pronoun has the meaning of an intensifier.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Ix-ix lin'gwa'hwá.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix-ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | lin'gwa-'hwá
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-1SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | speak-FUT
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''I will speak myself.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Ix-ix linggwahuá.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix-ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | linggwa-huá
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-1SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | speak-FUT
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''I will speak myself.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
If the subject is a noun, a nominative pronoun is placed after it.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Th president, huo grāflihyeh ikē.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Th || align=&quot;left&quot; | president || align=&quot;left&quot; | huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | grāfli-hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | ikē 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | The || align=&quot;left&quot; | president || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | write-PRET || align=&quot;left&quot; | this
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''The president wrote this himself.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''La president, huo graafsahyeh ikee.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | La || align=&quot;left&quot; | president || align=&quot;left&quot; | huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | graafsa-hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | ikee 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | The || align=&quot;left&quot; | president || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | write-PRET || align=&quot;left&quot; | this
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''The president wrote this himself.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
There are no specific reflexive pronouns in Qwynegold. Instead accusative pronouns are used.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Ix psau£ieng xi.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | psau£ien-g || align=&quot;left&quot; | xi 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG.NOM || align=&quot;left&quot; | wash-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG.ACC
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''I wash myself.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Ix psau£ieng xi.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | psau£ien-g || align=&quot;left&quot; | xi 
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG.NOM || align=&quot;left&quot; | wash-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG.ACC
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''I wash myself.''
|}

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
Only 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; and 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person are distinguished in the demonstratives: &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ikē&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;ikee&lt;/span&gt; resp. &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;utē&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;utee&lt;/span&gt;. Number is not distinguished. These words can also be used as demonstrative determiners.

==== Determiners and indefinite pronouns ====
{| border=1
! Type of pronoun
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | In Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | In Quadralónia
|-
! Inclusive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | etterī - ''any; anyone; anybody; anything''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | ashot - ''any; anyone; anybody; anything''
|-
! Dual inclusive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | etterī sado - ''either''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | ashot sado - ''either''
|-
! Universal
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hajak - ''every; everyone; everybody; everything''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | laet - ''every; everyone; everybody; everything''
|-
! Dual universal
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hajak sado - ''both''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | laet sado - ''both''
|-
! Negative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | khre - ''no; no one; nobody; nothing''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | utue - ''no; no one; nobody; nothing''
|-
! Dual negative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | khre sado - ''neither''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | utue sado - ''neither''
|-
! Exclusive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | yado - ''some; someone; somebody; something''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | yado - ''some; someone; somebody; something''
|-
! *Differential
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | suqu - ''other''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | suqu - ''other''
|-
!
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | siki suqu - ''another''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | siki suqu - ''another''
|-
! 
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | ngwē - ''else''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | xir'r - ''else''
|-
! Distributive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | saruha - ''each''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | lhaokaat - ''each''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
All of these words can be used as both pronouns and determiners.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The words labelled as &quot;other&quot; refer to a choice that is offered the speaker, while the words labelled &quot;else&quot; refer to a choice that is not presented, visible or valid.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The words ''yado'', ''(siki) suqu'' and ''&lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;ngwē&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;xir'r&lt;/span&gt;'' can be pluralized with the prefix ''d'-''.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There is no separate word for &quot;all&quot;. If there is a need to refer to some uncountable noun as &quot;all&quot;, it can be done the following way: &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;hajak '''GEN'''-'''NOUN'''&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;laet '''GEN'''-'''NOUN'''&lt;/span&gt;. '''GEN''' is the genitive prefix, in either singular or plural.

==== Relative pronouns ====
In Qwadralónia there is one relative pronoun, &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;som&lt;/span&gt;, which can stand for any person or thing. Quadralónia does not have any such pronoun; refer to [[Qwynegold#Syntax|Syntax]] to see how relative clauses are handled.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The indefinite relative pronoun is &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;æe&lt;/span&gt;.

=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Qwynegold can end in -a, -i, -o, -ejn or -n. The suffixes behave regularly when attached to vowel final verbs, but the -n and -jn class of verbs are a little different. In the following table, three verbs are used as examples: etoli (run), &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;döyshän&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;duyshæn&lt;/span&gt; (*?) and trejn (train).

{| border=1
! Type of verb conjugation
! Conjugation
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Affix in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Example in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Suffix in Quadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Example in Quadralónia
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Pluperfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -(')tlan, -dlan
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etoli'tlan - ''I had run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshäntlan - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejdlan - ''I had trained''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -(')tlan, -dlan
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etoli'tlan - ''I had run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshæntlan - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejdlan - ''I had trained''
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Present perfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -(')tla, -dla
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etoli'tla - ''I have run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshäntla - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejdla - ''I have trained''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -(')tla, -dla
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etoli'tla - ''I have run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshæntla - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejdla - ''I have trained''
|-
! Tense
! Preterite
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -hyeh, -jyeh
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etolihyeh - ''I ran'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshänhyeh - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trenjyeh - ''I trained''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -hyeh, -jyeh
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etolihyeh - ''I ran'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshænhyeh - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trenjyeh - ''I trained''
|-
! Tense
! Present simple
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -h(e), -g
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etolih - ''I run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshäng - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejng - ''I train''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -h(e), -g
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etolih - ''I run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshæng - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejng - ''I train''
|-
! Tense
! Future
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -(')hwá
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etoli'hwá - ''I will run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshänhwá - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnhwá - ''I will train''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -huá
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etolihuá - ''I will run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshænhuá - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnhuá - ''I will train''
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Future perfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -(')hwán
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etoli'hwán - ''I will have run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshänhwán - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnhwán - ''I will have trained''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -huan
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etolihuan - ''I will have run'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshænhuan - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnhuan - ''I will have trained''
|-
!
! *Connecting
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -tāw, -dāw
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix hakaritāw etolih - ''I begin to run'' &lt;br&gt; *döyshäntāw &lt;br&gt; *trejdāw
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -taaw, -daaw
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix hakaritaaw etolih - ''I begin to run'' &lt;br&gt; *duyshæntaaw &lt;br&gt; *trejdaaw
|-
! Mood
! Imperative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | &lt;lengthening of last vowel&gt;, -ē-
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Etolī - ''Run!'' &lt;br&gt; Döysh[[Image:S_äm_normal.png]]n - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Trejēn - ''Train!''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | &lt;lengthening of last vowel&gt;, -ee
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Etolii - ''Run!'' &lt;br&gt; Duyshææn - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Trejnee - ''Train!''
|-
! Mood
! Hortatory
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -ou, -jou, -£ou
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | etoliou - ''let's run'' &lt;br&gt; döyshänou - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trenjou - ''let's train''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -ou, -jou, -£ou
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | etoliou - ''let's run'' &lt;br&gt; duyshænou - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trenjou - ''let's train''
|-
! Mood
! Interrogative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -í
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Uz etolií? - ''Do you run?'' &lt;br&gt; Uz döyshäní - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Uz karate trejní? - ''Do you train karate?''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -í
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Uz etolií? - ''Do you run?'' &lt;br&gt; Uz duyshæní - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Uz karate trejní? - ''Do you train karate?''
|-
! Mood
! Hypothetical
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -et
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Ix etoliet etoli'hwá... - ''If I would run...'' &lt;br&gt; Ix döyshänet döyshänhwá - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnet trejnhwá karate... - ''If I would train karate...''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -et
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Ix etoliet etolihuá... - ''If I would run...'' &lt;br&gt; Ix duyshænet duyshænhuá - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; Ix trejnet trejnhuá karate... - ''If I would train karate...''
|-
! Mood
! Conditional
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -was
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | ...huo etolwas etolihuá - ''...then s/he would run'' &lt;br&gt; ...huo duyshænwas duyshænhuá - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; ...huo trejnwas trejnhuá - ''...then s/he would train''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The present simple tense is unmarked if used together with any mood. When a mood needs to be used together with any other tense than present simple, the following scheme is used: '''VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE'''. What this means is that the verb is reduplicated.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Fvangajou d'dvenra!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's catch butterflies!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Fvangajou d'dvendra!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's catch butterflies!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Fvangajou fvanga'hwá d'dvendra!*''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-'hwá || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's catch butterflies!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Fvangajou fvangahuá d'dvendra!*''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-huá || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's catch butterflies!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The interrogative mood can be used together with any other mood, but all other moods are mutually exclusive. When the interrogative is used with another mood and present simple tense, the verb must again be reduplicated, but this time in the form of '''VERB VERB-MOOD'''. The first verb is the interrogative, but the suffix from it is dropped. The simple tense is again unmarked. The verb is always moved to the end of the sentence when it has interrogative mood.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2S || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-INT-(PRES)
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Do you catch butterflies?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2S || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-INT-(PRES)
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Do you catch butterflies?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-jou
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-(INT)-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we catch butterflies?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-jou
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-(INT)-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we catch butterflies?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
If a verb is used together with the interrogative, another mood, and a tense that is not present simple, then the usual '''VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE''' format is used, without marking the interrogative. Because the verb is moved to the end of the sentence, it is clear that the sentence is a question.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''d'Dvendra fvangajou fvanga'hwá?*''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-'hwá
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-FUT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we catch butterflies?''
|}
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''d'Dvendra fvangajou fvangahuá?*''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Dvendra || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-jou || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvanga-huá
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-butterfly || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-FUT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we catch butterflies?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The conditional mood, which is used to mark what the consequence of some action would be, only exists in Quadralónia. In Qwadralónia, an explanation clause just follows an if-clause without any marking.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Uz fvanget leprekān, huo heo'hwá gould''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvang-et || align=&quot;left&quot; | leprekān || align=&quot;left&quot; | huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | heo-'hwá || align=&quot;left&quot; | gould
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2S || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HYP-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | leprechaun || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3S || align=&quot;left&quot; | give-FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | gold
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Uz fvanget leprekaan, huo hewas heohuá gould''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | fvang-et || align=&quot;left&quot; | leprekaan || align=&quot;left&quot; | huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | heo-was || align=&quot;left&quot; | heo-huá || align=&quot;left&quot; | gould
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2S || align=&quot;left&quot; | catch-HYP-(PRES) || align=&quot;left&quot; | leprechaun || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3S || align=&quot;left&quot; | give-COND || align=&quot;left&quot; | give-FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | gold
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.''
|}

==== Verbal morphophonology in Qwadralónia====
*The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
*When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
*When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.

==== Verbal morphophonology in Quadralónia ====
*The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
*When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
*When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.
*When the conditional suffix is used, the verb must be turned into its reduced stem form before the suffix is attached.

==== Copula ====
Qwynegold has two copulas, ze ['z] and ejn ['ejn]. Ze is used for describing what something is, while ejn is used for describing where something is. Ze is however dropped when between a noun and an adjective, if in present simple tense and without any mood. Ze is an irregular verb (see table below) while ejn is conjugated the same way as a regular -ejn verb.

{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Xubu || align=&quot;left&quot; | ze || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-ambtelei
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-tooth || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-bone
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Teeth are bones.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-Xubu || align=&quot;left&quot; | ze || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-ambtelei
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-tooth || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-bone
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Teeth are bones.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Th lūna jiew.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Th || align=&quot;left&quot; | lūna || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiew
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | moon || align=&quot;left&quot; | light
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The moon has a light color.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''La lúna jiew.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | La || align=&quot;left&quot; | lúna || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiew
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | moon || align=&quot;left&quot; | light
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The moon has a light color.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Arktis ejn nort.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Arktis || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | nort
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Arctica || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | north
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The Arctica is in the north.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Arktis ejn nordt.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Arktis || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | nordt
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Arctica || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | north
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The Arctica is in the north.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| border=1
|+ Suppletive forms of ze
! Type of conjugation form
! Conjugation form
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Suppletion in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Suppletion in Quadralónia
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Pluperfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tlan - ''had been''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tlan - ''had been''
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Present perfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tla - ''have been''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tla - ''have been''
|-
! Tense
! Preterite
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hyeh - ''was''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | hyeh - ''was''
|-
! Tense
! Present simple
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | ze - ''is''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | ze - ''is''
|-
! Tense
! Future
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hwá - ''will be''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | huá - ''will be''
|-
! Tense/aspect
! Future perfect
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hwán - ''will have been''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | huan - ''will have been''
|-
! Mood
! Imperative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | zēe - ''be!''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | zeee - ''be!''
|-
! Mood
! Hortatory
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | zoue - ''let's be''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | £ou - ''let's be''
|-
|-
! Mood
! Hypothetical
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | zete - ''if ... was''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | zete - ''if ... was''
|-
! Mood
! Conditional
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | was - ''would be''
|}

There is no *connecting form of ze (or ejn) because it can't be used together with another verb.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Interrogative sentences are formed a little differently when the verb is ze. The form used is &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;'''(Th) NOUN&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; COP NOUN&lt;sub&gt;2í&lt;/sub&gt;/ADJí'''&lt;/span&gt; or &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;'''(La) NOUN&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; COP NOUN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;í/ADJí'''&lt;/span&gt;. '''COP''' is ze in any of it's suppletive forms.

{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Uz ze polístí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | ze || align=&quot;left&quot; | políst-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | is.PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | police-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Are you a policeman?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Uz ze polístí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | ze || align=&quot;left&quot; | políst-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | is.PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | police-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Are you a policeman?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Th luang hyeh medalongí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Th || align=&quot;left&quot; | luang || align=&quot;left&quot; | hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | medalong-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | boat || align=&quot;left&quot; | was || align=&quot;left&quot; | green-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Was the boat green?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''La luang hyeh medalongí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | La || align=&quot;left&quot; | luang || align=&quot;left&quot; | hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | medalong-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | boat || align=&quot;left&quot; | was || align=&quot;left&quot; | green-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Was the boat green?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Just like with normal verbs, present simple tense is unmarked if used together with another mood. If a mood needs to be used together with some other tense, reduplication is done like in other verbs. The interrogative suffix may still be added to the end of the sentence.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Zoue hwá fantāsifameli!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Zoue || align=&quot;left&quot; | hwá || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantāsi-fameli
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | be.HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | be.FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantasy-family
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's play family!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''£ou huá fan'ttasihojd!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | £ou || align=&quot;left&quot; | huá || align=&quot;left&quot; | fan'ttasi-hojd
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | be.HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | be.FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantasy-family
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's play family!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Zoue hwá fantāsifamelií?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Zoue || align=&quot;left&quot; | hwá || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantāsi-fameli-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | be.HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | be.FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantasy-family-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we play family?''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''£ou huá fan'ttasihojdí?''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | £ou || align=&quot;left&quot; | huá || align=&quot;left&quot; | fan'ttasi-hojd-í
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | be.HORT || align=&quot;left&quot; | be.FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | fantasy-family-INT
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Shall we play family?''
|}

=== Adjectives ===
{| border=1
! Comparison
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Suffix in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Example in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Suffix in Quadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Example in Quadralónia
|-
! Positive
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | guo - ''good'' &lt;br&gt; lkongivas - ''forested'' &lt;br&gt; terroevas - ''terrible''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | gao - ''good'' &lt;br&gt; lkonges - ''forested'' &lt;br&gt; øedhæides  - ''terrible''
|-
! Comparative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -ng
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | guong - ''better'' &lt;br&gt; lkonging - ''more forested'' &lt;br&gt; terroeng - ''more terrible''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -lio
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | gaolio - ''better'' &lt;br&gt; lkongelio - ''more forested'' &lt;br&gt; øedhæidelio - ''more terrible''
|-
! Superlative
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -lao
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | guolao - ''best'' &lt;br&gt; lkongilao - ''most forested'' &lt;br&gt; terroelao - ''most terrible''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -lao
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | gaolao - ''best'' &lt;br&gt; lkongelao - ''most forested'' &lt;br&gt; øedhæidelao - ''most terrible''
|}

==== Adjective morphophonology in Qwadralónia ====
Adjectives with the derivative ending -vas (see [[Qwynegold#Derivation|Derivation]] below) lose the -vas when the comparative or superlative suffix is added (if the derivative ending contains the epenthetic -i-, the -i- is kept however.

==== Adjective morphophonology in Quadralónia ====
Adjectives with the derivative ending -(d)es (see [[Qwynegold#Derivation|Derivation]] below) keep the -(d)e- but lose the -s when the comparative or superlative suffix is added.

=== Article ===
There is a definite article in Qwynegold, influenced by European languages (English in the case of Qwadralónia and Spanish in the case of Quadralónia). The definite article is ''th'' in Qwadralónia and ''la'' in Quadralónia. The article preceeds the noun it refers to, except in one case in Qwadralónia, see [[Qwynegold#Location|Location]].

=== Syntax ===
In an active voice sentence, the word order is SVO. Neither voice or what sentence element a noun belongs to is marked in Qwynegold. Pronouns however do have an accusative case.

{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Th heponen cö́gah d'apleh.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Th || align=&quot;left&quot; | heponen || align=&quot;left&quot; | cö́ga-h || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-apleh
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | horse || align=&quot;left&quot; | search-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-apple
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The horse is looking for apples.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''La hestia cærhah d'æpla.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | La || align=&quot;left&quot; | hestia || align=&quot;left&quot; | cærha-h || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-æpla
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | horse || align=&quot;left&quot; | search-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-apple
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The horse is looking for apples.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Transitivity is not explicitly marked, so intransitive sentences simply have the structure of SV.

{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Ix lin'gwah nwon!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | lin'gwa-h || align=&quot;left&quot; | nwon
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | I || align=&quot;left&quot; | speak-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | now
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I'm speaking now!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Ix linggwah nyije!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | linggwa-h || align=&quot;left&quot; | nyije
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | I || align=&quot;left&quot; | speak-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | now
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I'm speaking now!''
|}

==== Location ====
The structure &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;'''(Th) NOUN&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ejn ADV érNOUN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (th)'''&lt;/span&gt; is used in Qwadralónia to describe where something is. '''NOUN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' is the place where it is located, and '''NOUN&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''' is what is located there. Quadralónia has a different place of the article: &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;'''(La) NOUN&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; ejn (la) ADV érNOUN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;.

{| 
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Th apleh ejn tau éruvon th.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Th || align=&quot;left&quot; | apleh || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | tau || align=&quot;left&quot; | ér-uvon || align=&quot;left&quot; | th
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | The || align=&quot;left&quot; | apple || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | inside || align=&quot;left&quot; | GEN-oven || align=&quot;left&quot; | the
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''The apple is in the oven.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''La æpla ejn la tau érungnov.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | La || align=&quot;left&quot; | æpla || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | la || align=&quot;left&quot; | tau || align=&quot;left&quot; | ér-ungnov
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | The || align=&quot;left&quot; | apple || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | the || align=&quot;left&quot; | inside || align=&quot;left&quot; | GEN-oven
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''The apple is in the oven.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| border=1
|+ List of the most common adverbs
! English
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Quadralónia
|-
| above
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | upon
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | upon
|-
| far from
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | lāo
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | lua
|-
| in; inside
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tau
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tau
|-
| near
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | vutalieh
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | vutijaeh
|-
| next to
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | asun
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | asun
|-
| on (top of)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | fued
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | fued
|-
| under
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | hua
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | hua
|}
&lt;br&gt;The '''NOUN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''' can be dropped, if it is clear from context what is meant, except when the adverb is ''fued''. The locational pronouns koa (here), uej (there-2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; p.) and est (there-3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; p.) are always used this way.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Huo ejn tau.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | tau
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | inside
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''S/he is inside (indoors).''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Huo ejn tau.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Huo || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | tau
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | inside
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''S/he is inside (indoors).''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Poly d'mango ejn est.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Poly || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-mango || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | est
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Many || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-mango || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | there.3P
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''There are many mangoes over there.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Poly d'mango ejn est.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Poly || align=&quot;left&quot; | d'-mango || align=&quot;left&quot; | ejn || align=&quot;left&quot; | est
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Many || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-mango || align=&quot;left&quot; | is || align=&quot;left&quot; | there.3P
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''There are many mangoes over there.''
|}

=== Derivation ===
Derivational affixes marked by a dagger (†) only exist in foreign loanwords.

{| border=1
! Name of derivation (if there exists any)
! Function
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Affix in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Example in Qwadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Affix in Quadralónia
! style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Example in Quadralónia
|-
! Demonym
| Turns the name of a country into a word for an inhabitant of that country
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -iósa
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Sverje &gt; Sverjiósa - ''Sweden &gt; Swede''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -iósa
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Sverje &gt; Sverjiósa - ''Sweden &gt; Swede''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns the name of a country into a word for the language spoken there
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -ióla
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | Sverje &gt; Sverjióla - ''Sweden &gt; Swedish''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -ióla
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | Sverje &gt; Sverjióla - ''Sweden &gt; Swedish''
|-
! Infinitive
| Turns a verb into a noun (to X, or the act of doing X)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | etoli - ''running; to run''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | etoli - ''running; to run''
|-
! Deverbal nouns
| Turns a verb into a noun which is the result of the act of the verb
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | &lt;verb is reduced to it's stem&gt;
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | etoli &gt; etol - ''run &gt; running''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | &lt;verb is reduced to it's stem&gt;
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | etoli &gt; etol - ''run &gt; running''
|-
! †
| Turns a verb into a noun as an occurrence (Xtion; Xsion)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -£ion
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | evolu£ion - ''evolution''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -§ion
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | evolu§ion - ''evolution''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns a verb into a person performing the act
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -ua
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | raiha &gt; raihua - ''survive &gt; survivor''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -ua
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | raiha &gt; raihua - ''survive &gt; survivor''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns an adjective into a noun
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | &lt;adjective is reduced to it's stem&gt;
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | sardo &gt; sard - ''red &gt; redness''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | &lt;adjective is reduced to it's stem&gt;
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | sumhao &gt; sumha - ''red &gt; redness''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns a noun into an adjective (has the property of X)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -(i)vas, -i
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | vest &gt; vestivas - ''west &gt; western'' &lt;br&gt; aqua &gt; aquavas - ''water &gt; watery'' &lt;br&gt; lux &gt; luxi - ''light (N.) &gt; light (Adj.)''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -(d)es, -i
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | vest &gt; vestes - ''west &gt; western'' &lt;br&gt; aqua &gt; aquades - ''water &gt; watery'' &lt;br&gt; lus &gt; lusi - ''light (N.) &gt; light (Adj.)''
|-
! Past passive participle
| Turns a verb into an adjective describing what something is subjected to
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -uk
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | lin'gwa &gt; lin'gwauk - ''speak &gt; spoken'' &lt;br&gt; döyshän &gt; döyshänuk - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trejn &gt; trejnuk - ''train &gt; trained''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -&lt;vowel length&gt;t, -eet
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | linggwa &gt; linggwaat - ''speak &gt; spoken'' &lt;br&gt; duyshæn &gt; duyshæneet - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trejn &gt; trejneet - ''train &gt; trained''
|-
! Present active participle
| Turns a verb into an adjective describing a person who is doing something (doer of X)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -i, -vas
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | lin'gwa &gt; lin'gwai - ''speak &gt; speaking'' &lt;br&gt; etoli &gt; etolivas - ''run &gt; running'' &lt;br&gt; döyshän &gt; döyshäni - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trejn &gt; trejni - ''train &gt; training''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -i, -des
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | linggwa &gt; linggwai - ''speak &gt; speaking'' &lt;br&gt; etoli &gt; etolides - ''run &gt; runnning'' &lt;br&gt; duyshæn &gt; duyshæni - ''*?'' &lt;br&gt; trejn &gt; trejni - ''train &gt; training''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns an adverb into an adjective (has the property of being X)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -a, -wa
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | tau &gt; taua - ''inside &gt; (the) inside (one)'' &lt;br&gt; hua &gt; huawa - ''under &gt; (the) bottom (one)''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -a, -wa
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | tau &gt; taua - ''inside &gt; (the) inside (one)'' &lt;br&gt; hua &gt; huawa - ''under &gt; (the) bottom (one)''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns a numeral into an adjective
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -i
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | sixnull &gt; sixnulli - ''sixty &gt; sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc.''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -i
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | hexanull &gt; hexanulli - ''sixty &gt; sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc.''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns a noun into a verb (do X)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -li
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | grāf &gt; grāfli - ''writing &gt; write''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -sa, -l
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | graaf &gt; graafsa - ''writing &gt; write'' &lt;br&gt; mortua &gt; mortual - ''murder (N.) &gt; murder (V.)''
|-
! &amp;ensp;
| Turns a numeral into a verb (make X number of times, make X number of copies)
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | -a
| style=&quot;background:Plum&quot; | trí &gt; tría - ''three &gt; make 3 copies; repeat 3 times''
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | -a
| style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot; | trí &gt; tría - ''three &gt; make 3 copies; repeat 3 times''
|}

The infinitive is used when referring to some act as a noun. For example:
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Zorda dajhān guo non.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Zorda || align=&quot;left&quot; | dajhān || align=&quot;left&quot; | guo || align=&quot;left&quot; | non
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | injure-(INF) || align=&quot;left&quot; | people || align=&quot;left&quot; | good || align=&quot;left&quot; | not
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''It's not good to hurt people.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Zorda inchal gao non.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Zorda || align=&quot;left&quot; | inchal || align=&quot;left&quot; | gao || align=&quot;left&quot; | non
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | injure-(INF) || align=&quot;left&quot; | people || align=&quot;left&quot; | good || align=&quot;left&quot; | not
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''It's not good to hurt people.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Ix trenjyeh etoli.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | tren-jyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | etoli
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | I || align=&quot;left&quot; | train-PRET || align=&quot;left&quot; | run-INF
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I practised running.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Ix trenjyeh etoli.''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ix || align=&quot;left&quot; | tren-jyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | etoli
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | I || align=&quot;left&quot; | train-PRET || align=&quot;left&quot; | run-INF
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I practised running.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The deverbal noun form is the result of a verb, but it can also be a reference to a single act (therefore the definite article is not used together with this form).
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Uz d&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;zorde* jiwaí jiwahyeh''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | d&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;-zorde || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiwa-í || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiwa-hyeh
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-injure-(DVN) || align=&quot;left&quot; | sustain-INT || align=&quot;left&quot; | sustain-PRET
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | *From ''zorda'' (injure V.). The final &lt;e&gt; marks that the &lt;z&gt; stands for a lax phoneme.
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Did you sustain injuries?.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Uz d&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;zorde* jiwaí jiwahyeh''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Uz || align=&quot;left&quot; | d&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;-zorde || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiwa-í || align=&quot;left&quot; | jiwa-hyeh
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG || align=&quot;left&quot; | PL-injure-(DVN) || align=&quot;left&quot; | sustain-INT || align=&quot;left&quot; | sustain-PRET
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | *From ''zorda'' (injure V.). The final &lt;e&gt; marks that the &lt;z&gt; stands for a lax phoneme.
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Did you sustain injuries?.''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:DarkMagenta&quot;&gt;''Ikē hyeh guo quich*!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ikē || align=&quot;left&quot; | hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | guo || align=&quot;left&quot; | quich
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | that || align=&quot;left&quot; | was || align=&quot;left&quot; | good || align=&quot;left&quot; | kick-(DVN)
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | *From ''quichpa'' (kick V.)
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''That was a good kick!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;''Ikee hyeh gao lykcho*!''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ikee || align=&quot;left&quot; | hyeh || align=&quot;left&quot; | gao || align=&quot;left&quot; | lykcho
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | that || align=&quot;left&quot; | was || align=&quot;left&quot; | good || align=&quot;left&quot; | kick-(DVN)
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | *From ''lykchoi'' (kick V.)
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''That was a good kick!''
|}
&lt;br&gt;

There are two ways to form adjectives from nouns. The -i suffix is lexically determined to be used with certain words, while -(i)vas or -(d)es is the productive suffix.

The meaning of a numeral turned into an adjective is highly context-dependent. It could be used to descibe a person with a certain age, a thing related to a certain decade or century, a thing having a certain number of parts or certain measures.

==== Derivational morphophonology in Qwadralónia ====
When the adjectival -(i)vas suffix is used, the -i- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a consonant.

When forming the present active participle, the -vas suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals:&lt;br&gt;
0 - nulla&lt;br&gt;
1 - monoa&lt;br&gt;
2 - twáa&lt;br&gt;
3 - tría&lt;br&gt;
4 - quada&lt;br&gt;
5 - penta&lt;br&gt;
6 - sixta&lt;br&gt;
7 - septa&lt;br&gt;
8 - okta&lt;br&gt;
9 - novena&lt;br&gt;
10 - tina&lt;br&gt;
100 - handra&lt;br&gt;
1 000 - tanhra&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 - miljōna&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 - miljārda&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 000 - biljōna&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 000 000 -triljōna

==== Derivational morphophonology in Quadralónia ====
When the adjectival -(d)es suffix is used, the -d- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a vowel.

If the word that the past passive participle is attached to ends with a consonant, the suffix -eet is used.

When forming the present active participle, the -des suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

When turning a noun into a verb, the -l suffix is used if the noun ends with a polyphthong, in all other cases the -sa suffix is used.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals (the compound final form numerals are shown at the end of the list (see [[Qwynegold#Numerals|Numerals]])):&lt;br&gt;
0 - nulla&lt;br&gt;
1 - monoa&lt;br&gt;
2 - dúa&lt;br&gt;
3 - tría&lt;br&gt;
4 - qua'dra&lt;br&gt;
5 - pentaga&lt;br&gt;
6 - hexa&lt;br&gt;
7 - septa&lt;br&gt;
8 - okta&lt;br&gt;
9 - novema&lt;br&gt;
10 - tezae&lt;br&gt;
100 - centa&lt;br&gt;
1 000 - milla&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 - miljona&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 - miljaarda&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 000 - biljona&lt;br&gt;
1 000 000 000 000 000 - triljona&lt;br&gt;
X0 - nulla&lt;br&gt;
X1 - monoa&lt;br&gt;
X2 - dua&lt;br&gt;
X3 - tría&lt;br&gt;
X4 - qua'dra&lt;br&gt;
X5 - pentaga&lt;br&gt;
X6 - hexa&lt;br&gt;
X7 - septa&lt;br&gt;
X8 - okta&lt;br&gt;
X9 - novema</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Qwynegold vowels.png</title>
    <id>5391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47896</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-02T00:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Qwynegold vowels.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Reverted to version as of 00:14, 2 August 2009</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vowel inventory of Qwynegold.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Biology of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>5395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33667</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T01:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Galhaf]] [[Category:Biology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Animals of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>5397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33673</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T01:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]] [[Category:Animals]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Planets of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>5403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41926</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T00:08:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Planets of the Galhaf System|Chihazh]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tritoterrestria</title>
    <id>5405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44277</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:11:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Octopoda}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Tritoterrestria}}
|}

'''Tritoterrestria''' (''Nang'ame kru syapè'' &quot;Third on land&quot;) is a [[Wikipedia:clade|clade]], sometimes ranked as a superclass, and sometimes as an infraphylum, consisting of [[plumata]] and [[palustria]].  Tritoterrestria is the third group of [[endosteia]]ns to emerge on land.  They are related to the [[hydroctopoda]], who remain aquatic.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tripartia</title>
    <id>5406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45439</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Trichordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Tripartia}}
|}

'''Tripartia''' (''Ng'ame ndrekwà'' &quot;Three Parts&quot;) is a superclass of [[trichordata|trichordates]].  They bear a superficial resemblance to terrestrial [[Wikipedia:trilobite|trilobite]]s.

They are characterized by a three-way division of the body into a central portion and two side-lobes.  The front is marked by a head, and the end by a fused tail section.  They are covered by a semi-calcified exoskeleton.  Nearly all tripartians are aquatic.

== Classes ==

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Triangulata</title>
    <id>5407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45440</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Trichordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Triangulata}}
|}

'''Triangulata''' (''Ng'ame thíva'' &quot;Three Sides&quot;) is a formerly large superclass of terrestrial [[trichordata|trichordates]], now consisting of only a few species.

They are marked by a roughly triangular basic body plan, consisting of a raised middle-spine and two side-spines below, connected by ribs forming a roughly triangular body cavity.  Extinct triangulates include the largest land animals to ever walk [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  Surviving triangulates are generally rather small creatures, however.  Ancestral stem-triangulatans had eleven pairs of jointed appendages, several of which became specialized for various functions.  The earliest true triangulates had just seven pairs.

Most triangulates are cold-blooded, but some classes have developed homeothermy.  Several extinct classes developed pseudo-[[Wikipedia:amniote|amniotic eggs]], but extant triangulates must either lay their eggs in water or bear live young.

== Classes ==
''Possibly Incomplete''
*[[Deinoteratia]] (extinct)
*[[Materthera]]
*[[Megadraco]] (extinct)
*[[Microdraco]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:SJ fat normal.png</title>
    <id>5408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33751</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T15:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:SJ fat normal.png]]&quot;: Capital SJ-ligature in fat, normal size.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Capital SJ-ligature in fat normal size.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:TJ fat normal.png</title>
    <id>5409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33749</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T15:27:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>TJ-ligature in fat, normal size.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">TJ-ligature in fat, normal size.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tj fat normal.png</title>
    <id>5410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33754</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T15:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tj fat normal.png]]&quot;: Small tj-ligature in fat, normal size.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small tj-ligature in fat, normal size.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sj fat normal.png</title>
    <id>5411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33757</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-01T15:51:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Small sj-ligature in fat, normal size.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small sj-ligature in fat, normal size.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qwynegold/charinsert</title>
    <id>5412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49419</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-26T14:30:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Language name''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Qwynegold&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Qwynegold special characters: '''&lt;charinsert&gt; [[Image:SJ_fat_normal.png]] [[Image:_sj_fat_normal.png]] [[Image:TJ_fat_normal.png]] [[Image:Tj_fat_normal.png]] Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū [[Image:C_Äm_normal.png]] [[Image:S_äm_normal.png]] [[Image:C_Öm_normal.png]] [[Image:S_öm_normal.png]] Æ æ Ǽ ǽ Ø ø Ǿ ǿ [[Image:C_sj_normal.png]] [[Image:S_sj_normal.png]] [[Image:C_tj_normal.png]] [[Image:S_tj_normal.png]]&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Language name''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Choogo&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Choogo special characters: '''&lt;charinsert&gt; Ẽ ẽ Ĩ ĩ Ũ ũ Ü̃ ü̃ Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū Ĕ ĕ Ą ą Ø ɑ ɑ̃ ɐ̃ ʌ ʌ̃ ç dʲʒ ɟ e̽ e̽̃ ɛ ɛ̃ ə ɪ ɪ̃ ʝ ɭ ŋ o̽ o̽̃ ɤ ɤ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɾ ʂ ʃ ɯ ɯ̃ ʊ ʊ̃ ʉ ʉ̃ ʐ ʒ ʔ ˞ ˤ ̛ ː &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Language name''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Gwongbholü&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Gwongbholü: '''&lt;charinsert&gt; {{IPA|+}} {{IPA|[+]}} {{IPA|/+/}} Ø æ ɐ ɑ ɒ ə ø ɰ ʍ ɬ ʃ ʂ ɕ ç ɮ ʒ ʐ ʑ ʔ ɡ ɲ ŋ ʰ ʱ &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Language name''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Koġołħuẓ&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Koġołħuẓ: '''&lt;charinsert&gt; Ḍ ḍ ̣G ġ Ḥ ḥ Ħ ħ Ḷ ḷ Ł ł Ṇ ṇ Ṣ ṣ Ś ś Ŧ ŧ Ẓ ẓ Ø {{IPA|+}} {{IPA|[+]}} {{IPA|/+/}} ɑ ʈ’ ɛ g q’ⁿ ⁿq’ ɦ ʝ ɽ ɬ ŋ ʂ ʃ tɕ ʐ ʔ &lt;/charinsert&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zãi</title>
    <id>5414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33786</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T00:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tvk</username>
        <id>1222</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Internal History */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Overview==


Zãi is a conlang created by tvk.  It is a sister language to [[Tsani]].

==Internal History==

The most notable features of Zãi include vowel mutations and nasalization of vowels accompanying loss of the ''-n'' coda found in the protolanguage.  Unlike Tsani, Zãi retains the glottalization distinction and introduces phonemic aspirated stops, but does not distinguish between voiced and unvoiced stops.  However, it does distinguish between voiced and unvoiced fricatives.  It also has phonemic vowel length and pitch-accent.

Fricatives undergo the following mutations:

What would develop into [l] in Tsani becomes /r\/.  What would develop into [4] becomes /4_0/.
/ts/ becomes /z/.

The vowels /i/ and /U/ cause mutation of the preceding vowel:

'''I-mutation'''

/a/ -&gt; /aI/
/E/ -&gt; /i/
/o/ -&gt; /eI/
/U/ -&gt; /y/

'''U-mutation'''

/a/ -&gt; /A/
/i/ -&gt; /y/

It should be noted that /U/ before or after a labial consonant is realized as [u] and instead causes the following mutation:

/a/ -&gt; /o/

The ''-n'' coda to any syllable causes nasalization of the preceding vowel and is then lost.  The following replacements also occur:

/a.na/ -&gt; /a~:/
/a.nE/ -&gt; /a~jE/
/aI.ni/ -&gt; /a~.i/
/a.no/ -&gt; /a~o/
/A.nu/ -&gt; /a~o/
/i.ni/ -&gt; /i~:/
/eI.ni/ -&gt; /i~:/
/y.ni/ -&gt; /i~:/

A non-glottalized stop that is between two like vowels is aspirated.  Initial /ki/ becomes /k_hi/ and initial /pu/ becomes /p_hu/.  /a/ and /A/ are considered &quot;alike&quot;, and /y/ is &quot;alike&quot; to both /U/ and /i/.  However, /U/ and /i/ are not &quot;alike&quot; to each other.  Palatalized stops also become aspirated.  Other palatalized consonants decay into C + /i/.  After this change, /iE/ becomes /E:/ and /iy/ becomes /y:/.

The main drop in pitch occurs on the stressed syllable; i.e. there is high tone before the stressed syllable, and low tone on the stressed syllable and every syllable after.  The two moras of a long vowel also contrast in pitch, the first being high, and the second being low.  If a long vowel occurs immediately before a stressed syllable, the stress moves to the long vowel.  The first and second moras always contrast in pitch.

Examples:

'''poni''' &quot;good&quot;

#poni -&gt; peini
#peini -&gt; pĩĩ.
#pitch is high-low.

'''kiyu''' &quot;listen&quot;

#kiju -&gt; kyju
#pitch is high-low.

'''chiru''' &quot;look&quot;

#chiru -&gt; chihru
#chihru -&gt; chyhru
#chyhru -&gt; tyyhru
#pitch is high-low-low

'''tlerun''' &quot;not need&quot;

#tlerun -&gt; lehrun
#lehrun -&gt; lehrũ
#pitch is high-low

'''sekyanuwani''' &quot;was a friend&quot;

#sekyanuwani -&gt; sekyonuwaini
#sekyonuwaini -&gt; sekyonuwãi
#sekyonuwãi -&gt; sekhionuwãi</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Savukk.png</title>
    <id>5415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33787</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:38:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Big1color world.png</title>
    <id>5416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33816</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T12:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Big1color world.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Savukk</title>
    <id>5417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33817</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T12:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Savukk'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:savukk.png|center|200px|The World of Savukk]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Genre'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Earth-like [[wp:conworld|constructed world]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Tech level'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Variable [[wp:Technology#Neolithic_through_Classical_Antiquity_.2810.2C000BCE_.E2.80.93_300CE.29|neolithic through Classical Antiquity]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year ended'''
| style='text-align: left;' | --
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Planet Characteristics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Surface area'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 509 978 240 km²
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Satellites'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 2
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Nations
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Ambvaiira]] (?)
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Auxillayre]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Cámas]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Êġarol]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Mikáo]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Nokeo]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Raitolïa]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Skjeimitekann]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Tamega]]
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='text-align: center;' | [[Túþásá]]
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Savukk&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Savukk''' is a collaborative conworld project maintained on the [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/ Scriptorium forum].

====Nations====
There are currently eight established nations in Savukk, with only one nation having collapsed (Ambvaiira). The nation territories are shown on the map below, which denotes the official extent of power of each individual country, but the extent of the people and influence of each country may extend far beyond the marked borders.

[[image:Big1color_world.png|500px|Map of Savukk]]
* Red : [[Tamega]]
* Blue : [[Skjeimitekann]]
* Violet : [[Auxillayre]]
* Light Blue : [[Mikáo]]
* Dark Blue: [[Ambvaiira]]
* Purple : [[Cámas]]
* Dark Red : [[Nokeo]]
* Green : [[Raitolïa]]
* Black : [[Êġarol]]
* Grey : [[Túþásá]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamega</title>
    <id>5418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43351</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:20:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Tamega'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Sano}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Demonym'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Tamegan
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Tajad
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | ~{{{pop|8 000 000}}} 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Ilya
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 90% of the population
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Shadim, Tsung
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 5% of the population each
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Parlimentary Monarchy
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | 
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Tamega''' is a country situated in the Northeastern most region of [[Savukk]]'s Southern Continent.

This &quot;country&quot; is now defunct.

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=14 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=14]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Skjeimitekann</title>
    <id>5419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33791</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;!-- NOTE: THE FOLLOWING FIGURES DO NOT INCLUDE SKJEIMITEKANN EXPANSION --&gt; &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; marg...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- NOTE: THE FOLLOWING FIGURES DO NOT INCLUDE SKJEIMITEKANN EXPANSION --&gt;
&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Skjeimitekann'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:skjeimitekann.png|center|200px|The flag of Skjeimitekann]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|fmra}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | So'onnmikxel
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | ~{{{pop|5 500 000}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Density'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | ~2.32/km² 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Tekann]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Mo'opundi, Kokosi, Finotok, other
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Federal Ecclesiocratic Timarchy
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Political leader'''
| style='text-align: left;' | His Holiness, Xopenn
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Area
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Land'''
| style='text-align: left;' | ~2 363 386 km² &lt;!-- figure does not include recent regions annexed for trade --&gt;
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Skjeimitekann&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Skjeimitekann''' is a country situated in the Northern region of [[Savukk]]'s Southern Continent. It has also annexed three smaller seperate regions in order to secure trading routes.

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=253 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=253]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Auxillayre</title>
    <id>5420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33792</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Auxillayre'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|The Peloric Orchid}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Demonym'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Auxilairan
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Auxillaidol
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop| 8 000 000}}} (~75% Auxillairan, ~20% Ectavyn, ~5% other) 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Auxillain]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Ectavyn
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Absolute Monarchy
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Auxillayre&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Auxillayre''' is one of the nations of [[Savukk]]. It occupies much of the Eastern half of the western continent.

== General Information ==

Auxillayre is not a nation, so to speak, but rather a collection of tribes that have been united under one ruler, the Auxillyth. Before the Auxilairan came, several other tribes already conquered much of the land, unifying it to a certain extent. The major groups are the Ectavyn, the Termon, and the Dendronaea. Of these, the Ectavyn are the greatest. It is unknown when the Auxillairan conquered the tropical tribes, but it must of been very long ango, as no one seems to remember a time without them.
 
Auxillayre is tropical and subtropical, and covered with lush forests. Many rivers flow through the land, bringing glacial water from the mountains down, and into the sea. It rains frequently. Nobody has ever seen the snow. There is however, a drier season, although the land still is very moist.

Auxillayre is rather advanced and specializes in glass. They make exquisite pieces of art in honor of their gods. Glass, in combination with wood, is used to make giant temples as well. They Auxillairan also are masters of woodworking. Metal, on the other hand, is scarce, and rarely used. Porcelain is occasionally used.

== Government ==

Auxillayre is a monarchy. The next ruler is determined by &quot;how royal&quot; they are. That is determined by counting the prospective heir'r relatives that are in the royal family. Typically, the eldest son inherits the throne, as long as his wife has many relatives. Although the power is passed father son, connections to the royal family are inherited maternally and through marriage. For example, a father has 10 relatives and marries a woman with 20. The man now has 30, as long as no relatives are repeats. If the father has a son, the son will have 10 relatives, but this only matters if he marries someone of royal descent. A daughter will inherit all the relatives.

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=223 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=223]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mikáo</title>
    <id>5421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33793</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Mikáo'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:mikao.png|center|200px|The flag of Mikáo]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Mikon
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|BusterDobermann}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Craźć
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|173 956}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Kollá]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 97% of the population
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Ohan]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 3% of the population
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Mikáo&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Mikáo''' is a country situated in NorthEastern most part of the SouthEastern continent of [[Savukk]].

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=115 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=115]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cámas</title>
    <id>5422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33794</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Cámas'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Aleco}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Demonym'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Cáláδos
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Cirósos
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|1 500 000}}}  
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Cálos]], [[Nãwe]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 74% and 21% respectively
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Yasukir
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 3% of the population
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Duchy
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Political leader'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Íos Mános Beároso 
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Establishment
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 308 before year zero
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Nokeo&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Cámas''' [kɑːmɑs] is a nation in [[Savukk]]. It's to be found south-east on the [[Western Continent, Savukk|Western Continent]] between [[Nokeo]] and [[Ambvaiira]]. Its name has derived form the founder, Ciros.

== History ==

The country is not old, as it was founded by several tribes. The uniting started in -334 and was fulfilled -308. Ciros died out of sickness in -307. This is because of all the trading villages understood that they had to unite to continue fair and righteous trading between the current capital and hundreds of towns and settlements along the coast. Ciros was the leader of the Veranapon (The river tribe) and was the one who started uniting all of the other tribes. This tribe lived where the capital now is. This is also the origin of the capital's name: Cirósos = City of Cir (abbreviation of Ciros). 

There has not been much revolts in the country except the series of revolts on Aséris Sehinis (Ealier: Nacoaósúmon; The Peninsula of the Sun), that happened in year -32. The people of the peninsula to the north-east had severe revolts lasting about a year, but the revolts kept getting worse and worse, and in the end hundreds were killed. The results were that the whole peninsula joined the Nation of Ambvaiira. The cause of these revolts was that Nacoaósúmon had an increasing amount of Ambvaiirian settlers, who wanted justice, as they were not treated as members of Cámas. Even today the tension between these to countries are high. 

Except in the main cities, tribal villages are highly regular throughout the whole country. Mostly at the coast to the north because of fishing, but to the south, they live inside the dense forests as well as along the coast. The inland tribes depend on the fur and meat trade with the coast tribes. Salt is obviously the main trade resource for the coast tribes, and is valued high inland. After the meat has come to the southern coast, they only take a very small amount themselves, and once again trades it along with the people of Nokeo, as the vast swampy areas barely contain any edible mammals. In return, special berries and fruits who just grow on certain trees in these swamps are given back in trade. These two nations stick together, and many tribal villages in Cámas rely on Nokeo trading to make a living. The capital of this trading is the city of Nocésihos not too far form Nokeo. 

The major chopping on the island Cáaósos was the result of the vast corruption. The forests are now on their way back to normal, even though chopping there is very strict regulated. 

== Religion ==

They are naturalists. The people of the villages are very affectionate to their nature. So much it evolved into religion. They believe nature around them reflects their personality and behaviour at all times, and they do therefore never chop more wood than necessary, for instance, and they make sure to not take too much at one spot. The same goes for animals: They do not take more fish than necessary. 
They believe that if the nature around their house is well shaped and beautiful when they die; they go to the eternal world. This world is said to be in the forests, and there are many &quot;sagas&quot; of where it is situated.

== Cities ==

''- Cirósos'' ~ 254.000 (Capital)

''- Citófos ''~ 189.000 

''- Macános'' ~ 143.000 

''- Sesoáeas ''~ 121.000 

''- Íiseos'' ~ 87.000 

''- Nocésihos'' ~ 48.000 

''- Veráfe'' ~ 15.000

== Languages ==

''- [[Cálos]]'' 74% - Throughout all of Cámas 

''- [[Nãwe]]'' 21% - South east, in Nocésihos and along the rest of the coast near Nokeo 

''- [[Yasukir]]'' 3% - Mostly in the capital 

''- Other'' 2% - Spread

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=111 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=111]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Map of Keo.png</title>
    <id>5423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33795</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:45:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Keo.png</title>
    <id>5424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33796</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nokeo</title>
    <id>5425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33797</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:46:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Keo'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:keo.png|center|200px|The flag of the Southeastern nation of Nokeo]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Nokeo
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Hakaku}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Demonym'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Ana (the)
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Nomea
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|2 000 000}}} (with up to ~4 500 000 outside map borders) 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Density'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | ~1.54/km² 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Nãwe]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 97% of the population
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Anaye
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 4% of the population
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Moderate Neo-Tribalism
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Political leader'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Nowea
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Establishment
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 200 before year zero
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Area
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Total'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 2 434 929 km²
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Land'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 1 297 642 km²
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Water'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 1 137 287 km²
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Nokeo&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Nokeo''' [nokeo] is a country situated in the Southeastern region of [[Savukk]]. While its official name is '''Keo''' [keo], literally meaning ''endless'' or ''sea'', it is more colloquially known as Nokeo, formed from the honorific ''no''- and ''keo'', though it has also been adapted by other nations as an official term.

== General Information ==
The land of Keo is situated in the South-East of [[Savukk]], between [[Cámas]] and Elethke(''†''). It is one of the world's largest wetland lowlands, while further to the North, elevations create some forested areas. (see [[Nokeo#landscape|landscape]]). Occasionally, both heavy rainfalls and the tide of the bay, found in the center of Keo, may engulf surrounding lands causing floods. 

The lowlands' landscape consists of a complex water system, ranging from ponds, to swamps, to bogs, marshes, rivers, permafrost, muskegs, etc. As for the ground, it consists mainly of peat lands, and nutrient poor soil. During winter, most of the surface area will be covered in ice and snow, while in the summer it will have thawed and melted away. Due to this varying environment, heavy equipment and objects are at a disadvantage, which renders light and durable objects more effective. 

Comparatively, the people of Keo are much less advanced technology-wise than most civilizations around the globe. They are very ignorant to outsiders, only relying on trade in order to survive. Some may even consider their ways tribal or primitive, but this is the best way for anyone to survive and adapt in such a limited&lt;!-- harsh --&gt; environment. However, they not only survive on trade, but they are also very skilled in medicine due to the vast amount of types of plants that thrive in the swamps. The kena, a plant whose flower can be seen on the national flag, is one of the most abundantly growing plants around. After they are pollinated, they will start producing palm-sized fruits. The kena's fruit is renowned for its ability to heal various diseases and infections, which are themselves often caused by bacteria thriving in the wetlands.

== Government ==
=== Leader ===
The highest political figure of Keo is called the Nowea. He is a leader who generally plays the role of an ambassador, representing the people, and establishing simple common laws to be followed. However, as with tribes, the leader cannot leave his own land. Instead, he will appoint a particular person as a messenger in order to fulfill the Nowea's duties as an ambassador.

=== History ===
The origins of how Keo became a nation are still unclear. To the people who speak Nãwe, Keo has always been their land, literally meaning ''endless'' when describing water masses. It is assumed however, that roughly 200 years ago, a common agreement came about to form a single nation, since the uprisings in the North seemed a threat to the stability of their lands and trade. 

In order to establish claim to the land and unify the people of Keo, or the Ana, a form of government had to be formed. Since the only thing known to them is tribalism, that is, small communities or groups which usually rely on a single leader and their own set of rules, the government would be based on such a system. Thus, moderate neo-tribalism was developed. In essence, the first Nowea (''leader'') devised a way where people could live separate personal lives back within their own tribes or communal groups, while still attending work and an otherwise partly modernized life, or in times of need, protecting the nation and their leader. The government is generally supported by trade taxes, where a portion of trade revenues are collected from trade villages and transferred to the capital. 

The overall aspect of a governing system is still unknown or ignored by many of its inhabitants, especially since the formation of the government was followed by a time of peace in the North. Furthermore, internal conflicts are traditionally dealt by a trade between the two or more groups involved, and thus a government is often seen as unnecessary.

== Economy ==
[[Image:Map of Keo.png|thumb|The map of Keo]]
Up until 200 years before year zero, economy in Keo was strongly driven by fur and medicine trading, and wood cutting. However, since the foundation of the nation, the [[Nokeo#Leader|Nowea]] began to realise his vision of a greater trade on a world-wide perspective. Despite lacking better transportation, many common traders also endorsed this vision. However, international trade up to date has been all but easy, partly in cause by the Ana's reserved culture and reluctance to foreign goods. Regardless of that, future international trade and prosperity are expected to increase, as Keo's political stance remains limited on foreign affairs.

=== International Trade ===
As the people of Keo depend on a lifestyle consisting primarily of trade, Nokeo's international trade consists of two factors : Import and Export. Main exports generally constitute the trade of various meats (e.g. whale), fish, fur, wood, medicine, fruits, and fossil fuels. Imports may vary from region to region, but in general, Nokeo seeks various lightweight metals, breads, tools, and other intricacies. The most notable and reputed trades can be made in either of four trade villages, which are situated along the four corners of the land, and in the capital, Nomea. Foreign traders, as well as common traders, are often welcomed in these areas.

== Environment ==
=== Climate and Biome ===
Keo is primarily situated in the Southeastern lowlands, found in Savukk's Southern taiga biome.

=== Landscape ===
The Southeastern lowlands stretch along the coast of Keo and further inland. This landscape is characterized by vast tidal flats and inland beach ridge complexes that provide highly productive freshwater marshes, sedge meadows and swamps. Bogs and fens are a dominant landscape feature further inland.
 
Further towards the North, is a more elevated terrain with warmer and drier temperatures, allowing boreal forests to thrive. Common threats to the latter include deforestation and occasional flooding.

== Culture ==
''To be expanded''

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raitolïa</title>
    <id>5426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33798</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:48:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Raitolïa'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:Rai_flag.png|center|200px|The Imperial Banner of Raitolïa]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Tolkien_Freak}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Demonym'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Raitoli'ri
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Eresea
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|~13,000,000}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Raitoliste]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 90% of the population
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | (name to be decided)
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 10% of the population
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Democratic Meritocracy
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Political leader'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Ømolo (Emperor)
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Establishment
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 49 before year zero
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Nokeo&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

Raitolïa is a nation in the [[Savukk]] conworld project, situated on the westernmost peninsula of the eastern continent.

==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=211 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=211]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Êġarol</title>
    <id>5427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33799</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T01:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;div style='float: right;'&gt; {| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;' |- valig...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #ccccff; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''Êġarol'''
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' |
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | [[image:egarol.png|center|200px|The flag of Êġarol]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Alternative Names'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Ďařôl
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|Raluv}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|2007}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Capital'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Meraċu
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | ~{{{pop|4 000 000}}} 
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Official languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | [[Jarolim]]
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 75% of the population
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Minority languages'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Řolîm
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Number of speakers'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 25% of the population
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Government
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | Dual Monarchy
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;' | Establishment
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year'''
| style='text-align: left;' | 200 before year zero
|-
| colspan=2 style='border-top: 1px solid #ccccff; text-align: center' valign=top | [http://wiki.penguindeskjob.com/index.php?title=Êġarol&amp;action=edit edit]
|}&lt;/div&gt;

'''Êġarol''' /E.&quot;Ja.4oK./, or '''Ďařôl''' /&quot;dZA.ROl./, is a country situated in the East region of [[Savukk]]'s Northern Continent.


==External Links==
* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=160 http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=160]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Túþásá.png</title>
    <id>5428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33801</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T19:09:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Flag of Túþásá</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Flag of Túþásá</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Tuthasa.png</title>
    <id>5429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33812</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T11:20:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Flag of Tuthasa.png]]&quot;: Flag of Túþásá</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Flag of Túþásá</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Túþásá name.png</title>
    <id>5430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33803</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T22:35:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Túþásá in kjaha</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Túþásá in kjaha</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Tuthasa name.png</title>
    <id>5431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33808</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-04T22:52:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Tuthasa name.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Túþásá written in kjaha</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Túþásá</title>
    <id>5432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33824</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-06T18:21:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style='border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; width:300px; border-spacing:0px;'
|- 
|  colspan=2 style='background-color: #f2f2f4; text-align: center; text-align: center;' | [[Image:Tuthasa_name.png|center|Túþásá written in kjaha]]&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;'''Míbete túþásásit'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt; Kingdom of Túþásá
|-
|  colspan=2 style='text-align: center; border-top:1px solid #999999;' | [[Image:Flag_Tuthasa.png|border|center|290px|The flag of Túþásá]]
|- 
|  width=40% style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Author'''
|  width=60% style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Jápese
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Type'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | [[Savukk]] Collaborative Conworld Project
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Year began'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | 2008
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Capital'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Þeljosno
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Official languages'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | [[Anóþó]]
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Demonym'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Túþásese
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Form of government'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Absolute monarchy
|- 
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Political Leader'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Lúlasa fnášá glísatasit (Lúlasa the son of Glísata)
|-
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Currency'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | Šmasa túþásar (túþásian money) or short Šmasa
|-
|  style=&quot;background-color:#f2f2f4; border-top:1px solid #999999; border-right:1px solid #999999&quot; | '''Area'''
|  style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #999999;&quot; | 6 599 682 km²
|-
|  colspan=2 style='text-align: center; border-top:1px solid #999999;' | [[Image:Tuthasa_map.png|border|center|290px|The flag of Túþásá]]
|}&lt;/div&gt;


Túþásá [tuθasa], officially the '''Kingdom of Túþásá''' (Anóþó: Míbete túþásásit [mibɛtɛ tuθasasɪt]), is a country in the north-east of the eastern continent of [[Savukk]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag Tuthasa.png</title>
    <id>5433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33813</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T11:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Flag of Túþásá</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Flag of Túþásá</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Túþásá map.png</title>
    <id>5434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33814</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T11:25:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Tuthasa map.png</title>
    <id>5435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33815</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T11:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jápese</title>
    <id>5436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33820</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-05T12:33:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jápese</username>
        <id>1227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Songulda language</title>
    <id>5437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38009</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-19T18:46:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Mood */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Songulda
| native = Songulda
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = agglutinative
| morphosyntactic-alignment = ergative
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology and phonotactics==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || {{IPA|ʋ}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || {{IPA|ɨ}} || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ø}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

All the vowels and the consonants {{IPA|/p t k m n s x h l/}} can have phonemic length.

===Vowel harmony===
Songulda has progressive vowel harmony, with vowels belonging to one of the three groups front, back or neutral.
{| border=1
! Front
! Back
! Neutral
|-
| y
| u
| i
|-
| {{IPA|ø̽}}
| o̽
| e̽
|-
| {{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}
If a word root has only neutral vowels in it, then affixes belonging to the front group will be used with it.

=== Syllable structure ===
The syllable structure for non-final syllables is (O)V({{IPA|ː}})((C)D({{IPA|ː}})), and for final syllables (O)V({{IPA|ː}})((C)D). For both syllable types, V can be any vowel. For non-final syllables O can be any consonant except {{IPA|/p/}} or{{IPA|/ŋ/}}, and for final syllables any consonant except {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. The C and D have certain constraints. For non-final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:
{| border=1
| m
|-
| n 
|
| nd 
|
|
|
|
| ns 
| n{{IPA|ʒ}} 
| nx 
| nh 
| nts 
| nd{{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
| p
|-
| b
|-
| t
|-
| d
|-
| k
|-
| g
|-
| s 
| st 
|
| sk
|-
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
| x
|-
| h
|-
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|-
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʋ}} 
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}d 
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}s
|- 
| j 
| jt 
| jd 
| jk 
| jm 
| jn 
| jr 
| js 
|
| jx 
|
| jts 
| jd{{IPA|ʒ}} 
|
| jl 
|-
| r 
| rt 
| rd 
| rk 
| rm 
|
|
| rs
| 
| rx
| 
| rts 
| rj 
|-
| l
| lt 
| ld 
| lk 
| lm 
|
|
| ls 
| l{{IPA|ʒ}} 
| lx
| 
| lts 
| ld{{IPA|ʒ}} 
| lj
|}

For final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:
{| border=1
| m
| mp 
| mt 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| mts 
| mt{{IPA|ʃ}}
|- 
| n
|
| nt 
| nd 
|
|
|
|
| ns 
|
| n{{IPA|ʒ}}
|
| nts 
|
| nd{{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}k 
|- 
| b
|-
| t
|-
|d
|-
| g
|
| gt 
| gd 
|
|
|
|
| gs 
|-
| s
| sp 
| st
| 
| sk
|-
| {{IPA|ʒ}} 
|-
| x
|-
| h
|-
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|-
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}t 
| {{IPA|ʋ}}d 
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}s 
|-
| j
|
| jt 
| jd 
| jk 
| jm 
| jn 
| jr 
| js 
|
|
| jx 
| jts 
|
| jd{{IPA|ʒ}}
| jl 
|-
| r
|
| rt 
| rd 
| rk 
| rm 
| rts 
| rj 
|
|
|
| rx 
|-
| l
| lp 
| lt 
| ld 
| lk 
| lm 
|
|
| ls 
| l{{IPA|ʃ}}
| l{{IPA|ʒ}}
| lx 
| lts 
| lt{{IPA|ʃ}}
| ld{{IPA|ʒ}}
| lj 
|}

A list of phonemes that can actually appear next to each other in a word, regardless of whether they are in the same syllable or not is here (long consonants are counted here as sequences of two consonants):
{| border=1
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; phoneme
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; ph.
|-
! p 
| p 
|
| t
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| j
| l
|-
! b
|
|
|
| d
|
|
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|
| x
|
|
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|
| j
|-
! t
|
|
| t
|
| k
|
| m
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! d
|
| b
|
|
|
| g
| m
| n
|
| r
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| x
| h
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! k
|
|
| t
|
| k
|
|
|
|
|
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| j
| l
|-
! g
|
|
|
| d
|
|
| m
|
|
|
| s
|
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
|
|
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! m
| p
| b
| t
| d
|
|
| m
| n
|
| r
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|
| j
| l
|-
! n
|
|
| t
| d
|
|
|
| n
|
|
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
|-
! {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|
|
| k
| g
| m
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| l
|-
! r
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| g
| m
|
|
| r
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
|-
! s
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| g
| m
| n
|
| r
| s
|
|
| x
|
|
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! {{IPA|ʃ}}
| p
|
| t
|
| k
|
| m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! {{IPA|ʒ}}
|
| b
|
| d
|
| g
|-
! x
|
| b
|
| d
|
| g
| m
|
|
|
|
|
|
| x
|
|
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! h
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| g
| m
| n
|
| r
| s
|
|
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
| l
|-
! {{IPA|tʃ}}
| p
|
|
|
| k
|
| m
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| j
|-
! {{IPA|dʒ}}
|
| b
|
|
|
| g
|
| n
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
! {{IPA|ʋ}}
|
|
|
| d
|
| g
|
|
|
| r
|
|
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
|
|
|
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|
| l
|-
! j
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| g
| m
| n
|
| r
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|
| l
|-
! l
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k
| g
| m
| n
|
|
| s
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|ʒ}}
| x
| h
| ts
| {{IPA|tʃ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| j
|l
|}

Other phonotactic rules are:
*Whenever a word has a voiced stop, no unvoiced stops can follow after it in the whole word, unless it is the last phoneme in a coda cluster, and there is no voiced version of the cluster.
*A syllable with a cluster or affricate in coda position can not have a long vowel, unless the onset is missing.
*There are no diphtongs.

===Stress===
Songulda has primary stress on the first syllable. Words that are four syllables or longer also have secondary stress. The secondary stress is located on the penultimate syllable, with some exceptions regarding weight. If the ultimate or antepenultimate syllable is heavier than the penultimate, then the secondary stress will be located on that syllable instead. The secondary can not come directly after the primary stress though. If the penultimate syllable is light and of the surrounding two syllables one is heavy and the other super-heavy, then the secondary stress will go to the heaviest one. If both syllables have equal weigth, then the stress is added to the ultimate syllable if the word is only four syllables long, in other cases it is added to the antepenultimate.

Open syllables are considered to be light. Syllables with a coda cluster, a long vowel, or the &quot;first half&quot; of a long consonant are considered to be super-heavy. All other syllables are heavy.

== Writing ==
The romanized version of Songulda, which will be used from here on, is as follows:
=== Romanization and pronunciation ===

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, C&amp;nbsp;c, D&amp;nbsp;d, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, Ĭ&amp;nbsp;ĭ, J&amp;nbsp;j, K&amp;nbsp;k, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, O&amp;nbsp;o, Ö&amp;nbsp;ö, P&amp;nbsp;p, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, T&amp;nbsp;t, U&amp;nbsp;u, Ü&amp;nbsp;ü, V&amp;nbsp;v, Y&amp;nbsp;y'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| 
|-
! CH ch 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃ
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| 
|-
! DZ dz
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʒ
|
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e̽
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i
| 
|-
! Ĭ ĭ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɨ
|
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! KH kh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | x
|
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! NG ng
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
|
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o̽
| 
|-
! Ö ö
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ø̽
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | r
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! SH sh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
|
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! TS ts 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ts
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u
| 
|-
! Ü ü 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | y
| 
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʋ
| 
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| 
|}

== Grammars ==
Songulda is an ergative, agglutinative language.


=== Nouns ===
==== Cases ====
There are several cases in Songulda, which are represented here, even though they are also used on pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs:
{| border=1
! Case
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Absolutive
| No marking
| 
*mele ''river''
*suttay ''tail''
*dengk ''forest''
*at ''egg''
*teg ''snow''
|-
| Ergative
| -s (if word ends with vowel, g, n, v, y or l), -us/-üs (in other cases)
| 
*meles ''river (ERG)''
*suttays ''tail (ERG)''
*denggüs ''forest (ERG)''
*atus ''egg (ERG)''
*tegs ''snow (ERG)''
|-
| Partitive
| -v (if the word ends with a vowel), -ov/-öv (if the word ends with a consonant)
| 
*melev ''river (PART)''
*suttayov ''tail (PART)''
*denggöv ''forest (PART)''
*atov ''egg (PART)''
*tegöv ''snow (PART)''
|-
| Genitive
| -l (if word ends with vowel or y), -ul/-ül (in other cases)
| 
*melel ''river's''
*suttayl ''tail's''
*denggül ''forest's''
*atul ''egg's''
*tegül ''snow's''
|-
| Inessive
| -ga/-gĭ (if word ends with vowel), -uga/-ügĭ (if word ends with consonant
| 
*melega ''in/at the river''
*suttayuga ''in/at the tail''
*denggügĭ ''in/at the forest''
*atuga ''in/at the egg''
*tegügĭ ''in/at the snow''
|-
| Illative
| -ees (if the word ends with a vowel, it is deleted)
| 
*melees ''(in)to the river''
*suttayees ''(in)to the tail''
*denggees ''(in)to the forest''
*atees ''(in)to the egg''
*tegees ''(in)to the snow''
|-
| Elative
| -ulm/-ülm (if word ends with a high or rounded vowel; that vowel is deleted), -olm/-ölm (in other cases; if the the word ends with a vowel, it is deleted)
| 
*melolm ''from/out of the river''
*suttayolm ''from/out of the tail''
*denggölm ''from/out of the forest''
*atolm ''from/out of the egg''
*tegolm ''from/out of the snow''
|-
| Perlative
| -mas/-mĭs (if the word ends with vowel), -umas/-ümĭs (if the word ends with a consonant)
| 
*melemĭs ''through/across the river''
*suttayumas ''through/across the tail''
*denggümĭs ''through/across the forest''
*atumas ''through/across the egg''
*tegümĭs ''through/across the snow''
|-
| Lative
| -mmeen (if the word ends with vowel; the vowel is lengthened), -ummeen/-ümmeen (if the word ends with a consonant; unless the word ends with a cluster, the last consonant is lengthened if possible)
| 
*meleemmeen ''closer to the river''
*suttayummeen ''closer to the tail''
*denggümmeen ''closer to the forest''
*attummeen ''closer to the egg''
*tegummeen ''closer to the snow''
|-
| Comitative
| -haan/-hĭĭn (if the word ends with vowel), -aan/-ĭĭn (if the word ends with a consonant)
| 
*melehĭĭn ''together with the river''
*suttayaan ''together with a tail''
*denggĭĭn ''together with the forest''
*ataan ''together with an egg''
*tegĭĭn ''together with the snow''
|-
| Translative
| -nnu/-nnü (if the word ends with vowel), -nu/-nü (if the word ends with a consonant)
| 
*melennü ''turn into a river''
*suttaynu ''turn into a tail''
*dennü ''turn into a forest''
*adnu ''turn into an egg''
*tengü ''turn into snow''
|-
| Distributive
| -chintsu/-chintsü
| 
*melechintsü ''each river separately''
*suttaychintsu ''each tail separately''
*dendzintsü ''each forest separately''
*atchintsu ''each egg separately''
|-
| Instrumental
| -mi
| 
*melemi ''with a river''
*suttaymi ''with the tail''
*degmi ''with a forest''
*atmi ''with the egg''
*tegmi ''with snow''
|-
| Benefactive
| -eva/-evĭ (if the word ends with a consonant or short e), -veva/-vevĭ (in other cases)
| 
*meleevĭ ''for the river''
*suttayeva ''for the tail''
*denggevĭ ''for the forest''
*ateva ''for the egg''
*tegevĭ ''for the snow''
|-
| Abessive
| -ngur/-ngür (if the word ends with vowel), -nongur/-nöngür (if the word ends with a consonant)
| 
*melengür ''without the river''
*suttaynongur ''without a tail''
*dengöngür ''without the forest''
*adnongur ''without an egg''
*tengöngür ''without snow''
|-
| Desiderative
| -si
| 
*melesi ''a river that is good''
*suttaysi ''a tail that is good''
*degsi ''a forest that is good''
*adsi ''an egg that is healthy''
*tegsi ''snow that is good''
|-
| Vocative
| ne-
|}
The inessive case is also used for expressing adessive meanings. Similarily, the illative case can function as an allative case, and the elative as ablative.

The lative case, when used without any locative case, is used for expressing that something is moving to the speaker. The lative may be used together with illative, elative and translative. When used with illative it means that something is moving closer towards something else. Together with elative it means that something is moving further away. With translative it means that something is becoming more like something else.

The perlative case can have the same meaning as prolative case; that is, that something moves through, across, along or by the way of something.

The abessive case has the meaning of &quot;without &lt;noun&gt;&quot;. It can be also used for deriving a caritive adjective from a noun, like the English suffix -less.

The desirative case is used for indicating that an object or an action is desirable, or something that should be done for one's own benefit.

The order in which the cases and the plural number are affixed to the word stem is this (when several options are on the same line, it means that only one of them can be used in the same word):
# Vocative
# Ergative/Absolutive/Partitive
# Comitative
# Inessive/Illative/Elative/Perlative/Translative
# Distributive/Lative
# Instrumental
# Benefactive
# Abessive
# Desirative
# Plural
# Genitive

==== Number ====
{| border=1
! Number
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Singular
| No marking
| 
*ardaa ''a heart''
*yadals ''a flower''
*uday ''a woman''
*upad ''a mouth''
*ündü ''an evening''
|-
| Plural
| -r (if word ends with vowel or y), -er (in other cases)
| 
*ardaar ''hearts''
*yadalser ''flowers''
*udayr ''women''
*upader ''mouths''
*ündür ''evenings''
|}
This plural suffix is used for nouns and adjectives without person. There are also suffixes which has number and person sort of fusioned (see below).

==== Fusioned person/number ====
{| border=1
! Person/number
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person singular
| -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
| 
*ardaam ''my heart''
*yadalsum ''my flower''
*udayum ''my woman''
*upadum ''my mouth''
*ündüm ''my evening''
|-
| 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person plural
| -o/-ö (if word ends with s), -zo (if word ends with d (making the affricate &lt;dz&gt;), -so/-sö (in other cases)
| 
*ardaaso ''our heart''
*yadalso ''our flower''
*udayso ''our woman''
*upadzo ''our mouth''
*ündüsö ''our evening''
|-
| 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person singular
| -t (if word ends with l, s, d, y or vowel; long vowels in last syllable are shortened, last d is deleted; if the word ends with ls, the order is reversed to lts (see ''yadalts'' below)), -tĭ (if word ends with t)
| 
*ardad ''your heart''
*yadalts ''your flower''
*udayd ''your woman''
*upat ''your mouth''
*ündüt ''your evening''
|-
| 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person plural
| -to/-tö (final d is deleted)
| 
*ardaado ''your heart''
*yadalsto ''your flower''
*udayto ''your woman''
*upato ''your mouth''
*ündütö ''your evening''
|-
| 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person singular
| -ta (if word ends with back vowel), -t (if word ends with üü), -üt (if word ends with ü or üs), -üsüt (if word ends with üüs; the üüs is deleted), -ülüt (if word ends with ült; the ült is deleted), -ata (in other cases)
| 
*ardaada ''his/her heart''
*yadalsada ''his/her flower''
*udayada ''his/her woman''
*upadada ''his/her mouth''
*ündüüt ''his/her evening''
|-
| 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person plural
| -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)
| 
*ardaado ''their heart''
*yadalsado ''their flower''
*udayado ''their woman''
*upadado ''their mouth''
*ündütö ''their evening''
|}
The above suffixes are used for marking to whom something belongs to. They are not used to get with the -r suffix which is only used for simple plural without person.

=== Verbs ===
Stems of most verbs in Songulda end with either -ü, -ba, -da, -ga or -khu, though there are some irregular ones. Verbs agree with the subject of the sentence in [[Songulda language#Number|number]], [[Songulda language#Fusioned person/number|person]] and [[Songulda language#Cases|case]]. The fusioned person/number is obligatory for all verbs except for those that have any of the following forms: passive voice, imperative mood, subjunctive mood. Together with the inifinitive it is never used. In some forms, person/number can be dropped, which makes the verb impersonal. This is especially common with the passive voice, producing [[Wikipedia:Impersonal passive voice|impersonal passive voice]].

The order according to which the affixes are tacked on to the verb is this:
#(Conditional mood)
#(Causative voice)
#stem
#(Past tense)
#(Stative tense)
#(Perfect aspect)
#(Continuous aspect)
#(Imperative mood)
#(Defective mood)
#(Intentional mood)
#Person/number
#(Passive voice)
#(Subjunctive mood)
#(Generic mood)
#(Infinitive)
#(Conditional mood)
#(Cases - see [[Songulda language#Cases|Cases]] for the order of the cases)
#(Reportative mood)

Songulda does not distinguish transitive and intransitive verbs. If there is one word in the sentence with ergative case and one with absolutive, then the verb is transitive. In other cases it is intransitive.

====Voice====
{| border=1
! Voice
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Active
| No marking
|
*ikhebüm ''I split''
*tahaabam ''I fall''
*tadam ''I sit''
*kataygam ''I freeze''
*karaashakhum ''I burn''
|-
| Passive
| -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
|
*ikhebünnü ''become split''
*tahaabannu ''be dropped''
*kataygannu ''become frozen''
*karaashakhu ''become burned''
|-
| Causative
| ban-/bĭn-
| 
*bĭn-ikhebüm ''I make s.o. split s.t.''
*bantahaabam ''I make s.o. fall''
*bantadam ''I make s.o. sit''
*bangkataygam ''I make s.t. freeze''
*bangkaraashakhum ''I make s.o. burn s.t.''
|-
| Stative
| -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)
| 
*ikhebüyüm ''I am split''
*tahaabigam ''I am fallen''
*tadigam ''I am seated''
*kataygigam ''I am frozen''
*karaashakhugam ''I am burned''
|}
The stative voice is used to indicate a change of state. The word for ''marry'' for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this voice. Without the stative, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now. The stative differs from the continuous aspect in that the continuous aspect has the meaning that someone is actively doing something for the action to go on, while the stative means that a certain state is true, without anyone actively doing anything right now to keep it that way. For example, &quot;to be asleep&quot; is something that would be expressed with stative voice. To be asleep is a state of being, that once it has been entered does not require any further action from the sleeper to be maintained.

====Tense====
{| border=1
! Tense
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Past
| -lt (if word ends with ü), -l (if word ends with a), -ld (if word ends with u)
| 
*ikhebüldüm ''I split''
*tahaabalum ''I fell''
*tadalum ''I sat''
*kataygalum ''I froze''
*karaashakhuldum ''I burned''
|-
| Present
| No marking
| 
*ikhebüm ''I split''
*tahaabam ''I fall''
*tadam ''I sit''
*kataygam ''I freeze''
*karaashakhum ''I burn''
|}
Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says &quot;I go to the store&quot;, but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning &quot;in the future&quot;. Using words like &quot;then&quot;, &quot;later&quot; and &quot;after&quot; in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.

====Aspect====
{| border=1
! Aspect
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Continuous
| -üs (if word ends with ü or ült), -as (if word ends with a), -us (if word ends with u or khuld), lengthening of the last vowel (if the word ends with al)
| 
*ikhebüüsüm ''I am splitting''
*tahaabaasum ''I am falling''
*tadaasum ''I am sitting''
*kataygaasum ''I am freezing''
*karaashakhuus ''I am burning''
|-
| Perfect
| -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
| 
*ikhebüüm ''I have split''
*tahaabagam ''I have fallen''
*tadabam ''I have sat''
*kataygadam ''I have frozen''
*karaashahukhu ''I have burned''
|-
|}

====Mood====
{| border=1
! Aspect
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Conditional
| Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki.
| 
*inikhebügim ''if I split''
*itahaabagim ''if I fall''
*itadagim ''if I sit''
*ikataygagim ''if I freeze''
*ikaraashakhukim ''if I burn''
|-
| Imperative
| -nnuy/-nnüy (if word ends with vowel), -innuy/-innüy (if word end with consonant)
| 
*ikhebünnüyt ''split!''
*tahaabannuyt ''fall!''
*tadannuyt ''sit!''
*kataygannuyt ''freeze!''
*karaashakhunnuyt ''burn!''
|-
| Subjunctive
| -ogo/-ögö (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)
| 
*ikhebögö ''may it be split''
*tahaabogo ''may it fall''
*tadogo ''may it sit''
*kataygogo ''may it freeze''
*karaashakhogo ''may it burn''
|-
| Defective
| -eba/-ebü (if word ends with a vowel, it is deleted)
| 
*ikhebebüm ''I almost split''
*tahaabebam ''I almost fall''
*tadebam ''I almost sit''
*kataygebam ''I almost freeze''
*karaashakhebam ''I almost burn''
|-
| Intentional
| -eru/-erü (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)
| 
*ikheberüm ''I intentionally split''
*tahaaberum ''I intentionally fall''
*taderum ''I intentionally sit''
*kataygerum ''I intentionally freeze''
*karaashakheru ''I intentionally burn''
|-
| Generic
| -ngeen (if word ends with vowel), -een (if word ends with a consonant; that consonant is lengthened if possible)
| 
*ikhebüngeenüm ''I generally split''
*tahaabangeenum ''I generally fall''
*tadangeenum ''I generally sit''
*kataygangeenum ''I generally freeze''
*karaashakhungeenum ''I generally burn''
|-
| Reportative
| -haka/-hĭkĭ
| 
*ikhebüdhĭgĭ ''s.o. heard/said you split''
*tahaabadhaga ''s.o. heard/said you fall''
*tadadhaga ''s.o. heard/said you sit''
*kataygadhaga ''s.o. heard/said you freeze''
*karaashakhuthaka ''s.o. heard/said you burn''
|}
The imperative mood is normally used with either the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person singular or plural. If used with 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person plural, it produces the volitional mood (let's do X). The imperative form can also be used without person/number when talking to a non-living object, for example, out of frustration one can shout &quot;get open already!&quot; to a jar that is hard to open.

The defective mood is always used with the present tense form of the verb, even though it actually carries the meaning of past tense.

===Adjectives===
Stems of all adjectives end with either -a, -gd, -nt, -rk, -ro, -s or -yC (C stands for any consonant).
{| border=1
! Comparison
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Positive
| No marking
| 
*malaa ''smooth''
*khiyagd ''narrow''
*gint ''round''
*töhös ''sick''
*vayt ''thick''
|-
| Comparative
| -yd (if word ends with a or ro), -el (if word ends with gd or yC), -d (if word ends with nt or rk; the last t or k is deleted), -t (if word ends with s)
| 
*malayd ''smoother''
*khiyagdel ''narrower''
*gind ''rounder''
*töhöst ''sicker''
*vaytel ''thicker''
|-
| Superlative
| -ydz (if word ends with a or ro), -dzi (if word ends with gd or rk; the last d or k is deleted), -dz (if word ends with nt; the last t is deleted), -j (if word ends with s or yC, where C is a consonant that cannot be followed by neither sh or j; the s or C is deleted), -je (if word ends with yC and C is a consonant that can be followed by j), -she (if word ends with yC and C is a consonant that can be followed by sh but not j)
| 
*malaydz ''smoothest''
*khiyagdzi ''narrowest''
*gindz ''roundest''
*töhöj ''sickest''
*vayj ''thickest''
|}

===Adverbs===
Stems of all adverbs end with either -la, -ma, -chi, -dzi, -vur, -sde, -sbe, -ser or -der.
{| border=1
! Comparison
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Positive
| No marking
| 
*humula ''slowly''
*edzigdzi ''sharply''
*jinginder ''peacefully''
*vasde ''thickly''
|-
| Comparative
| -yd (if word ends with la or ma), -yel (if the word ends with chi or dzi), -d (if the word ends with vur, ser or der), -st (if the word ends with sde or sbe)
| 
*humulayd ''more slowly''
*edzigdziyel ''more sharply''
*jinginderd ''more peacefully''
*vasdest ''more thickly''
|-
| Superlative
| -ydz (if word ends with la or ma), -che (if the word ends with chi), -dze (if the word ends with dzi), -dzi (if the word ends with vur, ser or der), -j (if the word ends with sde or sbe)
| 
*humulaydz ''most slowly''
*edzigdzidze ''most sharply''
*jinginderdzi ''most peacefully''
*vasdej ''most thickly''
|}

== Derivational morphology ==
=== From noun, resulting in noun ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| -hood
| -saa/-sĭĭ (the same as infinitive form of verbs)
| 
*birigdzin ''parent'' &gt; birigdzinsĭĭ ''parenthood''
|-
| Co-
| sündü-
| 
*birigdzin ''parent'' &gt; sündübirigdzin ''co-parent''
*havt ''word'' &gt; sündühavt ''compound word''
|-
| Place with lots of NOUN
| -dava/-döö
| 
*kavaga ''dog'' &gt; kavagadava ''kennel''
*kedöh ''fish'' &gt; kedöhdöö ''fish pond''
|-
| Thing NOUN is used on
| -ok/-ök (if word ends with consonant), -lok/-lök (if word ends with vowel)
|
*möke ''hammer'' &gt; mökelök ''nail''
*chaa ''key'' &gt; chaalok ''lock''
|}

=== From noun, resulting in adjective ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Place with lots of NOUN
| -doo/-döö
| 
*tevabe ''cloud'' &gt; tevabedoo ''cloudy''
|-
| Made out of NOUN (-al, -en)
| -gd (if word ends with vowel), -ogd/-ögd (if word ends with consonant)
| 
*arkka ''rock'' &gt; arkkagd ''stone''
*chuu ''tree'' &gt; chugd ''wooden''
|-
| Supplied with NOUN
| -rnent (if word ends with vowel), -ernent (if word ends with consonant)
| 
*suvukhaa ''feather'' &gt; suvukhaarnent ''feathered''
*yadals ''flower'' &gt; yadalsernent ''adorned with flowers''
|-
| Lacking NOUN
| See [[Songulda language#Cases|abessive case]]
| 
*tim ''tooth'' &gt; timnöngür ''toothless''
*avagi ''speech'' &gt; avagingur ''speechless''
|}

=== From verb, resulting in noun ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Infinitive (-ing)
| -saa/-sĭĭ
| 
*avaga ''speak'' &gt; avagasaa ''speaking''
*igüsü ''leave'' &gt; igüsüsĭĭ ''leaving''
|-
| Does VERB right now (-er)
| -dzin (if word ends with ü), -edzin (if word ends with ba, da or ga; the last a is deleted), -idzin (if word ends with khu, nu or nü; the last u or ü is deleted)
| 
*simbĭhü ''hold'' &gt; simbĭhüdzin ''holder''
*assamba ''help'' &gt; assambedzin ''helper''
*umukhu ''sleep'' &gt; umukhidzin ''sleeper''
|-
| Does VERB professionally (-er, -or, -ist)
| -ula/-ülĭ (the last vowel from the verb is deleted)
| 
*omaba ''sew'' &gt; omabula ''sewstress''
*sündü ''hunt'' &gt; sündülĭ ''hunter''
|-
| Place where VERB is typically done
| -iyo/-iyö (the last vowel from the verb is deleted)
| 
*avatsiiga ''sing'' &gt; avatsiigiyo ''stage''
|-
| Time when VERB is typically done
| -uu/-üü (the last vowel from the verb is deleted)
| 
*igüsü ''leave'' &gt; igüsüü ''goodbye (N.)''
*jinginda ''be at peace'' &gt; jinginduu ''peace''
*lümü ''eat'' &gt; lümüü ''dinner''
|-
| Tool used for doing VERB
| -neva/-nevĭ
| 
*vuukhu ''suck'' &gt; vuukhuneva ''straw''
*tada ''sit'' &gt; tadaneva ''chair''
*suukhada ''wipe'' &gt; suukhadaneva ''rag''
|-
| Result from MOVEMENT VERB
| -ema/-emĭ (the last vowel from the verb is deleted)
| 
*paga ''hit (V.)'' &gt; pagema ''hit (N.)''
*mütü ''fall (V.)'' &gt; mütemĭ ''fall (N.)''
*avuda ''fly'' &gt; avudema ''flight''
|}

=== From verb, resulting in verb ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Out-
| tüü-
| 
*savkhu ''drink'' &gt; tüüsavkhu ''outdrink''
*akhu ''live'' &gt; tüüakhu ''outlive''
*aksaga ''kill'' &gt; tüüaksaga ''overkill''
|}

=== From verb, resulting in adjective ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Derivation from VERB
| -neyn (the ü, ba, da, ga or khu ending of the verb is deleted)
| 
*tsüyü ''stab'' &gt; tsuneyn ''stabby''
*avaga ''talk'' &gt; avaneyn ''talkative''
|}

=== From adjective, resulting in verb ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Derivation from ADJECTIVE
| -khu (if word ends with a; if the word is a front vowel word, all the front vowels are changed to their back counterparts), -ga/-gü (if the word ends with gd or rk; the last gd or k is deleted), -da/-dü (if the word ends with nt; the last t is deleted), -ü (if the word ends with ro; the last o is deleted and all the back vowels are changed to their front counterparts), -khu/-khü (if the word ends with s; the last s is deleted), -a (if the word ends with yb, yd or yg), -u (if the word ends with ykh), -yü (if word ends with yC (but not yb, yd, yg or ykh); the last consonant is deleted)
| 
*töhös ''sick'' &gt; töhökhü ''get sick''
*duyos ''correct (Adj.)'' &gt; duyokhu ''correct (V.)''
*vemla ''wet'' &gt; vemlakhu ''get wet''
*dzanga ''cold'' &gt; dzangakhu ''cool down''
|}

=== From adjective, resulting in adjective ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Opposite (un-)
| ma-/mĭ-
|-
| Intensifier (very, mega-, super-)
| suur-
|}

=== From adjective, resulting in adverb ===
{| border=1
! Derivation
! Affix
! Examples
|-
| Derivation from ADJECTIVE (-ly)
| -m-/-l- (if word ends with a; the consonant before a is replaced with m if possible, otherwise with l), -zi (if word ends with gd (making it -gdzi)), -der (if the word ends with nt; the last t is deleted), -la (if the word ends with rk, ro or yl; the last rk, ro or yl is deleted, rro becomes lla), -sbe (if the word ends with yp or yb; the last yp or yb is deleted), -sde (if the word ends with yt or yd; the last yt or yd is deleted), -chi (if the word ends with yk, ykh, yh, yts or ych; the last yk, ykh, yh, yts or ych is deleted), -dzi (if the word ends with yg or ydz; the last yg or ydz is deleted), -ma (if the word ends with ym or yn; the last ym or yn is deleted), -vur (if word ends with yr or yv; the last yr or yv is deleted), -ser (if the word ends with s, ys, ysh or yj; the last s, ys, ysh or yj is deleted)
|}

== Vocabulary ==
=== Survival phrases ===
Here are some common words and phrases:
{| border=1
! Songulda
! English
|-
| Chimi
| Hello
|-
| Dongka hat?
| How are you?
|-
| Tayeem
| Good/fine
|-
| Chimi sumumas
| Good morning
|-
| Chimi hikorsimimas
| Good afternoon
|-
| Chimi ündümĭs
| Good evening
|-
| Altya umukhusaa
| Good night
|-
| Sargaa
| Good bye
|-
| Tay
| Yes
|-
| Yöö
| No
|-
| Timi (endes)
| Thank you (very much)
|-
| Kantogo
| Don't mention it/You're welcome
|-
| Eteg
| Excuse me/Sorry
|-
| Ramt Inglish?
| Do you speak English?
|-
| Umus ya samaaldam endes Songulda.
| I don't speak much Songulda.
|-
| Humulayd avagannuyt doyoska?
| Could you speak more slowly?
|-
| On sundannuyt doyoska?
| Could you repeat that?
|-
| Gindmülsüyüm.
| I understand.
|-
| Ya gindmülsüyüm.
| I don't understand.
|-
| Chi?
| What?
|-
| Assambi!
| Help!
|-
| Happigam.
| I'm lost.
|-
| Ham töhös.
| I'm ill.
|-
| Um assambannuyt doyoska?
| Can you help me?
|}

=== Pronouns ===
{| border=1
|
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Interrogative
! No one
! Everyone
|-
! Singular
| um
| tĭ
| ata
| kabu
| ya kim
| 
|-
! Plural
| uso
| to
| ato
| kabu
| 
| kim
|}

=== Numerals ===
{| border=1
! 1.
| yom
|-
! 2.
| mul
|-
! 3.
| den
|-
! 4.
| sam
|-
! 5.
| loovi
|-
! 6.
| sok
|-
! 7.
| shingk
|-
! 8.
| langk
|-
! 9.
| vihil
|-
! 10.
| sham
|-
! 100.
| chen
|-
! 1000.
| tsun
|}
Larger numbers are formed in the same way as in English, i.e. 27 for example is mul (two) × sham (ten) + shingk (seven) = mulshamshingk (twenty seven). All the numerals have been borrowed from [[Xǔngpìng]] so there are quite a few irregular ones.
{| border=1
! 11.
| mil
|-
! 13.
| shek
|-
! 17.
| chun
|-
! 19.
| gog
|-
! 23.
| mulshek
|-
! 29.
| mulgog
|-
! 31.
| demmil
|-
! 37.
| denchun
|-
! 41.
| sammil
|-
! 43.
| samshek
|-
! 47.
| samchun
|-
! 53.
| vilooshek
|-
! 59.
| viloogog
|-
! 61.
| sokmil
|-
! 67.
| sokchun
|-
! 71.
| shingkmil
|-
! 73.
| shingkshek
|-
! 79.
| shinggog
|-
! 83.
| langkshek
|-
! 97.
| vihilchun
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Balaj.pdf</title>
    <id>5438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34949</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-05T04:52:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Balaj.pdf]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sahax</title>
    <id>5439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48199</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:41:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Allophony/diachronics */ wl</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|
| p || t || ʧ || k
|-
| β ~ ''V'' || z || ʤ ||
|-
| ɸ ~ f || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| s ~ ʃ || x ~ h
|-
| m ~ ɱ || n || || (ŋ)
|-
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| l ~ ''L'' || ||
|}

Recent loanwords may additionally include /d ɡ/.

===Vowels===
Short /i ɨ a/, long /iː ɨː aː oː/, the last of which however has a limited distribution and may be equivalent to /aβV/.

===Phonotax===
(C)V(C); allowed coda consonants include /p t k s x n/ and, in loans, /l/. Coda stops are unreleased and lightly glottalized. Nativ clusters include /n/ + obstruent excluding /p x/; /sk/, /sm/, … In loans clusters with coda /l/ can be found.
&lt;!--nm nn nl &gt; m n n ; Excluded: geminates, /ks/, obstruent + *J *V (except maybe /sβ/)--&gt;

===Allophony/diachronics===
* Proto-Sahax features ''*P *t *k *s *V *J *m *n''. (Note: ''*V'' here is a labial of unsure quality, not modern [''V''].)
* Before, /i/, coronals ''*t *s *J *n'' palatalize to [ʧ ʃ ʤ l]. This carries over for contemporary /t s z/.
* Word-final /n/ may be realized as [ŋ] after vowels other than /i/.
* Prevocalic /x/ ([h]) is originally an initial/intervocalic variant of /ɸ/ before /a/, phonemicized by loans. Coda /x/ derives from (certain cases of?) ''*k'' / a_#.
* Before /ɨ/:
**/l/ is realized as a [[retroflex lateral flap]], transcribed as [''L''] here; this originally developed from ''*t''.
** Other coronals are also slightly retracted.
** Bilabials become labiodentals; the /p ɸ/ contrast is neutralized to [f], and /β/ becomes a labiodental flap [''V''].

{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Inherited
|-
| *s || *P || *t || *k || *V || *J || *n || *m
|-
| ʃiʃ || ɸip || ʧit || kik || βi || ʤi || lin || mi
|-
| sɨs || fɨf || ''L''ɨt || kɨk || ''V''ɨ || zɨ || nɨŋ || ɱɨ
|-
| sas || hap || tat || kax || βa || za || naŋ || ma
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot;| Loan'd
|-
| || pi || li || || ʧɨ || ʤɨ || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Vl
|-
| ɸa || pa || la || da || ʧa || ʤa
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot;| Derived in addition to loans
|-
| ix || ɨx || tɨ ||
|}

==Morphology==
Regular plural is formed by the suffix //K//, realized as
* /k/ after short vowels, as well as after /x/ which is itself dropped in the process;
* /kɨ/ after long vowels and /s n l/;
* /ɨk/ after other consonants.

==Vocabulary==
…Is, to a large extent, loaned.
Personal pronouns:
{|
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
|-
! S
| ''vatan'' || ''minji'' || ''hasi''
|-
! D
| ''vaalu'' || ''miilu'' || ''haasu''
|-
! P
| ''vatanku'' || ''minjik'' || ''hasik''
|}
(note the regularity of formation in the plurals)

Numerals: '''1''' ''kisma'', '''2''' ''zook'', '''3''' ''tulipan'' …

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Middle English</title>
    <id>5440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48216</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-08T04:29:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Vowels */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Middle English''' is the language spoken in England, Scotland, and Ireland during the Middle Ages.  The marker of the beginning of the '''Middle English''' era is [[The Battle of Hastings]] and the marker of the end of it is the [[Great Vowel Shift]].

{{Language|
| English = Middle English
| native = Englich/English/Inglish
| dialect english = 
| country = Great Britian, Ireland, United States.
| nativecountry = England
| universe = Real world
| speakers = varied over time
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglo-Frisian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anglic
| wordorder = SVO,
| type = Isolating (mostly)
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = Battle Of Hastings (1066) - Great Vowel Shift
| background = white
| headingbg = coral
| width = 33%
}}

=Stages=
English has had 4 primary stages:
* '''[[Anglo-Saxon]]''' also known as '''Old English'''
* '''Middle English'''
* '''[[Early Modern English]]'''
* '''[[Modern English]]'''

The separation of '''Anglo-Saxon''' from '''Middle English''' is marked by [[The Battle of Hastings]] in 1066.  Although that is the official marker, the language took many years to become [[Creole|creolised]].  For more of whether English is a creole, see [[Middle English as a Creole]].  It was likely the 12th century or so before the two languages fully mixed and became Middle English.  Before then, it was probably Anglo-Saxon spoken by the common folk and Norman French spoken by the Nobles and higher ups.  Mostly likely there was a creole between the two in the stages before it was creolised, sometimes called Anglo-Norman.   The separation of '''Middle English''' and the '''Modern English''' stages is the [[Great Vowel Shift]].

Modern English words have many different origins, but a majority come from [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Old French|Old Norman French]], and a little [[Old Norse]].  However in the global world today, many words from many other languages have entered the English language.

Middle English also has different stages, with earlier texts such as [[Brut]], which has a heavy Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, to [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], who helped to standardise English (do to the early printers such as [[William Caxton]]).

=Dialects=
For more, try [[Middle English Dialects]].
[[Image:Middle English-dialects.GIF|thumb|right|Middle English Dialects]]
There are five major dialects of Middle English.  Those are: &lt;br&gt;
[[West Midlands]] &lt;br&gt;
[[East Midlands]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Northern Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Southern Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
[[Kentish Middle English]] &lt;br&gt;
Often the West Midlands and East Midlands dialects are put together and are called Midlands.  The Northern dialect is often called [[Northumbrian]] dialect. &lt;br&gt;
The most famous Middle English writer, [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] wrote in the London dialect, which was a part of the Midlands dialect.
The Northern Dialect has a heavy influence from [[Old Norse]].  The two primary texts in which dialect appears are '''The Reeve's Tale''' and '''The Second Shepard's Play'''.  In the Reeve's Tale, by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], two Northern students have a run-in with a Midlands Miller.  Chaucer uses the dialect for humourous effect.  In the Second Shepard's Play which is written in the Northern dialect, a messenger tries to trick the shepards by using a Midlands or Southern accent, to no avail.

=Phonology=
It should be noted that the pronunciation does differ by dialect.
==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || n̯ || {{IPA|n}} || || || ||  || || (ŋ)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || ||  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || θ || ð || s || z || ʃ || ʒ || || ç || x || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || ʦ || ʣ || {{IPA|ʧ}} || ʤ || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || ʍ || w  || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || ||  || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || ɬ || l
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
Notes:
* '''Đ,ð''' and '''Þ,þ''' were still commonly used for /ð/ or /θ/, although '''th''' was beginning to be used.
* '''Ʒ,ʒ''' were used to represent '''gh''' in Older texts, later it was replaced with '''gh'''. It also was used for the sound /j/ which '''g''' had sometimes been.
* Occasionally '''Æ, æ''' is seen for /æ/.
* The Middle English '''r''' was likely trilled or flapped.
* The sound /ʧ/ was represented by '''tch''', '''cch''', and in some cases '''ch'''.
* The diagraph '''gh''' represented /ç/ when next to front vowels (i, e), and /x/ when next to back vowels (a, o, u).  In older texts such as [[Brut]] this might be represented by '''h''' such as is seen in [[Anglo-Saxon]] texts.
* The diagraphs '''hw''' (or '''wh''' or rarely '''qu'''), '''hl''', and '''hn''' (the latter two are rare, but exist) are pronounced /ʍ/, /ɬ/ and /n̯/ respectively.
* All letters are pronounced, and the combinations '''kn''' an '''gn''' were thusly pronounced /kn/ and /gn/ respectively.
* '''ci''' and '''ce''' are often pronounced was a /s/ sound.
* '''gi''' and '''ge''', as well as '''j''', were often pronounced /ʒ/ although sometimes it was /ʤ/.
* In most cases, the fricatives /s/, /f/, and /θ/ become voiced in the case of being between vowels or intervocalic (much like those in Anglo-Saxon).  This means they become /z/, /v/, and /ð/ respectively.  An example that was carried to [[Modern English]] might be irregular nouns such as '''wife''' vs. '''wives'''.

==Vowels==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - ɪ || yː - ʏ || || uː - ʊ
|- 
| Mid || eː - ɛ ||  || ə/ʌ || oː - ɔ
|-
| Low ||  æ ||  || aː/a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Tense - Lax
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Because the vowels are Pre-[[Great Vowel Shift]], one should pronounce the vowels similar to Latin or German.
*'''i''' and '''y''' were pronounced /iː/ or /ɪ/.
*'''e''' or '''ee''' were pronounced /eː/ or /ɛ/.
*'''a''' in later periods was likely /æ/, but '''aa''' or '''a''' were also likely /aː/ or /a/.
*'''u''' in French loan words and a few words passed down from [[Anglo-Saxon]] could be pronounced /yː/ or /ʏ/.
*'''o''' or '''oo''' were likely pronounced /oː/ or /ɔ/.
*'''ou''' was pronounced /uː/ or /ʊ/ in many cases.  In some cases it was pronounced /ow/.
*'''e''' at the end of a word was pronounced /ə/.  Various other vowels could have been /ʌ/ if the conditions were right.
*'''au''' or '''aw''' could have been pronounced /aw/, /o/ or /ɔ/ depending on origin. 
*'''ai''' or '''ay''' could have been pronounced /aj/ or /ej/ depending on origin and region.
*'''oi''' or '''oy''' were almost always /oj/.

===Vowel Reduction===
Middle English, like [[Middle High German]] went through a series of vowel reductions. This would involve the vowels of non-stressed syllables.  Those vowels would often become schwas /ə/.  This is how different forms of verbs slowly became one standard verb form, from various possible endings in [[Old English]].  This also contributed to the loss of the case system.  First a case ending would become a schwa, and then it could be dropped altogether.

==Orthography==
Like most pre-standardised languages, Middle English did not have a consistent spelling system.  In fact, the most famous of the Middle English writers, [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] is known to have spelt words many different ways, sometimes within a few lines of each other.  Other reasons for different orthographies might have to do with the training of the scribe.  A scribe with more French and Latin training would write the English diagraph '''wh''' or '''hw''' as '''qu'''.  Other reasons for different spellings might have to do with the scribe's copying from an original work.  If the original work had smudges, or was hard to read, then the wrong letter might have been written.  Other cases the scribe changed lines to fit the purpose it served to him (most scribes were male).  A religious scribe might change one of the haughtier stories from '''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''' to say something more to his liking.

=Grammar=
==Nouns==
Middle English nouns had long lost the noun genders that had been dying in the [[Anglo-Saxon]] era.  There were were a few endings which did imply feminine and masculine, such as the feminine ending '''-esse''', which is where we get the ending '''-ess''' in [[Modern English]].
===Number===
There are two numbers in Middle English, since the [[Dual]] number from Old English was dropped.  This leads the two numbers, [[Singular]] and [[Plural]] which are still in Modern English.  The common ending for the plural was written '''-es'''.  Quite a few irregular nouns still existed and have various endings.
===Cases===
The case system was pretty much settled into the forms that exist in English today.  There were two forms, the general form, and the genitive. 
==Articles==
In Middle English there are two standard types of articles: [[Definite Article]]s and [[Indefinite Article]]s.  By the Middle English era, the Modern standard articles were pretty stable as '''the''' and '''a'''/'''an'''.  The indefinite article may have been used more often as '''an''', especially in the early centuries of Middle English, because it reflects the original spelling and the words shared roots with the number '''one'''.  Other spellings of it could include '''on, ane, anne, en, enne,''' and '''ene'''.  The definite article had other forms including '''de, þeo, te, þea, þie,''' and the contracted form '''th''''.

==Personal Pronouns==
The pronouns of Middle English were relatively similar to the ones in the following era of [[Early Modern English]].  They had shifted a little bit from Anglo-Saxon, but they still had some traits from the previous age.  The noted use of the second person plural '''thu''', also spelt '''thou''', '''thow''', or '''þu''', was preserved from earlier forms of English, but likely shifted its usage to be [[Informal|informal]]. 

It should also be noted how possessive pronouns more commonly used the predicate form as the adjective form.  In essence, the original form was likely similar to '''a''' vs. '''an''' for forms such as '''thy''' vs. '''thyn''' and '''my''' vs. '''myn'''.  (Remember the '''y''' is pronounced /i/, not like modern English /aj/)


{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Case
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|First Person
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Second Person
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Third Person
|-
| || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. Masc. || Sing. Fem. || Sing. Neut. || Plur.
|-
| '''Subjective''' || I, ich, ik || we || thu || yow, you || he || she, sche || hit || thei, they, thai,
|-
| '''Objective'''  || me || us || the, thi, thee  || ye, yow || him, hym || here, hire, || hit || hem, em, them, theime
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || myn/my || oure || thyn/thy || youre, your || his/hys || here/hire/hir || his, hys || theirs, their
|}

==Adjectives==

==Verbs==
Verbs in Middle English are more inflected than those of [[Modern English]] but slightly less than those of [[Old English]]. The infinitive in Middle English is usually a '''-en''' and/or '''-e'''.  This ending is still used in Dutch and German today.  
===Present===
The present tense was used slightly differently than it is in [[Modern English]].  It is used much more like Modern [[Spanish]] or [[High German]].  The present progressive was being using, but it was more common to see the present tense used for things going on at moment.  The present participle has the ending '''-ynge''', which evolves into '''-ing''' in the Modern form. &lt;br&gt;
The endings in the present are more numerous than they are in the Modern form.  They are as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Loven''' to love || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''Killen''' to kill
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || love || loven || kille || killen
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lovest || loven || killest || killen
|-
| '''3rd person''' || loveth || loven|| killeth || killen
|}

===Future===
The future tense is formed much the way the future tense is formed in [[Modern English]].  The only difference is that '''shall''' (used as forms schullen, shallen, etc) and '''will''' (forms as willen, wellen, etc) had a difference in meaning.  This difference is that '''will''' indicated desire or wish (much like [[High German]] '''Wollen'''), so saying '''I will go there''' was similar to '''I want to go there''', and '''shall''' was involved indifference of the will, so saying '''I shall go''' is similar to '''I'm gonna go''' without desire to do  so.  The verb '''to go''' was not used to form the future tense, but the verb '''to be''' with an infinitive construction could have been.

===Past===
====Preterite Past====
The simple past was formed in Middle English by adding '''-ed-''' between the stem and the ending of the verb.  In many irregular verbs, as in [[Modern English]], the vowel changes instead of an ending being attached.
{|class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past tense'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || lovede || loveden|| killede|| killeden
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || lovedest || loveden || killedest || killeden
|-
| '''3rd person''' || lovedeth || loveden || killede || killeden
|}
====Perfect Tense====
The perfect tense is formed in a way very similar to the modern form.  The verb '''to have(n)''' is used with the past form of the verb, which in regular verbs has the suffix '''-ed''', or a vowel stem change (and/or another type of ending).  Both irregular and regular verbs have the potential to have the prefix '''y-''' added to them in the Perfect tense, which came from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] prefix '''ge-'''.  The regular verbs are as follows:
{|class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past tense'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || have yloved || haven yloved|| have ykilled|| haven ykilled
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || hast yloved || haven yloved || hast ykilled || haven ykilled
|-
| '''3rd person''' || hath yloved || have yloved || hath ykilled || haven ykilled
|}

===Modals and Auxiliaries===
Unlike Modern English, Middle English Modals actually had infinitive forms.
List of Modals: &lt;br&gt;
*willen - will, to want,
*schulen - should, shall, ought,
*moten - can, should, must
*magen - to be able,
*witen - to know
*cunnen - can, to able able,
*thurfen- need,
&lt;br&gt;
The key auxiliaries were '''haven''' (or '''hauen''') and  '''ben''' (or '''bien''').
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| ben '''to be''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| haven '''to have'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || am (em)₊ || are(n) || have || han (haven)
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || art (ert) || are(n)|| hast (havest) || han (haven)
|-
| '''3rd person''' || is (es) || are(n) || hath (haveth) || han (haven)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Simple Past'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. 
|-
| '''1st person'''  || was (wes) || were(n) || hadde || hadden 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || wast (wer) || were(n) || haddest || hadden
|-
| '''3rd person''' || was (wes) || were(n) || hadde || hadden
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Perfect Form'''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || have (y)ben || han (y)ben  || have (y)had(de) || han (y)had(de)
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || hast (y)ben  || han (y)ben  || hast (y)had(de)|| han (y)had(de)
|-
| '''3rd person''' || hath (y)ben  || han (y)ben || hath (y)had(de)|| han (y)had(de)
|}
₊The ( ) s represent one variation in spelling.  There are often many other possible variations, but it is impractical to write them all here.

=Texts=
The most well known text in Middle English is '''The Canterbury Tales''' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].  In that, there are many famous stories, such as '''The Knight's Tale''', '''The Reeve's Tale''', '''The Wife of Bath's Tale''', '''The Nun's Priest's Tale,''' amongst many others.
Other major texts include '''[[Brut]]''', '''The Second Shepard's Play''', '''The Play of Noah''', '''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''', '''La Mort d'Arthur''', '''Everyman''', '''Piers Plowman''', amongst others.

==Sources and Further Readings==

This Page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

Article:[http://blackkdark.deviantart.com/art/Is-Middle-English-a-Creole-109334831 Is Middle English a Creole?]

Ann S. Haskell, ed. A Middle English Anthology. Garden City, New York. Doubleday &amp; Company, Inc. 1969.

Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1990.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. reprinted, edited by Howard, E.J. &amp; Wilson, G.D., New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1937.

Finegan, Edward. &quot;English.&quot; The World’s Major Languages.

Ryan, Brandy. &quot;Middle English as Creole.&quot; Chass. 2005 [http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6361ryan.htm].


[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]

[[Category:Real Language background pages]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Middle English-dialects.GIF</title>
    <id>5441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34021</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-16T20:19:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chinese sound correspondences</title>
    <id>5442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47549</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Footnotes */ cat:soundchanges</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This chart strives to document all regular sound correspondences between:

* Middle Chinese and major modern Chinese languages
* Middle Chinese and loans in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese

This chart uses the following default Romanizations:

* Baxter's orthography, for Middle Chinese
* Hanyu Pinyin, for Mandarin (Beijing)
* Jyutping, for Cantonese
* Pre-1945 kana (歴史的仮名遣い) Romanized in faux-''Wāpuro'', for Japanese

== Middle Chinese phonology and phonotactics ==

Permissible onset-rime combinations:

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|- class=&quot;c&quot;
!
! Divisions 1 &amp; 4
! Division 2
! Division 3
|-
| p,ph,b,m
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes + Chongniu
|-
| t,th,d,n
| Yes
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | 打
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | 地
|-
| tr,trh,dr,nr
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| l
| Yes
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | 臉、冷
| Yes
|-
| ts,tsh,dz,s
| Yes
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
|-
| z
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
|-
| tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
| Yes
|-
| tsy,tsyh,zy,sy,dzy,ny
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
|-
| k,kh,x,ʔ
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes + Chongniu
|-
| g
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes + Chongniu
|-
| h
| Yes
| Yes
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
|-
| hj,y
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot; | No
| Yes
|}
* Division 1 and 4 rimes occurred in the same environments.
* Division 3 rimes could occur in the most environments, and were also the most frequent (over 50% of characters).
* The dental stops (t,th,d,n) were in complementary distribution with the retroflex stops (tr,trh,dr,nr).
* The voiced velar stop (g) was in complementary distribution with the voiced velar fricative (h).
* ''Chongniu'' (重紐) was a contrastive feature that was found only in syllables with a labial or velar onset and a division 3 rime. It leaves no trace in modern Chinese languages, but does leave vestiges in Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese loans.

== Onsets ==

* 1 = Ping tone
* 2 = Shang tone
* 3 = Qu tone
* 4 = Ru tone

The chart will use &quot;1&quot; on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. &quot;zi1&quot; means &quot;zi but not ziX and ziH&quot;).

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|- class=&quot;c&quot;
! rowspan=2 | Onset
! colspan=3 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan=2 | Mandarin &lt;br /&gt; Beijing
! rowspan=2 | Yue &lt;br /&gt; Canton
! rowspan=2 | Minnan &lt;br /&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan=2 | Hakka &lt;br /&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan=2 | Wu &lt;br /&gt; Suzhou
! colspan=2 | Japanese
! colspan=2 | Korean
|- class=&quot;c&quot;
! &lt;small&gt;Karlgren&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;karlgren&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|Bernhard Karlgren]], also known as 高本漢.&lt;/ref&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;Baxter&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baxter&quot;&gt;[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/ William Baxter].&lt;/ref&gt;
! IPA&lt;ref name=&quot;panwuyun&quot;&gt;Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).&lt;/ref&gt;
! Go-On
! Kan-On
! Middle*&lt;ref name=&quot;donggukjeongun&quot;&gt;The hanja and prescriptive han'gŭl are spellings from the ''Dongguk Jeongun'' (東國正韻 [[Wikipedia:ko:동국정운|동국정운]]).&lt;/ref&gt;
! Modern
|-
! 幫
| p
| p
| [p]
| b [p] &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
(迫畔叛佩僕&lt;br /&gt;
譜圃瀑蹼)&lt;br /&gt;
and m [m] (秘泌)
| b [p] &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
(編遍佩譜圃豹鄙謗)&lt;br /&gt;
and m [m] (剝)
| 
| p
| p
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 彆 ㅂ [p]
| ㅂ [p] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
! 滂
| p'
| ph
| [pʰ]
| p [pʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but b [p] (玻繽怖)
| p [pʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡)
|
| pʰ
| pʰ
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
| ㅍ [pʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
|-
! 並
| b'
| b
| [b]
| p [pʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
b [p] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ] (佩)
| p [pʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2&lt;br /&gt;
(棒婢被蚌抱倍蓓) &lt;br /&gt;
b [p] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ] (佩)
|
| pʰ
| b
| b [b]
| h [h]
| 步 ㅃ [p']
| ㅂ [p] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
! 明
| m
| m
| [m]
| m [m] &lt;br /&gt;
but w [w] (戊)
| m [m]
|
| m
| m
| m [m]
| b [b]
| 彌 ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
! 非*
| p
| p
| [f]
| f [f]
| f [f]
|
| f
| f
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 彆 ㅂ [p]
| ㅂ [p] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
! 敷*
| p'
| ph
| [fʰ]
| f [f] &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ] (捧)
| f [f] &lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ] (捧)
|
| f
| f
| h [h]
| h [h]
| 漂 ㅍ [pʰ]
| ㅍ [pʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
|-
! 奉*
| b'
| b
| [v]
| f [f]
| f [f]
|
| f or pʰ
| v
| b [b]
| h [h]
| 步 ㅃ [p']
| ㅂ [p] &lt;br /&gt;
ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
|-
! 微*
| m
| m
| [ɱ]
| w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
but m [m] (曼)
| m [m]
|
| v &lt;br /&gt;
but some m
| '''LIT''': v &lt;br /&gt;
'''COL''': m
| m [m]
| b [b]
| 彌 ㅁ [m]
| ㅁ [m]
|-
! 端
| t
| t
| [t]
| d [t]&lt;br /&gt;
but n [n] (鳥)
| d [t]&lt;br /&gt;
but t [tʰ] (禱)&lt;br /&gt;
and n [n] (鳥)
|
| t
| t
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 斗 ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
! 透
| t'
| th
| [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
| t [tʰ]
|
| tʰ
| tʰ
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
|-
! 定
| d'
| d
| [d]
| t [tʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
but d [t] (鼕) &lt;br /&gt;
d [t] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but t [tʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
(挺艇鋌特突&lt;br /&gt;
沓蹋袒慟)
| t [tʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
(盾挺艇鋌怠殆肚斷) &lt;br /&gt;
but d [t] (鼕) &lt;br /&gt;
d [t] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but t [tʰ] (袒)
|
| tʰ
| d
| d [d]
| t [t]
| 覃 ㄸ [t']
| ㄷ [t]
|-
! 泥
| n
| n
| [n]
| n [n]
| n [n]
|
| n
| n
| n [n]
| d [d]
| 那 ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
|-
! 來
| l
| l
| [l]
| l [l] &lt;br /&gt;
but n [n] (弄)
| l [l] &lt;br /&gt;
but d [t] (隸)
| 
| l
| l
| r [ɺ]
| r [ɺ]
| 閭 ㄹ [ɾ]
| ㄹ [ɾ]
|-
! 知
| t̂
| tr
| [ʈ]
| zh [tʂ] &lt;br /&gt;
but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) &lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (爹)
| z [ts] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (貯) &lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (涿啄琢爹)
|
| ts
| ts
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 斗 ㄷ [t]
| ㄷ [t]
|-
! 徹
| t̂'
| trh
| [ʈʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
but zh [tʂ] (祉)
| c [tsʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts] (祉)
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰ
| t [t]
| t [t]
| 呑 ㅌ [tʰ]
| ㅌ [tʰ]
|-
! 澄
| d̂'
| dr
| [ɖʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
zh [tʂ] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts] (擇澤) &lt;br /&gt;
and ch [tʂʰ] (澈) &lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (瞪)
| c [tsʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 (峙重柱) &lt;br /&gt;
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (澈)&lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (秩)
|
| tsʰ
| z
| d [d]
| t [t]
| 覃 ㄸ [t']
| ㄷ [t]
|-
! 娘
| n
| nr
| [ɳ]
| n [n] &lt;br /&gt;
but w [w] (諉)
| n [n] &lt;br /&gt;
but w [w] (諉)&lt;br /&gt;
and j [j] (釀)
|
| n
| ȵ
| n [n]
| d [d]
| 那 ㄴ [n]
| ㄴ [n]
|-
! 精
| ts
| ts
| [ts]
| z [ts] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (雀挫)
| z [ts] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (挫)
|
| ts
| ts
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
! 清
| ts'
| tsh
| [tsʰ]
| c [tsʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts] (緝竣)
| c [tsʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts] (竣)
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰ
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
! 從
| dz'
| dz
| [dz]
| c [tsʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
but d [t] (蹲) &lt;br /&gt;
z [ts] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (攢萃悴瘁)
| c [tsʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 (坐) &lt;br /&gt;
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (攢) &lt;br /&gt;
and s [s] (萃悴瘁)
|
| tsʰ
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| ㅈ [tɕ]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
! 心
| s
| s
| [s]
| s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
but sh [ʂ] (珊姍) &lt;br /&gt;
and c [tsʰ] (賜棲鞘粹) &lt;br /&gt;
and z [ts] (燥噪峻)
| s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
(棲賽塞速賜肖鞘 &lt;br /&gt;
燥噪) &lt;br /&gt;
and z [ts] (峻)
|
| s
| s
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
! 邪
| z
| z
| [z]
| s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
but ∅ (嶼) &lt;br /&gt;
and c [tsʰ] in&lt;br /&gt;
MC zi1 (詞祠辭)&lt;br /&gt;
and MC zjuw1 (囚)
| c [tsʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 (似) &lt;br /&gt;
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
(旋羨遂隧殉緒)
|
| s
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]
|-
! 照莊
| tṣ
| tsr
| [tʂ]
| zh [tʂ] &lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts]&lt;br /&gt;
(阻俎詛鄒責)
| z [ts]
|
| ts
| ts
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
! 穿初
| tṣ'
| tsrh
| [tʂʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ]
but c [tsʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
(策冊測惻廁篡)&lt;br /&gt;
and zh [tʂ] (錚)
| c [tsʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
but z [ts] (錚) &lt;br /&gt;
and s [s] (篡)
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰ
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
! 床崇
| dẓ'
| dzr
| [dʐʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
but c [ts] (岑) &lt;br /&gt;
zh [tʂ] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but sh [ʂ] (士事柿)
| c [tsʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 (柿) &lt;br /&gt;
but s [s] (潺愁崇)&lt;br /&gt;
z [ts] /_34,'''LIT'''2 &lt;br /&gt;
but s [s] (士事)
|
| tsʰ
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| ㅅ [s]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅊ [tɕʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
! 審生
| ṣ
| sr
| [ʂ]
| sh [ʂ] &lt;br /&gt;
but ch [tʂʰ] (產) &lt;br /&gt;
and s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
(灑澀縮瑟色嗇森)
| s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉)
|
| s
| s
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|- style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot;
! 禪俟
| ź
| zr
| [ʐ]
| s [s]
| z [ts]
|
| s
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]
|-
! 照章
| tś
| tsy
| [tɕ]
| zh [tʂ] &lt;br /&gt;
but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)&lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (盹)
| z [ts] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)&lt;br /&gt;
and d [t] (盹)
|
| ts
| ts
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 即 ㅈ [ts]
| ㅈ [tɕ]
|-
! 穿昌
| tś'
| tsyh
| [tɕʰ]
| ch [tʂʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋)
| c [tsʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but s [s] (樞瀋)
|
| tsʰ
| tsʰ
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 侵 ㅊ [tsʰ]
| ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
! 床船
| dź'
| zy
| [ʑ]
| sh [ʂ] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
_1: &lt;br /&gt;
ch [tʂʰ] (船乘唇) &lt;br /&gt;
sh [ʂ] (神繩蛇)
| s [s]
|
| s
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 慈 ㅉ [ts']
| ㅅ [s]
|-
! 審書
| ś
| sy
| [ɕ]
| sh [ʂ] &lt;br /&gt;
but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂)
| s [s] &lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
(始弛矢設束翅奢) &lt;br /&gt;
and z [ts] (舂)
|
| s
| s
| s [s]
| s [s]
| 戍 ㅅ [s]
| ㅅ [s]
|-
! 禪常
| ź
| dzy
| [dʑ]
| sh [ʂ] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but r [ɻ] (瑞)&lt;br /&gt;
_1: &lt;br /&gt;
ch [tʂʰ] (most)&lt;br /&gt;
sh [ʂ]&lt;br /&gt;
(時匙誰韶殊裳)
| s [s]&lt;br /&gt;
but c [tsʰ] (恃)
|
| s
| z
| z [z]
| s [s]
| 邪 ㅆ [s']
| ㅅ [s]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅈ [tɕ]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅊ [tɕʰ]
|-
! 日
| ńź
| ny
| [ȵ]
| r [ɻ] &lt;br /&gt;
er [aɚ]: &lt;br /&gt;
MC nye (兒爾邇) &lt;br /&gt;
MC nyij (二貳) &lt;br /&gt;
MC nyi (而耳餌)
| j [j]
|
| ŋ or j
| z
| n [n]
| z [z]
| 穰 ㅿ [z]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
! 見
| k
| k
| [k]
| g [k] &lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
(扛礦昆柯膾愧榷)&lt;br /&gt;
and h [x] (梟懈偕) &lt;br /&gt;
and w [w] (蝸)
| g [k]&lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
(概溉丐給汲級冀規 &lt;br /&gt;
會膾劊愧拘駒溝箍 &lt;br /&gt;
羯竭訣決抉蹶厥礦 &lt;br /&gt;
襟昆) &lt;br /&gt;
and h [h] (梟懈)&lt;br /&gt;
and w [w] (蝸媧)&lt;br /&gt;
and ∅ (柯)
|
| k
| k
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 君 ㄱ [k]
| ㄱ [k]
|-
! 溪
| k'
| kh
| [kʰ]
| k [kʰ] &lt;br /&gt;
but h [x] &lt;br /&gt;
(隙恢詼墟溪)
| Random? :&lt;br /&gt;
h [h]&lt;br /&gt;
or k [kʰ]&lt;br /&gt;
but p [pʰ] (棵)&lt;br /&gt;
and g [k] (隙)
|
| kʰ
| kʰ
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 快 ㅋ [kʰ]
| ㄱ [k]&lt;br /&gt;
ㅋ [kʰ] /_[wɛ]
|-
! 群
| g'
| g
| [g]
| k [kʰ] /_1 &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (畿鯨) &lt;br /&gt;
g [k] /_234 &lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] (匱饋)
| k [kʰ] /_1,&lt;br /&gt;
'''COL'''2 (近臼舅菌) &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (畿) &lt;br /&gt;
g [k] /_34,'''LIT'''2&lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] (匱及)
|
| kʰ
| g
| g [ɡ]
| k [k]
| 虯 ㄲ [k']
| ㄱ [k]
|-
! 疑
| ng
| ng
| [ŋ]
| ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but n [n] &lt;br /&gt;
(擬孽逆虐凝牛倪霓)&lt;br /&gt;
and g [k] (疙圪岌) &lt;br /&gt;
and k [kʰ] (聵) &lt;br /&gt;
and r [ɻ] (阮)
| ng [ŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
∅ /_[i,j,w]&lt;br /&gt;
ng [ŋ̩]: MC ngu&lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] (岌聵)
|
| ŋ
| ŋ
| g [ɡ]
| g [ɡ]
| 業 ㆁ [ŋ]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
! 影
| '
| '
| [ʔ]
| ∅, y [j,ɥ] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (娟) &lt;br /&gt;
and h [x] (穢)
| ∅, j [j] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (娟) &lt;br /&gt;
and n [n] (凹)
|
| ∅
| ∅
| ∅, y [j] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
| ∅, y [j] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
| 挹 ㆆ [ʔ]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
! 曉
| x
| x
| [h]
| h [x] &lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] (況迄訖)
| h [h] &lt;br /&gt;
but k [kʰ] (吸賄)&lt;br /&gt;
and g [k] (轟) &lt;br /&gt;
and ng [ŋ] (迄訖) &lt;br /&gt;
and j [j] (欣)
|
| h
| h
| k [k]
| k [k]
| 虛 ㅎ [h]
| ㅎ [h]
|-
! 匣
| ɣ
| h
| [ɦ]
| h [x] &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (迥)&lt;br /&gt;
and k [kʰ] (潰洽) &lt;br /&gt;
and ∅ (完皖莞肴螢熒)
| h [h]&lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (迥)&lt;br /&gt;
and k [kʰ] (潰繪攜)&lt;br /&gt;
and ng [ŋ] (肴)&lt;br /&gt;
and j [j] (螢熒)
|
| h
| ɦ
| g [ɡ]&lt;br /&gt;
w [w] (蟹攝合口)
| k [k]
| 洪 ㆅ [h']
| ㅎ [h]
|-
! 喻云
| j
| hj
| [ɦj]
| y [j,ɥ] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but h [x] (彙彗雄熊)
| j [j] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but h [h] (雄熊)
|
| [j] or [v]?
| [j] or [v]?
|
| y [j] or w [(w)] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
| 欲 ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|-
! 喻以
| ∅
| y
| [j]
| y [j,ɥ] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (捐) &lt;br /&gt;
and k [kʰ] (鉛)
| j [j] or w [w] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
but g [k] (捐)
|
| [j] or [v]?
| [j] or [v]?
|
| y [j] or w [(w)] &lt;br /&gt;
depending on rime &lt;br /&gt;
| 欲 ㅇ [∅]
| ㅇ [∅]
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; &amp;mdash; The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are
# All third-''deng'' (等) and ''hekou'' (合口) rimes, or
# (Excluding 明 m) The third-''deng'' (等) and ''kaikou'' (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤

=== Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony ===
Note for '''Mandarin &amp;mdash; Beijing''':
* The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** z c s [ts tsʰ s] &gt; j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
** g k h [k kʰ x] &gt; j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for '''Yue &amp;mdash; Canton''' (Cantonese):
* The following (not so) recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** g k [k kʰ] &gt; gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt] (but not ung uk [ʊŋ ʊk])
** gw kw [kw kʰw] &gt; gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ]
** For h [h] in the same environment, if h [h] comes from MC 溪 or 曉, then:
*** h [h] &gt; f [f] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
*** hw [hw] &gt; f [f]
** But if h [h] comes from MC 匣, then:
*** h [h] &gt; w [w] / _u ui un ut [uː uːi uːn uːt]
*** hw [hw] &gt; w [w]
** As can be seen, at least some stage of above change dates from before the merger of [h] and [ɦ] into modern Cantonese [h].
* Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
* /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
* The following changes are ongoing:
** n [n] &gt; l [l] (onset)
** ng [ŋ], ∅ &gt; [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
** gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] &gt; g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
** ng k [ŋ k] &gt; n t [n t] (coda)
** ng [ŋ̩] &gt; m [m̩] (syllabic)

Note for '''Wu &amp;mdash; Suzhou''':
* The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** [k kʰ g h ɦ n] &gt; [tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɕ dʑ ȵ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for '''Japanese''':
* The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** t d s z n h [t d s z n h] &gt; ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
** t d h [t d h] &gt; ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
** w [w] &gt; 0 /_[i,e,o]
* /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for '''Middle Korean''': the prescriptive spellings and pronunciations were ultimately ignored:
* The &quot;muddy&quot; (全濁) onsets were pronounced (and spelt) with plain consonants instead of emphatic consonants;
* The ''kh-'' (溪) onset tended to be pronounced without aspiration;
* The ''l-'' (來) onset was pronounced ㄴ [n] when word-initial (i.e. the first character of a compound) (but see the note below about North Korean);
* The ''ny-'' (日) onset was not pronounced when word-initial;
* The ''ng-'' (疑) onset was not pronounced at all.

Note for '''Modern Korean''':
* The following regular sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
** ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] &gt; ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
** ㄹ [ɾ] &gt; ㄴ [n] / #_ (reversed due to spelling pronunciation in North Korean)
** ㄴ [n] &gt; ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
** ㅂ ㄷ ㅈ ㄱ ㅅ [p t tɕ k s] &gt; ㅃ ㄸ ㅉ ㄲ ㅆ [p' t' tɕ' k' s'] after consonants (in compounds)

== Rimes ==

Abbreviations used

Onsets:
* P = MC labial (p,ph,b,m)
* T = MC dental stop (t,th,d,n)
* TR = MC retroflex stop (tr,trh,dr,nr)
* S = MC dental sibilant (ts,tsh,dz,s,z)
* SR = MC retroflex sibilant (tsr,tsrh,dzr,sr)
* SY = MC palatal sibilant (tsy,tsyh,dzy,sy,zy)
* TSR = TR,SR
* TSRY = TR,SR,SY
* K = MC velar or laryngeal (k,kh,g,ŋ,x,h,ʔ,y,hj)

Readings:
* COL = colloquial reading (白讀)
* LIT = literary reading (文讀)

Chongniu (重紐) classes:
* CN3 = chongniu three
* CN4 = chongniu four (represented by an extra -i- or -j- in Baxter's orthography)

Some of the onset-rime combinations attested in rime books correspond to extremely rare characters. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the pronunciation of those characters in modern languages, the modern reflexes of those combinations have been omitted (for now). Accordingly, those combinations are not included in the &quot;Distribution&quot; columns of the following charts.

=== 通攝 Tong She ===

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Distr.
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 東一開
| ung
| uwng
| P T l&lt;br&gt;S k kh&lt;br&gt;x h ʔ
| ong [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ &lt;br /&gt;
eng [ɤŋ] /P_
| ung [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)
|
|
|
| u [u] &lt;br /&gt;
some uu [uː]
| ou [oː]
| 옹 [oŋ]
|-
! 冬一開
| uong
| owng
| T&lt;br&gt;S k
| ong [ʊŋ]
| ung [ʊŋ]
|
|
|
| o [o] &lt;br /&gt;
some ou [oː]
| ou [oː]
| 옹 [oŋ]
|-
! 東三開
| i̯ung
| juwng
| P l TR&lt;br&gt;S dzr SY &lt;br&gt;ny k kh g&lt;br&gt;hj y
| ong [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
iong [yʊŋ] /g,hj_ (窮雄熊) &lt;br /&gt;
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (融) &lt;br /&gt;
eng [ɤŋ] /P_
| ung [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
jung [jʊŋ] /y_
|
|
|
| yuu [juː], yu [ju] &lt;br /&gt;
(incl. y_ ) &lt;br /&gt;
u [u], uu [uː]/K,l,P_
| yuu [juː] &lt;br /&gt;
ou [oː]/P_
| 웅 [uŋ]
|-
! 鍾三開
| i̯wong
| jowng
| P l TR&lt;br&gt;S SY&lt;br&gt;ny k kh g&lt;br&gt;ŋ x ʔ y
| ong [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
rong [ɻʊŋ] /y_1 (容) &lt;br /&gt;
eng [ɤŋ] /P_
| ung [ʊŋ] &lt;br /&gt;
jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_
|
|
|
| yuu [juː], yu [ju] &lt;br /&gt;
(incl. ʔ,y_ ) &lt;br /&gt;
u [u], uu [uː]/K,P_
| you [joː] &lt;br /&gt;
ou [oː]/P_
| 옹 [oŋ]&lt;br /&gt;
용 [joŋ] /y_&lt;br /&gt;
융 [juŋ] /x_
|-
! 屋一開
| uk
| uwk
| P T l&lt;br&gt;S k kh&lt;br /&gt;x h ʔ
| u [u]
| uk [ʊk]
|
|
|
| oku [oku]
| oku [oku]
| 옥 [ok]
|-
! 沃一開
| uok
| owk
| P T l&lt;br&gt;S k kh&lt;br /&gt;x h ʔ
| u [u]&lt;br /&gt;
but uo [uo] (沃)
| uk [ʊk]&lt;br /&gt;
but juk [jʊk] (沃)
|
|
|
| oku [oku]
| oku [oku]
| 옥 [ok]
|-
! 屋三開
| i̯uk
| juwk
| P l TR&lt;br&gt;S SR SY&lt;br&gt;ny k kh g&lt;br&gt;ŋ x ʔ hj
| u [u] &lt;br /&gt;
ü [y] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but: &lt;br /&gt;
ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉) &lt;br /&gt;
iu [jou] (宿六) &lt;br /&gt;
uo [uo] (縮) &lt;br /&gt;
| uk [ʊk]
|
|
|
| uku [uku] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
oku [oku] /l,m_ &lt;br /&gt;
iku [iku] /TR,K,ny_&lt;br /&gt;
uku [uku] /S,SR,SY_
| uku [uku] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
oku [oku] /m_ &lt;br /&gt;
iku [iku] /TR,K,ny,l_&lt;br /&gt;
yuku [juku] /S,SR,SY_ &lt;br /&gt;
| 욱 [uk] &lt;br /&gt;
옥 [ok] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
육 [juk] /l,nr,y_
|-
! 燭三開
| i̯wok
| jowk
| P l TR&lt;br&gt;S SY&lt;br&gt;ny k kh g&lt;br&gt;ŋ x y
| u [u] &lt;br /&gt;
ü [y] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but: &lt;br /&gt;
ü [y] (續綠)
| uk [ʊk] &lt;br /&gt;
juk [jʊk] /ŋ_
|
|
|
| oku [oku] &lt;br /&gt;
yoku [joku] /y_
| yoku [joku]
| 옥 [ok] &lt;br /&gt;
욱 [uk] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
욕 [jok] /ny,y_
|}

=== 江攝 Jiang She ===
{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 江二開
| ång
| æwng
| iang [jɑŋ] / K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) &lt;br /&gt;
uang [wɑŋ] /TSR_ &lt;br /&gt;
ang [ɑŋ] /P_
| ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_&lt;br /&gt;
oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_
|
|
|
| ou [oː]
| au [oː]
| 앙 [aŋ]
|-
! 覺二開
| åk
| æwk
| '''LIT'''&lt;br /&gt;
üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) &lt;br /&gt;
but e [ɤ] (殼) &lt;br /&gt;
(u)o [uo] / else&lt;br /&gt;
but u [u] (朴) &lt;br /&gt;
'''COL''' &lt;br /&gt;
iao [jau] / K_ (角殼)&lt;br /&gt;
ao [au] (剝雹)
| ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_&lt;br /&gt;
ak [ɐk] /ʔ_&lt;br /&gt;
for /TR_: &lt;br /&gt;
oek [œːk] (涿啄琢卓桌) &lt;br /&gt;
or ok [ɔːk] (擢濯) &lt;br /&gt;
or uk [ʊk] (濁鐲) &lt;br /&gt;
for /SR_: &lt;br /&gt;
ok [ɔːk] (朔欶) &lt;br /&gt;
or uk [ʊk] (捉)
|
|
|
| oku [oku] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
aku [aku]
| aku [aku]
| 악 [ak]
|}

=== 止攝 Zhi She ===

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 支三開
| ie̯
| j(i)e
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
but ei [ei] (碑卑被)&lt;br /&gt;
i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
but i [i] (徙璽) &lt;br /&gt;
er [ɑɚ] /ny_ &lt;br /&gt;
| ei [ei] /P,l,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
but aai [aːi] (徙璽) &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /ny,ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ai [ɐi] (蟻) &lt;br /&gt;
|
|
|
| i [i]
| i [i]
| 이 [i] &lt;br /&gt;
의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ &lt;br /&gt;
but some 아 [a] /S,TSRY_ 
|-
! 脂三開
| i
| (j)ij
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
but ei [ei] &lt;br /&gt;
(悲美備眉湄媚魅)&lt;br /&gt;
i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
er [ɑɚ] /ny_ &lt;br /&gt;
| ei [ei] /P,d,l,nr,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /S,SR,SY_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ei [ei] (死四) &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /ny,ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
|
|
|
| i [i]
| i [i]
| 이 [i] &lt;br /&gt;
아 [a] /ts,tsh,dz,s,_ &lt;br /&gt;
의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ &lt;br /&gt;
but 이 [i] (伊咿)
|-
! 之三開
| i
| i
| i [i]&lt;br /&gt;
i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
but e [ɤ] (廁) &lt;br /&gt;
er [ɑɚ] /ny_
| ei [ei] /P,l,nr,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but eoi [ɵy] (裏) &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
i [iː] /ny,ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
|
|
|
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
mostly o [o] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
i [i] /ʔ,hj,y_&lt;br /&gt;
| i [i]
| 이 [i] &lt;br /&gt;
의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ &lt;br /&gt;
but some 아 [a] /S,SR,SY_ 
|-
! 微三開
| e̯i
| jɨj
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
(none /S,TSRY_)
| i [iː] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
(none /S,TSRY,P_)
|
|
|
| e [e]
| i [i]
| 이 [i] &lt;br /&gt;
의 [ɰi] /x,ŋ,ʔ_ 
|-
! 支三合
| wie̯
| jw(i)e
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
uai [uai] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /l_
| eoi [ɵy] &lt;br /&gt;
wai [wɐi] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
ai [ɐi] /ŋ_
|
|
|
| ui [ui] &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /K_
| ui [ui] &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /K_
| 위 [wi] &lt;br /&gt;
유 [ju] /k,kh_ &lt;br /&gt;
우 [u] /S,TSRY_ &lt;br /&gt;
but some 웨 [we] (詭佹惴燬)
|-
! 脂三合
| wi
| (j)wij
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
but i [i] (遺季悸) &lt;br /&gt;
uai [uai] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /l_
| eoi [ɵy] &lt;br /&gt;
wai [wɐi] /K_
|
|
|
| ui [ui] &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
yui [jui] /y_
| ui [ui] &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /K_ incl. y_
| 우 [u] &lt;br /&gt;
유 [ju] / hj,l,ny,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
but some 웨 [we] /k,g_ &lt;br /&gt;
and 위 [wi] /ts,tsh,dz_ (顇醉瘁翠晷位)
|-
! 微三合
| we̯i
| jwɨj
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /P_
| wai [wɐi] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ &lt;br /&gt;
wei [wei] /m_ &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ai [ɐi] (沸費)
|
|
|
| i [i] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /ʔ,hj_ &lt;br /&gt;
we [e] /K_
| i [i] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
wi [i] /K_
| 위 [wi] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
이 [i] /P_
|}

=== 遇攝 Yu She ===
{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 魚三開
| i̯wo
| jo
| ü [y] &lt;br /&gt;
but u [u] (廬蘆)&lt;br /&gt;
and uo [uo] (所) &lt;br /&gt;
u [u] /TSRY_
| eoi [ɵy] /S,nr,l,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
o [ɔː] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
yu [yː] /TR,SY,ny_ &lt;br /&gt;
but eoi [ɵy] (除) &lt;br /&gt;
yu [yː] /ŋ,ʔ,y_
|
|
|
| yo [jo] /TRSY,nr,ny,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
o [o] /l,S,K,ʔ_
| yo [jo] &lt;br /&gt;
o [o] /SR_
|
|-
! 虞三合
| i̯u
| ju
| ü [y] &lt;br /&gt;
u [u] /TSRY,P_
| ou [ou] /m_ &lt;br /&gt;
u [uː] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
eoi [ɵy] /S,l,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
o [ɔː] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ou [ou] (數) &lt;br /&gt;
yu [yː] /TR,SY,ny_ &lt;br /&gt;
yu [yː] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_
|
|
|
| u [u] /P,l,S,SY,hj,K,ʔ_&lt;br /&gt;
yu [ju] /SR,dzy,ny,y_&lt;br /&gt;
yuu [juː] /TR_
| u [u] /P,l,SR,hj,K,ʔ_&lt;br /&gt;
yu [ju] /S,SY,ny,y_&lt;br /&gt;
yuu [juː] /TR_
|
|-
! 模一開
| uo
| u
| u [u] &lt;br /&gt;
but (u)o [uo] (措模) &lt;br /&gt;
ou [ou] (都)
| ou [ou] /P,T,S,l_ &lt;br /&gt;
ng [ŋ̩] /ŋ_ &lt;br /&gt;
u [uː] /K_
|
|
|
| u [u] or o [o]
| o [o]&lt;br /&gt;
wo [o] /ʔ_
|
|}

=== 蟹攝 Xie She ===

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 齊四開
| iei
| ej
| i [i]
| ai [ɐi]
|
|
|
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
e [e] /K_
| ei [eː]
|
|-
! 祭三開
| i̯äi-
| j(i)ejH
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
i [ʅ] /TSRY_
| ai [ɐi] &lt;br /&gt;
jai [jɐi] /y_
|
|
|
| e [e] &lt;br /&gt;
ei [eː] /y_ &lt;br /&gt;
ai [ai] /S,TR_
| ei [eː]
|
|-
! 泰一開
| âi-
| ajH
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
but a [ɑ] (大) &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /P_ 
| ui [uːi] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
aai [aːi] /T,l_&lt;br /&gt;
oi [ɔːi] /n,S,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but aai [aːi] (艾)
|
|
|
| ai [ai]
| ai [ai]
|
|-
! 佳二開
| ai
| ɛɨ
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
ia [iɑ] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ie [iɛ] (蟹解邂懈) &lt;br /&gt;
ʔ_: ai [ai] (矮隘) &lt;br /&gt;
or wa [uɑ] (娃)
| aai [aːi] &lt;br /&gt;
but ai [ɐi] (矮) &lt;br /&gt;
and waa [waː] (娃)
|
|
|
| e [e]
| ai [ai]
|
|-
! 皆二開
| ăi
| ɛj
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
ie [iɛ] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ai [ai] (駭骸楷) &lt;br /&gt;
and a [ɑ] (尬)
| aai [aːi]
|
|
|
| e [e]
| ai [ai]
|
|-
! 夬二開
| ai-
| æjH
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
ie [iɛ] /K_
| aai [aːi]
|
|
|
| e [e]
| ai [ai]
|
|-
! 咍一開
| âi
| oj
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /P_
| oi [ɔːi] &lt;br /&gt;
but aai [aːi] (猜態) &lt;br /&gt;
ui [uːi] /P_
|
|
|
| ai [ai]
| ai [ai]
|
|-
! 廢三開
| i̯ɒi-
| jojH
| i [i] /ŋ_
| aai [aːi] /ŋ_
|
|
|
| e [e]
| ai [ai]
|
|}


{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 齊四合
| iwei
| wej
| uei [uei] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ie [iɛ] (攜)
| wai [wɐi] /K_
|
|
|
| we [e]
| wai [ai]
|
|-
! 祭三合
| i̯wäi-
| jw(i)ejH
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
rui [ɻuei] /y_ &lt;br /&gt;
| eoi [ɵy] &lt;br /&gt;
jeoi [jɵy] /y_ &lt;br /&gt;
wai [wɐi] /K_
|
|
|
| ai [ai] /TR,S_ &lt;br /&gt;
e(i) [e(ː)] /SY,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
we [e] /hj_
| ei [eː] &lt;br /&gt;
wei [eː] /hj_
|
|-
! 泰一合
| wâi-
| wajH
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
uai [uai] /ŋ_ (外)
| eoi [ɵy] &lt;br /&gt;
ui [uːi] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
oi [ɔːi] /ŋ_ (外)
|
|
|
| ai [ai] /T,S_ &lt;br /&gt;
we [e] /K_
| ai [ai] /T,S_ &lt;br /&gt;
wai [ai] /K_
|
|-
! 佳二合
| wai
| wɛɨ
| ua [uɑ] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but uo [uo] (蝸)
| waa [waː] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but wo [wɔː] (蝸媧)
|
|
|
| we [e] /K_
| wai [(w)ai] /K_
|
|-
! 皆二合
| wăi
| wɛj
| uai [uai] /K_
| waai [waːi] /K_
|
|
|
| we [e] /K_
| wai [ai] /K_
|
|-
! 夬二合
| wai-
| wæjH
| uai [uai] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ua [uɑ] (話)
| waai [waːi] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but waa [waː] (話)
|
|
|
| we [e] /K_
| wai [ai] /K_
|
|-
! 灰一合
| uâi
| woj
| uei [uei] &lt;br /&gt;
ei [ei] /P,n,l_
| ui [uːi] /P,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
wai [wɐi] /ŋ_ &lt;br /&gt;
eoi [ɵy] /T,n,l,S_ &lt;br /&gt;
but oi [ɔːi] (內)
|
|
|
| ai [ai] /T,n,l,S_ &lt;br /&gt;
e [e] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
we [e] /K_
| ai [ai] &lt;br /&gt;
wai [(w)ai] /K_
|
|-
! 廢三合
| i̯wɒi-
| jwojH
| ei [ei] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
uei [uei] /h,ʔ_
| ai [ɐi] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
ui [uːi] /h_ &lt;br /&gt;
wai [wɐi] /ʔ_
|
|
|
| o [o] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
we [e] /K_
| ai [ai] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
wai [(w)ai] /K_
|
|}

=== 臻攝 Zhen She ===
{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 真三開
| jĕn
| (j)in
| in [in] &lt;br /&gt;
but ün [yn] (訊汛) &lt;br /&gt;
en [ən] /TR,SY,ny_
| an [ɐn] &lt;br /&gt;
eon [ɵn] /S,l_ &lt;br /&gt;
but an [ɐn] (辛新薪親) &lt;br /&gt;
jan [jɐn] /ʔ,y_
|
|
|
| '''CN3''': &lt;br /&gt;
in [iɴ] &lt;br /&gt;
on [oɴ] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
'''CN4''': &lt;br /&gt;
in [iɴ]
| in [iɴ]
|
|-
! 臻三開
| jɛn
| in
| en [ən] /SR_
| an [ɐn] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
but eon [ɵn] (臻榛)
|
|
|
| in [iɴ]
| in [iɴ]
|
|-
! 欣三開
| jən
| jɨn
| in [in] /K_
| an [ɐn] /K_&lt;br /&gt;
jan [jɐn] /ʔ_
|
|
|
| on [oɴ]
| in [iɴ]
|
|-
! 痕一開
| ən
| on
| en [ən] /K_&lt;br /&gt;
un [uən] /th_ (吞)
| an [ɐn] /K,th_&lt;br /&gt;
jan [jɐn] /ʔ_ (恩)
|
|
|
| on [oɴ]
| on [oɴ]
|
|-
! 質三開
| jĕt
| (j)it
| i [i] &lt;br /&gt;
i [ʅ] /TR,SY,ny_
| at [ɐt] (incl. /S_)&lt;br /&gt;
but it [iːt] (必秩) &lt;br /&gt;
eot [ɵt] /l_ &lt;br /&gt;
jat [jɐt] /ʔ,y_ &lt;br /&gt;
but jyut [jyːt] (乙)
|
|
|
| iti [itɕi] &lt;br /&gt;
but otu [otsu] (乙)
| itu [itsu]
|
|-
! 櫛三開
| jɛt
| it
| SR_: &lt;br /&gt;
e [ɤ] (瑟) &lt;br /&gt;
and i [ʅ] (櫛&lt;sub&gt;陸&lt;/sub&gt;蝨) &lt;br /&gt;
and ie [iɛ] (櫛&lt;sub&gt;台&lt;/sub&gt;)
| at [ɐt] /SR_ &lt;br /&gt;
but it [iːt] (櫛)
|
|
|
| iti [itɕi]
| itu [itsu]
|
|-
! 迄三開
| jət
| jɨt
| i [i] /K_
| at [ɐt] /K_
|
|
|
| oti [otɕi]
| itu [itsu]
|
|-
! 沒一開
| ət
| ot
| e [ɤ] /h_
| at [ɐt] /h_
|
|
|
| ?
| ?
|
|}


{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Rime
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! 真三合
| juĕn
| jwin
| ün [yn] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but iong [yʊŋ] (窘)
| wan [wɐn] /K_
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 淳三合
| juĕn
| (j)win
| ün [yn] /S,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but in [in] (尹) &lt;br /&gt;
and un [uən] (筍遵) &lt;br /&gt;
un [uən] /TR,SY,nr,l_
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 文三合
| juən
| jun
| en [ən] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
ün [yn] /K_
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 魂一合
| uən
| won
| en [ən] /P,n_ &lt;br /&gt;
un [uən] /T,l,S,K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but ün [yn](巽遜)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style=&quot;background-color:gray&quot;
! 質三合
| juĕt
| wit
| ü [y]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 術三合
| juĕt
| (j)wit
| ü [y] /K,l_ &lt;br /&gt;
u [u] /TR,SY_ &lt;br /&gt;
uai [uai] /SR_
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 物三合
| juət
| jut
| u [u] /P_ &lt;br /&gt;
but o [uɔ] (佛) &lt;br /&gt;
ü [y] /K_ &lt;br /&gt;
but üe [yɛ] (崛倔掘)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 沒一合
| uət
| wot
| o [uɔ] /P_&lt;br /&gt;
but ei [ei] (沒&lt;sub&gt;白&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;br /&gt;
u [u] /T,S,K_
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== 山攝 Shan She ===

=== 效攝 Xiao She ===

=== 果攝 Guo She ===

=== 假攝 Jia She ===

=== 宕攝 Dang She ===

=== 梗攝 Geng She ===

=== 曾攝 Ceng She ===

=== 流攝 Liu She ===

=== 深攝 Shen She ===

=== 咸攝 Xian She ===

== Tones ==

*P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
*M = MC sonorant onset
*B = MC voiced obstruent onset

{| {{bluetable2|lightbluebg}}
|-
! rowspan = 2 colspan = 2| Tone
! colspan = 2 | Middle Chinese
! rowspan = 2 | Mandarin &lt;br&gt; Beijing
! rowspan = 2 | Yue &lt;br&gt; Canton
! rowspan = 2 | Minnan &lt;br&gt; Taiwan
! rowspan = 2 | Hakka &lt;br&gt; Moiyen
! rowspan = 2 | Wu &lt;br&gt; Suzhou
! colspan = 2 | Japanese (?)
! rowspan = 2 | Korean
|-
! Karlgren
! Baxter
! Go-On
! Kan-On
|-
! rowspan = 3 | 平 &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Ping&lt;/small&gt;
! P 
| rowspan = 3 | ∅
| rowspan = 3 | ∅
| 55
| 55
| 55
| 44
| 44
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! M
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| rowspan = 2 | 35
| rowspan = 2 | 21
| rowspan = 2 | 24
| rowspan = 2 | 11
| rowspan = 2 | 24
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! B
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan = 3 | 上 &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Shang&lt;/small&gt;
! P 
| rowspan = 3 | :
| rowspan = 3 | X
| rowspan = 2 | 214
| 35
| rowspan = 2 | 51
| rowspan = 2 | 31
| 52
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! M
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| 23
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| rowspan = 2 | 31
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! B
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| rowspan = 4 | 51
| 23 or 22
| 33
| rowspan = 4 | 52
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan = 3 | 去 &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Qu&lt;/small&gt;
! P 
| rowspan = 3 | -
| rowspan = 3 | H
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| 33
| 11
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| 412
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! M
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| rowspan = 2 | 22
| rowspan = 2 | 33
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| rowspan = 2 | 31
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! B
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan = 3 | 入 &lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;Ru&lt;/small&gt;
! P 
| rowspan = 3 | ∅ &lt;br /&gt;
(-p,t,k)
| rowspan = 3 | ∅ &lt;br /&gt;
(-p,t,k)
| Random
| 55 (short) &lt;br /&gt;
33 (long)
| 32
| 21
| 4
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! M
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| 51
| rowspan = 2 | 22
| rowspan = 2 | 5
| rowspan = 2 | 4
| rowspan = 2 | 23
|
|
|
|-
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
! B
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
| 35
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
&lt;!-- | --&gt;
|
|
|
|}

== Resources ==

=== Middle Chinese ===

* [http://xiang.free.fr/leiden-en.pdf Introduction to historical Chinese phonology] (PDF)
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/etymdict.html Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary]
* [http://www.eastling.org/tdfweb/midage.aspx Middle Chinese lookup tool]
* [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/phon/ancinicomp.php Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials]
* [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/phon/ancfincomp.php Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals]
* [http://www.geocities.com/sgoertzen/Chinese/mcb5.htm Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling]
* [http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/206gyr01.htm Middle Chinese rime characters] (Ignores Chongniu)

=== Modern Chinese ===

* [http://xh.5156edu.com/html3/11403.html Putonghua lookup]
* [http://140.111.34.46/newDict/dict/index.html Guoyu lookup]
* [http://www.chineselanguage.org/dictionaries/ccdict/ Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka lookup]
* [http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ Cantonese lookup]
* [http://203.64.42.21/iug/ungian/SoannTeng/chil/taihoa.asp Taiwanese lookup]

=== Sino-Xenic ===

* [http://ja.wiktionary.org/ Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)]
* [http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/ Japanese dictionary (old orthography lookup)]
* [http://hanja.naver.com/ Hanja lookup]
* [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/dang.tk/langues/hanviet.htm Sino-Vietnamese lookup]

== Other correspondence lists ==
* [[Wikipedia:ja:音読み#中古音との関係|Sino-Japanese]]
* [[Wikipedia:ja:朝鮮漢字音#中古音との関係|Sino-Korean]]

== Footnotes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Chinese]]
[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Balaj</title>
    <id>5443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34952</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-05T04:59:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]

== Baladzh -- Balaj  ==

For more information on the Balaj Language please click on the PDF links further down the page.
&lt;br&gt;
Ster lëda inteleci goz Baladzhe ligriço kjolp dabariđ goz PDF linqev xoder kjuzh edzh.

== Nëxkerç - Introduction ==

The Balaj Language gets influences from languages like Armenian, Russian, and other Middle Eastern and Slavic languages. However, this influence is not great since much of the Balaj Language is apriori. The grammar of Balaj is based on Western European languages. Please take your time and review the document on the Balaj Language. Thank You.

Baladzhe ligriço stenel kulpessicu el ligriçuc xele Ermeniaci, Russiaci, e qumac Međiad Duroc e Slaviq ligriça. Rëspi, pex kulpessic ë mar gjerd dzhovret Baladzhe ligriço ë lëd ‘apriori’. Baladzhi xolindec ë fimqrote goz vurocaj Jevropiaci ligriça. Kjolp lehmiđ deli zholt e qilpagiđ  pësxale goz Baladzhe ligriço. Spimil.

== Alfitro - Alphabet ==

== A B C Ç D Đ E Ë F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S Ss T U V X Z Zh ==

== Linqi -- Links ==

[http://wiki.frath.net/images/d/dc/Balaj.pdf Balaj Language(Grammar)]
&lt;br&gt;
[http://wiki.frath.net/images/2/2f/Lang_Dictionary.pdf Balaj Dictionary]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Chinese sound correspondences</title>
    <id>5444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34080</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-18T05:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zhen Lin</username>
        <id>6</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: Unfortunately I do not have the data for Middle Korean. Linguoboy might. - ~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unfortunately I do not have the data for Middle Korean. Linguoboy might. - [[User:Zhen Lin|振霖]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:Zhen Lin|T]]&lt;/sub&gt; 05:57, 18 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western Measceineafh</title>
    <id>5445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34573</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-27T07:54:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Western Measceineafh is the [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages|Rajo-Faraneit]] language that was spoken in the Measceineafh, a coastal region on the continent of [[Lheinead]]. It quickly developed into two other languages: [[Fórong]] and [[Furonj]]. It is related to [[Faraneit]], [[Rajat]], [[Fraze]], [[Hana]], and [[Kelsiut]] among others.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|pf}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ts}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Aspirate'''
| align=center | {{IPA|bʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|dʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|l&amp;nbsp;r&amp;nbsp;ɺ&amp;nbsp;ɬ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}


Vowels: /ɨ i e ɛ a ɔ o u ʉ/

==Sound Changes from PRF to WM==
*p b t d + any fricative &gt; pf) bv) ts) dz)
*θ [ð] s [z] &gt; s z s z
*ts st sd ds &gt; s s z z
*ɛ &gt; e &gt; i &gt; ɨ
*ɐ &gt; o &gt; u &gt; ʉ
*æ &gt; a
*r ɻ &gt; DELETED ɺ &gt; ʔ ɺ (hypercorrection)
*ɭ &gt; l
*nk nq kn qn &gt; ɴ
*nt nd tn dn &gt; n
*np nb pn bn &gt; m
*mp mb pm bm &gt; m
*v# &gt; DELETED &gt; f (hypercorrection)
*x k &gt; [ɣ g] V_V
*terminal unaccented vowels delete &gt; phonemic /ɣ g/
*z# ɣ# &gt; s x
*z &gt; r
*v &gt; ʋ
*bv) dz) &gt; bv dz &gt; bʰ dʰ
*ao eo au eu aʉ eʉ &gt; ɔ
*ae ai aɨ &gt; ɛ

==Morphological and Syntactic Changes==
*The most blatant change morphologically would be the evolution of a non-syntactic distinction between nominative and accusitive nouns. Originally a given sentance would have been written-

 ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ nɨ dɨs fu.
 ʉx so-i-s ʉtɨɺ nɨ dɨs fu
 man hit-PRES-REAL dog DAT 3P.GEN nose
 The man hit the dog on its nose.

But it became fashionable to seperate the accusitive from other complements with a form of &quot;and&quot; or &quot;with&quot;, creating-

 ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ i nɨ dɨs fu
 ʉx so-i-s ʉtɨɺ i nɨ dɨs fu
 man hit-PRES-REAL dog CONJ DAT 3P.GEN nose
 The man hit the dog and on its nose.

only for ''i'' to become cliticized to the end of accusitive noun phrases.

 ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ i
 ʉx so-i-s ʉtɨɺ i
 man hit-PRES-REAL dog ACC
 The man hit the dog.

This even occurs now at the end of a string of adjectives for the phrase:

 ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ ozal tibun i
 ʉx so-i-s ʉtɨɺ ozal tib-un i
 man hit-PRES-REAL dog ugly big-ANI ACC
 The man hit the big ugly dog.

*Obviously another extensive change was the complete confusion between topic and subject. Originally, SVO and VSO word orders were in heavy use, but SVO eventually became dominant, and by the time Western Measceineafh could be considered a seperate language, SVO was the only acceptable form, with even occasional SOV constructions, where the object is considered topical (these however were relatively rare).

*Unlike essentially all other branches of the family, only a few qualifiers maintained agreement with their noun. These were - tibun/tibum (large/big), bɨfun/bɨfum (old), pfun/pfum (small/little), and lɨtɔn/lɨtɔm (bad).

*Determiners and genitive modifiers became part of the small but growing class of modifiers that proceeded nouns. Many theorize that they became so by analogy with numerals, which had always been in the front.

*With topicalization of the subject increasingly mandatory, other forms of topicalization for less prominent pieces of the sentence developed. Originally, such extra information was pushed in front of everything else:

 Ozɨus ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ i.
 now man hit-PRES-REAL dog ACC
 The man is hitting the dog right '''''now'''''.

But, to seperate the topicalized section from the rest of the utterance, &quot;is&quot; ((it) is) is frequently used to seperate the topic from the remainder of the sentence:

 ozɨus is ʉx sois ʉtɨɺ i
 now PRES-REAL man hit-PRES-REAL dog ACC
 It's '''''now''''' (that) the man is hitting the dog.

Naturally, the secondary verb must agree with the main verb in terms of tense and mood. For example:

 pfɛt ɨn ʉx baʉnɨxis ʉtɨɺ i
 pfɛt ɨ-n ʉx baʉnɨx-i-n ʉtɨɺ i
 night FUT-IRR man eat-FUT-IRR dog ACC
 It might become (during) the '''''night''''', (that) the man may go and eat the dog.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gethavage</title>
    <id>5446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34116</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-18T20:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rakesprogress</username>
        <id>1229</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gethavage'''

'''Gethavage''' is a work in progress - a language I have been developing mainly in my head. I shall unveil it gradually such as it now - and build from there. The approach will be practical rather than technical. Howevr, Gethavage is designed to be expressive and flexible - not simple or easy.

'''Gethavage''' just means &quot;the way we speak&quot;:

'''get''' - speak
'''ha''' - [pl]
'''va''' - [first person]
'''ge''' - [suffix of manner]

'''g''' before '''e''', '''é''' or '''i''' is pronounced as ''gy'' (Hu) but a little softer (i.e. ''[d]y'').
'''e''' is generally pron ''yɘ'' - although swallowed when final.

Stress is flexible in '''Gethavage''' and is usually marked by an acute. However, this is not possible with '''e''' as '''

'''é''' is in separate use. Shall resolve that. So we could say pron: [d]yɘt'hava[d]y[ɘ].

Not every word will require so much explanation from here on!

Other language names are constructed slightly differently - although consistently. Thus '''ánkoget''' (English) and 
 
 '''rántiget   tískiget   pánget   dáliget  rήsiget  lúsoget  dániget  cíget  níviget  héliget  tήruget  rápoget  kήmriget'''

most of which should be obvious with a little thought.

Note '''rήsiget'''. Gethavage (hereinafter abbreviated to Gt) has an additional vowel '''η''' indicating ''ɘ''.

Names of the corresponding countries are easy to project - just replace '''get''' with '''-lazη'''. Thus:  

'''Ánkolazη Rántilazη Tískilazη  Pánelazη  Dálilazη  Rήsilazη Lúsolazη Dánilazη Cílazη  Nívilazη  Hélilazη Tήrulazη Rápolazη Kήmrilazη'''

Prepositions are usually postpositions - and to start simply with the names of countries:

'''-í''' - in
'''-ó''' - to
'''-ú''' - from

whence of course '''Ankolazí Ankolazó Ankolazú''' etc. Note change of stress.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Rakesprogress/charinsert</title>
    <id>5447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34117</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-18T20:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rakesprogress</username>
        <id>1229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ὴήόύ</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ὴήόύ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Shaded table</title>
    <id>5448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34195</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-20T08:09:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usage */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{| cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;shadedtable&quot;
!colspan={{{cols|2}}} class=&quot;shadedtable&quot;| {{{title|}}}
|-&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;noinclude&gt;
== Usage ==
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Marx Brothers | cols=2 }}
| Chico ||	Leonard
|-
| Harpo || Arthur
|-
| Groucho || Julius Henry
|-
| Gummo || Milton
|-
| Zeppo || Herbert
|}
----
{{shaded table | title=Simpson Children | cols=3 }}
| Bart || Lisa || Maggie
|}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

gives

{{shaded table| title=Marx Brothers | cols=2 }}
| Chico ||	Leonard
|-
| Harpo || Arthur
|-
| Groucho || Julius Henry
|-
| Gummo || Milton
|-
| Zeppo || Herbert
|}
----
{{shaded table | title=Simpson Children | cols=3 }}
| Bart || Lisa || Maggie
|}

'''NB''' that the number of colums (the &lt;code&gt;cols&lt;/code&gt; attribute) must be specified for the dark shaded title cell to look right; compare

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{shaded table | title=Simpson Children}}
| Bart || Lisa || Maggie
|}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

with omitted &lt;code&gt;cold&lt;/code&gt; attribute giving malformed

{{shaded table | title=Simpson Children}}
| Bart || Lisa || Maggie
|}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Esh</title>
    <id>5449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34189</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-20T06:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;MUFI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.75em;&quot;&gt;ɾ&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Northern-Romance</title>
    <id>5450</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>34194</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-20T08:05:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Proto-Northern-Romance]] moved to [[Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)]]: To avoid potential conflict with Northern Romances in other universes.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)</title>
    <id>5451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53001</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-10T10:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Major revisions to morphology April 2010 following improvements to sound change program.

::: * * *

===== ''Ewert on atonic vowels'' =====
''Ewert's treatment is terse, to the point and clarifying:''
&lt;div class=&quot;border-left&quot;&gt;
''Fine distinctions of quality are obliterated, with the result that ɛ and e, ɔ and o falI together. Further, the V.L. quantitative distinction (if it ever existed in atonic vowels, cf. § 21) was not maintained. GalIo-Roman therefore inherited from V.L. the atonic vowels a, e, i, o, u, which were presumably short and were already tending to weaken and disappear.''

''(ii) FINAL AND COUNTERFINAL VOWELS''

''29. These persist in V.L. in a weakened form with a tendency to confuse e and i, o and u. In Old French, a remains in a weakened form as so-calIed feminine e ( = ə) (cf. § 61): BONA&gt; bonne, AMAS&gt; aimes. This change dates from about the end of the eighth century. e, i, o, u generally disappear (about the seventh century), but they persist in the form of the weakened supporting vowel ə in the following cases: (a) before a group of consonants (AMENT&gt;aiment); (b) after a group of consonants requiring a supporting vowel, notably cons. + I, r, m, n, excepting kl, gr, gn, rm, rn (DUPLUM &gt; double, PATREM &gt; peðre &gt;pere, *HELMU (Germ. helm) &gt; helme &gt; heaume, ALNUM&gt; alne&gt; aune). The group may be primary, i.e. inherited as such from Latin, or secondary, i.e. developed subsequently through the loss of a vowel (MASCULUM &gt; MASC'LU &gt; masle&gt; male). In the absence of any supporting vowel an ə is developed (INSIMUL&gt; ENSEM'L &gt; ensemble, MINOR&gt; MEN'R &gt; mendre later moindre ≠ moins). It will be seen that ə persists even after the reduction of the group which originalIy required the supporting vowel (pere, heaume, aune, male). For the apparent exceptions presented by borrowed words, cf. § 500.''
&lt;/div&gt;

: ''I take this to mean:''

{| class=gridtable
! C.L. !! V.L.? !! Stage 1 !! Stage 2 !! Stage 3 !! OF
|-
| ī || i || i || i || i || i
|-
| ĭ || ɪ ||rowspan=2| e ||rowspan=3| e ||rowspan=3| ə ||rowspan=3| —
|-
| ē || e
|-
| ĕ || ɛ || ɛ
|-
| ū || u || u || u || y || y
|-
| ŭ || ʊ ||rowspan=2| o ||rowspan=3| o ||rowspan=3| ə ||rowspan=3| —
|-
| ō || o
|-
| ŏ || ɔ || ɔ
|-
| ā, ă || a || a || a || a || ə
|}
[[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 21:13, 24 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Taalen</title>
    <id>5452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34224</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-20T16:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Oh, not that it's important, but incidentally '''taalen''' is [[Dutch]] for '''Languages''' (it's related to the English word '''talk''' and the Swedish verb '''tala''', to talk, or speak)...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Oh, not that it's important, but incidentally '''taalen''' is [[Dutch]] for '''Languages''' (it's related to the English word '''talk''' and the Swedish verb '''tala''', to talk, or speak).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bakatsu</title>
    <id>5453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38708</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-17T01:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zereskaoate</username>
        <id>1231</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Bakatsu (pronounced [bAkAtsu] (XSAMPA)) is located in the Bajuwen system, and is the fourth planet from it's sun. It has a single moon which revolves around it, named Dobokoda ([dobokodA]).

==History of the Planet==
Bakatsu has been determined by scientists to be around 3.8 billion years old. Recent studies have shown that around 10,000 NZ (nakya Zelse, Before Zelse, around 11,160 Zelse years before the current day), the planet was devoid of all life. But suddenly, as if from nowhere, humans appeared, in their very form they exist to this day, a long with artifacts of technologies that should only have been invented 200 years before the present.

From the enormous amounts of remains found together, it has been determined that these early Bakatsuku (people of Bakatsu) went through a period of on/off wars that lasted for thousands of years. Not much is known, due to a huge lack of any historical documents, but somewhere in there the Pre-Great War Bakatsu formed, including the nation of Zelse. About 800 Zelse years later, the Great War formed the political boundries that exist on Bakatsu to this day.

==Geography of Bakatsu==

The Bakatsu year is 400 days long. It is actually closer to 400 1/3 days long, adding a leap year every three years to make up for this. The days are 24 &quot;Earth&quot; hours long (10 Zelse &quot;hours&quot; long). It's size is extremely similar to Earth. 

One quality that makes Bakatsu unique is its rotation. Unlike Earth, Bakatsu rotates at a perfect 0 degree angle. Therefore, the concept of &quot;seasons&quot; is unheard of on Bakatsu. Climate varies depending on your distance from the equator. This allows for year-round farming in many parts of the globe. This also means that the sun rises and sets at the same time every day.

==Inhabitants==
===Human===
The most intelligent &quot;species&quot; on Bakatsu are a race of humans much like ourselves. Like on Earth, humans have created separate nations in which they live.

===Other Animals===
Bakatsu Animal species greatly resemble our own, though a few very different species exist, due to genetic engineering by humans. (Such genetic work, on animals and humans, has since been banned.)

===Theories on Origins of Life on Bakatsu===
It was only after the Great War, and when things had significantly calmed down, that people really got into learning more about Bakatsu's history. Due to lack of almost any historical documents, very little was known. When scientists finally started working on finding out about Bakatsu, they discovered that life on Bakatsu only appeared around 10,000 Zelse years ago (which isn't too far off from our own &quot;Earth&quot; years). Also, remains of tools of a technologically advanced society were found. This has led to most scientists accepting a sort of &quot;panspermia&quot; theory to the origins of Bakatsu life, that Humans migrated from some other planet to Bakatsu 10,000 years ago.

This discovery also increased the popular belief in many religious parties' theory of creation of Humans by gods (or in some religions a single God).

A program has already been set up by the IH (Ima Himatsushde, &quot;Collection of Nations&quot;, like the Earth U.N.) to search for signs of the original home of the Humans, but no indication of life has been found as of yet.

==Political==
Bakatsu today is made up of several nations. The largest of these is the Himatsu Zelse, which encompasses it's own continent and a semi-large island (as well as several smaller island territories). Other prominent nations include Gikachu, Pochak, and Jur. Other &quot;nations&quot; are made up of small &quot;tribes&quot; and do not contain a central government, and thus do not have an official &quot;name&quot;. 

Bakatsu was once a much different place politically, especially 200 years ago, during the period that is known as the Great War. 

===The Great War===
====The Beginning====
About 350 years ago, Bakatsu was in a technological state resembling the Middle Ages. The two most powerful nations, Zelse and Stchafe, were constantly squabbling with each other. Meanwhile, the Zelse monarchy was busy in the nation of Bagamaji. The monarchy was aiding Bagamaji's militant forces, which were poorly trained and unable to resist any attacks (Much territory had been lost to the Stchafe when they attacked not long before). This aid was a huge help to Zelse as well, who would soon gain a powerful ally (Bagamaji was the largest nation pre-Great War, and had a largest population, and thus the largest amount of potential soldiers) and had open trade with the Bagamaji. 

The Stchafe decided that they didn't want the Zelse helping the Bagamaji, and began attacking the Bagamaji and the Zelse forces there. The Zelse monarchy quickly struck back. Before long, both nations gathered allies around the world, and soon the Great War began.

The War is split into 3 sections; Old, Pre-Modern, and Modern

====Old Period====
The Old period of the Great War consisted of the Zelse monarchy against the Stchafe dictatorship. The weapons included swords, bow-and-arrows, and other Middle Ages-like tech. The later part of the Old Period saw the use of large catapaults and the first cannons.

====Pre-Modern Period====
By now, every nation on Bakatsu was fighting in the war. Zelse and Stchafe were using all their resources available to fight. If you were old enough to fight, you were on the battle field, or some other work for the military. All science was focused on inventing a better killing machine than the other side. With the invention of gun powder in the Old Period, the first rifles were produced. Warfare quickly changed from close-combat to more trench style warfare to adapt to the new weapons.

In the Zelse nation, a gang known as the Kanako-sai (meaning &quot;part of the police&quot; in Old Zelse and Zereskaoate) had gained huge popularity among the people. They led a huge revolution against the Zelse monarchy, and won. The Zelse nation pulled out of the war, and became a Republic under it's new leadership. But it's allies refused to surrender, and continued fighting. Attacks from oppsing nations on the New Zelse Republic caused it's rejoining of the war, which indicates the start of the Modern period.

====Modern Period====
By now, nations were exhausted by the total warfare that had been going on for 100 years, and the war began to die down. However, the Zelse Republic and it's allies knew that they would never win unless they finally destroyed the Stchafe HQ, where all the Stchafe war-leaders were hiding. The HQ was well hidden, and simply searching for it yielded no results. By this time, the tech level was equal to that of ours today. 

Finally, a group of Zelse soldiers intercepted a radio transmission from Stchafe HQ, and the coordinates were eventually sent to the Zelse HQ. The Stchafe HQ was destroyed, and the Stchafe forces soon surrendered.

====Aftermath====
The nations of Stchafe, Bagamaji, and Zelse joined forces a few years after the war to become the Himatsu Zelse that exists today. The Ikutsutsujan, &quot;End of the Great War&quot;, is celebrated world-wide. It took almost 100 years to fully recover from the War, but today Bakatsu is a peaceful planet, since no nation wants to start a war when the horrors of the Great War are still in mind. The nation of Pochatu split into Gikachu and Pochak during the war, and still exist today.

==Bakatsu Today==
===The Himatsu Zelse===
The Himatsu Zelse continues to lead in technology and wealth among the other nations. It continues to practice moderate isolation from international affairs.

===Space Program===
During and immediately after the Great War, most prominent nations led a space program. These programs were brought together and today are regulated as a single, I.H. program. A permanent colony has already been established on Bakatsu's moon, and in fact is the official I.H. Headquarters, as well as a residential colony, split amongst several nations. Space travel has been made easy with the use of nuclear fusion, and regular traffic of shuttles between Bakatsu and it's moon can be observed. A scientific, expiremtnal colony has been formed on the nearest planet to Bakatsu, &quot;Kijin&quot; (pronounced [kiZiN] (X-SAMPA)). This may one day become a permanent, residential colony, but for now is only for scientific study. Scientists have been able to observe first hand the strange &quot;seasons&quot; on this planet.

==Languages of Bakatsu==
A list of the most spoken languages on Bakatsu (in order of number of speakers):

*[[Zereskaoate]]
*[[Bagamaji]]
*[[Stchafen]]
*Heman
*Noju

Thousands of other languages exist, but these are the 5 most-spoken.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Bakatsu</title>
    <id>5454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38530</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-07T04:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zereskaoate</username>
        <id>1231</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;Unlike Earth, Bakatsu rotates at a perfect 90 degree angle. Therefore, the concept of &quot;seasons&quot; is unheard of on Bakatsu.&lt;/i&gt; I assume that should actually read 0?  90 degrees would mean that at one point in its orbit, the north pole would be pointed directly at the sun, and at the opposite side, the south pole would be pointed directly at the sun.

&lt;i&gt;Bakatsu Animal species greatly resemble our own, though a few very different species exist, due to genetic engineering by humans. (Such genetic work, on animals and humans, has since been banned.)&lt;/i&gt; Are the humans and the Bakatsu animals native to Bakatsu, or was Bakatsu terraformed at some point in the past? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 20:47, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

&lt;i&gt;I assume that should actually read 0?  90 degrees would mean that at one point in its orbit, the north pole would be pointed directly at the sun, and at the opposite side, the south pole would be pointed directly at the sun.&lt;/i&gt;
Right, I meant 0. I was a bit confused, whether it was 90 or 0. Thanks.

&lt;i&gt;re the humans and the Bakatsu animals native to Bakatsu, or was Bakatsu terraformed at some point in the past? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 20:47, 22 July 2008 (UTC)&lt;/i&gt;
I edited the page recently, including the theory on the origin of life on Bakatsu (and what is known, specifically that &quot;life&quot; as it is today only appeared 10,000 years ago, leading to the belief of a migration of Humans and animals alike from another planet, for purposes unknown).

Also note that when I refer to the present, I mean the present day on Bakatsu, not necessarily the present in our time.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kupmec Faraneit</title>
    <id>5455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45565</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T09:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ConjugationA */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kumpec Faraneit is the dialect of [[Faraneit]] spoken in the Kupeameaceih, a desert area north of Lescealh, following the explusion of those that lived in the Heajazareifh when it was conquered by the Harapah. It is highly innovative phonetically and grammatically and is often called a seperate language as such. It clearly has a basis in [[Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit]] (aka Heajaz Faraneit) but is also blatantly independent in many ways.

==Phonology Chart==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Lateral Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|tɬ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dl}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|pf}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʦ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kx}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal Affricate'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|mv~)}}
| align=center | {{IPA|nz~)}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɣ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
|-
|'''Rhotic'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʀ}}
|-
|'''Lateral'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɬ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʟ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}


Vowels: /i y e ɛ a ɒ o u ɨ/

==Sound Changes from Heajaz Faraneit==
*l ɭ merge medially to ɬ
*pɨɬ pɛɬ pɔɬ pʊɬ &gt; pɬ &gt; pʰ &gt; ɸ
*bɨɬ bɛɬ bɔɬ bʊɬ &gt; bl &gt; bʰ &gt; h &gt; DELETES
*tɨɬ tɛɬ tɔɬ tʊɬ &gt; tɬ)
*dɨɬ dɛɬ dɔɬ dʊɬ &gt; dl)
*kɨɬ kɛɬ kɔɬ kʊɬ &gt; kɬ) 
*qɨɬ qɛɬ qɔɬ qʊɬ &gt; gl &gt; ʟ
*Hypercorrection on l ɭ merger but affricates preserved
*kɬ) &gt; ʈɭ) &gt; ʈ
*ɨ a &gt; DELETE /[-stress]
*ɔ &gt; ɒ
*'ʊ &gt; 'u &gt; y
*nɭ &gt; ɳ
*ʃ &gt; ʂ
*ʧ &gt; ʈʂ
*Prepositions absorb initial stress in many cases
*ɛ a ɒ &gt; DELETE /[-stress]
*ʊ &gt; DELETES
*ʒl ʒɭ &gt; r
*ʒ &gt; ʀ &gt; ɣ
*First torsion then epenthesis with /a/ produces:
**(F)(C)(S)V(S)(F)(C)
***F = fricative, S = approximant or nasal
***Closest approximate assimilation within clusters
*VF# &gt; V:#
*θ ð &gt; f v

==Declension==
The following are the pronunciation of the pronouns and noun groups as used in Kupmec Faraneit:

Nominative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person, Exclusive
  |align=center| a:
  |align=center| ve
  |-
  ! First Person, Inclusive
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| fɛ:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| no:
  |align=center| mla
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| dɑn
  |align=center| tip
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| dɑm
  |align=center| tip
  |-
  ! Fourth Person
  |align=center| tɛɣp͡f
  |align=center| tɛɣp͡f
  |-  
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| minz (ocean)
  |align=center| minz (ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| e: (work)
  |align=center| e:(b) (works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| bɛʃite: (end)
  |align=center| bɛʃite:(b) (ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ɸa (the jug)
  |align=center| ɸa(b) (the jugs)
  |-
|}


Accusitive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| in
  |align=center| fon
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| moŋ
  |align=center| moln
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| dom
  |align=center| tɨm
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| deŋ
  |align=center| tɨm
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| minz (ocean)
  |align=center| minz (ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| e: (work)
  |align=center| e:(b) (works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| bɛʃite: (end)
  |align=center| bɛʃite:(b) (ends)
  |-  
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ɸa (the jug)
  |align=center| ɸa(b) (the jugs)
  |-
|}


Possessive Suffixes:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| -a:
  |align=center| -vɑ:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| -aɣna:
  |align=center| -amɣa:
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| -ats
  |align=center| -ats
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| -minz (ocean's)
  |align=center| -minz (oceans')
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| -e: (work's)
  |align=center| -e:(b) (works')
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| -bɛʃite: (end's)
  |align=center| -bɛʃite:(b) (ends')
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| -ɸa (the jug's)
  |align=center| -ɸa(b) (the jugs')
  |-
|}

Dative/Lative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular Dative/Allative
  |align=center| Singular Lative
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| na:
  |align=center| fta:
  |align=center| vy:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| no:
  |align=center| ftano:
  |align=center| kɛ
  |-
  ! Third Person, Animate
  |align=center| dnɑn
  |align=center| ftadɑn
  |align=center| du:
  |-
  ! Third Person, Inanimate
  |align=center| dnɑm
  |align=center| ftadɑm
  |align=center| du:
  |-  
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| naminz (to the ocean)
  |align=center| ftaminz (from the ocean)
  |align=center| naminz/ftaminz (to/from the oceans)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| ne: (to the work)
  |align=center| fte: (from the work)
  |align=center| ne:(b)/fte:(b) (to/from the works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| bnɛʃite: (to the end)
  |align=center| ftabɛʃite: (from the end)
  |align=center| bnɛʃite:(b)/ftabɛʃite:(b) (to/from the ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ɸna (to the jug)
  |align=center| ftɸa (from the jug)
  |align=center| ɸna(b)/ftɸa(b) (to/from the jugs)
  |-
|}

Locative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| fa:
  |align=center| fafa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| fasno:
  |align=center| fmla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| fdɑn
  |align=center| ftip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| fdɑm
  |align=center| ftip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| fasminz (inside/at the ocean)
  |align=center| fasminz (inside/at the oceans)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| fse: (inside/at the work)
  |align=center| fse:(b) (inside/at the work)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| fasbɛʃite: (inside/at the end)
  |align=center| fasbɛʃite:(b) (inside/at the ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| fasɸa (inside/at the jug)
  |align=center| fasɸa(b) (inside/at the jugs)
  |-
|}

Vialis/Instrumental:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| da:
  |align=center| dafa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| dno:
  |align=center| dmla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| dɑn
  |align=center| datip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| dɑm
  |align=center| datip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| dminz (through ocean)
  |align=center| dminz (through ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| de: (through work)
  |align=center| de:(b) (through works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| dabɛʃite: (through end)
  |align=center| dabɛʃite:(b) (through ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ɸda (through jug)
  |align=center| ɸda(b) (through jugs)
  |-
|}

Comitative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ia:
  |align=center| ifa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| ino:
  |align=center| imla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| idɑn
  |align=center| itip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| idɑm
  |align=center| itip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| iminz (and ocean)
  |align=center| iminz (and ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| ie: (and work)
  |align=center| ie:(b) (and works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| ibɛʃite: (and end)
  |align=center| ibɛʃite:(b) (and ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| iɸa (and jug)
  |align=center| iɸa(b) (and jugs)
  |-
|}

Negative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| zaza:
  |align=center| zasfa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| zazno:
  |align=center| zazmla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| zazɑn
  |align=center| zasip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| zazɑm
  |align=center| zasip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| zazminz (no ocean)
  |align=center| zazminz (no ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| zaze: (no work)
  |align=center| zaze:(b) (no works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| zazbɛʃite: (no end)
  |align=center| zazbɛʃite:(b) (no ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| zasɸa (no jug)
  |align=center| zasɸa(b) (no jugs)
  |-
|}

Superessive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ra:
  |align=center| rafa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| rano:
  |align=center| ramla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| drɑn
  |align=center| trip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| drɑm
  |align=center| trip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| raminz (over the ocean)
  |align=center| raminz (over the oceans)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| re: (over the work)
  |align=center| re:(b) (over the works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| brɛʃite: (over the end)
  |align=center| brɛʃite:(b) (over the ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ɸra (over the jug)
  |align=center| ɸra(b) (over the jugs)
  |-
|}

Apudessive/Postessive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| sa:
  |align=center| safa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| sno:
  |align=center| smla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| zdɑn
  |align=center| stip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| zdɑm
  |align=center| stip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| sminz (next to the ocean, after the ocean's existence/creation)
  |align=center| sminz (next to the oceans, after the oceans' existence/creation)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| se: (next to the work, after working)
  |align=center| se:(b) (next to the works, after the workings)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| zbɛʃite: (next to the end, after the ending)
  |align=center| zbɛʃite:(b) (next to the ends, after the endings)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| sɸa (next to the jug, after the jug's existence/creation)
  |align=center| sɸa(b) (next to the jugs, after the jug's existence/creation)
  |-
|}

Antessive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| za:
  |align=center| zafa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| zno:
  |align=center| zmla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| zdɑn
  |align=center| stip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| zdɑm
  |align=center| stip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| zminz (prior to the ocean's existence)
  |align=center| zminz (prior to the oceans' existence)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| ze: (prior to working)
  |align=center| ze:(b) (prior to the workings)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| zbɛʃite: (prior to the end, their existence)
  |align=center| zbɛʃite:(b) (prior to the ends, their existence)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| sɸa (prior to the jug's existence/use)
  |align=center| sɸa(b) (prior to the jugs' existence/use)
  |-
|}

Adessive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ʃa:
  |align=center| ʃfa:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| ʃno:
  |align=center| ʃmla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| ʃadɑn
  |align=center| ʃtip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| ʃadɑm
  |align=center| ʃtip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| ʃminz (near the ocean)
  |align=center| ʃminz (near the ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| ʃe: (near the work)
  |align=center| ʃe:(b) (near the works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| ʃabɛʃite: (near the end)
  |align=center| ʃabɛʃite:(b) (near the ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| ʃɸa (near the jug)
  |align=center| ʃɸa(b) (near the jugs)
  |-
|}

Causitive:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ta:
  |align=center| fta:
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| tno:
  |align=center| tamla
  |-
  ! Third Person Animate
  |align=center| tadɑn
  |align=center| tip
  |-
  ! Third Person Inanimate
  |align=center| tadɑm
  |align=center| tip
  |-
  ! Common Nouns I
  |align=center| tminz (for the ocean)
  |align=center| tminz (for the ocean)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns II
  |align=center| te: (for the work)
  |align=center| te:(b) (for the works)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns III
  |align=center| tabɛʃite: (for the end)
  |align=center| tabɛʃite:(b) (for the ends)
  |-
  ! Common Nouns IV
  |align=center| tɸa (for the jug)
  |align=center| tɸa(b) (for the jugs)
  |-
|}

==Conjugation==
===ConjugationA===
Conjugation A comprises the vast majority of verbs in Kupmec Faraneit, and conjugates as so for the realis mood, given the example of halej, to speak, pronounced /aleʀ/:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| alaʀ
  |align=center| aloʀ
  |align=center| aleʀ
  |align=center| aliʀ
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| alʀi
  |align=center| aloʀi
  |align=center| aleʀi
  |align=center| aliʀ
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| alaʀ
  |align=center| aloʀ
  |align=center| aleʀ
  |align=center| aliʀ
  |-

There is also the irrealis mood, for which halej conjugates:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| aln
  |align=center| alon
  |align=center| alen
  |align=center| alin
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| alni
  |align=center| aloni
  |align=center| aleni
  |align=center| alin
  |-
  ! Third Person 
  |align=center| alxan
  |align=center| alxon
  |align=center| alxen
  |align=center| alin
  |-

Furthermore, there is the optative mood which conjugates:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| alat
  |align=center| alot
  |align=center| alet
  |align=center| alit
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| alti
  |align=center| aloti
  |align=center| aleti
  |align=center| aliti
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| alʧ
  |align=center| alxot
  |align=center| alet
  |align=center| alit
  |-

===Conjugation B===
Roughly 5% of verbs conjugate differently along the Conjugation B pattern, with, for example karotej (/kaɣoteʀ/, to do):

Realis:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| kaɣoʀt
  |align=center| kaɣoʀt
  |align=center| kaɣoteʀ
  |align=center| kaɣotiʀ
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| kaɣotʀi
  |align=center| kaɣotʀi
  |align=center| kaɣoteʀi
  |align=center| kaɣotiʀ
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| kaɣoʀt
  |align=center| kaɣoʀt
  |align=center| kaɣoteʀ
  |align=center| kaɣotiʀ
  |-


Irrealis:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| kaɣont
  |align=center| kaɣont
  |align=center| kaɣoten
  |align=center| kaɣotin
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| kaɣotni
  |align=center| kaɣotni
  |align=center| kaɣoteni
  |align=center| kaɣotin
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| kaɣont
  |align=center| kaɣont
  |align=center| kaɣoten
  |align=center| kaɣotin
  |-


Optative:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| kaɣoʦ
  |align=center| kaɣot
  |align=center| kaɣotet
  |align=center| kaɣotit
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| kaɣoti
  |align=center| kaɣoti
  |align=center| kaɣoteti
  |align=center| kaɣotit
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| kaɣoʦ
  |align=center| kaɣot
  |align=center| kaɣotet
  |align=center| kaɣotit
  |-

===Conjugation C===

But finally, there's a small number of verbs that fit Conjugation C, including pafhej (/pafeʀ/, to come/go):

Realis:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| paxaʀ
  |align=center| paxoʀ
  |align=center| pafeʀ
  |align=center| pafiʀ
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| paxaʀi
  |align=center| paxoʀi
  |align=center| pafeʀi
  |align=center| pafiʀ
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| paxaʀ
  |align=center| paxoʀ
  |align=center| paxeʀ
  |align=center| paxiʀ
  |-


Irrealis:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| paxan
  |align=center| paxon
  |align=center| pafen
  |align=center| pafin
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| paxani
  |align=center| paxoni
  |align=center| pafeni
  |align=center| pafin
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| paxan
  |align=center| paxon
  |align=center| paxen
  |align=center| paxin
  |-


Optative:

{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Remote Past
  |align=center| Simple Past
  |align=center| Present
  |align=center| Future
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| paʧ
  |align=center| paxot
  |align=center| pafet
  |align=center| pafit
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| paxti
  |align=center| paxoti
  |align=center| pafeti
  |align=center| pafit
  |-
  ! Third Person
  |align=center| paʧ
  |align=center| paxot
  |align=center| paxet
  |align=center| paxit
  |-</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Poleiseam Faraneik</title>
    <id>5456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34307</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-22T21:31:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Poleiseam Faraneik was the [[Faraneit]] spoken in Polizeih-controlled areas of Malaba prior to the collapse of Poleisah and the Tumultuous Era.

==Phonemes==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}} 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

/i y e ø ɛ a ə o u/

==Changes from Standard Lescealh Faraneit==
*ʀ &gt; r (arguably r was actually preserved instead of shifted to ʀ, but the historical record is unclear)
*ç &gt; ʃ
*t# &gt; k
*ɪ &gt; ə
*ʊ &gt; u &gt; y
*ɔ &gt; o &gt; ø
*θ [ð] &gt; f v
*k q &gt; k, prior to all vowels except for a
*Heam (place) becomes a geographic adjectivizer.
*-eih and -eit become active suffixes again (they were inactive in SLF)
*Doan is reserved solely for men and only as a respectful form. Dekein can be used, but only insultingly for men. Dekein is the only form used for women and other animates (as well as animates).
*The flexible gender classes become closed. Humans take animate copulas and all other nouns take inanimate copulas regardless of status.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pete/monobook.css</title>
    <id>5457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34308</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-22T21:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: body {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Serif&quot; !important;} h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Sans&quot; !important;}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">body {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Serif&quot; !important;}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {font-family: &quot;DejaVu Sans&quot; !important;}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Central Lescealh Faraneit</title>
    <id>5458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45588</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-25T01:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonemes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Central Lescealh Faraneit was the dialect spoken under Harapah rule through out [[Lescealh]]. It was given various amounts of special treatment as a de facto lingua franca during that time period.

==Phonemes==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Velar
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʁ}} 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Phonemic Vowels: /i ɨ e ə æ ɑ o u/
**Harmonic Vowels: [i ɨ e y æ ɑ ø y]

==Sound Changes from Standard Lescealh Faraneit==
*uq iq eq oq &gt; ʊq ɪq ɛq ɔq
*q &gt; k
*ç &gt; ʃ
*ɔn ɛn an &gt; an
*in ɪn un ʊn &gt; ɪn ɪn ʊn ʊn
*ɔ o &gt; o
*oʀ eʀ ɛʀ &gt; ɔʀ ɛʀ ɛʀ
*iʀ ɪʀ uʀ ʊʀ &gt; ɪʀ ɪʀ ʊʀ ʊʀ
*θ &gt; DELETES
*ʊ &gt; ə
*ɪ &gt; ɨ
*iV ɨV eV ɛV &gt; jV
*oV uV &gt; wV
*aV əV &gt; V
*ɛ a &gt; æ ɑ

==Development of Limited Vowel Harmony==
Prior to the universal lenition of /ʊ/, a primitive form of vowel harmony emerged. /o ʊ u/ became /ø ʏ y/ prior to a syllable containing /i ɪ e ɛ/. From this initial system, /y ʏ/ merged to /y/. Yet, within the verbal suffixes, this initial form was preserved, resulting in alternating forms depending on the last vowel in the verb's stem. For example,

 Boaneicejeih.
 Boaneic-e-j-eih
 eat-PRES-REAL-1P
 I eat.

but

 Boneicoejeih.
 Boneic-'''''oe'''''-j-eih
 eat-RPAST-REAL-1P
 I was eating.

as opposed to

 Ceuzejeih.
 Ceuz-e-j-eih
 betray-PRES-REAL-1P
 I'm betraying (some one).

and

 Ceuzojeih.
 Ceuz-'''''o'''''-j-eih
 betray-RPAST-REAL-1P
 I betrayed (some one).

This affect is not limited to tense markers, but also affected the root's rightmost vowel for the future tense. For example:

 Ceuzejoah.
 Ceuz-e-j-oah
 betray-PRES-REAL-3P
 He/She/It betrays (some one).

In contrast with:

 C'''''ue'''''zijoah.
 Ceuz-i-j-oah
 betray-FUT-REAL-3P
 He/She/It will betray (some one).

==Grammatical Peculiarities==
Most notably rej, to have, is no longer irregularly conjugated, but instead incorporated into a genitive phrase. In SLF, one would say-

 Rejeih teic.
 r-e-j-eih teic.
 have-PRES-REAL-1P goat
 I/We have (a/some) goat(s).

Instead, the only form used verbally in CeLF is-

 Teicearejeaheaz.
 teic-ea-r-e-j-ea-heaz.
 goat-GEN-have-PRES-REAL-GEN-1P.S.GEN
 I have (a/some) goat(s).

Additionally, both zah (not) and sceatej (to be required) were cliticised as prefixes to other verbs, essentially operating as negative and necessitive mood markers. In both, they were heavily simplified in ad hoc form. For example, prior to /ɑ æ ə e/ only the /z/ in zah is not deleted:

 Zazojoh heim.
 z(a)-(h)az-o-j-oh heim.
 NEG-harm-RPAST-REAL-3P 1P.S.ACC.
 (He/She/It/They) harmed me.

from original Hazej. As for /i ɨ/, however,

 Zayleitejeih molein.
 za-(ei)leit-e-j-eih molein.
 NEG-greet-PRES-REAL-1P 2P.PLUR.ACC
 I am not greeting you.

while /o u/,

 Zawneujeih dekein.
 Za-(o)n-eu-j-eih dekein.
 NEG-see-RPAST-REAL-1P 3P.S.INANI.ACC
 I didn't see it.

Prior to consonants, however, the /a/ is preserved.

Sceatej simplifies much more regularly, becoming sc- when the verb begins with a vowel and scea- when the verb does not.

 Sceadeuvijeih.
 Scea-deuv-i-j-eih.
 NEC-climb-FUT-REAL-1P
 I must go and climb.

 Sceileitejih teibein.
 Sc-(h)eileit-e-j-ih teibein.
 NEC-greet-PRES-REAL-2P 3P.PLUR.ACC
 You must greet them.

As a result of the creation of a necessitive, the actual imperative mood (-t-) has become completely extinct in Central Lescealh. Similarly, subject-dropping to form an imperative has also declined, but not to nearly the same level.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scekoah Faraneit</title>
    <id>5459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34375</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-23T17:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lhezoat Dialect */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the dialect of [[Faraneit]] spoken in the city of Scekoah and throughout the Southwestern area of Lescealh. 

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|[ʃ]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɬ&amp;nbsp;l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*The phonemicity of [ʃ] is highly in doubt as it only contrasts with /ʒ/ prior to /a/, and only contrasts with /ç/ word finally.

*Monophthongs: /a ɛ e ɪ i ɔ o ʊ u/
*Diphthongs: [ə ia) ua) ai) ei) au) ou)]
**The phonemicity of these is in doubt because they only appear directly prior to /χ/

*Allophony:
**/si zi ti di/ &gt; [ɕi ʑi tɕ)i ʑi]
**/f s/ &gt; [v z] medially
**/b d v z ʒ/ &gt; [p t f s ʃ] word finally
**/ni/ &gt; /ɲi/
**/'a 'e 'o/ &gt; [a: e: o:]
**Other vowels slightly center when stressed
**/xa/ &gt; [χa]

==Colloquial Register==
In the colloquial register, however, /χ/ not only deletes but often signifies where to split a morpheme or word, dropping the half following the /χ/ as well as that phoneme itself. As such, the diphthongs may be analyzed as phonemic as they then contrast with other vowels.

However, this innovation is not present outside of Scekoah itself, and there is indisputably relagated to the colloquial register.

==Lhezoat Dialect==
In the city of Lhezoat, a single shift has radically altered the vowel system. The vowel clusters /ei eɪ/ became analyzed as [e:] and /ou oʊ/ as [o:], regardless of stress. As a result, these two new phonemes add a dimension of vowel length to the system. Interestingly, the distinction between them and their &quot;short&quot; equivalents is very precarious, as both /'e 'e:/ are realized as [e:].

Additionally, unstressed, word terminal /a ə/ delete, strengthening any argument of phonemicity of [ʃ], as it then contrasts with /ʒ/ from earlier /ʒa ʒə/ as well as /ç/.

Grammatically, the only true deviation from Scekoah Faraneit is the very archaic preferance for teareipeas to be used solely as a noun meaning other people or other thing(s), rather than a fully fledged fourth person. For instance,

 Boaneicojoah tip dekein, teareipeas.
 boaneic-o-j-oah tip dekein, teareipeas.
 eat-RPAST-REAL-3P 3P.P.NOM 3P.S.INANI.ACC, other(s).
 They ate it, the other people (did).

As opposed to a more SLF-like construction, where teareipeas would be treated like the actual subject.

Lhezoat Faraneit, in fact, is so prominently V1, that extremely important adverbs (such as zah) are often relegated to following it. Producing extremely unique sentence orders, such as,

 Boaneicejeih zah hav dekein.
 boaneic-e-j-eih zah hav dekein.
 eat-PRES-REAL-1P NEG 1P.S.NOM 3P.S.INANI.ACC
 I'm not eating it.

Such forms are uncommon through out the rest of the Scekoah Faraneit speaking region, but extremely common in Lhezoat.

==Cohut Dialect==
In this smaller still settlement, the interesting development is the alternatively development of /au) ai)/ which became /ɑ: æ:/ combined with the realization of /χ/ as [χ h] or dropped in free variation, making this semi-phonemic, in addition to all of the various other diphthongs (none of the others of which are transformed into long monophthongs as of yet).

Grammatically, the Cohut Dialect shares the Lhezoat trait of demoting teareipeas to simply a common noun, but also breaks from standard Scekoah Faraneit by permitting subject fronting, which all other forms do not permit almost dogmatically. Instead, object fronting is merely preferred to subject fronting while both are accepted. For instance,

 Hav sineih mokein.
 hav s-i-n-eih mokein.
 1P.S.NOM hit-FUT-IRR-1P 2P.S.ACC
 I may go hit you.

is just as acceptable as

 Mokein sineih hav.
 mokein s-i-n-eih hav.
 2P.S.ACC hit-FUT-IRR-1P 1P.S.NOM
 I may go hit you.

although the second is more commonly used, because 

 Sineih hav mokein.
 hit-FUT-IRR-1P 1P.S.NOM 2P.S.ACC
 I may go hit you.

the unmarked form, is just viewed as stressing the subject too.

==Sound Changes from Standard Lescealh Faraneit==
*l ɭ &gt; ɬ ɬ˞ &gt; l ɬ˞ &gt; l ɬ
*aʀ ɛʀ eʀ ɪʀ iʀ &gt; æɐ)ʀ əʀ eɛ)ʀ əʀ iɪʀ &gt; ai)χ əχ ei)χ əχ ia)χ
*ɔʀ oʀ ʊʀ uʀ &gt; ɑɐ)ʀ oɔ)ʀ ɘʀ uʊ)ʀ &gt; au)χ ou)χ ɘχ ua)χ
*ʀ &gt; χ
*θ ð &gt; s z
*si zi ti di &gt; ɕi ʑi tɕ)i ʑi
*VsV VfV &gt; z v
*d# b# v# z# ʒ# &gt; t p f s ʃ

==Grammatical Differences==
Grammatically, Scekoah Faraneit is a mishmash of the conservative and the innovative. Like a preservation of early Faraneit, pronouns are dropped only when they are more than understood but were used in the prior clause and the imperative mood is alive and well both in speech and writing.

But Scekoah Faraneit is far from the Lithuanian of the Faraneit dialects, as it incorporates a number of strange structures. For instance, instead of the Standard Faraneit:

 Kejeihav her.
 k-e-j-eih-(h)av her.
 be-PRES-REAL-1P-1P.S happy.
 I'm happy.

The speakers would say-

 Bafhejoah lepir fheis hav.
 bafh-e-j-oah lepir fheis hav.
 rest-PRES-REAL-3P joy inside 1P-S-NOM
 Joy sits inside me.

Alluding to the Quechua-esque association of behind with the future and before with the past, the verb in such a phrase wouldn't be conjugated in a seperate tense to show a past or future experience of happiness. Instead-

 Bafhejoah searisc seih nor.
 bafh-e-j-oah searisc seih nor.
 rest-PRES-REAL-3P craziness behind 2P.S.NOM
 You will be crazy.
 (lit: Craziness rests behind you.)

 Bafhejoah keusceh zeih hav.
 bafh-e-j-oah keusceh zeih hav.
 rest-PRES-REAL-3P sadness before 1P.S.NOM
 I was sad.
 (lit: Sadness rests in front of you).

These constructions are not found in any other dialect of Faraneit, or even elsewhere within the Rajo-Faraneit family. Elsewhere, seih or its equivalent can mark phrases as being in the future or objects as being in back of something, but not this situation. The exact same usage of zeih is also lacking.

Similarly unusually, the verb kej, to be, is not used in full in other contexts either. Instead, a situation similar to rej in [[Central Lescealh Faraneit]] exists. For example:

 Qidiseiheakejeaheaz.
 qidiseih-ea-k-e-j-ea-heaz.
 soldier-GEN-be-PRES-REAL-GEN-1P.S.GEN
 I am (a/the) soldier.

Interestingly (and identically to the treatment of rej in [[Central Lescealh Faraneit]]) the verb-noun can still be placed into a specific tense, aspect, or mood.

 Raceumibeakojeameareas.
 raceumi-b-ea-k-o-j-ea-meareas.
 child-PLUR-GEN-be-RPAST-REAL-GEN-2P.PLUR.GEN
 You were children.

 Deicealeakeneadeis.
 deiceal-ea-k-e-n-ea-deis.
 alcohol-GEN-be-PRES-IRR-GEN-3P.S.GEN
 It might be alcohol.

Fronting of any of the various complements is much less rare than in other dialects, which, while often misidentified as a conservative feature, is actually rather innovative. Instead of fronting a prepositional phrase to the beginning of the clause, it is often slotted after the verb, producing a word order often thought of as weird by other Faraneit speakers-

 Boaneiciteih (fheis boaneic) feareih hacaz.
 boaneic-i-t-eih (fheis boaneic) feareih hacaz.
 eat.FUT.OPT-1P (inside restaurant) 1P.PLUR.INCL.NOM meat
 We should go eat the meat (inside the restaurant).

In fact, this dialect is so strongly VS that OVS constructions are preferred over SVO constructions. For example, a Scekoah Faraneit speaker would rather say-

 Hin hazejih nor.
 hin haz-e-j-ih nor.
 1P.S.ACC hurt-PRES-REAL-2P 2P.S.NOM
 You are hurting me.

than with the subject fronted and the object behind the verb, how nearly every other dialect of Faraneit prefers it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tööxdiləm</title>
    <id>5460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34632</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-28T18:47:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Roninbodhisattva</username>
        <id>741</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Tööxdiləm
|pronounce=/ˈtø:xdiləm/
|tu=[http://conproject.freeforums.org/ The Conproject World]
|species=Human
|in=Siberian-like region
|no=as of yet unknown
|script=none; only Spoken
|tree=Tööxdiləm&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;'''Tööxdiləm Dialects'''&lt;br&gt;
|morph=suffixing, agglutinating
|ms=Accusative
|wo=SOV
|creator=roninbodhisattva
|date=July 2008}}

Tööxdiləm is a language I am working on for the [http://conproject.freeforums.org/ The Conproject], to be spoken in a more northern area of one of the main continents. I'm styling the culture and the language itself on Siberian peoples and languages, focusing heavily on Central Siberian languages, especially Samoyedic. There is also some influence from Nivkh in the consonant inventory. This page will not be complete for a long time, but instead will host updates as I add them. Enjoy!

==Typological Overview==
==Phonology==

===Phonemic Inventory===
====Consonants====
====Basic Vowels====
====The Vowel Series====

===Phonotactics===
====Syllable Structure====
====Morpheme Structure====

===Morphonemics===
====Lax vs. Tense Finals====
====Consonant Clusters====
====Palatalization====
====Vowel Harmony====

===Stress and Vowel Reduction===
====Stress Placement====
====Vowel Reduction====
====Vowel Deletion====

===Prosody===
====Phrase Level Prosody====
====Sentence Level Prosody====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiijaato</title>
    <id>5461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34389</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-23T18:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tiijaato is either a highly innovative dialect of [[Tir'àata]] or a closely related sister language. Spoken in the same region, it shares many characteristics with the various Sjisja languages in the region.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Apical Alveolar 
!Laminal Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Labial-Velar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̻}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɳ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɴ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʧ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʈ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k͡p}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̺}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s̻}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|xʷ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ʋ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɻ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɭ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp; 
|}

==Grammar==
The grammar of Tiijaato is virtually identical to Tir'àata, with a few relatively unimportant distinctions.

In both, plural marking is never obligatory (one of the more common traits of [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]]), but plural marking is still possible. In both languages, one affixes ʋa to a given noun to mark its plurality, but Tiijaato does so as a suffix, rather than Tir'àata that does so as a prefix. Regardless, this suffix was worn away by the various leniting sound changes that Tiijaato experienced, resulting in the marking of the plural by merely a lengthened final vowel.

Outside of this, the only other major grammatical difference is the wholesale abandonment of the locative case in Tiijaato, where genitive has completely supplanted it in function.

==Changes from [[Tir'jauta]]==
*j &gt; ʝ &gt; DELETES
*aɨ) ai) au) &gt; a: 
*a: &gt; a &gt; ʌ
*ei ai &gt; e:
*au &gt; ʌ:
*c ç &gt; ʧ ʃ
*a# &gt; DELETES
*V:# &gt; V#
*Tonogenesis:
**Vw# Vɻ# Vɭ# Vr# Vl# Vʋ# &gt; V:_M
**Vʂ# Vx# Vχ# &gt; Vʐ# Vɣ# Vʁ# &gt; V:_L
**Vf# Vɸ# Vs# &gt; Vh# &gt; V_L
**Vk# Vq# &gt; Vg# Vɢ# &gt; V:ʔ &gt; V:_k &gt; V:_H
**Vp# Vt# Vʈ# &gt; Vʔ# &gt; V_H
**V# &gt; V_M
**NOTE: Here # is used meaning syllable end, not word end, no other section does so
*f &gt; ɸ &gt; h
*VV &gt; VʔV</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Modern Romance Distribution (MGR).png</title>
    <id>5463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34539</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-26T12:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Furonj</title>
    <id>5464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34580</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-27T08:40:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Furonj is a [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages|Rajo-Faraneit Language]] spoken in various pockets throughout the most coastal, western Measceineafh, along the northwestern tip of the continent [[Lheinead]].

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Labio-Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|'''Stop'''
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɟ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Aspirate'''
| align=center | {{IPA|bʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|dʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|gʰ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|f}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ç}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|w}}
| align=center | {{IPA|l&amp;nbsp;r&amp;nbsp;ɬ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

*Consonant Allophony:
**/p t ç k g/ aspirate when initial in a stressed syllable
**/n s t d r l ɬ/ &gt; [ŋ sˠ tˠ dˠ ɣ ɫ ɬˠ] before /u ʊ ʉ/
**/t d s/ &gt; [ʧ ʤ ʃ] before /i ɪ ɨ/
**/q/ &gt; [χ] when word final
*Vowels: /i ɪ ɨ ɛ a ɔ ʉ ʊ u/
**Vowels lengthen slightly when stressed
**/i ɪ ɨ ɛ a ɔ ʉ ʊ u/ &gt; [ɪ ɘ ɘ ə ɐ ɵ ɵ ɵ ʊ] in closed syllables

==Sound Changes from WM==
*f &gt; ɸ
*pf ts &gt; f s
*ɴ &gt; ŋ
*i u &gt; ɪ ʊ
*e o &gt; i u
*k g ŋ &gt; c ɟ ɲ /_i,ɪ,ɨ
*c k &gt; ç x
*q &gt; k
*ʔ &gt; q
*Vk(V) &gt; g
*gr gl gɬ gʋ &gt; gʰ
*rg lg ɬg ʋg &gt; gʰ
*ks sk kx xk kç fk kf ɸk kɸ &gt; k
*ŋ &gt; n /_a,e,o
*n &gt; ŋ /_u,ʊ,ʉ

==Morphology==


==Syntax==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naturalist artlang</title>
    <id>5465</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>34662</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-29T12:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Naturalist artlang]] moved to [[Naturalistic artlang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Naturalistic artlang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Epigraphist</title>
    <id>5466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34711</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T07:16:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epigraphist</username>
        <id>1233</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What's up?  Friendly greetings!  :)


== Contact Information ==


I think everyone should have a section like this to build the liklihood that their stuff gets noticed, gets attributed, and their interest flourishes through contacts.

My real life name is Lawrence J. Rogers

My e-mail is roger158 at msu.edu for the next year (About August 2009).

Ad perpetua (until something happens), my permanent e-mail is little_l_jrjr at yahoo.com .

I have this Group for Marc Okrand's Atlantean language:

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/atlantean_language/

I use it like a blog sometimes.  Use it to track me down.

My Wikipedia account is also Epigraphist and can be accessed throught the &quot;Atlantean language&quot; page and my edits there-to.  

If all that fails, just search my name around the Internet and see if you can find me.  I shouldn't ever be that hard to track down.  If so, contact friends.  Even resort to Facebook (but make your intention clear in your messages to me).

[[&quot;Why You'd Want to Track Me Down&quot; :D]]

I'd probably be interested in a constructed language you're interested in, or some related topic.

Tonight I am going to move my Atlantean language article from Wikipedia to here for safe-keeping and distribution.  If you look into it very far, you'll figure the entire thing out.  Just please keep a low profile.

See, to give you the short of it, I was a mild-mannered high school Freshman-Sophomore when I got some freak prize trip to Europe singing Baritone in an International Choir ( 2001 Blue Lake International Choral and Brass Ensemble ).  I had a real difficult time trying to learn German and I gave up after a year and let it slide.

But then I got to use it in Europe and there was this whole world that opened up.

Then, later that summer, my Dad and I went to see &quot;Atlantis: The Lost Empire&quot; and that blew my interest in ancient writing systems and languages right open.  Its references to ancient Near Eastern mythology, Pre-Columbian civilizations, and the like was a whizz-bang combination of everything I'd been secretly studying in the library on my own for years.  I was enthralled!  So I picked up &quot;The Atlantean Alphabet&quot; then in wide distribution and memorized it through using it to write English in my journals and other compositions.  It wasn't until Fall 2006 that I hit the Internet in search of people also interested in the Alphabet.  I spent the intervening 4 years engrossed in a truely long and arduous research of what eventually became all world writing systems that have ever existed (it sounds more impressive than it actually is: most used today are either Latin-based (like ours), Cryllic-based (based on Greek and some &quot;weird stuff&quot;), or endless variations on the proto-Brahmi script.  And then, aside from some (usually politically charged) outliers (Ge'ez, Japanese, Canadian syllabics), everything else is Chinese.  But, in the past, there was DIVERSITY.  And that's where I went.

So eventually I decided to dedicate my life's work to it.

But before that I made the switch from writing systems to languages (which, somehow, most people don't understand the difference between).  It was (I don't remember) at least a year before Summer 2006 when I studied under the warm and charitable (most linguists ARE NOT) Dr. Victoria Bergval.  Maybe it was all along that I deepened my concern for languages.  But I think slowly.

Her class really did it for me!  That Winter I researched the language behind the Atlantean Alphabet, a language I was only vaguely aware of or even cared for.  I was probably Latin at the time, being interested in learning Greek and Hebrew as well.  Well, I found this shell of a fanbase for the entire series, looming like over-grown ruins covered with mysterious glyphs and mysterious lore.  From which, I'm finding, most people walk away.

I looked at the (here begins metaphor) tools and notes left behind previous excavators and archaeologists and decided that they had all left on the verge of a major break-through.  And finding something world-shaking (exaggggeration!) was just around the corner.

And it was.

So I spent my Christmas Break (and lots of Finals Weeks' study breaks) deciphering the language Marc Okrand created and writing books and notes on it, including dictionaries and grammars.  

This combination, Atlantean writing and Atlantean language, furnished me in their study with everything I know about writing systems and languages.  Along with a life-long career and passion.  And other good things.

I've been returning to the project on and off in the past 1.5 years.  And I'm right now on the verge of the 2nd break-through.  This time, all the words (327) have been diligently collected from all known or referenced major sources and perhaps most of the minor ones.  Now, it's dicipherment-time, but this time without English glosses.  I have to go straight to the base languages (mostly Proto-Indo-European roots).  Check out the site, consider learning the language.  Maybe see the movie first.  For me, it really has become not about the movie but about the underlying languages.  But I secretly become attached to the movie, too.

In the meantime I got a taste of many dead and living languages from the most diverse of language families, learned Latin, more German, and a bit of French to go with my Atlantean.  I also finished my BS in Humanities, tried Anthro then Geological Engineering (&quot;I'm gonna have to say '(for the) money' &quot;-Vinnie from the movie, and rejected it in disgust), made a whole bunch of baby conlangs, and switched last Summer to a BA in Linguistics at some huge non-engineering university away from the Great White North and its Endless Woods.

I arrived by then at wanting to devote my life to the study of 8 pictographic logo-phonetic writing systems and &quot;their people&quot;, culture, and everything.  The emmensely kind Dr. Grover Hudson, who took me under his wing and taught me [[Ge'ez]], directed me to choose one as a focus and then maybe some elements of it as a real focus.

I'm chosing Shang-era Bronze and Oracle Bone Scripts, the oldest writing of the Chinese Family of Scripts.  And (this time), not for the money.  (It's just more linguo- and scripto- typologically exotic.  And, unlike its contender in such matters, Mayan, writes on a diversity of topics and feeds into an extensive literature.  And they still use it!!!  Isn't that wild?

SO, that's my life story.


== Intended Activity on the Group ==


After copying the whole thing, I'll probably leave for a while.  I have a bunch of conlangs that I should post.  (LangMaker.Com, when will you return and give us rest?)  Please contact me if you're intersted in pictogrpahic or logo- syllabo-phonetic writing systems like Ancient Egyptian, Mayan, or Luwian.  Or you have some other project I could collaborate on, I really want to get involved in stuff with other people.

Soon I'll be ordering ALL the stuff for Klingon and learning that.  Despite some protests from the (now dying) group, I want to develop a suitable logo-phonetic system for the langauge as it exists in their Okrandian 1984 distopia (double play on words) and then use the (apparently VERY easy, no joke, well for me at least...French is torture after Latin...too easy...) learned language to communicate with them and create whatever art I want with it.

Then it's on for more French, Mandarin, and Classical Chinese, etc., until I journey to the center of the Shang Scripts.

[[User:Epigraphist|Epigraphist]] 07:14, 31 July 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantean</title>
    <id>5467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48194</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:13:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External links */ cats</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=The Atlantean Language=
==Language==
=== Concept ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
The Atlantean language (''Dig Adlantisag'') is a historically constructed, artistic language put together by [[Marc Okrand]] for Disney’s 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire and associated media,&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007.  The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt; http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/Atlantis-The%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.  The Atlantean language is therefore based both on historic reconstructions or realities as well as on the elaborate [[fantasy]]/[[science fiction]] of the Atlantis: The Lost Empire mythos.  Here are the fictional bases upon which the Atlantean language was created:  Atlantean is the “Tower of Babel language”, the “root dialect” from which all languages descended.   It has existed without change since sometime before 100,000 B.C., within the First or Second Age of Atlantis until the present.  This is when the Mother Crystal (''Matag Yob'') descended to Earth and brought enlightenment to the Atlantean people.  It is preserved by the presence of the Mother Crystal in the same way that The Shepherd’s Journal, the City of Atlantis (''Wil Adlantisag''), the Atlantean people (''luden''), and especially its royalty (''yaseken'') are preserved, healed, and given extended blissful life &lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  The Mythical World of Atlantis: Theories of the Lost Empire from Plato to Disney.  New York: Disney Editions, 2001, 48-56, 88, 89.&lt;/ref&gt;.

To create this, Dr. Okrand took common characteristics of all world languages and applied them to the [[Proto-Indo-European]] language.  His mains source of words (roots and stems) for the language is Proto-Indo-European&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, but Okrand also uses ancient [[Chinese]], Biblical [[Hebrew]], [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] languages, along with a variety of other ancient languages or ancient language reconstructions&lt;ref&gt; Kalin-Casey, Mary.  “Charting Atlantis the crew behind Disney’s latest animated adventure takes you behind the scenes.”  Features Interviews.  17 Jan. 2007  
&lt; http://www.reel.com/reel.asp?node=features/interviews/atlantis&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 55&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Writing systems ===
There are three identified writing systems for Atlantean:

1)	Writers Script&lt;ref&gt; Wloszczyna, Susan.  “New movie trek for wordsmith.”  USA Today Online.  24 May 2001.  12 Jan. 2007.&lt;http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-05-24-atlantis-lingo.htm&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 		Adlantis&lt;br /&gt;
2)	The Atlantean Alphabet&lt;ref&gt; Anderson, Matt.  “Parlez-vous Atlantean?”  Movie Habit.  12 Jan. 2006  &lt;http://www.moviehabit.com/essays/AtlantisInDepth8.shtml&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;	ADLANTIS&lt;br /&gt;
3)	Reader’s Script&lt;ref&gt; Henning, Jeffery.  “Atlantean: Language of the Lost Empire” Langmaker.com.  Jeffrey Henning.  1996-2005. 12 Jan. 2006 &lt; http://www.langmaker.com/atlantean.htm&gt;.
&quot;Interview of Don Hahn on Atlantis!&quot; Animagic.Com.  3/26/01.
&lt;/ref&gt;
		AHD-luhn-tihs&lt;br /&gt;

They are listed in order of creation.  Orkand originally put together the language in Writer’s Script.  For those many parts in the movie for which it was written, the filmmakers wrote it using the Atlantean Alphabet, created by John Emerson with the help of Marc Okrand.  For those fewer parts of the movie for which it is spoken, Okrand devised a Belitz-style notation which he hoped would make the Atlantean easier to read for the actors.&lt;ref&gt; Anderson, Matt.  “Parlez-vous Atlantean?”  Movie Habit.  12 Jan. 2006  &lt;http://www.moviehabit.com/essays/AtlantisInDepth8.shtml&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Example:

1)  Spirits of Atlantis, forgive me for defiling your chamber and bringing intruders into the land.

2)  Nish.en.top Adlantis.ag, Kelob.tem Gabr.in karok.li.mik bet gim demot.tem net getunos.en.tem bernot.li.mik bet kag.ib lewid.yoh.  (Okrand's original wouldn't have had periods.  I add these for the translation below.)

3)  NEE-shen-toap AHD-luhn-tih-suhg, KEH-loab-tem GAHB-rihn KAH-roak-lih-mihk bet gihm DEH-moat-tem net GEH-tuh-noh-sen-tem behr-NOAT-lih-mihk bet KAH-gihb LEH-wihd-yoakh.  

(Spirit.Plural.Vocative Atlantis.Genitive, Chamber.Oblique you-plural-familiar.Genitive defile.Past-Perfect.1st-Person-Singular for and land.Oblique into intruder.Plural.Oblique bring.Past-Perfect.1st-Person-Singular for I-Dative forgive.Imperative-Plural.)

(Written bustrophedon, as if in Atlantean alphabet: )

NISHENTOP ADLANTISAG KELOBTEM&lt;br /&gt;
MIG TEB KIMILKORAK NIRBAG &lt;br /&gt;
DEMOTTEM NET GETANOSENTEM&lt;br /&gt;
BIGAK TEB KIMILTONREB&lt;br /&gt;
LEWIDYOH&lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 85&lt;/ref&gt;

====Atlantean alphabet: use and sources====

=====Writing Systems Correspondence and Number of Letters Used=====
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
Here’s how they all correspond to one another.&lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire).  New York: Disney Editions: 2001, Inside Front Cover.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Wloszczyna, Susan.  “New movie trek for wordsmith.”  USA Today Online.  24 May 2001.  12 Jan. 2007.&lt;http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-05-24-atlantis-lingo.htm&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al. 2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire, especially Featurres &quot;How to Speak Atlantean&quot;, &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;  For sake of standardization, they are arranged according to a fan-composed alphabet. It is based on the oldest example of the Northern Semitic Abecedary as found in the [[Ugaritic language]].  (See [[Ugaritic alphabet]] and [[Middle Bronze age Alphabets]] : Egyptian Proto-types for discussion of these early abecendaries.  It also draws in a minor way from the [[Hebrew Alphabet]](because of its s/sh distinction and notoriety) and other early alphabet orders.  The earliest Ugaritic Abecedary is commonly accepted as being the one from which most world writing systems developed.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''The Atlantean Alphabet as Used in the Movie'''
|-   
| Readers Script || a || b || g || d || e || w || h || i || y || k || l || m || u || n || o || p || r || s || sh || t
|-   
| Writers Script || uh ah || b || g || d || eh e || w || kh || ee ih || y || k || l || m || oo u || n || oa,oh || p || r || s || sh || t

|}


20 letters of the Atlantean alphabet are used to write Atlantean in the media of &quot;Atlantis: The Lost Empire&quot;.  The letters c, f, j, q, v, x, z, ch, or th have likewise been acknowledged by the filmmakers as not being used.  They were created so that Atlantean might be used as a simple cipher code.  They are all also based on diverse ancient characters, just like the rest of the alphabet&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

=====Atlantean alphabet: use=====

There is no punctuation or capitalization in the Atlantean Writing System.  These characteristics are based by Okrand on ancient writing systems.  The Atlantean Alphabet is written in normal [[boustrophedon]] writing order.  It is written left to right for the first line, right to left the second, and left to right again the third, to continue the pattern.  This order was also suggested by Okrand, based on ancient writing systems, and it was accepted because, as he explained, &quot;It's a back-and-forth movement, like water, so that worked.&quot;&lt;ref&gt; Wloszczyna, Susan.  “New movie trek for wordsmith.”  USA Today Online.  24 May 2001.  12 Jan. 2007.&lt;http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-05-24-atlantis-lingo.htm&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Atlantean alphabet: sources=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|-   
! Letter and sources
|-   
| A 
|-   
| The most complicated: 
|-   
| Egyptian O4 &quot;pr&quot; diagram of a house:  [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/hieroglyphes/Hieroglyphica%20=%20O.htm]
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol Script and Proto-Canaanite BAYT &quot;house&quot; [[Middle Bronze Age alphabets]]
|-   
| Various spirals in world writing systems and iconography [[Spiral]]: As a symbol
|-   
| Its official explanation is that &quot;it is a miniature map of the city of Atlantis&quot; and a &quot;treasure map&quot; to the Heart of Atlantis, which the scientist-mercenaries seek in the movie.  If placed on its left side, its outer box is &quot;the cave&quot; and the inner lump is the &quot;silhouette of the city&quot;, namely its central palace-ziggurat-pyramid-ceremonial center &lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 82.&lt;/ref&gt;.
|-   
| The somewhat unofficial exlanation, especially as one reads the various books associated with the movie, is that the A spiral is meant as a symbol of the [[New Age]] religions as well as the historic, late 19th - early 20th century  archaeological and pyschological intellectual paradigms which are incorporated into [[Wicca]].  This implies a great deal of mythology which is played out in the movie.  Hence, it is also a symbol for the [[Mother Goddess]] as characterized in the movie, the Mother Crystal, Heart of Atlantis (''Kerod Adlantisag''), the Power Source, or simply ''Ad'' &lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  The Mythical World of Atlantis: Theories of the Lost Empire from Plato to Disney.  New York: Disney Editions, 2001, entire chapter &quot;Spiritual Atlantis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Donnelly, Ignatius.  Atlantis: The Antediluvian World.  New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1882, as referenced in previous reference.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-   
| It's also important to note that the Hebrew 'ALEPH was the most crucial letter in the word 'MT for Biblical Hebrew emet, 'truth' which when written on a [[golem]]'s head gave them life and when erased spelled MT for 'dead' and took it away.  This must in some way play into the Alphabet as both Leviathan, the Giants, and the Stone Fish exhibit characteristics of the literary golem. 
|-   
| B
|-   
| Most resembles a Carthagian M, &quot;water&quot;.  Also resembles the Chinese Bronzeware Script BULL simplified logogram (as in Proto-Germanic *buhloon, bull [[Chinese bronze inscriptions]].  With this, note the original meaning of the first letter of the Latin Alphabet [[Middle Bronze Age alphabets]], 'ALP, ox and BET, house.  Note how in A and B and M and U the letter meanings from the Semitic abjad have been switched.  Possibly alternately based on a 500 BC Aramaic BET, unless Dr. Okrand, who is truely not to be underestimated, had his hand in it.  I just don't suspect alphabet creator John Emerson of these sort of subtlties.
|-   
| G
|-   
| [[Elder Futhark]] GEEBO, gift and probably also from early versions of [[Phoenician alphabet]] TSAD, plant.
|-   
| D
|-   
| [[Proto-Canaanite]] DIGG, fish and [[Greek Alphabet]] DELTA.
|-   
| E
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] HILLUL, jubilation.  An image of a man with his hands in the air as an exclamation of joy.
|-   
| W
|-   
| [[Early Cyrillic Alphabet]] JATI.  Probably a [[Glagolitic alphabet]] cross-shaped AZ' ligatured with the [[Early Cyrillic Alphabet]] JERI: J + A.  It also reminds me of how Archaic Sumerian, Egyptian Hieroglyphic, Archaic Chinese, Luwian Hieroglyphic, and most likely Indus Valley Script have characters for &quot;mountain, hill&quot; and related semantic meanings which resemble a mountain range of 3 triangles, usually side-by-side.  See this image from an essay by the famous Indus dicipherist Dr. Parapola:  http://www.harappa.com/script/parpola4.html  Again, this may be sublty or coincidence.  
|-   
| H
|-   
| This is a mix of [[Elder Futhark]] HAGALAZ, hail and Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] HASIR, court of a house.
|-   
| I
|-   
| Most resembles a Carthagian (a form of [[Phoenician alphabet]]) YODH, hand but also strikingly an [[Eye of Horus]]. 
|-   
| Y
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] YAD, arm and a variant of certain hand-written forms of the I character (see Mural texts and Leviathan Slide text).
|-   
| K
|-   
| Mostly from a rare variant of [[Early Cyrillic Alphabet]] KAKO, from the Cursive Greek mixed with Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] KAPP, palm of hand and variations thereupon.
|-   
| L
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] LAMD, whip for an ox, possibly stylized so as to match S and K in the same way that W and E match. 
|-
| M
|-   
| Probably entire from the Late Hebrew Letter MEM, water.  For additional relevant meanings and symbolism.  It may have been chosen as the only clearly Hebrew letter because of the Hebrew-Old Irish based word &quot;Makit&quot; in the Atlantean language, which means King and is where our word Mc as in McDonald's comes from.  See [[Mem]] and  [[History of the Hebrew Alphabet]]  and [[Sefer Yetzirah]] 'Structure' and 'Phonetic System'.  As a scholar I am embarrassed to also point you toward this website for a reliable chart (but everything else is ignorance) :  [http://ancient-hebrew.org/14_ahrcfonts.html] .  I think it also resembles the Egyptian uniliteral glyph for M, owl, but that's a strech I admit.
|-
| U
|-  
|  Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] MU, water, mixed with [[Elder Futhark]] URUZ, aurochs, an extinct type of wild bull.
|-
| N
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] NAHASH, snake.  
|-
| N
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] NAHASH, snake.  
|- 
| O
|-   
| [[Elder Futhark]] OZTHILA, hereditary land, possession.  Actually, it is far more close to a certain European local variant on O.  There's this hand-out from a conference last year on historical linguistics that I have that lines them all up next to each other and made picking out the one closest to Atlantean possible.  But it's not with me right now.  Anyway, you look, you'll find it.  It's something on the order of 'Alpine Runes'.
|- 
| P
|-   
| This is a mix of [[Elder Futhark]] PERZTH, pear tree and Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] PU, mouth, especially Proto-Canaanite variants incorporated into the character's back curving.
|- 
| R
|-   
| This is a mix of [[Elder Futhark]] RAIDO, ride and Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] RA'ISH, head and possibly something else.
|- 
| S
|-   
| This very closely resembles the Chinese Oracle Bone (Jia3 Gu3 Wen2) *WUHN, cloud which became the modern character yun2.  See the chart at this site [http://www.ancientscripts.com/chinese.html] 
|- 
| SH
|-   
| It most resembles be3 in the portion of the Chinese-derived Naxi Geba Syllabary presented here:  [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/naxi.htm#geba].  It also resembles the Chinese AN1, woman under roof, peace or JIA1, pig under roof, house, household.  [http://www.internationalscientific.org/CharacterASP/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%AE%89&amp;submitButton1=Etymology]
[http://www.internationalscientific.org/CharacterASP/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=+%E5%AE%B6&amp;submitButton1=Etymology].  Its top also incorporates the old Hebrew or [[Aramaic alphabet letter] [[SHIN]].
|- 
| T
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] TAW, mark of ownership.  
|- 
| C
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] GAML, boomerang.  
|- 
| F
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] WAW, hook.
|- 
| J
|-   
| [[South Arabian Alphabet]] D, from Wadi El-Hol, door.
|- 
| Q
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] QAW, monkey or [water poured from a jag.  Note the similarity with shi3, pig. http://www.internationalscientific.org/CharacterASP/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=+%E5%AE%B6&amp;submitButton1=Etymology]
|- 
| V
|-   
| Closesly resembles modern and seal characters for 'son', ZI3.  [http://www.internationalscientific.org/CharacterASP/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%AD%90&amp;submitButton1=Etymology]
|- 
| X
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] SAMEK, spine.
|- 
| Z
|-   
| Wadi El-Hol [[Middle Age Bronze Scripts]] / [[Proto-Canaanite]] ZIQQ, manacle.
|- 
| TH
|-   
| Perhaps a ligature of [[South Arabian alphabet]] D and Atlantean S.  It may represent the voiced th sound and so have something to do with the Old South Arabian [d], door.  Maybe the other part of the ligature represents an alverolar consonant.  Maybe it's the [[Anglo-Saxon]] rune Thorn, also a development of DALETH.  Together they closely resemble in shape and sound the [[Phoenician alphabet]] letter T'ETH, wheel, which came from T'AB, good, and became the Greek THETA.
|-   
| CH
|-   
| It's not really certain.  It somewhat resembles an OMEGA, a development of 'AYIN, eye.
|}

====Atlantean numerals and numbers: uses and sources====

======Atlantean numeral system======

Joe Emerson, Marc Okrand, and the filmmakers also created numerals for 0-9.  They are stacked horizontally, however, and hold place values of 1, 20, and 400.  Their components are based on [[Mayan numerals]] and internally composed for the font (example above) like [[Roman numerals]].  If used according to the now-offline Official Website's directions, they are used, alternatively, like [[Arabic numerals]]. &lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt; Anderson, Matt.  “Parlez-vous Atlantean?”  Movie Habit.  12 Jan. 2006  &lt;http://www.moviehabit.com/essays/AtlantisInDepth8.shtml&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; John, David.  Atlantis: The Lost Empire: The Essential Guide.  New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2001, 33.&lt;/ref&gt; 

======Atlantean numbers and suffixes======

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Numbers and suffixes'''
|-   
!  Hindi Numeral || [[Cardinal]]&lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire).  New York: Disney Editions: 2001, 60. &lt;/ref&gt; || [[Ordinal]] &lt;ref&gt; Ehrbar, Greg.  Atlantis: The Lost Empire.  Milwaukee: Dark Horse Comics: June 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;  || Fractional&lt;ref&gt; Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al. 2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire, 01 10 0:50:31.&lt;/ref&gt; || Distributive&lt;ref&gt; Ehrbar, Greg.  Atlantis: The Lost Empire.  Milwaukee: Dark Horse Comics: June 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-   
| 1 || din one || din.lag first || din din.lop one whole || din.noh one-at-a-time one-a-piece 
|-   
| 2 || dut two || dut.lag second || din dut.lop one half || dut.noh two-at-a-time two-a-piece
|-   
| 3 || sey three || sey.dlag third || din sey.dlop one third || sey.noh three-at-a-time three-a-piece 
|-   
| 4 || kut four || kut.lag fourth || din kut.lop one quarter || kut.noh four-at-a-time four-a-piece
|-   
| 5 || sha five || sha.dlag fifth || din sha.dlop one fifth || sha.noh five-at-a-time five-a-piece 
|-   
| 6 || luk six || luk.lag sixth || din luk.lop one sixth || luk.noh six-at-a-time six-a-piece
|-   
| 7 || tos seven || tos.lag first || din tos.lop one seventh || tos.noh seven-at-a-time seven-a-piece
|-   
| 8 || ya eight || ya.dlag eigth || din ya.dlop one eigth || ya.noh eight-at-a-time eight-a-piece 
|-   
| 9 || nit nine || nit.lag ninth || din nit.lop one ninth || nit.noh nine-at-a-time nine-a-piece
|-   
| 10 || ehep ten || ehep.lag tenth || din ehep.lop one tenth || ehep.noh ten-at-a-time ten-a-piece
|- 
| 30 || sey dehep&lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire).  New York: Disney Editions: 2001, 31. &lt;/ref&gt; thirty || sey dehep.lag thirtieth || din sey dehep.lop one thirtieth || sey dehep.noh thirty-at-a-time thirty-a-piece
|}

===Grammar===

====Classification====
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
Atlantean is a mixed-type language (between an [[isolating language]] and a [[fusional language]].  Its nouns are highly inflected and its verbs are highly agglutinated.  However, it also has a lot of free-morpheme adverbs, adjectives, postpositions and other grammatical particles.&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;


====Sounds====
=====Vowels and diphthongs=====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Chart of Atlantean vowels'''
|-   
! [[IPA]] symbol || Readers Script || Writers Script ||  Example ||  Meaning   ||  Example ||  Meaning   
|-   
| {{IPA|/i,ɪ/}} || ee, ih, i || i || tikʌdɜ || to be located  || alɪʃ || child  
|-   
| {{IPA|/e,ɜ/}} || eh, e || e || wesɜr || marketplace || ||  
|-   
| {{IPA|/ej/}} || ay || ey  || badɜg.bej || best  || ||
|-   
| {{IPA|/ɑ,ɘ/}} || ah, uh || a  || makɪt.ɘg || of the king   || ||
|-   
| {{IPA|/ɑi/}} || i || ay || kaitɘn || 7 cm || ||
|-   
| {{IPA|/o/}} || oh, o, oa || o || obɜs|| lava || ||
|-   
| {{IPA|/oj/}} || oy || oy || risojba || squid  || ||      
|-   
| {{IPA|/u, ʌ/}} || oo, u || u || kunɜt || surface || kʌt || four  || ||   

|}

Atlantean's phonetic inventory includes a vowel system with the above five [[phoneme]]s, a system common to many languages, such as [[Spanish]].  Most vowels have two prominent [[allophone|allophonic]] realizations, depending on whether it occurs in a stressed or unstressed syllable.  Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be [[tenseness|tense]], and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax.  Thus, for example, {{IPA|/i/}} is realized as [[close front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[i]}}]] or [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[ɪ]}}]] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively.  Likewise, {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as [[close-mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[e]}}]] or [[open-mid front unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[ɛ]}}]], and so on.  ({{IPA|/ɑ/}} fits into this pattern as [[open back unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[ɑ]}}]] or [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[ʌ]}}]].)

There are three diphthongs.  {{IPA|[oj]}} only occurs in one word in a dubious part of a source so it may not be Atlantean.  The other two are rather rare in the language on the whole.

=====Consonants=====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''[[help:pronunciation|IPA]] chart of Atlantean consonants'''
|-
&lt;!-- Heading row --&gt;
| 
|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Palatal consonant|palatal]]
|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|[[Labial-velar consonant|Labiovelar]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot; &lt;!-- Stops --&gt;
| [[Plosive]]s
| {{IPA|p &amp;nbsp; b}}
| {{IPA|t &amp;nbsp; d}}
|
| {{IPA|k &amp;nbsp; g}}
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| [[Nasal]]s
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| 
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| [[Fricative]]s
| 
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} {{footnote|1}}
| {{IPA|x}} {{footnote|2}}
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| [[Approximant]]s
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|j}} {{footnote|3}}
|
| {{IPA|w}}
|-
| [[Trill]]
|
| align=&quot;center&quot;|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|}
Where symbols occur in pairs, the left represents the [[voiceless consonant]] and the right represents the [[voiced consonant]].

Notes:
#Transliterated as ''sh'' in Writers Script and Readers Script.
#Transliterated as ''h'' in Writers Script (bibɪx, inner cover of Subterranean Tours) and &quot;kh&quot; in Readers Script.
#Transliterated as ''y'' in Writers Script and Readers Script.

====Phonology====

Aside from the stressed-syllable-based vowel system, the only other example of phonology found in the entire language may be expressed as:

0 -&gt; [m,n] in the context of [i,o/e]_-Person/Aspect Suffix

/bernot-o-ik/&lt;br /&gt;
/bernot-o-mik/&lt;br /&gt;
[bernot-o-mik]

n -&gt; [k,t] in the context of _ [i,o]

/bernot-e-ik/&lt;br /&gt;
/bernot-e-nik/&lt;br /&gt;
/bernot-e-kik/&lt;br /&gt;
[bernot-e-kik]

====Word Order====
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
Atlantean has a very strict Subject-Object-Verb word order.  There is never any deviation from the pattern.  Adjectives and Genitive Nouns go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses which they modify, and modals go after the verbs which they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes.  However, adverbs go before their verbs.  Last of all are the interogative particles.&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  

The given order of all parts of speech and particles is as follows in both an [[interrogative]] and [[declarative]] statement (a little redundent in order to use the whole sentence):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Sentence Order'''
|-     
! Word ||  Example || English Gloss
|-
| Adverbs of Time, Manner, Location  ||  Log || What
|-
| Time, Manner, Location Adverbial Nouns ||  darim || time
|-   
| Instrumental Cased Nouns ||  shayod.esh || using.hands
|-   
| Adverbs ||  ser || just
|-   
| Adjectives ||  gwis.in || our
|-   
| Nominative Cased Nouns ||  weydagosen || Visitors
|-   
| Post-positional Objects/ Oblique Cased Nouns || keylob.tem  || (in) the chamber
|-   
| Adjectives || ta.mil  || royal
|-   
| Possessive Pronouns ||  tug.in || his
|-   
| Post-position ||  net || in
|-   
| Dative/Oblique Cased Nouns ||  makit.tem || The King
|-   
| Genitive Cased Nouns of Relation ||  Adlantis.ag || of Atlantis
|-   

| Post-Positions ||  gom || to
|-   
| Accusative Cased Nouns ||  neshing.mok.en.tem || great contrivances
|-   
| Adverb ||  gawid.in || joyfully
|-   
| Verb with Modal Verb ||  bernot || to bring
|-   
| Modal Verb [stem.mood.tense/aspect.person/number] ||  bog.o.mkem || we will be able
|-   
| Interrogative Particle||  du || [[eh]]? ([[North Central American English]] / [[Canadian English]])
|-   
! Final Explanation
|-  
| At what time will we visitors be able to use our very hands to joyfully give our great contrivances to the King of Atlantis in his Royal Chamber? &lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 58.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

There are two given variations on the simple sentence order involving [[sentence connectors]], also called [[connective particles]].  These are [[grammatical particles]] whose particular roles seen here occurs in Native American languages, among other languages.  These Atlantean sentence connectors relate two clauses in a logical yet idiomatic manner which produces a complete thought in the same way that the equally complicated English sentence does.&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
English doesn't use sentence connectors in the following ways, however:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Clause order 1, Example 1'''
|-     
! Clause or Particle ||  Example || English Gloss
|-
| Initial Clause ||  &quot;Wil.tem neb gamos.e.tot...&quot; || &quot;He sees this city...&quot;
|-
| [[Sentence connector]] 1 ||  deg || (roughly) &quot;for&quot;
|-   
|  Modifying Clause || duwer.en tirid. ||  all foriegners.
|-   
! Final Explanation
|-   
| No outsiders may see the city and live.  More literally, &quot; 'He Who Doth the City See...' is meant for ALL foriegners.' &lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 58.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Clause order 1, Example 2'''
|-     
! Clause or Particle ||  Example || English Gloss
|-
| Initial Clause ||  Tab.top, lud.en neb.et kwam gesu bog.e.kem || Father, we cannot help these people
|-
| [[Sentence connector]] 1 ||  deg || (roughly) &quot;and yet&quot;
|-   
|  Modifying Clause || yasek.en gesu.go.ntoh. ||  they will help the Royalty.
|-   
! Final Explanation
|-   
| Father, these people may be able to help us. More literally, &quot;Father, we can't help these people and yet they will help us, the King and Princess.&quot; &lt;ref&gt; Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel.  Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 58.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Clause order 2'''
|-     
! Clause or Particle ||  Example || English Gloss
|-
| Descriptive Clause ||  Ketak.en.tem obes.ag sapoh.e.kik || I view the lava whales
|-
| [[Sentence connector]] 2 ||  yos || (roughly) &quot;then&quot;
|-   
|  Action Clause || lat nar badeg.bey tikud.e.tot dap? ||  where is the best place?
|-   
! Final Explanation
|- 
| Where is the best place from which to view the lava whales? &lt;ref&gt; Kurtti, Jeff.  Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire).  New York: Disney Editions: 2001, page 61.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

====Nouns====

There are seven six [[Grammatical case|cases]] for nouns.

=====Grammatical Cases=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Grammatical Cases'''
|-   
! Number || Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| 1 || [[Nominative]] || no suffix || yob || crystal 
|-   
| 2 || [[Oblique]] || -tem || yobtem || the crystal give, in the crystal, to the crystal, etc.
|-   
| 3 || [[Genitive]] || -ag || yobag || of the crystal
|-   
| 4 || [[Vocative]] || -top {{footnote|1}} || Yobtop || O Crystal!
|-   
| 5 || [[Instrumental]] || -esh  || yobesh || using father
|-   
| 6 || Unknown 1 || -kup {{footnote|2}} || yobkup || (something) crystal
|- 
| 7 || Unknown 2 || -nuh {{footnote|3}} || yobnuh || (something) crystal
|}

Notes:
#With the exception of &quot;mat&quot;, &quot;mother&quot;, which takes the special Maternal Filial Suffix -tim.  Note that the the only other kinship term, &quot;father&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, takes the usual -top.
#No translation given.  As discussed in &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot; on the &quot;Collector's DVD&quot;: ketub-kup (page 4) and setub-mok-en-tem (page 10), setub-mok-en-ag (page 5), and setub-kup (pages 1-4).
# No translation given.  As discussed in &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot; on the &quot;Collector's DVD&quot;: derup-tem and derup-nuh (page 5).

=====Other Suffixes=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Other Noun Suffixes'''
|-   
! Grammatical Function|| Suffix || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| Plural || -en || yoben || crystals
|-   
| Augmentative || -mok  || Yobmok || The Great Crystal 
|}

Nouns are marked as plural with the suffix ''-en''. Case suffixes never precede the ''-en'' plural suffix.  &quot;-Mok&quot; occurs after it.

====Pronouns====

There are five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for pronouns.

=====Grammatical Cases=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Grammatical Cases'''
|-   
! Number || Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| 1 || [[Nominative]] || no suffix || kag || I 
|-   
| 2 || [[Accusative]] || -it || kagit || me, whom was (sent), etc.
|-   
| 3 || [[Dative]] || -ib || tuhib || (to) me
|-   
| 4 || [[Genitive]] || -in  || tuhin || my ( my heart, karod tuhin)
|-   
| 5 || [[Unknown]] || -is  || kagis || not translated{{footnote|1}}
|}

Notes:

#No translation given.  Appears in &quot;First Mural Text&quot; on the &quot;Collector's DVD&quot;: tug-is.

====Verbs====

Verbs are inflected with two suffixes, one for tense/aspect and the next for person/number.&lt;ref&gt;“Production Notes.”  Atlantis-The Lost Empire.  Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996-2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive.  13 Jan. 2007
&lt;http://animationarchive.net/Feature%20Films/AtlantisThe%20Lost%20Empire/Production%20Notes/&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;


=====Tense/Aspect suffixes=====


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Tense/Aspect suffixes'''
|-   
! Number || Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| 1 || Simple Present Tense || -e || bernot.e.kik || I bring
|-   
| 2 || Present Perfect Tense || -le|| bernot.le.kik || you have brought
|-   
| 3 || Present Obligatory Tense || -se || bernot.se.kik ||  I am obliged to bring 
|-   
| 4 || Simple Past Tense || -i || bernot.i.mik || I brought
|-   
| 5 || Immediate Past Tense  || -ib  || bernot.ib.mik || I just brought
|-   
| 6 || Past Perfect Tense || -li || bernot.li.mik || I had brought
|- 
| 7 || Simple Future Tense || -o || bernot.o.mik || I will bring
|- 
| 8 || Future Possible Tense || -go || bernot.go.mik || I may bring 
|- 
| 9 || Future Perfect Tense || -lo || bernot.lo.mik || I will have brought
|- 
| 10 || Future Obligatory Tense || -so || bernot.so.mik || I will be obliged to bring
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Further Examples of Tense/Aspect suffix morphology'''
|-   
|  -e || sapoh.i.mik (SJ:10) || I viewed || sapoh.e.kik (ST) || I view || || ||  
|-   
| -le ||yube.in/yugeb.le.tot (IS) || strangly/he is being strange || panneb.le.nen (IS) || you are knowing || peren.le.mot (DVD:MURAL) || Untranslated. ||  pasil.le.tot (IS) || it is being sufficient
|-   
| -se || kaber (SJ:789) || warn! || kaber.se.kem || we are obliged to warn || || || ||
|-   
| -i || es.e.tot (ST) ||  it is || es.i.mot (SJ:10) || it will be || || || ||
|-   
| -ib || bernot.li.mik (IS) || I had brought || bernot.ib.mik (IS) || I just brought || || || ||
|-   
| -li  || bernot.ib.mik (IS) || I just brought || bernot.li.mik (IS) || I had brought || || || ||
|-   
| -o  || komtib.lo.nen (SJ:5)  || you will have found || komtib.o.nen (SJ:5) || you will find || || || ||
|-   
| -go  || satib.yoh (IS) || move along! || satib.go.ntoh (SJ:89) || they may move along || gesu.go.ntoh (IS) || they may help || ||
|-   
| -lo  || komtib.o.nen (SJ:5) || you will find || komtib.lo.nen (SJ:5) || you will have found || || || ||
|-    
| -so  || komtib.lo.nen (IS)  || you will have found || komtib.so.nen (SJ:5) || you will will be obliged to find || || || ||
|}

=====Mood suffixes=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Mood suffixes'''
|-   
! Number || Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| 1 || Imperative Mood Singular || no suffix || (Tok.it) Bernot! || Bring (it, you)!
|-   
| 2 || Imperative Mood Plural || -yoh || (Tok.it) Bernot.yoh! || Bring (it, y'all)!
|-   
| 3 || Passive Mood || -esh|| (Im.tem shib.an) bernot.esh.ib.mik. || I just was brought (something).
|- 
| 4 || Infinitive || -e || bernot.e || to bring
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Further Examples of Mood suffixes'''
|-   
! Number || Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss || Example || English Gloss || Example || English Gloss || Example || English Gloss 
|-   
| no suffix || nageb.o.ntoh (SJ:789) || they will enter || Nageb.yoh (ST) || || Enter, y'all! || Nageb! || Enter! 
|-   
| -yoh || gamos.i.mik (DVD:TRAVEL) || I saw || Gamos.yoh! (DVD:MURAL) || May ye behold! || gamos.e (DVD:MURAL) || to see || Beket! (ST) || You're begged! || Beket.yoh! (ST) || Y'all are begged!
|-   
| -esh || pag.en (ST) || you (are) thanked (short form) || pag.esh.e.nen (ST)
|| you are thanked || dodl.esh.mik (DVD:MURAL)|| Untranslated. || kobden.en/hobd.esh.e.tot (IS)
|| command / he has doomed
|-  
| -e || wegen.os/wegen.e (IS) || traveler/to travel || wegen.os/wegen.e (IS) || traveler/to travel || gamos.yoh (DVD:MURAL) || May ye behold! || gamos.e (DVD:MURAL) || to see || gobeg.en/gobeg.e || arms/to be an arm
|}

=====Person/number suffixes=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Person/number suffixes'''
|-   
! Person || Number || Familiarity || Independent Pronoun || Suffix || English Gloss 
|-   
| 1st || Singular || - || kag || -ik || I
|-   
| 2nd || Singular || - || moh || -en || you
|-   
| 3rd || Singular || - || tug tuh tok || -ot || he she it
|-   
| 1st || Plural || - || gwis || -kem || we
|-   
| 2nd || Plural || Unfamiliar || gebr || -eh || you-all (unfamiliar)
|-   
| 2nd || Plural || Familiar || gabr || -eh || you-all (familiar)
|-   
| 3rd || Plural || - || sob || -toh || they
|}

====Vocabulary====

Most of the vocabulary was made for the movie, so it relates to concepts that occur in the movie.  

&quot;Animal Life&quot;

There are words for the bizaare animal life around Atlantis, creatures that resemble: ostriches (wemoten), purple lobsters (tuyeben), parrot lizards (yeragosen), lava whales(ketaken obesag), and multiple-eyed purple tigers (bahodmoken).  There are about as many names for normal animal life as well, mostly sea creatures on account of their vehicles being fashioned in their shapes.

&quot;Politics and Religion&quot;

There are  words for a few elements of the Atlantean political system: city (wil), king (makit), Your Highness (taneb), royalty/judges (yaseken), marker (keran), law (tamar), orderly (laridin), command (kobden), and foreigner (duwer).

There are words for religious and mythological concepts, given in : to defile (karoke), to forgive (lewide), to worship (yadluge), (the old religion: ) Mother Crystal or The Heart of Atlantis (Kerod Adlantisag; tok, it), Yob (Crystal), Peace (Weshekmol),  Giants (gonosen), (the decadent religion: ) Lightning/ Odin/ Leviathan the Last of the Mighty War God(desses) (Lot.an, literally &quot;light.ning&quot;; tuh, she), (Pre-1914 religon: ) The Great Flood (Mebelmok) and Nishen (Spirits).      

&quot;Adventure Words&quot;

There are words for travel and discovery, such as to be located (tikude), to see (gamose), to discover (komtibe), path (ben),  cave (tinemoshep), enclosed (digenmil), lair (pred), to continue (tenite), and to get somewhere (kwetipe) 

Given the epic scale of the movie, there's a few words related to serious matters: to kill (gwenoge), to doom (hobde), to be finished (yodene), and to destroy (megide).

&quot;Everyday Life&quot;

There are also quite a few &quot;normal&quot; words, like to be (ese), in (net), on (meg/med), through (pak), and an assortment of modal verbs like to be able (boge).  There is no word for &quot;to have&quot;.

There is a very full set of measurements and numbers 1-10 with hints at formations for 20 and 30.

However, the majority of the verbs and words seem to be of an everyday nature: to travel along (satib), to come (mase), to walk (galeme), to rush (nuroshe), contrivance (neshingos), marketplace (weser), to cost (mohede), to listen (epkele), to think (kapere), to speak (bashebe), to understand (doyine), tree (denet), person (lud), time (nal/darim/konos), to worship (yadluge), entrance (mannal), chamber (keylob), shelter (tegul),  and joyfully (gawidin). 

&quot;Family and Anatomy&quot;

There are also a few basic kinship terms, namely father (tab), mother (mat), to be well (mat), and child (alish).  &quot;Mother&quot; takes a special kinship vocative suffix: -tim, though &quot;father&quot; takes the usual -top.  There are actually no words for man or woman.

Here's the short list of mostly human body parts: eye (okwep), heart (kerod), hand (shayod), arm (gobeg), tail (wibak). 

&quot;Mystery Words&quot;

Half of the words have not been diciphered and probably relate to either the history or location of Atlantis as they occur in &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot;.  &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot;, in reality, amounts to about 2 or 3 pages of actual text and 7 pages of dummy text which repeats fragments of the actual parts.

The vocabulary exhibits a limited yet well-balanced character.

==History of decipherment efforts==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}

===Overview===

From Internet documentation, about 150 amateur linguists working since 2001 have contributed thus far to the on-going dicipherment and codification of the Atlantean Language.  

===Initial Events===

Earliest records show the efforts of Paul Sherrill in reaching out to the international linguistic community for help in about March 2001.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}  He later founded a site with his dicipherments on it, &quot;Luden Shadlag&quot;, meant to mean &quot;The Fifth City&quot;; along with a Yahoo Tech Group, The Atlantean Language Group.  All of this was in June of the same year.  About then The Atlantean Linguists Guild was founded as a message board of unknown location.  In September of 2001, Jefferey Henning posted a series of webpages devoted to the Atlantean language on his then-young LangMaker.Com. 

===Middle Events===

Luden Shadlag was later deleted by its hosting site, as was The Atlantean Linguists Guild.  However, The Atlantean Language Group remains online.  Sometime in 2004, an &quot;Aaron&quot; began a second website devoted to the language, The Mother Tongue.  This website is still up, though hard-to-find, perhaps due to a lack of internet search keywords.  

===Recent Events===

In late 2006, Cindy Morris chose the Atlantean Language as the subject of a school project and made significant, published contributions.  A little later in the year, Lawrence Rogers joined the dicipherment effort.  He eventually produced a 100-page book in rough draft, &quot;[[Atlantean Grammar]]&quot;, available for free in The Atlantean Language Group Library.  The following spring he began free lessons on the language at The Group and the message board Kidagakash Fans Unite.  To date, he has personally taught the language to about 12 people internationally.  On March 9, 2007 he started &quot;[[The Atlantean Language Institute]]&quot; as a Facebook group.  

Paul Sherrill returned briefly to the Atlantean language on June 21, 2007, to work briefly on this article and correspond with Lawrence Rogers.  Paul Sherrill made him moderator of [[The Atlantean Language Group]] on June 22nd.  On July 22, 2007 Rogers started the website for [[The Atlantean Language Institute]], http://www.atlanteanlanguageinstitute.info/ .  He has contacted Disney three times for permission to use their property with no response.  

Around March 2008 he discontinued the expensive sit to focus efforts on the free Atlantean Language Group.  It has seen a steady increase in membership from all over the world and the addition of one other fluent Atlantean writer.  

He is currently in the process of:

1)  Sufficiently documenting all Atlantean and putting it into a single document in Readers Script

2)  Diciphering words without a given English translation from &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot; and the movie's &quot;Mural Texts&quot; while confirming the definitions of and creating etymologies for words in sources such as &quot;The Illustrated Script&quot; which have given English translations and therefore diciphered definitions.  

Currently there is a rough estimate of 2, 000 or more people vaguely interested in the language, about 200 people in the Atlantean language group, and 2 fluent speakers.

==Continued Use==

===The Atlantean Language Group===

During its history, The Atlantean Language Group has recorded a number of breakthroughs in dicipherment, including the grammatical case system, its suffixes, the verb tense suffixes, the verb subject suffixes, phonetics, and miscellaneous word translations. It has also been a source of contribution to the naming of sources containing either the real Okrand language or imitations of it. It is considered the hub and nexis of the Atlantean dicipherment effort. Membership is free to the public.

Major contributors include Paul Sherrill, Shahnahkehm, Rebmakash, Atlantima, Gaerielleenay, Dennis Falk, and Lawrence Rogers.

===Written works on Atlantean===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}

Marc Okrand's word list of uncertain length (possibly 700-1000 words) is unavailable to the public, as is the final script of ''Atlantis: The Lost Empire''.  Paul Sherrill's website is lost, as are his notes.  It included a grammar, dictionary, and corpus.  Atlantima wrote a dictionary which survives at The Group.  Delayra wrote a short grammar and dictionary, which she still owns and has distributed.  Cindy Morris likewise wrote a grammar and dictionary, as did Lawrence Rogers.  His work encompases the non-fictional history of the language and its dicipherment, among other things.  It includeds as appendices the works of Delayra, Cindy Morris, and Atlantima, with scraps that remain from Luden Shadlag.  &quot;Atlantean Grammar&quot; also contains an unabridged Atlantean-English dictionary with dicipherment notes, a simplified Atlantean-English dictionary, a likewise short English-Atlantean dictionary, and an oriental English-Atlantean dictionary, being arranged topologically. 

===Developments of Atlantean===

Given that Atlantean contains about 337 known words, 180 of which have been assigned a tentative diciphered meaning, it is limited in what can be said with it.

Attempts at expanding the language for wider use are as old as the public release of the movie.  One of the major documentations of these is Atlantima's dictionary.

Since January 2007, Rogers has been creating a development of the language called &quot;New Atlantean&quot;.  It forms neologisms completely through the re-use of existing words, adding new meanings to canonical words and forming compounds.  New grammatical structures are formed with reference to the historic material used by Okrand. An example is &quot;shom&quot;, canonically &quot;wave&quot;, for &quot;water&quot; and &quot;shomag tegul&quot;, &quot;water shelter&quot; for &quot;umbrella&quot;, based on the Genitive Compound Function present once in canon in &quot;kudobirag demug&quot;, &quot;inscription pad&quot;. 

Since Fall 2007, Rogers also began a &quot;Historical Atlantean&quot;, which uses increasing reverse-engineered knowledge of Okrand's creative process to create neologisms, idioms, and grammatical structures for Atlantean.  An example is &quot;akwad&quot; for &quot;water&quot;, from the [[PIE]] root &quot;wed-&quot;, &quot;water&quot;, the Latin &quot;aqua&quot;, &quot;water&quot;, and the Hittite &quot;watar&quot;.  Another example is &quot;sipakenos&quot; for &quot;spider&quot;, based on the Greek &quot;arakhne&quot; and the Old English &quot;*spinthron&quot;.  

However, allegedly because of the effort it takes to make up a new word using this system, he states plans of focusing his efforts on New Atlantean.

==Further Reading and Sources Cited==

===Sources of Okrand's Atlantean Language===

Because Atlantean was created by one person over a period of 5 years or less, all that exists of it can be dated to those five years.  This is like all ancient written languages, which were written during a specific time and then either became a [[daughter language]] or died out.  Hence, modern scientists must use [[corpus linguistics]] to study ancient languages.  The earliest and most famous case of this in the West was 17th century cataloging of [[Latin]] inscriptions.   In this process, all known sources are documented and reproduced so that other scholars may view them.  This is especially important in the dicipherment of languages.  In the modern day, corpus linguistics also refers to the method of language documentation whereby the collector elicits and audio-/video-records speach by a native speaker in the studied language.  The linguist then has the recordings transcribed and analyzes them. 

Atlantean also has a list of media in which it is found.  Without knowing where the language is documented, this article loses its most key citations.  There are two primary divisions of these key sources: 
  
1) Atlantean found in the movie.&lt;br /&gt;   
2) Atlantean found in other sources.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;  
|+ '''Published Sources of Primary Importance'''
|-   
! Souce Medium || [[MLA]] Citation 
|-   
| Book. || Cynthia, Benjamin. &quot;Atlantis: The Lost Empire : Welome to my World.&quot; New York: Random House: 2001.
|-   
| Comic book. || Ehrbar, Greg.  &quot;Atlantis: The Lost Empire.&quot; Milwaukee: Dark Horse Comics: June 2001. 
|-   
| DVD set.  ||Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al.  &quot;2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire.&quot;   
|-   
| Magazine. || Harper, Suzanne. Editor-in-chief. &quot;Disney Adventures Summer Issue 2001.&quot; 
|-   
| CD. || Howard, James N. &quot;Atlantis: The Lost Empire An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack&quot; : Limited Tiwanese Edition. Taiwan and Hong Kong: Walt Disney Records: Represented by Avex: 2001.    
|-   
| Book. || Kurtti, Jeff. &quot;Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire.&quot; New York: Disney Editions: 2001.   
|-   
| Book. || Kurtti, Jeff. &quot;The Journal of Milo Thatch.&quot; New York: Disney Editions: 2001.
|-   
| Book. || Murphy, Tab et al. &quot;Atlantis, the Lost Empire : The Illustrated Script.&quot; New York : Disney Editions: 2001.       
|}

Following are the sources and places within the above sources which explain how the language works:

=== Notes ===
&lt;references/&gt;

=== External links ===
{{external-links}}
*[http://www.langmaker.com/atlanteanmetahistory.htm Henning's Old Introduction to the Language]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/atlantean.htm Info on Atlantean at OmniGlot.com]
* [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/atlantean_language/ A Yahoo Tech Group dedicated to the dicipherment and use of Atlantean Language.  Contains dictionaries, grammars, lessons, conversation groups, and other documents.]
* [http://noble-scarlet.net/kfu/viewtopic.php?t=75 An Student-Teacher Interactive Message Thread for Okrand's Atlantean, hosted by Lisa Noble-Scarlet's Kidagakash Fans Unite ATLE Fan Message Board (&quot;Fandom&quot;&gt;&quot;Atlantean&quot;&gt;&quot;Lessons in Okrand's Atlantean&quot;)]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/mother-tongue/ Website dedicated to Atlantean.]
* [http://atlantean.110mb.com/ Contains full corpus without language explaination.]


{{wikipedia|Atlantean}}

[[Category:Fictional languages]]
[[Category:Atlantis]]

==History of decipherment efforts==


===Overview===

From Internet documentation, about 150 amateur linguists working since 2001 have contributed thus far to the on-going dicipherment and codification of the Atlantean Language.  

===Initial Events===

Earliest records show the efforts of Paul Sherrill in reaching out to the international linguistic community for help in about March 2001.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}  He later founded a site with his dicipherments on it, &quot;Luden Shadlag&quot;, meant to mean &quot;The Fifth City&quot;; along with a Yahoo Tech Group, The Atlantean Language Group.  All of this was in June of the same year.  About then The Atlantean Linguists Guild was founded as a message board of unknown location.  In September of 2001, Jefferey Henning posted a series of webpages devoted to the Atlantean language on his then-young LangMaker.Com. 

===Middle Events===

Luden Shadlag was later deleted by its hosting site, as was The Atlantean Linguists Guild.  However, The Atlantean Language Group remains online.  Sometime in 2004, an &quot;Aaron&quot; began a second website devoted to the language, The Mother Tongue.  This website is still up, though hard-to-find, perhaps due to a lack of internet search keywords.  

===Recent Events===

In late 2006, Cindy Morris chose the Atlantean Language as the subject of a school project and made significant, published contributions.  A little later in the year, Lawrence Rogers joined the dicipherment effort.  He eventually produced a 100-page book in rough draft, &quot;[[Atlantean Grammar]]&quot;, available for free in The Atlantean Language Group Library.  The following spring he began free lessons on the language at The Group and the message board Kidagakash Fans Unite.  To date, he has personally taught the language to about 12 people internationally.  On March 9, 2007 he started &quot;[[The Atlantean Language Institute]]&quot; as a Facebook group.  

Paul Sherrill returned briefly to the Atlantean language on June 21, 2007, to work briefly on this article and correspond with Lawrence Rogers.  Paul Sherrill made him moderator of [[The Atlantean Language Group]] on June 22nd.  On July 22, 2007 Rogers started the website for [[The Atlantean Language Institute]], http://www.atlanteanlanguageinstitute.info/ .  He has contacted Disney three times for permission to use their property with no response.  

Around March 2008 he discontinued the expensive sit to focus efforts on the free Atlantean Language Group.  It has seen a steady increase in membership from all over the world and the addition of one other fluent Atlantean writer.  

He is currently in the process of:

1)  Sufficiently documenting all Atlantean and putting it into a single document in Readers Script

2)  Diciphering words without a given English translation from &quot;The Shepherd's Journal&quot; and the movie's &quot;Mural Texts&quot; while confirming the definitions of and creating etymologies for words in sources such as &quot;The Illustrated Script&quot; which have given English translations and therefore diciphered definitions.  

Currently there is a rough estimate of 2, 000 or more people vaguely interested in the language, about 200 people in the Atlantean language group, and 2 fluent speakers.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Germanic language</title>
    <id>5468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51892</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-13T10:44:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Westgermanish
|pronounce=/wɛst.'geəːɹ.mɑ:n.iʃ/
|tu=Present, on a parallel Earth
|species=Human
|in=West Germania (Federation of Schleswig-Holstein, Denmark, East Germany and Crimea)
|no=Unknown
|script=Latin alphabet (West Germanic variant)
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[West Germanic]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Anglo-Frisian&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Anglic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old English]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(New) West Germanic&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-accusative
|wo=V2
|creator=S.C. Anderson
|date=July 2008}}

Article will be updated.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niwêwestjämansê</title>
    <id>5469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34737</id>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T18:30:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Niwêwestjämansê be jôntimên westjämansên sprek„ tet be otage jelikê Nedêlônze, Enliske, ônd Frisêm näro menon samod sumê wiseg mid nëtjämansên sprêke dêlan. Niwêwestj...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Niwêwestjämansê be jôntimên westjämansên sprek„ tet be otage jelikê Nedêlônze, Enliske, ônd Frisêm näro menon samod sumê wiseg mid nëtjämansên sprêke dêlan. Niwêwestjämansê be ofsprin Öldenliskes, mid stïkêm wedes frôm Niwênedêlônze don.

Niwêwestjämansên stefkreft be jelikê hite Nedêlônzes ônd Txodiskes„ sundë wëdjadunt, ak jelajun awendunlïrês undäfan„ mikêl ma swa tônê Nedêlonze ak nat jelajunte enliskes. Niwêwestjämansê nidas txre hâdes höldon, jet tâs anföld wôton tï men hît nu klenê lifhade.

Swa Nedêlônz ônd Enlisk undäfät nat Niwêwestjämansê hätxodiskê medêklinkäwitmetednestas.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yaenar</title>
    <id>5470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34899</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-04T18:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Present Tense */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Yaenar (&lt;i&gt;Yaenar&lt;/i&gt; /jei.naʁ/, from Latin &lt;i&gt;Gēinar&lt;/i&gt;, the name the Yaenar people gave to themselves) is a Romlang (that is, a constructed language derived from Latin).

==From Latin to Yaenar==
Yaenar is quite divergent in comparison to Latin, but in many instances, spelling was fossilized, preserving spelling while diverging in sound.
&lt;br&gt;
===Sound Changes===
C = consonant, but when used in the case of eg. eCF, this means a consonant that was deleted that was between e and a front vowel.&lt;br&gt;
V = vowel&lt;br&gt;
B = back vowel&lt;br&gt;
F = front vowel&lt;br&gt;
0 = deleted&lt;br&gt;
` = retroflex consonant&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
h &gt; 0&lt;br&gt;
i u &gt; j w / _V&lt;br&gt;
i: u: &gt; i u / _V&lt;br&gt;
s &gt; z_a / V_V&lt;br&gt;
s ks &gt; s_a&lt;br&gt;
sk sj &gt; ɕ&lt;br&gt;
V: &gt; V / _V&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
aCB &gt; ɑo&lt;br&gt;
aCF &gt; ei&lt;br&gt;
FCa, FCa: &gt; eə&lt;br&gt;
FCo, FCo:, FCu: &gt; øy&lt;br&gt;
eCu &gt; o:&lt;br&gt;
eCF &gt; ei&lt;br&gt;
iCF &gt; øi&lt;br&gt;
iCu &gt; ɨu&lt;br&gt;
oCF &gt; i:&lt;br&gt;
oCB &gt; u:&lt;br&gt;
uCF &gt; o&lt;br&gt;
uCB &gt; ou&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
a a: &gt; a&lt;br&gt;
e e: &gt; ɨ e&lt;br&gt;
i i: &gt; ɪ i&lt;br&gt;
o o: &gt; ɔ ø&lt;br&gt;
u u: &gt; o u&lt;br&gt;
ai oi &gt; ɛ ɔe&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
j &gt; z_a&lt;br&gt;
i u &gt; j w / _V&lt;br&gt;
gn, nj &gt; ɲ&lt;br&gt;
gm mj &gt; mʲ&lt;br&gt;
gl lj &gt; j&lt;br&gt;
tj &gt; tɕ&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
k g &gt; tɕ ʑ / _F&lt;br&gt;
kw gw &gt; k g&lt;br&gt;
rC &gt; C` / C=(t,d,l)&lt;br&gt;
r &gt; ʁ&lt;br&gt;
m s_a n t d &gt; 0 / _# (specifically in that order)&lt;br&gt;
u &gt; y &lt;br&gt;
ou &gt; u&lt;br&gt;
ɪ ɛ ɔ &gt; 0 / #_(multisyllable words only)&lt;br&gt;
e ɛ i ɪ y ø &gt; ɛ a e ɨ u ɔ / _...(a,ɨ)#&lt;br&gt;
a o ɔ u ɨ &gt; ɛ a ɛ y ɪ / _...(i I)#&lt;br&gt;
a ɨ i ɪ &gt; 0 / _# (multisyllable words only)&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
b d g &gt; v ð 0 / V_V&lt;br&gt;
p t k &gt; b d g / V_V&lt;br&gt;
pp tt kk &gt; p t k / V_V&lt;br&gt;
CC &gt; C&lt;br&gt;
ʑ &gt; j&lt;br&gt;
ʈ ɖ ɭ &gt; tɕ ʑ ɬ&lt;br&gt;
ø &gt; u&lt;br&gt;
ɨ &gt; ɛ&lt;br&gt;
tɕ &gt; ɕ&lt;br&gt;
w &gt; v&lt;br&gt;
o u &gt; 0 / _# (multisyllable words only)&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
e ɛ ɔ &gt; ie iɛ uɔ / open, stressed syllables&lt;br&gt;
C1C2C3 &gt; C1C3&lt;br&gt;	
&lt;br&gt;

===Grammar Changes===
As with most Romance languages (if not all), Yaenar lost the rich inflectional system that was found in Latin:&lt;br&gt;
-the accusative and ablative cases merged quite early&lt;br&gt;
-the 4th and 5th declensions were replaced with the 2nd and 1st (respectively) declensions&lt;br&gt;
-the dative case was replaced with the construction: &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; + accusative&lt;br&gt;
-the genitive case was replaced with the construction: &lt;b&gt;de&lt;/b&gt; + accusative&lt;br&gt;
-plurals, like in Western Romance, were taken from the accusative. However, due to sound changes, many of the plural forms of words sound identical to their respective singular forms, and therefore, articles are REQUIRED.&lt;br&gt;
-articles were derived from the forms of &lt;b&gt;ūnus&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;) and &lt;b&gt;ille&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;the&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;br&gt;
-nearly all the original Latin tenses and moods were lost, in favor of the following constructions: the imperfect was replaced with &lt;i&gt;present tense + habēre in the perfect&lt;/i&gt;, the future was replaced with &lt;i&gt;infitive + īre in the present&lt;/i&gt;, the conditional was formed with &lt;i&gt;infitive + īre in the perfect&lt;/i&gt;, the perfect constructions were replaced with &lt;i&gt;habēre + perfect participle&lt;/i&gt;, and the passive was replaced with &lt;i&gt;esse + perfect participle&lt;/i&gt;. Of these, all but the last two became fused to the verb and became endings. &lt;br&gt;

==Phonology==
===Phonemes===
====Consonants====
Yaenar has 21 consonant phonemes, as follows:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Uvular
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || m || mʲ || || || || || || n || || || || || || ɲ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || || || t || d || || || k || g ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || || ð || s_a || z_a || ɕ || ʑ || || || || || ʁ || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || || || || || || || j ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative || || || || || || || || ɬ || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l || 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

====Vowels====
Yaenar has 9 vowel phonemes, plus 7 diphthongs (not counting [ie iɛ uɔ] which are considered to be allophones of /e ɛ ɔ/ by most authorities of the language).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || y || || || || u ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Close || ɪ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || e || || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || ɛ ||  || || || || ɔ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
While /a/ is in fact, in the chart corresponding to &quot;Front&quot; vowels, in the rest of the phonology, it is not treated as such. The front vowels are /i y ɪ e ø/, and the rest (/u o ɔ a/) are back vowels.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=====Diphthongs=====
As has been mentioned, there are 7 (phonemic) diphthongs in the Yaenar language, as follows:&lt;br&gt;
/ɑo ei eə ɨu ɔe øi øy/&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There are also several phonetic diphthongs as well in the standard language (not counting dialects). These are:&lt;br&gt;
[ie iɛ uɔ], considered to be allophones of /e ɛ ɔ/ in stressed, open syllables&lt;br&gt;.
&lt;br&gt;
===Orthography===
The orthography of Yaenar is more etymological than phonemic; however, in most cases, spelling and pronunciation are quite easy to exchange (i.e. it is not too difficult to figure out spelling from pronunciation, and vice versa). &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Uvular
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || m || mj || || || || || || n || || || || || || nj ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || || || t || d || || || c,qu,q || g,gu ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || f || v || || dh || s || z,j || c,rt,ti,sc || rd || || || || || r || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || || || || || || || y,lj,i,g ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative || || || || || || || || ll || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || l || 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The main problems that arise from spelling and pronunciation are those boxes above that list more than one spelling for only one phoneme.&lt;br&gt; 
-m,mj,n,nj are very straight-forward, always pronounced as written&lt;br&gt;
-p,b,t,d are also quite straight-forward&lt;br&gt;
-/k/ is spelled as c when before a back vowel, qu when before a front vowel, and q at the end of a word that was derived from Latin -qui, -quī, -qua, or -que (otherwise, at the end of the word, it is spelled c)&lt;br&gt;
-/g/ follows the same rules as /k/ for spelling, although g is always used word-finally (there is no seperate character for it)&lt;br&gt;
-f,v,dh,s,rd,r are straight-forward&lt;br&gt;
-/z_a/ has two possible spellings: it is spelled as z when derived from the sound change s &gt; z / V_V, but spelled as j when derived from the sound change j &gt; z. Therefore, you will almost never see a z written at the beginning or end of a word (with the exception of words where s was intervocalic during this sound change, but then the first vowel or final vowel was deleted)&lt;br&gt;
-/ɕ/ also has multiple spellings, also mostly etymological: it is spelled as c strictly before front vowels, sc when derived from Latin sc or si, ti when derived from Latin ti, and rt when derived from Latin rt&lt;br&gt;
-l and ll are straight-forward&lt;br&gt;
-Like /z_a/ and /ɕ/, /j/ has several etymological spellings: lj when derived from Latin li or gl, i when derived from Latin ī before a vowel, and y when derived from the first Yaenar ʑ (i.e g before front vowels).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Thankfully, the vowel orthography is much more straight-forward than the consonant orthography, but there are still some hard points in spelling as well.&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || í || u,û || || || || ou,ó ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Close || i ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || é || || || || || u ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || e,ai ||  || || || || o ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || a,á ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The diphthongs are spelled as follows:&lt;br&gt;
/ɑo ei eə ɨu ɔe øi øy/ au,á ae ea iu oi ie eu&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The allophonic diphthongs are spelled exactly as they sound: i/u + é e/ai o&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Of course, there are some letters or combinations that have two different pronunciations, and some pronunciations have multiple ways of being written.&lt;br&gt;
-í,û,ou,é,e,ai,o,a,au,ae,ea,iu,oi,eu,ié,uo,iai are all straight-forward&lt;br&gt;
-The rest are the main problems. While it is not always predictable, there are some clues to give the correct pronunciation or spelling:&lt;br&gt;
-á as /a/ is extremely rare, and usually only to distinguish homophones. Chances are, if you see á and it's not a very short word, it will be /ɑo/&lt;br&gt;
-ie will only be /iɛ/ in stressed open syllables. While it is still possible for /øi/ to be in a stressed open syllable, it is the only time ie will be found in a non-stressed syllable, or a stressed closed syllable (i.e. the syllabe ends in a consonant)&lt;br&gt;
-The other will simply have to be learned, and even occasionally give native Yaenar speakers trouble (in much the same way that English orthography can give native English speakers trouble).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
===Ablaut===
There is an ablaut system in Yaenar, as displayed through the sound changes:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
e ɛ i ɪ y ø &gt; ɛ a e ɨ u ɔ / _...(a,ɨ)#&lt;br&gt;
a o ɔ u ɨ &gt; ɛ a ɛ y ɪ / _...(i I)#&lt;br&gt;
a ɨ i ɪ &gt; 0 / _# (multisyllable words only)&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
As can be seen, both a type of a-mutation and i-mutation exist. In the morphology section, the a-mutation is marked as -ª, and the i-mutation is marked as -ˡ.&lt;br&gt;
In terms of spelling and pronuncation, here is how the system works:&lt;br&gt;
{|
||Radical||a-mutation||i-mutation||
|-
||'''a,á'''|| a || ai ||
|-
||'''ai'''|| a || ai ||
|-
||'''e'''|| e || i ||
|-
||'''é'''|| e || é ||
|-
||'''i'''|| e || i ||
|-
||'''í'''|| é || í ||
|-
||'''o'''|| o || ai,e ||
|-
||'''u'''|| u || a ||
|-
||'''ou'''|| ou || û ||
|-
||'''ó'''|| o || ó ||
|-
||'''u,û'''|| ou || u,û ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Diphthongs were not affected by this ablaut.

==Verbal Morphology==
Yaenar's verbal morphology is the most intricate aspect of the language. Stemming from Latin's 4 different types of infinitives, Yaenar also has 4 different infinitive stems: -ar, -ér, -er, and -ír (respectively, -āre, -ēre, -ere, and -īre). Much of the conjugation of each verb paradigm begins with the root of the verb, which in most cases can be discovered by removing the -ar, -ér, -er, or -ír ending.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
===Present Tense===
The present tense is the most basic tense in Yaenar, and is the only one still in everyday use that directly derives from the corresponding Latin tense, as well (The Yaenar Simple Past tense derives directly from the Latin pluperfect, but is not much in use today). The endings are as follows:&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| '''-ar''' || Singular || Plural || ||  || '''amar''' || (to love, like) || || || '''avidar''' || (to live, reside)
|-
||1st person || - || -am || || || am || amam || || || avid || avidam
|-
||2nd person || -ª || -ˡait || || || am || aimait || || || avet || aivedait
|-
||3rd person || -ª || -an || || || am || aman || || || avet || avidan
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| '''-ér''' || Singular || Plural || ||  || '''vidhér''' || (to see) || ||  || '''placér''' || (to please)
|-
||1st person || -eo || -ém || || || vidheo || vidhém || || || placeo || placém
|-
||2nd person || -é || -ˡét || || || vidhé || vidhét || || || placé || plaicét 
|-
||3rd person || -ª || -en || || || ved || vidhen || || || plasc || placen
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| '''-er''' || Singular || Plural || ||  || '''miter''' || (to send) || ||  || '''conjoscer''' || (to know a person)
|-
||1st person || - || -im || || || mit || mitim || || || conjosc || conjoscim 
|-
||2nd person || -ˡ || -ˡit || || || mit || mitit || || || cainjaisc || cainjaiscit 
|-
||3rd person || -ˡ || -un || || || mit || mitun || || || cainjaisc || conjoscun
|}
&lt;br&gt;
In this paradigm, -un is pronounced /on/&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| '''-ír''' || Singular || Plural || ||  || '''venír''' || (to come) || ||  || '''dormír''' || (to sleep)
|-
||1st person || -j || -ím || || || venj || vením || || || dormj || dormím
|-
||2nd person || -ˡ || -ˡít || || || vin || vinít || || || derm || dermít
|-
||3rd person || -ˡ || -jun || || || vin || vienjun || || || derm || dormjun
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Similarly, in this paradigm, -jun is pronounced /zon/ (but njun, mjun, and ljun are all special cases, pronounced /ɲon/, /mʲon/, and /jon/).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The present tense is mainly used to describe actions that are presently happening. The present tense may also be used to describe continuous actions that have happened in the past and still happen currently (much like the English progressive, &lt;i&gt;I am studying&lt;/i&gt;, Yaenar &lt;i&gt;Eu (esc) studheo&lt;/i&gt;), and in this context can often be used with a particle, '''esc''' (cf. Latin &lt;i&gt;etiam&lt;/i&gt;), used right before the conjugated verb.&lt;br&gt;
In rarer instances, the present tense can be used to describe future events, especially if the future context was set prior in the conversation or is implied, with words such as '''deman''', &lt;i&gt;tomorrow&lt;/i&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalirian</title>
    <id>5471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34766</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T01:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kalirian'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Secret vice</title>
    <id>5472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46304</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T01:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I've decided to deleat all my pages on this wiki. The reason is simply because the pages are all out of date and I have no intention to update them.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Secret vice</title>
    <id>5473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44987</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-30T07:30:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Kȃlirian]]

[[Anaureth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kȃlirian</title>
    <id>5474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46303</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T01:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|User}}}|{{{1|User}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|reason}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
| style='text-align:center;' valign=middle| &lt;br \&gt;&lt;font style='font-size: 80%;'&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Category_talk:For_deletion talk]&lt;/font&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:For deletion|*]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:For deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;

== Pronunciation ==
 
'''Vowels:'''

a -as in f'''a'''ther       

â -as in d'''a'''rk

i -as in the &quot;ee&quot; sound in d'''ee'''r

î -as in h'''i'''t

u -as in m'''oo'''n

û -as in l'''u'''ck 
    
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i,î}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u,û}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a,â}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;


'''Consonants:'''

b -as in '''b'''right
    
c or k- as in the '''c'''afe
 
d -as in '''d'''ragon  

f -as in '''f'''ace 
  
g -as in '''g'''et
       
h -as in '''h'''at  
    
l -as in mi'''l'''k
      
m -as in '''m'''at
       
n -as in '''n'''ose 
     
p -as in '''p'''ale
      
r -as in '''r'''ice
     
s -as in '''s'''un
        
t -as in '''t'''ost
      
v -as in '''v'''an  

z -as in '''z'''oo  

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}  || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;


'''Notes:''' 

* /h/ is usually silent if comes after an /r/ or if it's the second-befor-last letter within a word. 
* /s/ is pronounced the same as an /z/ at the beginning of a word.
* It's common to find many double consonants such as /hh/, and /ff/ at the end of a word.

== Punctuation ==
Although Kâlirian uses similar symbols that appear in English to illustrate punctuation (with the exception of the circumference diacritic) it should be noted that whilst some symbols may be used in the same way as they are used in English such as the fullstop /./ some symbols may have different functions in Kâlirian than they do in English such as the commar /'/ and the dash /-/. To avoid confusion each of the symbols and their functions have been listed in the table below:

* Capital letters -indicate nouns.   
* . (full stop) -this symbol is placed at the end of sentences.
* ' (commar) -this symbol illustrates a pause in between two phonemes.
* - (dash) -this symbol is often used among compound words such as in the English compound, tree-house.

== Articles and Grammatical Gender==
In Kâlirian grammatical gender is to definate articles (such as in the English ''the''). Gender is therefor indicated by the articles. The assigning of gender is fairly straight forward. The masculine gender is typically used if the noun subject is masculine. In addition to this the masculine gender may also be used as a default or may be givven to a specific sub group of nouns which include the names of days, months, and numbers. 

Similarly the feminine gender is used if the noun subject is feminine. The feminine gender may also be used when nouns are related in some way to nature. This means that nouns such as the names of animals, plants, trees, and even the different types of dirt and rocks will also be given a feminine gender. 


'''indefinate articles:'''

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! du || a
|-
! sev || an
|-

|}


'''definate articles:''' 

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! 
|-
! Nominative
| kejad || kajad 
|-
! Accusative
|gejad
|gajad
|-
! Genetive
|bejad
|bajad
|-

|}

== Number ==
In Kâlirian there are three grammatical numbers, they are: singular, dual, and plural. Singular nouns indicate a noun that is by itself such as in the English word &quot;book.&quot; Dual nouns indicate a pair of nouns, which is similar to the English word &quot;books,&quot; except that in Kâlirian the dual marking is used exclusively to indicate two nouns whilst in English the same infliction 's or es may also indicate any number of nouns. In Kâlirian plurals indicate groups of nouns that consist of more than two in number.

== Stress ==

Stress refers to the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word. In Kâlirian stress typically occures among the last vowel or consonant within a word. Some examples in Kâlirian are:

*segarhf'''a''' (bad)
*tarne'''q''' (those)
*fega'''d''' (dry)

== Germination ==

Germination occures in words that contrast to eachother by the deliberate lengthening of a consonant in a word. In Kâlirian germination is used quite regularly and can often appear in words that relate to eachother, but this function is often evident even in words that have, or appear to have no relation towards eachother. In particular germination typically occures among duals and plurals. Germination generally occures on the first consonant that follows the first vowel as in duals; and on the the last or second-befor-last consonant in a word as in plurals. Plurals are also marked by the vowel &quot;a&quot; which is placed at the end of the word to prevent confusing plurals with stress in speech. Some examples have been provided below. 


{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Singular !! Duel !! Plural
|-
| Hanarge (bird) || Ha'''nn'''arg (birds) || Hana'''rr'''ga (birds)
|-
|Gesalev (street)
|Ge'''ss'''alev (streets)
|Gesa'''ll'''eva (streets)
|-
|Velaq (forrest)
|Ve'''ll'''aq (forests)
|Vela'''qq'''a (forests)
|-

|}

== Nouns ==

A noun decribes a person, place, or thing. For example in the sentence, the &quot;'''cat'''&quot; sat on the &quot;'''mat'''&quot;, the words &quot;cat&quot; and &quot;mat&quot; are both nouns. Nouns may decline to represent various forms of grammatical case. The case of a noun indicates the grammatical function of a particular sentence. In Kâlirian there are eight noun cases. The cases include the nominative, accusative, dative, ablative, genitive, vocative, locative, and the instrumental case.

== Pronouns ==
Pronouns are used as substitues for propper or common nouns. In Kâlirian there are three types of pronouns. The pronouns include: singular, dual, and plural. In Kâlirian the same pronoun is used for both male and female, such as in the pronouns him/ she and he/ her. It's also possible to specify who is included in pronouns 'we,' and 'us.' Plurals and duals are destinguished by germination. The germination rule in pronouns is the same as it is in nouns. In plurals the germination takes place on the consonant that proceeds the first vowel, and in duals the germination takes place on the last or second last consonant. In addition to germination, pronouns can be destinguished by the following added markings: /ag/ or /g/ -suffix (to be included), /an/ or /n/ -suffix (to be excluded) and the vowel /a/ -suffix (added to prevent a germinated word from being confused with stress in speech). 


'''Singular pronouns:'''
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! !! Singular !! English
|-
| '''1st person || vedag || I
|-
| '''2nd person'''
|kaj
|you
|-
| '''3rd person'''
|gurv  
|him/ her
|-


|}


'''Plural and dual pronouns:'''

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! !! Plural !! Dual !! English
|-
| '''1st person (incl. of listener)''' || vyddag || vydagga || we, us 
|-
|'''1st person (excl. of listener)'''
|valled 
|valedd 
|we, us
|-
| '''2nd person'''
|vaqqud
|vaqudda
|you
|-
| '''3rd person'''
|dîsuv
|dîsuvva
|them
|-


|}

== Verbs ==

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. In Kâlirian a verb consists of tense, aspect, mood, and voice. 


'''Tense:'''

There are three tenses in Kâlirian. They are past, present, and future tense. The past refers to something that has already happened, such as in the sentence, &quot;I have walked the dog.&quot; The present refers to something that is currently happening, such as in the sentence, &quot;I am walking the dog.&quot; The future refers to something that will happen in the far future, such as in the sentence, &quot;I will walk the dog soon.&quot; 


'''Aspect:'''

The Aspect indicates the level of completness of a particular event.

The present simple indicates an action that is currently occuring such as in the sentence, &quot;I eat.&quot; The present simple is left unmarked. The present progressive indicates an action an incomplete action that is currently occuring, such as in the sentence, &quot;I am eating.&quot; The preset progressive is marked with the suffix /av/. The present perfict indicates a complete action, such as in the sentence, &quot;I have eaten.&quot; The present perfict is marked with the suffix /ov/. 

The past simple indicates an action that took place in the past, such as the senetence, &quot;I ate.&quot; The past simple is left unmarked. The past progressive indicates an a completed action that took place in the past, such as the sentence, &quot;I was eating.&quot; The past progressive is marked with the suffix /ra/. The past perfict indicates a completed action that took place before another action, such as in the sentence, &quot;I had eaten.&quot; The past perfict is marked by the suffix /as/.

== Evidentiality ==

The Dwarves are talented when it comes to lying to others. This is often achieved by twisting the truth in a way that appears as if they are actually telling the truth. However, the Dwarves often find that it's harder to lie to other dwarves. This is because of Evidentiality. Evidentiality makes it possible to determine how correct or incorrect a statement is. Different sentence markers are used at the beginning of various statements. 

The main sentence markers include:

* fah -it's true.
* vir -it's possible that it's true.
* es -it's not true.
* enar -it's probably not true but that is what people believe anyway. 
* de -I don't know if it's true or not.    

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:K |Kâlirian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kâlirian</title>
    <id>5475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34783</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T03:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Phonemes  Kâlirian has a wide selection of possible phonemes. In total there are approximately 34 phonemes. The phonemes consist of 9 vowels and 26 consonants.  The alphabet system is sli...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Phonemes

Kâlirian has a wide selection of possible phonemes. In total there are approximately 34 phonemes. The phonemes consist of 9 vowels and 26 consonants.

The alphabet system is slightly different in Kalirian compared to the system that is used in English. For instance in Kalirian capital letters indicate allophones among consonants. This is useful because unlike in English where phonemes can change based on where they appear in a word this happens rarely in Kalirian as words are written almost exactly as they’re pronounced. Kalirian also uses diacritics such as the circumference ^ which indicates short vowels â, ê, and û, from their equivalent long vowels a, e, and u, which are left un-marked.

Pronunciation:

â- pronounced the same as in the English a sound in the word bad.

a- pronounced the same as in the English a sound in the word bra.

b- labial-stop; pronounced almost like the English b except that it should be pronounced slower and with the lips slightly more protruded.

c- dental-fricative; the tip of the tongue should be pressed up against the back teeth. The teeth should be jarred shut and it is important that the tongue remains flat and maintains in that position as the sound is made.

d- retroflex-stop; the tip and the near top end part of the tongue is pressed up against the ceiling of the mouth in the section just behind the hard palate. The tongue should remain in direct contact with the ceiling of the mouth throughout the entire pronunciation of the sound.

ê- pronounced the same as e sound in the word bed.

e- pronounced the same as in the ea sound in the word bead.

f- labial-stop; pronounced the same as in the English f in the word fan.

g- dental-fricative; the tip of the tongue should momentarily touch the gun just behind the top row of teeth. There should be a small gap between the two rows of teeth. It is important not to jar the teeth because then /g/ would sound identical to the letter /c/.

G- retroflex-fricative; the tip of the tongue is curled backwards so that the underside touches the border of the hard palate. As in the letter /d/ the tongue should remain in direct with the ceiling of the mouth throughout the entire pronunciation of the sound.

h- velar-fricative; this sound should be produced as far back in the mouth as possible. It should sound almost like you are gargling- and should sound nothing like the English /h/.

H- retroflex- the tip of the tongue is curled over so that the underside is touches the border of the hard palate. The tongue should remain in this position. This should give the letter more of a soft sound as compared to some other retroflexes.

i- pronounced the same as in the I sound in the word bid.

j- retroflex-stop; the tip and the near-end part of the tongue is pressed up against the back of the hard palate. The tongue should remain in that position.

k- alveolar-fricative; the tip of the tongue is curled in almost like a retroflex position but is instead brought to the hard palate just behind the section near the gum. This should give it a harsh sound.

l- alveolar-fricative (dark l); pronounced almost the same as in the English l in the word milk except that it should have more of a harsh sound to it.

m- labial-fricative; pronounced the same as in the English m, except that the lips should be protruded in the same way as in the letter /b/.

n- pronounced the same as in the English n in the word nun.

N- dental-nasal; pronounced the same as in the English n in the words nose or any.

o- pronounced the same as in the word box.

p- labial-approximant; pronounced the same as in the English p in the word spin.

q- uvular-fricative, this sound should be made as far back in your mouth as possible with the back of your tongue actually touching your uvular (the fleshy blob that hangs down over your throat.)

Q- velar-stop; this sound should sound exactly like the English k in the word skip.

r- alveolar-approximant; pronounced exactly like the English r in the word write.

R- uvular- approximant; pronounced the same as in the French r in the word Paris.

s- alveolar-fricative; pronounced the same as in the English s in the sun instead it should be pronounced slower. This should make it sound almost like a hiss.

t- alveolar-fricative; the tip and the near-end part of the tongue should be curled over in almost like a retroflex position as in the letter /k/ but instead it should be pressed up against the hard palate a bit further back from the English t.

û- pronounced the same as the u sound in the word bud.

u- pronounced the same as in the u sound in the word rune.

v- labial-dental-fricative; pronounced the same as in the English v in the word van.

w- labial-approximant; pronounced the same as in the English w in the word water.

x- dental-fricative; the tip of the tongue should be pressed against the gum and the back row of the teeth. The teeth should be jarred shut and the tongue should remain in that position.

y- pronounced the same as in the y sound in the word why.

z- alveolar-palatal-affricate; pronounced the same as in the English z in the word zeal.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:CCP.pdf</title>
    <id>5476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34867</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-04T02:21:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>!suta</title>
    <id>5477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34910</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-04T23:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">!suta was a [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages|Rajo-Faraneih language]] spoken in the Lescealh prior to the Faraneih colonization, when it went extinct, largely due to mass migration within and into Lescealh during that era.

=Phonology=
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Bilabial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Uvular
|-
|'''Click'''
| align=center | {{IPA|ʘ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ǀ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ǃ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ǂ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Nasal'''
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Stop'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
| align=center | {{IPA|q}}
|-
|'''Affricate'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pɸ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;bβ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ts}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
|'''Fricative'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|θ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ð}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|x}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
|-
|'''Approximant'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}} 
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|ʁ}} 
|-
|'''Lateral Flap'''
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʟ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

=Grammar=

=Sound and Grammatical Changes from Proto-Rajo-Faraneit=
To be blunt, information on !suta is sketchy at best, due to its wholesale extinction. The few scraps of the language that survived long enough to be written down are primarily loan words into various Bokeit dialects, which were essentially eradicated very soon after any sort of preservation.

==Known Sound Changes==
*Development of Clicks and Vowel System Simplification
**/r l ɻ ɭ/ delete syllable terminally
**/pf) f bv) v ts) s tθ) θ x/ delete and lengthen the previous vowel syllable terminally
**/p b t d k q/ delete syllable terminally
**/m n/ delete and nasalize the previous vowel syllable terminally
**/tɛ dɛ kɛ qɛ tɐ dɐ kɐ qɐ/ + C &gt; ǃC ǃC ǂC ǂC ǃC ǃC ǂC ǂC
**/mɛ mɐ pɛ pɐ bɛ bɐ/ + C &gt; ʘC ʘC ʘC ʘC ʘC ʘC
**/nɛ nɐ/ + C &gt; ǀC ǀC
**/pf) f bv) v ts) s z tθ) θ x r l ɻ ɭ/ + /ɐ ɛ/ + C &gt; C
**Then #ɛ#, #ɐ# &gt; DELETE
**Cɐ Cɛ &gt; Ca
*Cluster and Affricate Simplification
**ds sd ts st dθ θd tθ θt tθ) &gt; z z s s ð ð θ θ θ
**ks sk qs sq kθ θk qθ θq &gt; ʃ ʃ x x x x χ χ
**ps sp bs sb pθ θp bθ θb &gt; ɸ ɸ β β ɸ ɸ β β
**pf fp pf) bv vb bv) &gt; f f f v v v
**kx xk xq qx &gt; x x x x
**mb bm mp pm &gt; m m m m
**nb bn np pn &gt; m m m m
**nd dn nt tn &gt; n n n n
**nk kn nq qn &gt; n n n n
**iV uV &gt; jV wV
**sj tj &gt; ʂ ʈʂ &gt; s ts)
*Vowel Affections
**u(:C)a(:), i(:C)a(:), e(:C)a(:), o(:C)a(:) &gt; o(:C)a(:), e(:C)a(:), a(:C)a(:), a(:C)a(:)
**u(:C)i(:), o(:C)i(:), a(:C)i(:) &gt; y(:C)i(:), ø(:C)i(:), e(:C)i(:)
**i(:C)u(:), e(:C)u(:), a(:C)u(:) &gt; ɯ(:C)u(:), ɤ(:C)u(:), ɤ(:C)u(:)
*Other
**f v ɸ β &gt; DELETE
**pf) bv) &gt; f v
**ʃ &gt; x
**qi qe ka ko &gt; ki ke qa qo
**ɻ ɭ &gt; ʀ ʟ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lang Dictionary.pdf</title>
    <id>5478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>34950</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-05T04:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Qang</title>
    <id>5479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55244</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-21T21:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Songulda</title>
    <id>5480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35001</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T10:36:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The term Songulda may refer to the
*[[Songulda language]]
*[[Songulda people]]
{{disambig}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Songulda people</title>
    <id>5481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35003</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T11:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
= Songulda Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===
The Songulda are mostly nomadic people, so they generally do not grow any grow. However, there are a few settled places, like trading posts and oasises where grain and root vegetables are grown.


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===
Cattle beef is the main food source as most families have their own herds. Sheep and goat may also be kept. Pork and chicken may be acquired from the settled locations.


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===
Horses, and to some extent camels, are the main way of transportation. Horses can either be rode on, or they can be used for dragging wagons.


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===
Cattle, for beef and milk, leather, bone and horns as material; horses and camels for transportation; sheep for meat and wool; goats for meat and milk; chickens for eggs, meat and feathers; swine for meat; dogs for sheep herding, as watch dogs and for companion; cats for catching mice and rats and for companion.


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===
Dogs, cats and horses can become pets, allthough the main reason for having dogs and horses is for work. Cats are only kept by settled people. Other domesticated animals are not likely to be kept as pets because they are mainly a source of food.


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that ever happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foreigners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===
War.


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===
Weaving, cooking, raising children, milking.


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important is it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when? ===


=== Who inherits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural events/beings do people fear?===


== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===
The Songulda people speak various dialects of the Songulda language. The Songulda script is used for writing. The [[Xŭngpìng]] language has had great impact on Songulda, and Songulda scholars often learn Xŭngpìng.


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===
Singing, poetry, story-telling, embroidery.


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===
The visual art is very stylized; ornaments and patterns are often used. Visual art is often in the form of carvings and embroidery or other clothing decorations.


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germish</title>
    <id>5482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42069</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T23:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">(Category: Fiction)

'''Germish''' is a hybrid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German] dialect spoken in a private, 'Utiopian' style community, known as '''Germingland''' out side of the community, and '''Germanglia''' within, based deep in the Bavarian forests of Southern Germany. Adjectively, the residents term themselves '''Germanglians''' or '''Germish''', though the term Germish is not exclusive to them (''it's a common term synonymous with expressions such as '''Denglisch, Deutschish, Gerglish''' or '''Angleutsch''', descibing the phenomenon of English words, grammar and idioms inflecting the [http://german.about.com German] language''). However, the major difference here is that Germanglian has an actual syntactical standard, both written and spoken. The language is richly inflected with both German and [http://www.learnenglish.org.uk English] grammar and vocabulary, and can be learned easily by both countrymen. Sounds that do not exist in either language, such as '''th''' in German, and the guttural '''r''' in English are not rendered, thus making it easier for a standard pronunciation.

===Society===
The Germish society is a very peaceful one, with around 1000 residents. The internal economy is mainly reciprocal, with much of the community’s dairy, meat and vegetable produce produced on its farm, keeping its food profits within the community. Its economy is also helped from its sponsorship deals and tourist trade, in which thousands of yearly visitors are given tours of the community, get to meet the inhabitants, and hear from and meet the people who conceived and brought to fruition the whole idea. There is also a hotel and 4 guest houses in which guests can stay, and partake in the traditional Germish way of life. Tourism and sponshorship generates between €3-4 million annually, and the main sponsor is the Home Improvement giant Aeki, who pay the community for allowing them to use Germingland in their advertising of their flatpack homes. Most of the residential homes there are Koblok Flatpack Homes, produced by Aeki, which are extremely easy to construct and environmentally friendly. 

'''So why was Germingland created and why come to live here?'''

Germingland, from the creation of the dialect to the design and building of the community, was created by 36 year old English billionaire, Wes Daley. Wes was the creator of the internet community portal '''Spooky Cafe©''' (''similar to the likes of My space and Facebook, but with interactive virtual chat rooms''), which he sold in 2002 for an estimated £2 billion. He also owned a European record company, Eveningstar Records, which he co-founded with his German business partner, Georg Abendstern. Wes had a 'private' circle on Spooky Cafe, and originally created the dialect for the use of this private online circle of friends. However, having become severly depressed and anxious about the violence and troubles of our modern 'big brother' style world, he wanted to find a way of escaping the rat race, but did not want to become a recluse. He sold Spooky Cafe and the record company, set about searching for people who shared the same anxieties and concerns, forming a plan with Georg to create his community of peace loving friends. Eventually, around 800 people from his private circle signed up for his project, each paying a deposit of £50,000. Not much more is known from this point, other than he managed to purchase around 20 acres of forest in Bavaria, and build the community.

'''What can one do here?'''

Obviously, Germingland does not and cannot offer the same entertainment facilities as a modern town or city. If this is what a person wants, then Germingland is not the place to come. However, there IS an entertainment and leisure complex at the heart of the community. Here, one will find:

* a 2 screen, 200 seat (per screen)cinema
* swimming pool, sauna and gym
* 5 restaurant/bars
* main community showroom (with musical and other entertainment on the community nights)
* library
* shops
* church

One must bear in mind that Germingland is essentially a village. This is split into 5 zones. The central zone is the entertainment and leisure area, the other 4 zones are the residential areas which surround the central zone. The leisure zone is completely encircled by 200 metres of forest which, at night, is beautifully light with low voltage ground lights. 

One basically comes to Germingland to escape the stress and intrusion of our modern, 'big brother' style society. You won’t see any street cameras here; it’s simply not necessary. There is no fear of being attacked in the street, suffering abuse whilst out for a drink with family or friends, or your house being burgled or ransacked. There is an incredibly friendly atmosphere. It’s safe, non intrusive, and free will for personal opinion and the freedom to indulge in any religion is totally accepted. The Germish people are happy to help one another in any situation; in fact this is one of the oaths sworn by all. They give not to receive, as they know that the community will provide for them whenever necessary. And contrary to outside opinion, Germingland is NOT a cult. No one person within the community is 'worshiped' (''although the heads of Germingland, Wes and Georg are highly revered''), nor controls the day to day lives of the residents. They have normal everyday material things as we do: TV, satellite, modern, trendy clothes, mobile phones etc, and are also free to travel outside the community at anytime, to visit friends, family (''although most families come here as a whole''), and holiday. Of course, rules and regulations are evident, as with any community, and non adherence to these rules are duly noted and dealt with in accordance to Germish law. However, it is very rare that the Germish council has to reprimand anyone, since there is a genuine respect for each other and the community itself. This is of course, the pre-requisite for coming here in the first place!

----
Some rumours state that Wes and Georg bribed their way through various government channels, but this has always been dismissed as utter nonsense. Regardless of rumour, the community was finished in 2005, at an estimated personal cost of approx £250 million. He struck a lucrative sponsorship deal with Aeki, and built up over 200 of their Koblok flatpack homes and apartments. All other buildings, including the village medical centre, shops, entertainement complex, hotel and guest houses, bars and eateries are constructed from wood; the use of the trees that were felled in the process included in their construction. Tree felling was kept to a minimum, and all construction material was designed to be as eco-friendly as possible.&lt;br/&gt;Residents began moving in around June 2006, and August saw an official, closed ceremony, performed in Germanglian. In the last year and a half, another 200 residents have been officially accepted into the community. All the houses there have now been filled, and there are currenlty no plans to expand.

===Germish grammar===
Germish could be described metaphorically as: German and English shovelled into a cement mixer, poured out and set! It’s basically a blend of German and English grammar and vocabulary. Some simple sentences can sound almost entirely English, for example: 

'''She kan runet'''. She can run.

Others can sound very German:

'''Es ist ouf di Tish'''. It’s on the table.

And others sound typically Germish: 

'''She runet owf di Gras every Taag'''. She runs on the grass every day.

Quite simply, the blend is as follows:

Most nouns come from German&lt;br/&gt;Most verbs come from English with German style conjugations&lt;br/&gt;Adjectives, adverbs and modifiers come mainly from English&lt;br/&gt;All other word classes are a hybrid mix.&lt;br/&gt;Spelling conforms to a Germish standard

It was decided very early on that Germish would be analytic, that is to say, word order would determine sentence function. The German case and gender system was completely dissolved, and there is no agreement between noun and adjective. In respect of this however, word order would be based on German, the past participle prefix '''ge''' was kept for verbs and verbs would take on German style conjugations. Another linguistic feature that doesn’t exist in Germish is the heirachical address '''Sie''' as in German. This is because Germish society reflects an 'everyone is equal' attitude. Therefore, having a formal address system would go against the moral grain. Politness and respect can be denoted from voice intonation and facial expression.

====Word order==== 
SVO with verb 2nd position in main clause. Past participles and main verbs are sent to the end after modals and auxiliaries as in German. Subordinate clauses see the main verb sent to the end, followed by the auxiliary or modal. However, in a main clause that FOLLOWS a subordinate, that main clause retains its normal word order, unlike in German where the main verb would take 1st position. Eg:

(German) '''Er hatte Füßball gut gespielt.'''&lt;br/&gt;(Germish) '''Hee hat Fütbaal güt gepläen'''.&lt;br/&gt;He had played football well. 

(German) '''Er wird Füßball spielen wenn sie ihn fragen.'''&lt;br/&gt;(Germish) '''Hee vil Fütbaal pläet, if dä im asken'''.&lt;br/&gt;He will play football if they ask him.

But reverse the subordinate clause:

(German) '''Wenn sie ihn ''fragen, wird'' er Füßball spielen.'''&lt;br/&gt;(Germish) '''If dä im ''asken'', den hee ''vil'' Fütbaal pläet'''.&lt;br/&gt;If they ask him, then he’ll play football.

----

'''TMP (Time, manner, place)'''

This typically moulds itself on German:

'''Tüdä meete i mei Froind in di Staat'''. I’m meeting my friend today in town.

====Verbs====

Germish verbs are mainly taken from English, but with German style conjugations:

Germish tenses and their English/German equivalents. Since all Germish main verbs are regular, the example used is '''pläen-'''to play:

'''present'''  ich spiele/I play, am playing (also renders the present progressive, or in German, Verlaufsform) 

'''pläen''' to play-infinitive

'''i pläe''' I play/am playing

'''dü pläest''' you play/are playing (singular)

'''hee pläet''' he plays/is playing

'''she pläet''' she plays

'''es pläet''' it plays

'''dä pläen''' they play

'''vir pläen''' we play

'''man pläet''' one plays (impersonal)

'''ir pläet''' you play (plural)

----

'''present perfect''' ich habe gespielt/I have played 

This tense does not use the auxiliary '''hafen'''-to have. The past participle itself denotes perfectiveness, and equates to the German perfect past and the English perfect present. 

'''i gepläen''' I have played

'''dü gepläen''' you have played

'''hee gepläen''' he has played

'''she gepläen''' she has played

'''es gepläen''' it has played

'''dä gepläen''' they have played

'''vir gepläen''' we have played

'''man gepläen''' one has played

'''ir gepläen''' you have played (plural)

This tense in Germish denotes completeness, whereas the simple past does not. For example, '''I drinkede Kafee''' ''I drank coffee'' does not necessarily mean that the coffee was finished.

----

'''simple past''' ich spielte/I played

Simple past tense adds '''d''' before conjugation, or inserts an extra '''e''' if following a conjunct:

'''i pläde''' I played

'''dü plädest''' you played

'''hee plädet''' he played

'''she plädet''' she played

'''es plädet''' it played

'''dä pläden''' they played

'''vir pläden''' we played

'''man plädet''' one played

'''ir plädet''' you played

----

'''perfect/pluperfect past''' ich hatte gespielt/I had played (uses appropriate form of '''hafen''' plus past participle):

'''i hafe gepläen''' I had played

'''dü hast gepläen''' you had played

'''hee hat gepläen''' he had played

'''she hat gepläen''' she had played

'''es hat gepläen''' it had played

'''dä hafen gepläen''' they had played

'''vir hafen gepläen''' we had played

'''man hat gepläen''' one had played

'''ir hat geplälen''' you had played

----

'''future''' ich werde spielen/I will play, am going to play

This is formed with the future auxiliary '''vil''' and the appropriate form of the main verb. '''Vil''' has no other use in Germish:

'''i vil pläe''' I will play

'''dü vil pläest''' you will play

'''hee vil pläet''' he will play

'''see vil pläet''' she will play

'''es vil pläet''' it will play

'''dä vil pläen''' they will play

'''vir vil pläen''' we will play

'''man vil pläet''' one will play

'''ir vil pläet''' you will play

----

'''perfect future''' ich werde gespielt haben/I will have played (same for all)

'''i vil gepläen''' I will have played

'''Other tenses'''

'''progressive past''' I was going (not rendered in German)

This tense in English is normally used in 2 ways. It can denote intention: ''I was going to call but I fell asleep''. Or an action that was unfinished or interrupted by something else: ''I was reading a book when the phone rang''. 

Germish can equate these expressions in the following way:

'''Intention:'''

Use the simple past of '''intenden'''-to intend to:

'''I intendede kaalen, but i feslifden'''. I was going (intended) to ring but I fell asleep.

'''Ongoing action that stopped''':

Use the simple past of the verb with the preposition '''as'''. However, the subordinate clause goes first:

'''As i a Bük reedede, di Telefon ringdet'''. I was reading a book when the phone rang.

=====Verb moods=====

'''Conditional''' would/würde. In Germish, there are 2 conditional moods. The first is a non-sunjunctive mood. This is typically used if the other clause is a ''but, however'' or ''when'' clause, and is rendered with the Germish auxiliary '''vud''' and the appropriate form of the main verb:

Present ich würde spielen/I would play

'''I vud pläe, but hee asket nit mish''' I would play, but he doesn't ask me.

'''Perfect present conditional''' ich hätte gespielt/I would have played (this can also render the future conditional, this is qualified by statement information)

'''I vüd gepläen, but hee askedet nit mish''' I would have played, but he didn't ask me.

----

'''Subjunctive conditional'''

The Germish subjunctive expresses wishes, desires, and those things that, to most people, are just dreams or fantasies. This is formed by changing the vowel sound of the conditional '''vud''' to '''vüd''', and is typically used with ''if'' clauses:

'''If i rich vaa, den i vüd ein Ferrari beien'''. If I were rich, I’d buy a Ferrari.

----

'''Subjunctive '''''could'''''

This tense uses ''could'' in the sense of being able to do something based on an ''if'' or a ''because'' clause, for example: &quot;I could be better at maths if I study harder&quot;, or &quot;We could be delayed because the train is late&quot;. It basically denotes a conditional possibillity. This is rendered with the subjunctive '''kan''' which is '''kün''':

'''I kün daa in 40 minüten bäen, if i depaate now.''' I could be there in 40 minutes if I leave now.

----

'''Imperitive'''

The Germish imperitive uses the 3rd person singular in harsh or forceful commands. Otherwise, expressions such as directions or polite instructions are simply given as the appropriate pronoun and conjugation.

'''Sitet!''' Sit down!

=====Conjugations and irregular verbs=====

The verb '''bäen'''-to be like in many languages is the most irregular, but only in the present and simple past:

'''i am''' I am

'''dü bist''' you are

'''hee ist''' he is

'''see ist''' she is

'''es ist''' it is 

'''dä ar''' they are

'''vir ar''' we are

'''man ist''' one is

'''ir säd''' you are

----

'''Simple past''':

'''i vaa''' I was

'''dü vaast''' you were

'''hee vaa''' he was

'''see vaa''' she was

'''es vaa''' it was 

'''dä vaan''' they were

'''vir vaan''' we were

'''man vaa''' one was

'''ir vaan''' you were

----

'''Perfective''' adds '''ge''' to '''vaan''' for all:

'''i gevaan''' I have been

'''dü gevaan''' you have been

'''Pluperfective''' ''had been'' sees a vowel change in the participle, same for all:

'''i geveen''' I had been

'''dü geveen''' you had been

----

'''Hafen'''-to have

'''i hafe''' I have

'''dü hast''' you have 

'''hee hat''' he has

'''see hat''' she has

'''es hat''' it has

'''dä hafen''' they have

'''vir hafen''' we have 

'''man hat''' one has

'''ir haft''' you have

----

'''Past'''. There is only one past tense for '''hafen''' which is '''gehafen''', and denotes ''have had''. Again, this is the same for all:

'''i gehafen''' I have had

'''dü gehafen''' you have had

=====Modal Verbs=====

Germish modal verbs act as auxiliaries and send the main verb to the end. There is only one form in the present tense, and some are irregular in the past. However, unlike regular German, the main verb does not take infinitive form (''unless that form is already used with a pronoun/noun''); the appropriate conjugate must be used. They are as follows:

'''Infinitives:'''

'''kanen''' can/to be able to 

'''süden''' should/to ought to

'''leiken''' to like/like

'''vanten''' to want/to want to

'''düfen''' may/to be allowed to

'''I kan Fütbaal pläe'''. I can play football.

'''Dü kan Fütbaal pläest'''. You can play football.

'''Vir kan Fütbaal pläen'''. We can play football.

When a modal has an infinitive meaning, the main verb has a special inflection and will follow the noun:

'''Kanen profeshünal Fütbaal pläenen, vüed a trü Trowm.''' To be able to play professional football would be a dream come true. 

----

'''Past'''

'''I kande Fütbaal pläe'''. I could (was able to/used to be able to) play football. 

'''I gekanden Fütbaal pläen'''. I could have played football.

'''I süd Fütbaal gepläen'''. I should have played. Note: The modal takes no change, tense is denoted from the past participle of pläen.

'''I leikede Fütbaal pläen, ven i yung vaa'''. I liked to play football when I was young.

*To render ''have liked'' is '''geleiken''', and ''had liked'' is '''hafe geleiken'''. However, these tenses are not used to facilitate main verbs. They’re used in a transitive sense with an object:

'''I geleiken dish fir lang zeit'''. I have liked you for a long time.

'''I hafe geleiken dish fir lang zeit'''. I had liked you for a long time.

** Note about '''kan'''. One must be careful when using '''kan''' in the past, as there are 2 forms denoting ''could''. The example above is the correct past tense, meaning ''was able to''. However, there is a subjunctive mood, '''kün''', see the subjunctive above.

'''I vantede Fütbaal pläen'''. I wanted to play football.

'''I gevanten Fütbaal pläen'''. I have wanted to play football.

'''I düfde Fütbaal pläen'''. I was allowed to play football.

===Negation===

Negation of verbs is rendered with '''nish''' which directly relates to ''not''. This typically goes after the verb, but for emphasis can follow the noun (''with a little voice intonnation''):

'''Hee güet nish'''. He’s not going.

'''Hee leiket nish Fütbaal'''. He doesn’t like football.

'''Hee leiket Fütbaal nish!''' He does NOT like football!

With modals and auxilliaris, the negation word appears with the main verb. This goes AFTER a noun, but where no noun is present, goes after the main verb:

'''I kan Fütbaal nish pläe'''. I can’t play football.

'''I vil güe nish'''. I will not go.

Negation of objects is rendered with '''kein''', which equates to 'not a' or 'no':

'''Daa iz kein Stül'''. There is no chair.

'''Daa iz kein Chanz, dat tüdä i Fütbaal pläe kan'''. There is not a chance that I can play football today.

===Nouns===

Most Germish nouns are German derived. However, there is no case or gender system, therefore all nouns are pretty regular. Plurals are rendered with '''en''' on consonant endings, and '''n''' on vowel endings. As stated in the word order section, Germish is analytic, therefore noun function relys solely on word order.

====Possession====

Germish possession equates to both the adjective: ''my, your, mein, dein'' etc, and also the German and English genetive: ''mine, his, of me, meiner, deiner, der Korb des Hunds'' etc. In an adjectival sense, this also renders the archaic style ''von mir'' often used in German, and goes as thus:

'''mei''' my

'''yor''' your

'''his''' his

'''her''' her

'''ets''' its

'''unsa''' our

'''däa''' their

'''irei''' your (plural)

'''Hee iz mei Froind.''' He is my friend./He is a friend of mine

''' Däa Faata deiden'''. Their father died.

And in a genitive sense:

'''mein''' mine

'''yors''' yours

'''his''' his

'''hers''' hers

'''ets''' its

'''unsere''' ours

'''däas''' theirs

'''irein''' yours (plural)

----

===Articles===

Quite simply:

'''di''' the
'''a''' a/an

Spoken, '''di''' will often just be an utterance of '''d'''.

----

===Germish examples===

Below is a Germish example of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, followed by its German and English equivalents:

'''Germish'''

'''Al Hümänen aar from Gebüt free and eküal in Vüde and Reshten. Dä aar gifted mit Vernunft and Gevisen and süd vorgen enanda in Geist of Brüderhat behäven'''.&lt;br/&gt;Literal:&lt;br/&gt;All humans are free and equal in dignity and rights from birth. They are gifted with reason and conscience and should behave towards each other in a spirit of broherhood.

'''English'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

'''German'''

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jermench (MGR)</title>
    <id>5483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49804</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T09:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{workinprogress}}


{{Language|
| english = Jermench
| native = Jermench
| country = West-Central Europe
| nativecountry = Jermannien, Levant, Helvetien
| universe = Mundus Germaniae Romanae
| speakers = ca. 105 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Romance
| subbranch = Northern Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[user:pete|P Collier]], [[User:Melroch|BP Jonsson]]
| date = 2006+
| background-color = white
| heading-background = lawngreen
| width = 50%
}}

== History ==

[[Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)|Proto-Northern Romance]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Old High Jermench (MGR)|Old High Jermench]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Middle High Jermench (MGR)|Middle High Jermench]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Early Modern High Jermench (MGR)|Early Modern High Jermench]]&lt;br&gt;


[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old High Jermench (MGR)</title>
    <id>5484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54246</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-21T22:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sacramenta Argentariae */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">----
{{workinprogress}}


{{Language|
| english = Old High Jermench
| native = Iermanzze / Jërmântzê
| country = Kingdom of Germany / Holy Roman Empire
| nativecountry =
| universe = Mundus Germaniae Romanae
| speakers = ''unknown''
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Romance
| subbranch = Northern-Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[user:pete|P Collier]], [[User:Melroch|BP Jonsson]]
| date = 2006+
| background-color = white
| heading-background = lawngreen
| width = 50%
}}

== Introduction ==

The term '''Old High Jermench''' (OHJ) refers to the earliest stage of the Jermench language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050 CE. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of OHJ proper to 750 for this reason. 

The main difference between OHJ and the [[Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)|Northern-Romance]] dialects from which it developed is that it underwent the High Jermench Consonant Shift. This is generally dated very approximately to the late 5th and early 6th centuries - hence dating the start of OHJ to around 500. The result of this sound change is that the consonant system of Jermench remains different from all other Northern Romance languages, including ''{Rom-English}'' and Low Jermench (Basjeirmenk). Grammatically, however, OHJ remained very similar to Old ''{Rom-English}'', Old Batavian and Old Low Jermench.

By the mid 11th century the many different vowels found in unstressed syllables had all been reduced to 'e'. Since these vowels were part of the grammatical endings in the nouns and verbs, their loss led to radical simplification of the inflectional grammar of Jermench. For that reason, 1050 is seen as the start of the Middle High Jermench period.

==== Modern Descendants ====

* [[Jermench (MGR)|(High) Jermench]]
* [[Fitzekaselch (MGR)|Fitzekaselch]]
* [[Jiddich (MGR)|Jiddich]]

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Consonants | cols=20 }}
| || || ''Bilabial'' || || ''Labiodental'' || || ''Dental'' || || ''Alveolar'' || || ''Palatal'' || || ''Velar'' || || ''Glottal''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Nasal'' || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Plosive'' || || p &amp;ensp; b || || || || || || t &amp;ensp; d || || || || k &amp;ensp; g
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Affricate'' || || {{IPA|p͡f}} &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || || || || || {{IPA|t͡s}} &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || || || {{IPA|k͡x}} &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Fricative'' || || || || f &amp;ensp; v || || θ &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || s &amp;ensp; z|| || || || x &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Approximant'' || || w|| || || || || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Trill'' || || || |||| || || || r
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Lateral'' || || || || || || || || l
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
# There is wide variation in the consonant systems of the OHJ dialects arising mainly from the differing extent to which they are affected by the High Jermench Consonant Shift. Precise information about the articulation of consonants is impossible to establish.
#In the plosive and fricative series, where there are two consonants in a cell, the first is fortis the second lenis. The voicing of lenis consonants varied between dialects.
#/θ/ changes to /d/ in all dialects during the 9th century.
#OHJ has long consonants, and the following double consonant spellings indicate not vowel length as in Modern Jermench orthography, but rather genuine double consonants: pp, bb, tt, dd, ck (for /kk/), gg, ff, ss, hh, zz, mm, nn, ll, rr.

=== Vowels ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Vowels | cols=13 }}
| || || || ||''Front''|| ||''Near-front''|| ||''Central''|| ||''Near-back''|| ||''Back''
|-
| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High'' || || || ||iː|| || || || || || || ||uː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Near-high'' || || || || || ||ɪ|| || || ||ʊ|| ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High-mid'' || || || ||e|| || || || || || || ||oː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low-mid'' || || || || || ||ɛ &amp;ensp; ɛː|| || || || || ||ɔ &amp;ensp; ɔː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low'' || || || || || || || ||a &amp;ensp; aː
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Phonological History ===

====Hardening of Stops====

Proto-Northern Romance fricatives {{IPA|[β]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[ɸ]}} were hardened to the stops {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[g]}} and {{IPA|[p]}}. The hardening of {{IPA|/g/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} was unconditional, but the hardenening of {{IPA|/b/}} was dependent on position, and there was some attendant interchange of {{IPA|[β]}}, {{IPA|[b]}} and {{IPA|[f]}}, along with the creation of a new allophone {{IPA|[v]}}:

:{{IPA|[β]}} → {{IPA|[b]}} after {{IPA|[l]}}, intervocally, or post-vocally in final position
:{{IPA|[b]}} → {{IPA|[v]}} in all other positions
:{{IPA|[f]}} → {{IPA|[b]}} after {{IPA|[l]}}, intervocally, or post-vocally in final position

====High Jermench Consonant Shift====

The High Jermench consonant shift was a phonological development which took place in the southern parts of the [[Proto-Northern-Romance (MGR)|Northern Romance]] dialect continuum in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the High Jermench language were made in the 9th century.  The resulting language, Old High Jermench, can be neatly contrasted with the other continental Northern Romance languages, which mostly did not experience the shift.

The High Jermench consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the southern Jermench dialects, and so explains why many Jermnch words have different consonants from the obviously related words in ''{Rom-English}'' and Batavian. Depending on definition, the term may be restricted to a core group of nine individual consonant modifications, or it may include other changes taking place in the same period.

For the core group, there are three thrusts which may be thought of as three successive phases:
#The three voiceless stops became fricatives in certain phonetic environments ( Spanish ''pi&lt;u&gt;c&lt;/u&gt;aza'' maps to Jermench ''fai&lt;u&gt;ch&lt;/u&gt;e'');
#The same sounds became affricates in other positions (''&lt;u&gt;t&lt;/u&gt;u'' : ''&lt;u&gt;z&lt;/u&gt;u''); and
#The three voiced stops became voiceless (''&lt;u&gt;d&lt;/u&gt;e'' : ''&lt;u&gt;t&lt;/u&gt;ei'').

Of the other changes which sometimes are bracketed within the High Jermench consonant shift, the most important (sometimes thought of as the fourth phase) is:
:4. {{IPA|/θ/}} (and its allophone {{IPA|[ð]}}) became {{IPA|/d/}} (Proto-Northern Romance *''&lt;u&gt;th&lt;/u&gt;rattar'' : Modern Jermench ''&lt;u&gt;d&lt;/u&gt;ratzer'').

This phenomenon is known as the &quot;High Jermench&quot; consonant shift because it affects the High Jermench dialects (''i.e.'' those of the mountainous south), principally the Upper Jermench dialects, though in part it also affects the Central Jermench dialects.  However the fourth phase also included Low Jermench and Batavian.

The High Jermench consonant shift did not occur in a single movement, but rather, as a series of waves over several centuries. The geographical extent of these waves varies.  They all appear in the southernmost dialects, and spread northwards to differing degrees.  While some are found only in southernmost parts, most are found throughout the upper Jermench area, and some spread on into the central Jermench dialects. The shift ''th''→''d'' was more successful; it spread all the way to the North Sea and affected Batavian as well as Jermench.  Most, but not all of these changes have become part of modern standard Jermench.

The High Jermench consonant shift is a good example of a chain shift.  For example, phases 1/2 left the language without a /t/ phoneme, as this had shifted to /s/ or /ts/.  Phase 3 filled this gap (d→t), but left a new gap at /d/, which phase 4 then filled (th→d).

=====Stage 1=====

In this phase, voiceless stops became geminated fricatives intervocalically, or single fricatives postvocalically in final position.

:''p''→''ff'' or final ''f''
:''t''→''zz'' (later Jermench ''ss'') or final ''z'' (s)
:''k''→''hh'' (later Jermench ''ch'')

''Note: In these OHJ words, &lt;z&gt; stands for a voiceless fricative that is distinct somehow from &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. The exact nature of the distinction is unknown; possibly &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; was apical while &lt;z&gt; was laminal.''

The first phase did not affect geminate stops in words like *''fattar'' &quot;father&quot;, nor did it affect stops after other consonants, as in words like *''sunt'' &quot;(they) are&quot;, where another consonant falls between the vowel and the stop.  These remained unshifted until the second phase.

=====Stage 2=====

In the second phase, which was completed by the eighth century, the same sounds became affricates (i.e. a stop followed by a fricative) in three environments: in initial position; when geminated; and after a liquid consonant ({{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/r/}}) or nasal consonant ({{IPA|/m/}} or {{IPA|/n/}}).
:{{IPA|/p/}} &gt; {{IPA|/p͡f/}} (written &lt;pf&gt; or &lt;ph&gt;. In later OHJ the affricate shifted further to {{IPA|/f/}} when it immediately followed {{IPA|/l/}} 
:{{IPA|/t/}} &gt; {{IPA|/t͡s/}} (written &lt;z&gt; or &lt;tz&gt;)
:{{IPA|/k/}} &gt; {{IPA|/k͡x/}} (written &lt;kch&gt; or &lt;ch&gt;)

The shift did not take place where the stop was preceded by a fricative, i.e. in the combinations {{IPA|/sp, st, sk, ft, ht, xt/}}. {{IPA|/t/}} also remained unshifted in the combination {{IPA|/tr/}}.

*The shift of {{IPA|/t/}} &gt; {{IPA|/t͡s/}} occurs throughout the High Jermench area and is reflected in Modern Standard Jermench.
*The shift of {{IPA|/p/}} &gt; {{IPA|/p͡f/}} occurs throughout Upper Jermench, but there is wide variation in Central Jermench dialects. The further north the dialect the fewer environments show shifted consonants. This shift is reflected in Standard Jermench.
*The shift of {{IPA|/k/}} &gt; {{IPA|/k͡x/}} is geographically highly restricted and only took place is the southernmost Upper Jermench dialects. The Tyrol is the only region where the affricate {{IPA|/k͡x/}} has developed in all positions. In alpine regions only the geminate has developed into an affricate, whereas  in the other positions, {{IPA|/k/}} has become {{IPA|/x/}}. However, there is initial {{IPA|/k͡x/}} as well, since it is used for any ''k'' in loanwords, for instance {{IPA|[kxariˈb̥ikx]}}.

=====Stage 3=====

The third phase, which had the most limited geographical range, saw the voiced stops become voiceless.
:''b''→''p''
:''d''→''t''
:''g''→''k''
Of these, only the dental shift ''d''→''t'' finds its way into standard Jermench. The others are restricted to southernmost dialects.
This shift probably began in the 8th or 9th century, after the first and second phases ceased to be productive, otherwise the resulting voiceless stops would have shifted further to fricatives and affricates.

====Simplification of geminate consonants====

Geminate consonants were simplified in final position, when immediately preceded or followed by a consonant, or immediately following a long vowel.

====Primary I-Mutation====

Old High Jermench underwent a limited degree of I-mutation, which is usually referred to as 'primary I-mutation' to differentiate it from the more general and widespread [[Middle High Jermench (MGR)|secondary I-mutation]] in Middle High Jermench.

The change affected short {{IPA|/a/}}, which mutated to {{IPA|/æ/}} (&lt;e&gt;) when the following syllable contained an {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}. The conditioning {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}} was subsequently lost.

Primary I-mutation was blocked by intervening {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/h/}}, a consonant + {{IPA|/w/}}, or a liquid + a consonant.

====Other Consonantal Changes====

:{{IPA|/gg/}} → {{IPA|/kk/}}.
:{{IPA|/sp/}}, {{IPA|/st/}}, and {{IPA|/sk/}} → {{IPA|/ʃp/}}, {{IPA|/ʃt/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in initial position.
:{{IPA|/h/}} was lost before {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, or {{IPA|/w/}}.
:{{IPA|/t/}} → {{IPA|/d/}} before a nasal.

====Other Vowel Changes====

:{{IPA|/ɔ͡ə/}} → {{IPA|/u͡o/}}.
:{{IPA|/ɛ͡ə/}} → {{IPA|/i͡e/}}.
:{{IPA|/a͡u/}} → {{IPA|/o͡u/}}, except before {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} or a liquid, where {{IPA|/a͡u/}} → {{IPA|/o:/}}.

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

==== 1st Declension ====
=====Group I===== 
Feminine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– â||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group Ib | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– â||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''&amp;emsp;
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group Ic | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– a||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– â||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||̈– 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

&lt;br&gt;

=====Group II=====
Feminine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group IIa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group IIb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group IIc | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group IId | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– as
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– âr
|-
|||''Dative''||– â||̈–
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== 2nd Declension ====
=====Group I=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group Ib | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group Ic | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||̈–||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group Id | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– ||̈– 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
=====Group II=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIc | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||̈– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– ||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IId | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– ||̈– 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
=====Group III=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIIa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– î||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIIb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– î||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIIc | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈–||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIId | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈–||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈–
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
=====Group IV=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IVa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– î||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IVb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– î
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– î||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||– îs
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IVc | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈–||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IVd | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈–
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈–||– ôr
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈–
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== 3rd Declension ====
=====Group I=====
Feminine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– s
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||–
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– ius
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ib | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||–
|-
|||''Dative''||– î||– ius
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''C'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation.''&amp;emsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ic | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– s
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||–
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– ||– ius
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''D'''
''Nouns with primary I-mutation &lt;br&gt; and loss/assimilation of final -s after &lt;br&gt; /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Id | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||–
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– ||– ius
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

=== Pronouns ===


{| cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;shadedtable bordertable&quot;
!colspan=9 class=&quot;shadedtable&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px !important;&quot;| Pronouns 
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Singular''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Plural''
|-
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
! ''impersonal''
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1st person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | jô 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | mê 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | nus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mëî 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nostrê
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mî
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nûs
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2nd person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zû
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | zê
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | wus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zwî 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wëstrê
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zî
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wôs
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 3rd person
! ''Nominative''
| ëllê
| ëlla
| ―
| hômô
| illî
| ëllas
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sê
| hōmmē
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sê
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | swî 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| hōmmes
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | swî
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sî
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ― 
| hōmmī
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sîs
| ― 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Interrogative&lt;br&gt;&amp; relative
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kî
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kî
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kê
| ― 
| ―
| kus
| quas
| ―
|-
! ''Genitive''
| kus
| quâjs
| ―
| ―
| côrô
| quarô
| ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| kī
| quâî
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kius
| ― 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== Verbs ===
The earlier shift of stress to the word stem in Proto-Northern Romance (PNR), together with the loss of many unstressed vowels, led to considerable changes in the morphology of verbs in Old High Jermench as many of the old Latin/Romance verb endings merged or disappeared. 

By far the largest degree of change took place in the preterite indicative, which was derived from Latin's perfect. The change was wrought by the loss of the original fourth conjugation endings and the subsequent reanalysis of many verbs, and it was these changes which really drove the beginning of the creation of the new OHJ verb system.

The changes, which began in PNR and continued in early OHJ, saw the -{{SC|ī}} class indicative perfects disappear entirely as new preterite forms arose, with the exception of {{SC|feci}} and {{SC|fui}}, which came to be viewed as irregular. Original fourth conjugation verbs whose stems ended in –s were often reanalysed as -{{SC|si}} class (original third conjugation), while others with stems ending in {{SC|-d}} were aligned with the formerly reduplicative verbs in the original first declension. The remaining original fourth conjugation verbs generally developed new -{{SC|uī}} forms and merged their preterites with original second conjugation verbs:
:{{SC|vēnī}} &gt; *''vénuí'' &gt; ''winvî''.

There followed a general rearrangement of all preterites, and ultimately examples of all classes could be found in each conjugation. From this point, a more useful distinction when considering the preterite became the distinction between weak (those formed from Latin perfects in -v-) and strong verbs, rather than their conjugation ''per se''. 

In the remainder of the original third conjugation the original short vowels were in frequently lost, to be replaced in some instances by {{IPA|[ə]}} but usually by the corresponding second conjugation endings as these two conjugations increasingly fell together.  

By the end of the OHJ period, the verb system is classified as having two conjugations (respectively, from the original first and from a combination of the original second, third and fourth), each of which has strong and weak forms. 

These forms are illustrated in the tables below.

==== Indicative Mood ====

=====1st Conjugation=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ô ||– âms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– âzzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– aʐ||– anz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– aî ||– oums
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ahî ||– ahës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ôʐ ||– ârnz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Some 1st conjugation verbs, primarily those with stems ending in ''-dd, -ld, -nd'' and ''-t'', formed their preterite indicative differently:
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ëî||– ams¹
|-
|||''2nd person''||– hî||– hës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ëʐ||– arnz¹
|}
¹ Here ''a'' represented {{IPA|[ə]}}. Dropped if immediately following a sonorant.
&lt;br&gt;

===== 2nd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ô||– eims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ës||– eizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ëʐ||– inz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– vî||– veims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– vihî||–vihës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– vëʐ||– veirnz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (strong) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– sî ||– sams
|-
|||''2nd person''||– hî ||– hës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– sëʐ ||– seirntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Subjunctive Mood ====

=====1st Conjugation=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ê||– eims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ës||– eizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ëʐ||– inz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ôsê||– ôseims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– ôsës||– ôseizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ôsëʐ||– ôsinz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== 2nd Conjugation =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– a ||– âms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– as||– âzzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– aʐ||– anz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– vëssë||– vëssseims
|-
|||''2nd person''||– vissës||– vësseizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– vissëʐ||– vissinz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|- 
| &lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (strong) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| – sê || – sësseims
|-
|||''2nd person''|| – sës|| – sësseizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| – sëʐ|| – sinz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Imperative Mood ====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Singular | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– a
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– ê
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Plural | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– âzzê
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– eizzê
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Infinitive and Past Participles ====

{{shaded table| title=Infinitive | cols=4 }}
|||''1st Conjugation''||||– ârê
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''||||– eirê
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Perfect Past Participle (Supine) | cols=4 }}
|''1st Conjugation''||||kun – âʐô
|-
|''2nd Conjugation''||||kun – ûʐô
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Passive Past Participle | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''1st Conjugation''|| kun – âts|| kun – âʐa
|-
|||''2nd Conjugation''|| kun – ûts|| kun – ûʐa
|}
The passive participle agrees with the gender of the patient.
&lt;br&gt;

==== Auxilliary Verbs ====

=====''Ëstrê ''(to be)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| sou|| soums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| ës|| ëhës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| ës|| sunz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| duî || doums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| duhî || duhës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| duʐ || dournz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

''Ëstrê'' was used in conjunction with a passive participle to create the passive voice.

The passive participle agrees in gender with the patient. For example, ''&lt;u&gt;ëlla&lt;/u&gt; ës kunâmûʐ&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'' (she is loved), ''&lt;u&gt;ëllê&lt;/u&gt; duʐ cuntâ&lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt;'' (it was given).
&lt;br&gt;

=====''Hâveirê ''(to have)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| hâ|| haveims
|-
|||''2nd person''|| has || haveizzës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| haʐ || hônz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| houwî || houweims
|-
|||''2nd person''|| houwihî || houwihës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| houweʐ || houweirnz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

The present tense of ''hâveirê'' was used in conjunction with a past participle to create the perfect: ''jô hâ kundûʐô'' (I have been).

The preterite of ''hâveirê'' was used in conjunction with a past participle to create the pluperfect: ''wus houweims kunwinzô'' (we had come).
&lt;br&gt;

=====''Wênîrê ''(to come)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| wianô || wênîms
|-
|||''2nd person''|| wianîs || wênîzzîs
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| wianëʐ || wianz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (Simple Past) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| winvî || winveims
|-
|||''2nd person''|| winvihî || winvihës
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| winvëʐ || winveirnz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

The present tense of ''wênîrê'' was used in conjunction with an infinitive to create the future: ''zû wianîs indûzzajrê'' (you will lead).

The preterite of ''wênîrê'' was used in conjunction with an infinitive to create the conditional (i.e. 'future-in-the-past): ''jô winvî phërtônârê'' (I would forgive).

=== Articles ===

====Definite Article====

{{shaded table| title=Definite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| lê || la
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| lô || la
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| lûjs || lâjs
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| luî || lâî
|-
|||''Nom. plur.''|| lî || las
|-
|||''Acc. plur.''|| lus || las
|-
|||''Gen. plur.''|| larô || larô
|-
|||''Dat. plur.''|| lîs || lîs
|}

====Indefinite Article====

{{shaded table| title=Indefinite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| ûns || ûna
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| ûnô || ûna
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| ûnûjs || ûnâjs
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| ûnvî || ûnâî
|}

==Sample Texts==
===Sacramenta Argentariae===
The ''Sacramenta Argentariae'' are the pledges of allegiance taken in 842 by Louis the German and his brother Charles the Bald. As well as their allegiance to each other, Louis and Charles pledged their opposition to the Emperor, their elder brother Lothair.

According to our chief source for the meeting, Nithard's ''De dissensionibus filiorum Ludovici pii'' (On the Dissensions of the Sons of Louis the Pious), each king swore the oath not in Latin but in the vernacular of the other's kingdom, in front of the assembled armies, which then made their pledge in their own languages. The first oath is in a variety of old Gallo-Romance, the ancestor of Old French; The second is in Old High Jermench. They are one of the first texts we have written in Romance languages clearly distinct from Latin. 

:LODHVVICVS, QVONIAM MAIOR NATU ERAT, PRIOR HAEC DEFINDE SE SERVATVRVM TESTATVS EST:

::''Pro Deo amur et pro Christian poblo et nostro commun salvament, d'ist di in avant, in quant Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai eo cist meon fradre Karlo et in aiudha et in cadhuna cosa, si cum om per dreit son fradra salvar dift, in o quid il me altresi fazet, et ab Ludher nul plaid numquam prindrai, qui, meon vol, cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit''

:QVOD CVM LODHVVICVS EXPLESSET, KAROLVS ROMANA LINGVA GERMANIARVM SIC HEC EADEM VERBA TESTATVS EST:

::'''''Pfôr Tëî âmar ëʐ lo christjânô pfuofals ëʐ nôsras ambas slûts, tei ëctjaluî jornô ah ônzê, in sî mî Tës sâfɪjnza ah pfuozzê pfërtaʐ, sî wardô jô ëctjalô môu dratrê, sîht hômô âf trëhtô sôu dratrê tiuʐ, in la kî ëllê mê sî mêsams tëʐ, ëʐ âf Lôʐarjô in nunrê kôsa nei sôbeirê, la ma wuolnzas sî nozzeirê winnaʐ.'''''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Original manuscript | cols=2 }}
|''Original text''||''Uncorrected transcription''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[image:Sacramenta_Argentariae_MGR.png]]||
''phor tĩ amar ez lo xpiano phuofals &amp;'' &lt;br&gt;
''nrãs ambas sluts tei ectialui iorn o ah ''&lt;br&gt;
''once in simi t safiinza ah phuosce pher~''&lt;br&gt;
''taz, si uardio ectialo mou dratre siht ''&lt;br&gt;
''homo af trehto sou dratre tiuz in la ki ''&lt;br&gt;
''ellme si me sams tez ez af lozario in ñre ''&lt;br&gt;
''kosa nei sobeire la ma uuolnzas si noscei~''&lt;br&gt;
''re uiñaz.''
|}


[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lotá</title>
    <id>5485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44202</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-17T05:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nominal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bold text'''{{Infobox|name=Lotá
|pronounce=/lota˥/ - [ˈlo˧.ta˥]
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in= Central North coast of [[Lhined]]
|no=~5,000
|script=None, romanized for ease in article
|tree=isolate, assumed distant relation to Bokeih, notable Rajo-Faraneit and Etimri influences
|morph=Inflecting
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO with frequent use of SOV
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=August 2008}}

Lotá is a language spoken slightly inland from the coast opposite the Timereitah. The speakers were typically involved in trade negotiations between continental merchants (specifically the Faraneih, but also Raj and a few other groups) and the coastal fishermen (specifically the Tnusjakt speakers).

=Phonology=

==Word Initial Consonants==
*/p b f v m t d s z n ʃ ʒ l ɬ c ɟ ç ʝ ɲ k g x ɣ ʟ/
** Romanized as &quot;p b f m t d s z n x zh l lh c j ch jh ng k g kh gh lg&quot;

==Word Medial Consonants==
*/p b b: f v m t t: d d: s s: z n ʃ ʃ: ʒ l ɬ c ɟ ɟ: ç ʝ ɲ k g g: x ɣ ʟ/
** Romanized as &quot;p b bb f m t tt d dd s ss z n x xx zh l lh c j jj ch jh ng k g gg kh gh lg&quot;

==Word Terminal Consonants==
*/v z ʝ ɣ ʔ/
** Romanized as &quot;v z jh gh q&quot;

==General Vowels==
*/a a: e e: i i: o o:/
** Romanized as &quot;a aa e ee i ii o oo&quot;

==Word Terminal Vowels==
*/ə ɒ: ɛ: ɪ: ɔ: ə~ ɒ:~ ɛ:~ ɪ:~ ɔ:~ a˥ e˥ i˥ o˥ a:˥ e:˥ i:˥ o:˥ a˩ e˩ i˩ o˩ a:˩ e:˩ i:˩ o:˩ a˧ e˧ i˧ o˧ a:˧ e:˧ i:˧ o:˧/
** Romanized as &quot;y â ê î ô yn an en in on á é í ó áá éé íí óó à è ì ò ù àà èè ìì òò a e i o aa ee ii oo&quot;

=Morphology=
Like most of the Measceineafh Sprachbund, a relatively high level of synthesis in the verbal morphology is in the process of developing. Unlike most of the other languages in the region, however, Lotá has a history of nominal inflection, although, extensive contact with [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]] has dramatically reduced this (as well as resulted in the loss of the superlative and a more shadowy plurality distinction).

==Nominal Morphology==
There are three cases: nominative, accusative, and oblique. Accusative forms by nasalizing an exposed, terminal vowel (why lacks an underlying consonant which is now expressed by tonality terminally), or if there is a terminal consonant or a non-reduced vowel with an underlying phoneme, adding a /ə~/. Oblique is formed by adding -/tə/ or -/ə/ if the root ends in a voiced consonant.

The first declension is made of nouns that end in any fricative. Those that end in fricatives are devoiced in non-nominative cases.

 sez - fish(es) - nominative
 sesyn - accusative
 sesty - oblique

The second declension contains all nouns which end in a glottal stop. The /ʔ/ becomes one of /p t c k/ in non-nominative cases. As a result, many nominative homophones are distinguished in other cases:

 daq - wolf/wolves - nominative
 dakyn - accusative
 dakty - oblique

 daq - merchant(s) - nominative
 dapyn - accusative
 dapty - oblique

The third declension is made of nouns that end in a nasalized vowel. The orthography hides the distinction, that word terminal &lt;n&gt; nasalizes the proceeding vowel, while word medial does not. Several nouns are merged in the nominative, although distinct elsewhere.

 sovyn - horn(s) - nominative
 sovonyn - accusative
 sovony - oblique

 sovyn - pain(s) - nominative
 sovomyn - accusative
 sovomy - oblique

The fourth declension is made of nouns that end in a &quot;clear&quot; long vowel (middle tone /a: e: i: o:/). Here, a deleted approximant appears in non-nominative cases. Some nouns are homophones for the nominative but otherwise distinct.

 lhî - finger(s) - nominative
 lhilyn - accusative
 lhily - oblique

 lhî - waste - nominative
 lhilhyn - accusative
 lhilhty - oblique

The fifth declension is made of nouns that end in a high tone vowel. The internally preserved plosive varies, as nouns can be homophones in the nominative but distinct in the other cases.

 dó - pig(s) - nominative
 dogyn - accusative
 dogy - oblique

 dó - fruit(s) - nominative
 dobyn - accusative
 doby - oblique

 lotá - lotá person(s) or the lotá language - nominative
 lotadyn - accusative
 lotady - oblique

The sixth declension is made of nouns the end in a low tone vowel. The internally preserved fricative varies, as nouns can be homophones in the nominative, but distinct in the other cases.

 lhì - gem(s) - nominative
 lhizyn - accusative
 lhizy - oblique

 lhì - exchange(s), trade(s) - nominative
 lhivyn - accusative
 lhivy - oblique

A seventh declension, formed by earlier *-aad' or *-aat' roots also exists, but it is highly irregular. Unlike most other declensions, here the accusative and oblique cases merge between couplets that end in glottal stops or a high tone. For example:

 lá - blood - nominative
 laggyn - accusative
 lakty - oblique

 laq - shoe(s) - nominative
 laggyn - accusative
 lakty - oblique

The eighth declension contains only one word - lhik, meaning ear(s), which is the only example of terminal /k/ (which is why it's treated like a slant phoneme in that position, not a full-fledged phoneme). It's declension is reminescent of the fourth declension in some ways:

 lhik - ear(s) - nominative
 lhiklhyn - accusative
 lhiklhty - oblique

Last but not least, there is the ninth declension, which parallels the eighth. Its members all have short vowels in the nominative and long vowels embedded in oblique and accusative forms:

 ba - shawl(s) - nominative
 bâyn - accusative
 bâty - oblique

[[Lotá Pronouns]] are somewhat more complex, as they distinguish number and proximity (or failing that inclusiveness and exclusiveness).

==Verbal Morphology==
There are two main verbal declensions, which (for ease) will be referred to as the first and second declension. The first declension is highly regular and clearly defines the root and affixes of the verb. For example, with ''geq'' (to give, mutation form gek-):

 ni      geki     ki gaz
 ni      gek- i   ki gaz
 1.S.NOM give-IMP to 2.S.OBL
 I'm giving you (something).

 ni      geksi     ki gaz
 ni      gek- si   ki gaz
 1.S.NOM give-PRF  to 2.S.OBL
 I gave you (something).

The second declension, on the other hand, has the final consonant of the root voice if unvoiced and geminate. Virtually all of them end with /g/ or /k/ in mutation form (and therefore a high vowel or glottal stop when exposed). Another example with ''lá'' (to bleed, mutation form lag-):

 ni      laggi
 ni      lag(g)-i
 1.S.NOM bleed- IMP
 I'm bleeding.

 ni      lagsi
 ni      lag-  si
 1.S.NOM bleed-PRF
 I bled.

Once the root and the tense/aspect marker have been added, another series of suffixes can be dumped at the end of the verb. The next one is to mark for mood - the optative marker, either present and marking or absent and non-optative.

 ni      geksindi     ki gaz
 ni      gek- si- ndi ki gaz
 1.S.NOM give-PRF-OPT to 2.S.OBL
 I should have give you (something).

Next, one of various negative markers can follow. These do not compete with the optative marker. For example:

 ni      geksiata     ki gaz
 ni      gek- si- atna ki gaz
 1.S.NOM give-PRF-NEG  to 2.S.OBL
 I didn't give you (something).

 ni      geksindiatna      ki gaz
 ni      gek- si- ndi-atna ki gaz
 1.S.NOM give-PRF-OPT-NEG  to 2.S.OBL
 I shouldn't have give you (something).

There are two main negative markers: -atna, and -lhia. The first is used for verbs that usually take solid objects or a variety of objects. The second is for verbs that typically take fluid or no object.

 ni      laggilhia
 ni      lag(g)-i-  lhia
 1.S.NOM bleed- IMP-NEG
 I'm not bleeding.

 ni      zivoilhia
 ni      zivo-i  -lhia
 1.S.NOM age- IMP-NEG
 I'm not getting older.

Following negative markers, other mood and aspect suffixes may be added.

 ni      lagsiná.
 ni      lag-  si- ná.
 1.S.NOM bleed-PRF-CONT
 (As/While) I (continued to) bleed.

 ni      lagsiky.
 ni      lag-  si- ky
 1.S.NOM bleed-PRF-EMPH
 I (totally/hella) bled profusely/to death!

 ni      lagsiq
 ni      lag-  si- q
 1.S.NOM bleed-PRF-IRR
 I might have bled.

 ni      lagsin
 ni      lag-  si- n
 1.S.NOM bleed-PRF-POT
 I could have bled.

The irrealis marker -q proceeds all other &quot;Other Mood&quot; markers (but not optative or negative markers) when stacked, but mutates to -t when medial:

 ni      laggitky.
 ni      lagg- i-  t-  ky.
 1.S.NOM bleed-IMP-IRR-EMPH
 I may bleed to death!

Further along, the emphatic (which mutates to -ke- medially) always proceeds the continuative (which mutates to -nab- medially), which in turn proceeds the potential markers (which becomes -yn if following a consonantal ending).

 ni      laggiken.
 ni      lagg- i-  ke-  n
 1.S.NOM bleed-IMP-EMPH-POT
 I could be bleeding!

 ni      laggikenabyn.
 ni      lagg- i-  ke-  nab- yn
 1.S.NOM bleed-IMP-EMPH-CONT-POT
 I could still be bleeding!

Thus, the basic morphemic structure is-

[verbal root]-([ASPECT]-[optative marker]-{[NEGATIVE]-[irrealis marker]-[emphatic marker]-[continuative marker]-[potential marker]})

==Modifier Morphology==
There is no superlative, but rather, the comparative - which is formed by taking an adjective and adding the suffix -sá (mutation form -sag-).

 ni      sê.
 ni      se(l)
 1.S.NOM full
 I'm full.

 ni      selsá.
 ni      sel- sá.
 1.S.NOM full-COMP
 I'm fuller/the fullest.

Obviously, just as with nouns, underlying phonemes to the end of a modifier appear when medial, because of the additional suffixes.

Additionally, modifiers take a copula form (-si, which also preserves medial sections) to express past modification (as opposed to pure elision for present existance (as in the earlier example). For example:

 ni      selsi.
 ni      sel- si
 1.S.NOM full-PRF
 I was full.

This follows any additional suffixes. For instance:

 ni      selsagsi.
 ni      sel- sag- si
 1.S.NOM full-COMP-PRF
 I was fuller/the most full.

(More complex moods, negation, and other forms are expressed differently with a helper verb.)

==Derivational Morphology==
To make a modifier from a noun or a verb, all that is required is to add the suffix -lí (mutation form -lig-).

 lá (lag) - bleeding, to bleed
 laglí - bloody
 lagligsá - bloodier, bloodiest

The distinction between the verb-noun (roots such as lá - to bleed but also bleeding) functioning as a verb and functioning as a &quot;experience&quot; noun (the event of said action) is purely syntactic. But to agentize said root, lhen-, is prefixed to it. To patientize said root, however, -lhen (-len for voiced consonant mutation forms) is suffixed to it.

 lhenlá - bleeder, one who bleeds
 laglen - discharge (from a wound), puss, expelled blood, vomit, what is bled

=Syntax=

==Noun Phrase==
As part of the [[Measceineafh Sprachbund]], it's only natural for the noun phrase to mix right branching and left branching elements almost equally - with a special emphasis on quantifiers in opposition to qualifiers.

==Basic Structures==
Lotá is obviously SV. It's default form is SVO, although SOV is a secondary word order for stressing direct objects.

==Prepositional Phrases==

=Lexicon=

==a==

==aa==

==b==
BA (bâ) - ''n'' shawl, scarf

==c==

==ch==

==d==
DAQ (dak) - wolf/wolves

DAQ (dap) - merchant

DETLHY (detlhi-) - two, double, doubly

DÓ (dob-) - fruit(s)

DÓ (dog-) - pig(s)

DONY (done-) - bone(s), starving, to starve (transitive)

==e==

==ee==

==f==

==g==
GAZ - second person, singular, oblique pronoun

GEQ (gek-) - giving, to give

GITLHY (gitlha-) - salt, to barter

==gh==

==i==

==ii==

==j==

==jh==

==k==
KANÎ - new

KI - towards, to

KIQ (kik-) - this (demonstrative and modifier)

KOVY (kovo-) - tongue, to speak, speaking/speech

KY (ki-) - death, to die

==kh==

==l==
LAQ (lak-) - shoe(s)

LÁ (lag-) - bleeding, to bleed

LOOSY (looso-) - any insect or small animal

LOTÁ (lotad-) - lotá person or language

==lh==
LHÉ (lhed-) - tooth, teeth, to nibble, to chomp, to bite

LHENY (lhena-) - one, early

LHENY (lhene-) - sun

LHEZY (lheze-) - water, to provide water for (transitively), to be rained upon (intransitively)

LHIÂ (lhialh-) - drop(s)

LHÎ (lhil-) - finger(s)

LHÎ (lhilh-) - waste

LHÌ (lhiv-) - exchange, trade, to exchange, to trade

LHÌ (lhiz) - gem(s)

LHIK (lhiklh-) - ear(s)

LHÓ (lhod-) - egg(s), to raise (from childhood)

LHONZY (lhonze-) - hand(s)

==lg==

==m==

==n==
NOZ (nos-) - nose

NAKLHY (naklha-) - name, to call (to attract attention)

NI - first person, singular, nominative pronoun

NINQ (nink-) - moon

==ng==

==o==

==oo==

==p==

==r==

==s==
SAQ (sak-) - eye(s)

SE (sel-) - full, filled

SEZ (ses-) - fish(es)

SIQ (sik-) - nominative interrogative pronoun

SOVYN (sovom-) - pain, discomfort

SOVYN (sovon-) - horn

==t==
TALDIZ (taldis-) - wind, to fan

TOLY (tole-) - bottom, rear, last, end, to finish, finishing

TONY (tono-) - knowing, to know

==u==

==uu==

==v==

==x==

==z==
ZATNA (zatnalh-) - stone(s)

ZEKLHY (zeklha-) - year, to become older (intransitive)

ZELY (zele-) - fire(s), to destroy

==zh==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Grammar of Saxon English</title>
    <id>5486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35214</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T13:49:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: I'm gonna be nice, cause I think whoever wrote this got some things mixed up. There is no large family called the Gothic tongue, in fact, the languages of West and East Gothic are East Ger...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm gonna be nice, cause I think whoever wrote this got some things mixed up. There is no large family called the Gothic tongue, in fact, the languages of West and East Gothic are East Germanic in what family they belong to.  German is related to Gothic, but it's not a direct decedent of it.
Also, Romanic isn't a word, let along a language family.  It's called Romance, sometimes Roman, and even to show the super-family, Italic.  The brothers Grimm would agree with me here.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 13:49, 9 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilya</title>
    <id>5487</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>37971</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-18T13:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Cadim]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Cadim Grammar]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cadim Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilya Lexicon</title>
    <id>5488</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>35226</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T14:14:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ilya Lexicon]] moved to [[Cadim Lexicon]]: language change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cadim Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ilya</title>
    <id>5489</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>35229</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T14:14:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Ilya]] moved to [[Template:Cadim]]: language change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Cadim]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Cadim</title>
    <id>5490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43365</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:43:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Battle of Hastings</title>
    <id>5491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35236</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-09T17:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The Battle of Hastings was fought in the year 1066, and the result was the Norman conquest of England.  =The Battle=  =Linguistic Impart on English=</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Battle of Hastings was fought in the year 1066, and the result was the Norman conquest of England.

=The Battle=

=Linguistic Impart on English=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geoffrey Chaucer</title>
    <id>5492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47543</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:39:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Dream Visions */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Geoffrey Chaucer was probably the most famous writer in the [[Middle English]] era.  In fact, he is often described as the Father of English Poetry.

=Works=
==The Canterbury Tales==
These were a set of tales written by Chaucer with the broader story of a Pilgrimage. The tales were supposed to be more numerous but Chaucer never completed the original set number of tales.  The Tales were written at various times of his life and have different styles in each.

==Dream Visions==

[[Category:People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Vowel Shift</title>
    <id>5493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46000</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:41:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>too big headers, not apparently in progress, cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{workinprogress}}

The Great Vowel Shift is a phonetic shift in the English language which separates the [[Middle English]] era from the [[Early Modern English]] era, or the general [[Modern English]] era.

==Time Period==
The Great Vowel Shift happened sometime in the 15th century.  It was a gradual change which have many possible causes, although no one is accepted as truth.  Although there were lingering shifts continuing up until the 19th century, as well as other shifts in America and other countries.

==Possible Reasons==

==Simplified Version of the Shift==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  |||Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - ɪ || || uː - ʊ
|- 
| Mid || eː - ɛ  || ə/ʌ || oː - ɔ
|-
| Low ||  æ ||  aː/a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Tense - Lax
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
The shift involves most long and tense vowels to basically &quot;move up&quot; or become diphthongised.  This would mean that /aː/ shifted up to /eː/, and /eː/ shifted up to /iː/, and /iː/ being already at the top, became the diphthong /aj/.  On the other side, /oː/ shifted to /uː/, and /uː/ become the diphthong /aw/. If the /uː/ did not originally have two syllables, it became /ʌ/, and likewise many /a/ sounds had shifted to /æ/ in monosyllabic endings. &lt;br&gt;
The shift is as follows:

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
| '''Diphthong''' || aj || ||aw
|-
|  '''High''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; i || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; u
|-
| '''Mid''' || ↑ &lt;br&gt; e || || ↑ &lt;br&gt; o
|-
| '''Low''' || ↑&lt;br&gt;æ || ←  a ||
|}


[[Image:Grvowsh.gif|left|thumbnail]]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Effects on Grammar==

==Examples==

==Sources and Further Reading==

[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Silent e</title>
    <id>5494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51500</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T21:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>ɹ not r</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Silent E rule of [[Modern English]] involves the changing of vowels due to an '''e''' at the end of the word.  Historically the final '''e''' was pronounced as a schwa '''/ə/'''.  It also indicated a different stress, and those vowels had a more heavily affected by the [[Great Vowel Shift]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Vowel !! Vowel with silent e !! Compareable vowel tri/digraph !! Notes
|-
| b'''i'''t /bɪt/ || b'''i'''t'''e''' /baɪt/ || b'''igh'''t  /baɪt/
|-
| s'''i'''n /sɪn/ || s'''i'''n'''e''' /saɪn/ || s'''ig'''n  /saɪn/
|-
| p'''e'''t /pɛt/ || P'''e'''t'''e''' /piːt/ || p'''ea'''t /piːt/ || '''e'''_'''e''' is rare and has usually been respelled as '''ee'''
|-
| p'''a'''n /pæn/ || p'''a'''n'''e''' /peɪn/ || p'''ai'''n /peɪn/
&lt;!--|-
| br'''a''' /bɹɑː/ || br'''ae''' /bɹeɪ/ || br'''ay''' /bɹeɪ/ || Final '''a''' for /ɑː/ is an even newer addition to English --&gt;
|-
| r'''o'''d /ɹɒd/ || r'''o'''d'''e''' /ɹoʊd/ || r'''oa'''d /ɹoʊd/
|-
| pl'''u'''m /plʌm/ || pl'''u'''m'''e''' /pluːm/ || l'''oo'''m /luːm/ || Sorry, couldn't find a &quot;minimal triplet&quot;
|}

[[Category:Orthography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:David</title>
    <id>5495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35268</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-10T04:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Renamed user 2</username>
        <id>1238</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Germanic</title>
    <id>5500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51487</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T17:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>categories, header size</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">West Germanic is a family under the super-family [[Germanic languages|Germanic]].  It includes [[English]], all forms of German (such as [[High German]] and [[Low German]], [[Dutch]], [[Flemish]], [[Yiddish]], [[Afrikaans]], and [[Frisian]].
&lt;br&gt;
==List of Natlangs==
Listed as follows:
* [[West Germanic]]
** [[German]]
*** Stages of High German:
****[[Old High German]]
****[[Middle High German]]
****[[New High German]] or Modern (Standard) German
*** Stages of Low German
**** [[Old Saxon]]
**** [[Middle Low Saxon]]
**** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German
** Stages of Dutch:
*** [[Old Dutch]]
*** [[Middle Dutch]]
*** [[Dutch]]
**Anglo-Frisian
***[[Frisian]]
*** [[English]]
****Stages of English:
*****[[Anglo-Saxon]]
*****[[Middle English]]
*****[[Early Modern English]]
*****[[Modern English]]
******[[Scots]]

==List of Conlangs==
*[[West Germanic language]]
*[[Koolesh language]](A High German language used in 59th world, evolved from Middle High German, with many non-Germanic-origin words.)

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandboxV</title>
    <id>5501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45151</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-03T16:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le tor dë Bëbel */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Une '''ştele''' ei un corp çeleişt ëlcal bril dë luç proprie. Ën ëştronomie e ëştrofisice ël teirmin desiņ un sferoid luminos (più o men perfeist) dë plasme (gas ëltëment jonizat a elevat temperëtur), ëlcal ģeinere enerģie nel propri nucël ëstrëvers proçeiş dë fusion nuclear. Şteci enerģie ei irëdiate nel spasi sost forme dë ond eleistromëņeitic e përtiçel elementar (neutriņ); şteci coştituiscon ël ''vent ştelar''. Bone part dëł elemenç cimiç più pesanç dël idroģen e dël eili (łë più abondanç nel univeirs) son sintetizaç neł nucëł del ştel tramit ël proçeis dë nucleosinteş.

Le ştele più viçine ale Tere ei ël Sol, sorģeint dë grand part dële enerģie dël noştŗ piënete. Lë altr ştel, eçest alcun supernov, son visibil solëment durant le nost, com punç luminoş, icał ëparon tremolanç a cause dëł efeiş diştorsiṿ dële ëtmosfeire tereştr.

Уне '''щеле''' ей ун корп челейщ ълкал брил дъ луч проприе. Ън ъщрономие е ъщтрофизике ъл тейрмин дезињ ун сферойд луминос (пйу о мен перфейст) дъ плазме (гас ълтъмент йонизат а елеват темперътур), ълкал жейнере енержие нел пропри нукъл ъстръверс прочейш дъ фузион нуклеар. Щеки енержие ей иръдиате нел спаси сост форме дъ онд елейстромъњейтик е пъртичел елементар (неутринь); щеки кощитуйскон ъл ''вент щелар''. Боне парт дъль елеменч кимич пйу песанч дъл идрожен е дъл ейли (љъ пйу абонданч нел унивейрс) сон синтетизайч нель нукъль дел щел трамит ъл прочейс дъ нуклеосинтеш.

Ле щеле пйу вичине але Тере ей ъл Сол, соржейнт дъ гранд парт дъле енержие дъл нощрь пйънете. Ле алтр щел, ечест алкун супернов, сон визибил солъмент дурант ле ност, ком пунч луминош, икаль ъпарон тремоланч а каузе дъль ефейш дищорсивь дъле ътмосфейре терещр.


==Lord's pray==
:Padër noştŗ, ëlcal sè ën çeil
:Sì sëntificat ël Tu nom
:Veinge ël Tu reņ
:Sì fate le Tu volontè
:Ştomod ën çel, ştomod ën teire
:Dani oģ ël noştŗ pan cotidian
:E rimeiç a noi łë noştŗ debiç
:Ştomod noaltŗ lor rimetiam ał noştŗ debitoŗ
:E no ni portar ën tentësion
:Me ni liber del mal
:Amen

:Падър нощрь, ълкал се ън чел
:Си сънтификат ъл Ту ном
:Вейнге ъл Ту рень
:Си фате ле Ту волонте
:Щомод ън чел, щомод ън тере
:Дани ож ъл нощрь пан котидиан
:Е римейч а ной љъ нощрь дебич
:Щомод ноалтрь лор риметйам аль нощрь дебиторь
:Е но ни портар ън тентъсион
:Ме ни либер дел мал
:Амен


*This is our home: Щеки ей ле нощрь казе
*She talked with a friend of mine: Ла à пърлат кон ун ми ъмик
*Your mother wants to talk with you: Ту мадър вол пърлар кон тъ

==Le tor dë Bëbel==

Tute le teire përlave le ştese linge e usave lë ştes përol. 

Mentr venivan del orieint, łë omiņ an trovat une piënure nel paes dë Şinear e si son fermaç ci. 

Lor an dest a lor şteş: &quot;Fëçàm dëł mëtoņ e lor coçiam con ël foc!&quot; E an usat mëtoņ al poşt dël pieitr, e bitum al poşt dele calç. 

E lor an dest: &quot;Coştruiam une çite e une tor, le çime de lecal pol ërivar al çeil, ştomod çë no ëbiam d'eser disperş sur le façe dele teire&quot;. 

E Di ei şes per veder le çite e le tor, lëcał łë fił dëł omiņ ştavan coştruieinç. 

E Di a dest: &quot;Ec, lor son un sol popol e tuç lor an ël ştes lingaģi; e ştoci ei ël inizi dël lor lëvor; ore, lor poson far tut ëlcal lor vołon. 

Şendiam e confondiam ël lor lingaģi, ştomod çë lor no poson cëpirş!&quot; 

E Di lor a dispers de cel poşt sur le façe dele teire, e lor an smes dë coştruir le çite. 

Ştomod şteci çite si çam Bëbel, perce ci Di a confus ël lingaģi dë tute le teire, e de ci Di lor a dispers sur tute le teire.


Туте ле тейре пърлаве ле щесе линге е узаве лъ щес пърол. 

Ментр вениван дел ориейнт, љъ оминь ан троват уне пиънуре нел паес дъ Шинеар е си сон фермач ки. 

Лор ан дест а лор щеш: &quot;Фъчам дъль мътонь е лор кочйам кон ъл фок!&quot; Е ан узат мътонь ал пощ дъл пиейтр, е битум ал пощ деле калч. 

Е лор ан дест: &quot;Кощруйам уне чите е уне тор, ле чиме де лекал пол ъривар ал чейл, щомод чъ но ъбйам д'есер дисперш сур ле фаче деле тейре&quot;. 

Е Ди ей шес пер ведер ле чите е ле тор, лъкаль љъ фиљ дъль оминь щаван сощруиейнч. 

Е Ди а дест: &quot;Ек, лор сон ун сол попол е туч лор ан ъл щес лингажию е щоси ей ъл иници дъл лор лъвор; оре, лор посон фар тут ълкал лор вољон. 

Шендйам е конфондйам ъл лор лингажи, щомод чъ лор но посон къпирш!&quot; 

Е Ди лор а дисперс де кел пощ сур ле фаче деле тейре, е лор ан смес дъ кощруир ле чите. 

Щомод щеки чите си чам Бъбел, перке ки Ди а конфус ъл лингажи дъ туте ле тейре, е де ки Ди лор а дисперс сур туте ле тейре.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna relative clauses</title>
    <id>5502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36387</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-25T08:02:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* when the RC stands by itself */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The relative clause marker is '''ta'''. This corresponds to &quot;that&quot; or &quot;who&quot; in English.

SVO  ....... or VSO when the S is indefinite.

==The relative clause marker for the singular : &quot;ta&quot; in its different forms==

===ta===

The dog that bit the man. =&gt; '''waulo ta gigori blas'''

The dog that bit a man. =&gt; '''waulo ta gigori bla'''

===tas===

The man whom the dog bit. =&gt; '''bla tas waulo gigori'''

The man whom a dog bit. =&gt; '''bla tas gigori waulo'''

Note - the RCmarker takes '''s''' every time when the noun is the object of the RC.

===ta'u===

The endtag '''u''' corresponds to English &quot;by&quot;.

The hand that I hit with =&gt; hand '''ta'u''' I hit

===tayo===

The endtag '''yo''' corresponds to English &quot;to&quot; or &quot;upto&quot;. It is used exactly as in English to indicate the receiver of a gift.

The family that we gave the dog to =&gt; family '''tayo''' we gave the dog

===tafi===

The endtag '''fi''' corresponds to English &quot;at&quot;.

The hurdle at which I fell =&gt; hurdle '''taf''' I fell.

===tage===

The endtag '''ge''' corresponds to English &quot;'s&quot; or &quot;of&quot;.

The man whose dog I killed =&gt; '''bla tage waulo''' kill'''ari'''

===tale===

The endtag '''le''' corresponds to English &quot;from&quot;.

The place that we come from =&gt; place '''tale''' we come

===tawa===

The endtag '''wa''' corresponds to English &quot;towards&quot;. Also to English &quot;about&quot; as in &quot;I think about you&quot;.

The person who we are all thinking about =&gt; person '''tawa''' we are all thinking.

===taho===

The endtag '''ho''' corresponds to English &quot;with&quot;.

The woman that you went to market with =&gt; woman '''taho''' you went to market

==The relative clause marker for the plural : &quot;tan&quot; in its different forms==

When the head noun is plural '''tan''' must be used instead of '''ta'''. For example;-

The dogs that bit the man. =&gt; dog'''n tan''' bit '''blas'''

The various forms of '''tan''' with the endtags are '''tan tansa tanu tanyo tanfi tange tanle tanwa''' and '''tanho'''. Notice that an '''a''' has been added to '''tansa''' to make it fall within the allowed morphology of Seuna. Inspite of this it is allowed to pronounce '''tansa''' as '''tans'''. It is also allowed to pronounce '''tanfi''' as '''tanf'''.

==&quot;ta&quot; followed by adjectives (a subset of &quot;ta&quot; + RC)==

As it is allowed to drop the copula when it is deemed not to have any usefull information 

'''meu ta ro hau''' ... =&gt; the cat that is black

mean the same as '''meu ta hau''', hence NOUN+'''ta'''+ADJECTIVE is the same construction as NOUN+'''ta'''+RC.

Now the question is : what is the differnce in meaning between '''meu ta hau''' and '''meu hau'''. The answer is not much. The former construction gives slightly more prominence to the adjective. For example if you were comparing a black cat to a white cat you would tend to use the '''ta''' construction. '''ta''' can be put after any NOUN and before any ADJECTIVE that qualifies that NOUN and it won't feel strange. A full RC would seem a bit strange (i.e. '''meu ta ro hau''' for '''meu hau''') unless of course there was relevant tense information to convey.

I guess having '''meu ta hau''' meaning basically the same as '''meu hau''' gives a bit of leeway to songwriters and poets.

==When we have ''''ta''' instead of '''ta'''==

Consider the three sentences below.

1) '''meu hau''' sleeps on the bed

2) '''meu ta hau''' sleeps on the bed

3) '''meu 'ta hau''' sleeps on the bed

In the third sentence the apostrophe represents a definite break in the flow of words. The Seuna writing system has symbols to represent breaks in the flow of words ... either for breathing or for emphasis. Usually when I write Seuna text with the Latin alphabet I do not bother to show these breaks. However I do in this case as it is important for the meaning of the text.

In the first sentence both the speaker and the hearer can identify the black cat. 

In the third sentence, the hearer, beforehand, did not know that the cat was black, i.e. the fact that the cat was black is &quot;new information&quot;.

The above that I have demonstrated with an adjective, is valid for RC's as well.

What about the second sentence ? Well it basically means the same as the first but with slightly more emphasis on the adjective. For example;- '''meu ta hau''' sleeps on the bed but '''meu ta ai''' sleeps on the chair

The usage NOUN ''''ta''' RC is similar to the usage NOUN 'NOUN. For example ;- &quot;George Bush - President of the united states said today ...&quot;, when two nouns are stood beside each other and thereby equated to each other.

==when the RC stands by itself==

So far we have been dealing with nouns that are modified by RC's. But in Seuna RC's can can be nouns in themselves. For example;-

'''ta mori''' = the one who came

'''tan muri''' = the ones who came

'''tas bari''' = the one that I saw

'''tans bari''' = the ones that I saw

It is permissible to have '''na''' or '''wa''' in front of '''ta''' to indicate what we are talking about is human. And in the same manner it is permissible to have '''je''' in front of '''ta''' to indicate what we are talking about is non-human. But usually the animacy of what is under discussion is known so the insertion of these pronouns is unnecessary.

'''nyare ta hau''' = I want the black one

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna rubbish</title>
    <id>5503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39703</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T07:41:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right valign=&quot;centre&quot; cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Authors aside'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order Basic word order
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type Morphological type
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment
|}


In the terminology of Seuna, it is said that there are 37 (45 in base 8) possible &quot;head-events&quot;. 
(The ampersand is the first letter of the Seuna alphabet. It is just a symbol that support 
the following vowel. So a word with @ initially, actually starts with a vowel.)

After the &quot;head-event&quot; there is the &quot;initial-span-sound&quot;. The 11 possible &quot;initial-span-sounds&quot; are

AU	O	OI	I	IA	A	UA	U	EU	E	AI  *

*   Notice that no opening diphthongs allowed in initial position

vowel = span.sound ? = flow.sound ?

The above constitutes what in SEUNA terminology is called a &quot;word&quot;. Most concepts in Seuna are represented by a &quot;word&quot;. Many particles (and a few concepts such as cat = MEU) are represented by 
shorter &quot;sound-strings&quot; (called &quot;mini-words&quot; in Seuna terminology), but the vast majority of concepts are represented by &quot;words&quot;.

GWO ………	member ... GAWO members
UGO ……….	group ... WAGO groups
HALGO ……	family – this is a good example of a compound word

GWO ………	member      GAWO        DWA .... a part         DAWA
UGO ……….	group          WAGO        UDA .... the whole       WADA ... units, wholes
HALGO ……	family – this is a good example of a compound word

fire	fire.GO = firebrigade		fire..GWO = fireman ..... or maybe fire.LA


GYA = man
GAYA = men, male

BYA = woman
BAYA = women, female

LA = person
LAWA = people, human

There are also forms used when the agent is unknown or unimportant. 
These forms are -'''oi'''- for the singular and -'''eu'''-  for the plural.
An obvious question is ... if they agent is unknown, then how do you decide which of the two forms to use.

The answer is that if the action is typically performed by one person you use the '''oi''' form. 

Whereas if the action is typically performed by more than one person, you use the '''eu''' form.

'''bundeurin dwolo''' = they say a house was built

'''caito kludoirus''' = (I guess) the book will be written

skriver = 'writing happens' (on écrit) [IMPERSONAL]
The equivalent of the English passive is expressed by using the 
impersonal _with a direct object_, e.g. skriver ul levr = on écrit un 
livre = a book is being written
These forms roughly correspond to  indefinite pronouns such as
Swedish and German ''man'', French ''on'' and English ''one''
a house is built = someone built a house

I have a page ?? (empty) called &quot;The calendar&quot; and &quot;Some fundamental units&quot;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duqaska</title>
    <id>5504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59006</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T17:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Romanzè]] to [[Duqaska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dakala ekam qa oni tala, e ekara dahilod ul 2011 ul Edinburgun. E ekam surpad sur kon talaga. Dui ekam faklari qas &quot;Aqqusato, Datato, Genitito, Nominato&quot;. Fake ko deklam. 

Se jordug seje bogivi &gt; SVO

(Se angleska boglar tarala spator)


== Grammar ==

'''Personal Pronouns'''

I - Hal

You - Du

He - Le

She - La

It - E
 
You - Duś

We - Haliś

They - Leś (all masculine)

They - Eś  (all neuter/mixed)

They - Laś (feminine only)


'''Definite and indefinte articles'''

A/an = Qa (nom) Qan (acc) Qam (dat) Qaja (gen)

The = Se (nom sing) Set (acc sing) Sega (dat sing) Seje (gen sing)

The = Sei (nom pl)  Sete (acc pl)  Segava (dat pl) Seve (gen pl)


'''Plurals of nouns'''

Masculine: Sng (o/e/consonant) Plural (i)

Feminine: Sng(a/e/consonant) Plural (e)


'''Basic sentences''' 

I want the coffee &gt; Hal qiram set Kafe 

I wish (that) you would learn japanese &gt; Hal vulum ke du ynsas japanskat 

He would like to learn it &gt; Le lohis ynsać en

You can not see that &gt; Du ko povam virać selat


'''Subjunctive''' 
 
There is a subjunctive introduced after &quot;ke&quot; (that)and is used frequently . Verbs that take the subjunctive (wish,hope,dream,think,believe). The subjunctive only exists in the present tense.

'''Examples'''

I think that you must go &gt; Hal dolom ke du mer''em'' iloć. 
To form the subjunctive, it is necessary to take the present tense and shift the final vowel one place. For example A-E-I-O-U-A. 


== Accents and Dipthongs ==

ć = ch (as in church)

ś = sh (as in ship)

j = y  ( as in yoyo)

Y = ee ( as in eel)


----

== Example Text ==

E ekam duo voki asde Kristijmus. Ger dagi asde nuro a tus. Hal luom sur mu ube, miram a mu sal nujo perivo ać se gol kave qe hudam elon sedat ać cur qoqroke nerim ubeqe set grondat, hal ko luopem nis. Hal regam leśte, se samaka vejo ke leś regam hal. 

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Polish</title>
    <id>5505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47555</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>we have Slavic too</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Polish is a [[West Slavic]] language spoken in Poland.  It is the most widely spoken West Slavic language.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Slavic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romance Languages</title>
    <id>5506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46799</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T15:01:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{DPL from category by category|Romance languages|Pages pertaining to Romance languages}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiced dental fricative</title>
    <id>5507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47583</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources */ cat:segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the interdental fricative which is voiced, the symbol for it being /ð/ (pronounced eth or /ɛð/).The sound is relatively unstable compared to similar consonants like /d/ or /z/.

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic Languages]]==
===[[English]]===
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]====
Like all other fricatives in Anglo-Saxon, the symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð were used for both intervocalic sounds.  When they were intervocalic they were usually voiced (unless geminated) and thusly became /ð/.  Many modern English words with the voiced /ð/ come from this era.
====[[Middle English]]====
In many cases, this still used the symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð, though they were in a quick decline.  In their place '''th''' came. Some wrote them as '''t''' or '''d''', but many used '''th'''.  In some cases there were interdental '''t̪''' and '''d̪''', which would later develop into the interdental fricatives.  An example would be '''moder''' from [[Geoffry Chaucer]].  Later the interdental stop would become a fricative, and become '''mother''', not '''moser''' or '''mozer''' indicating that the stop was interdental and not alveolar.

====[[Modern English]]====
Modern English uses the combination '''th''' to indicate both interdental fricatives.  Some dialects replace the interdentals with dental stops (Irish English), labio-dental fricatives (Cockney and Philadelphian English), or alveolar fricatives (Pennsylvanian Dutch English).
Although not the definite rule, most words in English which are written with an intervocalic '''th''' are voiced, such as '''bath''' /bæθ/ (voiceless) vs. '''bathe''' /beð/ (voiced).  There are many words in Modern English with initial voiced interdental fricatives, such as the /ðə/, though /ðow/, then /ðɛn/, there /ðɛɹ/, that /ðæt/ etc.  
A minimal pair for the voiced and voiceless forms of the interdental fricatives are '''thy''' /ðaj/ (voiced), and '''thigh''' /θaj/ voiceless
===[[Old Norse]]===
Old Norse also had this sound.  It was written in the Latin alphabet with the same two letters as it had been written with in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, Þ,þ and Đ,ð.  Many cases of Old Norse involved similar intervocalic fricatives becoming voiced, so it is likely that the symbols were used interchangeably.  The letter þ, thorn, comes from the [[Runic]] alphabet.
Also some cases of transliteration from runic and from Old Norse have /ð/ as '''dh'''.  An example might be Odhinn, another spelling for Odin, king of the Norse gods.
====[[Icelandic]]====
Icelandic, unlike its Scandinavian cousins in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, did not loose the interdental fricative sounds.  The symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð are still used today on the Icelandic keyboard.
====[[Danish]]====
In some dialects of Danish, the /ð/ exists intervocalically, or after vowels, much like Spanish.
===[[Old High German]]===
In Old High German, before the [[High German Consonant Shift]], /ð/ was in the language.  However, after the sound shift it and its voiceless counterpart swiftly became /d/.

==Spanish==
Spanish does not naturally have the interdental voiced fricative, but as an allophone.  The letter '''d''' in Spanish is an interdental stop, '''/d̪/'''.  When this sound is between, or in some cases after, a vowel, then it becomes /ð/.  Examples include '''nada''' /naða/, '''todos''' /toðos/, and '''unidos''' /uniðos/.
==Greek==
The Greek letter for the interdental voiced fricative is '''Δ,δ''' also known as '''delta''' or '''dhelta'''.  This letter is also used to form a common /d/, but the /ð/ is fairly commonplace.

==Welsh==
The combination of '''dd''' produces the /ð/ sound in Welsh.
==Semitic languages==
Proto-Semitic is reconstructed with *ð.
===Arabic===
Classical Arabic has /ð/ as the letter ﺬ.
===Hebrew===
Proto-Semitic *ð becomes /z/ in Hebrew. /d/ then becomes a new /ð/ unless word-initial or geminate.

==Uralic languages==
&lt;nowiki&gt;*ð&lt;/nowiki&gt; is reconstructed for Proto-Uralic. This occurs eg. in the adjectival suffix ''*-iðA'' (→ Finnish ''-eA''). It survives only in Sami (spelled &lt;đ&gt; there). In Finnic it merged with *t, and in Permic with *l. There also was a palatalized functional counterpart *ð' that may have been an actual [ðʲ] but just as well eg. [ʝ]. This occurs in eg. the roots ''*d'ümä'' 'glue' (→ Finnish ''tymä'', ''tymäkkä'') and ''*d'ïxmi'' 'bird cherry' (→ Finnish ''tuomi'')

Baltic Finnic [[consonant gradation]] produced new †/ð/. This, too, has decayed down by now (last seen in the Old Rauma dialect of Finnish which died around the erly 20th C.)
In Finnish it was lost after an unstressed syllable. After a stressed syllable it turns into /r/ (western dialects), null (eastern dialects), /j/ (parts of Karelia) or /l/ (a small area in Tavastia). Standard Finnish prescribes a pronunciation of /d/ but in practice this is commonly [ɾ].

=Sources=
All but Uralic and Semitic was written by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

Back to [[IPA]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jabdax</title>
    <id>5508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47474</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T14:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>nope, too many labials</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I hope to have finally solidified some ideas concerning labialization.

This is probably a branch of [[East Altaic']]. Somewhere from NE Pakistan, thus…

{|
|-
! BLB !! DNT !! ALV !! PAL !! VEL !! LBV
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''p''' || '''t''' || '''c''' /ts/ || '''ch''' /ʧ/ || '''k''' ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''b''' || '''d''' || '''z''' /dz/ || '''zr''' /ʤ/ || '''g''' ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || '''s''' || || '''h''' /x/ || '''wh''' /xʷ/
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''w''' /β/ || || || '''j''' /ʝ/ || '''r''' /ɣ/ || '''wr''' /ɣʷ/
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| '''m''' || '''n''' || || || || '''wn''' /ŋʷ/ ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || '''l''' || || || '''wl''' /ɫʷ/
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || '''j''' /j/ || || '''w''' /w/
|}

'''i e''' /ɛ/ '''a o''' /ɔ/ '''u'''

* '''pw- tw- qu-''' [pxʷ txʷ tʂʷ]
* '''bw- dw- zw-''' [bw dw dʐʷ]
* '''pr- tr-''' [px tx]
* '''br- dr-''' [bɣ dɣ]

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless dental fricative</title>
    <id>5509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48931</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-04T15:06:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources */ catsort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the interdental fricative which is voiced, the symbol for it being /θ/ (pronounced theta or /θetə/ in English).

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic Languages]]==
===[[English]]===
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]====
Like all other fricatives in Anglo-Saxon, the symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð were used for both interdental sounds.  When they were pre- or post-vocalically, or they were geminated (doubled) they were usually voiceless and thusly were /θ/.  This means when these letters were initial, final, or doubled, it would always be this sound.  This means,  Many modern English words with the voiced /θ/ come from this era.

====[[Middle English]]====
In many cases, this still used the symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð, though they were in a quick decline.  In their place '''th''' came. Some wrote them as '''t''' or '''d''', but many used '''th'''.  In some cases there were interdental '''t̪''' and '''d̪''', which would later develop into the interdental fricatives.  An example would be '''moder''' from [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].  Later the interdental stop would become a fricative, and become '''mother''', not '''moser''' or '''mozer''' indicating that the stop was interdental and not alveolar.

====[[Modern English]]====
Modern English uses the combination '''th''' to indicate both interdental fricatives.  Some dialects replace the interdentals with dental stops (Irish English), labio-dental fricatives (Cockney and Philadelphian English), or alveolar fricatives (Pennsylvanian Dutch English).
Although not the definite rule, most words in English which are written with an intervocalic '''th''' are voiced, such as '''bath''' /bæθ/ (voiceless) vs. '''bathe''' /beð/ (voiced).  There are many words in Modern English with  voicless interdental fricatives, such as think /θɪŋk/, heath /hiθ/, thorn /θoɹn/, thaw /θɔ/, health /hɛlθ/ etc.
The combination '''thr''' is always with the voiceless form leading to /θɹ/.  Examples include three /θɹi/, through /θɹu/, and threat /θɹɛt/.
A minimal pair for the voiced and voiceless forms of the interdental fricatives are '''thy''' /ðaj/ (voiced), and '''thigh''' /θaj/ voiceless.
===[[Old Norse]]===
Old Norse also had this sound.  It was written in the Latin alphabet with the same two letters as it had been written with in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, Þ,þ and Đ,ð.  Many cases of Old Norse involved the voiceless interdentals to be the default form of those sounds, so it is likely that the symbols were used interchangeably.  The letter þ, thorn, comes from the [[Runic]] alphabet.
====[[Icelandic]]====
Icelandic, unlike its Scandinavian cousins in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, did not loose the interdental fricative sounds.  The symbols Þ,þ and Đ,ð are still used today on the Icelandic keyboard.
===[[Old High German]]===
In Old High German, before the [[High German Consonant Shift]], /θ/ was in the language.  However, after the sound shift it and its voiceless counterpart swiftly became /d/.

==Spanish==
Spanish does not naturally have the interdental voiceless fricative, but as a phoneme.  The letters '''c''' (before '''i''' or '''e''') and '''z''' in Spanish are an interdental voiceless fricatives, '''/θ/'''.  This creates minimal pairs between words with '''s''' and those with '''c''' or '''z'''.  However, this is only really restricted to Castilian Spanish in Spain, and not even the entire country of Spain.  In the Americas, the sound is more commonly pronounced /s/.  Examples include '''cielo''' /θielo/, '''piezas''' /pieθas/, and '''cero''' /θero/.
Note: This is a legend that the Spanish /θ/ came from the kings and queens of Spain that were inbreeding.  This is a myth, the development of this sound came from an originally retroflex /ʂ/;
==Greek==
The Greek letter for the interdental voiced fricative is '''Θ,θ''' also known as '''theta'''.  In Ancient Greek this letter was /tʰ/, but in modern Greek it is /θ/.
==Welsh==
The combination of '''th''' produces the /θ/ sound in Welsh.

==Arabic==
Classical Arabic has /ð/ as the letter ث.

=Sources=
This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]. &lt;br&gt;
Back to [[IPA]].

[[Category:Phonetic segments|θ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless glottal fricative</title>
    <id>5510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47591</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources */ catsort</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a standard voiceless glottal fricative.  It is also comparable to a devoiced vowel.  The symbol is /h/.  In Romance languages that do not pronounce this sound, and English, the letter's name is usually pronounced with a palatal or velar sound (Spanish /aʧe/, French /aʃ/, Italian /aka/, Portuguese /aga/, English /eʧ/).  In Germanic languages, the name is usually pronounced /ha/.

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic languages]]==
===[[English]]===
In all stages of [[English]], the letter '''h''' in the initial position (in a syllable of [[Modern English]], though most of the time /h/ comes at the beginning of a word, notable exception is '''behind'''). In [[Anglo-Saxon]], an '''h''' after a vowel would be /x/ or /ç/ depending on the location of the vowel.
The symbol '''h''' is used in many digraphs without the /h/ pronunciation, such as '''ch''' /ʧ/, '''th''' /ð/ or /θ/, '''rh''' /ɹ/, '''ph''' /f/, '''sh''' /ʃ/, '''wh''' /ʍ/, and '''hn''' /n̯/, '''hr''' /ɹ̯/, and '''hl''' /ɬ/ (the last three are from [[Old English|Old]] and [[Middle English]]).
===Other West Germanic Languages===
[[High German]], [[Dutch]], and [[Low German]] also commonly use the symbol '''h''' to represent the sound /h/, which is also fairly common in the language.  

In High German variations the digraphs '''sch''' /ʃ/, '''tsch''' /ʧ/, '''ch''' (Old High German '''hh''' /ç/), and '''ph''' /f/ or /pf/ are all used without the /h/ sound but spelt with the orthographic ''''h'''.

===Old Norse and Icelandic===
The symbol '''h''' was/is used to mark devoiced versions of normally voiced sounds (like in [[Anglo-Saxon]]).  Otherwise it is used to represent the normal /h/.
===Danish, [[Norwegian]], and Swedish===
These three use the same symbol to represent this sound.

==Romance Languages==
===Latin and Romanian===
Latin and Romanian did/do have the letter '''h''', which it was/is pronounced /h/, like most Germanic languages.
===Spanish===
Spanish does not naturally have the sound /h/, but in some dialects in Central and South America, the sound /h/ is used for the letter '''j'''.
NOTE:  This is only a few dialects, it is more standard to pronounce '''j''' as /x/ after back vowels, and /ç/ elsewhere!
===French===
In Normandy, which was occupied by the Norman (Viking) peoples, they brought the /h/ sound with them into Old Norman French.  Even today, the Norman French language is spoken with a /h/ sound.
===Italian===
In Lombardy, originally occupied by the Germanic speaking Langobards (Long Beards), some cases have still retained the Germanic glottal fricative in pronunciation.

==Hebrew and Arabic==
The Hebrew and Yiddish symbol for the /h/ sound is ה.
The Arabic symbol for it is ه.

==Ancient Egyptian==
The symbol for /h/ was a reed shelter.  [[Image:Hiero O4.JPG|thumb|right|This is the Egyptian symbol for /h/.]]
==Hawai'ian==
Hawai'ian has the /h/ as an important part of its limited number of consonants. 
==Turkish==
Turkish also uses the symbol '''h''' for the glottal fricative /h/.

=Sources=

This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|h]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hiero O4.JPG</title>
    <id>5511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35651</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-14T23:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Ancient Egyptian symbol for /h/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Ancient Egyptian symbol for /h/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Northern Altaic'</title>
    <id>5512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52904</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T12:10:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Because, naturally, I'll want to try this Irish/Russian [[Palatalization-split|palatalization/velarization thing]] too.

/p t k b d g m n ŋ ts f s z r l/ × /ʲ ˠ/

/tsʲ sʲ zʲ lʲ/ = [tɕ ɕ ʑ ʎ]

/fˠ/ = [xʷ] ? (or only after /k/?)

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless postalveolar fricative</title>
    <id>5513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58903</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T01:33:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Personak</username>
        <id>1449</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is also known as a voiceless palatal fricative '''/ʃ/''', but not a true palatal, such as [[Voiceless palatal sibilant|ç]].  In many languages, this is written as a digraph, but it's not always the case.  The symbol is derived from the older form of writing '''s''', which was used in the German Fraktur alphabet.
[[Image:S.jpg|right|thumb| Fraktur German '''s''' The internal one is where the IPA '''ʃ''' comes from.]]

=Natlangs=
==Germanic Languages==
===[[Anglo-Saxon]]===
In Anglo-Saxon, the digraph '''sc''' when around a front vowel becomes /ʃ/.
===[[Modern English]]===
Modern English has several digraphs which can be used to form the sound /ʃ/.  The most basic form is the spelling '''sh'''.  However, there are others spellings.  The digraph '''ch''' is used as /ʃ/ in words from French (such as '''chef''' and '''champagne'''). In the noun ending '''-tion''', most of the time the initial sound is turned into a /ʃ/ ('''combination''', '''redemption''', and '''creation''').  Related to that is the digraph '''-ti-''' in several words (such as '''initial''').  The last one is often the spelling '''ss''' or simple '''s''' (such as '''tissue''', '''fissure''', or '''sure''').  In some German loanwords, the combination '''sch''' is used ('''schadenfreude''', '''schnapps''' '''schnauzer''').

===[[High German]] and [[Low German]]===
In High and Low German, the trigraph '''sch''' is used to form the sound /ʃ/. 
===[[Dutch]]===
The digraph '''sj''' is used for /ʃ/.  It should be noted that the trigraph '''sch''' is pronounced /sx/ rather than /ʃ/.
===[[Norwegian]]===
In Norwegian, this sound is produced by the combination '''sk''' before '''j''', '''i''', or '''y''' or '''sj'''.  Some dialects vary on this.

===[[Swedish]]===
In Swedish, the digraph '''ch''' is used for /ʃ/, especially when it's after a front vowel (i, y, e, ä, or ö).

==Romance Languages==
===French===
The digraph '''ch''' is pronounced /ʃ/ in French.  
===Italian===
Italian has a digraph which differs by the frontness of the vowel.  The digraph '''sc''' when preceding an '''i''' or '''e''' becomes /ʃ/.  Words like '''coscienza''' (conscience) /cɔʃjɛnʦa/, or '''riusciva''' (it succeeded) /rjuʃiva/.
===Romanian===
The letter '''Ş''','''ş''' is used for /ʃ/ in Romanian.  The nickname of the legendary ruler, '''Vlad Ţepeş''' (Vlad the Impaler), was pronounced /vlad ʦepeʃ/.

==Slavic Languages==
===Russian===
In the Cyrillic alphabet, /ʃ/ is represented by '''Ш''' '''ш''', although in some dialects other sounds such as /ɕ/ or sometimes /ç/ are pronounced for this symbol.  &lt;br&gt;
Also, '''Щ''', '''щ''' is pronounced /ʃʧ/, which can be split up when inside in bi-syllabic conditions.

===Polish===
In Polish, the sound /ʃ/ is represented by '''sz'''.  Not to be mixed up with the combination '''si''' or the symbol '''ś''' which are both pronounced /ɕ/.  The combination '''szcz''' is equivalent to Russian '''щ''' and is pronounced /ʃʧ/.

==Semitic==
===Arabic===
The Arabic form of this sound is '''ش‎'''.
===Hebrew===
The Hebrew symbol for /ʃ/ is '''שׁ''' or just '''ש'''.
==Turkish==
The symbols used for this sound are similar to Romanian, '''Ş, ş'''.

=Sound changes=
===To===
{{IPA|/ʃ/}} usually comes from something involving {{IPA|/s/}}:
* In [[English]], {{IPA|/sk/}} and {{IPA|/sj/}} became {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, with exeptions.
* In Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian, s → ʃ /[r, u, k, i]_ ([[wikipedia:Ruki sound law|Ruki sound law]])
* In Lithuanian, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} came from {{IPA|/kʲ/}}.

=Sources=
This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].

Back to [[IPA]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʃ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dujeska</title>
    <id>5514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51787</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-05T22:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asdoranvor</title>
    <id>5515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35753</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-17T11:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orthography */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Asdoranvor is intended to be used as a naming language.

== Orthography ==
'''Vowels:'''

   ä        -as in the &quot;ai&quot; sound in h'''ai'''r
   a (back) -as in '''a'''rm 
   a (long) -as in f'''a'''ther 
   a (short)-as in d'''a'''rk 
   e        -as in st'''e'''p
   i        -as in the &quot;y&quot; sound in wh'''y'''
   o (long) -as in the &quot;aw&quot; in s'''aw'''
   o (short)-as in... 
   u (long) -as in the &quot;oo&quot; sound in m'''oo'''n  
   u (short)-as in the &quot;oo&quot; sound in l'''oo'''k</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aisvordeinvit</title>
    <id>5516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39851</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-12T22:11:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Methods for deriving words in Seuna</title>
    <id>5517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45738</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-27T23:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The ia and ua end-tags */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The '''ija ite''' and '''uma''' end-tags ==

In actual fact three of the adjectives mentioned above are related to three end-tags
For these three end-tags the head vowel of the end-tag takes presidence over the tail vowel of the noun.  For example '''waugo''' = a wolf,  '''waugija''' = a wolf cub
If the end-tag consonant can fit in with the final consonant of the noun, they do so and two vowels are dropped. For example '''waulo''' = dog.  '''waulja''' = a pup. '''meu''' = a cat. '''meuja''' = a kitten

== The '''si''' end-tag ==


{| border=1
  |align=center| to play 
  |align=center| '''lento'''
  |align=center| playful 
  |align=center| '''lentosi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to quarrel 
  |align=center| '''gomia'''
  |align=center| quarrelsome 
  |align=center| '''gomisi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to rest/relax 
  |align=center| '''longe'''
  |align=center| lazy 
  |align=center| '''longesi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to lie 
  |align=center| '''selne'''
  |align=center| untruthful by disposition 
  |align=center| '''selnesi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to work 
  |align=center| '''kodai'''
  |align=center| diligent 
  |align=center| '''kodasi'''
    |}

== The '''ai''' and '''au''' end-tags ==

When '''ai''' is suffixed to a noun stem X, it yields an adjective with the approximate meaning 'having X, characterized by X'. 

When '''au''' is suffixed to a noun stem X, it yields an adjective with the approximate meaning 'not having X, not characterized by X'. 


'''kenko''' 'salt' &gt; '''kenkai''' 'salty'

'''cole''' 'life' &gt; '''colai''' 'alive, having life' &gt; '''colaida''' 'the desert', 'the badlands'

'''palde''' 'power' &gt; '''paldai''' 'powerful'

'''palde''' 'power' &gt; '''paldau''' 'powerless'

== The '''gu mo''' and '''da''' end-tags ==


(1) performer of an action (nomina agentis), 
(2) instrument (nomina instrumenti) and 
(3) place where an action occurs (nomina loci).

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''humpa'''
  |align=center| to eat
  |align=center| '''humpagu'''
  |align=center| the eater
  |
  |
  |align=center| '''humpada'''
  |align=center| the restaurant
  |-
  |align=center| '''kludai'''
  |align=center| to write
  |align=center| '''kludagu'''
  |align=center| the writer
  |align=center| '''kludamo'''
  |align=center| the printer(machine)
  |-
  |align=center| '''solbe'''
  |align=center| to drink
  |align=center| '''solbegu'''
  |align=center| the drinker
  |
  |
  |align=center| '''solbeda'''
  |align=center| a bar
   |}

 
{| border=1
  |align=center| '''solbo'''
  |align=center| beverage
  |-
  |align=center| '''humpo'''
  |align=center| food
   |}

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Scotty92</title>
    <id>5518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>35918</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-19T21:20:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scotty92</username>
        <id>1241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page:    This language was a taste of inventing my own language and to test whether I can uphold my own language. It is used as a creative past-time and sort of hobby and hopes to keep it alive ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">


This language was a taste of inventing my own language and to test whether I can uphold my own language. It is used as a creative past-time and sort of hobby and hopes to keep it alive are looking strong.

----

It is not like any language. It has unique grammar which some grammar taken from Slavic, Romance and Germanic languages to give it diffrentiation, but otherwise, it is unique. It has 5 case systems: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive and Locative. They are simple and do not govern complicated policies. The accusative is the most predominant.

Accusative &gt; objects affected by verbs
Dative &gt; Indirect objects 
Genitive &gt; Denoting origion and possession
Locative &gt; where something is or is happening

----

The alphabet includes a few accents and diacritics but only to achieve necessary pronunciation.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v z 

also with: 

ä - eh
ë - separates vowel clusters
ö - uh
ü - oo
ää - stressed ah
öö - stressed ooo
ch - like loch
č - like chair
đ - like jam
ř - rolled r combined with a ž
š - like shut
ž - like plea'''s'''ure


----

It is still in early creation but will soon display grammar.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Smaldgian Food</title>
    <id>5519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36024</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-20T20:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jmcd</username>
        <id>1217</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>put from main culture article</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is an article about [[Smaldgia]]n food.

You are probably a hunter-gatherer. If you are not, you are probably either pregnant, ill or a scrounge. You never store your food for more than a few days because food quickly becomes off or fermented in the equatorial climate at the most so you always make sure to only hunt and gather as much as can be eaten within the next day or two. You also never hunt or gather if you already have enough food from previous days. You do these things to make sure you do not damage the sacred forest. Most food you eat is available all year round. Meat from terrestrial animals makes up about a third of your diet, honey about 10%, fishing about 10% and plant food the rest.

==Meals==

Meals are eaten straight after food is brought back in the evening and prepared if any preparation need be done. You later eat some more after having games, dancing or stories. Breakfast is eaten from leftovers from the night before. You eat your food either outside or in your home. You'll probably eat it by the fire you cooked it on if you cooked your food. Mealtimes are far from set in stone though.

==Preparation==
Everyone, or else a fair number of the people, in a community has to be there before the food is shared out. You only cook your food if it is meat or a root vegetable. If you catch a large animal such as a crocodile or monitor, you will cook it in separate chunks by wrapping it in leaves and burying with hot coals. For eating human, you will boil it. For meat, the first part of preparation after it is cooked is that the person who killed the animal should drink some of its blood.

==Table Manners==
You make sure to use a spoon and bowl for liquid foods. Make sure the youngest person is served first because they are the most important. You should make sure to contribute to the conversation and not be quiet and don't talk so quietly that people can not hear you. Do not waste your food or play with it as this would make it seem that you do not enjoy the food or are ungrateful for it. Conversely, burping and farting are considered signs of your enjoyment and are thus encouraged. You usually get served first if you're a child or pregnant woman. Othewise it's on a first come, first served basis. You eat your food once you have been served it. It would ridiculous to try eating beforehand and it would be just wasteful to leave any of the food you take. 

==Narcotics==
Narcotics such as pandanus leaves and magic mushrooms are allowed for anyone that wants some but people are always encouraged to use them responsibly. It is not considered anything wrong to give it to children than adults although children should use less. Narcotics are often used for spiritual means, such as to communicate with spirits or the dead.

==Edibility and Quality==
You wouldn't eat any dairy product as milk is for babies. You don't consider live human to be food. Unless it's part of a punishment. You don't consider horses or cows food either but that's just because you've never seen one. You do consider frogs, lizards, bats, snakes and sharks food though. You do consider arthropods or worms to be food but not good food - they're too dirty and wee. The only parts of bodies you usually do not eat are the bones, teeth and keratin. Bones are used for decoration or sometimes ritual instead. You would never eat anything fermented. Eggs are really tasty and usually eaten raw. Honey is also one of the most highly priced food items. It is considered always worth the risk of getting bitten (Smaldgians bees can not use their sting to defend themselves; they bite instead.) Fatty meat is tastier than that without lots of fat.

Fish and other seafood is usually not a major part of the diet, although it is more so on the coasts. This is partly because Smaldgians see themselves as part of the forest and protected by it so do not want to go outside it. Fish are a highly valued part of the diet though. On the coast, the most highly valued food is aquatic mammals. Bivalves, on the other hand, are only a last resort.

==Hunting==
You probably kill your own food, whether it lives in your back yard or if you have to go further to find it. If you knew what fast food referred to other than a difficult hunt, you'd puke. You wouldn't hunt or kill animals for any other reason other than for food or self-defence though. Because of the dense undergowth in the forest, you can neither hunt on your own nor from a distance by most methods and must employ techniques which require company. Before you go for a hunt, you come up with plans as to how you're going to hunt. Hunts usually last about 5 hours and are done on average every second day.

One method is of setting traps and coming back to them later. This method generally can not get the more highly valued large animals but it is reliable and contributes a significant amount to the diet. It is usually done more by the elderly and is the only method which can be always done alone.

For getting animals out of their burrows, you would use a burning branch to scare them out at 1 entrance and have another person waiting at others, making sure all the entrances were blocked off. In the case of there only being one entrance, a new entrance is made down which the branch is put.

You also use bows and arrows to hunt aquatic animals sometimes. You use spears to hunt most of the time though. The way you use them is to have a group of people scare the animals out from whereever they are and then another person is ready with the spear as soon as it is sight.

If you live by the sea, when you hunt for aquatic animals, you row out into the sea on a canoe made of strips of bark tied together at night and spear or shoot the animals once they can be seen.

Males generally hunt large animals whereas the women hunt wee animals. Hunting is considered more exciting than gathering and meat is considered to be the best food you can get.

==Gathering==

Young children usually help with the foraging. Unlike with gathering other foods, it is usually the males who gather honey. The most commonly gathered foods besides honey are fruit, nuts and mushrooms.

===Firewood and Water===
These are gathered by women, either with other women or their husband.

[[Category:Smaldgia]]
[[Category:Food]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalirian lexicon</title>
    <id>5520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36096</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T06:53:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Headline text */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Headline text ==
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] -[[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kâlirian lexicon</title>
    <id>5521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36101</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T06:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lexicon:'''

This page contains the current Kalirian lexicon. New words will be added whenever neccessary.   

== Headline text ==
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] -[[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English/ Kâlirian Dictionary</title>
    <id>5522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36103</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T07:05:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Lexicon:'''  This page contains the current Kalirian lexicon. New words will be added whenever neccessary.     == Headline text == [[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] -...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lexicon:'''

This page contains the current Kalirian lexicon. New words will be added whenever neccessary.   

== Headline text ==
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] -[[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English - Kâlirian Dictionary</title>
    <id>5523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36144</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-21T12:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ee */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Section ==
[[#Aa|Aa]] - [[#Bb|Bb]] - [[#Cc|Cc]] - [[#Dd|Dd]] - [[#Ee|Ee]] - [[#Ff|Ff]] - [[#Gg|Gg]] - [[#Hh|Hh]] - [[#Ii|Ii]] - [[#Jj|Jj]] - [[#Kk|Kk]] - [[#Ll|Ll]] - [[#Mm|Mm]] - [[#Nn|Nn]] - [[#Oo|Oo]] - [[#Pp|Pp]] - [[#Qq|Qq]] - [[#Rr|Rr]] - [[#Ss|Ss]] -[[#Tt|Tt]] - [[#Uu|Uu]] - [[#Vv|Vv]] - [[#Ww|Ww]] - [[#Xx|Xx]] - [[#Yy|Yy]] - [[#Zz|Zz]] - [[#Other|Other]]
&lt;/center&gt;

== [[#Aa|Aa]] ==

'''Agree:'''      Glunhf      

'''air:'''        nesg

'''Answer:'''     Nulauxid    

== [[#Bb|Bb]] ==

'''Beautiful:'''  Agetluk     

'''Black:'''      Besysigor   

'''Break:'''      Jawhleg     

'''Breath:'''     Gulef       

== [[#Cc|Cc]] ==
   
'''Chain:'''      Syvrik      

'''Chair:'''      Ovig        

'''Climb:'''      Srav        

'''Color:'''      Gor         

'''Command:'''    Kineig      

'''Commoner:'''   Besdr'nik dwarvish [besid &quot;low&quot; r'nik &quot;dwarf&quot;]

'''Complaint:'''  Besdrneg dwarvish [besid &quot;low&quot; + drneg &quot;work]

== [[#Dd|Dd]] ==

(none)

== [[#Ee|Ee]] ==

'''Every:'''      Nykiff      

'''Evil:''' Beskiv dwarvish [besid &quot;low&quot; + kivug &quot;soul&quot;]

== [[#Ff|Ff]] ==

'''Fear:'''        Besygginfar dwarvish besigor [&quot;black&quot; genfar &quot;memory&quot;]

'''Focus:'''       Bevig       

'''Friend:'''      Dulukuv dwarvish [Dulukein &quot;brother&quot;]
   
== [[#Gg|Gg]] ==

'''Group:'''       Naul'gr

== [[#Hh|Hh]] ==

'''Hammer:'''      Vêkr        

'''Human:'''       Vuged       

'''Human filth:''' Vugedsor dwarvish [vuged &quot;human&quot; + sor &quot;filth]

'''Help:'''        Meigrhjuk   

'''Hope:'''        Rhmchin     

== [[#Ii|Ii]] ==

(none)

== [[#Jj|Jj]] ==

(none)

== [[#Kk|Kk]] ==

'''Keen:'''        Neqylug     

'''Kind:'''        Steghlig    

== [[#Ll|Ll]] ==

'''Leave:'''       Laucrnig     

'''Line:'''        Kulriv      

'''Life:'''        Hgifynaus   

'''Low:'''         Besid        

== [[#Mm|Mm]] ==

'''Mean person:''' Gunjr dwarvish [gun &quot;nasty&quot; + jr &quot;vile&quot;]

== [[#Nn|Nn]] ==

'''Nasty:'''        Gun          

'''Nasty work:'''   Gun'drneg   dwarvish [gun &quot;nasty&quot; + drneg &quot;work&quot;]

== [[#Oo|Oo]] ==

'''obvious:'''      Desgulau

== [[#Pp|Pp]] ==

'''Parting:'''      Durseig     elvish Dersein [derlau &quot;break&quot;]

'''Past:'''         Baugiff     dwarvish bauslor [&quot;old&quot; ginfar &quot;memory&quot;]

'''Person:'''       Senrak

== [[#Qq|Qq]] ==

(none)

== [[#Rr|Rr]] ==

'''Resort:'''       Hletgyf      

'''Reveal:'''       Selauzik     

'''Run:'''          Gisuj

== [[#Ss|Ss]] ==

'''Smart:'''  Kypein      

'''Smile:'''  Fygrdhf     

'''Save:'''   Sifrigg     

'''Sede:'''   Stupid      

'''Soul:'''   Kivug       

'''Speak:'''  Nrhvun      

'''Step:'''   Gifuni      

'''Still:'''  Sefrgin     

'''Stupid human:''' Sedevugsor dwarvish [sede &quot;stupid&quot; + vuged &quot;human&quot; + sor &quot;filth&quot;]

'''Sword:'''  H'gisrûd elvish Alisrulnau [Alisor &quot;mettal&quot; unlau &quot;strong&quot;]

== [[#Ww|Ww]] ==

'''Work:'''   Dr'neg

== [[#Xx|Xx]] ==

(none)

== [[#Yy|Yy]] ==

(none)

== [[#Zz|Zz]] ==

(none)

== Other ==

The following words could not be categorized. 
     
* nesgulef dwarvish [nesg &quot;air&quot; + gulef &quot;breath&quot;]
* n'qrulef    dwarvish [n'qr &quot;ground&quot; + gelef &quot;breath&quot;]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kâlirian - English Dictionary</title>
    <id>5524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36246</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-23T02:54:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lexicon:'''

This page contains the current Kâlirian lexicon. New words will be added whenever neccessary.   

== Headline text ==
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] -[[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;

== [[#Aa|Aa]] ==

'''Agetluk:''' beautiful

== [[#Bb|Bb]] ==

'''Besdrneg:''' Complaint 
   
'''Besid:''' Low  
       
'''Beskiv:''' Evil person
 
'''Besdr'nik:''' Commoner 
      
'''Besygginfar:''' Fear 
       
'''Besysigor:''' Black 
      
'''Baugiff:''' Past
         
'''Bevig:''' Focus

== [[#Cc|Cc]] ==
   
== [[#Dd|Dd]] ==

'''Durseig:''' Parting    
     
'''Dulukuv:''' Friend dwarvish [Dulukein &quot;brother&quot;] 
      
'''Dr'neg:'''  Work

== [[#Ee|Ee]] ==

== [[#Ff|Ff]] ==

'''Fygrdhf:''' Smile

== [[#Gg|Gg]] ==

'''Gulef:''' Breath

'''Gifuni:''' Step  
      
'''Gisuj:''' Run 
        
'''Glunhf:''' Agree

'''Gor:'''   Color 
      
'''Gun:'''   Nasty     

'''Gun'drneg:''' Nasty work  dwarvish [gun &quot;nasty&quot; + drneg &quot;work&quot;] 

'''Gunjr:''' Mean person dwarvish [gun &quot;nasty&quot; + jr &quot;vile&quot;]

== [[#Hh|Hh]] ==

== [[#Ii|Ii]] ==

== [[#Jj|Jj]] ==

'''Jawhleg:''' Break

== [[#Kk|Kk]] ==

'''Kivug:''' Soul        

'''Kineig:''' Command     

'''Kulriv:''' Line 
            
'''Kypein:''' Smart

== [[#Ll|Ll]] ==

'''laucrnig:''' leave

== [[#Mm|Mm]] ==

== [[#Nn|Nn]] ==

'''Neqylug:''' keen 
       
'''N'qr:''' ground 

'''Nesg:''' air   
       
'''Nesgulef:''' - dwarvish [nesg &quot;air&quot; + gulef &quot;breath&quot;]

'''N'qrulef:''' - dwarvish [n'qr &quot;ground&quot; + gelef &quot;breath&quot;]

'''Naulauxid:''' answer  
   
'''Nrhvun:''' speak 
     
'''Nykiff:''' every

== [[#Oo|Oo]] ==

== [[#Pp|Pp]] ==

== [[#Qq|Qq]] ==

== [[#Rr|Rr]] ==

== [[#Ss|Ss]] ==

== [[#Ww|Ww]] ==

== [[#Xx|Xx]] ==

== [[#Yy|Yy]] ==

== [[#Zz|Zz]] ==

== Other ==
 hgifynaus   life        -
   h'gisrûd    Sword       elvish Alisrulnau [Alisor &quot;mettal&quot; unlau &quot;strong&quot;]
   hletgyf     resort      -
   meigrhjuk   help        -
   naul'gr     group       -
   ovig        chair       -
   rhmchin     hope        -
   sefrgin     still       -
   selauzik    reveal      -
   senrak      person      -
   sedevugsor  -           dwarvish [sede &quot;stupid&quot; + vuged &quot;human&quot; + sor &quot;filth&quot;] 
   sifrigg     save        -
   srav        climb       -
   steghlig    kind        -
   syvrik      chain       -
   vêkr        hammer      - 
   vugedsor    human filth dwarvish [vuged &quot;human&quot; + sor &quot;filth]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Jim Henry</title>
    <id>5525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56965</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry Home page]
*[http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/conlang/conlang.htm Conlang page]
*[http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/gzb/gzb.htm My main conlang gjâ-zym-byn]

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nynørsk</title>
    <id>5527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36274</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-23T12:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scotty92</username>
        <id>1241</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''NYNØRSK'''

Nynørsk (New Norse) is a language created based on the appearance, grammar and vocabulary of Norwegian. It was created in order to be an easy alternative to learning Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese or Old Norse. Its purpose is to simplify the scandinavian languages' grammar and make it copable for those you find learning languages difficult.


== Introduction ==

The Nynørsk Alphabet:

Aa -ah

Bb - b

Cc - s/c   (after: e, i, ö, y 'c' is like a 's') 

Dd - d

Ee - ay (like s''ay'')

Ff - f

Gg - g

Hh - h

Ii - ee

Jj - y

Kk - k

Ll - l

Mm - m

Nn - n

Oo - oh

Pp - p

Rr - r

Ss - s

Tt - t

Uu - oo

Vv - v/f  (after: e, i, ø , y 'v' is like a 'f')

Yy - ew

Ää - aah (stressed a)

Åå - ow (like gl''ow'')

Ææ - eeh (stressed e)

Öö - ooo (stressed u)

Øø - uh (like l''o''vely)

Þþ - th (like ''th''ing)

== Pronouns ==

'''Subject'''        '''Object'''        '''Possessive'''

jeg (yigh)            meg (migh)           min/mitt/mine (meen/t/neh)

þu (thoo)             þeg (thigh)         þin/þitt/þine(theen/t/neh)

han (hahn)           honom (hoh-nom)           hans (hahns)

hun (hoon)           henne (hay-neh)          hennes (hay-nehs)

den/det (dayn/day)   den/det (dayn/day)      dens/dets (dayns-days)

vi (vee)              oss (ohss)           vår/vårt/våre (vowr/t/reh)

dere (day-reh)        dere (day-reh)           deres (day-rehs)

de (dee)              dem (daym)                des (dees)

== Modal Verbs ==

to want to - ville (veel-eh)  (present = vil)

to have to - måtte (mowt-teh) (present = må)

to be able to/can - kunne (koon-neh) (present = kan)

should/ought to - børre (buhr-reh) (present = bør)

to be allowed to - ha løv til (hoh luhf teel) (present = har løv til)

== Example Phrases ==

I love you - Jeg elsker þeg

I am thirsty - Jeg er þursdig

You are going to Norway - Þu farer til Norge

She likes to drink coffee - Hun liker å drikke kafé

They love visiting their grandparents - De går gjørne på besøk hos bestforældrene des.


== Diphthongs/Triphthongs ==

ei/ej - ay (like f''a''mous)

eg - ai (like goodb''ye'')

au - ow (like c''ow'')

kj/sj/tj - kh (like lo''ch''), sh, ch

rs/skj - sh

hv - v

rd/rg/rl - r silent

ld/gd - d silent

gj/hj/lj - g/h/l silent

øj - oi (like b''oy'')

øy - ooey (like g''ooey'')

dd - th (like ''th''an)

kjö/sjö/tjö - khyoh/shyoh/chyoh (kj/sj/tj + yoh)


[[category:conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New West Germanic</title>
    <id>5528</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>36278</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-23T14:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[New West Germanic]] moved to [[West Germanic language]]: Renamed. Word 'Language' identifies article content.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[West Germanic language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Itëłan</title>
    <id>5529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45233</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-06T12:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le tor dë Bëbel - Babel text */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Itëłan''' is a language, born to be a possible evolution of the today standard Italian language (with some Tuscan influence). It was created by adopting some phonetical rules of change, fixed in the language. Very few phonetical laws can deeply modify a language. And some morphological parts of the language underwent some analogical or redistributing change.

==Phonetic changes==
===Vowels===
Final vowels usually disappeared, and it opened the way for an important way of distinction: '''''palatalization'''''

* ''-o'' → falls
* ''-e'' → falls
* ''-i'' → falls, but it '''palatalized''' the previous consonant
* ''-a'' → '''-e'''
* ''-u'' → remains '''-u'''

* ''-io'' → '''-i''', with ''palatalization'' of the previous consonant

Inside words, vowels underwent other kinds of changes:
* unstressed ''-a-'' became '''-ë-''', if it is in syllables before the stressed one.
* open front vowel ''-e-'' became dipthong '''-ei-'''
* closed back vowel ''-o-'' became open back vowel '''-o-'''.
* dipthong ''-uo-'' became open back vowel '''-o-'''

===Consonants===
Differently from today Italian language, consonants developped a new way to distinguish among themselves: '''Palatalization'''.

The palatalization is a phonemic phenomenon that involves the tongue. The top point of the tongue gets higher than the normal position and the sound seems as the consonant would be followed by a soft &quot;''i''&quot;. In fact consonants undergo palatalization only if in the past they was followed by an /i/ in final position of a word.

But some consonants underwent some deeper changes. This was the case of palatalization of /s/, /t/, /d/ and /k/:

* ''-si'' → '''-ş''' in final
* ''-ti'' → '''-ç''' in final
* ''-di'' → '''-ģ''' in final
* ''-chi-'' → '''-çi-''' or '''-ç''' in final

Also some groups of consonants can undergo palatalization or similar changes:

* ''-tt-'' → '''-st-'''
* final ''-tti'' → '''-ş'''
* final ''-ddi'' → '''-ģ'''

* ''-st-'' → '''-şt-'''
* ''-stiV-'' → '''-şV-'''
* ''-chiV-'' → '''-çV-'''
* ''-schiV-'' → '''-şV-'''
* ''-quV-'' → '''-cV-'''
* ''-zi-'' → '''-si-'''

* ''-chio'' in final position → '''-çi''', and its plural is regularly ''-chi'' → '''-ç'''.
* ''-schi'' in final position → '''-ş'''

At last, the most evident phenomenon is that every double consonant became '''simple'''.

===Examples===
Some examples of these changes may be: &lt;small&gt;(singular/plural)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Gatto''/''gatti'' (cat) → '''gast'''/'''gaş'''
* ''Tempo''/''tempi'' (time) → '''teimp'''/'''teimṕ'''
* ''Canale''/''canali'' (channel) → '''cënal'''/'''cënał'''
* ''Finestra''/''finestre'' (window) → '''fineiştre'''/'''fineiştr'''

==Synchronic analysis==
Now we will analyse Itëłan language as a singular language, its phonetic and morphological aspects, on a synchronic (means ''on the same time'') point of view (but we will give also the historical origin of words, sounds, and of their changes)

===Alphabet===
*Capital letters:
:A B (Ḃ) C Ç D E Ë F (Ḟ) G Ģ I L Ł M (Ṁ) N Ņ O P (Ṕ) R (Ṙ) S Ş T U V (Ṿ) Z (Ẓ)
*Normal letters:
:a b (ḅ) c ç d e ë f (ḟ) g ģ i l ł m (ṃ) n ņ o p (ṕ) r (ṛ) s ş t u v (ṿ) z (ẓ)

===Phonology===

{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Letter''' || a || b || (ḅ) || c || ç || d || e || ë || f || (ḟ) || g || ģ || i || l || ł || m || (ṃ) || n || ņ || o || p || (ṕ) || r || (ṛ) || s || ş || t || u || v || (ṿ) || z || (ẓ)
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|''Sound (IPA)'' || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[bʲ]}} || {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[ʧ]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[ə]}} || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{IPA|[fʲ]}} || {{IPA|[g]}} || {{IPA|[ʤ]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[ʎ]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || {{IPA|[mʲ]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[pʲ]}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[rʲ]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{IPA|[vʲ]}} || {{IPA|[ʣ]}}, {{IPA|[ʦ]}} || {{IPA|[ʣʲ]}}, {{IPA|[ʦʲ]}}
|}

====Palatalization====
Palatalization can affect every consonant. So each consonant has a palatalized counterpart. These are the couples:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|align=&quot;center&quot;|''Non palatalized'' || b || c || d || f || g || l || m || n || p || r || s || t || v || z 
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;|''Palatalized'' || (ḅ) || ç || ģ || (ḟ) || ģ || ł || (ṃ) || ņ || (ṕ) || (ṛ) || ş || ç || (ṿ) || (ẓ)
|}

==Morphology==
Morphology doesn't differ too much from the original Italian one, even if some parts, like verbs, underwent deep changes.

===Articles===
====Definited====
The definited articles are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || Masculine || Feminine
|-
|''Singular'' || ël || le
|-
|''Plural'' || łë || lë
|}


These articles developped a new final or initial '''ë''', because the correct development would have given a simple '''l''', which cannot easily said.

The definite articles usually merge with some prepositions to form one combined form: the '''articled prepositions''':


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ||colspan=2| Singular ||colspan=2| Plural
|-
| || ''masc'' || ''femm'' || ''masc'' || ''femm''
|-
|'''dë''' (of) || dël || dële || dëł || dël
|-
|'''a''' (to) || al || ale || ał || al
|-
|'''de''' (from) || del || dele || deł || del
|-
|'''ën''' (in) || nel || nele || neł || nel
|-
|'''sur''' (on) || sul || sule || suł || sul
|}

====Indefinited====
The indefinited articles are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || Masculine || Feminine
|-
|''Singular'' || un || une
|}

===Nouns===
The nouns, or substantives, developped a new system to build their plural, due to the loss of the final vowels. One of the main feature of this system is ''palatalization''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Singular ending || Plural formation || Particularities
|-
| ''-no ending'' || They '''palatalize''' the last consonant || ''-t'' → '''-ç'''&lt;br&gt;''-c'' → '''-ç'''&lt;br&gt;''-st'' → '''-ş'''&lt;br&gt;''-şt'' → '''-ş'''&lt;br&gt;''-d'' → '''-ģ'''&lt;br&gt;''-l'' → '''-ł'''&lt;br&gt;''-n'' → '''-ņ'''&lt;br&gt;
|-
| ''-e'' || They '''drop the vowel''' ||
|-
| ''-i'' || They '''drop the vowel''' and '''palatalize''' the last consonant || Singular: ''-ci'' → plural: '''-ç'''&lt;br&gt;Singular: ''-sci'' → '''-ş'''&lt;br&gt;
|}


There are some irregular names:
* child: ''bëmbin'' → children: ''bimḅ''
* man: ''om'' → men: ''omiņ''

===Adjectives===

====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns underwent deep changes, because of the vowel loss. The pronoun ''ştoci'' is an union of ''şto-'' (from ''questo'', this) and ''-ci'' (from ''qui'', here), because the simple derived form would be too small. ''Cel'' is a regular derivation of ''quello''.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ''This''|| Singular|| Plural
|-
| Masculine || ştoci || şici
|-
| Feminine || şteci || ştëci
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ''That''|| Singular|| Plural
|-
| Masculine || cel || ceł
|-
| Feminine || cele || cel
|}

====Possessive====
The ancient possessive system disappeared, and the forms were reduced to a single word for both two genres and two numbers. They are always placed before their nouns. Differently from their English counterparts, they may require the article before them, both definite and indefinite.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person || Possessive adjective 
|-
| ''1st sing'' || mi 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || tu 
|-
| ''3rd sing''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(masculine)&lt;/small&gt; || su 
|-
| ''3rd sing''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(feminine)&lt;/small&gt; || su
|-
| ''1nd plur'' || noştŗ 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || voştŗ 
|-
| ''3nd plur'' || lor 
|}

Examples:
* This is our home: ''Şteci ei le noştŗ case''
* She talked with a friend of mine: ''La à përlat con un mi ëmic''&lt;br&gt;
but
* Your mother wants to talk with you: ''Tu madër vol përlar con të''

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person || Subject form&lt;br&gt;Nominative form || Long direct object form &lt;br&gt;Long accusative form|| Short direct object form&lt;br&gt;Short accusative form || Indirect object form&lt;br&gt;Dative form
|-
| ''1st sing'' || I || më || mi || mi
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || tu || të || çi || çi
|-
| ''3rd sing''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(masculine)&lt;/small&gt; || eł || lu || lë || łi
|-
| ''3rd sing''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(feminine)&lt;/small&gt; || la || lei || le || łi
|-
| ''1nd plur'' || noaltŗ || noi || ni || ni 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || voaltŗ || voi || vi || vi 
|-
| ''3nd plur'' || lor || lor || lor || łi
|}

Also personal pronouns suffered of the general vowel loss, but often some final vowels have been restored by speakers under the influence of analogy, because those forms would have been too short or confused.

The accusative group of pronouns is divided in two subgroups: ''Long forms'' and ''Short forms''. Usually long forms are found with prepositions, while short forms are used with verbs in the sentences. Examples:
* Do you see us?: ''Tu ni veģ?''
* She will come with you: ''La à dë venir con të''

Usually short forms are stressless and they need another word which can substain them. They are usually placed before the verb in the sentence.

The dative form express the meaning of the indirect object, which can also be expressed by the preposition '''''a''''' (to). It's possible to find both forms in sentences, used to make stronger the meaning of the dative form. As short accusative forms, dative forms are stressless and they need to be placed before the verb. Examples:
* I tell you that he didn't tell him anything: ''I ti dic çë eł no łi à dest nient''
* I like it: ''A më mi piaç'' (instead of simple ''Mi piaç'')

====Relative pronouns====
There is only one kind of relative pronoun. The ancient relative pronoun ''che'' disappeared, and the other form ''il quale'' could develop instead, with some vowels reconstructed by analogy.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || Singular || Plural
|-
| ''Masc.'' || ëlcal || icał
|-
| ''Femm.'' || lecal || lëcal
|}

====Interrogative pronouns====
These are the most common interrogative pronouns:

* Who?: ''çi''
* What?: ''çë'' / ''cecòs''
* Which?: ''cal'' (plur: ''cał'')
* How much?: ''cant'' (plur mas: ''canç'' / sing fem: ''cante'' / plur fem: ''cant'')
* Where?: ''ndë''
* When?: ''cand''
* Why?: ''percè''
* How?: ''com''

''Çë'' and ''Cant'' can be used as adjectives before some nouns. ''Cal'' is usually used as adjective. ''Cecos'' is a neuter form to indicate something indefinite:
* What do you want?: ''Cecos tu vu?''

===Verbs===
Also verbs suffered the loss of the final vowels. But the greatest loss has been the loss of the Italian ''passato remoto'', the disappearing of subjunctive and the loss of the old future forms, replaced by a new analythic form of future tense. Due to the vowel loss it is usually required the presence of personal pronouns (it switched from the position of a pro-drop language to the one of a non-pro-drop language).

Verbs are divided in 3 conjugation, depending on the infinitival ending:
* 1 conjugation: '''-ar'''
* 2 conjugation: '''-er'''
* 3 conjugation: '''-ir'''

The third conjugation has a subgroup inside, the so-called '''-isc form''' (Verbs of this group differ from the others in some forms of present tense and in imperative forms).

There are three verbal moods (''indicative'', ''conditional'' and ''imperative''), six tenses (''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'', ''plusquamperfect'', ''future'' and ''anterior future'') and one infinitive form and two participles (''present'' and ''past'')

====Indicative mood====
'''Present'''

The present tense is one of the most irregular tenses of the entire verbal system. Most of all irregularities are in the first three persons and in the third person in plural. The sign '''-Ø''' means that there is no ending.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || 1 conjugation || 2 conjugation || 3 conjugation || 3 -isc form || Particularities
|-
| ''1st sing'' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || -ìsc ||
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || -ìş || The previous consonant usually undergoes ''palatalization'',&lt;br&gt; except for the ''-isc'' group
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || '''-e''' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || -ìş ||
|-
| ''1st plur'' || -iàm || -iàm || -iàm || -iàm ||
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || -àt || -èt || -ìt || -ìt ||
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || '''-an''' || '''-on''' || '''-on''' || -ìscon ||
|}


The bold endings have no stress, and this fall on the previous vowel. This can lead to a change in the verbal root (mind the change ''a → ë'' and ''open e → ei'', which usually was under stress). Some examples:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || cëntar || sentir 
|-
| ''1st sing'' || '''cànt''' || '''sèint''' 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || '''cànç''' || '''sèinç''' 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || '''cànte''' || '''sèint''' 
|-
| ''1st plur'' || cëntiàm || sentiàm 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || cëntàt || sentìt 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || '''càntan''' || '''sèinton'''
|}


'''Imperfect'''

This past tense indicates a continuos action, a repeated action, or that the action is on run in the moment we are speaking about.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || 1 conjugation || 2 conjugation || 3 conjugation 
|-
| ''1st sing'' || -àv || -èv || -ìv
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || -àṿ || -èṿ || -ìṿ
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || -àve || -ève || -ìve
|-
| ''1st plur'' || -ëvàm || -evàm || -ivàm 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || -ëvàt || -evàt || -ivàt 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || -àvan || -èvan || -ìvan 
|}


'''Perfect'''

This tense indicates an unidentified action in the past, already completed.

It is built with the conjugated forms in the present of the auxiliary verb '''ëvèr''' or '''èser''' + the past participle (declined in presence of ''eser''). Examples:

* I sang: ''I ò cëntat''
* We went: ''Noaltŗ siam ëndaç''


'''Plusquamperfect'''

This tense indicates an action placed in the past of another past action.

It is built with the conjugated forms in the imperfect of the auxiliary verb '''ëvèr''' or '''èser''' + the past participle (declined in presence of ''eser''). Examples:

* I had sung: ''I ëvev cëntat''
* We had gone: ''Noaltŗ eirim ëndaç''


'''Future'''

The future tense is built with the declined forms of the auxiliary verb '''ëver''' + '''dë''' (''d&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' in front of a vowel) + the '''infinitive form''' of the main verb. Examples:

* I will sing: ''I ò dë cëntar''
* We will go: ''Noaltŗ ëbiam d'ëndar''


'''Anterior future'''

The anterior future tense indicates an action which happens before another future action. It is built with the declined forms of the auxiliary verb '''ëver''' + '''dë''' (''d&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' in front of a vowel) + '''ëver'''/'''eser''' (the main verb's auxiliary verb) + the '''past participle''' of the main verb. Examples:

* I will have sung: ''I ò d'ëver cëntat''
* We will have gone: ''Noaltŗ ëbiam d'eser ëndaç''

====Conditional====
'''Present'''

The conditional present tense is built by adding the following endings at the infinitive forms of the verbs. For verbs of the first conjugation, the adfix ''-ar-'' becomes '''-er-''' before adding.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || Endings
|-
| ''1st sing'' || -èi
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || -èş
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || -èib
|-
| ''1st plur'' || -èm
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || -èşt 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || -èiber
|}


Some examples:

* I would sing: ''I cënterei''
* We will spend: ''Noaltŗ spenderem''
* They would listen: ''Lor sentireiber''

'''Past'''

The conditional present indicates an action placed in the past of an action expressed by the conditional present, or usually indicate an action placed in the past of a future moment, or an hypothesis. 

It is built with the conjugated forms in the present conditional of the auxiliary verb '''ëvèr''' or '''èser''' + the past participle (declined in presence of ''eser''). Examples:

* I would have sung: ''I ëvrei cëntat''
* We would have gone: ''Noaltŗ sërem ëndaç''

====Imperative mood====
The imperative mood indicates orders. There is only the present tense. As the indicative present tense, it retains many irregularities. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || 1 conjugation || 2 conjugation || 3 conjugation || 3 -isc form || Particularities
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || '''-e''' || '''-Ø''' || '''-Ø''' || -ìş || The previous consonant usually undergoes ''palatalization'',&lt;br&gt; except for 1st conjugation and the ''-isc'' group.
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || '''-Ø''' || '''-e''' || '''-e''' || -ìsce || The previous consonant in the 1st conjugation undergoes palatalization.
|-
| ''1st plur'' || -iàm || -iàm || -iàm || -iàm ||
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || -àt || -èt || -ìt || -ìt ||
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || '''-in''' || '''-an''' || '''-an''' || -ìscan ||
|}

The sign '''-Ø''' means that there is no ending.

The bold endings have no stress, and this fall on the previous vowel. This can lead to a change in the verbal root (mind the change ''a → ë'' and ''open e → ei'', which usually was under stress). Some examples:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || cëntar || sentir 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || '''cànte''' || '''sèinç''' 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || '''cànç''' || '''sèinte''' 
|-
| ''1st plur'' || cëntiàm || sentiàm 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || cëntàt || sentìt 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || '''càntin''' || '''sèintan'''
|}

====Participle====
'''Present'''

The past participle is an adjective form of the verb and can be used as adjective, but it is used also in tense formation. It is formed by adding these endings to the root:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || 1st conj || 2nd conj || 3rd conj
|-
| ''sing'' || -ànt || -èint || -ièint
|-
| ''plur'' || -ànç || -èinç || -ièinç
|}


The present participle is an adjective but it is most frequently used to form a progressive mood of verbs, similar to the English continous tenses. It is formed with the verb '''ştar''' + the ''present participle'' (declined by number):

* What are you doing?: ''Cecos tu şta façeint?''
* They are eating: ''Lor ştan manģanç''

'''Past'''

The past participle is an adjective form of the verb and can be used as adjective, but it is used also in past tense formation. It is formed by adding these endings to the root (which often is irregular in many irregular verbs):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || 1st conj || 2nd conj || 3rd conj
|-
| ''masc sing'' || -àt || -ùt || -ìt
|-
| ''masc plur'' || -àç || -ùç || -ìç
|-
| ''femm sing'' || -àte || -ùte || -ìte
|-
| ''femm plur'' || -àt || -ùt || -ìt
|}

====Auxiliary verbs====
There are two auxiliary verbs: '''èser''' (to be) and '''ëvèr''' (to have). Not as in English, both they are used in building past tenses. 

'''Use''': Usually all ''transitive'' verbs (which have an ''object'') and some intransitive verbs have ''ëver'' as auxiliary, while verbs, which have ''eser'', are always ''intransitive''. These verbs usually have meanings of ''self-movement'', ''feeling'', ''location''. ''Eser'' is used also in the formation of passive.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Éser || Present || Imperfect || Perfect || Plusquamperfect
|-
| ''1st sing'' || sò || eir || sò ştat || eir ştat
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || sè || eiŗ || sè ştat || eiŗ ştat
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || èi || eire || èi ştat || eire ştat
|-
| ''1st plur'' || siàm || eirim || siàm ştaç || eirim ştaç
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || sèit || eirit || seit ştaç || eirit ştaç
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || sòn || eiran || sòn ştaç || eiran ştaç
|-
! || Future || Anterior Future || Conditional || Conditional past
|-
| ''1st sing'' || ò d'eser || ò d'eser ştat || sërèi || sërèi ştat 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || à d'eser || à d'eser ştat || sërèş || sërèş ştat 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || à d'eser || à d'eser ştat || sërèib || sërèib ştat 
|-
| ''1st plur'' || ëbian d'eser || ëbian d'eser ştaç || sërèm || sërèm ştaç
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || ëvet d'eser || ëvet d'eser ştaç || sërèşt || sërèşt ştaç
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || àn d'eser || àn d'eser ştaç || sërèiber || sërèiber ştaç
|-
! || Imperative || || Present participle || Past participle
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || sì || ''sing masc'' || - || ştat 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || sì || ''sing fem'' || - || ştate 
|- 
| ''1st plur'' || siàm || ''plur masc'' || - || ştaç 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || siàt || ''plur fem'' || - || ştat
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Éser || Present || Imperfect || Perfect || Plusquamperfect
|-
| ''1st sing'' || ò || ëvev || ò ëvut || ëvev ëvut 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || à || ëveṿ || à ëvut || ëveṿ ëvut
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || à || ëveve || à ëvut || ëveve ëvut
|-
| ''1st plur'' || ëbiàm || ëvevam || ëbiàm ëvut || ëvevam ëvut
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || ëvet || ëvevat || ëvet ëvut || ëvevat ëvut
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || àn || ëvevan || àn ëvut || ëvevan ëvut
|-
! || Future || Anterior Future || Conditional || Conditional past
|-
| ''1st sing'' || ò d'ëver || ò d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèi || ëvrèi ëvut 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || à d'ëver || à d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèş || ëvrèş ëvut 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || à d'ëver || à d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèib || ëvrèib ëvut 
|-
| ''1st plur'' || ëbian d'ëver || ëbian d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèm || ëvrèm ëvut 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || ëbet d'ëver || ëbet d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèşt || ëvrèşt ëvut 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || àn d'ëver || àn d'ëver ëvut || ëvrèiber || ëvrèiber ëvut 
|-
! || Imperative || || Present participle || Past participle 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || àbi || ''sing masc'' || ëvent || ëvut
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || àbi || ''sing fem'' || ëvent || ëvute 
|- 
| ''1st plur'' || ëbiàm || ''plur masc'' || ëvenç || ëvuç 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || ëbiàt || ''plur fem'' || ëvenç || ëvut 
|}


Usually, when the auxiliary verb is ''eser'', past particles agree in genre and number with the subject:
* We went home: ''Noaltŗ siam ëndaç a case''
* She was born in Rome: ''La ei nate ën Rome''

====Reflexive verbs====
Reflexive verbs are verbs whose action falls on their own subject, or the subject makes the action on itself or for itself. The auxiliary verb for past tense formation is always ''eser''. A large part of normal transitive verbs can become reflexive by adding the following pronouns or the following endings.

Usually with normal tenses there are these pronouns, placed before the verb:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person || Reflexive pronouns
|-
| ''1st sing'' || mi 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || çi 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || si 
|-
| ''1nd plur'' || ni 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || vi 
|-
| ''3nd plur'' || si 
|}

Examples:&lt;br&gt;
* I wash myself: ''I mi lav''.
* Her name is... (she is called...): ''La si çam...''

With the infinitive this pronouns become endings, added in the end of the word. They are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person || Reflexive endings
|-
| ''1st sing'' || -ṃ 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || -ç 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || -ş 
|-
| ''1nd plur'' || -ņ 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || -ṿ 
|-
| ''3nd plur'' || -ş 
|}

Example:
* He wanted to wash himself: ''Eł voleve lëvarş''

But you can find the pronoun moved before the first verb, without changing the general meaning:
* He wanted to wash himself: ''Eł si voleve lëvar''

In dictionary you will find the 3rd singular form of the infinitive (ex: ''lëvarş'') for reflexive verbs.


====Irregular verbs====
Itëłan is very full of irregular verbs, most of all born after the phonetic changes. Here we'll give a list of the most common irregular verbs. Usually irregular forms are only in some tenses, and we will give only those forms. (''Pres'': present tense; ''Imperf'': imperfect; ''Cond'': conditional present; ''Part pres'': present participle; ''Part pass'': past participle)

* ''Ber'' - to drink - ''pres'': bev, beṿ, bev, beviam, bevet, bevon; ''imperf'': bevev, beveṿ, beveve, bevevam, bevevat, bevevan; ''part pres'': beveint; ''part pass'': bevut
* ''Dar'' - to give - ''pres'': do, da, da, diam, dat, dan; ''imperf'': dav, daṿ, dave, dëvam, dëvat, davan; ''cond'': dërei, dëreş, dëreib, dërem, dëreşt, dëreiber; ''part pass'': dat
* ''Dir'' - to say - ''pres'': dic, diç, diç, diçam, dit, dicon; ''imperf'': diçev, diçeṿ, diçeve, diçevam, diçevat, diçevan; ''part pres'': diçeint; ''part pass'': dest
* ''Ëndar'' - to go - ''pres'': vo, va, va, ëndiam, ëndat, van; ''cond'': ëndrei, ëndreş, ëndreib, ëndrem, ëndreşt, ëndreiber
* ''Far'' - to do - ''pres'': faç, fa, fa, fëçàm, fat, fan; ''imperf'': fëçev, fëçeṿ, fëçeve, fëçevàm, fëçevat, fëçèvan; ''cond'', farei, fareş, fareib, farem, fareşt, fareiber; ''part pres'': façeint; ''part pass'': fast
* ''Poter'' - to can - ''pres'': pos, pò, pol, posiam, potet, poson; ''cond'': potrei, potreş, potreib, potrem, potreşt, potreiber
* ''Sëper'' - to know - ''pres'': so, sa, sa, sëpiam, sëpet, san; ''cond'': sëprei, sëpreş, sëpreib, sëprem, sëpreşt, sëpreiber; ''part pres'': sapieint
* ''Ştar'' - to stay - ''pres'': şto, şta, şta, ştiam, ştat, ştan; ''imperf'': ştav, ştaṿ, ştave, ştëvam, ştëvat, ştavan; ''cond'': ştërei, ştëreş, ştëreib, ştërem, ştëreşt, ştëreiber; ''part pass'': ştat
* ''Veder'' - to see - ''cond'': vedrei, vedreş, vedreib, vedrem, vedreşt, vedreiber; ''part pass'': vişt
* ''Venir'' - to come - ''pres'': veing, vieņ, vien, veniam, venit, veingon; ''cond'': verei, vereş, vereib, verem, vereşt, vereiber
* ''Voler'' - to want - ''pres'': voł, vu, vol, vołam, volet, vołon; ''cond'': vorei, voreş, voreib, vorem, voreşt, voreiber;

'''Half-irregular verbs'''

We created this separated list because many of these verbs have no real irregularities, but they are only affected by the phonetical change under stress. There are two group:

# These verbs are affected by the change '''''a'' → ''ë'''''. At the first three persons and in the third plural person in the present tense, the stress fall on the root syllable of these verbs, and the ancient ''a'' is restored. An example is the verb ''cëntar''.
# These verbs are affected by the change '''''open e'' → ''ei'''''. As the previous group, at the first three persons and in the third plural person in the present tense, the stress fall on the root syllable of these verbs; usually under stress the ancient ''closed e'' turned into ''open e'' and thus became the diphtong '''ei'''. An example is the verb ''sentir''.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || cëntar || sentir 
|-
| ''1st sing'' || '''cànt''' || '''sèint''' 
|-
| ''2nd sing'' || '''cànç''' || '''sèinç''' 
|-
| ''3rd sing'' || '''cànte''' || '''sèint''' 
|-
| ''1st plur'' || cëntiàm || sentiàm 
|-
| ''2nd plur'' || cëntàt || sentìt 
|-
| ''3rd plur'' || '''càntan''' || '''sèinton'''
|}


* ''Group 1'': bëlar, cëder, cëntar, çëmar, ëmar, lëvar, mënģar, përlar
* ''Group 2'': pensar, sentir

===Padër noştŗ - Lord's pray===
:Padër noştŗ, ëlcal sè ën çeil
:Sì sëntificat ël Tu nom
:Veinge ël Tu reņ
:Sì fate le Tu volontè
:Ştomod ën çel, ştomod ën teire
:Dani oģ ël noştŗ pan cotidian
:E rimeiç a noi łë noştŗ debiç
:Ştomod com noaltŗ lor rimetiam ał noştŗ debitoŗ
:E no ni portar ën tentësion
:Me ni libere del mal
:Amen

===Le tor dë Bëbel - Babel text===

Tute le teire përlave le ştese linge e usave lë ştes përol. 

Mentr venivan del orieint, łë omiņ an trovat une piënure nel paes dë Şinear e si son fermaç ci. 

Lor an dest a lor şteş: &quot;Fëçàm dëł mëtoņ e lor coçiam con ël foc!&quot; E an usat mëtoņ al poşt dël pieitr, e bitum al poşt dele calç. 

E lor an dest: &quot;Coştruiam une çite e une tor, le çime de lecal pol ërivar al çeil, ştomod çë no ëbiam d'eser disperş sur le façe dele teire&quot;. 

E Di ei şes per veder le çite e le tor, lëcał łë fił dëł omiņ ştavan coştruieinç. 

E Di a dest: &quot;Ec, lor son un sol popol e tuç lor an ël ştes lingaģ; e ştoci ei ël inizi dël lor lëvor; ore, lor poson far tut ëlcal lor vołon. 

Şendiam e confondiam ël lor lingaģ, ştomod çë lor no poson cëpirş!&quot; 

E Di lor a dispers de cel poşt sur le façe dele teire, e lor an smes dë coştruir le çite. 

Ştomod şteci çite si çam Bëbel, perce ci Di a confus ël lingaģ dë tute le teire, e de ci Di lor a dispers sur tute le teire.

[[category:conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta etra.GIF</title>
    <id>5530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39339</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:55:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta jala.GIF</title>
    <id>5531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39340</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta kadra.GIF</title>
    <id>5532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39341</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta nukta.GIF</title>
    <id>5533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39342</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sano.png</title>
    <id>5534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36340</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-24T14:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta sequence.GIF</title>
    <id>5535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39344</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Scriptorium banner.png</title>
    <id>5536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36358</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-24T18:39:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scriptorium Bulletin Board</title>
    <id>5537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52009</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Scriptorium banner.png]]

----

*The '''Scriptorium Bulletin Board''' (or '''Scriptorium''' for short) is a phpBB-powered community of primarily conscriptors, conlangers and conworlders. 
*The community originated as a meeting place for conscriptors, conlangers and conworlders.  
*The now defunct [[Savukk]] project was born of the members of the Scriptorium. 
*It was created and is administered by [[User:Qang|Sano]].
*It includes a forum specific to [[Qatama]].

----

* [http://scriptorium.17.forumer.com/index.php Scriptorium Bulletin Board]

----

Scriptorium rank icons.

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 35%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%; clear: right&quot;
|- align=center style=&quot;background:#C0C0C0&quot;
| '''Glyph''' || '''Name''' || '''# of posts'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:8 kanako.PNG]] || '''Kanako''' || '''Special rank'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:9 pana rain.PNG]] || '''Pana''' || '''Special rank'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:1 kitsa darkness.PNG]] || '''Kitsa''' || '''5'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:2 kono rock.PNG]] || '''Kono''' || '''25'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:3 tali metal.PNG]] || '''Tali''' || '''50'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:4 kaya earth.PNG]] || '''Kaya''' || '''100'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:5 maya water.PNG]] || '''Maya''' || '''225'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:6 tlatsa fire.PNG]] || '''Tlatsa''' || '''450'''
|- align=center
| [[Image:7 yasa air.PNG]] || '''Yasa''' || '''900'''
|}

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - herptiles</title>
    <id>5538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55168</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-17T18:14:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=
*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt; - Eukaryota
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Animalia
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Eumetazoa
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufħázðas&lt;/font&gt; - Deuterostomia
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħázðas&lt;/font&gt; - Chordata &lt;font color=green&gt;gúrnëpentées&lt;/font&gt;
******Subphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerħázðas&lt;/font&gt; - Vertebrata &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭoxmées&lt;/font&gt;
*******Superclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùpodégas&lt;/font&gt; - Tetrapoda &lt;font color=green&gt;???ées&lt;/font&gt;
********Class &lt;font color=blue&gt;odégas&lt;/font&gt;

†extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above level of species&lt;/font&gt;

=[[wikipedia:Sauropsida|Sauropsida]] (Reptilia) &lt;font color=green&gt;ſèlenées&lt;/font&gt;=
==Anapsida==
===Testudines===
====Testudinoidea====
*Testudinidae &lt;font color=green&gt;tĭaamváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Russian tortoise ''Testudo horsefieldii'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tĭáámes&lt;/font&gt;
*Emydidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ϙelváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**European pond turtle ''Emys orbicularis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙéles&lt;/font&gt;
====Chelonioidea====
*Cheloniidae &lt;font color=green&gt;mòòrϙelváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**loggerhead turtle ''C. c. caretta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;moorϙéles&lt;/font&gt;

==Diapsida==
===Lepidosauromorpha===
====Lacertilia====
=====Iguania=====
*Agamidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ćaabváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Caucasian agama ''Agama caucasica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćáábes&lt;/font&gt;
=====Scincomorpha=====
*Scincidae &lt;font color=green&gt;???váálas&lt;/font&gt;
*Lacertidae &lt;font color=green&gt;laĸèrtëváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**common lizard ''Zootoca vivipara'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;laĸértes&lt;/font&gt;

=====Diploglossa=====
*Anguidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ćaabàngüváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**slowworm ''Anguis fragilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćaabángŭes&lt;/font&gt;

=====Varanoidea=====
*Varanidae &lt;font color=green&gt;meħćààbëváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**monitor ''Varanidae spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħćáábes&lt;/font&gt;

====Serpentes====
=====Alethinophidia=====
*Viperidae &lt;font color=green&gt;nèèþrëváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Viperinae
***saw-scaled viper ''Echis carinatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;badòĸenééþres&lt;/font&gt;
**Crotalinae pit viper ''Crotalidae sp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħèɱïééþres&lt;/font&gt;
***common adder ''Vipera berus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;nééþres&lt;/font&gt;
*Elapidae &lt;font color=green&gt;???váálas&lt;/font&gt;
**cobra ''Naja oxiana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸooðnééþres&lt;/font&gt;
**four-lined rat snake ''Elaphe quatuorlineata'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭèrvurĸángŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**leopard snake ''Elaphe situla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;làſdorángŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**dwarf snake ''Eirenus collaris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gìȝźefnéértes&lt;/font&gt;
*Boidae &lt;font color=green&gt;???váálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Eryx jaculatus
*Pythonidae &lt;font color=green&gt;lìngëváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Indian python ''Python molurus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;línges&lt;/font&gt;

=====Scolicophidia=====
*Typhlopidae &lt;font color=green&gt;roobàngüváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**vermiform blindsnake ''Typhlops vermicularis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;roobáángŭes&lt;/font&gt;

===Archosauromorpha===
====Crocodylamorpha====
=====Crocodilia=====
*Alligatoridae &lt;font color=green&gt;mòdïváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**Chinese alligator ''Alligator sinensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;módĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Crocodylidae &lt;font color=green&gt;???váálas&lt;/font&gt;
**mugger crocodile ''Crocodylus palustris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;???es&lt;/font&gt;
*Gavialidae &lt;font color=green&gt;???váálas&lt;/font&gt;
**gharial ''Gavialis spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;???es&lt;/font&gt;

=====Pyrosauria=====
*Pyrosauridae &lt;font color=green&gt;ſaarváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**†western dragon ''Draco atrox'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mĭúdes&lt;/font&gt;
**†eastern dragon ''Ouranokyrios benevolus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſááres&lt;/font&gt;

=Amphibia=
==Anura==
*Bufonidae &lt;font color=green&gt;guèèvëváálas&lt;/font&gt;
**European toad '' B. bufo'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭééves&lt;/font&gt;
**green toad ''Bufo viridis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðalgŭééves&lt;/font&gt;
*Ranidae &lt;font color=green&gt;rààſĸëvááles&lt;/font&gt;
**edible-, black-eared-, -frog ''Rana temporaria'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;rááſĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**Moor frog ''Rana arvalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;rááſĸëles&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Europe germanic languages.PNG</title>
    <id>5539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36392</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-25T12:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Germanic languages in Europe</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Germanic languages in Europe</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - fish</title>
    <id>5540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55167</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-17T17:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Classification */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=
*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt; - Eukaryota
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;éϙras&lt;/font&gt; - Animalia
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;neréϙras&lt;/font&gt; - Eumetazoa
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufréɱmas&lt;/font&gt; - Deuterostomia
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;leúðas&lt;/font&gt; - Chordata &lt;font color=green&gt;gùrnëpentées&lt;/font&gt;
******Subphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerleéðas&lt;/font&gt; - Vertebrata &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭoxmées&lt;/font&gt;
*******Infraphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nìterleúðas&lt;/font&gt; - Gnathostomata &lt;font color=green&gt;?êes&lt;/font&gt;
********Superclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùpodégas&lt;/font&gt;
*********Class &lt;font color=blue&gt;odégas&lt;/font&gt;

† extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

=Chondrichthyes &lt;font color=green&gt;ħúðes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Batoidea==
==Selachimorpha &lt;font color=green&gt;ɱríínes&lt;/font&gt;==
*Sphrynidae
**[[wikipedia:hammerhead shark|&lt;font color=red&gt;hammerhead shark&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;font color=green&gt;temĸálpes&lt;/font&gt;

=Osteichthyes &lt;font color=green&gt;píſĸes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Acipenseriformes &lt;font color=green&gt;bèĸüćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Acipenseridae
**sterlet ''Acipenser ruthenus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;béĸŭes&lt;/font&gt;
**European sea sturgeon ''Acipenser sturio'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſámpes&lt;/font&gt;
**beluga sturgeon ''H. huso'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸĭátes&lt;/font&gt;

==Anguilliformes &lt;font color=green&gt;èèzlëćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Anguillidae
**European eel ''A. anguilla'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;éézles&lt;/font&gt;
**&lt;font color=red&gt;Indian mottled eel&lt;/font&gt; ''Anguilla b. bengalensis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;malánges&lt;/font&gt;

==Cypriniformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸòflëćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Cobitidae
**weatherfish ''Misgurnus fossilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúbes&lt;/font&gt;
*Cyprinidae
**chub ''Leuciscus cephalus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;alóntes&lt;/font&gt;
**golden orfe ''Leuciscus idus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſáɱnes&lt;/font&gt;
**carp bream ''Abramis brama'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;atéles&lt;/font&gt;
**blue bream, zope ''Abramis ballerus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;váϙres&lt;/font&gt;
**silver bream ''Abramis bjoerkna'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸéćes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;keso&lt;/font&gt;, ''Abramis bjoerkna'')
**bleak ''A. alburnus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;èħerdĭáges&lt;/font&gt;
**common carp ''Cyprinus carpio'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸófles&lt;/font&gt;
**minnow ''P. phoxinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;mínĭes&lt;/font&gt;
**white-finned gudgeon ''Gobio albipinnatus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;níres&lt;/font&gt;
**common roach ''R. rutilus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;púſes&lt;/font&gt;

==Esociformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ćorćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Esocidae
**northern pike ''Esox lucius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćóres&lt;/font&gt;

==Perciformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ſamćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Moronidae
**European seabass ''Dicentrarchus labrax'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vórſes&lt;/font&gt;
*Osphrenemidae
**betta ''Betta splendens'' &lt;font color=red&gt;ànþëpíſĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Percidae
**ruffe ''Gymnocephalus cernuus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸíſĸes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Finnish &lt;font color=green&gt;kiiski&lt;/font&gt;, ''Gymnocephalus cernuus'')
*Scombridae
**mackerel ''Scomber scombrus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſámes&lt;/font&gt;

==Pleuronectiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸulćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Pleuronectidae
**plaice ''Pleuronectes platessa'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸúles&lt;/font&gt;
*Scophthalmidae
**turbot ''Scophthalmus maximus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;atíſes&lt;/font&gt;

==Salmoniformes &lt;font color=green&gt;laſćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Salmonidae
**brown trout ''Salmo trutta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ànĸoráárĸes&lt;/font&gt;
**Atlantic salmon ''Salmo salar'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;láćes&lt;/font&gt;
**European perch ''Perca fluviatilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pérćes&lt;/font&gt;
*Coregonidae
**white salmon ''Stenodus nelma'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ónćes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Komi &lt;font color=green&gt;uǯ&lt;/font&gt;, ''Stenodus nelma'')

==Siluriformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ſilòrſëćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Siluridae
**sheatfish, Wels catfish ''Silurus glanis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſilórſes&lt;/font&gt;

==Gadiformes &lt;font color=green&gt;ſĭàngëćáxas&lt;/font&gt;==
*Lotidae
**burbot ''L. lola'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſĭánges&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>French</title>
    <id>5541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45998</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:37:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>stub, cat, doesn't seem to be in-progress</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">French is a Romance language spoken in modern France, Canada, Haiti, and many other places.
{{stub}}
[[Category:Romance natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>North Germanic</title>
    <id>5542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51475</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:15:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>catzn.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a sub-section of [[Germanic]] languages.
Listing of North Germanic Languages
*North Germanic or [[Proto-Norse]]
**[[Old Norse]]
***[[Old West Norse]]
****[[Old Icelandic]]
****[[Icelandic]]
****[[Old Norwegian]]
****[[Norwegian]]
*****[[Bokmål]]
*****[[Nynorsk]]
****[[Faroese]]
***[[Old East Norse]]
****[[Old Swedish]]
****[[Swedish]]
****[[Old Danish]]
****[[Danish]]

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Low Saxon</title>
    <id>5543</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>36538</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-26T21:06:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Low German]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Low German]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cadim index</title>
    <id>5544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43366</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:45:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Terzemian</title>
    <id>5545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36703</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-28T11:59:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Paul.w.bennett</username>
        <id>301</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Georgian Verb */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Georgian Verb=

Preverb-Subject-Preradical-Root-PFSF-TAM-Object-Subject

==Preverb==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|a-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|up
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ča-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|down

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|še-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|in
|align = &quot;center&quot;|ga-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|out

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|gada-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|across
|align = &quot;center&quot;|c̣a-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|away

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mi-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|away
|align = &quot;center&quot;|mo-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|towards

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|da-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|''(various)''
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

==Subject==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Sg
|align = &quot;center&quot;|Pl

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|1.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|v-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|v-t

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|2.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-t

|-
|align = &quot;center&quot;|3.
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-*
|align = &quot;center&quot;|-*

|}&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;

The asterisk indicates that the 3rd Person subject marker varies by verb.

==PFSF==

Verbs may be Aorist, Perfect, or Nonpast. Nonpast is marked by a verb-dependant PFSF marker.

==TAM==

Additional TAM distinctions may be provided in a separate suffix.

==Object==

3rd Person Object has a ∅ marker.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unamed</title>
    <id>5546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36656</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-28T04:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lexicon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a naming language that is intended to be spoken by elves in a fictional setting.

== Pronunciation ==

'''Vowels:'''

'''aa''' (long): as in f'''a'''ther

'''a''' (short): as in d'''a'''rk

'''e:''' as in the Welsh; as in wh'''e'''re 

'''i:''' as in the &quot;y&quot; sound in wh'''y''' 

'''o''': as in b'''o'''rn 

'''u''': as in l'''u'''ck


'''Dipthongs:'''

'''ai:''' pronounced the same as the Welsh &quot;ai&quot; in the word '''eye'''.

'''ais:''' pronounced the same as the French &quot;ea&quot; in the word br'''ea'''d (but longer).

'''au:''' pronounced the same as the German &quot;au&quot; in the word rest'''au'''rant.

'''eu:''' pronounced the same as the Welsh &quot;eu&quot; in the &quot;ay&quot; sound in s'''ay'''.


'''Consonants:'''

'''b:''' as in '''b'''ed.

'''c:''' a soft sound, as in the Welsh &quot;c&quot; in the word '''c'''an.  

'''d:''' as in '''d'''eath, or as the &quot;th&quot; sound in the word &quot;'''th'''e&quot;. 

'''f:''' as in '''f'''un (unvoiced), or as in '''f'''ire (voiced).

'''g:''' a soft sound, as in the French &quot;g&quot; in the word as in sabota'''g'''e.

'''h:''' (silent).

'''j:''' as in the &quot;y&quot; sound in '''y'''our.

'''k:''' as in the &quot;c&quot; sound in the word '''c'''an.  

'''l:''' as in '''l'''ie.

'''m:''' as in '''m'''an.

'''n:''' as in '''n'''un.

'''p:''' as in '''p'''ale.

'''q:''' as in '''q'''uick.

'''r:''' as in the French r in Pa'''r'''is.

'''s:''' as in '''s'''un.

'''t:''' as in '''t'''oast.

'''v:''' as in '''v'''et.

'''w:''' as in '''w'''ater.

'''x:''' as in e'''x'''it.

'''y:''' as in '''y'''es.

'''z:''' as in the German &quot;z&quot;; like the &quot;ts&quot; sound in the word &quot;po'''ts'''.&quot;  


'''Notes:'''

*/c/ and /k/ are pronounced the same regardless to their position within a word. 

*/d/ is pronounced as the &quot;th&quot; sound in the word the at &quot;'''th'''e&quot; end of a word.

== Lexicon ==
'''Aisnauran''' [E-nau-ran]: valley

'''Aanaulenav''' [Aa-nau-len-av]: forrest

'''Elidaisauv''' [E-li-dai-sau-v]: lake

'''Laudeunored''' [Lau-deu-nor-ed]: mountain</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aspiration</title>
    <id>5547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58921</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T22:56:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Personak</username>
        <id>1449</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Aspiration''' is to [h] what [[prenasalization]] is to nasals, and frication to [[affricate]]s: a merging of the sound as a part of a build-up or release of another, usually a stop. It is denoted in the [[IPA]] by a subscript &lt;h&gt;: [ʰ]. There are two main types:

==Postaspiration==
By far the most common type of aspiration is postaspiration of voiceless stops. Postaspirated voiceless stops (and affricates) are found phonemically in many languages, including eg. most of the [[Indo-Aryan]], Caucasian, and [[Na-Dene]] families. They are found allophonic to plain voiceless stops in eg. [[Germanic languages]]. They are rather stable but may decay to fricatives (likely via a brief affricate stage, the remains of which still exist in e.g. [[German]]). A less usual outcome is [[buccal]]ization of the aspiration, which produces clusters of stop/affricate + a dorsal fricativ /x/ or /χ/, as found in eg. [[Navajo]].

Aspirated voiced stops are less common. Usually this involves [[breathy voice]] on the actual stop portion and/or during the release, which may be captured by the IPA symbol [ʱ]. They're reconstructed for [[Proto-Indo-European]] and survive in the Indo-Aryan branch (alongside the newer voiceless aspirate stops). Their fate in the other branches demonstrates their greiter instability: they became voiceless (post)aspirates in [[Greek]] and [[Italic]], voiced spirants in [[Iranian]] and plain voiced stops in most other branches. (The last scenario may however be misleading, since these voiced aspirates most likely originate from pre-IE plain voiced stops, and so some branches may have never had them at all.) Voiced aspirates are passingly recorded in other language families, too, usually as an intermediate stage on a pathway from voiced stops to voiceless aspirated stops. Currently they can be found in eg. southern Bantu languages such as [[Xhosa]].

Aspirated continuants are rare, but attested. Two examples are [[Burmese]] (with /sʰ/) and [[Sanskrit]] (with aspirated liquids).

==Preaspiration==
Preaspirated consonants are basically limited to voiceless stops in the postvocalic position. This is a rather unstable type, and will easily decay to a sequence of stop + homorganic fricativ (e.g. [ʰk] → [xk]) or plain voiceless stops (possibly with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel). Preaspiration may very rarely contrast with postaspiration, but a more common pattern is (medial) preaspiration being allophonic with (initial) postaspiration.

Preaspiration can rise from the lenition of voiceless fricativs (e.g. [sk] → [ʰk]) but also from gemination and possibly preglottalization.

==Sound changes==
===To===
Plosives become aspirated in these conditions:
*/ _[Laryngeal] in Sanskrit
*/ _ in Armenian (voiceless became voiced, voiceless aspirated lost aspiration)
*/ _h (''example?'')

===From===
Aspirated plosives can become:
* Unaspirated
* Fricatives in numerous conditions:
** / V_ in Avestan
** / V_V in Old Irish and Gothic

===Source===
Silverman, Daniel (2002): ''[http://www.seedyroad.com/academics/cls38.pdf On the rarity of preaspirated stops]'', Journal of Linguistics #39 / 2003.
[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aspirated</title>
    <id>5548</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>36615</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-27T13:43:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redir</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Aspiration]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norwegian</title>
    <id>5549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47593</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:14:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources and Links */ cat:gmc</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Norwegian is a [[North Germanic]] Language spoken in Norway.  It is a decedent of [[Old West Norse]].
{{Language|
| English = Norwegian
| native = Norsk
| dialect english = 
| country = Norway
| nativecountry = Norge /(Nynosrk) Noreg
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 4.8 million native.
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[North Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[West Old Norse]]
| wordorder = SVO, OVS/V2
| type = Isolating (mostly)
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1525 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = red
| width = 33%
}}

=Norway=
The primary location where Norwegian is spoken is in Norway.  The name Norway in English comes from the Anglo-Saxon name '''Norðweg''' meaning '''North-way'''.  This is also seen in [[Old Norse]] in the word '''Norðmaðr''' which means both '''North-man''' and '''Norwegian''' (in that sense they might be one in the same).

[[Image:Norsk svensk and dansk.png|right|thumb]]
Norwegian has two standards, '''Nynorsk''' and the more popular written variation '''Bokmål'''.  Norwegian Orthography is very close to that of [[Danish]], because for a long time the Danish had control over Norway.  However, the spoken language is closer to Swedish.  This means [[Swedish]] and Norwegian people would more easily understand each other in conversation, while Danish and Norwegian people would better understand each other's written languages.  Danish speakers can understand Norwegian better than the reverse, due to Norwegian having a different phonetic structure to orthographic spellings. This makes Norwegian as a language dead center between Swedish and Danish.

=Phonetics and Phonology=
==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2|Retroflex ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || ɳ || ||  || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || ||  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || ʈ || ɖ ||  || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} ||  || {{IPA|ʃ}} ||  || ʂ || || || ç || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || ||  || || {{IPA|ʦ}} || || (ʧ)  || || ||  || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || ||  ||  || || || || || || ||  || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || ||  || || {{IPA|r}} || || || || (ɽ) ||  || || || (ʀ)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || ||  || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || ɭ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* Most of the letters are identical with their IPA equivalents, such as: b, p, t, d, f, v, j, h, s, l, r, m, and n.
* When an '''r''' is in front of another consonant, it can make it retroflex these include '''rs''' /ʂ/, '''rt''' /ʈ/, '''rd''' /ɖ/, '''rl''' /ɭ/, and '''rn''' /ɳ/.  This also differs by dialect, and can result in /ʀs/ /ʀt/, /ʀd/, /ʀl/, and /ʀn/ are used.
* The orthographic '''k''' is pronounced /k/ except when in front of a '''i''' /i/, '''y''' /y/ or '''j''' /j/, where it becomes a /ç/.  '''tj''' is also pronounced /ç/.
* '''w''' is pronounced /v/.
* '''sk''' is pronounced /sk/ except when in front of '''i''' /i/, '''y''' /y/, or '''j''' /j/, where it becomes /ʃ/ (except in some dialects).  '''sj''' is also pronounced /ʃ/.
* '''g''' is pronounced /g/ except when in front of '''i''' /i/, '''y''' /y/, or '''j''' /j/, where it becomes /j/.  At the end of a word, '''g''' is often either not pronounced or becomes a /j/ sound. 
* In some dialects /v/ is pronounced /ʋ/ instead.

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || iː - i || yː - y || ʉː - ʉ || uː
|- 
| Mid || eː - e/ɛ || øː - ø || ə || oː - o /ɔː - ɔ
|-
| Low || æː - æ || || aː - a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries are: Long - Short
|}
In Norwegian there is a separation between Long and Short vowels.  There are minimal pairs such as '''tak''' /taːk/ ''roof'', verse '''takk''' /tak/ ''thanks''.
* '''y''' is /yː/ and /y/.
* '''ø''' is /øː/ and /ø/.
* '''e''' is /eː/, /e/, /ɛ/, or /ə/.
* '''i''' is /iː/ and /i/.
* '''u''' is /ʉː/ and /ʉ/.
* '''o''' is /uː/, /oː/ and occasionally /ɔ/.
* '''a''' is /ɑː/ and /ɑ/.
* '''æ''' is /æː/ and /æ/.
* '''å''' is /ɔː/ and /ɔ/.

=Grammar=

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Norwegian originally had three genders, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.  However, in many of the later stages and most of the modern dialects, the Masculine and Feminine genders have merged into a Common gender.  However, even in '''Bokmål''' the feminine gender does occasionally exist.  Because around 75% of nouns were once Masculine or Feminine, that is the amount which is Common, leaving 25% for the Neuter gender.  The feminine gender does in
===Number===
There are two numbers in Norwegian: Singular and Plural.  Singular is the usual state of the noun, and the form found in the dictionary.  The Plural is formed by adding '''-er''' to the end of the noun.  In neuter nouns with one syllable, the plural can be identical to the singular.
===Articles===
There are two types of articles for English, Indefinite and Definite.  The number also comes into play, the indefinite plural is mentioned above.  The definite articles in Norwegian are attached to the end of the noun.  The indefinite article would go before the noun.  The Common form is '''en''', and '''et''' for the Neuter form.  So to say ''a dog'' it is '''en hund''', and ''the dog'' is '''hunden'''.  And to say ''a hotel'' it is '''et hotell''', and ''the hotel'' is '''hotellet'''.   In the plural, the informal ending is '''-er''' and the formal ending is '''-ene'''.  So to say ''dogs'' it is '''hunder''', and ''the dogs'' is '''hundene'''.  And to say ''hotels'' it is '''hoteller''', and ''the hotels'' is '''hotellene'''.  In monosyllabic neuter nouns, the indefinite plural ending '''-er''' is not present, though all other forms are.  So the singular form in the indefinite of ''a house'' is '''et hus''' and the plural indefinite form of ''house'' is just '''hus''', with the definite being '''huset''' and '''husene''' in the plural.  Quite a few Norwegian nouns have a irregular forms.
===Genitive===
[[Old Norse]], like its (sometimes distant) relatives [[Old English]], [[Icelandic]], and [[High German]], had a complex series of cases that would be used for every noun.  All of them had around four (Old English had the remnants of a 5th, which later died away) and were as follows: Nominative (subject), Accusative (direct object), Dative (indirect object), and Genitive (possessives).  However, in modern Norwegian, like Danish and Swedish, the first three cases were merged into one, and the Genitive somehow survived (like in [[Modern English]]).  The ending, similar to English, is '''-s'''.
===Noun Paradigm===

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Indef. sing.
! Def. sing.
! Indef. pl.
! Def. pl.
|-
| '''Common''' || en hund  || hunden  || hunder || hundene
|-
| '''Neuter polysyllabic'''  || et hotell || hotellet || hoteller || hotellene
|-
| '''Nt. Monosyllabic'''  || et hus || huset || hus || husene
|}

==Adjectives==
Adjectives agree with nouns according to gender, definiteness, and number.  There is a Common indefinite, Neuter indefinite, and everything else (which all have the same form).  The common indefinite form is usually the root of the adjective.  The Neuter indefinite article often has an ending of '''-t'''.  For everything else, such as indefinite plural, definite plural, definite common, and definite neuter, the ending '''-e''' is the regular ending.  There are several forms which do not take the proper endings, such as forms which end with '''-ig''' or in most cases, '''-sk''' which don't have a neuter indefinite form, but does have the '''-e''' in the plural.  There are also those which add '''-tt''' in the neuter indefinite, especially if its stem ends in a vowel and the vowel length must be preserved.  Some have to convert the last consonant in words ending with two consonants, into a '''t'''.  An example might be '''sunn''' to '''sunt'''.
===Adjectives with articles===
In the cases of the indefinite article, the normal article is added before the adjective, such as '''en god hund''', ''' et godt hotell''', or '''gode hunder''' .  However, in the definite cases, something new is added.  In these cases, a definite article is used before the adjective.  The normal definite article is added to the end, as well as this additional article.  So the examples above become '''de gode hunden''', '''det gode hotellet''' or '''de gode hundene'''.

===Adjective Paradigm===
Using '''god''' ''good''.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! 
! Indef. sing.
! Def. sing.
! Indef. pl.
! Def. pl.
|-
| '''Common''' || en god hund  || den gode hunden  || gode hunder || de gode hundene
|-
| '''Neuter polysyllabic'''  || et godt hotell || det gode hotellet || gode hoteller || de gode hotellene
|-
| '''Nt. Monosyllabic'''  || et godt hus || det gode huset || gode hus || de gode husene
|}

==Adverbs==
Most adverbs that are formed from Adjectives use the neuter form, so '''god''' ''good'', becomes '''godt''' ''well''.  Another major ending for adverbs is '''-vis''', with examples such as '''gradvis''' ''gradually''.
There are several other adverbs which have their own specific meanings and usages, such as the negation '''ikke''' ''not'', '''nå''' ''now'', '''lenge''' ''long'', and '''alltid''' ''always''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Some adverbs change form depending on if the verb is a verb of motion or not.   Most of the differences involve the suffix '''-e''', but others such as '''her''' vs. '''hit''' ''here'' and '''der''' vs. '''dit''' ''there'' are a bit more irregular.  Examples of this might be: &lt;br&gt;
'''Komm hit!''' ''Come here!''
'''Jeg er her.''' ''I am here.''

==Pronouns==
===Subject Pronouns===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Singular
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Plural
|-
| '''First''' || jeg || vi
|-
| '''Second'''  || du || dere
|-
| '''Third Masculine'''  || han || de
|-
| '''Third Feminine''' || hun || de
|-
| '''Third Common/Neuter''' || den/det || de
|}

===Object Pronouns===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Singular
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Plural
|-
| '''First''' || meg || oss
|-
| '''Second'''  || deg || dere
|-
| '''Third Masculine'''  || ham || dem
|-
| '''Third Feminine''' || henne || dem
|-
| '''Third Common/Neuter''' || den/det || dem
|}

===Reflexive Pronouns===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Singular
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| Plural
|-
| '''First''' || meg || oss
|-
| '''Second'''  || deg || dere
|-
| '''Third'''  || seg || seg
|-
|}

==Preposition==
The following is a list of prepositions: &lt;br&gt;
'''av''' - of, from, by &lt;br&gt;
'''blant''' - among, belong to &lt;br&gt;
'''etter''' - after, &lt;br&gt;
'''for''' - for, &lt;br&gt;
'''fra''' - from  &lt;br&gt;
'''før''' - before &lt;br&gt;
'''hos''' - at, with &lt;br&gt;
'''i''' - in &lt;br&gt; 
'''med''' - with &lt;br&gt;
'''mellom''' - between &lt;br&gt;
'''mot''' - against, towards &lt;br&gt;
'''om''' - about, around, concerning &lt;br&gt;
'''over''' - over &lt;br&gt;
'''på''' - on, in &lt;br&gt;
'''til''' - until &lt;br&gt;
'''under''' - under, during &lt;br&gt;
'''ved''' - at, with by &lt;br&gt;

==Conjunctions==
===Coordinating Conjunctions===
'''og''' - and &lt;br&gt;
'''men''' - but &lt;br&gt;
'''eller''' - or &lt;br&gt;
'''for''' - for, because &lt;br&gt;
'''samt'''- as well as &lt;br&gt;
'''både...og''' - both...and &lt;br&gt;
'''enten...eller''' - either...or &lt;br&gt;
'''hverken...eller''' - neither...nor &lt;br&gt;
===Subordinating Conjunctions===
'''at''' - that &lt;br&gt;
'''da''' - as, when &lt;br&gt;
'''fordi''' - because &lt;br&gt;
'''siden''' - since &lt;br&gt;
'''ettersom''' -since &lt;br&gt;
'''dersom''' - in the case that &lt;br&gt;
'''hvis''' - if &lt;br&gt;
'''med mindre''' - unless &lt;br&gt;
'''om''' - if, whether &lt;br&gt;
'''skjønt''' - although &lt;br&gt;
'''enskjønt''' - although &lt;br&gt;
'''selv om''' - even if, even though, &lt;br&gt;
'''når''' - when(ever) &lt;br&gt;
'''etter at''' - after &lt;br&gt;
'''før''' - before &lt;br&gt;
'''innen''' - before, until &lt;br&gt;
'''mens''' - while &lt;br&gt;
'''fra''' - from, forth &lt;br&gt;
'''så lenge som''' - as long as &lt;br&gt;
'''for at''' - so that &lt;br&gt;
'''så''' - so that, so &lt;br&gt;
'''så at''' - so that &lt;br&gt;
'''silk at''' - such that &lt;br&gt;
'''enn''' - than &lt;br&gt;
'''jo...jo'''/'''jo...desto''' - the...the &lt;br&gt;
'''Likesom''' - like &lt;br&gt;
'''som''' - as, like &lt;br&gt;
'''som om''' - as if &lt;br&gt;
'''så...som''' - as...as &lt;br&gt;

==Verbs==
&lt;i&gt; Main Articles: [[Norwegian Verbs]] &lt;i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
The infinitive in most Norwegian verbs is formed by the root and '''å''' before it (similar to English ''to'') and by adding '''-e''' unless the word has one syllable, i.e.  '''å kjøpe''' ''to buy'', '''å skrive''' ''to write'', '''å like''' ''to like'', and '''å prøve''' ''to try''.  There are quite a few exceptions to this rule, such as if the root of the verb is different than the infinitive form (irregular), such as '''å være''' (''to be'', whose present form is '''er''').  For monosyllabic verbs, the root is the form given, and since almost all Norwegian verbs end with a vowel, these usually don't need the '''-e''' suffix.  Examples include '''å se''' ''to see'', '''å bo''' ''to live''. &lt;br&gt;
=====Four Classes=====
* The first form, or class I, is a large class of verb and includes most verbs with the stem having a double consonant (gemminated or not) at the end.
* Another large class is class II, which has a long vowel and a single consonant in the stem.  Many in this category can end with '''ll''', '''mm''', '''nn''', '''ld''', or '''nd'''.  The gemminated ones often drop the second one in the past tense.
* Class III ends with a diphthong or '''-g''' or '''-v'''.
* Class IV ends with a stressed vowel.  
===Present===
Norwegian verbs are not distinctive according to person and number in the subject.  This means that the subject is required in order for the sentence to be understood.  The verbs '''å være''' ''to be'' and '''å ha''' ''to have'' are important verbs that also do not make a distinction according to person and number. A few verbs have irregular forms in the present tense.  Here are some examples, one from each of the four classes, with pronouns included:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg snakker  || vi snakker || jeg liker || vi liker || jeg prøver || vi prøver || jeg bor || vi bor 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du snakker || dere snakker || du liker || dere liker || du prøver || dere prøver || du bor || dere bor
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun snakker || de snakker || han/hun liker || de liker || han/hun prøver || de prøver || han/hun bor || de bor
|}

===Future===
The future tense is formed in Norwegian in a similar way to the way it is formed in English.  It uses modal verbs, specially '''vil''' and '''skal''', which are related to English '''will''' and '''shall'''.  The former, '''vil''' which is related to German '''wollen''' as well, means more along the lines of '''want''' in the future tense, and '''shall''' is more like apathetic in nature.  The expression
'''kommer til å''' is another one used to express the future tense, which is equivalent to English '''to be going to'''.  Here are the samples using the same verbs above.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Future tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg skal snakke  || vi skal snakke || jeg skal like || vi skal like || jeg skal prøve || vi skal prøve || jeg skal bo || vi skal bo 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du skal snakke || dere skal snakke || du skal like || dere skal like || du skal prøve || dere skal prøve || du skal bo || dere skal bo
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun skal snakke || de skal snakke || han/hun skal like || de skal like || han/hun skal prøve || de skal prøve || han/hun skal bo || de skal bo
|}

===Simple Past===
This is used in a way similar to English
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Past tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg snakket†  || vi snakket  || jeg likte || vi likte || jeg prøvde || vi prøvde || jeg bodde || vi bodde
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du snakket  || dere snakket  || du likte || dere likte || du prøvde || dere prøvde || du bodde || dere bodde
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun snakket  || de snakket  || han/hun likte || de likte || han/hun prøvde || de prøvde || han/hun bodde || de bodde
|}
†And alternate ending is '''-a''' instead of '''-et'''.

===Present Perfect===
The perfect tense is used with the verb '''ha''' + verb form.
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Present Perfect tense'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg har snakket || vi har snakket || jeg har likt || vi har likt || jeg har prøvd || vi har prøvd || jeg har bodd || vi har bodd 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du har snakket | dere har snakket || du har likt || dere har likt || du har prøvd || dere har prøvd || du har bodd || dere har bodd 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun har snakket || de har snakket || han/hun har likt || de har likt || han/hun har prøvd  || de har prøvd  || han/hun har bodd || de har bodd 
|}

===Passive Voice===
The passive voice is formed two different ways in Norwegian.  The first involves an auxiliary verb, '''å bli''', meaning '''become''' or '''remain''', and the past participle of the verb.  The other way involves adding '''-s''' to the end of the verb. &lt;br&gt;
With '''å bli''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Passive compound construction'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg blir snakket || vi blir snakket || jeg blir likt || vi blir likt || jeg blir prøvd || vi blir prøvd || jeg blir bodd || vi blir bodd 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du blir snakket || dere blir snakket || du blir likt || dere blir likt || du blir prøvd || dere blir prøvd || du blir bodd || dere blir bodd 
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun blir snakket || de blir snakket || han/hun blir likt || de blir likt || han/hun blir prøvd  || de blir prøvd  || han/hun blir bodd || de blir bodd 
|}
With '''-s''':
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- 
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Passive voice'''
|-
| '''Infinitive''' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å snakke''' ''to speak'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å like''' ''to like'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| '''å prøve''' ''to try'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''å bo''' ''to live''
|-
| || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl. || sing. || pl.
|-
| '''1st person'''  || jeg snakkes  || vi snakkes || jeg likes || vi likes || jeg prøves || vi prøves || jeg bos || vi bos 
|-
| '''2nd person'''  || du snakkes || dere snakkes || du likes || dere likes || du prøves || dere prøves || du bos || dere bos
|-
| '''3rd person''' || han/hun snakkes || de snakkes || han/hun likes || de likes || han/hun prøves || de prøves || han/hun bos || de bos
|}

===Modals and Auxiliaries===
The Modal verbs and Auxiliaries have few forms, but they do including infinitives and past tenses.  The Auxiliaries are necessary for a lot of things such as the perfect and passive formations  They are as follows:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
| '''English''' || '''Infinitive''' || '''Present''' || '''Past''' || '''Perfect'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Modals'''
|-
| '''to ought to, should'''  || å burde || bør || burde || å ha burdet
|-
| '''to need to'''  || å få || får || fikk || å ha fått
|-
| '''To be able, can''' || å kunne || kan || kunne || å ha hunnet
|-
| '''to have to, must'''  || å måtte || må  || måtte || å ha måttet
|-
| '''shall, will, should'''  || å skulle || skal || skulle || å ha skullet
|-
| '''to dare to''' || å tore || tør || torde || å ha tort
|-
| '''to want, will''' || å ville || vil || ville || å ha villet
|-
|colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Auxiliaries'''
|-
| '''to have''' || å ha || har || hadde || å ha hatt
|-
| '''to be''' || å være || er || var || å ha vært
|-
| '''to become''' || å bli || blir || ble || å ha blitt
|}


=Sources and Links=
Janus, Louis. ''Norwegian: Verbs &amp; Essentials of Grammar'' 1999. McGraw-hill.

This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]]

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
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    <title>File:Norsk svensk and dansk.png</title>
    <id>5550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36622</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-27T17:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aalaurid</title>
    <id>5551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36808</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T14:14:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lexicon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Aalaurid''' 
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Timeline/Universe''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | unamed
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Period''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | -
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Spoken in''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Elausainau (Elvish kingdom)
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Total speakers''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | dead language
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Writing system''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Aanausainid
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Classification''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Nalid
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Influences'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''fictional languages''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | none (at this point)
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | '' non-fictional languages''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | English, French, German
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Typology'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Basic word order''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | SVO
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Morphology''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | isolating
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; | '''Credits'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Created by''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Secret vice
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | {{edit|Template:Conlang3}}
|-
|}

== Pronunciation ==

'''Vowels:'''

'''aa''' (long): as in f'''a'''ther.

'''a''' (short): as in d'''a'''rk.

'''e:''' as in the Welsh; as in wh'''e'''re.

'''i:''' as in the &quot;y&quot; sound in wh'''y'''.

'''o:''' as in r'''o'''w.

'''u:''' as in l'''u'''ck.


'''Dipthongs:'''

'''ai:''' pronounced the same as the Welsh &quot;ai&quot; in the word '''eye'''.

'''ai:''' peonounced the same as the &quot;ai&quot; sound in the word h'''ai'''r. 

'''ais:''' pronounced the same as the French &quot;ea&quot; in the word br'''ea'''d (but longer).

'''au:''' pronounced the same as the German &quot;au&quot; in the word rest'''au'''rant.

'''eu:''' pronounced the same as the Welsh &quot;eu&quot; in the &quot;ay&quot; sound in s'''ay'''.


'''Notes:'''

* The vowel dipthongs may not appear directly after a vowel. 

* The first dipthong /'''ai'''/ is pronounced the same as the vowel /'''i'''/ and may only appear at the beginning of a word.  

* The second dipthong /'''ai'''/ may not be written appear at the beginning of a word but it can appear anywhere else in a word.      


'''Consonants:'''

'''b:''' as in b'''e'''d.

'''c:''' a soft sound, as in the Welsh &quot;c&quot; in the word c'''a'''n.

'''d:''' as in death, or as the &quot;th&quot; sound in the word &quot;'''th'''e&quot;.

'''f:''' as in '''f'''un (unvoiced), or as in '''f'''ire (voiced).

'''g:''' a soft sound, as in the French &quot;g&quot; in the word as in sabota'''g'''e.

'''h:''' (silent).

'''j:''' as in the &quot;y&quot; sound in '''y'''our.

'''k:''' as in the &quot;c&quot; sound in the word '''c'''an.

'''l:''' as in '''l'''ie.

'''m:''' as in '''m'''an.

'''n:''' as in '''n'''un.

'''p:''' as in '''p'''ale.

'''q:''' as in '''q'''uick.

'''r:''' as in the French &quot;r&quot; in '''P'''aris.

'''s:''' as in '''s'''un.

'''t:''' as in '''t'''oast.

'''v:''' as in '''v'''et.

'''w:''' as in '''w'''ater.

'''x:''' as in '''e'''xit.

'''y:''' as in '''y'''es.

'''z:''' as in the German &quot;z&quot;; like the &quot;ts&quot; sound in the word &quot;po'''ts'''.&quot;


'''Notes:'''

* /'''c'''/ and /'''k'''/ are pronounced the same regardless to their position within a word. 

* /'''d'''/ is pronounced as the &quot;th&quot; sound in the word &quot;the&quot; at the end of a word.

== Lexicon ==

'''Aalnaurad:''' strong

'''Aadauran:''' free

'''Aanarid:''' noble

'''Aisnauran:''' valley

'''Alnaurid:''' mountain   

'''Elidaisauv:''' lake

'''Elained:''' friend

'''Eunaula:''' joy 

'''Enaulenav:''' forrest

'''Enauron:''' wise

'''Faasid:''' king

'''Faina:''' pleasent

'''Ilnareth:''' beloved

'''Isanau:''' well

'''Isadauren''' dark

'''Isauran:''' beutiful

'''Lenaura:''' simple

'''Naarenfar:''' ocean

'''Norid:''' mash land

'''Ronaran:''' great

'''Saad:''' true

'''Saurad''' peace 

'''Sonair''' loyal

'''Tares:''' hill</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aranmore</title>
    <id>5552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45311</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-09T11:16:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' }} }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | &lt;br&gt; }} }} '''''{{{dialect native|}}}'''''  }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} || {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | '''{{{English|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | '''{{{english|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | | '''Aranmore''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{native|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{native|}}}'''''| '''''{{{native|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Collegio Catholico'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
[[Image:Aranmore Catholic College, WA Logo.jpg]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Mastiore d'Escolo
||Segnore. Jim Elliott
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Estudientos
||Proximamiente 700
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Priço de Tuicion
||$AU 2422/ano
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Týpo d'Escolo
||Independento
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Locacion
||Leederville, Perth, Australia
|}

'''Aranmore''' es un collegio catholico ao quartiero de Leederville a Perth, Australia Occidentaía. Teno proximamiente 700 estudientos da muyos paíos do mondo da Australia a l'extrema de Sudan ey America de la Soda. Fuei originaíamiente establao ma qu'un centuria a de nunia. Los dos figaros tre importandos seís Siero Edmund Rice ey Suera Catherine McAuley, qui veneís dao Irlando.

== Historia ==
Lo collegio fuei establao nao ano 1903 para Las Sueras de Gracia ey lo nomo d'Aranmore es tirao daos islandos d'Aran nao Irlando. Nao 1942, Los Fratos Cristianos ovireís un escolo por os fios a prela dayo ey lo collegio de St. Mary's (Santa Maria) fuei ovira nao 1954. 

Los gradios 11 ey 12 dós dos collegios s'uniteís nao 1971 ey finaíamiente, aquan l'escolo de St. Mary's se partei a un otro lío, pues nao 1986, un collegio singulaío fuei formao, se quío Aranmore.

== Estudientos ==
Lo collegio teno los gradios 8 á 12 ey commençanda nao 2009, tenáro anque lo gradio 7.

Tenando versa 700 estudientos ao collegio, Aranmore es un dós collegios lo ma multiculturaío con os genos da l'assora 80 paíos do mondo. Habo as programmas por as escangias foregnaas ey habo un grando quantitia d'estudientos da ''oitra-mara''. 

Cado ano, os representativos daos estudientos seís chosaos para eleccion. Lós formaís ''La Concila d'Estudientos''. La Concila se consisto de capitanos na variosas campas ey os acaminores en totra.

== Sobajeços ==
Lo collegio offiro muyos sobajeços na totras campas. Los primarios seís l'Angla, los Mathematicos, la Societia ey l'Environamento ey anque la Sciencia. Teno anque los estudios Dramaticos, Artisticos evinque os otros unos basaos sora TAFE ey as apprenticias alternativas. A que seranda un collegio catholico, l'Educacion Religiosa es obligatoria a caduno. Otros sobajeços icompro: lo Dessigno ey la Technologia, la Francesa, lo Cuisagio ey l'Informativo.

== Referenços ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranmore Aranmore Catholic College]</text>
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    <title>File:Aranmore Catholic College, WA Logo.jpg</title>
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      <id>36698</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-28T10:47:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aranmore Catholic College's logo.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Aranmore Catholic College's logo.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dutch</title>
    <id>5554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46014</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:09:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>apparently not in progress; heders too big; cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dutch is the official language of the Netherlands, Belgium (called [[Flemish]]), Netherlands Antilles, Indonesia, and parts of France and Germany.  It did not go through the [[High German Consonant Shift]] so many of the vocabulary in it still resemble other related languages such as [[Low German]] and even [[English]].

{{Language|
| English = Dutch
| native = Nederlands
| dialect english = 
| country = Netherlands
| nativecountry = Nederland
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 23 million native.
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| wordorder = SVO, OVS/V2
| type = Inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 16th century C.E,
| background = white
| headingbg = yellow
| width = 33%
}}

==History==
==Dutch Phonology and Orthography==
===Consonants===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || ɲ || ||  || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || ||  || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || ç || {{IPA|x}} || (ɣ) || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || ||  ||  || ʋ || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || ||  || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || ||  || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* Most Dutch consonants are pronounced the same way as their IPA equivalents: b, p, j, f, k, z, m, n, h, s, t, d, l and r.
* '''sj''' is pronounced /ʃ/.
* '''g''' and '''ch''' is pronounced /x/.  '''g''' can sometimes be realised as /ɣ/.  
* '''sch''' is pronouced /sx/ and not /ʃ/ as in [[High German|German]].
* '''w''' is pronounced as /ʋ/.  
* '''v''' is sometimes pronounced /f/.
*Dutch has [[Final Devoicing|final devoicing]]. This means that all voiced consonants with voiceless forms become those voiceless forms, at the end of the word.

===Vowels===
====Monophthongs====
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || i - ɪ || yː - ʏ ||  || u
|- 
| Mid || eː - ɛ || øː - || ə || oː - ɔ
|-
| Low || || || aː - a
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot;| All entries save low are: Tense - Lax
|}
* Vowels are formed based on the ideas of Closed vs. Open syllables.  In closed syllable, the vowel is lax and/or short.  In an open syllable or a closed syllable written with a geminated vowel, the vowel is tense and/or long.

====Diphthongs====

===Open vs. Closed Syllables===

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
====Gender====
Dutch historically had three genders, much the way [[High German]] still does.  However, most of the Masculine and Feminine nouns merged into a Common gender.  This leaves Common and Neuter, which are the two genders of Dutch today.
====Number====
There are two numbers in Dutch Grammar: singular and plural.  Because Dutch orthography follows the Open vs. Closed syllable structure very strictly, vowel spelling often changes to accommodate the vowel's pronunciation.  For example the long vowel '''boom''', meaning ''tree'', is still pronounced the same, but spelt '''bomen''' in the plural ''trees''.  For short vowels, which 
====Articles====
There are two types of articles in Dutch, Definite and Indefinite.  The definite article has two forms, '''de''' and '''het'''.  The definite article '''de''' is used for the common gender, and '''het''' is used for the neuter gender.  The plural for both is '''de'''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The indefinite article is '''een''' for all genders and is reduced to ''''n''' in informal sense. The negative '''geen''' is used for both numbers and all genders to indicate &quot;not&quot; (comparative to [[High German]] '''Kein''').

===Adjectives and Adverbs===
====Adjectives====
====Adverbs====
===Pronouns===

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Case
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|First Person
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Second Person
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Third Person
|-
| || Sing. || Plur. || Sing. || Plur.  || Sing. &amp; Plur. || Sing. Masc. || Sing. Fem. || Sing. Neut. || Plur.
|-
| '''Subjective''' || ik ('k) || wij (we) || jij (je) || jullie (je) || u || hij (ie) || zij (ze) || het ('t) || zij (ze)
|-
| '''Objective'''  || mij (me) || ons || jou (je) || jullie (je) || u || hem ('m) || haar ('r) || het ('t)|| hen* (ze)
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || mijn (m'n) || ons/onze || jouw (je) || jullie (je) || uw || zijn (z'n) || haar (d'r) || zijn (z'n) || hun (d'r)
|}
* The indirect object or dative form is '''hun'''.

===Prepositions===
===Conjunctions===
===Verbs===
====Present====
====Simple Past====
====Compound Past====
====Future====
====Passive====
====Modals and Auxiliaries====

==Word Order==
==Texts==
==Sources and external links==

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Spanish</title>
    <id>5555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36727</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-28T18:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: I'm gonna begin cleaning and rewriting this article.  Any comments or suggests should come to me.--~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm gonna begin cleaning and rewriting this article.  Any comments or suggests should come to me.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 18:40, 28 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Calineg</title>
    <id>5556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36756</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-28T23:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calineg</username>
        <id>1242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Calineg]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Calineg]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Calineg</title>
    <id>5557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52110</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-04T15:58:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calineg</username>
        <id>1242</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A_posteriori_conlangs]]


{{Language|
| English = Calian
| native = Calineg
| country = Calen
| nativecountry = Cale
| universe = Alternate Europe
| speakers = 430-490 million
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Italo-Celtic
| subbranch = P Calinic
| wordorder = VSO (V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)
| type = Fusional
| alignment = Nominative-accusative
| author = K. Willis
| date = circa 2000-2009 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = lightgreen
| width = 33%
}}

Calineg [kæl'inɨg] (''i Galineg'' [i gæl'inɨg]) is an ''a posteriori'' constructed language that is a modern descendant of Proto-Italo-Celtic.  Calineg has been systematically derived from Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic roots that best approximate a synthesis of these branches.  The vocabulary also shows early pseudo-historical borrowing from Latin and later Brythonic loanwords.  The alternate timeline presented in this article has been constructed in order to provide an environment necessary for the survival of the language.

Calineg is spoken around the world *there* by 202.1 million people as a native language, and by about 260 to 300 million people as a second or third language.  The language ranks 6th among total number of native speakers, and between 7th and 9th overall.  Most native speakers live in Calen (89.6 mn), where the language originated.  The rest live in Calophone South America (''ir Arianina tha Galluna'', 49.1 mn), Canada (''i Ganada'', 28.3 mn), Australia (''Tiratha'', 20.3 mn), Calophone Africa (''Afira Galluna'', 12.6 mn), Indonesia (''Idas Misra'', 2.4 mn), the United States (''Esates Eloge'', 1.9 mn), and Israel (''ir Eres'', 635 000).  Calineg is an official language of 16 countries, most of which form what is know as ''i Galluna'' (The Calophone).  

In Calen, where fluency is a requirement for citizenship, 89.6 million people (96% of 93.1 mn) speak Calineg as their native language.  According to the European Union (''Uropa Eloga''), 159 mn people (32% of 497.2 mn) speak Calineg, 92.8 mn (18.7%) as first language and 65 mn (13%) claim it as their second language, which makes it the most widely spoken mother tongue and second overall in the Union after English (''Senege'').  In South America, Calineg ranks third after Portuguese (''Poriwege'') and Spanish (''Panege''), respectfully, in number of native speakers.  Calineg ranks third in North America as well, after English and Spanish.

See [http://home.comcast.net/~kent.willis/site/?/home/ Nosuch Galinege! ''Learn Calineg!''] for more information on the language.

[[Image:Calophone.png|thumb|350px|right|The Calophone. Map of nations using Calineg as an official language.]]


==History==

Proto-Calinic diverged from Proto-Italo-Celtic sometime before the first millennium B.C.E.  Widely spoken across Central Europe, Common Calinic stone inscriptions have been found dating as early as the 3rd century B.C.E.  Common Calinic speakers were first attested in Roman works of the 1st century B.C.E.

The earliest extant sources identifiable as Calineg go back to about the 1st century C.E.  Very little of the language from this period, known as Early Calineg (''Calineg fora''), remains. The next main period, somewhat better attested, is Old Calineg (''Hena Galineg'') from the 3rd to 7th centuries. The period also saw the borrowing of numerous Latin words, especially in technical language.  Middle Calineg (''Calineg metha''), with its soaring epic poetry, runs into the 10th century.  Modern Calineg consists of two distinct periods. It was marked by the extensive influx of Brythonic words after the incorporation of Belgium (''Gwala Felga'') in North Burgundy (''Borgone Golethole'') into Calen. Early Modern Calineg (''Calineg thiwetha bora'') officially began with the drafting of ''The Alliance of Calen and the United Burgundy'' (''ir Hocida’r Cale a’r Borgone Eloge'') in 937 C.E.  Similarly, Late Modern Calineg (''Calineg thiwetha netha'') began with the drafting of the ''Unification of the Two Kingdoms'' (''Eloga’r thua Wala'') in 1475 C.E.  Current linguistic debate centers over whether the modern era has ended with the widespread education and media publication that has effectively made the colloquial register the only known language of the people, and Post-Modern Calineg (''Calineg thiwetha hura'') began in the latter half of the 20th century.

==Registers==

Modern Calineg can be written in two styles — the ''colloquial'' register (''Calineg galida'') and the  ''literary'' register (''Calineg ica''). The colloquial register is used for everyday speech, by the media, and in informal writing. Literary Calineg is closer to the form used since the beginning of the late modern period and is used in official documents and in higher education. As a standardized form, the literary language shows little of the dialectal variation found in the colloquial language. The primary differences include:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Literary
! Colloquial
|-
| Extensive use of simple verb forms
| Extensive use of periphrastic verb forms
|-
| Subjunctive verb forms
| Subjunctive in fixed idioms
|-
| Common use of all mutational forms.
| Varied use of nasal and aspirate mutations.
|-
| Free word order.
| Strict VSO word order.
|-
|}

Consider these examples:

     '''Menath fing hosas arweni.'''                         '''Manu fi cosas en mena arweni.'''
     Want-3.Pl. my[NM]kindred-NOM.PL. leader-ACC.S.    Are-3.Pl. my kindred-NOM.Pl. PROG. want-FEM. leader-ACC.S.
     ''My kindred want a leader.''                         ''My kindred desire a leader.''

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

===Consonants===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal ||colspan=2|
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || ng || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || c || {{IPA|g}} || || ch
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || || th || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || w || || || || || || || || || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral || || || || || l || || || r || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || lh || || || rh || || || ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

===Stress and Pitch===

Stress in polysyllabic words occurs on the penultimate syllable, with rare exceptions. Monosyllabic words are always treated as stressed. Because of a shift in stress position, related words may sound very different as declension, conjugation or compound formation change the word length.

Stress on penultimate syllables is characterized by a low pitch, which is followed by a high pitch on the (unstressed) word-final syllable.

==Morphology==

===Mutation===

Initial consonant mutation is a phenomenon common to Calinic and Celtic languages. The first consonant of a word in Calineg may change depending on grammatical context or when preceded (&quot;triggered&quot;) by certain words. Calineg has three mutations: the soft mutation (hence SM), the nasal mutation (NM), and the aspirate mutation (AM). These are also represented in writing:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Radical
! Soft
! Nasal
! Aspirate
|-
| p
| b
| m h
| f
|-
| b
| f
| m
| 
|-
| t
| d
| n h
| th
|-
| d
| th
| n
| 
|-
| c
| g
| ng h
| ch
|-
| g
| *
| ng
|
|-
| lh
| l
|
|
|-
| rh
| r
|
|
|-
| m
|
|
| m h
|-
| n
| 
|
| n h
|}

*A blank cell indicates no change.
*Note: /g/  disappears.
*Letters not listed under the category “radical” do not undergo mutation.  

For example, the word for “tree” is ''prana'', but “the tree” is ''i brana'', “my tree” ''fim hrana'', and “her tree” ''ea frana''.  Not all letters mutate under the same environments, so the same sequence for “woman” is: ''bena'' “woman”, ''i fena'' “the woman”, ''fi mena'' “my woman” , but ''ea bena'' “her woman”. Grammatical mutation is discussed under syntax.

===The Article=== 
*There is no indefinite article in Calineg. 
bena, ''a woman''. cethe, ''a man''.
  
*There are three forms of the definite article in Calineg.
  
I is used before a consonant.
i cethe, ''the man''.

Ir is used before words beginning with a vowel or /h/.
ir ore, ''the hammer''.

‘r is used after words that end in a vowel, regardless of whether the following word begins with a vowel or not.

     '''Ma’r fena’n fira.'''  
     Is-FEM.-3S. the [SM]woman-NOM.S. PROG. speak-FEM. 
     ''The woman is speaking.''

Note: Feminine nouns undergo the soft mutation after the definite article.
i fena, ''the woman''.

===Nouns===

In Calineg nouns are declined for gender, number and case.
  
*There are two genders in Calineg: masculine and feminine.
All nouns meaning individual male or female persons are masculine or feminine respectfully, but all nouns referring to a mixed group of males and females are feminine. The gender of all other nouns must be memorized.
  
*There are three numbers in Calineg: singular, dual, and plural.
*There are five cases in Calineg: nominative, accusative, genitive, ablative and vocative.
  
The Nominative is the case of the subject: bena, cethe.
  
The Accusative is the case of the direct object: bene, cethi.
  
The Dative is the case of the indirect object.  The particle e precedes the noun and causes the nasal mutation: e mena, eng hethe.
  
Genitive is the case of possession.  Genitive relationships are expressed by apposition. The indefinite noun undergoes the soft mutation.
cethe fena, ''a woman’s man''.
  
The Vocative case is the case of direct address. Nouns undergo a soft mutation to form the vocative case.  Proper names, however, usually do not undergo mutation: fena, chethe.

     '''Bures, minduch at ga!'''  
     [SM]Boy-NOM.Pl. go-IMPER.Pl. to [SM]home-NOM.S.
     ''Boys, go home!''

'''Masculine Nouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Case
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| e
| en
| es
|-
| '''Dative'''
| e [NM] -e
| e [NM] -en
| e [NM] -es
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| i
| in
| is
|}


'''Feminine Nouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Case
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| a
| an
| as
|-
| '''Dative'''
| e [NM] -a
| e [NM] -an
| e [NM] -as
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| e
| en
| es
|}


* For example, consider the declension of brene, ''a male ruler''.


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Case
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| brene &quot;a ruler&quot;
| brenen &quot;two rulers&quot;
| brenes &quot;rulers&quot;
|-
| '''Dative'''
| e mrene &quot;(to) a ruler&quot;
| e mrenen &quot;(to) two rulers&quot;
| e mrenes &quot;(to) rulers&quot;
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| breni &quot;a ruler&quot;
| brenin &quot;two rulers&quot;
| brenis &quot;rulers&quot;
|}


* And brena, ''a female ruler''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; 
! Case
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| brena &quot;a ruler&quot;
| brenan &quot;two rulers&quot;
| brenas &quot;rulers&quot;
|-
| '''Dative'''
| e mrena &quot;(to) a ruler&quot;
| e mrenan &quot;(to) two rulers&quot;
| e mrenas &quot;(to) rulers&quot;
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| brene &quot;a ruler&quot;
| brenen &quot;two rulers&quot;
| brenes &quot;rulers&quot;
|}

===Pronouns===

Pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer. 

'''Personal Pronouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| mi
| on
| ni
|-
| '''Second'''
| ti
| en
| chi
|-
| '''Third'''
| ha/e
| an
| nu
|}


Calineg also has special emphatic forms of the personal pronouns.


'''Emphatic Pronouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| mina
| fina
| nina
|-
| '''Second'''
| titha
| dena
| china
|-
| '''Third'''
| hinta (her)
| dana
| nuna
|-
| 
| finta (him)
| 
| 
|}


'''Possessive Pronouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| fi [NM]
| fin [SM]
| eni
|-
| '''Second'''
| di [SM]
| den [SM]
| enich
|-
| '''Third'''
| ea [AM] ('hers')
| dan [AM]
| enu
|-
| 
| ei [SM] ('his')
| 
| 
|}


*The possessive pronouns are also used as the accusative case of the personal pronouns. 


'''Reflexive Pronouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| finun
| fin hun
| eni hun
|-
| '''Second'''
| dinun
| den hun
| enich hun
|-
| '''Third'''
| danun (herself)
| dan hun
| enu hun
|-
| 
| denun (himself)
| 
| 
|}


'''Demonstrative Pronouns'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| ''''This'/'These''''
| han (f.)
| i - rhan
| i - rhen
|-
| 
| hen (m.)
| 
| 
|-
| 
| hin (intangible)
| 
| 
|-
| ''''That'/'Those''''
| hena/e (f./m.)
| i - rhani
| i - rheni
|-
| 
| heni (intangible)
| 
|  
|}

===Adjectives===

In Calineg, adjectives agree with the gender of the noun they modify.  The also typically follow the noun as well: cethe ine, ''last man'' bena ina, ''last woman''.

Adjectives undergo the soft mutation following feminine nouns: bena la, ''small woman'' (From ''lh- 'small' '').
 
*The equative degree can be formed by adding –ad for a feminine or -ed for a masculine adjective, to the stem.  Emphatic pronouns are used if necessary: i fena lad hinat, ''the woman as small as her''.

*The comparative degree is formed by adding –ach or -ech to the stem: bena lach, ''smaller woman''

*The superlative degree is formed by adding –af or –ef to the stem.  The adjective must be preceded by the article.  i feraf, ''the largest''; i lhef, ''the smallest''.

The demonstrative adjectives are enclitic. 'ma'' 'this'/'these' ''and 'na'' 'that/those' ''are affixed to the end of the noun the describe. The article must be used with the noun: i cethe'na, ''this man'', i cethes'na &quot;these men&quot;, i fena'ma, ''that woman'', i fenas'ma ''those women''.

===Verbs===

In Calineg verbs are conjugated for voice, mood, tense, number, and person.
 
*There are two voices: active and passive.
  
The active represents the subject as acting or being.

     '''Molo then.'''  
     Praise-1S. [SM]your-2D.
     ''I praise you two.''

The passive represents the subject as acted upon.

     '''Molor.'''
     Praise-1S.-Pass.
     ''I am praised.''
*There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive/conditional, and imperative.

*There are nine tenses: present, past, future (the simple tenses), imperfect, past imperfect, future imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect (the compound tenses).


'''Personal Endings of the Active Voice'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| o (-)
| -n
| -ch
|-
| '''Second'''
| -s
| -n-
| -g
|-
| '''Third'''
| -d/-t
| -m
| -th
|}


'''Personal Endings of the Passive Voice'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
| '''First'''
| -r
| -r-n
| -r-ch
|-
| '''Second'''
| -r (-r-s)
| -r-n
| -r-g
|-
| '''Third'''
| -r-d/-r-t
| -r-m
| -r-th
|}


'''The Active Simple Tenses'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Number
! Person
! Present
! Imperfect
! Future
! Imperative
|-
| '''Singular'''
| '''1st'''
| o
| a
| i
| -
|-
| 
| '''2nd'''
| es
| as
| is
| us
|-
| 
| '''3rd'''
| ed/et
| ad/at
| id/it
| uch
|-
| '''Dual'''
| '''1st'''
| en
| an
| in
| -
|-
| 
| '''2nd'''
| ene
| ana
| ini
| un
|-
| 
| '''3rd'''
| em
| am
| im
| um
|-
| '''Plural'''
| '''1st'''
| ech
| ach
| ich
| -
|-
| 
| '''2nd'''
| eg
| ag
| ig
| uch
|-
| 
| '''3rd'''
| eth
| ath
| ith
| uth
|}


'''Preverbal Particles''' 

To negate a conjugated verb the negative particle ''na'' proceeds the verb and causes a nasal mutation (NM) on the verb.  Potentially confusing for English speakers, is the use of positive particle ''mi'', often encountered in the literary register.  It causes the soft mutation.   The use of ''mi'' varies widely in different dialects and in some contexts may be used only for emphasis.

     '''Na murad eam habe e'r natha.'''                                         '''Mi furad eam habe e'r natha.'''
     NEG. [NM]throw-PAST.3.FEM.S. her[AM]son-NOM.S. in the stream-NOM.S   POS. [SM]throw-PAST.3.FEM.S. her[AM]son in the stream.
     ''She did not throw her son in the stream.''                             ''She threw her son in the stream.''


'''Verbal Nouns'''

The verbal noun is a special verb form that is declined only for gender like an adjective.  The verbal noun can behave in a similar manner to an infinity or gerund in English. In Calineg, the verbal noun is also used to form the compound tenses as well as a noun or an adjective.

*Molo'' 'to praise' ''forms the verbal nouns:

     mola'' 'praising' (feminine subject)'' and mole'' 'praising' (masculine subject)''


'''Bod 'to be' '''


''Bod'' 'to be' is highly irregular. In addition to having inflected forms of the preterit, future, and conditional, it also maintains inflected present and imperfect forms which are used frequently as auxiliaries with other verbs. ''Bod'' also distinguishes between affirmative, interrogative, and negative statements for each tense.


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Present'''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Past'''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Future'''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | '''Conditional'''
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Affirmative
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Negative
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Interrogative
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aff.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Neg.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Inter.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aff.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Neg.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Inter.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aff.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Neg.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Singular
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | First
| dwi
| rwi dim
| idwi?
| reni
| deri dim
| oni?
| fithi
| fithi dim
| ithi?
| gweni
| nang weni
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Second
| dach
| rach dim
| idich?
| reti
| deti dim
| oreti?
| fithiti
| fithiti dim
| ithiti?
| gwenati
| nang wenati
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Third
| ma/e
| da/e dim
| ida/e?
| retha/e
| detha/e dim
| oretha/e?
| fitha/e
| fitha/e dim
| itha/e?
| gwena/e
| nang wena/e
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Dual
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | First
| dan
| rho dim
| idon?
| ron
| deron dim
| oron?
| fithon
| fithon dim
| ithon?
| gwenon
| nang wenon
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Second
| den
| rhe dim
| iden?
| ren
| deren dim
| oren?
| fithen
| fithen dim
| ithen?
| gwenen
| nang wenen
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Third
| man
| rha dim
| idan?
| ran
| deran dim
| oran?
| fithan
| fithan dim
| ithan?
| gwenan
| nang wenan
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Plural
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | First
| dani
| rani dim
| idani?
| rethi
| deni dim
| oreni?
| fitheni
| fitheni dim
| itheni?
| gwenani
| nang wenani
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Second
| dachi
| rachi dim
| idachi?
| rechi
| dechi dim
| orechi?
| fithechi
| fthechi dim
| ithechi?
| gwenachi
| nang wenachi
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot; | Third
| manu
| danu dim
| idanu?
| renu
| denu dim
| orenu?
| fithenu
| fithenu dim
| ithenu?
| gwenu
| nang wenu
|}


The affirmative forms presented above are actually abbreviated forms of the formal roots. The conditional does not have unique interrogative forms.  Additionally, Calineg does not have one word for ‘yes’ and ‘no', but instead uses modified verb forms in response to direct questions.  However, they are all omitted here for the sake of clarity.

Becasue a soft mutation always follows the verb phrase, the negative particle ''dim'' appears as ''thim'' in most sentences.

     '''Da'r anera thim en tama.'''
     Is-FEM.S. the young-woman-NOM.S. [SM]NEG. PROG. die-FEM.
     ''The young-woman is not dying.''

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are unique because the do not decline to agree with the verbs they modify.  Most adverbs are formed from the same stem as the corresponding adjective and a null suffix.

Compare:
     '''Ma'n rheda ber.'''                  '''Ma'n fera.'''
     Is-FEM.3S. PROG. run-FEM. slow.  Is-FEM.3S. PART. [SM]slow-FEM. 
     ''She is running slowly.''           ''She is slow.''

===Prepositions===

Some prepositions decline for grammatical gender.  They are called personal prepositions. They must be memorized because they are highly irregular.  The radical form of a preposition is used before nouns and adjectives to from prepositional phrases.

'''Personal Prepositions'''


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! Radical
! 'Me'
! 'You' (s.)
! 'Her'/'Him'
! Dual
! 'Us'
! 'You' (pl.)
! 'Them'
|-
| '''Ag''' 'at'
| agam
| agat
| aga/e
| agan
| agi
| agof
| agu
|-
| '''Am''' 'about/for'
| amdana
| amdanat
| amdana/e
| amdon
| amdani
| amdonon
| amdonin
|-
| '''Ar''' 'on'
| arna
| arnat
| ara/e
| arn
| ari
| archi
| arnun
|-
| '''As''' 'out of'
| asam
| asat
| asa/e
| asan
| asi
| asod
| astu
|-
| '''At''' 'to'/'towards'
| atam
| atat
| ata/e
| aton
| ati
| atoch
| atin
|-
| '''Chug''' 'towards'
| chugam
| chat
| cha/e
| chun
| chuci
| chuch
| chucu
|-
| '''Dan''' 'under'
| danam
| danat
| dana/e
| danan
| dani
| dachi
| danu
|-
| '''E''' 'in'
| emi
| eti
| eda/e
| eden
| edihi
| edif
| edin
|-
| '''Gan''' 'with'
| gen
| geni
| genna/e
| genon
| geneni
| genoch
| genenu
|-
| '''In''' 'to'
| imi
| ito
| ifa/e
| inen
| ini
| ichi
| inu
|- 
| '''Id''' 'between'
| idmi
| iditi
| idiha/e
| idin
| edra
| edar
| etar
|-
| '''O''' 'from'/'of'
| ono
| onat 
| ona/e
| on
| oni
| onich
| onu
|-
| '''Rom''' 'before'
| roham
| romat 
| roma/e
| ron
| romi
| roman
| romu
|-
| '''Nes''' 'next'
| nesam
| neset
| nesa/e
| nesan
| nesi
| nesan
| newu
|-
| '''Thar''' 'over'
| tharam
| tharat
| thara/e
| thon
| thomi
| tharan
| tharu
|-
| '''Ti''' 'by means of'
| tam
| tat
| ta/e
| ton
| tithi
| tin
| tinu
|-
| '''Um''' 'around/about'
| unam
| umat
| uma/e
| uman
| umi
| umaf
| umu
|}

*All personal prepositions cause the soft mutation (SM), except for ti'' 'by means of'''.
*The dual form of the preposition is used in all cases.

===Numbers===

Calineg uses a vigesimal (base-twenty) counting system.  Numerals precede the nouns they modify.  The noun, however, remains in the singular.  Ordinals on the other hand, follow the noun they modify. The construction requires the article.  Compare:

     '''Caded una mura flodes.'''                            '''Caded i mura una flodes.'''
     Enjoy-3S. one daughter-NOM. [SM]flower-ACC.PL.    Enjoy-3S. the daughter-NOM. one [SM]flower-ACC.PL.
     ''One daughter enjoys flowers.''                      ''The first daughter enjoys flowers.''

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #efefef;&quot;
! English
! Calineg
|-
| zero
| dim
|-
| one
| un (m.) una (f.) (una causes SM)
|-
| two
| du (m.) dua (f.) (both cause SM)
|-
| three
| tri (m.) tir (f.) (tri causes AM)
|-
| four
| ped (m.) pad (f.)
|-
| five
| pum
|-
| six
| che (causes AM)
|-
| seven
| sath
|-
| eight
| weth
|-
| nine
| na (causes NM)
|-
| ten
| deg
|-
| eleven
| nec
|-
| twelve
| dutheg
|-
| thirteen
| trec
|-
| fourteen
| pesec
|-
| fifteen
| pemtheg
|-
| sixteen
| wec
|-
| seventeen
| sac
|-
| eighteen
| duna
|-
| nineteen
| noc
|-
| twenty
| gan
|}

==Syntax==

===Sentence Structure===

In an inflecting language like Calineg word order is theoretically optional.  Practically, however, Calineg is head initial so the verb normally occupies the first position in neutral sentences, with the subject following.  In English, the verb is the second main idea and it separates the subject from the complement—either the object or a phrase dependant on the verb. Unlike English, Calineg is VSO in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences.

'''Affirmative'''
     '''Me'r cethe ar na.'''
     Is-1S.MASC. the man-NOM.S. on ship-NOM.S.
     ''The man is on a ship.''
'''Interrogative'''
     '''Ide'r cethe ar na?'''
     Is-1S.MASC. the man-NOM.S. on ship-NOM.S.
     ''Is the man on a ship?''
'''Negative'''
     '''De'r cethe thim ar na.'''
     Is-1S.MASC.NEG. the man-NOM.S. [SM]NEG. on ship-NOM.S.
     ''The man is not on a ship.''
Simple sentences are formed around a conjugated verb.

     '''Rhetha'r ar bade a lida Gale.'''
     Travel-1S.IMP. the on [SM]length-NOM. and width-NOM. [SM]Calen-NOM.
     ''I travelled the length and breadth of Calen.''

Compound sentences are formed from a form of ''to be'' and a verbal noun linked by a complement marker (''en'' or ''wed'').  

     '''Me'r cethe’n bone dure.'''
     Is-1S.MASC. the man-NOM.S. PROG. open-MASC. door-ACC.S.
     ''The man is opening a door.''

     '''Me'r cethe wed bone dure.'''
     Is-1S.MASC. the man-NOM.S. PERFECT open-MASC. door-ACC.S.
     ''The man has opened a door.''
Caineg is head initial and therefore dependent phrases must begin with a verb in a similar manner to the use of ''that'' in English.  In the present tense the infinitive of the verb ''to be'' is followed by the subject of the dependant clause or preceded by a possessive pronoun.
Compare:

     '''Fitho bod i mabe'n lhere.'''                        '''Cetho ea bod en bala.'''        
     Know-1S. to-be the son-NOM.S. PROG. read-MASC.   Believe-1S. her to-be PROG. ill-FEM.
     ''I know the son is reading.''                       ''I believe that she is ill.''
In the past tense the verb ''to happen'' is used instead.

     '''Meno darfa'r masa'n celura.'''
     Want-1S. happen-FEM. the girl PROG making-pots-FEM.
     ''I want the girl to have been making pots.''
In the future or conditional tenses, however, the appropriate verb is used.

     '''Fomeno fitha'r anera'n bera pere chirra.'''
     Hope-1S. Is-3.S.FEM.FUT. young-woman PROG cook-FEM chicken-ACC.S. curry-FEM.
     ''I hope the young-woman will be cooking curry chicken.'' 
While the verb typically occupies the first position, this is only a general rule in Calineg.  The rule is consistent enough, however, to make deviation from it noticeable.  Therefore, Calineg often draws attention to a focused element by moving it from its more expected position to the beginning of the sentence.  In the colloquial register, word order is more ridged and misplaced elements often undergo a soft mutation.
When the subject occupies the first position it is dependant on an understood “is”, and therefore must be followed by a relative clause.

     '''I fena'n ta.'''
     The [SM]woman-NOM. PROG. come-FEM.
     ''(It is) the woman (who) is coming.''
When the verb is emphasized, it is placed first in the infinitive (verbal noun), and linked to the verb ''to do'' in the relative clause.  In informal speech the ''to be'' verb may be used instead.
Compare:
     '''Ta gwened.'''                  '''Ta ma!'''
     Come-FEM. does-3S.FEM.      Come-FEM. is-1S.FEM.
     ''She is coming.''              ''She is coming!''
Because of the head initial nature of the language certain structual patterns are generally the case as well.  First, adjectives and other modifiers tend to follow the noun our phrase they modify.  Adverbs and adverbial phrases that modify the time, manner, and place of the action usually follow the sentence, in that order.

===Mutation===

All instances of mutations in Calineg can be divided in to either contact or grammatical mutations.  Contact mutations occur following a relatively small number of high frequency words such as prepositions, numerals, and the complement markers.  Instead of being caused by a preceding word, grammatical mutations fulfill a syntactic function.

'''Gramatical Mutations'''

In Calineg, because neutral sentences are VSO in structure, a soft mutation (SM) is used to separate the subject phrase from the complement.  This most fundamental rule of Calineg grammar can be summarized as: Subject Phrase[SM].

     '''Bonet i cethe thure.'''
     Open-3.MASC.S. the man-NOM.S. [SM]door-ACC.S.
     ''The man opens a door.''

There are two potential points of confusion.  English speakers must remember that the idea of the subject is expanded in Calineg to include the verbal endings and places where the subject is in the speaker’s mind but not explicitly expressed. 
 
     '''Cadet dun mos dan brole.'''
     Gave-way-3.MASC.S. [SM]at-that-time habitually under [SM]battle.
     ''He gave way habitually in battle at that time.'' 

There are a few words that are immune to this rule.  The intensifiers tra and mor are common examples.

     '''Rethe’r res tra male.'''
     Was-3.MASC.S the affair-NOM.S. very bad-MASC.
     ''The affair was very bad.'' 

Generally, any element outside its natural grammatical position will undergo the soft mutation.  This has numerous practical applications. 

     '''It finad darfa tama’r wiri.'''
     [SM]So [SM]find-Past-3.FEM.S. happen-FEM. dieing-FEM. the gentleman-ACC.S.
     ''So it was that death found the gentleman.''

For example, genitive relationships are expressed by apposition. The indefinite noun undergoes the soft mutation. 

     '''Me’n mos chomedire'''
     Is-3.MASC.S. PART custom-NOM.S. [SM]fighter-NOM.S.
     ''It is a fighter’s custom.''

Emphatic elements undergo mutation for this reason as well.
 
     '''Che minduch!'''
     [SM]Home-ACC.S. go-INTER.S.!
     ''Go home!''

Nouns undergo a soft mutation to form the vocative case.
 
     '''Bures, minduch e che!'''
     [SM]Young-men, go-INTER.S. to [SM] home-ACC.S.
     ''Young-men, go home!''

'''Contact Mutations'''

The complement markers cause a soft mutation on proceeding nouns and adjectives.

     '''Ma'r fena'n bride.'''
     Is-1FEM.S. the [SM]woman-NOM.S. PART. [SM]poetess-ACC.S
     ''The woman is a poetess.''

Most prepositions also cause the soft mutation.

     '''Hared ag bona.'''
     Arrive-3FEM.S. at [SM]boat-Nom.S.
     ''She arrives at a boat.''

The article causes the soft mutation on feminine nouns.

     '''Genad i gatha nes gamasa.'''
     Born-PAST3FEM.S. the [SM]cat-Nom.S.Fem. near [SM]river-bend-Nom.S.
     ''The cat was born near a bend in a river.''

Certain numerals also cause mutations.  Un/una ''one'' and du/dua ''two'' cause the soft mutation, while tri ''three'' and che ''six'' causes the aspirate mutation and na ''nine'' the nasal mutation.

     '''Rhicath che fure gope.'''
     Formed-PAST3.Pl. six [am]boy-Nom.S. [SM]troop-ACC.S.
     ''Six boys formed a troop.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Calineg</title>
    <id>5558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36778</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T01:35:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calineg</username>
        <id>1242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: I'm an utter noob to using wikis, but if anyone knows how to create an Italio-Celtic Family subcategory to the a posteriori page, I think this page would link best there.  I am only gettin...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm an utter noob to using wikis, but if anyone knows how to create an Italio-Celtic Family subcategory to the a posteriori page, I think this page would link best there.  I am only getting started and any help on page development would be greatly appreciated.  Thanks.--[[User:Calineg|Calineg]] 01:35, 29 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:West Germanic language</title>
    <id>5559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40325</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-29T14:34:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Strong verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">No problem, that's why I'm doing it anyway.  And on that note, if you see other people's who are not linked, at least to the 3 English pages, High German, and others, then I'd encourage having them linked.  Also, on the [[West Germanic]] page, I made a section for conlangs, and might for general [[Germanic Languages]], I would say to add yours and to make a few notes, I didn't think it prudent to make a second language three though.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 05:22, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

==Morphology==
===Verbs===
There are both strong and weak verbs in West Germanic.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are conjugated according to ablaut, where the stem of the word is altered. Old English's seven major classes of strong verb persist in West Germanic; these classes have the following distinguishing features:

{| border=1 style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; 
! style=&quot;background:#afefef;&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''Stem Changes in Strong Verbs'''
|-
! style=&quot;background:#efafef;&quot;|'''Class'''
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''Infinitive'''
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''First Preterite'''
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''Past Participle'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''I''' || и || a || и
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''II''' || jo or у || ēa || o 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''III''' || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''IV''' || e || ɑ || o 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''V''' || e || ɑ || e 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''VI''' || a || o || a 
|-
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''VII''' || — || e ''or'' jo || — 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RuneScape</title>
    <id>5560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45310</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-09T10:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' }} }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | &lt;br&gt; }} }} '''''{{{dialect native|}}}'''''  }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} || {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | '''{{{English|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | '''{{{english|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | | '''RuneScape''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{native|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{native|}}}'''''| '''''{{{native|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;'''''JREMM En-ligno'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
[[Image:Rslog.JPG]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Creyore
||Segnore. Andrew Gower
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Paío de Fabricacion
||Lo Reimo Unitao
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Payamento
||Libro (mas opcion por os membiores es desponibla)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Týpo de jugo
||JREMM (Jugo de Rolo En-ligno Massivamiente Multijugore)
|-
|}

'''RuneScape''', oy tradoçao que ''Esciapo de Runa'' es un JREMM tre populaío en-ligno. Es un jugo de rolo creyao para Jagex Ltd, un compagno de jugos dao Reimo Unitao. Le jugo para controlar un caractero sao qu'un avatar. Povo far muyas quosas exemplariamiente la batteria, marcanderia, dos dozidos d'articacionas a far, ma que cento de questos a essar ey muyas otras quosas.

== Historia ==
Fuei un fabricacion do Segnore. Andrew Gower, lo creyore de RuneScape. Y creyei un OMU (Oblietto de Multi-Utisores) qui se quíei Devious MUD na angla. Apue qu'un transformacion s'occurei, ero jugo fuei renomao enaça RuneScape ey lassao nao ano 2001. 

Nao Marso de 2004, un version de 3D (treís dimensionas) fuei introdoça ey lo baso de fanaticos (fanbase) do jiugo enlevei para granda proporcion. Nao Julio 2008, Jagex lassao un version d'HD oy ''Olto Detaío''. Le trovo tre populaío a qu'habado variosas featuras qui arriveís. La version d'HD donno as texturas superioras que la version previosa, do nuevo lumieragio ey os ombros, pue biena que l'opcion a obtenar Full-Screen, un opcion qui se permito de le jugar para escrano completo, engrandao.

== Referenços ==
[http://www.runescape.com RuneScape]

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki in other languages&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[RuneScape/West Germanic|West Germanic (Westgẽmanix)]] •
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Rslog.JPG</title>
    <id>5561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36800</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T12:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>E'hwelos</title>
    <id>5562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41262</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-27T17:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=='''Overview:'''==

'''E'hwelos''' is an Earth-like planet that exists within the [[Siopicus Dimension|Siopicus Dimension]] (a dimension similar to the universe, but unseen or felt) on a higher vibration than that of the Earth. It also has a single moon, but its energy is drawn from the sun of Earth's solar system, whose radiation particles penetrate into the '''E'hwelian''' atmosphere and interact with its 'salenian' gasses, creating a wonderous purple hue in the evening, and a reddish hue during daylight. '''E'hwelos''' is actually situated partly within the Earth (see image below) and is dragged along in its orbit. Its size is roughly 1/3 than that of Earth. Although the Siopicus Dimension is attached to the universe and timeline, the higher vibration means that '''E'hwelos''' and indeed its own universe cannot been seen or felt by those on Earth. However, '''E'hwelian''' beings are a good deal more biologically advanced than humans, and can lower their biological vibrations, enabling them to interact with those on Earth (though for the most part, only for short periods of time, and its often these visits that are mistaken for spiritual or ghostly sightings).

[[Image:Earth ehwlos interaction copy.jpg]]

Quick facts:

*The '''E'hwelian''' timeline is equivalent to Earth's, but '''E'hwelos''' revolves faster making its full day 23 hours. However, because the planet spins within Earth and not in its own orbit around the sun, this makes the '''E'hwelian''' year around 15 days longer than Earth's. Therefore an '''E'hwelian''' year is equivalent to approx 381 earth days.
*The planet consists of 4 continents: 1 whole continent lies in the northern hemisphere, 2 whole continents in the southern, and the 4th lies mostly in the southern hemisphere with approx 1/3 lying in the northern hemisphere.
*'''E'hwelos''' experiences similar seasons to Earth's, that is to say they have a winter, spring, summer and autum, although the climate is around 5 degrees warmer overall. If humans were to experience an E'hwelian summer, it would be somewhat uncomfortable.
*The population is approx 2.5 billion.
*There are 22 countries.
*There are only 2 official languages: '''Utan''' (the original language of the '''Utai''') and '''Ithibu'''. '''Utan''' is spoken naturally by the '''Utai''', and an '''Utan''' dialect known as '''Hutan''' is spoken naturally by the '''H'wero'''. '''Ithibu''' has a standard form, but many dialects. (Note: The '''Utai''' do not speak '''Utan''' exclusively; if an '''Utai''' is born in an '''Ithibu''' speaking country, then they will learn that as their 1st language, although genetically, they will naturally learn '''Utan'''). 
*The official auxilliary language (similar in which English is classed as an international language) is '''Utan'''. 
*Most of the animals and plants that exist on earth also exist on '''E'hwelos''', although there are plants and animals that exist on '''E'hwelos''' that do not exist on Earth.  
*'''E'hwelian''' atmospheric gasses that do not exist on Earth create its violet hue in the evening and its reddish hue in the daytime.
*'''E'hwelian''' water consistency is different, almost mercury-like. Its oceans are crystal clear, due to an ocean dwelling bacteria called 'delingamellanoin' that devours dirt particles.
*It never gets dark, only the colour changes in the evening.

[[Image:E'hwlos.jpg|A stunning evening view of the '''Eth'hwaani''' lake]]

A stunning evening view of the '''Eth'hwaani''' lake

==='''Civilisation'''===

Speaking in an 'evolutionary' sense, the '''E'hwelian''' civilisation is not that disimilar to our own; that is to say, they have a 'Human' race. However, there are 3 specific types of human (or 'race' as in 'human race', not as in 'ethnicity) on '''E'hwelos'''. In fact, one could say (definately in the case of the '''Utai''') that there are 3 'species' of human. They are: 

*The '''Uta'''
*The '''H'wero'''
*The '''Ithibu'''

The reason I don't say they are different 'races' is because their DNA is inherently different to the point where they cannot cross-breed (reproductive isolation). For example: on earth, although they have different facial characteristics, skin tone and in some instances, genes, Caucasians (white), native Africans (or any member of a black race), and Asians can mate with each other and successfuly produce fertile offspring. Therefore, the '''E'hwelian''' humans (for now) should be refered to as 'species' since technically speaking, different species cannot produce offspring. That said, it is actually possible for '''Utai''' and '''H'wero''' to produce offspring, although they will only produce a female who will be infertile . For this reason, strict precautions are taken to ensure non pregnacy between the two. Unfortunately, there are still a significant number of '''Utero''' born each year. Fertilization between '''Utai''' (male) and '''Ithibu''' (female) brings about misscariage and can cause serious health issues for the female.&lt;br/&gt;All '''E'hwelians''' have a reddish skin tone, although the degree of tone varies between species and continent.

===='''Uta'''====

The '''Uta''' species is, in comparison with earth humans, a highly advanced, and the most numerous at around 800 million. Here are some '''Uta''' facts:

*'''Utai''' have redder skin tone than the other species. When pregnant, the females skin tone becomes deeper and the eyes slightly luminescent.
*'''Utai''' have 'redundant' lungs; that is to say they have no use for distributing oxygen. Their skin is developed to absorb and distribute oxygen directly into the bloodstream. The lungs of an '''Uta''' are however, necessary to enable them to talk, as the vocal chords still rely on air flow to cause vibration. Noticeably, an '''Uta''' will only breath when talking.
*They have very distinctive facial features, such as: thin lips, small-slender eyes (most males have violet colour; the females silver or white), small-rounded ears, and have either very dark to black or blonde hair. 
*Their senses are very acute: eyesight is around 3-4 times sharper than that of ours, as is their hearing and sense of smell. 
*Physically, the males are tall (over 6 feet), generally quite stocky with good muscular definition, and up to 5 times stronger than ourselves. The females are mostly of the same height, though slender in build, and have thinner noses but thicker lips, and also quite strong.
*There are 2 very distinct traits of the '''Utai''' which set them apart from the other species: their '''telepathic''' and '''healing''' abilities. All '''Utai''' are born with these abilities, and is inherent in their DNA. They are capable of telepathically communicating over hundreds of miles; easier to other '''Utai''' but a lesser degree to other species. However, this is not something that is used on a 'willy nilly' basis, as it takes a great deal of concentration and can leave the user quite drained. They also have a strange affinity with animals (though not through direct communication; its thought that they can make their feelings known to animals through telepathy).
*The '''Utai''' can heal up to ten times faster than humans, and their immune system is capable of tackling and destroying diseases equivalent to cancer. 
*'''Utai''' can 'transfer' feelings to others simply by touch. In other words, if an '''Uta''' wishes another person to 'feel' how they are feeling, they can do this by holding the hand of the recipient. (If only humans could do that)!

'''Personality'''

The typical '''Uta''' personality displays friendliness, happiness, respect, and love. It's rare for '''Utai''' to fall out with each other (though not improbable). In fact, like their telepathic abilities, these traits are inherent in their DNA.
*A downside to this is their indifference to 'hate' and 'malice', something which sadly still exists in the race of the '''Ithibu'''. This can often lead to shameful ridicule towards the '''Utai''', as they often dont understand when they are being ridiculed under sarcasm from the '''Ithibu'''. However, this is not to say that the '''Utai''' are stupid, far from it!

Below: typical '''Uta''' males or '''Uto'''

[[Image:Uto 1.jpg]] [[Image:Uto 2.jpg]]

and typical '''Uta''' females or '''Uti'''
 
[[Image:Blonde uti 2.jpg]] [[Image:Brunette uti 1.jpg]]

----

===='''H'wero'''====

The '''H'werian''' race are similar to the '''Utai''', and phyisically (externally) almost identical, except that their lungs are used to distribute oxygen (as ours). Their abilities in telepathy or self healing are also quite limited in comparison to the '''Utai'''. Another distinct difference is that the '''H'werai''' are acutely aware of the emotion of hate, unlike the '''Utai'''. The '''Ithibu''' can often find it difficult to distinquish the difference between the two, but '''Utai''' and '''H'werai''' can instantly tell one another apart by instinct. One way to tell the two apart of course is to watch them breath-'''Utai''' only breath when they talk, '''H'werai''' breath constantly.

'''Personality'''

The '''H'werai''' share similar personality traits with the '''Utai''', save for their better understanding of hate and sarcasm.  
----

====The '''Ithibu'''====

The '''Ithibu''' are almost identical to our human race, except that they're physically stronger and their immune systems are much more efficient. There are no distinquishing features to note, like those of the '''Utai''' and '''H'werai'''. 

'''Personality'''

The '''Ithibu''' are just like us. They are capable of all traits we humans have and display. They also have a deep rooted hatred of the '''Utai''', which has caused many problems in previous times.
----
By the way, if you'd like to know how come I know so much about a dimension that is 'supposedly' unseen or felt by those on Earth, [[Dalien Trelos Gwenero|click here]]

=='''Languages'''==

==='''Utan overview'''===

The language of the '''Utai''' is the most widely spoken language on '''E'hwelos'''. '''Utan''' is mainly agglutinative with inflectional features. Verbs inflect for, person, number, tense and modality, and nouns agglutinate for prepositional values, cause and possession. Because of this, word order is of no great importance but there is a tendancy to follow an SVO sequence. Presently, I have no examples of written '''Utan''', therefore, for presentation and transliteration purposes, I have developed the following guidelines:

===='''Vowels:'''====
*a as in bat
*e as in wet (word initial is pronounced as ay in way) 
*i as in wit
*o as in boat
*u as in up
*aa as in father
*ee as in street
*oo as in school
*oe as in the German schön, or the '''er''' in runner

NOTE: Where the vowel is long (and therefore represented as a doubled vowel), this will by default be a stressed syllable. This also applies to diphthongs and triphthongs.

===='''Dipthongs:'''====
*oi as in loin
*ae as in ay-ee (wait as in English received pronunciation)
*ai as in why

===='''Tripthongs:'''====
*aiu as in ey-oo
*oia as in oy-ya

===='''Consonants:''' (the following are as English)====

b k d f g h l m n p r s t v w x z

There is no '''y''' (except perhaps in the sound created by palatalization) or '''qu'''. The pronunciation of voiced consonants is hard to replicate in our tongue. Its almost 'breathy' like, as if the lips and throat with plosives and fricatives are not completely closed.

===='''Palatalization and syllable stress'''====

Palatalization and syllable stress are extremely important grammatical features of '''Utan'''. They can mean the difference between a verb and a noun, a verb tense, and especially with stress, the difference between numbers. Voice intonation also goes hand in hand with stress.

====='''Palatalization'''=====

Palatalized consonants are: '''d,l,m,n''' and '''p''' and are rendered as follows:

'''d-di l-li m-mi n-ñ p-pi''' (for those who do not know what palatalization is, listen to the '''n''' in the Russian '''nyet''')

====='''Syllable stress'''=====

This is quite predictable in '''Utan'''-unlike in English where it is lexical and has to be learned with the word. However, when I say predictable, this means where it is important. In verbs, (and all verbs are trisyllablic in an uninflected state) syllable stress always falls on the 2nd syllable (uninflected). Where the verb is conjugated, stress shifts to accommodate its original position, although for emphasis, stress may also be given to the person inflection:

'''behiilna'''-to exist, '''ebehiilna'''-I exist, '''ébehiilna'''-I DO exist 

It should be noted that syllable stress is only grammatical in verbs, numbers, and verbal nouns. With other word classes, including free nouns, stress may naturally fall on the 2nd syllable, and although this can change due to dialect, it will have no specific meaning. In written '''Utan''', syllable stress is only marked in foreign correspondance-unlike palatalization which is always marked. Athough the rules of syllable stress are fairly rigid, I have decided to mark this in transliteration, but only if it is grammatically necessary. To show this, the vowel in the stressed syllable will be marked as follows:

'''á, é, ii, ó, ú'''

NOTE: '''ii''' does not make the vowel long. The above characters only represent syllable stress, they do not change the vowel sound. For long and short vowels, see the vowel section above. However, by default, a long vowel will normally always be part of a stressed syllable.

===='''Verbs'''====

All verbs are very regular. Verb stems or infinitive conatin 3 syllables, and the present tense always begins with a voiced consonant. This is important in pronunciation, as unvoicing changes the verbs meaning. (Utan ears are extremely sensitive to this syntactic rule, much more so than ouselves. In fact, Utan pronunciation is hard to replicate in our tongue). As said, palatalization also plays an important role in meaning. The present indicative also carries the present 
progressive tense ‘ing’.

====='''Tenses:'''=====

Eg verb: '''behiilna'''-to exist/live

Present:

*behiilna-infinitive-to exist
*ebehiilna-I exist/am existing
*abehiilna-you exist (singular)
*ambehiilna-you (all) exist
*obehiilna-he exists
*ubehiilna-she exists
*eibehiilna-it exists
*enbehiilna-we exist
*onbehiilna-they exist
*inbehiilna-one exists

Simple past: 

Unvoicing of word initial consonant. This tense doesn’t always denote completion of an action:

*epehilna-I existed/did exist/was existing (then same for all conjugations)

Perfect present:

Formed by way of palatalization of the last consonant:

*epehiilña-I have existed (pronounced 'epehilnya')

Future: 

Adds '''n''' to the stem:

*ebehiilnan-I will exist 

There is no perfect future tense.

====='''Copula and the verb 'to be''''=====

The verb '''vaana'''-to be, has 3 uses in '''Utan'''. It’s main use is to act as a copula to adjectives, but is also used to link nouns and pronouns to a prepositioned noun, and as a copula for stative/intransitive verbs. It’s quite hard to directly translate this into English. '''Vaana''' roughly denotes the 'state' of something, or the current status of the subject, and only conjugates for tense when used with nouns. 

*vaana-am/is/are
*faana-was/were/had been
*faaña-have/has been

With adjectives:

*Faen-hot (adjectives denote the ''was/were'' state with the ending '''o''')

*Hwen vaana faen-I am hot (rough translation: I'm in a state of being hot)
*Noi vaana faen-you are hot
*Ema vaana faen-he is hot
*Hwen vaana faeno-I was hot

With verbs:

Zihoina-to own, gehuna-to kick
*Ezoina vaana olatse-I own a house (vaana needed as own is stative)
*Ogehuna oitak -He kicks a ball (vaana not needed as kick is an action verb)

NOTE: The '''Utai''' are very literall people, and this transcends into their language. For example, an '''Uta''' would never say: '''Evenoida vaana gwel'''-I feel ill. They would simply say: '''Hwen vaana gwel'''-I am ill.

=====Modality=====

Modality or the mood of a verb is rendered with an '''n''' inflection followed by a mood indicating vowel or dipthong. Modals rendered in '''Utan''' are:
*Can (to be able to)
*May (to be allowed to)
*Should (to ought to)
*Like (to like/enjoy)
*Would like (would like to)
*Want (to want to)

Other moods are:
*conditional-would
*subjunctive-expresses wishes or hypotheticals

Modal inflections are indicated below with galiina-to love (because all verbs are regular, the 1st person only will be used in examples; one simply adds the appropriate person prefix)

galiina-to love
egaliina-I love

'''Can-na'''
*galiinana-to be able to love
*egaliinana-I can love
*Past:
*ekaliinana-I could love (was able to)
*May-no
*geliinano-to be allowed to love
*egeliinano-I may love (am allowed to)
*Past:
*ekaliinano-I was allowed to love

'''Should-ni'''
*galiinani-to ought to love
*egaliinani-I should love

'''Past''':
*ekaliinañi-I should have loved (note the palatialized '''ñ''' here)

'''Like to-nu'''
*galiinanu-to like to love
*egaliinanu-I like to love

'''Past:'''
*ekaliinanu-I liked to

'''Perfect present:'''
*ekaliinañu-I have liked to love

'''To want to-ne'''
*galiinane-to want to
*egaliinane-I want to

'''Past:'''
*ekaliinane-I wanted to

'''Perfect present'''
*ekaliinañe-I have wanted to

'''Would like to-noi'''
*egaliinanoi-I would like (to)

'''Past:'''
*ekaliinañoi-I would have liked to

====='''Subjunctive'''=====

There are 2 subjunctive moods in '''Utan'''.  

'''Subjunctive 1''' is used to render hypothetical wishes or expressions. Eg:
*If I were rich, I’d buy a forest. 
*If I were you I’d tell the truth. 
*I wish there was a lake of chocolate.

With the 'if' clause, there are 2 ways in which this is rendered. With adjectival statements, the adjective itself inflects to denote 'if' and person. For example: the adjective '''toin'''-rich, normally takes an inflection to denote its state (are you currently rich, or were you rich/no longer rich), which is an additional '''o''' meaning 'was/were'. To make it subjunctive, the adjectives final consonant is palatalised: 

*toin-rich
*hwen vaana toin-I am rich
*hwen vaana toino-I was rich (but am no longer)
*hwen vaana toiño-if I were rich (currently not rich, but would like to be)

'''Subjunctive 2''' is for modal expressions such as: '''should/ought to be, able to be, allowed to be, want to be''' etc. Fot this type of construction, the modal inflection prefixes to '''vaana'''. Look at the following examples, which are all subjunctive 2 in '''Utan:'''

*Ololat na'vaana doik e kedoik. Houses can be big or small. (literally: Houses can be in a large or small state)
*Ema ni'vaana nuhon. He should be there by now.
*Uma ne'vaana asoilum. She wants to be famous. 
*Hwen noi'vaana nelien.  I would like to be happy.
*Sukois hwenda no'vaana vaeti kwemba. We're allowed to be a little crazy sometimes.

With prepositioned nouns:
*Hwen vaana olatninoi-I'm at home
*Hwen faana olatninoi-I was at home

==='''Pronouns'''=== 

Nom:
*I hwen
*you noi
*you (pl) noida
*he ema
*she uma
*it ama
*we hwenda
*they uvaiu
*they (inanimate) uvoik
*one aru

Acc:
*Me hwense
*You noise
*You (pl) noidase
*Him emase
*Her umase
*It amase
*Us hwendase
*Them uvaiuse
*Them (inanimate) uvoikse
*One aruse

Dat:
*To me hwesu
*To you noisu
*To you noidnasu
*To him emasu
*To her umasu
*To it amasu
*To us hwesu
*To them uvasu
*To one arusu

NOTE: The above are the basic grammatical categories for pronouns. However, Utan pronouns can inflect with any of the noun cases.

----
==='''Ithibu'''===

The Ithibu language is somewhat disjointed, erratic shall we say. It’s often said that language reflects a culture (or indeed vice versa), and this is certainly true in the case of Ithibu. There are, as you would expect, a few syntactic rules. However, the language is not a diverse or exciting one. It’s very flat, or dynamically thwarted if you like. 

Ithibu is highly isolating, and word order is not so important, but follows a SOV style. Particles however, carry extremely important grammatical information. This is nothing out of the ordinary really, in comparison to some of the languages here on Earth (Chinese, for example is isolating in the same way). However, Ithibu word classes are non derivative; they’re based purely on the asthetics of CV or VC combinations (consonant-vowel, vowel-consonant). This NEVER changes within a word class. For example:
*Nouns are based on the combination CVVCCVCVVC. This is the same for all classes of nouns: real (except names), count, non-count, tangible, non tangible, abstract, nouns derived from verbs etc etc. So, the Ithibu noun for (a) 'thought' is 'viettobein'. The underlying trait here is that the 1st syllable is always a diphthong, as is the last, making the sound of the noun quite recognizable. 
*Verbs are based on the combination VCCV. The Ithibu verb for 'to think' is 'achi'. As you can see, it bares absolutely no resemblance to its noun relative. And again, an underlying trait of verbs is that the double consonant will most often be a consonantal digraph.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs etc undergo no inflection nor any affixual additions. This is the role of the particle. Particles determine: tense, voice, modality, possession, grammatical roles such as subject, object, indirect object, cause, telecity etc. Fundamentally, the particle is the link pin between word and function-and they are many!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - insects</title>
    <id>5563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36839</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T18:54:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - arthropods</title>
    <id>5564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56108</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T18:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Brachyura */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=

† extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

*Domain - Eukaryota
**Kingdom - Animalia
***Subkingdom - Eumetazoa
****Superphylum - Deuterostomia
*****Phylum - Arthropoda &lt;font color=green&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

=Hexapoda=
==[[wikipedia:Insecta|Insecta]]==
===Lepidoptera butterfly, moth &lt;font color=green&gt;fááfles&lt;/font&gt;===
*Nymphalidae
**thistle butterfly ''Vanessa cardui'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;àrźëfááfles&lt;/font&gt;
**red admiral butterfly ''Vanessa atalanta'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;laamfááfles&lt;/font&gt;
**tortoise shell butterfly ''Nymphalus vaualbum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaþfááfles&lt;/font&gt;

===Coleoptera beetle &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸiiþpéétes&lt;/font&gt;===
*Lampyridae
**lightning bug, fire-fly ''Lampyrus noctiluca'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;púntes&lt;/font&gt;
*Anobiidae
**death watch beetle ''Xestobium rufovillosum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;þrémes&lt;/font&gt;
===Diptera===
*Culicidae
**mosquito ''Culex pipiens'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;biĸes, pĭúĸĭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Tabanidae
**horse fly ''Tabanus bovinus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Muscidae
**house fly ''Musca domestica'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;móĸes&lt;/font&gt;
===Hymenoptera===
*Apidae &lt;font color=green&gt;veȝées&lt;/font&gt; bee
**bumble bee ''Bombus pratorum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸápŭes&lt;/font&gt;
*Vespidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ɱóvſees&lt;/font&gt; wasp
**hornet ''Vespa spp., Vespula spp.'' &lt;font color=green&gt;ćǿſnes&lt;/font&gt;
*Formicidae
**ant &lt;font color=green&gt;mórɱes&lt;/font&gt;
*Tettigoniidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸĭááres&lt;/font&gt;
*Chironomidae
**gnat, midge &lt;font color=green&gt;émpes&lt;/font&gt;

===Orthoptera===
*Locustidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸébes&lt;/font&gt;
**cicada ''Melampsalta montana'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;máánges&lt;/font&gt;
**grasshopper ''Omocestus viridulus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pépes&lt;/font&gt;
**locust ''Lacusta m. migratoria'' 
*Gryllidae
**cricket ''Gryllis campestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭápes&lt;/font&gt;
*Coccinellidae
**lady bug &lt;font color=green&gt;lĭónges&lt;/font&gt;

===Isoptera===
*termite &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸŭøſmórɱes&lt;/font&gt;

===Siphonaptera===
*Pulicidae
**flea ''Pules irritans'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;púles&lt;/font&gt; 
===Hemiptera===
*Cimicidae
**bedbug ''Cimex lectularius'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tíxes&lt;/font&gt;
===Odonata===
====Epiprocta====
*Aeshnidae
**common hawker ''Aeshna juncea'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſárĸŭes&lt;/font&gt;

====Zygoptera====
*Calopterygidae
**damselfly ''Calopteryx splendens'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſárĸüles&lt;/font&gt;

=Chelicerata=
==Arachnida==
===Araneae &lt;font color=green&gt;aréxnes&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=green&gt;ćértes&lt;/font&gt;===
===Scorpiones===
*Euscorpidae
**woodland scorpion ''Euscorpius mingrelicus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ǿdes&lt;/font&gt;

===Acarina===
====Parasitiformes====
*Ixodidae
**tick ''Ixodes spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;díħes&lt;/font&gt;

====Acariformes====
*Epidermoptidae
**mite ''Acarus spp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;eréĸes&lt;/font&gt;

==Xiphosura==
*Limulidae
**&lt;font color=red&gt;horseshoe crab&lt;/font&gt; ''Limulus polyphemus''

=Myriapoda=
==Chilopoda==
*Scutigeridae
**centipede ''Scutigera coleoptrata'' &lt;font color=green&gt;mènħëĸóſtes&lt;/font&gt;

==Diplopoda millipede==
*Polydesmidae
**millipede ''Polydemus angustus'' &lt;font color=green&gt;beezĸóſtes&lt;/font&gt;

=Crustacea=
==Peracarida==
===Isopoda===
*Trichoniscidae
**sow bug, wood louse ''Trichoniscus sp.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćéges&lt;/font&gt;
==Eucarida==
===Decapoda &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸíítes&lt;/font&gt;===
====Brachyura====
*Potamidae
**crab ''Potamon fluviatilis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;dènćëĸíítes&lt;/font&gt;

====Caridea shrimp ''Caridea spp.'' &lt;font color=green&gt;dííĸes&lt;/font&gt;====
====Astacidea====
*Astacidae
**European crayfish ''A. astacus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸémres&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Purple world.jpg</title>
    <id>5565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36845</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T20:33:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:E'hwlos.jpg</title>
    <id>5566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36847</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-29T20:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Imbecilica</title>
    <id>5567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36865</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T05:00:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, Imbecilica. I notice you've introduced some encyclopaedic articles in your conlang. Would you mind if I added small links to the bottom of your page (I'd also like to translate them into my conlang) as part of the ''FrathWiki in other languages'' initiative? I find it interesting to read excerpts translated into others' conlangs, so these articles would be good translation exercises for the conlanging community.

--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 22:30, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Sure. Do you need me to translate my conlang into English first?

--[[User:Imbecilica|Imbecilica]] 05:00, 30 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xǔngpìng</title>
    <id>5568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37133</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-03T14:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|Xǔngpìng
| English = Xǔngpìng
| native = Xǔngpìng
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = isolating
| morphosyntactic-alignment =
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}
Xǔngpìng is an isolating, monosyllabic, tonal language.

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|pʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || || || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|tɕ}} || {{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{IPA|dʑ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Vowels ===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || {{IPA|ʏ}} || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || {{IPA|ə˞}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || {{IPA|a}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ˞}} ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Tones ===
Xǔngpìng has five tones, which are the high tone (unmarked), rising tone (´), falling tone (`), falling-rising tone (ˇ), and the &quot;broken tone&quot; (˜). The broken tone starts with an extra-short vowel, then there is a glottal stop, and then the same vowel continues again with a rising tone. In IPA, using /a/ as an example, this &quot;tone&quot; would be written {{IPA|[ăʔ̆ǎ]}}. The broken tone can not appear in onset-less syllables, while the other tones have no such restrictions.

=== Syllable structure ===
The syllable structure of Xǔngpìng is (O)(G)V(C), where O can be any consonant except /j/ or /w/, G can be /j/ or /w/, V is any non-rhotacized vowel, and C can be /kʰ/, /l/, /m/, /n/, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, /w/, /j/ or rhotacization of the previous vowel.

== Orthography ==
The romanization of Xǔngpìng is as follows:
=== Xǔngpìng romanization ===

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, C&amp;nbsp;c, Ch&amp;nbsp;ch, D&amp;nbsp;d, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, Jh&amp;nbsp;jh, K&amp;nbsp;k, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, Ng&amp;nbsp;ng, O&amp;nbsp;o, P&amp;nbsp;p, Q&amp;nbsp;q, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, Sh&amp;nbsp;sh, T&amp;nbsp;t, U&amp;nbsp;u, V&amp;nbsp;v, W&amp;nbsp;w, X&amp;nbsp;x, Xh&amp;nbsp;xh, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z, Zh&amp;nbsp;zh'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | a, ɑ
| 
|-
! Ar ar
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ˞
|
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! C c 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tsʰ
| 
|-
! Ch ch
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃʰ
|
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e, ə
| 
|-
! Er er
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ə˞
|
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f, ɸ
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i, ɪ, j
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tɕ
| 
|-
! Jh jh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ
|
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | kʰ, k
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! Ng ng
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
|
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | pʰ
| 
|-
! Q q 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tɕʰ
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʐ
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! Sh sh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
|
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʰ
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u, w
| 
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | (silent)
| 
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | w, (silent)
| 
|-
! X x 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɕ
| 
|-
! Xh xh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʑ
|
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j, (silent)
| 
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ts
| 
|-
! Zh zh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃ
|
|}

When a syllable begins with a vowel, a silent letter is inserted before it. If the syllable begins with /a/ or /e/, &lt;v&gt; is inserted; if it begins with /i/ or {{IPA|/ʏ/}}, &lt;y&gt; is inserted; and if it begins with /o/ or /u/, &lt;w&gt; is inserted.

When a consonant is followed by &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; or &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; and then a second vowel, the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; or &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; is pronounced /j/ resp. /w/. If there is no other consonant before a /j/ or /w/, &lt;y&gt; resp. &lt;w&gt; is used for representing those sounds.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Calineg</title>
    <id>5569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36888</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T13:29:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calineg</username>
        <id>1242</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Well Im an utter noob at Wikis so any suggestions would be great!--[[User:Calineg|Calineg]] 13:29, 30 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angrex</title>
    <id>5570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52681</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-16T14:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vocabulary */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = (T.B.A.)
| native = (chio bei nonth)
| country = (somewhere in North America)
| nativecountry = (samva en Nof Maweka)
| universe = A possible future timeline ([[Talk:Ängrex|arguments to the contrary are welcome]])
| speakers = none yet
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Germanic
| subbranch = Anglic
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = isolating
| morphosyntactic-alignment =
| author = [[User:Tropylium|Tropylium]]
| date = one very late evening in spring 2008
| background-color = white
| heading-background = FF6000
| width = 33%
}}

A tentative name for a future [[Anglic languages|Anglic language]]. May be switched to a proper geographic-based one eventually.

Owes much to [http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/futurese.html Futurese].

==Grand Master Plan==
===Initial dialect features===
Note that these features' current geographical distribution does not necessarily limit Ängrex's, since a few of them are still spreding.

====Vowels====
* Yod-dropping: [[Early Modern English]] /iʊ/ becomes /uː/ (''GOOSE''), preceded by /j/ if there's no initial consonant. Likewise /iʊɹ/ → /ʊɹ/. Typical exceptions, such as ''sugar'', ''sure'', apply.
* The cot-caught, father-bother and pin-pen mergers apply, i.e. /ɒ ɔː/ both merge into /ɑː/, and /ɪ/ before a nasal into /ɛ/.
* The following rhotic vowels are distinguished: /ɪɹ ɛɹ əɹ ɑɹ ɔɹ/ (''NEAR SQUARE NURSE START NORTH''). /oɹ/ (''FORCE'') merges into /ɔɹ/; /ʊɹ/ (''CURE'') merges varyingly† with /ɔɹ/ or the disyllable /uəɹ/, or plain /əɹ/ in certain lexemes.† Mergers apply also before medial /ɹ/: e.g. /e.ɹ æ.ɹ/ → /ɛɹ/, /ʌ.ɹ/ → /əɹ/, /i.ɹ/ → /ɪɹ/.
* Collapse to a three-vowel system in final unstress'd position: /iː/ (''HAPPY'') becomes /eɪ/ (''FACE''), while /ə(ɹ)/ (''COMMA, LETTER'') becomes /ɑː/. /oʊ/ remains. (Phonetically, these are basic [e a o].)
* Unstress'd /ə/ and /ɪ/ remain mostly separate when pretonic, sometimes† also when posttonic.
* Shwa + sonorant combinations are realized as syllabic consonants [m̩ n̩ ɫ̩], especially† word-finally.
The following changes are best considered phonetic detail, since they do not disturb the phonological system.
* /ɑ æ iː uː ʊ/ → [a eə ɪj ʏw ʏ]
** We'll nevertheless write the quality of the ''GOOSE'' and ''FOOT'' vowels as /ʉ ʏ/ from here on.
** [ʊ] remains before coda /l/
** ''need to elaborate on the fate of /æ/ per environment, difthong decay, and on other pre-sonorant mergers (aU aI &gt; æə aə / _S''
* Length is by now secondary to quality (and won't be marked, either).

====Consonants====
* Whine-wine merger: /ʍ/ merged into /w/.
* /tɹ tj dɹ dj/ are affricated to /ʧɹ ʧ ʤɹ ʤ/. (Note that palatalization of /sɹ sj zj/ is older and applies to all English varieties, AFATAK.)
* Medial flapping of /t d/ to [ɾ] when posttonic. No glottalization develops (except, as widespred, to zero between a fricativ and a syllabic consonant — ''soften'' [sɑfn̩] → &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sáfang&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''rustle'' [ɹʌsɫ̩] → &lt;wúso&gt;)
* Interdental loss: /θ ð/ become /t d/ in onset position, /f v/ in coda.
**''eater'' [ˈɪjɾa], ''ether'' [ˈɪjta]
* Coda /d/ is lost after /n/.
* The cluster /ns/ (and possibly /nz/ - unclear due to later changes &amp; the only common examples being ''bronze'' and ''frenzy'') inserts epenthetic /t/ (or /d/) to become /nts/ (or /ndz/). Plurals and possessivs in //-S// unaffected, as are, by this stage, any prefixes in /(C)Vn-/ (''in-'', ''con-'', etc.)

===Initial syntactic changes===
* ''Gonna'' and ''wanna''
* ''got'' becomes a compulsory auxiliary in possessiv constructions, while the ''have'' element is increasingly cliticized
* Cliticization of copulas's also common, with ''(t)here's'' taking place of ''(t)here're''
* Imperfect forms of strong verbs are eliminated and replaced by the perfect. (Some cases proceed in the opposite direction, mostly when the perfect includes ''-en'' in addition to any vowel changes, but still to the effect of only allowing one past form.)
* ''one'' becomes a compulsory pronoun in constructions involving adjectivs as referents
* ''gimme'' reanalyzed as a monotransitiv &quot;to part with&quot;

===Pre-Angrex===
By now the American English speech community is increasingly fracturing. Register-switching between vernacular and classical English starts to resemble diglossia similar to the current (2009 CE) situation in the Arabophone world, and with the standard language taking the role of the lingua franca, the dialects are free to diverge.

====Further spred of certain changes====
* Flapping of /d/ is extended to word-final posttonic position. /t/ persists as an unreleased [t̚].
* /nʃ/(and /nʒ/?), prefixal /n/+/s/ and tautosyllabic /mf/ also undergo epenthesis (therefore eg.  &lt;thancang&gt; from ''tension'')
* The pattern of singular /-əs/ : plural /-aɪ/ is generalized to all applicable words, and then some.
** &quot;Some&quot; includes especially polysyllables ending in /-əz/, and monosyllables ending in /-s/, which will be now pluralized as /-saɪ/ (but not those with irregular plurals, e.g. ''mice'')

====More vowel changes====
(Needs splitting between this and the previous stage)
* /eə/ further raised to /ɪə/
* Reduction of unstressed vowels continues. In closed syllables, sufficiently unstress'd† &lt;!--explain--&gt; /i e/ typically reduce to /ɪ/, /ʉ/ to /ʏ/, /ɛ æ ɑ/ to /ə/. Pretonic initial /ə/ (but not /ɪ/) tends to be lost entirely.
* Before a vowel, unstressed /i ʉ/ reduce to /j w/. The sequences /i(j)ə ʉ(w)ə/ (e.g. ''idea'', ''doer'') coalesce to /ɪə ʊə/.
* Unreduced /æʊ ɔɪ/ become biphonemic /ɪə.ɔ ʊə.ɛ/ (word-finally /ɪə.o ʊə.e/). Unreduced /aɪ/ persists.
* /ʌ/ becomes essentially /ə/ even when stress'd.*
&lt;!-- bekhám esancoi xá eiwang vanz dún cas--&gt;
* /ɑ/ → /ʌ/ before a nasal, paralleling the situation with front vowels ''(does FOOT + nasal exist??)''
* /ɪɹ/ (''NEAR'', ''MIRROR'') becomes /ɪəɹ/, still monosyllabic but now equal in quality to former /æ/ follo'd by /ɹ/ (bear in mind that former /æɹ/, as in ''carry'', has turned into /ɛɹ/ tho).
* /ɔɹ/ raises to /ʊɹ/, then similarly breiks to become /ʊəɹ/; /əɹ/ backs to take its place as new /ɔɹ/.
* Syllabic /n/ → /ŋ/ in word-final position

====Labial/liquid chainshift====
One of Angrex's most caracteristic features.
* The main chain consists of /ɹ/ → /w/, /w/ → /ʋ/, /v/ → /b/ (a push-pull chain with the 2nd change coming into place the last). Only the onset position is affected.
** /w/ remains after a velar, a testament to its imbudgency.* (So is the shift from /ɹ/ directly to /ʋ/ in the British descendants of English, but let's not go there.)
* Coda /v/ → /ʋ/, further becoming syllabic if another consonant precedes
** Former coda /ɹ/ or semivowels don't count as consonants anymore
** Coda /l/ does, by which the changes affecting it can be dated as being later
** Syllabic /ʋ̩/ is also produced from /əv/ (principally: ''of'', '''ve'')
* /v/ before a syllabic consonant is treated as a coda.
* Coda /l/ separates as syllabic after a (phonetic) semivowel, ie. after the difthongal vowels /i ʉ ɪə ʊə aə aɪ/.
* …after which it vocalizes: → /w/, the syllabic form → /ʊ/.
** New cases of stress'd /ʊ/ develop from /ow/ before an additional coda consonant.
* Summarizing, ''sail will help pull all old dull coal'' → &lt;xiu veu haup phou o or du khu&gt;; ''boil cool eel tile pal'' → &lt;bwáyo khyowo eyo thayo pháo?&gt;; ''fillen valve'' → &lt;fewang bou&gt; &lt;small&gt;(For ''fillen'', see the new syntax section)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;small&gt;*Yes, I made that up. Er, I mean, it demonstrates the increasingly productiv usage of certain suffixes in Angrex. ;)&lt;/small&gt;

===Proto-Angrex===
An era of estabilishment of isoglosses and fledgling linguistic boundaries. This particular family

====Liquid shifts, pt. 2====
Also very contributing to the general flavor. Dateable as somewhat later than the labial shift tho.
* Onset /l/ → /ɾ/ after another consonant (even when separated by a syllable breik)
** except before an existing /ɾ/ later in the word
* Regressiv bilabial/labiodental harmony between /w ʋ/, including also their syllabic counterparts /ʊ ʋ̩/.†&lt;!-- what do they do if CV tautosyllabic, eg. /wUlf/ &gt; v\=:f &gt; _uuf_ ? or &gt; v\Uwf &gt; _voof_ ? *are* there even other examples? (A: yes, _wool_)

Perhaps /Y/ can be involved also - probably not CV development a la /wUd/ &gt; v\=:4 &gt; uur (rather, expected _vor_), but perhaps V_V development a la /wUd@v/ &gt;&gt; _voroo_, /fUt @v/ &gt;&gt; _fotoo_ / _focoo_?--&gt;
** Due to the later change from coda /ʋ/ to /w/, this doesn't come up much in Angrex itself, but it does explain how ''wary'' → &lt;vávi&gt; or ''rewind'' → &lt;wegán&gt;, as well as the origin of some morphological elements.†&lt;!-- note analogy: will, willya &gt; veu, vewa; not *veva--&gt;

====Aspiration development====
This series of sound changes forms major isoglosses among the Anglic languages.
* The trigger is the loss of /s/ before another consonant. This leads to the phonemicization of aspiration of voiceless stops in the onset — as well as of word-initial /ɾ/.
** Medial stops are also geminated when /s/ is lost.
* Coda stops are normally unreleased, with the exception of the position before another obstruent, or a non-tautosyllabic consonant such as [ɫ̩] (syllables with a consonantal nucleus may not contain an onset) or [m] (stop+/m/ not being a valid initial cluster). After its inception by the previous change, aspiration develops also in this position, in stressed syllables only.
* Any coda affricates are 'fcors released, but generally don't develop aspiration. An exception, most likely analogy-motivated, is the cluster /ʧt/ when resulting from /ʧ/ plus the past tense suffix //d//.
* Additionally, /pf ts/ → /pʰ tʰ/ in all positions.
* This system is then muddled by application of anti-Grassman's Law, i.e. in a word containing two aspirates within one syllable of one another, the latter is deaspirated.
* /h/ triggers deaspiration regularly; it's however medially lost in ''all'' cases (e.g. ''megahertz'' → &lt;magát&gt;)
* /h/ is also lost initially before any high vowel or glide.
* However, in syllables with an initial lo vowel or /ɾ/, any possible aspiration in the coda is transferred to become an intrusiv initial /h/ (e.g. ''opt'' → &lt;háp&gt;, ''slacks'' → &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;hrákhs&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* All coda stops after an obstruent or a homorganic nasal are lost. The first part of this change is common enuff even in contemporary English dialects, but the consequences for aspiration sho that at least in /pt kt/ this must postdate the development of phonemic aspiration.

====Retroflexen====
* To compensate for the increasingly stronger allophonic palatalization of ordinary coronals before front vowels, the postalveolar sibilants become apical in articulation, in enunciated speech even retroflex. These retain their inherent labialization, and a folloing /w/ is assimilated. An /f/ or /v/ from ''former'' /w/, however, is metathesized, giving eg. &lt;pháfcúk&gt; from ''patchwork'', &lt;defxa&gt; from ''dishwasher'' (note the haplology) and &lt;pháse(u)jri&gt; from ''passageway''.

====Vowel shift====
* Mid vowels become long high vowels: /e o/ → /jiː uː/
* Near-high vowels become short mid vowels: /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ → /e ø o/
** furthermore /ø ej/ → /jo jej/
* Rhotic vowels also become long mid (or lo) vowels: /ɑɹ oɹ əɹ eɹ/ → /ɑː oː ɘː ɛː/
* Difthongs in -ə smooth into long lo vowels: /ɪə ʊə aə/ → /jaː waː aː/
* There are two theories to what's going on in here with the front vowels. One is that this is simply palatalization and the glide found in eg. ''cube'' → &lt;khiobo&gt; is excrescent in nature; the other is that /j/'s are actually broken off vowels, but simply lost in most situations. The behavior is at any rate identical to that of inherited instances of /Cj/ in most, perhaps all cases.
** No glide nor palatalization appears after a liquid (/l ɾ ʋ/), a postalveolar, or a bilabial.
** Non-liquid alveolars reddily palatalize: /tʰ t d s z n/ + /ʲ/ → /tɕʰ tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ/
*** This occurs also after /iː j/.
** A plain [j] appears after velars and /f/.
** /w/ palatalizes to /ɥ/ when occurring after a front vowel or palatal consonant; no effect is seen elsewhere.
** Word-initially (or after a vowel?) [j] remains when resulting from /ø ɪə/.
* In contrast to all the palatalization hijinx, there's no interplay between /w/ and consonants to note. *&lt;!--

====Case system====
-z nom.
-a gen.
-0 acc. (?)

lexicon notes:
(de)licious &gt; leshas &quot;successful, appropriate&quot;
at least &gt; threex
only &gt; uNklii / ullii / undrii?

An áda ñouz, aiz gát gyor vúk dún an dezanga fyoca dailakha Angrex. Etz bei gat lexas aphúkkird, yan veu bei gat undri mosu van aiz fega úp súm mo chinja gwáma yan lakhsekang chiou. Aiz wairang dezvan phaugwaf an dúprekhic beilu fo a xampho, mika vacha veua et.--&gt;

===Old Angrex to Standard Angrex===
====Yet more vowel shifts====
* A sequence of /ɛ a ɑ/ plus a non-close vowel becomes a long vowel. /i u/ turn into [j w] if adjacent to a vowel.
* The sequences /əj əw ɑw/ become [i u oː], even before another vowel. This counterfeeds the previous monofthongization. (Equivalently: before a vowel /əj əw/ become [ij uw]).
* Vowels are additionally lengthen'd:
** always word-finally
** in open stressed syllables, if the next vowel is short†&lt;!--, as well as before /z ʐ ʑ/--&gt;
* Vowels are shorten'd:
** in superhevvy syllables (with a CC coda), except those resulting from a vowel sequence
** elsewhere??
* Syllabic consonants are lost: [ʋ̩ m̩ n̩ ŋ̩] → [u am an aŋ] (always short)
** This postdates lengthening/shortening, both due to the consistency of resultant length, and since consonants between a syllable with a vocalic nucleus and one with a consonantal nucleus†&lt;!--or simply nasal? v\= patterns with U after all, and can carry stress--&gt; are assigned to the vocalic syllable if possible, increasing its weight. Frex ''action'' → &lt;yakhshang&gt;, not *&lt;yákhshang&gt;; and ''kitten'' → &lt;kherang&gt; has short [e], not long [eː].
* Coda /ʋ/ becomes /w/, while onset /ʋ/ becomes /v/ or /f/, modulo voicing of a possible preceding consonant.
* Lo front vowels collapse: /aː/ merges into /ɑː/ except when word-final, while /ɛ a/ merge as /æ/. (This counterfeeds the monofthongization of /ɑw/.)
* Shwa is inserted after word-final voiced stops and affricates. (?)
**Also postdates prosodic shortening/lengthening.
* Unstressed shwa then proceeds to become [e] if there is an immediately preceding palatal, and [o] if there is an immediately preceding labial glide or retroflex.
* Stressed shwas become [ɨː] when long, [ɑ] when short.
* Coda /j/ is lost between front vowels and palatals, likewise coda and onset /w/ between labial vowels and labials, with compensatory lengthening if the vowel precedes.

====Various====
* Voiced affricates lenite to fricativs: /dz dʐ dʑ/ → /z ʐ ʑ/. Before nasals, however, the opposite development is found.
* Of two nearby prevocalic /w/ (and possibly /j/?&lt;!--eg. yield &gt; jIjUr &gt; _jeegor_--&gt;), the 2nd dissimilates → [ɣ] → /ɡ/.
* Certain awkward consonant clusters are resolved:
** /n/ after an alveolar stop becomes /ɾ/
** /nɾ/ becomes /nː/
** Before another obstruent, coda /k/ and /kʰ/ become [x], similarly /p&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; b/ become /f v/.† Word-final /k/ tends to be lost,&lt;!-- with aspiration of initial stops in monosyllables via [h]? investigate if the cluster issue exists for any other stops / affricates --&gt;
** Any obstruents stranded between a nasal and another obstruent, or between two obstruents, drop out.

====Dialectal changes====
Distribution particulars not work'd out, other than that Stop Merger and Back Chainshift occur in the same branch.
* /n/ → /ɾ/ after other stops as well
* Coda /ɾ/ → /l/†&lt;!-- serendipitously: would~willing &gt; _vol~velang_--&gt;
* Alternately, other stops may spirantize in this position as well, leading to correspondences such as [xn] ~ [kɾ] for standard [kn]
* /fw fj hɾ/ → /xw xj xɾ/, leading to phonemic /x/ &lt;!-- same dialect as the previous --&gt;
* Stop merger: aspirated/geminate → voiceless; voiced/unaspirated → voiced
* Long back(ish) vowel chain shift: /ɑː/ → /oː/ → /uː/ → /ɨː/ → /au/ → …
* Alternately, difthong simplification: /iu eu/ → /yː øː/, loss of vowel length with a split of /eː e oː o/ → /e ɛ o ɔ/

==Phonology==
{|
|-
| pʰ || tʰ || tʂʰ || tɕʰ || kʰ ||
|-
| p || t || tʂ || tɕ || k ||
|-
| b || d || || || ɡ ||
|-
| f || s || ʂ || ɕ || (x) || h
|-
| v || z || ʐ || ʑ || ||
|-
| m || n || || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
| w || l || || j || ||
|-
| || ɾ || || || ||
|}


{|
|-
| i || iː || ɨː || u || uː
|-
| e || eː || ə || o || oː
|-
| æ || æː || || ɑ || ɑː
|}
Difthongs ''iu eu ei au ai ou oi'' (''ui''??)

==Orthography==
Per IPA, except:
* Obviously (?), &lt;r&gt; is /ɾ/, &lt;y&gt; is /j/ and a digraph with &lt;h&gt; signifies aspiration.
* &lt;c x j&gt; are /tɕ ɕ ʑ/ before an orthographic &lt;&amp;#105;&gt; (itself silent before another vowel), /tʂ ʂ ʐ/ elsewhere.
** A silent &lt;r&gt; occurs between a retroflex and /i/. E.g. ''jail'' → &lt;jriu&gt; /ʐiw/, ''dale'' → &lt;jiu&gt; /ʑiw/.
** ''need to decide what to do with coda position''
* [x] is treated as an allophone of /kʰ/ and written to the effect.
* &lt;ñ ng&gt; are /ɲ ŋ/.
* The lo vowels are &lt;a á&gt; = /æ ɑ/; unstressed, &lt;a&gt; varies from [a] to [ə]. &lt;ú&gt; is /ɨ/.
** The acutes here derive from a superscript &lt;h&gt;. *
* Vowel length is normally not written, but if needed, macrons can be used (acute + macron is generally substituted by a circumflex).

==Vocabulary==
Numbers
* vún, chiou, thwei, fwá, fayu, sekh, sabang, ic, nán, than, elabang, thfau, thoceñ, fwáceñ ... thfanni ... ánjor, chiaosang ... melang, belang, chelang ...
* fús, sakhang, thor, fwáf, fef, sekhf, sabangf ''etc.''
Weekdays
* súnni, múnni, chioji, wanji, thoji, fwairi, xiarji
Months
* jámawi, fabawi, mác, ipo, mi, joun, jolai, ágús, súftamba, úkhtuba, núbamba &lt;!--analogy, pro *nu- --&gt;, dúsamba
Colors
* vac, gwi, bra; war, wágenjo, yalu, gweñ, thokwas, sayang, brou, annegu, phopo, majanna; pheng, bwang
Metals
* saram, magnúsam, jalmeñam, pharsam, khyausam, khum, ájang, khápa, zeng, seuba, then, phlárenam, gor, mokyowi, lar, yowiñam
Shapes
* chayanggo, wakhcianggo, kwa, phannúgang, alef, sokho; pheumer, khyobo, khun
Military ranks
* phwabet, khwapo, sajang, anthang, lournang, khyapang, mija, khono, januo, jarmuo
Continents
* ija, yáfweka, acchrila, màweka, yowop, anthákhte

&lt;!--
selbe khúntanúz lás chiou

xâz anthút yāftā vûrfenō táp ang yāfweket (?) bwáes
jiej súm chinjo khwic ú wáda núnsemúce ambannuya fáno bo

Mus laikho, etz chika xorang múc thaim jiat yogaz dúsefa dez langwerj wájang. Phap dú thairoz ú en, aiz xiom.--&gt;

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xungping</title>
    <id>5571</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>36908</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T14:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Xungping]] moved to [[Xǔngpìng]]: I want the diacritics to be included in the page header.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Xǔngpìng]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:East Asian languages</title>
    <id>5572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36918</id>
      <timestamp>2008-08-30T15:46:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>not as far-fetched as you might think!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">You might be interested in a proposed [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/D/John.A.Dunn-1/text/p1.htm real-world parallel], only even further east.

Seems like it's a Centum (Tocharian-based?) branch, tho… [[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 15:46, 30 August 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Allan16</title>
    <id>5573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45802</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T16:44:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Feel free to comment on my conlangs through e-mail or by leaving me comments here

Hey, I just wanted to thank you for your comment on Nician (a bit late though, i wasn't using this site for a long time =) ). Nician stands between French and Italian, but also it has some specialties, especially in terms of pronunciation. Unfortunately i have lost the grammar and the Grand Master Plan due to a PC Change ... maybe i can rewrite it, we will see. --[[User:Caedes|Caedes]] 16:44, 3 June 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Duqaska</title>
    <id>5574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59008</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T17:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Romanzè]] to [[Talk:Duqaska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Feel free to ask questions and discuss Romanto here</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Allan16</title>
    <id>5575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51709</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-04T21:19:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am only working on one language now. [[Romanzè]] is still on going but stopped at the moment. I have now started on [[Nyenglisk]]
which is like a new orthography for the english langauge but with certain word changs and new sounds, dative and genitive case.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Introduction WG</title>
    <id>5576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44852</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T16:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Wilkume up FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
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[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|FrathWikis til]] hit, word over prattspracche, prattworulde ond spracchwitonshipishe underwurpe in aljemanne to samnion. Annaiwa kann to tam wisdom besteron. FrathWiki is nu for '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' sidenn ham, tare al froe sind, umbe to benotion (mid [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|smeelichne betingunge]]).

Je sind alswa helpere injeladod! Je maien tjos sidenn endeburdon ond niwe machion. Lezon je ta helpunderwurpe, umbe hu sidenn her shrivon to lurnion. Wanne je help bruken maien je frainunge be [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]] stellon.
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[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/West Germanic</title>
    <id>5577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45178</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Category:Main page in other languages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
'''NOTE: This page is under construction and still contains English text!'''--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 13:34, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

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    <title>Main Page/Romanto</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-06T20:59:01Z</timestamp>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:E'hwelian male.jpg</title>
    <id>5579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37127</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-02T20:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:E'hwelian female.jpg</title>
    <id>5580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37129</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-02T20:35:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RuneScape/West Germanic</title>
    <id>5581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37140</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-03T16:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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||Frũ (ak gîf txũjôn to lits) 
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|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Mîsenlitxnes gomênênê
||WMOG
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'''‹RuneScape›''' - kwât ''runskep'' - is wecæ maplœẽrê onstiêndê gomên (WMOG, ôdê MMOG Enlixûm), wezêndê in ‹prâtwõrôldûm fjoqtêndê kûnzênê, ôwested lôndxipêsênê ônd cõk miqtxênê›. Hit is Jagexûm Ltd. makod.

==Stæê==
‹RuneScape› is Andrew Gowerênê jexâp. He makodê gomênôn tât het ‹DeviousMUD›. Âftê tâm eftumbsiêwun wâs tis gomên ‹RuneScape› eftnamod.

Ât retmôntûm 2.004 wâs txrimitxêlumîsenlitxnesôn instôndên ônd tât fûltûmẽrêjemânxipê wũks. Recentamiente en Julio 2008, Jagex lassáo un version d'HD oy ''Olto Detaío''. On le trovado tre popularo á qu'abado variosas featuras quíes arrivedes. La version d'HD donnado as texturas superioras, nuevo lumieragio ey os ombros, ey pue biena qu'un opcion por obtenar Full screen, un opcion quí se permitado de le jiugar para un escrano completo.

==Namiunz==
[http://www.runescape.com RuneScape]

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki in other languages&lt;/div&gt;
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[[RuneScape/West Germanic|West Germanic (Westgẽmanix)]] •
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[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>'ižiitsigh</title>
    <id>5582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37570</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-11T22:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tvk</username>
        <id>1222</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example Sentences */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'ižiitsigh is created by tvk.  It grammaticalizes many constructions, using affixes where English and many other languages would require additional words or phrases.  It is agglutinating with some inflecting characteristics.  It is designed to be expressive and &quot;attractively ugly&quot; (''muxši'').

The look, feel, and sound of the language were inspired ultimately by [[Turkish]], with significant influence from [[Nahuatl]] and [[Klingon]].  tvk was inspired to make a ''muxši'' language after watching the Turkish film ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Star_Wars Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam]''.

==Phonology==

===Phoneme Inventory===

&lt;nowiki&gt;
Vowels are /a E i u U/, represented by &lt;a e i u eu&gt;

Consonants:

The basic stops are unvoiced /t c ?/ and voiced /b d J\/.  These are represented by &lt;t k ' b d g&gt;.

There are many fricatives: /s z s_j z_j S Z C j\/ &lt;s z š ž sj zj x gh&gt;.  Note that the &lt;j&gt; grapheme doesn't mark palatalization, but a different point of articulation.  This is because historically &lt;š&gt; and &lt;ž&gt; were /s`/ and /z`/, and &lt;sj&gt; and &lt;zj&gt; were palatalized alveolar fricatives.

The affricates are /dZ/ and /tS/, represented by &lt;dj and tj&gt;.  These are descended from palatalized stops and are considered monophonemic, although there are many other possible affricates that are considered consonant clusters.  There is also a palatalized stop /k_j/ &lt;kj&gt;.

There are two flaps /4 4_0/ &lt;r ř&gt; and two laterals, /l K/ &lt;l lh&gt;.  The cluster /tK/ is considered one phoneme and written &lt;tlh&gt;.

The nasals are /n m J/ &lt;n m n&gt;.  The latter can only occur before another palatal consonant.

There is one approximant, /h/ &lt;h&gt;.
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===Allophony===

Word-finally, /4/ and /4_0/ are respectively [r\] and [z`].

In clusters, /C/ becomes [j\] before a voiced consonant, and /l/ becomes [K] after an unvoiced consonant.  /n/ becomes [m] or [J] after a labial or palatal consonant, respectively.

A very short glottal pause may be inserted between other clustered consonants with different voicing.

===Phonotactics===

Syllable structure is CV(V)(C).  Clusters cannot occur word-finally, and the set of consonants that can occur word-finally is limited to the following:

&lt;t b d k g tj dj x gh z ž zj š sj r ř n m l lh tlh '&gt;

Consonants that can be the first element of a cluster are: &lt;t d b g k x&gt;.  Consonants that can be the second element of a cluster are &lt;l n r ř s š sj z ž zj&gt;.

There is one allowable diphthong, /aU/, written &lt;au&gt;.  There are also long forms of each vowel, written by doubling the vowel (except in the case of &lt;eu&gt;, the long form of which is written &lt;euu&gt;.

==Lexicon==

The vocabulary is ''a priori''.  There are two open classes, nouns (''&amp;zwnj;'idi'itjun'') and verbs (''&amp;zwnj;'ixa'autjim'').  All other morphemes fall into the class of ''&amp;zwnj;'izje'ekrel'' or affixes.  The category for all morphemes, including root words, is ''ižiitsigh''.

Nouns fall into one of 8 classes.  The first two, called ''&amp;zwnj;'iřuušidjim'' and ''&amp;zwnj;'ibuubedjim'' correspond to masculine and feminine.  Nouns are assigned to the classes according to form, function, or association.  All noun roots end in a consonant.

===Derivational Morphology===

'''Nominal'''

The suffix ''-djim'' makes an intransitive stative verb into a noun.  Y = X-djim means Y is characterized by being or doing X.

'''Verbal'''

The prefix ''&amp;zwnj;'eu-'' makes a noun root into an intransitive stative verb.  'eu-X means &quot;X exists&quot; or &quot;there is X&quot;.  Verbs of this type are (redundantly) inflected to agree with the class of the root noun.  This prefix is fully productive to the point that it might be considered syntactical; it can even be applied to plural nouns or nouns derived from verbs.

==Syntax and Grammar==

===Nominal Morphology===

'''Gender'''

Nouns usually take a vowel suffix to indicate their gender.  The suffixes are as follows:

*Class 1: -a
*Class 2: -i
*Class 3: -i
*Class 4: -u
*Class 5: -e
*Class 6: -a
*Class 7: -e
*Class 8: -e

The gender suffix changes under certain conditions.  If the noun is within a relative clause or is an argument of a gerund, the suffix is applied after case marking, not before.  In addition, any gender suffix can be replaced by the pejorative ending -eu or the diminutive ending -ii.

'''Pluralization'''

Nouns have two plural forms, partitive and non-partitive.  In the partitive form, the individuals are emphasized; in the non-partitive form, the group is emphasized.  This is analogous to the distinction between &quot;persons&quot; and &quot;people&quot; in English; &quot;persons&quot; is the partitive form.  Both plurals are formed by prefixing ''&amp;zwnj;'i'' to the stem and doubling the first vowel of the stem.  However, in the partitive form, a glottal stop is inserted between the double vowels.  The partitive plural of nouns whose first root vowel is ''eu'' is irregular: the vowel becomes ''e'eu'' rather than ''eu'eu''.  For example, the partitive plural of ''řeu'ad'' &quot;forked tree branch&quot; is ''&amp;zwnj;'iře'eu'ad''.

''&amp;zwnj;'Iri'ixlu'e sjautžinab zjatlhabiitjatlh.'' &quot;The people threw the javelin.&quot; (i.e. they each threw it in turn, individually.)

''&amp;zwnj;'Iriixlu'a sjautžinab zjatlhabiigzjatlh.'' &quot;The people threw the javelin.&quot; (i.e. they all picked it up together and threw it.)

Despite these forms, the concept of pluralization in 'ižiitsigh varies somewhat from that of English.  There are no agreement markers for plural forms, and the non-partitive form is quite similar in use to the phrase &quot;a group of [plural noun]&quot; in English.  It could be argued that the plural forms are actually derivational.  This is supported by the fact that some nouns actually change gender class when they are pluralized, as ''rixlu'' &quot;person&quot; does above.  In the singular and partitive plural, it is in Class 5, which it shares with rugs and trees; in the non-partitive plural, it is a Class 6 noun, in the same category as words, water, and lizards.

'''Case'''

'ižiitsigh is an ergative language; the agent of an intransitive verb and the patient of a transitive verb take the same case.  However, nouns in the subject role of many transitive verbs take a third &quot;passive&quot; case.  In addition, there are oblique (indirect object or recipient) and instrumental cases.  For nouns that are arguments of a verb phrase at the head of a sentence, the case inflections are as follows:

*absolutive -0
*ergative -b
*passive -x
*benefactive -lh
*instrumental -k
*inessive -sj
*allative -m
*ablative -gh

'''Use of the Passive Case'''

The passive case is used for nouns representing things that are an active force in creating the action described by the verb, but do not act under their own volition.  For example, in the sentence ''&amp;zwnj;'ire'ezjedjax 'euzjeutraza'atlh'' &quot;Arrows have hit him&quot;, ''&amp;zwnj;'ire'ezedj'' &quot;arrows&quot; is in the passive case.  The passive is also used with intransitives, as in ''tegšerex 'ezjegheuzi'utj'' &quot;The rug slipped&quot;.  As a general rule, use the passive case whenever the subject of a sentence is inanimate.

'''Nouns Modifying Nouns'''

Whereas English and most other languages have just a few ways of expressing the possessive or genitive, 'ižiitsigh has many noun cases for such ideas that express the precise relationship between the things involved.

*zjumige Biteuras &quot;Peter's picture&quot; (he owns it)
*zjumige Biteuran &quot;Peter's picture&quot; (he drew it)
*zjumige Biteuradj &quot;Peter's picture&quot; (the picture is of Peter)
*zjumige Biteunar &quot;Peter's picture&quot; (he has it, but doesn't own it)
*meuřauši Biteurau &quot;Peter's mother&quot; (he calls her &quot;mother&quot;)
*meuřauši Biteuzir &quot;Peter's mother&quot; (she gave birth to him)
*tegnige Biteurasj &quot;Peter's arm&quot; (the arm is part of him)
*tegnige Biteuzanir &quot;Peter's arm&quot; (a metaphorical reference to something that serves Peter as though it were his arm, but is not an arm or part of him)

'''Possessive affixes'''

In addition to the noun-modifying forms, there are pronominal affixes that allow the expression of possession by first, second, or third persons.

*1st person singular -ni-
*1st person plural -nsi-
*2nd person singular -ri-
*2nd person plural -lsi
*3rd person Class 1 -tlhi-
*3rd person Class 2 -sji-
*3rd person Class 3 -bli-
*3rd person Class 4 -hi-
*3rd person Class 5 -tji-
*3rd person Class 6 -gzji-
*3rd person Class 7 -di-
*3rd person Class 8 -gi-

These endings are applied to the noun root first; then the possessive/genitive endings are applied.  Infixes are applied before the pronominal ending.  The ending -au replaces the final vowel of the pronominal affix.

*zjumigenis &quot;my picture&quot; (I own it)
*zjumigenin &quot;my picture&quot; (I drew it)
*zjumigenidj &quot;my picture&quot; (the picture is of me)
*zjumigenani &quot;my picture&quot; (I have it)
*meuřaušinau &quot;my mother&quot; (I call her &quot;mother&quot;)
*meuřaušizini &quot;my mother&quot; (she gave birjith to me)
*tegnigenisj &quot;my arm&quot;
*zjumigeris &quot;your picture&quot;
*zjumigenari &quot;your picture&quot;
*zjumigelsis &quot;your (pl) picture&quot;
*zjumigenalsi &quot;your (pl) picture&quot;
*zjumigetlhis &quot;his picture&quot;
*zjumigesjis &quot;her picture&quot;
*zjumigeblis &quot;its picture&quot;
*zjumigehis &quot;its picture&quot;
*zjumigetjis &quot;its picture&quot;
*zjumigegzjis &quot;its picture&quot;
*zjumigedis &quot;its picture&quot;
*zjumigegis &quot;its picture&quot;

Words in possessive phrases can of course be plural, for example ite'egnige Biteurasj &quot;Peter's arms&quot;, izju'umigetlhidj &quot;his picture&quot;.

===Verbal Morphology===

Verbs in 'ižiitsigh cover approximately the same semantic space as verbs and adjectives in English.  Verb roots take many affixes to inflect for tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, gender of agent and patient, and the speaker's attitude toward the action under discussion.

'''Tense, Mood, and Aspect'''

The tense/aspect system works somewhat differently from that in English.  The two tenses, narrative and present, indicate a &quot;reference point&quot;.  Aspects such as perfect/imperfect, inchoative, cessative, etc. delineate the time at which the action occurs in more detail.  The present perfect has a wider use than in English, covering most uses of the preterit (except when the action in question is incomplete).  The narrative tense puts the reference point in the past, enabling one to say things like &quot;he had not yet gone&quot; or &quot;he was going to go&quot;.

'''Inflecting for Tense, Mood, and Aspect'''

Without further ado, here are the affixes for all the tenses and aspects in 'ižiitsigh.  Tense suffixes are applied immediately after the stem; aspect affixes are prefixed to the stem.

*Present Indicative -z-
*Narrative Indicative -b-
*Present Subjunctive -zj-
*Narrative Subjunctive -g-
*Imperative -m

The aspectual system is more complicated, because aspects can be combined.  (SV) below indicates reduplication of the first vowel of the verb stem.

'''Perfect Aspect'''

*Simple Perfect: (SV)-
*Perfect Inchoative ha- &quot;started&quot;
*Perfect Cessative keu- &quot;stopped&quot;
*Perfect Desiderative 'ah(SV)- &quot;wanted to&quot;
*Perfect Inchoative Inchoative 'iga- &quot;was about to&quot;
*Perfect Inchoative Cessative nau- &quot;was about to stop&quot;
*Perfect Inchoative Desiderative gh(SV)- &quot;began to want&quot;
*Perfect Cessative Cessative tji- &quot;finished&quot;
*Perfect Cessative Desiderative ši- &quot;stopped wanting&quot;
*Perfect Desiderative Inchoative 'ahu- &quot;wanted to start&quot;
*Perfect Desiderative Cessative 'ab(SV) &quot;wanted to stop&quot;
*Perfect Desiderative Desiderative 'eumi- &quot;wanted to want&quot;

'''Imperfect Aspect'''

*Simple Imperfect: (no prefix)
*Imperfect Inchoative ki- &quot;starts&quot;
*Imperfect Cessative n(SV)- &quot;stops&quot;
*Imperfect Desiderative mau- &quot;wants to&quot;
*Imperfect Inchoative Inchoative tlha- &quot;is about to&quot;
*Imperfect Inchoative Cessative 'ina- &quot;is about to stop&quot;
*Imperfect Inchoative Desiderative ghi- &quot;begins to want&quot;
*Imperfect Cessative Cessative di- &quot;finishes&quot;
*Imperfect Cessative Desiderative 'iš(SV)- &quot;stops wanting&quot;
*Imperfect Desiderative Inchoative xa- &quot;wants to start&quot;
*Imperfect Desiderative Cessative dja- &quot;wants to stop&quot;
*Imperfect Desiderative Desiderative mi- &quot;wants to want&quot;

There are several other aspects that can be applied as prefixes.  Each affix modifies the whole word including any affixes that follow it before the root, so the order in which they are applied is important.

*Habilitative xi- indicates that the action is possible, equivalent to English constructions with &quot;can&quot;.
*Benefactive kje- indicates that the action is beneficial to society.
*Punctual dji- indicates that an action occurs suddenly or instantaneously.
*Excessive sja- indicates that an action is performed &quot;too much&quot;; also used with static verbs.
*Habitual 'aa- indicates that the statement is generally true.
*Iterative 'an(a)- indicates that the action is performed repeatedly.

'''Evidentiality'''

*-i- The event or state is common knowledge
*-a- The speaker knows about the event from another, identifiable source
*-aa- The speaker directly experienced this event
*-au- The speaker heard about the event from another source but cannot verify its validity (IIRC in chatspeak)
*-u- The truth of the event is subject to opinion (IMO in chatspeak)
*-e- The speaker merely hypothesizes that the event occurs.

'''Inflecting for person and attitude'''

Predicates are inflected for the plurality, and person or gender, of two arguments.  Exactly which two is somewhat complicated.  The following rules apply:

*The agent of an intransitive verb takes the first agreement slot.  In the sentence &quot;he runs&quot;, the verb &quot;to run&quot; would agree with &quot;he&quot;.
*The agent and patient of a transitive verb take the first and second slots, respectively.  In the sentence &quot;I eat it&quot;, the verb &quot;to eat&quot; would agree with &quot;I&quot; and &quot;it&quot;.
*If the verb's subject is in the passive case, and there is no agent or patient, the first slot takes the -'- unspecified agreement affix and the second agrees with the noun in passive case.  In the sentence &quot;The rocks rolled down the hill&quot;, the verb &quot;to roll&quot; would agree with &quot;rocks&quot;.
*If the verb has a patient specified but no agent or passive argument, the first slot takes -'- and the second slot agrees with the patient.
*If there is an agent and a passive argument, but no patient, the agent takes the first agreement slot and the passive the second.  In &quot;He shot the arrow&quot;, the verb &quot;to shoot&quot; would agree with &quot;he&quot; and &quot;arrow&quot;.
*If there is a passive argument and a patient, but no agent, the passive takes the first agreement slot and the patient takes the second.  In &quot;The arrow hit him&quot;, the verb would agree with &quot;arrow&quot; and &quot;him&quot;.
*If there is an agent, a patient, and a passive argument, the verb agrees with the agent and patient only, in that order.  In &quot;She gives it to him&quot;, the verb would agree with &quot;she&quot; and &quot;it&quot;, but not &quot;him&quot;.
*Verbs never agree with any arguments that are not in one of the cases above.

The personal affixes are as follows.  When two affixes are listed, the first one is used word-medially, the second is used word-finally.
*1st person singular -n-
*1st person plural -ns-, -nsi' (the final variant is often shortened to -ns in speech, but is pronounced as -nz)
*2nd person singular -r-
*2nd person plural -ls-, -lsi'
*3rd person Class 1 -tlh-
*3rd person Class 2 -š-
*3rd person Class 3 -m-
*3rd person Class 4 -h-, -x
*3rd person Class 5 -tj-
*3rd person Class 6 -gzj
*3rd person Class 7 -d
*3rd person Class 8 -gh
*No agreement -'-

'''Attitudinal Affixes'''

An attitudinal affix is inserted between the agreement affixes to express the speaker's opinion of the situation.  They are as follows:
*Neutral -a-
*Uncertain -e-
*Satisfaction -i-
*Joy -ii-
*Horror, Disgust, Anger -eu-
*Disappointment -u-
*Sorrow -uu-

A special affix ''-eke-'' prompts the listener to respond with his opinion on the situation.  It can be combined with other attitudinals by inserting it after the other affix, using a glottal stop to separate them.

==Example Sentences== 

'''Xakjebaugžebitlhansi'''

xa-kje-baugže-b-i-tlh-a-nsi'

''IMP.DES.INC-BEN-frighten.away-NARR-HEARSAY-AGT3.1-NEUTRAL-PAT1P''

&quot;He began to want to benefit society by scaring us away.&quot;

'''Meuřaušinau kjeutřubaašunsi'''

meuřauš-i-n(i)-au-0 kjeutřu-b-aa-š-u-nsi

''mother-CLS2-1PS-GEN-ABS wake-up-NARR-EXP-AGT3.2-ANNOY-PAT1P''

&quot;My mother woke us up.&quot;

'''&amp;zwnj;'eu'iteegšerezutju' sjanuhez'''

'eu-i-teegšer-e-z-u-tj-u-' sja-nuhe-z

''VERB-PL-rugs-CLS5-PRES-OPIN-AGT3.5-ANNOY-NO.AGR EXCESS-many-ADVERB''

&quot;In my opinion, there are too many rugs&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Square Kufic</title>
    <id>5583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37371</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a presentation of the work I have done on the [[wikipedia:Kufic|Kufic]] version of the [[wikipedia:Arabic_alphabet|Arabic alphabet]].

I have tried to encompass all of the variations of Arabic, including those used to write a variety of languages from around the world.

Please see the [[Square_Kufic/Gallery|Gallery]] for examples.

----

[[Image:1arabic square kufic2.GIF|300px|thumb|center|The 19 basic letter forms used in [[wikipedia:Kufic|Kufic]]]]

=alif=

[[Image:1alif.GIF|center]]

==alif==

[[Image:1alif.GIF]]

*The basic form of '''alif''', historically vocalized as /a:/ or /?/.

==alif hamza==

*Used for /a/:

:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' above:
[[Image:1alif hamza above.GIF]]
:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' and '''fatHa''':
[[Image:1alif hamza fatha.GIF]]

*Used for /u/:

:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' and '''Damma''':
[[Image:1alif hamza damma.GIF]]

*Used for /i/:

:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' below:
[[Image:1alif hamza below.GIF]]
:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' and '''kasra''':
[[Image:1alif hamza kasra.GIF]]
:*The '''alif''' with '''hamza''' above a '''fatHa''':
[[Image:1alif hamza kasra2.GIF]]

*The '''alif hamza''' is used in cases when a short vowel begins a word.

==alif madda==

[[Image:1alif madda.GIF]]

*The '''alif madda''', it is used to indicate /?a:/. When two '''hamza''' using the '''alif''' as a seat follow each other, or when a '''hamza''' is followed by a long vowel, then a '''madda''' is used instead.

==alif waSla==

[[Image:1alif wasla.GIF]]

*The '''alif waSla''' is used to indicate that the '''alif''' is not to be pronounced and that the preceding vowel is elidable.

=baa, taa, thaa=

[[Image:1ba ta tha.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1ba ta tha variations.GIF|center]]

==baa==

[[Image:1ba.GIF]]

*The '''baa''', used for /b/.

[[Image:1pe.GIF]]

*The '''pe''' used in [[wikipedia:Perso-Arabic_script|Perso-Arabic]] for /p/.

==taa==

[[Image:1ta.GIF]]

*The '''taa''', used for /t/.

[[Image:1te.GIF]]

*The '''Te''', used in [[wikipedia:Urdu|Urdu]] for /t`/.

==thaa==

[[Image:1tha.GIF]]

*The '''thaa''', used  for /T/.

=jiim, Haa, khaa=

[[Image:1ha .GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1ha variations.GIF|center]]

==jiim==

[[Image:1jim.GIF]]

*The '''jiim''', in [[wikipedia:Modern Standard Arabic|MSA]] for /dZ/, /g/ in [[wikipedia:Egyptian_Arabic|Masri]] and /Z/ in [[wikipedia:Levantine_Arabic|Shami]].

==Haa==

[[Image:1ha .GIF]]

*The '''Haa''', used for specifically for /X\/.

==khaa==

[[Image:1kha.GIF]]

*The '''khaa''', used specifically for /x/.

=daal, dhaal=

[[Image:1dal.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1dal variations.GIF|center]]

==daal==

[[Image:1dal.GIF]]

*The '''daal''', used for /d/.

[[Image:1dal dental.GIF]]

*The '''Daal''', used in [[wikipedia:Urdu|Urdu]] to represent /d`/.

[[Image:1dal retroflex.GIF]]

*Used in [[wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] to represent /d`/.

==dhaal==

[[Image:1dhal.GIF]]

*The '''dhaal''', used for /D/.

=raa, zaay=

[[Image:1ra.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1ra variations.GIF|center]]

==raa==

[[Image:1ra.GIF]]

*The '''raa''', used for /r/.

[[Image:1ra ar.GIF]]

*The [[wikipedia:Urdu|Urdu]] '''aar''', used for /r`/.

[[Image:1ra retroflex.GIF]]

*Used in [[wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] to represent /r`/.

==zaay==

[[Image:1zay.GIF]]

*The '''zaay''' or '''zaa''', used for /z/.

=siin, shiin=

[[Image:1sin.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1sin variations.GIF|center]]

==siin==

[[Image:1sin.GIF]]

*The '''siin''', used for /s/.

[[Image:1xin.GIF]]

*The '''xiin''', used for /x/ in [[wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]].

==shīn==

[[Image:1shin.GIF]]

*The '''shiin''', used for /S/.

=Saad, Daad=

[[Image:1sad.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1sad variations.GIF|center]]

==Saad==

[[Image:1sad.GIF]]

*The '''Saad''', used for /s?\/

==Daad==

[[Image:1dad.GIF]]

*The '''Daad''', used for /d?\/

=Taa, DHaa=

[[Image:1ta .GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1ta variations.GIF|center]]

==Taa==

[[Image:1ta .GIF]]

*The '''Taa''', used for /t?\/.

==DHaa==

[[Image:1za.GIF]]

*The '''DHaa''', used for /D?\/ or /z?\/.

=ʿayn, ghayn=

[[Image:1ayn.GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1ayn variations.GIF|center]]

==ʿayn==

[[Image:1ayn.GIF]]

*The '''ʿayn''', used for /?\/.

==ghayn==

[[Image:1ghayn.GIF]]

*The '''ghayn''', used for /G/.

==nga==

[[Image:1nga.GIF]]

*The '''nga''', used specifically by the [[wikipedia:Jawi_script|Jawi]] alphabet for /N/.

=faa=

[[Image:1fa .GIF|center]]

==variations==

[[Image:1fa variations.GIF|center]]

==faa==

[[Image:1fa.GIF]]

*The '''faa''', used for /f/.

==paa==

[[Image:1pa.GIF]]

*The '''paa''', used specifically by the [[wikipedia:Jawi_script|Jawi]] alphabet for /p/.

=qaaf=

[[Image:1qaf .GIF|center]]

[[Image:1qaf variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1qaf.GIF]]

*The '''qaaf''', used for /q/ or /g/ in [[wikipedia:Gulf_Arabic|Gulf Arabic]].

=kaaf=

[[Image:1kaf.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1kaf.GIF]]

*The '''kaaf''', used for /k/.

[[Image:1kaf .GIF]]

*A secondary version of '''kaaf''' used by many languages, most prominently those that use the [[wikipedia:Perso-Arabic_script|Perso-Arabic]] alphabet.

[[Image:1gaf.GIF]]

*The '''gaaf''', used for /g/ in the [[wikipedia:Perso-Arabic_script|Perso-Arabic]] alphabet and the [[wikipedia:Jawi_script|Jawi]] alphabet.

[[Image:1gaf .GIF]]

*Another version of the '''gaaf''', not used as frequently as the former.

[[Image:1gaf 1.GIF]]

*This version is used unofficially in [[wikipedia:Moroccan_Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]] for /g/ and in some languages as /N/. The use of the initial, medial and final forms vary widely.

[[Image:1kaf retroflex.GIF]]

*Used specifically in the [[wikipedia:Pashto_language#Alphabet|Pashto Alphabet]] for /g/.

=laam=

[[Image:1lam.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1lam variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1lam.GIF]]

*The '''laam''', used for /l/.

==laam-alif==

[[Image:1lam alif.GIF]]

*The laam-alif is a [[wikipedia:Typographical_ligature|ligature]] used to represent /la:/.

[[Image:1lam alif variations.GIF]]

*Variations.

=miim=

[[Image:1mim.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1mim variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1mim.GIF]]

*The '''miim''', used for /m/.

=nuun=

[[Image:1nun .GIF|center]]

[[Image:1nun variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1nun.GIF]]

*The '''nuun''', used for /n/.

[[Image:1nun retroflex.GIF]]

*Used specifically in the [[wikipedia:Pashto_language#Alphabet|Pashto Alphabet]] for /n`/.

==nya==

[[Image:1nya.GIF]]

*The '''nya''', used specifically in the [[wikipedia:Jawi_script|Jawi]] alphabet for the [[wikipedia:palatal|palatal]] [[wikipedia:nasal|nasal]], /J/.

=haa=

[[Image:1ha.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1haa variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1ha.GIF]]

*The '''haa''', used for /h/.

==taa marbuuTa==

[[Image:1ta marbuta.GIF]]

*The '''taa marbuuTa''', a variation of the '''taa''', used grammatically to indicate the feminine gender. It can be vocalized as /h/, /t/ or it can be silent, depending on the semantic role of the morpheme.

=waaw=

[[Image:1waw.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1waw variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1waw.GIF]]

*The '''waaw''', used as /w/ and /u:/.

=yaa=

[[Image:1ya .GIF|center]]

[[Image:1ya variations.GIF|center]]

[[Image:1ya.GIF]]

*The '''yaa''', used as /j/ and /i:/.

==alif maqSuura==

[[Image:1alif maqSuura.GIF]]

*The '''alif maqSuura''', used only in the final position to represent /a:/.

=Harakaat=

==fatHa==

[[Image:1fatHa.GIF]]

*Placed over consonants for /a/.

==Damma==

[[Image:1Damma.GIF]]

*Placed over consonants for /u/.

==kasra==

[[Image:1kasra.GIF]]

*Placed below consonants for /i/.

==sukuun==

[[Image:1sukuun.GIF]]

*Placed over consonants to indicate the absence of a vowel.

==hamza==

[[Image:1hamza.GIF]]

*Free standing '''hamza''', used for /?/.

[[Image:1hamza harakat.GIF]]

*The '''hamza''' used as '''harakaat'''.

==shadda==

[[Image:1shadda.GIF]]

*Used to indicate [[wikipedia:Gemination|gemination]].

==dagger alif==

[[Image:1alif dagger.GIF]]

*Used only in completely vocalized text.

==tanwiin al-fatH==

[[Image:1fatHa tanwiin.GIF]]

*Grammatical ending, used to indicate the [[wikipedia:accusative|accusative]] of indefinite nouns, pronounced /an/.

==tanwiin aD-Damm==

[[Image:1Damma tanwiin.GIF]]

*Grammatical ending, used to indicate the [[wikipedia:nominative|nominative]] of indefinite nouns, pronounced /un/.

==tanwiin al-kasr==

[[Image:1kasra tanwiin.GIF]]

*Grammatical ending, used to indicate the [[wikipedia:genitive|genitive]] of indefinite nouns, pronounced /in/.


----

More to come. -- [[User:Qang|Qang]]

[[Category:Natscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:1alif.GIF</title>
    <id>5584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37238</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:42:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1fatHa.GIF</title>
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      <id>37265</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:48:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1fatHa tanwiin.GIF</title>
    <id>5612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37266</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1gaf.GIF</title>
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      <id>37267</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1gaf .GIF</title>
    <id>5614</id>
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      <id>37268</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:49:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1gaf 1.GIF</title>
    <id>5615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37269</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:49:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1ghayn.GIF</title>
    <id>5616</id>
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      <id>37270</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1ha.GIF</title>
    <id>5617</id>
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      <id>37271</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:49:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1ha .GIF</title>
    <id>5618</id>
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      <id>37272</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1ha variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5619</id>
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      <id>37273</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1haa variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37274</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1hamza.GIF</title>
    <id>5621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37275</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1hamza harakat.GIF</title>
    <id>5622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37276</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1jim.GIF</title>
    <id>5623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37277</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1kaf.GIF</title>
    <id>5624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37278</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1kaf .GIF</title>
    <id>5625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37279</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:51:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1kaf retroflex.GIF</title>
    <id>5626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37280</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
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    <title>File:1kasra.GIF</title>
    <id>5627</id>
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      <id>37281</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1kasra tanwiin.GIF</title>
    <id>5628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37282</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:51:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1kha.GIF</title>
    <id>5629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37283</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1lam.GIF</title>
    <id>5630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37284</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:52:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1lam alif.GIF</title>
    <id>5631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37285</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1lam alif variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37286</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1lam variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37287</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:52:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1mim.GIF</title>
    <id>5634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37288</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1mim variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37289</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1nga.GIF</title>
    <id>5636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37290</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:53:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1nun.GIF</title>
    <id>5637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37291</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1nun .GIF</title>
    <id>5638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37292</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:54:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1nun retroflex.GIF</title>
    <id>5639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37293</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:54:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:1nya.GIF</title>
    <id>5640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37294</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:54:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1pa.GIF</title>
    <id>5641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37295</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1pe.GIF</title>
    <id>5642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37296</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:1qaf.GIF</title>
    <id>5643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37297</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:55:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1qaf .GIF</title>
    <id>5644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37298</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1qaf variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37299</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:56:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:1ra.GIF</title>
    <id>5646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37300</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:56:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:1ra ar.GIF</title>
    <id>5647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37301</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:56:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1ra retroflex.GIF</title>
    <id>5648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37302</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:1ra variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37303</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:57:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1sad.GIF</title>
    <id>5650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37304</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:59:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1sad variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37305</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1shadda.GIF</title>
    <id>5652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37306</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:1shin.GIF</title>
    <id>5653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37307</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T18:59:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1sin.GIF</title>
    <id>5654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37308</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:00:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1sin variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37309</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:00:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1sukuun.GIF</title>
    <id>5656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37310</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:00:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:1ta.GIF</title>
    <id>5657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37311</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:00:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
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    <title>File:1ta .GIF</title>
    <id>5658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37312</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1ta marbuta.GIF</title>
    <id>5659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37313</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:01:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1ta variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37314</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1te.GIF</title>
    <id>5661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37315</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1tha.GIF</title>
    <id>5662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37316</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1waw.GIF</title>
    <id>5663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37317</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1waw variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37318</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:02:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1xin.GIF</title>
    <id>5665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37319</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1ya.GIF</title>
    <id>5666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37320</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:02:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1ya .GIF</title>
    <id>5667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37321</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1ya variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37322</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:02:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1za.GIF</title>
    <id>5669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37323</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1zay.GIF</title>
    <id>5670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37324</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1fa .GIF</title>
    <id>5671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37325</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1nun variations.GIF</title>
    <id>5672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37327</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-06T19:07:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kufic by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bustax</title>
    <id>5673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58447</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-14T00:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* to Proto-Bustaxoid */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A well-kno'n ancient literary language, demonstrably related to [[Tsonboran]]. The Bustaxian invasions of Levant begin around -3.7ka. The oldest inscriptions in the language date from -3.5ka. The Bustaxian Empire reaches its maximum extent (from central Persia and Afghanistan to Anatolia and Greece - not Caucasus, tho) around -3.2ka before decay sets in. The ruling dynasty takes refuge in northern Anatolia, and a separate Bustaxian state survives until trampled under the [[Altaic' expansion]] circa -1.4ka. Bustaxian continues to be used as a liturgical language.

Sound changes from [[Proto-West Persian']]:

====to Proto-Bustaxoid====
* Coda m → n, with typical POA assimilation also finally kicking in.
* Many clusters simplify to agree in voicing and/or MOA.
** P1F2 → F1F2
** PL → BL
** NP → N̥P
** NF → N̥F
* Dorsal fronting: plain velars become palatals, while uvulars become plain velars.
** The contrast is neutralized (to velars) in several environments, including (…)
** Labiovelars and ʀ are preserved.
** Palatal/coronal incompatibility: first member of a cluster yields to produce a geminate of the 2nd (except jd jt dj → rd rt ɟ(ː)).
*** Also in case this comes up, θt, tθ → tː
* Fricativ simplification: ɸ β θ ð ɬ ɮ → f v s z x j
** Initially ɣ h → ɡ ∅, elsewhere both → ɦ
* t d alveolarize before velars (but not after) and adjacent to r, s 
* Cluster simplification continues: nw nj → nm nː, N̥P N̥F → Pː ːF

* Coda j → ʝ → ... → ʃ/ʒ

====to Old Bustax====
* Voiced fricativs devoice in most positions
* The alveolar allophones of t d affricate (cf. [[Tsonboran#Para-Tsonboran|Northern Tsonboid A]]
* Sibilant + velar → postalveolar: tk [tsk] dɡ [dzg] sx (ʒg) → tʃ dʒ ʃ (ʒ)
** /k/ remains in sk → ʃk
* Loss of ɦ leads to tonogenesis

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-West Persian'</title>
    <id>5674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58255</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T00:09:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Changes from Proto-Persian' */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The branch further divides into the [[Bustax|Bustaxoid]] and [[Tsonboran|Tsonboid]] languages.

==Changes from [[Proto-Persian']]==
* high vowels
** ɪ ʊ ɪː ʊː → i u əj əw
** ɪw ɪj ʊj → iw iː uj
* loss of difthongs in _w
** &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;k → &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;kʷ / w_
** iw → yː
** ew → e₂ː
** æw → æː
** ow → uː
** əw → o₁ː
* more labiovelars
** kw → kʷ
** k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;uj → k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;ʷiː
** k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;o₁ː → k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;ʷe₁ː
** k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;ɒː → k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;ʷaː / before a coronal consonant
* /i u/ lost initially before a single consonant; any newly initial velars occurring after /u/ labialized
* phonation/MOA changes
** intervocalic lenition: b d → β ð
** intervocalic voicing: p t s ɬ k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; q χ → b d z ɮ ɡ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; ɢ ʁ
** loss of aspiration
*** ʰp ʰt ʰk&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; ʰq → p t k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; q
*** pʰ tʰ kʰ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; qʰ → ɸ θ x&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; χ
*** hh → χ
** stop clusters with a 2nd voiced member become voiced thruout
* lo vowels
** æ ɐ æː ɒː → a ə aː o₂ː
* development of an initial mutation system from prefixation + partial or total elision of various function words
** t-mutation: P → B, b d r w j → tw tr tr tw tj, aspirates (''??''), other consonants unaffected
** q-mutation: (from Vq)
** p-mutation: (from pV) &lt;!--Perhaps *//-pP-// = /-pUP/- &gt; *-bw- &gt; *gw?--&gt;
** w-mutation: (from Vw or perhaps u) k x → gʷ xʷ, b d → β ð, P → B, other consonants unaffected (some relict cases of χ₂ → ʁ exist)
** null mutation: (from Vh) B → P, F → P (but s, ɬ, χ₂ unaffected), h → χ, r w j → χr xʷ x, other consonants unaffected
** m-mutation: initial /m/ occurs as syllabic; |mb mw| → /mm/, |mn md| → /nn/, |mr ml| (regularly) → /ms mɬ/

==Intermediate form==

===Consonants===
{|
|-
| p || t || || || k || kʷ || q ||
|-
| b || d || || || ɡ || ɡʷ || ɢ ||
|-
| ɸ || θ || s || ɬ || x || xʷ || χ || h
|-
| [β || ð || z || ɮ] || || || ʁ ||
|-
| m || n || r || l || j || w || ||
|}

No evidence pointing to labialized uvulars exists.

[β ð z ɮ] are best analyzable as intervocalic allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. /χ/ and /ʁ/ do contrast, tho intervocalic /χ/ occurs only in inflection and is usually somewhat longer [χˑ].

Carrying over from Proto-Persian' was the feature that both nasals could occur before just about any consonants, apparently without any POA assimilation taking place. The existence of a separate, prenasal onglide for the folloing consonant has been proposed.

====Cluster/sandhi table====
{|
! Color key
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFFF&quot; | Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications
|-
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; | Contrast neutralization
|-
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | Intermorphemic only
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | Intermorphemic sandhi
|-
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | Interword (?) sandhi
|-
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | Epenthetic /u/
|}

K, G, X are cover symbols for dorsals /k kʷ q/, /ɡ ɡʷ ɢ/, /x xʷ χ/.

{|
|Coda →&lt;br/&gt;Onset ↓
! p !! t !! K !! h !! m !! n !! ∅
|-
! ɸ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A || tɸ || Kɸ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | p || mɸ || nɸ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | β
|-
! p
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| tp
| Kp || mp || np
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | b
|-
! b
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | db
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | Gb
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | β
|-
! θ
| pθ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qθ
| Kθ
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | t || mθ || nθ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ð
|-
! t
| pt
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qt
| Kt || mt || nt
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | d
|-
! d
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | bd
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | tr
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | Gd
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ð
|-
! X
| pX || tX
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | tX
| style=&quot;background:#BFDFFF&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; | K || mX || nX
| -
|-
! K
| pK
| tK
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | tK || mK || nK
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | G
|-
! χ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | uʁ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | χ
| (mχ) || (nχ)
| (ʁ)
| Exception class from original *χ.
|-
! s
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qs || Ks
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | hs || ms || ns
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | z
|-
! ɬ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ql
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | Kl
| style=&quot;background:#BFFFBF&quot; | hɬ || mɬ || nɬ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | ɮ
|-
! ʁ
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | tʀ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | qʀ
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | hʀ || mʁ || nʁ || ʁ
|-
! h
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | p
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | t
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | K
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | χ || mh || nh || h
|-
! m
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m || hm
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | m || m
|-
! n
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n || hn
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | n || n
|-
! r
| pr || tr || Kr || hr
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ms
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ns || r
|-
! l
| pl
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | ql || Kl || hl
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | mɬ
| style=&quot;background:#FFDFBF&quot; | nɬ || l
|-
! j
| pj || tj
| style=&quot;background:#FFFFBF&quot; | K(ʀ)j || hj || mj || nj || j
|-
! w
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFDF&quot; | N/A || tw || K(w) || hw
| style=&quot;background:#DFDFBF&quot; | m || nw || w
|}

===Vowels===
The short vowel inventory is /a e ə o i u/, the long vowel inventory /aː eː oː iː yː uː/. Difthongs are /aj ej əj uj/.

Two distinct types of /eː oː/ are reconstructed for PWP'. Most likely these are /eː oː/ and /ɛː ɔː/, but it remains unclear which are which. An alternate theory proposes a roundedness distinction insted with /øː ɤː/, but with little additional clarification.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of all Seuna affixes</title>
    <id>5675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51442</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-11T14:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Njaayu.png</title>
    <id>5676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38216</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:23:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Qatama Calligraphy|Mo`oj]] by [[User:Qang|Qang]]

[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nm ngala.gif</title>
    <id>5677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37348</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:37:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala2.png</title>
    <id>5678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37349</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala3.png</title>
    <id>5679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37350</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:42:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala myong.png</title>
    <id>5680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37351</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:46:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala myong2.png</title>
    <id>5681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37352</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala guja.png</title>
    <id>5682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37353</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:49:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala nha.png</title>
    <id>5683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37354</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala toj.png</title>
    <id>5684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37355</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala toj2.png</title>
    <id>5685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37356</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:54:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala mongha.png</title>
    <id>5686</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37357</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:55:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ngala mogu.png</title>
    <id>5687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37358</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ngala by [[User:Qang|Qang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ngala</title>
    <id>5688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37359</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T14:59:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Qatama}}  =Ngala=  [[Image:Nm ngala.gif]]  '''Ngala''' is system of quasi-featural glyphs, mostly monosyllabic used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. '''Ngala''' and the [[Qatama]] [...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

=Ngala=

[[Image:Nm ngala.gif]]

'''Ngala''' is system of quasi-featural glyphs, mostly monosyllabic used to represent the [[Qatama]] language. '''Ngala''' and the [[Qatama]] [[conlang]] were invented by [[User:Qang|Qang]] for use in his [[conworld]], [[Qatama]]. It was created as an alternative to the alphabet [[Moj]]. 

=Notable features=

* '''Ngala''' can be written vertically, in columns running from left to right, or horizontally.
* The word 'Ngala' not only refers to the script but also means &quot;a square, or a block&quot; in Qatama - referring to the appearance of the glyphs.
* Ngala contains 10 radicals arranged in blocks of four to form mono or disyllabic glyphs.
* Many of the glyphs can be reverse-engineered to resemble the words or ideas they represent.
* There is no punctuation used in Qatama, pauses, stops and questions are understood through the use of context and particles.

=Formation of a glyph=

[[Image:Ngala2.png]]

==Ngala radicals==

[[Image:Ngala3.png]]

==Guidelines for connecting the radicals==

* Each radical should be connected to at least one other radical.
* The radicals should be connected at open points rather than at closed corners.
* Aim to make the glyph be as &quot;pictographic&quot; as possible. Obviously excluding many abstracts and rigidly grammatical lexical entries.

=Examples=

[[Image:Ngala myong.png]]

*'''myong''' - n. a large feline, tiger lion…etc. The picture shows a lion looking back over his shoulder.

**As you can see, each radical spot is used, top left: '''m''', bottom left: '''ya''', top right: '''o''', bottom right: '''ng'''. In this glyph the '''o''' modifies the '''ya''' and makes it '''yo'''. 

[[Image:Ngala myong2.png]]

*A possible handwritten version of '''myong''', but keep in mind, these glyphs would rarely ever be handwritten.

[[Image:Ngala guja.png]]

*'''guja''' - n. water, stream, creek The picture shows a stream running throw a forest. 
**In the above you see an example of a disyllabic glyph. 
*Disyllabic glyphs only occur when the second syllable is one of the following nuclei: '''a, o, ja, ha, ya, la, ra'''. 
*There are occasions when these are modifying the preceding nucleus and not acting as second syllables and the occurrences are based on phonotactic rules. E.g. '''ya-a''' is /ja:.a:/, but '''ya-o''' is /jo:/.

[[Image:Ngala nha.png]]

*'''n`ha''' - n. a cut, gash, slash v. to cut, hack, slice. 
**The picture shows an axe and a hatchet cutting a block of wood.

*In this sample you see that only two radical positions are used, this is perfectly acceptable. They are variable to give way to more &quot;pictographic&quot; possibilities.

[[Image:Ngala toj.png]]

*'''toj''' - n. warrior, fighter, combatant. The picture shows a warrior, his shield and battle axe.

*This sample shows how the secondary nucleus position can be used without the first, the glyph remains readable.

[[Image:Ngala toj2.png]]

*Another example of a handwritten glyph, '''toj'''. 

----

[[Image:Ngala mogu.png]]

*An example of a dual glyph pictograph.
**'''mogu''' /mo:.gu:/ - n. sleep, rest, relaxation | v. to sleep, lay, rest 

=A longer sample=

[[Image:Ngala mongha.png]]


[[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nm moj2.PNG</title>
    <id>5689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38215</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moj cons2.png</title>
    <id>5690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38214</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moj vwl2.png</title>
    <id>5691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38213</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moj num2.png</title>
    <id>5692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38212</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:21:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moj sample2.png</title>
    <id>5693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38211</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Square Kufic/Gallery</title>
    <id>5694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37366</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This is a gallery for works related to, or using the [[Square Kufic]] script.  ----  =Bismillah=  [[Image:Bismillah1.GIF]]  *[[wikipedia:Bismillah|Bismillah]] fully marked with [[wikipedia...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a gallery for works related to, or using the [[Square Kufic]] script.

----

=Bismillah=

[[Image:Bismillah1.GIF]]

*[[wikipedia:Bismillah|Bismillah]] fully marked with [[wikipedia:Harakat|harakat]].

[[Image:Bismillah2.GIF]]

*[[wikipedia:Bismillah|Bismillah]] without [[wikipedia:Harakat|harakat]] markings.

[[Image:Bismillah3.GIF]]

*Stretched and unmarked version in [[wikipedia:Green#Religion_and_philosophy|green]].

=Name blocks=

[[Image:Sano1a.GIF]]
*[[User:Qang|Sano]] (name block)

----

Requests are welcome --[[User:Qang|Qang]] 15:17, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

[[Category:Natscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bismillah1.GIF</title>
    <id>5695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37367</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:17:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bismillah2.GIF</title>
    <id>5696</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37368</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bismillah3.GIF</title>
    <id>5697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37369</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sano1a.GIF</title>
    <id>5698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37370</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-07T15:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna mid-clusters</title>
    <id>5699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39529</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-07T00:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| '''f'''  
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| '''c'''  
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| '''k'''  
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''t'''  
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''zm'''
  |align=center| '''zy'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''sf'''  
  |align=center| '''zb'''
  |align=center| '''zg'''
  |align=center| '''zd'''
  |align=center| '''zl'''
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''sk'''  
  |align=center| '''sp'''
  |align=center| '''st'''  
  |align=center| '''zw'''
  |align=center| '''zn'''
  |align=center| '''sh'''
|-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''lm'''
  |align=center| '''ly'''
  |align=center| '''lj'''
  |align=center| '''lf'''  
  |align=center| '''lb'''
  |align=center| '''lg'''
  |align=center| '''ld'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''lc'''  
  |align=center| '''ls'''
  |align=center| '''lk'''  
  |align=center| '''lp'''
  |align=center| '''lt'''  
  |align=center| '''lw'''
  |align=center| '''ln'''
  |align=center| '''lh'''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''nm'''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| '''nj'''
  |align=center| '''nf'''  
  |align=center| '''mb'''
  |align=center| '''ŋg'''
  |align=center| '''nd'''
  |align=center| '''nl'''
  |align=center| '''nc'''  
  |align=center| '''ns'''
  |align=center| '''ŋk'''  
  |align=center| '''mp'''
  |align=center| '''nt'''  
  |align=center| '''mw'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''nh'''
   |}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - molluscs</title>
    <id>5700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37488</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-10T04:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan fauna - other</title>
    <id>5701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55172</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-18T01:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan classification|Classification]]=
*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt; - Eukaryota
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt; - Animalia
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;nérſtemvóras&lt;/font&gt;
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufħázðas&lt;/font&gt;
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħázðas&lt;/font&gt;

†extinct

&lt;font color=red&gt;not found in original Urheimat&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=green&gt;above the species level&lt;/font&gt;

=Parazoa=
==Porifera==
*?
**sponge ''Spongilla lacustris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭómbes&lt;/font&gt;

=Platyzoa=
==Platyhelminthes &lt;font color=green&gt;mávćes&lt;/font&gt;==
*?
**beef tapeworm ''Taeniarhynchus sagina­tus'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭooſmávćes&lt;/font&gt;
**pork tapeworm ''Taenia solium'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòrćëmávćes&lt;/font&gt;

=[[wikipedia:Mollusca|Mollusca]] &lt;font color=green&gt;méldüɱes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Bivalvia &lt;font color=green&gt;ćónxes&lt;/font&gt;==
*Pectinidae &lt;font color=green&gt;ĸaſćónxes&lt;/font&gt; scal­lop
*Unionidae
**Painter's mussel ''Unio pictorum'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;imánes&lt;/font&gt;
==Cephalopoda==
==Gastropoda &lt;font color=green&gt;ſélĸĭes&lt;/font&gt;==
*Helicidae
**edible snail ''Helix pomatia'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;tigááĸes&lt;/font&gt;
*Limacidae
**slug ''Limax cinereoniger'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;limááĸes&lt;/font&gt;

=Annelida &lt;font color=green&gt;ółes&lt;/font&gt;=
==Oligochaeta==
*?
**common earthworm ''Lumbricus terrestris'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;lonðíírĸes&lt;/font&gt;
==Hirudinea &lt;font color=green&gt;pĭátes&lt;/font&gt;==
*European medical leech ''Hirudo medicinalis'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;xrŭátes&lt;/font&gt;
*horse leech ''Hirudo sanguisuga'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;pitáles&lt;/font&gt;

==Cnidaria==
*?
**jelly fish &lt;font color=blue&gt;melúϙes&lt;/font&gt;


woodworm &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćúϙes&lt;/font&gt; (&gt; Hungarian &lt;font color=green&gt;szú&lt;/font&gt;, woodworm)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Frathwiki.png</title>
    <id>5702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37493</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-10T15:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Experimentation with an alternative logo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Experimentation with an alternative logo</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Frathwiki2.png</title>
    <id>5703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37494</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-10T15:04:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>experiment</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">experiment</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Frathwiki logo copy.jpg</title>
    <id>5704</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37528</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-11T17:07:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Logo</title>
    <id>5705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38375</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-30T12:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* cedh audmanh's variant */ coloured version</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In the past few days, two alternative FrathWiki logos have been created. One of them, or another later design, could potentially replace the old logo if this is the community's wish.

==Anderson's variant==
[[Image:Frathwiki2.png]]

It is based on the pyramid in the conlang flag. Part of it is deliberately missing (revealing a gold glow beneath to represent insight) akin to the Wikipedia puzzle piece. I thought the texture looked a bit Gothic (relating to the word 'Frath', which is Gothic in origin).

I am willing to have a go at alterations if you describe to me how the redesign should, in your opinion, differ.

==cedh audmanh's variant==
[[Image:Frathwiki_logo_3.png]]


Another design based on the [[Conlang flag]].&lt;br&gt;
Below is a coloured version of the same, slightly resized:


[[Image:Frathwiki_logo_4.png]]

==DeathShot's variant==
[[Image:Frathwiki logo copy.jpg]]

Clearly based on the distinct FrathWiki favicon.


==More designs and opinions==
I would be happy to hear your feelings and see your own designs (but please do not use copyrighted material without permission. Of course, you may vote to have the eye logo remain as it is.

Please post comments about submitted designs on the article's [[FrathWiki talk:Logo|talk page]] and submit new designs on this page.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Crystal Clear app kcoloredit.png</title>
    <id>5706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37537</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-11T17:58:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/News banner</title>
    <id>5707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58684</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-22T00:43:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removing sean's email due to long inactivity on wiki</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:30px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.png]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
'''Frathwiki: ''the'' source of information for the conlanging and linguistics community''' • Feel free to bring your stories and advice to the masses
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Logo</title>
    <id>5708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38894</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-20T16:07:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In theory I like the pyramid better, but there are a few issues I can think of. Well, mostly the gold glo; the exposed part could use more wall thickness and/or shading (especially the exposed internal wall), as it currently looks a little too much like a parallelogram floating over the pyramid rather than a cavity. I get the WP connection, but I can't help thinking if a doorway would be easier to represent than a missing wall section. Ultimately some more detail inside might help too, I can't even tell if it's supposed to be a floor or a generic cavity.

As for the &quot;large favicon&quot; — no technical gripes, but I think it looks a bit too symbolic considering it doesn't seem to have any particular conlang connection.

Still, I think both have the eye beat. --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 18:14, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

:I'll create a new version of my logo to implement some of these ideas. Whichever logo wins, do you think 'FrathWiki' looks better in a seif or sans-serif font? I prefer the latter. I think it's sleek and modern.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 19:09, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

::I never was a fan of the sans-serif style.  The font in the current logo is Gentium, one of my favorites.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:26, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

:::Am I right in thinking Gentium's a free Unicode font? If so, it fits in with the Wiki philosophy. I do like it, but it looks slightly jagged in the current logo. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 06:28, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

It's a Wiki about constructed languages.  Someone should make one that's like a construction site, building letters or words.....--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 19:22, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

:Good idea. Why don't you have a go at creating one? Even if you're not good with graphics software, you could do a rough version to demonstrate your idea for other people to build on it.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 20:04, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

::Lol, tempting, but I won't know where to start, and I don't have any graphics software that I can think of 'tall.  I'll see, but I think someone with the skill to do it should design it.  I'm thinking construction site with Letters and Words!  Best ones being Frathwiki being the site--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 22:11, 11 September 2008 (UTC).


:My preference is with the pyramid. More recognizable a conlang symbol across the web. --[[User:Qang|Qang]]

I like &quot;Anderson's Variant&quot;.
[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:47, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

So I just joined here, I'm DeathShot39. what ''is'' your favicon anyways? [[User:Arkon|Arkon]] 21:39, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
::It's supposed to be an astrological symbol for [[wikipedia:Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|the hypothetical planet Vulcan]], which was invented (!) to explain irregularities in the orbit of Mercury; even after being disproved, it is apparently still recognized in esoteric astrology, and exists (more or less) in my own conworld [[Nother]].  (I'm not sure whether I remember the exact source of this form of the symbol.  A bit of Googling shows it's normally given without the crossbar, e.g. at [http://www.astrologyweekly.com/learn-astrology/astrology-glyphs.php], [http://www.astralynx.com/studies/astrosymb.html].  It's been a while, but if I remember correctly, back then images of it weren't so easy to find in Google and I made the symbol only having a textual description of it to go on.)  It doesn't have any particular connection to this wiki; it just happened to be the favicon for frath.net itself before the wiki came into existence, and it just transferred over.  If a new logo is chosen, a new favicon could be designed to go with it. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 06:26, 13 September 2008 (UTC)  
:I can also easily make anything you want (or should be), so just pipe up! [[User:Arkon|Arkon]]

I love Cedh Audmanh's! It's nice and simple, but still well thought out. What does everyone else think? I'm altering my pyramid design, but I think I may prefer the Cedh's. I'll await others' opinons. --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 16:31, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

I feel I must respectfully change my vote to Cedh's version. It is appropriate and aesthetically pleasing. [[User:Qang|~Sano~]]

I vote for Cedh Audmanh's logo, but in colour (I see no problem with using the colours of the [[Conlang flag]]).  --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 19:19, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

:Could Cedh Audmanh upload a colour variant so that we can compare?--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Pisceesumsprecan]] 06:30, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
::[[FrathWiki:Logo#cedh audmanh's variant|Done]]. I like the coloured variant more when stand-alone, but in the logo position of the wiki a design with a transparent background looks better, so currently my own vote goes to the black-and-white version. [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 13:14, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
:::I agree too that the transparent flag duplicate looks the best so far. However, I wonder if any of the other conlang wikis would complain about reserving the symbol? --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 09:13, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
::::If no one objects to Cedh Audmanh's black-and-white logo this week, I think I'll inform Muke. I can't see why other conlang wikis would complain; plus, we proposed using the logo first! --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 16:07, 20 October 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Current events</title>
    <id>5709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46096</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-17T03:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>conlang_learners and LoCoWriMo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;


{{:FrathWiki:Current events/FrathShed}}

{{scroll box|
|background=#F8F8FF
|content=
&lt;dpl&gt;
category=FrathShed
namespace=
&lt;/dpl&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- 

Changes

--&gt;
{{:FrathWiki:Current events/Changes}}

&lt;center&gt;

&lt;!--START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:FrathWiki:Current events/Events}}
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Advertise your new projects&lt;/div&gt;
*[[West Germanic language/West Germanic Crusaders|West Germanic Crusaders]]
*:Help out and help spread the word of the New West Germanic language, which aims to 'make a small part of the world bigger'.
*[[Learners shortlist|A list of conlangs under consideration]] by the conlang_learners group; we'll vote in September and start learning our chosen conlang together
*[[LoCoWriMo]], Local Conlang Writing Month (probably October 2009)
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan classification</title>
    <id>5710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55539</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-13T01:50:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Domain &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱráádas&lt;/font&gt;
**Kingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;stemvóras&lt;/font&gt;
***Subkingdom &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrstemvóras&lt;/font&gt;
****Superphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfleúðas&lt;/font&gt;
*****Phylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;leúðas&lt;/font&gt;
******Subphylum &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrleúðas&lt;/font&gt;
*******Superclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùporéćas&lt;/font&gt;
********Class &lt;font color=blue&gt;réćass&lt;/font&gt;
*********Subclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèrréćas&lt;/font&gt;
**********Infraclass &lt;font color=blue&gt;nitèroréćas&lt;/font&gt;
***********Superorder &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufmérvas&lt;/font&gt;
************Order &lt;font color=blue&gt;mérvas&lt;/font&gt;
*************Suborder &lt;font color=blue&gt;nermérvas&lt;/font&gt;
**************Infraorder &lt;font color=blue&gt;nìtermérvas&lt;/font&gt;
***************Parvorder &lt;font color=blue&gt;mìnümérvas&lt;/font&gt;
****************Superfamily &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufaþálasváálas&lt;/font&gt;
*****************Family &lt;font color=blue&gt;aþálas&lt;/font&gt;
******************Subfamily &lt;font color=blue&gt;neraþálas&lt;/font&gt;
*******************Tribe &lt;font color=blue&gt;úĸŭas&lt;/font&gt;
********************Subtribe &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerózgŭas&lt;/font&gt;
*********************Genus &lt;font color=blue&gt;ímas&lt;/font&gt;
**********************Subgenus &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerímas&lt;/font&gt;
***********************Species &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſŭéédas&lt;/font&gt;
************************Subspecies &lt;font color=blue&gt;nerſŭéédas&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vampiric</title>
    <id>5711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37592</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-12T16:06:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Corrected location of uploaded files.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dr. Helen Charters 
&lt; http://www.arts.auckland.ac.nz/staff/index.cfm?S=STAFF_acha094 &gt;
is a Senior Tutor in Applied Language Studies &amp; Linguistics on the Faculty of Arts at the University of Auckland in New Zealand.

She created the conlang &quot;Vampiric&quot; for use in the movie versions of the &quot;30 Days of Night&quot; comix and their sequels.

The conlang is copyrighted by her (the actual lines spoken belong to the movies' scriptwriters, producers, and studio).

She has used this conlang as a source for exercises etc. in her classes.

She sent me three files back on August 9th but asked me not to share them with anyone before September 8th.

I have uploaded them to the File section of the Frathwiki Yahoo group.
&lt; http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/files/Vampiric%2C%20a%20conlang/ &gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama dictionary</title>
    <id>5712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46355</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T12:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>oops, wrong way around :)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

'''This is the [[Qatama]] dictionary'''. 

*Abbreviations used:

*''n''. - noun
*''adj''. - adjective
*''adv''. - adverb
*''det''. - determiner
*''part''. - particle
*''conj''. - conjunction
*''pron''. - pronoun
*''adp''. - adposition
*''num''. - number
*''art''. - article
*''inter''. - interjection 

{{QTM}}

=Q=
*'''qa''' -- interrogative ''part''.
:always occurs at the end of a interrogative statement

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Qatama|'''qatama''']] -- ''n''. the people of Qatama | ''adj''. (abstract) timeless, universal

*'''qada''' -- ''n''. a military unit of approximately 20,000 warriors

*'''qam''' -- ''n''. din, bang, boom, loud noise; a cacophony or loud commotion 

*'''qan''' -- ''n''. lord, noble, chief | a noble or man of rank in various positions of power within the [[Qatama]] Empire 

*'''qahaj''' -- ''n''. faith, bellief | ''v''. believe, have faith

*'''qaj''' -- ''n''. an ethical code that is prevalent in [[Qatama]] culture that promotes unquestioning loyalty to the ancient ways at all costs and obedience in all deeds, valuing honor above life

*'''qal''' -- ''n''. building, edifice, closed structure with walls and a roof | ''v''. to build, construct, act or process of building

*'''qo''' [[Image:Moj q.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /q/ or [X], the first grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''qom''' -- ''n''. age of maturity, ceremony to celebrate age of maturity

*'''qu''' -- ''n''. wall, barrier, border

*'''qung''' -- ''n''. phoneme, indivisible unit of sound in language, sound, noise

*'''q`ta''' -- ''n''. The fundamental life-force or energy | nature

*'''q`tan''' -- ''n''. a military unit of between 100 and 500 warriors

*'''q`toj''' -- ''n''. &quot;Lord Warrior&quot;, the highest rank in the warrior class

*'''q`dom''' -- ''n''. a military unit of approximately 5,000 warriors

*'''q`ma''' -- ''n''. army | large, highly organized military force concerned mainly with ground operations

=K=

*'''kya''' -- ''part''. positive imperative marker
:'''kya naj al tamu mua''' -- Go towards the house.

*'''ka''' -- ''n''. stillness, motionlessness, non-movement

*'''kang''' -- ''n''. adult male, man, male partner in marriage, mate, husband

*'''kangha''' -- ''n''. father

*'''kangla''' -- ''n''. uncle (any male adult of relation that is not ones father)

*'''kangra''' -- ''n''. grandfather (any male elder of relation that is not ones father)

*'''ko''' [[Image:Moj k.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /k/, the second grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence | ''adj''./''adv''. fast, quick, quickly, rapid

*'''koga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. red, having red as its colour

*'''koto''' -- ''n''. a drum or a performance of several drummers in an ensemble | ''v''. drum, perform with a drum

*'''kotoq''' -- ''n''. tempo or speed of a beat, song, or repeated event | ''n''. variation of the duration of sounds over time; a beat or meter | ''n''. flow, repetition or regularity

*'''komuga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. purple, a color that is a dark blend of red and blue

*'''konaga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. orange, color between red and yellow

*'''koyuga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. pink, pale red color

*'''kumna''' -- ''n''. fee, charge, rate

*'''kumaq''' -- ''n''. the day after the present day, tomorrow

*'''kura''' -- ''v''. have, possess, hold

*'''kurayu''' -- ''v''. save, collect, gather

=G=

*'''gya''' -- ''part''. imperitive &quot;Give!&quot;
:Used specifically when demading an object/item.

*'''ga''' -- ''pron''. 2nd person singular; you

*'''gaq''' -- ''n''. food, sustenance | ''v''. to eat, consume, take in | ''adj''. edible

*'''gaqla''' -- ''v''. to not be hungry | ''adj''. inedible

*'''gaqra''' -- ''n''. bread | ''v''. to bake

*'''gaj''' -- ''pron''. 2nd person plural; you (all)

*'''gahan''' -- ''pron''. 2nd person singular/plural (formal); you (all)

*'''gaya''' -- ''v''. to give, donate, bequeath

*'''gayam''' -- ''n''. gift, donation

*'''go''' [[Image:Moj g.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /g/ or [G\], the third grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''goq''' -- ''n''. barrel, bucket, cannister, can

*'''goku''' -- ''n''. (academic) student, learner, school age child

*'''gom''' -- ''n''. land, ground, earth, dirt, soil

*'''gomoq''' -- ''n''. tundra | ''adj''. frozen (ground)

*'''gomoku''' -- ''n''. snow, ice, frozen water | ''v''. to snow, hail

*'''gomugra''' -- ''v''. get dirty | ''adj''. foul, dirty

*'''guq''' -- ''n''. civility, politeness | ''v''. be civil, polite

*'''guqra''' -- ''inter''. thank you | ''v''. to thank, appreciate, show gratitude

*'''gumu''' -- ''n''. boat, ship, vessel, water-bound craft

*'''gumujra''' -- ''n''. sailing, navigation | ''v''. sail, navigate

*'''guj''' -- ''n''. fluid, liquid | ''adj''. fluidic

*'''gujla''' -- ''n''. dryness, drought | ''adj''. dry, barren, (colloquial) thirsty

*'''gujra''' -- ''n''. lake, river, pond | ''v''. flow (as a river)

*'''guja''' -- ''n''. water | ''adj''. wet

*'''gula''' -- ''n''. wine, alcoholic beverage made by fermenting juice of fruits or vegetables other than grapes

*'''g`mul''' -- ''n''. noon, midday, when the sun is at the highest point in the sky

=T=

*'''ta''' -- ''pron''. 1st person singular; I, me

*'''taka''' -- ''pron''. 1st person plural (inclusive); we, us

*'''taga''' -- ''n''. tea/coffee | ''v''. to drink tea/coffee
:Any drink made by infusing parts of various plants.

*'''tama''' -- ''adj''./''adv''. good, well, fine, favorable

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Tamaja|'''tamaja''']] -- 'all is well, peace', a common response to being greeted

*'''tan''' [[Image:Moj tan.GIF]]-- ''num''. hundred  

*'''taja''' -- ''n''. brother, male sibling, male cousin | member of a fraternal organiztion

*'''ta`aq''' -- ''pron''. 1st person plural (exclusive); we, us

*'''to''' [[Image:Moj to.GIF]]-- ''num''. two | [[Image:Moj t.GIF]] ''n''. the sound /t/ , the fourth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''toq''' -- ''n''. ability, potential | ''v''. be able

*'''toqla''' -- ''n''. inability, lack of skill | ''v''. be unable

*'''tong''' [[Image:Moj tong.GIF]]-- ''num''. eight 

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Tojla|'''tojla''']] -- ''n''. a traditional sword worn by the warrior class and nobility

=TL=

*'''tla''' -- ''n''. sky, air, oxygen | ''adj''. lofty, idealistic

*'''tlaq''' -- ''n''. language, dialect, utterance | ''v''. dictate

*'''tlaga''' -- ''n''./''adj''. gray/grey; an achromatic colour

*'''tla`a''' [[Image:Moj tl.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /tK/ or [tl], the fifth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence | ''n''. swine, pig, pork

=D=

*'''da''' -- ''n''. encampment, camp, fort | ''v''. camp, set up camp

*'''daq''' -- ''n''. mountain, peak, crest

*'''daqla''' -- ''n''. valley, area that is lower than its surroundings

*'''daqra''' -- ''n''. rigde, cliff | ''v''. be uneasy, uncomfortable | ''adj''. steep, drastic

*'''do''' [[Image:Moj do.GIF]]-- ''num''. five | [[Image:Moj d.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /d/ or [D], the sixth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''d`haq''' -- ''n''. hill, mound

=M=

*'''myo''' -- ''n''. small, domestic cat; member of the cat family Felidae

*'''myoga''' -- ''n''./''adj''. brown, having brown colour

*'''myong''' -- ''n''. lion, tiger, panther etc...large cat; member of the cat family Felidae

*'''ma''' -- ''conj''. and, too, also, as well

*'''maq'''  -- ''n''. day, daylight, hours between dawn and sunset

*'''maqla'''  -- ''adv''. never, at no time, no more, never again

*'''mada'''  -- ''v''. come, return, come back, return to a place

*'''man'''  [[Image:Moj man.GIF]]-- ''num''. ten

*'''manha'''  -- ''n''. method, manner

*'''maj'''  -- ''n''. commander, chief, leader | ''v''. lead, command

*'''mo'''  [[Image:Moj mo.GIF]]-- ''num''. three | ''adj''. having to do with the heel of the foot | [[Image:Moj m.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /m/, the seventh grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''moq'''  -- ''n''. place, location | ''adj''. locative

*'''mon'''  -- ''v''. learn, acquire skills, be taught 

*'''mong'''  -- ''v''. know, be informed/aware of

*'''monga'''  -- ''v''. think, ponder, conceive, be of an opinion

*'''mongha'''  -- ''v''. understand, comprehend

*'''mongla'''  -- ''v''. not understand, not comprehend, be confused (about), not know

*'''mongra'''  -- ''n''. understanding, comprehension, complete knowledge of 

*'''moj''' -- ''n''. writing, letter, glyph, grapheme | ''v''. write, scribe, record

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Mo.60oj|'''mo`oj''']] -- ''n''. calligraphy | ''adj''. calligraphic

*'''mu''' -- ''v''. stop, wait, be patient | ''n''. vertical components that form the sides of a door frame, window frame, or fireplace

*'''muq'''  -- ''v''. be, exist, stand | ''n''. existence, being | ''adj''. true, valid
:Rarely used in the copula sense when speaking.

*'''muga''' -- ''n''./''adj''. blue, blue-colored

*'''mulal''' -- ''n''. boredom | ''v''. be bored; be boring

*'''mua''' -- ''v''. go, travel, move; move from a place to another that is further away

=N=

*'''na''' -- ''pron''. he, him; she, her; it, that; third-person singular, neuter

*'''naq''' -- ''n''. night, evening (hours)

*'''naku''' -- ''n''. / ''adv''. now, yet, present

*'''naga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. yellow, having yellow as its color

*'''nada''' -- ''pron''. he, him; third-person singular, masculine

*'''nama''' -- ''n''. / ''v''. tobacco | to smoke

*'''namuga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. having green as its color, green

*'''nang''' -- ''n''. / ''v''. to need, require | something needed or necessary

*'''naj''' -- ''adp''. to, toward(s), at, in the direction of

*'''naja''' -- ''n''. wood | substance making up a tree | used as a material for construction, to manufacture various items, etc. or as fuel 

*'''naya''' -- ''pron''. she, her; third person singular, feminine

*'''nara''' -- ''pron''. they, them; third person plural

*'''no'''  [[Image:Moj no.GIF]]-- ''num''. six | [[Image:Moj n.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /n/, the eighth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''noq'''  [[Image:Moj noq.GIF]]-- ''num''. nine

*'''nom''' -- ''n''. chair, seat, place in which to sit

*'''noj''' -- ''adp''. with, together | in the company of

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Nura|'''nura''']] -- ''n''. life, vitality | ''v''. to live, exist

=NG=

*'''nga''' -- ''det''. / ''adv''. expressing negation | no, not
:always appears at the beginning of the verb phrase

*'''ngaq''' -- ''n''. a year, a period encompassing all four seasons

*'''ngan'''  [[Image:Moj ngan.GIF]]-- ''num''. thousand

*'''ngaj''' -- ''adp''. away from, away, from the direction of

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Nja.60ayu|'''nga`ayu''']] -- ''n''. an introvert, solitary individual | ''v''. to be, act for, focus on oneself | ''adj''. preferring the internal, satisfied with self, lacking interest or comfort in social interactions
:A contraction formed from '''nja''' (for, about) and '''ayu''' (self, reflective particle).

*[[Qatama_Calligraphy#Ngumja|'''ngumja''']] -- ''adj''. the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations | ''n''. impermanence

*'''ngo''' [[Image:Moj ng.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /N/, the ninth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

=J=

*'''ja''' [[Image:Moj j.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /Z/, /tS/ or /dZ/, the tenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

=H=

*'''han''' -- ''n''. Title of respect conferred on a man, with or without a name added, placed after the name.

*'''hana''' -- ''n''. Title of respect conferred on a woman, with or without a name added, placed after the name.

*'''hu''' [[Image:Moj h.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /h/ or [H], the eleventh grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''huga''' -- ''adj''. clear, bright

=Y=

*'''yu''' [[Image:Moj y.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /j/, the twelfth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''yunga''' -- ''n''. carbuncle, sore, ulcer, abscess

=L=

*'''la`a''' [[Image:Moj l.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /l/, the thirteenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

=R=

*'''ra`a''' [[Image:Moj r.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /r/ or [r\], the fourteenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''ru''' -- ''part''. Indicating an agent, a person who makes or renders (adj.), does... (verb), or works with... (noun), commonly as part of his or her role or job

=A=

*'''a''' [[Image:Moj a.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /a/ or [a:], the fifteenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''aq''' -- ''conj''. or, either, other

*'''aqla''' -- ''conj''. nor neither, no other

*'''aku''' -- ''n''. verb, action word, occurrence | ''v''. happen, occur, take place

*'''aga''' -- ''n''. color, pigment, hue | ''v''. to color, paint

*'''agaru''' -- ''n''. multicolored bird

*'''adaqra''' -- ''v''. become wealthy, inherit 

*'''anyaga''' -- ''n''./''adj''. fair skinned/haired person, blond

*'''anaq''' -- ''n''. head, brian, skull, cranium

*'''anuq''' -- ''n''. ear(s), side of head | ''v''. hear, listen | ''adj''. auditory

*'''aj''' -- ''adp''. of, from, belonging to or associated with

*'''aya''' -- ''n''. beauty, wonder, grace | ''adj''. beautiful, gracious, wondrous

*'''aru''' -- ''n''. any animal characterized by being warm-blooded, having feathers and wings usually capable of flight, and laying eggs, bird | ''v''. fly, be in flight

=O=

*'''o''' [[Image:Moj o.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /o/ or [o:], the sixteenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence | ''art''. honorific article used to show esteem or respect for the noun it points toward, it is both definite and indefinite

*'''oq''' [[Image:Moj oq.GIF]]-- ''num''. seven

*'''oqla''' -- ''n''. theme, topic | ''adj''. thematic, topical 

*'''oko''' [[Image:Moj oko.GIF]]-- ''num''. four

*'''okota''' -- ''n''. heart, muscular organ that pumps blood through the body

*'''oga''' -- ''n''./''adj''. black, absorbing all light, without light

*'''ogo''' -- ''n''. number | ''v''. count, enumerate, number 

*'''om''' [[Image:Moj om.GIF]]-- ''num''. zero | ''pron''. nothing, nothingness

*'''omyoga''' -- ''n''. slightly yellowish gray colour, as that of unbleached wool | ''adj''. beige

*'''omo''' -- ''n''. tradition | ''adj''. traditional | ''adv''. traditionally

*'''omoq''' -- ''n''. emperor (can be translated as &quot;''keeper/protector of the tradition(s)''&quot;)

*'''on''' -- ''adj''. dark, deep in colour

*'''onha''' -- ''n''. visual representation of an area, map, atlas

*'''ong''' [[Image:Moj ong.GIF]]-- ''num''. one | ''adj''. single, singular

*'''oha''' -- ''adv''. ''n''. yes, answer that shows agreement or acceptance, vote of support | ''v''. affirm, accept

*'''oya''' -- ''inter''. an exclamation to get attention | vocative

=U=

*'''u''' [[Image:Moj u.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /u/ or [u:], the seventeenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

*'''uga''' -- ''n''. / ''adj''. white, bright, colorless

*'''un''' -- ''adj''. pale in color, light

*'''ujul''' -- ''v''. commit crime, offend greatly

*'''uhugya''' -- ''v''. reveal, disclose, tell a secret

*'''ulana''' -- ''conj''. as follows, like this, such as

*'''ua''' -- ''n''. movement, motion, wave, vibration

=`=

*'''`mya''' [[Image:Moj my.GIF]]-- ''n''. a ligature for /mj/

*'''`nja''' [[Image:Moj nj.GIF]]-- ''n''. a ligature for /nZ/

*'''`lha''' [[Image:Moj lh.GIF]]-- ''n''. a ligature for /lh/

*'''`a''' [[Image:Moj a`a.GIF]]-- ''n''. the sound /@/ or [V] (/?/ between vowels), the eighteenth grapheme in the [[Qatama]] collating sequence

[[Category:Qatama]][[Category:General_lexica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:QTM</title>
    <id>5713</id>
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      <id>37806</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-14T15:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#Q|Q]] [[#K|K]] [[#G|G]] [[#T|T]] [[#TL|TL]] [[#D|D]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#NG|NG]] [[#J|J]]  [[#H|H]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#L|L]] [[#R|R]]   [[#A|A]] [[#O|O]] [[#U|U]] [[#`|`]]
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
[[Image:Moj cs.GIF]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Arkon</title>
    <id>5714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37621</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-12T21:48:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arkon</username>
        <id>1243</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute;top:10px;left:300px;z-index:1;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=1&gt;Please do not copy the contents of this page.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute;top:-40px;left:-155px;z-index:1;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font style= color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;LONG LIVE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 20em; float:right; clear:left; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;background-color:Black;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; | 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:black;color:silver;&quot; |  &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=silver&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Arkon'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;background-color:LightGray;&quot;
| '''Status''' || Alive and plotting.

|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;background-color:LightGray;&quot;
| '''User Location''' || Canada

|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;background-color:LightGray;&quot;
| '''User Age''' || ???

|}

== About Me ==

Hello. There's not much, really.

== Recent Changes ==

&lt;div style=&quot;width: auto; height: 500px; background-color: #FFFFFF; color: black; text-align: left; border: 0px solid black; overflow: auto; padding: 3px;&quot;&gt;
{{Special:Recentchanges}}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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    <title>File:Moj om.GIF</title>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
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    <title>File:Moj ong.GIF</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
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    <title>File:Moj oko.GIF</title>
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      <contributor>
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    <title>File:Moj tong.GIF</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
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    <title>File:Moj tan.GIF</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama basic phrases</title>
    <id>5730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46354</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T12:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>category cleanup, header formatting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Qatama]][[Category:General_lexica]]

==Basic==

*'''kogra m`ta`aq tama''' -- Nice to meet you.
*'''guta ga qa''' -- How are you?
*'''moq al koda qa''' -- Where is the bathroom? Where is the toilet?

==Hello &amp; Goodbye - '''kalha ma gyoha'''==

*'''aka''' -- Hello (informal, &quot;hi&quot;, &quot;hey&quot;)

*'''kalha''' -- Hello (formal)

*'''kalhaj''' -- Hello (formal to a group)

*'''maq tama''' -- Good morning.

*'''umaq tama''' -- Good afternoon. / Good evening.

*'''naq tama''' -- Good night.

*'''nguqra''' -- Welcome.

*'''gyoha''' -- Goodbye. / So long. / See you later.

==Thank you - '''guqra'''==

*'''guqra''' -- Thank you.

*'''t`ha guqra''' -- Thank you very much!

*'''nguqra''' -- You're welcome.

*'''nja al taman guqra''' -- Thanks for the hospitality(kindness).

*'''guqla''' -- No thank you. (rarely used)

*'''kyala guqra''' -- Don't mention it. (lit: do-not thank)

*'''kya aguq nja ta nada guqra ga''' -- Thank him for me, please.

==Sorry - '''kya aguq'''==

*'''kya aguq''' -- Excuse me. / I'm sorry. / I apologize.

*'''kya t`ha aguq''' -- I am very sorry.

*'''kya aguq nja al mayu''' -- I'm sorry for the disturbance.

==Please - '''aguq'''==

*'''aguq''' -- Please

*'''kya ogu mada aguq''' -- Please, come in.

*'''kya kum aguq''' -- Please, sit down.

*'''kya nahaq aguq''' -- Please, help yourself.

*'''kya mu aguq''' -- Just a moment, please. / Please stop. / Please wait.

*'''gya al guja aguq''' -- Bring me water, please.

*'''kya noka aguq''' -- Please continue.

*'''kya nuj mu aguq''' -- Please wait here.

==Yes - '''oha'''==

*'''oha''' -- Yes

*'''ohaq''' -- Yes, that's right. / Correct.

*'''oha ung anuq ta''' -- Yes, I have heard of it.

*'''oha nung ta''' -- Yes, I would like some.

*'''oha Qatama muta ta''' -- Yes, I speak Qatama.

*'''oha aguq''' -- Yes, please.

==No - '''nga'''==

*'''nga''' -- No

*'''nga ruq tama ta ra''' -- No, I am fine.

*'''nga mayu''' -- No problem.

*'''nga aj nuj muq ta''' -- I am not from (around) here.

*'''nga m`ta al togu''' -- The horse is not mine.

*'''nga tama al gaq''' -- The food is not good.

*'''nga mongha ta / mongla ta''' -- I do not understand.

===Negating the past - '''ungla'''===

*'''tama ungla mogu ta''' -- I did not sleep well.

*'''ungla gaq ta''' -- I did not eat.

===Negating the present===

*'''nga mua ta''' -- I (do/am) not go(ing).

*'''nga amahu mogu ta''' -- I do not sleep late.

*'''nga ganu/nung ta''' -- I do not want.

*'''nga koj ta''' -- I do not like.

===Negating the future - '''uqla'''===

*'''uqla mua ta''' -- I will not go.

*'''kun moq uqla mogu ta''' -- I will not sleep here.

*'''uqla mada ta''' -- I will not come.

==Name - '''ata'''==

*'''_____ ata ta''' -- My name is _______.

*'''ata ga qa''' -- What is your name?

*'''ata tanga m`ga qa''' -- What is your family name?

*'''_____ ata tanga m`ta''' -- My family name is _______.

*'''ata kun moq qa''' -- What is the name of place?

*'''ata m`ga koj ta''' -- I like your name.

*'''al moj ata m`ga qa''' -- How do you spell your name?

*'''aj [[Qatama_names|Qatama]] ata ga qa''' -- Is your name [[Qatama_names|Qatam]]?

==Say / Speak - '''muta'''==

*'''...muta ga qa''' -- Do you speak ...?
**English - '''Ungulhaj'''
**Qatama - '''Qatam'''
**Esperanto - '''Ujmaran'''
**Latin - '''Ulatan'''

*'''nga Qatam muta ta''' -- I do not speak Qatama.

*'''unja Qatam muta ta''' -- I speak a little Qatama.

*'''kya aguq an naj ta muta''' -- Speak to me slowly, please.

*'''muta ga qa''' -- What are you saying?

*'''kya aguq m`ham muta ga''' -- Please say it again.

*'''muta nada qa''' -- What is he saying?

*'''manha aj [Qatama] muta...qa''' -- How do you say this in [Qatama]?

==Understand - '''mong / mongha'''==

*'''mongha ta''' / '''mong ta''' -- I understand.

*'''ung mongla ta''' / '''ungla mongha ta''' -- I did not understand.

*'''nuda muta ga mongla ta''' -- I do not understand what you are saying.

*'''ta mongha ga qa''' -- Do you understand me?

*'''ta ung mongha ga qa''' -- Did you understand me?

==Write - '''moja'''==

*'''moja ta''' -- I write.

*'''ungla moja ta''' -- I did not write.

*'''naj ga uq moja ta''' -- I will write to you.

*'''kong nuq ung moja qa''' -- Who wrote that?

*'''kya ata m`ga kun moq moja''' -- Write your name here!

*'''moq ata m`ta daru moja ta qa''' -- Where should/shall I write my name?

*'''moja ata m`ta qa''' -- Is my name written?

*'''kya aguq na moja''' -- Please write it down.

*'''kya aguq aj moj oroman moja''' -- Please write it in Roman letters.

==Read - '''moju'''==

*'''moju ta''' -- I read.

*'''aj al nakumu na ung moju ta''' -- I read it in the newspaper(bulletin).

*'''nuq ung moju ga qa''' -- Did you read that?

*'''kun al moju uq nung ta''' -- I would like (to read) this book.

*'''Qatam toqla moju ta''' -- I cannot read Qatama.

*'''kya aguq nja ta kun moju''' -- Please read this for me.

*'''Qatam toq moju ga qa''' -- Can you read Qatama?

==Walk - '''gun'''==

*'''kya gun ta`aq''' -- Let's go for a walk!

*'''gun nungha ta''' -- I prefer to walk.

*'''naj al moq t`ha nguj qa''' -- Is it too far to walk to the place?

*'''aj kun moq toq gun''' -- Is it possible to walk from here?

*'''gun toqla ta''' -- I can not walk.

*'''ko gun ga''' -- You are walking fast.

*'''kya an gun''' -- Walk slowly/slower!</text>
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    <title>File:Moj mhaq.GIF</title>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qang/sandbox</title>
    <id>5732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59194</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-04T15:46:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Spelling and pronunciation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|+ '''Verbal Paradigm'''
! !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing''
|| '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|| '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Grammatical form !! Ido !! colspan=2| English
|-
! [[Noun|Singular noun]]
| ''' -o''' (libro) || colspan=2| book
|-
! [[Noun|Plural noun]]
| '''-i''' (libri)  || colspan=2| books
|-
! [[Adjective]]
| '''-a''' (varma)  || colspan=2| warm
|-
! [[Adverb]]
| '''-e''' (varme)  || colspan=2| warmly
|-
! [[Infinitive|Present tense infinitive]]
| '''-ar''' (irar)   || to be going ||  rowspan=3| to go
|-
! [[Infinitive|Past tense infinitive]]
| '''-ir''' (irir)  || to have gone
|-
! [[Infinitive|Future tense infinitive]]
| '''-or''' (iror)  || to be going to go
|-
! [[Present tense|Present]]
| '''-as''' (iras)  || colspan=2| go, goes
|-
! [[Past tense|Past]]
| '''-is''' (iris)  || colspan=2| went
|-
! [[Future tense|Future]]
| '''-os''' (iros)  || colspan=2| will go
|-
! [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| '''-ez''' (irez)  || colspan=2| go!
|-
! [[Conditional mood|Conditional]]
| '''-us''' (irus)  || colspan=2| would go
|}


== Phonology ==

=== consonants ===

* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.

*Plosives 

:'''p''' - [p~b] | '''t''' - [t~d] | '''k''' - [k~g] | ''' ' ''' - [?]

*Nasals 

:'''m''' - [m] | '''n''' - [n] | '''ny''' - [J]

*Fricatives 

:'''s''' - [s~S] | '''h''' - [h~h\]

*Africates 

:'''ts''' - [ts~tS] | '''tl''' - [tK]

*Approximants 

:'''u''' - [w] | '''l''' - [l] | '''y''' - [j]

=== vowels ===

* '''a''' - /a~a:/ | '''e''' - /e~e:/ | '''i''' - /i~i:/ | '''o''' - /o~o:/ | '''u''' - /u~u:/

==== diphthongs ====

* '''ya''' - /ja:/ | '''ye''' - /je:/ | '''yo''' - /jo:/ | '''ua''' - /wa:/ | '''ue''' - /we:/

* '''ai''' - /aI:/ | '''ao''' - /aU:/ | '''uai''' - /waI:/ | '''yao''' - /jaU:/

=== phonotactics ===

*'''Kala''' allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable (the exception being prenasalization), and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary. 
:'''l''' cannot appear as an onset, the glottal stop, ''' ' ''', only appears between vowels.

==== syllable structure ====

* (N)(CV)(k, m, n)
::Prenasalization primarily occurs with '''k''', '''t''' and '''p'''. (''See also'': [[Kala writing|Moya]])

==== syllable stress ====

*'''Kala''' stress is  penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.

== Grammar ==

=== word order ===

* The usual, declarative formal word order is ''subject noun phrase - (object noun phrase) - verb phrase''.
:Example : He/She is preparing food.
::'''ha ina yaso'''
::''3sg food prepare''

* The &quot;indirect object&quot; exists only in the form of a prepositional phrase, and follows the object noun phrase.
:Example : The woman gives the house to me. 
::'''naka ka'e na ke tsaka yeta'''
::''woman to 1S the house give''

:* This construction changes when both the subject (agent) and (indirect)/object (patient) are personal pronouns. In this case, the preposition/al (phrase) is unnecessary.
:Example : She gives the house to me. 
::'''ha'ena ke tsaka yeta'''
::''3sg-TR-part-1sg a house give''

* A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
! !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing''
|| '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|| '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
|-
|}

=== verbs ===

==== tense ====

*The present tense is indicated by the basic form.
:'''ha apua'''
:''3SG sing''
:He/She sings.

*The simple past tense is indicated by the suffix '''-ye'''.
:'''ha apuaye'''
:''3SG sing-PAST''
:He/She sang. 

*The simple future tense is indicated by the suffix '''-tli'''.
:'''ha apuatli'''
:''3SG sing-FUT''
:He/She will sing. 

*The tense may be left out if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same sentence, or when telling a story (the &quot;historical&quot; tense).
:'''ha yomatli apua'''
:''3SG day-FUT sing''
:He/She will sing tomorrow. 

:'''ha semaye apua'''
:''3SG week-PAST sing''
:He/She sang last week.

==== mood ====

* Moods are indicated by affixes appended to verbs in all tenses.

*The negative mood is indicated by the suffix '''-k'''.
:'''kam inak'''
:''3PL eat-NEG''
:They are not eating. / They do not eat.

*The volitive mood is indicated by the suffix '''-ue''' (from '''ueha''' - to want, desire).
:'''nam tsomaueye'''
:''1PL smoke-VOL-PAST''
:We wanted to smoke.

*The necessitative mood is indicated by the suffix '''-he''' (from '''heta''' - to need, require).
:'''ta simahetlik'''
:''2S sit-NEC-FUT-NEG''
:You will not need to sit.

*The abilitative mood is indicated by the suffix '''-pa''' (from '''pala''' - to be able).
:'''na mokupa'''
:''1S sleep-ABIL''
:I can sleep. / I am able to sleep.

=== nouns ===

==== affect/degree ====

* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''. These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable containing '''h''' or '''y'''.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion

* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green

* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” 
:Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest | '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
:Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow | '''ke huam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.

==== plurals ====

* Concrete nouns are pluralized by suffixing '''-m'''. 
:Examples :  '''kono''' - stone &gt; '''konom''' - stones | '''naka''' - woman &gt; '''nakam''' - women

* When the last syllable of a word contains an '''m''', the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel.
:Examples : '''kama''' - village &gt; '''kama'a''' - villages | '''yama''' - mountain &gt; '''yama'a''' - mountains

* Collective (plural) nouns are marked by prefixing '''tli-'''. 
:Examples : '''tsaka''' - house &gt; '''tlitsaka''' - neighborhood | '''yama''' - mountain &gt; '''tliyama''' - mountain range

* Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
:Example : '''sahi''' - color &gt; '''sahim''' - colors &gt; '''sahi ya'o''' - five color(s)

* Adjectives do not show plural agreement. However, when an adjective is used nominally, it can be pluralized.
:Example : '''nyeli''' - pink &gt; '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)

==== gender ====

*In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
:Example : '''nikata''' &quot;a male dog&quot;, '''nikana''' &quot;a female dog&quot;.

==== articles ====

*There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a &quot;noun marker&quot;. 

*It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
:Example : '''kama''' &quot;village&quot;, '''ke kama''' &quot;the/a village&quot;, '''ke kama'a''' &quot;the villages&quot;
:Example : '''inahi''' &quot;snack&quot;, '''ke inahi''' &quot;the/a snack&quot;, '''ke inahim''' &quot;the snacks&quot;

=== questions ===

*When asking questions in '''Kala''', the idea, or concept, is the ''subject'', and the entire construction is followed by the interrogative particle '''ka'''.

*'''ama...ka''' - when, lit: ''time...INT''

*'''ko...ka''' - who, lit: ''person [Agentive]...INT''

*'''koyo...ka''' - whose, lit: ''person-POSS...INT''

*'''nye...ka''' - why, lit: ''reason...INT''

*'''no...ka''' - what, lit: ''thing [Instrument]...INT''

*'''mo...ka''' - where, lit: ''place...INT''

*'''to...ka''' - how, what manner, lit: ''manner/method...INT''

*'''ku / o...ka''' - how much/many, lit: ''number/amount...INT''

==== examples ====

*'''ama nam yalatli ka'''
:''time 1PL go-FUT INT''
:When will we go?

*'''ko ke tlaka ka'''
:''person that man INT''
:Who is that man?

*'''nye kam hina ka'''
:''reason 3PL here INT''
:Why are they here?

*'''no a ka''' / '''itla ka'''
:''thing be INT'' / ''this INT''
:What is this?

*'''koyo kama ke yama hina ka'''
:''person-POSS village the mountain near INT''
:Whose village is near the mountain?

*'''mo satila nayo ka'''
:''place sandwich 1SG-POSS INT''
:Where is my sandwich?

*'''to nam yalatli ka'''
:''manner 1PL travel-FUT INT''
:How will we travel?

*'''ku ekam yetaye ka'''
:''amount TR-3PL give-PAST INT''
:How many were they given?

=== pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing''
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|-
|}

==== examples ====

*'''ina namyo'''
:''food 1PL-POSS''
:Our food.

*'''kami itsa'''
:''3PL-REFL love''
:They love themselves.

*'''tanku moto ka'''
:''2PL-RECP remember INT''
:Do you remember each other?

*'''eha unyatlik'''
:''ACC-3SG understand-FUT-NEG''
:He/She will not be understood.

=== Article 1, UDHR ===

''' '''

==Spelling and pronunciation== 
      
*Alphabets
      
*Capital letters
      
*Letter names
      
*Vowels
      
*Diphthongs
      
*Consonants
      
*Non-LFN letters
      
*Stress
      
*Phonotactics

==Sentences ==
==Nouns== 
      Plural
      Countable and uncountable nouns
      Gender
      Noun phrases
      Apposition
==Determiners== 
      Predeterminers
      Articles
      Demonstratives
      Interrogatives
      Selection determiners
      Possessives
      Quantifiers
      Similarity determiners
      Order of determiners
==Pronouns ==
      Personal pronouns
      Determiner pronouns
      Interrogative and relative pronouns
      Other pronouns
      Pronoun phrases
==Adjectives ==
==Adverbs ==
      Position
      Comparison
      Primary adverbs
      Quantifier adverbs
      Interrogative and relative adverbs
==Verbs ==
      Tense
      Imperative
      Negation
      Participles
      Transitivity
      Verbs without subjects
      Verb chains
      Verbs as nouns
==Prepositions ==
==Conjunctions ==
==Questions==
==Clauses ==
      Relative clauses
      Adverbial clauses
      Noun clauses
      Coordinated clauses
==Numbers ==
      Cardinal numbers
      Thousands of millions
      Ordinal numbers
      Fractions
      Multiples
      Arithmetic
      Measurements
==Word formation==
      Prefixes
      Suffixes
      Suffix forming verbs
      Suffixes forming adjectives
      Suffixes forming nouns
      Less productive suffixes
      Technical affixes
      Compound nouns
==Abbreviations==
==Punctuation==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Empire-in-the-West</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-15T02:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>751</id>
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      <comment>New page: Empire-in-the-West is the traditional name for the state founded by the Emperor west of the Central Mountains. The name reflects the prevalent belief at the time in the existence of other ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Empire-in-the-West is the traditional name for the state founded by the Emperor west of the Central Mountains. The name reflects the prevalent belief at the time in the existence of other empires in the Southern Archipelago, in the region east of the mountains, and occasionally in the northern forests as well.

=History=
==Early Settlement==
==The Western Kingdoms==
==The Imperial Conquest (to year 18)==
==The Early Empire (35-???)==
==...==
==The Eastern Rebellion and the Regency==

[[Category: Empire-in-the-West]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neuibesprakt</title>
    <id>5755</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Probttekst */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|50%}}} class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | '''{{{dialect english|}}}''' | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | '''{{{dialect English|}}}''' }} }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} | {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} | &lt;br&gt; }} }} '''''{{{dialect native|}}}'''''  }} {{#if: {{{dialect native|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect english|}}} || {{#if: {{{dialect English|}}} || {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | '''{{{English|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | '''{{{english|}}}''' | {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | | '''Neuibesprakt''' }} }} }} {{ #if: {{{native|}}} | {{ #if: {{{English|}}} | &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{native|}}}''''' | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | &lt;br&gt; '''''{{{native|}}}'''''| '''''{{{native|}}}''''' |}} }} |{{ #if: {{{English|}}} | | {{ #if: {{{english|}}} | | &lt;br&gt;''Konstruktißtsprakt''}} }} }} }} }} }}
[[Image:Neuibdrapt.JPG]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Spraktbund'''
||Allemanischigh
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Sprakorechiffr'''
||1 sprakor
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Fabrikor'''
||Mastror Chung Van Dao
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|'''Komplezsionnivel'''
||Baßen
|}

Dei '''Neuibesprakt''' eis an konstruktißtsprakt fabrikißt bra mastror Chung Van Dao in 2008. Dis sprakt eis fondißt aut dei naturaischsprakte obt Englisch ant Allemanschisch vif varioßen neileikte. 

Dis sprakt ißt konsiderißt gutensoneng bra massenchiffr obt persone. Indiszeit, et eis solen baßenligh kompletißt zar September 2008.

== Phonologie ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! IPA || Ekzemple || IPA || Ekzemple
|-
||/b/|| '''''b'''usch'' (bush) ||/i/|| ''histor'''i''''' (history)
|-
||/p/|| '''''p'''ai'' (pie) ||/ɪ/|| ''h'''i'''stori'' (history)
|-
||/m/|| '''''m'''isch'' (my) ||/ɛ/|| '''''e'''t'' (it) 
|-
||/n/|| '''''n'''ei'' (no) ||/ə/|| ''kat'''e''''' (cats)
|-
||/f/|| '''''f'''reisch'' (fresh) ||/ɒ/|| ''s'''o'''n'' (sound)
|-
||/v/|| '''''v'''ort'' (word) ||/ɑ/|| ''k'''a'''t'' (cat)
|-
||/l/|| '''''l'''eßeng'' (reading) ||/ʊ/|| ''b'''u'''sch'' (bush)
|-
||/t/|| '''''t'''abuißt'' (forbidden) ||/ɝ/|| ''g'''eu'''reng'' (going)
|-
||/d/|| '''''d'''ansor'' (dancer) ||/eɪ/|| ''pl'''ei'''t'' (plate)
|-
||/k/|| '''''k'''nait'' (knight) ||/əʊ/|| ''b'''ou'''l'' (bowl)
|-
||/g/|| '''''g'''vunt'' (luck) ||/aɪ/|| ''kn'''ai'''t'' (knight)
|-
||/h/|| '''''h'''abeng'' (having) ||/aɪ/|| ''b'''au'''or'' (builder)
|-
||/ɹ/|| '''''r'''ais'' (rice) ||/ɔɪ/|| ''n'''eui'''b'' (beginner)
|-
||/s/|| '''''s'''orßeror'' (sorceror) 
|-
||/z/|| '''''z'''eit'' (time) 
|-
||/tʃ/|| '''''ch'''iken'' (sorceror) 
|-
||/dʒ/|| '''''Gi'''orgie'' (Georgia) 
|-
||/ʃ/|| '''''sch'''ield'' (shield) 
|-
||/ŋ/|| ''saure'''ng''''' (knowing) 
|}

== Probttekst ==
Dis persuteng eis an ekzempl obt dei sprakt. Et eis an obt dei Humanischvraitedeklarazsione.

''Alle humanischeisenge eis borenißt friesch ant glaikisch in dei digniti ant in vraite. Zi oght treteis hat an ant dei oder in an gust obt broderschapt''

== Referenzse ==
[http://www.omniglot.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=754 Neuibesprakt hat Omniglotforume]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Neuibdrapt.JPG</title>
    <id>5756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37826</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-15T14:42:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Neuibdrapt.JPG]]&quot;: Dei offischulen Neuibespraktischdrapt</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Neuibespraktischdrapt</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Espiritolan lincapa</title>
    <id>5757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45312</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-09T11:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Imbecilica</username>
        <id>1215</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Espiritolan''' and '''Lincapa''' are two cousin conlangs created by Chung Van Dao and Stefano Frullini respectively.

== History ==
European settlers arrived on the great island of Lintola in the early 900s and they mingled with the natives ever since. However, in 1455, a great earthquake tore the island into two and thus splitting the north and south and isolating each other. The north became known as Lincapo and the south as Espiritola.

The languages are about 85% lexically intelligible.

== Comparison ==
The following are examples in both conlangs, and English.

'''English:''' The Liège waffle (from the city of Liège, in eastern Belgium) is a waffle usually bought and eaten warm on the street. They are usually freshly made in small shops, but it is also possible to buy them in supermarkets. They are smaller, sweeter and denser than &quot;Belgian waffles&quot;. 

'''Neuibesprakt:''' Dei Liegieischgaffre (obt dei Liegieborg, in Ostenbelgie) eis an gaffre dat eis zeitinzeitligh soldißt ant essißt an dei strat. Zi eis zeitinzeitligh produkißt in dei klainischbutike, sef et eis anzlan mogliken dar il soldißt in dei aubermarkte. Zi eis klainerght, sußerght, ant digherght dan &quot;Belgischgaffren&quot;

'''Lincapa:''' La syalda de Liège (dela urbe de Liège, en lo oriente de Belga) es una syalda usuale asyetá ey coméa calda per la rua. Eyas son usuale faséas directe en pículos negosyos, ma es ance yeblo asyetar-las en los supermárcetos. Eyas son plu pículas, dulças ey densas ce las &quot;syaldas Belganas&quot;

'''Espiritolan:''' Lo gaffro de Liegia (da la villa de Liegia, na Belgia do Esto) es un gaffro qui es týpicaíamiente astao ey mangiao calio sora lo ruo. Lós seís týpicaíamiente faos fresciamiente nás pestas scioppitas, mas es anque possibla de les astar naos sopramarcos. Lós seís más pestos, más doços ey más densos que los &quot;Gaffros Belgianos&quot;.</text>
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    <title>Qatama Lexicon</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Qatama Lexicon]] moved to [[Qatama thematic lexicon]]: type of organization</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Qatama thematic lexicon]]</text>
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    <title>Senjecan flora - angiosperms</title>
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    <title>Qatama</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Qatama]] moved to [[Qatama grammar]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Qatama grammar]]</text>
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    <title>West Germanic language/Vocabulary building</title>
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      <contributor>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 8 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:FrathShed]]
{{Template:FrathShed}}

==September==
===16===
Itx hâf kôldôn

Tæêrôn -&gt; ¿Wæêrôn?

Li jewidẽjûm - It's down to the weather

Li tæêrôn tis dæjûm sniwê - Das liegt daran, dass es an diesem Tag schneite (Lie thereon this day.DAT snow.SUB)

Wâtûm têlôn - To count on something to happen

We têl tæêmid sniwê - Wir rechnen damit, dass es schneite

Tât fôlkmanrâdên is odê txũrê tâm hẽrêmanrâdên to mênûm tâs fjõqs onjẽn tâm nût âtxrunê wâpên is - The civil service is an alternative (other choice) to the military service for people (men) whose principles are against the use of a lethal weapon

Mutæ - mündig

Fõmê mid sîkstînê jẽsûm mæ man miqtxewũlûm farôn - Erst mit sechzehn darf man Moped fahren

Mid sîkstînê jẽsûm xâl man mânbewisôn ôdê fõlâtûncôn hâbôn - Mit sechzen muss man einen Personalausweis oder Pass haben

Mid fjoêtînê jẽsûm is man halænesmutæ - Mit fünfzehn ist man religionsmündig

Mid ẽqtînê jẽsûm mæ man êl crînôn - Mit achtzehn darf man alles trinken

Sîkstînẽrê mæ ẽqtînẽjôn hâmôn - Eine 16-Jährige darf mit einem 18-Jährige Sex haben 

Wîlê he si in Lûndênûm - he could be in London (he is possibly in London, [It] wants he be in London)

Tẽf he si in Lûndênûm - he should/must be in London (he is probably in London, [It] needs he be in London)

===17===
''West Germanic Computer Glossary'' http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ctb/wordhord.html

====A====
'''alias''' - evênamê
'''anchor''' - ônkõ
'''anonymous''' - unkutlitx
'''application''' - jefrêmînc
'''archive''' - stæêhõd
'''arrow key''' - flankæ
'''asynchronous communication''' - unstûncumêndmâdêlkwidê
'''automatic''' - sêlfrêmêndê

====B====
'''backbone''' - rucban
'''bandwidth''' - bêndbradnes
'''battery''' - spẽkêhus
'''beep''' - swœcropê
'''bells and whistles''' - bêlê ônd wîstêls
'''beta release''' - unfûlfremedbrutnûnc
'''binary''' - txwirimlitx
'''bit''' - lutêlbitê
'''bookmark''' - âstêl
'''boot, boot up''' - inspînjewũfôstũriôn
'''broadcast''' - tobrâdôn
'''browser''' - ûmpxẽwẽrê
'''buffer''' - lânêsto
'''bug''' - wũm, bûdê
'''bus''' - înodpât
'''button''' - knâp
'''byte''' - bitê

====C====
'''cable''' - wiê, rap
'''cache''' - lânêhõd
'''camera''' - onlitxnesnimênd
'''cancel''' - onwoêxuvôn
'''card''' - xid
'''cathode-ray tube''' - nidêstiêndêximêpipê
'''chip''' - txîp
'''circuit''' - ûmpfaru, ûmpgônc
'''click''' - musgacratxiôn

===20===
''Modal Verbs''

'''kûnôn'''

''kûnêndê'', ''kut''

Hit kân - It can

Hit kûnê - It could (conditional)

Hit kutê - It could (past tense)


'''xulôn'''

''xulêndê'', ''xulênê''

Hit xâl - It must

Hit xulê - It should

Hit xôldê - It had to


'''wîlôn'''

''wîlêndê'', ''wîlênê''

Hit wîlê - It wants

Hit wôldê - It would like

Hit wôld - It wanted


'''magôn'''

''majêndê'', ''majênê''

Hit mæ - It may (is allowed to)

Hit mâjê - It likes

Hit mẽqtê - It might (past tense)


'''dûrôn'''

''dûrêndê'', ''dûrênê''

Hit dẽ - It dares

Hit dûrê - It had better

Hit dõstê - It dared


''Other common verbs''

'''wezôn'''

''wezêndê'', ''wezênê''

Hit is - It is

Hit si - It be

Hit wâs - It was


'''hâbôn'''

''hâbêndê'', ''hâft''

Hit hâf - It has

Hit hâbê - It have

Hit hâftê - It had


'''dôn'''

''dôndê'', ''don''

Hit de - It does

Hit do - It do

Hit dudê - It did


'''gôn'''

''gôndê'', ''gan''

Hit jæ - It goes

Hit ga - It go

Hit jodê - It went


'''farôn'''

''farêndê'', ''farên''

Hit fæê - It travels

Hit farê - It travel

Hit fõ - It travelled


'''matxiôn'''

''matxiêndê'', ''makod''

Hit makê - It makes

Hit matxi - It make

Hit maktê - It made


'''luviôn'''

''luviêndê'', ''luvod''

Hit luvê - It loves

Hit luvi - It love

Hit luvdê - It loved


'''hatiôn'''

''hatiêndê'', ''hatod''

Hit hatê - It hates

Hit hati - It hate

Hit hâtê - It hated


'''hatôn'''

''hatêndê'', ''hatên''

Hit hât - It is called

Hit hatê - It be called

Hit het - It was called


'''namiôn'''

''namiêndê'', ''namod''

Hit namê - It names

Hit nami - It name

Hit namdê - It named


'''kwêlôn'''

''kwêlêndê'', ''kwâld''

Hit kwêl - It kills

Hit kwêlê - It kill

Hit kwâldê - It killed


'''etôn'''

''etêndê'', ''etên''

Hit ît - It eats

Hit etê - It eat

Hit ât - It ate


'''crînôn'''

''crînêndê'', ''crûnên''

Hit crîn - It drinks

Hit crînê - It drink

Hit crân - It drank


'''slâpôn'''

''slâpêndê'', ''slâpên''

Hit slâp - It sleeps

Hit slâpê - It sleep

Hit slep - It slept


'''stxõvôn'''

''stxõvêndê'', ''stõvên''

Hit stiẽf - It dies

Hit stxõvê - It die

Hit stẽf - It died


'''nimôn'''

''nimêndê'', ''numên''

Hit nim - It takes

Hit nimê - It take

Hit nom - It took


'''wũtôn'''

''wũtêndê'', ''wõdên''

Hit wiẽt - It becomes, It will

Hit wũtê - It become, It would (conditional)

Hit wẽt - It became, It would (past tense)


''Purpose of subjunctive in tense''

'''Tât ẽ wâs lôn''' - The river was long/The river ''was'' long (but not anymore)
'''Tât ẽ si lôn''' - The river be long/The river was long (and still is or still might be)

'''He hâftê grene ẽjônôn''' - He had green eyes/He ''had'' green eyes (but they changed colour)
'''He hâbê grene ẽjônôn''' - He had green eyes/He had green eyes (when I saw him)


''Weak, Regular verbs''

'''-ôn'''

''-êndê'', ''-ên''

Hit --

Hit -ê/-jê

Hit -dê/-tê


'''-iôn'''

''-iêndê'', ''-od''

Hit -ê/-jê

Hit -i

Hit -dê/-tê

===23===
godnê, god, gocrê - masculine, neuter and feminine adjective endings

===25===
====Months of the year====
:January - âftẽrêjũlê
:February - sôlmônt
:March - retmônt
:April - ẽstêmônt
:May - txrimîlkêmônt
:June - midsumêmônt
:July - âftẽrêludê
:August - wũdmônt
:September - hæêfstmônt
:October - wîntêfûlet
:November - blodmônt
:December - jũlmônt
:month - mônt
:year - jẽ
:last year - utmâst jẽ
:monthly - môntlitx
:yearly - jẽlitx

====Seasons====
:winter - wîntê
:spring - lêntên
:summer - sumõ
:autumn - hæêfst

====Directions====
:north - nõt
:south - sut
:east - ẽst
:west - wêst
:right - riqt
:left - ?
:straight - ?

====Colours====
:orange - jũluqrẽd
:pink - rozê
:purple - pũpûl
:blue - blâwên
:yellow - jũlu
:red - rẽd
:black - swẽt
:brown - brun
:grey - græ
:white - wit
:green - grenê
:silver - sjôlfõ
:gold - gôld
:beige - blâtx
:light - lũqt
:dark - cõk

====Time====
:What time is it? - ¿Hu latê is?
:It's one o'clock - Is an timê
:It's half past three - Is hêlf fjoê
:It's quarter to six - Is fjõdê fõ sîks
:It's three (minutes) past seven - Is txri (stevênz) ovê sjovôn
:At half past nine - Ât hêlf tîn

==October==
===8===

'''DVD copying software gets pulled'''

Software which claimed to be a legal way of copying DVDs has been withdrawn following legal action.

RealNetworks - the firm behind the software - has responded to restraining order issued by a US court stopped selling the RealDVD software.

Six major movie studios jointly sued the company on 30 September - the day the software was launched.

San Francisco District Court Judge Marilyn Hall Patel is due to review the case on 7 October.

Common ground

RealDVD is touted by RealNetworks as a legal way to turn a PC into a media server.

&quot;It makes it easy to pause a programme and resume right where you left off, makes it easy to find the movie you want and no more lost or scratched discs,&quot; said Rob Glaser, chief executive of RealNetworks, on his firm's blog.

Mr Glaser claims that a second layer of encryption is built into the software but the MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America) said RealDVD circumvents its rules about copying.

The RealDVD site was taken down on 3 October but a defiant message posted to it read: &quot;Rest assured, we will continue to work diligently to provide you with software that allows you to make a legal copy of your DVDs for your own use.&quot;

Mr Glaser expressed disappointment at the turn of events.

&quot;As a company with a nearly 15 year track record of innovation that's both great for consumers and fully respectful of intellectual property, we're disappointed that the movie studios thought they had to file lawsuits,&quot; he wrote in his blog.

&quot;We began active discussions with the studios even before we announced RealDVD and up until last night were optimistic that we could find common ground with them without having to resort to the legal system,&quot; he added.

The studios suing the firm are Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, Twentieth Century Fox, Universal, Disney and Warner Bros.

The MPAA is currently prohibited from commenting on the case.

RealNetworks is no stranger to controversy. In 2004 Apple accused it of &quot;hacker tactics&quot; when it claimed to have found a way for non-Apple endorsed music tracks to be played on an iPod.

'''Sjodiſwakwaɍu is eɉtuɍęlųm foɍnumęn'''

Wakwaɍu„ tąt maɍsod laħliŧ woɉ sjodiſasǫn ovɍritǫn wezǫn„ hąf foɍnumęn wezęnę néħ rąd tąs riħt.

RealNetworks„ tąt intįnðę hįndǫn tąm wakwaɍu„ hąf withąbá gįvęn Jénléħtriŧęsęnę bąŧtrúwiod ǫnd tis waŧwaɍu ŧįpǫn wjestįlęn.

===25===
Gun = hu:lstr: (not holster, holster is sheath)</text>
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    <title>Category:FrathShed</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>45980</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:48:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat @ top</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The FrathShed is a place designed for you to keep regular records of translation exercises and short-hand adjustments to your conlang, which has evolved past the sandbox stage. It is an indication of something more intentional, not intended for reading, but will show on the Current Events page so visitors to FrathWiki can see what is currently being developed. People may also give you pointers or ask questions on your article's talk page, should they show a passing interest.

[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Salmwddyn</title>
    <id>5766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38129</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T16:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[The Tarânian Alphabet]]

[[a dictionary of Diès]]

[[The Tarânian State's Language Policy]]

[[Tarânian Citizenship]]

[[The Tarânian Empire]]

[[Members of the Tarânian Government]]

[[Diès on the internet]]

[[Diès]]

[[Diès Grammar]]

[[Basic Phrases in Diès]]</text>
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    <title>File:Frathshed.png</title>
    <id>5767</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-16T18:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>Template:FrathShed</title>
    <id>5768</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-16T18:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:frathshed.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;This article is in the [[:Category:FrathShed|FrathShed]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
Not intended for reading • No editing yet, please! • If you have an interest or query, drop a line on the article's talk page
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Tarânian Alphabet</title>
    <id>5769</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-09-23T15:18:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:alfabet.jpg]]

The picture shows the Tarânian alphabet, normally referred to as &quot;an Aùbedìl&quot; and used for the language [[Diès]]. 

&quot;An Aùbedìl&quot; or &quot;Halàfdil&quot; was traditionally used all over Tarânia, but since the Tarânian Empire four years ago decided on opening its borders to international visitors, the use of the [[Latin]] [[alphabet]] has been highly promoted, and nowadays &quot;an Aùbedìl&quot; is mainly restricted to governmental publications, whereas the Latin alphabet is used in all other situations.

The following letters are used when writing Diès with the Latin alphabet.


Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Yy Zz Þþ Đđ Ŵŵ

Àà Èè Ìì Òò Ùù Ŷŷ

The example text is written with the so called Te Reô Tangata script, restricted to religious texts.</text>
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    <title>File:Alfabet.jpg</title>
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        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>The Tarânian Alphabet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Tarânian Alphabet</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A dictionary of Diès</title>
    <id>5771</id>
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      <id>37900</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T18:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The Numbers'''

1 - aon

2 - duò

3 - drèi

4 - cahàr

5 - coùg

6 - siànn

7 - sìuf

8 - ougda

9 - nìen

10 - jeùg


'''''The numbers if you're counting , one, two three...'''''


1 - a haon

2 - a dhuò

3 - e dhrèi

4 - a chahàr

5 - a choùg

6 - a hiànn

7 - a hiùf

8 - a hougda

9 - e nìen

10 - a jeùg


'''''And last but not least - first, 2nd, 3rd and so on'''''


1st - aonda

2nd - duòna

3rd - drèiji

4th - cahèri

5th - coùgi

6th - sìanni

7th - siùfi

8th - ougdanni

9th - nìenni

10th - jeùgonni


'''Some Nouns'''


Woman - Vala

Man - Kàr

Old man - bòdach

Old woman - Kòuni

Girl - janti

Boy - pàjki

Youth - jandòum

Chair - stalla

Table - tafli

Lamp - raunàpil

Book -  laòur

Pen - stifti

Paper - papar

Letter - litra

Envelope - òumslitra

Glass - glòys

Mug - Maug

Jug - Bòugal

Stool - Stòul

Arm chair - Seinstalla

Sofa - Dreistalla

Shoe - Broudakin

Shirt - Tragi

Jacket - Jacki

Trousers - Pantòul

Broomstick - Flòystafi

Bookshelf - Laòurskalfi

TV - Fjàrsjàf (FS)

Computer - Magnirin

Rubber - Ràsur

Phone - Rèdlaòur


'''Personal Pronouns'''


Ei - I   

Þu  - You

Ann - He

Enn - She

Sen - It          

Vìsi - We           

Auri - You (pl.)             

Þey - They     


'''''Objective forms'''''


Mi - me

Þi - you

Anni - him                                     

Enni her

Senni - it

Unsi - us

Aurs - you (pl.)

Þeym - them


'''''Possessive Pronouns'''''


Mo - my

Do - your

Anns - his

Enns - her

Sens - its

Visis - our

Auris - your (pl.)

Þeyras - their


''N.B - Diès is a mutating language, influenced by Celtic mutation rules and syntax. Possessive pronouns are leniting according to the following rule;''


B - MH /w/

C - CH /x/

D - DH /ð/

F - FH  - silent

G - GH /g/

K - KH /x/

M - MH /w/

P - PH /f/

S - SH /h/

T - TH /h/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Tarânian State's Language Policy</title>
    <id>5772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37901</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T19:00:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''The Tarânian Empire's''' state regarding its [[language]]s can be described with the phrase  '''''    The more, the merrier'''''  Apart from real languages such as [[English]] or [[Swe...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The Tarânian Empire's''' state regarding its [[language]]s can be described with the phrase

'''''    The more, the merrier'''''

Apart from real languages such as [[English]] or [[Swedish]], the Tarânian Empire has three constructed languages called Eòlas, Te Rêo Tarânia and Diès of which Diès is by far the most used one.

Addressing the Salmwddyn

The Salmwddyn may be addressed in [[Swedish]], [[Diès]], [[English]], [[German]], Eòlas, Te Rêo Tarânia and [[French]] in a conversation.

The Salmwddyn of Tarânia will gladly answer letters written in any of the following languages;

[[Swedish]]

[[Diès]]

[[English]]

[[German]]

[[French]]

[[Italian]]

[[Scottish Gaelic]]

[[Irish Gaelic]]

[[Spanish]]

[[Norwegian]]

[[Danish]]

[[Icelandic]]

[[Faroese]]


'''Writing to Embassies'''

When writing to a Tarânian Embassy, one shall adress the ambassador in the language of the state in wich he or she is living, or in English, as ambassadors are not from the Swedish part of Tarânia, but from the country in which he or she is residing!

'''Electing Ambassadors'''

Tarânian ambassadors are chosen by the Salmwddyn and / or the Prime Minister of the Tarânian Empire, and anyone may apply for the right to call him- or herself a Tarânian Ambassador, however there can only be a maximum of one ambassador per country, preferably residing in the capital of his or her native country, and a maximum of 1 consul per province (known as Länder or Kantonen in the German speaking countries, Estados in the Spanish speaking countries and states in many English speaking countries)

A family may be an ambassador family, where both the mother and the father are considered embassadors as is the case in Germany.

_____________________

As Diès is a language with different pronounciations and spellings if the speaker or writer is male or female, both Diès and Díis will be accepted. Diès is spoken and written by men, whereas Díis is spoken by women.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarânian Citizenship</title>
    <id>5773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37902</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T19:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ''' Citizenship'''  '''The Tarânian Empire''' is an independent, sovereign nation within the borders of [[Sweden]], having virtual land as well consisting of a number of islands, that pea...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''' Citizenship'''

'''The Tarânian Empire''' is an independent, sovereign nation within the borders of [[Sweden]], having virtual land as well consisting of a number of islands, that peacefully claimed independence from the Kingdom of Sweden in 2003, although the Swedish government doesn't seem to have noticed this fact.

Everyone interested in becoming a citizen of Tarânia may apply for citizenship, however in order to do so one must sign a treaty with the Crown, declaring that one will never break Tarânian as well as International Laws, always treat other peoples regardless of sex, religion, ethnicity and sexuality with respect, as any breach of these rules will result in the law breaker being expelled from the Tarânian Empire.

'''The Tarânian Empire''' allows citizens to have multiple citizenships, and uses the following rules to bestow citizenship upon a person;


'''Jus sanguiniis''', that is if one of the parents has Tarânian citizenship, the child will automatically be considered a citizen of the Tarânian Empire


'''Jus soli''' If a citizen is borned within the borders of the Tarânian Empire, he or she are considered citizens of the Tarânian Empire and of the State wherein they reside.


'''Jus Matrimonii'''; A person will automatically gain Tarânian citizenship by marrying a Tarânian citizen


'''Naturalization''' As the lands of the Tarânian Empire are relatively small, the naturalization progress differs slightly from that of e.g the United Kingdom. Any regular visitor to the Tarânian Empire may claim citizenship through naturalization.


'''Apply''' Anyone that are willing to become a citizen of the Tarânian Empire may apply for citizenship. Citizenships are free of charge, however keep in mind that documents confirming Tarânian citizenship will only be mailed to people that include a correctly pre-stamped envelope with their request.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Tarânian Empire</title>
    <id>5774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37904</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T19:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''' the Tarânian Empire''' 


'''The Tarânian Empire''', or simply '''Tarânia''', is a nation in northern [[Europe]] within the borders of Sweden. Tarânia is mainly situated in another realm, however it occupies a part of a village called Stärkesmark within the municipality of Vännäs in the northern part of Sweden, as well as an apartment in Gothenburg where the emperor resides.

Tarânia was founded in 2003 by the Emperor who when addressed in formal situations should be called '''Salmwddyn of Keremaro''', however this is just a title and the real name of the emperor is Johan Erik Martin Sandberg.

The word Tarânia is derived from the Eòlas Tar ân Iar - the Western Isles.

'''[[Government]] and [[politics]]'''

The head of state is the Salmwddyn of Keremaro, and in the government, there are several Ladys, Lairds and Commons. The government however follows the laws dictated by the Swedish State, whoms currency as well is used when residents of Tarânia leave the borders.

However, within the borders both Swedish Crowns and Rŵals are accepted.


'''The Tarânian Empire'''

'''Motto''': Swrsa gó harau - Freedom above all

'''Capital''': Caer Dun

'''Largest city''': Dun bhó Skiann

'''Official languages''': Eòlas, Te Reo Tarânia, Swedish and English

'''Demonym''': Tarânian

'''Government''': Constitutional Empire

'''Emperor''': Salmwddyn of Keremaro

'''Establishment''': 2001

'''Nickname''': Na h-Ênezan

'''Color(s)''': Blue and silver

'''Flower''': the Coltsfoot

'''Tree''': the Common Horse-Chestnut

'''Animal''': The grey Wolf

'''Bird''': the snowy owl

'''Area''': 2000 M2

'''Population''': Not estimated

'''Primary Religion''': Paganism

'''Currency''': The Rŵal

'''Time zone''': GMT +1

'''Internet TLD''': tara'''

'''Anthem''': Âr Enezan - Our Isles</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Members of the Tarânian Government</title>
    <id>5775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37905</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T19:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''List of ministers'''  '''Emperor''', President and High Druid of Tarânia; the Salmwddyn of Keremaro, Knight of the Guild Enez Ârkell; Sir Johan Erik Martin Sandberg, currently residin...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''List of ministers'''

'''Emperor''', President and High Druid of Tarânia; the Salmwddyn of Keremaro, Knight of the Guild Enez Ârkell; Sir Johan Erik Martin Sandberg, currently residing in the Residencial Suite in Gothenburg

'''Prime Minister''' and Lady of the Lake, Baroness of Enez Âr Skiann and Minister of Defence and Art, Minister of Human Rights; Lady Emma Sandberg, currently residing in the Swedish Embassy in Gävle

'''Tarânian Ambassador''' to the Kingdom of the Netherlands Sir Youssef El Bouayadi, currently residing in Nieuweschans, the Netherlands

'''Tarânian Ambassador''' to the Federal Republic of Germany Sir Jürg Endres, currently residing in Constance, at the Lake Constance, Baden-Württemberg

'''Minister of Education''' Lady Märta Ögren, currently residing in Vännäs, Sweden

'''Protector''' of the Swedish-Tarânian Land Sir Göte Ögren, currently residing in Vännäs, Sweden</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Earth ehwlos interaction copy.jpg</title>
    <id>5776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37906</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T19:58:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diès on the internet</title>
    <id>5777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37908</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-16T20:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Diès is a language used on several homepages and forums online, as well as a spoken language in Sweden.  Although Diès has a fully developed grammar and a vast vocabulary, the Diès comm...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Diès is a language used on several homepages and forums online, as well as a spoken language in Sweden.

Although Diès has a fully developed grammar and a vast vocabulary, the Diès community has yet to publish it owns book, as only short stories, letters and poems have been made available to the public so far.

Random translations into Diès can be found at the [UniLang:http://www.unilang.org/] forums.

Another example of Diès can be found at [http://www.future-calling.com]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Current events/Events</title>
    <id>5778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37919</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-17T09:43:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola filesystems www.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Events in the global community&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
''Put details of upcoming meet-ups, LCCs, relays and awareness days here''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Current events/FrathShed</title>
    <id>5779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37924</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-17T10:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Frath Wiki:Current events/FrathShed]] moved to [[FrathWiki:Current events/FrathShed]]: Accidental space</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Frathshed.png|70px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;What are FrathWikians currently developing?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
Place your sketches and exercises in the [[:Category:FrathShed|FrathShed category]] • Draw inspiration from others' work
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frath Wiki:Current events/FrathShed</title>
    <id>5780</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>37925</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-17T10:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Frath Wiki:Current events/FrathShed]] moved to [[FrathWiki:Current events/FrathShed]]: Accidental space</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[FrathWiki:Current events/FrathShed]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Current events/Changes</title>
    <id>5781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40274</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-28T08:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kwrite.png|70px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Major changes to FrathWiki&lt;/div&gt;
''S.C. Anderson's 2008 'rebranding' of FrathWiki''
*'''5 June''' - New main page proposed
*'''6 June''' - New main page employed
*'''8 June''' - Community portal created
*'''10 September''' - New logo proposed
*'''11 September''' - New logo evaluated [[FrathWiki:Logo|(ongoing)]]
*'''12 September''' - Current events page planned
*'''17 September''' - Current events page created
*'''November''' - New logo employed
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nuvola apps kwrite.png</title>
    <id>5782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37937</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-17T10:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ectalha</title>
    <id>5783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37959</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-18T10:52:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: __NOTOC__ &lt;center&gt; [[#ec|ec]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#alha|alha]] [[#nun|nun]] [[#samek|samek]] [[#ha|ha]] [[#ra|ra]] [[#dal|dal]] [[#lam|lam]] [[#cin|cin]]  [[#ua|ua]] [[#mem|mem]] [[#fa|fa]] [[#ge...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#ec|ec]] [[#ta|ta]] [[#alha|alha]] [[#nun|nun]] [[#samek|samek]] [[#ha|ha]] [[#ra|ra]] [[#dal|dal]] [[#lam|lam]] [[#cin|cin]]  [[#ua|ua]] [[#mem|mem]] [[#fa|fa]] [[#gena|gena]]   [[#yad|yad]] [[#ba|ba]] [[#ka|ka]] [[#jim|jim]] [[#za|za]] [[#alem|alem]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadim Thematic Lexicon</title>
    <id>5784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43353</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:21:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Replacing page with '( )'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">( )</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadim</title>
    <id>5785</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>37970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-18T13:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Cadim]] moved to [[Cadim Grammar]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cadim Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uta male.jpg</title>
    <id>5786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>37985</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-18T21:38:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uta female.jpg</title>
    <id>5787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38133</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T19:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Uta female.jpg]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan/monobook.css</title>
    <id>5788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38078</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-22T06:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Chinese'</title>
    <id>5789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46318</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T10:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The cryptolect */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Sample vocabulary==
*''arawagiʃʃinat''
*''kogeeronoʃkioowon''
*''elewargaranaanawe''
*''paaokokokʃorda''
*''nonigirguriʃkaoo''
*''ʃeleleeronaneerenek''
*''kaginniroʃoweaalaka''
*''tenekwaruguʃaadun''
*''peʃeʃaanerogoronowee''

==Phonological analysis==
*Vowels [i e eː a aː o oː u]
*Word-initial consonants: [p t k ʃ n]
*Word-medial consonants: [k d ɡ ʃ n r l w]
*Word-final consonants: [t n k]

Clusters seem to include [ʃʃ ʃk kʃ kw rɡ nn].

The distinction between [l] and [r] seems very minor, with [l] mostly occurring between front vowels. Likewise the distinction between [k] and [ɡ] applies mostly intervocally.

We might be able to analyze medial [k ɡ] as /kk k/. Similarly, tho there's no medial [t], medial [d] might be /t/. I now see my original idea to have [r] as the medial allophone of /t/ seems unlikely: if [rɡ] is to be /tk/, medial voicing/lenition needs to apply thru two stops, but [ʃk kʃ] demonstrate it not applying thru a stop and a fricativ? OTOH not even single medial [ʃ] is voiced, so /ʃ/ is clearly more resilient to voicing (perhaps its distinguishing feature is not continuancy, but stridency). There is also the option of an underlying /r/ ''fortified'' to [t] adjacent to a word boundary.

These models differ in a few testable respects: an underlying /t/ or /d/ would lead to clusters [ʃt tʃ], while an underlying /r/ would lead to [ʃr rʃ].

The labial situation seems more straightforward: the two possibilities initially suggesting itself are [w] = /u/ and [w] = /p/, but since there is no overlap between these two scenarios, we can simply go with a single labial phoneme [p w u] = /P/ as long as no roots beginning with [pu-] turn up.

==Grammar==
Tentativ verbal morphology breikdown:
{|
|-
! stem&lt;br/&gt;(root + derivational) !! aspect&lt;br/&gt;(1) !! object&lt;br/&gt;number !! instrument !! agent !! aspect (2)&lt;br/&gt;/ tense
|-
| ''arawa-'' || ''-gi-'' || ''-ʃ-'' || ''ʃina'' ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''-t'' (Nth P unmarked?)
|-
| ''kogeero+n-'' || ''-o-'' || ''-ʃ-'' ||colspan=&quot;3&quot;| (…) ''kioowon''
|-
| ''paa-'' ||&lt;!--no stem-internal V1:V2--&gt; ''-o-'' || ∅&lt;!--intransitiv--&gt; || ''kokok'' || ''ʃorda''
|-
| ''noni-'' || ''-gi-'' || ''-r(o?)-'' || ''guriʃ'' || ''kao'' || ''-ː''
|-
| ''ʃele+''&lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;- || ''-ː-'' || ''-ro-'' || (…) ''naneerenek''
|-
| ''kaginni-'' || (?) || ''-ro-'' || (…) ''ʃoweaalaka''
|-
| ''peʃa+''&lt;small&gt;REDUP&lt;/small&gt;- || ''-ː-ne-''|| ''-ro-'' || ''gorono'' || ''we'' || ''-ː''
|}


Non-verbal:
*''elewargaranaanawe''
*''tenekwaruguʃaadun''

Syntactical notes:
* SV, hed-initial
* generally nominativ alignment; some intransitiv verbs display traces of absolutiv behavior
* indirect object information incorporated into verb phrase
* direct object goes where??
* a clause may contain multiple (morphologically complete) verb phrases
* specific morphology for noting constituents shared by multiple VPs
* subclauses mostly renderable by modified VPs

==The cryptolect==
A highly unusual feature appearing in Classical Chinese is the creation of ritual jargon based on repeating religious chants with distinct phonetical variations. See [[Proto-Insane]] for details.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Natlang Resources</title>
    <id>5790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50120</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-05T14:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doriramos</username>
        <id>1345</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Arabic */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a collection of links from around the web that provide information about natural languages that can be helpful in either learning the language itself, or simply providing more information about how natlangs work. It is an organization of the links found [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=15191&amp;start=0&amp;postdays=0&amp;postorder=asc&amp;highlight= here]. This list is not meant to be for conlangs of any kind to include international auxiliary languages, no matter how widely spoken.

=General Resources=

==Phonology==

*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/contents.html A Course in Phonetics]
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/index.html UCLA Phonetics Lab Data]
*[http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html IPA Charts with recordings]
*[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm IPA Audio Illustrations]
*[http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Eacadtech/phonetics/# Phonetics, the sounds of spoken language]

==Orthography==

*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&amp;item_id=OOo_20_graphite NRSI: Computers &amp; Writing Systems]
*[http://www.ancientscripts.com/index.html Ancient Scripts.com] - very informative site about writing systems
*[http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm Omniglot.com] - very informative site about writing systems

==Lexicon==

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3206 Moby Multiple Language Lists of Common Words by Grady Ward]
*[http://www.yourdictionary.com/index.shtml YourDictionary] - reference for English and other langs.
*[http://www.word2word.com/dictionary.html Word2Word] - Language Dictionaries and Translators.

==Other==

*[http://www.usna.edu/LangStudy/ USNA Language Studies Department]
*[http://wals.info The World Atlas of Language Structures]
*[http://www.crelearning.com/lang.htm Creative Relaxation Exercise] - Mostly downloadable .docs for basic info on many langs.
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~iaunrc/web/outreach/rfe_rl.html IU] - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Recording Archive
*[http://www.multilingualbooks.com/online-radio.html Webradio stations around the world]
*[http://www.csufresno.edu/odin/ The Online Database of Interlinear Text]
*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/index.html The Linguistics Research Center (LRC)]
*[http://www.uwm.edu/~noonan/Grammar-Writing.revision.pdf Grammar Writing for a Grammar-reading Audience] - PDF file.
*[http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/fieldtools/linguaQ.html The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire]
*[http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules]
*[http://www.wordgumbo.com/index.htm Wordgumbo] &quot;The site is primarily an archive of public domain and redistributable[sic] language learning resources.&quot;
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~iaunrc/web/ Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center]
*[http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php/Main_Page Glottopedia] - A linguistics wiki.
*[http://www.alphadictionary.com/directory/Languages alphaDictionary] - Plenty of information on languages all over the world.
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/Texts.htm The Tower of Babel Electronic Library] - A large collection, especially in the ''database'' section. Some of it should be digested with care though:  Starostin's Nostratic etymologies, for instance, are highly speculative.
*[http://globalrecordings.net/languages Spoken languages of the world], this site seems to have sound sample of almost spoken language that exist today.

=Afro-Asiatic=

==Berber==

==Chadic==

===Hausa===
*[http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/Hausa/hausa.html Hausa]

===Ngamo===
*[http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/Yobe/Papers/GNTS.pdf The Great Ngamo Tone Shift] - PDF file.

==Egyptian==

*[http://hieroglyphs.net/0301/cgi/pager.pl?p=01 Hieroglyphs Home]

===Coptic===
*[http://www.blankslate.net/lang/coptic.php Coptic linklist]

==Semitic==

===Akkadian===
*[http://www.sron.nl/~jheise/akkadian/Welcome.html Akkadian]

===Arabic===

*[http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf Arabic Romanization - ALA-LC] PDF file.
*[http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/Near.East/lcromanization.pdf Arabic Romanization - Library of Congress] PDF file.
*[http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Arabic.pdf Arabic Romanization - BGN/PCGN 1956 System] PDF file.
*[http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Arabic.pdf Arabic Romanization] PDF file. Also using BGN/PCGN 1956 System.
*[http://www.arabicgenie.com Arabic Alphabet] Arabic alphabet learning method
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic Wikepedia entry for Arabic]
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabic Wikimedia Commons entry for Arabic]
*[http://www.al-bab.com/arab/language/lang.htm An open door to the Arab world] Introduction to Arabic language
*[http://cecilmarie.web.prw.net/arabworld/arabic/ The Arab World] A collection of useful resources such as words, phrases, some grammar and expressions in Arabic.
*[http://lexicorient.com/babel/arabic/ LookLex Online Arabic Course]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm Arabic script] The Omniglot entry for Arabic.
*[http://www.funwitharabic.com/ Fun with Arabic]
*[http://www.arabacademy.com/ Learn Arabic Online] An on-line collegiate style site.
*[http://www.alif-fes.com/ Arabic Language Institute of Fez] An info site about studying abroad in Morocco.
*[http://www.arabiclanguage.com/ ArabicLanguage.com] More of an on-line store, but loads of good products
*[http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides/arabic.html Arabic] Yamada Language Center links and resources for Arabic.
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~arabic/arabic_history.htm Arabic Language &amp; Middle East/North African Cultural Studies] Background and info on Arabic
*[http://acon.baykal.be/ Acon Verb Conjugator]
*[http://arabic.speak7.com/arabic_calligraphy Arabic Calligraphy]
*[http://fatihgenc.com/upload/ottomanischklavye.html Typing in Arabic]

===Aramaic===

*[http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Aramaic:alphabet.html Aramaic alphabet]
*[http://www.peshitta.org/forum/index.php Aramaic Forum]

===Amharic===

===Tigrinya===

===Hebrew===

*[http://www.hebrewatmilah.org/maskilon4/index.htm Maskilon] English - Hebrew - English dictionary.
*[http://www.amhaaretz.org/translit/ Amharetz] - allows you to type in Hebrew using an English keyboard by converting Latin transliteration of Hebrew into Unicode
*[http://ancientroad.home.att.net/PSUGPHChart.html Proto-Sinaitic, Ugaritic &amp; Phoenician Sign Chart]

==Cushitic==

==Omotic==

==Beja==

=Altaic=

==Japanese-Ryukyuan==

===Japanese===

*[http://www.romaji.org/ Kanji Transliterator], the baby can do Kanji - Hiragna / Kanji - Romaji
*[http://www.timwerx.net/language/index.htm Japanese] - odds and ends about Japanese.
*[http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html Japanese] - A wealth of links to Japanese info.
*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~damell/Japanese/exercise.html Kanji with example sentences in Japanese]
*[http://infohost.nmt.edu/~armiller/japanese/japanese.htm Japanese Language lessons]
*[http://homepage3.nifty.com/park/juku/introJap.htm An Introduction to the Japanese Language by Tomioka Nobuyuki]

==Korean==

*[http://www.learnkorean.com/whanja/hclassindex.asp Korean lessons]

==Mongolic==

===Mongolian===

*[http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/main.html?research/UighurScript.html Writing Mongol in Uighur Script]
*[http://www.linguamongolia.co.uk/ Uighur-script Mongolian Resources]

==Turkic==

===Turkish===
*[http://www.cromwell-intl.com/turkish/background.html Basics of Turkish Grammar]

===Uyghur===
*[http://www.uyghurdictionary.org/ Uyghur-English Dictionary]

=Austro-Asiatic=

==Mon-Khmer==

===Khmer===

*[http://www.khmerlanguage.com/ Khmer Lessons]
*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/writingsystem/writingsyst_set.htm Study Khmer]
*[http://www.cambodia.cc/learnkhmer/ Learn Khmer]
*[http://www.geocities.com/tomslearningkhmer/ Tom's Learning Khmer]

==Munda==

==Nicobarese==

=Austronesian=

*[http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?group= Austronesian Languages Basic Vocabulary Database]

==Formosan==

==Malayo-Polynesian==

===Hawai'ian===

*[http://ksdl.ksbe.edu/kulaiwi/index.html Hawaiian Language course]

===Indonesian===
*[http://zzz.sederet.com/index.php Sederet], English - Indonesia - English dictionary
*[http://www.toggletext.com/kataku_trial.php Toggletest], English - Indonesia - English automated translator.
*[http://web.uvic.ca/hrd/indonesian/index.htm Beginning Indonesian] - An Indonesian course (in Indonesian, though) by the Univeristy of Victoria, BC
*[http://kamus.maplering.com Indonesian Dictionary] - Kamus Indonesia-Inggeris
*[http://seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/ Indonesian] - Grammar and vocabulary

===Tagalog===

*[http://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/ Tagalog dictionary]

=Dravidian=

==Central==

==Northern==

==South Central==

==Southern==

===Kannada===

*[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/kannada/ Grammar of spoken Kannada]

=Fajian=

==Lau==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5762 Grammar and Vocabulary of the Lau Language]

=Indo-European=

*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ Early Indo-European Online]
*[http://www.ielanguages.com/index.html Indo-European Language Tutorials]
*[http://www.seelrc.org/ The Slavic and East European Language Research Center] Also includes resources and links for other (non-Slavic) languages.

	
==Albanian==

==Anatolian==

===Hittite===
*[http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/index_en.php?page=accueil The Hittite Grammar Homepage] Also Sumerian and Akkadian information.

==Armenian==

==Baltic==

===Latvian===

===Lithuanian===

==Celtic==

===Welsh===

*[http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/fun/welsh/ A Welsh Course]
*[http://ia340941.us.archive.org/2/items/introductiontoea00strauoft/introductiontoea00strauoft.pdf An Introduction to Early Welsh] - A PDF file.
*[http://canol.home.att.net/ Reading Middle Welsh]
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/648 Wild Wales: Its People, Language and Scenery by George Henry Borrow]

==Germanic==

*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc00.html An in-depth grammar of Proto-Germanic]

===Afrikaans===

*[http://www.sois.uwm.edu/afrikaans/?Parent=5163 Afrikaans Lessons]

===Dutch===
*[http://www.dutchgrammar.com Dutch Online Grammar]

===English===

*[http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html Introduction to Old English]
*[http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary]
*[http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/index.html Words in English]
*[http://www.urbandictionary.com/ Urban Dictionary]
*[http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym.html Alan Cooper's Homonym list] - useful for English lerners

===German===

*[http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GA00001 The German Dictionary of the brothers Grimm, now digitalized -- in German, though]
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/ohg_wright_about.html A grammar of common features of Old High German dialects]
*[http://german-grammar.de/ Manual of German language for English speakers]
*[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/language_resources.html Germanic Lexicon Project]
*[http://www.usna.edu/LangStudy/GermanConjunctions.html German Conjunction Summary]
*[http://german.about.com/library/verbs/blverb_index.htm Index of German Verbs]
*[http://odge.info/ Online German-English Dictionary]
*[http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4877/1/Kwon_Min-Jae.pdf Min-Jae Kwon: Modalpartikeln und Satzmodus. Untersuchungen zur Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik der deutschen Modalpartikeln]
*[http://dict.leo.org LEO German-English dictionary]
*[http://www.dict.cc DICT.cc German-English dictionary]
*[http://canoo.net/index_en.html Canoo.net German Grammar, ... and Word formation]

===Gothic===

*[http://members.terracom.net/~dorothea/david/gothic/index.html An Introduction to Gothic]

===Icelandic===
*[http://icelandic.hi.is Icelandic Online] - Icelandic course by the University of Iceland (Háskóli Íslands)
*[http://mimir.dettifoss.org Mímir] - Tables of Icelandic morphology
*[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/IcelOnline Icelandic Online Dictionary and Readings] - An Icelandic-English dictionary by the University of Wisconsin
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5424 Icelandic Primer with Grammar, Notes and Glossary]

===Old Norse===

*[http://www.hi.is/%7Ehaukurth/norse/ Old Norse for Beginners]
*[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-TC-X.html Old Norse Online]
*[http://www.oe.eclipse.co.uk/nom/norselinks.htm Norse Links]

===Swedish===

*[http://lexin.nada.kth.se/swe-eng.shtml Lexin] Swedish-English Dictionary
*[http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ Svenska Akademiens Ordbok] Swedish-swedish dictionary with etymology

==Greek==

*[http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm Greek Grammar] by H. W. Smyth
*[http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon Greek-English Dictionary]
*[http://lexicon.pathfinder.gr/ Pahtfinder Lexicon]  Greek-English Dictionary

==Indo-Iranian==

*[http://uniserve.edu.au/asianstudies/hindi/alphabet/ Devanagari Alphabet] Used by Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi and Nepali.

===Pali===
*[http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/paligram.pdf Pali grammar]

===Persian / Farsi===
*[http://easypersian.com/ Persian Lessons]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ Persian-English dictionary]

===Sanskrit===

*[http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanscritoargentingles.html Sanskrit Grammar]

===Romany===
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16358 The English Gipsies and Their Language by Charles Godfrey Leland]
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2733 Romano Lavo-Lil: word book of the Romany; or, English Gypsy language by Borrow]
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10069 Account of the Romansh Language by Esq. F. R. S. Joseph Planta]

===Urdu===
*[http://www.musicalnirvana.com/ghazal/urdu_dictionary.html Urdu Dictionary]

==Italic==

===Catalan===

*[http://dcvb.iecat.net/ The Catalan-Valencian-Balearian Dictionary a.k.a. Alcover-Moll]
*[http://dlc.iec.cat/ Catalan dictionary (by the IEC)]
*[http://www.termcat.cat/ Catalan terminology (neologisms among others)]
*[http://www.avl.gva.es/lletres.asp Valencian orthography and pronounciation dictionary (by the AVL)]
*[http://www.iecat.net/institucio/seccions/Filologica/gramatica/default.asp Catalan grammar, by the IEC]
*[http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/GNV.pdf Valencian grammar, by the AVL]
*[http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Cafe/9308/alvintr.html Linguistic Atlas of Valencian]
*[http://www.geocities.com/soho/cafe/9308/intrdUMDV.html Valencian dialectology]
*[http://www.alcanar.com/entitats/cel/mapeslinguistics.htm A collection of maps related to Valencian (dialects, vocalism, consonantism, morphology...)]

===French===

*[http://www.capeutservir.com/verbes/ Conjugating thousands of French verbs]

===Latin===

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15665 New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett]

===Spanish===

*[http://globegate.utm.edu/spanish/span.html Spanish Language and Hispanic Cultures]
*[http://www.intro2spanish.com/verbs/listas/all.htm Master List of Spanish Verbs]

==Slavic==
===Polish===

*[http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/gram/index.html Polish Grammar by Grzegorz Jagodziński]
*[http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2004-0309-140804/inhoud.htm Polish aspects]

===Russian===

*[http://www.russianlessons.net/dictionary/dictionary.php Russian Lessons and Dictionary]
*[http://russianinternet.com/radio/ Russian Radio]
*[http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgrammar/index.html On-line Russian Reference Grammar]
*[http://slovari.yandex.ru/?st_translate=1 Russian Dictionary] In Russian; click the box under the entry field (labelled перевод) for translation to English.

==Tocharian==

=Khoisan=

*[http://ling.cornell.edu/khoisan/ Khoisan Linguistics]
*[http://www.3centsoap.com/poly/Xoo.html Phonology of !Xóõ]
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/khoisan.pdf Historical reconstruction of Khoisan]
*[http://email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/Gueldemann_Elderkin.pdf Relationship between Kwadi and Khoe]

===Sandawe===

*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/SAD/SAD.html Recordings of Sandawe]

=Native American Language Families=

'''Note:''' These are actually a collection of distinct languages families, grouped together for practical reasons.

*[http://www.native-languages.org/ Native Languages of the Americas Online Resources]

==Algonquian==

==Arawakan==

==Athabaskan==
*[http://www.philol.msu.ru/~otipl/new/main/people/kibrik-aa/files/Typological_Athabaskan@ZTS-3_2002.pdf A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family]
*[http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/langs/papers/holton.pdf Tanacross grammar]

==Caddoan==

==Cariban==

==Chibchan==

==Eskimo-Aleut==

*[http://www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/DataBase/en/index.html Inuktitut Linguistic Database]
*[http://inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT_1.html Inuktitut Phonology for Technocrats]

==Gulf==

==Hokan==

==Iroquoian==

==Kiowa-Tanoan==

==Mayan==
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/med/ Mayan Epigraphic Database Project]
*[http://www.famsi.org/reports/96072/grammar/index.html A grammar of Yucatec Mayan]

==Muskogean==

===Choctaw===
*[http://www.albany.edu/anthro/fac/broadwell/choctawsketch2.pdf A Choctaw Sketch]

==Oto-Manguean==

==Panoan==

==Penutian==

===Chinook===
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15672 Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, or, Trade Language of Oregon by George Gibbs]

===Mutsun===
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11081 Extracto de la gramatica mutsun by Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta]

==Salishan==

==Siouan==

==Tucanoan==

==Tupian==

==Uto-Aztecan==

===Heve===

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14419 Grammatical Sketch of the Heve Language (North American)]

===Nahuatl===

*[http://www.mexicauprising.net/nahuatllessons.html Nahuatl Lessons] - Plus other resources.
*[http://www.sil.org/americas/mexico/nahuatl/istmo/G027b-GramNahIst-nhx.pdf GRAMÁTICA NÁHUATL] Nahuatl grammar in Spanish

==Wakashan==

==Other / Isolates==

===Aymara===

*[http://www.latam.ufl.edu/hardman/aymara/UNITI.html Aymara lessons by MJ Hardman] (English, but not very updated yet)
*[http://grove.ufl.edu/~hardman/almp/almp.html Aymara Language Materials Program]

=Niger-Congo=

==Atlantic-Congo==

===Akan===

*[http://www.akan.org/akan_cd/ALIAKAN/course/U-Akan.html Akan Teleteaching Course]

===Bantu===
*[http://www.cbold.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/ Comparative Bantu OnLine Dictionary]
*[http://www.metafro.be/blr  Bantu Lexical Reconstructions Database]

===Swahili===

*[http://www.kamusiproject.org/ The Kamusi Project] - An interactive lexical project for Swahili.

==Kordofanian==

==Mande==

=Nilo-Saharan=

=Paleo-Siberian=

==Chukchee==

*[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~spena/Chukchee/CHUKCHEE_HOMEPAGE.html Chukchee Homepage]

=Pama-Nyungan=

'''Note:''' Also included are Indigenous Australian languages which may be argued to belong to distinct family groups.

*[http://www.dnathan.com/VL/austLang.htm Aboriginal Languages of Australia]

=Sepik-Ramu=

=Sino-Tibetan=

*[http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=ucpress/ucpl Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman]

==Chinese==

*[http://www.chineseetymology.org/ Chinese Etymology], what it says on the tin.
*[http://www.tigernt.com/dict.shtml Online dictionary], English-Chinese Online Dictionary
*[http://www.primezero.com/chinese/ Translator]
*[http://www.zein.se/patrick/chinen8p.html Mandarin Chinese Phonetics]
*[http://zhongwen.com/ Chinese Characters and culture]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/sobelman/radicals/ Chinese Radicals]
*[http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/font/ar_pl_shanheisun_uni/blockview.htm?block=kangxi_radicals Kangxi Radicals]
*[http://www.cojak.org/index.php Cojak Unihan Hanzi Radical Chart]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/08fea/c02.html Hanzi fonts], this page also has Seal Script font.

=South Caucasian / Kartvelian=

==Georgian==

===Georgian===
*[http://www.armazi.com/georgian/ Georgian Grammar]
*[http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/issues/Butskhrik/index.html The consonant phonotactics of Georgian]

===Gruzinic===

==Svan==

==Zan==

=Tai-Kadai=

=Trans New Guinea=

*[http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/index.asp PNG Language Resources]
*[http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html Papuaweb]

==Abui==

*[http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/002298/bookpart.pdf A grammar of Abui] - PDF file

=Tupi=

=Uralic=

==Finno-Ugric==

===Finnish===
*[http://www2.lingsoft.fi/cgi-bin/fintwol FINTWOL] Finnish words morphology parser
*[http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/Finnish.html The Finnish language]
*[http://efe.scape.net/index.php English-Finnish Dictionary]

===Magyar / Hungarian===

*[http://impulzus.sch.bme.hu/info/magyar.shtml Introduction to the Hungarian language]
*[http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/a/d/adr10/hungarian.html A Hungarian Language Course]
*[http://www.freedict.com/onldict/hun.html English-Hungarian Dictionary]

===Sámi===

*[http://www.uta.fi/~km56049/same/ Sámi-related odds and ends] Small dictionary and some grammar.

==Samoyedic==

=Unclassified, Isolates and Mixed Family Languages=

===Creoles / Pidgins===
*[http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/LFG/3/bresnan/bresnan.html Pidgin Genesis in Optimality Theory]

===Hadza===

*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/HTS/HTS.html Sound Recordings of Hadza]

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indax</title>
    <id>5791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58650</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-19T01:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is an index of my projects without a proper name, identifiable by the suffix ''-ax''. Trisyllabic names with &lt;x&gt; = /ks/ are preferred; bisyllabicity is a minimum requirement. I've hanged onto not using any English /ɑ/'s, even against the temptation of such good names as /bɑlɑks/.
&lt;br/&gt;--[[User:Tropylium|Trɔpʏliʊm]]
{| style=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Name !! What !! Where
|-
| [[Audimax]] || Nothing particularly specific about this one. || An auditory in Hamburg. Recording site of volume 11 of the [[Wikipedia:Tangerine Tree#1978 European Tour%C2%A0— Cyclone|Tangerine Tree]] series.
|-
| [[Battlax]] || They start so innocently. &quot;Y'kno, why do so few protolanguages have distinct postalveolars?&quot; || &quot;Battle Ax&quot;
|-
| Betamax || Former name for [[Ouiqál]] || Obvious
|-
| [[Bustax]] || Basically the Earth' counterpart to Aramaic. || &quot;Buster&quot; (no specific reason). Don't really like the name, should invest in coming up with the nativ one
|-
| [[Jabdax]] || A labialization sketch, dumped in Pakistania', probably a minority language. || The piece &quot;Jabdah&quot; by [[Wikipedia:Koto (band)|Koto]] was playing at the moment. Pronounced [ʤæbdæks] however, not [ʤɑbdɑx].
|-
| [[Klusterax]] || It's got consonant clusters. Even initially. Shock, horror. (This feature is pretty rare in my schemings.) || From back when the names still had some relation to the project in question.
|-
| [[Mandersax]] || My go at the RL Indian P PH B BH system, at Caucasus || Torn between &quot;saxophone&quot; and &quot;sacks&quot; as a link to the ending, I chose neither &amp; went with something randomly phonaesthetic. &lt;small&gt;(…Why do I feel like spelling that word with ''ae'' when I otherwise do fine with just ''e''?)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| [[Oburax]] || Wannabe Ob-Ugric, now subscribed on YUCOP. || Mangling of &quot;Ob-Ugric&quot;.
|-
| [[Orvlax]] || Wannabe Turkic, or one such branch of it anyway. || A village in the Swedish-speaking south coast of Finland.
|-
| [[Sahax]] || Wannabe Pirahã. || Broken from the first suitable Pirahã word I found containing the sequence &lt;ax&gt; - ''saha-xai'', &quot;shouldn't&quot;.
|-
| [[Sadabax]] || A [[West Altaic']] branch. Intended to be somewhere between mellifluous and byzantine (not that these necessarily contradict one another), sociodynamically an analogue of Old Persian perhaps. || &quot;Saddlebacks&quot;. Ironically it's starting to seem that Sadabaxians are some of the least nomadic Altaic peeples.
|-
| [[Telefax]] || The initial idea was &quot;/ɬ x/ as the only fricativs&quot;. Some Etruscan went in there too, and I got inspired to add implosivs too. &lt;small&gt;NOT A KITCHEN SINK I SWEAR&lt;/small&gt; || Do you really need to ask?
|-
| Tonax || Former, or shall we say the more official name for [[Dork Elvish]] || Tones. See how these used to work?
|-
| [[Univax]] || Explained on page itself. || Mix of &quot;Unix&quot; and &quot;Univac&quot;
&lt;!--|-
| [[Wtfhax]] || Ack, I don't remember anymore… how suitable. || Webspeak. In particular from an image macro of a lion on stilts sneaking on a giraffe.--&gt;
|-
| [[Zithromax]] || Yet another phonology doodle, PIE meets Algonquian, spoken by Bantu-analogues. || A tradename of some drug, IIRC; possibly influenced by Starship Bistromath
|}


''Not to be confused with:'' [[Angrex]] (a temporary name as well, but the &quot;x&quot; is legit)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aivordeinvit</title>
    <id>5792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38034</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T07:04:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronunciation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Aivordeinvit is an ancient language that was spoken by the elves. 

== Pronunciation ==
'''Vowels:'''

The vowels are pronounced the same as in English. 

a- as in v'''a'''n

e- as in p'''e'''t

i- as in h'''i'''t

o- as in fr'''o'''g

u- as in h'''u'''t</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anderson Ray.jpg</title>
    <id>5793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38035</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T12:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:News/Anderson wants FrathWiki revolution</title>
    <id>5794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38047</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T13:53:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Anderson, known on the website as Pisceesumsprecan, wants to build FrathWiki into a powerful tool for 'condoers' and as a central pillar of the community, in addition to bringing it to a wider audience. Today, he speaks out on his changes and plans.
 
==Introduction==
[[Image:Anderson Ray.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Sean Anderson and Ray Davies, of The Kinks, in Nottingham, 2007]]
I first noticed this wiki last year, looking for a place that would host my conlang's grammar. FrathWiki was a very opportune find; it's accessible, familiar and the administrator Muke pays a lot of attention to it. Another great thing is being able to host one's conlang among thousands of other pages, being part of a community. In early 2008, my thoughts began to drift from my personal project in an endeavour to make that community great. I sketched out designs for a new concise, vibrant Main Page to replace what I felt to be an outdated layout (in use from 2003!).
 
I'm 16 years old with a conlang called West Germanic, née Piscean, studying English, French, German and 20th Century History at The Rutland College, in England's smallest county with Europe's largest reservoir. FrathWiki, alongside Kinks fan fora (yes, they are my favourite band), is one of my favourite websites. As well as using it for uploading information regarding my efforts, I love reading others' articles. As a result of this, I want to make FrathWiki community-friendly. I feel very passionate; now with lots of experience, I want the best for all condoers and will happily dedicate some of my time to help those who want it.

==Main Page, Community Portal and Current Events==
I aimed to separate the Main Page into digestable chunks and elimative unncessary ramblings. Now there's a short introductory box, cutting to the chase for those that are new to the site, a box of topics, allowing easy access for frequent users of the site and a 'FrathWiki in other languages' box, now extended into a new initiative (see below).
 
I personally found having the help and information links scattered in a lengthy description of the wiki a little off-putting, so decided to adopt a new Support bar at the top of all the primary pages. All the support given on the site can be found here in one click. The new layout is ideal for people who know what they are looking for, e.g. if one wants a list of conlangs, one clicks 'Conlangs' in the Topics box. It's never been easier. Added to the links in the Topics is one to the Linguistics category because I think FrathWiki could be an excellent resource where conlangers want technical, to-the-point information about natlangs, especially with the marvellous job Blackkdark is doing. Additionally added is a link to a conlang relays category; relays are a popular activity and FrathWiki has the perfect framework to host them, so I believe this should be highlighted.
 
Despite FrathWiki being set up in 2003, two primary pages (the Community Portal and Current Changes), had never been in use until 2008. To keep the Main Page brief, I've moved some of its former content to the new Community Portal, also adding links to improve stubs, expand collaborative projects and to administrator Muke's talk page (I'll soon be adding a link to mine, so I can help too). The latest addition is the Current Changes page, which I hope to be used as a record of major changes to FrathWiki, including upgrades to the MediaWiki software, for alerts to goings-on in the global community, for a place for people to advertise initiatives and as a front-end - thanks to DPL - to the new FrathShed (see below).
 
==FrathWiki in other languages initiative==
The user Imbecilica, with the creation of some encyclopaedic articles translated into his conlang Espirolitan, gave me another community-related idea. Why not allow a few encyclopaedic articles with the purpose of people being able to store translation exercises and demonstrate the usability of their conlangs to others? Now, the recognisable 'FrahtWiki in other languages' box first built into the main page can be included on other pages, allowing FrathWikians to have pages translated between conlangs at the click of a mouse. I think this is a fun feature! It also led me to another idea regarding translation exercises, explained in the following section.

==FrathShed==
There has always been a sandbox, which users could use to sketch their new conlang ideas, but I feel that my new FrathShed is a continuation of this idea. The FrathShed category is there for users to place pages paired with their established conlang grammars. A FrathShed page is a personal way of keeping track of one's conlang, so using short-hand does not matter. Committing material to the FrathShed is not with the intention of it being read, though others are encouraged to check it out from a distance (i.e. not edit). Users are encourage to update FrathShed articles regularly, with changes appearing on the Current Events page, so FrathWikians can observe the evolution of fellow users' projects, and draw inspiration for their own. Contact [[User talk:Pisceesumsprecan|Anderson]] for advice on the FrathShed and FrathWiki in other languages initiative; I am here to help.

==New logo==
As of 11th September, with Muke's approval, ongoing trials are underway to find a new iconic logo for FrathWiki, representing the conlang community. Feel free to join the debate and submit your own designs. I am today working to improve my own, so watch out for the upload of my second pyramid adaptation, following others' suggestions. There is a good chance we'll see a new logo before Christmas 2008 - another FrathWiki 'rebranding' milestone! The mission to find a new logo gave birth to the News banner project template, which is designed to spark community discussions about site-related matters that would otherwise be unknown. Contact [[User talk:Pisceesumsprecan|Anderson]] if you think you have some news.

==Upcoming==
===Twinned with Conlanger BBoard===
Zompist BBoard has its own KneeQuickie, which is popular, but I find it clumsy in parts and not as accessible as FrathWiki. However, it does a good job of hosting collaborative threads long-term. The very friendly, in my opinion, Conlanger BBoard has no means to do this. I might soon begin to add established Translation Challenges and possibly previous Teach and Learn courses for easy access, also allowing one to find what one is looking for more efficiently (the wiki layout is perfect for this).

===''Potential'' further updates to the Main Page===
Many of you on the fora voiced a desire to have featured pages, whose content could be cycled on the Main Page, giving people equal chances of having their detailed conlang pages noticed. I love this idea, but it is difficult for me to implement. I have some ideas as to how to go about this, but at the end of the day, it is down to the admin team, especially Muke. Consulting with him on this matter is on my to-do list, particularly after the new logo idea has been been implemented or dismissed.

I've also spotted some nifty extensions that might be of use to the wiki CSS. This includes a fixed left sidebar that keeps its place despite scrolling the article (I personally find it very frustrating having to scroll up and down to open, say, the Recent Pages link in a new tab while I continue working on my article). Another is an inbuilt Java chat, which places a Chat tab in the top bar next to the Edit, History, Move and Watch tabs - good for collaboration efforts!

=='Devoted to FrathWiki'==
As you can see, I've done my best to enhance the FrathWiki experience and I only hope that you enjoy my changes. I will remain devoted to FrathWiki, so send your opinions to me and I will respond readily. Thank you for reading this article!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nuvola apps filetypes.png</title>
    <id>5795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38042</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T13:39:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diès</title>
    <id>5796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38052</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T14:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Diès]] is a con-lang based on Old Norse, Faroese and Goidelic languages. While the vocabulary draws inspiration mainly from Faroese and Scottish Gaelic, the grammar shares feautures mainly with Swedish and Scotish Gaelic.

Diès is a SVO language, but uses mutations, so called lenitions, and contracted prepositions, features borrowed from the Goidelic languages. Diès was created by two Swedish siblings as a con-lang for a book project and later became one of the offical languages of the Tarânian Empire, a micronation with both con-world features and actual land in the province of Västerbotten, Sweden.

For more information about the language and the grammar of Diès and the Tarânian Empire, please visit the following pages;

[[The Tarânian Alphabet]]

[[a dictionary of Diès]]

[[The Tarânian State's Language Policy]]

[[Tarânian Citizenship]]

[[The Tarânian Empire]]

[[Members of the Tarânian Government]]

[[Diès on the internet]]

[[Diès Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diès Grammar</title>
    <id>5797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38075</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-22T05:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Articles */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== '''Grammar''' ==
Diès is a synthetic language. Nouns and pronouns, adjectives and articles are marked for two cases: nominative or base form, and the vocative. 

Genitive is formed in three different ways. Either by using &quot;-s&quot; added to the &quot;owner&quot; (definite) of a certain object, leaving the &quot;owned object&quot; lenited in its indefinite singular form, eg. &quot;valans ghlòys&quot;, meaning the woman's glass. 

The second version uses the word við between the accusative definite (first position) and the subject definite (second position). Eg. &quot;Cùn við valan&quot; - The woman's dog.

Genitive can also be formed with personal possessives. If a noun is preceded by a possessive adjective, the following noun will be lenited, eg. &quot;mo chu&quot;, meaning &quot;my dog&quot;

== '''Articles''' ==

Articles follow the noun, as in Swedish

'''Indefinite plural'''

-consonant; +âr   eg. Glòys-ar = glasses

-i; +s            eg. Tafli-s = tables

-a; +or, -a       eg. Val-or  = women

-ra; +s           eg. Litra-s  = letters

'''definite article, plural'''

-âr; +ni          eg. Glòysar-ni

-s; +arni         eg. Taflis-arni

-or;+ni           eg. Valor-ni


'''indefinite artice, singular'''
indefinite and definite singular articles are based on Swedish articles. If a Swedish noun is a so called neuter, the Diès equivalent will be a neuter as well.


In                eg. in janti  

It                eg. it glòys

'''definite article, singular'''

vowel;     +n/t    eg. janti-n

consonant; +in/it  eg. glòys-it

== '''Verbs''' ==

Diès verbs indicate person. A verb can be made negative, potential (&quot;can&quot;), or impotential (&quot;cannot&quot;) by being left un-conjugated after the verb ''&quot;kannir, kannir nið&quot;'' conjugated after person. Furthermore, Diès verbs show tense (present, past and future). Negation is expressed by the word &quot;nið&quot; following the conjugated verb.

Future is made by the verb ''&quot;vilir&quot;'' being conjugated, followed by an unconjugated verb to be expressed in the future tense. Eg. ''&quot;Èi vil gangir - I will walk&quot;''

Past tense is expressed by adding að or 'ð to conjugated verbs if in the 1st or 2nd person singular. Eg. ''&quot;Èi varað, ann vara'ð&quot;''
If the pronoun precedes a verb in its full version, ad is placed in front of said verb, eg. ''&quot;Visi að gangir - we walked&quot;''

'''''Verbs conjugate as follows;'''''

I and You; verb stem, as in ''&quot;Èi var, þù var&quot;''

He / she / ir; verb stem +a, as in ''&quot;ann vara, enn vara, sen vara&quot;''

We, You, They; full verb, as in ''&quot;Vìsi varir, auri varir, Þey varir&quot;''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:News/Anderson wants FrathWiki revolution</title>
    <id>5798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38112</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-22T23:02:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Wow, I was mentioned for my Natlang work.  I'm so touched (in all ways appropriated).  On that note, I should say that anyone who has a request should come to me directly, AND if anyone has a conlang which refers back to one of the natlangs I've done, I'd encourage that person to link it, so people have choices in reference.  Also, if they contact me we can make lists of Conlangs in individual language pages.  Keep up the good work everyone.--[[User:Blackkdark|Blackkdark]] 15:04, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

== CSS fixed sidebar ==
The difficulty with most fixed sidebars is they have a tendency to leave links inaccessible to those of us with smaller screens and those who for legibility reasons are working at larger font sizes.  (On my screen for example the toolbox is cut off halfway on userpages just at normal font size, and at just 150% everything below the search box requires scrolling down.)  If a graceful way to allow the sidebar to scroll separately itself could be integrated, that might be doable though. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 23:02, 22 September 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta kora.GIF</title>
    <id>5799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38069</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-21T22:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Frathwiki logo 3.png</title>
    <id>5800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38100</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-22T12:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">an idea for a FrathWiki logo based on the [[Conlang flag]] design</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Insane</title>
    <id>5801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46328</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:03:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Fate */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A world-internal conlang, derived from [[Classical Chinese']], yet the grammar and lexicon are entirely ''a priori'' (tho influenced by its parent). Confused? Originally the language arose as a religious cryptolect, with meaning assigned to subphonemic modifications of chants.

==Phonology==
*[n] is split to /n ɲ ŋ ɴ/
*[l] is split to /l ɬ ʎ ʎ̝̊ ʟ ʟ̝̊/
*[r] is split to /r ʀ ɹ j ʁ/
*[ʃ] is split to /s z ʃ ʒ ç ʝ/ (certain scholars construct a fourth, retroflex series)
*[k] is split to /k kʰ kʼ q qʰ qʼ/
*[t] is split to /t tʰ tʼ c cʰ cʼ/
*[p] is split to /p pʰ pʼ/
*[ɡ] is split to /ɡ ɡʱ ɠ ɢ ɢʱ ʛ/
*[d] is split to /d dʱ ɗ ɟ ɟʱ ʄ/
*[w] is split to /b bʱ ɓ β w/
*[u] is split to /u ɯ/
*[i] is split to /i y/
*[o] is split to /o ɔ/
*[oː] is split to /oː ɔː ou ɔu/
*[e] is split to /e ɛ/
*[eː] is split to /eː ɛː ei ɛi/
*[a](ː) is split to /ɑ æ ɐ/(ː)
&lt;!--*accent stuff--&gt;

==Fate==
The language survives into the modern day, with some highly unusual descendants.

Some initial phonetic developments are loss of difthong openness and high vowel roundness distinctions;, follo'd by raising of the difthongs to high long monoftongs. Glottalization, unfamiliar in the region, separates as a prosodic feature medially and is lost initially. The palatals decay to postalveolars (sometimes velars), and the velar lateral fricativ becomes /χ/. Proto-Insane thus comes to contain a slightly diminished but still formidable sound inventory of 42 consonants and 18 vowels: 

{|
|-
| pʰ || tʰ || ʧʰ || kʰ || qʰ ||
|-
| p || t || ʧ || k || q || ʔ
|-
| bʱ || dʱ || ʤʱ || ɡʱ || ɢʱ ||
|-
| b || d || ʤ || ɡ || ɢ ||
|-
| || n || nʲ || ŋ || ɴ ||
|-
| || l || lʲ || ʟ || || ||
|-
| || ɬ || ɬʲ || || || ||
|-
| || s || ʃ || || χ ||
|-
| β || z || ʒ || || ʁ ||
|-
| w || ɹ || j || || ||
|-
| || r || || || ʀ ||
|}

---

{|
|-
| i || iː || u || uː
|-
| e || eː || o || oː
|-
| ɛ || ɛː || ɔ || ɔː
|-
| || ɐ || ɐː ||
|-
| æ || æː || ɑ || ɑː
|}

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Cedh audmanh</title>
    <id>5802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38128</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T16:11:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>user page creation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* The collaborative conworld '''[[:Category:Akana|Akana]]'''. Most of the content has been moved to the [http://www.superlush.co.uk/~akana AkanaWiki] and is being updated there, but the most important pages remain here as a pointer...
* '''[[:Category:Zebia|Zebia]]'''. Another collaborative project, seems to be dormant currently.
* My yet unnamed '''[[User:Cedh_audmanh/PIE_daughterlang_sketch|sketch for a descendant of Proto-Indo-European]]'''. A project that is of high importance to me, though it may take a while till I get to write a reasonably complete grammar.
* A suggestion for the new FrathWiki '''[[FrathWiki:Logo#cedh audmanh's variant|logo design]]'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basic Phrases in Diès</title>
    <id>5803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38132</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T17:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salmwddyn</username>
        <id>1245</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== '''Basics''' ==


Èi tuig nið -- I do not understand.

Hverni red þu foùglums dins aùr [Diès] -- How do you say this in [Diès]?

'''an''' Red-þu ...? -- Do you speak ...?  (''&quot;an&quot; can be ommited but is usually used to emphazise that the following verb is, indeed said as a question'')

Hvad nifs þu? -- What is your name?

Sen varað mað-þi a-meìdir-- Nice to meet you.

Hversveigni geins eð-þi -- How are you?

Hvar vara bigùilssiòmrat? -- Where is the bathroom? Where is the toilet?


== ''' Hello &amp; Goodbye''' ==


Blessað-þi -- Hello (informal, &quot;hi&quot;, &quot;hey&quot;)

Kauma do shraùðinn þi a-traùfir  -- Hello (May your road rise to meet you)

Maùðinn mhað -- Good morning.

Laùðinn mað -- Good afternoon. / Good evening.

oìduinn mhað -- Good night.

faùldinn astèi -- Welcome.

slàun eð-þi -- Goodbye. / So long. / See you later.


== ''' Thank you''' ==


taùp'eð-þi -- Thank you.

mourtaùp'eð-þi -- Thank you very much!

Sen do bhoùðinn -- You're welcome.


== '''Sorry''' ==


giùsum-mi -- Excuse me. / I'm sorry. / I apologize.

èi var moùrbroùnig -- I am very sorry.


== ''' Yes and no''' ==

Diès rarely uses the words &quot;yes&quot; (sià) and &quot;no&quot;(hàneil) as eg. English, but usually answers with a negative or positive form of the verb in the asked question. As the verbs will have to be conjugated according to the question form, a separate answer form is used.

Set phrases do exist with words for &quot;yes&quot; and &quot;no&quot;, though

Sià, frenði-mo -- Yes, my friend;
    
Hàneil, frenði-mo -- No, my friend;


In order to turn a verb into its answer form the following rules apply;


Èi; &quot;verb stem-èi&quot; (nið)


Q: Toùl þu cùnâr? -- Do you like dogs?
    
A: Coùnâr toùl-ei. -- I like dogs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uta female 2a.jpg</title>
    <id>5804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38134</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T20:15:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uta maleb.jpg</title>
    <id>5805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38135</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T20:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Moj</title>
    <id>5806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38177</id>
      <timestamp>2008-09-25T22:04:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Qatama}}  [[Category:Qatama]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Measceineafh Sprachbund</title>
    <id>5807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43232</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This sprachbund stretches from [[Tnusjakt]] in the southeast to [[Abuda | Abudam Faraneit]] in the northwest. It is often categorized as consisting of one major group (the northern and central branches of the [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages | Rajo-Faraneit Family]] as well as [[Lotá]] and to a lesser extent [[Tnusjakt]] and the non-Bokeih branches of [[Pre-Tir'jauta]] like [[Héhà]]) and a secondary group (the eastern [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]], the various descendents of the Bokeih branches [[Pre-Tir'jauta]]).

Nonetheless, these two subgroups are quite frequently treated as parts of the larger sprachbund despite their differences. In a few instances, based almost exclusively on noun class and morphological evidence, [[Etimri]] is included as well.

=Phonological Evidence=
There is a variety of phonological evidence to support the idea surrounding this sprachbund, but this section of the link has frequently taken a back seat to syntax.

==Broken Voicing Systems==
===The Broken Voicing Theory===
Perhaps the most common piece of phonetic evidence is the prevalence of broken voicing systems variously applied to fricatives and plosives (most famously plosives however). This situation is best exemplified by [[Faraneit]] which has the pairings /p b/, /f v/, /t d/, and /s z/ (and in some dialects /ʃ ʒ/ or /ç ʝ/) but staunchly lacks even [g ɢ] alongside its /k q/ and without [ð] but with /θ/. It's contrast of voiced/voiceless is broken - present for some but lacking for a number of others.

Usually, labials and alveolar/dental stops and fricatives contrast voiced and voiceless pairs, but the contrast weakens or degrades to nonexistent further back in the mouth, often for palatals, almost always for velars and uvulars.

In the few examples of /g/ or similar phonemes, they are typically slant phonemes or highly restricted in environment (for example, [[Kelsiut]]).

===Controversy Against Broken Voicing Theory===
Broken Voicing Theory, while popular, is not universally accepted as truth, particularly given evidence within the subgroup mentioned in the earlier introduction of this article. Those languages lack a true voicing distinction for their entire plosive and fricative series - therefore rendering the entire discussion meaningless.

==Relative Tonality==
Virtually every language has some level of of tonality, from the most simple pitch-stress systems like Faraneit and Kelsiut, to lexical tone as in the many Eastern Rajo-Faraneit languages and Héhà.

=Morphological Evidence=
Morphology is the backbone of this sprachbund - providing the vast majority of the evidence of influence among all of the languages.

==Optional or Weakened Number Marking==
For the vast majority of this languages, again, marking a given noun as plural is not required in most or all circumstances.

This situation is most obvious in [[Rajo-Faraneih Languages]] where verbs mark for their subjects person (and in rare cases their gender too) but not plurality.

For Faraneit, grammatical number is not inflected at all within the verbal system - where karotej (to give) yields karotejeih (I/We give), karotejih (Thou/You give), and karotejoah (He/She/It/They give(s)).

Similarly, Héhà's extensive clitic system has highly entrenched formality, animacy, and human/non-human distinctions in addition to even various inanimate subclasses but only distinguishes number optionally in the third person of one clitic which is the most devoid of meaning (being the equative). The only other even remotely related plurality-marking in the language is highly confused with the inclusive/exclusive distinction (where to express singular only the exclusive is used, obviously) and is traditionally seen as non-numeric.

==Inclusive/Exclusive, Obviative/Proximate, and Third/Fourth Distinction==
The vast majority of the languages in this region have some level of inclusive/exclusive marking for first person and where this is not the case, often the inclusive has shaded into the obviative/proximate or third/fourth person distinctions also found through out the region.

==Fluid or Weakened Gender Marking==
Unlike most concepts of grammatical gender, noun classes for this sprachbund can be viewed as purely descriptive. A given noun can be treated as animate to stress its changeability, its motility, its edibility, its size, its intelligence, its complexity, its worth, and a number of other qualities. The noun class is open, however, and virtually all nouns can be used as any of the genders.

==Fluid or Broad Lexical Categories==
All languages have methods of changing one function of a word, say as a noun (laughter), into an action associated with the noun, a verb (to laugh) or vice versa, but this sprachbund surpasses most with the fluidity and broadness of its lexical categories.

===Verb-Noun===
Virtually all of these languages have verb-nouns: words that can act as a noun or a verb, with various conjugative or case endings attached to the same base.

It has often been proposed that there is a uniquely Measceineafh form of verb-noun - which inherently acts as a sort of noun describing the action of a verb (eating, sleeping, thinking, screaming) and can be shaded as either more of an action or a thing through context and derivative morphology.

For example, within Lotá, this basic verb-noun is fundamental to most of the language's functioning:

 Base Verb-Noun: lá (lagg-) = bleeding, blood, wound
 Verbal forms: 
 Imperfect: laggi = continue to bleed
 Perfect: laggsi = have bled, finished bleeding
 Negatives: laggiatna, laggsiatna = not bleeding, not having bled
 Optatives: laggindi, laggsindi = should be bleeding, should have bled
 Negative Optatives: laggindiatna, laggsindiatna = should not be bleeding, should not have bled
 etc...
 Nominal forms:
 Nominative: lá
 Accusative: laggyn
 Oblique: laggty

Please note that the change in ending from verb-noun to other forms (the sudden appearance of -gg-) is a regular mutational affect due to the extensive simplification of word terminal endings - not a derivational morpheme of any kind.

===Modifiers===
Throughout all of these languages, there is either a limited or nonexistent distinction between a modifier of nouns (what many languages term an adjective) and a modifier of other lexical categories (an adverb). The same words are usually used in both situations. An example from [[Hana]]:

 The fast man is leaving.
 yxi xo vezo
 yxi xo v-e-z-o
 man fast go-PRES-REAL-3

But also

 The man is leaving quickly.
 yxi vezo xo
 man going fast

==Small Case Systems==
Syntactic case marking plays a large role in virtually all of the languages in this sprachbund, but morphologically marked cases are also present in nearly the total sum of the languages.

Nonetheless, an actually gripping similarity is the frequent range of case numbers. In most dialects of [[Faraneit]] is approaches six and [[Fraze]] and [[Rajat]] have five cases. This is typically the upper limit, while languages like [[Lotá]], [[Tnusjakt]] and others fall towards the sharply close minimum of three.

==Highly Interpolated Case Systems==
Both as a cause and a byproduct of the smaller case systems, the typical case in a typical language within this Sprachbund generally is very similar (function as a derivative case or a derived case) to the various other cases.

For instance, within Faraneit, there is no proper distinction between nominative and accusative outside of a hazy series of syntactic rules. Furthermore, the other cases (the oblique cases) are blatantly derived from this word form - not that both are derived from another form (ie: competitive cases, such as in many other languages like Latin, where there is a nominative ending and a dative ending that are mutually exclusive). Compare these two paradigms (with the various words for servant or slave):

      Kupmec    Latin
 Nom   Kot       Servos             
 Acc   Kot       Servom        
 Dat   Nykot     Servō         
 Abl   Vykot     Servō
 Gen   Syskot    Servī           

For Latin, the nominative is inherently differentiated from the &quot;root&quot; (servos and serv- respectively), whereas in Faraneit the nominative-accusative is the root.

===Dative/Lative and Ablative/Delative===
A common symptom of the collapsed case systems are cases that have been applied to a variety of situations - the most widespread forms of this being association of the Dative with Lative meanings and the Ablative with more general Delative meanings.

This situation will strike speakers of German or many other case-bearing Indo-European languages, as within that family Dative is widely preferred for states, the accusative for motion towards (Lative), and various ad hoc forms for motion away (Delative).

Again, for comparison's sake:

 I was at school because he was going to come to school. He had come from his house.

is translated to

 Ich war in der Schule (dative) weil er in die Schule (accustive) gegangen hat. Er war von dein Haus (accusative) gekommen.

and

 Kojeih fheis feascoj (genitive) teih lhefh, pafheujoah neih feascoj (dative). Pafheujoah veit tis (ablative).

=Syntactic Evidence=
The relative divergence of even related languages within this area on some issues of syntax (default principle word order for instance - with [[Faraneit]] as VSO, [[Fórong]] as SOV, [[Kelsiut]] as SVO, and [[Hana]] with both SVO and VSO) hides a large number of similarities on smaller issues that unite them across genetic lineage.

==Quality Against Quantity==
Virtually all of the languages mentioned in this article make a distinction syntactically between quantifying and qualifying modifiers. Typically, quantifiers proceed their head, while qualifiers follow.

An example from Héhà explains very easily:

 Mákó     gapákó             kxùdó    báratá.
 fall.IMP three-INANI-STICKY fruit(s) ugly
 Three ugly fruits fell.

The quantifier (gapákó) proceeds the noun, but the qualifier (báratá) follows. The same situation can be found in Faraneit:

 Boaneicejeih    heav telheic lepeir.
 eat-PRES-1-SING one  telheic sweet
 I'm eating one sweet telheic-fruit.

Again, the quantifier proceeds but the qualifier follows.</text>
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    <title>Talk:Hana Lexicon</title>
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      <comment>New page: Why are all of the entries in caps? Is the language meant to be yelled? ~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Why are all of the entries in caps? Is the language meant to be yelled? [[User:Qang|~Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>Voiced postalveolar fricative</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
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      <comment>/* To */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Voiced Postalveolar fricative /'''ʒ'''/ is also known as a palatal, because of some of the influence of the palate in direction of the tongue, but it's not a true palatal sound.

==Natlangs==
===English===
[[English]], like many language, has many loanwords from French which have the /ʒ/ sound.  In many cases the sound is transformed into /ʤ/ in English, due to English tendency towards that sound.  However, there are a few words which do have /ʒ/ outside of French loanwords.  Examples include ''plea'''s'''ure'' /plɛʒɘɹ/, ''lei'''s'''ure'' /liʒəɹ/ or /lɛʒəɹ/, ''A'''s'''ia'' /eʒə/, ''vi'''s'''ion'' /vɪʒən/.

===[[Romance Languages]]===
====[[French]]====
The sound /ʒ/ is represented two different ways in French.  The first way is the orthographic '''j'''.  The second ways is to get '''g''' before '''i''' or '''e'''.  This is a common sound in the French language, making it one of the signature sounds of it.  Many languages can get this sound via French Loanwords.
====[[Spanish]]====
In some dialects of American Spanish, such as Argentinian Spanish, the /j/ sounds (spelt '''ll''' or '''j''') is pronounced /ʒ/.

==Orthography==
Languages of the world represent /ʒ/ in several ways:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Written !! Languages
|-
! j || [[French]], [[Portuguese]], [[Romanian]], [[Turkish]]
|-
! ž || [[Czech]]
|-
! ż || [[Polish]] (more exactly [[Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant|[ʑ]]])
|-
! zs || [[Hungarian]]
|-
! ж || [[Cyrillic alphabet]] (quite standard)
|}

==Conlangs==

==Sound changes==
===To===
* In [[English]], {{IPA|/zj/}} became {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. For example, ''vision'' {{IPA|/vɪzjən/}} → {{IPA|/vɪʒən/}}
* In [[Latvian]], {{IPA|/dj/}} became {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and eventually {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. For example, compare &quot;briedis&quot; (&quot;a deer&quot; (Nom.)) {{IPA|/'bria̯dis/}} and &quot;brieža&quot; (&quot;od a deer&quot;(Gen.)){{IPA|/'bria̯ʒa/}}.

==Sources==
This page is by [[Timothy Patrick Snyder]].
Back to [[IPA]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|ʒ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Qatama names</title>
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      <comment>/* G */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

This is a list of common given names in the [[Qatama]] conworld, as well as a few geogarphical names and their meanings. It is important to note that some of these names can be forenames and surnames, while others fall strictly into one category or the other. Feminine names are often indistinguishable form masculine, however, names that are exclusively feminine will be annotated as such.

=Names=

Qatama names usually consist of two or three parts, depending on the class and tribe affiliation: the personal name, sometimes a familiar name and the family or clan name. Ranks and titles always precede the personal name.

*'''Qan Kaguma Amul oj Takaga'''
:Lord '''Kaguma Amul''' son/descendant-of '''Takaga'''
::(title-personal name-familiar name-patronymic-clan/family name)
*'''Najan aj D`haga'''
:'''Najan''' of/from '''D`haga'''
::(personal name-of/from-clan/family/place)
*'''Muha Ohan'''
:Monk '''Ohan'''
::(title-personal name)
*'''Koyonam'''
:commoner name
::commoners often have single names as they may or may not have clan/familial/tribal affiliations.


{{QTM}}

=Q=

*'''Qra''' – invader

*'''Qram''' - auspicious, lucky
 
*'''Qrang''' - calm warrior, steady

*'''Qral''' - inspiration, rage, frenzy 

*'''Qrala''' - stubborn

*'''Qadaka''' - warlike, born in war

*'''Qang''' - noble ruler, nobility

*'''Qayal''' - born on a holiday/during a festival

*'''Qur''' - peaceful ruler, calm fighter

*'''Quraga''' - panther (passing across)

=K=

*'''Kyong''' - quiet one 

*'''Kyung''' - faithful one

*'''Kaguma''' - green-eyed one, born with green eyes

*'''Kagul''' - aspiration, ambition

*'''Kamul''' - flute maker

*'''Kataq''' - respected one

*'''Kumuq''' - old warrior, old soul

*'''K'han''' - eternal wisdom

=G=

*'''Gyota''' - farmer 

*'''Gyotaq''' - man of courage

*'''Gyomu''' - from the desert 

*'''Gyomuq''' - lord of the desert

*'''Gyoraq''' - determined, decisive

*'''Gataq''' - pure of thought

*'''Gamun''' - he comes in peace

*'''Garaq''' – tailor, cloth maker

*'''Gotaq''' – protector

*'''Gomu''' - burning torch

*'''Gomuq''' – patience

*'''Gohan''' - from the forest, lives in the forest

*'''Goraq''' - born under the moon

*'''Goru''' - stands in judgment 

*'''Gutan''' - a hundred lives

*'''Gulan''' - warrior from the north

*'''G'manal''' - born of the sea 

*'''G'mul''' - mighty giver, born at noon

=T=

*'''Taq''' - strong one
 
*'''Taqra''' - brother of '''Taq'''

*'''Takaga''' - good swordsman 

*'''Takan''' - brave one

*'''Tamun''' - tent maker

*'''Tamuja''' - crusher, breaker
 
*'''Tamul''' - victory, victorious one

*'''Tanaka''' - noble swordsman

*'''Tahaj''' - warrior protector

*'''Tayala''' - esteemed, distinguished

*'''Tala''' - white skinned

*'''Toroq''' - middle son

*'''T'haruq''' - leader of the extremely brave

=TL=

*'''Tlang''' - born on an island, from the island

*'''Tlal''' - brother/son of '''Tala'''

=D=

*'''Damaq''' - brewer of '''doq''' ([[Qatama]] alcohol) 

*'''Damar''' - coin maker, money handler 

*'''Dahajun''' - seeker of knowledge

*'''Dar''' - s/he has curly hair 

*'''D`han''' - one who is clear 

*'''D`har''' - born in the morning

=M=

*'''Mataq''' - great advisor

*'''Mahan''' - the lion

*'''Malaq''' - city builder

*'''Maraq''' - tool maker

*'''Maruq''' - sharp arrow

*'''Maruma''' - old traveler, seasoned traveler

*'''Mutaq''' - lord of the mountain

*'''Mudaq''' - mountain dweller

*'''Muhaj''' - peaceful ruler, focused on peace

*'''Muruq''' - wheel maker

=N=

*'''Nagaru''' - yellow-haired, golden

*'''Najan''' - carpenter, wood carver

*'''Nahaj''' - thick rain clouds

*'''Naharu''' - yellow skin

*'''Nala''' - ''fem''. generous, giving

*'''Nomu''' - wise one

*'''Nor''' - He says, he does.

*'''Nula''' - ''fem''. kind, gentle

=NG=

*'''Ngorum''' - watching the sky

*'''Ngutahu''' - eternal happiness

=J=

=H=

=Y=

=L=

=R=

=A=

*'''Ataruq''' - protector of the family

*'''Adanuq''' - one that is wealthy

*'''Amaru''' - keeper of time

*'''Amu''' - venerable one, respected

*'''Amuq''' - wise warrior

*'''Amutaq''' - spiritual strength

*'''Amutan''' - born during father's absence

*'''Amuda''' - seemed destined to die at birth

*'''Amudan''' - prayerful man

*'''Amun''' - bowl maker

*'''Amuja''' - fearless

*'''Amul''' - determined one

*'''Anar''' - gold, metal, money

*'''Aj`n''' - father of many

*'''Alhaj''' - brother/sister/cousin of '''Muhaj'''

*'''Ahamuj''' - trustworthy, reliable

*'''Ahanu''' - truthful one

*'''Ahaj''' - to act justly

*'''Ayanu''' - beautiful one

*'''Ayaja''' - born of beauty

*'''Alal''' - clean, pure

*'''Alaj''' - has not been conquered

=O=

*'''Okuga''' - red haired

*'''Ogra''' - from the cold, cold one

*'''Ota''' – strength

*'''Otaq''' - strength of spirit

*'''Otagu''' - one who yawns

*'''Otoko''' – manly

*'''Otla''' - stone worker

*'''Omura''' - comes from the west, western wind

*'''Ohan''' - guide

*'''Ohaj''' - leads with heart

*'''Ojan''' - lion like

=U=

*'''Utaqla''' - distinguished

*'''Umul''' - praiseworthy, worthy of the sun

*'''Uhaj''' - wise monk

*'''Uyaj''' - old spirit

*'''Ulha''' - wise, intelligent 

*'''Ulhan''' - wise one, wisdom abounds

*'''Ulal''' - eagle of the sun


[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
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      <comment>a coloured version of my earlier design</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">a coloured version of my earlier design</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Butônkwidê</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Butônkwidê''' is lũrê tâs krâft fõtbrînôn a mitxepôn sprâtxôn ûmbêtât txonjênê bræenstedêsûm sûndõdon tæêmid: Brocajênê stedê, tât wîsê sprâtxfõtbrîn, ôdê Wernickejênê stedê, tât wîsê tis txwũnônbrâd sprâtxênê. Hit is nan wũt dundosênê

'''Butǫnkwidę''' is luɍę tąs krąft foɍtbrįnǫn a midſepǫn sprąŧǫn ųmbętąt ŧonjęnę bráenstedęsųm sųndoɍdon taɍmid: Brocajęnę stedę, tąt wįsę sprąŧfoɍtbrįn, ǫdę Wernickejęnę stedę, tąt wįsę tis ŧwùnǫnbrąd sprąŧęnę. Hit is nan wuɍt dundosęnę</text>
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    <title>Finnish</title>
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      <comment>/* Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Proto-Uralic]] to Finnish sound changes==

Thus far mostly based on:
* Lauri Hakulinen: ''Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys'' • Otava 1979
* Kaisa Häkkinen: ''Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja'' • WSOY 2004
* Petri Kallio: ''[http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust253/sust253_kallio.pdf Kantasuomen konsonanttihistoriaa]'' · Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 253 · 2007
* Juha Janhunen: ''[http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust253/sust253_janhunen.pdf The primary laryngeal in Uralic and beyond]'' · (same)

Currently in process of reformatting and reordering to include the information from the last two documents.

===Technotes===
* Here, /@/ is NOT an ASCIIfication of /ə/, but any vowel that assimilates to the preceding vowel. This comes useful with cases of compensatory lengthening and echo vowels.
* Similarly, /A O U/ are harmonic vowels which will assimilate to either /a o u/ or /æ ø y/ depending on the harmony. /a/ is to be understood as [ɑ].
* /ˣ/ is the assimilatory final, pronounced as lengthening of the next word's initial consonant, or in case of null initial, [ʔː] or hiatus. Very rarely, it occurs within words, too (usually sandwiched between two instances of the same vowel.)
* /C/ represents any consonant; /V/ represents any vowel; and /X/ represents any 2nd mora in a syllable (be it consonantal, diphthongal or chronemical).

I've grouped similar changes together under sub-headings, so the order of unrelated changes might not be exactly chronological whenever no reference was available. Also, since the document is headed towards Standard Finnish, I've had to cut a few corners anyway when maneuvering around dialectal changes... in a few cases picking the most represented outcome wasn't all that clear.

===Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic===
[Supposedly 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE]

The existence of &quot;Proto-Finno-Samic&quot; (&quot;-Volgaic&quot;, &quot;-Permic&quot;, &quot;-Ugric&quot;) as distinct from PU is unclear, hence &quot;Pre-Finnic&quot;. Changes shared with Samic are in &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;indigo&lt;/font&gt;, those also shared with Mordvinic in &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;green&lt;/font&gt;, and those with even wider distribution in &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;orange&lt;/font&gt;.

&lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;'''Word-final */ŋ/''' → k&lt;/font&gt; in the lative ending (Samic and?), &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;→ n&lt;/font&gt; elsewhere (!dubious, pre-Uralic?)

&lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;'''Monophthongization'''&lt;/font&gt; (dubious)
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;iw → y / _C&lt;/font&gt; (distribution?)
* potentially: &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;ow → uː / _C&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;'''Introduction of length'''&lt;/font&gt; from loss of preconsonantal *x.
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;x → @ / _C&lt;/font&gt; (leaves no evidence in Ob-Ugric; in ''viisi kuusi'' possibly later)

&lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;'''Coda nasal simplification'''&lt;/font&gt;
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;m → n / _{t tsʲ #}&lt;/font&gt; (Finnic, Mordvinic; medially also Permic, Mansi)

&lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;'''Stressed ''*ë'''''&lt;/font&gt; merges with *a

'''Other stressed vowel changes'''
* &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;aː æː → oː eː&lt;/font&gt; (but part of a general a æ → oː eː / [+STR] shift in Samic)

'''Unstressed vowels'''
* a → æ / {æ e ê i ü}(X)(C)C_ (if not an original distinction; vowel harmony fails only in Samic and Permic)
* &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;Aw → o&lt;/font&gt; (the presence of -w rarely is shared, so this may also be analogical)
* &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;i → e / _C&lt;/font&gt; (but part of a general i → ɤ shift in Samic)
* iw → u (apparent in nomina verbum; not shared, but probably contemporary with *Aw → o)

===Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic===
[Ca. 3000 BC to 2000 BC]
(likely also incomplete; this is the section of changes not shared by other branches of Uralic)

'''Vowel changes'''
* V# → Vː (affects most old CV words, eg. ''muu nuo tuo''. Exceptions ''me te he se ne'', the first two of which display -k in Livonian, -t in Far Northern dialects.)
* *ê *ô → e o / _(X)Ci ([[Proto-Uralic/new|new hypothetical vowels]] for PU, possibly semi-rounded [ɪ ʊ])&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → y ɯ → y i / _(X)CA
* ej → i / unstress'd
* æ → e / _j unstress'd
* a → e / {o u}[+STR](X)C_j&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → o / {a e i}[+STR](X)C_j&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → a / elsewhere
(Other instances of unstressed /aj/, eg. in plurals of derivativs, shift too, but analogical leveling has render'd it impossible to tell whether the original result was /ej/ or /oj/.)

'''Loss of remaining *x'''
* ixi → øː (''myödä''; but ''viedä''; or is either *ê?)
* uxi → oː (''juoda'', unless this is *ë or *ô, ''puo''&lt;!--Smy *puə; but ObU *pu(u)j--&gt;)
* xi → @ / elsewhere (''maa&lt;!--not *më, Mansi stem mëëG- !--&gt; saada syy'' (or *syji) ''sää'' &quot;filament&quot; ''sääri tuoda ääri'', possibly ''suo'' ~ *toxi (or ← *suŋi? cf. Samic *sońë)
* Possibly in newer formations, x → w / {U O}_C (''souta- nouta-''), → j / {I E}_C (''keima-''). Potentially, ''viisi kuusi'' belong here too (with -x- retained before an obstruent?)
(*xA, *x# apparently did not occur)

'''Loss of *ŋ'''
* &lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;UŋA → Oː&lt;/font&gt; (''myö-tä''; but ''syyhy'' ~ S. *sëŋē &lt;!--''vyö'' ~ S. *ëvē ~ K. vëń ~ Ug. ʏgä ~ Smy *winä--&gt;)
* eŋi → øː (''pyörä'' - via *w ?)
* ŋi → @ / other V_ &lt;!-- most general; postcedes unstr. *ij *Aj &gt; i --&gt; (''hiiri &lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;jää kaari&lt;/font&gt; kuu &lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;luo luoda&lt;/font&gt; pii'' &quot;hammas&quot; ''pyy &lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;pää&lt;/font&gt; sii'' &quot;hirsi&quot; ''&lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;sää&lt;/font&gt;'' &quot;weather&quot; ''vii-me'', ?? ''riihi uu(ttu)''&lt;!--juolukka ~ S. *joŋë--&gt;)
* ŋ → remains _k &lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; possibly → n / _t (''ensi'', unless *e-nti-; ''onte-''&lt;!--ontto ontelo--&gt;) &lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → j / _Cʲ (''seiso- veitsi'', puna''ise''-) (or is it F_ ?)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → w / _{U O}_ (''pivo povi suvi tyvi vävy''), elsewhere _A (''ava- kevät''), _C (''jauha- jousi joutsen'')&lt;!-- NB all examples back-vocalic--&gt;, C_ (''aivo ahven pilvi sauva'') &lt;!--is this a case of *veC &gt; @C? --&gt;

Note the similar fates *x *ŋ. Merger? (ŋ-vocalization cases not compatible with the corresponding j/w-vocalization cases in &lt;font color=&quot;#A00040&quot;&gt;magenta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--, those not compatible with *x in &lt;font color=&quot;#E00000&quot;&gt;red&lt;/font&gt;--&gt;.)

'''Loss of medial semivowels''' in ''i''-stems (retention elsewhere, ''kevyt kova nivo- sija'' etc, also ''kivi ovi savi''; ''lovi'' is ← Gmc)
* ? uwa → oː (''vuo'')
* Uwi → Uː (''luu puu suu tyyni'', cf. ''tyven'')
* ewi → øː (''lyö syö-'', first may also be *-x-)
* äwi → äw (''käy-'')
* wI → i (medial unstressed reduced /i/!) &lt;!-- oinas &lt; *owinas / tai *ońa-, *wajŋi-mo &gt; vajvImo &gt; vaimo, *loŋi-mi &gt; lovImi &gt; loimi ~ luo-,  *sew-mi &gt; ? *sö(v)Imi &gt; seimi (dial. soimi) ~ syö-, *lew-mu &gt; ? *lövImu &gt; leimu ~ loimu --&gt;
* ji → @ / front V_ (''kiehu- pii'' &quot;Si&quot; ''siili tie'', ''kyy''?)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → j / A_#, O_ U_ (''koi täi uida voi'', ?? ''koira'', unless simply consonant-stem *koj-ra)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → i / C_{# C) &lt;!--postcedes i &gt; e: *velji : *veljin &gt; veli : veljen--&gt;
&lt;!--/ V[+STR]_({l r}(C)V) [size=10](ie. in open or liquid-final syllables immediately after stress)[/size]
Lots of exceptions in this one, however:
    → j in ''tai(pua) kei(ttää)'' --&gt;
*/yje/ → */øː/ → ''yö''

'''Dissimilation'''
* uw ij → ow ej / _C (''souta- keima-'' again; perhaps ''jousi nouta-'' if not *ô)

'''Initial deaffrication'''. Newer initial affricates are found in loanwords and onomatopoeia.
* ʧ ʦʲ → ʃ sʲ / #_

'''Depalatalization''', commonly attributed to Germanic superstratum influence.
* ʦʲ(ː) sʲ &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;ðʲ&lt;/font&gt; lʲ → ʦ(ː) s &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;ð&lt;/font&gt; l (may be older for *ðʲ)
* nʲ → ni / #(C)i_V (i.e. after a short stressed /i/; ''miniä'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → in / V_V (some other cases: ''kyynel kyynärä paina-'', ''oinas''??)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; → n (elsewhere)

'''CCC simplification'''
* ntt → tt (''kattaa tuta'')
* wst → st / o_ ? (''nouse-'' → ''nosta-''&lt;!--irregular root of unclear origin, E. t-, but causativ -ta- is Uralic--&gt;)

From around here, isoglosses within Finnic start appearing.

''' Loss of &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;*ð&lt;/font&gt; and *ʧ'''
* &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;ð → t&lt;/font&gt; (may be gradation-related, shared with Mordvinic but not Samic. Put here to avoid requiring postulating intermediate *tʲ for the development of *ðʲ)
* ʧ ʧː → t tʃ (In South Estonian, *ʧ → ts / _k&lt;!-- and #_ ? Or am I thinking of t &gt; ts here? --&gt;)
&lt;!-- tʃ → s / #_ (täh, eikä ole)
   → t / n_, _k_, V_V
   → h / in ''hapan hupa hetki kaha kehä piha puhki haa'''h'''ka'' --&gt;
* Possibly in pre-Livonian: *tk → *kk before this (*kutki *kütke-j-mä → ''kukki kikiim'', but eg. *piðka → ''pitka'', *počka → ''potka'').
* Cf. also *kočka → F. kotka ~ kokko; NF latki- ~ SF lakki-)

'''Assibilation''', fed by all three previous changes
* t → ʦ / _i &lt;!--via ts, per South Est. - *lapti &gt; laptsi &gt; latts' etc. - but never becomes θ?--&gt;
* tj → ʦ
except after a coronal obstruent (the clusters /tt st ʃt/) or before a derivational suffix

'''Esh-drift'''
* ʃ → ʂ → x (postdates old Baltic and Germanic loanwords; as well as the previous on account of blocking assibilation. Per Permic, the retroflex stage may date back quite far)
* s → x / _l (''pihlaja''&lt;!--''kihla'' falls under s &gt; ʃ in Germanic loans--&gt;. Cf. the late str → sr → F. hr)

'''Nasal simplification''' part 2. Note old Germanic loans feeding -ntj-!&lt;!--*anTja *ranDja *ånTja--&gt; Probably postdates the previous, given no simplification in *nx (''vanha inho'' etc.)
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;n → ∅ / _(t)s&lt;/font&gt; (''asia rasia nisä osa otsa kusi'') (distribution?)
Paradigmatically reverted in cases of *-ntsi ~ *-nte- such as ''kansi'', ''ponsi''; not however in ordinals: ''kolmas'' ~ ''kolmante-'' (also note Est. ''kaas'' vel. sim. - a later reprise per compensatory lengthening? - and Liv. ''vuontsa'' - suggesting Gmc. loan origin?)

Results as:

===Phonology of late Proto-Finnic===

'''Consonant inventory'''
{|
|-
! !! [[Labial|Lab.]] !! [[Dental|Dnt.]] !! [[Alveolar|Alv.]] !! [[Velar|Vel.]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Nasals
| m || || n ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Stops &amp; affricate
| p || t || ʦ || k
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Fricatives
| || || s || x
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Lateral
| || || l ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Rhotic
| || || r ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Semivowels
| v || || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| j
|}
(I'm marking *w → [ʋ] as /v/ for brevity from now on. This is for practicality only; the change is practically impossible to date.)

Syllable structure (C)V(@, i, U, C)(C)
Morpheme-finally, only /t k s m n j/ occured.
&lt;s&gt;Word-initial /r/ was rare outside of recent IE loanwords&lt;/s&gt; (non-existant in PU? but found in PFU)
/#ji #je #vu/ did not occur.

Allowed medial clusters included the following (and possibly more, depending on how many consonantal root forms were in existence yet by this stage):
* /pː pt pʦ tː tk ʦː kː kt kʦ/ (/ʦk/?)
* /mp nt nʦ ŋk/
* /nx/
* /ps ks/ (/kst/?) and perhaps /tx kx(t)/ (if not simplified to /x(t)/ yet; check!)
* /tn km/ (only intermorphemically)
* /sm st sn sl sk xm xt xn xl xr xk/
* just about all approximant + non-approximant combinations
* /lj rj lv rv jv/
* /ntː ŋkː rtː rkː lkː/? &lt;!--kenttä, kontti, kontta, pankka, tarttua, verkko, kalkku, pelkkä?--&gt;
* various CC combinations preceded by Vj, VU or V@

/vj vr vs (vx?)/ are forbidden and metathesize to /jv rv sv (hv?)/ in loans (''haiven laiva raiva- raivo''&lt;!--xaujan *flauja *straujan *traujoo--&gt;, ''järvi karva tarvas torvi''&lt;!--*jaura *gaura *taura *tAura - but inherited *wr exists? aurinko houri- *hewry *newrä *kewrä--&gt;, ''kasva- rasva''&lt;!--*krausa--&gt;; ''kaivata''&lt;!--*kaujan--&gt; with analogous gradation?) (The last of these will have to be dated as erlier than *joŋsi → *jousi).
(Cf. J. Koivulehto: [http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1986_164.pdf Pinta ja rasva])

Note also kauha ~ kahva&lt;!-- Estonian loan?--&gt;, kiuru ~ kirvinen, kuilu ~ kulju, pälvi ~ S. *pévlë&lt;!--, röyhennellä ~ rehvastella (~ röyhkeä?)--&gt; and ''haava kaava naava'' &lt; *hawwa *skawwa *fnawwa (before ''sauva'' &lt; *sawŋa)

While several later common innovations affect both South Estonian and the remainder of Finnic, pre-Finnic *č is reconstructable in some cases per the former (*kačke- *kačku *kičke- *nočko *pučki *sičkajn)

 '''Vowel inventory'''
 /i iː y yː      u uː /
 /e eː   øː      o oː /
 /æ æː      a aː      /
 /ej ew          oj ow/
 /æj æw    aj aw uj   /

/aː æː/ were rare, originally only occuring in about half a dozen roots each.
(These new instances are of fuzzy origin, apparently loanwords acquired after the change to */oː eː/?)

/i e A o (u?)/ could occur in non-initial root syllables (plus /ej oj/ due to suffixal j).

===Proto-Finnic to Proto-Finnish===
[Ca. 2000 BCE to 1000 CE]

'''Difthong paradigm shift'''
j w → i U / V_{C #}
&lt;small&gt;(not really phonetical; required for pre-diphthongal consonants not to gradate)&lt;/small&gt; - wait, but they ''do'' gradate in some dialects; needs bumping, then

'''Consonantal suffix and stem-forms'''
* i → ∅ / VC_, ks_ suffix-finally &lt;!--(with /ts tʃ/ counted as clusters, not phonemes) ... What suffixes would that be??--&gt;
* e → ∅ / stem-finally after a coronal
(This change could be much older and is actually more complex, but I don't know what's the latest understanding)

'''Consonant gradation'''.
These all occur on the general condition that the folloing syllable is closed.
* pː tː tsː kː → pˑ tˑ tsˑ kˑ / {sonorant}_V &lt;small&gt;(the half-long stage can still itself trigger gradation; no gradation is found in Veps or Livonian)&lt;/small&gt;
* p t ts s k → b d s z ɡ / {sonorant}_V &lt;!--what's this ts &gt; s? Kallio's examples are suffixal only--&gt;
(NB: gradation of modern /ht hk/ is analogy-borne)

'''Suffixal gradation''' (needs elaboration)
* p t s k → b d z ɡ / V[-STR]_V

'''Spirantization'''
* b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / except N_ (may be later - not evident in Votic)
** ɣ → j~v (in ''kataja'', ''jalava'', ''kajava'' etc.)
** βi → U / _# (3PS ''-Pi'')

Around this time there's also a paradigm shift wrt. /f/ in loanwords: the 
reflex of initial /f/ changes from /p/ to /v/. This could signify a change of [w] to [ʋ] in the position, but also of [ɸ] to [f] in the loaning languages (or even the onset of Grimm's law)! Medial /f/ does not seem to ever turn to /p/.

&lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;'''Loss of /v/'''&lt;/font&gt; before labial vowels
* &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;v → ∅ / #_{o u y}&lt;/font&gt; (perhaps also: non-initially? ''kärventää'' ~ ''käry'', ''kalvaa'' ~ ''kaluta'' — but late in *hehvo → ''hieho'')
The consonant may have persisted before long vowels, but since a glide was epenthetically added there anyway (see next), there's no way to tell. Compensatory lengthening may have occurred before *u (*wuðʲi → ''uusi'').
Shared with Samic, Mordvinic &amp; Mari, but note that this seems to be a late ''areal'' change — it is later than the South Finnic change from *o to *ɤ per *wo-tta- &quot;to take&quot; → *vɤtta- → Es. ''võtma-'' (however, note the counterexample *wolka → ''õlg'').&lt;!--(Clearly not epenthetic: oikea ~ õige, olut ~ õlu, omena ~ õun, ompele- ~ õmble-, onni ~ õnn, oppi- ~ õpi- etc.)--&gt;

Loss of */j/ before /i/ is likely of similar age, but Samic seems inconsistent (due to ē → jē / #_ ? cf. also no medial loss: *velji → ''veli'', ~ *vēljɤ)

&lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;'''V-epenthesis'''&lt;/font&gt;
* &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;∅ → v / #_{&lt;/font&gt;yː øː &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;oː&lt;/font&gt;}
Notable exceptions: '''yö uoma''', the former probably homonym avoidance (''vyö'' &quot;belt&quot;), the latter a Samic loan - allowing to date the similar change in Samic as later. Per *voohla → ''vohla'' &quot;goat kid&quot; (*voohi → ''vuohi'' &quot;goat&quot;) this would seem to be the later of the two changes involving initial *v.

'''Vowel shifts'''
* oi → o / [-STR] (but reverted back in many, though not all, cases where the ''-i'' was morphological)
* Vː → V / _i (Clearly postdates epenthesis: ''voi'' ← *vooji)
&lt;!--* ai → ei / [+STR] (with many exceptions; also, surprizingly, /æi/ stays put)

Actually, no, this is a Baltic substrate feature.--&gt;

'''Assimilation''' of many consonant clusters to geminates, etc. (Dating provisional for most, perhaps older.) All of these require a morpheme boundary somewhere in the cluster. A basically equivalent criterion is requiring a preceding unstressed syllable. Of these, /rn pt kt kx tx/ (/kʃ tʃ/?) occurred root-medially, and the first three were retained (though rn → rː may have occurred in ''aarre''; cf. ''aarni'' - and kt → tː is required for ''tytär'', which appears to be the only loan with the cluster around this timeframe. Võro has even root-medially pt kt → tː.)
* kt(s) pt(s) → tː(s)
* xk → kː (happens also across word boundaries, precluding the formation of /?/)
* (t)(ː)sn → sː
* kx (tx) → xː&lt;!--&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → @x / _C (''vaahtera'', ''jäähty-'' ''huuhto-''? Kar. also ''hiihna''--&gt;&lt;!--''piestä-'' ?? Es &amp; Ve peksta --&gt;
* rn ln → rː lː
* pn tn kn ktn ptn (etc.) → nː (note esp. ''linna'' ~ Võ ''liin'', Vo ''lidna''; but ''vuonna'' ~ Vo ''voona'', ''vuona'' ~ Vo ''võdna'')
* pm tm km (etc.) → mː
* pst tst kst → st
* ks nʦ nt → s s t / _# (''jänis'' etc, ''kolmas'' etc, ''tuhat'')
(The consequent obscuring of many inflected forms due to this and the previous change, esp. the essiv, however eventually caused many words to revert back, commonly with vowel insertion. Eg. *sut-na, *laps-na → ''sunna lassa'' → ''sutena lapsena''. Note also *pekstä, *pekse- → ''piestä, piekse-'')

'''Fricativ collapse, part 3'''
* ʦ → s
* ʦˑ/ː → θˑ/ː (remains gradational; ''etsi- itse joutsen katso- kitsas lietso- loitsi- kutsu- metsä ratsu otsa paatsama vatsa veitsi virtsa vitsa'')
* z → h &lt;!-- may take care of sl &gt; hl --&gt;
* x(ː) → h (a spirantic pronunciation can still be found in coda position)

&lt;!--ts → s / medially in ''isä kasa keso kosio riisu- sisilisko osa'' intermediate ''jou(t)si''
   → ð / in ''o'''d'''ottaa'' at least^W^W^W^W no it's not, this is *c^ not *c´

labialization goes around here too: &quot;jyvä&quot; &lt; *jevä if not via *ê, &quot;syvä&quot; &lt; tivä --&gt;

'''Shifts involving /h/'''
(unfinished)
* e → @ / h_ in suffixes
* p k → h / _t (With IE loanwords continuing to feed new /pt kt/, this rule remained active up until to the 20th century.)
&lt;!--Mordvinic has → f but this seems unrelated, considering that p/kti &gt; p/ksi with no change. Votic has p/ksi &gt; hsi, but this is preferrably explained as avoidance of coda p/k rather than everything else fortiting f/xsi &gt; p/ksi, espcially since this also affects p/ks not before i. Also note &gt; tt in South Estonian.--&gt;

===Proto-Finnish to Standard Finnish===
[Ca. 1000-1900 CE]
These changes are, for the most part, only attested in the Finnish-Karelian continuum.

'''&quot;Flavor&quot;''': Voiced prenasal stops become geminate nasals, and (around the same time as in a whole lot of other European languages!) long mid vowels become opening diphthongs. Also, the weak grade of geminates coincides with the strong grade of singletons:
* mb nd ŋg → mː nː ŋː
* &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;eː&lt;/font&gt; øː &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;oː → ie&lt;/font&gt; yø &lt;font color=&quot;#4000D0&quot;&gt;uo&lt;/font&gt;
* pˑ tˑ kˑ θˑ → p t k θ

'''Changes involving /j/'''
* j → i / C_ suffix-initially

'''More shifts with /h/'''
* Vh → hV / {j v n r l}_# (''aihe vaihe sauhu venhe unho parha- erhe perhe orhi murhe urho alhainen ylhäinen valhe''; ''löyhä''? dialectally regular)
** dubbelmetathesis: ''imeh'' → ''*imhe'' → ''ihme''
* V → Vː / h_hC in  ''haahka haahti hieho'' (← *hehvo) ''hiihtää huuhkaja huuhtoa'' (regular in Karelian&lt;!-- hoahlo hoahmo hiihna huohtaa huuhmar huuhta hyyhmä heähkä &quot;saukko&quot; heähnä &quot;tikka&quot;--&gt;)
** also several other, irregular _hC cases&lt;!--jäähtyä kiehnätä kiihko kiihtelys kyyhky nyyhkiä paahtaa piehtaroida pyyhkiä ruuhka tuohtua vaahtera vaahto--&gt;

&lt;!--aa uu → ah uh in ''hahmo (hohma-) huhmar mahla kahla- rahvas (ruhmen) sahra vihlo- vihne(ke)''
ha → haa in ''haalea? haapa (contm. via Gmc. *aspa &gt;?? ahpa &gt; ?? aapa?) haara''

'''Random length'''
a → aa in ''kaamea kaarne paarma saarna saarni vaati- vaaksa''
æ → ææ in ''kääntä- pääsky sääksi sääski ääni''
(Short vowels are attested in related forms for laakso, paarma, vaalea) --&gt;

* k h → ˣ / _#
* t → ∅ / h_r (''ahrain ihra kehrä ohra'') (cf. next)

'''Pre-sonorant stop vocalization''' (with an intermediate spirant stage&lt;!-- attested at Rauma: /laDva/! also Sw vaakn &gt; vaakuna, vagn &gt; vaunu--&gt;)&lt;br/&gt;
Predominantly Germanic loanwords; a few Baltic, and (not necessarily too reliable) Uralic etymologies exists for *kopra *kotva *kupla *nakris *syklä. By the evidence of other Finnic languages, would-be *tl in loanwords is substituted by *kl (eg. *seeθla → *seekla).
* p → U / _S (''hauras kauris koura seura taulu teuras &lt;!--per E/Vo tõbras, from Gmc *tibraz? unless F &lt; Gmc *Teuraz &quot;bull&quot;--&gt;vauras äyräs''; also note ''kupla'', from a conservativ dialect)
* t remains _{v, j} (''katve ketju kotva latva lotja patja patvi vitja'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → U / _r{A, O} (''aura nöyrä peura puuro uuras'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → @ / _r{i, e} (''teeri'')&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  (any coda examples before i O??)
* k → @ / _j (''&lt;!--aaja &quot;reunus&quot;, vain savo, lähisukukielet--&gt;laaja &lt;!--maaja &quot;makea, maistuva&quot;--&gt;raaja taaja vaaja'')[http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1982_121.pdf]&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → i / {i, e}_S{i, e} (''eilen keila leili leiri neilikka peili teili teini tiili'') (May have rather occurred in loaning Finland Swedish dialects, except ''eilen'', of unkno'n origin &amp; where Karelian explicitly retains /kl/.)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → U / {A, O, U}_S (S≠j) (''hauli kaula kaura &lt;!--&lt; Gmc *xagran - unrel. to Sw. havre--&gt;käyrä &lt;!--if not related to käperty-, käpristy-, käppyrä--&gt;kyyry myyrä mäyrä naula nauris naura- paula &lt;!--Gmc *fatla--&gt;vaula väylä &lt;!--vs Gmc *vadle &quot;kahlaamo&quot;, ei muita ims.--&gt;sauna syylä taula uuni vaunu''); {i e}_Sa (''neula seula &lt;!--Gmc *neeTloo *seeTla--&gt;siula siuna-'')
&lt;!--touvi &lt; *toGGi; viklo vuokra; huotra katras--&gt;

'''Spirant loss'''
* β → v
**v → ∅ / _UC (''aukko aulis auttaa hius keuhko kiukku köykäinen kiusa liueta liukas liukua loukko reuhtoa riuska soukka säyseä tyyssija'')
* ið → j / V[-STR]_V
* ð remains V[+STR](X)_ &lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → l / l_&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → r / r_&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → ∅ / elsewhere
* ɣ → j / C_e&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → v / U_U&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → ? / V1V2_V2 (including the cases of V1=V2; also V2≠U)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  → ∅ / elsewhere
* h → ∅ / V[-STR](X)_V

'''Subsequent vowel changes in unstressed syllables''' (unfinished, may need to be meshed with the prev. section)
* AO → Aː, Oː or Uː (seemingly irregularly)
* Ae → Ai
* Ue → eː
* VU → Vː / _#
* iU → Uː
* OU → Oː (''kokoontu-''; but ''aitous'' etc.)

'''Initial-syllable labialization'''
* ey → øy
* i → y | _(X)(C)Cy (in non-productiv forms) (at least ''lytty pysty pysy-'')
* i → y / _væ (''jyvä hyvä syvä'') (this one is actually older than the others, but fits here better)

The final stages of '''interdental loss''' began after or around the time of the creation of the literary language, seen in spellings such as &lt;tz dh&gt;. By standardization it was however practically complete. The standard outcome is largely a spelling pronunciation based on the example of German and Swedish:
* θ(ː) → ts
* ð → d (commonly alveolar)
Most common dialectal variations for the former are t(ː) and ht~t, for the latter r and ∅.

===Modern Standard Finnish===
Modern Standard Finnish has the following consonant phonemes:
 p t    k (ʔ)
 b d    ɡ
 m n    ŋ
 f s (ʃ) h
 ʋ l r j
/b ɡ f ʃ/ only occur in loanwords and neologisms. /ʃ/ is rather marginal and usually replaced by /s/. [ʔ] occurs optionally word-initially before a vowel, and between two identical vowels.

The vowels are /i e æ ø y ɑ o u/.
Vowel harmony continues to apply to suffixes, however in loanwords and neologisms /æ ø y/ and /ɑ o u/ can co-occur (''psyko-'', ''hyla'', ''sekundääri''). Examples of /æ/ and /ɑ/ co-occurring remain rare; even the lexicalized compound ''tällainen'' is usually pronounced /ˈt̪ælːæ(i)ne̞/.
All vowels may occur long at any position of the word; however, (C)VVCC syllables occur only in very recent loans (''pointti'').

Any difthongs that end in -i/-y/-u and adhere to vowel harmony and the [[Obligatory Contour Principle]] are possible, tho in stressed syllables /ey/ is exceedingly rare (due to the change to /øy/; found only in the verb ''leyhy-'') and /iy/ nonexistant.

The following sound changes are commonplace in spoken Standard Finnish:
*n → ∅ / _#
*d → ∅/r in inherited vocabulary
*Va → Vː / unstress'd
*ie yö uo → ii yy uu / _A

===Proto-Finnic to Livonian===
''(OR)''

'''Palatalization 1''' (everywhere except in ?Votic, Finnish proper, some Estonian &amp; Karelian dialects; possibly needs splitting)
* t ts s(C) n l r → tʲ tsʲ sʲ(C) nʲ lʲ rʲ / _i

'''Deaffrication''' (near universal in Finnic, but note the exception here)
* ts&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; → s&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; / except n_ (''vuontsa'')

'''Common South Finnic changes''' (Estonian, Võro, Votic)
* e → ɤ / _C(C){a o u}
* ä → a / [-STR] (phonemicizes the prev. - also in Veps. Not evident in Võro, but might be a later reintroduction of harmony)
* h → ∅ / {# C}_ (initially only dialectally in Estonian)
* Vn → Vː / _s (in Livonian only in new loans ''*kansa'', ''*pensas''; in E/Võ/Vo also from *nts, see prev.)

'''Umlaut'''
* a ä → ä e / _C*i

'''Vowel reduction'''
* V → ə / [-STR] ≠a (*u *i survive in certain suffixes, but never in roots)
* a → ə / [-STR] VC(C)aC(C)_#, also always in verbal stems

'''Early length'''
* Vh → Vːɦ / _C (except hj hv?)

'''Liquid metathesis'''
* LV → VL / [-sonorant]_ (*atra → *atar, *putro → *putor, etc.) (may need relocation)

'''Voicing'''
* p t&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; k s&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; → b d&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; g z&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; / when not initial or next to another voiceless segment (yes, final consonants voice too!)

'''Early glottalization'''
* (C)VCV → (C)VʔCV

'''Apocope'''
* ə → ∅ / _#, VC_CV

'''Gemination etc.'''
* C → Cː / ʔ_V
* gj dj lj rj → jg dʲ lʲː rʲː
* dv zv lv rv jv → d z lː rː jː
* Cv → C / elsewh.

'''Length II / degemination'''
* VCːa → VːCa / [+sonorant] (preceeds general presonorant lengthening since *a → ō, *o → ūo from here)
* Cː → C / except V_ə in verbs (unless this is a reflex of the infinitiv!?)

'''Vowel shift 1'''
* aː au → ɔː ɔu  (some new *aː develop in words like *parma → _paarm_ &quot;gadfly&quot;)
* eː (øː) oː → iːe (yːø) uːo
* ɤ(ː) →  ɨ(ː)

'''2nd glottalization'''
* ɦ → ʔ

'''Sibilants''' (hard to date)
* (t)sʲ (d)zʲ → (t)ʃ (d)ʒ

'''Vowel shift 2'''
* y ø → i e
** except äy ey → äu eu (may be original)
* V → Vː / _[+sonorant]C(C)a (including diphthongs in -i, eg. *aitta → āita)
* a → aː / VC_
* e o → eː oː / _Ca
* o → oː / _[+sonorant]C#, _i
* eː oː → je wo (= &lt;ie uo&gt;, UPA /ⁱe ᵘo/) 
** wo → vo / #_
** wo → ʊ / [+bilabial]_
* ɔ(ː) → o(ː) (or just ill-transcribed?)

&lt;!--'''Exemplar summary of stem types'''
* Final-long
** *nota, *notta → nwodā, nwotā
* Initial-long
** *noːta, *noːtta → nūoda, nūota
** *noːtə, *noːttə → nūod, nūot
** *norta, *nortta → nuorda, nuorta
** *norva → nūora
* Short
** *nottə → not
** *nortə, norttə → nord, nort
** *norvə → nor
** NB there's no way to gain ˣnod!
* Glottalic
** *notə → no'd
** *notər → no'ddər
** *nohta → nūo'da--&gt;

===Notes for other Finnic languages===
* cf. Kettunen: ''Viron kielen äännehistoria'', ''Vatjan kielen äännehistoria'', SUST 252: ''Suomen lähisukukielten luonteenomaisimmat piirteet''

* All except Liv.: ks → s / _#
* All except Savonian Finnish ~ Karelian: Vː → V / _h (old per no apocope: eg. Est. ''rohi'', Veps ''roho'')
* Veps ~ Ludic ~ Karelian: ts(ː) → ʧ(ː)
** Karelian proper: s → ʃ ''except'' / i_ (WTF? A 2nd round of depalatalization?), str → tr
** Ludic &amp; Veps: medial voicing, str → sr → zr
*** Veps proper: final voicing, degemination, s → ʃ / i_, palatalization / _i (''viž kuź''!), ä ü → a u / [-STR], iu eu → üu öu, loss of vowel length, l → u / V_C, dialectally: ei → iː, j → dʲ / #_
* Estonian &amp; Veps: trimoraic apocope
* Estonian &amp; Votic: o → ɤ / _(C*){i e}, _u, Vː → V / _h, h → ∅ / {n r l}_, loss of ð ɣ, *ee *oo remain (relower'd?)
** Estonian: jh wh → hj hv / V_, Vi → Ve / _{r v}, akj akR → ai aeR, V → ∅ / VXC_#, high V → mid V / _nonhigh V, ü → i [-STR] (→ u in 3rd+ syllables, or anharmonic all along)
** Votic: e → ɤ / [-STR] when back-vocalic, k → ʧ / _V[+front], kj → ɟɟ, h → ∅ / #_, st → sː (→ s if grad.), NP → P / V[-STR]_, k p → h / _s (cf. the similar common change _t), s → h / _ʧ, ʧ → s / #ʧVh_

[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Grvowsh.gif</title>
    <id>5820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38453</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-04T18:13:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germanic Languages</title>
    <id>5821</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>38464</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-04T20:32:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Germanic languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Germanic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadim articles</title>
    <id>5822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43352</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Replacing page with '( )'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">( )</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless velar fricative</title>
    <id>5823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59033</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T14:53:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This sound is a voiceless velar fricative, represented by '''/x/''' in the IPA.  The symbol comes from the Greek, although the symbol closer to the normally used Greek one is the [[Voiceless uvular fricative]] /χ/.

=Natlangs=
==[[Germanic Languages]]==
===[[English]]===
====[[Anglo-Saxon]]====
In Anglo-Saxon, this sound is represented by '''h''' when after a back vowel.  Words like '''Meahte''' would be pronounced /mɛaxtə/, or '''breahtma'''' would be pronounced /brɛaxtma/.
====[[Middle English]]====
The sound from Anglo-Saxon, also came into Middle English.  In early forms, it was written '''h''' just like in the older language (in poems like [[Brut]]).  In later years, the spelling shifted to '''gh''' in most cases, such as in Chaucer.  The word '''droghte''' in the second line of the General Prologue, would be pronounced /drɔxt/. 
====[[Modern English]]====
In modern English, all standard forms of English have dropped this sound.  However, in Scots, as well as some Scottish variations of English, the spellings '''ch''' or '''gh''' can still be pronounced /x/ after back vowels or any vowel depending on dialect..
===[[High German]]===
In High German today, the sound /x/ is represented by '''ch''' after a back vowel.  In northern Germanic dialects, such as [[Low German]] areas, the sound is retained as /k/ from Proto-Germanic.  There are countless examples of German words with the /x/.  words like '''machen''' (to make) being pronounced /maxən/.
===[[Dutch]]===
The sound /x/ is represented by '''g''' and '''ch''' in Dutch Orthography.  The '''g''' is sometimes really a /ɣ/, although in most cases it is /x/.  Even basic expressions like '''Goededag''' (Good day) is /xudədax/.

==[[Spanish]]==
In Spanish, the sound /x/ is represented by '''j''', when around a back vowel.  This means words like '''baja''' would be pronounced /baxa/.  This sound can also be spelt '''x''' in some specific words, and in words brought in from Mayan and Aztec influence.   This is why '''Mexico''' is pronounced /mexiko/ in that dialect.

==[[Greek]]==
In Greek, the letter '''Χ''', '''χ''' is representative of /x/ when it is around a back vowel.

==Slavic Languages==
===Cyrillic===
The Cyrillic alphabet has '''Х''', '''х''' which represent the sound /x/.  This is in the cases that use this letter in [[Russian]], Belarusian, Bulgarian, Mongolian, Turkmen, Ukrainian, Serbian, and most other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet.

===[[Polish]], [[Slovak]] and [[Czech]]===
In Polish, the letter '''H''', '''h''' is used for /x/.  In all three, Polish, Slovak and Czech, the diagraph '''Ch''' is also used for /x/.

=Conlangs=
==(New) West Germanic==
The West Germanic orthography uses the special character '''ħ''' (Latin H with stroke) to represent the /x/ sound.

=Sources=
Back to [[IPA]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|x]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zereskaoate</title>
    <id>5824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38646</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-12T17:53:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zereskaoate</username>
        <id>1231</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Zereskaoate]] refers to:  The [[Bakatsu]] language  or  The username commonly used by the creator of [[Bakatsu]] and [[Zereskaoate]], Brian Conover.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Zereskaoate]] refers to:

The [[Bakatsu]] language

or

The username commonly used by the creator of [[Bakatsu]] and [[Zereskaoate]], Brian Conover.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Сладеска</title>
    <id>5825</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>38653</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-14T16:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nyslinska]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Dujeska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dujeska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyslinska</title>
    <id>5826</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>38652</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-14T16:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nyslinska]] moved to [[Dujeska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dujeska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moleconstructor</title>
    <id>5827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44265</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superorder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Limnia}}
{{ObTaxo|Suborder|Moleconstructoriformes}}
{{ObTaxo|Family|Moleconstructor}}
|}

'''Moleconstructor''' (''Wíkra bètu'' &quot;[Those who] build dams&quot;), sometimes called &quot;beavers&quot;, are a family of [[thermovaria]]ns on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  They bear no resemblance to Earth [[Wikipedia:beaver|beaver]] physically, however, like the Earth creatures they are named after, they are known for building dams in rivers and streams.  Unlike Earth beavers, however, the adults do not live in the resultant ponds.  Instead, the ponds are used for their larvae, providing a safe environment for them to develop in.

The subfamily ''[[Molecolonia]]'' has developed some degree of [[Wikipedia:eusociality|eusocial]] behavior, with each colony controlling a single pond.  These groups have also taken to living part time in the pond during adulthood

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geminaria</title>
    <id>5828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45459</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T02:13:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superorder|Geminaria}}
|}

'''Geminaria''' (''Vundá fyámé'' &quot;Many Twins&quot;) is a superoder of [[Megovaria]].  Geminaria is characterized by the presence of &quot;semi-identical twins&quot;.  Semi-identical twins are caused by the ovum undergoing [[Wikipedia:Mitosis|Mitosis]] prior to fertilization, generally two or three rounds, depending on the family.  Each ovum is then fertilized by a different sperm.  It is thought that this pattern developed to place more of the parental burden on the males, by dividing the female sporophyte between multiple zygotes, each of which had a complete male sporophyte contributing to their nutrition.  This causes the resulting zygotes to share all of their maternal genes.  Thus, when a single male fertilizes all the resulting ova (as is the case in most orders), this means that the zygotes share ¾ of their genes.  Typically, there is also a degree of [[Wikipedia:Chimera (genetics)|chimerism]].  Sets of semi-identical twins form close associations, with a high degree of kin-altruism.  This has been taken to its highest extreme in the subfamily [[molecolonia]], in which the ovum undergoes mitosis within the mother's body, and forms an indefinite number of identical ova.  In the most advanced species of that subfamily, the mother produces a specialized sporophyte in their body that produces identical clone-sporophytes.

== Orders ==
*[[Mesoptera]]
*[[Limnia]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tritagmata</title>
    <id>5830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44174</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T19:21:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{taxoboxstart}}
{{Humanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Neoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Tritagmata}}
|}

'''Tritagmata''' (''Ng'ame zètwa'' Three Divisions) is a phylum of [[neoanimalia]], marked by the presence of three major body-sections.  They are synonymous to ''insecta'' in our taxonomy.  On [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] they are classified as a phylum, as none of the other arthropods were brought over.  The diversity of insects on Earth is severely under-represented on Galhaf.  Those insects that were brought to Galhaf are primarily various pollinators, or other species of economic importance, such as silkworms.  Some parasitic insects also made it to Galhaf.  Tritagmata is divided into two classes, based on metamorphosis.

== Classes and Legions ==
''Possibly complete''
*Holometabola
**Lepidoptera (Butterflies and moths)
**Hymenopterida (Bees, ants, beetles, etc.)
**Fleas and flies
*Hemimetabola
**Mantodea
**Lice

[[Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan Taxonomic Names</title>
    <id>5832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44281</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:20:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Paleoanimalia */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Names in italics represent obsolete taxons.  Their names are listed here for historical relevance.  Each table represents a kingdom.

== [[Native life of Galhaf|Galhafan World]] ==
=== [[Paleoeukaryota]] ===
''Kháve çéná tama'', Old Complex Cells [or more literally &quot;Old Complex Basic Parts&quot;]

Defunct kingdom: [[Paleofungi]], ''Khávè cha drà'', Old [things that look] like plants
==== [[Paleoanimalia]] ====
''Kháve phiña'', Old Animals
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''English Name'''
|'''Blafu Name'''
|'''Literal Translation'''
|'''Rank'''
|-
|[[Alarvacea]]
|Jhu yakrena
|Without Larvae
|Class
|-
|[[Ambulaplumata]]
|Nazrèli khwétá
|Walking Feathered-creatures
|Class
|-
|[[Asegmata]]
|Jhu Ndrekwà
|Without Parts
|Unranked
|-
|[[Astomata]]
|Jhu çwéñà
|Without Mouth
|Superphylum
|-
|[[Bichordata]]
|Bù srapé
|Two Spines
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Bichordata imperfecta]]
|Lebàtù tá bù srapé
|Incomplete with two spines
|Superclass
|-
|[[Deinoteratia]]
|Jhánré zrúkwà
|Terrible Monsters
|Class
|-
|[[Diura]]
|Bù thaphé
|Two Tails
|Superclass
|-
|[[Dorsopulmonia]]
|Syúfyú kru lìnrú
|Lungs On Top
|Superphylum
|-
|[[Endosteia]]
|Zekyanju
|Inner Bones
|Phylum
|-
|[[Eualarvacea]]
|Tùswá jhu yakrena
|Higher [animals] without larvae
|Legion
|-
|[[Bichordata|Eubichordata]]
|Vyàmé bù srapé
|True Two Spines (synonym of bichordata)
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Geminaria]]
|Vundá fyámé
|Many Twins
|Superorder
|-
|[[Hexapoda]]
|Bùng'à zraemá
|Six Legs
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Hexaptera]]
|Bùng'à malú
|Six Wings
|Legion
|-
|[[Hydroctopoda]]
|Phrá zremá la yágì
|Eight Legs in Water
|Class
|-
|[[Hydropithecus]]
|Gyabì
|&amp;nbsp;
|Genus
|-
|[[Hydrosauria]]
|Khépa
|&amp;nbsp;
|Order
|-
|[[Megaencephalia]]
|Ng'é drafè
|Big Brain
|Suborder
|-
|[[Megovaria]]
|Ng'é rèpyù
|Big Eggs
|Legion
|-
|[[Moleconstructor]]
|Wíkra bètu
|[Those who] build dams
|Family
|-
|[[Monura]]
|Minga thaphé
|One Tail
|Superclass
|-
|[[Nocturnalia]]
|Jhékwa
|Night [creatures]
|Class
|-
|[[Octopoda]]
|Phrá zremá
|Eight Legs
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Osteopterygia]]
|Kyanju fi lrúwa
|Bones and fins
|Class
|-
|[[Paleohexapoda]]
|Khávè bùng'à malú
|Old Six Legs
|Class
|-
|[[Paleovolantes]]
|Khávè múçà
|Old Fly[ing animals]
|Class
|-
|[[Palustria]]
|La çukyé
|In [the] swamp
|Class
|-
|[[Paraalarvacea]]
|Kyùnra jhu yakrena
|Lower [creatures] without larvae
|Legion
|-
|[[Plumata]]
|Khwétá
|Feathered-creatures
|Unranked
|-
|[[Polychordata]]
|Vundá srapé
|Many Spines
|Phylum
|-
|[[Prototerrestria]]
|Trùku kru syapè
|First on land
|Superclass
|-
|[[Pseudobichordata]]
|Lranru bù srapé
|False Two Spines
|Superclass
|-
|[[Pteranthropidae]]
|Cha-rrabu
|Like ''pteranthropus''
|Family
|-
|[[Pteranthropus]]
|Rrabu
|&amp;nbsp;
|Genus
|-
|[[Pteranthropus kalpanis|P. kalpanis]]
|Ima-klapana rr. ch.rr.
|From-Kalpan ''pteranthropus''
|Species
|-
|[[Scutacrusta]]
|Rrigú ñále
|Scale shell
|Phylum
|-
|[[Scutaptera]]
|Rrigú malú
|Scale wing
|Class
|-
|[[Thermovaria]]
|Nrúnrá tá yakrena
|Warm[-blooded animals] with larvae
|Class
|-
|[[Triangulata]]
|Ng'ame thíva
|Three Sides
|Superclass
|-
|[[Tribrachidia]]
|Ng'ame thónà
|Three Arms
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Trichordata]]
|Ng'ame srapé
|Three Spines
|Subphylum
|-
|[[Tripartia]]
|Ng'ame ndrekwà
|Three Parts
|Superclass
|-
|[[Tritoterrestria]]
|Nang'ame kru syapè
|Third On Land
|Superclass/Infraphylum
|-
|[[Volantaplumata]]
|Namúçà khwétá
|Flying feathered-creatures
|Class
|}

==== [[Paleoplantae]] ====
''Kháve drà'', Old Plants
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|[[Valibaceae]]
|Cha-yùñè
|Like Lyav
|Family
|-
|[[Valibi]]
|Yùñè
|Lyav
|Genus
|-
|[[Lyav|V. seminis]]
|Ékwà y. ch.y.
|Seed lyav from [those] like lyav
|Species
|}

=== [[Symbiota]] ===
''Çéná rèpyù'', Complex Eggs
==== [[Pseudoanimalia]] ====
''Lranru phiña'', False Animals
==== [[Pseudoplantae]] ====
''Lranru drà'', False Plants

== [[Earth life of Galhaf|Human World]] ==
=== Neoeukaryotes ===
''Yulà çéná tama'', New Complex Cells
==== [[Neoanimalia]] ====
''Yulà phiña'', New Animals
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''English Name'''
|'''Blafu Name'''
|'''Literal Translation'''
|'''Rank'''
|-
|[[Anovaria]] (mammalia)
|Jhu rèpyù
|Without Eggs
|Class
|-
|[[Dorsoneuralia]] (vertebrata)
|Lìnrú thwekú
|Top [Nerve] Cord
|Phylum
|-
|Hominidae
|Cha-ñaphe
|Like humans
|Family
|-
|Homo
|Ñaphe
|Human
|Genus
|-
|[[Humans (Galhaf)|H. sapiens]]
|Minì ñ. ch.ñ.
|Only humans from [those] like humans
|Species
|-
|[[Neofungi]] (fungi)
|Yulà cha drà
|New [things] like plants
|Superphylum
|-
|''Tetrapoda''
|Bé zremá
|Four Legs
|Class
|-
|[[Tritagmata]] (insecta)
|Ng'ame zètwa
|Three Divisions
|Phylum
|}

==== [[Neoplantae]] ====
''Yulà drà'', New Plants
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|[[Neoflores]]
|Yulà úpá
|New Flowers
|Phylum
|}

== [[Native life of Zheftakh|Zheftakhan World]] ==
=== [[Protozheftakh]] ===
''Trùku kru lílí vále'', First on [[Zheftakh]]
==== [[Diendosymbiota]] ====
''Bù zenjábè'', Two Inner Allies (Symbiotes)
===== [[Haplozoa]] =====
''Ñekhú phiña'', Simple Animals
===== [[Rhodoplantae]] =====
''Pyúna drà'', Red [purple] Plants
==== [[Paradiendosymbiota]] ====
''Ya bù zenjábè'', Near the Two Inner Allies
==== [[Protoprokaryota]] ====
''Trùku ñekhú tama'', First Simple Cells
=== [[Deuterozheftakh]] ===
''Bùka kru lílí vále'', Second on Zheftakh
==== [[Asymbiota]] ====
''Jhu njábè'', Without Allies
===== [[Euzoa]] =====
''Vyàmé phiña'', True Animals
===== [[Deuteroplantae]] =====
''Bùka drà'', Second Plants
==== [[Deuteroprokaryota]] ====
''Bùka ñekhú tama'', Second Simple Cells
=== [[Tritozheftakh]] ===
''Nang'ame kru lílí vále'', Third on Zheftakh
=== [[Tetartozheftakh]] ===
''Nabé kru lílí vále'', Fourth on Zheftakh

== [[Native life of Khanda|Khandan World]] ==
=== [[Neocyota]] ===
''Yulà tama'', New Cells
==== [[Xenoanimalia]] ====
''Gathíva phiña'', Foreign Animals
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|[[Deletoridae]]
|Cha-limbatrù
|Like the destroyers
|Family
|-
|[[Deletor]]
|Limbatrù
|Destroyer
|Genus
|-
|[[Ancient Ones|D. antiquus]]
|Khávè l. ch.l.
|Old Destroyers
|Species
|-
|[[Xenophthalmata]]
|Gathíva njíkla
|Foreign Eyes
|Phylum
|}

==== [[Xanthophyta]] ====
''Zàrré drà'', Yellow Plants

=== [[Mesocyota]] ===
''Ngaçé tama'', Middle Cells
=== [[Paleocyota]] ===
''Khávè tama'', Old Cells

[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Astomata</title>
    <id>5834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44246</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:13:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Astomata}}
|}

'''Astomata''' (''Jhu çwéñà'', Without mouths) is a superphylum in the paleoanimal kingdom.  It was formerly considered part of the now-defunct [[paleofungi]] kingdom.  Paleofungi was found to be a polyphyletic group, with some of its members belonging to paleoanimalia, and some belonging to [[paleoplantae]], and others forming two separate kingdoms, with their similarities being due to convergent evolution.  The term paleofungi has since been abandoned, although the related term ''[[neofungi]]'' survives to describe a kingdom in the [[Earth life of Galhaf|Human world]] (some have proposed that the prefix neo- should be dropped from neofungus, since there is no longer a paleofungus to distinguish it from; currently, neo- remains popular, as the other Human-world kingdoms and domains use the prefix neo- as well)

Astomata are characterized by the lack of any sort of internal digestion.  Instead, they secrete enzymes to break down organic matter externally and absorb the nutrients, much like Earth fungi.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anaureth</title>
    <id>5835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46308</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T09:21:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>no need for that &quot;A&quot; category then either</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style='background-color: #fee; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 700px'&gt;
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style='background-color: transparent; text-align: left'
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 100px;' | [[Image:Trash2.png]]
| style='padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: 1em; width: 500px;' | '''This article has been tagged for [[:Category:For deletion|deletion]] by [[User:{{{1|User}}}|{{{1|User}}}]]'''&lt;br \&gt;'''Reason: ''{{{2|reason}}}'''''.&lt;br \&gt;
| style='text-align:center;' valign=middle| &lt;br \&gt;&lt;font style='font-size: 80%;'&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/Category_talk:For_deletion talk]&lt;/font&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:For deletion|*]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:For deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scutacrusta</title>
    <id>5836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45444</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Scutacrusta}}
|}

'''Scutacrusta''' (''Rrigú ñále'', &quot;Scale Shell&quot;) is a [[paleoanimalia|paleoanimal]] phylum.  They have an ecological role roughly analogous to that of arthropods on Earth.  Scutacrusta are characterized by an exoskeleton consisting of numerous small scale-like growths, which are replaced individually.  Most scutacrusta possess multiple legs.  They have no clear segmentation.  Most terrestrial groups possess a simple lung.

Scutacrustans range in size from barely-macroscopic to creatures several feet long, and fill almost every environmental niche.  The largest group of terrestrial scutacrustans, the [[scutaptera]], developed flight early on, although many present-day scutapterans have secondarily lost flight.

== Classes ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Scutaptera]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scutaptera</title>
    <id>5837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45445</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:43:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Scutacrusta}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Scutaptera}}
|}

'''Scutaptera''' (''Rrigú malú'' &quot;Scale Wing&quot;), is the largest class of [[scutacrusta]], sometimes ranked as a subphylum.  Most scutapterans have 1-3 pairs of wings, derived, evolutionarily, from highly-modified scales.

Scutapterans play a role similar to Earth insects in [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]'s ecology.

Most scutapterans have five pairs of limbs, at least in the adult form.  Like other terrestrial scutacrustans, they possess a simple lung and circulatory system.  All scutaptera have one or two pairs of antennae on their head, and, except for a few that have secondarily lost them, two complex compound eyes, in many species, with 360 degree vision, with hexagonal lenses using calcium carbonate, paralleling Earth's [[Wikipedia:trilobite|trilobite]]s.  A large number of scutapterans have acquired a sense of hearing, however, it's believed to have evolved several times independently, rather than inherited from the common ancestor.

Most scutapterans have very minimal intelligence, but a few groups have developed moderately complex nervous systems, though still quite simple by the standards of most living [[endosteia]]ns.  Most undergo some form of metamorphosis.

Social behavior extends the whole range from solitary animals through to complete [[Wikipedia:eusociality|eusociality]], and [[Wikipedia:superorganism|superorganism]]-like behavior.

== Legions ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Hexaptera]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hexaptera</title>
    <id>5838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45446</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Scutacrusta}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Scutaptera}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Hexaptera}}
|}

'''Hexaptera''' (''Bùng'à malú'' &quot;Six Wings&quot;) is the most primitive legion within the [[scutaptera]].  They are believed to closely resemble the earliest scutapterans.  As the name implies, they possess three pairs of wings.  They are not very numerous.  Most extant hexapterans are carnivorous, though a few scavengers and parasites also exist.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Anaureth</title>
    <id>5839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38835</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-20T07:11:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Questions: &lt;i&gt;g- as in the French “g” in the word sabotage&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;j- as in the French “j” in the word déjà vu&lt;/i&gt;  Those are the same sound.  How do you know when to use which? ~...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Questions:
&lt;i&gt;g- as in the French “g” in the word sabotage&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;i&gt;j- as in the French “j” in the word déjà vu&lt;/i&gt;

Those are the same sound.  How do you know when to use which? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 07:11, 20 October 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eualarvacea</title>
    <id>5840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45454</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T01:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Alarvacea}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Eualarvacea}}
|}

'''Eualarvacea''' (''Tùswá jhu yakrena'', &quot;Higher [[alarvacea]]ns&quot;) is one of two surviving legions of alarvacea.  Eualarvacea is more derived than its sister clade [[paraalarvacea]].  A few orders have developed trichromatic vision, but most remain bichromatic.  They are mostly found in deserts and mountains.  They generally possess some degree of parental investment, at least in the form of nest-making.  They generally occupy marginal niches.  One exception to this rule is a recent (c. 25 million years) radiation of secondarily aquatic forms, forming the order [[hydrosauria]].  They lay their eggs on land, for the most part, although one family has evolved [[Wikipedia:ovoviviparity|ovoviviparity]].

== Orders ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Hydrosauria]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydrosauria</title>
    <id>5841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45455</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-17T01:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Alarvacea}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Eualarvacea}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Hydrosauria}}
|}

'''Hydrosauria''' (''Khépa'') is an order of [[alarvacea]]ns who have secondarily returned to aquatic environments.  Most hydrosaurs must return to land to lay their eggs, but [[Wikipedia:ovoviviparity|ovoviviparity]] has evolved among one family.

Hydrosaurs are, for the most part, predators.  They first returned to the sea roughly 25-30 million years ago, and have evolved a number of adaptations to aquatic life.  Most families display little parental investment beyond laying the eggs in a concealed nest, or, at most, protecting the nest until the eggs hatch.  No hydrosaurs are known to care for the young once hatched.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paraalarvacea</title>
    <id>5842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44322</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-21T05:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Alarvacea}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Paraalarvacea}}
|}

'''Paraalarvacea''' (''Kyùnra jhu yakrena'', &quot;lower [[alarvacea]]ns&quot;) are a fairly conservative legion of alarvaceans.  There are few extant species in modern times.  Like all alarvaceans, they are characterized by the lack of metamorphosis, and eggs that can be laid on dry land.  A larva-like development does occur within the egg, but by hatching, they have matured into an adult-like juvenile form.

Most extant paraalarvaceans are small, with few exceeding two feet in length.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prototerrestria</title>
    <id>5843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45451</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
|}

'''Prototerrestria''' (''Trùku kru syapè'', &quot;First On Land&quot;) is a superclass incorporating all terrestrial [[hexapoda|hexapods]].  Their name is derived from the fact that they were the first endosteians to leave the ocean.  The earliest prototerrestrians were the extinct [[paleohexapoda]].  Paleohexapoda gave rise to [[alarvacea]], the extinct [[paleovolantes]], and [[thermovaria]].  Thermovaria and paleovolantes are thought to form a single clade, known as ''Thermia''.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleohexapoda</title>
    <id>5844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44255</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:37:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Paleohexapoda}}
|}

'''Paleohexapoda''' (''Khávè bùng'à malú'', &quot;Old Six Legs&quot;) was an extinct class of [[endosteia]]ns.  They represent the first endosteians to emerge onto land, and are the ancestor of [[alarvacea]]ns and [[thermovaria]]ns, as well as the extinct [[paleovolantes]].  The earliest paleohexapods were poorly adapted for land life, having weak limbs, and, quite likely, poor ability to retain water.  The paleohexapods gradually adapted for land life, and one branch enjoyed a major radiation after the development of the amniotic egg.  Another branch became the first endosteians to develop flight.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ängrex</title>
    <id>5845</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>38872</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-20T08:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ängrex]] moved to [[Angrex]]: Respelling</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Angrex]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bichordata</title>
    <id>5846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45442</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Bichordata}}
|}

'''Bichordata''' (''Bù srapé'', &quot;Two Spines&quot;), sometimes called ''eubichordata'' (''vyàmé bù srapé'', &quot;True Two Spines&quot;) are members of the [[polychordata]] phylum.

== Characteristics ==
All bichordata possess two spines, each with their own [[Wikipedia:dorsal nerve cord|dorsal nerve cord]].  There is generally duplication of most major organ systems, including the digestive tract in some members of bichordata imperfecta.

Bichordates are primarily marine animals, with some freshwater species, and an even smaller number of terrestrial representatives.

== Evolution ==
Among the bichordates, the original three-armed bodyplan changed first into a kind of &quot;Y&quot; plan, with one arm facing in one direction, and the other two facing in the opposite direction, adjacent to each other.  The single arm became the front end, while the other two became the back.  The forward arm merged with the central disk, concentrating sensory organs and becoming cephalized.  The other two arms formed a kind of &quot;split body&quot;, and gradually merged into a single structure (however, some duplication remains, and even the most advanced species retain a double-spine).

As traditionally defined, the bichordata was found to be polyphyletic, the bichordate condition having evolved twice from [[tribrachidia]]-like ancestors.  The majority of bichordates were retained in the bichordata, or ''eubichordata'', creating a monophyletic taxon, with the remainder reclassified in tribrachidia, as superclass [[pseudobichordata]].

== Classes ==
Bichordata is traditionally divided into three superclasses.  [[Monura]] is known definitely to be monophyletic.  [[Diura]] is possibly paraphyletic to monura, but generally believed to be monophyletic (when defined to exclude certain extinct ancestors of the monura).  Historically, [[bichordata imperfecta]] was polyphyletic, but after the redefinition of bichordata, it is now either monophyletic or paraphyletic.
*[[Monura]]
*[[Diura]]
*[[Bichordata imperfecta]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleofungi</title>
    <id>5847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44241</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''''Kingdom''''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|''[[Paleofungi]]''
|}

'''Paleofungi''' (''khávè cha drà'', &quot;Old [things that look] like plants&quot;) is a defunct kingdom-level entity.  It was discovered to be polyphyletic, and its members divided between the [[paleoanimalia]] and the [[paleoplantae]].

Historically, the fungi-like organisms were classified in &quot;plantae&quot;.  Later, a distinction between plants and fungi was recognized, and the &quot;cha drà&quot; (like plants) were moved into their own kingdom.  The name acknowledges that historical classification, and was adopted as a default as no other name could be agreed upon.  After the recognition of the world level, the fungi were divided into [[neofungi]] and paleofungi.  [[Neofungi]] has since been reclassified as a superphylum of the [[neoanimalia]] kingdom, recognizing the close relationship between the two groups.

[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16</title>
    <id>5848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58586</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T00:06:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link to results</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here's the current schedule. The dates are when the torch should be expected. The translations back into Ithkuil should take some time.

'''THE RELAY IS NOW COMPLETE.'''

The results are now available
[http://qiihoskeh.conlang.org/rly/CTR16/JMain.htm here]

{|
|  
|'''A'''
|'''B'''
|'''C'''
|-
| 
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]]
|-
!Thu Oct 23
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Old Albic|Old Albic]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Kamakawi|Kamakawi]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Kélen|Kélen]]
|-
!Sat Oct 25
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Neimalu|Neimalu]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Classical Arithide|Cl. Arithide]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Asha'ille|Asha'ille]]
|-
!Mon Oct 27
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Xara|Xara]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Taruven|Taruven]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Pinuyo|Pinuyo]]
|-
!Wed Oct 29
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Pilovese|Pilovese]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Slovianski|Slovianski]] 
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/A:jat he-Heloun|A:jat he-Heloun]]
|-
!Fri Oct 31
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/West Germanic|West Germanic]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Urianian|Urianian]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Naisek|Naisek]]
|-
!Sun Nov  2
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Nesheti|Nesheti]] D
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Old Tükwäi|Old Tükwäi]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Vetela|Vetela]]
|-
!Tue Nov  4
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Rokbeigalmki|Rokbeigalmki]] 
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Terkunan|Terkunan]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Khangaþyagon|Khangaþyagon]]
|-
!Thu Nov  6
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Wenedyk/Vozgian|&lt;s&gt;Wenedyk&lt;/s&gt;/Vozgian]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Tirelat|Tirelat]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Gwr|Gwr]]
|-
!Sat Nov  8
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Sabasasaj|Sabasasaj]] D
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/'Yemls/Vallés|&lt;s&gt;'Yemls&lt;/s&gt;/Vallés]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Azurian|Azurian]]
|-
!Mon Nov 10
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/mirexu|mirexu]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Silindion|Silindion]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Limciela|Limciela]]
|-
!Wed Nov 12
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Suraetua|Suraetua]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Prevli/Kash|&lt;s&gt;Prevli&lt;/s&gt;/Kash]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Þrjótrunn|Þrjótrunn]] D
|-
!Fri Nov 14
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/iljena|iljena]] 
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/mabri|mabri]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Escinet|Escinet]] D
|-
!Sun Nov 16
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]] 3rd
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/gjâ-zym-byn|gjâ-zym-byn]]
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]] 2nd
|-
!Tue Nov 18
|   
|[[Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil|Ithkuil]] 1st
|   
|}

&quot;T&quot; indicates where the torch is thought to be. &quot;D&quot; = dropped.
Asterisks indicate unconfirmed alterations to the schedule. However, should it conform to everyone's needs, this will be the final schedule.


[[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:30px-Nuvola apps kalzium.png</title>
    <id>5849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38935</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-21T18:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Ithkuil</title>
    <id>5850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38956</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-22T21:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:jquijada21 ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:jquijada21
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Old Albic</title>
    <id>5851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38957</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-22T21:57:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:joerg_rhiemeier ;B:web ;C:de</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:joerg_rhiemeier
;B:web
;C:de</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Kamakawi</title>
    <id>5852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38958</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-22T22:03:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:dedalvs ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:dedalvs
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sacramenta Argentariae MGR.png</title>
    <id>5853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54242</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-21T21:53:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Sacramenta Argentariae MGR.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deinoteratia</title>
    <id>5854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45441</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Trichordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Triangulata}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Deinoteratia}}
|}

The '''deinoterats''' (''jhánré zrúkwà'', &quot;Terrible Monsters&quot;) are an extinct class of land-dwelling [[trichordata|trichordates]], analogous to the [[Wikipedia:dinosaur|dinosaur]]s of Earth.  Some of the deinoterats reached truly massive sizes.  Some may have been homeothermic.  Deinoterats generally had 4-5 pairs of legs and 1 pair of manipulatory forelimbs.  Deinoterats were early pseudo-amniotes.  Their young hatched from amniote-like eggs ready for land life, skipping the aquatic larva stage, or rather, going through that stage in the egg.  Some groups developed [[Wikipedia:ovoviviparity|ovoviviparity]] or even [[Wikipedia:vivipary|vivipary]].

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paleoplantae</title>
    <id>5855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44239</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T05:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoplantae}}
|}

'''Paleoplantae''' (''Kháve drà'', Old Plants) is a kingdom of [[paleoeukaryota|paleoeukaryotes]], characterized (for the most part) by photosynthesis.  Many paleoplants are multicellular, though some unicellular paleoplants exist.  The kingdom also includes a superphylum, [[achlorophyllia]] which is was once part of the now-defunct [[paleofungi]] kingom.  These are non-photosynthesizing organsisms descended from photosynthesizing plants, but now functioning in a fungal manner.

[[Category:Galhafan Plants|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Kélen</title>
    <id>5856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38997</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T19:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:terjemar ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:terjemar
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Neimalu</title>
    <id>5857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38998</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T19:26:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:g.v.pieterson ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:g.v.pieterson
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Classical Arithide</title>
    <id>5858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>38999</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T19:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:un.doing ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:un.doing
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Asha'ille</title>
    <id>5859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39000</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T19:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:arthaey ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:arthaey
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Xara</title>
    <id>5860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39004</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T22:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:friartuk99 ;B:hotmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:friartuk99
;B:hotmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Taruven</title>
    <id>5861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39005</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T22:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:kaleissin ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:kaleissin
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Pinuyo</title>
    <id>5862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39006</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T22:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:ruittenb ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:ruittenb
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Pilovese</title>
    <id>5863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39007</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T22:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:scott.hlad ;B:telus ;C:net</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:scott.hlad
;B:telus
;C:net</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Slovianski</title>
    <id>5864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39008</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T22:53:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:ijzeren_jan ;B:yahoo ;C:co.uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:ijzeren_jan
;B:yahoo
;C:co.uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/A:jat he-Heloun</title>
    <id>5865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39009</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T23:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:000024 ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:000024
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/West Germanic</title>
    <id>5866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39010</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T23:10:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:seancanderson ;B:sky ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:seancanderson
;B:sky
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Urianian</title>
    <id>5867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39011</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T23:12:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:lars.finsen ;B:ortygia ;C:no</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:lars.finsen
;B:ortygia
;C:no</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Naisek</title>
    <id>5868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39012</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-24T23:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:qiihoskeh ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:qiihoskeh
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Nesheti</title>
    <id>5869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39067</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:james.hogard ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:james.hogard
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Old Tükwäi</title>
    <id>5870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39068</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:02:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:lelandpaul ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:lelandpaul
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Vetela</title>
    <id>5871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39069</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:03:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:list ;B:vanto ;C:co.uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:list
;B:vanto
;C:co.uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Rokbeigalmki</title>
    <id>5872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39070</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:draqonfayir ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:draqonfayir
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Terkunan</title>
    <id>5873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39072</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:theiling ;B:absint ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:theiling
;B:absint
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Gwr</title>
    <id>5874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39073</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T09:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:rfmilly ;B:msn ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:rfmilly
;B:msn
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Wenedyk/Vozgian</title>
    <id>5875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39081</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T11:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:ijzeren_jan ;B:yahoo ;C:co.uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:ijzeren_jan
;B:yahoo
;C:co.uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Tirelat</title>
    <id>5876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39082</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T11:06:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:hmiller ;B:io ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:hmiller
;B:io
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>5877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39083</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T11:07:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:Peter.Bleackley ;B:rd.bbc ;C:co.uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:Peter.Bleackley
;B:rd.bbc
;C:co.uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Plants</title>
    <id>5878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39097</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T20:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Plants of the Chihazh System]] [[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Plants of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Plants of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>5879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39098</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T20:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]] [[Category:Plants]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Plants]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Plants</title>
    <id>5880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39099</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-25T20:29:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Biology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amòssi</title>
    <id>5881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39384</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T18:08:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maailmaniag</username>
        <id>263</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Syllable Structure and Phonotactics */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonology==
===Phonemes===
====Consonants====
There are 30 phonemic consonants in the inventory of Amòssi. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiodent. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Palato-alv. ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || n || || || || || || ŋ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || || || || t || d || || || || || k || g || q || || ʔ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ʦ || || || || ʈʂ || ɖʐ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || v || s || || ɕ || || ʂ || ʐ || x || || || || h || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || l || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Rhotic || || || || || || r || || || || || || || || ʁ ||
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The chart above shows 23 of the 30 phonemic consonants. The additional 7 consonants  form two different series: the velarized alveolar series, and the labio-velar series:&lt;br&gt;
* The velarized alvelolar series is similar to the &quot;emphatic&quot; consonants of the Semitic languages. Only certain alveolar consonants can be velarized phonemically, but phonetically in many dialects, other consonants are velarized as well. The series consists of 5 of the &quot;plain&quot; alveolars in the chart above: /n t d s l/, whose velarized counterparts are: /nˠ tˠ dˠ sˠ ɫ/. The distinction can easily be seen in minimal pairs such as &lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;ṣ&lt;/i&gt; (/s/ and /sˠ/ respectively); the former means &lt;i&gt;'of, from'&lt;/i&gt;, while the latter means &lt;i&gt;'and'&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
*The labio-velar series is much smaller, and only consists of 2 phonemes: /kʷ gʷ/. Rather than being simply /k g/ with a secondary articulation, however, they are literally a /k g/ sound pronounced with the lips rounded. However, because the distinction is somewhat difficult to hear, especially for non-native speakers, many dialects have either neutralized the distinction (i.e. merging /k g/ and /kʷ gʷ/), or strengthened the distinction (i.e. strengthening /kʷ gʷ/ to /kp gb/, labio-velar stops). But, in the standard Amòssi dialect, the distinction is a labialized stop. &lt;br&gt;

====Vowels====
There are 9 contrasting (short) vowels in the standard Amòssi dialect. In addition, there are 4 contrasting nasalized vowels, as well as lengthened vowel counterparts to each short vowel (nasalized vowels excluded).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || i || y || || || || u ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || || ø || || || ɤ || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-Mid || ɛ ||  || || || || ɔ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Open || || || ɐ ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || || || || || ɑ ||
|}
&lt;br&gt;
As mentioned earlier, each of these 9 vowels has a long counterpart: /i: y: u: ø: ɤ: ɛ: ɔ: ɐ: ɑ:/. In addition, 4 of these vowels has a nasalized counterpart: /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ũ/.&lt;br&gt;
====Clusters====
=====Consonants=====
In terms of consonant clusters, Amòssi is quite lenient in sounds that are allowed to be put together in the beginning and in the middle of words, especially compared to English. Take the words &lt;i&gt;pšurtenn&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;'part, piece, chapter'&lt;/i&gt;) and &lt;i&gt;aìknro&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;'we know how to...'&lt;/i&gt;) for example. However, the rules regarding final clusters of consonants is much stricter; in fact, words can only end in vowels, velar consonants (excluding labio-velar consonants), coronal consonants (includes alveolar, velarized alveolar, palato-alveolar, and retroflex consonants), or uvular consonants.&lt;br&gt;
For more information, see the section of Phonology regarding syllable structure.&lt;br&gt;
=====Vowels=====
The subject of whether diphthongs exist in Amòssi is very controversial. Some experts might argue that there are because vowels in hiatus are not pronounced in separate syllables, and they are not separated with a buffer consonant such as [ʔ j w] or other. However, others argue that vowels in hiatus are non-contrastive with any separate vowel (only with other vowels in hiatus) because they derive from the structure (C)VCV(C), in which the middle consonant was eroded due to sound changes. In other words, they argue that there are no diphthongs in Amòssi because one vowel does not &quot;glide&quot; to another, but each are fully pronounced within one syllable.&lt;br&gt;
One of the main issues regarding vowels in hiatus is that both long and short versions exist; &lt;i&gt;hao&lt;/i&gt; is pronounced [hA:O:], while &lt;i&gt;heišš&lt;/i&gt; is pronounced [hEis`]. Therefore, the issue is not a moraic one: [A:O:] would be four morae due to the two long vowels together, while [Ei] would be two morae. Additionally, some words might even have trimoraic syllables, in which one of the two vowels in hiatus is long and the other is short, ie &lt;i&gt;ṭłoäma, 'to bring'&lt;i&gt; ([tˠɫɔ:ɐmɑ]). Clearly, this derives from a lost consonant in between the two, although it is much rarer than the other two combinations (partially due to hypercorrection, in that V:V or VV: became pronounced V:V: before single consonants and VV before double consonants, etc. See the section on orthography).&lt;br&gt;
Clusters of vowels can easily be seen in many places, the most common of which is in verb conjugation (prevocalic /i u y/ are not being considered because it is widely accepted that they are actually pronounced [j w ɥ]), specifically in the present tense conjugation, where a verb ending in -V in the 1st person singular ends in -ṇVi (-ṇi when V is /i/). However, they are also found in several common native words, such as &lt;i&gt;hao, 'two'&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;heišš, 'you (singular)'&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
However, in some dialects, there clearly are diphthongs. Either the vowel-in-hiatus controversy is lost in these dialects due to their tendencies to pronounced vowels in hiatus as diphthongs, or they are one of the non-rhotic dialects (see Dialectal Allophony) that pronounces /ʁ/ as [ɐ~ə] in the environment V_(C,#)&lt;br&gt;
===Allophony===
Much of the allophony that exists in Amòssi is dialectal. However, there are still regular allophonic rules that over 80% of all dialects seem to adhere to:&lt;br&gt;
* Prevocalic /i u y/ become approximants: /i u y/ &gt; [j w ɥ] / _V
* Nasal vowels are always long: /ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ũ/ become [ɑ̃: ɛ̃: ɔ̃: ũ:] in any position&lt;br&gt;
* Nasal consonants (N) assimilate to a following consonant: N &gt; n / _C[+alveolar]; N &gt; m / _C[+labial]; N &gt; ŋ / _C[+velar]; N &gt; ɴ / _C[+uvular]
* Velarization assimilation: C[+alveolar][-velarized] &gt; C[+alveolar][+velarized] / next to C[+velarized]. EXCEPTIONS: /ʦ r/
* /h/ before a consonant cluster is deleted: /h/ &gt; 0 / V_CC(C)V&lt;br&gt;
* Front vowels become central vowels next to velarized alveolar consonants, as well as /q/: /i y ø ɛ/ &gt; [ɨ ʉ ɵ ɜ] / next to [nˠ sˠ tˠ dˠ ɫ q]&lt;br&gt;
* /x/ becomes [ɧ~ç~ʃ] next to a front vowel or approximant allophones: /x/ &gt; [ɧ~ç~ʃ] / next to [i y ø ɛ j ɥ]
* Long vowels preceding /ʔ/ become short: V: &gt; V / _ʔ
* Short vowels preceding /x ʁ/ and [j w ɥ] become long: V &gt; V: / _(x ʁ j w ɥ)
* Stops become geminate after nasal consonants: C[+stop] &gt; C:[+stop] / C[+nasal]_
&lt;br&gt;
NOTE: Voicing assimilation does &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; occur in Standard Amòssi: &lt;i&gt;cvenim&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;'week'&lt;/i&gt;) is pronounced ['ʦvɛ:.ni:m], NOT ['ʦfɛ:.ni:m] or ['ʣvɛ:.ni:m].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Also: These allophonic rules &quot;happen&quot; in the order that they are shown here. Therefore, if a word contains a front vowel with a velarized alveolar consonant on one side of it, and /x/ on the other, the /x/ will &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; become [ɧ~ç~ʃ], because the rule centralizing front vowels takes precedence over it, and after that rule would have taken effect, /x/ would no longer be next to a front vowel.
&lt;br&gt;
====Vowel Reduction====
While it is not standard for an Amòssi-speaker to reduce vowels, often times they will. However, the only vowels that can be reduced are /i ɤ ɐ ɑ ɔ/ (in their un-allophone states, if applicable). In unstressed syllables, these vowels will tend to become [ɪ ə ə ɐ ɑ], especially at the unstressed ends of words. Their long counterparts in the same positions will remain [i: ɤ: ɐ: ɑ: ɔ:], however.&lt;br&gt;
Furthermore, often in poetry, song lyrics, and in very casual speech, unstressed, reduced vowels will be deleted when at the end of a word, especially if the following word begins with a vowel. In rarer instances, word-initial unstressed vowels will be deleted, and in &lt;i&gt;even rarer&lt;/i&gt; cases, word-medial unstressed vowels will be deleted.
&lt;br&gt;
====Consonant Weakening====
Some consonants can also be reduced in Amòssi. The most common example of a reduced consonant is /h/, which can often be deleted post-vocalically, regardless of what follows it (remember the allophonic rule that deletes /h/ before a consonant cluster). However, the /h/ can also be retained, but in the form [x] post-vocalically. In fact, some dialects even merge /h/ and /x/ into [x] in all positions. &lt;br&gt;
Once again, while not standard in Amòssi, some stops can be reduced, especially between sonorants (sonorants include: all vowels, /r ʁ l ɫ m n nˠ ŋ/). /d dˠ g gʷ/ can be weakened to [ð ðˠ ɣ~ʝ ɣʷ], while /kʷ ʔ/ can be weakened to [xʷ 0] without any misunderstandings.
&lt;br&gt;
====Dialectal Variation====
Here are some of the most common dialectal variations with regards to phonology when it comes to Amòssi. Dialects will have a mix of the following, with no dialect being devoid of any, and no dialect having every feature of the following:
&lt;br&gt;
=====Consonants=====
* Affricates become geminated fricatives in any position: /ʦ ʈʂ ɖʐ/ &gt; [s: ʂ: ʐ:]
* Palatalization of consonants before any front vowel: C &gt; Cʲ / _F[i y ø ɛ]. EXCEPTIONS: consonants that alter the following front vowel are not palatalized
* Realization of the glottal stop: /ʔ/ can become one of any of these: [ʔ h ǃ q χ 0], with the most common being [ʔ]
* Alveolar consonants that can be velarized may be so in the combination Cʔ: Cʔ &gt; Cˠ~Cˤ
======Rhoticity======
Similar to some English dialects, some Amòssi dialects may have non-rhoticity with regards to /ʁ/. Non-rhotic dialects handle this differently. In some instances, as previously mentioned, /ʁ/ becomes [ɐ~ə], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel (with /ɑʁ ɐʁ ɤʁ/ instead becoming [ɑ: ɐ: ɤ:]). However, other dialects lengthen the preceding vowel, leading to a potential 3-way distinction in vowel length (for example, /ɑ/, /ɑˑ/, /ɑ:/; however, this is not a completely accurate description of the phonetics of these phenomenon, because rather than being short, half-long, and long, the vowels are instead short, long, and extra-long- the &quot;half-long&quot; vowel is equivalent in length to a regular long vowel, and a &quot;long&quot; vowel is equivalent to 1.5x a regular long vowel).
&lt;br&gt;
======/h/======
As mentioned earlier, /h/ is a very weak consonant, possibly on its way out of the phoneme inventory of Amòssi. In very rare instances, /h/ is deleted post-vocalically (and before another consonant), and then lengthens the preceding vowel; this, once again, can lead to a 3-way length distinction in vowels, the same way that post-vocalic /ʁ/ can. However, most often when the /h/ is deleted and lengthens the preceding vowel, short vowels and long vowels that were lengthened merge into a long vowel (ie. /ɑh/ and /ɑ:h/ both become [ɑ:]).
&lt;br&gt;
=====Vowels=====
Vowels can have a range of realizations, the most common being:&lt;br&gt;
* /ɑ ɑ:/ &gt; [ɑ ɑ:] or [a a:]
* /ɐ ɐ:/ &gt; [ɐ ɐ:], [ə ə:], or [ɤ ɤ:]
* /ɔ ɔ:/ &gt; [ɔ ɔ:] or [o o:]
* /ɛ ɛ:/ &gt; [ɛ ɛ:] or [e e:]
* /ɤ ɤ:/ &gt; [ɤ ɤ:], [ɐ ɐ:], [ø ø:], or [ɔ ɔ:]
* /y y:/ &gt; [y y:], [u u:], or [i i:]
* /ø ø: i i: u u:/ are usually consistently the same cross-dialectally
&lt;br&gt;
Some other interesting notes about dialectal variation in vowels:
* [ɴ] can nasalize a preceding vowel: Vɴ &gt; V~ 
* In some rare dialects, nasal vowels are not phonemic, and are replaced with [Vŋ] or other homorganic nasal sounds. 
* Dipthongization of long vowels /i: ɛ: ɔ: u:/ to [ij ɛi ɔʊ uw] or some similar variants (ie. [ɪj eɪ əʊ ʊw], etc.)
* In place of length distinction, have a tense/lax distinction: /i i: y y: u u: ø ø: ɤ ɤ: ɛ ɛ: ɔ ɔ: ɐ ɐ: ɑ ɑ:] &gt; [ɪ i: ʏ y: ʊ u: œ ø: ə ɤ: ɛ e: ɔ o: ɐ~ɒ ɑ:] (/ɐ/ merges with /ɑ/)
&lt;br&gt;
===Syllable Structure and Phonotactics===
The syllable structure and phonotactics of Amòssi have not been studied as extensively as other parts of the Amòssi phonology. What we do know about the syllable structure and phonotactics, however, is presented here:&lt;br&gt;
The syllable structure of Amòssi is something somewhat familiar to English-speakers, but the consonant and vowel combinations that are allowed or not allowed are markedly different from English. In terms of the syllable structure, Amòssi words can legally have the following:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| Example ||colspan=1| Meaning ||colspan=1| Full word 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| V || e’ũt || 'they' || &lt;b&gt;V&lt;/b&gt;.CVC
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| C || k || '(together) with' || C
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CV || ķi || 'three' || CV
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CCV || ḍřaxvòrrte || 'to remember' || &lt;b&gt;CCV&lt;/b&gt;.CCVC.CV
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CVV || hao || 'two' || CVV
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CVC || vun || 'he' || CVC
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| VC || ałkũd || 'language' || &lt;b&gt;VC&lt;/b&gt;.CVC
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| VCC || ekš || 'four' || VCC
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| VVC || ionra || 'to want' || &lt;b&gt;VVC&lt;/b&gt;.CV
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CCVC || pšurtenn || 'piece, part' || &lt;b&gt;CCVC&lt;/b&gt;.CVC
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CCVV || ṭłoäma || 'to bring' || &lt;b&gt;CCVV&lt;/b&gt;.CV
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CCCVC || kšastliṇṇ || '(older) man' || CCV.&lt;b&gt;CCCVC&lt;/b&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CCVCC || miuśkałṭ || 'country' || CVV.&lt;b&gt;CCVCC&lt;/b&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| CVVCC || huẽsp || 'in front (of)' || CVVCC
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
As mentioned previously, Amòssi is much more lax about its word-initial and word-medial consonant clusters, but not as much so with its final clusters.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neoflores</title>
    <id>5884</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>39160</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T03:53:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Neoplantae]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Neoplantae]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Sabasasaj</title>
    <id>5885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39167</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:16:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:000024 ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:000024
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/'Yemls/Vallés</title>
    <id>5886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39168</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:qiihoskeh ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:qiihoskeh
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Azurian</title>
    <id>5887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39169</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:lars.finsen ;B:ortygia ;C:no</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:lars.finsen
;B:ortygia
;C:no</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/mirexu</title>
    <id>5888</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39170</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:19:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:langs ;B:quandary ;C:org</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:langs
;B:quandary
;C:org</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Silindion</title>
    <id>5889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39171</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:20:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:erelion12 ;B:yahoo ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:erelion12
;B:yahoo
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Limciela</title>
    <id>5890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39172</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:21:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:friartuk99 ;B:hotmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:friartuk99
;B:hotmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/iljena</title>
    <id>5891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39173</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:Peter.Bleackley ;B:rd.bbc ;C:co.uk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:Peter.Bleackley
;B:rd.bbc
;C:co.uk</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Prevli/Kash</title>
    <id>5892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39174</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:rfmilly ;B:msn ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:rfmilly
;B:msn
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Þrjótrunn</title>
    <id>5893</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39175</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:theiling ;B:absint ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:theiling
;B:absint
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Suraetua</title>
    <id>5894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39176</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:lars.finsen ;B:ortygia ;C:no</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:lars.finsen
;B:ortygia
;C:no</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/mabri</title>
    <id>5895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39177</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:clayton.c ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:clayton.c
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/Escinet</title>
    <id>5896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39178</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:christian.koettl ;B:gmx ;C:at</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:christian.koettl
;B:gmx
;C:at</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Translation Relay 16/gjâ-zym-byn</title>
    <id>5897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39179</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T15:27:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==Contact details==  A@B.C  where  ;A:jimhenry1973 ;B:gmail ;C:com</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Contact details==

A@B.C

where

;A:jimhenry1973
;B:gmail
;C:com</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalahá</title>
    <id>5898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39185</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-28T13:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalem</username>
        <id>1256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Kalahá phonology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Kalahá phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalahá phonology</title>
    <id>5899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39515</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-06T20:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalem</username>
        <id>1256</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonemes==

===Consonants===

{|
|
| Labial
| Alveolar
| Palatal
| Velar
| Glottal
|-
| Plosive
| p
| t
|
| k
| (?)
|-
| Nasal
| m
| n
|
|N
|-
| Fricative
| 
|s
| 
|
|h
|-
|Lateral
| 
| l
|-
|Approximant
| (w)
| 
| (j)
|-
|}

===Romanisation of the consonants===

{|
|
| Labial
| Alveolar
| Palatal
| Velar
| Glottal
|-
| Plosive
| '''p'''
| '''t'''
|
| '''k'''
| ''' ' '''
|-
| Nasal
| '''m'''
| '''n'''
|
|'''g'''
|-
| Fricative
| 
|'''s'''
| 
|
|'''h'''
|-
|Lateral
| 
|'''l'''
|-
|Approximant
|'''u'''
| 
| '''i'''
|-
|}


The phone [?] is not regarded as a phoneme by the imperial linguistic society. It enters first in words before a vowel, or breaks up disallowed vowel-clusters. In the romanisation [?] is written as &lt;’&gt; only between vowels.

The approximants [w] and [j] are regarded as allophones of the short vowels /u/ and /i/ by the kalahaic linguists.


===Vowels===

{|
|
| Front
| Central
| Back
|-
| High
| i
| 
|u
|-
|Mid
|
|@
|
|-
|Low
| 
|a
| 
|-
|}

===Romanisation of the vowels===

{|
|
| Front
| Central
| Back
|-
| High
| '''i'''
| 
|'''u'''
|-
|Mid
|
|'''e'''
|
|-
|Low
| 
|'''a'''
| 
|-
|}


/@/ is not regarded as a ”pure” vowel by the kalahaic linguists, but nevertheless as an phonemic vowel.

The ”pure” vowels can be long: /i:/ /u:/ /a:/ which are romanised &lt;ii&gt; &lt;uu&gt; &lt;aa&gt;


===Stress===

Stress in Kalahá is phonemic, and can fall on any syllable of a lexical root containing a &quot;pure&quot; vowel. 

Stress is marked with a &lt;´&gt; on the stressed syllable in the romanisation.

If there are several lexical roots in a word, the primary stress falls on the last stressed syllable, while the other stressed syllables receive secondary stress.


==Syllable structure==

===Syllabic representation===

Syllable structure is C(G)V(V)(X), where:

{|
|C
|is any consonant, including [?] but excluding the approximants
|-
|G
|is a glide, i.e. one of the two approximants
|-
|V
|is any vowel
|-
|VV
|is a long vowel, or an allowed diphthong
|-
|X
|is any consonant, excluding [?] and the approximants, and with the nasal phonemes neutralising their contrast (to /n/ lets say)
|-
|}

G is not allowed before /@/. Also /j/ is not allowed before /i/ and /w/ is not allowed before /u/.


The allowed diphthongs are:

{|
|/ai/
|[aI)]
|-
|/au/
|[aU)]
|-
|}


===Imperial  moraic representation===

The kalahans describes the syllable structure differently, which reminds of a moraic system.

They describe 3 different types of morae:

{|
|The opening empty mora:
|C-
|-
|
|
|-
|The opening full mora:
|(C)V-
|-
|
|
|-
|The closing mora:
| -VC
|-
|}


Long vowels and diphthongs are described as the vowels belonging to different morae:

{|
|ta
|ta
|op.fu.
|-
|taa
|ta+a
|op.fu.+op.fu.
|-
|taat
|ta+at
|op.fu.+cl.
|-
|tat
|t+at
|op.em.+cl.
|-
|tjat
|ti+at
|op.fu.+cl.
|-
|tjaat
|ti+a+at
|op.fu.+op.fu.+cl.
|-
|}

==Allophony==

The allophonic rules are described in the order described by the imperial linguistic society. The very first allophonic rule is however specific to my phonemic analysis.

#/?/ &gt; 0 before a glide.
#The plosives are pronounced voiced between voiced sounds:
##/p/ &gt; [b]
##/t/ &gt; [d]
##/k/ &gt; [g]
#The second imperial allophony rule states that short closed vowels are pronounced as approximants, as described above.
#The velar sounds and /l/ are rounded before /u/ and /w/.
##[k] &gt; [k_w]
##[g] &gt; [g_w]
##[N] &gt; [N_w]
##[l] &gt; [5_w]
#Many sounds are pronounced ”palatalised” before /i/ and /j/
##[t] &gt; [ts)]
##[d] &gt; [dz)] &gt; [z]
##[n] &gt; [J]
##[s] &gt; [s\]
##[l] &gt; [L]
##[k] &gt; [ts\)]
##[g] &gt; [dz\)] &gt; [z\]
##[N] &gt; [J]
#:''Note that /n/ and /N/ neutralise in this position.''
#One sound is pronounced differently before /a/:
##[l] &gt; [4]
#The nasal coda (transcripted as /n/) shares the same POA as a following stop:
##/n/ + [b] &gt; [mb] &lt;np&gt;
##/n/ + [m] &gt; [mm] &gt; [m:] &lt;nm&gt;
##/n/ + [d] &gt; [nd] &lt;nt&gt;
##/n/ + [n] &gt; [nn] &gt; [n:] &lt;nn&gt;
##/n/ + [g] &gt; [Ng] &lt;nk&gt;
##/n/ + [N] &gt; [NN] &gt; [N:] &lt;ng&gt;
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /w/ or a rounded consonant sound:
##[a] &gt; [O]
#/a/ changes its pronounciation after /j/ or ”palatalised” consonant sound:
##[a] &gt; [E]
#Pre-stressed high vowels are pronounced near-high:
##[u] &gt; [U]
##[i] &gt; [I]
#Post-stressed high vowels are pronounced high-mid:
##[u] &gt; [o]
##[i] &gt; [e]
#The eleventh imperial allophony rule states that short high vowels form diphthongs with a preceding short /a/, as described above.
#Vowels that precedes a nasal coda, that is not affacted by rule 6 are pronounced nasalised:
##[a] + /n/ &gt; [a~]
##[O] + /n/ &gt; [O~]
##[E] + /n/ &gt; [E~]
##[u] + /n/ &gt; [u~]
##[o] + /n/ &gt; [o~]
##[i] + /n/ &gt; [i~]
##[e] + /n/ &gt; [e~]
##[aU)] + /n/ [aU)~]
##[aI)] + /n/ [aI)~]
Rule 8-11 and rule 13 also affect long vowels.

Additional allophony, not noted in the imperial notes:

Long (geminated) /l/, ie. /l:/ is pronounced [J\:] before /i/, /j/ and otherwise [d`:].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diura</title>
    <id>5900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45443</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:41:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Polychordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Bichordata}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Diura}}
|}

'''Diura''' (''bù thaphé'', &quot;Two Tails&quot;), formerly known as &quot;second-stage [[bichordata|bichordates]]&quot;, are a superclass of bichordata.  Diura is generally believed to be monophyletic, although there is a possibility that it is paraphyletic to [[monura]].

== Characteristics ==
Diurans possess a fully-fused body and an unfused or partially-fused tail.  They generally possess 4 pairs of legs.  The generally retain distinct left and right organ systems, except for the digestive tract.  The circulatory system is also integrated, although left and right hearts remain.  Diurans have eliminated the [[Wikipedia:alternation of generations|alternation of generations]], the haploid stage consisting solely of single-celled gametes.

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi Solar Calendar</title>
    <id>5901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53065</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-20T01:52:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Weeks */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In modern times, the [[Kasshi]] calendar is a solar calendar divided into 12 months of 17-23 days.  Days are further grouped into 9-day weeks.  The week was originally based on the 9-day [[Nrastaist_Calendar#Half-Months|half-months]] used in the traditional lunisolar calendar.  There are a total of 245 days in a common year, 244 days in a short year.  For most financial purposes, the &quot;[[#Double Weeks|double-week]]&quot; (18 days), or simply the week, is used in place of the month.  There are 13 and a fraction double-weeks in a year, or almost 27 weeks.

== History ==
The earliest known usage of the solar calendar was during the middle of the [[First Interregnum]], the earliest known usage being around 1200 BOE.  However, it was used only sporadically, and mostly for such purposes as determining planting times.  By around 800 BOE, some states were using it alongside the lunisolar calendar.  In 688 BOE, the Queen of [[Lareth]] adopted [[#Larethian Calendar|a variant of the solar calendar]] for all civic purposes, although the lunisolar calendar remained in use for determining religious festivals, as well as for regulating the 9-day week.  The earliest known use of the 9-day true week (that is, an uninterrupted 9-day cycle, distinct from the lunar months) was sporadic usage during the Third Empire, in the 5th century BOE.

== Standard Calendar ==

=== Weeks ===
Weeks consist of 9 days based, historically, on the old half-months.  Most people get 3 days off work every week, typically Market - Closing.  Each day is also traditionally named after a color, and some calendars use colors instead of names to indicate weekdays.  The use of colors developed as a way to synchronize originally out-of-sync weeks.  While, for example, an Ivetsian New Moon/Full Moon might be equivalent to a Shivrashanian Feasting, both could be called Red.  Eventually, all but the Larethian calendar adopted the Ivetsian week.  These disparate weeks appeared due to various areas adopting fixed weeks independently.
#New Moon/Full Moon* (Red)
#Fasting (Pink)
#First Council (Orange)
#Second Council (Yellow)
#Feasting (Green)
#After-Feasting (Green-Blue)
#Market (Blue)
#After-Market (Light Blue)
#Closing (Purple)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*Called New moon&lt;/nowiki&gt; in Upper Week, Full moon in Lower Week.  This name is purely historical, and has no relation in modern times to the actual phases of the moon.

==== Double Weeks ====
Weeks are commonly grouped into double-weeks.  The first week in a double-week is referred to as the Upper Week, and its day names take the adjective &quot;Upper&quot;, while the second week is &quot;Lower&quot; (for the first day of the week, &quot;upper&quot; and &quot;lower&quot; is often dropped, being redundant).  Thus, a double-week begins with (Upper) New Moon and ends with Lower Closing.  For some purposes, the double-week holds more significance than the months.  For example, most financial transactions operate on double-weeks.  The double-weeks are numbered, with the first New Moon of the year marking the start of Double-Week 1, and the last New Moon marking the start of Double-Week 13 or 14 (depending on the year).  The last double-week generally runs into the next year, except in the evnet of a year beginning with New Moon.  Because a double-week is only a little shorter than a synodic month, phases of the moon tend to reoccur on the same day of each double-week in the short term.  However, it drifts out of sync, generally shifting by a day every 6 double-weeks or so.

=== Months ===
The months' names and lengths are based on the [[Nrastaist Calendar#Solar Periods|solar periods]] of the old lunisolar calendar.  The months have variable lengths.  See [[#Lengths|below]] for details.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''Month'''
|'''Length'''
|-
|Early Spring
|21 (20)
|-
|Mid-Spring
|20 (19)
|-
|Late Spring
|19 (18)
|-
|Early Summer
|18 (17)
|-
|Mid-Summer
|18 (17)
|-
|Late-Summer
|19 (18)
|-
|Early Autumn
|20 (19)
|-
|Mid-Autumn
|21 (20)
|-
|Late Autumn
|22 (23)
|-
|Early Winter
|23 (24)
|-
|Mid-Winter
|23 (24)
|-
|Late-Winter
|22 (23)
|}

==== Lengths ====
All of the months have variable lengths.  For example, Early Spring is normally 21 days, but some years it's 20 days.  The beginnings of the months are based on the Sun's path through the ecliptic, so as to ensure that each solar period begins at some point on the first day of the month named after it, at the Ivets meridian.

=== Major Holidays ===
Major holidays in the Empire and many other Kasshi states include:
*[[Nrastaist Calendar|Lunar New Year]] - 1/1 - 1/19 (movable holiday)
*Seasonal Days - 1/1, 4/1, 7/1, 10/1
*Mid-Seasonal Days - middle of the months of Mid-Spring, Mid-Summer, Mid-Autumn, Mid-Winter
*[[Kasshi Astrological Calendar|Astrological New Year]] - 3/2 or 3/3
*Empress' Birthday - presently 8/8 (8/9 commonly taken as an unofficial holiday as well)
*Empire Day - 3/15 (marks the ratification of the Empire Treaty)
*Ruler's Birthday - many member-states of the Empire, especially the monarchies, celebrate their ruler's birthday as a holiday as well.  Within [[Ivets]] and in non-monarchical member-states, the heir's birthday is often used, currently 9/13

=== Proposed Reforms ===
Because of the not-easily-predictable nature of the calendar, there have been a number of proposed reforms.  Some of the most popular reforms are
==== Fixed-Month Calendar ====
The most popular version is similar in concept to the Larethian Calendar, including the same short-year rule (except using the Odiran Era year number).  In short years, each month has its most common length, in common years, Mid-Autumn has 20 days.  A couple of other short-year rules have been suggested.
==== Constant Month Calendar ====
The Constant Month Calendar has 5 months of 21 days and 7 months of 20 days in common years, and 4 months of 21 days and 8 of 20 in short years.  The 21-day months are Mid-Spring, Early Summer, Early Autumn, Late Autumn, and Late Winter in common years, with Late Winter being 20 days in short years.

==== Double-Week Calendar ====
The Double Week calendar drops the months altogether.  The Double-Week takes the place of the month, with common years of 14 double-weeks and short years of 13 double-weeks.  Short years are years that end in 0, 2, 5, or 7, except for multiples of 250.  Something similar is already in usage by businesses, however, there's no fixed short-year rule, instead, being based on the current solar calendar.

== Larethian Calendar ==
The Larethian Calendar is similar to the standard calendar.  It was established in 688 BOE, and was based on the solar periods as they existed at the time.  In 725, the Larethians adopted the Standard Calendar.

In 769, Lareth reverted to the traditional calendar.

The Larethian Calendar remains the only surviving variant of the Kasshi Solar Calendar, other than the Standard Form, still in use.

=== Weeks ===
The Larethian Calendar retains names based on the old half-months, most of which are the same as the standard names, but a few differ.  However, the two are out of sync, with the standard calendar's New Moon/Full Moon corresponding to Larethian Second Council
#First Market (Market)
#Fasting (After-Market)
#First Council (Closing)
#Second Council (New Moon/Full Moon)
#Feasting (Fasting)
#First Rest (First Council)
#Second Market (Second Council)
#Worship (Feasting)
#Second Rest (After-Feasting)

=== Months ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''Month'''
|'''Length'''
|-
|Early Spring
|20 days
|-
|Mid-Spring
|19 days
|-
|Late Spring
|18 days
|-
|Early Summer
|18 days
|-
|Mid-Summer
|19 days*
|-
|Late Summer
|19 days
|-
|Early Autumn
|21 days
|-
|Mid-Autumn
|22 days
|-
|Late Autumn
|23 days
|-
|Early Winter
|23 days
|-
|Mid-Winter
|22 days
|-
|Late Winter
|21 days
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*Mid-Summer&lt;/nowiki&gt; is 18 days in short years.  Short years are years that are divisible by 8 or by 100, according to the Larethian Era

=== Years ===
Traditionally, Lareth used as their calendrical era the establishment of the Kingdom of Lareth, in 948 BOE.  These dates are still used for some traditional purposes (for example, coins are dated according to the Larethian Era), but for most purposes, the conventional Odiran Era is in use.

== See Also ==
*[[Nrastaist Calendar]]
*[[Kasshi Astrological Calendar]]

[[Category:Galhafan Calendars]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Calendar, solar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Qatama grammar</title>
    <id>5902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39248</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-31T12:33:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi Sano,&lt;br/&gt;
I was wondering, I've seen you state before that you have not thought at all about the internal history of Qatama. Are you actually ''opposed'' to having any - after all, despite giving it speakers, dialects etc. you still seem to classify it as a &quot;personalang&quot; - or just not interested in working on the topic? I can discern various hints of linguistic history in it anyway, like the alternation in the pronunciation of &lt;j&gt;. I'm impress'd if you managed to create them in unintentionally. (Qatama's phonology is very cool in general anyway; you have a very uniq but still human &quot;flavor&quot; in there.)

One non-trivial change in particular looks obvious to me: most syllable-initial clusters are of the form ''stop'' + ''sonorant'' (with &quot;stop&quot; including nasals), but then there's /nʒ/. Also, you have /kj gj mj/, but no /ŋj/. I would take this to mean */ŋj/ → /nʒ/.

(This would probably have to precede the creation of /o/, or its change to something else after /ʒ/. I say &quot;probably&quot; because this could also be just a random hole, similar to the lack of /ŋə mju/. The lack of /tu du/ seems systematic tho, as well as the lack of initial /r/, or of lateral + vowel other than /a/ - but a statistical analysis would be needed to state any of this more securely.)

Oh, and any particular reason you keep classifying /tɬ/ as a fricative, but /ʒ/ as an affricate?

That's all for now I think. --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 12:02, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

:Wow, [[User:Tropylium|Trop]], you've truly been studying the structure of [[Qatama]]...I am impressed.

::As to your questions; 

#Yes, I have held [[Qatama]] to be very personal since its inception. This doesn't necessarily mean that I couldn't at some point develop an internal history for it, but I haven't studied that well enough to speak authoritatively on it, hence, I have avoided the topic.
#As for /tɬ/ and /ʒ/, I basically wrote up that phonological list based on Wikipedia and never really put that much thought into it.


:[[Qatama]] is not much more than a collection of sounds that I find pleasing and euphonic. The grammar is loosely based on Mandarin and the primary script [[Moj]], is something that I based on initially Tibetan. The fact that I have a culture, map, dialects etc. is because the language led my mind to imagine such things. I hope this helps to explain [[Qatama]] a bit more. I am delighted to see your level of interest and please don't hesitate to ask any more questions that you may have. [[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/sandboxVI</title>
    <id>5903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51855</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T17:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Naluj fonty]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Swé vanéwo čalej]] • [[Help:Contents|Wák]]&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
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START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
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Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Qezöň θoβar'yp' taɸ en Frathwiki!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Ó glós FrathWikiw]] ó siwntjám informákceju ab bánywon čejnaču móryw, ab bánywon čejnaču výryw, ši entákaju ab mórwandžiw ér. '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' vanéjy Frathwikija ésuk, eravy nálu dér ona noša.

Štomecis dérža wáčac! Lakyo vanéjoy nýnoluč ši lójyo žalvuč omšej. Ono vanéwo wáku ralač, dérža tomšaj, swé ájot polčej. Jék wákwo bénakaj, onot vanéjot ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]'' wákwo caduč omšej.
&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Entákaj&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Mórwandži]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Čejnačy móry]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Čejnačy alfabéty]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Čejnačy výry]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Mórár mahmotjám]]
:[[Our Father|Vojun nát]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Spišak e-mailyw]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Template]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Frathwiki Yahoojot]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki nunýt mórýt

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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki nunýt mórýt&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune]] • [[Main Page/Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan]] • [[Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta)|Háfrig (Avorenta)]] • [[Main Page/Itëłan|Itëłan]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč|Lišěč]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč (Cyrillic)|Lišěč (Cyrillic)]] • [[Main Page/Nytal|Nytal]] • [[Main Page/Piscean|Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Romanto|Romanto]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian]] • [[Main Page/Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/West Germanic|West Germanic]] • [[Main Page|English]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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'''Bold text'''</text>
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    <title>Category:Ecta</title>
    <id>5904</id>
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      <id>43360</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-21T23:40:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
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    <title>File:Ecta alem.GIF</title>
    <id>5905</id>
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      <id>39303</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:41:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

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    <title>File:Ecta alha.GIF</title>
    <id>5906</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:42:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

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        <id>1187</id>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta samek.GIF</title>
    <id>5928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39328</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:49:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta sarya.GIF</title>
    <id>5929</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39330</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta sounds.GIF</title>
    <id>5930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39331</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta sounds 2.GIF</title>
    <id>5931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39332</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:53:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta ta.GIF</title>
    <id>5932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39333</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:53:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta ua.GIF</title>
    <id>5933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39334</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta vowels.GIF</title>
    <id>5934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39335</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta vowels 2.GIF</title>
    <id>5935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39336</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta yad.GIF</title>
    <id>5936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39337</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta za.GIF</title>
    <id>5937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39338</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T01:55:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta gec ala.GIF</title>
    <id>5938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39345</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta gec tahet.GIF</title>
    <id>5939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39347</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:06:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta ta ua.GIF</title>
    <id>5940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39348</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta dal alha.GIF</title>
    <id>5941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39350</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:27:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta alha ba.GIF</title>
    <id>5942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39351</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:31:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta fa alha.GIF</title>
    <id>5943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39352</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T02:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]] 

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sound.gif</title>
    <id>5945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39369</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T15:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Used to indicate the preceding link is a recording.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Used to indicate the preceding link is a recording.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Aarð</title>
    <id>5946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39394</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-02T22:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Does Aarð rotate retrograde, or is the infobox in error in having the solar day shorter than the sidereal? ~~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Does Aarð rotate retrograde, or is the infobox in error in having the solar day shorter than the sidereal? [[User:Nik|Nik]] 22:25, 2 November 2008 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta udhr full.GIF</title>
    <id>5947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39395</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-03T00:16:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ecta udhr short.GIF</title>
    <id>5948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39396</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-03T00:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Ecta]]

By [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meen Peedx: Introodykcjyn</title>
    <id>5949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39725</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T16:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Welkym tuu FraþWikii!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|FraþthWikiiz gool]] iz tuu kylekt infoormeecjyn ybaut kaanlangz, kaanworlds and lingwistik sybjekts in dxenyryl. Eniiwyn kan kaantribute tuu ðy naaledx. FraþWikii iz kerentlii hoom tuu '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' peedxz, ol yv witc ar frii tuu juz (wiþ [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|serten kyndicjynz]]).

''juu'' ar invajtid tuu help! juu mee edit ðiiz peedxz and meek nuu wynz. Riid ðy help taapiks tuu lern hau tuu rajt peedxz hiir. If juu niid asistents, juu mee ask kwestcjynz at [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meen Peedx: yðyr langwidxiz</title>
    <id>5950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39407</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-04T13:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FraþWikii in yðyr langwidxiz&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Main Page/Carune|Caruun (Carune)]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Duumy (Dooma)]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazudxica (Kazujisha)]] • [[Main Page in Nytal|Nytal (Nytal)]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Pisceym (Täropiskes'um)]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsucjyn (Torsutë)]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirosityn (Satirocitan)]] • [[Meen Peedx|'''Tawyr Oorthaagryfii''']] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolyn (Espiritolà)]] • [[Main Page| Standard English]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meen Peedx: nuuz banyr</title>
    <id>5951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39726</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T16:17:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:30px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.png]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;[[Conlang Translation Relay 16|Kaanlang Riilee]]!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
''KAANLANG Maling List Riilee 16'' • Startyr tekst iz in Ithkuil • Riilee haz bigyn: Nesheti haz Ring A tortc, witc iz yhed ov skedjuyl; Slovianski haz ðy Ring B tortc, witc iz biihajnd skedjuyl; Naisek haz ðy  Ring C tortc, witc iz on skedjuyl
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Crystal Clear app kcoloredit.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FraþWikiiz nuu loogoo iz in plees&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
''Kyngratcuuleecjynz tuu Cedh Audmanh'' • If juu kant sii ðy nuu loogoo, pliiz kliir juur kac
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Melroch-test</title>
    <id>5952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46767</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T12:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#if: {{{foo|{{{1|}}}}}} | == {{{foo|{{{1|}}}}}} == }}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:!</title>
    <id>5953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39554</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-07T08:04:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;You can use this template to insert a literal pipe &lt;code&gt; | &lt;/code&gt; in a template parameter value, a table cell content or a ParserFunction value. Just type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{!}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; where there should be a pipe in the wikitext output by the template. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:35, 7 November 2008 (UTC)&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Test</title>
    <id>5954</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>39560</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-07T10:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Test]] moved to [[Template:Melroch-test]]: So that anyone can have their own test template! :-)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Melroch-test]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dreqasif</title>
    <id>5955</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39768</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-11T11:58:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronunciation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pronunciation ==

'''Vowels:'''
 
aa (long)- as in f'''a'''ther

a (short)- as in d'''a'''rk

ee (long)- as in the “ea” sound in dr'''ea'''m (but longer)

e (short)- as in the second “e” in el'''e'''vator

ii (long)- as in m'''i'''ce

i (short)- as in h'''i'''t

o -as in h'''o'''me

u –as in l'''u'''ck


'''Diacritic Vowels:''' 

ä -as in the word &quot;'''air'''&quot;

á -a high vowel as in the &quot;a&quot; in cr'''a'''dle  

à -a low vowel as in the &quot;a&quot; in f'''a'''de   


'''Dipthongs:''' 

ai- as in the “ay” sound in p'''ay'''

au- as in rest'''au'''rant

ei- as in the “y” sound in sh'''y'''

ie- as in ei


'''Consonants:'''
 
b- as in '''b'''e

d- as in '''d'''en

f- as in '''f'''our

g- as in sabota'''g'''e
 
h- as in '''h'''at

j- as in '''j'''am 

l- as in '''l'''emon 

m- as in '''m'''an

n- as in '''m'''an

p- as in '''p'''en
 
r- as in '''r'''ace

s- as in '''s'''un

sh- as in '''sh'''ame

t- as in '''t'''oast

th- as in '''th'''ink

v- as in '''v'''an

w- as in '''w'''ater

y- as in wh'''y'''

z- as in '''z'''oo


'''Notes:'''

*The pronunciation is always regular. 

*There are no silent letters.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The script of Seuna</title>
    <id>5956</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45586</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-24T20:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Combining off-gesture with on-gesture */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Consonants ==

These are the 17 consonants. The ampersand &quot;@&quot; represents a glottal stop.

These 17 shapes have been more or less copied from Tibetan. These figures from the Tibetan alphabet was chosen as I feel that they are very distinct from each other but at the same time seem to have a common theme. 

There is no correspondence between the phonetic values I give them and how they are pronounced in Tibet. 

There is also no correspondence between how a sound &quot;feels&quot; and how it is written. If that were the case &quot;s&quot; would be extremely smooth, the nasals would be quite smooth and &quot;k&quot;, &quot;p&quot; and &quot;t&quot; would be extremely angular. 

There is no scheme that gives these symbols common elements corresponding to common articulation methods. However it can be noted that &quot;b&quot;, &quot;p&quot; and &quot;m&quot; have a common element. As do &quot;h&quot; and &quot;@&quot;. Also &quot;g&quot; and &quot;y&quot; are quite similar and in language &quot;g&quot; to &quot;y&quot; is a not uncommon sound change.

[[Image:Bitmap_5_Seuna.PNG]]

== Vowels ==

The vowel marks are given below. They are written above the consonant that they follow. According to approved articulation, no syllable should begin with a vowel ; there should be a glottal-stop then a vowel. However to drop the glottal-stop seems to be quite common, in which case the first figure given in the consonants list is merely a place-holder to mount the vowel on.

[[Image:Bitmap_6_Seuna.PNG]]

== Off-gestures ==

An off-gesture (or off-flurish) is when a consonant is immediately followed by &quot;y&quot;,&quot;l&quot; or &quot;w&quot;.
Off-gestures only occur word initially and are restricted to certain letters (see &quot;initial consonant clusters&quot; in &quot;Seuna word shape&quot;). The off-gesture is indicated by a mark placed just to the top right of the main figure (see below).

[[Image:Bitmap_8_Seuna.PNG]]

== On-gestures ==

An on-gesture (or on-flurish) is when a non-initial-consonant is preceded by &quot;l&quot;, &quot;s&quot; or &quot;n&quot;.
These on-gestures co-occur with most consonants but a very few combinations are disallowed(see &quot;mid consonant clusters&quot; in &quot;Seuna word shape&quot;). 

[[Image:Bitmap_9_Seuna.PNG]]

The on-gesture is indicated by a mark placed just to the left of the figure that they are combined with(see above).

== Combining off-gesture with on-gesture ==

Most words take the form of two consonant figures. This form of word is called a &quot;couplet&quot;. 

In a couplet, it is forbidden for the first figure to have an off-gesture and the second figure has an on-gesture.
The word shown below is not allowed. 

[[Image:Bitmap_10_Seuna.PNG]]

== Diphthongs ==

The diphthongs are written as shown below.

[[Image:Bitmap_12_Seuna.PNG]]

The diphthong '''au''' is represented by a symbol which is a sort of a combination of the '''a''' mark and the '''u''' mark. This is the one diphthong that doesn't have a following cross.

== Reduced &quot;couplets&quot; ==

In the Seuna writing system certain couplets are &quot;reduced&quot;. That is they are always written without any vowel signs.

Now in Seuna there are 1241 possible couplets. 

For example the word for &quot;book&quot; is '''caito''', which you would expect to be written [[Image:Bitmap_16_Seuna.PNG]]

However this word is is the commonest couplet with the letters &quot;CT&quot; so it is shorn of its vowels. It is always simply written as [[Image:Bitmap_19_Seuna.PNG]]

All the other couplets with the letters &quot;CT&quot; carry their vowels as normal. For example '''ceta''' meaning &quot;petal&quot; is written [[Image:Bitmap_20_Seuna.PNG]]

== Other Symbols ==

Seuna is not purely a phonetic scripts. Many particles and case markings have their own symbol. The thinking behind this is for ease of interpretation. Instead of the brain having to do &quot;symbol&quot; =&gt; &quot;sound&quot; =&gt; &quot;meaning&quot;, in Seuna it does &quot;symbol&quot; =&gt; &quot;meaning&quot; directly. 

There are about 60 or 70 of these &quot;symbols of meaning&quot;.

As an example I give the ones for the pronouns below.
  
{| border=1
|align=center|I, me
|align=center|'''mi'''
|align=center|we, us
|align=center|'''mia'''
|-
|align=center|you
|align=center|'''yu'''
|align=center|you(pl)
|align=center|'''yua'''
|-
|align=center|he/she, him/her
|align=center|'''na'''
|align=center|they them
|align=center|'''wa'''
|-
|align=center|it
|align=center|'''to'''
|align=center|they
|align=center|'''ton'''
|-
|align=center|you and me
|align=center|'''myu'''
|align=center|we
|align=center|'''myun'''
|}

[[Image:Bitmap_25_Seuna.PNG]]

==                Reduced compounds ==

We have seen already how the most common &quot;couplets&quot; are shorn of their vowels. This process is taken further in compound words.

For example take '''kia''' meaning  &quot;sun&quot; and '''swo''' meaning &quot;day&quot;. They are shown below when they appear as independent words.

[[Image:Bitmap_27_Seuna.PNG]]

Now being singlets these words can never be reduced. However when compounded the are reduced. There is no other compound of the form &quot;K.S&quot;.

When these words are joined together in a compound they mean &quot;the first day of the Seuna week&quot; and are pronounced '''kia.so'''

For another example take '''ki'o''' meaning &quot;yellow&quot; and '''noi''' meaning &quot;week&quot;. They are shown below when they appear as independent words.

[[Image:Bitmap_26_Seuna.PNG]]

Now '''ki'o''' is a pretty common word but XXXX meaning xxxx is even commoner so XXXX is represented by &quot;K@&quot;. 

'''noi''' being a singlet is never reduced.

However when they are compounded (yellow.week is the 5 week of the month)the word must be reduced. There are no other compounds of the form &quot;K@.N&quot;

(Actually there could be other compound words of the form &quot;K@.N&quot; but they are not as common as the word meaning the fifth week of the month.

=== Notes on my orthography === 

When a glottal stop is word initial, in my English representation of a Seuna word, I use the sign &quot;@&quot;
When a glottal stop is none word initial, in my English representation of a Seuna word, I use an apostrophe.

When I write Seuna compound words in English I use a fullstop to represent the Seuna symbol that is always inserted between the components. 

See &quot;Notes on compounds in Seuna&quot;

=== Notes on the phonology of compounding === 

Stress is on the first syllable of a word. In a compound word the rightmost component will loose its stress. 

Also if the initial consonant of the rightmost component has an off-glide, it will loose that off-glide.
Hence in the above example we see '''swo''' =&gt; '''so'''

Also if the initial vowel of the rightmost component is a diphthong, it will change to a simple vowel.
Hence in the above example we see '''noi''' =&gt; '''no'''

=== Notes on the phonology of compounding three or more element ===

The low level splits have the rule as above.

The high level split is represented in the script by the symbol &quot;small square&quot;.

This symbol is actually pronounced. It is pronounced as &quot;n&quot;.

The consonant after this &quot;n&quot; will be voiced if possible.

For example ;-

t would change to d

tw would change to dw

f would change to v(no such sound in Seuna)

but s would change to z

ky would not change to gy (gy is not allowed). ky would stay as ky

Notice there is no loosing of off-gestures or diphthongs at the top level split.

Examples   chineseartdealer ??? carmaintenancetrainingcourse???

=== Notes on compounds in Seuna script ===

In every compound word, a small circle is placed at mid height, between the two components of a compound word.

== Other ==

For example &quot;to walk&quot; = '''dono'''. This happens to be the word choosen from all the two syllable words with initial event D and secondary event N. 

'''bundo''' = building, '''bunda''' = to build

Vowels and initial-consonant-tail-gestures and secondary-consonant-head-gestures will be represented as lower case letters.

'''tolnu''' = to grind =&gt; TolNu

'''dono''' = to walk =&gt; DN and not (DoNo)


=== Minor heading ===

[[Category:Seuna]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Sleigh.gif</title>
    <id>5958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39578</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-07T18:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Seuna calendar</title>
    <id>5959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50282</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T22:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The clock */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Actually each locality in the Seuna world breaks down the year into various &quot;arc&quot;s (&quot;earth.arc&quot;s in full). This is best translated as season. The timing, length and names of these &quot;arc&quot;s depend on local weather, local growing seasons, local cultural activities etc. For example '''acorn.arc''' might follow '''rain.arc''' and be followed by '''salmon.arc'''.

===1 day===

The Seuna for day is '''noi''' .

===8 days===

8 days make up a period of time called a '''soi'''.   The '''noi''' of the '''soi''' are called ;-

{|
| '''noicaju''' || '''noibuya''' || '''noinewa''' || '''noideda''' || '''noikiwe''' || '''noigufo''' || '''noikayu''' || '''noinege'''
|-
| sun.day || leaf.day || river.day || sea.day || star.day || moon.day || tree.day || cloud.day
|}

Between every '''soi''' there is a day called '''noituna''', which can be best translated as &quot;gap day&quot;.

===72 days===

8 '''soi''' and 8 '''noituna''' make up a period of time called a '''doi'''.   The '''soi''' of the '''doi''' are called ;-

{|
| '''soi@ai''' || '''soigeu''' || '''soisuna''' || '''soinela''' || '''soiki@o''' || '''soinelau''' || '''soihia''' || '''soihau'''
|-
| white.week || green.week || orange.week || skyblue.week || yellow.week || blue.week || red.week || black.week
|}

The 8 '''noituna''' of the '''doi''' can be differentiated from each other by calling them ;-

{|
| '''tuna@ai''' || '''tunageu''' || '''tunasuna''' || '''tunanela''' || '''tunaki@o''' || '''tunanelau''' || '''tunahia''' || '''tunahau'''
|-
| white.gap || green.gap || orange.gap || skyblue.gap || yellow.gap || blue.gap || red.gap || black.gap
|}

(In the Seuna calendar, the cycle of the moon is completely ignored.)

===365 days===

A '''noihitu''' is a special festival days. There are five of them in one year.
The 5 '''noihitu''' and 5 '''doi''' make up a '''yia'''(a year).  

The '''doi''' are;- 
{|
| '''doiyigau''' || '''doipiwe''' || '''doiguya''' || '''doi@olai''' || '''doigamau'''
|-
| jupiter.month || venus.month || mercury.month || mars.month || saturn.month  
|}

The festivals or festival days ( '''noihitu''') are called;- '''hintuyigau    hintupiwe    hintuguya   hintu@olai   hintugamau'''

'''hintuyigau''' is between '''doiyigau''' and ''' doipiwe''', and so on.

===1461 days===

A four year period is known as a '''myamu'''.  This is often translated into English as &quot;calendar&quot;. 

A special day called '''noimamu''' is added every '''myamu'''.

=== The calendar (that you stick on the wall) ===

There are 4 years in a calendar. 

There are 32 calenders in a '''kyutoza'''.

Below is the first sheet of the Seuna calendar (there are 20 sheets in all). 

The first week is the top row, the last week is the bottom row.

The first day of the week is the first column, the last day of the week is the last column.

The &quot;not completely enclosed space&quot; at the end of the week is for the '''noituna'''.  

The space beneath the grid is for the '''noihitu'''.

[[Image:Bitmap_21_Seuna.PNG]]

The day '''noimamu''' is not represented on the physical calendar. That is because this day is associated with special ceremonies associated with the passage of time. One ceremony involves the taking down of the old calendar, another ceremony involves the hanging of a new calendar. During '''noimamu''' there is no calendar hanging on any wall.

===128 years (or 46,751 days)===

32 '''myamu''' make up a '''kyutoza'''. This is often translated into English as &quot;century&quot;, &quot;generation&quot;, &quot;lifetime&quot;.

One day is deleted every '''kyutoza'''.

The day dropped is '''tunahau''' from '''doipiwe'''.

The physical Seuna calendar that you hang on your wall lasts for four years. Every sheet represents a '''doi'''.

Below is the second sheet of the first '''myamu''' of a '''kyutoza'''.

[[Image:Bitmap_22_Seuna.PNG]]

As can be seen, the dropped day has been torn off.

It is usual to define every day within a '''kyutoza'''.

For example you can give the date of birth of somebody as;-

'''noigufo soinelan doiguyan yiatigan''' (which means &quot;the moon day of the sky-blue week of the month of mercury of the year of the giraffe&quot;).

To define the day over the greater range you would have to add &quot; '''kyutoza''' -11&quot;, &quot;'''kyutoza''' 0&quot;, &quot;'''kyutoza''' +32&quot; etc. etc.

===The '''tolza'''===

Each year of the '''kyutoza''' has an animal associated with it. These animals are ;- 

{|
| wolf || weasel/ermine/stoat/mink || bullfinch || badger 
|-
| whale || opossum || albatross || beautiful armadillo  
|- 
| giant anteater || lynx || eagle ||  cricket/grasshopper/locust
|-
| reindeer || springbok || dove || gnu/wildebeest
|- 
| spider || Steller's sea cow  || seagull || gorilla 
|-
| horse || scorpion || raven/crow || python
|- 
| rhino || yak  || Kookaburra || porcupine ?
|-
| butterfly || triceratops || penguin  || koala 
|- 
| polar bear || manta-ray || hornbill || raccoon
|-
| crocodile/alligator || wolverine || pelican || zebra     
|- 
| bee || warthog || peacock || capybara
|-
| bat || bear || crane/stork/heron || hedgehog 
|- 
| frog || lama || woodpecker || gemsbok
|-
| musk ox || chameleon || hawk || cheetah
|- 
| lion || frill-necked lizard || toucan || okapi              
|-
| dolphin || aardvark || ostrich || T-rex
|- 
| kangaroo || hyena || duck || driprotodon(wombat) 
|-
| shark || cobra || kingfisher || gaur
|- 
| dragonfly || mole || moa || chimpanzee         
|-
| turtle/tortoise || N.A. bison || black skimmer || panda
|- 
| jaguar || snail || cormorant/shag || Cape buffalo 
|-
| rabbit || colossal squid || vulture || glyptodon/doedicurus
|- 
| beetle || seal || falcon || pangolin
|-
| megatherium || woolly mammoth || flamingo || baboon
|- 
| elk/moose || squirrel || blue bird of paradise || lobster 
|-
| tiger || gecko || grouse || seahorse
|- 
| jackal/fox || octopus || swan || lemur 
|-
| elephant || swordfish || parrot || auroch              
|- 
| giraffe || ant || puffin || iguana 
|-
| mouse || crab || swift || mongoose/meerkat
|- 
| smilodon || giant beaver  || owl || mantis 
|-
| camel || goat || hummingbird || walrus
|}

Each of these animals above is a '''tolza''', which can be translated as &quot;token&quot;, &quot;icon&quot; or &quot;totem &quot;. '''kyu''' means a circle or cycle. So you can see where the name for the 128 year period comes from.

===The precise astronomical periods on which the Seuna time system is based===

Year 2000 had 365.242,192,65  days

Every year is shorter than the last by 0.000,000,061,4 days

By adding one day every calendar we get a 365.25 day year

If we then drop one day every '''kyutoza''' we get a 365.242,187,5 day year (very close to the actual year length)

Before 2084, the actual year will be bigger than the calendar year – after 2084 the actual year will be smaller than the calendar year

For this reason midnight, 22 Dec 2083 is designated the fulcrum of the whole system. That day will be time zero.

At the moment we are in negative time.

=== The association of planets to months and shapes ===

You will have noticed that the months share their names with the five visible planets. 
That is Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (in order of distance from the sun).

In order of occurence in the year ... Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Saturn

They also share their name with the five platonic solids. 

'''hizbuguya''' (mercury.shape) = a tetrahedron (4 sides)4&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

'''hizbu@olai'''(mars.shape) ... hexahedron (6 sides)6&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

'''hizbuguya'''(venus.shape) ... octahedron (8 sides)10&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

'''hizbupiwe'''(saturn.shape) ... dodecahedron (12 sides)14&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

'''hizbuyigau'''(jupiter.shape) ... icosahedron   (20 sides)24&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;

== The Seuna year ==

=== The first month of the year ===

The first month of the year ('''doiguya''') starts on the 22nd of December and ends on the 3rd of March.

On the 4th of March the festival '''hintuguya''' is held. People gather at various regional centres to compete and spectate in various music and poetry competitions.

=== The second month of the year ===

The second month of the year ('''doipiwe''') starts on the 5th of March and ends on the 15th of May.

On the 16th of May the festival of '''hintupiwe''' is held. It is usual to get together with old friends around this time and many parties are held.  Friends that live some distance away are given special consideration. Often journeys are undertaken to meet up with old acquainances. Also there is a big exchange of letters at this time. The most important happenings of the last year are stated in these letters along with hopes and plans for the coming year.

=== The third month of the year ===

The third month of the year ('''doi@olai''') starts on the 17th of May and ends on the 27th of July.

On the 28th of July the festival '''hintu@olai''' is held. This festival is all about outdoor competitions and sporting events. It is a little like a cross between the Olympics games and the highland games. People gather at various regional centres to compete and spectate in various team and individual competitions. However care is taken that no regional centre becomes too popular and people are discouraged from competing at centres other than their local one.

=== The fourth month of the year ===

The fourth month of the year ('''doiyigau''') starts on the 29th of July and ends on the 8th of October.

On the 9th of October the festival '''hintuyigau''' is held. Family that live some distance away are given special consideration. Often journeys are undertaken for family visits and ancestors ashboxes are visited if convenient. This is the second most important festival of the year. People tend to take a quite some time of work if travelling, three days if receiving guests and two days if not receiving any guests. 

=== The fifth month of the year ===

The fifth month of the year ('''doigamau''') starts on the 10th of October and ends on the 20th of December.

On the 21st of December the festival '''hintugamau''' is held. This is the most important festival of the year. It is centred on the family and friends that you are living amongst.  Even though eating and drinking are involved in all the five festivals, this festival has the most looked-forward-to feasts. It usually lasts for 4 days.

===The leap day ===

Every fourth year we have a calendar day ('''noimamu'''). This day comes immediately after '''hintugamau'''. Rites are held to mark and celebrate various milestones in the life of an individual. In particular people who have attained the ages of 4, 20 and 64 during the past 4 year, publicly celebrate that fact now. Among the customs followed is the gift of new clothes to the celebrant.

== Time of day ==

The basic unit of time is the day ('''noi'''). So one day is equal to &quot;1&quot;.  The day begins at six o'clock in the morning.

So, for example, 6 o'clock in the evening would be called 0.4 (not 0.5 ... remember Seuna uses an octal system) or '''nyegayiwo @elai'''. The '''nyegayiwo''' is invariably dropped so it would be simply '''@elai'''. 

By the way '''@ela''' would be  11.2 minutes after six in the morning  (written .004)
'''@aba''' would be 2.8 minutes after six in the morning.

For describing approximately when something happened during the day, we have eight periods : '''noifago''', '''@abaia''', '''@igaia''', '''@odaia''', '''@elaia''', '''@ucaia''', '''@aisaia''' and '''@aukaia'''. Each of these time periods is equivalent to three hours. They can be further defind by the prefix &quot;early&quot;, &quot;mid&quot; and &quot;late&quot;. So &quot;mid&quot;'''@odaia''' defines a time from 4 o'clock in the afternoon to five o'clock at night.

The word for midday is simply '''@igai'''. The word for midnight is simply '''@aisa'''. 

The '''noi''' is a 24 hour period.

The name for the period that the sun is up (i.e. daytime) is '''noi@ai''' ... (white.day)

The name for the period that the sun is down (i.e. nighttime) is '''noihau''' ... (black.day)

The name for the period from 6 in the morning until 6 at night '''noihai'''  ... (high.day)

The name for the period from 6 at night to 6 in the morning is '''noi@au''' ... (low.day)

The last two terms make sense when you think of the main hand on a Seuna clock.

== The clock ==

At midnight the ‘hour’ hand stands at the bottom and procedes anti-clockwise (at least in the northern hemishere). The ‘hour’ hand only sweeps out one revolution in 24 hours. Both the red and the black arms do not move incrementally but both move one slot (1/64 th of a revolution) at a time. The black arm moves every 22.5 minutes and the red arm moves every 21 seconds.

Every town has a clocktower and the clocktower will have six faces at the top, each face displaying a clock similar to the one below. The clocktower is surmounted by a green conic roof. Backlighting and lighting from under the roof is provided for each face. There should never be any numbering.

The clock faces should be illuminated from a light within. The colours of the faces should be white (N), orange (~NE), green (~SE), yellow (S), red (~SW), dark blue (~NW).

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}

[[Category:Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna units</title>
    <id>5960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50454</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T04:10:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Height */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The units for weight, height, distance and time are all derived from properties of the earth.

==Weight==

The most used unit of weight can be said to be 2.47kg (not exact). It is pronounced '''hi''' but written  with the letter &quot;h&quot; of the Seuna alphabet. Actually '''hi''' is not a unit of weight as such but just an exponent in the Seuna numbering system, meaning 8&lt;sup&gt;-27&lt;/sup&gt;. In full 2.47kg should be called 1h &quot;earthweight&quot;. But usually the last part is missed out and '''hi''' is usually taken as a unit of weight.


[[Image:Bitmap_48_Seuna.PNG]]

==Height==

The most used unit of height can be said to be 4.77cm (not exact). It is usually just pronounced '''ji''' and written with the letter &quot;j&quot; of the Seuna alphabet. Actually '''ji''' is not a unit of height as such but just an exponent in the Seuna numbering system, meaning 8&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt;. In full 4.77cm should be called 1j &quot;earthheight&quot;. But usually the last part is missed out and '''ji''' is usually taken as a unit of height. One &quot;earthheight&quot; is the polar radius.


[[Image:Bitmap_49_Seuna.PNG]]


[[Image:Bitmap_50_Seuna.PNG]]

==Distance==

The most used unit of distance can be said to be 78.3km (not exact). It is usually just pronounced '''mi''' and written with the letter &quot;m&quot; of the Seuna alphabet. Actually '''mi''' is not a unit of distance as such but just an exponent in the Seuna numbering system, meaning 8&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;. In full 78.3km should be called 1m &quot;earthdistance&quot;. But usually the last part is missed out and '''mi''' is often taken as a unit of distance in certain situations : such as talking about the distance between two cities. It is not so strongly associated with the unit of distance, as '''h''' is associated with the unit of weight and '''j''' is associated with the unit of height. One &quot;earthdistance&quot; is the equatorial circumference.

==Area==

In a similar manner to the above when taking about the floor area of houses or plot sizes for houses, the exponent '''pi''' is used, which is around 14.5m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. When taking of field sizes, the exponent '''fi''' is used, which is around 7422m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. One &quot;eartharea&quot; is the total surface area of the earth of course. 

==Temperature==

The unit temperature is taken as 65.263 degrees Kelvin. This is not taken from any fundamental measurement of the earth or anything, but simply to give us a convenient scale for talking about everyday temperatures. It does however fix the normal temperature of the human body(37 Celcius) at exactly 4.6 units.

4 units is -12 Celcius
5 units is 53 Celcius

Outside of scientific usage, it is rare to get temperature outside the range -12 to 53 Celcius. So as to weather, people would say &quot;tomorrow will be .45&quot; and not &quot;tomorrow will be 4.45&quot;.

==Time==

Here we are talking about time during the day. For longer periods of time you should refer to the Calendar section.

The unit of time is equal to 24 hours. The day begins at six o'clock in the morning. To make appointments, people say &quot;I will meet you at .544&quot; or just &quot;I will meet you at 544&quot;('''acailaula'''). Note that between .544 and .545 is 2.8 minutes so to say &quot;I will meet you at 544&quot; is ecurate enough for arranging human affairs.

For describing approximately when something happened during the day, we have eight periods : &quot;pre&quot;'''abai''', '''abaia''', '''agaia''', '''adaia''', '''alaia''', '''acaia''', '''asaia''' and '''akaia'''. Each of these time periods is equivalent to three hours. They can be further defind by the prefix &quot;early&quot;, &quot;mid&quot; and &quot;late&quot;. So &quot;mid&quot;'''adaia''' defines a time from 4 o'clock in the afternoon to five o'clock at night.

The word for midday is simply '''agai'''. The word for midnight is simply '''asai'''. These can be given the prefixes &quot;pre&quot; and &quot;post&quot; to divide the day into four periods. 6 o'clock in the morning is called ??. There are also terms for sunup/dawn and sundown as these vary with time of year and with latitude.

The name for the period that the sun is up is '''ai'''&quot;day&quot;
The name for the period that the sun is down is '''hau'''&quot;day&quot;
The name for the period 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. is '''hai'''&quot;day&quot;
The name for the period 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. is '''au'''&quot;day&quot;


==Speed==

The fundamental unit of speed is 78.3km/24hours or 3.2625 km/hour. This is about .9 m/sec.

[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}

[[Category:Systems of Measurement]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Khandanworld</title>
    <id>5962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43513</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-25T02:32:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''Biota''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Biology of the Chihazh System|Zheftakhan]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''World''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Native life of Khanda|Khandan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Khandan Biology</title>
    <id>5963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39671</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T00:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Biology of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Khandan Animals</title>
    <id>5964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39677</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T00:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Khandan Biology]]
[[Category:Animals of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khanda</title>
    <id>5967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43487</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-25T01:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Life */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Khanda'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Zheftakh]]''': || 1,218,726 km
|-
|Perhelion: || 1,212,060 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 1,225,392 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 2 d, 18 h, 54 m, 26 s
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .00547
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 2 d, 18 h, 54 m, 26 s
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 2 d, 19 h, 9 m, 53 s
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 3,552 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 158,581,000 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 0
|-
|'''Mass''': || 9.0135 × 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;(.15087 Earth-masses)
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 4.76697 m/s²&lt;br&gt;0.486095 g
|}

'''Khanda''' (from [[Classical Sanle]] ''ák ald'', &quot;Inner Child&quot;) is the largest of the moons of [[Zheftakh]], one of the three moons visible from [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  Like most other moons of Zheftakh, Khanda is tide-locked.  Khanda orbits within a few degrees of Zheftakh's equator, and Zheftakh, in turn, has a very minimal tilt, giving Khanda very little in the way of seasons, with only the eccentricity of Zheftakh's orbit itself providing slight variation in temperatures, but not of length of day

== Tidal Effects ==
Due to [[Wikipedia:tidal flexing|tidal flexing]] caused by the gravitational fields of Zheftakh and the other moons, Khanda remains geologically active.

== Life ==
Advanced multicellular [[Native life of Khanda|life]] has evolved on Khanda.

There is evidence of a [[Ancient Ones|former sentient species]] living on Khanda some 12 million years ago. It appears to have gone extinct in a presumably self-induced [[Khandan Catastrophe|mass extinction]].

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Moons]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:FoxtelWG.png</title>
    <id>5968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39709</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T13:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foxtel WG</title>
    <id>5969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39971</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T19:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Free */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:FoxtelWG.png|right|200px]]
Foxtel WG (Foxtel Węstgeɍmanję) is the only pay television company in West Germania, operated by the Australian-American News Corporation. 

==History==
On 31st July 2007, it was decided by the West Germanic Parliament that every housing block should be fitted with a 150cm satellite dish free of charge. Since at the time, there was no native broadcasting standard, many residents tried to set up their own dishes so that they could receive free-to-air European channels or used dubious methods to receive premium services from European companies such as Sky Digital, Canal, Premiere and Sky Italia. Much of the population, who did not have the know-how or couldn't afford to pay into an over-priced black market, often resorted to downloading illegal torrents. The Nationalist Party argued that the plan would cost a lot of money to implement and that the government should instead offer a service whereby people paid them for satellite installation in order to resolve the black-market situation. Despite the launch of an appeal, it was eventually agreed that West Germanic residents should be entitled to the same as in other countries, which broadcast free in terrestrial: West Germania has never had a terrestrial network.

[[Image:Ant-dish-quorum230cm-sband.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Foxtel dish outside a housing block]]
On 28th October 2008, when the appeal came to an end, a compromise between the Nationalist, Liberal and Socialist Parties resulted in the creation of a two-tier television service. Between August 2007 and October 2008, every housing block had been satellite-enabled. The Activation Day (1st November 2008) saw every resident receive free, legal access to 'permitted' analogue, FTA broadcasts from Western and Central Europe in addition to the new national network WUS (Woɍųld ųmbę Us). The digital market was effectively privatised, but the interested party Foxtel was allocated a Compulsory Monopoly by the Communist Party to ensure that it would be the only such service. On 9th November, Foxtel would begin its encrypted transmission of digital, upscaled SD and HD services not only from WUS1, WUS2 and Europe, but also exclusive entertainment, film, sport and factual content plus PVR functionality. A controversy was sparked on this date when the nationalised fibre-optic broadband was capped at 10 Mbps speed and a 10 GB download limit with Foxtel providing a 'new' unlimited ISP to entice customers and increase revenue for the government.

==Technical information==
To decode the DVB-S/DVB-S2-compliant H.264 digital satellite signal and unlock the unlimited broadband, a monthly subscription is required. The broadcasts on Foxtel HD optionally include a Dolby Digital 5.1 soundtrack. VideoGuard encryption is used to prevent illegal use. Foxtel WG, in conjunction with the Communist Party, has a veto over which channels are included on the EPG, but has no control over a channel's content. Picture quality can be, to some extent, controlled due to channels' passage through the WUS Broadcasting Centre before it transmits to West Germanic viewers.

[[Image:Ds810xe.jpg|350px]]

The Foxtel WG receiver is produced by Pace and is based on the TDS850 model (pictured) with triple tuners to record up to three channels at the same time or watch one while recording up to two others, push-VOD support allowing for true on-demand television, a 250GB hard drive for 60-120 hours of stored content, and picture-in-picture and software download capabilities.

There are no SD/HD simulcasts on the Foxtel platform. In contrast to the UK, for example, which has both Channel 4 and Channel 4 HD on its digital satellite platform, Germania has only SD channels on its analogue service and only HD channels (with upscaled SD programming) on its digital service.

==Channels==
===Free===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:88%; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; width=100%
|- style=&quot;background:orange&quot;
!width=2%|No. 
!width=10%|Channel

|-
| 101
| WUS1

|-
| 102
| WUS2

|-
| 103
| 123 Sat

|-
| 104
| 3A Telesud

|-
| 105
| Art Channel

|-
| 106
| ARTE Deutsch

|-
| 107
| Best of Shopping

|-
| 108
| Beur TV

|-
| 109
| BFM TV

|-
| 110
| Cash TV

|-
| 111
| Dan Tamil Oli

|-
| 112
| Demain

|-
| 113
| Direct 8

|-
| 114
| EuroNews

|-
| 115 
| Eurosport Deutschland

|-
| 116
| F Men

|-
| 117
| Fashion TV Europe

|-
| 118
| France 2

|-
| 119
| France 24 Arabe

|-
| 120
| France 24 English

|-
| 121
| France 24 Français

|-
| 122
| France 3 Sat

|-
| 123
| France 5

|-
| 124
| FTV HD

|-
| 125
| Holy God

|-
| 126
| KTO

|-
| 127
| LCP

|-
| 128
| Living God

|-
| 129
| M6 Boutique La Chaîne

|-
| 130
| M6 Suisse

|-
| 131
| Melody Zen

|-
| 132
| Mosaique 1

|-
| 133
| Mosaique 2

|-
| 134
| Mosaique 3

|-
| 135
| Mosaique 4

|-
| 136
| Mosaique 5

|-
| 137
| NLM TV

|-
| 138
| NRJ 12

|-
| 139
| NRJ Hits

|-
| 140
| NRJ Paris

|-
| 141
| NT1

|-
| 142
| Sexy Sat TV 1

|-
| 143
| Sexy Sat TV 2

|-
| 144
| Sexy Sat TV 3

|-
| 145
| Tishk TV

|-
| 146
| TV 5 Monde Europe

|-
| 147
| TV 5 Monde FBS

|-
| 148
| TV 8 Mont Blanc

|-
| 149
| 40+ Readers Wives

|-
| 150
| 9X UK

|-
| 151
| Al Hiwar TV

|-
| 152
| Al Mustakillah TV

|-
| 153
| ANB

|-
| 154
| ANN

|-
| 155
| ATN Bangla UK

|-
| 156
| Audi channel

|-
| 157
| B4U Music UK

|-
| 158
| Babecast

|-
| 159
| Babestation

|-
| 160
| Babestation 2

|-
| 161
| Babeworld TV

|-
| 162
| Babeworld TV Xxxtra

|-
| 163
| Bang Babes

|-
| 164
| Bangla TV

|-
| 165
| BBC Alba

|-
| 166
| BBC Arabic

|-
| 167
| BBC Four

|-
| 168
| BBC HD

|-
| 169
| BBC News

|-
| 170
| BBC One London

|-
| 171
| BBC Parliament

|-
| 172
| BBC Three

|-
| 173
| BBC Two England

|-
| 174
| BBC World News

|-
| 175
| BEN

|-
| 178
| Best Direct

|-
| 179
| Best Direct plus

|-
| 180
| BET UK

|-
| 181
| Bid TV

|-
| 182
| Bliss

|-
| 183
| Bloomberg TV UK

|-
| 184
| Blue Kiss

|-
| 185
| Body in Balance UK

|-
| 186
| BritAsia TV

|-
| 187
| Bubble Hits Ireland

|-
| 188
| Bubble Hits UK

|-
| 189
| C Music TV

|-
| 190
| CBBC

|-
| 191
| CBeebies UK

|-
| 192
| Celebrity Shop

|-
| 193
| Challenge Jackpot

|-
| 194
| Channel 4 London

|-
| 195
| Channel 4 London +1

|-
| 196
| Channel M

|-
| 197
| Channel S UK

|-
| 198
| Channel U

|-
| 199
| Chart Show TV

|-
| 200
|</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ds810xe.jpg</title>
    <id>5970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39714</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T14:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ant-dish-quorum230cm-sband.jpg</title>
    <id>5971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39715</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-09T14:21:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Seuna</title>
    <id>5972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39739</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-10T16:26:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Seuna</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Seuna</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Zheftakhanworld</title>
    <id>5973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39785</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-11T19:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: |- |style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''World''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Native life of Zheftakh|Zhefta...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''World''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Native life of Zheftakh|Zheftakhan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Kȃlirian</title>
    <id>5990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39854</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-12T22:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Hi. If you would like to comment on my conlang then you may post your thoughts here.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi. If you would like to comment on my conlang then you may post your thoughts here.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Native life of Khanda</title>
    <id>5993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43512</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-25T02:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| '''Khandan Life'''
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''Biota''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|[[Biology of the Chihazh System|Zheftakhan]]
|}

[[Khanda]] is one of three [[Biology of the Chihazh System|complex life]]-bearing planets in the [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh system]].  12 million years ago, a [[Khandan Catastrophe|massive extinction]], believed to have been triggered by a [[Ancient Ones|now-extinct sentient species]] wiped out most of Khanda's life.

Some Khandan-derived bacteria have been found on [[Zheftakh]] and [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  A few simple [[xenoanimalia|animals]] have also been found on Galhaf, suggesting visitations by the [[Ancient Ones]] to those planets.

== Domains ==
*[[Paleocyota]]
*[[Mesocyota]]
*[[Neocyota]] ([[Wikipedia:eukaryotic|eukaryotic]])

[[Category:Khandan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neocyota</title>
    <id>5994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39888</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T09:26:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Taxoboxstart}} {{Khandanworld}} |}  '''Neocyota''' (''Yulà tama'', &quot;New Cells&quot;) is the sole [[Wikipedia:eukaryotic|]] domain on [[Khanda]].  == Kingdoms == ''Incomplete'' *[[Xanthophyta...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Khandanworld}}
|}

'''Neocyota''' (''Yulà tama'', &quot;New Cells&quot;) is the sole [[Wikipedia:eukaryotic|eukaryotic]] domain on [[Khanda]].

== Kingdoms ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Xanthophyta]]
*[[Xenoanimalia]]

[[Category:Khandan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Choogo</title>
    <id>5995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49420</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-26T14:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|Proto-Choogo
| English = Proto-Choogo
| native = 
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = synthetic
| morphosyntactic-alignment =
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}
Proto-Choogo is an a posteriori language based on Japanese. It is the parent language of [[Shochakbẽ]], [[Teekaabẽ]], [[Ũlyuubẽ]], [[Tosamabẽ]], [[Linkōbẽ]], [[Akabẽ]], [[Tôbẽ]], [[Seebẽ]] and [[Yōbẽ]].

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
Below are approximate tables of the Proto-Choogo's phoneme and allophone inventory. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|/m/}} || || || || || || {{IPA|/n/}} || || || || || || {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || &lt;m&gt; || || || || || || &lt;n&gt; || || || || || || &lt;n&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|/b/}} || || || || || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/d/}} || || || || {{IPA|[ɟ]}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || &lt;pp&gt; || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; || || || || || &lt;t&gt; || &lt;d&gt; || || || || &lt;j&gt; || &lt;k&gt; || &lt;g&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|/f/}} || || || || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ||  || {{IPA|[ç]}} || || || || {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || &lt;f&gt; || || || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; || &lt;z&gt; || &lt;sh&gt; || || &lt;h(y)&gt; || || || || &lt;h&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || || || || {{IPA|/ts/}} || || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || {{IPA|/dʲʒ/}} || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || || || &lt;ts&gt; || || &lt;ch&gt; || &lt;j&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || || || || || || || || &lt;j&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || || || || &lt;l&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Vowels ===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|/i/}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|[ɯ]}} || {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; || || || || || || || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || {{IPA|[ɪ]}} || || || || || {{IPA|[ʊ]}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; || || || || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || {{IPA|/e/}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|[ɤ]}} || {{IPA|/o/}} ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || &lt;e&gt; || || || || || || || || &lt;o&gt; || &lt;o&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || {{IPA|[ɛ]}} || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || &lt;e&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || || {{IPA|/ä/}} || || || {{IPA|[ɑ]}} || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| || || || || || || &lt;a&gt; || || || &lt;a&gt;
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Proto-Choogo has phonemic length for all vowels and the consonants {{IPA|m}}, {{IPA|n}}, {{IPA|t}}, {{IPA|s}}, {{IPA|ʃ}}, {{IPA|ts}} and {{IPA|tʃ}}. Both {{IPA|/bː/}} and {{IPA|/hː/}} are realized as {{IPA|[pː]}}. Nasalization contrast also exists for all vowels.

The syllable structure is (C)V(V)(V)(V)(C).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xenoanimalia</title>
    <id>5996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45431</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T20:26:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
|}

'''Xenoanimalia''' (''Gathíva phiña'', &quot;Foreign Animals&quot;) are a possibly polyphyletic subkingdom of paleoanimalia, native to [[Khanda]].  A few simple representatives exist on Galhaf, believed to have been brought by the [[Ancient Ones]] prior to their extinction, primarily soil-dwellers, but also a few obscure forest creatures.  It is thought that the soil-dwellers were brought in experiments to adapt Galhafan soil to Khandan [[Xanthophyta|plants]], while the forest creatures may be descended from escaped food animals.

They were originally classified as [[neoanimalia|neoanimals]], due to their pronounced differences from the Galhafan [[paleoanimalia|paleoanimals]], and their relatively short fossil history.  There were problems with this view, the first being that the xenoanimals had significant differences from the neoanimals as well, but as both were highly truncated samples of their original biomes, this problem was thought to be merely a sampling bias.  In addition, the xenoanimals appeared 12 million years ago, while neoanimals appeared very recently, however, it was simply assumed that there were two waves of colonization, that sentient life had evolved twice on the [[Wikipedia:Earth|ancestral home of humanity]].  Eventually, however, it was determined that the &quot;first-wave neoanimals&quot; (as they were known at the time) formed a distinct group from both the &quot;second-wave neoanimals&quot; and the paleoanimals, and were accordingly erected into their own kingdom, named &quot;foreign animals&quot;.  Later visits to Khanda identified that world as their home.  As the name xenoanimalia had already been established, it was retained.

== History ==
When [[Khanda]] was terraformed, the initial ecosystem was very simple.  It is thought that the process was interrupted before it could be completed, or, alternately, that the initial terraformation was unstable and quickly fell apart, leaving mostly simple life.  Most biologists agree that the Xenoanimals are a monophyletic group, but there are some who argue for polyphyly or paraphyly

== Phyla ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Xenophthalmata]]

[[Category:Khandan Animals|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Khandan Plants</title>
    <id>5997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39906</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T18:32:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Plants of the Chihazh System]] [[Category:Khandan Biology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Plants of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Khandan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xanthophyta</title>
    <id>5998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39910</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T18:42:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Taxoboxstart}} {{Khandanworld}} {{ObTaxo|Domain|Neocyota}} |}  '''Xanthophyta''' (''Zàrré drà'', &quot;Yellow Plants&quot;) are a photosynthetic kingdom on [[Khanda]].  Their name is derived fr...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Khandanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neocyota}}
|}

'''Xanthophyta''' (''Zàrré drà'', &quot;Yellow Plants&quot;) are a photosynthetic kingdom on [[Khanda]].  Their name is derived from the fact that their main photosynthetic pigment is more of a yellow-green than the green used by [[neoplantae|neoplants]] and [[paleoplantae|paleoplants]].

[[Category:Khandan Plants|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Platin0mm</title>
    <id>5999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39941</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T01:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Platin0mm : Harrison Cooper ==

Studier of Constructed Languages

My Languages: [[Menopolian]]

Contact me on Platin0mm@gmail.com

ぼくはハリソンです。　学生の 語。</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kanji</title>
    <id>6000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39923</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T21:49:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Kanji ==

Kanji symbols originated in China. These Kanji symbols (家事）. These characters are units of meaning. Developed for representing words such as picture symbols.
In Japan they are commonly used for nouns, numbers and measuring units.


'''Example'''
----

An Example is Japan. The Japanese call Japan Nihon ''Nee Hon'' written in Kanji it is　日本　but the Japanese can also write it in [[Hiragana]] ひらがな。 
Native Words can be written in either Kanji or Hiragana. Kanji is more common .There are thousands of Kanji. Kanji symbols have no indication on how they are pronounced or there meaning so they must be memorised. Japanese children learn about 2000 by the time they leave Primary school. 3000 Kanji is commonly required for reading a newspaper.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hiragana</title>
    <id>6001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39927</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T22:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: == Hiragana  ==  Hiragana is a writing system of Japan. The Hiragana system is a pronounceable character system. It is a form of spelling and is used through Japan for inflections. Therefo...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Hiragana  ==

Hiragana is a writing system of Japan. The Hiragana system is a pronounceable character system. It is a form of spelling and is used through Japan for inflections. Therefore a knowledge of Hiragana is essential to an understanding of the Japanese language, it is used for native words of Japan.　There are forty six basic symbols.


== Example ==

Cat is pronounced as ''Ne ko'' and written as ねこ。
Dog is pronounced as ''E nu'' and written as いぬ。
Japan is pronounced as ''nee hon'' and written as にほん。</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japanese Number system</title>
    <id>6002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46017</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Japanese Number System ==

The system of [[Japanese]] numbers is the system of number names used in the Japanese language. The Japanese numbers in writing are entirely based on the [[Chinese]] numbers.

[[Image:Japanese_Numbers.PNG]]
[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Japanese.PNG</title>
    <id>6003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39933</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T22:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Japanese</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Japanese</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Japanese Numbers.PNG</title>
    <id>6004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39935</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-14T23:05:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Japanese Numbers with English translation.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Japanese Numbers with English translation.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Menopolian</title>
    <id>6005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39942</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T01:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Platin0mm</username>
        <id>1259</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Menopolian]]  Under Construction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Menopolian]]

Under Construction.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:VistaICO Christmas-PNG-Christmas-Holly.png-256x256.png</title>
    <id>6006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39947</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T10:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Psptubez xmas 499.png</title>
    <id>6007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39950</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T11:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Psptubez xmas 561.png</title>
    <id>6008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39952</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T11:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Psptubez xmas 564.png</title>
    <id>6009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>39965</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-15T11:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xenophthalmata</title>
    <id>6010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45433</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T20:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Neoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Xenoanimalia}}
|}

'''Xenophthalmata''' (''Gathíva njíkla'', &quot;Foreign Eyes&quot;) is an [[Xenoanimalia|animal phylum]] of [[Khanda]].  They are the sole animal phylum to exist outside of Khanda, with a few representatives on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  Their name refers to the unusual structure of their eyes.  The retinal cells have a different DNA than the rest of their body, being ultimately descended from a symbiotic species of algae, its photosynthesis having been adapted to light-detection.  They are one of the more successful phyla on Khanda.

[[Category:Khandan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Âdlantki Lexicon</title>
    <id>6011</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>39994</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-17T04:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Âdlantki Lexicon]] moved to [[Âdlantki/Lexicon]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Âdlantki/Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mandersax</title>
    <id>6012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52870</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T09:08:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Minority language spoken in Anatolia. Part of the [[West Caucasian']] family.
{|
|-
! LAB !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| DNT !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| LAT !! RFX !! PAL !! VEL !! ∅
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| pʰ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| tʰ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| tɬʰ || tʂʰ || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| p || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| t || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| tɬ || tʂ || c || k ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bʱ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| dʱ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| dɮʱ || dʐʱ || ɟʱ || ɡʱ || ɦ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| b || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| d || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| (dɮ) || dʐ || ɟ || ɡ ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || θ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| s || ɬ || ʂ || ç || x ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| β || ð || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| z || ɮ || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| w || || colspan=&quot;3&quot;| ɾ~l || ɻ || j || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| m || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | n || || || ɲ || ŋ ||
|}

&lt;tlh tl dlh lh dl&gt; etc, /ɕ/ = &lt;x&gt;, /β ð/ = &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b d&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, /b d/ = &lt;bb dd&gt; / V_V

{|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| i || ɨ || u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| e || ɜ || o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɑi || ɑ || ɑu
|}

# Holes: dɮ kʰ → ɮ x
# General lenition: b d ɡ → β ð ɣ / V_V etc.
# Palatals: velar → palatal / i
# j → ʒ̞
# Postalveolar → retroflex
# ʝ ɣ → j ɻ w varyingly
# t&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; → θ / O
# s (ɬ?) z → θ ð / L

Canonical root structure is (C)(V)CVC, both suffixes and prefixes occur.

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trimundialism</title>
    <id>6013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42068</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Trimundialism''' is a collective term for several modern religions that claim ''[[The Secret History of the Three Worlds]]'' as the Truth.

Central to the Trimundial religions' beliefs is the idea that the long-extinct [[Ancient Ones]] remain in existence in a spiritual form.  They are believed to have near-God-like powers, including the ability to restore the dead to life on the [[Holy World]] (which is often identified with [[Dzesatakh]], or possibly an undiscovered moon of the same).

They believe that the Ancient Ones created both [[humans (Galhaf)|humans]] and [[pteranthropus|pteranthropans]] through manipulating the processes of evolution, and then brought humans to [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  Many of the major sectarian divisions relate to views on the Pteranthropans.

== Sects ==
=== Integrationists ===
=== Competitionists ===
=== Supersessionists ===
Supersessionists believe that the Ancient Ones brought humanity to [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] to replace their &quot;failed experiment&quot;, the Pteranthropans.

[[Category:Galhafan Religions]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conflag simXmas.jpg</title>
    <id>6014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40059</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-22T16:50:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Middle High Jermench (MGR)</title>
    <id>6015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54305</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-26T23:25:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pete</username>
        <id>762</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">----
{{workinprogress}}


{{Language|
| english = Middle High Jermench
| native = Iërmenze
| country = Holy Roman Empire
| nativecountry =
| universe = Mundus Germaniae Romanae
| speakers = ''unknown''
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Romance
| subbranch = Northern-Romance
| word-order = SVO
| morphological-type = inflecting
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[user:pete|P Collier]], [[User:Melroch|BP Jonsson]]
| date = 2006+
| background-color = white
| heading-background = lawngreen
| width = 50%
}}

== Introduction ==

==== Modern Descendants ====

* [[Jermench (MGR)|(High) Jermench]]
* [[Fitzekaselch (MGR)|Fitzekaselch]]
* [[Jiddich (MGR)|Jiddich]]

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Consonants | cols=20 }}
| || || ''Bilabial'' || || ''Labiodental'' || || ''Alveolar'' || || ''Postalveolar'' || || ''Palatal'' || || ''Velar'' || || ''Glottal''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Nasal'' || || m || || || || n || ||  || || || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Plosive'' || || p &amp;ensp; b || || || || t &amp;ensp; d || || || || || || k &amp;ensp; g
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Affricate'' || || {{IPA|p͡f}} &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || || || {{IPA|t͡s}} &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Fricative'' || || || || f &amp;ensp; v || || s &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; z || || {{IPA|ʃ}} &amp;ensp; || || || || x &amp;ensp; &amp;ensp; || || h
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Approximant'' || || w|| || || || || || || || j
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Trill'' || || || |||| || r 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Lateral'' || || || || || || l 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Vowels ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{{shaded table| title=Vowels | cols=13 }}
| || || || ||''Front''|| ||''Near-front''|| ||''Central''|| ||''Near-back''|| ||''Back''
|-
| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High'' || || || ||iː &amp;ensp; yː|| || || || || || || ||uː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Near-high'' || || || || || ||ɪ &amp;ensp; y|| || || ||ʊ|| ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''High-mid'' || || || || || ||e &amp;ensp; øː|| || || || || ||oː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Mid'' || || || || || || || || ə 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low-mid'' || || || || || ||ɛ &amp;ensp; ø|| || || || || ||ɔ &amp;ensp; ɔː
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 100%;&quot;| ''Low'' || || || || || || æ &amp;ensp; æː|| ||a &amp;ensp; aː
|}

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Phonological History ===

== Morphology ==

=== Nouns ===

==== 1st Declension ====

During the Middle High Jermench period, the reduction of unstressed vowels led to a reanalysis of the final /ə/, which was ultimately present in all forms, as being part of the noun stem. 

=====Group I===== 
Feminine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– r
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– s
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=1st Declension – Group Ic | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– r
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

&lt;br&gt;

==== 2nd Declension ====
=====Group I=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||̈– (e)s¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ib | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||̈– (es)¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
¹ Forms arising from primary I-mutation had generally lost their final vowel in OHJ. In nouns that underwent secondary I-mutation in MHJ, the final vowel was retained (and weakened to /ə/).

=====Group II=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||̈– (e)s¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group IIb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||̈– (es)¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
¹ Forms arising from primary I-mutation had generally lost their final vowel in OHJ. In nouns that underwent secondary I-mutation in MHJ, the final vowel was retained (and weakened to /ə/).

=====Group III=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IIIa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈– (e)¹||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– (e)s¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group IIIb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈– (e)¹||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– (es)¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
¹ Forms arising from primary I-mutation had generally lost their final vowel in OHJ. In nouns that underwent secondary I-mutation in MHJ, the final vowel was retained (and weakened to /ə/).

=====Group IV=====
Masculine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=2nd Declension – Group IVa | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈– (e)¹||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– (e)s¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group IVb | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||̈– (e)¹
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||̈– (e)¹||– er
|-
|||''Dative''||– ||̈– (es)¹
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
¹ Forms arising from primary I-mutation had generally lost their final vowel in OHJ. In nouns that underwent secondary I-mutation in MHJ, the final vowel was retained (and weakened to /ə/).

==== 3rd Declension ====
=====Group I=====
Feminine.

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;'''A'''
''Standard paradigm''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ia | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– s||– s
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– s
|-
|||''Genitive''||– s||–
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||– es
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;'''B'''
''Nouns with loss/assimilation of final -s &lt;br&gt; after /s/, /z/, or /t͡s/.''
{{shaded table| title=3rd Declension – Group Ib | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''Nominative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Accusative''||– ||– 
|-
|||''Genitive''||– ||–
|-
|||''Dative''||̈– (e)¹||– es
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;
¹ Forms arising from primary I-mutation had generally lost their final vowel in OHJ. In nouns that underwent secondary I-mutation in MHJ, the final vowel was retained (and weakened to /ə/).

=== Pronouns ===


{| cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; class=&quot;shadedtable bordertable&quot;
!colspan=9 class=&quot;shadedtable&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px !important;&quot;| Pronouns 
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Singular''
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Plural''
|-
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
! ''impersonal''
! ''masculine''
! ''feminine''
! ''reflexive''
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1st person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ju 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | mei 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | nus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | mi 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | noster
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | möue
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | nous
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2nd person
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zu
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wus
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | zei
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | wus
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | twi 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wëster
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | zöue
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wous
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 3rd person
! ''Nominative''
| el
| elle
| ―
| hom
| illi
| ellas
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sei
| hom
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | sei
|-
! ''Genitive''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | schwi 
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
| homs
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | schwi
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | söue
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ― 
| hœme
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sis
| ― 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Interrogative&lt;br&gt;&amp; relative
! ''Nominative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ki
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ki
| ―
|-
! ''Accusative''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kie
| ― 
| ―
| kus
| quas
|-
! ''Genitive''
| köus
| quæs
| ―
| ―
| kour
| quar
| ―
|-
! ''Dative''
| ki
| quæ
| ―
| ―
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | kius
| ― 
|}
&lt;br&gt;

=== Verbs ===

==== Indicative Mood ====

=====Present Tense=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ||– (e)ms
|-
|||''2nd person''||– (e)s||– (e)ts
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– (e)z||– (e)ntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== Preterite =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||̈– e||̈– esems
|-
|||''2nd person''||̈– est||̈– ests
|-
|||''3rd Person''||̈– e||̈– erntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (strong)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– we||– wems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– weste||– wests
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– we||– werntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Subjunctive Mood ====

=====Present Tense=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– ||– ems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– es||– ets
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– ez||– entz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== Preterite =====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (weak) | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||̈– wes||̈– esems
|-
|||''2nd person''||̈– wes||̈– esets
|-
|||''3rd Person''||̈– west||̈– wessentz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite (strong)| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''||– wes||– wessems
|-
|||''2nd person''||– wes||– wessets
|-
|||''3rd Person''||– west||– wessentz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==== Auxilliary Verbs ====

=====''Ëstzer ''(to be)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| sou|| soums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| ës|| ësts
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| ëst|| suntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| düe || doums
|-
|||''2nd person''|| düste || dusts
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| dus || dourntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

''Ëstzer'' was used in conjunction with a passive participle to create the passive voice.

=====''Haber ''(to have)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| hab|| habems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| hos || habets
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| hous || hontz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite| cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| houwe || houwems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| houweste || houwests
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| houwt || houwerntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

=====''Wiener ''(to come)=====

{| 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Present | cols=7 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| wien || wienems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| wienes || wieneszes
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| wienes || wienentz
|}
&lt;/div&gt; 
| &lt;div&gt;
{{shaded table| title=Preterite | cols=4 }}
|||||''Singular''||''Plural''
|-
|||''1st person''|| winwe || winwems
|-
|||''2nd person''|| winweste || winwests
|-
|||''3rd Person''|| wines || winwerntz
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
|}

=== Articles ===

====Definite Article====

{{shaded table| title=Definite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| lie || li
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| lou || lus
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| löus || lour
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| löu || lis
|-
|||''Nom. plur.''|| la || las
|-
|||''Acc. plur.''|| la || las
|-
|||''Gen. plur.''|| læs || lour
|-
|||''Dat. plur.''|| læ || lis
|}

====Indefinite Article====

{{shaded table| title=Indefinite Article | cols=4 }}
|||||''Masculine''||''Feminine''
|-
|||''Nom. sing.''|| uns || une
|-
|||''Acc. sing.''|| un || une
|-
|||''Gen. sing.''|| unöus || unæs
|-
|||''Dat. sing.''|| unöu || unæ
|}

==Sample Texts==

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nauradi</title>
    <id>6016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41095</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-20T08:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Scotthlad</username>
        <id>305</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Nauradi Alphabet */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]


'''Nauradi''' is a language isolate spoken in the Nauradi Republic of Eastern Europe. It is written in the Latin alphabet but as the republic was once part of the Soviet Union, it was also written in Cyrillic. As the Nauradi people wish to distance themselves from the Soviet era, Latin is the sole alphabet recognized by the Nauradi Language Institute and the Nauradi government.
=Alphabet and Pronunciation=

==Nauradi Alphabet==


As stated above, Nauradi is written in both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet. The table below shows the basic letters of the alphabet in Latin alphabetic order as well as their corresponding pronunciation in IPA symbols.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|-
!Latin 
!Cyrillic
!IPA
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''A''', '''a'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''А''', '''а'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''a'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''B''', '''b'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Б''', '''б'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''b'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''C''', '''c'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Ч''', '''ч'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''tʃ'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''D''', '''d'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Д''', '''д'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''d'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''E''', '''e'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Е''', '''е'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ɛ''', '''e'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''F''', '''f'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Ф''', '''ф'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''f'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''G''', '''g'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Г''', '''г'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ɡ'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''H''', '''h'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Ҳ''', '''ҳ'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''h'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''I''', '''i'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''И''', '''и'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''i''', '''ɪ'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''J''', '''j'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''І''', '''і'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''j'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''K''', '''k'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''К''','''к'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''k'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''L''', '''l'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Л''', '''л'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''l'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''M''', '''m'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''М''', '''м'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''m'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''N''', '''n'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Н''', '''н'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''n'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''O''', '''o'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''О''', '''о'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''o''','''ɒ'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''P''', '''p'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''П''', '''п'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''p'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''R''', '''r'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Р''', '''р'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''ɾ'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''S''', '''s'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''С''', '''с'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''s'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''T''', '''t'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Т''', '''т'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''t'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''U''', '''u'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''У''', '''у'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''u''', '''w'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''V''', '''v'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''В''', '''в'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''v'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''X''', '''x'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''Х''', '''х'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''x'''
|-
|align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Z''', '''z'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''З''', '''з'''||align = &quot;center&quot;|'''z'''
|-
|}

=Parts of Speech =
== Nauradi Verbs ==


Nauradi has no tenses and conveys all meaning based on aspect and mood. One must rely solely on the context to determine when the action takes place. Accordingly, Nauradi verbs have a wide variety of subtle nuances in meaning.

=== Aspect ===
'''Pefective''':
Perfective verbs are used to express an action that takes place and ends at one particular point in time. They indicate the finality of the process. Perfective is formed by a prefix to the imperfective verb, by ablaut or a combination of both. If the context does not indicate time, the speaker of Nauradi would understand that the action takes place at the time of speaking.

'''Imperfective''':
The imperfective aspect is used to describe an action that covers an unspecified time. It indicates the durative, continuous, or unstarted nature of the process. The imperfective verb is the “dictionary form” of the word. As with the perfective, if the context does not indicate time, the speaker of Nauradi would understand that the action takes place at the time of speaking.

=== Mood ===
'''Realis''':
This is used for statements of fact, certainty or reality. Just as the dictonary form of the verb is the imperfective, the dictionary form of the verb is realis.

'''Irrealis''':
Irrealis covers a broad spectrum of meanings that cannot be assigned to the realm of real time. This mood is used to express statements of uncertainty or conditionality. The irrealis is formed by the addition of a suffix.

=== Participles ===
Participles exist for all inflections of the verb and are formed by adding the participle suffix. They can be used as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.


=== Nauradi Verbs Used in Sentences ===

==== Declaratives ====
'''Realis Perfective''': Actions that are complete or perceived as such. “I went to school last week.” “I’m fixing the car for the last time.” “Tomorrow I will get up at 7:00”

'''Realis Imperfective''': Actions that do not show an actual start or end but still represent statements of reality. “I’m walking to the store at this moment.” “I will buy a house.” “I used to live in New York.”

==== Commands ====
Any of the four verb inflections can be used as a command. They are most commonly expressed in the irrealis.

'''Irrealis perfective''': used as a direct command or order.

'''Irrealis imperfective''': used as suggestion. Can often be translated with “perhaps.” Also used in intimate settings to ask someone to do something (“Kiss me”)

'''Realis Commands''': If a command expressed in the realis form, the command would convey a stronger sense, with realis perfective being the stongest sense.

==== Queries ====
Queries can be made in either realis or irrealis, and would most commonly appear as realis perfective (where the answer is already known) or irrealis imperfective (where the answer is unknown).

==== Conditionals ====
Conditionals are expressed as a protasis and apodasis. The mood of the verbs in both clauses generally match. If the protasis is known to be true, the realis is used. If the protasis is a statment of conjecture, the irrealis is used.

== Nauradi Nouns ==

Nauradi nouns are classified in two genders: animate and inanimate. Further specification can be inidcated in nouns by the addition of suffixes. The dictionary form of all nouns is the indeterminate form.

=== Animate Nouns  ===
In their indeterminate form, animate nouns express a gender neutral concept; they do not indicate the anatomical sex of the entity they represent. Suffixes are added when it is necessary to indicate that the entity is either male or female. In example, the English word ''deer'', does not indicate either a male or female deer. English will have a futher specialized word to indicate this concept eg. ''buck'' or ''doe''. With some exceptions, Nauradi does not have such specialized words, but would add either a male or female suffix to identify the difference.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|-
!Male
!Female 
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |-'''is'''||align = &quot;center&quot; |-'''em'''
|-
|}
=== Inanimate Nouns  ===
These are always indeterminate. Unlike animate nouns, there are no additional specications ascribed to them requiring an affix.

=== Special Considerations ===

'''Anthropomorphism'''
Inanimate nouns can add the animate male/female suffixes in the case of literature or other instances where anthropomorphosis is necessary such as in children's literature. Anthropomorphized inanimate nouns are would still be modified by inanimate ajectives.

'''Plant Kingdom'''
While plants are biologically animate entities, Nauradi does not assign male or female properties to them. In the rare case that it may be required (as in scientific contexts), the animate male/femanle suffixes can be added. Despite this, they are always treated as animate entities requiring an animate adjective.


== Nauradi Personal Pronouns ==
As there are no cases in Nauradi, personal pronouns exist in only one form. The personal pronoun always preceeds the verb in a declarative and by definition, follows the preposition. Personal pronouns exist in both singular and plural, and common forms for first person singular, second person singular and plural, and third person plural. The first person plural exists in both inclusive and exclusive forms. The third person singular exists for each gender, animate and inanimate.

'''Dative-Accusative Construct''': The normal declarative structure in Nauradi is Subject-Verb-Object. In the case where two personal pronouns directly follow the verb, it is understood that those are first the indirect object (dative) and then the direct object (accusative).


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|-
! rowspan = &quot;2&quot; valign = &quot;bottom&quot;|Person|| Singluar||colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot;|Plural
|-
!Common 
!Inclusive 
!Exclusive 
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |1st ||align=&quot;center&quot;| '''au''' ||align=&quot;center&quot; |'''aeu'''||align=&quot;center&quot; |'''eun'''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot;|2nd ||align=&quot;center&quot; | '''ulas''' ||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan = &quot;2&quot;| '''tuel''' 
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot;|3rd animate ||align=&quot;center&quot;| '''ui''' ||align=&quot;center&quot;  colspan = &quot;2&quot; rowspan = &quot;2&quot;| '''tain'''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |3rd inanimate ||align=&quot;center&quot; | '''cin''' 
|-
|}

== Nauradi Prepositions ==
While Nauradi does not inflect for case, its 32 prepositions correspond to the cases listed below.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
|-
!Preposition
!Case 
!Description
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''aut'''||align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Ablative '''||''movement away from something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''het'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Accusative '''||''direct object (the accusative preposition may or may not be present in a sentence. Presence of the preposition tends toward literature or formal speech); governs the personal pronoun as a reflexive''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''itaik'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Adessive '''||''adjacent location: near, at, by something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''dlis'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Allative '''||''movement to adjaceny: to something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''sauir'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Antessive '''||''before something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''tesul'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Apudessive '''||''location next to something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''uoets'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Benefactive '''||''for the benefit of, intended for''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''nas'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Comitative '''||''in the company of someone/something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''uken'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Dative '''||''receiver of action: to, for whom''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''asaus'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Delative '''||''movement from the surface: from, off of''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''stoez'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Distributive '''||''distribution by piece: per''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''tsur'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Distributive-Temporal '''||''how often something happens: daily, hourly, on Sunday''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''euraiv'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Egressive '''||''beginning of a movement or a time or origin: beginning from something or beginning from some point, I am from the north.''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''nadl'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Elative '''||''out of something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''kic'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Essive '''||''marking a condition as a quality: as a brick is heavy''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''el'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Genitive '''||''relation or possession''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''ausuer'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Illative '''||''movement into something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''hren'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Inessive '''||''inside something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''klads'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Instrumental '''||''instrument by which something is completed: I hit the ball with a bat''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''eur'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Locative '''||''location: at, on, in something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''krat'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Partitive '''||''used for amounts: three (of the) books, a cup (of) flour''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''xets'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Pertingent '''||''in contact with: touching something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''caus'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Privative '''||''lacking something: without a house, homeless''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''tsius'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Revertive '''||''backwards to something: against the wall''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''grav'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Subessive '''||''under something: under, below''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''aisnu'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Sublative '''||''movement onto or below something''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''ulads'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Superessive '''||''on the surface: on, on top of''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''asirca'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Temporal '''||''specifing a time: at 2:00''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''hroe'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Terminative '''||''marking the end of a movement or time: until''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''aeus'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Vialis '''||''movement through: by way of , via''
|-
| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''eu'''|| align = &quot;center&quot; |'''Vocative '''||''used for address typically in prayer, or other formal situations. Implied in informal speech''
|-
|}

== Nauradi Adjectives ==

Adjectives agree with their associated nouns in both gender and number. They preceed their associated noun in sentence structure. Agreement is formed by adding a suffix indicating gender and number. Comparison of adjectives is at four levels, positive, comparative, superlative, and exaggerated. Comparative forms are indicated by prefix.

== Nauradi Adverbs ==
Like adjectives, adverbs preceed the word which they modify. Comparison is formed with the same prefixes as adjectives.

== Nauradi Conjunctions ==

===Coordinating Conjunctions===
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
There are two forms of the conjucntion '''and''' in Nauradi. While there is a common form which simply links elements together, there is a secondary word which links elements within elements. A sample English sentence might be:

''We had toast and jam and ham and eggs and coffee and orange juice for breakfast.''

Some of the elements in that list are actually a sublist of items which are always together as a single unit:

''toast and jam'' and ''ham and eggs''

The secondary form (represented by the symbol '''&amp;''') is included below to show where it would be used in place of the common form of '''and''':

''We had toast '''&amp;''' jam and ham '''&amp;''' eggs and coffee and orange juice for breakfast.''

===Correlative Conjunctions===
both … and, (n)either … (n)or, and not (only) … but (also) …

===Subordinating Conjunctions===
These introduce dependent clauses.

although, before, until, while
after, although, if, unless, so that, because

===Consecutive Conjunctions===
Nauradi has two conjunctions which indicate a sequence of events, the first shows a sequence of events in increasing direction and is most often translated &quot;then.&quot; 

''First I went to the store, '''then''' to the gas station, '''then''' the coffee shop.''

The second is most often translated as &quot;before that.&quot; 

''I went to the store and '''before that''' the gas station and '''before that''' the coffee shop.''

Consecutive conjunctions can also be used in a consecutive combination.


= Articles =
Nauradi uses no articles.

= Number =
Nauradi has two numbers, singular and plural. Plural is indicated by suffix in most cases though a few words exist that use the same form for singular and plural.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Planetinfobox</title>
    <id>6017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40073</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-23T05:03:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Christina</username>
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|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || km&lt;br&gt;AU
|-
|Perhelion: ||  km
|-
|Aphelion: ||  km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 
|-
|'''Mean Tropical Year''': || 
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || 
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 
|-
|'''Diameter''': || km
|-
|'''Surface area''': ||  km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 
|-
|'''Gravity''': || m/s²&lt;br&gt; g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dzesatakh</title>
    <id>6018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42516</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-01T03:55:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 4,814,690,000 km&lt;br&gt;32.1842 AU
|-
|Perhelion: || 4,540,250,000 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 5,089,130,000 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 69,435.9 d&lt;br&gt;190.105 y
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .057
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || Unknown
|-
|'''Solar day''': || Unknown
|-
|'''Diameter''': || est. 140,000 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || Unknown
|-
|'''Mass''': || 3.0645 × 10&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;16.14 Jupiter-masses&lt;br&gt;.01541 Solar-masses
|-
|'''Gravity''': || Unknown
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 2 known; probably many more
|}

'''Dzesatakh''' (from [[Dzesa]] plus -takh, the standard planetary-name suffix, derived from [[Classical Sanle]] ''tkab'', &quot;star&quot;) is either the outermost and largest known gas [[Planets of Chihazh|planet]] of [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]] or the third sun in the system, depending on definition.  It is near the lower limit for [[Wikipedia:brown dwarf|brown dwarf]]s.  It was named by its discoverer after Dzesa, the [[First Advisor]] at the time of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  This name is only used within the Kasshi Empire and its allies.

Little is known of the planet itself, other than its mass and orbit.

[[Trimundialism|Trimundialists]] believe that the so-called [[Holy World]] is a moon orbiting Dzesatakh.

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyatakh</title>
    <id>6019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43443</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-23T21:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
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|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 2,314,660,000 km&lt;br&gt;15.47 AU
|-
|Perhelion: || 1,814,000,000 km
|-
|Aphelion: || 2,815,320,000 km
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 23,145.3 d&lt;br&gt;63.3684 y
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || .2163
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 16 h, 47 m, 13 s
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 68,270 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 14,642,000,000 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 6.3º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 2.0507 × 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 11.743 m/s²&lt;br&gt;1.1975 g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 
|}

'''Nyatakh''' (from [[Classical Sanle]] ''Nikh Tkab'', &quot;Outer Star&quot;) is the 7th [[Planets of Chihazh|planet]] orbiting [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]].  At the time of its discovery, it was the outermost known planet, hence the name given to it.  It is on the edge of visibility, with a magnitude around 5, but was unknown in ancient times.

Nyatakh was discovered in 286 OE by accident when the [[Kalpan]]ian astronomer [[Mpant of Tstan]] was checking a star map made in 251 by [[Nkwat of Tstan]] and found one &quot;star&quot; in the constellation Quiver completely missing.  He became obsessed with the &quot;missing star&quot;, and came to the conclusion that it was a planet.  He carefully studied the constellations of the zodiac until he found one with a single star not noted on Nkwat's map.  He did not initially declare his discovery, desiring to be certain that Nkwat had not simply overlooked that star.  He made repeated observations of that constellation over two years, to collect observations proving planetary-type movement.  He announced his discovery in 289 OE.

Initially, his discovery was rejected.  It was said that he had simply found a faint star.  But gradually his claim was accepted as further observations proved its movement.

Nyatakh is in a 3:1 orbital resonance with [[Dzesatakh]]

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]</text>
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    <id>6020</id>
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        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
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    <id>6022</id>
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      <id>40124</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
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    <title>Template:Inforight</title>
    <id>6023</id>
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        <username>Christina</username>
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  <page>
    <title>Chara Taranakh</title>
    <id>6024</id>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chara Taranakh''' (698 - 823) was the first [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress]] of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire]], a direct descendant of the last empress of the [[Fourth Kasshi Empire|Fourth Empire]], and grandmother of [[Lindar Taranakh|the present Emperor]].  Originally, her mother, [[Tarana Maretska]] (662-720) was to become the first Empress.  However, her unexpected death shortly before the establishment of the modern Empire caused Chara to become empress.

From 721 to 728, her father, Duke Lindar, served as Regent of the Empire, one of only two Regents in the modern Empire's history.

She was married to Dzesa's eldest son, [[Nakhon]] (701 - 818) in the year 735 and had two children, Empress [[Chara Charakh]], and Princess [[Tarana Charakh|Tarana]].

In 760, after the [[Global War]] ended, there were calls for her resignation, although her daughter and heiress-apparent was only 22 [[Galhafan year|years]] old at the time.  She refused, although she did dismiss her [[First Advisor]], [[Dzesa]] (who, however, later returned to power in 781).  Empress Chara Taranakh presided over the formation of the [[International Council of Governments]] in the aftermath of the collapse of the [[Global Federation of States]].

In 798, she retired from the throne, passing the crown onto her daughter, and establishing the precedent of retirement at 100 (71 Earth years).


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Tarana Maretska]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;712-720
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Kronan Taranakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Queen of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;720-738
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lesser Interregnum]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress of the Kasshi]]&lt;br&gt;([[House of Tarana]])'''&lt;br&gt;721 - 798
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Charakh]]'''
|}

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shiblatakh</title>
    <id>6025</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 5,685,000 km km&lt;br&gt;.038 AU
|-
|'''Orbital Period''': || 2.81705 d
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || 0
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 2.81705 d
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 0º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 6.069 × 10&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;br&gt;(10.16 Earth-masses)
|-
|'''Gravity''': || 
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 0
|}

'''Shiblatakh''' (from [[Classical Sanle]] ''Shimrá tkab'', &quot;Hidden Star&quot;*) is the innermost [[Planets of Chihazh|planet]] of [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]].

== Structure ==
Shiblatakh is a super-Earth, formed from the core of a former gas planet, migrating inwards.  Its atmosphere consists primarily of water vapor and free oxygen, formed from dissociation of water molecules. The surface is covered by a pressurized ocean in a [[Wikipedia:supercritical fluid|supercritical fluid]] state, with a layer of ice below it and a silicate core.

== Discovery ==
It was discovered in 607 OE during observations of Chihazh, when its transit was noted.

Shiblaska is tide-locked to Chihazh.

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic</title>
    <id>6026</id>
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      <id>59212</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Medial consonant clusters */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fully a work in progress. Mistakes may occur.

Abbreviations used on these pages:
'''B.''' = Baltic, '''Cf.''' = 'compare', '''En''' = Enets, '''Er.''' = Erźa, '''Es.''' = Estonian, '''F.''' = Finnish, '''Gmc.''' = Germanic, '''H.''' = Hungarian, '''Hi.''' = Hill Mari, '''IA''' = Indo-Aryan, '''IE''' = Indo-European, '''K.''' = Komi, '''Ka.''' = Kamass, '''Kh.''' = Khanty, '''Li.''' = Livonian, '''Ma.''' = Mari, '''Me.''' = Meadow Mari, '''Mk.''' = Mokša, '''Mo.''' = Mordvinic, '''Ms.''' = Mansi, '''N''' = North, '''Ne.''' = Nenets, '''Ng.''' = Nganasan, '''P.''' = Permic, '''PU''' = Proto-Uralic, '''S.''' = Samic, South, '''Se.''' = Selkup, '''Smy.''' = Samoyedic, '''U.''' = Udmurt, '''Ve.''' = Veps, '''Võ.''' =
South Estonian (Võro)

__NOTOC__
==Development==
* Sound changes to [[Finnish]]
* Sound changes to [[Proto-Samic]]
* Sound changes to [[Proto-Samoyedic]]

==Data subpages==
{|
|-
| [[Proto-Uralic/I|*i]] • [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*ü]] • [[Proto-Uralic/U|*u]]
|-
| [[Proto-Uralic/new|reduced vowels?]] • [[Proto-Uralic/E|remaining cases of *e]] • [[Proto-Uralic/O|*o]]
|-
| [[Proto-Uralic/A|back unrounded vowels *a *ë]] • [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
|-
| Known derivativs with [[Proto-Uralic/-ka|-kA]] • [[Proto-Uralic/-ma|-mA]] • [[Proto-Uralic/derived|Potential derivativs]] • [[Proto-Uralic/CC|Cluster issues]]
|}

==Reconstructed phoneme inventory==

'''Vowels:''' */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or as unalternating [i a]. Mid values [e ~ ə ~ ɤ] for */I/ are also possible.

It is furthermore unclear if (1st-syllable) *ë was [ɯ] or [ɤ], and *a [ɑ] or [ɒ], but substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ë in loans suggests the latter values (unless these particular words are newer loans.)

Two &quot;reduced&quot; or &quot;semi-rounded&quot; vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently.

'''Consonants:''' nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a &quot;laryngeal&quot; *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ &amp; a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two &quot;spirants&quot; */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*ć&lt;/nowiki&gt; (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The &quot;palatal spirant&quot; may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct.

A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *ð, *r could not occur word-initially.

Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-

Basic consonant correspondences (gradation not included in Finno-Samic):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! C !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mo.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi|Ms.]] !! [[Khanty|Kh.]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Smy.]] !! Comments
|-
! *m
| *m || *m || m, v || *m || *m || m, -v- || *m || *m || *m
| Sporadic lenition in Mo, H.
|-
! *n
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *n || *n || n, ń-&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;_F || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *n,&lt;br/&gt;*-ń-&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;F_F || *n || n || *n || *n || *n
|-
! *ń
| *ń || ń,&lt;br/&gt;n-&amp;nbsp;/#_B || *ń || ń || *ń || *ń || *ń
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *-ŋ
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| *v, *ː || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ŋ || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| j&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;F_,&lt;br/&gt;v&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;B_ || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ŋ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ń&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;F_,&lt;br/&gt;n&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;C_,&lt;br/&gt;m&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;B_
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| g || *ŋk || *ŋk || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ŋ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Irregularly split in ObU. (the more general development is *ŋk)&lt;br/&gt;
Retained in some Erzya &amp; Udmurt dialects
|-
| *ŋ || *ŋ
|-
! *w
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *v || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| v || *w || *v || v || *w || *w || *w
|-
! *-w-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *j&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;F_,&lt;br/&gt;∅&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;B_ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ∅ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *v → -ː- || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *ɣ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *ɣ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ∅
|-
! *-x-
| *ː || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *k || j
|-
! *-k-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *k || j, v
| Mordvinic split by vowel backness/frontness
|-
! *k
| k || *k || *k, *g || k, h&amp;nbsp;/_B || *k || *k || *k
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Stop voicing irregularly split in P.
|-
! *p
| *p || *p || p, -v- || *p || *p, *b || f, -v- || *p || *p || *p
|-
! *č
| *t, *h || *c || č || *č || *č, *dž || č, š || *š || *č || *č
|-
! *ć
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *s || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *č || ś || *ć ? || *ć, *dź || s, č || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *s, *š || *s, *ť || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *s
|-
! *ś
| ś, -ź- || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *š || *ś, *-ź- || s || *s
|-
! *s
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *s || s, -z- || *s, *-z- || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ∅ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *t || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ɬ || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *t
|-
! *š
| *h || š, -ž- || *š, *-ž-
|-
! *t
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| *t || *t || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| t, -d-&lt;br/&gt; tʲ, -dʲ- || *t, *-d- || *t, *d || t, -z- || *t
|-
! *ðʲ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ð || *l || *ĺ || ɟ || *ĺ || *j || *j
|-
! *ð
| *l, *-d- || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *l || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| l || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *l || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *l, *-ɬ- || *r
|-
! *l
| *l || *l || l || *l || *l, *j
|-
! *j
| *j, *ː || *j || j || *j || *j || j, ɟ || *j || *j || *j
|-
! *r
| *r || *r || r || *r || *r || r || *r || *r || *r
&lt;!--
|-
! *NP
| *NP || *BB || NB || *NB || *B || B || *NP || *NP || *NP
|-
! *-kt-
| *kt || *kt || vt || * || * || t || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ɣət,&lt;br/&gt;*təɣ || *ɣəɬ, *ɬəɣ || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *t
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Metathesis in Ob-Ugric in i-stems
|-
! *-ks-
| *ks || *ks || ks || *ks || *sk || v || *ɣət, *təɣ 
|-
! *
| * || * ||  || * || * ||  || * || * || *--&gt;
|}

==Medial consonant clusters==

Words included chiefly from appendix from this: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 (see comments in table code)

CF: http://books.google.fi/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&amp;pg=PA492&amp;dq=phonotactics+of+PFU

{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2nd →&lt;br/&gt;1st ↓
! p !! t !! č !! k !! s !! ś !! š !! ð !! l !! r !! w !! j !! m !! n !! ŋ
! ∑
! width=&quot;25&quot;| !! Notes !! width=&quot;25&quot;| !! Frequency color code
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| N
! m
| mp &lt;!--lämpi--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| mt &lt;!--omti tumti---&gt; || ||
| ms &lt;!--pImsimi--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| mś &lt;!--n'ims'a kums'i; Häkk. kuxs'i--&gt;||
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| N/A
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;11&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| N/A
| 6
| || mostly i-stems except *ńimśa
| || single root
|-
! n
| || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| nt &lt;!--tanti- konta- lUnta kënta--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffc8c0&quot;| nč &lt;!--kyntSi n'antSa pantSa pontSa wantSa tSantSi--&gt; ||
| style=&quot;background:#c0f0ff&quot;| || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| nś &lt;!--ons'a luns'a kuns'i--&gt;|| …
| 13
| || mostly back-harmonic a-stems; *ns → *nč?
| || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| two roots
|-
! ŋ
| || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| ŋt &lt;!--oNti uNta--&gt; || || style=&quot;background:#ffc8c0&quot;| ŋk &lt;!--jäNka s'äNki s'aNka woNki pëNka---&gt;
| ŋs &lt;!--jUNsi--&gt; || ŋś &lt;!--sa/äNs'a--&gt; || …
| 9
| || back-harmonic or *ä
| || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| 3-4 roots
|-
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| P
! p
| pp &lt;!--säppa--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| pt &lt;!--jupta- ëpti--&gt;|| ||
| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| ps &lt;!--ipsi kupsa---&gt;|| pś &lt;!--lëps'i--&gt;|| … || pð &lt;!--däpdä--&gt;
| … ||
| 7
| ||
| || style=&quot;background:#ffc8c0&quot;| 5-6 roots
|-
! t
| || … || || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| tk &lt;!--kätki- kytki- tytki---&gt;
| || || ||
| ||
| 3
| || all front-harmonic i-stems
| || style=&quot;background:#f0c0f0&quot;| ~10 roots
|-
! č
| || … || || čk &lt;!--putSki--&gt;
| || || ||
| … ||
| 1
| ||
| || style=&quot;background:#c0f0ff&quot;| Most suspiciously none
|-
! ć
| || || || …
| || || ||
| … ||
| …
|-
! k
| || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| kt &lt;!--kakta tUkta tUkti ïkta--&gt;|| … || kk &lt;!--lükka--&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| ks &lt;!--peksa- suksi mïksa--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| kś &lt;!--s'üks'i n'uks'i n'ëks'imi--&gt;|| … ||
| … || …
| 11
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| S
! s
| || … || || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| sk &lt;!--poski soski--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| N/A
| 2
| || both o_i
|-
! ś
| || … || || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| śk &lt;!--wäs'ka as'kili mos'ki kUs'ki---&gt;
| 4
| || mostly i-stems + *wäśka
|-
! š
| || … || || …
| …
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| L
! l
| … || lt &lt;!--kUlta--&gt; || … || style=&quot;background:#f0c0f0&quot;| lk &lt;!--jälki mälki pelka s'ülki wolka tulka ulki kulki s'ëlka- wëlka---&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| lw &lt;!--talwa tolwa pëlwa--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| lj &lt;!--n'elja pelja--&gt;
|style=&quot;background:#ffc8c0&quot;| lm &lt;!--n'elma Ilma s'ilma pilmita kUlmi--&gt;|| … || lŋ &lt;!--pIlNi--&gt;
| 22
| || *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t-
|-
! r
| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| rp &lt;!--korpi tUrpa---&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| rt &lt;!--pärta sarta--&gt;|| … || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| rk &lt;!--sarka kurki purki n'ërki--&gt;
| rw &lt;!--kIrwa---&gt; || …
| rm &lt;!--n'urmi--&gt; || … || …
| 10
| || mostly back-harmonic
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| (?)
! ð&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
| || || || ð&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʲ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;k &lt;!--s'ëd(')ka--&gt;
| ðʲw &lt;!--käd'wa--&gt;||
| || ||
| 2
|-
! x
| || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| xt? &lt;!--wixti kuxti--&gt;|| (xč) &lt;!--oxtSi--&gt;|| style=&quot;background:#c0f0ff&quot;| &amp;nbsp;
| xs? &lt;!--koxsi - or kowsi?--&gt;|| || || (xð) &lt;!--oxdi--&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#f0c0f0&quot;| xl &lt;!--käxli pexli n'exli koxli n'oxli poxli woxli kUxli tuxli n'ëxli--&gt;|| (xr) &lt;!--woxri - or woori, cf. IE--&gt;|| || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| xj &lt;!--sexji (woxji)--&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| xm &lt;!--läxmi d'ëxmi s'ëxmi--&gt;|| xn &lt;!--sëxni--&gt; ||
| 22
| || i-stems only, some may be loans with long vowels
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| sV
! w
| || … || colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0&quot;| N/A?
| style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| wð &lt;!--käwdi täwdi---&gt;
| wl &lt;!--lewli--&gt;|| || || wj &lt;!--jewji--&gt;
| || || wŋ &lt;!--s'awNa--&gt;
| 5
| || after e ä a only
|-
! j
| … || … ||
| || … || style=&quot;background:#fff0c0&quot;| jw &lt;!--päjwa kajwa ojwa--&gt; || …
| jm &lt;!--äjmä--&gt;|| … || style=&quot;background:#ffffe0&quot;| jŋ &lt;!--wajNi ajNi--&gt;
| 6
| || after ä a o only
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| ∑
| 4 || 17 || 7 || 31
| 8 || 10 || … || 4
| 11 || (1) || 8 || 5
| 10 || 1 || 4
|}

Not all blank'd cells were necessarily impossible: some roots of limited distribution have examples of *kč, *pš, *kš, *pl, *ćl, *čl, *kl, *kr, *tt, *čt, *st, *śt, *št, *šk, *ćk, *nš, *ŋš, *lp, *lč, *ln, *rč, *rj, *rn, *rŋ, *jp, *jt, *jr, *jj, *jń, *wt (mark'd with an ellipsis in the table).

[[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Reconstructed languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Planets of Chihazh</title>
    <id>6027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43449</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-23T21:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]]''' has 12 or 13 known planets (depending on how one classified [[Dzesatakh]]) in 10 or 11 orbits, 5 or 6 gas giants and 7 terrestrial planet, as well as a number of dwarf planets and countless asteroids.

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|colspan=10 align=&quot;center&quot;| '''The Chihazh system'''
|-
| 
| Name&lt;br&gt;(Modern Ivetsian)
| Etymology of name&lt;br&gt;([[Classical Sanle]] origin, unless otherwise noted)
| Name&lt;br&gt;([[Classical Blafu]])
| Mass
| Type
| Orbital period
| Semimajor axis
| Eccentricity
| Discovery
|-
| '''Chihazh I'''
| [[Shiblatakh]]
| ''Shimrá tkab'' &quot;Hidden Star&quot;
| Trùku vàle &quot;First Star&quot;
| 6.069 × 10&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rocky
| 2.81705 d
| 5,685,000 km
| 0.024
| 607 OE
|-
| '''Chihazh II'''
| '''[[Tusatrakh]]'''
| ''Tosár tkab'' &quot;Fast Star&quot;
| Trèpha vàle &quot;Infant Star&quot;
| 1.955 × 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Gas
| 14.6517 d
| 17,065,000 km
| .012
| rowspan=5|Known Since Ancient Times
|-
| '''Chihazh III'''
| '''[[Ofsandakh]]'''
| ''Pshán tkab'' &quot;Bright Star&quot;
| Ndéna vàle &quot;Child Star&quot;
| 4.003 × 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Gas
| 43.9262 d
| 35,481,000 km
| .041
|-
| '''Chihazh IV'''
| '''[[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]'''
| [[Classical Kasshian]] ''Wagallapa'' &quot;Our World&quot;
| 
| 4.9896 × 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rocky
| 259.655 d
| 115,101,000 km
| .0294
|-
| rowspan=2|'''Chihazh V'''
| '''[[Zheftakh]]'''
| ''Zhev tkab'' &quot;Great Star&quot;
| Lílí (néma) vále &quot;Fast (Free) Star&quot;
| 1.846 × 10&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Gas (Sub-Brown Dwarf)
| rowspan=2| 727.684 d&lt;br&gt;1.99233 y
| rowspan=2| 240,520,000 km
| rowspan=2| .0227
|-
| '''[[Ospendakh]]'''
| ''Tpen tkab'' &quot;Follower Star&quot;
| Drùma vále &quot;Slave Star&quot;
| 3.0471 × 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rocky
|-
|colspan=10 align=center|Inner Asteroid Belt
|-
| '''Chihazh VI'''
| '''[[Ozatraftakh]]'''
| ''Ksátlhap tkab'' &quot;Slow Star&quot;
| Gùgù (néma) vále &quot;Slow (Free) Star&quot;
| 9.131 × 10&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Gas
| 5,167.58 d&lt;br&gt;14.1481 y
| 851,865,000 km
| .023
| Known Since Ancient Times
|-
| '''Chihazh VII'''
| [[Charatakh]]
| ''Chara tkab'' [[Chara Taranakh|Chara]]'s Star
| Yulà vále &quot;New Star&quot;
| 1.8723 × 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rocky
| 10,335.2 d&lt;br&gt;28.2962 y
| 1,352,250,000 km
| .1613
| 728 OE
|-
| '''Chihazh VIII'''
| [[Nyatakh]]
| ''Nikh tkab'' &quot;Outer Star&quot;
| Gavále &quot;Outer Star&quot;
| 2.0507 × 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Gas
| 23,145.3 d&lt;br&gt;63.3684 y
| 2,314,660,000 km
| .2163
| 286 OE (recognized as a planet)&lt;br&gt;251 OE (first noted)
|-
|'''Chihazh IX'''
| [[Dzesatakh]]
| ''Dzesa tkab'' &quot;[[Dzesa]]'s Star&quot;
| Ng'é Vále &quot;Great Star&quot;
| 3.0645 × 10&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Brown Dwarf
| 69,435.9 d&lt;br&gt;190.105 y 
| 4,814,690,000 km
| .057
| 745 OE
|-
|colspan=10 align=center|Outer Asteroid Belt
|-
|'''Chihazh X'''
|
|
|
| 2.4783 × 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rocky
| 104,154 d&lt;br&gt;285.158 y
| 6,309,030,000 km
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|'''Chihazh XI'''
|
|
|
| 4.0147 × 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| rowspan=2|Rocky
| rowspan=2|138,872 d&lt;br&gt;380.210 y
| rowspan=2|7,642,840,000 km
|
|
|-
|
|
|
| 5.9802 × 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|
|
|-
|colspan=10 align=center|Cometary Cloud
|}


[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System|*]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Science</title>
    <id>6028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40181</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Top-level categories]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Astronomy</title>
    <id>6029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40183</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T01:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Science]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Science]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Planets of Chimíve</title>
    <id>6034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42528</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-01T04:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Suns of Galhaf|Chimíve]]''' has 3 known planets, 1 gas planets and 2 terrestrials.  It is quite probable that it had more planets prior to entering its red giant phase.

{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|colspan=10 align=&quot;center&quot;| '''The Chimíve system'''
|-
| 
| Name&lt;br&gt;(Modern Ivetsian)
| Etymology of name&lt;br&gt;([[Classical Sanle]] origin, unless otherwise noted)
| Name&lt;br&gt;([[Classical Blafu]])
| Mass
| Type
| Orbital period
| Semimajor axis
| Eccentricity
| Discovery
|-
| Chimíve I
|
|
|
|
| Gas
| 1,473.57 d&lt;br&gt;4.03449 y
| 318,985,000 km
|
| 
|-
| Chimíve II
| [[Taranatakh]]
| ''Tarana tkab'' &quot;[[Tarana Charakh|Tarana]]'s Star&quot;
| 
| 2.0431 × 10&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; kg
| Rock
| 6,156.41 d&lt;br&gt;16.8557 y
| 827,450,000 km
| .061
| 803 OE
|-
| Chimíve III
|
|
|
|
| Rock
| 30,167.1 d&lt;br&gt;82.5949 y
| 2,387,150,000 km
|
| 809 OE
|}

[[Category:Planets of the Chimive System|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Planets of the Chimive System</title>
    <id>6035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41928</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T00:10:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Planets of the Galhaf System|Chimive]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ave matthew</title>
    <id>6036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40216</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-26T14:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ave matthew</username>
        <id>1263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==me==
Hello, I'm Matthew. I live in southern Manitoba, Canada, and my L1 is English. My L2 is French and I have some studying in Spanish, Italian and Cree.

==Conlangs==
[[Jorayn]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jorayn</title>
    <id>6037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59108</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T13:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ave matthew</username>
        <id>1263</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updating verb cojugation and stuff for the relay</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Jorayn
|pronounce=/ʒɔrɐjn/
|tu=contact with cree, french and then english
|species=Human
|in=Manitoba
|no=1.01
|script=Joranic / romanization
|tree=none
|morph=inflecting, agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-accusative
|wo=VOS
|creator=Matthew Turnbull
|date=~2003}}

==The language==
Jorayn is a language that I am in the process of creating on a purely for the heck of it basis, as a personal artlang. It is the second language I have ever worked on, and the first one that really ever got anywhere.

==some grammatical overview==
Jorayn is a VOS, prepositional language that has quite a bit of case marking and complicated verbs with aspect tense and evidentiality on some verbs. Jorayn is a pro-drop language(It often does not state a pronoun that is evident from context or other grammatical cues).

==Orthography==
vowels :
{|
!orthography
!quality
|-
| i
| ɨ
|-
| a
| ɐ
|-
| o
| o
|-
| u
| u
|-
| ii
| i
|-
| e
| ɛ
|-
| é
| e
|}

''Consonants''
{|
!orthography
!quality
|-
|p
|p
|-
|t
|t
|-
|k
|k
|-
|f
|f
|-
|th
|θ
|-
|s
|s
|-
|sh
|ʃ
|-
|ts
|ts'
|-
|kka
|k'
|-
|kko
|k'&lt;sup&gt;w&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|r
|r
|-
|rk
|R
|-
|rrk
|Rr
|-
|l
|l
|-
|w
|w
|-
|y
|j
|-
|gn
|ɲ
|-
|n
|n
|-
|m
|m
|-
|b
|b
|-
|d
|d
|-
|g
|g
|-
|z
|z
|-
|j
|ʒ
|-
|}
==the real grammar section==

===Pronoun system===
Jorayn is a pro-drop language, which drops all subject pronouns, unless emphasis is desired, object pronouns are very rarely dropped.

Jorayn has only one subject pronoun, which declines for the following things :
*animacy
*number
*person
*sexuality
*case

**The inanimate pronouns are jii(1SG) tii(2SG) and lii(3SG), which pluralize via the normal rules to form ja, ta, la.
**The animate pronouns are as follows
**Heterosexual : jor, tor, mor -&gt; jur, tur, mur
**Bisexual : jorr, torr, morr -&gt;  jurrk, turrk, murrk
**Homosexual : corr, dorr, porr -&gt; cur, dur, pur

**the pronouns follow the normal case derivations outlined in thier respective sections

notes on the pronouns 
-The default sexuality is Bisexual, and it would be rather impolite to presume that someone was heterosexual or homosexual. Not to say that most people are bisexual, heterosexuality is still prevalent, but people are inclined to say they're bisexual if they have *any* attraction to the same/opposite sex, as it makes them have more options open for marriage.

- The sexuality marking is a diachronic result of the reassignment of a larger more elaborate system the included case, the plurals were reassigned to the bisexual and the singular objective became the homosexual pronouns; While this change was coming about I debated simply scraping the &quot;extra&quot; pronouns, but realized that since Jorayn is prodrop it would be pretty easy to hide one's sexuality in case you were uncomfortable with someone knowing, although the conculture that speaks the language wouldn't care one way or another, so the sexuality marking stayed.

- The person marking on the inanimate pronouns comes from stories where inanimate things talk and to things, they will refer to themselves, and others will refer to them with these pronouns. A good example is the word for thankyou, which has a form for each second person pronoun: maniimotii, maniimota, maniimotor, maniimotur ... ect

===Verb forms and conjugations===
Jorayn has at least three verb conjugation groups, which are very distinct from one another, and share some, but not all of their conjugations.

===The -tyo verbs===
-tyo verbs in general have punctual aspect, and have a relationship with stems such as that STEM+tyo forms the verb more often than not.

===The VC(C)V verbs===
These verbs almost universally have non-punctual aspect, and many may be derived from -tyo verbs. They have a relationship with stems such as that the final vowel is replaced and one is appended to yield the carateristic VC(C)V# pattern.

===The fiiyoliioma verbs===
These are verbs that follow the conjugation of fiiyoliioma, which is similar to but not identical to VC(C)V verbs, as it also shares some features with -tyo verbs, and has some unique to it.

====The VC(C)V verbs====
All of the conjugations below are for the verb lare, to be blue.

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ Present conjugation of '''lare'''
|-
|
!1st!!2nd!!3rd
|-
!singular
||lare||lara||laro
|-
!dual
||lere||lera||lero
|-
!quintuple
||lore||lora||loro
|-
!plural
||lure||lura||luro
|-
|}

The rest of the conjugations of the verb are based on the present tense, which as you can see is made by the permutation of the end vowels.

For a ''CVcv'' stem the ''V'' denotes number of the subject (1:'''a''', 2:'''e''', 5:'''o''', 3,4,6,7...:'''u''')

and the ''v'' denotes the person of the subject (1st:'''e''', 2nd:'''a''', 3rd:'''o''', 4th:'''é''')

The other tenses and aspects and moods are formed thusly, with '''lare''' as an example:
===Indicative mood===
====durative aspect====
Futur tense : _n - '''laren''' : it will be blue

Present tense : _∅ - '''lare''' : it is blue

Past tense : _m - '''larem''' : it was blue
====Imperfect aspect====
The imperfect aspect is considered archaic, and is very rarely used in speech, it's been replaced by the past with a time specified with '''sun'''. This is used to decribe actions that began in the past, which continued almost to the present, or which will soon come to an end. The tenses denote how far back in the past the action started.

Far : _né - '''larené''' : it's been blue ever since I can remember (but now it isn't, or it won't be for long)

Past : _na - '''larena''' : it's been blue for a while (but now it isn't, or it won't be for long)

Close : _nii - '''larenii''' it's only been blue for a bit, like a couple weeks max. (but now it isn't, or it won't be for long)
====habitual aspect====
non-past : Ṽ - '''larẽ''' : it's always blue (it's blue everyday, or every couple of days, no chance of that changing soon)

past : _mṼ - '''laremẽ''' : it was always being blue (at least once every couple days)
====Eternal aspect====
non-time : Ṽa - '''larẽa''' : it doesn't matter when it started being blue, but it seems like it has been forever, even when it wasn't, and it will be forever, or at least till i'm dead and gone.

===Other moods===
===the optative===
immediate : _r

delayed : _ra

A note to make sure of is that underlying NASAL+r clusters manifest as r+NASAL 

some usage examples of the optative, which is derived from the indicative.
*koineder - I want to be together
*koinedera - I will want us to be together
*koinederna (underlying *koinedenra) - I want us to be together in the futur.
*mortharrer -  I want to be dying!
*mortharrer - I want to die!

====The Imperative mood====
The specific imperative is formed by reduplication of the ultimate syllable.
*vrminadada : come here! from vrminada : you are coming here.
The general imperative is formed by addition of _mé, it is used mostly in exclamations, it's like asking the universe to do something you know it won't. I can only think of one example from English.
*mortharromé jor - kill me now! (no one really expects someone to kill them when they say this)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Piandiyul</title>
    <id>6038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40224</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-27T07:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Piandiyul</username>
        <id>1265</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: *Kanjese Language [[Where is Kanjese used]]  [[Kanjese Writing]]  [[Kanjese Grammar]]  [[Kanjese Dictionary]]  *Piatlese Language [[Where is Piatlese used]]  [[Piatlese Writing]]  [[Piatle...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Kanjese Language
[[Where is Kanjese used]]

[[Kanjese Writing]]

[[Kanjese Grammar]]

[[Kanjese Dictionary]]

*Piatlese Language
[[Where is Piatlese used]]

[[Piatlese Writing]]

[[Piatlese Grammar]]

*Tailenese Language
[[Where is Tailenese used]]

[[Tailenese Writing]]

[[Tailenese Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Where is Kanjese used</title>
    <id>6039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40225</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-27T07:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Piandiyul</username>
        <id>1265</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: *[[Kanjonesia]]  Kanjonesia is a place that speaks Kanjese only. It is a continent and is just as big as America. Kanjonesia is close to both Piatnesia, Tainesia, and Pyokonesia.  Kanjones...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Kanjonesia]] 
Kanjonesia is a place that speaks Kanjese only. It is a continent and is just as big as America. Kanjonesia is close to both Piatnesia, Tainesia, and Pyokonesia. 
Kanjonesia has 10 large cities and 2 capitals.

The cities:
*Gauciten
*Molnagau
*Jogauke
*Gaukeke
*Gaumienke
*Gaukoke
*Garugauke
*Gaumiake
*Gaugaunike

The capitals:
*Kanjomuguruk
*Kanjomiek</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kasshi Imperial Family</title>
    <id>6041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40264</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-28T08:03:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Kasshi Empresses]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi Empresses]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Empresses of the Second Kasshi Empire</title>
    <id>6042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40268</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-28T08:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi Empresses|2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarana Charakh</title>
    <id>6044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53227</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T11:57:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Princess '''Tarana Charakh''' (745 - 841) was the second daughter of Empress [[Chara Taranakh]], younger sister to Empress [[Chara Charakh]], and aunt of the [[Dzesa Charakh|current Empress]].

She was given the honorary title of Governor-General of All Extraplanetary Territories, although she herself never left [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].

Tarana had two husbands, four children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild
*[[Yaret]] (1st husband; b. 748, m. 775)
**[[Lindar Taranakh]] (son; b. 779; m. 810 to [[Zhinat]])
***[[Lindar Lindarka]] (grandson; b. 814)
**[[Netas Taranakh|Netas]] (daughter; b. 788)
***[[Farina Netaska|Farina]] (granddaughter; b. 806)
****[[Gilhat Farinakh|Gilhat]] (great grandson; b. 840)
***[[Kotath Netaska|Kotath]] (grandson; b. 810)
**[[Krinas Taranakh]] (daughter; b. 788)
***[[Krinas Krinaska]] (granddaughter; b. 823)
*[[Gelhakh]] (2nd husband; b. 740, m. 782)
**[[Marets Taranakh|Marets]] (daughter; b. 785; m. 815 to [[Oret]])
***''[[Motar Oretka]]'' (grandson; b. 816; left Imperial Family)
***[[Yopat Maretska|Yopat]] (grandson; b. 823)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''New Title'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Governor-General of All Extraplanetary Territories'''&lt;br&gt;?? - 841
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lindar Taranakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Dzesa Charakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;838 - 841
|}

[[Category:House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi Line of Succession</title>
    <id>6045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53230</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T12:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kasshi Imperial Succession Law''' is based on simple principles of descent.  The reigning empress or emperor's eldest child is first in line, followed by their descendants, and then the reigning monarch's siblings, and so forth.  The [[House of Tarana|current Imperial Family]] is defined as descendants of [[Tarana Maretska]], mother of [[Chara Taranakh]].  In the original form of the succession law, daughters took precedence over sons (following long custom), but it has since been revised to set sons equal to daughters.

Spouses of Imperial Family Members are given status as Associate Members of the Imperial Family, but are not eligible to the succession.  They have the title of Prince/Princess.  This status is terminated upon divorce.

In the event that the Imperial House should die out, an election shall be held by the House of Nobles to choose a new Emperor or Empress, who shall also found a new House.

The present order of sucession is:
#[[Mayor of Ivets|Lord Mayor]] [[Lindar Lindarka]] of [[Ivets]] (b. 814) - son of [[Lindar Taranakh|current Emperor]]
#Governor-General [[Marets Taranakh]] of All Extraplanetary Territories (b. 785) - daughter of [[Tarana Charakh]]; sister of current Emperor
#''[[Yopat Maretska]]'' (b. 823) - son of Marets; grandson of Emperor
#[[Netas Taranakh]] (b. 788) - daughter of Tarana; sister of Emperor
#[[Farina Netaska]] (b. 803) - daughter of Netas; niece of Emperor
#''[[Gilhat Farinakh]]'' (b. 840) - son of Farina; great nephew of Emperor
#[[Kotath Netaska]] (b. 810) - son of Netas; nephew of Emperor
#[[Krinas Taranakh]] (b. 788) - daughter of Tarana; sister of Emperor
#''[[Krinas Krinaska]]'' (b. 823) - daughter of Krinas Taranakh; niece of Emperor
#Queen [[Kaseth Kronanka]] of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]] (b. 743) - daughter of [[Kronan Taranakh]]; 1st cousin once removed of current Emperor
#Lady Mayor [[Liyar Kasethka]] of Matar (b. 782) - daughter of Kaseth; 2nd cousin
#''[[Galen Liyarka]]'' (b. 817) - son of Liyar; 2nd cousin once removed
#''[[Baket Liyarka]]'' (b. 821) - son of Liyar; 2nd cousin once removed
#[[Paket Kasethka]] (b. 787) - son of Kaseth; 2nd cousin
#[[Maren Kronanka]] (b. 748) - daughter of Kronan Taranakh; 1st cousin once removed
#[[Arets Kapatska]] (b. 806) - daughter of [[Kapats Kronanka]], late son of Kronan; 2nd cousin
#Duchess [[Yarel Taranakh]] of [[Duchy of Kassa|Kassa]] (b. 705) - daughter of Tarana Maretska; great aunt of current Emperor
#[[Baraz Maraska]] (b. 772) - grandson of Yarel; 2nd cousin of current Emperor
#[[Relya Yarelka]] (b. 740) - daughter of Yarel; 1st cousin once removed of current Emperor
#[[Ganar Relyaka]] (b. 782) - daughter of Relya; 2nd cousin of current Emperor
#''[[Ganar Ganarka]]'' (b. 840) - daughter of Ganar; 2nd cousin once removed of current Emperor
#''[[Narga Ganarka]]'' (b. 842) - daughter of Ganar; 2nd cousin once removed of current Emperor
#''[[Letan Ganarka]]'' (b. 845) - daughter of Ganar; 2nd cousin once removed of current Emperor
#''[[Savet Ganarka]]'' (b. 845) - daughter of Ganar; 2nd cousin once removed of current Emperor
#''[[Haleth Ganarka]]'' (b. 845) - daughter of Ganar; 2nd cousin once removed of current Emperor
#[[Mattso Tsomatka]] (b. 746) - son of [[Tsomat Taranakh]]; 1st cousin once removed of current Emperor
#[[Valet Mattsokh]] (b. 791) - son of Mattso; 2nd cousin of current Emperor

1-9 belong to the Chara Branch of the House of Tarana, 10-16 belong to the Kronan branch, 17-25 belong to the Yarel Branch, and 26-27 belong to the Tsomat Branch.  The Emperor plus these 27 represent the entire House of Tarana.

If a person under the age of 30 [[Galhafan year|years]] becomes Emperor/Empress, a regent is appointed.  The choice of regent is automatic, according to another set of rules
#Parent
#Spouse
#Spouse of previous Emperor/Empress
#Highest-ranking individual in line of succession over the age of 30

After that, it's the same as the line of succession, minus the under-30's.

There have been two Regents in the modern Empire's history.  The first was Duke Lindar, father of the [[Chara Taranakh|first Empress]] (who was a minor at the time of the Empire's founding) and the current Emperor, who was regent during the later part of [[Dzesa Charakh|his cousin]]'s short reign.

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>House of Tarana</title>
    <id>6046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42519</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-01T03:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''House of Tarana''' is the present ruling dynasty of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  It consists of all descendants of [[Tarana Maretska]], the mother of [[Chara Taranakh]], first Empress of the present Empire.  Tarana had been expected to take the throne upon the formation of the Empire, but died unexpectedly two years before the Empire was created.  She had four daughters and one son, forming 5 branches of the Imperial Family (1 of which has since died out).

[[Category:House of Tarana|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:House of Tarana</title>
    <id>6048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40308</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-29T02:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Kasshi Imperial Family|Tarana]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi Imperial Family|Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tarana Maretska</title>
    <id>6050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53229</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T12:13:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tarana Maretska''' (662-720) was the founder of the present dynasty of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]], the [[House of Tarana]].  Her daughter was the first Empress, [[Chara Taranakh]].

She was Queen of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]] from 712 until her death.  In the old Realm of Ivets, the heir's title was Lady/Lord Mayor of [[Ivets]] (the city).  This title was retained as a title for heir of the Empress.  The title of Queen/King of Ivets initially remained a subsidiary title of the Empress, until 738 when Empress Chara Taranakh bestowed the title upon her younger brother, separating out the city and surrounding area as the current City-State of Ivets.

Tarana was married to Duke [[Lindar (Duke)|Lindar]] (665-785).  She had five children
*Daughter: Empress [[Chara Taranakh]] (698-823) - founder of the Chara Branch.
*Son: [[Kronan Taranakh|Kronan]] (702-804) - founder of the Kronan Branch.
*Daughter: [[Yarel Taranakh|Yarel]] (b. 705) - oldest living member of the House of Tarana, founder of the Yarel Branch; inherited her father's Duchy
*Daughter: [[Tsomat Taranakh|Tsomat]] (708-804) - founder of Tsomat Branch.
*Daughter: [[Waleth Taranakh|Waleth]] (712-840) - founder of House of Waleth (no longer part of House of Tarana)


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Marets Kilarka]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;695 - 712
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Taranakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Queen of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;712 - 720
|}

[[Category:House of Tarana|*]]</text>
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    <title>File:The 17 consonants of Seuna.png</title>
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        <id>752</id>
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    <title>File:The 5 vowels of Seuna.PNG</title>
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    <title>File:The 6 diphthongs of Seuna.png</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-30T07:01:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-30T07:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
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    <title>File:The 10 personal pronoun symbols of Seuna.png</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
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    <title>File:The 17 consonants of Seuna.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-30T07:16:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
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    <title>File:Seuna test.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-30T07:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Seuna test.PNG]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  <page>
    <title>Romanto</title>
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    <redirect />
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      <id>40349</id>
      <timestamp>2008-11-30T11:34:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Romanto]] moved to [[Romanzo]]: Name of Language changed while under futher development</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Romanzo]]</text>
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    <title>Talk:Romanto</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-11-30T11:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Romanto]] moved to [[Talk:Romanzo]]: Name of Language changed while under futher development</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Romanzo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki Advent Calendar</title>
    <id>6061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41189</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-24T20:40:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==1st December==

What are you afraid of if you have pogonophobia?
*A: Beards, or men wearing beards.

==2nd December==


In Gaelic, what is the literal meaning of the name 'Campbell'?
*A: 'Crooked Mouth'.

==3rd December==


What was the original meaning of the Latin word 'musculus', meaning 'muscle'?
*A: 'Little mouse'.

==4th December==

What language gave us the word 'honcho', for 'big shot' or 'boss'?
*A: Japanese. Hancho means 'squad commander' in Japanese.

==5th December==

What does the name 'Jonah' mean when translated from Hebrew?
*A: 'Dove'.

==6th December==

What flower's name means 'nose-twitching' in Latin - a name bestowed on it because of its pungent aroma?
*A: The nasturtium

==7th December==
What was the original meaning of the word 'clue'?
*A: A ball of thread or yarn, with reference to the one Theseus used as a guide out of the Labyrinth, which makes the concept of unravelling a clue all the more meaningful.

==8th December==
What is poliosis?
*A: The graying of the hair. It comes from 'polios', the Greek word for 'grey'.  The disease poliomyelitis was so named because it involves the inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

==9th December==
How did the duffle bag get its name.
*A: From the Belgian town of Duffel, where the coarse, thick-napped woollen fabric used for the bags was manufactured.

==10th December==
Dublin theatre manager James Daly was credited with inventing and introducing what word into the English language during the late eighteenth century by scrawling it in bathrooms and other public places?
*A: 'Quiz': Daly reportedly bet a friend he could introduce a new word into the language within 24 hours - and won.

==11th December==
What did the term 'skyscraper' originally mean - before it was used to describe a tall building?
*A: It was the name of the small triangular sail set above the royals on square-riggers to catch wind in calm weather. It was later used to describe tall men and horses, and eventually buildings.

==12th December==
What's an ananym?
*A: A name spelled backwards that is sometimes used as a pseudonyum. Oprah Winfrey uses an anaym of her first name for her production company Harpo.

==13th December==
What was the nautical origin of the expression 'not enough room to swing a cat'?
*A: The cat referred to was a cat-o'-nine-tails, which was used for lashings at sea.

==14th December==
What does the word 'koala' mean in Australia's Aborigine language?
*A: It means 'no drink'. This Australian marsupial gets all the liquid it needs from the eucalyptus leaves it eats.

==15th December==
You've no doubt heard the French children's ditty ''Alouette''. Just what or who is 'alouette'?
*A: It's a skylark.

==16th December==
What is sneet?
*A: In California, where smoke and fog combine to become smog, a downpour of snow and sleet is known as sneet.

==17th December==
What is a dentiloquist?
*A: Someone who speaks through clenched teeth.

==18th December==
In Japan, what automobile accessory is known as a 'bakkumira'?
*A: The rear-view mirror. The Japanese word was drawn from the English words 'back' and 'mirror'.

==19th December==
What is a triolet?
*A: A poem. It's an eight-line poem having a rhyming scheme of ab aa ab ab, with its first line repeated as the fourth and seventh lines, and the second line repeated as the eighth line.

==20th December==

What was the original meaning of 'ezel', the name seventeenth-century Dutch artists gave to the three-legged stand we know today as an easel?
*A: 'Ezel' is Dutch  for 'donkey'. The artist's stand was so named because, like a donkey, it too carried a burden.

==21st December==

What is the last letter of the Greek alphabet?
*A: Omega.

==22nd December==

What is Trockenbeerenauslese?
*A: A German wine made from vine-dried grapes so rare that it can take a skilled picker a day to gather enough for a single bottle.

==23rd December==

How did the loosely woven fabric we know as gauze get its name?
*A: From the city of Gaza, in Palestine, where it was first made.

==24th December==

What is the meaning of the word 'Siberia'?
*A: It's from 'sibir', which means 'sleeping giant' in the language of the Taatars who once dwelled in the area.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Normal Main Page</title>
    <id>6062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40393</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-01T07:25:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support: [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conven...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Support:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing a Page]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Article Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a Page]] • [[Help:Contents|General Help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner}}


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
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| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Introduction}}
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topics&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natural languages]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Conlangs]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Conscripts]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Conworlds]]
:[[Conlang comparison]]
:[[Our Father|Lord's Prayer translations]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Conlang relays]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Templates for use in articles]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki @ Yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki in other languages 

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Other languages}}
|-
&lt;!--</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waleth Taranakh</title>
    <id>6066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53071</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T12:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Waleth Taranakh''' (712 - 840) was the youngest daughter of [[Tarana Maretska]].  She was only 7 [[Galhafan year|years]] old (5 Earth years) when her mother died.  She was raised largely by her father and, to a lesser extent, her elder siblings.

Waleth remained unmarried, and had two children, which was an acceptable practice in the early 8th century, but has, in more recent years, become less acceptable.

Between 721 and 763, she held the title of Princess.  In 753, she was given the position of Lady Protector of [[Zobar]].  In the year 763, she renounced her membership in the [[House of Tarana]] and proclaimed herself Queen of Zobar.  She was acknowledged as Queen by her [[Chara Taranakh|elder sister]] in 792.

She stepped down as queen in 812, following the precedent set by her sister in the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].

She had two children and a number of other descendants.  Her descendants form the House of Waleth.
*Daughter: [[Kareth Walethka]] (744 - 838)
*Son: [[Tobat Walethka]] (b. 753)

{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''?'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady Protectoress of Zobar'''&lt;br&gt;753 - 763
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;''Title extinguished''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;''New Title''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Queen of Zobar'''&lt;br&gt;763 - 812
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''?'''
|}

[[Category:House of Tarana]]
[[Category:Rulers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siopicus Dimension</title>
    <id>6067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40650</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-09T00:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">As stated on the main page, [[E'hwelos|E'hwelos]] exists in a dimension invisible in our own universe. I’m going to attempt to explain the '''Siopicus Dimension'''. However, I am not a Quantum Physicist, therefore I’m going to explain it in simple English-but I guess that is all that’s necessary right? 

First, some relevant trivia. Within the realms of our own Earth and Universe, we have vibrations and frequencies. When something vibrates, it can be fast or slow, but invariably, this will cause some form of friction, noise or heat. Frequency is the number of cycles per unit of time (''or simply describes the number of waves that pass a fixed place in a given amount of time'').&lt;br/&gt;Vibrations can give off sound and other measurable reactions. For example, the frequency range of the human voice is between (''approx'') '''300''' and '''3000 hertz''' (''remember, the voice is created by vibration of the vocal chords''). The human ear is capable of detecting sound within a frequency of roughly '''20 Hz - 20 kHz'''. Normally, anything above or below this cannot be heard. But that does not mean that it is not there. It simply means that the vibration is such that its inherent reaction is 'inaudible' to us. But there is also another factor in our Universe to consider: '''transparency'''. Air for example is transparent, can’t be seen, and on many occasions, cannot be smelt or felt. Doesn’t mean it’s not there though does it? And of course, it’s vibrating.&lt;br/&gt;Quite simply, the Siopicus Dimension vibrates on a frequency that cannot be detected by us. But even more so, on a frequency that allows it to co-exist alongside, and indeed interact with our own universe.

'''Here is an even simpler explanation'''

Imagine a jug full of rice grains. Now imagine a toy soldier standing on top of the rice. The soldier stands quite sturdily on top of the rice, because it appears that the bed of rice is solid. Now, add a certain degree of vibration underneath the jug, and the toy soldier sinks into the rice and disappears. This is because, as a result of the vibration, the rice has now lost its rigidity and become unstable.&lt;br/&gt;This is how '''Earth''' and '''E'hwelos''' co-exist within one another; the vibration of the '''Siopicus Dimension''' is such that it merges with our own dimension and becomes transparent. The degree of vibration is constant (it has to be), in much the same way that Earth's orbital speed is constant, or the speed of light is constant.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chara Charakh</title>
    <id>6068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53216</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T04:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chara Charakh''' (b. 738) is a [[Abdication in the Kasshi Empire|Retired]] [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress]] of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] and mother of Retired Empress [[Dzesa  Charakh]].  She reigned from 798 when [[Chara Taranakh|her mother]] resigned (for reasons of age), until 838 when she herself resigned by reason of age.

In the year 772, she married Imperial Consort [[Sekhar]].  They have a single child, [[Dzesa Charakh|Dzesa]], born 796, through, it is rumored, the assistance of fertility treatments.

She was heavily influenced by her grandmother, [[Dzesa]], after whom her daughter is named.


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Taranakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress of the Kasshi Empire]]&lt;br&gt;([[House of Tarana]])'''&lt;br&gt;798 - 838
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Dzesa Charakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Kronan Taranakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;738 - 798
|}

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taalen Writing</title>
    <id>6069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40500</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-04T23:15:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dauyn</username>
        <id>80</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: =Orthography= {| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=1 |- align=&quot;center&quot; | Phoneme || ''p'' || ''t'' || ''k'' || ''b'' || ''d'' || ''g'' || ''f''|| ''θ'' || ''h ç x'' || ''v'' || ''ð'' || ''ɣ''  |-...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Orthography=
{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=1
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Phoneme || ''p'' || ''t'' || ''k'' || ''b'' || ''d'' || ''g'' || ''f''|| ''θ'' || ''h ç x'' || ''v'' || ''ð'' || ''ɣ'' 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Romanization || p || t || c || b || d || g || f || th || h || v || dh || gh
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Phoneme || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''ŋ'' || ''m̥'' || ''n̥'' || ''ŋ̥'' || ''s'' || ''ʃ'' || ''l'' || ''ɬ'' || ''ɾ,ɹ'' || ''ɹ̥''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Romanization || m || n || ñ || mh || nh || ñh || s || sh || l || lh || r || rh
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Phoneme || ''j'' || ''w'' || ''i'' || ''ɪ'' || ''ʊ'' || ''u'' || ''e'' || ''ø'' || ''o'' || ''ɛ'' || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Romanization || y,i || u || i || i+ || u+ || u || e || eu || o || e || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Phoneme || ''æ'' || ''ə'' || ''a'' || ''ɑ'' || ''aɪ'' || ''eɪ'' || ''oɪ'' || ''əɪ'' || ''aʊ'' || ''oʊ'' || ''əʊ'' || 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| Romanization || ea || a,y || a || aa || ai || ei || oe || ae || au || ou || ao ||
|}
+ : must be followed by a geminate


The letter ''y'' is also used to mark syllabicity on the four resonants: ''yn'' = /n̩/, ''ym'' = /m̩/, ''yr'' = /ɹ̩/, and ''yl'' = /l̩/. It is also used to indicate /ə/, as can the simple vowels in unstressed syllables.

&lt;br&gt;
''U'' before a vowel is /w/, which never occurs before a back vowel (''o'' or ''u''). In the case where composition brings ''u'' before such a vowel, it becomes ''v'': ''-au'' + ''o-'' = ''-avo-''.

&lt;br&gt;
Though vowels cannot remain in hiatus (two sequential vowels which do not indicate a diphthong), they do appear frequently with understood glides between. For example, ''ia'' represents two syllables, /i.jə/, and ''uan'' can be one or two syllables, /wan/ or /u.wən/. The two syllable reading is usually distinguished with ''y'', making ''uan'' (/wan/) and ''uyn'' (u.wən or u.wn̩), exactly as the native script does. It can also be indicated in romanization with ', so that the two could be distinguished as ''uan'' and ''u'an''. This latter method is a remnant of an older romanization.

&lt;br&gt;
The digraph ''ch'' does not appear, replaced in mutation by ''h''. The phoneme /ŋ/ is always represented by ''ñ'', even in a cluster: /ŋg/ ''ñg''.

&lt;br&gt;
Because Taalen does not allow stops finally, stems or words ending in stops aspirate them, and mark them with ' to indicate their origins:
{|
| ''ragh'' /ˈɾaɣ/ 'mist' || ''ragha'' /ˈɾa.ɣə/ 'mists'&lt;br&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ''rag'h'' /ˈɾaɣ/ 'he carries' || ''ragen'' /ˈɾa.gɛn/ 'I carry'
|}


A newer romanization is gaining ground, in which such distinctions are not written, and left to the reader to clarify. The use of the apostrophe therefore has acquired an antiquated, victorian feel to its use.

&lt;br&gt;
Geminate consonants (such as ''ll'' /lː/) are represented by doubling the letter. In the native writing system, a special symbol is used for this (as well as in ''aa''). The geminate digraphs are represented by ''tth'', ''ddh'', ''ggh'', ''ssh'', ''llh'', and ''rrh'' (''ph'' and ''bh'' only appear as the result of mutation, and thus won't appear geminated).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring C Final</title>
    <id>6070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43481</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-24T20:33:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vocabulary */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Pete Bleackley
==The Text==
===iðuzhafœ ya yiku ginsing yi===

englamang ya enil u dahiuf hol u roling yi beb isting yi khlem yenguz yiuz beb elrushe u witingar holar dirsar de. voshtrugifœ holshe yi ginso, shosh rugi yi ginson yiuz holungar suungar. aksovliuf enil ginsnazku sasaku yiuz, analekdahi yi beb analrugi yi holar sur. rolovli yi ultoshtash beb tlinifœuf gins yiuz. torsidi yi nazol þelonuz. analekapir þaðar yiuz yi arra holar dirsar sur, 
lol þaðovli yi yir. shosh bengilaug vrimalapifœ beb orweapifœ gins sasa yiuz yi. apifœ enil en u beb kakstandahi yi beb tirzdahi yi holyatar dirsyatar.

==Smooth English==
===I have seen that he danced===

I perceived that there was a person who moved and used the sound of his voice and not music played by other people. Nobody has taught him to dance, but he gives his dancing for everybody. It can be assumed that his usual dance style is joyful and pleases everyone. He can move without hindrance and his dance has been shown. He turns himself like one alive. His deeds make him as joyful as everyone else, because he can do them. But because of this his usual dance has made him beautiful and sad. This has created something that is both complicated and different from other people.

==Vocabulary==
;beb: (conj) and
:;beb... beb...: both... and...
;beng: (n) reason
;u: (conj) such that
;ult: (v) hinder, obstruct
;khlem: (n) sound
;su: (adj) all, whole
;sasa: (adj) usual
;tors: (v) turn
;tirz: (adj) different
;tlin: (v) show
;aks: (v) assume, suppose
;ap: (v) make, cause
;arra: (conj) like, as, than
;anal: (n) joy
;v: (v) know
;vrima: (n) beauty
;ovl: (v) can
;orwe: (adj) sad
;hol: (n) person
;dah: (v) be
;de: alternative 3rd person pronoun
;dirs: (adj) other
;en: (n) thing
;elru: (n) music
;englam: (v) perceive
;það: (v) do, (n) deed
;þel: (v) live
;shosh: (conj) but
;rug: (v) give
;rol: (v) move
;ist: (v) use
;kakstan: (adj) complicated
;naz: (n) way, manner, style
;lol: (conj) for, because
;gins: (v,n) dance
;y+person affix: (pr) Personal pronoun
;yeng: (n) voice
;wit: (v) play

==Grammar==
See [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon|the original text]]. A topic-comment structure is used for reported speech and similar things. Below are listed the segunakar found in this text

===Morphology===
====Nouns====
'''modsegunakar''' (1st rank) Deixis
;il:this
;she: no

'''densegunakar''' (2nd rank) Proximity
;ash: without

'''radsegunak''' (3rd rank) Relative position
Not used in this text

'''karvsegunakar''' (4th rank) Sense of motion
Not used in this text

'''sintsegunakar''' (5th rank) Abstract
;aug: for (goal,reason)
;ung: for(benefactive)
;ku: about (topic)
;uz: of
;ol: by (instumental)
;yat: against

'''bantsegunak''' (6th rank) Number
;(a)r: plural

====Verbs====
Verbs may be followed by the following segunakar

'''Person/infinitive/participles''' (obligatory)
;a:1p
;e:2p
;i:3p
;o:infinitive
;on/ont:Present participle. For many verbs this has the sense of an agent noun. If the sense normal for the verb is not the one required, the present participle compounds with another nouns to form the required sense.
;osht:Past participle.

'''Reflexiveness'''

;d+reduplication of person affix: Reflexive

'''Continuous aspect'''

Not used in this passage

'''Perfect aspect'''

;fœ: Perfect

'''Tense'''

;ng: Past tense
Present is unmarked 

'''Voice'''

;uf:passive

'''Mood'''

Not used in this passage 

'''Negation'''

she

'''Number'''

;(a)r:Plural

====Derivational Morphology====
;ek:Forms adjectives from nouns, usually in the sense of ''like''
;l:Forms adjectives from nouns, usually in the sense of ''characterised by''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Italian</title>
    <id>6071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46001</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>too big headers, cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Italian''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta.  There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia.

==History==

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Inter-dental||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || m || || || || || || n || || || || ɲ || || ŋ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || p || b || || || t̪ || d̪ ||  ||  || || || || || k || g || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || ||  || f || v ||  ||  || s || z || ʃ || (ʒ) ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || ʦ || ʣ || ʧ || ʤ || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants &amp; glides || (w) ||   || || || || || ||  || || || || (j)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || r || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || ɾ || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant ||  ||  || ||  || || || || l/ɫ || || || || ʎ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
* Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their [[IPA]] equivalents.  These include: '''b''', '''p''', '''m''', '''n''', '''f''', '''v''', '''t''', '''d''', and '''l'''.
* '''c''' is normally /k/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''ch''' is pronounced /k/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. 
* '''c''' is /ʧ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's usually silent.
* '''g''' is normally /g/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''gh''' is pronounced /g/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. 
* '''g''' is /ʤ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's silent.
* '''sc''' is normally /sk/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''sch''' is pronounced /sk/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it. 
* '''sc''' is /ʃ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. If the '''i''' isn't stressed it's usually silent.
* '''gn''' is pronounced /ɲ/.
* '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by '''i''' or '''e'''.  In those cases, '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively.  When spelt '''ngh''' or '''nch''' they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
* '''r''' is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
* '''gli''' is pronounced /ʎi/.
* The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels '''u''' and '''i''' and are represented by those orthographically.  It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
* '''z''' is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
* '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise.

===Vowels===
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  |||Front || Central || Back
|- 
| || Unround || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || i || || u
|- 
| Open-mid || e  ||  || o
|-
| Close-mid ||ɛ || || ɔ
|-
| Low ||   ||  a
|}

* Most of the vowels are spelt the way they are in the [[IPA]], so '''i''' /i/, '''e''' /e/, '''a''' /a/, '''o''' /o/, and '''u''' /u/.
* Stressed '''è''' and '''ò''' (with or without accents) are pronounced /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ respectively.
* When diphthongised, '''u''' and '''i''' become similar to /w/ and /j/.

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
====Gender====

====Number====

====Articles====

===Pronouns===

===Adjectives===

===Prepositions===

====Contractions====

===Conjunctions===

===Verbs===
====Present====

====Future====

====Imperfect====

====Past Absolute====

====Conditional====

====Subjunctive====
=====Present=====

=====Imperfect=====

====Compound====

====Passive====

====Verb '''essere''' and '''stare'''====

====Verb '''avere'''====

==Sources==

[[Category:Romance natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dngwa</title>
    <id>6072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40547</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-06T16:27:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xipirho</username>
        <id>289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Dngwa - this is an idea to make an international language based on proto-indo-european. To make things easier one would change as little as possible from the PIE word, though special sound...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dngwa - this is an idea to make an international language based on proto-indo-european. To make things easier one would change as little as possible from the PIE word, though special sounds like larygeals and things would be missed out and just written as Roman letters. The grammar would be fully regular and there'd be no cases apart from pronouns (just nominative v everything else) or conjugation.

Some basic words to get the idea across:

eg, me = i, me, mine
tu, te = you
so wiro/so gwen/id = he/she/it

wej/nos = we, us
ju, wos = you pl.
so wiros/so gwenes/ides

pro me=mine, pro te=your ..you get the idea!

so=this
tod=that
ki=here

-es/-s for plural, as above (as it or variants like an -r plural are most common in modern IE)

de= to do

-de = past suffix

ojn = one
dwo = two
trej = three
kwetwor = four
penkwe = five
sweks = six
septm = seven
okto = eight
newn = nine
dekm = ten

kmto(m)=  hundred

peter = father
meter = mother
breter = brother
swesor = sister

ekwo = horse (a basic word if you're on the steppes of Central Asia!)
gwow=cow
melg= milk

wekw=voice
nomn = name

dngwa= tongue/language</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa</title>
    <id>6073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40976</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width={{{width|33%}}} style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: {{{background-color|{{{background|#f9f9f9}}}}}}; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Tepa'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification
||isolate
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order
||{{{word-order|{{{wordorder|VOS}}}}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type
||{{{morphological-type|{{{type|synthetic}}} }}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment
||{{{morphosyntactic-alignment|{{{alignment|hierarchical}}} }}}
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;{{{heading-background|{{{headingbg|#CCCCCC}}}}}}&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by'''
|-
||{{{author|Dirk Elzinga}}} ||{{{date|1996}}}
|}
All of the information which we now have about the Tepa language is contained in the journals of Alma Walker (1850-1943), a missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the “Mormons”) who was called to preach to the Utes, Southern Paiutes and Navajos who lived in southeastern Utah. During his mission, which extended from 1869 to 1873, Walker made the acquaintance of an elderly Southern Paiute Indian whom he called Brother Joseph (his Indian name is no longer known). Brother Joseph had embraced Mormonism and was eager to provide Walker with assistance and information.

As a young man, Brother Joseph was very well acquainted with the Tepa, having spent several years with them. He often accompanied trading expeditions to the Tepa and at one time even had a Tepa wife. She died during the birth of their first child, who also did not survive. As a result of his frequent and prolonged contact with the Tepa, he learned their language and participated in their community life until the death of his wife and son, after which he moved back to live with his own people.

Brother Joseph was reluctant at first to talk about his experiences among the Tepa, since they were bound up with the memory of the death of his young family. But soon Walker had gained his trust to the point where Brother Joseph would talk readily and freely about what he remembered of his former life. The small Tepa community did not survive to the twentieth century; it was severly decimated by a smallpox epidemic, which was ironically most likely carried to their pueblo by Brother Joseph himself. The few survivors moved to neighboring Ute, Paiute and Navajo communities and soon forgot their former language and way of life. The location of the last Tepa pueblo is now unknown. It was most likely located on one of the tributaries of the Colorado River, but it is presumably submerged beneath the waters of Lake Powell, which was created when the Glenn Canyon Dam was built.

In recording his own thoughts and experiences in his journals, Walker made sporadic use of the Deseret Alphabet. He was, however, consistent in its use for transcribing the sounds of Tepa as they were reported to him by Brother Joseph. The Deseret Alphabet was designed to accurately represent the speech sounds of English, but by adding a single diacritic to two of the characters, Walker was able to adapt this alphabet for use in transcribing Tepa.

Walker carried his journals back to his hometown of Murray, Utah, where they remained in his possession until his death in 1943. After his death, his family donated all of his writings to the University of Utah Library, where they were kept in storage to await cataloguing. Due to budget cuts at the University of Utah, Walker’s journals remained in the library’s warehouse (along with many other materials of similar historical value) and were never catalogued or properly archived. When the Mariott Library added its new wing in 1995, many of the items stored in the warehouse were finally brought to light, including the Walker journals containing the Tepa material. The Linguistics Program at the University of Utah was made aware of the Tepa materials, and the program director notified me of their existence. I was fortunate to have access to the journals, which I used to prepare the following grammar of Tepa. At a later date I hope to be able to edit and prepare Elder Walker’s journal for publication, as it contains material of interest to the LDS historian, as well as to anthropologists and linguists concerned with this period of white-Indian contacts.

It should be stressed here that all of the information we now have about the Tepa language comes from a non-native speaker. There are doubtless many linguistic riches which are irretrieveably lost. However, I feel that the information that we do have deserves to be brought to light, even in this sketchy and incomplete form.


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Amerindian conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tepa Index</title>
    <id>6074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40583</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-07T15:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: #[[Tepa|Introduction to Tepa]] #[[Tepa Phonology]] #[[Tepa nouns|Inflectional Morphology of Nouns]] #[[Tepa verbs|Inflectional Morphology of Verbs]] #[[Tepa derivation|Some Word Formation]...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#[[Tepa|Introduction to Tepa]]
#[[Tepa Phonology]]
#[[Tepa nouns|Inflectional Morphology of Nouns]]
#[[Tepa verbs|Inflectional Morphology of Verbs]]
#[[Tepa derivation|Some Word Formation]]
#[[Tepa particles|Particles]]
#[[Tepa syntax|Syntax]]
#[[Tepa texts|Annotated Texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa Phonology</title>
    <id>6075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40889</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-16T23:11:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Prosody and Stress */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this section, I will describe some important phonological processes of Tepa as well as stress and prosody.


==Sounds==

The full range of sounds heard in Tepa is given below.

{| cellspacing=5
! || align=center| labial || align=center| dental || align=center| alveolar || align=center| palatal || align=center| velar || align=center| glottal
|-
| '''stops''' || align=center| p b || || align=center| t d || align=center| tš dž || align=center| k g || align=center| (ʔ)
|-
| '''fricatives''' || align=center| ɸ β || align=center| θ ð || align=center| s z || align=center| š ž || align=center| x ɣ || align=center| h
|-
| '''nasals''' || align=center| m || || align=center| n || align=center| ñ || align=center| ŋ
|-
| '''liquids''' || || align=center| r l
|-
| '''glides''' || align=center| w || || || align=center| y
|}

Based on alternation patterns, these sounds can be grouped into the following eleven consonantal phonemes:

{| cellspacing=5
! || align=center| labial || align=center| dental || align=center| alveolar || align=center| palatal || align=center| velar || align=center| glottal
|-
| '''stops''' || align=center| p || || align=center| t || || align=center| k
|-
| '''fricatives''' || || || align=center| s || || || align=center| h
|-
| '''nasals''' || align=center| m || || align=center| n 
|-
| '''liquids''' || || align=center| l
|-
| '''glides''' || align=center| w || || || align=center| y
|}

Only these symbols will be used in the practical orthography (with the addition of &lt;j&gt;, which is explained in the section [[#De-syllabification|De-syllabification]]), although I will more narrowly transcribe examples given to illustrate phonological and morphological phenomena.


==Common Phonological Processes==


===Lenition===

Lenition, or the weakening of consonants, is the most pervasive phonological process in Tepa. Lenition affects the voiceless stops /p,t,k/ and /l/. Between vowels within a word, the voiceless stops become corresponding voiced fricatives ([β,ð,ɣ]), and /l/ becomes [r].


/supi/ → [suβi] 'breast'

/pitɨ/ → [piðɨ] 'eye'

/tuku/ → [tuɣu] 'animal'

/huli/ → [huri] 'be blue'


In derived contexts, a voiceless stop may come to stand between a vowel and a sonorant (nasal, glide, or /l/). In this environment, it also lenites to a voiced fricative; /l/ however, does not change.


/puplu/ → [puβlu] 'pick:PAUC'

/kakwɨ/ → [kaɣwɨ] 'bite:PAUC'


After nasals and /l/, stops remain stops but become voiced; /l/ does not change. In addition, nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following stop.


/tunpa/ → [tumba] 'belly'

/tɨntɨ/ → [tɨndɨ] 'name:PAUC'

/anki/  → [ʔaŋgi] 'fish'

/tɨlpa/ → [tɨlba] 'talk:L'


Before obstruents (other stops, /s/ and /h/), stops become voiceless fricatives; /l/ does not change. Additionally, /t/ before /s/ becomes [s] rather than [θ]; this creates a geminate [ss].


/piptɨ/ → [piɸtɨ] 'eye:PAUC'

/tɨtka/ → [tɨθka] 'talk:PAUC'

/piktɨ/ → [pixtɨ] 'eyes:COLL'

/tɨtsɨ/ → [tɨssɨ] 'flower:PAUC'


===Palatalization===

Palatalization is another common process in Tepa; it affects the consonants /t,s,n/. Before /i/ or /y/, /t/ becomes [tš], /s/ becomes [š], and /n/ becomes [ñ].


/tiwi/ → [tšiwi] 'bird'

/pɨsi/ → [pɨši] 'cut'

/uni/  → [uñi] 'snake'


Palatalization affects sounds which result from lenition as well. Thus, a [ð] preceding an [i] or [y] becomes [ž], and [d] becomes [dž] (the [n] preceding the [d] is also palatalized to [ñ]).


/sati/ → [saži] 'be full'

/nunti/ → [nuñdži] 'wing:PAUC'


A /t/ which preceds an /s/ which is palatalized (becoming [š]) is itself palatalized to [š].


/tutsi/ → [tušši] 'rub:PAUC'


When /t,s,n/ precede a /y/ the resulting cluster becomes a geminate palatalized consonant:


/titya/ → [tšižža] 'singe:PAUC'

/sasya/ → [sašša] (gloss uncertain)

/nɨnyɨ/ → [nɨññɨ] 'be old'


===Devoicing===

A vowel is optionally devoiced at the end of a word following an obstruent if it is short, unstressed and not part of a diphthong. The preceding consonant is also devoiced if possible.

/tutku/ → [tuθku] or [tuθku̥] 'animal:PAUC'

/anki/ → [ʔaŋgi] or [ʔaŋki̥] 'fish'

/supi/ → [suβi] or [suɸi̥] 'breast'


===Nasalization===

Nasalization of vowels occurs before nasal consonants without exception. It is not indicated in the orthography, and will not be transcribed. If an /n/ occurs word-finally, the vowel preceding it is lengthened and nasalized and /n/ is deleted.


/pɨn/ → [pɨ̃ɨ̃] 'child'


In the practical orthography, the final &lt;n&gt; is retained to show that the syllable is closed with a consonant and thus heavy (see the section [[#Prosody and Stress|Prosody and Stress]]), even though the &lt;n&gt; is not pronounced as such.


===De-syllabification===

The high vowels may lose their status as syllabic peaks in morphologically conditioned cases. When this happens, /u/ becomes [w], and /i/ and /ɨ/ become [y]. However the [y] resulting from a nonsyllabic /ɨ/ does not palatalize a preceding consonant, while the [y] resulting from a nonsyllabic /i/ does. To distinguish between the two kinds of derived [y], I adopt the orthographic convention that &lt;y&gt; denotes a nonsyllabic (and palatalizing) /i/, while &lt;j&gt; denotes a nonsyllabic (and non-palatalizing) /ɨ/.


/tutwa/ → [tuðwa] 'person:PAUC'

/titya/ → [tižža] 'singe:PAUC'

/tɨtja/ → [tɨðya] 'day:PAUC'


===Glide Fortition===

The glides /w/ and /y/ become respectively [ɸ] and [š] when following a high vowel [i,ɨ,u] and preceding an obstruent. This occurs only in morphologically conditioned environments.


/tawiwtu/ → [tawiɸtu] 'horn:PAUC'
/yɨyka/ → [yɨška] (gloss uncertain)


==Prosody and Stress==

The description of the prosody and morphology of Tepa is heavily bound up with the notions of heavy and light syllable. A heavy syllable in Tepa is a syllable which contains a diphthong or long vowel, or which is closed by any cosonant. A light syllable contains a single short vowel and is open. There is a general prohibition against &quot;superheavy&quot; syllables; that is, syllables which are both closed by a consonant and contain a long vowel. (There are two sources of exceptions to this general constraint: [[Tepa particles#Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns|indefinite/interrogative pronouns]], and [[Tepa particles#Coordinating Conjunctions|coordinating conjunctions]].) All syllables in Tepa have one of the following shapes ('VV' indicates a long vowel or diphthong):


{| cellspacing=5
| align=center| V || align=center| CV 
|-
| align=center| VV || align=center| CVV
|-
| align=center| VC || align=center| CVC
|}


Words in Tepa never end phonetically in a consonant; that is, possible word-final syllables are a subset of the possible syllables. Also, a word in Tepa must consist of at least a heavy syllable or two light syllables. That is, a single light syllable is not a legitimate word (although it can be a legitimate root).

Stress in Tepa is marked by higher pitch and greater amplitude on the stressed syllable. Stress is placed on all heavy syllables, with the leftmost heavy syllable receiving primary or word stress, and other heavy syllables receiving secondary stress. If there are no heavy syllables, stress is placed on the leftmost syllable, with secondary stresses occuring on odd syllables thereafter. The final syllable, if light, is never stressed.

==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
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        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

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      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

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      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

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      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

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  <page>
    <title>Tepa nouns</title>
    <id>6094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40890</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-16T23:13:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phase==

The most fundamental distinction marked in the grammar of Tepa is that of phase. Both nouns and verbs can be marked for either bound or unbound phase. The prosodic cue for bound phase is a final heavy syllable, while that for unbound phase is a final light syllable. Nouns in Tepa which are unbound in phase are semantically indefinite in reference, while nouns which are bound in phase are semantically definite in reference. Some examples are given below:

{| cellspacing=5
| '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''nɨŋa'' ‘woman, a woman’ || ''nɨŋaa'' ‘the woman’
|-
| ''pɨkɨ'' ‘bone, a bone’ || ''pɨkɨɨ'' ‘the bone’
|-
| ''tawitu'' ‘horn, a horn’ || ''tawituu'' ‘the horn’
|-
| ''anki'' ‘fish, a fish’ || ''ankii'' ‘the fish’
|}


==Number==

Nouns in Tepa are marked for paucal and two kinds of plural: distributive and collective. Singular nouns remain umarked. Below I discuss the formation of these number categories.


===Paucal===

Only the final two syllables of a root are involved in the formation of number categories; these two syllables as a unit are referred to as the ‘base’. To form the paucal stem, the initial CV sequence of the base is copied and prefixed to the base. For nouns which are unbound in phase, the second to last vowel is then deleted. For nouns which are bound in phase, the final vowel is lengthened. This is illustrated below with the roots /pitɨ/ ‘eye’ and /palata/ ‘leaf’.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''pitɨ'' || /piptɨ/ [piɸtɨ] || /pipitɨɨ/ [piβiðɨɨ]
|-
| ''palata'' || /palalta/ [paralda] || /palalataa/ [pararaðaa]
|}

Semantically, the paucal refers to a small collection of objects which can be grouped together. For objects normally occuring in pairs, the paucal is understood as a dual; thus, ''pipte'' is best translated as ‘a pair of eyes’.


===Distributive===

The distributive plural is formed by suffixing a copy of the base to itself. For unbound phase, the second to last vowel is deleted, and for bound phase, the final vowel is lengthened.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''pitɨ'' || /pitɨptɨ/ [piðɨɸtɨ] || /pitɨpitɨɨ/ [piðɨβiðɨɨ]
|-
| ''palata'' || /palatalta/ [paraðalda] || /palatalataa/ [paraðaraðaa]
|}

Semantically, the distributive plural denotes 7 or 8 objects or more where a state or event is predicated of each object individually, rather than of the collection as a whole. Thus a distributive reading of the sentence ‘The men were running around.’ denotes that each individual man was running around independently of the others.


===Collective===

The collective plural is formed by infixing a /k/ before the final syllable of the base for unbound phase. For bound phase, a sequence of /k/ and a copy of the rhyme (everything after the onset in the syllable) of the base-initial syllable is inserted before the final syllable of the base; the final vowel is lengthened.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''pitɨ'' || /piktɨ/ [pixtɨ] || /pikitɨɨ/ [piɣiðɨɨ]
|-
| ''palata'' || /palakta/ [paraxta] || /palakataa/ [ paraɣaðaa]
|}

Semantically, the collective plural denotes a group of objects where a state or event is predicated of the group as a collection, implying some kind of internal structure or coherence to the group. This is especially common when referring to a group of animals, and thus serves the same function as English expressions such as ‘a flock of’ or ‘a herd of’.


===Exceptions===

====Monosyllabic Roots====

Monosyllabic roots form a large class of exceptions to the rules describing the formation of the number categories. There are two basic types of monosyllabic roots: 1) CV roots, and 2) CVX roots, where X is a consonant or vowel. For both types of monosyllabic roots, there is no distinction between bound and unbound phase in forms not marked for number (i.e. singular forms). Thus, [tuu] (/tu/) can be either ‘the dog’ or ‘a dog’, and [pɨ̃ɨ̃] (/pɨn/) can be either ‘the child’ or ‘a child’. Forms inflected for number do distinguish between bound and unbound phase. Forms for paucal and distributive plural are homophonous for monosyllabic roots.


=====CV roots=====

Since there is a prohibition in the language on words consisting of only a single light syllable, CV roots are lengthened in speech (and in the orthography) to CVV. To form the paucal or distributive plural, the root is first copied. For unbound phase, the medial consonant is geminated (doubled), and for bound phase, the final vowel is lengthened; this is illustrated with the roots /tu/ ‘dog’ and /yɨ/ ‘egg’.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''tu'' || /tuttu/ [tuttu] || /tutuu/ [tuðuu]
|-
| ''yɨ'' || /yɨyyɨ/ [yɨyyɨ] || /yɨyɨɨ/ [yɨyɨɨ]
|}

To form the collective plural of CV roots, the rule given [[#Collective|above]] applies to this reduplicated form:

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''tu'' || /tuktu/ [tuxtu] || /tukutuu/ [tuɣuðuu]
|-
| ''yɨ'' || /yɨkyɨ/ [yɨɣyɨ] || /yɨkɨyɨɨ/ [yɨɣɨyɨɨ]
|}

=====CVX roots=====

The second type of monosyllabic roots are those roots which contain a long vowel, diphthong, or are closed by /n/; the cover symbol ‘X’ represents the second part of the long vowel, the glide of the diphthong and final /n/. The following schema illustrates the formation of the paucal or distributive plural of these roots:

{| cellspacing=5
| root || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| /CVX/ || CVXCV || CVCVX
|}

This is demonstrated below with the roots /tɨɨ/ ‘foot’, /lɨi/ 
‘star’ and /pɨn/ ‘child’.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''tɨɨ'' || /tɨɨtɨ/ [tɨɨðɨ] || /tɨtɨɨ/ [tɨðɨɨ]
|-
| ''lɨi'' || /lɨilɨ/ [lɨirɨ] || /lɨlɨi/ [lɨrɨi]
|-
| ''pɨn'' || /pɨnpɨ/ [pɨ̃mbɨ] || /pɨpɨn/ [pɨβɨ̃ɨ̃]
|}

The collective plural is formed according to the following schema:

{| cellspacing=5
| root || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| /CVX/ || CVXkV || CVkVX
|}

This is demonstrated below with /tɨɨ/, /lɨi/ and /pɨn/.

{| cellspacing=5
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| ''tɨɨ'' || /tɨɨkɨ/ [tɨɨɣɨ] || /tɨkɨɨ/ [tɨɣɨɨ]
|-
| ''lɨi'' || /lɨikɨ/ [lɨiɣɨ] || /lɨkɨi/ [lɨɣɨi]
|-
| ''pɨn'' || /pɨnkɨ/ [pɨ̃ŋɡɨ] || /pɨkɨn/ [pɨɣɨ̃ɨ̃]
|}


====Roots with Penultimate Heavy Syllables====

Roots with a penultimate heavy syllable are the second class of exceptions to the regular number inflection rules given above. These roots are exceptional in their formation of the unbound distributive plural. Whereas the regular distributive plural formation involves the suffixation of the entire base to the base, for roots with penultimate heavy syllables only copy the final -XCV as a suffix. Schematically this is CVXCV-XCV where ‘X’ is a cover symbol for vowel length, a glide, or /n/. This is demonstrated for the root /sunpa/ ‘belly’.

/sunpa/ → /sunpa-npa/ [sũmbãmba]

As expected, lengthening the final vowel gives the bound phase form:

/sunpa/ → /sunpanpaa/ [sũmbãmbaa].


==Possession==

Nouns may also be marked for possession. This marking indicates the grammatical person of the possessor. The possessive prefixes are:

''wa-''  ‘first person’

''ku-''  ‘second person’

''ne-''  ‘third person’

Note that there is no distinction in number for the possessor; that is, possession by a single first person is not marked differently on the noun from possession by a non-singular first person. Possessed nouns will always be bound in phase, since they are always definite in reference. Adding a possessive prefix to a CV root creates a disyllabic form which is inflected for number as shown above. This is illustrated below with the root /tu/ ‘dog’.

''watuu''  ‘my/our dog’

''wawatuu''  ‘my/our dog:PAUC’

''watuwatuu''  ‘my/our dogs:DIST’

''wakatuu''  ‘my/our dogs:COLL’


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa verbs</title>
    <id>6095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40895</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-16T23:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geminate Grade */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phase==

Just as with nouns, verbs in Tepa are marked for phase. For verbs, the semantic correlate of bound phase is perfective aspect, while the semantic correlate of unbound phase is imperfective aspect. This distinction is marked in the same way on verbs as it is on nouns; that is, a final heavy syllable marks bound phase, while a final light syllable marks unbound phase.


==Argument Structure==

Verbs in Tepa contain very specific information concerning the arguments involved in a particular event or state of affairs, even though agreement morphology does not operate in the familiar sense. Predicates are grouped into three types depending on the number of obligatory arguments: 1) intransitive and stative predicates, which require at most one argument; 2) transitive predicates, which require two arguments; and 3) ditransitive predicates, which require three arguments. In the sections which follow, I will discuss each predicate type in turn.


===Intransitive and Stative Predicates===

Intransitive and stative predicates require at most one argument. This argument is marked on the verb by a prefix which varies with the grammatical person of the argument. These prefixes are:


''wa-''  ‘first person’

''ku-''  ‘second person’

''0-''  ‘third person’


===Transitive Predicates===

Transitive predicates can be described in terms of four relations between arguments and three operators which act on these relations. The four relations involved are:


second person acting on first person (2&gt;1)

second person acting on third person (2&gt;3)

first person acting on third person (1&gt;3)

third person acting on different third person (3&gt;3')


Each relation has a particular prefix associated with it; these prefixes are homophonous with (and have the same origin as) the intransitive and stative prefixes (with the exception of ''le-'' 2&gt;1, which isn’t available with an intransitive or stative predicate), but their semantic content is different because of the nature of the predicate to which they attach:


''le-''  2&gt;1

''ku-''  2&gt;3

''wa-''  1&gt;3

''0-''  3&gt;3'


Conflating these relations gives the person hierarchy:


2&gt;1&gt;3&gt;3'


The three operators which act on these relations are: 1) direct, where relations proceed in the order specified in the person hierarchy; 2) inverse, where the person hierarchy is reversed (i.e. 3’&amp;gt;3&amp;gt;1&amp;gt;2); and 3) reflexive, where the second term of the direct relation is replaced by a second occurrence of the first term. These operators are each associated with a particular verbal grade, and will be discussed in the section on [[#Verbal Grades|verbal grades]].


===Ditransitive Predicates===

It is easiest to think of the arguments of ditransitive predicates in terms of an “argument chain.”  The head of the chain is the argument instigating the action (the agent) and the tail of the chain is the affected argument (the patient or theme). The third argument is an intermediate member of the chain and indicates location, goal, benefactive, or instrument. The prefixes are the same as those for transitive predicates, and only encode the relation between agent and patient; the intermediate argument does not enter into this grammatical relationship, but is expressed as an object following the verb, or as a pronominal clitic attached to the right edge of the inflected verb.


==Verbal Grades==

There are three verbal grades in Tepa; they correspond to the operators discussed [[#Transitive Predicates|above]]. They are: 1) normal grade, 2) l-grade, and 3) geminate grade. The formation of the l-grade and the geminate grade is defined on a base derived from the verbal root. This base is optimally disyllabic; for disyllabic roots, the root itself is taken to be the base. For roots of more than two syllables, the final two syllables are taken as the base. There are verb roots in which the final syllable has no onset. In these roots, the first syllable invariably contains a high vowel; the non-syllabic version of this high vowel provides the onset for the final syllable in forming the base.


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| '''root''' || '''base'''
|-
| ''tɨpa'' ‘speak’ || ''tɨpa''
|-
| ''lua'' ‘lie’ || ''luwa''
|-
| ''kɨa'' ‘flow’ || ''kɨja''
|}


As with nouns, monosyllabic roots are an important class of exceptions to base formation. For roots consisting only of a single light syllable, this syllable is reduplicated to form the base:


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| '''root''' || '''base'''
|-
| ''ti'' ‘be small’ || ''titi''
|}


For heavy monosyllables, a copy of the vowel is repeated after the coda; this forces the coda to become an onset for a second syllable. This is illustrated below:


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| '''root''' || '''base'''
|-
| ''pai'' ‘dig’ || ''pa.ya''
|-
| ''nɨn'' ‘live’ || ''nɨ.nɨ''
|}


===Normal Grade===

The normal grade of the verb indicates that the argument relations required by the verb proceed in the order of the argument hierarchy; that is, 2&gt;1&gt;3&gt;3’. Thus, translating the following sentences would involve a verb in the normal grade:


‘You tickled me.’ (2&gt;1)

‘You were kissing him.’ (2&gt;3)

‘I saw my brother.’ (1&gt;3)

‘The cat ate the mouse.’ (3&gt;3’)


The normal grade of a verb which is unbound in phase is equivalent to the root. Since some of these roots cosist only of a single light syllable, the vowel will be lengthened to conform with the minimal word requirement:


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| '''root''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''normal grade (unbound)'''
|-
| ''tɨpa'' || ''tɨpa'' || ‘speak’
|-
| ''talɨka'' || ''talɨka'' || ‘hunt’
|-
| ''lua'' || ''lua'' || ‘lie’
|-
| ''pai'' || ''pai'' || ‘dig’
|-
| ''nɨn'' || ''nɨn'' || ‘live’
|-
| ''ti'' || ''tii'' || ‘be small’
|}


The bound phase forms are derived from the base by lengthening the final vowel of the base. This is illustrated below.


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| '''root''' || '''base''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''normal grade (bound)'''
|-
| ''tɨpa'' || ''tɨ.pa'' || ''tɨpaa'' || ‘speak’
|-
| ''talɨka'' || ''lɨ.ka'' || ''talɨkaa'' || ‘hunt’
|-
| ''lua'' || ''lu.wa'' || ''luwaa'' || ‘lie’
|-
| ''pai'' || ''pa.ya'' || ''payaa'' || ‘dig’
|-
| ''nɨn'' || ''nɨ.nɨ'' || ''nɨnɨɨ'' || ‘live’
|-
| ''ti'' || ''ti.ti'' || ''titii'' || ‘be small’
|}

===L-Grade===

The l-grade can also be called the inverse grade. A verb in the l-grade indicates that its arguments are in the reverse order of the argument heirarchy; that is, 3’&gt;3&gt;1&gt;2. Some sentences which would be translated by an l-grade verb in Tepa are:


‘I tickled you.’ (1&gt;2)

‘He was kissing you.’ (3&gt;2)

‘My brother saw me.’ (3&gt;1)

‘The mouse was eaten by the cat.’ (3&gt;3’)


There is some pragmatic force in the use of the l-grade for third person arguments, which I have indicated by using a passive sentence. It should be stressed, however, that the l-grade is not a passive, and that Tepa does not have a passive.

The formation of the l-grade is analogous to the formation of collective plurals for nouns. For unbound phase, an /l/ is inserted before the final syllable of the base. For bound phase, a sequence of /l/ and a copy of the rhyme of the base-initial syllable is inserted before the final syllable of the base; the final vowel is lengthened.


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| /tɨpa/ || ''tɨlpa'' [tɨlba] || ''tɨlɨpaa'' [tɨrɨβaa] || ‘speak’
|-
| /talɨka/ || ''talɨlka'' [tarɨlga] || ''talɨlɨkaa'' [tarɨrɨɣaa] || ‘hunt’
|}

===Geminate Grade===

The geminate grade signifies that the arguments of a transitive verb are not distinct from each other. This need not always indicate a reflexive, although the reflexive is the most common interpretation of a verb in the geminate grade.

The formal characteristic of the geminate grade is the geminate consonant which occurs medially in the base. After gemination, the bound phase is formed by lengthening the final vowel:


{| cellspacing=5
|-
| || '''unbound''' || '''bound'''
|-
| /tɨpa/ || tɨppa [tɨppa] || tɨppaa [tɨppaa] || ‘speak’
|-
| /talɨka/ || talɨkka [tarɨkka] || talɨkkaa [tarɨkkaa] || ‘hunt’
|}

==Verbal Number==

Verbs with argument prefixes as the only indication of argument structure are also inflected for number in a manner analogous to number marking of nouns. Ambiguity arises in these cases since there is no indication of the number of subject or object.


'''puplu'''
{|
| 0- || puplu
|-
| 3&gt;3' || pick:PAUC
|}
‘They picked it.’ or ‘He picked some.’

'''puluplu'''
{|
| 0- || puluplu
|-
| 3&gt;3' || pick:DIST
|}
‘They picked it.’ or ‘He picked a lot.’


When overt noun phrases accompany a verb as arguments, the verb is not marked for number.


'''pulu huhma nɨmaa'''
{| 0- || pulu || huhma || nɨmaa
|-
| 3&gt;3' || pick || fruit:PAUC || man:B
|}
‘The man picked some fruit.’


'''pulu humahma nɨmaa'''
{|
| 0- || pulu || humahma || nɨmaa
|-
| 3&gt;3' || pick || fruit:DIST || man:B
|}
‘The man picked a lot of fruit.’


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa derivation</title>
    <id>6096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40898</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-16T23:24:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Less Productive Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are several productive word formation processes in Tepa. What they all have in common is that they take an existing base and create a new root. In some cases, the category of the base will change; examples are processes which derive nominal roots from verbal bases. In others, the category will not change, but a new root is formed of the same category, such as process which derives causative, benefactive, or applicative verb roots from existing verbal bases.


==Nominal Derivation (&gt;N)==

In this section I will discuss various ways that a nominal root can be derived from an existing base.


===Agent/Patient===

To derive an agentive noun from a verb in Tepa, the infix ''-am-'' is placed immediately before the first vowel of the verbal base. If the base is vowel-initial, ''-am-'' will appear as a prefix:


''tɨpa'' [tɨβa] ‘speak’; ''tamɨpa'' [tamɨβa] ‘speaker’

''utu'' [uðu] ‘sing’; ''amutu'' [amuðu] ‘singer’.


The result is a nominal root, which can be inflected for number and possession as described in [[Tepa nouns]].


To derive a patient noun (a noun whose referent undergoes the action described by the verb) the same infix ''-am-'' is used with the l-grade of the verb:


''tɨlpa'' [tɨlba] ‘speak:L’; ''tamɨlpa'' [tamɨlba] ‘addressee’.

===Instruments===

Infixing ''-un-'' immediately before the first vowel of a verbal base derives a nominal root denoting the instrument with which the action of the verb is carried out. Again, for vowel-initial verbs, the infix will appear as a prefix. Examples are given below.


''tika'' [tiɣa] ‘count’; tunika [tuniɣa] ‘counter, pebble’

''pai'' [pai] ‘dig’; punaya [punaya] ‘tool for digging, shovel’


===Abstract Nouns===

Abstract nouns can be formed from Tepa verbs in two ways: 1) zero derivation, and 2) ''-sui'' suffixation.


====Zero Derivation====

This is the most usual method of forming nouns from verbs. The verb base is simply inflected as a noun; stative verbs are nominalized in this way to describe a person or thing which has the property expressed by the verb stem:


''ŋaha'' [ŋaha] ‘be big’; ‘one who is big’

''sati'' [saži] ‘be full’; ‘one who is full’

''tɨpa'' [tɨβa] ‘speak’; ‘speech’

''taleka'' [tarɨɣa] ‘hunt’; ‘activity of hunting’


====''-sui'' suffixation====

The suffix ''-sui'' is attached to the verb base; this is used mostly to denote abstract properties from stative verbs which can be inflected as nouns. Some examples are given below:


ŋaha [ŋaha] ‘be big’; ŋahasui [ŋahasui] ‘largeness’

naa [naa] ‘be good’; naasui [naasui] ‘goodness, virtue’


Nouns formed in this way are always bound in phase.


===Diminutive===

The suffix ''-tti'' is attached to nouns to indicate smallness or affection. The final vowel palatalizes the geminate ''tt'' and is almost always voiceless:


''su'' [suu] ‘dog’; ''sutti'' [suttši̥] ‘little dog’

''pɨnku'' [pɨŋgu] ‘antelope; ''pɨnkutti'' [pɨŋguttši̥] ‘little antelope’


Words which end in a nasal drop the nasal when ''-tti'' is suffixed:


''pen'' [pɨ̃ɨ̃] ‘child; ''petti'' [pɨttši̥] ‘small child’


Additionally, some words have developed independent meanings through the addition of the diminutive suffix. These include:


''intitti'' [iñǰittši̥] ‘groundhog (''inti'' ‘badger’)’

''nɨtti'' [nɨttši̥] ‘pupil (''nɨ-'' ‘person’)’

''putti'' [puttši̥] ‘scrub oak (''pu'' ‘oak’)’


==Verbal Derivation (&gt;V)==

In this section I will discuss various ways that a verb root can be derived from an existing base.


===Causative/Benefactive/Applicative===

The causative/benefactive/applicative construction has the effect of adding an argument to a predicate. For the causative, this means adding another agent; this additional agent is called the “causee” since it is the argument which is compelled or persuaded to carry out the action of the predicate. For the benefactive it means adding an indirect object--someone or something on whose behalf the action is performed. For the applicative, this also means adding an indirect object, usually an instrument by means of which an action is performed. In all three cases, the morphological process is the same; ''ŋa&quot;-'' is prefixed to the verb base. If the verb base begins with a consonant, the consonant is obligatorily geminated (this gemination is reflected in the orthography). This creates a transitive predicate from an intransitive, and a ditransitive predicate from a transitive. When inflecting the derived transitive, the added argument is treated as a direct object and the argument prefixes are used as they would be for an underived transitive or ditransitive:


[lɨŋalluβa]
{|
|-
| lɨ- || ŋa&quot;- || lupa
|-
| 2&gt;1- || CBA- || run
|}
‘You made me run.’


[ŋattuβayɨɨtšiwi]
{|
|-
| 0- || ŋa&quot;- || tupa || yɨɨ || tiwi
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || CBA- || fall || egg || bird
|}
‘The bird made the egg fall.’


However, for the ditransitives, not all of the arguments can be encoded by means of argument prefixes; only the agent of the predicate and the (ultimately) affected argument are considered. This means that for a causative construction, the only arguments encoded in the prefix are the causer and the patient; the causee is expressed as an object following the verb.


[lɨŋakkawɨsuu]
{|
|-
| lɨ- || ŋa&quot;- || kawɨ || suu
|-
| 2&gt;1- || CBA- || bite || dog
|}
‘You made the dog bite me.’


When the object is a pronoun, it is attached to the verb as a pronominal clitic. Examples of causative/benefactive/applicative are given below:


[kuŋakkaɣumayɨɨ]
{|
|-
| ku- || ŋa&quot;- || kaku || =ma || yɨɨ
|-
| 2&gt;3- || CBA- || break || =1 || egg
|}
‘You broke the egg for me.’


[waŋakkuukɨ̃ɨ̃]
{|
|-
| wa- || ŋa&quot;- || kuu || kɨn
|-
| 1&gt;3- || CBA- || hit || stone
|}
‘I hit him with a stone.’


[waŋauŋɨ]
{|
|-
| wa- || ŋa&quot;- || uŋɨ
|-
| 1&gt;3- || CBA- || be.red
|}
‘I turned it red.’ (lit: caused it to be red)


===“Have” and “Become”===

Adding the suffix ''-pa'' to a noun X creates a verb meaning ‘have X’; the resulting verb is intransitive and is inflected as such. Examples include:


[waɣɨmba]
{|
|-
| wa- || kɨn || -pa
|-
| 1- || stone || -HAVE
|}
‘I have a stone.’


[tawiðuβa]
{|
|-
| 0- || tawitu || -pa
|-
| 3- horn || -HAVE
|}
‘S/he has a horn.’


Adding the suffix ''-na'' to a noun X creates an intransitive predicate meaning ‘become X’; this prefix can also be attached to stative verb roots. Some examples are:


[aŋgina]
{|
|-
| 0- || anki || -na
|-
| 3- || fish || -BEC
|}
‘S/he became a fish.’


[waʔaižina]
{|
|-
| wa- || aiti || -na
|-
| 1- || mother || -BEC
|}
‘I became a mother.’


[uŋɨna]
{|
|-
| 0- || uŋɨ || -na
|-
| 3- || be.red || -BEC
|}
‘It became red.’


In addition to normal inflection, “have” and “become” verbs can also undergo causativization; such a derivation implies an unwillingness on the part of the argument of the original predicate (where this is semantically sensible):


[lɨŋattawiðuβa]
{|
|-
| lɨ- || ŋa&quot;- || tawitu || -pa
|-
| 2&gt;1- || CBA- || horn || -HAVE
|}
‘You gave me a horn (but I didn’t want it).’


[waŋaʔaŋginanɨŋaa]
{|
|-
| wa- || ŋa&quot;- || anki || -na || nɨŋaa
|-
| 1&gt;3- || CBA- || fish || -BEC || woman:B
|}
‘I turned the woman into a fish (against her will).’


==Compounding==


===Verb + Noun Compounds (Incorporation)===

By far the most common type of compounding in Tepa is V+N compounding, also known as incorporation. In Tepa incorporation, the direct object of a verb is attached to the right edge of the verb. This attachment is evidenced by the phonology; lenition will operate on the initial consonant of an incorporated noun, but not on the initial consonant of a noun which simply follows the verb as an object. The incorporated object often has the semantic force of a generic noun, and the valency of the resulting complex verb is reduced by one. This means that a ditransitive verb with an incorporated noun becomes a transitive verb, and that a transitive verb becomes intransitive. Some examples are given below:


[wanaɣiðuɣu]
{|
|-
| wa- || naki || + || tuku
|-
| 1- || eat || + || meat
|}
‘I eat meat.’ (= ‘I am a meat-eater.’)


[wanaɣituɣu]
{|
|-
| wa- || naki || tuku
|-
| 1&gt;3- || eat || meat
|}
‘I eat (some) meat.’


[lɨwɨwiiŋasɨ]
{|
|-
| lɨ- || wɨwii || + || ŋasɨ
|-
| 2&gt;1- || smear:B || + || grease
|}
‘You smeared me with grease.’


[kuwɨwiimaɣaa~ŋasɨ]
{|
|-
| ku- || wɨwii || =ma || -kan || ŋasɨ
|-
| 2&gt;3- || smear:B || =1 || -on || grease
|}
‘You smeared grease on me.’


Sentences with ''-pa'' ‘have’ and ''-na'' ‘become’ are treated as if the suffix were itself a verb, and the noun to which it is suffixed an incorporated object which leaves behind any modificational material:


[tinaβaʔɨhažisuu]
{|
|-
| 0- || tina || -pa || ɨ= || 0- || hati || suu
|-
| 3- || tooth || -HAVE || SS= || 3- || sharp || dog
|}
‘The dog has sharp teeth.’


tina-pa [ɨ=hati _] suu


===Noun + Noun Compounds===

Less common than incorporation is the compounding of two nouns; some examples are given below:


[pɨɨβaɣu]
{|
|-
| pɨɨ || + || paku
|-
| skin || + || tree
|}
‘bark’


[hanimasɨi]
{|
|-
| hanima || + || sɨi
|-
| pueblo || + || bee
|}
‘beehive’


[tɨɨβɨñdži]
{|
|-
| tɨɨ || + || pɨnti
|-
| foot || + || leather
|}
‘shoe’


==Less Productive Morphology==

In addition to the productive derivational morphology described above, there are also examples of morphological elements which are not as productive, or which have a more limited range of application. In this section I discuss several affixes and combining forms.


===Various Affixes===

In this section, I discuss several affixes which have a very limited range of application. They can’t really be said to be productive, but they are rather transparent in meaning once they have been isolated.


====''in-'' ‘berry’====

The prefix ''in-'' appears in many words for kinds of berries. In most cases, removing the prefix isolates a root to which the suffix ''-sɨ'' ‘fruit-bearing plant’ can be added to indicate the plant itself.


''intamɨi'' [indamɨi] ‘huckleberry’ (root: ''tamɨi-'')

''intɨipi'' [indɨiβi] ‘chokecherry’ (root: ''tɨipi-'')

''intipɨ'' [indžiβɨ] ‘squawberry’ (root: ''tipɨ'')

''iŋŋɨi'' [iŋŋɨi] ‘currant’ (root: ''ŋɨi'')


====''-ma'' ‘male’ and ''-ŋa'' ‘female’====

There are two gender suffixes, ''-ma'' ‘male’ and ''-ŋa'' ‘female’; they are used to indicate male or female persons. In the case of ‘grizzly bear’, the etymological source is a predicate root with the male suffix; in spite of the suffix, ''nɨima'' can refer to female as well as male grizzly bears.


''nɨima'' [nɨima] ‘grizzly bear (root ''nɨi'' ‘old’)’

''nɨma'' [nɨma] ‘husband (combining form ''nɨ-'' ‘person’)’

''tɨma'' [tɨma] ‘cousin--FaSiSo, MoBrSo (combining form ''tɨ-'' ‘cross cousin’)’

''nɨŋa'' [nɨŋa] ‘wife (combining form ''nɨ-'' ‘person’)’

''tɨŋa'' [tɨŋa] ‘cousin--FaSiDa, MoBrDa (combining form ''tɨ-'' ‘cross cousin’)’


====''-ppi'' ‘buzzing animal’====

The suffix ''-ppi'' is a rather unusual suffix. It seems to have the meaning ‘small buzzing animal or insect’, but removing this suffix yields no independent roots, except in the case of ''tiwippi'', ''tippi'' ‘hummingbird’. These words are inflected as CV monosyllabic roots, as if the ''-ppi'' suffix were absent (see the section on the inflection of [[Tepa nouns#Monosyllabic Roots|monosyllabic roots]] for details).


''huppi'' [huppi] ‘gnat’

''lauppi'' [lauppi] ‘yellowjacket’

''pippi'' [pippi] ‘fly’

''ŋɨppi'' [ŋɨppi] ‘mosquito’

''sappi'' [sappi] ‘cicada’

''tiwippi'' [tšiwippi], ''tippi'' [tšippi] ‘hummingbird’ (root: ''tiwi'', combining form ''ti-'' ‘bird’)


====''-sɨ'' ‘fruit-bearing plant’====

The suffix ''-sɨ'' is attached to roots to form the name of plants bearing fruit. Most of these roots also take the prefix ''in-'' ‘berry’. Some examples are:


''ŋɨisɨ '' [ŋɨisɨ] ‘currant bush’

''siunpisɨ'' [šiumbisɨ] ‘serviceberry bush’

''tamɨisɨ'' [tamɨisɨ] ‘huckleberry bush’

''tɨipisɨ'' [tɨiβisɨ] ‘chokecherry bush’

''tipɨse'' [tšiβɨsɨ] ‘squawberry bush’


====''-ta'' ‘tree’====

The suffix ''-ta'' is found on many words which name kinds of trees. The roots formed by removing ''-ta'' are not usually independent roots; the root for ‘oak’, however, is also found with the diminutive suffix [[#Diminutive|''-tti'']]; the combined form means ‘scrub oak’. 


''kɨita'' [kɨiða] ‘locust’

''kuita'' [kuiða] ‘aspen’

''kusuta'' [kusuða] ‘pinyon pine’

''mɨsita'' [mɨšiða] ‘greasewood’

''puta'' [puða] ‘oak’

''sɨhɨta'' [sɨhɨða] ‘willow’

''sɨŋuta'' [sɨŋuða] ‘cedar’

''uita'' [uiða] ‘fir’

''upita'' [uβiða] ‘mesquite’

''wɨsita'' [wɨšiða] ‘cottonwood’


===Combining Forms===

In this section I describe shortened forms of roots which are frequently used in compounds. I call these ''combining forms'' after similar forms in the Numic languages. 


====''nɨ-'' ‘person’====

The combining form ''nɨ-'' refers to persons in the following words: 


''nɨma'' [nɨma] ‘husband’

''nɨqa'' [nɨŋa] ‘wife’

''nɨtti'' [nɨttši̥] ‘pupil’


It is a common metaphorical extension to refer to the pupil of the eye as a small person; hence the lexicalized meaning of ''nɨ-'' ‘person’ + ''-tti'' ‘diminutive’. I have been unable to locate a Tepa root from which ''nɨ-'' might have been derived. The usual word for ‘person’ is ''tua'', which bears no phonological resemblance to the combining form ''nɨ-''. 


====''ti-'' ‘bird’====

The combining form ''ti-'' is rather transparently derived from ''tiwi'' ‘bird’. It is found in the following words: 


''tiken'' [tšiɣɨ̃ɨ̃] ‘grouse’ (root: ''kɨn'' ‘rock’)

''tikusu'' [tšiɣusu] ‘pinyon jay’ (root: ''kusu'' ‘pinyon’)

''tilupa'' [tširuβa] ‘roadrunner’ (root: ''lupa'' ‘run’)

''tippi'' [tšippi] ‘hummingbird’ (combining form: ''-ppi'' ‘small buzzing animal or insect’)

''tipukan'' [tšiβuɣãã] ‘sage hen’ (root: ''pukan'' ‘sage’)

''tiutu'' [tšiuðu] ‘meadowlark’ (unknown root: ''utu'')

==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa particles</title>
    <id>6097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40885</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-16T21:10:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this section, I discuss a heterogeneous collection of grammatical elements which I will call particles. All particles in Tepa are clitics; that is, they have the syntax of full words but the phonology of affixes (I will use the words ''particle'' and ''clitic'' interchangeably in the following description). I distinguish between five kinds of particles: 1) pronouns, 2) postpositions, 3) quantifiers, 4) conjunctions, and 5) modal particles.


==Pronouns==

There are three kinds of pronouns in Tepa: 1) personal pronouns, 2) demonstrative pronouns, and 3) interrogative/indefinite pronouns.


===Personal Pronouns===

The personal pronouns of Tepa constitute a remarkably lean system. There are only two persons, first and second, and no distinction in number.


''=ma'' ‘1’

''=ku'' ‘2’


The personal pronouns are used primarily as oblique objects of ditransitive predicates. When third person referents need to be mentioned, a [[#Demonstrative Pronouns|demonstrative pronoun]] is pressed into service.

There is a construction which corresponds in meaning roughly to the colloquial English use of the reflexive as an emphatic pronoun. In Tepa, this is done by affixing one of the argument prefixes to the demonstrative pronoun ''nɨ''. For example, ''wa-nɨ'' means approximately ‘I (am) that (one).’


===Demonstrative Pronouns===

There are three demonstrative pronouns in Tepa distinguishing between two degrees of proximity:


''=ni'' ‘this’

''=nu'' ‘that’

''=nɨ'' generic


The pronoun ''=ni'' is used for referents near the speaker, while ''=nu'' is used for referents which are not near the speaker. The pronoun ''=nɨ'' is used when the proximity of the referent is not known, or is not relevant. The demonstrative pronouns are also used anaphorically; that is, to track third person referents in a discourse.


===Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns===

The set of interrogative and indefinite pronouns is also rather small. Unlike English, one set of pronouns does both jobs in Tepa; their particular interpretation depends on the presence of the interrogative modal particle ''su''. When it is present, the pronoun is understood as an interrogative pronoun, otherwise as an indefinite pronoun. The pronouns are:


''=ttɨ'' who, what; someone, something

''=tti'' where, somewhere

''=tta'' when, sometime

''=ttu'' why


These particles contain a geminate [tt]; when they are attached to a word (noun or verb) ending in a nasal, the nasal is “overwritten” by the first half of the geminate and does not surface. When these particles are attached to a word which is bound in phase or to a monosyllabic form, the result is a ...CVVC.CV sequence; this is one of only two violations of the constraint against “superheavy” syllables in the language.

Some examples of their use follow. Note also that the position of the pronoun differs with its grammatical function; as a subject, it is attached to the last word in the sentence, and as a direct object it is attached to the right edge of the verb.


[surɨšipɨttɨ]
{|
| su= || 0- || lɨsi || pɨn || =ttɨ
|-
| ?= || 3&gt;3’- || fear || child || =who
|}
‘Who fears the child?’


[surɨšittɨpɨ̃ɨ̃]
{|
| su= || 0- || lɨsi || =ttɨ || pɨn
|-
| ?= || 3&gt;3’- || fear || =who || child
|}
‘Who does the child fear?’


[naɣiyɨɨttɨ]
{|
| 0- || naki || yɨɨ || =ttɨ
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || eat || egg || =someone
|}
‘Someone ate the egg.’


[sunaɣiyɨɨttɨ]
{|
| su= || 0- || naki || yɨɨ || =ttɨ
|-
| ?= || 3&gt;3’- || eat || egg || =who
|}
‘Did someone eat the egg?’ or ‘Who ate the egg?’


This last sentence has two interpretations. The first is simply a yes/no question; while the second is a wh-question, querying a particular grammatical function (in this case, the subject). They are distinguished in Tepa by means of pitch contour; the yes/no question has on the last word a falling tone contour (a sequence of a high tone followed by a low tone) followed by a high tone on the final syllable:


''yɨ́ɨ̀ttɨ́''


The wh-question has falling tone contour without the subsequent high tone on the last syllable:


''yɨ́ɨ̀ttɨ̀''


Very often the final vowel of the wh-question is voiceless, as is the final vowel of the indefinite pronoun.


==Postpositions==

Postpositions are attached to the end of nouns. They serve generally to locate objects in space or time, but some have acquired more metaphorical or opaque usages. Some of the most common postpositions are:


''=pu'' in

''=ta'' at

''=ma'' with

''=ka'' on

''=ŋu'' to

''=lɨ'' from, of

''=ŋɨa'' along

''=umɨ'' around

''=ptɨ'' up


There are also two locative particles which function much like English “here” and “there”. They are:


''yi'' here

''yu'' there


Postpositions can be attached to these locatives to show movement or more precise location:


{|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [yurɨ] || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [yiŋu]
|-
| yu || =lɨ || yi || =ŋu
|-
| there || =from || here || =to
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ‘from there’ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ‘to here’
|}


==Quantifiers==

To express the kinds of quantification expressed in words like “all”, “a few”, “many”, “some” and “every”, Tepa makes use of its more articulated number system in conjunction with distinctions of phase. Thus, “all” is expressed by a noun phrase which is collective in number and bound in phase:


[tšiɣiwii]

tikiwii

bird:COLL:B

‘all birds’


“a few” is expressed by a noun phrase which is paucal in number and unbound in phase:


[tšiðwi]

titwi

bird:PAUC

‘a few birds’


“many” and “some” are expressed by a noun phrase which is distributive in number and unbound in phase. In addition, an overt quantifying particle is attached to the noun; for “many” the particle is ''=ntɨ'', and for “some” the particle is ''=nka'': 


[tšiwiðwindɨ]
{|
| tiwitwi || =ntɨ
|-
| bird:DIST || =many
|}
‘many birds’


[tšiwiðwiŋga]
{|
| tiwitwi || =nka
|-
| bird:DIST || =some
|}
‘some birds’


Finally, to express “every”, a noun phrase which is distributive in number and bound in phase is used:


[tšiwižiwii]

tiwitiwii

bird:DIST:B

‘every bird’


Note the subtle difference between “all N” and “every N”. For “all”, some predicate is applied to a set of individuals, while for “every” a predicate is applied to individuals as defined as members of a set. In common usage in Tepa these appear to be interchangeable, but they are scrupulously distinguished in formal contexts.


==Conjunctions==

A distinction is made in Tepa between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.


===Coordinating Conjunctions===

The coordinating conjunctions are different from the particles discussed elsewhere in this section. The difference is that of all the particles, only the coordinating conjunctions are non-syllabic. The two coordinating conjunctions in Tepa are:

''=n'' ‘and’
''=l'' ‘or’


They are attached to every item in a list except the last as a suffix (this is the other potential source of superheavy syllables in Tepa):


[tšiɣwilsuɣuraŋgaŋgi]
{|
| tikwi || =l || suku || =l || ankanki
|-
| bird:COLL || =or || dog:COLL || =or || fish:COLL
|}
‘birds, dogs or fish’


[tɨanhiβiðɨ]
{|
| tɨa || =n || hipitɨ
|-
| sun || =and || moon
|}
‘the sun and the moon’


(Note that the words for ‘sun’ and ‘moon’ appear to be unbound in phase but are translated with the definite article.)


In addition to the conjunctions ''=n'' and ''=l'', there is a proclitic conjunction ''hu='' which appears clause-initially; its function is to link clauses together, and is discussed in the chapter on syntax under [[Tepa syntax#Coordination|Coordination]].


===Subordinating Conjunctions===

When a predicate is used to modify a noun as an adjective rather than stand alone as the sole sentential predicate, a subordinating conjunction ''ɨ='' is used:


[ɨhažitšiɣna]
{|
| ɨ= || 0- || hati || tikna
|-
| SS= || 3- || sharp || tooth:COLL
|}
‘sharp teeth’


[ɨhažinɨžiɣinaa suu]
{|
| ɨ= || hati || nɨ- || tikinaa || suu
|-
| SS= || sharp || 3- || tooth:COLL:B || dog
|}
‘the dog’s sharp teeth’


[tšinaβaʔɨhažisuu]
{|
| tina || -pa || ɨ= || hati || suu
|-
| tooth || -HAVE || SS= || sharp || dog
|}
‘The dog has sharp teeth.’


The subordinating conjunctions are dealt with more fully in the chapter on syntax under [[Tepa syntax#Subordination|Subordination]].


==Modal Particles==

There are five modal particles; they are listed below (indicative mode is not marked overtly):


''ha='' imperative

''su='' interrogative

''pɨ='' irrealis

''mu='' negative

''ti='' optative


The imperative particle identifies a direct command. An imperative sentence need not always be directed at a second person; it can have jussive force when a first person agent is expressed.


[haɣuðɨɣayiŋu]
{|
| ha= || ku- || tɨka || yi || =ŋu
|-
| != || 2- || move || here || =to
|}
‘Come here!’


[hawaðɨθkayuŋu]
{|
| ha= || wa- || tɨtka || yu || =ŋu
|-
| != || 1- || move:PAUC || there || =to
|}
‘Let’s go!’


The interrogative particle identifies the clause as a question, whether a yes/no question or a wh-question.


[suwaðɨθkayuŋu]
{|
| su= || wa- || tɨtka || yu || =ŋu
|-
| ?= || 1- || move:PAUC || there || =to
|}
‘Are we going?’


The irrealis particle identifies a clause which the speaker knows or presumes to be untrue; it most often translates as an “if” clause.


[pɨwaðawiðuβa]
{|
| pɨ= || wa- || tawitu || -pa
|-
| IR= || 1- || horn || -HAVE
|}
‘If I had a horn...’


The negative particle identifies a negative clause. This particle can also negate other parts of speech.


[muwaðawiðuβa]
{|
| mu= || wa- || tawitu || -pa
|-
| NEG= || 1- || horn || -HAVE
|}
‘I don’t have a horn.’


The optative particle identifies a wish on the part of the speaker.


[tšiwaðawiðuβa]
{|
| ti= || wa- || tawitu || -pa
|-
| OPT= || 1- || horn || -HAVE
|}
‘If only I had a horn!’


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa syntax</title>
    <id>6098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40975</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this chapter I will discuss three aspects of the syntax of Tepa. The first is the placement of the clitics discussed in [[Tepa particles]], the second is the disposition of phrasal elements (extended words) within the sentence, and the third is the coordination or subordination of clauses in complex sentences.


==Clitic Placement==

Clitics in Tepa can appear in one of three positions: 1) at the end of nouns, 2) at the end of verbs, and 3) at the beginning of the first word of a clause. Clitics which appear at the end of verbs belong to the set of pronouns, and indicate an oblique argument of the verb.


[waðaldanɨ]
{|
| wa- || talta || =nɨ
|-
| 1&gt;3- || give:L || =3
|}
‘She gave it to me.’


[naɣiyɨɨttɨ]
{|
| 0- || naki || yɨɨ || =ttɨ
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || eat || egg || =someone
|}
‘Someone ate the egg.’


There are several types of clitics which attach to the right edges of nouns. These are quantifiers, postpositions, and pronouns. If all three are present, they attach in the order [NOUN] =DET/Q =POST =PRON.


[tšiwiðwindɨma]
{|
| tiwitwi || =ntɨ || =ma
|-
| birds:DIST || =some || =with
|}
‘with some birds’


[naɣiiyɨyyɨŋgattɨ]
{|
| 0- || nakii || yɨyyɨ || =nka || =ttɨ
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || eat:B || eggs:DIST || =many || =someone
|}
‘Someone ate a lot of eggs.’


[lɨahaiɣattɨ]
{|
| 0- || lɨa || hai || =ka || =ttɨ
|-
| 3- || sit || grass || =on || =someone
|}
‘Someone is sitting on the grass.’


Conjunctions and modal particles appear in clause-initial position, regardless of the category of the first word in the clause. Thus it is possible for a noun to have modal clitics attached to it, when that noun is fronted for focus effects (see the section &lt;Simple Sentences&gt;). If both conjunctions and modal particles are present, they appear in the order CONJ= MOD= [WORD].


[wasullɨaβɨwanaɣiiyɨyɨɨtɨɨri]
{|
| wa- || sullɨ || a= || pɨ= || wa- || nakii || yɨyɨɨ || tɨɨli
|-
| 3&gt;1- || ask:L || DS= || IRR= || 1&gt;3- || eat:B || eggs:DIST || Teeli
|}
‘Teeli asked me if I had eaten the eggs.’


The word together with the clitics which are attached to it form the “extended word”, which is the domain for stress placement and lenition processes.


==Simple Sentences==


===Basic Word Order===

The only obligatory element in a Tepa sentence is the verb and its associated clitic-chain. When other sentence elements are present, they appear in the order V-O-IO/PP-S.


[haɣunaɣittɨ]
{|
| ha= || ku- || naki || =ttɨ
|-
| != || 2&gt;3- || eat:B || =something
|}
‘Eat something!’


[naɣihuɣmatiɣwiŋga]
{|
| 0- || naki || hukma || tikwi || =nka
|-
| 3&gt;3- || eat || fruit:COLL || bird:COLL || =some
|}
‘Some (kinds of) birds eat fruit.’


[murɨahaiβunɨmaa]
{|
| mu= || lɨa || hai || =pu || nɨmaa
|-
| NEG= || sit || grass || =in || man:B
|}
‘The man is not sitting in the grass.’


For focus effects, sentence elements (usually noun phrases) can be placed before the verb. When this is done, the clitics which normally attach to the verb attach instead to the sentence initial element.


[sužiɣwitarɨɣanɨmaanu]
{|
| su= || tikwi || 0- || talɨka || nɨmaa || =nu
|-
| ?= || bird:COLL || 3&gt;3- || hunt || man:B || =that
|}
‘Is that man hunting BIRDS?’


[hahaiβukurɨa]
{|
| ha= || hai || =pu || ku- || lɨa
|-
| != || grass || =in || 2- || sit
|}
‘(Go) sit IN THE GRASS!’


[piðɨɨnɨŋaatɨɨriahumahmaŋgapuru]
{|
| 0- || pitɨɨ || nɨŋaa || tɨɨli || a= || humahma || =nka || 0- || pulu
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || see:B || woman:B || Teeli || DS= || fruit:DIST || =some || 3&gt;3’- || pick
|}
‘Teeli saw the woman as she was picking SOME FRUIT.’


===Equational and Existential Sentences===

Equational sentences are sentences in which a noun phrase or postpositional phrase is taken to be a predicate. This syntactically derived predicate is always clause-initial, and takes normal inflections:


[paɣuuβu tšiwii]
{|
| pakuu || =pu || tiwii
|-
| tree:B || =in || bird
|}
‘The bird is in the tree.’


[suɣuβaɣuuβu]
{|
| su= || ku- || pakuu || =pu
|-
| ?= || 2- || tree:B || =in
|}
‘Are you in the tree?’


Existential sentences are very similar in form to equational sentences. The difference between the two sentence types is the order of the constituents; the postpositional phrase is never sentence initial in an existential sentence.


[tšiwipaɣuuvu]
{|
| tiwi || pakuu || =pu
|-
| bird || tree:B || =in
|}
‘There is a bird in the tree.’


==Complex Sentences==


===Coordination===

The particle ''hu='' serves to link sentences together, just as English “and”. The resulting paratactic constructions are quite common in Tepa. Noun phrases are often omitted in all but the first clause when their referents are unambiguous; the result is a string of inflected verbs connected by ''hu=''.


===Subordination===

The subordinating conjunctions serve to join embedded clauses to main clauses. In Tepa, subordinate clauses are not divided formally into types such as relative clause, complement clause, sentential subject clause, etc. Only two kinds of embedded clauses are distinguished in the grammar: 1) an embedded clause whose subject is the same as the subject of the main clause (or the head of the relative clause) in which it is embedded; and 2) an embedded clause whose subject is different from the subject of the main clause (or the head of the relative clause) in which it is embedded. This information is contained in the subordinating conjunctions. They are:


''ɨ='' same subject

''a='' different subject


Some examples of their use follow:


[piðɨɨnɨŋaatɨɨriaβuruhumahmaŋga]
{|
| 0- || pitɨɨ || nɨŋaa || tɨɨli || a= || 0- || pulu || humahma || =nka
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || see:B || woman:B || Teeli || DS= || 3&gt;3’- || pick || fruit:DIST || =some
|}
‘Teeli saw the woman as she (the woman) was picking some fruit.’


[piðɨɨnɨŋaatɨɨriɨwaβuruhumahmaŋga]
{|
| 0- || pitɨɨ || nɨŋaa || tɨɨli || ɨ= || wa- || pulu || humahma || =nka
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || see:B || woman:B || Teeli || SS= || 3&gt;3’- || pick || fruit:DIST || =some
|}
‘Teeli saw the woman as she (Teeli) was picking some fruit.’


[piðɨɨʔɨβuruhumahmaŋganɨŋaatɨɨri]
{|
| 0- || pitɨɨ || ɨ= || 0- || pulu || humahma || =nka || nɨŋaa || tɨɨli
|-
| 3&gt;3’- || see:B || SS= || 3&gt;3’- || pick || fruit:DIST || =some || woman:B || Teeli
|}
‘Teeli saw the woman (who was) picking some fruit.’


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Union of Neutral States</title>
    <id>6099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40677</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-10T04:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Union of Neutral States''' was formed in 773 by the last remaining members of the now-extinct [[Global Federation of States]], once it had become clear that there was no longer any ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Union of Neutral States''' was formed in 773 by the last remaining members of the now-extinct [[Global Federation of States]], once it had become clear that there was no longer any hope of reuniting the GFS.  The UNS consists of nations which remain outside of the [[International Council of Governments]] and the [[League of Democratic Nations]].

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring A Final</title>
    <id>6100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40693</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-10T21:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Pete Bleackley
===The text===
====mœzawani galgudahi gevo enil====
iðuzhelt ye gins lakhshiek. teldishe yi marksol, dahiuf elruzamsher. dahi yeng khlem misu.
voshtrugiuf gins lakhshiek þanturþaðol, roli yi hapaplwani.
yurishezhmdahir ginsonholar arra holar. mœzawanisher sanskldahisher holar. rolir yir bengash nazilol u visher yir parushk yiuzar.
zarrerashuri enil. samnagashe ya yiku zarredahovli yi, vrimaldahisher holilar.
amraþikhsher yir halilðen; tirzdahir holar halshe'ut.
===Smooth English===
====This is very difficult to understand====
See the heavenly dance. It does not happen according to a plan, there are no musical instruments. Voice is the only sound. The heavenly dance is not taught with a lesson, it moves randomly.
The dancers are better than people. The people are not very skillful. They move aimlessly, as if they do not know their purpose.
It seems easy. I do not believe that it can be easy, these people are not beautiful. They will not visit again; the people will never be different.

===Vocabulary===
;beng: (n) reason
;khlem: (n) sound
;samnag: (v) believe (sincerely or well-foundedly)
;sansk: (n) skill
;teld: (v) happen
;tirz: (adj) different
;amraþ: (v) visit
;arra: (conj) like, as, than
;v: (v) know
;vrima: beauty
;parushk: (n) purpose
;ovl: (v) can
;hapap: (n) happenstance, chance
;hal: (n) time
;hol: (n) person
;zam: (n) tool
;zarre: (adj) easy
;dah: (v) be
;en: (n) thing
;elru: (n) music
;marks: (n) plan
;misu: (adj) alone, only
;mœza: (adj) great
;þantur: (v) learn
;það: (v) do (n) deed
;rol: (v) move
;rug: (v) give
;iðuzh: (v) see
;naz: (n) way, manner, style
;lakhshi: (n) sky, heaven
;galgu: (adj) difficult
;ge: (adj) true
;gins: (n,v) dance
;y+person ending: (pr) personal pronoun
;yurish: (adj) good
;yeng: (n) voice

===Grammar===
See [[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon|the original text]] Below are listed the segunakar found in this text

====Morphology====
=====Nouns=====
'''modsegunakar''' (1st rank) Deixis
;il:this
;she: no

'''densegunakar''' (2nd rank) Proximity
;ut:at
;ash:without

'''radsegunak''' (3rd rank) Relative position
;ðen: beyond

'''karvsegunakar''' (4th rank) Sense of motion
Not used in this text

'''sintsegunakar''' (5th rank) Abstract
;ku: about (topic)
;uz: of
;ol: by (instumental)

'''bantsegunak''' (6th rank) Number
;(a)r: plural

=====Verbs=====
Verbs may be followed by the following segunakar

'''Person/infinitive/participles''' (obligatory)
;a:1p
;e:2p
;i:3p
;o:infinitive
;on/ont:Present participle. For many verbs this has the sense of an agent noun. If the sense normal for the verb is not the one required, the present participle compounds with another nouns to form the required sense.
;osht:Past participle.

'''Reflexiveness'''

Not used in this passage

'''Continuous aspect'''

Not used in this passage

'''Perfect aspect'''

Not used in this passage.

'''Tense'''

;kh:future

'''Voice'''

;uf:passive

'''Mood'''

;lt:imperative

'''Negation'''

she

'''Number'''

;(a)r:Plural

=====Adjectival Morphology=====
;ezhm: comparative
=====Derivational Morphology=====
;wan:Forms adverbs from adjectives
;l:Forms adjective from nouns, usually in the sense of ''characterised by''
;ek:Forms adjectives from nouns, usually in the sense of ''like''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Unbachar</title>
    <id>6101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40705</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-11T09:50:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Unbachar</username>
        <id>1267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon/dictionary</title>
    <id>6102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57270</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T20:48:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated citation key</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary/Khangaþyagon to English]] This contains only roots. Affixes are given in the [[Khangaþyagon|grammar]], rather than here, and deducing the meaning of compounds is left as an exercise for the translator. Roots are ordered according to [[the Bukhstav]].

[[Khangaþyagon/dictionary/English to Khangaþyagon]] This dictionary does give compounds and derived forms when needed to translate a particular word.

Where citations are a available online, a link is given. Here is a key for Citation Links

;8:Conlang translation relay 8, original text
;8a:Conlang translation relay 8, Ring 1 final text
;8b:Conlang translation relay 8, Ring 2 final text
;9:Conlang translation relay 9
;10:Conlang translation relay 10
;11:Conlang translation relay 11
;13:Conlang translation relay 13
;14:Conlang translation relay 14
;15:Conlang translation relay 15, original text
;15a:Conlang translation relay 15, ring A final text
;15b:Conlang translation relay 15, ring B final text
;15c:Conlang translation relay 15, ring C final text
;16:Conlang translation relay 16
;17:Conlang Translation relay 17
;IR2: Inverse Relay 2
;BT:Babel Text
;poem: A poem published in a Conlang list post</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon/dictionary/Khangaþyagon to English</title>
    <id>6103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T20:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vocab and citations from Relay 17 and Inverse Relay 2</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">While this dictionary mainly gives roots, the present participle is also given for verbs, due to the variability in its form and meaning. 
==b==
;bukh: (n) ritual {{R8b}}
;burr: (v) rub
:;burron: rubbing
;bulzhir: reveal
:;bulzhiront: revelation
;babal:(n) butterfly {{KBT}}
;babru: (n) shoulder {{R13}}
;bavru: (n) neck
;basti: (n) interesting thing {{R13}}
;bashtr: (v) require, demand
:;bashtron: requirement
;ban: (n) stone {{R8b}}{{R9}}{{KBT}}
;bant: (numeral) six
;baln: (v) request, plead
:;balnont: requesting
;bagir: (v) keep
:;bagiront: keeper
;bolri: (n) mouth
;beb: (conj) and {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R17}}{{IR2}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
:;beb... beb:both... and {{R15c}}
;bel: (n) day {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R17}}
;beltush: (n) heir
;belk: purple
;beng: (n) reason {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}
;brakht: (n) wand
;birn: (n) finger
;blovra: (n) ox-drawn wagon
;bæg: (v) walk {{R13}}
:;bægon: walker
;bœshi: (n) pastry {{R11}}
==u==
;u: (conj) such that {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{{R17}}{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;ubil: (n) stirrup
;ukhrin: (adj) wicked {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R10}}{{R17}}
;ussu: 	(n) health {{R14}}
;ust: (adj) open {{R8}}
;ustr:(v) build {{KBT}}
:;ustron: builder
;ustirn: (n) oath
;usk: (v) suck
:;uskont: sucking
;uvne: (n) nose
;umgan: (n) boot
;ushu: (conj) neither/nor {{R15}}
;ushra: (n) marsh
;urs: (n) sole
;urves: (v) spread
:;urveson: spreading
;urre: (n) road
;ukil: (n) armpit
;unsev: (n) sledge
;unvir: (n) vaginal fluid
;undal: (n) home {{IR2}}
;ulsir: (n) saffron
;ult: (v) hinder, obstruct {{R15c}}{{IR2}}
:;ulton: hindering
;ulta: (n) navel
;ulev: child {{R10}}{{R14}}
;ulm: (v,n) chant
:;ulmont: chanting
;ulþ: (n) silt
;ulwe: (n) labia

==kh==
;khun: (adj) short {{R15b}}
;khull: (n) ear
;kharm: (n) fate {{R17}}
;khoshn: (n) north
;khorr:(n) fire {{KBT}}
;khorrd: (v) burn
:;khorrdon: burning
;khorris:(v) fire, bake {{KBT}}
:;khorrison: firing
;khol: (v) hear {{R8a}}{{R8b}}
;:kholont: hearer
;kheng: (n) bow
;khrat: (v) steal {{R9}}
:;khraton: theft
;khratap: (n) thief {{R8b}}
;khrold: (v) earn
:;khroldont: earning
;khredem: (n) enemy
;khipl: (v) confuse {{R10}}{{KBT}}
:;khiplon: confusing
;khlūra:(n) mortar {{KBT}}
;khlem: (n) sound {{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;khæls: (n) wind {{R14}}{{IR2}}
==s==
;su: (adj) all, whole {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;sura: (n) year {{R13}}
;surash: (v) display as a sexual offer
:;surashon: displaying as a sexual offer
;surni: (n) jet
;sulv: (v) belong to
:;sulvon: belonging to
;sullat: (adj) gentle
;stav: (n) sign (v) write
:;stavont: writer
;sabegr: (v) tolerate, forbear {{R16}}
:;sabegront: tolerance {{R16}}
;sasa: (adj) usual {{R15c}}
;sasor: (v) buy
:;sasoron: buyer
;savu: (n) nipple
;sadas: (n)paternal aunt
;sadre: (n) heart {{R14}}{{R16}}
;sam: (v) come {{R14}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
:;samon: coming {{R14}}
;samnag: (v) believe (sincerely or well-foundedly) {{R8a}}{{R15a}}
:;samnagon: faith
;sarvak: (v) embrace
:;sarvakon: embracing
;sarmne: (n) friend
;sarsh: (n) lip
;sarg: (v) bet, wager
:;sargon: (n) bet, wager
;sansk: (n) skill {{R13}}{{R15a}}
;salb: (v) arm, equip
:;salbont: arming
;sala: (adj) flat {{R11}}{{IR2}}{{KBT}}
;salde: (adj) moist
;salle:(n) surface {{KBT}}
;sangel: (n) stream, brook
;sorna: (n) wrist
;serra: (n) eyelash
;sek: knife
;selda: (n) water {{R11}}
;segun: follow
:;segunont: follower
;segrep: (adv) already {{R8a}}
;smin: (n) tip
;siss: (v) crawl {{R13}}
:;sissont: crawling
;sivolk: (n) story {{R8a}} {{R8b}}{{R15}}
;sivin: (v) succeed
:;sivinont: success
;sifak: (n) maternal uncle
;sint: (numeral) five
;silde: (n) willow
;sing: (adj) small {{R9}}{{R11}}{{IR2}}
;srint: (v) drive, herd
:;srinton: drover
;skush: (v,n) kiss
:;skushon: kissing
;skalt: (adj) vast
;sket: 	(v) cut {{R11}}
:;sketont: cutting
;skilp: (v) shine {{R14}}
:;skilpont: shining {{R14}}
;snurr: (v) tire
:;snurront: tiring
;snarut: (v) fall {{IR2}}
:;snaruton: falling
;snaug: (n) fault, flaw {{R16}}
;sluv: 	(n) oil (for cooking) {{R11}}
;sluv: (adj) blue
;slund: (adj) cheap
;slat:(v) find {{KBT}}
:;slatont: finding
;slarna: throat
;slon: (v) want {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
:;slonont: wanting
;slenna:(n) clay {{KBT}}
;swud: (n) bandage
;swæð: (v) swive, copulate
:;swæðont: copulation
;soallm: (v) sink (of the sun) set
:;soallmon: sinking

==t==
;tuvul: (n) jade
;tump: (n) shame
;tuðn: (n) arrow
;tulvik: (n) bridle
;tulla: (n) garden {{R13}}
;tullis: (adj) long
;tasko: (n) sacrum
;tavan: (n) cumin
;tamat: (n) paternal uncle
;tamok: (n) chest (part of body)
;tamit: (v) believe. Refers particularly to speculation or unfounded belief. {{R8}}
:;tamitont: false belief, superstition
;tarv: (v) receive (a guest etc)
:;tarvont: receiving
;tarrs: (n) rest, remainder
;tarrm: (n,v) need {{R8b}}{{R16}}
:;tarrmont: person in need
;tark: black
;targ: (v) hunt {{R9}}
:;targon: hunting {{R9}}
;tals: (v) search {{R8}}{{R8b}}
:;talsont: searching
;talp: (n) mountain {{IR2}}
;talsh: (numeral) eight
;tagdiln: (n) scaffold, crane, hoist
;tang: (n) hammer
;tosis: (n) pubis
;tombol: (n) drum
;tors:(v) turn {{R15}}{{R15c}}
:;torson: turning
;tols:(adj) personal {{R15}}
;tolm: (v) undress
:;tolmont: undressing
;tesr: (v) care {{R10}}
:;tesront: one who cares
;tevrin: (n)soldier
;tezn: (v) sit {{R13}}
:;teznon: sitting
;temba: (n) war {{R14}}
;tembarn: (n) battle
;terb: (n) master
;terkha: (n) oak {{IR2}}
;terek: (n) spice {{R11}}
;tek: (adj) wrong {{R8b}}
;tens: (n) seat, chair
;tena: (n) disc
;teld: (v) happen {{R10}}{{R15a}}
:;teldon: happening
;telk: (n) beak {{R9}}
;tellat: (n) glory
;tra: (adj) strong {{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}
;tramn: (n) word {{R8b}}{{R14}}{{KBT}}
;trans: (n) nature {{R15b}}
;trefk: (n) meat {{R11}}
;tresh: (v) eat {{R10}}{{R11}}
:;treshon: eater
;trint: (n) tooth
;trinn: (v) bite {{R17}}
:;trinnont: biting
;tiskr: (v) bind
:;tiskron: binding
;tirz: (adj) different {{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;tirr: village
;til: (adj) small quantity {{R11}}{{R16}}
;tilse: (n) snow {{IR2}}
;tleb: (v) mount
:;tlebon: mounting
;tlin: (v) show {{R15b}}{{R15c}}
:;tlinon: showing
;tæp: (v) command
:;tæpont: commanding

==a==
;a: (interjection) commanding attention {{R13}}{{KBT}}
;aba: (n) wife {{R14}}
;akhtir: (n) courage
;akhrum: (n) deer
;akhnel: (n) ginger
;assak: (n) coriander
;asik: (n) brother
;asnab: (v) accost {{R8}}
:;asnabont: one who accosts
;ap: (v) make, cause {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
:;apont: maker {{KBT}}
;ahrung: (adj) erect
;azo: (adj) most {{R15b}}
;amteng: (n) brain
;ama: (n) mother {{R9}}
;amagel: (v) gather, assemble {{R14}}
:;amagelont: gatherer
;amp: 	(v) put {{R11}}
:;ampon: putting
;amr: (adv) also
;amraþ: (v) visit {{R15a}}
:;amraþont: visitor
;amri: (n) knee
;amit: (v) think {{R9}}{{R10}}
:;amitont: thinking {{R9}}
;amiyu: (n) incense
;amyen: (v) conceive
:;amyenon: conception
;arb: (n) root
;artoþ: (n) spear
;arvel: (n) hip
;arra:(conj) than, as, like {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;arrag: pain {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}
;arrot: (n) host, mass {{R14}}
;arrish: (n) shin
;arl: (n) herb
;ak: (n) part, piece {{R11}}
;aks: (v) assume, suppose {{R15c}}
:;akson: assumption
;akst: (adj) male
;akdel: (v) depart {{R8a}}{{R8b}}
:;akdelon: departure
;ansidi: (pr) itself
;anal: (n) joy {{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;anwet: (v) enjoy {{R15b}}
:;anweton: enjoyment
;alten: (n) organ
;alfold: (n) age, era
;allb: (numeral) ten {{R17}}
;allsh: (adj) young {{R9}}{{R14}}
;agtr: (v) oppose
:;agtron: opposition
;agos: (n) path {{IR2}}
;agren: (v) touch {{R13}}{{R15b}}
:;agrenont: touching
;angud: (v) die (n) death (adj) dead {{R17}}
:;angudont: dying
;angl: (v) arrive {{R13}}
:;anglont: arrival

==v==
;v: (v) know {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
:;vont: knower
;vash: (n) lash, whip, scourge
;varrag: (n) lust
;vor: (n) heel
;vornu: (n) ship (large, sea-going sailing vessel)
;vetrem: (n) carriage {{R13}}
;vrat:(n) brick {{KBT}}
;vret: (adj) sharp {{R9}}
;vrim: (v) flee
:;vrimont: one who flees
;vrima: beauty {{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;vituru: (n) mercy
;vitsen: (n) cloves
;virr: (v) fear {{R13}}
:;virron: (n) fear {{R13}}
;vlakh: (n) folk {{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;vlant: (v) become {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R17}}
:;vlanton: becoming
;vlon: allow
:;vlonont: allowing
;vlond: (n) wound
==p==
;pullen: (n) lake
;pavrik: (n) service
;parushk: (n) purpose {{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;pak: (v) blend
:;pakont: blender
;panmab: (n) copper
;palm: (v) serve
:;palmont: servant
;poh: (n) woman {{R8a}}{{R10}}
;pefd: (v) hold
:;pefdon: holding
;pesht: (v) run
:;peshtont: runner
;perret: (n) window
;pivru: (n) eyelid
;pidago: (n) palm of the hand
;pirr: (n) sun {{R9}}
;pill: (n) light {{R14}}
;pluska: (n) ass, donkey
;plurva: (n) muscle
;plew: (v) bring {{R8b}}{{R14}}
:;plewont: bringer

==o==
;okhlo: (n) vagina, vulva
;osf: (v) must {{R15b}}
:;ovlon: obligation to...
;oskel: (n) small rowing boat
;ovl: (v) can {{R8a}}{{R9}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
:;ovlon: ability to...
;oplen: (n) glade
;omtap: (v) attack {{R13}}{{R17}}
:;omtapont: attacker
;orpi: (n) sex
;orokh: (n) element
;orl:(n) law {{R8}}
;orng: (v) should {{R8a}}
:;orngon: obligation to...
;orwe: (adj) sad {{R15c}}
;okol: (v) enclose
:;okolon: enclosure
;onma: (n) night {{R14}}
;olven: (n) honey
;oltok: (adj) busy {{KhP}}
;olles: (n) saddle
;olw: (v) might {{R8}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}
:;olwon: it being possible that...
==h==
;hurras: (v) explore
:;hurrasont: explorer
;huna:(n) world {{KBT}}
;hulz: (v) attempt
:;hulzon: attempter
;hassass: (n) snake, serpent
;hapap: (n) happenstance, chance {{R15a}}
;hazt: (n) skin
;hashn: (n) west {{KhP}}
;harr: (n) ice
;harr: (v) freeze
:;harront: freezing
;harras: (n) winter {{R9}}{{R13}}{{IR2}}
;harre: (adj) cold {{R13}}
;hal: (n) time {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;hob: (n) bag {{R13}}
;hoss: (v) stroke
:;hossont: stroking
;hol: (n) person {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;holag: (n) moustache
;heþ: (n) bone
;herr: (v) flee
:;herront: fleeing
;hrunek: (n) penis
;hrab: (adj) red {{R13}}{{R17}}
;hreng: (n) claw {{R9}}
;hime: (adj) white {{R11}}
;hirr: (v) fly
:;hirron: flight
;hiris: (n) basil
;hilne: (n) wine
;hlang: (v) marr, wound, spoil
:;hlangon: marring
;hwast: (adj) grey
;hœl: (n) wood
;heul: (v) stir
:;heulont: stirring

==z==
;zurvin: (n) thyme
;zam: (n) tool {{R15a}}
;zarre: (adj) easy {{R15a}}
;zalt: (adj) precious
;zaldep: (n) treasure {{R8}}{{R8b}}
;zehrab: (adj) female
;zerrish: (n) bird {{R9}}
;zel: (n) foot {{R9}}
;zrak: (v) pull
:zrakont: pulling
;zeul: (n) fool
==d==
;dunn: (v) reside, live, dwell {{R8}}{{KBT}}
:;dunnon: inhabiting
;dah: (v) be {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{R17}}{{IR2}}{{KBT}}
:;dahont: being
;damz: (adj) many {{R17}}
;damr: (v) fight
:;damront: fighter
;darid: (v) cook {{R11}}
:;daridont: (n) cook, chef
;dosk: back
;de: (pr) alternative 3p pronoun, used when ambiguities might otherwise arise. {{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KhP}}
;devokt: (v) campaign
:;devokton: campaigning, campaign (n)
;den: (numeral) two {{R10}}{{R15b}}
;degm: (v) feed {{R15b}}
:;degmont: feeding
;dris: (v) comfort {{R13}}
:;drison: comforter
;dræ: (n) arm
;dimut: (v) abandon
:;dimuton: abandoning
;dirs: (adj) other {{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;dirrim: (v) reach {{R13}}
:;dirrimon: reaching
;dwall:(v) weave {{R15}}
:;dwallont: weaver

==e==
;eban: (v) summon
:;ebanont: summoner
;esard: (n) feeling, emotion {{R15b}}{{R16}}
;eskr: (v) ride
:;eskront: rider
;etni: (n) hand {{R11}}{{R14}}
;emnus: (n) oil (for anointing)
;eml: (v) bless {{R14}}
:;emlont: blessing, beneficient {{R14}}
;eþlin: (n) body
;erig: (n) husband {{R14}}
;ekrif: (n) grain {{R14}}
;en: (n) thing {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;enþ: (v) trade {{IR2}}
:;enþon: trading
;ennit: (adj) lithe {{R9}}{{R15}}
;eða: (n) daughter
;elru:(n) music {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;ell: (adj) new {{KhP}}
;ellbas: (n) flower {{R9}}
;elnus: (n) semen
;elg: (v) lick
:;elgon: licking
;egrim: (v) assign
:;egrimont: assigner
;enge: (conj) even/still
;engru: (n) elbow
;engl: (v) squander, waste
:;englon: squanderer, profligate, wastrel, prodigal
;englam: (v) perceive {{R15c}}
:;englamont: perception 
;eyag: (n) tongue
==f==
;futo: (adj) old {{R9}}{{KhP}}
;full: (v) grow {{R9}}
:;fullon: growth
;fazran: gate
;falna: (adj) safe
;fost:(v) stop {{KBT}}
:;fostont: stopping
;folne:(n) mind {{R15}}
;feshna: (n) breast
;feld: (adj) each {{R16}}{{KBT}}
;frin: (adj) plain, clear
;fi:(n) harmony {{R15}}
;figde: (n) field {{R14}}
;flarr: (v) pour {{R14}}
:;flarron: pouring
==m==
;musten: (v) dress, clothe
:;mustenont: dressing
;murni: (n) cheek
;mulsa: (n) blanket {{IR2}}
;mulv: (v,n) cuddle
:;mulvon: cuddling 
;mulk: (v)hurt
:;mulkon: hurting
;mulli: (n) onion {{R11}}
;mateb: (n) guard {{R8}}
;matf: (v) seize
:;matfon: seizing
;martep: (v) guard {{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R14}}
;:martepon: guarding
;mark:(n) chief, leader {{R15}}
;marks:(n) plan, counsel {{R15}}{{R15a}}
;mall: (adj) holy {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{KBT}}
;mag: (n) tree {{R14}}
;most: (n) garment
;mop: (n) toe
;mod: (numeral) one {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;morga: (n) head
;mezzal: (adj) together {{R11}}{{R14}}{{R16}}
;men:(n) name that has a significant meaning {{KBT}}
;melst: (adj) next
;meg: (v) step {{R9}}{{R15}}
:;megont: step (n) {{R9}}
;misu: (adj) alone {{R8b}}{{R15a}}{{R15a}}
;misse: (n) virgin
;mihyu: (n) cat {{R13}}
;mir: (n) call {{R17}}
;mæb: (n) size {{R11}}
;mæn: (numeral) eleven
;mœz: (numeral) 144, a gross
;mœza: (adj) great {{R8}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15a}}
;mœshu: (n) dough {{R11}}
==þ==
;þusti:(n) top {{KBT}}
;þurn: (numeral) twelve
;þun: catch
:;þunont: catcher
;þuni: sister
;þakr: march
:;þakront: marching
;þantur: (v) learn {{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}
:;þanturont: learner
;það:(n) act, deed {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}
: (v) do {{R15c}}{{R16}}
:;þaðont: doer
;þangush: (n) event {{R10}}
;þoms: (v) doubt {{R16}}
:;þomson: doubter
;þoma: (adj) calm {{KhP}}
;þorga: (n) oven {{R11}}
;þemol: (n) month {{R13}}
;þenos: (n) peace
;þel: (v) live {{R9}}{{R15c}}
:;þelon: living thing {{R9}}{{R15c}}
;þrast: (adj,v) free (n) freedom
:;þraston: liberation
;þrel: spill
:;þrelon: spilling
;þinosh: (v) entrance {{R13}}
:;þinoshon: entrancing
;þæsk: (n) food {{IR2}}
;þoa: (n) sea {{IR2}}
==sh==
;shuþ: (n) thanks, gratitude
;shuþ: 	(v) thank {{R14}}
:;shuþont: grateful
;shav: (v) purge
:shavont: purging
;shavu: (n) waist
;sharren: (n) harbour
;shosh: (conj) but {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{IR2}}
;shrak: (v) tear to pieces {{R10}}
:;shrakont: tearing to pieces 
;shia: (adj) brown {{R11}}
;shid: (v) remind {{R9}}
:;shidont: reminder 
;shelu: (n) calf (part of leg)
;sheng: weapon
;sheyag:(v) deny {{KBT}}
:;sheyagont: denial
;sheurr: (v) seclude {{R8}}
:;sheurron: seclusion
==r==
;ruvka: anus
;rug: (v) give {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}
:;rugont: giver {{R8a}}
;rakha: (n) arousal
;raskans: (adj) complete
;rasna: (n) testes, scrotum
;ravnul: (n) galley (large, sea-going vessel propelled by oars)
;rad: (numeral) three
;rafk: (v) kill
:;rafkont: killing, murder
;rashur:(v) seem {{R15}}{{R15b}}
:;rashuron: appearance, illusion
;rarn: (n) flank
;rak: (v) thrust
:;rakont: thrusting
;rall: (n) ball {{R11}}
;rovok: (n) buttocks
;rosh: (n) wave
;ronep: (n) belly
;rol: (v) move {{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
:;rolont: mover
;rown: (v) pity
:;rownont: pity
;revits: (v) penetrate sexually
:;revitson: sexual penetration
;remb: (v) tell {{R8a}} {{R8b}}
;:rembont: narrator
;remma: (n) paw {{R13}}
;rennad: (n) silver {{R8b}}
;relg:(n) house {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R13}}
;rissu: (adj) swift, fast
;rimak: (n) crime {{R8}}
;riþ: (v) flow
:;riþon: flowing
;rik: (n) man {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
==i==
;issuli: egret {{KhP}}
;ist: (v) use {{R15c}}
:;istont: user
;isk:(n) son {{KBT}}
;iv: (n) womb
;ifet: (n) mint {{IR2}}
;imanþ: (n) wolf
;imnil: (n) dimple
;ishfir: (v) wander {{R8b}}
:;ishfiront: wandering
;irib: (n) door {{R8}}
;irrul: (adj) round {{R11}}
;ikt: (n) key {{R8}}
;iðu: eye {{R17}}
;iðuzh: (v) see {{R8a}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{IR2}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
:;iðuzhon: vision, sight
;iðra: (n) river
;illunt: (n) gold {{R11}}
;illit: (n) star {{R14}}
==k==
;kubist: (n) heather
;kuvel: (n) cardamom
;kuvik: (n) ankle
;kulb: (n) fish
;katol: (v) put in order
:;katolon: one who puts in order
;kams:(adj) few {{KBT}}
;kaþ:(n) grace {{R15}}
;karv: (numeral) four
;karsta: thigh
;karrkak: raven {{KhP}}
;kakstan: (adj) complicated {{R15c}}
;kannit: (numeral) hundred {{R17}}
;kaldak: lightning
;kalw: pay
:;kalwon: paying
;kosvan: (n) beard
;korru: (n) brow, forhead
;korkron: (n) ochre
;konne: (n) wall
;kest: (n) hail
;kemno:(n) city {{KBT}}
;kemni: (adj) green
;kelv: (v) spend
:;kelvon: spending
;kivek: (n) pepper
;kirat: (v) chase away {{R13}}{{R17}}
:;kiratont: one who chases away
;kirf: (n) seed
;kirrl:(n) effort {{R15}}
;kravosh: (n) sibling
;kral: (v) receive {{R15b}}
:;kralon: receiver {{R15b}}
;krez: (v) clean
:krezon: cleaning
;kria: (n) blood
;krivo: (n) skiff, barge
;klamb: (v) confine
:;klambon: confining
;klo: (adj) yellow {{R13}}
;klov: type {{R10}}
;klop: (n) nut {{R11}}{{R14}}
;kæshro: (n) crystal
;kœ: (adj) warm {{R14}}
==n==
;naz: (n) way, manner {{R11}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{IR2}}
;narr: (v) betray (n) treachery (adj) treacherous {{R8}}
:;narron: act of betrayal
;nakr: (v) close
:;nakront: closing
;nant: bronze
;nall: (adv) also {{R8a}}
;nawn: (v) await {{R13}}
:;nawnon: awaiting
;nevlap: (n) iron
;neresh: (n) hair
;nello: (adj) worthy
;newt: (v) work {{R13}}{{R15}}
:;newtont: worker {{R15}}
;nisam: (v) return {{R8}}
:;nisamont: returnee
;nirak: (v) reply
:;nirakont: replying
==ð==
;ðanna: (n) small of the back
;ðonu: (n) river delta
;ðersh:(n) land {{IR2}}{{KBT}}
;ðerren: (v) survive {{R9}}
:;ðerrenon: survival
;ðenka: (adj) hollow
;ðela: (n) girl {{R14}}
;ðirn: (n) sail
;ðirnis: (v) sail
:;ðirnisont: sailor
==zh==
;zhurin: (v) remit
:; zhurinont: remitting
;zharab: (n) maternal aunt
;zhi: (n) crest
;zhert:(n) sky {{KBT}}
;zhel: (n) place {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{KBT}}
==l==
;luns: (v) weep
:;lunson: weeping
;lunse: (n) tear {{R8b}}
;lugs: (n) moon {{R14}}
;lakhshi: (n) sky, heaven {{R15a}}
;lambab: stumble
:;lambabont: stumbling, clumsy 
;lara: plant
;larnol: (n) spine, backbone
;lansa: (adj) slow {{R13}}
;lannt: (n) amount
;lalam: (v) balance {{R13}}
:;lalamont: balancing
;lot: father {{R10}}
;lotan: (v) beget
:;lotanont: begetting
;lomokh: sword
;lorem: (v) begin {{R13}}{{R15b}}{{KBT}}
:;loremont: beginner
;lorm: (v) own {{R17}}
:;lormont: owner
;lol: (conj) because {{R8a}}{{R15c}}
;levot: (n) oar
;levni: (n) inner thigh
;lepsu: (n) an object used to express the owner's emotions
;leshn:(n) east {{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;lerv: (adj) due, proper
;leng: (v) sing (n) song {{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}
:;lengont: singer
;lisk: (adj) dear
;liþ: (v) forget
:;liþont: forgetting
;lirn: (v,n) awe
:;lirnont: awesome
;linis: (n) spring {{R9}}{{IR2}}
;lilin: (v) wriggle
:;lilinont: wriggling
==g==
;gutme: bread, loaf
;gushn: (n) south
;gator: (n) order, sequence
;gavram: (v) seduce selfishly
:;gavramon: seduction with selfish intent
;gafat:(v) scatter {{KBT}}
:;gafaton: scattering
;gam: (v) try {{R16}}
:;gamont: trying
;gampa: (n) cart drawn by horses or donkeys
;gar: (n) mace, club
;garmost: (n) remainder
;garsh: (n) rage {{R8}}{{R8a}}
;garrt: (adj) harsh
;garrtu: (adj) fierce
;garw: (v) take {{R13}}{{R15}}
:;garwon: taking
;gan: hill
;galbi: (n) lute
;galm: (adj) steady
;galgu: (adj) difficult {{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{IR2}}
;gog: or {{R10}}
;gde: (adj) unnaturally wrong, creepy
;ge: (adj) true {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;gevra: (adj) certain {{R16}}
;gel: (v) go {{R8}}{{R10}}{{R17}}
:;gelon: going
;gelna: (n) leg
;gravd: (n) beast {{R9}}{{R13}}
;gram: (v) rise {{R14}}
:;gramon: rising
;graþa: (n) desert
;grenna: (n) shore, beach {{IR2}}
;griv: (n) farm
;grikht: (v) irritate {{R10}}
:;grikhtont: irritating {{R10}}
;groam: (v) repay
:;groamon: repaying
;groaln: (v) deserve
:;groalnon: deserving
;gitomm:(v) travel {{KBT}}{{IR2}}
:;gitommon: journey
;givrok: (n) earth {{R9}}
;gins: (v,n) dance {{R9}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;ginson: dancing {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;gla: (n) salt {{R11}}
;glaf: (n) horse {{R17}}
;glæs: (n) spirit {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}
;gwend: (v) hide {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R15}}
:;gwendont: hiding {{R15}}
;gærri:(n) tower {{KBT}}
;gæl: (n) valley
;gœmwe: (adj) jealous {{R10}}
==ng==
;ngab: (numeral) seven
;ngabr: defy
:ngabront: defiance
;ngang: unless
;ngip: (int) On the contrary, yes
;ngimri: (n) an apparent weakness that is actually a strength
==y==
;y-: (pr) Personal pronoun, determined by person ending. {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{R17}}{{IR2}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;yub: (v) marry {{R14}}
:;yubont: marriage
;yurish: (adj) good {{R8a}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R16}}{{IR2}}
;yap: (n) wall {{R13}}
;yaru: (adj) ready {{R11}}
;yag: (v) say, speak {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
:;yagon: speech, language {{KBT}}
;yorr: (numeral) nine
;yetol: (adj) sudden {{R17}}
;yeks: (n) boy {{R9}}{{R13}}{{R14}}
;yeðozh: (v) watch {{R15b}}
:;yeðozhont: watcher
;yelt: (adj) bold
;yelmit: (v) honour {{R14}}
:;yelmitont: honour (n)
;yeng: (n) voice {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;yilm : (n) flour {{R11}}
==w==
;walng: (v) lay
:;walngon: laying 
;wold: (v) mix {{R11}}
:;woldont: mixer
;wenu: (int} indeed not {{R10}}
;wit: (v,n) play {{R9}}{{R10}}{{R15c}}
;witont: player
;wiþ: (v) have {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
:;wiþont: possessor
;wirss: (v) hurl {{R8}}
:;wirssont: one who hurls
;waun: (n) tide
==au==
;aurush: (n) orgasm
==æ==
;æsvaþ: (v) love (has connotations of marriage and sex) {{R14}}
:;æsvaþont: love {{R14}}
;æmash: (v) seduce lovingly
:;æmashont: seduction with loving intent
;æmrag:	(adj) important {{R16}}
;æþli: (n) yew
;ærkr: (v) heal
:;ærkront: healer
;ælg: (n) shade {{R14}}

==oa==
;oang: (v) conquer
:;oangont: conqueror
==œ==
;œsal: (n) cinnamon
;œma: (n) air {{R14}}
;œmni: (adj) sick {{R9}}
==eu==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khangaþyagon/dictionary/English to Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>6104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57307</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-31T22:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Etymological notes are given with compounds and derived forms. Part of speech is only given when necessary to disambiguate different senses of an English word. 
==A==
;abandon: dimut
;academy: þanturnewtrelg {{R13}}
: þantur-newt-relg
;accost: asnab {{R8}}
;act: það {{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}
;act of betrayal: narron
: narr-PrP
;age: alfold
;agile: ennit {{R9}}
;air: œma {{R14}}
;all: su {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;allow: vlon
;alone: misu {{R8b}}{{R15b}}
;already: segrep {{R8a}}
;also: nall {{R8a}} amr
;amount: arrot {{R14}} lannt
;and:	beb {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;anger:	garsh {{R8}}{{R8a}}
;ankle: kuvik
;anus: ruvka
;animal: gravd {{R9}}{{R13}}
;appearance: rashuron
:rashur-PrP
;areola: savutena
:savu-tena
;arm (n): dræ
;arm (v): salb
;armpit: ukil
;army: tevrinarrot
:tevrin-arrot
;arousal: rakha
;arrive: angl {{R13}}
;arrival: anglont
: angl-PrP
;arrow: tuðn
;as: arra {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;ass: pluska
;assemble: amagel {{R14}}
;assign: egrim
;assigner: egrimont
:egrim-PrP
;assume: aks {{R15c}}
;assumption: akson
:aks-PrP
;attack: omtap {{R13}}
;attacker: omtapont
: omtap-ont
;attempt: gam {{R16}} hulz
;aunt: (paternal) sadas (maternal) zharab
;await: nawn {{R13}}
;awe: lirn
;awesome: lirnont
:lirn-PrP
==B==
;back: dosk
;bag: hob {{R13}}
;backbone: larnol
;bake: khorris {{KBT}}
;ball: rall {{R11}}
;balance: lalam {{R13}}
;bandage: swud
;bard: ulmrik
;barge: krivo
;basil: hiris
;battle: tembarn
;battlefield: tembazhel
:temba-zhel
;be: dah {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;beach: (n) grenna
;beak: telk {{R9}}
;beard: kosvan
;beast: gravd {{R9}}{{R13}}
;behold: (interjection) a {{R13}}{{KBT}}
;beautiful: vrimal {{R10}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
: vrima-adj
;beauty: vrima {{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;because: lol {{R8a}}{{R15c}}
;become: vlant {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R17}}
;becoming: vlanton
: vlant-PrP
;beget: lotan
;begin: lorem {{R13}}{{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;beginner: loremont
: lorem-PrP
;believe (sincerely or well-foundedly): samnag {{R8a}}{{R15a}}
;believe (falsely or insincerely): tamit {{R8}}	
;belly: ronep
;belong: sulw {{R17}}
;beneficent: elmont {{R14}}
: elm-PrP
;bet (v): sarg
;bet (n): sargon
:sarg-PrP
;betray: narr {{R8}}
;big: mœza {{R8}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}
;bind: tiskr
;bird: zerrish {{R9}}
;black: tark
;blackbird: surnilengont
:surni-leng-PrP
;blanket: mulsa
;bleed: kriariþ
:kria-riþ
;blend: pak
;blender: pakont
:pak-PrP 
;bless: eml {{R14}}
;blessing: emlont {{R14}}
: eml-PrP
;blood: kria
;blue: sluv
;boat: oskel, krivo
;bold: yelt
;boldness: yeltnesh
:yelt-abs
;bone: heþ
;both... and...: beb... beb... {{R15c}}
;body: eþlin
;boot: umgan
;boy: yeks {{R9}}{{R13}}{{R14}}	
;bow: kheng
;brain: amteng
;brave: akhtirl
:akhtir-adj
;bread: gutme
;breast: feshna
;brick: vrat {{KBT}}
;bridle: tulvik
;bring: plew {{R8b}}{{R14}}
;bronze: nant
;brook: sangel
;brother: asik
;brow: korru
;brown: shia {{R11}}
;build: ustr {{KBT}}
;builder: ustron
:ustr-PrP
;burn: khorrd
;busy: oltok {{KhP}}
;but: shosh {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;butterfly: babal {{KBT}}
;buttocks: rovok
;buy: sasor
;buyer: sasoron
:sasor-PrP

==C==
;calf: shelu
:part of leg
;call (n): mir
;call (v): miryag
:mir-yag
;calm: þoma {{KhP}}
;campaign (v): devokt
;campaign (n): devokton
:devokt-PrP
;can: ovl {{R8a}}{{R9}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
:only used in compounds
;capture: matf
;cardamom: kuvel
;care: tesr {{R10}}
;carer: tesront
: tesr-PrP
;carriage: vetrem {{R13}}
;cart: gampa
;cat: mihyu {{R13}}
;catch: þun
;catcher: þunont
:þun-PrP
;cause: ap {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;cavalier: galftevrin
:glaf-tevrin
;cease: fost {{KBT}}
;certain: gevra {{R16}}
;chair: tens
;chance: hapap {{R15a}}
;chant: ulm
;chase away: kirat {{R13}}
;cheap: slund
;cheek: murni
;chest: tamok
;chief: mark {{R15}}
;child: ulev {{R10}}{{R14}}
;choreography: ginsmarks {{R15}}
:gins-marks
;cinnamon: œsal
;city: kemno {{KBT}}
;claw: hreng {{R9}}
;clay: slenna {{KBT}}
;clean: krez
;clear: frin
;cleavage: feshnagæl
:feshna-gæl
;clitoris: okhlosmin
:okhlo-smin
;clockwise: pirrnaz 
:;pirr-naz
;close: nakr
;clothe: musten
;cloves: vitsen
;club: gar
;clumsy: lambabont
:lambab-PrP
;confuse: khipl {{R10}}{{KBT}}
;cold: harre {{R13}}
;combine: pak
;come: sam {{R14}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
;comfort: dris {{R13}}
;comforter: drison
: dris-PrP
;command: (v) tæp (n) tæpont
;complete: raskans
;complicated: kakstan {{R15c}}
;comrade: mezzaltevrin
:mezzal-tevrin
;conceive: amyen
;conception: amyenon, lotanont
: amyen-PrP, lotan-PrP
;confine: klamb
;conjuration: glæstæpont
:glæs-tæp-PrP
;conjure: glæstæp
:glæs-tæp
;conquer: oang
;conqueror: oangont
:oang-PrP
;conquest: oangosht
:oang-PrP
;cook: (v) darid {{R11}}
: (n) daridont
;copper: panmab
;copulate: swæð
;copulation: swæðont
:swæð-PrP
;coriander: assak
;counsel: marks {{R15}}{{R15a}}
;courage: akhtir
;courageous: akhtirl
:akhtir-adj
;covet: narrslon {{R8}}
: narr-slon
;coward: virrtiskroshthol
:virr-tiskr-PP-hol
;cowardice: virrtiskroshtnesh
:virr-tiskr-PP-abs
;cowardly: virrtiskrosht
:virr-tiskr-PP
;crane: tagdiln
;crawl: siss {{R13}}
;create: mallap {{KBT}}
:mall-ap
;Creator: Mallapont {{KBT}}
:mall-ap-PrP
;creepy: gde
;crest: zhi
;crime: rimak {{R8}}
;criminal: rimak'hol {{R8}}
: rimak-hol
;crystal: kæshro
;cuddle: mulv
;cumin: tavan
;curse: ukhrinkharm
:ukhrin-kharm
;cut: sket {{R11}}
==D==
;damp: salde
;dance: gins {{R9}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;dancer: ginsonhol {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}
:gins-PrP-hol
;dancing: ginson {{R15}}{{R15c}}
: gins-PrP
;daring: yeltnesh
:yelt-abs
;daughter: eða
;day: bel {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R17}}
;dead: angud
;dear: lisk
;death: angud
;decree: (v) orlyag, orltæp (n) olrtæposht
:orl-yag, orl-tæp, orl-tæp-PP
;deed: það {{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;deer: akhrum
;defiance: ngabront
:ngabr-PrP
;defy: ngabr
;delta: ðonu
;demand: bashtr
;denial: sheyagont
:sheyag-PrP
;deny: sheyag {{KBT}}
;deosil: pirrnaz
:pirr-naz
;depart: akdel {{R8a}}{{R8b}}
;departure: akdelon
: akdel-PrP
;desert (v): zhelvrim
:zhel-vrim
;deserter: zhelvrimont
:zhel-vrim-PrP
;desert (n): graþa
;deserve: groaln
;desire: slon {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
;die: angud
;display: tlin {{R15b}}{{R15c}}, (as a sexual offer) surash
;different: tirz {{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;difficult: galgu {{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}
;difficulty: galgunesh {{R13}}
: galgu-abs
;dimple: imnil
;disrobe: tolm
;divide: akap
:ak-ap
;divine (v): glæstals {{R8b}}
: glæs-tals
;divination: glæstalsont {{R8b}}
: glæs-tals-PrP
;do: það {{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;doer: þaðont
: það-PrP
;donkey: pluska
;door: irib {{R8}}
;double: denl
:den-adj
;doubt: þoms {{R16}}
;doubter: þomson
:þoms-PrP
;dough: mœshu {{R11}}
;dozen: þurn
;dragon: khorrhassass
:khorr-hassass
;dress: musten
;drive: srint
;drover: srinton
:srint-PrP
;drum: tombol	
;due: lerv
;dwell: dunn {{R8}}{{KBT}}

==E==	
;each: feld {{R16}}{{KBT}}
;ear: khull
;earn: khrold
;earth: givrok {{R9}}
;east: leshn {{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;easy: zarre {{R15a}}
;eat: tresh {{R10}}{{R11}}
;eater: treshon
: tresh-PrP
;effort: kirrl {{R15}}
;egret: issuli {{KhP}}
;eight: talsh
;elbow: engru
;element: orokh
;eleven: mæn
;embrace: sarvak
;emotion: esard {{R15b}}{{R16}}
;empathic: mezzalesardl {{R16}}
:mezzal-esard-adj
;empathy: mezzalesard {{R16}}
:mezzal-esard
;emperor: markikhim
:mark-superl
;empire: markikhimpefdosht
:mark-superl-peft-PP
;equip: salb
;enclose: okol
;enclosure: okolon
:okol-PrP
;enemy: khredem
;enjoy: anwet {{R15b}}
;enjoyment: anweton
:anwet-PrP
;entrance: (v) þingosh {{R13}}
;era: alfold
;erect: ahrung
;estuary: wauniðra
:waun-iðra
;even: enge
;event: þangush {{R10}}
;evil (adj): ukhrin {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R10}}{{R17}}
;explore: hurras
;explorer: hurrasont
:hurras-PrP
;eye: iðu {{R17}}
;eyelid: pivru
==F==
;faith: samnagon
: samnag-PrP
;fall: snarut	
;false belief:tamitont
: tamit-PrP
;farm: griv
;fast: rissu
;fate: kharm
;father: ada, lot {{R10}}
: lot is a more formal term.
;fault: snaug {{R16}}
;fear: (v) virr {{R13}}
;fear: (n) virron {{R13}}
: virr-PrP
;feed: degm {{R15b}}
;feeling: esard {{R15b}}{{R16}}
;female: zehrab
;few: til {{R11}}{{R16}} kams {{KBT}}
;field: figde {{R14}}
;fierce: garrtu
;fight: damr
;fighter: damront
:damr-PrP
;find: slat {{KBT}}
;finger: birn
;fire (n): khorr {{KBT}}
;fire (v): khorris {{KBT}}
;first:	modek 
:mod-ek
;fish: kulb
;five: sint
;flank: rarn
;flat: sala {{R11}}{{KBT}}
;flatten: salaap {{R11}}
: sala-ap
;flaw: snaug {{R16}}
;flee: herr, vrim
;flight: hirron
;flour: yilm {{R11}}
;flow: riþ
;flower: ellbas {{R9}}
;fly: hirr
;foe: khredem
;folk: vlakh {{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;follow: segun
;follower: segunont
:segun-PrP
;folly: zeulnesh
:zeul-abs
;food: þæsk
;fool: zeul
;foolish: zeulek
:zeul-adj
;foot: zel {{R9}}
;footstep: zelmegont {{R9}}
: zel-meg-PrP
;forbear: sabegr {{R16}}
;forbearance: sabegront {{R16}}
:sabegr-PrP
;foreign: dirsðershek
:dirs-ðersh-adj
;foreign land: dirsðersh
:dirs-ðersh
;forget: liþ
;forgive: zhurin
;forhead: korru
;fort: trazhel
:tra-zhel
;four: karv
;free: þrast
;freedom: þrast
;freeze: harr
;friend: sarmne
;friendly: sarmnel, sarmneek
: sarmne-adj (both cases)
;friendship: sarmnelnesh
: sarmne-adj-abs
==G==
;galley: ravnul
;garden: tulla {{R13}}
;garment: most
;gate: fazran
;gather: amagel {{R14}}
;gatherer: amagelont {{R14}}
: amagel-PrP
;gemstone: zaldepban {{R8b}}
: zaldep-ban
;general: tæpmark
:tæp-mark
;gentle: sullat
;gentleness: sullatnesh
:sullat-nesh
;ghost: angudglæs
:angud-glæs
;gift: rugosht
: rug-PP
;ginger: akhnel
;girl: ðela {{R14}}
;give: rug {{R8}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}	
;giver: rugont
: rug+PrP
;glade: oplen
;glans: hruneksmin
:hrunek-smin
;glory: tellat
;go: gel {{R8}}{{R10}}
;god (general): mallglæs
:mall-glæs
;God (monotheistic): Mallapont {{KBT}}
: mall-ap-PrP
;gold: illunt {{R11}}
;good: yurish {{R8a}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R16}}
;goodness: yurishnesh {{R16}}
:yurish-abs
;governor: ðershbagiront
:ðersh-bagir-PrP
;grace: kaþ {{R15}}
;graceful: kaþl {{R15}}
:kaþ-adj
;grain: ekrif {{R14}}
;grateful: shuþont
: shuþ-PrP
;gratitude: shuþ
;great: mœza {{R8}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}
;green: kemni
;grey: hwast
;gross: mœz
;guard (n): mateb {{R8}}
;guard (v): martep {{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R14}}
==H==	
;hail (n): kest
;hair: neresh
;hammer: tang
;happen: teld {{R10}}{{R15}}
;happenstance: hapap {{R15a}}
;happy: analek {{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
: anal-adj
;hand: etni {{R11}}{{R14}}
;harbour: sharren
;harmony: fi {{R15}}
;harmonious: fil {{R15}}
: fi-adj
;harsh: garrt
;have: wiþ {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
;hazel: sadreklopmag {{R14}}
: sadre-klop-mag
;hazelnut: sadreklop {{R14}}
: sadre-klop
;he: yi, de {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;head: morga
;heal: ærkr
;healer: ærkront
:ærkr-PrP
;health: ussu {{R14}}
;hear: khol {{R8a}}{{R8b}}
;heart: sadre {{R14}}{{R16}}
;heather: kubist
;heaven: lakhshi {{R15}}
;heavenly: lakhshiek {{R15}}
: lakhshi-adj
;heel: vor
;heir: beltush
;herb: arl
;hide: gwend {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R15}}	
;hiding: gwendont {{R8}}{{R15}}	
;hill: gan
;hinder: ult {{R15c}}
;hindrance: ultosht {{R15c}}
: ult-PP
;hip: arvel
;hoist: tagdiln
;hold: pefd
;hollow: ðenka
;holy: mall {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{KBT}}
;home: undal
;honey: olven
;honour (v): yelmit {{R14}}
;honour (n): yelmitont {{R14}}
:yelmit-PrP
;horse: glaf {{R17}}
;horseback: glafdosk
:glaf-dosk
;horseradish: ustirnarb
:ustirn-arb
;host: arrot {{R14}}	
;house:	relg {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}
;humanity: holvlakh {{R15b}}
:hol-vlakh
;hundred: kannit
;hunt: targ {{R9}}
;hunting: targon {{R9}}
: targ-PrP	
;hurl:	wirss {{R8}}	
;hurler: wirssont
: wirss-PrP
;hurt: mulk
;husband: erig {{R14}}
==I==
;I: ya	{{R8}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;ice: harr
;ill: œmni {{R9}}
;illusion: rashuron
:rashur-PrP
;important: æmrag {{R16}}
;incense: amiyu
;inhabit: dunn	{{R8}}{{KBT}}
;instrument: zam {{R15a}}
;interesting: bastil {{R13}}
:basti-adj
;interesting thing: basti {{R13}}
;iron: nevlap
;irritate: grikht {{R10}}
;it: yi, de {{R8}}{{R9}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;itself: ansidi
==J==
;jade: tuvul
;jealous: gœmwe {{R10}}
;jealosy: gœmwenesh
:gœmwe-abs
;jet: (mineral) surni
;joy: anal {{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;joyful: analek {{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
: anal-adj
;justice: orlyurishnesh
:orl-yurish-abs
==K==
;keep: bagir
;keeper: bagiront
:;bagir-PrP	
;key: ikt {{R8}}
;king: vlakhmark
:vlakh-mark
;kingfisher: tuvulartoþ, kaldakzerrish
:tuvul-artoþ, kaldak-zerrish
;kiss: skush
;knee: amri
;knife: sek
;know: v {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;knowledge: vosht {{R8a}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
:v-PP
==L==
;labia: ulwe
:;labia majora: tosisulwe
::tosis-ulwe
:;labia minora: okhloulwe
::okhlo-ulwe	
;lake: pullen
;land: ðersh {{KBT}}
;language: yagon {{KBT}}
: yag-PrP
;large: mœza {{R8}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}	
;lash: vash
;law: orl {{R8}}
;lay: walng
;leader: mark {{R15}}
;learn: þantur {{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}
;learner: þanturont
:þantur-PrP
;leg: gelna
;lesson: þanturþað {{R15a}}
:þantur-það
;liberate: þrast
;liberation: þraston 
:þrast-PrP
;lick: elg
;like: arra {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;light: pill {{R14}}
;lightning: kaldak
;lip: sarsh
;lithe: ennit {{R9}}{{R15}}
;little: sing {{R9}} til {{R11}}{{R16}}
;live: þel {{R9}}{{R15c}}
;living thing: þelon {{R9}}{{R15c}}
: þel-PrP
;loaf: gutme
;loincloth: tosismost
:tosis-most
;long: tullis
;lord: lomokhrugont, mœzarik, yelmitoshtrik
:lomokh-rug-PrP, mœza-rik, yelmit-PP-rik
;love (v): æsvaþ {{R14}}
: has connotations of marriage and sex
;love (n): æsvaþont {{R14}}
:æsvaþ-PrP
;lust: varrag
;lute: galbi
==M==	
;mace: gar
;magic: khangaþ	
;make: ap {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;maker: apont {{KBT}}
: ap-PrP
;male: akst
;man: rik {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;manner: naz {{R11}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;many: damz
;march: þakr
;mare: zehrabglaf
:zehrab-glaf
;market: enþonzhel
:enþ-PrP-zhel
;marr: hlang
;marriage: yubont
: yub-PrP
;marry: yub {{R14}}
;marsh: ushra
;mass: arrot {{R14}}
;master: terb
;me: ya	{{R8}}
;meat: trefk {{R11}}
;menstruation: ivkriariþon
:iv-kria-riþ-PrP
;mercy: vituru
;might: olw {{R8}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}
: Only found in compounds
;mind: folne {{R15}}
;mint: ifet
;mix: wold {{R11}}
;mixture: woldosht {{R11}}
: wold-osht
;moist: salde
;monastery: mallsheurronrelg {{R8}}
: mall-sheurr-PrP-relg
;monk: mallsheurrosht {{R8}}
: mall-sheurr-PP
;month: þemol {{R13}}
;moon: lugs {{R14}}
;mortar: klura {{KBT}}
;most: azo {{R15b}}
;mother: ama {{R9}}
;mount: tleb
;mountain: talp
;moustache: holag
;mouth: bolri
;move: rol {{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;movement: rolontþað {{R15b}}
:rol-PrP-það
;mover: rolont {{R15b}}
:rol-PrP
;muscle: plurva
;music: elru {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;musical instrument: elruzam {{R15a}}
: elru-zam
;must: osf {{R15b}}
: only used in compounds
;mustard: khorrkirf
:khorr-kirf
==N==
;name: men {{KBT}} ðekh
:men implies that the name has a significant meaning
;name (v): menrug {{KBT}}
: men-rug
;navel: ulta
;nature: trans {{R15b}}
;neck: bavru
;neither: ushu {{R15}}
;night: onma {{R14}}
;nimble: ennit {{R9}}{{R15}}
;nine: yorr
;nipple: savu
;need: tarrm {{R8b}}{{R16}}
;new: ell {{KhP}}
;next: melst
;no: sheshe
: (in response to a negative question) wenu {{R10}}
;nor: ushu {{R15}}
;north: khoshn
;northern: khoshnek
:khoshn-adj
;nose: uvne
;nut: klop {{R11}}{{R14}}
==O==
;oak: terkha
;oar: levot
;oath: tiskrontramn, ustirn
:tiskr-PrP-tramn
;obstruct: ult {{R15c}}
;obstruction: ultosht {{R15c}}
:ult-PP
;ochre: korkron
;occur: teld {{R10}}
;oil: (culinary) sluv {{R11}} (used in ritual) emnus
;old: futo {{R9}}{{KhP}}
;one: mod {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;onion: mulli {{R11}}
;only: misuwan {{R8b}}{{R15b}}, misu {{R15}}
: misu-adv
;open: ust {{R8}}
;opponent: agtronhol
:agtr-PrP-hol
;oppose: agtr
;opposition: agtron
:agtr-PrP
;or: gog {{R10}}
;orange: hrabklo {{R13}}
: hrab-klo
;order (n): gator
;order (v): tæp
;organ: alten
;orgasm: aurush
;other: dirs {{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}
;oven: þorga {{R11}}
;own (adj): tolsa {{R15}}
==P==
;pain: arrag {{R8b}}{{R13}}
;palm: pidago
;pardon: zhurin
;part: ak {{R11}}
;pastry: bœshi {{R11}}
;pasty: trefkbœshi {{R11}}
: trefk-bœshi
;path: agos
;paw: remma {{R13}}
;pay: kalw
;peace: þenos
;penetrate (sexually): revits
;penetration (sexual): revitson
:revits-PrP
;penis: hrunek
;pepper: kivek
;people: vlakh {{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;perceive: englam {{R15c}}
;perception: englamont 
:englam-PrP
;permit: vlon
;person: hol {{R8}} {{R8a}}{{R10}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;personal: tolsa {{R15}}
;piece: ak {{R11}}
;pity (v): rown
;pity (n): rownont
:rown-PrP
;place:	zhel {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{KBT}}
;plain (n): salaðersh {{KBT}}
:sala-ðersh
;plain (adj): frin
;plan (n): marks {{R15}}{{R15a}}
;plant: lara
;play: wit {{R9}}{{R10}}{{R15c}}
;playful: witl {{R9}}
: wit-adj
;player: witont
: wit-PrP
;plea: balnosht
:baln-PP
;plead: baln	
;pledge: tiskrontramn
:tiskr-PrP-tramn
;policeman: orlmateb {{R8}}
: orl-mateb
;port: sharrenkemno
:sharren-kemno
;posessor: wiþont
: wiþ-PrP
;post: egrimoshtzhel
:egrim-PP-zhel
;pour: flarr {{R14}}
;power: tranesh {{R14}}
: tra-abs
;pray: mallyag {{R8a}}{{R14}}
: mall-yag
;prayer: mallyagon {{R14}}
: mall-yag-PrP
;precious: zalt
;priest: mallbukhrik {{R8b}}
: mall-bukh-rik
;problem: galgunesh {{R13}}
: galgu-abs
;prodigal: englon
:engl-PrP
;prodigal: englon
:engl-PrP
;proper: lerv
;prophecy: glæstalsont {{R8b}}
: glæs-tals-PrP
;prophesy: glæstals {{R8b}}
: glæs-tals
;protect: martep {{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R14}}
;proxy: lepsu
: see [[Khangaþyagon/dictionary/Khangaþyagon to English#l |Khangaþyagon to English]] for a full definition
;pubic hair: tosiskosvan
:tosis-kosvan
;pubis: tosis
;pull: zrak
;purge: shav
;purple: belk
;purpose: parushk {{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{KBT}}
;put: amp {{R11}}
==Q==
==R==
;race: vlakh {{R15b}}
;rage: garsh {{R8}} {{R8a}}
;raise: gramap {{R14}}
: gram-ap
;random: hapapl {{R15a}}
: hapap-adj
;raven: karrkak {{KhP}}
;reach: dirrim {{R13}}
;ready: yaru {{R11}}
;reason (n): beng {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}
;receive: kral {{R15b}} tarv
;receiver: kralon
:kral applies to things, tarv to people
:kral-PrP
;red: hrab {{R13}}
;reign: marknesh
:mark-abs
;religious ceremony: mallbukh {{R8b}}
: mall-bukh
;remainder: garmost, tarrs
;remind: shid {{R9}}
;reminder: shidont
: shid-PrP
;remit: zhurin
;rend: shrak {{R10}}
;repay: groam
;reply: nirak
;request: baln
;require: bashtr
;requirement: bashtron
: bashtr-PrP
;return: nisam {{R8}}
;returnee: nisamont
: nisam-PrP
;reveal: bulzhir
;revelation: bulzhiront
:bulzhir-PrP
;riddle: gwendontsivolk {{R15}}
:gwend-PrP-sivolk
;ride: eskr
;rider: eskront
:;eskr-PrP
;right: orleknesh
:orl-adj-abs
;rise: gram {{R14}}
;rite: bukh {{R8b}}
;ritual: bukh {{R8b}}
;river: iðra
;road: urre
;root: arb
;round: irrul {{R11}}
;rub: burr
;run: pesht
;runner: peshtont
:pesht-PrP
;rune: bukhstav
:bukh-stav (can also refer to the alphabet)
==S==	
;sacrum: tasko
;sad: orwe {{R15c}}
;saddle: olles
;safe: falna
;saffron: ulsir
;sail (n): ðirn
;sail (v): ðirnis
;sailor: ðirnisont
:ðirnis-PrP
;salt: gla {{R11}}
;say: yag {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R14}}{{KBT}}
;scaffold: tagdiln
;scatter: gafat {{KBT}}
;scourge: vash
;scrotum: rasna
;sea: þoa
;search (n): talsont
: tals+PrP
;search (v): tals {{R8}}{{R8b}}	
;searching: talsont
: tals+PrP
;seat: tens
;seclude: sheurr {{R8}}	
;seclusion: sheurron
: sheurr-PrP
;seduce: (lovingly) æmash, (selfishly) gavram
;seduction: (loving) æmashont, (selfish) gavramon
:æmash-PrP, gavram-PrP
;see: iðuzh {{R8b}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;seed: kirf
;seem: rashur {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}
;semen: elnus
;sentence (v): orlyag, orltæp
:orl-yag, orl-tæp
;sentence (n): orltæposht
:orl-tæp-PP
;sequence: gator
;serpent: hassass
;servant: palmont
:palm-PrP
;serve: palm
;service: pavrik
;seven: ngab
;sex: orpi
;shade: ælg {{R14}}
;shame: tump
;sharp: vret {{R9}}
;she:	yi, de {{R8}}{{R9}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;shin: arrish
;shine: skilp {{R14}}
;ship: vornu
;shore: grenna
;should: orng {{R8a}}
:only used in compounds
;shoulder: babru {{R13}}
;short: khun {{R15b}}
;show: tlin {{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;sibling: kravosh
;sick: œmni {{R9}}
;sieze: matf
;sight: iðuzhon {{R15b}}, iðurashuron
:iðuzh-PrP, iðu-rashur-PrP
;sign: stav
;silt: ulþ
;silver: rennad {{R8b}}
;sink: soallm
;sing: leng {{R10}}{{R14}}
;singer: lengont 
: leng-PrP
;single: modl {{R15}}
: mod-adj
;sister: þuni
;sit: tezn {{R13}}
;six: bant
;size: mæb {{R11}}
;skiff: krivo
;skill: sansk {{R13}}{{R15a}}
;skillful: sanskl {{R13}}{{R15a}}
: sansk-adj
;skin: hazt
;sky: zhert {{KBT}}
;slave: tiskroshthol
:tiskr-PP-hol
;sledge: unsev
;slow: lansa {{R13}}
;small: sing {{R9}} til {{R11}}{{R16}}
;small of the back: ðanna
;snake: hassass
;snow: tilse
;soldier: tevrin
;sole: urs
;son: isk {{KBT}}
;song: leng {{R15b}}
;sound: khlem {{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;south: gushn
;speak: yag {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R14}}{{KBT}}
;spear: artoþ
;spectacle: tlinosht {{R15b}}
:tlin-PP
;speech: yagon {{R10}}{{KBT}}
: yag-PrP
;speed: rissunesh
:rissu-abs
;spell: khangaþþað, khangaþbukh
: khangaþ-það, khangaþ-bukh
;spend: kelv
;spice: terek {{R11}} 
;spill: þrel
;spine: larnol
;spirit: glæs {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}
;spiritual strength: glæstranesh {{R15b}}
: glæs-tra-abs
;spoil: hlang
;spread: urves
;spring: linis {{R9}}
;squander: engl
;squanderer: englon
:engl-PrP
;stallion: asktglaf
:askt-glaf
;star: illit {{R14}}
;steady: galm
;steal: khrat {{R9}}
;step (v): meg {{R9}}{{R15}}
;step (n): megont {{R9}}{{R15}}
: meg-PrP
;stir: heul
;stirrup: ubil
;stone: ban{{R8b}}{{R9}}
;stop: fost {{KBT}}
;story: sivolk {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R15}}
;stream: sangel
;strength: tranesh {{R14}}{{R15b}}
: tra-abs
;stroke: hoss
;strong: tra {{R10}}{{R14}}{{R15b}}
;student: þanturnewton
: þantur-newt-PrP
;study: þanturnewt {{R13}}{{R15}}
: þantur-newt
;stumble: lambab
;style: naz {{R11}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;succeed: sivin
;success: sivinont
:sivin-PrP
;such that: u {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R9}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;suck: usk
;suffix: segunak
:segun-PrP
;summon: eban
;summoner: ebanont
:eban-PrP
;sun: pirr {{R9}}
;sunrise: pirrgramon
:pirr-gram-PrP
;sunset: pirrsoallmon
:pirr-soallm-PrP
;superstition: tamitont
: tamit-PrP
;suppose: aks {{R15c}}
;sure: gevra {{R16}}
;surface: salle {{KBT}}
;survive: ðerren {{R9}}
;survival: ðerrenon
: ðerren-PrP
;swift: rissu 
;swiftness: rissunesh
:rissu-abs
;sword: lomokh
;sympathetic: mezzalesardl {{R16}}
:mezzal-esard-adj
;sympathy: mezzalesard {{R16}}
:mezzal-esard

==T==
;take: garw {{R13}}{{R15}}
;teach: voshtrug {{R15a}}{{R15c}}, gevoshtrug {{R8a}}
: v-PP-rug, ge-v-PP-rug
;teacher: voshtrugont, gevoshtrugont, gevoshtrugontpoh (if specifically female) {{R8a}}
: v-PP-rug-PrP, ge-v-PP-rug-PrP, ge-v-PP-rug-PrP-poh
;tear: lunse {{R8b}}
;tear apart: shrak {{R10}}
;tell: remb {{R8a}}{{R8b}}
;temple: mallrelg {{R8b}}
: mall-relg
;ten: allb
;territory: ðershpeftosht
:ðersh-pefd-PP 
;testes: rasna
;than: arra {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;thank: shuþ {{R14}}
;thankful: shuþont
: shuþ-PrP
;thanks: shuþ
;theft: khraton 
: khrat-PrP
;thief: khratap {{R8b}}
;thigh: karsta
:;inner thigh: levni
;thing: en {{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}{{KhP}}
;think: amit {{R9}}{{R10}}
;thinking: amitont {{R9}}
: amit-PrP
;thou: ye {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R16}}	
;thrall: tiskroshthol
:tiskr-PP-hol
;three: rad
;throat: slarna
;throne: marktens
:mark-tens
;thrust: (v) rak
;thrust: (n) rakont
;thyme: zurvin
;tide: waun
;time: hal {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R9}}{{R11}}{{R13}}{{R14}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R17}}{{KBT}}
;tip: smin
;tire: snurr
;toe: mop
;together: mezzal {{R11}}{{R14}}{{R16}}
;tolerance: sabegront {{R16}}
:sabegr-PrP
;tolerate: sabegr {{R16}}
;toleration: sabegront {{R16}}
:sabegr-PrP
;tomorrow: melstbel
:melst-bel
;tool: zam {{R15a}}
;tooth: trint
;tongue: eyag
;top: þusti {{KBT}}
;touch: agren {{R13}}{{R15b}}
;tower: gærri {{KBT}}
;trade (v): enþ
;trade (n): enþon
:enþ-PrP
;travel: gitomm {{KBT}}
;traveller: gitommont
;treacherous: narr {{R8}}	
;treachery: narr {{R8}}	
;treasure: zaldep {{R8}}{{R8b}}
;tree: mag {{R14}}
;true: ge {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;truth: genesh {{R8a}}{{R8b}}{{R15b}}
:ge-abs
;try: gam {{R16}}
;turmeric: ulsirakhnel
:ulsir-akhnel
;turn: tors {{R15}}{{R15c}}
;twelve: þurn
;two: den {{R10}}{{R15b}}
;type: klov {{R10}}
;tyrant: rimakmark
:rimak-mark
;tyrannous: rimakmarkek
:rimak-mark-adj
==U==
;uncle: (paternal) tamat (maternal) sifak
;understand: gev {{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
: ge-v
;undress: tolm
;unless: ngang
;unnatural: gde
;university: þanturnewtrelg {{R13}}
: þantur-newt-relg
;usual: sasa {{R15c}}
;use: ist {{R15c}}
;user: istont
:ist-PrP
==V==
;vagina: okhlo
;vaginal fluid: unvir
;valley: gæl
;vast: skalt
;very: mœzawan {{R15}}
: mœza-adv
;village: tirr
;virgin: misse
;virtue: yurishnesh {{R16}}
:yurish-abs
;vision: iðuzhon {{R15b}}
: iðuzh-PrP
;visit: amraþ {{R15a}}
;visitor: amraþont {{R15a}}
:amraþ-PrP
;voice: yeng {{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15c}}
;vulva: okhlo
==W==
;wager (v): sarg
;wager (n): sargon
:sarg-PrP
;wagon: blovra, gampa
;waist: shavu
;walk: bæg {{R13}}
;walker: bægon
:; bæg-PrP
;wall: yap {{R13}} konne
:konne applies particularly to fortifications
;walnut: amtengklop
:amteng-klop
;wand: brakht
;wander: ishfir {{R8b}}
;wanderer: ishfironthol{{R8b}}
: ishfir-PrP-hol	
;want: slon {{R8}}{{R8b}}{{R10}}{{R13}}{{R15}}{{KBT}}
;war: temba {{R14}}
;warlike: tembaek
:temba-adj
;warlock: khangaþnarronhol
:khangaþ-narr-PrP-hol
;warm: kœ {{R14}}
;warmth: kœnesh {{R14}}
: kœ-abs
;warrior: tembarik
:temba-rik
;watch: yeðozh {{R15b}}
;watcher: yeðozhont
:yeðozh-PrP
;water: selda {{R11}}
;waste: engl
;wastrel: englon
:engl-PrP
;wave (n): rosh
;way: naz {{R11}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}
;weapon: sheng
;weave: dwall {{R15}}
;weaver: dwallont
: dwall-PrP
;wedding: yubont
: yub-PrP
;weep: luns
;west: hashn {{KhP}}
;white: hime {{R11}}
;whip: vash
;whole: su {{R8a}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15b}}{{R15c}}{{R16}}{{KBT}}
;wicked: ukhrin	{{R8}}{{R8a}}{{R10}}{{R17}}
;wife: aba {{R14}}
;willow: silde
;wind: khæls {{R14}}
;window: perret
;wine: hilne
;winter: harras {{R9}}{{R13}}
;wisdom: gevosht
:ge-v-PP
;wise (person): gevont
:ge-v-PrP
;witness (v): orliðuzh
:orl-iðuzh
;wizard: khangaþgevont
:khangaþ-ge-v-PrP
;wolf: imanþ
;woman: poh {{R8a}}{{R10}}
;womb: iv
;wood: hœl
;word: tramn {{R8b}}{{R14}}{{KBT}}
;world: huna {{KBT}}
;work (v): newt {{R13}}{{R15}}
;work (n): newtontþað {{R15}}
:newt-PrP-það
;worker: newtont {{R15}}
: newt-PrP
;worthy: nello
;wriggle: lilin
;wrist: sorna
;write: stav
;writer: stavont
:stav-PrP
;wrong: tek {{R8b}} gde
;wound: (n) vlond
;wound: (v) hlang
;woundwort: vlondarl
:vlond-arl
==X==
==Y==
;year: sura {{R13}}
;yellow: klo {{R13}}
;yes: lœ
: (in response to a negative question) ngip {{R10}}
;yew: æþli
;you: ye {{R8}}{{R11}}{{R14}}{{R15}}{{R15a}}{{R16}}
;young: allsh {{R9}}{{R14}}
==Z==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sprekáspresitaǹ</title>
    <id>6105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40756</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-13T00:17:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Sprekáspresitaǹ''' (''Sprek-ow-spres-ee-tang'' ''lit: Exspressive Language'') is the language of the Raufau (Ráfá) people of Tha, a planet in the Oriol Galaxy.   ==Alphabet==  They ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sprekáspresitaǹ''' (''Sprek-ow-spres-ee-tang'' ''lit: Exspressive Language'') is the language of the Raufau (Ráfá) people of Tha, a planet in the Oriol Galaxy. 

==Alphabet==

They use two alphabets, one for vowels and one fore consonants. 

Vowels ''Amená''

A Á E I O Ö U R W Ẃ Y

Consonants ''Sorceptu''

B C Ç D F G L M N Ǹ P S T Ţ V Z Ź</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Calophone.png</title>
    <id>6106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51986</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T17:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calineg</username>
        <id>1242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Calophone.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Reflects Territory of Suriname and naval base in in former Territory of Taiwan.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalien Trelos Gwenero</title>
    <id>6107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40838</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-15T22:00:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[E'hwelos|'''E'hwelos''' main page]]

[[Image:Dalien.jpg|left|180px]]If you're reading this page then you've come from the '''E'hwelos''' main page and (hopefully) read the overview first. In answer to the statement on the link that brought you here, well it's quite simple....'''I'M AN UTO'''! Thats right, I'm a male '''Uta''' actually from '''E'hwelos''' itself. My name is '''Dalien Trelos-Gwenero''', thats me on the left. (All '''Utai''' surnames names are double barrelled-the first of the barrel being the place of birth, the second being the family name. This is very important in names). Don't be too suprised, there are many of us here on Earth. We've been studying your solar system and galaxy for decades! I say decades because we only discovered your dimension in your year of 1930. Currently, there are around 5000 '''Utai''' here on Earth...but we keep a low profile!
*Incidentally, that pic was taken on return to '''E'hwelos''' after my first stay on Earth in your year 2001. The reason I appear blotchy is due to the lack of '''Salenien''' gas penetrating my skin (read on and all this will become clear).

So now you're wondering, &quot;If the '''Siopicus Dimension''' cannot be seen or felt in my universe...then how come you're here on Earth&quot;? Well, as stated in the overview, '''Utai''' can lower their vibrations which puts them in direct contact with your dimension. It kind of 'phases' us out of our world, and phases us into yours. Ever seen Startrek? Well its similar to the 'Beam me up Scottie' scenario. I know that makes it sound a little cheesy and science fiction, but it's really not as simple as that. It takes us many years of training and conditioning to be able to sustain our lower vibrations enough to remain here for any length of time. And there are other obstacles to overcome. We have a gas in our atmosphere which we call '''Salenian'''. As you now know, its our skin that absorbs oxygen (we call it '''Fegwien''') and not our lungs. Upon contact with the skin of an '''Uta''', the oxygen and salenien particles merge, thus changeing the molecular structure, which then allows it to be absorbed through our skin and into our bloodstream. This is not possible without salenien. We overcome this by undergoing months of injections with a substance we call '''Loigarmin''', which enables our skin to produce a synthetic form of salenien, thus allowing absorbtion of oxygen. However, this causes a patchy skin side effect as you can see, but soon returns to normal after a week or so back on '''E'hwelos'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalien.jpg</title>
    <id>6108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40834</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-15T21:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uto 1.jpg</title>
    <id>6109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40968</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:09:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uto 1 showing red skin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">uto 1 showing red skin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Uto 2.jpg</title>
    <id>6110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40969</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:10:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uto 2 red skin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">uto 2 red skin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Blonde uti 1.jpg</title>
    <id>6111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40970</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:11:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>blonde uti 1 red skin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">blonde uti 1 red skin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Blonde uti 2.jpg</title>
    <id>6112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40971</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Brunette uti 1.jpg</title>
    <id>6113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>40973</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-18T14:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Brunette uti 1.jpg]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi Astrological Calendar</title>
    <id>6114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53068</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T12:22:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Modern Use */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kasshi Astrological Calendar''' is based on the original form of the [[Nrastaist Calendar|Lunisolar Calendar]].  It is based on the sidereal year rather than the tropical year, however, and thus, slowly drifts relative to the standard calendar.

== Weeks ==
As in the solar calendar, a 9-day week is used.  Different names are used, however.  The days of the week are named after the 9 visible celestial objects
#[[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]]
#[[Tusatrakh]]
#[[Ofsandakh]]
#[[Moons of Galhaf|Sasash]]
#Lhásta
#[[Ospendakh]]
#[[Zheftakh]]
#[[Ozatraftakh]]
#Chimíve

== Months ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|rowspan=2|'''Month Number'''
|colspan=3 align=center|'''Length'''
|-
|Days
|Daymins
|Daysecs
|-
|I
|18
|27
|9
|-
|II
|17
|56
|27
|-
|III
|18
|0
|5
|-
|IV
|18
|37
|36
|-
|V
|19
|43
|50
|-
|VI
|21
|6
|20
|-
|VII
|22
|23
|25
|-
|VIII
|23
|8
|27
|-
|IX
|23
|2
|53
|-
|X
|22
|9
|8
|-
|XI
|20
|48
|44
|-
|XII
|19
|28
|9
|}

The months' lengths are based on the Sun's movement through the ecliptic, a new month beginning on the first day that the sun &lt;i&gt;begins&lt;/i&gt; the calendrical day (6 hours after mean midnight) in a given solar period (segment &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; of Galhaf's orbit).  The months are, therefore, variable.

== Years ==
The Astrological Calendar uses the same years as the standard solar calendar.  However, whereas the standard solar calendar begins at the point midway between winter solstice and vernal equinox, the astrological calendar begins at the point in the ecliptic that was that midpoint in chiNrasta's time.  Since then, the two have drifted out of sync by 42 days, 4 daymins, 45 daysecs, making the astrological new year equivalent to 3/2 or 3/3 in the solar calendar, with the solar new year equivalent to 10/21 or 10/22 in the astrological.  Thus, for those 42 or 43 days, the year number differs between the two calendars.

== Modern Use ==
The Astrological Calendar has limited use today.  Astrological New Year is a popular festival in the Empire, and is, by definition, 1/1 in the astrological calendar, thus 3/2 or 3/3 in the solar.  As the name implies, it is used by astrologers.

== See Also ==
*[[Nrastaist Calendar]]
*[[Kasshi Solar Calendar]]
*[[Kasshi Astrology]]

[[Category:Galhafan Calendars]]
[[Category:Kasshi|Calendar, Astrological]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Breathanach</title>
    <id>6115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50445</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T21:08:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>we'll probly have a Romance artcile of our own eventually</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Breathanach''' is a [[Romance languages|Romance]] conlang  focusing on the hypothetical development of the Romance languages invented by Geoff Eddy.  The language is inspired by [[Brithenig]].  While Brithenig is modelled after the Brythonic branch of the [[Wikipedia:Insular Celtic languages|Celtic family]], Breathanach is modelled after the Goidelic branch; in Geoff Eddy's own words, it is &quot;the 'Q' to Brithenig's 'P'&quot;.  Like Brithenig, Breathanach is part of the [[Ill Bethisad]] alternative timeline.

==External link==
[http://www.cix.co.uk/~morven/lang/breath.html Eall fhoil de Breathanach] (Geoff Eddy)

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]
[[Category:Ill Bethisad]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verdurian</title>
    <id>6116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45388</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T17:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Verdurian''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''soa Sfahe'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Verduria {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Almea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||c. 27 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Eastern languages (Almea)|Eastern]]
:Central
::Cadhinorian
:::{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}'''Verdurian'''{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}
{{#if:  |::::'''  ('''')''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[Mark Rosenfelder]]||1978-
|}

'''Verdurian''' is one of several diachronic naturalistic conlangs invented by [[Mark Rosenfelder]].  It is a member of the Cadhinorian branch of the [[Eastern languages (Almea)|Eastern]] family of [[Almea]] and the national language of Verduria and several neighbouring countries.

Verdurian is the language of Verduria, the most economically advanced state on Almea, and several smaller nations, and thus an important international language of that world.  Typologically, like most languages of the Eastern family, it is similar to Indo-European languages of our world.

Verdurian is a descandant of [[Cadhinor]], the language of the ancient Cadhinorian Empire.  

==External links==

*[http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm A grammar of Verdurian]
*[http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Verdurian Verdurian @ Almeopedia]

[[Category:Almea]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eastern languages (Almea)</title>
    <id>6117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45382</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T16:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eastern''' language family is a family of diachronic [[naturalistic artlang]]s  created by [[Mark Rosenfelder]].  It is one of the major language families of [[Almea]].  It can be compared, regarding its importance as the family to which the languages of many of Almea's most powerful nations belong, to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of our world, to which the Eastern languages are also typologically similar.

==Classification==

'''Eastern'''
* Karazi
:* Cuzeian: [[Cuêzi]]+, Nimoicu+, Lovitrui+
:* Coruo: Caizu (Caizuran), Curiyan, Kazule (Kešvareni)
:* Sainor: Disaini, Losaynu, Qeyu 
:* Bucardo: Bucardo+, Izeit+
* Central
:* Cadhinorian: [[Cadhinor]]+, [[Verdurian]], Barakhinei, Ismaîn, Benécë, Sarroc
:* Kahinisa+
:* Arániceri+
* Axunaic
:* Ancient: Axunašin, Mounšun, Yeworšin, Tannelišin, Ranšin, Bosanšur
:* Modern: Xurnese, Ṭeôši
* Naviu
:* Küronet, Eluyet, Mixain, Seia, Obenzayet, Gelyet+
* Čia-Ša
:* Čia: Omičia, Tanjia
:* Ša: Lufaša, Andaša, Šeša, Susisa
:* Tei

==External links==

* [http://www.zompist.com/eastern2.html Proto-Eastern philology]
* [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Eastern Eastern @ Almeopedia]

[[Category:Almea]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Almea</title>
    <id>6118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45968</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:32:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Almea]]''' is [[Mark Rosenfelder]]'s conworld.

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Quenya</title>
    <id>6119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48165</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ cleaning links, formatting</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Quenya''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Quenya'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Middle-earth, Aman {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Tolkien's [[legendarium]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Quendian]]
:Eldarin
::'''Quenya'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||J. R. R. Tolkien ||1917-
|}

'''Quenya''' is the most famous of the [[diachronic conlang]]s of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], the language of the High Elves of Arda.  It was the language developed by those non-Telerin [[Elves]] who reached Valinor (the &quot;High Elves&quot;) from an earlier language called Common Eldarin, which also evolved from the original Primitive Quendian. Of the Three Houses of the Elves, the Noldor and the Vanyar spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (Quenya [also Noldorin Quenya and later when they followed Fëanor in Arda Exilic Quenya] and Vanyarin Quenya [also Quendya], respectively). The language was also adopted by the Valar, who made some new introductions into it from their own original language, though these are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. Those of the Third House, the Teleri, who reached Aman and founded the city of Alqualondë spoke a different, closely related language, (Amanya) Telerin, although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya, which is untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages do not share a common history, but are very much alike, and later grew very close due to contact.

During the Third Age Quenya was no longer a living language in Middle-earth: most Elves spoke [[Sindarin]], and Men mostly spoke Westron. Quenya was mainly used in official names and writings and as a ceremonial language, much as the Latin language was in medieval Europe. For this reason it was sometimes called &quot;an Elven-Latin&quot; by Tolkien.

In Tolkien's fictional world, Quenya is usually written in Tengwar, although it was earlier written in Sarati. The language can also be written in other alphabets: modes for Cirth exist. In the real world Tengwar is not uncommon, but it is usually written in the Latin alphabet.

==Meta-history==

Tolkien, an enthusiastic philologist, wanted to create as beautiful a language as possible. This urge, in fact, was the motivation for his creation of Middle-earth. While the language developed, he needed speakers, history for the speakers and all real dynamics, like war and migration, to be able to make the artificial language complete, and of these thoughts Middle-earth was initiated.

Tolkien was keen on legends and sagas, and studied foreign languages to be able to read them in their native language. Amongst others, he studied some Finnish to be able to read Kalevala, the Finnish national epic.

Outside the fiction, the grammar of Quenya was influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also came from Latin and Greek. The phonology was also based on Finnish and, to a lesser extent, Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending '''-nt'''); voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants; and a word may not end in a non-coronal consonant. The Finnish influence also extends to vocabulary; some words, such as '''tule''' &quot;come&quot; and '''anna''' &quot;give&quot;, have a Finnish origin. Latin influence is also evident in certain words (e.g. '''aure''', &quot;dawn&quot;), and Germanic influence in others (e.g., '''Arda''', the Quenya name for the world).

Standard (Noldorin or Exilic) Quenya appears to be the most influenced by Finnish phonology, as it has the most restrictive rules regarding consonant clusters. The influence of Italian, which Tolkien also loved, appears somewhat stronger in the related language Telerin, and the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya, which retained certain features such as the retention of /d/ and /z/ in places where they were lost in standard Quenya. Examples of Vanyarin Quenya include the title of the poem Aldudenie and words like '''ezello''' &quot;green&quot; (borrowed from Valarin), as well as the name of language itself, '''Quendya'''.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinative language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical functions. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one can say &quot;I have found it&quot; in Quenya in a single word, '''utúvienyes''' (= '''utúvie-''' &quot;have found&quot; + '''-nye''' &quot;I&quot; + '''-s''' &quot;it&quot;).

The journals ''Vinyar Tengwar'' and ''Parma Eldalamberon'' are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

In Tolkien's early writings (see: The History of Middle-earth), this language was called '''Qenya''' (although pronounced the same as Quenya). It underwent countless revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in ''The Lord of the Rings'' and again went through changes before the completion of ''The Silmarillion''. The term ''Qenya'' is now used to distinguish between old Qenya and the new Quenya. However, the fluid nature of Quenya (or Qenya, for that matter) makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

Quenya used by fans for post-Tolkien composition of poems and texts, phrases and names, is usually nicknamed '''neo-Quenya''', or '''Quenya Vinyakarmë''' (Q. for &quot;neologism&quot;) by scholars. Since Tolkien's own ideas were rather fluid, any attempt to actually use the language must involve a number of &quot;editing decisions&quot; by the post-Tolkien author. See Neo-Eldarin.

In 2001, the first instalment of The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was released in theaters. The resultant increased popularity of Quenya led to an Onion article, &quot;Don't Come Crying to Me when You Need Someone who Speaks Elvish&quot;.

==History (fictional)==

As told in ''The Silmarillion'' (chapter 3), the Elves devised the language at Cuiviénen, before they encountered the Vala Oromë:

''they began to make speech and give names to all things that they perceived. Themselves they named the Quendi, signifying those that speak with voices; for as yet they had met no other living things that spoke or sang.''

Since the stars were the first thing seen by the Elves as they awoke, the word '''el''' &quot;star&quot; was the first invented, originally an exclamation of adoration, and Oromë named the elves '''Eldar''' &quot;people of the stars&quot; in their own language. Similarly, according to the ''Cuivienyarna'',

''Imin, Tata and Enel awoke before their spouses, and the first thing that they saw was the stars, for they woke in the early twilight before dawn. And the next thing they saw was their destined spouses lying asleep on the green sward beside them. Then they were so enamoured of their beauty that their desire for speech was immediately quickened and they began to ‘think of words' to speak and sing in.'' (HoME 11, p. 421)

Over time, however, the Eldar changed the language, adding to it words of their liking and softening it from its origins in Valarin speech. The Valar adopted this language in order to converse with the Eldar in Valinor.

The Noldor who fled to Middle-earth following the Darkening of Valinor spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu Thingol of Doriath, who was the king of the Sindar (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in Beleriand instead of journeying to Valinor) learned about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in his realm. The Sindar, however, had been slow to learn Quenya, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin. (The Silmarillion, chapter 15).

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the Third Age (the time of the setting of The Lord of the Rings) had come to be a scholarly pursuit—something akin to Latin in our time (indeed, Tolkien occasionally refers to Quenya as &quot;Elven-Latin&quot;). Quenya was used as a formal language and for writing; Sindarin was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly, which we can see in the way they treat Frodo's greeting '''elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo''' (&quot;A star shines on the hour of our meeting&quot;). Galadriel is perhaps the only major Elf character in Middle-earth during the events of The Lord of the Rings who learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue: she was born in Valinor, during the days of the Two Trees; she was also most likely the most powerful elf in Middle-earth at the time, as well as the oldest save Círdan. Noldorin (Exilic) Quenya differed somewhat from Valinórean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile and underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

All consonants are written according to their values in IPA, unless otherwise noted.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|&amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=2|[[bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2|[[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2|[[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2|[[velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2|[[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Labialization|lab.]]&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;[[Labialization|lab.]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal]]s
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| align=center | {{IPA|nʷ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;nw&gt;
| align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ny&gt;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ng&gt;, &lt;ñ&gt;
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋʷ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ngw&gt;, &lt;ñw&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=2|[[Plosive]]s
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|c}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ty&gt;
| align=center | {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;c&gt; &lt;g&gt;
| align=center | {{IPA|kʷ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;qu&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
! colspan=2|[[Fricative]]s
| {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|s}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ç}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;h&gt;, &lt;hy&gt;
| {{IPA|x}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;h&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
! rowspan=2 |[[Approximant]]s
!&lt;small&gt;[[lateral approximant|lateral]]&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|l}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ʎ}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ly&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
!&lt;small&gt;central&lt;/small&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|j}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;y&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ʍ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|w}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;hw&gt; &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

# written &lt;f&gt; when final or before {{IPA|/n/}}.

{{IPA|/f/}} is voiced to {{IPA|[v]}} when final or before {{IPA|/n/}}.

{{IPA|/h/}} was originally {{IPA|[x]}} in all positions, but later debuccalized to {{IPA|[h]}} when in initial position. It retains the pronunciation {{IPA|[x]}} intervocalically, as in '''aha''' {{IPA|[axa]}} ('rage'), and between the back vowels {{IPA|/a, o, u/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, as in '''ohtar''' {{IPA|[oxtar]}} ('warrior'). Between the front vowels {{IPA|/e, i/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/h/}} is palatalized to {{IPA|[ç]}}, as in '''nehta''' {{IPA|[neçta]}} ('spearhead').

The pronunciation of '''hy''', originally written as a single letter, weakened to {{IPA|[h]}} by the Third Age, and so the sequence {{IPA|/h/}} {{IPA|/j/}} was then used to express {{IPA|[ç]}}.

Tolkien vacillated between '''ng''' and '''ñ''' in writing Quenya's [[velar nasal]], but is said to have favoured the latter in late writings up until his death. By the Third Age, the pronunciation of initial {{IPA|[ŋ]}} had advanced to {{IPA|[n]}}.

===Vowels===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align=center
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
|- align=center
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|iː}} || {{IPA|ɪ}}
| ||
| {{IPA|uː}} || {{IPA|u}}
|- align=center
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|eː}} || {{IPA|ɛ}}
| ||
| {{IPA|oː}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|- align=center
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||
| {{IPA|ɑː}} || {{IPA|a}}
| ||
|}

The short vowels are transcribed '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''o''', '''u''', as one would expect; the long vowels carry an acute accent (e.g. '''&amp;eacute;''' for /e:/).

The ''diphthongs'' are '''ai''', '''oi''', '''ui''', '''au''', '''eu''', '''iu'''.

==External links==

* [[Wikipedia:Quenya|Quenya @ Wikipedia]]
* [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm Quenya @ Ardalambion]

{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Middle-earth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sindarin</title>
    <id>6120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45977</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External links */ {{wikipedia}}, cat M-e</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Sindarin''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Edhellen'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Middle-earth {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Tolkien's legendarium
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Quendian]]
:Eldarin
::Telerin
:::'''Sindarin'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]||1917-
|}

'''Sindarin''' is a [[diachronic conlang|diachronic]] [[naturalistic artlang]] by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].  The name &quot;Sindarin&quot; is Quenya; the native name is '''Edhellen'''.

In Tolkien's mythos, it was the Elvish language most commonly spoken in Middle-earth in the Third Age. It was the language of the Sindar, those Teleri which had been left behind on the Great Journey of the Elves. It was derived from an earlier language called Common Telerin. Although the Telerin spoken in Aman remained relatively close to [[Quenya]], Sindarin diverged significantly, so that it was now about as far from Quenya as [[Brithenig]] is from Italian. When the Noldor returned to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native Quenya more beautiful. Sindarin shared common roots with Quenya, and the two languages had many similar words. Sindarin was said to be more changeful than the older tongue, however, and there were a number of regional 'dialects' of the tongue. The Sindarin spoken in Doriath, known as the Doriathrin dialect, was said to be the highest and most noble form of the language.

Before the downfall, most of the Men of Númenor also spoke the language. Knowledge of it was kept in the Númenórean exile realm of Gondor, especially amongst the learned. Sindarin is the language referred to as ''the Elven-tongue'' in ''The Lord of the Rings''.

Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become Sindarin was spoken by the Noldor (second clan of Elves). However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called '''Noldorin''' in the older material, such as the ''Etymologies''. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of ''Ilkorin'', originally a language of a different branch of the Quendian family. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on Welsh, and Sindarin displays some of the consonant mutations that characterize the Celtic languages. The language was also influenced by Old English and Old Norse.

Within the fiction Sindarin was written in the Cirth alphabet prior to the return of the Noldor to Middle-earth, but afterwards it was usually written in Tengwar.

In the real world the language is usually written in the Latin alphabet, representing a transcription from the &quot;original Tengwar&quot; or &quot;original Cirth&quot;. Some Tolkien enthusiasts write in Cirth or Tengwar, using specialized fonts or the Unicode proposal in the ConScript Unicode Registry, but most neo-Sindarin samples are written in the Latin alphabet.

==External links==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindarin Sindarin @ Wikipedia]
* [http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/sindarin.htm Sindarin @ Ardalambion]

{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Middle-earth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diachronic conlang</title>
    <id>6121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48686</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T08:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''diachronic conlang''' is a conlang (usually a [[fictional language]]) which is derived from another language ([[natlang]] or conlang) by simulating [[wp:sound change|sound change]]s and other kinds of [[wp:language change|language change]]. Sometimes the diachronic conlang is part of a [[conlang family]].  A notable subcategory of diachronic conlangs is [[bogolang]]s.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Quendian</title>
    <id>6122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45978</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T13:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat M-e</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Quendian''' languages are a family of [[diachronic conlang]]s invented by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].  The Quendian languages are the languages of the [[Elves]] of Middle-earth and Aman, and evolved from a common ancestor (Primitive Quendian).  The most important branch (and the only branch well documented) is the '''Eldarin''' branch, to which belong [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]] and several other languages.  The non-Eldarin languages are collectively known as ''Avarin'', but are almost entirely undocumented.

==Classification==

'''Quendian'''
* Eldarin
:* [[Quenya]]
:* Telerin
::* Amanya Telerin
::* [[Sindarin]]
::* Nandorin
* various Avarin languages

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Middle-earth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>J. R. R. Tolkien</title>
    <id>6123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55867</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T19:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''', CBE (pronounced /ˈtɒlkiːn/[1]) (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the high fantasy classic works ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Silmarillion''.

Tolkien is perhaps the most famous artlanger of all times and has been called &quot;the Beethoven of conlanging&quot;.  His most famous conlangs are the [[Quendian]] ([[Elves|Elvish]]) languages [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], the Dwarven tongue [[Khuzdul]], the Mannish language [[Adûnaic]], and [[Black Speech]], the language of Sauron and his minions.

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlangers</title>
    <id>6124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47544</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T11:41:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlangers are, well, people who create [[conlang]]s.

[[Category:People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kidjeb</title>
    <id>6125</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46886</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Blafu Calendars</title>
    <id>6126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41595</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-06T07:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Solar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The traditional [[Blafu]] calendar was a lunisolar one, while in modern times, a solar calendar is used.

== Lunisolar Calendar ==
The lunisolar calendar contained either 13 or 14 months each year.  Years could have 236, 237, 254, or 255 days.  This calendar is still used for religious purposes.  The year begins around winter solstice (generally, the new moon closest to the winter solstice)

=== Calendar Cycle ===
The calendar used a 65-year Cycle, divided into five 13-year Subcycles.

=== Month Lengths ===
Most months were 18 days.  The 1st and 8th months were 19 days.  In addition, the last month of the year (whether that's the 13th or the 14th) was 19 days in the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th years of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th Subcycles of each 65-year Cycle, and the 4th, 8th, and 12th years of the 2nd and 4th Subcycles.

=== Intercalation ===
Most years contained 13 months.  In the first 4 Subcycles of each Cycle, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th years had a 14th month, while in the last Subcycle, the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th years had the 14th month.

=== Statistics ===
A Cycle contained 28 years of 236 days (years of 13 months, 2 long), 6 years of 237 days (13 months, 3 long), 19 years of 254 days (14 months, 2 long), and 12 years of 255 days, for a grand total of 876 months, with 15,916 days.

=== Weeks ===
In addition to the months and years, there was a 6-day week, about {{frac|1|3}} of a month.  The number of days in a Cycle is not a multiple of 6.  It takes 3 Cycles for the weekdays to repeat, making a Grand Cycle of 195 years.

=== Accuracy ===
65 winter solstice tropical years contain 15,915.9349 days, while 876 lunations contain 15,916.0259 days.  The months drift relative to the moon only a single day in about 2,500 years, while the months drift relative to the seasons by an average of one day in just under 1,000 years

== Solar ==
The [[Blafu]] solar calendar is an unusual one.  It consists of 8 &quot;half-seasons&quot; of 30 days each, each further divided into five 6-day weeks with, in most years, an extra week at the end, not part of any half-season.  This extra week is dropped in years that end in 01, 06, 11, 16, 22, 27, 32, 37, 43, 48, 53, 58, 64, 69, 74, 79, 85, 90, or 95 (in the Blafu Era).  It also begins around the winter solstice.

[[Category:Galhafan Calendars]]
[[Category:Blafu|Calendar, Lunisolar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan society</title>
    <id>6128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41667</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-07T23:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Pyrans */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]===

===The Ethrans===
*The Ethrans were created to live in the air.  They are comprised of six levels: archimages, mages, archons, adepts, guardians and elementals. The mages, archons, adepts and guardians have various tasks appointed to them.  The elementals are the spirits that exist in the inanimate forms of nature, ''e.g.'', rocks, bodies of water, trees, ''etc.'' One of the ongoing tasks of the Ethrans is to protect the world from the constant incursions of the sundered ethrans who want to rule the world under the queenship of Tselĭus. A sundered mage, archon, adept or guardian is known as a &lt;font color=blue&gt;lêmus&lt;/font&gt;.  A sundered elemental is known as a &lt;font color=blue&gt;sźâȝus&lt;/font&gt;.
*The Ethran government is a non-elective oligarchy. In the beginning, when created, each Ethran was given his or her assigned task. The seven first-created, the archimages, were appointed, among their other duties, to govern the other Ethrans. In the beginning they comprised the Council of Seven who made decisions affecting the whole body of Ethrans. With the dismissal of the archimage Tselĭus after the Great Sundering, the Council was reduced by one member, but the name &quot;Council of Seven&quot; was retained. After the Great Sundering, the Council of Seven established six citadels (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðunôes&lt;/font&gt;) throughout the known world. Each of the six archimages dwells in one of them, with the remaining Ethrans dwelling with them or coming and going as needed. The six archimages meet at the prime citadel from time to time to discuss the current state of affairs of the Ethrans and of the other five Loquent Peoples.

*The Six Citadels:
**Arkanus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Air governs Chief Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱøøſðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Mount Elbrus|Mount Elbrus]], 5642m). 
**Ardarus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Fire governs Center Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;béðrëðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Mont Blanc|Mont Blanc]] 4808m). 
**Harudhus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Water governs West Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeſðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Mulhacen|Mulhacén]] 3479m). 
**Forlalxus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Earth governs Sea Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;moorðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Mount Olympus|Mount Olympus]] 2919m). 
**Maxtyelus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Wood governs South Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſūoolðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Corno Grande|Corno Grande]] 2912m). 
**Rampelus, the archimage guardian of the Children of Stone governs North Citadel &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćóóɱrëðûnos&lt;/font&gt; ([[wikipedia:Galdhopiggen|Galdhøpiggen]] 2372m).

*Harudhus and Forlalxus are female, the others are male.

===The Pyrans===
*The Pyrans are farmers and pastoralists. The Pyrans live in small villages (&lt;font color=blue&gt;dâbos&lt;/font&gt;). Each dâbos is independent of the others, united only by cultural ties. The Pyrans were created to dwell on the river terraces. The men pasture their flocks of goats along the great rivers of the steppes. The women plant their crops in gardens near their villages.  These established territories consist of summer and winter feeding grounds and access to water. Because the men are so often away with the flocks, the Pyrans adopted a matriarchal society. All possessions are inherited matrilineally, except for the flocks, which are inherited patrilineally. There is a Pyran city (&lt;font color=blue&gt;rîȝos&lt;/font&gt;) located in the north which serves as an economic and political capital.
*The Pyran government is a non-elective oligarchy. Each dabos consists of an extended family ruled by the matriarch (&lt;font color=blue&gt;davnîîȝus&lt;/font&gt;) who was appointed to the position by her mother. Thus the position need not go to the eldest daughter.   Decisions for the dabos are made in a democratic process by the mothers of the dabos presided over by the davniijus.  They are permitted to make decisions about every aspect of dabos life, except that of the care and feeding of the flocks. Every father in the dabos takes care of the dabos' flock with the assistance of any unmarried sons and daughters.
*Marriage is exogamous and patrilocal. The bride goes to the husband's dabos with her dowry of however many does were agreed upon. This prevents inbreeding in both the human and the caprid population. Two men from a third dabos go to the bride's dabos to select the does and arrange for their transfer. Once at her new home, the bride becomes a daughter of the matriarch with all the rights and privileges that that entails. The dowry is seen as payment for the right to exercise these rights and privileges.
*Each family in the dabos has its own dwelling known as a guulĭos.  These dwellings are made of stone with thatched roofs.
*Each dabos has a distinctive name.  A child is named after his mother's lineage and mother's dabos, ''e.g.'', “of the bear dabos, child of (&lt;font color=blue&gt;źóus&lt;/font&gt;) Ruth, Jane.”  The matronymic, is given first, then the given name.  It is possible for a Pyran (or any of the other Loquent Peoples) to receive an epithet for a great deed done, ''e.g.'', John the Dragon Killer, but this epithet is not passed on to any children.
*Individual &lt;font color=blue&gt;dabôes&lt;/font&gt; maintain contact with each other at the annual fairs (&lt;font color=blue&gt;kŭérïdâros&lt;/font&gt;).

===The Hydorans===
*The Hydorans were created for riparian life. They are basically a hunter/gatherer society living on the banks of rivers, the shores of lakes, and marshes. It would be more accurate to say fisher/gatherer.  All possessions are inherited matrilineally.
*Each family possesses several unicorns, used both as steeds and as pack animals, and their care and feeding are taken into account in determing when it is time to pack up and move on.
*The Hydoran government is an elective hierocracy. Each village, known as a &lt;font color=blue&gt;nââdos&lt;/font&gt;, is governed by a priestess (&lt;font color=blue&gt;tovêrus&lt;/font&gt;). There is a high priestess (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱøøſtovêrus&lt;/font&gt;) chosen from the other priestesses who governs the whole People. When there is a vacancy, there is a meeting (&lt;font color=blue&gt;nááðmeðćântĭos&lt;/font&gt;) of all the priestesses who will find a new priestess from the general female population or elect from their own number a new high priestess.
*Marriage is exogamous and matrilocal. The husband goes to the bride's family without a dowry. He himself provides the dowry by his own ability to contribute to the family group.
*The dwellings are simple thatch huts made from cattail reeds, easily left behind, easily built again. They are built on platforms over the water. There is a hut for each mother and father and their unwed daughters and infant sons. Boys who have reached puberty share a hut.
*The family groups do not have distinctive names. A child is named after his mother's lineage, “child of (źoon) Ruth, Jane.”

===The Humans===
*The Humans were created to dwell in the grasslands. They are a herding people whose men follow their herds of horses across the steppes.  Each encampment (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćîmos&lt;/font&gt;) enjoys an established territory which consists of summer and winter feeding grounds and access to water. Because the men are so often away with the flocks the Humans adopted a matriarchal society. All possessions are inherited matrilineally, except for the herds, which are inherited patrilineally.
*Each ćimos consists of an extended family ruled by the matriarch (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćimnîîȝus&lt;/font&gt;) who was appointed to the position by her mother.  Thus the position need not go to the eldest daughter. Decisions for the ćimos are made in a democratic process by the mothers of the ćimos presided over by the matriarch. They are permitted to make decisions about every aspect of cimos life, except that of the care and feeding of the herds. Every father in the ćimos takes care of the ćimos' herd with the assistance of any unmarried sons and daughters. When a ćîmos becomes too large, one of the sons will move his family to another location and begin a new ćîmos.
*Marriage is exogamous and patrilocal. The bride goes to the husband's ćimos with her dowry of however many mares were agreed upon. This prevents inbreeding in both the human and the equid population. Two men from a third ćimos go to the bride's ćimos to select the mares and arrange for their transfer. Once at her new home, the bride becomes a daughter of the matriarch with all the rights and privileges that that entails. The dowry is seen as payment for the right to exercise these rights and privileges.
*Each nuclear family in the ćimos has its own dwelling. The Humans live in partially underground dwellings. The dwelling (&lt;font color=blue&gt;argêlĭos&lt;/font&gt;) consists of a large pit with sod walls and a roof of timber covered with horsehide. While out on the steppes with the horses, the men use horsehide shelters known as &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćôqmos&lt;/font&gt;.
*Each ćimos has a distinctive name. A child is named after his mother's lineage and mother's ćimos, ''e.g.'', “of the bear ćimos, child of Ruth, Jane.” In this case the matronymic is given first, then the given name. It is possible for a Human (or any of the other Loquent Peoples) to receive an epithet for a great deed done, ''e.g.'', John the Dragon Killer, but this epithet is not passed on to any children.

===The Xylans===
*The Xylans were created to live in the forests, where most of them still live, although some live in other isolated ecosystems as well. They lead solitary lives and there is nothing resembling a society in the life of the Xylans. Each individual fends for himself. The Xylans are capable, however, of telepathy with each other and respond to each other as needed.  They were created one by one and the eldest functions as a chief of sorts.  If he should die, the position passes to the next eldest. Because they were created individually and not through procreation, there is a limited number of Xylans.  Tradition has it that, when the last Xylan dies, the world will come to an end.
*The Xylans bear a single name that was decided on by all the Xylans in the beginning.

===The Lithans===
*The Lithans are the most settled of the Loquent Peoples. They were created for the mountains where they work their mines. Most of their villages (&lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭalagos&lt;/font&gt;) are in calderas, natural or lithanmade, where they have easy access from the inside of the mountain to their mines. The inside walls of the calderas are sheer vertical faces, virtually impossible to descend. Access to the caldera is by means of a tunnel through the mountain, wide enough to accommodate a donkey cart. Both the exterior and interior ends of the tunnel are protected by iron gates. There are always at least two tunnels, each on opposite sides of the caldera.
*The Lithan government is a non-elective oligarchy. A village council (&lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭálaϙmeðćântĭus&lt;/font&gt;) consisting of the heads of the households in the pĭalâgos determines policy for the pĭalâgos. The heads of households may be either male or female, although a female is eligible only if she is widowed. A headman (&lt;font color=blue&gt;pĭálaqnîîȝus&lt;/font&gt;) is elected from their number annually to preside at meetings. He is elected for a set period of time by male suffrage. In concert with a council of elected officials, he makes decisions concerning the life of the pĭalagos.
*Their villages are scattered along the Caucasus and Ural ranges. Each village is independent of the others, united only by cultural ties. The Lithans build houses of stone (&lt;font color=blue&gt;veðnos&lt;/font&gt;). The name comes from the verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;veda&lt;/font&gt;, to dig, a remembrance of the days when they lived in caves. Some have metal roofs, some stone, some thatch.  The house may be the dwelling of a nuclear family or of an extended family. All possessions are inherited patrilineally.
*The mines are communal property. Each mining Lithan pays a percentage of what he mines to the pĭalagos. Part of this tax is used to help those families whose fathers can no longer work in the mines or in the smithies. In the center of each pĭalagos is the council house. It is also used for public gatherings of a social nature. The entrance ways and ceilings of the council house are always built high enough to accommodate a Xylan should one come a-calling.
*Some families choose to become traders. This practice sprang from the need to carry the wealth that a particular mountain produced to a pĭalagos whose mountain didn't produce that item. Donkey cart caravans would descend from the mountain to more level ground and travel to the road that wound back up another mountain. Gradually the other Loquent Peoples saw the advantage to trading what they produced for what others produced. Thus the Lithan caravans began to traverse the Urheimat with their wares and the wares of others. There is always an armed guard with each caravan. One does not want to tangle with a fully armed Lithan! A percentage of the trading profits belongs to the pĭalagos.
*Marriage is exogamous outside the pĭalagos and patrilocal.  The bride brings to the husband's home her dowry which consists mainly of household items.  However, she does not come to her new home until a house has been constructed for her.  This is built by her husband and any crew he can get together from family and friends.  Her husband and his family go to meet her at the outer entrance to the tunnel and lead her down to the pĭalagos, astride the donkey given to her by her parents.  This donkey will remain her personal property so that she can take her part in the life of the pĭalagos.
*A child is named after his father: “child of Robert, Sam.”</text>
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    <title>File:Bitmap 4 Seuna.PNG</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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  <page>
    <title>Canadu</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Phonotactics===
Canadu syllables have the structure CV, that is, a consonant followed by a vowel.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Phrang</title>
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      <timestamp>2008-12-28T16:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kalem</username>
        <id>1256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: = Phonology  = == Consonants == {| | | '''Labial''' | '''Alveolar''' | '''Palatal''' | '''Velar''' | '''Glottal''' |- | Voiced plosives | '''b''' | '''d''' |  | '''g''' | |- |Unvoiced plos...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Phonology  =
== Consonants ==
{|
|
| '''Labial'''
| '''Alveolar'''
| '''Palatal'''
| '''Velar'''
| '''Glottal'''
|-
| Voiced plosives
| '''b'''
| '''d'''
| 
| '''g'''
|
|-
|Unvoiced plosives
| '''p'''
| '''t'''
| 
| '''k'''
|('''?''')
|-
| Aspirated plosives
|'''p_h'''
|'''t_h'''
|
|'''k_h'''
|
|-
| Nasals
|'''m'''
| '''n'''
| 
| ('''N''')
|
|-
| Fricatives
|
|'''s'''
| 
|
|'''h'''
|-
| Rhotic
| 
|'''r'''
|
|
|
|-
|Approximants
| '''w'''
|'''l'''
|'''j'''
|
|
|}</text>
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    <title>Talk:Sounds of Reptigan</title>
    <id>6139</id>
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      <timestamp>2008-12-30T16:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added signature.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Change vowel system? =
I am thinking of having just 9 vowels instead of 36.

I think that would be more realistic.

I am thinking of using a vowel system like Somali's.

I am thinking of having close, close-mid, and open-mid front unrounded and back rounded vowels, and close, mid, and open central unrounded vowels.

Thus the vowels would be:

close: {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, {{IPA|[u]}};

close-mid: {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[o]}};

mid: {{IPA|[ə]}};

open-mid: {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}};

open: {{IPA|[ä]}}={{IPA|[ɐ̞]}}={{IPA|[ɑ̈]}}.


Same vowels, different order:

front unrounded: {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}};

central unrounded:  {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, {{IPA|[ə]}}, {{IPA|[ä]}}={{IPA|[ɑ̈]}}={{IPA|[ɐ̞]}};

back rounded: {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:36, 30 December 2008 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:Sounds of Old Adpihi</title>
    <id>6140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41353</id>
      <timestamp>2008-12-30T16:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eldin raigmore</username>
        <id>127</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added signature.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Change vowel system? =

I am thinking of having six vowels instead of five.

I am thinking of having close and open-mid front unrounded and back rounded vowels, and close-mid and open central vowels.

So, the vowels would be:

close: {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[u]}};

close-mid:  {{IPA|[ɘ]}};

open-mid:  {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}};

open: {{IPA|[ɐ̞]}}={{IPA|[ä]}}={{IPA|[ɑ̈]}}.


Same vowels, different order:

front unrounded: {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}};

central unrounded:  {{IPA|[ɘ]}}, {{IPA|[ɐ̞]}}={{IPA|[ä]}}={{IPA|[ɑ̈]}};

back rounded:  {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

--[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 16:37, 30 December 2008 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Vielan</title>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>dblredirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velyan]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Velyan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Morphosyntactic alignment</title>
    <id>6153</id>
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      <comment>/* Marking core arguments */ akas, universal 3</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Morphosyntactic alignment''' refers to the rules used to distinguish between arguments of a transitive verb and those of an intransitive verb in a language.  This distinction can be made by case marking, verb agreement or word order.

==Marking core arguments==

Transitive verbs have two core arguments, the ''agent'' (A) and the ''patient'' (P).  For example, in the following sentence:

(1) ''The child throws the ball.''

''the child'' is the A and ''the ball'' is the P.  Intransitive verbs have one core argument, the ''subject'' (S).  In the sentence

(2) ''The child laughs.''

''the child'' is the S.

Most languages have only two kinds of marking for the three types of core arguments S, A and P, using either one marking for S and A and another for P, or one marking for S and P and another for A.  The different '''morphosyntactic alignments''' are:

1. '''Accusative alignment''' (also '''nominative-accusative'''): In a language with accusative alignment, one marking, the ''nominative'', is used for S and A ('subject') and another, the ''accusative'', for P ('object'): S=A.  Most European languages have accusative alignment.  Many accusative languages can detransitive transitive verbs by raising the P to S and demoting or omitting the A.  This is called the ''passive voice''.

2. '''Ergative alignment''' (also '''ergative-absolutive'''): In a language with ergative alignment, one marking, the ''absolutive'', is used for S and P and another, the ''ergative'', for A: S=P.  Examples include Basque and most Caucasian languages.  Many ergative languages can detransitivize transitive verbs by raising the A to S and demoting or omitting the P.  This is called the ''antipassive voice''.

Very few languages are completely ergative in their alignment; typically there is some subset of the grammar that obeys accusative alignment. ([[Linguistic universal]] [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=3 #3])

3. '''Active alignment''': In a language with active alignment, the category of S is split, i.e. some intransitive subjects are marked like an A and others like a P.  The criterion for this split is a semantic one, the ''agenthood'' of a subject.  Consider the following three sentences:

(1) ''The child throws the ball.''

(2) ''The child laughs.''

(3) ''The ball lies in the sand.''

The sentences (2) and (3) are intransitive, but in an active languages, their subjects receive different markings.  In (2), the subject is an agent (S&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;) and receives the same marking as the A in (1) (S&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;=A).  In (3), the subject is a patient (S&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) and receives the same marking as the P in (1) (S&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;=P).  Active languages are less common than accusative or ergative languages; examples are Georgian and Lakhota.

There are two subtypes of active alignment.  In '''split-S''' languages, there are two distinct classes of intranstitive verbs, one marking their S as A, and one marking their S as P.  In '''fluid-S''' languages, the two classes overlap to some degree, such that some intransitive verbs can use either marking depending on the semantics.  Consider the following sentences:

(4) ''My brother arrived yesterday.''

(5) ''Your letter arrived yesterday.''

In (4), a fluid-S language would use A marking for ''my brother'', as the brother is (most likely) an actively travelling person and thus an agent.  In (5), a fluid-S language would use P marking for ''your letter'', as the letter is an inanimate object that is being carried by some other (unmentioned) agent.

4. '''Hierarchical alignment''' (also known as '''direct-inverse''' alignment) occurs, for instance, in the Algonquian languages of North America.  In languages with hierarchical alignment, arguments are ordered in an ''animacy hierarchy'' with 1st or 2nd person pronouns at the top and inanimate nouns at the bottom.  A marking on the verb indicates whether the more animate NP is the A (''direct'' voice) or the P (''inverse'' voice).  For instance, in the sentences

(6) ''The girl hit the ball.''

(7) ''The ball hit the girl.''

sentence (6) would display direct marking and sentence (7) inverse marking.  If both NPs have the same rank on the animacy hierarchy, one of them is marked as ''obviative'', giving it a lower animacy rank.

5. '''Austronesian alignment''' (also known as a '''trigger system''') is a particular system of alignment found in many languages of the Austronesian family.   In these languages, there is one unmarked case which can function as either the nominative (S=A) or the absolutive (S=P), and two further cases, the ergative and the accusative.  The function of the unmarked case is marked by verbal morphology (''agent trigger'': accusative alignment; ''patient trigger'': ergative alignment).

6. '''Tripartite alignment''' is rare; it uses three different markings for S, A and P.

7. '''Neutral alignment''' (also occasionally nicknamed '''clairvoyant''' among conlangers) means that no difference is made between S, A and P.  This is restricted to certain subsystems of the language (case marking, verb agreement ''or'' word order) as all languages need a way to tell A and P apart.

This is not to be confused with the lack of ''overt'' case-marking; it is very typical for core arguments to be marked only by their position in the sentence (see [[word order]]).

8. An unusual and rare alignment is '''transitive alignment''' (in conlanger circles also called '''&quot;monster raving loony&quot;''') uses one marking on A and P, and another on S.  Like neutral alignment, it is limited to some subsystems as the language needs to tell A and P apart.

9. [[Logical language]]s do not fit easily into any of the alignment types listed above and are perhaps best considered their own class of morphosyntactic alignment.

==Dative and dechticaetiative languages==

Another distinction is between '''dative languages''' and '''dechticaetiative languages'''.  These languages differ in the treatment of indirect object.  Consider the sentence:

(8) ''The boy gives the flower to the girl.''

In a dative language, the direct object (''the flower'') receives the same marking as the P in a monotransitive sentence (e.g., sentence (1) above), while the indirect object (''the girl'') receives a different marking, the ''dative case''.  In a dechticaetiative language, the indirect object receives the same marking as the P in a monotransitive sentence, and the direct object receives a different marking.  Dative languages are more common than dechticaetiative languages.

==Split and mixed alignments==

A language may show more than one morphosyntactic alignment type.  In some languages, a ''split alignment'' occurs, depending on the sentence type.  In many Indo-Aryan languages, for instance, the alignment is accusative in the present tense and ergative in the past tense.  Georgian displays accusative alignment in the imperfective aspect and active alignment in the perfective aspect.  Hittite inflects animate nouns accusatively but inanimate nouns ergatively.  Generally, accusative alignment is more likely to show up in present tense, imperfective aspect and animate nouns, and ergative alignment conversely in past tense, perfective aspect and inanimate nouns.

Also, the various subsystems of a language (word order, case marking, verb conjugation) may show different alignments.

==External links==

* [[Wikipedia:Morphosyntactic alignment]]
* [http://wals.info/feature/98 Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases] in the ''World Atlas of Language Structures''

[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Linguistic typology]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Basic word order</title>
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      <id>49288</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T19:30:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Basic word order and noun phrase order */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Basic word order''' refers to the sequence in which the subject (S), the object (O) and the verb (V) of a transitive sentence occur in speech.  There are six possible orders: SOV, SVO, VSO, VOS, OVS and OSV.  Of these, SOV and SVO are the most common, accounting together for about 80% of the world's languages.  Most of the remaining languages have VSO word order, while VOS, OVS and OSV are rare.

Some languages are said to have ''free'' word order, i.e. all orders may occur.  An example is Latin, in which the following six sentences are all equally correct (and mean the same, namely 'The dog bit the man'):

(1a) '''Canis hominem momordit.'''&lt;br&gt;
(1b) '''Canis momordit hominem.'''&lt;br&gt;
(1c) '''Momordit canis hominem.'''&lt;br&gt;
(1d) '''Momordit hominem canis.'''&lt;br&gt;
(1e) '''Hominem momordit canis.'''&lt;br&gt;
(1f) '''Hominem canis momordit.'''&lt;br&gt;

In Latin (and other free word order languages), any of these orders can be chosen for pragmatic (e.g., topicalization) or stylistic reasons (e.g., to make a verse scan and rhyme properly).  However, there is usually ''one'' word order that is pragmatically neutral and found in most sentences of prose.  (In Classical Latin, this order is SOV (example 1a), but it shifted to SVO in Vulgar Latin.)

==Basic word order and noun phrase order==

Noun phrases can be '''head-initial''' (the noun comes before its modifiers), '''head-final''' (the noun comes after its modifiers) or mixed (some modifiers precede the noun, others follow).  Most SOV languages have head-final NPs, most VSO languages have head-initial NPs, while in SVO languages, both types, as well as mixed order, may occur, depending on the language.

[[Category:Linguistic typology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morphological type</title>
    <id>6155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45387</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T17:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''morphological type''' of a language refers to the way morphemes combine into words.

1. '''Isolating''' (or '''analytic''') languages have words that consist of one morpheme each.  There probably is no ideal isolating language, but Chinese and Vietnamese come close.  English is sometimes cited as an isolating language as well, even though it is not purely isolating, but weakly fusional.

2. '''Agglutinating''' languages have words that may consist of more than one morpheme; the morpheme boundaries are clear and the word can be easily broken up into morphemes.  Each of the inflectional morphemes fulfils a single grammatical function.  An example is Turkish:

(1a) '''ev''' 'house' &lt;br&gt;
(1b) '''evde''' 'in the house' &lt;br&gt;
(1c) '''evler''' 'houses' &lt;br&gt;
(1d) '''evlerde''' 'in the houses' &lt;br&gt;

The last form can be easily broken up into three morphemes: '''ev''' is the word stem (the same in all four forms), '''-ler''' the plural marker (the same as in (1c), and '''-de''' the locative case marker (the same as in(1b)).

3. '''Fusional''' languages have words that may consist of more than one morpheme; unlike agglutinating languages, the morpheme boundaries are blurred, and morphemes may express several grammatical categories in one unsegmentable unit.  Most Indo-European languages are of this type.  An example is Latin:

(2a) '''homo''' 'man' (nom. sg.) &lt;br&gt;
(2b) '''homini''' 'man' (dat. sg.) &lt;br&gt;
(2c) '''homines''' 'men' (nom. pl.) &lt;br&gt;
(2d) '''hominibus''' 'men' (dat. pl.) &lt;br&gt;

The stem form varies between '''homo''' in (2a) and '''homin-''' in the other forms; the form (2d) shows the dative plural ending '''-ibus''' which cannot be broken up into a dative and a plural morpheme (as comparison with (2b) and (2c) shows).

These three types are rarely met in pure form, but form a continuum in which each language finds its place.  Agglutinating and fusional languages are often grouped together as '''synthetic''' languages.  The term '''inflecting''' is often used for fusional, but sometimes also for synthetic languages in general.  It is thus ambiguous and best avoided.

Two further common terms for morphological types are:

4. '''Polysynthetic''' languages are languages that are highly synthetic, with very complex words that can function as whole sentences, combining subject, object and verb in one word.  Polysynthetic languages may be agglutinating or fusional.

5. '''Oligosynthetic''' languages are not really a morphological type, and they apparently do not occur among natural languages.  An [[oligosynthetic language]] has only a limited set (a few dozen to a few hundred) of basic morphemes from which all words are built up.

[[Category:Linguistic typology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oligosynthetic language</title>
    <id>6156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41441</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-01T21:16:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: An '''oligosynthetic language''' (from the Greek ''ὀλίγος'', meaning &quot;few&quot; or &quot;little&quot;) is any language using very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, which combine synthetic...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''oligosynthetic language''' (from the Greek ''ὀλίγος'', meaning &quot;few&quot; or &quot;little&quot;) is any language using very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, which combine synthetically to form statements. It is contrasted to polysynthetic languages. Oligosynthesis is almost entirely theoretical and would depend heavily on the creation of lengthy compound words, to an extent far exceeding that of regular synthetic languages.

There are no known natural human languages that are oligosynthetic. The Native American languages Nahuatl and Blackfoot have in the past been claimed to exhibit oligosynthetic qualities (most notably by Benjamin Whorf). However, the linguistic community has largely rejected these claims, preferring to categorize Nahuatl and Blackfoot as polysynthetic.

Because no natural language has been shown to exhibit oligosynthetic properties, some linguists regard true oligosynthesis as impossible or impractical for productive use by humans.

==Oligosynthetic constructed languages==

Some conlangs, for example Sona, aUI, Ygyde, Kali-sise, and Vuyamu, may be considered oligosynthetic.

Unlike oligosynthetic languages, '''oligoanalytic''' or '''oligoisolating''' languages are ones which have few morphemes but tend toward isolating structure. For example, the conlang Toki Pona has been described as oligoisolating.

The Newspeak spoken by Oceania in the novel 1984 tends theoretically to be an oligosynthetic language, as the aim is to reduce the morphemes. Newspeak ideas are expressed using those few roots and constructing a new idea by synthesis; for example, ''doubleplusungood'' means &quot;extremely unsatisfactory&quot;.

''This article incorporates text from [[Wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]].''

[[Category:Linguistic typology]]</text>
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    <title>File:Bitmap 20 Seuna.PNG</title>
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      <id>41453</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-02T06:48:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-01-02T10:58:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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      <timestamp>2009-01-02T11:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:Bitmap 23 Seuna.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-01-03T07:02:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:Bitmap 24 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>6162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41481</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-03T07:12:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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    <title>File:Bitmap 25 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>6163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41482</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-03T07:16:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anaq.GIF</title>
    <id>6164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41509</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-03T19:58:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Udan.GIF</title>
    <id>6165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41510</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-03T19:59:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Qatama]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kitchen sink conlang</title>
    <id>6166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47610</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>expand a bit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''kitchen sink conlang''' is a conlang that has &quot;everything including the kitchen sink&quot;, i.e. a pejorative term for a conlang of unrealistic phonological and/or grammatical complexity.  While [[natlang]]s can be quite complex and a good [[naturalistic artlang]] reflects this, a kitchen sink conlang involves excessive complication without adding more depth.

No single feature can turn a conlang into a kitchen sink - what is called for is a combination of several perceivedly unusual features, or even ordinary features that do not &quot;work together&quot;.

A conlang should not be call'd &quot;kitchensinky&quot; lightly, without considering the risk of [[ANADEW]]. The phonology of [[wikipedia:Dahalo language|Dahalo]] is a good example.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Natlang</title>
    <id>6167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48689</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T08:41:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added cat terminology</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''natlang''' is a ''[[wp:natural language|natural language]]'', i.e. a language that is the result of many centuries of [[wp:cultural evolution|cultural evolution]], as opposed to a [[conlang]].

{{stub}}

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R8</title>
    <id>6168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41562</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-05T12:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://steen.free.fr/relay8/khangathyagon.html 8]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sohlob languages family tree.png</title>
    <id>6171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41584</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-05T19:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Sohlob languages family tree.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">PNG‑actually is smaller, and the SVG-PNG auto-rendering is smudgy!</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 26 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>6173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41620</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-07T07:47:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R8a</title>
    <id>6174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41683</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-08T13:34:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://steen.free.fr/relay8/khangathyagon1.html 8a]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanle Calendars</title>
    <id>6175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41807</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-10T05:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Lunisolar Calendar ==

== Solar Calendar ==

== Ritual Calendar ==
The '''Sanle Ritual Calendar''' was used to determine the dates of important religious rituals.  It consisted of two separate weeks, a 5-day week and a 7-day week, running simultaneously.  The combination of the two created a 35-day &quot;month&quot;, 7 of which made a Ritual Year of 245 days, or a few hours shy of a [[Galhafan year|full solar year]].

In addition to the 5- and 7-day weeks, there were 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-day weeks, with various rituals determined by combinations of these weeks.  All of these weeks return to their start simultaneously once every 27,720 days (a bit over 113 years).  These rare events are a cause for great celebration. Each of these Grand Cycles begins on a different Ritual Month.  7 Grand Cycles form a Most Sacred Year of 194,040 days (a bit over 792 years)

[[Category:Galhafan Calendars]]
[[Category:Sanle|Calendars]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Bitmap 27 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>6180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41790</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-09T09:36:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Rulers</title>
    <id>6181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41813</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-12T01:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Council of Rulers''' was the predecessor to the modern Kasshi [[Kasshi Parliament#Senate|Senate]].  It originally consisted of the rulers of all states immediately subordinate to th...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Council of Rulers''' was the predecessor to the modern Kasshi [[Kasshi Parliament#Senate|Senate]].  It originally consisted of the rulers of all states immediately subordinate to the [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]].

[[Category:Kasshi History]]
[[Category:Kasshi Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi Parliament</title>
    <id>6182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43401</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-23T06:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Landowners' Assembly */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Parliament''' of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire]] is a tricameral body, consisting of a Senate, a Council of Nobles, and a Grand Assembly.  All laws, before they are enacted, require the approval of the Parliament, the [[Kasshi Empress|Empress]] and the relevant [[Council of Elected Advisors|Advisor]].

== Senate ==
The Senate consists of representatives appointed for life by the various member-states of the Empire.  Each state is assigned a number of Senators under the [[Unification Treaty (Kasshi)|Treaty of Unification of the Kasshi Empire]] and subsequent amendments to the same.

== Council of Nobles ==
The Council of Nobles consists of all of the nobles of the Empire.  Voting is by title, so that nobles with multiple titles possess one vote for each of their titles.  The Council of Nobles was formed during the [[Second Kasshi Empire]], and its power has risen and fallen over time.  It has gained significant power in the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire]], especially after the [[Global War]].  The [[Noble Titles Succession Reform Act]] created significant changes to its make up, as it permitted the sale of noble titles to local governments or corporations.  After [[Dzesa]]'s fall from power at the end of the Global War, she returned to power subtly through the use of various corporations in which she had a controlling interest and which purchased titles, which, in addition to her own titles, gave her indirect control of a significant portion of the Council's votes.  Her status as mother-in-law to the empress also allowed her significant indirect power.

== Grand Assembly ==
The Grand Assembly is divided into several assemblies.  For most purposes, a majority of the entire Grand Assembly is all that is required, but some types of laws require a majority of specific assemblies as well.

=== Landowners' Assembly ===
The Landowners' Assembly consists of representatives elected, originally, by the wealthy landowners of the Empire.  Today, its electorate has broadened out somewhat, but still consists of the wealthy.  In 756, during the [[Global War]], the land-owning requirement was abandoned, and in its place, a minimum 1,728 (12&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) [[Imperial Chan|chan]]/[[Galhafan year|year]] (equivalent, at the time time, to about a half million dollars a year in contemporary US currency) income was implemented.  The minimum has been gradually raised, initially at a rate somewhat lower than inflation.  It is currently 3,578 chan/year (around $135,000/Earth year in contemporary US currency)

=== Merchants' Assembly ===
This is currently the smallest of the constituent Assemblies, and there have been proposals to eliminate it, or merge it with the Landowners' Assembly.  It represents business interests.

=== Assembly of Faith Leaders ===
This Assembly consists of representatives appointed by the leaders of the [[Major Faith (Kasshi)|Major Faith]]s.

=== General Assembly ===
This is the Assembly with the largest electorate.  All citizens over the age of 36 (25.6 Earth years) are eligible to vote (including those eligible to vote for the other Assemblies).

[[Category:Kasshi Government|Parliament]]</text>
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    <title>File:Bitmap 28 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>6183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41823</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-12T06:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R8b</title>
    <id>6184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41837</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-13T13:41:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://steen.free.fr/relay8/khangathyagon2.html 8b]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Tepa</title>
    <id>6185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41838</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-13T18:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kuroda</username>
        <id>171</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New page: Just wanted to say it's great to see Tepa again; thank you for taking the time out to post it here! I know I'm far from the only person to have admired Tepa, for over a decade now -- not j...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Just wanted to say it's great to see Tepa again; thank you for taking the time out to post it here! I know I'm far from the only person to have admired Tepa, for over a decade now -- not just for its attention to prosody, the red-headed stepchild of conlanging. I've always liked the 'framing story' of it as well... a model of low-key plausibility :)  - Kim</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Major Faith (Kasshi)</title>
    <id>6186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41853</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-14T05:28:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Major Faiths''' are a set of religions which are formally recognized by the government of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] as comprising &quot;Faith Communities&quot;.  These faiths ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Major Faiths''' are a set of religions which are formally recognized by the government of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]] as comprising &quot;Faith Communities&quot;.  These faiths have certain privileges and a certain degree of self-rule and self-patrolling.  They are part of the so-called Era of Religious Harmony.  The leaders of the Major Faiths have seats in the [[Kasshi Parliament#Assembly of Faith Leaders|Parliament]].

[[Category:Galhafan Religions]]
[[Category:Kasshi Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic language</title>
    <id>6187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41854</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-14T16:56:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: ==History== The West Germanic language first became widespread in 1921 when it replaced German in official functions. This was one year after [[S.C. Anderson]] headed a successful campaign...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==History==
The West Germanic language first became widespread in 1921 when it replaced German in official functions. This was one year after [[S.C. Anderson]] headed a successful campaign to persuade civilians in Schleswig-Holstein to vote for independence as opposed to joining Germany or Denmark, praising the 'distinctive' history of the region, and sixteen years after the first West Germanic, then Piscean, World Conference. A continued political campaign after the declaration of independence highlighted the presence of the Anglic Frisian people, using this to romanticise an image of the Varangian Guard, whose descendants had settled in [[Xenia]] since defending the Byzantine Empire.

Anderson at first presented the artificial language as a dialect of [[Xenian language|Xenian]], on which it was modelled minus the Greek influence and with added elements of German morphology. Later, his propaganda established the 'discovery' of philologists of a great language (named West Germanic after the family whence it came) comprising two dialects: Xenian West Germanic and German West Germanic. He had already planned to make Xenia a protectorate and now only needed an excuse to do so.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Indo-Iranian Loans in Kilda</title>
    <id>6188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41895</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-16T17:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kuroda</username>
        <id>171</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''NB: Since under-dots seem dodgy on some fonts, I’m using capital letters to transliterate Sanskrit retroflex sounds.''

The Neo-Khitanese or Kilda language preserves fairly large numbers of loanwords originating in Indian and Iranian languages. This page attempts to catalog them more or less thoroughly.

== Indian (Sanskrit) Loans ==
Both (Neo)Khitan and Mongolian borrowed large amounts of vocabulary from Old Turkic/Old Uighur sources, including all or almost all terms of Indian origin. It’s interesting to see the differences in how the two languages handled the loanwords, considering the likely close relationship of the Old Khitan and the (Pre)Classical Mongolian languages, and that the loans came from essentially the same source language and source texts, separated by perhaps two or three centuries. One of the differences between the Neo-Khitanese (henceforth “NK”) and the Mongolian borrowings of Sanskrit terminology from Turkic sources is that Mongolian, but not Khitan, changed voiceless stops to voiced ones:
* NK pïšacï “tp. of man-eating demon” vs. Mong bisaci &lt; Uigh pišači &lt; Skt piśāca 
* NK pratï “discrimination, judgment; intelligence; knowledge” vs. Mong bradiya, brajina, branca/branja &lt; OTurk pratya &lt; Skt prajñā 
* NK pïratïkabut, pïraktabut, partïkabut “buddha who achieves enlightenment on his own” vs. Mong bradikabud, biratikabud, bardakbud &lt; Uigh pratikabut, piratakabut &lt; Skt pratyekabuddha 
* NK putanï, kataputanï “tp. of disease spirit” vs. Mong butani, katabutani &lt; Uigh putani, kataputani &lt; Skt pūtana, kaTaputana
* NK pirit “tp. of spirit/ghost” vs. Mong birid &lt; Uigh prit &lt; Skt preta 
* NK mantal “icon, mandala” vs. Mong mandal &lt; Uighur mantal &lt; Skt maNDala 
* NK kumbantï “tp. of spirit” vs Mong kumbandi &lt; Uigh kumbanti &lt; Skt kumbhāNDa
* NK kalp “eon, (geological) era” vs. Mong galb, galab &lt; OTurk kalp, klp &lt; Skt kalpa 
* NK cakïravart “world-ruler, sovereign emperor” vs. Mong cakiravard &lt; Uigh čakiravrt &lt; Sogdian &lt; Skt cakravartin 
* NK kitü “eclipse ‘planet’” vs. Mong kidu &lt; Uigh kitu &lt; Skt ketu 
* NK šukur, šükür “Venus (in astrological/magical jargon)” vs. Mong šukra &lt; OTurk šukur, šükür &lt; Skt śukra
* NK cišti “name of lunar mansion” vs. Mong cisda &lt; OTurk čišt &lt; Skt jyeSThā 
* NK utarsat, utarbatïrwat, utarpalgunï “names of lunar mansions” vs. Mong  udirasat, udirabadirabat, utirabalguni &lt; OTurk utrasat, udarabatirawat/utrabadirabat, utrapalguni &lt; Skt uttarāSāDHā, uttarabhādrapadā,  uttaraphalgunī 
* NK funarwasu, furwabatïrwat, furwapalgunï, furwašat, fus “id.” vs. Mong bunarwasu, purwabadirabat, burwabalguni, burwasat bus &lt; Uigh punarwasu, purwabadirabat, purwapalguni, purwašat, puš &lt; Skt punarvasu, pūrvabhādrapadā, pūrvaphalgunī, pūrvāSāDHā, puSya
* NK hast “id.” vs. Mong qasda &lt; OTurk χast, qast &lt; Skt hasta 
* NK šatabïs “id.” vs. Mong sadabis &lt; OTurk šatabiš, satabis &lt; Skt śatabhiSaj 
* NK suwatï “id. (also, the star Arcturus)” vs. Mong suwadi &lt; OTurk suwati &lt; Skt svātī 
* NK caïtïr “id. (also, the star Spica)” vs. Mong caidir &lt; OTurk čaytir &lt; Skt citrā, caitra 
* NK kirtik “id. (also, the Pleiades)” vs. Mong kirdik &lt; OTurk kirtik &lt; Skt kRttikā 

Note that the change of *p to *f before high back vowels is regular in NK, taking place en masse sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries and intermittently thereafter. 

On the other hand, the Sanskrit name of the lunar mansion dhaniSTHā was borrowed &gt; OTurk daniš, taništa &gt; NK danïš but Mong tanis – clearly not an example of the reversal of the pattern noted above, but a case of each of the two recipient languages adopting a different variant that existed within the Turkic source.

In some cases, the Mongolian voicing is more faithful to the Indian original; this may be coincidence, but it may also be due to later influence from Tibetan sources which better preserved Sanskrit phonology than did Old Turkic. For example, NK urgunï “name of lunar mansion; the star Aldebaran” &lt; OTurk urguni, urukini &lt; Skt rohiNī, vs. Mong rokini; NK arïwadï “name of lunar mansion” &lt; OTurk eriwadi, riwati &lt; Skt revatī, vs. Mong riwadi.

In other cases, the difference between Neo-Khitanese and Mongolian borrowings is less regular but still clear:
* NK rahu “eclipse ‘planet’” vs. Mong raqu &lt; OTurk raχu &lt; Skt rāhu 
* NK barkasadï “Jupiter (in astrological/magical jargon)” vs. Mong briqasbadi &lt; OTurk braχaswadi, br(a)χasiwadi, barxasuvadi &lt; Skt bRhaspati 
* NK šanïcar “Saturn (in astrological/magical jargon)” vs. Mong sanisčar &lt; OTurk šaničar, šaniščar &lt; Skt śanaiścara 
* NK margasïr “name of lunar mansion” vs. Mong margasiri &lt; OTurk mrgašir &lt; Skt mr.gaśirā 
* NK asïlïs “id.” vs Mong aslis &lt; OTurk ašliš &lt; Skt āśles.ā 
* NK ašuwïn “id.” vs. Mong asuwani &lt; OTurk ašwani &lt; Skt aśvinī 
* NK abïtï “recognition, remembering” vs. Mong abinca &lt; OTurk abitiyi &lt; Skt abhijñā 
* NK gandarwï “tp. of spirit” vs. Mong gandaris (also gandarwi) &lt; Uigh gandarwi &lt; Skt gandharva 
* NK cïkšapat “moral precept” vs. Mong cigšabad &lt; Uigh čixšapat &lt; Sogdian &lt; Skt śikSāpada 
* NK ušnïr “1) excrescense on the head of a Buddha; 2) halo, diadem (of a supernatural being)” vs. Mong usnir &lt; Uigh ušnir &lt; Toch. A uSNīr &lt; Skt uSNīSa 
* NK tattu “truth, a true principle” vs. Mong dadu &lt; OTurk ? &lt; Skt. tattva 
* NK sušak “id.” vs. Mong šusaq &lt; OTurk sušak &lt; Skt viśākhā
* NK šašan, šajïn “discipline, instruction; doctrine, teachings” vs. Mong šasin &lt; OTurk šazan, šasiñ, šažin &lt; Saka śśaśana, śśāśaM &lt; Skt śāsana
* NK slök “verse, stanza, section of text” vs. Mong silüg &lt; OTurk šlok &lt; Skt śloka

In general it can be said that the Neo-Khitanese forms are more conservative, or at least have remained closer to the Turkic originals, than the Mongolian forms have.

As can be seen above, astronomy/astrology and Buddhism are the primary domains in which Indian loans spread into Neo-Khitanese. A fairly complete list of examples in addition to those given above follows.

Astrology &amp; Astronomy
(Almost all terms in this category are restricted, in modern times, to religious and performances and consciously archaicizing poetic, literary, or calendrical contexts.)
* mag “a lunar mansion; the star Regulus” &lt; OTurk mag &lt; Skt maghā
* ardïr “a lunar mansion; the star Betelgeuse” &lt; OTurk ardïr &lt; Skt ārdrā
* abïcï “a lunar mansion; the star Vega” &lt; OTurk abiči &lt; Skt abhijit
* anurad “a lunar mansion” &lt; OTurk anurat, anurad &lt; Skt anurādha 
* baranï “id.” &lt; OTurk barani &lt; Skt bharaNī 
* mul “id.” &lt; OTurk mul &lt; Skt mūla 
* sïrawan “id.” &lt; OTurk širawan &lt; Skt śravaNā 
* garha “planet” (astrological/magical jargon) &lt; OTurk graχ, garχ &lt; Skt graha 
* adïtï “Sun” &lt; OTurk aditya &lt; Skt āditya “Sun (god)” 
* bud “Mercury” &lt; OTurk bud &lt; Skt budha
* somo “Moon” &lt; OTurk soma &lt; Skt soma
* aŋgarak “Mars” &lt; OTurk aŋarak &lt; Skt aŋgāraka 

Buddhist Philosophy, Religious Practice, Mythology
* akšantï “patience, endurance” &lt; OTurk kšanti &lt; Skt kSānta, kSānti
* asurï “evil deity, malicious god” &lt; OTurk asurï &lt; Skt asura
* bodï “enlightenment” &lt; OTUrk bodi &lt; Skt bodhi
* bodïmant “seat of enlightenment” &lt; OTurk bodimant &lt; Skt bodhimaNDa
* cambudïwïp “the world” &lt; OTurk čambudiwip &lt; Skt jambudvīpa
* darm “1) science, theory, doctrine; 2) nature, character, characteristic peculiarity, essential quality or condition” &lt; OTurk darm &lt; Skt dharma
* dïyan “meditation, reflective thought” &lt; OTurk dian, dyan, diyan &lt; Skt dhyāna
* estüp “reliquary for religious relics” &lt; OTurk estup, stup &lt; Skt stūpa 
* fïšaï “sense object” &lt; OTurk wišay, fišay &lt; Skt viSaya 
* fïyakrït “analyzed, explained, expounded” &lt; Uighur vyakrit &lt; Skt vyākRta (cf Mong viyakirid, viyaŋgirid, vivaŋgir(i)d)
* fusar “bodhisattva” &lt; OTurk pusar &lt; Chinese pusa (*b’uo-sat) &lt; Skt bodhisattva
* garudï “tp. of spirit” &lt; Uigh garudi &lt; Skt garuDa
* ïnyana “wisdom, knowledge” &lt; OTurk inyana &lt; Skt jñāna
* kïnarï “tp. of spirit” &lt; Uigh kinari &lt; Skt kiMnara
* makuragï “tp. of serpent spirit” &lt; Uigh maqoragi &lt; Skt mahoraga
* namabut “veneration to the Buddha!” &lt; OTurk namobut &lt; Skt namo buddhāya
* namadarm “veneration to the Teaching!” &lt; OTurk namodarm &lt; Skt namo dharmāya
* namasaŋ “veneration to the Community!” &lt; OTurk namosaŋ &lt; Skt namo sam.ghāya
* nïkaï “school (of thought/belief), sect, grouping” &lt; OTurk nikay &lt; Skt nikāya
* parmïtal, parïmtal “perfections, transcendental virtues” &lt; OTurk paramit &lt; Skt pāramitā
* šabï “novice monk, lay brother” &lt; OTurk šabi &lt; (Chinese?) &lt; Skt śramanera 
* sadu “good! great! wonderful!” &lt; OTurk sadu &lt; Skt sādhu 
* šamnancï, sïmnancï “nun” &lt; OTurk šamnanč, šmnanč, šimnanč &lt; Sogdian &lt; Skt śramanerī (note the distinctively Sogdian feminine nominal suffix)
* sansar “samsara” &lt; OUigh sansar &lt; Skt saMsāra 
* saŋda “monastic community; monks (as a group); monastery (as an organization)” &lt; OTurk saŋram &lt; Skt saNghārāma 
* šastïr “dogmatic text, religious book” &lt; OTurk šastir &lt; Skt śāstra 
* satya “truth” (in technical sense of Buddhist epistemologists) &lt; OTurk ? &lt; Skt satya
* sudur “scripture, sutra” &lt; OTurk sudur &lt; Skt sūtra 
* upasañcï “novice nun, lay sister” &lt; OTurk upasanč, vpasanč &lt; Sogdian upāsanč &lt; Skt upāsikā 
* upasï “lay brother” &lt; OTurk upasi, vpasi &lt; Sogd. upāsi &lt; Skt upāsaka 
* wïrha, wïhar “monastery (as a building)” &lt; OTurk wiχar, w(i)rχar &lt; Sogd. βarχār &lt; Skt vihāra 
* wïyakrït “prophecy, prophecizing” &lt; OTurk wiyakrit &lt; Skt vyākRti 
* yakša “tp. of spirit” &lt; OTurk yakša, Uigh yäk &lt; Sogdian yakš &lt; Skt yakSa
* yawa “grain, kernel, seed” &lt; OTurk yawa &lt; Skt yava

Exotica
(Folktales, literature set in foreign lands, mythology of a non-specifically-Buddhist nature.)
* banït “rosewater, sweet or perfumed syrup” &lt; OTurk banït &lt; Kuchean pañit, panit &lt; Skt phāNita 
* barman, bïraman “foreign/exotic priest” &lt; OTurk braman &lt; Skt brāhmaNa 
* cïntamanï “magic wish-granting jewel” &lt; OTurk cintamani &lt; Skt cintāmaNi
* merici “barbarian, savage” &lt; OTurk merici &lt; Skt mleccha
* nïgrantï “Jain, a Jain” &lt; OTurk nigranti &lt; Skt nirgrantha 
* orohït “tp. of fish that lives in India” &lt; OTurk orohit &lt; Skt rohita 
* arsayan “elixir of youth/immortality” OTurk rasayan &lt; Skt rasāyana
* šala “tp. of tree that grows in India” &lt; OTurk šala &lt; Skt śāla 
* sukšumur “cardamom” &lt; OTurk sukšumur &lt; Skt sūkSmāilā 
* waïdurï “emerald, beryl, aquamarine; a blue or bluish-green gemstone” &lt; OTurk wayduri &lt; vaiDūrya &quot;tiger's eye gem&quot; 

General Usage
* acarï “spiritual master; mentor” &lt; OTurk acari &lt; Skt ācārya 
* asaŋkï “innumerable, uncountable; infinite (number)” &lt; OTurk asanki &lt; Kuchean asaMkhyai &lt; Skt asaMkhyeya
* buyan “merit, good deeds” &lt; OTurk buyan &lt; Skt puNya
* cantal “sonofabitch, bastard, fucker (g.t.a.)” &lt; OTurk candal &lt; Toch A caNDāl &lt; Skt caNDāla “outcaste, man born to Shudra father and Brahman mother”
* erdeni “jewel; precious(ness), value” &lt; OTurk erdeni, erdini, r(e)tni, radna &lt; Sogdian rtny &lt; Skt ratna. 
* kawï “poetry, verse” &lt; OTurk kawi &lt; Skt kāvya
* költi “zillion, gazillion (any nonspecific ridiculously large number)” &lt; Uighur koltï &lt; Sogdian kōtī &lt; Skt koTi
* lakšan “lucky sign, fortunate symbol, favorable mark” &lt; OTurk lakšan &lt; Skt lakSaNa
* maŋgal “luck, happiness, felicity, auspiciousness” &lt; OTurk maŋgal &lt; Skt maŋgala
* matar “tp. of water-spirit” &lt; Uighur matar &lt; Toch A mātār &lt; Skt makara
* patïr “alms-bowl” &lt; OTurk patir &lt; Sogd pātr &lt; Skt pātra
* šeker “sugar” &lt; OTurk šeker &lt; Middle Iranian šakar (Kuch. śakkār) &lt; Skt śarkarā 
* sïla “morals, morality; goodness” &lt; Skt śīla 

There is exactly one (1) Sanskrit term which for which an argument can be made that it was borrowed into NK from some route other than Tocharian or Sogdian and Turkic: the word for “thunderbolt, vajra”. In NK this is '''palja''' (*balja &lt; *barja &lt; *bajra &lt; *wajra ?); compare to OTurk wačir, w(a)žir, w(a)zir, vcir &lt; Sogdian βažir, Tocharian waśir &lt; Skt vajra.

== IRANIAN LOANWORDS ==
Terms derived from Iranian languages were also likely transmitted through Turkic intermediaries, though there is some reason to believe that the Sogdian language had a direct influence on the sources of Neo-Khitanese. (E.g., a term exists in Sogdian and NK, but not in OTurk; or the OTurk form of the loanword is distinctively different from the NK form.)

Almost all Iranian loans are from Sogdian. The few known exceptions, all restricted to religious and (antiquarian) literary use, are:
* karsï “palace” &lt; OTurk karšï &lt; Kuchean kerciye
* ket “very, most, much” &lt; OTurk ked &lt; (Sogd kāðə ?) &lt; Saka kəde
* ton “clothing, dress, garb” &lt; OTurk ton &lt; Saka thauna

A somewhat complete list of selection of Sogdian loans follows. First, those with known Turkic equivalents (and presumably, borrowed from Turkic rather than from Sogdian directly):
* ajun “life, existence” &lt; OTurk azun, ažun &lt; Sogdian āžun
* cakar “wheel” &lt; OTurk cakïr &lt; Sogdian čəxr (&lt; Skt cakra ?)
* dïndar,  dïntar “holy person, member of the religious elect” &lt; OTurk dindar, dintar &lt; Sogdian ðenðār
* kedün “queen (wife of the leader of a tribe or sub-tribe; wife or mistress of any khan” &lt; OTurk χatun, qatun &lt; Sogdian xwatēn
* kegde “page, sheet of paper” &lt; OTurk kegde, kagda &lt; Sogdian kāɣði
* kibit “shop, stall” &lt; Uighur kibit &lt; Sogdian Sogdian kəpēð (cf Mong kebid)
* kuštïr “master, superior, chief” &lt; OTurk quštr &lt; Sogdian (Manichean) χwēštar
* mardaspan “element”, mardaspad “the elements” (reanalysis with native NK plural marker?) &lt; OTurk mardaspant &lt; Sogdian (Manichean) mardāspant 
* mitik “layman, laity” &lt; OTurk midik, mitik &lt; Sogdian (Buddhist) miðāk &quot;layman, laity&quot;
* mojok “a court title; later, a surname” &lt; OTurk možag, možak &quot;teacher (Budh), archbishop (Manich.)&quot; &lt; Sogdian mōčak
* nïgušak “layman” &lt; OTurk niɣošak &lt; Sogdian niɣōšāk &quot;hearer, layman
* nïsban, nïswanï “desire, passion, lust” &lt; OTurk nïzwanï, nïzbanï &lt; Sogdian nizβān (sg.), nizβānē (pl.)
* pasïk “hymn” &lt; OTurk pašik &lt; Sogdian pāšīk, bāšīk
* sogdo “Sogdian (adj.)”, sogdaï “a Sogdian (person)”, sogdomnï “Sogdians, Sogdian people” &lt; OUigh sogda &lt; Sogdian swgd, swgdyk

Then, the remainder with no (currently) known Turkic intermediary: 
* ajïnda “story, parable” &lt; Sogdian a:zend
* akcamba “world, plane of existence (= Skt. loka) &lt; Sogdian əškamb
* akšabun “rule, regulation, official procedures” &lt; Sogdian əxšāwen &quot;a rule&quot;, 
* aktanï “sin” &lt; Sogdian əktānē
* aŋgarakcï “astrologer” (renalaysis with Khitan-Mongolic agentive suffix –ci/–gci) &lt; Sogdian anxər-kəsē
* aŋgarbasa “Zodiac; the twelve animal signs” &lt; Sogdian anxər-wəzən
* apsagcï “servant” (with NK agentive suffix –gci) &lt; Sogdian əspāsē
* apsak “wreath, garland” &lt; Sogdian əpsāk
* asamït “greed, desire” (n.) &lt; Sogdian āzəmīč &quot;of desire, greed&quot; (adj.)
* awaraksa “lust” &lt; Sogdian āβərəxsē
* ayabdï- “to pervert, twist out of shape” &lt; āyamb- (v.tr.), āyəfs- v.itr, āyəβd (n.)
* ayakun “eternally”, ayakuñcïk “eternal, everlasting” &lt; Sogdian āyəkōn (adv.), āykōnčīk (adj.)
* besibere “miserable, wretched, suffering” &lt; βežīβərān “miserable”
* besik “evil, bad (thing)” &lt; Sogdian βəžīk masc., βež fem.
* büsendi “fast, period of abstaining from food” &lt; Sogdian βūsəndī
* cakšan “salve, ointment” &lt; Sogdian čəxšām
* cehüd “Jewish, Jew” &lt; Sogdian čəxūð
* cetebün “ghosts, apparitions, phantoms” &lt; Sogdian čētē &quot;ghost&quot;
* êjendi(n) “worthy, worthy person; title of courtier or priest at khan’s court” (with NK adjective suffix –di(n)) &lt; Sogdian ēžəndē &quot;worthy&quot;
* fritet “love, charity” &lt; Sogdian frītāt
* hüdenig “Khotanese (person)” &lt; Sogdian xuðənīk
* kefür “camphor” &lt; Sogdian kəpūr
* pid “elephant” &lt; Sogdian pīð

Return to main Neo-Khitanese page: [[Kilda Kelen]]
[[Category:Kilda Kelen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata.png</title>
    <id>6189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48497</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-17T14:04:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata (WHATL)</title>
    <id>6190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51707</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-04T17:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ta hecnepıɷtıká rpámmata — τα έσπεριωτικα γραμματα */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Ta hecnepıɷtıká rpámmata — τα έσπεριωτικα γραμματα ==

&lt;table style=&quot;border: 0px hidden transparent; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption&gt;The Hesperiotic letterforms&lt;/caption&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Code2000; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;ΑΒΓΔΕFΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡCΤUȢYΦΧΨΩͰ&lt;th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Code2000; font-size: xx-large&quot;&gt;abrdefʒƞøıkրmvꝣonpctuɣyȹxɯɷh&lt;td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

{{small|([[:Image:Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata.png|Click here]] if you only see rectangular boxes above!)}}

The lower-case letters seen above are the so-called Hesperiotic letterforms which were commonly used in Western Europe of the [[Western Hellenism Alternate Timeline|WHATL]] between the fifteenth and mid eighteenth centuries, themselves closely based on letterforms in use in Gaul and Italy between the ninth and twelfth centuries. They were replaced by typefaces based on the Eastern Mediterranean so-called Helladic letterforms of the late Byzantine Empire which during the Neoclassicism of the eighteenth century were believed to reflect a more authentic Hellenic spirit. The Hesperiotic letterforms were not a separate alphabet but rather a stylistic variant of the Hellenic alphabet like [[wp:Blackletter|Blackletter]] and [[wp:Antiqua|Antiqua]] are variants of the Latin alphabet in [[OTL]] (and to be sure there were Blackletter forms of the Hellenic alphabet in WHATL!)  Early in the 18{{sup|th}} century the [[wp:Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic alphabet]] switched over to letterforms based on the West European Hesperiotic just as it switched over to Antiqua-based forms in OTL, and in WHATL the Russians clung to these Hesperiotic-based forms even after Western Europe shortly after switched over to Helladic letterforms, so ironically Hesperiotic in contemporary WHATL is mostly used to suggest a 'Cyrillic' feel. Thus WHATL magazine readers will se advertisements for '''Pɣccık fodka''' rather than  Ρɤσσικ ϝοδκα as it is normally written in contemporary WHATL Εγγλισχ.  Some Hesperiotic letterforms lingered on in western handwriting, notably ƒ
rather than ϝ, which had become obsolete in the Helladic language already in antiquity. This letter is also normally called ϝαυ rather than the Helladic διγαμμα.  Furthermore western languages used no less than three derivatives of υ as distinct letters, and these — uɣy — were naturally retained, although in 'Helladicized' shapes: υɤυ̢.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hesperiotic letterforms (WHATL)</title>
    <id>6191</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>41875</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-14T23:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hesperiotic letterforms (WHATL)]] moved to [[Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata (WHATL)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ta hecnepiwtika rpammata (WHATL)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piataia/Ibran Phonology</title>
    <id>6192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52924</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Piataia/Ibran/Phonology]] to [[Piataia/Ibran Phonology]]:&amp;#32;less bulky name</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Consonants==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} ||  ||  || || {{IPA|s}} || || ||  || {{IPA|ç}} || ({{IPA|ʝ}})?  || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ({{IPA|tʃ}})? || ({{IPA|dʒ}})? || || || || || {{IPA|cç}} || {{IPA|ɟʝ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Notes.
* The fricatives /f/ and /s/ voice before voiced segments.  /ç/ should as well, but hasn't been (I think because /ʝ/ may be its own phoneme, and it looks like it is, but I'd need to confirm the changes).
* I seem to remember a distinction between /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ vs. /cç/ and /ɟʝ/ but I'm not sure if that has made itself known.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tropylium/Sketchpad</title>
    <id>6193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52650</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-14T00:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* West Uralic lostlang */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Experimental Phonology Labs==
===Internally consistent weirdness===
{|
|-
! BLB !! LBA !! LZD !! VZD !! GUT !! AER
|-
| ʘ || || ǁ || ǃ || ||
|-
| ʘⁿ || || ǁⁿ || ǃⁿ || ||
|-
| p || || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɾ || ʈk) || ʡ || ʡʰ
|-
| m || || ɳŋ) || ɴ̠ || ɴ̠ʩ)
|-
| ɸ || f= || ɬ̪ || ɬˣ || ||
|-
| || || ð̞ʷ || ɻˠ || ||
|-
| || ɪ || || ə|| ɐ ||
|}
* Coronal clicks are retroflex.
* The &quot;aerated&quot; series technically requires a release resembling nasal release but along a different physiological feature (no direct human counterpart).

===Something loglangish===
/ i e ə a o u/&lt;br/&gt;
/ m n ŋ w ð̞ j r l θ ʃ x k/

&lt;s&gt;[t] is entirely epenthetic (tho /ð/ in many ways fills its phonemic place):&lt;/s&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
''This part probably to be transferr'd to [[Lheanan]], maybe more too''
&lt;!--*/r l/ → [tr tl] / {# n}_
*/θ ʃ/ → [tθ tʃ] / {# n x}_
*/θ ʃ/ → [(t)θ (t)ʃ] / _{k x} (free variation)
*/lr/ → [ltr]
*/rl/ → [rtl ~ rl] (free variation)--&gt;

/x/ → [h ~ ɦ] after /N k ð/ (see next!) &amp; initially

Allophonic voiced stops:
*/k/ → [ɡ ~ ɠ] / V_{V N r l h}, {r l}_
*/ð/ → [d ~ ɗ] / V_{N h}, {r l ʃ}_
This furthermore neutralizes to [ɟ ~ ʄ] before /i/.

Onset cluster: /kr/
Long medial clusters: /nðr nðl/

Unoccurring medial clusters:
*Non-homorganic nasal+obstruent; /nm nŋ mn mŋ/; /ŋð/?
*/ðð/, geminate obstruents
*/xð xk θʃ ʃθ/
*/ðθ ðʃ/
*undecided on /ðk kð/ (what to make of these phonetically?), anything involving semivowels

===West Uralic lostlang===
* *ë &gt; a, md &gt; nd
* *V &gt; *VV / _{x}
** *F &gt; FF / _j
** *B &gt; BB / _v
* Umlaut (6v &gt; 7V)
** *e æ ɑ &gt; *ɪ ɛ a / _i
** *ɑ æ &gt; *ɔ a
* General high laxing/mid tensing
** *i ü ï u &gt; *ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ
*** &gt; (j)ə (v)ə (j)ə (v)ə / (#_)
** *e o &gt; e: o: &gt; i u
** *ɛ ɔ &gt; i u / '_#
* *ń ď ś č š &gt; n dž š ts s
* *kt &gt; pt
* *l &gt; w / _{C #}
* *Cj Cv &gt; CC
** CC &gt; C / _[+STR]
* [-voice] &gt; [+voice] / [+voice]_V
* uw əw əj ij &gt; u u i i
** vu ji &gt; vɔ jɛ
* ə &gt; ɔ ɛ / [+LAB]_ [+HI]_

Synopsis for Proto-WUL:
** *ê_i, i_i, ü_i, ô_i, u_i &gt; (j, j, v, v, v)ə_í 
*** ''vɔdí mɔdí kədzí mɔksí ləstí, vri kri ksi'' (&quot;middle&quot;), ''təgɛ́- vɔnɛ́- jɛstɛ́-, plɛ- mnɛ- psɛ-''
*** 
*** ''səlí nədí šugí šɛkší kəmɛ́ni kəndzí vɔptí (?), štsi'' (&quot;coal&quot;), ''kədɛ́- nugɛ́-, trɛ-''
*** ''jɛgí vɔgí pɔŋí kumí''
*** ''''
** *ô_a, i_a, u_a &gt; (j, j, v)ə_ú
*** ''nəlú jɛzú vɔzú'' (&quot;sleeve&quot;, &quot;hate&quot; both), ''tsəndú, vɔdzɔ́-, krɔ- stɔ-'''
*** 
*** 
** *i_ä, ü_a &gt; (j, v)ə_á
***
*** ''kumá mɔká ləká- vɔská, pša psa-''
** *e_i, e_ä, e_a &gt; í_ɛ, í_a, í_ɔ
*** ''nidɛ''
*** ''piza nilla''
***
** *ä_i &gt; ɛ́_ɛ
** *a_i, ä_ä &gt; á_ɛ, á_a
** *a_a &gt; ɔ́_ɔ
*** ''kɔptɔ''
** *o_i, o_a &gt; ú_ɛ, ú_ɔ

===Pre-Proto-[[Japanese']]===

{|
|-
| || tsʼ || tʂʼ || tʃʼ || ||
|-
| p&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
| t̪&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
| tʂ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
| tʃ&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
| k&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʰ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;
|-

|-
| b || d̪ || ɖ || || ɡ
|-
| || s || || || h
|-
| m || n || || ||
|}
+ other sonorants as needed

* affricate POAs partially allophonic with each other / t k?
* aspirates → f θ ʂ ʃ x
* θ ʂ → f x
* F → V
* ejectivs → pf x tʃ

Aspiration in clusters (example):
{|
|-
| btʃ || btʃʰ || → || ptʃ || ftʃ
|-
| d̪tʃ || d̪tʃʰ || → || tʃː || ɬtʃ
|-
| ɖtʃ || ɖtʃʰ || → || rtʃː || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| xtʃ
|-
| ɡtʃ || ɡtʃʰ || → || ktʃ
|}

Note /v tʃ ʒ/ rather than reconstructed *bv *c *ɟ!

===For [[West Altaic']]===
Or therearound?

Unattested phonemes in italics:
/''p'' b t ɗ c ɟ k ɠ ʧ ʤ f v s z ʃ ''ʒ'' x h m n ŋ w l ''(ȴ) j'' r/&lt;br/&gt;
/i ''iː'' u uː ''e''~ə o ''oː'' æ ''æː'' ɑ ɑː/&lt;/br&gt;
fulɑʃr • næɠf • wælʤ • ɟmoŋəf • ʧɠuːz • ikʧoŋv • wərɑːcsibʤ • hɑɗh • ultəwx&lt;br/&gt;
(implosivs allophonic with vcd. stops)


===For [[East Persian']]===
A)
* ɪː/j/w → eː/j/w
* e → ɪ
** → ɨ
* ʊ(j) → i(ː)
* ʊː → uː
* ew (ɪw) → oː
* æː/j, ej, ow ==
* æ → a → ɑ
* æw → ɑw
* ɒː → ɑː
* ɐ → æ
* result: i ɨ æ ɑ, iː uː, eː ej oː ow, æː æj ɑː ɑw (needs u o?)
B)
* ɪ(ː), ʊ(ː) → ə → a
* ɪj ɪw ??
* ʊj → oj → (w)i
* e(ː j) → i
* ew → u
* ow → (w)u
* æ(ː j), ɐ → e
* æw, ɒː → o → (w)a
* result: i e a u + labiovelars/uvulars
Shared:
*ew æw → back vowels, ʊj → i
*centering/lo'ering of ɪ
*fronting of ɐ

===Plain/palatalized/retracted===
Draft the 1st:
{|
|-
| m || || n || nʲ || ɳ
|-
| p || t̪ ~ -θ- || ts || tsʲ || ʈʂ || k || kʲ || q
|-
| b || d̪ ~ -ð- || dz || dzʲ || ɖʐ || g || gʲ || ɢ
|-
| v || || s || sʲ || ʂ || x || xʲ || χ
|-
| || || l || lʲ || ʈʂʼ || || j || qʼ
|-
| || || ɾ || || ɽ
|-
| || || r, r̥ ||
|}
Possibly: geminates; additional ejectivs (but we're not having a full set); voiced sibilant/chirants (may be allophonic)

/ɽ/ ← *ɭ

===To be allocated===
*Difthong allophony/split: [au eu iu ~ ao eo io] (perhaps [ei ai ou ~ eː ae oː], [iː eː oː uː ~ ie ea oa uo])&lt;br/&gt;(last part looks a bit too Samic)
*[[Labiodental flap]]
*Labiouvular trilled affricate [♇]
*/ʈʳ/ ~ [ɽ] vs. /t̪/

==Lexical dump==
Some number system, set as base-5 but extensible:
* 1 2 3 4 ''hei len sa mo''
* b b² b³ b⁴ b⁵ ''idži tudži &lt;u&gt;pxe&lt;/u&gt;dži vašši teldži''
* 2b 2b² 2b³ 2b⁴ 2b⁵ ''lenidži lentudži le'''ŋka'''dži lem'''b'''ašši lente'''r'''dži''
* 3b 3b² 3b³ 3b⁴ 3b⁵ ''saidži satudži sa'''kwa'''dži savašši sate'''r'''dži''
* 4b 4b² 4b³ 4b⁴ 4b⁵ ''moidži '''g'''otudži '''g'''o'''kwa'''dži '''go'''vašši '''go'''te'''r'''dži''
** ''go'' is evidently (b-1).
(why -ter- in higher lakhads?? was this just an orthographic quirk?)

==Orthographics==
===&quot;Sumerian&quot; diphonic faux-syllabary===
With underspecification:
* /tæmæ/ = TF&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;-L̃&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;-mF&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;
* /diːzə/ = TF&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt;-SM&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;
Ie. front/backness coded on &quot;initial&quot;; height coded on &quot;coda&quot;; will look like a vertical vowel system on first glance

==morf==
===English needs more umlaut derivativs===
'''*-ɪθ'''
* long ∶ length ∷ strong ∶ strength ∷ wrong ∶ '''wrength''' /ɹɛŋθ/
* young ∶ youth
* wide ∶ width ∷ side ∶ '''sidth''' /sɪdθ/
* … ∷ mild ∶ '''mildth''' /mɪldθ/ ∷ wild ∶ '''wildth''' /wɪldθ/
* short ∶ '''sherth''' /ʃɝːθ/
* old ∶ '''eldth''' /ɛldθ/
* heal ∶ health /hɛlθ/
* wreak ∶ wrath ∷ weak ∶ '''wath''' /wæθ/ ??
* dry ∶ drought
* high ∶ height ∷ '''wigh''' /waɪ/ ∶ weight
* '''frigh''' /fɹaɪ/ ∶ fright
* low ∶ '''louth''' /luːθ/?
* (true ∶ truth)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japanese'</title>
    <id>6194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51862</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T23:10:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>random details</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unlike its RL namesake, this language has rather clear relativs in SW coastal China, Taiwan and Hainan (historically also Korea). Language shift is likely to have taken place in Japan itself. Despite its &quot;fringe position&quot;, Japanese' (''Vashdə'', ''margu Vashdau'') is the most thriving language of the family.

We can distinguish three main subgroups of the family: Insular, Continental and Northern. There is some historical evidence of more than one group on the mainland and it is likely this is where the family originated, but all the surviving Continental Japonic' languages clearly belong in a common branch. It seems this leaves Taiwanese' (now shriveling under Sinitic influence) closest related to the minority languages of Hainan.

The Standard Modern Japanese' phoneme inventory is
{|
|-
| p || f || t || ɬ || s || ʂ || k || h
|-
| b || v || d ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| l || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɾ || || ɡ || ʁ
|-
| m || || n || j || w ||
|}
* /ʂ/ has an allophone [ʐ] before /b v d ɡ/.
* /ɬ l/ and /f v/ are in similar complementary distribution in clusters.

Vowels /i e a o u/ plus length, /ə/, /ai au/.

Phonotax: (C)V(C), medial clusters are mostly of the type FO or SO. NO is (conspicuously?) missing.  In inherited vocabulary root initium must be one of /p b m f v t d n ʂ j k ɡ/, whereas the most common codas are /m n s ʂ ɬ l/.
''(I'm pretty sure I had some further notes about this somewhere, but I have no zarking clue where I put them…)''

Proto-Japonic' is usually reconstructed with the following consonant inventory:
{|
|-
| *p || *pf || *t || || *c || *k ||
|-
| *b || *bv || *d || || *ɟ || *ɡ ||
|-
| || || *s || *ɬ || || *x ||
|-
| *m || || *n || *l || *j ||  *ɣ || *w
|}

In Continental Japonic' the labiodental affricates neatly merge with the plain labial stops, and the palatal stops with the alveolars. Insular Japonic' retains the distinctions but merges *ɬ → *x, *ɡ → ɣ. Due to paucity of data about the lost Korean idioms, Proto-Northern Japonic' and Proto-Japanese' are usually equated. This stage contains a fair number of changes, most prominently a collapse of the original vowel system and a redevelopment of length; deaffrication of labiodentals; *c → ʂ; *ɟ → *ʐ → j (in initium and intervocally) / ʂ (in clusters); *x → h (ii&amp;i) / ʂ (between a front vowel and a non-velar obstruent) / ∅ (most of the rest of the time); and medial flapping of *d → ɾ. Modern /ʁ/ does not directly continue *ɣ, but is rather found for both *ɣ and *ɡ in a backing environment. Backing and spirantization of *k to /χ/ is only found in a few dialects.

The grammar has developed from mildly agglutinativ origins towards increasing morphological complexity. For example where the original genetiv has become a dativ, four possession categories of inalienable, subordinate, temporary, and possession of property have develop'd from distinct auxiliary or full verbs of Old Japanese'. Word order is VSO with obligatory subject and object marking on the verb.

===Some phrases===
*&quot;Hello!&quot; ''Tuuti!''
*&quot;How are you?&quot; ''Nuteghalas eweerim?'' (sing.) ''Nuteghini togarim?'' (plur.)
*&quot;My name is __.&quot; ''Saugitadoo kashpeya __.''
*&quot;Look out!&quot; ''Shubat!''

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dzesa Charakh</title>
    <id>6195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53217</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T04:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dzesa Charakh''' (b. 796) is a [[Abdication in the Kasshi Empire|Retired]] [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress]] of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  She reigned from 838 when [[Chara Charakh|her mother]] resigned the throne in her favor to 845 when she abdicated for mental health reasons.

In 843, she disappeared entirely from the public eye, passing imperial duties to her cousin, the then-Lord [[Mayor of Ivets]] and Governor-General of All Extraplanetary Territories Prince [[Lindar Taranakh]], who served as Lord Regent.

Initial reports were that Dzesa had suffered a mild stroke and was recovering from the effects.  Two years after her initial seclusion, she gave a short press conference in which she declared her abdication, and revealed that she'd suffered a breakdown in '41.  She was the first Empress to resign for reasons other than age in the modern Empire.

Retired Empress Dzesa has no children.


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Charakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lady [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;798 - 838
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Tarana Charakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Empress of the Kasshi Empire]]&lt;br&gt;([[House of Tarana]])'''&lt;br&gt;838 - 845
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lindar Taranakh]]'''
|}

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Planets of the Galhaf System</title>
    <id>6196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41927</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T00:09:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Planets|Galhaf]] [[Category:Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Planets|Galhaf]]
[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ospendakh</title>
    <id>6197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41935</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T03:52:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #e9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}}'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''Mean Distance from [[Suns of Galhaf|sun]]''': || 240,520,000 km&lt;br&gt;1.609 AU
|-
|Perhelion: ||  Variable
|-
|Aphelion: || Variable
|-
|'''Mean Orbital Period''': || 727 d, 16 h, 25 m, 36 s (Earth)
|-
|'''Eccentricity''': || Variable
|-
|'''Sidereal day''': || 22 h, 47 m, 16 s
|-
|'''Solar day''': || 22 h, 49 m, 3 s
|-
|'''Diameter''': || 10,087 km
|-
|'''Surface area''': || 319,650,000 km²
|-
|'''Axial tilt''': || 17.3º
|-
|'''Mass''': || 3.0471 × 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg
|-
|'''Gravity''': ||8.00 m/s²&lt;br&gt;.815 g
|-
|'''Number of moons''': || 5
|}

'''Ospendakh''' (from [[Classical Sanle]] ''Tpen tkab'' &quot;Follower Star&quot;) orbits [[Suns of Galhaf|Chihazh]] in the trailing [[Wikipedia:trojan point|trojan point]] of [[Zheftakh]].  Due to the gravitational influences of Zheftakh and Chihazh, Ospendakh's orbital shape, and even period, fluctuates somewhat.  Early in its history, it was heavily bombarded by asteroids moved near it by interactions between Zheftakh and Chihazh.  These frequent impacts are believed to have delayed the evolution of [[Native life of Ospendakh|life]] on Ospendakh.  Numerous mass extinctions have occurred as a result of asteroid impacts in the more relatively recent past.

Ospendakh has 5 moons, 2 large satellites, and 3 captured asteroids.

At one point, it was theorized that Ospendakh was humanity's [[Xenogenesis theory|homeworld]].

[[Category:Planets of the Chihazh System]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R9</title>
    <id>6198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41941</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-19T13:12:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://quandary.org/~langs/relays/relay9/ring2/khangathyagon/ 9]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pyran</title>
    <id>6199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>41971</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-20T00:57:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* bbb */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Cheviot Sausage=

*10 lbs. cheviot
*5 lbs. parsnips
*1 large onion
*5 cloves garlic
*5 tablespoons salt
*2 tablespoons fennel seed
*casings
#Grind together cheviot, parsnips, onion and garlic.
#Mix in salt and fennel seed.
#Stuff into casings.
#Boil for 30 minutes and serve hot or cold.
#May also smoke the uncooked sausage.
Variation: Substitute horseradish for the fennel seed for sausage with a bite.

=aaa=

=bbb=

=ccc=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42035</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T03:58:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Terrestrial Plants of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42042</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:01:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Terrestrial Animals of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42049</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-21T04:06:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Terrestrial Biology of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pisceesumsprecan/Experiment</title>
    <id>6207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42147</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-23T07:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{:This month's featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{:This month's featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>This month's featured article/January, 2009</title>
    <id>6209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42155</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-23T07:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">EXPERIMENT

=='''The Dalcurian language and basic history-Di déalecti qve Dal'qöria,, ön ænÞal degérø'''==

[[Image:Flag1.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian flag]] [[Image:web_template.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian Islands]]'''Dalcurian''' (Dalcurian spelling: '''Dal'qörian''' IPA '''ɗælkuːɹiːjæn''') is the language of '''Dalcuria''' ('''''Dal'qöria'''''), a small group of islands approx 300 miles south-westerly off the southwest coast of Ireland. Stylistically, it's full of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Indo-European traits], with strong influences from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latin], plus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language Finnish] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language Cornish]. 

The earliest form of Dalcurian language was developed as a religious tongue by a rather eccentric [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan pagan] king called '''Thadæus Thadurac''' (Dalcurian: '''''þadæös þadörac''''') around 200 BC. The religion was a breakaway form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan Paganism] that was practiced throughout Europe around that time, and had thousands of followers, divided up into fellowships. Thadurac was the order's self appointed king, and highly revered among his followers. Although not fully substantiated, it's thought that he was a Carthaginan. Carthaginians were great seafarers and they capitalized on the trade of the Iberian silver and British tin. Thadurac had forged trade links as far as England, and was a highly respected Carthaginian councillor.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Westfrise spräch</title>
    <id>6210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42227</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-25T18:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Westfris (''Frysk'') is ane spräch mast in täm underriche fram Frislond (''Fryslân'') in nort fram Niderlond jesprechën. Westfris is täre name tarbe tjos spräch is ut Niderlond jewunelich kut, umbe sjo ut hirene smalene siblinge, ta sind in Tjodishlond jesprechën, to dälön. In Niderlond, wädre, is ta Westfrise spräch ta spräch täs underriche fram Fryslân ond hatt almast altid loeght Fris: ''Fries'' be Niderlendish ond ''Frysk'' be Fris. Täre &quot;stiwardishe&quot; name be sprächlarerën jenotod is ''Westerlauwers Fries'' (Westlauwersfris), tät Lauwers wezende an merkflod, täre ta Niderlendishe underrichën fram Fryslân ond Groningen dalt.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Westfris spräch</title>
    <id>6211</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>42214</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-25T14:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Westfris spräch]] moved to [[Westfrise spräch]]: Typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Westfrise spräch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic acquisition experiment</title>
    <id>6213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42231</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-25T18:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Welcome to S.C. Anderson's experiment to test the potential for understanding of his West Germanic conlang (constructed language) without any prior knowledge of it. Please do not advance to the next page until you are told to do so.

*Below is a passage of text in West Germanic describing another language called West Frisian:

'''Westfris (''Frysk'') is ane spräch mast in täm underriche fram Frislond (''Fryslân'') in nort fram Niderlond jesprechën. Westfris is täre name tarbe tjos spräch is ut Niderlond jewunelich kut, umbe sjo ut hirene smalene siblinge, ta sind in Tjodishlond jesprechën, to dälön. In Niderlond, wädre, is ta Westfrise spräch ta spräch täs underriche fram Fryslân ond hatt almast altid loeght Fris: ''Fries'' be Niderlendish ond ''Frysk'' be Fris. Täre &quot;stiwardishe&quot; name be sprächlarerën jenotod is ''Westerlauwers Fries'' (Westlauwersfris), tät Lauwers wezende an merkflod, täre ta Niderlendishe underrichën fram Fryslân ond Groningen dalt.'''

*If you understand one of the languages from the West Germanic family apart from English, such as Frisian, German and Dutch, this should be quite easy.

*If you understand only English or a non-Germanic language, this could be very hard.

==What now?==

In this experiment, you are required to send several e-mails. [Send your first now mailto:seancanderson@sky.com]

The e-mail ought to include your name, the names of any languages you know and your attempted translation. If you cannot even make a guess at a word, put a question mark in a set of brackets like this: (?).

Frysk, Fryslân, Fries, Westerlauwers, Lauwers and Groningen are native place names: they do not require translation.

Well done. You may now progress to the second stage.

[[User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic acquisition experiment 2|Next page]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic acquisition experiment 2</title>
    <id>6214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42237</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-25T19:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Look again at the passage:

'''Westfris (''Frysk'') is ane spräch mast in täm underriche fram Frislond (''Fryslân'') in nort fram Niderlond jesprechën. Westfris is täre name tarbe tjos spräch is ut Niderlond jewunelich kut, umbe sjo ut hirene smalene siblinge, ta sind in Tjodishlond jesprechën, to dälön. In Niderlond, wädre, is ta Westfrise spräch ta spräch täs underriche fram Fryslân ond hatt almast altid loeght Fris: ''Fries'' be Niderlendish ond ''Frysk'' be Fris. Täre &quot;stiwardishe&quot; name be sprächlarerën jenotod is ''Westerlauwers Fries'' (Westlauwersfris), tät Lauwers wezende an merkflod, täre ta Niderlendishe underrichën fram Fryslân ond Groningen dalt.'''

Now it is time for me to reveal some secrets. (Please don't use online translators.)

*'''Spräch''' is related to and has the same meaning as German ''Sprache''. It is related to, but does not have the same meaning as English ''speech''.

*Where English has ''th'', West Germanic has either '''t''' or '''d'''. Niderlond? Nort? 

*The definite article (word for 'the') is similar to that in German, e.g. '''täre''' is like ''der'', '''ta''' like ''die'', '''tät''' like ''das'', '''täm''' like ''dem'' and '''täs''' like ''des''.

*Tjodishlond? Does 'Deutschland' ring any bells?

==Tricky words==
*Fram - of (yes, it is related to 'from'!)
*Tarbe - by which
*Tjos - this
*Ut - outside
*Jewunelich - usually
*Kut - known
*Wädre - however
*Hatt - is called
*Altid - always
*Loeght - just
*Umbe ... to - in order ... to
*Sjo/hire - she/her
*Sind - are
*Be - by/in
*Jenotod - used
*Wezende - being
*Merkflod - border stream

There are more tricky words, but we'll see more of those on the last page.

[Send your second e-mail now mailto:seancanderson@sky.com] The e-mail ought to include your translation modified after seeing the hints on this page.

Now you can move on.

[[User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic acquisition experiment 3|Last page]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pisceesumsprecan/West Germanic acquisition experiment 3</title>
    <id>6215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42236</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-25T19:06:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An important aim of West Germanic is to eradicate words of non-Germanic origin (the most significant source being thrown out is Latin). The project is similar to one called Anglish, but whereas that is based on Modern English, this is based on Old English.

Look at the text for the final time:

'''Westfris (''Frysk'') is ane spräch mast in täm underriche fram Frislond (''Fryslân'') in nort fram Niderlond jesprechën. Westfris is täre name tarbe tjos spräch is ut Niderlond jewunelich kut, umbe sjo ut hirene smalene siblinge, ta sind in Tjodishlond jesprechën, to dälön. In Niderlond, wädre, is ta Westfrise spräch ta spräch täs underriche fram Fryslân ond hatt almast altid loeght Fris: ''Fries'' be Niderlendish ond ''Frysk'' be Fris. Täre &quot;stiwardishe&quot; name be sprächlarerën jenotod is ''Westerlauwers Fries'' (Westlauwersfris), tät Lauwers wezende an merkflod, täre ta Niderlendishe underrichën fram Fryslân ond Groningen dalt.'''

I can assure you that there are only Germanic influences present.

==Words used instead of Latin equivalents==
*Underriche - under-rich or under-empire (province)
*Sibling - sibling (relative)
*Dälön - to deal (distinguish, separate, divide) [Dalt = deals]
*Stiwardish - stewardish (official)
*Sprächlarere - speaklorer (linguist)

[Send your last e-mail now mailto:seancanderson@sky.com] Your last e-mail ought to include your final attempt at a translation.

Thank you for taking part in the experiment. I will now perform some calculations and see how my predictions match the results. After this, I will send you an e-mail to let you know how you got on.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R10</title>
    <id>6216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42279</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-26T13:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://steen.free.fr/relay10/khangathyagon.html 10]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Kinks</title>
    <id>6217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42556</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-02T12:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Kinks sind an englishre rockflock in 1963 jeshapën ond in Amérika alswa an British-Invasion-flock (''brettishe jesechung'') jenemnëd. The Kinks habbën an täre hevaiost ond swingendeost rockflocke fram al tid jehatën.

The Kinks ärest lize in 1964 mid hireüm tridde fifondfjowertai, ta slaie ''You Really Got Me'' be Ray Davies jeshrivën, wunnën. Täre name täs flocks kom ut hireüm &quot;kinky&quot; ontjönsit fram lederkapën ond shoghe be stede jewered. Ta chundishe rau täs flocks makät Ray Davies be lädstevën/wävriungkuthere/kaiborde, Dave Davies be lädkuthere/stevën, Pete Quaife be ruzhstevën/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain</title>
    <id>6218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42354</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T03:40:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SMRHM Constitution</title>
    <id>6219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42347</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T03:12:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SMRHM Constitution - Part I</title>
    <id>6220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43053</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-12T00:23:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SMRHM Constitution - Part II</title>
    <id>6221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42632</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-03T04:47:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Article 104 [Revision] */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=TITLE IV RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MONASTIC REPUBLIC=

==Article 53 [Promotion of Overall Welfare]==
*The highest responsibility of the Monastic Republic shall be to promote the overall welfare of the People. For this purpose, the Monastic Republic shall be responsible for establishing and safeguarding Law and for protecting the religious, moral and economic interests of the People. 

==Article 54 [Promotion of Education]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall devote special attention to education and schooling. Education and schooling shall be designed and administered so that, through the cooperation of family, school and church, the members of the younger generation are endowed with religious and moral learning, patriotic attitudes, and skills for their future occupations. 
*§2 Education shall be universal and compulsory. 

==Article 55 [Provision for Education]==
*§1 The entire system of education and instruction shall be under the supervision of the Monastic Republic, without prejudice to the inviolability of the teachings of the Church. 
*§2 The Monastic Republic shall ensure that adequate compulsory instruction at the elementary and secondary level is given free of charge in the schools. 
*§3 The Monastic Republic shall provide appropriate stipends to help talented students without financial means to attend institutes of higher education.
*§4 Religious instruction shall be given by the authorities of the different faiths.
*§5 Nobody shall allow young persons in their charge to leave school without the degree of schooling prescribed for public primary and secondary schools.
*§6 Private instruction shall be permissible, provided that it conforms with the legal provisions governing the period of schooling, the educational aims, and the arrangements prevailing in the public schools.

==Article 56 [Provision for Public Health]==
*The Monastic Republic shall be responsible for the public health system, shall support measures for the care of the sick, and shall seek by way of Law to combat alcoholism and to reform alcoholics and work-shy persons. 

==Article 57 [Protection of Right to Work and Public Days of Rest]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall protect the right to work and the workers, especially women and young persons employed in trades and industry.
*§2 Sundays and those holidays mandated by the Monastic Republic shall be observed as public days of rest.  All Monastic Republic agencies and the schools will be closed.

==Article 58 [Waterways and Electricity]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall have sovereign rights over the bodies of water surrounding it in accord with a treaty with the  Republic of Greece. The use of, channelling of, and defence against the bodies of water shall be regulated by way of Law and promoted, with due regard to the development of technology.
*§2 Electricity rights shall be regulated by Law. 

==Article 59 [Public services for the Poor]==
*Public services for the poor shall be administered by the Monastic Republic under the conditions set forth in specific laws, especially for the proper care of orphans, the mentally ill, the terminally ill, and the infirm. 

==Article 60 [State Support for Insurance]==
*The Monastic Republic shall support and promote insurance plans for health, old age, disability, fire, flood, and other natural disasters.

==Article 61 [Provision for Legal Help]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall provide for rapid court and enforcement proceedings that safeguard material rights and for administrative law proceedings conforming to the same principles.
*§2 The professional exercise of the representation of parties shall be regulated by Law.

==Article 62 [The Gendarmery]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall provide for a police force, known as the Gendarmery, to provide for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties.
*§2 The organization and the attributions of the Gendarmery are the subject of  Law. 
*§3 Under no circumstance may foreign troops be admitted within the service of the Monastic Republic, or occupy or cross through the territory other than on the sole basis of Law.

=TITLE V THE HOLY SYNOD=
==Chapter 1 Purpose==
===Article 63 [Holy Synod]===
*§1 The Holy Synod shall be the legal organ representing all the People and as such shall be called upon to represent and assert the rights and interests of the People, and to promote to the extent possible the welfare of the Monastic Republic while faithfully adhering to the principles laid down in this Constitution.
*§2 The rights appertaining to the Holy Synod may be exercised only in its lawfully constituted assembly.
*§3 The Holy Synod shall have the right of supervision over the entire Monastic Republic administration, including the administration of Justice. The supervisory right of the Holy Synod shall not extend to the jurisprudence of the Court or to the functions assigned to the Archimandrite.
*§4 The Holy Synod shall at any time be at liberty to bring defects or abuses that it has observed in the Monastic Republic administration directly to the attention of the Archimandrite by way of a remonstrance or complaint and to request a remedy. The results of the inquiry that shall be initiated into such a matter and the measures ordered in consequence shall be communicated to the Holy Synod.

==Chapter 2 Organization==
===Article 64 [Election of the Hegumens]===
*§1 The Hegumens are elected by universal, free, equal and direct suffrage of the monks in their respective monasteries for a five-year term.
*§2 Candidates for the Holy Synod must be citizens of the Monastic Republic for at least five years, at least 35 years of age, and not deprived of their eligibility by reason of Law.
*§3 Regular elections of the Hegumen shall be held in November.
*§4 Should the office of Hegumen become vacant before the end of the term, an election shall be held immediately and the new Hegumen shall be sworn in and begin his five-year term.
*§5 A Hegumen may not succeed himself, but may be re-elected at a later time.
*§6 The seat of a Hegumen becomes vacant when he:
**a. ceases to be a citizen of the Monastic Republic; or
**b. becomes physically or mentally incapable; or
**c. comes under any type of ecclesiastical or civil censure.

===Article 65 [Call to Convene]===
*When a call to convene is issued, the Members of the Holy Synod shall appear in person at the seat of the Archimandrite.  If a Member is unable to appear, he must, on receiving the first call to convene, notify the Archimandrite in a timely manner, stating the reason he is unable to appear and stating whom he has appointed as his protopapas.

===Article 66 [Opening of the Holy Synod]===
*§1 The first meeting of the Holy Synod shall be opened with the Divine Liturgy with the Archimandrite as presider. All new Members shall take the following oath before the Archimandrite: “I swear to observe the Constitution of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and the existing laws and to promote in the Holy Synod the welfare of the country, without any ulterior motives, to the best of my ability and conscience, so help me God!”
*§2 Members of the Holy Synod not in the Orthodox Community shall shall not take part in the Divine Liturgy, except as permitted by Church Law. 
*§3 Members entering the Holy Synod later shall also take this oath before the Archimandrite. 

===Article 67 [Rules of Procedure]===
*§1 The Holy Synod draws up and modifies its own Rules of Procedure.  With a majority vote of the Holy Synod, it fixes its budget and regulates the status of the staff at its service.
*§2 A majority vote is required for all Holy Synod business, majority being defined as more than one half of the valid votes cast, unless otherwise mandated in this Constitution or subsequent laws.

===Article 68 [Sessions]===
*§1 The Holy Synod sits in ordinary and extraordinary sessions, convened in the form prescribed in the Rules of Procedure.
*§2 The Holy Synod sits in its own building which is located in Karyes.
*§3 Provision shall be made for a ''grammateus'' to record the meeting.
*§4 A record of the public sessions of the Holy Assembly is printed in the Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§5 At least two electronic copies of the Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain shall be maintained.  Each shall be kept in a separate location.

===Article 69 [Extraordinary Meeting]===
*In the case of a vacancy in the office of the Archimandrite, the Holy Synod shall be convened to an extraordinary meeting within 30 days to receive the declaration of the Archimandrite as provided for in Article 6, §5, and to take the oath of allegiance.

==Chapter II. Legislative procedure==
===Article 70 [Legislative Procedure]===
*§1 The legislative initiative corresponds to the Holy Synod.
*§2 If at least 100 of the Citizens eligible to vote, whose signatures and right to vote have been certified by their respective towns, submit a request in writing, to enact, amend or repeal a law, such a request shall be considered at the next meeting of the Holy Synod.
*§3 If the request from one of the organs referred to in Article §1 concerns the enactment of a law that has not already been provided for by this Constitution and the implementation of which would result either in a non-recurrent expenditure not already provided for by the finance act or in an expenditure over a longer period, such request shall only be considered by the Holy Synod if it is accompanied by a proposal to cover the necessary funds. 
*§4 An initiative concerning the Constitution may only be brought by at least one-third of the registered voters.
*§5 Further detailed provisions regarding this popular initiative shall be laid down in a law.

===Article 71 [Extreme Need]===
*In cases of extreme urgency and need, the Archimandrite may present the Holy Synod with an articled text for approval as a Law, in a vote on the whole text, within a period of forty-eight hours.

===Article 72 [General Budget]===
*§1 The initiative of the Bill of the General Budget corresponds exclusively to the Archimandrite, who must submit it for Holy Synod approval at least two months prior to the April session, accompanied by a proposal for the taxes to be levied.
*§2 For each expired fiscal year, the Archimandrite shall communicate to the Holy Synod, in the first half of the following fiscal year, exact evidence of the use of the revenues approved and levied in conformity with the budget, subject to the authorization of justified budget overruns and subject to the accountability of the Archimandrite in the case of unjustified overruns.
*§3 Any savings attained with respect to individual budget items may not be used to cover excess expenditures with respect to other items.
*§4 The Archimandrite shall administer the financial assets of the Monastic Republic in accordance with principles he shall determine in agreement with the Holy Synod. The Archimandrite shall submit a report to the Holy Synod together with the annual accountability report.

===Article 73 [Bill of the General Budget]===
*§1 The Bill of the General Budget shall be given priority over other matters and it will be carried out in accordance with a specific procedure, as prescribed in the Rules of Procedure.
*§2 The Bill of the General Budget shall be approved chapter by chapter.  The transfer of funds from one chapter to another is not permitted, unless authorized by Law.
*§3 If the Bill of the General Budget has not yet been approved on the first day of the corresponding fiscal year, the Budget of the previous year shall automatically be extended until the new one be approved.
*§4 The fiscal year shall be July through June.
*§5 The Bill of the General Budget comprises all those monies requested by the Archimandrite for the execution and operation of the administration of the government.
*§6 The Bill of the General Budget may not impose taxes.
*§7 The Finance Committee of the Holy Synod shall make an annual revision of the execution of the Budget.

===Article 74 [Levying of Taxes]===
*§1 Without the approval of the Holy Synod, no direct or indirect taxes or any other national dues or general levies, however they may be designated, may be imposed or collected. The fact that such approval has been given shall be mentioned explicitly in the tax demand notice.
*§2 The manner by which all public dues and levies are divided among and apportioned to persons and objects and the manner by which they are collected shall also require the approval of the Holy Synod.
*§3 As a rule, the approval of taxes and dues shall be granted for one fiscal year.

===Article 75 [Amendment of Bills]===
*§1 The Holy Synod has the right to amend any bills presented to them for approval.
*§2 The Archimandrite may request that the Holy Synod not debate those amendments which imply an increase of expenditure or a decrease of revenue in relation to the amounts provided for in the Law of the General Budget. The Holy Synod, by a majority vote, may challenge that request by means of a reasoned motion.

===Article 76 [Act of the Holy Synod]===
*§1 A Bill shall become an Act of the Holy Synod once it has been passed by the Holy Synod.  The Archimandrite will then sign it, enact it, and order its publication in the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''.
*§2 A bill vetoed by the Archimandrite shall be returned to the Holy Synod along with his objections, for further consideration and must then be passed by the whole Holy Synod.
*§3 An Act of the Holy Synod shall be deemed ratified, and the Archimandrite shall promulgate it, if six months have elapsed from the date on which it was submitted to him by the Holy Synod without it being returned to the Holy Synod for reconsideration.

==Chapter III. International treaties==
===Article 77 [Approval of Treaties]===
*§1 International treaties shall be approved by the Holy Synod by a majority vote in the following cases:
**a) Treaties linking the Monastic Republic to an international organization.
**b) Treaties related to internal security and to defense.
**c) Treaties related to the territory of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
**d) Treaties affecting the fundamental rights regulated in Title II.
**e) Treaties implying the creation of new burdens for the Public Finances.
**f) Treaties creating or modifying dispositions of a legislative nature or requiring legislative measures for their implementation.
**g) Treaties dealing with diplomatic representation or consular functions, or about judiciary or penitentiary cooperation.
*§2 The Archimandrite shall inform the Holy Synod of the conclusion of the other international agreements.
*§3 The previous agreement of the majority vote of the Holy Assembly shall be required for the repeal of the international treaties affecting the matters enumerated in paragraph §1.

===Article 78 [Treaties of Relinquishing]===
*For the purpose of furthering the interests of the People and international progress and peace, legislative, judicial and executive functions may be relinquished only to international organizations and only by means of a treaty which shall be passed by a three-quarters majority of the Holy Synod.

===Article 79 [Agreement on Treaty Texts]===
*§1 The Archimandrite participates in the negotiation of those treaties affecting the relations with other nations when dealing with the matters enumerated in article 82 §1, b and g.
*§2 The Monastic Republic delegation with the task of negotiating the treaties mentioned in the previous paragraph shall be composed of the members appointed by the Archimandrite.

=TITLE VI JUSTICE=

==Article 80 [Judicial Power]==
*Judicial power belongs to the Holy Synod who, according to this present Constitution, delegate full exercise of this power to the Court of Justice.  The Court of Justice renders Justice in the name of the Holy Synod.

==Article 81 [Judges]==
*§1 Justice is administered solely by independent Judges, with security of tenure, and while in the performance of their judicial functions, bound only to the Constitution and the Laws.  All Judges must be citizens of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 The whole judicial power is vested in a uniform organization of Justice. Its structure, functioning and the legal status of its members shall be regulated  by Law. 
*§3 The Judges administer Justice for the citizens of the Lowland and the Isles only.
*§4 Misdemeanors and violations of monastic discipline will be adjudicated by their own hegumens in accord with monastic law.
*§5 A monk accused of a felony will be tried as a citizen in the presence of a Judge.

==Article 82 [Jury]==
*The jury is established for all criminal matters, in addition to issues of political and media wrongdoings.

==Article 83 [Rules of Jurisdiction and Procedure]==
*§1 The rules of jurisdiction and procedure applying to the administration of Justice are reserved to the Law.
*§2 In all cases, judgments shall be justified, founded in the legal system and publicly declared.
*§3 Criminal trials are public, notwithstanding the limitations provided for by the Law. Its procedure is preferentially oral. The judgment which ends the first instance shall be rendered by a judicial organ different from the one in charge of the proceedings, and this judgment may always be subject to appeal.
*§4 The jurisdictional defence of the general interest may be carried out by means of popular action in the cases regulated by the Laws of procedure.

==Article 84 [The Courts]==
*§1 The judicial power is held by the Court of Justice and the Supreme Tribunal, as well as by the respective Judges of those courts, in accordance with the Laws.
*§2 The ordinary administration of Justice shall be carried out in the first instance by the Court of Justice, and in second instance by the Supreme Tribunal.
*§3 The organization of the Court of Justice, its procedures, the duty of judges to recuse themselves, and its fees shall be laid down by Law.

==Article 85 [Non-judicial Officials]==
*The handling of particular, precisely specified kinds of business pertaining to the administration of Justice in the first instance may be assigned by means of a law to specially trained non-judicial officials of the Court of Justice who are bound by instructions.

==Article 86 []==
*The fiscal authorities and the officials of the Lowland and the Isles shall be subject to appear before the Court of Justice as plaintiffs and defendants.

==Article 87 [Civil Disputes]==
*§1 The procedure in civil disputes shall be regulated in accordance with the principles of oral proceedings, direct hearings, and free evaluation of the evidence. In criminal matters, the principle of ex officio prosecution shall also apply.
*§2 In civil matters, the ordinary administration of Justice in the first instance shall be carried out by one or more individual Judges.
*§3 The Supreme Tribunal shall be a collegial Court.
*§4 In criminal matters, Justice shall be administered in the first instance by the Court of Justice or by the Juvenile Court.
*§5 If a Judge is unavailable, the udge shall be substituted in the case at hand by an alternate udge. The substitution shall be undertaken by the principle of rotation from case to case. 

==Article 88 [Chief Judge]==
*The Judges of the Court of Justice shall elect one of their number to be Chief Judge and one to be Deputy Chief Judge.  This Chief Judge shall exercise disciplinary powers in the first instance over the non-judicial officials of the Court.  Re-election shall be permissible.

==Article 89 [''Res judicata'']]==
*Judgments, once final, have the value of ''res judicata'' and may not be modified or quashed except in the cases provided for by the Law or when, in exceptional cases, the Supreme Tribunal, after the corresponding process of Constitutional appeal, decides that they were rendered in violation of certain fundamental rights.

==Article 90 [The Supreme Tribunal]==
*§1 The Supreme Tribunal, as the organ of representation, direction and administration of the organization of Justice, watches over the independence and proper functioning of Justice. All its members shall be citizens of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 The Supreme Tribunal shall have overall supervision of the administration of Justice and shall exercise disciplinary powers over the judicial officials of the Court of Justice.  It shall also serve as the second instance in disciplinary matters against the non-judicial officials of the Court of Justice.
*§3 The Supreme Tribunal consists of five members appointed from among the Citizens over thirty-five years of age, conversant with the administration of Justice. They shall be appointed by the Archimandrite in consultation with, but not with the approval of, the Holy Synod. These deliberations shall be confidential. The Supreme Tribunal is presided over by that Judge so appointed by the Archimandrite.
*§4 The Supreme Tribunal appoints Magistrates, exercises disciplinary authority over them and promotes the conditions for the administration of Justice to carry out its duties with the means available. In order to fulfill this aim it may render its opinion in relation to the drafting of bills affecting the Judiciary or to report on the situation of the latter.
*§5 Appropriate laws concerning the Judiciary shall regulate the functions and jurisdiction of this Supreme Tribunal.

==Article 91 [Terms of Judges]==
*All Judges, whatever their rank, shall be appointed for a renewable five-year term, from academically qualified lawyers with the technical capacity for the performance of the judicial office.

==Article 92 [Privileges of Judges]==
*§1 The office of Judge is not compatible with any other public post or with the exercise of commercial, industrial or professional activities. Remuneration of Judges is the responsibility of the General Budget of the  Monastic Republic.
*§2 While Judges hold office they may not be reproved, displaced, suspended, or removed from their post, unless pursuant to a sanction imposed on grounds of disciplinary or criminal liability, by means of a procedure regulated by the Law and with the rights of hearing and defense fully guaranteed. The same Law shall also regulate the cases of civil liability of Judges.

==Article 93 [Cost of Miscarriage of Justice]==
*In accordance with the laws and notwithstanding the personal liability of those who caused them, the Monastic Republic shall cover the damages for the problems caused by the miscarriage of Justice or the abnormal functioning of the administration of Justice.

=TITLE VII THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT=

==Article 94 [Jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court]==
*§1 The Supreme Tribunal shall also act as the Constitutional Court.  This Constitutional Court shall protect the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and decide in conflicts of jurisdiction between the Courts and the administrative authorities. 
*§2 The Constitutional Court shall also have jurisdiction to review the constitutionality of laws and international treaties and the legality of executive ordinances; in such matters, it may declare their annulment.
*§3 The Constitutional Court is the supreme interpreter of the Constitution and functions jurisdictionally.  Its decisions bind public authorities and individuals alike.
*§4 The Constitutional Court decides on its own rules of procedure and carries out its functions subject only to the Constitution and the corresponding Law regulating it.

==Article 95 [Voting of the Constitutional Court]==
*§1 The Constitutional Court makes its decisions by a majority vote. Its votes and its debates are secret. The Chief Judge has the deciding vote in case of a tie.
*§2 The judgments which partially or wholly uphold the appeal have to determine the scope and extension of its consequences.

==Article 96 [Cases before the Constitutional Court]==
*The Constitutional Court tries:
**a) Appeals of unconstitutionality against laws and executive regulations.
**b) Requests of preliminary opinion of unconstitutionality about international laws and treaties.
**c) Processes of constitutional appeal.
**d) Conflicts of jurisdiction between constitutional organs. To this effect the Archimandrite, the Holy Synod, and the Courts are considered as constitutional organs.

==Article 97 [Appeals]==
*§1 Appeals of unconstitutionality against laws or statutory rules may be lodged by two Citizens.  The appeal shall be lodged within thirty days following the publication of the rule.
*§2 The lodging of the appeal does not suspend the enforcement of the rule under appeal. The Court shall pass judgment within a maximum period of two months.

==Article 98 [Request for a Decision]==
*§1 If, in the course of litigation, a Court has reasoned and founded doubts about the constitutionality of a law or a legislative decree, the application of which is relevant to its decision, it shall request in writing the decision of the Constitutional Court about the validity of the rule affected.
*§2 The Constitutional Court may not admit the transaction of the request without further appeal. If the request is admitted, judgment shall be passed within a maximum period of two months.

==Article 99 [Constitutionality of Treaties]==
*§1 The Archimandrite or any Hegumen may request an opinion about the constitutionality of international treaties prior to their ratification. The proceedings with that intent shall take priority.
*§2 The judgment admitting the unconstitutionality of the treaty shall prevent its ratification. In all cases the conclusion of an international treaty including stipulations contrary to the Constitution shall require the previous revision of the latter.

==Article 100 [Lodging of Appeals]==
*A constitutional appeal against the acts of public authorities impairing fundamental rights may be lodged by:
**a) Those having been part of or accessory to the previous legal proceedings referred to in article 4, §12 of this Constitution.
**b) Those having a legal interest related to non-enforceable provisions or acts of the Holy Synod.

==Article 101 [Conflicts of Interest]==
*§1 Conflicts between the constitutional organs arise when one of them alleges that another is illegitimately carrying out the tasks which are constitutionally under the jurisdiction of the first.
*§2 The Constitutional Court may provisorily stay the enforcement of the rules or acts under appeal, and when appropriate, give orders for the acts which originated the conflict to be stopped.
*§3 The judgment shall determine and confer jurisdiction to one of the disputing parties.
*§4 The lodging of a conflict of jurisdiction prevents the matter from coming before the administration of Justice.
*§5 The Law shall regulate the cases in which a conflict of jurisdiction may arise on grounds of the non-exercise by constitutional organs of the jurisdiction to which they are entitled.

==Article 102 [Legal Status of Constitutional Court Members]==
*A law shall regulate the legal status of the members of the Constitutional Court, the constitutional proceedings and the functioning of the institution.

=TITLE VIII CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION=

==Article 103 [Suspension]==
*The Constitution may not in any way or at any time be suspended.

==Article 104 [Revision]==
*§1 The right to initiate the revision, total or partial, of the Constitution shall lie with the Archimandrite or one-third of the Holy Synod.
*§2 The revision of the Constitution shall require the approval of the Holy Synod by a three-quarters majority of the Holy Synod. Immediately after its approval the proposal shall be submitted to the Citizens of the Lowland and the Isles for ratification in a referendum.
*§3 Once the procedure established in article 104, §2, has been carried out, the Archimandrite shall sign the new constitutional text for its promulgation and coming into force.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SNRHM</title>
    <id>6222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42411</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-30T16:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Framwurkbord fram Äreststoppën</title>
    <id>6223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42375</id>
      <timestamp>2009-01-28T11:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">UNDER CONSTRUCTION. Anglish names as placeholders.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''English'''||'''Atom No'''||'''Anglish'''||'''Origin'''
|-
|Hydrogen||1||Wäterstoppe||Half-calque, Calque
|-
|Helium||2||Sunnestoppe||Half-calque, Calque
|-
|Lithium||3||Stansjolvor||From Gk Lithos meaning Stone 
|-
|Beryllium||4||Agustjorde||Dutch 'Agusterde' 
|-
|Boron||5||Herdcherkol||-on in Boron is abstractisation from Carbon
|-
|Carbon||6||Kolstoppe||English, Calque
|-
|Nitrogen||7||Peter||Nitrogen means &quot;Saltpeter Former&quot; 
|-
|Oxygen||8||Sourling, Sourstuff||Half-calque, Calque 
|-
|Fluorine||9||Flowling||Half-calque 
|-
|Neon||10||Newling||Half-calque 
|-
|Sodium||11||Saltore||The metal in salt 
|-
|Magnesium||12||Soapstone ore||The metal in soap stone 
|-
|Aluminium||13||Claysilver||Dutch expression ‘het zilver in klei’ 
|-
|Silicon||14||Sandchark||The &quot;carbon&quot; in sand (Silicon Dioxide) 
|-
|Phosphorus||15||Lightstone||Half-calque 
|-
|Sulfur||16||Brimstone||English 
|-
|Chlorine||17||Greenling||Half-calque 
|-
|Argon||18||Idling||Half-calque 
|-
|Potassium||19||Potash, Pot ash||English 
|-
|Calcium||20||Lime||English 
|-
|Scandium||21||Scandinavian Silver||Anglicized 
|-
|Titanium||22||Eten ore||Half-calque 
|-
|Vanadium||23||Freya||English for &quot;Vanadis&quot;(Godess) 
|-
|Chromium||24||Armorshine||A metal known for its high lustre 
|-
|Manganese||25||Lady lodestone||0
|-
|Ferrum||26||Iron||English 
|-
|Cobaltum||27||Cobalt||English 
|-
|Niccolum||28||Nickel||English 
|-
|Cuprum||29||Copper||English 
|-
|Zincum||30||Zinc, Spelter||English 
|-
|Gallium||31||French zinc||Half-calque 
|-
|Germanium||32||German tin||Half-calque 
|-
|Arsenic||33||Goblet-fiend, Bowl-sprite||Medieval English 
|-
|Selenium||34||Moon Stone||Half-calque 
|-
|Bromium||35||Stink water||Half-calque 
|-
|Krypton||36||Hidling||Half-calque 
|-
|Rubidium||37||Deepest Red||Translation from Latin 
|-
|Strontium||38||Red Silver||Strontium salts emits red light when burned 
|-
|Yttrium||39||Secret Silver||Lanthanum group element, period of silver
|-
|Zirconium||40||Fake gold||Half-calque 
|-
|Niobium||41||Freya's Silver||Vanadium Group Element, period of Silver
|-
|Molybdenum||42||Greek lead||Molybdos means lead in greek
|-
|Technetium||43||Fake Silver, Manmade Silver||Half-calque 
|-
|Ruthenium||44||Ruthen||Anglicised 
|-
|Rhodium||45||Rose Silver||Half-calque 
|-
|Palladium||46||New Silver||English(early name) 
|-
|Argentum||47||Silver||English 
|-
|Cadmium||48||Wodan||Early Name in German(God Wodan) 
|-
|Indium||49||Crying Silver||This metal emit a high pitched cry when bent 
|-
|Stannum||50||Tin||English 
|-
|Stibium||51||Nibsalve||O.E. nebsealf
|-
|Tellurium||52||Earthstuff||Calque 
|-
|Iodium||53||Purple stone||English 
|-
|Xenon||54||Outloft, oddloft||Half-calque 
|-
|Caessium||55||Sky oreyield||Half-calque 
|-
|Barium||56||Heavy earth||From old dutch ‘zwaaraarde-metaal’ (heavy-earth metal) 
|-
|Lanthanum||57||Hushore||Half-calque 
|-
|Cerium||58||Growling||Ceres was the goddess of growing plants
|-
|Praseodymium||59||Green twin||Half-calque 
|-
|Neodynium||60||New twin||Half-calque 
|-
|Promethium||61||Forethought ore||Prometheus means &quot;forethought&quot; in greek
|-
|Samarium||62||Samarskite||Anglicised 
|-
|Europium||63||---||---
|-
|Gadolinium||64||Great ore||The name derived from Hebrew Gadol which means great.
|-
|Terbium||65||---||---
|-
|Dysprosium||66||Seldom Earth||Half-calque 
|-
|Holmium||67||Island ore||Holm comes from Stockholm, and means island.
|-
|Erbium||68||---||---
|-
|Thulium||69||Thule||Anglicised 
|-
|Ytterbium||70||---||---
|-
|Lutetium||71||Paris, Mudling||Lutatia means ‘mud-hovels’, from ‘lutum’ (mud) 
|-
|Hafnium||72||Copenhagen, Sellhaven Ore||Copenhagen comes from Kjøbmandehavn, &quot;selling man (merchant) harbor&quot;
|-
|Tantalum||73||Glad Ore||Tantalizing means pleasing, gladdening
|-
|Tungsten||74||Tungsten, Wolfram||English 
|-
|Rhenium||75||Runling||Rhine comes from Middle High German Rin, from the Proto-Indo-European root *reie- (&quot;to flow, run&quot;)
|-
|Osmium||76||Stink oreyield||Half-calque 
|-
|Iridum||77||Rainbow Gold||Half-calque 
|-
|Platinum||78||White Gold||English 
|-
|Aurum||79||Gold||English 
|-
|Mercury||80||Quicksilver||English 
|-
|Thallium||81||Twigling||Half calque
|-
|Plumbum||82||Lead||English 
|-
|Bisemutum||83||Bismuth||English 
|-
|Polonium||84||Fieldling||Etymology of Poland eventually refers to &quot;field&quot;
|-
|Astatine||85||Dor||Initial, rejected name, from German for &quot;do&quot; 
|-
|Radon||86||Rayloft||The name comes from Radium
|-
|Francium||87||Moldova||Anglicisation of early name: Moldavium 
|-
|Radium||88||Rayling||Half-calque 
|-
|Actinium||89||Beam oreyield||Half-calque 
|-
|Thorium||90||Thor, Thur||Anglicised 
|-
|Protactium||91||Firstbeam||Half-calque with actinium
|-
|Uranium||92||Ymirstuff, Klaproth||First name 
|-
|Neptunium||93||Sealing||Half-calque
|-
|Plutonium||94||Helling||Half calque
|-
|Americium||95||Americks Ore||---
|-
|Curium||96||---||---
|-
|Berkelium||97||---||---
|-
|Californium||98||---||
|-
|Eintenium||99||---||---
|-
|Fermium||100||---||---
|-
|Mendelevium||101||---||---
|-
|Nobelium||102||---||---
|-
|Lawrencium||103||---||---
|-
|Rutherfordium||104||---||---
|-
|Dubnium||105||Dubna||Anglicised 
|-
|Seaborgium||106||Seaburg||Anglicised 
|-
|Bohrium||107||---||---
|-
|Hassium||108||Hessen||Anglicised from Latin
|-
|Meitnerium||109||---||---
|-
|Darmstadium||110||---||---
|-
|Roentgenium||111||---||---
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SMRHM</title>
    <id>6225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43025</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-10T15:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[SMRHM Constitution - Part I]]

[[SMRHM Constitution - Part II]]

[[Code]]

[[Miscellaneous]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Low German</title>
    <id>6226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46019</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:30:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Sources and Further Readings */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Low German
| native = Nedersaksisch Plattdüütsch
| dialect english = 
| country = Germany, Netherlands, Denamrk
| nativecountry = Norddütschland 
| universe = Real world
| speakers = unknown
| family = [[Indo-European]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[West Germanic]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[German]]
| wordorder = SVO, OVS/V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 1800-Present C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = light green
| width = 33%
}}

==History and Stages==
* Stages of Low German
** [[Old Saxon]]
** [[Middle Low Saxon]]
** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German

==Difference between [[High German|High]] and Low German==
High German differs from other West German languages such as Low German, [[Modern English|English]], and [[Dutch]] in that [[High German]] when through the [[High German Consonant Shift]].  The High German Consonant Shift (or HGCS) is the sound shift where; 
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]],
# Geminated, [[Nasal|nasal]]-adjacent and [[Liquid|liquid]]-adjacent voiceless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Affricate|affricates]],
# Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
# All interdental fricatives (/[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]]/ and /[[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /[[Voiced dental stop|d̻]]/ and /[[Voiced alveolar stop|d]]/. &lt;br&gt;
The last stage was shared by Low German and [[Dutch]] as well as [[High German]].

==Orthography==
Because there is no standard dialect of Low German, there is no standard orthography.  It can often differ by region.

==Grammar==

===Gender and Number===
There are three genders in Low German: Neuter, Masculine, and Feminine.  There are two numbers as well: Singular and Plural.

===Articles===
The Masculine and Feminine genders take the definite article '''de'''.  The Neuter form takes the article '''dat'''.  The plural for all this is '''de'''.  This makes it very close to its cousin of [[Dutch]] which has a similar pattern (save '''het''' instead of '''dat'''.)

The Indefinite article is the same for all, it is '''een''', '''en''', and ''''n'''.

Compare these with the [http://wiki.frath.net/High_German#Articles|High German Articles]]:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural (all Genders)
|-
| '''Nominative''' || de || de || dat || de
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || den (-s)(sien)† || de (ehr) || dat (sien) || de (ehr)
|-
| '''Dative'''  || den || de || dat || de
|-
| '''Accusative''' || den || de || dat || de
|}
† '''sien''' or '''ehr''' appear after the noun in Genitive.

===Nouns===
There are 4 cases, although the dative and accusative are often collapsed together in Low German.  This is reflected in the articles as well. The most common form of the plural is found in the ending '''-s''' but there are others, similar to those found in [[Dutch]] or [[High German]].
&lt;br&gt;
Here are examples for all three genders: &lt;br&gt;
'''Masculine:''' &lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Macker 'Guy'
! Mackers'Guys'
! Appel 'Apple'
! Appeln 'Apples'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || De Macker || De Mackers || De Appel || De Appeln
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Den Macker(s) (sien) || De Mackers (ehr) || Den Appels (sien) || De Appeln (ehr)
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Den Macker || De Mackers || Den Appel || De Appeln
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Den Macker || De Mackers || Den Appel || De Appeln
|}
'''Feminine:''' &lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Hand 'Hand'
! Hände 'Hands'
! Fru 'Woman'
! Fruuslü 'Women'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || De Hann || De Hannen || De Fru || De Fruuslü 
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || De Hann (ehr) || De Hannen (ehr) || De Fru (ehr) || De Fruuslü (ehr)
|-
| '''Dative'''  || De Hann || De Hannen || De Fru  || De Fruuslü
|-
| '''Accusative''' || De Hann || De Hannen || De Fru || De Fruuslü
|}
'''Neuter:''' &lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
! Cases
! Schiff 'Ship'
! Schiffe 'Ships'
! Wief'Wife'
! Wiefer'Wives'
|-
| '''Nominative''' || Dat Schipp || De Schipps || Dat Wief || De Wiever
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || Dat Schipp (sien) || De Schipps (ehr) || Dat Wief (sien) || De Wiever (ehr)
|-
| '''Dative'''  || Dat Schipp || De Schipps || Dat Wief || De Wiever
|-
| '''Accusative''' || Dat Schipp || De Schipps || Dat Wief || De Wiever
|}

===Adjectives and Adverbs===
====Adjectives====

====Adverbs====

===Conjunctions===

===Preposition===

===Verbs===

====Present====

====Future====

====Past====

====Present Perfect====

====Imperative====

==Sources and Further Readings==

[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Time line</title>
    <id>6231</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-02-06T06:56:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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  </page>
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    <title>Miscellaneous</title>
    <id>6232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43055</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-12T00:28:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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    <title>Code</title>
    <id>6233</id>
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      <id>43054</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-12T00:26:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germaniclang reference works online</title>
    <id>6234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51474</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:15:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit (1909) by Fick, Falk and Torp */ What's &quot;Teutonic&quot;? Remooving</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
Most of these links are to digitized, somewhat dated texts which have passed into the Public Domain and been uploaded to the Internet Archive, which are still perfectly good, or perhaps ''because'' of their datedness even better, as fodder for conlanging. They are offered in many file formats. Follow the &amp;quot;All Files: http&amp;quot; link to download. The b/w PDF, if available, is best for printout. The OCRed .txt version is full of errors but still good for searching!

== Germanic historical grammars, phonologies and (etymological) dictionaries available on the Internet ==

=== [http://www.archive.org/details/abrissderaltisl00noreuoft Abriss der altisländischen Grammatik - Noreen, Adolf, 1854-1925] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/abrissderurgerma00noreuoft Abriss der urgermanischen Lautlehre : mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die noridschen Sprachen - Noreen, Adolf, 1854-1925] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/althochdeutscheg00brauiala Althochdeutsche grammatik - Braune, Wilhelm, 1850-1926] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anglosaxonandol00wriggoog Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies - Thomas Wright] ===
Here Old English = Middle English!
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/comparativegramm00marcuoft A comparative grammar of the Anglo-Saxon language: (1899)] ===
in which its forms are illustrated by those of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Old Saxon, Old Friesic, Old Norse, and Old High-German - March, Francis Andrew, 1825-1911
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/comparativegramm00helfuoft A comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages.] ===
Being at the same time a historical grammar of the English language. And comprising Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Early English, Modern English, Icelandic (Old Norse), Danish, Swedish, Old High German, Middle High German, Modern German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Dutch - Helfenstein, Jacob
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/diewortbildungde01kochuoft Die Wortbildung der englischen Sprache (Volume 1) - Koch, Friedrich, 1813-1872] ===
Old English, ca. 450-1100 Word formation
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/einfhrungindas00baesuoft Einführung in das althochdeutsche Laut- und Flexionslehre - Baesecke, Georg, 1876-] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anelementarygra00baylgoog An Elementary Grammar of the Old Norse Or Icelandic Language - George Bayldon] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/englishanglosaxo00skeauoft An English-Anglo-Saxon vocabulary - Skeat, Walter W. (Walter William), 1835-1912] ===

Good to have if you can't come by ''Wordcraft'' by Pollington, Stephen.  Pinner  Middlesex  England: Anglo-Saxon, 1993. Print. ISBN 9781898281023.

=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anetymologicald02skeagoog An etymological dictionary of the English language - Skeat, Walter W. (Walter William), 1835-1912. comp] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/frenchelementsin00sykeuoft French elements in Middle English;] ===
chapters illustrative of the origin and growth of romance influence on the phrasal power of standard English in its formative period - Sykes, Frederick Henry, 1863-1917
=== [http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/ The Germanic Lexicon Project] ===
Searchable Proto-Germanic, Gothic, Old English and Old Norse dictionaries. Click on the &amp;quot;Search&amp;quot; tab and make sure to follow the &amp;quot;Search help&amp;quot; link. NB you can search on modern English and modern German words!
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/germanicphilolog00loewuoft Germanic philology (1913)] by Loewe, Richard, b. 1863; Jones, John D ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/germanischesprac00loewuoft Germanische Sprachwissenschaft (1911)] by Loewe, Richard, b. 1863 ===
English translation elsewhere in this list 
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/germanischesprac01loewuoft Germanische Sprachwissenschaft (1922)] Volume 1 &quot;Einleitung und Lautlehre&quot; by Loewe, Richard, b. 1863 ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/gothicgrammarwit00brauuoft A Gothic grammar with selections for reading and a glossary - Braune, Wilhelm, 1850-1926] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammargothicla00wriggoog Grammar of the Gothic Language, and the Gospel of St. Mark: Selections from... - Joseph Wright] ===
=== [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc00.html A Grammar of Proto-Germanic - Lehmann, Winfred P.] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historicaldevelo00kurr The historical development of the forms of the future tense in Middle High German -] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historicaloutlin00moorrich Historical outlines of English sounds and Middle English grammar,] ===
for courses in Chaucer, Middle English, and the history of the English language - Moore, Samuel, 1877-1934
=== [http://ia300209.us.archive.org/0/items/clprm10t/clprm10t.zip An Icelandic Primer by Henry Sweet] ===
Zipped LaTeX source
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anintroductiont00otisgoog An introduction to Middle High German: being an outline of Middle High German grammar and... - Charles Pomeroy Otis] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anintroductionp01dousgoog An introduction, phonological, morphological, syntactic, to the Gothic of Ulfilas - Douse, Thomas Le Marchant] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/languageofmiddle00hall The language of the Middle English bestiary; phonology and inflection - Hallbeck, Einar S] ===
Includes bibliography
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/lexiconpoticum00sveiuoft Lexicon poëticum antiquæ linguæ Septentrionalis - Sveinbjörn Egilsson, 1791-1852] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/middleenglishvoc00tolkuoft A middle English vocabulary. By Tolkien!] ===
Designed for use with Sisam's Fourteenth century verse and prose - Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892-1973
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/amiddlehighgerm01wriggoog A Middle High German Primer: With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary - Joseph Wright] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/amiddleenglishd01stragoog A Middle-English dictionary : containing words used by English writers from the twelfth to the fifteenth century - Stratmann, F] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/mittelalterliche00albeuoft Mittelalterlicher englisch-französischer Jargon - Albert, Hermann] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/mittelhochdeutsc00pauluoft Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik - Paul, Hermann, 1846-1921] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/novumglossariuml00diefuoft Novum glossarium latino-germanicum mediae et infimae aetatis :] ===
Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Kunde der neulateinischen und der germanischen Sprachen - Diefenbach,
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/oldenglishgramma00sievrich An Old English grammar - Sievers, Eduard, 1850-1932] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/oldenglishgramma00wrig Old English grammar - Wright, Joseph, 1855-1930] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/oldhighgermanpri00wrigiala An Old High German primer, with grammar, notes, and glossary - Wright, Joseph, 1855-1930] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/oldenglishphonol00hemp Old-English phonology - Hempl, George, 1859-1921] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/scandinavianloan00bjuoft Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English - Björkman, Erik, 1872-1919] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3AtextsAND%22Englishlanguage%22AND%22OldEnglish%22 Search for &amp;quot;English language/Old English&amp;quot; on the Internet Archive] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/ashorthistorica00sweegoog A Short Historical English Grammar - Henry Sweet] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/specialclassofmi00rhynrich A special class of mixed preterites in Middle High and modern German - Rhyne, Orestes Pearle,] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/studentsdictiona00sweerich The student's dictionary of Anglo-Saxon - Sweet, Henry, 1845-1912] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/synopsisofoldeng00mayh Synopsis of Old English phonology,] ===
being a systematic account of Old English vowels and consonants and their correspondences in the cognate languages - Mayhew, Anthony Lawson, 1842-
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/bersichtstabel00wooduoft Übersichtstabellen zu Lautentsprechungen und zur Kasusbildung des Nomens und Adjektivs im Germanischen (1910)] by  Wood, Francis A. (Francis Asbury), 1859-* [http://www.archive.org/details/urgermanischvorg00kluguoft Urgermanisch, Vorgeschichte der altgermanischen Dialekte (1913)] by Kluge, Friedrich, 1856-1926 ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/urgermanischvorg00kluguoft Urgermanisch, Vorgeschichte der altgermanischen Dialekte - Kluge, Friedrich, 1856-1926] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/utkasttillfrel00noreuoft Utkast till föreläsningar i urgemansk judlära : med huvudsakligt avseende på de nordiska språken till den studerande ungdomens tjänst (1890)] by Noreen, Adolf, 1854-1925 ===
In Swedish.  Hopefully someone besides me ([[User:Melroch|BPJ]]) can read it! {{-)}}
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/vergleichendesw01diefuoft Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gothischen Sprache (Volume 1) - Diefenbach, Lorenz, 1806-1883] ===
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/vocalismofromani00njrich The vocalism of Romanic words in Chaucer, - Nöjd, Ruben, 1891-1960] ===
=== [http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/pgmc_torp_about.html Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit (1909) by Fick, Falk and Torp] ===
A Proto-Germanic dictionary from the Germanic Lexicon project. The reconstructions are hopelessly dated but with a ''caveat emptor'' still good for conlanging, and the cognate lists are entirely good!


[[Category:Reference works]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Germanic natlangs]]
[[Category:Bibliographies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romlang reference works online</title>
    <id>6235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51450</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T08:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch by Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Most of these links are to digitized, somewhat dated texts which have passed into the Public Domain and been uploaded to the Internet Archive, which are still perfectly good, or perhaps ''because'' of their datedness even better, as fodder for conlanging. They are offered in many file formats. Follow the &amp;quot;All Files: http&amp;quot; link to download. The b/w PDF, if available, is best for printout. The OCRed .txt version is full of errors but still good for searching!

== Romanic historical grammars, phonologies and (etymological) dictionaries available on the Internet ==

=== [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=ArchivioglottologicoitalianoANDmediatype%3Atexts Archivio glottologico italiano] ===
Several yummy volumes at the Internet Archive. Italian isn't hard if you know Latin or both English and French!
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/cursusinmediaeva00clarrich The cursus in mediaeval and vulgar Latin (1910)] ===
Author: Clark, Albert Curtis, 1859-1937; Oxford Philological Society Bound with the author's Fontes prosae nvmerosae. 1909
=== [http://dcvb.iecat.net/ Diccionari de l'Institut d'Estudis catalans] ===
Searchable dictionary of Catalan, including etymologies (in Catalan)
=== [http://www.rae.es/rae.html Diccionario de la lengua española] ===
The Real Academia Española's searchable online dictionary, including etymologies (in Spanish)
=== [http://dexonline.ro/ Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române] ===
The Romanian Academy's searchable online dictionary, including etymologies (in Romanian)
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/dictionnairety00cluoft Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française (Clédat 1914)] ===
Somewhat dated French etymological dictionary. Find headwords in the 'fulltext' with [[wp:grep|grep]] using beginning-of-line anchoring and a capital first letter in the search word!
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/einfhrungindas00meyeuoft/ Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft (Meyer-Lübke 1901)] ===
An introduction to Romance linguistics (in German).
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammairedeslang01meyeuoft Grammaire des langues romanes; (Volume 1) - Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936] ===
The French translation of a thorough German treatment of Romance historical phonology and grammar.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammairedeslang02meyeuoft Grammaire des langues romanes; (Volume 2) - Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936] ===
The French translation of a thorough German treatment of Romance historical phonology and grammar.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammairedeslang03meyeuoft Grammaire des langues romanes; (Volume 3) - Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936] ===
The French translation of a thorough German treatment of Romance historical phonology and grammar.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammairedeslang04meyeuoft Grammaire des langues romanes; (Volume 4) - Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936] ===
The French translation of a thorough German treatment of Romance historical phonology and grammar.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammarofspanish00wooduoft A grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian languages (1815) by Woodhouse, Richard] ===
intented to facilitate the acquiring of these sister tongues by exhibiting in a synoptical form the agreements and differences in their grammatical construction.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammatikderroma01meyeuoft Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (Volume 1) - Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936 Vol. 1. Lautlehre] ===
Romance historical phonology by one of the German heavy dudes.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/grammatikdesaltf00schwuoft Grammatik des Altfranzösischen (Laut- und Formenlehre) (1893) Schwan, Eduard, 1858-1893] ===
Historical phonology and grammar of Old French (in German).
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historicalfrench00darmuoft A historical French grammar (1899)] ===
Author: Darmesteter, Arsène, 1846-1888; Muret, Ernest, 1861-; Sudre, Leopold Maurice Pierre, 1855-.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historicalgramma00bracuoft A historical grammar of the French tongue. (1888)] ===
Brachet, Auguste, 1844-1898; Kitchin, G. W. (George William), 1827-1912.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historicalprimer00brituoft Historical primer of French phonetics and inflection. (1900)] ===
Author: Brittain, Margaret S (1900), With introductory note by Paget Toynbee (1900).
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historischegramm00meyeuoft Historische grammatik der französischen sprache (1908) vol. 1] ===
*:Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936. Internet Archive: Free Download.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/historischegramm02meyeuoft Historische grammatik der französischen sprache (1908) vol. 2] ===
*:Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936. Internet Archive: Free Download
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/introtofrench00rogeuoft An introduction to old French (January 1, 1896)] ===
Author: Roget, Franccois Frédéric, 1859-.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/anintroductiont00luqugoog An introduction to Old French phonology and morphology (1909)] ===
by Luquiens, Frederick Bliss, 1875-1940.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/introductiontov00grangoog Introduction to Vulgar Latin (1907) by Charles Hall Grandgent] ===
Somewhat dated but a Romconlanger must-have!

'''N.B.''' The other version at the Internet Archive, previously linked here lacks pp. 160-167!

=== [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Vulgar%20Latin Lateinisch-romanisches Wörterbuch] - Körting, Gustav Carl Otto, 1845-1913 ===
At the Internet Archive. I have no idea how this compares to Meyer-Lübke, but I guess the more the merrier! Another version is [http://www.archive.org/details/lateinischromani00kruoft here]. The same remarks for download and search strategies as for Meyer-Lübke (and any book at the Internet Archive) apply.
=== [http://www.pledari.ch/ mesPledaris] ===
Searchable dictionaries of the Rumantsch dialects, in German, English, French and Italian.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/novumglossariuml00diefuoft Novum glossarium latino-germanicum mediae et infimae aetatis :] ===
Beiträge zur wissenschaftlichen Kunde der neulateinischen und der germanischen Sprachen - Diefenbach,
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/outlineofphonolo00granuoft/ An outline of the phonology and morphology of old provençal (Grandgent 1905)] ===
A no-nonsense description of a facinating and historically important Romance language by the great American scholar.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/outlinesoffrench00bakeuoft Outlines of French historical grammar : with representative French texts (1899)] ===
by Baker, Alfred Thomas, 1873-1936.
=== [http://www.archive.org/details/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] ===
'''by Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm, 1861-1936'''

The one etymological dictionary of the Romance languages to have at last on the Internet Archive! 
Be aware that this is an early (first?) edition and so not authoritative by scholarly standards but heavenly honey for a romconlanger. Beats your Latin dictionary any time and is a must-have for the Romconlanger even if you don't know German! Arm yourself with a (preferably somewhat dated! {{smiley}}) German dictionary and a heap of Romance language dictionaries, or their online equivalents. I recommend following the [http://ia311219.us.archive.org/2/items/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft All Files: HTTP link] to get to the right place to download the stuff. Of course the b/w PDF version is best for reading. I recommend the.txt version for quick searching (yay grep!) even if the OCR is crappy, to find out what to look for in the graphical version.

=== [http://www.pledarigrond.ch/grammatica.pdf Rumantsch Grischun per Rumantschs] ===
A brief pdf grammar from the Lia Rumantscha outlining the morphology of Rumantsch Grischun (in Rumantsch Grischun)
=== [http://www.etimo.it/ Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana] ===
Searchable scanned images of Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana di Ottorino Pianigiani with Romance cognates
=== [http://wordreference.com WordReference.com] ===
Online multilingual dictionaries notably including Rumanian, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese to/from English.  Use the query box with the drop-down menu at the top of the page, ''not'' the big form with radio buttons which accesses fewer languages!

[[Category:Reference works]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]
[[Category:Romanic languages]]
[[Category:Romance natlangs]]
[[Category:Latin]]
[[Category:Bibliographies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Reference works</title>
    <id>6236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45967</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T12:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Reference works and bibliographies
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Romanic languages</title>
    <id>6237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42759</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T11:54:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Romance languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Romance languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Teutonic languages</title>
    <id>6238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51476</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seems superfluous</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:For deletion]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Bibliographies</title>
    <id>6239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42764</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T12:00:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Reference works]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Reference works]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Romance languages</title>
    <id>6240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50220</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T23:46:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>&quot;Romance natlangs&quot; is younder &gt;&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Germanic languages</title>
    <id>6241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47559</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:06:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>includes conlangs =&gt; not under natlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R11</title>
    <id>6242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42781</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-05T13:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Link for Relay 11 khangaþyagon text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/khangathyagon.html 11]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kajala koma.PNG</title>
    <id>6243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42873</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-08T15:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moj]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kajala ogo.PNG</title>
    <id>6244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42874</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-08T16:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moj]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kajala unja.PNG</title>
    <id>6245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42876</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-08T16:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moj]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moj]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eastern Seligamine</title>
    <id>6246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42877</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-08T18:51:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Eastern Seligamine''', or ''Arise Sirigamari beradan'' (pron. ''árše širgamári beradán''), is a [[Pihaki]] language spoken in Eastern Seligam. Instead of changing vowels to indicat...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Eastern Seligamine''', or ''Arise Sirigamari beradan'' (pron. ''árše širgamári beradán''), is a [[Pihaki]] language spoken in Eastern Seligam. Instead of changing vowels to indicate tenses, it uses particles placed after the verb (not necessarily immediately after): ''e'' for present, ''sa'' for future, ''ra'' (cognate to Ubnadck ''ena'', was) for past, ''a'' for hypothetical. ''era'' (if) is not one of these particles, but is used similarly. Seligamine verbs still conjugate for person and number: ersi, erso, ersa, ersadi, ersabu, ersan. The passive is expressed by the suffix ''-and'': ersandi, ersando, ersanda, ersandidi, ersandabo, ersandan.

Eastern Seligamine writing is a syllabary. A recent sound shift changed /s/ to /š/ and /t/ to /s/ or /d/, except in /st/ which remains unchanged and some other places. Spelling more often follows the old pronunciation.

Gari bora dera seresa seresadanda e, rigisiti ne berga, eresa akitani, deragisa igisiti beradan kereta, arisiti gari, beradandan, taridan e.
Gāri bora dēra šerša šeršadanda e, rigšis ne berga, erša akitani, dēragša igšis beradan kerta, aršis gāri, beradandan, taridan e.</text>
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    <title>File:Tablee.PNG</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ergative Pronoun chart</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ergative Pronoun chart</text>
    </revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mezzo</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Ergative Pronoun Chart</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ergative Pronoun Chart</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Dialect</title>
    <id>6249</id>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Athonite language</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Athonite Grammar]]

[[Athonite Swadesh List]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Grammar</title>
    <id>6251</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic, the citizens have their own dialect.
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
*It is written with the Greek alphabet, but for ease I'm rendering it here in the Latin alphabet.
==Orthography and Pronunciation==
*The name of the language is Athonite (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αþωνίτ&lt;/font&gt;).
*A spelling reform has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation.
*Double letters have been eliminated.
*An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel.
{|border=1
|i=No| Greek
|c=01| Latin
|c=02| Pronunciation
|-
|i=No| α
|c=01| a&lt;br&gt;ä
|c=02| f'''a'''ther when accented&lt;br&gt;b'''u'''t otherwise
|-
|i=No| αι
|c=01| e 
|c=02| b'''e'''d
|-
|i=No| αυ
|c=01| af before voiceless consonants&lt;br&gt;av otherwise
|-
|i=No| β
|c=01| v
|c=02| '''v'''ine
|-
|i=No| γ
|c=01| g
|c=02| Sp. va'''g'''ar
|-
|i=No| γγ
|c=01| ng
|c=02| si'''ng'''
|-
|i=No| γκ
|c=01| g
|c=02| '''g'''o
|-
|i=No| γξ
|c=01| nks
|c=02| ly'''nx'''
|-
|i=No| γχ
|c=01| nkh
|c=02| '''n'''ew + Ger. i'''ch'''
|-
|i=No| δ
|c=01| ð
|c=02| '''th'''at
|-
|i=No| ε
|c=01| e
|c=02| b'''e'''t
|-
|i=No| ει
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|-
|i=No| ɛυ
|c=01| ef before voiceless consonants&lt;br&gt;ev otherwise
|-
|i=No| ζ
|c=01| z
|c=02| '''z'''oo
|-
|i=No| η
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|-
|i=No| θ
|c=01| þ
|c=02| '''th'''in
|-
|i=No| ι
|c=01| i 
|c=02| b'''ee'''
|-
|i=No| κ
|c=01| k
|c=02| '''k'''in
|-
|i=No| λ
|c=01| l
|c=02| '''l'''ong
|-
|i=No| μ
|c=01| m
|c=02| '''m'''at
|-
|i=No| μπ
|c=01| b
|c=02| '''b'''at
|-
|i=No| ν
|c=01| n
|c=02| '''n'''ap
|-
|i=No| ντ
|c=01| d
|c=02| '''d'''ot
|-
|i=No| ξ
|c=01| x
|c=02| a'''x'''
|- 
|i=No| ο
|c=01| ø
|c=02| '''awe'''
|-
|i=No| οι
|c=01| i
|c=02| f'''ee'''t
|- 
|i=No| ου
|c=01| u
|c=02| b'''oo'''t
|-
|i=No| π
|c=01| p
|c=02| '''p'''it
|-
|i=No| ρ
|c=01| r
|c=02| Sp. pe'''r'''o
|-
|i=No| ς
|c=01| s
|c=02| '''z'''oo before voiceless consonants&lt;br&gt;'''s'''ue otherwise
|-
|i=No| τ
|c=01| t
|c=02| '''t'''ap
|-
|i=No| τζ
|c=01| dz
|c=02| rea'''ds'''
|-
|i=No| υ
|c=01| i
|c=02| b'''ee'''
|-
|i=No| φ
|c=01| f
|c=02| '''f'''un
|-
|i=No| χ
|c=01| kh
|c=02| Ger. i'''ch'''
|-
|i=No| ψ
|c=01| ps
|c=02| li'''ps'''
|-
|i=No| ω
|c=01| o  
|c=02| b'''oa'''t
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
*Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
*Masculine nouns are those preceded by the definite article &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø ánþrop&lt;/font&gt;, the man; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø pätér&lt;/font&gt;, the father. The indefinite article is &lt;font color=blue&gt;en&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;en kíp&lt;/font&gt;, a garden.
*Feminine nouns are those preceded by the definite article &lt;font color=blue&gt;i&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;i pørt&lt;/font&gt;, the door; &lt;font color=blue&gt;i ginék&lt;/font&gt;, the woman. The indefinite article is &lt;font color=blue&gt;éni&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;én' istørí&lt;/font&gt;.
*Neuter nouns are those preceded by the definite article &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø gräfí&lt;/font&gt;, the office; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø péð&lt;/font&gt;, the child. The indefinite article is &lt;font color=blue&gt;énä&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;éna ðømáti&lt;/font&gt;.
*The final vowel is elided when it is the same as the initial vowel of the word following, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;én' istrí&lt;/font&gt;; &lt;font color=blue&gt;én' amáx&lt;/font&gt;.

====The Genitive Case====
*The genitive case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
*The singular definite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø þi&lt;/font&gt;, the uncle &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tu þi&lt;/font&gt;, of the uncle
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i þi&lt;/font&gt;, the aunt &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tis þi&lt;/font&gt;, of the aunt
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø pøð&lt;/font&gt;, the foot &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tu pøð&lt;/font&gt;, of the foot
*The singular indefinite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;en þi&lt;/font&gt;, an uncle &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énos þi&lt;/font&gt;, of an uncle
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;éni þi&lt;/font&gt;, an aunt &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énis þi&lt;/font&gt;, of an aunt
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;énä pøð&lt;/font&gt;, a foot &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énäs pøð&lt;/font&gt;, of the foot
*The plural definite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø þis&lt;/font&gt;, the uncles &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ton þis&lt;/font&gt;, of the uncles
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i þis&lt;/font&gt;, the aunts &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ton þis&lt;/font&gt;, of the aunts
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, the feet &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ton pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, of the feet
*The plural indefinite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;en þi&lt;/font&gt;, some uncles &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énon þis&lt;/font&gt;, of some uncles
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;éni þi&lt;/font&gt;, some aunts &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énon þis&lt;/font&gt;, of some aunts
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;énä pøð&lt;/font&gt;, some feet &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énon pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, of some feet
*The genitive case is used to express possession of appurtenance
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;T' ǿnøm tu pätér mu Vasíl in&lt;/font&gt;, the name of my father is Basil.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø äðélf mu en fil tu Giórgu in&lt;/font&gt;, my brother is a friend of George.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;I pørt tu spít mu mávr in&lt;/font&gt;, the door of my house is black.

====The Accusative Case====
*The accusative case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
*The singular definite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø þi&lt;/font&gt;, the uncle &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tøn þi&lt;/font&gt;, the uncle
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i þi&lt;/font&gt;, the aunt &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tin þi&lt;/font&gt;, the aunt
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø pøð&lt;/font&gt;, the foot &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tøn pøð&lt;/font&gt;, the foot
*The singular indefinite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;en þi&lt;/font&gt;, an uncle &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énøn þi&lt;/font&gt;, an uncle
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;éni þi&lt;/font&gt;, an aunt &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énin þi&lt;/font&gt;, an aunt
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;énä pøð&lt;/font&gt;, a foot &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énän pøð&lt;/font&gt;, the foot
*The plural definite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø þis&lt;/font&gt;, the uncles &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ta þis&lt;/font&gt;, the uncles
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i þis&lt;/font&gt;, the aunts &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ta þis&lt;/font&gt;, the aunts
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, the feet &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ta pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, the feet
*The plural indefinite article:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;en þi&lt;/font&gt;, some uncles &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énøn þis&lt;/font&gt;, some uncles
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;éni þi&lt;/font&gt;, some aunts &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énin þis&lt;/font&gt;, some aunts
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;énä pøð&lt;/font&gt;, some feet &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;énän pøðs&lt;/font&gt;, some feet
*The accusative case is used:
**After the prepositions &lt;font color=blue&gt;se, me, páno se, kontá se, mésä se, äpǿ, páno äpǿ, káto äpǿ, giá&lt;/font&gt;, etc.
**As the direct object of verbs, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;Go énon ánþrop vlep&lt;/font&gt;, I see a man.

===Adjectives===
*Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø käl ánþrop&lt;/font&gt;, the good man
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i käl ginék&lt;/font&gt;, the good woman
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø käl péð&lt;/font&gt;, the good child
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø megál kip&lt;/font&gt;, the large garden
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i megál pørt&lt;/font&gt;, the large door
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø megál ðomáti&lt;/font&gt;, the large room
*The adjectives &lt;font color=blue&gt;äft&lt;/font&gt;, 'this' and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ekín&lt;/font&gt;, 'that' precede the definite article.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äft ø ánþrop&lt;/font&gt;, this man
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äft ø kip&lt;/font&gt;, this garden
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äft i ginék&lt;/font&gt;, this woman
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äf' tø ped&lt;/font&gt;, this child
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äf' tø ämáx&lt;/font&gt;, this cart
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ekín ø ergát&lt;/font&gt;, that worker
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ekín i nikht&lt;/font&gt;, that night
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ekín tø ðomáti&lt;/font&gt;, that room
*Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðen&lt;/font&gt; in front of the verb.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø proín étim in&lt;/font&gt;, breakfast is ready.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø proín étim ðen in&lt;/font&gt;, breakfast is not ready.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø bar gemát ðen in&lt;/font&gt;, the bar is not full.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;äft i pørt megál ðen in&lt;/font&gt;, this door is not big.

====The Possessive Adjectives====
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;mu&lt;/font&gt;, my
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;mäs&lt;/font&gt;, our
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;su&lt;/font&gt;, your
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;säs&lt;/font&gt;, your
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tu&lt;/font&gt;, his&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tis&lt;/font&gt;, her&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tu&lt;/font&gt;, its
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;tus&lt;/font&gt;, their
|}
*These adjectives are put after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø spit&lt;/font&gt;, the house; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø spit mu&lt;/font&gt;, my house
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø fil&lt;/font&gt;, the friend; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ø fil mu&lt;/font&gt;, my friend
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø kher mu&lt;/font&gt;, my hand
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø pätér su&lt;/font&gt;, your father
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i mitér tis&lt;/font&gt;, her mother
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø kip mäs&lt;/font&gt;, our garden
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø kips mäs&lt;/font&gt;, our gardens
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø lept säs&lt;/font&gt;, your money
*The possessive adjectives are enclitics. They have no accent of their own but add a syllable to the word, so that the accent of the preceding word is drawn to them.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;t' ǿnøm&lt;/font&gt;, the name; &lt;font color=blue&gt;t' ønǿm mu&lt;/font&gt;, my name
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i ikøgéni&lt;/font&gt;, the family; &lt;font color=blue&gt;i ikøgení mu&lt;/font&gt;, my family
*When the nouns are preceded by an adjective the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø ämáx&lt;/font&gt;, the cart; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø kenúri ämáx&lt;/font&gt;, the new cart; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø kenúri ämáx mu&lt;/font&gt;, my new cart
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø käl fíl mäs&lt;/font&gt;, our good friend

====Comparison of Adjectives====
*Adjectives form the comparative degree by placing the word &lt;font color=blue&gt;piǿ&lt;/font&gt; in front them. They are then followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;apǿ&lt;/font&gt; and the accusative.
*Piǿ&lt;/font&gt; is an enclitic and causes an accent on the following adjective if it doesn't already have one.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø Mikhál plúsi in&lt;/font&gt;, Michael is rich.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø äðélf mu piǿ dinát pǿ tø äðélf su in&lt;/font&gt;, my brother is stronger than your brother.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø Gián piø ftókh äpǿ tǿn Kóstäs in&lt;/font&gt;, John is poorer than Costas.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Af' to spit piø kál ap' ekín&lt;/font&gt;, This house is better than that one.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Af' to äftokínet polí pio khír äpǿ tøn áløn in&lt;/font&gt;, This automobile much worse than the other.
*Adjectives form the superlative degree by using the definite article before the comparative form and the preposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;se&lt;/font&gt; after it.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø André ø piø kál mäþít støn tax tu&lt;/font&gt;, Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ø pätér tis ø piø plúsi stin Äþín in&lt;/font&gt;, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;I Elén i piø oré ginék stin Elláð it&lt;/font&gt;, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.

===Plural===
*Nouns form their plurals by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;-s&lt;/font&gt; to the word.
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;-is&lt;/font&gt; is added if the noun ends in &lt;font color=blue&gt;-s&lt;/font&gt;.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø ánþrops&lt;/font&gt;, the men
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø ándris&lt;/font&gt;, the men
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ø ergáts&lt;/font&gt;, the men
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i ädélfs&lt;/font&gt;, the sisters
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i mers&lt;/font&gt;, the days
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i léxis&lt;/font&gt;, the words
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;i sképsis&lt;/font&gt;, the thoughts
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø tsigárs&lt;/font&gt;, the cigarettes
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø ämáxis&lt;/font&gt;, the carts
**Irregular plurals:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø khróma&lt;/font&gt;, the color; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø khrómats&lt;/font&gt;, the colors
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;tø fos&lt;/font&gt;, the light; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tø fóts&lt;/font&gt;, the colors

===The Possessive Pronouns===
*The personal possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing the adjective &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðik&lt;/font&gt; to the possessive adjectives.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíkmu&lt;/font&gt;, my
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíkmäs&lt;/font&gt;, our
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíksu&lt;/font&gt;, your
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíksäs&lt;/font&gt;, your
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíktu&lt;/font&gt;, his&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíktis&lt;/font&gt;, her&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíktu&lt;/font&gt;, its
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðíktus&lt;/font&gt;, their
|}

===Telling Time===
*The hour is put first followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ke&lt;/font&gt;, plus, or &lt;font color=blue&gt;pärá&lt;/font&gt;, minus, and then the appropriate fraction or number of minutes, ''e.g.'',
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ti or in;&lt;/font&gt; What time is it?
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Tris in&lt;/font&gt;, It is three o'clock.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;I or tris ke tris lept in&lt;/font&gt;, It is three minutes past three.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ti or in päräkäló&lt;/font&gt;, What time is it, please?
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Tórä tris ke tétärt in, &lt;/font&gt;, Now it is a quartrer past three.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Okhi, tris ke tétärt ðen in, tris pärá tétärt in&lt;/font&gt;, No, it is not quarter past three, it is quarter to three.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;tórä pendé misi in&lt;/font&gt;, It is half past five.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ðóðekä pärá pénde leptá&lt;/font&gt;, It is five to twelve.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Éntekä ke pénde in&lt;/font&gt;, It is five past eleven.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;O Gián stin pénde irþ&lt;/font&gt;, John came at five.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ekätó lept éni or ke särándä lept in&lt;/font&gt;, A hundred minutes is one hour and forty minutes.

===Verbs===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Swadesh List</title>
    <id>6252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48113</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T06:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;font color=red&gt;Words of Turkish origin&lt;/font&gt;

{| border=1
|i=No| №
!c=en| English
!c=el| Greek
!c=at| Athonite
|-
|i=No| 1
|c=en| I
|c=el| εγώ
|c=at| γώ
|-
|i=No| 2
|c=en| thou&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;singular&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| εσύ
|c=at| ςύ
|-
|i=No| 3
|c=en| he&lt;br&gt;she&lt;br&gt;it
|c=el| αυτός&lt;br&gt;αυτή&lt;br&gt;αυτό
|c=at| τός&lt;br&gt;τή&lt;br&gt;τό
|-
|i=No| 4
|c=en| we
|c=el| εμείς
|c=at| μίς
|-
|i=No| 5
|c=en| you&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;plural&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| εσείς
|c=at| ςίς
|-
|i=No| 6
|c=en| they
|c=el| αυτoί&lt;br&gt;αυτές&lt;br&gt;αυτά
|c=at| τί&lt;br&gt;τές&lt;br&gt;τά&lt;br&gt;
|-
|i=No| 7
|c=en| this
|c=el| αυτός
|c=at| αυτ
|-
|i=No| 8
|c=en| that
|c=el| αυτός (εκεί)
|c=at| εκίν
|-
|i=No| 9
|c=en| here
|c=el| εδώ
|c=at| εδώ
|-
|i=No| 10
|c=en| there
|c=el| εκεί
|c=at| εκί
|-
|i=No| 11
|c=en| who
|c=el| ποιός
|c=at| πι
|-
|i=No| 12
|c=en| what
|c=el| τι
|c=at| τι
|-
|i=No| 13
|c=en| where
|c=el| πού
|c=at| που
|-
|i=No| 14
|c=en| when
|c=el| πότε
|c=at| πoτ
|-
|i=No| 15
|c=en| how
|c=el| πως
|c=at| πως
|-
|i=No| 16
|c=en| not
|c=el| δεν / μη
|c=at| δεν / μι
|-
|i=No| 17
|c=en| all
|c=el| όλος
|c=lu| oλ
|-
|i=No| 18
|c=en| many
|c=el| πολλοί
|c=lu| πολ
|-
|i=No| 19
|c=en| some
|c=el| μερικός
|c=lu| μερίκ
|-
|i=No| 20
|c=en| few
|c=el| λίγοι
|c=lu| λιγ
|-
|i=No| 21
|c=en| other
|c=el| άλλος
|c=lu| αλ
|-
|i=No| 22
|c=en| one
|c=el| ένας&lt;br&gt;μια&lt;br&gt;ένα
|c=lu| έν
|-
|i=No| 23
|c=en| two
|c=el| δύο
|c=lu| δύο
|-
|i=No| 24
|c=en| three
|c=el| τρείς
|c=lu| τρις
|-
|i=No| 25
|c=en| four
|c=el| τέσσερα
|c=lu| τέςερ
|-
|i=No| 26
|c=en| five
|c=el| πέντε
|c=lu| πεντ&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/pɛd/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 27
|c=en| big
|c=el| μεγάλος
|c=lu| μεγάλ
|-
|i=No| 28
|c=en| long
|c=el| μακρύς
|c=lu| μακρ
|-
|i=No| 29
|c=en| wide
|c=el| ευρύς
|c=lu| ευρ
|-
|i=No| 30
|c=en| thick
|c=el| παχός
|c=lu| παχ
|-
|i=No| 31
|c=en| heavy
|c=el| βαρύς
|c=lu| βαρ
|-
|i=No| 32
|c=en| small
|c=el| μικρός
|c=lu| μικρ
|-
|i=No| 33
|c=en| short
|c=el| κοντός
|c=lu| κοντ&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/kɔd/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 34
|c=en| narrow
|c=el| στενός
|c=lu| ςτεν
|-
|i=No| 35
|c=en| thin
|c=el| λεπτός
|c=lu| λεπτ
|-
|i=No| 36
|c=en| woman
|c=el| γυναίκα
|c=lu| γυνέκ, -ες
|-
|i=No| 37
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;adult male&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| άντρας
|c=lu| αντρ, -ι&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/adr/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 38
|c=en| man&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;human being&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| άνθρωπος
|c=lu| άνθρωπ, -ι
|-
|i=No| 39
|c=en| child&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;a youth&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| παιδί
|c=lu| πεδ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 40
|c=en| wife
|c=el| σύζυγος
|c=lu| &lt;font color=red&gt;χάνιμ&lt;/font&gt;, -ες
|-
|i=No| 41
|c=en| husband
|c=el| σύζυγος
|c=lu| &lt;font color=red&gt;εφέντ, -ι&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=green&gt;/ɛf'ɛd/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 42
|c=en| mother
|c=el| μητέρα
|c=lu| μιτέρ, -ες
|-
|i=No| 43
|c=en| father
|c=el| πατέρας
|c=lu| πατέρ, -ι
|-
|i=No| 44
|c=en| animal
|c=el| ζώ
|c=lu| ζω, -α
|-
|i=No| 45
|c=en| fish
|c=el| ψάρι
|c=lu| ψάρ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 46
|c=en| bird
|c=el| πουλί
|c=lu| πουλ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 47
|c=en| dog
|c=el| σκύλος
|c=lu| ςκυλ, -α
|-
|i=No| 48
|c=en| louse
|c=el| ψείρα
|c=lu| &lt;font color=red&gt;μπιτ, -α&lt;/font&gt; (&lt;font color=green&gt;/bit/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 49
|c=en| snake
|c=el| φίδι
|c=lu| φιδ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 50
|c=en| worm
|c=el| σκουλίκι
|c=lu| ςκουλίκ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 51
|c=en| tree
|c=el| δέντρο
|c=lu| δεντρ, -α&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/ðɛdr/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 52
|c=en| forest
|c=el| δάσος
|c=lu| δας, -α
|-
|i=No| 53
|c=en| stick&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;of wood&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| κλαδί
|c=lu| κλαδ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 54
|c=en| fruit
|c=el| φρούτο
|c=lu| φρουτ, -α
|-
|i=No| 55
|c=en| seed
|c=el| σπόρος
|c=lu| ςπορ, -α
|-
|i=No| 56
|c=en| leaf
|c=el| φύλλο
|c=lu| φυλ, -α
|-
|i=No| 57
|c=en| root
|c=el| ρίζα
|c=lu| ριζ, -α
|-
|i=No| 58
|c=en| bark&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;of tree&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| φλούδα
|c=lu| φλουδ, -α
|-
|i=No| 59
|c=en| flower
|c=el| λουλούδι
|c=lu| λουλούδ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 60
|c=en| grass
|c=el| χορτάρι
|c=lu| χορτάρ, -iα
|-
|i=No| 61
|c=en| rope
|c=el| σκοινί
|c=lu| ςκιν, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 62
|c=en| skin&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;of a person&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| δέρμα
|c=lu| δερμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 63
|c=en| meat
|c=el| κρέας
|c=lu| κρε, -α
|-
|i=No| 64
|c=en| blood
|c=el| αίμα
|c=lu| εμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 65
|c=en| bone
|c=el| κόκκαλο
|c=lu| κόκαλ, -α
|-
|i=No| 66
|c=en| fat&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| λίπος
|c=lu| λιπ, -α
|-
|i=No| 67
|c=en| egg
|c=el| αυγό
|c=lu| αυγ, -ά
|-
|i=No| 68
|c=en| horn
|c=el| κεράτο
|c=lu| κεράτ, -α
|-
|i=No| 69
|c=en| tail
|c=el| ουρά
|c=lu| ουρ, -ά
|-
|i=No| 70
|c=en| feather
|c=el| πούπουλο
|c=lu| πούπουλ, -α
|-
|i=No| 71
|c=en| hair
|c=el| τρίχωμα
|c=lu| τρίχωμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 72
|c=en| head
|c=el| κεφάλι
|c=lu| κεφάλ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 73
|c=en| ear
|c=el| αυτί
|c=lu| αυτ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 74
|c=en| eye
|c=el| μάτι
|c=lu| ματ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 75
|c=en| nose
|c=el| μύτη
|c=lu| μυτ, -α
|-
|i=No| 76
|c=en| mouth
|c=el| στόμα
|c=lu| ςτoμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 77
|c=en| tooth
|c=el| δόντι
|c=lu| δoντ, -ια&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/ðɔd/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 78
|c=en| tongue
|c=el| γλώσσα
|c=lu| γλως, -α
|-
|i=No| 79
|c=en| fingernail
|c=el| νύχι
|c=lu| νυχ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 80
|c=en| foot
|c=el| πατούσα
|c=lu| πατούς, -α
|-
|i=No| 81
|c=en| leg
|c=el| πόδι
|c=lu| ποδ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 82
|c=en| knee
|c=el| γόνατο
|c=lu| γόνατ, -α
|-
|i=No| 83
|c=en| hand
|c=el| χέρι
|c=lu| χερ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 84
|c=en| wing
|c=el| φτερό
|c=lu| φτερ, -α
|-
|i=No| 85
|c=en| belly
|c=el| κοιλιά
|c=lu| κιλ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 86
|c=en| guts
|c=el| εντέρα
|c=lu| εντέρ, -α&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/ɛd'ɛr&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 87
|c=en| neck
|c=el| λαιμός
|c=lu| λεμ, -ά
|-
|i=No| 88
|c=en| back
|c=el| πλάτη
|c=lu| πλατ, -α
|-
|i=No| 89
|c=en| breast
|c=el| στήθος
|c=lu| ςτιθ, -α
|-
|i=No| 90
|c=en| heart
|c=el| καρδιά
|c=lu| καρδ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 91
|c=en| liver
|c=el| συκώτι
|c=lu| ςυκώτ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 92
|c=en| drink
|c=el| πίνω
|c=lu| πίνω
|-
|i=No| 93
|c=en| eat
|c=el| τρώω
|c=lu| τρώω
|-
|i=No| 94
|c=en| bite
|c=el| δαγκώνω
|c=lu| δαγκώνω&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/ðaŋ'kono/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 95
|c=en| suck
|c=el| ρουφάω
|c=lu| ρουφώ
|-
|i=No| 96
|c=en| spit
|c=el| φτύνω
|c=lu| φτύνω
|-
|i=No| 97
|c=en| vomit
|c=el| ξερνάω
|c=lu| ξερνώ
|-
|i=No| 98
|c=en| blow
|c=el| φυσώ
|c=lu| φυςώ
|-
|i=No| 99
|c=en| breathe
|c=el| αναπνέω
|c=lu| αναπνώ
|-
|i=No| 100
|c=en| laugh
|c=el| γελάω
|c=lu| γελώ
|-
|i=No| 101
|c=en| see
|c=el| βλέπω
|c=lu| βλέπω
|-
|i=No| 102
|c=en| hear
|c=el| ακούω
|c=lu| ακούω
|-
|i=No| 103
|c=en| know&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;a fact&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| γνωρίζω
|c=lu| γνωρίζω
|-
|i=No| 104
|c=en| think
|c=el| σκέφτομαι
|c=lu| ςκέφτομε
|-
|i=No| 105
|c=en| smell&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(sense odor)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| μυρίζω
|c=lu| μυρίζω
|-
|i=No| 106
|c=en| fear
|c=el| φοβάμαι
|c=lu| φοβάμε
|-
|i=No| 107
|c=en| sleep
|c=el| κοιμάμαι
|c=lu| κιμάμε
|-
|i=No| 108
|c=en| live
|c=el| ζω
|c=lu| ζω
|-
|i=No| 109
|c=en| die
|c=el| πεθαίνω
|c=lu| πεθένω
|-
|i=No| 110
|c=en| kill
|c=el| σκοτώνω
|c=lu| ςκοτώνω
|-
|i=No| 111
|c=en| fight
|c=el| τσακώνομαι
|c=lu| τςακώνομε
|-
|i=No| 112
|c=en| hunt
|c=el| κυνηγώ
|c=lu| κυνηγώ
|-
|i=No| 113
|c=en| hit
|c=el| χτυπώ
|c=lu| χτυπώ
|-
|i=No| 114
|c=en| cut
|c=el| κόβω
|c=lu| κόβω
|-
|i=No| 115
|c=en| split
|c=el| σχίζω
|c=lu| ςχίζω
|-
|i=No| 116
|c=en| stab
|c=el| μαχπόβω
|c=lu| μαχπόβω
|-
|i=No| 117
|c=en| scratch
|c=el| ξύνω
|c=lu| ξύνω
|-
|i=No| 118
|c=en| dig
|c=el| σκάβω
|c=lu| ςκάβω
|-
|i=No| 119
|c=en| swim
|c=el| κολύμπω
|c=lu| κολύμπω&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/kɔ'lybo/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 120
|c=en| fly
|c=el| πετώ
|c=lu| πετώ
|-
|i=No| 121
|c=en| walk
|c=el| περπατώ
|c=lu| περπατώ
|-
|i=No| 122
|c=en| come
|c=el| έρχομαι
|c=lu| έρχομε
|-
|i=No| 123
|c=en| lie&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;as on one's side&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| ψεύδομαι
|c=lu| ψεύδομe
|-
|i=No| 124
|c=en| sit
|c=el| καθίζω
|c=lu| καθίζω
|-
|i=No| 125
|c=en| stand
|c=el| κείμαι
|c=lu| κίμε
|-
|i=No| 126
|c=en| turn
|c=el| τορνεύω
|c=lu| τορνεύω
|-
|i=No| 127
|c=en| fall
|c=el| πέφτω
|c=lu| πέφτω
|-
|i=No| 128
|c=en| give
|c=el| δίνω
|c=lu| δίνω
|-
|i=No| 129
|c=en| hold
|c=el| βαστάζω
|c=lu| βαςτάζω
|-
|i=No| 130
|c=en| squeeze
|c=el| σφίνγω
|c=lu| ςφινγω&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;/'sfiŋo/&lt;/font&gt;)
|-
|i=No| 131
|c=en| rub
|c=el| τρίνω
|c=lu| τρίνω
|-
|i=No| 132
|c=en| wash
|c=el| πλένω
|c=lu| πλένω
|-
|i=No| 133
|c=en| wipe
|c=el| κουπίζω
|c=lu| κουπίζω
|-
|i=No| 134
|c=en| pull
|c=el| τραβάω
|c=lu| τραβώ
|-
|i=No| 135
|c=en| push
|c=el| σπρώχνω
|c=lu| ςπρώχνω
|-
|i=No| 136
|c=en| throw
|c=el| απόσπω
|c=lu| απόςπω
|-
|i=No| 137
|c=en| tie
|c=el| δένω
|c=lu| δένω
|-
|i=No| 138
|c=en| sew
|c=el| ράπτω
|c=lu| ράπτω
|-
|i=No| 139
|c=en| count
|c=el| αριθμώ
|c=lu| αριθμώ
|-
|i=No| 140
|c=en| say
|c=el| λέγω
|c=lu| λέγω
|-
|i=No| 141
|c=en| sing
|c=el| τραγουδώ
|c=lu| τραγουδώ
|-
|i=No| 142
|c=en| play
|c=el| παίζω
|c=lu| πέζω
|-
|i=No| 143
|c=en| float
|c=el| πλέω
|c=lu| πλέω
|-
|i=No| 144
|c=en| flow
|c=el| ρέω
|c=lu| ρέω
|-
|i=No| 145
|c=en| freeze
|c=el| παγώνω
|c=lu| παγώνω
|-
|i=No| 146
|c=en| swell
|c=el| πρίσκω
|c=lu| πρίςκω
|-
|i=No| 147
|c=en| sun
|c=el| ήλιος
|c=lu| ιλ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 148
|c=en| moon
|c=el| σελήνη
|c=lu| ςελίν, -α
|-
|i=No| 149
|c=en| star
|c=el| αστέρι
|c=lu| αςτέρ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 150
|c=en| water
|c=el| νερό
|c=lu| &lt;font color=red&gt;ςου, -α&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| 151
|c=en| rain
|c=el| βρέχο
|c=lu| βρέχ, -α
|-
|i=No| 152
|c=en| river
|c=el| ποτάμι
|c=lu| ποτάμ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 153
|c=en| lake
|c=el| λίμνο
|c=lu| λιμν, -α
|-
|i=No| 154
|c=en| sea
|c=el| θαλάσσα
|c=lu| θαλάς, -α
|-
|i=No| 155
|c=en| salt
|c=el| αλάτι
|c=lu| αλάτ, -ια
|-
|i=No| 156
|c=en| stone
|c=el| λίθος
|c=lu| λιθ, -a
|-
|i=No| 157
|c=en| sand
|c=el| άμμος
|c=lu| αμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 158
|c=en| dust
|c=el| σκόνη
|c=lu| ςκον, -a
|-
|i=No| 159
|c=en| earth&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;as in soil&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| γέ
|c=lu| γε, -α
|-
|i=No| 160
|c=en| cloud
|c=el| νεφέλη
|c=lu| νεφέλ, -a
|-
|i=No| 161
|c=en| fog
|c=el| ομίχλη
|c=lu| ομίχλ, -a
|-
|i=No| 162
|c=en| sky
|c=el| ουρανός
|c=lu| ουράν, -α
|-
|i=No| 163
|c=en| wind&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;as in breeze&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| άνεμος
|c=lu| άνεμ, -α
|-
|i=No| 164
|c=en| snow
|c=el| χιόνι
|c=lu| χιον, -α
|-
|i=No| 165
|c=en| ice
|c=el| πάγος
|c=lu| παγ, -α
|-
|i=No| 166
|c=en| smoke
|c=el| καπνός
|c=lu| καπν, -α
|-
|i=No| 167
|c=en| fire
|c=el| φωτιά
|c=lu| φωτ, -ιά
|-
|i=No| 168
|c=en| ashes
|c=el| στάχτη
|c=lu| ςταχτ
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| burn&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;transitive&lt;/font&gt;)
|c=el| καίω
|c=lu| καίω
|-
|i=No| 169
|c=en| burn&lt;br&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;intransitive&lt;/font&gt;)
|c=el| καίγαμαι
|c=lu| καίω
|-
|i=No| 170
|c=en| road
|c=el| δρόμος
|c=lu| δρομ, -α
|-
|i=No| 171
|c=en| mountain
|c=el| βουνό
|c=lu| βουν, -α
|-
|i=No| 172
|c=en| red
|c=el| κόκκινος
|c=lu| κόκιν
|-
|i=No| 173
|c=en| green
|c=el| πράσινος
|c=lu| πράςιν
|-
|i=No| 174
|c=en| yellow
|c=el| κίτρινος
|c=lu| κίτριν
|-
|i=No| 175
|c=en| white
|c=el| άσπρος
|c=lu| ασπρ
|-
|i=No| 176
|c=en| black
|c=el| μαύρος
|c=lu| μαυρ
|-
|i=No| 177
|c=en| night
|c=el| νύχτα
|c=lu| νυχτ, -α
|-
|i=No| 178
|c=en| day
|c=el| ημέρα
|c=lu| ιμέρ, -α
|-
|i=No| 179
|c=en| year
|c=el| έτος
|c=lu| ετ, -a
|-
|i=No| 180
|c=en| warm
|c=el| θερμός
|c=lu| θερμ
|-
|i=No| 181
|c=en| cold
|c=el| κρύο
|c=lu| κρυ
|-
|i=No| 182
|c=en| full
|c=el| πλήρης
|c=lu| πλιρ
|-
|i=No| 183
|c=en| new
|c=el| νέος
|c=lu| νε
|-
|i=No| 184
|c=en| old
|c=el| παλαιός
|c=lu| παλέ
|-
|i=No| 185
|c=en| good
|c=el| καλός
|c=lu| καλ
|-
|i=No| 186
|c=en| bad
|c=el| κακός
|c=lu| κακ
|-
|i=No| 187
|c=en| rotten
|c=el| σάπιος
|c=lu| ςαπ
|-
|i=No| 188
|c=en| dirty
|c=el| βρώμικος
|c=lu| βρώμικ
|-
|i=No| 189
|c=en| straight
|c=el| ίσια
|c=lu| ις
|-
|i=No| 190
|c=en| round
|c=el| κύκλος
|c=lu| κυκλ
|-
|i=No| 191
|c=en| sharp
|c=el| αιχμηρός
|c=lu| εχμίρ
|-
|i=No| 192
|c=en| dull
|c=el| εξασθενίστε
|c=lu| εξαςθενίςτ
|-
|i=No| 193
|c=en| smooth
|c=el| λείος
|c=lu| λι
|-
|i=No| 194
|c=en| wet
|c=el| υγρός
|c=lu| υγρ
|-
|i=No| 195
|c=en| dry
|c=el| ξεράνετε
|c=lu| ξεράνετ
|-
|i=No| 196
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;correct&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| διορθώστε
|c=lu| διορθώςτ
|-
|i=No| 197
|c=en| near
|c=el| κοντά
|c=lu| κοντ (/kɔd/)
|-
|i=No| 198
|c=en| far
|c=el| μακριά
|c=lu| μακρ
|-
|i=No| 199
|c=en| right&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;font color=green&gt;side&lt;/font&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| δεξιός
|c=lu| δεξ
|-
|i=No| 200
|c=en| left
|c=el| αριστερός
|c=lu| αριςτέρ
|-
|i=No| 201
|c=en| at
|c=el| σε
|c=lu| ςε
|-
|i=No| 202
|c=en| in
|c=el| (μέσα) σε
|c=lu| μες
|-
|i=No| 203
|c=en| with&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(accompanying)&lt;/small&gt;
|c=el| με
|c=lu| με
|-
|i=No| 204
|c=en| and
|c=el| και
|c=lu| κε
|-
|i=No| 205
|c=en| if
|c=el| εάν
|c=lu| αν
|-
|i=No| 206
|c=en| because
|c=el| επειδή
|c=lu| επίδ
|-
|i=No| 207
|c=en| name
|c=el| όνομα
|c=lu| όνομ, -α
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Athonite Swadesh List</title>
    <id>6253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44519</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-30T14:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What indicates words of Turkish origin?
[[User:Eldin raigmore|eldin]] 18:52, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

== Minor edit: pléofont&gt; s/b pléo&lt; /font&gt;  ==

I corrected it (changed pléofont&gt; to pléo&lt; /font&gt; ).  I hope that's OK.
:Of course, it's OK.  I'm working on this Swadesh list.  Sorry I didn't answer your question sooner.  I'm not used to checking the discussion on my pages!  I will be indicating words of Turkish origin in red.  There won't be too many on the Swadesh list, though.  Now that I know that the Greek immigrants from Turkey spoke Turkish, not Greek, as their L1, I feel a little less constrained to pepper Athonite with Turkish words. [[User:Caeruleancentaur|Charlie]] 14:45, 30 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/Nt</title>
    <id>6254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47140</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T20:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Elsewhere: Finnic &amp; Mansi *nt, Permic &amp; Hungarian *d

{|
|-
! Lexeme !! Mari !! Samic !! Khanty !! Samoyedic !! JV !! A !! Comments (''JV'' / &quot;A&quot;)
|-
| &quot;low, lowland&quot; || *nd || *mt || - || *mt || *mt || *mt || ''IE influence in Mari [[Proto-Uralic/A#Standard PU *ë|per vocalism]]''
|-
| &quot;wide&quot; || *md || *mt || *mət || - || *mt || ? ||
|-
| &quot;body cavity&quot; || - || *mt || *nt || - || *mt || *mt ||  ''medial in Kh. → no shwa''
|- 
| &quot;to feel&quot; || - || *mt || - || *mt || *mt || ?
|-
| &quot;cover&quot; || *md || *mt || - || - || *mt || *mt || cf. Altaic
|- 
| &quot;forest&quot; || - || (*wt) || *nt || - || *nt || *mt || ''Samic more likely ← Gmc.''
|-
| &quot;to carry&quot; || *nd || *nt || *nt || *nt || *nt || *n+t  || &quot;Analogical&quot;
|-
| &quot;company&quot; || - || *nt || *nt || *nt || *nt || -
|-
| &quot;string&quot; || *nd || *nt || *nt || *nt || *nt || *xmt
|-
| &quot;bird, goose&quot; || - || *nt || *nt || - || *nt || *ŋt
|-
| &quot;tree stump&quot; || - || *nt || *nt || - || *nt || *mt || &quot;Finnish influence in Samic&quot;
|-
| &quot;to fail&quot; || - || *nt || *nt || - || *nt || -
|-
| &quot;to catch&quot; || - || *nt || - || *nt || *nt || *ŋt
|-
| &quot;to freeze&quot; || - || - || *nt || - || *ŋ+t || *ŋ+t / *mt || ''derived from *jäŋi''
|-
| &quot;horn&quot; || - || - || *ŋət || *mt || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ŋt || *mt ||
|-
| &quot;edge&quot; || - || - || - || *ŋt || - || ''pair with previous, post-PU''
|-
| &quot;tree cavity&quot; || - || *wt || *ŋət || - || *ŋt ||  ||
|-
| &quot;sting&quot; || *nd || - || *ŋt || *ŋt || *ŋt || *ŋt || ''medial in Kh. → no shwa''
|-
| &quot;shaft&quot; || - || *wt || - || - || *ŋt ||
|-
| &quot;first&quot; || - || *wt || - || - || *ŋt ||
|-
| &quot;rib&quot; || - || - || *ŋt || - || *ŋt || *ŋt || ''medial in Kh.''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:A. da Mek</title>
    <id>6255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43042</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T10:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A. da Mek</username>
        <id>1279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: *Conlangs **Indo-European conlangs ***[[´Mek]] **Semitic conlangs ***[[Ged¨hi]] *Concultures **[[Dexterland]] **[[Hexapotamia]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Conlangs
**Indo-European conlangs
***[[´Mek]]
**Semitic conlangs
***[[Ged¨hi]]
*Concultures
**[[Dexterland]]
**[[Hexapotamia]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ged¨hi</title>
    <id>6256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43045</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T11:03:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A. da Mek</username>
        <id>1279</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ged¨hi''' and '''Zeªhţi''' are related to East-Semitic languages, but they also acquired many areal features of the [[Shedshian sprachbund]].

They are spoken in the Lands of Both Dracon's Flanks, especially in the Holy Land of Hexapotamia.

Acording to the legend, Ged¨hu and Zeªhţu were brothers who left their overpopulated homeland, sailed beyond Pillars of Heracles and after a long voyage settled near the Rhipean Mountain. 

=Grammar=

==Phonology==

Ged¨hi language retained all 29 Proto-Semitic consonants.

Vowels in rots were reduced and merged to the vowel '''e'''.

Another new vowel '''o''' was introduced probably due to adstrate influences, although the Ged¨hi classical grammarians claim that it was not an inovation but a retained archaism.

The old long vowels were shortened, but new length arised from contraction:

:ú &amp;lt; uwu
:í &amp;lt; uwi
:á &amp;lt; uwa
:ó &amp;lt; uwo
:é &amp;lt; uwe

This occurs mainly in all masculine plural nominal forms, and also it caused the irregularity of verbs primae waw, where it occurs in intensive and pasive stems. 

===Orthography===

According to the early traditional orthography, the consonants are represented by 22 basic letters and 2 diacritic marks.

It can be written either right to left:

א ב ג גֿ ד דֿ ה װ ז ח ט טֿ ײ כ כֿ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ צ׳ ק ר ש ש׳ ת תֿ

or left to right:

A Б Γ Γ` D D` E W Z Η Θ Θ` И K K` L M N Ξ O Π Ψ Ψ' Q R Ш Ш' T T`

Some combinations of a letter with a diacritic can be optionally writen as ligatures:

:Γ` = Ω (great O)
:D` = Ð
:K` = X (slim H)
:T` = Þ

A Б Γ Ω D Ð E W Z Η Θ Θ` И K X L M N Ξ O Π Ψ Ψ' Q R Ш Ш' T Þ

In 437 CE, '''Б И Ξ Π Ψ Ш''' were replaced by Latin letters '''B J C P Ç''' and Greek '''Σ''', whereas the ligatures '''Ð Þ''' were temporalily abandoned: 

A B Γ Ω D D` E W Z H Θ Θ` J K X L M N C O P Ç Ç' Q R Σ Σ' T T`

In November 885 CE, the remaining Greek letters '''Γ Ω Θ Θ` Σ''' were replaced by Latin letters '''G G` T¸ Þ¸ ''' and '''Ð Þ''' were reintroduced, whereas '''Ω''' was abandoned: 

A B G G` D Ð E W Z Η T¸ Þ¸ J K X L M N C O P Ç Ç' Q R S S' T Þ

The reform at the begining of the XV century changed the orthography of laryngeals and vowels:

¨ b g gh d ð ¨h w z ªh t¸ þ¸ j k x l m n c ºh p ç ç' q r s s' t þ

Before the reform, the vowel ''a'' was not written and was considered to be implicitly contained in the letters for consonants. When the mark ''':''' (called '''se¨ewatu''' &quot;emptiness&quot;) was placed after the consonat, it canceled this inherent ''a''. When the vowel '''V''' or '''I''' was placed immediatelly after the consonat, it contracted with the inherent ''a'' to ''o'' and ''e'' respectivelly.

Thus for exapmle, the word '''beºhlatu''' &quot;lady&quot; was written '''BIO:LT:V'''.

===Pronunciation===

The two main dialects differs in the pronunciation of sibilants. In more archaic Upper Ged¨hi, '''c''' is the voiceless alveolar affricate and '''s''' is the voiceless alveolar fricative, whereas in Lower Ged¨hi, '''c''' is the voiceless alveolar fricative and '''s''' is the voiceless postalveolar fricative. The standard language avoids the ambiguous voiceless alveolar fricative and prescribes the pronunciation of '''c''' as in Upper dialect and '''s''' as in Lower dialect.

In beletry, the dialect or sociolect of the speaking person can be marked in the direct speech:

{| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
! unmarked speech
| c || s
|-
! standard speech
| c || s&quot;
|-
! archaic speech
| c || ß
|-
! coloquial speech
| ß || s&quot;
|-
! debased speech
| ß || ß
|} 

* The standard speech is used by priests, actors, teachers, heralds, politicians, publicists.
* The archaic speech is used by villagers, especially by elderly persons living in outlying areas of the Upper Land.
* The coloquial speech is used especially by urban folk.
* The debased speech is used mainly in slums.

Along the East Coast, there is a continuum of dialects in which the northern sound '''g''' changes unconditionally through '''d&quot;''' and '''g&quot;''' to southern '''z&quot;'''.

In the Perhati dialect, '''g''' and '''k''' are palatalized before '''i''' to '''d&quot;''' and '''t&quot;''' respectively.

==Morphology==

===Declension===

* sg.
** nom. '''beºhlu''' &quot;a lord&quot;, '''beºhlatu''' &quot;a lady&quot;
** gen. '''beºhli''' &quot;of a lord&quot;, '''beºhlati''' &quot;of a lady&quot;
** acc. '''beºhla''' &quot;a lord&quot;, '''beºhlata''' &quot;a lady&quot;
** dat. '''beºhlo''' &quot;to a lord&quot;, '''beºhlato''' &quot;to a lady&quot;
* pl.
** nom. '''beºhlú &amp;lt; *beºhluwu''' &quot;lords&quot;, '''beºhlátu &amp;lt; *beºhluwatu''' &quot;ladies&quot;
** gen. '''beºhlí &amp;lt; *beºhluwi'''  &quot;of lords&quot;, '''beºhláti &amp;lt; *beºhluwati''' &quot;of ladies&quot;
** acc. '''beºhlá &amp;lt; *beºhluwa'''  &quot;lords&quot;, '''beºhláta &amp;lt; *beºhluwata''' &quot;ladies&quot;
** dat. '''beºhló &amp;lt; *beºhluwo'''  &quot;to lords&quot;, '''beºhláto &amp;lt; *beºhluwato''' &quot;to ladies&quot;
* du.
** nom. '''beºhlujwu''' &quot;a pair of lords&quot;, '''beºhlujwatu''' &quot;a pair of ladies&quot;
** gen. '''beºhlujwi''' &quot;of a pair of lords&quot;, '''beºhlujwati''' &quot;of a pair of ladies&quot;
** acc. '''beºhlujwa''' &quot;a pair of lords&quot;, '''beºhlujwata''' &quot;a pair of ladies&quot;
** dat. '''beºhlujwo''' &quot;to a pair of lords&quot;, '''beºhlujwato''' &quot;to a pair of ladies&quot;

====Articles====

Using of articles is not obligatory; definite article is nothing else than a deictic pronoun and the indefinite article is nothing else than a variant of the numeral &quot;one&quot;.

The indefinite article is also known as the existential quantifier; the general quantifier is '''kelu''' which with appositive case means &quot;whole&quot;, with gen.pl. &quot;all&quot; and with gen.sg. &quot;every&quot;:

* '''kelu jewmu''' &quot;every day&quot;
* '''kelu jewmí''' &quot;all days&quot;
* '''kelu jewmi''' &quot;whole day&quot;

In addition to the definite article '''su''' &quot;the&quot;, there is also the article '''¨hu''' which is glossed as &quot;The&quot; or &quot;He&quot;; it marks uniqueness (absolute or local):

* '''beºhlu''' &quot;a lord&quot;, '''¨hu-beºhlu''' &quot;the Lord&quot;
* '''¨elu''' &quot;a god&quot;, '''¨hu-¨elu''' &quot;the God&quot;
* '''¨erç'u''' &quot;earth&quot;, '''¨hu-¨erç'u''' &quot;the Earth&quot;
* '''þelþu''' &quot;three&quot;, '''¨hu-þelþu''' &quot;the Trinity&quot;
* '''gedu''' &quot;a grandfather&quot;, '''¨hu-gedu'''&quot;our forefather&quot;
* '''melku''' &quot;a king&quot;, '''¨hu-melku''' &quot;our king&quot;
* '''peru''' &quot;mansion&quot;, '''¨hu-peru''' &quot;our king's residence&quot;

Also &quot;the Church (catholic)&quot;; &quot;the Party (comunistic)&quot;; &quot;the Prophet (Muhammad)&quot;; &quot;the Cross&quot;; &quot;our duke&quot;; &quot;our president&quot;; &quot;our director&quot;; &quot;our chief, captain, principal&quot;; &quot;our boss&quot;; &quot;our empire&quot;; &quot;our shire&quot;; &quot;our capital&quot;; &quot;our city&quot;; &quot;our village&quot;.

As any other appositive attribute, it may be placed also after the word:

* '''¨hu-beºhlu''' = '''beºhlu-¨hu''' &quot;the Lord&quot;
* '''¨hu-¨elu''' = '''¨elu-¨hu''' &quot;the God&quot;
* '''¨hu-gedu''' = '''gedu-¨hu''' &quot;our forefather&quot;
* '''¨hu-peru''' = '''peru-¨hu''' &quot;our king's residence&quot;

====Mimation====

The '''-m''' placed at the end of a nominal form marks the end of a phrase. Mimation is absent before an attribute (appositive or genitive) and before pause (comma or full stop).

* ¨Hu-ðum c'aru danu. &quot;This is a mighty prince.&quot;
* ¨Hu-ðhu c'arum danu. &quot;This prince is mighty.&quot;
* ¨Hu-ðum beºhlatu bejti. &quot;This is the lady of the house.&quot;
* ¨Hu-ðu beºhlatum bejti. &quot;This lady is at home.&quot;

====Appositive====

Unlike most Sem. and IE. languages, there is no congruency, but the second word is in the appositive case, which is formally identical with the nominative.

OBab. &quot;mighty king&quot;, &quot;mighty queen&quot;&lt;br&gt;
sg.nom. šarrum dannum, šarratum dannatum&lt;br&gt;
sg.gen. šarrim dannim, šarratim dannatim&lt;br&gt;
sg.nom. šarram dannam, šarratam dannatam&lt;br&gt;
pl.nom. šarru: dannu:tum, šarra:tum danna:tum&lt;br&gt;
pl.gen. šarri: dannu:tim, šarra:tim danna:tim&lt;br&gt;

Gd. &quot;mighty prince&quot;, &quot;mighty princess&quot;&lt;br&gt;
sg.nom. c'aru danu, c'aratu danatu&lt;br&gt;
sg.gen. c'ari danu, c'arati danatu&lt;br&gt;
sg.nom. c'ara danu, c'arata danatu&lt;br&gt;
pl.nom. c'aru: danu:, c'ara:tu dana:tu&lt;br&gt;
pl.gen. c'ari: danu:, c'ara:ti dana:tu&lt;br&gt;

The word order may be reversed:

sg.nom. danu c'aru, danatu c'aratu&lt;br&gt;
sg.gen. dani c'aru, danati c'aratu&lt;br&gt;
sg.nom. dana c'aru, danata c'aratu&lt;br&gt;
pl.nom. danu: c'aru:, dana:tu c'ara:tu&lt;br&gt;
pl.gen. dani: c'aru:, dana:ti c'ara:tu&lt;br&gt;

====Locative====

The locative case is formally identical with genitive, but is always the first member of the phrase, whereas the genitive is allways preceded by another noun.

* ¨Hu-ðum beºhlatu bejti. &quot;This is the lady of the house.&quot;
* ¨Hu-ðu beºhlatum bejti. &quot;This lady is at home.&quot;

====Terminative====

The terminative is identical with the dative.

* '''¨elek bejto''' &quot;go home&quot;

Several terminative forms was retained also in Hebrew:

* '''hero''' &quot;to a mountain&quot;; Hebr. h&gt;era:H
* '''meçruwjo''' &quot;into Egypt&quot;; Hebr. mis.r&gt;ajma:H
* '''ºhejro''' &quot;into a/the city&quot;; Hebr. ha:¿&gt;iJra:H &quot;into the city&quot;

====Plural====

Plural suffix for nouns is '''-uw-''' inserted ''before'' the nominal gender marker (na. '''-it-''', f. '''-at-''', ni. '''-ot-'''). 

Plural suffix for pronouns is '''-n''' placed ''after'' the pronominal gender marker (m. '''-a-''', f. '''-i-''').
It is ancient AA. feature.

* 1p.sg. '''-j''' &quot;my&quot; (Eg. '''.i''')
* 1p.pl. '''-jun'''&quot;our&quot; (Eg. '''.n''')
* 2p.sg. '''-k''', m. '''-ka¨''', f. '''-ki¨''' &quot;thy&quot; (Eg. m. '''.k''', f. '''t_''')
* 2p.pl. '''-kun''', m. '''-kan''', f. '''-kin''' &quot;your&quot; (Eg. '''.t_n''')
* 3p.sg. '''-s''', m. '''-sa¨''' &quot;his&quot;, f. '''-si¨''' &quot;her&quot; (Eg. m. '''.f''', f. '''.s''')
* 3p.pl. '''-sun''', m. '''-san''', f. '''-sin''' &quot;your&quot;  (Eg. '''.sn''')

It seems that Eg. '''t_''' is from AA. '''k''' palatalised before f. pronomial marker '''i'''. 

====Dual====

Compare the form of Ged¨hi dual with Egyptian: 

* sg. '''¨exu''' &quot;brother&quot;, '''¨exatu''' &quot;sister&quot;,  (Eg. sn, snt) 
* pl. '''¨exú &lt; ¨exuwu''' &quot;brothers&quot;, '''¨exátu &lt; ¨exuwatu''' &quot;sisters&quot;,  (Eg. snw, snwt) 
* du. '''¨exujwu''' &quot;2 brothers&quot;, '''¨exujwatu''' &quot;2 sisters&quot;,  (Eg. snwj, sntj) 

===Personal pronouns===

Personal pronouns have in nominative different stem than in other cases. Standalone nominatives have its stems prefixed by '''¨en-'''. In other Sem. languages, the final '''n''' of the preffix was assimilated to '''t''' of the 2p.

The 3rd person pronoun can take either personal endings or nominal endings.

Other Sem. languages have only one, common gender in 1p. and two genders, m. and f., in 2nd and 3rd person. Ged¨hi can use all three genders (c., m., f.) in all three persons. Masculine form of 3p. is in other Sem. languages similar to the common form in Ged¨hi.

{|
! sg.
! 1p. !! 2p. !! 3p.
|-
! nom.
| ¨en¨u, ¨- || ¨entu, t- || ¨enju, j-
|-
! gen.
| ji || ki || si
|-
! acc.
| ja || ka || sa
|-
! dat.
| jo || ko || sa
|}

:sg.1p. ¨en¨u¨u &quot;I&quot; (OBab. ana:ku; Hebr. ?a:|no:kiJ, ?/aniJ)
:sg.1p.m ¨en¨a¨u
:sg.1p.f ¨en¨i¨u
:sg.2p. ¨entu¨u &quot;thou&quot;
:sg.2p.m. ¨enta¨u (OBab. atta:; Hebr. ?atta:H)
:sg.2p.f. ¨enti¨u (OBab. atti:; Hebr. ?att/ &lt; :attiJ)
:sg.3p. ¨enju¨u, su¨u (OBab. šu:; Hebr. hU2?)
:sg.3p.m. ¨enja¨u, sa¨u, su &quot;he&quot; 
:sg.3p.f. ¨enji¨u, si¨u, satu &quot;she&quot; (OBab. ši:; Hebr. hiJ?)
:sg.3p.n. sotu &quot;it&quot;
:pl.1p. ¨en¨unu &quot;we&quot; (OBab. ní:nu; Hebr. ?a/n&gt;ah.nU2)
:pl.2p. ¨entunu &quot;ye&quot; (OBab. attunu; Hebr. ?attem)
:pl.2p.m. ¨entanu
:pl.2p.f. ¨entinu (OBab. attina; Hebr. ?atten)
:pl.3p. ¨enjunu, sunu &quot;they&quot; (OBab. šunu; Hebr. h&gt;e:mma:H, he:m)
:pl.3p.m. ¨enjanu, sanu, su: 
:pl.3p.f. ¨enjinu, sinu, sa:tu (OBab. šina; Hebr. h&gt;e:nna:H, he:n)

===Possessive pronouns===

Possessive forms are double declined - another case ending is added after the genitive ending with mimation.

:sg.1p.m.sg.m.nom. kimu &quot;thy&quot; (OBab. ku^m)
:sg.1p.m.sg.m.gen. kimi (OBab. ke^m)
:sg.1p.m.sg.m.acc. kima (OBab. ka^m)
:sg.1p.f.sg.m.nom. katimu (OBab. kattum)
:pl.1p.m.sg.m.nom. kímu &quot;your&quot; (OBab. kuttun)
:pl.1p.f.sg.m.nom. kátimu (OBab. *kattun)

Also nouns can occur in possessive form:

:'''Beºhlatimo (¨heklu)''' &quot;to Lady's (temple)&quot; 

===Conjugation===

:imv. weseb &quot;sit&quot;
:abstr. wesebu &quot;sitting&quot;
:ger. liweseb &quot;a-sitting&quot;
:inf. loweseb &quot;to sit&quot;
:pret. jawseb &quot;he sat&quot;
:pres. jaweseb &quot;he sits&quot;

* basic stem (peºhelu &quot;doing&quot;)
** jawseb &quot;he sat&quot;
** tawseb &quot;thou sat&quot;
** ¨awseb &quot;I sat&quot;
** jawseban &quot;they sat&quot;
** tawseban &quot;ye sat&quot;
** ¨awseban &quot;we sat&quot;
* heavy stem, intensive (mupeºhelu &quot;doing heavily&quot;)
** juwseb &quot;he sat heavily&quot;
** tuwseb &quot;thou sat heavily&quot;
** ¨uwseb &quot;I sat heavily&quot;
** juwseban &quot;they sat heavily&quot;
** tuwseban &quot;ye sat heavily&quot;
** ¨uwseban &quot;we sat heavily&quot;
* light stem (mipeºhelu &quot;doing slightly&quot;)
** jiwseb &quot;he sat slightly&quot;
** tiwseb &quot;thou sat slightly&quot;
** ¨iwseb &quot;I sat slightly&quot;
** jiwseban &quot;they sat slightly&quot;
** tiwseban &quot;ye sat slightly&quot;
** ¨iwseban &quot;we sat slightly&quot;
* causative stem (sipeºhelu &quot;causing to do&quot;)
** jasiwseb &quot;he set&quot;
** tasiwseb &quot;thou set&quot;
** ¨asiwseb &quot;I set&quot;
** jasiwseban &quot;they set&quot;
** tasiwseban &quot;ye set&quot;
** ¨asiwseban &quot;we set&quot;
* causative pasive stem (supeºhelu &quot;being caused to do&quot;)
** jasuwseb &quot;he was set&quot;
** tasuwseb &quot;thou wert set&quot;
** ¨asuwseb &quot;I was set&quot;
** jasuwseban &quot;they were set&quot;
** tasuwseban &quot;ye were set&quot;
** ¨asuwseban &quot;we were set&quot;
* causative reflexive stem (sapeºhelu &quot;causing self to do&quot;)
** jasiwseb &quot;he set himself&quot;
** tasiwseb &quot;thou set thyself&quot;
** ¨asiwseb &quot;I set mysels&quot;
** jasiwseban &quot;they set themselves&quot;
** tasiwseban &quot;ye set yourselves&quot;
** ¨asiwseban &quot;we set ourselves&quot;

* basic stem (peºhelu &quot;doing&quot;)
** jawbel &quot;he brought&quot;
* pasive stem (nupeºhelu &quot;being done&quot;)
** januwbel &quot;he was brought&quot;
* reflexive stem (napeºhelu &quot;doing self&quot;)
** janawbel &quot;he brought himself&quot;

===Numerals===

#'''ºhedu''' &quot;one&quot;
#'''þenu''' &quot;two&quot;
#'''þelþu''' &quot;three&quot;
#'''rebºhu''' &quot;four&quot;
#'''xemsu''' &quot;five&quot;
#'''sedsu''' &quot;six&quot;
#'''sebºhu''' &quot;seven&quot;
#'''þemnu''' &quot;eight&quot;
#'''tesºhu''' &quot;nine&quot;
#'''ºhes'ru''' &quot;ten&quot;

#'''meAhrimu, re¨simu''' &quot;first&quot;
#'''þenenu''' &quot;second&quot;
#'''þeleþu''' &quot;third&quot;
#'''rebeºhu''' &quot;fourth&quot;
#'''xemesu''' &quot;fifth&quot;
#'''sedesu''' &quot;sixth&quot;
#'''sebeºhu''' &quot;seventh&quot;
#'''þemenu''' &quot;eighth&quot;
#'''teseºhu''' &quot;nineth&quot;
#'''ºhes'eru''' &quot;tenth&quot;

=Vocabulary=

The small [[Ged¨hi Dictionary]] contains now about 250 words. It contains nearly all PSem. roots mentioned by ''John Huehnergard'' in [http://www.bartleby.com/61/10.html Proto-Semitic Language and Culture].

411 of Proto-Semitic roots can be found in [http://www.bartleby.com/61/Sroots.html Semitic Roots Index] of ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language''.

==How to determine Ged¨hi words from cognates in other languages==

===Cognates in Old Babylonian===

Merged sounds:

* OBab. '''z''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''ð''' (for example: uznum, axa:zum)
* Late OBab. '''m''' may correspond also to '''w''' (for example: ami:lum &lt; awi:lum)
* OBab. '''s.''' may correspond also to 
** Ged¨hi '''þ¸'''
** Ged¨hi '''ç' '''
* OBab. '''š''' may correspond not only to also to Ged¨hi '''s''' but also 
** to Ged¨hi '''þ''' (for example: šala:š)
** or to Ged¨hi '''s' ''' (for example: šarrum)

Lost sounds:

* OBab. initial '''a-''' usually corresponds to Ged¨hi '''¨a-''', but also
** Late OBab. initial '''a-''' may correspond to Ged¨hi '''wa-'''
* OBab. '''e''' may be a result of coloring by a lost '''ºh''' (for example: be:lum &lt; *baºhlum, eli &lt; *ºhali)
* OBab. initial '''i-''' usually corresponds to Ged¨hi '''ja-'''
* OBab. initial '''u-''' may correspond to Ged¨hi '''ju-'''
* Colored or contracted vowels may be results of lost '''¨''', '''gh''', '''¨h''', '''ªh''', '''j''' or '''ºh'''
** (OBab. '''j''' survived only when it was doubled.)

Different orthography:

* OBab. '''s''' is written in Ged¨hi as '''c'''

===Cognates in Hebrew===

Merged sounds:

* Hebr. '''z''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''ð''' (for example: ?&gt;o:zen &lt;* ?a:ðinu, ?a:h.az)
* Hebr. '''h.''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''x'''
* Hebr. '''j''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''w''' (for example: Hebr. j&gt;eleð), because in Hebr. and Aram., ''w'' at the beginning of words became ''j''
* Hebr. '''¿''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''gh'''
* Hebr. '''s.''' may correspond
** not only to Ged¨hi '''ç'''
** but also to Ged¨hi '''þ¸'''
** or Ged¨hi '''ç' '''
* Hebr. '''š''' may correspond
** not only to Ged¨hi '''s'''
** but also to Ged¨hi '''þ'''

Lossless sound changes:

* Hebr. fricatives '''v, gh, ð, x, f, þ''' correspond to Ged¨hi plosives '''b, g, d, k, p, t''', because Hebr. and Aram., the non-emphatic stops become fricatives after wovels, unless they are doubled.

Different orthography:

* Hebr. '''s''' is written in Ged¨hi as '''c'''

===Cognates in Aramaic===

Merged sounds:

* Aram. '''d''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''ð'''
* Aram. '''h.''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''x'''
* Aram. '''t.''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''þ¸'''
* Aram. '''j''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''w''', because in Aram. and Hebr., ''w'' at the beginning of words became ''j''
* Aram. '''s''' may correspond not only to Ged¨hi '''c''' but also to Ged¨hi '''s' '''
* Aram. '''¿''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''gh'''
* Aram. '''t''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''þ'''

Lossless sound changes:

* Aram. fricatives '''v, gh, ð, x, f, þ''' correspond to Ged¨hi plosives '''b, g, d, k, p, t''', because Aram. and Hebr., the non-emphatic stops became fricatives after wovels, unless they were doubled.

Different orthography:

* Aram. '''š''' is written in Ged¨hi as '''s'''

===Cognates in Arabic===

Merged sounds:

* Arabic '''s''' may correspond
** not only to Ged¨hi '''s'''
** but also to Ged¨hi '''c'''

Lossless sound changes:

* Arabic palatalized or postalveolarized '''g''' (pronounced [g], [J], [d_Z] or [Z]) is often transcribed '''j''' (jiim) or '''gˇ''' or '''ž'''; it corresponds to Ged¨hi '''g''' (whereas Arabic [j] is often transcribed '''y''' (yaa') and corresponds to Ged¨hi '''j''')
* Arabic '''z.''' (z.a') corresponds to Ged¨hi '''þ¸'''
* Arabic '''d.''' (d.ad) corresponds to Ged¨hi '''ç' '''
* Arabic '''f''' corresponds to Ged¨hi '''p'''
* Arabic '''š''' (šiin) corresponds to Ged¨hi '''c' ''' (for example: šams)

===Cognates in Ethiopic===

Merged sounds:

* Ethiopic '''z''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''ð'''
* Ethiopic '''s.''' may correspond also to Ged¨hi '''þ¸'''
* Ethiopic '''s''' may correspond
** not only to Ged¨hi '''c'''
** but also to Ged¨hi '''s'''

Lossless sound changes:

* Ethiopic '''f''' corresponds to Ged¨hi '''p'''

==Ancient borrowings from other language families==

===Ancient borrowings from Sumerian===

* '''¨heklu''' &quot;palace&quot; (Sum. É.GAL; OBab. ekallum; Hebr. heJxa:l &quot;temple, palace&quot;)
* '''se¨u''' &quot;grain&quot; (Sum. ŠE; OBab. še'um)

===Ancient borrowings from Egyptian===

* '''pereºh¨u''' &quot;farao&quot; (Eg. pr.3 lit. &quot;great house&quot;)
* '''peru''' &quot;mansion&quot; (Eg. pr &quot;house&quot;)

===Words shared with PIE.===

*'''þewru''' &quot;bull&quot; (PIE. tawr-o-z; Hebr. šUo:r; Arab. t_awr)
*'''ªheþteratu''' &quot;Venus&quot; (PIE. H2ster &quot;star&quot;; )

=Appendices=

===Abbreviations===

The appendix lists [[Gd: Abbreviations|Abbreviations]] used for grammatical terms and names of languages.

[[Category:Semitic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Semitic conlangs</title>
    <id>6257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43044</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T10:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A. da Mek</username>
        <id>1279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This category is for conlangs derived from a Semitic language or otherwise related to Proto-Semitic.  [[Category:A posteriori conlangs]] [[Category:Semitic languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This category is for conlangs derived from a Semitic language or otherwise related to Proto-Semitic.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ged¨hi Dictionary</title>
    <id>6258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43046</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T11:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A. da Mek</username>
        <id>1279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This small [[Ged¨hi]] dictionary contains now about 250 words. It contains nearly all PSem. roots mentioned by ''John Huehnergard'' in ''[http://www.bartleby.com/61/10.html Proto-Semitic ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This small [[Ged¨hi]] dictionary contains now about 250 words. It contains nearly all PSem. roots mentioned by ''John Huehnergard'' in ''[http://www.bartleby.com/61/10.html Proto-Semitic Language and Culture]''. 
 
411 of Proto-Semitic roots can be found in [http://www.bartleby.com/61/Sroots.html Semitic Roots Index] of ''The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language''. 

====¨====

Logographic reading: '''¨lp''' &quot;ox, bull&quot;. Numeric value: 1.

Hebr. א named ''?&gt;a:lef''; Arab. ء أ إ ؤ ئ named ''hamza'' (''alif'' became the name of the carrier); transcribed as ' or ’ or ? or 3; Greeks reused this glyph as Α under the name ''alpha'' for the vowel [a].

'''¨ebeb''' &quot;sire&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ebebu''' &quot;paternity&quot; (OBab. abbu:tum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ebu''' &quot;father&quot; (√?b [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S0.html S0]; PSem. ?ab-; OBab. abum; Hebr. ?a:v; Arab. ?ab)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ebnu''' &quot;stone&quot; (OBab. abnum; Hebr. ?&gt;even)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨eger''' &quot;hire&quot; (ja¨ger &quot;he hired&quot;; Arab. ?agara)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨egeru''' &quot;hiring, employment&quot; (OBab. aga:rum a/u)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨egru''' &quot;who hires, employer&quot; (OBab. a:girum)&lt;br&gt;
'''nu¨egru''' ''pas.'' &quot;hired, employee&quot; (OBab. agrum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ednu''' &quot;master&quot; (Hebr. ?a:ðUo:n)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨edru''' &quot;poplar&quot; (OBab. adarum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨edrimu''' &quot;February, *Dodecember&quot; (OBab. addarum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨eðnu''' &quot;ear&quot;  (√?ðn [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S5.html S5]; OBab. uznum; Hebr. ?&gt;o:zen)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ewlu''' &quot;freeman&quot;  (OBab. awi:lum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨eªhdu''' &quot;one&quot; (Hebr. ?eªhað)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨eju''' &quot;what, which&quot; (OBab. ajjum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨eji''' &quot;where&quot; (OBab. ajjiki:?am; Hebr. ?ajje:H)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ejo''' &quot;to where&quot; (OBab. ajjiš(am), aji:š)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ejbu''' &quot;enemy&quot; (OBab. ajja:bum; Hebr. ?u:je:v)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ejru''' &quot;bloom&quot; (OBab. ajjarum);&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ejrimu''' &quot;April, 2nd month&quot; (OBab. ajjarum);&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ekel''' &quot;eat&quot;('''ja¨kel''' &quot;he ate&quot;; Hebr. ?a:kal; Arab. ?akala)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ekelu''' &quot;eating&quot;(OBab. aka:lum a/u)&lt;br&gt;
'''nu¨eklu''' &quot;food&quot;(OBab. akalum, aklum &quot;bread, food&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exexu''' &quot;fraternity, brothehood&quot; (OBab. axxu:tum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exu''' &quot;brother&quot; (√?ðn [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S7.html S7]; PSem. ?ax-; OBab. axum; Hebr. ?a:ªh; Arab. ?ax)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exatu''' &quot;sister&quot; (PSem. ?axa:t-; OBab. axa:tum; Hebr. ?a:ªhUo:t)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exeð''' &quot;seize, take, acquire&quot; ('''ja¨xeð''' &quot;he seized&quot;; Hebr. ?a:ªhaz; Arab. ?axaða)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exeðu''' &quot;taking&quot; (OBab. axa:zum)&lt;br&gt;
'''na¨exeðu''' ''recipr.'' &quot;marriage&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exðu''' &quot;who takes&quot; (OBab. a:xizum)&lt;br&gt;
'''nu¨exðu''' ''pas.'' &quot;taken&quot; (OBab. axzum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exer''' &quot;fall behind&quot; ('''ja¨xer''' he fell behind; Arab. ?xr)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exeru''' &quot;having fallen behind&quot; (OBab. axa:rum u/u)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨exru''' &quot;rear, late&quot; (OBab. axre:m; Arab. ?xr)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨elu''' &quot;god&quot; (PSem. ?il-; Hebr. ?e:l)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨el¨hu''' &quot;God&quot; (Hebr. ?/elo:hiJm)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨elemnatu''' &quot;widow&quot; (PSem. *almanat)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨elpu''' &quot;ox&quot; (√?ðn [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S10.html S10]; OBab. alpum &quot;bull, ox&quot;; Hebr. ?&gt;a:lef)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨elpu''' &quot;thousand&quot; (Hebr. ?&gt;elef)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨emu''' &quot;mother&quot; (PSem. ?imm-; Hebr. ?e:m)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨emer''' &quot;command&quot; ('''ja¨mer''' &quot;he commanded&quot;; Hebr. ?a:mar &quot;he sayd&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨emeru''' &quot;command&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''¨emru''' &quot;commander&quot; (Hebr. ?e:m)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨en''' &quot;so, yes&quot; ''adv., part.'' (OBab. anna)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨enu''' &quot;this&quot; ''pron.'' (OBab. annu::m)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨enju''' &quot;I&quot; (OBab. ana:ku; Hebr. ?/aniJ, a:no:kiJ)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨entu''' &quot;thou&quot; (OBab. atta:, f. atti:; Hebr. ?ata:H)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨entanu''' &quot;ye&quot; (OBab. attunu:, f. attina)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨cr''' &quot;captive&quot; (OBAb. asi:rum; Arab. ?sr)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨erer''' &quot;curse, damn&quot; (&quot;he will curse&quot; '''ja¨erer'''; Hebr. ja:?o:r)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨ereru''' &quot;curse&quot; (OBab. ara:rum a/u, arratum)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨erç'u''' &quot;earth&quot; (Hebr. ?&gt;ereç; Arab. ?rd¸)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨esdu''' &quot;lion&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====b====

Logographic reading: '''bjt''' &quot;house&quot;. Numeric value: 2.

'''bi''' ''prep.'' &quot;in&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''be¨lu''' &quot;huge&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''bebu''' &quot;gate&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''bejtu''' &quot;house&quot; (PSem. bajt-)&lt;br&gt;
'''bejç'u''' &quot;white&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''benu''' &quot;son&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''benatu''' &quot;daughter&quot; (PSem. bint-)&lt;br&gt;
'''benej''' &quot;build&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''beºhlu''' &quot;lord&quot; (PSem. ba¿l-)&lt;br&gt;
'''beºhlatu''' &quot;lady&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''berdu''' &quot;cold&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====g====

Logographic reading: '''gml''' &quot;goad&quot;. Numeric value: 3.

'''geblu''' &quot;mountain&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''gedu''' &quot;grandfather&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''gedlu''' &quot;heavy&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''geðru''' &quot;root&quot; (Arab. gaðr pl. guðu|r)&lt;br&gt;
'''geªhmu''' &quot;hell&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''gemlu''' &quot;camel&quot; (Hebr. ga:ma:l)&lt;br&gt;

====gh====

====d====

Logographic reading: '''dl''' &quot;door&quot;. Numeric value: 4.

'''dejen''' &quot;judge&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''delu''' &quot;door&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''demqu''' &quot;good&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''denu''' &quot;mighty&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''deres''' &quot;study&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====ð====

'''ðu''' &quot;this&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ðebªeh''' &quot;sacrifice&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ðenbu''' &quot;tail&quot; (Arab. d_anab-)&lt;br&gt;
'''ðenbu-¨esdi''' &quot;Deneb&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====¨h====

Logographic reading: '''¨h¨''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 5.

'''¨hu''' &quot;The&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''¨heger''' &quot;depart&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''¨hewej''' &quot;be&quot; (jahwej &quot;he was&quot;; Hebr. ha:ja:H)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨heklu''' &quot;palace&quot; (&lt; Sum. É.GAL; OBab. ekallum; Hebr. heJxa:l &quot;temple, palace&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨heru''' &quot;mountain&quot; (Hebr. har)&lt;br&gt;
'''¨hero''' ''term.'' &quot;to a mountain&quot; (Hebr. h&gt;era:H)

====w====

Logographic reading: '''ww''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 6.

'''wi''' ''conj.'' &quot;and&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''webel''' &quot;bring&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''webelu''' &quot;bringing&quot; (OBab. waba:lum a/i)&lt;br&gt;
'''webnu''' &quot;finger&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''weded''' &quot;love&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''wejnu''' &quot;wine&quot; (Hebr. j&gt;ajin)&lt;br&gt;
'''weled''' &quot;give birth&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''weledu''' &quot;giving birth&quot; (OBab. wala:dum)&lt;br&gt;
'''weldu''' &quot;parent&quot; (OBab. wa:lidum)&lt;br&gt;
'''wöldu''' &quot;born, child, boy&quot; (OBab. waldum, wildum; Hebr. j&gt;eleð)&lt;br&gt;
'''wöldatu''' &quot;girl&quot; (Hebr. jalda:H)&lt;br&gt;
'''welek''' &quot;go&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''werdu''' &quot;slave&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''werew''' &quot;guide&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''werxu''' &quot;moon, month&quot; (√wrx [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S390.html S390]; PSem. *warx-)&lt;br&gt;
'''werxuþemenu''' &quot;October&quot; (Hebr h.ešwa:n &lt; marh.ešwa:n &lt; fAkk. waraxsamnu)&lt;br&gt; 
'''werqu''' &quot;green&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''weseb''' &quot;sit&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====z====

Logographic reading: '''zjn ''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 7.

'''zebu''' &quot;fly&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''zejti''' &quot;oil&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''zeker''' &quot;remember&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''zemeru''' &quot;music&quot; (√zmr [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S408.html S408])&lt;br&gt;
'''zenenu''' &quot;rain&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====ªh====

Logographic reading: '''ªht''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 8.

'''ªheklu''' &quot;field&quot; (PSem. h.akl-)&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhekmu''' &quot;wise&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhelu''' &quot;pure&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhemu''' &quot;husband’s father&quot; (PSem. h.am-)&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhemdu''' &quot;praise&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''muªhemdu''' &quot;praised&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhemru''' &quot;red&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhenu''' &quot;gracious&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhermu''' &quot;ban, prohibite, forbid&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªhesnu''' &quot;handsome&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ªheþteratu''' see '''ºheþteratu''' &quot;Venus&quot; (PIE. H2ster &quot;star&quot;)

====t¸====

Logographic reading: '''t¸t ''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 9.

'''t¸ewbu''' &quot;good&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''t¸ewlu''' &quot;long&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====þ¸====

(Arabic z.)

====j====

Logographic reading: '''jd''' &quot;arm&quot;. Numeric value: 10.

'''jedu''' &quot;arm&quot; (PSem. jad-)&lt;br&gt;
'''jewmu''' &quot;day&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''jewnu''' &quot;dove&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====k====

Logographic reading: '''kp''' &quot;hand&quot;. Numeric value: 20.

'''ki''' ''prep.'' &quot;like&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kebru''' &quot;great&quot; (Arab. kabi:r)&lt;br&gt;
'''ke¨hnu''' &quot;priest&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kewen''' &quot;be&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kejpu''' &quot; &quot; (Arab. ke:f)&lt;br&gt;
'''kekbu''' &quot;star&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''keku''' &quot;weapon&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kelu''' &quot;whole&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kellatu''' &quot;daughter-in-law&quot; (PSem. *kallat)&lt;br&gt;
'''kelbu''' &quot;dog&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kelbatu''' &quot;bitch&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kecpu''' &quot;silver&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''kepu''' &quot;hand&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''keteb''' &quot;write&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====x====

'''xeç'ru''' &quot;green&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''xemsu''' &quot;five&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====l====

Logographic reading: '''lmd''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 30.

'''lo''' ''prep.'' &quot;to&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''li''' ''prep.'' &quot;at&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''le¨''' &quot;no&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''le¨u''' &quot;bovine&quot; (PSem. li'-)&lt;br&gt;
'''le¨atu''' &quot;cow&quot; (PSem. li'at-)&lt;br&gt;
'''leªhru''' &quot;ewe&quot; (PSem. *laªhir-)&lt;br&gt;

====m====

Logographic reading: '''m¨''' &quot;water&quot;. Numeric value: 40.

'''me¨u''' &quot;water&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''mewet''' &quot;die&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''mewetu''' &quot;death&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''melek''' &quot;rule&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''melku''' &quot;ruler&quot; (PSem. malk-)&lt;br&gt;
'''meno''' ''prep.'' &quot;from&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''meno-ºhel''' ''adv.'' &quot;from above&quot; (Hebr. mil¿e:Jl)&lt;br&gt;
'''meçru''' &quot;Egypt&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''meseªh''' &quot;anoint&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====n====

Logographic reading: '''nwn''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 50.

'''negru''' &quot;herald&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''nedru''' &quot;rare&quot; (Arab. na:dir-)&lt;br&gt;
'''neºhru''' &quot;riwer&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''nepes''' &quot;breathe&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''nepesu''' &quot;breath, breathing, soul&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''nepsu''' &quot;animal&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''neten''' &quot;give&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====c====

Logographic reading: '''smk''' &quot;fish&quot;. Numeric value: 60.

====ºh====

Logographic reading: '''°hjn''' &quot;eye&quot;. Numeric value: 70.

Transcribed as ‘ or ¿

'''ºhebdu''' &quot;servant&quot; (√¿bd [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S22.html S22])&lt;br&gt;
'''ºhejnu''' &quot;eye&quot; (PSem. ¿ajn-)&lt;br&gt;
'''ºheli''' ''prep.'', ''adv.'' &quot;above&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ºhemu''' &quot;uncle&quot; (PSem. ¿amm-)&lt;br&gt;
'''ºherbu''' &quot;Arab&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ºhes'ru''' &quot;ten&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''ºheþteratu''' (or '''ªheþteratu''' ) &quot;Venus&quot; (PIE. H2ster &quot;star&quot;)

====p====

Logographic reading: '''p¨''' &quot;mouth&quot;. Numeric value: 80.

'''pe¨''' &quot;mouth&quot; (PSem. pi-|pa-)&lt;br&gt;
'''pegru''' &quot;body&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''pe¨hem''' &quot;understand&quot;&lt;br&gt; 
'''pewqi''' &quot;over&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====ç====

Logographic reading: '''¨çd''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 90.

'''çelmu''' &quot;statue&quot; (PSem. s.alm-)&lt;br&gt;
'''çepru''' &quot;yellow&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====ç'====

(Arabic d¸)

'''ç'e¨hbu''' &quot;gold&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====q====

Logographic reading: '''qp''' &quot; &quot;. Numeric value: 100. Season: spring.

'''qedsu''' &quot;holy&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''qet¸el''' &quot;kill&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''qelu''' &quot;light&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''qerbu''' &quot;near&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''qernu''' &quot;horn&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====r====

Logographic reading: '''r¨s''' &quot;head&quot;. Numeric value: 200. Season: summer.

'''re¨su''' &quot;head&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''rebºhu''' &quot;four&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''reglu''' &quot;leg&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''reºh''' ''adv.'' &quot;bellow&quot; (Hebr. ra¿)&lt;br&gt;
'''repesu''' &quot;width&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''repsu''' &quot;wide&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====s====

Logographic reading: '''sjn''' &quot;tooth&quot;. Numeric value: 300. Season: autumn.

'''su''' &quot;the&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''se¨wu''' &quot;empty&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''se¨ewatu''' &quot;emptiness&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''sebºhu''' &quot;four&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''sedsu''' &quot;six&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''sejnu''' &quot;tooth&quot; (4 minutes)&lt;br&gt;
'''selem''' &quot;be healthy&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''selemu''' &quot;health&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''selmu''' &quot;healthy&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''sem¨u''' &quot;heaven&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''semer''' &quot;keep&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''senu''' &quot;year&quot; (Hebr. ša:na:H)&lt;br&gt;

====s' ====

(Arab. š)

'''s'edatu''' &quot;doubling&quot; (Arab. šaddat-)&lt;br&gt;
'''s'emlu''' &quot;left&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''s'emsu''' &quot;sun&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''s'eqru''' &quot;blond&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''s'eru''' &quot;prince&quot; (PSem. s'arre-)&lt;br&gt;
'''s'eratu''' &quot;princess&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====t====

Logographic reading: '''tw''' &quot;mark&quot;. Numeric value: 400. Season: winter.

'''tewu''' &quot;mark&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''teªhti''' ''prep.'' &quot;under&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''tergem''' &quot;translate&quot; (Arab. targama &quot;he translated&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
'''tesºhu''' &quot;nine&quot;&lt;br&gt;

====þ====

'''þewru''' &quot;bull&quot; (PIE. tawr-o-z; Hebr. šUo:r; Arab. t_awr)&lt;br&gt;
'''þemnu''' &quot;eight&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''þenu''' &quot;two&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''þelþu''' &quot;three&quot;&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gd: Abbreviations</title>
    <id>6259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43047</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T11:11:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A. da Mek</username>
        <id>1279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Abbreviations''' used in [[Ged¨hi]] grammar.  ====List of abbreviations in alphabetic order====  : 1p = 1st person : 2p = 2nd person : 3p = 3rd person : AA = Afro-Asiatic : acc = accus...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Abbreviations''' used in [[Ged¨hi]] grammar.

====List of abbreviations in alphabetic order====

: 1p = 1st person
: 2p = 2nd person
: 3p = 3rd person
: AA = Afro-Asiatic
: acc = accusative
: act = active
: adj = adjective
: adp = adposition (part of speech)
: app = apposition (sentence element)
: Arab = Arabic
: Aram = Aramaic
: Cz = Czech 
: dat = dative
: du = dual
: Eg = Egyptian
: el = elative (1. case, 2. grade)
: Eng = English 
: ESem = East-Semitic
: f = feminine
: Gd = Ged¨hi
: gen = genitive
: Hebr = Hebrew
: impf = imperfect
: imv = imperative
: inf = infinitive
: loc = locative
: m = masculine
: n = neuter
: nom = nominative
: O = object (in specifications of a word order)
: OBab = Old Babylonian
: pas = pasive
: pcple = participle
: pf = perfect
: PGmc = Proto-Germanic 
: PIE = Proto-Indo-European
: PQ = Proto-Quenya
: pl = plural
: pp = past participle
: PSem = Proto-Semitic
: PSl = Proto-Slavic 
: s = substantive
: S = subject (in specifications of a word order)
: subj = subject
: sg = singular
: v = verb
: V = verb (in specifications of a word order)
: WSem = West-Semitic

====Tree of grammatical terms====

: '''sentence element'''
:: subj = subject
:: pred = predicate
:: obj = object
:: atr = atribute
:: app = apposition
: '''part of speech'''
:: s = substantive
:: adj = adjective
:: pron = pronoun
::: pers = personal
::: dem = demonstrative
:: num = numeral
:: v = verb
:: adv = adverb
:: adp = adposition
::: prep = preposition
::: postp = postposition
:: conj = conjunction
:: interj = interjection
: '''word order'''
:: S = subject
:: V = verb
:: O = Object
: '''inflection'''
::: '''gender'''
::: m = masculine
:::: ma = masculine animate
:::: mi = masculine inanimate
::: f = feminine
::: n = neuter
:::: na = neuter animate
:::: ni = neuter inanimate
::: '''number'''
:::: sg = singular
:::: pl = plural
:::: du = dual
:: '''declension'''
::: '''case'''
:::: nom = nominative
:::: gen = genitive
:::: dat = dative
:::: acc = accusative
:::: voc = vocative
:::: ins = instrumental
:::: pos = possessive
:::: loc = locative (at)
::::: ine = inessive (inside)
::::: ade = adessive (near)
::::: exe = exessive (outside)
::::: abe = abessive (far)
:::: term = terminative (toward)
::::: ill = illative (into)
::::: all = allative (to)
::::: el = elative (out of)
::::: abl = ablative (from)
:: '''conjugation'''
:::: tr = transitive
:::: intr = intransitive
::: '''aspect'''
:::: impf = imperfect
:::: pf = perfect
::: '''person'''
:::: 1p = 1st person
:::: 2p = 2nd person
:::: 3p = 3rd person
::: '''infinite forms'''
:::: inf = infinitive
:::: pcple = participle
::::: pp = past participle
::: '''tense'''
:::: pret = preterite
:::: pres = present
:::: fut = future
::: '''mode'''
:::: ind = indicative
:::: imv = imperative
::: '''voice'''
:::: act = active
:::: pas = pasive
:: '''gradation'''
::: pos = positive
::: el = elative
::: comp = comparative
::: superl = superlative

====Tree of languages====

:: '''AA = Afro-Asiatic'''
::: Eg = Egyptian
::: '''PSem = Proto-Semitic'''
:::: '''ESem = East Semitic'''
::::: PGd = Proto-Ged¨hi
:::::: Gd = [[Ged¨hi]]
::::::: UGd = Upper Ged¨hi
::::::: LGd = Lower Ged¨hi
:::::: Zeªht¸i
::::: Akk = Akkadian
:::::: OBab = Old Babylonian
:::::: Assyrian
::::: Eblaite
:::: '''WSem = West Semitic'''
::::: MSA = Modern South Arabian Languages
::::: '''Eth = Ethiopian'''
:::::: '''SEth = Southern Ethiopian'''
::::::: Gurage
::::::: Amharic
:::::: '''NEth = Northern Ethiopian'''
::::::: Tigrinya
::::::: Ge'ez
::::: '''CSem = Central Semitic'''
:::::: '''NWSem = Nortwest Semitic'''
::::::: Ugaritic
::::::: Canaanite
:::::::: Hebr = Hebrew
:::::::: Phoenician
::::::: Aram = Aramaic
:::::: Arab = Arabic
:::::: OSA = Old South Arabian Languages
:: PIE = Proto-Indo-European
::: ´Mek
::: PGmc = Proto-Germanic 
:::: Eng = English 
::: PSl = Proto-Slavic 
:::: Cz = Czech 
:: PQ = Proto-Quenya</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R13</title>
    <id>6260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43049</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-11T13:35:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://www.conlang.info/relay13/khangathyagon.html 13]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Qatama syllables</title>
    <id>6261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46352</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T12:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* unju */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Qatama}}

* These charts show the basic Qatama syllables, many of which have inherent meanings that are used to form more complex ideas in a morphological or syntactical way.

* Empty squares represent syllables not permitted by Qatama phonotactics.

__NOTOC__

= anju =

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 80%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%; clear: right&quot;
|- align=center
| '''[[a]]''' || '''[[aq]]''' || '''[[am]]''' || '''[[an]]''' || '''[[ang]]''' || '''[[aj]]''' || '''[[al]]''' || '''[[ar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[qa]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[qam]]''' || '''[[qan]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#Q|qang]]''' || '''[[qaj]]''' || '''[[qal]]''' || '''[[qar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ka]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kam]]''' || '''[[kan]]''' || '''[[kang]]''' || '''[[kaj]]''' || '''[[kal]]''' || '''[[kar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[kya]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kyam]]''' || '''[[kyan]]''' || '''[[kyang]]''' || '''[[kyaj]]''' || '''[[kyal]]''' || '''[[kyar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ga]]''' || '''[[gaq]]''' || '''[[gam]]''' || '''[[gan]]''' || '''[[gang]]''' || '''[[gaj]]''' || '''[[gal]]''' || '''[[gar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[gya]]''' || '''[[gyaq]]''' || '''[[gyam]]''' || '''[[gyan]]''' || '''[[gyang]]''' || '''[[gyaj]]''' || '''[[gyal]]''' || '''[[gyar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ta]]''' || '''[[taq]]''' || '''[[tam]]''' || '''[[tan]]''' || '''[[tang]]''' || '''[[taj]]''' || '''[[tal]]''' || '''[[tar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[tla]]''' || '''[[tlaq]]''' || '''[[tlam]]''' || '''[[tlan]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#TL|tlang]]''' || '''[[tlaj]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#TL|tlal]]''' || '''[[tlar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[da]]''' || '''[[daq]]''' || '''[[dam]]''' || '''[[dan]]''' || '''[[dang]]''' || '''[[daj]]''' || '''[[dal]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#D|dar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ma]]''' || '''[[maq]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[man#Qatama|man]]''' || '''[[mang]]''' || '''[[maj]]''' || '''[[mal]]''' || '''[[mar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[mya]]''' || '''[[myaq]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[myan]]''' || '''[[myang]]''' || '''[[myaj]]''' || '''[[myal]]''' || '''[[myar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[na]]''' || '''[[naq]]''' || '''[[nam]]''' || '''[[nan]]''' || '''[[nang]]''' || '''[[naj]]''' || '''[[nal]]''' || '''[[nar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[nja]]''' || '''[[njaq]]''' || '''[[njam]]''' || '''[[njan]]''' || '''[[njang]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[njal]]''' || '''[[njar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[nga]]''' || '''[[ngaq]]''' || '''[[ngam]]''' || '''[[ngan]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[ngaj]]''' || '''[[ngal]]''' || '''[[ngar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ja]]''' || '''[[jaq]]''' || '''[[jam]]''' || '''[[jan]]''' || '''[[jang]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[jal]]''' || '''[[jar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ha]]''' || '''[[haq]]''' || '''[[ham]]''' || '''[[han]]''' || '''[[hang]]''' || '''[[haj]]''' || '''[[hal]]''' || '''[[har]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ya]]''' || '''[[yaq]]''' || '''[[yam]]''' || '''[[yan]]''' || '''[[yang]]''' || '''[[yaj]]''' || '''[[yal]]''' || '''[[yar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[la#Qatama|la]]''' || '''[[laq]]''' || '''[[lam]]''' || '''[[lan]]''' || '''[[lang]]''' || '''[[laj]]''' || '''[[lal]]''' || '''[[lar]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ra]]''' || '''[[raq]]''' || '''[[ram]]''' || '''[[ran]]''' || '''[[rang]]''' || '''[[raj]]''' || '''[[ral]]''' || ''' '''
|}

= onju =

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 80%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%; clear: right&quot;
|- align=center
| '''[[o]]''' || '''[[oq]]''' || '''[[om]]''' || '''[[on]]''' || '''[[ong]]''' || '''[[oj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[or]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[qo]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[qom]]''' || '''[[qon]]''' || '''[[qong]]''' || '''[[qoj]]''' || '''[[q']]''' || '''[[qor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ko]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kom]]''' || '''[[kon]]''' || '''[[kong]]''' || '''[[koj]]''' || '''[[k']]''' || '''[[kor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[kyo]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kyom]]''' || '''[[kyon]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#K|kyong]]''' || '''[[kyoj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kyor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[go]]''' || '''[[goq]]''' || '''[[gom]]''' || '''[[gon]]''' || '''[[gong]]''' || '''[[goj]]''' || '''[[g']]''' || '''[[gor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[gyo]]''' || '''[[gyoq]]''' || '''[[gyom]]''' || '''[[gyon]]''' || '''[[gyong]]''' || '''[[gyoj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[gyor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[to]]''' || '''[[toq]]''' || '''[[tom]]''' || '''[[ton]]''' || '''[[tong]]''' || '''[[toj]]''' || '''[[t']]''' || '''[[tor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[do]]''' || '''[[doq]]''' || '''[[dom]]''' || '''[[don]]''' || '''[[dong]]''' || '''[[doj]]''' || '''[[d']]''' || '''[[dor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[mo]]''' || '''[[moq]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[mon]]''' || '''[[mong]]''' || '''[[moj]]''' || '''[[m']]''' || '''[[mor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[myo]]''' || '''[[myoq]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[myon]]''' || '''[[myong]]''' || '''[[myoj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[myor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[no]]''' || '''[[noq]]''' || '''[[nom]]''' || '''[[non]]''' || '''[[nong]]''' || '''[[noj]]''' || '''[[n']]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#N|nor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ngo]]''' || '''[[ngoq]]''' || '''[[ngom]]''' || '''[[ngon]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[ngoj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[ngor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[yo]]''' || '''[[yoq]]''' || '''[[yom]]''' || '''[[yon]]''' || '''[[yong]]''' || '''[[yoj]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[yor]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ro]]''' || '''[[roq]]''' || '''[[rom]]''' || '''[[ron]]''' || '''[[rong]]''' || '''[[roj]]''' || ''' ''' || ''' '''
|}

= unju =

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 80%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%; clear: right&quot;
|- align=center
| '''[[u]]''' || '''[[uq]]''' || '''[[um]]''' || '''[[un]]''' || '''[[ung]]''' || '''[[uj]]''' || '''[[ul]]''' || '''[[ur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[qu]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[qum]]''' || '''[[qun]]''' || '''[[qung]]''' || '''[[quj]]''' || '''[[qul]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#Q|qur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ku]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kum]]''' || '''[[kun]]''' || '''[[kung]]''' || '''[[kuj]]''' || '''[[kul]]''' || '''[[kur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[kyu]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[kyum]]''' || '''[[kyun]]''' || '''[[Appendix:Qatama_names#K|kyung]]''' || '''[[kyuj]]''' || '''[[kyul]]''' || '''[[kyur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[gu]]''' || '''[[guq]]''' || '''[[gum]]''' || '''[[gun]]''' || '''[[gung]]''' || '''[[guj]]''' || '''[[gul]]''' || '''[[gur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[gyu]]''' || '''[[gyuq]]''' || '''[[gyum]]''' || '''[[gyun]]''' || '''[[gyung]]''' || '''[[gyuj]]''' || '''[[gyul]]''' || '''[[gyur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[mu]]''' || '''[[muq]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[mun]]''' || '''[[mung]]''' || '''[[muj]]''' || '''[[mul]]''' || '''[[mur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[nu]]''' || '''[[nuq]]''' || '''[[num]]''' || '''[[nun]]''' || '''[[nung]]''' || '''[[nuj]]''' || '''[[nul]]''' || '''[[nur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[nju]]''' || '''[[njuq]]''' || '''[[njum]]''' || '''[[njun]]''' || '''[[njung]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[njul]]''' || '''[[njur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ngu]]''' || '''[[nguq]]''' || '''[[ngum]]''' || '''[[ngun]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[nguj]]''' || '''[[ngul]]''' || '''[[ngur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ju]]''' || '''[[juq]]''' || '''[[jum]]''' || '''[[jun]]''' || '''[[jung]]''' || ''' ''' || '''[[jul]]''' || '''[[jur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[hu]]''' || '''[[huq]]''' || '''[[hum]]''' || '''[[hun]]''' || '''[[hung]]''' || '''[[huj]]''' || '''[[hul]]''' || '''[[hur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[yu]]''' || '''[[yuq]]''' || '''[[yum]]''' || '''[[yun]]''' || '''[[yung]]''' || '''[[yuj]]''' || '''[[yul]]''' || '''[[yur]]'''
|- align=center
| '''[[ru]]''' || '''[[ruq]]''' || '''[[rum]]''' || '''[[run]]''' || '''[[rung]]''' || '''[[ruj]]''' || '''[[rul]]''' || ''' '''
|}

[[Category:Qatama]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Ran</title>
    <id>6264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43146</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-15T03:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Secret vice</username>
        <id>1234</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Suggestion ==

Perhaps you should click on the &quot;show preview&quot; at the bottom of the edit page. This will help to make the &quot;recent&quot; changes page less cluttered.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baazraamani</title>
    <id>6265</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>43152</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-15T09:37:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Baazraamani]] moved to [[Bâzrâmani]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bâzrâmani]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Middle Anaureth</title>
    <id>6266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46385</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Adjectives */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pronunciation ==

Anaureth has a large vowel system. Long vowels are indicated by the accute accent whereas the umlaut diacritic indicates the fronting of the back vowels /a/ and /u/. In addition to the basic pronunciation of vowels Anaureth also has a rather large selection of dipthong vowels, which play an important role in both noun and verbal declensions. Luckily the pronunciation for both vowels and consonants is always regular, which means that the pronunciation always remains the same. Anaureth has 12 vowels and 21 consonants, with a total of 35 letters in the alphabet.   


     '''Vowels:'''       '''Pronunication:'''     
 
     '''a''' (short)     as in m'''a'''rry
     '''á''' (long)      as in f'''a'''ther  
     '''ä'''             as in r'''a'''n 
     '''e''' (short)     as in m'''err'''y 
     '''é''' (long)      as in b'''ear'''
     '''i''' (short)     as in p'''i'''t
     '''í''' (long)      as in happ'''y''' 
     '''o''' (short)     as in m'''or'''al 
     '''ó''' (long)      as in f'''or''' 
     '''u''' (short)     as in g'''oo'''d   
     '''ú''' (long)      as in f'''oo'''d  
     '''ü'''             as in perf'''u'''me   

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i, í, ü}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u, ú}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e, é}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o, ó}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low ||{{IPA|ä}} || || || || {{IPA|a, á}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt; 


     '''Dipthong:'''     '''Pronunciation:'''
     
     '''ae'''            as in the &quot;ay&quot; sound in p'''ay'''
     '''ai'''            as in ae
     '''au'''            as in rest'''au'''rant
     '''ei'''            as in the “y” sound in sh'''y'''
     '''eu'''            as in the &quot;eau&quot; sound in b'''eau'''tiful
     '''ie'''            as in ei
     '''oi'''            as in c'''oi'''n
     '''ou'''            as in the &quot;oo&quot; sound in f'''oo'''d
     '''ue'''            as in ou
     '''ui'''            as in ou
     '''uo'''            as in ou
     

     '''Consonant:'''     '''Pronunciation:'''
 
     '''b'''              as in '''b'''e
     '''c'''              as in '''c'''at 
     '''č'''              as in the &quot;ch&quot; sound in '''ch'''urch
     '''d'''              as in '''d'''en
     '''f'''              as in '''f'''our
     '''g'''              as in '''g'''ot
     '''h'''              as in '''h'''at
     '''j'''              as in '''j'''am 
     '''k'''              as in '''K'''ite
     '''l'''              as in '''l'''emon 
     '''m'''              as in '''m'''an
     '''n'''              as in '''m'''an
     '''p'''              as in '''p'''en
     '''q'''              as in '''q'''uater
     '''r'''              as in '''r'''an
     '''s'''              as in '''s'''un
     '''š'''              as in the &quot;sh&quot; sound in '''sh'''e
     '''t'''              as in '''t'''oast
     '''w'''              as in '''w'''ater
     '''y'''              as in wh'''y'''
     '''z'''              as in '''z'''oo
     '''ž'''              as in the &quot;s&quot; sound in plea'''s'''ure
     

'''Consonant clusters and trigraphs:'''

Consonant clusters occures when two consonants are placed together. Consonant clusters tend to occure at the end of Anaureth words, although they may sometimes occure at the beginning or in the middle of various words. In Anaureth the consonant clusters include: ds, dy, jh, lh, ly, nh, ny, ph, rh, rr, rs, th, tr, ts, ty, and wh. There are no triconsonants in Anaureth.          

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labio-dental ||colspan=2| Labio-velar ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post- alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvelar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p, b}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|t, d}} || || || || {{IPA|c }} || || ||{{IPA|k, g}} || || {{IPA|q}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f, v}} || || || || {{IPA|θð}} || || {{IPA|z, s}} || || {{IPA|tʃ, Ʒ}} || || || || || {{IPA|x}} || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʤ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|ɹ}} || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

== Vowel change ==

Vowel mutation commonly occures among the last or second-before-last letter of a Singular word when it becomes a Plural. 

For example, in English the word &quot;man&quot; becomes &quot;men&quot; in the plural form. This also occures in Anaureth, although it occures more frequently than in English. For example, although some words like &quot;man&quot; might undergo a limitted degree of vowel change to form the plural word &quot;men&quot; other words such as &quot;mat&quot; and &quot;mats&quot; don't. Instead the plural form often relies on the infliction /s/. In Anaureth all plurals undergo some sort of vowel mutation. For example the final vowel in the word &quot;verinef&quot; ''(plant)'' &quot;e&quot; becomes &quot;i&quot; in the plural form &quot;verinif&quot; ''(plants)''. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! '''Description''' !! '''Mutation''' !! '''Examples'''
|-
! '''Group 1''' 
|| Singular words that end with /e/ || becomes /i/ || -
|-
! '''Group 2''' 
|| Singular words with /a/, /o/, and /u/ as the second-before-last letter || add /i/ || -
|-
! '''Group 3''' 
|| Singular words that have a dipthong as the second-before-last letter || drop the final vowel || -
|-
|}

== Consonant mutation ==

Consonant Mutation is the phenomenon in which a consonant in a word is changed according to it's morphological and/or stynatic environment. In Anaureth consonant mutation occures among the following consonants: /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /p/, and /t/. Anaureth has two forms of consonant mutation: soft mutation and an aspirate mutation. Soft mutation turns the plosives /c/, /p/ and /t/, into the voiced consonants /g/, /b/ and /t/, whereas the voiced consonants /b/ and /d/ become soft, changing into the consonants /f/ and /dd/. Various rules apply when it comes to consonant mutation. 

Like vowel mutation, consonant mutation occures among final consonants in the un-inflicted word upon recieving the infliction whilst ignoring any consonat among the infliction itself. Consonants tend to stay in the radical form when the consonant that would normally undergo mutation is part of a consonant cluster or when the consonant follows a short vowel. Soft mutation occures when the plosives /c/, /p/ and /t/, directly follow a long vowel, whereas the aspirate mutation tends to occure among consonants that follow a vowel dipthong. The table below demonstrates the various forms of consonant mutation. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! '''Radical''' !! '''Soft''' !! '''Aspirate'''
|-
| b || f || -
|-
| c || g || ch
|-
| d || dd || -
|-
| p || b || ph
|-
| t || d || th
|}

== Nouns== 

A Noun is a person, place, or thing. In total, Anaureth has eight noun cases. The noun cases include the nominative case which indicates the subject of a finite verb, the accusative case which indicates the direct object of a verb, the dative case
which indicates the indirect object of a verb, the ablative case which indicates the object of most common prepositions, the genitive case which indicates the possessor of another noun, the vocative case which indicates an adressee, the locative case
which indicates a location, and the instrumental case which indicates an object used in performing an action. The infliction for noun case always occures directly after the first consonant in a word, and not at the end of the word as in most grammatical cases in Anaureth. 

Nouns decline for both number (singular, dual, and plural) and gender (masculine, feminine). The declensions for number and gender are merged together. The number is detirmined through the length of the vowel. The vowel is always left unmarked in the singular number, whereas in both the dual and plural number the vowel is marked with an accute diacritic which is then followed by a consonant and the vowel /a/ in the plural number. The gender is always marked with one of two vowels. The masculine gender is marked with either of the vowels /e/ or /é/ and the femine gender is marked with either of the vowels /a/ or /á/.

== Articles ==

An article helps to link one word to another. Anaureth has five articles. The articles include a definate article which is used before singular, and plural word forms that refer to a particular member of a group, such as the word &quot;the&quot; in the sentence, &quot;the cat is on the mat,&quot; and a indefinate article which is used only before singular word forms that refer to any member of a group, such as the word &quot;a&quot; in the sentence, &quot;a cat is a mammal.&quot; Both the definate and indifinate article are placed before the noun or verb.  


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! '''Masculine''' !! !! '''Feminine''' 
|-
! !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural''' !! '''Singular''' !! '''Plural''' 
|- 
! '''Definate''' 
|| ne ''(the)'' || né ''(the)'' || na ''(the)'' || ná ''(the)'' 
|-
! '''Indifinate'''
|el ''(a)'' || - || - || - 
|-
|}

== Prepositions ==

A preposition is a word that introduces a prepositional phrase. For example in the sentence, &quot;the cat sleeps on the sofa,&quot; the word &quot;on&quot; is a preposition, introducing the phrase, &quot;on the sofa.&quot; In both English and Anaureth the most common prepositions are &quot;of&quot;, &quot;to&quot;, &quot;in&quot;, &quot;for&quot;, and &quot;on.&quot; However, Anaureth has a greater number of prepositions, this is because prepositions often inflict before personal pronouns. For example:


:Ne ter ales ''jet'''e''' den''.
:The book belongs ''to me''.

:Ne ter ales ''jet'''en''' viran''.
:The book belongs ''to him''.

:Na ter ''jet'''an''' dei''. 
:The book belongs ''to her''.

:Ne ter ''jet'''es''' adan''.
:The book belongs ''to them.''

== Correlatives ==

A correlative is a word that is often used to form a question. For example, in English the correlatives include: Who, what, when, where, why and how. Anaureth uses a similar set of correlatives, although the rules are more like the rules in Esperanto than in Enlgish. In English the correlatives all begin with the consonant cluster &quot;wh&quot; except for &quot;how.&quot; Like Esperanto, the correlatives in Anaureth all begin with the the consonant /t/ including the word &quot;how.&quot; Anaureth also has a select group of particles which correspond to each of the above correlatives.   


*&quot;ta&quot; ''(who, which)'' &amp; &quot;da&quot; ''(that, that one)'' 

:''Who'' does that book belong to? 
:''That'' book belongs to her.

:''Which'' house do you live in?
:I live in ''that one''.


*&quot;te&quot; ''(what)'' &amp; &quot;de&quot; ''(that, that thing)'' 

:''What'' is that site?
:''That'' site is Frathwiki.

:''What'' is that?
:''That thing'' is a bottle opener. 


*&quot;tei&quot; ''(what kind of)'' &amp; &quot;dei&quot; ''(that kind of, such)''

:''What kind of'' breed is that dog?
:''That kind of'' dog is a labrador. 

:''What kind of'' books does she like to read?
:She like to read books ''such'' as Lord of the Rings.


*&quot;ti&quot; ''(when)'' 

:''When'' will you arrive?


*&quot;to&quot; ''(where)'' &amp; &quot;do&quot; ''(there, in that place)''

:''Where'' is he?
:He is ''there''.

:''Where'' did he go?
:He went ''in that place.'' 


*&quot;tu&quot; ''(how)'' &amp; &quot;du&quot; ''(in that way, so)''

:''How'' does this work?
:It works like this, ''in that way''. 

:''How'' did it go?
:''So'' what did they think of it?

== Pronouns ==

A pronoun is a word that replaces another noun or pronoun. Pronouns, like nouns and verbs, distinguish between two numbers singular (one person), and plural (two persons). The pronouns also destinguish between inlclusive and exclusive. For example there is a inclusive &quot;de&quot; ''(we)'' and a exclusive &quot;des&quot; ''(we)''. Anaureth speakers are also particularly concerned with familiarity and politeness in speech. For example there is a familiar &quot;ara&quot; which is used when the speaker is speaking to family and friends, and a &quot;aran&quot; ''(you)'' which is used when the speaker is speaking to various people outside of their group of family and friends.  

In High Anaureth pronouns were far more complicated. This was mainly because there was three number singular (one person), dual (two persons), and plural (three or more persons). The pronouns also had different endings depending on the function that they served in the sentence. For example there was &quot;ar&quot; ''(you)'' which indicated the &quot;you&quot; subject pronoun, and &quot;ari&quot; ''(you)'' which marked the &quot;you&quot; object pronoun. This feature was later dropped in both Middle and Low Anaureth so &quot;ar&quot; ''(you)'' was used for both the subject and the oject &quot;you.&quot; 


'''Singular Pronouns:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! !! '''Subject''' !! '''Object''' !! '''Reflective''' 
|-
! '''1st person 
|| || es ''(I)'' || den ''(me)'' || denath ''(myself)'' 
|-
! '''2nd person''' 
! '''Familiar''' 
|| ar ''(you)'' || ar ''(you)'' || aranath ''(yourself)'' 
|-
! || '''Polite''' 
|| ár ''(you)'' || ár ''(you)'' || -
|-
! '''3rd person''' 
|| || vir ''(he)'' || viran ''(him)'' || viranath ''(himself)'' 
|-
|| || || dei ''(she)'' 
|| dei ''(her)'' || deilath ''(herself)'' 
|-
|| || || ven ''(it)'' || ven ''(it)'' || venath ''(itself)'' 
|-


|}


'''Plural Pronouns:'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! !! || Subject !! Object !! Reflexive 
|-
! '''1st person''' 
! '''Inclusive''' 
|| de ''(we)'' || nos ''(us)'' || noseth ''(ourselves)'' 
|-
! | || '''Exclusive''' 
|| des ''(we)'' || - || -
|-
! '''2nd person''' 
! '''Familiar''' 
|| ára ''(you)'' || ára ''(you)'' || áraleth ''(yourselves)''
|-
! || '''Polite''' 
|| áran ''(you)'' || áran ''(you)'' || -
|-
! '''3rd person''' 
|| || ada ''(they)'' || adan ''(them)'' || adaneth'' (themselves)''
|-
|}

== Verbs ==
Verbs are words that descibe actions. For instance in the sentence, &quot;the dog ran across the road,&quot; the word &quot;ran&quot; is a example of a  verb. Anaureth verbs are a complex area in Anaureth grammar with a conjugation scheme that allows for X tenses, X moods, X aspect and X voice. Verbs are conjugated by isolating the stem of the verb and adding the ending. The ending depends on the tense, aspect, mood and the voice of the verb. 


'''Tense:''' 

The tense is used to express the time when an action occured. Anaureth has five tenses. The tenses include the past tense, which indicate actions that occured in the past; the present-tense, which indicates actions that occured in the present; the aorist tense, which is used as an alternative present tense; the near-future tense, which indicates actions that will occure within the next few weeks, months, and years; and the future-tense, which indicates actions that will occure in some years time. The following inflictions are added at the ''end'' of a verb, as a suffix. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! '''Regular''' !! '''Irregular''' 
|-
! '''Past'''
|| el || l
|-
! '''Present''' 
|| en || n
|- 
! '''Future''' 
|| es || s
|-
|}


'''Aspect:'''

The aspect is similar to tense in that it helps to describe the time when the action occured. The Aspect is divided into past and present active. The past active includes subjects such as the past simple, which indicates an action that took place in the past (I ate); the past progressive, which indicates an action took place in the past (I was eating); the past perfict, which indicates an action that was completed in the past with respect to the past (I had eaten); and the past perfict progressive, which indicates an action that was completed recently with resepct to the past (I had been eating).  

The present active includes subjects such as the present simple, which indicates an action that occured in the past and continues to the present (I eat); the present progressive, which indicates an incomplete action that is currently occuring (I was eating); the present perfict, which indicates a completed action with resepect to the present (I had eaten); and the present perfict progressive, which indicates an action that was completed recently in resepect to the present (I had been eating). 

The Aspect does not have a verb ending. Instead the Aspect is indicated by prepositions which are inflicted to show past, present, and future.


'''Mood:'''

The Mood includes subjects such as the indicative, which indicates statements and questions; the conditional, which indicates that the action expressed by the verb may not actually happen; the imperitive, which indicates commands; the operative, which indicates hopes or wishes; the potential, which indicates that the action expressed by the verb is likely to happen although it's not certain; and the eventive, which is a combination of the potential and the conditional. 
 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! '''Infliction'''
|-
! '''Indicative'''
|| ae 
|-
! '''Conditional''' 
|| ai 
|- 
! '''Imperitive''' 
|| ea
|-
! '''Imperitive'''
|| ei 
|-
! '''Operative''' 
|| eu 
|- 
! '''Potential''' 
|| oi
|-
! '''Eventive''' 
|| ou
|-
|}


'''Voice:'''

The voice indicates the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by it's arguments (subject, object etc.) In Anauran there are two types of voice: the active, and passive voice. The active voice, indicates the agent of the verb; and the passive voice, indicates the subject is the target of the verb. This has been demonstrated in the sentences below: 


For example, in the sentence:

:''The cat ate the mouse.''

the verb &quot;ate&quot; is in the ''active'' voice, whilst in the sentence:

:''The mouse was eaten by the cat.''

the phrase &quot;was eaten&quot; is in the ''passive'' voice.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! '''Infliction''' !! '''Example''' 
|-
! '''Active'''
|| a || saren'''a''' ''(ate)'' 
|-
! '''Passive''' 
|| o || sarel'''o''' ''(eaten)'' 
|- 
|}

== Adverbs ==
Adverbs describe how, when, and where an action took place. For example in the sentence, &quot;Jane drives slowly,&quot; the word &quot;slowly&quot; is an adverb. Adverbs are formed from basic verbal roots which are then given the infliction /ra/. 

== Adjectives ==
An adjectove is a word that modifies another noun or pronoun. For example in the sentence, &quot;that is a tall building,&quot; the word &quot;tall&quot; is an adjective.

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:M |Middle Anaureth]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R14</title>
    <id>6267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43171</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-16T13:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://www.conlang.info/relay14/khangathyagon.html 14]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Currencies of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43236</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:37:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''Currency'''
|'''Divisions'''
|'''Value in [[Imperial Chan]]'''&lt;br&gt;(1/1/842)
|'''Imperial Chan in Currency'''
|-
|[[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Imperial]] [[Imperial Chan|Chan]]
|1 Chan = 15 Vezh = 180 Zash (=2,880 Vi)
|1
|1
|-
|[[Krivashan Confederation|Krivashanian]] [[Krivashanian Chan|Chan]]
|1 Chan = 60 Zassash
|3 Zash exactly (pegged)
|60 Chan exactly
|-
|[[Shivrashan]]ian [[Shivrashanian Chan|Chan]]
|1 Chan = 10 Vezh = 100 Zash
|10 Vezh exactly (pegged)
|1.50 exactly
|-
|[[Zobar]]ian [[Zobarian Chan|Chan]]
|1 Chan = 12 Takab = 144 Valtakab (= 2,880 Vi)
|3 Vezh, 2.8 Zash (c. .216 I.C.)
|4 Ch, 7 T, 8 V (c. 4.64 Z.C.)
|}

[[Category:Galhafan Currencies|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krivashan Chan</title>
    <id>6269</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>43186</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-16T19:50:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Krivashan Chan]] moved to [[Krivashanian Chan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Krivashanian Chan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R15</title>
    <id>6270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43209</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-17T20:44:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added link template for Relay 15, original text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon|15]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhafan Governments</title>
    <id>6271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43228</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Galhaf]] [[Category:Government]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Government]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Galhafan Governments</title>
    <id>6272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43233</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: There are many different systems of government on [[Galhaf (planet)|]], many, but not all, of them similar to systems found on Earth  *Monarchical-based systems **[[Classical Monarchism (R...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are many different systems of government on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], many, but not all, of them similar to systems found on Earth

*Monarchical-based systems
**[[Classical Monarchism (Restorationist)]]
**[[Neomonarchism]]
**[[Popular monarchism]]
*Republican forms
*Federated
**[[City-State Confederation]]
**[[City-State (Galhaf)|City-State]]

[[Category:Galhafan Governments|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Popular monarchism</title>
    <id>6273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43234</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T06:35:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Popular Monarchism''' is a [[Galhafan Governments|form of government]] found in several nations on [[Galhaf (planet)|]].  It is a derivative of [[neomonarchism]].  Popular Monarchies ar...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Popular Monarchism''' is a [[Galhafan Governments|form of government]] found in several nations on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]].  It is a derivative of [[neomonarchism]].

Popular Monarchies are characterized by a strong central monarch with an equally-strong democratically-elected parliament, containing a body with life terms.  Often times, the monarch is elected, or at least, subject to approval by the people.  The Monarch, and other life-serving officials, can be recalled by popular referendum, and the monarch may be deposed if the government finds that they have been acting contrary to the interests of the people.

The most notable Popular-Monarchist state is the People's Kingdom of [[Zobar]].

[[Category:Galhafan Governments]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R15a</title>
    <id>6274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43240</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T13:08:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring A Final|15a]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/A</title>
    <id>6275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58432</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-12T22:57:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* All the rest */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.'''

'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/font&gt; consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.

==Standard PU *a==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;: S. *ó, Ma. *a, P. *oo, H. ''a'', Ms. &amp; Kh. *uu, Smy. *å
|-
| &quot;bit&quot;
| F. pala || *pólé || pal || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| Possibly K. '''palak''' &quot;hole&quot;. | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| &quot;to open&quot;
| - || *póncé || Er. panžo- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
| &quot;pot&quot;
| F. pata || - || - || *pat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
|-
| &quot;young deer&quot;
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
|-
| &quot;to scoop&quot;
| F. amme- || - || Er. amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
|-
| &quot;marsh&quot;
| F. aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|-
| &quot;to step&quot;
| F. askel- || - || Er. aśkiĺa- || *aškəl- || *ooćkVl- &lt;!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- --&gt;|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
|-
| &quot;gadfly&quot;
| Es. parm || '''*poaró''' || Mk. '''purom''' || *parmə || - || - || - || O. puurəm || -
| F. '''paarma''' (affectiv? _rN?)
|-
| &quot;twig&quot;
| - || *tórkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuuɣər || -
|-
| &quot;mountain&quot;
| - || '''*váré''' || - || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial &lt;!--Permic is also K. &quot;forest&quot;, U. &quot;hill&quot;.--&gt;
|-
| &quot;aunt, older sister&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. ob || - || *uup || '''*opə''' || *åpå
|-
| &quot;thru&quot;
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| P. labial dissim; check Se.
|-
| &quot;to step&quot;
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čooč-'' || *čåčä-
| Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| - || '''*cáŋmé-''' || Mk. šavo- || *čaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || ''*čooŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
|-
| &quot;village&quot;
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
| &quot;sun&quot;
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaja- || - || - || *kuuj ? || - || *kåjå
| Ms. &quot;dawn&quot;, fits better here than with F. koi
|-
| &quot;to peel&quot;
| - || *vótké- || Mk. vatka- || *watka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| F. vatka- &quot;to whip&quot; more probably from *wačka- &quot;beat&quot; 
|-
| &quot;to present&quot;
| - || - || Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim &lt;!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--&gt; || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
| &quot;to dig&quot;
| F. kaiva- || ''*koajvó-'' || kaja- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
|-
| &quot;to thro&quot;
| - || - || kaja- ||  - || *kooj- &lt;!--kujal- ~ koj- --&gt;|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| &quot;wolf&quot;
| - || *čōrmɤ || - || '''*šʊrmə''' || '''*śör''' || - || - || *ťuurəm || *sårmå
| Ma. &quot;lynx&quot;, P. &quot;marten&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;foot&quot;
| F. jalka || *jólké || jalgo || *jal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to bild&quot;
| F. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
| &quot;to grasp&quot;
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;penis&quot;
| - || *póčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;roof&quot;
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. &quot;to dwell&quot;
|-
| &quot;brain&quot;
| F. aivo || *vójŋé || - || - || - || aɟ || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
| &quot;to sink&quot;
| F. vajo- || *vójó- || vaja- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uuj- || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
|-
| &quot;hard&quot;
| - || '''*čárés''' || - || - || *ćoorɯd &lt;!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--&gt; || - || - || - || *sårə
|-
| &quot;to shoot&quot;
| F. ampa- || - || - || - || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| S. ''*ámpó-'' ← F? P. labial dissim?
|-
| &quot;with&quot;
| F. kanssa || - || - || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;rump&quot;
| - || - || Er. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kaśke&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br/&gt; ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to roast&quot;
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
|-
| &quot;to drive&quot;
| F. aja- || vójé- || aj-&lt;!--ajďa-, ajəlda-, ajərdə- etc.---&gt; || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
|-
| &quot;series&quot;
| F. sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;smell&quot;
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Cf. &quot;bitter&quot;
|-
| &quot;rotten&quot;
| - || *cómcé || - || Me. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''šać'''&lt;/font&gt; || *žoodź &lt;!--šudžam ~ žodź--&gt; || - || - || - || -
|-   
| &quot;hole&quot;   
| - || - || - || *raž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;currant&quot;
| - || - || - || *šaptər || U. suter ~&lt;br/&gt;K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
| &quot;to close&quot;
| - || - || - || *pačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
|-
| &quot;rake&quot;
| F. hara, harkki || *sóré || Er. čarkoďe- || *šar || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;opposite&quot;
| F. vasta || *vósté || vasta- || *wašta || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;wet&quot;
| F. nahka &quot;leather&quot; || *ńóské || Mk. načka || *načkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty &quot;raw&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;to grind&quot;
| F. jauha- || - || jaža- || *jaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;fishing net&quot;
| F. vata || - || - || *wat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: Same except Ma. *o, P. *uu, H. ''aa'', Kh. *aa
|-
| &quot;to steal&quot;
| F. sala- || *sól-ɤk || sala- || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| Cf. &quot;fish&quot;
|-
| &quot;to dry&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šuur- || #saar- || -
|-
| &quot;to spend a night&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U. '''kɤl''' ~ K. '''kol''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaal- || -
|-
| &quot;to bark&quot;
| - || - || - || *optə- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
| &quot;low ground&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
|-
| &quot;to conjure&quot;
| - || - || Er. al(s)ta- || style=&quot;color:#D08000&quot;| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaləɬ- || -
|-
| &quot;white&quot;
| Es. hahk || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| &quot;rodent&quot;
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak.  Mo. &quot;mole&quot;, Kh. &quot;beaver&quot;
|-
| &quot;to beat soft&quot;
| F. vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;hind&quot;
| - || - || - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uunć || - || -
|-
| &quot;to sit&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
|-
| &quot;hard sno&quot;
| - || ''(*jɤsɤ)'' || - || *jož || *juuž || - || - || - || -
| S. &quot;remaining sno&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;to receive&quot;
| F. saa- || NW '''*sákɤ-''' || Mk. sajə- || ''*šoo-'' || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
|-
| &quot;to stand&quot;
| Liv. saiso- || *čónčó- || - || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| F. '''seiso-'''. Ma. &amp; Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;|Mari, Permic, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
|-
| &quot;to carry&quot;
| F. kanta- || *kónté- || kan(do)- || ''*kande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
|-
| &quot;to leave&quot;
| F. kato- || *kóðé- || kado- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~&lt;br/&gt;K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| &quot;fish&quot;
| F. kala || *kólé || kal || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| &quot;crust&quot;
| F. kamara || - || - || ''*kom'' || ''*koomVĺ'' &lt;!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl--&gt;|| ''haaml-'' || '''köömtol ~&lt;br/&gt; kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
|-
| &quot;flood, lake&quot;
| F. sarajas || - ||  || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*šoor'' || ''aar'' || *tuur || ''*ɬaar'' || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P.?
|-
| &quot;to burst&quot;
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || - || - || fakad- || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
|-
| &quot;groove&quot;
| F. latu || - || - || ''*laðo'' || K. ''lu'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Mari *a vs. Permic *uu (check if not *o!)
|-
| &quot;rotten&quot;
| - || - || - || *kaškə- || *kuuź &lt;!--kuź ~ kuj--&gt; || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to gro&quot;
| - || - || - || *paše- || *puušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to ask&quot;
| - || - || - || *jada- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;|Indistinct *a
|-
| &quot;death&quot;
| F. kalma || *kólmé || kalma-&lt;br/&gt;&quot;to bury&quot; || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| Cf. &quot;to die&quot;
|-
| &quot;word&quot;
| F. vala || *vólé || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| &quot;in-law&quot;
| F. nato || *nótó || - || '''*nuðo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
| &quot;knot&quot;
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
| &quot;ground&quot;
| F. tanner || *tóntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
| &quot;branch&quot;
| F. sarka || *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| F. talja || *tóljé || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjå
| if not F &amp; S. ← B.
|-
| &quot;left&quot;
| F. vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
| &quot;to stick&quot;
| - || *čóŋkó- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
|-
| &quot;to want&quot;
| - || - || Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
|-
| &quot;to rain&quot;
| F. sata- || '''*čáðé-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also *čócé- &quot;to hit&quot; (won't go with Smy.)
|-
| &quot;spirit&quot;
| F. vaimo || *vójŋë || Er. '''ojme''' ~ &lt;br/&gt; Mk. vajmä || - || - || - || - || - || *wäjŋə
| Smy. palzn; F. &amp; Mo. ← *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. ''*vájmó'' &quot;heart&quot;?
|-
| &quot;gruel&quot;
| - || - || Mk. jam || - || - || - || - || - || *jämä
| Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
|-
| &quot;thru&quot;
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|}

==With long vowels in Finnic==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| IE loans
|-
| &quot;salt&quot;
| suola || - || sal || Hi &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;cal&lt;/font&gt; ~  Me &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''ćal'''&lt;/font&gt; || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| &quot;butter&quot;
| voi || *vójɤ || Er. '''oj''' ~ Mk. vaj || *ü || ''*vɤɤj'' || vaj || *waaj || *wooj || -
| ← IA *āǵja ? No explicit evidence for length; looks like regular *o, save retention of *v-.
|-
| &quot;mountain&quot;
| vuori || - || - || || || || *waar || *woor || -
| Cf. *wara? ← II *aras ?!
|-
| &quot;intestine&quot;
| suoli || *čoalé || śula || *šol || *śuul || - || - || *sol || -
| Type 1. ← IA ?
|-
| &quot;year&quot;
| vuosi || *vótɤ || - || - || U. ''va'' ~ K. u || vaĺ || - || *ål ? || -
| ~ IA *vataḥ
|-
| &quot;streak&quot;
| juoni || *jónɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana
|-
| &quot;protection&quot;
| suoja, hoi-va || *sójé, šójé || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← II *sḱaajaa
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||

|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Without *aa → *oo in Finnic
|-
| &quot;tree spec.&quot;
| ''saarni'' || - || || '''*šäärtńi''', šartńi&lt;!--&quot;K&quot;--&gt; || '''*śir''' || - || - || - || -
| Li. '''säärna'''. F. &quot;ash&quot;, Ma &quot;willow&quot;, P. &quot;elm&quot;
|-
| &quot;to lecture&quot;
| ''saarna-'' || ''*sárné'' || || - || K. śorni- || - || - || *sarna- || -
| S. ← F?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| std. PU ''*ox'' type 1
|-
| &quot;to sweep&quot;
| huosi- || - || - || - || U. čuž- || - || *šaaš- || ''*čaač-'' ||Se čuuč-←&lt;br/&gt;*čåəč-
|-
| &quot;in heat&quot;
| suota || '''*čóðé-''' || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| K. ćual- || salad- || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*såjä''
| Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
| &quot;to die&quot;
| kuole- || - || kulo- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || ''*kal-'' || *kåə-
| Cf. &quot;death&quot;
|-
| &quot;to spread, bed&quot;
| vuode || - || Mk. atsa-&lt;!-- per Arnaud--&gt; || - || *wååĺ- || aaɟ || *aaĺ || - || -
| if F. not ← vuota ← B.
|-
| &quot;to hack&quot;
| kuokki- || - || - || - || '''*kook-''' || - || - || - || -
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot;| Coincidental?
|-
| &quot;pit&quot;
| kuoppa || || || || U. '''gop''' || || || ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| std. PU ''*ox'' type 2?
|-
| &quot;to lick&quot;
| nuole- || *noaló- || nola- ||  *nʊle- || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || ''*ńal-'' || *ńåə-
| Check Kh. forms. Eastern palzn?
|-
| &quot;those&quot;
| nuo || *nó- || nonat || *nʊnə  || K. ''nɨ-'' || - || - || - || Se. na
|-
| &quot;that&quot;
| tuo || *tó || to- || *tʊ || U. tu ~ K. ''tɨ'' || ta-, taa- || *tuu-, *tu- || *to- || *tå-
|-
| &quot;berry&quot;
| puola || - || || - || K. pul || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''boĺoo,&lt;br/&gt;boɟoo ?''' || *pul || - || '''*pål-'''
|-
| &quot;crust&quot;
| kuori || - || '''kaŕ''' || - || K. ''kɨrś'' || - || *kur- || *kor- || -
| For Se. ''ker-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| &quot;side&quot;
| puoli || - || pola || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| vuoli || - || - || - || - || - || *ula || *wol || -
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;pole&quot;
| ulku || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| for comparision
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| std. PU ''*ox'' but looks more like ''*ux''
|-
| &quot;spruce&quot;
| '''kuusi''' || ''*kósɤ'' || kuz || *kož || U. kɨz ~ K. koz || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kawt''' || *kooɬ || *kåət
|-
| &quot;drape&quot;
| ''*uutim'' || - || - || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *vɤɤn || - || *aaməl || *ooɬəw || -
|}

==Standard PU *ë==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| S. ''*ó'', Ma. ''ö/ü'', P. ''*uu'', Ms. ''*ɯɯ'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*ɤ'' (std. PU ''*ëCC, *ëCi'')
|-
| &quot;tree stump&quot;
| *kanto || - || kando || - || (K. ''gɯd'') || - || *kɯɯnt || *kaant || -
| S. *kóntój, *kánté ← F. K. &quot;bend, bottom&quot;, may not belong. 
|-
| &quot;mushroom&quot;
| - || - || paŋgo || '''*poŋɣɤ''' || - || - || *pɯɯŋk || *paaŋk || -
| ← II, separate loans? Skr. ''paŋka'' &quot;swamp&quot; (~ L. ''fungus'', G. ''spongos'')
|-
| &quot;land&quot;
| *maa || - || - || *mü, ''*mu'' || *muu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxi? Monosyllabic?
|-
| &quot;hair&quot;
| F. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;hapsi&lt;/font&gt; || *vóptɤ || - || *üp || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
|-
| &quot;sore; groin&quot;
| F. naarmu || TS '''ńaarme''' || - || - || - || - || *ńɯɯrəm || *ńaarəm ||
| Cf. also F. '''näärvä''', S. '''*nárá-''' ibid.
|-
| &quot;swede; pine seed&quot;
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɯɯr || *naaɣər || -
|-
| &quot;cartilage&quot;
| - || *ńórkés || - || *nörɣə || - || ''ńiir'' || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || *ńɤr
| No *-rɣ- metathesis in ObU due to *a-stem
|-
| &quot;crane&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *tuuri || - || *tɯɯrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
| Presumably ditto
|-
| &quot;limb&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || '''loll''' || *lɯɯɣəl || *laaɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;to split&quot;
| F. sali- || *čólɤ- || - || - || - || sil || - || - || -
| Cf. F. säle &quot;splinter&quot;
|-
| &quot;straight&quot;
| - || *ńólkɤ- || - || - || - || ńilv || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;wet place&quot;
| - || || Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńuur || ńirok || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
| F. *noro ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;gills&quot;
| - || *ńókčɤm || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*našmə''' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || Ne. ńińśku,&lt;br/&gt;Ka. neeni ?
| Or ''*a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;'' with Ms. delabzn after a palatal? (K. would still be irregular)
|-
| &quot;land&quot;
| *lanci || *lómté || landa || Hi. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''landaka'''&lt;/font&gt; || *luud || - || - || - || '''*ləmtu-'''
| ← IE at least in Ma?
|-
| &quot;child, cradle&quot;
| F. lapsi || || lavś || '''*lɤpš''' &lt;!-- Hi. *u ~ Me. *e--&gt;|| - || - || - || - || *j/lɤpsə
|-
| &quot;to get wet&quot;
| - || *lóccɤ- || - || *löčä- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to bury&quot;
| - || - || - || *müde- || *muudɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to drink&quot;
| '''*joo-''' || '''*jūkɤ-''' || - || *jüä- || *juu- || iv- || '''*äj-'''  || ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ɤ-
| ← IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
|-
| &quot;loon&quot;
| - || '''*toktɤ-kɤ''' || - || ''*toktə'' || K. '''toktɨ''' || - || *tɯɯɣət || *taaɣtəŋ || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Similar except F. ''*oo'', P. ''*ɤ'', Smy. ''*ɤə'' (std. PU ''*ëx_i'')
|-
| &quot;vein&quot;
| *sooni || *sónɤ || san || *šün || *sɤn || iin || *tɯɯn || *ɬaan || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*čɤn'''
|-
| &quot;arrow&quot;
| *nooli || *ńólɤ || nal || *nölö || U. '''ńil''' ~ K. '''ńɯl''' || ńiil || *ńɯɯl || *ńaal || *ńɤəj
|-
| &quot;fish skin&quot;
| *soomu || *čómɤ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| śav || *šüm || *śɤm || - || *sɯɯm || *saam || Ne. '''śaaw''' ??
|-
| &quot;bird cherry&quot;
| *toomi || *ðómɤ || '''ĺom''' || '''*lom''' || *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
|-
| &quot;duck&quot;
| - || SS sjotsjo || (Er. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;''šenže''&lt;/font&gt;) || - || *čɤž || - || *šɯɯš || *čaač || -
| Er. w/ š- may not belong? Cf. F. hanhi &quot;goose&quot; ← B.
|-
| &quot;to produce&quot;
| F. suolta- || *čólté- || - || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| if F. not ← *soxli
|-
| &quot;to whittle&quot;
| F. vuole- || *vólɤ- || - || - || *vɤl- || - || '''*walt-''' || '''*walt-''' ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Ma. ''o/ü'', P. ''*u'', Ms. ''*a'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (std. PU ''*ëCa'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
| &quot;down&quot;
| F. ala- || *vólé- || alo- || ''*ül'' || *uul || al- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *jal || *ɯɯl || *ɯlə
| Ma. from *ël-i??
|-
| &quot;to divide&quot;
| F. jaka- || *jóké- || javo- || - || *juuk || - || *jaɣtit ? || *jɯɯɣəɬ || ''*jɤkə-''
| Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
|-
| &quot;sembra&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *suus || - || '''*tɯɯt''' || *ɬɯɯɣəɬ || *tɯtə(k)
| Ms. per original closed syllable?
|-
| &quot;liver&quot;
| F. maksa || *móksé || makso || *mokš || *muusk || maaj || *majət || ''*muuɣəɬ'' || *mɯtə
| Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial?
|-
| &quot;mother-in-law&quot;
| F. anoppi || *vóném || - || - || - || - || '''*aanəp''' || '''*oonəp''' || *ɯnå
| ObU *Onəp &lt; *oni-pV?
|-
| &quot;to put&quot;
| F. ahta- || *vókté- || avto- || *optə- || K. '''oktɯ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Indistinct between ''*ë_i'' and ''*a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;_i''
|-
| &quot;thick&quot;
| F. sakea, sakka- || *sókɤ || - || '''*šukɤ''' || K. suk || - || - || - || -
| -k- / -kk- ?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Indistinct between ''*ë_a'' and ''*a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;_a''
|-
| &quot;to stretch&quot;
| - || NS ńuoddzi- || || - || *ńuuž- || - || ''*ńuunš-'' || ''*ńɯɯnč'' || -
| Argues against Ms. delabzn
|-
| &quot;to giv&quot;
| *anta- || *vómté- || ando- || - || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to take off; to be able&quot;
| F. jaksa- || - || '''jukśe-''' || - || *juuskɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;bitter&quot;
| F. karvas || - || - || - || *kuurɯd || - || - || '''*koorəɣ''' ? || -
|-
| &quot;handle&quot;
| F. vanka || - || - || - || *vuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;hoop&quot;
| F. vanne || - || - || - || *vuudž || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;grass&quot;
| Es. tarn || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;| *tuurɯm || - || - || - || -
| Is U. ''-m'' irregular?
|-
| &quot;tassel&quot;
| - || *tóŋké || - || - || *tuug || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to accuse&quot;
| - || NS guoccot || - || - || U. kušɯ || - || - || - || -
| No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
|-
| &quot;to reach&quot;
| - || - || Er. saźu- || - || *suudź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;stiff&quot;
| - || - || Er. tarďe || - || K. tur- || - || - || - ||
| K. &quot;to freeze&quot;
|}

==All the rest==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! FM example !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| IE loans: FM *a_a, K. ''a'', H. ''aa'', Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa
|-
| &quot;100&quot;
| Mk. śada || *čóté || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| &quot;calf&quot;
| F. vasa || *vósé || - || - || ('''üsöö''') || *wɯɯsəɣ || - || -
| ← II
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| F. salko || *čólkój || - || K. dźal || saal || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
|-
| &quot;value&quot;
| F. arvo || - || - || K. arta- || aar || - || - || -
| ← II. Mo. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;aŕće-&lt;/font&gt; &quot;think&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;lord&quot;
| Mk. azor || - || - || *oozɯr || - || N. uutər, E. '''aatər''' || - || -
| Komi &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;ozɯr&lt;/font&gt; without /v/- ? ← II
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| More IE loans
|-
| &quot;good&quot;
| Mk. para || *póré || '''*pooro''' || *buur || - || - || - || -
| ← II. Ma. also *paarema- &quot;to recover&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. ''a'' (with palatals)
|-
| &quot;meadow&quot;
| Es. '''aas''' || - || - || *adź &lt;!--aź ~ adź--&gt; || asoo || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;back; belly&quot;
| - || - || - || U. gač || has || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics
|-
| &quot;stomach&quot;
| F. vatsa || - || - || U. vaś || - || - || - || - || F. → S. ''*vátté''
|-
| &quot;to tred&quot;
| F. talla- || || - || K. taĺ- || - || - || - || -
| Loan from F. → K?
|-
| &quot;willow&quot;
| F. paju || '''*poajó''' || '''*poj(əv)''' || *baď || faɟal || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pewə
| Mo. &quot;aspen&quot;
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| Mk. ćapa- || *čóppé- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*čuča-'' || *ćapkɯ- || čap- || *čopam? || - || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. &quot;to chop&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *a, P. *a, H. ''o'' (with palatals)
|-
| &quot;to fall&quot;
| - || *vóčé- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *waza- || U. vaź- || - || - || - || -
| Note Ma. *z
|-
| &quot;shelter&quot;
| F. suoja || *sójé || *šaj || *saj || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to look&quot;
| - || - || *anče- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to take out&quot;
| - || - || *tara- || K. taral- || - || taar || - || -
| Ma. &quot;far&quot;, H. &quot;open&quot;
|-
| &quot;to unravel&quot;
| - || '''*rúč-''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ranće- || K. radź- || ronɟ || - || *ratə- || -
| Note Ma. *ć
|-
| &quot;to stomp&quot;
| F. tappa- || - || - || *tap- || '''top-''' || - || - || *tApər-
| F. &quot;to kill&quot;. Onomatopoetic?
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || - || *koťəp || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
|-
| &quot;understanding&quot;
| Er. važov || - || - || K. vežɤr || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *aš || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *oč || -
|-
| &quot;to (let) go&quot;
| Mk. laśka- || *lóšté- || - || *ledź- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *laśke- ? || *låsɣə- || -
| Note Ms. *ś
|-
| &quot;membrane&quot;
| F. kalvo || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kálɤ''' ?|| - || *kiĺ || haaĺog || *kaĺəp || *kaĺi || -
| Note *ĺ
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɯ, OU *uu ?
|-
| &quot;2&quot;
| F. kaksi || *kókté || *kok || ''*kɯk'' || '''keet''' || '''*kit''' || '''*kiit, käät''' || '''*kêtä'''
| *kêt in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
|-
| &quot;ax&quot;
| F. tahko || - || *toš || *tɯš(k-) || - || - || - || -
| F. &quot;grindstone&quot;
|-
| &quot;to fall apart&quot;
| - || - || - || K. gɯlal- || - || *kuul- || *kuul- || -
|-
| &quot;coarse&quot;
| F. karke- || '''*kárkké''' || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *á, Ms. *ää (from ''[[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]''?)
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 6: FM *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o
|-
| &quot;to be able&quot;
| Mk. mašto- || - || ''*mɤšte-''|| - || - || *muust- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *moštə- || -
|-
| &quot;birch bark&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| F. tana || - || - || - || - || *tuunt || *tontə || -
|-
| &quot;staff&quot;
| F. sauva || ''*čávŋé'' || - || - || - || *suuw || *soɣ || -
|-
| &quot;river bend&quot;
| - || - || - || K. voĺ || völɟ || *wuuĺ || *woɣəĺ || Ne. wäej
| Note *ĺ
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *a, P. *u (shibilants?)
|-
| &quot;to go carefully&quot;
| - || '''*váncé-''' || *wanče- || *vuž- || - || *wuunč- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uunč- || *wånč-
|-
| &quot;root&quot;
| - || - || *waž || *vuž || - || - || - || *wånčå
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
| &quot;to be born&quot;
| Mk. šačo- || - || *šača- || U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- || - || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
|-
| &quot;to stand&quot;
| - || - || *ša(l)ɣ || *sul- || aall- || - || - ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspondence 8: FM *a, Ma. *a, P. *åå, ObU *a
|-
| &quot;flat&quot;
| F. lappea || (''*láppɤ'') || Hi. lap ~ Me. '''lap''' || *lååp || lap || - || E. lapsək || -
| S. &quot;aside&quot;. Cf. &quot;flat side&quot;
|-
| &quot;this&quot;
| Es. ta || - || Hi. ta ~ Me. '''ta''' || K. to || - || - || *tamə || *tå
| Kh. &amp; Smy. from *to &quot;that&quot;?
|-
| &quot;to press&quot;
| F. paina- || '''*pájné-'''  || - || *pååńV- || - || *pańəɣt || - || Ka. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;paŋdə-&lt;/font&gt;
| S. ← F?
|-
| &quot;shine&quot;
| F. valkea, ''vaalea'' || '''*vélké''' || *walɣə || *vååĺk || ('''vilaag''') || *waĺk || *waĺ- || -
| Note *ĺ. Cf. IE
|-
| &quot;early&quot;
| - || - || *ažno || *våådź || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspodence 9: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
|-
| &quot;to freeze&quot;
| Mk. palo- || *pólɤš || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| faɟ || ''*paaĺ-'' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pojət- ||
|  Cf. FSM *pala- &quot;to burn&quot;. Note also *-l- ~ *-ðʲ-
|-
| &quot;wall&quot;
| F. pato || *póðó || - || - || fal || - || ''*pal'' || -
| Check Kh.
|-
| &quot;tail&quot;
| - || - || *pač || *bɤɤž || - || *panš || *poč || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pančå
| If not simply *o.
|-
| &quot;sour&quot;
| F. hapan || - || *šabə || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| sava-, '''sooska-''' || ''*šɯɯɣ-'' ||  *čoɣ- ? || -
|-
| &quot;to rise&quot;
| F. kapua- || - || - || - || - || - || *kåɣaaɣəl || -
| F. &quot;climb&quot;; Kh. &quot;to float&quot;
|-
| &quot;mud&quot;
| F. rapa || - || - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| Cf. Mo. rava &quot;Volga&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Unclear correspodence 10: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
|-
| &quot;to put&quot;
| F. pane- || - || *pańəža- || *pɤn- || - || *pun- || *pan- || *pɯn-
|-
| &quot;bitter&quot;
| F. katkera || *kóccɤk || *kača- || U. kɤš || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || '''*kiičə''' ? || -
| Cf. &quot;smell&quot;, next
|-
| &quot;to bite&quot;
| - || '''*kácké-''' || *kačka- || K. gɤčkɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;across&quot;
| - || - || *kač || K. kɤččɤb || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| under other vowels
|-
| &quot;clay&quot;
| Mo. śovoń || || *šun || K. śun || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *suwĺ || *saɣə || -
| Looks like *u with F. '''savi'''
|-
| &quot;gold, copper&quot;
| - || - || - || - || arań || *tarəń || *ɬoorńə ||
| *o_a. ← II
|-
| &quot;to scrape&quot;
| - || - || - || *vuušt- || vaas- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ašk- || #wååčəɣ- || -
| *o_a
|-
| &quot;to cut&quot;
| - || - || - || - || farag || *paar || - || '''*pərå-'''
| *o_i. Smy. &quot;to scrape&quot;, may not belong
|-
| &quot;bed&quot;
| - || - || - || *vååĺ || aaɟ || *aaĺaat || - || -
| *o_i
|-
| &quot;to dry&quot;
| - || - || - || - || asoo || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *taaš || #såås ||
| *o_i
|-
| &quot;net needle&quot;
| F. sohi- !! || *čópsémé || *šapš || - || - || *taas || #sååpəs || -
| *o_i. Note irregular sibilants in OU; later Altaic loan?
|-
| &quot;piece&quot;
| F. '''sukku''' || - || - || - || sak || - || *sak || -
| *o_i
|-
| &quot;ski&quot;
| - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *čójkɤ || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| *o_i?
|-
| &quot;shit&quot;
| F. '''paska''' || *pɤškɤ || *pʊškeda- || - || fos || *paaś || *poś || -
| *ô? S. → F?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| to be sorted
|-
| &quot;ice crust&quot;
| || *čóké || || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
|-
| &quot;berry&quot;
| F. marja || *mórjé || *mör || - || - || *maar- || *muur- ? || -
|-
| &quot;to shade&quot;
| - || - || *šöšte- || K. saśtɯ- || - || - || - || -
| &quot;to darken&quot; vs. &quot;to hide&quot;
|-
| &quot;arch&quot;
| F. kaari || *kóŋɤr || - || - || - || - || *kooŋkar || -
| Might be *o?
|-
| &quot;opening&quot;
| F. aukko || *vóŋɤs || '''äŋ''' || *ɤɤm || a(a)j || - || *ooŋ || '''*äŋ'''
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt'''; K. also '''vom'''; F. ← *aŋa- &quot;to open&quot; ?
|-
| &quot;instrument&quot;
| Mk. kaŕźi || - || '''*kärəš''' || U. kɯre(d)ź || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;tame&quot;
| - || *vóńɤs || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
|-
| &quot;to touch&quot;
| F. kajoa- || '''*kájó-''' || || - || - || *kaaj- &lt;!-- N xooj- --&gt;|| *kaaj- || -
|-
| &quot;light&quot;
| F. salama || - || || - || - || *sɯɯl || *sal- || *sålə
|-
| &quot;to open&quot;
| F. ava- || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɯɯŋkʷ- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
|-
| &quot;to leave&quot;
| Mk. valgo- || *vólké- || *wale- || - || vaal- || *wɯɯɣəl || *wɯɯɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;to dig&quot;
| Mk. kara- || - || *kare- || K. kɯr- || - || - || '''*kiir-''' ? || -
| P. *kɯr- in general &quot;to wash&quot;
|-
| &quot;pale&quot;
| - || - || *šapa- || - || saapad- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;dry place&quot;
| F. kaŋŋas || - || *kaŋɣa || - || - || *kuŋkʷə ? || - || -
|-
| &quot;to thro&quot;
| Mk. vačka- || - || vačka- ? || - || - || - || *waaškalt- ||
|-
| &quot;father-in-law&quot;
| F. appi || vóppɤ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *owo || - || '''ipa''' || *up || *uup || *əpə
|-
| &quot;sleigh&quot;
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Ne. ŋuutuuʔ
| Cf. Sw. ackja?
|-
| &quot;valley&quot;
| In. lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || Hi. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;laksa&lt;/font&gt; || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;woman&quot;
| F. nainen || - || - || - || naas || '''*nääji''' || *naaji ? || -
|-
| &quot;to chop&quot;
| Er. čapo- || '''*cápɤ-''' || - || *čuup- || - || - || *čopam? || -
| Onomatopoetic? Cf. &quot;to hit&quot;
|-
| &quot;flock&quot;
| F. parvi || - || - || *puur || - || - || *parə || -
|-
| &quot;close&quot;
| F. rakas || - || - || - || '''rokon''' || *raaw || *raɣ || -
|-
| &quot;1000&quot;
| - || - || - || *śuurs || - || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šaatər- || *ťarəs ||
| ← II
|-
| &quot;to tear&quot;
| - || - || - || *oor- || aar(t)- || '''*aart-''' || *aarə- || -
|-
| &quot;to hurry&quot;
| - || - || - || - || '''sorog-''' || #surəkt || *saarək ||
|-
| &quot;to bend&quot;
| F. taipu- || '''*toajé-''' || - || K. tuj- || - || *tääjəp- || *tɯɯj- || *tɯj- ?
| Check Smy.
|-
| &quot;to sink&quot;
| - || - || - || - || maart- || *muur- || *marət- ||
|-
| &quot;pond&quot;
| F. lampi || *lómpɤl || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| Me. lop || - || - || - || - || *lɯmpå
|-
| &quot;aunt&quot;
| Mk. ańa- || *vóńé- || - || *aań || aanɟ, ańa || *aań(-iikʷa) || *anəkə || *ɤńä
|-
| &quot;flat side&quot;
| F. lapa || *lópé || - || - || - || N. lop? || - || *lɤpä
| Cf. &quot;flat&quot;
|-
| &quot;back&quot;
| F. taka || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tɤkä
|-
| &quot;crane&quot;
| Mk. karga || *kórkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kərö'''
| F. '''kurki''', may match Smy.
|-
| &quot;to hang&quot;
| F. takertu- &lt;!--...takiainen, takki &quot;nuoska&quot;--&gt;|| - || - || - || - || - || *taɣər- || Se. tokua- ?
|-
| &quot;resin&quot;
| F. kata || NS '''kaččé''' || - || - || - || - || - || *kåCə
| S. *kássé ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;snot&quot;
| F. natta || IS '''ńetti''' || - || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *nåwtə ? &lt;!--Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- --&gt;
|-
| &quot;old&quot;
| F. vanha || - || - || U. vuž ~ K. važ || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to shame&quot;
| Mo. '''viźďe''' || - || *wažəla- || U. vodźɯt- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to breik&quot;
| Võ. katśki- || - || '''*kʊčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;sister&quot;
| Mk. sazor || - || ''*šʊžar'' || *soozər || || || ||
| F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
|-
| &quot;blueberry&quot;
| - || - || '''*moodə''' &lt;!-- &quot;KB&quot; u ~ &quot;B&quot; o--&gt;|| - || - || - || - || Ka. modo
|-
| &quot;horn; edge&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || '''*ääńt''' || *oŋət || ''*ämtə, *äŋtə''
|-
| &quot;brother's wife&quot;
| Mk. ańa || *vóńé || - || K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe, ań &lt;!--&quot;käly&quot;, &quot;miniä&quot;, &quot;täti&quot;, &quot;anoppi&quot;--&gt; || aanɟ, ańa || *aańi || *ańəkə || *äńä &lt;!-- Ne. ńeje ~ Sk. ońa--&gt;
| Separate P. *ań &quot;mother-in-law&quot;&lt;!-- WTF does StarLing list U. ańa &quot;Hanfgarbe&quot;??--&gt;
|-
| &quot;many; big&quot;
| - || - || - || *uuna || - || - || *onə || Ng. Aniʔe
| *u?
|-
| &quot;long-tailed duck&quot;&lt;!--alli--&gt;
| - || *hɤ/íŋɤ || - || - || - || *ɯɯŋkə || *ɯɯŋk || *åŋå
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|}

==Rejectable==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! FM example !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
&lt;!--
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || ||

muista: *kar- vs. *kärki &quot;tikka&quot;
--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
|-
| &quot;woven band&quot;
| F. vaula || *vóvlé || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F &amp; S. ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;bay&quot;
| F. lahti || *lóktɤ || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F &amp; S. ← Baltic?
|-
| &quot;much&quot;
| F. paljo || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *poli
|-
| &quot;door bolt&quot;
| F. sarana || - || || U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
| &quot;to stop&quot;
| F. tauko- || *tóvkó- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *duugdɯ- || - || - || - || -
| F. &amp; S. ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;hut&quot;
| F. talas || '''*tálo''' || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = &quot;pole&quot;. F. &amp; S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
|-
| &quot;far&quot;
| F. kauka(lo) || || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ? || -
| Mk. '''kuvaka''', '''kovil'''. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
|-
| &quot;to look&quot;
| F. katso- || '''keaččɤ-''' || - || U. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;lot&quot;
| F. arpa || *vórpé || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. &amp; S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
| &quot;flat&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| F. lattea || || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *laaptək || *lApta ?
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;board&quot;
| F. lauta || *lóvté || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F &amp; S. ← Baltic?
|-
| &quot;asp&quot;
| F. '''haapa''' || '''*súpé''' || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| &quot;branch&quot;
| F. hanka || || - || - || aag || *tɯɯɣ || *ɬaɣə || -
| F. ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;woods&quot;
| - || *vóvté || - || - || vad || - || '''*woont''' || -
| S. ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;dead; dry (of cow)&quot;
| F. marras || - ||  || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
|-
| &quot;stiff&quot;
| F. tankea || || *töŋɣe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
| &quot;cheap&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| F. halpa || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
| &quot;to gro&quot;
| F. kasva- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. &amp; Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason &quot;use, advantage&quot; rather from &quot;to present&quot;
|-
| &quot;metal&quot;
| F. vaski || '''veašké''' || *waž || U. vɯś ~ K. veś || vas || *vüš || *waɣ || *wäsä
| Mo. '''*vəśkä'''. ← Toch.?
|-
| &quot;maple&quot;
| Es. vaher || - || *waštar || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. '''ukštor'''. Possibly ← Toch.
|-
| &quot;shaft&quot;
| F. varsi || - || *wurðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| Messy crap
|-
| &quot;beginning&quot;
| F. alka- || *vólké- || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *aawəl || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- &quot;to be&quot; ?
|-
| &quot;armpit&quot;
| Mk. kaval || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''kájŋél''' || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kanəl || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
| F. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kainalo&lt;/font&gt;, Veps &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kaimal&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| &quot;nits&quot;
| Mk. śar̥ka || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''čívrós''' || Hi. šarkeńe ~&lt;br/&gt; Me. '''šarkenćə''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| F. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''saivar'''&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| &quot;to flay&quot;
| || *ńóvɤ- || || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| Rather looks like *o, medials messy
|-
| &quot;gull&quot;
| F. kajava || '''kájéké''' || || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kaajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. &quot;beaver&quot;
|-
| &quot;crow&quot;
| F. varis || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *vórččé || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| varjuu || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uurin || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
|-
| &quot;goose&quot;
| || '''*hɤŋá''' || || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form, medials messy
|-
| &quot;painted&quot;
| - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɯ || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *påtå
|-
| &quot;fly&quot;
| Mk. karvo || - || Me. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''karme'''&lt;/font&gt; || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''kärpänen'''
|-
| &quot;to want&quot;
| F. ''havi-'' || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| Ve. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;habi-&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| &quot;wet sno&quot;
| - || *vónčé || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *uuťkəl || -
|-
| &quot;dead&quot;?
| Mk. pača || - || - || - || - || - || *pačək || -
| Mo. &quot;soul&quot;, Kh. &quot;stillborn&quot;
|-
| &quot;gnarled&quot;
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
| Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets &amp; Selkup only
|-
| &quot;skis&quot;
| - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
|-
| &quot;fishing gear&quot;
| - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
| Coincidental?
|-
| &quot;to graze&quot;
| - || *kótó- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
| &quot;woods&quot;
| - || *mójðé || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| Weak. IS &quot;hunt&quot;
|-
| &quot;vessel&quot;
| F. saima- || - || - || U. śumɯk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| Mo. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;śuma, śima&lt;/font&gt;. Semantics all over the place.
|-
| &quot;sturgeon&quot;
| F. sampi || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*supəɣ''' || - || -
| Very bad
|}

&lt;!--
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
===Mansi===
{|
|-
! Proto-Mansi !! North () !! East () !! South () !! West ()
|-
| *aa || åå || || ||
|-
| *ɯɯ || aa || || || ɤɤ
|-
| *uu || uu || || || uu
|}
===Khanty===
{|
|-
! Proto-Khanty !! North () !! East () !! South (DN)
|-
| *aa || ɔɔ || aa || aa &lt;!--
|-
| *aa || aa || aa || oo &lt;!--*s'oDka
|-
| *åå || || ɔɔ ||
|-
| *oo || uu || o || oo &lt;!--*oNte--
|-
| *oo || oo || o || oo &lt;!--*puNke--
|-
| *o || o || o || o &lt;!--*kura
|-
| *ɯɯ || || ɯɯ ||
|-
| *uu || uu || uu ||
|}
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kamakawi.png</title>
    <id>6276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43246</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T15:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Relay 15 in Kamakawi native script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Relay 15 in Kamakawi native script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T́d̹åńi Vespeŕ</title>
    <id>6277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43250</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-18T21:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: '''Thathish Tongue''' (Tha: ''T́d̨åńi vespeŕ''  X-Sampa: Ta'''Do_'''ngI '''ves'''-peK) Is a Turkic language spoken in Thatholand, a fictional land somewhere between Yalo and Paradise ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Thathish Tongue''' (Tha: ''T́d̨åńi vespeŕ''  X-Sampa: Ta'''Do_'''ngI '''ves'''-peK) Is a Turkic language spoken in Thatholand, a fictional land somewhere between Yalo and Paradise Island. Spoken by over 68,007 people, Thathish is a popular language among the children. 

== Alphabet / Åfaŕgïtë ==

a total of 13 vowels and 23 Consonants. 

A Å B C Ć D D̨E Ë F G X I Ï M N Ń O Ø Ö P R Ŕ S Ş T T́ U Ų V Y Ỳ Z Ź

- Now the alphabet again with it's x sampa and it's name. 

A - a - Am

Å - o - Åm 

B - b - Ba

C - ts - Ca

Ć - tS - Ća

D - d - Da

D̨ - D - D̨a

E - e - Em

Ë - i - Ëm

F - f - Fe

G - g - Ge

X - x - Xe

I - I - Im

Ï - aI - Ïm

M - m - Mi

N - n - Ni

Ń - ng - Ńi

O - Q - Om

Ø - 9 - Øm

Ö - Qi - Öm

P - p - Po

R - r - Ro

Ŕ - K - Ŕo

S - s - So

Ş - S - Şo 

T - t - To

T́ - Ta - T́ mo

U - u - Um

Ų - 8 - Ųm

V - v - Vu

Y - j - Yu

Ỳ - 1 - Amỳ (only ever at the end of a word)

Z - z - Zỳ

Ź - z - Źỳ

== Useless Phrases == 

'''Can you cope with a mountain of laundry'''

- Grammar

''Youcope with mountain of laundry possible?''

- In Thathish 

'''Kųrpųrişa vum xïlańid̨uř eø ålåndre xvaųş?'''
''KOOR-poor-ish-a VUM khai-LANG-ith-utl EUR o-LOND-reh Khva-OOSH''

''' I live alone'''

- Grammar

''Ilive Alone''

- In thathish

'''Yanųpïtỳ şåbøŕ'''
''Yah-NOO-pai-tu? Sho-BUTL''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modern Tocharian (Ill Bethisad)</title>
    <id>6278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46833</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Тугърінє''' (''Tuhärinje'', тугъріня къдво ''tuhärinja kädvo'', Ru. Тохарский язык ''Tokharskiy yazyk'', 'the Tocharian language')

== The Ajchrip alphabet ==

This Cyrillic alphabet for Modern Tocharian was created by the 19th century monk Ajchrip (Айхрiп) as an improvement of the Cyrillic spelling of his native language previously used by Russian missionaries. To make a long story short the misssionaries' spelling revealed a thick Russian accent, failing to distinguish sounds which sounded alike to a Russian ear. It is to this day debated whether the missionaries could actually not hear the difference between the sounds in question, or if they were only at a loss how to spell them differently, in each case using the letter for the closest Russian phoneme.

When expanding the alphabet Ajchrip worked with what he had, viz. a set of Russian Cyrillic moveable type. He used several methods to expand his inventory of letters:

# To use letters which were allographs for a single sound in the 19th century Russian alphabet for different phonemes in his native language.
# To turn the letters which the missionaries had used for two different sounds upside down to get a new letter for the sound missing in Russian. This was easy to do in moveable type but is hard to reproduce on computers.
# Digraphs, used especially to distinguish alveopalatal fricatives and affricates from their retroflex counterparts. The digraph НГ нг was taken over from the missionaries' spelling, since it was in fact unambiguous. Note that in the modern language it contrasts with the spelling н'г in loanwords like дин'гі, which were formerly spelled in the Russian way (денги).
# In one case, Ъ ъ, he used a letter which was always silent in Russian for a sound not found in that language. He had plenty of Ъ ъ type, since that letter was used vacuously after every word-final consonant in 19th century Russian orthography.
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;Letter&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;Romanization&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;IPA&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 39%;&quot;&gt;Comment&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;А а&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/a/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Б б&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;b&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[b]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In complementary distribution with [mb].&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;В в&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;v&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/β/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Г г&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;h&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɣ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;’Г ’г&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;g&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[g]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;An allophone, mainly occurring word-initially, of /ŋ/, but not distinguished from Г г /ɣ/ in the Russian missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Д д&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;d&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;[d]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In complementary distribution with [nd].&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Е е&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;jo&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʑo, ʲo/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ж ж&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ż&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʐ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ЖЬ жь&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʑ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When not preceded or followed by a vowel. Rare. Not distinguished from Ж ж in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;З з&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;z&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/z/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ɛ ɛ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ź, z’&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ð/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Written Зь зь in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;І і&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʑi, ʲi/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;И и&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;jy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʑe, ʲe/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Й й&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;j&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʑ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;After vowels. Written with ь + е, и, ҍ, є, ю, я after a consonant and with жь when not preceded or followed by a vowel.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;К к&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;k&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/k/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Л л&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;l&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɫ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ЛЬ ль&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ļ, l’&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʎ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;М м&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/m/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Н н&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;n&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/n/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;НГ нг&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;nh, ngh&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ŋ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;НЬ нь&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ņ, n’&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɲ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;О о&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/o/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;П п&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;p&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/p/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Р р&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;r&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɾ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/r/ word-initially and after a consonant.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;РР рр&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;rr&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/r/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;С с&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;s&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/s/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ɔ ɔ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ś&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/θ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Written Сь сь in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Т т&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;t&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/t/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;У у&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/o/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ф ф&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;f&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɸ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Х х&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ch, x&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/x/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Has an allophone [h] which sometimes was written Г г by the missionaries.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ц ц&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;c&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ts/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ч ч&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ċ, cż&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/tʂ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ЧЬ чь&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ç, cj&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/tɕ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Not distinguished from Ч ч in the missionaries’ spelling. Written чье, чьи, чьҍ, чьє, чью, чья when followed by a vowel.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ш ш&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ṡ, sż&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʂ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Щ щ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ş, sj&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɕ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Incidentally distinguished by the missionaries because Russian had a suitable letter.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ъ ъ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ə/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Not distinguished from А а in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ы ы&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/e/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When not preceded by /ʑ, ʎ, ɲ/.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ь ь&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;(')&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ʲ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Used in digraphs for alveopalatal and palatal consonants. The phonemes /ʎ, ɲ/ are written л, н+ е, и, ҍ, є, ю, я when followed by a vowel.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ҍ ҍ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ë&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/æ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Written Э э and not distinguished from /ɛ/ in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Є є&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;je&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/jɛ, ʲɛ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Written Ҍ ҍ in the missionaries’ spelling.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Э э&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ɛ/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ю ю&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ju&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ju, ʲu/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Я я&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ja&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;/ja, ʲa/&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;


On 2009-02-18 Jan van Steenbergen wrote:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Hehe. GMP? Are you saying we know anything about Modern Tocharian?
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Yes, I have some drafts in my head! ;-)

&lt;blockquote&gt;If so, all I can say is: wow! Bengan, I want to know more about that!
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
There is so far only a little known about it. I started out from the known consonantal allophony in Old Tocharian:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;#'',''#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;V_V&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 14%;&quot;&gt;C_V&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot;&gt;N_&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/p/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[p]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[β]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ɸ]}}/{{IPA|[β]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[b]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/t/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[t]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ð]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[θ]}}/{{IPA|[ð]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[d]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/k/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[k]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ɣ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[x]}}/{{IPA|[ɣ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[g]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
to which I added:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;#'',''#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;V_V&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 15%;&quot;&gt;C_V&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;N_&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ts/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ts]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dz]}} ({{IPA|[s&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align̩&quot;left&quot;&gt;]}}/{{IPA|[z]}} ?) {{IPA|[dz&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align̩&quot;left&quot;&gt;]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/c/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[tɕ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dʑ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;({{IPA|[ɕ]}}/{{IPA|[ʑ]}} ?)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dʑ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/s/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[s]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[z]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[s]}}/{{IPA|[z]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dz]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɕ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ɕ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ʑ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ɕ]}}/{{IPA|[ʑ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dʑ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ʂ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ʂ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ʐ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[ʂ]}}/{{IPA|[ʐ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[dʐ]}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
Where {{IPA|[sæ#ɨɐ0ʲz]}} are the Polish/Wenedyk soft sibilants ''si zi'' and {{IPA|[ʃ ʒ]}} are the Pol/Wnd hard sibilants ''sz .z''.

And that the stops have the fricative allophones also next to liquids, so that e.g.

* tr &amp;gt; θr / #_
* tr &amp;gt; ðr / V_V
* rt &amp;gt; rθ / _#
The most important subsequent change on the road to New Tocharian is

* @ &amp;gt; Ø
i.e. the loss of all &amp;quot;{{IPA|[ä]}}&amp;quot;s. (That is a-umlaut, the unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} {{IPA|[ə]}}) except where it had already shifted to {{IPA|/i/}}. This made all the above consonant allophones phonemic, with the important exception that there were no {{IPA|/b d dzæ#ɨɐ0ʲdʒ g/}} but rather {{IPA|/m͡b/}} etc.

Later changes include:

* a &amp;gt; ə
* β &amp;gt; w
* ew &amp;gt; ju
* oj &amp;gt; jo
* ej &amp;gt; e Old Tocharian /e/ ̩ {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
* ow &amp;gt; o Old Tocharian /o/ ̩ {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
* aj &amp;gt; æː &amp;gt; æ
* aw &amp;gt; ɒː &amp;gt; ɒ &amp;gt; ɔ
* j &amp;gt; /ʑ/
* ʑ &amp;gt; &amp;quot;/j/&amp;quot;
* ʐ &amp;gt; ʒ
* ɕ, ʂ &amp;gt; ʃ
* sθ, ʃθ &amp;gt; θ
* ʃx &amp;gt; x
* zj, ʒj, ðj, rj &amp;gt; j
* sj, ʃj, θj &amp;gt; ɕ
* nj &amp;gt; ɲ
* lj &amp;gt; ʎ
* [nasal] &amp;gt; Ø / #_ [voiced stop]
* ŋg, ŋɣ &amp;gt; ŋ
* ɸ &amp;gt; f
* w &amp;gt; ʋ
Needless to say these changes will also bring havoc in the inflexional system...

Probably an intermediate stage in the development of the O.Toch. ''ew oj'' was {{IPA|/y ø/}}, which later 'broke' to {{IPA|/ju jo/}} along with {{IPA|/æ ɒ/}} &amp;gt; {{IPA|/ja wa/}}, i.e. the langiuage was heavily Turkicized/Uralicized at some point. Perhaps even it still is, so that the letters hitherto Latinized ''ju ja'' actually have front rounded allophones, with an actual {{IPA|[j]}} occuring only word initially and intervocallically, and Middle Tocharian ''*ji'' and ''*i'' merge. Instead there is a distinction between low mid and low front vowels. There is no actual {{IPA|/jɑ/}} since Middle Tocharian {{IPA|/jɑ/}} merges with {{IPA|/jæ/}} and {{IPA|/jə/}} as follows (M.Toch. = Middle Tocharian, of course only attested as spelling errors in documents trying to write Old Tocharian! :-)

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 7%;&quot;&gt;Cyr.&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 11%;&quot;&gt;M.Toch.&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 10%;&quot;&gt;New Toch.&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 8%;&quot;&gt;New Lat.&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot;&gt;ASCII&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ю ю&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ju/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/(j)y/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;(j)ü&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;(j)ue&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Е е&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/jo jɒ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/(j)ø/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;(j)ö&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;(j)oe&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;І і&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/i ji/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/i/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ы ы&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/e/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/e/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;y&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;И и&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/je/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/je/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;jy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;jy&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Э э&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɛ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɛ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Є є&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/jɛ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/jɛ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;je&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ѣ ѣ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/æ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/æ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ë&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ea&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Я я&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/jæ jɑ jə/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/jæ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ja&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ja&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Ъ ъ&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ə/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɜ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ae&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;У у&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/u/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/u/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;О о&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/o ɒ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/o/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;А а&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɑ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ɑ/}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
Darn Yahoos which make an ASCIIsation necessary in the first place...

Obviously the Cyrillic needs to be adjusted. For totally implausible reasons I wanted to have jat' as {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} as ''ä''! :-) The odious turned square E goes out unmourned. Otherwise the inventory of the Ajchrip alphabet would be the same even though some of the correspondences to O.Toch. phonemes would be different.

&lt;blockquote&gt;This Ajchrip alphabet, did you devise it especially for Tocharian?
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Yes.

&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The text doesn't seem to mention it.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
No, because I asked for input on what people on CONLANG thought about the phoneme to letter mappings without prejudicing them by telling about the Tocharian connexion. Yitzik didn't like my use of turned Cyrillic letters, but I think it makes perfect sense in the conhistory -- plus that э and the Ukrainian є really suggest this, and even Yitzik had to admit that Russians hear {{IPA|[θ]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}} as {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[z]}}! :-)

I didn't mention either that Ajchrip was a ''Buddhist'' monk. His name is from the Sanskrit ''Hájagríva''(*here's* Sanskrit transliteration ''Hāyagrīva'') &amp;quot;The Horse-headed&amp;quot;, thus yet another incarnation of myself! Perhaps he should be Ѣхріп ''Eachrip'' now. I kind of like the idea of his name beginning with Jat'!

I wonder what Middle and Modern orthography in the Brahmi script is like. I guess the Cä letters could come in handy for missing voiced fricative letters, long vowel signs for back/unjotized/higher vowels and short vowel signs for front/jotized/lower vowels although that would have been a slow and painful process.
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monastic Republic</title>
    <id>6279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43283</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-20T01:10:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[MR culture]]  [[MR language]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[MR culture]]

[[MR language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR language</title>
    <id>6280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48593</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-21T23:43:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Category removed.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Athonite Grammar I]]

[[Athonite Grammar II]]

[[Athonite Swadesh List]]

[[Athonite Translations]]

[[Athonite Vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Grammar I</title>
    <id>6281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54722</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-28T20:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Reflexive Pronouns */ Grammar revision.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=A GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE PEOPLE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN=
*Athonite is the official language of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain. It is spoken daily by the citizens; all street signs, traffic signs, the weekly newspaper, etc., are written in Athonite.
*Modern Greek is taught to the children in school so that, by the time they graduate from the gymnasio or liceo, they are fluent in it as well.
*The language began when Greek refugees came to the Monastic Republic from Turkey.  They spoke only Turkish, and Athonite was developed as these Greeks started to learn Modern Greek.
*As a result, there is some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.  A note about the Turkish influence will be highlighted in &lt;font color=red&gt;red&lt;/font&gt;.

=Orthography and Pronunciation=
*The name of the language is Athonite (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αþωνίτ&lt;/font&gt;).
*A spelling reform, proposed by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation.
*Double letters have been eliminated.
*An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel. Monosyllabic words contain no accent, unless followed by an enclitic.
{|border=1
|i=No| Greek
|c=01| Athonite
|c=02| Latin
|c=03| Pronunciation
|c=04| IPA
|-
|i=No| α
|c=01| α
|c=02| a&lt;br&gt;ä
|c=03| f'''a'''ther when accented&lt;br&gt;b'''u'''t otherwise
|c=04| /a/&lt;br&gt;/ʌ/
|-
|i=No| αι
|c=01| ɛ
|c=02| e 
|c=03| b'''e'''d
|c=04| /ɛ/
|-
|i=No| αυ
|c=01| αυ
|c=02| af, äf&lt;br&gt;av, äv
|c=03| before voiceless consonants&lt;br&gt;before voiced consonants
|c=04| /af/, /ʌf/&lt;br&gt;/av/, /ʌv/
|-
|i=No| β
|c=01| β
|c=02| v
|c=03| '''v'''ine
|c=04| /v/
|-
|i=No| γ
|c=01| γ
|c=02| g&lt;br&gt;j
|c=03| Sp. va'''g'''ar before a, ø, o, u, &amp; consonants&lt;br&gt;'''y'''es before e, i, y
|c=04| /g/&lt;br&gt;/j/
|-
|i=No| γγ
|c=01| γγ
|c=02| ng
|c=03| si'''ng'''
|c=04| ŋ
|-
|i=No| γκ
|c=01| γκ
|c=02| g
|c=03| '''g'''o
|c=04| g
|-
|i=No| γξ
|c=01| γξ
|c=02| nks
|c=03| si'''ng''' + ly'''nx'''
|c=04| /ŋks/
|-
|i=No| γχ
|c=01| γχ
|c=02| nh
|c=03| si'''ng''' + Ger. i'''ch'''
|c=04| /ŋç/
|-
|i=No| δ
|c=01| δ
|c=02| ð
|c=03| '''th'''at
|c=04| /ð/
|-
|i=No| ε
|c=01| ε
|c=02| e
|c=03| b'''e'''t
|c=04| /ɛ/
|-
|i=No| ει
|c=01| ι
|c=02| i
|c=03| f'''ee'''t
|c=04| /i/
|-
|i=No| ɛυ
|c=01| ɛυ
|c=02| ef&lt;br&gt;ev
|c=03| before voiceless consonants&lt;br&gt;before voiced consonants
|c=04| /ɛf/&lt;br&gt;ɛv/
|-
|i=No| ζ
|c=01| ζ
|c=02| z
|c=03| '''z'''oo
|c=04| /z/
|-
|i=No| η
|c=01| ι
|c=02| i
|c=03| f'''ee'''t
|c=04| /i/
|-
|i=No| θ
|c=01| θ
|c=02| þ
|c=03| '''th'''in
|c=04| /θ/
|-
|i=No| ι
|c=01| ι
|c=02| i&lt;br&gt;y
|c=03| b'''ee'''&lt;br&gt;'''y'''es between vowels
|c=04| /i/&lt;br&gt;/j/
|-
|i=No| κ
|c=01| κ
|c=02| k
|c=03| '''k'''in
|c=04| /k/
|-
|i=No| λ
|c=01| λ
|c=02| l
|c=03| '''l'''ong
|c=04| /l/
|-
|i=No| μ
|c=01| μ
|c=02| m
|c=03| '''m'''at
|c=04| /m/
|-
|i=No| μπ
|c=01| μπ
|c=02| b
|c=03| '''b'''at
|c=04| /b/
|-
|i=No| ν
|c=01| ν
|c=02| n
|c=03| '''n'''ap
|c=04| /n/
|-
|i=No| ντ
|c=01| ντ
|c=02| d&lt;br&gt;nd
|c=03| initially, '''d'''ot&lt;br&gt;medially, wi'''nd'''
|c=04| /d/&lt;br&gt;/nd/
|-
|i=No| ξ
|c=01| ξ
|c=02| x
|c=03| a'''x'''
|c=04| /ks/
|- 
|i=No| ο
|c=01| ο
|c=02| ø
|c=03| '''awe'''
|c=04| /ɔ/
|-
|i=No| οι
|c=01| ι
|c=02| i
|c=03| f'''ee'''t
|c=04| /i/
|- 
|i=No| ου
|c=01| oυ
|c=02| ou
|c=03| b'''oo'''t
|c=04| /u/
|-
|i=No| π
|c=01| π
|c=02| p
|c=03| '''p'''it
|c=04| /p/
|-
|i=No| ρ
|c=01| ρ
|c=02| r
|c=03| Sp. pe'''r'''o
|c=04| /r/
|-
|i=No| ς, σ
|c=01| ς
|c=02| s
|c=03| '''z'''oo before voiced consonants&lt;br&gt;'''s'''ue before voiceless consonants
|c=04| /z/&lt;br&gt;/s/
|-
|i=No| τ
|c=01| τ
|c=02| t
|c=03| '''t'''ap
|c=04| /t/
|-
|i=No| τζ
|c=01| τζ
|c=02| dz
|c=03| rea'''ds'''
|c=04| /ʣ/
|-
|i=No| 
|c=01| τγ
|c=02| j
|c=03| '''j'''am
|c=04| /ʣ/
|-
|i=No| υ
|c=01| υ
|c=02| u
|c=03| Fr. d'''u'''r
|c=04| /y/
|-
|i=No| φ
|c=01| φ
|c=02| f
|c=03| '''f'''un
|c=04| /f/
|-
|i=No| χ
|c=01| χ
|c=02| h
|c=03| Ger. i'''ch'''
|c=04| /ç/
|-
|i=No| ψ
|c=01| ψ
|c=02| ps
|c=03| li'''ps'''
|c=04| /ps/
|-
|i=No| ω
|c=01| ω
|c=02| o  
|c=03| b'''oa'''t
|c=04| /o/
|}

=Grammar=
==The Articles==
*&lt;font color=red&gt;Under the influence of Turkish&lt;/font&gt;, there is neither a definite nor an indefinite article.

==Nouns==
*There are no classes of nouns in Athonite.  
*There are three cases for the nouns in Athonite.
**The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence.
**The genitive case is used to express possession or appurtenance
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Παράθυρι ςπίτου μου ακάθαρτ.&lt;/font&gt; My house's windows (are) filthy.
**The accusative case is used for the object of verbs.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Σκύλο βλέπω.&lt;/font&gt; I see a/the dog.
**The accusative case is also used for the objects of prepositions.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;καρδεςό μου ς' δουλό καθ πρωί πέρνω.&lt;/font&gt; I take my brother to work every morning.
**After some nouns it expresses their content.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ποτίρο&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;ςούο&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέλω&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt; I want a glass of water.

===The Nominative Singular===
*The nominative singular has been formed by deleting the nominative singular ending of the Greek noun.
**The accent remains on the same syllable if it is in the root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;πατέρας&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;πατέρ&lt;/font&gt;; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άνεμος&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άνεμ&lt;/font&gt;.
**If the accent is on the ending, it reverts to the final syllable, ''e.g.'',  &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;.
**Nouns of the neuter declension characterized by an increase in the genitive in Greek use the genitive stem for the nominative, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ελπίς, ελπίδος&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ελπίδ&lt;/font&gt;.
**Some nouns whose genitive stems end in consonant clusters, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;δέ'''νδρ'''ος&lt;/font&gt;, drop the final consonant (&lt;font color=blue&gt;-ρος&lt;/font&gt;) which gives the Athonite &lt;font color=blue&gt;δενδ&lt;/font&gt;. These nouns then restore the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ρ&lt;/font&gt; in the plural, &lt;font color=blue&gt;δένδρι&lt;/font&gt;.

===The Genitive Singular===
*Athonite nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ου&lt;/font&gt; in the genitive singular:
**Greek masculine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελος&lt;/font&gt;, angel, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελου&lt;/font&gt;, of the angel
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτης&lt;/font&gt;, workman, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτου&lt;/font&gt;, of the workman
***&lt;font color=red&gt;καρδές&lt;/font&gt;, brother, &lt;font color=blue&gt; καρδεςού&lt;/font&gt;, of the brother
**Greek feminine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βασίλισσα&lt;/font&gt;, queen, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλις&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font  color=blue&gt;βαςίλιςου&lt;/font&gt;, of the queen
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλλα&lt;/font&gt;, girl, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλου&lt;/font&gt;, of the girl
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt;, sister, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφού&lt;/font&gt;, of the sister
**Greek neuter nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλου&lt;/font&gt;, of the cart
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρου&lt;/font&gt;, of the cigarette
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;σινεμά&lt;/font&gt;, cinema, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινέμ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινεμού&lt;/font&gt;, of the cinema

===The Accusative Singular===
* Athonite nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ο&lt;/font&gt; in the accusative singular:
**Greek masculine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελος&lt;/font&gt;, angel, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελο&lt;/font&gt;, angel
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτης&lt;/font&gt;, workman, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτο&lt;/font&gt;, workman
***&lt;font color=red&gt; καρδές &lt;/font&gt;, brother, &lt;font color=red&gt; καρδεςό&lt;/font&gt;, brother
**Greek feminine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βασίλισσα&lt;/font&gt;, queen, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλις &lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλιςo&lt;/font&gt;, queen
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλλα&lt;/font&gt;, girl, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλo&lt;/font&gt;, girl
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt;, sister, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφό&lt;/font&gt;, sister
**Greek neuter nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;σινεμά&lt;/font&gt;, cinema, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινέμ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινεμό&lt;/font&gt;, cinema

===The Nominative Plural===
* Athonite nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ι&lt;/font&gt; in the nominative plural:
**Greek masculine nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ι&lt;/font&gt;.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελος&lt;/font&gt;, angel, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελι&lt;/font&gt;, angels
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτης&lt;/font&gt;, workman, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτι&lt;/font&gt;, workmen
***&lt;font color=red&gt; καρδές&lt;/font&gt;, brother, &lt;font color=red&gt; καρδεςί&lt;/font&gt;, brothers
**Greek feminine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βασίλισσα&lt;/font&gt;, queen, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλις &lt;font color=blue&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλιςι&lt;/font&gt;, queens
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλλα&lt;/font&gt;, girl, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλι&lt;/font&gt;, girl
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt;, sister, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφί&lt;/font&gt;, sister
**Greek neuter nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλι&lt;/font&gt;, cart
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρί&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;σινεμά&lt;/font&gt;, cinema, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινέμ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινεμί&lt;/font&gt;, cinema
**There are a few irregular plurals:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;χρώμ&lt;/font&gt;, color; &lt;font color=blue&gt;χρώματι&lt;/font&gt;, colors
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;φως&lt;/font&gt;, light; &lt;font color=blue&gt;φώτι&lt;/font&gt;, lights

===The Genitive Plural===
* Athonite nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ων&lt;/font&gt; in the genitive plural:
**Greek masculine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελος&lt;/font&gt;, angel, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελων&lt;/font&gt;, of the angels
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτης&lt;/font&gt;, workman, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτων&lt;/font&gt;, of the workmen
***&lt;font color=red&gt; καρδές&lt;/font&gt;, brother, &lt;font color=red&gt; καρδεςών&lt;/font&gt;, of the brothers
**Greek feminine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βασίλισσα&lt;/font&gt;, queen, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλις &lt;font color=blue&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλιςων&lt;/font&gt;, of the queens
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλλα&lt;/font&gt;, girl, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλων&lt;/font&gt;, of the girls
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt;, sister, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφών&lt;/font&gt;, of the sisters
**Greek neuter nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλων&lt;/font&gt;, of the carts
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρων&lt;/font&gt;, of the cigarettes
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;σινεμά&lt;/font&gt;, cinema, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινέμ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινεμών&lt;/font&gt;, of the cinemas

===The Accusative Plural===
* Athonite nouns add &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ους&lt;/font&gt; in the accusative plural:
**Greek masculine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελος&lt;/font&gt;, angel, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελους&lt;/font&gt;, angels
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτης&lt;/font&gt;, workman, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτους&lt;/font&gt;, workmen
***&lt;font color=red&gt;καρδές&lt;/font&gt;, brother, &lt;font color=red&gt;καρδεςούς&lt;/font&gt;, brothers
**Greek feminine nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βασίλισσα&lt;/font&gt;, queen, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλις &lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαςίλιςους&lt;/font&gt;, queens
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλλα&lt;/font&gt;, girl, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοπέλους&lt;/font&gt;, girls
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφή&lt;/font&gt;, sister, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδέλφ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αδελφούς&lt;/font&gt;, sisters
**Greek neuter nouns:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκκαλο&lt;/font&gt;, cart, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόκαλους&lt;/font&gt;, carts
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρο&lt;/font&gt;, cigarette, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζιγάρους&lt;/font&gt;, cigarettes
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;σινεμά&lt;/font&gt;, cinema, &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινέμ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςινεμούς&lt;/font&gt;, cinemas

===Nouns as Modifiers===
*&lt;font color=red&gt;To express the material of which something is made, the nominative singular of the material is placed before the appropriate case of the object.&lt;/font&gt;
**A wooden table (is) in the room, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ξυλ τραπέζ εν δομάτου&lt;/font&gt;.
**I see a wooden table, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ξυλ τραπέζo βλέπω&lt;/font&gt;.

==Adjectives==
*Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable. They are derived from Modern Greek adjectives in the same way as the nouns.
*Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
*Indeclinable adjective and noun are seen as a unit. This unit must have an accent, so one is added to the monosyllabic noun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ&lt;/font&gt; + &lt;font color=blue&gt;πεδ&lt;/font&gt; = &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ πέδ&lt;/font&gt;, good child; but in &lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ πεδ&lt;/font&gt;, big child, the accent for the unit is already there.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ άγγελ&lt;/font&gt;, good man
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ γυνέκ&lt;/font&gt;, good woman
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ πέδ&lt;/font&gt;, good child
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ κιπ&lt;/font&gt;, large garden
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ πορτ&lt;/font&gt;, large door
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ δομάτ&lt;/font&gt;, large room
*The adjectives &lt;font color=blue&gt;αφτ&lt;/font&gt;, 'this,' and &lt;font color=blue&gt;εκίν&lt;/font&gt;, 'that,' follow the noun they modify.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;άγγελ αφτ&lt;/font&gt;, this man
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;κίπ αφτ&lt;/font&gt;, this garden ('''N.B. the added accent''')
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;γυνέκ αφτ&lt;/font&gt;, this woman
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;πέδ αφτ&lt;/font&gt;, this child ('''N.B. the added accent''')
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;εργάτ εκίν&lt;/font&gt;, that worker
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;νυχτ εκίν&lt;/font&gt;, that night
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;δομάτ εκίν&lt;/font&gt;, that room
*Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;δεν&lt;/font&gt; in front of the verb.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πρωίν έτιμ&lt;/font&gt;, breakfast (is) ready.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πρωίν έτιμ δεν&lt;/font&gt;, breakfast (is) not ready.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Μπαρ γεμάτ δεν&lt;/font&gt;, the bar (is) not full.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πόρτ αφτ μεγάλ δεν&lt;/font&gt;, this door is not big. ('''N.B. the added accent''')

===The Possessive Adjectives===
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μου&lt;/font&gt;, my
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μων&lt;/font&gt;, our
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςου&lt;/font&gt;, your
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςων&lt;/font&gt;, your
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;του&lt;/font&gt;, his, her, its
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;των&lt;/font&gt;, their
|}
*Likewise, the possessive adjective and noun are seen as a unit. This unit must have an accent, so one is added to the monosyllabic noun.
*These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςπιτ&lt;/font&gt;, house; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςπίτ μου&lt;/font&gt;, my house
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;φιλ&lt;/font&gt;, friend; &lt;font color=blue&gt;φίλ μου&lt;/font&gt;, my friend
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;χέρ μου&lt;/font&gt;, my hand
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ρατέρ ςου&lt;/font&gt;, your father
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;μιτέρ του&lt;/font&gt;, her mother
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;κίπ μων&lt;/font&gt;, our garden
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;κίπι μων&lt;/font&gt;, our gardens
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;λέπτ ςας&lt;/font&gt;, your money
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;κενούρ αμάξ&lt;/font&gt;, new cart; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κενούρ αμάξ μου&lt;/font&gt;, my new cart
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ φίλ μων&lt;/font&gt;, our good friend

===Comparison of Adjectives===
*&lt;font color=red&gt;Under the influence of Turkish&lt;/font&gt;, adjectives form the comparative degree only by placing the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιο&lt;/font&gt; before them and not by adding a suffix. They are then followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;από&lt;/font&gt; and the accusative case.
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πιο&lt;/font&gt; is an enclitic and causes an accent on the following adjective if it doesn't already have one.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;O Μιχάλ πλους&lt;/font&gt;, Michael (is) rich.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καρδές μου πιο δυνάτ από καρδεςό ςου&lt;/font&gt;, my brother (is) stronger than your brother.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;O Γιαν πιο φτόχ από O Κόςτο&lt;/font&gt;, John is poorer than Costas.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Σπίτ αφτ πιο κάλ από εκίνο&lt;/font&gt;, This house is better than that one.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Άφτοκίνετ αφτ πολύ πιο κίρ από άλο&lt;/font&gt;, This automobile (is) much worse than the other.
*Because Greek lacks a superlative degree distinct from the comparative, &lt;font color=red&gt;under the influence of Turkish&lt;/font&gt;, adjectives form the superlative degree by placing the adverb &lt;font color=red&gt;εν&lt;/font&gt; before them, followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςε&lt;/font&gt; and the genitive case.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;O Ανδρέ&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;'ν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ μαθίτ ς' τάξου του&lt;/font&gt;, Andrew (is) the best pupil in his class.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πατέρ του&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;εν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;πλούς ς' Αθίνου&lt;/font&gt;, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;I Ελέν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;εν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ωρέ γυνέκ ς' Ελάδου ίτε&lt;/font&gt;, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
*The comparison of inferiority is expressed with &lt;font color=blue&gt;λιγώτ&lt;/font&gt;, less, followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;από&lt;/font&gt; with the accusative.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;O Νικ λιγώτ έξυπ από O Κόςτο ίνε&lt;/font&gt;, Nick is not as smart as Costa.
*The comparison of equality is expressed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;τόςο...όςο κε&lt;/font&gt; followed by the nominative.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πατέρ μου τόςο πλους όςο κε πατέρ ςου&lt;/font&gt;, My father is as rich as your father.

===Intensification of Adjectives===
*Although the meaning of an adjective can be intensified by the use of words such as &lt;font color=blue&gt;πολύ&lt;/font&gt;, the more common way to do so is by &lt;font color=red&gt;reduplication of the first letter&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;καθάρ&lt;/font&gt;, clean; &lt;font color=blue&gt;κάκαθαρ&lt;/font&gt;, very clean, spic 'n' span.
*The vowel between the two is the vowel of the first syllable, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαθ&lt;/font&gt;, deep; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βάβαθ&lt;/font&gt;, very deep, &lt;font color=red&gt;ταμ&lt;/font&gt;, exact; &lt;font color=red&gt;τάταμ&lt;/font&gt;, precise; but, &lt;font color=blue&gt;νορ&lt;/font&gt;, early; &lt;font color=blue&gt;νόνορ&lt;/font&gt;, very early.
*If the adjective begins with a vowel, the reduplication consists of that vowel and a &lt;font color=blue&gt;π&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ακρίβ&lt;/font&gt;, dear; &lt;font color=blue&gt;άπακριβ&lt;/font&gt;, very dear; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ωρέ&lt;/font&gt;, beautiful; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ώπωρε&lt;/font&gt;, very beautiful.
*&lt;font color=red&gt;The reduplicated syllable receives the accent&lt;/font&gt;, but no farther back than the antepenult, ''e.g.'', blue, &lt;font color=blue&gt;γαλαξί&lt;/font&gt;; bright blue, &lt;font color=blue&gt;γαγάλαξι&lt;/font&gt;.
*Examples:
**all, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ολ&lt;/font&gt;; wholly &lt;font color=blue&gt;όπολ&lt;/font&gt;
**alone, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μον&lt;/font&gt;; absolutely alone, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μόμον&lt;/font&gt;
**black, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαυρ&lt;/font&gt;; jet black, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μάμαυρ&lt;/font&gt;
**boring, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανιάρ&lt;/font&gt;; tedious, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άπανιαρ&lt;/font&gt;
**bright, &lt;font color=blue&gt;λαμπ&lt;/font&gt;; brilliant, &lt;font color=blue&gt;λάλαμπ&lt;/font&gt;
**cold, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κρυ&lt;/font&gt;; frigid, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κύκρυ&lt;/font&gt;
**crazy, &lt;font color=blue&gt;τρελ&lt;/font&gt;; insane, &lt;font color=blue&gt;τέτρελ&lt;/font&gt;
**full, &lt;font color=blue&gt;γεμάτ&lt;/font&gt;, crammed full, &lt;font color=blue&gt;γέγεματ&lt;/font&gt;
**hot, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζεςτ&lt;/font&gt;; red hot, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζέζεςτ&lt;/font&gt;
**ill, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρώςτ&lt;/font&gt;; terminally ill, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άπαρωςτ&lt;/font&gt;
**large, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ&lt;/font&gt;; gigantic, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μέμεγαλ&lt;/font&gt;
**new, &lt;font color=blue&gt;νε&lt;/font&gt;; brand new, &lt;font color=blue&gt;νένε&lt;/font&gt;
**old, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μεγάλ&lt;/font&gt;; ancient, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μέμεγαλ&lt;/font&gt;
**other, &lt;font color=blue&gt;αλ&lt;/font&gt;; quite another thing, &lt;font color=blue&gt;άπαλ&lt;/font&gt;
**poor, &lt;font color=blue&gt;φτοχ&lt;/font&gt;; dirt poor &lt;font color=blue&gt;φόφτοχ&lt;/font&gt;
**proud, &lt;font color=blue&gt;φιλότιμ&lt;/font&gt;; arrogant, &lt;font color=blue&gt;φιφίλοτιμ&lt;/font&gt;
**tired, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κουραςμέν&lt;/font&gt;; exhausted, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κουκούραςμεν&lt;/font&gt;
**wide, &lt;font color=blue&gt;πλας&lt;/font&gt;; expansive, &lt;font color=blue&gt;πάπλας&lt;/font&gt;

==Pronouns==
===The Personal Pronouns===
*First person
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| Nominative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;γω&lt;/font&gt;, I
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μι&lt;/font&gt;, we
|-
|i=No| Genitive
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μου&lt;/font&gt;, my
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μων&lt;/font&gt;, our
|-
|i=No| Accusative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;με&lt;/font&gt;, me
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;μους&lt;/font&gt;, us
|}
*Second person
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| Nominative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςυ&lt;/font&gt;, you
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςι&lt;/font&gt;, you
|-
|i=No| Genitive
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςου&lt;/font&gt;, your
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςων&lt;/font&gt;, your
|-
|i=No| Accusative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςε&lt;/font&gt;, you
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςους&lt;/font&gt;, you
|}
*Third person
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| Nominative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;το&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;τι&lt;/font&gt;, they
|-
|i=No| Genitive
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;του&lt;/font&gt;, his, her, its
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;των&lt;/font&gt;, their
|-
|i=No| Accusative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;τον&lt;/font&gt;, him, her, it
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;τους&lt;/font&gt;, them
|}
*The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Μου το έφερε&lt;/font&gt;, He brought it to me.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Δίνε μου βίβλo&lt;/font&gt;, Give me the book.
*The negative precedes the object pronoun.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Δεν του τον έδινα&lt;/font&gt;, I did not give it to him.

===The Possessive Pronouns===
*The personal possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing the adjective &lt;font color=blue&gt;δικ&lt;/font&gt; to the possessive adjectives.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκμου&lt;/font&gt;, mine
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκμων&lt;/font&gt;, ours
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκςου&lt;/font&gt;, yours
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκςων&lt;/font&gt;, yours
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκτου&lt;/font&gt;, his, hers, its
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίκτων&lt;/font&gt;, theirs
|}

===The Genitive Pronouns===
*The genitive is used when the verb may take two objects. In such cases the object which can be replaced by a prepositional construction is in the genitive case, and the other object is in the accusative. This happens whether the objects are nouns or pronouns.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Του Γιόργου βίβλο έδοςα &lt;/font&gt;, I gave George a book.
*The genitive could be replaced as follow:
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ς' Γιοργου βίβλο έδοςα&lt;/font&gt;, I gave George a book.
*When the objects are pronouns the genitive is put in front of the accusative and also in front of the verb, ''e.g.'',&lt;font color=blue&gt;Του το έδωςα&lt;/font&gt;, I gave it to her.
*When the verb is in the imperative the pronouns are put after it, ''e.g.'',
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Δός τις λιγ&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;ςούο&lt;/font&gt;, Give her some water.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Μου ίπε&lt;/font&gt;, He told me.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Σε ίδα&lt;/font&gt;, I saw you.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πράματους θα ςου ςτίλω&lt;/font&gt;, I shall send you the things.
*The genitive of the pronoun may also be used after certain prepositions, adverbs or adjectives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαζί μου&lt;/font&gt;, with me; &lt;font color=blue&gt;μόνος του &lt;/font&gt;, alone (by himself); &lt;font color=blue&gt;κόντα του&lt;/font&gt;, near him.
*The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλιμέρ ςας&lt;/font&gt;, good morning to you; &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλινύχτ ςας&lt;/font&gt;, good night; &lt;font color=blue&gt;Για ςού&lt;/font&gt;, Good-bye (''to one person'').

===The Relative Pronoun===
*&lt;font color=red&gt;As in Turkish&lt;/font&gt;, there is only one relative pronoun in Athonite: &lt;font color=blue&gt;που&lt;/font&gt; which stands for all the relative pronouns: who, whom, which, and that.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Κοπέλ, που γελά, αδέλφ μου&lt;/font&gt;, The girl who is laughing (is) my sister.

===The Interrogative Pronoun===
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| Nominative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πι&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιές&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| Genitive
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιού&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιών&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|i=No| Accusative
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιόν&lt;/font&gt;
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιούς&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*The Interrogative Pronoun: who, whose, whom
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πι τρώγι;&lt;/font&gt; Who is eating?
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πιού καπέλ εκίν;&lt;/font&gt; Whose hat (is) that?
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πιούς ζιτάτε;&lt;/font&gt; For whom are you looking?
*The interrogative pronoun: What = &lt;font color=blue&gt;τι&lt;/font&gt;.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Τι κάνετε;&lt;/font&gt; What are you doing?
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Τι άφτ;&lt;/font&gt; What (is) this?

===The Reflexive Pronouns===
*The reflexive pronouns are formed by prefixing &lt;font color=red&gt;κέντι&lt;/font&gt; to the personal pronouns.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιμου&lt;/font&gt;, myself
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιμων&lt;/font&gt;, ourselves
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιςου&lt;/font&gt;, yourself
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιςων&lt;/font&gt;, yourselves
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιτου&lt;/font&gt;, himself, herself, itself
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;κέντιτων&lt;/font&gt;, themselves
|}

=[[Athonite Grammar II]]=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Grammar II</title>
    <id>6282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54724</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-28T20:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Future Tense */ Spelling correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE PEOPLE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN, (cont.)=

=Verbs=
==Verb Classes==
*The Athonite verb system has been simplified to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek and in Turkish have been reduced to six.
*The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
*Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
*The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
*&lt;font color=red&gt;Under Turkish influence&lt;/font&gt; only two irregular verbs remain.

==The Auxiliary Verbs==
*The auxiliary verbs are the two remaining irregular verbs.
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω&lt;/font&gt;, I have
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| present
|c=02| past
|c=03| future
|-
|i=No| 1s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ω&lt;/font&gt;, I have
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-α&lt;/font&gt;, I had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ω&lt;/font&gt;, I shall have
|-
|i=No| 2s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ις&lt;/font&gt;, you have
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-ες&lt;/font&gt;, you had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ις&lt;/font&gt;, you will have
|-
|i=No| 3s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it has
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-ε&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it will have
|-
|i=No| 1p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ομε&lt;/font&gt;, we have
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-αμε&lt;/font&gt;, we had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ομε&lt;/font&gt;, we shall have
|-
|i=No| 2p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ετε&lt;/font&gt;, you have
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-ατε&lt;/font&gt;, you had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ετε&lt;/font&gt;, you will have
|-
|i=No| 3p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχ-ουν&lt;/font&gt;, they have
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχ-αν&lt;/font&gt;, they had
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχ-ουν&lt;/font&gt;, they will have
|}
*&lt;font color=blue&gt;íme&lt;/font&gt;, I am
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| present
|c=02| past
|c=03| future
|-
|i=No| 1s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-με&lt;/font&gt;, I am
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-μουν&lt;/font&gt;, I was
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-με&lt;/font&gt;, I shall be
|-
|i=No| 2s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ςε&lt;/font&gt;, you are
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ςουν&lt;/font&gt;, you were
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-ςε&lt;/font&gt;, you will be
|-
|i=No| 3s
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-νε&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it is
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ταν&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it was
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-νε&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it will be
|-
|i=No| 1p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-μαςτε&lt;/font&gt;, we are
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-μαςτε&lt;/font&gt;, we were
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-μαςτε&lt;/font&gt;, we shall be
|-
|i=No| 2p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ςτε&lt;/font&gt;, you are
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ςαςτε&lt;/font&gt;, you were
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-ςτε&lt;/font&gt;, you will be
|-
|i=No| 3p
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-νε&lt;/font&gt;, they are
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ί-ταν&lt;/font&gt;, they were
|c=03| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ί-νε&lt;/font&gt;, they will be
|}

==The Active Voice==
*The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.

===The Present Tense===
*Class I
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ω&lt;/font&gt;, I see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we see
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ις&lt;/font&gt;, you see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ετε&lt;/font&gt;, you see
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it sees
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ουν&lt;/font&gt;, they see
|}
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ώ&lt;/font&gt;, I love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-άμε&lt;/font&gt;, we love
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-άς&lt;/font&gt;, you love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-άτε&lt;/font&gt;, you love
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ά&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it loves
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-άν&lt;/font&gt;, they love
|}

===The Past Tense===
*The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
*When there is no third syllable, the augment &lt;font color=blue&gt;ε-&lt;/font&gt; is added.
*Class I
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έβλεπ-α&lt;/font&gt;, I saw, was seeing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-αμε&lt;/font&gt;, we saw, were seeing
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έβλεπ-ες&lt;/font&gt;, you we saw, were seeing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπ-ατε&lt;/font&gt;, you we saw, were seeing
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έβλεπ-ε&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it we saw, was seeing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έβλεπ-αν&lt;/font&gt;, they we saw, were seeing
|}
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ούςα&lt;/font&gt;, I loved, was loving
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγάπ-ούςαμε&lt;/font&gt;, we loved, were loving
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ούςες&lt;/font&gt;, you loved, were loving
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγάπ-ούςατε&lt;/font&gt;, you loved, were loving
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ούςε&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it loved, was loving
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ούςαν&lt;/font&gt;, they loved, were loving
|}

===The Future Tense===
*The future tense is formed by putting the particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα&lt;/font&gt; before the present tense.
*Class I
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.1
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ω&lt;/font&gt;, I shall see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we shall see
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ις&lt;/font&gt;, you will see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ετε&lt;/font&gt;, you will see
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it will see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπ-ουν&lt;/font&gt;, they will see
|}
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-ώ&lt;/font&gt;, I answer
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-ούμε&lt;/font&gt;, we answer
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-άς&lt;/font&gt;, you answer
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-άτε&lt;/font&gt;, you answer
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-ά&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it answers
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θ' αγαπ-ούν&lt;/font&gt;, they answer
|}

===The Present Perfect Tense===
*The perfect tenses are not as commonly used in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
*The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω&lt;/font&gt;, I have, and a form of the verb formed by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ι&lt;/font&gt; to the present stem.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, I have seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχουμε βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, we have seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχις βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, you have seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχετε βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, you have seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχι βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it has seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχουν βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, they have seen
|}
*The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.

===The Past Perfect Tense===
*The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb  &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω&lt;/font&gt; and the passive participle.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχα βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, I had seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχαμε βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, we had seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχες βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, you had seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχατε βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, you had seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχε βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it had seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχαν βλέπι&lt;/font&gt;, they had seen
|}
*The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.

===The Future Perfect Tense===
*The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auxiliary verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω&lt;/font&gt; and the passive participle.
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχω βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, I shall have seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχουμε βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, we shall have seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχις βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, you will have seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχετε βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, you will have seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχι βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it will have seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχουν βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, they will have seen
|}
*The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.

===The Indefinite Form===
*The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
*Athonite verbs form the indefinite by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ςω&lt;/font&gt; to the present form minus the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ω&lt;/font&gt;.
*Class I
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςω&lt;/font&gt;, I want
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we want
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςις&lt;/font&gt;, you want
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςετε&lt;/font&gt;, you want
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it wants
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ-ςουν&lt;/font&gt;, they want
|}
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςώ&lt;/font&gt;, I love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςάμε&lt;/font&gt;, we love
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςάς&lt;/font&gt;, you love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςάτε&lt;/font&gt;, you love
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςά&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπ-ςάν&lt;/font&gt;, they love
|}
*The indefinite form is preceded by &lt;font color=blue&gt;να&lt;/font&gt; and follows the main verb.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Θέλω να βλέπςω&lt;/font&gt;, I want to see.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Θέλω ν' αγαπ-ςά&lt;/font&gt;, I want him to love.

===The Imperative===
*The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*To form the present imperative, &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ε&lt;/font&gt; for the singular and &lt;font color=blue&gt;-(ε)τε&lt;/font&gt; for the plural replace the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ω&lt;/font&gt; of the indefinite.
{|border=1
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπςε&lt;/font&gt;, see
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπςετε&lt;/font&gt;, see
|-
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπςέ&lt;/font&gt;, love
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπςέτε&lt;/font&gt;, love
|}
*To form the continuous imperative, &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ε&lt;/font&gt; for the singular and &lt;font color=blue&gt;-(ε)τε&lt;/font&gt; for the plural replace the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-o&lt;/font&gt; of the present.
{|border=1
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπε&lt;/font&gt;, keep on seeing
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπ(ε)τε&lt;/font&gt;, keep on seeing
|-
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπέ&lt;/font&gt;, keep on loving
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπέτε&lt;/font&gt;, keep on loving
|}
*A negative command is expressed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;μι&lt;/font&gt; and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;Μι τον αγαπςέ&lt;/font&gt;, Do not love him.

===The Active Participle===
*A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
*The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
*It is formed by adding the ending &lt;font color=blue&gt;-οντ&lt;/font&gt; (/&lt;font color=blue&gt;-ɔd&lt;/font&gt;/)to the present stem.
*Class I
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπω&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, seeing
*Class II
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπώ&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπόντ&lt;/font&gt;, loving
*This participle can be used to modify a noun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ρέοντ ποτάμ καθάρ ίνε&lt;/font&gt; The flowing river is clear.
*The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίμε&lt;/font&gt; to form progressive tenses.
{|border=1
|c=01| present
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίμε βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I am seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| past
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίμουν βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I was seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| future
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα ίμε βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I shall be seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| present perfect
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω ίμεν βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I have been seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| past perfect
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχα ίμεν βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I had been seeing, etc.
|-
|c=01| future perfect
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχω ίμεν βλέποντ&lt;/font&gt;, I will have been seeing, etc.
|}

==The Passive Voice==
*The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
*The simple forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of the Turkish use of &lt;font color=red&gt;-il&lt;/font&gt;.

===The Present Tense===
*Class I
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλω&lt;/font&gt;, I am seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπίλουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we are seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλις&lt;/font&gt;, you are seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπίλετε&lt;/font&gt;, you are seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it is seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλουν&lt;/font&gt;, they are seen
|}
*If the stem ends in -λ:
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέλινω&lt;/font&gt;, I am wanted
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θελίνουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we are wanted
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέλινις&lt;/font&gt;, you are wanted
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θελίνετε&lt;/font&gt;, you are wamted
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέλινι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it is wanted
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέλινουν&lt;/font&gt;, they are wanted
|}
*Class II
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπιλώ&lt;/font&gt;, I am loved
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπίλάμε&lt;/font&gt;, we are loved
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπιλάς&lt;/font&gt;, you are loved
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπιλάτε&lt;/font&gt;, you are loved
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπιλά&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it is loved
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπιλάν&lt;/font&gt;, they are loved
|}

===The Future Tense===
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπιλω&lt;/font&gt;, I shall be seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλεπίλουμε&lt;/font&gt;, we shall be seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπιλις&lt;/font&gt;, you will be seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλεπίλετε&lt;/font&gt;, you will be seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπιλι&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it will be seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα βλέπιλουν&lt;/font&gt;, they will be seen
|}

===The Past Tense===
{|border=1
|i=No| 
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλα&lt;/font&gt;, I was seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπίλαμε&lt;/font&gt;, we were seen
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλες&lt;/font&gt;, you were seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπίλατε&lt;/font&gt;, you were seen
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλα&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it was seen
|c=02| &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπιλαν&lt;/font&gt;, they were seen
|}

===The Perfect Tenses===
The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω&lt;/font&gt; with the passive participle of &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιμε&lt;/font&gt;.
{|border=1
|i=No| present
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;έχω ίμεν βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, I have been seen, etc.
|-
|i=No| past
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίχα ίμεν βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, I had been seen, etc.
|-
|i=No| future
|c=01| &lt;font color=blue&gt;θα έχω ίμεν βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, I shall have been seen, etc.
|}

===The Passive Participle===
*The passive participle is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
*Class I
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;βλέπω&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;βλεπομέν&lt;/font&gt;, seen
*Class II
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπώ&lt;/font&gt; &gt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγαπαμέν&lt;/font&gt;, loved

==The Use of &lt;font color=blue&gt;na&lt;/font&gt;==
*Intention, hope, desire and the like are expressed by using the particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;na&lt;/font&gt;.
**With the present tense, &lt;font color=blue&gt;na&lt;/font&gt; expresses a continuous intention, etc.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Þélo na ðoulévo éksi óri tin imér&lt;/font&gt;, I want to be working six hours a day.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Árhise na träguðá&lt;/font&gt;, He started singing.
**With the indefinite, &lt;font color=blue&gt;na&lt;/font&gt; expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Élpidzo na ftáso stin Aþín stis tris m.m.&lt;/font&gt;, I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Børó na páro énä tsigár&lt;/font&gt;, May I take a cigarette?
**With the past tense, &lt;font color=blue&gt;na&lt;/font&gt; expresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Htes tø vráðu íþelsä na píjenä stø þéät alá ðen bóresä&lt;/font&gt;, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ná&lt;/font&gt;.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;prépi&lt;/font&gt;, it is necessary; &lt;font color=blue&gt;axédzi&lt;/font&gt;, it is worthwhile, etc.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;Prépi na pijéno tórä&lt;/font&gt;, I must be going now.
==There Is/Are==
*Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;υπαρχεί&lt;/font&gt;/&lt;font color=blue&gt;υπαρχούν&lt;/font&gt; for the Turkish &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt; and the negative &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt;.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;λουλούδ τραπέζου εν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;, There is a flower on the table.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;λουλούδ τραπέζου εν&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt;, There is no flower on the table.
*When enumerating lists of things, &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt; is said after each item.
**There are apples, tomatoes, onions, and cherries on the table.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;τραπέζου εν μίλα&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ντομάτα&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κρεμύδα&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κεράςα&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;.
*In reply to a &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt; question, the answer is always &lt;font color=red&gt;var&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt;, never &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;.
**Are there apples on the table? &lt;font color=blue&gt;τραπέζου εν μίλα&lt;/font&gt; &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;;
**Yes, there are, &lt;font color=red&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt;.
**No, there are not, &lt;font color=red&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt;.

==The Use of &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίμε&lt;/font&gt;==
*&lt;font color=red&gt;When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίμε&lt;/font&gt; is not needed&lt;/font&gt;: &lt;font color=blue&gt;γαλάζι ςπιτ&lt;/font&gt;, a/the blue house; but &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςπιτ γαλάζι&lt;/font&gt; the house is blue.
==Questions==
*A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
**Who are you?
**Whom did she see?
**To whom were you talking?
**How much do you earn?
*A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle &lt;font color=red&gt;mi&lt;/font&gt;.
**This is a book.
**Is this a book?
*A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle &lt;font color=red&gt;değil mi&lt;/font&gt;.
**This is a book, isn't it?
**You wrote the letter, didn't you?
**You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

=Adverbs=
*Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
**Some common adverbs:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εδώ&lt;/font&gt; here
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;εκί&lt;/font&gt; there
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;πίςω&lt;/font&gt; behind
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;βρωςτά&lt;/font&gt; in front
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;τώρα&lt;/font&gt; now
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ύςτερ&lt;/font&gt; after, later
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;νωρίς&lt;/font&gt; early
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;άβρι&lt;/font&gt; tomorrow
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;χθες&lt;/font&gt; yesterday
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;πωλύ&lt;/font&gt; a lot, very
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;κιολ&lt;/font&gt; already
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ποτ&lt;/font&gt; never
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;πάλι&lt;/font&gt; again
***&lt;font color=red&gt;δε&lt;/font&gt; too
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ίςως&lt;/font&gt; perhaps
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;πάντο&lt;/font&gt; always
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ακώμ&lt;/font&gt; yet
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;έςτι&lt;/font&gt; thus
*&lt;font color=red&gt;As in Turkish&lt;/font&gt; adverbs may be used as adjectives without any change in form.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;ίςυχ&lt;/font&gt;, quiet; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίςυχ&lt;/font&gt;, quietly
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ&lt;/font&gt;, good; &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ&lt;/font&gt;, well
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;αρκέτ&lt;/font&gt;, sufficient; &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρκέτ&lt;/font&gt;, sufficiently, rather
*The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, easy; &lt;font color=blue&gt;έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, easily
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;πιο έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, easier; &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιο έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, more easily
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;εν έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, easiest; &lt;font color=blue&gt;εν έφκολ&lt;/font&gt;, most easily

=Conjunctions=
&lt;font color=red&gt;κι&lt;/font&gt; used to introduce indirect discourse.

=Prepositions=

=Suffixes=

=Word Order=
*&lt;font color=red&gt;As in Turkish&lt;/font&gt;, sentences are verb final.
*&lt;font color=red&gt;The personal pronoun subject may be omitted.&lt;/font&gt;
*Word order, when everything is definite is: subject, direct object, indirect object, verb.
**The man gives the book to his brother.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;άνθρωπ βιβλίον ς' αδελφού του δίνε.&lt;/font&gt;
*When any element is indefinite it immediately precedes the verb.
**A man gives the book to his brother.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;βιβλίον ς' αδελφού του άνθρωπ δίνε.&lt;/font&gt;
**The man gives a book to his brother.
**&lt;font color=blue&gt;άνθρωπ ς' αδελφού του βιβλίον δίνε.&lt;/font&gt;</text>
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    <title>MR culture</title>
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      <comment>Title changed for consistency.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[A Academics in the MR]]

[[A Administrative Divisions]]

[[A Alcohol in the MR]]

[[A Architecture in the MR]]

[[A Athanasius, St.]]

[[A Athonite Beacon]]

[[A Athonite Language]]

[[A Aviation in the MR]]

[[C Catholic Church in the MR]]

[[C Christmas in the MR]]

[[C Constitution of the MR I]]

[[C Constitution of the MR II]]

[[C Constitution of the MR III]]

[[C Cuisine of the MR]]

[[C Currency of the MR]]

[[E Economy of the MR]]

[[E Etiquette in the MR]]

[[G Gendarmery of the MR]]

[[G Genealogies of the MR]]

[[G Government of the MR]]

[[H Healthcare in the MR]]

[[H Heraldry in the MR]]

[[J Junior Seaguards]]

[[L Laws of the MR I]]

[[L Laws of the MR II]]

[[L Laws of the MR III]]

[[L Laws of the MR IV]]

[[L Laws of the MR V]]

[[M Menus of the MR]]

[[M Monasteries of the MR]]

[[N National Anthem]]

[[N National Holidays of the MR]]

[[N Neutrality of the MR]]

[[N Newspaper Articles from the MR]]

[[N Notable Persons in the MR]]

[[P Physical Description of the MR]]

[[P Pilgrimage to the MR]]

[[R Religion in the MR]]

[[T Telephone book]]

[[T Telephone System in the MR]]

[[T Timelines]]

[[T Transportation in the MR]]

[[T Treaty of MR Independence]]

[[T Typikon of Mt. Athos]]

[[MR Treaties]]</text>
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    <title>MR Code I</title>
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    <title>Template:R15b</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring B Final|15b]]</text>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Article 18 [Settlement of disputes] */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Preface=
Agreement concerning the administration of the postal, telegraphic and telephone services in the Monastic Republic by the Hellenic Postal Administration and the Hellenic Telegraphic and Telephonic Administration, signed at '''Place''', '''Date'''.

The Hellenic Kingdom and His Grace, the Archimandrite of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain have, in a spirit of age-long friendship, decided to conclude a treaty to secure the administration of the Postal, Telegraphic and Telephone services in the Monastic Republic by the Hellenic Postal, Telegraphic and Telephone Administration, and have appointed as their Representatives:
*The Hellenic Kingdom: '''Name''', '''Title'''
*The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain: '''Name''', '''Title'''
Who, after exchanging their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon
the following provisions:

=Section I [General]=

==Article 1 [Subject of the agreement]==
The postal service and the telegraph and telephone services of the Monastic Republic shall be administered by the Hellenic Postal Administration and the Hellenic Telegraph and Telephone dministration for the account of the Monastic Republic.

==Article 2 [Regulations applicable]==
The Hellenic law and regulations regarding the postal, telegraph and telephone services and the
existing treaties and conventions between the Hellenic Kingdom and foreign countries in respect of these services, shall be applicable in the Monastic Republic in the same manner as in the Hellenic Kingdom.

==Article 3 [Competence in penal matters]==
Cases of infringement of the fiscal laws of the Hellenic Kingdom which require to be brought
before a court shall be tried in the first instance in the Court of Justice of the Monastic Republic. The '''Name of Hellenic Court''' is appointed as Court of Appeal, and the '''Name of Hellenic Court'' as Court of Cassation.

==Article 4 [Official Marks and Designations]==
*§1 The postal, telegraph and telephone offices in the Monastic Republic shall be styled offices of the Monastic Republic, although they shall be exclusively under the control of the Hellenic Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Administrations.
*§2 In so far as arms and national colours appear in inscriptions, stamps and official seals of the post, telegraph and telephone offices of the Monastic Republic, the arms and colours used shall be those of the Monastic Republic.

=Section II [Postage stamps, charges and dues]=

==Article 5 [Postage Stamps]==
*§1 The Government of the Monastic Republic shall, at its own expense, manufacture its own postage stamps, which shall be issued and employed by the Hellenic Postal Administration in the post offices of the Monastic Republic, in accordance with the regulations in force for the Hellenic Kingdom. The Government of the Monastic Republic may sell its postage stamps on other premises for philatelic purposes only.
*§2 Hellenic postage stamps may not be used in the Monastic Republic or issued in Monastic Republic post offices.
*§3 The postage stamps of each country shall be accorded in the other country the same legal protection against forgery, etc., as is applicable to the stamps of such other country.

==Article 6 [Charges and dues]==
*§1 For the postal, telegraph and telephone services between the Hellenic Kingdom and the Monastic Republic the same charges and dues shall be levied as for the Hellenic inland services. For the postal, telegraph and telephone services between the Monastic Republic and foreign countries the same charges shall be made as for the Hellenic services with foreign countries.
*§2 The right to immunity from payment of dues in the Monastic Republic shall be subject to the same regulations as in the Hellenic Kingdom.

=Section III [Conditions of service for officials and employees]=

==Article 7 [Appointment of staff]==
*§1 The officials and employees of the postal, telegraph and telephone services in the Monastic Republic shall be appointed by the Hellenic Postal and Telegraph Administrations. The Government of the Monastic Republic has the right to propose candidates for permanent posts. Such proposals shall be acceded to except for special reasons connected with the services.
*§2 Hellenic officials and employees may be employed temporarily in the Monastic Republic in so far as is required by these services.

==Article 8 [Rights and duties of the staff]==
*§1 The rights and duties of the officials and employees of the postal, telegraph and telephone services shall be the same in the Monastic Republic as in the Hellenic Kingdom.
*§2 The authorities, courts and local authorities of the Monastic Republic shall render the same assistance to the staff of these services in the performance of their duties as is rendered by the corresponding Hellenic authorities to such services in the Hellenic Empire.
*§3 Should any member of the Monastic Republic postal, telegraph and telephone staff be tried or sentenced to punishment by the local courts, notice of such action shall be given to the official superior of the accused, in the same manner as is incumbent on the corresponding Hellenic Authorities.

=Section IV [Administration]=

==Article 9 [Changes in installation]==
*Establishment or abolition of postal, telegraph or telephone offices, and installation, alteration and abolition of postal routes and of telegraphic and telephone appliances in the Monastic Republc may be carried out only by agreement with the Government of the Monastic Republic. The Hellenic Administration will, so far as possible, take into account the desires of the Government of the Monastic Republic in respect of installations the cost of which is to be borne by the latter Government.

=Section V [Conditions regarding property]=

==Article 10 [Working expenses]==
*§1 Funds contained in the cash-boxes of the postal, telegraph and telephone offices of the Monastic Republic shall be the property of the Hellenic Administration.
*§2 Such cash as is necessary for the working expenses of the postal, telegraph and telephone offices in the Monastic Republic shall be advanced by the Hellenic Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Administrations.

==Article 11 [Installation and fittings]==
*§1 Such office fittings and vehicles as are necessary for the postal, telegraph and telephone services on the territory of the Monastic Republic, and all telegraphic and telephone installations in such territory shall be the property of the Monastic Republic.
*§2 New stock and installations acquired during the period in which this agreement remains in force shall be purchased at the expense of, and shall become the property of, the Monastic Republic.

=Section VI [Accounts]=

==Article 12 [Accounts]==
*§1 The Accounts of expenditure and receipts shall be kept separately for the postal service and for the telegraph and telephone service.
*§2 The accounts shall be prepared monthly by the Hellenic Department concerned and a statement shall be sent to the Government of the Monastic Republic, which shall give its comments thereupon within one month. Supplementary accounts may be submitted in addition to these monthly accounts.

==Article 13 [Expenditures]==
*§1 All expenditure in connection with the postal, telephone and telegraph services of the Monastic Republic shall be stated in the accounts of the amounts actually disbursed.
*§2 A lump sum, to be calculated according to the approximate expenditure upon the Monastic Republic, shall be annually included in the accounts and charged under the appropriation for working expenses, to cover the cost of general administration (management, inspection, audit, etc.), also current expenditure connected with certain office requirements (official stationery, etc.).

==Article 14 [Receipts]==
*§1 Receipts derived from charges and dues collected in the post offices of the Monastic Republic shall remain the proprety of the Monastic Republic and shall therefore be included in full upon the credit side of the working expenditure account. Charges and dues collected by the Hellenic offices shall, on the other hand, belong exclusively to the Hellenic Kingdom, and will therefore in no way affect the accounts.
*§2 Receipts derived from the sale of postage stamps of the Monastic Republic to stamp collectors in the special offices established for this purpose, shall not be included in the accounts.
*§3 Charges and dues derived from the telephone and telegraph services between the Monastic Republic and the Monastic Republic shall similarly remain the property of the State in which they are collected.

==Article 15 [Settlement of accounts relating to traffic with other countries]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall have no concern in the settlement of postal accounts between the Hellenic Kingdom and other countries. As regards the postal service between the Monastic Republic and other states, so long as the service in each direction is approximately equal, no settlement of accounts with the Monastic Republic will be made.
*§2 As regards the telegraph and telephone services between the Monastic Republic and other countries, the Monastic Republic shall receive the portion of the receipts obtained by the Hellenic Kingdom from outgoing communications. The Hellenic Kingdom shall retain receipts derived from incoming communications.
*§3 Both parties renounce the right to levy any charges upon postal, telegraph or telephone communications in transit.

==Article 16 [Profit and loss]==
*§1 The receipts from the postal, telegraph and telephone services of the Monastic Republic shall, in the first instance, be devoted to payment of the working expenses. Any surplus shall belong to the Government of the Monastic Republic. Similarly any deficit must be met by it. It must also pay the cost of all constructions and purchases which are considered necessary by the Hellenic Administration, in connection with the postal, telegraph and telephone services in the Monastic Republic. The consent of the Government of the Monastic Republic is, however, required in cases involving buildings or extensive purchases.
*§2 The Hellenic Kingdom and the Monastic Republic undertake to settle all accounts not later than 14 days after they have been approved.

=Section VII [Final provisions]=
==Article 17 [Execution of the convention]==
*§1 This Convention shall be ratified and shall take effect from the day following the exchange of ratifications. It may be denounced as from 1 January or 1 July in any calendar year, subject to the giving of six months notice of such denunciation.
*§2 The Convention may be amended by mutual agreement without formal denunciation.
*§3 The Hellenic Postal Administration and the Hellenic Telegraph and Telephone Administration shall make the regulations necessary for the execution of this Convention.

==Article 18 [Settlement of disputes]==
*Disputes as to the interpretation of this Convention shall, in so far as they cannot be settled by diplomatic methods, be submitted to arbitration. In such a case, each party to the Convention shall choose an arbitrator. If the two arbitrators cannot agree, they shall themselves select a third as resident.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the plenipotentaries have set their hand and seal to the present Convention.
Done at '''place''' in duplicate this '''date'''.

Signature

Signature</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Words from Turkish</title>
    <id>6295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47931</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-03T12:39:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Code II</title>
    <id>6296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47477</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T16:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Code III</title>
    <id>6297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47481</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T16:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:MR Description III</title>
    <id>6298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43451</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-23T23:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.X8</username>
        <id>1281</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Sorry just in case you didn't see this on IB, the Western Christians and Muslims were expelled from greece after GW-II because of the tension between them and Italy &amp; Turkey. So there real...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sorry just in case you didn't see this on IB, the Western Christians and Muslims were expelled from greece after GW-II because of the tension between them and Italy &amp; Turkey. So there really is no Exarchate of Athens
[[User:Mr.X8|Mr.X8]] 23:43, 23 February 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg</title>
    <id>6299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43467</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-24T14:55:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R15c</title>
    <id>6300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43483</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-24T20:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang Relay 15/Khangaþyagon/Ring C Final|15c]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Translations</title>
    <id>6301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50731</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-24T18:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Lord's Prayer */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Lord's Prayer==

*Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
**Πατέρα μας, στους ουρανούς,
***Πατέρ μας, ς' ουρανού,

*ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
**ας αγιαστεί το όνομά σου. 
***ας ίnε αγιαςομέν ονόμ ςου.

*ελθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
**ας έρθει η βασιλεία σου. 
***ας έρχετε βαςιλί ςου. 

*γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
**ας γίνει το θέλημά σου, 
***ας γίνι θέλιμ ςου,

*ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·
**όπως στον ουρανό, και στη γη. 
***όπως ς' ουράν, κε ς' γί.

*τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
**το καθημερινό μας ψωμί δώσε μας σήμερα. 
***καθιμερινό ψωμ μας δίνςε μας ςίμερ.

*καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
**και συγχώρεσέ μας τις αμαρτίες μας, 
***κε ςυγχώρεςε μας αμαρτία μας,

*ὡς και ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
**όπως και εμείς συγχωρούμε αυτούς που αμαρτάνουν σε μας. 
***όπως κε μίς ςυγχωρούμε αυτούς που αμαρτάνουν ς' μας.

*καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
**και μη μας φέρεις σε πειρασμό, 
***κε μι φέρςε μας ς' πιράςμ,

*ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
**ἁλλά ελευθέρωσέ μας από τον πονηρό, 
***ἁλλά ελευθέρωςε μας από πονίρ,

*Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν.
**επειδή δική σου είναι η βασιλεία και η δύναμη και η δόξα στους αιώνες. Αμήν.
***επιδί δικςού ίνε βασιλί κε δύναμ κε δοξ σ' εώνες. Αμήν.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gwongbholü</title>
    <id>6302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44141</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-15T18:45:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Onsets */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Gwongbholü
| native = Gwongbholü
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order = SOV
| morphological-type = 
| morphosyntactic-alignment = fluid
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology and phonotactics==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|pʰ}}|| {{IPA|b}} {{IPA|bʱ}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|d}} {{IPA|dʱ}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|g}} {{IPA|gʱ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || || || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|dz}} {{IPA|dzʱ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} {{IPA|dʒʱ}} ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|ɰ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|y}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Stress ===
Stress in word roots fall on the heaviest syllable (each root can have a maximum of two syllables). {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} add 1 weight unit (WE), all other consonants and vowels add 2 WE. If both syllables get the same sum, the one with more affricates is considered the heavier. If still both have equal status, the one with more aspiration is considered heavier. If yet both have the same value, the first syllable will get the stress.

=== Syllable structure ===
The syllable structure is (C)(C)CV(C)(C) (note however that the first obligatory consonant may be {{IPA|[ʔ]}}).

==== Onsets ====
The below table shows the allowed two-consonant clusters. The rows stand for the first consonant, and the columns for the second. To be able to tell whether a three-consonant cluster is allowed, for example /kmb/, first check if the first two consonants can cluster {{IPA|→}} /km/ is an allowed cluster in this chart. Then check if the last two consonants can cluster {{IPA|→}} /mb/ is an allowed cluster. Therefore /kmb/ is also allowed. The first consonant can't be the same as the last however (in this sense, aspirated/breathy consonants counts the same as plain ones).
{| border=1 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Allowed onset clusters (two consonants)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; | 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|p}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|pʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|b}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|bʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|t}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|d}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|k}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|kʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʔ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|m}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|n}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ŋ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|s}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|z}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|h}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ts}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tsʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dz}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dzʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|j}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|r}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|l}}
! width=&quot;25&quot; |
|-
! {{IPA|p}} 
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; 
! {{IPA|p}}
|-
! {{IPA|pʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; 
! {{IPA|pʰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|b}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; 
!{{IPA|b}}
|-
!{{IPA|bʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; 
!{{IPA|bʱ}}
|-
!{{IPA|t}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|t}}
|-
!{{IPA|tʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|tʰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|d}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|d}}
|-
!{{IPA|dʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|dʱ}}
|-
!{{IPA|k}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|k}}
|-
!{{IPA|kʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|ɡ}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
!{{IPA|ɡʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
!{{IPA|ʔ}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!{{IPA|m}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|m}}
|-
!{{IPA|n}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|n}}
|-
!{{IPA|ŋ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
!{{IPA|s}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|s}}
|-
!{{IPA|z}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|z}}
|-
!{{IPA|ʃ}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
!{{IPA|ʒ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
!{{IPA|h}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|h}}
|-
!{{IPA|ts}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ts}}
|-
!{{IPA|tsʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|tsʰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|dz}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|dz}}
|-
!{{IPA|dzʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|dzʱ}}
|-
!{{IPA|tʃ}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|tʃ}}
|-
!{{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|dʒ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
!{{IPA|dʒʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|dʒʱ}}
|-
!{{IPA|j}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|j}}
|-
!{{IPA|ɰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|ɰ}}
|-
!{{IPA|r}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|r}}
|-
!{{IPA|l}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
!{{IPA|l}}
|-
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; | 
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; | {{IPA|p}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1px&quot; | {{IPA|pʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; | {{IPA|b}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|bʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|t}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|d}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|k}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|kʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʔ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|m}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|n}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ŋ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|s}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|z}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|h}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ts}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tsʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dz}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dzʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|j}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|r}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

==== Codas ====
The coda can have any of the following phonemes: /p, pʰ, b, bʱ, t, tʱ, d, dʱ, k, kʰ, ɡ, ɡʱ, ʔ, m, n, ŋ, r, s, ts, tsʰ, dz, dzʱ, tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ, j or l/, or one the clusters below.

{| border=1 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Allowed coda clusters
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! width=&quot;25&quot; | 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|p}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|pʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|b}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|bʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|t}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|d}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|k}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|kʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʔ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|m}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|n}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ŋ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|s}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|z}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|h}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ts}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tsʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dz}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dzʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|j}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|r}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|l}}
! width=&quot;25&quot; |
|-
! {{IPA|p}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|p}}
|-
! {{IPA|pʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|pʰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|b}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|b}}
|-
! {{IPA|bʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|bʱ}}
|-
! {{IPA|t}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|t}}
|-
! {{IPA|tʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|tʰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|d}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|d}}
|-
! {{IPA|dʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|dʱ}}
|-
! {{IPA|k}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|k}}
|-
! {{IPA|kʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|ɡ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
! {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|-
! {{IPA|ʔ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! {{IPA|m}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|m}}
|-
! {{IPA|n}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|n}}
|-
! {{IPA|ŋ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! {{IPA|s}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|s}}
|-
! {{IPA|z}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|z}}
|-
! {{IPA|ʃ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
! {{IPA|ʒ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ʒ}}
|-
! {{IPA|h}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|h}}
|-
! {{IPA|ts}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ts}}
|-
! {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|tsʰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|dz}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|dz}}
|-
! {{IPA|dzʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|dzʱ}}
|-
! {{IPA|tʃ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|tʃ}}
|-
! {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|dʒ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
! {{IPA|dʒʱ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|dʒʱ}}
|-
! {{IPA|j}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|j}}
|-
! {{IPA|ɰ}}
| style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|ɰ}}
|-
! {{IPA|r}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|r}}
|-
! {{IPA|l}}
| style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:lime&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp; || style=&quot;background:red&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! {{IPA|l}}
|-
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; | 
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; | {{IPA|p}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; border=&quot;1px&quot; | {{IPA|pʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; | {{IPA|b}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|bʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|t}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|d}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|k}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|kʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɡʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʔ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|m}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|n}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ŋ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|s}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|z}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|h}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ts}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tsʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dz}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dzʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|tʃʰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|dʒʱ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|j}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|ɰ}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|r}} 
! width=&quot;25&quot; | {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

== Orthography ==
=== Romanization ===

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;, A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, Bh&amp;nbsp;bh, C&amp;nbsp;c, Ch&amp;nbsp;ch, D&amp;nbsp;d, Dh&amp;nbsp;dh, Dz&amp;nbsp;dz, Dzh&amp;nbsp;dzh, E&amp;nbsp;e, G&amp;nbsp;g, Gh&amp;nbsp;gh, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, Jh&amp;nbsp;jh, K&amp;nbsp;k, Kh&amp;nbsp;kh, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, Ng&amp;nbsp;ng, O&amp;nbsp;o, P&amp;nbsp;p, Ph&amp;nbsp;ph, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, Sh&amp;nbsp;sh, T&amp;nbsp;t, Th&amp;nbsp;th, Ts&amp;nbsp;ts, Tsh&amp;nbsp;tsh, U&amp;nbsp;u, Ü&amp;nbsp;ü, W&amp;nbsp;w, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z, Zh&amp;nbsp;zh'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! '
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʔ
|
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| 
|-
! Bh bh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | bʱ
|-
! C c
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃ
|
|-
! Ch ch 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃʰ
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| 
|-
! Dh dh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʱ
|
|-
! Dz dz
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dz
|
|-
! Dzh dzh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dzʱ
|
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɡ
| 
|-
! Gh gh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɡʱ
|
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʒ
| 
|-
! Jh jh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʒʱ
|
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! Kh kh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | kʰ
|
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! Ng ng
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
|
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! Ph ph
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | pʰ
|
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | r
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! Sh sh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
|
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! Th th
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʰ
|
|-
! Ts ts 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ts
| 
|-
! Tsh tsh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tsʰ
|
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u
| 
|-
! Ü ü 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | y
| 
|-
! W w
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɰ
|
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| 
|-
! Z z
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | z
|
|-
! Zh zh
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ
|
|}

If the word begins with {{IPA|/ʔ/}} followed by a vowel, the &lt;'&gt; is not written out.

A - is put between syllables in cases where it would otherwise be ambiguous where the syllable boundary is.

== Grammars ==
Word order is SOV. 

=== Verb forms ===
All verbs have a single suffix containing grammatical content. The suffix has the following structure: 123V45.

{| border=1
! Phoneme slot
! Grammatical element
! Values
|-
| 1
| Aspect
| 
*/l/ = continuous
*Ø = no aspect
|-
| 2
| Tense
| 
*/k/ = past
*Ø = present
*{{IPA|/kʰ/}} = gnomic past
*{{IPA|/h/}} = gnomic present
|-
| 3
| Subject age
|
*{{IPA|/ɰ/}} = old
*/j/ = young
*Ø = no subject (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
|-
| V
| Gender
|
*/i/ = masculine subject, masculine direct object
*/e/ = masculine subject, feminine direct object
*/ɑ/ = masculine subject or direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voide)
*/u/ = feminine subject, masculine direct object
*/y/ = feminine subject, feminine direct object
*/o/ = feminine subject or direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
|-
| 4
| Direct object age
|
*/r/ = young
*/l/ = old
*Ø = no direct object (intransitive verb or reflexive voice)
|-
| 5
| Voice
|
*/p/ = reciprocal
*/t/ = reflexive
*Ø = no voice
|}

Gwongbholü is a split-S type of language; therefore intransitive verb takes either a subject or an object as their argument. The verb usually takes an object if the it describes a passive action, in the sense that the action does not involve a lot of movement, like sleeping or standing. Note that the noun's case is marked on the verb and not on the noun itself.

=== Noun forms ===
==== Noun classes ====
There are three different types of noun classes in Gwongbholü: gender, age and actual classes. All nouns bear all these class types. The gender is based on actual sex when talking of living beings; male beings getting the masculine and female beings getting the feminine gender. For mixed groups and animals whose gender is unknown, the speaker can use either gender (usually the masculine because of male normality). Objects that are typically used by women get the feminine gender, and vice versa. For other types of objects, the feminine gender corresponds to a yin-quality, and masculine gender to a yang-quality. But this division is somewhat arbitrary.

The age class is relative to the speaker. The following table explains which age class should be used, depending on the speaker's and the referee's age (bear in mind that all numbers are only approximate). The rules are very complicated when the speaker is a child referring to another child, so even approximate numbers are hard to give.
{| border=1 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Age division
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! Age of the speaker
! Age of the referee
! Age used
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;border-bottom:3px solid grey;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | Children (up to 16y/o)
| Other children
| Young
|-
| Singnificantly older children
| Old
|-
| Adults
| Old
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;border-bottom:3px solid grey;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | 18y/o ~ 30y/o
| Children
| Young
|-
| 18y/o ~ 10 years older than self, but less than 40y/o
| Young
|-
| 10+ years older than self or 40+y/o
| Old
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;border-bottom:3px solid grey;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | 40y/o ~ 50y/o
| 0y/o ~ 30y/o
| Young
|-
| 40+y/o
| Old
|-
| rowspan=3 style=&quot;border-bottom:3px solid grey;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | 50+y/o
| 0y/o ~ 50y/o
| Young
|-
| 20+ years younger than self, but older than 50y/o
| Young
|-
| Less than 20 years younger than self ~ older than self
| Old
|}
When referring to inanimated things, young age is simply used if the item is newer than the speaker (often human-made objects) and old age when the item is older than the speaker (often natural objects).

Age and gender are only used in the verb suffix which encodes subject and/or object, but the third group of noun classes is used when forming plural number, genitive case, and in counters.
{| border=1 style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Noun classes
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! Class
! Use
! Examples
|-
| Round
| Items with a round shape
| Pot, bottle, ball
|-
| Long
| Items with a long and narrow shape
| Broom, sword, road
|-
| Cold
| Things that are typically cold
| Ice, snow, night
|-
| Warm
| Things that are typically warm
| Sun, fire, lamp
|-
| Shiny
| Shiny or sparkly things
| Star, armor, jewel
|-
| Grain
| Powders and dry substances
| Rice, salt, dust
|-
| Thin
| Thin and bendy materials
| Fabric, paper
|-
| Book
| Things with writing on it
| Book, scroll, inscription
|-
| Equipment
| Miscellaneous man-made items
| Oven, wagon, plow
|-
| Vital
| Edibles and other things necessary for living
| Vegetable, water, air
|-
| Tree
| Trees (but not bushes)
| Pine, bamboo, mulberry tree
|-
| Plant
| Other non-edible plants and mushrooms
| Rose-bush, grass, fly agaric
|-
| People
| Pronouns, individuals, ethnic groups
|-
| Spirit
| Non-concrete beings
| God, demon, soul
|-
| Bird
| Birds and insects that typically fly
| Owl, crane, ladybug
|-
| Fish
| Water-living creatures
| Salmon, seal, frog, turtle, clam, sea slug
|-
| Reptile
| Land-living reptiles and toads
| Tortoise, snake, lizard, toad
|-
| Bug
| Insects and other land-living bugs
| Ant, spider, snail, centipede
|-
| Carnivore
| Carnivore and omnivorous mammals
| Tiger, fox, dog
|-
| Herbivore
| Herbivore mammals
| Yak, rabbit, mouse
|}

==== Number ====
The singular is unmarked, while the plural is expressed with a suffix which depends on the noun's class:

*Round - gerg
*Long – ’jüng
*Warm – hweg
*Cold - zdzeg
*Shiny - gyirg
*Grain
*Thin - werg
*Book - rüg
*Equipment - tenjh
*Vital - shleng
*Tree - nyig
*Plant – tser
*People - ghreg
*Spirit
*Bird – ir’
*Fish - züg
*Reptile - khreg
*Bug - gü
*Carnivore – dhre’
*Herbivore – mü’

==== Genitive case ====
There is both a [[#prepositions|preposition]] and two suffixes (alienable and inalienable) that can be used to form genitives. The preposition is only for [[wikipedia:Genitive|composition, origin, description and compound]] uses. The alienable suffix takes one of these forms depending on the noun class:
*Round - gar
*Long – ’jun
*Warm - hwa
*Cold - zdza
*Shiny - gyirk
*Grain
*Thin - welb
*Book - ru
*Equipment - tandzh
*Vital - shlan
*Tree - nyi
*Plant – tsal
*People - ghra
*Spirit
*Bird – ’irg
*Fish - züy
*Reptile - khra
*Bug - gu
*Carnivore - hdrag
*Herbivore – mu’

The inalienable suffix takes one of these forms:
*Round - bar
*Long – pjun
*Warm - mwa
*Cold - ntsa
*Shiny - byirk
*Grain
*Thin - melb
*Book - mru
*Equipment - pandzh
*Vital - mlan
*Tree - myi
*Plant – btsal
*People - bhra
*Spirit
*Bird – pirg
*Fish - müy
*Reptile - phra
*Bug - bu
*Carnivore - ndrag
*Herbivore – mu

==== Adjective nouns ====
There are no adjectives in Gwongbholü, all words that correspond to adjectives in English are nouns. The genitive case is used together with this noun to describe things:

{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Omtsh || align=&quot;left&quot; | ro || align=&quot;left&quot; | htakr
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | woman || align=&quot;left&quot; | of || align=&quot;left&quot; | shortness
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''A short woman''
|}

{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Htakr.bhra || align=&quot;left&quot; | omtsh
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | short-GEN.PEOPLE || align=&quot;left&quot; | woman
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''A short woman''
|}

Some of these adjective nouns don't really have a determined gender, age and/or noun class. In that case it’s the same as for the noun it describes.

=== Numerals ===
*1 – ’tye
*2 – tspi
*3 – drang
*4 – küm
*5 – kümag’tye
*6 – tspiri-drang
*7 – kümagdrang
*8 – bwaysul

Gwongbholü has an octal numeral system. The names of numbers 9-15 consist of 'tyeüd + final digit, 17-23 of tspiüd + final digit, 25-31 of drangüd + final digit, etc. Number 16 is called tspihlemde, while the rest of the even numbers consist of the prefix together with -üd + hlemde.

==== Counters ====
When one is telling how many there are of a certain thing, the noun is followed by the number and a counter. The counter agrees with the noun's class:

*Round - ga
*Long – ’ju
*Warm - hwi
*Cold - zdzi
*Shiny - gyir
*Grain
*Thin - wel
*Book - ri
*Equipment - tan
*Vital - shla
*Tree - nyi
*Plant – tsa
*People - ghri
*Spirit
*Bird – ’ir
*Fish - zü
*Reptile - khri
*Bug - gi
*Carnivore - hdri
*Herbivore – mu

Example:
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Omtsh || align=&quot;left&quot; | kümag’tyeüddrangghri
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | woman || align=&quot;left&quot; | five.ORD.three.PEOPLE
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''43 women''
|}

Ordinal numbers are formed by adding -üd after the counter.
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Omtsh || align=&quot;left&quot; | kümag’tyeüddrangghriüd
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | woman || align=&quot;left&quot; | five.ORD.three.PEOPLE.ORD
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The 43rd woman''
|}

If the counter that the ordinal suffix is added to ends with a consonant, the consonant becomes an onset in the next syllable with the ü as nucleus.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Irregular Verbs</title>
    <id>6303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48592</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-21T23:43:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R16</title>
    <id>6304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43590</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-26T13:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://qiihoskehmisc.googlepages.com/JKhanga.htm 16]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Mevlannen</title>
    <id>6305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43619</id>
      <timestamp>2009-02-27T15:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mevlannen</username>
        <id>1282</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">			&lt;p&gt;Olim axayim! To-thee greetings! This user page concerns Elane (I just use the one name, usually, but at least it is easy to spell). In brief: I live in a small village on an island in Salishaan, Cascadia. I do industrial design and project management for a living, although am semi-retired now. My principal diversions are baroque organ performance (although rather rusty now that my hands have worn out), vocal performance (baroque alto solos and chamber choir repertoire) and computational linquistics as applied to the spread of artificial languages into everyday use. Lüraki sriþan yaveþilfa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; border:1px solid #F99C99; margin:1px;&quot; class=&quot;wikipediauserbox&quot;&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px; background:#F9CBC9;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width:45px; height:45px; background:#F99C99; text-align:center; font-size:12pt; color:#000000; padding:1px; line-height:1.25em;&amp;#160;; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;@@@!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:8pt; padding:4px; line-height:1.2em; color:#000000;&amp;#160;; vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;Yalayatxani Sriþan 'iflo: this user can talk to Lerfolk in their own language, at native level&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: solid #77E0E8 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #D0F8FF;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #77E0E8; text-align: center; font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;en-&lt;br /&gt;

ap-2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot;&gt;Thisere user maught tawk Appalachian Inglish sumtaams.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: solid #CCCC00 1px; margin: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #FFFF99;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #FFFF00; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;en-gb-4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em;&quot;&gt;This user has a &lt;b&gt;near-native&lt;/b&gt; understanding of &lt;b&gt;British English&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:left;border:solid #CCCC00 1px;margin:1px&quot;&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:238px;background:#FFFF99&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;en-ca-4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em&quot;&gt;This user speaks &lt;b&gt;Canadian English&lt;/b&gt; at a &lt;b&gt;near-native&lt;/b&gt; level.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; border: solid #C0C8FF 1px; margin: 1px&quot;&gt;
&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 238px; background: #F0F8FF&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #C0C8FF; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;sar-1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em&quot;&gt;This user does &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; wish to speak or hear sarcasm, but is resigned to the necessity of at least understanding it in an environment of massive collaboration.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Háfrig</title>
    <id>6306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54084</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-08T20:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Minuras3.png]]&lt;/center&gt;


==General information - Óroil śíre==
[[Image:1hafrig.jpg|thumb|The flag of the Háfrig (Avorenta) language]]
'''Háfrig''' [IPA: ˈhaːfrig] is the name of a constructed language family containing Háfrigerrak, SPQ and Avorenta. Here you can read about '''Avorenta''' [ˈɒvorɛntɒ] which is '''created by Attila Répai''' in 2008. The word ’avorenta’ means 'regulated’, as Háfrigerrak and SPQ underwent a regularisation, the result of this is the Avorenta language. Its grammar is based on the Hungarian language, therefore it is an '''agglutinating language'''. Its dictionary contains over 2100 words, most of them are ficticious, but a few derive from Turkish, Lithuanian, Latin, Germanic and Celtic languages.

The main advantages of Avorenta:
*It has a logical grammar without a lot of exceptions.
*Its vocabulary can be enlarged without restraint because we can form a large amount of words with suffixes.
*Words are easy to pronounce.
*We can express long English sentences very briefly.&lt;br&gt;eg. 'I and you could have taken them back down to the cellar' = ''Ájdivvélüstivemó l-ármoga.''
*We can express slight differences of importance with word order.&lt;br&gt;eg. ''I vínor ővixe gefűleó ha fereneldum.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'&lt;br&gt;''A fereneldum gefűleó hi vínor ővixe.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw '''one of my friends'''.'&lt;br&gt;''Ővixe hi vínor gefűleó ha fereneldum.'' = ''''When I was walking''' on the street, I saw one of my friends.'&lt;br&gt;''Gefűleó ha fereneldum i vínor ővixe.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, '''I saw''' one of my friends.'

==Alphabet and pronounciation - Abece het átcórán==

[[Image:Hafrigvotan.png|thumb|The alphabet of the Háfrigvotán (HGV) script]]

===Writing systems - Votánfádacche===
HGE is originally written with a unique script called '''Háfrigvotán''' [IPA: ˈhaːfrigˌvotaːn] (HGV) but the latin alphabet is more widely used.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=10 |Vowels
|- 
| rowspan=2 |'''Short'''
|'''a'''||'''â'''||'''e'''||'''ê'''/'''ä'''||'''i'''||'''o'''||'''ö'''||'''u'''||'''ü'''/'''y'''
|-
|ɒ/a||a||ɛ||e||i||o||ø||u||y
|-
| rowspan=2 |'''Long'''
| colspan=2 |'''á''' || colspan=2 |'''é''' ||'''í'''||'''ó'''||'''ő'''||'''ú'''||'''ű'''/'''ý'''
|-
| colspan=2 |aː|| colspan=2 |eː||iː||oː||øː||uː||yː
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=20 |Consonants
|-
| rowspan=2 |'''Voiced'''||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''dz'''||('''dź''')||'''g'''||'''v'''||'''z'''||('''ź''')||'''j'''||'''l'''||'''m'''||'''n'''||'''ń'''||'''q'''||'''r'''||'''w'''||colspan=3 rowspan=2| 
|-
|b||d||ʣ||ʤ||g||v||z||ʒ||j||l||m||n||ɲ||k/ʦ||r||w
|-
| rowspan=2 |'''Unvoiced'''||'''p'''||'''t'''||'''c'''||'''ć'''||'''k'''||'''f'''||'''s'''||'''ś'''||colspan=8 rowspan=2| ||'''h'''||'''ch'''||'''x'''
|-
|p||t||ʦ||ʧ||k||f||s||ʃ||h||ç/x||ks
|}

Notes:
*Dź and ź appear only in foreign words.
*Q is pronounced as [k] before a, â, á, o, ó, u, ú and [ʦ] before e, ê, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű.

===Linking vowels and consonants - Roêndögarce===
We use them to avoid consonant or vowel clusters.
*Between words and suffixes we use a definite linking vowel (see below)
*Between any types of words we use '''h-''' or '''ö-''' (eg. ''mínisse h-effár'', ''ortend ö-gnu'')

That's why HGE has 6 forms of the words '''i''' ('the'), '''e''' ('and') and '''a''' ('a/an').

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!colspan=2 |i
!colspan=2 |a
!colspan=2 |e
|-
|'''V - V'''||'''hil'''&lt;br&gt;'''l-'''||réve hil afallum&lt;br&gt;réve l-afallum||'''had'''&lt;br&gt;'''d-'''||réve had afallum&lt;br&gt;réve d-afallum||'''het'''&lt;br&gt;'''t-'''||tága het esne&lt;br&gt;tága t-esne
|-
|'''V - C'''||'''hi'''||réve hi piktum||'''ha'''||réve ha piktum||'''he'''||tága he kecán
|-
|'''C - V'''||'''il'''&lt;br&gt;'''i h-'''||révest il afallum&lt;br&gt;révest i h-afallum||'''ad'''&lt;br&gt;'''a h-'''||révest ad afallum&lt;br&gt;révest a h-afallum||'''et'''&lt;br&gt;'''e h-'''||kecán et esne&lt;br&gt;kecán e h-esne
|-
|'''C - C'''||'''i'''||révest i piktum||'''a'''||révest a piktum||'''e'''||kecán e tága
|}

==Grammar - Errakniff==
===Nouns and adjectives - Hênmisse he nilganmisse===
====Noun and adjective declension - Hênmis- e nilganmispégońán====
Like Hungarian, '''HGE is an agglutinaing language'''.
Nouns and adjectives can be in 18 cases either singular or in plural. Words does not have gender.
Nouns can be divided into 5 groups:
*Nouns ending in a consonant (eg. ''hutt'' 'house')
*a-stem (eg. ''capta'' 'room')
*e-stem (eg. ''pikte'' 'bag')
*i-stem (eg. ''zülti'' 'thing')
*u-stem (eg. ''histu'' 'news')

Suffixes have two types:
*Suffixes starting with a vowel (eg. ''-um, -áma'')
*Suffixes starting with a consonant (These suffixes also have a linking vowel, which is to be used after a consonant. (eg. ''-(e)n, -(é)ti'')

If you add a suffix starting with a vowel to a noun ending in a vowel, the original vowel at the end of the word disappears (eg. ''capta'' + ''-iri'' &gt; ''capt-'' + ''-iri'' &gt; ''captiri''). If the final vowel and the suffix is the same, we write a long vowel instead of both (eg. ''histu'' + ''-u'' &gt; ''histú''). We don't use a linking vowel after words ending in an N, R or L (eg. ''veffel'' + ''-(i)s'' &gt; ''veffels''). The ending -S changes into a -Z and -AU/-EU changes into -AW/-EW (eg. ''katas'' + ''-um'' &gt; ''katazum'', ''bláneu'' &gt; ''blánewio'').

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Case
! Hungarian suffix
! HGE suffix&lt;br&gt;(singular)
! Example
! HGE suffix&lt;br&gt;(plural)
! Example
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Nominative case|'''Nominative''']]
| - || - || hutt, capta || '''-e''' || hutte, capte
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Accusative case|'''Accusative''']]
| -t || '''-um''' || huttum, captum || '''-u''' || huttu, captu
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Genitive case|'''Genitive''']]
| -nak || '''-(i)s''' || huttis, captas || ''' (i)sse''' || huttisse, captasse
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Dative case|'''Dative''']]
| -nak || '''-áj''' / '''-âj''' || huttáj, captáj || '''-o''' || hutto, capto
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Instrumental case|'''Instrumental''']]-[[Wikipedia:Comitative case|'''comitative''']]
| -val || '''-(e)n''' || hutten, captan || '''-(é)ne''' || hutténe, captáne
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Causal-final case|'''Causal-final''']]
| -ért || '''-ad''' || huttad, captad || '''-áde''' || huttáde, captáde
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Translative case|'''Translative''']]
| -vá || '''-uá''' || huttuá, captuá || '''-ué''' || huttué, captué
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Terminative case|'''Terminative''']]
| -ig || '''-(é)ti''' || huttéti, captáti || '''-(é)te''' || huttéte, captáte
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Essive-formal case|'''Essive-formal''']]/[[Wikipedia:Essive-modal case|'''modal''']]
|  -ként / -ül || '''-oj''' || huttoj, captoj || '''-ojje''' || huttojje, captojje
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Inessive case|'''Inessive''']]
| -ban || '''-io''' || huttio, captio || '''-eo''' || hutteo, capteo 
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Adessive case|'''Adessive''']]
| -nál || '''-ómo / -om''' || huttómo, captómo || '''-óme''' || huttóme, captóme
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Superessive case|'''Superessive''']]
| -on || '''-óro / -or''' || huttóro, captóro || '''-óre''' || huttóre, captóre
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Elative case|'''Elative''']]
| -ból || '''-i''' || hutti, capti || '''-ei''' || huttei, captei 
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|'''Ablative''']]
| -tól || '''-ími / -im''' || huttími, captími || '''-íme''' || huttíme, captíme
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Delative case|'''Delative''']]
| -ról || '''-íri / -ir(i) ''' || huttíri, captíri || '''-íre''' || huttíre, captíre
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Illative case|'''Illative''']]
| -ba || '''-a''' || hutta, capt'''á''' || '''-ea''' || huttea, captea
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Allative case|'''Allative''']]
| -hoz || '''-áma / -am''' || huttáma, captáma || '''-áme''' || huttáme, captáme
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Sublative case|'''Sublative''']]
| -ra || '''-ára / -ar''' || huttára, captára || '''-áre''' || huttáre, captáre
|}

====Comparison - Pűronán====
In Avorenta, we can compare not only adjectives, but every types of words.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! colspan=2 |Singular nominative !! colspan=2 |Stem
|-
|'''superlative'''||'''-iś'''||il iskéniś ''('the most beautiful')''||'''-iśś-'''||iskéniśś-
|-
|'''comparative'''||'''-ér'''||iskénér ''('more beautiful')''||'''-ér-'''||iskénér-
|-
|'''base form'''||-||iskén ''('beautiful')''||-||iskén-
|-
|'''negative comparative'''||'''-eri'''||iskéneri ''('less beautiful')''||'''-err-'''||iskénerr-
|-
|'''negative superlative'''||'''-eś'''||il iskéneś ''('the least beautiful')''||'''-eśś-'''||iskéneśś-
|}
Samle sentences:
*Comparison of adjectives: ''Árpád ö-'''śűdér''', sir Romulâs.'' / ''Árpád ö-'''śűdér''' Romulázom.'' ('Árpád is taller than Romulus.')
*Comparison of nouns: ''Mes jamattu '''Árpádér''', sir i tis.'' ('My statue looks like Árpád more than yours.' Literally: 'My statue is more Árpád than the yours')
*Comparison of verbs: ''I vittegum '''mítiśśe'''.'' ('I like spring the best')

===Verbs - Dífekke===
====Conjugation - Dífekkpégońán====
Verbs have three forms: D1 for present, D2 for past and D3 for future. These are formed by changing one of the vowels of the verb.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2|D1&lt;br&gt;(Present)!!colspan=2|D2&lt;br&gt;(Past)!!colspan=2|D3&lt;br&gt;(Future)
|-
|'''a/â'''||araq||'''o'''||aroq||'''ê'''||arêq
|-
|'''á'''||ám||'''ó'''||óm||'''é'''||ém
|-
|'''e/ê'''||left||'''a'''||laft||'''i'''||lift
|-
|'''é'''||él||'''á'''||ál||'''í'''||íl
|-
|'''i'''||eldvin||'''o'''||eldvon||'''ê'''||eldvên
|-
|'''í'''||lím||'''au'''||laum||'''é'''||lém
|-
|'''o'''||ćebor||'''a'''||ćebar||'''ö'''||ćebör
|-
|'''ó'''||óron||'''á'''||áron||'''ő'''||őron
|-
|'''ö'''||nörp||'''o'''||norp||'''e'''||nerp
|-
|'''ő'''||fintőr||'''ó'''||fintór||'''é'''||fintér
|-
|'''u'''||kununt||'''o'''||kunont||'''ü'''||kunünt
|-
|'''ú'''||húz||'''ó'''||hóz||'''ű'''||hűz
|-
|'''ü'''||śrükk||'''u'''||śrukk||'''i'''||śrikk
|-
|'''ű'''||krűn||'''au'''||kraun||'''í'''||krín
|}

There are three tenses (present, past, future) and four moods (indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative). Past tense is formed with the suffix '''-ó''' and future tense is formed with the suffix '''-á''' added to the conjugated D1 form. As there are only verbs ending in a consonant, we can add the suffixes without any changes. When we use the imperative, we put the personal pronoun or its short form before the D1 form of the verb.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! Indicative !! Conditional !! Imperative 1&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive !! Imperative 2
|-
|'''SG1'''||-e||-ive||-ez||-
|-
|'''SG2'''||-i||-ivi||-iz||ti-- / t'-
|-
|'''SG3a (general)'''||-||-iv||-oz||ho-- / h'-
|-
|'''SG3b (masculine)'''||-og||-ivog||-ox / -ogoz||hog--
|-
|'''SG3c (feminine)'''||-a||-iva||-az||hag--
|-
|'''PL1a (general)'''||-am||-ivam||-anz / -amoz||ke-- / k'-
|-
|'''PL1b (SG1+SG2/PL2)'''||-em||-ivem||-enz / -emoz||ken--
|-
|'''PL1c (SG1+SG3/PL3)'''||-um||-ivum||-unz / -umoz||kun--
|-
|'''PL2'''||-in||-ivin||-inz||du-- / d'-
|-
|'''PL3'''||-est||-ivest||-edz / -estoz||ve-- / v'-
|}

The verb '''ren''' ('to be') is also regular.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3 |Indicative
!colspan=3 |Conditional
!colspan=2 |Imperative 1&lt;br&gt;Subjunctive
|-
!'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''future'''
|-
|'''SG1'''||re||reó||reá||rive||riveó||riveá||rez||rezá
|-
|'''SG2'''||ri||rió||riá||rivi||rivió||riviá||riz||rizá
|-
|'''SG3a'''||ro||ró||rá||riv||rivó||rivá||roz||rozá
|-
|'''SG3b'''||rog||rogó||rogá||rivog||rivogó||rivogá||rox||roxá
|-
|'''SG3c'''||ra||ragó||ragá||riva||rivagó||rivagá||raz||razá
|-
|'''PL1a'''||ram||ramó||ramá||rivam||rivamó||rivamá||ranz||ranzá
|-
|'''PL1b'''||rem||remó||remá||rivem||rivemó||rivemá||renz||renzá
|-
|'''PL1c'''||rum||rumó||rumá||rivum||rivumó||rivumá||runz||runzá
|-
|'''PL2'''||rin||rinó||riná||rivin||rivinó||riviná||rinz||rinzá
|-
|'''PL3'''||rest||restó||restá||rivest||rivestó||rivestá||redz||redzá
|}

====Passive voice - Gandífend fóda====
Form: '''D1''' + '''-u''' / '''-tu''' (after L, N, R) + the correct form of '''ren''' (it can be omitted in SG3 in present tense).
Sample sentences:
*''Ille kataze mőr ''pellu bez'' '''ovvertu restó'''.'' ('These books '''are read''' ''by'' many ''children'')
*''La pemúr '''gerévu'''.'' ('That picture '''is seen'''.')
Another way to express passive voice: add the '''-út''' formative before the personal suffix.
*''Ille kataze mőr ''pellu bez'' '''ovverútestó'''.'' ('These books '''are read''' ''by'' many ''children'')
*''La pemúr '''gerévút'''.'' ('That picture '''is seen'''.')
====The object of the action - I dífáns deveri====
Instead of using the accusative form of the personal pronoun, we can use the possessive suffix.
Sample sentences:
*''Réve veum.'' &gt; ''Rév'''üst'''e.'' ('I watch them.')
*''Ovvélivestó meum il ükóla.'' &gt; ''Ovvél'''eld'''ivestó l-ükóla.'' ('They could have taken me to the school.')
===Pronouns - Elongömisse===
====Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns - Mínâl, ájdánâl et ájkámüssend elongömisse====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! Personal pronoun !! Possessive pronoun !! Possessive suffix !! Reflexive pronoun
|-
|'''SG1'''||me / iss||mes||-eld||feld
|-
|'''SG2'''||ti||tis||-ild||fild
|-
|'''SG3a''' (general) ||ho||hos||rowspan=2 |-old||rowspan=2 |fold
|-
|'''SG3b''' (masculine)||hog||hox / hos
|-
|'''SG3c''' (feminine)||hag||hax / has||-ald||fald
|-
|'''PL1a''' (general)||ke||kes||-ând||fând
|-
|'''PL1b''' (SG1 + SG2/PL2)||ken||kens||-ênd||fênd
|-
|'''PL1c''' (SG1 + SG3/PL3)||kun||kuns||-und||fund
|-
|'''PL2'''||du||dus||-ind||find
|-
|'''PL3'''||ve||ves||-üst||füst
|}

We decline personal pronouns like nouns. Exceptions are listed below:
*The accusative form of the pronouns ''me, ti'' and ''ve'' contains the final vowel: '''meum, tium, veum'''.
*The elative form of ''ti'' and ''ho'' are written with a long ''í'': '''tí, hí'''. (to avoid confusing them with ''ti'' ('you') and ''hi'' ('the')).

'''Possessive pronouns''' are simply the genitive forms of personal pronouns.

====Demonstrative pronouns - Kívend elongömisse====
There are three types of demonstrative pronouns:
*Demonstrative pronouns referring to a near object
*Demonstrative pronouns referring to a distant object
*General demonstrative pronouns
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=11 | Demonstrative pronouns referring to near or distant objects
|-
| rowspan=2 | ||this||that||this kind of||that kind of||as large as this||as large as that||so much/many&lt;br&gt;(near)||so much/many&lt;br&gt;(distant)
|-
|'''ill'''||'''la'''||'''nix'''||'''nax'''||'''fex'''||'''fax'''||'''vis'''||'''vas'''
|-
|'''a-'''||all||ala||anix||anax||afex||afax||avis||avas
|-
|'''e-'''||ell||ela||enix||enax||efex||efax||evis||evas
|}
The prefix '''a-''' means 'the same'.
*''-¿Óle d-elong ö-katazum veri? -Gan, sítle h-'''alum'''.'' ('-Are you reading another book? -No, I'm still reading '''the same one'''.') Note that ''ala'', which refers to a distant object, is used, because it's from the view of the person who asked the question.
*''Illio h-üsmegio h-'''avas''' afal ro, sir il elongio.'' ('There are '''as many''' apples in this basket than in the other.')
The prefix '''e-''' means 'the other'.
*''-¿Illu bissiru genéqwidamá? -Gan, '''ellu'''.'' ('-Shall we buy these newspapers? -No, '''the others''' (which are these ones).')
'''General demonstrative pronouns''' are the same as the noun suffixes. Singular nominative form is '''ü''' or '''y'''.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Case !! Singular!!Plural
|-
| '''Nominative'''|| ü / y || e
|-
| '''Accusative'''|| um || u
|-
| '''Genitive'''|| is || isse
|-
| '''Dative'''|| áj || o
|-
| '''Instrumental-comitative'''|| en || éne
|-
| '''Causal-final'''|| '''âd''' || áde
|-
| '''Translative'''|| '''wá''' || '''wé'''
|-
| '''Terminative'''|| éti || éte
|-
| '''Essive-formal/modal'''|| oj || ojje
|-
| '''Inessive'''|| io / '''jo''' || eo 
|-
| '''Adessive'''|| om || óme
|-
| '''Superessive'''|| or || óre
|-
| '''Elative'''|| '''í''' || ei
|-
| '''Ablative'''|| im || íme
|-
| '''Delative'''|| ir || íre
|-
| '''Illative'''|| '''á''' || ea
|-
| '''Allative'''|| am|| áme
|-
| '''Sublative'''|| ar || áre
|}
They are used when distance of the object isn't important or it doesn't refer to a phisical object (eg. emotions, colours, numbers or whole clauses).
*''Śurvoteó hi jorqum, ginćo h-offergetez '''um'''.'' ('I wrote down the number, so that I won't forget '''it'''.')

====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and general pronouns - Qwinkonend, roênend, ogadireńńa t-óroil elongömisse====
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2| !!What?!!Who?!!Which?!!What kind?!!How large?!!What sort?!!How many?&lt;br&gt;(cardinal number)!! How many?&lt;br&gt;(ordinal number)!!How many?&lt;br&gt;(fraction)
|-
!Interrogative
| ||'''for'''||'''qwin'''||'''fil'''||'''nil'''||'''fál'''||'''gen'''||'''vil'''||'''vix'''||'''vić'''
|-
!rowspan=2 | Relative
|'''-l'''||forl / foll||qwil||fill||nill||fáll||genil||vill||vixil||vićil
|-
|'''la-'''||lafor||laqwin||lafil||lanil||lafál||lagen||lavil||lavix||lavić
|-
!rowspan=2|Indefinite
|'''vo-'''||vofor||voqwin||vofil||vonil||vofál||vogen||vovil||vovix||vović
|-
|'''će-'''||ćefor||-||ćefil||-||-||ćegen||ćevil||ćevix||ćević
|-
!rowspan=3|General
|'''-eńńa'''||f(o)reńńa||qwi(le)ńńa||fi(le)ńńa||ni(le)ńńa||fáleńńa||geneńńa||vi(le)ńńa||vixeńńa||vićeńńa
|-
|'''-tál'''||fortál||qwintál||filtál||niltál||fáltál||gentál||viltál||vixtál||vićtál
|-
|'''-ven'''||forven||qwíven||-||-||-||géven||-||-||-
|}
Meaning of the prefixes/suffixes:
*'''će-''' = 'some of ...'&lt;br&gt;''-¿Fíven maun hítum putt? -Gan, or '''ćefil'''.'' ('-Is every men wearing a hat? -No, only '''some of them'''.')
*'''-eńńa''' = 'no-'&lt;br&gt;eg. ''foreńńa'' = 'nothing', ''qwińńa'' = 'nobody', ''vileńńa'' = 'none'
*'''-tál''' = 'any-'&lt;br&gt;eg. ''fortál'' = 'anything', ''qwintál'' = 'anyone', ''viltál'' = 'no matter how much/many'
*'''-ven''' = 'every-'&lt;br&gt;eg. ''forven'' = 'everything', ''qwíven'' = 'everybody'.

===Adverbs - Potessöcorge===
====Adverbs from nouns and adjectives - Potessöcorge hênmissei he nilganmissei====
Adverbs are formed with the suffix '''-at'''.
Examples:
*Noun &gt; Adverb&lt;br&gt;'''teuta''' ('German') &gt; '''teutat''' ('in German') ''Teutat lauma.'' ('She spoke in German.')
*Consonant stem adjective &gt; Adverb&lt;br&gt;'''felt''' ('good') &gt; '''feltat''' ('well') ''¡Geniffiz um feltat!'' ('Learn this well.')
*Vowel stem adjective &gt; Adverb&lt;br&gt;'''ferme''' ('warm') &gt; '''fermat''' ('warmly') ''I pindrio hi míne fermat ö-tissest.'' ('People dress warmly in winter.')

====Pronoun-adverbs - Elongömissál potessöcorge====
Pronoun-adverbs are adverbs which have some common features with pronouns, for example they can get the same prefixes/suffixes.
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2| !! Where?!!To where?!!From where?!!To which direction?!!From which direction?!!When?!!When?&lt;br&gt;(at ... o'clock)!!How?
|-
!Interrogative
| ||'''ós'''||'''ós''a'''''||'''ós''i'''''||'''ós''ar'''''||'''ós''ir'''''||'''ênn'''||'''vik'''||'''éda'''
|-
!rowspan=2 | Relative
|'''-l'''||ósil||ósla||ósli||óslar||óslir||ênnil||vikil||édal
|-
|'''la-'''||lós||lósa||lósi||lósar||lósir||lênn||lavik||léda
|-
!rowspan=2|Indefinite
|'''vo-'''||vós||vósa||vósi||vósar||vofál||vósir||vovik||véda
|-
|'''će-'''||ćós||-||-||-||-||ćênn||-||-
|-
!rowspan=3|General
|'''-eńńa'''||óseńńa||óseńńá||óseńńi||óseńńar||óseńńir||ê(nne)ńńa||vikeńńa||édańńa
|-
|'''-tál'''||óstál||óstála||óstáli||óstálar||óstálir||ênntál||viktál||édatál
|-
|'''-ven'''||ósven||ósaven||ósiven||-||-||-||-||édaven
|}
====Real adverbs - Feterrál potessöcorge====
There are real adverbs referring to time, place and manner. The first group of them is similar to the demonstrative pronouns: every adverb has a 'near' and 'distant' form. They can also get the '''a-''' and '''e-''' prefixes.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=11 | Real adverbs with 2 forms
|-
| rowspan=2 | ||this time||that time||in this way||in that way||here||there||to this place||to that place||from this place||from that place
|-
|'''léjk'''||'''lájk'''||'''śe'''||'''śo'''||'''hett'''||'''hatt'''||'''hett''a'''''||'''hatt''a'''''||'''hett''i'''''||'''hatt''i'''''
|-
|'''a-'''||alájk||aléjk||a(ś)śe||a(ś)śo||ahett||ahatt||ahetta||ahatta||ahetti||ahatti
|-
|'''e-'''|| elájk||eléjk||e(ś)śe||e(ś)śo||ehett||ehatt||ehetta||ehatta||ehetti||ehatti
|}

In the second type, abverbs of place get the suffix '''-io''' ('in') and adverbs of manner get the suffix '''-at'''.
*Adverbs of time:&lt;br&gt;'''óle''' ('already'), '''sítle''' ('still'), '''ifte''' ('later'), '''finér''' ('sooner'), '''nu''' ('now'), '''len''' ('sometime/then'), '''lepti''' ('after this'), '''lapti''' ('after that'), '''álvin / víven''' ('always').
*Adverbs of place:&lt;br&gt;'''utio''' ('outside'), '''asio / táńio''' ('inside'), '''śurio''' ('up'), '''difio''' ('down'), '''ápio''' ('ahead/in front'), '''domio''' ('at the back'), '''licio''' ('aside').
*Adverbs of manner:&lt;br&gt;'''anirat''' ('alone'), '''maurat''' ('together').

===Numbers - Jorce===
====Definite numbers, names of months and days - Ogadiráta jorce, i mêndisse he tikisse mis====
To form ordinal numbers or fractions from cardinal numbers, we add the '''-x''' or '''-ć''' suffixes after or instead of the final sound. The names of the months and days are also formed from the cardinal numbers with the suffixes '''-ximênd''' (''-x + mênd'' ('month')) and '''-~eg''' ( ~ means that the final consonant of the stem duplicates).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !!Cardinal number!!Ordinal number&lt;br&gt;-x!!Fraction&lt;br&gt;-ć!! Month&lt;br&gt;-ximênd!! Days of the week&lt;br&gt;-~eg
|-
|0||'''zür'''||züx||züć|| || 
|-
|1||'''an'''||anx||-||anximênd||anneg
|-
|2||'''dau'''||daux||dauć||dauximênd||daweg
|-
|3||'''tor'''||to(r)x||to(r)ć||torximênd||torreg
|-
|4||'''cet'''||cex||ceć||ceximênd||cetteg
|-
|5||'''fim'''||fix||fić||fiximênd||fimmeg
|-
|6||'''sit'''||six||sić||siximênd||sitteg
|-
|7||'''völl'''||vö(ll)x||vö(ll)ć||völlximênd||völleg
|-
|8||'''gad'''||gax||gać||gaximênd||rowspan=8| 
|-
|9||'''noj'''||nox||noć||noximênd
|-
|10||'''tich'''||tix||tić||tiximênd
|-
||11||tian||tianx||tianć||tianximênd
|-
|12||tidau||tidaux||tidauć||tidauximênd
|-
|100||'''ünt(rit)||üntrix||üntrić
|-
|1000||'''epaz'''||epax||epać
|-
|1000000||'''bill'''||bi(ll)x||bi(ll)ć
|}
*Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed with the prefix '''ti-''' (eg. ''tian'' (11), ''tidau'' (12), ''titor'' (13)).
*Numbers from 20 to 90 are formed with the suffix '''-te''' (eg ''daute'' (20), ''torte'' (30), ''cette'' (40)).
*Vowel clusters in compound numbers are replaced with an apostrophe (eg. ''daute + an &gt; daut'an'').
*Longer numbers can be read in two ways:&lt;br&gt;12,369,854 &gt; ''andaubill-torsitnojepaz-gadöfimcet'' (Literally: 'onetwomillion-threesixninethousand-eight[linking vowel]fivefour')&lt;br&gt;741 &gt; ''völlüntrit-cett'an (Literally: 'sevenhundred-fortyone')
====Indefinite numbers - Ogadireńńa jorce====
They can be compared like adjectives.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! colspan=2 |Singular nominative !! Stem
|-
|'''superlative'''||most&lt;br&gt;least||'''miś&lt;br&gt;ćeliś'''||miśś-&lt;br&gt;ćeliśś-
|-
|'''comparative'''||more&lt;br&gt;less||'''mér&lt;br&gt;ćelér'''||mér-&lt;br&gt;ćelér-
|-
|'''base form'''||many&lt;br&gt;little||'''mőr&lt;br&gt;ćel'''|| mőr-&lt;br&gt;ćel-
|-
|'''negative comparative'''||less||'''meri'''||merr-
|-
|'''negative superlative'''||least||'''meś'''||meśś-
|}

===Postpositions and further affixes - Misoptále he fittu pégońe===
====Postpositions====
Postpositions are placed after the word they refer to (eg. ''i swip '''ócen''''' ('because of the rain'). Most of them have three forms.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !!Where?&lt;br&gt;-e!!To where?&lt;br&gt;-a!!From where?&lt;br&gt;-i
|-
|'''under'''||entre||entra||entri
|-
|'''above'''||śure||śura||śuri
|-
|'''in front of'''||ápe||ápa||ápi
|-
|'''behind'''||zéle||zéla||zéli
|-
|'''next to'''||gűre||gűra||gűri
|-
|'''between'''||pitte||pitta||pitti
|-
|'''around'''||éle||éla|| -
|-
|'''towards'''||vilcio||vilqa / vilce||vilci
|}
Other postpositions:&lt;br&gt;'''bez''' ('by'), '''inau / inóv''' ('against'), '''önte''' ('instead of'), '''ócen''' ('because of'), '''aur''' ('without'), '''aki''' ('since'), '''éna''' ('according to'), '''opti''' ('after'), '''dár''' ('beyond'), '''séd''' ('through').
====Verbal prefixes - Dífekkfinpégońe====
Verbal prefixes can express the direction of the action, they can modify the meaning of the verb or they can mark that the action is finished.
The most frequently used verbal prefixes are these:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Meaning!!Hungarian&lt;br&gt;prefix!!Prefix!!Sample
|-
|in||be-||'''a-&lt;br&gt;at'''||avot&lt;br&gt;atest
|-
|into||bele-||'''eś-'''||eślakk
|-
|out||ki-||'''át- / út-&lt;br&gt;ú~'''||átoff&lt;br&gt;úffimm
|-
|down||le-||'''dif-&lt;br&gt;di~'''||difaraq&lt;br&gt;dirrow
|-
|up||fel-||'''śur-'''||śurfőn
|-
|here||ide-||'''hett-&lt;br&gt;hetta'''||hettórin&lt;br&gt;hettasetir
|-
|there||oda-||'''hatt-&lt;br&gt;hatta'''||hattórin&lt;br&gt;hattasetir
|-
|together||össze-||'''têr-'''||têrhúz
|-
|apart||szét-||'''ig-&lt;br&gt;i~'''||igoff&lt;br&gt;irrow
|-
|back||vissza-||'''áj-'''||ájrév
|-
|over/through||át-||'''sê-&lt;br&gt;sêd-'''||sêfimm&lt;br&gt;sêdort
|-
|away/off*||el-||'''og-&lt;br&gt;o~-'''||ogóron&lt;br&gt;olleft
|-
|*||meg-||'''ge-&lt;br&gt;gen-'''||gehúz&lt;br&gt;genest
|}
The prefixes marked with * ('''og''' and '''ge''') are used to make the action finished eg. ''-Voti l-émentum? -Óle '''gevoteó'''.'' ('-Are you writing the homework? -I've already written it.')

===Word formation - Corgegênájfirán===
====Noun formatives - Hênmisdífárde ====
*'''-ión''': a person whose job is connected with a certain thing eg. ''effár'' ('tooth') &gt; ''effárión'' ('dentist'), ''fillog'' ('game') &gt; ''fillogión'' ('hunter').
*'''-árd''': an object which is connected with an action eg. ''behün'' ('refrigerate') &gt; ''behünárd'' ('refrigerator')
*'''-án''': it forms a noun from a verb eg. ''fűl'' ('see') &gt; ''fűlán'' ('sight')
*'''-ek(k)''' / '''-ag''': mostly a thing which is the result of an action eg. ''ört'' ('bake') &gt; ''örtekk'' ('cake')
*'''-(ö)gan''': mostly it forms a noun from another noun or adjective eg. ''étti'' ('happy') &gt; ''éttigan'' ('happiness')
*'''-iśte''' / '''-ida''': a place for an action eg. ''avolt'' ('eat') &gt; ''avoltiśte'' ('restaurant')
*'''ika''': it forms a country name from a nation's name eg. ''teuta'' ('German') &gt; ''Teutika'' ('Germany')
*'''-íc''': diminutive suffix eg. ''esne'' ('pig') &gt; ''esníc'' ('piglet')

====Adjective formatives - Nilganmisdífárde====
*'''-âl''' / '''-ál''' / '''-au''': it forms an adjective from a noun eg.''mín'' ('man / human being') &gt; ''mínâl'' ('human'), ''Miogedzúr'' ('America') &gt; ''miogedzúrâl'' ('American')
*'''-áta''': something which has something eg. ''cork'' ('ear') &gt; ''corkáta'' ('something which has an ear')
*'''-eńńa''': it shows the lack of something eg. ''cork'' &gt; ''corkeńńa'' ('something without an ear')
*'''-(ö)get''': something which looks like another thing eg. ''mín'' (human being) &gt; ''mínögêt'' ('humanoid')

====Verb formatives - Dífekkdífárde====
*'''-on / -aśś''': it forms a verb from a noun eg. ''qwink'' ('question') &gt; ''qwinkon'' ('ask a question')
*'''-ilt''': it forms a verb from an adjective eg. ''vétig'' ('ready') &gt; ''vétigilt'' ('become ready')
*'''-ün''': it forms a verb from an adjective eg. ''bós'' ('big') &gt; ''bósün'' ('magnify')
*'''-ann''': it shows that doing something is allowed or it expresses ability eg. ''rip'' ('run') &gt; ''ripann'' ('he can / is allowed to run')
*'''-ill''': mostly it shows that the action is repeated many times eg. ''ver'' ('read') &gt; ''Verill a katazum.'' ('he reads a book many times or he doesn't read the whole book for one occasion')
*'''-ir''': it forms a causative verb eg. ''ovvort'' ('throw away') &gt; ''Ovvortir il erip.'' ('He makes somebody throw the ball away')
*'''-ing''' / '''-íf''': reflexive verb eg. ''loć'' ('wash') &gt; ''loćing'' ('wash oneself')
*'''-ung''': reciprocal

====Participle formatives - Dífekkmisdífárde====
*'''-(e)n''': it forms an infinitive eg. ''rév'' ('watch(es)') &gt; ''réven'' ('to watch')
*'''-end''': it forms a present participle eg. ''vot'' ('write') &gt; ''a votend ö-pellu'' ('a writing child')
*'''-é (-év-)''': it forms a past participle eg. ''fűl'' ('see') &gt; ''i fűlé galéna'' ('a ship that was seen')
*'''-áj (-áv-)''': it forms a future participle eg. ''arad'' ('look for') &gt; ''il aradáj śutte'' ('the letter to bee looked for')
*'''-ix''': eg. ''rip'' ('run') &gt; ''Ripix ámogó.'' ('He arrived running')
*'''-and''': something that can be done eg. ''díf'' ('do') &gt; ''dífand'' ('can be done').

===Word order - Corg'éćer===
There is no strict word order (SVO is the dominant), the parts of the sentence are generally in order of importance.
when we want to emphasise a word very strongly, we can use the prefix '''có- / c''''.
''Omme corkum ájdogó, '''c'ill''' líćireldó.'' ('He had blue ears, that [and not anything else] made me laugh')

==Translations - Bettélege==
===Useful phrases - Iskáte córilláne===
:{|
|Welcome!||¡Agête! ¡Agêtam!
|-
|Hello!|| ¡Winś!
|-
|Good morning / day / evening / night!|| ¡Felt mernikkum / tikum / aświlum / tekinum!
|-
|Good-bye!||¡Ájfűlán! ¡Ćüs!
|-
|Yes. No.||Pit. Gan.
|-
| ‒What's your name? -My name is...|| ‒¿For  i missild? ‒I missild ...
|-
|Pleased to meet you.||Gêlete, ćo molem.
|-
|Sorry.||Offűlán(um).
|-
|Thank you.||Valte.
|-
| ‒How are you? ‒I'm fine, thanks. / I've got a splinter in my right ear. ||‒¿Éda ri? ‒Valte, feltat. / Eremb ro hi rofe corkeldio.
|-
| ‒Where's the toilet? ‒Behind that mountain.|| ‒¿Ós i büswa? ‒La kuntán zéle.
|-
|Good luck!||¡Felt ö-ligrum!
|-
|I love you.||Mítilde.
|-
| ‒Do you speak Avorenta? ‒Yes, of course. / No, but I want to learn it.|| ‒¿Lími h-Avorentat? ‒Pit, vécidátat. / Gan, ak míte geniffen.
|-
|How do you say...?|| ¿Éda córtu hi(l) ...?
|-
|I don't understand.||Gan sine.
|-
|Please speak more slowly.|| ¡Ćimbre, límiz ćevérat!
|-
|Please write it down.|| ¡Ćimbre, divvotiz um!
|-
|It's Greek to me.||Ill máj Esperantu.
|-
|Watch out! This deep-sea diver has smelly feet.|| ¡Potiz! Ill bőremúrâl revid qwenáta kíkum ájdog.
|}

===Romulus and Remus - Romulâs e Remas ===
:Rea Silviáj, Numitors pellináj gémennalde főró, Romulâs e Remas. Ak i howadeńńa Amuliâs i zígu gen éló bawiren. Rea Silvium tákesserconiró het a besláj impézó, ćo gebostiroz ö-vitta hi gémennu. I besla h-inio gan optodauf (optodífó), i pellú hi robendorellor oqqwitó d‑üsmegio. A śinna vilkas genógó veum, qwin avoltiró t-êllavonó hi dau zígum. A Faustulâs missát’ ájfilqwazión i huttolda véló, len bênoldáj, Akka Lárenciáj dontó veum. I pelle sêvindó hagáj, śe Faustulâs et Akka balio niffirestó Romulázum e Remazum.

:Ift’ i gémenne kewilesténe maurat gebowirestó h-Amuliázum. Ênn śurgőtestó, ogadirestó, ćo lor órinor, lós pell’éjkestis iskéniś pêllu télestó, vonil dúnum krűnestá. Il ommissonekk ócen inio medülig appíćán rá dawest ö‑pitte. Léjk histeńńa posomoldio Romulâs diddűśimbó bidoldum, e hi śurtildiltend ö‑dúnum fodis fodir ommissonó Rómáj, famis Kr.á. 753‑ími 716‑éti lauger ró.

===The Magical Deer ''(Ancient Hungarian legend)'' - I vinturbaraus fába===
:Isteró ha tikkor, ćo fillogonn gefinestó, het i zébio ha jauvos śinnabarau riltó h-ápüst. La texadó h‑ápüsti, ve pêdze hi meotizál pengale pitta si folkestó. Hatt ö‑lapti h‑elónat farswin, e doz mőrti aradestó, h-édańńa son genógaldestó. Táńővestó l‑óle völlé pengalu he ves ájfilisse holozavoltiránar ekarináj nógestó. Foropti ves etâram ájrowix gekátest  hí hi restánum, forven zültüsten i meotizál pengale pitta rowestó, ćo h‑ájfilüstu holozavoltirix hatt bíledz.

:I Meotizis tirlün Perśias lenn gűre nógand; an wádus exeloren vilqveni múr éliohaff, gan ájd ö‑robendu, ak batále holozáta fêllüreo, h‑aćorreo, fozeo, h‑áfeo he fillogeo; i táń- et átőván ante tefig. I meotizál pengale pitta rowestó fixi, e fim pellti gan ollíkiltestó hatti. Ênnil i six pellio h-átfimmestó, i zébio damöwájnat i Bereka-zígisse bênáre he pelláre nágest, laqwine hi maune h-aur tagâlonstó, et évas i bórdis córnibálum sovitest e cerdára bêdlonstó. Ájfilüsten maurat avellat ovvélestó veum i Meotizis pengaleo. I bós ö-flet opti hett ró hil anx ö-śommeg.

:Isteró pêdze, ćo h‑illio h‑eltoppio le pelle pitte l-alán wariónis, Dulánis dau pellinum êś ohhaffestó, anigum Hunor, i h‑elongum Magor lájmó bênoj. Illei minnei dévizó lapti hi ven hún e hunnâs. Isteró pêdze, ćo lapti mőrti baulest i meotizál pengale pitte, úzestó bêre bós foxuá gőten, et y tirlün óle gin tákümben, gin avoltiren gan ö-ró bonnu veum.

===The Lord's Prayer - Kes Etâr ===
[[Image:Kesetaar2.png|thumb|The Lord's Prayer written with Háfrigvotán script]]
:Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri,
:genomentuz i missild,
:offimmoz i tis agenir,
:geroz i tis élekk,
:léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si.
:Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl,
:et offűliz i kes bêtgánu,
:léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo.
:E gin véliz kum kojsitána,
:ak gemojgiriz i vultími.
:(Dé tis i h-agenir, i wara t-il omengan forvenâk.)
:Roz ö-gen.

===The Apostles Creed - Evele'n===

[[Category:Conlangs]]
:Evele 'n Allâzio, forvengámend Etário, eskális et edzúris dífiónio.
:E Jézuś Kristuzio, i hos anfőré zígio, i kes Mínio,
:qwin gefíntu ró l-Omena Gúsergan, fór Omena Mári, 
:árentu ró Poncius Pilátus entre, genígestó, gebaw et offorkestó.
:Difortó l-entredzúra, trox ö-tikkar śurátogó hi boweste pitti,
:śurrőnó l-eskála, hon savit i forvengámend Etârallâzis rofiom,
:hatti offimm ö-ćevéren ungendu he bowévu.
:Evele h-Omena Gúsergio, hi katolige Mittomen'huttio,
:il omenisse rogennio, hi bêtgánisse h-offűlánio,
:hi ćerras śurátogánio et i forvenâkál ungio. 
:Roz ö-gen.
===The Babel Text - I Bábel-firm===
:1. I h-elón’ Edzúr elum errákum et elu h-encóru h-ájdó.&lt;br&gt;2. Ênnil nőgiri oggefinestó, Śińáris lannor nágest a bós entrelannum e hut diflázestó.&lt;br&gt;3. Śe cárest ellanáj: “Fimminz, dífenz berikku het unnűrenz u feltat!&quot; I berikkum tildestúnoj, i beśtum rőnájgánoj iskidestó.&lt;br&gt;4. Lapte śe cárest: “Ejja, tildenz dúnum e tiórum, follis refitt il eskáléti h-ám! Oftájnenz  fumáj mísum, e gin igestréjenz il Edzúror!”&lt;br&gt;5. Lájk i h-Allâs difortó, ćo gefűloz i dúnum et i tiórum, follum i míne tildestó.&lt;br&gt;6. Śe límó: “Révinz, ill an fox e h-an errákum límest. Ill or i h-úzán i ves ferkis. Ipte freńńa son rá démaneńńa váj, follis rekkarvelánum ogelorrest.&lt;br&gt;7. Illad ortanz dif e dichtanz têr i ves errákum, ćo qweńńa gin sinoz i lojgis errákum!&quot;&lt;br&gt;8. I h-Allâs fixi h-igestroj veum hatti l-elón’ Edzúror, et inasófen lájchestó hi dúnis tildán.&lt;br&gt;9. Illad mísontu la Bábeláj, dé l-Allâs hatt têrdichtó l-elón’ Edzúris errákum e hatti h-igestrojüst i h-Allâs i h-elón’ Edzúror.


==207-word Swadesh list - 207 corgáta Swadeś-diqwil==
:''See [[Swadesh list for Háfrig (Avorenta)]].

==Contact==
'''If you are interested in my conlang, or if you have some questions or if you've found something to correct, please write me an e-mail to the following address: repaiattila@freemail.hu'''

''Amb iminild i mes errak, fi qwinku h-ájdi fi nógió vofor feltünávum, ćimbre, votiz máj a kassöśuttum i folkend uskézar:'' '''repaiattila@freemail.hu'''

==See also==
[http://www.avorenta.uw.hu The official website of Avorenta]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>46389</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T22:08:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Cases */ category cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Ginhtköl
|pronounce=/gin̥tkøl/
|tu=none
|species=Human
|in=Ginhtmaa
|no=13 million
|script=Latin
|tree=[[Gan Language Family]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;South Ganic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kozu&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Ginhtköl'''&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[ILuvEire]]
|date=February 2009}}

Ginhtköl is the oldest and most prestigious language of the Gan family. Historically it was used as the lingua franca and literary language of the area, however now English has taken precedence.

Ginhtköl is also the language closest to Proto-Gan. Much of the reconstruction done by modern linguists was based on Ginhtköl.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

Nasal: /m m̥ n n̥ ɲ/ &lt;m mh n nh ng&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Plosive: /p b t d k g/ &lt;p b t d k g&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fricative: /f v θ ð s z ʃ/ &lt;f v ð þ s z sj&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Affricate: /tʃ/ &lt;tj&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Approximate: /j w ʍ/ &lt;j w wh&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Trill: /r r̥/ &lt;r rh&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lateral: /l ɬ/ &lt;l lh&gt;

&lt;p&gt;All consonants but [θ] [ð] [ʃ] and [tʃ] can be long.

===Vowels===
/ɑ e i o u æ ø y/ &lt;a e i o u ä ö y&gt;

&lt;p&gt;All vowels can be long.

====Vowel Harmony====
/ɑ o u/ are class one
&lt;p&gt;/e i/ are class two
&lt;p&gt;/æ ø y/ are class three

&lt;p&gt;Class one and three can never exist in the same word. Class two can be with either. The first root in a compound word (very common) and the second one must follow their own vowel harmony, however they don't have to follow each others.
Mädon (morning, day-start) therefore doesn't break vowel harmony (even though most speakers say mädön anyway).

===Allophones===
&lt;p&gt;/i/ &gt; [j] word final.
&lt;p&gt;/b d g/ &gt; /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ syllable final.
&lt;p&gt;/f θ s ʃ/ &gt; /v ð z ʒ / syllable initial.
&lt;p&gt;/h/ &gt; /ç/ before another consonant, and at the end of a syllable.
&lt;p&gt;In VCV the consonant is always voiced. One note, /ɬ/ is the &quot;unvoiced&quot; counterpart of /l/.

===Syllable Structire===
&lt;p&gt;The basic syllable structure is (O)S(O)(O)(O)V. I think this is how it would be written at least.

&lt;p&gt;The onset is optional, and can be any obstruent. The nucleus (mandatory) can be any sonorant followed by 3 optional obstruents. The coda is any vowel (but not other sonorants!) This means that there are many words that are just on vowel long. Like &quot;ää&quot; meaning &quot;therefore.&quot;

==Pronouns==

===Plain===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Whi*&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Moon&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Fäl&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Gii&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Mhöö&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Lhi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

These are used more in daily life, than in writing. They are always used with people of similar status to yourself and with your &quot;underlings.&quot;

===Polite===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Vadasja&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Areta&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

These polite words for &quot;I&quot; and &quot;you&quot; are both used when first introducing yourself, and when writing to anyone you're not familiar with. Also, they are used a lot in poetry to fit the rhyme scheme. The rest of the pronouns are used in both situations. There are no special verb conjugations for these pronouns.

==Verbs==

==Cases==

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hafrigvotan.gif</title>
    <id>6308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43701</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-01T10:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Háfrigvotán script for HGE</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Háfrigvotán script for HGE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:West Germanic grammar</title>
    <id>6309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43705</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-01T14:57:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;clear:right; float:right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em; border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.3em; background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center; font-size:95%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;padding:0.3em; background:#f0f0f0;&quot;| [[West Germanic grammar]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|
[[West Germanic nouns|Nouns]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic verbs|Verbs]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic articles|Articles]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic adjectives|Adjectives]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic pronouns|Pronouns]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic adverbial phrases|Adverbial phrases]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic conjugation|Conjugation]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic sentence structure|Sentence structure]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic declension|Declension]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[West Germanic modal particles|Modal particles]]
|-
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Germanic grammar</title>
    <id>6310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43928</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-08T11:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{West Germanic grammar}}
This page outlines the fundamental elements of the grammar of the [[West Germanic language]]

==Gender==
West Germanic preserves all of the Proto-Indo-European genders: masculine (''mannlich''), feminine (''wiflich'') and neuter (''sakulich''). This is more often than not unrelated to biological gender, for example, the West Germanic word for 'stone' (''tare stan'') is masculine. Words that describe a male or female such as 'man' (''tare mann'') and 'woman' (''ta froe'') often do correspond to sex, but with the notable exception of 'girl' (''tat maiden''), which is neuter due to its diminutive suffix '-en'. The ending of a noun can strongly suggest the gender. For instance, if a noun ends in a vowel, it is likely that it is feminine, but this is not a universal rule.

e.g. ''ta katte'' (the cat), ''ta blome'' (the flower), ''ta luvu'' (the love) - but ''tat ore'' (the ore)

Nouns ending in the following suffixes: -had, -ung, -shipe, are also feminine.

e.g. ''ane froehad'' (a freedom), ''ane tidung'' (a newspaper), ''ane froendshipe'' (a friendship)

==Cases==
West Germanic inflects nouns, adjectives and pronouns into four cases known as the nominative (''nemniendlich''), genitive (''agnindlich''), dative (''forgivendlich'') and accusative (''raiendlich''). The case of a particular noun depends on the grammatical function of the noun in the sentence.

*Nominative (''Wa?''): the subject of a sentence, the thing doing the action
*Genitive (''Was?''): the possessor of something or the object of certain other prepositions
*Dative (''Wam?''): the indirect object, as in when an object is given to someone, or the object of certain other prepositions
*Accusative (''Wone?''): the direct object, the thing which is directly receiving the action or the object of certain prepositions

'''Example: tare hund (''engl.'' the dog)'''

{| 
| '''NOM''' || ''tare'' hund || ''ta'' hund''e''
|-
| '''GEN''' || ''tas'' hund || ''tare'' hund''e''
|-
| '''DAT''' || ''tam'' hund || ''tone'' hund''e''
|-
| '''ACC''' || ''tone'' hund || ''ta'' hund''e''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Vocabulary</title>
    <id>6311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51109</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-20T15:16:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Religion */ New entry.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Athonite words pertinent to the MR.
**These are words that I've needed (or just liked) as I have been putting together information about the MR.
**Greek endings (or words) in parentheses.
**The Greek medial sigma &lt;font color=blue&gt;σ&lt;/font&gt; is not used; only the final form &lt;font color=blue&gt;ς&lt;/font&gt;.
**Double letters in Greek are made single in Athonite.
**Words of Turkish origin in red.
**Words of Arabic origin in green.

====Animals====
*bird of prey - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρπατίκ πουλ (αρπατικό πουλί)&lt;/font&gt;
*chicken - &lt;font color=blue&gt;kotόπουλ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*dog - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςκυλ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*donkey &lt;font color=blue&gt;ον(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
**donkey driver- &lt;font color=blue&gt;ονιλάτ (ονηλάτης)&lt;/font&gt;
*donkey &lt;font color=blue&gt;ον(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*eagle - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αίτ (αητός)&lt;/font&gt;
**eaglet - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αιτόπουλ (αητόπουλο)&lt;/font&gt;
*fish - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ψαρ&lt;/font&gt;
*goat - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γίδα&lt;/font&gt;
**goatherd - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γιδάρ(ις)&lt;/font&gt;
*golden eagle - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χρυςαίτ (χρυςαήτος)&lt;/font&gt;
*nanny (goat) - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κατςίκ(α)&lt;/font&gt;

====Buildings or Stores====
*aviary - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πτινοπτροφί (πτηνοπτροφείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*balcony - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπαλκόν(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*bank - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τράπεζ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*bakery - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φουρν(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*barber shop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κουρί (κουρείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*basement - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιπόγι (υπόγειο)&lt;/font&gt;
*bathroom - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λουτρ(ό)&lt;/font&gt;
*beacon - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαρ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*bedroom - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κρεναταρί&lt;/font&gt;
*boarding house - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πανςί(όν)&lt;/font&gt;
*boat house - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λεμβοςτάςι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*book shop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βιβλιοπωλί (βιβλιοπωλείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*brasserie - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπυραρί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*brewery - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζυθοπί(ζυθοποιία)&lt;/font&gt;
*butcher shop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κρεοπωλί (κρεοπωλείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*café - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καφετέρι(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*cellar - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κελάρ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*cellar - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κελάρ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*coffee shop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καφενί (καφενείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*courtyard - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αυλ(ή)&lt;/font&gt;
*dining room - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τραπεζαρί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*eyrie - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αιτοφωλί (αητοφωλιά)&lt;/font&gt;
*factory - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εργοςτάςι (εργοςτάςιο)&lt;/font&gt;
*farm - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγρόκτιμ (αγρόκτημα)&lt;/font&gt;
**farmer - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αγρότ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
**farmyard - &lt;font color=blue&gt;περίπολ(ος) αγρόκτιμου (αγρόκτημου)&lt;/font&gt;
*flea market - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γιουςουρούμ&lt;/font&gt;
*floor, ground - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιςόγι (ιςόγειο)&lt;/font&gt;
*floor, upper - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανώγι (ανώγειο)&lt;/font&gt;
*garage - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γαράδζ&lt;/font&gt;
*gate - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αυλόπορτ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*greengrocer - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μανάβικ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*gymnasium - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμναςτίρ (γυμναςτήριο)&lt;/font&gt;
*hangar - &lt;font color=blue&gt;υπόςτεγ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*hostelry - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ξενών(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*inn - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χαν(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*kitchen - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κουζίν(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*landlord - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νικοκύρ (νοικοκύρης)&lt;/font&gt;
*lighthouse - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαρ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
**lighthouse keeper - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαροφύλακ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*loo - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τουαλέτ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*maternity ward - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μευτίρι (μαιευτήριο)&lt;/font&gt;
*marina - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαρίν(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*museum - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μουςί (μουσείο)&lt;/font&gt;
**museum of antiquities - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μουςί αρχιότιτων (μουσείο αρχιότητα)&lt;/font&gt;
*operating room - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χιρουρχί (χειρουρχείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*orphanage - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ορφανοτροφί (ορφανοτροφείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*pre-natal clinic - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κλινίκ για μέλους μίτερες (κλινική για μέλλουσες μήτερες)&lt;/font&gt;
*restaurant - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εςτιατόρι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*school, primary - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμοτικό (δημοτικό)&lt;/font&gt;
*school, secondary - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμνάςι κε λίκι ()&lt;/font&gt;
*shop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαγάζ(ί)&lt;/font&gt;
**shopkeeper - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαγαζάτορ(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*sports center - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αθλιτίκ κέντρ (αθλητικό κέντρο)&lt;/font&gt;
*station - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςταθ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
**station master - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςταθμάρχ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*sweetshop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ζαχαροπλαςτί (ζαχαροπλαστείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*swimming pool - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιςίν(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*theater - &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέατρ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*tobacconist - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καπνοπώλ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*town hall - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμαρχί (δημαρχείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*villa - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βιλ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*water closet - &lt;font color=blue&gt;απόπατ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*windmill - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανεμόμιλ (ανεμόμηλος)&lt;/font&gt;

====Food and Drink====
*alcoholic beverage - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αλκολίκ ουχ (αλκοολικός ούχο)&lt;/font&gt;
*banana - &lt;font color=red&gt;μουζ&lt;/font&gt;
*brandy - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπράντι&lt;/font&gt;
*chicken soup - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κoτόςουπ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*flat bread - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λαγάν(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*lamb, roast - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φιτ (φητό) αρν(ί)&lt;/font&gt;
*mulberry - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μουρ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*olive - &lt;font color=blue&gt;έλια&lt;/font&gt;
**olive,ripe - &lt;font color=blue&gt;θρουμπ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
**olive grove - &lt;font color=blue&gt;έλεών (έλαιώνας)&lt;/font&gt;
*orange - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πορτακάλ&lt;/font&gt;
**orange juice - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χυμ(ός) πορτακάλου&lt;/font&gt;
*verjuice - &lt;font color=green&gt;χουςρούμ&lt;/font&gt;

====Government====
*act - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νομοχέδι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*amendment - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τροπολόγι(ία)&lt;/font&gt;
*anniversary - &lt;font color=blue&gt;επέτι (επέτειος)&lt;/font&gt;
*budget - &lt;font color=blue&gt;προϋπολογίςμ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*census - &lt;font color=blue&gt;απογράφ(η)&lt;/font&gt;
*civil law - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτίκ δικέ (αστικό δικαίο)&lt;/font&gt;
*civil wedding - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πολίτικ(ος) γαμ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*council - &lt;font color=blue&gt;συμβούλι δίμου (συμβούλιο δήμος)&lt;/font&gt;
**councillor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμότικ σύμβουλ (δημότικος σύμβουλος)&lt;/font&gt;
*court - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δικαςτίρι (δικαςτήρι)&lt;/font&gt;
**court of appeal - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εφετί (εφετείο)&lt;/font&gt;
**court of first instance - &lt;font color=blue&gt;προτ δικί (προτο δικείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*customs - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τελωνί (τελωνείο)&lt;/font&gt;
**customs official - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τελωνιάκ (τελωνείακός)&lt;/font&gt;
*diplomat - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διπλωμάτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*election - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εκλόγ(ες)&lt;/font&gt;
*gendarmery - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χωροφυλάκ(ή)&lt;/font&gt;
*identification card - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταυτίς(η)κάρτ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*Lord Chamberlain - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αυλάρχ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*Lord Chancellor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;υπούργ(ος) δικεοςύνου (δικαιοςύνης)&lt;/font&gt;
*mail - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταχυδρομί (ταχυδρομείο)&lt;/font&gt;
**mailman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταχυδρόμ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
**mail services - ταχυδρομίκ(ος) υπιρεςί (υπηρεσία)
**mail wagon - ταχυδρομίκ άμαξ (ταχυδρομική άμαξα)
*national defense
*national holidays - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εθνίκ(ές) εόρτ(ές)&lt;/font&gt;
*natural reserve - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εθνίκ(ό) παρκ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*naturalization - &lt;font color=blue&gt; πολιτογράφις (πολιτογράφηση)&lt;/font&gt;
*passport - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διαβατίρι (διαβατήριο)&lt;/font&gt;
*port of entry - &lt;font color=blue&gt;
*Privy Council - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανακτοβούλι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
**Privy Councilor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανακτοςύμβούλ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*proof of purchase - &lt;font color=blue&gt;απόδιξ αγορίς (απόδειξη αγοράς)&lt;/font&gt;
*public census - &lt;font color=blue&gt; διμός απογράφ (διμόσιος απογραφή)&lt;/font&gt;
*registrar - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λιξίαρχ (ληξίαρχης)&lt;/font&gt;
**register - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κατάλογ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
**register, public association - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμόςι(δημόσιος) ςύνδεςμ(ος) &lt;/font&gt;
**register, voter - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμόςι(δημόσιος) ςύνδεςμ(ος) &lt;/font&gt;
**registry - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καταγράφ(ή)&lt;/font&gt;
*self-rule - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αυτόνομ(η) εξούςι(ία)&lt;/font&gt;
*supreme court - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανώτατ(ο) δικαςτίρι (δικαστήριο)&lt;/font&gt;
*tax - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φορ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*tax, income - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιςόδιμ (εισοδήμα)&lt;/font&gt;
*tax, lodging - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κατάλιμ (κατάλημα)&lt;/font&gt;
**taxation - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φορολόγι(ία)&lt;/font&gt;
**tax official - &lt;font color=blue&gt;έφορ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*treaty - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςυνθίκ (συνθήκη)&lt;/font&gt;
*VAT - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φορ(ος) Προςτιθέμεν(ης) Αξίις(ας)&lt;/font&gt;

====Military====
*barracks - &lt;font color=red&gt;κιςλ&lt;/font&gt;
*brigade - &lt;font color=red&gt;τουγά&lt;/font&gt;
*battalion - &lt;font color=red&gt;ταμπούρ&lt;/font&gt;
*company - &lt;font color=red&gt;μπολούκ&lt;/font&gt;
*cruiser - &lt;font color=red&gt;κρουβαςώρ&lt;/font&gt;
*insignia - &lt;font color=red&gt;ιςαρέτ&lt;/font&gt;

====People====
*admiral - &lt;font color=red&gt;αμιράλ&lt;/font&gt;
*alderman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμοτίκ (δημοτικός) ςύμβουλ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*alien, resident - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κάτικ (κάτοικος) αλοδάπ (αλλοδαπός)&lt;/font&gt;
*ambassador - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πρεςβ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*archiater - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρχίατ(ρος)&lt;/font&gt;
*attendant - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ακόλουθ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*bailiff - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φρουρ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*benefactor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ευεργίτ (ευεργήτης)&lt;/font&gt;
*captain - &lt;font color=red&gt;γιουζμπάς&lt;/font&gt;
*caretaker - &lt;font color=blue&gt;θιρώρ(ος) επιςτάτις&lt;/font&gt;
*cashier - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταμί(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*castellan - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φρουράρχ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*citizen - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πολίτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*city dweller - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*colonel - &lt;font color=red&gt;άλμπα&lt;/font&gt;
*columnist - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρθρογράφ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*commandant - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δικίτ (διοικητής)&lt;/font&gt;
*constable - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κοντοςταύλ(οσ)&lt;/font&gt;
*corporal - &lt;font color=red&gt;ώνμπας&lt;/font&gt;
*customer - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μονοτέρ(ήσ)&lt;/font&gt;
*diplomat - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διπλωμάτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*editor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςυντάκτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*fireman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πυροςβέςτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
**fireboat - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπουρλότ(ο&lt;/font&gt;
**fire brigade - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πυροςβεςτίκ(ή) υπερεςί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
**fire engine - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μιχάν (μηχανή) πυροςβέςτου&lt;/font&gt;
**fire marshal - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρχιπυροςβέςτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*fishmonger - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιςχυοπόλ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*flight attendant - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αεροςυνόδ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*foreigner - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ξεν(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*forester - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δαςοφύλακ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*guest master - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αρχοντάρ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*gymnast - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμνάςτ(ής)&lt;/font&gt;
**gymnastics - &lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμναςτίκ(ή)&lt;/font&gt;
*husband - &lt;font color=red&gt;εφέντ&lt;/font&gt;
*judge - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δικάςτ(ής)&lt;/font&gt;
*landlord - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νικοκύρ (νοικοκύρης)&lt;/font&gt;
*lieutenant - &lt;font color=red&gt;τεγμέν&lt;/font&gt;
*life guard - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ναυαγοςώςτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*mayor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δίμαρχ (δήμαρχος)&lt;/font&gt;
*midwife - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μαμ(ή)&lt;/font&gt;
*miller - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μυλών(άς)&lt;/font&gt;
*Mr. - &lt;font color=blue&gt;Κυρ(ιος)&lt;/font&gt;
*Mrs. - &lt;font color=blue&gt;Κύρι(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*non-commissioned officer - &lt;font color=blue&gt;υπαξιωματίκ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*nurse - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βάγια&lt;/font&gt;
*obstetrician - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μευτίκ (μαιευτική)&lt;/font&gt;
*optician - &lt;font color=blue&gt;οπτίκ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*passenger - &lt;font color=blue&gt;επιβάτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*pediatrician - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πεδίατρ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*pharmacist - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαρμακοπί (φαρμακοποιός)&lt;/font&gt;
**pharmacy - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαρμακί (φαρμακείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*physiotherapy - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φυςιοθεραπί (φυσιοθεραπείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*pilgrim - &lt;font color=blue&gt;προςκυνίτ (προσκυνητής)&lt;/font&gt;
**pilgrimage - &lt;font color=blue&gt;προςκύνιμ (προσκύνημα)&lt;/font&gt;
*pilot - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιλότ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*policeman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτυνόμ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
**policewoman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτυνομικίν(α)&lt;/font&gt;
**police station - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτυνομίκ(ό) τμιμ (τμήμα)&lt;/font&gt;
*refugee - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πρόςφυγ(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*reporter - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διμοςιογράφ(δημοσιογράφος)&lt;/font&gt;
**news reporter - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ρεπόρτερ&lt;/font&gt;
*representative - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αντιπρόςωπ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*resident - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κάτικ (κάτοικος)&lt;/font&gt;
*seneschal - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λογοθέτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*sentry - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καραούλ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*sergeant - &lt;font color=red&gt;τςάβους&lt;/font&gt;
*shepherd - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βοςκ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*shoemaker - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τςαγκάρ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*surgeon - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χιρούργ (χειρουργός)&lt;/font&gt;
**surgery - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιατρί (ιατρείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*squadron commander - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μίραρχ (μοίραρχος)&lt;/font&gt;
*tailor - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ραπτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*tourist - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τουριςτίκ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*townsman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αςτ(ός)&lt;/font&gt;
*tradesman - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τεχνίτ(ης)&lt;/font&gt;
*treasurer - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταμί(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*waiter, waitress - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςερβιτόρ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*wife - &lt;font color=red&gt;χάνιμ&lt;/font&gt;

====Religion====
*abbey - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μοναςτίρι (μοναστήριο)
*chapel - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εξωκλίς (εξωκλήσι)
*Christmas - &lt;font color=blue&gt; Χριςτούγεν (Χριςτούγγενα)&lt;/font&gt;
**Merry Christmas  &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλ(α) Χριςτούγεν (Χριςτούγγενα)
*parish - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ενορί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*religious education - &lt;font color=blue&gt;θρικευτίκ (θρηκευτικά)&lt;/font&gt;
*wooden &quot;bell&quot; - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςίμαντρο (σήμαντρο)

====Transportation (Μεταφόρ[ά])====
*airplane - &lt;font color=red&gt;ταιάρ&lt;/font&gt;
*ambulance - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νοςοκομιάκ (νοσοκομειακό)&lt;/font&gt;
*avenue - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λεωφόρ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*bicycle - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ποδίλατ (ποδήλατο)&lt;/font&gt;
*boat, sailing - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιςτιοπλοίκ (ιστιοπλοϊκό)&lt;/font&gt;
*buggy - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αμαξάκ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*bus - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λεωφορί (λεωφορείo)&lt;/font&gt;
**bus stop - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςτας(η) λεωφορίου (λεωφορείoυ)&lt;/font&gt;
**bus conductor- &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιςπράκτορ (εισπράκτορας)&lt;/font&gt;
*cable car - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τελεφερίκ(ό) &lt;/font&gt;
*canal - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διώρυγ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
**Xerxes canal - &lt;font color=blue&gt;διώρυγ Ξέρξου (διώρυγα Ξέρξου)&lt;/font&gt;
*carriage - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαγόν(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*cart - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κουβάλ(ά) &lt;/font&gt;
*dock - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λάπαθ(ο) &lt;/font&gt;
*hearse - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νεκροφόρ(α) &lt;/font&gt;
*helicopter - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ελικόπτερ(ο) &lt;/font&gt;
*hearse - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νεκροφόρ(α) &lt;/font&gt;
*highway - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εθνικόδ (εθνική οδός) &lt;/font&gt;
*hovercraft - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χοβερκραφτ&lt;/font&gt;
*lane - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λωρίδ(α) &lt;/font&gt;
*lane - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λωρίδ(α) &lt;/font&gt;
*pathway - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μονοπάτι(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*road - &lt;font color=blue&gt;δρομ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*runway - &lt;font color=red&gt;πιςτ&lt;/font&gt;
*taxi - &lt;font color=red&gt;ταξί&lt;/font&gt;
**taxi driver - &lt;font color=red&gt;ταξίτς (ταξιτζής)&lt;/font&gt;
*tunnel - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςίραγγ (σήραγγα) &lt;/font&gt;
**tunnel - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςίραγγ (σήραγγα) &lt;/font&gt;

====Other====
*Athens - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κλινάςτ (κλεινό άστυ)&lt;/font&gt;
*banner - &lt;font color=blue&gt;λάβαρ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*battery - &lt;font color=red&gt;μπατάρ&lt;/font&gt;
*bay - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κολπ (κόλπος)&lt;/font&gt;
*beach - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αμουδί (αμμουδία)&lt;/font&gt;
*beret - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπερέ(ς)&lt;/font&gt;
*border planting - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μεθόρ(ιος) φύτεμ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*bowling - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπόουλινγκ&lt;/font&gt;
*canyon - &lt;font color=blue&gt;φαράγγ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*carnival - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καρναβάλ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*café - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καφετέρι(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*certificate of merit - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εύριμ (εύρημα)&lt;/font&gt;
*chronicle - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χρονίκ(ό)&lt;/font&gt;
*coat of arms - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ικόςιμ (οικόσημος)&lt;/font&gt;
*firearms - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πυροβόλ(ο) όπλ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*fishing boat - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ψαρόβαρκ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*flag - &lt;font color=red&gt;μπαϊράκ&lt;/font&gt;
**flag code - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κώδικ(ας)&lt;/font&gt;
*golden eagle protection - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χρυςαέτ(ος) προςτάς(ία)&lt;/font)
*gratuity - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χρυςαέτ(ος) προςτάς(ία)&lt;/font)
*grocery - &lt;font color=blue&gt;μπακάλικ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*guidebook - &lt;font color=blue&gt;οδίγ (οδιγός)&lt;/font&gt;
*holiday resort - &lt;font color=blue&gt;θέρετρ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*independence - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ανεξαρτιςί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
**Independence Day - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ιμέρ (ημέρα) ανεξαρτιςίου&lt;/font&gt;
*loom - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αργαλί (αργαλείος)&lt;/font&gt;
*loom - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αργαλί (αργαλείος)&lt;/font&gt;
*menu - &lt;font color=blue&gt;τιμοκατάλογ(ος)&lt;/font&gt;
*national emblems - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εθνίκ(ός) ςύμβολ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*newspaper - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εφιμερίδ (εφημερίδα)&lt;/font&gt;
*nursery school - &lt;font color=blue&gt;νιπιογωγί (νιπειογωγείο)&lt;/font&gt;
*Order of Merit of the Garden of the All-holy - &lt;font color=blue&gt;Τάγμ' Ευπιίs Κίπου Παναγίις (Τάγμα Ευποιίas του Κήπου της Παναγίας)&lt;/font&gt;
*orchard - &lt;font color=blue&gt;περιβόλ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*out-patient department - &lt;font color=blue&gt;εξοτερερίκ(ά) ιατρία (ιατρεία)&lt;/font&gt;
*penalties - &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιν (ποινή)&lt;/font&gt;
*playing field - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ίπεδ(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*postage stamp - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ταχυδρομίκ(ή) ςφραγίδ(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*power cable - &lt;font color=blue&gt;καλώδι ελεκτρικού ρεύματου (καλώδιο ελεκτρικού ρεύματος)&lt;/font&gt;
*reconstruction - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αναςυγκρότις (αναςυγκρότηση)&lt;/font&gt;
*real estate - &lt;font color=blue&gt;ακίνότ(ος) περιουςί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*rifle - &lt;font color=red&gt;τουφέκ&lt;/font&gt;
*village - &lt;font color=blue&gt;χώρι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*village, large - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κεφαλοχώρι(ο)&lt;/font&gt;
*vineyard - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αμπέλ(ι)&lt;/font&gt;
*viticulture - &lt;font color=blue&gt;αμπελοκομί(α)&lt;/font&gt;
*volley ball - &lt;font color=blue&gt;βόλεϊ&lt;/font&gt;
*wildlife sanctuary - &lt;font color=blue&gt;άγρι(α) ζω(α) καταφύγ(ιο)&lt;/font&gt;
*wild olive - &lt;font color=blue&gt;κότιν(ος)&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gan Language Family</title>
    <id>6312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43947</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T05:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iluveire</username>
        <id>1202</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ultimately, these languages are derived from Proto-Gan, a language spoken by one of the first Homo sapiens sapiens groups. Ginhtköl was the first one written down, and existed as a lingua franca of the region. The native speakers quickly died, and an archaic form was used.

Later, the capital of the central kingdom ([[Öökäky Ginhtkölöt]] - The Ginhtköl Kingdom) decided to make the official language Ginhtköl, bringing the language back into reality.

==Members==
*North Ganic
**Soskra
***[[Gìdago]]
***Má
**Zira
***Gí-giân
*South Ganic
**Kozu
***[[Ginhtköl]]
**Skā
***Kjelī
***Itāk
****Kjā
*Western
**Ulwi
***Qon
***Īqaqa
**Ninakata
***Melita
****Ume

==Characteristics==
Each branch of the family has different &quot;style.&quot; We are going to go through these here.

===North Ganic===
Every member of the North Ganic family is tonal. Every member of the family's syllable structure is CV. None of them have long vowels. This language family, spoken in the north (hence the name!) This area of the language family is very slow growing and slow changing. Gìdago is the only lively language in this family, it's spoken the farthest south. Má is moribund and Gí-giân endangered. Most younger speakers of these languages have moved farther south, there are few opportunities in the north.

===South Ganic===
This family is the biggest as far as speakers go. For the last ~1000 years, Ginhtköl was used as the lingua franca of the south, and is now used as a trade language all around. Because of its prosperity, it strangled out all the languages of the region. The Skā language family is spoken in the southern islands. Kjelī is spoken on a handful of islands, but is declining in the face of Ginhtköl and Itak.

Itak has a creole language named Kjā. In response to the slave trade from the south, the slaves mixed Yoruba grammar with Itak words. Many words have a Yoruba and a Itak word, in those cases the Itak word is more prestigious. 

In general most of these languages have many sonorants. The languages are usually considered melodious. The Skā family all have simple pitch accent, and Kjā has two tones.

===Western Ganic===
There are four languages in this group. These languages simplified Proto-Ganic's consonant clusters to clicks, each language has three clicks. They are all spoken on the half of the southern islands not taken up by the Skā languages. This language prospers further, because there were many foreign colonies, in Africa founded by these people. Qon's foreign colonies fell threw quickly and soon switched to English, but Melita is thriving really well in Africa.

Melita's creole, Ume, is used only in Africa. It was created due to apartheid, the natives speaking Bantu languages, and the whites speaking Melita.

==Where are these languages spoken?==
A large island with an archipelago of smaller islands is in the Atlantic ocean. Each country in this area uses one of these languages.
* [[Öökäky Ginhtkölöt]] uses [[Ginhtköl]].
* [[Ògegi Zegad]] uses [[Gìdago]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gìdago</title>
    <id>6313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43944</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T04:56:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iluveire</username>
        <id>1202</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Gìdago
|pronounce=/gi˧˥dago/
|tu=none
|species=Human
|in=Gimá
|no=13 million
|script=Latin
|tree=[[Gan Language Family]]&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;North Ganic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Soskra&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Gìdago'''&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Má&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[ILuvEire]]
|date=February 2009}}

Gìdago is a daughter of the first language (Soskra) to really split off from Ginhtköl. Therefore it has the most simplified and changed grammar and phonology.

==Phonology==
If you compare this phonology with the phonology of Ginhtköl, you'll see MANY changes.

===Consonants===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}ng
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || || {{IPA|b}} || || || || ||  || {{IPA|d}} || || || || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || || {{IPA|v}} || || {{IPA|ð}} || || {{IPA|z}} || || {{IPA|ʒ}}j || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

In the chart, I wrote in the orthography, where it's different from IPA.

===Vowels===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || ||  || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

====Tones====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Name
! Description
! Diacritic
|-
| '''Nan''' &amp;nbsp; 'level'
| mid level
| align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;small&gt;(no mark)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| '''Ùen''' &amp;nbsp; 'hanging'
| mid falling
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''`''' 
|-
| '''Sá''' &amp;nbsp; 'sharp'
| mid rising
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''´''' 
|-
| '''Ôi''' &amp;nbsp; 'asking'
| mid dipping-rising
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''&amp;nbsp; '''^'''
|}

==Verbs==
===Pronouns===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Wi&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Mó&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Vo&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Gú&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Mò&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Lu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

No, that's not a typo. The only difference between the second person plural and the singular is the tone. They traditionally came from totally different words but, through sound change, came to have very similar sounds.

===First Conjugation===
Root: Aðeva - eat
In the singular, there is no change. So &quot;I eat&quot; is &quot;wi áheva.&quot;

In the plural, the first person plural (like we) uses the affix -no. So it's is &quot;gú áhevano.&quot; There is no change in the second person plural (think y'all). The third person plural (they) changes the last vowel to -o, so &quot;lu ahevo.&quot;

Conjugation of an example verb:
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Pronoun&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example Verb&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;We&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Áhevano&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;They&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Áhevo&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Second Conjugation===
This one has a bit more conjugation involved! I'm just going to make a chart:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-a&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-o&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-u&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-u&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

And an example verb, win (to buy)

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Wina&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Wina&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Wina&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Wino&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Winu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Winu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Negation===
To negate a verb, all you need to do is use the negation verb, &lt;i&gt;ó&lt;/i&gt;.

&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ón&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Óno&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ód&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Óm&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Óg&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;O&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Nouns==
===First Declension===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Case name&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Affix&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-gó&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êgo&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Accusative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êd&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Genitive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-nd&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ênd&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Dative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-na&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êna&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Locative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êd&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Instrumental&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-du&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êdu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Vocative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-ge&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;êge&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Aversive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tone change&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;è&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Second Declension===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Case name&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Affix&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-ó&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;goló&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Accusative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-od&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;golod&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Genitive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-ud&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;golud&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Dative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tone change&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;gól&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Locative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;gold&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Instrumental&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-aga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;golaga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Vocative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-eje&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;goleje&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Aversive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-ð or tone change&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;gò&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Numbers==
Gìdago numbers are a base five system, just like Ginhtköl before it. There have been some changes though:
&lt;p&gt;1 ìg
&lt;p&gt;2 gá
&lt;p&gt;3 mán
&lt;p&gt;4 nara
&lt;p&gt;5 ví
&lt;p&gt;10 gávi
&lt;p&gt;20 naravi
&lt;p&gt;30 vínivi
&lt;p&gt;40 vínemavi
&lt;p&gt;50 gávivi

==Honorifics==
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Honorific&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Meaning&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Jíla&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used with an elder&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Jonzeje-jíla - Grandmother Jones&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nusan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used with a priest&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Garige-nusan - Pastor Gary&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Jun&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used as a general honorific for a man&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tanakagege-jun - Mr. Tanaka&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Junau&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used as a general honorific for a woman&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Milage-junau - Ms. Miller&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Aná&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;A polite diminutive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Janvaige-aná - little girl&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Garu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;An impolite diminutive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Gozijige - little man&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Jinénji&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used when addressing a large group of people&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Mirozod-jinénji - Microsoft&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Zan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Used with a royal person or deity&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Danéjeje-zan - God&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Extras==
===Using Do===
Jimá means &quot;to do&quot; and it is used in many ways.
* It changes nouns into verbs.
* It changes foreign nouns into inflectable verbs. This way we can keep the loan, unmolested. EX: Wi gobí jimá - I'm making a copy.
* Just as ó can be used as an informal way of saying no, jimá can be used to mean yes.
&lt;p&gt;Mó nád gábad aga? - Are you a walrus?
&lt;p&gt;Jimá - Yes (lit. I do)
* The final way this verb is used is for emphasis. If you want to emphasize the sentence, stick jimá before all the other verbs. EX: Wi jimá nán gábad! - I AM a walrus!

===Forming Questions===
Questions are formed in two ways:
* -(a)na is stuck on to the main verb in the sentence. This is generally more formal. EX: Mó nenande gábad? - Are you a walrus?
* Aga is thrown at the end of the sentence (the very last word!). EX: Mó nen gábad aga? - Are you a walrus?

===To be===
The most used verb in the language is also highly irregular. In the present tense it conjugates like this:
&lt;p&gt;Infinitive: na
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;First&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Second&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Third&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;nán&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;nád&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;ná&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;nau&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;nâ&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;nâ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Typikon</title>
    <id>6314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45366</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-13T14:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Article reworked.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===TYPIKON OF THE MONASTERIES OF THE AUTONOMOUS ORTHODOX FAITH OF MOUNT ATHOS (as amended)===

====Chapter I. The commitment====
*Anyone who wishes to join the monastic community of Mt. Athos must pledge himself to respect God and man,
**to live according to the communal rule, that is, to seek God;
**to do what is good and upright in His sight, in accordance with what He has commanded through Jesus Christ and the Holy Orthodox Faith;
**to love all that He has chosen and hate all that He has rejected;
**to keep far from evil and to cling to all good works;
**to act truthfully and righteously and justly on earth and to walk no more in the stubbornness of a guilty heart and of lustful eyes, doing all manner of evil;
**to bring into a bond of mutual love all who have declared their willingness to carry out the statutes of God;
**to walk blamelessly before Him in conformity with all that has been revealed; and
**to love all the children of God. 
*All who declare their willingness to serve God's truth must bring all of their mind, all of their strength, and all of their wealth into the monastic community, so that
**their minds may be purified by the truth of His precepts,
**their strength controlled by His perfect ways, and
**their wealth disposed in accordance with His just design.
*They must not deviate by a single step from carrying out the orders of God at the times appointed for them. They must neither advance the statutory times nor postpone the prescribed seasons. They must not turn aside from the ordinances of God's truth either to the right or to the left. 

====Chapter II. The examination of initiants====
*When a man enters the monastic community, minded to act in accordance with all the foregoing ordinances and formally to ally himself to the holy community, inquiry shall be made concerning his temper in human relations and his understanding and performance in matters of doctrine.
*This inquiry shall be conducted by the hegumen and his council who have undertaken concertedly to uphold God's Law and to supervise the execution of all the ordinances which He has commanded.
*Every man shall then be registered by the standard of his attitudes and his performance shall be reviewed, however, year by year, some being then commended by virtue of their improved understanding and the integrity of their conduct, and others reprimanded for their waywardness. 

====Chapter III. Initiation====
*Anyone who would join the ranks of a monastic community must enter into a monastery in the presence of God to do according to all that He has commanded and not to turn away from Him through any fear or terror or through any trial to which they may be subjected. 
*When he enters into that monastic community, the hegumen shall pronounce a blessing upon the God of salvation and upon all that He does to make known His truth;
**and all that enter the monastic community are to say after them, “Amen, amen.” 
*Then the hegumen shallrehearse the bounteous acts of God as revealed in all His deeds of power, and he shallrecite all His tender mercies towards His children.
**And all who enter the monastic community are to make confession after them, saying, “We have acted perversely, we have transgressed, we have sinned, we have done wickedly in that we have gone counter to the truth. God has been right to bring His judgment upon us. Howbeit, always from ancient times He has also bestowed His mercies upon us all, and so will He do for all time to come.” 
*Then the hegumen shall invoke a blessing on all that have cast their lot with God, that walk blamelessly in all their ways;
**and they are to say, “May He bless thee with all good and keep thee from all evil. And illumine thy heart with insight into the things of life, and grace thee with knowledge of things eternal, and lift up His gracious countenance towards thee to grant thee peace everlasting.” 
**And all that enter the monastic community shall say after them that bless, “Amen, amen.” 

====Chapter IV. Concerning novices====
*No man may seek entry into the monastic community before his twenty-fifth birthday.
*Upon admission the hegumen shall examine him as to his intelligence and his actions and, if he then embark on a course of training, he shall have him enter into the monastery to return to the truth and turn away from all perversity. Then he shall appraise him of all the rules of the community. 
*When that man comes to present himself to the community, everyone shall be asked his opinion about him. and his admission to or rejection from the community shall be determined by general vote. 
*No candidate, however, shall be admitted to the monastic life enjoyed by the members of the community until, at the completion of a full year, his spiritual attitude and his performance have been duly reviewed. 
*No man may be refused entry into the monastic community for any physical deformity whatever, provided that he has the physical ability to live the life of monastic deprivation and to do the manual labor required.
*After he has spent a full year in the midst of the community, the members shall jointly review his case, as to his understanding and performance in matters of doctrine. If it then be voted by the opinion of the priests and of a majority of the brothers to admit him to the community, they shall have him bring with him all his property and the tools of his profession. These shall be committed to the custody of the hegumen. They shall be entered by the accountant into an account, but he shall not disburse them for the general benefit. 
*Not until the completion of a second year among the members of the community is the candidate to be admitted to the common board.
*When however, that second year has been completed, he shall be subjected to a further review by the community, and if it then be voted to admit him to the community, he shall be registered in the order of rank which he shalloccupy among his brethren in all matters pertaining to doctrine, judicial procedure, degree of purity. 

====Chapter V. The stages of monasticism====
*The way of the monk is three-fold and proceeds slowly, as the monastic vows entail a life-long commitment to God and are not to be entered into lightly.
*Symbolic of this life-long commitment is the monastic habit which is bestowed piece by piece as the aspirant grows in his spirituality.
*At a time determined by the hegumen the aspirant shall be accepted as a novice into the monastery.  He shall be tonsured by the hegumen, that is, four locks of his hair are cut off in a cruciform pattern.  He shall be clothed in the novice’s habit, which consists of a gray ''eisorasson'' (inner tunic), a black leather belt, and the black ''skoufos'' (soft monastic hat).
*At a time determined by the hegumen the novice shall be invited to join the monastery.  If he agrees, he shall be clothed in the first degree of monasticism.  He may, rather, choose to remain a novice the whole of his monastic life.
*The novice shall be asked to affirm his commitment to persevere in the monastic life.
**If he so affirms, he shall once again receive the tonsure, be clothed in a black ''eisorasson'' and be given the black ''rasson'' (outer tunic).
**He shall also be given the black ''kamilavkion'' (cylindrical brimless hat) and detachable ''epanokamelavkion'' (black veil).  He is given a new name and is now known as a rassophore.  Thenceforth his counsel and his judgment are to be at the disposal of the community.
*Upon acquiring a certain level of discipline, dedication and humility, and at a time determined by the hegumen, the rassophore shall be asked if he wishes to advance in the monastic life.
**If he so affirms, he shall make the formal vows of stability of place, poverty, chastity and obedience.
**Once again he shall be tonsured and shall add to his habit the ''paramandyas'' (a piece of square cloth worn on the back, embroidered with the instruments of the Passion, and connected by ties to a wooden cross worn over the heart).  Because of this addition he shall be known as a stavrophore.
**He shall also be given a wooden hand cross which he should keep in his icon corner, and a beeswax candle, symbolic of monastic vigilance the sacrificing of himself for God.
**After the ceremony, the newly-tonsured stavrophore shall remain in vigil in the church for five days, refraining from all work, except spiritual reading.
**The hegumen shall now increase the stavrophore’s prayer rule, allow a more strict personal ascetic practice, and give the monk more responsibility.
*Monks whose hegumen feels they have reached a high level of spiritual excellence have reached the final stage, the Great Schema.
**The tonsure of a schemamonk shall follow the same format as that of a stavrophore.
**He makes the same vows and is tonsured in the same manner.
**In addition to all the garments worn by the stavrophore, he shall be given the ''analavos'' (an article of monastic vesture emblematic of the Great Schema. It drapes over the shoulders and hangs down in front and in back, with the front portion somewhat longer, and is embroidered with the instruments of the Passion and the Trisagion).
**He shall also be given the ''polystavrion'' (a cord with a number of small crosses plaited into it forming a yoke around the monk and serving to hold the ''analavos'' in place. It reminds the monk that he is bound to Christ and that his arms are no longer fit for worldly activities.  Rather he must labor only for the Kingdom of Heaven.)

====Chapter VI. The annual review====
*The following procedure shall be followed year by year. 
*The priests are first to be reviewed in due order, one after another, in respect of the state of their spirits.
*After them, the brothers shall be similarly reviewed.
*The object is that every monk in the monastic community may be made aware of his status in the community of God in the sense of the ideal, eternal society, and that none may be abased below his status nor exalted above his allotted place.
*All of them will thus be members of a community founded at once upon true values and upon a becoming sense of humility, upon charity and mutual fairness, members of a society truly hallowed, partners in an everlasting communion. 

====Chapter VII. Those who are to be excluded====
*Anyone who refuses to abide by the monastic rule and persists in walking in the stubbornness of his heart shall not be admitted to this community of God's truth.
*For inasmuch as his soul has revolted at the discipline entailed in a knowledge of God's righteous judgments, he has shown no real strength in amending his way of life, and therefore cannot be reckoned with the upright, for 
**only through the spiritual apprehension of God's truth can man's ways be properly directed,
**only through the Holy Spirit can he achieve union with God's truth and be purged of all his iniquities,
**only by a spirit of uprightness and humility can his sin be atoned, and
**only thus can he really direct his steps to walk blamelessly through all the vicissitudes of his destiny in all the ways of God in the manner which He has commanded, without turning either to the right or to the left and without overstepping any of God's words.
*Then indeed will he be acceptable before God like an atonement-offering which meets with His pleasure, and then indeed will he be admitted to the monastic community for ever. 

====Chapter VIII. The virtue of stability====
*This is the rule for all members of the monastic community with regard to stability.
**They shall not transfer from one monastery to another, but shall remain in the monastery of their initiation.
**They shall not leave the grounds of their monastery without the express permission of their hegumen.
**If a monastery suffer from a lack of monks, petition shall be made to the Holy Synod for volunteers to transfer from other monasteries to make up for the dearth of monks.

====Chapter IX. Social relations====
*This is the rule for all members of the monastic community, that is, for such as have declared their readiness to turn away from all evil and to adhere to all that God in His good pleasure has commanded. 
**They shall keep apart from the company of the froward. 
**They shall belong to the monastic community in both a doctrinal and an economic sense. 
**They shall abide by the decisions of their hegumen and of the majority of the community that stand firm in them. It is by the vote of such that all matters economic and judicial shall be determined. 
**They shall concertedly and in all their pursuits practice truth, humility, righteousness, justice, chastity and decency, with no one walking in the stubbornness of his own heart or going astray after his heart or his eyes or his fallible human mind. 
**They shall concertedly remove the impurity of their human mold and likewise all stiffneckedness. 
**They shall establish in the monastic community a solid basis of truth. 
**They shall unite in a bond indissoluble for ever. 
**They shall extend forgiveness to all among their brothers that have freely enlisted in the cause of holiness, and to all among the laity that have done so in the cause of truth, and likewise to all that have associated themselves with them. 
**They shall separate themselves completely from family and friends.
**They shall not form a spiritual bond with any lay person.
**They shall regard as miscreants all that transgress the law. 

====Chapter X. The obligation of holiness====
*This is the way in which all these ordinances are to be applied on a collective basis. 
**Everyone who is admitted into the monastic community shall enter into a covenant of God in the presence of all the brothers in the cause and commit himself by a binding oath to return with all his heart and soul to the commandments of God, as those commandments are revealed to the Holy Orthodox Faith.
**He that so commits himself shall keep apart from all froward men that walk in the path of wickedness; for such men are not to be reckoned in the monastic community inasmuch as they have never sought nor studied God's ordinances in order to find out on what more arcane points they may guiltily have gone astray, while in regard to the things which stand patently revealed they have acted high-handedly. 
**All that are not reckoned in the monastic community shall be put aside, and likewise all that they posses. A holy man shall not rely on works of vanity, and vanity is what all of them are that have not recognized God's covenant. 

====Chapter XI. Communal duties====
*This is the procedure which all members of the community shall follow in all dealings with one another, wherever they dwell. 
**Everyone shall obey his superior in rank in all matters of work and money. **All shall dine together, worship together and take counsel together. 
**When they set the table for a meal or prepare wine to drink, the priest shall first put forth his hand to invoke a blessing on the first portion of the bread and wine. 
**The monks shall divide their day into religious services, private devotions (of which the paramount is the study of Holy Scripture) and work.
**The daily activities of the monks shall be regulated by the sounding of the semantron.
**The most important duty of the monk is the celebration of the Divine Liturgy at which all will communicate.  No one is excused from this duty, unless he be dispensed by the hegumen because of the nature of his work.
**Paramount also is the chanting of the psalms from which no monk may be absent.
**A schedule shall be followed such that the entire Psalter is chanted every week.  Matins and Lauds may be chanted by the monk in his cell at the discretion of the hegumen.
**As a mortification of the flesh and as a means whereby to support the community, manual labor shall be required of all monks.
**Depending on the needs of the monastery and the talents and abilities of the monk, manual labor may take place in the monk’s cell, in the common work areas, or on the grounds outside.
**All manual labor shall be performed with tools that are the common property of the monastery.
**No manual labor shall be done on the Day of the Lord or on the Great Feasts.  There may be exceptions in case of emergencies to be determined by the hegumen.
**Errands outside the monastery and, indeed, off the Holy Mountain, shall be assigned at the discretion of the hegumen.  These errands shall never be assigned to novices.
**These errands shall always be accomplished by two monks traveling together.
**Those providing transportation, room and board, and other expenses shall be reimbursed by the monastery when a receipt is presented by the monks to the monastery’s treasurer.

====Chapter XII. The general council====
*This is the rule covering public sessions. 
**The priests shall occupy the first place; the brothers shall come second. This order shallobtain alike when they seek a judicial ruling, when they meet for common counsel, or when any matter arises of general concern. 
**Everyone shall have an opportunity of rendering his opinion in the common council. No one, however, shall interrupt while his neighbour is speaking, or speak until the latter has finished. Furthermore, no one shall speak in advance of his prescribed rank. Everyone shall speak in turn, as he is called upon. 
**In public sessions, no one shall speak on any subject that is not of concern to or to the liking of the company as a whole.
**If the hegumen or anyone who is not of the same rank as the person who happens to be raising a question for the consideration of the community, has something to say to the company, he shall stand up and declare: “I have something to say to the company”; and only if they so bid him, shall he speak. 

====Chapter XIII. Death to Life in this world====
*Entry into the monastic life is a death to life in this world and rebirth into a life cleansed of sin.
*The monk should grieve for his sins rather than teach, contemplate or perform miracles. 
*It is required that the monk find a confessor from among the priests of the monastery whom he shall regard as his spiritual father and he shall confess his sins regularly and frequently.

====Chapter XIV. Physical health====
*When everyone is healthy, the monk should be grateful for the Provider of health, each one on behalf of the others rather than on his own behalf.  But if one of you is ill, then you all should be sympathetically disposed to his illness and share in his suffering, just as the other limbs of the body suffer, if one is in pain.
*The monk should do everything and exert himself to see the brother cured of his illness.
**Several monks shall be trained in the rudiments of basic health care and in emergency medical procedures.
**Every monastery shall have an area available for the use of helicopters to transport the ill to medical facilities.
**Personal hygiene is of the utmost importance and shall be attended to conscientiously by the monk.
**Every monastery shall have a bath house where the monks may bathe modestly.
**The monk shall bathe at least once a week and shall trim his beard and have his hair cut as needed.
**Failure to keep one’s self clean is cause for disciplinary action by the hegumen.

====Chapter XV. Diet====
*As the Apostle said, “All things in moderation.”  Moderate eating shows a care for bodily health. However, in order to practice mortification of the flesh, the monk imposes on himself dietary restrictions.
**All monks shall observe perpetual abstinence from all animal flesh.  Only with the permission of the hegumen may a monk who is ill consume animal flesh.
**Eggs and cheese may be eaten on the Day of the Lord and on the Great Feasts.
**The monks’ diet shall consist of grains, pulses, legumes, fruit and vegetables.
**Each monk shall be alloted a portion of food for his daily sustenance.
**Each monk shall be alloted a daily portion of wine and all the water he needs.

====Chapter XVI. The virtue of silence====
*These are the rules to be followed in the interpretation of the law regarding forms of speech. 
**Silence shall be maintained throughout the day and night in the ordinary course of events.
**That speech is permitted which is necessary for the well-being of the other or for the accomplishment of a common task.

====Chapter XVII. Accusations and grudges====
*When anyone has a charge against his neighbour, he shall prosecute it truthfully, humbly and humanely.
**He shall not speak to him angrily or querulously or arrogantly or in any wicked mood.
**He shall not bear hatred towards him in the inner recesses of his heart. **When he has a charge against him, he shall proffer it then and there on the selfsame day and not render himself liable to penalty by nursing a grudge.
**Furthermore, no man shall bring a charge publicly against his neighbour except he prove it by witness. 

====Chapter XVIII. False, impudent and blasphemous speech====
*If there be found in the community a monk who consciously lies in the matter of his wealth, he shall be regarded as outside the state of purity entailed by membership, and shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*If a monk answers his neighbour defiantly or speaks brusquely so as to undermine the composure of his brother, and in so doing flout the orders of one who is registered as his superior, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*If a monk, in speaking about anything, mentions that Name which is honored above all names, or if, in a moment of sudden stress or for some other personal reason, he curses the Lector or Presider, he shall be expelled, never to return to membership in the community. 
*If a monk speaks in anger against one of the brothers, he shall be placed in isolation for one month, during which time he shall be fed solely on bread and water, and regarded as outside the state of purity entailed in membership in the community.
**If, however, he spoke unintentionally, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for only three months. 
If a monk defames his neighbour unjustly, and does so deliberately, he shall deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months. 

====Chapter XIX. Fraud====
*If a monk speaks to his neighbour in guile or consciously practices deceit upon him, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months.
**If however, he practices the deceit unintentionally, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for only three months. 
*If a monk defrauds the community, causing a deficit in its funds, he shall make good that deficit. If he lacks means to do so, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for sixty days. 

====Chapter XX. Vindictiveness====
*If a monk harbors a grudge against his neighbor without legitimate cause, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months.
*The same shall apply also to a monk who takes personal revenge on his neighbor in any respect. 

====Chapter XXI. Improper speech====
*A monk who indulges in indecent talk shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for three months. 

====Chapter XXII. Misconduct at public sessions====
*A monk who interrupts his brother in a public session shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for ten days. 
*A monk who lies down and goes to sleep at a public session shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*A monk who leaves a public session gratuitously and without reason for as many as three times during one sitting shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for ten days.
 
====Chapter XXIII. Indecorous acts====
*If, except he be under duress, a monk walks naked before his brother, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months. 
*If a monk spits into the midst of a public session, he shall be placed on bread and water for one month. 
*If a monk brings out his hand from under his cloak, to expose himself so that his private parts become visible, he shall be placed on bread adn water for one month and deprived of one fourth of his food ration for a second month. 
*If a monk indulges in raucous, inane laughter, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for two weeks. 

====Chapter XXIV. Slander and incrimination====
*If a monk slander his brother, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one year. But if he slanders the entire community, he shall be expelled, never to return. 
*If a monk complains against the whole community, he shall be expelled irrevocably. 
*If a monk complains against his brother without legitimate cause, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 

====Chapter XXV. Defection====
*If a monk's spirit waver so far from the community that he betrays the truth and walks in stubbornness of his own heart, but if he subsequently repent, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one year. At the completion of the year, the community shall hold an inquiry about him. If it then be decided to readmit him, he shall again be registered with his newly assigned rank and thereafter he too shall be called upon to render his opinion in deliberations concerning the rules. 
*If a monk has been a formal member of the community for a full ten years, but then, through spiritual relapse, betrays the laws of the community and quits the general body in order to walk in the stubbornness of his own heart, he is never to return to membership in the community.
*If a monk be converted from the Holy Orthodox Faith to the faith of one of the non-Orthodox faiths on the Holy Mountain, he may not remain on the Holy Mountain, although he may retain his citizenship and live in the Lowland and the Isles, if he find gainful employment.
*Nor may a monk of a non-Orthodox faith, who is converted to the Holy Orthodox Faith, remain on the Holy Mountain, although he may retain his citizenship and live in the Lowland and the Isles, if he find gainful employment.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:KBT</title>
    <id>6315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43768</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-03T20:51:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Khangaþyagon Babel Text|BT]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lang.pdf</title>
    <id>6316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43771</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-04T05:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Public Law Chronology</title>
    <id>6317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43845</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-05T21:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Public Law No. 1 [The Holy Synod Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 2 [The Duties of the Archimandrite] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 3 [The Holy Council Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 4 [The Finance Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 5 [The National Defense Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 6 [The Gendarmery Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 7 [The Firearms Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 8 [The Voting Register Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 9 [The Diplomats Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 10 [The Levied Taxes Act]
*Public Law No. 11 [The Naturalization Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 12 [The Port of Entry Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 13 [The Crimes and Penalties Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 14 [The Passport and Identification Card Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 15 [The Public Days of Rest Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 16 [The Postal Services Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 17 [The Real Estate Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 18 [The Census Act]
*Public Law No. 19 [The Alcoholic Beverages Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 20 [The Public Associations Register Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 21 [The Transportation Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 22 [The Paved Roads Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 23 [The Patents Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 24 [The Xerxes Canal Reconstruction Act] 3/4/09
*Public Law No. 25 [The National Emblems Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 26 [The Flag Code Act]
*Public Law No. 27 [The Livestock Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 28 [The Creation of the Order of Beneficence of the Garden of the All-holy] (3/2/2009)
*Public Law No. 29 [The Museum of Athonite Antiquities Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 30 [The National Wildlife Sanctuary Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 31 [The Golden Eagle Protection Act] (2/16/2009)
*Public Law No. 32 [The Border Planting Act] (2/16/2009)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Code IV</title>
    <id>6318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47483</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T16:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Dutch</title>
    <id>6319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43929</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-08T13:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm totally new to the wiki, but not new to Dutch. I was reading the phonology...and I've NEVER heard &lt;r&gt; pronounced /r/. It's usually /R/.

-ILuvEire

:Hmm.  Wikipedia says (under [[wikipedia:Dutch phonology]]):
::''The realization of the ''/r/'' phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In &quot;standard&quot; Dutch, ''/r/'' is realized as the alveolar trill ''[r]''. In some dialects it is realized as the alveolar tap ''[ɾ]'', the voiced uvular fricative ''[ʁ]'', the uvular trill ''[ʀ]'', or even as the alveolar approximant ''[ɹ]''.''
:From what I gather the ''tongpunt''-R is supposed to be the most common, but ''huig''-R dominates in certain areas, and is gaining ground over the ''tongpunt''-R elsewhere; cf. [[wikipedia:Guttural R]]:
::''In modern Dutch, quite a few different rhotic sounds are used. In Belgium, the usual rhotic is an alveolar trill, but the uvular rhotic does occur, mostly in the province of Limburg, in the region around Ghent and in Brussels. In the Netherlands, the uvular rhotic is the dominant rhotic in the southern provinces of Noord-Brabant and Limburg. In the rest of the country, the situation is more complicated. The uvular rhotic is common, but not dominant, in the western agglomeration Randstad, including cities like Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht (the dialect of Amsterdam usually has an alveolar rhotic though). The uvular rhotic is also used in some major cities outside of the Randstad area, such as Zwolle, Almelo and Leeuwarden. Outside of these uvular rhotic core areas, the alveolar trill is common.''  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 13:12, 8 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:KhP</title>
    <id>6320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43880</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T13:30:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created template</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://archives.conlang.info/kha/gintei/jhorwurchian.html poem]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of America (Nytal)</title>
    <id>6321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43924</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-07T21:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le kayd yd LKBA */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there are the Nytal names of all American states according to Wikipedia:

==Le kayd yd Amerika Ylofik==
* '''Beliz''': Belize
* '''Elsalvador''': El Salvador
* '''Honduras''': Honduras
* '''Kanada''': Canada
* '''Kostarika''': Costa Rica
* '''Le Kayd Bojsitan'lo yd Amerika''' (LKBA): United States of America (USA)
* '''Mexico''': Mexico
* '''Nikaraqa''': Nicaragua
* '''Panama''': Panama

==Le kayd yd Amerika Šolit==
* '''Argentina''': Argentina
* '''Bolivija''': Bolivia
* '''Brasil''': Brazil
* '''Cile''': Chile
* '''Eqador''': Ecuador
* '''Gujana''': Guyana
* '''Gujana francik''': French Guyana
* '''Kolombija''': Colombia
* '''Paraqaj''': Paraguay
* '''Peru''': Peru
* '''Suriname''': Suriname
* '''Uruqaj''': Uruguay
* '''Venezuela''': Venezuela

==Le kayd yd LKBA==
These are Nytal names of all US states:
* '''Ajdaho''': Idaho
* '''Ajova''': Iowa
* '''Alabama''': Alabama
* '''Alaska''': Alaska
* '''Arisona''': Arizona
* '''Arkansas''': Arkansas
* '''Cersej Aln''': New Jersey
* '''Corca''': Georgia
* '''Dakota Šolit''': South Dakota
* '''Dakota Ylofit''': North Dakota
* '''Delauyr''': Delaware
* '''Florida''': Florida
* '''Havai'i''': Hawaii
* '''Hempšajr Aln''': New Hampshire
* '''Ilinoj''': Illinois
* '''Indiana''': Indiana
* '''Jork Aln''': New York
* '''Juta''': Utah
* '''Kalifornija''': California
* '''Karolina Šolit''': South Carolina
* '''Karolina Ylofit''': North Carolina
* '''Kolorado''': Colorado
* '''Konetikyt''': Connecticut
* '''Limis Rod''': Rhode Island
* '''Luisjana''': Louisiana
* '''Mejn''': Maine
* '''Merylend''': Maryland
* '''Mesacusyz''': Massachusetts
* '''Mexico Aln''': New Mexico
* '''Micigan''': Michigan
* '''Minesota''': Minnesota
* '''Misisipi''': Mississippi
* '''Misuri''': Missouri
* '''Nebraska''': Nebraska
* '''Nevada''': Nevada
* '''Ohajo''': Ohio
* '''Oklahoma''': Oklahoma
* '''Oregon''': Oregon
* '''Pensilvenija''': Pennsylvania
* '''Tenesij''': Tennessee
* '''Texas''': Texas
* '''Vajomin''': Wyoming
* '''Vašingtyn''': Washington
* '''Vermont''': Vermont
* '''Vircinija''': Virginia
* '''Vircinija Fiensit''': West Virginia
* '''Viskonsyn''': Wiskonsin


[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of Africa (Nytal)</title>
    <id>6322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43891</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T17:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there are the Nytal names of all African states according to Wikipedia:

==Le kayd yd Afrika==
* '''Alcarija''': Algeria
* '''Afrika Šolit''': South Africa
* '''Benin''': Benin
* '''Bozuana''': Botswana
* '''Burkinafaso''': Burkina Faso
* '''Burundi''': Burundi
* '''Cad''': Chad
* '''Cibuti''': Djibouti
* '''Egipt''': Egypt
* '''Ertra''': Eritrea
* '''Gabon''': Gabon
* '''Gambija''': Gambia
* '''Humurij''': Comoros
* '''Itjopija''': Ethiopia
* '''Kamerun''': Cameroon
* '''Kenija''': Kenya
* '''Lesoto''': Lesotho
* '''Liberija''': Liberia
* '''Libija''': Libya
* '''Madagaskar''': Madagascar
* '''Magribija''': Morocco
* '''Malavi''': Malawi
* '''Mali''': Mali
* '''Maurišu''': Mauritius
* '''Mosambik''': Mozambique
* '''Muritanija''': Mauritania
* '''Namibija''': Namibia
* '''Ngola''': Angola
* '''Niger''': Niger
* '''Nigerija''': Nigeria
* '''Qineja''': Guinea
* '''Qineja-Bisau''': Guinea-Bissau
* '''Qineja Iqator''': Equatorial Guinea
* '''Qolt Yrid''': Cape Verde
* '''Ruanda''': Rwanda
* '''Sahara Fiensit''': Western Sahara
* '''Sešel''': Seychelles
* '''Sierraleon''': Sierra Leone
* '''Sikeltirins Aceviafrikik''': Central African Republic
* '''Sikeltirins Kongo''': Republic of the Congo
* '''Sikeltirins yd Sikelt Kong''': Democratic Republic of the Congo
* '''Somalija''': Somalia
* '''Suaziland''': Swaziland
* '''Sudan''': Sudan
* '''Tansanija''': Tanzania
* '''Togo''': Togo
* '''Tome Šijnt a Prinsip''': São Tomé and Príncipe
* '''Tunisija''': Tunisia
* '''Uganda''': Uganda
* '''Vruq Evoyrij''': Côte d'Ivoire
* '''Zambija''': Zambia
* '''Zimbabue''': Zimbabwe

[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1hafrig.jpg</title>
    <id>6323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43895</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-06T19:31:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The flag of the Háfrig or Avorenta language</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The flag of the Háfrig or Avorenta language</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Avorenta</title>
    <id>6324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48568</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-21T14:22:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Avorenta''' (IPA: 'ɒvorɛntɒ) is a constructed language with a grammar based on Hungarian using mostly fictitios words and words of IE or Altaic origin.

For further details please visit '''[[Háfrig]]''' or '''[http://avorenta.uw.hu The official website of Avorenta]'''.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mumblese</title>
    <id>6325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51420</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-09T00:17:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Non-vocalic */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The language with the least effort-demanding phonology ever!

There are five '''consonants''':
*&lt;tt&gt;&lt;m n&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; are straightforward [m n], tho the latter may vary further back to [ɲ] or [ŋ]. They have syllabic counterparts.
*&lt;tt&gt;&lt;h&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; is generally [ɦ]. Can become a voiceless nasal when occurring before the syllabic nasals. [j] is an acceptable variant before a vowel.
*&lt;tt&gt;&lt;f&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; varies within the [ɸ ~ ʍ ~ β ~ w] ballpark. It does not occur word-initially.
*&lt;tt&gt;&lt;:&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; (yes, a colon) is a glottal stop [ʔ]. There is no contrast with a zero initial (never written in that position).
As well as one true '''vowel''', written as &lt;tt&gt;&lt;-&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; (a dash). The quality may be anything from a nasal shwa [ə̃] to your average [a]. (Given the situation pretty much ''any'' value would be understandable, be it [y] or [l̟] or [s̟], but naturally, anything that contrived would sound incredibly silly.) There is contrastiv length, written by two dashes. A word-final vowel is not written.

A word can only consist of syllables with a vowel, or syllables without.

In a vocalic word, three consonant clusters are possible across syllables: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;mf hm hn&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;. Adjacent long/closed syllables are disallowed, as are final consonants.

A non-vocalic word has a maximum lenght of two syllables, of the structure (glottal consonant)+(nasal consonant)+(optional word-final glottal stop). A syllable without a following (coda or internasalic) glottal stop is somewhat longer in duration and written with a duplicated nasal consonant. So for example &lt;tt&gt;&lt;hmm&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;, &lt;tt&gt;&lt;mmhn:&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;&lt;hn:nn&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;, but not &lt;tt&gt;&lt;mhn&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;&lt;hmm:m&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;.

==Grammar==
There is no single copula as such: the choice depends on the mood of the utterance.
Affirmation (replies, previous information etc.) is express'd with &lt;tt&gt;mm&lt;/tt&gt;, assertions (new information) with &lt;tt&gt;-&lt;/tt&gt;, and negation (of both affirmation and assertion) with &lt;tt&gt;n--&lt;/tt&gt;.

==Lexicon==
===Non-vocalic===
Principally grammatical. To increase clarity, not all of the 40 possible word-shapes are used. &lt;!--(2*2*(1+2*2)*2 = (h)+m/n+(h/:+m/n)+(:)--&gt; 
*&lt;tt&gt;mm&lt;/tt&gt; (affirmation; usually pronounced with initial [ʔ])
*&lt;tt&gt;hmm&lt;/tt&gt; ''(reserved as discourse filler)''
*&lt;tt&gt;hm:&lt;/tt&gt;
*&lt;tt&gt;hnn&lt;/tt&gt;
*&lt;tt&gt;n:&lt;/tt&gt;

===Vocalic===
'''Monosyllables''' (again principally grammatical)
*&lt;tt&gt;-&lt;/tt&gt; (assertion; usually pronounced with [ʔ]; can be clitickized) &lt;!-- implies no final glottal stop syllables in content words! --&gt;
*&lt;tt&gt;m-&lt;/tt&gt; (1st person / proximativ pronoun)
*&lt;tt&gt;h-&lt;/tt&gt; (interrogativ pronoun)
*&lt;tt&gt;--&lt;/tt&gt; ''(reserved as discourse filler)''
*&lt;tt&gt;n--&lt;/tt&gt; (negation)

'''Bisyllables'''
*&lt;tt&gt;-:-&lt;/tt&gt; (request, command)

[[Category:Funlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of Oceania (Nytal)</title>
    <id>6326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43912</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-07T14:06:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Here there are the Nytal names of all Oceanian independent states according to Wikipedia:  ==Le kayd yd Oceanija== * '''Australija''': Australia * '''Kiribati''': Kiribati * '''Le Kayd Bon...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here there are the Nytal names of all Oceanian independent states according to Wikipedia:

==Le kayd yd Oceanija==
* '''Australija''': Australia
* '''Kiribati''': Kiribati
* '''Le Kayd Bontes'lo yd Mikronesija''': Federated States of Micronesia
* '''Le Limis Maršal''': Marshall Islands
* '''Le Limis Solomon''': Solomon Islands
* '''Nauru''': Nauru
* '''Palau''': Palau
* '''Papua Qineija Aln''': Papua New Guinea
* '''Samoa''': Samoa
* '''Seland Aln''': New Zealand
* '''Tonga''': Tonga
* '''Tuvalu''': Tuvalu
* '''Vanuatu''': Vanuatu
* '''Vici''': Fiji

[[Category:Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Itapesituc</title>
    <id>6327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45554</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Itapesituc
|pronounce=/i˩ta˩pe:˥si˩tu˩x/
|tu= theoretically this universe, future
|species=Humanoid
|in=South-Central Valley Woodlands, south of the [[Measceineafh]]
|no=~1 million by certain theories
|script=Romanized, Adapted Faraneit Script
|tree=Itapesituc&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;[[Atpisto]]
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TBA
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TBA
&amp;nbsp;[[Pīstù]]
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TBA
|morph=Inflecting with Isolating elements
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SOV
|creator=Humancadaver101 aka Schwhatever aka Buckfush530
|date=February 2009}}
Itapesituc is the reconstruction of the language which spawned the Itapesituc family.

==Phonology==
===Phonemes and Orthography===
*/p b t d k g/ - p b t d k g
*/m n s r l x/ - m n s r l c
*/a e i u/ - a e i u

===Syllabic Constraints===
*(C)V(C), only intersyllabic clusters permitted are mb, nd, st, rd, rt, rk, rg, lt, ld, lk, lg and ck (Nasals/Fricatives + Corresponding Stop in voicing and POA, or Approximant + Alveolar or Velar Stop).

===Prosody and Allophony===
*Primary syllable stress and pitch-stress that gives those syllables high tone and all others low. 
*Also, stressed vowel nuclei are long, all others short. 

==Morphology==
===Verbal Morphology===
*Regular Morphology Paradigm:
**&quot;pesit&quot; - to speak
**Verb-Noun: pesit
**First Person Singular Present: pesita
**2S PRES: pesitan
**3S PRES MASC: pesital
**3S PRES FEM: pesitalt
**1P PRES: pesitu
**2P PRES: pesiti
**3P PRES MASC: pesitala
**3P PRES FEM: pesitalta
**Nominal Nominalizer: itapesit (speaker)
**Primary Nominalizer: upesit (speakee - audience)
**Dechticaetiative Nominalizer: nupesit (subject of speaking - topic)
*Past Tense:
**VN: pikup (to run)
**1S: pikupuldi
**2S: pikupice
**3SM: pikupintu
**3SF: pikupintut
**1P: pikupabus
**2P: pikupabir
**3PM: pikupintua
**3PF: pikupintuta
*Future Tense / Conditional Mood:
**VN: pikup (to run)
**1S: pikupagu
**2S: pikupulan
**3SM: pikupic
**3SF: pikupicat
**1P: pikupasu
**2P: pikupasi
**3PM: pikupical
**3PF: pikupicatal

===Nominal Morphology===

==Lexicon==
[[Itapesituc Root List]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Minuras.png</title>
    <id>6328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43919</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-07T19:35:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Minuras2.png</title>
    <id>6329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43921</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-07T19:50:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ILuvEire</title>
    <id>6330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43994</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-10T04:29:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iluveire</username>
        <id>1202</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">It's me, myself, and I.

==My Current Projects==
* I'm working on a language family right now, the Gan family. There's like a zillion languages on there, check it out.
* The other big conlang project I'm working on is an unnamed isolating language that uses a logographic script (I'm mainly focusing on the script).

===Links to the Projects===
* [[Gan Language Family]], this is the basis of my biggest project.
* [[Nabhika]]
* [[Rāńanu]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:CGJ</title>
    <id>6331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43974</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T12:37:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{{1|}}}͏{{{2|}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;pre&gt;
Usage: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{CGJ|&amp;lt;character with diacritic&amp;gt;|&amp;lt;combining diacritic&amp;gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

The ''[[wp:Combining Grapheme Joiner|Combining Grapheme Joiner]]'' is the legitimate means to prevent Mediawiki's [[wp:Uncode equivalence|canonical &quot;recomposition&quot; of unicode characters with diacritics]].  This is often useful e.g. to get '''í͏̨''' with the CGJ against '''į́''' without it. '''NB:''' since the CGJ character itself is zero-width and invisible it is provided as a [[Template:CGJ]] which automatically inserts the CGJ between its two parameters!&lt;/noinclude&gt;

This is in fact the most graceful way of handling [[Help:Special_character_insertion#A_word_of_warning|the problem with ugly diacritic recomposition]]: the day browsers or Mediawiki or Unicode or whatever learns to handle these combinations gracefully we can just change the definition of this template by removing the CGJ.  Sure the template will then actually do nothing, but it's better than having obsolete hacks lying around forever. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 12:37, 9 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cgj</title>
    <id>6333</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>43972</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T12:11:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Cgj]] moved to [[Template:CGJ]] over redirect: So that all of {{CGJ||}} {{Cgj||}} {{cgj||}} work</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:CGJ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamenahte</title>
    <id>6334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43978</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T20:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tamenahte (Tamenahte: '''Nawē Tamenahte''') is one of the most widely-spoken of the Ke:tic languages. It is a fairly isolating, ergative-dative language.


== Phonology ==

'''Consonants'''

Labial: &lt;nowiki&gt; /p m ɸ w/ &lt;p m f w&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Dental/Alveloar: &lt;nowiki&gt; /t n θ s r/ &lt;t n th s r l&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Palatal: &lt;nowiki&gt; /c j/ &lt;c y&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Velar: &lt;nowiki&gt; /k ŋ/ &lt;k ŋ&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Glottal: &lt;nowiki&gt; /h/ &lt;h&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''Vowels'''

&lt;nowiki&gt; /i e a u i: e: a: u:/ &lt;i e a u ī ē ā ū&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''Syllable Structure''' 

Tamenahte syllables follow a (C)V(C) structure - the vowel nucleus is the only compulsory element. Medially, the following consonant clusters occur:

/pt pk pn ps kt kp kn ks ts mp nt nc nk ns sp st sc sk sm sm hp ht hc hk rw ry/

Word-fianlly, only /m n t θ/ occur. 


'''Stress''' 

Stress in Tamenahte is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tamenathe</title>
    <id>6335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43981</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T20:50:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tamenathe (Tamenathe: '''Nawē Tamenathe''') is one of the most widely-spoken of the Ke:tic languages. It is a fairly isolating, ergative-dative language.


== Phonology ==

'''Consonants'''

Labial: &lt;nowiki&gt; /p pʰ b m ɸ w/ &lt;p ph b m f w&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Dental/Alveloar: &lt;nowiki&gt; /t tʰ d n s z r/ &lt;t th d s z r l&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Palatal: &lt;nowiki&gt; /j/ &lt;y&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Velar: &lt;nowiki&gt; /k kʰ g/ &lt;k kh g&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;

Glottal: &lt;nowiki&gt; /h/ &lt;h&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''Vowels'''

&lt;nowiki&gt; /i e a u i: e: a: u:/ &lt;i e a u ī ē ā ū&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;


'''Syllable Structure''' 

Tamenathe syllables follow a (C)V(C) structure, with the caveat that coda consonants, with the exception of /n/ (which assimplates to /m/ before labials, and does not occur before /h/) may only appear word finally, and that /j w/ cannot form codas. Word internally, 

'''Stress''' 

Stress in Tamenathe is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantic</title>
    <id>6336</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>43985</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-10T02:11:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Atlantic]] moved to [[Nother/Atlantic]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Atlantic]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlantic Lexicon</title>
    <id>6337</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>43987</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-10T02:11:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Atlantic Lexicon]] moved to [[Nother/Atlantic/Lexicon]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Atlantic/Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nabhika</title>
    <id>6338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44192</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-17T03:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iluveire</username>
        <id>1202</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;i&gt;Note: From this point on, // contain phonemic transcription, [] contain phonetic transcription, but Nabhikan words will be in &lt;b&gt;bold&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;

{{Infobox|name=Nabhika
|pronounce=/nabʰika/
|tu=none
|species=Human
|in=Nakat
|no=13 million
|script=Latin
|tree=...
|morph=Agglutinative
|ms=Nominative-Accusative
|wo=SVO
|creator=[[ILuvEire]]
|date=February 2009}}

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} ṇ || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ng
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} {{IPA|pʰ}} ph|| {{IPA|b}} {{IPA|bʱ}} bh || || || || {{IPA|t}} {{IPA|tʰ}} th || {{IPA|d}} {{IPA|dʱ}} dh || {{IPA|ɖ}} ḍ || {{IPA|ʈ}} ṭ || {{IPA|k}} {{IPA|kʰ}} kh || {{IPA|g}} {{IPA|gʱ}} gh
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} ṣ || {{IPA|ʐ}} ẓ || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} ṛ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|ɭ}} ḷ
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

When the IPA is the same as the transcription, no extra character is put down. If there's a change from IPA, it's noted. An &lt;i&gt;h&lt;/i&gt; is added to show aspiration, and ̣  (under-dot) is used to indicate the consonant is retroflex.

===Vowels===
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
Any vowel can be lengthened, and it's marked with a macron.

===Syllable Structure===
The basic syllable structure is (O)S(O)(O)(O)V. I think this is how it would be written at least.

The onset is optional, and can be any obstruent. The nucleus (mandatory) can be any sonorant followed by 3 optional obstruents. The coda is any vowel (but not other sonorants!) This means that there are many words that are just on vowel long. Like &quot;ā&quot; meaning &quot;therefore.&quot;

==Nouns==
Nabhika words use two genders, animate and inanimate. There are three numbers, singular, dual, and plural. Many, many nouns use a triconsonantal root. These nouns frequently are changed into verbs.
===Cases===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Case&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Suffix&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Example 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Nominative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;None&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zvan-dog&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bhāṣika&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Accusative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zvana&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bhāṣikā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Gentitive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-i&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zvani&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bhāṣikai&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
When a word ending with an &lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt; is in the accusative case, the vowel is lengthened. Similarly, when a noun is in the gentitive case and ends with an &lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt; the vowel is just long.

===Plurals===
* For the dual number, you'll need to change the vowel of the last syllable. Then add the suffix ṣi.
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ī&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;o&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;u&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;-&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;e&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
* The plural just lengthens the last vowel and adds the suffix -ra.
====Examples====
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Meaning&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Dual&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Zavān&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dog&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zavēnṣi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zavānra&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Bhāṣika&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;language&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bhāṣikeṣi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bhāṣikāra&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
===Pronouns===
In informal Nabhika, men use one set of pronouns, and women use another set. Men use the woman's set when speaking formally.
====Masculine Pronouns====
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;First person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ta&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;nā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Second person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;an&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;tunā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Third person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;hū&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;i&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
====Feminine Pronouns====
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Singular&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plural&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;First person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;le&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;nanu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Second person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;kim&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;kuma&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Third person&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;aromi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Verbs==
Nabhika uses a triconsonantal root, like many Semitic languages.

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tense&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Affirmative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Negative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Past&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;CaCC&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;CaCCmath&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Present&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;CoCuC&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;aCōCimaC&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Future&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;CiCaCne&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;CioCaṣCe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

And, and example verb (zvn - to bark) conjugated:

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Tense&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Affirmative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Negative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Past&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zavn&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zavnmath&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Present&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zovun&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;azōviman&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Future&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;zivanne&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ziovaṣṇe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

===Irregular Verbs===
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Do&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Go&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Be&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Come&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;baḷ&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;baḷmath&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣameth&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dha&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dhamath&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;madń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;maḍńmath&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;biḷane&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;bioḷaṣe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣiane&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣaṣe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dhane&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dhoi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;miḍańe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;mioḍaṣṇe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;boḷu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;abōḷima&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣō&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;aṣōima&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dhō&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;adhōima&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;moḍuń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;amōḍimań&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;bḷiā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ābḷōń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ṣīā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;āṣōń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;dhā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;ādhōń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;mḍińā&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;āmoḍńoń&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

==Adjectives==
To put it simply, we ain't got none. In Nabhika, all adjectives are treated like verbs, and conjugated as such.

==Sample Text==
===An introduction===
Ta Taileḷ moḍuń. Nat zvānra moḍuń. Iń Sirenia ṇoḷuń horuth.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rāńanu</title>
    <id>6339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>43995</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-10T04:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iluveire</username>
        <id>1202</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Kwa</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kwa</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kildamni Ethnographic Questionnaire</title>
    <id>6340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45543</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-22T20:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kuroda</username>
        <id>171</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* How do people react to homosexuality? */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Kildamni Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===
The Kamchatka Peninsula in Northeast Siberia; the northernmost Kurile Islands (Paramushir) and the Commander Islands.

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===
Cold subarctic, though perhaps moderated slightly by the surrounding ocean. Summer is short, cool, and humid; winters are long and cold.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===
Primarily volcanic eruptions, which are fairly frequent and can be very violent and destructive. Tsunamis are also frequent; likewise, earthquakes are a constant threat.

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===
Agriculture is limited because of the short growing season. Crops consist mainly of cabbage, lettuce, kale and other greens, potatoes, rutabagas, turnips; rye and oats to a limited extent; hay for livestock. Several species of berries are an important source of food, and in modern times are essentially cultivated crops as well as exploited in the wild. Pine nuts are also a key foodstuff, and are also &quot;farmed&quot; to an extent nowadays.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===
Reindeer is by far the most important &quot;red meat&quot;. Beef, mutton, and pork products are comparatively rare; poultry and game birds are consumed in greater quantity. Fish, however, is the main source of animal protein -- several different species of salmon, as well as herring, halibut, mackerel, whitefish, etc.

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===
Fresh fruit (other than native berries); fresh vegetables (out of season, or types that can't grow in Kamchatka); fresh beef, pork, and mutton; chocolate; some spices; corn (maize) products.

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===
Aside from homemade moonshine, kvass and vodka are the most common types of alcoholic beverage found in stores and restaurants, followed by beer, sake, and whisky. The traditional form of airak, or fermented mare's milk, is made with reindeer milk by the Kildamni, but is quite rare nowadays and really only used in ceremonial or formal situations. Moldavian wine and Armenian brandy were usually available and inexpensive during the existence of the USSR but have since fallen into short supply.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===
Yes. Water shortages have never been a problem, and famines have not occurred since the 1700s. However, food shortages have been more persistent -- most recently during and after World War II (food rationing only ended c. 1955.) Nowadays ample nutrition is not a worry; still there is limited variety and selection compared to developed countries. Food security is a long-standing priority of the government and is a major factor in economic planning and foreign policy.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===
Debatable -- different sources would argue for fish, geothermal energy, natural scenery and wildlife (i.e., ecotourism), furs, Leninism, futurism, reindeer, or marijuana.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===
In terms of percentage of GDP, the most valuable resource (or resource-based industry) is petroleum and natural gas extraction. Fishing was clearly the leader as late as 1980-85, but was hugely reduced by the stringent conservation policies put into place in the early/mid-70s.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===
Climate conducive to extensive agriculture, or even more rapid or dense growth of forest cover. As it is, the mediocre or poor soils and short growing season make the current population highly dependent on imported foodstuffs; logging is limited by the scanty tree cover and slow rate of regrowth.

=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===
Pretty much the way people in average modern countries travel: automobiles, airplanes, trains, ships, etc. Snowmobiles and tracked vehicles are fairly widely used in the countryside, however, and almost everyone can ski and snowshoe. Animal transport (horses, reindeer, dogs) is a major part of the national mythology but in reality very limited and somewhat artificially kept alive at this point.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===
There is only a tiny land border, in the north. Even during times of high tensions with Russia/the USSR the land border has not been seen as a particularly vulnerable area: it's far too remote from any population centers or logistical bases for the Russians/Soviets to exploit. The borders that are felt to be insecure have always been the marine borders (and since the 1920s, the borders of Kilda airspace). Military invasion has come from the sea (the Russians in 1854 and 1908, the Japanese in 1941), and the same goes for infiltration of enemy spies and saboteurs (in the last two hundred years, the Russians, Japanese, Americans, Germans, and British). General remoteness and frequently terrible weather conditions provide some added maritime border protection, it's true. Currently the threat to national territories is primarily one of poaching on the Exclusive Economic Zone by foreign fishing fleets.

=== How many people live here? ===

=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===
The largest center of population is around Avacha Bay -- the city known in OTL as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, and which in this ATL was founded some four hundred years earlier as the Lower Capital of the displaced Khitan imperial court. Probably the second-largest town is the one at the mouth of the Kamchatka River, corresponding to our Nizhne-Kamchatsk. The majority of the population is urban; maybe 2/3 to 4/5.

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===
The eastern coast is sparsely populated; the two mountain ranges are almost uninhabited. In the old days, the mountains were avoided for religious~superstitious reasons, and even today some people think they're inhabited by dangerous spirits. The many volcanoes are also given a wide berth for obvious reasons.

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===
It may be a cliche, but the most numerous domestic animal is the reindeer. They're raised in large flocks, mostly in the east and north of the peninsula, for meat, milk, leather, and antlers. Smaller herds, much tamer, are also kept to provide animals for riding and traction. Dogs and horses were also introduced in protohistoric times, and somewhat later cattle. All three could be used for transportation, but were also eaten and used extensively as sacrificial animals right up into the twentieth century. 

All the other domestic animals are modern introductions: chickens, pigs, sheep, and goats. For that matter, honeybees, muskrats, and freshwater pearl mussels could also be considered &quot;domesticated animals&quot;.

=== What are the most common wild animals? ===
Mosquitoes, gnats, midges, horseflies... 

But seriously, the macrofauna most often thought of in connection with their territory would be things like salmon, bears (the largest in the world, no matter what the Alaskans say), sables, mountain sheep, marmots, seals and sea lions, and vast numbers and varieties of seabirds and waterfowl.

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===
Dogs really aren't kept as pets, but as working animals. They're certainly not allowed into people's homes, for example. They're treated badly by European/American standards; they're not seen as &quot;man's best friend&quot; or anything of the sort. Keeping other animals that are edible (by Khitan standards) as pets is also unheard of, so no pot-bellied pigs, bunny rabbits, or rodents in general. Reptiles and amphibians are also right out. 

Cats are probably the most common large pet. Goldfish and small songbirds are also fairly common; tropical birds such as parrots are extremely rare. Raccoons, coatis, and other Procyonidae, along with North American skunks, are surprisingly popular pets despite their only marginally domesticated nature. Originally imported as fur animals, they became more favored as pets; a feral population of raccoons has also established itself around the larger towns. Likewise, crows and ravens live in close commensal arrangements with the human inhabitants -- not only do they fill the niche of pigeons in Khitan cities, they are allowed into houses and buildings despite the mess they can create.

== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===
Back to the settlement of Kamchatka by immigrants from Manchuria in the first half of the twelfth century: a number of stone inscriptions date to this early period. Literacy was preserved through the 'medieval' period though only very marginally and historical records for this period (roughly 1200-1550) are primarily based on oral literature. Written history proliferates after this -- both natively-produced and in accounts by European and Japanese explorers, missionaries, traders, and diplomats.

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===
Many believe that the history of the Khitan people as known through Chinese records is also part of their history. This would push the historical horizon back at least to the start of the Liao dynasty (907) and even earlier, through references to the Khitan tribes and their ancestors in Chinese annals. This view is not universal in Kilda society, and tends to be associated with right-wing and nationalist political movements. It does seem a stretch to refer to the Khitan of the Liao dynasty in North China as being &quot;the same&quot; society as the mixed Mongolo-Tungusic tribes that emigrated to Kamchatka following the dynasty's collapse.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===
The earthquakes of 1737, 1952, and 1923 (in descending order of catastrophe), each of which killed thousands of people and damaged or destroyed large amounts of housing, boats, etc. The 1779, 1907, 1945, and 1955-6 volcanic eruptions were also very destructive. The extremely severe winters in the early 1790s also caused enormous hardship and many deaths.

=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===
It's hard to say what single incident or turning point they think was the most fortunate, but probably the &quot;best&quot; historical turn would be identified as maintaining ''de facto'' as well as ''de jure'' independence during the 18th-19th centuries, and managing to not fall wholly under the power of either Russia, the United States, Japan, or even Britain or France.

=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===
The strands of domestic political thought, some of which go back as far as the 1890s, that were sympathetic to certain elements of Japanese 'military socialist' and 'state Shinto' ideology, and so directly contributed to the disgraceful incidents of collaboration with the Japanese during the period of the Pacific War.

=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===
Only one at a time.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===
In modern times, an adult man and woman, without the need to consult their families. Historically, marriages were arranged by the parents, often when the future bride and groom were still rather young. Arranged marriages were legally abolished c.1810 but persisted unofficially through the nineteenth century.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===
Marriages can be dissolved very easily, by either party; it's a matter of filing some paperwork with the government and one's employer, housing cooperative, etc. Contested or disputed divorces are usually handled through a mediator, or failing that through lawyers retained by each party. Divorce has been available on these terms since the 1920s; rates of divorce are quite high, on par with the USA or Russia.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===
Usually the mother, though not by an overwhelming majority of the cases.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===
Culturally, as sexual relations with someone you're not married or publicly &quot;committed&quot; to. If you're single, you can't commit adultery and are considered &quot;blameless&quot;. Social opprobrium of adultery comes from family and close friends; coworkers, acquaintances, and the general public wouldn't be expected to care. 

Legally, there's no such thing as adultery in either criminal or civil code, and there's no basis for punishment of it.

=== How are families named? ===
There's really two levels of family names: the &quot;clan&quot; names and surnames in the modern sense. The clan names number perhaps 15-25 and each consists of a large number of individuals in separate families; they date back mostly to the medieval period (roughly 1100-1600 CE) though some are more recent imports. Membership in a clan normally by patrilineal descent, though matrilineal rules apply in a few -- which means that some individuals may claim membership in two clans, and use both names. On the other hand, large numbers of people don't belong to any clan at all. For the last two centuries, you can only be a member of a clan by birth, not by marriage or adoption. 

Family names are a more recent innovation, first appearing in the early 1700s but not becoming ubiquitous until the first half of the nineteenth century. Some are adaptations of clan names, or names of defunct clans; others are geographical in origin and described the location in which the founding ancestors of the family lived. Others are patronymics in origin; yet others originate in professional or rank names (in particular, from hereditary titles and ranks held by members of the old imperial court). Many are foreign in origin, brought by immigrants. 

Perhaps two-thirds of all citizens have a clan name; about 90% have a family name. A small number go only by their personal or given name. 

Only members of the Russian minority community use patronymics, and then only amongst themselves. 

=== What happens to orphans? ===
Often they're adopted by more distant family members; failing that, they're sometimes adopted by friends of the parents (much more often than in other cultures). If not, they're placed in the care of the state, which tries to find adoptive parents for them if they're under the age of 12. Above that age, they live in state-run orphanages, which are a bit more like &quot;group homes&quot; than carceral institutions: a number of professional adult caregivers looking after a small number of children living in a residential program, and who attend regular schools in the community.

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===
Allowed and in fact expected. The ideal of female virginity at marriage existed among them only as an affectation of the high aristocracy, and then only for a hundred years or so. In post-Revolutionary days it actually had negative value. That's faded now, but the assumption would be that both bride and groom would have been sexually active before their marriage.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foreigners? ===
All kinds of unsavory ones, frankly: bestiality, rape, pedophilia. They think the entire English-speaking world is obsessed with the first; they're constantly talking about it and making jokes about sheep, or reindeer. They think the Japanese are addicted to rape and child porn. 

Acceptance of homosexuality hasn't spread very far compared to the rest of the First World, and it's very much seen as a part of &quot;foreign culture&quot;, like Libertarianism and pizza. (But see below for what they think &quot;homosexuality&quot; means.)

=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===
Fairly poorly, overall -- it's seen as a mild form of mental illness that, like Tourette's Syndrome, is socially embarrassing and best kept quiet. There's no legal sanction against it nowadays, and in fact it's illegal to discriminate against homosexuals (though only insofar as it's illegal to discriminate on the basis of physical or mental handicaps).

However, that's complicated by the local definition of homosexuality. Cross-laborers have been widespread for hundreds of years, and at least since the 1500s strongly institutionalized as something approaching the modern concept of &quot;identities&quot;. The catch is that native culture strictly recognizes them as members of the adopted gender in all respects, including definition of their appropriate sexual partners. Hence the scandal and public outrage in '62 when a certain fighter pilot and WW2 hero, considered a role model of manliness to an entire generation, was found to be cohabiting with another man... even though said pilot was biologically female. ''That'' was considered &quot;homosexuality&quot; by the Kildamni.

=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===


[[Category:Kilda Kelen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Itapesituc Root List</title>
    <id>6341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44235</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-19T18:46:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Itapesituc]]

*bumbi - ''n'' village, small settlement
*cece - ''v'' to twist
*cikarda - ''n'' mountain
*duk - ''num'' one
*garkut - ''v'' to drag, to pull
*istal - ''adj'' broken
*kambak - ''v'' to select, to choose
*kapistac - ''v'' to release, to let go, to relinquish 
*melda - ''adj'' black, dark
*melgut - ''v'' to step (towards), to walk 
*miltus - ''v'' to break, to be old-fashioned, to be old, to be out-dated
*nas - ''intrjctn'' yes! good! yay! 
*pasin - ''v'' to weave, to merge (trans)
*pesit - ''v'' to speak, to say
*pikup - ''v'' to run
*sackurit - ''n'' tribe-head, band's leader 
*seltun - ''v'' to put together, to construct (literally), to deduce(figuratively)
*udusi - ''n'' cooking pan, wok</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atpisto</title>
    <id>6342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44090</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-13T03:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Atpisto is the reconstructed language from which most descendants of [[Itapesituc]] descend. It is the parent of [[Appisto]] and [[Etpisto]].

==Phonology==
*Phonemes:
**/a a: i u o/ a a: i u o (o is a slant phoneme)
**/p b t d k g/ p b t d k g
**/m n s r l x/ m n s r l c
*Syllables:
**(C)V(V)(C)(C)
***Onsets: Any phoneme or null
***Nuclei: Any one or two vowels, o must be final vowel if present
***Coda: Any of up to two of /p b t d k g s r x/, in any order, or null
**Intersyllabic clusters: Any possible coda with any possible onset

*Prosody:
**Stress is penultimate unless two or fewer syllables to a word, then it's ultimate
**Initial syllables are slightly longer and higher in tone 

==Morphology==

===Verbal Morphology===

====Present Tense====
The primary conjugations are shared by all of the three major verb groups:

 Verb Noun: CVCVC
 First Person, Singular: CVCaC
 Second Person, Singular: CVCa:C
 Third Person Masculine: CVCoC
 Third Person Feminine: CVCCot

The three verb groups are distinct in first and second person plurals, however. The first group ([[Itapesituc]] *CaCiC *CaCuC *CiCuC *CuCiC) patterns as:

 First Person, Plural: CVCVCu
 Second Person, Plural: CVCVCi

The second ([[Itapesituc]] *CeCaC *CiCaC *CuCaC *CaCaC *CaCeC *CeCeC *CiCeC *CiCiC *CuCeC *CuCuC):

 First Person, Plural: CVCCu
 Second Person, Plural: CVCCi

The third ([[Itapesituc]] *CeCiC and *CeCuC):

 First Person, Plural: VCCuC
 Second Person, Plural: VCCiC

====Past Tense====
There is only one regular past tense paradigm:

 Verb Noun: CVCVC
 1S: CVCVCuldi
 2S: CVCVCica
 3SM: CVCVCa:tu
 3SF: CVCVCa:tut
 1P: CVCCabus
 2P: CVCCabir
 3PM: CVCVCa:taa
 3PF: CVCVCa:tata

====Future Tense/Conditional Mood====
Again, there is only one regular future tense, which is also used for conditional mood (the use of which is less straightforward than the name suggests):

 Verb Noun: CVCVC
 1S: CVCCagu
 2S: CVCVCa:l
 3SM: CVCVCic
 3SF: CVCVCcat
 1P: CVCCasu
 2P: CVCCasi
 3PM: CVCVCioc
 3PF: CVCVCcaot

====Nominalizers====
Like most languages, there are multiple meanings to nominalizers. The intransitive nominalizer (some one or some thing characterized by doing or doing the action, hereafter intransitive), the primary transitive nominalizer (some one or some thing which is either directly or indirectly acted upon depending on context, hereafter primary), and the secondary transitive nominalizer (some one or thing which is directly acted upon, hereafter secondary) are all distinguished in Atpisto.

There are six distinct paradigms:

*I - [[Itapesituc]] *CaCaC, *CeCaC, *CiCaC, *CuCaC, *CuCuC (a or u being V2) 
**INTRANSITIVE - atCV2CC
**PRIMARY - CuCC
**SECONDARY - anCuCC
*II - [[Itapesituc]] *CaCeC  
**INTRANSITIVE - atCaCC
**PRIMARY - CaCC
**SECONDARY - anCaCC
*III - [[Itapesituc]] *CaCiC *CaCuC (i or u being V2)
**INTRANSITIVE - atCV2CC
**PRIMARY - aCCV2C
**SECONDARY - naCCV2C
*IV - [[Itapesituc]] *CiCuC  
**INTRANSITIVE - atCiCuC
**PRIMARY - uCiCuC
**SECONDARY - nuCiCuC
*V - [[Itapesituc]] *CuCiC 
**INTRANSITIVE - atCuCiC
**PRIMARY - uCCiC
**SECONDARY - nuCCiC
*VI - [[Itapesituc]] *CeCeC *CiCiC 
**INTRANSITIVE - atCVCC
**PRIMARY - uCVCC
**SECONDARY - nuCVCC
*VII - [[Itapesituc]] *CeCiC, *CeCuC (i or u being V2)
**INTRANSITIVE - atCCV2C
**PRIMARY - uCCV2C
**SECONDARY - nuCCV2C

===Nominal Morphology===

==Root List==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appisto</title>
    <id>6343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45547</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Appisto is a descendent of [[Itapesituc]] by way of [[Atpisto]] which evolved into [[Apfiso]].

==Phonology==
*Phonemes:
**/a a: ʌ o u i/ a aa v o u i (Again /o/ is slant)
**/p b t d k g/ p b t d k g
**/m n s r l x/ m n s r l c

*Syllables:
**(C)V(V)(C)(C)
***Onsets - any consonant or null
***Nuclei - any vowel, any two vowels
***Codas - any one or two of /p b t d k g s r x/ in any order, or null
**Intersyllabic Clusters - /s r x/ + any consonant, any plosive geminated

*Prosody:
**Stress is penultimate unless two or fewer syllables to a word, then it's ultimate
**Initial syllables are slightly longer and higher in tone 

==Verbal Morphology==

===Present Tense===

 VN: CVCVC
 1S: CVCaC
 2S: CVCa:C
 3M: CVCoC
 3F: CVCCot
 1P: CVCiaC
 2P: CVCuiC 

===Past Tense===

 VN: CVCVC
 1S: CVCvCuldi
 2S: CVCVCica
 3SM: CVCVCuit
 3SF: CVCVCʌtut
 1P: CVCCʌbus
 2P: CVCCabir
 3PM: CVCVCa:ta: (aa clusters and the like simplified)
 3PF: CVCVCa:tata

===Future Tense / Conditional Mood===

 VN: CVCVC
 1S: CVCCuig
 2S: CVCVCa:l
 3SM: CVCVCic
 3SF: CVCVCcat
 1P: CVCCuis
 2P: CVCCias
 3PM: CVCVCioc
 3PF: CVCVCcaot</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etpisto</title>
    <id>6344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45557</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Etpisto is a descendent of [[Itapesituc]] and [[Atpisto]]. It eventually became [[Eptiza]].

==Phonology==
*Phonemes:
**/a a: o o: u u: e e: i i: we jo/ a aa o oo u uu e ee i ii ue io
**/p b t d k g/ p b t d k g
**/m n s r l x/ m n s r l c

*Syllables:
**(C)V(V)(C)(C)
***Onsets - any consonant or null
***Nuclei - any vowel or diphthong
***Codas - any one or two of /p b t d k g s r x/ in any order, or null
**Intersyllabic Clusters - any coda and any onset

*Prosody:
**Stress is penultimate unless two or fewer syllables to a word, then it's ultimate
**Initial syllables are slightly longer and higher in tone 

==Morphology==

===Present Tense===

 VN: CVCVC
 1S: CVCaC
 2S: CVCa:C
 3M: CVCoC
 3F: CVCCot
 1P: CVCoCu
 2P: CVCiCi

===Past Tense===

 VN: CVCVC
 1S: CVCu:Cledi 
 2S: CVCiCica
 3S: CVCVCu:t 
 1P: CVCCu:bs
 2P: CVCCibir
 3PM: CVCVCa:ta: 
 3PF: CVCVCa:tata

===Future Tense / Conditional Mood===

 VN: pikup (to run)
 1S: CVCCu:g
 2S: CVCVCa:l
 3SM: CVCiCic
 3SF: CVCVCcat
 1P: CVCCu:s
 2P: CVCCisi
 3PM: CVCiCjoc
 3PF: CVCVco:t</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Atpisto</title>
    <id>6345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44104</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-13T13:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>slant phoneme?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What exactly is a &quot;slant phoneme&quot;? Google turns up only one other FW page of yours, and some poet talking about phonaesthetics. --[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]] 13:23, 13 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Orvlax</title>
    <id>6346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46333</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T11:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">One of the major languages of Sumatra on [[Earth']].

===Vowels===
{|
|-
| i || ʉ || u
|-
| e || ɵ || o
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| &amp;nbsp; a
|}

Possible vowel combinations in a word:
* /'''i''' o a ?/
* /'''ʉ''' o a/
* /i ʉ '''u''' a/
* /i '''e''' o a/
* /i ʉ '''ɵ''' o a/
* /i '''o''' u a/
* /i u '''a'''/
In all of these except the last, /a/ can only occur as the final vowel.

This system is derived from total harmony (save final /a/) + _j _w _ː by the following changes:
* Assimilation: aj aw ew → ej ow ɵw
* Smoothing: ij ej ʉj ʉw ow uw → iː eː ʉː uː oː uː
* iː ʉː uː → … → oː oː ʉː
* Raising: eː ɵː oː → iː ʉː uː
* Loss of vowel length
* iw → … → ??
* oj uj → … → i
* ew → … → o
* ɵj ɵw → … → i o
* Dissimilation of /ʉ/ /i/ (to what???) in an *u-word or *ɵ-word
This can be still seen from that most vowels are unchanged, and the changed vowels can only appear in an open syllable.

===Consonants===
{|
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| p || t || k
|-
| style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| (b) || style=&quot;background:#B8FFFF&quot;| d || style=&quot;background:#B8FFFF&quot;| g
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFB8FF&quot;| v || style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| z || s
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;|  w || l || style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;|  j
|-
| m || n || style=&quot;background:#B8FFFF&quot;| r
|}
Color code:
{|
|-
| Freely occurring || ·
| style=&quot;background:#B8FFFF&quot;| non-initial || ·
| style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;| medial only || ·
| style=&quot;background:#FFB8FF&quot;| non-final || ·
| style=&quot;background:#FFC0C0&quot;| initial only
|}
In other words, coda consonants are /t k d g s r l m n/. Medial [b] should be consider'd allophonic with initial [p], and one could additionally consider medial [z] allophonic with initial [j].

A few morphophonemic rules: -l + l- → -ld-; -r + -l- → -rd-; -m + n- → -nd-; -n + m-, -n + v- → -mv-

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swadesh list for Háfrig (Avorenta)</title>
    <id>6347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44115</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-13T22:59:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''For more information see [[Háfrig]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No.!!English!!Avorenta / HGE
|-
|1||I||me
|-
|2||you (singular)||ti
|-
|3||he||ho / hog
|-
|4||we||ke / ken / kun
|-
|5||you (plural)||du
|-
|6||they||ve
|-
|7||this||ill
|-
|8||that||la
|-
|9||here||hett
|-
|10||there||hatt
|-
|11||who||qwin
|-
|12||what||for
|-
|13||where||ós
|-
|14||when||ênn
|-
|15||how||éda
|-
|16||not||gan / go
|-
|17||all||forven
|-
|18||many||mőr
|-
|19||some||ćefil
|-
|20||few||ćel
|-
|21||other||elong
|-
|22||one||an
|-
|23||two||dau
|-
|24||three||tor
|-
|25||four||cet
|-
|26||five||fim
|-
|27||big||bós
|-
|28||long||soj
|-
|29||wide||lêtte
|-
|30||thick||sigid(e) 
|-
|31||heavy||tefig
|-
|32||small||icin
|-
|33||short||śürre
|-
|34||narrow||üngas
|-
|35||thin||śevig
|-
|36||woman||minna
|-
|37||man (adult male)||maun
|-
|38||man (human being)||mínu
|-
|39||child||pellu
|-
|40||wife||bên
|-
|41||husband||êvos
|-
|42||mother||mitt
|-
|43||father||etâr
|-
|44||animal||ájfil
|-
|45||fish||foz
|-
|46||bird||áfe
|-
|47||dog||tága
|-
|48||louse||loweńń
|-
|49||snake||kexáda
|-
|50||worm||ńorméń
|-
|51||tree||úl / k(e)ren
|-
|52||forest||ećerra
|-
|53||stick||kicc
|-
|54||fruit||zölke
|-
|55||seed||orpeg
|-
|56||leaf||k(e)renśött
|-
|57||root||júze
|-
|58||bark (of a tree)||echtíć
|-
|59||flower||bêlüś
|-
|60||grass||holos
|-
|61||rope||rojs
|-
|62||skin||rétte
|-
|63||meat||zőle
|-
|64||blood||plűda
|-
|65||bone||páde
|-
|66||fat (noun)||fíbu
|-
|67||egg||íppa
|-
|68||horn||búx
|-
|69||tail||ébill
|-
|70||feather||áfedermíl
|-
|71||hair||hwil
|-
|72||head||hên
|-
|73||ear||cork
|-
|74||eye||fülárd
|-
|75||nose||ńis
|-
|76||mouth||ór
|-
|77||tooth||effár
|-
|78||tongue (organ)||bönge
|-
|79||fingernail||üngel
|-
|80||foot||kík
|-
|81||leg||kíkiśtík
|-
|82||knee||örde
|-
|83||hand||kin
|-
|84||wing||orteg
|-
|85||belly||fára
|-
|86||guts||śamorr ''(plural: śamorre)''
|-
|87||neck||nok
|-
|88||back||dom
|-
|89||breast||petti
|-
|90||heart||śűm
|-
|91||liver||jétu
|-
|92||to drink||tavên
|-
|93||to eat||avolt
|-
|94||to bite||börőt
|-
|95||to suck||zúb
|-
|96||to spit||ćul
|-
|97||to vomit||boáń
|-
|98||to blow||ádan
|-
|99||to breathe||áron
|-
|100||to laugh||líć
|-
|101||to see||fűl
|-
|102||to hear||jors
|-
|103||to know||qwer
|-
|104||to think||elorron
|-
|105||to smell||śőlon
|-
|106||to fear||dab
|-
|107||to sleep||left
|-
|108||to live||ung
|-
|109||to die||(ge)bow
|-
|110||to kill||gebowir
|-
|111||to fight||ümladd
|-
|112||to hunt||fillogon
|-
|113||to hit||bomm
|-
|114||to cut||püng
|-
|115||to split||sépüng
|-
|116||to stab||dűśimb
|-
|117||to scratch||gworc
|-
|118||to dig||fork
|-
|119||to swim||sím
|-
|120||to fly||ort
|-
|121||to walk||őv
|-
|122||to come||fimm
|-
|123||to lie (as in a bed)||pot
|-
|124||to sit||savit ''(action)'', dissavit ''(state)''
|-
|125||to stand||est
|-
|126||to turn (intransitive)||tőr
|-
|127||to fall||láf
|-
|128||to give||dont
|-
|129||to hold||haff
|-
|130||to squeeze||fors
|-
|131||to rub||swort
|-
|132||to wash||loć
|-
|133||to wipe||avipen
|-
|134||to pull||níg
|-
|135||to push||játar
|-
|136||to throw||vort
|-
|137||to tie||geroên
|-
|138||to sew||śút, geśút
|-
|139||to count||jorqon
|-
|140||to say||cór
|-
|141||to sing||qwont
|-
|142||to play||esping
|-
|143||to float||ulláj
|-
|144||to flow||rib
|-
|145||to freeze||(ge)pexon
|-
|146||to swell||vetfis
|-
|147||sun||sún
|-
|148||moon||ménulas
|-
|149||star||estor
|-
|150||water||vit
|-
|151||rain||swip
|-
|152||river||robend
|-
|153||lake||lag
|-
|154||sea||séle
|-
|155||salt||hejja
|-
|156||stone||estún
|-
|157||sand||foss
|-
|158||dust||stőd
|-
|159||earth||edzúr
|-
|160||cloud||peldu
|-
|161||fog||ńiwél
|-
|162||sky||eskál
|-
|163||wind||hóg
|-
|164||snow||behin
|-
|165||ice||éze
|-
|166||smoke||üsmig
|-
|167||fire||varras
|-
|168||ash||varrastőd
|-
|169||to burn||nörp
|-
|170||road||vín
|-
|171||mountain||kuntán
|-
|172||red||rűd
|-
|173||green||gwert
|-
|174||yellow||itta
|-
|175||white||ragne
|-
|176||black||kara
|-
|177||night||tekin
|-
|178||day||tik
|-
|179||year||pêll
|-
|180||warm||ferme
|-
|181||cold||briz
|-
|182||full||doll
|-
|183||new||miog
|-
|184||old||lűte, böste
|-
|185||good||felt
|-
|186||bad||bêt
|-
|187||rotten||puććidé
|-
|188||dirty||törcáta
|-
|189||straight||qwart
|-
|190||round||élijáta
|-
|191||sharp (as a knife)||eggáráta
|-
|192||dull (as a knife)||eggáreńńa
|-
|193||smooth||ámis
|-
|194||wet||pecáta
|-
|195||dry||mol
|-
|196||correct||evil
|-
|197||near||nér
|-
|198||far||renos
|-
|199||right||rofe
|-
|200||left||fet
|-
|201||at||-a
|-
|202||in||-io
|-
|203||with||-(e)n
|-
|204||and||e, et, he, het, t-
|-
|205||if||or
|-
|206||because||dé
|-
|207||name||mis
|}
Note:
*Nouns are in singular nominative
*Verbs are in SG3 present tense, declarative mood
[[Category:Swadesh lists]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kesetaar.png</title>
    <id>6348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44131</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-14T09:02:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Lord's Prayer written with Háfrigvotán script</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lord's Prayer written with Háfrigvotán script</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:HafrigisSurnogion</title>
    <id>6349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44344</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-21T17:06:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conworld offer */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Translating the main page==
(''responding here because your mail server is bouncing my mail'')

The other Main pages are just like any other page — basically you'd just copy the source of the main page to a page with the appropriate title (it looks like the convention would be [[Main Page/Háfrig]]) to use as a template and translate it.
 
Outside of that I'm not sure what kind of help you would need — is there something you're having difficulty doing?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 23:10, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
:Thank you very much. If some question came up, I would let you know. ([[User:HafrigisSurnogion|HafrigisSurnogion]] 19:30, 17 March 2009 (UTC))
:I have created the Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta). What should I do to make it appear on the English version in the box &quot;FrathWiki in other languages&quot;? ([[User:HafrigisSurnogion|HafrigisSurnogion]] 21:08, 17 March 2009 (UTC))
:I do a lot that is related to the Main Page formatting. I've now added your language to the list and hope this is is satisfactory for you. It might change place; I'm thinking about putting the updated versions of the page before the ones based on the original page (so yours would be one of the first). Thank you for using FrathWiki.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 16:20, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
:Thank you very much for your help. ''Bêre valte hi tis medánum.:)'' ([[User:HafrigisSurnogion|HafrigisSurnogion]] 16:35, 18 March 2009 (UTC))

==Conworld offer==
On a different note to my previous comment:

You might already have a conworld. If not, do you have a concountry or are you interested in having one?

I'm going to make a conworld that has the same geography and nearly the same history as ours - and is set during the present day. However, I only plan to maintain one concountry (Prussia), which covers Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, the former East Germany and, as an imperial possession, Crimea. The rest of the land I have open up for other people to use. Note that I've set aside the Bavarian Forest also for another member that might want it.

Your language, Háfrig has a few Indo-European influences, so I thought I'd let you know. Should you be interested, you can pick any part of my vacant world. The borders don't have to be the same as they are on Europe *here*. You can have an empire spread across other continents if you like. With this project, I want a sense of a community, but within that comes freedom to do what you like; there are no strict rules other than the one that states each concountry should have a conlang (not a natlang) attached to it. Land is allocated on a first-come-first-served basis.

Regards,
Sean.
--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 16:48, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
:I accept your offer with pleasure. Some years ago, when I first thought of creating a conlang (that was called Háfrig too, that's why I started to use the name Avorenta for the modern version) I also made a map of a fictional island where this language is spoken. But maybe a European country would be better. As I am a Hungarian, I would like to &quot;occupy&quot; the area of the [[Wikipedia:Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|medieval Hungary]]. But I must tell you that unfortunately I don't have too much time to develop the concountry because I'm still a student. So maybe it would be made very slowly.

:Regards,&lt;br&gt;Attila ([[User:HafrigisSurnogion|HafrigisSurnogion]] 17:32, 18 March 2009 (UTC))

[[image:Europe.png]]

Is the orange bit okay for you? If so, I'd just like you to state the name of the country and if you would like your language's flag to also be the flag of your country. Thereafter, feel free to progress at your own pace.

The green land is mine, so we will share a border.

More information will be available later in the project, but any land you have will stay yours for ever.
:The name of the country will be ''Agenirand'' and the flag you can find on the Háfrig page will be the flag of the contry too.&lt;br&gt;Well, can I have Transylvania and a part of Croatia instead of Austria? (The whole Carpathian basin belonged to the Hungarian Kingdom and I would like to reach the Adriatic Sea) As for Czech Republic, there could be a corridor in order to share a border with you, but it's not important for me to own all of the country. You can see the borders [[Wikipedia:File:Österreich-Ungarns Ende.png|here (the light pink area)]] (without the corridor to Prussia).

:I've updated the map. I've given you from Europe *here* Hungary, Slovakia, part of Romania (Transylvania) and, because I don't have qualms about giving them, the full territories Czech Republic and Crotia. If you object to having them, I'm willing to cut them down.

:Thank you, the updated version of the map is excellent. How should I continue?

:I'm glad you like it. You can move ahead at your own pace. You could start by making a page about your concountry. I'll probably make a special portal so it's like a wiki within a wiki when I get more people onboard and combine everything. Anything you like can happen in your country. You are free also to plan worldwide events, but tell me about these so I can keep things consistent. And you can make pacts and alliances, etc. I'll start by asking if you want to be part of a European Union.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 17:06, 21 March 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krae</title>
    <id>6350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44160</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-16T14:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Χραε''' was the language of the alien race the Greeks worshipped as &quot;gods&quot;. The Krae were a race that was becoming rapidly extinct on Mars, so they passed their traditions to the Greeks such as comedy and tragedy and other wonderful things. 

Sample Sentence. 

'''Heaven is a Place on earth.'''

''Χαδεψ πεψαωα ρσωεπ ωα δαε''

''Kaven Menasa Rusem sa vae''

Vowels: AEU

Consonants: B K L M N P R S T V G Y</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Conlang flag.svg</title>
    <id>6351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44139</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-15T13:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>SVG by Paul Schleitwiler.
 
&quot;The Conlang Flag is public domain (by release of its creators -
Christian Thalmann et al), and this version is likewise free for any use.&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">SVG by Paul Schleitwiler.
 
&quot;The Conlang Flag is public domain (by release of its creators -
Christian Thalmann et al), and this version is likewise free for any use.&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kale Vuondic</title>
    <id>6352</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44193</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-17T03:29:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S503486</username>
        <id>737</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kale Vuondic''' (IPA: kæ:lɛ vu:ɒndIʧ) is a language created by me now. 

==GRAMMAR==

- Adjective before a noun

- Adverb after a verb

- Always Verb Object subject. 

- two nouns such as sweet shop, Pork Sausage, brick house, are joined together, 

Sample sentence

'''The Old Man ran Slowly to the sweet shop.'''

becomes '''Run slow to sweetshop old man'''

Becomes ''Kerivas muđac ca glukozvitamic altvic mudrađ''

== Sample Paragraph ==

'''ContemAssics are a modern company with their roots very much in classical plays. We have a vision to get the wider audiences interested in the ‘classic’ plays. These are playwrights such as Shakespeare, Wilde, Ibsen, Chekhov, and the ancient Greek playwrights, such as Aristophanes, Sophocles and Euripides. Adapting the plays fully. Giving them a huge revamp on the script, bringing them strictly up to date, depending on the text, in a comical way or indeed in a very serious way. '''

''Emi cavađ muv á clasicitatram emi kocipatkumeci 'Kocici'. Valoki spácemdi sumaor civcimaci á clasicitatram. Tatravanci cvaso; Cakespir, Ivsan, Vhilda, Cekkovh, sá Gracimotatravanci cvaso Aristávhanic, Covhoklic, sá Urrupanic. Skiviđ tatran exuvavhi. Cađiđ smuvao-á-clok, svávanise ávitđ sá vhaeri, skigiđ xavoc asaerio, đivh á đo se, vicivoci auv skavhitic.''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emeigu</title>
    <id>6353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44733</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-20T21:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Emeigu (Emeigu: The language of Eigu) is an isolating-fusional ergative-dechticaetiative language. 

== Phonology ==

===Phoneme Inventory===

Emeigu distinguishes the following consonants:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
|
|'''Labial'''
|'''Dental'''
|'''Alveolar'''
|'''Palatal'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive/Affricate'''
|'''p''' /p/  '''b''' /b/
|'''t''' /t/  '''d''' /d/
|
|'''č''' /ʨ/
|'''k''' /k/ '''g''' /g/
|
|-
|'''Fricative'''
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''š''' /ɕ/
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n''' /n/
|'''ny''' /ɲ/
|'''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
|'''Liquid'''
|'''w''' /w/
|
|'''r''' /ɾ/ '''l''' /l/
|'''y''' /j/
|
|
|}


There are five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, represented by '''i e a o u''', as well as five diphthongs, all falling: /ai au ei eu oi ou/, '''ai au ei eu ou'''. In native words, /o u/ only occur in closed syllables. 

Orthographically, the diphthongs are distinguished from two discrete vowel nuclei with an apostrophe, e.g. '''tai''' /tai/ '''ta'i''' /ta.i/. /ng/ is distinguished from /ŋ/ the same way.

===Syllable Structure===

Emeigu has a simple (C)V(m n t s) syllable structure, with the caveat that coda '''s''' only occurs after /a/.

===Allophony===

-/n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of any following consonant /ankas/ [ɐŋ'kas]

-Unstressed vowels, and stressed vowels in closed syllables, tend to be realised as lax [ɪ ɛ ɐ ɔ ʊ], except after a palatal, where /a/ tends to be realised as [æ].


==Verbal Morphology==

Emeigu verbs are conjugated for voice, mood, tense and transitivity.

===The Verbal Noun===

The verbal noun is the citation form of the verb. It is formed by '''-ni''', '''-ini''' after a consonant: '''kimini''' ''eat'', '''nauni''' ''say'', '''namani''' ''bite''. The only verbal inflection which may occur before the verbal noun is for voice, e.g. '''namuni''' ''bite something'', '''kimasini''' ''eat oneself''. 

===Voice===

Tanemantin verbs are marked for one of three voices: Default, Antipassive, and Reflexive. 

The default is the unmarked voice: '''kim-''', '''nau-''', '''nama-'''. 

The antipassive is marked by '''-u''' after plain stem, which displaces any final '''a''' or '''e'''. After monosyllabic stems ending in a vowel and after '''i o e''', it is '''-yu''': '''kimu-''', '''nauyu-''', '''namu-'''. 

The reflexive is marked by '''-(a)s''' after the stem: '''kimas-''', '''naus-''' '''namas-'''. 

===Mood===

Emeigu verbs</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lotá Pronouns</title>
    <id>6354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44203</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-17T05:17:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Lotá distinguishes the following pronouns:  Nominative {| border=1   !    |align=center| Singular   |align=center| Plural Inclusive/Plural Proximate   |align=center| Plural Exclusive/Plur...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lotá distinguishes the following pronouns:

Nominative
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural Inclusive/Plural Proximate
  |align=center| Plural Exclusive/Plural Obviative
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ni
  |align=center| niq 
  |align=center| nî
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| gez
  |align=center| -
  |align=center| ni
  |-
  ! Inanimate Third Person
  |align=center| to
  |align=center| tê
  |align=center| ton
  |-
  ! Animate Third Person
  |align=center| dy
  |align=center| dâ
  |align=center| dyn
  |-
|}

Accusative:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural Inclusive/Plural Proximate
  |align=center| Plural Exclusive/Plural Obviative
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| nà
  |align=center| ná 
  |align=center| na
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| nusy
  |align=center| -
  |align=center| nuz
  |-
  ! Inanimate Third Person
  |align=center| tâ
  |align=center| tâ
  |align=center| tên
  |-
  ! Animate Third Person
  |align=center| dî
  |align=center| dî
  |align=center| dên
  |-
|}

Oblique:
{| border=1
  ! 
  |align=center| Singular
  |align=center| Plural Inclusive/Plural Proximate
  |align=center| Plural Exclusive/Plural Obviative
  |-
  ! First Person
  |align=center| ne
  |align=center| neq 
  |align=center| ny
  |-
  ! Second Person
  |align=center| gaz
  |align=center| -
  |align=center| na
  |-
  ! Inanimate Third Person
  |align=center| ty
  |align=center| to
  |align=center| to
  |-
  ! Animate Third Person
  |align=center| da
  |align=center| dyn
  |align=center| dyn
  |-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta)</title>
    <id>6355</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45173</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:52:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Category:Main page in other languages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt; Píl i {{CURRENTYEAR}}. pêllis {{CURRENTMONTH}}. mêndis {{CURRENTDAY}}. tik ö-ro. &lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center&gt;Medán:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Orvidvekte]] • [[Help:Editing|Ájfirán]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Elwixmissonáns rojgáne]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Éd' úzam ad elwixum]] • [[Help:Contents|Óroil medán]]&lt;center/&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |

{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;'''¡Agêtam i FrathWikio!'''&lt;/div&gt;
I FrathWikis emojn i śíris ríćán pedoné h-errákíre, pedoné h-edzúríre het erraküzgentál krúnzültíre. Qwintál amadontann i fodis midiránum illáma qweránama. Nu hi FrathWiki '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' elwixis hétti, forlu migat śuriskidu rannest (ketráte bawelléne).&lt;br&gt;
I ''tis'' medánum êś vítam! Ájfiranni h-illu h-elwixu, ak miogu si dífanni. T'ovver i medáns krúnzültu, ćo geniffiz, éda lájch hett elwixu voten. Fittál medánum hi [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Límilláneo]] ćimbrivi.
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;'''Krúnzülte:'''&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Vécidát' erráke]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Pedoné h-erráke]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Pedoné votáne]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Pedoné h-edzúre]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Pedoné h-errákisse têrćentán]]
:[[Our Father|I Kes Etárs bettélege]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Pedoné h-errákisse h-onnachküstáde]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Śuttenddiqwíle]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Pektukeparre l-elwixáme]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ Frathwiki@yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki in other languages 

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #FFFDEF&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FFFEDE; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

'''I FrathWiki h-elong errákore:'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Main Page|English]] ++
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune]] ++
[[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma]] ++ 
[[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha]] ++
[[Main Page in Nytal|Nytal]]
[[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Täropiskes'um]] ++
[[Main Page/Thorsutian|Torsutë]] ++
[[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan]] ++
[[Meen Peedx|Tawyr Oorthaagryfii]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fffFFF&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center&gt;'''¡Amb riftigat iminild ill errak, ćimbram geréviz i [[Háfrig]]is elwixum!'''&lt;/center&gt;

 &lt;!--[[Category:Háfrig (Avorenta)]]
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Europe.png</title>
    <id>6356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44224</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-19T07:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Europe.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Ncopuite</title>
    <id>6357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44228</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-19T12:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ncopuite</username>
        <id>1284</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Sang Daot]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Sang Daot]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sang Daot</title>
    <id>6358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44231</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-19T12:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ncopuite</username>
        <id>1284</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sang Daot'''

Sang Daot /saŋ dɔt/ is an isolating language.

{¦p t   c k   ʔ
b d   ɟ g
ɸ s ʂ   x
  z ʐ ʝ   ʁ
  l   
  ɫ
  ɮ
m n   ɲ ŋ
ʋ ɹ
      j
¦}


i y   u
e œ   o
ɛ     ɔ
   a 

CV(C)(C)

Unvoiced obstruents except /ʔ/ are initially aspirated, finally unaspirated; voiced obstruents are initally devoiced in unstressed syllables, voiced in stressed syllables.
Any consonant may close syllable, including /ʔ/. Closed syllables with unvoiced codas are often preaspirated.
Permissable final clusters: /ɹ/ or /ʋ/ + stop or fricative except */ʋp/ */ʋb/ */ʋɸ/. /m n ŋ/ + any stop or fricative, /ɲ/ + palatal stops. /s/ and /x/ before any unvoiced stop, /z/ and /ʝ/ before voiced stops. No triconsonantal medial clusters.

No diphthongs. Adjacent vowels are individually articulated.

{{|= 
 | i = i | y = y   | I = î ''or'' ê | e = e |= 
 | 2 = ö | 8\ =  — u | u\ = (u) | 8 = û |= 
 | E = ä | &amp; = (â) | a = â | &amp;\ = (ô) | 3\ = ô |=
 | u = o |  o = å  | Q = a | A = (a)  | @ = (e)}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Limnia</title>
    <id>6360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44267</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-20T06:00:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Superphylum|Dorsopulmonia}}
{{OpTaxo|(Unranked)|Asegmata}}
{{ObTaxo|Phylum|Endosteia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subphylum|Hexapoda}}
{{OpTaxo|Superclass|Prototerrestria}}
{{ObTaxo|Class|Thermovaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Legion|Megovaria}}
{{OpTaxo|Superorder|Geminaria}}
{{ObTaxo|Order|Limnia}}
|}

'''Limnia''' is an order of [[Megovaria]]ns characterized by the use of freshwater rather than seawater for their larvae.

== Suborders ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Moleconstructoriformes]]
**[[Moleconstructor]]

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:David</title>
    <id>6361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44675</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-14T03:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Account deletion */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I've deleted the pages as per your request. I hope you will offer more of your content to FrathWiki in the future. Good luck with your conlanging. (By the way, it is helpful if you click on the Signature button when you post a note on a talk page, so it provides a link to your user page and also an automatic timestamp.) --[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 23:32, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

== Account deletion ==

Hi, you requested account deletion, but say you still intend to use the site.  Having an account doesn't create any obligation to contribute, but it does let you keep your preferences, watchlist, etc.  Account deletion may not be what you're looking for.  Are you sure you wish to do so? —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:28, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

:Password and username changed (I don't have an easy/safe way to delete users outright at the moment).  If you're still logged in, log out and you shouldn't be able to get back in without recreating an account.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 03:59, 14 April 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ynglisc</title>
    <id>6362</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44324</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-21T11:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ynglisc]] moved to [[Ynglisc (Lucus)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ynglisc (Lucus)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tanemantin</title>
    <id>6363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51919</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-16T21:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gremlins</username>
        <id>177</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nominal Morphology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tanemantin is one of the [[Ke:tic]] languages and a descendent of the classical language [[Sarim]].


== Phonology ==

Tanemantin distinguishes between 17 consonant phonemes

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
|
|'''Labial'''
|'''Dental'''
|'''Alveolar'''
|'''Palatal'''
|'''Velar'''
|'''Glottal'''
|-
|'''Plosive/Affricate'''
|'''b''' /b/ 
|'''t''' /t/ '''d''' /d/
|
|'''j''' /ʤ/ 
|'''k''' /k/ '''g''' /g/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
|'''Fricative'''
|'''v''' /β/
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''š''' /ʃ/
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n''' /n/
|
|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
|'''Liquid'''
|'''w''' /w/
|'''l''' /l/ 
|'''r''' /ɾ/ 
|'''y''' /j/
|
|
|}

There are four vowel phonemes /i e a o u / '''i e a o u''', aswell as six diphthongs, all falling /ai ei oi au eu ou/ '''ai ei oi au eu ou'''

===Stress===

Stress in Tanemantin is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable of the word unless an adjacent syllable has a long vowel nucleus, in which case the stress shifts to that syllable. If both the final and antepenultimate vowels are long, stress falls on the final vowel. Monosyllabic semantic words are stressed, grammatical particles are not. 

===Syllable Structure===

Tanemantin has a CV(C) syllable structure, with the caveat that only /n m ŋ ʔ/. Word-internal clusters which are permitted are /ʔt ʔk ʔm ʔn ʔŋ nt ŋk ns/.

== Nouns and Nominals ==

Tanemantin nouns are divided into two classes: animate and inanimate. Animate nouns are those traditionally considered capable of movement: people, animals, spirits, the Sun and Moon, and bodies of moving water. Inanimate nouns cover everything else. There is a very limited nominal morphology - there is no case marking, and only animate nouns are marked for plurality,

=Number=

The singular is the unmarked form. Animate nouns are marked as plural with the suffix '''-wa''': '''koi''' &quot;dog&quot; '''koiwa''' &quot;dogs&quot;. However, there is a small class of nouns with suppletive forms originally derived from reduplication, mostly relationship terms: '''ama''' &quot;mother&quot;, '''ameme''' 'mothers', '''ban''' &quot;sister&quot; '''bamen''' &quot;sisters&quot;, as well as some other nouns: '''yaʔ''' &quot;man&quot;, '''yaʔyi''' &quot;men&quot;.

==Pronouns==

==Personal Pronouns==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geological History of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45487</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hesperoprotomacrozoic Era */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">VERY incomplete guide to the geological history of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]

== Prebiotic Eon ==
The Prebiotic Eon began with the formation of Galhaf, c. 5.3 billion years ago and ended c. 4.8 billion years ago with the appearance of the first primitive [[paleoprokaryota|prokaryotes]].  It is not formally divided any further

== Protobiotic Eon ==
&quot;First Life&quot;, the eon dominated by anaerobic prokaryotes, c. 4.8 - 3.9 billion years ago

== Photobiotic Eon ==
&quot;Life Light&quot;, the eon characterized by the rise in oxygen levels and the period of aerobic unicellular organisms, c. 3.9 - 2.1 billion years ago
=== Paleophotobiotic Era ===
c. 3.9 - 3.5 billion years ago; the period of rising oxygen levels

== Microzoic Eon ==
c. 2.1 - 1.7 billion years ago; the period of small multicellular organisms, including early [[paleoanimalia|animals]]; no hard body parts

== Protomacrozoic Eon ==
c. 1.7 billion years ago - 820 million years ago; characterized by the appearance of large multicelluar organisms with hard body parts; ended with the still-mysterious [[Macrozoic Collapse]], a mass extinction that wiped out over 99% of all species then living, and virtually wiped out complex animals (at one time, it was thought to have completely exterminated animal life, with a second reappearance of life; today, we know that some of the protomacrozoic animals were ancestors to deuteromacrozoic animals
=== Eoprotomacrozoic Era ===
=== Paleoprotomacrozoic Era ===
=== Mesoprotomacrozoic Era ===
=== Hesperoprotomacrozoic Era ===
c. 905 million years ago - 820 million years ago
The end of this period was marked the existence of the [[First Sentients]].  It ended with the Macrozoic Collapse, which also wiped out the First Sentients.  It has been hypothesized that the Collapse might've been caused by the First Sentients, but this is a minority view.  It was during the First Sentients' existence that [[Ospendakh]] and [[Khanda]] were terraformed.

== Deuteromacrozoic Eon ==
c. 820 million years ago - Present; characterized by a reappearance of complex life following the Macrozoic Collapse
=== Thanatoic Era ===
820 - 760 million years ago; a period of very little complex life following the Macrozoic Collapse
=== Neogenesis Era ===
760 - 590 million years ago; An era characterized by the reappearance of complex life
=== Polychordata Era ===
590 - 350 million years ago; An era characterized by the dominance of the [[Polychordata]]
==== Paleopolychordata Period ====
==== Eodeinoteratia Period ====
==== Mesodeinoteratia Period ====
==== Hesperodeinoteratia Period ====
=== Eoarchonta Era ===
350 - 220 million years ago; &quot;Dawn of the Ancestors&quot;; characterized by the rise of the early [[Endosteia]]ns
=== Megazoic Era ===
220 - 95 million years ago; &quot;Big Life&quot;.  Sometimes called the Alarvacean Era for the prominence of the [[Alarvacea]].
=== Metazoic Era ===
95 - 43 million years ago; &quot;Changed Life&quot;
=== Neozoic Era ===
43 million years ago - present
[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian Script</title>
    <id>6365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44471</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T10:33:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dal'qörian|back to main page]]

__TOC__

=='''Brief History'''==

The Dalcurian script ('''Dalscript''' in English or '''Dal'qöristræÞ''' in Dalcurian) was brought into use around 560AD. This was a reform brought about by the then King Curan I, after he decreed that the current Thaduracian writing system, which had been based on the old Etruscan alphabet, was becoming too ambiguous to use with the quickly changeing language. 

Thaduracian script had originally been used to write the old language when it was a syllabary, and although the language had undergone significant changes, the old writing system had still been used. This however, had lost its phonetic value, something which Curan was keen to bring back. He didn't want to adapt Thaduracian, rather move into Latinization to keep in line with his 'European favour', but this brought about much opposition from the provincial councils, and since the provinces had a fair degree of autonomy, this was something that Curan couldn't enforce without a majority vote. It was eventually agreed that an alphabet would be drafted 'based' on the Latin alphabet, so as to retain some individuality for the nation.

Although Dalscript was eventually replaced by a Latin variant in the early 19th Century, its form remained virtually unaltered throughout its 900 years in use. The only change that was made was in the 15th Century, when the '''isolated character value''' reform was brought in, again due to the evolution of the language. 

=='''Noteable Features'''==

* There are 30 standard alphabet glyphs. There is an uppercase system, except for the characters denoting '''x, Þ''' and '''z'''.
* Direction is left to right in horizontal lines
* noun/adjective/(some) verb endings, plural and some conjunctions are all represented by a single glyph
* all prepositions are represented by the alphabet and affix glyphs in isolation
* personal pronouns in the nominative and accusative are also represented by exisiting or altered glyphs, again when used in isolation

=='''Dalscript'''==
===Alphabet'''===

[[Image:Dalscript alphabet.gif]]

===Isolated Character Values===
[[Image:Dalscript isolated values.gif]]

===Affix and Pronoun representatives===
[[Image:Dalscript affix and pronoun characters.gif]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Athonite Vocabulary: People</title>
    <id>6366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47927</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-03T01:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalscript alphabet.gif</title>
    <id>6367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44466</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T09:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalscript isolated values.gif</title>
    <id>6368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44469</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T10:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalscript affix and pronoun characters.gif</title>
    <id>6369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44470</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T10:32:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Macrozoic Collapse</title>
    <id>6370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44482</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-26T19:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The '''Macrozoic Collapse''' was a mass-extinction that marked the end of the [[Geological History of Galhaf#Protomacrozoic Eon|Protomacrozoic Eon]], approximately 820 million years ago.  ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Macrozoic Collapse''' was a mass-extinction that marked the end of the [[Geological History of Galhaf#Protomacrozoic Eon|Protomacrozoic Eon]], approximately 820 million years ago.  At one time, it was thought to have eliminated all multicellular life (with the exception of a few [[paleoplantae|plants]]) then living, but it is now known that modern [[paleoanimalia|paleoanimals]] are descended from survivors of the Collapse.

Its cause is still unknown.  Several phyla were eliminated in the extinction.  It was followed by the so-called &quot;Dead&quot;, or [[Geological History of Galhaf#Thanatoic Era|Thanatoic Era]].  It is generally believed that terrestrial animals were completely exterminated, with a second colonization of land in the mid-Neogenesis Era.

[[Category:Galhafan Biology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zobar</title>
    <id>6371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53072</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T12:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|+&lt;big&gt;'''People's Monarchy of Zobar'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Capital''' ||{{inforight}}|Waleth City
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Monarch''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''First Advisor''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Languages''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Official ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Others ||{{inforight}}|Various
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Established''' ||{{inforight}}|763 [[Galhafan Chronology|OE]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Currency''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Zobarian Chan|Chan]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Supranational Organizations''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Union of Neutral States]], [[Pan-Krayan Union]]
|}

The '''People's Monarchy of Zobar''' is a [[Popular monarchism|popular monarchy]] located in [[Kraya]].  It began as a protectorate of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  After [[Dzesa]]'s dismissal as First Advisor to the Empress, the various protectorates and tributaries of the Empire began to be administered more colonially.  The Protector of the Protectorate of Zobar at the time was Princess Waleth, a younger sister of the then-Empress.  Princess [[Waleth Taranakh|Waleth]] had assimilated to Zobarian culture, and became very sympathetic to them.  She sought to maintain Zobarian autonomy, but when that failed, she proclaimed independence, with herself as Queen.  Violence was short, however, no recognition of the state was granted by the Kasshi until 792.

Queen Waleth was an enlightened ruler, building her nation's economy and education, gradually phasing out Kasshi officials for native, until at last, when she stepped down, she was succeeded by a native as King.

== Politics ==
Zobar uses a popular-monarchist form of government.  The head of state is the Monarch, elected for life from the Senate, by the People.  The legislature consists of two houses, the Senate, and the Popular Assembly.  Senators are elected for life.  To run for Senator, one must have at least 5 years of experience in provincial government, either in the legislature or governorship, or must have at least 5 years of experience in the Popular Assembly.  The Popular Assembly consists of individuals elected for five-year terms by the public.  All voting is done by universal suffrage of individuals over the age of 25.  The nation's political scene is stable, with no coups since the establishment of the nation.  There is a thriving multi-party system, with commendable openness.

== Economy ==
Zobar is the wealthiest nation in Kraya, one of the few Krayan nations to match Odiran standards.

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Animals</title>
    <id>6372</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44486</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-27T00:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Animals]] moved to [[Athonite Vocabulary: Animals]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Athonite Vocabulary: Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>People</title>
    <id>6373</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44488</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-27T00:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[People]] moved to [[Athonite Vocabulary: People]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Athonite Vocabulary: People]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jorde/Education in Prussia</title>
    <id>6375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44494</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-27T23:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The Prussian government believes that education is the key to every aspect of a decent society, but also recognises that there should be a greater level of opportunity. There exists what i...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Prussian government believes that education is the key to every aspect of a decent society, but also recognises that there should be a greater level of opportunity. There exists what is referred to as a staggered system, one of distinct stages, but also at some stages, branch into different areas.

==Stage 1==
===Branch 1: ''Grundshol''===
''Grundshol'' or 'ground school' is the first stage of education. A Prussian will first attend at the approximate age of six years. No curriculum is specified by the government, which believes that this narrows a pupil's knowledge and makes education too goal-orientated rather than geared towards the enrichment of the pupil. There is a stress on fun activities for children to explore their abilities and a good deal of freedom so that a child is able to choose what they will do to achieve a daily objective. Subjects at ''grundshol'' include West Germanic, numeracy and 'world awareness', which comprises the basics of various major languages, science, history, geography, culture and religion into topic-based lessons. For example, in one week, pupils might draw comparisons between the Roman Empire and the countries it has become since its dissolution; what has changed and what has stayed the same? There are no examinations in ''grundshol'', but each pupil is tracked from time to time by an external official. A pupil leaves ''grundshol'' when he is fourteen or fifteen years old.

===Branch 2: ''Helpshol''===
Pupils who are deemed to struggle to keep up with others can be moved to a ''helpshol'' or 'help school'. Although criticised by some for creating divisions and shame, the Prussian government responds that it is unfair not only to slow others more capable down, but also to keep a child in an environment in which he feels uncomfortable. People in ''helpshol'' can be promoted back to ''grundshol'', but those who do not stay in ''helpshol'' for as long as it takes to acquire basic skills and will receive heavy support from the government throughout their futures.

==Stage 2==
===Branch 1: ''Heevodshol''===
''Heevodshol'' or ''head school'' is one of two options for pupils after they have left ''grundshol''. ''Heevodshol'' has a very academic stance and relies on a gradual 'process of elimination'. A pupil will commence with all of the subjects on his table like one in a UK secondary school in Years 7 and 8. However, instead of being forced to do the subjects and then choose at the start of a new year, regular progress checks are provided, allowing students to drop subjects they don't want to do along the way. Additionally, the subjects they keep become more specialised. At the age of 16 or 17, most students will have specialities in three or four subjects, like A-Levels in the UK, and will produce both coursework assignments and examination assignments to achieve qualifications.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lightenstain</title>
    <id>6376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44499</id>
      <timestamp>2009-03-28T12:43:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lightenstain is up tare halne woruld beknawen. Ond jettam wat herdlich annaiwa tat tat lond up tat plot twoenon Eestriche ond Switelond lit.34.000 mennishe libben her ond smeelich swa fele rarren dailich to tat wurk neegh Lightenstain. Ta Lightenstainerenn sind prud up hire lond tat annlich half swa greet wi Muenchen is. Tar gift hit alwat wat tat lif onjenim makat – mildes weder ond swete londshipenn. Wa to tam arrestne mal ta alde jefaierishe heevodstede Faduts besecht is over swa fele alniwene timberkraft jejamazed.

In tam kastel wunin Furst Hans Adam II ond hise froe Marie. Sjo sind beknawen, tan hire heevode up tone shrivonmarke tas lond to sjhon sind. Ond wanne ta blaureede londfane up tam kasteltacch waut wat man tat tare furst to hus is. In tam niwene prattjerehal stelt tare furst annlich anne dal hisre sundraine samniung ut ta to tone greetostne tare woruld jehurt.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Etiquette</title>
    <id>6377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47699</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T15:23:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Realm of the Tarakasane</title>
    <id>6378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44577</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-02T18:53:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Realm of the Tarakasane''' ([[Itarakoske]]: ''Aknaina ne-i-Tarakasane'', or simply ''i-Aknaina'' &quot;The Realm&quot;) is am umbrella term used to define the areas where the [[Tarakasane]] generally reside. This designation also carries great political weight in the general thinking of the Tarakasane, since their conception of which lands belong to the Tarakasane is tightly linked to the lands over which their political system and empire should hold sway.

A naturally nebulous term, given the ever changing cultural identification of the Tarakasane themselves, it can be interpreted narrowly or broadly. As the former it tends to refer to the &quot;Ancestral Realms&quot; (Aknainane Hebastya), the lands around and between the two great rivers [[Meidorien]] and [[Insarien]]. Wider definitions would include lands farther to the north, all the way to the lakes that feed the [[Atgama]] river; to the northeast all the way to the [[Surmugas Mountains]]; to the south all the way to the sea; and to the west along the northern edge of the [[Pansurte Mountains]]. 

[[Category:Itarakoske terms]]
[[Category:Tarakasa culture]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Founding of the Lein Dynasty</title>
    <id>6379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44579</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-02T19:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirica</username>
        <id>257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Unlike most previous dynastic regimes that had ruled over the Tarakasane, many of whom took the throne by palace coups and with relatively little bloodshed, the founding of the [[Lein Dyna...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Unlike most previous dynastic regimes that had ruled over the Tarakasane, many of whom took the throne by palace coups and with relatively little bloodshed, the founding of the [[Lein Dynasty]] came only after an uprising and nine years of fierce combat before the reigning [[Hara Dynasty]], and the vassal states loyal to it, were finally subjugated.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Faraneit Genitive Constructions</title>
    <id>6380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44629</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-07T03:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: In [[Faraneit]], genitive constructions are notoriously ambiguous. For instance:   tiseahutir  tis-ea-hutir  home-GEN-dog  This can be glossed as &quot;(the) dog's/dogs' house&quot;, &quot;(the) house fo...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[Faraneit]], genitive constructions are notoriously ambiguous. For instance:

 tiseahutir
 tis-ea-hutir
 home-GEN-dog

This can be glossed as &quot;(the) dog's/dogs' house&quot;, &quot;(the) house for (the) dog(s)&quot; (ie: doghouse), or &quot;(the) house made of dogs&quot;.

Of course, all of those meanings can be rephrased through longer constructions:

 tis ceih hutir subejoah / makej hutir
 home REL dog own-PRES-REAL-3 / belongto-PRES-REL dog
 (the) house that (the) dog(s) own / belongs to (the) dogs

 tis ceih hutir boaneicejoah
 home REL dog use-PRES-REAL-3
 (the) house which (the) dog(s) use

 tis ceih neibeidojoah neih hutir
 home REL make-PAST-REAL-3 DAT dog
 (the) house (some one) made out of (a) dog(s).

So the alternatives are either overly long, roundabout, but quite precise phrases or highly ambiguous out of context yet quite simple compounds in Faraneit. The genitives are preferred forms in most registers since context nearly always makes it clear, but [[Poleiseam Faraneik]] uses a separate construction to talk about materials or properties, based on the genitive:

 tis fheis neibeidoejeahuetir
 home LOC make-PAST-REAL-GEN-dog
 (the) house in dog's making = the house made of dogs

This in turn is contrasted with

 tiseaneibeidoejeahuetir
 home-GEN-make-PAST-REAL-GEN-dog
 (the) dog's/dogs' past makings of house(s) = the house made by dogs

Of course, the latter is expressed completely differently in most other dialects of Faraneit, which prefer this construction, inherited from Standard Faraneit:

 tis cieh hutir neibeidojoah
 home(s) REL dog(s) make-PAST-REAL-3
 House(s) that (the) dog(s) made.

[[Kupmec Faraneit]], however, adopted these alternative constructions during the Poleizeih occupation, but also uses the forms originating from Standard Lescealh Faraneit - the maximum number of options. Neither variant is really preferred.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longrimol</title>
    <id>6382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55544</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-13T21:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Longrim''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''I dhailáer il Longrim'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Eramár {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||T.D.B. Eramár
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||About 100`000 - 2`000`000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
|Elvish
:Quebutian
::Dhrimian
::Arvanian
:::'''Longrimol'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||Synthetic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Nomnative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[Toms Deimonds Barvidis]]||1994-
|}

Longrimol [loŋgrimɔl] is a diachronic naturalistic conlang. 
The word &quot;Longrimol&quot; means the &quot;tongue of those who speak a lot&quot;, and it comes from verb ''longran'' - to speak alot, &quot;the doer&quot; suffix ''-im'' and language indicating suffix ''-ol''&quot;.

==Internal History==

Longrimol, same as other '''elvish''' languages of Eramár (the word ''Eramár'' is a compound of Longrimol '''eré/first''' and '''(a)már/world''') derives from Ancient Elvish.

After the Assault of Thunur (known by Longrim as Gurhathim [gurhaθim])to the Isle of Undoomed ('''Ehta Variárce''' in Ancient Elvish) and the Great Sinking, two branches of Elvish Language Separated - the [[Quebut]] speaking branch and [[Acrit]] speaking branche. As Quebut speaking elves journeyed to the North and West, by the Tadhaum Onor (Hills of Sun), a group of elves separated. These separatists developed a language called  Primitive Dhrimish/Primitive Dhrimian. As time passed, the elves departed to Normád and developed a language called Dhrimíl Arva (the Classical Dhrimian Tongue). In result of [[Conquest of Nadriel]] the various elven kingdoms of Normád were united and Dhrimíl Arva became the lingua franca of the intire region.

The other Cvebut speaking tribe, those that did not stay in Tadúm Onor, traveled further to North, for a time dwelt in Silimáth (again Longrim name for '''Lands of Light'''), developing Primitive Nagatol (Nagatol - the Tongue of North) or the so called [[Silimáthian]]. As the Northern Elves started their journey to West, Primitive Nagatol, which was highly alike the Cvebut, developed into the beautiful Nagatol of [[Nagadail]] (Nagadail was the Kingdom of Northern Elves located to the North of Darandór).

When dragon Thaifatir (the Reptile of Fire) assaulted Nagadail, a great number of Northern elves flied from they homes into the West, passing the Great Wood in north of Darandór, coming in contact with many languages and dialects of their kin, yet so developed they were no longer mutually intelligible.
When these Northern Elves reached the coast of See of Normád, they had already taken over [[Old Longrimol]] - a daughter language of Arvanian, which had nearly no signs of any Nagatol influence. As the Northern Elves passed the Sea of Normád and reached Dôr Dhulrent (the Guarded Realm), the tongue swiftly developed into the [[Middle Longrimol]]. This was an unstable language, quickly breaking and falling apart in numerous dialects with one standardized literary language - Classical Longrimol (which is described in this article). 

==External History==
The author was highly influenced by Welsh, Gaelic and [[Sindarin]] by the time he started inventing this tongue. The work began of September of 2008, yet since then made many drastic changes of phonology and grammar had occurred, the language has changed so much, the earliest attestations of it are no longer recognizable. Only some parts of the vocabulary have survived.
During the development, more and more of [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (which is author's native language) influence showed up.
The mostly isolating primitive form of Longrimol has evolved in a highly synthetic, mostly agglutinative, one-Longrimol-word-for-a-whole-English-sentence language.

==Grammar==

Sea also [[Grammar of Longrimol]]

Longrimol is a highly inflecting language, marking grammatical number and case on nouns, person, tense, mood and aspect on verbs and definiteness and number on adjectives by help of inflections.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! short !! long
! short !! long
! short !! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i; y}} || {{IPA|iː; y:}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid-open]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|ɛː}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|aː}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}


Longrim language has six [[Diphthong|diphthongs]] : 'ai'[aj]; 'au'[aw]; 'ei'[ej]; 'ui'[uj]; 'iu'[iw] and 'oi'[oj].

Longrimol has also four [[Triphthong|triphthongs]] : 'aa'[aija]; 'ae'[aijɛ]; 'awa'[auwa] and 'awe'[auwɛ]

===Consonants===


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Consonant phonemes of Classical Longrimol
! &amp;nbsp;
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[labiodental consonant|Labio-&lt;br&gt;dental]]
![[dental consonant|Dental]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| 
| 
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ɲ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| 
|-align=center
![[Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| 
| 
| {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| {{IPA|c&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɟ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;}}
| {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɡ}}
| 
|-align=center
![[Fricative]]
| 
|  {{IPA|f&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;v}}
| {{IPA|θ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ð}}
| {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(z&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)}}
| {{IPA|ç}} &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{IPA|x&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɣ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-align=center
![[Approximant]]
| 
| 
| 
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|w}}
| 
|-align=center
![[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| 
| 
| 
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʎ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;}}
| 
| 
|-align=center
! [[trill]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA|r&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;rʷ}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|
|
|}

:&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Written: /nj/, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /lj/. Originally allophones of /n/, /t/, /d/, /s/ and /l/ before /j/, but when the /j/ was dropped in most cases, the distinction became phonemic.
:&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Written: /s/. Found msotly as allophone of [s] before voiced consonant (esdo/[ezdo]).
:&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Written: /wr/, for example, ''Wrinádh'' is pronounced [ˈrʷinaːð].

If /rʷ/ is considered a phoneme in stead of cluster /rw/ (or, possibly /rʷw/), then /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are potential phonemes also, though usually transcribed as being /kw/ and /gw/.

==See Also==

:[[Nagatol]] - a distantly related language
:[[The Longrim]] -  those that spoke Longrimol
:[[Dór Dulrent]] - The Guarded Land, realm of Longrim

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Elvish Languages of Eramár]]
[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Onju</title>
    <id>6383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44730</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-20T20:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wm.annis</username>
        <id>185</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>syntax could collapse the whole mess</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kirumb</title>
    <id>6384</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44736</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-21T03:12:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Kirumb]] moved to [[Nother/Kirumb]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Kirumb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan spelling and pronunciation</title>
    <id>6391</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46873</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Spelling and pronunciation]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Spelling and pronunciation of Slevan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Spelling and pronunciation of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/grammar outline</title>
    <id>6392</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46864</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:12:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Grammar outline]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Slevan grammar outline]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Slevan grammar outline]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan historical phonology</title>
    <id>6393</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46867</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Historical phonology]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/historical phonology</title>
    <id>6394</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46868</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:13:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Historical phonology]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob languages</title>
    <id>6396</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46904</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Languages]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob romanization</title>
    <id>6397</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46907</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Romanization]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Latinization of Sohlob]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Latinization of Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob writing</title>
    <id>6398</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46922</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Writing]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohlob alphabet]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob alphabet]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlodar</title>
    <id>6400</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46910</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohlodar]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohloçan</title>
    <id>6402</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46917</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:42:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohloçan]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb texts</title>
    <id>6403</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46891</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Texts]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/syllabary</title>
    <id>6404</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46898</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:31:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb writing</title>
    <id>6405</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46895</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb writing (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb writing (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb writing/syllabary</title>
    <id>6406</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46899</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb</title>
    <id>6407</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46887</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb/Texts</title>
    <id>6408</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46892</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:29:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Texts]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary</title>
    <id>6409</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46900</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kijeb/sandhi</title>
    <id>6410</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44811</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-21T09:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/sandhi]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Kijeb</title>
    <id>6411</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46888</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redirect fixer</username>
        <id>1248</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Sohlob/Kijeb]] has been moved, it is now a redirect to [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb/sandhi</title>
    <id>6412</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44810</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-21T09:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/sandhi]] moved to [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob/Kijeb/Sandhi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kijeb</title>
    <id>6413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>44813</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-21T10:02:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Sohlob]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:List subpages</title>
    <id>6414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46846</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:52:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#dpl:
|{{{parameter|{{{1}}}}}}={{{value|{{{2}}}}}}
|replaceintitle=#^{{{exclude|{{{3}}}}}}(.+?)$#,\1
|mode=userformat
|listseparators=,\n* [[%PAGE%{{!}}{{#if: {{{namespace|{{{4|}}}}}} | {{{namespace|{{{4|}}}}}}:}}%TITLE%]],,
|namespace={{{namespace|{{{4|}}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

==Usage==

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{List subpages|
|parameter=titlematch
|value=Main page%
|exclude=Main page/
|namespace=
}}

or

{{List subpages|titlematch|Main Page%|Main Page/}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

The 

== Purpose ==

The purpose of this template is to can the DPL statements necessary to get a list like 

{{list subpages|titlematch|Main Page%|Main Page/}}

rather than 

&lt;dpl&gt;
titlematch=Main Page%
notnamespace=Talk
&lt;/dpl&gt;

when a DPL search criterion returns a list of subpages, so it makes sense only when you know that the page(s) returned by the search criterion is a list of subpages.

== List another namespace ==

By default only pages from the main namespace are included.  If you want to list pages from another namespace pass a named parameter &lt;code&gt;namespace=''namespace''&lt;/code&gt;.

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{List subpages|
|parameter=titlematch
|value=Main page%
|exclude=Main page/
|namespace=Talk
}}

or

{{List subpages|titlematch|Main Page%|Main Page/|Talk|Talk:}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

{{List subpages|titlematch|Main Page%|Main Page/|Talk|Talk:}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page in Nytal</title>
    <id>6415</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44824</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T10:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Main Page in Nytal]] moved to [[Main Page/Nytal]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Nytal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page in Piscean</title>
    <id>6416</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44840</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T12:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Main Page in Piscean]] moved to [[Main Page/Piscean]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Piscean]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page in Satirocitan</title>
    <id>6417</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44842</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T12:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Main Page in Satirocitan]] moved to [[Main Page/Satirocitan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Satirocitan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Main Page in Satirocitan</title>
    <id>6418</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44844</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-22T12:18:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Main Page in Satirocitan]] moved to [[Talk:Main Page/Satirocitan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Main Page/Satirocitan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aldian</title>
    <id>6419</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44861</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-23T06:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neqitan</username>
        <id>1239</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Classical Aldian]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Classical Aldian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isdaldayn</title>
    <id>6420</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>44862</id>
      <timestamp>2009-04-23T06:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neqitan</username>
        <id>1239</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Classical Aldian]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Classical Aldian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Drake phonology</title>
    <id>6421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54779</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-02T01:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>correct pitch</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Vowels==
Drake has a fairly standard set of vowel positions, /a e i o u/.  The vowels /a i u/ may be short or long.

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i iː}} || || || || || || ||  {{IPA|u uː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a aː}}
|}

Any vowel may also have creaky voice applied: /a̰ a̰ː ḛ ḭ ḭː o̰ ṵ ṵː/.

{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
!colspan=2|Examples
|-
| /a/ || {{X|rtl=x|Drake|size=12|T|l|V}} || ''ṭalā'' || /θàlaː/ || &quot;into&quot;
|}

==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || ||  || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|dʐ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants ||  || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

It's unclear how /ʃ/ manages to survive on its own (or if it actually ''does'' exist as a phoneme), and whether the retroflex series is actually supposed to be retroflex; they might, perhaps, be palatal, but all I'm certain of is that my notes explicitly state them to be at a different POA than /ʃ/.  Many (all?) consonants may be geminated.

==Accent==
Drake has a pitch accent on the penultimate syllable (2R).  When the penult is long, it is a circumflex or falling accent; when it is short, it is grave; in monosyllables with an accent the accent is acute.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kala</title>
    <id>6422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59217</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T15:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Questions */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Kala 2}}

__NOTOC__

*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.

*Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs

==Pronunciation==

* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.

===Vowels===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|-
!
!'''Front'''
!'''Central'''
!'''Back'''
|-align=center
!'''Close'''
|{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)'''  || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
|-align=center
!'''Mid'''
|{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
|-align=center
!'''Open''' 
| || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
|}

====Diphthongs====

=====falling=====

*{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
*{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''

=====rising=====

*{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
*{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
*{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
*{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
*{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
*{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''

===Consonants===

{| class=&quot;IPA wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dental
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Glottal
|-align=center
!&lt;small&gt;central&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;lateral&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;labial&lt;/small&gt;
|-align=center
! Nasal
| {{IPA|m}} '''(m)''' [[File:Naua ma.png]]
| {{IPA|n}} '''(n)''' [[File:Naua na.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)''' [[File:Naua nya.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
!Plosive
| {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)''' [[File:Naua pa.png]]
| {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)''' [[File:Naua ta.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)''' [[File:Naua ka.png]]
| {{IPA|kʷ~gʷ}} '''(ku)''' [[File:Naua kua.png]]
| {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
|-align=center
!Fricative
|
| {{IPA|s}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)''' [[File:Naua ha.png]]
|-align=center
!Affricate
|
| {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
| {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)''' [[File:Naua tla.png]]
| {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
| 
|
| {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)''' [[File:Naua la.png]]
| {{IPA|j}} '''(y)''' [[File:Naua ya.png]]
|
| {{IPA|w}} '''(u)''' [[File:Naua ua.png]]
|
|}

==== Syllable Structure ====

* (N)(C)V
* N = prenasal /n/ or /m/

* The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/. 
*/k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns.

====Prenasalized consonants====

* In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[Wikipedia:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized, 
:while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases  of [[Wikipedia:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.

* '''mb''' /mp~mb/
:Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈmpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
* '''nt''' /nt~nd/
:Example: '''ntama''' /ˈnta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull)
* '''nk''' /ŋk~ŋɡ/
:Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈŋka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog

==Writing System==

''See'': [[Kala writing|Moya]]

==Grammatical Principles==

* The grammar of [[Kala]] should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun ['''no / ata'''] [[File:Naua no.png]] / [[File:Naua ata.png]], (2) Particle ['''peya'''] [[File:Naua peya.png]], (3) Verb ['''uati'''] [[File:Naua uati.png]]. [[Kala]] does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in [[Kala]] “two boy come yesterday” ['''ta’o tahi yomaye tala'''] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.

== Sentences ==

* Most sentences in [[Kala]] contain a verb phrase, typically denoting the occurrence of an action. A verb phrase consists of a verb plus any modifiers.

* Most sentences also contain at least one noun phrase, typically denoting a person or thing. A noun phrase consists of a noun plus any modifiers.

* The two most important noun phrases are the subject and the object. Their exact meaning depends on the choice of verb, but 
:loosely speaking, the subject is the person or thing that carries out the action, and the object is the person or thing that is directly affected by the action. 

=== Word Order ===

* Basic word order is '''SOV''' and is invariable.
-
* ''(subject) - (object) - (verb)''
:'''tlaka (ke) naka anya'''
:&lt;tt&gt;man (TOP) woman see&lt;/tt&gt;
: The man sees the woman.
* ''(subject) - (verb)''
:'''nahi apuaye'''
:&lt;tt&gt;girl sing.PAST&lt;/tt&gt;
: The girl sang. / The girl did sing.
* ''(subject) - (complement) - (verb)''
:'''ina manka a'''
:&lt;tt&gt;food cold COP&lt;/tt&gt;
: The food is cold.
* ''(subject) - (prepositional phrase) - (verb)''
:'''naka tsa'e kama yalaye'''
:&lt;tt&gt;woman through village walk.PAST&lt;/tt&gt;
: The woman walked through the village.
* ''(subject) - (prepositional phrase) - (object) - (verb)''
:'''na'eta itla omena yeta'''
:&lt;tt&gt;1s.ACC.2s this apple give&lt;/tt&gt;
: I give to you this apple.
::(''In this case, the prepositional phrase is replaced by the pronominal construction.'')
* ''(subject) - (prepositional phrase) - (verb)''
:'''ta kima poto tayo tse'ek'''
:&lt;tt&gt;2s like photo 2s.POSS appear.NEG&lt;/tt&gt;
: You do not look like your photo.

====Clauses====
*In addition to phrases, some sentences contain clauses, which resemble smaller sentences nested within the larger sentence. 
:They can modify noun phrases, verb phrases, or the whole of the larger sentence.
-
* ''(subject) - (clause) - (prepositional phrase) - (verb)''
:'''tlaka ke asaye hina ka'e nuyoku yalaye'''
:&lt;tt&gt;man CONJ live.PAST here to New York go.PAST&lt;/tt&gt;
: The man who lived here went to New York.
* ''(subject) - (clause) - (verb)''
:'''na ke ha aya a omu'''
:&lt;tt&gt;1s CONJ 3s beautiful COP think&lt;/tt&gt;
: I think that she is beautiful.

==Nouns==

* Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]].

=== Affect / Degree ===

* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''. 
These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable containing '''h''' or '''y'''.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion

* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green

* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” 
:Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest | '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
:Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow | '''ke huam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.

===Gender===

*In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
:Example : '''nikata''' &quot;a male dog&quot;, '''nikana''' &quot;a female dog&quot;.

=== Articles ===

*There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a &quot;noun marker&quot;. 

*It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
:Example : '''kama''' &quot;village&quot;, '''ke kama''' &quot;the/a village&quot;, '''ke kama'a''' &quot;the villages&quot;
:Example : '''inahi''' &quot;snack&quot;, '''ke inahi''' &quot;the/a snack&quot;, '''ke inahim''' &quot;the snacks&quot;

===Number===

* Nouns are either singular, plural or collective.

* Concrete nouns are pluralized by suffixing '''-m'''. 
:Examples :  '''kono''' - stone &gt; '''konom''' - stones | '''naka''' - woman &gt; '''nakam''' - women

* When the last syllable of a word contains an '''m''', the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel.
:Examples : '''kama''' - village &gt; '''kama'a''' - villages | '''teyemi''' - phrase &gt; '''teyemi'i''' - phrases

* Collective (plural) nouns are marked by prefixing '''tli-'''. 
:Examples : '''tsaka''' - house &gt; '''tlitsaka''' - neighborhood | '''yama''' - mountain &gt; '''tliyama''' - mountain range

* Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
:Example : '''sahi''' - color &gt; '''sahim''' - colors &gt; '''sahi ya'o''' - five color(s)

* Adjectives do not show plural agreement. However, when an adjective is used nominally, it can be pluralized.
:Example : '''nyeli''' - pink &gt; '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)

===Pronouns===

* [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers. 
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
|- align=center
! ''1S''
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''2S'' 
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''3S'' 
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''4S'' 
|| tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''1P''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1P'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2P'' 
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3P'' 
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|- align=center
! ''4P'' 
|| tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
|-
|}

* A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
! !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' !! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' !! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; sing''
|| '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; sing'' 
|| ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
|- align=center
! ''1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; plu''
|| '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
|- align=center
! ''2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
|- align=center
! ''3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; plu'' 
|| kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
|-
|}

==== Correlative Pronouns ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''query'' !! ''this'' !! ''that'' !! ''some'' !! ''none'' !! ''any'' !! ''every'' !! ''whichever'' 
|- align=center
! ''adjective''
|| ka || itla || uatla || iha || ak || ula || kua || ote 
|- align=center
! ''person'' 
|| ko...ka || iko || uako || ihako || hok || kola || kohua || oteko 
|- align=center
! ''thing'' 
|| no...ka || itla || uatla || ihano || nok || nola || nokua || oteno 
|- align=center
! ''time''
|| ama/tsima...ka || ima || uama || ihama || amak || amala || kuama || otema 
|- align=center
! ''place''
|| mo...ka || hina || uana || ihamo || mok || mola || mokua || otemo 
|- align=center
! ''way'' 
|| to...ka || yoto || uato || ihato || tok || tola || tokua || oheto 
|- align=center
! ''amount'' 
|| ku/o...ka || iku || uaku || ihaku || huk/ok || kula || hukua/okua || oteku 
|- align=center
! ''reason'' 
|| nye...ka || inye || uanye || ihanye || nyek || ulanye || nyekua || otenye 
|- align=center
! ''kind'' 
|| su...ka || isu || uasu || ihasu || suk || sula || sukua || otesu 
|-
|}

==Verbs==

===tense / aspect===

The future tense is marked with the suffix '''-tli'''. Past tenses, including perfect and
pluperfect, are marked with the suffix '''-ye'''. The present tense is unmarked:

* '''na ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I eat / I am eating.
* '''na inatli''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.FUT&lt;/tt&gt; - I will eat / I am about to eat.
* '''na inaye''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.PAST&lt;/tt&gt; - I eat / I was eating / I have eaten / I had eaten.

[[Kala]] does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. ‘I ate’, ‘I used to eat’, ‘I
have eaten’, ‘I had eaten’). However, one can easily clarify the temporal sequence of two actions by
marking the earlier one with the adverbial '''tsa''' (‘already’).

===mood===

* The conditional mood is formed with the particle '''iya'''.

* '''iya na ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;COND 1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I might be eating.

* The imperative mood is formed with the particle '''kya'''.

* '''kya ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;IMP eat&lt;/tt&gt; - Eat!

* The negative mood is formed with the suffix '''-k'''.

* '''na inak''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.NEG&lt;/tt&gt; - I do not eat / I am not eating.

* The volitive mood is formed with the suffix '''-ue''' (from '''ueha''' - to want, desire).

* '''na inaue''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.VOL&lt;/tt&gt; - I want to eat.

* The necessitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-he''' (from '''heya''' - to need, require).

* '''na inahe''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.NEC&lt;/tt&gt; - I need to eat.

* The abilitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-pa''' (from '''pala''' - to be able).

* '''na inapa''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.ABIL&lt;/tt&gt; - I am able to eat./ I can eat.

===voice===

* The passive voice is formed by attaching the accusative prefix '''e-''' to the pronoun.

* '''ena ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;ACC.1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I am eaten. / I am being eaten.

==Particles==

===Prepositions===

===Conjunctions===

==Questions==

* There are three kinds of question: those that can be answered with a simple &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;, those that present a range of options to choose from, and those that ask for a particular piece of information.

*Additionally, questions can be direct (&quot;Where are we going?&quot;) or indirect (&quot;I asked you where we are going&quot;, &quot;I don't know who I am&quot;).

===Yes/No questions===

* A sentence can be turned into a yes/no question by adding '''a'''? (&quot;yes?&quot;) or '''ak'''?  (&quot;no?&quot;) just before the interrogative particle '''ka'''.
:
:
* Do you speak German?
:'''ta alemanyatla kala ka'''
:&lt;tt&gt;2S Germany.Language speak INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt;

* Did you eat?
:'''ta inaye ka'''
:&lt;tt&gt;2S eat.PAST INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt;

* We're lost, aren't we?
:'''nam kayo ak ka'''
:&lt;tt&gt;1P lost COP.NEG INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt;

* Does she understand?
:'''ha unya ka'''
:&lt;tt&gt;3S understand INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt;

====Indirect====

* I want to know whether the food has arrived.
:'''na iya ke ina talaye unyaue'''
:&lt;tt&gt;1S COND.PART TOP.PART food come.PAST know.VOL&lt;/tt&gt;

* She asked if I could help.
:'''ha iya ke na yotapa kanyoye'''
:&lt;tt&gt;3S COND.PART TOP.PART 1S help.ABIL ask.PAST&lt;/tt&gt;

* The answer to a yes/no question is '''a''' (&quot;yes&quot;) or '''ak''' (&quot;no&quot;), '''a''' states that the possibility expressed in the question is true; '''ak''' states that it is false: 

* '''ta nkapaue ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;2S alcohol.VOL INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; – Do you want (a) beer?
:* '''tsepa a''' - &lt;tt&gt;please yes&lt;/tt&gt; – Yes, please. (I do want beer)
:* '''nyasak''' - &lt;tt&gt;thank you.NEG&lt;/tt&gt; – No, thanks. (I don't want beer)

===Alternative questions===

* An alternative question simply asks the listener to pick one of a number of options, usually expressed as a list joined with the conjunction '''ua''':

* '''ta tsa'i ua kaua ua nkapa ueha ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;2S tea or coffee or beer want INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; – Do you want tea, coffee, or beer?
:* '''tsepa kaua''' - &lt;tt&gt;please coffee&lt;/tt&gt; – Coffee, please. 

* '''ta nya tsiti ua uelo ua yala talaye ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;2S tea or coffee or beer want INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - Did you come by car, or by bicycle, or did you walk?

===Other questions===

* Other questions use interrogative determiners or pronouns such as '''ote''', '''ko''', '''ke''', '''ama''', '''ku''', '''to''', '''mo''', and '''nye'''. The interrogative word appears at the beginning of the sentence: 

* '''ote mosa ke ta yomu ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;which book TOP.PART 2S read INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - Which book are you reading?
* '''ko moyako ke ta tsopo ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;person write.AG TOP.PART 2S prefer INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - Who is your preferred author?
* '''ke itla maka kapi ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;TOP.PART this music ugly INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - What is this ugly music?
* '''ke ta muya ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;TOP.PART 2S do INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - What are you doing?
* '''ama ta moku ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;time 2S sleep INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - When do you sleep?
* '''ku ta inatli ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;amount 2S eat.FUT INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - How much will you eat?
* '''to ta yalaye ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;way 2S walk.PAST INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - How did you walk?
* '''mo nam a ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;place 1P COP INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - Where are we?
* '''nye ta empa ka''' - &lt;tt&gt;reason 2S run INT.PART&lt;/tt&gt; - Why are you running?

===Clauses===

==Numbers==

===Cardinal Numbers===

*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one 
*'''ta'o''' - two 
*'''ha'o''' - three 
*'''ma'o''' - four 
*'''ya'o''' - five 
*'''tsa'o''' - six 
*'''ka'o''' - seven 
*'''pa'o''' - eight 
*'''sa'o''' - nine 
*'''ue'o''' - ten 
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million

=== Higher Numbers ===

* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11

* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20

* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107

* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326

* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

===Ordinal Numbers===

* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;

===Fractions===

* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

==Word formation==

==Punctuation==

''See'': [[Kala_writing#punctuation|Moya]]

== Index ==

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Kala</title>
    <id>6423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57342</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-06T00:14:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;big&gt;[[#p|p]] [[#t|t]] [[#k|k]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#s|s]] [[#h|h]] [[#l|l]] [[#a|a]]&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Zefazji</title>
    <id>6424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45086</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-02T08:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zefazji</username>
        <id>1293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Main Conlang:  [[Zefāzh]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Main Conlang:

[[Zefāzh]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zefāzh</title>
    <id>6425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45429</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T18:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zefazji</username>
        <id>1293</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Zefāzh''' is a language developped in the early-mid twenty-first century, spoken at first primarily by devoted followers of the World-Maker Zef; within a decade, it had become the lingua franca for those from all over the world immigrating to Zefasja, a nation founded on a partially esoteric philosophical movement referred to varyingly as &quot;Zefism,&quot; &quot;Poetic Imperialism&quot; or &quot;Trinitism.&quot;

It is notable among European languages for a few features, mainly its large number of fricatives and the fact that verbs do not agree in number or person with the subject, or any other part of speech.

==Vocabulary==

The first occurence of the Zefāzh language was the ''Endese Zauka'' (&quot;The Last Days&quot;), a text reportedly written by Zef after he emerged from a coma of several months.  While Zef himself understood the language, it was months before it was analysed by linguists with his help, and when the major analysis was complete, the vocabulary of the language was broken down into its origins.

The largest group of words appear to be generic Germanic derivatives, though no pattern for derivation has been detected; German plays the largest role, but germanic English words also appear, and often words show up which are halfway between their German and English cognates; this might be explained by the fact that Zef himself spoke only English and German with great fluency.  The second largest group of nouns appear to have little or no relation to natural languages, and their origins are for the most part a mystery.

A smaller group of nouns is derived from Russian, potentially due to the relatively large presence of Russians in the Exile in the last year before Zef's coma.  A few of the nouns are also from other Slavic languages, or appear to be Slavic without any particular link to any known words.  Many of these Slavic words are less recognizable than the germanic terms, because Slavic words with complexe consonant clusters are extremely watered-down, to the point where some completely lose half their consonants.

Finally, there are a handful of words derived from Mandarin Chinese (''Yishū'', art; ''zhintī'', today; etc.), and an extremely small number of terms (the most often cited figure is seven words) are derived from Ancient Greek, or their modern international derivatives.  The most well-known of these is ''Xeishon'', meaning &quot;harmonic chaos&quot; and derived from the word ''chaos'', itself of Greek origin.

==Phonology==

===Stress===

Zefāzh is a stress-timed language, and stress in a word is always found on the ultimate syllable of the root, so ''Zagacá'', &quot;mystery,&quot; but ''Féngthayēon'', &quot;prison,&quot; because -tha and -ēon are suffixes (-tha builds the past participle and -ēon indicates place, so the word literally means &quot;caught-(people)-place&quot;).

===Consonants===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=13 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Postalveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Coarticulated
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || ||  || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}}|| || || {{IPA|χ}} || || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʑ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|ɫ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

===Vowels===

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| Front ||colspan=1| Near-front ||colspan=1| Near-back ||colspan=1| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close || {{IPA|i}} || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-Close || || {{IPA|ɪ}} || {{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Close-Mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open-mid || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Open || {{IPA|a}} || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

===Romanization===
The various phonemes are represented with the Latin Alphabet as they are in English, with the following additions/exceptions:

/θ/ - th

/ð/ - dh

/ʃ/ - sh

/ʒ/ - zh

/ç/ - c

/ʝ/ - j

/χ/ - x

/ɕ/ - ś, or sj

/ʑ/ - ź, or zj

/ɾ/ - r

/r/ - rr

/ʀ/ - rh

/l/ - l

/ɫ/ - ll

/ɪ/ - i

/i/ - ī, or ii

/ɛ/ - e

/e/ - ē, or ee

/a/ - a

/ɑ/ - ā, or aa

/ɔ/ - o

/o/ - ō, or oo

/ʊ/ - u

/u/ - ū, or uu

The following diphthongs may be found, and are written thus:

/aj/ - ai

/ɛj/ - ei

/ɔj/ - oi

/ʊj/ - ui

/aw/ - au

/ɔj/ - ou

===Syllable Structure===
Zefāzh has a rather restrictive syllable structure, where the most complicated possibility is CCVC.  While any consonant can form the onset and coda in a (C)V(C) syllable, only the following clusters are permitted at syllable onsets:

/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, ʝ/ + /n, m, ŋ/

Any plosive or fricative + /ɾ, l, ɫ, j/

===Mutation===

In addition, when certain phonemes meet up at syllable boundaries (such as with affixes, inflection or conjugation), certain mutations may occur.  The following mutations occur during inflection of nouns and adjectives:

''Dative Case''

/ɾr/ - /r/

/ʀr/ - /ʀ/

/χr/ - /ʀ/

/θr/ - /θɾ/ 

/ðr/ - /ðɾ/

''Genitive Case''

/zs/ - /s/

/ʃs/ - /ɕ/

/ʒs/ - /ʑ/

/ɕs/ - /θ/

/ʑs/ - /ð/

''Instrumental Case''

/ʒʃ/ - /ʃ/

/ɕʃ/ - /ʃ/

/ʑʃ/ - /ʒ/

==Grammar==
Zefāzh is an inflecting langauge with a grammar mostly derived from German, with Russian influences and certain features whose origins or reasons for inclusion remain uncertain.  It is particularly notable for being the only major spoken language to have a fully-fledged Dual.

===Number===
There are three numbers in Zefāzh: Singular, Dual and Plural, which is used for all numbers above 2.  

There is a complete set of pronouns exclusively within the dual, most notably two separate first person pronouns which vary according to familiarity and intimacy of the two in question.  Dual is formed by adding certain vowels to the end of the word, depending on the last vowel to be found within the word; it is formed such that the new vowel is never the same as the last vowel; long and short a, o, u recieve a long i, while long and short e and i recieve a short a.

Plural is also notable in that it is formed by repeating the short form of the immediately preceding vowel, whichever vowel that might be.  In both cases, the vowel indicating number comes immediately after the vowel indicating case.  If the last sound in a word is a vowel, a /j/ is inserted between the two vowels (e.g. ''rrasta'' &quot;plant;&quot; ''rrastaya'' &quot;plants&quot;)

===Case===

There are six cases in full use in Zefāzh: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Instrumental and Associative.  Each case (except Nominative and Accusative) is marked by the insertion of a consonant at the end of the word, but before any number markers.  When the addition of the consonant would create an impossible consonnant cluster (in practice, all words ending in a consonant), a vowel is also added after the consonant in the singular.  In the case of Accusative, the vowel only appears in the singular, and the accompanying /j/ acts as a buffer between two vowels.  The inflection is as follows:

'''Nominative:''' ''no declension''

'''Accusative:''' [y]ō

'''Dative:''' rr[ī]

'''Genitive:''' s[ē]

'''Instrumental:''' sh[ē]

'''Associative:''' t[ū]

===Verbs===

Despite the fact that verbs to not agree with the subject, they nevertheless conjugate to express a variety of moods and tenses.  There are in total five moods in Zefāzh: Indicative, Conditional, Reported, Imperative and Indefinite.  Indicative is used for statements of fact or opinion; conditional is used for hypothetical situations; reported is used for conveying indirect speech, rumour or hearesay; imperative is used for giving orders; and indefinite is used to describe things with great emphasis, or to comment events taking place at that very instant.

The first three of these moods have past, present and future, and the last two two have only one tense which might be called present.  In addition, there are particles and partially defective verbs that add to complexity.  Verbs are conjugated by removing the -en ending and adding set suffixes instead, as follows.

'''Indicative'''

Past: -all

Present: -ūt

Future: -ra


'''Conditional'''

Past: -[z]gī*

Present: -gai

Future: -kā


'''Reported'''

Past: -zhe

Present: -co

Future: -xā


'''Imperative'''

Present: -fū


'''Indefinite'''

Present: -ē


* The conditional -zgi ending only holds the z if the verb root ends on a vowel.

Further, there are two particles that aid in specifying the specific nature of an action:

'''bē''' expresses the continuous, or the progressive, compare: &quot;''Bi pēcūt''&quot; (He/she speaks) and &quot;''Bi bē pēcūt''&quot; (He/she is speaking)

'''ce''' expresses the perfect, compare: &quot;''Ya llaupūt''&quot; (I run) and &quot;''Ya ce llaupūt''&quot; (I have run)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kito.GIF</title>
    <id>6426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46520</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T21:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|Qang|irrelevant image}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kito nm.GIF</title>
    <id>6427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46521</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T21:09:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|Qang|irrelevant image}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kito cons.GIF</title>
    <id>6428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46522</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T21:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|Qang|irrelevant image}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kito clusters.GIF</title>
    <id>6429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46523</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T21:10:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|Qang|irrelevant image}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kito vwl.GIF</title>
    <id>6430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46524</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T21:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion|Qang|irrelevant image}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)</title>
    <id>6431</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45177</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T12:56:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Meen Peedx]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Meen Peedx]]
[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Main Page in other languages</title>
    <id>6433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45179</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T13:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;dpl&gt;
titlematch=Main Page%
category=Main Page in other languages
redirects=include
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Main Page/Other languages</title>
    <id>6434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45180</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-04T13:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;dpl&gt; titlematch=Main Page% category=Main Page in other languages mode=inline  inlinetext= &amp;nbsp; &amp;bull; &amp;nbsp; replaceintitle=#Main Page/#, redirects=include &lt;/dpl&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;dpl&gt;
titlematch=Main Page%
category=Main Page in other languages
mode=inline 
inlinetext= &amp;nbsp; &amp;bull; &amp;nbsp;
replaceintitle=#Main Page/#,
redirects=include
&lt;/dpl&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ASP</title>
    <id>6435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51471</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Grammar */ no, wait, got it now</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is an attempt at decoding the conlang found in the webcomic [http://aspcomics.net/ A Skewed Paradise].

==Corpus==

===Leon===
(Catboy thing. Found in the woods. Has no memory of events before being found. Speaks normally English.)
* Whispering to a caught shoplifter:
** &quot;Mer valeem. Y'menyah.&quot;

* Fights with a suddendly appearing guy in exo-suit:
** ''Mental Snap''
** &quot;Eya yemma! Nem mera her eramen yah!&quot;
** ''Dodge''
** &quot;Mer valeem.&quot;
** ''Dodge''
** &quot;Ner anim, rayanam er ha!&quot;
** &quot;Hahaha! Ne anyah iram?&quot;
** ''Dodge''
** &quot;Memma enya, emren eya.&quot;
** ''Leap back''
** &quot;Yem enin inyanema enya?&quot;
** &quot;Nem veryem eramen valeem re-&quot;

===Reen===
(Catgirl thing. Just introduced.)
* Arriving:
** &quot;Azerian!&quot; = [AzErj@n] = /azerian/?
* To Leon:
** &quot;Y'enin ner amiyan nem enin meren. Nem'era heyyer?&quot;
** (Leon: &quot;Nina and her frends helped me. We're safe, Reen.&quot;)
** &quot;Az, mrenye veya nem ayam yah?&quot;
* After having her hair pulled by Nina:
** &quot;Vya! Nye ne?!&quot;
* Nicholas arrives behind her:
** (Nick: &quot;So you're Reen.&quot;)
** &quot;Nahme..?&quot;
** (&quot;Er, Jim told me about you.&quot;)
** &quot;Revyal!&quot;
** ''examines face''
** &quot;Y'ayam'ver...'Revyal'.&quot;

===Alphabetically===
* amiyan
* anim
* anyah
* ayam
** y'ayam'ver
* Azerian ''(proper name)''
** Az ''(nickname)''
* emren
* enin (x2)
** y'enin
* enya (x2)
* er
* eramen (x2)
* eya (x2)
* ha
* (hahaha) ''(laughter, obviously)''
* her
* heyyer
* inyanema
* iram
* memma
* y'menyah
* mer
* mera
* meren
* mrenye
* nahme
* ne (x2)
* nem (x4)
** nem'era
* ner (x2)
* nye
* rayanam
* re-
* revyal ''(proper name??)''
* valeem (x2)
* veryem
* veya
* vya
* yah (x2)
* yem
* yemma

==Phonology==
Largely hypothetical, based on the orthography. Apostrophes are assumed to mark clitics, as in English.
===Vowels===
At least /i ɛ ɑ/. It remains unclear if ''a'' can also represent /æ/ or /ə/, if ''i'' can also represent /ɪ/ and what ''ee'' represents. Back rounded vowels (/u o/ etc.) do not seem to occur.

===Consonants===
  /v z     /
  / l r j h/
  /m n     /
* codas /m n r l h/
* initial clusters /mr nj vj/
* medial clusters /mm hm rj jj/
* morpheme-medial cluster /mv/

==Grammar==
&quot;Azerian&quot; is assumed to be (a vocative of) a proper name, more specifically Leon's name in this language. &quot;Az&quot; is furthermore assumed to be a nickname shortening.

&quot;Mera her&quot; can substitute for &quot;veryem&quot;.

Prefixal ''y-''.

Question phrases:
* &quot;Ne anyah iram?&quot;
* &quot;Yem enin inyanema enya?&quot;
* &quot;Nem'era heyyer?&quot;
* &quot;Nye ne?&quot;
These all appear to share the root ''ne-''. This is however also found in most declarativ phrases, so most likely it is a basic grammatical root (pronominal? copula?) It's also not obvious if ''inyanema'' actually contains the root.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlang decipherment]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liu</title>
    <id>6439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45283</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-08T20:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Articles */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Liu
| native = Liu
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = 
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology and phonotactics==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates, clusters and other || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ks}} || {{IPA|kʷ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹ}}|| || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || {{IPA|a}} || || || || || || || || ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

The syllable structure is (C)(C)(C)V(V/{{IPA|ː}})(C)(C). Liu has phonemic vowel and consonant length constrast. Stress is random.

== Grammars ==
=== Nouns ===
Liu has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns usually end with -e or -o, and feminines with -a. Neuter nouns have no particular ending.

There are four kinds of number: singular, plural, pair and uncountable. The pair, which is not the same as dual, is used about things that consists of two parts (like scissors, pants) or usually appear in pairs (such as gloves, eyes, twins). The singular number has zero marking, while the others are formed by adding suffixes as shown below.

In the following tables, the column &quot;Replace with...&quot; shows which suffix is added, depending on what letter(s) the word ends with, as indicated on the column &quot;If word ends with...&quot; If the suffix is preceded by a -, it means that it completely replaces the end of the word specified under &quot;If word ends with...&quot; If it is precided by a + on the other hand, it means that the suffix does not replace the end of the word, but is just added on after it. V stands for any vowel and C for any consonant. The symbols 0, ♂ and ♀ specify words that have the neuter, masculine resp. feminine gender.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Forming the plural
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| -a || -i
|-
| -e || -i
|-
| -á,é,i,ó,ú || -í
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot; | -í
| 0 -íu &lt;br&gt;♂ -ío &lt;br&gt;♀ -ía
|-
| -o || -oi
|-
| -u || -ui
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot; | -C
| 0 +i &lt;br&gt;♂ +o &lt;br&gt;♀ +a
|-
| -(V)VV || -aia
|}

==== Cases ====
Liu has five cases, of which only the accusative is inflectional.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nominative'''&lt;br&gt;
The nominative has zero marking, and it is used for the agent and causer semantic roles.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Accusative'''&lt;br&gt;
The accusative stands for the semantic roles of patient, range and result. When it comes to range and result, if the noun is derived from the verb (or vice versa), the sentence is more preferrably expressed intransitively, instead of having to repeat the same word root, as in the English sentence &quot;They &lt;u&gt;sang&lt;/u&gt; a &lt;u&gt;song&lt;/u&gt;&quot;. The accusative case is expressed with different suffixes, depending on the gender and number of the noun.
{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Forming the accusative case
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| 0 sg. -u,ui* || -ú
|-
| 0 sg. -(V)(V)V || -u
|-
| 0 sg. -C || +u
|-
| 0 pl. -i,oi || -ui
|-
| 0 pl. -íu || -iu
|-
| 0 pl. -aia || -uai
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)o || -uo
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ue
|-
| ♂ sg. -C || +ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -i || -iu
|-
| ♂ pl. -ío || -iou
|-
| ♂ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♂ pl. -ui || -ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -aia || -uie
|-
| ♀ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ua
|-
| ♀ sg. -C || +ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -a || -au
|-
| ♀ pl. -ía || -iau
|-
| ♀ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♀ pl. -ui || -ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -aia || -uia
|}
&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''Pair and uncountable missing!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;On this table, long vowels are treated the same as short ones. For example, neuter singular nouns ending with -ú will get the same suffix as neuter singular nouns ending with -u.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Dative'''&lt;br&gt;
The dative is used for the dative and beneficiary semantic roles. It is usually expressed with the preposition ''des'' (meaning &quot;for&quot;), but it can also be expressed by the preposition ''pseu'' (approximately meaning &quot;instead of&quot;). &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''Two examples missing!!!'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Genitive'''&lt;br&gt;
The genitive is expressed as &quot;''possessed thing'' PREP ''possessor''&quot;. &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''Proper terms needed!!!'''&lt;/span&gt; There are three different preposition that are used depending on the gender of the possessor. For masculines ''do'' is used, &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''The rest of the genitive prepositions needs to be filled in!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Instrumental'''
The instrumental, obviously, stands for the sematic role of instrument. It is expressed with the preposition ''con''. &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''Example missing!!!'''&lt;/span&gt;

=== Pronouns ===
Amongst the personal pronouns, the neuter gender is used about people of unknown gender, or in the case plural personal pronouns, about mixed groups. 
{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Pronouns
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! Type of pronoun
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Interrogative
|-
! Personal pronouns, singular
| ♂ í (I)&lt;br&gt;♀ il (I)|| ♂ deu (you)&lt;br&gt;♀ lú (you) || 0 &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;'''Pronoun missing!!!'''&lt;/span&gt; (he/she)&lt;br&gt;♂ ene (he)&lt;br&gt;♀ sá (she) || quo (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, plural
| 0 inesse (we)&lt;br&gt;♂ íne (we)&lt;br&gt;♀ íla (we) || 0 vesse (you)&lt;br&gt;♂ deute (you)&lt;br&gt;♀ lúla (you) || 0 ènèsse (they)&lt;br&gt;♂ enê (they)&lt;br&gt;♀ sála (they) || qio (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, reflexive
| ♂ íni (myself/ourselves) &lt;br&gt;♀ ílas (myself/ourselves) || ♂ dima (yourself/yourselves)&lt;br&gt;♀ líma (yourself/yourselves) || 0 ènèssas (himself/herself/themselves)&lt;br&gt;♂ enês (himself/herself/themselves)&lt;br&gt;♀ sálas (himself/herself/themselves) || quos (who ... himself/herself/themselves)
|-
! Location
| aqa (here) || líme (there) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qed (where)
|-
! Temporal
| an (now/then)&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || en (then)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qin (when)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, singular
| 0 anda (this)&lt;br&gt;♂ aro (this)&lt;br&gt;♀ ilma (this) || 0 esses (that)&lt;br&gt;♂ deule (that)&lt;br&gt;♀ liqo (that) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qava (what)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, plural
| 0 andi (these)&lt;br&gt;♂ aroli (these)&lt;br&gt;♀ ilmi (these) || 0 esse (those)&lt;br&gt;♂ deuli (those)&lt;br&gt;♀ liqoli (those) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qavi (which)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, pair
| 0 andi (these)&lt;br&gt;♂ ari (these)&lt;br&gt;♀ ilmi (these) || 0 essesi (those)&lt;br&gt;♂ deuli (those)&lt;br&gt;♀ liqi (those) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || ''same as plural''
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, uncountable
| adassa (this) || issi (this) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qissi (which)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| 0 anor (this)&lt;br&gt;♂ ahon (this)&lt;br&gt;♀ ihon (this) || 0 esnor (that)&lt;br&gt;♂ deuson (that)&lt;br&gt;♀ lison (that) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qesnor (which)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| 0 anori (these)&lt;br&gt;♂ ahoni (these)&lt;br&gt;♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)&lt;br&gt;♂ deusoni (those)&lt;br&gt;♀ lisoni (those) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| 0 anori (these)&lt;br&gt;♂ ahi (these)&lt;br&gt;♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)&lt;br&gt;♂ deusoni (those)&lt;br&gt;♀ lini (those) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| anossa (this) || inissi (that) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qenissi (which)
|-
! Manner
| inissivi (this way) || visili (that way) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || dimi (which way)
|-
! Reason
| asto (this is why) || esto (that is why) || ''same as 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person'' || qo (why)
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;This word is used about an event mentioned by the speaker.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;This word is used about an event mentioned by the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; or 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person.

{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Quantifiers
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! Type of quantifier
! Inclusive
! Exclusive
! Universal
! Negative
|-
! Personal pronoun, singular
| cuoiduin &lt;br&gt;(anyone) || parduin &lt;br&gt;(someone) || - || induin &lt;br&gt;(no one)
|-
! Personal pronoun, plural
| cuoiduini &lt;br&gt;(anyone) || parduini &lt;br&gt;(some people) || panduin &lt;br&gt;(everyone) || induini &lt;br&gt;(no one)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| cuoi &lt;br&gt;(any) || para &lt;br&gt;(some) || omnos &lt;br&gt;(every) || inno &lt;br&gt;(no)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| cuoi &lt;br&gt;(any) || pari &lt;br&gt;(some) || omnosi &lt;br&gt;(all) || inni &lt;br&gt;(no)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| ci &lt;br&gt;(any pair of) || pri &lt;br&gt;(some pair of) || omi &lt;br&gt;(every/all) || inni &lt;br&gt;(no)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| cuoisi &lt;br&gt;(any) || parasi &lt;br&gt;(some) || omnosi &lt;br&gt;(all) || insi &lt;br&gt;(no)
|-
! Inanimate, singular
| cuoicuail &lt;br&gt;(anything) || parcuail &lt;br&gt;(something) || - || incuail &lt;br&gt;(nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, plural
| cuoicuaili &lt;br&gt;(any things) || parcuaili &lt;br&gt;(some things) || omnicuail &lt;br&gt;(everything) || incuaili &lt;br&gt;(nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, pair
| cuoici &lt;br&gt;(any) || parci &lt;br&gt;(some) || ambo &lt;br&gt;(each pair) || inci &lt;br&gt;(none)
|-
! Inanimate, uncountable
| cuoisi &lt;br&gt;(any) || parsi &lt;br&gt;(some) || omnisi &lt;br&gt;(everything) || insi &lt;br&gt;(nothing)
|-
! Location
| cuoiloca &lt;br&gt;(anywhere) || parloca &lt;br&gt;(somewhere) || omniloca &lt;br&gt;(everywhere) || inloca &lt;br&gt;(nowhere)
|-
! Temporal
| cuoimentè &lt;br&gt;(anytime) || parmentè &lt;br&gt;(sometime) || panmentè &lt;br&gt;(every time) || inmentè &lt;br&gt;(never)
|-
! Manner
| cuoili &lt;br&gt;(anyway/anyhow) || parali &lt;br&gt;(someway/somehow) || omnili &lt;br&gt;(every way) || inili &lt;br&gt;(no way)
|-
! Reason
| cuoisto &lt;br&gt;(anywhy/by any reason) || parsto &lt;br&gt;(somewhy/for some reason) || - || insto &lt;br&gt;(for no reason)
|}

=== Articles ===
Liu has definite articles, but no indefinite ones.
{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Definite articles
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! Number
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Singular
| da || la || ia
|-
! Plural
| de || le || ie
|-
! Pair
| dei || lei || ei
|-
! Uncountable
| ud || ul || ui
|}

=== Adverbs ===
Adverbs of manner usually end with –i, -li or –vi. Comparison is done by adding a suffix as below.
{| border=1 style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;&quot;
|+ colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: white;&quot;| Adverb comparison
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! Add...
|-
! Positive
| -
|-
! Comparative
| -er
|-
! Superlative
| -st
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Elvish Languages of Eramár</title>
    <id>6440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47397</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are Languages spoken by the Elves of Eramár.

[[Category:Elvish Languages of Eramár]]
[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nagatol</title>
    <id>6441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47001</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-04T14:52:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Nagatol''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''The tongue of Northern-Elves'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Eramár, Nagadail, some speakers in [[Dór Dulrent|Dór Dulrent]] {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||T.D.B. Eramár
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||About 10`000 - 100`000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
|Térverce/Elvish
:Cvebut Branch
::Nagaterun
:::Nagatol
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Basic word order:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphological type:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||--
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[T. D. Barwid (T. D. Barvidis)]]||1994-
|}

Nagatol is a conlang constructed by Tom Deymond Barwid (user [[User:Longrim|Longrim]]).
Nagatol is distantly related to [[Longrim|Longrim]], and same as it, belongs to the Quebut Branch in Elvish Language Family. 

==Internal History==

Nagatol arose in [[Silimath|Silimath]], and developed as the Northern Elves traveled to the West and settled down in West of the Mountains of West, in Kingdom of Nagadail. 

==Phonology==

Nagatol has preserved many phonological features of the Ancient Elvish and Cvebut which has been lost in other elven languages. Still, Nagatol phonology can't be described as Cvebut-like, since Nagatol is highly less nasal language.

===Consonants===

Stops: p[p]; b[b]; t[t]; d[d]; c[k]and g[g];

Fricatives: f[f]; v[v]; th[θ]; and h[ch];

Nasals: m[m]; n[n]; ng [ŋ];

Approximants: l[l]; (semivowel) y[j]; w [w]

Trills: r[r];

Nagatol never developed palatal stops, nasals or approximants. The palatal approximant/semivowel [j] is a rare phoneme.
Nagatol has lost it's [w] as separate phoneme also, since it became [v] in all places except in the end of words or in diphthongs (as glide).

===Vowels===

The vowels are:

:[a]-[aː]
:[e]-[eː]
:[i]-[iː]
:[u]-[uː]
:[ɔ]-[ɔː]
:[y]-[yː]*

*The [y] sound is seen only in loanwords. 


==Grammar==

Nothing much is known about Nagatol grammar, since there are almost none full-sentence examples, the most frequent being names of places. 

==See also==

:[[Longrimol]] A distantly related language
:[[Terun-naga]] Those that spoke Nagatol
:[[Nagadail]] The Kingdom of Terun-Naga

[[Category:Elvish Languages of Eramár]]
[[category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Longrim</title>
    <id>6442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57771</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-18T12:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hey! My real name is Toms Deimonds Barvidis . I love to conlang and I'm starting to create articles about my conlangs and my conworld, [[:Category:Eramár|Eramár]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Kirumb lexicon</title>
    <id>6443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55329</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-28T23:45:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+1000, 1st-3rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{| id=&quot;toc&quot;
| '''Table of contents'''
|-
| [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#Ŋ|Ŋ]] [[#O|O]] [[#Ó|Ó]] [[#P|P]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#Ś|Ś]] [[#Š|Š]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]
|}

==A==
* '''abi.''' /aˈβi/ ''adj. indecl.'' Second.

==D==
* '''dóo.''' /ˈdu.wu/ ''adj. indecl.'' Two.

==F==
* '''fiŋk.''' /fiŋk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Five.
* '''fiŋkísunc.''' /fiŋkiːˈsuntʃ/  ''adj. indecl.'' Fifty.
* '''fóros, -á, -oŋ.''' /fuːˈrus/ ''adj.'' Forward.
* '''fórociros, -á, -oŋ.''' /ˈfuːru.tʃiˌrus/ ''adj.'' First (of two).
* '''fórotamos, -á, -oŋ.''' /ˈfuːru.taˌmus/ ''adj.'' First (of more than two).

==H==
* '''hašilloŋ.''' /hɑ.ʃilˈluŋ/ ''adj. indecl.'' A hundred.
* '''hifta.''' /ˈhiftɑ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Seven.
* '''hiftásonc.''' /hiftɑːˈsuntʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Seventy.

==I==
* '''ínos, -á, -oŋ.''' /iːˈnus/ ''adj.'' One.

==J==
* '''jisacináok''' ''or'' '''jisacinavok.''' /dʒi.sɑˈtʃi.nɑ.wuk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Nineteen.
* '''jisakkitór.''' /dʒiˈsɑk.kiˌtuːr/ ''adj. indecl.'' Fourteen. (Later form '''jisakkitórk.''' /dʒiˈsɑk.kiˌtuːrk/.)
* '''jisappiŋkik.''' /dʒi.sɑpˈpiŋ.kik/ ''adj. indecl.'' Fifteen.
* '''jisastóok.''' /dʒi.sɑsˈtu.wuk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Twelve.
* '''jisastráisk''' ''or'' '''jisastravisk, jisastihrisk, jisastrík.''' /dʒiˈsɑs.trɑˌwisk/ ''adj.'' Thirteen.  (Later form '''jisastrík''' /dʒi.sɑsˈtriːk/ ''indecl.'')
* '''jisat.''' /dʒiˈsɑt/ ''adj. indecl.'' Ten.
* '''jisatínos-k, -a-k, -oŋ-k.''' /dʒi.sɑˈtiː.nusk/ ''adj.'' Eleven.
* '''jisatostók.''' /dʒi.saˈtus.tuːk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Eighteen.
* '''jisatsiftak.''' /dʒi.sɑtˈsif.tɑk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Seventeen.
* '''jisatvisk.''' /dʒi.sɑtˈwisk/ ''adj. indecl.'' Sixteen.

==K==
* '''kitoris, kicihris, kitór.''' /ki.tuˈris/ ''adj.'' Four.  (Later form '''kitór''' /kiˈtuːr/ ''indecl.'')
* '''kitórsonc.''' /kituːrˈsuntʃ/ ''adj.'' Forty.

==N==
* '''nava.''' /nɑˈwɑ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Nine. 
* '''navásonc.''' /nɑˈwɑːsuntʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Ninety.

==O==
* '''ostó.''' /usˈtuː/ ''adj. indecl.'' Eight.
* '''ostósonc.''' /ustuːˈsuntʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Eighty.

==S==
* '''satoŋ.''' /sɑˈtuŋ/ ''neut. indecl.'' One hundred.
* '''stráis''' ''or'' '''stravis, cihris, strí.''' /strɑˈwis/ ''adj.'' Three.  (Later form '''strí''' /striː/ ''indecl.'')
* '''strícos, -á, -oŋ.''' /striːˈtʃus/ ''adj.'' Third.
* '''strísonc.''' /striːˈsuntʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Thirty.

==V==
* '''visac.''' /wiˈsɑtʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Twenty.
* '''vist.''' /ˈwist/ ''adj. indecl.'' Six.
* '''vistísonc.''' /wistiːˈsuntʃ/ ''adj. indecl.'' Sixty.

[[Category:Kirumb|Lexicon]]
[[Category:General lexica|Kirumb]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Japonic'</title>
    <id>6444</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45363</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-13T11:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect set up</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Japanese']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cadhinor</title>
    <id>6445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45994</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T14:27:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External links */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Cad'inor''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Cad'inor'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Cadhinorian Empire {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Almea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Eastern languages (Almea)|Eastern]]
:Central
::'''Cadhinor'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[Mark Rosenfelder]]||
|}

'''Cad'inor''' is one of the classical languages of [[Almea]], the language of the ancient Cadhinorian Empire.  It can be compared to Latin in several respects:

* It was the language of a great empire.
* It is the common ancestor of several modern languages, most notably [[Verdurian]].
* It functions as a scholarly and religious language.
* It is typologically similar to Latin.

==External links==

* [http://www.zompist.com/native.htm A native grammar of Cad'inor]
* [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Ca%C4%8Finor Cad'inor @ Almeopedia]

[[Category:Almea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cuêzi</title>
    <id>6446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46012</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T23:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External links */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Cuêzi''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Cuêzi'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Ancient Cuzei {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Almea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Eastern languages (Almea)|Eastern]]
:Karazi
::'''Cuêzi'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffff66&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[Mark Rosenfelder]] ||
|}

'''Cuêzi''' is the language of ancient Cuzei, a nation in [[Almea]], and one of the world's classical languages.  If [[Cadhinor]] is Almea's Latin, Cuêzi is Almea's Greek: the language of a sophisticated ancient civilization which was later engulfed by a neighbouring great empire, but continued to contribute substantially to an entire continent's cultural heritage.  The language, belonging to the [[Eastern languages (Almea)|Eastern]] family, is also related to Cadhinor in a similar way as Greek is related to Latin by virtue of being Indo-European.  Like its earthly counterpart, Cuêzi is a richly inflected language.

==External links==

* [http://www.zompist.com/cuezi.htm Cuêzi grammar]
* [http://www.almeopedia.com/index.php/Cu%C3%AAzi Cuêzi @ Almeopedia]

[[Category:Almea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Verat</title>
    <id>6447</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45391</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-14T23:07:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Thegoatman</username>
        <id>605</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Old Verat]] moved to [[Kuma-Koban]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kuma-Koban]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Native life of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6448</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45406</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:06:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Native life of Galhaf]] moved to [[Paleobiota]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Paleobiota]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Earth life of Galhaf</title>
    <id>6449</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45410</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T02:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Earth life of Galhaf]] moved to [[Neobiota]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Neobiota]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cispaleoanimalia</title>
    <id>6450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45435</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-16T22:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Taxoboxstart}} {{Galhafanworld}} {{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}} {{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}} {{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}} |}  '''Cispaleoanimalia''' is a possibly-paraphy...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Domain|Paleoeukaryota}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{OpTaxo|Subkingdom|Cispaleoanimalia}}
|}

'''Cispaleoanimalia''' is a possibly-paraphyletic subkingdom of [[paleoanimalia]], consisting of those paleoanimals native to [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]]

== Phyla ==
''Incomplete''
*[[Polychordata]]
*[[Scutacrusta]]
=== Superphylum [[Dorsopulmonia]] ===
*[[Endosteia]]
=== Superphylum [[Astomata]] ===

[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/new</title>
    <id>6451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58885</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-14T11:38:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* *ô */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
* *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e, Permic *oo; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê &gt; *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
* *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, '''bold''' marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/font&gt; consonantal.
==*ê==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hung. !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *ê_i (std. *e_i ?)
|-
| &quot;to fear&quot;
| *pel-kä- || *pɤlɤ- || peĺe- || - || *pool- || feel- || *pil- || *pel- || *pêj-
|-
| &quot;blood&quot;
| *veri || *vɤrɤ || veŕ || ''*wʏr'' &lt;!--Hi @ ~ Me ü--&gt;|| '''*vir''' || veer || *wiɣər || *wer || -
|-
| &quot;water&quot;
| *veci || - || veď || ''*wʏt'' || *voo&lt;sup&gt;ð&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--Komi *ooD &gt; a--&gt; || '''viiz''' || *wit || - || *wêt
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;to go&quot;
| *mene- || *mɤnɤ- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*mije-''' || ''*mun(ɨ)-'' || ''mën-'' || *min- || *men- || *mên-
| Ma. cf. Kar. '''mäne-'''
|-
| &quot;to do&quot;
| *teke- || *tɤkɤ- || teje~tije- || - || - || ''tëv-'' || *tij- || *tej- || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;lip&quot;
| - || ''*pɤŋsɤm'' || - || - || - || - || *piťem || *peɬem || '''*peptän'''
| -ms- ?
|-
| &quot;to take&quot;
| *vee- || ''*vīkɤ-'' &lt;!--*i/uxi &gt; *í/úki is regular--&gt;|| ''vije-'' || - || ''*vaj(ɨ)-'' &lt;!-- i\ in Udmurt--&gt;|| '''vi-''' || *wi- || *we- || '''*ü-'''
| *êx &gt; *ix in S/Mo??
|-
| &quot;owl&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*hüüp-''' || *ɤpɤkē || - || - || - || - || *jipəɣ || *jepəɣ || -
| Onomatopoetics in F.?
|-
| &quot;warm&quot;
| E. eh'''a''' || NS &lt;font color=red&gt;'''áccagas''' || eže- || - || - || - || *iš- || - || -
|-
| &quot;bee&quot;
| *mehi- || - || mekš || ''*mükš'' || *mooš || meex || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| &quot;honey&quot;
| *meci || - || meď || ''*müj'' || *moo&lt;sup&gt;ð&lt;/sup&gt; || meez || - || - || -
| ← II
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || ''*kʏr'' || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || -
| ObU *kEr
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| *keci || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || *kêt
| Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
|-
| &quot;to must&quot;
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || Me. küle- ~ Hi. '''kele-''' || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
|-
| &quot;exchange&quot;
| *vero || - || veŕe-nc || '''*werć-''' || U. vur || - || - || '''*weer''' || -
|-
| &quot;handle&quot;
| - || *nɤvtɤ || - || - || ''*nud'' || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-. Check if not *i
|-
| &quot;middle&quot;
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;throat&quot;
| *kero || *kɤrɤs || - || - || *goor || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to wash&quot;
| *pese- || *pɤsɤ- || pezo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;to stretch&quot;
| *venü- || *vɤnɤ- || veńeme- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*wênä''
| Smy &quot;rope&quot;
|-
| &quot;boat&quot;
| *veneh || *vɤnɤs || veńeš || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to be in time&quot;
| *ehti- || *ɤstɤ- || - || *əšte- &lt;!-- Hi ə ~ Me ɤ--&gt; || K. '''eštɨ-''' || - || - || - || -
| K. ← F?
|-
| &quot;leaf&quot;
| *lehti || *lɤstɤ || - || *ləštaš || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;work&quot;
| *töö || - || ťev || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *têwi; cf. *têki
|-
| &quot;lime, bast&quot;
| *lehmus || - || ĺevos || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;dove&quot;
| F metti- ~ E meikka- || - || meče || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;pestle&quot;
| *petkel || - || peťkeĺ || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;feather&quot;
| *hewhen || *sɤvsɤm || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
|-
| &quot;to tear&quot;
| *repe- || *rɤpɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;next&quot;
| *enti || *ɤvtɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *-ŋt-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *e_i in *ê-system (all old cases long or difthongal? see also [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*äx]], [[Proto-Uralic/E|*e_a]])
|-
| &quot;to cook&quot;
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || (föö-) || '''*pääj-''' || - || *pi-
| *pexi-; cf. *pEsa- !
|-
| &quot;matter&quot;
| - || *sējɤ || sij || *šü || *śiś &lt;!--U. śis ~ K. siś--&gt;|| eev || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *säj || *ɬöj || *tiəj
| *sexji
|-
| &quot;7&quot;
| *sejcem || *čēčɤm || śiśem || *səm || *śiźɨm || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;round&quot;
| *kehkerä || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| kičkere || *kə/ɤškär || - || - || - || - ||
|-
| &quot;to drink&quot;
| *seemV- || - || śime- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| (check if a loan)
|-
| &quot;lichen on trees&quot;
| - || *jēvjɤmē || - || - || - || - || - || *jej || ''*jüjə''
| Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
|-
| &quot;dog&quot;
| *penVj || '''*peanɤk''' || pińe || *pij ~ '''*pʊni''' || *poon(ɨ)&lt;!---ɯ in U.--&gt; || (fene) || - || - || -
| Short! *e_a with Finnic *-j, Samic *-ik? H. &quot;wild&quot; may not belong
&lt;!--|-
| &quot;to find&quot;
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Plain *e? Cf. &quot;to hit&quot; --&gt;
|-
| &quot;brother&quot;
| *velji || *vēljɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Short! ← IE?
|-
| &quot;clear&quot;
| *selke- || *čēlkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;sieldɤ&lt;/font&gt;. Cf. F. *selvä &quot;ibid.&quot;
|-
| &quot;to boil&quot;
| *kee-, *kei- || *kí- || - || ''*küa-'' || - || köve- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *E_i (generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri)
|-
| &quot;mushroom&quot;
| *seeni || ''*čānā'' || - || *šeen || U. śeńki|| - || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šiinəɣ || '''*säänəɣ''' || -
| *śExni ?
|-
| &quot;to cut&quot;
| *vejci || - || - || - || K. vɤź- || vees- || - || '''*wäänť-''' || -
| K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. &quot;knife&quot;
|-
| &quot;girl&quot;
| *nejtVj || ''*nējtɤ'' || ''ni'' || - || *nɨl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || ''*nê''
| Wrt. S (&amp; Mo?) cf. difthong
|-
| &quot;to eat&quot;
| ''*söö-'' || - || ''śeve-'' || - || ''*śooj'' || ëv- || *tii-, '''*tääj-''' || *ɬii- || ''*ti-mä''
| Smy. &quot;tooth&quot;. U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant &amp; medial mismatch!
|-
| &quot;soul, breath, steam&quot;
| *lewlü || ''*lēvlɤ'' || - || - || *lool || leelek || *liil || *ɬiiɬ || -
| Wrt. S, cf. difthong
|-
| &quot;front&quot;
| *eti || - || - || - || - || elöö || *iil || *iiɬ || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *E_a
|-
| &quot;2&quot;
| (''*kakti'') || (''*kōktē'') || (''kavta'') || (''kok'') || '''*kɨk''' || keet || ''*kit'' || '''*kiit''', käät || *kêtä
| Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta
|-
| &quot;price&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *doon || - || ''*tin'' || *tään || -
| (no evidence for a cluster)
|-
| &quot;to dodge&quot;
| - || *kɤrvē- || - || - || - || kerül- || ''*kir-'' || *käärəɣ- || -
| Ms. *i before a cluster?
|-
| &quot;to cook&quot;
| - || *pɤsē- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *piit- || *pääɬ- || -
| P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi-
|-
| &quot;(to) thin&quot;
| - || '''*keancē''' || - || - || - || keskëń || - || *käänť- || -
| Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Finnic *öö is confusing
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| ''*löö-'' || - || - || ''*lüje-'' &lt;!--Hi. lüe, Me. lüje--&gt; || K. ''lɨj-'' || '''löv-''' || *li- || - || *jöw-
| *lêxi? *lêwi?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | West *e; East *ê
|-
| &quot;to sell&quot;
| ''*möö-'' || *mēkɤ- || mije- || - || *med || - || *miɣ- || *me- || '''*mi-'''
| *mexi
|-
| &quot;nest&quot;
| *pesä || *peasē || pizə || *pəžäš || *pooz ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| feesek || *pit || *peɬ || *pêtä
|-
| &quot;4&quot;
| *neljä || *ńealjē || ńiĺe || *nɪl || ''*ńooĺ'' || neeɟ || *nilə || *ńeɬää || -
| U. *oo₂ → i between palatals?
|-
| &quot;thumb&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*pewka-''' || *pealkē || '''päĺkä''' || - || U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel || - || - || - || *pêj
| ZERO regularity.
|}

==*ô==
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; | *ô_i &gt; F &amp; Mo. *o, Ma. *a
|-
| &quot;3&quot;
| *kolmi || *kolmɤ || kolmo || *kʊm ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''#kuuiŋ''' &lt;!-- U. kwiń ~ K. kujim--&gt; || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''haarom''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kuurəm''' || ''*kooɬəm'' || -
| *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
|-
| &quot;minor river&quot;
| *joki || *jokɤ || jov || *joɣə || *juu || joo || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;major river&quot;
| *juka || - || - || || || || || *jooɣən || *jəka
| for comparision
|-
| &quot;dry&quot;
| *koski || *koškɤ- || kośke- || *kaškə- || *k(w)ååś&lt;!--U. kwaś ~ K. koś--&gt; || - || - || - || *kåsə-
| F. meaning &quot;rapids&quot;, → S. *kóškɤ  ibid.
|-
| &quot;birch bark vessel&quot;
| *kosja || &quot;Ko. S&quot; kočēk || - || - || - || - || *kus || *koťək || -
| F. → NS guošši
|-
| &quot;bow&quot;
| *jouci || '''*jōksɤ''' || joŋks || *jaŋež || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *-ŋs-
|-
| &quot;to pursue&quot;
| *nou-ta- || - || - || - || - || - || *ńåwt- || *ńååɣəɬ- || *ńo-
| close to *u
|-
| &quot;bosom&quot;
| *povi || '''*pōŋɤ''' || Er. poŋgo&lt;br/&gt;~ Mk. pov || Hi. poŋgəš&lt;br/&gt;~ Me. poməš || *pi || - || *puut || *poɣəɬ || -
| Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again
|-
| &quot;snot&quot;
| *nolki || '''*snōlkɤ''' || nolga || - || - || ńaal || - || - || -
| Or *o with Mo. irregular
|-
| &quot;stick&quot;
| *ponci || - || ponda || *panðə || U. pud ~ K. bed || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to sieve&quot;
| *pohtVj- || - || ponžavto- || - || *poož- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;straw&quot;
| *olki || - || olgo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;corner; to hide&quot;
| *soppi || - || śopo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;bear&quot;
| *okci || - || ovto || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. IE!
|-
| &quot;to sink&quot;
| *lonteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; | *ô_a type 1 (substratal?)
|-
| &quot;wet&quot;
| *loppa || - || lopa-vto- || *lʊp || K. lap || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;valley&quot;
| *lotma || - || ložmo || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Phonotax non-Uralic
|-
| &quot;shameful; lazy&quot;
| *nolo || - || nola || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;11&quot; | *ô_a type 2
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;I&quot;
| *minä || *mon || mon || *məń || *mö(n)&lt;!-- -n in U.--&gt; || een || *äm || *mä || *mən
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;thou&quot;
| *cinä || *ton || ton || *tiń || *tö(n) || te || - || - || *tən
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;bird&quot;
| *lintu || *lontē || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *lʊðə || - || luud || *luuntə || *låånt || -
|-
| &quot;sleeve&quot;
| *hija  || '''*soajē''' || || || *sooj || ujj || *tɯɯjət || *ɬɯɯt || '''*tüəj'''
|-
| &quot;sleeve&quot;
| *hiha || *sɤsē || oža || sokš || || || || ||
| F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev.
|-
| &quot;phloem&quot;
| *nila || ''*ńɤlɤ'' || nola || Me. nolo || U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla || - || *ńål || *ńaɬ || -
|-
| &quot;to curse&quot;
| *kiro- || *kɤrō- || kor- || - || - || - || *kår- || *koorəm || *kərä-
| close to *u
|-
| &quot;to wash&quot;
| *liko- || - || - || - || - || - || *låwt- || *loɣɯɯt- || -
|-
| &quot;to thro&quot;
| *viska- || - || - || - || - || - || *wåśkə- || *wośkə- || -
| close to *u
|-
| &quot;to scrape&quot;
| *vito- || *vɤcō- || - || - || *vuušt- || vaasik- || '''*ašeɣ-''' || *wooč- || -
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| *iho || *ɤsē || jožo || Hi. juž || K. ež || - || - || - || -
| ← II *iza- ?!
|-
| &quot;green, yellow,&lt;br/&gt;poison, hate&quot;
| *viha, *viherä&lt;!--note *aCV &gt; eCV--&gt; || - || ožo || *ʊžar || *vöž || - || - || - || -
| NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II
|-
| &quot;to sharpen&quot;
| *hijo- || *sɤjē- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šova- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *šʊme- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;yeast; foam&quot;
| ''*hiiva'' || - || *šoŋ || *šoŋ || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← B. *šiiva- &quot;white&quot;?
|-
| &quot;to pluck&quot;
| *kitke/o- &lt;!-- Es. kitku- --&gt; || *kɤckē- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/I|*kiske-]]
|-
| &quot;to sit&quot;
| *istu- || (*i(š)tɤ-) || oza- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Unclear medial. S. ← F.
|-
| &quot;price&quot;
| *hinta || - || čonda || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;pig&quot;
| *cika || - || '''tuvo''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. raising before -v-?
|-
| &quot;surface, body&quot;
| *pinta  || - || ponda || - || U. ped || - || - || - || -
| Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;ski&quot;
| *sipakka || *sɤpēkkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to stretch&quot;
| *piŋko- || *pɤŋkē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Or *i_a.
|-
| &quot;brest&quot;
| *rinta || *rɤntē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;rapid&quot;
| *niva || *ńɤvē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| If not F. ← S.
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|}

&lt;!--
|-
| &quot;side&quot;
| *peeli || *pealjē || piĺä || *pɨlɨš || *peĺ || fül || *päĺ || *pel || --
| *e_ä with Finnic secondary *i-stem?
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sentients of the Chihazh System</title>
    <id>6452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45482</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Galhaf]] [[Category:Races]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Galhaf]]
[[Category:Races]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ObTaxoNL</title>
    <id>6453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45488</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-18T23:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: |- |style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''{{{1}}}''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|{{{2}}}</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;|'''{{{1}}}''' ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;|{{{2}}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Sentients</title>
    <id>6454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45587</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-24T23:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Taxoboxstart}}
{{Galhafanworld}}
{{ObTaxo|Kingdom|Paleoanimalia}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Phylum|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Class|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Legion|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Order|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Suborder|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Family|?}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Genus|'''Primosentiens'''}}
{{ObTaxoNL|Species|'''terraformator'''}}
|}

The '''First Sentients''' are a mysterious race that lived on [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] at the end of the [[Geological History of Galhaf#Hesperoprotomacrozoic Era|Hesperoprotomacrozoic era]].  Very little is known of them.  They seeded [[Khanda]] and [[Ospendakh]] with life.  The First Sentients went extinct 820 million years ago, during the [[Macrozoic Collapse]].  They were a semi-aquatic species, which built vast cities across the continental shelves of late-Hesperoprotomacrozoic Galhaf.

Their phylum was among those wiped out during the Macrozoic Collapse.

[[Category:Sentients of the Chihazh System]]
[[Category:Galhafan Animals]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sylphic</title>
    <id>6455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45524</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-21T10:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sam.stutter</username>
        <id>1292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: =Overview= Sylphic is a language its creator initially developed when he was about eleven, but since starting a degree in linguistics, decided he ought to go back to it and start formalisi...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Overview=
Sylphic is a language its creator initially developed when he was about eleven, but since starting a degree in linguistics, decided he ought to go back to it and start formalising it a little. Among its (unintentional) sources are Spanish, English, Gaelic, Mandarin, Japanese, Polish and some Nordic elements. Its main notable aspects are its dependence upon interpersonal relationships, a four &quot;gender&quot; system and its lilting spoken tone. It is intended to be both spoken and written, both for artistic and more prosaic purposes.
The language is still undergoing development as its creator tries to make it 'more realistic' and usable. Suggestions for vocabulary or 'how to get the currently embryonic case system to work properly (!)' are much obliged. 
{{private}}
{{Under-Construction}}
==Cultural Background==
A refreshing lingual difference in the monoglot Empire, Sylphic is one of several fringe languages and dialects. Although a widely dispersed tongue, the number of speakers compared to the standard is tiny. Furthermore, the insular nature of the Sylphic speaking community makes it an excellent cultural determiner. Sylphic has a large literary heritage and remains to be used for fiction, histories and the characteristic poetic forms. However, Sylphic is chiefly a spoken language, used by agricultural labourers in the wilderness, the Church, local government and immigrants gone to the big Cities alike. The complex forms and musical form fit the arts well, especially in folk music, with the added advantage that very few eavesdroppers will understand!

==Note From the Creator==
I apologise that, at the moment, some elements are made unclear by formatting. As soon as I get the hang of formatting, (hopefully create some tables) this should be much clearer. Also, while the language is still in development could you please not make major changes to the language system itself, though suggestions are much welcomed. Thank you.

=Alphabet=
Sylphic uses a Roman alphabet, modified with various diacritics, along with a small group of other letters. Vowels come in three 'flavours' (for want of a better word): plain, first derivative coloured or second derivative coloured, or simply: undotted, single dotted, double dotted. Consonants may appear plain or coloured (some being just single dotted, others single and double). Finally there are held vowels and held nasal consonants. These are sounds of a lower pitch, and held for roughly twice the length of other vowels and consonants. The diacritics ´ `^ and ˇ mark &quot;gender&quot; and do not alter pronunciation. The pronunciation guide below is written (for clarity) in English, rather than IPA, and should be approached with a Northern British accent. However, these pronunciations are for guide purposes only! In fact, the sound is more rounded, having a &quot;English singing pronunciation' or more Norwegian sound. Imagine you have a boiled sweet in your mouth as you say these. Furthermore, pronunciation also is altered by context, vowels ending syllables tend to be cut short and vowels before nasals tend to themselves be partly nasalised. 

===Plain Vowels===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!a
|/ar/ as car
|-
!e
|/e/ as bet
|-
!ı
|/i/ as bit
|-
!o
|/o/ as cot
|-
!u
|/u/ as hut
|}

===First Derivative Coloured Vowels===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!ȧ
|/ao/ 
|-
!ė
|the relaxed final /a/ of banana
|-
!i
|/ee/ as tree
|-
!ȯ
|/ow/ as row
|}

===Second Derivative Coloured Vowels===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!ä
|/ay/ as bay
|-
!ë	
|/ur/ as cur
|-
!ï	
|/ich/ as German ich
|-
!ö	
|/or/ as sore
|-
!ü	
|/oo/ as loot
|}

===Plain Consonants===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!b	
|/b/ as but
|-
!c	
|/c/ as cat
|-
!d	
|/d/ as duck
|-
!f	
|/f/ as of
|-
!g	
|/g/ as goat
|-
!h	
|/h/ as hat
|-
!j	
|rolled /j/ as Spanish jota
|-
!k	
|/k/ as kit
|-
!l	
|/l/ as pull, not as light
|-
!m	
|/m/ as map
|-
!n	
|/n/ as new
|-
!p	
|/p/ as pot
|-
!q	
|/c/ as cut
|-
!r	
|/r/ as rat
|-
!s	
|/s/ as sail
|-
!t	
|/t/ as tent
|-
!v	
|/v/ as van
|-
!w	
|/w/ as water
|-
!x	
|/x/ as Xanadu
|-
!y	
|/y/ as yet
|-
!z	
|/z/ as zoo
|}
===Coloured Consonants===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!ḃ	
|/bh/
|-
!ċ	
|/xsh/
|-
!ḋ
|/dh/
|-
!ç	
|rolled /c/
|-
!ḟ	
|/f/ as flower
|-
!ġ	
|a French /j/ as je suis
|-
!ḣ	
|unpronounced; denotes a complete expulsion of air from the lungs
|-
!ḧ	
|rolled /h/
|-
!ṗ	
|/ph/ as philanthropy
|-
!ṙ	
|rolled /rr/ as Spanish perro
|-
!ṡ	
|/sh/ as shut
|-
!ṫ	
|/th/ as bath, not as there
|-
!ẗ	
|/st/ as stop
|-
!ẇ	
|/wh/ as what
|-
!ẅ 	
|/ewh/
|-
!ẋ	
|/ch/ as church
|-
!ẍ	
|/sx/: a run on of six, or s-schwa-x
|-
!ẏ	
|/dj/ or /j/ as jam
|-
!ÿ	
|/I/ as I
|-
!ż	
|/sjz/
|}

===Held Vowels and Held Consonants===
Remember to drop pitch when moving to these sounds: there should be a certain sonority to them.
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!ā	
|long, sighed /a/
|-
!ē	
|long, sighed /e/
|-
!ī	
|long, sighed /i/
|-
!ō	
|long, sighed /o/
|-
!ū	
|long, sighed /u/
|-
!ṁ	
|long, hummed /m/
|-
!ṅ	
|long, hummed /n/
|-
!ŋ	
|long, hummed /ng/ as rigging
|}

===Other Letters===
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!ð	
|/th/ as there, not as bath
|-
!æ	
|/a/ as cat
|-
!ll 	
|/ll/ as pull, not as light
|-
!
|rolled /j/ as Spanish jota
|-
!
|/y/ as yellow
|-
!
|/dl/ as puddle
|-
!œ	
|/oi/ as oil
|}

=Basic Grammar=
==Basics==
===Noun Types (&quot;Genders&quot;)===
Many societies see the world divided up into four elements. The four types of noun have nothing to do with this, but it may help to think along these lines. In fact there is no set reason why one is one thing and one another, but tends to be divided by age, gender, level of complexity of idea, abstract versus prosaic, etc. The definite and indefinite article mark gender, along with the written diacritic upon the ''first un-coloured vowel of the word''. These diacritics are also found on the article. As in Chinese, where tone differentiates between words such as &quot;mother&quot; and &quot;question participle&quot;, a single Sylphic word may refer to four different nouns, four different verbs, four adjectives and four adverbs (although they tend to be related). This is clearly defined in writing, where the diacritics and article mark word type. (Gender extends to all word classes). However, in speech, where no article is present, confusion may arise. However, much of the time words across type are roughly synonymous (i.e. in speech there is no big need to differentiate &quot;end&quot; and &quot;finish&quot;). If there is a large difference in meaning across type, then definition is created through context. &quot;The cat sat on the mat&quot; is hardly going to be &quot;the cunning rested on the carpet tile&quot;

{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!'''Indefinite Article'''
|'''Definite Article'''
|-
!Qué - 
|Yá
|-
!Quèd
|Dà
|-
!Quêl 
|Lâ
|-
!Jĕ
|Jă
|}

===Singular, Dual, Trial, Paucal, Plural===
Singular refers to one object, Dual to two, Trial to three. Paucal refers to 'many' (roughly between four and seven) and Plural refers to 'lots' (at least seven). This is due to Sylphic's base three counting system, only recently adapted to allow decimal numbers. To mark quantity, the following suffixes are applied to the noun. No agreement is needed with adjectives, but is required of verbs. All nouns are count nouns, that is, the word for water refers in fact to a single 'hypothetical' quantity of water. All mass nouns, when used as such, are given the plural suffix. For words ending in vowel sounds:  

{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!Singular
| n/a
|-
!Dual
|s
|-
!Trial
|t
|-
!Paucal
|j
|-
!Plural
|r
|}
For words ending in consonant sounds: 
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!Singular
| n/a
|-
!Dual
|ÿs
|-
!Trial
|ÿt
|-
!Paucal
|ÿj
|-
!Plural
|ÿr
|}

===Persons===
These tend not to be attached to verbs as in 'I am', as the verb conjugation itself tells enough about tense and person (as in Spanish). However, these words are used rather for formality's sake, to clarify ambiguous statements, as possessives or as the subjects of verb statements. They are altered by case.
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;
!I	
|Ä
|-
!You singular to someone close to the first person
|Beäḣ
|-
!You singular to someone who the first person is respectful / distant to
|Bÿ
|-
!He
|Teo
|-
!She
|Teä
|-
!It
|Tÿ
|-
!One / Impersonal You
|Ÿ
|-
!We including the second person
|Ṫi
|-
!We not including the second person
|Ṫÿ
|-
!You plural to others close to the first person	
|Leäḣ
|-
!You plural to others who the first person is respectful / distant to	
|Lÿ
|-
!They masculine	
|Seo
|-
!They feminine
|Seä
|-
!They genderless objects
|Sÿ
|}

===Social Honorifics===
When discussing other human beings, or objects given human qualities, Sylphic uses an extended system of honorifics, demonstrating the relationship between the addresser and addressee or person discussed. These are attached (by hyphen) to the end of the name of the addressee or subject. If a name is not present, then this is tagged to the chief noun describing the subject or addressee, such as job titles, descriptions,  nouns marking social status, etc. If there are none of these present, the honorific is tagged to the final word of the utterance, or sentence. An similar feature in English is &quot;I'll do that right away, sir&quot;. Also, in first utterances, the addressee is often hailed by their honorific.
====Family Relationships====
The English language marks various family relationships such as &quot;brother&quot;, &quot;sister&quot;, &quot;uncle&quot;, &quot;niece&quot;, etc. However, Sylphic has a much larger lexis of these. The term &quot;daughter&quot; in English tallies to four possible terms in Sylphic, which coincidentally tally with a system formerly prevalent in the British private school system: major, minor, minimus. An eldest daughter is termed &quot;mȧlá&quot;, second &quot;mȧlé&quot;, third &quot;mȧló&quot; and younger ones as &quot;mȧlú&quot;. Granddaughters are usually termed &quot;mȧlæ&quot;. This system produces a very intricate map of family and interfamily relationships.
====Social Relationships====
In English, one addresses another as &quot;sir&quot;, &quot;Your Highness&quot;, or &quot;ms&quot;. The same is true in Sylphic, except it is much greater developed. The list of honorific terms in use is potentially enormous, as roles in, for example, government develop their own honorific. However, there is a body of day-to-day terms such as &quot;dȯlèü&quot;: best female friend. It is important to note that the term &quot;dȯlèü&quot; carries an extra differentiation: viability for a romantic relationship, i.e. if you were not both friends then that person could be ''potentially'' attractive. In Sylphic speaking society, a strategic use of honorifics is often employed.
====Usage====
To illustrate this in practice, we may examine the term for &quot;identical twin sister&quot;: ÿdà. This may be used as such:
* Ẋä-nô igqunœ äẋ ÿdà-læ
**This-NOM be-HABIT/3rdSING I-POS identical twin sister-PSD
**Literally: This is my identical twin sister
*Éfæ-nô-ÿdà igqunœ xâllā
**Eva-NOM (my identical twin sister) be-HABIT/3rdSING sleep-ADJ
**Literally: Eva is sleepy
*Ÿdà, igquı xâllā
**Identical twin sister, be-HABIT1stSING sleep-ADJ
**Literally: I am sleepy
*It also may be the case that one addresses a very close best friend as &quot;ÿdà&quot; as well, in order to demonstrate the closeness of the relationship, mutual respect or sisterly affection.

===Numbers===
====Cardinal Numbers====
As a point of interest, the Sylphic number system (extended to base ten) is as follows:
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!Zero
|Pù
|-
!One
|Yÿ
|-
!Two
|Tzá
|-
!Three
|Twá
|-
!Four
|Kÿ
|-
!Five
|Qúi
|-
!Six
|Sÿs
|-
!Seven
|Süt
|-
!Eight
|Óll
|-
!Nine
|Nüj
|-
!Ten
|Yȧ
|-
!Twenty
|Tȧ
|-
!Thirty
|Twȧ
|-
!Forty
|Kȧ
|-
!Fifty
|Qúȧ
|-
!Sixty
|Syȧ
|-
!Seventy
|Zȧ
|-
!Eighty
|Ói
|-
!Ninety
|Nȧ
|-
!Hundred
|Útä
|-
!Thousand
|Ítia
|}

====Ordinal Numbers====
====Base Three Counting System====
The original base three counting system worked on two principles. The first was a counting system which went as follows: 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, etc, which rose to 333 (that is, 27). The second functioned as a rather more basic system: 1, 2, 3, many, lots (as is present in the plural system). There are specialist words for these hypothetical quantities: ȧfón (many), ȧrlón (lots).

==Using Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs and the Basics of Verbs==
==Verbs==
==Case==
===Note from the creator===
Currently, much of the Sylphic standardisation is taking place in the area of case. However, a working list of case used is possible, although it is likely to be altered at a future date. As of the moment, the case system resembles that of Finnish (and a little of Hungarian)
*Nominative
*Accusative
*Partitive
*Prolative
*Essive
*Translative
*Instructive
*Abessive
*Comitative
*Genitive
*Locative
**Allative
**Adessive
**Inessive
**Elative
**Illative
**Ablative
**Dative

===Deixis===
Sylphic marks six deictic distances, rather than the two used in English (“here”, “there” / “this”, “that”). These are proximal, corporeal, visual, distal, abstract and metonymic.
{|border=1px solid black cellspacing=0px cellpadding=5px style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;
!Proximal
|Relating to objects upon, about, or of the body of the speaker. Items of extreme proximity
|-
!Corporeal
|Relating to objects within the range of the grasp of the speaker, or may be physically touched. Items within personal space
|-
!Visual
|Relating to objects within visual range and may be directly gestured at. Items up to the horizon
|-
!Distal
|Relating to objects beyond the line of sight, over the horizon, although theoretically within range of the speaker’s ability to travel
|-
!Abstract
|Relating to objects beyond the speaker’s ability to travel. A long way away. Also used when describing theoretical objects, concepts, or within fictions. Items not possible to inspect
|-
!Metonymic
|Relating to objects represented. This used to typically refer to the object in an image, that has left footprints or tracks, or any artefact. Modern examples include pointing at a video and saying ''that’s the Prime Minister''
|}

==Constructing Sentences and Utterances==
==Peculiarities==
==Speaking Sylphic==
===Tone and Pronunciation===
Speaking Sylphic fluently involves the adoption of the rising and falling tone of the language. Rules governing pitch are very rough, but as a set of guidelines, the following tends to cover most aspects.
Single syllable:							Down (and short).
Double syllable (ending in vowel sound):				Down - up.
Double syllable (ending in consonant sound or æ):		Up - Down or Down - up.
Double syllable (ending in climax vowel / consonant):		Up - Down.
Triple syllable: 		single syllable - double syllable or  up - double syllable.
Quadruple syllable:					down - up - down - up.
Quintuple syllable:					up - down - up - down - up.	
This is by no means an exhaustive list.
Someone recently remarked that it sounded like a cross between Shetland, Spanish and Liverpudlian.

===Honorifics===
Take care to use the correct honorifics for each social situation, it can be considered impolite to misaddress someone.
===Verbs===
When speaking, it is permissible to only use the simpler verb tenses (rather than the more specific forms used in writing). This can make speaking the language much easier. In an informal situation, using 100% correct grammar suggests an impolite superiority complex, or being excessively sarcastic (correct grammar in speech can equate to saying &quot;yeah, right&quot;). Furthermore, don't panic over gender, as it will probably be clear which sense of a word you mean.

=Dictionary=
===The Dictionary===
The dictionary is still under massive reconstruction, each word that had been invented being tested and formalised. These are the words that have so far made it through. Please, please, please, don't hesitate to suggest more vocabulary; as long as it follows the rules (and is not too stupid) it should be accepted. The more people who get involved the better. 
The current dictionary is available as a .pdf (as it is far too complicated a job to reformat it here). You can view it here:
[http://www.easy-share.com/1904836331/Sylphic Dictionary v1.1.pdf]
(When the first page has loaded, wait a few seconds, then click the download for free button)
The dictionary will be updated over time
===Growth of Vocabulary===
As people who speak one language go out and meet other people who speak a different language, then linguistic items are exchanged. If speakers of another conlanguage want to exchange lexis on a low level, then I am more than happy for this to take place.
====Other Conlangs====
As an intellectual exercise, I have attempted to transliterate the names of some other conlangs described on another Conlang site:
*Nȧléqæn
*Ḣélıkoṅ
*Úṁbriænæ
*Glȯt
*Áliṡyæ

=Cultural Items=
==Time Division==
Sylphic, although now having absorbed the standard Western calendar, used to, and still does to a large extent, use different forms of time division. 
[[http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/File:Seasons,_Years,_Days.png | Diagram of Sylphic Calendar and Hour System]]
===Hours===
A Sylphic &quot;hour&quot; roughly equates to that of a modern Western hour. However, a Sylphic &quot;hour&quot; is a much more abstract concept, and does not necessarily last sixty minutes. Rather, there are twenty four different characters of each day, regularly represented in cultural mysticism by the twenty four Figures (essentially demigoddesses or female saints). Each &quot;hour&quot; has a quality associated with it, thus connecting time, routine and the supernatural more closely. The &quot;hours&quot; are standardised to the spring equinox, and are stretched or shortened according to the time of year. Sometimes whole &quot;hours&quot; will be skipped, at the discretion of the speaker.

===Meals===
Sylphic has an unusually developed set of terms for times of eating. It is not inferred that a Sylphic speaker will eat fifteen meals a day, only that they differentiate between, for example, an afternoon snack and an afternoon tea.

===Annual Divisons===
As well as the twelve seasons, the Sylphic year is divided into eight approximate sections, marked by a specific festival. As with the &quot;hours&quot;, these divisions each have a Figure. Contemporary Sylphic reconciles these festivals with standard Western feast-days, such as Christmas and Easter (although the dates differ by a few days). The names of the Figures make popular girls' names.

=Example text=
This section is due to change soon. For the moment,  
====Example Text====
Yá bérigiṅue-nô qélpënœ ǔndÿplǔ yá ȧlóṅiaḣ-ẋè fìlæü   
====Direct Translation====
The riverNOM flowHABIT DIRECTION-DEIXIS the valeDAT stormADJ   
====Gloss====
The river flows down through the stormy vale</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Apfiso</title>
    <id>6456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45549</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:36:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Apfiso is the descendant of [[Itapesituc]] by way of [[Atpisto]] and then [[Appisto]].

==Phonology==
*Phonemes:
**Vowels:
***
**Consonants:
***Stops: p b t d k g
***Affricates: pf) bv) ts) dz) tʃ) dʒ) tsʷ) dzʷ) tʃʷ) dʒʷ) kx) gG)
***Fricatives: s z ʃ x
***Nasals: m n
***Approximants: r l
*Constraints:
**Nuclei: any vowel
**Syllable Initial Consonants: /p b t d k g s x m n r l/ or nothing
**Syllable Final Consonants: any consonant except /m n l/, included clusters /pt kt st xk/, /r/ with any stop or /s x/, or nothing
**Intersyllabic Cluster: any final consonant or cluster (or nothing) and then any initial consonant (or nothing), except for geminate stops.
*Allophony:
**s x :&gt; ʃ prior to i
==Morphology==
==Syntax==
==History==
Between Appisto and Apfiso the following sound changes occurred:

Beginning with mass affrication:
*ps bs ts ds ks gs rs :&gt; pf) bv) ts) dz) tsˠ) dzˠ) dzˠ) 
*px bx tx dx kx gx rx  :&gt; pf) bv) tʃ) dʒ) tʃˠ) dʒˠ) dʒˠ) 
*pr br tr dr kr gr :&gt; pf) bv) tʃ) dʒ) tʃˠ) dʒˠ)
*pp bb tt dd kk gg :&gt; pf) bv) ts) dz) kx) gG)

In addition to some other simplifications as well:

*sx xs :&gt; ʃ ʃ
*si xi :&gt; ʃi ʃi
*sr xr :&gt; st xk
*VsCV :&gt; Vs:V
*VsV Vs:V :&gt; VzV VsV
*tsˠ) tʃˠ) dzˠ) dʒˠ) :&gt; tsʷ) tʃʷ) dzʷ) dʒʷ)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eptizo</title>
    <id>6457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45556</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing all content from page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pīstù</title>
    <id>6458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45555</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: Pīstù is an offshoot of [[Itapesituc]] that went on to found an entire branch of said family.  ==Phonology==  ==Morphology==  ==Syntax==  ==History==</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pīstù is an offshoot of [[Itapesituc]] that went on to found an entire branch of said family.

==Phonology==

==Morphology==

==Syntax==

==History==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eptiza</title>
    <id>6459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45560</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-23T08:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eptiza is the descendant of [[Etpisto]].

==Sound Changes from Etpisto==
*tp tk :&gt; pt kt
*sp st sk :&gt; ps ts ks
*pr br tr dr kr gr :&gt; pf) bv) ts) dz) kx) gG)
*ps bs ts ds ks gs rs :&gt; pf) bv) ts) dz) kx) gG) dz) 
*px bx tx dx kx gx rx  :&gt; pf) bv) ts) dz) kx) gG) gG) 
*o# :&gt; a
*And #l l# l :&gt; l l DELETED</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Finnish</title>
    <id>6460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50536</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-17T22:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moving the sch file out to a new page, since it's big and cluttery</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Mielenkiintoista. Kaksi pikkupikku huomautusta vaan: sä oot kirjottanu yhteen kohtaan &quot;paitsi&quot; suomeksi.
:Aajuu, näin muistan jossain välissä huomanneeni. Pistetääns korjaten.
Ja sitten siinä missä lukee mihin eri juttuihin ð muuttui, niin voisi mainita myös ð &gt; j (mutta ehkä sä et laske sitä &quot;tavallisimpien äänteiden&quot; joukkoon?).

[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 22:42, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
:Voishan noista murteista kirjoittaa paljonkin, ei ole tosin ollut kovin korkealle priorisoituna, ajattelin &quot;sivuhaaroista&quot; käsitellä lähisukukieliä ensin. ð → j mennee aika pitkälti ð → ∅:n alle muutenkin (hiatuksenestona).
:Saa tähän artikkeliin tietysti lisäillä kaikenlaista jos haluaa.
:(''for English speakers'': knock yourself out if you want to cover Finnish dialects or other Finnic languages) --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 13:19, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Ahaa, niin mä vähän ajattelinkin.
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 14:44, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

== IPA Zounds ==

To have some real sound changes to play with, I made an IPA Zounds sc file from this article.
It's not ready yet and probably very inaccurate.
:Neat! I've not used IPA Zounds so I can't comment on possible formatting issues etc. The unstress'd vowel changes look like they might need conditioning however? --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 22:02, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
::That's correct, but stress (and other whole-syllable-properties) is a bit clumsy in Zounds, I'm just looking into the code, maybe I can change how that is dealt with. Then I can use more simple conditions than I would have to use now. -- [[User:Anaphory|Anaphory]] 11:54, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
:::Rewritten in sch, seems to work -- [[User:Anaphory|Anaphory]] 02:44, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

[[Talk:Finnish/sch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>More about Seuna verbs</title>
    <id>6461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45857</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-07T00:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* weka */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Three valency changing constructions==

===The reflexive===

===The causative===

===The passive===

==Two participles==

There are two participles. The passed passive is the infinite with '''oi''' replacing the original vowel. The present active is the infinite with '''eu''' replacing the original vowel.

These participles can appear in compounds. For example;-
hand.make'''oi''' = handmade 

wife.beat'''la''' = wifebeater

It could be said that there is a third participle. The infinitive can be used to mean &quot;that must be&quot;. For example &quot;shirt&quot; &quot;to wash&quot; means the shirt that must be washed.

==A Ø-marked participle==

==Auxiliary verbs==

The equivalents of the English words ''may'' and ''can'' are given by auxiliary verbs in Seuna. 

However the three Seuna words used are not &quot;defective&quot; as their English equivalents are.

The verb fronted by the auxiliary verb is always in its infinitive form (called source form (consider Arabic &quot;maSdar&quot;)).

=== '''wai''' ===

'''wai''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has physical strength or skill.

'''wai:ari''' to lift chair = I could not lift the chair

children '''wai:uro''' to swim = the children can swim

=== '''bisa''' ===

'''bisa''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has permission.

children '''bisuro''' to swim in lake = the children can swim in the lake

'''bisire''' to leave = you may leave

=== '''weka''' ===

'''weka''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has knowledge or mental ability (to know how to ...).

'''wekoro''' to name all the prime numbers upto one thousand = S/he can name ...

'''weka''' is also used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because of external factors.

??? '''wekoro''' to walk across lake llll in winter time = One can walk ....

(actually how would Seuna express the above ??)

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liberalian</title>
    <id>6462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45794</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T13:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Efloean</username>
        <id>1300</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The Liberalian language''' (Liberalian: ''liberalisk Langunel'') is a language constructed by the user Northern Sushi within the game NationStates for use primarily in the in-game regions of Liberalia, New Liberalia, and WWSETI. The language was intended as part of the Liberalian Internationalist Union scheme for users who spoke languages other than English as their first language. While the LIU mandate failed, the language still lived on yet its progress greatly slowed and practically became devoted to just word creation. It is word creation that keeps the language alive today.

==Alphabet==
{| cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; cellspadding=&quot;3&quot;
! colspan=&quot;25&quot; bgcolor=&quot;efefef&quot; | Upper case
|-
| A ||	Ai ||	Au ||	B ||	C ||	D ||	E ||	F ||	G ||	H ||	I ||	J ||	K ||	L ||	M ||	N ||	O ||	P ||	R ||	S ||	T ||	U ||	V ||	X ||	Y
|-
! colspan=&quot;25&quot; bgcolor=&quot;efefef&quot; | Lower case
|-
| a ||	ai ||	au ||	b ||	c ||	d ||	e ||	f ||	g ||	h ||	i ||	j ||	k ||	l ||	m ||	n ||	o ||	p ||	r ||	s ||	t ||	u ||	v ||	x ||	y
|-
! colspan=&quot;25&quot; bgcolor=&quot;efefef&quot; | Phonetic value
|-
| a ||	a͡j ||	a͡w ||	b ||	t͡ʃ ||	d ||	e ||	f ||	g ||	h ||	i ||	d͡ʒ ||	k ||	l ||	m ||	n ||	o ||	p ||	ɹ ||	s ||	t ||	u ||	v ||	ʃ ||	j
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tepa texts</title>
    <id>6463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46151</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-18T17:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elzinga</username>
        <id>315</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In this appendix I present short texts in Tepa. Each text is presented first in Tepa, then in an idiomatic English translation (the Tower of Babel story uses the KJV text as the idiomatic English translation), and finally in an interlinear, morpheme-by-morpheme gloss.

==The Tower of Babel==

The following was taken from the journal of Alma Walker:

Thursday November 16th, 1871. J[oseph] and I conversed at length concerning the bewildering number and general confusion of tongues, doubtless prompted by my inquiries concering the Miapimoquitch, with whom he spent so much of his youth. I felt compelled to read aloud the account from the book of Genesis concerning the confusion of tongues and the Lord's scattering of that proud but fallen people. J remarked that the Miapimoquitch would have enjoyed this story, and asked if I would like to hear it as they might have told it. I responded that I would very much, whereupon he related it to me in the Miapimoquitch dialect as follows.


'''Tepa'''

1 huisi leqa sukuuqu, huisi tepa. 2 hukahekahee metapu sinaa kenipa eaqa kitile. hukate yu. 3 huyakkee hawananpaqana. 4 huhawaqakkassa hanima etiqe ukaiqu kupine. huwaweletii pewalilkatta metasewe. 5 husahu qamana epite hanimaa akasa tukua. 6 huyakee qamana hasua! isi tukua huisi leqa nequ. huqanani humuqappulpa eqana eamine. 7 wasahu huhawanulu leqane numuhuyu eteppa. 8 hulika metasewe tukua yehupa huapupa ekasa hanimaa. 9 huten papele, anulu yu leqa tukua qamana elika yule metasewe.


'''The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)'''

1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. 2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 3 And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. 4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. 6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. 8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. 9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.


Verse 1

'''huisi leqa sukuuqu, huisi tepa'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || isi || leqa || sukuu || =qu || hu= || isi || tepa
|-
|and= || 3- || one || language || earth:B || =to || and= || one || speech
|}

And to the earth one language and one speech.


Verse 2

'''hukahekahee metapu sinaa kenipa eaqa kitile.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || kahekahee || meta || =pu || sinaa || kenipa || e= || 0- || aqa || kiti || =le
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || find:DIST:B || region || =in || Shinar || mesa || SS= || 3- || journey || east || =from
|}

'''hukate yu.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || kate || yu
|-
|and= || 3- || dwell || there
|}

And they found in the land Shinar a mesa as they journey from the East. And they dwelt there.


Verse 3 

'''huyakkee hawananpaqana.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yakkee || ha= || wa- || nanpa || + || qana
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say:G:B ||!= || 1&gt;3- || adobe || + || make
|}

And they said to each other, let us make adobe.


Verse 4 

'''huhawaqakkassa hanima etiqe ukaiqu kupine.'''

{|
|hu= || ha= || wa- || qa&quot;- || kassa || hanima || e= || 0- || tiqe || ukai || =qu || kupi || -ne
|-
|and= ||!= || 1&gt;3- || CBA- || build:G || pueblo || SS= || 3- || reach || sky || =to || head || -3p
|}

'''huwaweletii pewalilkatta metasewe.'''

{|
|hu= || wa- || weletii || pe= || wa- || lilka || =tta || meta || =sewe
|-
|and= || 1&gt;3- || know:L:B || IRR= || 1&gt;3- || scatter:L || =sometime || region || =through
|}

And let us build for ourselves a pueblo, its top reaching the sky. And we will be known if sometime we are scattered through the land.


Verse 5 

'''husahu qamana epite hanimaa akasa tukua.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || sahu || &lt;am&gt; || qana || e= || 0- || pite || hanimaa || a= || 0- || kasa || tukua
|-
|and= || 3- || descend || &lt;AGT&gt; || make || SS= || 3- || see || pueblo:B || DS= || 3&gt;3'- || build || person:COLL:B
|}

And the Creator descended to see the pueblo that the people were building.


Verse 6 

'''huyakee qamana hasua!'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yakee || &lt;am&gt; || qana || ha= || 0- || sua || 
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say:B || &lt;AGT&gt; || make || != || 3&gt;3'- || look
|}

'''isi tukua huisi leqa nequ.'''

{|
|0- || isi || tukua || hu= || 0- || isi || leqa || ne || =qu
|-
|3- || one || person:COLL:B || and= || 3- || one || language || DEM || =to
|}

'''huqanani humuqappulpa eqana eamine.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || qana || =ni || hu= || mu= || 0- || qa&quot;- || pulpa || e= || 0- || qana || e= || 0- || ami || =ne
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || do || =this || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || CBA- || stop:L || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || do || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || desire || =DEM
|}

And the Creator said, look! The people are one, and to them is one language. And they do this, and they will not be stopped (from) doing what they desire.


Verse 7 

'''wasahu huhawanulu leqane numuhuyu eteppa.'''

{|
|wa- || sahu || hu= || wa- || nulu || leqa || =ne || hu= || mu= || 0- || huyu || e= || 0- || teppa
|-
|1- || descend || and= || 1- || mix || language || =3p || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || understand || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || speak:G
|}


I (will) go down and mix their language, and they will not understand what they speak to each other.


Verse 8 

'''hulika metasewe tukua yehupa huapupa ekasa hanimaa.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || lika || meta || =sewe || tukua || &lt;am&gt; || qana || hu= || a= || 0- || pupa || e= || 0- || kasa || hanimaa
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || scattered || region || =through || person:COLL:B || &lt;AGT&gt; || make || and= || DS= || 3&gt;3'- || stop || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || build || pueblo:B
|}


And the Creator scattered the people throughout the land and they stopped building the pueblo.


Verse 9 

'''huten papele, anulu yu leqa tukua qamana elika yule metasewe.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || ten || papele || a= || 0- || nulu || yu || leqa || tukua || &lt;am&gt; || qana || e= || 0- || lika || yu || =le || meta || =sewe
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || name || Babel || DS= || 3&gt;3'- || mix || there || language || person:COLL:B || &lt;AGT&gt; || make || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || scatter || there || =from || region || =through
|}

And its name is Babel, (because) the Creator mixed the people's language there and scattered them from there throughout the land.


==Coyote Eats Rocks==

'''naki kenke Qamattihu'''


uuppetetta Qamattihu--uuuuppete. aqa yin yu husua enakitte. pite ametepinhai Kimu. yake &quot;Haya, Kimu! sukaqanitte?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;wametepinhai.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;sukaqanittu?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;nakine.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;

hunakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki pinpinkahai wane. uuuuwapete.&quot; hunakii nepikin Kimu Qamattihu humumawette Kimuttin netukua. yake &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki. wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;

aqa yin yu husua anaki. pite anakiuki Mese. yake &quot;haya, Mese! sukaqanitte?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;wanakiuki.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki ukikinka wane. uuuuwapete.&quot; hunakii ukukii episite ekahene Qamattihu humumawette Mesettin netukua. yake, &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki. wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;

aqa yin yu husua enakitte. pite anasiyupi Anei. yake &quot;haya, Anei! sukaqanitte?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;wanakiyupi.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki yupiypinka wane. uuuuwapete.&quot; hunakii yupii pakukuule Qamattihu humumawette aneittin netukua. yake &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki. wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;

lea husena suqanitte hunakitte. pite Tipukan yapalata atipi sukupu. yake &quot;haya, Tipukan! sukaqanitte?&quot;

huyakenu &quot;naqaken. iye hapuu yu huhamawema awaisi.&quot;

huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;

muweline Tipukan humutepatte hutipi sukupu yapata.

yakeni &quot;kiawanaki kenkenka wane. uuuuwapete.&quot; hunakii mikikiin keken tukulaa episite ekahene Qamattihu. qaha netunpa! yake &quot;aa, naane!&quot; yake &quot;uuwaqasalatii kekennu!&quot; hulua hutuli asati netunpa.

uuwesi ekatatta. yake &quot;uuwaqasalatii kekennu pise huwaqakkalta! waqane ewapipi.&quot;

lupaa yapaqu Qamattihu. tette netunpapu keken eqani lawi. tiluu laka eyapapu aqallalti netunpa kenke hutupaa huluqaa.

Qamattihunu! sumusunutta?


'''Coyote eats rocks'''


Coyote was really hungry one day--really really hungry. He was wandering around looking for something to eat. He saw Field Mouse gathering grass seeds. &quot;Hey, Field Mouse! What are you doing?&quot; he asked.

&quot;Gathering grass seeds,&quot; said Field Mouse.

&quot;What for?&quot; asked Coyote.

&quot;To eat,&quot; answered Field Mouse.

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;

&quot;Me and my family like them.&quot;

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some grass seeds. I'm really really hungry.&quot; And Coyote ate all of Field Mouse's seeds, leaving none for poor Field Mouse and his family. &quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food. I'm still really hungry.&quot;

He was wandering around looking for food. He saw Lizard eating bugs. &quot;Hey, Lizard! What are you doing?&quot; asked Coyote.

&quot;Eating bugs,&quot; answered Lizard.

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;

&quot;Me and my family like them.&quot;

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some bugs. I'm really really hungry.&quot; And Coyote ate all of the bugs he could find, leaving none for poor Lizard and his family. &quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food. I'm still really hungry.&quot;

He was wandering around looking for something to eat. He saw Beaver chewing on some bark. &quot;Hey, Beaver! What are you doing?&quot; asked Coyote.

&quot;Eating bark,&quot; answered Beaver.

&quot;Does it taste good?&quot;

&quot;Me and my family like it.&quot;

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some bark. I'm really really hungry.&quot; And Coyote ate the bark off of all the trees, leaving none for poor Beaver and his family. &quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food. I'm still really hungry.&quot;

He sat down and wondered what to do about food. He saw Sage Hen down by the spring pecking at the ground. &quot;Hey, Sage Hen! What are you doing?&quot;

&quot;Swallowing rocks. Now go away and leave me alone.&quot;

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;

Sage Hen ignored him and didn't answer, but kept on pecking in the dirt by the spring.

&quot;Maybe I'll try some rocks. I'm really really hungry.&quot; And Coyote ate all of the pebbles, rocks, and boulders he could find. His stomach was huge! &quot;Aah, that did the trick!&quot; he said. Those rocks really filled me up!&quot; And he lay down to take a nap because his stomach was so full.

When he woke up awhile later he was really thirsty. &quot;Those rocks really filled me up, but they sure did make me thirsty! I'd better get a drink.&quot;

Coyote walked down to the spring. All of the rocks rattled and clacked together in his stomach making a lot of noise. He leaned over the water in the spring, but his stomach was so heavy with rocks that he fell in and drowned.

That Coyote! Won't he ever learn?


'''naki kenke Qamattihu'''

{|
|0- || naki || kenke || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu
|-
|3&gt;3'- || eat || rock:DIST || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief
|}

Coyote eats rocks


'''uuppetetta Qamattihu--uuuuppete.'''

{|
|uu&quot;= || 0- || pete || =tta || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu || uu&quot;= || 0- || pete
|-
|INTENS= || 3- || be.hungry || =sometime || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief || INTENS= || 3- || be.hungry
|}

Coyote was really hungry one day--really really hungry.


'''aqa yin yu husua enakitte.'''

{|
|0- || aqa || yi || -n || yu || hu= || 0- || sua || e= || 0- || naki || =tte
|-
|3- || wander || here || -and || there || and= || 3&gt;3'- || seek || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || eat || =something
|}

He was wandering around looking for something to eat.


'''pite ametepinhai Kimu.'''

{|
|0- || pite || a= || 0- || mete || + || pin || + || hai || kimu
|-
|3&gt;3'- || see || DS= || 3- || gather || + || seed || + || grass || Field.Mouse
|}

He saw Field Mouse gathering grass seeds.


'''yake &quot;Haya, Kimu! sukaqanitte?&quot;'''

{|
|0- || yake || haya || kimu || su= || ka- || qani || =tte
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hey || Field.Mouse || ?= || 2&gt;3- || do || =something
|}

&quot;Hey, Field Mouse! What are you doing?&quot; he asked.


'''huyakenu &quot;wametepinhai.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || wa- || mete || + || pin || + || hai
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 1- || gather || + || seed || + || grass
|}

&quot;Gathering grass seeds,&quot; said Field Mouse.


'''huyakeni &quot;sukaqanittu?&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || su= || ka- || qani || =ttu
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || ?= || 2&gt;3- || do || =some.reason
|}

&quot;What for?&quot; asked Coyote.


'''huyakenu &quot;nakine.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || 0- || naki || =ne
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 3&gt;3'- || eat || =DEM
|}

&quot;To eat,&quot; answered Field Mouse.


'''huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || su= || 0- || naa || naki
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || ?= || 3- || good || eat
|}

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;


'''hunakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || 0- || supa || =ma || -n || wa- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 3&gt;3'- || please || =1 || -and || 1p- || person:COLL:B
|}

&quot;Me and my family like them.&quot;


'''huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki pinpinkahai wane.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || kia= || wa- || naki || pinpi || =nka || + || hai || wa- || ne
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || maybe= || 1&gt;3- || eat || seed:DIST || =some || + || grass || 1- || DEM
|}

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some grass seeds.


'''uuuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm really really hungry.&quot;


'''hunakii nepikin Kimu Qamattihu humumawette Kimuttin netukua.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || nakii || ne- || pikin || kimu || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu || hu= || mu= || 0- || mawe || =tte || kimu || -tti || -n || ne- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || eat:B || 3- || seed:COLL:B || Field.Mouse || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || leave || =something || Field.Mouse || -DIM || -and || 3p- || person:COLL:B
|}

And Coyote ate all of Field Mouse's seeds, leaving none for poor Field Mouse and his family.


'''yake &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki.'''

{|
|0- || yake || hen || pesi || mu= || 0- || kenee || naki
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hmm || certainly || NEG= || 3- || be.enough:B || eat
|}

&quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food.


'''wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|wa- || puu || hu= || uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|1- || go || and= || INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm still really hungry.&quot;


'''aqa yin yu husua anaki.'''

{|
|0- || aqa || yi || -n || yu || hu= || 0- || sua || naki
|-
|3- || wander || here || -and || there || and= || 3&gt;3'- || seek || eat
|}

He was wandering around looking for food.


'''pite anakiuki Mese.'''

{|
|0- || pite || a= || 0- || naki || + || uki || mese
|-
|3&gt;3'- || see || DS= || 3- || eat || + || bug || Lizard
|}

He saw Lizard eating bugs.


'''yake &quot;haya, Mese! sukaqanitte?&quot;'''

{|
|0- || yake || haya || mese || su= || ka- || qani || =tte
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hey || Lizard || ?= || 2&gt;3- || do || =something
|}

&quot;Hey, Lizard! What are you doing?&quot; asked Coyote.


'''huyakenu &quot;wanakiuki.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || wa- || naki || + || uki
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 1- || eat || + || bug
|}

&quot;Eating bugs,&quot; answered Lizard.


'''huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || su= || 0- || naa || naki
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || ?= || 3- || good || eat
|}

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;


'''huyakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || 0- || supa || =ma || -n || wa- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 3&gt;3'- || please || =1 || -and || 1p- || person:COLL:B
|}

&quot;Me and my family like them.&quot;


'''huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki ukikinka wane.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || kia= || wa- || naki || ukiki || =nka || wa- || ne
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || maybe= || 1&gt;3- || eat || bug:DIST || =some || 1- || DEM
|}

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some bugs.


'''uuuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm really really hungry.&quot;


'''hunakii ukukii episite ekahene Qamattihu humumawette Mesettin netukua.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || nakii || ukukii || e= || 0- || pisite || e= || 0- || kahe || =ne || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu || hu= || mu= || 0- || mawe || =tte || mese || -tti || -n || ne- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || eat:B || bug:COLL:B || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || able || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || find || =DEM || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || leave || =something || Lizard || -DIM || -and || 3p- || person:COLL:B
|}

And Coyote ate all of the bugs he could find, leaving none for poor Lizard and his family.


'''yake, &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki.'''

{|
|0- || yake || hen || pesi || mu= || 0- || kenee || naki
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hmm || certainly || NEG= || 3- || be.enough:B || eat
|}

&quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food.


'''wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|wa- || puu || hu= || uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|1- || go || and= || INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm still really hungry.&quot;


'''aqa yin yu husua enakitte.'''

{|
|0- || aqa || yi || -n || yu || hu= || 0- || sua || e= || 0- || naki || =tte
|-
|3- || wander || here || -and || there || and= || 3&gt;3'- || seek || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || eat || =something
|}

He was wandering around looking for something to eat.


'''pite anasiyupi Anei.'''

{|
|0- || pite || a= || 0- || nasi || + || yupi || anei
|-
|3&gt;3'- || see || DS= || 3- || chew || + || bark || Beaver
|}

He saw Beaver chewing on some bark.


'''yake &quot;haya, Anei! sukaqanitte?&quot;'''

{|
|0- || yake || haya || anei || su= || ka- || qani || =tte
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hey || Beaver || ?= || 2&gt;3- || do || =something
|}

&quot;Hey, Beaver! What are you doing?&quot; asked Coyote.


'''huyakenu &quot;wanakiyupi.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || wa- || naki || + || yupi
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 1- || eat || + || bark
|}

&quot;Eating bark,&quot; answered Beaver.


'''huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || su= || 0- || naa || naki
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || ?= || 3- || good || eat
|}

&quot;Does it taste good?&quot;


'''huyakenu &quot;supaneman watukua.&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =nu || 0- || supa || =ma || -n || wa- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =that || 3&gt;3'- || please || =1 || -and || 1p- || person:COLL:B
|}

&quot;Me and my family like it.&quot;


'''huyakeni &quot;kiawanaki yupiypinka wane.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || kia= || wa- || naki || yupiypa || =nka || wa- || ne
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || maybe= || 1&gt;3- || eat || bark:DIST || =some || 1- || DEM
|}

&quot;Maybe I'll eat some bark.


'''uuuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm really really hungry.&quot;


'''hunakii yupii pakukuule Qamattihu humumawette aneittin netukua.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || nakii || yupii || pakukuu || =le || qa&quot;- &lt;am&gt; tihu || hu= || mu= || 0- || mawe || =tte || anei || -tti || -n || ne- || tukua
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || eat:B || bark:B || tree:COLL:B || =from || CBA- &lt;AGT&gt; mischief || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || leave || =something || Beaver || -DIM || -and || 3p- || person:COLL:B
|}


And Coyote ate the bark off of all the trees, leaving none for poor Beaver and his family.


'''yake &quot;hen. pesi mukenee naki.'''

{|
|0- || yake || hen || pesi || mu= || 0- || kenee || naki
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || hmm || certainly || NEG= || 3- || be.enough:B || eat
|}

&quot;Hmm. That sure wasn't very much food.


'''wapuu huuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|wa- || puu || hu= || uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|1- || go || and= || INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm still really hungry.&quot;


'''lea husena suqanitte hunakitte.'''

{|
|0- || lea || hu= || 0- || sena || su= || 0- || qani || =tte || hu= || 0- || naki || =tte
|-
|3- || sit || and= || 3- || think || ?= || 3&gt;3'- || do || =something || and= || 3&gt;3'- || eat || =something
|}

He sat down and wondered what to do about food.


'''pite Tipukan yapalata atipi sukupu.'''

{|
|0- || pite || tipukan || yapa || + || la || =ta || a= || 0- || tipi || suku || =pu
|-
|3&gt;3'- || see || Sage.Hen || source || + || water || =at || DS= || 3- || peck || dirt || =in
|}

He saw Sage Hen down by the spring pecking at the ground.


'''yake &quot;haya, Tipukan! sukaqanitte?&quot;'''

{|
|haya || tipukan || su= || ka- || qani || =tte
|-
|hey || Sage.Hen || ?= || 2&gt;3- || do || =something
|}

&quot;Hey, Sage Hen! What are you doing?&quot;


'''huyakenu &quot;naqaken.'''

{|
|0- || naqa || + || ken
|-
|3- || swallow || + || rock
|}

&quot;Swallowing rocks.


'''iye hapuu yu huhamawema awaisi.&quot;'''

{|
|iye || ha= || puu || yu || hu= || ha= || mawe || =ma || a= || wa- || isi
|-
|now || != || go || there || and= || != || leave || =1 || DS= || 1- || one
|}

Now go away and leave me alone.&quot;


'''huyakeni &quot;sunaa naki?&quot;'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || yake || =ni || su= || 0 || -naa || naki
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || say || =this || ?= || 3 || -good || eat
|}

&quot;Do they taste good?&quot;


'''muweline Tipukan humutepatte hutipi sukupu yapata.'''

{|
|mu= || 0- || weli || =ne || tipukan || hu= || mu= || 0- || tepa || =tte || hu= || 0- || tipi || suku || =pu || yapa || =ta
|-
|NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || listen || =DEM || Sage.Hen || and= || NEG= || 3&gt;3'- || speak || =something || and= || 3- || peck || dirt || =in || spring || =at
|}

Sage Hen ignored him and didn't answer, but kept on pecking in the dirt by the spring.


'''yakeni &quot;kiawanaki kenkenka wane.'''

{|
|0- || yake || =ni || kia= || wa- || naki || kenke || =nka || wa- || ne
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || =this || maybe= || 1- || eat || rock:DIST || =some || 1- || DEM
|}

&quot;Maybe I'll try some rocks.


'''uuuuwapete.&quot;'''

{|
|uu&quot;= || wa- || pete
|-
|INTENS= || 1- || be.hungry
|}

I'm really really hungry.&quot;


'''hunakii mikikiin keken tukulaa episite ekahene Qamattihu.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || nakii || mikikii || -n || keken || (-n) || boulder:COLL:B || e= || 0- || pisite || e= || 0- || kahe || =ne || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || eat:B || pebble:COLL:B || -and || rock:COLL:B || (-and) || tukulaa || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || able || SS= || 33'- || find || =DEM || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief
|}

And Coyote ate all of the pebbles, rocks, and boulders he could find.


'''qaha netunpa!'''

{|
|0- || qaha || ne- || tunpa
|-
|3- || be.big || 3p- || belly
|}

His stomach was huge!


'''yake &quot;aa, naane!&quot;'''

{|
|0- || yake || aa || 0- || naa || =ne
|-
|3- || say || aah || 3- || good || =DEM
|}

&quot;Aah, that did the trick!&quot; he said.


'''yake &quot;uuwaqasalatii kekennu!&quot;'''

{|
|0- || yake || uu= || wa- || qa&quot;- || salatii || keken || =nu
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || INTENS= || 1&gt;3- || CBA- || be.full:L:B || rock:COLL:B || =that
|}

Those rocks really filled me up!&quot;


'''hulua hutuli asati netunpa.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || lua || hu= || 0- || tuli || a= || 0- || sati || ne- || tunpa
|-
|and= || 3- || lie.down || and= || 3- || sleep || DS= || 3- || be.full || 3p- || belly
|}

And he lay down to take a nap because his stomach was so full.


'''uuwesi ekatatta.'''

{|
|uu= || 0- || wesi || e= || 0- || kata || =tta
|-
|INTENS= || 3- || be.thirsty || SS= || 3- || wake.up || =sometime
|}

When he woke up awhile later he was really thirsty.


'''yake &quot;uuwaqasalatii kekennu pise huwaqakkalta!'''

{|
|0- || yake || uu= || wa- || qa&quot;- || salatii || keken || =nu || pise || hu= || wa- || qa&quot;- || kalta
|-
|3&gt;3'- || say || INTENS= || 1&gt;3- || CBA- || be.full:L:B || rock:COLL:B || =that || certainly || and= || 1&gt;3- || CBA- || be.thirsty:L
|}

&quot;Those rocks really filled me up, but they sure did make me thirsty!


'''waqane ewapipi.&quot;'''

{|
|wa- || qane || e= || wa- || pipi
|-
|1- || should || SS= || 1- || drink
|}

I'd better get a drink.&quot;


'''lupaa yapaqu Qamattihu.'''

{|
|0- || lupaa || yapa || =qu || qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu
|-
|3- || walk:B || spring || =to || CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief
|}

Coyote walked down to the spring.


'''tette netunpapu keken eqani lawi.'''

{|
|0- || tette || ne- || tunpa || =pu || keken || e= || 0- || qani || lawi
|-
|3- || rattle:G || 3p- || belly || =in || rock:COLL:B || SS= || 3&gt;3'- || do || noise
|}

All of the rocks rattled and clacked together in his stomach making a lot of noise.


'''tiluu laka eyapapu aqallalti netunpa kenke hutupaa huluqaa.'''

{|
|0- || tiluu || la || =ka || e= || 0- || yapa || =pu || a= || 0- || qa&quot;- || lalti || ne- || tunpa || kenke || hu= || 0- || tupaa || hu= || 0- || luqaa
|-
|3- || lean:B || water || =on || SS= || 3- || spring || =in || DS= || 3- || CBA- || heavy:L || 3p- || belly || rock:DIST || and= || 3- || fall:B || and= || 3- || drown:B
|}

He leaned over the water in the spring, but his stomach was so heavy with rocks that he fell in and drowned.


'''Qamattihunu! sumusunutta?'''

{|
|qa&quot;- || &lt;am&gt; || tihu || =nu || su= || mu= || 0- || sunu || =tta
|-
|CBA- || &lt;AGT&gt; || mischief || =that || ?= || NEG= || 3- || learn || =sometime
|}

That Coyote! Won't he ever learn?


==Index==

{{Tepa Index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imstian Dialects</title>
    <id>6464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45838</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-05T21:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Imstian Dialects''' build, together with Bavarian, Alemannic, South and East Franconian, the Upper German dialect group. The two Imstian main dialects are spoken in Germany, Austria and Italy by approximately 250.000 people. They do not have any official status in any state nor are they written officially.
[[Image:Deutsche_Dialekte.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The Upper german dialects]]
==Name==

The linguistic term '''Imstian''' (German '''Imstlerisch''') derives from the small city of Imst and the surrounding district with the same name, which is the region with the most Imstian speakers in the Imstian Sprachraum after Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The speakers themselves do not call their dialects so, in fact the term '''Schwäbisch''' is used in the north west, '''Alemannisch''' in the west and '''Bairisch''' in the east, so always according to the surrounding dialects (as many south Franconian speakers call themselves &quot;Swabians&quot; although they actually don't speak an Allemannic language). 


==Current Situation==

Due to the widely not existing notice of a common language, the number of Imstian speakers decreases more and more. Especially in Austria, in the district Innsbruck-Land, speakers intend more and more to speak a South Bavarian idiom. The city of Telfs, for example, which is located in traditional Imstian Sprachraum, is now Bavarian-speaking due to massive immigration of workers from eastern Tyrol comming there to work in the still growing tourism branch. &lt;br&gt;

     
==Characteristics==

As a High German dialect group, Imstian was affected by the [[High German Consonant Shift]]:

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot; 
| '''High German''' || haben || halb || Schlafen || Schwein || es || essen || machen || Apfel || Herz
|-
| '''Upper Imstian'''  ||'' choo ''||'' choub ''|| ''schloifo'' ||'' Schwii ''||'' is ''|| ''esso ''|| ''mocho ''|| ''Opfo'' ||'' Cherz''
|-
| '''English'''  || Have || half || sleep || Swine || it || eat || make || apple || heart
|}


In distinction to Standart High German, it shares lots of features though with the surrounding dialects, especially that, as for nouns, the genitive and accusative cases are no longer productive as well as the disappearance of the synthetic preterite, which was replaced by the periphrasticly-built perfect:

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot; 
!
!Disappearance of the preterite form
!Building of the pluperfect form
!Genitive construction
!Accusative construction
!Conjunctive construction in indirect speech
|-
| '''High German''' || Ich gab es der Frau. || Ich hatte es gekauft. || Das Haus des Freundes ist schön. || Ich sehe den Löwen an. || Sie sagen, du seiest blöd.
|-
| '''(southern) South Franconian''' || E håb s dr Fråå gewə. || E håbs khååft khet. || əm fraend sae hous əsch schee. || E gug də Leef åå. || Di såågəd, do däädsch bleed sae.
|-
| '''Upper Imstian'''  ||''I choi's iro froowo gebo.'' || ''I choi's krrooft krroit.'' || ''Imo fruuti siis chuus isch schoo.'' || '' I luo dir lef.'' || ''Di sogit, do toitisch tuufor soo.''
|-
| '''English'''  || I gave it to the woman. || I had bought it. || The friend's house is nice. || I am watching the lion. || They say you were dumb.
|}


Nevertheless Imstian has many differences that distinguish it from the other Upper German Dialects:

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
!
! Common plural form for verbs
! Old High German ending -mês for 1st Person Plural remaining 
! Productive case endings
|-
| '''Swabian''' ||  mr hend, ər hend, di hend &lt;br&gt; '''YES''' || mr send &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || dr Leef, əm Leef &lt;br&gt; '''NO'''
|-
| '''Upper Imstian''' || ''mir chois, ir choi, di choi'' &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || ''mir biros ''(-os &lt; -umês) &lt;br&gt; '''YES''' || ''dir Lef, imo Lefi'' &lt;br&gt; '''YES'''
|-
| '''Central Bavarian''' || mia håm/håmma, eß håbts, se håm(t) &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || mia sàn/hàn &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || da Lef, am Lefn &lt;br&gt; '''YES'''
|-
| '''Standart German''' || wir haben, ihr habt, sie haben &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || wir sind &lt;br&gt; '''NO''' || der Löwe, dem Löwen &lt;br&gt; '''YES'''
|-
| '''English''' || we have, you have, they have || we are || the lion, to the lion
|}

==Phonology==
[[Upper Imstian Phonology]]

[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Deutsche Dialekte.jpg</title>
    <id>6465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45822</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T16:32:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Upper German Dialects including Imstian.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Upper German Dialects including Imstian.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Upper Imstian Phonology</title>
    <id>6466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45889</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-08T22:14:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caedes</username>
        <id>1197</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This site describes the phonology of Upper Imstian tending to the local idiom of Imst ('''Iisch''', ''adj.'' ''' iischlorisch'''). As mentioned in the main article, there is no official orthography used for the language. Nevertheless here it is tried to establish one based partly on German.

==Consonants==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod.||colspan=2| Alveolar||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || '''{{IPA|m}}''' || || || || '''{{IPA|n}}''' || || || ||  || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || '''{{IPA|p}}''' || '''{{IPA|ḅ}}''' (b) || ||  || '''{{IPA|t}} '''|| '''{{IPA|ḍ}}''' (d) || || || || || '''{{IPA|k}}''' || '''{{IPA|ġ}}''' (g) || '''q''' (g, k)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || '''{{IPA|f}}''' || '''{{IPA|v}}''' (w) || '''{{IPA|s}}''' ||  || '''{{IPA|ʃ}}''' (sch) ||  || ||  ||  || || '''{{IPA|χ}}''' (ch)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || '''pf''' || || '''{{IPA|ʦ}}''' (tz) || || '''{{IPA|ʧ}}''' (tsch) |||| || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || ||  ||  || || || || || || || '''{{IPA|j}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || ||  || || '''{{IPA|r}} '''|| || || || '''{{IPA|ʀ}}''' (rr)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || ||  || || || || '''{{IPA|l}}'''
|}

*[q] is an allophone of [k] and [ġ] and only appears in front of [ʀ]: '''krromo''' ['qʀɔmʌ] ''come'' (participle).
*[ʀ] &lt;rr&gt; developed from Germanic '''*kw''' &gt; Old Upper Imstian '''[χw] &lt;chw&gt;'''. It is not an allophone of original [r]: '''krroit''' ['qʀɔɪt] ''had'' (participle) vs. '''krottzo''' ['krɔʦ:ʌ] ''to scratch''.

==Vowels==

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|-
|  ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front Central || colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Back-to-mid || colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Back
|- 
| || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded || Unround || Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
| High || '''i''' (i) || || || || || || || '''u''' (u)
|-
| Near-close || || || '''ɪ''' (i) || || || '''ʊ''' (u)
|-
| Open-mid || '''ɛ''' (e) || || || || || || '''ʌ''' (o) || '''ɔ''' (o)
|}

*[ɪ] and [ʌ] are allophones of [i] and [ɔ] in unstressed syllables: '''progrom''' [prʌ'ġrɔm] ''program'' vs '''progromiero''' [prʌġrʌ'miɪ̯rʌ] ''to program''
*[ɛ] becomes [ɪ] if unstressed: '''telfo''' ['tɛlfʌ] ''phone'' vs. '''tilfoniero''' [tɪlfʌn'iɪrʌ] ''to phone''
*[i], [u] and [ɔ] can also appear as long vowels in stressed syllables: '''meer''' ['mɛːr] ''more''.

===Diphthongs===

Diphthongs only appear in stressed position. &lt;br&gt;
'''uo''' [uɔ]: '''luo''' ['luɔ] ''to watch'' &lt;br&gt;
'''ou''' [ɔʊ]: '''lou''' ['lɔʊ] ''lamb'' &lt;br&gt;
'''eu''' [ɛʊ]: '''leubi''' ['lɛʊḅɪ] ''lambs'' &lt;br&gt;
'''ie''' [iɪ]: '''koschtriero''' ['kʌ'ʃtriɪrʌ] ''to castrate'' &lt;br&gt;
'''oi''' [ɔɪ]: '''goi''' [ġɔɪ] ''to go''

==Gemination==
Unlike Standart German, Upper Imstian shows consonant gemination within words. This is marked with a double letter: &lt;br&gt;
'''wello''' ['vɛlːʌ] ''to want'' &lt;br&gt;
'''schpittzo''' ['ʃpiʦ:ʌ] ''pike;top''

==Stress==

As in German, the stress is usually on the first Syllable of the stem, even in foreign loanwords, especially those from French ('''trotwo''' ['trɔtvʌ] ''pavement'' by French ''trottoir'', '''biiro''' ['ḅi:rʌ] ''bureau''). Exceptions are some verbal prefixes of motion: '''loufo''' ['lɔʊfʌ] ''to walk'' vs. '''uufoloufo''' ['u:fʌˌlɔʊfʌ] ''to walk up''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koġołħuẓ</title>
    <id>6467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45877</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-08T18:28:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Koġołħuẓ
| native = Koġołħuẓ
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = 
| morphosyntactic-alignment = 
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=21 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. || colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar || colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || || || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Ejectives || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʈ’}} || || || || || || {{IPA|q’ⁿ}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || {{IPA|tɕ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || || || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || || || || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral fricative || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Flap || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɽ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Romanization ===

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;, A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, D&amp;nbsp;d, Ḍ&amp;nbsp;ḍ, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, G̣&amp;nbsp;ġ, H&amp;nbsp;h, Ḥ&amp;nbsp;ḥ, Ħ&amp;nbsp;ħ, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, K&amp;nbsp;k, L&amp;nbsp;l, Ḷ&amp;nbsp;ḷ, Ł&amp;nbsp;ł, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, Ṇ&amp;nbsp;ṇ, O&amp;nbsp;o, P&amp;nbsp;p, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, Ṣ&amp;nbsp;ṣ, Ś&amp;nbsp;ś, T&amp;nbsp;t, Ŧ&amp;nbsp;ŧ, U&amp;nbsp;u, W&amp;nbsp;W, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z, Ẓ&amp;nbsp;ẓ'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! '
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʔ
|
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| 
|-
! Ḍ ḍ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʈ’
|
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɛ
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g
| 
|-
! G̣ ġ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | q’ⁿ
|
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! Ḥ ḥ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɦ
|
|-
! Ħ ħ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | x
|
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʝ
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! Ḷ ḷ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɽ
|
|-
! Ł ł
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɬ
|
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! Ṇ ṇ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
|
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | r
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! Ṣ ṣ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʂ
|
|-
! Ś ś
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
|
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! Ŧ ŧ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tɕ
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u
| 
|-
! W w
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | w
|
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| 
|-
! Z z
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | z
|
|-
! Ẓ ẓ
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʐ
|
|}

== Grammars ==
Koġołħuẓ is consonental root language, but unlike Semitic languages, each root doesn't need to be three consonants. In Koġołħuẓ every root can be between one and three consonants. Grammars are expressed by adding vowels between the consonants. The vowels are {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} and a null vowel (Ø). The null vowel stands for the absence of a vowel. Some consonants have a vocalic allophone, these pairs are {{IPA|/ʔ/}}-{{IPA|[ɑ]}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}-{{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|/j/}}-{{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|/w/}}-{{IPA|[u]}}. These consonants turn into their vocalic counterpart to avoid illegal clusters, which often result from the insertion of the null vowel. In the following grammars explanation, infixes are represented as groups of three vowels. Each of these three vowels is inserted into its right place in the root.

=== Nouns ===
The first vowel of all nouns is null, because the first position is used for derivation. The second vowel stand for the type of case: a for cases related to the accusative, e for locative cases, i for different kinds of nominative cases and o for the rest of the cases (which have in common that the word they are applied to usually are neither the subject nor the direct object of the sentence). The third vowel does not have such a systematic meaning, but there are some patterns that can be seen; Ø is used for the most &quot;basic&quot; or &quot;simplest&quot; cases and e is used for cases that are often used together with inanimate nouns.

Koġołħuẓ has the following 15 cases + a zero-syntactic role.
*(*)Abstract accusative - ØaØ
*Allative - Øei
*Benefactive - Øoa
*Comitative - Øou
*(*)Concrete accusative - Øaa
*(*)Declarative - ØiØ
*Elative - Øea
*(*)Nominative in process - Øie
*Instrumental - Øoe
*Locative - Øee
*(*)Measure - Øau
*Nominative - Øii
*(*)Passive - Øai
*(*)Possessed - Øae
*(*)Unvoluntary nominative - Øia
*Zero-syntactic - ØØØ

The '''abstract accusative''' is used for the semantic roles of range and result.
{| 
! ?? || ?? || ??
|-
| ??  || ??  || ??
|}
''They sang a song.''

The '''allative''' is used for the semantic role of goal, i.e. what something moves towards.
{| 
! ?? 
|-
| ?? 
|}
''This raft will take us to the opposite shore.''

The '''benefactive''' is used for beneficiaries (for who something is done for) and recipient (who receives something).&lt;br&gt;
''The princess gave alms to the poor.''&lt;br&gt;
''Can you hang the laundry up for me?''

The '''comitative''' is used for the semantic role of accompaniment (who something is done with).&lt;br&gt;
''I went to fish with a friend.''

The '''concrete accusative''' is used with patients that are somehow affected by the action described in the sentence. These are often concrete, inanimate objects.&lt;br&gt;
''I will eat an apple.''&lt;br&gt;
''Close the door will you?''&lt;br&gt;
''I'll cut the meat and you'll make the salad.''

The '''declarative''' is used for describing that a patient is or becomes something.&lt;br&gt;
''She was surprised.''&lt;br&gt;
''The water is cold.''&lt;br&gt;
''The weather is turning bad.''

The '''elative''' is used for the semantic role of source, i.e. where something comes or originates from.&lt;br&gt;
''A bird fell from the sky.''&lt;br&gt;
''Out of the way!''

The '''Nominative in process''' is used about things that have undergone, are undergoing or will undergo a process. The difference between the common nominative and nominative in process is that the common nominative is actively making it so that something happens, while the nominative in process is in a situation where something happens whether he/she/it wants it or not. The process is something that the noun with this case can't stop, pause or reverse. &lt;br&gt;
''The water has frozen.''&lt;br&gt;
''The cat died.''

'''Instrumental''' stands for the semantic role of instrument.&lt;br&gt;
''Use a pair of tweezers to get the splinter out.''

The '''locative''' is used for expressing where something is.&lt;br&gt;
''The bread is on the table.''

'''Measure''' is used for the semantic roles of measure and time. It is used for expressing things like how much something costs, how long something will take, etc.&lt;br&gt;
''This ring sure cost a lot of money.''&lt;br&gt;
''During rush hour it will take two hours to get to the capital.''&lt;br&gt;
''It will take a lot of effort to move this rock.''

'''Nominative''' is used about the agent, the subject who is actively performing the verb in the sentence.&lt;br&gt;
''The police are investigating the murder.''&lt;br&gt;
''The kids are running.''&lt;br&gt;
''Mice have gotten into the granary'' (they deliberately gnawed their way in).

The '''passive''' is used for expressing that someone is the &quot;victim&quot; of some event.&lt;br&gt;
''The boy got stung by a bee.''&lt;br&gt;
''Many civilians got killed during the war.''&lt;br&gt;
''I was robbed!''

'''Possessed''' is used about a patient that is possessed, acquired or exchanged.&lt;br&gt;
''I have a dog.''&lt;br&gt;
''I got oranges from the neighbour.''&lt;br&gt;
''I bought some rice.''

The '''unvoluntary nominative''' is used about an agent who does something by accident, or experiences something she has no control of. It doesn't necessarily mean that the event is something unpleasant, in Koġołħuẓ it is by default just neutral.&lt;br&gt;
''She saw a crocodile'' (allthough she wasn't on the look for one).&lt;br&gt;
''He heard some bad news'' (from someone who he hadn't inquired about anything).&lt;br&gt;
''Whoops! I dropped an egg.''

The '''zero-syntactic role''', which is not really a case, is used for nouns that are not used in full sentences, for examples in lists, titles, etiquettes and so on, or when meta-linguistically referring to a word.&lt;br&gt;
''Harry Potter and the Goblet of fire''&lt;br&gt;
''Olives'' (written on a jar)&lt;br&gt;
''Bread, oranges, milk, soap''&lt;br&gt;
''What does equilibrium mean?''&lt;br&gt;
''You have written the word &quot;the&quot; twice.&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koggollhhurz</title>
    <id>6468</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45849</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-06T14:48:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirecting to [[Koġołħuẓ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Koġołħuẓ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velar consonant</title>
    <id>6469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54464</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-07T02:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nortaneous</username>
        <id>1302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>spelling, added examples</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Velar consonants''' are the most common type of [[dorsal consonant]]s, pronounced with the dorsum of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (or velum). [[Velarization]] utilizes the same gesture, but with another primary articulation. Velar or further back closure is used to produce the airflow in [[click]]s, but their [[POA]] are generally defined by the front articulation (this also implies the impossibility of a velar click; not that it stopped [[IPA]] from creating a symbol for one).

[[Back vowel]]s may also be characterized as velar, tho for those in the [ɔ] to [ɑ] region &quot;uvular&quot; or &quot;pharyngeal&quot; may be more accurate descriptions.

==Plosives==
The [[voiceless velar stop]] /k/ is nigh-universal in languages of the world and commonly a high-frequency consonant. When [[aspiration]] or [[ejective]]ness are contrasted, the same applies to these counterparts. Languages lacking /k/ have generally previously shifted it to /ʔ/ (examples include Tahitian and perhaps [[wikipedia:Xavante language|Xavante]]) or have other voiceless dorsal stops, usually at least /kʷ/ (sometimes /kp/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4133.html Klao]) or /q/ ([http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6105.html Hupa])). A third , more academic possibility is a language not making any voicing distinction in stops and having [k] as an allophone of a consonant best described as /g/.

By contrast, the [[voiced velar stop]] /g/ (or /ɡ/, if you are a stickler for proper typography) is considerably more unstable than its other &quot;basic&quot; counterparts /b/ and /d/; languages with a [[Phoneme hole|hole]] at /g/ are found randomly scattered around the world, with little areal relevance. Known pathways of elimination include → /ɣ/, also a likely intermediate on the road towards loss. [[Arabic]] has freak unmotivated unconditional palatalization to /ʤ/ (while in many dialects leaving /k/ be). ''(I think this is one of a number of hints for Classical Arabic /q/ having been [ɢ] --ed.)'' The [[Velar implosive|implosive]] /ɠ/ is subject to a similar limitation.

A curious exception of stop distribution is (Xalxa) [[Mongolian]], which lacks /k/ but has /g/.

==Affricates==
Voiceless velar affricates occur mostly as an areal feature in Southern Africa, commonly furthermore being ejective and in some cases (Zulu, Archi) lateral. Voiceless velar lateral affricates tend to vary with clusters of a velar stop and an alveolar lateral (Zulu, Archi (might just be notational difference there)). It is also fleetingly found in some [[High German]] dialects, demonstrating its role as the intermediate in the change /kʰ/ → /x/.

Voiced velar affricates are completely unattested, both as phonemic and as a predictable allophone of any other consonant.

==Fricatives==
Velar fricatives /x/ and /ɣ/ are not uncommon, tho not as common as their stop or labial/alveolar counterparts.
&lt;!-- UPSID /k/ 403, /s/ ~200, /f/ 150, /x/ 95
           /g/ 253, /z/ ~100, /v/ 95, /ɣ/ 55--&gt;

Lateral velar fricatives are possible, but rare.

==Nasal==
The [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/ is even more commonly lacking as a phoneme than /g/, tho for some reason its distribution is more tied to areal factors. Additionally, among languages that do have /ŋ/, there is also a strong tendency to disallow the word-initial position (examples include the [[Germanic languages]]; exceptions include Austronesian and most languages of Siberia) and sometimes any onset position ([[Mandarin]]).

==Other sonorants==
The [[labial-velar approximant]] /w/  is more common than the plain velar version /ɰ/. This is not surprising, since both are high back [[semivowel]]s, and the high back rounded vowel /u/ is also more common than the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/.

A velar lateral approximant /ʟ/ is very rare (a velarized alveolar /ɫ/ is somewhat more common), to the point of being about as common as its obstruent counterparts.

Velar trills or flaps are impossible (but see [[velopharyngeal trill]])

==Sound changes involving velars==
===From===
Velar consonants may commonly be palatalized into palatal consonants near front vowels (which may then decay via [[assibilation]] or similar pathways). This change is also attested as spontaneous in languages that contrast velars with [[uvular consonant]]s, in indigenous languages of the Pacific coast of North America. This is also hypothesized of [[Proto-Indo-European]] in some reconstructions, considering that there are ''(AFAIK --ed.)'' no clear examples of palatal stops becoming velar stops.

Another typical POA change is retraction to uvular near back vowels (a much rarer spin on this occurs in [[Lahu]], where velars become uvular before all vowels). Spontaneous backing is attested for the fricatives in many Afro-Asiatic languages.

Labialization can occur near rounded vowels, and resulting labialized velars are capable of turning to labials (eg. [[Greek]]). The change of *w → /v/, ubiquitous in continental European languages, also falls under this.

Other velar → non-velar sound changes are *w → /j/ (in [[Hebrew]]), *ɣ → /j/ (in many languages), *ŋ → /n/ (in [[Hawaiian])

===To===
Sound changes that systematically create velars are rare. Regardless there are attested examples, including
*labialized labials → labialized velars (in [[Oceanic]])
*linguolabials → labialized velars (in [[Athabascan]]; via a similar intermediate as the previous?)
Sound changes creating some individual velar sound are somewhat more numerous:
*in languages with small consonant inventories, /p/ → /k/ (was it Iroquioan?), /t/ → /k/ (in Oceanic, generally part of a [[chain shift|pull chain]] with /k/ → /ʔ/ previously)
*/tʰ/ → /tx/ (Athabascan)
*/ʃ/ → /x/ (in [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ([[ruki]]), [[Spanish]], possibly [[Finnish|Finnic]], reportedly certain dialects of [[Japanese]])
*/f/ → /x/ (a few [[Italic languages]])
*/h/ → /x/ (probably somewhere)
*/h/ → /ŋ/ ([[Wikipedia:Rhinoglottophilia|rhinoglottophilia]] - [[Nyole]])
*/ɫ/ → /w/ (common, eg. [[French]]), /ɰ/ or /ɣ/ 
*the same, starting from /r/ (English seems to be on this road)
*creation of /w/ from (back) vowels by [[diphthongization]]
*∅ → /w/ epenthetically near rounded vowels
*∅ → /ŋ/ word-initially (a [[Samoyedic]] idiosyncrasy)
*∅ → /k/ epenthetically between vowels (''example needed'')
*[[Ugaritic]] appears to have very strange changes from original *θʼ / *ðˤ (emphatic interdental) and *tɬʼ / *ɬˤ (emphatic lateral) to *ɣ.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ANADEW</title>
    <id>6470</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>45941</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-11T19:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang-L FAQ#Acronyms]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Itëłan</title>
    <id>6471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48671</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T01:39:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Łë font]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Com crear une paģine]] • [[Help:Contents|Ëiut]]&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Benvenuç ën FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Ël scop dë FrathWiki]] ei rëcołer lë informësioņ sul ling ërtifiçał, suł monģ ërtifiçał e suł ërgomenç dë lingistic ën ģeneral. Tuç poson contribuir ale conoşenze. FrathWiki adeis contiein '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' paģin, lëcal son liber (a [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|çert condisioņ]]).

Tu sè invitat a ëiutar! Tu pò modificar ştëci paģin o crear nov paģin. Leiģ lë paģin dë ëiut per impërar com scriver nov paģin. Se tu à bisoņ d'ëiut, tu pò far domand ale paģine ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]''.
&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Ërgomenç&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Lingistic]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Ling ërtifiçał]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Ëlfëbeiç ërtifiçał]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Monģ ërtifiçał]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Compërësion lingistice]]
:[[Our Father|Ël &quot;Padër noştŗ&quot;]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Mailing lists]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Łë template]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki sur Yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki ën altr ling

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki ën altr ling&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune]] • [[Main Page/Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan]] • [[Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta)|Háfrig (Avorenta)]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha]] • [[Main Page/Lánc|Lánc]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč|Lišěč]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč (Cyrillic)|Lišěč (Cyrillic)]] • [[Main Page/Nytal|Nytal]] • [[Main Page/Piscean|Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Romanto|Romanto]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian]] • [[Main Page/Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/West Germanic|West Germanic]] • [[Main Page|English]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!--
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Nortaneous</title>
    <id>6472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45963</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T01:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nortaneous</username>
        <id>1302</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Nortaneous'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| 
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| October 12, 1993 - Maryland, USA
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| student
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
|| English, some Latin
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| piles of projects that I'm too lazy to work on
|-
|valign=top|'''Other conlangs:'''
|| 
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| linguistics, programming, dicking around with website things
|-
|valign=top|'''More information:'''
|| site: http://cryptm.org/~nort/
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Nortaneous/projects</title>
    <id>6473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>45964</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-12T02:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nortaneous</username>
        <id>1302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: A place for my langs that aren't complete enough for a page.  Current project:  Vowels: /a e i o u y/  Light consonants: /b_j dZ J\j\ p_j tS cC/ /f_j v T_j D_j S Z C j m_j J l/  Dark conso...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A place for my langs that aren't complete enough for a page.

Current project:

Vowels:
/a e i o u y/

Light consonants:
/b_j dZ J\j\ p_j tS cC/
/f_j v T_j D_j S Z C j m_j J l/

Dark consonants:
/b d g p t k/
/f w T D s z x G m n 5/

Orthography:
&lt;a e i o u y&gt;
&lt;b r g p t c&gt;
&lt;f v tt d s z ch j m n l&gt;

The light/dark value of a consonant is determined by the next vowel: C + &lt;a o u&gt; is dark, C + &lt;e i y&gt; is light. To write a light consonant after a dark vowel or a dark consonant after a light vowel:
L + a = &lt;ea&gt;
L + o = &lt;io&gt;
L + u = &lt;iu&gt;
D + e = &lt;ae&gt;
D + i = &lt;ui&gt;
D + y = &lt;uy&gt;

A light consonant (except /tS dZ cC J\j\ l v S Z j/ after a dark vowel is pronounced with a /j/ glide: &lt;bio&gt; is /bjo/. 
A dark consonant after a light vowel (except /t d s z w 5/ is pronounced with a /M\/ glide, or a /w/ glide for labials: &lt;bae&gt; is /bwe/, and &lt;kae&gt; is /kM\e/.

Stress is always on the first syllable of a word. There are five vowels possible in unstressed closed syllables: /@ E~I i U Y/, written &lt;a e i u y&gt;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Åzuli</title>
    <id>6474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52645</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T21:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Test drive */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Åzuli /ɒzúli/ is spoken in southwest Levant and, due to recent immigration, also increasingly as a minority language in the Nile delta. It has diverged considerably from its sister [[South Caucasian' languages]], most noticably by having turned from isolating to agglutinativ and by having undergone complete click loss.

===Vowels===
Monofthongs: /i ɨ e ɛ a ɒ ɔ o u /, transcribed &amp;lt;i y e a å o u&amp;gt; here (&lt;é è ò ó&gt; if disambiguation is needed).
*/a/ is phonetically fully front [a], not central [ä].
*/ɨ/ is phonetically between IPA [ɨ] and [ɪ].
Long vowels: /iː eː ɒː oː uː/ &lt;ii ee åå oo uu&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Difthongs: /i̯a i̯ɒ i̯ɔ/ &lt;ia iå io&gt;
* After a palatal consonant these become /e̯a e̯ɒ e̯ɔ/.
* Distinct from /j/ + V in that /j/ becomes [ɥ] before rounded vowels, while the /i̯/ portion of the difthongs remains fully spred.

There is partial vowel harmony: &quot;ATR&quot; /e a o/ and &quot;RTR&quot; /ɛ ɒ ɔ/ generally do not co-occur in a word. The vowels /i ɨ u/ are neutral and may co-occur with either group. As an exception, next to /ɬ/ or as a part of the difthong /i̯a/ (← *ɛː &lt;!-- ...in some cases, others merge to åå together with *òò--&gt;), /a/ may occur even in RTR-harmonic words.

Some dialects merge /ɛ ɔ/ into /a ɒ/, where the first merger seemingly creates a fourth neutral vowel, but the distinction remains noticable as the new vowel alternates with both /e/ and /ɒ/.

===Consonants===
{| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! LAB !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ALV !! RFX !! PAL !! VEL !! Transcription
|-
| m̥ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| n̥ || || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ || &amp;lt;pm tn tň kŋ&amp;gt;
|-
| m || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| n || || ɲ || ŋ || &amp;lt;m n ň ŋ&amp;gt;
|-
| pʰ || tʰ || tsʰ || || tɕʰ || kʰ || &amp;lt;ph th tsh tšh kh&amp;gt;
|-
| p || t || ts || || tɕ || k || &amp;lt;p t ts tš k&amp;gt;
|-
| b || d || dz || || dʑ || g || &amp;lt;b d dz dž g&amp;gt;
|-
| f || ɬ || s || &amp;nbsp; ɬ̢ || ɕ || h || &amp;lt;f x s x̣ š h&amp;gt;
|-
| v || r l || z || ɽ ɭ || j || w || &amp;lt;v r l z ṛ ḷ j w&amp;gt;
|}

===Prosody===
Åzuli has, at core, a pitch accent caracterized by the lack or presense of a high tone. A word must have at least one unaccented syllable, and all accented syllables must be consecutiv. A final accented syllable (closed or open just as well) may carry an additional floating tone (&quot;contagious accent&quot;), that has no distinct surface realization itself but may spred to a following suffix.

Monosyllables feature slightly more distinctions contrasting (at least?) high, mid, falling, and high-floating tone.

Accent shifts may occur in inflection.

===Test drive===
*''khiaran dzooŋet phås''
*''tarphela pmiŋè Åzuli'' &lt;!-- /tarphela/ = loanword--&gt;
*''phragu typmiåku hèt'' &lt;!-- /typmiåku/ ← *tb'ia-ku ← *t'w- --&gt;
*''gioŋrå buju kaxwòtsbè'' &lt;!-- /buju/ = loanword? /kaxwòtsbè/ ← *ka-xwo-tsbe ← *-|way --&gt;
*''sèrd wåŋkhu'' &lt;!-- /wåNkhu/ ← *waNh-ku? --&gt;
*''jerugam heekŋy'' &lt;!-- /jerugam/ = loanword, /heekŋy/ ← *seeg'y ← --&gt;
*''tšuugèxan''
*''ňèpiaš tshypmee'' &lt;!-- /tshypmee/ ← *tsb'eeh ← *|'w33s --&gt;
*''x̣åňubåå džahyt'' &lt;!-- /dZahyt/ ← *dZaht ← *g≠ast --&gt;

&lt;!-- diachronic notes: dental clicks &gt; sibilants, palatal clicks &gt; palatals, lateral clicks &gt; lhaterals (two series), alveolar clicks &gt; velars; implosivs &gt; nhasals; y epenthetic in clusters--&gt;

[[Category:Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lu</title>
    <id>6475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46296</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T00:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lu is a member of the [[League of Lost Languages]], spoken by a group often misidentified as Gypsies, who have run around in circles for about the past thousand years, first leaving Central Asia, then getting kicked out of the Papal States, then Galicia, then Oujd in modern Morocco, then Sicily, and most recently Naples (during the late 1700s).

Lu is an Indo-European language, with a linguistic history independent of any other. It bears a passing resemblance to both Tocharian and the various Indo-Iranian languages. It has seen extreme influence from Turkic languages and Moroccan Arabic, in addition to more recent French influence. Much of the religious idiolect is a mixture of Sanskrit and early Italian loans.

As Lu wasn't written down until the 1960s, its orthography is wonderfully regular.

[[Lu lexicon]]

==Nominal Morphology==
The three original nominal classes have broken down considerably. At most, four cases are distinguished at a time: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive, but few nouns make all four distinctions. 

The previous first and third declensions took their nominative and genitive forms from their previous nominative and genitive forms, but their accusative form the oblique, and their dative from the causitive. As a result, none of them distinguish nominative and accusative forms, outside of through syntax. These comprise the, new first declension. 

First Declension, ex: bu (entrance) 
 NOM - bu 
 ACC - bu (/bu/) 
 DAT - bunz (/bunz/) = bu +n(e)z 
 GEN - bupi (/bupi/) = bu + (e)pi/(e)p/(e)pu 

Meanwhile, the second declension takes its accusative from the original accusative, in addition to the nominative and genitive. Its dative, still, comes from the causitive. As a result, however, it distinguishes all four of the cases, fully. This is now the new second declension. 

Second Declension, ex: erc (man) 
 NOM - érc (/erk/) 
 ACC - ércem (/erk@m/) = érc + (e)m 
 DAT - ércnez (/erkn@z/) = érc + n(e)z 
 GEN - érpc (/erpk/) = érc + (e)pi/(e)p/(e)pu (which torsions when there's a final stop and it selects the second choice) 

A third declension consists primarily of loans early in the major migration, who added -(@)p and -(@)nz in an attempt to regularize in the genitive and dative (respectively). 

Third Declension, ex: salmãz (salvation) 
 NOM - salmãz (/salma~z/) 
 ACC - salmãz 
 DAT - salmãznez (/salma~zn@z/) = salmãz + n(e)z 
 GEN - salmãzep (/salma~z@p/)= salmãz + (e)p 

A fourth declension consists of more recent loans (usually from Arabic or modern French), which only regularize with the genitive (by the same means as above), distinguishing all other forms by context. 

Fourth Declension, ex: muslim (Muslim) 
 NOM - muslim (/muslim/)  
 ACC - muslim 
 DAT - muslim 
 GEN - muslimp (/mulimp/) = muslim + (e)p 

A very small number of irregular nouns decline with internal vowel changes as well. For example, du (god): 

 NOM - du (/du/) 
 ACC - dum (/dum/) 
 DAT - dunz (/dunz/) 
 GEN - dôp (/do:p/) 

==Pronomial Morphology==
Pronouns distinguish between six cases instead of four: emphatic, accusative, dative, genitive, reflexive, and instrumental. The emphatic derives from earlier accusative, the modern accusative derives from earlier oblique, and modern dative derives from earlier causitive. 

The emphatic is used to specify the subject when it would otherwise be unclear. Its use is entirely optional. 
 1S - mê 
 1P - nû 
 2S - tê 
 2P - û 
 3S - tu 
 3P - tut 

The accusative is used with all prepositions and to denote direct objects. 
 1S - m(e) 
 1P - nû 
 2S - t(e) 
 2P - û 
 3S - siû 
 3P - têsu 

The dative is used to denote indirect objects. 
 1S - ménz 
 1P - nûnz 
 2S - ténz 
 2P - ûnz 
 3S - siûnz 
 3P - têsunz 

The genitive adjectives: 
 1S - mep 
 1P - nûpi 
 2S - tep 
 2P - ûpi 
 3S - siûpi 
 3P - têsupi 

The reflexive: 
 1S - m(e) 
 1P - nû 
 2S - t(e) 
 2P - û 
 3S - siûi 
 3P - têsui 

The instrumental: 
 1S - met 
 1P - nû 
 2S - tet 
 2P - û 
 3S - siût 
 3P - têsut 

==Verbal Morphology==
Once more, there's three sets of verbs: regular, irregular, and auxiliary. The boundaries between the first two and the last one are relatively fluid still, since, for instance, bi (entrance/to enter) can easily be used as either. For example both of these sentences are valid: 

 Ibu bie Frãs. 
 i-bu bie Frãs. 
 1.S-come from France. 
 I come from France. 

 Ibu hãz crép bie Frãs. 
 i-bu hã-z crép bie Frãs. 
 1.S-come eat-PART crêpe from France. 
 I ate a French crêpe. 

In fact it can even be used on itself: 

 Ibu bũz bie Frãs. 
 i-bu bũ-z bie Frãs. 
 1.S-come come-PART from France. 
 I came from France. 

So, all &quot;active&quot; verbs take a series of prefixes denoting the subject. These are as follows: 

 1S - i/u/0- 
 1P - e/o/0- 
 2S - ti/tu/t(e)- 
 2P - 0 
 3S - 0 
 3P - 0 

A verb will only select the first of all options, the second of all options, or the third. Typically, verbs that select the first or second options have a central vowel of u, û, o, or ô. Otherwise, they take the third, which all borrowings do as well. 

When forming a participle, however, you add a suffix, -(ĩ)z. Final vowels will nasalize and frequently change wildly. On occasion, the -ĩz variant will be used although the root ends with a vowel. 

==Syntax==
The article proceeds all other parts of the noun phrase, within which all modifiers except numbers follow the noun. Adverbs follow verbs. 

There are a variety of word orders capable on the S,O, and V level, however. Sentences that don't use an auxiliary are reliably SVO however. 

 T'hê crép. 
 2.S-eat crêpe. 
 You're eating a crêpe // You eat crêpes. 

Auxiliaries complicate things somewhat, on the other hand. Unless you're using a pronoun, they fall into the SVO pattern still: 

 Tibu hĩz crép. 
 2.S-come eat crêpe. 
 You ate a crêpe. 

Objects begin acting differently when they're pronouns. Indirect objects go in between the auxiliary and the participle: 

 Tibu ménz dãz crép. 
 2.S-come 1.S.DAT give-PART crêpe. 
 You gave me a crêpe. 

Direct objects that are pronouns go right in front of the indirect objects, if they aren't being emphasized: 

 Tibu siû ménz dãz. 
 2.S-come 3.S.ACC 1.SDAT give-PART 
 You gave me it. 

 Ibu siû hãz. 
 1.S-come 3.S.ACC eat-PART 
 I ate it. 

When stressing the role or identity of the direct object, however, it can be fronted to before the auxiliary, at the front of the sentence, making the word order more or less O(S)V. Emphatic pronouns would go in front of the object, however, making it arguably SO(S)V. 

 Siû ibu hãz. 
 3.S.ACC 1.S-come eat-PART 
 I ate it. 

 Mê siû ibu hãz. 
 1.S.EMPH 3.S.ACC 1.S-come eat-PART 
 I ate it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lu lexicon</title>
    <id>6476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48482</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-17T05:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*alafua - at the same time, while, during, at once (French, à la fois)
*atã - so, resultingly, ultimately (PIE, *tmk)
*ãtsit - this place // that place (Proto-Turkish *ēnčü + Locative)
*bi - entrance, to enter (PIE, *beu)
*bie - from, of, used for linking certain adjectives and origins (unknown)
*bĩz - to enter, participle form (PIE, *beu)
*bè - power, strength (PIE, *bel)
*catuâu - four
*céres - Charles (Early Italian, Carles)
*céresẽn - popular last name among tun'Lu (Céres Ẽnenz - Charles the Younger/of Christ, a political leader)
*céresrê - similar to céresẽn, a popular last name (Céres Rênz - Charles the Elder/of the Lord, a political leader)
*crép - crêpe (French)
*crésêz - Christian(s), Christendom, Christianity (Early Italian, Christian)
*cuc - aid, help (PIE, *kleu+*kel)
*dam - harm (Arabic, ''dahama'')
*dã - to give (PIE, *deH3)
*dãz - give, participle form (PIE, *deH3)
*déu - shared, common, united (PIE, deH2)
*dôpé - god's, of god (Sanskrit, dèiva)
*dôr - to be dating, to be a steady couple (Moroccan Arabic, dorra)
*du - god, nominative (Sanskrit, dèiva)
*du - two
*dunétaz - things, additional items, item(s) (corruption of Sanskrit adhunaatanaani)
*érc - man, person (PT Er-kek)
*érpc - man's, of a person (PT Er-kek)
*éscultor - sculptor (Portuguese escultor)
*ési - generic optative, third person (unknown origin)
*e - and (unknown origin)
*ez - with, involving, including (Galician en)
*fèr - to do, to make, used in many idioms, ~ dam - to attack, to do harm, to make aggression towards (French faire)
*fèrĩz - to do, to make, participle form (French faire)
*fé - six
*fnebilio - &quot;son of Abilio&quot; a last name among tun'Lu (fne + bilio &lt; fene + (A)bilio (Portuguese), fene &lt; corruption of PIE *sunús)
*fnedem - &quot;son of Adam&quot; a last name among tun'Lu (fne + dem &lt; fene + (A)dam (Galician), fene &lt; corruption of PIE *sunús)
*fnemikel - &quot;son of Micheal&quot; a last name among tun'Lu (fne + mikel &lt; fene + Micheal (Latin), fene &lt; corruption of PIE *sunús)
*fnesiz - &quot;son of Asim&quot; a last name among tun'Lu (fne + siz &lt; fene + (A)sim (Arabic), fene &lt; corruption of PIE *sunús)
*for - place, location, site (Italian foro)
*foro - forum, city square (Italian foro)
*frãs - France (French, France)
*hê - to eat (unknown)
*hĩz - eat, participle form (unknown)
*hoz - future subjunctive, third person (unknown origin)
*leménz - love's, mercy's (PIE *leubh + *amma)
*licorn - unicorn (French licorne)
*lotèr - Lothair (French Lothaire)
*mê - to intend, to mean (PIE *mei o-grade form)
*mêv_ - my, first person singular possessive (PIE *me) 
*ménz - to me, first person singular dative (PIE *me)
*médinez - &quot;of the Médina&quot;, a somewhat common last name among tun'Lu (Arabic Medina)
*mè - to die, to perish (PIE *mer)
*me - me, first person singular accusative (PIE *me)
*muslim - muslim (Arabic)
*n(e) - not, nor, no (unknown origin)
*ni - nine
*nu - one
*nupo - our, first person plural possessive (PIE *no)
*o - future optative third person (unknown origin)
*pã - to protect (PIE *bherg + *peH2)
*pãz - to protect, participle form (PIE *bherg + *peH2)
*pep - onwards (PIE *pari)
*per - by means of, via (Spanish para)
*pêsè - five
*prãd - to take, to grab, participle form (French prendre)
*prãdrĩz - to take, to grab, participle form (French prendre)
*rã - to reciprocate (PIE *ret)
*rãz - reciprocate, participle form (PIE *ret)
*rétez - brother (PIE *bhreH2teer)
*rétenz - brother's (PIE *bhreH2teer)
*ruâz - pink (Early Italian rosa)
*saken - live, exist (Arabic ''sakana'')
*salmãz - salvation (Early Italian salvament)
*séti - to be located at another place, to be situated over there (French s'est situé)
*sétĩz - participle form of séti
*sêt - seven
*sisiti - to be located here, to be situated here (French s'y est situé)
*sisitĩz - participle form of sisiti
*sĩdan - common female first and last name among the tun'Lu, leader of the community during several spates of anti-tun'Lu violence in Morocco (from Sanskrit Chandani)
*snesu - niece (from PIE *snusós)
*stiz - agreement, treaty, covenant (Arabic ''istisan'')
*stemikel - last name among the tun'Lu, &quot;daughter of Micheal&quot; (STE+MIKEL, STE &lt; PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr, MIKEL &lt; Latin ''Micheal'')
*tãn - for, because (PIE *tmk)
*tôhéz - wisdom (PIE *tong + *weid)
*trê - three
*tun - the, this, these (PIE *ton-si)
*tuns - the, this, these when a vowel appears on the next word (PIE *ton-si)
*uâsè - to shout or to proclaim (PIE *wekw)
*uâsèz - to shout or to proclaim, participle form (PIE *wekw)
*uâ - to speak, to say something (PIE *wekw)
*uâta - eight
*uâz - to speak, to say, participle form (PIE *wekw)
*vio - future optative first person (unknown origin)
*zẽm - ten</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romconlang reference works online</title>
    <id>6477</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46043</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-15T10:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Romconlang reference works online]] moved to [[Romlang reference works online]]: It's actually not conlang but natlang material</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Romlang reference works online]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germaniconlang reference works online</title>
    <id>6478</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46048</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-15T11:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Germaniconlang reference works online]] moved to [[Germaniclang reference works online]]: The material is not about conlangs but about natlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Germaniclang reference works online]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IElang reference works online</title>
    <id>6479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46062</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-15T13:54:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>add Lehmann's books on PIE phonology &amp; syntax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Most of these links are to digitized, somewhat dated texts which have passed into the Public Domain and been uploaded to the Internet Archive, which are still perfectly good, or perhaps because of their datedness even better, as fodder for conlanging. They are offered in many file formats. Follow the &quot;All Files: http&quot; link to download. The b/w PDF, if available, is best for printout. The OCRed .txt version is full of errors but still good for searching!

== Indo-European languages reference works on the internet ==

* [http://www.archive.org/details/acomparativegra07rousgoog A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1888) VOLUME I Introduction and Phonology] by Karl Brugmann , Robert Seymour Conway , William Henry Denham Rouse
*: Follow the [http://ia341015.us.archive.org/2/items/acomparativegra07rousgoog All Files HTTP link]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/acomparativegra00rousgoog A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1891) VOLUME II Morphology I] by Karl Brugmann , Robert Seymour Conway , William Henry Denham Rouse
*: Follow the [http://ia311227.us.archive.org/1/items/acomparativegra00rousgoog All Files HTTP: link]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/acomparativegra04rousgoog A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1892) VOLUME III Morphology II] by Karl Brugmann , Robert Seymour Conway , William Henry Denham Rouse
*: Follow the [http://ia301509.us.archive.org/1/items/acomparativegra04rousgoog All Files HTTP link]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/acomparativegra01rousgoog A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1895) VOLUME IV. Morphology III] by Karl Brugmann , Robert Seymour Conway , William Henry Denham Rouse
*: Follow the [http://ia350615.us.archive.org/2/items/acomparativegra01rousgoog All Files HTTP: link]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/acomparativegra02rousgoog A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1895) VOLUME V Indices Of the Volumes I— IV] by Karl Brugmann , Robert Seymour Conway , William Henry Denham Rouse
*: Follow the [http://ia310813.us.archive.org/3/items/acomparativegra02rousgoog All Files HTTP link]
* [http://www.indo-european.nl/ Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED)] The online database of IE languages
*: Make sure to set the viewing parameters to utf-8.
*: If you get a busy server error just reload the page.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/indogermanisches01pokouoft Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) Volume: 1] by Pokorny, Julius, 1887-
*: Old as old fish but better than nothing...
* [http://www.archive.org/details/indogermanisches02pokouoft Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) Volume: 2] by Pokorny, Julius, 1887-
*: Old as old fish but better than nothing...
* [http://www.archive.org/details/indogermanisches03pokouoft Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) Volume: 3] by Pokorny, Julius, 1887-
*: Old as old fish but better than nothing...
* [http://www.archive.org/details/shortmanualofcom00gilerich A short manual of comparative philology for classical students (1901)] by Giles, Peter, 1860-1935
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/piep00.html Proto-Indo-European Phonology (1952)] by Lehmann, Winfred P.
* [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pies00.html Proto-Indo-European Syntax (1974)] by Lehmann, Winfred P.

[[Category:Reference works]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European]]
[[Category:Indo-European natlangs]]
[[Category:Bibliographies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang learners/Learners shortlist</title>
    <id>6480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54316</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-27T11:18:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Jannamillers|Jannamillers]] ([[User talk:Jannamillers|Talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
=Nominated Language Shortlist=
This is a list of the languages mentioned by name on the conlang_learners mailing list to be learned by the community.  The list when complete will have the creator's name alongside the language's name, along with a link to some resources.

== Key to abbreviations ==

* art - [[artlang]]
* enge - [[engelang]]
* aux - [[auxlang]]

* alt - alternate history language
* fict - language with fictional setting
* exo - nonhuman language

* OK - permission obtained from conlang's creator for use in this project
* PC - conlang was proposed by its creator for use in this project
* free - conlang is released under some suitable license so we don't need explicit permission to use it for this project
* P? - someone needs to contact the conlang's creator and ask if they mind us using it for this project
* U - conlang creator's whereabouts are unknown, no one has succeeded in contacting them, address unknown

* C - conlanger contacted, awaiting reply
* A - email address found for conlanger is bad, could not contact with that address
* X - permission sought and subsequently denied

==The List==
*Adelic - S. A. MacLagan (art, alt; U)
**http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Station/6297/index.html?200915
*Alurhsa - Tony Harris (art, fict; OK)
**http://alurhsa.org
**http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/03/interview-with-tony-harris/
*Asha'ille - Arthaey Angosii (art, fict; OK)
**http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/
*Ayeri - Carsten Becker (art, fict; P?; C)
**http://benung.nfshost.com/
*[[Brithenig]] - Andrew Smith (art, alt, fict; OK)
**http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html
*[[Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] - Dayle Hill (alt, fict; PC)
**Recently updated-documented on this wiki
**[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian lexicon]
* Feayran - David Edwards (art; fict; exo-ish; PC)
**[http://feayran.webs.com Website with lesson and grammar materials] | [https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0Ao__rYdwDup7cHVEbXI2S285Zko1ZF9DMmg0UTF6WGc&amp;hl=en Lexicon and grammar reference]
*Frenkisch - David Parke (aux; OK)
**http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frenkisch/
*gjâ-zym-byn (gzb) - Jim Henry (art/enge; OK)
**http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/gzb/gzb.htm
*Ilomi (aux/art; OK)
**http://ca.geocities.com/handydad/elomi/elomi-main.html
*[[Ithkuil]] &amp; Ilaksh - John Quijada (enge; OK)
**http://www.ithkuil.net/
**http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2008.html  -- David J. Peterson's review
**John Quijada write: &quot;[I]f they are selected, I will make myself available by e-mail for any questions from students.&quot;
*Itlani - Jim Hopkins (art; OK)
**Jim Hopkins writes that: &quot;Zhoyit sobonrumél beneynavit onyara say ruzay afakyanu bashese masinya hait eynuenovó-vá kiinovó tunkiyane.&quot; / &quot;My website is now defunct but I would be happy to forward to you any materials you would require.&quot;
**http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-itlani.html
**http://steen.free.fr/relay10/itlani.html
**Tony Harris discusses Itlani in [http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/03/interview-with-tony-harris/ his LCS podcast interview.]
*Kalusa - Gary Shannon and various others (art; free? P?; C)
**http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2006.html  -- David J. Peterson's review
**http://inamidst.com/stuff/kalusa/
**http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/conlang/kalusa/index.html
*Kash - Roger Mills (art, fict; PC)
**http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm
*[[Kelanian|Kelanian]] Andre/Andrew (art, alt P?; C)
*[[Kēlen]] - Sylvia Sotomayor (art, exo, fict; *OK)
**http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php
**http://dedalvs.conlang.org/smileys/2009.html  -- David J. Peterson's review
**Sylvia stipulated the following caveat: &quot;during the school year, school will come first, paying work will come second, and conlanging is (a distant) third. OTOH, I could really use some feedback on my grammar explanations, and I'm working on the dictionary with an eye towards doing a word of the day blog or something eventually.&quot;
*[[Kerno]] - Padraic Brown (art, alt; PC)
**Documented on this wiki
**Phrasebook, grammar sketch, texts and lexicon: http://www.bethisad.com/kerno.htm
*Láadan - Suzette Haden Elgin (art, fict, free)
** http://www.laadanlanguage.org/
** http://podcast.conlang.org/2009/04/interview-with-suzette-haden-elgin/
*Laefèvæšii - Ashucky (art; PC)
**http://laefevsjiieng.weebly.com/index.html
* Qakwan - Larry Sulky (art; OK)
**http://larrysulky.webs.com/qakwan/qakwan-main.htm
*Sambahsa - Olivier Simon (aux; PC)
**http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/
*Taruven - Taliesin (art; OK)
**http://home.nvg.org/~taliesin/taruven/
*Teonaht - Sally Caves (art, fict; P?; C)
**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teonaht
**http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/contents.html
**http://dedalvs.com/smileys/2007.html -- David J. Peterson's review
*Vabungula - Bill Price (art; OK)
**http://www.geocities.com/bprice1949/vab1.html
*[[Verdurian]] - Mark Rosenfelder (art, fict; OK)
**http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm
*[[Voksigid]] - B. R. Gilson (enge; [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/myinterest.html OK])
**http://ViewsOfLanguage.host56.com/voksigid/
*Vorlin - Rick Harrison (aux/art; free)
**http://www.vorlin.org/

==Conlangs whose feasability is under question==
*[[Fith]] - Jeffrey Henning (art, exo, fict; P?; U)
**http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm
*[[Tokana]] - Matthew Pearson (art, fict; P?; C; A)
**http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/pearson/tokindex.html

== Note on geocities.com sites ==

Yahoo has announced that they're going to close Geocities later this year (2009-10-26), presumably resulting in a loss of data on conlangs (etc.) documented only on Geocities.  I (Jim Henry) am saving offline copies of several conlangs' Geocities pages with [http://www.gnu.org/software/wget wget], including all the conlangs listed above which are hosted on Geocities, plus Rex May's Ceqli.  If Geocities goes down before we vote on what conlang to learn and you want copies of the Vabungula, Voksigid, Ilomi, or Adelic websites, let me know.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LoCoWriMo</title>
    <id>6481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54684</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-26T21:35:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arthaey</username>
        <id>16</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added Tools section and a link to word count goal userscript</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''LoCoWriMo''' or '''Local Conlang Writing Month''' is inspired by NaNoWriMo, National Novel Writing Month.  It started with a post by Arthaey Angosii to the CONLANG mailing list (11 June 2009), proposing that several of us simultaneously write a sizable piece of original fiction in our conlang.

NaNoWriMo sets a goal of writing a novel-length story, 50,000 words or more, in any language (but usually, I suppose, one's native language), between November 1 and November 30.  Few if any of us have sufficient fluency in our conlangs, or conlangs thoroughly developed enough, to make that a realistic goal.  Arthaey suggested 5,000 words as a goal for writing in a conlang; after further discussion we decided each person participating would set a challenging but attainable goal for themselves based on how complete their conlang is and actual experience with how long it takes to write a certain number of words (or characters, lines, pages -- however you want to measure your progress and define your goal).

The [[LoCoWriMo/2009_October|first LoCoWriMo was held in October 2009]].  Currently, there's talk on the 
[http://listserver-emu.dreamhost.com/listinfo.cgi/locowrimo-conlang.org LoCoWriMo mailing list] about holding the second one in July 2010.

As with NaNoWriMo, one should start a new story from scratch on the first day of the selected month.  Writing a plot outline or character background notes, figuring out what words you're liable to need and creating vocabulary for the semantic domains involved in the story you'll be writing, figuring out pragmatics and stylistics issues you haven't addressed before (e.g., how do dialogue tags and reported speech work in your conlang?) --  you can and should do that kind of  thing ahead of time; but the story you write for LoCoWriMo should be written entirely during July, not incorporating previously written scenes.

To figure out what would be a challenging but attainable goal for you re: writing fiction in your conlang, it makes sense to do a timing exercise ahead of time; write a different story, or just some stand-alone scenes (for this purpose you don't necessarily have to have a plot sufficient for a complete story), time yourself, and measure your output for a writing session.  Given your words (or characters, lines, etc.) per hour for this practice run, estimate how much you could write in July if you give the project most or all of your free time for the month.

Alternatively, you could just start writing on July 1, time yourself and measure your progress for the first writing session, and then set your goal for the month from there.

== Why '''LoCoWriMo'''? ==

National Novel Writing Month started out as a U.S. project and has spread internationally since then, but kept the name because the abbreviation sounds cooler.  This project looks to be international from the start.  Someone suggested Global Conlang Writing Month, but LoCoWriMo sounds cooler than GloCoWriMo.  And, appropriately enough, ''loco'' means &quot;crazy&quot; in Spanish. (See the CONLANG thread linked below for details.)  After some discussion, we decided that &quot;Local&quot; in this context refers to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group Local Group] of galaxies, or to any other locality a given participant prefers.

== Preparation ==

While excessive planning of your story is discouraged, excessive prep work of your language is encouraged. If you know you're going to write a fantasy story with dragons, elves, and sword-fights make sure you've got those words ready. Similarly, if you're writing about an office-worker, make sure you know how to talk about spreadsheets. The fewer words and constructs you have to come up, with the more time you'll have to actually write your story.

Many Wrimos have only the vaguest of ideas of what they will write about on November first, and those who do plan ahead are encouraged to not do much more than a simple outline and listing of characters. The goal is to have fun being creative, not to write the next masterpiece.

== Rules ==

In general we're following the same rules as NaNoWriMo. Whatever you write must be new (no continuing an existing story), and fictional. The goal you set for yourself should be difficult, but attainable. Lack of sleep, and excessive coffee drinking is common among &quot;WriMos&quot;.

Like NaNoWriMo, the emphasis here is on quantity, not quality. While you should, obviously, try and make your story grammatically correct, editing to improve plot, continuity, or anything else is discouraged. Just keep writing. With NaNoWriMo the goal is to complete a novel within one month. While we may not be able to accomplish the same thing with our conlangs, we can do our best, and along the way many of our languages will improve greatly, which ties in to the lack of editing. By the end of the effort many of us will find our words and grammar have changed in non-trivial ways. If we were constantly going back to update the start of the story to match the the language at the end, we'd never get much written.

== Participation ==

* Join the [http://listserver-emu.dreamhost.com/listinfo.cgi/locowrimo-conlang.org mailing list].
* Add yourself to the list of [[LoCoWriMo/Participants|participants]].

== Followup ==

If you're overall satisfied with the story as a whole, but dissatisfied with particular defects, you may want to revise it to a greater or lesser extent (or entirely rewrite it), either for aspects where the grammar or lexicon has changed in the course of writing or to fix plot holes or tighten up the flow of the story or whatever, sometime after you've finished the first draft during July.  You don't have to; participating in LoCoWriMo doesn't commit you to that.

== Tools ==

* Userscript to add word count goals to Google Docs: http://userscripts.org/scripts/show/60914

== External Links ==

*[http://www.nanowrimo.org NaNoWriMo home page]
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0906b&amp;L=conlang&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=0&amp;P=8681 Initial thread on CONLANG list about LoCoWriMo]
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?S2=CONLANG&amp;q=LoCoWriMo&amp;s=&amp;f=&amp;a=1+June+2009&amp;b= Search the listserv.brown.edu CONLANG archives for threads about LoCoWriMo]
*[http://listserver-emu.dreamhost.com/listinfo.cgi/locowrimo-conlang.org LoCoWriMo mailing list]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ielang reference works online</title>
    <id>6482</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46101</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-17T10:01:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>There is a tinyurl out there directing to the misspelled page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[IElang reference works online]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation</title>
    <id>6483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52764</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T12:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

=='''Modern alphabet and pronunciation (with English IPA equivalent)'''==

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation (with '''IPA''')
|-
! Aa
| al || (æ) as in ''cat''
|-
! Bb
| bri || (b) as in ''bat''
|-
! Cc
| ca || (k) as in ''cat''
|-
! Dd
| da || (ɗ) as in ''day''
|-
! Ee
| era || (ɛ) as in ''end''
|-
! Ff
| fe || (f) as in ''fall''
|-
! Gg
| géø || (g) ''see special pronounciation'' 
|-
! Hh
| hal || (h) as in ''hat''
|-
! Ii
| il || (ɪ) as in ''kill''
|-
! Jj
| öja || (ʒ) like the s in ''television''
|-
! Ll
| lá || (l) as in ''like''
|-
! Mm
| ma || (m) as in ''man''
|-
! Nn
| na || (n) as in ''not''
|-
! Oo
| ol || (ɒ) as in ''top''
|-
! Pp
| pä || (p) as in ''pat''
|-
! Qq
| qöc || (k) as in ''kick''
|-
! Ququ
| q'qöa || as in ''quick''
|-
! Rr
| ræ || (ɹ) ''see special pronunciation''
|-
! Ss
| siri || (s) as in ''sit''
|-
! Tt
| tø || (t) as in ''take''
|-
! Vv
| vála || (v) as in ''van''
|-
! x
| séca || (ks) as in ''wax''
|-
! Yy
| yenta || (waɪ) as in the whole word ''why''
|-
! z
| tsi || (ts) as in ''sets'' (like the German ''z'')
|}

=='''special vowels and characters'''==

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation 
|-
! Ää
| äli || (eɪ) as in 'ey' in ''they'' (see also special pronunciation)
|-
! Áá
| áli || (a:) long as in ''bar''
|-
! Éé
| éga || (i:) long as in ''feel''
|-
! Öö
| öli || (u) long as in ''cool''
|-
! Øø
| ø || like the ''och'' in the German ''doch''
|-
! Ææ
| æ || (aɪ) as in the 'i' in ''find''
|-
! Þ
| eÞ || (ɵ-voiceless dental fricative) ''th'' as in ''bath'' but not in ''the''
|-
! ß
| alv || (v) as in ''have''; replaces ''v'' after a vowel but only formal literacy (rarely used now)
|}

=='''Special pronunciations'''==

* '''g''' is a ''voiced velar plosive'' pronounced hard at the beginning and middle of a word, like '''g''' in ''get/forget'' but becomes soft at the end of a word, like '''g''' in the German word ''swanzig''.

* '''r''' is an ''alveolar trill''. Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (or just behind the top teeth). It can be likened to the way in which a Scottish person with a strong accent would say ''great, straight, road'', etc.

* '''ä''' is pronounced like the ey in ''they''. However, at the end of a word, or where it is separated by a high apostrophe, it is pronounced ''ey-ya'' (ipa: eɪ-j-æ).

*'''q''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Is only found at the beginning of a word, including words that are separated by a high apostrophe, as in ''Dal’qörian'' or ''qatáj''-cat, and is always pronounced like an English '''k'''.

*'''c''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Only appears in the middle or end of a word such as '''qurvecsár'''-''to annoy'' and '''dörac'''-''through'', and is sounded like an English ''k''.

*'''x''' is used only to denote a negative word and attaches to the end of a verb. (see ''verbs'' and ''negatives'')

*'''z''' is only used in loan words, and pronounced like the ''ts'' in ''sets'', much like the German ''''z'''.

*'''sh''' This does not exist in Dalcurian, however, after the vowel '''ö''' you may hear the '''s''' as a 'voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, although it's exact sound can only be described as being a 'half voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' and cannot be identified in IPA.

*'''eÞ'''. As stated in the pronunciation chart, this is represented in IPA with θ and is an ''Unvoiced dental fricative'' like the ''th'' in ''thin'' and ''bath''. Although to English ears, there may appear to be only a small difference between the ''voiced'' th as in ''the'' and ''then'', Dalcurians do not know this sound, and a characteristic of the Dalcurian English accent is a heavily unvoiced ''th''.

=='''Lenition/mutation''' (spoken only)==

==='''Þ'''===

When in word final position and the following word begins with the dentals '''d, t''' and itself, '''Þ''' undergoes complete mutation, eg:

*'''DanöÞ vélø''' ''It's cold'', but
**'''Danö[-] disiri vélø''', ''It's very cold''
*'''máriÞ eladöra''' ''with you all'' but
**'''mári[-] tiÞöra''' ''with it''
*'''tiÞ nöacr...''' ''it can...'' but
**'''ti[-] Þöldr...''' ''it should...''

Note on '''Þ''': There is an unhappy agreement when a word ends in '''Þ''' and the following word begins with '''Þ'''. In both cases, the first '''Þ''' is muted and the second lenites to '''/t/'''.

When in word final position and the following word begins with the spirants: '''s''' and '''f'''; lenites to '''/t/''': 

*'''máriÞ mæöra''' but 
**'''mári[t] siöra'''
*'''ti[t] flästa''' ''it's new'' 

==='''r'''===
 
The rhoticity of the language can also force mutation of the '''r''' in many word combinations.   When '''r''' is in medial or last syllable position, and the following word begins with '''r'''  the first is normally muted, for example:

* '''Érenöra Þöldr''' becomes 
** '''Érenö-a Þöldr''' (some dialects do the opposite and mute the 1st '''r''') 
* '''máriÞ reÞæsámn''' becomes
** '''má-iÞ reÞæsámn'''

=='''Uppercase'''== 

Uppercase letters are used to begin sentences, and with real nouns such as names, places, countries. There is no capital '''x''' or '''z''', since there are no words begining with these. '''Þ''' does not fall under any case classification, and this form is used in any position in a sentence. In actual fact, '''Þ''' is being considered [under the coming spelling reform] for deletion from the alphabet. It's replacement is very likely to be '''dh''' like that of the Halcarnian dialect.

As well as being a 'rhotic' lanuage, Dalcurian is also PHONETIC; its spoken pretty much as it is written. Once you have learned to pronounce the letters, speaking and reading Dalcurian should be relatively easy. For example, ''Dal'qörian'' is pronounced ''dal-koo-ree-yan''. Here are a few more examples, in syllabic form, to give you a flavour of how words sound:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ 
! Dalcurian !! Meaning !! Phonetic pronunciation 
|-
! strömi
| hot || stroo-mi
|-
! binä
| I/Iam || bin-ey-a
|-
! stæcnáÞrädn
| thankless || sty-kun-arth-rey-dun
|-
! ädiáda
| yesterday || ey-dee-ar-da
|-
! yenø
| immense || why-en-och
|-
! ødérämös
| steadiness || och-dee-rey-mous   
|-
! qsendaréø
| scenario || ku-send-a-ree-och
|-
! embáragadöraj
| puppy || em-bar-a-gad-oo-raj
|-
! siagentöj
| aunty || see-a-gent-ooj
|}
----

=='''Axilliary spelling'''==

Written Dalcurian is highly 'diacritical'. However, and mainly for those outside of Dalcuria, it is not always possible to write in this way, depending on one's PC and operating system. For this reason, an auxilliary spelling system is in place, which uses no diacritics. This is as follows:

'''á'''-ah iáda/iahda

'''ä'''-ai binä/binai

'''æ'''-ae stæ/stae

'''é'''-ee ména/meena

'''ö'''-u  diö/diu

'''ø'''-k  vélø/veelok

'''Þ'''-th taÞ/tath

Example:

Standard spelling:

* '''Ela mantábel, am gravætas ön jerandel, andri vädencamöig, vädenár efragörädn ön equahörädn.&lt;br&gt;Minäla Þöldr semér reÞæsámn ön qvésänámn,, ön, máriÞ ela, am perös qve beröjelperös, agöentr.'''

Auxilliary spelling:
      
* '''Ela mantahbel, am gravaetas un jerandel, andri vaidencamuig, vaidenahr efraguraidn un equahuraidn.&lt;br&gt;Minaila thuldr semeer rethaesahmn un qveesainahmn,, un mahrith ela, am perus qve berujelperus aguentr.'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.&lt;br&gt;They are endowed with reason and conscience, and should stand together in a spirit of brotherhood.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leirloek</title>
    <id>6484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24401</id>
      <timestamp>2007-08-09T02:34:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Renamed user 1</username>
        <id>67</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Leirloek''' ([[Old Lilukanese]] for &quot;stone city&quot;; leir - stone; loeh - city; -ek ending designating a place), is an ancient city in western [[Mentak]]. It was the first city and permanent home to the Lilukanese, and later became the capital of [[Liluk|Lilukanese Empire]]. It was destroyed during the [[Second Lilukanese Civil War, and partially rebuilt as [[Poggliluk]] (New Liluk). After the decline of the Lilukanese and the rise of the [[Mentak]] as an alliance of different [[Mentśanese]] tribes, the city fell into total disrepair and now only the tribal descendants of those great people, along with bandits and reportedly [[Margrien]], inhabit the ruins.

== The Founding ==

Leirloek was founded by the western Mentśanese tribe of Hunnagomdul circa 5,000 BFE, reportedly by the great chieftain [[Huaz Lugow]]. Mentśanese tribes had been in the area for about 2000-4000 years, having crossed over from [[Tok Pisin]]. Being nomadic and particularly bellicose, the mountainous areas were conquered and native settlers were wiped out. According to the [[Stnaad Pharlōtśur]], the epic detailing the founding of Leirloek, the Mentśanese led by Huaz Lugow crossed the treacherous [[Gurtul Mountains]] in search of a new homeland, after plague had destroyed  their original lands. Upon arriving, they came across vicious and savage goblins, who used a perilous magic. Having conquered the goblins, the groups broke up. The Hunnagomdul stayed in the west, while the rest went south. They then learned of a terrible dragon in the mountains, whose magic was even stronger than the natives. The legend then has it that Huaz Lugow forged with powerful magic a mighty sword, the [[Damendù]], to defeat the dragon. With the dragon slain, however, all magic in the region was lost.

== The Lugow Dynasty ==

Even without magic, Leirloek remained strong, and smaller villages around it appealed to it for protection. The city grew encompassing surrounding towns. The descendants of Huaz Lugow and his closest knights became the noble class of what is otherwise a rather egalitarian city. The nobles than picked the oldest surviving descendent, [[Peh Klongu]], as king of the entire kingdom in 4950.

Peh Klongu ruled over a relatively peaceful kingdom at first. During his reign, he expanded the boundaries a bit to include more land from farmers around the area. He was slain in 4941 leading the troops into battle against the northern [[Qwanthokyanese]] tribes.

Since Peh left no children of his own, Huaz's youngest son, [[Kalong Lugow]], assumed the throne, since all his brothers were too old to rule. He launched an assault against the Qwanthokyanese and pushed them back. He also expanded the city, adding [[The Sixth Wall of Mentak|the Sixth Wall]].

Kalong died only twenty years as king, and his son, [[Yori Lugow]], assumed the throne. Just two years after becoming king, the Qwanthokyanese and other tribes launched a massive attack against the fledgling kingdom. Yori died in battle, and his son, [[Yori Lugow the II]] took up the role as the general and went on fighting the Qwanthokyanese. He was said to have died gloriously in battle, sacrificing himself but deafeating the enemy.

Yori II's son, [[Taranklong Lugow|Taranklong]], was too young to take up the throne, so his young mother, [[Apsha Sedu]], became queen of the Lilukanese. The queen then began a series of political reforms to make the royal family wealthier, the noble class stronger, and the capital Liluk larger. She expanded Lilukanese territory south into the territory of the [[Aranese humans]]. She then ordered the incursion into [[Mayao]] tribes, now extinct.

Apsha's power made many noble's angry. Certain nobles conspired against her with her son, Taranklong, so that he can gain power. Taranklong one night came upon his mother's bedchambers and ordered them both to be alone. Suspecting nothing, Apsha agreed and sent her guards away. The guards were then murdered, and in privacy, Taranklong raped his mother. Humiliated, she was cast from the city, doomed to die outside the kingdom. The next day, she was reported to have been snatched by the conspirators, raped, and then killed. There were some rumors that Apsha had not been killed, by fled the kingdom and became a forest witch.

At the young age of 15, Taranklong ruled effectively, having been made privy to his mother's ways of ruling, and to the army's tactics. He wisely let the general's continue to fight the Aranese and the Mayao tribes, and allowed the nobles to have more say by forming the [[House of Nobility]], a parliament where the nobles are allowed to advise the ruling king. At 19, he took over command of the army, and ordered the slaughter of scores of nobles that he suspected of plotting against him. The loyal nobles he appointed governors of the newly established provinces.

Taranklong died after ruling for 31 years, of unknown causes, and his son, [[Gurtśa Lugow|Gurtśa]], became ruler. He continued to fight the Mayao, defeating them totally after four years. He also launched fresh invasions into Qwanthokyanese territory, especially since they were weakened by northern Balav skirmishes. He pushed them further north than before, establishing the largest boundary of his territory, and called his kingdom [[Hwazak]].

During his reign, Gurtśa discovered a group of Huoákanese wizards mingling with some locals in the town [[Pal Korfu]]. He had them executed, and declared that both the peaceful Huoákanese and any practitioner of magic are enemies. He was assassinated by a familiar wizard in his own castle.

Gurtśa's son, [[Yori Lugow the III]], paranoid from his father's assassination by magic practitioners, launched a massive terror campaign to round up all witches and wizards in the kingdom. His reign of terror, known as [[Yori's Wrath]

---

In the year 4722 BFE, [[Mean Lugow]] ascended to the throne after killing his brother, [[Yori Lugow III]]. Mean then began a series of small wars to conquer much of the land from the Qwanthokyanese and then from there descend upon the [[Huoákanese]] tribes. They descend much into their land, but stop at the [[Zefeli]] settlements on [[Tizovil Bay]]. Having been halted

== Daily Life ==


== Destruction ==

== Modern Ruins ==

Orcs in Leirloek spoke ancient [[Lilukese]], basically [[South Gheuankese]]. They lived in a giant walled city. The houses were generally mudbricked, although they showed signs of digging underneath the houses for plenty of space, much like the tribal orcs do today.

[[Category:Koum-Tauf]]
[[Category:Cities]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish Lexicon</title>
    <id>6485</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46129</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-18T03:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Trentish Lexicon]] moved to [[Nother/Trentish lexicon]]: sheer caprice</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Trentish lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-D.gif</title>
    <id>6486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50295</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-11T03:27:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Drake-D.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Margin.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /ð/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-G.gif</title>
    <id>6487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50297</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-11T03:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Drake-G.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Cleanup.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /ɣ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:X</title>
    <id>6488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46141</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-18T15:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#if: {{{rtl|}}} |&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{2|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{2}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{2}}}]]}}&lt;!--
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--&gt;{{#if: {{{21|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{21}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{21}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{22|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{22}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{22}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{23|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{23}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{23}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{24|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{24}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{24}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{25|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{25}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{25}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{26|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{26}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{26}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{27|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{27}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{27}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{28|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{28}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{28}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{29|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{29}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{29}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{30|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{30}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{30}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{31|}}} |[[Image:{{{1}}}-{{{31}}}.{{{type|gif}}}{{!}}{{{size|}}}{{!}}{{{31}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{rtl|}}} |&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
Convenience transliteration-to-images template for entering conlang script.

Usage is:
&lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;x|''language name''|''character''|''character''|''character...''}}&lt;/tt&gt; — for up to 30 characters. 

Optional parameters are:
* &lt;tt&gt;size&lt;/tt&gt; — to specify a particular size for the images. The default is to use their natural size.   I don't think resizing works well at the moment, so it's best to keep the original images around the same size and at a size suitable for text
* &lt;tt&gt;rtl&lt;/tt&gt; — to display the images in reverse order of entry (e.g. for a right-to-left language). 
* &lt;tt&gt;type&lt;/tt&gt; — file extension of the images (if none is given, assumes &lt;tt&gt;gif&lt;/tt&gt;)

It works by doing e.g. &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;Image:''languagename''-''character''.gif]]&lt;/tt&gt;, so to use it you'll need to have files with names matching that template in place.  

Notice that the ''character'' portion is included as the image's alt text, so it'll be helpful if it's reasonably representative of the character's value.

Example usage:
:&lt;tt&gt;the Drake word *&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;x|Drake|D|G|D|G}} /ðoɣðoɣ/&lt;/tt&gt;
which gives:
:the Drake word *{{x|Drake|D|G|D|G}} /ðoɣðoɣ/

Of course since Drake is actually an RTL language we ought to do:
:&lt;tt&gt;the Drake word *&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;x|Drake|rtl=x|D|G|D|G}} /ðoɣðoɣ/&lt;/tt&gt;
which gives:
:the Drake word *{{x|Drake|rtl=x|D|G|D|G}} /ðoɣðoɣ/

This template does not &lt;tt&gt;subst:&lt;/tt&gt; gracefully.
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Muke/sandbox</title>
    <id>6489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46138</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-18T14:32:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hahaha</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ltr: {{x|Drake|D|G}}

rtl: {{x|Drake|rtl=x|D|G}}

{{x|Drake|size=12px|rtl=x|D|G}} Gifs don't scale well, hmm

{{#if: x |&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: D |[[Image:Drake-D.gif{{!}}{{!}}D]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: G |[[Image:Drake-G.gif{{!}}{{!}}G]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{4}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{4}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{5}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{5}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{6}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{6}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{7}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{7}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{8}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{8}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{9}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{9}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{10}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{10}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{11}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{11}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{12}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{12}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{13}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{13}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{14}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{14}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{15}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{15}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{16}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{16}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{17}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{17}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{18}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{18}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{19}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{19}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{20}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{20}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{21}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{21}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{22}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{22}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{23}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{23}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{24}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{24}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{25}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{25}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{26}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{26}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{27}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{27}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{28}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{28}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{29}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{29}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{30}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{30}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:  |[[Image:Drake-{{{31}}}.gif{{!}}{{!}}{{{31}}}]]}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: x |&lt;/span&gt;}} how does it subst?  poorly!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang learners/Learners shortlist</title>
    <id>6490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49081</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-09T19:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Learners shortlist]] to [[Talk:Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]:&amp;#32;putting project-related pages as sub-pages of a main page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Why Lojban, Esperanto and others aren't on the list==
It is my personal opinion that the primary goal of this page is the promotion of candidate conlangs, these languages that are so well known in the community need no fanfare, but if someone thinks that they really should be added, I suppose that there would be no wild objection
:&lt;small&gt;''The preceding unsigned comment was added by [[User:Ave matthew|Ave matthew]].''&lt;/small&gt;

:: That's also why I'm not planning to rank Láadan very high on my ballot.  It's a cool language, apparently fairly complete and learnable, but to my mind the goal of this project is to jump-start a language that doesn't have a speaker community yet, and give the learners encouragement by all learning the language together.  Láadan already has a community around it, though smaller than Lojban's or Toki Pona's, and if anyone wants to start learning it at any time there are a number of people out there who can and will help.  A lone person deciding to learn, say, Teonaht or Vabungula though, wouldn't have that advantage. --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 15:28, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

== Conlangs I consider to be too incompletely documented or in flux to use for this project just now ==

These are conlangs of which I like what I've seen so far, but which seem to me to be too incompletely documented to be learnable at this time.  --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 15:28, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

* Laefèvæsili - online documentation is too terse and incomplete.
* Itlani - no online documentation at present, just texts with no gloss.
* Tokana - online documentation is reasonably complete, but very out of date; Matt Pearson says the language is in flux now and the documentation of the current version is inconsistent and incomplete.  Maybe we'll learn Tokana in a year or two when he finishes the revison of the grammar etc.

I removed Talarian from the list due to lack of modernity -- the secondary world it exists in is not only different physically but also historically. I think that a language for this project should not only be learnable, but also usable by people in the primary world. [[User:Elemtilas|Elemtilas]] 18:14, 13 July 2009 (UTC)


==Fith==
While I think that Fith would be an awesome and mind-expanding conlang. Much of the documentation is 404-complete and its creator unavailable. [[User:Sel messitihildi|Sel messitihildi]] 13:31, 16 July 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian adjective negation</title>
    <id>6491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47340</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-17T22:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|Return to Dalcurian Adjectives]]

There are 2 ways in which to negate Dalcurian adjectives. 

The most common is way is with the prefix '''stæ'''. This prefix in itself, denotes opposition, and is found already on many adjectives, equating the English prefixes '''un, dis''' and '''in''':

* '''vehiqualosträdn''' ''associated, '''stævehiqualosträdn''' ''disassociated''
* '''lenandrädn''' ''helpful'', '''stælenandrädn''' ''unhelpful''
* '''dasqurnä''' ''emotional'' '''dasqurnä''' ''unemotional''
* '''önestárädn''' ''correct'' '''stæönestárädn''' ''incorrect''

By default, these types of adjectives are already negated, and the prefix is an inherent part of the word (a static prefix). Invariably, an inherent '''stæ''' is only seen on '''ädn''' adjectives, that is adjectives formed from verbs, or adjectives that have a noun derivative (with some minor exceptions).

When used on any other adjective, '''stæ''' attaches with a high apostrophe:

* '''vélø''' ''cold'' '''stæ'vélø''' ''not cold''
* '''reÞö''' ''red'' '''stæ'reÞö''' ''not red''
* '''despániÞ''' ''miserable''  '''stæ'despániÞ''' ''not miserable'''

The second method is the use of the verb inflection '''x/ax'''. This method is not used as much when negating a stand alone adjective, but is frequently used when negating adjectives in comparative sentences. (See [[dal'qörian comparative sentences|Comparative Sentences]]):

* '''vélø''' ''cold''' '''véløax''' ''not cold''
* '''reÞö''' ''red'' '''reÞöax''' ''not red''
* '''despániÞ''' ''miserable''  '''despániÞax''' ''not miserable'''

* '''DanöÞ véløax/stæ'vélø'''. ''It's not cold''.
* '''Binä despániÞax/stæ'despániÞ.''' ''I'm not miserable''.

Incidently, in sentences such as:

* ''TiÞ ni stæ'vélø iáda'''. ''It's not a cold day''.

the article must come before the adjective as normal.

NOTE: Look at the use of '''danöÞ''' and '''tiÞ''' in these sentences: 

* '''DanöÞ véløax/stæ'vélø'''. ''It's not cold''.
* '''TiÞ ni stæ'vélø iáda'''. ''It's not a cold day''.

'''DanöÞ''' is used in the first sentence as ''it'' does not refer to an object (a dummy pronoun).
'''TiÞ''' is used in the second example as ''it'' refers directly to ''day''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marib</title>
    <id>6492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46376</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-23T18:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Colonel Cathcart</username>
        <id>1304</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Marib&lt;br&gt;&lt;big&gt;مریب&lt;/big&gt;|pronounce=/maˈʁib/|tu=Here &amp; now|species=Human|in=Iran&lt;br&gt;Turkey|no=7.5 million|script=Modified Perso-Arabic script|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;Mariban&lt;br&gt;'''Marib'''|morph=Fusional|ms=Nominative-accusative|wo=Right-branching VSO|creator=[[User:Colonel Cathcart|Colonel Cathcart]]|date=2009}}
'''Marib''' (مریب) is an Indo-European language spoken in northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey. It is the last surviving member of the Mariban subfamily, once spoken across an expanse stretching from Kurdistan to the Caucasus; Marib thus constitutes an isolate within the Indo-European family.
&lt;p&gt;The name &quot;Marib&quot; is an exonym which is derived from Persian زبن مغربی, zabân-e maghrebi, &quot;western language.&quot;
==Phonology==
===Phonemes &amp; orthography===
Marib is written in a modified Perso-Arabic script, which was introduced when the Seljuks took control of the Mariban states in the mid-11th century. Here, the first orthographic representation is the native orthography; the second is used for phonetic transliteration.

====Consonants====
Stops /p t k b d g/ &lt;گ د ب ک ت پ&gt;, &amp;lt;p t k b d g&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
Affricatives /ts tʃ dz dʒ/ &lt;ج ظ چ ط&gt;, &lt;ts č dz j&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Fricatives /f v s z ʃ ʒ h/ &lt;ه ژ ش ز س و ف&gt;, &lt;f v s z š ž h&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Approximants /j w l ʁ/ &lt;ر ل و ی&gt;, &lt;y w l r&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Nasals /m n/ &lt;ن م&gt;, &lt;m n&gt;

*/s/ has alternate realization &lt;ص&gt;; /h/ has alternate realization &lt;ح&gt;. Many words using these letters are Persian or Arabic loans; others are purely aesthetic.&lt;br&gt;
*Marib uses the ligature &lt;لا&gt; for /la/; with a hamzeh above &lt;لأ&gt; this ligature represents /laj/.
*&lt;ع&gt; is often used to indicate a syllable break between vowels and particularly diphthongs, eg. /saj&quot;i:/ &lt;سأعی&gt; &lt;saii&gt; (page-gen.pl).
*&lt;ق غ خ&gt; are found only in Persian and Arabic loans; they are pronounced /h g g/ and transliterated &lt;kh gh q&gt;.

&lt;p&gt;Marib contrasts consonant length. Any consonant except /h j w ʁ/ may be geminated. Geminate consonants, which can occur medially or finally, are written with a tašdid &lt;ّ &gt; above.

====Vowels====
Marib has a simple five-vowel system, distinctive in that the mid-close vowels /e o/ have shifted to mid-open /ɛ ɔ/.
&lt;p&gt;Vowels /a ɛ i ɔ u/&lt;br&gt;
initial: &lt;او او ای ا ا&gt;, &lt;a e i o u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
medial: &lt;و و ی ا ا&gt; or null, &lt;a e i o u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
final: &lt;و و ی ه ا&gt;, &lt;a e i o u&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Some eastern dialects lack /a/, featuring instead a Persian-influenced /æ ɒ/ opposition, written &lt;آ ا&gt; and transliterated &lt;a â&gt;. These dialects have generally retained the mid-close vowels /e o/.

&lt;p&gt;Modern Marib does not contrast vowel length (at least not phonemically - see Prosody). Marib's Perso-Arabic orthography indicates medially only those vowels which were long in Medieval Marib (eg. MedM /ma&quot;ɾi:b/ &gt; ModM /ma&quot;ʁib/ &lt;مریب&gt;) and in cases where vowel omission would result in a doubled consonant (eg. /tan&quot;nɛn/ &lt;تنّان&gt; rather than *&lt;تنّن&gt;)

&lt;p&gt;'''Diphthongs'''&lt;br&gt;
Marib has four semivowel diphthongs:&lt;br&gt;
/aj ɛj ɔj uj/ &lt;ؤ ؤ ۀ أ&gt;, &lt;ay ey oy uy&gt;&lt;br&gt;
These diphthongs are written with a hamzeh &lt;ء&gt; above, a convention possibly derived from Persian's use of &lt;ۀ&gt; for /eje/.

====Alphabet====
[[Image:Taleshenmaribi.png|frame|''Ta lešen maribi'' (&quot;the Marib language&quot;) in Naskh, Kufic, and Thuluth scripts.]]
'''Standard Marib alphabet'''
{| cellspacing=15
| الف - ا &lt;br&gt;alef /a&quot;lɛf/
|به - ب&lt;br&gt;be /bɛ:/
|په - پ&lt;br&gt;pe /pɛ:/
|ته - ت&lt;br&gt;te /tɛ:/
|جیم - ج&lt;br&gt;jim /dʒim/
|-
|چه - چ&lt;br&gt;če /tʃɛ:/
|حه شأ جیم - ح&lt;br&gt;he-šay-jim&lt;br&gt;/ˌhɛ:ʃajˈdʒim/
|دال - د&lt;br&gt;dal /dal/
|ره - ر&lt;br&gt;re /ʁɛ:/
|زه - ز&lt;br&gt;ze /zɛ:/
|-
|ژه - ژ&lt;br&gt;že /ʒɛ:/
|سین - س&lt;br&gt;sin /sin/
|شین - ش&lt;br&gt;šin /ʃin/
|صاد - ص&lt;br&gt;sad /sad/
|طا - ط&lt;br&gt;tsa /tsa:/
|-
|ظ - ظا&lt;br&gt;dza /dza:/
|أعین - ع&lt;br&gt;aiin /aj&quot;in/
|کاف - ک&lt;br&gt;kaf /kaf/
|گاف - گ&lt;br&gt;gaf /gaf/
|لام - ل&lt;br&gt;lam /lam/
|-
|میم - م&lt;br&gt;mim /mim/
|نون - ن&lt;br&gt;nun /nun/
|واو - و&lt;br&gt;vav /vav/
|ها - ه&lt;br&gt;he /hɛ:/
|یه - ی&lt;br&gt;ye /jɛ:/
|}

'''Formerly considered part of the Marib alphabet'''
{| cellspacing=15
|خه - خ&lt;br&gt;khe /kɛ:/
|غأعین - غ&lt;br&gt;ghaiin /gaj&quot;in/
|قوف - ق&lt;br&gt;qof /kof/
|-
|}

'''Not considered part of the Marib alphabet'''
(though often used as such in vernacular speech)
{| cellspacing=15
|الف س هامزو - أ&lt;br&gt;alef-s-hamzu&lt;br&gt;/alˌɛfshamˈzu:/&lt;br&gt;&quot;alef with hamzeh&quot;
|ها س هامزو - ۀ&lt;br&gt; he-s-hamzu&lt;br&gt;/ˌhɛ:shamˈzu:/&lt;br&gt;&quot;he with hamzeh&quot;
|واو س هامزو - ؤ &lt;br&gt;vav-s-hamzu&lt;br&gt;/ˌvavshamˈzu:/&lt;br&gt;&quot;vav with hamzeh&quot;
|}

===Prosody===
'''Phoneme length'''&lt;br&gt;
Marib distinguishes phonemic consonant length: long (geminate) consonants are written with a tašdid above. Vowel length is a prosodic feature: if a stressed syllable is open (CV), then the vowel is pronounced long (CV:).

'''Timing'''&lt;br&gt;
Marib prosody is stress-timed. Generally, stressed open syllables with a long vowel are articulated about 1.5 times longer than unstressed or closed syllables, though this varies greatly between dialects and speakers.

'''Stress'''&lt;br&gt;
Stress in Marib, as in French, is dependent upon syntax and semantics. Primary stress is placed upon the last syllable of a clause or phrase determined by the speaker. Primary stress may be marked by a slight lengthening of the syllable (more distinctive if the syllable is open, as stated above) and/or a slight rising or falling tone. Secondary stress may be placed upon the last syllable of a verb, noun, or modifier, according to the speaker's semantic discretion. Pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions are never stressed except for emphasis.

==Pronouns==
===Personal===
{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 align=center|Nominative
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|1
|من
|men
|اش
|aš
|-
|2
|سن
|sen
|تی
|ti
|-
|3-m
|ایش
|iš
|نه
|ne
|-
|3-f
|نا
|na
|نه
|ne
 |}

Marib's nominative case is actually a nominative-accusative, so the above are used as both subject and object pronouns. When specificity is desired, the Persian borrowing را &lt;-ra&gt; can be used to mark a nominative pronoun as an object: من را &lt;men-ra&gt;, &quot;me.&quot;

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 align=center|Genitive
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|1
|ما
|ma
|اشا
|aša
|-
|2
|سا
|sa
|تأعا
|taya
|-
|3
|یو
|yo
|نی
|ni
 |}

The genitive pronouns are used for possession, as well as with certain prepositions. Strictly in cases of possession, suffix ه &lt;-e&gt; or ی &lt;-ye&gt; is used to mark the head: اولما ی ما &lt;olma-ye ma&gt; &quot;my dog.&quot;

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 align=center|Dative
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|1
|مو
|mu
|اشو
|ašu
|-
|2
|سو
|su
|تأو
|tayu
|-
|3
|أ
|ay
|أعی
|aii
 |}

The dative pronouns are used for the indirect object, as well as with certain prepositions.

===Demonstrative===
{| cellspacing=5
|تا
|ta
|this/these
|-
|ستا
|sta
|that/those
|-
|هونا٫ سینی
|sini, hona
|here, there
|}

===Indefinite===
{| cellspacing=5
|کمن
|komon
|everything, everyone
|-
|بز کمن
|baz-komon
|everyone
|-
|همن
|hemon
|something, anything
|-
|کولت
|kulet
|someone, anyone
|-
|لاکتات
|laktet
|nothing, no-one
|-
|بز لاکتات
|baz-laktet
|no-one
|-
|ایمنی٫ ایمن
|imen, imni
|little, few
|-
|زأتی٫ رأت
|zayt, zayti
|much, many
|}

===Interrogative &amp; relative===
{| cellspacing=5
|مت
|mata
|what
|-
|میس
|mis
|which
|-
|منه
|mine
|who
|-
|منا
|mina
|whose
|-
|س منو
|s-munu
|to whom
|-
|ملّا
|milla
|where
|-
|لا ملّأ
|la-millay
|whence
|-
|ای ملّو
|i-millu
|whither
|-
|مدی
|medi
|when
|-
|منت
|mint
|why
|-
|موشّ
|mušš
|how
|-
|مأد
|mayd
|how much
|-
|مأدی
|maydi
|how many
|}

Interrogative pronouns are normally used ''in situ'' rather than at the beginning of the clause, and they do not take the copulaic clitic ش &lt;š-&gt; : تا مت &lt;ta mata&gt; &quot;what is this,&quot; lit. &quot;this what.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
They are placed at the beginning of the clause, however, when they are used as relative pronouns: مدی شودی من ش ایژن٫ &lt;medi šudi men š-ižen, ...&gt; &quot;when I was a boy, ...&quot;

==Nouns==

===Determiners===
Marib lacks true articles, employing instead a system of determiners.

&lt;p&gt;Ta (ت), contracted to t- before a vowel, is loosely translated as &quot;the.&quot; It indicates &quot;the one we are talking about&quot; or &quot;the one which has been mentioned.&quot;
*Idi t-ižen kaydaš - ایدی ت ایژن کأدش - The boy read a book.

&lt;p&gt;Ažin (اژین) shares a similar but more specific meaning with ta, indicating &quot;that same one.&quot;
*Tuži men az kaydaša, taš hessi men ažin kaydaš s-keru.
*توژل من از کأدشا٫ تش حسّل من اژین کأدش س کرو.		
*I thought about a book, and I saw that same book in town.

&lt;p&gt;Baš (بش) indicates &quot;the present or current one,&quot; usually referring to a period of time, geographical location, or a certain mode.
*Baš ker - بش کر - this town, the town we live in
*Baš lešen - بش لشن - this language, the one we are speaking right now
*Baš ayla - بش ألا - today, this very day (colloquially امروز &lt;emruz&gt;)
*Baš šah - بش شاه - this king, the king who is currently reigning

===Declension===
There are two numbers, singular and plural. The singular is unmarked, though many or most nominative singular nouns end in -[ay]en (أن٫ ن) [masculine] or -[iy]a (یا٫ ا) [feminine]. The plural is usually marked with the plural morpheme ی &lt;-i&gt;. The noun appears in the singular after numerals.

&lt;p&gt;There are two genders, masculine and feminine. Noun gender assignment follows a simple pattern, with masculine nouns ending in a consonant and feminine nouns ending in /a/. Some nouns, ending in /u/, can be masculine or feminine.

&lt;p&gt;There are three cases. The &quot;nominative&quot; is a nominative-accusative, used for both the subject and direct object - where specificity is desired, the Persian-borrowed object marker را &lt;-ra&gt; may be used following the noun. The genitive is used to show possession, relation, or origin, and is used with certain prepositions; it is marked with ا or أ. The dative is used for the indirect object and with certain other prepositions; it is marked with و.

&lt;p&gt;Masculine nouns in the first two declensions (nominative only in the first declension) elide the final vowel, as long as this does not create an illegal consonant cluster or compromise the integrity of the stem.

====First declension====
'''Declension 1a''': Masculine nouns ending in ن -en

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |ایژن - ižen - boy
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|ایژن
|ižen
|ایژنی
|ižni
|-
|gen
|ایژا
|iža
|ایژی
|iži
|-
|dat
|ایژو
|ižu
|ایژیو
|ižiu
|}

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |مژدن - mežden - world
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|مژدن
|mežden
|مژدنی
|meždeni
|-
|gen
|مژدا
|mežda
|مژدی
|meždi
|-
|dat
|مژدو
|meždu
|مژدیو
|meždiu
|}

'''Declension 1b''': Masculine nouns ending in أن -ayen

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |سأن - sayen - page
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|سأن
|sayen
|سأنی
|sayni
|-
|gen
|سأعا
|saya
|سأعی
|saii
|-
|dat
|سأو
|sayu
|سأو
|sayu
|}

====Second declension====
Masculine nouns ending in any other consonant

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |صأفت - sayfet - sand
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|صأفت
|sayfet
|صأفتی
|sayfti
|-
|gen
|صأفتا
|sayfta
|صأفتیا
|sayftiya
|-
|dat
|صأفتو
|sayftu
|صأفتأو
|sayftayu
|}

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |کر - ker - town
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|کر
|ker
|کری
|keri
|-
|gen
|کرا
|kera
|کریا
|keriya
|-
|dat
|کرو
|keru
|کرأو
|kerayu
|}

====Third declension====
'''Declension 3a''': Feminine nouns ending in ا -a

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |ویلا - wila - oil
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|ویلا
|wila
|ویلی
|wili
|-
|gen
|ویلأ
|wilay
|ویلیا
|wiliya
|-
|dat
|ویلو
|wilu
|ویلأو
|wilayu
|}

'''Declension 3b''': Feminine nouns ending in یا -iya

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |سالیا - saliya - water
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|سالیا
|saliya
|سالیّ
|salii
|-
|gen
|سالأ
|salay
|سالیّ
|salii
|-
|dat
|سالو
|salu
|سالآو
|salayu
|}

====Fourth declension====
'''Declension 4a''': Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -u

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |شونو - šunu (f) - light
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|شونو
|šunu
|شونی
|šuni
|-
|gen
|شونا
|šuna
|شونیا
|šuniya
|-
|dat
|شونیو
|šuniu
|شونأو
|šunayu
|}

'''Declension 4b''': Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -iu

{| cellspacing=5
!colspan=5 |مزیو - maziu (m) - food
|-
| 
|colspan=2 align=center|sg  
|colspan=2 align=center|pl
|-
|nom
|مزیو
|maziu
|مزیّ
|mazii
|-
|gen
|مزا
|maza
|مزیا
|maziya
|-
|dat
|مزو
|mazu
|مزأو
|mazayu
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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    <title>File:Taleshenmaribi.png</title>
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      <id>46197</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-21T04:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Colonel Cathcart</username>
        <id>1304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>''Ta lešen maribi'' (&quot;the Marib language&quot;) in Naskh, Kufic, and Thuluth scripts.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Ta lešen maribi'' (&quot;the Marib language&quot;) in Naskh, Kufic, and Thuluth scripts.</text>
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    <title>File:Minuras.gif</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>46233</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-21T19:10:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</text>
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    <title>File:Hafrigvotan2.gif</title>
    <id>6495</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Háfrigvotán alphabet</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Háfrigvotán alphabet</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The Lord's Prayer in Avorenta language</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Lord's Prayer in Avorenta language</text>
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    <id>6497</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-21T19:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I mínuras vintúru qwer, is laurán forvenum.</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>HafrigisSurnogion</username>
        <id>1283</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T10:38:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Kito</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-16T00:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>Replaced content with '[ ]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[ ]</text>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T10:41:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T10:41:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T10:50:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>File:Kyo.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T10:51:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
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[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-22T12:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

~~~</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Kala</title>
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      <id>57500</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">

[[Category:Conlangs]]

{{Kala 2}}


* This is my personal conlang, meant to provide me with an expressive outlet, not necessarily to be viewed or examined based on academic/linguistic standards.

* This language draws on natlangs, other conlangs and of course imagination, if you like what you see, please feel free to comment or even provide suggestions.</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Kala lexicon</title>
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      <id>59218</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T15:03:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* ts */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Kala 2}}

__NOTOC__

''Main Article'': [[Kala|''Kala'']]
:''See also'': [[Kala thematic lexicon|''Thematic Lexicon'']]

== General Lexica ==

*The majority of lexical units in '''Kala''' can have multiple roles. 
*Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
*Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.

*Abbreviations used:

*''a'' = adjective
*''acc'' = accusative
*''adv'' = adverb
*''con'' = conjunction
*''cor'' = correlative
*''det'' = determiner
*''int'' = interjection
*''n'' = noun
*''nom'' = nominative
*''num'' = numeral
*''pt'' = particle
*''pl'' = plural
*''pref'' = prefix
*''pn'' = prenominal (used before a noun)
*''prep'' = preposition
*''pv'' = preverbal (used before a verb)
*''pron'' = pronoun
*''q'' = question
*''suf'' = suffix
*''v'' = verb


{{Template:Nkala2}}

== p ==

* '''pa''' - ''p'' - abilitative mood / &quot;capable of…&quot; / can / able
* '''pato''' - ''n'' - duck / aquatic bird
* '''paka''' - ''n'' - stupid / dumb / foolish / idiotic / fool / dummy / idiot / dunce
* '''paki''' - ''n'' - nut / seed
* '''pako''' - ''n / u'' - fresh / new / recent
* '''pamya''' - ''n'' - okra
* '''pana''' - ''n / u'' - dew / moisten / perspire / rain
* '''pano''' - ''n'' - cloth / rag / towel
* '''panya''' - ''n'' - rat / rodent
* '''pasu''' - ''n / u'' - spit / saliva [to expel from the mouth]
* '''pasua''' - ''u'' - swell / expand / grow larger / wider / thicker
* '''paha''' - ''n / p'' - luck / chance / fortune / risk
* '''pahe''' - ''p'' - between / amid / among / during
* '''patlo''' - ''n / u'' - sweep / brush 
* '''pala''' - ''n'' - point / direct / shovel / spade / oar
* '''palo''' - ''n'' - stick / twig / branch / cane / staff
* '''pa'o''' - ''n / p'' - eight / 8
* '''pe''' - ''n / u'' - mark / scratch / dot / diacritic
* '''peta''' - ''n'' - map / visual representation of an area
* '''peka''' - ''n'' - bat [mammal]
* '''pesoka''' - ''n / u'' - go and meet or see / [make a] visit
* '''petsa''' - ''n'' - mild / soft
* '''petso''' - ''n'' - belly / torso
* '''pela''' - ''u'' - inherit / receive
* '''pelako''' - ''n'' - heir
* '''pelana''' - ''n'' - knee
* '''peya''' - ''n'' - particle / article
* '''pita''' - ''n / u'' - empty / devoid of content
* '''piko''' - ''n'' - navel / belly button
* '''piku''' - ''n'' - buttock / ass
* '''pitsa''' - ''n'' - pizza
* '''pila''' - ''u'' - crush / rip / saw
* '''po''' - ''p'' - in-law
* '''poto''' - ''n / u'' - photograph / picture / image
* '''puka''' - ''n / u'' - rotten / putrid / spoiled / rot / spoil
* '''puku''' - ''n'' - clothes / dress / garment / wear
* '''pukuna''' - ''n'' - gown
* '''pukue''' - ''n / u'' - blow / blowfish
* '''pumanka''' - ''n'' - tundra [frozen soil]
* '''punka''' - ''n'' - fruit
* '''puna''' - ''n'' - dirt / soil / sand / dust
* '''punya''' - ''n / u'' - stab
* '''pusu''' - ''n / u'' - shock / surprise / ambush
* '''puha''' - ''n'' - gill / nostril / lung
* '''puana''' - ''n'' - god / deity
* '''puaha''' - ''n'' - fruit [part of plant / food]
* '''pue''' - ''p'' - according to / after / behind
* '''puetsa''' - ''n'' - octopus
* '''pya''' - ''p'' - attemptive mood
* '''pye''' - ''p'' - middle / in the middle
* '''pyeta''' - ''n'' - egg / embryo / testicle
* '''pyoki''' - ''n / u'' - to be sick / ill
* '''pyola''' - ''u'' - rotate / turn / revolve / spin / roll

== t ==

* '''ta''' - ''n / p'' - you [2s] / masculine 
* '''tapa''' - ''n / u'' - covering / lid / roof
* '''tapana''' - ''u'' - adopt
* '''taka''' - ''n / u'' - esteem / honor / respect
* '''takolo''' - ''n'' - peach (tree or fruit)
* '''takue''' - ''n'' - feather
* '''tam''' - ''n'' - you [pl]
* '''tama''' - ''n'' - good / fine / well / complete
* '''tamaka''' - ''n'' - eagle / hawk / falcon
* '''tamako''' - ''n'' - legitimate (non-bastard)
* '''tamyo''' - ''n'' - your (plural)
* '''tana''' - ''u'' - fight / combat / battle
* '''tanu''' - ''n'' - plate / dish / platter
* '''tanya''' - ''u'' - spoil
* '''tasa''' - ''n / u'' - hunt / track / scout / seek
* '''tasako''' - ''n'' - detective
* '''taso''' - ''n / u'' - level / standard
* '''taha''' - ''n / u'' - big / grand / large
* '''tahe''' - ''p'' - below / under
* '''tahi''' - ''n'' - son / boy
* '''tahika''' - ''n'' - grandson
* '''tatseka''' - ''n'' - adposition / preposition
* '''tatsi''' - ''n / u'' - stand
* '''tala''' - ''u'' - come / return
* '''tali''' - ''n'' - metal
* '''ta'o''' - ''n / p'' - two / 2
* '''ta'oko''' - ''n'' - twin
* '''taue''' - ''n'' - cousin [male]
* '''taya''' - ''n / u'' - cut / slice
* '''tayo''' - ''n'' - your(s) [2s.POSS]
* '''tayoma''' - ''n'' - Friday
* '''te''' - ''p'' - relative prefix (-al) | from / out of / since / of
* '''tepa''' - ''n / p'' - later / late / lately
* '''tena''' - ''n'' - hindrance / obstacle
* '''teloli''' - ''n'' - woodpecker
* '''teyemi''' - ''n'' - expression / locution / phrase
* '''tipa''' - ''n / p'' - OK / okay / all right / alright / good / acceptable
* '''tipua''' - ''u'' - drop / fall / plummet
* '''tima''' - ''n / u'' - blood / bleed
* '''timu''' - ''n'' - east
* '''tinali''' - ''n'' - old / old-fashioned or antiquated
* '''tiya''' - ''n'' - bread
* '''to''' - ''n'' - manner / method / path / way / road / street
* '''to ka''' - ''n / p'' - how
* '''topa''' - ''n'' - bed / mattress
* '''topu''' - ''u'' - jump / propel
* '''tok''' - ''n / p'' - no way
* '''tokua''' - ''n / p'' - every way
* '''tomo''' - ''n / u'' - enter / servant
* '''tohi''' - ''n'' - broccoli / cabbage / cauliflower
* '''tohyome''' - ''n'' - road surface or pavement
* '''tola''' - ''n / p'' - any way

== k ==

* '''ka''' - ''p'' - interrogative particle
* '''kapa''' - ''u'' - suffice / be enough / sufficient / adequate
* '''kapunu''' - ''n'' - melon
* '''kata''' - ''n'' - essence / nature / universe
* '''katama''' - ''n'' - duty / obligation
* '''katona''' - ''n'' - excess / overwhelming amount / too much
* '''kam''' - ''n'' - they / them
* '''kampa''' - ''p'' - cheers!
* '''kama''' - ''n'' - city / town / village
**'''tlikama''' - ''n'' - municipality
**'''kamako''' - ''n'' - villager / resident of a city
**'''kamaha''' - ''n'' - metropolis / city
* '''kamala''' - ''n'' - lunar / moon
* '''kame''' - ''n'' - jar / pot / urn
* '''kamu''' - ''n'' - savage / wild
* '''kamusa''' - ''n'' - dictionary
* '''kanka''' - ''n'' - corn / maize
* '''kana''' - ''u'' - command / lead
* '''kanu''' - ''n'' - any stringed instrument
* '''kanyo''' - ''n / u'' - ask / question
* '''kasa''' - ''n'' - bamboo / umbrella, parasol, parachute
* '''kasi''' - ''n / u'' - infect / infection
* '''kasuma''' - ''n'' - onion
* '''kahaku''' - ''n'' - science / study / [chemistry]
* '''kahami''' - ''n'' - mirror / reflective surface
* '''kahe''' - ''n'' - shadow / shade / obscure image
* '''kahi''' - ''n'' - key / device designed to open and close a lock
* '''kahila''' - ''n'' - ankle
* '''kahu''' - ''n'' - furniture
* '''katsa''' - ''n / u'' - brave / bravery
* '''katsi''' - ''n'' - dignity / worth
* '''kala''' - ''n / u'' - tongue; language / speech / discourse | say / tell / utter / speak / talk
* '''kalako''' - ''n'' - speaker (person)
* '''kalimi''' - ''n'' - atmosphere / climate / weather
* '''kalitsa''' - ''n'' - thick / chunky / solid / stocky / thickset
* '''ka'e''' - ''p'' - at / to / toward
* '''ka'o''' - ''n / p'' - seven / 7
* '''kaua''' - ''n'' - coffee
**'''kauakyo''' - ''n'' - instant coffee
**'''kauamo''' - ''n'' - cafe, coffee shop, canteen 
* '''kaya''' - ''n'' - earth / planet
* '''kayoma''' - ''n'' - Wednesday
* '''ke''' - ''p'' - the / a / topic marker
* '''ke ama''' - ''p'' - (relative) when | when
* '''keputsa''' - ''n'' - group / communion / collective
* '''keta''' - ''n / u'' - behave / act a certain way
* '''kemelo''' - ''n'' - calf [of leg]
* '''kenta''' - ''u'' - forgive
* '''keha''' - ''n'' - anatomy / body / corpse
* '''ketla''' - ''n'' - red
* '''keyo''' - ''n / u'' - description / figure of speech / qualification
* '''ki''' - ''n / p'' - life force / ordinal marker
* '''kipa''' - ''n / u'' - bite / chew / tooth
* '''kipo''' - ''n / u'' - aspire / hope / wish
* '''kita''' - ''n'' - calligraphy / north
* '''kima''' - ''p'' - like / as / similar
* '''kintala''' - ''n'' - collating sequence
* '''kina''' - ''n'' - mammal
* '''kiso''' - ''n'' - base / basic / basis / ground / root
* '''kitsa''' - ''n'' - darkness
* '''kitla''' - ''u'' - create / invent / make-up
* '''kilatsi''' - ''n'' - cherry
* '''kilini''' - ''n'' - giraffe
* '''ko''' - ''n / p'' - agent(ive) / -er / person
* '''ko…ka''' - ''n / p'' - who / whom
* '''kopa''' - ''n'' - mushroom / fungi
* '''kopati''' - ''u'' - dig / move earth
* '''koto''' - ''n / u'' - drum / rhythm / beat
* '''kompo''' - ''n'' - seaweed
* '''komputa''' - ''n'' - computer / programmable device
* '''koni''' - ''n'' - skunk
* '''kono''' - ''n'' - gray / rock / stone
* '''kosetsa''' - ''n / u'' - harvest / crop
* '''koho''' - ''n / u'' - float / buoyant device / be supported by a liquid
* '''kohu''' - ''n / u'' - fog / mist / steam
* '''kohua''' - ''n / p'' - everyone
* '''kotso''' - ''n'' - earthenware / ceramic
* '''kola''' - ''n / p'' - anyone
* '''koli''' - ''n'' - tail
* '''koliya''' - ''n'' - axiom / convention
* '''kolo''' - ''n'' - notch / groove / indentation / hole
* '''ko'a''' - ''n / p'' - that person
* '''koyo''' - ''p'' - whose / of who
* '''ku''' - ''n / u'' - amount / to count / number / quantity
* '''ku…ka''' - ''n / p'' - how many? / how much? 
* '''kuma''' - ''n'' - bear / ursine
**'''tlikuma''' - ''n'' - a sleuth of bears
**'''kuman''' - ''a'' - bearish / bearlike
**'''kuma'a''' - ''n'' - (pl) bears
* '''kunta''' - ''n'' - army / military force
* '''kuna''' - ''n / u'' - excrete / expel / defecate / shit
* '''kusa''' - ''n'' - throat / neck
* '''kusu''' - ''u'' - push [away] / press / shove / squeeze
* '''kuha''' - ''u'' - cook / prepare food
* '''kutsu''' - ''n'' - flesh / meat
* '''kula''' - ''n / p'' - any amount
* '''kuli''' - ''n / u'' - voice
* '''kua''' - ''n / p'' - all / every / each
* '''kuama''' - ''n / p'' - always / eternal / all time / forever
* '''kuanye''' - ''p'' - in relation to / with respect to / as regards / concerning / regarding
* '''kuatla''' - ''n'' - snake / reptile
* '''kuepa''' - ''n / u'' - escape
* '''kueta''' - ''n'' - spring [season]
* '''kuetsa''' - ''n'' - cigarette
* '''kueli''' - ''n'' - rights / legal entitlement
* '''kuya''' - ''n'' - green / grass / foliage
* '''kya''' - ''p'' - imperative / jussive / command particle
* '''kyampi''' - ''n'' - affix
* '''kyepe''' - ''n'' - zig-zag / diagonal line / sharp turn
* '''kyehu''' - ''n / u'' - period of rest / break
* '''kye'o''' - ''n / p'' - hundred thousand / 10^5
* '''kyopu''' - ''n / u'' - fear
* '''kyopuha''' - ''n / u'' - terror / terrorize
* '''kyoma''' - ''n'' - barren place / desert
* '''kyosa''' - ''n / u'' - sex / copulation
* '''kyoha''' - ''p'' - goodbye / bye
* '''kyohi''' - ''n / u'' - refuse / decline / reject
* '''kyoli''' - ''n'' - interspace / spacing / distance / interval
* '''kyolo''' - ''n'' - fast / quick / rapid

== m ==

* '''mpa''' - ''p'' - v &gt; a [drink &gt; drinkable / inu &gt; inumpa]
* '''mpaka''' - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
* '''mpanko''' - ''n / u'' - plan / scheme / outline
* '''mpana''' - ''n'' - broad / wide / width
* '''mpelo''' - ''n'' - buzzard
* '''mpila''' - ''n'' - ball [game]
* '''mponto''' - ''n'' - cassava [leaves]
* '''mpuni''' - ''n'' - ostrich
* '''mha''' - ''p'' - much / many / a lot
* '''ma''' - ''p / u'' - and / also / as well / plus / more
* '''mapi''' - ''n'' - finger
* '''mata''' - ''u'' - kill / murder
* '''mak''' - ''n / p'' - no more / cease / desist
* '''maka''' - ''n'' - music
* '''makano''' - ''n'' - musical instrument
* '''makaho''' - ''n'' - musician
* '''makena''' - ''n'' - appliance / device / instrument / machine
* '''maku''' - ''n'' - pillow
* '''makupu''' - ''n'' - complex / composite
* '''manka''' - ''n'' - cold / low temperature
* '''mana''' - ''n'' - power / strength
* '''manya''' - ''p'' - another time / different time / later
* '''manyo''' - ''n / u'' - size
* '''masa''' - ''n'' - deer / cervine
* '''mase''' - ''n / u'' - dance / move to music
* '''masula''' - ''n'' - pipe [smoking utensil]
* '''mahe''' - ''n / p'' - approximately / around / close to
* '''matsatli''' - ''n'' - pineapple
* '''matla''' - ''n'' - casserole / goulash / soup / stew
* '''matli''' - ''n / u'' - correlate / correspond
* '''mala''' - ''n'' - bad / negative / unfavorable / wrong
* '''mali''' - ''p'' - again
* '''malina''' - ''n'' - raspberry
* '''malo''' - ''n'' - brown
* '''ma'a''' - ''p'' - in company of / together / using / with
* '''ma'ak''' - ''p'' - without / apart / separate / except
* '''ma'e''' - ''p'' - before / in front of
* '''ma'eno''' - ''n'' - priority
* '''ma'o''' - ''n / p'' - four / 4
* '''maya''' - ''n'' - fluid / water / wet
* '''mayoma''' - ''n'' - Sunday
* '''me''' - ''p'' - passive participle prefix (-ed)
* '''mekutsi''' - ''n'' - slug
* '''menya''' - ''u'' - become / begin to be / come to be / turn into
* '''metla''' - ''n / u'' - flute / sound of wind / whistle
* '''melonka''' - ''n'' - apricot
* '''minti''' - ''n / u'' - lie / tell intentional untruth
* '''mina''' - ''n'' - south
* '''mihu''' - ''n'' - cat / feline
* '''mitsika''' - ''n'' - short [in height and from end to edge]
* '''mitla''' - ''n'' - arrow / dart
* '''mo''' - ''n / p'' - locate / location / locative / place / where
* '''mo ka''' - ''n'' - where
* '''moto''' - ''n / u'' - memory / remember
* '''mok''' - ''n / p'' - nowhere / no place
* '''moku''' - ''n / u'' - sleep / rest
* '''mokua''' - ''n'' - everywhere
* '''mosa''' - ''n'' - book
* '''mosima''' - ''n'' - season
* '''motsa''' - ''n'' - banana
* '''motso''' - ''n / u'' - wave / undulation
* '''mola''' - ''n / p'' - anywhere
* '''moya''' - ''n / u'' - glyph / mark / symbol / write
* '''muta''' - ''n'' - back / spine / dorsal / vertebrae
* '''munta''' - ''u'' - change / alter / transform
* '''muna''' - ''u'' - care / worry / important
* '''mune''' - ''n'' - breast / chest / bust
* '''muha''' - ''n'' - monk / nun
* '''muhe''' - ''n / u'' - sad / grieve
* '''mua''' - ''p'' - active participle (added to v: a ...ing / n thing that is ...ing)
* '''muapaka''' - ''u'' - set apart for a particular use or person / appropriate
* '''muata''' - ''n / u'' - polite / well mannered
* '''muana''' - ''n'' - ocean / sea
* '''muanya''' - ''n'' - opening made by breaking or parting / gap / hole
* '''muahi''' - ''n'' - bee / honey bee (insect: genus Apis)
* '''muahika''' - ''n'' - bumblebee (insect: genus Bombus)
* '''muahiko''' - ''n'' - beekeeper
* '''muahimo''' - ''n'' - beehive / apiary
* '''muatso''' - ''n / u'' - start / beginning
* '''mue'o''' - ''n / p'' - ten thousand / 10^4
* '''muya''' - ''n / u'' - do / labor / make / work
* '''mya''' - ''p'' - adj / n &gt; verb [-ize / -fy]
* '''mye''' - ''p'' - do again / redo
* '''myo''' - ''p'' - permissive mood affix
* '''myonta''' - ''u'' - allow / grant / permit / tolerate

== n ==

* '''nta''' - ''n'' - camel
* '''ntama''' - ''n'' - calf
* '''ntai''' - ''n'' - baby / infant
* '''nte'o''' - ''n / p'' - one million / 10^6
* '''ntimu''' - ''n'' - lemon
* '''nkapa''' - ''n'' - alcohol / grog
* '''nkata''' - ''n / u'' - agree / agreement
* '''nki''' - ''p'' - few / not many
* '''nkonto''' - ''n / u'' - flow [the movement of liquid]
* '''nkumu''' - ''n'' - burden / cumbersome / difficult
* '''nkunka''' - ''n'' - eel
* '''na''' - ''n / p'' - I [1s] / feminine 
* '''napita''' - ''n'' - wine
* '''napu''' - ''n / u'' - treaty / agreement / promise / pact
* '''nata''' - ''n'' - relative
* '''nataha''' - ''n'' - ancestor
* '''natahi''' - ''n'' - descendant
* '''nataue''' - ''n'' - cousin
* '''natepe''' - ''n'' - round / circle / circular
* '''nato''' - ''n'' - straight [direction]
* '''naka''' - ''n'' - female / feminine / woman
* '''nam''' - ''n'' - we / us
* '''nama''' - ''u'' - grow / rise / rear / raise
* '''namaka''' - ''n'' - salt
* '''namyo''' - ''n'' - our(s)
* '''nasa''' - ''u'' - birth / born / beget
* '''nasi''' - ''n'' - pear [fruit / tree]
* '''naso''' - ''n'' - lupine / wolf
* '''naha''' - ''n'' - river / stream
* '''nahe''' - ''p'' - during / hence / in / inside / into / within
* '''nahi''' - ''n'' - daughter / girl
* '''nahika''' - ''n'' - granddaughter
* '''naho''' - ''n / u'' - grammar / regulate / rule
* '''natsu''' - ''n'' - summer
* '''natsua''' - ''u'' - let go / release
* '''nala''' - ''n / u'' - enlighten / enlightenment
* '''nalo''' - ''n / u'' - laugh / expression of mirth peculiar to the human species / smile
* '''na'aso''' - ''n'' - lizard
* '''na'e''' - ''p'' - on
* '''na'o''' - ''n / p'' - one / 1
* '''naua''' - ''n / u'' - rope / cord / string / tie a knot
* '''naue''' - ''n'' - cousin [female]
* '''nayo''' - ''n'' - my / mine [1s.POSS]
* '''nayoma''' - ''n'' - Thursday
* '''nekama''' - ''n / u'' - retaliatory action / revenge
* '''neku''' - ''n'' - winter (snowy season)
* '''nemeli''' - ''n'' - damp[ness] / humid[ity] / moist[ness]
* '''nemila''' - ''n'' - ant
* '''nipue''' - ''n'' - dull [not sharp]
* '''nika''' - ''n'' - dog / canine
* '''niki''' - ''n / u'' - hate
* '''nimu''' - ''n / u'' - work / labor / task
* '''nisi''' - ''n'' - west
* '''niha''' - ''n'' - lovable / kind / nice / endearing / pleasant / likeable / affable
* '''niua''' - ''n'' - yard
* '''niya''' - ''n'' - reasoning / thought / argument / reason / motive / purpose
* '''no''' - ''n'' - instrument / object / thing
* '''no ka''' - ''n'' - what
* '''nopa''' - ''n / u'' - stretch
* '''nota''' - ''n / u'' - lie / be in horizontal position
* '''nok''' - ''n / p'' - nothing
* '''noko''' - ''u'' - continue unchanged / remain / stay behind
* '''nokua''' - ''n / p'' - everything
* '''nom''' - ''n'' - things
* '''nonta''' - ''n / u'' - prostitution
* '''nosa''' - ''n'' - subject / theme
* '''noho''' - ''n'' - chickpea / garbanzo
* '''nola''' - ''n / p'' - anything
* '''noya''' - ''n / u'' - satisfied / content / happy
* '''nuku''' - ''n / u'' - hate / detest
* '''nula''' - ''n / u'' - lick

== ny ==

* '''nya''' - ''p'' - by / for
* '''nyamu''' - ''n'' - mosquito / fly
* '''nyasa''' - ''p'' - thank (you)
* '''nyahi''' - ''n'' - white / snow
* '''nyalo''' - ''n / u'' - telephone / communication device
* '''nya'a''' - ''n / u'' - hunger / need food
* '''nya'e''' - ''p'' - for / in order to / benefiting / on behalf of
* '''nye''' - ''n / p'' - because / reason / since
* '''nye ka''' - ''n'' - why
* '''nyepa''' - ''n'' - cloud
* '''nyek''' - ''n / p'' - no reason
* '''nyekua''' - ''n / p'' - every reason
* '''nyesa''' - ''n'' - ox / cow / bull / bovine
* '''nyela''' - ''n'' - arrowhead
* '''nyeli''' - ''n'' - pink
* '''nye'o''' - ''n / p'' - hundred / 100
* '''nyo''' - ''p'' - n &gt; v [ clothing &gt; to wear clothing ]
* '''nyopa''' - ''n / u'' - poor
* '''nyota''' - ''n / u'' - thirst / thirsty
* '''nyoma''' - ''n'' - rice

== s ==

* '''sa''' - ''n'' - peace / tranquility  / well-being
* '''sata''' - ''n'' - morpheme / word
* '''satila''' - ''n'' - sandwich
* '''saka''' - ''n'' - quiver / arrow container
* '''sakana''' - ''n'' - fish
* '''sakisu''' - ''n'' - tick / arthropod / louse
* '''sakotsu''' - ''n'' - clavicle / collarbone
* '''saku''' - ''n / u'' - tear / split / separate
* '''sama''' - ''n'' - sun / solar / star
* '''sana''' - ''n'' - health / well-being
* '''sahi''' - ''n'' - color
* '''sahya''' - ''n / u'' - right / correct / free from error
* '''satsu''' - ''u'' - scrub / rub / scour
* '''sala''' - ''n'' - chamber / room / section
**'''salaha''' - ''n'' - living room, drawing room, great room, hall 
* '''salali''' - ''n'' - squirrel
* '''sa'o''' - ''n / p'' - nine / 9
* '''sayo''' - ''n'' - period of 19 days / calendar month
* '''sayoma''' - ''n'' - calendar / date (on calendar)
* '''sayoli''' - ''n'' - fly (the insect)
* '''sepa''' - ''n / u'' - hurt / injure / wound
* '''seta''' - ''n'' - flat / silk / smooth
* '''setona''' - ''n'' - olive
* '''seka''' - ''n'' - dry / sharp / strict
* '''sempo''' - ''n'' - abacus
* '''sema''' - ''n'' - week (7 days)
* '''senta''' - ''u'' - mock / make fun of / mimic / imitate
* '''senu''' - ''n'' - hair
* '''seya''' - ''n / u'' - seal / stamp
* '''sipa''' - ''n'' - frequent(ly) / often | forehead
* '''sipo''' - ''n / u'' - fat / lard / grease
* '''sikua''' - ''n'' - pig / hog / swine / pork
* '''sima''' - ''n / u'' - recline / relax / sit / seat / chair
* '''sinka''' - ''n'' - lion
* '''sinu''' - ''n / u'' - die / death / (be) dead
* '''sitsa''' - ''n'' - hot / high temperature / warm
* '''sitsama''' - ''n'' - geyser / water heater / boiler / warmer
* '''siue''' - ''n'' - herb / leaf
* '''sopoko''' - ''n'' - gray
* '''soto''' - ''n'' - equal / even / same
* '''soka''' - ''n / u'' - introduce / introduction
* '''sokitla''' - ''n'' - mud
* '''sokitlan''' - ''n'' - muddy
* '''sokuya''' - ''n'' - lime
* '''sonyo''' - ''n'' - wrist
* '''sotla''' - ''n'' - foot / leg
* '''soye''' - ''n'' - index / list
* '''su''' - ''n'' - kind / type / genre / sort
* '''su ka''' - ''n'' - what kind
* '''supu''' - ''n'' - dawn / morning
* '''suta''' - ''u'' - live / reside / dwell / live in / inhabit / settle (a home)
* '''suk''' - ''n / p'' - no kind
* '''suka''' - ''n'' - vinegar / acid
* '''sukua''' - ''n / p'' - every kind
* '''suma''' - ''n'' - window
* '''suha''' - ''n / u'' - tongue / mouth / taste
* '''sula''' - ''n / p'' - any kind
* '''suama''' - ''n / u'' - sew / seam / mend
* '''suala''' - ''n'' - heavy
* '''suaye''' - ''n'' - evening [ time of day]

== h ==

* '''ha''' - ''n / p'' - he / she / him / her | augmentative suffix
* '''hapo''' - ''u'' - suck / inhale / absorb
* '''haka''' - ''n'' - great-grand
* '''hakama''' - ''n'' - pant / short [garments worn on lower body]
* '''haku''' - ''n / u'' - vomit / regurgitate
* '''hama''' - ''u'' - defend / ward off
* '''hamo''' - ''n'' - fish-hook
* '''hamu''' - ''n / p'' - ash / bit by bit
* '''hanya''' - ''n'' - land / a country or region
* '''hasuka''' - ''n'' - date / fig
* '''hala''' - ''p'' - greetings / hello
* '''hali''' - ''n'' - dairy / milk
* '''halisi''' - ''n'' - original / first in a series / primal
* '''ha'o''' - ''n / p'' - three / 3
* '''haya''' - ''n'' - animal / beast
* '''hayo''' - ''n'' - his / her(s)
* '''hayoma''' - ''n'' - Saturday
* '''hena''' - ''n'' - piece / part / fraction / strip / scrap
* '''heua''' - ''n'' - sky / oxygen
* '''heya''' - ''n / u'' - need / have an absolute requirement for
* '''hi''' - ''p'' - not much / liitle / small | diminutive suffix
* '''hita''' - ''u'' - throw / cast / expel
* '''hika''' - ''n / u'' - halt / stop / wait
* '''hinta''' - ''n / u'' - cost / price
* '''hina''' - ''n / p'' - here / to here / hither
* '''hitsua''' - ''n'' - just / morally fair / righteous
* '''hota''' - ''n / u'' - serve / 
* '''hoto''' - ''p'' - almost / very close
* '''hok''' - ''n'' - no one / nobody
* '''hono''' - ''n'' - port / harbor
* '''honu''' - ''n'' - turtle / sea turtle
* '''hoso''' - ''n / u'' - keep / save / store for future use
* '''huk''' - ''n / p'' - none
* '''hukua''' - ''n / p'' - every amount
* '''huma''' - ''n'' - hummus
* '''hua''' - ''n'' - flower / plant
* '''huata''' - ''n'' - shelf / stair
* '''hue''' - ''n'' - cucumber / pumpkin / watermelon
* '''huetla''' - ''n'' - peanut
* '''hyeka''' - ''n'' - sand / beach / finely ground rock
* '''hyo''' - ''u'' - must / be required
* '''hyota''' - ''n'' - juice
* '''hyome''' - ''n'' - surface

== ts ==

* '''tsa''' - ''p'' - already
* '''tsapa''' - ''n / u'' - ebdeavor / struggle
* '''tsataka''' - ''n'' - fowl / chicken
* '''tsaka''' - ''n'' - house / home / abode
* '''tsaku''' - ''n / u'' - idea / thought / conception
* '''tsanka''' - ''n / u'' - tire / become bored with / be fed up of
* '''tsana''' - ''n / u'' - meditation / contemplation
* '''tsani''' - ''n'' - story / tale
* '''tsasu''' - ''n'' - cursive
* '''tsala''' - ''n'' - paste / sauce
* '''tsalo''' - ''n'' - clear [transparent in color]
* '''tsa'e''' - ''p'' - beyond / past / across / through
* '''tsa'i''' - ''n'' - tea
* '''tsa'o''' - ''n / p'' - six / 6
* '''tsayoma''' - ''n'' - Tuesday
* '''tsepa''' - ''p'' - please
* '''tsepe''' - ''n'' - ear
* '''tseka''' - ''u'' - pull / draw near / tug / tow / yank
* '''tseneua''' - ''n'' - clear / opaque / transparent
* '''tse'e''' - ''u'' - appear / be perceived as / seem
* '''tseuali''' - ''n'' - chart / graph
* '''tsipana''' - ''n'' - leaf
* '''tsiti''' - ''n'' - automobile / vehicle
* '''tsikua''' - ''n / u'' - avian / bird / fly / glide
* '''tsima''' - ''n'' - hour / period / time
* '''tsini''' - ''n'' - sugar
* '''tsihi''' - ''n / u'' - compassion / mercy / sympathy / empathize
* '''tsiya''' - ''n'' - freedom / liberty
* '''tso''' - ''n'' - continual / habitual marker
* '''tsoka''' - ''u'' - bump / collide with / strike
* '''tsokuta''' - ''n'' - intestine / bowel / guts
* '''tsoma''' - ''n / u'' - tobacco (plant / leaves) | smoke  / smolder
* '''tsonyo''' - ''n / u'' - alert / attentive
* '''tsola''' - ''n'' - fox / Vulpes
* '''tsu''' - ''n / u'' - use / employment | use / utilize / wear (clothes)
* '''tsupa''' - ''n'' - saliva
* '''tsuku''' - ''n'' - blue
* '''tsumpa''' - ''u'' - buy / purchase
* '''tsumi''' - ''n'' - guilt / sin / offense
* '''tsunka''' - ''n'' - insect / bug / worm
* '''tsunkua''' - ''n'' - orange [fruit/tree/color]
* '''tsulesa''' - ''n'' - wire
* '''tsuali''' - ''n / u'' - thunder
* '''tsue''' - ''p'' - position / stance / posture
* '''tsuya''' - ''n / u'' - most important / principal / main
* '''tsuyo''' - ''n'' - armadillo

== tl ==

* '''tla''' - ''n / p'' - it [4s] [inanimate / abstract] / &quot;language of&quot; / spouse
* '''tlapa''' - ''n'' - horn / metal musical instrument / elephant noise
* '''tlato''' - ''n / u'' - chant
* '''tlaka''' - ''n'' - man / masculine / male
* '''tlakenta''' - ''u'' - build / construct / erect
* '''tlaki''' - ''u'' - meet
* '''tlam''' - ''n'' - it [pl]  [inanimate / abstract]
* '''tlamila''' - ''u'' - complain
* '''tlana''' - ''n'' - human [being]
* '''tlanata''' - ''n'' - spouse
* '''tlani''' - ''n / u'' - curse
* '''tlatsa''' - ''n / u'' - fire / burn
* '''tlatso''' - ''p'' - lastly / finally / last / final
* '''tla'ota''' - ''n'' - husband
* '''tla'ona''' - ''n'' - wife
* '''tlaya''' - ''n / u'' - marriage / marry / matrimony / wed / wedding
* '''tle''' - ''p'' - up / away from earth’s centre / abstract adverb of motion
* '''tlena''' - ''n'' - slow / gradual / sluggish
* '''tlela''' - ''n / u'' - bathe / clean / purify / wash
* '''tle'o''' - ''n / p'' - thousand / 10^3
* '''tli''' - ''p'' - future tense / collective plural
* '''tlipa''' - ''u'' - purchase / buy
* '''tlika''' - ''n'' - family / clan / kin
* '''tlikata''' - ''n'' - family name
* '''tliki''' - ''n'' - sulfur [color / element]
* '''tlima''' - ''u'' - plough
* '''tlinta''' - ''n / u'' - guard
* '''tliha''' - ''p'' - excuse me
* '''tlitsi''' - ''n / u'' - reasoning / capacity of the human mind
* '''tlila''' - ''n'' - purple / mauve / violet  / lilac
* '''tloto''' - ''n'' - lake / pond
* '''tloko''' - ''n'' - syllable
* '''tlotsua''' - ''n / u'' - corrode / rust
* '''tlo'u''' - ''n'' - elephant

== ua ==

* '''ua''' - ''n / p'' - or / or else / otherwise
* '''uati''' - ''n'' - verb / action word
* '''uato''' - ''n / p'' - that way
* '''uaka''' - ''n'' - boat / canoe / vessel
* '''uako''' - ''n'' - bovine / cow
* '''uaku''' - ''n / p'' - that amount / much
* '''uama''' - ''n / p'' - then / that time
* '''uana''' - ''n / p'' - there / far / distant
* '''uanata''' - ''n'' - sibling
* '''uanatahi''' - ''n'' - sibling's child
* '''uani''' - ''n'' - alligator / crocodile
* '''uanye''' - ''n / p'' - that reason
* '''uanyo''' - ''n'' - gulf / embayment
* '''uaso''' - ''n'' - drinking glass [cup] / vessel / jug / pot
* '''uasu''' - ''n / p'' - that kind
* '''uahe''' - ''n / u'' - bother / problem / trouble
* '''uatla''' - ''n / p'' - that (one)
* '''uatli''' - ''n'' - inferior / of lower quality
* '''uala''' - ''p'' - truthfully / verily
* '''ualali''' - ''n'' - dolphin
* '''ua'e''' - ''p'' - above / over / on
* '''uaye''' - ''p'' - away from / hence
* '''ue''' - ''p'' - prefer to / want to / volitive suffix
* '''ueta''' - ''n'' - uncle
* '''uetahi''' - ''n'' - nephew
* '''uenku''' - ''n'' - spleen
* '''uena''' - ''n'' - aunt
* '''uenata''' - ''n'' - parent's sibling
* '''uenahi''' - ''n'' - niece
* '''ueso''' - ''n'' - bone
* '''ueha''' - ''n / u'' - intent / volition / will
* '''uela''' - ''n / u'' - sail [boat]
* '''ue'o''' - ''n / p'' - ten / 10

== l ==

== y ==

* '''ya''' - ''p'' - hi! / hey! / vocative particle | (n / a) -ness / -ity / -hood / -ship
* '''yato''' - ''n'' - hand / palm
* '''yaka''' - ''n'' - appendage / leg
* '''yako''' - ''n'' - strawberry
* '''yama''' - ''n'' - mountain / hill / pile / mound
**'''tliyama''' - ''n'' - mountain range
**'''yamato''' - ''n'' - mountaineering
**'''yamako''' - ''n'' - mountaineer (someone who lives in or climbs mountains for sport or pleasure)
**'''yaman''' - ''a'' - mountainous
**'''yama'a''' - ''n'' - (pl) mountains / hills
* '''yana''' - ''n'' - yellow
* '''yane''' - ''p'' - along / beside / by / next to / until / up to
* '''yasa''' - ''n'' - air / breeze / wind
* '''yaso''' - ''u'' - prepare / ready
* '''yala''' - ''n / u'' - go / walk / travel / journey
* '''ya'o''' - ''n / p'' - five / 5
* '''yaua''' - ''n / u'' - answer / response
* '''ye''' - ''p'' - past tense marker
* '''yeta''' - ''u'' - give / donate / transfer
* '''yete''' - ''n'' - spacious / vast
* '''yena''' - ''n'' - money / coin / cash
* '''yeno''' - ''n / u'' - full / filled / complete
* '''yesa''' - ''n / u'' - peaceful / quiet / tranquil
* '''yetsi''' - ''n'' - chair / stool / cushion
* '''yelo''' - ''n / u'' - ice [frozen  liquid] / freeze
* '''yeua''' - ''u'' - taste / sample
* '''yo''' - ''p'' - pronominal possessive suffix / genitive
* '''yopi''' - ''n'' - post / mail
* '''yoti''' - ''n / u'' - play / game
* '''yoto''' - ''p'' - in this way / like this / thus
* '''yoma''' - ''n'' - day / period of sunlight
* '''yomatli''' - ''n'' - tomorrow
* '''yomaya''' - ''n'' - Monday
* '''yomaye''' - ''n'' - yesterday
* '''yomo''' - ''n'' - right (not left)
* '''yomu''' - ''n / u'' - reading (act / interpretation of a text / figure measured) | read
* '''yoso''' - ''n'' - left (not right)
* '''yoha''' - ''n / u'' - possession / ownership (act / state) / have / own / possess
* '''yohua''' - ''n'' - night
* '''yolo''' - ''n'' - heart (including card suit) / core / kernel; crux

== a ==

* '''a''' - ''n / p / u'' - yes / indeed so | existence | be / exist
* '''a ka''' - ''p'' - what? / huh? / eh?
* '''apelika''' - ''n'' - Africa
* '''aposi''' - ''n'' - outhouse / toilette
* '''apukita''' - ''n'' - abugida
* '''apua''' - ''n / u'' - sing / music / song
* '''apyate''' - ''n'' - abjad
* '''ata''' - ''n / u'' - name / named / noun
* '''atamya''' - ''u'' - to make name(s)
* '''atahi''' - ''n'' - nickname
* '''atao''' - ''n'' - patronymic / metronymic
* '''ati''' - ''n'' - plain / normal / ordinary / regular
* '''ak''' - ''p'' - not / not
* '''aka''' - ''u'' - budge / move slightly
* '''akata''' - ''n'' - intelligent / smart / wise
* '''akai''' - ''n'' - red
* '''aki''' - ''n'' - autumn / fall
* '''akila''' - ''n / p'' - obvious / -ly
* '''am''' - ''n'' - plural
* '''amha''' - ''n'' - abundance / ample sufficiency
* '''ama''' - ''n'' - time; tense (grammar) / occasion / time / instance 
* '''amak''' - ''n / p'' - never at all / not even once / at no time
* '''amahako''' - ''n'' - eldest
* '''amala''' - ''n / p'' - anytime
* '''ame''' - ''n'' - axe / hatchet
* '''ami''' - ''n / p'' - friendly / likeable
* '''amiko''' - ''n'' - ally / friend
* '''amo''' - ''n / u'' - carry / move / transport
* '''an''' - ''p'' - adjectives into adverbs (slow &gt; slowly)
* '''anta''' - ''n / u'' - breathe / exchange gases / draw air in and out
* '''ana''' - ''n'' - head
* '''anika''' - ''u'' - suspended by hanging / hung
* '''anu''' - ''u'' - hear / listen
* '''anya''' - ''n / u'' - eye / look / see
* '''anyo''' - ''n'' - year
* '''asa''' - ''p / u'' - live / alive
* '''asai''' - ''n'' - edge / brink / lip / margin / rim / boundary
* '''aso''' - ''u'' - broil / grill
* '''asua''' - ''n'' - skin / hide
* '''ahi''' - ''n'' - tiny
* '''ahiya''' - ''n'' - potato
* '''ahuaku''' - ''n'' - avocado
* '''ahuetso''' - ''n'' - otter
* '''atli''' - ''n'' - future / forthcoming / subsequent / -to-be; | future
* '''ala''' - ''n'' - wing
* '''ale''' - ''n'' - grain / wheat
* '''a'e''' - ''p'' - against / in spite of / opposite
* '''auana''' - ''n'' - mouth
* '''aya''' - ''n / u'' - beauty / to be beautiful
* '''ayani''' - ''n'' - buffalo
* '''aye''' - ''n / p'' - past / previous / former / ex- / earlier; | previously / formerly / once; | past (time)
* '''ayempa''' - ''n'' - table / desk / flat work surface
* '''e''' - ''p'' - acc pronoun prefix / infix
* '''empa''' - ''u'' - move quickly / run
* '''enka''' - ''n'' - narrow / tight / thin
* '''enapa''' - ''n'' - grape
* '''enoho''' - ''n / u'' - anger / angry / upset / mad
* '''enye''' - ''p'' - outside / out
* '''eso''' - ''p'' - only / merely / just / solely / alone / isolated
* '''etlika''' - ''n'' - plum
* '''e'o''' - ''n / p'' - zero / 0 / nothing
* '''eya''' - ''n / p'' - maybe
* '''i''' - ''p'' - self / auto- [reflexive] / proximal demonstrative / fractional
* '''ita''' - ''n / u'' - celebration / celebrate / enjoy / festive
* '''itai / tai''' - ''p'' - adj &gt; n [-ness / -ity] (slow &gt; slowness)
* '''ito''' - ''n'' - tree / wood
* '''itomha''' - ''n'' - forest / trees
* '''iko''' - ''n'' - this one / person
* '''iku''' - ''n'' - this much
* '''ima''' - ''n / p'' - now / yet / occasion
* '''imak''' - ''p'' - not now
* '''imahi''' - ''n'' - instant / moment
* '''inka''' - ''n / u'' - not moving / still
* '''ina''' - ''n / u'' - consume / eat / food / sustenance
* '''inata''' - ''n'' - child / kid / minor / offspring
* '''inu''' - ''n / u'' - beverage / drink / liquid
* '''inye''' - ''n'' - this reason
* '''inyela''' - ''n'' - extra
* '''isu''' - ''n'' - this kind
* '''isuku''' - ''n / u'' - hit / slap / strike
* '''iha''' - ''n'' - few / some
* '''ihato''' - ''n / p'' - somehow
* '''ihako''' - ''n'' - somebody / someone
* '''ihaku''' - ''n / p'' - some [amount]
* '''ihama''' - ''n / p'' - sometime
* '''ihamo''' - ''n / p'' - somewhere
* '''ihano''' - ''n / p'' - something
* '''ihanye''' - ''n / p'' - some reason
* '''ihasu''' - ''n / p'' - some kind
* '''ihu''' - ''n / u'' - nose / smell
* '''itsa''' - ''n / u'' - affection / care / love
* '''itsome''' - ''n'' - angle / corner
* '''itla''' - ''n / p'' - this (one)
* '''itla ka''' - ''p'' - what's this? / what's up?
* '''iya''' - ''n / p / u'' - conditional / if / maybe / (n / a) -ness / -ity / -hood / -ship / v &gt; n -ance
* '''iyoma''' - ''p'' - today
* '''o''' - ''p'' - honorific
* '''opana''' - ''n'' - liver [ organ ]
* '''opyeti''' - ''n / u'' - hug / embrace
* '''opyola''' - ''n'' - cheese
* '''ota''' - ''n'' - father
* '''otaha''' - ''n'' - grandfather
* '''otaua''' - ''n'' - brother
* '''ote''' - ''n'' - whichever
* '''oteko''' - ''n'' - whoever
* '''oteku''' - ''n / p'' - however much
* '''otema''' - ''p'' - whenever
* '''otemo''' - ''n'' - wherever
* '''oteno''' - ''n'' - whatever
* '''otenye''' - ''n'' - why ever
* '''otesu''' - ''n'' - whichever kind
* '''oti''' - ''p / u'' - complete / end / finish
* '''oto''' - ''n'' - sound / noise [perceived by the ear]
* '''oka''' - ''n / u'' - bake / cook
* '''oka'a''' - ''n'' - yam
* '''okimi''' - ''n'' - whiskey
* '''oku''' - ''n'' - owl
* '''omato''' - ''n'' - conscience
* '''omena''' - ''n'' - apple
* '''omo''' - ''n / u'' - business / commerce / exchange / trade
* '''omu''' - ''n / u'' - think / speculate / plan / consider
* '''omyana''' - ''n / u'' - variety / variation / vary
* '''ontahok''' - ''n'' - bastard / orphan
* '''ona''' - ''n'' - mother
* '''onata''' - ''n'' - parent / adult
* '''onaha''' - ''n'' - grandmother
* '''onaua''' - ''n'' - sister
* '''ono''' - ''n / u'' - delight
* '''oso''' - ''n'' - genitalia
* '''oheto''' - ''n / p'' - however
* '''ohola''' - ''n'' - gold [ color / element / coin ]
* '''olika''' - ''n'' - small fish
* '''ouate''' - ''n'' - worn out
* '''oya''' - ''n'' - black / dark
* '''oyo''' - ''n'' - bead / small round object
* '''oyoku''' - ''u'' - swim / move through water
* '''upuka''' - ''n'' - horizon
* '''upya''' - ''u'' - attempt / try
* '''ute''' - ''n'' - arm
* '''uka''' - ''u'' - bake / cook
* '''ukaha''' - ''n'' - vertical
* '''uku''' - ''u'' - stop / halt / cease
* '''ukuta''' - ''n'' - barrier / wall
* '''uma''' - ''n'' - horse / equine
* '''umoya''' - ''n / u'' - unity / unite
* '''umua''' - ''n / u'' - ache / pain
* '''unya''' - ''u'' - know / understand / knowledge
* '''usena''' - ''n'' - lip
* '''usuna''' - ''n'' - tall / long
* '''ula''' - ''n / p'' - any
* '''ulana''' - ''n'' - wool / cloth
* '''ulanye''' - ''n / p'' - any reason

== Index ==

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Kala]][[Category:General lexica]]</text>
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      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Zompist Bulletin Board]]</text>
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      <comment>New page: A name given to a hypothetical phoneme of [[English]], realized as [h] initially and [ŋ] finally. Tho a possible analysis, nativ speaker intuition does not quite agree with this.  [[Categ...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A name given to a hypothetical phoneme of [[English]], realized as [h] initially and [ŋ] finally. Tho a possible analysis, nativ speaker intuition does not quite agree with this.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>terminology</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang]]s come in many forms.

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[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
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    <title>Liquni</title>
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      <comment>New page: Liquni nouns  Liquni nouns are categorized in three genders and two declinations.   The genders are distinctions of animacy. Either the noun is animate (AN), or it is inanimate (IN). Anima...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Liquni nouns

Liquni nouns are categorized in three genders and two declinations.


The genders are distinctions of animacy. Either the noun is animate (AN), or it is inanimate (IN). Animate nouns further subcategorize into human (HU) and nonhuman (NHU).

Animate nouns are nouns that represents living things, humans, animals, gods and spirits. Of these humans, gods and spirits categorize as human, and animals as nonhuman.

Inanimate nouns are ”non-living” things, trees, plants, tools, buildings, abstact nouns, etc.

Note that animate nouns and inanimate nouns do not decline differently. You cannot tell if a noun is animate or inanimate just by looking at its form. It’s an inherent property of the noun.


The declination categories are countable and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns are nouns that are easily subdivided into singular entities, which can be counted.

Uncountable nouns are the rest. Uncountable nouns are often materials (stone), elements (fire), abstracts (love), sentiments (heat), etc.

Note that the categories are not clear cut. Some nouns can be both countable (hairs) and uncountable (hair).


The only forms of a liquni noun that is marked by inflection is the number. There are three numbers: Singular (SG), plural (PL) and partitive (PART). Partitive is not a true number, but it is treated morphologically as a number.

Uncountable nouns lack the plural. Countable and uncountable nouns also have different forms in the partitive.

The singular is unmarked.


The example nouns we will use are:

yakkhu [”j{U)_Lk_w_h:o_H] ’elephant’ (AN.NHU Countable)

ataŋ [”?{_Hd@~_HN\] ’man’ (AN.HU Countable)

raawa [”RA:_Lw@_L] ’flour’ (IN Uncountable)

ňaš [J{I)_Ls\] (IN Uncountable)


The plural is formed by adding –t to a noun ending in a vowel, and –at, to a noun ending in a consonant.

yakkhu	&gt;	yakkhut [”j{U)_Lk_w_h:o_Ht]

ataŋ	&gt;	ataŋat [”?{_Hd@_HN@_Lt] 


For countable nouns, the partitive is formed by adding –i to the noun.

yakkhu	&gt;	yakkhui [”j{U)_Lk_w_h:oI)_H]

ataŋ	&gt;	ataňi [”?{_Hd@I)_HJe_L]


For uncountable nouns, the partitive is formed by adding –n to a noun ending in a vowel, and –a to a noun ending in a consonant.

raawa	&gt;	raawan [”RA:_Lw@~_Ln]

ňaš	&gt;	ňašha [”J{I)_Ls\@_H]


The uses:

The singular and plural are straight forward, meaning one and several. But what is the partitive, and how does it differ from the plural?

The basic meaning of the partitive is ’some of the (noun)’

Thus, &lt;raawan&gt; means ’some flour’, and &lt;yakkhui&gt; means ’some elephants’, etc.

The basic meaning is an undefined quantity of the noun in question, which can sometimes translate as a difference in definiteness.

ex.	Ataŋ yakkui luatthai. 

	&quot;The man was hunting (some) elephants.”

but	Ataŋ yakkhut-it luatthai.

	”The man was hunting the elephants.”

-it is here a enclitic which marks a definite noun as the patient of  a verb.


The plural is used for general statements about a whole population:

	Yakkhut bakaat.

	”(The) elephants are big.”

	Ataŋ yakkhut luatthai.

	”The man was hunting elephants (in general).”

A noun following a determiner is always in the partitive, which means that the partitive can be definite.

	Asha ataňi

	”Those men (over there)”

	Čhipi ataňi

	”Three men”

	Ua ataňi

	”One man (!)”

	Hamar ataňi

	”All men (!)”

	Ataŋ ua yakkhui-it luattha.

	”The man was hunting one (specific) elephant.”

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ya.PNG</title>
    <id>6571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46465</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T11:03:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ye.PNG</title>
    <id>6572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46466</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T11:03:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yo.PNG</title>
    <id>6573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46467</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T11:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsa.PNG</title>
    <id>6574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46468</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tse.PNG</title>
    <id>6575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46469</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:20:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsi.PNG</title>
    <id>6576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46470</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tso.PNG</title>
    <id>6577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46471</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsu.PNG</title>
    <id>6578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46472</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:21:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsua.PNG</title>
    <id>6579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46473</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsue.PNG</title>
    <id>6580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46474</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ver spa.PNG</title>
    <id>6581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46475</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:24:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hor spa.PNG</title>
    <id>6582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46476</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T15:25:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:E'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46489</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:33:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ha'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46490</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ka'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46491</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ma'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46492</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Na'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46493</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:35:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nye'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46494</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:35:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pa'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46495</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:35:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ta'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46496</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tle'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46497</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsa'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46498</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ue'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46499</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ya'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46500</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sa'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46501</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:37:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mue'o.PNG</title>
    <id>6596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46555</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[Image:Mue'o.PNG]]&quot;: [[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tla.PNG</title>
    <id>6597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46503</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tle.PNG</title>
    <id>6598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46504</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:42:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tli.PNG</title>
    <id>6599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46505</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ha.PNG</title>
    <id>6600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46508</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:53:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:He.PNG</title>
    <id>6601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46509</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hi.PNG</title>
    <id>6602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46510</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ho.PNG</title>
    <id>6603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46511</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:53:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hu.PNG</title>
    <id>6604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46512</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hua.PNG</title>
    <id>6605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46513</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:54:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hue.PNG</title>
    <id>6606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46514</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hya.PNG</title>
    <id>6607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46515</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:54:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hye.PNG</title>
    <id>6608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46516</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hyo.PNG</title>
    <id>6609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46517</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-24T20:54:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kito</title>
    <id>6610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49761</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-16T00:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Replaced content with '[ ]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[ ]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naha.PNG</title>
    <id>6611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46539</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:25:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kana.PNG</title>
    <id>6612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46542</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kono.PNG</title>
    <id>6613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46543</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tlaka.PNG</title>
    <id>6614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46544</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yama.PNG</title>
    <id>6615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46545</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kala.PNG</title>
    <id>6616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46546</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:46:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Kala 2</title>
    <id>6617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57334</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-04T16:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Kala|Kala]]'''
[[Image:Kala nm 4.PNG|center|[[Kala]] in [[Moya]]]]''&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Kala]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mue'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46556</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T00:58:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:K.PNG</title>
    <id>6619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46558</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:L.PNG</title>
    <id>6620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46559</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:M.PNG</title>
    <id>6621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46560</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:N.PNG</title>
    <id>6622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46561</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:08:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:T.PNG</title>
    <id>6623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46562</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:08:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:L.GIF</title>
    <id>6624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46565</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ka'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46566</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:11:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pa'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46567</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sa'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46568</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:12:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tsa'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46569</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:12:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tle'o.GIF</title>
    <id>6629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46571</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-25T01:16:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kito]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spanish language</title>
    <id>6630</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46636</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T11:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Spanish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Russian language</title>
    <id>6631</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46644</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T12:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Russian language]] moved to [[Russian]]: Wiki standard</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Russian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Greek language</title>
    <id>6632</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46650</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T12:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Greek language]] moved to [[Greek]]: Wiki standard</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Greek]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:DPL alert</title>
    <id>6635</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46678</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T15:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:DPL alert]] moved to [[Template:DPL alert]]: I think I put a hard space in the page name</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:DPL alert]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:DPL by category howto</title>
    <id>6636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46682</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-26T15:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: small&quot;&gt;
===== How to get your conlang on this list =====

The list above is dynamically generated; please don't try to edit it manually!  To get your page on the list you should put the tag &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{1|some category}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or a similar tag for one of the subcategories of [[:Category:{{{1|some category}}}]] anywhere in your page.


====== Subcategories of [[:Category:{{{1|some category}}}]] ======

{{#DPL: category={{{1|some category}}}|namespace=Category|noresultsheader=There are no subcategories of '''Category:{{{1|some category}}}''' }}
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian Q&amp;A</title>
    <id>6637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46689</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-27T17:16:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Dal'qörian|Homepage]]  Q: How important is Dalcurian word order?  A: Very. Dalcurian is mainly analytic like English. There is no case system in the sense of nom/acc marking (except for...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dal'qörian|Homepage]]

Q: How important is Dalcurian word order?

A: Very. Dalcurian is mainly analytic like English. There is no case system in the sense of nom/acc marking (except for pronouns-but even these go subject then object). Nouns do not inflect to show function, nor is there any verb concord.

Q: How do we know if a sentence is in the present indicative if there is no present tense of the verb '''to be'''?

A: Speech is ALWAYS in the present indicative UNLESS an inflected adjective or verb is used.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:DPL from category</title>
    <id>6638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46798</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T14:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Parameters */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{#if: {{{heading|{{{2|}}}}}} | =={{{heading|{{{2|List of pages in [[:Category:{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}}]]}}}}}}== }}

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;This list is dynamically generated. Please don't try to edit it directly/manually, but see [[Template:DPL from category|here]] for how to get your page included.&lt;/span&gt;


{{#DPL:
  category=-{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}}
| category=*{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}}
| ordermethod=sortkey 
| namespace={{{namespace|{{{3|}}}}}}
| columns={{{columns|{{{4|2}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category|{{{5|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 1|{{{6|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 2|{{{7|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 3|{{{8|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 4|{{{9|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 5|{{{10|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 6|{{{11|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 7|{{{12|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 8|{{{13|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 9|{{{14|}}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Usage ==

&lt;code&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
  {{DPL from category 
  | category=somecategory
  | heading=listheading
  | namespace=some-namespace-other-than-main
  | columns=number-of-columns
  | exclude category=excluded-category 0
  | exclude category &lt;digit&gt;=excluded-category 1-9
  }}

  OR

  {{DPL from category 
  | somecategory 
  | listheading
  | some-namespace-other-than-main
  | number-of-columns
  | excluded-category 0
  | excluded-category 1
  | excluded-category &lt;digit&gt;
  | excluded-category 9
  }}

  e.g.

  {{DPL from category 
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading=Conlangs on FrathWiki listed alphabetically
  | namespace=
  | columns=3
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  }}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

Named parameters can come in any order.  Unnamed parameters must be in the order shown; to skip one of them leave a blank between two pipes.

All parameters except ''category''/the first unnamed parameter are optional!

=== Parameters ===

; category: the category whose member pages should be listed
; heading: the (level two) heading to go above the table. Leave a blank value for a list with no heading.  Include extra equals signs in the parameter text to get lower-level headings!
; namespace: the namespace listed pages should belong to. The default is Main.
; columns: the number of columns in the output table. The default is 2.
; exclude category [''digit'']: name categories which should be excluded from the list.

Due to a limitation in DPL category exclusion doesn't allow the use of pipes &lt;code&gt; | &lt;/code&gt; to list more than one category in one parameter value.  Instead several calls to the same parameter are necessary.  To allow for some flexibility I've made it possible to use up to ten category exclusions with this template, which should be more than enough.  &lt;code&gt;excluded category &amp;lt;digit&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; means that you may use named parameters &lt;code&gt;excluded category 1, excluded category 2, excluded category 3&lt;/code&gt; and so on up to &lt;code&gt;excluded category 9&lt;/code&gt;, or up to ten unnamed parameters with names of categories to exclude as values after the ''number-of-columns'' parameter.

== What this template does ==

This template calls the Dynamic Page List extension to generate a list of the pages in a given category and its subcategories.

To get your page on such a list include it into the relevant category ''or'' one of its subcategories. Practically it means putting the text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:category-name]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (where &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;category-name&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced by the name of any of the relevant category or one of its subcategories, which you will find listed if you type &quot;Category:category-name&quot; in the wiki search box and hit enter.  Traditionally such ''category tags'' go in a group at the bottom or top of the page, so that they can easily be found and edited, but nothing will be broken if you (accidentally) put them somewhere else or add something before or after them.  There is no need to include your page both in the top category and one or more of its subcategories, and it will be listed here only once even if you do (and there may be a good reason to do so: your page may be a legitimate member of e.g. all of [[:Category:Conlangs]], [[:Category:Conlangs by {{CURRENTUSER}}]] and [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs]]!)

=== Why a dynamically generated list is preferable ===

There are several reasons why a dynamically generated list is preferable to a manually generated list:

* You need to edit only in one place, the page you want listed. (Unless you assign it a hitherto non-existing category in which case you will need to add that category as a subcategory of the top category referenced by the dynamic list or one of its existing subcategories, for which see below.)
* You should anyway assign your page to the appropriate category or categories, so that people with a general rather than particular idea of what they are looking for can find it. The dynamic list creates an extra road to your page in one fell swoop!
* If you should change the name of/move the listed page (or ask a &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;group=sysop sysop]&lt;/span&gt; to do it for you), or add/remove/change your page's subcategory the dynamic list will be automatically updated.
* The list will be automatically alphabetized. (Unfortunately not ignoring punctuation for the time being!)

=== Your own subcategory ===

You can easily create your own category (e.g. [[:Category:Conlangs by {{CURRENTUSER}}]]) just by putting a category tag &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:your-category]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on your page.  If you think it should be included in a list created with this template just go to the page [[:Category:your-category]] (where of course &quot;your-category&quot; should be replaced by the actual name of your category; please don't actually edit [[:Category:your-category]]!) by clicking on the category link at the bottom of your page, or type &quot;Category:your-category&quot; in the wiki search box and hit enter, then add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:top-category]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where of course &quot;top-category&quot; should be replaced by the actual category name referenced by the dynamic list you want your subcategory to go into!) to the text of the category page of the subcategory to be.

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:DPL from category by category</title>
    <id>6639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46805</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-01T15:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{#if: {{{heading|{{{2|}}}}}} | =={{{heading|{{{2|List of pages in subcategories and crosscategories of [[:Category:{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}}]]}}}}}}== }}

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;This list is dynamically generated. Please don't try to edit it directly/manually, but see [[Template:DPL from category by category|here]] for how to get your page included.&lt;/span&gt;


{{#DPL:
| category=*{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}}
| {{#if: {{{notopcategory|{{{4|}}}}}} | category=-{{{category|{{{1|}}}}}} }}
| ordermethod=category,sortkey 
| headingmode=ordered
| namespace={{{namespace|{{{3|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category|{{{5|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 1|{{{6|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 2|{{{7|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 3|{{{8|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 4|{{{9|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 5|{{{10|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 6|{{{11|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 7|{{{12|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 8|{{{13|}}}}}}
| notcategory={{{exclude category 9|{{{14|}}}}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Usage ==

&lt;code&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
  {{DPL from category by category
  | category=somecategory
  | heading=listheading
  | namespace=some-namespace-other-than-main
  | columns=number-of-columns
  | exclude category=excluded-category 0
  | exclude category &lt;digit&gt;=excluded-category 1-9
  | notopcategory=1
  }}

  OR

  {{DPL from category by category
  | somecategory 
  | listheading
  | some-namespace-other-than-main
  | number-of-columns
  | notopcategory
  | excluded-category 0
  | excluded-category 1
  | excluded-category &lt;digit&gt;
  | excluded-category 9
  }}

  e.g.

  {{DPL from category by category
  | category=Conlangs
  | heading=Conlangs on FrathWiki listed by subcategories and crosscategories
  | namespace=
  | exclude category=Meta-pages
  | exclude category 1=Theory
  | exclude category 2=Concultures
  }}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

Named parameters can come in any order.  Unnamed parameters must be in the order shown; to skip one of them leave a blank between two pipes.

All parameters except ''category''/the first unnamed parameter are optional!

=== Parameters ===

; category: the category whose member pages should be listed
; heading: the (level two) heading to go above the table. Leave a blank value for a list with no heading.  Include extra equals signs in the parameter text to get lower-level headings!
; namespace: the namespace listed pages should belong to. The default is Main.
; columns: the number of columns in the output table. The default is 2.
; notopcategory: pages which only belong to the top category are excluded if this parameter has a walue other than the empty string.
; exclude category [''digit'']: name categories which should be excluded from the list.

Due to a limitation in DPL category exclusion doesn't allow the use of pipes &lt;code&gt; | &lt;/code&gt; to list more than one category in one parameter value.  Instead several calls to the same parameter are necessary.  To allow for some flexibility I've made it possible to use up to ten category exclusions with this template, which should be more than enough.  &lt;code&gt;excluded category &amp;lt;digit&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; means that you may use named parameters &lt;code&gt;excluded category 1, excluded category 2, excluded category 3&lt;/code&gt; and so on up to &lt;code&gt;excluded category 9&lt;/code&gt;, or up to ten unnamed parameters with names of categories to exclude as values after the ''notopcategory'' parameter.

== What this template does ==

This template calls the Dynamic Page List extension to generate a list of the pages in a given category and its subcategories, listed under headings according to subcategories and crosscategories.

To get your page on such a list include it into the relevant category ''or'' one of its subcategories. Practically it means putting the text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:category-name]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (where &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;category-name&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced by the name of any of the relevant category or one of its subcategories, which you will find listed if you type &quot;Category:category-name&quot; in the wiki search box and hit enter.  Traditionally such ''category tags'' go in a group at the bottom or top of the page, so that they can easily be found and edited, but nothing will be broken if you (accidentally) put them somewhere else or add something before or after them.  There is no need to include your page both in the top category and one or more of its subcategories, and it will be listed here only once even if you do (and there may be a good reason to do so: your page may be a legitimate member of e.g. all of [[:Category:Conlangs]], [[:Category:Conlangs by {{CURRENTUSER}}]] and [[:Category:Indo-European conlangs]]!)

=== Why a dynamically generated list is preferable ===

There are several reasons why a dynamically generated list is preferable to a manually generated list:

* You need to edit only in one place, the page you want listed. (Unless you assign it a hitherto non-existing category in which case you will need to add that category as a subcategory of the top category referenced by the dynamic list or one of its existing subcategories, for which see below.)
* You should anyway assign your page to the appropriate category or categories, so that people with a general rather than particular idea of what they are looking for can find it. The dynamic list creates an extra road to your page in one fell swoop!
* If you should change the name of/move the listed page (or ask a &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;group=sysop sysop]&lt;/span&gt; to do it for you), or add/remove/change your page's subcategory the dynamic list will be automatically updated.
* The list will be automatically alphabetized. (Unfortunately not ignoring punctuation for the time being!)

=== Your own subcategory ===

You can easily create your own category (e.g. [[:Category:Conlangs by {{CURRENTUSER}}]]) just by putting a category tag &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:your-category]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on your page.  If you think it should be included in a list created with this template just go to the page [[:Category:your-category]] (where of course &quot;your-category&quot; should be replaced by the actual name of your category; please don't actually edit [[:Category:your-category]]!) by clicking on the category link at the bottom of your page, or type &quot;Category:your-category&quot; in the wiki search box and hit enter, then add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:top-category]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where of course &quot;top-category&quot; should be replaced by the actual category name referenced by the dynamic list you want your subcategory to go into!) to the text of the category page of the subcategory to be.

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou</title>
    <id>6640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47075</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T11:39:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* =Goodbye */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

=='''Hello'''==

==='''Polite'''===

* hello '''qiörantéla''' if addressing 2 or more people
** '''qiörandiö''' if addressing a single person

response

* '''qiörantädandöcra''' however, this response is falling out of use, being favoured with the idiomatic '''äda'qiörantéla/diö'''.

* good morning '''éa'fröquáda'''
* good day '''éagö'iáda'''
* good evening '''éa'tevaráda'''
* good night '''éa'ninÞi'''

response

* '''äda'éa'fröquáda''' lit: ''good morning back to you
* '''äda'éagö'iáda'''
* '''äda'éa'tevaráda'''
* '''äda'éa'ninÞi'''

==='''Familiar'''===

* hi/hiya '''qiöra qoÞ''' normally followed by '''aca re bán''' among good friends

response

* '''re ban qoÞ'''

* how are you/how's things '''vöes, máriÞ diöra, gör'''

responses

* '''danöÞ éagöra/tädø''' ''I'm fine/not so fine''
* '''re ban qoÞ''' ''great/fantastic''

=='''Goodbye'''==

==='''Formal/polite'''===

* '''qiörantäla''' more than one
** '''qiörantädiö''' singlular

response

* '''äda'qiörantäla/diö'''

==='''Familiar'''===

* bye '''tägra'''
* see ya later '''tägra qoÞ'''

response

* '''tägra qoÞ'''

=='''Please/Thankyou'''==

* please '''quintä'''
* thank you '''qnáÞradiö''' if speaking to one person
** '''qnáÞreladiö''' if addressing more than one person
* thankyou very much '''läbendéjas'qnáÞra
* thanks '''qnáÞra
* cheers/ta (quite informal) '''qnáÞra qoÞ'''
* yes thanks/please '''qnáÞra/quintä yil'''
* no thanks '''qnáÞra nál'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/Ü</title>
    <id>6641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59206</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T01:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>macrons</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Std. PU *ü_i
|-
| &quot;nail&quot;
| *künci || *kɤncɤ || kenže || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kʏč || U. gižɨ ~ K. ''gɨž'' || - || *künš || *könč || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*kəčå''
| Smy, K. *a-stem?!
|-
| &quot;threshold&quot;
| *küntüks || - || keŋkš || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev.
|-
| &quot;autumn&quot;
| *süksü || *čɤkčɤ || '''śokś''' || *šɪžə || U. sižɨl || öös || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *tükəs || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *söɣəs || -
| FSM (&amp; Kh?) sibilant assimilation?
|-
| &quot;to tie&quot;
| *kütke- || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kɪćke- || U. kɨtkɨ- || - || *küt- || *köt- || '''*küt-'''
|-
| &quot;1&quot;
| *ükci|| *ɤktɤ || E. vejke  || '''*iktə''' || U. '''odig''' ~ K. '''ɤťik''' || || *ük || '''*ej''' || -
| Mk. '''fkä'''
|-
| &quot;9&quot;
| *ükteksä || *ɤkcé || vejksa || ?~inðekšə || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev.
|-
| &quot;bosom&quot;
| *süli || *sɤlɤ || śeĺ || *šʏl || U. sul ~ K. sɨl || öl || '''*täl''' || *ɬöl || *tij
|-
| &quot;handle&quot;
| *nüci || *nɤðɤ || ńeď || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''ńeel''' || '''*näl''' || *nöl || *nir
| Mo. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;neže-&lt;/span&gt; cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*mäxči]]
|-
| &quot;coal&quot;
| *süci || *čɤðɤ || śeď || *šüj || - || - || *süĺii || *söj || *sijə
|-
| &quot;to smoulder&quot;
| *küte- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *cɤkɤ- || - || - || - || - || *küš- || *köč- || ''kəčkü-''
| S. metathesis?
|-
| &quot;to tear&quot;
| *nüki- || - || - || - || - || ńüü-, ńöö- || *ńüw- || - || (''*ńe-'')
|-
| &quot;to pluck&quot;
| *nühtä- || - || *ńefte- || *ńɤkta- || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev-
|-
| &quot;to skin&quot;
| *nülke- || *ńɤlkɤ- || ńeĺge- || - || - || - || - || *ńeɣləm- || -
|-
| &quot;base&quot;
| *tüvi || - || ťejsa || *tʏŋ || *diŋ || töö || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;deep&quot;
| *tüveni || *tɤvé || - || *tüɣə || - || - || *tüwənt || '''*teeɣən''' || -
| F. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;*süvä&lt;/font&gt;?
|-
| &quot;full&quot;
| *türe- &lt;!-- tyrmä tyrehty- tyrt(t)y- --&gt;|| *tɤrɤ- || - || - || *tɨr- || - || - || - || *tirə
| Smy. might also be ← *täwði (per -ə)
|-
| &quot;year ring&quot;
| *süü || - || - || *šɪja || *si || - || - || - || *ti
| *süj(i)? *sü/ixi? 
|-
| &quot;to look for&quot;
| - || - || ťeťke- || Hi. tütka- || - || - || - || *töɣət- || *titə-
|-
| &quot;new&quot;
| *nükü || - || Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni || - || *ni || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;ripe&quot;
| *küpsi || IS kopša || - || - || *kiś- || - || - || - || -
| F. ''kypsä'' secondary ä-stem, cf. kystä
|-
| &quot;to sweep&quot;
| Li. müca- || - || - || - || *mić- || - || - || - || Ne. misii-
|-
| &quot;moss&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. '''teg''' ? || - || *tüŋk || *töŋk || -
|-
| &quot;spit&quot;
| *sülki || '''*čolkɤ''' || śeĺgä || *šʏwəl || '''*śaalal''' || - || *süĺɣ- || *söjəɣ || -
|-
| &quot;to knead&quot;
| - || - || - || *nʏštəla- || U. '''nadź-''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to push&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *süsä- || *sɤskɤ- || - || *šʏška- || - || - || - || - || -
| Liv. siskə-
|-
| &quot;to ask&quot;
| *küsü- || *kɤčɤ- || Er. kevkśte- ~&lt;br/&gt;Mk. '''kiźəfte-''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;10&quot;
| *kümmen || - || kemeń || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to coff&quot;
| *rüki- || *rɤkɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to be engulf'd&quot;
| *tüppe- || *tɤppɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;imposing&quot;
| *jühke- || *jɤskɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to hide in&quot;
| *lümV- || *lɤmɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;tear&quot;
| *küünel || *kɤńɤl || - || - || U. -kɨĺi || köńń || - || - || ''kəńələ''
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;to blink&quot;
| '''küünü''' || - || końe- || *kʊme- || *kuń || huń || - || *koń- || *kəń-
| for comparision
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | St. PU *ü_a (main difference Mari *ə, *Permic *ɯ ?)
|-
| &quot;to push&quot;
| *lükkä- || - || - || - || - || lök- || *lük- || *lök- || -
|-
| &quot;cold&quot;
| *külmä || *kɤlmē || keĺme || *kəlmə || *kɨnmɨ || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;mute&quot;
| *mükkä || *mɤkkē- || - || *mək || *mɨk || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;elbow&quot;
| ''*küünärä'' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*kɤrńēlē'' || keńeŕ || *kəńer || *gɨr(dža) &lt;!-- -ja in K.--&gt;|| köńök  || *küŋgəl || *köń-ŋääj || -
|-
| &quot;with&quot;
| *möö || *mɤŋē- || mej || ''*möŋgə'' &lt;!-- Hi *ə ~ Me *ö--&gt;|| K. mɨ- || mög- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;thick&quot;
| - || *kɤsē || - || ''*kʏžgə'' || *kɨz || - || - || *köɬ || -
| *-gi in Mari?
|-
| &quot;wart&quot;
| *süklä || '''*čīvlē''' || '''śiĺge''' || *šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to bathe&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *pɨlaś- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *fürö- || *püɣl- || *pööɣəl- || -
|-
| &quot;birch bark vessel&quot;
| - || - || keče- || - || - || - || *küšəm || *köčəm || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kitä
|-
| &quot;village&quot;
| *külä || '''*kɤlɤj''' || - || - || - || - || *kül || - || -
|-
| &quot;upper&quot;
| *ülä || *ɤl- || veĺ-ks || ''*wʏlnə'' || *vɨl || - || '''*äl''' || '''*el-''' || ''*i-''
| East *i-. *-ni in Mari? Check Samic
|-
| &quot;(to) milk&quot;
| *lüpsä- || - || style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;| ('''lovca''') || ''*lüšte-'' || *lɨśtɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *lüpśä-ta? Mo. cf. *lupsa
|-
| &quot;to stay&quot;
| *püsä- || - || pezo- || '''pižä-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/I|*pista-]]
|-
| &quot;holy&quot;
| *pühä || *pɤsē || peže- || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;good&quot;
| *hüvä || *sɤvē || '''čiva''' || - || '''*šååń''' || - || - || - || -
| Hi. ''šu'' &quot;healthy&quot; prob. doesn't belong
|-
| &quot;side&quot;
| *sürjä || - || style color=&quot;red&quot;| '''šiŕä''' || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to gnaw&quot;
| *jürä- || - || - || - || U. jir ~ K. jɨr || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;groom; boy&quot;
| *ülkä || *ɤlkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;breast&quot;
| *üskä || *ɤskē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to strive for&quot;
| *pürkVj- || *pɤrkē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc.  *wurkjan?
|-
| &quot;stump&quot;
| *tüŋkä || *cēŋkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *ê_a &amp; such (see also [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê_i]], [[Proto-Uralic/E|*e_a]])
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;alder&quot;
| *leppä || *leapē || ĺepä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|- style=&quot;background:#DDDDDD&quot;
| &quot;corn&quot;
| *jüvä || - || '''juv''' || - || U. ju ~ K. jɨki || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jewa (Avestan ''yava'' etc.) Also explained as &quot;sporadic labialization&quot; in F.
|-
| &quot;brother-in-law&quot;
| *kütü || - || - || - || - || - || *kil || ''*küɬi ?'' || -
|-
| &quot;glue&quot;
| *tümä || *ðɤmē || - || Me. lümö || *ĺem || - || - || - || *jêmä
| Or Smy *ü_a &gt; *ê_ä regularly? cf. *u_a &gt; *ə_å
|-
| &quot;heart&quot;
| *sütäm || *čɤðēm || śedeɲ || *šüm || U. śulem&lt;br/&gt;~ K. śɤlɤm || siiv || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šim || *sem || '''*sejə'''
|-
| &quot;to plow&quot;
| *küntä- || - || - || *künče- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. could be a later derivation from *künči
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Unclear
|-
| &quot;marrow&quot;
| *ütim || *ɤðɤm || '''uďem''' || ''*wiim'' || ''*veem'', U. vijɨm || '''velöö''' || '''*wääləm''' || '''*weeɬəm''' || Se. ''küütü''
| Ug. *wälVm
|-
| &quot;boy&quot;
| *ürkä || - || - || *erɣe || - || -er || - || - || -
| *irka with contam. with *ülka in F?
|-
| &quot;poison&quot;
| *mürkkü || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''meerëg''' || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;navel&quot;
| - || - || '''pokoń''' || - || - || - || *pükəń || '''*pööɣlən''' || -
|-
| &quot;blunt&quot;
| - || - || '''noško''' || *nʏškə || *nɨž || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;conifer branch&quot;
| - || - || - || *lüjəš || *lɨs || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*leepəs''' || -
| Stem a/i?
|-
| &quot;clean&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U. śudźal-&lt;br/&gt;~ K. sɤdź || süüz || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*śääś''' || - || -
|-
| &quot;night&quot;
| '''*öö''' || *ījɤ || vej || - || '''*ooj''' || '''eej''' || '''*jii''' || '''*jej''' || -
| West *üxji? P/Ug. êj (Ms *jij &gt; *jii)
|-
| &quot;belt&quot;
| *vöö || *ɤvē || - || - || *jee; K. vɤń || öv || - || - || *iəj ?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Definitely not *ü
|-
| &quot;to be born&quot;
| *süntü- || - || - || - || K. sol- ? || edl- ? || - || - || -
| Bad
|-
| &quot;behind&quot;
| *möö- || *mɤŋē || mej- || *mʏŋɣə || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| K. mɨśt || '''mëg''' || '''*mänt-''' || - || -
| *iŋi ?
|-
| &quot;adder&quot;
| *küü || - || Mk. ''kuj'', Er. ''kijov'' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kɪškə || U. kɨj || '''kiiɟoo''' || - || - || *kiwä
| Mk. metath. ← *kju ← *kəjov ? Smy. ← *küji-wa?
|-
| &quot;hazelhen&quot;
| *püü || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pɤŋkōj || '''povo''' || - || - || '''fogoĺ''' || - || *pöŋk || *piŋə ?
| F. backderived from *püütä- &quot;to hunt&quot;?
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlangs by Melroch</title>
    <id>6642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46827</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T12:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Conlangs]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Tropylium</title>
    <id>6643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46829</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T13:04:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: == Pages in both top categories and subcategories ==  I just found that a Dynamic Page Listing like the one generated by [[Template:DPL from category by category]] will only list a page if...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pages in both top categories and subcategories ==

I just found that a Dynamic Page Listing like the one generated by [[Template:DPL from category by category]] will only list a page if it actually belongs to both categories!  Even though I'm the DPL enthusiast I hadn't anticipated that; rather I expected that subcategories and pages belonging to them would get listed, and in fact I'll query the creator of DPL about it!  However I think it constitutes a useful reason to include pages in both top categories and subcategories. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 13:04, 2 July 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlangs based on English</title>
    <id>6644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51459</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T14:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>under Germanic</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Knoschke/Orthography</title>
    <id>6645</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46852</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:03:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Knoschke/Orthography]] moved to [[Knoschke orthography]]: Subpages stink after all!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Knoschke orthography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Knoschke</title>
    <id>6646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46854</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:05:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:LLL]] [[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs by Melroch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik/grammar</title>
    <id>6647</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46856</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:07:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Maerik/grammar]] moved to [[Maerik grammar]] over redirect: Yes, subpages are ugly in DPL lists!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Maerik grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik/vocabulary/English-Maerik</title>
    <id>6648</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46859</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Maerik/vocabulary/English-Maerik]] moved to [[English-Maerik vocabulary]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[English-Maerik vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maerik/vocabulary/Maerik-English</title>
    <id>6649</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46861</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:10:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Maerik/vocabulary/Maerik-English]] moved to [[Maerik-English vocabulary]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Maerik-English vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/Grammar outline</title>
    <id>6650</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46863</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:12:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Grammar outline]] moved to [[Slevan grammar outline]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Slevan grammar outline]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/Historical phonology</title>
    <id>6651</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46866</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Historical phonology]] moved to [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Historical phonology of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/Mracian orthography</title>
    <id>6652</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46870</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:14:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Mracian orthography]] moved to [[Mracian orthography of Slevan]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Mracian orthography of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/Spelling and pronunciation</title>
    <id>6653</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46872</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Spelling and pronunciation]] moved to [[Spelling and pronunciation of Slevan]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Spelling and pronunciation of Slevan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevan/Texts</title>
    <id>6654</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46875</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:17:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Slevan/Texts]] moved to [[Slevan texts]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Slevan texts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb</title>
    <id>6655</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46882</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb]] moved to [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Sohlob/Kijeb</title>
    <id>6656</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46884</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Talk:Sohlob/Kijeb]] moved to [[Talk:Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Kijeb (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb/Texts</title>
    <id>6657</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46890</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Texts]] moved to [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb texts (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing</title>
    <id>6658</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46894</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing]] moved to [[Kijeb writing (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb writing (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary</title>
    <id>6659</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46897</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:31:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Kijeb/Writing/Syllabary]] moved to [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Kijeb syllabary (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Languages</title>
    <id>6660</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46903</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:37:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Languages]] moved to [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Romanization</title>
    <id>6661</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46906</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Romanization]] moved to [[Latinization of Sohlob]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Latinization of Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Sohlodar</title>
    <id>6662</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46909</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohlodar]] moved to [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Sohlodar/Ethnographical questionnaire</title>
    <id>6663</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46912</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohlodar/Ethnographical questionnaire]] moved to [[Sohlodar ethnographical questionnaire]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlodar ethnographical questionnaire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Sohloçan</title>
    <id>6664</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46915</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sohloçan]] moved to [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Sound system</title>
    <id>6665</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46919</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Sound system]] moved to [[Sohlob sound system]] over redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob sound system]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/Writing</title>
    <id>6666</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46921</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Sohlob/Writing]] moved to [[Sohlob alphabet]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob alphabet]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sohlob writing</title>
    <id>6667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46924</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-02T14:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[Category:Sohlob]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MR Genealogies</title>
    <id>6669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47598</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Basic Vocabulary/plaintext</title>
    <id>6670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46949</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-03T08:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">  This wordlist was originally devised by Roger
  Mills &lt;http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm&gt;
  for comparative research in Indonesia. Any
  questions may be addressed to Roger by email at
  &lt;rfm+illy@msn.com&gt;.  It was digitalized by Benct
  Philip Jonsson &lt;http://melroch.se&gt;. Questions
  about the English-only version should be addressed
  to him at &lt;melroch@melroch.se&gt;.
  
  This file was formatted so that lines containing
  the actual words begin with an arabic numeral
  followed by a period followed by a tab followed by
  the word. If you want a list of just the words
  without the headings and numbers and have perl
  installed you may just copy the text of the page
  from the edit box to a text file and use the
  following oneliner to get a bare list of all the
  words:
  
    perl -nle 'if(/\d\.\s/){($n,$w) = split /\.\s/; print $w; }' rmills-basic-vocabulary &gt;words.txt
  
  I. Numbers
  
  1.	one
  2.	two
  3.	three
  4.	four
  5.	five
  6.	six
  7.	seven
  8.	eight
  9.	nine
  10.	ten
  11.	eleven
  12.	twelve
  13.	twenty
  14.	thirty
  15.	forty
  16.	fifty
  17.	sixty
  18.	seventy
  19.	eighty
  20.	ninety
  21.	one hundred
  22.	two hundred
  23.	one thousand
  24.	two thousand
  25.	ten thousand
  26.	first
  27.	second
  28.	third
  29.	once
  30.	twice
  31.	single
  32.	many
  33.	few
  34.	big
  35.	little
  36.	more
  37.	less
  38.	each
  39.	every
  40.	half
  41.	middle
  42.	all
  43.	some
  44.	several
  45.	another
  46.	enough
  47.	even
  48.	odd
  
  II. Body parts
  
  49.	skull
  50.	head
  51.	brain
  52.	hair
  53.	bald
  54.	grey-haired
  55.	forehead
  56.	eye
  57.	eyebrow
  58.	nose
  59.	ear
  60.	cheek
  61.	mouth
  62.	lips
  63.	chin
  64.	tongue
  65.	tooth
  66.	beard
  67.	voice
  68.	neck
  69.	shoulder
  70.	chest
  71.	breast
  72.	waist
  73.	stomach
  74.	navel
  75.	ribs
  76.	arm
  77.	hand
  78.	left (hand)
  79.	right (hand)
  80.	fathom
  81.	fist
  82.	elbow
  83.	finger
  84.	fingernail
  85.	palm of hand
  86.	leg
  87.	foot
  88.	thigh
  89.	knee
  90.	calf
  91.	back
  92.	buttocks
  93.	body
  94.	skin
  95.	naked
  96.	body-hair
  97.	bone
  98.	lap
  99.	heart
  100.	guts
  101.	liver
  102.	gall
  103.	bile
  104.	womb
  105.	blood
  106.	vein
  107.	excrement
  108.	urine
  109.	corpse
  110.	soul
  111.	breath
  112.	life
  113.	ghost
  114.	pain (head or body)
  115.	dirt on the skin
  116.	fester
  117.	sore
  118.	boil
  119.	wound
  120.	pus
  121.	sprain
  122.	swollen
  123.	dropsy
  124.	bruise
  125.	penis
  126.	scrotum
  127.	vulva
  128.	circumcized
  129.	uncircumcized
  130.	flatulence
  131.	dysentery
  
  III. Kinship terms
  
  132.	person
  133.	man
  134.	husband
  135.	woman
  136.	wife
  137.	father
  138.	mother
  139.	name
  140.	child
  141.	son
  142.	daughter
  143.	uncle
  144.	aunt
  145.	cousin
  146.	nephew
  147.	niece
  148.	grandfather
  149.	grandmother
  150.	grandchild
  151.	brother
  152.	sister
  153.	younger brother
  154.	older brother
  155.	young girl
  156.	virgin
  157.	family
  158.	friend
  159.	associate
  160.	partner
  161.	enemy
  162.	twins
  163.	widow
  164.	parents-in-law
  165.	son-in-law
  166.	brother-in-law
  167.	king
  168.	nobility
  169.	common people
  
  IV. Animals
  
  170.	animal
  171.	horse
  172.	pig
  173.	cow
  174.	buffalo
  175.	goat
  176.	deer
  177.	hide
  178.	horn
  179.	snout
  180.	tail
  181.	dog
  182.	cat
  183.	mouse
  184.	rat
  185.	bird
  186.	chicken
  187.	wing
  188.	cockfight
  189.	cock's spur
  190.	feather
  191.	rice-bird
  192.	sparrow
  193.	pigeon
  194.	dove
  195.	duck
  196.	fish
  197.	scales
  198.	oyster
  199.	shrimp
  200.	octopus
  201.	squid
  202.	crab. kepiting
  203.	shark
  204.	ray
  205.	crocodile
  206.	bat
  207.	small lizzard
  208.	snake
  209.	sea-turtle
  210.	land-turtle
  211.	insect
  212.	ant
  213.	termite
  214.	wasp
  215.	bee
  216.	worm
  217.	snail
  218.	millipede
  219.	butterfly
  220.	spider
  221.	louse
  222.	fly
  223.	mosquito
  224.	firefly
  225.	plant
  226.	rice
  227.	seed-rice
  228.	ear (of grain)
  229.	grain
  230.	hulled rice
  231.	rice-straw
  232.	tree
  233.	wood kayu
  234.	sap
  235.	leaf
  236.	branch
  237.	tree-trunk
  238.	root
  239.	bare
  240.	stick
  241.	plank
  242.	board
  243.	shell
  244.	coconut
  245.	banyan tree
  246.	ficus
  247.	sago palm
  248.	pandanus
  249.	sago
  250.	palm-wine
  251.	bamboo
  252.	grass
  253.	moss
  254.	thorn
  255.	nettle
  256.	fish poison
  257.	poison
  258.	banana
  259.	bunch (of fruits)
  260.	onion
  261.	cucumber
  262.	tuber
  263.	fruit
  264.	sugarcane
  265.	pineapple
  266.	eggplant
  267.	pumpkin
  268.	corn
  269.	flower
  
  V. Nature
  
  270.	land
  271.	water
  272.	fire
  273.	wind
  274.	mud
  275.	dust
  276.	stone
  277.	mountain
  278.	cave
  279.	hill
  280.	inland
  281.	interior
  282.	surface
  283.	flat
  284.	plain
  285.	field
  286.	ditch
  287.	garden
  288.	earthquake
  289.	wet ricefield
  290.	dry ricefield
  291.	desert
  292.	woods
  293.	clearing in the forest
  294.	village
  295.	gold
  296.	silver
  297.	iron
  298.	copper
  299.	sea
  300.	shore
  301.	beach
  302.	sand
  303.	gravel
  304.	wave
  305.	foam
  306.	fluid
  307.	liquid
  308.	straits
  309.	cape
  310.	tip
  311.	island
  312.	coral
  313.	bay
  314.	river mouth
  315.	lake
  316.	river
  317.	stream
  318.	channel saluran
  319.	irrigation canal
  320.	flood
  321.	current
  322.	north
  323.	south
  324.	east
  325.	west
  326.	smoke
  327.	flame
  328.	glowing coals
  329.	spark
  330.	ashes
  331.	charcoal
  332.	sky
  333.	sun
  334.	light
  335.	moon
  336.	star
  337.	full moon
  338.	shadow
  339.	shade
  340.	cloud
  341.	rain
  342.	drizzle
  343.	thunder
  344.	noise
  345.	sound
  346.	lightning
  347.	storm
  348.	tempest
  349.	fog
  350.	mist
  351.	haze
  352.	dew
  353.	whirlwind
  354.	typhoon
  355.	year
  356.	day
  357.	morning
  358.	midday
  359.	afternoon
  360.	dusk
  361.	night
  362.	late night
  363.	yesterday
  364.	yesterday -1
  365.	tomorrow
  366.	tomorrow +1
  367.	today
  
  VI. Everyday life
  
  368.	village
  369.	road
  370.	bridge
  371.	crossroads
  372.	house
  373.	wall
  374.	a hole in the wall
  375.	ceiling
  376.	floor
  377.	window
  378.	glass
  379.	door
  380.	hinge
  381.	hook
  382.	ladder (to the house)
  383.	ladder (in general)
  384.	roof
  385.	thatch
  386.	split bamboo
  387.	fence
  388.	stable
  389.	room
  390.	bed
  391.	toilet
  392.	garbage heap
  393.	kitchen
  394.	stove
  395.	pan
  396.	pot
  397.	(water)jar
  398.	(cooking)pot
  399.	cooking vessel
  400.	rice-pounder
  401.	rice-mortar
  402.	basket
  403.	spoon
  404.	scoop
  405.	ladle
  406.	knife
  407.	funnel
  408.	plate
  409.	cup
  410.	bowl
  411.	dipper
  412.	scissors
  413.	needle
  414.	thread
  415.	color
  416.	shirt
  417.	shoes
  418.	sarong
  419.	loincloth
  420.	fringe
  421.	scarf
  422.	plant fiber
  423.	cotton
  424.	bark cloth
  425.	loom
  426.	loom part
  427.	the woof
  428.	the warp
  429.	ring
  430.	bracelet
  431.	umbrella
  432.	earring
  433.	ornament
  434.	brush
  435.	comb
  436.	table
  437.	chair
  438.	pillow
  439.	blanket
  440.	mosquito net
  441.	curtain
  442.	rafters
  443.	house-poles
  444.	roof-peak
  445.	leak
  446.	whitewash
  447.	morter
  448.	chalk
  449.	paint
  450.	lamp
  451.	torch
  452.	wick
  453.	oil
  454.	coconut oil
  455.	egg
  456.	meat
  457.	sauce
  458.	gravy
  459.	spices
  460.	side-dishes
  461.	porrige
  462.	mush
  463.	salt
  464.	dregs
  465.	remains
  466.	smell
  467.	honey
  468.	sugar
  469.	vinegar
  470.	pepper
  471.	red pepper
  472.	bamboo shot
  473.	heart-of-palm
  474.	caraway
  475.	cumin
  476.	ginger
  477.	turmeric
  478.	sesame
  479.	boat
  480.	canoe
  481.	paddle
  482.	oar
  483.	mast
  484.	sail
  485.	rudder
  486.	outrigger
  487.	fishing net
  488.	fish-trap
  489.	fish-hook
  490.	keris
  491.	dagger
  492.	machete
  493.	gun
  494.	archer's bow
  495.	arrow
  496.	hunting net
  497.	sharp bamboo stakes
  498.	saw
  499.	hammer
  500.	nail
  501.	peg
  502.	axe
  503.	hatchet
  504.	wedge
  505.	chisel
  506.	carpenter's plane
  507.	rope
  508.	string
  509.	skewer
  510.	wire
  511.	chain
  512.	solder
  513.	lathe
  514.	hoe
  515.	bucket
  516.	work
  517.	job
  518.	extra work
  519.	second job
  520.	profit
  521.	loss
  522.	edge
  523.	space between
  524.	interval
  525.	side
  526.	line
  527.	sheath
  
  VII. Verbs
  
  528.	be born
  529.	die
  530.	live
  531.	kill
  532.	grow
  533.	inherit
  534.	hit
  535.	fight
  536.	kick
  537.	stab
  538.	jerk
  539.	jump
  540.	rub
  541.	massage
  542.	scratch
  543.	rasp
  544.	scrape
  545.	drill
  546.	file
  547.	sharpen
  548.	cut
  549.	chop
  550.	cut open
  551.	cut into
  552.	prune
  553.	trim
  554.	cut off
  555.	amputate
  556.	rip
  557.	tear
  558.	break off
  559.	slice
  560.	hack
  561.	cut unevenly
  562.	cut up
  563.	shave
  564.	slash
  565.	split
  566.	carve
  567.	inlay
  568.	move
  569.	change
  570.	substitute
  571.	exchange
  572.	move something
  573.	walk
  574.	run
  575.	go
  576.	come
  577.	arrive
  578.	approach
  579.	depart
  580.	enter
  581.	go out
  582.	return
  583.	return something
  584.	turn around
  585.	return home
  586.	trip
  587.	step in a hole
  588.	sink in the mud
  589.	push
  590.	pull
  591.	point
  592.	accuse
  593.	throw
  594.	meet
  595.	pick up
  596.	appear
  597.	disappear
  598.	stop by
  599.	visit
  600.	move something away
  601.	move something closer
  602.	to face
  603.	send
  604.	receive
  605.	swim
  606.	dive
  607.	sink
  608.	drown
  609.	shake
  610.	drift
  611.	float
  612.	flow
  613.	go sail along the coast
  614.	think
  615.	know
  616.	know (a person)
  617.	feel
  618.	suffer
  619.	regret
  620.	say
  621.	speak
  622.	sing
  623.	chant
  624.	recite
  625.	laugh
  626.	shout
  627.	cry out
  628.	call
  629.	teach
  630.	study
  631.	learn
  632.	praise
  633.	inform
  634.	communicate
  635.	tell
  636.	narrate
  637.	read
  638.	write
  639.	compose
  640.	arrange
  641.	hear
  642.	see
  643.	wink
  644.	blink
  645.	look up
  646.	look at
  647.	stare
  648.	feel something
  649.	touch
  650.	handle
  651.	taste
  652.	drink
  653.	sip
  654.	suck
  655.	suckle
  656.	bite (into something)
  657.	bite (of animals)
  658.	chew
  659.	swallow
  660.	eat
  661.	feed
  662.	lick
  663.	hiccough
  664.	cry
  665.	cry over
  666.	lament
  667.	cough
  668.	sneeze
  669.	smell something
  670.	breathe
  671.	gasp
  672.	pant
  673.	wheeze
  674.	hold the breath
  675.	to blow
  676.	squeeze
  677.	press
  678.	press out
  679.	choke (on food)
  680.	vomit
  681.	spit
  682.	love
  683.	hate
  684.	kiss
  685.	leer
  686.	ogle
  687.	have sexual intercourse
  688.	mate
  689.	itch
  690.	kill by squashing
  691.	embrace
  692.	dance
  693.	sleep
  694.	close the eyes
  695.	deny
  696.	remember
  697.	forget
  698.	help
  699.	pity
  700.	console
  701.	promise
  702.	endure
  703.	trust
  704.	believe
  705.	ask
  706.	answer
  707.	repay
  708.	requite
  709.	order
  710.	command
  711.	like
  712.	tell a lie
  713.	win
  714.	defeat
  715.	defeated
  716.	hope
  717.	make
  718.	dig
  719.	scatter
  720.	sow
  721.	build
  722.	clear land
  723.	hunt
  724.	chase
  725.	shoot a gun
  726.	peel
  727.	flay
  728.	strip (leaves)
  729.	slaughter
  730.	plow
  731.	harrow
  732.	pull out
  733.	uproot
  734.	draw a sword
  735.	side by side
  736.	next to
  737.	in a row/line
  738.	lean on
  739.	lean something against
  740.	sit with legs crossed
  741.	squat
  742.	sit with legs stretched out
  743.	stretch out
  744.	fall down
  745.	collapse
  746.	break
  747.	break open
  748.	burst
  749.	to pry
  750.	gouge
  751.	mix
  752.	assemble
  753.	poke
  754.	gather (things) together
  755.	measure
  756.	knock
  757.	heat
  758.	cook
  759.	fry
  760.	roast
  761.	bake
  762.	burn
  763.	boil
  764.	steam
  765.	spatter
  766.	settle
  767.	stir
  768.	remove pot from the fire
  769.	divide into portions
  770.	drip
  771.	winnow
  772.	filter
  773.	weigh
  774.	pour
  775.	spill
  776.	polish. mengupam
  777.	chop fine
  778.	knead
  779.	wash
  780.	wash clothes ... mis.pakaian
  781.	wash dishes ... mis.piring2
  782.	bathe
  783.	spray
  784.	rinse
  785.	wipe
  786.	sweep
  787.	cross
  788.	deviate
  789.	go to the side
  790.	turn
  791.	&quot;tack&quot;
  792.	sail into the wind
  793.	rotate
  794.	revolve
  795.	twist
  796.	wind/roll up
  797.	wrap
  798.	tie
  799.	make nets
  800.	splice
  801.	stretch
  802.	extend
  803.	tighten
  804.	wind up
  805.	bandage
  806.	wrap (a corpse)
  807.	sway
  808.	unsteady
  809.	place
  810.	bet
  811.	carry
  812.	bring
  813.	hang
  814.	take
  815.	steal
  816.	use
  817.	wear
  818.	deliver
  819.	carry on the shoulder
  820.	buy
  821.	sell
  822.	rent
  823.	give
  824.	borrow
  825.	lend
  826.	owe
  827.	pay
  828.	bargain
  829.	choose
  830.	get
  831.	obtain
  832.	restore
  833.	there is
  834.	there is not
  835.	have
  836.	want
  837.	wish
  838.	will
  839.	not yet
  840.	already
  841.	all gone
  842.	yes
  843.	no
  844.	do not...
  845.	be ...ing
  846.	be
  847.	become
  848.	have to
  849.	must
  850.	can
  851.	may
  852.	permit
  853.	allow
  854.	forbid
  855.	forbidden
  856.	ever
  857.	never
  858.	formerly
  859.	before
  860.	happen
  861.	cause
  862.	count
  863.	add
  864.	divide
  865.	reduce
  866.	increase
  867.	make smaller
  868.	sew
  869.	weave
  870.	decorate
  871.	embroider
  872.	repair
  873.	fade
  874.	dream
  875.	daydream
  876.	wake up
  877.	get up (from bed)
  878.	sit
  879.	get up (from sitting)
  880.	rise (sun)
  881.	sit side by side
  882.	sit next to
  883.	stand
  884.	kneel
  885.	fall
  886.	rise up
  887.	go up
  888.	raise
  889.	climb
  890.	climb a mountain
  891.	stay
  892.	descend
  893.	lower
  894.	let down (rope)
  895.	pay out rope
  896.	recede
  897.	open
  898.	bloom
  899.	cover
  900.	spread out
  901.	separate
  902.	pile up
  903.	close
  904.	hide
  905.	hold
  906.	shelter
  907.	slip
  908.	slide
  909.	carry - hand. menjinjing
  910.	carry - head
  911.	carry - hip
  912.	play
  913.	bark (dog)
  
  VIII. Adjectives
  
  914.	white
  915.	black
  916.	red
  917.	yellow
  918.	green
  919.	blue
  920.	grey
  921.	spotted
  922.	tall
  923.	short
  924.	long
  925.	high
  926.	low
  927.	great
  928.	small
  929.	round
  930.	smooth
  931.	jagged
  932.	hard (especially of wood)
  933.	hard
  934.	soft
  935.	ripe
  936.	unripe
  937.	hot
  938.	cold
  939.	sharp
  940.	dull
  941.	sweet
  942.	sour
  943.	bitter
  944.	salty
  945.	spicy hot
  946.	tasteless
  947.	old
  948.	young
  949.	new
  950.	heavy
  951.	light
  952.	bright
  953.	shiny
  954.	glittering
  955.	dark
  956.	clear
  957.	vague
  958.	narrow
  959.	wide
  960.	full
  961.	empty
  962.	tight
  963.	loose
  964.	sleepy
  965.	tired
  966.	deep
  967.	shallow
  968.	wet
  969.	dry
  970.	far
  971.	near
  972.	downstream
  973.	upstream
  974.	good
  975.	bad
  976.	true
  977.	false
  978.	certain
  979.	beautiful
  980.	ugly
  981.	good tasting
  982.	bad tasting
  983.	fresh
  984.	rotten
  985.	difficult. susah
  986.	easy
  987.	expensive
  988.	cheap
  989.	coarse
  990.	fine
  991.	invulnerable
  992.	rich
  993.	poor
  994.	stingy
  995.	greedy
  996.	thin
  997.	thick
  998.	fat
  999.	viscous
  1000.	sick
  1001.	well
  1002.	hungry
  1003.	sated
  1004.	thirsty
  1005.	pregnant
  1006.	barren
  1007.	strong
  1008.	weak
  1009.	brave
  1010.	afraid
  1011.	ashamed
  1012.	painful
  1013.	smarting
  1014.	dirty
  1015.	mouldy
  1016.	muddy
  1017.	clean
  1018.	straight
  1019.	direct
  1020.	askew
  1021.	curving
  1022.	sloping
  1023.	athwart
  1024.	transverse
  1025.	across
  1026.	curly (hair)
  1027.	urine smell
  1028.	rancid smell
  1029.	burnt smell
  1030.	fragrant
  1031.	noisy
  1032.	quiet
  1033.	lonely
  1034.	peaceful
  1035.	calm (water)
  1036.	clear (water)
  1037.	wild
  1038.	tame
  1039.	free
  1040.	loud
  1041.	hard (blow)
  1042.	hoarse
  1043.	crazy
  1044.	confused
  1045.	dizzy
  1046.	nervous
  1047.	angry
  1048.	happy
  1049.	sad
  1050.	disappointed
  1051.	crippled
  1052.	blind
  1053.	deaf
  1054.	stupid
  1055.	clever
  1056.	capable
  1057.	willing
  1058.	fast
  1059.	slow
  1060.	broken
  1061.	damaged
  1062.	torn
  1063.	perfect
  1064.	very
  1065.	rare
  1066.	usual
  1067.	common
  1068.	everyday
  1069.	popular
  1070.	slippery
  1071.	sticky
  1072.	excessively decorated
  
  IX. PRONOUNS ETC.
  
  1073.	me - I
  1074.	you sg. (thou)
  1075.	he
  1076.	she
  1077.	we excl.
  1078.	we incl.
  1079.	you pl.
  1080.	they
  1081.	my
  1082.	your (thy)
  1083.	his
  1084.	her
  1085.	our excl.
  1086.	our incl.
  1087.	your
  1088.	their
  1089.	mine
  1090.	yours
  1091.	his
  1092.	ours
  1093.	theirs
  1094.	who? siapa
  1095.	what? apa
  1096.	how much/many? berapa
  1097.	when? kapan
  1098.	which? yg.mana
  1099.	where? dimana
  1100.	why?
  1101.	self (reflexive)
  1102.	-self (intensifier)
  1103.	each other
  1104.	respectively
  1105.	thing
  1106.	indefinite
  1107.	any
  1108.	goods
  1109.	this
  1110.	that (nearby)
  1111.	that (far)
  1112.	here
  1113.	there (near)
  1114.	there (far)
  1115.	now
  1116.	often
  1117.	just in case
  1118.	at
  1119.	in
  1120.	from
  1121.	to
  1122.	inside
  1123.	on top
  1124.	under
  1125.	outside
  1126.	with
  1127.	by means of
  1128.	and
  1129.	or
  1130.	but
  1131.	if
  1132.	when
  1133.	because
  1134.	perhaps
  1135.	although
  1136.	before
  1137.	after
  1138.	during
  1139.	since
  1140.	in vain
  1141.	pretending
  1142.	in front
  1143.	in back
  1144.	how?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian interrogative pronouns</title>
    <id>6671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47116</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:00:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with '[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian indefinate pronouns</title>
    <id>6672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47118</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with '[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian relative pronouns</title>
    <id>6673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47120</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with '[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longrim</title>
    <id>6674</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>46999</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-04T14:41:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Longrim]] moved to [[Longrimol]]: Longrim was an incorrect name, defining the people and not the language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Longrimol]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Longrim</title>
    <id>6675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48364</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-14T02:07:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Origins */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''The Longrim''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Il Longrim'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Population:
||Unestimated {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||T.D.B. Eramár
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Race:
||Elves; [[Second Clan]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Realms:
|[[Dór Dulrent]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Kings:
|[[Nagatailo]]
[[Emár]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|}


Longrim were a group of elves in the fictional history of [[Eramár]].

==Origins==

Longrim elves origin in the elves of Nagadail, the Terun-Naga. After the [[Terror of Thaifatir]] most of the Northern-Elves past into the West, following their beloved king [[Nagatailo]]. In the way to West many ill things happened, most evil of all being the [[Horse-Plague]]. After the &quot;battle&quot; with the wild and thick forest, the Northern-Elves built [[Airi Mathril|ships]] and sailed across the [[Sea of Normád]].
When they reached the other shore, they established a kingdom named [[Dór Dulrent]] - the Guarded Land, because there were great ravines all across it's borders that only friends might pass. The capitol city, [[Édirt Hilim]], the Sity of Pure-White Light, became the throne of all the Elven World, and the son of Nagatailo, [[Emár]] became the most beloved of all [[Kings of The Elves]].

==Language==
''Main article [[Longrimol]]''

Longrim spoke the Longrimol. the word &quot;Longrim&quot; itself means &quot;those who speak a lot&quot; in their tongue, and &quot;Longrimol&quot; - &quot;tongue of those who speak a lot&quot;.

==Famous Kings==

===King [[Nagatailo]]===
 
son of [[Taurai]], the one who led the Terun-naga into the West. Had four sons - Rawerdiro (The one who is (strong) like bear), Funaro (The one who is (fast) as deer), Gamondo (The one who is (stealthy)like wolf) und [[Emár]], and three daughters: Mathaniel(Maid of Stars) , Onorfáriel (Lady of Daysies) and Nalliel (Maid of Apple-Tree).
After more than century of reign Nagatailo was killed in the wars against [[Eredhór]] by a [[Mêl of Eredhór|mâl]].

===King [[Emár]]===

Son of [[Nagatailo]], the one who ruled over Longrim in the days of their bliss and ever after. He had no children. Before the death of his father, Nagatailo, he was the leader of the [[Elves of Night]], a group of nocturnal elves. He had the fame of wise-man, healer and great spell-caster, he invented many new words when the tongue of Longrim had just evolved. He also wrote the &quot;Drúnair Emár&quot; - the [[Laws of Emár]] - main aesthetical and ethical code of elves ever after.

[[Category:Eramár]]
[[Category:Elves of Eramár]]
[[Category:History of Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longrm</title>
    <id>6676</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47011</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-04T17:36:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Longrm]] moved to [[The Longrim]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[The Longrim]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:History of Eramár</title>
    <id>6677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47392</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a category for History of Eramár, the fictional world by Tom Daymond Barvid.

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terun-Naga</title>
    <id>6678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47390</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Terun-Naga is a historically-rich elven group from the fictional world of [[Eramár]]

==Origins==

Terun-Naga, the Northern Elves, became a fully separate group of elves from the [[Second Clan]] in the time when [[Onor]], the Elven-Sun, a bright star in heaven, first rose.
As the Second Clan moved to the West, Terun-Naga, lead by King [[Taurai]] went to north, where dwelt in [[Silimath]] for a long while. After a number of &quot;mood changes&quot;, the Terun-Naga finally set to West (as it was foreseen for all of Second Clan), lead by [[Nagatailo]], son of [[Taurai]], because the King remained in [[Silimath]]. 
When Terun-Naga reached and crossed the Western-mountains, they settled down in a coastal area between the mountains and highlands of [[Cuiloras]]. There they established [[Nagadail]], the most northern of all the [[Elven Realms (Eramár)| Elven Realms]].

==Nagadail==

Nagadail was set in the north-eastern part of land commonly known as [[Dardor]], or, by the [[Longrimol]] name, Darandhór. The Eastern borders ran together with the Mountains of West, the northern border streched along the coast of [[Sea of Frost]], south of Nagadail reached till the  river of Yairdum. Western lands stretched till the highlands of [[Cuiloras]]. 
The capitol was located in the Yairsaida, The Silver Forest. Nagatailo feared, that [[Gurhathim]] might take over his mind and thus rule Nagadail, so he formed a Council of Wise man and women to &quot;filter&quot; his orders. Basically, ''Um Tertaun'' (The Council in [[Nagatol]]) helped Nagatailo to rule over his Kingdom. 

==The Flee from Thaifatir==

In the east-most borders of Nagadail, deep into the Mountains of West, there once was a dwarven city [[Karah-Idir]] that was destroyed by [[Thaifatir]] the Dragon. He slept within the halls of Karah-Idir until was awaken by the wandering Northern-Elves. Thaifatir, also called Yanda-ed-Tiud (the Sleeping Lizard) started to attack the Nagadail. Most of the Elves, following king Nagatailo, fled away into the West (for more information, see {[[The Longrim]]). The remainers started a fight against the Thaifatir, yet they failed, except for Feldanung, Feldar, Laitar and Turtur, who together slew the dragon, and was killed by him, too.

[[Category:History of Eramár]]
[[category:Elves of Eramár]]
[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian negative pronouns</title>
    <id>6679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47024</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-05T11:41:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: [[dal'qörian|Homepage]]  [[dal'qörian pronouns|back to Dalcurian Pronouns]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|back to Dalcurian Pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dadalang</title>
    <id>6680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51007</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T15:56:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Oou orthography is pretty wild too</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''dadalang''' is a [[conlang]] incorporating ideas of the [[wikipedia:Dadaism|dadaist]] moovment in some or all of its [[grammar]], [[vocabulary]], or [[phonology]]. Dadalangs are rarely well-developed and tend to fall under [[funlang]]s.

One possible feature of dadaist grammar are unusual means of expressing categories, for example by [http://archives.conlang.info/ke/tualtei/fuenzhulcoen.html the color of one's hat].

A arguably lexically (and orthographically) dadaist language designed by [[Sonja Ellen Kisa]] is [http://kisa.ca/oou.html Oou].

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian reciprocol pronouns</title>
    <id>6681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47035</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-06T11:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian reciprocal pronouns</title>
    <id>6682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47122</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T13:04:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[dal'qörian|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian pronouns|Redirect to Dalcurian Pronouns]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Samoyedic</title>
    <id>6683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59209</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T12:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Proto-Uralic to Proto-East Uralic */ more minor Ugric stuff</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Soundchanges from [[Proto-Uralic]]:

==Proto-Uralic to Proto-East Uralic==
It appears that many of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.
* *ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for separate PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
* *k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
* *s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ], per Khanty?)
* *sʲ → *s (perhaps areal, see next section)
* *Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
* *Ck → *C / C = *t, *č (check! ought to be later per open/close issues)
* *ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in ''*ëni, *lëmpi''; exceptions ''*tëka, *lëpa'' (FSM vs. Smy only), ''*ëńa'')
* perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)

Un-Samoyedic Ugric changes include:
* *ŋ → *ŋk (irregular)
* *ð → *l
* *l → *ĺ / śV_k (*śëðka → Ms *sëëĺ, *śülki- → Ms *süĺɣ-)
* *l → ∅ / śV_m (*śüðäm(i) → Hu ''szív'', *śilmä → Hu ''szëm'', *ćolmiw → Hu ''csomo'')
* Note the order: 1) ð-lateralization, 2) l-assimilation, 3) depalatalization
* possibly: *m → *M ([ṽ]? [m̥]?) / in affixes (→ ObU *m, but Hu /v/: *śüðämi; *ńäxli-mä → ''nyelv'')

==Proto-East Uralic to Proto-Samoyedic==
* *x → *ə (probably common Uralic, but tends to disappear elsewhere)
* *e → *i / _C(C)a (shared with Mansi)
* *ŋ → *n / _θ (''*jOŋsi'' only)
* *m → *p / _θ ? (''*pImsimi'' only; fairly ''ad hoc'' cluster)
* *θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
* *tsʲ → *s (probably [sʲ])
* *o → *a (feeds fronting to *ä in some cases; ''*tolwa'' → *tälwä, *tåjwä both)
* *ü → *i (feeds the next)
* *u → *ə / _C(C)a
** and / _ŋ? ''*suŋi'' → *təŋ; also ''*kurki/*karka'' → *kərə
* *i → *ə / _C(C?)a (check relation to initial *l-!)
* *u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception ''*kulki-'' → *kəj-)
(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)
* *l → *lʲ / _C, #_, _i(C)#
** Retained initially before *ï, *ë (''*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi'', PU ''*luwi'' (*lëwi?) → ''*lë'')
** Otherwise l- → j- is clear 
** *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
** *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (''*kulta-, *kalma''; both potential derivativs!)
** *-ilm- → *-əjm-, *-lki → *-j and *-li → *-j may be due to coda position or palatalization
* possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (no phonemical significance, will write *ɪ)
* *ä → *e [ɛ]?
* *a → *ä [æ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l
* Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels:
** *a → *a [ɑ]? / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
*** ''*kala pala kaðʲa- puðʲa-'' → ''*kåla påla kåja- pəja'' (…)
*** but not in ''*muðʲa'' → *məjå, ''*su(w)ðʲa'' → *səjå
** *a → *ə / sometimes (''*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora'')
** *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
** *i → *ə / _# (perhaps not feasible as PUg per palatalization of *l)
* *lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *a, feeds the next two - supposedly retained in some Selkup dialects?)
* *i → *ə / _j (*śilma → *səjmä)
* *j → ∅ / åə_ (*kaxli-, *ńäxli- → *kåə-, *ńåə-?)
* Word-finally *ə → ∅ / VC_# (fed by vocalization of *x *lʲ, counterfed by ɣ-loss, exceptions ''*juri, *sʲüðʲi'')
* *ð → *r (could be dated about anywhere)
* *ew → *ü / _C (''*käwði, *jäwji'' - but not in ''*täwði''?)
* *w → *m / lʲ_ ? (''*käðʲwa'' only - apparently South Smy. only) 
* *ɣ → ∅; or *k → ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. next)
* *w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; ''*jäwji, *käliw, *täwði'', etc. Remains ''*täwiw'' → *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))

==Later development==
===Nganasan===
* Consonant palatalization: s k t ŋ n → š š č ''(check)'' ń ń / _{i ɪ e ä ü ö}
* Vowel palatalization: *ë (? → ɪ) → i / {s, ń}_; *e → a / {s, ń, j}_
* &quot;Umlaut loss&quot;: *ü *ï *ë *ä *ö → i i a a *o
** Modern /y/ results from assimilations of /i/, /u/
* Back raising: *o *å → u o;
** including *oə *åə → ua oa → ua ua
* Sequence smoothing
** *iə → ie (via [iæ]?)
** *üə → i
** *ëə (→ ? *aa) → a
** *öə → oa (not ˣua ! probably wasn't actually [øə])
* ɪ → ɨ (very late; oldest record still render this as &lt;e&gt;)
* *äj *ej → ea; *əj → oj 
** Other Vj develop per components
* p → f → h
** fu ==
** mp → ŋh
** fa → fua

===Shared with all but Nganasan===
*Potentially, the split of *ü from *i
*ɪ → i
*j, w → ∅ / _ï

===Enets===
* å → a
* ə → ŏ (short)
* ë → i (perhaps before *ï → i?)
* &quot;Umlaut loss&quot;: *ï *ü *ö → i u o
* åə oə uə  → a ua ua
* iə, ëə → io
* äj ej əj oj uj → ä e ej o o
* Dialect changes
** *ä → Forest e, Tundra a
** *üə → Forest ie, Tundra io (via → *iä → ia, cf. prev?)

===(Tundra) Nenets===
* Loss of sequences: *Və → V
* *å → *a
* *ü → *ö
* High laxing/Lo tensing (Shared with [[Proto-Samic|Samic]]!!)
** *i *ï *u *ə → *ɪ *ɪ̈ *ʊ *a
** all other monofthongs → long
* Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
** *ɪ *eː *äː *öː → ʲɪ ʲeː ʲaː ʲoː
** *ɪ̈ *ëː → ɪ eː
* ~Monofthongization
** *äj *ej → both iː
** *åj *əj → both æː [ae]

===Yurats===
Same as Nenets except *e *ä *öə → i e o.

===Common South Samoyedic===
* *ö *üə *iə → ü ü i
* *äj *ej → a e (what of *əj?)
* *ä *ə *e → a a e (before or after palatalization?)

===Selkup===
* Back raising: *å(ə) → u
** *o remains however (!?)
** Helimski sez: *å split to u, o (before *-u, *-o, generally *-a), uː, oː (before *-ä, *-ə, monosyllables) (with some opposite examples for *-a and *-ə), *uë (irregularly)
* *uə *ëə *öə → uë a aː
* *əj *åj → aj øː
* *e → *ä → aː / #_C*a (disharmonic stems)
* Lengthening: *ë *e *i *ü *u *o → ïː iː iː üː uː uː / _(j)Cə
** *e → eː / _(j)tCə
** *ë *o → ïː oː / _CCə
** after which *-a, *-ä, *-ə → *-ə

===Kamassian===
* Back raising: *å *åə *o(ə) → o u u
* *uə *ëə *öə → u o a
* *ë → e

===Koibal===
Same as Kamassian except *u (? → ʊ) → o.

===Mator===
* *å(ə) → a
* *oə *öə → &quot;o~a&quot; o (but Taygi uo ü)
* *uə → u
* *ë → e
* *əj → i
* *ëə → ? a (Taygi only attested?)
* Bizarro antipalatalization: *s → *k / _{*i *e *ü} (but not _*a)
* m → m~b initially (cf. Turkic) and _*s
** No denasalization is found before another nasal or a syllable-final /r/, or in monosyllables
** Also *w *l *j → m n ń / #_VN (bleeds glide fortition; seen in Turkic too)
* *j → č initially (again, shared by Turkic)
* *w → b initially (but before a labia vowel: *wüt &quot;10&quot; → čüʔt, wo(ə)), *j_, *t_
** possibly → m / {ŋ r}_ (''aŋma-'' &quot;to sleep&quot;, ''sarma'' &quot;window&quot;)
* *uwC *iwC → u:C i:C
* *{F a}jm → im, *iji → i
* *aw *iw → uh yh (via → v → f, cf. next?)
* *p → h, except
** → b in *mp *pVs
** remains in *pt *ps *tp *p# (allophone of /b/ now), except → h in *wVpt (dissimilation?)
* Medial voicing &amp; degemination
** *t *k → d g / V_V, N_
** *s → z / V_V, → dž / n_ (cf. Ugric!)
** *k → g also / {r j}_
** *tt *kk → t k
* Final rhinoglottophilia: *p *t → ʔp t ~ ʔm ʔn / _#, perhaps also *k → ʔk ~ ʔŋ (records are ambiguous)
** except *t# → ∅ in &quot;water&quot;; this shared by Kamass
* *t → ʔ / _{p m w l}; there's also an example of *kp → ʔp
** → ∅ / _k (perhaps via *ʔ)
* ts → ? *čč → č (after *s → k)
* Back sonorant fronting: *ŋt *jt → nt st (later than *tC → ʔC, so *jtk *jtw → jʔk *jʔb)
** Possibly also: *rŋ *jŋ *iŋ → rg j (''karguj'' &quot;raven&quot;, ''mijuh'' &quot;son-in-law&quot;, ''mojuh'' &quot;soul&quot;) 
* Consonant gradation before an original closed syllable:
** (*tp →) ʔp → b (no other tC examples; *tw becomes ʔb)
** (*tt →) t → d
* In Mator proper (outside of Taygi &amp; Karagas), *ń → j / V_V. Also, in some words, *č_s → s_s.
** T&amp;K appear to have *ń_j → ń_ń in ''ŋuńuh'' &quot;breast&quot;

Cf. Helimski: [http://helimski.com/1.10/1.10.html,Die matorische sprache]

[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian greetings and goodbyes</title>
    <id>6684</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47054</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-06T22:19:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Dalcurian greetings and goodbyes]] to [[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou]]:&amp;#32;page economics</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/derived</title>
    <id>6685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54462</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-06T23:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Potential pre-Uralic or inter-Uralic derivation relationships.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordvinic !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Cold
|-
| &quot;ice&quot;
| *jää || *jéŋɤ || jäj || *ij || *jɤɤ || jeeg || *jääŋk || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ'''
| *jäŋi
|-
| &quot;to become cold&quot;
| *jäähty- || *jéŋsó- || jäkše- || *jükše- || - || - || - || *jöɣli- || -
| *jäŋ-(k)šti-
|-
| &quot;to freeze&quot;
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. ''jɤd-'' || - || *jäänt- || *jentəl- ||
| *jäŋ-ta (later formation in F.)
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Hot
|-
| &quot;to burn (itr.)&quot;
| *pala- || *pólé- || palo- || - || - || - || *puul- || *puul- || *pålä-
|-
| &quot;to burn (tr.)&quot;
| *poltta- || *poalté- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | The &quot;fish&quot;/&quot;net&quot; cluster
|-
| &quot;fish&quot;
| *kala || *kólé || kal || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| *kala
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| *kalim || - || || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| *kal-
|-
| &quot;to fish with a net&quot;
| *kulta || *kolté || - || - || - || - || *kult- || *kåål- || Se. qolde-
| *kulki-ta (See also [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*kälä-ta]])
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. tɯl || - || *tåləɣ || *toɣəl || -
| #tolka. Metathesis?!
|-
| &quot;fish trap&quot;
| *kola || - || - || - || K. koĺas || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Long vs. short vowels
|-
| &quot;to swallo&quot;
| *neele- || *ńélɤ- || '''ńiĺe-''' || *nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- &lt;!-- -M in Komi--&gt;|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || '''*nɤl-'''
| West *ńexli, East *ńäl
|-
| &quot;tongue&quot;
| - || *ńálmé || - || *ńəlmə || - || ńelv, ńeev || *ńiiləm || *ńääləm || Ne. '''næmu ← *nåjmå'''
| *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma
|-
| &quot;hunger; tasty&quot;
| *nälkä || *ńálkés || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. *néalké &quot;hunger&quot; ← F.
|-
| rowheight=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;to die&quot;
| *koole- || - || ''kulo-'' || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || ''*kal-'' || *kåə-
| *ko/axli-
|-
| &quot;death&quot;
| *kalma || *kólmé || kalma || - || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| *kalma
|-
| &quot;to kill&quot;
| F. kaata- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Implies *kaxi-ta/-li
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| *vooli || - || - || - || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#EEEEEE;valign:middle&quot;| K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || *ula || *wol || -
| *oxli
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| *ulku || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *holkɤ || olga || - || || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| *ulka
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| *löö- || - || - || ''*lüe-'' || K. lɯj- || löv- || *li- || - || *jöw-
|-
| &quot;to find&quot;
| *lewtä- || - || - || - || - || leel || - || - || -
| Or F. ← (pre-)Gmc.
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Umlaut pairs
|-
| &quot;foot&quot;
| *jalka || *jólké || || *jal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;trace&quot;
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - || *jääɣəl || *je
| Smy. &quot;foot&quot;
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;tear&quot;
| *küünel || *kɤńɤl || - || - || U. -kɯĺi || köńń || - || - || ''kəńələ''
|-
| &quot;to blink&quot;
| F. '''kyyny''' || - || końe- || *kʊme- || *kuń || huń || - || *koń- || *kəń-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Peelings
|-
| &quot;crust&quot;
| *koori || - || ''kaŕ'' || - || K. '''kɯrś''' || - || *kur- || *kor- || -
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| *keri || *kɤrɤ || keŕ || *kʏr || *koor || keerëg || '''*kiir''' || '''*käär''' || *kêti
| OU *kEr
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| *keti || *kɤtɤ || keď || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ker
|-
| &quot;skin&quot;
| || || || ||*kiĺ || || *kääĺən || ||
| *-äðʲ-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Kinship concatenation?
|-
| &quot;father-in-law&quot;
| F. appi || vóppɤ || || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *owo || - || '''ipa''' || *up || *uup || *əpə
|-
| &quot;mother-in-law&quot;
| F. anoppi || *vóném || || - || - || - || *aanəp || '''*oonəp''' || *ɯnå
|-
| &quot;aunt&quot;
|  || *vóńé- || ańa- || - || U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń || aanɟ, ańa || *aań(-iikʷa) || *anəkə || *ɤńä
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Ladies
|-
| &quot;woman&quot;
| *naj-nen || - || || - || - || naas || '''*nääji''' || *naaji ? || -
|-
| &quot;girl&quot;
| *nejtVj || *néjtɤ || ni || - || *nɯl || - || *nii || *niiŋ || *nê
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Numerals
|-
| &quot;1&quot;
| *ükti|| *ɤktɤ || E. vejke  || *iktə || U. odig ~ K. ɤťik || || *ük || *ej || -
| Basically *üki. Mk. '''fkä'''
|-
| &quot;9&quot;
| *ükteksä || *ɤkcé || vejksa ||  *ɪnðekšə || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;5&quot;
| *viiti || *vítɤ || veťä || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *wɪc || *vit || öt || *ät || *weet || *wüt
| FS *wiiti, East *witti
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;2&quot;
| *kakti || *kókté || kavta || *kok || ''*kɯk'' || keet || *kit || *kiit, käät || *kêtä
| West *ka&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;ktV, East *kêta, P. unclear
|-
| &quot;8&quot;
| *kakteksa || '''*kákcé''' || kavkso || Hi. '''känðäkš'''&lt;br/&gt; ~ Me. kanðaš || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;6&quot;
| *kuuti || *kútɤ || koto || *kut || ''*kwať'' || hat || *kuut || *kaat || -
| FS *kuuti, V. *kutti, East *ka&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;t, P. unclear
|-
| &quot;20&quot;
| - || - || (&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;''komś''&lt;/font&gt;) || - || *kɯź || huus || *kuus || *koos || -
&lt;!-- |-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;100&quot;
| *sata || *čóté || śada || *šüðə || '''*śoo''' || saaz || *šɯɯt || *saat || -
| ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
|-
| &quot;1000&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *śurs || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *šaatər-  || *ťarəs ||
| ← II *źasra. Nevermind. --&gt;

|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Open
|-
| &quot;to open&quot;
| *ava- || - || || || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''old-, ood-''' || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee
|-
| &quot;opening&quot;
| *aw-kko || *vóŋɤs || '''*oŋkśt''' || '''äŋ''' || *vɤɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| K. also '''vom'''
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Existential
|-
| &quot;to be&quot;
| *ole- || || || || || || || || *åə-
| *wo-li-
|-
| &quot;to take&quot;
| *(v)otta- || || || || || || || ||
| *wo-kta-
|-
| &quot;own&quot;
| *oma || *oamé || umo-k || - || U. umoɯ || oo || - || - || -
| *wo-ma
|-
| &quot;to giv&quot;
| ''*anta-'' || ''*vómté-'' || ''ando-'' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*omta-'' || *uud- || ad- || - || - || -
| *ëm-ta, but cf. prev.
|-
| &quot;beginning&quot;
| ''*alka-'' || ''*vólké-'' || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *aawəl || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | More
|-
| &quot;to cook&quot;
| - || - || pije- || - || K. pu- || föö- || *pääj- || - || *pi-
| *pexi
|-
| &quot;to cook&quot;
| - || *pɤsé- || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || *piit- || *pääɬ- || -
| *pEša
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;finger&quot;
| *sormi || *sórmɤ || *sur || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *sormi
|-
| &quot;fist&quot;
| - || *čórmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. sormuŋk
|-
| &quot;span&quot;
| - || - || - || *šorž || - || aras || *taarəs || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *soort || -
| *sorśi, Kh. metathesis?
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;ro roast&quot;
| (korta-) || *koarté- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''kəərta-''' || Me. korðəm- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← S.
|-
| &quot;to scorch&quot;
| *korpi- || *kórpɤ- || Er. kurva- ~&lt;br/&gt; Mk. '''koŕve-''' || - || - || '''hërvad-''' || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;to pluck&quot;
| *kitke/o- &lt;!-- Es. kitku- --&gt; || *kɤcké- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *ki/ôčka-
|-
| &quot;to pull&quot;
| *kisko- || *kɤškó- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. ''keśɯ-'' ~ K. ''koś-'' || ''kiisaal-'' || - || - || -
| *kiśka-
|-
| height=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/CC</title>
    <id>6686</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47858</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T12:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See also: [[Proto-Uralic/Nt|Nasal+t]]

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;Red&lt;/font&gt; is limited to medial cluster irregularities.

{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! Finnic !! Samic !! Mordvinic !! Mari !! Permic !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! Samoyedic
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *k + coronal
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *rk
|-
| &quot;cartilage&quot;
| - || *ńórkés || || *nörɣə || - || ńiir || style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;| *ńɯɯrəɣ || style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;| *ńaarəɣ || *ńɤr
| No *-rɣ- metathesis in ObU?
|-
| &quot;coarse&quot;
| *karke- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kárkké''' || || - || *gɯr- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;crane&quot;
| *kurki || *kórkɤ || karga || - || - || - || - || - || *kərö
| *a/*u
|-
| &quot;man&quot;
| *ürkä || - || - || *erɣe || - || -ër || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;squirt&quot;
| *kirki || *kɤrkɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *köörəɣ || -
|-
| &quot;insides&quot;
| - || - || - || *körɣə || *gɯrɯk || - || *kiwər || - || -
|-
| &quot;worm&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *päärk || - || -
|-
| &quot;a conifer&quot;
| - || - || - || Hi. tɤrke || - || - || *tärəɣ || *teeɣər || -
|-
| &quot;twig&quot;
| - || *tórkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuuɣər || -
|-
| &quot;branch&quot;
| *sarka || *sórké || || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| &quot;poison&quot;
| *mürkkü || - || - || - || - || meerëg || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *r(k) ?
|-
| &quot;crane&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *turi || - || *tɯɯrəɣ || *taarəɣ || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *lk
|-
| &quot;foot&quot;
| *jalka || *jólké || jalga || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to leave&quot;
| *valka- || *vólké- || valgo- || *waale- || - || vaal- || *wɯɯɣəl || *wɯɯɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| *salko || *čólkój || śalga || - || K. dźal || saal || *sɯɯɣlaa || *saaɣəl || -
| ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
|-
| &quot;snot&quot;
| *nolki || *snólkɤ || '''nolga''' || - || - || ńaal || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;buckle&quot;
| *solki || '''*čulkó''' || śulgama || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *šɤlkama || *śul || - || - || - || -
| Cf. &quot;to close&quot;
|-
| &quot;shoulder&quot;
| *olka || *oalké || - || - || K. vol- || vaall || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;straight&quot;
| - || *ńólkɤ- || - || - || - || ńilv || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;limb&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || loll || *lɯɯɣəl || *laaɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;ax&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || salu || *saɣlə || *suuɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. tɯl || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *tåləɣ || *toɣəl || -
| metathesis from *kult- ?
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| *ulku || ''*holkɤ'' || olga || - || - || - || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
|-
| &quot;outside&quot;
| *ulko || *olkó || - || - || K. ɯlɤ || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to moov&quot;
| *kulke- || *kolkɤ- || koĺge- || - || K. kɯlal- || halad- || - || #kååɣəl- || *kulə-
|-
| &quot;to skin&quot;
| *nülke- || *ńɤlkɤ- || ńeĺge- || - || - || - || - || *ńeɣləm- || -
|-
| &quot;to have to&quot;
| - || *kɤlkɤ- || keĺge- || kü/eleš || *kool- || kell- || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;to tread&quot;
| *polke- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *pooɣəl- || *pulə-
|-
| &quot;back&quot;
| *selkä || '''*sélké''' || - || *šəələ || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;fir&quot;
| - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ńulko || K. nɯl || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ńul || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ńalkə || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ńulkå
|-
| &quot;feather&quot;
| ''*sulka'' || *tolkɤ || tolga || - || *tɯl || toll || *tuwəl || *toɣəl || *tuə
|-
| &quot;to bathe&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *pɯlaśk- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| fürö- ? || *püɣl- || *pööɣəl- || -
|-
| &quot;to fly&quot;
| - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| K. šɯlgɯ- || - || *täɣl- || *ɬeɣəl- || -
|-
| &quot;elm&quot;
| - || - || - || *nolɣə || U. ńulo || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;trace&quot;
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - || *jääɣəl || *je
| Smy. &quot;foot&quot;
|-
| &quot;breast&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *mälvi ? || *mélkɤ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *mäĺke || *mel || U. mɤl || *mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəl || -
|-
| &quot;to glitter&quot;
| NW *čilketta- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''ćiĺdor''' || ''*ćɤɤlɣəža-'' || U. ćilal- ~ K. dźuljal- || čillog- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *śülɣ- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *śul- || -
| Too irregular. Phonaesthetic?
|-
| &quot;bare&quot;
| *pelkkä || - || - || *pelke || K. peĺk || - || - || - || -
| *lkk
|-
| &quot;thumb&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*peukalo''' || *pealké || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''päĺkä''' || - || U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pel || - || *pääjə || - || *pêj
| ZERO regularity.
|-
| &quot;foot&quot;
| - || - || piĺgä || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *päälkənt || -
| Ms. rather *pää-l + *kont ?
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *ĺk
|-
| &quot;shine&quot;
| F. valkea || '''*vélké''' || || *waalɣə || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *'''vaaĺk''' || ('''vilaag''') || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''waĺk''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''waĺ-''' || -
| Vocals irregular.
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *kL ?
|-
| &quot;swede&quot;
| *nakris || - || - || - || - || - || *nɯɯr || *naaɣər || -
| *kr
|-
| &quot;wart&quot;
| *süklä || '''*čivlé''' || '''śiĺge''' || *šəɣəĺe || - || süĺ || - || - || -
| *kl
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *ðk
|-
| &quot;duck&quot;
| *sotka || *čoaðké || śulgo || *šooe || *śul || - || ''*sɯɯĺ'' || ''*saaj'' || -
|-
| &quot;tip, bud&quot;
| *tutka- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''tuθku-''' || - || - || U. tuĺɯm || tööɟ || *taĺək || *tääj || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *ðʲk / 
|-
| &quot;spit&quot;
| *sülki || '''*čolkɤ''' || śeĺgä || *šööwəl || U. śalal ~ K. śɤlal || - || *süĺɣ- || *söjəɣ || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *sk
|-
| &quot;middle&quot;
| *keski || *kɤskɤ || keska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;sembra&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *sus || - || '''*tɯɯt''' || *ɬɯɯɣəɬ || *tɯtə(k)
|-
| &quot;rump&quot;
| - || - || kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *ks
|-
| &quot;liver&quot;
| *maksa || *móksé || || *mokš || *musk || maaj || *majət || ''*muuɣəɬ'' || *mɯtə
|-
| &quot;to take off; to be able&quot;
| F. jaksa- || - || '''jukśe-''' || - || *juskɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;valley&quot;
| In. lakso || '''leakšɤ''' || || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *laksa || U. los(k) || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| *peeksä- || - || pikse- || - || U. pos- ~ K. pes- || - || - || - || *pitV-
|-
| &quot;rodent&quot;
| - || - || maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak.  Mo. &quot;mole&quot;, Kh. &quot;beaver&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *śk
|-
| &quot;dry&quot;
| *koski || koškɤ- || kośke- || *kaškə- || U. kwaś ~ K. koś || - || - || - || *kåsə-
|-
| &quot;rotten&quot;
| - || - || *kaaškə- || *kuź &lt;!--kuź ~ kuj--&gt; || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to step&quot;
| *askel- || || - || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- &lt;!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- --&gt;|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
|-
| &quot;to (let) go&quot;
| *laske- || *lóšté- || laśka- || - || *ledź- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *laśke- ? || *låsɣə- || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *kś
|-
| &quot;autumn&quot;
| *süksü || *čɤkčɤ || '''śokś''' || *šəəžə || U. sižɯl || öös || *tükəs || *söɣəs || -
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *šk
|-
| &quot;ax&quot;
| *tahko || - || || *toš || *tɯš(k-) || - || - || - || -
| F. &quot;grindstone&quot;
|-
| &quot;sleigh&quot;
| *ahkio || - || || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Ne. ŋuutuuʔ
| Vowels irregular
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *kš
|-
| &quot;white&quot;
| *hahka ? || - || akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
| &quot;knot&quot;
| *pahka || - || pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *čk
|-
| &quot;to breik&quot;
| *katkeða- || - || || '''*kɤɤčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to bite&quot;
| - || '''kácké-''' || - || *kaačka- || K. gɤčkɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;bitter&quot;
| '''*katkera''' || *kóccɤk || || '''*kaača-''' || U. kɤš || - || *kɯɯšɣə ? || '''*kiičə''' ? || -
| Cf. &quot;smell&quot;
|-
| &quot;smell&quot;
| *katku || - || || - || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Cf. &quot;bitter&quot;
|-
| &quot;wet&quot;
| *nahka || *ńóské || načka || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty &quot;raw&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;to pluck&quot;
| *kitko- &lt;!-- Es. kitku- --&gt; || *kɤské- || kočko- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to close&quot;
| - || - || - || *paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;thru&quot;
| *pahki || - || pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| Or *šk?
|-
| &quot;thru&quot;
| - || - || ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
|-
| &quot;to thro&quot;
| vatka- ? || - || vačka- || vačka- ? || - || - || - || *waaškalt- ||
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *kć ?
|-
| &quot;gills&quot;
| - || *ńókčɤm || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*naašmə''' || K. '''ńokćim''' || - || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *tk
|-
| &quot;to peel&quot;
| - || *vótké- || vatka- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
|-
| &quot;to tie&quot;
| *kütke- || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kəəćke- || U. kɯtkɯ- || - || *küt- || *köt- || '''*küt-'''
|-
| &quot;to look for&quot;
| - || - || ťeťke- || || || || - || *töɣət- || *titə-
|- style=&quot;background:#C0C0FF&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *kt
|-
| &quot;2&quot;
| *kakti || *kókté || || *kok || *kɯk || keet || *kit || *kiit, käät || *kêtä
|-
| &quot;to put&quot;
| *ahta- || *vókté- || || *optə- || K. '''oktɯ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *n + sibilant (regularly missing in Mari?)
|-
| &quot;tail&quot;
| - || - || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *paač || *bɤɤž || - || *panš ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *poč || *pənčå
| *po(n)ča
|-
| &quot;to open&quot;
| - || *póncé || panžo- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| *pa(n)ča
|-
| &quot;nail&quot;
| *künti || *kɤncɤ || kenže || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kööč || U. gižɯ ~ K. gɯž || - || *künš || *könč || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*kəčå''
| *kü(n)čV
|-
| &quot;flea&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *sonsa-ri || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šičav || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šuršo || - || - || style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;| *šo(n)š || *čuunč || -
|-
| &quot;sleigh&quot;
| - || - || - || künžö || - || - || - || - || *kənčå
|-
| &quot;to paint&quot;
| - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *koočV || - || *kanš || *kanč || -
|-
| &quot;to search&quot;
| - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kəəčala- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *koočk- || - || *känš- || *kenč- || -
|-
| &quot;pine&quot;
| *petä-jä || *peacé || piče || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *pöönčə || *poož-ɯm || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;grouse&quot;
| *mecco || - || - || - || - || - || *mänšəm || - || -
| *nć, if not F. ← *meccä &quot;woods&quot; ← B.
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dal'qörian</title>
    <id>6687</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47078</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-07T12:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Dal'qörian]] to [[Dalcurian Language Homepage]]:&amp;#32;Diacritics in title causing browser issues</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dalcurian Language Homepage]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian language and basic history</title>
    <id>6688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47294</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-16T18:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample texts with audio-Paliestrijel qve logöiel, máriÞ ecöndrämös */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[Image:Flag1.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian flag]] [[Image:web_template.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian Islands]]'''Dalcurian''' (Dalcurian spelling: '''Dal'qörian''' IPA '''ɗælkuːɹiːjæn''') is the language of '''Dalcuria''' ('''''Dal'qöria'''''), a small group of islands approx 300 miles south-westerly off the southwest coast of Ireland. Stylistically, it's full of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Indo-European traits] (although not strictly an IE language), with strong influences from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latin], plus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language Finnish] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language Cornish]. 

The earliest form of Dalcurian language was developed as a religious tongue by a rather eccentric [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan pagan] king called '''Thadæus Thadurac''' (Dalcurian: '''''þadæös þadörac''''') around 200 BC. The religion was a breakaway form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan Paganism] that was practiced throughout Europe around that time, and had thousands of followers, divided up into fellowships. Thadurac was the order's self appointed king, and highly revered among his followers. Although not fully substantiated, it's thought that he was a Carthaginan. Carthaginians were great seafarers and they capitalized on the trade of the Iberian silver and British tin. Thadurac had forged trade links as far as England, and was a highly respected Carthaginian councillor.

Thadurac, an eccentric to say the least, had studied language in Greece as the young scholar of a prominent Greek philosopher called '''Adaikos''' in 210 BC. He had learned many things whilst under the wing of Adaikos, including skills in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics economics] and governing. These skills would eventualy stand him well when came to true power on the Dalcurian islands, bringing stability and order to his society, radicalizing even more his then worshipped religion with his own ideals and philosophies.

Around Thaduracs time, the Carthaginians wealth, mastery of trade and expansion along the Mediterranean coast towards Italy brought Carthage into direct confrontation with the newly rising power of Rome. Sensing invasion at the hands of the Romans, he fled Carthage to southern Ireland where he and 10,000 of his followers from across Europe merged with the Irish Celtic branch of the Thaduracian fellowship. Years earlier, he had sent one of his Iberian Celtic Fellowships to the Dalcurian Islands, after they [the islands] were given to him as a kingly gift from the Irish Celtic branch of the order. This Celtic Fellowship had utilised its mastery of hemp, and forged a trade link back to the Mediterranean as a result of Thadurac's strong influence in the region. Thadurac now sought to colonize the islands, and did so with gusto, enticing many more followers to join him from various European regions. He named the islands '''Þadöracia'''-''Thaduracia'', and by 180 BC, the population numbered in excess if 100,000. The now termed 'Thaduracians' had for many years been encouraged to use Thadurac's religious language, and with a new influx of followers, his conlang diversified into many dialects. However, the language would undergo many inevitable changes as a direct result of migrants bringing into it their own influences, and it took around 150 years for a standard form to emerge. It's this standard form that we now term 'Thaduracian' for historical purposes, and would last for approx another 150 years or so before its transition into 'Proto-Dalcurian' or 'Neo-Thaduracian' as it's sometimes refered to.

As the years of Thadurac’s reign went by, and indeed long after his reign, his religious language matured, and as it became more widely accepted, it became more advanced, forming small pockets of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial colloquial speech] in many villages and towns. It spread out into the remaining fellowships of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_europe Western Europe], becoming ever more present in every day speech. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European European] factions of the fellowship would ultimately form their own [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect dialects], which eventually substrated into the island's own dialect during the Pagan exodus of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century 3rd] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century 4th] centuries.

Though records and manuscripts are few, the early language itself appeared to have been very simple and mainly synthetic (since a word could be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection inflected] for ''person, tense, number'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verbs modality]''). It's lexicon was perhaps around 500 base words, most verbs were inflected for person, number and tense (perhaps influenced by Latin), and it can be said that 'derivational synthesis' was frequently employed to create new words, long after Thadurac had died. 

From the mid 3rd century, thousands of European pagans, not just Thaduracian pagans, migrated out of their homelands running from persecution, after the Roman Emperor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans Constans] decreed that all pagan worship and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice sacrifice] (''even though Thaduracian Paganism did not practice sacrifice'') should cease; warning those who still persisted in the practice of paganism with the threat of the death penalty. Many more found their way to Thaduracia, after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I Theodosius I] officially declared [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity Christianity] as the official religion of the Roman Empire.&lt;br/&gt;By this time, the Thaduarcian tongue had long been accepted as the main language of the island (''although it wasn’t official''), and having knowledge of Thaduracian meant integration into society was relatively easy for this new influx of Europeans. This exodus inevitably produced a myriad of dialects across the island, and brought into the language many [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_words loan words] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages Germanic languages]. Regional village dialects formed, though not drastically, as the settlers from various European regions tended to stick together in the same village or town.&lt;br/&gt;Not only did the language take on new traits, but also Thaduracian society became more highly developed. Many large towns rose up across the island, and its first city was officially named as '''Calmania''' (dal: '''''Qal’mánia''''') in 467. The main port in the southwest region of Halcarnia ('''''Hal'qánia''''') became increasingly busier, largely due to the island’s geographical position. Ships coming from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] would often make port there where goods would be bought, sold and bartered for. (From this era, a 'pidgin' form of Dalcurian formed among the traders, which would eventually come do dominate the area and became a 'superstratum'). The then leader, king '''Heldoch d’Calba II''' (dal: '''''Heldø d’Qalba'''''), established its first form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government government] with the aid of Roman Auxiliary defectors, which created a more centralized control over the towns, villages, and of course the economy.

In 512AD, '''Dalæth Curan''' (Dalcurian: '''''DalæÞ Qöran''''') became Thaduracia’s youngest king at only 22 years of age. Like his great predecessor Thadurac, he was a very astute scholar. He had studied language and history, was fluent in Latin and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_english Old English], and had studied the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages Celtic languages] (''by this time, a strong Irish Celtic society had formed in the northern region''). He was extremely ambitious, and one of the first things he sought to do was to re-open the Mediterranean trade link that had been lost 150 years previously. The Mediterranean was a trade link that Thaduracia had followed for over 800 years, and the bulk of its hemp trade came from there. Even when the Romans captured the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian Carthaginian] trading colonies along its coast (''roughly 210 BC-Dalcuria had a huge export trade in tin with Carthage'') trade only dwindled slightly. However, with the onset of Christianity into the Roman Empire, trade was banned by the Romans at the beginning of the 4th century after '''Theodosius I''' established Nicene Christianity as the official and, except for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism Judaism], only legal religion in the Roman Empire. He declared that Thaduracian Paganism, which by now had been dwindling in Europe for some years, was merely a cult, denouncing the Christian religion. Even though Thaduracia was not part of the Roman Empire, he conceived the notion that it could once again infiltrate Roman society. (''The idea that the Thaduracians were merely a cult was of course ludicrous, since the population stood at around 400,000'')

By the mid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_century 5th century], the Roman Empire had ceased to function and was dissolving rapidly, although Christianity survived. At the same time, the Thaduracian religion on the island was falling out of favour, since the previous king, '''d’Calba''' had declared that, ''&quot;the free will of the Thaduracian people was not so free if they were bound to one religion&quot;''. Though he never laid any laws or constitutions over this, the people heeded his philosophy-albeit slowly! With this in mind, Christianity was beginning to spread across the face of Thaduracian Paganism, and they were beginning to view their religion as 'outdated'. This was something that '''Curan''' made no attempt to change when he succeeded the throne; he desperately wanted to make friends in this new Europe, and saw '''d’Calba’s''' philosophy as a way to shaking hands with the new leaders of the deceased Roman Empire. In 523, he decreed that Thaduracian Paganism was indeed an 'outdated' religion for his countrymen, and no longer the force by which people should live their lives, citing that Thaduracia was now the only place left still practicing the religion, and that the only way to evolve as a race into a world that was changing rapidly, was, ''&quot;to follow the path of Europe&quot;''. Although he never officially banned it, the majority of Thaduracians followed his reasoning, with only a small faction carrying on with their paganistic beliefs. The following year, he went across to Europe and successfully re-opened trading with the Mediterranean, and forged new relations in England, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy Italy] and Germany. The hemp trade became a major force once again in Thaduracia’s economy, and would eventually stretch up as far as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia Scandinavia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland Finland].

During Curan’s 50-year reign, he managed to turn Thaduracia into an even more prosperous and modern land. He divided the island up into 7 provinces, each with their own provincial councils; all answering to a central government. He created Thaduracia’s first university, and each province had its own school. He kept [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax taxes] low, so as to allow those who worked the farms and hemp fields a 'decent' income, falling inline with his philosophy that Thaduracia should be a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class classless soceity] (''though this didn't happen till many years later'').

At the onset of 550, Curan sought to standardize the national language, and to introduce formal and political elements. His reasoning behind this was that some of the provincial dialects were becoming a little unintelligeable, and this was creating problems during multi-Government meetings and business affairs. Curan had very strong and healthy relationships with England and Germany, and infact, many of his councillors were German. He decided that political and legal proceedings would be conducted in the then Old German language, and it is during this era that saw the introducton of new gramatical traits (such as the '''ga''' tense prefix)and many new loan words from Old English and Old High German. 

Up until now, the Thaduracian script was still in use, but Curan was beginning to find Thaduracian Script problematic as the language became evermore influenced by other languages. He wanted to move towards latinization, not least because of his decision to conduct council in German. However, this was met with much distain among the provincial councils, and indeed the majority of the population, citing that the individuality of the island was slowly being stripped away. It would take a further 3 years of political bartering among the provinces before an agreement, and it was eventually decided that a script would be created based on the Latin alphabet. This legislation was passed in 559. Unfortunately, this move didn’t work out as Curan had anticipated. This new reform only managed to filter into political, religious and middle society (''middle society were those who ran business' and were employed by any agency under the control of the king, his respective councils and their divisions''). Because much of the rural society were illiterate, and only had a small understanding of the current Thaduracian writing system, they rebuffed the reform, even after it had been introduced into education, and it wasn’t until Curan threatened (reluctantly) to raise taxes on livestock, that they relented. Rather inevitably, this would lead to non-standardized forms of the new system arising in many rural villages.

When Curan I died in 562, his oldest son Ciaren became his successor. It was only during the first years of his reign that the new writing system, officially named as '''Dal'qöristræÞ''' (literally: Curan's pen), would infiltrate its way into all classes of Thaduracian society. But Thaduracians far and wide eventually came to realise the legacy of Curan I, and the freedom and individuality that he had tried so hard to empower his people with.&lt;br/&gt;During Curan II reign, he continued to shape the modern society that his father had created, and at the end of his short reign in 588 (he sadly died of kidney failure aged 57), the island was renamed '''Dalcuria''' ('''''Dal’qöria''''') in recognition of Curan I &amp; II legacy, although bizarrely, it would be some 100 years later before the language was officially termed '''Dal’qörian'''.

The Dalcurian of today is quite dissimilar to its ancestor, and typically it has undergone various spelling and pronunciation progressions. The biggest changes are, with the exception of the Halcarnian dialect, the loss of the noun and modal cases, and the most recent spelling reform in 1879, in which capitalisation was implemented at the beginning of sentences.&lt;br/&gt;The ancient Thaduracian script system was also studied, revived and modernized by an agency set up by the Government in the mid 90's. The history of both the ancient script and the Dalcurian alphabet was introduced into education at the beginnig of 2000, and there are now many courses outside of school where people can learn how to write with them. In fact, there are even some societies who produce their letters in '''Dal'qöristræÞ''' (Dalcurian script) and the Dalcurian alphabet.
----
    
===='''Standard Dalcurian'''====

Standard Dalcurian is much more related in style and grammar to Indo-European and Germanic than Halcarnian, and is dialect spoken by all Dalcurians in formal conditions. Normal word order is SVO, but this is governed by a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositions prepositional] rule; a prepositioned phrase will always immediately follow the subject (or a modal verb) eg: '''binä görøria'''-''I'm going out'', but, '''binä, ''máriÞ érenöra'', görøria'''-''I'm going out '''with them'''''. (Dalcurian ears are very sensitive to this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntactic] rule; forgetting this will make you easily recognisable as a non-Dalcurian). In fact, modern word order is quite rigid in comparison to the language spoken around Thaduracs time, through the gradual loss of a ''true objective case'' ([[true objective explanation|click here for an explanation]])and its transition into an analytic langage. Modal verbs are present, but there are no [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilliary_verbs auxiliaries] such as ''would, shall'' and ''will''-these are denoted from verbal suffixes (like Latin). Case wise there are 3: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_case subjective], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_case objective] (for pronouns only) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_case possesive] (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case genitive]). Technically, there is no ''dative'' case-this is rendered by use of the preposition ''to'' with the subjective pronoun (''considered 'lazy' by Dalcurian grammarians''). 

One major factor about the language is the absence of the present tense [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation conjugations] of the verb [http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/to_be.htm to be], (including the copula 'to be'), and the simple, perfect and pluperfect tenses ''was/were, have/had been''. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_indicative#Indicative_mood present indicative] is ALWAYS indicated by the lack of any 'prefixual-inflection' to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb verb], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb adverb] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective adjective]. Adverbs and adjectives have a unique tense that puts them into the past, denoting the use of ''was/were/have/had been''.

====[[Halcánian dialect|Eastern Dalcurian dialect]]====
----

=='''Sample texts with audio&lt;/span&gt;'''==

'''1st article of the Declaration of Human Rights&lt;/span&gt;'''. [[Media:Ela_mantabel.ogg| HEAR THIS TEXT]]

[[Image:Declaration1.jpg]]  

'''&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond&quot;&gt;The Lord's Prayer&lt;/span&gt;''' [[Media:lordsprayer.ogg| LISTEN TO 'THE LORDS PRAYER']]

[[Image:lords_prayer.jpg]]

Below is a well kept example of a 16th century wedding announcement. This would have been to announce the intention of marriage by someone who worked in the royal council. It would have been displayed in notice boards in and around the royal courts and offices. It's main purpose was to bring forward anyone who had reason to be against the marriage. It translates as follows:

''King Caduc VIII&lt;br/&gt;Announcement of Marriage:&lt;br/&gt;Here is found the proposal of marriage between Lathinian Gath &amp; Amareta Cusel.&lt;br/&gt;The event be on the day 14th January 1634. If there exists a person who has reason against the marriage,&lt;br/&gt;then they must come forth before the above day and stand before the King's Council.&lt;br/&gt;May God bless this marriage with virtue.''

[[Image:16_wed_prop.jpg]]

=='''Style&lt;/span&gt;'''==

Dalcurian is a 'rhotic' language; the letter 'r' is pronounced after every vowel. It's pronounciation is very deliberate. In fact, by and large, Dalcurian is quite formal-largely due to the lack of idiomatic [http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html phrasal verbs]. There is also no 'slang' form, although there is a small colloquial element to it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian</title>
    <id>6689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49200</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T21:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:dal title1 peg.jpg]]

[[User:Rivendale|Click Here to see disclaimer]] 

{{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)&lt;br&gt;[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet&lt;br&gt;(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Middle Dalcurian&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)&lt;br/&gt; Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}}

__TOC__

[[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]]

'''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]'''

Transliteration

&lt;font color=#151B8D&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;'''Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.&lt;br/&gt;Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''

Translation 

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px&quot;&gt;'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.&lt;br/&gt;I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk'''''
----
Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].&lt;BR/&gt;I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
----

=='''Sub categories'''==

===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]===

===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]===

===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===

===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===

===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===

===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]===

===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]===

===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===

===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]===

===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]===

===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===

=='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''==

====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]====
====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]====
====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]====
====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]====
====[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian Dictionary]====

====Links:====
[http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot''']

[[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian modal verbs</title>
    <id>6690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49198</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T21:49:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nöacr */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian verbs|Return to Dalcurian Verbs]]

Modal verbs are auxiliaries that convey a condition for the main verb. There are six modal verbs in Dalcurian and unlike main verbs are quite irregular. 

'''Dalcurian modals in tense:'''

Present/infinitive:

* '''voltir''' ''want'' 
* '''mösár''' ''must/to have to'' 
* '''Þöldr''' ''should (ought to)'' 
* '''már''' ''may/to be allowed to'' 
* '''iqur''' ''like''
* '''nöacr''' ''can/able to''

'''Simple past:'''

* '''gä'voltir''' ''wanted'' 
* '''gä'mösár''' ''had to'' 
* '''gä'Þöldr''' ''was/were supposed to'' 
* '''gä'már''' ''was/were allowed to'' 
* '''gä'iqur''' ''liked''
* '''gä'nöacr''' ''could/was/were able to''

'''Perfect present'''

* '''gä'ábravoltir''' ''has/have wanted'' 
* '''gä'ábramösár''' ''have had to'' 
* '''gä'ábraÞöldr''' ''has/have been supposed to'' (rarely used)
* '''gä'ábramár''' ''has/have been be allowed to'' 
* '''gä'ábra-iqur''' ''has/have liked''
* '''gä'ábranöacr''' ''could have, has/have been able to''

'''Future'''

* '''voltiræ''' ''will want'' 
* '''mösáræ''' ''will  have to'' 
* '''Þöldr'''- 
* '''máræ''' ''will be allowed to'' 
* '''iquræ''' ''will like''
* '''nöacræ''' ''will able to''

'''Conditional'''

* '''voltirquas''' ''would want'' 
* '''mösárquas''' ''would have to'' 
* '''Þöldrquas''' ''would be supposed to'' 
* '''márquas''' ''would be allowed to'' 
* '''iqurquas''' ''would like''
* '''nöacrquas''' ''would be able to''

'''Perfect conditional''' (Note the omission of '''ábra''' in this perfective tense)

* '''gä'voltirquas''' ''would have wanted'' 
* '''gä'mösárquas''' ''would have had to'' 
* '''gä'Þöldrquas''' ''would have been supposed to'' 
* '''gä'márquas''' ''would have been allowed to'' 
* '''gä'iqurquas''' ''would have liked''
* '''gä'nöacrquas''' ''would have been able to''

'''NOTE 1''': Although the auxilliary '''ábra'''-''have/has'' can take a conditional inflection, we do not use it with conditional modals. Look at the following 2 examples for the phrase, ''I would have wanted...'': the first is grammatically wrong, the second correct:

* '''Binä gä'ábraquas gä'voltir...''' 
* '''Binä gä'voltirquas...'''

'''NOTE 2''': Modals only take past tense inflection if the main verb is in infinitive form, or in the case of '''like''' acts as the main verb:

* '''Binä gä'voltir gör'''. ''I wanted '''to go'''''.
* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, binä gä'ábraiqur siöra'''. ''I '''have liked''' her for a while''.

Main verbs themselves carry past tense inflections, and the modal must remain in the infinitive:

* '''Mæ mösár, rödn tiÞ, gä'ábrategöfár.''' ''He must have forgotton about it''.
* '''Sia Þöldr gä'ábracenár'''. ''She should have known''.

The following are grammatically wrong:

* '''Mæ ''gä'mösár'', rödn tiÞ, ''gä'tegöfár''.''' ''He must have forgotton about it''.
* '''Sia ''gä'Þöldr gä'qenár'''''. ''She should have known''.

A tip here is to consider if the main verb is a past participle, as in the above ''forgotton'' and ''known''; two past participles cannot sit together. 

==='''Nöacr'''===

This is the only Dalcurian verb that has a subjunctive form, which is '''näocr'''. Depending on context, this can mean ''could, could be, might, might be''. However, one must be able to distinguish the difference between the simple past tense ''could'' and the subjunctive ''could''.

Simple past

This simply implies that you are no longer able to do something:

* '''Binä gä’nöacr, vönéri minäla gä'nábr binöra, evédr.''' ''I could (was able to) drive before I was banned.''

The subjunctive is entirely different. See the Subjunctive section below.

==='''Mösár'''===

This verb, although having a translation of ''must'' is not as forceful as its English counterpart when in negation. In fact, it's more akin to the German verb ''müssen'':

* '''Ména mösár gör'''. ''We have to go''.
* '''Ména mösárax gör'''. ''We don't have to go''. (It's not vital or necessary that we go).

To translate '''mösár''' into a true negative, we use the intensifier '''esti''':

* '''Ména mösár esti gör'''! ''We MUST go!''

In sentences and clauses where a modal verb is present, word order puts a prepositional phrase AFTER the modal verb and NOT immediately after the pronoun/noun as normal:

* '''Binä, máriÞ érenöra, gör'''. ''I go with them''.
* '''Binä mösár, máriÞ érenöra, gör'''. ''I have to go with them''.

DON'T FORGET: For negation, add '''x/ax'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian verb moods</title>
    <id>6691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49199</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T21:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subjunctive */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian verbs|Return to Dalcurian Verbs]]

The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. Dalcurian verbs have 4 moods:

1. '''Indicative''', a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question, to describe an habitual action, or generally an action that is happening now, in the past or the future (covered in the above section).

2. '''Imperative''', a verb stating a command or request. 

3. '''Subjunctive''', a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact.

4. '''Conditional''', a verb refering to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.

=='''Imperative'''==

The imperative mood adds '''os''' to the infinitive. In dirct orders or forceful requests, this is often followed by the accusative pronoun. However, for politness, such as giving directions or instructing strangers, then either the nominative can be used or no pronoun at all:

* '''Quavéna, nistaros diöra taÞ!''' ''Can you stop doing that at once!''

* '''Abetáros eladiö!''' ''You may begin!'' 

* '''Quavéna, lecantros diöra taÞ zigaretij!''' ''Put that cigarette out!''

* '''Qintä tistros diö.''' ''Please sit.''

* '''Nebtöros jentø,, nes göros écanelbrädn’lencöÞ.''' ''Turn right then go straight ahead.''

* '''ERACINÖRÄMÖS: TSÖCRAXOS ELA!''' ''DANGER: DO NOT TOUCH!''

=='''Subjunctive'''==

For the most part, the subjunctive mood is expressed with the conditional form of the verb '''nöacr'''-''can'', which is '''näocr'''-''could'' (take care not to use the actual simple past of ''can'' which is '''gä'nöacr''', as you may not be understood). This can also mean ''could be'' when preceeding an adjective: 

* '''Méla binä näocr diöra,, nes binä maqurquasax taÞ.''' ''If I were you, I wouldn't do that.''

* '''Binä sæcr,, taÞ binä näocr fæeltös.''' ''I wish I were (could be) rich.''

The Dalcurian subjunctive can also translate as ''maybe'' or ''might/be'':

* '''Di blösonj qve diöra, am sancoj, näocr¿''' ''Your coat might be in the cupboard.''

* ''' Mæ, am alcabödänø, nø näocr¿''' ''Maybe he's still in the pub?''

Other subjuncive forms that can be rendered with '''näocr''' are:

* ''I suggested that Paul eat an apple.''

* ''I am rather anxious that she discuss this with me soon''.

There are actually 2 ways in which these can be equated. Using '''näocr''':

* '''Binä, te Paul, gä'gesægr,, taÞ mæ näocr qonsömér ni apelj¿''' ''I suggested that Paul eat an apple.'' Lit: ''I, to Paul, suggested that he maybe eat an apple''.

* '''Binä disiri angræÞ,, taÞ nösa, sia näocr, máriÞ binöra, rödnspecér séÞa'''. ''I am rather anxious that she discuss this with me soon''¿ lit: I'm very anxious, that soon she maybe, with me, discusses this.''

Note: In written grammar, the subjunctive will often be completed with an upside down question mark.

=='''Conditional'''==

This form adds '''quas''' to the verb:

* '''quascr''' ''ask'' '''quascrquas''' ''would ask''
* '''gä'ábraspélögr''' ''have played'' '''gä'ábraspélögrquas''' ''would have played''
* '''Méla di danpörämös stæabetár,, nes ''binä görørquas'''''. ''If it stopped raining then I '''would go out'''''. 
* '''Méla épø, máriÞ binöra, agöentr,, nes binä ''stödæérquas öraÞ'''''. ''If I had time, I '''would study art'''''.
----

In adition to these, colloquial Dalcurian often expresses verbs with the following moods:

* '''Causative'''-Indicates the cause of an action.

* '''Deductive'''-Indicate the speaker's assumption from a set of facts.

* '''Deliberative'''-Indicates the speaker's request for a command.

* '''Dubitative'''-Indicates an air of doubt in the speaker's statement.

However, these moods are highly colloquial and not likely to be used with a foreigner, and likewise a foreigner is only likely to use them if they have a very good command of Dalcurian.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian verb to do</title>
    <id>6692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47173</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-08T21:11:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian verbs|Return to Dalcurian Verbs]]

The verb '''maqur'''-''to do'' has very little usage in Dalcurian. It is mainly used in interrogative questions:

* '''Vitrö? maquria mæ.''' ''What's he doing?'' lit: ''What are doing you?''
** '''Binä maquriax éanöÞa'''. ''I'm not doing anything''. lit: ''I'm doing not anything''.

It is not classed as an auxilliary verb, and never used to be emphatic:

* ''Don't you like music? Yes, I DO like music!''

In Dalcurian, asking questions equivalent to the above example, one simply uses the main verb (very much as in German). If the response is to be emphatic, then use the intensifier '''esti''':

* '''Diö iqurax löræasáÞ, nál? Néfaracte, binä iqur löræasáÞ esti'''!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian intensifiers</title>
    <id>6693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47188</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-09T21:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__TOC__

[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

To make a sentence or statement more powerful or emphatic, Dalcurian uses what it terms '''tebadærátsiel'''-''intensifiers'' where in English, we would make use adverbs:

* I '''really''' hate the way you speak to me sometimes!     
* I thought that film was '''absolutely''' hilarious.
* She’s '''so''' happy.   
* You must '''never ever''' say things like that!   
* Just '''what the hell''' were you thinking?

Although Dalcurian does have many of the typical adverbs that exist in English, they're seldom used in every day speech. There use is reserved mainly for standard and formal speech and letters.

=='''Esti'''==

This intensifier is very common, and can have either a negative or positive connotation depending on context and voice intonation. It cannot be 'literally' translated, but can equate to adverbs such as, ''really, absolutely, very, so'' etc. Here are some examples:

* '''Quriandø, binä qurvecsár diöra'''! ''I hate you sometimes''!
** '''Quriandø, binä qurvecsár diöra esti'''! ''I really hate you sometimes''!
* '''Sia qurnöra'''. ''She's happy''.
** '''Sia esti quranöra'''. ''She's so/very happy''.
* '''Binä gä'descöbr,, taÞ di mosödrämös gé'tatécran'''. ''I thought that the film was fantastic''.
** '''Binä gä'descöbr,, taÞ di mosödrämös gé'tatécran esti'''. ''I thought that the film was '''absolutely''' fantastic''.

'''Esti''' can also give more force to a modal verb:

* '''Binä iqur spélögria fözbal.''' ''I like playing football''. 
** '''Binä iqur esti spélögria fözbal.''' ''I '''really like''' playing football''. 
* '''Ména mösár gör.''' ''We have to go.'' (but it's not a matter of urgency)
** '''Ména mösár gör esti'''! ''We MUST go!''
* '''Sia voltir taÞ'''. ''She wants that one''.
** '''Sia voltir esti taÞ'''! ''She really wants that one!''
* '''Nösa, éren Þöldr eviár.''' ''They should be arriving soon''.
** '''Äda dion stöndæel, éren esti Þöldr gä'ábra-eviár!''' ''They SHOULD have arrived 2 hours ago!''
* '''Ména márax stæagöentr dérÞ'''. ''We're not allowed to sit here''.
** '''Eladiö esti márax  stæagöentr dérÞ'''! ''You're NOT allowed to sit here!''

And in a few stock phrases:

* '''esti nál'''! ''certainly not!''
* '''esti yil!''' ''YES!''
* '''esti qnáÞradiö'''! ''thankyou very much''!

The position of '''esti''' is down to the speaker. It's often placed at the end of the statement, but equally at home preceeding or following the word it emphasises.

=='''Quavéna'''==

Used to denote distain, anger, disagreement or frustration, or to add a harsher tone to the sentence. Usually goes at the beginning to immediately alert the listener to your mood, or at the beginning of a ''because/resultant clause'' to intensify the reason of your action or feeling:

* '''Mösár? diö maqur taÞ nöra.''' ''Do you have to do that now?''                                      
** '''Quavéna, mösár? diö maqur taÞ nora!''' ''For heaven's sake, must you do that now?''
* '''Quintä, tirigör litrangæÞ'''. ''Please keep quiet''.
** '''Quavéna, tirigör diöra litrangæÞ!''' ''WILL YOU BE QUIET!'' 

It can also translate the English use of the expletive ''bloody/bloody hell''. Here it would normally precede the verb, adjective or noun:

* '''Gegéna, danöÞ quavéna danpöria'''! ''It's bloody raining again!''
* '''Mæ ni quavéna agrödámn!''' ''He's a bloody idiot!''
* '''Várö? sia södisir quavéna dostibrostn!''' ''Why is she so bloody stupid?''
* '''Binä gä'ábrapädr di slasojel'''. '''Quavéna'''! ''I've lost the keys''. ''Oh bloody hell!''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/Ä</title>
    <id>6694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58889</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-14T12:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* *ä_a, etc. */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">→ Finnic ''*ä'', Moksha ''ä'', Mari ''*e'', Mansi ''*ää'', Khanty ''*ee'' (/ ''*öö'' next to a velar), Smy. ''*e''

==Std. PU *ä_i==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| F. ''*ä_i'', S. ''*é_ɤ''
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;mound&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*mättäs'' || *mēktɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *mektə
|-
| &quot;to hide&quot;
| *kätke- || - || *käkšə- || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;cradle&quot;
| *kätküt || *kētkɤ- || - || - || U. kɤkɯ || - || - || - || *ketə-
| Cf. prev.
|-
| &quot;string&quot;
| *jänti || - || - || - || - || '''ideg''' || ''*jääntəɣ'' ? || '''*jöntəɣ''' || *jentə
|-
| &quot;a bird&quot;
| E. ähk || - || šäkši || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ćećkem || K. čakčej || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;gull, osprey&quot;
| *sääksi || *čēkčɤ || - || - || K. ćikći || - || '''*siɣəs''' || '''*süüɣəs'''  || -
| some confusion w/prev.?
|-
| &quot;hand&quot;
| *käti || *kētɤ || käď || ''*kit'' || *ki || keez || *käät || *kööt || -
|-
| &quot;power&quot;
| *väki || *vēkɤ || '''vij''' || *vij || *vi || vele- ? || *wääɣ || *wööɣ || -
| Ma. *ej → *ij
|-
| &quot;ice&quot;
| *jää || *jēŋɤ || *jäŋ || *ij || ''*jɤɤ'' || jeeg || *jääŋk || *jööŋk || '''*jaŋ'''
| *jäŋi.  Ma. *ej → *ij
|-
| &quot;to become cold&quot;
| *jäähty- || *jēŋsō- || jäkše- || '''*jükše-''' || - || - || - || '''*jöɣɬi-''' || -
| *jäŋ-(k)šti-; non-West *jükši- ??
|-
| &quot;to freeze&quot;
| (*jääty-) || - || - || - || K. ''jɤd-'' || - || *jäänt- || '''*jentəl-''' ||
| *jäŋ-ta
|-
| &quot;thigh&quot;
| *sääri || - || śäjäŕ || - || K. ''ćɤr'' || - || - || - || -
| maybe rather *śäxiri than *śäjiri
|-
| &quot;head&quot;
| *pää || *pēŋɤ || '''pe''' || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*pooŋ''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| fej || *pääŋk || - || -
| NMs '''puŋk'''?
|-
| &quot;louse&quot;
| *täi || - || - || *tij || U. täj ~ K. toj || tetüü || *tääkmə || *tööɣtəm || -
| S. *tíkɤ ← Gmc? Ma. *ej → *ij
|-
| &quot;to see&quot;
| *näke- || *nēkɤ- || näj- || - || U. '''naal-''' ? || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| neez- || ''*näɣəl-'', '''*niiɣəl-''' || '''*nii-''' || -
|-
| &quot;to wrap&quot;
| ''*keer-tä-'', ''*kääri-'' || *kérɤ- || || || || || *käärɤk || ''*keerää'' || *ker-
| Cf. &quot;to bind&quot;, [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kêri]]
|-
| &quot;sister-in-law&quot;
| *kälü || ''*kālój'' || '''kel''' || - || U. kaĺi ~ K. kel || - || - || *köölə || *kelə
| P. *aa / _l with K. *-ëĺ &gt; el?
|-
| &quot;bit, to cut&quot;
| *säŋki || *čēŋkɤ- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''śive-''' || - || *ćeeg- || seg- || *sääŋk- || *sööŋk- || -
|-
| &quot;breast&quot;
| - || *mēlkɤ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| mälkä || *mel || U. mɤl || mell || *määɣəl || *mööɣəl || -
| F. ''*mälvi'' &quot;bird breast''?
|-
| &quot;rope&quot;
| '''*kewti''' || *kēvðɤ || - || Hi. '''kəl''' ~ Me. '''kɤl''' || *kaal || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kʷääləɣ || *kööləɣ || ''*kürə''
| P. *aa / _l, Smy *äw → *ü ? West *e?
|-
| &quot;lung&quot;
| *tävü || - || '''ťevlav''' || - || *tɯ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| tüdöö || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *tejwä ?
| Cf. &quot;to fill&quot;
|-
| &quot;woodpecker&quot;
| *kärki || - || kärgä || *kerɣə || *kɯr || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;nose&quot;
| - || *nērɤ || *ńäŕ || *ner || *nɯr || - || - || '''*niir''' || '''*ńärə'''
| *näxri?
|-
| &quot;near&quot;
| *lähe- || - || - || ''*lišnə'' || - || - || - || - || *jet-
| Cf. next
|-
| &quot;to suffer&quot;
| *kärsi- || *kērtɤ- || '''kiŕđe-''' || *kerða-, *kerta- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *hardja-
|-
| &quot;warm&quot;
| *lämpe- || - || ĺämbä || '''*leewə''' || - || || - || - || *jempə-
| Smy. &quot;clothes&quot;
|-
| &quot;trace&quot;
| *jälki || - || - || - || - || jel || - || '''*jääɣəl''' || *je
| Smy. &quot;foot&quot;
|-
| &quot;horse ~ herd&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || meen || - || '''*määnəŋ''' || -
| Suspicious
|-
| &quot;heavy&quot;
| *läülV || *lēvlɤ || - || *lelə &lt;!-- Hi. nelə--&gt;|| - || - || - || - || -
| Ms. *ĺuuĺ &quot;weak&quot;, Kh. *ɬöɬ &quot;cold&quot; prob. don't belong
|-
| &quot;to trust&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || mer- || *määr- || - || -
|-
| &quot;to dive&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || meriit- || *määrəkt- || '''*merət-''' || -
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || meet || *määkt || *mööɣət || -
|-
| &quot;warm&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || meleg || *määli || *meelək || -
|-
| &quot;to bind&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || ńeek || '''*niiɣ-''' || *neeɣəj- || -
|-
| &quot;saddle&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || ńerëg || '''*ńäɣər''' || *nööɣər || -
| or rather *i?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | std. PU *äx_i
|-
| &quot;tongue&quot;
| *keeli || *kēlɤ || *käĺ || '''*kəl''' || *kɯl || - || *kääl || *kööl || *keəj
|-
| &quot;broth&quot;
| *leemi || *lēmɤ || *ĺäm || *lem || U. lɯm ~ K. '''ĺem''' || lee || *lääm || - || -
|-
| &quot;prop&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U. mɯdž ~ K. '''meč''' || - || *määš || *meeč || -
|-
| &quot;mind&quot;
| *meeli || *mēlɤ || *mäĺ || - || *mɯl || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;side&quot;
| *veeri || *vērɤ || *väŕə || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to swallo&quot;
| *neele- || *ńēlɤ- || ''ńiĺə-'' || *nela- || *ńɯl(ɯ)- &lt;!-- -M in Komi--&gt;|| '''ńel-''' || *ńääl- || *ńeel- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*nɤl-'''
| Mo. *ää → *ee in open syllables?
|-
| &quot;fine, thin&quot;
| *heeno || - || - || - || K. dženɯt || - || - || - || -
| Weak; ambiguous.
|-
|}

==*ä_a, etc.==
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| F. *ä_a, S. *ā_ē
|-
| &quot;to breathe&quot;
| *läkähtä- || - || läka- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| NB no palz. in Mo?
|-
| &quot;friend&quot;
| - || *lāvē || - || - || - || - || N. ''leekʷ''|| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ɬöɣ || -
| Ms. transfer of labzn? S. ← ObU?
|-
| &quot;flap&quot;
| *läppä || '''*lēpɤ''' || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *leweða || *leep &lt;!-- U. ĺip ~ K. lep--&gt;|| lep || '''*liip''' || - || -
| Mari cf. F. *lewedä &quot;wide&quot;
|-
| &quot;paw&quot;
| *käpsä || - || - || '''*küpš''' || U. '''kus-''' ~ K. '''kɨs, køs''' || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kʷäät || *kööpəɬ || -
|-
| &quot;paw&quot;
| *käppä || - || käpä || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. prev, also F. käpälä
|-
| &quot;this&quot;
| *tä-mä || *tā || tä || Hi. '''ti''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || *ta || te- || '''*ti''' || '''*te''' ? || '''*tê-'''
| East *tê, if not rel. to &quot;that&quot;
|-
| &quot;these&quot;
| *nä-mä || *nā || nä || Hi. '''ni''' ~ Me. '''tɤ''' || K. na || ''-ni'', -ne || *-nää || ''*-nä'' || *nä
| Ugr. lativ
|-
| &quot;needle&quot;
| *äjmä || *ājmē || - || *imə || K. jem || - || - || - || *ejmä
| Ma. *ej → *i
|-
| &quot;ass&quot;
| - || - || - || *šeŋgə || - || šegg || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *sääŋkʷ || - || '''*čëŋkå'''
| *č not palatalized in Smy? 
|-
| &quot;tongue&quot;
| - || *ńālmē || - || '''*ńəlmə''' || - || ńelv, ńeev || '''*ńiiləm''' || '''*ńääləm''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*nåjmå'''&lt;!--Ne. næmu --&gt;
| *ńälma ~ *ńElm ~ *nalma
|-
| &quot;spleen&quot;
| - || *ðāpðē || - || *lepə || '''*loop''' || leep || - || *leepət || Ne. ''rapseä''
| *-pð- ??
|-
| &quot;root, vein&quot;
| - || *sārē || - || Hi. šär ~ Me. šer || U. ser || eer || *täär || *ɬeer || -
|-
| &quot;woman; weasel&quot;
| - || *kāðvē || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''hölɟ'' || *kääĺ || *kööjəɣ || *kejwä
| Ms. *ĺɣ &gt; ĺ
|-
| &quot;to annoy&quot;
| - || *ārē- || - || - || - || - || *äärt- || *eerət- ||
|-
| &quot;to load&quot;
| *sälyttä- || - || - || || || || *tääl- || *ɬeel- || '''*tij-'''
|-
| &quot;to cut&quot;
| *sälä || *čālē- || - || *šela- || *ćaal- || sel- || '''*sil-''' || '''*süül-''' || *selä-
| P. *aa / _l
|-
| &quot;side&quot;
| '''*peeli''' || '''*pealē''' || päĺ || *pel || *paal || feel || *pääl || *peelək || *pelä
| P. *aa / _l, BF length by analogy of *veeri, *pooli?
|-
| &quot;water&quot;
| - || *čācē || - || - || - || - || - || *seeč- || Ne. ''sada''
|-
| &quot;big, mother&quot;
| '''*emä''' || '''*eamē''' || - || - || - || eme || - || - || *emä
| F &amp; S. with analogy from *ena? Cf. F. &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;*ämmä&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| &quot;bone&quot;
| *tähteh || *tāktē || - || - || - || tetem || - || - || -
| F. &quot;leftovers&quot;
|-
| &quot;bog&quot;
| (*jäŋkä) || '''*jeaŋkē''' || - || - || K. jeg || - || *jääŋk || *jeeŋk || -
| F. ← S.
|-
| &quot;sun&quot;
| *päjvä || '''*peajvē''' || - || - || K. ''bi'' || - || - || - || *pejwä
|-
| &quot;lichen&quot;
| *jäkälä  || '''*jeakēl''' || - || - || K. '''jal''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;old man&quot;
| *äjjä || *ājjē || - || - || '''*aj''' || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ejsä
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy?
|-
| &quot;lasso&quot;
| *lämsä || *lāmčē || - || - || K. leć || - || '''*liis''' || '''*liis''' || -
|-
| &quot;to wade&quot;
| ''*kaalat-'' || *kālē- || käĺe- || *kela-, *kelðə- || '''*köl-''', *kaalt- || kel- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kʷääl- || '''*küül-'''  || -
| F. ← S.? Ma &amp; P. #2 &quot;to fish with a pull-net&quot;, P. *aa / _l
|-
| &quot;worm&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. perk || feerëg || *päärk || - || -
| *a-stem per no rk-metathesis
|-
| &quot;to fly&quot;
| - || - || - || - || '''*löb-''' || lebëg-, libëg- || - || - || -
| Rather *e. Cf. F. *lentä- ??
|-
| &quot;elm&quot;
| - || - || śäĺi || '''*šol''' || - || '''sil''' || - || - || -
| F. *salaka, *halaka &quot;willow&quot; ← Gmc.
|-
| &quot;power&quot;
| '''*tarmo''', F. tärmä || *tārmō || - || - || - || - || '''*tiiriŋ''' || '''*täärəm''' || -
|-
| &quot;board&quot;
| '''*parti''' || || - || || - || - || *päärt || *peert || -
|-
| &quot;place&quot;
| '''*ase-''' || - || äźem || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Ne. ŋäso
| But also Mk. '''eźem''', Er. '''iźim'''
|-
| &quot;catfish, burbot&quot;
| *säkä || - || '''śije''' || *šij || - || - || '''*siɣ'''  || '''*seɣ'''  || -
|-
| &quot;star&quot;
| ''*tähti'' || *tāstē || *ťäšťe || *tištə || - || - || - || - || -
| Or -i?
|-
| &quot;spot&quot;
| *täplä || *tāplē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| With Mo. *i, Permic ɨ~o
|-
| &quot;beaver&quot;
| '''*majaka''' || *mājēkē || mijav || - || U. mɨj ~ K. moj || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to depart&quot;
| *läkte- || *lēktɤ- || *ĺiɣte- || ''*lääkta-'' || U. lɨkt- ~ K. lokt- || - || || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*ɬüüɣət-''' || -
-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| With Permic e~ɤ (all a-stems? quite irregular)
|-
| &quot;part&quot;
| räsä || - || - || &quot;рызе&quot; || U. ďeć ~ K. rɤć || rees || -rFś || - || - 
| F. &quot;broken&quot;, unless a variant of ''risa''; Ms. dmnt.
|-
| &quot;to sit down&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. sɤl- || ell- || tääl- || *ɬeeɬ- || #tij-
| Check Smy.
|-
| &quot;back&quot;
| F. '''perä''' ~ E. pära || - || '''*pŕa''' || - || U. ber ~ K. bɤr || - || '''*pärəɣ''' || '''*pertaɣ''' || -
| ObU *pira &gt; *per-əɣ
|-
| &quot;gall&quot;
| '''*sappi'''? || *sāppē || säpä || - || U. sep ~ K. sɤp || epe || *tääp || - || -
| F. cf. Gmc. *sap
|-
| &quot;to bind&quot;
| - || - || kärks || *kera- || U. gerd, kert- ~ K. gɤrd, kɤrt- || ''kür-, küür-'' || '''*kiir-''' || '''*kiir-''' ||
| Cf. &quot;to wrap&quot;
|-
| &quot;to prepare&quot;
| - || *lāčē- || - || '''*lɪšte-''' || U. leśal- ~ K. lɤśal- || || || ||
|-
| &quot;hemp&quot;
| - || - || - || Hi. kəńe ~ Me. kɤńe || U. ken ~ K. kɤn || - || - || - || -
| Wanderwort.
|-
| &quot;to freeze&quot;
| - || - || - || Hi. kiže- || U. kedź- ~ K. kɤdź- || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| With Permic *o (all very irregular)
|-
| &quot;winter&quot;
| '''*talvi''' || *tālvē || Er. tele, Mk. '''ƭala''' || *tel || *tol || teel || *tääl || '''*teləɣ''' ||
|-
| &quot;to order&quot;
| *käske- || - || - || '''*küštə-''' || *kos || || || ||
|-
| &quot;joint&quot;
| *jäsen || - || jäźńä || Hi. ježəŋ ~ Me. '''jɤžəŋ''' || *joz || '''iiz''' || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to turn&quot;
| ''*kääntä-'' || - || - || - || *kož- || - || - || - || - 
|-
| &quot;to fill&quot;
| *täwti || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *tēvtɤ || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*tić'' || *dol- || tel- || *tääɣəl || *teel || *terə
|-
| &quot;scab&quot;
| - || - || E. ĺeme || Hi. lim ~ Me. '''lümö''' || *lom || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to ruminate&quot;
| *mär-ehti- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*smērēcē-'' || - || - || *roməćtɨ-&lt;!--U. -s´t- --&gt; || - || - || - ||
| Looks substratal, P. metathesis?
|-
| &quot;iron&quot;
| - || - || kšńi || '''*kʏrtńe''' || *kort || - || - || - || -
| ← Ir. *kaart-
|-
| &quot;moment&quot;
| F. '''hetki''' ~ Ka. hätki || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''ška''' || - || *čož || - || - || - || -
| WTF?
|-
| &quot;breath; heat&quot;
| '''*heŋki''' || - || - || - || U. džog || - || *sääŋk || '''*čeŋk''', ''säŋk''? || -
| Better here than at *ê. U. cf. &quot;to choke&quot;!
|-
| &quot;ring&quot;
| - || - || - || *jɤr || *jor&lt;!--U. -os--&gt; || - || - || - || *jorka ?
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| With Ob-Ugric *ää~*ää (most spotty)
|-
| &quot;roach; ruffe&quot;
| ''*särki'' || - || *säŕge || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *šereŋɣə || - || - || *täärəɣ || *ɬäärəɣ || -
| Liv. ''särg'' w/o umlaut (*särkä)
|-
| &quot;soft&quot;
| - || SS nemok || - || - || - || - || *ńäämkəm|| *ńäämək ||
|-
| &quot;lap&quot;
| - || - || äĺ || Hi. el- ~ Me. öl- || *åål || - || *ääl || *ääɬ || -
|-
| &quot;to choke&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *čök-,&lt;br/&gt;U. ''džok-'' ~ K. ''džag-'' || - || *šääk- || *čääk- || -
|-
| &quot;tail&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *määnśək || *määsəɣ || Sk. ''mäča''
|-
| &quot;to feel&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. mal- || - || *määl- || *määɬ- || -
| F. *mä(h)le- &quot;to remember&quot; probably doesn't belong
|-
| &quot;honey&quot;
| - || - || - || *mü(j) || - || - || ''maɣ-'' || *määɣ ||
| Newer II loans?
|-
| &quot;to ambush&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || les- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *lääć- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*lääśi-''' ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Rather loans in part
|-
| &quot;crust&quot;
| *kärnä || ''*kearnē'' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''kšńat'''&lt;!--Who the hell comes up with these comparisions?--&gt; || - || - || - || || '''*käärńə-''' ||
| F &amp; S. ← Gmc. *herna
|-
| &quot;to go&quot;
| *käve- || - || - || Hi. kej ~ Me. kaj|| - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc. *skeewjan
|}

&lt;!--
{|
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| bad stuff
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;to pull&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || ńer- || *ńärəmt- || *ńer- || -
| Check ObU. Rather *i?
|-
| &quot;sickness&quot;
| *närä- || - || - || - || K. ńora || - || - || - || -
| Weak
|-
| &quot;porridge&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *rook || - || *räk- || *rääk ||
|-
| &quot;cambium&quot;
| - || *ālē || - || - || - || - || '''*iiĺ''' ? || *öɬ || *ilə
| East *i
|-
| &quot;to chop&quot;
| - || *āktē- || - || - || U. ''oktɨ-'' ~ K. ''oktɨ-'' || üt- || '''*jäkt-''' || *ööɣət- || -
|-
| &quot;hook&quot;
| - || U. ŋieocie || - || - || - || - || *ńäš || ''''*ńäs''' ~ ńiisi || -
|-
| &quot;larch&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. ńia || - || '''*ńik''' || *nääŋk ||
|-
| &quot;trap&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *naĺk || - || *ńääĺ || - || -
| Cf. F. ''nalkki'' ??
|-
| &quot;rotten&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*mätä'' || *méckɤ || - || '''*määkš''' || - || - || - || - || -
| Check F.
|-
| &quot;house&quot;
| - || - || - || Hi. mət ~ Me. mɤt || *matɤ || - || - || - || *mAt
|-
| &quot;hill&quot;
| *mäki || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*müüɣ''' || -
|-
| &quot;alder&quot;
| - || - || - || *lö/ül || *lool || - || - || - || -
| rather *e-ish
|-
| &quot;to choke&quot;
| - || *lɤppɤsē- || ĺäpija- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;valley&quot;
| - || *leakē || ĺäj || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. *lakc'i
|-
| &quot;berry stew&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. ĺaz || - || - || *lös || -
|-
| &quot;weak&quot;
| - || - || - || Hi. länzəra ~ Me. lanćɤra || K. ĺić || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*ɭääsək''' || -
|-
| &quot;backside&quot;
| - || NW *káocat ?? || - || - || K. kadž || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;net&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *ka(d)ź || - || Kam. koťəp || - || -
|-
| &quot;stale (bread)&quot;
| *kalteda || - || - || - || *kɤldi || - || - || - || -
| Rather *ë
|-
| &quot;duck&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *goordaa || - || *kürtəɣ || *käärtaŋ || -
| Rather *e. Check ObU
|-
| &quot;a fish&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U. karei || - || *käärɣəj || *köörə || Ne. xirii
|-
| &quot;hill&quot;
| *kääp(p)ä || - || - || - || - || - || *käp || - || -
| F. may be ← B.
|-
| &quot;palm&quot;
| F. kämmen, E. kämmal || - || - || - || - || - || - || *köömən || -
| S. *keamë- ← F.
|-
| &quot;hard&quot;
| *kämä || - || '''kemä''' || - || - || kemeeń || - || - || *kom?
|-
| &quot;bay, lake&quot;
| - || - || - || - || U kal- ~ K. kel- || || ''*keeləɣ'' || ? kääləɣ ~ kaal || ? kweĺ ~ köl
| P. *aa / _l ?
|-
| &quot;small bird&quot;
| - || - || - || *kaj (?!) || - || - || So. koj || Kaz. kuj || Mt, Tv kai &quot;goose&quot;
|-
| &quot;to go&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || üldöz- || *jäl- || *jel- || -
|-
| &quot;lake&quot;
| ''*järvi'' || *jāvrē || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| järkä || *jäär || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B.
|-
| &quot;cambium; milk&quot;
| *jälti || - || - || - || *jɤl || - || - || - || -
| Bad semantics
|-
| &quot;spear&quot;
| - || || - || *jɤpš || *jooć || - || - || *jeepəs ? || '''*japs-'''
|-
| &quot;tree stump&quot;
| - || *jɤlŋés || - || - || U. jal || - || - || '''*jöŋkəl''' || *jel ?
|-
| &quot;belt&quot;
|  || || || || *jee || || || || *jiəj ?
 Cf. &quot;vyö&quot;
|-
| &quot;to help&quot;
| - || - || E. čaŋgoďe- || - || - || segiit- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;tail&quot;
| *häntä || S. câcka ~ P. '''ciskes''' || - || - || - || - || '''*šiš''' || '''*čönč''' || -
|-
| &quot;an animal&quot;
| - || *vāðōk || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''vedraš''' || '''*wʏĺə''' || *vaal || - || - || '''*welə''' || -
| S&amp;M &quot;cow&quot;, Ma&amp;P &quot;horse&quot;, Kh. &quot;reindeer&quot;. P. *aa / _l.  Looks like several roots
|-
| &quot;juniper&quot;
| *kataka || *kɤsŋɤs; *koaccēvē &quot;needle&quot; || - || &quot;MRS&quot; kož || K. kač || - || *kääš- || - || -
| F. from *kača &quot;resin&quot; (vs. S. *kássé &quot;wax&quot; &lt; G?), or B.?
|-
| &quot;blood&quot;
| - || *kēlō- || - || - || - || - || ''*kiil(ə)p'' || *käɬə- ? || Ne. śelw-
| NS also kīlu-
|-
| &quot;bay, moor&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *kääləm || || '''*kiiləɣ''' || '''*kääɭəɣ''' ? || Sk. keeĺ, köl
| under *E?
|-
| &quot;knife&quot;
| - || - || - || '''kʏzə''' || - || keeš || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *käsV || *kööčəɣ || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 

|}
--&gt;

*väsi- &quot;tired&quot; in F. &amp; S. ← Gmc.
*väšä- &quot;small&quot; in FSM. ← Gmc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Brownie</title>
    <id>6695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55072</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-14T23:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fmt</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Brownie&lt;br&gt;''tádí Škadaí''
|pronounce=[tʼáˈdí ʃkʼadaˈhí]
|tu=[[Nother]]
|species=[[../Brownies/]]
|in=[[../Timeline/|5th c.]] A.M., [[../Dunamy Town/]], [[../Mars/]]
|no=&amp;lt; 500 (''probably'')
|script=[[../Bedaguši/]]
|tree=''[[../Coalescence languages/]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''Brownie'''
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Accusative (''probably'')
|wo=[no data]
|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|date=April/May 2000
}}
== Phonology ==
===Consonants===
Voiced stops
   b (b)  d (d)  ɡ (g)

Ejective stops
   pʼ (p)  tʼ (t)  kʼ (k)

An epenthetic consonant [h] is inserted when there is no other consonant between two vocalic vowels, and in some speakers it appears in place of null initial as well.

The voiced series nasalize word-initially to [m n ŋ].

===Vowels===
  a (a)  ɛ (e)  i (i)  u (u)  
  á (á)         í (í)  ú (ú) 
  ʃ̩ (š)  s̩ (s)

The second series may be decribed as high tone, though they are more usually characterized as 'hooted'.  ''S'' and  ''š'' do pattern as vowels in Skeskatai roots.  

===Accent===
Stress accent is on the final syllable.

== Morphology ==
Most roots are disyllabic (C)V.  Some exceptions exist, like šaú [S.a.hú] &quot;human&quot;; these are chiefly loanwords.

== Grammar ==
Isolating; head-first.

== Lexicon ==
* aá [ahá] &quot;other&quot;
* ádu [ádu] &quot;all&quot;
* ae [ahɛ] &quot;I, me&quot;
* as [as] &quot;above&quot;
* babe [mabɛ] &quot;word&quot;
* bábu [mábu] &quot;to want&quot;
* babú [mabú] &quot;much, many&quot;
* badá [madá] &quot;in a while&quot;
* badú [madú] &quot;one&quot;
* báku [mákʼu] &quot;body&quot;
* bebá [mɛbá] &quot;bad&quot;
* bedaguši [medaguʃi] &quot;alphabet&quot;
* bíá [míhá] &quot;be in/at&quot;
* bíá [míhá] &quot;before&quot;
* bibá [mibá] &quot;big&quot;
* bidí [midí] &quot;below&quot;
* bíe [míhɛ] &quot;be (copula)&quot;
* bís [mís] &quot;feel&quot;
* búbu [múbu] &quot;move&quot;
* dabu [nabu] &quot;die&quot;
* dádí [nádí] &quot;for a long time&quot;
* das [nas] &quot;immediately&quot;
* dee [nɛɛ] &quot;there is/there are&quot;
* dibí [nibí] &quot;live&quot;
* dípu [nípʼu] &quot;nearby&quot;
* diš [niʃ] &quot;this&quot;
* dúbá [núbá] &quot;do&quot;
* duš [nuʃ] &quot;know&quot;
* epu [ɛpʼu] &quot;after&quot;
* gubu [ŋu.bu] &quot;good&quot;
* kage [kʼaɡɛ] &quot;kind, type&quot;
* kibu [kʼibu] &quot;for a short time&quot;
* papá [pʼapʼá] &quot;a part&quot;
* pedu [pʼɛdu] &quot;a place&quot;
* píbú [pʼíbú] &quot;people&quot;
* sbá [spá] &quot;someone&quot;
* sí [sí] &quot;same&quot;
* sbí [spí] &quot;see&quot;
* sdá [stá] &quot;side&quot;
* sdí [stí] &quot;say&quot;
* sdú [stú] &quot;some&quot;
* sge [ske] &quot;folk, race, people&quot;
* sge Škadaí &quot;Skeškatai, Brownie folk&quot;
* spá [spʼá] &quot;small&quot;
* ša [ʃa] &quot;hear&quot;
* šaú [ʃahú] &quot;human&quot; (?)
* šbe [ʃpɛ] &quot;true&quot;
* šbí [ʃpí] &quot;happen&quot;
* šku [ʃkʼu] &quot;think&quot;
* špu [ʃpʼu] &quot;far, distant&quot;
* šš [ʃʃ] &quot;have&quot;
* šš [ʃʃ] &quot;here (in this place)&quot;
* šte [ʃtɛ] &quot;something&quot;
* štú [ʃtʼú] &quot;you&quot;
* tádí [tʼádí] &quot;talk, speech&quot;
* tatá [tʼatʼá] &quot;touch&quot;
* tate [tʼatʼɛ] &quot;time&quot;
* túdú [tʼúdú] &quot;two&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/Y</title>
    <id>6696</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47214</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-13T11:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Uralic/Ü]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian punctuation</title>
    <id>6697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47274</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-15T18:47:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Question mark */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

=='''Apostrophe'''== 

Used to attach non static prefixes to nouns, adjectives and verbs:

* '''Gä'gör, gé'vélø, viti'scif''' 

This is the only use the apostrophe has in Dalcurian.

=='''Brackets'''==

Curved brackets are used to add non essential information:

* '''Di siasáj (ön disiri æanasiaÞáli qoÞ), öcra écanelbrämösel, gä'quascr binöra.''' ''The woman (and very beautiful I might add) asked me for directions''.

Square brackets are used to supplement given details, or for clarification.

* '''Mæ vägianösas di nepondrädn hanj acömpelniÞ [qarate].''' ''He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate]''. 

=='''Colon/semi-colon'''==
Used as quotation marks in direct speech:

* '''Sia gä'ságr, :Binä amör diöra:.''' ''She said, &quot;I love you&quot;.''

Use a semi-colon before lists, summaries, and quotes.

=='''Comma'''==

A single comma separates prepositional phrases, and relative '''taÞ''' clauses:

* '''Di stránij, taÞ ädiáda minäla gä'stænepondrädn, gä'ábragegénepondr'''. ''The road, that/which was closed yesterday, has re-opened''.
* '''NinÞi Petra, andri abödä, tirigöræ.''' '''Petra will stay at home tonight''.

A double comma separates coordinate and subordinate clauses:

* '''Binä qenár esti,, taÞ diö pecléria.''' ''I know that you are telling lies''.
* '''Mæ gé'qemést disiri,, brát gä'verösacrax äbelöÞrämös'''. ''He was very drunk but caused no trouble''.

=='''Hyphen'''==

Used to indicate a glottal stop, mainly found where prefixes/infixes end in the same letter or vowel sound as the following word:

* '''gä'ábra-andöcr''' ''has/have given''

=='''Termination marks'''==

==='''Full stop'''=== 

Used to end a sentence.

==='''Question mark'''=== 

Immediately follows an interrogative pronoun, but ends a sentence in non interrogative questions:

* '''Væl? göria éren.''' ''Where are they going?''
* '''Sia, te Gemáni nös, levaltræ, yil?''' ''Is she travelling to Germany soon?''

Upside down question mark is used in subjunctive constructs:

* '''Qualtéabinöra méla danöÞ ni höricániámn qamöria¿''' ''I wonder if there is a storm coming?''
* '''Mélon qoÞ binä näocr fæeltös¿''' ''If only I were rich.''

==='''Exclamation mark'''=== 

Generally used to emphasize a sentence or statement.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalcurian adjective hierarchy</title>
    <id>6698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47283</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-15T21:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

[[dal'qörian adjectives|Return to Dalcurian Adjectives]]

In English, when we use more than one adjective in succession, there tends to be a particular order that each adjective follows according to its descriptive nature, (although this is not a static rule of grammar). Look at these sentences:
  
* ''The beautiful, tall Italian lady.''
* ''Her short, black, shiny hair.''
* ''Those square wooden hat boxes.''
* ''Some delicious, Thai food.''
* ''That dilapitated, little hunting cabin.'' 
* ''A wonderful, old British touring car.''
* ''An expensive, antique, silver mirror.''

Each of the adjectives have a certain descriptive feature and normally follow one another in a set pattern:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+
! determiner!! observation !! physical description :&lt;small&gt; size age shape colour&lt;/small&gt; !! origin !! material !! qualifier !! noun
|- 
| the || beautiful || tall || Italian|| - || - || lady
|-
| her || - || short black|| - || - || shiny || hair
|-
| those || - || square || - || wooden || - || hat boxes
|-
| some || delicious || - || Thai || - || - || food
|-
| that || delapitated || little || - || - || - || hunting cabin
|-
| a || wonderful || old || british || - || - || touring car
|-
| an || expensive || antique || - || silver || - || mirror
|}

On occasions, the observation and physical description adjectives can be interchangeable:
  
* ''The tall, beautiful Italian lady.''  
* ''That little, dilapidated hunting cabin.''

But for the most part, it doesn’t sound quite right:
    
* ''An old, wonderful British touring car.''  
* ''An antique, expensive silver mirror.''

And it sounds very odd if we place the origin adjective first:
    
* ''The Italian, tall beautiful lady.''  
* ''A British, wonderful old touring car.''  
* ''Some Thai delicious food.''

With the exception of origin adjectives, Dalcurian has no peticular hierarchy. Placement can be purely down to which is important or which is to be stressed (if any). However, the origin adjective ALWAYS goes last, and is introduced as a relative '''taÞ''' clause:

* '''Di æanasiaÞáli; viténa; siasáj, taÞ Itälátsi.''' lit: ''The beautiful, tall lady, who is Italian''.
* '''EÞöa qélafri; ésenej, taÞ Tælátsi.''' lit: ''Some delicious food, which is Thai.''

A semi-colon is used to set off multiple adjectives.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Sel messitihildi</title>
    <id>6699</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56973</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T21:01:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, I am Mechthild or transliterated and re-latinized from and into my conlang [[Kenshuite He Mo Gie]] Sel Messihildi. My more mature conlang is [http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]. Both have their distinct associated concultures.

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Elves of Eramár</title>
    <id>6700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47391</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are the groups of elves of Eramár.

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nagatailo</title>
    <id>6701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47395</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:43:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Looks */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Nagatailo was a son of [[Taurai]], the king who led the [[Terun-Naga]] into the West. 

==Race and Cultures==

Nagatailo was an elf of the [[Second Clan]]. He belonged to the cultures of Terun-Naga and earliest forms of [[The Longrim]] culture.
He was the king of Terun-Naga an Longrim in the realms of [[Nagadail]] and  [[Dór Dulrent]].

==Children== 

He had four sons - Rawerdiro (The one who is (strong) like bear), Funaro (The one who is (fast) as deer), Gamondo (The one who is (stealthy)like wolf) and [[Emár]], and three daughters: Mathaniel(Maid of Stars) , Onorfáriel (Lady of Daysies) and Nalliel (Maid of Apple-Tree).

==Looks==

Nagatailo, as all of the elves, was outstandingly beautiful. He had sky-blue eyes (typical for the Second Clan) and light brown, little-bit golden hair. He was tall, not as tall as his sons, yet taller than most of the [[Terun-Naga]].
He usually dressed in silver-colored capes, and the royal robe he wore was in the color of Lapis-Lazuli, a stone most sacred to the Terun-Naga.

==Later Fate==

After more than century of reign in Dór Dulrent and lifetime spanning for few thousands of years Nagatailo was killed in the wars against Eredhór by a [[Mêl of Eredhór|mâl]].

[[Category:History of Eramár]]
[[Category:Eramár]]
[[Category:Elves of Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velyan syntax</title>
    <id>6702</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47385</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-19T21:23:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The syntax of Velyan is characterised by an overwhelming tendency to [[Wikipedia:double-marking language|double marking]]: verb inflection shows agreement for number and gender with agents, patients, indirect objects, benefactives and addressees, whilst nominals show (a) case endings for nominative, ergative, accusative, and dative case, (as intransitive subject, agent, patient and indirect object object of the verb) and (b) pronominal agreement on possessed nominals; and adjectives and possessor nominals show agreement with their head nominal in gender, number, deixis, indefiniteness and case.

Velyan is also pervasively ergative: agent arguments of the verb are marked with the ergative case, whilst the verb agrees with the agent of the verb (if present); the syntactic pivot is ergative, and conjoined verb phrases must use the antipassive voice if the agent of one is the patient of another.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velian</title>
    <id>6703</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47356</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-18T16:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Velian]] to [[Velyan]] over redirect: Reintroducing palatalisation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velyan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Velian</title>
    <id>6704</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47358</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-18T16:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Velian]] to [[Talk:Velyan]] over redirect: Reintroducing palatalisation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Velyan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Dalcurian</title>
    <id>6705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47386</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-19T21:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Fonts]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Starting a page]] • [[Help:Contents|General help]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki; di esti bägan qve léträmös öcra di hombä qve qonlangátsiel ön déalectátsiel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
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--&gt;
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[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Di mæmrämös qve Frathwiki]] selédr léträmös rödn; qonlangel, qonperösarel, ön déalectiÞ topécniÞel, taÞ  agöegemérädn. Éanörasáb nöacr, te qenárämös, andöcanábr. DanöÞ qedérÞas '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' eliviajel, taÞ Þalár andri FrathWiki,, ön minä már efragörädnas vösér érenöra ( [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|gerödn qurnisæ]]).

DIÖ ábra ni bitárämös lenandr! Diö már tédäöpr séÞa eliviajel,, ön distæÞr flästa. Quádros di palapöträmösel qve lenandrämös,, amtä lenondr véca mina qéræbr eliviajel. Méla diö boquár lanandrädn,, nes diö, andri ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]'' már quascr.
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Tämel&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Picalosni déalectiel]]
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:[[:Category:Conscripts|QonstræÞ]]
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:[[Conlang comparison|Älicrämös qve qonlangel]]
:[[Our Father|Söahéträmös qve Lords Prayer]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Malindi'qéræcöbrijel]]
:[[Learners shortlist|Secombrämös dis qonlang lenondrátsiel]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Am'qéaræbaläj stenécilel]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki @ Yahoo]
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FrathWiki am noÞdérädn déalectiel

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
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[[Main Page/Carune|Carune (Carune)]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma (Dooma)]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha (Kazujisha)]] • [[Main Page in Nytal|Nytal (Nytal)]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean (Täropiskes'um)]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian (Torsutë)]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan (Satirocitan)]] • [[Meen Peedx|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan (Espiritolà)]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!--
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rivendale's ideas</title>
    <id>6706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47370</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-19T19:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Pro-verbs, just like pro-nouns. They replace the verb just used.'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pro-verbs, just like pro-nouns. They replace the verb just used.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eramár</title>
    <id>6707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47388</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T12:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Eramár (pr. IPA [erama:r]) is a fictional world created by Tom Daymond Barvid (Toma Deimonds Barvidis), a.k.a [[User:Longrim|Longrim]].   [[Category:Eramár]] [[Category:Conworl…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eramár (pr. IPA [erama:r]) is a fictional world created by Tom Daymond Barvid (Toma Deimonds Barvidis), a.k.a [[User:Longrim|Longrim]]. 

[[Category:Eramár]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Eramár</title>
    <id>6708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47415</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T16:58:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Eramár is a fictional World created by Toms Deimonds Barvidis.

[[category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emár</title>
    <id>6709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58011</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T12:09:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Emár was the king of [[The Longrim]]. He was a son of king [[Nagatailo]], yet more beloved by his people than his father.

==Race and Cultures==

Emár was an elf of the [[Second Clan]]. He belonged to the cultures of [[The Longrim]] and the [[Elves of Night]]. 
For a while he was the lord of Elves of Night, but after the death of his father, he was crowned as the king of Longrim.

==Children==

Emár had no children we know about.  It is possible he had a child from his love [[Láeledh]], as he states in his [[Laws of Emár]]:

''...love thy children as the most precious in your live, for they are so, love them as much as I love mine.''

This was what it said in the manuscript, giving an impression that he does have a child. But the version that was available for his people said:
 
''...for they are so, love them as much as I would love mine...'';

Giving the impression that he didn't have any children.

==Looks==

Emár, as most of the elves, was far more beautiful than the [[Men(Eramár)|Men]]. His ears (leaf-like as for all the elves) was longer than typical; longer ears was one of the features of female [[Elf(Eramár)|elves]], but males with them were considered &quot;extra-beautiful&quot;. 
His eyes were sky-blue, like the ones of his father, his hair - dark silver, like the one of his mother. He as sometimes called the ''Perfect Child'' since he had no defects in his body or soul. Though elves were always beautiful, Emár was considered unusually handsome even among them.

==Childhood==

Emár's childhood was relatively happy. He was born as one of the [[Elves of Night]], so he went outside of his parents castle only during twilight, night and morning dusk. Mentally he grew very fast, he spent the days of his life inside his room or library of the castle studying and writing.
As a young adult he explored the mines of mountain and gave words to the minerals and crystals found there, he named ruby, quartz, nephrite and many other. He also explored the forests and meadows of [[Dór Dulrent|Dôr Dhulrent]]. 

He became a part of a group of Night Elves around the age of 50, when he was physically mature. Soon he became the lord of the Night Elves, gathering the nocturnal elves from the cities of Dór Dulrent in the forest of [[Dabardhen]], where they established a village of [[I Dhandwin]], lit. meaning &quot;the place for night&quot;. 

At the age of 70 he left his home in [[Édirt Silim]] and joined his Night Elves in I-Dhandwin. 
Few years before the death of his father [[Nagatailo]] Emár started studying the secret arts of [[Magick (Eramár)|magick]] together with his fellow Night Elves.

==Reign==

After the death of Nagatailo Emár became the king of [[Dór Dulrent|Dôr Dhulrent]]. When he received the message of his father death and his own new title, Emár leaft I-Dhandwin and rushed to Édirt Silim. Together with his brothers and sisters he lamented for several weeks. Then Emár accepted the throne. Though Édirt Silim remained the capital of Dôr Dhulrent, Emár made I-Dhandwin to be the cultural and magickal center of his Kingdom. 

Emár was very loved among his people; he was not proud and greedy. He visited each village and city of Dôr Dhulrent each year or two, trying to meet every one of his folk.

Emár was a great fighter, he took a part in every battle against the enemy of elves where his kin took. Though he himself killed many of the [[Mêl of Eredhôr]] and saved many comrades from death, he never got even injured. 

He was beloved not only by the Longrim, but by all the [[Second Clan]] and others of the Elves.

[[Category:History of Eramár]]
[[Category:Eramár]]
[[Category:Elves of Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dalcurian Facebook Homepage.jpg</title>
    <id>6710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47402</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-20T21:50:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Websites in Dalcurian</title>
    <id>6711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47414</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T11:32:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Dalcurian Language Homepage|Homepage]]

Here is a list and images for various website homepages in Dalcurian.

Facebook homepage:

[[Image:Dalcurian Facebook Homepage.jpg]]

Google Homepage:

[[Image:Google homepage Dalcurian.jpg]]


[[Main Page/Dalcurian|Frathwiki mainpage]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Google homepage Dalcurian.jpg</title>
    <id>6712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47413</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T11:30:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tabhrobel</title>
    <id>6713</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47421</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Tabhrobel]] to [[Glastonbury (UKW)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Glastonbury (UKW)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cambria (UKW)</title>
    <id>6714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47431</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Cambria''' (also called '''Wales''') is one of the seven constituent nations of the  [[United Kingdom of the Westlands]].  Its capital is [[Caerleon (UKW)|Caerleon]].  Cambria is about twice as large as Wales in our timeline, encompassing much of what *here* are the West Midlands.  The official languages of Cambria are Cambrian (which differs only slightly of our timeline's Welsh) and English.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Britain (UKW)</title>
    <id>6715</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47430</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-21T20:42:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Britain (UKW)]] to [[Cambria (UKW)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cambria (UKW)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dual</title>
    <id>6716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47452</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T07:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>basics</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dual''' is a grammatical [[number]] referring to exactly two [[referent]]s. Duals only exist in languages that also have a [[singular]] and [[plural]] number. A number between these that can sometimes refer to more than two referents is called a [[paucal]].

As with other number distinctions, a language can have a systematic dual category extending to all [[pronoun]]s, [[noun]]s, [[possession]], verbal [[conjugation]] etc, or only a subset of these. The subset in question can be smaller than the subset in which a distinction between singular and plural is made, for example distinguishing dual only in pronouns.

Examples of languages with dual number include [[Old English]] and [[North Sámi]].

{{stub}}
[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhotacism</title>
    <id>6717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49088</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-10T12:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>sort examples</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Rhotacism''' is the name for a [[sound change]] that creates a [[rhotic consonant]]. Examples include:
* *l → /r/ (found in [[Indo-Iranian languages]])
* *n → /r/ (found in [[Albanian]])
* *ð → /r/ (found in Ostrobothnian [[Finnish]])
* *z → /r/ (in the history of the [[Italic languages]], [[Germanic languages]] and several others)
* *ɣ → /r/ (found in Western Daju languages)
Rhotacism is commonly an unconditional sound change.

A change to a [[flap]] such as /ɾ/ is, however, usually ''not'' called rhotacism, but '''flapping'''. It is also commonly restricted to [[Syllable structure|intervocalic or medial]] positions. Flapping usually affects [[stop]]s such as /d/ (for example [[American English]]), or [[lateral]]s such as /l/ (for example [[Norwegian]]).

{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>POA</title>
    <id>6718</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47456</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T08:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Place of articulation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MOA</title>
    <id>6719</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47457</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T08:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Manner of articulation]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Natural language</title>
    <id>6720</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47461</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T08:27:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Natlang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Latin language</title>
    <id>6721</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47462</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T08:33:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Latin]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Comparision of ASCII phonetic alphabets</title>
    <id>6722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58916</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T20:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Numbers and punctuation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Most, tho not all of these are based on the [[IPA]].

A brief introduction of the systems:
* '''[[X-SAMPA]]''', a general extension of [[SAMPA]] designed to accommodate the entire IPA. '''[[Z-SAMPA]]''', develop'd on the [[ZBB]], is a fully backwards compatible extension that includes the [[Extensions to the IPA]] and various other symbols, such as true mid vowels. Z-SAMPA extensions are mark'd by a green background.
* '''[[CXS]]''' is another variation of X-SAMPA used mostly on the [[CONLANG]] list. It is ''not'' entirely backwards compatible.
* '''[[Kirshenbaum]]''' is a somewhat more limited system that makes good use of diacritics, but has to quickly resort to diacritics such as &lt;trl&gt; (yes, that's a pentagraph) to describe sounds outside its &quot;core focus&quot; of English phonetics.
* '''TIPA''', used in LaTeX typesetting of IPA.
* '''Carrasquer''' (''description needed'')
* '''Branner''' (''description needed'')

I am purposely exclusing the '''Coutts-Barrett''' system, based on graphical mnemonics to suggest IPA letters. It is very non-compatible with all the other systems, both in the details (for example, ''-d'' for /ð/, or ''n)'' for /ŋ/), and in being prefixing rather than postfixing. I've also never seen it in use anywhere!

Symbols expressible by means of diacritics are not included in the table.

== Latin minuscules==
Aluckily, just about everyone agrees that these should be equated with their IPA values. Tabulating these would be a waste of spacetime :-) Let's just remark on the habit of sometimes falling back on transcription based on some specific language's orthography. Common cases include &lt;y&gt; for /j/, which may be follo'd with &lt;j&gt; for /ʤ/ and &lt;c&gt; for /ʧ/ or /ʦ/. A good indicator of this type of transcription is seeing &lt;š ž&gt; for /ʃ ʒ/.

== Standardized ==
There is little disagreement over these assignments. Exceptions in '''bold'''.

{|
|-
! IPA
! SAMPoids
! Kirsh.
! TIPA
! Carr.
! Brann.
! Comments
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɑ || A || A || A || A || A ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| β || B || B || B || B || '''V''' || ''V'' is not illogical. Branner's smallcaps → caps standard also means ''B'' will have to be /ʙ/.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ç || C || C || C || C || '''c&quot;''' ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ð || D || D || D || D || D ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɛ || E || E || E || E || E ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɪ || I || I || I || I || I ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɱ || '''F''' || M || M || M || M || SAMPA ''M'' is /ɯ/.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ŋ || N || N || N || N || '''ng)''' || Branner ''N'' is /ɴ/.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɔ || O || O || O || O || O ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʃ || S || S || S || S || S ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| θ || T || T || T || T || T ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʊ || U || U || U || U || U ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| χ || X || X || X || X || X ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʏ || Y || '''I.''' || Y || Y || Y || Kirshenbaum breiks here the well-estabilish'd pattern to use capitals for lax vowels, instead going for the rounding diacritic. This is because ''Y'' is /ø/. How this is supposed to be logical (as opposed to making ''e.'' /ø/) escapes me.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʒ || Z || Z || Z || Z || Z ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ə || @ || @ || @ || @ || @ ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʔ || ? || ? || '''P''' || ? || ? || TIPA may be, I think, unable to use the symbol ''?''.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ː || : || : || : || : || : ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|}

==Competing standards==
Assignments that are fairly intuitiv, yet not sufficiently so.

An obvious subsection is the issue of IPA smallcaps. Branner and Kirshenbaum in some cases go for the graphically obvious substitution by the corresponding actual capitals. Other systems notice this too, but add some escape caracter, to be able to free the simple capitals to some other use.
{|
|-
! IPA
! SAMPoids
! Kirsh.
! TIPA
! Carr.
! Brann.
! Comments
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɣ || G || Q || G || G || g&quot; || Arguably /ɣ/ fits better together here, due to the pattern set by ''B D''.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʎ || L || l^ || L || L || y&amp; || Kirshenbaum demonstrating its &quot;palatal&quot; diacritic, and Branner its graphical-mnemonic structure. Yet other assignments for ''L'' exist, for example /ɬ/ in Uralistics.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʁ || R || g&quot; ''(??)'' || R || R* || R&amp; ||
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot;| &lt;hr/&gt;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʙ || B\ || b&lt;trl&gt; || \;B || B&quot; || B || Kirshenbaum goes with the ''B'' = /β/ crowd, and switches to featural description.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɢ || G\ || G || \;G || G&quot; || G
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʜ || H\ || || || H&quot; || H ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʟ || L\ || L || \;L || L&quot; || L
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɴ || N\ || n&quot; || \;N || || N || Kirshenbaum has an &quot;uvular&quot; diacritic too.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʀ || R\ || r&quot; || || R&quot; || R ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|}
{|
|-
! IPA
! X-SAMPA
! CXS
! Kirsh.
! TIPA
! Carr.
! Brann.
! Comments
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| æ || { || &amp; || &amp; || æ || &amp; || ae) || SAMPA is supposed to be on the premise that this &quot;looks like A in smiley-view&quot;. Most others rather play into the graphical similarity combined with the mnemonic &quot;and&quot; ([ænd]!). TIPA maintains Latin-1 compatibility.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ɸ || p\ || P || F || F || P || F || One of SAMPA's sillier features, IMHO. Considering the symmetry of ''T D'', your author quite prefers ''P B''.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|}

== Numbers and punctuation ==

{|
|-
! IPA
! SAMPoids
! Kirsh.
! TIPA
! Carr.
! Brann.
! Comments
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| . || . || ''(??)'' || || ''(??)'' || . || Syllable break

|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ˈ || &quot; || ' || || ' || ' || Primary stress
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ˌ || % || , || || , || , || Secondary stress. Why the heck is SAMPA making this more difficult than needs be?
|}

{|
|-
! IPA
! SAMPoids
! Kirsh.
! TIPA
! Carr.
! Brann.
! Comments
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ʼ || _&gt; || ` || || ` || ` || Ejective apostrophe
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ''(N/A)''|| _&lt; || ` || \! || &quot; || $ || Implosive. If ejectivs get to have a single diacritic, why not these too? Kirshenbaum cuts a corner by using the same symbol for both, making it difficult to transcribe voiceless implosivs tho. Carrasquer uses its all-purpose diacritic #1, the quotation mark. An exception worth noting is that /ʛ/ is however ''G*''. Similarly, Branner has ''j$'' for /ʄ/.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ◌̪ || _d || [ || || \|[ || [ || Dental bridge. Prefixed in TIPA.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| ''(N/A)'' || ` || . || \: || . || r) || Retroflex. Prefixed in TIPA.
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| || || || || || ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Earth'</title>
    <id>6723</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47469</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T10:52:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>b</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Earth']]''', the conworld I never intended to design.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L Laws of the MR I</title>
    <id>6724</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52062</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-25T18:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Public Law No. 18 [The Levied Taxes Act (To Νομοσχέδιο της Φορολόγησας)] (7/7/1931) */ New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">THE LEGAL CODE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN is the codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the Monastic Republic. It is divided by broad subjects into 43 titles and published by the office of the Protos Seneschal of the Holy Synod. The Monastic Republic Code is published every five years. In between these quinquennial editions, annual cumulative supplements are published in order to present the most current information.

====DEFINITIONS====
* '''The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''' (η Γαληνότατη Μοναστική Δημοκρατία Αγίου Όρους) is the full name of the sovereign nation, abbreviated as SMRHM (ΓΜΔΑΟ).
* '''The Monastic Republic''' (η Μοναστική Δημοκρατία) is the shortened name of the sovereign nation, abbreviated as MR (ΜΔ).
* '''Mount Athos''' (Όρος Άθως) is the name of the mountain at the end of the peninsula.
* '''The Holy Mountain''' (το Άγιον Όρος) is the name of the restricted territory which is the location of the monasteries.
* '''The Lowland''' (η Βραχάρουπα) is the name of the land between the Holy Mountain and the border with Greece.
*'''The Isles''' (οι Νήσοι) is the name of the several islands and islets that lie in the Aegean Sea to the west of the mainland portion of the Monastic Republic.
* '''Amoulián''' (Αμουλιάν) is the name of the largest of the islands.
* '''The Islets''' (τα Νησάκια) is the collective name of the small uninhabited islets near Amoulián.

====TITLE ONE – SOVEREIGNTY====

====TITLE TWO – THE ARCHIMANDRITE====
=====Public Law No. 2 [Duties of the Archimandrite Act (To Νομοσχέδιο Αρχιμανδρήτης)] (11/7/1871)=====
*§1 The executive power of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is vested in the Archimandrite.
*§2 The Archimandrite shall be appointed from the Hegumens (εγούμενοι) of the Autocephalous Orthodox Faith of the Holy Mountain at the Advent meeting in a rotation determined by the seniority of the monasteries for a term of four years.
*§3 The newly elected Archimandrite shall be ordained a bishop during the Divine Liturgy by the outgoing Archimandrite at the Advent meeting.
*§4 After his ordination the new Archimandrite shall take his oath in the presence of the other nineteen Hegumens and Abbots who shall affirm their acceptance of his leadership by applause.
*§5 Every Archimandrite shall declare orally upon his honor and dignity the following oath: “I swear by the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit to observe the Constitution of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and its other laws, and to observe the independence and the territorial integrity of this Serene Monastic Republic.”  He shall then sign his name to this oath.
*§6 This oath shall be administered to the new Archimandrite during the Divine Liturgy by the outgoing Archimandrite and witnessed by the signatures of the nineteen Hegumens and Abbots.
*§7 Should the office of Archimandrite become vacant before the end of the term, the Hegumen next in the order of rotation shall be sworn in and begin his four-year term.
*§8 The Archimandrite shall draw up any treaties to be presented to the Holy Synod for approval.
*§9 The Archimandrite shall represent the Monastic Republic in all its relations with foreign nations. 
*§10 The Archimandrite shall accredit apocrisiaries (αποκρισάριος) of the Monastic Republic to foreign nations. Foreign envoys shall present their credentials to the Archimandrite.
*§11 The Archimandrite shall provide protection and assistance to citizens living or traveling abroad.
*§12 The Archimandrite shall assist businesses of the Monastic Republic in the international marketplace.
*§13 The Archimandrite shall coordinate and provide support for international activities of other Government agencies, official visits overseas and at home, and other diplomatic efforts. 
*§14 The Archimandrite shall keep the citizens informed about the Monastic Republic’s foreign policy and relations with other nations and provide feedback from the citizens to administration officials. 
*§15 The texts of the sovereign resolutions issued on his proposal shall be signed by the Archimandrite personally. 
*§16 The Archimandrite shall provide for the Civil Service required for the Government agencies.
*§17 The Archimandrite shall supervise the taking of the quinquennial census.
*§18 The Archimandrite shall monitor the lawful and uninterrupted conduct of business by the Court of Justice and notify the Supreme Tribunal of any irregularities observed.
*§19 Passports shall be issued by the Archimandrite.
*§20 The Archimandrite shall submit an annual report on his official activities to the Holy Synod.
*§21 The Archimandrite shall visit each deme (δήμος) at least quarterly to discuss affairs with the demarchs (δημάρχος) and to listen to the citizens.

====TITLE THREE - THE HOLY SYNOD====
=====Public Law No. 1 [The Holy Synod Act (To Νομοσχέδιο της Ιεράς Σύνοδος)] (6/6/1871)=====
*§1 The legislative power of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is vested in the Holy Synod, that is, the twenty Hegumens of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 Election of the Hegumens (Ηγούμενος) shall take place according to each monastery’s practice.
*§3 The Holy Synod shall meet on the first Monday through Wednesday of every month, unless those days fall during Holy Week or Easter Week.
*§4 If the monthly meeting of the Holy Synod must be cancelled, it must be rescheduled as soon as possible.
*§5 Each Hegumen may bring with him one or two assistants (ακόλουθος) who, however, may not attend the meeting of the Holy Synod.  They shall keep themselves ready should their Hegumen need assistance.
*§6 If a Hegumen is unable to attend a meeting of the Holy Synod, he may appoint a representative (αντιπρόσωπος) with plenary power to attend the meeting.  This representative may also bring with him one or two assistants who, however, may not attend the meeting of the Holy Synod.  They shall keep themselves ready should their Hegumen need assistance.
*§7 After celebrating the Divine Liturgy, the Holy Synod will meet to discuss and approve of or disapprove of the business of the Monastic Republic at hand.
*§8 Should a Hegumen die during his tenure, an immediate election of a new Hegumen shall be held who shall then take his place on the Holy Synod.
*§9 The twenty monasteries of the Holy Mountain in order of precedence are:
**1. St. Athanasius (o Άγιος Αθανάσιος)
**2. Annunciation (η Ευαγγελισμός της Παναγείας)
**3. St. John the Baptist (o Άγιος Ιωάννης o Προδρόμος)
**4. Holy Cross (ο Τίμιος Σταυρός)
**5. Transfiguration of the Lord (η Μεταμόρφωση του Κυρίου)
**6. Holy Archangels (οι Αγίοι Αρχαγγέλοι)
**7. Sts. Peter and Paul (οι Αγίοι Πέτρας και Παύλος)
**8. St. Philotheus (ο Άγιος Φιλοθέος)
**9. Presentation of the Lord (η Υπαπάντης του Κυρίου)
**10. St. George (o Άγιος Γεωργιός)
**11. Theophany (η Αγία Θεοφάνεια)
**12. Ascension of the Lord (η Ανάληψη του Κυρίου)
**13. Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (οι Αγίοι Τεσσεράκοντα Μάρτυρες)
**14. St. George the Painter (o Άγιος Γεωργιός ο Ζωγράφος)
**15. St. John the Iberian (o Άγιος Ιωάννης o Ίβηρα)
**16. St. Sava (o Άγιος Σάββας)
**17. St. Pantaleon (o Άγιος Πανταλήιμον)
**18. St. Nicholas (o Άγιος Νικόλαoς)
**19. St. Maroun (o Άγιος Μαρούν)
**20. St. Thomas (o Άγιος Θωμάς)

=====Public Law No. 7 [The Hegumens Act] (5/1926)=====
*§1 The legislative power of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is vested in the Holy Synod, that is, the twenty hegumens of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 Election of the hegumen takes place according to each monastery’s practice.
*§3 The Holy Synod shall meet on the first Monday of every month.
*§4 If the monthly meeting of the Holy Synod must be cancelled, it must be rescheduled as soon as possible.
*§5 Each hegumen may bring with him one or two assistants who, however, may not attend the meeting of the Holy Synod.  They shall keep themselves ready should their hegumen need assistance.
*§6 If a hegumen is unable to attend a meeting of the Holy Synod, he may appoint a representative with plenary power to attend the meeting.  This representative may also bring with him one or two assistants who, however, may not attend the meeting of the Holy Synod.  They shall keep themselves ready should their hegumen need assistance.
*§7 After celebrating the Divine Liturgy, the Holy Synod will meet to discuss and approve of or disapprove of the business of the Holy Mountain at hand.
*§8 Should a hegumen die during his tenure, an immediate election of a new hegumen shall be held who shall then begin his two-year term on the Holy Synod.
*§9 In this law, the title ''hegumen'' refers also to the abbots of the non-Orthodox monasteries.

====TITLE FOUR - NATIONAL EMBLEMS====
=====Public Law No. 27 [The National Emblems Act (To Νομοσχέδιο Εθνικών Σύμβολων)] (12/3/1940)=====
*§1 The coat of arms and the seal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain shall be emblazoned as “White, an equilateral triangle vert surmounted of a Greek cross or; a bordure compony of twenty or and gules, in front of a patriarchal cross; for supporters standing on a compartment of mountains a Zouave proper and a monk proper; all within a robe of estate gules and vert, lined or, surmounted of a Byzantine miter proper.”
*§2 The national colors shall be red, green and gold.
*§3 The flag of the Monastic Republic shall be “White, an equilateral triangle vert surmounted of a Greek cross or; a bordure compony of twenty or and gules,&quot; in the ratio of 1:1.
*§4 The maritime ensign shall be the national flag without the cross and surmounted by a silver anchor.
*§5 The flag of any government entity or organization shall consist of the appropriate symbol or symbols within a bordure compony of twenty or and gules.
**The flag of the deme of Aktí shall be white, the cedar of Lebanon proper within a bordure compony of twenty or and gules.
**The flag of the deme of Prosforion shall be per fess bleu celeste and azure, the Byzantine tower proper within a bordure compony of twenty or and gules.
**The flag of the deme of Ammouliani shall be azure, a fish hauriant proper with a hook or in its mouth within a bordure compony of twenty or and gules.
*§6 The Flag shall fly 24 hours a day, regardless of weather, in the ''plateia'' of the three demes, in the capital of Karyes, and in the military post of Dafni.
**The flags of the demes shall fly beneath the Flag of the Monastic Republic on their respective ''plateia'' flagpoles.  These deme flags shall be of a smaller size than the Flag of the Monastic Republic.
*§7 Flag etiquette for the Monastic Republic shall be determined by Law. Infractions of flag etiquette shall be subject to criminal penalties as legislated by Law.
*§8 The aviation roundel shall be the green equilateral triangle surmounted by the golden Greek cross on a white roundel surrounded by a gold circle and then a red circle.
*§9 The National Anthem is ''Upon This Land''.
*§10 The olive blossom (''Olea europaea'') shall be the national flower of the Monastic Republic.
*§11 The Golden Eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') shall be the national bird of the Monastic Republic.

=====Public Law No. 28 [The Flag Code Act (To Νομοσχέδιο Κώδικας Λάβαρος)] (1/7/1941)=====
This Flag Code Act shall formalize and unify the traditional ways in which respect is given to the flag of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§1 Specific instructions on how the flag is not to be used.
**a. The flag shall never be dipped to any person or thing. It is flown upside down only as a distress signal. 
**b. The flag shall not be used as a drapery, or for covering a speaker’s desk, draping a platform, or for any decoration in general. Bunting of green, gold and red stripes is available for these purposes. The green stripe of the bunting shall be on the top. 
**c. The flag shall never be used for any advertising purpose. It shall not be embroidered, printed or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use. Advertising signs shall not be attached to the staff or halyard. 
**d. The flag shall not be used as part of a costume or athletic uniform, except that a flag patch may be used on the uniform of military personnel, firefighters, gendarmes and members of patriotic organizations. 
**e. The flag shall never have placed on it, or attached to it, any mark, insignia, letter, word, number, figure, or drawing of any kind. 
**f. The flag shall never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering anything. 
**g. When the flag is lowered, no part of it shall touch the ground or any other object; it shall be received by waiting hands and arms. To store the flag it shall be folded neatly and ceremoniously. 
**h. The flag shall be cleaned and mended when necessary. 
**i. When a flag is so worn that it is no longer fit to serve as a symbol of the Monastic Republic, it shall be destroyed by burning in a dignified manner.
**j. A flag no longer fit to serve may be taken to any Gendarmery post for disposal.
*§2 Displaying the Flag Outdoors
**a. When the flag is displayed from a staff projecting from a window, balcony, or a building, the top point of the triangle shall point away from the building. 
**b. When it is displayed from the same flagpole with another flag, of a state, community, or society, the flag of the Monastic Republic shall always be at the top. 
**c. When the flag is displayed over a street or over a sidewalk, it shall be hung horizontally, with the top point of the triangle pointing up. 
**d. When flown with flags of states, communities, or societies on separate flag poles which are of the same height and in a straight line, the flag of the Monastic Republic shall always be placed in the position of honor, to its own right.
**e. The other flags may be smaller but none may be larger.
**f. No other flag shall ever be placed above it.
**g. The flag of the Monastic Republic is always the first flag raised and the last to be lowered. 
**h. When flown with the national banner of other countries, each flag shall be displayed from a separate pole of the same height. Each flag shall be the same size. They shall be raised and lowered simultaneously. The flag of one nation shall not be displayed above that of another nation. 
**i. Every public building shall display the flag either on a staff projecting from the building or on a flagpole in front of the building.
**j. Every monastery shall display the flag on a flagpole at the entrance to the monastery.
**k. Every vessel licensed in the Monastic Republic shall display the ensign from a staff at the stern of the vessel.
**l. Every aircraft licensed in the Monastic Republic shall display the flag painted on both sides of the fuselage.
**m. The flag shall be displayed 24 hours a day in the center of the plateia of each town.
**n. The flag of the deme, of a smaller size, shall be displayed with the flag in the plateia on the same pole as and under the flag of the Monastic Republic.
*§3 Raising and Lowering the Flag
**a. The flag shall be raised briskly and lowered slowly and ceremoniously.
**b. With the exception of §2m, the flag shall be displayed only between sunrise and sunset.
**c. The flag of the Monastic Republic is saluted as it is hoisted and lowered. The salute is held until the flag is unsnapped from the halyard or through the last note of music, whichever is the longer. 
*§4 Displaying the Flag Indoors
**a. When on display, the flag of the Monastic Republic is accorded the place of honor, always positioned to its own right. It shall be placed to the right of the speaker or staging area or sanctuary. Other flags shall be to the left. 
**b. The flag of the Monastic Republic shall be at the center and at the highest point of the group when a number of flags of nations, localities, or societies are grouped for display. 
**c. When one flag is used with the flag of the Monastic Republic and the staffs are crossed, the flag of the Monastic Republic shall be placed on its own right with its staff in front of the other flag. 
**d. When displaying the flag against a wall horizontally, the top point of the triangle shall be at the top. It shall never be displayed vertically.
*§5 Parading and Saluting the Flag
**When carried in a procession, the flag shall be to the right of the marchers. When other flags are carried, the flag of the Monastic Republic shall be centered in front of the others or carried to their right. When the flag passes in a procession, or when it is hoisted or lowered, all shall face the flag and salute. 
*§6 The Salute
**To salute, all persons come to attention. Those in uniform give the appropriate formal salute. Citizens not in uniform salute by placing their right hand over the heart and men with head cover should remove it and hold it to left shoulder, hand over the heart. Members of organizations in formation salute upon command of the person in charge. 
*§7 The National Anthem
**When the national anthem is played or sung, citizens shall stand at attention and salute at the first note and hold the salute through the last note. The salute is directed to the flag, if displayed, otherwise to the music. 
*§8 The Flag in Mourning
**a. To place the flag at half staff, hoist it to the peak for an instant and lower it to a position half way between the top and bottom of the staff. The flag shall be raised again to the peak for a moment before it is lowered. 
**b. The flag shall be flown at half staff for eight days in mourning at the death of an archimandrite, incumbent or retired; of a hegumen or abbot, incumbent or retired; and of a demarch, incumbent or retired.
**c. The flag shall be flown at half staff on the Saturday of Meatfare Week, the second Saturday of Great Lent, the third Saturday of Great Lent, and the fourth Saturday of Great Lent 
**d. The archimandrite shall also designate other times when the flag is to be flown at half mast. 
**e. When used to cover a casket, the upper point of the triangle shall point to the left side of the deceased. It shall not be lowered into the grave, but folded ceremoniously and given to the next of kin.

=====Public Law No. 35 [The Act of the Order of Beneficence of the Garden of the All-holy (To Νομοσχέδιο tou Τάγμα του Ευποιΐας του Κύπου της Παναγγείας))] (7/6/1976)=====
*§1 The Order of Beneficence of the Garden of the All-holy is hereby established with one level, that of Member.
*§2 The Order of Beneficence shall be awarded to that citizen, individual or organization; or foreigner, individual or organization, who has made an outstanding contribution to life in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain in the areas of art, literature, health, or education.
*§3 The incumbent Archimandrite is the Head of the Order of Beneficence of the Garden of the All-holy.
*§4 Nominations for honoree may be made by any citizen to any demarch. The names of those nominated and a detailed description of their contribution shall be forwarded to the Award Commission, which shall consist of three members of the Holy Synod, appointed by the Archimandrite and not to include the members of the Holy Council, and the three demarchs. The Commission shall consider the merits of each nomination. Their recommendations shall be forwarded by August 15 to the Archimandrite who shall announce the names of the honorees for the year.
*§5 The demarch shall present the nomination to the Award Commission (Παραγγελία Βαβείου) without any indication of who the nominee is, what is the nominee's sex, or where the nominee lives.
*§6 The Archimandrite shall anounce and bestow the annual award on September 8 (September 9 if September 8 falls on a Sunday), the Nativity of the Virgin. The awarding shall be for contributions made during the preceding twelve months.
*§7 The awarding of the Order of Beneficence shall be accompanied by a diploma at the top of which is the arms of the Monastic Republic, and on which is related the contribution of the honoree to the life of the Monastic Republic. The diploma is to be dated, signed by the incumbent Archimandrite and sealed with the seal of the Monastic Republic. A sample of this diploma is attached to this public law.
*§8 The badge of the Order of Beneficence shall consist of an enameled green equilateral triangle, apex upward, surmounted of a golden Greek cross, all within a circle compony of gold and red. The whole shall be four centimeters in width. On the right arm of the cross are inscribed the letters MP, on the left ΘΥ.
*§9 The star of the Order of Beneficence shall consist of a twenty-pointed silver star, six centimeters in diameter, surmounted of the badge. The star is worn over the left chest.
*§10 The reverse of the star of the Order of Beneficence shall have an engraved portrait of the Panagia, above her head the letters Μ.Δ. (M.D.) and the year of the award, and at her feet the letters Τ.Ε.Κ.Π. (O.B.G.P.).
*§11 The ribbon of the Order of Beneficence shall be made of silk moiré six centimeters wide consisting of equal bands of the national colors; for citizens the order is green, red, gold, red, green; for foreigners, red, green, gold, green, red. It shall be worn around the neck and shall be of such a length that the honoree may wear the badge over the center chest.
*§12 The ribbon bar shall be three centimeters in width and consist of equal bands of color in the order displayed on the ribbon, of the same order as the ribbon. The ribbon bar may be worn on the uniforms of the gendarmery and on the formal attire of the citizens.
*§13 Multiple awards may be awarded in any year, but not more than three.
*§14 Recipients of the Order of Beneficence are entitled to place the letters Τ.Ε.Κ.Π. (τεκπ) after their names.
*§14 Recipients of the Order of Beneficence shall be addressed as &quot;benefactor&quot; (ευεργήτης). This title shall be used alone or with the recipient's family name.
*§15 The badge, the star, the ribbon, the ribbon bar, and the diploma remain the property of the Monastic Republic and may not be sold or given to another person. However, it may be inherited, according to Law, by a next of kin. If the recipient dies intestate, these effects become the property of the Monastic Republic. Should an heir to these effects not wish to possess them, they shall be returned to the demarch of the recipient's deme to be displayed in the deme museum.

Sample of the diploma:

&lt;center&gt;(Coat-of Arms)&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;In the name of&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;and with the gratitude of&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;the people of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;I, Alexander of Annunciation,&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;hereby bestow the Order of Beneficence of the Garden of the All-holy&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;upon&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;(full legal name)&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;with all its rights and privileges,&lt;/center&gt; 
&lt;center&gt;in recognition of his/her outstanding contribution to the quality of life in&lt;/center&gt; 
&lt;center&gt;the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain,&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;which contribution is described as follows:&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;(text)&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;Whereupon I sign my name and affix the seal of&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;this Xth day of Month, in the Year of our Lord XXXX.&lt;/center&gt;

(Signature)                                              (Seal)

====TITLE FIVE – INTERNAL REVENUE CODE====
====Public Law No. 18 [The Levied Taxes Act] (To Νομοσχέδιο της Φορολόγησας)] (7/7/1931)====
*§1 A two percent tax, known as the income tax (φόρος εισοδήματος), shall be levied annually on all income above a minimum amount. This income applies to citizens, businesses, and the monasteries. It is not to be levied on churches or public institutions.
*§2 A two percent tax, known as the accomodation tax (φόρος καταλύματος), shall be levied on the charges required by hostelries.
*§3 A two percent sales tax shall be levied on the sales of all merchandise.
**a. Churches and public institutions shall be exempt from paying the sales tax.
**b. A purchaser from such an institution shall present a sales exempt certificate to the merchant at the time of the purchase. No tax-exempt purchase may be made without it.
**c. Individuals below a certain income shall be given a sales exempt certificate which shall be presented to the merchant at the time of the purchase. No tax-exempt purchase may be made without it.
*§4 No sales taxes shall be levied on food items or on drugs prescribed by a physician licensed to practice medicine in the Monastic Republic or in the Hellenic Kingdom.
*§5 No sales taxes shall be levied on residential rent, on medical services or devices, on educational materials and services, on goods purchased for resale, on exports
*§6 A three percent sales tax shall be levied on the purchase of all alcoholic beverages.
*§7 The wines produced by the monasteries shall be exempt from this sales tax.
*§8 A transportation tax (φόρος μεταφοράς) of two percent shall be included in the fares requested for taxi service.
*Amendment in 1947
**All residences and businesses shall pay a 3% tax on the current value of their real property.  This revenue shall be used to provide for the infrastructure that supplies electricity, water and sanitation to the Monastic Republic.  This shall be a 1% tax on the monasteries for the electricity infrastructure.
*Amendment in 1975
**The income tax is increased to 5% for citizens and 6% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 1980
**The income tax is increased to 5.5% for citizens and 6.5% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 1985
**The income tax is increased to 6% for citizens and 7% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 1990
**The income tax is increased to 6.5% for citizens and 7.5% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 1995
**The income tax is increased to 7% for citizens and 8% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 2000
**The income tax is increased to 7.5% for citizens and 9% for business, including the monasteries.
*Amendment in 2005
**The income tax is increased to 9% for citizens and 10% for business, including the monasteries, 1% to be used for the new social security tax.
*Amendment in 2010
**The income tax is increased to 10% for citizens and 12% for business, including the monasteries, 2% to be used for the social security tax.

====[[L Laws of the MR II]]====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L Laws of the MR II</title>
    <id>6725</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52021</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-24T00:26:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cosmetic changes.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====TITLE SIX – MONEY AND FINANCE====
=====Public Law No. 8 [The Public Finance Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Οικονομικάς)] (8/3/1926)=====
*§1 The currency of the Monastic Republic shall be that of the Hellenic Kingdom. 
*§2 Any person, citizen or alien, convicted of passing counterfeit money shall be turned over to the Hellenic authorities. 
*§3 There shall be no deficit spending.

====TITLE SEVEN - BANKRUPTCY====
====TITLE EIGHT – BANKS AND BANKING====

====TITLE NINE – GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES====
=====Public Law No. 3 [The Holy Council Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο του Ιερού Συμβούλιου)] (5/7/1872)=====
*Article 1 [The Holy Council]
**§1 The Holy Council shall consist of four Protoi elected in rotation from the four groups of five monasteries. They shall serve for a term of five years. The four groups are:
***a. The Northwest Group: Annunciation, Transfiguration, Ascension, St. Sava, St. Nicholas
***b. The Northeast Group: St. Athanasius, Holy Cross, Sts. Peter and Paul, St. Philotheus, St. John the Iberian 
***c. The Southwest Group: Holy Archangels, St. George, St. George the Painter, St. Pantaleimon, St. Maroun
***d. The Southeast Group: St. John the Baptist, Presentation, Theophany, Forty Martyrs, St. Thomas 
**§2 The Protoi shall be elected in January of the year following the election of the Archimandrite.
**§3 Any Protos who feels that he is not qualified for the position may defer to the Protos next in the rotation.
**§4 No Protos on the Holy Council may be from the same monastery as the Archimandrite.
**§5 When requested by the Archimandrite, the Protos shall attend the meetings of the Holy Synod.

*Article 2 [The Protos Seneschal]
**§1 The Protos from the Northwest Group on the Holy Council shall function as Seneschal of the Monastic Republic.
**§2 The Protos Seneschal shall advise the Archimandrite on all matters economic and financial.
**§3 The Protos Seneschal shall supervise the collection of all revenues of the Monastic Republic.
**§4 The Protos Seneschal shall prepare the annual budget and present it to the Archimandrite for presentation to the Holy Synod.
**§5 The Protos Seneschal shall set the inflation target which the Bank of the Monastic Republic must set interest rates to meet.
**§6 The Protos Seneschal shall initiate all tax measures.
**§7 The Protos Seneschal shall advise the Archimandrite on urgent expenditures not included in the budget.

*Article 3 [The Protos Constable]
**§1 The Protos from the Northeast Group on the Holy Council shall function as Constable of the Monastic Republic.
**§2 The Protos Constable shall advise The Archimandrite on all matters of national security.
**§3 The Protos Constable is the national security policy advisor to the Archimandrite. He is responsible for the formulation of security policies and for the execution of approved policy.
**§4 The Protos Constable shall monitor the prisons and supervise the treatment of prisoners on remand and of convicts.
**§5 The Protos Constable shall prepare identification cards for the citizens of the Monastic Republic.
**§6 The Protos Constable shall recruit citizens for service in the Gendarmery.
**§7 The Protos Constable shall recommend to the Archimandrite suitable citizens to be awarded commissions in the Gendarmery.
**§8 The Protos Constable shall provide for animal control in the Monastic Republic.

*Article 4 [Protos Castellan]
**§1 The Protos from the Southwest Group on the Holy Council shall function as Castellan of the Monastic Republic.
**§2 The Protos Castellan shall advise the Archimandrite on all matters concerning the real property of the Monastic Republic.
**§3 The Protos Castellan shall supervise the maintenance and repair of the real property of the Monastic Republic.
**§4 The Protos Castellan shall supervise the beautification of the real property of the Monastic Republic.
**§5 The Protos Castellan shall supervise the care and use of the Monastic Republic’s territorial waters.
**§6 The Protos Castellan shall supervise the environmental issues and activities of the Monastic Republic.
**§7 The Protos Castellan shall protect the historical, artistic and cultural legacy entrusted to the Monastic Republic.
**§8 The Protos Castellan shall maintain the roads of the Lowland and the Isles.

*Article 4 [Protos Archiater]
**§1 The Protos from the Southeast Group on the Holy Council shall function as Archiater of the Monastic Republic.
**§2 The Protos Archiater shall advise The Archimandrite on all matters concerning the health and education of the Citizens.
**§3 The Protos Archiater shall supervise the educational system of the Monastic Republic.
**§4 The Protos Archiater shall supervise the hospital, the clinics, and the private practices of physicians in the Monastic Republic.
**§5 The Protos Archiater shall provide for the rescue and medical emergency measures of the Monastic Republic.
**§6 The Protos Archiater shall maintain the purity of the Monastic Republic’s water supply.
**§7 The Protos Archiater shall supervise the health standards of the Monastic Republic’s public accomodations.

=====Public Law No. 13 [The Self-rule Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Αυτόνομης Εξουσίας)] (2/4/1930)=====
Article 1 [Establishment of Self-rule]
*§1 The Lowland and the Isles shall be divided into three administrative units known as Demes (δήμος).
*§2 The Lowland shall be divided in half from the border with the Hellenic Empire to the border with the Holy Mountain into the Deme of Aktí and the Deme of Prosforion. The Isles shall constitute the Deme of Amoulián.
*§3 The citizens shall elect representatives to take care of the daily business of the Demes.
*§4 These representatives shall receive certain perquisites for their work to be determined by Law, but not a salary.  Their employers shall excuse them from work and continue their salary during the week of their quarterly meetings.

Article 2 [The Members]
*§1 The Deme Council shall consist of nine Councilors (&lt;font color=blue&gt;σύμβουλος&lt;/font&gt;), three from each Deme, and the Demarch (&lt;font color=blue&gt;δημάρχος&lt;/font&gt;) from each Deme.
*§2 A candidate for the office of Demarch or Councilor shall be a citizen of the Monastic Republic for at least five years, shall be at least 35 years of age, and shall not be deprived of his eligibility by reason of Law. 
*§3 Elections shall take place on the first Monday of September in the even years.
*§4 The term of a Demarch or Councilor is four years. Immediate re-election is possible once. Re-election at a later date is possible.
*§5 In the event that the position of Demarch or Councilor becomes vacant before an election, a special election shall be held in that Deme.
*§6 If there is more than two years left in the vacant term, the specially elected Demarch or Councilor shall serve out that term and then be eligible for re-election once.
*§7 If there is less than two years left in the vacant term, the specially elected Demarch or Councilor shall automatically have his office extended for a four-year term and then be eligible for re-election once.

Article 2 [The Meetings]
*§1 The Council shall meet during the first full week of every quarter to conduct the business of the Lowland and the Isles.  If all the business is accomplished before the week is ended, the Council may be dismissed.
*§2 Should the first full week of April occur during Holy Week or Easter Week, the Council shall meet the first week after Easter Week.
*§3 The Demarch of Prosforion shall preside at the meetings of the Council.
*§4 The Council shall discuss only the local affairs of the Demes.
*§5 A simple majority is necessary to approve a resolution. A tied vote is equivalent to a no vote; however, the subject may be addressed at a later meeting.
*§6 All resolutions approved shall be submitted to the Archimandrite for submission to the Holy Synod for consideration at their next meeting.
*§7 Upon approval by the Holy Synod, the resolution takes effect as law in the Lowland and the Isles.

====[[L Laws of the MR III]]====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L Laws of the MR III</title>
    <id>6726</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52034</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-24T20:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Resizing.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====TITLE TEN – DOMESTIC SECURITY====
=====Public Law No. 21 [The Passport and Identification Card Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Διαβατηρίων και Δελτίων ταυτότητας)] (4/5/1932)=====
*Article I [Preface]
**§1 For purposes of national security, the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain recognizes three types of individuals: citizens, resident aliens, and tourists.
**§2 Stateless individuals and aliens without employment may neither enter nor reside in the Monastic Republic.
**§3 Tourists may stay only in facilities established for that purpose.
**§4 Tourists may be guests in the homes of citizens with the express approval of the Hegumen Constable at the request of the citizen-host.

*Article II [Identification]
**Part 1 [Citizens’ Passports]
***§1 Passports shall conform to the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
***§2 The passport cover shall be red with gold lettering and the pages light green.  The cover shall contain the complete coat-of-arms of the Monastic Republic with the words “η Γαληνότατη Μοναστική Δημοκρατία Αγίου Όρους” across the top in gold letters and the words “The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain” across the bottom in gold letters.
***§3 Passports shall be issued in Greek and in English.
***§4 The introduction to the passports of the Monastic Republic shall read, “His Serene Grace, the Archimandrite of the Holy Mountain, requests, in the Name of the People of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain, of all whom it may concern that the bearer of this passport be allowed to pass without let or hindrance and, in case of need, be given all lawful assistance and protection.&quot;
***§5 Applications for a passport for a minor require the signature of both parents or guardians should there be two.
**Part 2 [Aliens' Passports]
***§1 Passports shall be accepted from the citizen of any country with which the Monastic Republic has diplomatic relations.
***§2 Citizens of the Hellenic Kingdom do not need a passport to enter the Monastic Republic, but they must have on their persons at all times a government identification card of some sort which contains a current photograph.  This government identification card must be presented when making any purchase within the Monastic Republic.
***§3 If accused of a crime in the Monastic Republic, a non-resident shall surrender his passport or identification card to the lawful authority.  These shall be returned to the bearer if he is acquitted of the crime.  If convicted, they shall be retained by the lawful authority until the sentence adjudicated shall have been served.
**Part 3 [Identification Cards]
***§1 Every citizen shall be issued an identification card, light green in color, which must be carried on the person at all times.  This card shall contain the full name of the bearer, his current photograph, his identification number, his current address, his birth date, both thumb prints, his blood type, and other items to be determined by Law.  Identification cards shall not contain any reference to the bearer’s religion.
***§2 The identification cards of monks need not be carried on their person, but may be kept by their hegumen in a secure place. Should the monk leave the Holy Mountain, he must carry his identification card with him.	
***§3 Resident aliens are those individuals who have entered the Monastic Republic with the intent of becoming citizens at the expiration of the ten-year waiting period.  These shall likewise be issued identification cards, light blue in color, which shall contain the same information as the citizen identification card.  The card shall also contain the date at which the alien’s residency is to expire.
***§4 Non-resident aliens are those who reside temporarily in the Monastic Republic for business purposes. These shall likewise be issued identification cards, light red in color, which shall contain the same information as the citizen identification card.  The card shall also contain the date at which the alien’s residency is to expire.
***§3 These identification cards shall, when requested, be shown to any member of the Gendarmery who so identifies himself.  It shall also be lawful for a merchant or any of his staff to view this identification card when the bearer makes a purchase.
***§4 All sales receipts of purchases by a non-resident shall contain the identification number of the non-resident.
***§5 These identification cards must be presented when opening any kind of bank account in the Monastic Republic or when initiating any type of financial venture.
**Amendment #1 All passports shall contain biometric data.
**Amendment #2 A photograph in digital format shall be added to the citizens' passports.

=====Public Law No. 10 [The Firearms Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Πυροβόλων Όπλων)] (8/7/1928)=====
*§1 Possession of an unlicensed firearm in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is prohibited.  To do so is a felony and shall be dealt with according to the Law, which shall include a mandatory prison sentence.
*§2 Licenses shall be granted to own a firearm only for those firearms that can be used legitimately for sport. A notation that such a license has been granted shall be made in the Citizens’ Registry and on the individual’s identification card. The definition of sport is at the discretion of the Protos Constable.
*§3 Application for a license to possess a firearm must be accompanied by a psychological profile attesting to the fitness of the applicant to handle a firearm responsibly verified by a psychiatrist or psychologist licensed to practice in the Monastic Republic, and a certificate asserting that the applicant has passed the required course in how to handle the weapon for which the license is requested.
*§4 When kept in the home, a firearm shall never be loaded.  Ammunition for firearms shall be stored in a place separate from the firearm and inaccessible to children.
*§5 The bearer of a firearm, when traveling, shall carry the firearm unloaded.
*§6 It shall be illegal to bring any type of firearm into the Monastic Republic without express approval of the Protos Constable.  To do so is a felony and shall be dealt with according to the Law, which shall include a mandatory prison sentence.
*§7 The commission of a crime using a firearm, real or presumed, is a felony and shall be dealt with according to the Law, which shall include a mandatory prison sentence.

====TITLE ELEVEN – WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE====
=====Public Law No. 9 [The National Defense Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Εθνικής Υπεράστισης)] (9/7/1926)=====
*§1 A treaty shall be entered into with the Hellenic Kingdom to provide for national defense.
*§2 Any activity in the Monastic Republic which threatens the security of the Hellenic Kingdom shall be considered a felony and shall be dealt with according to the Law, which shall include a mandatory prison sentence.

====TITLE TWELVE – THE GENDARMERY====
=====Public Law No. 11 [The Gendarmery Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Χωροφυλακής)] (9/4/1926)=====
*§1 A Gendarmery shall be established in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain for the purpose of maintaining law, order and security in the Monastic Republic.
*§2 A detachment of Gendarmery shall be maintained in each of the demes.
*§3 The Gendarmery of the Monastic Republic is tasked with:
**a. maintaining law and public order;
**b. investigating crime in accordance with the principles of the Code of Criminal Procedure;
**c. controlling and supervising road traffic;
**d. patroling the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic;
**e. assisting authorities to fulfill their duties in keeping with the respective laws and provisions;
**f. preventing crime and accidents;
**g. assisting in cases of natural or man-made disasters,
**h. searching for persons reported missing, and
**i. staffing the customs stations.
*§4 The Gendarmery shall consist of a colonel in charge, six assisting officers and a minimum of 30 enlisted personnel in each detachment.
*§5 The Prosforion Gendarmery shall staff the Dafni station.
*§6 In order to carry out these tasks, the Gendarmery is authorized to purchase:
**a. three police boats, one for each deme.
**b. two fireboats, one each for Aktí and Prosforion.
*§7 Gendarmery personnel may be deprived of rank, honours, and pensions only in the manner described by Law.
*§8 Male Gendarmery personnel may enter the Holy Mountain only by invitation.
Amended 
*§1 The Gendarmery is authorized to purchase two search-and-rescue helicopters and one search-and-rescue vessel.

====TITLE THIRTEEN – PAY AND ALLOWANCES OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES====
====TITLE FOURTEEN – VETERANS’ BENEFITS====

====TITLE FIFTEEN – EDUCATION====
=====Public Law No. 36 [The Museum of Athonite Antiquities Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Μουσείου Αθονήτων Αρχαιοτήτων)] (5/6/1980)=====
*§1 A museum to be called the Museum of Athonite Antiquities shall be housed in the Byzantine Tower so that the treasures of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain can be made available to women.
*§2 The Museum shall be provided with the latest technological safeguards to protect the antiquities which are housed within its walls.
*§3 A researcher, man or woman, may request of the Hegumen Castellan that a certain work of art or certain works of art by made available to him or her at the Museum. An advance notice of several weeks is necessary for this.
*§4 The lower floor shall be devoted to exhibits of the art.  The upper floors shall be devoted to laboratories and workshops for studying the works of art.
*§5 Once the reconstruction is paid for, the entrance fee shall be lowered so that just enough is earned to maintain the facility.

====TITLE SIXTEEN – PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE====
====TITLE SEVENTEEN - HOSPITALS====
====TITLE EIGHTEEN – ARBITRATION====

====TITLE NINETEEN – THE CENSUS====
=====Public Law No. 25 [The Public Census Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Δημοσίης Απογραφής)] (7/2/1935)=====
*§1 A census of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain shall be taken every five years.
*§2 The information gathered in the census shall be recorded immediately in the registers of the demes and the monasteries as the data is acquired.
*§3 The Hegumen Seneschal shall present the cost of hiring temporary workers for the census to the Hegumen Seneschal for inclusion in the Annual Budget.
*2006 amendments:
**§1 A census of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain shall be taken whenever the Holy Synod feels it necessary to verify the figures in the official registers.
**§4 Three copies of the census registers shall be recorded electronically and stored in each of the government houses.  There shall likewise be there copies of the census registers of the monasteries.  One copy shall be stored in the government house in Karyes; the two other copies in different monasteries to be determined by the Holy Synod.”

====TITLE TWENTY – COMMERCE AND TRADE====
=====Public Law No. 12 [The Livestock Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Ζώων Κτηνοτροφίας)] (8/6/1929)=====
*§1 Cattle and horses shall not be permitted within the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 Exceptions shall be made for the island of Amoulián, should a citizen be willing to incur the expense of maintaining horses.
*§3 The Hegumen Archiater shall keep a close watch on the health and well-being of any such horses stabled on the island of Amoulián.
*§4 Citizens may keep donkeys and goats, but they must be strictly controlled. All such livestock must be permanently tagged with information that will identify the owner. Such tagging shall be carried out through the office of the Hegumen Seneschal.
*§5 A penalty to be determined by Law shall be enacted from any citizen whose livestock is found on the Holy Mountain.
*§6 Any type of domestic fowl may be kept by the citizens, but they must be strictly controlled.
*§7 Dogs and cats may be kept as household pets in the Monastic Republic.
**a. Dogs, when off the citizen’s property, must be on a leash and in the control of the citizen at all times.
**b. Cats must be kept in the citizen’s house at all times. They may not be allowed to wander. Any cat so found shall be caught by the Animal Control and the owner fined.
*§8 Every dog and cat must be permanently tagged with information that will identify the owner.
*§9 Every dog and cat must be neutered. Only citizens who own licensed kennels for the purpose of breeding may possess un-neutered dogs and cats.

====TITLE TWENTY-ONE – CONSERVATION====
=====Public Law No. 37 [The National Wildlife Sanctuary Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο για Εθνικόν Καταφύγιον Αγρίων Ζώων)] (7/8/1980)=====
*§1 The entire Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain, including its territorial waters, shall be protected as a Natural Wildlife Sanctuary.
*§2 Fishing and scuba diving are not permitted in the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic.  Fishing is permitted to the monks from the shore.  Skin-diving, wind-surfing and snorkeling are permitted.

=====Public Law No. 38 [The Golden Eagle Protection Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο για Προστασίαν του Χρυσαετού)] (11/4/1980)=====
*§1 Whoever, within the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain, without being permitted to do so as hereinafter provided, shall knowingly, or with wanton disregard for the consequences of his act, take; possesse; sell; purchase; barter; offer to sell, purchase or barter; transport; export or import, at any time or in any manner, any golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetus''), alive or dead, or any part, nest, or egg thereof of the golden eagle, or whoever violates any permit or regulation issued pursuant to this Act, shall be fined not more than D3,000 and imprisoned for not more than six months.
*§2 In the case of a second or subsequent conviction for a violation of this Public Law, such person shall be fined not more than D6,000 and imprisoned for not more than two years.
*§3 The commission of each taking or other act prohibited by this Public Law with respect to a golden eagle shall constitute a separate violation of this Public Law.
*§4 One-half of any such fine, but not to exceed D1,500, shall be paid to the person or persons giving information which leads to a conviction.
*§5 Whenever, after investigation, the Hegumen Seneschal shall determine that it is compatible with the preservation of the golden eagle to permit the taking, possession, and transportation of specimens thereof for the scientific or exhibition purposes of public museums, scientific societies, and zoological parks, or that it is necessary to permit the taking of such eagles for the protection of wildlife or of agricultural or other interests in any particular locality, he may authorize the taking of such eagles pursuant to regulations which he is hereby authorized to prescribe.
*§6 On request of the demarchs, the Hegumen Seneschal shall authorize the taking of golden eagles for the purpose of seasonally protecting domesticated flocks, in accordance with regulations established under the provisions of this Public Law.
*§7 Since the whole territory of the Monastic Republic is a Wildlife Natural Sanctuary, falconry in any form is prohibited. Violation of this regulation shall result in a fine of not more than D1,000.
*§8 Any gendarme may, without warrant, arrest any person committing in his presence or view a violation of this Act or of any permit or regulation issued hereunder and take such person immediately for examination or trial before an officer or court of competent jurisdiction; may execute any warrant or other process issued by an officer or court of competent jurisdiction for the enforcement of the provisions of this Public Law; and may, with or without a warrant, as authorized by law, search any place.
*§9 All golden eagles, or parts, nests, or eggs thereof, taken; possessed; sold; purchased; bartered; offered for sale, purchase, or barter; transported; exported or imported contrary to the provisions of this Public Law, or of any permit or regulation issued hereunder, and all weapons, traps, nets, and other equipment, vessels, vehicles, aircraft, and other means of transportation used to aid in the taking; possessing; selling; purchasing; bartering; offering for sale, purchase, or barter; transporting; exporting or importing of any bird, or part, nest, or egg thereof, in violation of this Act or of any permit or regulation issued hereunder shall be subject to forfeiture to the Monastic Republic.
*§10 Pursuant to this Public Law, a refuge for the rehabilitation and care of golden eagles shall be established as soon as the need arises.
*§11 All fines levied under this Act shall be used for the maintenance of the Golden Eagle Refuge of the Monastic Republic.
*§12 All property confiscated under this Act shall be used for the maintenance of or sold to provide funds for the upkeep of the Golden Eagle Refuge of the Monastic Republic.
*§13 All fines levied under this Act shall be used for the enhancement of the wildlife conservation program of the Monastic Republic.
*§14 Golden eagles in need of care and rehabilitation shall be accepted by and become the property of the Golden Eagle Refuge of the Monastic Republic.

=====Public Law No. 32 [The Border Planting Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο του φυτέματος του Μεθορίου)] (9/6/1960)=====
*§1 A row of mulberry trees shall be planted from shore to shore at the border of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and the Second Hellenic Empire.
*§2 A row of mulberry trees shall be planted from shore to shore at the border of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and the Holy Mountain.
*§3 A row of mulberry trees shall be planted along the border between the demes of Prosforion and Aktí.
*§4 The Sericulture Association shall have the exclusive right to harvest the leaves and the fruit of these trees.
*§5 Any mulberry tree in the Monastic Republic that is felled shall be turned over to the monasteries for their use.

====[[L Laws of the MR IV]]====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L Laws of the MR IV</title>
    <id>6727</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57318</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-02T01:18:53Z</timestamp>
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        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Public Law No. 16 [The Crimes and Penalties Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Εγκλήματων και Ποινών] (2/3/1931) */ New entry.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====TITLE TWENTY-TWO – COPYRIGHTS====
====Public Law No. 24 [The Heraldic Achievement and Surname Act] (11/7/1933)====

=====Article I   Heraldic Achievements=====
*§1. Every citizen has the right to an heraldic achievement, as well as a name, to mark himself or herself apart from other citizens.  This right is regulated by the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal so that there shall be no confusion.
*§2. The child of a citizen becomes an armiger, without the necessity of petition or payment, upon birth. This regulation shall in no way be interpreted to mean that before birth the child is not a citizen, entitled to all the rights and privileges afforded by the government of the Monastic Republic.
*§3. An alien becomes an armiger, without the necessity of petition or payment, upon naturalization.
*§4. No distinction shall be made between men and women as armigers, except as hereinafter decreed.
*§5. The achievement of the Monastic Republic is blazoned: White, an equilateral triangle Vert, apex uppermost, surmounted of a Greek cross Or, within a bordure compony Or and Gules. Above this shield is placed an Orthodox miter affronty Sable. This is displayed within two olive branches fruited Proper and crossed beneath. On a scroll enscribed &quot;Ειρήνη διά πίστην&quot; below the shield are placed for supporters on the dexter a monk and on the sinister an evzone, both Proper. 
*§6. The heraldic achievement of an armiger shall consist of a shield, a dexter supporter, a crest, a motto and a compartment.
*§7. The shield of an original armiger shall consist of a field party per pale, per fess, per bend, per bend sinister (all of which may be arched), per chevron, or per chevron inverted, of the approved pairs of colors. The first color, on the honorable side, is termed the primary color, the other, the secondary color.  Together these are termed the livery colors.  An appropriate charge(s) of a third color is placed at the fess point.
*§8. The supporter shall be the figure of the sign of the zodiac under which the armiger was born according to the following:
**a. Aries, a ram rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**b. Taurus, a bull rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**c. Gemini, a man of the race of the armiger, appropriately vested of the primary color.
**d. Cancer, a stag rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**e. Leo, a lion rampant of the primary color, armed and langued of the secondary color.
**f. Virgo, a woman of the race of the armiger, appropriately vested of the primary color.
**g. Libra, a horse of the primary color, crined and unguled of the secondary color.
**h. Scorpio, a scorpion erect of the primary color.
**i.  Sagittarius, a human of the race and sex of the armiger, bearing a bow slung from the dexter shoulder to the sinister waist and grasping a sheaf of arrows in the dexter hand and appropriately vested of the primary color.
**j. Capricorn, a goat rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**k. Aquarius, a human of the race and sex of the armiger, bearing a water jar of the secondary color on the dexter shoulder and appropriately vested of the primary color.
**l.  Pisces, a merman or mermaid erect, the human portion of which is of the race of the armiger, and the fish portion of the primary color.
**Variations to these supporters shall be awarded to the armiger by the Holy Synod as marks of honor, e.g., with the supporter guardant.
*§9. The crest shall consist of a charge which shall be the same as or derived from the charge on the shield.  It shall be oriented appropriately upon a wreath of the livery colors, of which the primary color is the first shown on the dexter side.
*§10. Armigers in the gendarmery shall display their crest on a helm closed argent, officers affronty, enlisted to the dexter, mantled of the primary color doubled of the secondary color, the crest arising out of a wreath of the livery colors.
*§11. Armigers who are retired from the gendarmery shall continue to display their crest on the helm, with the visor open.
*§12. The crest as blazoned shall constitute the badge of the armiger. Displayed on livery colors, party according to the field, the badge may be flown as a banner.
*§13. The shield and the supporter(s) shall be displayed as standing upon a scroll upon which is written the motto.  If there is no motto, they shall stand upon a compartment which shall be a mound vert, except that the compartment for the merman or mermaid shall be water azure.
*§14. No other devices may be displayed in connection with an heraldic achievement. Additional devices pertaining to civil or ecclesiastical office or to awarded honors shall be bestowed at the pleasure of the Holy Synod.
*§15. Only shields are inheritable. Supporters will differ according to the date of birth and mottoes will differ according to personal choice.
*§16. The firstborn child shall inherit the undifferenced shield of the father. During the lifetime of the father the inherited shield shall be differenced by the addition of a label of the alternate metal or, when there is no metal in the field, of argent.
*§17. The secondborn child shall inherit the undifferenced shield of the mother.  During the lifetime of the mother the inherited shield shall be differenced by the addition of a label of the alternate metal or, when there is no metal in the field, of argent.
*§18. Successive children shall inherit the shields alternately of the father and the mother differenced according to the description in Article II.
*§19. An only child shall inherit the shields of both parents. The maternal shield shall be marshalled as described in Article III.  Maternal shields inherited in this way shall not be differenced by future generations, differencing taking place solely in the paternal shield.
*§20. An only child of a subsequent generation may marshall one other maternal achievement.  The two maternal achievements chosen are displayed on a chief.  If more than two maternal achievements are inherited in this way, only two may be retained at the discretion of the armiger.
*§21. Children of an unknown father shall inherit the maternal shield with the differencings prescribed in Article II.
*§22. Children, one of whose parents is not an armiger, shall inherit the shield of the armigerous parent with the differencings prescribed in Article II.
*§23. Children of unknown parentage shall be original armigers.
*§24. When an armiger dies without issue, his or her heraldic shield shall not be used by a future armiger.
*§25. An inheritable augmentation of honor shall be added to the heraldic achievement of a spouse when his or her shield is inherited, but it shall not be borne by the spouse himself or herself.
*§26. Any armiger, except those who inherit undifferenced shields, may, for a fee to be determined by the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal, petition the Holy Synod one only time to become an original armiger. This petition, once granted, may not be reversed.
*§27. An heraldic achievement, or any component thereof, granted by another sovereign shall be displayed only with the permission of the Holy Synod. Only those components of the heraldic achievement described in §6 shall be permitted. Components described in §6 not already granted by another sovereign shall be granted by the Holy Synod and the whole shall thereafter be displayed and inherited as described herein.  If the shield is not of the style described in §6, successive children shall inherit the shield of said armiger's spouse marshalled as described in Article III.  In the case of an only child, the shield from another sovereignty shall be the one displayed as described for the maternal shield in §17, §19, and §20.
*§28. An heraldic achievement, once matriculated, may be rescinded only upon voluntary or penal loss of citizenship.
*§29. Heraldic achievements for institutions shall be designed, upon petition and the payment of the fee, in a style other than that described in §6 and §7.
*§30. The heraldic achievements of institutions are not inheritable and cease to exist when the institution ceases to exist.  Such an heraldic achievement shall not be used by a future institution.
*§31. The supporter of heraldic achievements of institutions shall be those which are described in §8 as supporters for personal shields, based on the date of the founding or incorporation of the institution. The race and sex of human supporters will be determined by the race and sex of the founder, proprietor, etc., of the institution. An heraldic tyger rampant guardant shall be the supporter for land gendarmery units. A dolphin shall be the suppporter for naval gendarmery units. An eagle shall be the supporter for aviation gendarmery units.
*§32. The crest of institutions shall constitute the badge of the institution.  Displayed on the color(s) of the field, party according to the field, it may be flown as a banner.
*§33. The shields of the heraldic achievements of institutions shall not be marshalled with those of personal shields, with the following exceptions.  The personal shield of a priest shall be marshalled in any of the ways listed in Article III with the shield of his religious institution.  Likewise, the shield of an officer in the gendarmery shall be marshalled with the shield of his or her unit.  Both supporters may be used with their respective shields, the personal supporter on the dexter. The crest and motto shall be those of the personal heraldic achievement.
*§34. Non citizens, after petitioning His Serene Highness and the payment of the fee, may be granted an heraldic achievement.  This heraldic achievement has no legal standing in the Monastic Republic and may not be displayed or inherited by citizens. This grant may be used by non-citizens as proof of prior usage in disputes in their own nations.

=====Article II - Differencing for Cadency=====
*§1. Descendants in the second generation after an original armiger, i.e., the armiger's children, shall difference the shield by changing the line of partition to the corresponding dimunitive ordinary, i.e., per bend or bend sinister to a bendlet, per pale to a pallet, per fess to a bar, per chevron to a chevronel, and per chevron inverted to a chevronel inverted, with the field of the primary color and the new ordinary of the secondary color.  These ordinaries shall be utilized in the following order: unvaried, couped, gemmeled, wavy, indented, engrailed, invected, embattled-counterembattled, and dancetty.  The charge(s) shall debruise the new ordinary.
*§2. Descendants in the third generation after an original armiger, i.e., the armiger's grandchildren, shall difference the shield by placing in chief a charge counterchanged.  These charges shall be applied in the following order: a crescent, a trefoil, a quatrefoil, a cinquefoil, an estoile, a mullet of seven points, a mullet of eight points, and a fleur-de-lis.
*§3. Descendants in the fourth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing a cross counterchanged in chief to the sinister of the first charge.  These crosses shall be applied in the following order: couped, flory, moline, botonny, potent, patee, patonce, crosslet, and Maltese.
*§4. Descendants in the fifth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by altering the field to one semy of the secondary color.  The fields shall be semy in the following order: of crescents, of trefoils, of quatrefoils, of cinquefoils, of estoiles, of estoiles of seven points,  of estoiles of eight points, and de-lis.
*§5. Descendants in the sixth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by adding a bordure.  These bordures shall be of the other metal or of argent if there is no Or in the field, and shall be utilized in the following order: unvaried, wavy, indented, engrailed, invected, embattled, dovetailed, potenty, and nebuly.
*§6. Descendants in the seventh generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by adding a fourth color to the bordure in the following order: per pale, quarterly, per saltire, gyronny of six, gyronny of eight, gyronny of twelve, compony, counter-compony, lozengy, and chequy.
*§ 7. Descendants in the eighth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure in chief a mark of cadency as described in regulation §2 of the other metal or of argent if there is no Or in the field.
*§8. Descendants in the ninth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure to the sinister of the eighth generation mark of cadency a second mark of cadency as described in §3.
*§9. Descendants in the tenth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure to the sinister a third mark of cadency as described in §2.
*§10. Descendants in the eleventh generation after an original armiger shall be issued a new achievement containing the same charge(s), but of colors different than in the original arms.  A roundel of the original colors shall be placed in base.  Any marshalled parental arms are eliminated.  These shall then be differenced as described in paragraphs 1 through 9.
*§11. Descendants in the twenty first generation after an original armiger shall be issued a new achievement containing the same charge(s), but of different colors than the original arms or those of the eleventh generation.  A roundel of the colors of the eleventh generation shall be placed in base to the sinister of the roundel of the original arms.  These shall then be differenced as described in paragraphs 1 through 9.  Any marshalled parental arms are eliminated.
*§12. Et cetera.

=====Article III – Marshalling=====
*§1. When there is only one child, he or she shall inherit the shields of both parents.  These may be marshalled in one of three ways, at the discretion of the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal, consulting with the armiger.
**a. The paternal shield may be impaled to the dexter of the maternal shield.
**b. The maternal shield may be displayed on a canon, a sinister canon, or an inescutcheon. The canon or inescutcheon shall debruise later marks of differencing when appropriate.
**c. The paternal and maternal shield may be displayed quarterly, with the paternal shield in quarters 1 and 4, and the maternal shield in quarters 2 and 3.
*§2. Maternal shields inherited in this way shall not be differenced by future generations, differencing taking place solely in the paternal shield.
*§3. The shield of future only children may be displayed quarterly with the arms of the original armiger in quarter 1 and the arms of the armiger's parents in quarters 2 and 3.  The armiger may choose which arms of his ancestors to display in quarter 4.
*§4. The form of marshalling may be changed if future developments of the paternal shield make another style more esthetically pleasing.
*§5. When institutional arms are marshalled with personal arms, the personal arms are displayed on the dexter side when impaled; the institutional arms are placed on the canon or inescutcheon.  Institutional arms may also be marshalled quarterly with personal arms, the personal arms being displayed in the first and fourth quarters.

=====Article IV - Assuming Surnames=====
*§1. A child may assume the surname of his father or his mother.  A temporary choice is to be made by the parents at the time of birth.  At the age of 18, the child is to make a permanent choice.
*§2. The child may choose to hyphenate the surnames of both parents, in any order.
*§3. A child of parents with hyphenated surnames may choose, at the age of 18, either of the two hyphenated surnames, any one of the four names, or may hyphenate any two of them.

====TITLE TWENTY-THREE – CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE====
=====Public Law No. 16 [The Crimes and Penalties Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Εγκλήματων και Ποινών] (2/3/1931)=====
*Article 1 [Definitions]
**§1 The following crimes shall be considered felonies in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain: aggravated assault and/or battery, abortion, arson, burglary, illegal drug abuse or sales, embezzlement, grand theft, treason, espionage, racketeering, robbery, murder, rape, kidnapping, and fraud.  Commission of these felonies is punishable with mandatory imprisonment, the length of which is to be determined by Law.  They are also punishable with punitive damages and/or compensation to the victim, the amount of which is to be determined by Law.
**§2 Assault is defined as any act that causes another to apprehend immediate and personal violence.  Aggravated assault and/or battery is defined as assault with evidence of a deadly weapon, real or presumed, which may be an object or a part of the human body.
**§3 Any person involved in procuring an abortion shall be subject to the penalties of Law when he or she returns to the Monastic Republic.

*Article 2 [Penalties]
**§1 Felons lose their right to vote, are ineligible to run for public office, may not sit on a jury, and may not hold any government position.
**§2 Any felony committed while under the influence of drugs or alcohol will result in an increase in the penalty exacted.
**§3 Any misdemeanor committed while under the influence of drugs or alcohol will result in a mandatory prison sentence of not more than six months. 
**§4 Felons may not have in their possession any kind of firearm, ammunition or body armor.
**§5 A felon who is not a citizen of the Monastic Republic, ''i.e.'', a tourist, a resident alien, or a non-resident alien shall be deported after completion of the sentence.
**§6 After completing one-fifth of the sentence adjudicated, the Archimandrite may commute the remainder of the sentence of the non-citizen to deportation.
**§5 Should his home nation request that the non-citizen felon be returned, an indemnification will be required of the home nation.

=====Public Law No. 35 [The Crimes against Religious Sentiment Act] (2/1984)=====
*Article 1 [Vilifying Religion]
**Whosoever by words, gestures, written matter, whether printed or not, or pictures or by some other visible means, publicly vilifies any religion tolerated by law in the Monastic Republic, now or in the future, or gives offence to said religion by vilifying those who profess such religion or its ministers, or anything which forms the object of, or is consecrated to, or is  necessarily destined for said religion’s worship, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

*Article 2 [Impeding Religious Demonstrations]
**§1 Whosoever impedes or disturbs the performance of any function, ceremony or religious service of any religion tolerated by law, which is carried out under a duly issued perrmit, with the assistance of a minister of religion or in any place of worship or in any public place or place open to the public shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
**§2 If any act amounting to threat or violence against the person is committed, the punishment shall be imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years and any indemnification of the victim required.

====TITLE TWENTY-FOUR – CUSTOMS DUTIES====
=====Public Law No. 20 [The Port of Entry Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο του Λιμανίου Εισόδου] (2/2/1932)=====
*§1 The Deme of Prosforion shall be the only point of entry into and exit from the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 The Law shall provide for duties on items brought into the Monastic Republic by citizens from nations other than the Hellenic Kingdom.
*§3 By treaty with the Hellenic Kingdom, citizens of the Monastic Republic carrying valid passports, shall be exempt from any customs duties when entering the Hellenic Kingdom at any port of entry, provided they are destined immediately for their home in the Monastic Republic.

====TITLE TWENTY-FIVE – FOOD AND DRUGS====

====TITLE TWENTY-SIX – INTOXICATING LIQUORS====
=====Public Law No. 26 [Alcoholic Beverages Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Αλκοολούχων Ποτών)] (8/6/1935)=====
*§1 All alcoholic beverages, with the exception of beer and ale, will be sold in state-operated stores.

====TITLE TWENTY-SEVEN – FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE====
=====Public Law No. 17 [The Diplomats Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Διπλομάτων)] (4/7/1931)=====
*§1 Ambassadors accredited to the Greek Kingdom shall be recognized as ambassadors to the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 Such ambassadors shall be expected to observe the laws of the Monastic Republic.  Any violation of the laws of the Monastic Republic shall result in immediate expulsion from the Monastic Republic and indemnification from the ambassador's home nation.

====TITLE TWENTY-EIGHT - TRANSPORTATION====
=====Public Law No. 33 [The Transportation Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο ?)] (8/3/1971)=====
*§1 The aviation code for the helicoters of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain shall be AO.
*§2 Toll ferry service to and from Prosforion, Ammouliani, and Dafni shall be provided.
*§3 A toll electric bus service shall be provided for service between Prosforion and Aktí.
*§4 Taxi service by means of non-fossil fuel vehicles may be offered by citizens. Such service shall require a license from the Hegumen Constable. Fares for such services shall be established by Law.
*§5 Children shall be transported free of charge, by boat or bus, to and from school on school days.

====TITLE TWENTY-NINE – ROADS====
=====Public Law No. 31 [The Paved Roads Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Πλακωστράτων)] (8/5/1958)=====
*§1 The streets of Prosforion, Aktí, Ammouliani, Dafni, and Karyes shall be paved with concrete. These streets shall consist of two eleven-foot wide lanes with a four-foot wide pedestrian lane on each side.
*§2 A two-lane concrete-paved road shall be constructed linking Prosforion and Aktí. This concrete paving shall not extend outside the villages of Dafni and Karyes. 
*§3 A two-lane concrete-paved road shall be constructed linking Prosforion and Aktí.  This road shall consist of two eleven-foot wide lanes with a four-foot wide pedestrian lane on each side.  The pedestrian lanes shall be separated from the vehicular lanes by a four-foot-wide landscaped strip.
*§4 A Department of Roads and Transportation shall be created to oversee the maintenance of these paved roads. 
*§5 The Department of Roads and Transportation shall also be responsible for the construction and maintenance of any bridges on these roads.

Amended 6/1975:
*§1 The Interdeme Highway shall be reconfigured to allow trolleybus traffic.
*§2 The present pedestrian lanes shall be widened to eleven-foot lanes to carry the trolleybuses.  These trolleybus lanes shall be separated from the vehicular lanes by a four-foot-wide landscaped strip.
*§3 The trolleybus lanes shall be separated from the pedestrian lanes by a six-foot wide landscaped strip.  These lanes shall be landscaped with white mulberry bushes.
*§4 The Sericulture Association shall have the exclusive right to harvest these mulberry bushes of leaves, berries, and branches.
*§5 The vehicular lanes shall be marked with reflective paint: a dotted white line down the center and a continuous yellow line at the edges.
*§6 Catenary lines to carry the trolleybus power lines shall be erected the length of the Highway and through the Xerxes Canal Tunnel.

====TITLE THIRTY – NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS====
=====Public Law No. 29 [The Lighthouse Construction Act] (9/6/1949)=====
*§1 As an aid to maritime navigation, both commercial and private, lighthouses (&lt;font color=blue&gt;φαρ&lt;/font&gt;) shall be constructed on Cape Arapis, Cape Akrothos, and Cape Pinnes.
*§2 Each of the three lighthouses shall be constructed of reinforced concrete to the same basic pattern.
*§3 To enable identification by the mariner, the lighthouse on Cape Arapis shall have a square tower, that on Cape Akrothos a round tower, and that on Cape Pinnes a conical tower.
*§4 For further identification the towers of the three lighthouses shall be painted checky red and gold. The rest of the lighthouse and any outbuildings shall be painted white.
*§5 To further aid in identification, the light from the beacon shall be differentiated. The lighthouse on Cape Arapis shall be isophase white of six seconds (three of white and three of darkness), that on Cape Akrothos alternating white and red each of three seconds, and that on Cape Pinnes alternating white and green each of three seconds.
*§6 The beacons shall be located 13 m. (40’) above ground level.
*§7 The beacons shall be equipped with third order Fresnel lenses.
*§8 The light of the beacons shall be produced by an acetylene flame.
*§9 Each beacon shall also have a fog horn.
*§10 The lighthouses shall be located as high up the mountainside as is feasible. The exact location shall be detemined by the office of the Hegumen Castellan.
*§11 Each site shall have an area prepared for the landing of a helicopter.
*§12 Each site shall have a path (if necessary) to the sea and a dock for deliveries by sea.
*§13 The lighthouses shall be permanently manned by a monk trained in the operation and care of the lighthouse.
*§14 Each lighthouse shall be equipped with a radiophone so that the lighthouse keeper (&lt;font color=blue&gt;φαροφύλακ&lt;/font&gt;) may contact the office of the Hegumen Constable to order supplies. In case of an emergency, he shall contact the appropriate gendarmery headquarters.
*§15 The lighthouses shall not be open to the public.
**Amended 1970 - Solar panels shall be installed to power the beacon and the acetylene shall be discontinued.

=====Public Law No. 30 [The Private Pleasure Craft Act] (2/6/1950)=====
*Article I – Arrival and Departure Procedures
**§1 The flag of the Monastic Republic shall be flown while in Monastic Republic waters.
**§2 Arriving yachts must call the Port Authority on VHF 12 from offshore, advising of the Estimated Time of Arrival.
**§3 The &quot;Q&quot; flag must be flown and no one may go ashore until the Port Authorities have been aboard. 
**§4 All yachts must immediately proceed to a Port of Entry and clear in with the Port Authority, Customs, Immigration and Health. The ship's papers must be presented to the Port Authority after which Customs will issue a Transit Log (renewable after six months and valid for one year). This Transit Log must be presented to the Port Authority at each subsequent port visited in the Monastic Republic. When leaving Greece, this Transit Log must be returned to Customs.
**§5 A fully detailed crew list must be presented to the Port Authorities on both arrival and departure from ports.
**§6 The Gendarmery of the Monastic Republic monitors all calls on VHF 12 so this channel should be monitored when approaching ports and whilst in port. 

*Article II - Immigration &amp; Customs
**§1 A visa shall not be required for a visit of no more than three months for citizens of the Hellenic Empire and of any other nation having diplomatic relations with the Monastic Republic.  For longer stays a visa must be applied for well in advance of the three month expiration date.  
**§2 Visas must be issued in advance for all other nationalities and are valid for up to three months. Visa extensions can be obtained from the nearest Gendarmery station. 
**§3 Firearms and ammunitions must be declared on arrival. 
**§4 Cats and dogs require health and rabies inoculation certificates issued in the country of origin, not more than 12 months previously for dogs, six months for cats, and not less than six days before arrival. 
**§5 Individual passports shall not be stamped on entry into the Monastic Republic aboard a yacht, nor is this required for departure with the same yacht. However, if leaving by other means (by air), the stamps shall be required by Immigration at the point of exit. 
**§6 Yachts shall carry their original registration documents and the ship's radio station licence. One member of the crew shall be in possession of a certificate to operate the radio/VHF. 
**§7 The original insurance certificate and a Greek translation showing Third Party insurance with the amounts in figures. These minimum amounts are: 
***MD$110,000 liability for death or injury by sinking, collision or other cause for crew and third parties, 
***MD$55,000 for damage, 
***MD$32,500 for pollution. 
**§8 The captain must have an International Certificate of Competence. 
**§9 Nights must be spent on board and not in hotels or other accomodations ashore. If invited to stay with a citizen, a crew member must notify the Harbour Master and the Immigration officer. 
**§10 Fishing and underwater activity is restricted in the Monastic Republic.  The Gendarmery should be consulted before engaging in these activities. 
**§11 If the boat is be under the command os someone other than the owner or the captain, that person shall ensure that the proper documentation is obtained from the Port Police. 
**§12 Chartering by foreign yachts shall not be permitted.
**§13 Hauling out a vessel shall require the authorization of the Gendarmery. 

*Article III - Fees 
**§14 For all foreign boats over seven meters, there shall be a Circulation Fee of MD$4.50 per meter, payable at the first Port of Entry. 
**§15 If planning to stay in Monastic Republic waters for longer than twelve months, this Circulation Fee shall be levied for a permit entitled the Private Pleasure Yacht Permission for Stay Document. This document is valid for three years. A  Port Police Charge of MD$6.50 shall be levied for issuing these permits. If re-entering Monastic Republic waters within 30 days, this Circulation Fee already paid will apply. 
**§16 The marinas shall charge a mooring fee based on the length of the yacht. This fee is MD$9.00 for each ten meters in length.
**§17 There is a basic fee of MD$4.00 charged at each port for completing the paperwork.

=====Public Law No. 34 [Xerxes Canal Reconstruction Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο για την Aνασυγκροτήσην της Ξέρξου Διώρυγας] (2/4/1975)=====
*§1 Given that the Xerxes Canal is virtually impassable, the Canal shall be reconstructed to a surface width of 55 perticas (526 ft., 163 m.), a bottom width of 100 perticas (296 m., 975 ft.), and a depth of 4 perticas (11.8 m., 39 ft.).
*§2 To this end, the Holy Synod shall create the Xerxes Canal Authority (Εξουσία Ξέρξου Διώρυγας - Exousía Xérxou Diôrygas)(hereinafter EXD), which shall be composed of the three demarchs and six other citizens, two from each of the demes, to manage the construction and operation of the Canal.
*§3 The EXD Administration building shall be located in Aktí.
*§4 This Commission shall draw up its own governing by-laws which shall be submitted to the Holy Synod for approval.
*§5 A toll, determined by Law, shall be exacted from vessels wishing to use the Canal and shall vary as the needs of maintaining the Canal change.
*§6 The Canal is not to realize more than a ten percent profit from the tolls exacted above the cost of maintaining the Canal.
*§7 Any profit realized from the Canal may be used by the Holy Synod to supplement any other item in the annual budget.
*§8 The EXD shall submit an annual operating budget to the Archimandrite for submission to the Holy Synod.
*§9 Operation of the Canal includes, but is not limited to, dredging of the Canal to maintain a proper depth, maintenance of the tunnel (in cooperation with the Department of Roads), maintenance of the landscaped banks of the Canal and of the paved foot/bicycle paths thereon, the planting and care of orange trees the length of the canal on either side, and the salaries of those employed to maintain the Canal.
*§10 The Gendarmery shall patrol the Canal. A unit from Ouranoupoli shall patrol the western half and a unit from Aktí shall patrol the eastern half.
*§11 The purchase and maintenance of patrol boats, a tugboat and two fireboats, and the salaries of the gendarmes shall constitute a separate budget item submitted to the Archimandrite by the EXD.
*§12 The cost of reconstructing the Canal shall also include the cost of constructing a tunnel under the Canal for vehicular traffic on the Intercity Road.  The tunnel shall convey all the traffic conveyed by the Intercity Highway, i.e., vehicular traffic, trolleybus, and pedestrians.  The tunnel shall also include a common utility duct to carry power and telecommunication cables across the Canal.  Any existing bridges over the Canal shall be removed.
*§13 The following regulations shall apply to vessels navigating the Canal:
**a. Hazardous or dangerous cargo may not pass through the Canal. A stiff fine shall be exacted for violation of this restriction, which could include imprisonment for the captain of the vessel.
**b. Radios shall be tuned to the assigned frequency at all times during passage through the Canal. Signs announcing the frequency shall be posted at both entrances.
**c. Passage through the Canal is permitted only in daylight hours. Decreased visibility shall also be a reason to prohibit traffic on the Canal.
**d. Wind-sailing shall be prohibited on the Canal.
**e. Small hand-powered vessels, such as rowboats and canoes, shall be prohibited on the Canal.
**f. Power-driven vessels may set their sails.
**g. Traffic shall pass to the right.
**h. Stopping the vessel shall not be permitted at any time during passage through the Canal, except in the case of an emergency. In such a case the vessel in distress must notify the Gendarmery immediately who shall immediately send assistance.
**i. It shall be permitted to tow one other vessel the length of which shall not exceed 15 m. The minimum speed while towing shall not be less than 9 km./hr.
**j. Appropriate speed limits of vessels navigating the Canal shall be determined by the Gendarmery and posted clearly and at several places along the length of the Canal.
**k. The toll shall be based on the type of vessel, its actual tonnage, and its overall length. The following categories of vessels are recognized:
***Category A - cargo vessels, fishing boats, tugboats, warships, and special purpose vessels
***Category B - barges, floating cranes, and floating docks.
***Category C - private pleasure craft and fishing boats registered and berthed in the Monastic Republic.
***Category D - passenger and cruise ships capable of carrying more than 25 passengers.
**l. No toll shall be exacted of the Monastic Republic's tour boats.
*§13 The required toll shall be transmitted electronically before entering the Canal at either end.
*§14 A schedule shall list the costs of hiring the Monastic Republic's tugboats, pilot boats, cranes and barges.

====[[L Laws of the MR V]]====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Constitution of the MR I</title>
    <id>6728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47490</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T17:08:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Retitling article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=PREAMBLE=
In the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.  We, the Archimandrite and assembled Hegumens of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain make known herewith that this Constitution has been promulgated by Us in the year of Our Lord 1870 as follows:

=DEFINITIONS=
*'''Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''' shall be the official name of the sovereign nation and shall indicate the totality of the territory and the citizens of the sovereign nation.
*'''Monastic Republic''' shall be the shortened name of the sovereign nation.
*'''Mt. Athos''' shall indicate the name of the mountain at the end of the peninsula.
*'''Holy Mountain''' shall indicate the territory of the monasteries, access to which is prohibited to women.
*'''The Lowland''' shall indicate the plain between the Holy Mountain and the border of the Hellenic Republic.
*'''The Isles''' shall indicate the island of Ammanouli and its adjacent isles which lie in the Aegean Sea to the west of the Lowland.
*'''Monk''' shall indicate the men who live in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain.
*'''Citizen''' shall indicate the men, women, and children of the laity who live in the Lowland and the Isles.
*'''People''' shall indicate the monks and citizens of the Monastic Republic.

=TITLE I - SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN=

==Article 1 [Sovereignty]==
*§1 The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is a Christian, democratic, sovereign, independent, and neutral nation.
*§2 This Constitution proclaims that the action of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is inspired by the principles of respect and promotion of liberty, equality, justice, tolerance, defence of human rights and dignity of the person.
*§3 Sovereignty is vested in the duly elected Hegumens of the twenty monasteries, who exercise it through the executive power of the Archimandrite, the legislative power of the democratically elected Hegumens, and the institutions established in this Constitution.
*§4 Although the Monastic Republic is but a single community, for purposes of representation and statistics it is comprised of the twenty monasteries, and the land apportioned to each one, and the Lowland and the Isles.
*§5 There is no political entity smaller than the Monastic Republic itself.
*§6 The territory of the Monastic Republic is inviolable and no portion of it may be ceded.
*§7 The purpose and mission of the Monastic Republic is to provide an opportunity for men of the Christian Faith to come closer to God through a life of prayer and penance.
*§8 The citizens of the Lowland and the Isles provide logistical support to this mission.
*§9 Unless specified otherwise, all articles in this Constitution pertain to both the monasteries and the Lowland and the Isles.

==Article 2 [Language, Capital]==
*§1 Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and shall be the only language used in the deliberations of the Executive and the Legislative Branches of the Government.
*§2 The town of Karyes shall be the capital of the Monastic Republic and the seat of the assembled Hegumens.

==Article 3 [Constitution and Laws]==
*§1 This present Constitution, which is the highest rule of the Monastic Republic’s legal system, binds all public and private institutions as well as individuals.
*§2 The Constitution recognizes the principles of equality, hierarchy, publicity of the judicial rules, non-retroactivity of the rules restricting individual rights or those that are unfavorable in their effect or sanction, juridical security, accountability of public institutions and prohibition of any kind of arbitrariness.
*§3 The universally recognized principles of international public Law are incorporated into the legal system of the Monastic Republic.

==Article 4 [Treaties]==
*§1 Treaties by which sovereign rights or prerogatives of the Monastic Republic would be affected, a new burden imposed on the Monastic Republic or its citizens, or an obligation assumed that would limit the rights of the monasteries shall require the assent of a three-quarters majority of the [[wikipedia:Holy Synod|Holy Synod]].
*§2 Treaties and international agreements take effect in the legal system from the moment of their publication in the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain'' and cannot be amended or repealed  by Law.

=TITLE II THE ARCHIMANDRITE=

==Article 5 [The Archimandrite]==
*§1 Sovereignty over the Serene Monastic Republic of the Monastic Republic is vested in the duly appointed Archimandrite. The Archimandrite is the symbol and guarantee of the permanence the Monastic Republic as well as of its independence and the maintenance of the spirit of parity in the traditional balanced relation with the world communities. He proclaims the consent of the monasteries to honor their international obligations in accordance with the Constitution.
*§2 The Archimandrite is the Head of State and the Head of Government and shall exercise his rights pertaining to the powers of the Monastic Republic in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and of the other laws.  The executive power belongs to him and he shall have no powers other than those formally bestowed on him by the Constitution or those specific laws passed by virtue of the Constitution.
*§3 The Archimandrite is the Chairman of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain.
*§3 As Bishop of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain, the Archimandrite governs as an autocrat to whom the Holy Synod act merely as advisors.

==Article 6 [Appointment to the Archimandriteship]==
*§1 The Archimandrite shall be appointed from the twelve Orthodox hegumens in a rotation determined by the seniority of the monasteries for a term of five years. A list of the seniority of the monasteries shall be a schedule added to this Constitution.
*§2 Upon election the Archimandrite shall be sworn in at the Divine Liturgy in the presence of the other nineteen Hegumens who shall affirm their fealty by a gesture to be determined by Law.
*§3 Every Archimandrite shall declare orally upon his honor and dignity the following oath during the Divine Liturgy: “I swear by the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit to observe the Constitution of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and its other laws, and to observe the independence and the territorial integrity of this Serene Monastic Republic.”  He shall then sign his name to this oath.
*§4 This oath shall be administered to the new Archimandrite by the outgoing Archimandrite and witnessed by the signatures of the nineteen Hegumens.
*§5 Should the office of Archimandrite become vacant before the end of the tenure, the Hegumen next in the order of succession shall be sworn in and begin his five-year term.

==Article 7 [Required signature]==
*Every law shall require the signature of the Archimandrite to attain legal force. 

==Article 8 [Implementation of Laws]==
*§1 In consultation with the Holy Synod, the Archimandrite shall take the measures necessary for the execution and implementation of the laws and the measures pursuant to his rights of administration and supervision and shall issue the appropriate ordinances. In urgent cases, he shall take the necessary measures for the security and welfare of the Monastic Republic. 
*§2 Emergency decrees may not suspend the Constitution as a whole or individual provisions thereof but may only limit the applicability of individual provisions of the Constitution. Emergency decrees may not curtail the right of each person to life, the prohibition of torture and inhumane treatment, the prohibition of slavery and forced labor, or the principle of ''nulla poena sine lege.'' Moreover, the provisions of this article may not be limited by emergency decrees. Emergency decrees shall expire at the latest six months after they have been issued.

==Article 9 [Appointment of Judges]==
*The Archimandrite shall appoint the Judges in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

==Article 10 [Commander-in-chief]==
*The Archimandrite is ''domestikos ton scholon'' of the Monastic Republic’s gendarmery.  As such, he determines policies of public safety and security within the limits prescribed by Law, appoints the ''protostrator'', and grants commissions to officers.

==Article 11 [Right of Pardon]==
*§1 The Archimandrite shall have the right of pardon, of mitigating or commuting legally adjudicated sentences, and of quashing initiated investigations. 

==Article 12 [Creation of Services]==
*The Archimandrite shall create and structure the services considered to be necessary for the performance of the Monastic Republic’s institutional functions and shall appoint the holders of these services and their accreditation to all effects.

==Article 13 [Money and Stamps]==
*§1 The Archimandrite shall issue postage stamps in keeping with the Law. 
*§2 The currency of the Hellenic Empire shall be legal tender in the Monastic Republic.
*§3 There shall be no private ownership of gold bullion, with the exception of that used in jewelry and coins held for numismatic purposes.

==Article 14 [Credit]==
*The Archimandrite shall supervise the regulation of credit.

==Article 15 [Passports]==
*Passports shall be issued in the name of the Archimandrite.  They are likewise revoked by the Archimandrite.

==Article 16 [Proxy for the Archimandrite]==
*§1 The Archimandrite may entrust any other Orthodox Hegumen as his proxy with the exercise of the sovereign rights pertaining to the Archimandrite, should the Archimandrite be temporarily unable to exercise these rights.
*§2 The powers of the Archimandrite given by this Constitution may not be proposed for amendment in an interval during which another person is acting for him.

=[[C Constitution of the MR II]]=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Constitution of the MR II</title>
    <id>6729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47492</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T17:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Retitling article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=TITLE III. RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS=

==Chapter I. General principles==
===Article 17 [Human Dignity Inalienable]===
*The Constitution recognises human dignity to be inalienable and therefore guarantees the inviolable and imprescriptible rights of the individual, which constitute the foundation of political order, social peace and justice.

===Article 18 [Equality]===
*§1 All persons are equal before the Law. No one may be discriminated against on grounds of birth, race, sex, origin, religion, opinions or any other personal or social condition.
*§2 Public authorities shall create the conditions such that the equality and the liberty of individuals may be real and effective.
*§3 Nowhere in this Constitution shall the use of the masculine pronoun be construed as meaning only someone of the masculine gender, with the exception of positions on the Holy Mountain.

==Chapter II. Monastic Republic nationality==
===Article 19 [Monastic Republic nationality]===
*§1 A person whose father or mother is a citizen of the Monastic Republic at the birth of the child shall be a citizen of the Monastic Republic by descent.
*§2 Merely being born in the territory of the Monastic Republic does not confer citizenship.
*§3 Every child who is found within the Monastic Republic and the whereabouts of whose parents are unknown shall, until the parents of the child are traced, be deemed to be a citizen of the Monastic Republic by descent.
*§4 Any man who enters the novitiate in any one of the twenty monasteries becomes a citizen of the Monastic Republic.
*§5 The acquisition of citizenship of the Monastic Republic by a foreign national shall be regulated by Law.

==Chapter III. The fundamental rights of the person and public freedoms==
===Article 20 [Right to Life]===
*§1 The Constitution recognises the right to life and fully protects it in all its phases, from conception to death.
*§2 All persons have the right to physical and moral integrity. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
*§3 The death penalty is prohibited.
*§4 A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his life in contravention of this article if he dies as the result of the use of force to such extent as is reasonably justifiable in the following circumstances:
**a. defending of any person from violence or the defence of property;
**b. effecting a lawful arrest or preventing the escape of a person lawfully detained;
**c. suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny; or
**d. preventing the commission by that person of a criminal offence, or if he dies as the result of a lawful act of war.

===Article 21 [Right to Liberty and Security]===
*§1 All persons have the right to liberty and security and shall be deprived of them only on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established in the Constitution or by Law.
*§2 Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed at the time of his arrest or detention, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest or detention.  If an interpreter is necessary and is not readily available or if it is otherwise impracticable to comply with the provisions of this sub-article at the time of the person’s arrest or detention, such provisions shall be complied with as soon as practicable.
*§3 Executive detention shall take no longer than the time needed to carry out the enquiries in relation to the clarification of the case, and in all cases the detained shall be brought before the Court of Justice within 48 hours.
*§4 The Law shall establish a procedure so that the detained may request the Court of Justice to decide about the lawfulness of the detention. Likewise the Law shall establish the procedure to restore the impaired fundamental rights of any person under detention.
*§5 No one shall be held criminally or administratively liable on account of any acts or omissions which were lawful at the time when they were committed.
*§6 It is not permitted to deport or exile Citizens, or to prevent them from returning to the Monastic Republic.
*§7 Monks who are deemed unsuitable for the vocation by the monastic authorities shall be given the option of either becoming a Citizen or returning to their homeland.

===Article 22 [Right to Jurisdiction]===
*§1 All persons shall have the right to jurisdiction and to have a ruling founded in the Law, and to a due trial before an impartial tribunal established  by Law.
*§2 All persons shall have the right to counsel and the technical assistance of a competent lawyer, to trial within a reasonable time, to the presumption of innocence, to be informed of the charges against them, not to declare themselves guilty, not to testify against themselves or members of their family and to appeal in criminal causes.
*§3 No person who shows that he has been tried by any competent court for a criminal offence and either convicted or acquitted shall again be tried for that offence or for any other criminal offence of which he could have been convicted at the trial for that offence, save upon the order of the Supreme Tribunal made in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the conviction or acquittal. No person shall be tried for a criminal offence if he shows that he has been pardoned for that offence.
*§4 In order to guarantee the principle of equality, the Law shall regulate the cases when justice shall be free of cost.
*§5 Penalties may be threatened or imposed only in accordance with the Law. 

===Article 23 [Freedom of Thought]===
*§1 The Constitution guarantees the freedom of ideas, religion and cult, and no one is bound to disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs; nor may anyone be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the days of rest.
*§2 The Monastic Republic does not have the right to intervene either in the nomination or in the installation of ministers of any religion, other than the Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain, nor to forbid these ministers from corresponding with their superiors, or from publishing their acts, except, in the latter case, taking into consideration normal responsibilities in matters of press and publication.
*§3 Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by Law and are necessary in the interests of public safety, order, health or morals, or for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
*§4 The Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain is the National Church. The Constitution guarantees this Church free and public exercise of its activities.
*§5 Other faiths shall also be entitled to practice their creeds and to hold religious services within the limits of morality and public order in the Lowland and the Isles. 
*§6 Time for religious teaching shall be provided in all schools in the Monastic Republic as part of compulsory education, unless objection to such requirement is made by the person who according to law has authority over him, in which case the student shall receive non-denominational moral education.
*§7 Ownership and all other proprietary rights of religious communities and associations in respect of their institutes, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship, instruction, and charity, with the exception of real property, shall be guaranteed.
*§8 The Monastic Republic awards remuneration and pensions to duly authorized religious leaders in accord with Law; those amounts required are included in the General Budget on an annual basis.  No other payments from the General Budget to religious bodies are permitted.

===Article 24 [Freedom of Expression]===
*§1 Freedoms of expression, of communication and of information are guaranteed. All persons shall have the right to freely express their opinions and to communicate their ideas verbally, in writing, in print or with images, within the limits of the Law and morality.
*§2 The Law shall regulate the right of reply, the right of correction and of professional secrecy.
*§3 Preliminary censorship or any other means of ideological control on the part of the public authorities shall be prohibited.
*§4 Censorship may be exercised only in respect of public performances and exhibitions. 

===Article 25 [The Family]===
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall promote a policy of protection of the family, which is the basic foundation of society.
*§2 Marriage is a civil contract; only those marriages witnessed by a minister of the Monastic Republic are valid.  However, the right of religions to conduct marriages is upheld.  Duly authorized ministers of religion may function as ministers of the Monastic Republic with respect to marriage.
*§3 Only that union between one man and one woman shall be called a marriage and shall have the full protection of the Law. The civil status of persons and forms of marriage shall be regulated by Law. The civil effects of Canon Law marriage shall be recognized.
*§4 The Monastic Republic shall not recognize a union contrary to that described in §3 that has taken place between those who wish to become citizens of the Monastic Republic.
*§5 Both spouses have the same rights and duties. All children are equal before the Law, regardless of their parentage.

===Article 26 [Right to Privacy]===
*The right to privacy, honor and reputation shall be guaranteed. All shall be protected by Law against unlawful interference in their family and private life.

===Article 27 [Inviolability of the Home]===
*§1 Inviolability of the home shall be guaranteed. No one shall enter a dwelling or any other premises against the will of the owner or without a warrant, except in case of ''flagrante delicto''. The privacy of communication shall also be guaranteed, except upon a reasoned court order.
*§2 Except in the cases specified by Law and in the manner prescribed by Law, no person may be arrested or kept in custody, no houses, persons, letters or documents may be searched, and no letters or documents may be seized.
*§3 Persons arrested unlawfully and persons arrested or convicted and shown to be innocent shall be entitled to full compensation from the Monastic Republic as determined by the Court of Justice. Whether and to what extent the Monastic Republic has a right of recourse against third parties in such cases shall be determined by Law.

===Article 28 [Right to Assemble]===
*The right to meet and assemble for any lawful purpose shall be respected. The exercise of the right of assembly requires that the authorities be notified in advance, and shall not prevent the free movement of goods and people.

===Article 29 [Right to Associations]===
*§1 The right to form and maintain managerial, professional and trade-union associations shall be recognised. Without prejudice to their links with international institutions, these organizations shall operate within the limits of the Lowland and the Isles, shall have their own autonomy without any organic dependence on foreign bodies, and shall function democratically. A law shall establish a Registry of the associations which may be constituted.
*§2 Workers and employers have the right to defend their own economic and social interests. Laws shall regulate the conditions to exercise this right in order to guarantee the functioning of the services essential to the community.
*§3 Civil and military positions are the exclusive rights of the Citizens of the Lowland and the Isles.

===Article 30 [Right to Education]===
*§1 All Citizens have the right to an education, which shall be oriented towards the dignity and full development of the human personality, thus strengthening the respect for freedom and the fundamental rights.
*§2 Freedom of teaching and of establishing teaching centers shall be recognised.
*§3 Parents have the right to decide the type of education for their children. They also have the right to moral or religious instruction for their children in accordance with their own convictions.

===Article 31 [Freedom of Movement]===
*§1 The Citizens have the right to move freely throughout the Lowland and the Isles and to enter and leave the Lowland and the Isles in accordance with the laws.
*§2 The residence rights of foreigners shall be determined by international treaties or, if applicable, by reciprocity. 
*§3 The Citizens and lawful resident foreigners have the right freely to choose their residence in the Lowland and the Isles, unless there is a law to the contrary.
*§4 Women may not enter the Holy Mountain.  Men may enter only by invitation.

===Article 32 [Rights of Foreigners]===
*§1 Foreigners enjoy all the public and private rights and privileges not reserved by Law to Citizens.
*§2 Every foreigner who is legally resident or a tourist in the Monastic Republic shall have the right to protection of his person and his property in accordance with the Law. Foreigners shall have regard for society's values and respect its traditions and customs.
*§3 The non-renewal of the residence permit or the expulsion of a lawful resident shall only be decided pursuant to the causes and terms determined by Law, after a non-appealable decision of the Court of Justice, if the interested person exercises his right to jurisdiction.

===Article 33 [Right to Petition]===
*§1 The right to petition the Archimandrite shall be guaranteed; not only individuals whose rights or interests are affected but also associations shall be entitled to have their wishes and requests brought before the Archimandrite. 
*§2 The right of complaint shall be guaranteed. Every Citizen of the Monastic Republic shall be entitled to lodge a complaint regarding any action or procedure on the part of a public authority that is contrary to the Constitution, the Law, or ordinances and that is detrimental to his rights or interests. Such complaint may be addressed to the immediately superior authority and may, if necessary, be pursued to the highest authority, to the extent that the stages of recourse are not limited by Law. If a complaint thus submitted is rejected by the superior authority, the superior authority shall be required to disclose to the complainant the reasons for its decision. The Court of Justice is the court of final appeal.

===Article 34 [Obligation to Bear Arms]===
*§1 Defense of the homeland is a sacred duty.  Every Citizen fit to bear arms shall be required to serve in the Gendarmery for a period of two years.
*§2 Every Citizen fit to bear arms shall be required, until the completion of his 59th year, to serve in the Gendarmery in the event of emergency. 
*§3 The freedom to own and use firearms shall be regulated by Law.

==Chapter IV. Political rights of Citizens==
===Article 35 [Right to Vote]===
*Every Citizen of the Lowland and the Isles who has completed his 18th year, has his residence in the Monastic Republic, and whose right to vote has not been suspended shall be entitled to all political rights in national matters.

===Article 36 [Right to Public Office]===
*Every Citizen has the right of accession to public service and office under the same conditions and in accordance with the requirements determined by Law. The exercise of institutional posts is reserved to the Citizens, with the exceptions that may be provided for in the Constitution or in international treaties.

===Article 37 [Right to Create Political Parties]===
*The Citizens have the right freely to create political parties. The functioning and organization of these political parties must be democratic and their activities lawful. The suspension of their activities and their dissolution is the responsibility of the Court of Justice.
==Chapter V. Rights, and economic, social and cultural principles.==
===Article 38 [Right to Own Property]===
*§1 Every Citizen shall have the right to acquire all forms of property, except real property, in accordance with the Law. 
*§2 Real estate may not be privately owned.  All real estate is owned by the Monastic Republic and is made available to the Citizens as determined by Law.
*§3 Private property and the rights of inheritance are recognised without other limits than those derived from the social function of property.
*§4 The inviolability of private property shall be guaranteed.  No one shall be deprived of his goods or rights, unless upon justified consideration of the public interest, with just compensation by or pursuant to Law.
*§5 Copyright shall be regulated by Law.

===Article 39 [Right of Enterprise]===
*The right of enterprise shall be recognised within the framework of the market economy and in accordance with the Law.

===Article 40 [Right to Work]===
*§1 Every Citizen shall have a right to work, to his promotion through work, and to a just income which shall guarantee a living befitting human dignity for himself and his family, as well as to the reasonable limitation of the working day, weekly rest and paid vacation.  This right cannot be renounced.
*§2 No person shall be required to perform forced labour.  Forced labour does not include:
**a. any labour required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court;
**b. any labour required of any person while he is lawfully detained by sentence or order of a court that, though not required in consequence of such sentence or order, is reasonably necessary in the interests of hygiene or for the maintenance of the place at which he is detained or, if he is detained for the purpose of his care, treatment, education or welfare, is reasonably required for that purpose;
**c. any labour required of a member of the Gendarmery in pursuance of his duties as such;
**d. any labour required during a period of public emergency or in the event of any other emergency or calamity that threatens the life or well-being of the community.
*§3 The maximum number of hours of work per day shall be fixed by Law.
*§4 The minimum age for paid labor shall be fixed by Law.

===Article 41 [Right to Health Services]===
*§1 The right to health protection and to receive services to look after personal needs shall be respected. With that intent the Monastic Republic shall guarantee a system of Social Security.
*§2 Disabled persons and persons incapable of work are entitled to education and vocational training.
 
===Article 42 [Monastic Republic Intevention in the Market]===
*The Monastic Republic may intervene in the ordering of the economic, commercial, labor and financial system to make possible, within the frame of a market economy system, the balanced development of the society and general welfare.

===Article 43 [Decent Housing]===
*The public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions to implement the right for everyone to enjoy decent housing.

===Article 44 [Conservation of Heritage]===
*The Monastic Republic shall guarantee the conservation, promotion and diffusion of the historical, cultural and artistic heritage of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.

===Article 45 [Rights of Consumers]===
*The rights of consumers and users shall be guaranteed by Law and protected by the public authorities.

===Article 46 [Social Communication]===
*The Monastic Republic may create media of social communication. In accordance with the principles of participation and pluralism, laws shall regulate their organization and control by the Holy Synod.

==Chapter VI. Duties of nationals and of foreigners==
===Article 47 [Taxes]===
*§1 All individuals, that is, both citizens and resident aliens, and juridical persons shall contribute to the public expenditure depending on their economic capacity, by means of a just taxing system, pursuant to laws and founded upon the principles of generality and equitative distribution of tax burdens.
*§2 Through the enactment of legislation, the Monastic Republic shall provide for equitable taxation that exempts a minimum subsistence level and draws more heavily on high assets and income. 
*§3 No privileges with regard to taxes can be established.
*§4 No exemption or reduction of taxes can be established except by a law. 

===Article 48 [Community Service]===
*The Monastic Republic may create by Law types of community service to pursue tasks of general interest.

==Chapter VII. Guarantees of rights and freedoms==
===Article 49===
*§1 The rights and freedoms recognised in chapters III and IV of this Title bind immediately all public authorities as directly enforceable Law. Their contents cannot be limited  by Law and are protected by the Court.
*§2 Foreigners legally resident in the Monastic Republic can freely exercise the rights and freedoms of chapter III of this Title.
*§3 The rights of chapter V form the basis of the legislation and the actions of the public authorities, but they may only be invoked within the conditions determined by the laws.

===Article 50 [Regulation of Rights]===
*The exercise of the rights recognised in this Title may be regulated  only by Law. The rights of chapter III shall be regulated by means of Law.

===Article 51 [Protection of Rights]===
*§1 The rights and freedoms recognized in chapter III are protected by the Court of Justice through urgent and preferent proceedings regulated by Law, which in any case shall be transacted in two instances.
*§2 A law shall create an exceptional Procedure of Appeal before the Court of Justice against the acts of the public authorities which may violate the essential contents of the rights mentioned in the paragraph above, with the exception of the case provided for in article 26.

===Article 52 [States of Alarm]===
*§1 Laws shall regulate the states of alarm and emergency. The former may be declared by the Archimandrite in case of natural catastrophes, for a term of fifteen days, notifying the Holy Synod. The latter shall also be declared by the Archimandrite for a term of thirty days in the case of interruption of the normal functioning of democratic life and this shall require the previous authorization of the Holy Synod. Any extension of these states requires the necessary approval of the Holy Synod.
*§2 Under the state of alarm or of emergency, the exercise of the rights recognised in articles 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, and 32 may be limited or suspended.
*§3 In the event of a state of emergency or alarm, the ''kephales'' may request that the Archimandrite send help from the monasteries.

=[[C Constitution of the MR III]]=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Constitution of the MR III</title>
    <id>6730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47495</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T17:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Retitling article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=TITLE IV RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MONASTIC REPUBLIC=

==Article 53 [Promotion of Overall Welfare]==
*The highest responsibility of the Monastic Republic shall be to promote the overall welfare of the People. For this purpose, the Monastic Republic shall be responsible for establishing and safeguarding Law and for protecting the religious, moral and economic interests of the People. 

==Article 54 [Promotion of Education]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall devote special attention to education and schooling. Education and schooling shall be designed and administered so that, through the cooperation of family, school and church, the members of the younger generation are endowed with religious and moral learning, patriotic attitudes, and skills for their future occupations. 
*§2 Education shall be universal and compulsory. 

==Article 55 [Provision for Education]==
*§1 The entire system of education and instruction shall be under the supervision of the Monastic Republic, without prejudice to the inviolability of the teachings of the Church. 
*§2 The Monastic Republic shall ensure that adequate compulsory instruction at the elementary and secondary level is given free of charge in the schools. 
*§3 The Monastic Republic shall provide appropriate stipends to help talented students without financial means to attend institutes of higher education.
*§4 Religious instruction shall be given by the authorities of the different faiths.
*§5 Nobody shall allow young persons in their charge to leave school without the degree of schooling prescribed for public primary and secondary schools.
*§6 Private instruction shall be permissible, provided that it conforms with the legal provisions governing the period of schooling, the educational aims, and the arrangements prevailing in the public schools.

==Article 56 [Provision for Public Health]==
*The Monastic Republic shall be responsible for the public health system, shall support measures for the care of the sick, and shall seek by way of Law to combat alcoholism and to reform alcoholics and work-shy persons. 

==Article 57 [Protection of Right to Work and Public Days of Rest]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall protect the right to work and the workers, especially women and young persons employed in trades and industry.
*§2 Sundays and those holidays mandated by the Monastic Republic shall be observed as public days of rest.  All Monastic Republic agencies and the schools will be closed.

==Article 58 [Waterways and Electricity]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall have sovereign rights over the bodies of water surrounding it in accord with a treaty with the Hellenic Republic. The use of, channelling of, and defence against the bodies of water shall be regulated by way of Law and promoted, with due regard to the development of technology.
*§2 Electricity rights shall be regulated by Law.

==Article 59 [Public services for the Poor]==
*Public services for the poor shall be administered by the Monastic Republic under the conditions set forth in specific laws, especially for the proper care of orphans, the mentally ill, the terminally ill, and the infirm. 

==Article 60 [State Support for Insurance]==
*The Monastic Republic shall support and promote insurance plans for health, old age, disability, fire, flood, and other natural disasters.

==Article 61 [Provision for Legal Help]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall provide for rapid court and enforcement proceedings that safeguard material rights and for administrative law proceedings conforming to the same principles.
*§2 The professional exercise of the representation of parties shall be regulated by Law.

==Article 62 [The Gendarmery]==
*§1 The Monastic Republic shall provide for a police force, known as the Gendarmery, to provide for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties.
*§2 The organization and the attributions of the Gendarmery are the subject of  Law. 
*§3 Under no circumstance may foreign troops be admitted within the service of the Monastic Republic, or occupy or cross through the territory other than on the sole basis of Law.

=TITLE V THE HOLY SYNOD=
==Chapter 1 Purpose==
===Article 63 [Holy Synod]===
*§1 The Holy Synod shall be the legal organ representing all the People and as such shall be called upon to represent and assert the rights and interests of the People, and to promote to the extent possible the welfare of the Monastic Republic while faithfully adhering to the principles laid down in this Constitution.
*§2 The rights appertaining to the Holy Synod may be exercised only in its lawfully constituted assembly.
*§3 The Holy Synod shall have the right of supervision over the entire Monastic Republic administration, including the administration of Justice. The supervisory right of the Holy Synod shall not extend to the jurisprudence of the Court or to the functions assigned to the Archimandrite.
*§4 The Holy Synod shall at any time be at liberty to bring defects or abuses that it has observed in the Monastic Republic administration directly to the attention of the Archimandrite by way of a remonstrance or complaint and to request a remedy. The results of the inquiry that shall be initiated into such a matter and the measures ordered in consequence shall be communicated to the Holy Synod.

==Chapter 2 Organization==
===Article 64 [Election of the Hegumens]===
*§1 The Hegumens are elected by universal, free, equal and direct suffrage of the monks in their respective monasteries for a five-year term.
*§2 Candidates for the Holy Synod must be citizens of the Monastic Republic for at least five years, at least 35 years of age, and not deprived of their eligibility by reason of Law.
*§3 Regular elections of the Hegumen shall be held in November.
*§4 Should the office of Hegumen become vacant before the end of the term, an election shall be held immediately and the new Hegumen shall be sworn in and begin his term, with the five years beginning the following November.
*§5 A Hegumen may not succeed himself, but may be re-elected at a later time.
*§6 The seat of a Hegumen becomes vacant when he:
**a. ceases to be a citizen of the Monastic Republic; or
**b. becomes physically or mentally incapable; or
**c. comes under any type of ecclesiastical or civil censure.

===Article 65 [Call to Convene]===
*When a call to convene is issued, the Members of the Holy Synod shall appear in person at the seat of the Archimandrite.  If a Member is unable to appear, he must, on receiving the first call to convene, notify the Archimandrite in a timely manner, stating the reason he is unable to appear and stating whom he has appointed as his ''protopapas''.

===Article 66 [Opening of the Holy Synod]===
*§1 Each session of the Holy Synod shall be opened with the Divine Liturgy with the Archimandrite as presider. All new Members shall take the following oath before the Archimandrite: “I swear to observe the Constitution of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain and the existing laws and to promote in the Holy Synod the welfare of the country, without any ulterior motives, to the best of my ability and conscience, so help me God!”
*§2 Members of the Holy Synod not in the Orthodox Community shall shall not take part in the Divine Liturgy, except as permitted by Church Law. 
*§3 Members entering the Holy Synod later shall also take this oath before the Archimandrite.

===Article 67 [Rules of Procedure]===
*§1 The Holy Synod draws up and modifies its own Rules of Procedure.  With a majority vote of the Holy Synod, it fixes its budget and regulates the status of the staff at its service.
*§2 A majority vote is required for all Holy Synod business, majority being defined as more than one half of the valid votes cast, unless otherwise mandated in this Constitution or subsequent laws.

===Article 68 [Sessions]===
*§1 The Holy Synod sits in ordinary and extraordinary sessions, convened in the form prescribed in the Rules of Procedure.
*§2 The Holy Synod meets twice a year for five days or until the business at hand is concluded, but for no more than five days. These sessions take place the first full week after the Christmas season and the first full week in July.
*§3 The Holy Synod sits in its own building which is located in Karyes.
*§4 Provision shall be made for a ''grammateus'' to record the meeting.
*§5 A record of the public sessions of the Holy Assembly is printed in the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''.
*§6 At least two electronic copies of the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain'' shall be maintained.  Each shall be kept in a separate location.
*§7 Editions of the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain'' shall be made available to the Citizens.

===Article 69 [Extraordinary Session]===
*In the case of a vacancy in the office of the Archimandrite, the Holy Synod shall be convened to an extraordinary session within two weeks to receive the declaration of the Archimandrite as provided for in Article 6, §5, and to take the oath of allegiance.

==Chapter II. Legislative procedure==
===Article 70 [Legislative Procedure]===
*§1 The legislative initiative corresponds to the Holy Synod.
*§2 If at least 100 of the Citizens eligible to vote, whose signatures and right to vote have been certified by their respective towns, submit a request in writing, to enact, amend or repeal a law, such a request shall be considered at the next meeting of the Holy Synod.
*§3 If the request from one of the organs referred to in Article §1 concerns the enactment of a law that has not already been provided for by this Constitution and the implementation of which would result either in a non-recurrent expenditure not already provided for by the finance act or in an expenditure over a longer period, such request shall only be considered by the Holy Synod if it is accompanied by a proposal to cover the necessary funds. 
*§4 An initiative concerning the Constitution may only be brought by at least one-third of the registered voters.
*§5 Further detailed provisions regarding this popular initiative shall be laid down in a law.

===Article 71 [Extreme Need]===
*In cases of extreme urgency and need, the Archimandrite may present the Holy Synod with an articled text for approval as a Law, in a vote on the whole text, within a period of forty-eight hours.

===Article 72 [General Budget]===
*§1 The initiative of the Bill of the General Budget corresponds exclusively to the Archimandrite, who must submit it for Holy Synod approval at least two months prior to the July session, accompanied by a proposal for the taxes to be levied.
*§2 For each expired fiscal year, the Archimandrite shall communicate to the Holy Synod, in the first half of the following fiscal year, exact evidence of the use of the revenues approved and levied in conformity with the budget, subject to the authorization of justified budget overruns and subject to the accountability of the Archimandrite in the case of unjustified overruns.
*§3 Any savings attained with respect to individual budget items may not be used to cover excess expenditures with respect to other items.
*§4 The Archimandrite shall administer the financial assets of the Monastic Republic in accordance with principles he shall determine in agreement with the Holy Synod. The Archimandrite shall submit a report to the Holy Synod together with the annual accountability report.

===Article 73 [Bill of the General Budget]===
*§1 The Bill of the General Budget shall be given priority over other matters and it will be carried out in accordance with a specific procedure, as prescribed in the Rules of Procedure.
*§2 The Bill of the General Budget shall be approved chapter by chapter.  The transfer of funds from one chapter to another is not permitted, unless authorized by Law.
*§3 If the Bill of the General Budget has not yet been approved on the first day of the corresponding fiscal year, the Budget of the previous year shall automatically be extended until the new one be approved.
*§4 The fiscal year shall be July through June.
*§5 The Bill of the General Budget comprises all those monies requested by the Archimandrite for the execution and operation of the administration of the government.
*§6 The Bill of the General Budget may not impose taxes.
*§7 The Finance Committee of the Holy Synod shall make an annual revision of the execution of the Budget.

===Article 74 [Levying of Taxes]===
*§1 Without the approval of the Holy Synod, no direct or indirect taxes or any other national dues or general levies, however they may be designated, may be imposed or collected. The fact that such approval has been given shall be mentioned explicitly in the tax demand notice.
*§2 The manner by which all public dues and levies are divided among and apportioned to persons and objects and the manner by which they are collected shall also require the approval of the Holy Synod.
*§3 As a rule, the approval of taxes and dues shall be granted for one fiscal year.

===Article 75 [Amendment of Bills]===
*§1 The Holy Synod has the right to amend any bills presented to them for approval.
*§2 The Archimandrite may request that the Holy Synod not debate those amendments which imply an increase of expenditure or a decrease of revenue in relation to the amounts provided for in the Law of the General Budget. The Holy Synod, by a majority vote, may challenge that request by means of a reasoned motion.

===Article 76 [Act of the Holy Synod]===
*§1 A Bill shall become an Act of the Holy Synod once it has been passed by the Holy Synod.  The Archimandrite will then sign it, enact it, and order its publication in the ''Official Journal of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''.
*§2 A bill vetoed by the Archimandrite shall be returned to the Holy Synod along with his objections, for further consideration and must then be passed by the whole Holy Synod.
*§3 An Act of the Holy Synod shall be deemed ratified, and the Archimandrite shall promulgate it, if six months have elapsed from the date on which it was submitted to him by the Holy Synod without it being returned to the Holy Synod for reconsideration.

==Chapter III. International treaties==
===Article 77 [Approval of Treaties]===
*§1 International treaties shall be approved by the Holy Synod by a majority vote in the following cases:
**a) Treaties linking the Monastic Republic to an international organization.
**b) Treaties related to internal security and to defense.
**c) Treaties related to the territory of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
**d) Treaties affecting the fundamental rights regulated in Title II.
**e) Treaties implying the creation of new burdens for the Public Finances.
**f) Treaties creating or modifying dispositions of a legislative nature or requiring legislative measures for their implementation.
**g) Treaties dealing with diplomatic representation or consular functions, or about judiciary or penitentiary cooperation.
*§2 The Archimandrite shall inform the Holy Synod of the conclusion of the other international agreements.
*§3 The previous agreement of the majority vote of the Holy Synod shall be required for the repeal of the international treaties affecting the matters enumerated in paragraph §1.

===Article 78 [Treaties of Relinquishing]===
*For the purpose of furthering the interests of the People and international progress and peace, legislative, judicial and executive functions may be relinquished only to international organizations and only by means of a treaty which shall be passed by a three-quarters majority of the Holy Synod.

===Article 79 [Agreement on Treaty Texts]===
*§1 The Archimandrite participates in the negotiation of those treaties affecting the relations with other nations when dealing with the matters enumerated in article 82 §1, b and g.
*§2 The Monastic Republic delegation with the task of negotiating the treaties mentioned in the previous paragraph shall be composed of the members appointed by the Archimandrite.

=TITLE VI JUSTICE=

==Article 80 [Judicial Power]==
*Judicial power belongs to the Holy Synod who, according to this present Constitution, delegate full exercise of this power to the Court of Justice.  The Court of Justice renders Justice in the name of the Holy Synod.

==Article 81 [Judges]==
*§1 Justice is administered solely by independent Judges, with security of tenure, and while in the performance of their judicial functions, bound only to the Constitution and the Laws.  All Judges must be citizens of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*§2 The whole judicial power is vested in a uniform organization of Justice. Its structure, functioning and the legal status of its members shall be regulated  by Law. 
*§3 The Judges administer Justice for the citizens of the Lowland and the Isles only.
*§4 Misdemeanors and violations of monastic discipline by monks will be adjudicated by their own hegumens in accord with monastic law.
*§5 A monk accused of a felony will be tried as a citizen in the presence of a Judge.

==Article 82 [Jury]==
*The jury is established for all criminal matters, in addition to issues of political and media wrongdoings.

==Article 83 [Rules of Jurisdiction and Procedure]==
*§1 The rules of jurisdiction and procedure applying to the administration of Justice are reserved to the Law.
*§2 In all cases, judgments shall be justified, founded in the legal system and publicly declared.
*§3 Criminal trials are public, notwithstanding the limitations provided for by the Law. Its procedure is preferentially oral. The judgment which ends the first instance shall be rendered by a judicial organ different from the one in charge of the proceedings, and this judgment may always be subject to appeal.
*§4 The jurisdictional defence of the general interest may be carried out by means of popular action in the cases regulated by the laws of procedure.

==Article 84 [The Courts]==
*§1 The judicial power is held by the Court of Justice and the Supreme Tribunal, as well as by the respective Judges of those courts, in accordance with the laws.
*§2 The ordinary administration of Justice shall be carried out in the first instance by the Court of Justice, and in second instance by the Supreme Tribunal.
*§3 The organization of the Court of Justice, its procedures, the duty of judges to recuse themselves, and its fees shall be laid down by Law.

==Article 85 [Non-judicial Officials]==
*The handling of particular, precisely specified kinds of business pertaining to the administration of Justice in the first instance may be assigned by means of a law to specially trained non-judicial officials of the Court of Justice who are bound by instructions.

==Article 86 [Authorities as Plaintiffs]==
*The fiscal authorities and the officials of the Lowland and the Isles shall be subject to appear before the Court of Justice as plaintiffs and defendants.

==Article 87 [Civil Disputes]==
*§1 The procedure in civil disputes shall be regulated in accordance with the principles of oral proceedings, direct hearings, and free evaluation of the evidence. In criminal matters, the principle of ex officio prosecution shall also apply.
*§2 In civil matters, the ordinary administration of Justice in the first instance shall be carried out by one or more individual Judges.
*§3 The Supreme Tribunal shall be a collegial Court.
*§4 In criminal matters, Justice shall be administered in the first instance by the Court of Justice or by the Juvenile Court.
*§5 If a Judge is unavailable, the judge shall be substituted in the case at hand by an alternate judge. The substitution shall be undertaken by the principle of rotation from case to case.

==Article 88 [Chief Judge]==
*The Judges of the Court of Justice shall elect one of their number to be Chief Judge and one to be Deputy Chief Judge.  This Chief Judge shall exercise disciplinary powers in the first instance over the non-judicial officials of the Court.  Re-election shall be permissible.

==Article 89 [''Res judicata'']]==
*Judgments, once final, have the value of ''res judicata'' and may not be modified or quashed except in the cases provided for by the Law or when, in exceptional cases, the Supreme Tribunal, after the corresponding process of Constitutional appeal, decides that they were rendered in violation of certain fundamental rights.

==Article 90 [The Supreme Tribunal]==
*§1 The Supreme Tribunal, as the organ of representation, direction and administration of the organization of Justice, watches over the independence and proper functioning of Justice.
*§2 The Supreme Tribunal shall have overall supervision of the administration of Justice and shall exercise disciplinary powers over the judicial officials of the Court of Justice.  It shall also serve as the second instance in disciplinary matters against the non-judicial officials of the Court of Justice.
*§3 The Supreme Tribunal consists of five judges, one from each monastery group and one from the Citizens over thirty-five years of age, conversant with the administration of Justice. They shall be appointed by the Archimandrite in consultation with, but not with the approval of, the Holy Synod. These deliberations shall be confidential. The Supreme Tribunal is presided over by that Judge so appointed by the Archimandrite.
*§4 The Supreme Tribunal appoints Magistrates, exercises disciplinary authority over them and promotes the conditions for the administration of Justice to carry out its duties with the means available. In order to fulfill this aim it may render its opinion in relation to the drafting of bills affecting the Judiciary or to report on the situation of the latter.
*§5 Appropriate laws concerning the Judiciary shall regulate the functions and jurisdiction of this Supreme Tribunal.

==Article 91 [Terms of Judges]==
*All Judges, whatever their rank, shall be appointed for a renewable five-year term, from academically qualified lawyers with the technical capacity for the performance of the judicial office.

==Article 92 [Privileges of Judges]==
*§1 The office of Judge is not compatible with any other public post or with the exercise of commercial, industrial or professional activities. Remuneration of Judges is the responsibility of the General Budget of the  Monastic Republic.
*§2 While Judges hold office they may not be reproved, displaced, suspended, or removed from their post, unless pursuant to a sanction imposed on grounds of disciplinary or criminal liability, by means of a procedure regulated by the Law and with the rights of hearing and defense fully guaranteed. The same Law shall also regulate the cases of civil liability of Judges.

==Article 93 [Cost of Miscarriage of Justice]==
*In accordance with the laws and notwithstanding the personal liability of those who caused them, the Monastic Republic shall cover the damages for the problems caused by the miscarriage of Justice or the abnormal functioning of the administration of Justice.

=TITLE VII THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT=

==Article 94 [Jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court]==
*§1 The Supreme Tribunal shall also act as the Constitutional Court.  This Constitutional Court shall protect the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and decide in conflicts of jurisdiction between the Courts and the administrative authorities. 
*§2 The Constitutional Court shall also have jurisdiction to review the constitutionality of laws and international treaties and the legality of executive ordinances; in such matters, it may declare their annulment.
*§3 The Constitutional Court is the supreme interpreter of the Constitution and functions jurisdictionally.  Its decisions bind public authorities and individuals alike.
*§4 The Constitutional Court decides on its own rules of procedure and carries out its functions subject only to the Constitution and the corresponding Law regulating it.

==Article 95 [Voting of the Constitutional Court]==
*§1 The Constitutional Court makes its decisions by a majority vote. Its votes and its debates are secret.
*§2 The judgments which partially or wholly uphold the appeal have to determine the scope and extension of its consequences.

==Article 96 [Cases before the Constitutional Court]==
*The Constitutional Court tries:
**a) Appeals of unconstitutionality against laws and executive regulations.
**b) Requests of preliminary opinion of unconstitutionality about international laws and treaties.
**c) Processes of constitutional appeal.
**d) Conflicts of jurisdiction between constitutional organs. To this effect the Archimandrite, the Holy Synod, and the Courts are considered as constitutional organs.

==Article 97 [Appeals]==
*§1 Appeals of unconstitutionality against laws or statutory rules may be lodged by two Citizens.  The appeal shall be lodged within thirty days following the publication of the rule.
*§2 The lodging of the appeal does not suspend the enforcement of the rule under appeal. The Court shall pass judgment within a maximum period of two months.

==Article 98 [Request for a Decision]==
*§1 If, in the course of litigation, a Court has reasoned and founded doubts about the constitutionality of a law or a legislative decree, the application of which is relevant to its decision, it shall request in writing the decision of the Constitutional Court about the validity of the rule affected.
*§2 The Constitutional Court may not admit the transaction of the request without further appeal. If the request is admitted, judgment shall be passed within a maximum period of two months.

==Article 99 [Constitutionality of Treaties]==
*§1 The Archimandrite or any Hegumen may request an opinion about the constitutionality of international treaties prior to their ratification. The proceedings with that intent shall take priority.
*§2 The judgment admitting the unconstitutionality of the treaty shall prevent its ratification. In all cases the conclusion of an international treaty including stipulations contrary to the Constitution shall require the previous revision of the latter.

==Article 100 [Lodging of Appeals]==
*A constitutional appeal against the acts of public authorities impairing fundamental rights may be lodged by:
**a) Those having been part of or accessory to the previous legal proceedings referred to in article 4, §12 of this Constitution.
**b) Those having a legal interest related to non-enforceable provisions or acts of the Holy Synod.

==Article 101 [Conflicts of Interest]==
*§1 Conflicts between the constitutional organs arise when one of them alleges that another is illegitimately carrying out the tasks which are constitutionally under the jurisdiction of the first.
*§2 The Constitutional Court may provisorily stay the enforcement of the rules or acts under appeal, and when appropriate, give orders for the acts which originated the conflict to be stopped.
*§3 The judgment shall determine and confer jurisdiction to one of the disputing parties.
*§4 The lodging of a conflict of jurisdiction prevents the matter from coming before the administration of Justice.
*§5 The Law shall regulate the cases in which a conflict of jurisdiction may arise on grounds of the non-exercise by constitutional organs of the jurisdiction to which they are entitled.

==Article 102 [Legal Status of Constitutional Court Members]==
*A law shall regulate the legal status of the members of the Constitutional Court, the constitutional proceedings and the functioning of the institution.

=TITLE VIII CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION=

==Article 103 [Suspension]==
*The Constitution may not in any way or at any time be suspended.

==Article 104 [Revision]==
*§1 The right to initiate the revision, total or partial, of the Constitution shall lie with the Archimandrite or one-third of the Holy Synod.
*§2 The revision of the Constitution shall require the approval of the Holy Synod by a three-quarters majority of the Holy Synod. Immediately after its approval the proposal shall be submitted to the Citizens of the Lowland and the Isles for ratification in a referendum.
*§3 Once the procedure established in article 104, §2, has been carried out, the Archimandrite shall sign the new constitutional text for its promulgation and coming into force.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Academics in the MR</title>
    <id>6731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54729</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T19:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Among the refugees in Aktí from Lebanon in 1885 were four religious sisters of the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family who began the task of teaching the children. &quot;School&quot; was held in the ruins where the refugees lived. As soon as homes for the refugees were built, a school was built which was named Holy Angels (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αγι’ Άγγελι&lt;/font&gt;). Similar scenarios took place later in Prosforion and then in Amoulián, although in these two cases there were no religious sisters and the role of teacher was assumed by lay people. The school in Prosforion was named St. Basil (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Άγιο Βαςίλ&lt;/font&gt;) and the school in Amoulián, St. Irene (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αγι’ Ιρίν&lt;/font&gt;) . Eventually the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family agreed to staff these schools (with some lay teachers as well) and a convent was built near each of the schools.

*In Prosforion a central secondary school (&lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμνάςι&lt;/font&gt;/&lt;font color=red&gt;λυςέ&lt;/font&gt;) was built in 1961 and students are transported from Aktí and Amoulián. Once the electric bus system was operating, a special bus brought the students to the secondary school from Aktí at no charge. They return home using the regularly scheduled buses. Students from Amoulián are brought over each morning by boat and returned to the island in the evening, again at no charge.

*Primary school (&lt;font color=blue&gt;διμοτίκ ςχολ&lt;/font&gt;) is compulsory. It begins the September after the child's sixth birthday. It consists of six grades. Immediately upon entry into the &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςχολ&lt;/font&gt;, the child beings to study Modern Greek.

*Secondary school (&lt;font color=blue&gt;γυμνάς&lt;/font&gt;) is also mandatory. It consists of three grades. 

*Although further education is not mandatory, virtually all students go on to the third level. For those preparing for further academic studies, there is the lyceum (&lt;font color=red&gt;λυςέ&lt;/font&gt;) of three years. Or the student can choose vocational training, also for three years.
*The only intramural sport is soccer, and there are three boys' teams and three girls' teams, each one composed of students from each deme. During the school year soccer tournaments are held with trophies awarded to the winning teams. These trophies are on display in the Government House of each deme.

*The students in the lyceum are also trained as gymnasts and in fencing, archery, swimming and diving in the hopes of competing in international games.

*After this educaton, the student is obligated to put in his two years in the gendarmery, if he is needed.

*After serving his time in the gendarmery, the student may then find a job in the private sector or pursue higher studies at a university.

*For higher education, students must attend colleges and universities outside the Monastic Republic. After passing the entrance examination, the majority of the students choose to attend the University of Thessaloniki. Scholarships and loans are available. The Aoun Brewery grants a full tuition scholarship to the graduating senior with the highest GPA in the sciences. Each of the monasteries grants a partial tuition scholarship to the twenty graduating seniors with the highest GPAs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Administrative Divisions</title>
    <id>6732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51566</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-27T17:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Administrative districts. There are four administrative districts, known as demes (&lt;font color=blue&gt;δήμ&lt;/font&gt;). 
*The Holy Mountain (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αγιʹ Όρ&lt;/font&gt;) itself. 
*The island of Amoulián (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αμουλιάν&lt;/font&gt;). 
*The Lowland (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Πεδίν Σκωτ&lt;/font&gt;) is divided into two districts by a line running down the center of the peninsula: 
**Prosforion (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Προςψόριον&lt;/font&gt;) on the western shore. 
**Aktí (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ακτί&lt;/font&gt;) on the eastern shore. 

*Towns
**There are three towns, one village and one gendarmery post in the Monastic Republic. 
***Towns (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πoλ&lt;/font&gt;) 
****Prosforion (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Προςψόριον&lt;/font&gt;) is on the bay side of the peninsula, close to the border of the Holy Mountain. 
****b. Aktí (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ακτί&lt;/font&gt;) is on the sea side of the peninsula and is the center for the beach crowd. 
****c. Amoulián (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αμουλιάν&lt;/font&gt;) is on the island of the same name. It can be reached by ferry from Prosforion. 
***Village (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χορί&lt;/font&gt;).
****Karyes (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Κάριες&lt;/font&gt;), the capital, is on the Holy Mountain. 

*Gendarmerie post (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χωροφυλάκ βας&lt;/font&gt;)
**Dafni (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Δάφνι&lt;/font&gt;) is the port for the Holy Mountain, located on the bay side. The Holy Mountain is accessible only by ferry from Prosforion. A detachment of gendarmes is stationed there to monitor the entrance to and exit from the Holy Mountain.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Alcohol in the MR</title>
    <id>6733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51282</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T16:09:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Alcohol Production
**Wine (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κρασί&lt;/font&gt;) is produced by the monasteries, each of which has extensive vineyards of the Xynomavro grape.  What is not used for sacramental purposes or consumption by the monks is sold in the Lowland.  The complete process, from harvesting to bottling, takes place at the monasteries.  The bottles are then transported by donkey to Dafni whence they are shipped to the Lowland and the Isles.  Connoisseurs are said to be able to tell the difference between the wines of the twenty monasteries. The monks drink the wine unaged, while the wine for sale in the Lowland is aged for at least one year.  The labels are simple showing a picture of the monastery with its name and the year of vintage.  The monasteries do not produce fortified wines.
**Aoun Brewery is a small brewery (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ζυθοπιί&lt;/font&gt;) located in Aktí.  It is owned and operated by the Aoun family, descendants of a Lebanese refugee family from Faradiss, who came to the Monastic Republic in 1885.  The head of the Aoun family, Ahmad Aoun, has been the general manager of the firm since 1998.
***In 1975, the Aoun family decided to fill a lack in the MR as all beer (&lt;font color=blue&gt;μπυρ&lt;/font&gt;) had to be imported.  After some extensive research they decided that a light brown wheat beer (barley would have to be imported) would best satisfy the MR market, both for the citizens and for the tourists.
***The beer is a cross between the Belgian Witbier which, while containing barley also, is flavored with orange peel; and the German Weißbier which is made from 100% wheat.
***As it is unfiltered, it still contains the yeast which gives it a milky appearance, hence the German name Weißbier, white beer.
***It is top-fermented with low hop bitterness and is 3-3.5% alcohol.  It has high carbonation and a malty sweetness.
***Three varieties are made using the peel of each of the three citrus fruits that are grown on Amoulián Island.
***The water used in the brewing process comes from streams that run down on to the Lowland from the Holy Mountain.
***The brewery leases one of the larger fields on Cape Arapis where they grow their own wheat, thus not using land devoted to the growing of wheat for bread.
***The brewery has planted its own hop yard.  Originally, the Tettnang hop was grown, which over the years has acquired its own characteristics from the Athonite soil, giving the ale an aroma reminiscent of cinnamon and vanilla.
***In 1991, the brewery moved from its location in the town of Aktí to a site on the other side of the Xerxes Canal.
***The brewery also runs a taverna on the site overlooking the Xerxes Canal.
**Several liqueurs are produced in the Monastic Republic.
***The Monastery of St. Philotheus has a grove of cherry trees and makes a liqueur (&lt;font color=blue&gt;λικέρ κεράςιου&lt;/font&gt;) from the fruit.
***The Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul has the right to harvest chestnuts on the Holy Mountain from which a liqueur (&lt;font color=blue&gt;λικέρ κάςτανου&lt;/font&gt;) is made.
***The Cambrian monks of the Monastery of St. Nicholas are known for the fine mead (&lt;font color=blue&gt;υδρόμελ&lt;/font&gt;) they brew, some of which they flavor with roses, a drink known as rhodomel.
***The interior of Amoulián Island is covered with citrus groves.  Orange, lemon, and lime liqueurs are made from these fruits.

*Alcohol sale
**Most of the alcoholic beverages made in the Monastic Republic are sold locally.  Because of the limited production, there is no great demand for export.  However, there is no limit to how many bottles tourists may carry with them when they leave the republic.  And a number of European restaurants serve MR wines.
**The sale of the monasteries’ wines and liqueurs is a monopoly of the monasteries.  Each of the towns has a wine shop where these beverages are sold.  
**The beer, the citrus liqueurs and all other alcoholic beverages, other than the monasteries’ wine and liqueurs, are sold in state stores, one in each town.
**For convenience the wine shop and the state store occupy the same room.  On one side are the display cases of the monasteries' wines and liqueurs; on the other, the displays of the beer and citrus liqueurs and any imported liquor.  There are separate cash registers.  The wine shop and the state store are responsible for the overseas shipping of their several products.
**The wine shops have a room for wine tasting, a pasttime enjoyed by the tourists.
**The local liquors are brought by boat to Dafni for the use of the lay folk who work there and in Karyes.
**The monks do not drink the cherry or the chestnut liqueurs and all of it is sold in the monastery wine shops.
**All alcoholic beverages produced in the Monastic Republic are available in all the tavernas (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ταβέρν&lt;/font&gt;).
**There is no sales tax on alcoholic beverages produced in the Monastic Republic, but a sales tax of 5% is levied on imported alcoholic beverages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Athanasius, St.</title>
    <id>6734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54733</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T19:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Links added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">St. Athanasios the Athonite, son of an Antiochene, was a Byzantine monk who founded the monastic community on Mount Athos which has since evolved into the greatest center of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.

Born in Trebizond c. 920, baptized Abraham, and patronized by [[Wikipedia:Michael Maleinos|Michael Maleinos]], he studied at Constantinople and became famous there as a fervent preacher who held great authority with Michael's nephew, [[Wikipedia:Nikephoros II|Nicephorus Phocas]]. He was successful in his studies and a safe career in the civil service was his for the asking, but by the time Phocas ascended the imperial throne, ill at ease with the lax morals of the monks living in the capital, he changed his name to Athanasius and joined the monks at St. Michael’s Monastery on Mount Kyminas in Bithynia. Fearing that he was going to be chosen abbot, he fled, in 958, to Karyes, changed his name, claimed to be illiterate, and hid in his cell. 

Athananius helped his old friend Nicephorus Phocas prepare an expedition against the Saracens in 961, serving as almoner to the fleet. On its successful completion, Phocas gave Athanasius part of the money raised, and he used it to found a monastery on Mount Athos which was dedicated in 963. This was to be an idiorhythmic house, that is, a monastery where anchorites, hermits and monks could live in community, but without the requirements for group activity common to other monasteries.

He helped defend the hermits there against the Saracens and also started to incorporate the sketes already there into what would eventually become known as the Great Lavra, which Athanasius built with the financial assistance of Nicephorus. It is still in use today and is often referred to by the people of the area simply as &quot;Lavra&quot; or &quot;The Monastery&quot;. Three other foundations followed shortly thereafter. Three of them remain in place to the present. Athanasius met with considerable opposition from the hermits already at Mount Athos in the construction of his monasteries. They resented his intrusion and his attempts to bring order and discipline to their lives. He escaped two murder attempts and resistance ended only when Emperor John Tzimisces forbade any opposition to Athanasius

In the year the monastery was dedicated, Phocas became emperor. Fearing he would be called to serve at the imperial court, Athanasius fled to Cyprus. Phocas found him, assured him that he would be allowed to continue his religious life in peace, and helped him finish work on the monastery. Though he faced opposition in the founding of this house, which ended only by imperial decree, the monastery flourished. Although the monks and hermits lived independent lives, many keeping their personal wealth, Athanasius insisted on Bible study, founded a school and large library, and  personally planted hundreds of trees on the grounds.

Upon Nicephorus' death the enemies of Athanasius prevailed and he had to leave Mount Athos for Cyprus again, where he lived until the new emperor, [[Wikipedia:John I Tzimiskis|John Tzimisces]], resumed the patronage of the Great Lavra and, in 971, bestowed upon the monastery its first charter. Athanasios, spurred by a divine vision, returned at once to Mount Athos as a hegumen and introduced a typicon (rule of life) for the cenobites, based on those compiled by St. Theodore Studites and St. Basil of Caesarea. 

He died c.1003 when the arch of a church under construction fell on him and five of his monks. Upon his death, Athanasius was glorified as a saint.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Athonite Beacon</title>
    <id>6735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51295</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T18:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αθωνίτ Φαρ&lt;/font&gt; (athōnít phar), the Athonite Beacon, is the weekly newspaper of the Monastic Republic.  It reports on local news from the Lowland and the Isles and whatever news is submitted from the monasteries.
*It was first published on January 4, 1939. The first editor was George Eatros.
*Each edition contains news of local events, family news, a calendar of events, obituaries, sports, an editorial, letters to the editor, public record and public announcements.  Pertinent stories from the Hellenic Empire are also printed.
*The newspaper accepts paid advertisements and there is a classified section.
*The newspaper is printed in tabloid size (430 mm x 280 mm) on light green paper, six or eight pages per issue.
*It is printed on Mondays for distribution on Tuesdays, covering the news from the previous week.
*The current subscription price is one mina per year.  Individual copies sell for two drachmas.
*The newspaper has a staff of seven employees: the manager/editor; an assistant editor who is responsible for the obituaries, advertising, the classifieds, the public record and the public announcements; three reporters who write the local news, family news, sports, and the calendar of events for the townships; and two printers.
*The job of delivering the newpapers is given to teen-agers who are paid for their services, 10 lepta per customer.
*Nikolas Leandros has been the editor since 1988.	
*Citizens interested in world events subscribe to one of the newspapers of the Hellenic Empire.
*The newspaper also prints the phone books for the telephone company and posters, fliers, wedding invitations, etc., for private customers.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Catholic Church in the MR</title>
    <id>6736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51287</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T17:53:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*In 1885, when the Lebaneses arrived in the Monastic Republic from Lebanon, they were accompanied by a priest, the Reverend Youssef Ghanem, and four Sisters of the Holy Family.  Father Youssef had received instructions from the Patriarch of Antioch to care for the spiritual well-being of the refugees.  In the beginning the refugees were housed in one of the abandoned monasteries and Father Youssef was able to celebrate the Divine Liturgy in a former meeting room turned into a chapel.
*With the help of monks from the Monastery of St. Maroun, buildings were gradually erected and, after the houses were built for the 25 families, a school and a church were built.  The church was dedicated to St. Ephrem.
*After the demes of Prosforion and Amoulián were founded, Lebanese families began to move to these demes to find work, so that, in a few years, Maronite Catholics could be found in all three demes.  Soon churches had to be built in these two other demes and priests had to be recruited from Lebanon to serve as pastors.  Until pastors were located, monk-priests from the monastery served the needs of the people.
*Because of the world situation and the distance involved, it was difficult for the patriarch to come from Lebanon for pastoral visitations.  Other than ordinations, the pastoral needs of the Maronite community were directed by the abbot of St. Maroun Monastery.  During his last pvisitation in 1935, the Patriarch elevated the Monastery of St. Maroun to the dignity of a territorial abbacy with complete and autonomous control of the Catholic Church in the Monastic Republic, saving the conferring of Holy Orders.  The patriarch promised to ordain any men that the abbot deemed qualified for the priesthood and to send any of his own priests to the Republic should there be a need.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Currency of the MR</title>
    <id>6737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47509</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-22T18:02:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The matter of currency was not of great importance to the Monastic Republic until the immigrants began to arrive in 1885.  As the population began to grow, so did the need for hard cash. The Holy Synod decided at the time that it would be just as easy to use the Greek Kingdom’s currency. But the desire to simplify the currency and at the same time to do away with another dependency on the Greek Kingdom led the Holy Synod to ask to join the cooperative effort that led to the Unified Currency Convention in 1988. In 1990, the Monastic Republic became a signatory nation of the Convention.

In keeping with the European Federation currency pattern, the Monastic Republic denominations are: 1 mina (M) = 20 drachmae (δ) = 240 lepta (λ), thus, e.g., M10,δ18,λ4.

*The bills are in denominations of M200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, and 1.
*Coins are minted in denominations of δ20, 10, 5, 2, and 1; and λ6.

*On the reverse:
**All the coins will have a large numeral denoting the denomination. Along the upper circumference will be the MR’s full abbreviation  (in Greek, of course) ΓΜΔΑΟ (GMDAO), and in the lower circumference the denomination spelled out.

*On the obverse:
**The 20 drachmae will have the coat-of-arms complete with crossed olive branches. The common name for it will be &lt;font color=blue&gt;οικόσιμο&lt;/font&gt; (oikósimo, coat-of-arms).
**The 10 drachmae will have a picture of the Frankish tower which is now a museum. The common name for it will be &lt;font color=blue&gt;πύργος&lt;/font&gt; (púrgos, tower).
**The 5 drachmae will have a picture of the first monastery, that of St. Athanasius. The common name for it will be &lt;font color=blue&gt;λάυρα&lt;/font&gt; (lávra, monastery).
**The 2 drachmae will have a picture of the national bird, the golden eagle, grasping an olive branch in its talons. The common name for it will be &lt;font color=blue&gt;αετός&lt;/font&gt; (aetós, eagle).
**The 1 drachma will have a picture of one of the three lighthouses in the MR. The common name for it will be &lt;font color=blue&gt;φάρος&lt;/font&gt; (pháros, lighthouse).
**The 6 lepta will bear an image of St. Athanasius. The common name for it will be lepton, since there’s only one.
**Along the upper circumference will be the motto “Peace through Faith.”
**Along the lower circumference will be the date of issuance.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emegi</title>
    <id>6738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48097</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T18:06:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vowels */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Emegi is effectively a modern descendant of a conworld equivalent of Sumerian, which in this case existed around 50BC. This is highly subject to change.

== Phonology ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|+caption | '''Table of Emegi vowels'''
|-
!
! [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i || || u
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| e || ə || o 
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open mid]]
| ɛ ||  || ɔ 
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| a æ || ||
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|+caption | '''Table of Old Emegi consonants'''
|-
!
! [[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| p &amp;nbsp; b || || t &amp;nbsp; d || || k &amp;nbsp; g || ʔ
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m || || n || || ŋ ||
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| || || ɾ ||  || || 
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || v || s &amp;nbsp; z || ʃ || x || h
|- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! [[Wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || || l || || ||
|}

=== Old to Mid-Emegi ===

Intervocalic lenition.

Merging of rhotics /r/ and /ɾ/.

/s/ and /z/ begin to merge into /z/.

Aspiration of /t/.

/u/s following voiced consonants begin to shift to /o/.

/i/s following voiced consonants begin to shift to /ɨ/.

/e/ and /o/ become /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ after voiced consonants.

/a/s following voiceless consonants begin to shift to /æ/.

=== Mid to early modern Emegi ===

Loss of final schwa.

Replacement of liaison /t/ with /ʔ/.

Overaspiration of initial /t/ leads to development into /s/.

Development of /w/ via word-initial l-vocalisation.

/t/ and /d/ velarised before back vowels.

/ɨ/ begins to shift to /ə/

=== Early modern Emegi ===

Initial devoicing occurs

Non-initial /t/ and /d/ dentalised

=== Modern Emegi ===

/ħ/ replaces /h/ initially in most dialects, including the standard language, under Arabic influence.

== Orthography ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Letter || IPA 
|-
| B || /b/ 
|-
| D || /d/
|-
| C || /x/
|-
| G || /g/
|-
| H || /h/
|-
| J || /ħ/
|-
| K || /k/
|-
| L || /l/
|-
| M || /m/
|-
| N || /n/
|-
| Ň || /ŋ/
|-
| P || /p/
|-
| R || /ɾ/ 
|-
| S || /s/ 
|-
| Š || /ʃ/ 
|-
| T || /t/ 
|-
| V || /v/
|-
| W || /w/
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Letter || IPA 
|-
| a || /a/ 
|-
| aa || /æ/
|-
| e || /ɛ/, /ə/
|-
| eu || /e/
|-
| o || /ɔ/
|-
| ou || /o/
|-
| u || /u/
|}

== Morphology ==

=== Cases ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Case || Ending 
|-
| Absolutive || -/ 
|-
| Ergative || -(a)
|-
| Genitive/Locative || -a(k)
|-
| Dative* || -r(a)
|-
| Ablative/Instrumental || -t(â)
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>E Economy of the MR</title>
    <id>6741</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54879</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-04T23:30:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Agriculture */ Greek added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Tourism====
*The tourist season is from May to September. The off-season is October to April. The following activities are available in both seasons whenever possible. Seasonal prices extend from Pentecost Monday through Independence Day (October 5).
*Along both the east and west shores of the Lowland and the shores of Amoulián Island, wherever there are sandy beaches, B&amp;Bs (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ταβέρνι&lt;/font&gt;, tavernas) have been built to accomodate tourists. The buildings may not be taller than three stories and all have shared bathrooms.  The beaches are free for sunning, swimming and other beach sports.  Modest bathing suits are required.
*Drenia Island, the largest of the islets, has beautiful sandy beaches. There is a ferry to the island to enjoy the sun, sand and sea.  There is a taverna on the island, but no other buildings, where food and drink are available. The morning ferry leaves at 9:00 a.m. and returns at 12:00 noon. The afternoon ferry leaves at 1:00 p.m. and returns at 4:00 p.m. The evening ferry leaves at 5:00 p.m. and returns at 8:00 p.m., in time to catch the 9:00 ferry to Prosforion. The fee for the ferry is M3 roundtrip. The taverna has limited accomodations and reservations must be made well in advance if the visitor wishes to stay overnight.
*Wind-surfing and hang-gliding are permitted, although there is not enough surf for surf-boarding. Scuba diving  and snorkeling are permitted, but the territorial waters of the Republic are a wildlife reserve and there is a heavy fine for disturbing the ecosystem of the Republic’s waters. There are dive shops in all three towns and one on Drenia Island. Except for the ferry, motorized vessels are not permitted in the channel between Amoulián Island and Drenia Island.  The islands are, thus, the ideal place to begin an underwater adventure. The islets are not accessible, since they are part of the wild life refuge that includes the Holy Mountain. Divers may explore the waters off the Holy Mountain but may not set foot upon the Mountain.
*There are two tour boats that sail around the peninsula so that the monasteries may be seen from the sea. One leaves from Prosforion at 9:00 a.m., seven days a week, and sails east around the peninsula, returning via the Xerxes Canal to Prosforion.  The voyage takes about six hours and lunch is served aboard the vessel. The other voyage is similar only it leaves from Aktí and sails west around the peninsula.  The two vessels meet somewhere between the two capes, Pinnes and Timiou Prodros, at the end of the peninsula. There are plenty of opportunities for taking photos of the beautiful scenery. Mt. Athos is stunning from many angles. The voyages are cancelled in the event of inclement weather. The fee for the voyage is M12.
*Boats can be chartered for deep sea fishing in Prosforion or Aktí.
*The Museum of Athonite Antiquities is in Prosforion, in the 14th-century Byzantine tower.  On display are many art works from the monasteries. Docents are available. The exhibits are changed from time to time. There is no entrance fee, but donations are welcomed.
*With advance notice artifacts from the monasteries will be brought to the museum to enable both male and female scholars to study them.
*All three towns have marinas where both citizens and foreigners may dock their boats. The fee per night varies with the size of the boat, anywhere from M3 to M10.
*Bicycles are very popular in the Republic and may be rented by the hour, δ3 per hour. Tandem bicycles are available.  As long as there is no destruction of property, cyclists may stop anywhere in the open fields of the Lowland and the Isles to rest or have a picnic lunch.
*Tours are given of several of the industries in the Republic. In Aktí are the silk factory and the Aoun Brewery. In Prosforion are the golden eagle refuge and the carpet factory. In Amoulián there are tours of the liqueur distillery. A fee of δ6 is charged to tour the factories, the brewery and the distillery. A donation is requested at the golden eagle refuge.
*A quiet moment may be enjoyed by wandering through the citrus groves on Amoulián Island. Any of the tavernas would be glad to provide a picnic lunch for the tourist.
*There are performances of the Mt. Athos Dance Troupe every Saturday: in the Mt. Athos Performing Arts Center in Prosforion on the first and third Saturdays of the month; in Aktí on the second Sunday of the month, and in Amoulián on the fourth Sunday of the month. Peformances begin at 7:30 p.m. and usually end about 9:30 p.m. There is a charge of M1.
*If you'e looking for theme parks and mad activity, this is not the place for you. There are heavy fines for public drunkenness.
*Tourism now contributes about 50% of the Republic’s GDP.

====Agriculture====
*Olive (''Olea europaea'') oil is the major export of the Monastic Republic. Every monastery has olive trees. Each one harvests its own olives from mid-September to mid-November. Both table olives and olive oil are processed. The average yield of an olive tree is two kg. of oil. As there are upwards of 3,500 olive trees on the Holy Mountain the average annual production is 7,000 kg. (8 tons) of oil. Some of the oil is kept by the monasteries for their own purposes. The rest is shipped to the Lowland for local consumption or for export. Most of the oil is exported to the Hellenic Empire and added to their olive oil export. Because of the terrain, virtually all the olives are picked by hand. This results in a massive project for the monks in the autumn, with all able-bodied monks taking part. If a monastery is short-handed, it may request help for the duration of the harvest from other monasteries. Since all the processing takes place in the monasteries, viewing the processing is not available to the tourist, although the pilgrim may request to watch, or even join in!
*Every monastery has vineyards (''Vitis vinifera'') and makes its own wine (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κραςί&lt;/font&gt;). In 1945, the monasteries agreed to divide the grapes produced into two groups. It was agreed that, on the north coast, once the current Xinómavro vines died, were burned, etc., they would be replaced with the Assyrtíko variety to make a white wine.  The monasteries on the south coast would continue with the Xinómavro vines to produce a red wine. The Monastery of St. George the Painter, at a higher altitude than the other monasteries, asked for an exception in order to make an icewine, using the Riesling grape. The monastery grows enough grapes to make its own wine for table consumption and sacramental use. The harvest of the icewine grapes is later in the season, after the frost.This icewine is not drunk by the monks, but is sold for local consumption. The complete processing of the wines takes place in the monasteries. What is not used by the monks is sold to the local communities. Since all the processing takes place in the monasteries, viewing the processing is not available to the tourist, although the pilgrim may request to watch.
**The labels on these wines are very simple. They show a picture of the monastery and its name (in Greek and Latin letters), the name of the grape used, and the year of the vintage. This is as good as any ''d’origine controleé'' designation.
**These wines are produced in two quality levels:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;γνυσ κραςί&lt;/font&gt; indicates that the wine contains 100% of the monastery's grapes.
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;νοθευμέν κραςί&lt;/font&gt; indicates that the wine contains 75%-99% of the monastery's grapes.
**As all wines are aged and bottled at the monasteries, a designation of &quot;estate bottled&quot; is not necessary.
**The householder is also permitted to make homemade wine, but this may not be sold. This includes, tsiropo (&lt;font color=blue&gt;τσιρόπ&lt;/font&gt;), a grape liqueur.
*The monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul was, in 1544, given the exclusive right to harvest the chestnuts (''Castanea sativa'') that grow on the Holy Mountain. They do enlist other monasteries in this task, but all the chestnuts are brought to the monastery. The harvested nuts are not eaten. The total crop is used to make a chestnut liqueur (&lt;font color=blue&gt;καστανάκ Πετροπάυλου&lt;/font&gt;, kastanák Petropávlou) which has become a distinctive part of the Athonite cuisine. The monks do not drink it but export it to the Lowland where it is drunk locally and also exported.
*The Monastery of the Annunciation has a cherry (''Prunus avium'') orchard.  They make a liqueur from the fruit which they sell.  The monks do not drink the liqueur (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κερασάκ Φιλοθέου&lt;/font&gt;, kerasák Filothéou) but export it to the Lowland where it is drunk locally and also exported.
**All of the twenty monasteries have bee hives. Honey is the only sweetener used on the Holy Mountain, although sugar is imported for use in the Lowland and the Isles. The Cambrian monks at the monastery of St. Nicholas brew a mead (&lt;font color=blue&gt;υδρόμελ&lt;/font&gt;, idrómel) for export. This monastery also has a very large rose (''Rosa canina'') garden. The roses are processed for rose water, attar of roses and rose hips, all of which are exported to the Lowland.
*Every available hectare of the Lowland, and several on Amoulián Island, is devoted to the growing of wheat (''Triticum aestivum''). 100% of the wheat grown is used in the making of bread. The Monastic Republic is self-sufficient in bread and no wheat is exported. After harvest, those who own donkeys may cut the stalks for use as fodder. It is necessary to have a license to do so and these may be obtained for M1 from the office of the Hegumen Seneschal. The stalks on Amoulián Island are fed to the goats. The farming vehicles used for planting and harvesting the wheat are one of the few categories of fossil-fuel vehicles permitted in the Monastic Republic.
*Each of the towns has several greenhouses (&lt;font color=blue&gt;θερμοκήπι&lt;/font&gt;, thermokípi) in which garden vegetables are grown. There are five in Prosforion, four of them 300’ in length, and one 200’ in length. Amoulián and Aktí each have four greenhouses, each 200’ in length. These vegetables are grown in rock wool: onions, garlic, leeks, cantaloupe, romaine, spinach, and cabbage.  These are grown hydoponically: potatos, tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, French beans, zucchini, and peas. One complete greenhouse is devoted to tomatoes. In one of the greenhouses in Amoulián oregano, basil, thyme, parsley, rosemary, dill and mint are grown. These vegetables are sold in the towns’ marketplaces (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αγóρ&lt;/font&gt;, agór) or may be sold to restaurants. Other vegetables that may be requested are shipped in from the Hellenic Empire.
**Householders usually have their own garden plots (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κηπάρι&lt;/font&gt;, kipári in their courtyards (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αυλ&lt;/font&gt;, avlí) and may sell their produce in the marketplace. The vegetables they grow are their own favorites, but the lady of the house always grows her own fresh herbs.
*When the immigrants arrived from Paşalimanı, they planted the interior of Amoulián Island with citrus (''Citrus sinensis'') groves. The fresh fruit is now available to the citizens of the Monastic Republic. A distillery in Amoulián produces orange, lemon, and lime liqueurs from the rinds: &lt;font color=blue&gt;λιμονάκι&lt;/font&gt;, (limonáki); &lt;font color=blue&gt;πορτοκαλάκι&lt;/font&gt;, (portokaláki); and &lt;font color=blue&gt;κιτράκι&lt;/font&gt; (kitráki), which are consumed locally and exported. Beehives are placed throughout the groves so that there are bees for pollination. They also produce citrus blossom honey. Citrus blossom petals are gathered to produce citrus water (orange, lemon or lime), which is used locally as a flavoring in a number of confections.
*Olive oil and wine contribute to about 20% of the Republic’s GDP.

====Industries====
*The immigrants from Lebanon brought with them the knowledge of weaving silk and began the sericulture industry in the Monastic Republic. The town of Aktí remains the center of the industry. Both silk thread and silk textiles are produced. Most of the textiles are exported, but the thread is purchased by the carpet industry in Prosforion.
*The immigrants from Turkey who founded the town of Prosforion had been carpet weavers and they set up that industry when they arrived in the Monastic Republic. The carpets produced are the flat-woven carpets known as kilims (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κιλίμ&lt;/font&gt;, kilim). Any cotton that is required must be imported. There is a large carpet factory in Prosforion, but many carpets are made at home. The raw materials are given to the homemaker who then turns the completed carpet over to the factory for a profit. No two designs are the same and requests for a certain design will be honored. Kilims are found in all the homes in the Monastic Republic and are also exported. Ordinary kilims, which are what are woven the most, can be elaborated on demand as Suzāni kilims (with raised figures), or as ''khorjin'' or ''juwal''s (bags for carrying goods), or as tapestries for the wall.
*There is a flock of free-range Black Anatolian goats on Ammouliani Island. They are owned by one of the families that came from Turkey. This breed is raised for fiber, milk and meat. They are allowed to range among the citrus trees accompanied by several goatherds (&lt;font color=blue&gt;γιδοβóςκ&lt;/font&gt;, yidobósk) and their dogs (Anatolian Shepherd Dogs). As they keep the weeds at bay, they fertilize the ground. They are shorn twice a year and the wool is sold to the carpet factory. Before being allowed to range in the morning the does are milked. The milk is used to make an Emmentaler-type cheese. From the whey is made muzithra (&lt;font color=blue&gt;μυζήθρα&lt;/font&gt;), a cheese similar to the Italian ricotta. Only the does and the wethers are allowed to range. The bucks are kept at the stable. Goats, when slaughtered are sold to the restaurants under the name chevon; excess kids are sold as cabrito, milk-fed kids.
*There are many talented monks in the monasteries. Among the arts practiced by these monks are stained glass and painting. There are also experts in the preservation of documents.
*All three towns have fishing fleets. Since the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic are a wildlife preserve, the fishing fleets must go outside the territorial waters to fish. The usual catch consists of sea bream, sea bass, wrasse, octopus and squid. All the sea food caught is used within the Republic. Since red meat must be imported and is, thus, expensive, the people have made an art of the use of seafood.
*Silk textile and carpets contribute to about 20% of the Republic’s GDP.

====Imports====
*The major imports are petroleum products, rice, lentils, chickpeas, coffee, tea, and sugar.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Maintenance</title>
    <id>6742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51704</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-04T13:16:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Uncategorized */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Category issues==
===Uncategorized===

Taking a trip to [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] one will find that about half of this wiki's pages (which is perhaps ''more'' than half of the content) are uncategorized. I have attempted to clean out immediately categorizable pages. Most of them are however related to this or that conlang. Knowing that not all conlangers want to have their pages explicitely listed anywhere before they're in a vaigly presentable state (including myself!) I've left these alone for now.

Seeing however that quite a few (for example [[Dalcurian]], [[Khangaþyagon]] or [[Senjecan language|Senjecan]]) are among the more complete works on this wiki, I wonder if we could just go on with them, or at least ask. Or indeed, is ''everything'' about them uncategorized, or are some basic pages categorized? Should check that too.

Another large block is the conlang relay subpages; I'm sure nobody would mind categorizing those, but do we need to? The main pages for each can be found quite well. So on one hand, unnecessary work; on the other, they really stick out in the list. :ʃ

The likes of [[Europic]] and [[Uralo-Siberian languages]] are probably common-interest enuff that we don't have to worry about page &quot;ownership&quot;, but should they go as reconstructed languages, language families or what??

I am also not sure where to put [[WikiNode]], [[Conlang Recognition Chart]] and various others (that I'll list here as I remember them).--[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 13:24, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

I've added categories to [[Khangaþyagon]]
--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 13:16, 4 February 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>G Gendarmery of the MR</title>
    <id>6743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51302</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T21:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Evzones */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Public Law No. 8 [The Gendarmery Act] (9/1926)====
*§1 A Gendarmery shall be established in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain for the purpose of maintaining law, order and security in the Monastic Republic.
*§2 A detachment of Gendarmery shall be maintained in each of the demes.
*§3 Each detachment shall consist of a land arm and a marine arm.
*§4 The Gendarmery of the Monastic Republic is tasked with:
**a. maintaining law and public order;
**b. investigating crime in accordance with the principles of the Code of Criminal Procedure;
**c. controlling and supervising road traffic;
**d. patroling the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic;
**e. assisting authorities to fulfill their duties in keeping with the respective laws and provisions;
**f. preventing crime and accidents;
**g. assisting in cases of natural or man-made disasters,
**h. searching for persons reported missing, and
**i. staffing the customs stations.
*§5 The Gendarmery shall consist of a colonel in charge, nine assisting officers and a minimum of 30 enlisted personnel in each detachment.
*§6 The Prosforion Gendarmery shall staff the Dafni station.
*§7 Gendarmery personnel may be deprived of rank, honours, and pensions only in the manner described by Law.
*§8 Only male Gendarmery personnel may enter the Holy Mountain and then only by invitation.
*Amendment 1 (?)
**An air arm of the Gendarmery shall be established with the appropriate vehicles and staff to carry out search-and-rescue missions.

====Organization====
*The Land Force (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χωροφυλάκ&lt;/font&gt;).
**Each town has a detachment of the gendarmery. Each detachment consists of a captain, two lieutenants, and the enlisted personnel.
*The Air Fleet (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αεροφυλάκ&lt;/font&gt;)
**Each town has a search-and-rescue helicopter.
**Each town has a patrol helicopter.
**A medevac helicopter is housed at the hospital in Prosforion.
*The Coast Guard (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ακτοφυλάκ&lt;/font&gt;)
**Each of the towns and the gendarmery post has a patrol craft.
**Each of the towns has a search-and-rescue vessel.
**In each of the towns the coastguard station is located just outside the town limits.

====The Uniforms====
*Administrative uniform
**The gendarme’s service uniform, worn when assigned to administrative duties, consists of a dark blue (the color of the U.S. Air Force blues) open-necked tunic with an attached belt and trousers or skirt, worn with a light blue shirt and dark blue clip-on tie.  The buttons on the tunic are embossed with the letters AO.
**Female gendarmes may wear skirt or trousers at their own discretion.
**Indication of rank is located on epaulettes on the tunic.
**The insignia is worn on the left breast of the tunic.
**The shoes worn with the service uniform are black oxfords made of artificial leather.  Socks are black.
**When wearing a skirt, female gendarmes wear clear seamless hose.
**When necessary a dark blue regulation sweater may be worn.

*Patrol uniform
**Male and female gendarmes on patrol duty (in vehicles, on bicycles, or afoot) wear a dark blue open-necked shirt without a tie, a white undershirt, and dark blue combat trousers (cargo pocket style with two thigh pockets and two conventional side and rear pockets).
**Combat boots are the foot gear.
**Regulation rain gear is worn in inclement weather.
**Gendarmes on patrol duty do not carry firearms, but all are equipped with expandable batons, tasers and incapacitant spray.

*Headgear
**The basic headgear is the beret of different colors for the different arms of the gendarmery: light blue for the air arm, black for the land arm, dark blue for the marine arm.  All officers wear scarlet berets.
**The badge on the beret is an enamel pin depicting the flag of the Monastic Republic within two crossed olive branches.
**Gendarmes on bicycle patrol wear bicycle helmets.

*Safety gear
**Safety gear, such as helmets, flotation devices, stab vests, and high visibility jackets are worn as necessary.

====The Evzones====
*The evzones are the ceremonial branch of the gendarmery.  They carry out the following duties: 
#Accompanying the Archimandrite on official foreign visits and on his visits to the Lowland and the Isles.
#Offering honors to and welcoming foreign officials on visit.
#Guarding the government buildings in Prosforion, Aktí. and Amoulián.
#Guarding the Museum of Athonite Antiquities in Prosforion.

*Their uniform is like that of the Greek evzones, but with a change in color.  In place of the Greek red, the evzones of the Monastic Republic have green.
*The basic elements of the uniform are:
**The phareon, a green baize garrison cap with a long (waist length) black silk tassel. Officers have a gold tassel.
**A white shirt with wide sleeves.
**A green waistcoat with gold embroidered designs.
**A white cotton undershirt. 
**A green woolen fustanella kilt.  In Athonite the Turkish word ''fístan'' is used.  The kilts of officers extend to below the knees.
**White woolen stockings. 
**Black-tasseled knee garters (&lt;font color=blue&gt;kaltsodetes&lt;/font&gt;).  Officers have gold-tasseled garters.
**Green ''tsarouhi'' leather clogs with a black pompon.  Officers have a gold pompon.
**A leather cartridge belt and a semi-automatic rifle with bayonet.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki:Maintenance</title>
    <id>6744</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52897</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T11:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Test pages? */ _</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There is no reason to not collect ideas for improoving the wiki's organization in one place. As this is just being started, see the talk page for more topics.


== Duplicate pages ==
Well, not full duplicates, but multiple articles trying to do the same thing.

*[[A posteriori]], [[A posteriori conlang]] (about equally stubbish, the latter uncategorized)
*[[IPA]] (brief table); [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (WP fork)
*[[Klingon]] (phonology table); [[Klingon language]] (WP fork)
*[[Self-segregating morphology]] (stubby description); [[List of self-segregating morphology methods]] (CLWB fork)

==Null pages==
[http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Special:ShortPages&amp;limit=100&amp;offset=0]
Someone probably intended to redirect these or to put them up for deletion. Just under 100 of 'em. (Don't categorize them or anything - they won't be found anymore if you do!)

(This listing is incomplete)
===Former conlang documentation===
*[[Aarð/Þeal]]
*[[Aisvordeinvit]], [[Aivordeinvit]] (should redirect to [[Asdoranvor]]?)
*[[Aryan]] (could be expanded as [[Indo-Iranian]]?)
*[[Asking a question]]
*[[Code]]
*[[Dal'qörian 2]] (see [[Dalcurian]])
*[[Den Dialect]]
*[[Dumoskaba]]
*[[Eeree'en]]
*[[Eptizo]] (should redirect to [[Eptiza]]?)
*[[First Kingdom (KVC)]]
*[[Hitatc]] (some [[Akana]] stuff)
*[[Huttu]]
*[[Introduction to Shemspreg]] (see [[Shemspreg]])
**[[Jen]]
**[[Qazal]]
**[[Tzenej]]
*[[Lamu]]
*[[Maüicca]]
*[[Personal names]] (a possible more general topic?)
*[[Pulesian]] ?
*Stuff having to do with [[Senjecan language|Senjecan]]:
**[[Senjecan alphabets 2]]
**[[Senjecan Anatomy and Physiology]]
**[[Senjecan domiciles]]
**[[Senjecan fauna]]
**[[Senjecan flora a-ð]]
**[[Senjecan flora e-m]]
**[[Senjecan Graded Sentences]]
**[[Senjecan kinship terms]]
**[[Senyecan, Part I]]
**[[Senyecan, Part II]]
**[[Senyecan, Part III]]
**[[Senyecan, Swadesh List]]
**[[Senyecan Culture: Data]]
**[[Senyecan Culture: Table of Correspondences]]
**[[Senyecan Culture: Translations]]
**[[Table of Senjecan correspondences]]
**[[Table of Senjecan Correspondences]]
*Stuff having to do with [[Silindion]]
**[[Case Usages in Silindion]]
**[[Gerunds in Silindion]]
*[[South Vitung]]
*[[Strøllandsk]]
*[[Svanniskar language]]
**[[Svanniskar morphology]]
**[[Svanniskar syntax]]
*[[Somian]]
*[[Verát]]
A few of these I've flat-out redirected, including:
*[[Adjectives]]
*[[Pronouns]]

===Test pages?===
*[[ExampleTitle]]
*[[Piscean language/googlec99d811e2d1bbe82.html]]
*[[Weeman]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate</title>
    <id>6745</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47580</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T12:50:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate]] to [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant]]:&amp;#32;no caps for phoneme names, approximant pro *approximate</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>G Genealogies</title>
    <id>6746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47602</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lišěč-English dictionary</title>
    <id>6747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47880</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T12:37:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a brief list of Lišěč words and their meaning in English. There are two lists, one in Latin alphabet and one in Cyrillic alphabet, because of their different letter orders.

==Latin alphabet order==
{|
| a || b || c || č || d || đ || e || ĕ || f || g || ğ || i || j || k || l || ł || m || n || ň || o || õ || p || r || s || ś || š || t || ţ || u || v || y || z || ä || ë || ö || ü
|}
==Cyrillic alphabet order==
{|
| а || б || в || г || д || ћ || е || ё || ĕ || ђ || з || и || й || к || л || љ || м || н || њ || о || õ || п || р || с || т || θ || у || ф || ц || ч || ш || ы || ä || ë || ö || ÿ 
|}

==Latin lexycon==
* Allë: ''All''
* Amü: ''Morning''
* Anglaś: ''English''
* Anglaśna: ''English language''
* Angłja: ''England''
* Anja: ''Mother''
* Autõ: ''Car''
* Bräţejn: ''to Take''
* Bëňücejn: ''to Use, to Utilise''
* Čitejn: ''to Read''
* Drivňi: ''Village''
* Đnes: ''Today''
* Ĕben: ''Plane'' (GEO)
* Finna: ''Finnish''
* Finina: ''Finnish language''
* Grada: ''City''
* Kel: ''Language''
* Kirjaejn: ''to Write''
* Knig: ''Book''
* Kõra: ''Dog''
* Kupatajn: ''to Think''
* Kürejn: ''to Smoke
* Informakcjon: ''Information''
* Ipa: ''Father''
* Iśĕnejn: ''to Be Called  ''
* Ital: ''Italian''
* Italja: ''Italy''
* Italna: ''Italian language''
* Jõ: ''Night''
* Judaajn: ''to Drink''
* Lëvejn: ''to Live''
* Libejn: ''to Love''
* Lin: ''Man''
* Lišĕčna: ''Lišĕč language''
* Mlak: ''Milk''
* Mälma: ''Earth, ''World''
* Mënnajn: ''to Come''
* Naňa: ''Woman''
* Nõrë: ''Young''
* Nügejn: ''to Sleep''
* Õłojn: ''to Be''
* Õnt: ''And''
* Pĕina: ''Day''
* Pëka: ''Son''
* Połša: ''Poland''
* Połšk: ''Polish''
* Puaajn: ''to Speak''
* Puśattuaajn: ''to Stop (Oneself)''
* Rassja: ''Russia''
* Rim: ''Rome''
* Rüsk: ''Russian''
* Sava: ''River''
* Sapuaajn: ''to Arrive''
* Sĕdeejn: ''to Eat''
* Skõdojn: &lt;small&gt;pluridirectional movement verb&lt;/small&gt;, ''to Go''
* Sigarĕţ: ''Cigarette''
* Sõlojn: &lt;small&gt;modirectional movement verb&lt;/small&gt;, ''to Go''
* Stõliza: ''Capital city''
* Säna: ''Word''
* Śĕlp: ''Same''
* Śür: ''Big, Large''
* Tał: ''House''
* Tanõk: ''Sea''
* Tyõ: ''Work''
* Tyõojn: ''to Work''
* Tyšk: ''German''
* Tyškna: ''German language''
* Tyšklanđ: ''Germany''
* Ţytare: ''Daughter''
* Vana: ''Old''
* Vasţõk: ''East''
* Vĕłi: ''Brother''
* Vičĕr: ''Evening''
* Vëśi: ''Water''
* Üši: ''New''
* Üvë: ''Good''

==Cyrillic lexycon==
* Аллё: ''All''
* Амÿ: ''Morning''
* Англаз: ''English''
* Англазна: ''English language''
* Ангљйа: ''England''
* Анйа: ''Mother''
* Аутõ: ''Car''
* Брäθейн: ''to Take''
* Бёњÿцейн: ''to Use, to Utilise''
* Вана: ''Old''
* Васθõк: ''East''
* Вĕљи: ''Brother''
* Вичĕр: ''Evening''
* Вёзи: ''Water''
* Града: ''City''
* Дривњи: ''Village''
* Ћнес: ''Today''
* Ĕбен: ''Plane'' (GEO)
* Зĕлп: ''Same''
* Зÿр: ''Big, Large''
* Кел: ''Language''
* Кирйаейн: ''to Write''
* Книг: ''Book''
* Кõра: ''Dog''
* Купатайн: ''to Think''
* Кÿрейн: ''to Smoke
* Изĕнейн: ''to Be Called''
* Информакцйон: ''Information''
* Ипа: ''Father''
* Итал: ''Italian''
* Италйа: ''Italy''
* Итална: ''Italian language''
* Йõ: ''Night''
* Йудаайн: ''to Drink''
* Лёвейн: ''to Live''
* Либейн: ''to Love''
* Лин: ''Man''
* Лишĕчна: ''Lišĕč language''
* Млак: ''Milk''
* Мённайн: ''to Come''
* Мäлма: ''Earth, ''World''
* Нања: ''Woman''
* Нõрё: ''Young''
* Нÿгейн: ''to Sleep''
* Õљойн: ''to Be''
* Õнт: ''And''
* Пёка: ''Son''
* Пĕина: ''Day''
* Пољша: ''Poland''
* Пољшк: ''Polish''
* Пуаайн: ''to Speak''
* Пузаттуаайн: ''to Stop (Oneself)''
* Рассйа: ''Russia''
* Рим: ''Rome''
* Рÿск: ''Russian''
* Сава: ''River''
* Сапуаайн: ''to Arrive''
* Сĕдеейн: ''to Eat''
* Скõдойн: &lt;small&gt;pluridirectional movement verb&lt;/small&gt;, ''to Go''
* Сигарĕθ: ''Cigarette''
* Сõлойн: &lt;small&gt;modirectional movement verb&lt;/small&gt;, ''to Go''
* Стõлиѕа: ''Capital city''
* Сäна: ''Word''
* Таљ: ''House''
* Танõк: ''Sea''
* Тыõ: ''Work''
* Тыõойн: ''to Work''
* Тышк: ''German''
* Тышкна: ''German language''
* Тышкланћ: ''Germany''
* Θытаре: ''Daughter''
* Читейн: ''to Read''
* Финна: ''Finnish''
* Финина: ''Finnish language''
* Ÿши: ''New''
* Ÿвё: ''Good''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N National Anthem</title>
    <id>6748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47597</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I

Upon this land the Virgin Mother trod,

And she did ask her Son, the Lord our God,

“Deign to bestow this garden fair on me,

Mountains and vales, the land from sea to sea,

From Athos’ snow to ocean’s thund’ring foam,

That here my children may receive a home.”


“I give to you this paradise so dear,

Your children shall find peace and refuge here.

A haven of salvation they may seek,

From shore to shore to Athos’ snow-capped peak.

Where chestnut, pine and bounteous olive grow.

Long may your children peace and plenty know.”


II

Upon this land the Virgin Mother trod,

And she did ask her Son, the Lord our God,

“Deign to bestow this garden fair on me,

Mountains and vales, the land from sea to sea.”


“I give to you this paradise so dear,

Your children shall find peace and refuge here.

A haven of salvation they may seek,

From shore to shore to Athos’ snow-capped peak.”


From Athos’ snow to ocean’s thund’ring foam,

This land so beauteous is our treasured home,

Where chestnut, pine and bounteous olive grow.

Long may her children peace and plenty know.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>G Genealogies of the MR</title>
    <id>6749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47605</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T13:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Lebanese and Greek Refugee Families of 1885====

B = Barouk; F = Faridiss; M = Maaser Al Chouf; O = Ouarhaniye

*1. Abboud, Bashir (1860-1882-1915) = Lilliann (1865-1924) (B)
**11. Mika (1883-1903-1947) = 
***111. Margarita (1905-1928-1964)  = Aoun, Boula (1905-1967)
**12. John (1887)
**13. Tasiana (1889)

*1. Aoun, Boula (1861-1880-1912) = Maha (1868-1935) (F)
**11. Kirillus (1881-1904-1947) = Barakat, Margarita (1885-1905) who dies in childbirth. 
***111. Boula (1905-1927-1967) = ()
****1111. John (1928-1948-1990) founds Aoun Brewery in 1975 = Bitar, Abigail (1931-1992)
*****11111. Sofia (1949), enters the Sisters of the Holy Family in 1974.
*****11112. Ahmad (1951-1974-), general manager of Aoun Brewery since 1998 = Samios, Irene (1949-).
**12. Sebastian (1883)
**13. Ephrem (1886)
**14. Paula (1887)

*1. Assaf, Marianne (nun) (1851-1910) (B)

*1. Barakat, Aban (1864-1883-1923) = Rashida (1865-1916) (M)
**11. Dorotia (1884)
**12. Yotinas (1886)
**13. Margarita (1887-1904-1905) = Aoun, Kirillus; dies in childbirth.

*1. Bitar, Antonios (1855-1876-1914) = Rafka (1857-1915) (F)
**11. Cora (1877)
**12. Narsis (1878)
**13. Lidia (1880)
**14. Marcos (1883-1904)
***141. John (1905-1930)
****1411. Abigail (1931-1992) = Aoun, John
****1412. 34
****1413. 37
****1414. 39
****1415. Sofia (1942-1965) = Samaha, Rayan (1944-)

*1. Chehab, Fadi (1856-1878-1915) = Raouia (1856-1930) (F)
**11. Marana (1880)
**12. Leon (1883)
**13. Rashida (1888-1910-1945) = Itani, Benjamin (1887-1946)

*1. Daher, Mourad (1844-1866-1907) = Sana (1850-1919) (M)
**11. Robert (1868)
**12. Saba (1869)
**13. Tasia (1871)

*1. Eid, Antoun (1854-1877-1913) = Tina (1856-1915) (F)
**11. Mina (1879)
**12. Timon (1880)
**13. Yasun (1883)

*1. Fayad, Jahaan (1857-1879-1909) = Adila (1857-1912) (O)
**11. Monica (1881)
**12.Abda (1882)

*1. Ghanem, Youssef (1835-1904) (priest) (B)

*1. Hajjar, Veronica (1851-1922) (nun) (B)

*1. Halabi, Lena (1845-1869-1906) = Anissa (1848-1909) (F)
**11. Susanna (1870-1897-1932) = Harb, Ironimos

*1. Harb, Maha (1850-1875-1911) = Fairuz (1855-1913) (M)
**11. Ironimos (1876-1897-1935) = Halabi, Susanna

*1. Helou, Maroun (1860-1881-1924) = Ghazal (1862-1925) (O)
**11. Francis (1883)
**12. Rafael (1884)
**13. Marina (1887-1910-1945)

*1. Ibrahim, Milad (1873-1887-1932) = Zyara (1874- 1938) (O)
**11. Shmouni (1889)
**12. Miron (1891)

*1. Itani, Mouhib (1860-1883-1919) = Inas (1862-1920) (F)
**11. Clair (1886)
**12. Benjamin (1887-1910-1946) = Chelab, Rashida (1888-1945)
***121. Marina (1912)
***122. Jamila (1914)
***123. Anwar (1917-1946-1976), owner of the restaurant The Garden of Aktí , solicitor of funds for charities = Jaber, Mariam (1916-1975)
***124. Zayid (1917)

*1. Jaber, Nathra (1870-1891-1928) = Mariam (1873-1931) (M)
**11. Mema (1893)
***111. Mariam (1916-1946-1975) = Itani, Anwar (1917-1976)
**12. Michael (1894)

*1. Karam, Rabie (1850-1872-1911) = Kiran (1854-1912) (O)
**11. Babila (1873-1895-1944) = Samaha, Zakary (1874-1929)
**12. Theodora (1875)
**13. Fawqa (1876)

*1. Kanaan, Rabih (1860-1881-1923) = Loudi (1859-1925) (M)
**11. Olampas (1883)
**12. Olampia (1883)

*1. Masri, Sassine (1860- 1881- 1913) = Manal (1862-1920) (O)
** 11. Edna (1882)
**12. Aran (1883)
**13. Daria (1887)

*1. Nassif, Shafeek (1859-1882-1921) = Nedra (1860-1919) (O)
**11. Mora (1883)
**12. Catherine (1887)

*1. Obeid, Moura (nun) (1859-1923) (B)

*1. Raad, Shouwkat (1869-1891-1928) = Pola (1871-1935) (M)
**11. Barbara (1892)
**12. Daniel (1894)
**13. Anastasia (1896)

*1. Raad, Tanious (1865-1891-1926) = Selma (1864-1930) (M)
**11. Lucia (1893)
**12. Azra (1894)

*1. Saab, Yacoub (1863-1884-1934) = Theba (1864-1938) (O)
**11. Gregory (1887)
**12. Sebastian (1888)

*1. Salloum, Zabian (1866-1876-1945) = Ula (1866-1943) (O)

*1. Samaha, Yowakim (1850-1869-1919) = (1851-1921) Nahleli (O)
**11. Izidor (1870)
**12. Agatha (1871)
**13. Zakary (1874-1895-1929) = Karam, Babila (1873-1944)
***131. Yolanda (1895)
***132. Gabir (1897-1920-1959) = 
****1321. Daniel (1921-1943-1988) = 
*****13211. Rayan (1944-1965-) staff reporter for the “Athonite Beacon = Bitar, Sofia (1942-)
***133. Rafiq (1898)
***134. Aban (1901)

*1. Sarkis, Khalil (1864-1884- 1917) = Calah (1865-1930) (M)
**11. Arismos (1886)
**12. Ilaria (1888)

*1. Younes, Sharbel (1855-1917) (F)

*1. Zein, Marta (nun)

G = Ghandounye; S = Saadiyat

*1. Bocsusis, Thestor = Rhea (G)
**11. George
**12. Barbara

*1. Catranides, Anastasios (1864-1925) = Barbara (1865-1934) (G)
**11. Cassandra
**12. Andrew
**13. Basil (1888-1952) =
***131. Anastasious 

*1. Demarchis, Cyril = Iantha (S)

*1. Giannopoulos, George = Eugenia (G)
**11. Elias

*1. Kakos, Gregory = Helen (G)
**11. Daniel
**12. Jacob
**13. Anna

*1. Kouches, Nicholas = Irene (S)
**11. John
**12. Leto

*1. Latousakis, Theodore = Sophia (G)
**11. Anastasia
**12. Sarah

*1. Petropoulos, Homer = Zoe (S)
**11. Damian
**12. Demetrius
**13. Dionysus

*1. Petropoulos, George = Margaret (G)
**11. Hermione
**12. Jason

*1. Samios, Timothy (1866-1884-1918) = Christina (1867-1925) (G)
**11. Stavros
**12. Timothy (1886-1907-1947) = ()
***121. Andrew (1909-1923-1980) = ()
****1211. George (1924-1945-1988) = ()
*****12111. Sophia (1946-1971-) graduate of Harvard School of Dental Medicine = Thorsell, Edward (1944-1971-) graduate of Harvard Law School
*****12112. Nicholas (1947-1968-) 
*****12113. Irene (1949-1974-) = Aoun, Ahmad (1951-)

*1. Soukis, Andrew = Martha (S)
**11. Constantine
**12. Daphne

*1. Touchakis, Paul (priest) (S)

====Second Wave to Prosforion====

(Ç)ağlayan, (Ü)ralun, (D)ülgerli, (S)eysantipe, (F)ιndιkli

*1. Asikis
*1. Banos
*1. Calpis
*1. Danas

*1. Eatros, George (1855-1877- 1924) = Myra (1856-1920) (Ç)
**11. Sophia
**12. George (1878-1900-1947) , founder of the “Athonite Beacon” = Helena (1878-1940)
***121. George (1937-1958- 1988), editor of the “Athonite Beacon” 1958 = Maria (1940-1987)
***122. Nikolas (1938-1960-), editor of the “Athonite Beacon” 1988 = Irina (1940-)
***123. Anastasia

*1. Economides
*1. Farmakis
*1. Forakis
*1. Galanopoulos
*1. Gavril

*1. Houlis
*1. Jamussa
*1. Kaglantge
*1. Karabachos
*1. Karnoupakis

*1. Katsivalis
*1. Kopsas
*1. Ladas
*1. Lillis
*1. Makricosta

*1. Mihas
*1. Moraitopoulos
*1. Pavli
*1. Pezos
*1. Rallis

*1. Roros
*1. Skouzas
*1. Sortras
*1. Spelos
*1. Tekosis

*1. Tourna
*1. Trampakoulos
*1. Tsogas
*1. Vamvakidis
*1. Villas

*1. Vozoras
*1. Zaloumi

====Third Wave to Ammouliani====

(H)armanli, (B)alιkli, (T)uzla, (P)ayrazli

*1. Alatza
*1. Belesis
*1. Bouzios
*1. Cholas
*1. Diasokos

*1. Dounias
*1. Egonidis
*1. Fikias
*1. Gazonas
*1. Gomatos

*1. Honjas
*1. Karavos
*1. Kefalas
*1. Lolos
*1. Maragos

*1. Mestas
*1. Nomikos
*1. Papadis
*1. Passas
*1. Roussos

*1. Ruvelas
*1. Samis
*1. Stamatas
*1. Totolos
*1. Triantis

*1. Vlachos
*1. Volakis
*1. Zakakis
*1. Zorbas

====Immigrants====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N National Holidays of the MR</title>
    <id>6750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51309</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T23:13:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The Autocephalous Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain adopted the Gregorian calendar when it declared its independence from the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1878.
*It was the intention of the Holy Synod to give the citizens one holiday every month. They began with the Twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church.  Seven of the twelve were finally chosen and are presented below in bold print.
*Three of the holidays are secular. Constitution Day and Independence Day occur every year, Election Day only every four years.
*In the Monastic Republic the mother of Jesus is most commonly referred to as the All-holy, ''Panagía''.  Four of the fifteen holidays are dedicated to her. One of these, the Immaculate Conception, is not celebrated by the Orthodox Churches, but is included for the Maronite Catholics.
*The holidays of April, May and June have no set dates, but Good Friday, Easter, the Ascension, and Pentecost fall some time during these months.
*The following are the fifteen national holidays, the public days of rest, in the Monastic Republic:
**January 6 (January 7, if January 6 falls on a Sunday), '''the Epiphany'''/Theopháni Kyríou;
**February 2 (February 3, if February 2 falls on a Sunday), '''the Presentation of Christ'''/Hypapánt Kyríou;
**Good Friday/Megál Paraskév;
**'''Easter'''/Páscha Monday;
**'''Ascension'''/Analéps Kyríou Thursday;
**'''Pentecost'''/Pentekóst Monday;
**July 5 (July 6, if July 5 falls on a Sunday), Constitution Day/Ēmér Suntágmatou, the date on which the constitution was adopted in 1872;
**August 15 (August 16, if August 15 falls on a Sunday), '''the Dormition of the All-holy'''/Koímes Panagías;
**Election Day, the first Monday of September in election years/Ēmér Εlogṓn;
**September 8 (September 9, if September 8 falls on a Sunday), the Nativity of the All-holy/Génnēs Panagías;
**October 5 (October 6, if October 5 falls on a Sunday), Independence Day/Ēmér Anexartēsou, the date on which a united force of monks drove the Ottoman troops out of the Monastic Republic's territory in 1870;
**November 21 (November 22, if November 21 falls on a Sunday), '''the Presentation of the All-holy'''/Eídos Panagías;
**December 8 (December 9, if December 8 falls on a Sunday), the Immaculate Conception of the All-Holy/Ópil Súllēps;
**December 24, Christmas Eve;
**December 25, Christmas Day/Xristoúgen.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N Neutrality of the MR</title>
    <id>6751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54725</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T12:26:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Spelling correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain is a professedly Christian nation and has an obligation to proclaim the Gospel; not necessarily in an overt way, e.g., by preaching on the street corners, but certainly its actions and attitudes must reflect Gospel values. Therefore the Monastic Republic cannot be a neutral nation in that it has no opinions about anything.

*As a human institution the Monastic Republic has a right to express its opinions (which it will probably do only rarely, when asked). Therefore, the Monastic Republic is to be viewed as a non-aligned and non-belligerent nation. The Monastic Republic will not cooperate materially in any armed conflict, but may certainly express its opinion on the armed conflict if the Holy Synod feels the need to do so. Likewise, the Monastic Republic has the right of self-defense. The Gendarmery has been established for the purpose of maintaining peace and order within the Republic, but it certainly can be called upon to resist an armed aggressor until help arrives. The Holy Synod expects that, given the nature of the Monastic Republic, any nation will come to its assistance in the event of invasion. To this end, the Monastic Republic will neither purchase nor own any vehicle or vessel of war, other than the vessels needed to patrol and protect the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic. (Armed agressors aside, there is still a need to protect the Monastic Republic from poachers, smugglers, etc.) The Holy Synod also feels that calling for an embargo is a valid moral statement, although any practical effect would be rather negligible.

*The Monastic Republic is not isolationist. What the Monastic Republic hopes to do is to cooperate in projects of a humanitarian or educational nature as much as its resources will allow. While the monks themselves may not leave the monasteries to do this work, their resources may be given to these cooperative projects, e.g., by tithing their income. But it must be remembered that the Monastic Republic is not merely a &quot;bunch of monks.&quot;  There are lay citizens in the Lowland and the Isles who have the right and the obligation to proclaim the Gospel in ways that are available to them, but not to the monks. There will be citizens who will have expertise to contribute to the world scene. The Monastic Republic has already made it known that arrangements will be made to give women access to the treasures of the monasteries. For example, the Monastic Republic would be glad to provide a medical unit of some kind in an emergency.

*Likewise, the Holy Synod offers to the nations of the world its service as an arbiter. The Holy Synod, however, requests that they be asked only in cases involving binding arbitration. As monks, they do not feel that they should be asked to give of their time to come up with a judgment by which neither party has to abide.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N Newspaper Articles from the MR</title>
    <id>6752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48321</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-11T19:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====NEW HOSPITAL OPENS====
*The opening on August 15 of the 50-bed Holy Spirit Hospital in Prosforion under the care of the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family was a great occasion not only for the humanitarian care of the sick in the Monastic Republic, but also for the Maronite Catholic Church in the Monastic Republic and, in particular, for the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family.  In attendance were our nine dimarchs and other leading citizens of our demes. His Serene Grace Nicephorus, with Mother Maryam Halabi and Andreas Antoniadis, the architect, together cut the ribbon officially opening the hospital. Admissions will begin immediately and any citizens in hospitals in the Hellenic Empire will be returned, if possible, to the Monastic Republic.

*Great care and thought was put into the hospital's design and construction so as to ensure that they are of the highest order to provide modern, comfortable and compassionate care for the patients. Mr. Antoniadis, of the design firm Antoniadis and Gozanas in Athens, is to be commended.  The hospital will have the following departments to provide for the total care of the patients: surgical floor, medical floor, pediatric floor, labor and delivery suite, operating suite, laboratory, x-ray, kitchen, central supply, physical therapy, medical records, emergency room, out-patient, pharmacy, and housekeeping. The hospital will employ over 100 employees.

*This facility is just the latest in the charitable works that have been brought to fruition by the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family under the leadership of the Superior-General of the Sisters, Mother Anastasia Azzi, as well as of Mother Maryam Halabi. Sister Maryam is to be the administrator of the hospital, in charge of the day-to-day operations of the facility. She has also been named the superior of the community of sisters who will operate the hospital. The Monastic Republic warmly welcomes the twenty sisters who will be in charge of the various departments.

*The sisters had many obstacles to overcome to get the hospital up and running, but in the end their perseverance and determination and, above all, their Christian faith saw them through. The sisters are deeply grateful for the efforts of Mr. Anwar Itani, a well-respected worker for charitable causes and a leading member of the Maronite Catholic community. His prominence in the opening ceremony proceedings, which was insisted upon by the sisters, was well deserved and recognised his hard work.

*The ceremonial opening was followed by a luncheon for the invited guests in the hospital’s cafeteria.

====NEW STAR IN MR SKIES====
*Prosforion – September 9, 1985
*Michael Trampakoulos, staff reporter

*On Monday, August 6, 1984, Faiqa Maalouf opened a dance studio in a warehouse behind the Mt. Athos Performing Arts Center. Twenty dancers were signed up with the company, plus a staff of designers, seamstresses and musicians. In Maalouf Kira’s words, “I wanted to add to the cultural variety of the Monastic Republic and provide the citizens with another form of entertainment.” After a year of designing and rehearsing, the troupe was ready to perform in public. The end result was that the citizens of Prosforion were treated to an evening of stunning dance performances, Saturday evening, September 7, by  Maalouf Kira’s Mt. Athos Dance Troupe. In an outstanding display of Terpsichore, the twelve female and eight male dancers demonstrated their knowledge of and their mastery of the Greek and the Levantine folk dance. The presentation lasted an hour and twenty minutes with one intermission.  The first half of the program consisted of examples of Greek folk dancing and included, among others, a rousing rendition of a Thracian ''karsilimás'', a properly sedate Peloponnesian ''kalamatianós'', a beautifully rendered ''syrtós'' showing the difference between it and the ''kalamatianós'', and a vibrant ''ballos'' from the Aegean Islands.

*After the intermission the audience was treated to a series of Levantine dances starting with an elaborate ''dabke'', the variations of which made the dance last 25 minutes. This was preceded by the obligatory ''mawwal'' beautifully sung by Omar Salloum. After a troupe rendition of a ''halay'', individual dancers demonstrated their skill with the ''raqs sharki'' (misnamed “belly dance”) in the gymnastic Turkish style.  The Holy Synod, however, will not permit dancing with the abdomen uncovered. The dancers were given a standing ovation at the conclusion of the performance.  And a rousing round of applause was given to the ensemble who provided the music, which consisted of ''oud'', ''mijwiz'', ''durbakke'', ''daff'', ''zurna'', and ''ney''.

*We are also in debt to Marta Salameh and her staff for the beautiful costumes. They should be accounted among the national treasures of the Monastic Republic. Indeed, the whole troupe should be declared a national treasure.  Maalouf Kira has contributed significantly to the culture and life of the Monastic Republic. The troupe will be performing in the Performing Arts Center on the first and third Saturday of each month, with performances in Aktí on the second Saturday and in Ammouliani on the fourth Saturday. The troupe will also take part annually in the Constitution Day Independence Day festivities in the Prosforion plateia.

====SOFIA AOUN ENTERS CONVENT====
*Prosforion, August 19, 1974
*Rayan Samaha, staff reporter
*Sofia Aoun, the daughter of John Aoun, owner of the Aoun Brewery, and his wife Abigail, left the Monastic Republic on Thursday, August 15, after celebrating the Divine Liturgy with the sisters at Holy Spirit Hospital. She is flying to Lebanon to enter the Sisters of the Holy Family. Sofia graduated from the gymnasio in 1968 and has worked at the hospital as a nurses’ aide since graduation. She will spend her two-year novitiate at the motherhouse in Betroun, then be sent for her nurse’s training. When she completes her training, she will return to the Hospital of the Holy Spirit and begin her vocation nursing the sick and injured of the Monastic Republic.

====ORTHODOX NUNS WELCOMED TO THE MR====
*Aktí, October 17th, 1955
*Zaina Harb, staff reporter
*Last Wednesday, October 12th, seven Ukrainian Orthodox nuns disembarked at the port of Aktí, to be welcomed by His Serene Grace, Archimandrite Gabriel, and the Very Reverend Boris of St. Pantaleimon Monastery. 

*In Stanislav Chop’s attempt to russify Ukraine between 1950 and 1961, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church suffered a severe persecution. Early in the period, a convent of Ukrainian nuns fled the country. After passing from one country to another, they have at last reached a home in the Monastic Republic. At the request of Hegumen Boris of St. Pantaleimon, the Holy Synod agreed to permit the nuns to reside in the Monastic Republic.

*For the past two years, the monks of the monastery have been building a convent in Aktí which will accommodate twenty nuns. Besides the nuns’ individual rooms, there are a chapel, a refectory, an office for the superior, a visitors’ room, a very large kitchen, and a studio where the nuns may create their works of art. Although the nuns will receive some income from their works of art, their steady source of income will be the baking of altar bread for the Republic’s six parishes.

*The two prelates and other greeters accompanied the nuns to their new home, where the Divine Liturgy was celebrated in thanksgiving for the safe arrival of the nuns. Hegumen Boris blessed the convent and Archimandrite Gabriel received the nuns into the Autocephalous Monastic Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain.

*The monks of St. Pantaleimon’s Monastery were not the only ones who prepared the convent for the nuns. Many lay men and women of both the Catholic and the Orthodox parishes of Aktí contributed to the furnishings of the interior of the convent. The chapel was adorned by art work from St. Pantaleimon Monastery. A garden was planted in their enclosure and the pantries were filled with food. Monetary donations came in from the other four parishes so that the nuns would have some capital with which to being their life with us.

*Knowing in advance that the nuns would be living with us, several ladies in the Monastic Republic have indicated their desire to enter the convent.

*Through all their trials Mother Olena Gaponenko managed to keep her group together.  The six nuns who arrived with her are Aneta Shumenko, Iryna Kuts, Mykhaila Tur, Nastasya Serbin, Oksana Bagry, and Vira Kozyar. We are, indeed, blessed to have these holy women now living with us.

====PILGRIM FALLS 200 FT. OFF CLIFF====
*Prosforion, August 10th, 2009
*David Soukis, staff reporter
*While walking the trail between the Monastery of St. George that Painter and the Monastery of St. Maroun, 26-year-old Stefan Siannis lost his footing and fell about 200 feet down a steep cliff before a clump of trees broke his fall Sunday afternoon. “Three of his lumbar vertebrae and his right tibia are broken, and he has a serious gash on the back of his neck,” the medic reported.

*He is recovering in Holy Spirit Hospital after a fellow pilgrim ran to St. Maroun Monastery to summon help. A call was place to the Prosferion gendarmery and a rescue helicopter was flown to the scene. 

*“On a scale of one to ten, physically I feel like a four,” Siannis said later from his hospital bed, “but emotionally, though, I feel like a nine-and-a-half.”

*Siannis was with two other pilgrims and, as he stepped back to get a better view of the Holy Mountain, he lost his footing and slid down the cliff face, tumbling head over heels as he fell, landing in a small collection of trees. He was stuck for about two hours until the helicopter arrived. His other companion stayed with him and kept shouting encouragement to him.  According to the companion, “He had come to rest in a small stand of spruce but was laid out on a bed of rocks that was anything but level.

*I could see that his face and hands were covered in dried blood, that both of his eyes were swollen shut, and that he was unable or unwilling to move his right leg.”

*Sgt. Thomas Kouches of the Prosferion Medevac Unit was lowered from the hovering helicopter to Siannis. Once he had splinted the leg, the two were raised and then placed down on the trail. A stretcher was then lowered for Siannis and he was placed in the helicopter which then flew off to Prosferion.

*From his hospital bed, Siannis thanked his companions for helping in his rescue. He was full of praise for the medevac team who so skillfully extricated him from the narrow canyon. As soon as his condition is stable, he will be transported to a hospital nearer his home in the Hellenic Empire. He has agreed to have a photograph taken of his injuries to be displayed as a caution to other pilgrims to walk with care along the mountain trails.

*“I’ll be back in two years for another pilgrimage,” Siannis said, “but I’ll be more careful next time!”</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Off topic</title>
    <id>6753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47619</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T14:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'What are these articles doing on the wiki, again?'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What are these articles doing on the wiki, again?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>N Notable Persons in the MR</title>
    <id>6754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47623</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T14:39:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Aoun, Ahmad (1951-), general manager of Aoun Brewery since 1998.
*Aoun, John (1928-1990) founds Aoun Brewery in 1975.
*Eatros, George (1878-1947), founder of the ''Athonite Beacon'', -1958.
*Eatros, George (1937-1988), editor of the ''Athonite Beacon'', 1958-1988.
*Eatros, Nikolas (1938-), editor of the ''Athonite Beacon'', 1988-.
*Halabi, Maryam, Mother (), administrator of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, superior of the Sisters of the Holy Family in the MR, 1972.
*Itani, Anwar (1917-1976), owner of the restaurant ''The Garden of Aktí'', solicitor of funds for charities.
*Maalouf, Faiqa (), founder of the Mt. Athos Dance Troupe, 1973.
*Samaha, Rayan (1944-) staff reporter for the “Athonite Beacon.
*Trampakoulas, Michael () staff reporter for the “Athonite Beacon.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P Pilgrimage to the MR</title>
    <id>6755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51311</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T23:40:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The Climate of Athos 
**Winter on Athos (mid-September to mid-June), compared to southern Greece, is long, wet, and often cold. Snow is by no means a rare occurrence, even at low levels; and stormy seas often confine boats to harbor. As a result there are few visitors at this time. For those who are not bothered by climatic uncertainty and who want to have the Holy Mountain to themselves, winter can be a good time to go. The monasteries have now installed electricity and space heaters are available in the rooms. However, Mt. Athos can only be safely climbed between May and September.
**High summer by contrast (mid-June to mid-September) can be very hot and is also the time that attracts the greatest numbers of visitors. This means that long-distance walking can be uncomfortable. Of those who can choose, many will prefer to plan their visit either in spring (mid-April to mid-June), when the temperature is more congenial for walking and the wild flowers are at their best, or in autumn (mid-September to late October), when the selection of fruit and vegetables being offered may be more appealing. 

*Directions for Making a Pilgrimage
**Mount Athos needs to protect its seclusion, without which it would lose its raison d'être. For this reason it has to impose strict entry regulations. The bureaucracy may at first glance appear formidable; and so it is. But the following procedure is a reasonably sure way to gain entry. 
**Admission to the Holy Mountain is not determined by a daily quota, but rather by the number of pilgrims on the Holy Mountain at any one time. If there are no pilgrims on the mountain, then 100 pilgrims may be admitted. If there are already 50 pilgrims on the mountain, then only 50 will be admitted on that day.  Pilgrims may stay on the Holy Mountain a maximum of seven days. In this context, by definition, pilgrim means Christian. Women are never admitted.
**The quota and the scheduling of pilgrimages are administered by the Office of the Hegumen Constable. The office is open from Monday to Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and on Saturday from 10:00 a.m. to noon. It is closed on Sundays and on all public holidays. Those wishing to make a pilgrimage should first contact the office, by mail or telephone, to ask if there is a place in the quota for the day on which they wish to enter. The more notice the pilgrim can give, especially in summer and around the time of major feasts, the greater his chance of success. Reservations can be made any time up to one year before the pilgrim’s planned arrival date. Requests for reservations must include the pilgrim’s itinerary. The Office of the Hegumen Constable will make reservations at the monasteries that the pilgrim wishes to visit. No one is eligible for pilgrimage two years in a row. After the reservation has been made, the pilgrim must send by post a photocopy of that page of his passport which gives his identification. This will be checked against the actual passport upon arrival at the Office. If he has made his reservation well in advance, he will receive a letter of confirmation from the Office of the Hegumen Constable within about two weeks with further instructions, including advice if his itinerary is not possible in the seven-day period.
**All travelers are requested to confirm their reservations by telephone two weeks before the date of the intended visit. Likewise, if the pilgrim will be unable to travel on the date which he has reserved, he is asked to inform the Office of the Hegumen Constable so that others may take his place. Failure to do so will be noted and his request for a new reservation may not be respected. 
**The pilgrim must then present himself at the Office in person with his passport at least one day before the visit. The Office is located in Government House in Prosforion.  It is not necessary for the layman to supply a letter of recommendation.  Pilgrims in Holy Orders or ministers of a Protestant faith must enclose a letter of recommendation from their diocesan bishop or a person of equivalent status. 
**Provided that the pilgrim has reserved a place in the quota for the day when he wishes to enter, the pilgrim will then be issued a permit (diamonetirion) addressed to the monasteries the pilgrim wishes to visit which entitles him to hospitality on the Holy Mountain for the nights on his itinerary. 
**A special diamonetirion may be requested by those who wish to stay longer at only one monastery to do study and research. This request must be accompanied by a letter of recommendation from the scholar’s museum, institute, etc.
**It is best to arrive in Prosforion one or two days before the start of the pilgrimage. The Office of the Hegumen Constable will be glad to make reservations for pilgrims arriving early at any of the tavernas in Prosforion or with a family who has agreed to take in pilgrims for a modest fee set by the Office.  All the tavernas have a lock-up where surplus luggage may be left while the pilgrim is on the Holy Mountain. Similar arrangements are made for those pilgrims wishing to visit the monasteries on the east coast of the Holy Mountain.
**Before embarking, the pilgrim shows his diamonitirion to the steward of the boat upon boarding.
**Prosforion is the point of departure for the monasteries on the west coast of the Holy Mountain. It is literally the end of the road. From Prosforion a boat departs every day at 9:45 a.m. This boat is the only means of access to the west coast of the Holy Mountain. On the west coast the boat stops at the monasteries of Holy Archangels, St. Pantaleimon, St. Thomas, the Presentation of Jesus, and at the military post at Daphni. Pilgrims may disembark at any of these points in keeping with their itinerary. 
**Aktí is the point of departure for the monasteries on the east coast of the Holy Mountain. From Aktí a boat departs every day at 9:45 a.m. This boat is the only means of access to the east coast of the Holy Mountain. On the east coast the boat stops at the monasteries of Ascension, Transfiguration, St. Nicholas, Sts. Peter and Paul, and St. Athanasius. Pilgrims may disembark at any of these points in keeping with their itinerary.
**In the case of inclement weather when the boats may not sail, arrangements will be made with the monasteries to change the itinerary, if the pilgrim wishes.

*What to take
**If the pilgrim intends to walk, it best to take as little as possible. At each monastery the pilgrim is given accomodations in a four-person room in the guest house (archontariki) for the duration of his visit. He will be provided with food and drink, a bed with adequate bedding and a bath towel, so it is not necessary to carry these things. Each bed has a desk and chair.
**If the pilgrim is walking to another monastery, the host monastery will prepare a packed lunch, if this is noted on the diamonitirion. If walking a long distance during the day the pilgrim is well advised to leave the monastery with a full water bottle. The bottle may be refilled at any of the streams the pilgrim may pass. The water is cold and potable.
**The most important item for walking pilgrims is a good map. This map is available, in several different languages, at the Office of the Hegumen Constable.  The walking paths are clearly indicated on the map.
**Other items the pilgrim should bring on his pilgrimage:
***soap and toothpaste (there is no hot water, but the water is warmed with solar heat, so it is not ice cold).
***a flashlight (the pilgrim is requested to be frugal in his use of electricity);
***stout walking shoes or boots and heavy socks;
***casual clothing; shorts may not be worn at any time; shirts must have sleeves, short or long;
***any medication he may need, insect repellent, and a few first aid supplies;
***a hat.

*Special Regulations and Notices
**General
***Pilgrims under the age of 18 may not stay on the Holy Mountain overnight.
***Long hair is not permitted on the Holy Mountain. Those pilgrims who arrive at Prosforion with long hair may have it cut at any one of the local barbers.
***Smoking is prohibited at all times while on the Holy Mountain.
**At the Monastery
***Upon arrival at a monastery, before 5:00 p.m., the pilgrim will be given a glass of water and a piece of Turkish delight. He then registers in the guest book.
***After putting his baggage in his cell, the pilgrim asks the guest-master (archontáris) when he may see and venerate the relics and miraculous icons. Often a guided tour is offered accompanied by information about the history of the monastery.
***Meals are eaten with the monks in the monastery's refectory (trapeza). The food is extremely basic, usually vegetarian, eaten in total silence and often with great speed. One is not supposed to enjoy it, but it is good food. The diner will be feasting mainly on bread, olives, pasta, lentils, vegetables and salad. One cup of wine is permitted. The cups are generous! Fish (including squid) and cheese are served on Sundays and the Great Feasts.
***The pilgrim is advised to bring with him some supplemental food, if he thinks the monastic fare will not suffice. Suggestions include canned sardines or salmon, snack crackers, raisins or other dried fruit, unsalted nuts or seeds, and snack bars.
***No meat is allowed on the Holy Mountain. Pilgrims will be expected to respect this and not bring any meat products to the Holy Mountain.
***Taking photographs of the monasteries and the scenery is permitted.  Photographs of individuals may not be taken without the express permission of the individual. Permission for taking photographs inside the monasteries can be obtained for the pilgrim by the guest master. This permission is not always granted. Any pilgrim caught taking prohibited photographs will have the camera, cell phone, etc., confiscated. His diamonitirion will be revoked and he will not be permitted ever to return for a pilgrimage.
***All pilgrims are welcomed to worship with the monks, but those who are not Orthodox may not communicate, nor may those who are not Catholic communicate in the three Catholic monasteries.
***The wooden simandron is sounded at 1:00 a.m. signaling the time to arise. Private prayer and spiritual reading until the simandron announces the 4:00 a.m. morning prayer. The pilgrim quickly washes and goes to the katholikon.  This lasts approximately two hours.
***This is followed by communal breakfast in the refectory in silence. Meager fare: bread, tea, and fruit.
***After breakfast, the monk is free for personal task until the morning bell (talanton) rings at 8:30 a.m. announcing the Divine Liturgy.
***After the Divine Liturgy (about 10:30), the monk goes to his assigned task until 1:00 p.m.
***The monk is permitted to take a nap from 1:00 to 2:00, after which he returns to his assigned task.
***Those monks not excused gather for small compline at 3:30, then return to work.
***The evening bell rings at 6:00 p.m. announcing Vespers (Esperinos). After Vespers, the monastery’s gates are closed.
***This is followed by communal supper in the refectory in silence.
***The pilgrim retires to his room at sunset for prayer, reading and/or sleep. 
**Schedule (times are approximate):
***1:00 a.m. – Private prayer and reading
***4:00 a.m. – Matins/orthros
***6:00 a.m. – Breakfast/proyévma
***8:30 a.m. – Divine Liturgy/thía liturhía; 10:00 a.m. on Sundays and the Great Feasts
***10:30 a.m. – Work/dhulía
***1:00 p.m. – Nap/ipnáko
***2:00 p.m. - Work/dhulía
***3:30 p.m. – Small compline/
***4:00 p.m. - Work/dhulía
***6:00 p.m. – Vespers/esperinós
***6:30 p.m. – Supper/apodhipnó
***7:00 p.m. – Retire/aposírome ya ípno
**On the Walk
***It is not permitted to spend the night on the Holy Mountain outside a monastery.
***Whatever trash is created on the walk is to be taken to the next monastery.
***A solitary pilgrim is not permitted to walk between monasteries. There must be two or more.
***When walking the pilgrim is to talk in a subdued voice; no shouting, laughing or singing.
***Swimming in the streams of the Holy Mountain is not permitted.
***The pilgrim is not permitted to carry either matches or any other fire-producing item when walking between monasteries.

*Costs
*In season rates are in effect from Pentecost Monday through Independence Day, October 5. 
**For the diamonitirion:
***Citizens of the Monastic Republic – δ5
***Non-citizens – δ6
**For the special diamonitirion:
***Citizens of the Monastic Republic – δ5
***Non-citizens – M1
**Map - δ6
**Busfare Prosforion to Aktí – δ4
*Room and breakfast at a private residence
**In Season – M2 per night
**Out of Season - M1,δ6 per night
*Room and breakfast at a taverna
**In Season – M4 per night
**Out of Season - M3,δ6 per night 
**Boat fare – M6, roundtrip
*Supper, room and breakfast at the monasteries per night:
**These are the approved rates, although the monastery may choose not to charge.
***Citizens of the Monastic Republic – M1,δ6
***Non-citizens – M2
***Packed lunch – δ5 

====Application Form for ''Diamonitirion''====</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>R Roads in the MR</title>
    <id>6756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47680</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T11:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Timelines</title>
    <id>6757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54895</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-05T18:33:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undo revision 53022 by [[Special:Contributions/Maychill101|Maychill101]] ([[User talk:Maychill101|Talk]])</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Brief History====
*According to the legend the Virgin Mary, accompanied by St. John the Evangelist, was sailing from Joppa to Cyprus to visit Lazarus. When the ship was blown off course to Akti (Ακτή), the pagan Athos, it was forced to drop anchor near the port of Klement, close to the present-day monastery of St. John the Iberian. The Mother of Jesus walked ashore and, overwhelmed by the wonderful and wild natural beauty of the mountain she blessed it and asked her Son to give it to her as a garden. And he replied, &quot;Let this place be your inheritance and your garden, a paradise and a haven of salvation for those seeking to be saved.&quot; Ever since then the mountain has been consecrated as the garden of the Mother of God and, for this reason, it is out of bounds to any other women. 

*The first monastery was built in 963. At one time there were over 300 monasteries and sketes on the peninsula. By the time of independence only 19 were occupied. The monasteries suffered, sometimes severely, at the hands of the Crusaders and the Turks. At the conclusion of the First Balkan War, the Monastic Republic was given its independence as a permanently neutral nation in 1870 as the result of the treaty with the defeated Ottoman Empire. In 1878 the Holy Synod, the governing body of the Republic, unilaterally severed its ties to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 1889 the Patriarch acceded and consecrated the archimandrite as bishop.

====Historical Timeline====
*'''963''' - The first [[wikipedia:Great Lavra (Athos)|monastery]] on Mt. Athos is founded by [[wikipedia:St. Athanasius|St. Athanasius]].
*'''972''' - The first charter of the monastic community, the  ''Tragos'' (goat, so called because it was written on goatskin), is signed by the Emperor [[wikipedia:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tsimiskes]] and the monks of Mount Athos, officially establishing the coenobitic system alongside the hermitages. This tragos is the oldest chrysobull extant to bear an imperial signature.
*'''975''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Xenophontos monastery|St. George]] is founded by St. Xenophon.
*'''979''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Vatopedi|Annunciation]] is founded by three monks, Athanasios, Nicholas, and Antonius from Adrianople, pupils of St. Athanasios.  The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary and thus gives the monastery its name.
*'''980''' - The monastery of [[wikipedia:Zograf Monastery|St. George the Painter]] is founded by Moses, Aaron and John, three monks from [[wikipedia:Ohrid|Ohrid]]. The monastery takes its name from an early monk, an artist. From its foundation it has been inhabited by Bulgarian monks. This monastery also accepts Orthdox men from Oltenia, Muntenia, and Moldava.
*'''982''' - The [[wikipedia:Iviron monastery|Monastery]] of the [[wikipedia:Dormition|Dormition]] is founded by [[wikipedia:John the Iberian|St. John]] from [[wikipedia:Georgia (country)|Iberia]] (Georgia). Although the population has dwindled to 32 monks, the monastery is still populated by Georgian monks.
*'''990''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Xiropotamou|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]] is founded by Blessed Paul, reputedly son of [[wikipedia:Michael I Rangabe|Michael I Rangabe]]. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]] and thus gives the monastery its name. The port of Dafni lies in its territory.
*'''993''' - The monastery of the [[wikipedia:Dochiariou monastery|Holy Archangels]] is founded by Bl. Euthymius and dedicated to the Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.
*'''995''' - The [[wikipedia:Philotheou monastery|Monastery]] of the [[wikipedia:Annunciation|Annunciation]] is founded by Bl. Philotheus. 
*'''998''' - The [[wikipedia:Agiou Pavlou monastery|Monastery]] of the [[wikipedia:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Presentation]] of Jesus is founded on the site of the hermitage of Bl. Paul, who had founded the Monastery of the Forty Martyrs.
*'''1000''' - Upon the death of St. Athanasios, his monastery is renamed [[wikipedia:Great Lavra|St. Athanasios]].
*'''1002''' - Upon the death of St. John, his monastery is renamed [[wikipedia:Iviron monastery|St. John the Iberian]]
*'''1014''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Karakalou monastery|Sts. Peter and Paul]] is founded by a monk named Karakalas. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the apostles [[wikipedia:St. Peter|Peter]] and [[wikipedia:St. Paul|Paul]] and thus gives the monastery its name. The monastery is soon deserted.
*'''1016''' - The [[wikipedia:Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenou Monastery]] is founded by an unknown monk.
*'''1022''' - The [[wikipedia:Stavronikita monastery|Monastery]] of [[wikipedia:St. Nicholas|St. Nicholas]], the smallest of the twenty monasteries, is founded by Nicetas, an officer of Emperor John I.
*'''1031''' - On the 600th anniversary of the [[wikipedia:Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]], the Virgin Mary, the [[wikipedia:theotokos|Theotokos]], is named the patron and protector of the Holy Mountain.
*'''1045''' - Emperor [[wikipedia:Constantine IX Monomachus|Constantine IX Monomachus]] signs the second [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]], in which Mt. Athos is officially termed the Holy Mountain.
*'''1058''' - Monks from Kiev establish the Monastery of the All-Holy [[wikipedia:Theotokos|Theotokos]].
*'''1066''' - The monk Kastamonites founds the [[wikipedia:Konstamonitou monastery|Monastery]] of [[wikipedia:St. Stephen|St. Stephen]] the Protomartyr.
*'''1095''' - On the centenary of the founding of the monastery the name of Annunciation monastery is changed to St. Philotheus to honor the holy founder.
*'''1142''' The Kievan monks move their community to the deserted Thessalonikeos Monastery.
*'''1169''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Koutloumousiou|Holy Cross]] is founded by an unknown person. There is a later re-foundation by Koutloumous, a Seljuk convert in the 14th century. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the the Holy Cross and thus gives the monastery its name.
*'''1169''' - The Thessalonikeos Monastery is recognized as a monastery independent of Kiev.
*'''1183''' - The Monastery of St. Nicholas is deserted because of pirate raids.
*'''1194''' - Cambrian monks land on the shore of the Holy Mountain and are invited to take over the deserted Monastery of St. Nicholas.
*'''1198''' - The monastery of [[wikipedia:Hilandar|Chilandar]] is founded by [[wikipedia:Saint Sava|St. Sava]] for Serbian monks. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Presentation of Mary|Presentation]] of Mary and thus gives the monastery its name. This monastery accepts Orthodox men from Bohemia, Slevania, Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sanjak, Albania, and Xliponia.
*'''1253''' - St. Sava is canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Serbian monks of Chilandar monastery change its name to honor their founder.
*'''1257''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Simonos Petra|New Bethlehem]] is founded, so named by its founder, Bl. Simon the Myrrhobletes.
*'''1292''' - The Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is restored with the help of Emperor [[wikipedia:Andronicus II|Andronicus II]] and [[wikipedia:Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople|Patriarch Athanasius I]].
*'''1307''' - The fifteen remaining monks of the Monastery of St. Stephen are transferred to the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul. Monks of the [[wikipedia:Maronite Church|Catholic Maronite Rite]], fleeing the persecution of the Mamelukes are invited to occupy the Monastery of St. Stephen, which they rename the Monastery of [[wikipedia:Maron|St. Maroun]].
*'''1307-9''' - The monasteries on the coasts are sacked by Frankish and Catalan pirates, leaving only 35 of the original 300 occupied. They leave the Monastery of St. Maroun untouched.
*'''1312''' - [[wikipedia:Andronicus II Palaeologus|Emperor Andronicus II]] and the Patriarch Nephon I legislate that the election of the [[wikipedia:Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] must be approved by the Patriarch.
*'''1350''' - The Monastery of the Presentation of Jesus is deserted.
*'''1358''' - The Monastery of the [[wikipedia:Pantokratoros monastery|Transfiguration]] is founded by the brothers Alexy Stratopedarch and John Primikerij, officials of the Byzantine court.  The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration of Jesus]] and thus gives the monastery its name.
*'''1379''' - The Monastery of [[wikipedia:Dionysiou monastery|St. John the Baptist]] is founded by Blessed Dionysios.  The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to St. John the Baptist and thus gives the monastery its name.
*'''1383''' - The Ottoman Turks seize Mount Athos and the first period of Ottoman rule begins.
*'''1388''' - The Monastery of the Presentation of Jesus is restored by the Serbian monks Gerasimus Radona and Antonios Pegases.
*'''1394''' - The [[wikipedia:Osiou Gregoriou monastery|Monastery]] of the [[wikipedia:Epiphany (holiday)|Theophany]] is founded by St. Gregory.
*'''1403''' - After the Turks are defeated at the [[wikipedia:Battle of Angora|Battle of Angora]] (1402), Mount Athos is restored to Byzantine sovereignty.
*'''1406''' - Emperor [[wikipedia:manuel II Palaeologus|Manuel II Palaeologus]] issues the third [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]] of Mount Athos.
*'''1424''' - A delegation of monks visits Sultan [[wikipedia:Murad II|Murad II]] in Adrianople. The second period of Ottoman rule begins.
*'''1440''' - Because of pirate raids, the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is again deserted.
*'''1533''' - The abandoned Stavronikita Monastery is sold to Gregorious Giremeriatis, a [[wikipedia:Thesprotia|Thesprotian]] abbot.
*'''1538''' - The abbot Gregorios settles at the Stavronikita Monastery, dying in 1540.
*'''1544''' - With the help of Prince John Peter of Wallachia (who later became a monk in the monastery) and the permission of [[wikipedia:Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman]], the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul is restored and given the exclusive right to harvest chestnuts on the Holy Mountain.
*'''1576''' – The few remaining monks of St. Paul are transferred to St. Anastasios and the monastery is turned over to monks of the Armenian Orthodox Church, the first instance of a Greek monastery being turned over to non-Greek monks. The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the monastery is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]] and thus gives the monastery its new name.This monastery also accepts Orthodox men from Azerbaijan.
*'''1593''' - The authority of the [[wikipedia:Protos (monastic office)|Protos]] as the supreme administrative and spiritual leader of the monasteries is ended. The ''Megali Synaxis'' (Great Council) at Karyes is established as the supreme authority in charge of all affairs concerning the monastic community.
*'''1601''' - The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the Monastery of New Bethlehem is built and dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Jesus]] and thus gives the monastery its new name.
*'''1678''' - The Monastery of the Nativity is deserted because of heavy Turkish taxation.
*'''1783''' - The third [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]] of the Patriarch Gabriel IV is issued.
*'''1794''' - Ioasaph of [[wikipedia:Mytilene|Mytilene]] arrives and begins the restoration of the Monastery of the Nativity.
*'''1800-19''' - The Russian monks build a new monastery closer to the shore, now the largest on the Holy Mountain.
*'''1808''' - A new [[wikipedia:Katholikon|katholikon]] is built for the [[wikipedia:Esphigmenou Monastery|Esphigmenou Monastery]] as part of some general renovation. It is dedicated to the [[wikipedia:Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]] of Jesus, which gives the monastery its present name.
*'''1812-21''' - The Russians build a new [[wikipedia:Katholikon|katholikon]] dedicated to [[wikipedia:Saint Pantaleon|St. Panteleimon]], which gives the monastery its current name. This monastery accepts also Orthodox men from Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, and Crimea.
*'''1821-1830''' - The Monastery of the Forty Martyrs is occupied by Turkish troops.
*'''1870''' - October 3-5, in an armed attack by the monks on Turkish soldiers, the monasteries gain their independence as the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.
*'''1871''' - On July 7, the Holy Synod publishes the Fourth [[wikipedia:Typikon|Typikon]] which establishes the [[wikipedia:Order of precedence|order of precedence]] of the twenty monasteries that had survived to this time.
*'''1878''' - On July 5, the Holy Synod declares unilaterally its independence of the Ecumenical Patriarch. At the same time the Holy Synod adopts the Gregorian calendar.
*'''1878''' - On October 11, in the Treaty of Vienna, the Ottoman Empire agrees to the independence of the Monastic Republic.
*'''1885''' - At the request of the Abbot of St. Maroun Monastery, 30 Maronite Catholic and 12 Greek Orthodox refugee families from Lebanon are permitted to settle on the eastern shore near the Xerxes Canal. The town of Aktí is founded and the silk industry is established.
*'''1888''' - On July 5, the Holy Synod approves and promulgates the Constitution of the Monastic Republic.
*'''1889''' - On September 14, the Ecumenical Patriarch accedes to the independence of the Monastic Republic from his jurisdiction and consecrates the fourth archimandrite a bishop, thus establishing a &quot;patriarchal&quot; succession on the Holy Mountain.
*'''1891''' - The [[wikipedia:Katholikon|katholikon]] of the Monastery of the Nativity is destroyed by fire and rebuilt in its present form.
*'''1894''' - The Monastery of the Nativity is abandoned.
*'''1908''' - Brother Alexander of Annunciation presents to the Holy Synod his Athonite grammar and spelling reform. It is approved and mandated to be used and taught in the Lowland and the Isles.
*'''1922''' - 38 Greek refugee families from Caesarea (Kayseri) in Turkey are permitted to settle on the western shore. The town of Prosferion is founded and the hand-woven carpet industry is established. 
*'''1923''' - 23 Greek refugee families from the island of Pasalimani, in the Sea of Marmara are permitted to settle on Amoulián Island. The town of Amoulián is founded and the fishing industry is established.  They also cover the interior of the island with citrus groves.
* '''1926-28''' – The monks who farmed the Lowland gradually return to their monasteries as the citizens take over the farming of the land.
*'''1939''' – On January 4, the first issue of “The Athonite Beacon” (&lt;font color=blue&gt;Αθωνίτ Φαρ&lt;/font&gt; [Athōnít Phar]) is published.
*'''1947''' - On August 20, the Lowland and the Isles are connected to the power grid of the Hellenic Kingdom.
*'''1950-54''' – Three lighthouses are constructed, on Cape Arapis, Cape Pinnes and Cape Akrothos.
*'''1952''' – A telephone system is established in the MR using underground cables, with a cable laid from Prosforion to Amoulián.  By the end of 1953, every residence and business in the Monastic Republic, including the monasteries, has a telephone.
*'''1953''' – Father Serafim of St. Athanasius Monastery composes the National Anthem, ''Upon This Land'', which is approved by the Holy Synod.
*'''1954''' - The Monastic Republic is invited to join the Commission of Very Small States and accepts the invitation.
*'''1957-59''' – Medical clinics are constructed in each of the demes.
*'''1958-59''' – The streets of the demes are paved with concrete and the power lines are placed underground.
*'''1958-60''' - A paved road is constructed between Aktí and Prosforion, the Interdeme Highway.
*'''1970''' - The monasteries are required to install solar panels and/or wind turbines.  Wind turbines are installed on the northwest end of the Holy Mountain to supplement power for the Lowland.  They are installed on Amoulián to supplement power for the Isles. Solar panels are erected for the lighthouses.
*'''1972''' – On August 15, the new hospital in Prosforion is dedicated and named Holy Spirit.
*'''1973''' - The Interdeme Highway is widened to accomodate trolley buses.
*'''1975''' – The Aoun Brewery is founded by John Aoun.
*'''1975-79''' - The Xerxes Canal is widened and deepened so as to make it navigable. The bridge over the canal is replaced with a tunnel.
*'''1980''' - The shore road is paved northward to the prison.
*'''1984''' – Faiqa Maalouf founds the Mt. Athos Dance Troupe with a grant from ?.
*'''1990''' – On July 2, the Monastic Republic becomes a signatory nation to the Unified Currency Convention with the mina, the drachma, and the lepton as the denominations.
*'''1991''' - On July 1, the Monastic Republic issues its first set of postage stamps.
*'''1994''' - The [[wikipedia:Assyrian Church|Assyrian Church]] is invited to send monks to occupy the abandoned Monastery of the Nativity, which they rename the Monastery of [[wikipedia:St. Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]].
*'''1995''' – Brothers from the Monastery of St. Thomas assume the care of the Aktí Clinic, which is renamed Christ Healer.

====Timeline of Fires====
*1307 - Panteleimon
*1393 - Pantocrator
*1491 - Esphigmenou
*1497 - Koutloumousiou
*1534 – Dionysiou
*1607 - Stavroniketa
*1570 – Simonopetra
*1717 - Konstamonitou
*1722 - Chilandari
*1740 – Iveron
*1741 - Stavroniketa
*1757 - Koutloumousia
*1762 - Grigoriou
*1773 - Pantocrator
*1845 – Iveron
*1857 – Koutloumousiou
*1864 - Stavroniketa
*1865 – Iveron
*1870 – Koutloumousiou
*1871 - Philotheou
*1875 – Karakalou
*1879 – Stavroniketa
*1891 – Chilandari
*1902 – Aghiou Pavlou
*1948 – Pantocrator
*1950 – Xeropotamou
*1968 - Panteleimon
*1973 – Xeropotamou
*1974 – Zographou

====Rotation Schedule for the Archimandrites====
# 1870 - Demetrius of St. Athanasios
# 1875 - Paul of Annunciation
# 1880 - John I of St. John the Baptist
# 1885 - Stephen of Holy Cross
# 1890 - Basil of Transfiguration (first bishop)
# 1895 - Andrew of Holy Archangels 
# 1900 - Alexander of Sts. Peter and Paul (dies of pneumonia 1902)
# 1902 - John II of St. Philotheus
# 1907 - Manual of Presentation
# 1912 - Joseph of St. George
# 1917 - Gregory of Theophany
# 1922 - Isidore of Ascension
# 1927 - Matthew of St. Athanasios
# 1932 - Jeremias of Annunciation
# 1937 - Metrophanes of St. John the Baptist
# 1942 - Cosmas I of Holy Cross
# 1947 - Cosmas II of Transfiguration
# 1952 - Gabriel of Holy Archangels 
# 1957 - Methodius of Sts. Peter and Paul (killed in a fall 1961)
# 1961 - Maximus of St. Philotheus
# 1966 - Theophanes of Presentation of Jesus
# 1971 - Simeon of St. George
# 1976 - George of St. Theophany
# 1981 - Zosimus of Ascension
# 1986 - Ephrem of St. Athanasios
# 1991 - Gregory of Annunciation
# 1996 - Basil of St. John the Baptist (resigns in 2000 due to illness)
# 2000 - Theodore of Holy Cross
# 2005 - Nicephorus of Transfiguration
# 2010 – Loukas of Holy Archangels

*2015 – Sts. Peter and Paul
*2020 – St. Philotheus
*2025 - Presentation
*2030 – St. George
*2035 - Theophany
*2040 – Ascension

====Public Law Chronology====
*Public Law No. 1 [The Holy Synod Act] (6//6/1871)
*Public Law No. 2 [Duties of the Archimandrite] (11/7/1871)
*Public Law No. 3 [The Holy Council Act] (5/7/1872)
*Public Law No. 4 [The Lebanese Immigrant Settlement Act] (10/7/1884)
*Public Law No. 5 [The Real Estate Act] (10/7/1884)
*Public Law No. 6 [The Greek Immigrant Settlement Act] (7/5/1921)
*Public Law No. 7 [The Finance Act] (8/3/1926)
*Public Law No. 8 [National Defense Act] (9/7/1926)
*Public Law No. 9 [The Firearms Act] (8/7/1928)
*Public Law No. 10 [The Gendarmery Act] (9/4/1928)
*Public Law No. 11 [The Livestock Act] (8/6/1929)
*Public Law No. 12 [The Self-rule Act] (2/4/1930)
*Public Law No. 13 [The Voting Register Act] (4/8/1930)
*Public Law No. 14 [The Public Associations Register Act] (5/6/1930)
*Public Law No. 15 [The Crimes and Penalties Act] (2/3/1931)
*Public Law No. 16 [The Diplomats’ Act] (4/7/1931)
*Public Law No. 17 [The Levied Taxes Act] (7/7/1931)
*Public Law No. 18 [The Naturalization Act] (9/8/1931)
*Public Law No. 19 [The Port of Entry Act] (2/2/1932)
*Public Law No. 20 [The Passport and Identification Card Act] (4/5/1932)
*Public Law No. 21 [The Public Days of Rest Act] (6/7/1932)
*Public Law No. 22 [The Postal Services Act] (10/4/1932)
*Public Law No. 23 [The Heraldic Achievement and Surname Act]  (11/7/1933)
*Public Law No. 24 [The Public Census Act] (7/2/1935)
*Public Law No. 25 [The Alcoholic Beverages Act] (8/6/1935)
*Public Law No. 26 [The National Emblems Act] (12/3/1940)
*Public Law No. 27 [The Flag Code Act] (1/7/1941)
*Public Law No. 28 [The Lighthouse Construction Act] (9/6/1949)
*Public Law No. 29 [The Paved Roads Act ] (8/5/1958)
*Public Law No. 30 [The Border Planting Act] (9/6/1960)
*Public Law No. 31 [The Transportation Act] (8/3/1971)
*Public Law No. 32 [The Xerxes Canal Reconstruction Act] (2/4/1975)
*Public Law No. 33 [The Order of Merit of the Garden of the All-holy] (7/6/1976)
*Public Law No. 34 [The Museum of Athonite Antiquities Act] (5/6/1980)
*Public Law No. 35 [The National Wildlife Sanctuary Act] (7/8/1980)
*Public Law No. 36 [The Golden Eagle Protection Act] (11/4/1980)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Typikon of Mt. Athos</title>
    <id>6758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47641</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T19:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Retitling article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===TYPIKON OF THE MONASTERIES OF THE AUTONOMOUS ORTHODOX FAITH OF MOUNT ATHOS (as amended)===

====Chapter I. The commitment====
*Anyone who wishes to join the monastic community of Mt. Athos must pledge himself to respect God and man,
**to live according to the communal rule, that is, to seek God;
**to do what is good and upright in His sight, in accordance with what He has commanded through Jesus Christ and the Holy Orthodox Faith;
**to love all that He has chosen and hate all that He has rejected;
**to keep far from evil and to cling to all good works;
**to act truthfully and righteously and justly on earth and to walk no more in the stubbornness of a guilty heart and of lustful eyes, doing all manner of evil;
**to bring into a bond of mutual love all who have declared their willingness to carry out the statutes of God;
**to walk blamelessly before Him in conformity with all that has been revealed; and
**to love all the children of God. 
*All who declare their willingness to serve God's truth must bring all of their mind, all of their strength, and all of their wealth into the monastic community, so that
**their minds may be purified by the truth of His precepts,
**their strength controlled by His perfect ways, and
**their wealth disposed in accordance with His just design.
*They must not deviate by a single step from carrying out the orders of God at the times appointed for them. They must neither advance the statutory times nor postpone the prescribed seasons. They must not turn aside from the ordinances of God's truth either to the right or to the left. 

====Chapter II. The examination of initiants====
*When a man enters the monastic community, minded to act in accordance with all the foregoing ordinances and formally to ally himself to the holy community, inquiry shall be made concerning his temper in human relations and his understanding and performance in matters of doctrine.
*This inquiry shall be conducted by the hegumen and his council who have undertaken concertedly to uphold God's Law and to supervise the execution of all the ordinances which He has commanded.
*Every man shall then be registered by the standard of his attitudes and his performance shall be reviewed, however, year by year, some being then commended by virtue of their improved understanding and the integrity of their conduct, and others reprimanded for their waywardness. 

====Chapter III. Initiation====
*Anyone who would join the ranks of a monastic community must enter into a monastery in the presence of God to do according to all that He has commanded and not to turn away from Him through any fear or terror or through any trial to which they may be subjected. 
*When he enters into that monastic community, the hegumen shall pronounce a blessing upon the God of salvation and upon all that He does to make known His truth;
**and all that enter the monastic community are to say after them, “Amen, amen.” 
*Then the hegumen shallrehearse the bounteous acts of God as revealed in all His deeds of power, and he shallrecite all His tender mercies towards His children.
**And all who enter the monastic community are to make confession after them, saying, “We have acted perversely, we have transgressed, we have sinned, we have done wickedly in that we have gone counter to the truth. God has been right to bring His judgment upon us. Howbeit, always from ancient times He has also bestowed His mercies upon us all, and so will He do for all time to come.” 
*Then the hegumen shall invoke a blessing on all that have cast their lot with God, that walk blamelessly in all their ways;
**and they are to say, “May He bless thee with all good and keep thee from all evil. And illumine thy heart with insight into the things of life, and grace thee with knowledge of things eternal, and lift up His gracious countenance towards thee to grant thee peace everlasting.” 
**And all that enter the monastic community shall say after them that bless, “Amen, amen.” 

====Chapter IV. Concerning novices====
*No man may seek entry into the monastic community before his twenty-fifth birthday.
*Upon admission the hegumen shall examine him as to his intelligence and his actions and, if he then embark on a course of training, he shall have him enter into the monastery to return to the truth and turn away from all perversity. Then he shall appraise him of all the rules of the community. 
*When that man comes to present himself to the community, everyone shall be asked his opinion about him. and his admission to or rejection from the community shall be determined by general vote. 
*No candidate, however, shall be admitted to the monastic life enjoyed by the members of the community until, at the completion of a full year, his spiritual attitude and his performance have been duly reviewed. 
*No man may be refused entry into the monastic community for any physical deformity whatever, provided that he has the physical ability to live the life of monastic deprivation and to do the manual labor required.
*After he has spent a full year in the midst of the community, the members shall jointly review his case, as to his understanding and performance in matters of doctrine. If it then be voted by the opinion of the priests and of a majority of the brothers to admit him to the community, they shall have him bring with him all his property and the tools of his profession. These shall be committed to the custody of the hegumen. They shall be entered by the accountant into an account, but he shall not disburse them for the general benefit. 
*Not until the completion of a second year among the members of the community is the candidate to be admitted to the common board.
*When however, that second year has been completed, he shall be subjected to a further review by the community, and if it then be voted to admit him to the community, he shall be registered in the order of rank which he shalloccupy among his brethren in all matters pertaining to doctrine, judicial procedure, degree of purity. 

====Chapter V. The stages of monasticism====
*The way of the monk is three-fold and proceeds slowly, as the monastic vows entail a life-long commitment to God and are not to be entered into lightly.
*Symbolic of this life-long commitment is the monastic habit which is bestowed piece by piece as the aspirant grows in his spirituality.
*At a time determined by the hegumen the aspirant shall be accepted as a novice into the monastery.  He shall be tonsured by the hegumen, that is, four locks of his hair are cut off in a cruciform pattern.  He shall be clothed in the novice’s habit, which consists of a gray ''eisorasson'' (inner tunic), a black leather belt, and the black ''skoufos'' (soft monastic hat).
*At a time determined by the hegumen the novice shall be invited to join the monastery.  If he agrees, he shall be clothed in the first degree of monasticism.  He may, rather, choose to remain a novice the whole of his monastic life.
*The novice shall be asked to affirm his commitment to persevere in the monastic life.
**If he so affirms, he shall once again receive the tonsure, be clothed in a black ''eisorasson'' and be given the black ''rasson'' (outer tunic).
**He shall also be given the black ''kamilavkion'' (cylindrical brimless hat) and detachable ''epanokamelavkion'' (black veil).  He is given a new name and is now known as a rassophore.  Thenceforth his counsel and his judgment are to be at the disposal of the community.
*Upon acquiring a certain level of discipline, dedication and humility, and at a time determined by the hegumen, the rassophore shall be asked if he wishes to advance in the monastic life.
**If he so affirms, he shall make the formal vows of stability of place, poverty, chastity and obedience.
**Once again he shall be tonsured and shall add to his habit the ''paramandyas'' (a piece of square cloth worn on the back, embroidered with the instruments of the Passion, and connected by ties to a wooden cross worn over the heart).  Because of this addition he shall be known as a stavrophore.
**He shall also be given a wooden hand cross which he should keep in his icon corner, and a beeswax candle, symbolic of monastic vigilance the sacrificing of himself for God.
**After the ceremony, the newly-tonsured stavrophore shall remain in vigil in the church for five days, refraining from all work, except spiritual reading.
**The hegumen shall now increase the stavrophore’s prayer rule, allow a more strict personal ascetic practice, and give the monk more responsibility.
*Monks whose hegumen feels they have reached a high level of spiritual excellence have reached the final stage, the Great Schema.
**The tonsure of a schemamonk shall follow the same format as that of a stavrophore.
**He makes the same vows and is tonsured in the same manner.
**In addition to all the garments worn by the stavrophore, he shall be given the ''analavos'' (an article of monastic vesture emblematic of the Great Schema. It drapes over the shoulders and hangs down in front and in back, with the front portion somewhat longer, and is embroidered with the instruments of the Passion and the Trisagion).
**He shall also be given the ''polystavrion'' (a cord with a number of small crosses plaited into it forming a yoke around the monk and serving to hold the ''analavos'' in place. It reminds the monk that he is bound to Christ and that his arms are no longer fit for worldly activities.  Rather he must labor only for the Kingdom of Heaven.)

====Chapter VI. The annual review====
*The following procedure shall be followed year by year. 
*The priests are first to be reviewed in due order, one after another, in respect of the state of their spirits.
*After them, the brothers shall be similarly reviewed.
*The object is that every monk in the monastic community may be made aware of his status in the community of God in the sense of the ideal, eternal society, and that none may be abased below his status nor exalted above his allotted place.
*All of them will thus be members of a community founded at once upon true values and upon a becoming sense of humility, upon charity and mutual fairness, members of a society truly hallowed, partners in an everlasting communion. 

====Chapter VII. Those who are to be excluded====
*Anyone who refuses to abide by the monastic rule and persists in walking in the stubbornness of his heart shall not be admitted to this community of God's truth.
*For inasmuch as his soul has revolted at the discipline entailed in a knowledge of God's righteous judgments, he has shown no real strength in amending his way of life, and therefore cannot be reckoned with the upright, for 
**only through the spiritual apprehension of God's truth can man's ways be properly directed,
**only through the Holy Spirit can he achieve union with God's truth and be purged of all his iniquities,
**only by a spirit of uprightness and humility can his sin be atoned, and
**only thus can he really direct his steps to walk blamelessly through all the vicissitudes of his destiny in all the ways of God in the manner which He has commanded, without turning either to the right or to the left and without overstepping any of God's words.
*Then indeed will he be acceptable before God like an atonement-offering which meets with His pleasure, and then indeed will he be admitted to the monastic community for ever. 

====Chapter VIII. The virtue of stability====
*This is the rule for all members of the monastic community with regard to stability.
**They shall not transfer from one monastery to another, but shall remain in the monastery of their initiation.
**They shall not leave the grounds of their monastery without the express permission of their hegumen.
**If a monastery suffer from a lack of monks, petition shall be made to the Holy Synod for volunteers to transfer from other monasteries to make up for the dearth of monks.

====Chapter IX. Social relations====
*This is the rule for all members of the monastic community, that is, for such as have declared their readiness to turn away from all evil and to adhere to all that God in His good pleasure has commanded. 
**They shall keep apart from the company of the froward. 
**They shall belong to the monastic community in both a doctrinal and an economic sense. 
**They shall abide by the decisions of their hegumen and of the majority of the community that stand firm in them. It is by the vote of such that all matters economic and judicial shall be determined. 
**They shall concertedly and in all their pursuits practice truth, humility, righteousness, justice, chastity and decency, with no one walking in the stubbornness of his own heart or going astray after his heart or his eyes or his fallible human mind. 
**They shall concertedly remove the impurity of their human mold and likewise all stiffneckedness. 
**They shall establish in the monastic community a solid basis of truth. 
**They shall unite in a bond indissoluble for ever. 
**They shall extend forgiveness to all among their brothers that have freely enlisted in the cause of holiness, and to all among the laity that have done so in the cause of truth, and likewise to all that have associated themselves with them. 
**They shall separate themselves completely from family and friends.
**They shall not form a spiritual bond with any lay person.
**They shall regard as miscreants all that transgress the law. 

====Chapter X. The obligation of holiness====
*This is the way in which all these ordinances are to be applied on a collective basis. 
**Everyone who is admitted into the monastic community shall enter into a covenant of God in the presence of all the brothers in the cause and commit himself by a binding oath to return with all his heart and soul to the commandments of God, as those commandments are revealed to the Holy Orthodox Faith.
**He that so commits himself shall keep apart from all froward men that walk in the path of wickedness; for such men are not to be reckoned in the monastic community inasmuch as they have never sought nor studied God's ordinances in order to find out on what more arcane points they may guiltily have gone astray, while in regard to the things which stand patently revealed they have acted high-handedly. 
**All that are not reckoned in the monastic community shall be put aside, and likewise all that they posses. A holy man shall not rely on works of vanity, and vanity is what all of them are that have not recognized God's covenant. 

====Chapter XI. Communal duties====
*This is the procedure which all members of the community shall follow in all dealings with one another, wherever they dwell. 
**Everyone shall obey his superior in rank in all matters of work and money. **All shall dine together, worship together and take counsel together. 
**When they set the table for a meal or prepare wine to drink, the priest shall first put forth his hand to invoke a blessing on the first portion of the bread and wine. 
**The monks shall divide their day into religious services, private devotions (of which the paramount is the study of Holy Scripture) and work.
**The daily activities of the monks shall be regulated by the sounding of the semantron.
**The most important duty of the monk is the celebration of the Divine Liturgy at which all will communicate.  No one is excused from this duty, unless he be dispensed by the hegumen because of the nature of his work.
**Paramount also is the chanting of the psalms from which no monk may be absent.
**A schedule shall be followed such that the entire Psalter is chanted every week.  Matins and Lauds may be chanted by the monk in his cell at the discretion of the hegumen.
**As a mortification of the flesh and as a means whereby to support the community, manual labor shall be required of all monks.
**Depending on the needs of the monastery and the talents and abilities of the monk, manual labor may take place in the monk’s cell, in the common work areas, or on the grounds outside.
**All manual labor shall be performed with tools that are the common property of the monastery.
**No manual labor shall be done on the Day of the Lord or on the Great Feasts.  There may be exceptions in case of emergencies to be determined by the hegumen.
**Errands outside the monastery and, indeed, off the Holy Mountain, shall be assigned at the discretion of the hegumen.  These errands shall never be assigned to novices.
**These errands shall always be accomplished by two monks traveling together.
**Those providing transportation, room and board, and other expenses shall be reimbursed by the monastery when a receipt is presented by the monks to the monastery’s treasurer.

====Chapter XII. The general council====
*This is the rule covering public sessions. 
**The priests shall occupy the first place; the brothers shall come second. This order shallobtain alike when they seek a judicial ruling, when they meet for common counsel, or when any matter arises of general concern. 
**Everyone shall have an opportunity of rendering his opinion in the common council. No one, however, shall interrupt while his neighbour is speaking, or speak until the latter has finished. Furthermore, no one shall speak in advance of his prescribed rank. Everyone shall speak in turn, as he is called upon. 
**In public sessions, no one shall speak on any subject that is not of concern to or to the liking of the company as a whole.
**If the hegumen or anyone who is not of the same rank as the person who happens to be raising a question for the consideration of the community, has something to say to the company, he shall stand up and declare: “I have something to say to the company”; and only if they so bid him, shall he speak. 

====Chapter XIII. Death to Life in this world====
*Entry into the monastic life is a death to life in this world and rebirth into a life cleansed of sin.
*The monk should grieve for his sins rather than teach, contemplate or perform miracles. 
*It is required that the monk find a confessor from among the priests of the monastery whom he shall regard as his spiritual father and he shall confess his sins regularly and frequently.

====Chapter XIV. Physical health====
*When everyone is healthy, the monk should be grateful for the Provider of health, each one on behalf of the others rather than on his own behalf.  But if one of you is ill, then you all should be sympathetically disposed to his illness and share in his suffering, just as the other limbs of the body suffer, if one is in pain.
*The monk should do everything and exert himself to see the brother cured of his illness.
**Several monks shall be trained in the rudiments of basic health care and in emergency medical procedures.
**Every monastery shall have an area available for the use of helicopters to transport the ill to medical facilities.
**Personal hygiene is of the utmost importance and shall be attended to conscientiously by the monk.
**Every monastery shall have a bath house where the monks may bathe modestly.
**The monk shall bathe at least once a week and shall trim his beard and have his hair cut as needed.
**Failure to keep one’s self clean is cause for disciplinary action by the hegumen.

====Chapter XV. Diet====
*As the Apostle said, “All things in moderation.”  Moderate eating shows a care for bodily health. However, in order to practice mortification of the flesh, the monk imposes on himself dietary restrictions.
**All monks shall observe perpetual abstinence from all animal flesh.  Only with the permission of the hegumen may a monk who is ill consume animal flesh.
**Eggs and cheese may be eaten on the Day of the Lord and on the Great Feasts.
**The monks’ diet shall consist of grains, pulses, legumes, fruit and vegetables.
**Each monk shall be alloted a portion of food for his daily sustenance.
**Each monk shall be alloted a daily portion of wine and all the water he needs.

====Chapter XVI. The virtue of silence====
*These are the rules to be followed in the interpretation of the law regarding forms of speech. 
**Silence shall be maintained throughout the day and night in the ordinary course of events.
**That speech is permitted which is necessary for the well-being of the other or for the accomplishment of a common task.

====Chapter XVII. Accusations and grudges====
*When anyone has a charge against his neighbour, he shall prosecute it truthfully, humbly and humanely.
**He shall not speak to him angrily or querulously or arrogantly or in any wicked mood.
**He shall not bear hatred towards him in the inner recesses of his heart. **When he has a charge against him, he shall proffer it then and there on the selfsame day and not render himself liable to penalty by nursing a grudge.
**Furthermore, no man shall bring a charge publicly against his neighbour except he prove it by witness. 

====Chapter XVIII. False, impudent and blasphemous speech====
*If there be found in the community a monk who consciously lies in the matter of his wealth, he shall be regarded as outside the state of purity entailed by membership, and shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*If a monk answers his neighbour defiantly or speaks brusquely so as to undermine the composure of his brother, and in so doing flout the orders of one who is registered as his superior, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*If a monk, in speaking about anything, mentions that Name which is honored above all names, or if, in a moment of sudden stress or for some other personal reason, he curses the Lector or Presider, he shall be expelled, never to return to membership in the community. 
*If a monk speaks in anger against one of the brothers, he shall be placed in isolation for one month, during which time he shall be fed solely on bread and water, and regarded as outside the state of purity entailed in membership in the community.
**If, however, he spoke unintentionally, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for only three months. 
If a monk defames his neighbour unjustly, and does so deliberately, he shall deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months. 

====Chapter XIX. Fraud====
*If a monk speaks to his neighbour in guile or consciously practices deceit upon him, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months.
**If however, he practices the deceit unintentionally, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for only three months. 
*If a monk defrauds the community, causing a deficit in its funds, he shall make good that deficit. If he lacks means to do so, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for sixty days. 

====Chapter XX. Vindictiveness====
*If a monk harbors a grudge against his neighbor without legitimate cause, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months.
*The same shall apply also to a monk who takes personal revenge on his neighbor in any respect. 

====Chapter XXI. Improper speech====
*A monk who indulges in indecent talk shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for three months. 

====Chapter XXII. Misconduct at public sessions====
*A monk who interrupts his brother in a public session shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for ten days. 
*A monk who lies down and goes to sleep at a public session shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 
*A monk who leaves a public session gratuitously and without reason for as many as three times during one sitting shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for ten days.
 
====Chapter XXIII. Indecorous acts====
*If, except he be under duress, a monk walks naked before his brother, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for six months. 
*If a monk spits into the midst of a public session, he shall be placed on bread and water for one month. 
*If a monk brings out his hand from under his cloak, to expose himself so that his private parts become visible, he shall be placed on bread and water for one month and deprived of one fourth of his food ration for a second month. 
*If a monk indulges in raucous, inane laughter, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for two weeks. 

====Chapter XXIV. Slander and incrimination====
*If a monk slander his brother, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one year. But if he slanders the entire community, he shall be expelled, never to return. 
*If a monk complains against the whole community, he shall be expelled irrevocably. 
*If a monk complains against his brother without legitimate cause, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one month. 

====Chapter XXV. Defection====
*If a monk's spirit waver so far from the community that he betrays the truth and walks in stubbornness of his own heart, but if he subsequently repent, he shall be deprived of one fourth of his food ration for one year. At the completion of the year, the community shall hold an inquiry about him. If it then be decided to readmit him, he shall again be registered with his newly assigned rank and thereafter he too shall be called upon to render his opinion in deliberations concerning the rules. 
*If a monk has been a formal member of the community for a full ten years, but then, through spiritual relapse, betrays the laws of the community and quits the general body in order to walk in the stubbornness of his own heart, he is never to return to membership in the community.
*If a monk be converted from the Holy Orthodox Faith to the faith of one of the non-Orthodox faiths on the Holy Mountain, he may not remain on the Holy Mountain, although he may retain his citizenship and live in the Lowland and the Isles, if he find gainful employment.
*Nor may a monk of a non-Orthodox faith, who is converted to the Holy Orthodox Faith, remain on the Holy Mountain, although he may retain his citizenship and live in the Lowland and the Isles, if he find gainful employment.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Physical Description of the MR</title>
    <id>6760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47652</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-23T19:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P Physical Description of the MR</title>
    <id>6761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55357</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-31T16:22:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Geography */ New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Geography====
*The Monastic Republic consists of the easternmost peninsula of [[wikipedia:chalkidiki|Chalkidiki]] and several offshore islands. Like the other two peninsulas of Chalkidiki, it has a northwest to southeast orientation. The northeast side is referred to as the East Coast. The southwest side is referred to as the West Coast.
*It has the Greek Empire on its northern border. On the west is Holy Mountain Bay; on the east, the Thracian Sea; and on the south, the Aegean Sea.
*The eastern tip of the peninsula is known as Cape Timiou Prodros and the western as Cape Pinnes.
*[[wikipedia:Mt. Athos|Mt. Athos]] itself, at 6670' (2033 m.) always snow-capped, lies at the end of the peninsula at the coordinates 40º09'29&quot;N and 24º19'49&quot;E.
*The largest island, [[wikipedia:Ammouliani|Amoulián]], (4.5 square km) is inhabited and has the town of Amoulián.  To the southeast of the island are some uninhabited islands known as the Drenia Islands. There are lots of hills and small valleys on the island which have blended in with the citrus trees and low vegetation and, but for the citrus trees, the ecosystem remains untouched. The coasts present a variety of small, shaped creeks with splendid sandy beaches. Weather conditions are not characterized by intensity. There are no strong winds especially during the summertime. 

*Mt. Athos extends 37 miles (59.5 km.) from end to end. The width varies from 4.3 to 7.5 miles (7 to 12 km.). This gives it a total area of 129.6 square miles (335.6 square km.).
*The treaty with the Ottoman Empire extends the territory 11 miles (17.7 km.) farther northwest to a line extending from just beyond the two small prominences at the northwest end of the isthmus. The width of this area is about 2.5 miles (4 km.), giving an area of approximately 27.5 square miles (71.2 square km.).
*As part of the treaty with the Ottoman Empire the island of Nisida Ammouliani (1.7 square miles [4.5 square km.]) and its adjacent islets is also ceded to the new republic.
*The total area of the new republic is thus approximately 158.8 square miles (411.3 square km.).

====Territorial Waters====
*Starting at a point five miles due north of Cape Arapis, 40.5138N, 24.0106E,
*Thence due southwest to the northeast end of the border with the Hellenic Empire, 40.3934N, 23.8990E,
*Thence to the southwest end of the border, 40.3634N, 23.88.12E,
*Thence due southwest to a point five miles northwest of Amoulián Island, 40.3376N, 23.8465E,
*Thence due southeast to a point five miles southwest of Cape Pinnes, 39.9540N, 24.2578E,
*Thence due northeast to a point five miles southeast of Cape Timiou Prodros, 40.1243N, 24.5709E,
*Thence due northwest to the starting point.
*The air space above to a height of 10 miles.

====Climate====
*The Republic enjoys an average of over 300 days or around 3,000 hours of sunshine a year. 
*The climate is temperate Mediterranean, with cold wet winters from November to March, when Mount Athos itself is usually snow-capped and the east coast is lashed by north winds, and hot dry summers modified by the sea.
*The lowest temperatures occur during December to February ranging between 3.5°C (19°F) to 19°C (66°F), while highest temperatures occur during summer months and range between 23°C (72°F) and 34°C (93°F).
*Rainfall is low, ranging between 500 (20 in.) and 700 (26 in.) mm.
*The west coast is sheltered and warmer.

====Vegetation====
*The mountain mass is cleft by deep ravines along which flow deep torrents and countless streams. There are no lowland areas on the Holy Mountain.
*The whole peninsula is covered with dense vegetation. The vegetation is not unusual except that, having been well protected for centuries, it preserves species now becoming rare.
*There are three vegetation zones, the lowest being the Mediterranean zone with evergreens of pine, holm oak (''Quercus ilex''), cypress (''Cupressus sempervirens''), wild olive (''Olea europea''), lentisk (''Pistachio lentiscus''), laurel (''Laurus nobilis''), arbutus (''Arbutus unedo''), and heather (''Erica spp.'').
*The middle zone consists of deciduous forests of sweet chestnut (''Castanea sativa''), linden (''Tilia cordata''), cedar (''Calocedrus decurrens''), Hungarian oaks (''Q. trainetto''), oriental plane (''Platanus orientalis''), and black pine (''Pinus negra'').
*The highest zone is characterized by the sub-alpine vegetation of high mountain ranges, i.e., sclerophyllous scrub and rock.
*Traditional conservation has left much of the forest unusually intact and logging is no longer permitted.
*The monks are permitted to harvest lumber for use in their crafts.
*The Citizens may gather deadfall for the Christmas bonfires.

====Fauna====
*The list of endemic mammals includes grey wolf (''Canis lupus''), wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), red fox (''V. vulpes''), jackal (''Canis aureus''), European badger (''M. meles''), beech marten (''Martes foina''), stoat (''Mustela erminea''), weasel (''Mustela nivalis vulgaris''), European hedgehog (''Erinaceus concolor''), shrews (''Crocidura spp.'') and several species of mice. The monk seal (''M. monachus'') has been seen coming ashore.
*Among the birds are black stork (''Ciconia nigra''), short-toed eagle (''Circaëtus gallicus''), golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaëtos''), lesser kestrel (''Falco naumanni''), capercaillie (''Tetrao urogallus''), eagle owl (''B. bubo''), Yelkouan shearwater (''Puffinus yelkouan''), and Audouin’s gull (''Larus audouinii'').
*The Holy Mountain is an important area for raptor breeding and passage.
*The numerous wetlands of the north Aegean coast attract wading birds which may pass through.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>G Government of the MR</title>
    <id>6764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54880</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-04T23:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Greek added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Definitions===
*'''Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain''' shall be the official name of the sovereign nation and shall indicate the totality of the territory and the citizens of the sovereign nation. 
*'''Monastic Republic''' shall be the shortened name of the sovereign nation. 
*'''Mt. Athos''' shall indicate the name of the mountain at the end of the peninsula. 
*'''Holy Mountain''' shall indicate the territory of the monasteries, access to which is prohibited to women. 
*'''The Lowland''' shall indicate the plain between the Holy Mountain and the border of the Hellenic Empire. 
*'''The Isles''' shall indicate the island of Amoulián and its adjacent isles which lie in Holy Mountain Bay to the west of the Lowland.
*'''Monk''' shall indicate the men who live in the monasteries of the Holy Mountain. 
*'''Citizen''' shall indicate the men, women, and children of the laity who live in the Lowland and the Isles. 
*'''People''' shall indicate the monks and citizens of the Monastic Republic.

===The Archimandrite===
*Sovereignty over the Serene Monastic Republic of the Monastic Republic is vested in the duly elected Holy Synod. 
*The Archimandrite [[wikipedia:archimandrite|Archimandrite]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αρχιμανδρίτ&lt;/font&gt;) is the Head of State and the Head of Government. 
*As head of state and government, the Archimandrite possesses the executive power of the Republic and must answer to the Holy Synod who possess the legislative power.
*The Archimandrite is the Chairman of the Holy Synod of the Autocephalous Monastic Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain. 
*As Bishop of the Autocephalous Monastic Orthodox Church of the Holy Mountain, the Archimandrite governs as an autocrat to whom the Holy Synod act merely as advisors. 
*The Archimandrite is appointed from the twelve Orthodox hegumens in a rotation determined by the order of precedence of the monasteries for a term of five years. 
*Upon appointment the Archimandrite is sworn in at the Divine Liturgy in the presence of the other nineteen Hegumens and Abbots. At this Divine Liturgy he is consecrated bishop by his predecessor.
*The oath is administered to the new Archimandrite by the previous Archimandrite and witnessed by the signatures of the nineteen Hegumens and Abbots. 
*Should the office of Archimandrite become vacant before the end of the term, the Hegumen next in the order of precedence is sworn in and begins his five-year term.

====Order of Precedence====
according to the Fourth Typikon, as amended:

''ineligible to provide the archimandrite''
# St. Athanasios
# Annunciation
# St. John the Baptist
# Holy Cross
# Transfiguration
# Holy Archangels 
# Sts. Peter and Paul
# St. Philotheus
# Presentation of Jesus
# St. George
# Theophany
# Ascension
# ''Forty Martyrs of Sebaste'' - '''Armenian'''
# ''St. George the Painter'' - '''Bulgarian'''
# ''St. John the Iberian'' - '''Georgian'''
# ''St. Sava'' - '''Serbian'''
# ''St. Panteleimon'' - '''Russian'''
# ''St. Nicholas'' - '''Cambrian'''
# ''St. Maroun'' - '''Maronite'''
# ''St. Thomas'' - '''Assyrian'''

====List of Archimandrites====
# 1870 - Demetrius of St. Athanasios
# 1875 - Paul of Annunciation
# 1880 - John I of St. John the Baptist
# 1885 - Stephen of Holy Cross
# 1890 - Basil of Transfiguration (first bishop)
# 1895 - Andrew of Holy Archangels 
# 1900 - Alexander of Sts. Peter and Paul (dies of pneumonia 1902)
# 1902 - John II of St. Philotheus
# 1907 - Manual of Presentation
# 1912 - Joseph of St. George
# 1917 - Gregory of Theophany
# 1922 - Isidore of Ascension
# 1927 - Matthew of St. Athanasios
# 1932 - Jeremias of Annunciation
# 1937 - Metrophanes of St. John the Baptist
# 1942 - Cosmas I of Holy Cross
# 1947 - Cosmas II of Transfiguration
# 1952 - Gabriel of Holy Archangels 
# 1957 - Methodius of Sts. Peter and Paul (killed in a fall 1961)
# 1961 - Maximus of St. Philotheus
# 1966 - Theophanes of Presentation of Jesus
# 1971 - Simeon of St. George
# 1976 - George of St. Theophany
# 1981 - Zosimus of Ascension
# 1986 - Ephrem of St. Athanasios
# 1991 - Gregory of Annunciation
# 1996 - Basil of St. John the Baptist (resigns in 2000 due to illness)
# 2000 - Theodore of Holy Cross
# 2005 - Nicephorus of Transfiguration
# 2010 - Loukas of the Holy Archangels

===The Holy Synod===
*The Holy Synod is the legal organ representing all the People and represents and asserts the rights and interests of the People, and promotes the welfare of the Monastic Republic. 
*The Holy Synod meets on the first Monday and Tuesday of each month to conduct their business.
*The Hegumens and Abbots are elected by universal, free, equal and direct suffrage of the monks in their respective monasteries for a five-year term. 
*Candidates for the Holy Synod must be citizens of the Monastic Republic for at least five years, at least 35 years of age, and not deprived of their eligibility by reason of Law. 
*Regular elections of the Hegumens and Abbots are held in November.

===The Holy Council===
*The twenty monasteries are grouped into four groups, five to a group.
**The Eastern group: St. Athanasius, Sts. Peter and Paul, St. Philotheus, St. John the Iberian, St. Nicholas
**The Northern group: Annunciation, St. George, St. Sava, Ascension, Transfiguration
**The Western group: St. John the Baptist, Presentation, Theophany, St. Thomas, Forty Martyrs
**The Center group: Holy Cross, St. Pantaleimon, St. George the Painter, Holy Archangels, St. Maroun
*The Holy Council consists of four monks, known as the ''&lt;font color=blue&gt;protos&lt;/font&gt;'' elected for two-year terms by all the members of each group. They function as advisors and assistants to the archimandrite.
*None of these ''&lt;font color=blue&gt;protoi&lt;/font&gt;'' may come from the same monastery as the archimandrite.
*The four meet monthly with the Archimandrite to carry out the business of the Monastic Republic.
*One hegumen on the Holy Council is the Seneschal of the Monastic Republic and advises the Archimandrite on all matters economic and financial.
*One hegumen on the Holy Council is the Constable of the Monastic Republic and advises the Archimandrite on all matters of national security.
*One hegumen on the Holy Council is the Castellan of the Monastic Republic and advises the Archimandrite on all matters concerning the real property of the Monastic Republic.
*One hegumen on the Holy Council is the Archiater of the Monastic Republic and advises the Archimandrite on all matters concerning the health and education of the Citizens.
*Each ''&lt;font color=blue&gt;protos&lt;/font&gt;'' has a deputy protos ''(&lt;font color=blue&gt;upoprotos&lt;/font&gt;'') who works for him in the office in Prosforion handling the day-to-day business.

===The Lowland and the Isles===
====Towns====
There are three towns, one village and one gendarmery post in the Monastic Republic.
*Towns (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πoλ&lt;/font&gt;)
**Prosforion is on the bay side of the peninsula, close to the border of the Holy Mountain.
**Aktí is on the sea side of the peninsula.
**Amoulián is on the island of the same name. It can be reached by ferry from Prosforion.
*Village (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χορί&lt;/font&gt;)
**Karyes, the capital, is on the Holy Mountain.
*Gendermerie post
**Dafni is the port for the Holy Mountain, located on the bay side. The Holy Mountain is accessible only by ferry from Prosforion.  A detachment of gendarmes is stationed there to monitor the entrance to and exit from the Holy Mountain.

====Administrative districts====
There are four administrative districts, known as demes (&lt;font color=blue&gt;διμ&lt;/font&gt;).
*The Holy Mountain itself.
*The island of Amoulián.
*The Lowland is divided into two districts by a line running down the center of the peninsula:
**Prosforion on the western shore.
**Aktí on the eastern shore.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Lišěč</title>
    <id>6768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48668</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T01:37:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Svobõdninos fontnos]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Kuin syśdaveketë sivuaen]] • [[Help:Contents|Apu]]&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
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START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

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Introduction

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&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Üvëõške mënnat FrathWikikaţun!&lt;/div&gt;
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Kücöekemmë üčastneneketë apuossa! Könneketë mutnanonokotë tämënesen sivuanesen õnt syśdavneneketë üšinesen. Čitejetë apuağanđnasan sivuanesen lernneneketë, kuin kirjaneneketë sivuanesen tükko. Braukšašatë apuan, könneketë prošavnonokotë bëjštanđossa sivuake ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]''.
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Śaknas&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Keltĕden]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Rakenatnas kelnes]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Rakenatnas alfabetnas]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Rakenatnas mälmanes]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Kelmas ferglĕjk]]
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:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki Yahooka]
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FrathWiki müyneske kelneske

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'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Transportation in the MR</title>
    <id>6769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51316</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-06T15:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A revision.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*At the time of the Monastic Republic's independence all the roads were dirt. After the arrival of the refugees and the founding of the three demes of Aktí, Prosforion and Amoulián there was not much traffic between them. Discussions were held by the citizens from time to time about a more usable road system that would facilitate commerce in the Lowland and the Isles.

*Fossil fuel-driven vehicles are not permitted in the Monastic Republic, with the exception of farm vehicles, emergency vehicles, the helicopters, the ferries and the tour boats. Bicycles and tricycles are very popular modes of transportation. If motorized transportation is required, electric golf carts are used, just as on Santa Catalina island *here*. The streets are traveled mainly by pedestrians, and various kinds of cycles; donkeys can still be seen carrying burdens and passengers between and in the towns.

*On August 20, 1947, the Lowland and the Isles were connected to the power grid of the Hellenic Empire, which enabled the citizens to increase their output.  This made paved roads even more imperative.

*As a first part of this project, in August 1958, the Holy Synod passed the Paved Roads Act (PL No. 27) permitting the streets of the three demes, Karyes, and Dafni to be paved with concrete. At the same time, as an esthetic move, the power lines were placed underground. Fortunately, the initial building of homes and other buildings enabled the demes to have streets with two eleven-foot wide lanes, along with two four-foot wide pedestrian lanes. This project was completed in December 1959.

*Since Dafni and Karyes predate the arrival of the refugees, their streets are not as wide. But then there is very little traffic on the Holy Mountain.

*The second part of the project was to construct a two-lane highway joining Prosforion and Aktí. The road was continued on from Aktí into Ierissos in the Hellenic Empire connecting with their paved road. In this case, the pedestrian lanes were separated on either side from the vehicle lanes by a landscaped strip. A simple bridge was built over the as yet un-reconstructed Xerxes Canal. The highway was completed in January 1960.

*In February 1973, the Paved Road Act was amended to permit trolley buses to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on the Interdeme Highway between Prosforion and Aktí. The existing pedestrian lanes were widened to eleven-foot lanes to carry the trolley buses. These lanes in turn were separated from new pedestrian lanes by a six-foot wide landscaped strip. The four vehicular lanes were then marked with reflective paint: a dotted reflective white line down the center and a continuous reflective yellow line at the edges. Catenary lines to carry the trolley bus power lines were erected the length of the highway.

*In February 1975, the Holy Synod passed the Xerxes Canal Reconstruction Act (PL No. 30).  Navigability of the canal would obviate vessels having to go around the peninsula and would permit emergency vessels to respond more quickly between the three demes. It was decided that a tunnel would serve better than a bridge, which would have had to be some kind of drawbridge. Initially more expensive to build, the tunnel would be cheaper to maintain. The tunnel was made wide enough to carry all the traffic that now used the Interdeme Highway. The landscaped strips were not continued throught the tunnel. Instead, barriers were erected through the tunnel separating the vehicular lanes, bus lanes and pedestrian lanes from one another. An overhead duct was also included to carry the power cables under the canal.

*Ferry boats carry passengers between Prosforion and Dafni, and between Prosforion and Amoulián.

*Each town, the gendarmery post, and the village has a heliport.  Each monastery is required to maintain some place clear for a helicopter to land. The heliport is located as close to the town square (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πλατί&lt;/font&gt;) as possible.

*The aerodrome in Prosforion provides airship transportation for travelers to and from the republic.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>H Healthcare in the MR</title>
    <id>6770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51345</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-06T21:32:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*There is a community hospital, the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, in Prosforion, operated by the Maronite Sisters of the Holy Family. There is also a clinic adjacent to the hospital.
*There is a clinic and an emergency treatment facility in the other two towns. There is a first aid station in Karyes and in Dafni. The clinic in Amoulián is operated by brothers from the Monastery of St. Thomas.
*The clinics provide various services such as dental, optometry, auditory, and physical therapy.
*The hospital and the clinics provide screening for various diseases.
*Serious cases are medevaced by helicopter to the nearest medical center in the Hellenic Empire.
*There is a facility in Prosforion for those who are too old or too ill to receive the proper care at home.
*Vaccinations and inoculations are required of all children when they enter the school system.
*Medical insurance is provided to all the citizens by the government.
*Tattooing and body piercing are not permitted in the Monastic Republic.
*Every able-bodied citizen is expected to donate blood three times a year.
*The blood bank visits the monasteries three times a year. Personnel and equipment are flown in by helicopter. Each monk physically capable is expected to donate; hermits are excluded.
*Burial is not permitted in the Monastic Republic. Bodies must be cremated and put into the columbaria provided by the government.
*Monks on the Holy Mountain bathe more frequently than those *here*. There is no hot water, but water heated by the sun is provided.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Demography of the MR</title>
    <id>6771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47691</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T14:20:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The citizens of the Monastic Republic are mainly of Greek origin.  Most of them are descendants of refugees from Turkey.  There is also a sizable population of Lebanese origin, refugees from Lebanon. There has been some immigration from other parts of Europe, but it is kept to a minimum.  Non-citizens may not live in the Monastic Republic.
*The Orthodox monks of the Greek monasteries are virtually all from Greece, but the monks of the national monasteries have come from their respective countries.
*Monastic Republic nationality
**A person whose father or mother is a citizen of the Monastic Republic at his birth is a citizen of the Monastic Republic by descent. 
**Merely being born in the territory of the Monastic Republic does not confer citizenship. 
**Every child who is found within the Monastic Republic and the whereabouts of whose parents are unknown is, until the parents of the child are traced, deemed to be a citizen of the Monastic Republic by descent. 
**Any man who enters the novitiate in any one of the twenty monasteries becomes a citizen of the Monastic Republic. 
**The acquisition of citizenship of the Monastic Republic by a foreign national is regulated by Law.
*Census of 2005
**The census figures are obtained from the registers that are kept by the townships and the monasteries.
**The name of every citizen and of every monk is recorded with the following details:
***Register number
***Date of birth or dates of birth and naturalization
***Place of birth
***Birthplace of parents
***Complete address and telephone number
***Marital status; date and place of marriage
***Date and place of divorce, if applicable
***Occupation at time of census
***If a farmer, crops they grow
***Annual income
**The census of 2005 recorded
***7,243 citizens in Prosforion, of whom 194 were naturalized,
***5,280 citizens in Aktí, of whom 449 were naturalized,
***984 citizens in Ammouliani.
***4,621 monks in the twenty monasteries.
**Giving a grand total of 18,128 citizens.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>R Religion in the MR</title>
    <id>6772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51312</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-06T15:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The Autocephalous Orthodox Monastic Church of the Holy Mountain
**The Orthodox faith is the national Church of the Monastic Republic.
**The three towns each have an Orthodox church; in Aktí, St. Helen’s; in Prosforion, St. Philip’s; and in Amoulián, St. Marina’s.
**There is a convent of cloistered Orthodox nuns in Aktí.  They earn a living by baking communion bread for the parishes.  They also do mending and alterations.  They embroider and make the patches for the MR gendarmery and the Junior Seaguards.  They also do lace work and are often called upon by brides to help with their bridal gowns.
**The priests of Prosforion and Aktí take turns celebrating Mass for the sisters.
**The village and the gendarmery post have an Orthodox chapel, Our Lady of Mt. Athos and the Centurion respectively, for the benefit of the lay workers.
*The Catholic Church
**The three towns each have a Maronite Catholic Church; in Akti, St. Ephrem; in Prosforion, St. Nohra; and in Amoulián, St. Nimatullah.
**The Catholic parishes are a part of the abbacy nullius of St. Maroun.
**Three diocesan priests are assigned to care for the Catholic citizens and the Catholic tourists.
**Should one of the priest be incapacitated, one of the Maronite priests of St. Maroun will be asked to fill in.
**The priests of Prosforion and Aktí take turns celebrating Mass for the sisters in the hospital.
*The salaries of the pastors of these churches is paid by the government.
*The money received in collections during the Divine Liturgy is used for charitable causes.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Etiquette in the MR</title>
    <id>6773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47700</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-24T15:25:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Men remove their headgear when speaking to a priest, monk, nun or sister.
*One kisses the right hand of the archimandrite before addressing him.
*Children kiss the right hand of their parents when greeting them.
*All stand when a priest approaches them.
*Men stand when a woman approaches them and remove their headgear.
*Men do not kiss the hand of a woman.
*A woman may extend her right hand first in greeting.
*Shoes are removed upon entering a home.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>E Etiquette in the MR</title>
    <id>6774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47748</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-26T09:39:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*All stand when a priest approaches them.
*Men remove their headgear when speaking to a priest, monk, nun or sister.
*One kisses the right hand of the archimandrite before addressing him.
*Men stand when a woman approaches them and remove their headgear.
*Men do not kiss the hand of a woman.
*A woman may extend her right hand first in greeting.
*Children kiss the right hand of their parents when greeting them.
*Shoes are removed upon entering a home.
*Styles of address
**The Archimandrite:
***Style: His Serene Grace Archimandrite X of Y.
***Direct address: Your Grace
**Hegumens and Abbots:
***Style: The Very Reverend X of Y
***Direct address: Father Hegumen/Abbot
**Monks in Orders:
***Style: The Reverend X of Y
***Direct address: Father X
**Diocesan Priests:
***Style: The Reverend X Y
***Direct address: Father X (or Y)
**Monks not in Orders:
***Style: Brother X
***Direct address: Brother X
**Superior of a Women’s Convent:
***Style: The Reverend Mother X
***Direct address: Reverend Mother
**Female religious:
***Style: Sister X
***Direct address: Sister X
**A Demarch:
***Style: The Right Honorable X Y
***Direct address: Your Honor
**A Representative (βουλευτής - vouleftés):
***Style: The Honorable X Y
***Direct address: Your Honor
**The Chief Justice:
***Style: The Very Honorable
***Direct address: Your Honor
**Other Judges:
***Style: The Honorable
***Direct address: Your Honor.
**Male Citizen:
***Style: The X Y Kir (from the Greek ‘kyrios’)
***Direct address: Y Kir (Κιρ)
**Female Citizen:
***Style: The X Y Kira  (from the Greek ‘kyrios’)
***Direct address: Y (Κίρα)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old Vedran</title>
    <id>6775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52831</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-26T21:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sectori</username>
        <id>48</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>where spoken?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Viedrane (ancjane)
|pronounce=/ʋjɛdranə/
|tu=none
|species=human
|in=Castre, Massachussets Bay, Nuove Castre
|no=extinct
|script=Latin
|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Italic&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Italo-Western&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Gallo-Romance&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Vedran'''
|morph=inflecting, fusional
|ms=Accusative-Dative
|wo=SVO
|creator=Sectori
|date=Fall 2008}}

'''Old Vedran''' (Old Vedran ''viedrane ancjane'') was the vernacular language of the Principality of Castre from about 750 to 1300 CE. It was a Western Romance language, most closely related to Old French, although there are significant differences between the two. Although Vedran shares many phonological traits with the other Romance languages (the diphthongization of stressed Ĕ and Ŏ, e.g.), it also has a number of innovations that cannot be traced either to its Romance neighbors or its Germanic neighbors (the velarization of most consonants before a back vowel, e.g.).

==Phonological Developments==
Old Vedran developed from Vulgar Latin through certain sound changes. The Vulgar Latin vowel system retained its basic shape, with minor modifications. The consonant system, too, has seen no radical changes, but it has undergone some distinct developments that merit attention.

===Vowel Developments===
As in many other Romance languages, stressed *ɛ and *ɔ in Old Vedran diphthongized, becoming /jɛ/ and /wɔ/ respectively. Unstressed final central vowels were reduced to schwas.

{{shaded table| title=Development of vowels in Old Vedran| cols=3 }}
|''V. Lat.''||||''O. Vedr.''
|-
| i ||&gt; || i
|-
| e ||&gt; || e
|-
| e ||&gt; || ǝ*
|-
| e ||&gt; || jɛ**
|-
| ɛ ||&gt; || ɛ
|-
| ɛ ||&gt; || ǝ*
|-
| ɛ ||&gt; || jɛ**
|-
| a ||&gt; || a
|- 
| a ||&gt; || ǝ*
|-
| ɔ ||&gt; || ɔ
|-
| ɔ ||&gt; || ǝ*
|-
| ɔ ||&gt; || wɔ**
|-
| o ||&gt; || o
|-
| o ||&gt; || wɔ**
|-
| u ||&gt; || u
|-
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;* in unstressed final position&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;** in stressed and/or initial position&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===Consonant Developments===
In brief, several changes can be noted in Old Vedran's consonant system:

* the consonants /b p f m d t s n r l g k/ become velarized before a back vowel or /a/
* the consonants /t d/ affricate to /ts dz/ before and after /i j/
* the consonant /k/ vocalizes to /i/ when followed by another consonant
* the consonant /s/ palatalizes to /S/ when followed or preceded by /i j/
* Vulgar Western Romance /dʒ/ becomes /ʒ/
* the consonants /l n/ palatalize to /ʎ ɳ/ when preceding /j/

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Aviation in the MR</title>
    <id>6776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51286</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T17:15:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*There is a heliport in Prosferion for a passenger helicopter (AO-001). There are scheduled flights to Athens and to Constantinople for those wishing to make connections to international flights.
*There is a need for hovering aircraft for the purposes of rescue at sea and in the mountains, so the Holy Synod has purchased helicopters for the aviation needs within the Monastic Republic.
*The following aircraft were purchased over several years.
**1. One medevac helicopter (AO-002) for transporting seriously ill patients to medical centers in the Hellenic Empire. This helicopter is housed at the hospital in Prosforion.
**2. Three small helicopters (AO-003, AO-004, AO-005), one for each deme, for sea and mountain rescue. These three helicopters are housed at the gendarmery posts in each of the towns.
**3. Three small helicopters (AO-006, AO-007, AO-008) with which the gendarmery can patrol the towns and the territorial waters.  These three helicopters are housed at the gendarmery posts in each of the towns.
*All Monastic Republic aircraft carry the prefix AO.
*The following paragraph is from the National Emblems Act of December 1940.
**“§8 The aviation roundel shall be the green equilateral triangle surmounted by the golden Greek cross on a white roundel surrounded by a circle compony of 20, gold and red.”</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:AlexFink</title>
    <id>6777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47746</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-25T19:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>one's name being a redlink looks suspicious, innit.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'm a real person, for what it's worth.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>S St. George the Painter, History of</title>
    <id>6778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47765</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-27T16:05:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>A few corrections.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The monastery of St. George the Painter was one of the largest and most influential spiritual seats and cultural centers on Mt. Athos throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman period. The monastery is situated in the northwest part of Mount Athos, one the oldest of the monasteries.
*Today the monastery is the only Bulgarian monastery on the Holy Mountain. It derives its name from the legend of the miraculous painting of the image of St. George on the Phanouilian icon.
*To this day there is no complete history of the monastery. Many of the sources have not been traced and studied in detail. According to the legend, found in the original charter, the monastery was founded at the end of the 9th century or the beginning of the 10th by three brother from Bulgaria, Moses, Aaron and Ivan Selima from [[wikipedia:Ohrid|Ohrid]]. In the lists of donors first comes Emperor [[wikipedia:Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI the Wise]] (887–912). The inscription on the embossed silver cover on the Phanouilian Miraculous icon of St. George cites the year of the foundation as 898. In 972, the painter George, considered to be the founder, signed the Typicon of Mt. Athos, issued by [[wikipedia:John I Tsimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] as &lt;font color=blue&gt;Γεώργιος ‛ο ζωγράφος&lt;/font&gt;. A contract for a sale in Greek, dated 980, is considered the earliest historical document for the existence of the monastery. The contract has been preserved in two copies in the monastery’s archives. The second copy, dated 1311, bears the signature in Cyrillic of Hegumen Makarios. Judging by the two copies of the contract, the monastery must have possessed land for several decades during the 10th century and was an independent monastery.
*There is no information on the history of the monastery from its foundation to the beginning of the 13th century. In the first half of the 13th century, Tsar [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria|Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]] (1218–1241) became a donor to the monastery. The stronger ties of the monastery with Bulgaria throughout this period point to the great authority and guidance of the monastery in the spiritual and cultural development of Bulgaria. It was to the monastic community of St. George the Painter that Tsar Ivan Asen II turned for the choice of a patriarch when the Bulgarian patriarchate was restored. He chose Ioakim I who had been a monk at the monastery. A number of the manuscripts preserved in the monastery’s library are examples of the reform of liturgical literature in 13th century.
*Because of the resolute refusal of the community of monks to abandon Orthodoxy, by accepting the union between the Western and Eastern churches pronounced at the [[wikipedia:First Council of Lyon|First Council of Lyon]] in 1245, the monastery was attacked on October 10, 1275, by Catalan mercenaries who destroyed the monastery and burned alive the 22 monks and four lay brothers in a defense tower built by Tsar Ivan Asen II. The narrative of the 26 martyrs, which was probably written at the beginning of the 14th century, states that the monastery plate from the times of the Bulgarian Tsars [[wikipedia:Simeon I of Bulgaris|Simeon]], [[wikipedia:Peter IV of Bulgaria|Petar]] and [[wikipedia:Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuil]] were also burned together with 193 books. Even though it suffered the martyrdom of its monks and was fully destroyed, the monastery rejected the ideas of the union and support from Emperor [[wikipedia:Michael VIII Palaiologus|Michael VIII]] (1223–1282). The monastery recovered in 1289 when the new Byzantine Emperor, [[wikipedia:Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronicus II]], confirmed all its former rights, returned its lands and donated the money to restore the destroyed buildings. During the 14th century the Bulgarian tsars [[wikipedia:Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria|Ivan Alexander]] (1331– 1371) and [[wikipedia:Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria|Ivan Shishman]] (1371–1395) became generous donors.
*The Monastery of St. George the Painter was the main center of the spiritual movement of the century in the Eastern Orthodox Church known as [[wikipedia:Hesychasm|hesychasm]]; the central figures of Bulgarian hesychasm were linked to this monastery. The Bulgarian Patriarch Theodosius had formerly been a monk at St. George the Painter and the last patriarch, St. Euthymios, spent five years there (1365-1370) engaged in translating and editing liturgical works. 
*Throughout the Ottoman period the monastery remained a spiritual center of Christianity. In the 15th century, St. Kosma, a Bulgarian man of letters from Sofia, lived at the monastery. Towards the end of the 16th century, the Reverend Pimen of St. George the Painter painted many wall painting at monasteries in the Sofia area. From the 15th to the 19th centuries a number monks copied liturgical works, Hierodeacon Malachia, Pop (priest) Manasios of Dryanovo, daskal (teacher) Pop Makarios, the monk Gregory Iveron. 
*Under the difficult conditions of Turkish rule, the monastery was supported by various donors. Towards the end of the 15th century, generous donations came for over three decades from the Moldavian Voivod [[wikipedia:Stephen III of Moldavia|Stefan the Great]] (1457–1504) and his successors. After the destruction of the church of St. George by the [[wikipedia:Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Rhodes]] early in the 16th century, the Moldavian rulers donated a considerable sum, rebuilding the church and redecorating it. The successors of Stefan the Great presented the monastery with two monasteries in Bulgaria. 
*Throughout the 17th and 18th century, the donors to the monastery were Bulgarian and Russian. Bulgarian pilgrims made donations not only to St. George the Painter, but also to other monasteries on Mt. Athos. At this time it was the practice of itinerant monks (known as taxidiotes) to gather alms. In 1696, the Russian Tsar [[wikipedia:Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] supported this practice, issuing a decree allowing taxidiotes from St. George the Painter to gather alms in Russia every five years.
*Hadži Valcho (1705–1766), a brother of Hegumen Laurentios (his secular name was Lazar) was the main donor to the monastery. In 1758, he restored the completely destroyed five-story eastern wing of monks’ cells. This is now known in his honor as the Bansko quarters. It was his support that allowed the construction of a small church of the Dormition of the Virgin in 1764.
*In the 18th and 19th century the Monastery of St. George the Painter became one of the centers of the [[wikipedia:Bulgarian National Revival|Bulgarian National Revival]] period. It was here that Paiissios of the Monastery of St. Sava completed his ''Istoria slavjanobolgarskaja'' in 1762, which is considered the starting point of the national revival in Bulgarian literature. The monastery was also engaged in the educational activities of the Bulgarian National Revival. In the 1930s,  Archimandrite Anatolios and Hadži Victor, representatives of the monastery met with Vassil Aprilov, an eminent Bulgarian engaged in the promotion of modern Bulgarian education, in Russia. The outcome was the establishment of a modern secular school, where Bulgarian was taught in the curriculum, together with other secular subjects. At the same time many monks from the monastery founded religious schools in various town in Bulgaria. Along with this revival of the Bulgarian national consciousness, after the mid-19th century, the monastery, until then inhabited by Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek monks, gradually became inhabited almost entirely by Bulgarian monks.
*In the period after the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule at the end of the 19th century the Monastery of St. George the Painter changed considerably and the number of monks was drastically reduced. As of the 2005 census, there were 168 monks at the monastery, 138 Bulgarians, 8 Bohemians, 5 Hungarians, 4 Albanians, 8 Croatians, and 5 Dalmatians. 
*Recently the monastery has been engaged in the publishing of religious literature for Bulgaria. There have been a number of books on moral guidance and translations have been made into Bulgarian of various works of the Holy Church Fathers, of the twelve volumes of the ''Vitae'' of Dimitrii Rostovski, and the vitae of the principal Bulgarian saints.</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Angrex</title>
    <id>6779</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47783</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T10:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''WORK IN PROGRESS. NOT TO BE PUBLISH'D YET'''

&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. Sphwát:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Sám fánth_PLUR]] • [[Help:Editing|Aretang a Pizh]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Áreko Ñimshang Khambanchang_PLUR]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Tárang a Phizh]] • [[Help:Contents|Thefko Haup]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner Angrex}}


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Introduction

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{{:Main Page/Introduction Angrex}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topics&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Ñácho langwezh_PLUR]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Khárrang_PLUR]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Khánkwet_PLUR]]
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Introduction Angrex</title>
    <id>6780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47780</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T10:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ooow</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Vaukam chio FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]] [[FrathWiki:Goals|Gua FrathWiki]] ez chio khálat hampumishang&lt;!-- info- &gt; empfa- &gt; ampha- &gt; hamp- &gt; ham- ? -(m)ishang suffixal--&gt; bwát khárrang_PLUR, khámvor_PLUR yan langwettekh sovzhat in tefko. Amván khyán kháncebot chio da nálezh. FrathWiki ez khowantri um chio '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' phizh, áwa vec bei fwei chio youz (veu [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|sorang kharreshang_PLUR]]).

''Youzo'' ambait_PAST chio haup! Youzo may aret jej phizh_PLUR yan mi ñow vanzú. Weir da haup thápe_PLUR chio lon yo chio wait phizh_PLUR here. If youzo ñeir settant, youzo may yás khwaccang_PLUR yát [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Áf-Thápe Dekkúshang_PLUR]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/News banner Angrex</title>
    <id>6781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47782</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T10:46:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:30px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.png]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;[mailto:seancanderson@sky.com Thau úzú eu you gát jácha jeim chio bei a gyor-khwáleri áreko]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;[mailto:seancanderson@sky.com Jouya gát añi ñouzo]?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
'''Frathwiki: ''da'' swása information fwá da khárrangshang yán linguistics mouneri''' • Shánzú vána wephwáta yá • Feyo fwei chio bweng yá twági_PLUR yan rbais chio damyásai
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swåmi</title>
    <id>6782</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>47786</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T11:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Swåmi]] to [[Suvåmi]]:&amp;#32;No stress shift yet.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Suvåmi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ä normal.png</title>
    <id>6783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48019</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-05T18:22:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Ä normal.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small ä with macron, in normal size and normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:S äm normal.png</title>
    <id>6784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48016</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-05T17:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:S äm normal.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small ä with macron, in normal size and normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:S öm normal.png</title>
    <id>6785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47807</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T14:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Small ö with macron, in normal size and normal style.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small ö with macron, in normal size and normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:C Äm normal.png</title>
    <id>6786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47812</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T14:21:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:C Äm normal.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Capital Ä with macron, in normal size and normal style.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Capital Ä with macron, in normal size and normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:C Öm normal.png</title>
    <id>6787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47816</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-28T14:28:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:C Öm normal.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Capital Ö with macron, in normal size and normal style.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Capital Ö with macron, in normal size and normal style</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Syllable structure</title>
    <id>6788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47857</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T11:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vocoid */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The general anatomy of a '''syllable''', using an English word as an example:

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! Example !! Phonemes !!
|-
|! rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| ''strives''
| /s/
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Onset
| Extrametrical
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| &quot;Allitereme&quot;
|-
| /t/
| Onset proper
|-
| /r/
| Onglide
|-
| /a/
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| Rime
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Nucleus
| Vocoid
|-
| /j/
| Offglide
|-
| /v/
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Coda
| Coda proper
|-
| /z/
| Extrametrical
|}

The basic division is that between an '''onset''', consisting of consonants or semivowels, and a '''rime''', consisting of a vocoid and possible further elements. This structure is seen in almost all [[natlangs]] (the infamous counterexample is [[Arrernte]]).

==Vocoid==
The '''vocoid''' is the [[sonority]] peak of a syllable. It is usually a [[vowel]], but it can be a consonant as well. Such a consonant is almost always a [[sonorant]], and will be call'd a ''syllabic'' consonant. It is not uncommon for there to exist tighter rules for the structure of syllables with a consonantal vocoid, typically limiting the possible on- and offglides. In a sense, a syllabic consonant may itself occupy the glide slot, with the main vowel slot empty (see eg. [[Mandarin]]).

==Extrametrical consonants==
The most common example of an extrametrical consonant, seen in our example as well, is the Indo-European [[s-mobile]]. Extrametrical consonants can be identified by their phonotactical properties: English syllables can feature an extrametrical /s/ (or /ʃ/) only before /m n p t k/, and these are also the only cases where another consonant can occur before these (it is debatable if /s/ in /sw, sl/ and /ʃ/ in /ʃr/ are extrametrical).

It is possible for extrametrical coda consonants, such as the English plural/possessiv //z//, to not contribute to syllable weight.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voksigid</title>
    <id>6789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47861</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T15:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BRG</username>
        <id>1315</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Voksigid was an attempt to construct a predicate language of a different type from those which had gone before. The first predicate language ([[Loglan]], developed by [[James Cooke Brown]]), and its descendant [[Lojban]], developed by [[Robert LeChevalier]], both used word order to mark the various places in the predication. The creator of Voksigid, [[Bruce R. Gilson]], felt that remembering which position meant which role in the predication might be beyond easy memorization for most people. In October 1991 he made a proposal to the Conlang group putting forward some ideas for a language that he envisioned. He assembled a development committee following that post, and for several months they worked on the language, which was named Voksigid. The language has a syntax which was (as mentioned in the proposal letter) somewhat influenced by Japanese (but reversed; Japanese is verb-last and postpositional, Voksigid is verb-first and prepositional), and a vocabulary based mostly on European language roots.

(Adapted from [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/voksigid/ the Voksigid home page on ViewsOfLanguage.com])

==See also==

*[[Voksigid orthography]]
*[[Voksigid morphology]]
*[[Voksigid syntax]]
*[[Voksigid vocabulary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voksigid orthography</title>
    <id>6790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47863</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T15:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BRG</username>
        <id>1315</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The orthography, phonology, and phonotactics of [[Voksigid]] are summarized below.

#The alphabet consists of all the Roman letters except q and x. 
The letters l and r will never be used to distinguish two words, so that in a technical sense they will be considered the same phoneme. In fact, however, the official sounds of l and r will be as shown below. Because people whose native languages have only one sound similar to both, as Japanese and Korean, may use that sound for both letters, we will never use them to distinguish minimal pairs. A similar comment holds for s and z; Spanish, for example, has no /z/ while German tends to pronounce initial s as [z] and Italian does the same with intervocalic s. 
#The sounds of the letters are as follows: 
#:a (Eng. art, Fr. la) 
#:b (Eng. boy) 
#:c (Ital. cento = ch in Eng. chief, sh in Eng. shoe) 
#:d (Eng. dog) 
#:e (Eng. bed, Ger. Bett, beten)
#:f (Eng. find) 
#:g (Eng. girl) 
#:h (Eng. have, Ger. Bach) -- the [x] sound is allowed for the benefit of such as Russian speakers who cannot pronounce [h] 
#:i (Eng. in, machine) 
#:j (Eng. jam, Fr. journal) 
#:k (Eng. key) 
#:l (Eng. love, Ger. Liebe) 
#:m (Eng. man) 
#:n (Eng. sun; before k or g, as in Eng. sung) 
#:o (Brit. Eng. on, aw in Am. Eng. dawn, Ger. so) 
#:p (Eng. pin) 
#:r (Eng. red, Fr. rouge, Span. rojo) 
#:s (Eng. sing) 
#:t (Eng. top) 
#:u (Eng. push, rude) 
#:v (Eng. very) 
#:w (Eng. wash) 
#:y (Eng. yet) 
#:z (Eng. zero) 
#:It should be noted that for the letters c e h i j n o u, sounds are included that are in some languages considered distinct phonemes; this is done to allow for ease in pronouncing by speakers of as many languages as possible. 
#:For items 3-5, the following terminology applies: 
#::Vowel = a e i o u, or any of the diphthongs listed. 
#::Diphthong = ai au oi. 
#::Pure consonant = b c d f g h j k p s t v z. 
#::Liquid = l r. 
#::Nasal = m n. 
#::Glide = w y. 
#::Semivowel = any liquid, nasal, or glide, as defined here. 
#::Consonant = any pure consonant or semivowel, as defined here. 
#::Voiced consonant = b d g j v z. 
#::Unvoiced consonant = c f h k p s t. 
#A syllable consists of one to four phonemes, of the form [P] [S] V [C] where bracketed elements are optional, P is any pure consonant, S any semivowel, V any vowel, and C any consonant, except:
##The final consonant of a syllable may not be a glide or h.
##The final consonant of one syllable, combined with the initial consonant(s) of an immediately following syllable in a word, may not make any of the combinations forbidden in 4.
#The following consonant combinations are forbidden:
##Voiced + unvoiced consonant or vice versa.
##Nasal consonant + nonhomoorganic stop. This specifically forbids the combination of m + any of (c d g j k t) and the combination of n with (b p)
#If a word ends in a pure consonant and the following word does not begin with a pure consonant, or if a word ends in a semivowel and the following word begins in a vowel, a distinct pause must be articulated at the word boundary. In other cases, a pause may be made at a boundary, but need not be. A word boundary is defined as anywhere where a blank space is written.

(Based on [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/voksigid/ortho.html the orthography page on the Voksigid site])</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voksigid morphology</title>
    <id>6791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47865</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T15:17:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BRG</username>
        <id>1315</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The morphology of [[Voksigid]] is summarized below.

#Predicates will be constructed as two-syllable or longer words ending in a vowel; tags will be single-syllable words that both begin and end in consonants; other particles will be single-syllable words that either begin or end in a vowel or both.
#Words which can be used as nouns or adjectives (the specific usage being governed by paragraph 4 of [[Voksigid syntax|the syntax document]]) will be derived from verbs by nominalizing suffixes which are identical in form to the tag/preposition words. These can be resolved into predicate + suffix, because in all cases the last three letters (consonant + vowel + consonant) will be a nominalizing suffix. As nouns, their meaning will be &quot;noun with the relationship defined by the tag to the predication implied by the verb meaning of the word,&quot; e. g. a tag meaning &quot;indirect object&quot; attached to the word for &quot;give&quot; means &quot;recipient.&quot; As adjectives, their meaning will be &quot;having the relationship defined by the tag to the predication implied by the verb meaning of the word,&quot; so that the same word means &quot;receiving.&quot;
#Suffixes used to create predicates from tags, from other particles, or from strings of particles, will be of the form consonant + diphthong. No simple predicate will end in a diphthong, so that any predicate ending in a diphthong consists of a particle or string of particles followed by a predicatizing suffix.
#Gender will be expressed by the use of the prefix '''mas-''' (for masculine) or '''fem-''' (for feminine). No assumption is to be made as to the sex of the referent in the absence of these prefixes. The prefix '''mas-''' is altered to '''maz-''' before voiced sounds and '''fem-''' to '''fen-''' before nonlabial stop consonants to avoid prohibited clusters. 

(Based on [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/voksigid/morph.html the morphology page on the Voksigid site])</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voksigid syntax</title>
    <id>6792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47867</id>
      <timestamp>2009-07-31T15:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BRG</username>
        <id>1315</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>copyedit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The syntax of [[Voksigid]] is summarized below.


#The parts of speech are predicates (verbs), tags (prepositions), and other particles. (The terms &quot;predicate&quot; and &quot;verb&quot; will be used interchangeably, as also &quot;tag&quot; and &quot;preposition.&quot; The term &quot;other particle&quot; will include conjunctions, modal/aspectual particles, ending markers, and such others as become necessary to define the syntax. All content words will be understood as verbs. Those which represent primarily constructs that English uses nouns or adjectives for will officially mean &quot;to be X.&quot; Predicates can be used as nouns or adjectives by the use of nominalizers as described in [[Voksigid morphology|the morphology document]].)
#All sentences begin with a verb, possibly preceded by aspectual or modal particles. All other elements of the predication are expressed by the use of prepositional phrases. These include the elements that would in English be expressed by subject and direct and indirect object, as well as adverbial phrases. No distinction is made between these phrases, and if more than one phrase is used, they may be placed in any order, depending on the speaker/ writer's desire to emphasize one or another.
#Clauses consist of a conjunction followed by the elements that compose a sentence according to the previous paragraph. No distinction between coordinate and subordinate clauses will be made in structure.
#The same form defined in 1 as a noun can be used as an adjective by being placed after the noun which it modifies. Thus a nominalized verb which immediately follows a preposition is a noun; one that follows another such is an adjective modifying the noun that precedes it.
#Neither definite nor indefinite articles will be necessary. Each preposition will delimit a noun phrase, since all prepositional phrases can be analyzed as a preposition, an object-of-preposition noun, and zero or more nouns-used-as- adjectives.
#Ending markers will comprise end-of-phrase, end-of-clause, and end-of- adjective/adverb markers. The end-of-phrase marker is treated as a right parenthesis with the nearest tag prior to it as the corresponding left parenthesis. It is only necessary if another modifier (nominalized-verb-used- as-adjective, clause, or tag/preposition + noun phrase) follows it. The end-of- clause marker is treated as a right parenthesis with the nearest conjunction prior to it as the corresponding left parenthesis. It is only necessary if another modifier (nominalized-verb-used-as-adjective, clause, or tag/preposition + noun phrase) follows it. The end-of-adjective/adverb marker signifies that the word before it is an unmodified adjective or adverb, and is needed only to indicate that a following modifier is to be attached, not to the adjective/ adverb in question, but to the word it modifies. The end of a sentence terminates all unclosed phrases and clauses.
#A relative clause is introduced by a special subordinating conjunction (su) and is constructed as in paragraph 3. It is inserted in the sentence after the word it modifies. The place in the relative clause where the relative relates to the clause is filled by the relative pronoun (lau).
#Another equivalent of a relative clause in other languages is a phrase constructed with a special case tag governing a nominalization of the verb which was the clause main verb. The nominalization indicates which case the restricted phrase is supposed to fit. When necessary (in the rare instances where the restricted phrase is not going to be an argument of the clause verb) or desired for stylistic reasons, nominalize with cen (abstraction) and use lau as a pronoun to represent the restricted phrase, with its proper case tag. This will be designated a quasi-relative phrase. 

(Based on [http://viewsoflanguage.host56.com/voksigid/syntax.html the syntax page on the Voksigid site].)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:QW vowelchart.png</title>
    <id>6793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47898</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-02T00:23:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:S sj normal.png</title>
    <id>6794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47972</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-03T19:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:S sj normal.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small sj ligature in normal size, normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:S tj normal.png</title>
    <id>6795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47939</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-03T16:57:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Small tj ligature in normal size, normal style.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Small tj ligature in normal size, normal style.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>H Heraldry in the MR</title>
    <id>6796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>47999</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-05T02:08:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Public Law No. 23 [The Heraldic Achievement and Surname Act] (11/7/1933)====

=====Article I - Heraldic Achievements=====
*§1. Every citizen has the right to an heraldic achievement, as well as a name, to mark himself or herself apart from other citizens.  This right is regulated by the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal so that there shall be no confusion.
*§2. The child of a citizen becomes an armiger, without the necessity of petition or payment, upon birth. This regulation shall in no way be interpreted to mean that before birth the child is not a citizen, entitled to all the rights and privileges afforded by the government of the Monastic Republic.
*§3. An alien becomes an armiger, without the necessity of petition or payment, upon naturalization.
*§4. No distinction shall be made between men and women as armigers, except as hereinafter decreed.
*§5. The achievement of the Monastic Republic is blazoned: White, an equilateral triangle Vert, apex uppermost, surmounted of a Greek cross Or, within a bordure compony Or and Gules. Above this shield is placed an Orthodox miter affronty Sable. This is dis¬played within two olive branches fruited Proper and crossed beneath. On a scroll enscribed &quot;&lt;font color=blue&gt;Ειρήνη διά πίστην&lt;/font&gt;&quot; below the shield are placed for sup¬porters on the dexter a monk and on the sinister an evzone, both Proper. 
*§6. The heraldic achievement of an armiger shall consist of a shield, a dexter sup-porter, a helm or cap of dignity, a crest, a motto and a compartment.
*§7. The shield of an original armiger shall consist of a field party per pale, per fess, per bend, per bend sinister (all of which may be arched), per chevron, or per chevron inverted, of the approved pairs of colors. The first color, on the honorable side, is termed the primary color, the other, the secondary color.  Together these are termed the livery colors.  An appropriate charge(s) of a third color is placed at the fess point.
*§8. The supporter shall be the figure of the sign of the zodiac under which the armiger was born according to the following:
**a. Aries, a ram rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**b. Taurus, a bull rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**c. Gemini, a man of the race of the armiger, appropriately vested of the primary color.
**d. Cancer, a unicorn rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**e. Leo, a lion rampant of the primary color, armed and langued of the secondary color.
**f. Virgo, a woman of the race of the armiger, appropriately vested of the primary color.
**g. Libra, a swan of the primary color, beaked and membered of the secondary color.
**h. Scorpio, a boar of the primary color, armed and langued of the secondary color.
**i.  Sagittarius, a human of the race and sex of the armiger, bearing a bow slung from the dexter shoulder to the sinister waist and grasping a sheaf of arrows in the dexter hand and appropriately vested of the primary color.
**j. Capricorn, a goat rampant of the primary color, armed and unguled of the secondary color.
**k. Aquarius, a human of the race and sex of the armiger, bearing a water jar of the secondary color on the dexter shoulder and appropriately vested of the primary color.
**l.  Pisces, a merman or mermaid erect, the human portion of which is of the race of the armiger, and the fish portion of the primary color.
**Variations to these supporters shall be awarded to the armiger by the Holy Synod as marks of honor, e.g., with the supporter guardant.
*§9. The crest shall consist of a charge which shall be the same as or derived from the charge on the shield.  It shall be oriented appropriately upon a wreath of the livery colors, of which the primary color is the first shown on the dexter side.
*§10. Armigers in the gendarmery shall display their crest on a helm closed argent, officers affronty, enlisted to the dexter, mantled of the primary color doubled of the sec¬ondary color, the crest arising out of a wreath of the livery colors.
*§11. Armigers who are retired from the gendarmery shall continue to display their crest on the helm, with the visor open.
*§12. The crest as blazoned shall constitute the badge of the armiger.  Displayed on livery colors, party according to the field, the badge may be flown as a banner.
*§13. The shield and the supporter(s) shall be displayed as standing upon a scroll upon which is written the motto.  If there is no motto, they shall stand upon a compartment which shall be a mound vert, except that the compartment for the merman or mermaid shall be water azure.
*§14. No other devices may be displayed in connection with an heraldic achievement.  Additional devices pertaining to civil or ecclesiastical office or to awarded honors shall be bestowed at the pleasure of the Holy Synod.
*§15. Only shields are inheritable.  Supporters will differ according to the date of birth and mottoes will differ according to personal choice.
*§16. The firstborn child shall inherit the undifferenced shield of the father. During the lifetime of the father the inherited shield shall be differenced by the addition of a label of the alternate metal or, when there is no metal in the field, of argent.
*§17. The secondborn child shall inherit the undifferenced shield of the mother. During the lifetime of the mother the inherited shield shall be differenced by the addition of a label of the alternate metal or, when there is no metal in the field, of argent.
*§18. Successive children shall inherit the shields alternately of the father and the mother differenced according to the description in Article II.
*§19. An only child shall inherit the shields of both parents.  The maternal shield shall be marshalled as described in Article III.  Maternal shields inherited in this way shall not be differenced by future generations, differencing taking place solely in the paternal shield.
*§20. An only child of a subsequent generation may marshall one other maternal achievement.  The two maternal achievements chosen are displayed on a chief.  If more than two maternal achievements are inherited in this way, only two may be retained at the discretion of the armiger.
*§21. Children of an unknown father shall inherit the maternal shield with the differencings prescribed in Article II.
*§22. Children, one of whose parents is not an armiger, shall inherit the shield of the armigerous parent with the differencings prescribed in Article II.
*§23. Children of unknown parentage shall be original armigers.
*§24. When an armiger dies without issue, his or her heraldic shield shall not be used by a future armiger.
*§25. An inheritable augmentation of honor shall be added to the heraldic achieve-ment of a spouse when his or her shield is inherited, but it shall not be borne by the spouse himself or herself.
*§26. Any armiger, except those who inherit undifferenced shields, may, for a fee to be determined by the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal, petition the Holy Synod one only time to become an original armiger. This petition, once granted, may not be reversed.
*§27. An heraldic achievement, or any component thereof, granted by another sovereign shall be displayed only with the permission of the Holy Synod. Only those components of the heraldic achievement described in §6 shall be permitted. Components described in §6 not already granted by another sovereign shall be granted by the Holy Synod and the whole shall thereafter be displayed and inherited as described herein.  If the shield is not of the style described in §6, successive children shall inherit the shield of said armiger's spouse marshalled as described in Article III.  In the case of an only child, the shield from another sovereignty shall be the one displayed as described for the maternal shield in §17, §19, and §20.
*§28. An heraldic achievement, once matriculated, may be rescinded only upon voluntary or penal loss of citizenship.
*§29. Heraldic achievements for institutions shall be designed, upon petition and the payment of the fee, in a style other than that described in §6 and §7.
*§30. The heraldic achievements of institutions are not inheritable and cease to exist when the institution ceases to exist.  Such an heraldic achievement shall not be used by a future institution.
*§31. The supporter of heraldic achievements of institutions shall be those which are described in §8 as supporters for personal shields, based on the date of the founding or incorporation of the institution. The race and sex of human supporters will be determined by the race and sex of the founder, proprietor, etc., of the institution. An heraldic tyger rampant guardant shall be the supporter for land gendarmery units. A dolphin shall be the suppporter for naval gendarmery units. An eagle shall be the supporter for aviation gendarmery units.
*§32. The crest of institutions shall constitute the badge of the institution.  Displayed on the color(s) of the field, party according to the field, it may be flown as a banner.
*§33. The shields of the heraldic achievements of institutions shall not be marshalled with those of personal shields, with the following exceptions.  The personal shield of a priest shall be marshalled in any of the ways listed in Article III with the shield of his religious institution.  Likewise, the shield of an officer in the gendarmery shall be marshalled with the shield of his or her unit.  Both supporters may be used with their respective shields, the personal supporter on the dexter. The crest and motto shall be those of the personal heraldic achievement.
*§34. Non citizens, after petitioning the Holy Synod and the payment of the fee, may be granted an heraldic achievement.  This heraldic achievement has no legal standing in the Monastic Republic and may not be displayed or inherited by citizens. This grant may be used by non-citizens as proof of prior usage in disputes in their own nations.

=====Article II - Differencing for Cadency=====
*§1. Descendants in the second generation after an original armiger, i.e., the armiger's children, shall difference the shield by changing the line of partition to the corresponding dimunitive ordinary, i.e., per bend or bend sinister to a bendlet, per pale to a pallet, per fess to a bar, per chevron to a chevronel, and per chevron inverted to a chevronel inverted, with the field of the primary color and the new ordinary of the secondary color.  These ordinaries shall be utilized in the following order: unvaried, couped, gemmeled, wavy, indented, engrailed, invected, embattled-counterembattled, and dancetty.  The charge(s) shall debruise the new ordinary.
*§2. Descendants in the third generation after an original armiger, i.e., the armiger's grandchildren, shall difference the shield by placing in chief a charge counterchanged.  These charges shall be applied in the following order: a crescent, a trefoil, a quatrefoil, a cinquefoil, an estoile, a mullet of seven points, a mullet of eight points, and a fleur-de-lis.
*§3. Descendants in the fourth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing a cross counterchanged in chief to the sinister of the first charge.  These crosses shall be applied in the following order: couped, flory, moline, botonny, potent, patee, patonce, crosslet, and Maltese.
*§4. Descendants in the fifth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by altering the field to one semy of the secondary color.  The fields shall be semy in the following order: of crescents, of trefoils, of quatrefoils, of cinquefoils, of estoiles, of estoiles of seven points,  of estoiles of eight points, and de-lis.
*§5. Descendants in the sixth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by adding a bordure.  These bordures shall be of the other metal or of argent if there is no Or in the field, and shall be utilized in the following order: unvaried, wavy, indented, engrailed, invected, embattled, dovetailed, potenty, and nebuly.
*§6. Descendants in the seventh generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by adding a fourth color to the bordure in the following order: per pale, quarterly, per saltire, gyronny of six, gyronny of eight, gyronny of twelve, compony, counter-compony, lozengy, and chequy.
*§ 7. Descendants in the eighth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure in chief a mark of cadency as described in regulation 2 of the other metal or of argent if there is no Or in the field.
*§8. Descendants in the ninth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure to the sinister of the eighth generation mark of cadency a second mark of cadency as described in regulation 3.
*§9. Descendants in the tenth generation after an original armiger shall difference the shield by placing on the bordure to the sinister a third mark of cadency as described in regulation 2.
*§10. Descendants in the eleventh generation after an original armiger shall be issued a new achievement containing the same charge(s), but of colors different than in the original arms.  A roundel of the original colors shall be placed in base.  Any marshalled parental arms are eliminated.  These shall then be differenced as described in paragraphs 1 through 9.
*§11. Descendants in the twenty first generation after an original armiger shall be issued a new achievement containing the same charge(s), but of different colors than the original arms or those of the eleventh generation.  A roundel of the colors of the eleventh generation shall be placed in base to the sinister of the roundel of the original arms.  These shall then be differenced as described in paragraphs 1 through 9.  Any marshalled parental arms are eliminated.
*§12. Et cetera.

=====Article III – Marshalling=====
*§1. When there is only one child, he or she shall inherit the shields of both parents.  These may be marshalled in one of three ways, at the discretion of the Office of the Hegumen Seneschal, consulting with the armiger.
**a. The paternal shield may be impaled to the dexter of the maternal shield.
**b. The maternal shield may be displayed on a canon, a sinister canon, or an inescutcheon. The canon or inescutcheon shall debruise later marks of differencing when appropriate.
**c. The paternal and maternal shield may be displayed quarterly, with the paternal shield in quarters 1 and 4, and the maternal shield in quarters 2 and 3.
*§2. Maternal shields inherited in this way shall not be differenced by future generations, differencing taking place solely in the paternal shield.
*§3. The shield of future only children may be displayed quarterly with the arms of the original armiger in quarter 1 and the arms of the armiger's parents in quarters 2 and 3.  The armiger may choose which arms of his ancestors to display in quarter 4.
*§4. The form of marshalling may be changed if future developments of the paternal shield make another style more esthetically pleasing.
*§5. When institutional arms are marshalled with personal arms, the personal arms are displayed on the dexter side when impaled; the institutional arms are placed on the canon or inescutcheon.  Institutional arms may also be marshalled quarterly with personal arms, the personal arms being displayed in the first and fourth quarters.

=====Article IV - Assuming Surnames=====
*§1. A child may assume the surname of his father or his mother.  A temporary choice is to be made by the parents at the time of birth.  At the age of 18, the child is to make a permanent choice.
*§2. The child may choose to hyphenate the surnames of both parents, in any order.
*§3. A child of parents with hyphenated surnames may choose, at the age of 18, either of the two hyphenated surnames, any one of the four names, or may hyphenate any two of them.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Postage in the MR</title>
    <id>6797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48049</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T02:15:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Prior to 1990, the Monastic Republic used Greek currency. In that year, the Monastic Republic joined the European Federation currency plan. Since it was difficult to coordinate the new currency with the denominations of the Greek stamps then in use, the MR began to print its own postage stamps.

*The following denominations were printed:
**M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M9, M11
**δ3, δ6, δ12, δ18, δ24, δ30
**λ2, λ4, λ6, λ7, λ8, λ10, λ13, λ14, λ16, λ18, λ22

*The following postal rates were established:
**1. Internal mail
***a. First class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ2 for 2 oz.; λ2 for each additional 2 oz.
**2. Mail within Europe and to Turkey
***a. First class: λ10 for 2 oz.; λ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***d. Air mail: M1, δ3 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
**3. Mail outside of Europe
***a. First class: M2,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1,δ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: M1,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Air mail: M3 for 2 oz.; M2 for each additional 2 oz.

*The lepta denominations were printed as definitives. Each stamp was square. The design was a white background and a border compony of 20 gold and red as appears on the Monastic Republic’s flag. The denomination’s numeral, along with the symbol λ, was printed in green and filled the white background.

*The other denominations were issued as commemoratives of a larger size than the definitives. As with the definitives, each denomination had the border compony of 20 gold and red. The following illustrations were printed:
**M1 – a painting of the Panagia of Mt. Athos.
**M2 – the Cape Arapis lighthouse.
**M3 – the Museum of Athonite Antiquities.
**M4 – the Xerxes Canal, viewed from the west.
**M5 – the cypress of St. Athanasius.
**M7 – the Mt. Athos Performing Arts Center.
**M9 – the water between Prosforion and Ammouliani showing the ferry boat headed for Ammouliani and other water traffic.
**M11 – the Hospital of the Holy Spirit.
**δ3 – the Holy Mountain.
**δ6 – the government house in Karyes.
**δ12 – the icon of St. Athanasius.
**δ18 – the fishing fleet leaving Ammouliani harbor at dawn.
**δ24 – an olive branch bearing both flowers and fruit.
**δ30 – an evzone at attention in front of the Prosforion government house.

*First-day covers were made available on the first day of issue. Collectors were permitted to order these covers in advance by mail. The collectors were free to request any combination of stamps on the covers that they wished and there was no limit to the number of first-day covers that could be ordered. These were then sent to the collectors either packaged and uncancelled or through the postal system and cancelled. The Philately Section of the Post Office had to hire extra part-time employees to process all the orders.
*The commemorative cachet was of the Holy Mountain as seen from the east, showing the location of the Monastery of St. Athanasius and the Cape Akrothis lighthouse.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P Postage in the MR</title>
    <id>6798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48055</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T02:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Prior to 1990, the Monastic Republic used Greek currency. In that year, the Monastic Republic signed the Unified Currency Convention of the European Federation. Since it was difficult to coordinate the new currency with the denominations of the Greek stamps then in use, the Monastic Republix began to print its own postage stamps. The first stamps were issued on July 2, 1991.

*The following denominations were printed:
**M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M9, M11
**δ3, δ6, δ12, δ18, δ24, δ30
**λ2, λ4, λ6, λ7, λ8, λ10, λ13, λ14, λ16, λ18, λ22
*The following postal rates were established:
**1. Internal mail
***a. First class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ2 for 2 oz.; λ2 for each additional 2 oz.
**2. Mail within Europe
***a. First class: λ10 for 2 oz.; λ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***d. Air mail: M1, δ3 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
**3. Mail outside of Europe
***a. First class: M2,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1,δ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: M1,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Air mail: M3 for 2 oz.; M2 for each additional 2 oz.
*The lepta denominations were printed as definitives. Each stamp was square. The design was a white background and a border compony of 20 gold and red as appears on the Monastic Republic’s flag. The denomination’s numeral, along with the symbol λ, was printed in green and filled the white background.
*The other denominations were issued as commemoratives of a larger size than the definitives. As with the definitives, each denomination had the border compony of 20 gold and red. The following illustrations were printed:
**M1 – a painting of the Panagia of Mt. Athos.
**M2 – the Cape Arapis lighthouse.
**M3 – the Museum of Athonite Antiquities.
**M4 – the Xerxes Canal, viewed from the west.
**M5 – the cypress of St. Athanasius.
**M7 – the Mt. Athos Performing Arts Center.
**M9 – the water between Prosforion and Ammouliani showing the ferry boat headed for Ammouliani and other water traffic.
**M11 – the Hospital of the Holy Spirit.
**δ3 – the Holy Mountain.
**δ6 – the government house in Karyes.
**δ12 – the icon of St. Athanasius.
**δ18 – the fishing fleet leaving Ammouliani harbor at dawn.
**δ24 – an olive branch bearing both flowers and fruit.
**δ30 – an evzone at attention in front of the Prosforion government house.
*First-day covers were made available on the first day of issue. Collectors were permitted to order these covers by mail. The collectors were free to request any combination of stamps on the covers that they wished. There was no limit to the amount of first-day covers they could order. These were then sent to the collectors either packaged and uncancelled or through the postal system and cancelled. The Philately Section of the Post Office had to hire extra part-time employees to handle the amount of orders requested.
*The commemorative cachet was of the Holy Mountain from the east, showing the location of the Monastery of St. Athanasius and the Cape Akrothis lighthouse.
*Sets of first-day covers were sent as gifts to a number of heads of states and other prominent officials in Europe.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plosive</title>
    <id>6799</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48059</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-06T08:50:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Stop]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang terminology</title>
    <id>6800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54534</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-11T22:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>switched 'a priori' and 'a posteriori'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[Conlang]]''' stands for '''con'''structed '''lang'''uage, in contrast to '''[[natlang]]''' for '''nat'''ural '''lang'''uage.  Other general terms in use for conlangs in the past, but less popular in recent years, include &quot;artificial language&quot; and &quot;model language&quot;; the latter term was popularized by Jeffrey Henning in the mid-1990s, but seems to have fallen out of general use.

There are various types of conlang:  &lt;!-- material copied, GFDL, from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language, 
to be modified according to local ethos of this wiki, more informal comments than are appropriate in WP --&gt;

*'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_language Engineered languages]''' (''[[engelang]]s'' {{IPA|/ˈendʒlæŋz/}}), further subdivided into '''philosophical languages''', '''logical languages''' (''[[loglang]]s'') and '''experimental languages'''; devised for the purpose of experimentation in logic, philosophy or linguistics.  The term was originated in February 2001 by John Cowan and And Rosta.[http://archives.conlang.info/phi/zelghon/jhaufuersuan.html]
*'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_language Auxiliary languages]''' (''[[auxlang]]s'') &amp;mdash; devised for international communication (also '''IAL'''s, for International Auxiliary Language, or '''conIAL'''s, constructed international auxiliary languages, by contrast with Latin or other natlangs which have been used as IALs)
*'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_language Artistic languages]''' (''[[artlang]]s'') &amp;mdash; devised to create aesthetic pleasure or humorous effect

This classification system grew out of discussions on the [[CONLANG]] mailing list in the late 1990s and early 2000s.  Ray Brown explains it on his web site in terms of the [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/Glosso/Glossopoeia.html &quot;Gnoli triangle&quot;]; many conlangs are not at the vertices of the triangle (pure engelang, auxlang, or artlang) but somewhere along the lines or in the space in the middle.

An older, very basic classification system was applied originally to philosophical languages and auxlangs, but is meaningful for artlangs as well:

*''[[a posteriori]]'' conlangs take their vocabulary from one or more natural languages (even if the grammar is very different from those natlangs)
*''[[a priori]]'' conlangs have vocabulary whose phonological forms were invented from scratch (even if their grammar is strongly influenced by certain natlangs)

Occasionally one sees these terms used to refer to the whether a conlang's grammar is based closely on one or more natlangs; but this is not the most standard use of the terms.  Historically, with the philosophical languages and auxlangs of the late 18th to early 20th centuries, there was probably a close correlation between ''a priori''ness in vocabulary and  ''a priori''ness in grammar and semantics; but with the wider variety of conlangs being developed in recent years, this correlation is not as strong.

Other terms used for describing or classifying conlangs include:

* '''Personal language''', '''hermetic language''', '''''langue close''''' or '''heartlang''', a language someone creates for personal use; the latter two terms emphasize that they try to become fluent in their language to use it in expressing their private thoughts in a way that natlangs or other conlangs aren't suitable for.  Javant Biarujia's [[Taneraic]] is probably the most famous such hermetic language; he coined the term ''langue close'' by analogy with French ''maison close''.  Paul Burgess's [[mna Vanantha]], which he also calls &quot;Hermetic&quot;, was recently discussed at length in Sarah L. Higley's ''Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language''.  The term &quot;heartlang&quot; was coined by Rick Harrison.
*'''Altlang''', a general term for an alternate-history artlang, especially naturalistic diachronically derived artlangs such as:
** '''Romlang''', a naturalistic artlang derived from Vulgar Latin or Proto-Romance; usually set in an alternate history where the Roman Empire's linguistic influence was stronger in some area than it was in our own history.  Andrew Smith's Brithenig is the granddaddy of romlangs.
*'''Lostlang''', a fictional language that is assumed to exist (or once have existed) in a world otherwise the same as our world, being small enough not to make a difference.  The term is derived from the [[League of Lost Languages]], which provides a common framework for such languages.
*'''Fauxlang''', a conlang with the design criteria of an auxlang but without the political goals of an auxlang (&quot;the same thing we do every night, Pinky... try to take over the world!&quot;).  Some fauxlangs are also altlangs, auxlangs created by a fictional serious auxlanger in an alternate history; e.g. Rex May's Texperanto (created by a Zamenhof who immigrated to the Republic of Texas), and Ray Brown's Ελληνικό άνευ Κλίσι, a [[The WHAT|Greek-empire-timeline]] version of Peano's Latine Sine Fleksione.
*'''Taxonomic languages''' are usually engelangs, specifically '''philosophical languages''', where the sequence of phonemes in a word specifies the position of the concept it represents in a taxonomic hierarchy; examples are Ro and John Wilkins' Real Character.
*'''Exolang''', a language spoken by fictional nonhuman aliens, especially if it also violates human language universals.  Quenya is spoken by fictional nonhumans, but probably wouldn't be called an exolang because it looks like a typical human language.  Admired exolangs include Sylvia Sotomayor's [http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php Kēlēn] and Jeffrey Henning's [http://www.langmaker.com/fith.htm Fith].  This term seems to be most used on the Conlang Relay list; elsewhere &quot;alien language&quot; might be more common.
*'''Euroclone''', a term used primarily on the AUXLANG list but also elsewhere, is used generally to refer to auxlangs that more or less resemble Western European models.  Some use the term more restrictively for a narrow set of auxlangs like Interlingua; some a bit more broadly to include more schematic European-based auxlangs like Esperanto and Ido.  The term is pejorative as used by some speakers, particularly those who think an ideal auxlang should be based on worldwide rather than primarily or exclusively European sources.[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0512A&amp;L=AUXLANG&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=13354]
*'''Worldlang''', a term primarily used on the AUXLANG list; sometimes to mean an auxlang intended for global use in contrast to one intended for regional (e.g. Europe only) use, more recently used to refer to auxlangs that take their vocabulary from a variety of natlangs of different language families, not just Western European languages.[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0710B&amp;L=AUXLANG&amp;P=R1153&amp;D=0&amp;T=0]  Some users of the term seem to emphasize globally accessible lowest-common denominator phonology and grammar, as well (e.g., CV syllables with a small phoneme inventory; few or no mandatory inflectional categories).
*'''Hagioglossa''' or '''ritlang''', terms coined on the CONLANG list but rarely used as yet, a conlang devised for religious or ritual purposes (prayer, meditation, worship, etc.)[http://archives.conlang.info/ka/qhuqan/sheinjaulghuen.html]
*'''Planlang''', occasionally proposed as a synonym of &quot;engelang&quot; but scarcely used in that sense, and also (slightly more often but not very often) used as an abbreviation of &quot;planned language&quot;, a common term for auxlangs
*'''Lablang''', occasionally proposed as a synonym of &quot;engelang&quot; but rarely used

These terms are used more descriptively than classificationally:

*'''Sketchlang''', a conlang whose grammar or vocabulary or both is very incomplete; perhaps implying that the creator has no intention of fully developing it
* '''Relex''', a term of criticism saying that someone has naively or unreflectively imitated their native language too closely in creating a conlang.  Many conlangers' first attempts at conlanging are relexes of their native language on one level or another.  Also occasionally called &quot;codes&quot;, &quot;cipherlangs&quot; or &quot;nooblangs&quot;.
* '''[[Kitchen sink conlang]]'''[http://archives.conlang.info/ci/khakei/kuekhoenbhuen.html], a term of criticism saying that someone has thrown in too many features in their conlang without considering how they work together or what the overall ethos of the conlang should be.  Sai Emrys doesn't use the term in his [http://community.livejournal.com/conlangs/339595.html Conlang Evaluation] essay, but he probably has this kind of thing  in mind in saying &quot;Somebody’s been learning new things in Linguistics class again...&quot;  Many conlangers' ''second'' attempts at conlanging are kitchen sink collections of all the neat features they've been reading about lately and the spiffy phonemes they've just learned to pronounce.
* '''Maggelity''', a term used mostly on the CONLANG mailing list[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0207B&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=R13711] to describe the quality of conlangs with extreme degrees of irregularity even beyond what's found in natlangs; from Christophe Grandsire's conlang [[Maggel]] and its baroque orthography and grammar[http://archives.conlang.info/va/fhaerzua/gabhianjian.html].  Also adjective forms '''maggelic''', '''maggelitous''', '''maggelitinous'''.
* '''Etabnannery''', adj. '''etabnanneric''' or '''etabnannimous''': a quality of languages with extremely complex but regular orthography, usually due to retention of archaically phonemic spelling, or spelling that fails to reflect sandhi and other phonological processes.[http://archives.conlang.info/jhau/cuefhei/zhualviaqhian.html]
*'''ANADEW''': Another Natlang Already Did it Even Worse, or Another Natlang Already Did it, Except Worse.  The phenomenon of discovering that a weird, supposedly original feature in your conlang already exists in some natural language.  Also, &quot;anadewism&quot;.[http://www.google.com/search?num=50&amp;hl=en&amp;domains=archives.conlang.info&amp;sitesearch=archives.conlang.info&amp;q=anadewism&amp;btnG=Search&amp;sitesearch=archives.conlang.info]

There are some grammatical or typological terms that are used only with respect to conlangs, or have a different sense with respect to conlangs although they originated in standard linguistics:

*'''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang/Advanced/Grammar/Trigger_languages Trigger languages]''' have an unusual type of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment morphosyntactic alignment] apparently found only in conlangs.  The term, and the way the conlangs work, was apparently inspired by attempts to understand the applicativization systems of Austronesian languages like Tagalog.[http://archives.conlang.info/zo/cuerbho/chanzurvhuan.html]
*'''Oligosynthetic''' languages, where all words are built from a fairly small set of root morphemes, apparently don't exist in the wild but there are a few conlangs of that nature; similarly '''oligoisolating''' languages with a restricted set of root words that don't compound but express more complex meanings through phrases, e.g. [[Toki Pona]].
*'''Correlative''' is a catch-all term used in Esperanto grammar, and sometimes in describing conlangs whose design was influenced by Esperanto, to refer to demonstratives, interrogative and relative pronouns and adverbs, and (especially if they are morphologically related to the aforementioned particles in a given language, as they are in Esperanto) words such as &quot;someone&quot;, &quot;nowhere&quot;, &quot;anyhow&quot;, etc.
*'''[[List of self-segregating morphology methods|Self-segregating morphology]]''' is a quality some auxlangs and many engelangs have whereby one can always tell at a glance where one morpheme or word leaves off and another begins.
*'''Verb-drop''', a term coined by analogy with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-drop_language &quot;pro-drop&quot;], a term for conlangs where the verb can be omitted when it's obvious from the cases or adpositions applied to the nouns in a sentence.

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of self-segregating morphology methods</title>
    <id>6801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56107</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T15:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The list */ more details on tone or stress marking of boundaries, based on 17 Sept 2010 posting to CONLANG by maikxlx</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page is for a list of methods for [[self-segregating morphology]]: ways you can design a [[conlang]] so that morpheme boundaries, or word boundaries, or both, are always obvious and unambigious.

Here are a couple of threads about the topic:

*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0603c&amp;L=auxlang&amp;P=3437 A thread started by Rex May in March 2006] on the AUXLANG mailing list
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0604c&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=1903 A thread started by Jim Henry in April 2006] on the CONLANG mailing list
*[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1009b&amp;L=conlang&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=3079 A thread started by Gary Shannon in September 2010]  on the CONLANG mailing list

== The list ==

# All morphemes are the same length.  E.g., all are one [[syllable]], or perhaps all are two syllables, and the [[phonotactics]] are such that syllable boundaries are unambigious.  Or all morphemes are the same length in terms of segments, e.g. all contain three phonemes (but some may have CVC, some CVV, some VCV etc... so not all have the same number of syllables).  The former type of system is probably easier for humans to parse; the latter, possibly easier for computers.
# A subset of the [[phoneme]]s of the language are designated as an initial set (a), and the rest of the phonemes as the subsequent set (b).  A word must begin with one or more phonemes from the initial set and end with one or more from the subsequent set.  (Tceqli uses this method, with [[plosive]]s and [[fricative]]s in the initial set, and [[vowel]]s, [[nasal]]s and [[liquid]]s in the subsequent set.)   Words might have the forms ab, aab, abb, aaab, abbb, etc., and the morpheme boundaries are wherever a '''b''' phoneme is followed by an '''a''' phoneme.  Some variations of this method are:
## You could divide up the phonological segments into the following classes; a. Segments that can be the first segment of a morpheme, but can't be any non-first segment. b. Segments that can't be the first segment of a morpheme, but can be any non-first segment. Then the morphemes will look like a, ab, abb, abbb, abbbb, ... etc. Morpheme boundaries would occur just previous to each '''a'''.
## You could divide up the phonological segments into the following classes; c. Segments that can be the last segment of a morpheme, but can't be any non-last segment. d. Segments that can't be the last segment of a morpheme, but can be any non-last segment. Then the morphemes will look like c, dc, ddc, dddc, ddddc, ... etc. Morpheme boundaries would occur just after each '''c'''.
## If you require every morpheme to contain at least two segments, you could divide up the phonological segments into the following classes; e. Segments that can be the first or last segment of a morpheme, but can't be any non-first not-last segment. f. Segments that can't be the first nor last segment of a morpheme, but can be any non-first non-last segment. Then the morphemes will look like ee, efe, effe, efffe, effffe, ... etc. (Without the two-segment-minimum, ee might be &quot;e, e&quot; or might be &quot;ee&quot;. Morpheme boundaries would occur just after each '''fe''' and just before each '''ef''', but a string of '''ee''' morphemes would have to be parsed globally; you couldn't tell how to parse it unless you had the whole utterance.
## If you require every morpheme to contain at least two segments you could divide up the phonological segments into the following classes; b. Segments that as before can't be the first segment of a morpheme, but can be any non-first segment. d. Segments that as before can't be the last segment of a morpheme, but can be any non-last segment. Then the morphemes will look like db, ddb, dbb, ddbb, dddb, dddbb, ddbbb, ... etc. Morpheme boundaries would occur just before the '''d''' in '''bd'''.
# A subset of vowels are used only in initial or final syllables, while others are used in others. Konya did this, with /e i o u/ in initial syllables and /a/ in second and subsequent syllables of a polysyllable.  Or one could use pure vowels except in final syllables, which must have a diphthong; or ditto with front and back, or rounded and unrounded, or nasal and oral vowels...
# The initial phoneme indicates the number of syllables to follow (as in Jeff Prothero's Plan B); or indicates the number of phonemes to follow (various forms of Huffman encoding).
# Require the last segment of each morpheme to code the length of the morpheme.  This has the disadvantage of requiring you to parse from the end of an utterance backward.
# All morphemes begin and end in a consonant and have no consonant clusters within them.  A consonant cluster therefore marks a morpheme boundary.
# Inverse of above: all morphemes/words begin and end in vowel, and have no sequences of two vowels within them.  Two vowels in a row mark a morpheme boundary.  (Ilomi uses a variation of this, with two vowels in a row marking a word boundary and /n/ between two vowels marking a morpheme boundary within a compound word.)
# Modification of either of the above methods: To avoid adjacent vowels slurring into diphthongs, or possible difficult consonant clusters at word/morpheme boundaries, reserve a particular consonant (perhaps /?/ or /n/ or /l/) to mark boundaries between VCV... morphemes or a particular vowel (perhaps schwa) to mark boundaries between CVC... morphemes.
# Tone or stress marking to distinguish initial or final syllable from following or preceding ones, and maybe distinguish monosyllables from initial (or final) syllables of polysyllabic words.
## E.g., all morphemes are stressed on the initial syllable (or all on the final syllable).  This requires that all morphemes be at least two syllables long, so probably not desirable if conciseness is a goal.
## Or all monosyllables and the final syllable of polysyllabic morphemes have low tone, while initial/medial syllables of polysyllabic morphemes have high tone (or vice versa).

All the schemes that segregate vowels into initial and non-initial or final and non-final sets, plus those marking boundaries with tone or stress, need to have restricted phonotactics to avoid ambiguity at syllable boundaries.  E.g., if syllables can be (C)V(n), then a sequence like &quot;tánpùníkà&quot; (with acute and grave accents marking high and low tones) could be parsed as &quot;tánpùn-íkà&quot; or as  &quot;tánpù-níkà&quot;, i.e. the syllable patterns could be CVN CVN V CV or possibly CVN CV CV CV.  Making the initial consonant mandatory, or forbidding &quot;n&quot; to occur at the beginning of a syllable (or just at the beginning of a morpheme) would fix that; analogous but more complex problems may occur with any syllable structure that allows optional final consonants.

== Self-segregation at both morpheme and word levels ==

* The Ilomi method mentioned above, with /n/ marking morpheme boundaries within compound words and a sequence of two vowels marking a word boundary; or its consonantal inverse, with CVC... morphemes and a schwa or some such unstressed vowel marking morpheme boundaries within words, consonant clusters marking boundaries between words.
* A variation on the above, with multiple intra-word conjunctions reserved for specifying the particular manner and/or order in which morphemes within a compound modify each other.  There could be high and low precedence joiner morphemes, such that /ipeNahumafi/ could be parsed into /ipe/, /ahu/, and /afi/, and then the joiner morphemes /N/ and /m/ specify that /ahu/ + /afi/ modifies /ipe/ rather than /ipe/ + /ahu/ being modified by /afi/, to avoid ambiguity within compound words.  Or the different joiner morphemes could specify the way the modifier morpheme applies to its head (quality, source, purpose, admixture, equal mixture, etc.); or with a larger set there could be high and low precedence versions of each manner-conjoiner morpheme.[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0512c&amp;L=conlang&amp;I=-3&amp;P=15436]

== Alternatives ==

And Rosta's Livagian uses another method which, though not a self-segregating morphology in the strict sense, partly serves the same purpose with less restriction in the phonological shape of words.  It requires a full knowledge of the lexicon to parse unambiguously, however.  The key is that no actual morpheme must look like a prefix or suffix substring of another actual morpheme.  So, for instance, if in a string &quot;kesumalipe&quot; you recognize &quot;kesu&quot; and &quot;pe&quot; as familiar morphemes, you know that this must be &quot;kesu&quot; followed by &quot;ma li&quot; or &quot;mali&quot; followed by &quot;pe&quot;; the fact that &quot;kesu&quot; is a real morpheme in a language meeting this criterion means that there cannot be another morpheme &quot;kesuma&quot; or &quot;kesumali&quot;, and there can't be any morpheme like &quot;lipe&quot; or &quot;malipe&quot;.  But if you have only learned the phonology of the language and don't know much vocabulary yet, you can't deduce the morpheme boundaries from the phonotactics of the word; you would have to start by looking up &quot;k&quot; in the lexicon, then &quot;ke&quot;, then &quot;kes&quot;, until you find &quot;kesu&quot;; then start looking for &quot;m&quot;, &quot;ma&quot;, etc.

[[Category:Morphology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc</title>
    <id>6802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52779</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-21T21:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Alphabet order */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lantian''' (in language: ''Lánc'') is a constructed fantasy language. It is quite different from English, but its grammar and syntax doesn't differ very much from other Indo-European languages.

: '''''Láncon mór''' (ébšum '''ó Lánc''' wámát) čejnát mór ér. Étérvan émedmo na indo-ewropáryojon móryo vylča, hejunon gramatika ši sintaks vnosum émedmo ét eruke.''

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Language'' || English || Italiano || Deutsch|| Español || Français || Русский || Български || Český || Ελληνικά || Dansk 
|-
| ''Name'' || Lantian || Lanzio || Lanzisch || Láncio || Lancien || Ланцкий || Ланцки || Láncký&lt;br&gt;Láncština || Λαντσικά  || Lantsisk
|-
! ''Language'' || Suomi || Català || Magyar || Lietuvių  || Slovenčina  || Slovenščina || Српски || Latviešu || Українська || Svenska
|- 
| ''Name'' || Laantsen kieli || Lanzià || Lánc nyelv || Ląncų kalba || Lancčina || Láncščina || Ланцки || Lāncu valoda || Ланцька || Lantsiska 
|-
! ''Language'' || Polski || Hrvatski || Nederlands
|-
| ''Name'' || Lancski || Lancki || Laantsisch
|}

==Introduction==
Lantian is written with the Latin alphabet, with some letters modified to adapt to its phonetic conformation. The distinction between ''long and short vowels'' has a great importance. Most evidently it has an ''SOV'' shape, i.e. the verb comes at the end of its sentence, after subject and object. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns make an extensive use of ''cases'' to show their syntatical role inside the sentences. Also the verbs make an extensive use of ''subjunctive'' and ''optative'' moods, instead of ''conditional'', and participles have great relevance. In verbs each person has its own verbal ending and personal subject pronouns are not mandatorily required.

==Phonology==

{{main|Lánc phonology}}

===Basical pronounce===
The pronounce is simple and clear. For every letter corresponds only one sound, and they are always pronounced, even if at the end of the words. Vowels must be pronounced clearly, paying attention for the distinction between long and short vowels. There is not reduction, as stress is usually fixed on the first syllable of the words and it's weak.

* '''''a''''' = like '''a''' in ''father''
* '''''á''''' = like '''a''' in ''father'', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''b''''' = as in English
* '''''c''''' = like '''ts''' or '''tz''' as in ''Tzigane''
* '''''č''''' = always like '''ch''' in ''church''
* '''''d''''' = as in English
* '''''dž''''' = an unique sound, as '''g''' in ''George'' or '''j''' in ''join''
* '''''e''''' = like '''e''' in ''men'' (close-mid front unrounded vowel)
* '''''é''''' = like '''e''' in ''men'', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''f''''' = as in English
* '''''g''''' = always like '''g''' in ''get''
* '''''h''''' = like '''ch''' of Scottish ''loch''
* '''''i''''' = always like '''ee''' in ''meet''
* '''''í''''' = always like '''ee''' in ''meet'', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''j''''' = always like '''y''' in ''you''
* '''''k''''' = as in English
* '''''l''''' = always like '''l''' in ''lane''
* '''''m''''' = as in English
* '''''n''''' = as in English
* '''''o''''' = like '''o''' in ''rock'' 
* '''''ó''''' = like '''o''' in ''rock'', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''p''''' = as in English
* '''''r''''' = rolled Italian/Spanish-like '''r'''
* '''''s''''' = as in English, but can only be '''unvoiced'''
* '''''š''''' = like '''sh''' in ''shop''
* '''''t''''' = as in English
* '''''u''''' = like '''u''' in ''put''
* '''''ú''''' = like '''u''' in ''put'', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''v''''' = as in English
* '''''y''''' = a vowel pronounced with a sound between [i] and [u].
* '''''ý''''' = as the '''y''', but pronunced twice longer
* '''''w''''' = as in English
* '''''z''''' = as '''s''' in ''rose''
* '''''ž''''' = as '''j''' in French ''journal''

==Nouns==
Nouns have no genre, as in English, but they flect according for '''number''' and '''case'''. The case show the role the word plays in sentences. In English it is shown by the position of the word within its sentence, but here nouns are flected by adding some endings to their root. 

The root of a name usually is the nominative singular form.

There are 8 cases, and their main roles:
* '''Nominative''': it plays the role of the ''subject''.
* '''Genitive''': it shows ''possession'', proper or indirect.
* '''Dative''': it plays the role of the ''indirect object''.
* '''Accusative''': it plays the role of the ''indirect object''
* '''Instrumental''': it has many roles, the main one is that of preposition ''with''.
* '''Locative''': it shows the ''static position''.
* '''Adlative''': it shows the ''destination'' of a movement.
* '''Delative''': it shows the ''origin'' of a movement.

For number, nouns flect in singular, plural and '''dual''' forms. The dual number indicates a pair of things. It has a lesser number of endings, only four, with consonant and vowel counteparts.

===Declension===
There are two separated declension patterns, one for the nouns which end in consonant, and one for the nouns which end in vowel.

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Singular
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative || - || -
|-
| Genitive || -u || -w
|-
| Dative || -a || -ja
|-
| Accusative || -o || -wo
|-
| Instrumental || -en || -jen
|-
| Locative || -ot || -jot
|-
| Adlative || -ás || -jás
|-
| Delative || -ád || -jád
|}

If a noun already ends with '''-u''', the genitive ending in the singular melds with this vowel and becomes '''-ú'''.

* mázu (''house'') ‣ mázú

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative || -y || -j
|-
| Genitive || -yw || -ju
|-
| Dative || -ya || -jay
|-
| Accusative || -yo || -joy
|-
| Instrumental || -yen || -jeyn
|-
| Locative || -yt || -jyt
|-
| Adlative || -ýs || -jýs
|-
| Delative || -ýd || -jýd
|}

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Dual
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative&lt;br&gt;Accusative || -et || -t
|-
| Genitive&lt;br&gt;Dative&lt;br&gt;Adlative|| -etu || -ču
|-
| Instrumental&lt;br&gt;Delative&lt;br&gt;|| -etyn || -čyn
|-
| Locative || -ec || -ciw
|}

:'''''Examples''''':

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''stuv = village, town''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || stuv || stuv'''y'''|| stuv'''et'''
|-
| Genitive || stuv'''u''' || stuv'''yw'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Dative || stuv'''a''' || stuv'''ya'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Accusative || stuv'''o''' || stuv'''yo'''|| stuv'''et'''
|-
| Instrumental || stuv'''en''' || stuv'''yen'''|| stuv'''etyn'''
|-
| Locative || stuv'''ot''' || stuv'''yt'''|| stuv'''ec'''
|-
| Adlative || stuv'''ás''' || stuv'''ýs'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Delative || stuv'''ád''' || stuv'''ýd'''|| stuv'''etyn'''
|}

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''mila = woman''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || mila || mila'''j'''|| mila'''t'''
|-
| Genitive || mila'''w''' || mila'''ju'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Dative || mila'''ja''' || mila'''jay'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Accusative || mila'''wo''' || mila'''joy'''|| mila'''t'''
|-
| Instrumental || mila'''jen''' || mila'''jeyn'''|| mila'''čyn'''
|-
| Locative || mila'''jot''' || mila'''jyt'''|| mila'''ciw'''
|-
| Adlative || mila'''jás''' || mila'''jýs'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Delative || mila'''jád''' || mila'''jýd'''|| mila'''čyn'''
|}

====Palatalized declension====

Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel declension pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes ''palatalization'', except for the nominative, genitive and accusative in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''krís = king''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || krís|| kriš'''y'''|| krís'''et'''
|-
| Genitive || krís'''u''' || kriš'''u'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Dative || kriš'''a''' || kriš'''ay'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Accusative || krís'''wo''' || kriš'''oy'''|| krís'''et'''
|-
| Instrumental || kriš'''en''' || kriš'''eyn'''|| krís'''etyn'''
|-
| Locative || kriš'''ot''' || kriš'''yt'''|| krís'''ec'''
|-
| Adlative || kriš'''ás''' || kriš'''ýs'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Delative || kriš'''ád''' || kriš'''ýd'''|| krís'''etyn'''
|}

Other nouns which undergo palatalization are: '''ák''' (''water'' ‣ plur. ačy), '''héd''' (''mother'' ‣ plur. hedžy), '''lók''' (''head'' ‣ plur. ločy), '''nát''' (''father'' ‣ plur. načy), '''pýk''' (''fire'' ‣ plur. pyčy), '''úk''' (''name'' ‣ plur. učy)

====Nasalized declension====
A very few nouns, ending with a vowel in nominative singular, adds an '''-n-''' or an '''-m-''' in the other cases, and follow a special declension, mixed between the vowel and consonant declension.

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''ílu = snow''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || ílu|| ílu'''my'''|| ílu'''met'''
|-
| Genitive || ílu'''mu''' || ílu'''mju'''|| ílu'''metu'''
|-
| Dative || ílu'''ma''' || ílu'''mjay'''|| ílu'''metu'''
|-
| Accusative || ílu'''mo''' || ílu'''mjoy'''|| ílu'''met'''
|-
| Instrumental || ílu'''men''' || ílu'''mjeyn'''|| ílu'''metyn'''
|-
| Locative || ílu'''mot''' || ílu'''mjyt'''|| ílu'''mec'''
|-
| Adlative || ílu'''más''' || ílu'''mjýs'''|| ílu'''metu'''
|-
| Delative || ílu'''mád''' || ílu'''mjýd'''|| ílu'''metyn'''
|}

Other nouns which add a nasal consonant are: '''béčo''' (''kiss'' ‣ plur. béčomy), '''núrma''' (''rule'' ‣ plur. núrmany), '''púne''' (''dress'' ‣ plur. púnemy), '''pwo''' (''seed'' ‣ plur. pwomy)

====Initials' declension====
Some nouns are expressed by initials, as abbreviations of a multi-word name, like '''NMA''' (Núčelačy Mjáwej Amerikaw, ''United States of America''), or '''EN''' (Ewropár Núčeltjám, ''European Union''). They are often pronounced as initials, also in spoken language, and they decline according to the pronounce of their last letter:

{| {{prettytable}}
!Case
!EN
!NMA
|-
| Nominative || EN || NMA
|-
| Genitive || EN'''-u''' || NMA'''-ju'''
|-
| Dative || EN'''-a''' || NMA'''-jay'''
|-
| Accusative || EN'''-o''' || NMA'''-joy'''
|-
| Instrumental || EN'''-en''' || NMA'''-jeyn'''
|-
| Locative || EN'''-ot''' || NMA'''-jyt'''
|-
| Adlative || EN'''-ás''' || NMA'''-jýs'''
|-
| Delative || EN'''-ád''' || NMA'''-jýd'''
|}

They are pronounced as a single name: ''in the USA'' - '''onyt NMA-jyt''' {{IPA|[onɨt enemajɨt]}}

 ''Note'': '''Núčelačy Mjáwej Amerikaw''' is plural, and its initials '''NMA''' remain plural too

==Article==
There is only the form for the definite article (''the''): '''ó'''. It has to be declined according to its noun.

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4| ''ó = the''
|-
! Case||Singular||Plural ||Dual
|-
| Nominative || ó || ony || ont
|-
| Genitive || onu || onju || onču
|-
| Dative || ona || onja || onču
|-
| Accusative || ono || onjo || ont
|-
| Instrumental || onen || onjen || ontyn
|-
| Locative || onot || onyt || onec
|-
| Adlative || onás || onýs || onču
|-
| Delative || onád || onýd || ontyn
|}

:''For the article usage, see [[Lánc syntax#Article usage|Lantian syntax page]]

==Adjectives==
The adjectives must agree with their nouns in number and case, but only in attributive position. In prepositive position adjectives are not declined:

* Attributive position: ''nom.'': dén mila (''a good woman''), ''gen.'': dénu milaw (''of a good woman'')
* Prepositive position: ó mila dén ér (''the woman is good''), ony milaj dén eruk (''the women are good'')

===Declension===

The adjectival declension follows the nominal declension's pattern, with the distinction between consonant and vowel endings. Adjectives always come before their nouns, except for participles, that can occur after.

If the adjective comes before a nouns which is definited, it melds with the article, and it uses the '''''definite adjectival declension'''''. 

* Dén mila: ''a good woman''
* Dénon mila: ''the good woman''
* Dényenon milajeyn: ''with the good women''

Here there are samples from two adjectives:

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''dén = good''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || dén'''on''' || dény'''jon'''|| dénet'''on'''
|-
| Genitive || dénu'''n''' || dényw'''on'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Dative || déna'''n''' || dénya'''jon'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Accusative || déno'''n''' || dényo'''jon'''|| dénet'''on'''
|-
| Instrumental || dénen'''on''' || dényen'''on'''|| dénetyn'''on'''
|-
| Locative || dénot'''on''' || dényt'''on'''|| dénec'''on'''
|-
| Adlative || dénás'''on''' || dénýs'''on'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Delative || dénád'''on''' || dénýd'''on'''|| dénetyn'''on'''
|}

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''pana = high''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || pana'''n''' || panaj'''on'''|| panat'''on'''
|-
| Genitive || panaw'''on''' || panaju'''n'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Dative || panaja'''n''' || panajay'''n'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Accusative || panawo'''n''' || panajoy'''n'''|| panat'''on'''
|-
| Instrumental || panajen'''on''' || panajeyn'''on'''|| panačyn'''on'''
|-
| Locative || panajot'''on''' || panajyt'''on'''|| panaciw'''on'''
|-
| Adlative || panajás'''on''' || panajýs'''on'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Delative || panajád'''on''' || panajýd'''on'''|| panačyn'''on'''
|}

If the adjective falls after the noun, it never use the definite declension, and the article appears before the noun:

* ó mila okeláv = ''the woman who loved''

Adjectives, indicating a quality of a person, can be used alone without a substantive, as nouns. In this case they are treated like nouns and don't adopt the definite adjectival declension.

* ''the poor men'': fedenyjon mony
* ''the poor people'': ony fedeny.

===Comparison===

There are two degrees of comparison: the ''comparative'' form and the ''superlative'' form:

They are formed by adding prefixes to the normal form of the adjective:
*Comparative: add '''pu-''' (mantaining the ''-''): dén ‣ '''pu-dén'''
*Superlative: add '''saj-''' (mantaining the ''-''): dén ‣ '''saj-dén'''

The second term of the comparison for comparative form is introduced by ''ča'':
* lak mila pu-méra '''ča''' šik ér: ''this woman is more beautiful than that one''

==Pronouns==

===Personal===
These are the forms of personal pronouns:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Case !! I !! You (thou) || He || She || It
|-
| Nom. || kí || to || za || hí || héj
|-
| Gen. || kiju || tow || zaw || hiju || heju
|-
| Dat. || kija || toja || zaja || hija|| heja
|-
| Acc. || kijo || tó || zao || hijo || hejo
|-
| Instr. || kijen || tojen || zajen || hijen || hejen
|-
| Loc. || kijot || tojot || zajot || hijot || hejot
|-
| Adl. || kijás || tojás || zajás || hijás || hejás 
|-
| Del. || kijád || tojád || zajád || hijád || hejád 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Case !! We !! You (plur.) || They (m) || They (f) || They (mixed)
|-
| Nom. || vój || rí || zí || bí || mí
|-
| Gen. || voju || riju || ziju || biju || miju
|-
| Dat. || vojay || rijay || zijay || bijay || mijay
|-
| Acc. || vojo || rijo || zijo || bijo || mijo
|-
| Instr. || vojen || rijen || zijen || bijen || mijen
|-
| Loc. || vojyt || rijyt || zijyt || bijyt || mijyt
|-
| Adl. || vojýs || rijýs || zijýs || bijýs || mijýs 
|-
| Del. || vojýd || rijýd || zijýd || bijýd || mijýd 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Case !! We two !! You two || They two 
|-
| Nom. || vóje || rije || mije
|-
| Gen. || vojču || ríjču || mijču
|-
| Dat. || vojču || ríjču || mijču
|-
| Acc. || voje || rije || mije
|-
| Instr. || vojčyn || rijčyn || mijčyn
|-
| Loc. || vojciw || rijciw || mijciw
|-
| Adl. || vojču || ríjču || mijču 
|-
| Del. || vojčyn || rijčyn || mijčyn
|}

The second person in plural form ('''rí''') is also used as a polite form, when someone talks with another unknown person.

===Possessive===
Possessive adjectives/pronouns are built by adding to the genitival form of personal pronoun a '''-n''', and then they decline as an adjective.

* kí (''I'') ‣ kiju (''of me'') ‣ kijun (''my, mine'') 
* za (''he'') ‣ zaw (''of him'') ‣ zawn (''his'') 

Possessive adjectives can adopt the definite adjectival declension, differently from English. The article is not used before parental nouns ('''nát''' (father), '''héd''' (mother), etc..).

* ''My name is Mark'': Kijunon úk Mark ér.
* ''I talked to your mother'': Towna hedža malževu.

===Reflexive===
There is only one form of reflexive pronoun, meaning that the expressed action falls on the subject of the action itself. The pronoun declines for cases and number (singular, plural and dual).

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Case !! Singular !! Plural || Dual
|-
| Nom. || (sí) || (sí) || (sije)
|-
| Gen. || siju || sijyw || sijču
|-
| Dat. || sija || sijay || sijču
|-
| Acc. || sijo || sijoy || sije
|-
| Instr. || sijen || sijeyn || sijčyn
|-
| Loc. || sijot || sijyt || sijciw
|-
| Adl. || sijás || sijýs || sijču 
|-
| Del. || sijád || sijýd || sijčyn
|}

The reflexive pronoun is the same for all grammatical persons, and reflects the action of the verb on the subject:

* ''I wash myself'' ‣ sijo míču
* ''She cuts herself'' ‣ sijo vwéžev
* ''Do they like themselves?'' ‣ sijay málek?

From the genitive it can be built three reflexive possessive pronoun, '''sijun''', '''sijywn''', '''sijčun''', which imply that the subject and the possessor are the same. Although they can be used with every personal pronoun, their use has been limited in time to the third persons:

* ''She watches her own home'': hí sijunon mázuwo sélve
* ''They washed their own cars'': sijywnyjon awtojoy míjevek

Using the other possessive pronouns indicates that the possessor and the subject aren't the same:

* hí sijuno monsono kele: ''she loves her own hubsand''
* hí hijuno monsono kele: ''she loves her (of another woman) husband''

===Relative===
These are the forms of the relative pronoun:

{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''ksé = that, which, who''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || ksé || kší || kset
|-
| Genitive || ksew || kšú || kseču
|-
| Dative || kšá || kšáy || kseču
|-
| Accusative || ksewo || kšóy || kset
|-
| Instrumental || kšén || kšéyn || ksečyn
|-
| Locative || kšót || kšýt || kseciw
|-
| Adlative || kšás || kšýs || kseču
|-
| Delative || kšád || kšýd || ksečyn
|}

These forms are used more rarely than in English, because in relative sentences participles are more actively used.

===Interrogative===
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''má = what''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || má || maj || mjet
|-
| Genitive || maw || mju || mječu
|-
| Dative || maja || mjay || mječu
|-
| Accusative || mó || mjoy || mjet
|-
| Instrumental || mén || mjeyn || mječyn
|-
| Locative || mjot || mjyt || mjeciw
|-
| Adlative || mjás || mjýs || mječu
|-
| Delative || mjád || mjýd || mječyn
|}


{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''mé = who''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || mé || mej || mejet
|-
| Genitive || mew || meju || meječu
|-
| Dative || meja || mejay || meječu
|-
| Accusative || mewo || mejoy || mejet
|-
| Instrumental || mejen || mejeyn || meječyn
|-
| Locative || mejot || mejyt || mejeciw
|-
| Adlative || mejás || mejýs || meječu
|-
| Delative || mejád || mejýd || meječyn
|}

'''Interrogative pronoun/adjective''' (they are declined):

* ''Which'': máke
* ''How much'': móse

'''Indeclinable pronouns''':

* ''How'': swé
* ''Where'' (status): swot
* ''Where'' (motion): swás
* ''From where'' (status): swád
* ''When'': swíz
* ''Why'': méske

==Numbers==
Numbers are treated like adverbs. They don't decline, except for '''nók''', ''one'' (''dat.'': '''noča''', it has no plural forms), which also means ''unique''.

{|
! Number || Name
|-
| 1 || nók
|-
| 2 || džis
|-
| 3 || klik
|-
| 4 || pali
|-
| 5 || majt
|-
| 6 || šuk
|-
| 7 || poč
|-
| 8 || vát
|-
| 9 || lém
|-
| 10 || tóčy
|}

Numbers from 11 to 19 are built by adding '''-af-''' (''on'') + '''-tóč''' (a simplified form of 10) to the primary numbers:

{|
! Number || Name 
|-
| 11 || nó'''č'''aftóč
|-
| 12 || džisaftóč
|-
| 13 || klikaftóč
|-
| 14 || pal'''j'''aftóč
|-
| 15 || majtaftóč
|-
| 16 || šukaftóč
|-
| 17 || počaftóč
|-
| 18 || vátaftóč
|-
| 19 || lémaftóč
|}

The only two irregularities are '''bolded'''.

Names of tens are built by simply adding '''-tóč''' (a simplified form of 10) to the primary numbers:

{|
! Number || Name 
|-
| 20 || džistóč
|-
| 30 || kliktóč
|-
| 40 || palitóč
|-
| 50 || majttóč
|-
| 60 || šuktóč
|-
| 70 || počtóč
|-
| 80 || váttóč
|-
| 90 || lémtóč
|}

Other numbers are:

{|
! Number || Name 
|-
| 100 || tóček 
|-
| 200 || džistóček
|-
| 300 || kliktóček
|-
| 1,000 || pastó 
|-
| 2,000 || džispastó
|-
| 3,000 || klikpastó
|-
| 1,000,000 || miljón 
|-
| 1,000,000,000 || miljárd 
|}

'''Miljón''' and '''miljárd''' are treated and declined like nouns (''plur.'' miljóny, miljárdy). After them nouns are declined in ''genitive case'':

- ''The Sun is one hundred fifty millions kilometres from Earth'': Ó Lós vašwate tóček majttóč miljárdyo kilométryw ód ono Páno.

The '''ordinal numbers''' are formed by adding the ending '''''-ov''''' to the numbers. There are some irregularities: 

{|
! Number || Name
|-
| 1 || nó'''č'''ov
|-
| 2 || džisov
|-
| 3 || klikov
|-
| 4 || pal'''j'''ov
|-
| 5 || majtov
|-
| 6 || šukov
|-
| 7 || počov
|-
| 8 || vátov
|-
| 9 || lémov
|-
| 10 || tó'''č'''ov
|-
| 11 || nóčaftóčov
|-
| 20 || džistóč
|-
| 100 || tóč'''k'''ov
|-
| 1,000 || pastóv
|-
| 1,000,000 || miljónov
|}

In composed numbers, the ending is added only on the last number:

- 2,602,094th: miljónet šuktóček džispastó lémtóč paljov

==Adverbs==
There is a small number of original adverbs, without a clear etimologic origin. Some adverbs are fixed forms from declined nouns:

* ''tomorrow'': tefadžo (from fád, ''day'')

Most adverbs come from adjectives. They are formed by adding the suffix '''-(j)um''' to the adjective:

* ''good'': dén ‣ ''well'': dénum
* ''human'': čésár ‣ ''humanly'': čésárum

==Verbs==
Verbs have a rich system of conjugation. There are one infinitival form, 3 participles, 4 moods and at least 5 tenses in the indicative mood. Verbs do conjugate according to the person, with different endings for each person, in singular, plural and dual. Each form has a passive counterpart, because there is a separated passive conjugation.

Verbs are divided in two conjugation patterns, depending on their infinitival endings:
* 1st conjugation = '''-uč'''
* 2nd conjugation = '''-or'''

By dropping these endings we'll get the verbal root, basis of verbal conjugation.

===Infinitive===
This is the infinitival form, that you'll find in dictionaries.

We'll use two sample verbs, to show the conjugation:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! to Love
! to Eat
|-
|Keluč
|Setor
|}

===Participles===
Verbs have three participles: present participle, past participle, and future participle, which doesn't exist in English, but express the same meaning of the other two participles but in the future. 

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| kel'''áv''' || '''o'''kel'''áv''' || '''te'''kel'''áv'''
|-
| set'''áv''' || '''o'''set'''áv''' || '''te'''set'''áv'''
|}

The past participle has an active meaning; '''osetáv''' doesn't mean ''that has been eaten'', but ''which has eaten''.

The vowel in the ''-áv'' ending gets short when declined:

* nom. keláv (''loving'') ‣ gen. kelavu (''of loving'')

Participles are very important in the construction of relative sentences.

===Indicative===
The indicative mood is the mood of reality, that shows happenings, tales, indications, etc. It has 5 tenses. Two tenses are simple, three tenses add prefixes.

====Present====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''u''' || set'''u'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''uc''' || set'''ec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''e''' || set'''e'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''un''' || set'''en'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''uj''' || set'''ej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''uk''' || set'''ek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''une''' || set'''ene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''uje''' || set'''eje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''uke''' || set'''eke'''
|}

====Past====
The past tense marks an action, occured in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-uv-''' for the 1st conjugation or '''-ev''' for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''uvu''' || set'''evu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''uvec''' || set'''evec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''uv''' || set'''ev'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''uven''' || set'''even'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''uvej''' || set'''evej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''uvek''' || set'''evek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''uvene''' || set'''evene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''uveje''' || set'''eveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''uveke''' || set'''eveke'''
|}

====Future====
The future tense marks an action, which will occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-us-''' for the 1st conjugation or '''-es''' for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''usu''' || '''te'''set'''esu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''usec''' || '''te'''set'''esec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''use''' || '''te'''set'''ese'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''usen''' || '''te'''set'''esen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''usej''' || '''te'''set'''esej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''usek''' || '''te'''set'''esek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''usene''' || '''te'''set'''esene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''useje''' || '''te'''set'''eseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''useke''' || '''te'''set'''eseke'''
|}

====Plusquamperfect====
The plusquamperfect tense marks an action, occured in the past of another past action. It is formed by adding the prefix '''o(k)-''' to the forms of the past tense.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''o'''kel'''uvu''' || '''o'''set'''evu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''o'''kel'''uvec''' || '''o'''set'''evec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''o'''kel'''uv''' || '''o'''set'''ev'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''o'''kel'''uven''' || '''o'''set'''even'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''o'''kel'''uvej''' || '''o'''set'''evej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''o'''kel'''uvek''' || '''o'''set'''evek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''o'''kel'''uvene''' || '''o'''set'''evene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''o'''kel'''uveje''' || '''o'''set'''eveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''o'''kel'''uveke''' || '''o'''set'''eveke'''
|}

====Future in the past====
The future in the past tense marks an action, occured in the future of another past action.  It is formed by adding the prefix '''o(k)-''' to the forms of the future tense.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''o'''tekelusu || '''o'''tesetesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''o'''tekelusec || '''o'''tesetesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''o'''tekeluse || '''o'''tesetese
|-
| 1st plu. || '''o'''tekelusen || '''o'''tesetesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''o'''tekelusej || '''o'''tesetesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''o'''tekelusek || '''o'''tesetesek
|-
| 1st dual || '''o'''tekelusene || '''o'''tesetesene
|-
| 2nd dual || '''o'''tekeluseje || '''o'''teseteseje
|-
| 3rd dual || '''o'''tekeluseke || '''o'''teseteseke
|}

===Subjunctive===
The subjunctive mood is the mood of doubt, uncertainty, possibility, etc. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Subjunctive is marked by the infixed vowel '''-a-''', which replaces the '''-e/u-''' alternance in the indicative.

====Present====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ac''' || set'''ac'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''an''' || set'''an'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''aj''' || set'''aj'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ak''' || set'''ak'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ane''' || set'''ane'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''aje''' || set'''aje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ake''' || set'''ake'''
|}

====Past====
The past tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-av-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''avu''' || set'''avu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''avec''' || set'''avec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''av''' || set'''av'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''aven''' || set'''aven'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''avej''' || set'''avej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''avek''' || set'''avek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''avene''' || set'''avene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''aveje''' || set'''aveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''aveke''' || set'''aveke'''
|}

====Future====
The future tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-as-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''asu''' || '''te'''set'''asu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''asec''' || '''te'''set'''asec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''ase''' || '''te'''set'''ase'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''asen''' || '''te'''set'''asen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''asej''' || '''te'''set'''asej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''asek''' || '''te'''set'''asek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''asene''' || '''te'''set'''asene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''aseje''' || '''te'''set'''aseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''aseke''' || '''te'''set'''aseke'''
|}

===Optative===
The optative is the mood of whish, probability, will. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Optative is marked by the infixed vowel '''-i-''', which replaces the '''-e/u-''' alternance in the indicative.

====Present====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''i''' || set'''i'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ic''' || set'''ic'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''i''' || set'''i'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''in''' || set'''in'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ij''' || set'''ij'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ik''' || set'''ik'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ine''' || set'''ine'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''ije''' || set'''ije'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ike''' || set'''ike'''
|}

====Past====
The past tense marks a wish, a probability, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-iv-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''ivu''' || set'''ivu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ivec''' || set'''ivec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''iv''' || set'''iv'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''iven''' || set'''iven'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ivej''' || set'''ivej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ivek''' || set'''ivek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ivene''' || set'''ivene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''iveje''' || set'''iveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''iveke''' || set'''iveke'''
|}

====Future====
The future tense marks a wish, a probability, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-is-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''isu''' || '''te'''set'''isu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''isec''' || '''te'''set'''isec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''ise''' || '''te'''set'''ise'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''isen''' || '''te'''set'''isen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''isej''' || '''te'''set'''isej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''isek''' || '''te'''set'''isek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''isene''' || '''te'''set'''isene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''iseje''' || '''te'''set'''iseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''iseke''' || '''te'''set'''iseke'''
|}

===Imperative===
The imperative mood is the mood of orders. It has only one tense with special endings.

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || - || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel || set
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''jen''' || set'''jen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ač''' || set'''ač'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ak''' || set'''ak'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''jene''' || set'''jene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''ače''' || set'''ače'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ake''' || set'''ake'''
|}

If the root already ends with -{{IPA|[j]}}, one of them falls by adding the 1st plural and dual endings: 

* verb ''to go'', '''rokor''', verbal root: ''rój-'' ‣ '''rójen''' (''let's go''), '''rójene''' (dual form)

===Passive declension===
Verbs form their passive counterparts by adding a suffix, not as in English. So there is a separated passive declension:

* ''He opens the door'': ono erkowo pále
* ''The door is opened by him'': ó erko zajen pále'''s'''

The passive form is formed by adding the suffix '''-s''' after a vowel, and '''-is''' after a consonant.

Examples: The present tense:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kelu'''s''' || setu'''s'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || keluc'''is''' || setec'''is'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kele'''s''' || sete'''s'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kelun'''is''' || seten'''is'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || keluj'''is''' || setej'''is'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || keluk'''is''' || setek'''is'''
|-
| 1st dual || kelune'''s''' || setene'''s'''
|-
| 2nd dual || keluje'''s''' || seteje'''s'''
|-
| 3rd dual || keluke'''s''' || seteke'''s'''
|}

The agent of the passive sentence is expressed by the ''instrumental case'':

* ''The pen was broken by his mother'': ó poljasma '''zawnen hedžen''' okrujzuvis

Participles takes different endings to form their passive counterparts:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| kel'''át''' || '''o'''kel'''át''' || '''te'''kel'''át'''
|-
| set'''át''' || '''o'''set'''át''' || '''te'''set'''át'''
|}

They follow the declension of palatalizated nouns with vowel shortening of the final vowel:

* osetát (''eaten'') ‣ osetačy (plur.)

===Verb Ervuč (to Be)===
The verb '''ervuč''' (''to Be'') is irregular. These are its forms:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || eru || ervu || tekersu || okervu || otekersu
|-
| 2nd sing. || erc || ervec || tekersec  || okervec || otekersec
|-
| 3rd sing. || ér || erev  || tekerse  || okerev || otekerse
|-
| 1st plu. || ern || erven || tekersen  || okerven || otekersen
|-
| 2nd plu. || ery || ervej || tekersej  || okervej || otekersej
|-
| 3rd plu. || eruk || ervek || tekersek  || okervek || otekersek
|-
| 1st dual || erne || ervene || tekersene  || okervene || otekersene
|-
| 2nd dual || erje || erveje  || tekerseje  || okerveje || otekerseje
|-
| 3rd dual || eruke || erveke || tekerseke  || okerveke || otekerseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || era || eravu || tekerasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || erac || eravec || tekerasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || era || erav  || tekerase 
|-
| 1st plu. || eran || eraven || tekerasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || eraj || eravej || tekerasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || erak || eravek || tekerasek 
|-
| 1st dual || erane || eravene || tekerasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || eraje || eraveje  || tekeraseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || erake || eraveke || tekeraseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || eri || erivu || tekerisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || eric || erivec || tekerisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || eri || eriv  || tekerise 
|-
| 1st plu. || erin || eriven || tekerisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || erij || erivej || tekerisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || erik || erivek || tekerisek 
|-
| 1st dual || erine || erivene || tekerisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || erije || eriveje  || tekeriseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || erike || eriveke || tekeriseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || ér  
|-
| 3rd sing. || era 
|-
| 1st plu. || erjen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || érč 
|-
| 3rd plu. || erak 
|-
| 1st dual || erjene 
|-
| 2nd dual || erče 
|-
| 3rd dual || erake 
|}

The participles are:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| eráv || okeráv || tekeráv
|}

===Verb Esor (to Have)===
The verb '''esor''' (''to Have'') is irregular. These are its forms:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || esu || esvu || tekesesu || okesvu || otekesesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || esec || esvec || tekesesec  || okesvec || otekesesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || és || esev  || tekesese  || okesev || otekesese
|-
| 1st plu. || esn || esven || tekesesen  || okesven || otekesesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || esy || esvej || tekesesej  || okesvej || otekesesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || esuk || esvek || tekesesek  || okesvek || otekesesek
|-
| 1st dual || esne || esvene || tekesesene  || okesvene || otekesesene
|-
| 2nd dual || esje || esveje  || tekeseseje  || okesveje || otekeseseje
|-
| 3rd dual || esuke || esveke || tekeseseke  || okesveke || otekeseseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || esa || esavu || tekesasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || esac || esavec || tekesasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || esa || esav  || tekesase 
|-
| 1st plu. || esan || esaven || tekesasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || esaj || esavej || tekesasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || esak || esavek || tekesasek 
|-
| 1st dual || esane || esavene || tekesasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || esaje || esaveje  || tekesaseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || esake || esaveke || tekesaseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || esi || esivu || tekesisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || esic || esivec || tekesisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || esi || esiv  || tekesise 
|-
| 1st plu. || esin || esiven || tekesisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || esij || esivej || tekesisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || esik || esivek || tekesisek 
|-
| 1st dual || esine || esivene || tekesisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || esije || esiveje  || tekesiseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || esike || esiveke || tekesiseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || és  
|-
| 3rd sing. || esa 
|-
| 1st plu. || esjen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || esač 
|-
| 3rd plu. || esak 
|-
| 1st dual || esjene 
|-
| 2nd dual || esače 
|-
| 3rd dual || esake 
|}

The participles are:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| esáv || okesáv || tekesáv
|}

The most important feature of this verb is that its behaviour is different from its English countepart's one. The possession is expressed by another construction: The owned object is in the ''nominative case'' (i.e. it becomes the sentence's subject), then the verbs agree with it and the owner is declined in ''dative case''. This occurs both for proper or aquired possession.

* Lók bányajon čésya és: ''All human beings have a head'' (lit.: A head to all human beings has)
* Poljasma kija és: ''I have a pen'' (lit.: A pen to me has)

===Conjugation tables===
{{seealso|Lánc conjugation tables}}

==Word formation==

===Noun → Noun===

* To form a noun which refers to someone who sells something, the ending '''-jaš''' is added. This ending could palatalize the last consonant of palatalizable nouns, losing the [j]:

- Tále (''book'') ‣ tálejaš (''bookseller'')

* To form a noun which refers to the place, where something is sold, the ending '''-(o)rám''' (from ''rámek'', shop) is added:

- Tále (''book'') ‣ tálerám (''bookshop'')

* To form a noun which refers to place where a certain person has a power, linked with his/her title, the ending '''-pót''' is added. This ending could palatalize the last consonant of palatalizable nouns. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-dom''.

- Krís (''king'') ‣ krišpót (''kingdom'')

===Noun → Adjective===
* One of the most common endings to turn a noun into its corrispective adjective is '''-ár'''. If the noun already ends with ''-r'', the ending changes in '''-ál'''. When attached to a noun which usually undergoes palatalization with vowel shortening, these phenomena occur.

- čés (''human being'') ‣ čésár (''human'')&lt;br&gt;
- úk (''noun'') ‣ učár (''nominal'')&lt;br&gt;
- výr (''world'') ‣ výrál (''world'') 

* The adjectival ending for nouns, ending in a vowel, is '''-jer'''.

- mila (''woman'') ‣ milajer (''feminine'')

* The adjectivizer forms '''-ár/-ál/-jer''' are used also to form the adjective related to a country.

- Frans (''France'') ‣ fransár (''French'')&lt;br&gt;
- Litva (''Latvia'') ‣ litvajer (''Latvian'')&lt;br&gt;

There are some relevant irregularities/exceptions:

- Ewropa (''Europe'') ‣ ewropár (''European'')&lt;br&gt;
- Ingland (''England'') ‣ inglišár (''English'')&lt;br&gt;
- Itália (''Italy'') ‣ itáljár (''Italian'')&lt;br&gt;
- Ellada (''Greece'') ‣ ellenár (''Greek'')&lt;br&gt;
- Dojčland (''Germany'') ‣ dojčár (''German'')&lt;br&gt;
- Denmark (''Denmark'') ‣ danskár (''Danish'')&lt;br&gt;
and other...

These adjectival forms can be used also as the country population's noun:

- Itália (''Italy''): itáljáron hranu (''the Italian food'') / ony itáljáry (''the Italians'')&lt;br&gt;

===Verb → Noun===
* Ending '''-(o)tjám'''. This ending indicates the concrete or abstract result of the action of the verb. The ''-o-'' is inserted when the verbal root ends with two consonants (except -jC- or -wC-) or with ''-t'' or ''-d''. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-tion''.

- nýnoluč (''to modificate'', ''to change'') ‣ nýnoltjám (''modification'', ''changement'')&lt;br&gt;
- čejnuč (''to build'') ‣ čejntjám (''building'')&lt;br&gt;
- siwnor (''to collect'') ‣ siwntjám (''collection'')&lt;br&gt;
- zálvuč (''to create'') ‣ zálvotjám (''creation'')&lt;br&gt;

* Ending '''-(o)sén'''. This ending indicates the process of the action of the verb. The ''-o-'' is inserted when the verbal root ends with two consonants (except -jC- or -wC-) or with ''-s''. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-ing''.

- šmanor (''to cook'') ‣ šmansén (''cooking'')&lt;br&gt;
- čejnuč (''to build'') ‣ čejnsén (''construction'')&lt;br&gt;
- šušmor (''to spread'') ‣ šušmosén (''spreading'')

* Ending '''-ačan'''. This ending indicates the subject who carries out the action of the verb. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-er'' or ''-tor''.

- zálvuč (''to create'') ‣ zálvačan (''creator'')&lt;br&gt;
- plákor (''to be in debt'') ‣ plajačan (''debtor'')&lt;br&gt;
- klásor (''to play'') ‣ klásačan (''player'')&lt;br&gt;
- lakuč (''to bear'') ‣ lájačan (''parent'')

* Ending '''-asma'''. This ending indicates the mean with which the subject carries out the action of the verb.

- toltuč (''to cover'') ‣ toltasma (''blanket'')&lt;br&gt;
- vwedor (''to cut'') ‣ vwéžasma (''knife'')&lt;br&gt;

===Verb → Verb===
* Prefix '''vre(k)-'''. This prefix indicates that the action of the verb is repeated one or more times. The ''-k-'' is inserted when the verbal root begins with a vowel. It almost corresponds to English adverb ''-again'' or the latin prefix ''re-''.

- toljuč (''to do'', ''to make'') ‣ vretoljuč (''to do again'', ''to make again'')&lt;br&gt;
- salmor (''to see'') ‣ vresalmor (''to see again'')&lt;br&gt;
- lolor (''to say'') ‣ vrelolor (''to say again'', ''to repeat'')&lt;br&gt;

===Verb → Adjective===
Except for participles, there are other kinds of adjective which can be formed from verbs.
* Ending '''-omša'''.  This ending indicates that we can do the action of the verbs on/with the object, with a meaning of ''which can be ''[verb]''-ed''. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-able''.

- mýzdor (''to understand'') ‣ mýzdomša (''understandable'')&lt;br&gt;
- žinkor (''to drink'') ‣ žinjomša (''drinkable'')&lt;br&gt;

===Adjective → Noun===
* To form the noun of the quality, which a basic adjective espresses, the ending '''-(j)eče''', is added to the adjective. The product can indicate a quality or also something more concrete. The ''-j-'' is inserted when the verbal root ends with a vowel. It almost corresponds to English ending ''-ness'' or ''-ity''.

- ban (''real'') ‣ baneče (''reality'')&lt;br&gt;
- mlop (''dark'') ‣ mlopeče (''darkness'')&lt;br&gt;

==Syntax==

{{main|Lánc syntax}}

==Lexycon==
{{main|Lánc-English-Lánc dictionary}}
===Alphabet order===
The Lantian alphabet has 33 letters (35, if included two foreign letters):


{|
|'''Uppercase''' || A || Á || B || C || Č || D || E || É || F || G || H || I || Í || J || K || L || M || N || O || Ó || P || ''Q''* || R || S || Š || T || U || Ú || V || W || ''X''* || Y || Ý || Z || Ž
|-
|'''Normal''' || a || á || b || c || č || d || e || é || f || g || h || i || í || j || k || l || m || n || o || ó || p || ''q''* || r || s || š || t || u || ú || v || w || ''x''* || y || ý || z || ž
|-
|'''IPA''' || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[ʦ]}} || {{IPA|[ʧ]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{IPA|[g]}} || {{IPA|[x]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[j]}} || {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{IPA|[w]}} || {{IPA|[ks]}} || {{IPA|[ɨ]}} || {{IPA|[ɨː]}} || {{IPA|[z]}} || {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;These two letters don't represent a Lantian sound, and they are not used in Lantian alphabet. Nevertheless they can appear in foreign names or loanwords (but very rarely).&lt;br&gt;

 The digraph '''dž''' represents a single sound {{IPA|[ʤ]}}, but it is not considered as a single letter.

====Letter names====
{|
|'''Letter''' || a || á || b || c || č || d || e || é || f || g || h || i || í || j || k || l || m || n || o || ó || p 
|-
|'''Name''' || a || á || be || ce || če || de || e || é || ef || ge || ha || i || í || jod || ka || el || em || en || o || ó || pe 
|-
|'''IPA''' || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[be]}} || {{IPA|[ʦe]}} || {{IPA|[ʧe]}} || {{IPA|[de]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[ef]}} || {{IPA|[ge]}} || {{IPA|[xa]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[jod]}} || {{IPA|[ka]}} || {{IPA|[el]}} || {{IPA|[em]}} || {{IPA|[en]}} || {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || {{IPA|[pe]}} 
|-
|'''Letter''' || ''q''* || r || s || š || t || u || ú || v || w || ''x''* || y || ý || z || ž
|-
|'''Name''' || ''qu''* || er || es || eš || te || u || ú || ve || wa || ''ex''* || y || ý || ze || že
|-
|'''IPA'''|| {{IPA|[ku]}} || {{IPA|[er]}} || {{IPA|[es]}} || {{IPA|[eʃ]}} || {{IPA|[te]}} || {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[ve]}} || {{IPA|[wa]}} || {{IPA|[eks]}} || {{IPA|[ɨ]}} || {{IPA|[ɨː]}} || {{IPA|[ze]}} || {{IPA|[ʒe]}}
|}

===Everyday lexycon===
* ehoj!: ''Hi, Hello''
* déno nóšfadžo! ''Good morning'' (before 12.00 am)
* déno fádwo!: ''Good day'' (after 12.00 am)
* déno joštéro!: ''Good evening'' (after sunset)
* déno štádwo!: ''Good night''
* málajč ér!: ''Nice to meet you''
* dénum okátjáv!: ''Welcome''
* swé erc?: ''How are you?''
** dénum!: ''Fine''
* džanu!: ''Thank you'', ''Thanks'' (1st person of verb džanor, ''to thank'')
* vnosum džanu!: ''Thank you very much''
** dólbu: ''You're welcome'' (1st person of verb dólbor, ''to pray'', fixed form)
* swé wámecis?: ''What's your name?''
** .... wámus: ''My name is ....''
* mósej yšy toja esuk?: ''How old are you?''
* puka!: ''Bye''
* dóvresalmor: ''Goodbye''

====Some elucidations====
* Greetings are in accusative because an entire sentence is implied: toja '''déno nóšfadžo''' volvu - ''I wish you a '''good morning'''''.
* If more people thank, the verbs has to agree with the number: ''džanen'' (from many people), ''džanene'' (from two people)
* If more people are welcomed, the participle has to agree with the number: ''dénum okátjavy'' (to many people), ''dénum okátjavet'' (to two people)

===Days of the week - Fadžy onu počfadžu ===

{|
!English || Lantian 
|-
| ''Monday'' || lúkufád
|-
| ''Tuesday'' || arsúfád
|-
| ''Wednesday'' || epurlowfád
|-
| ''Thursday'' || krišlowfád
|-
| ''Friday'' || joštenufád
|-
| ''Saturday'' || hajnzúfád
|-
| ''Sunday'' || lósufád
|}

===Months of the year - Lučery onu ýsu===

{|
!English || Lantian || English || Lantian
|-
| ''January'' || janvár || ''July'' || julju
|-
| ''February'' || febrwár || ''August'' || awgúst
|-
| ''March'' || marc || ''September'' || septembri
|-
| ''April'' || ápril || ''October'' || oktobri
|-
| ''May'' || maj || ''November'' || novembri
|-
| ''Juny'' || junju || ''December'' || dekémbri
|}

===Seasons of the year - Dwánšy onu ýsu===
{|
!English || Lantian 
|-
| ''Spring'' || nočiš
|-
| ''Summer'' || éšti
|-
| ''Autumn''&lt;br&gt;''Fall'' || paraši
|-
| ''Winter'' || tašmiš
|}

===Dialogues===
{{main|Lánc dialogues}}
===Some texts===
====Lord's prayer====
:'''Vojun nát''', eráv bálot
:Townon úk svútutolas
:Townon krišpót átja
:Townon šalja toljas
:Džú bálot džú pánot
:Lakfadžo vojay vojunon banfadžáro bágwo kál
:Ši vojay vojunyojon plačoy gwalč
:Džú vój vojunyajon plajačanay mijo gwalčen
:Ši vojo onás gorávtjámás ét majv
:Ýbo vojo ód ono gráwno nálutol.
:Amen

====Babel text====
Bánon výr nókwon móro malžev ši medmojoyn porejoy nošev.

Kapálád okátjavy, ony čésy žylvanajás onot pánot Šinearot asátjuvek ši cefátevek.

Mí lolevek «Átjač, šmanačoy vičálojoy pyčen toljen!» ší vičálojoy žočot spríšu ši bitúmewo žočot spriškovu noševek.

Mí lolevek «Átjač, málowo ši panawo pšáltero dó bálás čejnjen ši mejžov erátjen, džu onás výrás ét tešušmesenis»

Ó Lást dóprójev ši ono pšáltero ši ono málowo sáljev, čejnátwo čésáryenon píkujeyn.

Ó Lást lolev «Sálj, nók čésmok eruk ši nókwo móro malževek; héj ó čalžotjám mijunun twáku ér: čuk báno toljuč omšek, mí šáljavy hejo»

«Dóprój ši mijunon móro džusm, džú ža étčés ono móro nunun čésu mýzda»

Ši ó Lást mijo onás výrás šušmev ši ono šmanséno onu málow cefátevek.

Džu ó Lást ona máloja ono úkwo Babél kálev, méske kájot ó Lást ono móro onu pánu džusmev ši kájád mijo onás výrás šušmev.

====Holy Mary====
:Ave Maria, žwýn pnakejen
:ó Lást ša tojen ér
:mízt onyt milajyt dénlolecis
:ši ó tlóž townun ževútu Jesu denloles
:Svútu Maria, héd Dáw
:dér vojay gervačanya dólb
:čuk ši onot húrejot vojunun rímu
:Amen

====Genesis 1, 1-13====
Čalžot Dá ono bálo ši ono páno žalvuv. Ona pána bášt ét esev ší héj kilkane erev, ši ó mlopeče ono zgwenčečewo toltuv ší ó mwín Dáw af onas ačas gláčev. Dá lolev: «Ó váne era». Ši ó váne erev. Dá sáljev ža ó váne dén erev ši ono vánewo ód ono mlopečewo blezduv ši vanewo “fádwo” ši mlopečewo “štádwo” wámev. Ši joštér erev ši nóšfadž erev: nóčov fád. Dá lolev: «Ó bál mízt onyt ačyt era, blezdáv onjo ačoy ód onjo ačoy». Dá ono bálo žalvuv ši ono ákwo, eráv dóp onot bálot, ód ono ákwo, eráv af onot bálot, blezduv. Ši džú pópeluv. Dá hejo “pradíso” wámev. Ši joštér erev ši nóšfadž erev: džisov fád. Dá lolev: «Ó ák, eráv dop onot bálot, onás nočás žočas šanúčelor njube ši ó zmélvát pán znápa». Ši džú pópeluv. Dá ono zmélvátwo páno “Páno” wámev ši onjo ošanúčelavyo ačoy “nwíno”. Ši Dá sáljev, ža dén erev. Ši Dá lolev «Ó Pán lájónyo temóhnese, kréžonejoy, temóhnavoy pwomjoy, ši vnučoy, temóhnavoy tlóžyo pwomjeyn bánot pánot». Ši džú pópeluv: ó pán lájónyo móhnev, kréžonejoy, móhnavoy pwomjoy, ši vnučoy, móhnavoy tlóžyo pwomjeyn. Dá sáljev, ža dén erev. Ši joštér erev ši nóšfadž erev: klikov fád.

====The ant and the grasshopper - Ó pémavač ši ó framil====
Ájerev vnoso čépo pjérmá pémavač, pémáv bánon éštiwo; hí framilo sáljev, siwnáv hranuwo dér ona tašmiša. Ó pémavač ona framila lolev: &quot;Taméske džú twačec? Čefát ši ša kijen pém!&quot; Ó framil fánev: &quot;Hranuwo dér ona tašmiša siwnu, to kokwe njubec!&quot;. Ó pémavač lolev: &quot;Ét! Čuk vnos hranu ájér!&quot;. Počle tašmov tašmiš átjev, ši ó pémavač béf zahranu rímev. Onás framilás rójev ši hija mánéwo hranuwo cážev. Ó framil cážev: &quot;Mó bánon éštiwo toljuvec?&quot;. Hí fánev: &quot;Pémevu&quot;, ši ó framil lolev: &quot;Dénum! Čuk žum!&quot;

''Once upon a time there was a grasshopper, which sang all summer; she saw an ant, collecting food for (the) winter. The grasshopper told the ant: &quot;Why do you work in this way? Stop and sing with me!&quot; The ant answered: &quot;I am collecting food for (the) winter! You too shall (do it)!&quot; The grasshopper said: &quot;No! There's much food now!&quot; Then a cold winter came, and the grasshopper was starving. She goes to the ant and asked her for some food. The ant asked: &quot;What did you do during all (the) summer?&quot;. She answered &quot;I sang&quot;, and the ant said: &quot;Well, now dance!&quot;''

====The scorpion and the frog - Ó grág ši ó skorpjon====

Skorpjon onot rejvot fósu grága cážev: &quot;Kija wáč, ono fóswo dánmenor njubu!&quot; Ýbo ó grág fánev: &quot;Ét! Jék toja wáču, kijo tepínktesec&quot;. Ó skorpjon lolev: &quot;Jék tó ačot tepínktasu, kí kokwe terímasu. Ét tetoljusu!&quot; Ó grág akranuv ši ono skorpjono majvuv. Swíz onot dimíčot onu fósu ervuke, ó skorpjon ono grágo pínktev. Hí taméske cážev ši ó skorpjon fánev: &quot;Znodžu žá terímesu, ýbo kijunon jefáža ér! Skorpjon eru!&quot;

''A scorpion on the bank of a river asked a frog: &quot;Help me, I have to cross the river!&quot; But the frog answered: &quot;No! If I help you, you will sting me&quot;. The scorpion said: &quot;If I'll sting you in the water, I also will die. I won't do it!&quot;. The frog accepted and carried the scorpion. When they were in the middle of the river, the scorpion stung the frog. She asked why and the scorpion answered: &quot;I know I will die, but that's my nature! I'm a scorpion!&quot;''

====World War II - Džisov výrál krák (from Wikipedia - Wikipediajád)====
'''Džisovon výrál krák''' mízt Osočelačyton Omšačanečejyt ši onyt Omšačanečejyt Axew nakračevis. &quot; Výrál krák&quot; wámevis, méske vnosy mjáwej penr bányton kontinentyt šagensevekis, ši ony nakračsény vnosyt žastyt onu výru žókwo gensevek. Bánywon ivná onakračačyw kraču džisovon výrál krák saj-rowde, saj-undov ší saj-prótemajvač erev. Dwonu 72 miljónet čésyw rímevek. Ód 1939 dó 1945 rubrev.

'''''World War II''' was fought between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. It was called a &quot;World War&quot; because many countries from almost all continents were involved, and fighting took place over many parts of the world. Of all the wars ever fought, World War II involved the most countries, cost the most money, and killed the most people. About 72 million people died. It lasted from 1939 until 1945.''

====The leaning tower of Pisa - Remdávon pšálter Pizaw (from Wikipedia - Wikipediajád)====
'''Remdávon Pšálter Pizaw''' čejntjám Pizajot, Itáliajot, ér. Klóngár pšálter ér. Mejžov ér, dérža ludžás remde. Omenavot ó pšálter pu-rowdejen remdávečejen čownuv, ýbo podarum čefátev ža pare.

Ó pšálter pana dwonu 55 métryo ér. Dwonu 14.500.000 kilográmyo ydže. Hejunon čukár remdáveče 5,5 grady ér. Ona pšáltera 294 afrójasmadaly ésuk.

Zlévža klikovon etaž 1178-ot očenuvis, ó pšálter čalžev ža remde, béf évnosum zgwenčyw byldevačnaju (nočnum klik métry). Ó projekt onu pšálteru onád čaldžád kropuv. Ó čejnsén dwonu 100 yšoy čefátevis dérža ony pizajery mú zróšm Dženovaw, Lukkaw, ši Firéncew nakračevek.

''The '''Leaning Tower of Pisa''' is a building in Pisa, Italy. It is a bell tower. It is famous because it leans to one side. The tower was once leaning more and more to the ground, but recently it has stopped falling.''

''The height of the tower is about 55 metres from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. It currently leans at about 5.5 degrees. The tower has 294 steps.''

''After the third floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean, due to small foundation (only three meters). The project of the tower was wrong from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the Pisans were often at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.''


[[Category:Lánc| ]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lantian</title>
    <id>6803</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48153</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T17:53:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Lánc]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Lánc]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velarized lateral alveolar approximant</title>
    <id>6804</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48168</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Velarized lateral alveolar approximant]] to [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant]]:&amp;#32;POA MOA, not MOA1 POA MOA2</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velar</title>
    <id>6805</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48174</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T21:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Velar consonant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velar consonant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lateral alveolar approximant</title>
    <id>6806</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48180</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T22:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Alveolar lateral approximant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Alveolar lateral approximant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manner of articulation</title>
    <id>6807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51453</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T13:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
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      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>cat:phon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Broad category
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Manner of articulation
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Subtypes
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Examples
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Phonological character
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;| [[Stop]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Nasal]] stop
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]], [[Alveolar nasal|n]], [[Velar nasal|ŋ]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Sonorant]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;| [[Plosive]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Implosive]]
| [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]], [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]], [[Velar implosive|ɠ]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Explosive
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]], [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]], [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]], [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]], [[Voiceless velar stop|k]], [[Voiced velar stop|g]], [[Voiced uvular stop|q]], [[Glottal stop|ʔ]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| [[Obstruent]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Affricate]]
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ts]], [[Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|dz]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot;| [[Continuant]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[Fricative]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Sibilant]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| &quot;Sharp&quot;
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]], [[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| &quot;Shibilant&quot;
| [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]], [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]], [[Voiceless retroflex sibilant|ʂ]], [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|ʐ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Spirant]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| Strident
| [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]], [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]], [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]], [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]], [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]], [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| &quot;Thibilant&quot; || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]], [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]], [[Voiced alveolar fricative|ɹ̝]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| Other
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]], [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]], [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]], [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]], [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]], [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Approximant]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Semivowel]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]], [[Velar approximant|ɰ]], [[Labial-velar approximant|w]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[Sonorant]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| &quot;Approximant spirant&quot;
| [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Liquid]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| Approximant liquid
| [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]], [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]], [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]], [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Vibrant]]
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Trill]]
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]], [[Alveolar trill|r]], [[Uvular trill|ʀ]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[Tap]], [[Flap]]
| [[Labiodental flap|{{B\}}]], [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]], [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]], [[Alveolar lateral flap|ɺ]]
|}
The fricative sub-classification can be also applied to affricates.

'''[[Nasal]]ity''', '''[[lateral]]ity''', '''[[click]]ness''' etc. are, technically, largely independant of this scheme. Note however that nasal are usually stops, and that laterals are most commonly approximant liquids.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ajalian</title>
    <id>6808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48188</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The Ajalian Language | Ađalex Ljengë ==


== Links to Ajalian | Linqi qi Ađalex ==

Grammar:
[http://wiki.frath.net/images/b/b4/Ajalian.pdf]

Dictionary:
[http://wiki.frath.net/images/9/98/Ajalian_Dictionary.pdf]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajalian.pdf</title>
    <id>6809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48186</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T22:58:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajalian Dictionary.pdf</title>
    <id>6810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48187</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar</title>
    <id>6811</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48190</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:02:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Alveolar consonant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Alveolar consonant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palatal</title>
    <id>6812</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48197</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Palatal consonant]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Palatal consonant]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genitive case</title>
    <id>6813</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48200</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-07T23:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Genitive]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Genitive]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old English language</title>
    <id>6814</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48207</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-08T00:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Anglo-Saxon]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Anglo-Saxon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dôr Dulrent</title>
    <id>6815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52189</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T12:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dôr Dhulrent was a Kingdom of the Elves of Second Clan, the Longrim more precisely. 
==Name==
The official name is &quot;I dhôr dhulrent&quot; - the Guarded Relam (''[[Longrimol|longr.]]'').
==Founding==

It was found about the middle of first half of the [[First Age of Sun]] by the Terun-Naga that sailed over the [[Sea of Normád]] in order to save themselves from the [[Thaifatir]]. 
The Terun-Naga that dwelt in Dór Dulrent &quot;evolved&quot;, developed into a group called [[The Longrim]]; that's the reason why Dór Dulrent is accounted as a realm of the Longrim and not the Terun-Naga. 
It was found by king [[Nagatailo]], a leader of Terun-Naga.
The name, Dór Dulrent, meaning &quot;The Guarded Realm&quot; was given to it because of great ravines that surrounded the borders of it; as the legends tell as, they were created by the [[Vaenar]], a demigod race.

==Geography==

Dór Dulrent was located between the [[Mountains of the West]] in the West and the [[Sea of Normád]] in the East. Near the Northern Ravine there were great hills, called ''Tadaum Maeder''. Between them and the Sea there was the city of ''Avóren'' placed upon a hill (the hill was called ''Vêdh''). Avóren was a place were many of the Longrim dwelt, especially those who enjoyed wild nature.
In the uttermost south of Dór Dulrent there was the great Meadowland; a green, flowering plane with no hills or trees. No city was set there, but a large number of Longrim dwelt there alone with their beloved ones or in small villages. 
East to the Meadowland, along the shore of Sea of Normád there was a land called ''The Coast''. It was deserted, yet still beautiful; all the borders of sea was filled with shining amber, hills of sand stood high among them, and pines, mighty in their loneliness, marked green splashes in the sky. 

==Kings==

There was two kings for Dór Dulrent; [[Nagatailo]], the founder and [[Emár]], his son.
Kings ruled

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P Postal System of the MR</title>
    <id>6816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48246</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-09T10:08:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Prior to 1990, the Monastic Republic used Greek currency. In that year, the Monastic Republic signed the Unified Currency Convention of the European Federation. Since it was difficult to coordinate the new currency with the denominations of the Greek stamps then in use, the Monastic Republic began to print its own postage stamps. The first stamps were issued on July 2, 1991. The stamps were printed by a printing firm in Athens.

*The following denominations were printed:
**M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M9, M11
**δ3, δ6, δ12, δ18, δ24, δ30
**λ2, λ4, λ6, λ7, λ8, λ10, λ13, λ14, λ16, λ18, λ22
*The following postal rates were established:
**1. Internal mail
***a. First class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ2 for 2 oz.; λ2 for each additional 2 oz.
**2. Mail within Europe
***a. First class: λ10 for 2 oz.; λ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: λ6 for 2 oz.; λ4 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Third class: λ4 for 2 oz.; λ3 for each additional 2 oz.
***d. Air mail: M1, δ3 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
**3. Mail outside of Europe
***a. First class: M2,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1,δ6 for each additional 2 oz.
***b. Second class: M1,δ6 for 2 oz.; M1 for each additional 2 oz.
***c. Air mail: M3 for 2 oz.; M2 for each additional 2 oz.
*The lepta denominations were printed as definitives. Each stamp was square. The design was a white background and a border compony of 20 gold and red as appears on the Monastic Republic’s flag. The denomination’s numeral, along with the symbol '''λ''', was printed in green and filled the white background.
*The other denominations were issued as commemoratives of a larger size than the definitives, but still square. As with the definitives, each denomination had the border compony of 20 gold and red. The following illustrations were printed:
**M1 – a painting of the Panagia of Mt. Athos.
**M2 – the Cape Arapis lighthouse.
**M3 – the Museum of Athonite Antiquities.
**M4 – an aerial view of the Xerxes Canal from the west.
**M5 – the cypress of St. Athanasius.
**M7 – the Mt. Athos Performing Arts Center.
**M9 – the water between Prosforion and Ammouliani showing the ferry boat headed for Ammouliani and other water traffic.
**M11 – the Hospital of the Holy Spirit.
**δ3 – the Holy Mountain in profile viewed from the east.
**δ6 – the government house in Karyes.
**δ12 – the icon of St. Athanasius.
**δ18 – the fishing fleet leaving Ammouliani harbor at dawn.
**δ24 – an olive branch bearing both flowers and fruit.
**δ30 – an evzone at attention in front of the Prosforion government house.
*First-day covers were made available on the first day of issue. Collectors were permitted to order these covers by mail. The collectors were free to request any combination of stamps on the covers that they wished and any amount of FDCs they wished. These were then sent to the collectors either packaged and uncancelled or through the postal system and cancelled. The Philately Section of the Post Office had to hire extra part-time employees to handle the amount of orders requested.
*The commemorative cachet was of the Holy Mountain from the east, showing the location of the Monastery of St. Athanasius and the Cape Akrothis lighthouse.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>East Persian'</title>
    <id>6817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50039</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T21:41:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[West Persian']] to [[East Persian']]:&amp;#32;lol dxsleyia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The phonetical nature of the distinction between the two types of voiced obstruents varies by 'lect:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! /B̤/ !! /B̬/ !! Description !! Where
|-
| [b̤] || [b̰] || Brethy vs. creaky || The classical, high-class, prestige pronunciation
|-
| [b] || [b̰] || Plain vs. creaky || Most typical standard language pronunciation. Vowels after the plain series may retain a degree of brethiness, and the creaky series may be longer in pronunciation (contrasts based purely on length are however rare)
|-
| [b̥a̤] || [b̥a̰] || Brethy vs. creaky ''vowels'', stop voicing weakening || Found in younger-generation urban speakers
|-
| [b] ~ [b̤] || [bˤ] || Plain to brethy vs. pharyngealized || Found in northern dialects, under [[West Altaic']] influence
|-
| [pʰ] || [b] || ''Voiceless'' aspirated vs. plain voiced || Zagros highlands dialects
|-
| [b̤], [v] || [ʔb] ~ [ɓ], [ʔv] || Brethy vs. glottalized || High-class East Caucasian' accent
|-
| [b], [v] || [ʔb] ~ [ɓ], [v] || Plain vs. glottalized stops; no distinction elsewhere || Stereotypical [[East Caucasian']] accent
|-
| [b̤] ~ [bʱ], [v] || [b], [v] || Aspirated vs. plain stops; no distinction elsewhere || [[West Caucasian']] accent (obscure, but included for completeness)
|-
| [b] || [b] || No distinction || Stereotypical foreign barbarian accent

[[Category: Earth']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irregular Verbs in Faraneit</title>
    <id>6818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48275</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-10T00:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* pafhej */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are three irregular verbs in Classical Faraneit: kej (when used existentially and with &quot;linking&quot; uses or when used as a locational copula propre), rej, and pafhej.

==kej==
Kej is a complex verb - two semi-distinct verbs in Classical [[Faraneit]] both equally derived from two quite distinct verbs in [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]. In the beginning, there was the copula, which was used to denote tense, person, and mood for nearly all verbs, and also acted as the &quot;linking&quot; verb, and increasingly also used as an existential copula, but there was also the locational copula which originally was the existential copula as well, but was increasingly falling out of favor with that use. The linking copula conjugated as follows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'iθ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'iɑi}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'iɑi}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'iɑi}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'ɛθ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'ɛ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'iɑ}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|uz'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɑuz'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ez'io}}
| align=center | {{IPA|iz'io}}
|-
|}

The locational copula meanwhile conjugated in the following way:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑs|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑpt|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑp|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑp|}}
|-
|'''First Person Plural'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑʦ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑs|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑs|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑn|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑn}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑl}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑl}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑ|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑk|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kɑk|}}
|-
|}

When the linking copula turned into a suffix for all verbs during the development of Faraneit, the linking copula took the nascent verb-noun for the locational copula (*kɑ) and cemented itself to that form and formed the modern copula, which is both linking and existential. Very soon after, however, a sporadic sound change altered this verb's conjugation paradigm, changing j (/ʒ/) to c (/x/) when between two back vowels. The pattern is as follows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|keujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kijeih|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|keujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|keucoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kocoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|keuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|koj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kij|}}
|-
|}

Meanwhile, the locational copula developed from the earlier locational copula which (like most verbs) added on the copula as a suffix, but this verb maintained its earlier conjugation pattern between the root and the new suffixes, creating this pattern:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person Singular'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kaseujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|katojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kapejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kapijeih|}}
|-
|'''First Person Plural'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kaheujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kasojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kazejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kazijieh|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kaneujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kanojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kalejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kalijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|kaheujoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kahojoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kakejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kakijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|keuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|koj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|kij|}}
|-
|}

Note that the locational copula didn't experience the same sporadic sound change.

==rej==
To have or to hold, the verb '''rej''' experienced the same sound change as the linking kej. Here is its conjugation chart:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|reujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rijeih|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|reujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|reucoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rocoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|reuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|roj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|rij|}}
|-
|}

==pafhej==
Pafhej underwent the same sporadic sound change as rej and linking kej, but experienced partially correction in many dialects.

[[Scekoah Faraneit]], [[Poleiseam Faraneik]], and [[Central Lescealh Faraneit]] did not attempt a correction. This form is largely considered standard:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijeih|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheucoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhij|}}
|-
|}

In contrast, the [[Scekoah_Faraneit#Cohut_Dialect|Cohut Faraneit]] dialect corrects this in part by reanalyzing everything prior to and including the changed sound in the third person simple past form as the root, and then conjugate the verb regularly, essentially re-regularizing it:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoceujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocijeih|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoceujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoceujoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocojoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoceuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocoj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhocij|}}
|-
|}

Alternatively, the [[Kupmec Faraneit]], [[Northeastern Hameih Lescealh Faraneit|Heajaz Faraneit]], and [[Scekoah_Faraneit#Lhezoat_Dialect|Lhezoat Faraneit]] dialects fuse these two approaches, changing the root's ending fh (/θ/ here [ð]) into c (/x/) when in the forms where there's the change from j (/ʒ/):


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Narrative Past
!Simple Past
!Progressive Present
!Future
|-
|'''First Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheujeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhojeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejeih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijeih|}}
|-
|'''Second Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheujih|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhojih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejih}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijih}}
|-
|'''Third Person'''
| align=center | {{IPA|paceucoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pacocoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhejoah|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhijoah|}}
|-
|'''Verb-noun'''
| align=center | {{IPA|pafheuj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhoj|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhej|}}
| align=center | {{IPA|pafhij|}}
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc-English-Lánc dictionary</title>
    <id>6819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49724</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-11T16:06:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}

This is a small dictionary from Lantian to English and vice versa.

==Lantian-English==
{{main|Lánc-English dictionary}}

==English-Lantian==
{{main|English-Lánc dictionary}}

==States of the world==
{{main|States of the world (Lánc)}}

==Irregular verbs==
*Type 1: /č/ → /j/: '''atčut''' (''to come''), verbal root: ''átj-''
- ''Indicative Present'': aču, ačec, ače, ačun, ačuj, ačuk, ačune, ačuje, ačuke&lt;br&gt;
(''the rest of the verb adapts to the verbal root'')&lt;br&gt;
*Type 2: /k/ → /č/ → /j/: '''rokor''' (''to go''), verbal root: ''rój-''
- ''Indicative Present'': roču, ročec, roče, ročen, ročej, roček, ročene, ročeje, ročeke&lt;br&gt;
- ''Subjunctive Present'': roča, ročac, roča, ročan, ročaj, ročak, ročane, ročaje, ročake&lt;br&gt;
- ''Optative Present'': roči, ročic, roči, ročin, ročij, ročik, ročine, ročije, ročike&lt;br&gt;(''the rest of the verb adapts to the verbal root'')&lt;br&gt;
*Type 3: /d/ → /dž/ → /ž/: '''caduč''' (''to ask''), verbal root: ''cáž-''
- ''Indicative Present'': cadžu, cadžuc, cadže, cadžun, cadžuj, cadžuk, cadžune, cadžuje, cadžuke&lt;br&gt;
- ''Subjunctive Present'': cadža, cadžac, cadža, cadžan, cadžaj, cadžak, cadžane, cadžaje, cadžake&lt;br&gt;
- ''Optative Present'': cadži, cadžic, cadži, cadžin, cadžij, cadžik, cadžine, cadžije, cadžike&lt;br&gt;(''the rest of the verb adapts to the verbal root'')&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Lánc|Dictionary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Lánc</title>
    <id>6820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50869</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T15:56:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Naluj fonty]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Swé vanéwo čalej]] • [[Help:Contents|Wák]]&lt;/center&gt;


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Introduction

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&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Entákaj&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Mórwandži]]
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:[[:Category:Conscripts|Čejnačy alfabéty]]
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FrathWiki nunýt mórýt

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'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Cuisine of the MR</title>
    <id>6821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54870</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-04T11:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Drink */ Spelling correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Introduction===
*When the refugees arrived in the Monastic Republic, Lebanese and Greeks in 1885 and Greeks from Turkey in 1922 and 1923, they brought their cuisine with them. However, all the ingredients from their homelands were no longer available to them. It was difficult to import food in those days and they had to use what was at hand. In time a distinctive Athonite cuisine emerged, a blending of Greek and Near Eastern cuisines.

===Ethnic Cuisines===
*Ethnic or national cuisines are defined by certain ingredients and the combinations of them that are used.
**The Middle East
***The Middle East is the cradle of wheat and barley, chick peas and fava beans and the olive. Sesame seed is used, not as a flavoring as in the Orient, but as a thick paste. The yogurt of central Asia is common, as is their tradition of spit-roasted meats.
***A variety of flavorings is used. Most important are fresh parsley, dill and mint. Sadly, cinnamon disappeared from the cuisine because of its unavailability.  Lemon (or lime) juice is used in place of the vinegar or tamarind of other cuisines.  And the tomato, once it became available, has become a staple of Athonite cuisine.
***There are two basic flavor principles in the Middle East.  The first is tomato/cinnamon with variations from lemon and dill.  The second is lemon/parsley with variations from garlic and mint.  It is this second that is used exclusively in the Athonite cuisine.
**Greek cuisine is a subset of Mediterranean cuisine and the olive defines Mediterranean cuisine.
***Flavoring include onions, garlic, parsley, basil, oregano, thyme, anchovies, pine nuts, almonds, walnuts and hazelnuts.
***The tomato and the bell pepper were added after the discovery of the New World.  Interestingly, this cuisine did not choose the hot varieties of the capsicum pepper, but the milder bell pepper.
***Especially Greek is wild thyme, also called oregano.  Together with olive oil and lemon, it characterizes much of Greek cooking.
*There are restaurants (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ρεςτοράν&lt;/font&gt;) in the Monastic Republic that serve Greek or Near Eastern or Turkish cuisine, but the taverns (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ταβερνάκ&lt;/font&gt;) and inns (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χαν&lt;/font&gt;) and B&amp;B’s (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πανςιόν&lt;/font&gt;) and coffee bars (&lt;font color=blue&gt;καφενί&lt;/font&gt;) and tea houses (&lt;font color=blue&gt;τεϊοποτί&lt;/font&gt;) and kiosks (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κιόςκ&lt;/font&gt;) serve only Athonite cuisine. Consider yourself fortunate to be invited for dinner to the home of a citizen.
*The signature of Athonite cuisine is the use of tomatoes and eggplants, often with fish or shellfish, flavored with lemon (or lime), olive oil, olives, oregano and garlic.

===Athonite Food===
====Bread (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ψωμ&lt;/font&gt;)====
*Virtually all the bread consumed in the Monastic Republic, with the exception of pastries, is flat bread, i.e., unleavened bread, a simple concoction of flour, water, and salt (pita is leavened). In the Monastic Republic it is known by the Lebanese name ''saj'' (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςατζ&lt;/font&gt;). The Turkish name is ''yufka''.
*Saj kiosks can be found throughout the towns, selling sweet-and-sour eggplant (with various additions), wrapped in saj or as sarmádh. They also sell baba ghanouj and, for drinking, ades, beer and wine. The Athonites are not enamored of soda (pop).
*Because this food item is the staple of the diet in the Monastic Republic every available hectare is devoted to the growing of wheat. This means virtually every hectare outside of the limits alloted to the three towns. The only buildings outside town limits are the prison and the Aoun Brewery.
*The Greeks from Turkey brought with them the concept of the tandoor oven (&lt;font color=blue&gt;τάντιρ&lt;/font&gt;). Virtually every household has one in the courtyard (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αύλ&lt;/font&gt;). Since wood is scarce, they are fired with imported charcoal.
*The Orthodox nuns in Aktí bake a thinner saj that is used by the churches for the Eucharist. The monks bake their own.

====Meat====
*The only source of red meat is goat or kid from the large flock on Amoulián. When one is available it is usually sold to an eatery in the town and is served as chevon or cabrito.
*Chicken is available. Many households raise chickens and often sell them to local eateries. When the chickens of the monasteries are no longer able to lay eggs, they are sold in the Lowland.
*Egg dishes are common in the Monastic Republic.

====Seafood====
*Seafood is the main source of protein in the Monastic Republic. Each town has a fishing fleet and they bring home a large catch of fish and shellfish. Many recipes that originally called for meat have been recast for seafood.
====Dairy====
*The only source of milk is goats. Some of it is sold for drinking, but the larger part of it is used to make cheese.
*The dairy on Amoulián makes three types of cheese:
**a firm cheese (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χέλιμ&lt;/font&gt;), fresh or aged, much like mozzarella, which is firm enough to fry;
**a crumbly cheese (&lt;font color=blue&gt;φετ&lt;/font&gt;) similar to feta;
**and a whey cheese (&lt;font color=blue&gt;μίζιθ&lt;/font&gt;) similar to ricotta.

====Fruits and nuts====
*Grapes, fresh or dried, are served.
*In season, there are fresh oranges.
*Lemon and lime juice are used as flavorings.
*The Sericulture Association, which has a monopoly on the mulberry bushes, sells fresh mulberries and makes mulberry preserves.
*Chestnuts are harvested by the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul and what is not used for their chestnut liqueur is sold in the Lowland. These are used frequently in recipes that originally called for almonds.
*Monks throughout the Holy Mountain harvest the seeds from the pine ''Pinus pinea'', the pine nut, to sell in the Lowland.
====Vegetables====
*Some householders have a vegetable garden in their courtyards (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αύλ&lt;/font&gt;).
*Each town has a large area for hothouses which grow an assortment of vegetables hydroponically.
*Most of the hothouse space is given over to tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants.
*The two most often used vegetables in the Monastic Republic are tomatoes and eggplants.
*One complete hothouse is used to grow herbs. Fresh herbs are always available in the markets.
*Experiments are underway to grow mushrooms in artificial caves in the foothills of the Lowland.
*There is a cannery in Prosforion where the homemaker may take her fruits and vegetables for canning or drying.

====Desserts====
*A variety of pastries are made in the Monastic Republic, the supreme example of which is baklava (&lt;font color=blue&gt;μπακλάβ&lt;/font&gt;): layers of saj and pine nuts, sweetened with honey and rose water.
*Since ice cream must be imported, most of the eateries prefer to make and serve sorbets (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςέρμπετ&lt;/font&gt;): lemon, lime, orange and wine flavored.
*Chestnuts are candied.
====Drink====
*Although they must be imported, tea and coffee are drunk, with tea outdistancing coffee four to one.
*Of course, there is the wine produced by the monasteries and the citrus liqueurs made on Amoulián.
*The Monastic Republic has its own brewery, the Aoun Brewery, which brews a light brown wheat beer. *Ades are made from the citrus fruits and bottled.

===Some Typical Dishes===
*sarmádh (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςαρμάδ&lt;/font&gt; &lt; Turk. ''sarmak'', to wrap) (The Greek ''dolma'' &lt; Turkish ''dolmak'', to be stuffed, is properly applied only to vegetables that are stuffed, ''e.g.'', eggplant, squash, peppers, etc.) – The rice must be imported; no cinnamon is used. Either grape leaves or cabbage leaves are used.
*terbíye (&lt;font color=blue&gt;τερμπίγε&lt;/font&gt;) – This Greek ''soupa avgolemono'' (egg-lemon soup) is made with fish stock and bits of fish and/or shellfish. It may also be made with chicken or vegetable stock. Lime juice may be used instead of lemon.
*souvlák (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςουβλάκ&lt;/font&gt;) – the Greek ''souvlaki'', diminutive of ''souvla'', skewer, &lt; Latin ''subula'', awl. Chevon, chicken, swordfish or shellfish may be skewered.
*hummus with tahini (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χούμους με ταχίν&lt;/font&gt; &lt; Arabic ''hummus'', chickpea) – Chick peas (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ρεβιθί&lt;/font&gt;) are grown in one of the hot houses. Lime juice is often used instead of lemon juice. Since the sesame paste (tahini) has to be imported, the paste added is often made from pine nuts.
*baba ghanouj (&lt;font color=blue&gt;μπάμπα γανούδζ&lt;/font&gt;) (Greek, &lt;font color=blue&gt;μελιτζανοςαλάτα&lt;/font&gt;, eggplant salad) – Essentially the same as hummus, but made with eggplant instead of chick peas. Lime juice is often used instead of lemon juice.

===Menus===
*There are three cuisines prominent in the Monastic Republic.  Though the immigrants have intermarried and moved about within the MR, each of the demes reflects the cuisine of the original immigrants.  In 1885, Lebanese refugees, Arab and Greek, were welcomed to the MR.  They established the deme of Aktí on the the east coast, which has remained the center of the Lebanese culture.

*In 1922,  90 Greek refugee families from Caesarea (Kayseri) in Turkey, on the north coast on the Black Sea were welcomed.  They founded the deme of Prosforion on the west coast and brought their Turkish culture with them.  They started the carpet industry and Prosforion retains a Turkish flavor.

*In the following year, 1923, 23 Greek refugee families from the island of Paşalımani, in the Sea of Marmara were welcomed.  They were  permitted to settle on Amoulián Island and founded the town of Amoulián.  They started the fishing industry and the Amoulián fleet is the largest of the three.  They also covered the interior of the island with citrus groves.  More Greek than the refugees from Kayseri, they gave a Greek atmosphere to Amoulián, the smallest of the demes.

*There is also a Chinese restaurant in each deme owned and operated by the Lin family.

====Sample Lebanese Menu====
*μεζ (meze or mezze) – a selection of appetizers.
**Choose any three of the following:
***For vegetarians: 
****Baba ghanoush – grilled eggplant, tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, and garlic puree
****Hummus – a spread made of blended chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic, served with pita
****Fried cauliflower – served with tahini
****Tabbouleh – diced parsley salad with bulgur, tomato, onion and mint, tossed with olive oil and lemon juice
****Fattoush – salad of toasted pita, cucumbers, tomatoes, chickweed, feta, and mint
****Labneh – strained goat’s milk yogurt seasoned with thyme and olive oil
***For non-vegetarians
****Any of the above plus:
****Kibbeh – fried bulgur croquette stuffed with minced cabrito (milk-fed kid)
****Shish taouk – skewered and grilled chicken cubes served with toum (garlic sauce)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Longrim Ethnographical Questionnaire</title>
    <id>6822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51391</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T18:23:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions of Government */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> = Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===

It is called [[Dór Dulrent]]. It is located in a plain between high mountains and a raging sea, having the mountains in the west, sea in the east. The north of Dór Dulrent belongs to great hills, as the south - to forests and swamps. 

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===

The climate is more ore less temperate - the winters have snow yet the temperature fall never under -20 Celsius. The summers are warm, sometimes hot, but never dry or arid, rain falls every three or four days, the rainfalls are moderately powerful and are about one or two hour long.
Spring is short, the snow being melt down fast. Spring is the season of forest flowers.
Fall is longer than spring. It starts with winds rising from north and north-west and more common rainfalls. Rainfalls become longer in hours yet weaker. The temperature slowly drops, and so do the leafs of trees.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===

Thunderstorms are quit common in Dór Dulrent, otherwise, it has a very peaceful climate. 

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===

Grains are grown for bread and porridge. Beans, peas, cabbage, carrots and similar vegetables are also grown. Buckwheat is grown in small amounts. 
Of fruits most common are apples, plumes and grapes. In the uttermost southern part peaches, and orange-like fruits are grown.
The Grains grown are barley, corn/maize, wheat and oats.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===

[[The Longrim]]s are vegetarians. The stomach of the Elves can not process flesh. 

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===

None, due the lack of interest of elves for money expensive things are quit rare, and almost every Longrim is capable of buying everything he desires. 

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===

Wine is definitely the most common alcohol. A mead is also drunk. Ales are rare.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===

The Dór Dulrent is fertile and water-rich land. Granaries are usually full with food supplies. Famine is never experienced. 

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===

Most common resource of Dór Dulrent probably is wood, gold and iron. The Western Mountains are very rich of metal ore and gems. 

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===

The most valuable resource of Dór Dulrent is probably ''nardhar'', the elven silver. Grey as silver, strong as steal, light as cloth. It glitters in the starlight.
Also, the gems of the mountains have a great value, since diamonds, rubies and other are found there.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===

The all essential resources are found within the borders of Dór Dulrent.

=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===

By foot or horse. Chariots are rarely used.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===

The borders are very secure. Natural obstacles - large ravines - stretches all across the borderlines. 

=== How many people live here? ===

The count of the Longrim is unestimated, though there must be at least half a million of them. 

=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===

Congregation usually take place on the City Central Square, nation congregations are held in the Halls of the Kings in [[Édirth Silim]].
Local meetings are organized in taverns are marketplaces.

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===

The Longrim avoid the Western Mountains, because the forces of enemy has powerful camps hidden under the hills. 

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===

Most common domestic animal is horse. It is kept for transport use for trade, war and daily use. 
Oxes are held for field-working.
Cattle are grown for milk, which is a very common food, same as curd, cottage cheese and sweet cream.

=== What are the most common wild animals? ===

The forests of Dór Dulrent are habitats for wolves, bears, deers, moose, lynxes and other animals. A great number of birds are found there. 

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===

Dogs are kept as pets very widely. Many of the non-city dwellers keep stags, owls and hawks as pets

== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===

The written history goes as far as the written language. Most of the events from the [[Sinking of Ehta Variárce]] are written. 

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===

They believe in it going till the very roots of the Second Clan.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===

The Sinking of Ehta Variárce, which is the greatest disaster for all the Elves, and, more recent, the [[Terror of Thaifatir]].

=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===

Probably the founding of Dór Dulrent and the reign time of king [[Emár]].

=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===

None such event has yet happened. 

=== What in their past makes them proud? ===

The ''Airi Mathril'', the Star-light Ships that were built by the almost-Longrim in order to sail across the Sea of Normád.

=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===

The most feared past event is probably the [[Horse-Plague]].

=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===

They hope for final defeat of [[Gurhathim]]. The Longrim think such an event might come, but in a far future.

=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===

The Longrim usually don't try to predict the future, nor they think a lot of it. They, same as the most of the Elves, live for today, and not the many hundred thousands of tomorrows they shall see in their endless lives.

=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===

The society has changes drastically from the Terun-naga stage. At the begining the Longrim were just a group of Terun-Naga that lived far from the Nagatail (the realm of Terun-naga). Due a number of changes (language change, the change of government, establishment of education system, and many more) they quit rapidly developed in the society/culture what is no known as [[The Longrim]].
Another significant change was the splitting up of the society, developing two separate, yet friendly and related groups - the Day Elves and the [[Night Elves]].

=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===

Stories of the times when Terun-naga dwelt in Silimath are very popular. Within stories of more recent times, most popular are the stories that tell of the bravery and courage of [[Feldanung]] and his sons, who defeated the dragon [[Thaifatir]] and were killed by it themselves.

=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===

The greatest heroes of all time sin the eyes of the Longrim are probably the Kings of Longrim - [[Nagatailo] and [[Emár]].
The most hated villain is Gurhathim and his greatest servant, [[Neferus]].

=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===

The Longrim hold their present days better than the past, because of the relative peace and wealthiness.

=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===

As it was already told, the Longrim does not waist their time on thoughts about the future.

== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===

Both a man and a woman can only have one spouse.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===

Both of the couple.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===

The only way a Longrim marriage could be divorced is by death of either the husband or the wife. It is not likely to have an unlucky marriage in the Longrim society, so there is no need of proper divorce process.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===

As it was told, the only way to end a marriage is by a death of a husband or wife. In such a case the children, of course, is taken care by the surviving parent.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===

Adultery is considered to be any sexual or erotic contact with a person which is not a spouse. Till this day, there haven't been any cases of adultery in the Longrim society, so the punishment is unknown.

=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===

Families receive their names from the house of the Husband. An elven female Áelen, after a marriage with an elven male,named, for example,  Agweledh, who comes from an ancient family that is believed to descent from, say,  elf Tharách, will receive a &quot;of House of Tharách&quot; title to her name. So, the couple they form is Agweledh and Áelen of the House of Tharách. 
In addition, the first family of the wife can also be mentioned. Lets say that Áelen descends form the House of Yrin. So, this would end up like Agweledh and Áelen Yrinen of the House of Tharách.
Orphans are taken care of by other parent that are willing to accept them. 

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===

They are not.

=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===

The Longrim sees no reason to not allow them.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===

Incest is defined as a sexual-erotic relationship between members of one family that are bound to the same blood line.. 
In the case described above, sexual relationships between, say, the sister of Agweledh and a brother of Áelen would not be considered an incest. Though they are now of on family, there are no blood-kinship between them. 
Reaction of society to incest is some kind of disbelief, since such partnership is really rare between the Elves. In case of very close kin incest, a punishment might be done.
A rape is defined as sexual or erotic contact between two or more members of the society against the free will of one or more participants. 
Reaction to rape ion the Elven Society is... shock and anger. The victim is to receive large material and even larger mental help, while the criminal is most likely to be executed.

=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===

The Longrim don't have gift-ing traditions in marriage. Usually, the most essential house-life tools are given, but those are not considered as gifts. A bouquet of flowers, some jewelry, some new clothes are the most common gifts. TO expensive gifts are considered as &quot;bad&quot; gifts, while simple, from-hart-coming are the best.

=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===

None. First of all, the Longrim those not care much of what possibly-ill things the other might do.

=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===

Actually, none. The rules and ethics of this community is essential, those that are considered &quot;sinister&quot;  are few and unacceptable to the moral of Elves.

=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===

They find it as natural as heterosexuality. Homosexuals are extremely rare among the Elves.

=== How do the genders dress? ===

The way they prefer. Nearly all elven clothes are unisex.

=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===

No, prostitution is not legal, and actually, is not practiced at all.

=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===

Most masculine activity is probably hunting, though females often practice that, too. Also, sailing and boating is considered masculine. 
War and soldier-ship is definitely not viewed as masculine-only. A large portion of Dór Dulrent military force are females.

=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===

Most female-activities are weaving and similar. 

=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===

Due the fact that Longrim tongue Longrimol does not separate noun genres, inanimate and sexless things are usually considered as... sexless. 
Some exceptions are weapons - axes, swords and spears are usually considered as male, while bows and throwing daggers - female.

=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===

Yes. Marriage is made only because of love. No financial aspects are involved.

=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===

Mainly the same as we do. The state of virginity is not important. To early loss of virginity is imposable physically, and there is no such thing as &quot;to old&quot; for the Elves.

== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===
The one that organised the gathering, or the one that has the highest social hierarchy rank, might it be the King, a prince or just a noble. 


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===
Gifts that cost way too much.


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===
With respect. When speaking, formal expressions and 2.formal person verb conjugations are used, save when the elder shows an initiative not to do that.


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===
Power: purple, red and green
Virtue: silver, light blue
Death: grey, white


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===

They can be separated or they fight till one is victorious. Fights usually do not end with a death. 

=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===

They are either separated, or fight till one is victorious.

=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===

When someone is hurt.

=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===

Questions about love and relationship are usually asked in a private conversation. Some elves consider questions of their age insulting when asked in public. 

=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===

Dressing in grey and light grey, avoiding social contacts and... singing.

=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===

Corpses are normally buried in a graveyard, but sometimes cremation is done. Those who loved the sea are set in a boat and let in the sea.  

=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===

Most classical jewelry are necklaces and rings. 

=== Who inherits property? Titles? Position? ===

The elder child inherits titles and political position, be it daughter or son. Property is shared among the children or, if there aren't any, living relatives, spouses.

=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===

They are expelled from the society, but help is granted to them; most of the sick ones promote suicide. 

=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===

Chest and legs. 

=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===

They are quit private. Not as private as it is for us, though.

=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===

With understanding and wish to help. 

=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===

Child mature when they are about 50 to 70 years old. The main change is that the skin looses its power to reflect starlight and glow.

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===

In a small town or village the society all together is the one that decides whether the law is or isn't broken. In major cities, such as [[Édirth Silim], there is an organisation called &quot;The Law-watchers&quot;, which has 10-20 members that has the power to pronounce someone guilty or not. If the Law-watcher can decide, that must be done by the King.

=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===

By the power of King.

=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===

Pardon is given by the King.

=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===

The King and the ones he has given a permission.

=== How do government officials dress? ===

Like the ordinary citizens do.

=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===

It is. The Law-watchers, the society or the King can interpret it.

=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===

Torture is allowed by no means.

=== How are people executed? ===

Quickly, by cutting their throats or by shooting them with a poisonous  arrow.

== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Fofofo5</title>
    <id>6823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48418</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-15T06:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Conlangs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Fofofo5 and Fofofo are one and the same person.

The username &quot;Fofofo&quot; is defunct as of 15 Aug. 2009, having been replaced by &quot;Fofofo5&quot;.

=Conlangs=

[[Gaaziketti]] &lt;- I don't plan to work on this any more, except maybe by adding an auto-generated word list on the [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]] page.

[[Taaluketti]] &lt;- I hope to add to this gradually over time.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taaluketti:Lexicon</title>
    <id>6824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56652</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-09T13:12:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Articles [F&gt;N] */ definite singular article now &quot;de&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See also:

[[Taaluketti]]

== Articles [S&gt;N] ==

*'''de''' ''definite singular article''

*'''go''' ''definite plural article''

*'''so''' ''indefinite singular article''

*'''ve''' ''indefinite plural article''

== Postpositions [N&gt;A] ==

*'''ko''' ''accusative''
*'''ze''' ''possessive, genitive''

== Verbs [A…A&gt;S] ==
*'''	beetu	   '''	be a garden
*'''	booru	   '''  drown (intrans.)
*'''	cainu	   '''	be mustard
*'''cecca''' be a soldier
*'''	ceeza	   '''	be an army
*'''cooqi''' be silent
*'''	cuuku	   '''	be a wife
*'''	daubu	   '''	be an organ (of body)
*'''deela''' be an enemy
*'''	gooma	   '''	be an referee, umpire
*''' haiga''' be a movie
*'''	hauka	   '''	be a curtain
*'''kaidu''' be a worker
*'''	kauna	   '''	be a populace
*'''	kooba	   '''	be a jacket
*'''kossa''' be a jewel
*'''kuubu''' be a slave
*'''	luudi	   '''	be a goat
*'''	luuli	   '''	be a pan, frying pan
*'''mennu''' be a name
*'''	moogi	   '''	be an ant
*'''	motti	   '''	be an egg
*'''	naapa	   '''	be cotton
*'''nauzu''' be original
*''' paumu''' be a person
*'''	pauqa	   '''	be a sign (as in a streetsign or public notice)
*''' qassi''' have
*'''	qeetu	   '''	be a mirror
*'''	qocci	   '''	be a beard
*'''	raalu	   '''	be an arrow
*'''raazu''' criticise
*'''	raucu	   '''	be wealthy, rich
*'''	riigu	   '''	be a scale (as in measuring device)
*'''	sombi	   '''	run
*'''	tiicu	   '''	be a pig
*'''	tuuza	   '''	be a helmet

[[Category:Taaluketti]]
[[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaaziketti:Lexicon</title>
    <id>6825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48401</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-15T05:33:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'See [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [[Gaaziketti: Lexicon]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Gaaziketti: Lexicon</title>
    <id>6826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48565</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-21T13:46:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of words that I once generated for a language called Huumăketti. This was a precursor to Gaaziketti.

The words in this list need to undergo certain transformations to make them permissible Gaaziketti words, viz:

final '''ă''' -&gt; a

'''ăă''' -&gt; au

'''a''' + [two consonants, or a double consonant] -&gt; '''ai''' +[only the second of those two consonants / only a single consonant]

The words were generated according to a formula that ensured that no two words are too similar sounding.

toocă
gaagă
tăănu
remmu
recci
saabi
leedu
nonnă
paccu
kaaqi
tuukă
tessu
baadu
handi
tommu
cokki
nannu
peekă
kambă
piită
meepi
daaqi
pennă
haabă
nuută
dongu
lonnu
rombă
bokku
daanu
qeqqă
tooqu
pambi
dootă
koolu
ruumă
qaccă
marră
qassi
goodă
rocci
păămu
kooci
needă
nombu
nossi
berră
geeri
bommu
gombu
liigă
qoobu
lassu
kiidi
paaqu
coodă
dessă
lăăpă
huucu
huunu
piiră
happă
nuulu
căăpi
ciici
năădu
haară
hottă
kăămi
doopi
gangu
raaci
kandu
daati
cuuku
noonu
kengu
kaapu
dăăcă
siipă
hessu
halli
memmă
cassă
koodu
cooză
kuubu
ceccă
ruucu
kaagu
giiră
deelu
loobă
qeeki
qeppi
dăătu
geebi
loozu
pammă
kuumi
nuumu
meeni
kăănă
hellu
găăqă
riikă
bessu
tooli
miigă
qocci
sooci
cossi
ceeri
heegă
becci
muuki
kăăki
lăăki
kollă
ruudă
motti
soobă
mombi
băăqi
ruupu
seedu
maapu
puuni
geeză
puuqă
buuri
dăăzi
laari
gerru
lăămi
koozu
daacu
booki
liili
tengi
heqqă
nongă
gooti
beezi
bengi
neenu
ciigi
tambu
săăgă
teecă
tandi
naadi
hollu
luupă
haapi
dăăbu
booli
doccu
tăăkă
kotti
pottu
riinu
muuli
heeru
măăpă
tooki
bemmu
kuuzi
cuură
guugi
miimi
mooră
diimi
meemu
kuuqu
boogă
koomu
mooci
luubu
taagi
daakă
saază
cuuqă
baaci
deemu
ruuti
taabă
morri
baaku
baani
meeci
makku
peeză
luucă
nerru
qooqu
qeezi
nelli
ruulă
qeequ
pangu
lorri
balli
haalu
băăpu
sengu
haccă
pappu
qeebu
meedu
beenă
tăăti
muupă
sootă
hecci
băări
membi
deeqă
duupă
leeqă
booru
soccu
tootu
saanu
nakkă
lăăzi
qoqqă
taqqu
tăămă
găăbă
căăni
ponnă
tuucu
sombi
ciibă
baapi
căămu
hassi
dossă
ceenu
rooru
kellă
nondi
păătă
koopi
condi
kaari
qoppi
leeni
coocu
moogi
rokku
qăăză
leeră
tiiqi
raadu
paadi
diiqu
tiinu
cuulu
nekki
huupu
lăăru
saapu
roomi
cettu
ceelă
luudi
hăănu
quupu
caccu
lotti
kondă
qakki
bandi
puuku
goccă
henni
beegă
tiicu
mandu
ceedă
taamu
naacă
qeepă
bongi
keemu
semmă
boozi
sondă
huudă
paqqi
rondu
huuză
puubă
biinu
săăcă
hambu
liizi
cappu
horră
connă
naapă
nuuci
reedi
poogu
goopu
kuupă
lommă
liipă
passă
săăzi
gaaki
paali
muuzi
roodi
năăci
răănu
riilă
tăăcu
cannu
taaqă
lallu
honni
naaqu
maanu
răări
gongă
reegă
sommă
pondi
gengă
hiinu
kaamă
roozi
kaabi
lattă
quuti
păăbă
caadi
qokku
gaccu
nuugi
rattu
tăăgu
kuuki
beetu
ceecu
bekku
beepă
sacci
coqqu
baagi
rassi
luuki
paabu
lambă
qiinu
mallu
letti
kăăgă
kiibu
qaapi
ciiku
kakku
gaazi
puugi
kammu
naaki
diiki
rottă
măăzi
ciiră
siină
bellu
gettu
ciipi
hăăqi
qambu
taazu
mooku
laadă
gokki
boopă
garri
diizi
qellu
merri
noopu
boonă
neppă
băăcu
raalu
laamă
beppi
qongi
răălă
qăălă
goori
teebu
hiikă
năălu
kuudi
hettă
huugu
qattu
loccu
pendi
seeku
kongu
suudi
răădă
teetu
poori
huuti
piiku
mammu
cambi
bonni
dooci
kanni
leemu
heppi
borră
deeku
muumi
tendu
dammu
duucă
maagu
serri
hăăkă
noppă
poonu
lacci
bondu
muudi
sollă
caqqi
meeră
coogu
hoqqă
parri
commi
torră
pooqi
doogi
bossu
puumu
qommu
qoonă
qossu
guută
tăăbi
hemmu
doppu
teezi
combu
biiri
piiqă
hoppi
tiiti
googu
kăădi
taaku
peepu
nennă
cooti
qeetu
tondu
geenu
caazi
buukă
duuli
răăkă
seetă
luuli
qembă
găăzu
sanni
caapă
bangă
seeră
nuupi
meccu
norru
hakki
naazi
giiqă
mekkă
săăqu
kiică
lossă
toqqă
kuună
lollă
keeni
nemmi
dorri
dăăgă
peegu
riigu
peemă
kaacu
guudu
păăqă
băănu
maamă
siitu
duuqu
keeku
qăăkă
piici
sassu
heeki
roocă
păălu
cuudu
qăădă
soogi
tiimă
băădă
caaru
hiiqi
guumu
hengi
kennu
siidi
moodu
kappi
qeeru
lăăbu
găăku
demmă
buugu
darră
baară
heecă
hombă
tettă
geqqu
siigă
saadă
boqqă
keeci
kooqă
tuuză
koobă
moomu
caaki
mooni
duuki
boocă
măăqu
qorră
teeki
baazu
quuri
kaanu
saacu
larră
tăălă
cakkă
deqqi
nooqi
qondu
suuqu
paazi
cennă
laanu
rannă
kiină
gossi
miiqu
diiru
geppă
piibă
hoocă
reemi
qoodi
lessă
luutu
dăăki
lappi
miiki
buupu
păără
nookă
dăăpă
biiză
ceeză
duudi
quubi
păădu
tăări
biilă
koogi
keebă
siimi
guubă
qaată
soppu
paami
gaacă
meebă
tannă
leeci
daapu
buucu
niită
caabu
diipă
qăăqi
lemmă
cuugi
qonni
păăku
dekkă
biipu
quucu
găăni
sossă
muucă
qarru
soqqi
maari
meezu
reezi
teenă
toppi
niiqă
puuzu
qeenă
guuqă
derri
săăru
lăăli
geekă
cuuci
căătă
kaală
diidi
goppă
năăpi
tuuri
kendă
noomă
hăăză
măăgă
cengă
biicu
coonu
qoopă
poomă
heenă
biigu
teeli
cekki
quulă
temmu
saari
giipi
looku
roogă
giilu
qettă
caaqu
răăcu
bootu
piimu
kaakă
peppă
gatti
găără
hannă
căădu
rongi
huulă
piilu
tiiză
luumi
neelă
teegă
qiiri
leebă
gaabu
giigi
rootu
bappă
rooli
quugu
peelă
hooli
lakku
biiti
rorră
suuki
miică
heedi
niibă
huuqi
tooru
looqă
doomu
congă
păăzu
biidă
deegi
dondă
noolă
dooni
reeli
tonni
măăki
laakă
reepă
qenni
gaaru
maabi
qaagi
tangă
naqqi
cembu
măădi
tuunu
toobu
deppu
hokku
buunu
doodu
laacu
naali
qooru
diigă
gaadi
suuzi
peebi
dăăli
riiri
maală
taani
căălu
callă
sooni
goobi
laază
caami
ruuqi
riiqi
cuuni
qaazu
puură
muugă
dendă
peeqi
tattu
kacci
sotti
toonă
coppă
luuzi
gemmi
candă
dengu
ralli
ressu
suună
kemmă
boobu
siiki
raccă
saamă
kiipă
băălă
sambă
keetă
leezu
haqqu
piizu
găămu
nuudu
dangi
pombu
riidă
nandă
riipu
rommu
duugă
longu
geelă
monnu
giini
golli
diină
kerri
niidu
leepi
neeză
qiicu
bollu
lăăqu
daamă
hăădă
kăăcă
ciizu
leccu
carri
miitu
muună
haadu
mooqă
keedu
niici
rooki
laagu
pembu
tuubi
raazu
sonnu
deedu
hăăbi
căără
duubu
hăări
kassu
booqu
lăătu
seelu
tuuqi
cuupi
loqqi
dommă
hossu
soomu
roonă
ketti
puulu
qăănu
buuqi
deeră
laală
cangu
qiidă
tollu
hangă
mennu
ceppă
luugă
moqqi
naagă
taaci
beecă
ciită
raaku
raqqu
moopi
poocu
lekkă
beebu
kokkă
rammi
qăăgu
hoodi
qecci
looni
gakkă
dooqă
neemă
qombă
nottu
heezi
loopi
guuni
qappă
băăză
qemmu
qăămă
qiipu
quunu
suutu
piidu
bakki
goomă
pannu
miipă
gelli
hammi
ruubi
polli
bembă
keeqă
lendă
dallu
kangi
hoopă
piini
baalu
taalu
tassi
tongi
takki
sellă
năăzu
naccu
deeci
celli
dăăqu
găălu
liiru
qendu
seppu
tuumă
niimu
kăăpă
kaati
heebu
baamu
tarru
gannu
siili
suumi
maadă
mossă
kallu
giiku
riimă
boodi
geemă
goocu
paagă
roopă
patti
gembu
nangu
rendu
raabă
caană
haaku
rossu
ceegu
soopi
taapi
băămă
qooli
kiiru
gaami
rappă
gallă
kiimi
goonu
tăăză
bassi
sorri
ronni
buulă
ceepu
daază
poccă
laabi
dăădi
leetă
qeeli
sooqă
qannă
duună
miină
nommi
mondă
qoozi
sokkă
quumă
qoomi
caagă
rambu
păăpi
bocci
căăqă
liimi
bombă
bambu
pemmi
lăănă
tuupu
qottă
boppi
keezu
bannă
liitu
hooru
răăti
luună
teemi
geegu
căăci
hiilă
messă
roobu
coori
qiigu
qaamu
nengă
căăgi
baaqă
pooză
qaalu
langi
haamu
păăni
qeegă
liină
lootă
maacu
beeki
diică
buudă
săănă
heemi
seeci
cottu
ciini
baabă
poopu
bammi
kăăli
huumă
liiqu
dandu
laati
răăgu
cessi
reecă
miibu
heeli
renni
soolu
mollă
sakku
kattă
kiitu
buuză
muuru
keepi
poodă
giibă
mendă
buuti
raagi
kuugă
neepu
cammă
londă
moccu
looci
gammă
kiiqu
caacă
paapă
qaaqă
peecu
peccă
konnu
lellă
keppu
tecci
qootu
kooră
tiiri
nooti
gendi
soozu
teedi
coobi
gooză
roqqă
gandă
ceebi
guupi
qekku
tembă
benni
năăni
dellă
dennu
loolu
coccă
saati
qeecă
nappu
beemi
sandu
nooză
giimu
seeni
maaqi
paacă
mongu
dollă
neecu
dambă
narri
qalli
taccă
pessi
hăăpu
pakkă
raaqă
noori
teqqă
lembi
suubu
meeku
sattă
qoogă
dappi
tokku
huuri
reqqă
qaqqu
harru
niilu
hăălă
tammi
lăăgă
reebu
tiidă
soodu
hăăcu
donnu
tăăpu
măăru
kaază
băăgu
hiiză
niizu
nammă
cuuzu
doolu
pommi
liică
rerră
cuută
suuru
hăăgu
niiră
raară
battu
gaaqu
caali
qammi
coolă
leegi
geeti
kooni
keeră
toozi
niini
buubi
năăgi
mambă
niipi
gennă
saagu
hembă
teeru
rellu
qiiti
păăci
kombi
tuuti
hoobu
gaapă
qerră
taadu
lokkă
nambi
kaqqă
hommu
meqqi
căăzu
raamu
landu
nembu
giită
qiikă
răăqi
kăăru
reeki
qollu
peedă
lăăcă
mommă
kiili
nuuqă
miiru
măămi
hiiti
kiizi
reequ
loppu
mangi
deccu
possi
seemu
paaki
massu
săămi
kossă
teepă
luuru
qengi
ruukă
muutu
detti
măăli
tiikă
neebi
săăpă
biiqi
riibi
geecu
songu
năăku
haată
pettu
doozu
tottă
dăăru
meppu
rangă
găătă
rembă
randi
suuli
gekki
gorru
băăbi
heetu
heequ
mokkă
nuură
năără
quukă
gaană
hăămă
năămu
cuubă
toopă
nassă
neqqu
noocu
maakă
pallă
herră
qăăpu
sooku
guuci
gambi
săătu
hoomi
geccă
reppi
loodu
duuzi
kiiki
miidi
căăbă
leppu
heepă
geepu
săădi
taată
saală
hoozi
reenă
tiilă
peenu
nessi
poobi
tuugu
tombă
liiki
găădu
hoonă
găăpi
kăăqu
guulu
riiză
nallă
giizu
rooqu
ruuri
hekku
ceqqu
dakku
gookă
hiibi
hocci
loogi
qaară
hiimă
hiicu
neegu
beeru
mappi
qooki
toomi
băăkă
sarră
siiru
naami
meetă
laqqă
nendi
tocci
sendă
qeemi
nuuni
poppă
qaaci
meelu
kuuru
qiiqi
lammu
ciilu
hattu
haagi
tenni
qăări
săăbu
raani
raapi
pengă
qiiză
muuqu
beequ
quudă
sekkă
tappă
meegi
noccă
poqqu
korri
daadă
bendu
kăăzi
peeti
măăcă
răăpu
haaqă
lanni
diili
hendu
barru
saqqă
seegi
lengu
maati
răăză
huukă
keqqi
năăbă
goolă
qoocă
maază
kuuli
tăăqi
săăki
găăgi
neccă
qaabă
lennu
dombi
giici
coopu
nolli
tellu
beeli
ruugu
baqqu
leelu
kootă
setti
hiidă
piipi
dassu
hiiri
qeedi
peeri
săăli
puudu
moobă
hoogă
sallu
dăămi
hooqu
liidi
nuuzu
qăăcu
dacci
koqqi
kuucă
gaali
sammu
reeru
qiibi
cerru
kessă
seepi
rengi
tuulă
hondu
lăădi
seeqă
mootă
tuudă
seccu
rakki
daari
taară
qiilă
suugă
ceeti
tăădă
naană
reetu
saaqi
puuci
quuqi
haazu
pookă
gondi
riiti
năătă
keccu
geeqi
natti
beedi
maqqă
terră
hongi
dooră
poolă
tekku
nuubă
dokkă
ceeqi
seqqi
deetă
meeqă
kaadă
kiigă
seezu
ceekă
nuuku
sessă
loomu
qiimă
siică
ceemă
qăăti
buumă
deeni
măăbu
macci
suupă
kekkă
roppi
geedă
duuru
cooqi
noqqu
tiigu
naabu
bettă
lombi
diibu
măănă
noobi
gassă
tiibi
naatu
muubu
cendi
catti
gaqqi
deebă
rarru
pongă
haaci
perru
coomă
răăbi
cookă
siiqu
niiku
peqqu
hootu
looră
sooră
leqqi
teequ
noogu
qessu
kăătu
dăănă
koccu
ciimu
laapu
sembi
haani
luuqu
căăku
cemmi
naaru
moolu
hooki
pooti
păăgi
puupi
moozu
leeku
tossu
neeti
niigi
paană
guuku
raată
bottă
suucă
biibi
pelli
nettu
gaatu
sangi
biikă
kăăbu
băăti
laaqi
riicu
qaani
hăăti
toogă
karră
baccă
porru
moppu
kuutu
piigi
hiipu
talli
neeri
giidu
gommi
guură
măătu
miili
gottu
deezu
gessi
ciiqă
daabi
qangă
dembi
doobă
koppu
cuumu
nokki
teppi
rollu
colli
gooqi
siibu
găăci
puută
pandă
mellă
paatu
pekki
beqqă
dooku
daqqă
caatu
keegi
saakă
sappi
tiipu
quuză
rekku
doqqi
baată
liibu
năăqă
pokki
seebă
neeqi
noodă
dattă
corru
boomi
paaru</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Taaluketti</title>
    <id>6827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48428</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-15T12:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Taaluketti]] is a conlang developed by [[User:Fofofo]] ( = [[User:Fofofo5]]). It is related to [[Gaaziketti]].'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Taaluketti]] is a conlang developed by [[User:Fofofo]] ( = [[User:Fofofo5]]). It is related to [[Gaaziketti]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Gaaziketti</title>
    <id>6828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48459</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-16T07:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fofofo5</username>
        <id>1324</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I notice this was removed from the category &quot;Conlangs&quot;. Is this because it is described as being no longer actively developed? [[User:Fofofo5]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iljena</title>
    <id>6829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48530</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-19T12:40:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Added link to Kelen</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">iljena {{IPA|[iʎjena]}} is spoken by the [[iljena/Leyen|Leyen]] people of [[iljena/lijin kovt|lijin kovt]] {{IPA|[lijin kovt]}}, a planet orbiting Δ Pavonis, a star about 20 light years from Earth in the southern hemisphere. The name means, literally &quot;Leyen speak&quot;, illustrating a key point of iljena grammar - that every word is a noun and a verb at the same time. The language has a monovalent clause-chaining syntax.

The Leyen are in cultural contact with Earth, which they call himin kovt {{IPA|[himin kovt]}} (English is generally known as ihmena{{IPA|[ixmena]}}, although the term can be applied to any human language), and [http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php Terjemar], which they refer to as kilin kovt{{IPA|[kilin kovt]}}, (Kēlen is known as iklena {{IPA|[iklena]}})

*[[iljena/Phonology|Phonology]]
*[[iljena/Morphology|Morphology]]
*[[iljena/Syntax|Syntax]]
*[[iljena/Script|Script]]
*[[iljena/Verse|Verse forms]]
*[[iljena/Dictionary|Dictionary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iljena/Phonology</title>
    <id>6830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48514</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-18T11:56:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Phonotactics</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Vowels==
iljena has a simple five-vowel system

{|
! &amp;nbsp; || Front || Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Mid
| e
| o
|-
! Low
| a
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

They are given in the Standard Human transcription (also known as the Kennilworth Phonemic System), and have the usual IPA values.
==Consonants==

The phonemic consonants of iljena are given in the chart below. Each consonant is given in the Standard Human transcription, with its IPA value following

{|
! &amp;nbsp; || Labial || Alveolar || Palatal || Labiovelar || Velar || Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stop
| p{{IPA|/p/}}
| t{{IPA|/t/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| q{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| k{{IPA|/k/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Voiced stop
| b{{IPA|/b/}}
| d{{IPA|/d/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| g{{IPA|/g/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Voiceless fricative
| f{{IPA|/f/}}
| s{{IPA|/s/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| h{{IPA|/h/}}
|-
! Voiced Fricative
| v{{IPA|/v/}}
| z{{IPA|/z/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Nasal
| m{{IPA|/m/}}
| n{{IPA|/n/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Approximant
| &amp;nbsp;
| r{{IPA|/r/}}
| j{{IPA|/j/}}
| w{{IPA|/w/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Lateral
| &amp;nbsp;
| l{{IPA|/l/}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

===Sandhi===

The following sandhi phenomena occur in iljena

====Palatalisation of Alveolars====
The sequence alveolar+j assimilates thus
{|
! Written || Phonemic || Phonetic
|-
| &lt;tj&gt;    || {{IPA|/tj/}} || {{IPA|[ʧ]}}
|-
| &lt;dj&gt;    || {{IPA|/dj/}} || {{IPA|[ʤ]}}
|-
| &lt;sj&gt;    || {{IPA|/sj/}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| &lt;zj&gt;    || {{IPA|/zj/}} || {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| &lt;nj&gt;    || {{IPA|/nj/}} || {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|-
| &lt;lj&gt;    || {{IPA|/lj/}} || {{IPA|[ʎj]}}
|}

Notice that {{IPA|/r/}} does not undergo palatalisation, and that {{IPA|/j/}} is not lost when {{IPA|/l/}} palatalises to {{IPA|[ʎ]}}

====Velarisation of &lt;h&gt;====
Before a consonant, or word-finally, &lt;h&gt; {{IPA|/h/}} is realised as {{IPA|[x]}}

====Voicing of &lt;q&gt;====
When in contact with a sonorant, &lt;q&gt; {{IPA|/kʷ/}} is realised as {{IPA|[gʷ]}}

====Velarisation of n====
&lt;n&gt; {{IPA|/n/}} followed by a velar or labiovelar assimilates thus

{|
! Written || Phonemic || Phonetic
|-
| &lt;nk&gt;    || {{IPA|/nk/}} || {{IPA|[ŋk]}}
|-
| &lt;ng&gt;    || {{IPA|/ng/}} || {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|-
| &lt;nq&gt;    || {{IPA|/nkʷ/}} || {{IPA|[ŋgʷ]}}
|-
| &lt;nw&gt;    || {{IPA|/nw/}}  || {{IPA|[ŋw]}}
|-
| &lt;nh#&gt;   || {{IPA|/nh/}}  || {{IPA|[ŋx]}}
|}

This last process only occurs word finally.

==Phonotactics==
The formation of an iljena word is subject to the following constraints

* Vowel occur singly within words - hiatus and diphthongs are disallowed.
* A maximum of two consonants may occur in sequence.
* Two consecutive consonants may not be identical, whether or not they are separated by a vowel. This constraint is relaxed in proper names of non-native origin.
* w may not follow q, whether or not they are separated by a vowel.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:D8bblo-y.svg</title>
    <id>6832</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48501</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-17T14:08:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[File:D8bblo-y.svg]] to [[File:Double-upsilon.svg]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[File:Double-upsilon.svg]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Doubleupsilon.png</title>
    <id>6833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48504</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-17T14:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Doubleupsilon.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Andre</title>
    <id>6834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48508</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-17T23:05:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Use of Kelanian for conlang_learners project?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Use of Kelanian for conlang_learners project? ==

Someone nominated your conlang Kelanian for use in the conlang_learners project (see [[Learners shortlist]]).  Would you object to a bunch of people learning and using Kelanian starting probably sometime in September, if it were chosen in the voting?  (There are about 25 nominees.) --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 23:05, 17 August 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iljena/Morphology</title>
    <id>6835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48562</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-21T12:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>an-Mārōn λi-Kīþa Ōmrisse maþīñanen (Thanks, Sylvia!)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Every word in iljena is a noun-verb compound. It consists of a triconsonantal root, which expresses the nominal sense of the word, and a vowel pattern, marking the verbal sense. The following word-shapes are possible-
* CCVC
* CCVCV
* CVCCV
* CVCVC
* CVCVCV
* VCCVC
* VCCVCV
* VCVCCV
* VCVCVC
* VCVCVCV

Many verb patterns act in a caselike way- for example [[iljena/lijin kovt|lijin kovt]], the name usually used by humans for the Leyen's home planet, parses as Leyen.dwell world.hold, with the verb-pattern 1o23 &quot;hold&quot; acting in a locative-like manner. There is a school of thought, originating with the Kēleni explorer an-Mārōn λi-Kīþa Ōmrisse maþīñanen, that classifies iljena as a verbless language, similar to [http://www.terjemar.net/kelen.php Kēlen], but the Leyen reject this analysis, and most human exolinguists agree that it makes more sense to describe an open class as &quot;verbs&quot; than &quot;cases&quot;.

The terms used by Leyen grammarians are kps &quot;body&quot; for the noun root, and brt &quot;spirit&quot; - it is the union of the two that makes a word alive. They describe human words as &quot;like corpses and ghosts&quot;. It is also noted that human students tend to overuse the verb pattern 12u3o &quot;undergo&quot; as a quasi-accusative. 

Verbal categories such as tense are expressed periphrastically.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grand Master Plan</title>
    <id>6836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48680</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T07:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grand Master Plan''' is a jocular term orignally used by Andrew Smith to describe the [[wp:historical phonology|historical phonology]] of [http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html Brithenig] as the [[wp:plan|plan]] for how to turn Latin into a language similar to Welsh, with reference to ''master plan'' as a term for the  [[wp:Conspiracy theory|hidden agenda]] of a [[wp:cabal|cabal]]. Later used for the historical phonology of any [[bogolang]], and then by extension for the historical phonology of any [[histlang]], virtually becoming a conlangers' in-group synonym for ''historical phonology''.

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bogolang</title>
    <id>6837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52104</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-03T19:23:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bogolang''' is a jocular term, popularized, but not coined, by [http://www.compulink.co.uk/~morven/index.html Geoff Eddy], for the result of ''[http://www.compulink.co.uk/~morven/lang/bogo.html bogo-linguistics]'', the process of creating a conlang by applying a model (&quot;[[Grand Master Plan]]&quot;) of the [[wp:historical phonology|historical phonology]] of one [[wp:natlang|natlang]] to another, usually more or less [[wp:linguistic kinship|unrelated]] natlang.

During December 2009, this term was criticized on the CONLANG list, on the grounds that it, at a glance, seems to have the same meaning as &quot;[[jokelang]]&quot;. Terms such as &quot;dialang&quot; and &quot;graftlang&quot; were proposed, by a consensus was never reached.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob/</title>
    <id>6838</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48626</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-27T09:08:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Sohlob/]]&quot;: Please don't delete this page. It is necessary to make redirects from my old site work! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#Redirect [[Sohlob]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Sohlob/</title>
    <id>6839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48627</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-27T09:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Please don't delete this page. It is necessary to make redirects from my old site work! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Please don't delete this page. It is necessary to make redirects from my old site work! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Grand Master Plan</title>
    <id>6840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48683</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T08:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Doesn't &quot;GMP&quot; apply to ''any'' [[a posteriori]] language with a specific set of soundlaws, not just bogolangs? IIRC I've seen the term used in the context of eg. Terkunan, which does not seem to be based on the model of any existing language. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 12:55, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
: I tried to improve the wording and include the wider meaning (although i disapprove of that usage since it makes the term a rather senseless synonym of ''historical phonology'').  Incidentally this spawned two further terminology stubs for [[histlang]] and [[conlang family]]. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 08:06, 29 August 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nime</title>
    <id>6841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48643</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-27T21:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Madbrain</username>
        <id>1327</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Native spelling: &quot;NiMei&quot; (/nime/).

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!  Labial
!  Dental
!  Palatal
!  Velar
|-
|  p
|  t
|  c/ʧ &quot;ch&quot;
|  k &quot;c&quot;/&quot;qu&quot;
|-
|  b
|  d
|  ɟ/ʤ &quot;dj&quot;
|  ɡ &quot;g&quot;/&quot;gu&quot;
|-
|  m
|  n
|  ɲ &quot;gn&quot;
|  ŋ &quot;ng&quot;
|-
|  v
|  s
|  ʒ &quot;j&quot;
|  
|-
|  w &quot;u&quot;/&quot;w&quot;
|  
|  j &quot;i&quot;/&quot;y&quot;
|  
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!  Front
!  Center
!  Back
!  Front nasal
!  Center nasal
!  Back nasal
|-
|  i
|  ɨ &quot;ue&quot;
|  u
|  ĩ &quot;in&quot;
|  ɨ̃ &quot;uen&quot;
|  ũ &quot;un&quot;
|-
|  e &quot;ei&quot;
|  ə &quot;oe&quot;
|  o &quot;ou&quot;
|
|
|
|-
|  ɛ &quot;eh&quot;
|  
|  ɔ &quot;oh&quot;
|  ɛ̃ &quot;en&quot;
|  ə̃ &quot;oen&quot;
|  ɔ̃ &quot;on&quot;
|-
|  
|  a
|  
|  
|  ã &quot;an&quot;
|  
|}

=== Tones ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!  Level
!  Falling
!  Raising
|-
|  55 &quot;SA&quot;
|  53 &quot;SAa&quot;
|    
|-
|  33 &quot;Sa&quot;
|  32 &quot;Saa&quot;
|  35 &quot;SaA&quot;
|-
|  22 &quot;sa&quot;
|  
|  23 &quot;saA&quot;
|-
|  11 &quot;saa&quot;
|
|
|}

=== Phonotactics ===
[C][j,w]V[V][T] (toneless syllables are given tone 33)

=== Spelling conventions ===
* &quot;y&quot; and &quot;w&quot; are used when they start a syllable or in otherwise ambiguous cases such as /nwɛ̃/ &quot;Nwen&quot; (vs /nɨ̃/ &quot;Nuen&quot;) or /gwi/ &quot;Gwi&quot; (vs /gi/ &quot;Gui&quot;). Otherwise, &quot;i&quot; and &quot;u&quot; are used.
* The appostrophe is used to break syllables in otherwise ambiguous cases such as /tãgi/ &quot;tan'gi&quot; vs /taŋi/ &quot;tangi&quot;.
* Initial /a,i,u/ with middle tones (33,35,32) are prefixed with 'H', giving &quot;Ha,Haa,HaA,Hi,Hii,HiI,Hu,Huu,HuU&quot;.
* Falling, raising and very low tones must be spelled with the first vowel doubled: &quot;SUuen&quot;, &quot;Suuen&quot;, &quot;SuUEN&quot;, &quot;suUEN&quot;, &quot;suuen&quot;.

== Grammar ==
* SVO.
* noun group order: preposition - noun - argument - adjective - possessor - relative clause.
* No case.
* Verb agreement: with subject and complement.
* Alignment: nominative/accusative.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council for the Interpretation of Treaties</title>
    <id>6842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48648</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-28T04:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The '''Council for the Interpretation of Treaties''', better known as simply the Treaty Council, is the ''de facto'' chief governing body of the [[International Council of Govern…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Council for the Interpretation of Treaties''', better known as simply the Treaty Council, is the ''de facto'' chief governing body of the [[International Council of Governments]].  It originated as merely one part of the ICG bureaucracy, established in 772.

As the number of treaties between between member-states has grown, and the number of controversies over meanings of treaties and conflicts between treaties has grown, the Treaty Council has grown increasingly important.

[[Category:Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Lišěč (Cyrillic)</title>
    <id>6843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48665</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T01:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]] &lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Свобõднинос Фон…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Main_Page_in_other_languages]]
&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Свобõднинос Фонтнос]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Куин сыздаветё сивуаен]] • [[Help:Contents|Апу]]&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
{| style=&quot;border: 0; background-color: #ffffff&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
&lt;!--

Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Ÿвёõшке мённат ФратУйкикаθун!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Пäмарес ФратУйкиал]] õљокост заммел информакционнесел ракенатсаста келнесеста, ракенатнасаста мäлманесеста, õнт закнасал келтĕденеста. ФратУйкика õљокостын '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' сивуаељий, ктõрољий õљокостын свобõдниносос бёњÿцосса.

Кÿцöекеммё ÿчастненекетё апуосса! Кöннекетё мутнанонокотё тäмёнесен сивуанесен õнт сыздавненекетё ÿшинесен. Читейетё апуађанћнасан сивуанесен лернненекетё, куин кирйаненекетё сивуанесен тÿк. Браукшашатё апуан, кöннекетё прошавнонокотё бёйштанћосса сивуаке ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]''.
&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Закнас&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Келтĕден]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Ракенатнас келнес]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Ракенатнас алфабетнас]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Ракенатнас мäлманес]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Келмас ферглĕйк]]
:[[Our Father|Кайал Ипа]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Листа и-мейлнесел]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Темплейтнес]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ ФратУйки Yahooка]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki müyneske kelneske

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki nunjyt mórjyt&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune]] • [[Main Page/Dalcurian|Dalcurian]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan]] • [[Main Page/Háfrig (Avorenta)|Háfrig (Avorenta)]] • [[Main Page/Itëłan|Itëłan]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč|Lánc]] • [[Main Page/Lišěč|Lišěč]] • [[Main Page/Nytal|Nytal]] • [[Main Page/Piscean|Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Romanto|Romanto]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian]] • [[Main Page/Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/West Germanic|West Germanic]] • [[Main Page|English]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!--
'''Bold text'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Histlang</title>
    <id>6844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48685</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T08:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Linked to [[diachronic conlang]] and changed wording accordingly, linked [[wp:synchronic linguistics]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''histlang''' is an alternative and shorter term for [[diachronic conlang]], usually with the implication that the language's [[wp:historical linguistics|history]], rather than the [[wp:synchronic linguistics|synchronic]] 'end product' is the main focus of interest for the creator of the conlang.

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang family</title>
    <id>6845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48693</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T09:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* In glossopoeiology */ typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== In diachronic conlanging ==

The term '''conlang family''' usually refers to a [[wp:language family|language family]] of [[diachronic conlang]]s interrelated through their imaginary [[wp:historical linguistics|history]], especially their [[wp:historical phonology|historical phonologies]], tracing them back to a con-[[wp:proto-language|proto-language]]. The creator of a conlang family, the most notable exemplar of which is [[wp:J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien]], usually regards the conlang family, embodied in the interrelated histories of the member languages, as a work of art in its own right, of equal or even prime importance compared to the individual member languages. 

A conlang family may arise 'spontaneously' in diachronic conlanging through the principle &quot;When in doubt create a [[wp:dialect|dialect]]&quot;, i.e. when the diachronic conlanger is in doubt which of two (or more) alternative paths of historical development to let their [[histlang]] take they project several dialects or [[wp:sister language|sister language]]s, each following one of the proposed paths, or assigning alternative [[wp:linguistic change|linguistic change]]s to previously projected dialects or sister languages.

== In [[glossopoeiology]] ==

Another, less frequent, usage of ''conlang family'' is to refer to the conlangs of an certain conlanger, seen as a [[wp:family|family]] by virtue of being the creations of the same artist.

[[Category:Terminology]]
[[Category:Theory of conlanging]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glossopoeiology</title>
    <id>6846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48717</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:21:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Glossopoeiology''' ({{IPA|/glɒsoʊpiː''j''ˈɒlədʒi/]}}, from Greek ''γλῶσσα'' 'tongue, language', ''-ποιία'' 'making' and ''λόγος'' 'saying, account, explanation, narrative'; cf. [[glossopoeia]]) is the study, description and theory of conlanging as a [[wp:craft|craft]] [[wp:art|art]], [[wp:game|game]] as well as a [[wp:cultural|cultural]] and [[wp:social|social]] phenomenon, including the ''[[wp:artist|artist]]ic [[wp:biography|biography]]'' of conlangers and the [[wp:historiography|historiography]] of conlanging and conlangs (in the sense of history of what conlangers do and of their creations in [[real time]] as opposed to the [[wp:fiction|fictitious]] [[wp:language history|language history]] of [[diachronic conlang]]s in imaginary time).

Perhaps a better term would be ''[[glossopoeistics]]'', since the referent is the study of what conlangers do, and how and why they do it.

[[Category:Terminology]]
[[Category:Theory of conlanging]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glossopoeia</title>
    <id>6847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48695</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T09:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Glossopoeia''' ({{IPA|/glɒsoʊˈpiː''j''ə/}}) is a fancy term for ''conlanging'' and particularly [[artlang|]]ing, derived from Greek ''γλῶσσα'' 'tongue, language' a…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Glossopoeia''' ({{IPA|/glɒsoʊˈpiː''j''ə/}}) is a fancy term for ''conlanging'' and particularly [[artlang|artlang]]ing, derived from Greek ''γλῶσσα'' 'tongue, language' and ''-ποιία'' 'making'.  Used and probably coined by [[wp:J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien]].

[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Theory of conlanging</title>
    <id>6848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48696</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T10:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Top-level categories]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Top-level categories]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang learners/Voting</title>
    <id>6849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48848</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-02T06:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>point 3: making it even more explicit just what voters must do</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"># Let's all try to post as many reviews and comments on nominated conlangs as we can before the end of the voting; preferably before voting begins.
# We'll use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting instant-runoff voting].   A ballot should consist of a list of one or more of the conlangs from the [[Learners shortlist]], listed in order of your most to least preferred conlang to learn.  You can list as many of the conlangs on the shortlist you want.   If there are any you have no interest at all in learning, you should leave them off your ballot.
#:E.g., if you most want to learn Foolang and Quuxlang is the conlang you're least interested in while still having nonzero interest in learning, your ballot would look like this:
#:Foolang
#:Barlang
#:Quxlang &lt;!-- /kwksl&amp;N/ ? --&gt;
#:Quuxlang
# Voters should '''email their ballots offlist''' to the address '''conlang_learners_vote''@''conlang.org''', not sooner than September 1 (midnight GMT) and not later than September 8 (midnight GMT).  The ballot email's subject line should include the text &quot;conlang learners ballot&quot;.  The address conlang_learners_vote''@''conlang.org is a special-purpose mailing list; only the vote-counting volunteers (Philip Newton, Amanda Babcock Furrow and Matthew Turnbull) can read messages sent there.
# Only those who were subscribed to the conlang_learners mailing list as of 1 September 2009 are elible to vote.  You must email your ballot from the same address you used to subscribe to conlang_learners.
# The vote-counters will independently count the ballots sometime between September 8 and September 15.  They'll email each other privately with the detailed results of their count to check each other's work.
# Once the volunteers are satisfied they've counted the votes accurately, they'll announce the results to the conlang_learners mailing list (and perhaps in other places; see below).
# If we already have permission to use the chosen conlang, we'll dive in and start using it.   If not, we'll try again to contact the conlang's creator, and if we don't get permission, we'll go to the runner-up from the voting and use it if we already have permission, ask permission if we don't, and iterate if necessary.
# The vote counters could announce to the list that they've finished counting the votes, and will announce the result live on a certain IRC channel at a certain date and time.  In that event, they should privately contact the creator of the chosen conlang, get their permission if we don't already have it, and make sure the date and time for the IRC meet suits the conlang creator as well as all the vote counters, before making an  announcement.
# The vote counters might, depending on the patterns they see in the voting, recommend a split into two groups studying different languages, or not.  If they don't recommend a split but a significant minority of list members are unhappy with the conlang chosen by the vote, said minority should probably get together to organize another vote, by whatever method and criteria for eligibility they choose, a little later on.
# It would be nice to announce the vote count results on 17 September, the feast day of St. Hildegard of Bingen, assuming the vote counters are finished verifying and counting the ballots, and the availability of the chosen conlang, by then.
# The vote counters ought to post detailed results of the IRV vote-counting process, probably on FrathWiki.  See for instance [http://www.noreascon.org/hugos/hugodetails.html these detailed voting break-downs for the Hugo Award,] which uses essentially the same kind of instsant-runoff voting we'll use.
# Besides on the conlang_learners list, it would be good to announce the results of the voting and the beginning of the real conlang-learning phase of the project on other conlanging fora: ZBB, CONLANG, AUXLANG, worldlangslist, LiveJournal Conlangs Community, etc...?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Real and imaginary time</title>
    <id>6850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48713</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Real time]] to [[Real and imaginary time]]:&amp;#32;Content covers both terms</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">As a term in conlanging and [[conculture|conculturing]] '''real time''' refers to the history of ''[[althist:OTL|Our Timeline]]'' as opposed to '''imaginary time''' as the history of [[althist:ATL|alternate timelines]].  In conlanging these terms apply especially to the history of conlangs as something conlangers do as opposed to the [[wp:fiction|fictitious]] [[wp:language history|language history]] of [[diachronic conlang]]s.

[[Category:Terminology]]
[[Category:Theory of conlanging]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Real time</title>
    <id>6851</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48714</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Real time]] to [[Real and imaginary time]]:&amp;#32;Content covers both terms</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Real and imaginary time]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imaginary time</title>
    <id>6852</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48715</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Real and imaginary time]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Real and imaginary time]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glossopoeistics</title>
    <id>6853</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48720</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Glossopoeiology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romanzo</title>
    <id>6854</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48722</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Romanzo]] to [[Romanzè]]:&amp;#32;Name Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Romanzè]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Romanzo</title>
    <id>6855</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48724</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T12:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Romanzo]] to [[Talk:Romanzè]]:&amp;#32;Name Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Romanzè]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vyndesskays</title>
    <id>6856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49452</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-29T20:46:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vyndesskays</username>
        <id>1328</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Vyndesskays'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| 
[[Image:Conflag_med.png]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Birth:'''
|| January 7th, 1990
|-
|valign=top|'''Profession:'''
|| student
|-
|valign=top|'''Natural languages:'''
||German, English, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Ancient Greek, Hungarian a bit, Knowlegde of Japanese, Basque, Mapudungun, Lithuanian, Greek    
|-
|valign=top|'''Created conlangs:'''
|| 
*[[Vylares]] - Conlang for a story of mine
*[[Pariles]] - Conlang for a story of mine
*[[Ballhorn]]- The horny Language between bavarian and other languages
*[[Erghorn]]- A mix of Bavarian, German(ic), Basque and other languages
|-
|valign=top|'''Interests:'''
|| Linguistics, Art  
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ajalianotho.pdf</title>
    <id>6857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48738</id>
      <timestamp>2009-08-30T14:55:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mos</username>
        <id>723</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc dialogues</title>
    <id>6858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50647</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-20T19:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lójo twákwo tečalžesu! - I'm going to begin a new work! */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}
Here there are some '''dialogues''' in Lantian, listed according to an increasing difficulty, with some explanations.

==Swé wámejis? - What's your name?==

- Sofronis: Déno nóšfadžo, lástnejn!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Déno nóšfadžo!&lt;br&gt; 
- Sofronis: Málajč ér&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Kí Sofronis eru. Ši rí&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; swé wámejis?&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Marie wámus&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Málajč ér&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Swád ery, Sofronis?&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: Elladajád. Ši rí?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Fransád.&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: Ši hí, mé ér?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Hí Ana Elladajád ér. Čwesačan ér. Kí kokwe&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: Kí kokwe&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; čwesačan eru. Ši lak mon, mé er?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Ó&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; lást Petru. Ó popítačan láncu ér.&lt;br&gt;

- Sofronis: Good morning, mrs.!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Good morning!&lt;br&gt; 
- Sofronis: Nice to meet you (lit. ''It's a pleasure''). I am Sofronis. What's your name (lit. ''How are you called?'')&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: My name's Marie (lit. ''I am called Marie''). Nice to meet you. Where are you from, Sofronis?&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: From Greece. And you? (''polite form'')&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: From France.&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: And she, who is she?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: She is Ana from Greece. She's student. And me too (lit. ''I also'').&lt;br&gt;
- Sofronis: And I am a student too. And this man, who is he?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Mr. Petru. He's (the) teacher of Lantian.&lt;br&gt;

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The name isn't asked as in English (even if you can build such a sentence ''Máke townon úk ér?'', it won't sound suitable), but with the passive form of the verb '''wámor''', ''to call'': '''Swé wámecis?''' - literally ''How are you called (by name)?''
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; When two people meet and don't know each other they don't use the singular 2nd person '''to''' (''thou''), but make use of a polite form, which coincides with the ''second plural person'' form '''rí'''. Verbs have to agree with this person, and also pronouns, but not adjectives neither nouns: '''Mó toljuj?''' - ''What are you doing?''; '''Valmu ža ply rijo znodža''' - ''I think I already know you''.
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; To reply an introduction the polite form ''nice to meet you'' is translated as ''it's a pleasure to meet you'' - '''tó bejznódor málajč ér''', when the first part of the sentences is dropped as implied: you simply have to answer '''Málajč ér!'''
* &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; The article '''ó''' comes before the word '''lást''', which means ''mister'', differently from English. The article comes before every definite word, only except personal and geographical nouns. Here the word '''lást''' is definite and it's not a personal noun, even if followed by a personal one, so the article is present.
* &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; '''Kokwe''', meaning ''also'', ''too'', always follows the nouns and pronouns, which is linked to.

==Máke rijunon twák ér? - What's your job?==
- L. Brown: Rýžač&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, lást, popítačan ery?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Asenov: Ét, popítačan ét eru!&lt;br&gt;
- L. Brown: Máke&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; rijunon twák ér?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Asenov: Indžineren&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; twaču, ýbo čuk inglišoko čwesu. Ši rí, mé ery?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Brown: Kí Henry Brown eru, biznesmén. Málajč ér!&lt;br&gt;
- L. Asenov: Málajč ér, Hristo Asenov. Swád ery, lást Brown?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Brown: Núčelačýd Mjáwejýd Amerikaw (''alt.'': NMA-jýd)! Ši rí, swád ery?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Asenov: Bylgariajád aču!&lt;br&gt;

- Mr. Brown: Sorry (lit. ''Excuse''), mister, are you teacher?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Asenov: No, I am not teacher!&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Brown: What is your job?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Asenov: I work as engineer, but now I am studying English. And you, who are you?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Brown: I am Henry Brown, business man. Nice to meet you!&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Asenov: Nice to meet you, Hristo Asenov. Where are you from, mr. Brown?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Brown: From the United States of America (''alt.'': from USA)! And you, where are you from?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Asenov: I come from Bulgaria!&lt;br&gt;

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The apologizing form is expressed by the verb '''rýžor''', conjugated in imperative form: '''rýž''' - ''Excuse me'' (to someone you know); '''rýžač''' (to someone you don't know or to many people); '''rýžače''' (to two people). The object form is optional: '''kijo rýž''' is an optional way of apologizing. A more polite form involves the optative mood as a question: '''kijo rýžij?''' - ''Would you like to excuse me?''
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Here the English pronoun ''what'' ('''má''') is replaced with '''máke''' (''which''), because it fits better with the sentence as an adjectival pronoun.
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''twákor''' (''to work'') expresses its object (the kind of work) with the ''instrumental case'', instead of a particle as English ''as'': '''popítačanen twaču''' - ''I work as teacher''.

==Swot ó lást Petru ér? - Where is Mr. Petru?==
- Ln. Peta: Déno nóšfadžo!&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Déno nóšfadžo!&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: Ono lásto Petruwo tyrcu. Rí ery?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Ét, kí ét eru&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: Lak ó bjuró onu lástu Petrú ér?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: De! Ét krópuc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Ó lást Petru lakot néremot twače, ýbo čuk ét ájér&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: Ši swot ér?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Šiko néremo sáljej?&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: Mákewo?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Pjuvot onot voremožot!&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: De?&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Lak ó bjuró onu direktoru ér. Ó lást Petru kájot ér. Ýbo pu-dénum zao ájot kánjač&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;
- Ln. Peta: Dénum. Džanu!&lt;br&gt;
- L. Vine: Dólbu!&lt;br&gt;

- Mrs, Peta: Good morning!&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: Good morning!&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: I am looking for mr. Petru. It is you?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: No, it's not me.&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: Is this the office of mr. Petru?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: Yes! You're not wrong. Mr. Petru works in this room, but now there isn't.&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: And where is he?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: Do you see that room?&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: Which one?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: On the right in the corridor!&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: Yes?&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: That's the office of the director. Mr. Petru is there. Ma it's better if you wait for him here (lit. ''but better wait for him here'')&lt;br&gt;
- Mrs. Peta: Well. Thank you!&lt;br&gt;
- Mr. Vine: You're welcome!&lt;br&gt;

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''ervuč''' doesn't require a direct object in accusative as English ''to be''. The object of the verb is in ''nominative case'' (as in many languages of the world), and a sentence like ''it's not me'', should be translated as '''kí ét eru''' - ''I am not'', with the pronoun to highlight the person.
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The English construction ''to be wrong'' is expressed by the verb '''krópuč''', which also means ''to make an error''. '''Valmu ža krópavec''' - ''I think you were wrong''.
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; The English construction ''to be there'' is expressed by the single verb '''ájervuč''', a compound form of ''ervuč'': '''Króp ájér''' - ''There is an error''.
* &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; This sentence has a different construction in the two languages. In English it is divided in two clauses, because the part ''it's better'' holds an entire second clause. In Lantian it's better to compose a single sentence, by using ''better'' ('''pu-dénum''') as adverb, and the verb goes in imperative. It is also possible to compose two clauses as in English, building a sentences like: '''Ýbo pu-dén ér, ža zao ájot kánjaj''', but this construction is avoided if possible.

==Mó toljuc? - What are you doing?==
- Hristo: Ehoj, Marie!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Ehoj, Hristo! Dénum okátjáv! Asátj!&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Džanu! Swé erc? Mó toljuc?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Dénum eru. Džanu! Lójyo porejoy láncot čwesu.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Vnosy eruk?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Ét! Majtaftóč minutyt&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; sgoton tekersu.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Vnosyo porejoy ply znodžec ši dénum lánco malžec!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Džanu! Ervomš méske vnosum ralu ši nočalum lánco ša&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; láncyen vjéšajeyn malžu.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Gnawtum! Swot Ana ér?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Tálenawrot ér. Skjáwandžijo čwese. Ájot na 18.00 h.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; tekerse.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Dénum. Ájot hijo tekánjesu.&lt;br&gt;

- Hristo: Hello, Marie!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Hello, Hristo! Welcome! Come in!&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Thank you! How are you? What are you doing?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: I'm fine. Thanks! I'm studying new words in Lantian.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Are they many?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: No! I'll be ready in fifteen minutes.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: You already know many words and speak well Lantian!&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: Thank you! Maybe because I read very much and I speak only Lantian with Lantian friends.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Sure! Where is Ana?&lt;br&gt;
- Marie: She's in the library. She's studying biology. She will be here at 6.00 pm.&lt;br&gt;
- Hristo: Good. I'll wait for her here.&lt;br&gt;

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; When you express a period of time, which an action is carried out in, this period is stated in ''locative case'': '''kájot nočot minutot tekersu''' - ''I'll be there in one minute''.
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The preposition '''ša''' is translated with the same preposition (''with'') as the simple ''instrumental case''. The preposition express a meaning of companionship, instead the simple case has a meaning of something being used (as a tool, usually a thing).
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Hour time is expressed by the preposition '''na''' with the ''accusative case'': '''na vát húrejoy''' - ''at 8.00 am''.

==Swot étoljenajot ervec? - Where were you on holiday?==

- Mark: Ehoj, Pétr!&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Ehoj, Mark! Swot étoljenajot ervec?&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Nočovum onás stuvás kijunywon lájačanetu rójevu, ši počle nwínás&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Swíz nwínot ervec?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: Ód ono tóčovo dó onas džistóč paljovás&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; juljú&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Swé ó vréma erev?.&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: Vnosum méra erev! Keldžov, lošžwin...&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Ši ó hranu?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: Dén, ýbo undov&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Nočen ervec?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: Ét. Bánon vámil erven, kijun milson&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; ši kijunyn píkuj kokwe. Ši to, swás rójevec?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Dóčuk twačevu. Kijunon étoljena tečaldže tefadžo, ód ono džistóčovo&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; awgústu&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; dó onás bárzás septembriw. Itáliajás ši Espanjajás terójesu.&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Oh, Itáliajás ši Espanjajás?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: De, ýbo lako ýswo nočen tekersu?&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Ša townen milsonen&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; ét tekersec?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Ét. Hí ši ony píkuj mázujás onču pralájačanetu eruk.&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Dénum. Déno étoljenawo!&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Džanu!&lt;br&gt; 

- Mark: Hi, Pétr!&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Hi, Mark! Where were you on holiday?&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: First, I went in the village of my parents, and after to the beach (lit. ''to the sea'').&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: When were you at the beach (lit. ''at the sea'')?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: From 10th to 24th July.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: How was the weather?.&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: It was very beautiful! Warm, sunny...&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: And the feed?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: Good, but expensive.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: You were alone?&lt;br&gt;
- Mark: No. We were the entire family (lit. ''all the family''), my wife and my children too. And you, where did you go?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: I worked until now. My holidays start tomorrow, from 20th August until the end of September. I will go in Italy and Spain.&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Oh, Italy and Spain?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Yes, but this year I will be alone?&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: You won't go with your wife?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: No. She and the children are at their grandparents' home.&lt;br&gt; 
- Mark: Well. Have a good holiday (lit. ''Good holiday'')!&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Thanks!&lt;br&gt; 

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; When you generically say that someone goes to the beach, thought as the seaside place, you have to say '''nwínás''', ''to the sea'', or '''nwínot''', ''at the sea'': '''nwínás terójesu''' - ''I'll go to the beach''. The locative form '''nwínot''' has both meaning of ''at the sea'' and ''in the sea''. The second meaning can be specified by a preposition: '''vnosy lujdaj výn nwínot skjaček''' - ''many fishes live inside the sea''
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The date is expressed with a ordinal number as in English (as if it were implied the term '''fád''' - ''day''), and it should be preceded by the article: '''lakfadžo ó paljov marcu ér''' - ''today is the 4th March''.
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; After a date the name of the month is linked with the date by declining in ''genitive form'': '''ono klikaftóčovo janváru rójev''' - ''he went the 13th of January''
* &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; '''Milson''' - ''wife'' belongs to the group of relative nouns which don't require the definite adjective when preceded by the possessive adjective. Also the nouns '''nát''' - ''father'', '''héd''' - ''mother'', '''vokeš''' - ''son'', '''vokšte''' - ''daughter'', '''monson''' - ''husband'', '''milson''' - ''wife'', and other nouns of minor relatives, only in the singular: '''Towno nátwo sáljevu''' - ''I saw your father''

==Mé šik mila ér? - Who is that woman?==

- Hans: Pétr, mé šik mila ér?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Žana Peta, vjéša kijunu máwriw&lt;br&gt; 
- Hans: Vnosum méra ér.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: De, méra ér. Hijuneton nénet&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; domešvi eruke ši hijunyjon vlohšy dlyg ši vryn eruk.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: Ši šik mon blúz Žanajot?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Hiju monson ér. Za osterrajčar indžiner ér. Firmajot Vínot twače.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: Delwa ér. Méra džisma eruke&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Ši héj mijčunon&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; awto ér?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: De!&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: Ši píkuj mijču&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; esuk?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Džis&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. Pali yšy mijčuna&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; vikšteja esuk ši mánéj lučery mijčuna&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; vokeša esuk.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: Swot skjaček?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: Vínot, ýbo čuk lójo firmawo vojunon malmajot páluke&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Žana vnosum fami ér, méske hijuneton lájačanet&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, hijun marí ši bányjon hijuny nalájačany ájot skjaček.&lt;br&gt; 

- Hans: Pétr, who is that woman?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Žana Peta, a friend of my sister&lt;br&gt; 
- Hans: She's very beautiful.&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Yes, she's beautiful. Her eyes are azure and her hair are long and black.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: And that man near Žana?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: He's her husband. He's an Austrian engineer. He works in a company in Vienna.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: He's nice. They are a beautiful couple. And that is their car?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Yes!&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: And do they have children?&lt;br&gt;
- Pétr: Two. Their daughter is 4 years old, and their son some months old.&lt;br&gt;
- Hans: Where do they live?&lt;br&gt; 
- Pétr: In Vienna, but now they open a new company in our country. Žana is very happy, because her parents, her brother and all her relatives live here.&lt;br&gt;

* In this dialogue we can see an extensive use of the ''dual'' number, in nouns&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, verbs&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, adjectives&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, pronouns&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Usually the dual number points a group of two beings or things, even if not specified by the number. The number '''džis''', ''two'' in used only as a simple number, when there is no noun to decline in dual form&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. The dual is used implicitly when we speak about a couple, or about nouns which usually come in pair, as '''nén''' - ''eye'', '''jind''' - ''ear'', '''ráka''' - ''hand'', '''krawk''' - ''arm'', '''oliš''' - ''leg'', '''lájačan''' - ''parent'': '''Kijuneton rákat míču''' - ''I wash my hands'' (I don't want to say that I have two hands, it's an implied fact, and it should '''''not''''' be translated ''I wash my two hands'').
* The use of plural and dual numbers allows to express some nuances, that are not expressed in English. In this part of the dialogue:
: ...
: - Hans: Swot '''skjaček'''?&lt;br&gt; 
: - Pétr: Vínot, ýbo čuk lójo firmawo vojunon mjáwejot '''páluke'''. ..

: As they just spoke about the entire family, Hans asks where they (all four people) live, with the plural form, but when Pétr answers that they want to open an own company in his country, he uses the dual form, because it is implied that's not their little children's intention.

==Banum kijo štomec? - Do you really invite me?==

- Julie: Alo, Elena, ehoj!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ehoj Julie!&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Mó toljuc? Vnos twák&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; toja és&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;?&lt;br&gt; 
- Elena: De.. kija és&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Ono mázuwo kiwsu, onjo okanojoy míču ši ono muzikawo mwemu.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Ono omenavo počfadžo kí kokwe onjo okanojoy míčevu ši ono mázuwo kiwsevu. Ó twák ivná&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ét fáne. Ša kolegajen eru, dérža káfewo žičan. To kokwe átj!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Banum kijo štomec?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: De, tó stomu. Dérheja toja páwámevu&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ši townon kolegawo? Zao znodžu?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: De! Zao znodžec.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ši kija mále&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Eh, ét znodžu, ýbo znodžu, ža zaja málec&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Mé za ér?&lt;br&gt; 
- Julie: Kija nuno ét cáž&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;! Áfgenš ér!&lt;br&gt; 
- Elena: Dénum! Sijo míču&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;, sijo púnemu&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; ši kájot dimíjot hurejot tekersu.&lt;br&gt; 
- Julie: Tó kančen!&lt;br&gt;

- Julie: Hello, Elena, hi!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Hi, Julie!&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: What are you doing? Have you got much housework?&lt;br&gt; 
- Elena: Yes.. I have. I clean the house, wash the windows and listen to the music.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Last week I washed the windows and cleaned the house too. The housework never ends. I am with a colleague, to drink a coffee. You too, come!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Do you really invite me?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Yes, I'm inviting you. Therefore I called you.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: And your colleague? Do I know him?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Yes! You know him.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: And I like him?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Eh, I don't know, but I know he likes you.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Who is he?&lt;br&gt; 
- Julie: Don't ask more! It's a surprise!&lt;br&gt; 
- Elena: Well! I wash myself, get dressed and I will be there in half an hour.&lt;br&gt; 
- Julie: We're waiting for you!&lt;br&gt;

* &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; '''Twák''', has a more extended meaning than its English translation ''work''. It encompasses a meaning of ''things to do'', and also ''housework'', ''matters''
* &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''esor''', ''to have'' as seen in the grammar page, has an highly irregular conjugation, by comparison with other Lantian verbs, and its construction is very different from the English one. The owned thing becomes the subject, ''nominative case'', of the sentence, and the possessor is in ''dative case'', a construction called ''dative of possession'' (even if possession is usually expressed by ''genitive''). So the difference is deep, because what it's the object in English, it comes to be the subject of the Lantian sentence, and the English subject loses its primary role and turns into a indirect object. You should pay attention at this, expecially when another sentence is linked to a main sentence with this verb, and you have to remember that the verb has to agree with its new subject, the owned thing. 
:* ''Mr. Petru has a car'' - '''awto ona lásta Petruja és'''
:* ''I have two dogs'' - '''bóget kija esuke''' 
* &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; '''ivná''' never has a negative meaning. Its only single translation is ''ever''. To translate ''never'', this word must be linked with the negative particle '''ét''' (''not''), which always follows it before the verb.
:* ''Have you ever been in Italy?'' - '''Itáliajot ivná ervec?'''
:* ''I've never been there'' - '''Kájot ivná ét ervu'''
* &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''wámor''' (''to call'') and its compounds, like '''páwámor''' (''to call by phone''), support the ''dative case'' to show the called thing/person: '''toja tepáwámesu''' - ''I'll call you''. Nevertheless the verb has a normal passive counterpart.
* &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''málor''' (''to like'') has a different construction from its English counterpart. The liked thing/person becomes the subject, ''nominative case'', of the sentence, and the thing/persons, who likes, goes in ''dative case'', a construction called ''dative of pleasure''. You should pay attention at this, expecially when another sentence is linked to a main sentence with this verb, and you have to remember that the verb has to agree with its new subject, the liked thing. (In many languages of the world, the verb ''to like'' behaves in this way, so it won't be difficult to learn):
:* ''I like you'' - '''To kija málec'''
:* ''Her parents don't like me'' - '''Hijunečun lájačanetu ét málu'''
* &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; The verb '''caduč''' (''to ask'') has a different construction from its English counterpart. The thing, which is asked for, becomes the direct object, ''accusative case'', of the sentence, and the person who is asked, goes in ''dative case'', a construction called ''dative of request''. The subject remains the same:
:* ''I ask you for help'' - '''Toja twákwo cadžu'''
* &lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; The reflexive pronoun ('''sí''') shows that the action of the verbs falls on the subject of the action itself, like the English reflexive pronouns (''myself, yourself''..). But there are many more reflexive verbs in Lantian than in English, because many of them are translated in English with a different construction, like '''sijo púnemor''', expressed in English with ''to get dressed''. It has a reflexive meaning because it is thought as ''I put a dress on myself'', i.e. ''I dress myself''.

==Lójo twákwo tečalžesu! - I'm going to begin a new work!==
- Julie: Ehoj, Elena!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ehoj, Julie! Dašto vylčuc.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: De! Tefadžo ono lójo twákwo čaldžu.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Banum? Máke twák ér? Swé hejo lwásevec?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Turistárot agencejot tetwačesu. Ina kija páwámev ši lolev, ža nálu žók turistáru majvu láncu móru zijay és. Onás intervjujás rójevu, zí kija málevek ši kí zijay málevu.. ši tefadžo nočovon twačár fád ér!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ód tefadžowo townon skjá tenýnoluse. Pu-naro temebidusec ši bánon fádwo tetwáčesec.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: De, ýbo élésni ét tekerse. Pu-wažumum tetwáčesu, lójoy čésoy tebejznožesu ši lójoy zočoy tesáljesu.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Ši ab mázujerun twáku?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Onjo twačoy teblezdusen.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: De, čuk znodžen, mó tefadžo tetoljusec, ýbo mó čuk toljuč omšen?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Taméske?&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Méske ó asansýr mízt klikováson ši paljováson etažás cefátev.. ši ét otwačane.&lt;br&gt;

- Julie: Hi, Elena!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Hi, Julie! You seem cheerful.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Yes! Tomorrow I begin the new work.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Really? Which kind of work is? How did you find it?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: I'll work in a tourist agency. Ina called me and said, that they had a free place as tourist guide of lantian language. I went to the interview and I liked them and they liked me.. and tomorrow is my first working day!&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: From tomorrow your life is going to change. You will wake up earlier and will work all over the day.&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Yes, but it won't be difficult. Most important is that I'm going to work, I'm going to meet new people and I'm going to see new places.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: And about the housework?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: We well divide the duties.&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Yes, now we know, what you're going to do tomorrow, but what can we do now?&lt;br&gt;
- Julie: Why?&lt;br&gt;
- Elena: Because the lift stopped between the third and the fourth floor.. and it is not working.&lt;br&gt;

==Mó toljuč omšej? - What can you do? ==

-L. Marku: Lástnejn Kaste, rí firmajot sekretáren twačij. Sekretáren ply otwačevej?&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: Ét!&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Mósej yšy rijay esuk?&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: Džistóč nók.&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Dérža ša vojen twačaj, mánejay úskovijay fánor omšej.&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: Mákejay? &lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Hóžvoy móroy znódor, dér próméra. Inglišoko malžej?&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: De! Dojčoko kokwe malžu. Pólkor ši raluč omšu, ýbo nálujum ét malžu.&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Nuno toljuč omšej?&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: Ono kompjutero nósor omšu. Polju ši mánéjoy programoy nošu.&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Vnosum dénum! Rí lójyo čésyo trefor ši šamálzor tenjubesec&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: Problém ét ájér! Kija mále ža onjo čésyo tetrefasu, ža tešamalžasu.&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Ši káfewo toljuj?&lt;br&gt;
-Ln. Kaste: De, vnosum déno káfewo tolju!&lt;br&gt;
-L. Marku: Dénum.. káfewo dér kija toljač!&lt;br&gt;

-Mr. Marku: Miss Kaste, you would like to work as a secretary in (our) firm. Had you already worked as secretary?&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: No!&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: How old are you?&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: Twenty one.&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: To work with us, you have to answer some conditions.&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: Which one? &lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: To know foreign languages, for example. Do you speak English?&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: Yes! I speak German too. I can write and read, but I don't speak freely.&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: Can you do (something) other?&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: I can use the computer. I write and use some programs.&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: Very well! You will have to meet new people and to converse.&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: That's no problem (lit. ''There is no problem'')! I like to meet people and to talk.&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: And do you make coffee?&lt;br&gt;
-Ms. Kaste: Yes, I make a very good coffee!&lt;br&gt;
-Mr. Marku: Well.. make me a coffee!&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Lánc|Dialogues]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Stelvojoj</title>
    <id>6859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55352</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-30T18:09:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stelvojoj</username>
        <id>1330</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Threw in a mini-spiel about my up-and-coming stealthlang.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Marko Stanković is still riding the cloud of euphoria that has come with finally canonizing both the phonology and the first declension paradigm (out of an expected five) of his long-underdeveloped first attempt at a conlang.

[[Dwekoenish]] is a baroque but playful mishmash of elements of Indo-European (especially, but not exclusively, from the Satem branch) and Uralic languages, designed purely for my own aesthetic pleasure. It is decently naturalistic but makes no attempt to be historically plausible.

In the meantime, my pet project is an as-yet unnamed Germanic stealthlang. It's intended to be easily learned by speakers of English, and it liberally borrows grammatical concepts from auxiliary languages like Esperanto (while still attempting to retain an at least superficial Germanic character). It is also, however, not without its fair share of quirks (such as the absence of high vowels!).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwekoennish</title>
    <id>6860</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54599</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T20:25:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stelvojoj</username>
        <id>1330</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved all information on this page to 'Dwekoenish'; set up a redirect at this page.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dwekoenish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zeng</title>
    <id>6861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51005</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T15:18:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ ʔ is lax</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My take at something pseudo-Germanic sounding.

===Consonants===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
! [[Labial consonant|L.]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|A.]] !! [[Palatal consonant|P.]] !! [[Velar consonant|V.]] !! [[Glottal consonant|G.]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Aspirate stops
| ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| tsʰ (~tʃʰ) || kʰ ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Lax stops
| b̥ || d̥ || ɟ̊ || ɡ̊ || (ʔ)
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Nasals
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Fricativs
| f || s || (ʃ) || x || h
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Approximants
| w (~ʋ) || l || j ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Vibrant
| || r || || ||
|}
Latin transcription is per IPA, except the aspirates are ''z k'', and the palatals are transcribed with acutes, ''ǵ ń ś''. Eng may opionally be ASCIIfied as ''ng''.

In final position, the stops are simply [p t ts c&lt;sup&gt;(ç)&lt;/sup&gt; k], with the two velars' contrast neutralized.

Initial clusters:
* kr kl km kn kń kw kj
* gm gw (← *bm *bw)
* zm zn zw
* dw ?
* br bl bn bń bj
* fr fl fn
* sr sl sm sn
* śń (← *sń)

Coda clusters:
* l, r or homorganic nasal + any stop
* ndl rdl [ntɬ rtɬ]
* When these clusters occur medially, the lax stops will be fully voiced.

Medially additionally:
* dr dl dm dn
* wr wl wn wń (in which /w/ is generally fricated to [β ~ v])
* mr ml mn mń
* sw ?
* xr xl xn
* sonorant + fricativ?

===Vowels===
Simple /i e a o u/, ± length, as well as /au ai/. Long vowels contrast level tone (written dubbled, eg. ''aa'') and falling tone (written with a circumflex, eg. ''â''). Length is neutralized before coda nasals.

==Test drive==
* brań Zâk wixril anz, keer holbi mimńai bjosud lax
* ganu irbex ǵerkaw
* meeres gersu eń agwald aun - xos jûsi ŋazma smalǵanax
&lt;!-- Nominal affixes -i (holbi) (emphasizer/focuser?), -u (gersu), -a- (smalǵanax) (if not epenthetic linking); -nax = locativ-ish?
Adjectival/modifier affix -es (meeres) ?
Which are verbs? --&gt;

==External history==
Zeng is the spiritual descendant of my original conlang project, uwjge (/ʉwɣɡɛ/). The circumflex vowels used to be /aʌ eɛ oɔ ʉw/ (no ''î'') for instance.  Also, the name happens to be recycled from its successor, Zwöng (a version of its grammar has mutated into the [[ARL2]] project).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc-English dictionary</title>
    <id>6862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53036</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-17T11:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc-English-Lánc dictionary}}

This is the '''Lantian-English''' version of the dictionary.

:''Lak '''Lánc-Inglišaron''' poretálon ér''.

* ab: ''about'' + GEN.
* akranuč: ''to accept''
* alfabét: ''alphabet''
* arhipélag: ''archipelago''
* Arsu: ''Mars''
* arsúfád: ''tueday'' (''plur.'': arsúfadžy)
* asansýr: ''lift''
* asatčuč: ''to arrive'' (''irr.'': pres. asaču, ''verbal root'': asátj-)
* aštuč: ''to sell''
* atčuč: ''to come'' (''irr.'': pres. aču, ''verbal root'': átj-)
* awgúst: ''August''
* awto: ''car''
* áf: ''on'', ''over'' + LOC/ADL/DEL, prep, ''up'', adv
* áfatčuč: ''to come up'' (''irr.'': pres. áfaču, ''verbal root'': áfátj-)
* áfgensor: ''to surprise'' (''irr.'': pres. afgenšu, sub pres: afgenša, opt pres: afgenši, ''verbal root'': afgens-)
* áfgenš: ''surprise''
* áfrokor: ''to go up'' (''irr.'': pres. áfroču, sub pres. áfroča, opt pres. áfroči, ''verbal root'': áfrój-)
* ák: ''water'' (''plur.'': ačy)
* ájád: ''from here''
* ájás: ''here'' (destination)
* ájervuč: ''to be there''; máčés (ájot) ájér, ''there is someone here''
* ájot: ''here'' (state)
* ápril: ''April''
* ban: ''real''
* baneče: ''reality''
* banum: ''really''
* bág: ''bread'' (''plur.'': badžy)
* bál: ''sky''
* bán: ''all'', ''everything''
* bánfadžo: ''everyday''
* bánfadžár: ''daily'', ''everyday'', agg.
* bányšár: ''annual'', ''yearly''
* bárz: ''end''
* bárzuč: ''to finish'', ''to end''
* bášt: ''form''
* bejznódor: ''to meet'', ''to be acquainted with'' (''irr.'': pres. bejznodžu, sub pres. bejznodža, opt pres, bejznodži, ''verbal root'': bejznož-)
* belo: ''healthy'', ''sane''
* belotoluč: ''to heal'', ''to get sane''
* béčo: ''kiss'' (''plur.'': béčomy)
* béčomor: ''to kiss''
* béf: ''because of'' + GEN
* bénak: ''need''
* bénakor: ''to need''
* biduč: ''to awake'', ''to wake up''
* birdžár: ''mountainous'', ''mount''
* bitúme: ''bitumen''
* bílo: ''white''
* bírg: ''mount'', ''mountain'' (''plur.'': birdžy)
* blezdosén: ''separation'' (&lt;small&gt;in action, process&lt;/small&gt;)
* blezdotjám: ''separation'' (&lt;small&gt;concluded action, result&lt;/small&gt;)
* blezduč: ''to separate'', ''to divide''
* blinvor: ''to swim''
* blinvosén: ''swimming''
* blúz: ''near'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* bóg: ''dog'' (''plur.'': bodžy)
* brás: ''red''
* bróng: ''church'' (&lt;small&gt;building&lt;/small&gt;; ''temple''; ''religious building'' (''plur.'': brondžy) 
* brík: ''tooth'' (''plur.'': bričy)
* bwand: ''federal
* bwandor: ''to form a federation''
* bwandotjám: ''federation''
* bwón: ''intelligent'', ''clever''
* bwóneče: ''intelligence'', ''cleverness''
* caduč: ''to ask'', máčesa (DAT) mátóko (AKK.) ''someone for something'' (''irr.'': pres. cadžu, sub pres. cadža, opt pres. cadži, ''verbal root'': cáž-)
* cád: ''question'', ''demand'' (''plur'': cadžy)
* ča: ''than''
* čalg: ''beginning'' (''plur.'': čalžy)
* čalgor: ''to begin'' (''irr.'': pres. čaldžu, sub pres. čaldža, opt pres. čaldži, ''verbal root'': čalž-)
* čefátor: ''to stop'', ''to interrupt'', ''to halt''
* čejnsén: ''construction''
* čejntjám: ''building'', ''structure''
* čejnuč: ''to build'', ''to construct''
* čép: ''time''; ''tense''
* čépár: ''temporal'', ''time''
* čés: ''human being'', ''person''; '''čésy''', ''people''
* čésár: ''human''
* čésmok: ''population'', ''people''
* čésmokpót: ''republic''
* čownuč: ''to suffer''; čownuč + INSTR; ''I suffer from..''
* čuk: ''now''
* čukár: ''present''; čukár čép, ''present tense''
* čune: ''pain'', ''ache'', ''hurt'' (''plur''.: čunemy)
* čwesačan: ''student''
* čwesmérem: ''classroom''
* čwesor: ''to study''
* dale: ''foot''
* dašto: ''cheerful'', ''happy''
* dá: ''god''
* dánmenor: ''to cross''
* dán: ''beyond'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* de: ''yes''
* delwa: (&lt;small&gt;behaviour&lt;/small&gt;) ''nice'', ''pleasing''
* dekémbri: ''December''
* demokrace: ''democracy''
* demokracijer: ''democratic''
* dén: ''good''
* dénlolor: ''to bless''
* dér: ''for'' + DAT.
* dérheja: ''therefore'', ''hence''
* dimimeva: ''penumbra'', ''half-light''
* dimí: ''half''
* dimíč: ''middle'', ''half''; dimíčot/dimíčás/dimíčád mízt + LOC, ''in/at/from the middle between/among''; dimíčot/dimíčás/dimíčád + GEN, ''in/at/from the middle of''
* dimjár: ''average''
* dimjóro: ''peninsula'' (''plur.'': dimjórony)
* dimjóronár: ''peninsular'', 
* dlyg: ''long''
* dlygeče: ''lenght''
* dolor: ''to hurt''; kija dolevec, ''you did hurt me''; ony bričy kija dolek, ''I have tooth ache'', ''my teeth hurt me''
* domešvi: ''light blue'', ''azure''
* dó: ''until'' + ADL.
* dóčuk: ''until now''
* dólb: ''pray''
* dólbor: ''to pray'', dólbu, ''you're welcome''
* dóp: ''under'' + LOC/ADL/DEL, prep, ''below'', ''down'', adv
* dópatčuč: ''to come down'' (''irr.'': pres. dópaču, ''verbal root'': dópátj-)
* dópolzor: ''bury''
* dóprokor: ''to go down'' (''irr.'': pres. dóproču, sub pres. dóproča, opt pres. dóproči, ''verbal root'': dóprój-)
* dóvresalmor: ''goodbye''
* drán: ''every''
* drányšár: ''of every year'', ''yearly''
* dum: ''while''
* dwánš: ''season'', n.
* dwánšár: ''season'', adj.
* dwonu: ''about'', adv.
* džanor: ''to thank''
* džantjám: ''thanks'', ''thanksgiving''
* džéb: ''doubt''
* džébačnov: ''subjunctive''
* džébor: ''to doubt''
* džis: ''two'' (''indecl.'')
* džisma: ''couple'', ''pair''
* džusmor: ''to mix''
* džú: ''so''; džú ža + SUBJ, ''so that''
* ečie: ''here'', ''there''; ečie tó!, ''here you are!''
* eklipse: ''eclipse''
* entáka: ''argument''
* epur: ''quick'', ''fast''
* epureče: ''speed''
* Epurlo: ''Mercury''
* epurlowfád: ''wednesday'' (''plur.'': epurlowfadžy)
* eratčuč: ''to become'' (''irr.'': pres. eraču, ''verbal root'': erátj-)
* erko: ''door''
* ermo: ''sound'', ''noise'' (''plur.'': ermony)
* ermonač: ''vowel'', n.
* ermonačár: ''vowel'', adj.
* ermonár: ''sound'', adj.; ''audio'' (&lt;small&gt;related to the sound&lt;/small&gt;
* ermonov: ''noisy''
* ermonuč: ''to sound'', ''to ring''; ''to play'' (&lt;small&gt;using an instrument&lt;/small&gt;)
* ervomš: ''maybe''
* ervuč: ''to be'' (''irregular, see [[Lánc#Verb Ervuč (to Be)|grammar page]]'')
* esor: ''to have'' (''irregular, see [[Lánc#Verb Esor (to Have)|grammar page]]''); mázu ona mona és, ''the man has a house''
* espoh: ''success''
* espohor: ''to be successful, to succeed''; ''to manage''; espohevu ža rójevu mázujád, ''I managed to go home''
* etaž: ''floor''
* ébš: ''common'', ''usual''
* élésni: ''difficult'', ''hard''
* émedmo: ''different'', na + ACC., ''from..''
* éšti: ''summer'', n.
* éštijer: ''summer'', adj.
* ét: ''not''
* étčés: ''no one'', ''nobody''
* éténamáv: ''independant''; ''free''; ód + ACC.. ''from..''
* éténamáveče: ''independence''; ód + ACC.. ''from..''
* éténamávum: ''independantly''; éténamávum ód + ACC.. ''regardless of''
* étérvan: ''although'', ''notwithstanding''
* étoljena: ''holiday''
* étoltuč: ''to uncover'' (''irr.'': pres. étolču, sub pres. étolča, opt pres. étolči, ''verbal root'': étolt-)
* éttók: ''nothing''
* éznápor: ''to disappear''
* fadžlójačan: ''newspaper''
* fád: ''day'' (''plur.'': fadžy)
* fán: ''answer''
* fánor: ''to answer''
* febrwár: ''February''
* feden: ''poor''
* féli: ''cat''
* fami: ''happy''
* famiječe: ''happiness''
* filosof: ''philosopher''
* filosofár: ''philosophical''
* filosofie: ''philosophy''
* filosofor: ''philosophize''
* firma: ''firm'', ''company''
* foném: ''phoneme''
* fós: ''river'' (''plur.'': fošy)
* framil: ''ant''
* fýnor: ''to buy''
* gensor: ''to take'', ''to get'' (''irr.'': pres. genšu, sub pres: genša, opt pres: genši, ''verbal root'': gens-)
* gérv: ''sin''
* gérvačan: ''sinner''
* gérvuč ''to sin'', ''to be guilty'', + INSTR.
* gláčor: ''to fly''
* glós: ''aim'', ''goal'' (''plur.'': glošy)
* gnawt: ''sure''
* gramatika: ''grammar''
* grág: ''frog''
* gráwn: ''bad''
* gorávtjám: ''temptation''
* gorávuč: ''to tempt''
* gúlga: ''verb''
* gwalčor: ''to forgive''
* gwalčotjám: ''forgiveness''
* hajne: ''last''
* Hajnzu: ''Saturn''
* hajnzúfád: ''saturday'' (''plur.'': hajnzúfadžy)
* héd: ''mother'' (''plur.'': hedžy)
* hóžv: ''foreign''; ''foreigner''
* hranu: ''food''
* hranwor: ''to feed'', ''to nourish''
* húre: ''hour''
* húremat: ''watch'', ''clock''
* hwaž: ''ill'', ''sick''
* hwažeče: ''illness'', ''disease'', ''sickness''
* hwažor: ''to fall ill'', ''to get sick''
* idéa: ''idea''
* iklézije: ''church'' (&lt;small&gt;institution&lt;/small&gt;); katolikáron iklézije, ''the Catholic Church''; ortodoksijeron iklézije: ''the Orthodox Church''
* imperátor: ''emperor''
* imperátorpót: ''empire''
* informákce: ''information''
* intervju: ''interview'', 
* ivná: ''ever''; ivná ét, ''never''
* izatčuč: ''to come in'', ''to enter'' (''irr.'': pres. izaču, ''verbal root'': izátj-)
* izrokor: ''to go in'', ''to enter'' (''irr.'': pres. izroču, sub pres. izroča, opt pres. izroči, ''verbal root'': izrój-)
* izvýn: ''out'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ílu: ''snow'' (''plur.'': ílumy)
* ílumor: ''to snow''
* janvár: ''January''
* jefáža: ''nature''
* jefážajer: ''natural''
* jék: ''if''
* jind: ''ear'' (''plur'': jindžy)
* Jošten: ''Venus''
* joštenufád: ''friday'' (''plur.'': joštenufadžy)
* joštér: ''evening''
* julju: ''July''
* junju: ''Juny''
* júšek: ''south''
* júšekár: ''southern''; ''south'', adj.
* kalkor: ''to give'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': kál-)
* kambaníl: ''bell tower''
* kane: ''moment''; ''about'', kanejot ervuk ža toja páwámevek, ''they were about to call you''
* kantor: ''to wait for'' (''irr'': pres. kanču, sub pres: kanča, opt pres: kanči, ''verbal root'': kánj-)
* kapál: ''east''
* kapálár: ''eastern''; ''east'', adj.
* katolikár: ''Catholic'', adj.; katolikáron iklézije, ''the Catholic Church''
* káfe: ''coffee''
* kájád: ''from there''
* kájás: ''there'' (destination)
* kájot: ''there'' (state)
* kálek: ''gift''
* kálekuč: ''to donate'', ''to give as gift''
* kálektjám: ''donation''
* kelanič: ''girlfriend''
* kelanu: ''boyfriend''
* keldž: ''heat''
* keldžov: ''hot'', ''warm''
* keli: ''love''
* keluč: ''to love''
* kilkane: ''empty''
* kilográm: ''kilogram''
* kilométr: ''kilometre''
* kiwsor: ''to clean''
* klaféni: ''beach''
* klase: ''class'' (&lt;small&gt;group of school mates&lt;/small&gt;)
* klás: ''game''
* klásačan: ''player''
* klásor: ''to play''
* klik: ''three'' (''indecl.'')
* klín: ''little''
* klóng: ''bell'', n.
* klóngár: ''bell'', adj; klóngár pšálter, ''bell tower''
* kokwe: ''also'', ''too'', ''as well''; zá kokwe fransoko malže, ''he also speaks French''; fransoko kokwe malže, ''he speaks French too''
* kompjuter: ''computer''
* kondicjonal: ''conditional mood''
* kontinent: ''continent''
* kram: ''chain''; birdžár kram, ''mountain range''.
* krawk: ''arm''
* krák: ''war'' (''plur.'': kračy)
* kréžone: ''grass''
* krís: ''king'' (''plur.'': krišy)
* Krišlo: ''Jupiter''
* krišlowfád: ''thursday'' (''plur.'': krišlowfadžy)
* krišpót: ''kingdom
* króp: ''error'', ''mistake''
* krópov: ''wrong''
* krópuč: ''to be wrong'', ''to make a mistake''
* krujzuč: ''to break''
* kwav: ''hill''
* kwón: ''desire'', ''wish''
* kwónačnov: ''optative mood''
* kwónuč: ''to desire'', ''to wish''
* lak: ''this''
* lakfadžo: ''today''
* lakpičwo: ''this time''
* lakuč: ''to give birth'', ''to breed'', ''to procreate'', ''to generate'' (''irr.'': pres. laču, sub pres. lača, opt pres. lači, ''verbal root'': láj-); lakučis, ''to be born''
* lájačan: ''parent''
* lájón: ''offshoot'', ''sprout''
* lájsén: ''childbirth'', ''labour'', ''generation''
* lájtjám: ''birth''
* lást: ''mister'', ''lord'', ó Lást, ''the Lord''
* lástnejn: ''lady'', ''mrs''
* lékcije: ''lesson''
* lém: ''nine'' (''indecl.'')
* lésni: ''easy''
* lésniječe: ''ease''
* lésnitoluč: ''to ease'', ''to facilitate''
* loged: ''clear''
* logedotjám: ''explanation''
* logedotoluč: ''to clear''
* logeduč: ''to explain'', ''to clarify''
* logruč: ''to continue'', ''to keep on'', ''to go on''; logre ža malže, ''he keeps on talking''
* lolor: ''to say'', ''to tell''
* lošžwin: ''sunny''
* lój: ''new''
* Lójýs: ''New Year's Day, New Year's Eve'' (''plur.'': Lójyšy); Déno Lójýswo!, ''Happy New Year!''
* lók: ''head'' (''plur.'': ločy)
* lós: ''sun'' (''plur.'': lošy)
* lósufád: ''sunday'' (''plur.'': lósufadžy)
* lučer: ''month''
* lujda: ''fish''
* lúd: ''side'' (''plur.'': ludžy)
* lúk: ''moon'' (''plur.'': lučy)
* lúkufád: ''monday'' (''plur.'': lúkufadžy)
* lwásor: ''to find''
* lwím: ''left'' (&lt;small&gt;direction&lt;small&gt;)
* mahmotjám: ''comparation''
* mahmuč: ''to compare''
* maj: ''May''
* majt: ''five'' (''indecl.'')
* majv: ''guide'', ''leader''
* majvuč: ''to bring'', ''to carry'', ''to lead'', ''to take''
* malma: ''country''
* malóm: ''west''
* malómár: ''western''; ''west'', adj.
* malžotjám: ''speech''
* marc: ''March''
* marí: ''brother''
* má: ''what''
* máčés: ''someone'', ''somebody'', ''anyone''
* máke: ''which''
* málajč: ''pleasure'', (tó bejznódor) málajč ér, ''nice to meet you''
* málo: ''city''
* málor: ''to like'', mátók (NOM.) máčesa (DAT.) mále, ''someone likes something'', ó tále ona milaja mále, ''the woman likes the book''
* mált: ''yellow''
* málzor: ''to speak'', ''to talk'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': malž-)
* máné: ''some'', ''any''
* mápičwo: ''sometimes''
* mátók: ''something'', ''anything''
* máwri: ''sister''
* mázu: ''house'', ''home''
* mebiduč: ''to wake up'' (&lt;small&gt;oneself&lt;/small&gt;)
* mecaduč: ''to wonder''
* medmo: ''same''
* medmučár: ''synonymous''
* medmúk: ''synonym'' (''plur'': medmučy)
* medol: ''equal'', ''identical''; na + ACC., ''to someone/thing''
* mejžov: ''famous'', ''known''
* menor: ''to pass''
* meva: ''shadow'', ''shade''
* mevor: ''to shade''
* mevov: ''shady''
* mešvi: ''blue''
* mé: ''who''
* méra: ''beautiful''
* mérem: ''room''
* méske: ''because''
* métr: ''metro''
* míjsén: ''washing''
* mila: ''woman''
* milson: ''wife''
* mitor: ''to wash'' (''irr'': pres. míču, sub pres: míča, opt pres: míči, ''verbal root'': míj-)
* mízmajvsén: ''translation'' (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;)
* mízmajvtjám: ''translation'' (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;)
* mízmajvuč: ''to translate''
* mízt: ''between'', ''among'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* mjáwe: ''state''
* mlop: ''deep''
* mlopeče: ''depth''
* mobil: ''mobile phone''
* mon: ''man''
* monson: ''husband''
* mowračan: ''murderer'', ''killer''
* mowror: ''to kill'', ''to murder''
* mowrsén: ''killing''
* mowrtjám: ''murder''
* móhnosén: ''production'' (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;)
* móhnor: ''to produce''
* móhnotjám: ''production'' (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;)
* mór: ''language''
* mórwandži: ''linguistics''
* móse: ''how much''
* muzika: ''music''
* mú: ''often''
* mwemuč: ''to listen to''
* mwín: ''soul'', ''spirit''
* mwínár: ''spiritual''
* mwínareče: ''spirituality''
* mýzdor: ''to understand''
* mýzdomša: ''understandable''
* mýzdosén: ''understanding''
* mýzdotjám: ''comprehension''
* nakalkor: ''to lend'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': nakál-)
* nakáltjám: ''loan''
* nakračor: ''to fight''
* nakračsén: ''fight''
* nalájačan: ''relative'' (&lt;small&gt;person related&lt;/small&gt;)
* namalžosén: ''discussion''
* namálzor: ''to discuss'' (irr.: verbal root: namalž-) 
* naro: ''early''
* nálu: ''free''
* nálutoluč: ''to set free''
* Neptun: ''Neptune''
* néga: ''rain''
* négor: ''to rain'' (''irr.'': pres. nedže, sub pres. nedža, opt pres. nedži, ''verbal root'': než-)
* netor: ''to believe'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': néč-)
* nén: ''eye''
* nís: ''nose'' (''plur'': nišy)
* njub: ''duty''
* njubor: ''to have to'', ''to must''
* nočen: ''alone'', ''only''
* nočiš: ''spring'', n.
* nočišár: ''spring'', adj.
* nočnum: ''only''
* nomá: ''green''
* novembri: ''November''
* nók: ''one'', ''unique'', ''only'' (''dat.'': noča)
* nós: ''use'', ''utilisation'' (''plur.'': nošy)
* nósor: ''to use'', ''to utilise'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': noš-)
* nóšfadž: ''morning''
* nun: ''other''
* núčelor: ''to unite'', ''to unificate''
* núčelsén: ''unification''
* núčeltjám: ''union''
* númi: ''sad''
* númiječe: ''sadness''
* núrma: ''rule'' (''plur.'': núrmany)
* núrmanor: ''to regulate''
* nwín: ''sea''
* nýnoltjám: ''changement'', ''change'', ''modification''
* nýnoluč: ''to change'', ''to modificate''
* ocean: ''ocean''
* odašu: ''quality''
* odašuvor: ''to qualify''
* odašuvačan: ''adjective''
* ofadžo: ''yesterday''
* okano: ''window''
* oktobri: ''October''
* oliš: ''leg''
* omenáv: ''past''; omenáv čép, ''past tense''
* omšačaneče: ''power'', ''potency''
* omšačnav: ''able''; omšačnav ét eru ža blinvu, ''I'm not able to swim, I can't swim''
* omšor: ''to can'', ''to be able''
* ortodoksije: ''Orthodoxy''
* ortodoksijer: ''Orthodox'', adj.
* osočelát: ''allied'', ''ally''
* otekátjáv čép: ''future in the past (tense)''
* otwača: ''function''
* otwačanor: ''to work'', ''to function''
* owm: ''mind''
* ó: ''the''
* ód: ''from'' (&lt;small&gt;time&lt;/small&gt;), ''by'', ''of'' + ACC.
* órbita: ''orbit''; órbitajot ervuč + GEN/ukryg + LOC, ''to be in orbit of/around''
* órbitor: ''to orbit''; órbitor ukryg + ADL, ''to orbit something''
* óro: ''island'' (''plur.'': órony)
* óronár: ''insular'', ''island'', adj
* óz: ''without'' + GEN.
* pali: ''four'' (''indecl.'')
* pana: ''high''
* paraši: ''autumn'', ''fall'', n.
* parašijer: ''autumn'', ''fall'', adj.
* paror: ''to fall''
* parsén: ''falling'', n.
* partjám: ''fall'', n; ''downfall''
* páluč: ''to open''
* pán: ''land'', ''Earth''
* pátesor: ''to travel'', ''to voyage''
* páwámor: ''to call by phone''
* penr: ''almost'', ''nearly''
* pém: (&lt;small&gt;act&lt;/small&gt;) ''singing''
* pémačan: ''singer''
* pémavač: ''grasshopper''
* pémor: ''to sing''
* pémsén: (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;) ''singing''
* pémtjám: ''song''
* pínktasma: ''sting''
* pínktor: ''to sting'', ''to prick''
* pínktotjám: ''sting'', ''prick''
* pjér: ''before'' + ACC.
* pjérmá: ''ago''
* pjuv: ''right'' (&lt;small&gt;direction&lt;small&gt;)
* píku: ''child''
* pít: ''time'' (''plur.'': pičy) (&lt;small&gt;an instance or single occasion for some event&lt;/small&gt;)
* plajačan: ''debtor''
* plák: ''debt'' (''plur.'': plačy)
* plákor: ''to be in debt'', máčésa (DAT), ''with SO'' (''irr.'': pres. plaču, sub pres. plača, opt pres. plači, ''verbal root'': plaj-)
* Plúton: ''Pluto''
* ply: ''already''
* pnake: ''grace''
* poč: ''seven'' (''indecl.'')
* počfadž: ''week''
* podar: ''recent''
* podarum: ''recently''
* poljasma: ''pen''
* popítačan: ''teacher''
* popítor: ''to teach''
* pore: ''word''
* poretálon: ''dictionary''
* pólkor: ''to write'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': polj-)
* pópeltjám: ''happening'', ''event''
* pópeluč: ''to happen''
* pradís: ''heaven''
* prahèd: ''grandmother'' (''plur'': prahedžy)
* pralájačan: ''grandparent''
* pranát: ''grandfather'' (''plur'': pranačy)
* praskjačačan: ''inhabitant''
* praskjačotjám: ''house'', ''habitation''
* praskjator: ''to inhabit'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': praskjač-)
* prendor: ''to steal'' (''irr.'': pres. prendže, sub pres. prendža, opt pres. prendži, ''verbal root'': prénž-)
* prezidént: ''president''
* prénžačan: ''thief'', ''robber''
* prénžotjám: ''theft''
* privd: ''true''
* privdeče: ''truth''
* problém: ''problem''
* program: (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) ''program''
* programor: (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) ''to program''
* programsén: (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) ''programming''
* projekt: ''project''
* prómér: ''example''; dér próméra, ''for example''
* próte: ''blood'', ''n''
* prótejer: ''blood'', ''adj''. 
* prótemajvač: ''bloody''
* pšálter: ''tower''
* pu-omenáv čép: ''plusquamperfect (tense)''
* púne: ''dress'' (''plur.'': púnemy)
* púnemor: ''to dress''; sijo púnemor, ''to get dressed''
* pús: ''finger'', ''toe'' (''plur.'': pušy)
* pyšor: ''to decide''; pyševu ža rójivu, ''I decided to go''
* pyštjám: ''decision''
* pýk: ''fire'' (''plur.'': pyčy)
* pwo: ''seed'' (''plur.'': pwomy)
* pwomor: ''to seed''
* radjó: ''radio''
* raluč: ''to read''
* ravídor: ''to demand'', ''to claim''; + OPT., ravíde ža izročic, ''he demands you to go out''
* ravídotjám: ''pretension'', ''claim''
* rámek: ''shop''
* ráka: ''hand''
* rejv: ''shore'', ''bank''
* remduč: ''to lean'', ''to slope''
* remdáv: ''leaning''
* remdáveče: ''slope'', ''inclination''
* rím: ''death''
* rímor: ''to die''
* rokor: ''to go'' (''irr.'': pres. roču, sub pres. roča, opt pres. roči, ''verbal root'': rój-)
* rowde: ''great''
* róze: ''rose''
* rúd: ''big''
* rýž: ''excuse'', ''apology''
* rýžor: ''to excuse''
* salmor: ''to see'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': sálj-)
* savnos: ''too much'', ''too many''
* savnosum: ''too'', ''too much''
* septembri: ''September''
* setor: ''to eat''
* séd: ''thirst''
* sédov: ''thirsty''; sédov ervuč, ''to be thirsty''
* sélvor: ''to watch'', ''to look at''
* sgoton: ''ready''
* sinfonije: ''symphony''
* sintaks: ''syntax''
* sintaksár: ''syntactic(al)''
* sistéma: ''system''
* siwnor: ''to collect''
* siwntjám: ''collection''
* skjator: ''to live'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': skjač-)
* skjá: ''life''
* skorpjon: ''scorpion''
* sočelor: ''to form an alliance'', ''to ally''; ša máčésen sočelor, ''to form an alliance with someone''
* sočeltjám: ''alliance''
* spišak: ''list''
* spríš: ''stone''
* spriškov: ''lime'', ''quicklime''
* stuv: ''village''
* svútu: ''saint''
* Svútuštad: ''Christmas'' (''plur.'': Svútuštadžy); Déno Svútuštadwo!, ''Merry Christmas!''
* swád: ''from where''
* swás: ''where'' (motion)
* swé: ''how''
* swíz: ''when''
* swot: ''where'' (state)
* ša: + INSTR. ''with''
* šagensor: ''to involve'' (''irr.'': pres. šagenšu, sub pres: šagenša, opt pres: šagenši, ''verbal root'': šagens-)
* šagenstjám: ''involvement''
* šamalžotjám: ''conversation''
* šamálzor: ''to converse'', ''to talk'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': šamalž-)
* šanermonač: ''consonant'', n.
* šanermonačár: ''consonant'', adj.
* šanúčelor: ''to gather''
* šanúčeltjám: ''reunification''
* šapátesačan: ''satellite''
* šálja: ''will''
* šáljor: ''to want''
* ši: ''and''
* šik: ''that'', adj.
* škuž: ''short'', ''brief''
* škužeče: ''shortness'', ''brevity''
* šmanor: ''to cook''
* šmansén: ''cooking''
* šmít: ''bite''
* šmítor: ''to bite'' (''irr.'': pres. šmiču, sub pres. šmiča, opt pres. šmiči, ''verbal root'': šmít-)
* štad: ''night'' (''plur.'': štadžy)
* štomor: ''to invite''
* štomtjám: ''invitation''
* šuk: ''six'' (''indecl.'')
* šušmor: ''to scatter'', ''to spread'', ''to disperse''
* šušmotjám: ''dispersion''
* taméske: ''why''
* tašm: ''cold'', n.
* tašmiš: ''winter'', n.
* tašmišár: ''winter'', adj.
* tašmov: ''cold'', adj.
* tále: ''book''
* tálejaš: ''bookseller''
* tálenawr: ''library''
* tálerám: ''bookshop''
* tefadžo: ''tomorrow''
* tekátjáv: ''future''; tekátjáv čép, ''future tense''
* telefon: ''telephone''
* ténamor: ''to depend''; na + ACC.. ''on..''
* ténamáv: ''depending''; ''dependant''; na + ACC.. ''on..''
* ténamáveče: ''dependence''; na + ACC.. ''on..''
* tlóž: ''fruit''
* toljuč: ''to do'', ''to make''
* toltasma: ''blanket''
* toltuč: ''to cover'' (''irr.'': pres. tolču, sub pres. tolča, opt pres. tolči, ''verbal root'': tolt-)
* tóčy: ''ten'' (''indecl.'')
* tómsuč: ''to learn'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': tomš-)
* tref: ''meeting''
* trefor: ''to meet''
* turist: ''tourist'', n.
* turistár: ''tourist'', adj.
* turistezn: ''tourism''
* twák: ''work'' (''plur.'': twačy)
* twáken: ''slave''
* twákeneče: ''slavery''
* twákor: ''to work'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': twač-)
* tyrcor: ''to search'', ''to look for''
* tyrcosén: ''search'', ''research''
* tým: ''smoke''
* týmačan: ''smoker''
* týmor: ''to smoke''
* týmsén: ''smoking''
* ufénor: ''to close''
* ukryg: ''around'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* unda: ''cost'', ''price''
* undor: ''to cost''
* undov: ''expensive''
* úk: ''name''; ''noun'' (''plur.'': učy)
* Urán: ''Uranus''
* úskovi: ''condition''
* valmor: ''to think'' 
* vámil: ''family''
* vanéj: ''page''
* vašwa: ''distance''
* vašwator: ''to be distant''; Róma vašwate 1435 kilométryo ód Londono, ''Rome is 1435 km from London''
* váne: ''light'', ''n.''
* vát: ''eight'' (''indecl.'')
* vičálo: ''brick''
* vikšte: ''daughter''
* vjéša: ''friend''
* vlohš: ''hair'' (&lt;small&gt;of head&lt;/small&gt;)
* vnos: ''much'', ''many'', ''a lot of''
* vnosum: ''very''
* vnúk: ''tree'' (''plur.'': vnučy)
* vokeš: ''son''
* volvuč: ''to wish'', ''to bid''
* vonda: ''ball''
* voremož: ''corridor''
* vrelolor: ''to say again'', ''to repeat''
* vresalmor: ''to see again''
* vréma: ''weather''
* vryn: ''black''
* vwedor: ''to cut'' (''irr.'': pres. vwedžu, sub pres. vwedža, opt pres. vwedži, ''verbal root'': vwéž-)
* vwéžasma: ''knife''
* vylčuč: ''to seem''
* výn: ''inside'' + LOC/ADL/DEL
* výnatčuč: ''to come in'', ''to enter'' (''irr.'': pres. výnaču, ''verbal root'': výnátj-)
* výnrokor: ''to go in'', ''to enter'' (''irr.'': pres. výnroču, sub pres. výnroča, opt pres. výnroči, ''verbal root'': výnrój-)
* výnufenor: ''to include''
* výr: ''world''
* výrál: ''world'', adj, ''mondial''
* wažúm: ''important'', ''relevant''
* wažúmeče: ''importance'', ''relevance''
* wák: ''help'' (''plur.'': wačy)
* wakor: ''to help'', + DAT. (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': wáč-)
* wámor: ''to call''
* wánde: ''science''
* wenduz: ''north''
* wenduzár: ''northern''; ''north'', adj.
* womeračan: ''farm-worker'', ''farmer''
* womeror: ''to cultivate'', ''to farm''
* womersén: ''farming'', (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;) ''cultivation''
* womertjám: (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;) ''cultivation'' 
* ydža: ''weight''
* ydžáv: ''heavy''
* ydžáveče: ''heaviness''
* ydžor: ''to weigh'', ''to be heavy''; 72 kilográmyo ydžu, ''I'm 72 kg heavy''
* ymér: ''star''
* ymérwandži: ''astronomy''
* ymérwandžijer: ''astronomical''
* ýbo: ''but''
* ýs: ''year'' (''plur.'': yšy)
* zahran: ''hunger''; béf zahranu rímor, ''to starve''
* zahranov: ''hungry''; zahranov ervuč, ''to be hungry''
* zakramuč: ''to chain''
* zalvačan: ''creator''
* zalvotjám: ''creation''
* zalvuč: ''to create''
* zgwenč: ''deep''
* zgwenčeče: ''depth''
* zmélvor: ''to dry''
* znápor: ''to appear''
* znódor: ''to know'' (''irr.'': pres. znodžu, sub pres. znodža, opt pres, znodži, ''verbal root'': znož-)
* zróšm: ''against'' + GEN.
* zwakor: ''to follow'' (''irr.'': pres. zwaču, sub pres. zwača, opt pres, zwači, ''verbal root'': zwáj-)
* ža: ''that'' (phrasal)
* žast: ''part''; žast ervuč + GEN, ''to make part of'', ''to be a part of''
* žanej: ''street''
* ždé: ''sleep''
* ždénor: ''to sleep''
* ževút: ''waist'', ''womb'', ''paunch''
* žinjomša: ''drinkable''
* žinkor: ''to drink'' (''irr.'': pres. žiču, sub pres. žiča, opt pres. žiči, ''verbal root'': žinj-)
* žlév: ''after'' + GEN
* žlévža: ''after'', ''after that'' + IND.
* žnowf: ''slow''
* žóčúk: ''pronoun'' (''plur.'': žóčučy)
* žók: ''place'' (''plur.'': žočy); žočot + GEN, ''instead of'', ''in the place of''; (jék) townoton žočot (era)..., ''if I were in your shoes...''; žókwo gensor, ''to take place''
* žum: ''dance''
* žumuč: ''to dance''
* žwýn: ''full''; + INSTR., ''of''
* žylvana: ''plain''

[[Category:Lánc|Dictionary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English-Lánc dictionary</title>
    <id>6863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53037</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-17T11:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc-English-Lánc dictionary}}

This is the '''English-Lantian''' version of the dictionary.

:''Lak '''Inglišár-Láncon''' poretálon ér''.

* ''Able'': omšačnav; ''I'm not able to swim'', omšačnav ét eru ža blinvu
* ''About'': ab + GEN., ''prep''; dwonu, ''adv.''; ''I'm about to go'', kanejot eru ža roču
* ''to Accept'': akranuč
* ''Ache'': čune (''plur.'': čunemy)
* ''Acquainted'': ''to be acquainted with'', bejznódor (''irr.'': pres. bejznodžu, sub pres. bejznodža, opt pres, bejznodži, ''verbal root'': bejznož-)
* ''Adjective'': odašuvačan
* ''After'': žlév + GEN.; ''after that'', žlévža + IND.
* ''Against'': zróšm + GEN.
* ''Ago'': pjérmá
* ''Aim'': glós (''plur.'': glošy)
* ''All'': bán
* ''Alliance'': sočeltjám; ''to form an alliance with someone'', ša máčésen sočelor
* ''Ally'': osočelát
* ''to Ally'': sočelor; ''to ally with someone'', ša máčésen sočelor
* ''Almost'': penr
* ''Alone'': nočen
* ''Alphabet'': alfabét
* ''Already'': ply
* ''Also'': kokwe
* ''Although'': étérvan
* ''Among'': mízt + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''And'': ši
* ''Annual'': bányšár (''of all years''); drányšár (''of every year'')
* ''Answer'': fán
* ''to Answer'': fánor
* ''Ant'': framil
* ''Any'': máné
* ''Anybody'': máčés
* ''Anyone'': máčés
* ''Anything'': mátók
* ''to Appear'': znápor
* ''April'': ápril
* ''Archipelago'': arhipélag
* ''Argument'': entáka
* ''Arm'': krawk
* ''Around'': ukryg + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Astronomical'': ymérwandžijer
* ''Astronomy'': ymérwandži
* ''to Arrive'': asatčuč (''irr.'': pres. asaču, ''verbal root'': asátj-)
* ''to Ask'': caduč , ''someone for something'', máčesa (DAT) mátóko (AKK.) (''irr.'': pres. cadžu, sub pres. cadža, opt pres. cadži, ''verbal root'': caž-)
* ''Audio'': ermonár, adj.
* ''August'': awgúst
* ''Autumn'': paraši, n; parašijer, adj;
* ''to Awake'': biduč
* ''Average'': dimjár
* ''Azure'': domešvi
* ''Bad'': gráwn
* ''Ball'': vonda
* ''Bank'': (&lt;small&gt;river&lt;/small&gt;) rejv
* ''to Be'': ervuč (''irregular, see [[Lánc#Verb Ervuč (to Be)|grammar page]]''); ''to be there'', ájervuč; ''there is someone here'', máčés (ájot) ájér
* ''Beach'': klaféni
* ''Beautiful'': méra
* ''Because'': méske; ''because of'': béf + GEN.
* ''to Become'': eratčuč (''irr.'': pres. eraču, ''verbal root'': erátj-)
* ''Before'': pjér + ACC.
* ''to Begin'': čalgor (''irr.'': pres. čaldžu, sub pres. čaldža, opt pres. čaldži, ''verbal root'': čalž-)
* ''Beginning'': čalg (''plur.'': čalžy)
* ''to Believe'': netor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': néč-)
* ''Bell'': klóng; ''bell tower'', klóngár pšálter, kambaníl
* ''Below'': dóp
* ''Between'': mízt + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Beyond'': dán + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''to Bid'': (''wish'') volvuč
* ''Big'': rúd
* ''Birth'': lájtjám; ''to give birth'', lakuč (''irr.'': pres. laču, sub pres. lača, opt pres. lači, ''verbal root'': láj-)
* ''Bite'': šmít
* ''to Bite'': šmítor (''irr.'': pres. šmiču, sub pres. šmiča, opt pres. šmiči, ''verbal root'': šmít-)
* ''Bitumen'': bitúme
* ''Black'': vryn
* ''Blanket'': toltasma
* ''to Bless'': dénlolor
* ''Blood'': próte, ''n'', prótejer, ''adj''.
* ''Bloody'': prótemajvač 
* ''Blue'': mešvi
* ''Book'': tále
* ''Bookseller'': tálejaš
* ''Bookshop'': tálerám
* ''Born'': ''to be born'', lakučis (''irr.'': pres. lačus, sub pres. lačas, opt pres. lačis, ''verbal root'': láj-)
* ''Boyfriend'': kelanu
* ''Bread'': bág (''plur.'': badžy)
* ''to Break'': krujzuč
* ''to Breed'': lakuč (''irr.'': pres. laču, sub pres. lača, opt pres. lači, ''verbal root'': láj-)
* ''Brevity'': škužeče
* ''Brick'': vičálo
* ''Brief'': škuž
* ''to Bring'': majvuč
* ''Brother'': marí
* ''to Build'': čejnuč
* ''Building'': čejntjám
* ''to Bury'': dópolzor
* ''But'': ýbo
* ''to Buy'': fýnor
* ''to Call'': wámor, ''to call by phone'': páwámor
* ''to Can'': omšor
* ''Chain'': kram
* ''to Chain'': zakramuč
* ''Change'': nýnoltjám
* ''to Change'': nýnoluč
* ''Car'': awto
* ''to Carry'': majvuč
* ''Cat'': féli
* ''Catholic'': katolikár, adj.
* ''Cheerful'': dašto
* ''Child'': píku
* ''Childbirth'': lájsén
* ''Christmas'': Svútuštad (''plur.'': Svútuštadžy); ''Merry Christmas!'', Déno Svútuštadwo!
* ''Church'': bróng (''plur.'': brondžy) (&lt;small&gt;building&lt;/small&gt;); iklézije (&lt;small&gt;institution&lt;/small&gt;); ''the Catholich Church'', katolikáron iklézije; ''the Orthodox Church'', ortodoksijeron iklézije 
* ''City'': málo
* ''Claim'': ravídotjám
* ''to Claim'': ravídor
* ''Class'': klase (&lt;small&gt;group of school mates&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Classroom'': čwesmérem
* ''to Clean'': kiwsor
* ''Clear'': loged
* ''to Clear'': logedotoluč
* ''to Clearify'': logeduč
* ''Clever'': bwón
* ''Cleverness'': bwóneče
* ''Clock'': húremat
* ''to Close'': ufénor
* ''Coffee'': káfe
* ''Cold'': tašm, n; tašmov, adj; ''it's cold'', tašmov ér.
* ''to Collect'': siwnor
* ''Collection'': siwntjám
* ''to Come'': atčuč (''irr.'': pres. aču, ''verbal root'': átj-); ''to come down'': dópatčuč (''irr.'': pres. dópaču, ''verbal root'': dópátj-); ''to come in'': výnatčuč (''irr.'': pres. výnaču, ''verbal root'': výnátj-); ''to come out'': izatčuč (''irr.'': pres. izaču, ''verbal root'': izátj-); ''to come up'': áfatčuč (''irr.'': pres. áfaču, ''verbal root'': áfátj-)
* ''Common'': ébš
* ''Company'': (''firm'') firma
* ''Comparation'': mahmotjám
* ''to Compare'': mahmuč
* ''Comprehension'': mýzdotjám
* ''Computer'': kompjuter
* ''Condition'': úskovi
* ''Conditional mood'': kondicjonal
* ''Consonant'': šanermonač, n; šanermonačár, adj.
* ''Construction'': čejnsén
* ''Continent'': kontinent
* ''to Continue'': logruč
* ''Conversation'': šamalžotjám
* ''to Converse'': šamálzor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': šamalž-)
* ''to Cook'': šmanor
* ''Cooking'': šmansén
* ''Corridor'': voremož
* ''Cost'': unda
* ''to Cost'': undor
* ''Country'': malma
* ''Couple'': džisma
* ''to Cover'': toltuč (''irr.'': pres. tolču, sub pres. tolča, opt pres. tolči, ''verbal root'': tolt-)
* ''to Create'': zalvuč: 
* ''Creation'': zalvotjám:
* ''Creator'': zalvačon
* ''to Cross'': dánmenor
* ''to Cultivate'': womeror
* ''Cultivation'': (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;) womersén; (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;) womertjám
* ''to Cut'': vwedor (''irr.'': pres. vwedžu, sub pres. vwedža, opt pres. vwedži, ''verbal root'': vwéž-)
* ''Daily'': bánfadžár
* ''Dance'': žum
* ''to Dance'': žumuč
* ''Dark'': mlop
* ''Darkness'': mlopeče
* ''Daughter'': vikšte
* ''Day'': fád (''plur.'': fadžy)
* ''Death'': rím
* ''Debt'': plák (''plur.'': plačy), ''to be in debt with so.'': plákor + DAT (''irr.'': pres. plaču, sub pres. plača, opt pres. plači, ''verbal root'': plaj-) 
* ''Debtor'': plajačan
* ''December'': dekémbri
* ''to Decide'': pyšor
* ''Decision'': pyštjám; ''I decided to go'', pyševu ža rójivu
* ''Deep'': zgwenč
* ''Demand'': cád (''plur'': cadžy)
* ''to Demand'': ravídor; + OPT., ''he demands you to go out'', ravíde ža izročic
* ''Democracy'': demokrace
* ''Democratic'': demokracijer
* ''To Depend'': ténamor; ''on..'', na + ACC.
* ''Dependant'': ténamáv; ''on..'', na + ACC.
* ''Dependance'': ténamáveče; ''on..'', na + ACC.
* ''Depth'': zgwenčeče
* ''Desire'': kwón
* ''to Desire'': kwónuč
* ''Dictionary'': poretálon
* ''to Die'': rímor
* ''Different'': émedmo; ''from..'', na + ACC.
* ''Difficult'': élésni
* ''to Disappear'': éznápor
* ''Disease'': hwažeče
* ''to Discuss'': namálzor (irr.: verbal root: namalž-) 
* ''Discussion'': namalžosén
* ''to Disperse'': šušmor
* ''Dispersion'': šušmotjám
* ''Distance'': vašwa
* ''Distant'': vašwat, ''to be distant'': vašwator
* ''to Do'': toljuč
* ''Dog'': bóg (''plur.'': bodžy)
* ''to Donate'': kálekuč
* ''Donation'': kálektjám
* ''Door'': erko
* ''Doubt'': džéb
* ''to Doubt'': džébor
* ''Down'': dóp
* ''Downfall'': partjám
* ''Dress'': púne (''plur.'': púnemy)
* ''to Dress'': púnemor; ''to get dressed'', sijo púnemor
* ''to Drink'': žinkor (''irr.'': pres. žiču, sub pres. žiča, opt pres. žiči, ''verbal root'': žinj-)
* ''Drinkable'': žinjomša
* ''to Dry'': zmélvor
* ''Duty'': njub
* ''Ear'': jind (''plur'': jindžy)
* ''Early'': naro
* ''Earth'': pán
* ''Ease'': lésniječe
* ''to Ease'': lésnitoluč
* ''Easy'': lésni
* ''East'': kapál, n; kapálár, adj.
* ''Eastern'': kapálár
* ''to Eat'': setor
* ''Eclipse'': eklipse
* ''Eight'': vát
* ''Empire'': imperátorpót
* ''Emperor'': imperátor
* ''Empty'': kilkane
* ''End'': bárz
* ''to End'': bárzuč
* ''to Endure'': (''last'') rubror
* ''to Enter'': (&lt;small&gt;seen from inside, ''to come in''&lt;/small&gt;) výnatčuč (''irr.'': pres. výnaču, ''verbal root'': výnátj-), (&lt;small&gt;seen from outside, ''to go in''&lt;/small&gt;) výnrokor (''irr.'': pres. výnroču, sub pres. výnroča, opt pres. výnroči, ''verbal root'': výnrój-)
* ''Error'': króp
* ''Equal'': medol
* ''Evening'': joštér
* ''Event'': pópeltjám
* ''Ever'': ivná
* ''Every'': drán
* ''Everybody'': ''plur'' bány
* ''Everyday'': ''adv''. bánfadžo, ''adj.'' bánfadžár
* ''Example'': prómér, ''for example'': dér próméra
* ''Excuse'': rýž
* ''to Excuse'': rýžor
* ''to Exit'': (&lt;small&gt;seen from outside, ''to come out''&lt;/small&gt;) izatčuč (''irr.'': pres. izaču, ''verbal root'': izátj-), (&lt;small&gt;seen from inside, ''to go out''&lt;/small&gt;) izrokor (''irr.'': pres. izroču, sub pres. izroča, opt pres. izroči, ''verbal root'': izrój-)
* ''Expensive'': undov
* ''to Explain'': logeduč
* ''Explanation'': logedotjám
* ''Eye'': nén
* ''to Facilitate'': lésnitoluč
* ''Fall'': (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;) partjám; (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;) parsén; (''autumn'') paraši; (''autumnal'') parašijer.
* ''to Fall'': paror
* ''Family'': vámil
* ''Famous'': mejžov
* ''to Farm'': womeror
* ''Farmer'': womeračan
* ''Farming'': womersén
* ''Farm-worker'': womeračan
* ''Fast'': epur
* ''February'': febrwár
* ''Federal'': bwand
* ''Federation: bwandotjám; ''to form a federation'': bwandor
* ''to Feed'': hranwor
* ''Fight'': nakračsén
* ''to Fight'': nakračor
* ''to Find'': lwásor
* ''Finger'': pús (''plur.'': pušy); rákajery pušy, pušy onu rákaw
* ''to Finish'': bárzuč
* ''Fire'': pýk (''plur.'': pyčy)
* ''Firm'': firma
* ''Fish'': lujda
* ''Five'': majt
* ''Floor'': etaž
* ''to Fly'': gláčor
* ''to Follow'': zwakor (''irr.'': pres. zwaču, sub pres. zwača, opt pres, zwači, ''verbal root'': zwáj-)
* ''Food'': hranu
* ''Foot'': dale
* ''For'': dér + DAT.
* ''Foreign'': hóžv
* ''Foreigner'': hóžv
* ''to Forgive'': gwalčor
* ''Forgiveness'': gwalčotjám
* ''Form'': bášt
* ''Four'': pali
* ''Free'': nálu, ''to set free'', nálutoluč
* ''Friday'': joštenufád (''plur.'': joštenufadžy)
* ''Friend'': vjéša
* ''Frog'': grág
* ''From'': ''use DELative case'' (&lt;small&gt;place&lt;/small&gt;); ód + ACC. (&lt;small&gt;time&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Fruit'': tlóž
* ''Full'': žwýn; ''of'', + INSTR.
* ''Function'': otwača
* ''to Function'': otwačanor
* ''Future'': tekátjáv; ''future tense'', tekátjáv čép; ''future in the past (tense)'', otekátjáv čép
* ''Game'': klás
* ''to Gather'': šanúčelor
* ''to Generate'': lakuč (''irr.'': pres. laču, sub pres. lača, opt pres. lači, ''verbal root'': láj-)
* ''Generation'': lájsén
* ''to Get'': (''take'') gensor (''irr.'': pres. genšu, sub pres: genša, opt pres: genši, ''verbal root'': gens-)
* ''Girlfriend'': kelanič
* ''Gift'': kálek
* ''to Give'': kalkor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': kál-); (''donate; to give as gift'') kálekuč
* ''to Go'': rokor (''irr.'': pres. roču, sub pres. roča, opt pres. roči, ''verbal root'': rój-); ''to go down'': dóprokor (''irr.'': pres. dóproču, sub pres. dóproča, opt pres. dóproči, ''verbal root'': dóprój-); ''to go in'': výnrokor (''irr.'': pres. výnroču, sub pres. výnroča, opt pres. výnroči, ''verbal root'': výnrój-); ''to go on'' (''continue''), logruč; ''to go out'': izrokor (''irr.'': pres. izroču, sub pres. izroča, opt pres. izroči, ''verbal root'': izrój-); ''to go up'': áfrokor (''irr.'': pres. áfroču, sub pres. áfroča, opt pres. áfroči, ''verbal root'': áfrój-)
* ''Goal'': glós (''plur.'': glošy)
* ''God'': dá
* ''Good'': dén
* ''Goodbye'': dóvresalmor
* ''Grace'': pnake
* ''Grammar'': gramatika
* ''Grandfather'': pranát (''plur'': pranačy)
* ''Grandmother'': prahéd (''plur'': prahedžy)
* ''Grandparent'': pralájačan 
* ''Grass'': kréžone
* ''Grasshopper'': pémavač
* ''Great'': rowde
* ''Green'': nomá
* ''Guide'': majv
* ''Habitation'': praskjačotjám
* ''Hair'': vlohš (&lt;small&gt;of head&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Half'': dimí, ''adj''; dimíč, ''n.''
* ''Half-light'': dimimeva
* ''Hand'': ráka
* ''to Happen'': pópeluč
* ''Happening'': pópeltjám
* ''Happiness'': famiječe
* ''Happy'': fami
* ''to Have'': esor (''irregular, see [[Lánc#Verb Esor (to Have)|grammar page]]''), ''the man has a house'', mázu ona mona és; (''to must'') njubor; ''I have to go'', rokor njubu
* ''Head'': lók (''plur.'': ločy)
* ''to Heal'': belotoluč
* ''Healthy'': belo
* ''Heat'': keldž
* ''Heaven'': pradís
* ''Heaviness'': ydžáveče
* ''Heavy'': ydžáv; ''to be heavy'', ydžor; ''I'm 72 kg heavy'', 72 kilográmyo ydžu
* ''Help'': wák (''plur.'': wačy)
* ''to Help'': wakor + DAT. (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': wáč-)
* ''Hence'': dérheja
* ''Here'': (''state'') ájot, (''destination'') ájás, ''from here'': ájád; ''here we are!'', ečie vojo!
* ''High'': pana
* ''Hill'': kwav
* ''Holiday'': étoljena
* ''Hot'': keldžov
* ''Hour'': húre
* ''House'': mázu; (''habitation'') praskjačotjám
* ''How'': swé
* ''How much'': móse
* ''Human'': čésár
* ''Human being'': čés
* ''Hunger'': zahran
* ''Hungry'': zahranov; ''to be hungry'', zahranov ervuč
* ''Hurt'': čune (''plur.'': čunemy), ''n''; dolor, ''v''; ''you did hurt me'', kija dolevec
* ''Husband'': monson
* ''Idea'': idéa
* ''Identical'': medol; ''to someone/thing'', na + AKK.
* ''If'': jék
* ''Ill'': hwaž; ''to fall ill'', hwažor
* ''Illness'': hwažeče
* ''Importance'': wažúmeče
* ''Important'': wažúm
* ''Inclination'': remdáveče
* ''to Include'': výnufenor
* ''Independant'': éténamáv, ''from..'': ód + ACC.
* ''Independance'': éténamáveče, ''from..'': ód + ACC.
* ''Information'': informákce
* ''to Inhabit'': praskjator (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': praskjač-)
* ''Inhabitant'': praskjačačan
* ''Inside'': výn + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Instead'': žočot + GEN.
* ''Insular'': óronár
* ''Intelligence'': bwóneče
* ''Intelligent'': bwón
* ''to Interrupt'': čefátor
* ''Interview'': intervju
* ''Invitation'': štomtjám
* ''to Invite'': štomor
* ''to Involve'': šagensor (''irr.'': pres. šagenšu, sub pres: šagenša, opt pres: šagenši, ''verbal root'': šagens-)
* ''Involvement'': šagenstjám
* ''Island'': óro (''plur.'': órony), n; óronár, adj.
* ''January'': janvár
* ''July'': julju
* ''Juny'': junju
* ''Jupiter'': krišlo
* ''to Keep'': ''to keep on'' (''continue''), logruč; ''He keeps on talking'', logre ža malže
* ''to Kill'': mowror
* ''Killer'': mowračan
* ''Killing'': mowrsén
* ''Kilogram'': kilográm
* ''Kilometre'': kilométr
* ''King'': krís (''plur.'': krišy)
* ''Kingdom'': krišpót
* ''Kiss'': béčo (''plur.'': béčomy)
* ''to Kiss'': béčomor
* ''Knife'': vwéžasma
* ''to Know'': znódor (''irr.'': pres. znodžu, sub pres. znodža, opt pres, znodži, ''verbal root'': znož-)
* ''Lady'': lástnejn
* ''Land'': pán
* ''Language'': mór
* ''Last'': hajne
* ''to Last'': rubror
* ''to Lead'': majvuč
* ''Leader'': majv
* ''to Lean'': remduč
* ''Leaning'': remdáv
* ''to Learn'': tómsuč (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': tomš-)
* ''Left'': lwím (&lt;small&gt;direction&lt;small&gt;)
* ''Leg'': oliš
* ''Lend'': nakalkor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': nakál-)
* ''Lenght'': dlygeče
* ''Lesson'': lékcije
* ''Library'': tálenawr
* ''Lift'': asansýr
* ''Life'': skjá
* ''Light'': ''n.'', váne
* ''to Like'': málor, ''someone likes something'', mátók (NOM.) máčesa (DAT.) mále, ''the woman likes the book'', ó tále ona milaja mále
* ''Lime'': (''quicklime'') spriškov
* ''Linguistics'': mórwandži
* ''List'': spišak
* ''to Listen'': mwemuč + ACC.
* ''Little'': klín
* ''to Live'': skjator (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': skjač-)
* ''Loan'': nakáltjám
* ''Long'': dlyg
* ''Lord'': lást
* ''Lot'': ''a lot of'', vnos
* ''Love'': keli
* ''to Love'': keluč
* ''to Make'': toljuč
* ''Man'': mon
* ''to Manage'': espohor; ''I managed to go home'': espohevu ža rójevu mázujád
* ''Many'': vnos
* ''March'': marc
* ''Mars'': Arsu
* ''May'': maj
* ''Maybe'': ervomš
* ''to Meet'': trefor; (''to be acquainted'') bejznódor (''irr.'': pres. bejznodžu, sub pres. bejznodža, opt pres, bejznodži, ''verbal root'': bejznož-), ''nice to meet you'', (tó bejznódor) málajč ér 
* ''Meeting'': tref; (&lt;small&gt;business&lt;/small&gt;) míting
* ''Mercury'': Epurlo
* ''Metre'': métr
* ''Middle'': dimíč; ''in/at/from the middle between/among'', dimíčot/dimíčás/dimíčád mízt + LOC; ''in/at/from the middle of'', dimíčot/dimíčás/dimíčád + GEN
* ''Mind'': owm
* ''Mistake'': króp; ''to make a mistake'', krópuč
* ''Mister'': lást
* ''to Mix'': džusmor
* ''Mobile phone'': mobil
* ''Modification'': nýnoltjám
* ''Moment'': kane
* ''Month'': lučer
* ''Monday'': lúkufád (''plur.'': lúkufadžy)
* ''Mondial'': výrál
* ''Moon'': lúk (''plur.'': lučy)
* ''Morning'': nóšfadž
* ''Mother'': héd (''plur.'': hedžy)
* ''Mount'': bírg (''plur.'': birdžy), adj, birdžár
* ''Mountain'': bírg (''plur.'': birdžy)
* ''Mountainous'': birdžár
* ''Mrs'': lástnejn
* ''Much'': vnos
* ''Murder'': mowrtjám
* ''to Murder'': mowror
* ''Murderer'': mowračan
* ''Music'': muzika
* ''to Must'': njubor
* ''Name'': úk (''plur.'': učy)
* ''Natural'': jefážajer
* ''Nature'': jefáža
* ''Near'': blúz + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Nearly'': penr
* ''Need'': bénak
* ''to Need'': bénakor
* ''Neptune'': Neptun
* ''Never'': ivná ét
* ''New'': lój
* ''Newspaper'': fadžlójačan
* ''Nice'': (&lt;small&gt;behaviour&lt;/small&gt;) delwa
* ''Night'': štad (''plur.'': štadžy)
* ''Nine'': lém
* ''Nobody'': étčés
* ''Noise'': ermo (''plur.'': ermony)
* ''Noisy'': ermonov
* ''North'': wenduz, n; wenduzár, adj.
* ''Northern'': wenduzár
* ''Nose'': nís (''plur'': nišy)
* ''Not'': ét
* ''Nothing'': éttók
* ''Noun'': úk (''plur.'': učy)
* ''to Nourish'': hranwor
* ''November'': novembri
* ''Now'': čuk, ''until now'', dóčuk
* ''Ocean'': ocean
* ''October'': oktobri
* ''Offshot'': lájón
* ''Often: mú
* ''On'': áf + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''One'': nók (''dat.'': noča)
* ''Only'': nočnum
* ''to Open'': páluč
* ''Orbit'': órbita; ''to be in orbit of/around'', órbitajot ervuč + GEN/ukryg + LOC
* ''to Orbit'': órbitor; ''to orbit something''; órbitor ukryg + ADL
* ''Orthodox'': ortodoksijer, adj.
* ''Orthodoxy'': ortodoksije
* ''Optative mood'': kwónačnov
* ''Other'': nun
* ''Out'': izvýn + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Over'': áf + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''Page'': vanéj
* ''Pain'': čune (''plur.'': čunemy)
* ''Pair'': džisma
* ''Parent'': lájačan
* ''Part'': žast; ''to make part of, to be a part of'', žast ervuč + GEN.
* ''to Pass'': menor
* ''Past'': omenáv; ''past tense'': omenáv čép
* ''Paunch'': ževút
* ''Pen'': poljasma
* ''Peninsula'': dimjóro (''plur.'': dimjórony)
* ''Peninsular'': dimjóronár
* ''Penumbra'': dimimeva
* ''People'': ''plur.'' čésy
* ''Person'': čés
* ''Philosopher'': filosof
* ''Philosophical'': filosofár
* ''Philosophize'': filosofor
* ''Philosophy'': filosofie
* ''Phoneme'': foném
* ''Place'': žók (''plur.'': žočy); ''to take place'', žókwo gensor
* ''Plain'': žylvana
* ''to Play'': klásor (&lt;small&gt;with a toy&lt;/small&gt;); ermonuč (&lt;small&gt;a musical instrument&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Player'': klásačan
* ''Pleasure'': málajč
* ''Plusquamperfect (tense)'': pu-omenáv čép
* ''Pluto'': Plúton
* ''Poor'': feden
* ''Population'': čésmok
* ''Potency'': omšačaneče
* ''Power'': omšačaneče
* ''Pray'': dólb
* ''to Pray'': dólbor
* ''Present'': čukár; ''present tense'': čukár čép
* ''President'': prezidént
* ''Price'': unda
* ''Problem'': problém
* ''to Produce'': móhnor
* ''Production'': móhnosén (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;), móhnotjám (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''Program'': (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) program
* ''to Program'': (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) programor
* ''Programming'': (&lt;small&gt;computer&lt;/small&gt;) programsén
* ''Project'': projekt
* ''Pronoun'': žóčúk (''plur.'': žóčučy)
* ''to Qualify'': odašuvor
* ''Quality'': odašu
* ''Question'': cád (''plur'': cadžy)
* ''Quick'': epur
* ''Radio'': radjó
* ''Rain'': néga
* ''to Rain'': négor (''irr.'': pres. nedže, sub pres. nedža, opt pres. nedži, ''verbal root'': než-)
* ''to Read'': raluč
* ''Ready'': sgoton
* ''Real'': ban
* ''Reality'': baneče
* ''Really'': banum
* ''Recent'': podar
* ''Recently'': podarum
* ''Red'': brás
* ''Regardless'': éténamávum, adv, ''of..'': ód + ACC.
* ''Regulate'': núrmanor
* ''Relative'': nalájačan (&lt;small&gt;person related&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''to Repeat'': vrelolor
* ''Republic'': čésmokpót
* ''Reunification'': šanúčeltjám
* ''Right'': pjuv (&lt;small&gt;direction&lt;small&gt;)
* ''River'': fós (''plur.'': fošy)
* ''Robber'': prénžačan
* ''Room'': mérem
* ''Rose'': róze
* ''Rule'': núrma (''plur.'': núrmany)
* ''Sad'': númi
* ''Sadness'': númiječe
* ''Saint'': svútu
* ''Same'': medmo
* ''Sane'': belo; ''to get sane'', belotoluč
* ''Satellite'': šapátesačan
* ''Saturday'': hajnzúfád (''plur.'': hajnzúfadžy)
* ''Saturn'': Hajnzu
* ''to Say'': lolor
* ''to Scatter'': šušmor
* ''Science'': wánde
* ''Scorpion'': skorpjon
* ''Sea'': nwín
* ''Search'': tyrcosén
* ''to Search'': tyrcor
* ''Season'': dwánš, n; dwánšár, adj.
* ''to See'': salmor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': sálj-)
* ''Seed'': pwo (''plur.'': pwomy)
* ''to Seed'': pwomor
* ''to Seem'': vylčuč
* ''to Sell'': aštuč
* ''to Separate'': blezduč
* ''Separation'': blezdotjám, blezdosén
* ''September'': septembri
* ''Seven'': poč
* ''Shade'': meva
* ''to Shade'': mevor
* ''Shadow'': meva
* ''Shady'': mevov
* ''Shop'': rámek
* ''Shore'': rejv
* ''Short'': škuž
* ''Shortness'': škužeče
* ''Sick'': hwaž; ''to get sick'': hwažor
* ''Sickness'': hwažeče
* ''Side'': lúd (''plur.'': ludžy)
* ''Sin'': gérv
* ''to Sin'': gérvuč; ''of'', + INSTR.
* ''to Sing'': pémor
* ''Singer'': pémačan
* ''Singing'': (&lt;small&gt;act&lt;/small&gt;) pém; (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;) pémsén
* ''Sinner'': gérvačan
* ''Sister'': máwri
* ''Six'': šuk (''indecl.'')
* ''Sky'': bál
* ''Slave'': twáken
* ''Slavery'': twákeneče
* ''Sleep'': ždé
* ''to Sleep'': ždénor
* ''Slope'': remdáveče
* ''to Slope'': remduč
* ''Slow'': žnowf
* ''Smoke'': tým
* ''to Smoke'': týmor
* ''Smoker'': týmačan
* ''Smoking'': týmsén
* ''Snow'': ílu (''plur.'': ílumy)
* ''to Snow'': ílumor
* ''So'': džú, ''so that'', džú ža + SUBJ.
* ''Son'': vokeš
* ''Song'': pémtjám
* ''Soul'': mwín
* ''Some'': máné
* ''Somebody'': máčés
* ''Someone'': máčes
* ''Something'': máttók
* ''Sometimes'': mápičwo
* ''Sound'': ermo (''plur.'': ermony), n; ermonár, adj.
* ''to Sound'': ermonuč
* ''South'': júšek, n; júšekár
* ''Southern'': júšekár
* ''to Speak'': málzor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': malž-)
* ''Speech'': malžotjám
* ''Speed'': epureče
* ''Spirit'': mwín
* ''Spiritual'': mwínár
* ''Spirituality'': mwínáreče
* ''to Spread'': šušmor
* ''Spring'': nočiš, n; nočišár, adj.
* ''Sprout'': lájón
* ''Star'': ymér, n; ymérár, adj.
* ''Starve'': béf zahranu rímor
* ''State'': mjáwe
* ''to Steal'': prendor (''irr.'': pres. prendže, sub pres. prendža, opt pres. prendži, ''verbal root'': prénž-)
* ''Sting'': (''prick'') pínktotjám; (&lt;small&gt;means&lt;/small&gt;) pínktasma
* ''Stone'': spríš
* ''to Stop'': čefátor
* ''Student'': čwesačan
* ''to Study'': čwesor
* ''Street'': žanej
* ''Subjunctive'': džébačnov
* ''to Succeed'': espohor
* ''Success'': espoh
* ''Successful'': espohov; ''to be successful'': espohor
* ''to Suffer'': čownuč; ''to suffer from'', čownuč + INSTR.
* ''Summer'': éšti, n; éštijer, adj.
* ''Sun'': lós (''plur.'': lošy)
* ''Sunday'': lósufád (''plur.'': lósufadžy)
* ''Sunny'': lošžwin
* ''Sure'': gnawt
* ''Surprise'': áfgenš
* ''to Surprise'': áfgensor (''irr.'': pres. afgenšu, sub pres: afgenša, opt pres: afgenši, ''verbal root'': afgens-)
* ''to Swim'': blinvor
* ''Swimming'': blinvosén
* ''Symphony'': sinfonije
* ''Synonym'': medmúk (''plur'': medmučy)
* ''Synonymous'': medmučár
* ''Syntactic(al)'': sintaksár
* ''Syntax'': sintaks
* ''System'': sistéma
* ''to Take'': (''get'') gensor (''irr.'': pres. genšu, sub pres: genša, opt pres: genši, ''verbal root'': gens-); (''bring'') majvuč
* ''to Talk'': málzor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': malž-)
* ''to Teach'': popítor
* ''Teacher'': popítačan
* ''Telephone'': telefon
* ''to Tell'': lolor
* ''Temple'': bróng (''plur.'': brondžy)
* ''Temporal'': čépár
* ''to Tempt'': gorávuč
* ''Temptation'': gorávtjám
* ''Ten'': tóčy
* ''Tense'': čép
* ''Theft'': prénžotjám
* ''Thief'': prénžačan
* ''Time'': (&lt;small&gt;temporal flow&lt;/small&gt;) čép, (&lt;small&gt;an instance or single occasion for some event&lt;/small&gt;): pít (''plur.'': pičy); ''this time'', lakpičwo
* ''Than'': ča
* ''to Thank'': džanor
* ''Thanks'': džantjám
* ''Thanksgiving'': džantjám
* ''That'': ''adj''. šik
* ''That'': (''phrasal'') ža
* ''The'': ó
* ''There'': (''state'') kájot, (''destination'') kájás, ''from there'': kájád
* ''Therefore'': dérheja
* ''to Think'': valmor
* ''Thirst'': séd
* ''Thirsty'': sédov; ''to be thirsty'', sédov ervuč
* ''This'': lak
* ''Three'': klik (''indecl.'')
* ''Thursday'': krišlowfád (''plur.'': krišlowfadžy)
* ''Tomorrow'': tefadžo
* ''Today'': lakfadžo
* ''Toe'': pús (''plur.'': pušy); dalejery pušy, pušy onu dalew
* ''Too'': (''also'') kokwe; (''too much'') savnosum; ''too much'', savnos; ''too many'', savnos
* ''Tooth'': brík (''plur.'': bričy)
* ''Tourism'': turistezn
* ''Tourist'': turist, n; turistár, adj;
* ''Tower'': pšálter
* ''to Travel'': pátesor
* ''to Translate'': mízmajvuč
* ''Translation'': mízmajvsén (&lt;small&gt;process&lt;/small&gt;), mízmajvtjám (&lt;small&gt;result&lt;/small&gt;)
* ''to Tree'': vnúk (''plur.'': vnučy)
* ''True'': privd
* ''Truth'': privdeče
* ''Tuesday'': arsúfád (''plur.'': arsúfadžy)
* ''Two'': džis (''indecl.'')
* ''to Uncover'': étoltuč (''irr.'': pres. étolču, sub pres. étolča, opt pres. étolči, ''verbal root'': étolt-)
* ''Under'': dóp + LOC/ADL/DEL
* ''to Understand'': mýzdor
* ''Understandable'': mýzdomša
* ''Understanding'': mýzdosén
* ''to Unificate'': núčelor
* ''Unification'': núčelsén
* ''Union'': núčeltjám
* ''Unique'': nók (''dat.'': noča)
* ''to Unite'': núčelor
* ''Until'': dó + ADL.
* ''Up'': áf
* ''Uranus'': Urán
* ''to Use'': nósor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': noš-)
* ''Usual'': ébš
* ''Utilisation'': nós (''plur.'': nošy)
* ''Venus'': Jošten
* ''Verb'': gúlga
* ''Very'': vnosum
* ''Village'': stuv
* ''Vowel'': ermonač, n; ermonačár, adj.
* ''Waist'': ževút
* ''to Wait'': kantor + ACC. (''irr'': pres. kanču, sub pres: kanča, opt pres: kanči, ''verbal root'': kánj-)
* ''to Wake up'': biduč; (&lt;small&gt;oneself&lt;/small&gt;) mebiduč
* ''to Want'': šáljor
* ''War'': krák (''plur.'': kračy)
* ''Warm'': keldov
* ''to Wash'': mitor (''irr'': pres. míču, sub pres: míča, opt pres: míči, ''verbal root'': míj-)
* ''Washing'': míjsén
* ''Watch'': húremat
* ''Water'': ák (''plur.'': ačy)
* ''to Watch'': sélvor
* ''Weather'': vréma
* ''Wednesday'': epurlowfád (''plur.'': epurlowfadžy)
* ''Week'': počfadž
* ''to Weigh'': ydžor
* ''Weight'': ydža
* ''West'': malóm, n; malómár
* ''Western'': malómár
* ''What'': má
* ''When'': swíz
* ''Where'': (''state'') swot, (''destination'') swás, ''from where'': swád
* ''Which'': máke
* ''While'': dum
* ''White'': bílo
* ''Who'': mé
* ''Why'': taméske
* ''Wife'': milson
* ''Will'': šálja
* ''Window'': okano
* ''Winter'': tašmiš, n; tašmišár, adj;
* ''Wish'': kwón
* ''to Wish'': (''desire'') kwónuč, (''bid'') volvuč
* ''With'': ša + INSTR.
* ''Without'': óz + GEN.
* ''Woman'': mila
* ''Womb'': ževút
* ''to Wonder'': (''ask oneself'') mecaduč
* ''Word'': pore
* ''Work'': twák (''plur.'': twačy)
* ''to Work'': twákor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': twač-), (''function'') otwačanor
* ''World'': výr, n; výrál, adj.
* ''to Write'': pólkor (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': polj-)
* ''Wrong'': krópov; ''to be wrong'', krópuč
* ''Year'': ýs (''plur.'': yšy); ''New Year's Day, New Year's Eve''; Lójýs (''plur.'': Lójyšy); ''Happy New Year!'', Déno Lójýswo!
* ''Yearly'': bányšár (''of all years''); drányšár (''of every year'')
* ''Yellow'': mált
* ''Yes'': de
* ''Yesterday'': ofadžo

[[Category:Lánc|Dictionary]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lateral fricative</title>
    <id>6864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48968</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T18:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* 2 coronals */ heder size</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Phonological environment==
This is a small survey of [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] and [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] fricative subsystems in languages of the world. Voicing distinctions are ignored.
===7 coronals===
The champion, Toda, wins by contrasts fricatives not only by POA but also by sibilancy:
*dental /θ s̪/
*alveolar /ɬ s/
*retroflex /ɬ̠ ʂ/
*postalveolar /ʃ/
Note that laterality appears here to be simply the [[surface realization]] of post-dental non-sibilants (which is natural, since retroflex [[spirant]]s do not exist).

===5 coronals===
A number of Na-Dene languages such as Gwich'in and Hän have the following inventory:
*dental /θ/
*lateral /ɬ/
*alveolar /s/
*retroflex /ʂ/
*postalveolar /ʃ/
A variation in Tahltan swaps /ʂ/ for a palatal /ç/.

Ubyx, from Caucasus, has a maximal sibilant inventory as /s ʂ ʃ ɕ/ but does not contain /θ/.

The African Dahalo has a variation with multiple laterals: /ɬ ɬʲ ɬʷ s ʃ/ (technically, that's a fully palatal lateral, but the symbol is unavailable).

===4 coronals===
Here, by far the most typical system is dental-lateral-alveolar-postalveolar /θ ɬ s ʃ/, found in as far apart languages as [[Welsh]] and [[Burmese]], as well as numerous Na-Dene and Pacific Northwest languages including Halkomelem and Tanacross.

Numerous one-off systems exist as well.
*Aleut: /θ ɬ s ʂ/ (no /ʃ/, tho there is /tʃ/)
*Dunneza: /ɬ s̪ s ʃ/ (basically the immediate ancestor of the &quot;typical&quot; system)
*Phula: /ɬ s ʂ ʃ/
**Cocopah: /ɬʲ s ʂ ʃ/
*Northern Qiang: /ɬ s ʂ ɕ/ (affricates include /tʃ/ as well)
*Hmong: /ɬ s ʂ ç/
*Secondary articulations:
**Chilcotin: /ɫ s sˤ ʃ/
**Mongolian: /ɮ ɮʲ s ʃ/ (where /ʃ/ is pretty much //sʲ//)
Note that all except Aleut and Hmong are basically /ɬ s ʃ/ plus one further fricative!

===3 coronals===
The /ɬ s ʃ/ system just noted is by a stretch the most common system here. It is particularly common in North America, for example Alsean, Chimakuan, Klallam, Muskogean, Seri, Takelma, Tera, Yuchi, Zuni. Elsewhere, examples include Caucasian languages such as Avar and African languages such as Xhosa.

Other variations do still exist.
*Nahuatl: no /ɬ/, only /tɬ/
*/ɬ s ç/: sporadically, eg. Kwak'wala, Sekani.
*/ʟ̟̊ s ʃ/: sporadically: Archi, and with velar lateral affricate only, Laghuu

===2 coronals===
One might think /ɬ s/ is the only choice here. This turns out to not be the case, tho it is quite popular too (but not as popular as /ɬ s ʃ/). Examples seem to be more spred geographically, from Ge'ez to Chukchi to Haida. Affricate-only /tɬ s/ exists in Shuswap; /ɬ ʃ/ exists in at least St'at'imcets, Mikasuki and Wintu.

&lt;!--Na-Dene not done.

/T K K` s[ s s` S/
-Toda

/T K s s` S/
-Gwich'in, Hän

/T K s S C/
-Tahltan

/K Kw) C\ s S/
-Dahalo

/K s s` S s\/
-Ubyx

/T K s S/
-Burmese
-Halkomelem, NSS, Saanich
-Dene Suline, Tanacross
-Welsh

/T K s C/
-Aleut (also /tS/)

/K s[ s S/
-Dunneza

/K s s?\ C/
-Chilcotin

/K s s` S/
-Phula

/K s s` C/
-Hmong
-N Qiang (also /tS/)

/K\ 6\ s S/
-Mongolian, Kalmyk

/C\ s s` S/
-Cocopah

/tK s S/
-Nahuatl

/K s S/
 AMERIND
+Alsean
+Chemakuan
-Klallam, SqwXwu7mesh, Tillamook
-Makah, Nuu-Chah-Nulth
+Muskogean
+most Na-Dené
-Seri
-Takelma
-Tera
+Totonacan
-Umatilla
(Ventureño)
-Wiyot (/S s`/ actually), Proto-Algonquin?
-Yuchi
-Zuni
 CAUCASUS
-Avar (?)
-Hunzib, Tsez
 AFRICA
-Hadza
-Sesotho, Xhosa, Zulu

/K s C/
-Kwak'wala
-Nuxalk
-Sekani

/F\ s S/
-Archi

/kF\ s S/
-Laghuu

/tK s/
-Koyukon (has /tS/)
-Shuswap

/K s/
-Chukchi (?)
-Creek (has /tS/)
-Ge'ez
-Golin
-Haida
-Inuktitut, Kalaallisut
-Maka
-Oowekyala
-Picuris, Taos (have /tS/)
-Sandawe (has /tS/)
-Yupik (has /tS/)

/K S/
-Mikasuki
-St'at'imcets
-Wintu (lateral may be [tK]; marginal /t/)

/kF\ s/
-G|wi

lateral click + sibilant(s)
-most of Khoisan--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Spirant</title>
    <id>6865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>48933</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-04T15:40:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>definitions etc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''spirant''' can be defined as any [[fricative]] that is not a [[sibilant]]. Consonants such as /[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]/ are generally agreed to be spirants.

The spirant/sibilant contrast almost fully correlates to [[place of articulation]], with [[coronal consonant|coronal]] fricatives tending to be sibilants. The exceptions to this are the [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] POAs, where a contrast is possible (and the two sounds may also change to one another). Regardless, even here it usually is so that the dental spirant /θ/ is more common than the dental sibilant /s̻/, and likewise the alveolar sibilant /s/ is more common than the alveolar spirant /ɹ̝̊/.

==Sound changes involving spirants==
Spirants are commonly formed by [[lenition]] of corresponding [[stop]]s - unlike sibilants, which are formed by [[assibilation]] (which is usually linked to [[palatalization]]). Similarly, [[fortition]] tends to produce stops from spirants (but [[affricate]]s from sibilants); due to this, spirant counterparts to [[affricate]]s are exceedingly rare. It is, indeed, possible to analyze a great many languages' affricates as being [[Featural phonology|featurally]] simply ''sibilant stops''.&lt;!-- This bit should go in the &quot;sibilant&quot; or &quot;affricate&quot; article--&gt;

==Dubious cases==
Though definitely not sibilants, it is not clear if [[lateral fricatives]] (eg. /[[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]]/) and [[laryngeal consonants]] (eg. /[[voiceless glottal fricative|h]]/, /[[voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]]/ can be included as spirants. Lateral fricatives, unlike typical spirants, commonly occur as affricates; whereas glottal fricatives behave in many ways more alike [[sonorant]]s.

The [[voiceless palatal fricative]] /ç/ is occasionally described as a sibilant, but articulatorily and historically should generally be considered a spirant.

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dvekönneść</title>
    <id>6866</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48938</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-04T18:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stelvojoj</username>
        <id>1330</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Dvekönneść]] to [[Dwekoennish]]:&amp;#32;Makes more sense to name the page after the English transliteration of the language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dwekoennish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nasal consonant</title>
    <id>6867</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>48952</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-05T16:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nasal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Allophone</title>
    <id>6868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51473</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:04:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Discontinuous (systematic) allophones */ cat:phon</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A [[phoneme]] (such as /a/) is an abstract entity under which several different [[phone]]s (actual speech sounds, such as [ä], [ɐ], [ɑ], [ʌ]) are classified in a speaker's mind. These differing phones are called '''allophones''' of one another (or of the phoneme).

There are two subtypes of allophones:

==Continuous (phonetic) allophones==
The human articulatory organs (and likely those of any physical being) are not perfect in operation. Since features such as the exact position of the [[articulator]]s, intensity of [[phonation]], the (speaker-dependant) shape of the oral cavity, and amount of food stuck between the teeth are continuous variables, any two attempts to articulate a sound will be ever so slightly different. Acoustics of the environment have further effect on the exact sound reaching the ears of an addressee. Yet, the brain ignores all this variation and recognizes a specific sound (this is proven to involve the recognition of specific [[formant]]s' position and strength in the sound spectrum).

What ''exactly'' constitutes a &quot;specific sound&quot; is to some extent language-dependant. Two sounds that will be identical to one person's ear (say, [ɜ] and [ə]) will be typically recognized as distinct by someone speaking a language where the sounds are contrastive. However, not even this is a hard-and-fast division: depending on the degree of [[contrastive load]], hearing or pronouncing a phoneme beyond its usual degree of variation may not matter, if [[context]] can be relied on to decipher the word.

Infants, it seems, will recognize a wide range of sounds, but will lern during [[language acquisition]] what sub-range of sounds to group under a given phoneme. The total variety seen in [[natural language]]s serves as a (loose) minimum indicator of what human hearing and articulation can possibly reliably distinguish.

There are no special [[IPA]] symbols for marking most continuous allophones, and the only exact way to record them is a recording of the sound itself; however, for a first approximation, diacritics such as raised/fronted/lowered/backed can be used.

==Discontinuous (systematic) allophones==
It commonly occurs that a phoneme's allophones fall in two — or sometimes more — groups that are separated, ie. given some arbitrary dimension, certain intermediate realizations occur rarely, if at all. There are a number of possibilities for this.

[[Featural phonology]] tells that a phoneme is not an atomic, indivisible whole: they are formed of ''features'', such as [+nasal] and [+labial]. Under this view, most discontinuous allophones can be described as differing with respect to some feature. Taking the common example of [&amp;zwnj;[[Velar nasal|ŋ]]] as an allophone of /[[Alveolar nasal|n]]/ before [[velar consonant]]s, this allophone is distinct by having the feature [+velar] (or [+high], or [+back], depending), not included in the phoneme's own specification but inherited from the adjoining velar.

[[Sound change]]s account for another class of discontinuous allophones. A sound's exact realization usually depends on what other sounds are pronounced before and after. It can be that eg. a [[velar consonant]] is influenced by a succeeding [[front vowel]] such that it becomes articulated more front, approaching the territory of [[palatal consonant]]s. This kind of a change can begin as a small extension of the phoneme's normal range of variation, that then detaches — for example, by [[assibilation]], leading to a coronal [[affricate]]. If the palatal allophones did not occur elsewhere, the phoneme's allophonic range has now split in two groups. The results can persist as a purely phonetical variation, especially if the resulting sound does not particularly resemble other phonemes existing in the language; however, if it does, or contains an articulation quite distinct from the &quot;normal&quot; allophones, it is likely that the divergent allophones will gain a new featural analysis. In our exemplary case it is likely that [&amp;zwnj;[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]] as an allophone of [&amp;zwnj;[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]] would cease to be thought of as containing the feature [+velar], since the articulation no more involves the velar [[gesture]], and that the language in all likelihood does contain other coronal consonants.

Speakers can in some cases, tho not all, tell apart two allophones that are phonologically distinct. Articulatory distinctions can lead to even complete split, where the two sounds are no more even mentally associated together under the same phoneme. A possible example is the concept of [[heng]]: English /h/ and /ŋ/ are in fact in [[complementary distribution]]. Yet they are thought of as distinct phonemes.

The [[IPA]] is by and large designed to accommodate all discontinuous allophones found in human languages. For example, from an articulatory point of view the division of [[coronal consonant]]s to dental, alveolar, postalveolar and retroflex is arbitrary; but since no natural language divides this continuum to more than four contrastive [[Place of articulation|places of articulation]], it is quite convenient phonologically. (It can then turn out unclear if a 2-part division should be described as between eg. dental and alveolar, or dental and postalveolar, but this rarely matters.)

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pasetok</title>
    <id>6869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49197</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T18:48:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Grammars */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Pastok
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| {{IPA|/pas·tok/}}
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2009
|}
Pastok is an auxlang, though not one that actually strives to become an international language. It is only created for the sheer challenge of creating a conlang that could potentially be spoken by as many people as possible on Earth. For this reason the phonemic inventory is rather small, and several phonological constraints exist for ease of pronunciation. Yet homonyms are avoided at all costs. Pastok has borrowed all of its words from other languages. There are 49 languages that have been especially prioritized in word borrowing and phonology: Modern Standard Arabic, Mossi (Mòoré), Yoruba, Swahili, Armenian, Albanian, Tamil, Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek, Mongolian, Hungarian, Finnish, Vietnamese, Indonesian/Malay, Mandarin, Burmese, Thai, Quiché (K'iche'), Quechua, (Paraguayan) Guaraní, Tok Pisin, Tashelhiyt, Hausa, Oromo, Fula, Akan (Twi dialect), Kanuri, Bambara, Telugu, (White) Hmong, Persian, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, English, Russian, Ancient Greek, Portuguese, Bengali, French, Japanese, German, Punjabi, Javanese, Marathi, Korean, Italian, Wu (Shanghai dialect), Cantonese (Canton dialect). All major language families, and major branches of the largest families, are present among these 49 languages. At least 3,88 billion, and possibly as many 8 billion people (including second language speakers) speak these languages.

== Phonology ==
=== Phoneme inventory ===
{| {{table}} style=&quot;background:Ivory&quot;
|+ Pulmonic consonants
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|&amp;ensp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Bilabial'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Labiodental'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Dental'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Alveolar'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Postalveolar'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Retroflex'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Palatal'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Velar'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Uvular'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Pharyngeal'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Epiglottal'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Glottal'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Nasal'''||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff80;&quot;|/m/ &lt;m&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff80;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb04a;&quot;|/n/ &lt;n&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb04a;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffb04a;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Salmon&quot;|{{IPA|[ŋ]}} &lt;g&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Salmon&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Plosive'''||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ef87a9;&quot;|/p/ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ef87a9;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|/t/ &lt;t&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:LightPink&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|/k/ &lt;k&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Affricate'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ef87a9;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ef87a9;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|{{IPA|/tʃ/}} &lt;c&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumOrchid&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:CornflowerBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Fricative'''||style=&quot;background:MediumAquamarine&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumAquamarine&quot;|[f] &lt;f&gt;||width=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumAquamarine&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumSeaGreen&quot;|/s/ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumSeaGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumSeaGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:DarkKhaki&quot;|&amp;ensp;||width=&quot;100&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||rowspan=2 style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=2 colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|/h/ &lt;h&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Approximant'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|{{IPA|/ʋ/}} &lt;w&gt;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkKhaki&quot;|/j/ &lt;j&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Trill'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|[r] &lt;r&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Tap or flap'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#da9959;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Lat. fricative'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Lat. approximant'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|/l/ &lt;l&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Lateral flap'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccb8a4;&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Black&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|}

{| {{table}} style=&quot;background:Ivory&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|+ Co-articulated pulmonics
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|&amp;ensp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Labial-palatal'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Labial-velar'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Alveolo-palatal'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Palatal-velar'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Fricative'''||style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:DarkKhaki&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:MediumSeaGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PowderBlue&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Approximant'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkKhaki&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkKhaki&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:PaleGreen&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|}

{| {{table}} style=&quot;background:Ivory&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
|+ Vowels
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|&amp;ensp;
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Front'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Near-front'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Central'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Near-back'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Back'''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Close'''||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|/i/ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|/u/ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Near-close'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gainsboro&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:Silver&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Close-mid'''||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||width=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Mid'''||align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|/e/ &lt;e&gt;||width=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|/o/ &lt;o&gt;||
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Open-mid'''||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||width=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:Gray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||style=&quot;background:LightSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Near-open'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Open'''||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|/a/ &lt;a&gt;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;||colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:DarkSlateGray&quot;|&amp;ensp;
|}
The sounds of Pastok can be pronunced in several ways depending on what the speaker is capable of, but the most desirable pronunciations have been marked in the above tables. Each of these desirable sounds can be replaced by any other sound whose cell has the same color. The sounds in brackets are not quite phonemes because they are not contrastive. {{IPA|[ŋ]}} has complementary distribution with /n/, [f] with /p/, and [r] with /l/. The former ones can be replaced by the latter ones if the speaker can't pronunce any of the alternatives given in the above phoneme charts. {{IPA|/tʃ/}} can also be realized as a retroflex or post-alveolar fricative, if it doesn't conflict with the pronunciation of /s/.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There are also six diphthongs: /ui, oi, ai/, [ei, ou, au]. The final /i/ could optionally be [j], and the /u/ could be [w]. The diphthongs can also be split up into two syllables, with an optional {{IPA|[ʔ]}} between. The au and ou are have [[Pastok#Complimentary_distribution|complementary distribution]] with other phonemes.

=== Phonological constrains ===
The syllable structure of Pastok is (C)V(C). The onset can be any consonant except g, while the coda can be any of m, n, g, p, t, k, f, s, l. M can't appear at the end of a word though. The allowed medial clusters are:
*mp mf
*nt nc ns nj nw nr nl
*gk
*pt ps pr pl
*ft fr fl
*tn tw tr tl
*kn kp kt kc ks kw kr kl
*sn sj sw sr sl
*lm lp lf lt lk lc ls lj lw

The sequences ji, wu, wo, and word-final e and m are unallowed.

=== Complimentary distribution ===
In the following list · stand for either syllable break or word boundary.
*V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;n - V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
*au - o
*ei - e
*f - p
*g - n
*ou - o, u
*r - l
*s· - t·
*ti - ci

=== Borrowing scheme ===
When borrowing words, the word might need to be changed to fit Pastok's phonological constrains. Generally, e is used to split up non-word final consonant clusters, while o is used at the end of words. If possible, the vowel is placed so that the consonants are still adjacent. Here some other rules, which take precedence over the above:
*&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;CiV &gt; CijV
*&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;CuV &gt; CuwV (but see ''wo'' and ''wu'' below)
*Cː &gt; C
*CCiV &gt; CCijV
*CCuV &gt; CCuwV (but see ''wo'' and ''wu'' below)
*Vː &gt; V
*Vst &gt; Vt
*eu &gt; e
*iV &gt; jV
*ji &gt; i
*m# &gt; mo
*r· &gt; l·
*wo &gt; o
*wu &gt; u

== Grammars ==
=== Prepositions ===
Pasetok has four locational prepositions, which are often used together with location nouns.
*'''Tou''' has the meaning that something is located somewhere, like the words ''in'', ''on'' and ''at'' in English.
*'''Ta''' has the meaning that something is coming from somewhere, like the word ''from'' in English.
*'''Si''' means that something is going somewhere, like the words ''to'' and ''for'' in English.
*'''Menten''' is used for telling what way something is going, like the words ''along'', ''through'' and ''via'' in English.

See [[Pasetok#Location|Location]] for examples of how locational relations are expressed.

=== Syntax ===
==== Location ====
Location is usually expressed by a locational preposition followed by a noun in genitive and a locational noun. The preposition tells the direction: to, from, along or not moving. The locational noun (LOC.NOUN) tells the actual place. The locational can be combined with the prefix ka-, which means that the subject has physical contact with the place. In the following list, the different ways of telling location has been likened to different noun cases.
*'''Adessive''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''fukan''.
*'''Apudessive''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''wijeri''.
*'''Inessive''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''in''.
*'''Intrative''' - ''tou'' NOUN and NOUN GEN ''aita''.
*'''Pertingent''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''ka-''LOC.NOUN.
*'''Subessive''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''alat''.
*'''Superessive''' - ''tou'' NOUN GEN ''(ka)-soharu''.
*'''Ablative''' - ''ta'' NOUN GEN fukan
*'''Delative''' - ''ta'' NOUN GEN ''(ka)-soharu''.
*'''Egressive, initiative''' - ''ta'' NOUN (GEN LOC.NOUN).
*'''Elative''' - ''ta'' NOUN (GEN ''in'').
*'''Allative''' - ''si NOUN GEN ''fukan''.
*'''Illative''' - ''si'' NOUN GEN ''in''.
*'''Terminative''' - ''si/tou'' NOUN (GEN LOC.NOUN).
*'''Perlative (penetrating)''' - ''menten'' NOUN GEN ''aita''.
*'''Perlative (going through a space)''' - ''menten NOUN GEN ''in''.
*'''Prosecutive''' - ''menten'' NOUN GEN ''soharu''.
*'''Vialis''' - with NOUN GEN use.
*'''Temporal (at an exact point of time)''' - ''tou'' TIME.NOUN (GEN ''in'').
*'''Temporal (around some time)''' - ''tou'' TIME.NOUN GEN ''fukan''.
*'''Temporal (sometime during a time span)''' - ''tou'' TIME.NOUN GEN ''aita''.
*'''Benefactive''' - ''si'' NOUN (GEN sake).
*'''Dative, orientative''' - ''si'' NOUN.
*'''Exessive''' - ''ta'' NOUN (GEN LOC.NOUN) (''si'' NOUN (GEN LOC.NOUN))

=== Derivation ===
There are many derivational suffixes in Pasetok, used for creating new words. All derivational suffixes are actually shorter forms of other words with independent meanings. An -s- is added between a root that ends with a vowel and a suffix that begins with a vowel. If the root ends with, and the suffix begins with a consonant, an -e- is inserted between them.
{| border=&quot;1!
|+ Derivational suffixes
! Original word
! Meaning
! Suffix
! Meaning/use
! Example
|-
| aprofa
| child
| -apro
| Turns a word for an animal specie into a word meaning &quot;the infant form of that animal&quot;.
| hunto (dog) &gt; huntosapro (puppy)
|-
| epitatai
| know
| -epi
| Used for making words with the meaning &quot;the teaching of X&quot;.
| kanatlai (animal) &gt; kanatlaisepi (zoology)
|-
| mama
| mother
| -mam
| Turns a word for an animal specie into a word meaning &quot;a mother of that specie&quot;.
| *** (goose) &gt; ***mam (mother Goose)
|-
| mekas
| big
| -meka
| Adds a meaning of &quot;largeness&quot;.
| winakil (human) &gt; winakilmeka (giant)
|-
| mikros
| small
| -mikro
| A diminutive suffix.
| winakil (human) &gt; winakilmikro (dwarf)
|-
| ona
| woman
| -on
| Makes a word feminine.
| aprofa (child) &gt; aprofason (girl)
|-
| otoko
| man
| -oto
| Makes a word masculine.
| aprofa (child) &gt; aprofasoto (boy)
|-
| papa
| father
| -pap
| Turns a word for an animal specie into a word meaning &quot;a father of that specie&quot;.
| awahahufokaho (bird) &gt; awahahufokahopap (bird father)
|-
| sekop
| stick
| -seko
| Used for deriving a word for the handle of a tool.
| *** (broom) &gt; ***seko (broomstick)
|-
| toktok
| language
| -tok
| Used for deriving names of languages from names of countries or ethnic groups. If added to a country name ending with -lanto, the -lanto is deleted.
| Thailanto (Thailand) &gt; Thaitok (Thai language)
|-
| winakil
| human
| -wina
| Used for deriving words of mythical beasts who are half human, half animal.
| awahahufokaho (bird) &gt; awahahufokahowina (birdman)
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Icastrian</title>
    <id>6870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51987</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T21:43:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Colonel Cathcart</username>
        <id>1304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with 'Obsolete like whoa!'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Obsolete like whoa!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Besanese</title>
    <id>6871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49063</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-08T14:40:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DesmondLee</username>
        <id>1331</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vowel harmony */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
The following are phonemic transcriptions of Besanese consonants.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 
!Bilabial 
!Alveolar 
!Palatal 
!Velar 
!Glottal
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Nasal 
|m
|n
|
|ŋ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Plosive 
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt; 
|p b
|t d
|
|k g
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt; 
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|kʰ
|
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fricative 
|
|s z&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|
|h&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Affricate 
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt; 
|
|ts dz&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt; 
|
|tsʰ
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liquid 
|
|ɾ~l&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Approximant 
|w
|
|j
|
|
|}

# /ŋ/ appears only in the syllable coda.
# /s, z/ are palatalized [ɕ, ʑ] before /i, j/
# /h/ is palatalized [ç] before /i, j/; and is bi­la­bialized [ɸ] before /u, w/
# /ts, dz, tsʰ/ may be pronounced [tɕ, dʑ, tɕʰ] by some speakers before /i, j/
# /ɾ/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] in the syllable onset; and is [l] in the syllable coda.

=== Vowels ===
'''Monophthongs'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:300px;&quot;
! width=&quot;28%&quot;|
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Front 
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Central 
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Back
|-
!Close 
|i
|ɨ
|u
|-
!Open-mid 
|ɛ
|
|ɔ
|-
!Open 
|a
|
|
|}

'''Diphthongs'''

In the Besanese language, because semivowels /j/ and /w/ may follow consonants in initial position in a word, which no other consonant can do, and perhaps due also to Enmun orthography ({{lang|ja|諺文}} or {{lang|ko|언문}}), which transcribes them as vowels, they are sometimes considered to be elements of diphthongs and triphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:200px;&quot;
! width=&quot;33%&quot;|j- 
! width=&quot;33%&quot;|w- 
! width=&quot;33%&quot;|-i
|-
|ja
|wa
|aɪ
|-
|jɛ
|wɛ
|eɪ
|-
|jɔ
|
|ɔɪ
|-
|ju
|
|uɪ~wi&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|}

# /uɪ/ is a falling diphthong [uɪ] after a consonant in an open syllable; and is a rising diphthong [wi] when it is a syllable of its own or in a closed syllable.

'''Triphthongs'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:150px;&quot;
! width=&quot;50%&quot;|j- 
! width=&quot;50%&quot;|w-
|-
|jaɪ
|waɪ
|-
|jeɪ
|weɪ
|}

=== Positional allophones ===
Besanese consonants have two principal positional allophones: initial and final. The initial form is found at the beginning of a syllable and the final form is found at the end of a syllable.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:300px;&quot;
! width=&quot;40%&quot;|Phoneme 
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|p 
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|t 
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|k 
! width=&quot;15%&quot;|ɾ
|-
!Initial allophone 
|p
|t
|k
|ɾ
|-
!Final allophone 
|p̚
|t̚
|k̚
|l
|}
All plosives [p, t, k] are unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] at the end of a syllable. Final [ɾ] is a liquid [l].

=== Phonotactics ===
Besanese syllable structure is maximally ''CgVC'', where the first ''C'' is the initial consonant; ''g'' is a semivowel glide /j/ or /w/; ''V'' is a vowel; the second ''C'' is a coda. Any consonant but /ŋ/ may occur initially, whereas only /m, n, ŋ, p, t, k, l/ may occur finally.

Below is the table of all syllable finals (''gVC'') in Besanese.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Finals 
! colspan=&quot;8&quot;|Codas
|-
!(null) 
!m 
!n 
!ŋ 
!p 
!t 
!k 
!l
|-
! rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|Monophthong&lt;br /&gt;nuclei 
!a 
|a
|am
|an
|aŋ
|ap
|at
|ak
|al
|-
!ɛ 
|ɛ
|ɛm
|ɛn
|ɛŋ
|ɛp
|ɛt
|ɛk
|ɛl
|-
!ɔ 
|ɔ
|ɔm
|ɔn
|ɔŋ
|ɔp
|ɔt
|ɔk
|ɔl
|-
!u 
|u
|um
|un
|uŋ
|up
|ut
|uk
|ul
|-
!ɨ 
|ɨ
|ɨm
|ɨn
|ɨŋ
|ɨp
|ɨt
|ɨk
|ɨl
|-
!i 
|i
|im
|in
|iŋ
|ip
|it
|ik
|il
|-
! rowspan=&quot;11&quot;|Diphthong&lt;br /&gt;nuclei 
!ja 
|ja
|jam
|jan
|jaŋ
|jap
|jat
|jak
|jal
|-
!jɛ 
|jɛ
|jɛm
|jɛn
|jɛŋ
|jɛp
|jɛt
|jɛk
|jɛl
|-
!jɔ 
|jɔ
|jɔm
|jɔn
|jɔŋ
|jɔp
|jɔt
|jɔk
|jɔl
|-
!ju 
|ju
|jum
|jun
|juŋ
|jup
|jut
|juk
|jul
|-
!wa 
|wa
|wam
|wan
|waŋ
|wap
|wat
|wak
|wal
|-
!wɛ 
|wɛ
|wɛm
|wɛn
|wɛŋ
|wɛp
|wɛt
|wɛk
|wɛl
|-
!wi 
|wi&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|wim
|win
|wiŋ
|wip
|wit
|wik
|wil
|-
!aɪ 
|aɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!eɪ 
|eɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!ɔɪ 
|ɔɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!uɪ 
|uɪ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Triphthong&lt;br /&gt;nuclei 
!jaɪ 
|jaɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!jeɪ 
|jeɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!waɪ 
|waɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!weɪ 
|weɪ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

# pronounced [wi] when it is a syllable of its own.
# pronounced [uɪ] after an onset in an open syllable.

=== Vowel harmony ===
Traditionally, the Besanese language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Besanese, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony. However, this rule is no longer observed strictly in modern Besanese. In modern Besanese, it is only applied in certain cases such as onomatopoeia and conjugation.

There are three classes of vowels in Besanese: positive, negative and neutral. The vowel classes loosely follow the front (positive) and back (negative) vowels; they also follow orthography. Exchanging positive vowels with negative vowels usually creates different nuances of meaning, with positive vowels sounding fast, hard, solid, hot, dry, focused or aggressive, and negative vowels sounding slow, soft, insubstantial, cold, wet, diffuse or tranquil.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:300px;&quot;
! width=&quot;28%&quot;| 
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Neutral 
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Positive&lt;br /&gt;(Front) 
! width=&quot;24%&quot;|Negative&lt;br /&gt;(Back)
|-
!Close 
|i ɨ
|
|u
|-
!Open-mid 
|
|ɛ
|ɔ
|-
!Open 
|
|a
|
|}
For diphthongs, the positive vowels are: /ja/, /jɛ/, /wa/, /wɛ/, /aɪ/, /eɪ/; and the negative vowels are: /jɔ/, /ju/, /ɔɪ/, [uɪ]~[wɪ]. All triphthongs are positive: /jaɪ/, /jeɪ/, /waɪ/, /weɪ/.

=== Pitch accent ===

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Lang</title>
    <id>6872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49040</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-08T13:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DesmondLee</username>
        <id>1331</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '&lt;span lang=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/span&gt;'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span lang=&quot;{{{1}}}&quot;&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc vowel scheme</title>
    <id>6873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49729</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-11T16:12:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}

This is an accurate '''scheme of Lantian vowels''', with their position inside the oral cavity.

{| cellspacing=&quot;0px&quot; cellpadding=0 style=&quot;text-align:left; background:transparent;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:smaller;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:70px; text-align:right;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Central'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-back'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Back'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close'''
| style=&quot;height:210px;&quot; colspan=5 rowspan=7 | &lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;&quot; |

&lt;!-- CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|i(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:44%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɨ(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|u(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|e(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:75%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|o(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- OPEN VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|a(:)}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open'''
|}

:''This scheme is showed separately because some browsers cannot display it properly''.

[[Category:Lánc|Vowel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oburax</title>
    <id>6874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56209</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-26T01:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */ dialect stuff</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Consonants===
{|
|-
| || s || sʲ || ʃ &amp;nbsp;
|-
| p || t̪ || tʲ || &amp;nbsp; k
|-
| &amp;nbsp;w-&lt;br/&gt;-b- || d̪ || &amp;nbsp;j-&lt;br/&gt;-dʲ- || &amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; -g-
|-
| mb || nd̪ || ndʲ || &amp;nbsp; ŋg
|-
| m || n̪ || nʲ ||
|-
| || l || lʲ || r
|}

The somewhat backwards distribution of initial glides vs. medial voiced stops originates in that the voiced stops (except /d/) originate from medial voicing of voiceless stops; modern medial voiceless stops come from former consonant clusters of sibilant+stop. Thus, some /p t tʲ k/ alternate with /b d dʲ g/.

In some dialects initial prenasal stops denasalize to yield new voiced stops; in some others initial /w/, /j/ → /b~g/, /dʲ/. Also, in some dialects /p/ can become [ɸ] intervocally.

A more frequent dialectal (incl. colloquial standard speech) feature is the palatalization of /s l/ to /sʲ lʲ/ near front vowels, which tends to go with velarization of remaining /l/. More innovating dialects (which also realize /sʲ tʲ (n)dʲ/ as [ɕ tɕ (n)dʑ]) palatalize /ʃ/ as well.

/w-/ does not occur before difthongs ending in /w/.

===Vowels===
{|
|-
| i || || ɯ || u
|-
| e || ø || || ||
|-
| æ || || ɑ || ɔ~ɒ
|}
Vowels are long in an initial syllable, except before a consonant cluster (incl. prenasal stops).

There are also the difthongs /ie iø iu eu au ou/. Before a consonant other than a velar or /ʃ/, /iu/ is realized as [y(ː)]. Distribution of the /iV/ difthongs and /ou/ is somewhat limited: they may only occur in monosyllables.

The Biru dialect has added a stop at the end of monosyllabic words ending in a high vowel, if no coda otherwise exists:
* /i/ → /idʲ/
* /ɯ/ → /ɯg/
* /u iu eu au ou/ → /ub ib eb ab ob/

Roots are either of the form (C)V(C) or (C)VC{ə, ɨ}C. In bisyllabic roots, the V2 arkiphonemes become /i e/ near palatals, and remain approximately [ɯ ə] otherwise; also, the coda must be either an obstruent or a liquid.

===Semicompatible dump===
/pil/
/sʲin/
/wik/
/ŋgip/
/rinʲəs/
/iu/

/dek/
/dek-s/
/derəm/
/tʲeŋg/
/we/
/keŋg/
/neʃ/
/jek/
/sedʲət/

/wæm/
/sʲæk/
/wæl/
/æ/

/tønʲ/
/søp/
/køt/
/møtət/

/sɯ/
/ŋgɯr/
/pɯ/
/tʲɯt/
/lɯp/

/tʲarəp/
/warət/
/ʃan/
/ʃand/
/lak/
/at/
/kau/
/samb/

/mbuk/
/dun/
/mugə/
/sum/
/sut/
/sudək/
/wus/
/tʃu/
/pu/
/rul/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang learners/Vote result</title>
    <id>6875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49071</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-09T10:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pne</username>
        <id>17</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Languages voted for */ With total number of votes in parentheses.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There were 27 total ballots.

In the following lists, languages are sorted by number of first votes, then by total number of votes, then ASCIIbetically.

==Languages voted for==
With total number of votes in parentheses.
#Feayran	(14)
#Kēlen	(14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	(14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	(13)
#Kash	(13)
#Asha'ille	(12)
#Láadan	(12)
#Ayeri	(11)
#Vabungula	(11)
#Alurhsa	(10)
#Taruven	(10)
#Teonaht	(10)
#Verdurian	(10)
#Vorlin	(10)
#Brithenig	(9)
#Ilomi	(9)
#Qakwan	(8)
#Kerno	(7)
#Itlani	(6)
#Adelic	(5)
#Dalcurian	(5)
#Kalusa	(5)
#Voksigid	(5)
#Sambahsa	(4)
#Frenkish	(3)
#Laefèvæšii	(3)
#Kelanian	(2)
#Tokana	(2)

==Rounds of voting==
===Round 1===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Kēlen	2 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Brithenig	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
#Dalcurian	1 (5)
#Sambahsa	1 (4)
#Frenkish	1 (3)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Brithenig(9) Qakwan(8) Dalcurian(5) Sambahsa(4) Frenkish(3) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Frenkish

===Round 2===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Brithenig	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
#Dalcurian	1 (5)
#Sambahsa	1 (4)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Brithenig(9) Qakwan(8) Dalcurian(5) Sambahsa(4) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Sambahsa

===Round 3===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Brithenig	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
#Kerno	1 (7)
#Dalcurian	1 (5)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Brithenig(9) Qakwan(8) Kerno(7) Dalcurian(5) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Dalcurian

===Round 4===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Brithenig	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
#Kerno	1 (7)
#Adelic	1 (5)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Brithenig(9) Qakwan(8) Kerno(7) Adelic(5) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Adelic

===Round 5===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Brithenig	1 (9)
#Ilomi	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
#Kerno	1 (7)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Brithenig(9) Ilomi(9) Qakwan(8) Kerno(7) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Kerno

===Round 6===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Brithenig	2 (9)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Ilomi	1 (9)
#Qakwan	1 (8)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Ilomi(9) Qakwan(8) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Qakwan

===Round 7===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Brithenig	2 (9)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Vorlin	1 (10)
#Ilomi	1 (9)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Vorlin(10) Ilomi(9) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Ilomi

===Round 8===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	3 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Brithenig	2 (9)
#Kash	1 (13)
#Vabungula	1 (11)
#Alurhsa	1 (10)
#Taruven	1 (10)
#Teonaht	1 (10)
#Vorlin	1 (10)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Kash(13) Vabungula(11) Taruven(10) Teonaht(10) Alurhsa(10) Vorlin(10) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Teonaht Alurhsa Taruven Vorlin

===Round 9===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Kash	2 (13)
#Láadan	2 (12)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	2 (11)
#Brithenig	2 (9)
#Voksigid	1 (5)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Voksigid(5) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Voksigid

===Round 10===
remaining valid ballots: 27, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Láadan	3 (12)
#Kash	2 (13)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	2 (11)
#Brithenig	2 (9)
Minimum languages have 2 votes: Kash(13) Ayeri(11) Vabungula(11) Brithenig(9) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Brithenig

===Round 11===
remaining valid ballots: 26, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#Láadan	4 (12)
#gjâ-zym-byn	3 (14)
#Kash	2 (13)
#Ayeri	2 (11)
#Vabungula	2 (11)
Minimum languages have 2 votes: Kash(13) Ayeri(11) Vabungula(11) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Ayeri Vabungula

===Round 12===
remaining valid ballots: 26, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	4 (14)
#Láadan	4 (12)
#Kash	3 (13)
#Asha'ille	1 (12)
#Itlani	1 (6)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Asha'ille(12) Itlani(6) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Itlani

===Round 13===
remaining valid ballots: 26, votes needed: 14
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	4 (14)
#Láadan	4 (12)
#Kash	3 (13)
#Asha'ille	2 (12)
Minimum languages have 2 votes: Asha'ille(12) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Asha'ille

===Round 14===
remaining valid ballots: 26, votes needed: 14
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Láadan	5 (12)
#Feayran	4 (14)
#Kēlen	4 (14)
#Kash	3 (13)
Minimum languages have 3 votes: Kash(13) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Kash

===Round 15===
remaining valid ballots: 25, votes needed: 13
#Feayran	5 (14)
#Kēlen	5 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Láadan	5 (12)
Minimum languages have 5 votes: gjâ-zym-byn(14) Feayran(14) Kēlen(14) Ithkuil/Ilaksh(13) Láadan(12) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Láadan

===Round 16===
remaining valid ballots: 24, votes needed: 13
#Kēlen	7 (14)
#Feayran	5 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Verdurian	2 (10)
Minimum languages have 2 votes: Verdurian(10) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Verdurian

===Round 17===
remaining valid ballots: 24, votes needed: 13
#Kēlen	7 (14)
#Feayran	5 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Kalusa	1 (5)
#Tokana	1 (2)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Kalusa(5) Tokana(2) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Tokana

===Round 18===
remaining valid ballots: 23, votes needed: 12
#Kēlen	7 (14)
#Feayran	5 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
#Kalusa	1 (5)
Minimum languages have 1 votes: Kalusa(5) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Kalusa

===Round 19===
remaining valid ballots: 22, votes needed: 12
#Kēlen	7 (14)
#Feayran	5 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	5 (14)
#Ithkuil/Ilaksh	5 (13)
Minimum languages have 5 votes: gjâ-zym-byn(14) Feayran(14) Ithkuil/Ilaksh(13) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Ithkuil/Ilaksh

===Round 20===
remaining valid ballots: 22, votes needed: 12
#Kēlen	9 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	8 (14)
#Feayran	5 (14)
Minimum languages have 5 votes: Feayran(14) 
&lt;br&gt;Losers are Feayran

===Round 21===
remaining valid ballots: 20, votes needed: 11
#Kēlen	10 (14)
#gjâ-zym-byn	10 (14)

==Matrix of votes==
Losers are marked in '''bold'''.

 Language \ Round  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21
 ----------------
 Feayran           4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   4   5   5   5   5   5   '''5'''
 Kēlen             2   3   3   3   3   3   3   3   4   4   4   4   4   4   5   7   7   7   7   9  10
 gjâ-zym-byn       3   3   3   3   3   3   3   3   3   3   3   4   4   5   5   5   5   5   5   8  10
 Ithkuil/Ilaksh    5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   5   '''5'''
 Kash                                          1   2   2   2   3   3   '''3'''
 Asha'ille                                                     1   '''2'''
 Láadan            2   2   2   2   2   2   2   2   2   3   4   4   4   5   '''5'''
 Ayeri             2   2   2   2   2   2   2   2   2   2   '''2'''
 Vabungula         1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   2   2   '''2'''
 Alurhsa           1   1   1   1   1   1   1   '''1'''
 Taruven           1   1   1   1   1   1   1   '''1'''
 Teonaht           1   1   1   1   1   1   1   '''1'''
 Verdurian                                                                     '''2'''
 Vorlin                                    1   '''1'''
 Brithenig         1   1   1   1   1   2   2   2   2   '''2'''
 Ilomi                             1   1   '''1'''
 Qakwan            1   1   1   1   1   '''1'''
 Kerno                     1   1   '''1'''
 Itlani                                                        '''1'''
 Adelic                        '''1'''
 Dalcurian         1   1   '''1'''
 Kalusa                                                                            1   '''1'''
 Voksigid                                          '''1'''
 Sambahsa          1   '''1'''
 Frenkish          '''1'''
 Laefèvæšii        
 Kelanian          
 Tokana                                                                            '''1'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>J Junior Seaguards</title>
    <id>6876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54881</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-05T00:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====Organization====
*The Monastic Republic equivalent of the Junior Foresters is the Junior Seaguards, &lt;font color=blue&gt;κατώτερ ποντοφύλακ&lt;/font&gt; katōter pontofúlak.  Because the nation is so small there is no need for both clans and circles.  There is the national tribe and each deme has a clan.  The clan names are of marine animals.  The tribe is the seagrass tribe.
**Amoulián has the turtle clan.  The Amoulián turtle is the [[Wikipedia:Loggerhead Sea Turtle|loggerhead]], ''C. caretta''.  The name in Athonite is &lt;font color=blue&gt;καρέτ&lt;/font&gt;), ''karét'', so the clan is the &lt;font color=blue&gt;καρετοπάτρι&lt;/font&gt;, ''karetopátri''.
**Prosforion has the seal clan.  The Prosforion seal is the critically endangered [[Wikipedia:Mediterranean Monk Seal|Mediterranean monk seal]], ''M. monachus'', known in Athonite as  &lt;font color=blue&gt;μεσογιάκ φώκι&lt;/font&gt;, ''mesogiák fōki'', so the clan is the &lt;font color=blue&gt;φωκιπάτρι&lt;/font&gt;, ''fōkipátri''.
**Aktí has the dolphin clan.  The Aktí dolphin is the very popular [[Wikipedia:Bottlenose Dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]], ''Tursiops truncatus''.  Dolphin in Athonite is &lt;font color=blue&gt;δελφίν&lt;/font&gt;, ''delfín'', so the clan is the &lt;font color=blue&gt;δελφινιπάτρι&lt;/font&gt;, ''delfinipátri''.
*These four animals are found in the Mediterranean Sea around Greece.  Note that all these animals are air-breathing marine animals, symbolizing the Seaguards’ own love for the sea, but need to breathe air.
*Each KP also takes a marine animal as his/her personal totem, which could also include birds that fish in the sea.

====Guiding Seaguards====
*The clans are under the supervision and guidance of members of the MR Coast Guard.  These men and women are skilled in activities both on and under the water.  The Coast Guard units in each of the demes actively support the KPs in their deme.  Each gendarmerie station has a building or room(s) dedicated for the use of the KPs.

====The Uniform====
*The KP uniform is a modification of the gendarme uniform, that is, dark blue trousers, shorts or skirt, and a light blue short-sleeved shirt, open at the collar so that the necklace shows.  The shorts and skirts are worn with light blue knee-high socks; the trousers with standard light blue socks.
*The necklace is not made of beads but of shells, or pieces of shells, and is made by the individual KP.
*Blue denim trousers or shorts with a blue cambric shirt are worn in the field.
*The KP has a coat-of-arms, a patch of which is worn on the left shoulder of the shirt.
**It consists of a shield, the field of which is bleu-celeste, a fillet pall wavy azure.
**In the top third is the clan animal, the other two thirds containing the animals of the other clans:
***for the turtle clan, a sea turtle vert naiant,
***for the dolphin clan, a dolphin argent naiant,
***and for the seal clan, a seal proper couchant.

====Funding====
*The organization is funded by members’ activities.  Items the Seaguards have made are sold at the various celebrations that take place throughout the year on the deme plazas.  They also staff a booth from time to time in the market place.  And contributions are solicited from local businesses.

====Activities====
*One of the major activities of the Seaguards is cleaning up the waters and the sea bottom of the MR’s protected waters.  The Seaguards do the work as volunteers, but the expense of the logistics is covered by the government.  Another major activity is the care of the beds of seagrass; new beds are planted around the peninsula and in the Xerxes Canal to stabilize the substrate.  They are also called upon to help in the rescue of beached or wounded animals.
**The Amoulián clan cares for the waters surrounding the islands;
**the Prosforion clan, the waters of the west coast,
**and the Aktí clan, the waters of the east coast.

====Cape Ramble====
*Several times a year, when the weather is good and the Seaguards are off from school, the clans take a walk around Cape Akrotis from the Xerxes Canal to the border of the Holy Mountain (this is clockwise).  This is known as the Cape Ramble.  Each clan makes the ramble annually.
*While on the ramble, they study the ecosystems, clean up the beaches, and have fun camping.  They are accompanied by their Coast Guard supervisors and others knowledgeable in the ecosystems and in various crafts.
*If there are any girls on the ramble, there must be at least one woman with them.
*The ramble is made in four days:
**1) from the Canal to the Aoun wheatfield,
**2) from the wheatfield to the lighthouse,
**3) from the lighthouse to halfway down the cape,
**4) and from that point to the border with the Holy Mountain.
*The KPs gather in Aktí on Monday.  The ramble begins Tuesday morning.  The KPs are picked up by boat on Saturday and returned to Aktí.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Learners shortlist</title>
    <id>6877</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49080</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-09T19:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Learners shortlist]] to [[Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]:&amp;#32;putting project-related pages as sub-pages of a main page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Learners shortlist</title>
    <id>6878</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49082</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-09T19:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Learners shortlist]] to [[Talk:Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]:&amp;#32;putting project-related pages as sub-pages of a main page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang learners</title>
    <id>6879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49134</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-13T01:37:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conlang learners project */ Kēlen mailing list address etc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Conlang learners project=

The conlang_learners project started in June 2009 to collect a group of people interested in learning a new conlang, discuss and decide on a conlang to learn, and learn it together.  We used a  [http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/conlang_learners-conlang.org mailing list] to organize the discussion.  From 1 to 8 September, we [[conlang_learners/Voting|voted]]; on 9 September the [[Conlang learners/Vote result|results of the vote]] were announced, a tie between [[Kēlen]] and [[gjâ-zym-byn]].

We will probably discuss and decide on another conlang to learn at some point in the future; intervals of six months to a year have been mentioned for recurrently selecting and learning something.  The conlang_learners mailing list will remain available for that purpose.

Learners of the chosen conlangs will use separate mailing lists for each language; the [http://groups.google.com/group/gjax-zym-byn gjâ-zym-byn Google Group] and [http://lists.conlang.org/listinfo.cgi/kelen-conlang.org a new list at conlang.org for Kēlen].  Some other project-related material will be added to FrathWiki in sub-pages of [[Kēlen]] and [[gjâ-zym-byn]] over time, e.g. texts in those conlangs by people other than their creators, new lessons/grammars in languages other than English, etc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gjâ-zym-byn</title>
    <id>6880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49086</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-09T20:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''gjâ-zym-byn''' (gzb) is a language created by Jim Henry beginning in 1998.  In 2009 it was selected, in a tie with [[Kēlen]], for the [[conlang learners]] project.  This wiki page is for hosting any materials in or about gzb that learners want to make public.  The files area of the mailing list can also host such files.

* http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/gzb/gzb.htm &amp;mdash; homepage
* http://groups.google.com/group/gjax-zym-byn &amp;mdash; mailing list
* http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/gjaxzymbyn/ &amp;mdash; Flickr photostream</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Lánc</title>
    <id>6881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49094</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-10T21:41:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Hi. I just happened to take a glance at this page. I think the Swedish name of the language is a little odd. I'd suggest Lantsiska instead. ~~~~'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi. I just happened to take a glance at this page. I think the Swedish name of the language is a little odd. I'd suggest Lantsiska instead.
[[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] 21:41, 10 September 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ballhorn</title>
    <id>6882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49141</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-13T16:23:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vyndesskays</username>
        <id>1328</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ballhorn''' is the language spoken mostly in Bavaria and Middle Europe. It is quite a parody to the Bavarian language in Germany and contains some elements of other countries to make the speaking sound ridicolous but look academical at the second view.
{{Language|
| English = Ballhorn
| country = Middle Europe
| nativecountry = Hornarsaland
| universe = Real world
| speakers = Not counted
| family = [[Intro-ballhornic]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[Bavarian]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hungarian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Greek &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lithuanian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhirsk &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhornic &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhorn
| wordorder = SVO,
| type = Fusional (mostly)
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = Lukas Denk
| date = 2009
| background = white
| headingbg = blue
| width = 33%
}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Qwynegold</title>
    <id>6883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49210</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T07:27:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* charinsert */ new section</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thank you for your suggestion about the name of Lantian in Swedish! I just corrected it! [[User:Bukkia|Bukkia]]

== charinsert ==

Kul att se att du använder personliga charinsert!  Jag kollade just och det är ju några stycken som har sina egna charinsert-sidor.  Du vet väl att du kan sätta ett plusstecken där du vill att insättningspunkten ska hamna i en template, t.ex. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA|[+]}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;?  Jag har uppdaterat [[Help:Special character insertion]] för att göra detta tydligare. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 07:27, 17 September 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bukkia/charinsert</title>
    <id>6884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51856</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T17:20:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lánc''': &lt;charinsert&gt;Á á É é Í í Ó ó Ú ú Ý ý Č č Š š Ž ž&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Lišěč''' (latin): &lt;charinsert&gt; Č č Đ đ Ĕ ĕ Ğ ğ Ł ł Ň ň Ŏ õ Ś ś Š š Ţ ţ Ä ä Ë ë Ö ö Ü ü&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Lišěč''' (cyrillic): &lt;charinsert&gt; Ћ ћ Ё ё Ĕ ĕ Ђ ђ Љ љ Њ њ Õ õ Θ θ Ä ä Ë ë Ö ö Ӱ ÿ &lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Itëłan''': &lt;charinsert&gt; Ḃ ḅ Ç ç Ë ë Ḟ ḟ Ģ ģ Ł ł Ṁ ṃ Ņ ņ Ṕ ṕ Ṙ ṛ Ş ş Ṿ ṿ Ẓ ẓ&lt;/charinsert&gt;

'''Keβag''':&lt;charinsert&gt; β ß ð Đ ɸ Ф ɣ Ɣ ł Ł μ Ṃ ň Ň ş Ş θ Θ ż Ż ä Ä ë Ë ö Ö ü Ü&lt;/charinsert&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc conjugation tables</title>
    <id>6885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49730</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-11T16:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}
Here there are some exemplifying '''conjugation tables''' for every type of Lantian verbs, the two conjugation patterns and irregular types.

==1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; conjugation - Verb ''keluč''==
===Active declension===
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || kelu || keluvu || tekelusu || okeluvu || otekelusu
|-
| 2nd sing. || keluc || keluvec || tekelusec  || okeluvec || otekelusec
|-
| 3rd sing. || kele || keluv  || tekeluse  || okeluv || otekeluse
|-
| 1st plu. || kelun || keluven || tekelusen  || okeluven || otekelusen
|-
| 2nd plu. || keluj || keluvej || tekelusej  || okeluvej || otekelusej
|-
| 3rd plu. || keluk || keluvek || tekelusek  || okeluvek || otekelusek
|-
| 1st dual || kelune || keluvene || tekelusene  || okeluvene || otekelusene
|-
| 2nd dual || keluje || keluveje  || tekeluseje  || okeluveje || otekeluseje
|-
| 3rd dual || keluke || keluveke || tekeluseke  || okeluveke || otekeluseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || kela || kelavu || tekelasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelac || kelavec || tekelasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || kela || kelav  || tekelase 
|-
| 1st plu. || kelan || kelaven || tekelasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelaj || kelavej || tekelasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelak || kelavek || tekelasek 
|-
| 1st dual || kelane || kelavene || tekelasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelaje || kelaveje  || tekelaseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelake || kelaveke || tekelaseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || keli || kelivu || tekelisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelic || kelivec || tekelisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || keli || keliv  || tekelise 
|-
| 1st plu. || kelin || keliven || tekelisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelij || kelivej || tekelisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelik || kelivek || tekelisek 
|-
| 1st dual || keline || kelivene || tekelisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelije || keliveje  || tekeliseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelike || keliveke || tekeliseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel  
|-
| 3rd sing. || kela 
|-
| 1st plu. || keljen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelač 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelak 
|-
| 1st dual || keljene 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelače 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelake 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| keláv || okeláv || tekeláv
|}

===Passive declension===
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || kelus || keluvus || tekelusus || okeluvus || otekelusus
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelucis || keluvecis || tekelusecis  || okeluvecis || otekelusecis
|-
| 3rd sing. || keles || keluvis  || tekeluses || okeluvis || otekeluses
|-
| 1st plu. || kelunis || keluvenis || tekelusenis  || okeluvenis || otekelusenis
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelujis || keluvejis || tekelusejis  || okeluvejis || otekelusejis
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelukis || keluvekis || tekelusekis  || okeluvekis || otekelusekis
|-
| 1st dual || kelunes || keluvenes || tekelusenes  || okeluvenes || otekelusenes
|-
| 2nd dual || kelujes || keluvejes  || tekelusejes  || okeluvejes || otekelusejes
|-
| 3rd dual || kelukes || keluvekes || tekelusekes  || okeluvekes || otekelusekes
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || kelas || kelavus || tekelasus 
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelacis || kelavecis || tekelasecis 
|-
| 3rd sing. || kelas || kelavis  || tekelases 
|-
| 1st plu. || kelanis || kelavenis || tekelasenis
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelajis || kelavejis || tekelasejis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelakis || kelavekis || tekelasekis 
|-
| 1st dual || kelanes || kelavenes || tekelasenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelajes || kelavejes  || tekelasejes 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelakes || kelavekes || tekelasekes 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || kelis || kelivus || tekelisus 
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelicis || kelivecis || tekelisecis
|-
| 3rd sing. || kelis || kelivis  || tekelises 
|-
| 1st plu. || kelinis || kelivenis || tekelisenis 
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelijis || kelivejis || tekelisejis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelikis || kelivekis || tekelisekis 
|-
| 1st dual || kelines || kelivenes || tekelisenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelijes || kelivejes  || tekelisejes 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelikes || kelivekes || tekelisekes 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || kelis  
|-
| 3rd sing. || kelas 
|-
| 1st plu. || keljenis 
|-
| 2nd plu. || kelačis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || kelakis 
|-
| 1st dual || keljenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || kelačes 
|-
| 3rd dual || kelakes 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| kelát || okelát || tekelát
|}

==2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; conjugation - Verb ''setor''==
===Active declension===
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || setu || setevu || tesetesu || osetevu || otesetesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || setec || setevec || tesetesec  || osetevec || otesetesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || sete || setev  || tesetese  || osetev || otesetese
|-
| 1st plu. || seten || seteven || tesetesen  || oseteven || otesetesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || setej || setevej || tesetesej  || osetevej || otesetesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || setek || setevek || tesetesek  || osetevek || otesetesek
|-
| 1st dual || setene || setevene || tesetesene  || osetevene || otesetesene
|-
| 2nd dual || seteje || seteveje  || teseteseje  || oseteveje || oteseteseje
|-
| 3rd dual || seteke || seteveke || teseteseke  || oseteveke || oteseteseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || seta || setavu || tesetasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || setac || setavec || tesetasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || seta || setav  || tesetase 
|-
| 1st plu. || setan || setaven || tesetasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || setaj || setavej || tesetasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setak || setavek || tesetasek 
|-
| 1st dual || setane || setavene || tesetasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || setaje || setaveje  || tesetaseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || setake || setaveke || tesetaseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || seti || setivu || tesetisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || setic || setivec || tesetisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || seti || setiv  || tesetise 
|-
| 1st plu. || setin || setiven || tesetisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || setij || setivej || tesetisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setik || setivek || tesetisek 
|-
| 1st dual || setine || setivene || tesetisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || setije || setiveje  || tesetiseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || setike || setiveke || tesetiseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || set
|-
| 3rd sing. || seta 
|-
| 1st plu. || setjen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || setač 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setak 
|-
| 1st dual || setjene 
|-
| 2nd dual || setače 
|-
| 3rd dual || setake 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| setáv || osetáv || tesetáv
|}

===Passive declension===
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || setus || setevus || tesetesus || osetevus || otesetesus
|-
| 2nd sing. || setecis || setevecis || tesetesecis  || osetevecis || otesetesecis
|-
| 3rd sing. || setes || setevis  || teseteses  || osetevis || oteseteses
|-
| 1st plu. || setenis || setevenis || tesetesenis  || osetevenis || otesetesenis
|-
| 2nd plu. || setejis || setevejis || tesetesejis  || osetevejis || otesetesejis
|-
| 3rd plu. || setekis || setevekis || tesetesekis  || osetevekis || otesetesekis
|-
| 1st dual || setenes || setevenes || tesetesenes  || osetevenes || otesetesenes
|-
| 2nd dual || setejes || setevejes  || tesetesejes  || osetevejes || otesetesejes
|-
| 3rd dual || setekes || setevekes || tesetesekes  || osetevekes || otesetesekes
|}
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || setas || setavus || tesetasus 
|-
| 2nd sing. || setacis || setavecis || tesetasecis 
|-
| 3rd sing. || setas || setavis  || tesetases 
|-
| 1st plu. || setanis || setavenis || tesetasenis
|-
| 2nd plu. || setajis || setavejis || tesetasejis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setakis || setavekis || tesetasekis 
|-
| 1st dual || setanes || setavenes || tesetasenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || setajes || setavejes  || tesetasejes 
|-
| 3rd dual || setakes || setavekes || tesetasekes 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || setis || setivus || tesetisus 
|-
| 2nd sing. || seticis || setivecis || tesetisecis
|-
| 3rd sing. || setis || setivis  || tesetises 
|-
| 1st plu. || setinis || setivenis || tesetisenis 
|-
| 2nd plu. || setijis || setivejis || tesetisejis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setikis || setivekis || tesetisekis 
|-
| 1st dual || setines || setivenes || tesetisenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || setijes || setivejes  || tesetisejes 
|-
| 3rd dual || setikes || setivekes || tesetisekes 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || setis  
|-
| 3rd sing. || setas 
|-
| 1st plu. || setjenis 
|-
| 2nd plu. || setačis 
|-
| 3rd plu. || setakis 
|-
| 1st dual || setjenes 
|-
| 2nd dual || setačes 
|-
| 3rd dual || setakes 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| setát || osetát || tesetát
|}

==Irregular verbs==
===Type 2===
Type 2 irregular verbs have as distinctive feature, the ''double palatalization'' of the final consonant of the root, in this case ''-k-'' {{IPA|[k]}}, which palatalizes in ''-č-'' {{IPA|[ʧ]}} in the present tense of the three main moods, and then reduces to ''-j-'' {{IPA|[j]}} in the other tenses. The second palatalization (or reduction) usually lenghtens (Subtype A) a root short vowel or shortens (Subtype B) a root long vowel. In Subtype C the root vowel lengthens in every tense except infinitive.

====Subtype A - Verb ''rokor''====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || roču || rójevu || terójesu || orójevu || oterójesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || ročec || rójevec || terójesec  || orójevec || oterójesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || roče || rójev  || terójese  || orójev || oterójese
|-
| 1st plu. || ročen || rójeven || terójesen  || orójeven || oterójesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || ročej || rójevej || terójesej  || orójevej || oterójesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || roček || rójevek || terójesek  || orójevek || oterójesek
|-
| 1st dual || ročene || rójevene || terójesene  || orójevene || oterójesene
|-
| 2nd dual || ročeje || rójeveje  || terójeseje  || orójeveje || oterójeseje
|-
| 3rd dual || ročeke || rójeveke || terójeseke  || orójeveke || oterójeseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || roča || rójavu || terójasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || ročac || rójavec || terójasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || roča || rójav  || terójase 
|-
| 1st plu. || ročan || rójaven || terójasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || ročaj || rójavej || terójasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || ročak || rójavek || terójasek 
|-
| 1st dual || ročane || rójavene || terójasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || ročaje || rójaveje  || terójaseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || ročake || rójaveke || terójaseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || roči || rójivu || terójisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || ročic || rójivec || terójisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || roči || rójiv  || terójise 
|-
| 1st plu. || ročin || rójiven || terójisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || ročij || rójivej || terójisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || ročik || rójivek || terójisek 
|-
| 1st dual || ročine || rójivene || terójisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || ročije || rójiveje  || terójiseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || ročike || rójiveke || terójiseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || rój
|-
| 3rd sing. || rója 
|-
| 1st plu. || rójen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || rójač 
|-
| 3rd plu. || rójak 
|-
| 1st dual || rójene 
|-
| 2nd dual || rójače 
|-
| 3rd dual || rójake 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| rójáv || orójáv || terójáv
|}

===Type 3===
Type 3 irregular verbs have as distinctive feature, the ''double palatalization'' of the final consonant of the root, in this case ''-g-'' {{IPA|[g]}}, which palatalizes in ''-dž-'' {{IPA|[ʤ]}} in the present tense of the three main moods, and then reduces to ''-ž-'' {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in the other tenses. The second palatalization (or reduction) usually lenghtens (Subtype A) a root short vowel or shortens (Subtype B) a root long vowel. In Subtype C the root vowel lengthens in every tense except infinitive.

===Type 4===
Type 4 irregular verbs have as distinctive feature, the ''double palatalization'' of the final consonant of the root, in this case ''-d-'' {{IPA|[d]}}, which palatalizes in ''-dž-'' {{IPA|[ʤ]}} in the present tense of the three main moods, and then reduces to ''-ž-'' {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in the other tenses. The second palatalization (or reduction) usually lenghtens (Subtype A) a root short vowel or shortens (Subtype B) a root long vowel. In Subtype C the root vowel lengthens in every tense except infinitive.

====Subtype A - Verb ''caduč''====
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || cadžu || cážuvu || tecážusu || ocážuvu || otecážusu
|-
| 2nd sing. || cadžuc || cážuvec || tecážusec  || ocážuvec || otecážusec
|-
| 3rd sing. || cadže || cážuv  || tecážuse  || ocážuv || otecážuse
|-
| 1st plu. || cadžun || cážuven || tecážusen  || ocážuven || otecážusen
|-
| 2nd plu. || cadžuj || cážuvej || tecážusej  || ocážuvej || otecážusej
|-
| 3rd plu. || cadžuk || cážuvek || tecážusek  || ocážuvek || otecážusek
|-
| 1st dual || cadžune || cážuvene || tecážusene  || ocážuvene || otecážusene
|-
| 2nd dual || cadžuje || cážuveje  || tecážuseje  || ocážuveje || otecážuseje
|-
| 3rd dual || cadžuke || cážuveke || tecážuseke  || ocážuveke || otecážuseke
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || cadža || cážavu || tecážasu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || cadžac || cážavec || tecážasec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || cadža || cážav  || tecážase 
|-
| 1st plu. || cadžan || cážaven || tecážasen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || cadžaj || cážavej || tecážasej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || cadžak || cážavek || tecážasek 
|-
| 1st dual || cadžane || cážavene || tecážasene 
|-
| 2nd dual || cadžaje || cážaveje  || tecážaseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || cadžake || cážaveke || tecážaseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Optative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future 
|-
| 1st sing. || cadži || cáživu || tecážisu 
|-
| 2nd sing. || cadžic || cáživec || tecážisec 
|-
| 3rd sing. || cadži || cáživ  || tecážise 
|-
| 1st plu. || cadžin || cáživen || tecážisen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || cadžij || cáživej || tecážisej 
|-
| 3rd plu. || cadžik || cáživek || tecážisek 
|-
| 1st dual || cadžine || cáživene || tecážisene 
|-
| 2nd dual || cadžije || cáživeje  || tecážiseje 
|-
| 3rd dual || cadžike || cáživeke || tecážiseke 
|}

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Imperative'' !! Present  
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || cáž
|-
| 3rd sing. || cáža 
|-
| 1st plu. || cážjen 
|-
| 2nd plu. || cážač 
|-
| 3rd plu. || cážak 
|-
| 1st dual || cážjene 
|-
| 2nd dual || cážače 
|-
| 3rd dual || cážake 
|}

'''Participles''':

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| cážáv || ocážáv || tecážáv
|}

==Participial declension==
We're going to present only the present tense declension, because the other tenses' declensions are identical to their present form (except for prefixes):
===Active declension===
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''keláv''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || keláv || kelavy|| kelavet
|-
| Genitive || kelavu || kelavyw|| kelavetu
|-
| Dative || kelava || kelavya|| kelavetu
|-
| Accusative || kelavo || kelavyo|| kelavet
|-
| Instrumental || kelaven || kelavyen|| kelavetyn
|-
| Locative || kelavot || kelavyt|| kelavec
|-
| Adlative || kelavás || kelavýs|| kelavetu
|-
| Delative || kelavád || kelavýd|| kelavetyn
|}


===Passive declension===
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''kelát''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || kelát|| kelačy|| kelátet
|-
| Genitive || kelátu|| kelaču|| kelátetu
|-
| Dative || kelača|| kelačay|| kelátetu
|-
| Accusative || kelátwo || kelačoy|| kelátet
|-
| Instrumental || kelačen || kelačeyn|| kelátetyn
|-
| Locative || kelačot|| kelačyt|| kelátec
|-
| Adlative || kelačás|| kelačýs|| kelátetu
|-
| Delative || kelačád|| kelačýd|| kelátetyn
|}

[[Category:Lánc|Tables]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pastok</title>
    <id>6886</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49193</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-16T17:53:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Pastok]] to [[Pasetok]]:&amp;#32;Changed the name of the language.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Pasetok]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Langquote</title>
    <id>6887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49218</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T08:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Template:Lq]] to [[Template:Langquote]]:&amp;#32;Longer name is more descriptive but shorter name is more user friendly.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;langquote&quot;&gt;{{{1|}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Usage ==

'''On your page:''' &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{langquote|conlang words}} or {{lq|conlang words}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

'''In some user's [[User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/monobook.css]]:'''

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
.langquote { font-style: italic !important; }

OR

.langquote { font-weight: bold !important; }

OR

.langquote { 
    font-style: italic !important; 
    font-weight: bold !important;
}

OR

body { font-family: serif; }
.langquote { font-family: sans-serif !important; }

OR whatever each user fancies!
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

== Why this template? ==

I found that on some of my pages I've indicated conlang of foreign language words with italics/emphasis and on some with boldface/strong emphasis.  Obviously my taste has changed over the years, and probably different people's taste differs too!  This template is a means to introduce consistency and to let individual users choose how they want to see such 'metaquoted' words.

== How it works ==

Instead of enclosing conlang of foreign language words with markup for emphasis (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;''quetta''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) or strong emphasis (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;'''quetta'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) enclose it in this template (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{langquote|quetta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{lq|quetta}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;).  This is syntactic sugar for &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;langquote&quot;&gt;quetta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, letting you and other users control how such spans are displayed by defining the class &lt;code&gt;.langquote&lt;/code&gt; in their [[User:{{CURRENTUSER}}/monobook.css|user CSS]] — assuming you/they use the monobook skin, else go to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://wiki.frath.net/&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Username''/''skinname''.css&lt;/code&gt;

The default definition in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] is &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;.langquote { font-style: italic !important; }&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; as this is most traditional and least obtrusive.

(You may notice that I haven't implemented this template on my own pages yet.  I will when I find time... [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 08:52, 17 September 2009 (UTC))</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Lq</title>
    <id>6888</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49219</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T08:55:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Template:Lq]] to [[Template:Langquote]]:&amp;#32;Longer name is more descriptive but shorter name is more user friendly.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Langquote]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template talk:Lq</title>
    <id>6889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49220</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-17T08:58:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Don't delete this redirect.  It should exist as an abbreviation alias for &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Langquote|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Don't delete this redirect.  It should exist as an abbreviation alias for &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Langquote|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pazmivaniye</title>
    <id>6890</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49759</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-15T21:01:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Llavëas! Üd-Malgûy!==

Malgûy mëor io chadeas salpun.

(Dûr ved trachtove vás qademûn)

[[User:Pazmivaniye/English|Vrabhadöen Englisi ''(English Translation)'']]
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
----

&lt;sub&gt;
Evolution - {{paz|Chesen}}
Use Dutch/French base &lt;br&gt;
IE:
*Nasalized vowels before coda {{paz|n}}; the /n/ is not prounounced
*Unpronounced characters: coda {{paz|t s}} and {{paz|e}} (and {{paz|n}})
*{{paz|è}} = {{paz|es}} | {{paz|é}} = {{paz|et}} | {{paz|ês}} = {{paz|ese}}/{{paz|est}} | and sometimes {{paz|ẽ}} = {{paz|en}}
*{{paz|ll}} = {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
*{{paz|ee &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; aa ii oo uu}} = {{IPA|/eː or εː or ɑː &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; aː &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; iː &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; oː &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; uː or ʊː/}}
*Final {{paz|ues/uet}} = {{IPA|/uɑː/}}
*{{paz|b v ph sh zh ch th ð hh}} = {{IPA|/β β ɸ ʃ ʒ ç θ ð χ/}}
*Silent {{paz|h}}
&lt;/sub&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pazmivaniye/English</title>
    <id>6892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49266</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T00:36:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Hello! Welcome! */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Hello! Welcome!==

Welcome to my user page!

(I will add more soon!)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Classical Arithide declension</title>
    <id>6894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49274</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T15:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The old 7th and 8th declensions are as follows:  ==VII==  The seventh declension is as ''vosi'' and ''libe'':  {| style=&quot;width: 300px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #ccc…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The old 7th and 8th declensions are as follows:

==VII==

The seventh declension is as ''vosi'' and ''libe'':

{| style=&quot;width: 300px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vosi, libe
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vosīs, libēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''us'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''utē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ēs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ētē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''is'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''itē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''e''', lib'''eā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''erei'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ira'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ērē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''igōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ēgēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''uī''', lib'''eī'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''uītē''', lib'''eītē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''i'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''i''', vos'''i-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | vos'''ē''', vos'''ē-'''
|}


==VIII==

''Moros'' &quot;request&quot; (cf. ''mossos'' &quot;act of requesting&quot;), ''minnas'' &quot;locality of the valley&quot; and ''syndir'' &quot;sin&quot; are declined as examples below:

{| style=&quot;width: 740px; background: #efefef; border: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
| style=&quot;width:80px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''sg.''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; border-bottom: 1pt solid #cccccc; text-align: center&quot; | ''pl.''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Nom.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moros
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morēs
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnas
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnae
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndir
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndrēs
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Top.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''ou'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ōi'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''ai'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ōi'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ou'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ōi'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Acc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''o'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''a'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''o'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ē'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Gen.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''is'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ēs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''is'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ēs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''is'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndrēr'''is'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Dat.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''ae'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''ae'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ei'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ae'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ei'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Loc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''um'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndrēr'''um'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Abl.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ēn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ōn'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ēn'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ins.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''ōs'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''ās'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ū'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''itis'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ērū'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Voc.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | moror'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | morer'''ā''', morer'''ē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnar'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minnaer'''ē'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndr'''ā'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | syndrēr'''ā'''
|-
| style=&quot;width:80px; border-right: 1pt solid #cccccc&quot; | '''Ess./Con.'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mor'''ōr''', mor'''or-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | mor'''ēr''', mor'''er-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minn'''ār''', minn'''ar-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | minn'''aes''', minn'''aer-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | synd'''ir''', synd'''r-'''
| style=&quot;width: 110px; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: center&quot; | synd'''rēr''', synd'''rēr-'''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Tha-Vengya</title>
    <id>6895</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49294</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T19:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Main Page/Tha-Vengya]] to [[Main Page/Thalsevëan]]:&amp;#32;Changed Language name, more moves possible in the future</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Main Page/Thalsevëan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tha-Vengya</title>
    <id>6896</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49296</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T19:58:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Tha-Vengya]] to [[Thalsevëan]]:&amp;#32;Changed name</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Thalsevëan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Arthaey</title>
    <id>6898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49302</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-21T23:30:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arthaey</username>
        <id>16</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>links to website and conlangs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* '''Website:''' http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/
* '''Primary conlang:''' [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/ashaille Asha'ille]
* '''New sketchy conlang:''' [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/lhenazi Lhenazi]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iljena/Syntax</title>
    <id>6899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49325</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T12:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">iljena syntax is based on clause-chaining. Each word is taken to specify the role played by one participant in the overall action described by the sentence. The language is strictly monotransitive - there is always one noun for each verb. The word order is used to express the flow of the action between the participants in the sentence, and to group related participants together.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Arophanic Family Tree.png</title>
    <id>6900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49328</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-23T18:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Denihilonihil</username>
        <id>119</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc syntax</title>
    <id>6901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53042</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-17T12:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consecutio temporum */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}

In this page we are going to discuss the most important '''syntactical rules''' of the Lantian language.

: ''Lakot vanéjot saj-wažúmyojon '''sintaksáryo núrmanjyo''' láncun móru tenamálžesen''

==Word order==
The main word order is '''SOV''', thus the parts of a sentences are placed so: '''''Subject''''' - '''''Object''''' - '''''Verb'''''. Usually the verb is placed at the end of the sentence, after all objects.

* ''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;The woman&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sees&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;the man&lt;/span&gt;'': &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;)

In a sentence with a direct and an indirect object, the indirect object (dative) tends to precede the direct one (accusative):

* ''&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;The woman&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;gives&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;the man&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;a book&lt;/span&gt;'' : &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;ona mona&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;tálewo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;kále&lt;/span&gt;.

Word order is not compulsorily fixed. As the roles of nouns and of their attributes are shown by case endings, words can be placed in every position:

* &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt; (SOV)
* &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;ono mono&lt;/span&gt; (SVO)
* &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt; (OSV)
* &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;ó mila&lt;/span&gt; (OVS)
* &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Sálje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;ono mono&lt;/span&gt; (VSO)
* &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Sálje&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;ó mila&lt;/span&gt; (VOS)

Every sentence is translated as ''The woman sees the man''.

The '''SOV''' order is the natural main one. It is possible to find also '''SVO''' and '''OSV''' orders. OSV order can be used to emphasize the role of the object:

* The sentence &quot;&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;Ono mono&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;ó mila&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;sálje&lt;/span&gt;&quot; (OSV) could be translated as ''It's the man, (whom) the woman sees.

The other three orders are very seldom used.

==Noun syntax==
===Case usage===
The Lantian language makes use of '''cases''', to show the syntactic roles of nouns, adjectives and pronouns. Modern European languages usually have no cases (with the relevant exception of German and the Slavic languages), but once they had them and lost them during their history. Some remains are still present also in English, in pronouns:

* ''I see you'' - '''I''' is subject/nominative form
* ''You see me'' - '''me''' is object/accusative form

In Lantian this use is extended to all nouns and their adjectives. Cases are shown by ''endings'', which are added to the base form of nouns/adjectives. This process is named ''declension'', and the verb is ''to decline''.

====Nominative====
The '''nominative''' is the case of ''subject''. It shows the main role of the sentence, the one that carries out the action of the verb. Usually nominative form have no endings, or the so-called ''zero ending'' in the singular, so it matches the base form (we can say that nominative singular is the base form of every noun and adjective).

* ''The child buys a book'': '''Ó píku''' tálewo fýne.
* ''The child is playing'': '''Ó píku''' kláse.
* ''The child is nice'': '''Ó píku''' delwa ér.

The subject of the sentence (''ó píku'') is in the same case, nominative, with a transitive verb (''fýne''), with an intransitive verb (''kláse''), and with a noun phrase.

In a noun phrase the object is nominative too, because the verb '''ervuč''' doesn't require an accusative object form:

* ''That man is the teacher of Lantian'': '''Šik mon''' '''ó popítačan''' láncu ér.

====Genitive====
The '''genitive''' is the case of ''possession''. It shows the (proper or apparent) ownership role. It is usually expressed with the preposition ''of'':

* ''Did you see the father of the child?'': Ono nátwo '''onu píkú''' sáljevec?
* ''The speech of the child is very clever'': Ó malžotjám '''onu píkú''' vnosum bwón ér.

The genitive is required by some prepositions (or constructions):

- '''ab''': it has the meaning of ''argument'', of what we talk about, translated mainly with ''about''
* ''What are you talking about?'': Áb maw malžej?
* ''I was thinking of you.'': Áb tow valmevu.
- '''óz''': it has the meaning of ''absence'', ''deprivation'', translated mainly with ''without''
* ''I can't go home without my car'': Mázujás óz kijunun awtow rokor ét omšu
- '''béf''': it has the meaning of ''cause'', ''motive'', translated mainly with ''because of''
* ''He didn't go because of his mother'': Béf sijunu hédu ét rójev.
- '''žočot''', a crystalized nominal form, translates ''instead of'', ''at the place of''. When it is linked to a personal pronoun, this changes in a definite possessive pronouns declined according to žočot.
* ''He bought a mobile phone instead of a new radio'': Mobilo žočot lóju radjów fýnev
* ''If I had been in your shoes, I wouldn't do it'': Jék townoton žočot tekeravu, hejo ét toljavu.
- '''žlév''', it has the meaning of ''following'', translated mainly with ''after''.
* ''You will meet him after the lesson'': zao žlév onu lékcijew tetrefesec.
- '''zróšm''', it has the meaning of ''opposition'', translated mainly with ''against''.
* ''Japan fought with the Axis' powers against the Allies'': Nippongo ša onjen Omšačanečejeyn Axew zróšm onju Osočelačyw nakračev.

====Dative====
The '''dative''' is the case of ''indirect object''. It shows the third main role of the sentence, usually introduced by verbs of giving, as '''kalkor''', ''to give'', '''kálekuč''', ''to donate'', and similar.
* ''The father gave the child a new ball'': Ó nát '''ona píkuja''' lójo vondawo kálev.
* ''I'd like to have given you as a gift this CD'': '''Toja''' lako CD-wo kálekivu.

As ''indirect object'', the dative case can be required by other verbs without any preposition:&lt;br&gt;
- '''Esor''', ''to have''; its construction is dative-based. The owned thing is the ''subject'', nominative case, of the sentence, and the possessor is in '''dative''' case, a construction called '''''dative of possession''''' (even if possession is usually expressed by genitive). The verb agrees with the subject, the owned thing.
* ''Mark has a new car'': Lój awto Marka és.
* ''Elén has a new boyfriend'': Lój kelanu Eléna és.
- '''Málor''', ''to like'' has a dative-based construction. The liked thing/person is the subject, ''nominative'' case, of the sentence, and the thing/persons, who likes, goes in '''dative''' case, a construction called '''''dative of pleasure'''''.
* ''She doesn't like me'': Hija ét málu
* ''I don't like cats'': Ony felij kija ét málek.
- '''Caduč''', ''to ask'' has a dative-based construction. The thing, which is asked for, is the direct object, ''accusative'' case, of the sentence, and the person who is asked, goes in '''dative''' case, a construction called '''''dative of request'''''.
* ''I asked you for the newspaper'': toja ono fadžlójačano cáževu.
- '''Plákor''', ''to be in debt'' has a dative-based construction. The thing, for which someone is in debt, is the direct object, ''accusative'' case, of the sentence, and the person with whom someone is in debt, goes in '''dative''' case, a construction called '''''dative of debt'''''.
* ''He was in debt with him for that loan'': Zaja lako nakáltjámo plajev
Other verbs simply requires only the indirect object: '''wakor''', ''to help''
* ''I'd like to help you, but I cannot'': Toja wači, ýbo ét omšu.

The dative is required by some preposition:

- '''dér''': it has a meaning of ''benefit'', ''in favour'', translated mainly with ''for'':
* ''I bought a new game for my son'': Lójo kláso dér kijuna vokeša fýnevu.

====Accusative====
The '''accusative''' is the case of ''object''. It shows the second main role of the sentence, the one that is affected by the action of the verb.

* ''The man sees the child'': Ó mon '''ono píkuwo''' sálje.

Only transitive verbs require an accusative form. Intransitive verbs have no object. (Remember that many intransitive verbs can be transitive too)

The accusative can have other functions:

- Expressions of time are usually said in accusative:

* ''The last week I went to London'': '''Omenavon počfadžo''' Londonás rójevu
* ''I was born on the 3rd January'': '''Ono klikovo''' janváru lájuvus

- Greetings are usually expressed in accusative (as the verb ''volvuč'', to wish, is implied)

* ''Good morning'': '''Déno nóšfadžo'''
* ''Good evening'': '''Déno joštéro'''

The accusative is required by some prepositions:

- '''ód''': it has a meaning of ''separation'', translated mainly with ''from'', but also with other prepositions, depending of the word which requires it:
* ''I healed from a desease'': Ód hwažečewo belotoluvu
* ''I will get rid of that problem'': Ód šiko problémo tenálutolusu
This preposition usually comes in pair with '''dó''' + ADL. in the sequence ''from.. to..'', usually for expression of time, but not for expression of places.
* ''I'd like to work from sunday to wednesday'': ód lósufádwo dó epurlowfadžás twači
* but: ''I travelled from Rome to Paris'': Rómajád Parisás pátesevu

- '''pjér''': it has a meaning of ''preceding'', translated mainly with ''before'':
* ''I have to go home before evening'': Pjér joštero mázujás rokor njubu.

====Instrumental====
The '''instrumental''' is the case of ''instrument'', ''means''. It mainly shows the means, with which the action of the verb is carried out.
* ''I write with the pen'': '''Onen póljasmajen''' polju.
* ''You don't think with (your) head'': '''Onen ločen''' ét valmec.

The instrumental by itself can express the role of acting object with a passive verb.
* ''The cat was biten by the dog'': Ó féli '''onen bodžen''' šmítevis.
* ''This house has been bought by my father'': Lak mázu '''kijunen načen''' fýnevis.

This two main meanings can be competitive in the presence of a passive verb, but with inanimate objects the sense can avoid misunderstanding:
* ''This work has been written with a pen'': Lak twák poljasmajen poljevis (the instrumental is not translated as ''by a pen'', because a pen can't write by itself, but only someone wrote with it)

The instrumental case can be required by some verbs as object, and by some adjectives:

- '''Twákor''', ''to work'', expresses the job with the instrumental case:
* ''She works as teacher'': Popítačanen twače
- '''Gérvuč''', ''to be guilty'', expresses the guilt with the instrumental case:
* ''They are guilty of theft'': Prénžotjámen gérvuk
- '''Žwýn''', ''full'', is usually followed by the instrumental:
* ''My day is full of work'': Kijunon fád žwýn twačen ér.

The instrumental is required by some prepositions:

- '''ša''': it has a meaning of ''company'', translated mainly with ''with'', (never a meaning of ''means'', expressed only by the simple instrumental).
* ''I go to the beach with my boyfriend'': Nwínás ša kijunenon kelanujen roču.
* ''They are talking with their parents'': Ša zijunetynon lájačanetyn malžek

====Place cases: Locative, Adlative, Delative====
The last three cases are usually collectively named '''place cases''' (or ''where-cases''), because they show a location, and a still standing in that place or a movement to or from that place.

The '''locative''' is the case of ''still position'' in a place. It is usually translated with ''in'' or ''at''. It translates also an unreal or imaginary position.
* ''I live in Berlin'': '''Berlinot''' skjaču
* ''We're at home'': '''Mázujot''' ern.
* ''I've got an idea in (my) head'': Idéa kija '''ločot''' és.

The '''adlative''' is the case of ''movement to'' a place. It is usually translated with ''to'', or ''into''. It translates also an unreal or imaginary movement.
* ''I go to Berlin'': '''Berlinás''' roču
* ''We come home'': '''Mázujás''' ačen

The '''delative''' is the case which shows the ''origin of the movement from'' a place. It is usually translated with ''from''. It translates also an unreal or imaginary movement.
* ''I come from Berlin'': '''Berlinád''' aču
* ''We come out of home'': '''Mázujád''' izačen

Some prepositions require the place cases. Usually these prepositions, which indicate a place, require all three cases to define the position, relative to their meaning. For example, '''blúz''', ''near'', with the delative case, indicates that the subject moves from the neighbourhood of something.

These prepositions are: 
* '''áf''', ''on'', ''over'' 
* '''blúz''', ''near''
* '''dán''', ''beyond''
* '''dóp''', ''under''
* '''izvýn''', ''outside''
* '''mízt''', ''between'', ''among''
* '''ukryg''', ''around''
* '''výn''', ''inside''

- '''dó''', ''until'', requires only the ''adlative'' case, as it implies a figurative movement.
* ''I'm going to work until sunday'': Dó lósufadžás tetwačesu.

==Attributes' Syntax==
===Article usage===
Lantian language has an only type of articles, the ''definite'' ones. Indefiniteness is not expressed.

- ''I bought a newspaper'': fadžlójačano fýnevu.

The definite article, expressed by its full form '''ó''', or merged with the adjective (-'''on/n/jon''' suffix), has a more widespread use than its English countepart.

Every definite word is accompained by the article, even if it would be implicitly definite (in this case in English the article is often dropped):

- ''Did you see the new car of Mr. Petru?'': lójon awtowo onu lástu Petrú sáljevec?&lt;br&gt;
- ''I love nature'': ono jefážawo kelu.

When there are two or more adjectives, the articles is added to the first one.

- ''the new French car'': lójon fransár awto

The article can't be linked to ''personal'' and ''geographic names'':

- ''I like Italy'': Itálja kija mále.&lt;br&gt;
- ''I'm searching for Petr'': Petro tyrcu.

 Some geographic names are exceptions, because they actually are common nouns, as:&lt;br&gt;
 - NMA: Núčelačy'''jon''' Mjáwej Amerikaw (''the United States'')
 - EN: Ewropár'''on''' Núčeltjám (''the European Union'')
 - NK: Núčelát'''on''' Krišpót (''the United Kingdom'')
 - RB: Ruskár'''on''' Bwandotjám (''the Russian Federation'')

 Also the words '''lást''' (''mister'') and '''lástnejn''' (''miss/mrs''), and noble titles take the article if definite
 because they are considered as common nouns.&lt;br&gt;
 - ''Do you know Mr. Petru?'': ono lásto Petruwo znodžec?

:''For article usage with possessive adjectives see [[Lánc syntax#Possessive adjective|below]]

===Adjective usage===
====Possessive adjective====
The main difference between Lantian possessive adjectives and their English counterparts is that, when definite, they take the article. In this way a nouns with a possessive adjective can be indefinite too (contrary to English)

- ''This is my best friend'': Lak kijunon pu-dén vjéša ér. &lt;br&gt;
- ''I see a friend of her'': Hijuno vjéšawo sáljevu.

The article is added every time a noun is definite. The same rule for geographic and personal noun (with their exceptions) is applied. 

Kinship nouns are particular because in the singular they never require the article:

- ''I talked with your mother'': ša townen hedžen malževu&lt;br&gt;
- ''Our grandfather gave us a present'': vojun pranát vojay káleko kálev

===Number usage===
Except for '''nók''', ''one'' (dat.: '''noča''', it has no plural forms), considered as an adjective, all numbers are treated like adverbs and they don't decline. As adverbs they don't take any definite declension, and the article is placed before them.

- ''I saw one student in that classroom'': nókwo čwesačano šikot čwesméremot sáljevu.&lt;br&gt;
- ''They thanked seven people'': poč čésya džanevek&lt;br&gt;
- ''I met the three students, which came from Italy'': onjo klik píkujoy bejznoževu, okátjavy Itáliajád.

 '''''Warning''''': '''nók''' is not an article, you should remind not to use it in such way.&lt;br&gt;
 - '''nókwo''' čwesačano šikot čwesméremot sáljevu - it points to the fact that the student was one 
 and alone.
 - čwesačano šikot čwesméremot sáljevu - it points nothing, there was a student inside the room

The dual number is used only with the simple '''džis''', ''two'', not with composed numbers like '''džistóč džis''', ''twenty-two''. '''džis''' is not very used, because it can be replaced by the dual form of nouns; it is used to point the amount without nouns.

- ''How many were there? - (They were) two!'': mósej kájot ervuk? - Džis (ervuke)!&lt;br&gt;
- ''My (two) cats are white'': kijuneton félit bílo ereke.&lt;br&gt;
- ''There are eighty-two people in the room'': váttóč džis čésy onot méremot ájerek.

The numbers '''miljón''', ''million'', and '''miljárd''', ''billion'', are exceptions. They are treated as nouns, and do decline according to their role in the sentence. Their objects (things or people) are linked with them in the ''genitive case''. Even if this nouns appears in singular or dual forms (depending on the number which comes with them), the verbs agrees with the plural meaning of the entire ammount of objects.

- ''Earth is one hundred fifty millions kilometres from the Sun'': ó Pán tóček majttóč miljárdyo kilométryw ód ono Lóswo vašwate.&lt;br&gt;
- ''Two millions people live in Rome'': (džis) miljónet čésyw Rómajot praskjaček.

==Verbal Syntax==
===Mood usage===
====Infinitive====
The infinitival form of verbs has the same meaning of its English counterpart, but it has a more common use than English.

As English it is used after auxiliary verbs, like '''omšor''', ''to can'', '''njubor''', ''to must'', '''šáljor''', ''to want'', when the subjects of both verbs are the same:

- ''I wanted to go home'': mázujás rokor šáljevu&lt;br&gt;
- ''She cannot come'': atčuč ét omše&lt;br&gt;
- ''We will have to help him'': zaja wakor tenjubesen&lt;br&gt;

The second verb is thought as a part of the same sentences, a part of the object of the verb, and it is placed before the auxiliary verb.

Infinitive can also be a noun inside the sentence:

- ''To be, or not to be: that is the question'': ervuč ýbo ét ervuč: šik ó cád ér&lt;br&gt;
- ''Cooking is beautiful'': šmanor méra ér&lt;br&gt;
- ''Nice to meet you'' (lit. ''it's a pleasure to meet you''): tó bejznódor málajč ér

As it commonly represents the meaning of the process of the verb, this usage of the infinitival form is interchangeable with the construction with '''-sén''':

- ''Cooking is beautiful'': šmanor méra ér/ó šmansén méra ér

====Indicative====
The indicative is the main mood. It expresses ''reality'', ''certainty'', and it is also used for ''tales'', and certain opinions for the future.

- ''I shall go to the beach'': nwínás terójesu.

in opposition with:&lt;br&gt;
- ''I think I'll go to the beach'': valmu žá nwínás terójasu. (''it expresses doubt about the future event'')&lt;br&gt;
- ''I'd like to go to the beach'': nwínás terójisu (''it expresses a desire about the future'')

Indicative is also used in subordinate clauses, when there is no expressed doubt, particularly in direct subordinate clauses (''ža-clauses''):

- ''I told you I won't come'': toja lolevu, ža ét tekátjesu.&lt;br&gt;
- ''I explained him, that we didn't take his clock'' - zaja logeduvu, ža zawnon húremato ét genševen.

Indicative is also used in some direct subordinate clauses, in dependance on some adjectives or verbs:

- ''I'm not able to sing'': omšačnav ét eru, ža pému (lit. ''I'm not able that I sing'')&lt;br&gt;
- ''I managed to buy a new car'': espohevu, ža lójo awtowo fýnevu (lit. ''I managed that I have bought a new car'')

Indicative has 5 tenses: ''present'', ''past'', ''future'', ''plusquamperfect'' and ''future in the past'':&lt;br&gt;
* '''Present''', '''past''' and '''future''' are equivalent to their English counterparts and they express the same temporal meanings.
* '''Plusquamperfect''' expresses an action, prior to another past action:
- ''He had already eaten, before I came home'': ply osetev, pjérža mázujás átjavu.
* '''Future in the past''' expresses an action, subsequent another past action (without expressing conditions):
- ''He said, he would have read the book'': lolev ža ono tálewo oteraluse.&lt;br&gt;
- ''She would have gone to work, but her car didn't work'': twačás oterójese, ýbo hijunon awto ét otwačanev.

====Subjunctive====
The subjunctive mood expresses a general meaning of ''doubt'', ''uncertainty'' or a ''future uncertain possibility''. It is very used in subordinate clauses, with verbs indicating the same meanings, like '''valmor''' (''to think''), '''džébor''' (''to doubt''), '''netor''' (''to believe''), '''vylčuč''' (''to seem''), etc:

- ''I think he's working'': valmu ža twača.&lt;br&gt;
- ''They believe he bought a new book'': néček ža lójo tálewo fýnav.&lt;br&gt;
- ''She doubts you will come'': džébe ža tekátjasec.&lt;br&gt;
- ''It seems to me that he loves her'': kija vylče ža hijo kela

The subjunctive is used also in conditional sentences (if-clauses or ''jék-clauses''), to express various meaning:
* in the present it expresses ''doubt'', ''uncertain'' under condition:
- ''If I go, I perhaps could give her a rose'': jék roča, hija rózewo kála.&lt;br&gt;
: or an impossible condition:
- ''If I were the president, I would help all poor people'': jék ó prezidént era, bányajon fedenya wáča.
* in the future it expresses an ''uncertain probability'', or an ''uncertain condition'' in the future:
- ''If I went, I perhaps would give her a rose'': jék terójasu, hija rózewo tekálasu.
* in the past it expresses ''doubt'' about a past action, a ''uncertain possibility'' about another result of an action:
- ''If I had gone, I perhaps would have given her a rose'': jék rójavu, hija rózewo kálavu.

The subjunctive is also mandatory in subordinate clauses, introduced by '''dérža''' (''in order that'', ''to''), '''džú ža''' (''so that''), '''étérvan''' (''although''), '''pjérža''' (''before [that]''):

- ''I did it, to see you'': hejo toljuv, dérža tó sálja.&lt;br&gt;
- ''He had given them the book, in order that they read it'': mijay ono tálewo okálev, dérža hejo ralavuk.&lt;br&gt;
- ''I called you, so that you go with him'': toja páwámev, džú ža ša zajen ročac.&lt;br&gt;
- ''Although he comes, he won't bring it.'': étérvan átja, hejo ét temajvuse.&lt;br&gt;
- ''Will you be ready, before we come home?'': sgoton tekersec, pjérža mázujás tekátjan?

====Optative====
The optative mood expresses a general meaning of ''wish'', ''will'', ''desire''. It is used both in main and subordinate clauses.

In main clauses its most usual translation is the form ''would like to'':

- ''I'd like to drink water'': ákwo žiči&lt;br&gt;
- ''You wouldn't like to work tomorrow'': tefadžo ét tetwáčic&lt;br&gt;
- ''He willingly would have gone with him'': ša zajen rójiv&lt;br&gt;

It is also used to make polite order, in form of question.

- ''Would you go home?'': mázujás ročic?

It is used in subordinate clauses after verbs of will and desire like '''šáljor''' (''to want''), '''kwónuč''' (''to wish, to desire'') and of similar meaning like '''ravídor''' (''to demand'', ''to pretend'')

- ''I want you to think'': šálju ža valmic.&lt;br&gt;
- ''They wish that you see everything'': kwónuk ža báno sáljic.&lt;br&gt;
- ''We demand you to explain yourself'': ravíden ža sijo logedic.

Also the verb '''caduč''' (''to ask'') may be followed by the optative, if it expresses a desire.

- ''She asks you to come'': (toja) cadže ža átjic.

===Progressive and incohative forms===
Lantian verbs do not have progressive/continuous forms. Instead of an ''-ing'' form as English, the present tense is used, often with adverbs of time.

- ''I'm eating'': setu&lt;br&gt;
- ''Now we're going to work'': čuk twačás ročen&lt;br&gt;

Expecially in past tenses continous forms are not distinguished from normal tenses. This can be understood by the meaning of the entire sentence.

- ''I worked all the day'': bánon fádwo twačevu&lt;br&gt;
- ''I was working all the day'': bánon fádwo twačevu&lt;br&gt;
- ''While she was sleeping, the telephone rang'': dum ždenev, ó telefon ermonuv

Present perfect continous forms are expressed in Lantian using the present forms:

- ''I've been studying Lantian for 5 months'': ono lánco ód majt lučeroy čwesu (lit. ''I study Lantian from 5 months'')

Completed extended actions are built differently:

- ''I've studied Lantian for 4 years'': ono lánco pali yšyt čwesevu

Incohative constructions are built in a particular way:

- ''We are about to go'': kanejot ern ža ročen (lit. ''We are on the moment that we go'')

Constructions with the incohative verbs or similar are made with the present tense forms instead of the infinitive ones:

- ''He began to explain me everything'' - čalžev ža kija báno logeduv&lt;br&gt;
- ''We'll keep on looking for someone'' - telogrusen ža máčéso tetyrcesen&lt;br&gt;
- ''I stop reading and I come'' - čefátu ža ralu ši aču&lt;br&gt;
- ''Why don't you finish to discuss?'' - taméske ét bárzuc ža namalžec?

==Clause syntax==
===Consecutio temporum===
Lánc verbs almost do not transmit any expression of aspect, i.e., they do not express an exact definitess of the action, expecially in indirect speech, as in English:

- ''He decided to go''&lt;br&gt;
- ''He has decided to go''

To solve this problem Lánc uses a syntax construction, named in Latin ''consecutio temporum'', or ''sequence of tenses''. Differently from English, it is the tense of the verb in the secondary sentence that changes:

- Pyšev ža rójiv: ''He decided to go'' (He made his decision and already went away)&lt;br&gt;
- Pyšev ža roče: ''He has decided to go'' (He made his decision and goes away in this moment)&lt;br&gt;
- Pyšev ža terójise: ''He has decided to go'' (He made his decision but still has to go away)

Contemporary actions are expressed with the same tense in the two clauses. Other type of sentences are expressed with other tenses:

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''Main Action'' || Previous secondary action in past time || Previous secondary action in present time || Contemporary secondary action || Subsequent secondary action in present time || Subsequent secondary action in future time
|-
| ''Past'' || Plusquamperfect || - || Past || Present || Future in the past
|-
| ''Present'' || Past || Present || Present || Present || Future
|-
| ''Future'' || Plusquamperfect || Present || Future || - || Future
|}

===Relative clause===
The relative clauses are built in two ways:
* With the relative pronoun '''ksé''':
- ''The child (that) you saw'': ó píku, ksewo sáljevec.&lt;br&gt;
- ''Do you see the man, who I gave a pen?'': ono mono sáljec, kšá poljasmawo kálevu?

This costruction is quite similar to the English one, except for the fact that the relative pronoun can't be dropped.

* With '''participles''' (this is the most common way):

If the subject of the main clause and the one of the relative clause are the same, the participle simply replaces the pronoun, according to tense.

- ''The child who plays'': ó píku klásáv (ó píku ksé kláse, ''more inusual'')&lt;br&gt;
- ''The man who gave me a book'': ó mon, okáláv kija tálewo.

The participle has to agree with the noun in number and case, even if it remains the subject of the sentences.

- ''This is the house of the man, who gave me the book'': héj mázu onu monu ér, okálavu kija ono tálewo

If the subject of the two clauses is different, participles are used anyway, with a particular construction:

- ''The woman, who I gave a pen'': ó mila, kí okáláv hija poljasmawo.

The construction is:

- [''Main clause''], SUBJECT + PARTICIPLE (''in agree with subject'') + PRONOUN (''in agree with the relator of the main clause, but with the case required by the participle'')

Usually passive participles are used to revert a relative clause with different subject:

* ''The child, whom I see'': ó píku, kí sáljáv zao ‣ ''The child, which is seen by me'': ó píku, sálját kijen.

Participles are conjugated in tense, according to the tense of the sentence:

- ''The man that will see you'': ó mon tesáljáv tó&lt;br&gt;
- ''The man that sees you'': ó mon sáljáv tó&lt;br&gt;
- ''The man that saw you'': ó mon osáljáv tó

===Interrogative subordinate clauses===
Interrogative subordinate clauses make an extensive use of ''subjunctive'', expecially when they express doubt.

Subjunctive is mandatory when the main clause's verb is '''mecaduč''' (''to wonder''), '''ét znódor''' (''do not know'') and '''ét mýzdor''' (''do not understand''):

- ''I wonder why he didn't come'': mecadžu taméske ét átjav&lt;br&gt;
- ''They don't know, what I am doing'': ét znodžek mó tolja&lt;br&gt;
- ''I didn't understand what he said'': ét mýzdevu mó lolav.

With other verbs its use depends on the meaning of doubt.

- ''He asked me, what I was doing'': kija cážuv mó toljuvu (''The subject knows its action'')&lt;br&gt;
- ''I asked him, what he was doing'': zaja cážuvu mó toljav (''The subject didn't know the other's action'')&lt;br&gt;

When interrogative clauses are introduced by '''ly''' (''if'', ''whether''), subjunctive is mandatory too.

- ''He didn't know, whether she went home'': ét znožev ly mázujád rójav&lt;br&gt;
- ''They ask (me) if I will call him'': (kija) cadžuk ly zaja tepáwámasu&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:Lánc|Syntax]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirabe</title>
    <id>6902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51069</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-15T20:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page will be rewritten soon. The information here was out-of-date for a while, so I decided to hide it.&lt;br&gt;
{{paz|Agsi pav&amp;euml;n sedha&amp;iuml;lok k&amp;oacute;i. a Dotv&amp;eacute; agoi vat akhetek&amp;oacute;bi.}}
{{IPA|}}
&lt;!--'''''Sirabe''','' {{IPA|/ˌsiː.ˈra.be/}} (lit. knowledge) is the main language spoken in [[Sudar]] ({{paz|Sáurbaden Sudari}}) and [[Anjésbad]] ({{paz|A Detisna es Anjésbad}}). The story to go with these languages and their world is incomplete, so I am taking this one step at a time. The information on this page is also subject to large changes at any time. {{paz|Green}} text is used instead of ‹guillemets› for orthographic transcription. Sirabe was started by Fodéston Sirabëli in his 4325 RG book {{paz|Fodéston Sirabëlia Boren es Nadiegob}}, or &quot;Francis Sirabean's Book of Language&quot;, sometimes shortened to {{paz|Fodéston Sirabëlia Boredonädiegob}} with the ablative case.

Se vi tes a Detisan es Anjésbad?
	you are from the Republic of Anjessia?

&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 100%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|{{paz|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Alternative Names
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{altname|'''{{paz|Sirénso}} (for {{paz|[[Sirenso|Sirénso Anjésbadi]]}}'''}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Author
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|[[User:Pazmivaniye|'''Ben R''']]}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Type
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|'''personal language'''}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Year began
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|'''2009'''}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #efefef; text-align: center;' | '''Demographics'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | Population
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|'''Undetermined'''}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Spoken in
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|'''Sudar, Anjésbad}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Genetic Classification
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|'''Undetermined'''}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #efefef; text-align: center;' | '''Grammar'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Most Common Word-Order
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|'''SVO'''}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Morphological Typology
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|'''Inflecting'''}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | Morpho-syntactic Alignment
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|'''Nom-Acc'''}}}
|-
| 
|}&lt;/div&gt;

===Phonemes {{paz|Sachatar}}===
Sirabe phonology is largely based on Old English.

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=16 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: 100%; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=1| Labial ||colspan=1| Dental ||colspan=1| Alveolar ||colspan=1| Postalv. ||colspan=1| Palatal ||colspan=1| Velar ||colspan=1| Uvular ||colspan=1| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Plosives || '''{{IPA|p}}''' '''{{IPA|b}}''' || || '''{{IPA|t}}''' '''[{{IPA|d}}]''' || || '''[{{IPA|c}}]''' || '''{{IPA|k}}''' '''{{IPA|g}}''' || '''[{{IPA|q}}]'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Fricatives || '''{{IPA|f}}''' '''[{{IPA|v}}]''' || '''{{IPA|θ}}''' '''[{{IPA|ð}}]''' || '''{{IPA|s}}'''  '''[{{IPA|z}}]''' || '''{{IPA|ʃ}}''' '''[{{IPA|ʒ}}]''' || '''[{{IPA|ç}}]''' || '''{{IPA|x}}''' '''[{{IPA|ɣ}}]''' || || '''{{IPA|h}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || '''{{IPA|tʃ}}''' '''[{{IPA|dʒ}}]''' || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Nasals || '''{{IPA|m}}''' || || '''{{IPA|n}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Laterals || || || '''{{IPA|r}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Glides || || ||  '''{{IPA|l}}''' || || '''{{IPA|j}}'''
|}

&lt;br&gt;

Allophones are marked above in brackets:
*[v ð z ʒ] are allophones of /f θ s ʃ/ respectively, occurring between vowels or voiced consonants
*[dʒ] is an allophone of /j/ after /n/
*[d] and /t/ can be switched at any time
*The same is true of [q] and /k/
*[ɣ] is an allophone of /g/ occurring after a vowel
*[ç] is an allophone of /h/ occurring in coda position after front vowels
*[c] is an allophone of /k/ before front vowels

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Close || '''{{IPA|i}}''' || '''{{IPA|iː}}''' || || '''{{IPA|u}}''' || '''{{IPA|uː}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Close-Mid || '''{{IPA|e}}''' || '''{{IPA|eː}}''' || || '''{{IPA|o}}''' || '''{{IPA|oː}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Open-Mid || '''{{IPA|ɛ}}''' || '''{{IPA|ɛː}}''' || || '''{{IPA|ʌ}}''' ||  '''[{{IPA|ʌː}}]'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Open || '''{{IPA|a}}''' || '''{{IPA|aː}}''' || || '''{{IPA|ɑ}}''' || '''{{IPA|ɑː}}'''
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Diphthongs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=3| Short (monomoraic) ||colspan=3| Long (bimoraic)
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| First element is close || '''{{IPA|ui}}''' || || || '''{{IPA|uiː}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| First element is mid || '''{{IPA|ei}}'''  '''{{IPA|oi}}''' || || ||  '''{{IPA|eiː}}'''  '''{{IPA|oiː}}'''
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| First element is open || '''{{IPA|ai}}''' || || || '''{{IPA|aiː}}'''
|}

==Orthography {{paz|Dukerob}}==
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Letters
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| Letter || IPA || Letter || IPA || Letter || IPA
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| A a || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} {{IPA|[ʌ]}} || I i || {{IPA|/i/}} || Q q || {{IPA|/k/}} {{IPA|[q]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Ā ā || {{IPA|/ɑː/}} {{IPA|[ʌː]}} || Ī ī || {{IPA|/iː/}} || R r || {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| B b || {{IPA|/b/}} || J j || {{IPA|/j/}} || S s || {{IPA|/s/}} {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| C c || {{IPA|/k/}} {{IPA|[c]}} || K k || {{IPA|/k/}} {{IPA|[q]}} ||  Ś ś || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Ć ć || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || L l || {{IPA|/l/}} || T t || {{IPA|/t/}} {{IPA|[d]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| E e || {{IPA|/e/}} || M m || {{IPA|/m/}} || U u || {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Ē ē || {{IPA|/eː/}} || N n || {{IPA|/n/}} || Ū ū || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| F f || {{IPA|/f/}} {{IPA|[v]}} || O o || {{IPA|/o/}} || V v || {{IPA|/v/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| G g || {{IPA|/g/}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}} || Ō ō || {{IPA|/oː/}} || Z z || {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| H h || {{IPA|/h/}} {{IPA|[ç]}} ||  P p || {{IPA|/p/}} || Ź ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Digraphs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| IPA || Text
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/x/}} || {{paz|Kh}}, {{paz|Ch}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/ei/}} || {{paz|Ei}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/ai/}} || {{paz|Ai}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/oi/}} || {{paz|Oi}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/ui/}} || {{paz|Ui}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|/θ/}} || {{paz|Th}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| {{IPA|[ð]}} || {{paz|Dh}}
|}

&lt;br&gt;

*Stress occurs on the first syllable when a word has 1 or 2 syllables, or on the second for longer words
*The acute accent ( {{paz|´}} ), circumflex accent ( {{paz|ˆ}} ), or macron ( {{paz|¯}} ) is placed over long vowels
*With two vowels that are disyllabic, a diaeresis (or ümlaut) ( {{paz|¨}} ) is sometimes placed over the second vowel

==Grammar {{paz|Kalite}}==
===Cases {{paz|Katinjer}}===
Cases are marked by suffixes in Sirabe. There are three declensions of nouns: the first, second, and third.

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Cases
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| Case ||colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Singular ||colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Plural
|-
| || First || Second || Third || First || Second || Third
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Nominative (the subject) || -(o)b || -(e)n || -(e) || -(o)r || -(a)r || -er
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Genative (of something)* || -(o)g || -(e)g || -(a) || -(o)gar || -(a)ger || -egar
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Dative (to something) || -(o)f || -(e)f || -(o) || -(o)ver || -(a)var || -ever
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Accusative (the object) || -(o)s || -(e)ś || -(i)s || -(o)zar || -(a)zar || -ezer
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Ablative (for connecting words) || -(o)da || -(e)do || -(e)de || -(o)ra || -(a)ro || -ere
|}

:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Attached to the possessor of something

===Verb Conjugation {{paz|Tábe Agitine}}===
====Tenses and Subjects {{paz|Zuär na Palutsar}}====
Indicative Voice

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Trāvin (-''in'' verbs)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| Tense || Est (I) || Je (he/she/it) || Jer (they) || Eser (we) ||  Sā (you) || Saër (yous) || English
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Simple || Ist trāf''it''. || Je trāf''i'' || Jer trāf''ir'' || Eser trāf''ais'' || Sā trāf''iä'' || Saër trāf''iär'' || I go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Continuous || Ist vit trāf''it''. || Je vi trāf''i''. || Jer vir trāf''ir''. || Eser vais trāf''ais''. || Sā viä trāf''iä''. || Saër viär trāf''iär''. || I am going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Perfect || Ist fit trāfe. || I have gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Preterite/Aorist || Ist trāfe. || I went.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Imperfect || Ist trāfan. || I used to go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Past Continuous || Ist nat trāfen. || I was going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Pluperfect (Past Perfect) || Ist fat trāfe. || I had gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future || Ist iër trāfen. || I shall go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future Perfect || Ist iër faï trāfen. || I shall have gone.
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Saban (-''an'' verbs)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| Tense || Est (I) || Je (he/she/it) || Jer (they) || Eser (we) ||  Sā (you) || Saër (yous) || English
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Simple || Ist trāf''et''. || Je trāf''e'' || Jer trāf''er'' || Eser trāf''ais'' || Sā trāf''eä'' || Saër trāf''eär'' || I go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Continuous || Ist na trāfet. || Je ne trāfe. || Jer ner trāfar. || Eser nais trāfais. || Sā neä trāfeä. || Saër neär trāfeär. || I am going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Perfect || Ist fit trāfe. || I have gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Preterite/Aorist || Ist trāfe. || I went.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Imperfect || Ist trāfan. || I used to go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Past Continuous || Ist nat trāfen. || I was going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Pluperfect (Past Perfect) || Ist fat trāfe. || I had gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future || Ist iër trāfen. || I shall go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future Perfect || Ist iër faï trāfen. || I shall have gone.
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Lofsen (-''en'' verbs)
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; height: 2em&quot;
| Tense || Est (I) || Je (he/she/it) || Jer (they) || Eser (we) ||  Sā (you) || Saër (yous) || English
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Simple || Ist trāf''et''. || Je trāf''e'' || Jer trāf''er'' || Eser trāf''ais'' || Sā trāf''eä'' || Saër trāf''eär'' || I go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Continuous || Ist na trāfet. || Je ne trāfe. || Jer ner trāfar. || Eser nais trāfais. || Sā neä trāfeä. || Saër neär trāfeär. || I am going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Present Perfect || Ist fit trāfe. || I have gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Preterite/Aorist || Ist trāfe. || I went.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Imperfect || Ist trāfan. || I used to go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Past Continuous || Ist nat trāfen. || I was going.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Pluperfect (Past Perfect) || Ist fat trāfe. || I had gone.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future || Ist iër trāfen. || I shall go.
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 100%;&quot;| Future Perfect || Ist iër faï trāfen. || I shall have gone.
|}

&lt;br&gt;

Imperative

===Systems {{paz|Dävriar}}===

#Nouns-Adjectives: {{paz|-i}} is added to the singular nominative form of the noun, and {{paz|-li}} after vowels
#Verbs-Nouns: {{paz|g}} replaces the {{paz|n}} at the end of the infinative (in irregular cases, whatever the final consonant is is replaced, or, if there is none, {{paz|g}} is just added to the end of the word.
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Q'dabin</title>
    <id>6903</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49406</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-26T01:27:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Q'dabin]] to [[Q'tâbin]]:&amp;#32;Name Misspelled</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Q'tâbin]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmese</title>
    <id>6904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51668</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T23:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Impersonal form */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Emmese''' is a language isolate.

== Phonology ==

===Phonemic Inventory===
====Consonants====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!&amp;nbsp;
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Wikipedia:dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Wikipedia:alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
![[Wikipedia:glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Wikipedia:plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| align=center | {{IPA|p&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;b}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t̪&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d̪}}
| align=center | {{IPA|t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;d}}
| align=center | {{IPA|c&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɟ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|k&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;g}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! [[Wikipedia:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| align=center | {{IPA|ɸ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;β}}
| align=center | {{IPA|θ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ð}}
| align=center | {{IPA|s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;z}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ʃ&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʒ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|χ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
|-
! [[Wikipedia:nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n̪,}}
| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ɲ}}
| align=center | {{IPA|ŋ}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|r}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
| align=center | {{IPA|j}}
| align=center | {{IPA|w}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

Many of these consonants are found only in Sandhi or other similar contexts.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
!
! [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|y&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɪ}} 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|u&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ʊ}}
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|e}}
|align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|ə}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|o}}
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ɐ}} 
|
|}

Emmese has tense-lax vowel harmony throughout its verbal chains, although there are exceptions to this rule.

== Grammar ==

Emmese forms sentences using so-called 'verbal chains'. As an ergative-absolutive language, these usually consist of a patient pronoun and a verb. Emmese has mostly invariable lexemes (other than the addition of a few regular suffixes or prefixes) and makes heavy use of syntax, auxiliaries, particles and serial verb constructions to enhance meaning. It has no real concept of nouns or adjectives, which are generally achieved with the combination of a stative verb and a pronoun.

=== Dynamic verbs ===

Dynamic verbs describe actions - to eat, to go, to dance. They have two forms - personal and impersonal. They are divided into four general classes, based on which prefix they take to form the impersonal: ''ba-'', ''ban-'', ''ta-'' or ''an-''. The first two classes are transitive or intransitive verbs and are still open classes; the latter two classes are closed to new additions and are generally frozen reciprocal or reflexive forms. 

==== Personal form ====

Personal forms must always take, at the very least, a patient. They can be interpreted as either active or passive:

''şemi iş'' - he smokes/it is smoked.

''şemi iş-iş'' - he smokes it, it is smoked by him.

==== Impersonal form ====

The impersonal is formed by the addition of a prefix. Impersonals never take arguments. They can act as verbs which in English would take a dummy subject (verbs such as ''an-naşa'', 'to rain', are never found in personal forms except in poetry and certain set phrases) and similar, as extremely emphatic verbal forms (generally when the arguments are already understood), as supines and in idiomatic usage implying that one cannot affect the progress of the action:

''an-naşa'' - it's raining.

''ta-faha'' - it smells.

''ba-goma'' - (someone) comes (and we can't do anything about it)

''an-ttat yuur iş'' - cheese for eating

=== Stative verbs ===

These are extremely important in linguistic terms. They are effectively Emmese's equivalent of adjectives and nouns (combined with a pronoun). For example:

''yuur iş'' - cheese (it is cheese)

''immi yuur iş'' - red cheese (it is cheese is red)

These can be stacked to any chosen degree and combined with dynamic verbs, so:

''şemi immi yuur iş'' - the red cheese smokes

==== Impersonal forms ====

Far fewer stative verbs have productive impersonals in Emmese. They are generally archaic forms frozen in phrases, created by vowel change or the prefix ''ta-'':

''tamatta'' - it is possible

=== Serial verbs ===

As has already been seen, Emmese makes heavy use of serial verb forms. They are also commonly used to mark the direction of verbs:

''şemi aşt immi yuur iş'' - the red cheese (blows its) smoke towards (me)

In this case, ''aşt'', referred to as the 'ventive verb', which always indicates movement towards the speaker (and is used alone to mean 'come here'), is used to add a meaning of 'in my direction' to the verb ''şemi''.

These verbs also sometimes replace English prepositions, although Emmese also has a large amount of postpositions which it uses in many contexts. Generally, they are used when the object of the preposition is not specified:

''şemi uşuu!'' - smoke inside!

''iş-u itim şemi ut!''- smoke inside the temple! 

The latter uses a preposition, the former a serial verb construction. Serial verbs also add different meanings or are required with some verbs:

''goma eeşi iş'' - he goes out

=== Subordinate clauses and complements ===

Personal verbs are made subordinate by a change in word order - from VPA to PAV:

''şemi iş'' - he smokes

''iş şemi'' - that he smokes

Impersonal verbs change their prefix: ''an-'' and ''ban-'' become ''en-'', ''ba-'' becomes ''ve-'' and ''ta-'' becomes ''de-'':

''an-naşa'' - it's raining

''en-naşa'' - that it's raining

Subordinate clauses modify to the left of the verb, so:

''iş-u itim tey-si yeşş'' - he sees him when he is in the temple

note the deletion of unneeded arguments in the above sentence, and the placement of -si - a complementising particle which has recently developed in spoken Emmese from the question particle ''si?'', 'where'. Also note the use of subordinate word order in the postpositional phrase. This always applies, so:

''itim iş'' - the temple

''iş-u itim'' - in the temple

=== Aspects and mood ===

There is no explicit tense marking in Emmese, but there is marking for three aspects and one mood (the irrealis). The default form is the aorist, which has no particular timeframe involved and is often used as a generic. The imperfect is formed using the particle ''uy'', following the verb, the perfect using ''şaş'':

''an-naşa'' - it rains

''an-naşa uy'' - it has been raining/it's raining (now)/it will be raining

''an-naşa şaş'' - it had rained/it has rained/it will have rained

The irrealis mood is used for anything theoretical that hasn't occurred, and is marked with the particle ''an'', which cannot coexist with aspects:

''an-naşa an'' - it could rain, it might rain.

Note that all of these particles are usually deleted when another construction indicating theoretical things is present:

''an-naşa 'eez?'' - Could it rain?

''tamatta en-naşa'' - It is possible that it will rain

For 'if I were... then I would...' clauses, Emmese uses the irrealis for both, and the so called 'conjunctive suffix', ''-uĉ'', attached to the first verb. Some verbs have a frozen form used only here, such as ''tamatta'':

''tamattin en-naşa-uĉ, goma eeşi an iş'' - if it were possible that it would rain, he would go out

=== Interrogatives ===

Yes/no questions are formally formed using one of four particles, which agrees with the aspect/mood:

''ann'' is used in aorist questions: ''şemi iş ann?'' - Does he smoke?

''bbaj'' is used in imperfect questions: ''tamatta bbaj?'' - Is it currently/regularly possible?

''anj'' is used in perfect questions: ''tamatta anj?'' - Was it possible?

'''eez'' is used in irrealis questions: ''an-naşa 'eez?'' - Could it rain?

Emmese is wh-in-situ, and so generally, interrogative pronouns are placed in their standard location in the sentence. The interrogative pronouns are ''si'', 'when', ''tu'', 'how', ''jate'', 'where' and ''jja'', 'who' or 'what':

''si goma iş?'' - when does he go?

''tu goma iş?'' - how does he go?

''jate goma iş?'' - where does he go?

''goma jja?'' - who goes?

In the first three examples, the pronouns are placed first because they are in fact replacing a subordinate clause which modifies the verb. However:

''iş si goma?'' - That he goes where?

Informally, questions can be formed using the verb construction ''tamatta'...'' combined with a subordinate clause. ''Tamatta'' literally means 'it is possible'. The glottal stop comes from the elided '''eez'' which forms the question:

''Tamatta' iş goma?'' - Does he go?

=== Negatives ===

Negatives are formed by the post-verbal particle ''ik'':

''goma eeşi ik iş '' - He doesn't go out

Normally, double-negatives are employed with an object or complement, using the particle ''ja'' (''şa'' following another ş):

''goma ik iş itim iş-şa'' - He doesn't go out any(no)where

=== Pronouns and definiteness ===

The full pronoun paradigm is ''us'', ''ut'', ''iş'', ''un'', ''utta'', ''işşa'', with no case distinction. Plurals are usually only used for emphasis, singulars are far more common even when describing multiple objects. 

Although textbook word order is either VPA or PAV, any of the arguments can be moved to initial position for the purposes of emphasis or topicality (in effect, similar to the use of the definite article in English). This forces the emphatic forms of the pronouns to be used. This effectively involves voicing all of the consonants (which are then immune to the rules of consonant harmony), as well as including a particle which marks agents (although this almost always elided in speech):

''şemi tabahi iş iş'' - he smokes tobacco (tobacco is smoked by him)

''ij tabahi iş şemi'' - it's tobacco he smokes, he smokes the tobacco

''ij şemi tabahi iş'' - HE smokes tobacco

=== Politeness ===

To distinguish between different levels of formality, Emmese uses different pronouns. This is used as a kind of inflection - for example, one would always describe a god or another religious figure with ''ye''.

==== Informal pronouns ====

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Emmese&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;I&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Us&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (sing.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ut&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;he/she/it&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Iş&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;we&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Un&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (plu.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Utta&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;they&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Işşa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The informal pronouns are the most commonly used in speech, and generally pronouns in this paradigm are used in other places as well (for example, even when humble speech is being utilised, ''Iş'' is used to refer to third person individuals). Two friends speaking to one another about another friend would refer to themselves, one another and their friend with the informal pronouns.

==== Humble pronouns ====

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Emmese&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;I&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (sing.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;At&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;we&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;An&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (plu.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Atta&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The humble pronouns consist only of first person and second person forms, and are used to refer to oneself directly when talking to someone highly superior (now generally dialectal, almost unused in the standard language) or when asking a favour (now the only real use for them). Traditionally, the second person forms were used by lords when speaking to their servants, but they are now semi-archaisms the use of which is extremely insulting. They are only ever used in direct reference in conversation.

==== Formal pronouns ====

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Emmese&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;I&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Uz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (sing.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Étidar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;he/she/it&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Iz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;we&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ur&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (plu.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Étidaz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;they&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Iri&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The formal pronouns were traditionally used to refer to anyone you didn't know, both in direct conversation and in reference. However, in modern practice, younger people (below the age of thirty or so) tend to refer to people of a similar or younger age with the informal pronouns from initial meeting (or even before meeting). The formal pronouns are restricted to occasional use within families (some grandparents, for example, insist on ''étidar'') and formal relationships, such as workers speaking to one another. Older people maintain the older usage. The formal pronoun might be used to refer to a respected boss in conversation with a friend, or face-to-face, in reference to both onesself and the boss.

==== Religious pronouns ====

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;English&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Emmese&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;I&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Yu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (sing.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Yed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;he/she/it&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ye&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;we&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Yut&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;you (plu.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Yedat&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;they&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Yet&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The religious pronouns are now almost dead, and are used only in older prayers. Modern prayers tend to favour informality. The religious first-person pronoun is used by deities to refer to themselves, and ''ye'' is restricted almost totally to biblical verses about God.

=== Conjunctions ===

Conjunctions are generally suffixed to verbs:

''-si'' - when - ''iş-u itim tey-si'' - when he's in the temple

''-ayt'' - and (linking clauses) - ''şemi iş-ayt an-naşa-ayt'' - he's smoking and it's raining

''-op'' - but - ''şemi iş-op an-naşa-op'' - he's smoking, but it's raining

''-uĉ'' - 'conjunctive suffix' used to show that a previous verb has a connection to a following verb. Although prescriptively placed on the first verb, in colloquial spontaneously spoken Emmese it is usually placed on the second verb: ''şemi-uĉ uy iş, goma iş'' - because he was smoking, he left (note the sequence of aspects - there is no marked aspect on the second verb)

==== Compound verbs and linked verbs ====

Verbs with the same subject may be linked in compound verb constructions or using the ''-ak''' suffix. The former implies that one does something at the same time:

''şemittat iş'' - he smokes and eats (at the same time)

''şemi ttat-ak' iş'' - he smokes and (then) eats, he smokes and eats generally

==== Incorporated patients and agents ====

Patients and agents can be incorporated, prefixed, into verbs for emphasis, as a kind of verbal agreement. This occasionally gives new semantic meaning, producing a new verb, and occurs both with and without the pronoun in the usual place. The prefix order is agent-patient-verb. A prefixed agent without a patient requires the dummy pronoun agreement -(s)o(z)-, a remnant of a much older conjugation system. Although prescriptive grammar insists on this being replaced by the correct agreement when the verb gains an actual patient, this is rarely the case with these kinds of set phrases, unless the patient pronoun is excluded:

''Us-oz-imi'' - to be my lover (to be loved by me)

''Us-oz-imi iş'' - she is my lover (hypercorrectly: ''us-is-imi iş'', occasionally ''us-is-imi'')

=== Derivative prefixes ===

There are many prefixes which can be used to derive new verbs. Some of these - such as ''ut-'' - are defunct aspect markers, others are particles which merge with verbs. 

''as-'': intensifier. ''aşşemi'' - 'to smoke a large amount'

''ut-'': agentifier. Near-defunct habitual aspect prefix, non-productive. ''uşemi'' - a smoker (or, in rare dynamic use, one who smokes a lot).

=== Adverbs ===

Any verb can be modified using a stative verb, such as ''yiişu'' ('to be fast'), placed before the verb:

''yiişu ttat iş'' - he eats quickly

Many serial verbs are also analysed as adverbs, although these are placed following the verb:

''şemi aşt iş'' - he smokes towards me

=== Copulae ===

There are two copulae, the zero-copula (employed in all situations where a copula linking two noun-like structures is required) and the locative copula. Most of the time, stative verbs are used to replace the copula:

''yuur iş'' - it is cheese

However, occasionally, for emphasis or for disambiguation, it is required that one object is explicitly stated to be another. This is often referred to as the 'copula of material', because its most frequent use is to define the material from which something is made. In this case, they are juxtaposed:

''yuur iş yuun iş'' - the moon is (made of) cheese

For locative constructions, along with 'there is'/'there are', possession, and a few other idiomatic sentence types, ''tey'' is used. It has the general meaning of 'by' or 'with':

''tey yuur iş yuun iş'' - The cheese is by the moon

This doubles as a possessive construction:

''tey yuur iş yuun iş'' - The cheese has the moon

When placed into the subordinate mood, this also acts as a kind of possessive pronoun:

''yuur iş tey yuun iş'' - The moon's cheese (the cheese that is with the moon)

It is also used in a serial verb construction with various verbs of feeling:

''tsitu tey iş'' - He feels happy

=== Postpositions ===

Almost all adpositions in Emmese are postpositions, although prepositions work in an identical fashion. All adpositional phrases are placed in the subordinate, and the adposition is attached to the pronoun:

''ayyab iş'' - a shop

''iş-u ayyab'' - in a shop

In relative clauses involving postpositions, the postposition is placed on the pronoun, and no relative pronoun is involved. However, the main clause is not treated like a subordinate:

''ayyab iş-u iş tey'' - The shop that he was in

''buzinn iş-enn iş tey'' - The girl that he was with

When two prepositions are involved (for example, in a sentence such as 'he was with the girl she was with'), the main clause's preposition is placed in the second position:

''tey iş buzinn iş-enn-enn iş tey'' - He's with the girl that she was with

=== Emphasis ===

Emphasis is commonly achieved by repetition:

''tey iş-iş'' - ''he'' is

''tey ayyab iş-iş'' - ''a shop'' is</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aasti/Lexicon</title>
    <id>6905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49435</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-27T20:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Navidel</username>
        <id>620</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Âsti-English==

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
! &lt;center&gt;Aasti&lt;/center&gt;
! &lt;center&gt;Part of speech&lt;/center&gt;
! &lt;center&gt;Conjugation&lt;/center&gt;
! &lt;center&gt;English&lt;/center&gt;
! &lt;center&gt;Note&lt;/center&gt;

|-
| abho
| noun
| III
| year
| 

|-
| âcat
| verb
| 
| breathe
| 

|-
| âce
| adjective
| 
| eight
| 

|-
| âcecren
| noun
| IIIc
| blood
| 

|-
| acha
| verb
| 
| eat
| 

|-
| âci
| pronoun
| 
| here
| alt. form térin

|-
| âci
| verb
| 
| know
| 

|-
| âgben
| noun
| IV
| flower
| 

|-
| âgi
| adjective
| 
| great
| included as &quot;swell&quot;

|-
| âgnâ
| adjective
| 
| dull
| 

|-
| âgne
| noun
| IIIc
| water
| 

|-
| aicia
| pronoun
| I
| he/she
| 

|-
| aieg
| noun
| III
| day
| 

|-
| aieru
| noun
| II
| husband
| 

|-
| âmethid
| noun
| III
| sea
| 

|-
| ânce
| noun
| III
| breath
| 

|-
| âniul
| adjective
| 
| empty
| 

|-
| âone
| verb
| 
| float
| 

|-
| âz
| adjective
| 
| one
| 

|-
| bagach
| noun
| IV
| road
| 

|-
| bagh
| adjective
| 
| good
| 

|-
| bâkítte
| verb
| 
| find
| 

|-
| bhach
| noun
| III
| feather
| 

|-
| bhach
| verb
| 
| take
| 

|-
| bhoggi
| adjective
| 
| old
| 

|-
| bhugi
| verb
| 
| flow
| 

|-
| bhuiu
| adjective
| 
| wet
| 

|-
| bigh
| adjective
| 
| new
| 

|-
| bocho
| noun
| IV
| forest
| included as &quot;woods&quot;

|-
| bocoiu
| noun
| IVc
| wood
| 

|-
| bogu
| verb
| 
| swell
| 

|-
| bogu
| verb
| 
| push
| 

|-
| bunír
| verb
| 
| involve
| 

|-
| buthos
| verb
| 
| kill
| 

|-
| câdh
| verb
| 
| stab
| 

|-
| câdhogh
| verb
| 
| pierce
| 

|-
| caie
| noun
| II
| snake
| 

|-
| câni
| noun
| III
| wave
| included as &quot;swell&quot;

|-
| carubh
| noun
| III
| bark
| of a dog

|-
| cci
| verb
| irr.
| be
| original form: ackí

|-
| ccin
| noun
| IIIc
| ice
| 

|-
| chaggi
| adjective
| 
| same
| 

|-
| châgo
| verb
| 
| farm
| 

|-
| chal
| noun
| IVc
| grass
| 

|-
| chan
| verb
| 
| come
| 

|-
| chari
| verb
| 
| sleep
| 

|-
| chaxin
| noun
| IIIc
| snow
| 

|-
| chex
| noun
| III
| rope
| 

|-
| chiârâ
| noun
| IVc
| dust
| 

|-
| chiniâ
| noun
| II
| wife
| 

|-
| chu
| noun
| III
| wing
| 

|-
| chucat
| verb
| 
| cut
| 

|-
| chunio
| verb
| 
| hunt
| 

|-
| churia
| noun
| III
| world
| included as &quot;earth&quot;

|-
| chuth
| verb
| 
| wipe
| 

|-
| cich
| noun
| III
| cloud
| 

|-
| cimu
| noun
| III
| star
| 

|-
| cina
| noun
| III
| cut
| 

|-
| coc
| noun
| IV
| stone
| 

|-
| cor
| noun
| III
| root
| 

|-
| cra
| verb
| 
| bite
| 

|-
| crag
| noun
| III
| head
| 

|-
| crage
| verb
| 
| freeze
| 

|-
| crat
| noun
| III
| bone
| 

|-
| cred
| noun
| II
| dog
| 

|-
| criâr
| noun
| III
| horn
| i.e. on an animal

|-
| cu
| adjective
| 
| ten
| 

|-
| dâgu
| adjective
| 
| warm
| 

|-
| dhârgu
| verb
| 
| stand
| 

|-
| dhe
| pronoun
| IV
| it
| 

|-
| dhia
| pronoun
| 
| thou
| 

|-
| dhoru
| noun
| III
| tooth
| 

|-
| dixa
| pronoun
| III
| it
| 

|-
| dogâ
| adjective
| 
| big
| 

|-
| doghâxi
| verb
| 
| play
| 

|-
| dugâth
| adjective
| 
| rotten
| 

|-
| dugu
| noun
| III
| mouth
| 

|-
| dzia
| pronoun
| 
| we
| 

|-
| enior
| noun
| IV
| ash
| 

|-
| gâga
| adjective
| 
| thick
| 

|-
| ganu
| noun
| III
| knee
| 

|-
| gânum
| adjective
| 
| sick
| 

|-
| gânuthar
| noun
| III
| smell
| 

|-
| geâ
| pronoun
| 
| I
| 

|-
| ghabo
| verb
| 
| wash
| 

|-
| ghaiâ
| noun
| III
| lie
| 

|-
| ghaien
| verb
| 
| live
| 

|-
| ghaniu
| verb
| 
| swim
| 

|-
| ghârin
| adjective
| 
| correct
| 

|-
| ghâro
| verb
| 
| lie
| i.e. tell a lie

|-
| ghes
| verb
| 
| blow
| 

|-
| gi
| adjective
| 
| five
| 

|-
| giârn
| noun
| II
| animal
| 

|-
| gob
| noun
| III
| horn
| i.e. the instrument

|-
| gobut
| noun
| III
| neck
| 

|-
| gogh
| adjective
| 
| wide
| 

|-
| gonia
| adjective
| 
| green
| 

|-
| gugh
| noun
| III
| night
| 

|-
| iago
| verb
| 
| have
| 

|-
| íâri
| noun
| II
| child
| 

|-
| ibhenaie
| adjective
| 
| white
| 

|-
| iebe
| pronoun
| II
| he/she
| 

|-
| iet
| adjective
| 
| seven
| 

|-
| íggi
| noun
| II
| worm
| 

|-
| ilin
| noun
| III
| sun
| 

|-
| ínoxo
| adjective
| 
| yellow
| 

|-
| io
| adjective
| 
| three
| 

|-
| iogo
| verb
| 
| go
| 

|-
| iol
| pronoun
| 
| they
| 

|-
| iottic
| adjective
| 
| near
| 

|-
| iuri
| adjective
| 
| few
| 

|-
| iuri
| verb
| 
| lie
| i.e. rest

|-
| mâgge
| verb
| 
| say
| 

|-
| menín
| noun
| III
| nose
| 

|-
| mod
| noun
| III
| hand
| 

|-
| mogge
| verb
| 
| walk
| 

|-
| monio
| noun
| III
| tongue
| 

|-
| mul
| adjective
| 
| many
| 

|-
| nagu
| noun
| II
| person
| 

|-
| nâth
| noun
| II
| mother
| 

|-
| ni
| adjective
| 
| two
| 

|-
| niage
| verb
| 
| tie
| 

|-
| niagho
| noun
| III
| hair
| 

|-
| níbho
| noun
| II
| woman
| 

|-
| nice
| adjective
| 
| nine
| 

|-
| nieri
| noun
| II
| man
| 

|-
| nocu
| verb
| 
| throw
| 

|-
| noneche
| pronoun
| 
| there
| alt. form torin

|-
| obâ
| adjective
| 
| blue
| 

|-
| ocin
| noun
| III
| fear
| 

|-
| oco
| verb
| 
| hold
| 

|-
| ogâ
| noun
| IVc
| dirt
| 

|-
| ogi
| noun
| II
| louse
| 

|-
| onâca
| adjective
| 
| far
| 

|-
| oniâ
| adjective
| 
| black
| 

|-
| osân
| noun
| II
| father
| 

|-
| pacan
| noun
| IV
| seed
| 

|-
| patuco
| noun
| IV
| mountain
| 

|-
| pogu
| noun
| III
| tail
| 

|-
| pothir
| adjective
| 
| small
| 

|-
| prâc
| noun
| III
| claw
| 

|-
| pradhos
| verb
| 
| die
| 

|-
| pran
| adjective
| 
| bad
| 

|-
| râ
| noun
| III
| eye
| 

|-
| râcci
| noun
| IVc
| meat
| also &quot;flesh&quot;

|-
| racha
| verb
| 
| rub
| 

|-
| raco
| adjective
| 
| male
| 

|-
| râcu
| verb
| 
| see
| 

|-
| râsu
| noun
| IIIc
| skin
| 

|-
| râth
| pronoun
| 
| this
| alt. form ací

|-
| râxu
| pronoun
| 
| that
| alt. form ajo

|-
| rieru
| adjective
| 
| long
| 

|-
| rogir
| adjective
| 
| red
| 

|-
| rurâ
| noun
| III
| moon
| 

|-
| seccig
| noun
| III
| bark
| from a tree

|-
| secrin
| noun
| III
| back
| 

|-
| sedâ
| adjective
| 
| beautiful
| 

|-
| sedherax
| noun
| IIIc
| fire
| 

|-
| sen
| adjective
| 
| six
| 

|-
| seprach
| adjective
| 
| dry
| 

|-
| sethori
| noun
| IV
| tree
| 

|-
| siben
| noun
| IV
| kind
| also &quot;type&quot;, &quot;species&quot;

|-
| sír
| adjective
| 
| cold
| 

|-
| síre
| verb
| 
| fall
| 

|-
| sixo
| adjective
| 
| sharp
| 

|-
| sono
| verb
| 
| sit
| 

|-
| soxâ
| noun
| III
| leg
| 

|-
| sperich
| noun
| II
| bird
| 

|-
| stam
| verb
| 
| turn
| 

|-
| sugho
| adjective
| 
| round
| 

|-
| sumier
| verb
| 
| smooth
| 

|-
| tac
| noun
| III
| blow
| 

|-
| taghâr
| adjective
| 
| straight
| 

|-
| tâgun
| adjective
| 
| full
| 

|-
| tâxe
| adjective
| 
| hot
| 

|-
| thâri
| noun
| IV
| sky
| 

|-
| thas
| verb
| 
| spit
| 

|-
| thorich
| verb
| 
| vomit
| 

|-
| thormi
| noun
| III
| river
| 

|-
| thuse
| verb
| 
| pull
| 

|-
| ti
| adjective
| 
| four
| 

|-
| tog
| adjective
| 
| fat
| 

|-
| tracci
| verb
| 
| hit
| 

|-
| trath
| adjective
| 
| other
| 

|-
| ucin
| verb
| 
| fight
| 

|-
| ucin
| verb
| 
| dig
| 

|-
| uddi
| noun
| II
| fish
| 

|-
| uenna
| pronoun
| 
| ye
| 

|-
| uggierân
| noun
| IV
| fruit
| 

|-
| ugha
| verb
| 
| make
| i.e. es: hacer

|-
| ugier
| noun
| III
| belly
| 

|-
| ugnu
| noun
| IIIc
| guts
| 

|-
| uncu
| verb
| 
| give
| 

|-
| uraieni
| noun
| III
| lake
| 

|-
| xa
| noun
| IIIc
| spit
| 

|-
| xâan
| verb
| 
| laugh
| 

|-
| xabeb
| noun
| IIIc
| rain
| 

|-
| xâce
| noun
| III
| wind
| 

|-
| xach
| noun
| III
| scratch
| 

|-
| xache
| noun
| IVc
| salt
| 

|-
| xâchi
| noun
| IV
| leaf
| 

|-
| xâgho
| noun
| III
| heart
| 

|-
| xares
| verb
| 
| burn
| 

|-
| xâri
| noun
| III
| name
| 

|-
| xâsen
| verb
| 
| hear
| 

|-
| xâth
| adjective
| 
| split
| 

|-
| xeggi
| verb
| 
| sew
| 

|-
| xobâ
| noun
| IIIc
| fog
| 

|-
| xocu
| noun
| IIIc
| smoke
| 

|-
| xonâ
| verb
| 
| sing
| 

|-
| xonia
| noun
| III
| liver
| 

|-
| xucen
| verb
| 
| fly
| 

|-
| xucu
| noun
| IVc
| sand
| 

|-
| zec
| noun
| III
| egg
| 

|-
| zugâ
| verb
| 
| drink
| 

|}

==English-Aasti==

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
! &lt;center&gt;English&lt;/center&gt;
! &lt;center&gt;Aasti&lt;/center&gt;

|-
| animal
| giârn

|-
| ash
| enior

|-
| back
| secrin

|-
| bad
| pran

|-
| bark
| carubh

|-
| bark
| seccig

|-
| be
| cci

|-
| beautiful
| sedâ

|-
| belly
| ugier

|-
| big
| dogâ

|-
| bird
| sperich

|-
| bite
| cra

|-
| black
| oniâ

|-
| blood
| âcecren

|-
| blow
| tac

|-
| blow
| ghes

|-
| blue
| obâ

|-
| bone
| crat

|-
| breath
| ânce

|-
| breathe
| âcat

|-
| burn
| xares

|-
| child
| íâri

|-
| claw
| prâc

|-
| cloud
| cich

|-
| cold
| sír

|-
| come
| chan

|-
| correct
| ghârin

|-
| cut
| cina

|-
| cut
| chucat

|-
| day
| aieg

|-
| die
| pradhos

|-
| dig
| ucin

|-
| dirt
| ogâ

|-
| dog
| cred

|-
| drink
| zugâ

|-
| dry
| seprach

|-
| dull
| âgnâ

|-
| dust
| chiârâ

|-
| eat
| acha

|-
| egg
| zec

|-
| eight
| âce

|-
| empty
| âniul

|-
| eye
| râ

|-
| fall
| síre

|-
| far
| onâca

|-
| farm
| châgo

|-
| fat
| tog

|-
| father
| osân

|-
| fear
| ocin

|-
| feather
| bhach

|-
| few
| iuri

|-
| fight
| ucin

|-
| find
| bâkítte

|-
| fire
| sedherax

|-
| fish
| uddi

|-
| five
| gi

|-
| float
| âone

|-
| flow
| bhugi

|-
| flower
| âgben

|-
| fly
| xucen

|-
| fog
| xobâ

|-
| forest
| bocho

|-
| four
| ti

|-
| freeze
| crage

|-
| fruit
| uggierân

|-
| full
| tâgun

|-
| give
| uncu

|-
| go
| iogo

|-
| good
| bagh

|-
| grass
| chal

|-
| great
| âgi

|-
| green
| gonia

|-
| guts
| ugnu

|-
| hair
| niagho

|-
| hand
| mod

|-
| have
| iago

|-
| he/she
| iebe

|-
| he/she
| aicia

|-
| head
| crag

|-
| hear
| xâsen

|-
| heart
| xâgho

|-
| here
| âci

|-
| hit
| tracci

|-
| hold
| oco

|-
| horn
| gob

|-
| horn
| criâr

|-
| hot
| tâxe

|-
| hunt
| chunio

|-
| husband
| aieru

|-
| I
| geâ

|-
| ice
| ccin

|-
| involve
| bunír

|-
| it
| dhe

|-
| it
| dixa

|-
| kill
| buthos

|-
| kind
| siben

|-
| knee
| ganu

|-
| know
| âci

|-
| lake
| uraieni

|-
| laugh
| xâan

|-
| leaf
| xâchi

|-
| leg
| soxâ

|-
| lie
| ghaiâ

|-
| lie
| ghâro

|-
| lie
| iuri

|-
| live
| ghaien

|-
| liver
| xonia

|-
| long
| rieru

|-
| louse
| ogi

|-
| make
| ugha

|-
| male
| raco

|-
| man
| nieri

|-
| many
| mul

|-
| meat
| râcci

|-
| moon
| rurâ

|-
| mother
| nâth

|-
| mountain
| patuco

|-
| mouth
| dugu

|-
| name
| xâri

|-
| near
| iottic

|-
| neck
| gobut

|-
| new
| bigh

|-
| night
| gugh

|-
| nine
| nice

|-
| nose
| menín

|-
| old
| bhoggi

|-
| one
| âz

|-
| other
| trath

|-
| person
| nagu

|-
| pierce
| câdhogh

|-
| play
| doghâxi

|-
| pull
| thuse

|-
| push
| bogu

|-
| rain
| xabeb

|-
| red
| rogir

|-
| river
| thormi

|-
| road
| bagach

|-
| root
| cor

|-
| rope
| chex

|-
| rotten
| dugâth

|-
| round
| sugho

|-
| rub
| racha

|-
| salt
| xache

|-
| same
| chaggi

|-
| sand
| xucu

|-
| say
| mâgge

|-
| scratch
| xach

|-
| sea
| âmethid

|-
| see
| râcu

|-
| seed
| pacan

|-
| seven
| iet

|-
| sew
| xeggi

|-
| sharp
| sixo

|-
| sick
| gânum

|-
| sing
| xonâ

|-
| sit
| sono

|-
| six
| sen

|-
| skin
| râsu

|-
| sky
| thâri

|-
| sleep
| chari

|-
| small
| pothir

|-
| smell
| gânuthar

|-
| smoke
| xocu

|-
| smooth
| sumier

|-
| snake
| caie

|-
| snow
| chaxin

|-
| spit
| xa

|-
| spit
| thas

|-
| split
| xâth

|-
| stab
| câdh

|-
| stand
| dhârgu

|-
| star
| cimu

|-
| stone
| coc

|-
| straight
| taghâr

|-
| sun
| ilin

|-
| swell
| bogu

|-
| swim
| ghaniu

|-
| tail
| pogu

|-
| take
| bhach

|-
| ten
| cu

|-
| that
| râxu

|-
| there
| noneche

|-
| they
| iol

|-
| thick
| gâga

|-
| this
| râth

|-
| thou
| dhia

|-
| three
| io

|-
| throw
| nocu

|-
| tie
| niage

|-
| tongue
| monio

|-
| tooth
| dhoru

|-
| tree
| sethori

|-
| turn
| stam

|-
| two
| ni

|-
| vomit
| thorich

|-
| walk
| mogge

|-
| warm
| dâgu

|-
| wash
| ghabo

|-
| water
| âgne

|-
| wave
| câni

|-
| we
| dzia

|-
| wet
| bhuiu

|-
| white
| ibhenaie

|-
| wide
| gogh

|-
| wife
| chiniâ

|-
| wind
| xâce

|-
| wing
| chu

|-
| wipe
| chuth

|-
| woman
| níbho

|-
| wood
| bocoiu

|-
| world
| churia

|-
| worm
| íggi

|-
| ye
| uenna

|-
| year
| abho

|-
| yellow
| ínoxo

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Erghorn</title>
    <id>6906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49458</id>
      <timestamp>2009-09-29T21:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vyndesskays</username>
        <id>1328</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Erghorn''' is the language of the aristocrats in Ballhornia, which is spoken in castles in the hidden mountains of Northern-Ballhornia.
The language changes also some grammatical aspects of the former [[Ballhorn]].
To discriminate themselves from the down-sitters in the villages, there has been many quarrel between them; They strictly discriminated the popular Nominative and Accusative ( Called Nomis &amp; Accis) and throw themselves into a bloody battle with the Ergative Case. 

The dedication to the ergative was reached by the aristocrats not voluntarily, but by the originated trouble.


{{Language|
| English = Erghorn
| country = Middle Europe
| nativecountry = Ballhornia
| universe = Real world
| speakers = 100
| family = [[Intro-ballhornic]]
| branch = [[Germanic]]
| subbranch = [[Bavarian]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hungarian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Greek &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lithuanian &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhirsk &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhornic &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ballhorn &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Basque 
| wordorder = SOV,
| type = Fusional (mostly)
| alignment = ergative-absolutive
| author = Lukas Denk
| date = 2009
| background = white
| headingbg = grey
| width = 33%
}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Imperial</title>
    <id>6907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49536</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-02T11:04:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kohorik</username>
        <id>1335</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]

=Phonemes=

==Consonants==

The consonant system of Proto-Imperial is characterized by a large amount of plosives and affricates (here called stops), with 4 different manners of articulation: lenis, fortis, glottalized and prenasalized at 5 different points of articulation, as well as the glottal stop. On the other hand there are few fricatives, and no phonemic nasals.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-&lt;br /&gt;palatal]]

! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|- style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | plain
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | [[Affricate consonant|fricated]]
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
|-

! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[lenis consonant|lenis]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|ʦ}} || {{IPA|tɬ}} || {{IPA|ʨ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-

! style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[fortis consonant|fortis]]
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || {{IPA|ʦʰ}} || {{IPA|tɬʰ}} || {{IPA|ʨʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|qʰ}} || 
|-

! style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]
| {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|tʼ}} || {{IPA|ʦʼ}} ||  {{IPA|tɬʼ}} || {{IPA|ʨʼ}} || {{IPA|kʼ}} ||  {{IPA|qʼ}} || 
|-

! style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| {{IPA|mb}} || {{IPA|nd}} || {{IPA|nʣ}} ||  {{IPA|ndɮ}} || {{IPA|ɲʥ}} || {{IPA|ŋg}} ||  {{IPA|ɴɢ}} || 
|-

! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]
| || || {{IPA|s}} ||  || {{IPA|ɕ}} || || || {{IPA|h}} 
|-

! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Approximant]]
| || ||  || {{IPA|l}}  || ({{IPA|j}}) || ({{IPA|w}}) || || 
|-

|}

The central approximants /w/ and /j/ can be treated as consonantal allophones of /u/ and /i/ respectively.


==Vowels==

Proto-Imperial has three contrastive [[vowel]] qualities {{IPA|/i, u, a/}} at two different vowel heights (high, low). There are also two contrastive [[vowel length]]s and a contrast in [[nasalization]]. There are also 4 diphthongs. This results in 16 phonemic vowels, shown below.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Oral, Long''
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]] 
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|iː}} || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA|aː}}|| 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Oral, Short''
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]] 
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA|a}} ||
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Nasal, Long''
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]] 
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|ĩː}} || {{IPA|ũː}} 
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA|ãː}}|| 
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Nasal, Short''
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]] 
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|ĩ}} || {{IPA|ũ}} 
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
| {{IPA|ã}}|| 
|}


There are also 2 oral and 2 nasal diphthongs: 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Diphthongs''
! 
! [[Oral vowel|Oral]] 
! [[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
|-
! Closing to {{IPA|ɪ}} 
| {{IPA|aɪ}} || {{IPA|ãɪ}} 
|-
! Closing to {{IPA|ʊ}} 
| {{IPA|aʊ}} || {{IPA|ãʊ}} 
|}

=Syllable structure and constraints=

The syllable structure is C(G)V(X), where

: C is any (phonemic) consonant (i.e. no central approximant)
: G is one of the two central consonants, [{{IPA|j}}] or [{{IPA|w}}]  
: V is any vowel or diphthong
: X is one of the two glottal consonants, /{{IPA|ʔ}}/ or /{{IPA|h}}/

The central approximants cannot occur before the vowel of which they are allophones. In other words [{{IPA|w}}] does never occur before /{{IPA|u}}({{IPA|ː}})/  and  [{{IPA|j}}] does never occur before  /{{IPA|i}}({{IPA|ː}})/.
The palatal approximant [{{IPA|j}}] does not occur after sibilants or affricates. It also doesn't seem to occur after uvular consonants.
The labio-velar approximant [{{IPA|w}}] does not occur after the lateral affricates.

=Stress=

Word-stress in PI were not phonemical. The nature of the stress are unknown, but it is likely that it was some kind of pitch-accent. Even if the exact nature of the stress is unkown, we know which syllable was stressed.

The last checked syllable in the word, except for the very last syllable received primary stress. If no syllables in a word were checked, the first syllable of the word was stressed. Every other syllable, counting back and forward from the primary stressed syllable received secondary stress, last syllable of the word excluded. Note however that most words were 2 or 3 syllables long, and only received primary stress.

Morphology in PI were procliticizing, where the morphological containt were included in proclitics before the root words. These clitics were always unstressed.


=Realizations and allophony=

The realization and allophony of Proto-Imperial (PI) is based on the reflexes of the daughter language(s). Quite possibly many of these allophonies reflects the pronunciation of a rather late stage of PI:s history.

==Consonants==

The realizations of the consonants were depending on their location inside the word. In PI one differs between two locations, initial and medial. Initial position is initially in the word, or after a checked syllable (i.e. a syllable that ends with /{{IPA|ʔ}}/ or /{{IPA|h}}/) while medial position is after a non-checked syllable.

===Stops===

Lenis stops were pronounced voiceless in initial position, and voiced in medial position. They were voiced as such:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Lenis stops''
! [[Unvoiced consonant|Unvoiced]] 
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
|-
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} 
|-
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
|-
| {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
| {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʦ}} || {{IPA|ʣ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʨ}} || {{IPA|ʥ}}
|-
| {{IPA|tɬ}} || {{IPA|dɮ}} 
|}


The affricates could further deaffricate to voiced fricatives in some dialects.

Checked syllables ending in /{{IPA|h}}/ + lenis stop was pronounced as a preaspirated stop.


Fortis stops were always voiceless. They were pronounced aspirated in initial position, and geminated and preaspirated in medial position. The difference between non-checked syllable + fortis stop and h-checked syllable + lenis stop is thus one of consonant length.


Glottalized stops were ejectives, except for the labial plosive, which was an implosive. Certain dialect also pronounced the alveolar plosive as an implosive rather than an ejective. There seems to have been no difference in pronunciation between initial and medial position for the glottalized plosives/affricates.


The pronunciation of prenasalized stops depended on the location but also on the quality of the following vowel. All prenasalized stops except the lateral affricate were pronounced nasal before a nasal vowel. They nasalize as such:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Nasal realization of prenasalized stops''
! [[Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] 
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|-
| {{IPA|mb}} || {{IPA|m}} 
|-
| {{IPA|nd}} || {{IPA|n}}
|-
| {{IPA|ŋg}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɴɢ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
| {{IPA|nʣ}} || {{IPA|n}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɲʥ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}}
|}

The ”nasals” were pronounced the same in initial and medial position. Notice the partial merger between /{{IPA|nd}}/ and {IPA|nʣ}}/ (to [{{IPA|n}}]) as well as between /{{IPA|ŋg}}/ and /{{IPA|ɴɢ}}/ (to [{{IPA|ŋ}}].

Before oral vowels and in initial position they were pronounced without the prenasalization, i.e. as voiced stops:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Voiced realization of prenasalized stops''
! [[Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] 
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
|-
| {{IPA|mb}} || {{IPA|b}} 
|-
| {{IPA|nd}} || {{IPA|d}}
|-
| {{IPA|ŋg}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɴɢ}} || {{IPA|ɢ}}
|-
| {{IPA|nʣ}} || {{IPA|ʣ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ɲʥ}} || {{IPA|ʥ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ndɮ}} || {{IPA|dɮ}} 
|}

Resulting affricates were never deaffricated.

In medial position before oral vowels they were pronounced as true prenasalized stops, but the same dialects that deaffricate medial lenis affricates also deaffricate medial prenasalized affricates, so that they become prenasalized fricatives: [{{IPA|nz}}], [{{IPA|ɲʑ}}] and [{{IPA|nɮ}}],[{{IPA|nl}}] or [{{IPA|lː}}]


Also note that several dialects failed to deaffricate the lateral prenasalized affricate in medial position, even if they deaffricate other affricates.

===Other consonants===

Other consonant show less allophony, but [{{IPA|h}}] was usually pronounced voiced [{{IPA|ɦ}}] when in coda and before voiced consonants (i.e. /{{IPA|ɓ}}/ prenasalized stops and /{{IPA|l}}/).


==Vowels==

Vowel realizations depended on the phonation type and/or the surroundings.

Nasal vowels were centralized, and vowels next to an uvular (phone) was lowered/backed.

Non-nasal non-backed /{{IPA|a}}({{IPA|ː}})/ was realized as [{{IPA|æ}}({{IPA|ː}})].


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ ''Realizations of vowels''
! [[Phoneme]]
! [[Oral vowel|Normal]] 
! [[Nasal vowel|Nasal]]
! [[Backed|Backed/lowered]]
! Nasal + Backed/lowered
|-
| {{IPA|a}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|æ}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ɐ̃}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ɑ}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ɑ~}}({{IPA|ː}})
|-
|  {{IPA|i}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|i}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ɪ~}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|e}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ɛ~}}({{IPA|ː}}) 
|-
| {{IPA|u}}({{IPA|ː}})  || {{IPA|u}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|ʊ~}}({{IPA|ː}}) || {{IPA|o}}({{IPA|ː}})  || {{IPA|ɔ~}}({{IPA|ː}}) 
|}


Vowels in syllables that are closed with [{{IPA|ʔ}}] were possibly pronounced with a glottalized vowel (i.e. creaky voice), at least in some dialects.  The glottal stop could not be geminated, so when a ʔ-checked syllable were followed by an initial [{{IPA|ʔ}}] the coda disappeared, but the creaky voice of the preceding vowel probably remained, once again depending on dialect.

=Romanization=

The romanization scheme I've chosen for PI is neither phonemical nor phonetical, but rather a practical orthography.

==Consonants==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-&lt;br /&gt;palatal]]

! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|- style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | plain
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | [[Affricate consonant|fricated]]
! style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot; | [[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
|-

! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[lenis consonant|lenis]]
| b || d || z || dl || ž || g || r || (')
|-

! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[fortis consonant|fortis]]
| p || t || c || tl || č || k || q || 
|-

! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]
| pb || tt || cc ||  ttl || čč || kk ||  qq || 
|-

! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;&quot; | [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| initial || bb || dd || zz || ddl || žž || gg || rr || 
|-
| medial || mb || nd || nz || ndl || ňž || ŋg || ŋr || 
|-
| nasal || m || n || n || || ň || ŋ || ŋ || 
|-

! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Fricative]]
| || || s ||  || š || || || h
|-

! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Approximant]]
| || ||  || l  || y || w || || 
|-

|}

Initial prenasalized consonant graphemes are used when the phoneme is in initial position and the following vowel is oral.
Medial prenasalized consonant graphemes are used when the phoneme is in medial position and the following vowel is oral.
Nasal prenasalized consonant graphemes are used when the following vowel is nasal.

==Vowels==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
! [[Short vowel|Short oral]]
! [[Long vowel|Long oral]] 
! [[Short vowel|Short nasal]]
! [[Long vowel|Long nasal]]
|-
| a|| aa || ą/a || ąą/aa 
|-
|  i || ii || į/i || įį/ii 
|-
| u || uu || ų/u || ųų/uu
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
!
! [[diphthong|Oral diphthongl]]
! [[diphthong|Nasal diphthong]] 
|-
| to {{IPA|ɪ}} || ay || ąy/ay  
|-
|  to {{IPA|ʊ}} || aw ||ąw/aw  
|}

Nasal vowels are written as oral vowels after a nasal consonant, e.g. &lt;ma&gt; /{{IPA|mb}}{{IPA|ã}}/ [{{IPA|m}}{{IPA|ɐ̃}}]

==Glottal stop==

The glottal stop is unmarked:

# Word initially, &lt;aba&gt; /{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|a}}{{IPA|p}}{{IPA|a}}/ [{{IPA|ˈ}}{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|æ}}{{IPA|b}}{{IPA|æ}}]
# Between dissimilar vowels, &lt;gai&gt; /{{IPA|k}}{{IPA|a}}{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|i}}/ [{{IPA|ˈ}}{{IPA|k}}{{IPA|æ}}{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|i}}]
# In coda, before an initial prenasalized non-nasal stop, &lt;gazzi&gt; /{{IPA|k}}{{IPA|a}}{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|nʣ}}{{IPA|i}}/ [{{IPA|ˈ}}{{IPA|k}}{{IPA|æ}}{{IPA|ʔ}}{{IPA|ʣ}}{{IPA|i}}]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LoCoWriMo/2009 October/Participants</title>
    <id>6908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54270</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-24T02:11:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[LoCoWriMo/Participants]] to [[LoCoWriMo/2009 October/Participants]]:&amp;#32;Make room for new participants page for July 2010  LoCoWriMo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
! Participant
! Conlang
! Word Count
! Writing Tools
! width=50% | Synopsis

|- valign=top
| Adam Walker
| Carraxan
| 167 / 5000 words
| Open Office/MS Word
| A less than accurate &quot;history&quot; of the War of the Two Queens from Carraxan history.  The author of this piece wrote quite some time after the events and seems to have relied more on oral traditions than actual documents form the era he describes.  The piece is important to Carraxan literature and to cultural perceptions of the birth of the nation, but makes historians moan.

|- valign=top
| Amanda Babcock Furrow
| [http://quandary.org/~langs/merechi/ mërèchi]
| 0 / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| A conversation between two young women who had just been brought back vividly by hearing someone practicing the music of the cohort just ahead of theirs (the cycle having come almost back around to their own) so that they get involved in organizing the induction for the next generation of their own cohort.  Partly like planning the high school reunion (but one to which only the most dedicated come), and partly like deciding to be a Girl Scout leader, or something.

|- valign=top
| Arthaey Angosii
| [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/ashaille/ Asha'ille]
| 952 / 6000
''[https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AvD2Pyhotv1OdDRSMERSMWdqcG81NXFZMFdiTVBCVGc&amp;hl=en details]''
| Google Docs
''[http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/ashaille/writing/interlinears/locowrimo.txt plain text]''
| First contact between three Cresaean (empathic feline) hunters and a military/biologist scouting pair of humans. The Cresaean leader decides to trust the two humans and brings them back to his village. However, when they arrive at the Cresaean village, the humans are taken prisoner for murder of another Cresaean. The Cresaean leader must then decide whether trying to save the lives of these strange aliens is worth risking his standing in the community, especially when the truth is not clear.

|- valign=top
| Edward Miller
| Jezzali
| 2029 / 5000
''[https://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=0AuHg8KXeqkVedHRsbmxMSUxLM2liWWJYVTRiRElXT1E&amp;hl=en details]''
| hand-written
| A retelling of the Epic of Sulerain, a great hunter. Chronicles her hunt for a massive leviathon, and her demise at the hand of an ally who betrayed her in measures.

|- valign=top
| Jim Henry
| [[gjâ-zym-byn]]
| 60 / 60 pages (approx 6000 words)
| hand-written
| A paralyzed, mute telepath finds the only person within range of his powers he can talk to rather than just listen to, and begins a strange relationship with her.

|- valign=top
| Kate Rhodes
| olo
| count / 5000
| [http://www.literatureandlatte.com/scrivener.html Scrivener] (for writing), [http://www.flyingmeat.com/voodoopad/ Voodoopad] (for language reference)
| ''Sadly, life interceded and I didn't end up doing it in Oct. I'm going to do it in Nov. instead of NaNoWriMo. Not sure what I'll write about yet though.''

|- valign=top
| Lee
| ''conlang''
| 0 / 5000
| Word or Notepad++
| fairy tale mashup?

|- valign=top
| Mechthild Czapp
| [http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]
| 5005 / 5000
| joe as editor, XFCEterm as terminal it runs in, TXT fileformat, Xubuntu Linux as OS [http://gist.github.com/101728 scroll down to read]
| An ''exkola'het side'' (~= high school) student who is close to failing politics unless her final project about ''lekax'het xetsukovomin'' (the laws on elections) - and decides to make her point by running herself. The idea that a student is running spreads though the schools of the ''kalesa'' (district) and with the votes of many students, she gets into the ''lentinic'' convention. Despite a rather low hani-number, this is in the time, where 2 ''meta-liside'ny'' (~=coalitions) are struggling for power and both need her vote (despite having only a low value since comparatively few people voted for her) to get a ''mejiheji'het naiken'' ('parliamentary majority', ie: a 50%+1 vote majority).

|- valign=top
| Roger Mills
| [http://cinduworld.tripod.com/contents.htm Kash]
| 0 / 5000
| Word or OO Writer
| A first-contact story about the Terran who is sent down to Cindu.

|- valign=top
| ''participant''
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| ''synopsis''

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pataari</title>
    <id>6909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49544</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-02T20:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ulan</username>
        <id>1336</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Pataari
|pronounce=[pɑdɑːɹɪ]
|tu=NS
|in=Various Tribes as a lingua franca
|no=???
|script=Latin
|tree=Jevakki&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hinono
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Faxo-Pataari&lt;br&gt;
|morph=Agglunative
|ms=Tripartite
|wo= topic-focus
|creator=Ulan / Dave S
|date=Fall 2009}}


== Consonants==
Asterisks mark sounds not fully represented with the orthography, brackets show how sounds are represented
{| cellspacing=5
! || align=center| labial || align=center| dental || align=center| alveolar || align=center| post-alveolar || align=center| palatal || align=center| velar || align=center| glottal
|-
| '''stops''' || align=center| p|p| b* || || align=center| t&lt;t&gt; d* || || || align=center| k&lt;k&gt; g* || align=center| (ʔ)
|-
| '''fricatives''' || align=center| ɸ* β* || align=center| θ&lt;3&gt; ð* || align=center| s&quot;s&quot; z* || align=center|ʃ&lt;ş&gt; ʒ* || || align=center| x&lt;x&gt; ɣ* || align=center| h&lt;h&gt;
|-
| '''nasals''' || align=center| m&lt;m&gt; || || align=center| n&lt;n&gt; || || align=center| ŋ*
|-
| '''liquids''' || || align=center| ɹ* l&lt;l&gt;
|-
| '''glides''' || align=center| w&lt;w&gt; || || || || align=center| y&lt;y&gt;
|}
[p t k x ʃ s l θ t͡s t͡ʃ] → [β d g ɣ ʒ z ɹ ð d͡z d͡ʒ] In between vowels, when a consonant is before the final vowel of a word, it is often devoiced allowing possibilities like [ɸ]. After nasals and liquids [p] just become [b], rather than  [β].
==Vowels==
Brackets show how sounds are written, asterisks show sounds that usually only follow after velar consonants
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Monophthongs of Pataari
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2|Front
! colspan=2|Central
! colspan=2|Back
|-
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;long&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;short&lt;/small&gt;
|-align=center
! |Close
| iː&lt;ii&gt;
| ɪ&quot;i&quot;
| 
|
| uː&lt;uu&gt;*
| ʊ&quot;u&quot;*
|-align=center
! |Mid
| ɛː &lt;ee&gt;
| ɛ&lt;e&gt;
| 
| 
| ɔː&lt;oo&gt;
| ɔ&lt;o&gt;
|-align=center
!|Open
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ɑː&lt;aa&gt;
| ɑ&lt;a&gt;
|}
Dipthongs: [ei] [ɔu] [ie] and [ai] shown as &lt;ei, ou, ie, ai&gt;


==Prosody and Stress==
A heavy syllable is defined as one with a diphthong, long vowel, or one that closes with a consonant. There are no superheavy syllables (though, there are some rare exceptions) within Pataari, as in one that has a diphthong or long vowel and closes with a consonant. So, with VV beeing a diphthong, the sylable structure follows as:&lt;br&gt;
V                   |            CV&lt;br&gt;
VV                 |            CVV&lt;br&gt;
VC                 |            CVV&lt;br&gt;
A word must at least have two light syllables or one heavy one, and never end with a consonant. Stress  is marked by a higher pitch on either the first heavy syllable or first light syllable if there are no heavy syllables are within the word. Every following heavy syllable carries secondary stress after that, or every other light syllable -- the final light syllable is never stressed.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Q'tâbin</title>
    <id>6910</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49549</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-03T02:07:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Q'tâbin]] to [[Qíban]]:&amp;#32;Name Change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Qíban]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna : Chapter 1</title>
    <id>6911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49966</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-30T05:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Allophones in Seuna */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Consonants ==

These are the 17 consonants. All these sounds will be familiar to English speakers apart from  &quot;@&quot;.  The ampersand &quot;@&quot; is used here to represents the glottal stop although some would argue that it would have been better to use the I.P.A. (International Phonetic Alphabet) symbol &quot; ʔ &quot;. The glottal stop is a consonant  found in many languages. In English the feature is represented, for example, by the hyphen in uh-oh! and by the apostrophe in Hawaiʻi among those attempting an authentic pronunciation of that name.

The 17 symbols chosen to represent these 17 consonants are more or less copied from Tibetan. These symbols were chosen as it was felt that : although all 17 symbols were very distinct from each other,  at the same time they  seemed to share a common theme. 

There is no correspondence between the phonetic values given here and how they are pronounced in Tibet. 

Also there is also no correspondence between how a sound &quot;feels&quot; and how it is written. If there was such a correspondence &quot;s&quot; would be extremely smooth, the nasals would be quite smooth and &quot;k&quot;, &quot;p&quot; and &quot;t&quot; would be extremely angular. This does not happen. 

There is no scheme that gives these symbols common elements corresponding to common articulation methods. However it can be noted that &quot;b&quot;, &quot;p&quot; and &quot;m&quot; have a common element. As do &quot;h&quot; and &quot;@&quot;. Also &quot;g&quot; and &quot;y&quot; are quite similar and diachronically &quot;g&quot; =&gt; &quot;y&quot;  is quite a  common sound change.

[[Image:Bitmap_5_Seuna.PNG]]

In Seuna, these above 17 symbols are called '''mozga''' (plural '''mozgai'''). The Seuna for &quot;alphabet&quot; is '''mozgaiya'''.

== Vowels ==

The vowel marks are given below. They are written above the consonants that they follow so they are demonstrated here over &quot;d&quot; . 


[[Image:Bitmap_6_Seuna.PNG]]

== A short explanation of allophones ==

The allophone is a very interesting linguistic phenomenon. But how to explain it ...

O.K. take the word &quot;Mitsubishi&quot;. Now this is how a Native English Speaker (NES) wrote down this Japanese word in the Latin alphabet. However a Native Japanese Speaker (NJS) would have written this word as &quot;Mitubisi&quot; in the Latin alphabet. It is a feature of Japanese that that when &quot;t&quot; is followed by &quot;u&quot;. the &quot;t&quot; is always released with such force, that it sounds (to a NES) as if there is an &quot;s&quot; between the &quot;t&quot; and the &quot;u&quot;. Also a feature of Japanese is that when &quot;s&quot; is followed by &quot;i&quot;, the vowel sound influences where the tongue gets close to the roof of the mouth in the making of the &quot;s&quot; sound, so that to a NES the sound is heard as a &quot;sh&quot; sound.

In technical language, it would be said that &quot;sh&quot; is an allophonr of &quot;s&quot; and &quot;ts&quot; is an allophone of &quot;t&quot; in Japanese . 

To the NJS's ear and brain the two sounds &quot;s&quot; and &quot;sh&quot; are exactly the same and the two sounds &quot;t&quot; and &quot;ts&quot; are exactly the same. If a NES was to try and convince a NJS (who hadn't studied phonology) that &quot;s&quot; and &quot;sh&quot; were two different sounds, he could argue until he was blue in the face, the NJS just would not get it.

== Allophones in Seuna ==

Seuna has a few allophones. 

One that Seuna shares with Japanese is that &quot;s&quot; is pronounced &quot;sh&quot; before &quot;i&quot;. The I.P.A. symbol for this sound is &quot;ʃ&quot;. I will use the I.PA. symbol from now on when transcibing this sound.

Another it that when &quot;s&quot; is between two voiced sounds word internally, it is pronounced as &quot;z&quot;. By the way &quot;m y j b g d l w n a i o e and u&quot;  are voiced sounds.

When the environment that produces &quot;ʃ&quot; and the environment that produces &quot;z&quot; co-exist. It is the &quot;ʃ&quot; sound that is prevails. For example the Seuna word meaning correct, is '''@iʃi''' and not '''@izi'''.

Another allophone is that when &quot;n&quot; is followed by &quot;k&quot; or &quot;g&quot; it is pronounced as in the final sound in the English word &quot;sing&quot;. The I.P.A. symbol for this sound is &quot;ŋ&quot;. I will use the I.PA. symbol from now on when transcibing this sound.

== Vowel clusters ==

=== Clusters of 2 vowels ===

The six diphthongs that are made up of combinations of two of the above simple vowels are shown below.

[[Image:Bitmap_99_Seuna.PNG]]

=== Clusters of 3 vowels ===

The two diphthongs that are made up of combinations of three of the simple vowels are shown below.

[[Image:Bitmap_98_Seuna.PNG]]

== Consonant clusters ==

===Word-initial constant clusters===

In the same way that you can get sequences of vowels to flow into each other and produce diphthongs, clusters of consonants can occur. Given below is a list of consonants and consonant clusters which are allowed to start a word. There are 37 of them.

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''my'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''jw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''f'''
  |align=center| '''fy'''
  |align=center| '''fl'''
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''by'''
  |align=center| '''bl'''
  |align=center| '''bw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''gl'''
  |align=center| '''gw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''dw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''c'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''cw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''sl'''
  |align=center| '''sw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''k'''
  |align=center| '''ky'''
  |align=center| '''kl'''
  |align=center| '''kw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''py'''
  |align=center| '''pl'''
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''t'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''tw'''
  |-
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
   |}

'''z''' is an allophone of '''s''' ... when inside a word and before a voiced consonant.

'''ʃ''' is also an allophone of '''s''' ... when before the front vowels '''i''' or '''ia'''.

'''ŋ''' is an allophone of '''n''' ... when followed by '''k''' or '''g'''.

The post-alveolar affricates are represented here by '''c''' and '''j''', are the initial sounds of &quot;Charlie&quot; and &quot;Jimmy&quot; respectively. .

The consonant '''r''' is exceptional in that it only occurs in suffixes attached to active verbs.

An off-gesture (or off-flurish) is when a consonant is immediately followed by &quot;y&quot;,&quot;l&quot; or &quot;w&quot;.
Off-gestures only occur word initially and are restricted to certain letters (see &quot;initial consonant clusters&quot; in &quot;Seuna word shape&quot;). The off-gesture is indicated by a mark placed just to the top right of the main figure (see below).

[[Image:Bitmap_8_Seuna.PNG]]

===Mid-word constant clusters===

The single consonants and consonant combinations given below are allowed word internally. There are 53 of them.

 {| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| '''f'''  
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| '''c'''  
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| '''k'''  
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''t'''  
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''h'''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''lm'''
  |align=center| '''ly'''
  |align=center| '''lj'''
  |align=center| '''lf'''  
  |align=center| '''lb'''
  |align=center| '''lg'''
  |align=center| '''ld'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''lc'''  
  |align=center| '''ls'''
  |align=center| '''lk'''  
  |align=center| '''lp'''
  |align=center| '''lt'''  
  |align=center| '''lw'''
  |align=center| '''ln'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''ny'''
  |align=center| '''nj'''
  |align=center| '''nf'''  
  |align=center| '''mb'''
  |align=center| '''ŋg'''
  |align=center| '''nd'''
  |align=center| '''  '''
  |align=center| '''nc'''  
  |align=center| '''ns'''
  |align=center| '''ŋk'''  
  |align=center| '''mp'''
  |align=center| '''nt'''  
  |align=center| '''mw'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| '''sm'''
  |align=center| '''sy'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''  '''  
  |align=center| '''sb'''
  |align=center| '''sg'''
  |align=center| '''sd'''
  |align=center| '''sl'''
  |align=center| ''' '''  
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |align=center| '''sk'''  
  |align=center| '''sp'''
  |align=center| '''st'''  
  |align=center| '''sw'''
  |align=center| '''sn'''
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |}

Actually the clusters '''-sm- -sy- -sb- -sg- -sd- -sl- -sw-''' and '''-sn-'''  would be better represented by  '''-zm- -zy- -zb- -zg- -zd- -zl- -zw-''' and '''-zn-'''.

An on-gesture (or on-flurish) is when a non-initial-consonant is preceded by &quot;l&quot;, &quot;s&quot; or &quot;n&quot;.
These on-gestures co-occur with most consonants but a very few combinations are disallowed(see &quot;mid consonant clusters&quot; in &quot;Seuna word shape&quot;). 

[[Image:Bitmap_97_Seuna.PNG]]

The on-gesture is indicated by a mark placed just to the left of the figure that they are combined with(see above).

===End-word constant clusters===

Actually most words are only two syllables long. However about 30 %  have three syllables. For this third syllable, only the 17 simple consonants are allowed.

 {| border=1
  |align=center| '''@'''  
  |align=center| '''m'''
  |align=center| '''y'''
  |align=center| '''j'''
  |align=center| '''f'''  
  |align=center| '''b'''
  |align=center| '''g'''
  |align=center| '''d'''
  |align=center| '''l'''
  |align=center| '''c'''  
  |align=center| '''s'''
  |align=center| '''k'''  
  |align=center| '''p'''
  |align=center| '''t'''  
  |align=center| '''w'''
  |align=center| '''n'''
  |align=center| '''h'''
 |}

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>States of the world (Lánc)</title>
    <id>6912</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54145</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-14T13:14:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* States of Asia */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the list of the names of all '''states of the world''' in Lantian, together with the related adjective (and name of the inhabitants) and the name of the main language(s) spoken in the country.

:''Lak ó spišak onju uču bánywon '''mjáweju onu výru''' láncot ér, ša onjen odašuvačanyen (ši onjen učeyn onju praskjačačanyw) ši onen učen onu saj-wažúmun móru, malžát onot mjáwejot.''

Countries, which the use of the article is optional for, are marked with (''ó'') or (''on'').

==States of Europe==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''English'' !! Lantian !! Adjective !! Language
|-
| ''Albania'' || Škipyria || škipár || škipok
|-
| ''Andorra'' || Andorra || andorrajer || katalánok
|-
| ''Armenia'' || Armenia || armenár || armenok
|-
| ''Austria'' || Osterrajk || osterrajčár || dojčok
|-
| ''Azerbaijan'' || Adzerbájdžan || azerbájár || azerbájok
|-
| ''Belarus'' || Bjelarus || bjeloruskár || bjeloruskok
|- 
| ''Belgium'' || Belgium || belgijer || fransok&lt;br&gt;nederlandok&lt;br&gt;dojčok
|-
| ''Bosnia and Herzegovina'' || Bosnija ši Hercegovina || bosnijer || bosnijok&lt;br&gt;hrvatok&lt;br&gt;srbijok
|-
| ''Bulgaria'' || Bylgarija || bylgár || bylgarok 
|-
| ''Croatia'' || Hrvatska || hrvatár || hrvatok
|-
| ''Cyprus'' || Kipro || kiprojer || ellenok&lt;br&gt;tjurkok
|- 
| ''Czech Republic'' || Českár(''on'') Čésmokpót || českár || českok 
|-
| ''Denmark'' || Denmark || danskár || danskok
|-
| ''Estonia'' || Ésti || éstijer || éstijok
|-
| ''Finland'' || Suomi || swomijer || swomijok&lt;br&gt;svenskok
|-
| ''France'' || Frans || fransár || fransok
|-
| ''Georgia'' || Sakartvelo || kartvelár || kartvelok
|-
| ''Germany'' || Dojčland || dojčár || dojčok
|-
| ''Greece'' || Ellada || ellenár || ellenok 
|-
| ''Hungary'' || Madjarorság || madjár || madjarok 
|-
| ''Iceland'' || Island || islandár || islandok
|-
| ''Ireland'' || Iria || irejer || inglišár&lt;br&gt;irejok
|-
| ''Italy'' || Itália || itáljár || itáljok
|-
| ''Kazakhstan'' || Kazahstán || kazahár || kazahok 
|-
| ''Latvia'' || Litva || litvajer || litvajok
|-
| ''Liechtenstein'' || Líhtenštajn || líhtenštajnár || dojčok
|-
| ''Lithuania'' || Ljetuva || ljetuvár || ljetuvok
|-
| ''Luxembourg'' || Luxemburg || luksemburgár || luksemburok&lt;br&gt;dojčok
|-
| ''Republic of Macedonia'' || (''ó'') Čésmokpót Makedonija || makedonár || makedonok 
|-
| ''Malta'' || Malta || maltajer || maltajok&lt;br&gt;inglišok
|- 
| ''Moldova'' || Moldova || moldovajer || rumynok
|- 
| ''Monaco'' || Monako || monakojer || fransok
|- 
| ''Montenegro'' || Vrynbírg || vrynbírdžár || vrynbírdžok&lt;br&gt;srbijok
|- 
| ''Netherlands'' || Nederland || nederlandár || nederlandok
|- 
| ''Norway'' || Norge || norgejer || norgejok
|-
| ''Poland'' || Polska || polskár || polskok
|-
| ''Portugal'' || Portugal || portugalár || portugalok
|-
| ''Romania'' || Romynia || romynár || romynok
|-
| ''Russia'' || Russija&lt;br&gt;Ruskár(''on'') Bwandotjám || ruskár || ruskok
|-
| ''San Marino'' || San Marino || sanmarinojer || itáljok
|-
| ''Serbia'' || Srbija || srbijer || srbijok
|-
| ''Slovakia'' || Slovensko || slovenskár || slovenskok
|-
| ''Slovenia'' || Slovenija || slovenár || slovenok
|-
| ''Spain'' || Espanja || espanjer || espanjok&lt;br&gt;katalánok&lt;br&gt;ewskarok
|-
| ''Sweden'' || Sverige || svenskár || svenskok
|-
| ''Switzerland'' || Elvecia || elvecijer || dojčok&lt;br&gt;fransok&lt;br&gt;itáljok&lt;br&gt;ladinok
|-
| ''Turkey'' || Tjurkije || tjurkár || tjurkok
|-
| ''Ukraine'' || Ukraína || ukraínár || ukraínok
|-
| ''United Kingdom'' || Núčelát(''on'') Krišpót || inglišár || inglišok
|-
| ''Vatican City'' || Vatikáno || vatikánojer || itáljok&lt;br&gt;latinok
|}

: '''Other names''' (common institions, former countries and unrecognized countries):

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''English'' !! Lantian !! Adjective !! Language
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Common institutions'''
|-
| ''European Union'' || Ewropár(''on'') Núčeltjám || ewropár || -
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Former countries'''
|-
| ''Czechoslovakia'' || Československo || československár || -
|-
| ''Federal Republic of Germany''&lt;br&gt;''West Germany'' || Bwand(''on'') Čésmokpót Dojčland (BČD)&lt;br&gt;Malómár Dojčland || malómdojčár || -
|-
| ''German Democratic Republic''&lt;br&gt;''East Germany'' || Dojčár(''on'') Demokracijer Čésmokpót (DDČ)&lt;br&gt;Kapálár Dojčland || kapáldojčár || -
|-
| ''Jugoslavia'' || Jugoslavija || jugoslavár || -
|-
| ''Soviet Union'' || Sovjeckár(''on'') Núčeltjám || sovjeckár || -
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Unrecognized countries'''
|-
| ''Abkhazia'' || Abházia || abházajer || abházajok
|- 
| ''Kosovo'' || Kosovo || kosovojer || škipok&lt;br&gt;srbijok
|-
| ''Southern Ossetia'' || Júšekár Iryston || júšekironawár || ironawok
|-
| ''Turkish Republic&lt;br&gt;of Northern Cyprus'' || Tjurkár(''on'') Čésmokpót&lt;br&gt;Wenduzáru Kiprow || wenduzkiprojer || tjurkok
|}

==States of Asia==

{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''English'' !! Lantian !! Adjective !! Language
|-
| ''Afghanistan'' || Afganistán || afganár || afganok
|-
| ''Armenia'' || Armenia || armenár || armenok
|-
| ''Azerbaijan'' || Adzerbájdžan || azerbájár || azerbájok 
|-
| ''Bahrain'' || Bahrajn || bahrajnár || arabok
|-
| ''Bangladesh'' || Bángladéš || bángladéšár || bengálijok
|-
| ''Bhutan'' || Bútán || bútánár || dzonhajok
|-
| ''Brunei'' || Brunej || brunejár || malajok
|-
| ''Burma'' || Mjanmar&lt;br&gt;''formerly'' Barma || mjanmarár&lt;br&gt;barmajer || barmajok
|-
| ''Cambodia'' || Kampuča || kampučajer || khmerok
|-
| ''People's Republic of China&lt;br&gt;(China)'' || Čésmokár(''on'') Čésmokpót Čína &lt;br&gt;(Čína) || čínesár || čínesok 
|-
| ''Republic of China&lt;br&gt;(Taiwan)'' || (''ó'') Čésmokpót Čína&lt;br&gt;(Tajwán) || čínesár&lt;br&gt;tajwánár || čínesok
|-
| ''Cyprus'' || Kipro || kiprojer || ellenok&lt;br&gt;tjurkok 
|-
| ''Georgia'' || Sakartvelo || kartvelár || kartvelok
|-
| ''India'' || India || indiajer || hindok&lt;br&gt;inglišok
|-
| ''Indonesia'' || Indonézia || indonéziajer || indonéziajok
|-
| ''Iran'' || Irán&lt;br&gt;''formerly'' Persia || iránár&lt;br&gt;persiajer || persiajok
|-
| ''Iraq'' || Irák || irákár || arabok
|-
| ''Israel'' || Ísrael || ísraelár || ivritok
|-
| ''Japan'' || Nippongo || nipponár || nipponok
|-
| ''Jordan'' || Gurdunn || gurdunnár || arabok
|-
| ''Kazakhstan'' || Kazahstán || kazahár || kazahok 
|-
| ''North Korea''&lt;br&gt;''People's Democratic Korean Republic'' || Wenduzár Korea&lt;br&gt;Čésmokár(''on'') Demokracijer Koreajer Čésmokpót || wenduzkoreajer || koreajok
|-
| ''South Korea''&lt;br&gt;''Korean Republic'' || Júšekár Korea&lt;br&gt;Koreajer(''on'') Čésmokpót || júšekkoreajer || koreajok
|-
| ''Kuwait'' || Kuwajt || kuwajtár || arabok
|-
| ''Kyrgyzstan'' || Kyrgyzstán || kyrgyzár || kyrgyzok
|-
| ''Laos'' || Lao || laojer || laojok
|-
| ''Lebanon'' || Lubnánija || lubnánár || arabok
|-
| ''Malaysia'' || Malajsia || malajsiajer || malajok
|-
| ''Maldives'' || (''ony'') Divehij || divehijer || divehijok
|-
| ''Mongolia'' || Mongoluls || mongolár || mongolok
|-
| ''Nepal'' || Nepál || nepálár || nepalijok
|-
| ''Oman'' || Umán || umánár || arabok
|-
| ''Pakistan'' || Pakistán || pakistánár || urdujok
|-
| ''Philippines'' || (''ony'') Filippíny || filippínár || filippínok
|-
| ''Qatar'' || Katar || katarár || arabok
|-
| ''Russia'' || Russija&lt;br&gt;Ruskár(''on'') Bwandotjám || ruskár || ruskok 
|-
| ''Saudi Arabia'' || Súdijajer Arabija || súdijajer || arabok
|-
| ''Singapore'' || Singapura || singapurajer || malajok
|-
| ''Sri Lanka'' || Šrílánká || šrílánkájer || sinhalok&lt;br&gt;tamylok
|-
| ''Syria'' || Súrija || súrijajer || arabok
|-
| ''Tajikistan'' || Todžikistán || todžikijer || todžikijok
|-
| ''Thailand'' || Tajland || tajlandžár || tajlandok
|-
| ''East Timor'' || Kapálár Timor || kapáltimorár || portugalok
|-
| ''Turkey'' || Tjurkije || tjurkár || tjurkok
|-
| ''Turkmenistan'' || Tjurkmenistán || tjurkmenijer || tjurkmenijok
|-
| ''United Arab Emirates'' || Núčelačy(''jon'') Arabáry Emirpóty || NAE-jer || arabok
|-
| ''Uzbekistan'' || Ozbekistán || ozbekijer || ozbekijok
|- 
| ''Vietnam'' || Vjetnam || vjetnamár || vjetnamok
|-
| ''Yemen'' || Jemen || jemenár || arabok
|}

==States of Africa==
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! ''English'' !! Lantian !! Adjective !! Language
|-
| ''Algeria'' || Aldžazáir || aldžazáirár || arabok
|-
| ''Angola'' || Angola || angolajer || portugalok
|-
| ''Benin'' || Benin || beninár || fransok
|-
| ''Botswana'' || Bocwana || bocwanajer || inglišok&lt;br&gt;cwanajok
|-
| ''Burkina Faso'' || Burkina Fazo || burkinafazojer || fransok
|-
| ''Burundi'' || Burundi || burundijer || fransok&lt;br&gt;kirundijok
|-
| ''Cameroon'' || Kamerún || kamerúnár || fransok&lt;br&gt;inglišok
|-
| ''Cape Verde'' || Kabu Verdi || Kabuverdijer || portugalok
|-
| ''Central African Republic'' || Dimíčafrikanár(''on'') Čésmokpót || dimíčafrikanár || fransok&lt;br&gt;sangojok
|}

[[Category:Lánc|States]]</text>
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        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
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      <comment>moved [[Qíban]] to [[Sirabe]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sirabe]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;color:#070;&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
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      <comment>moved [[Paz]] to [[Template:Paz]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Paz]]</text>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with 'My orthographic inscription template. Leave a message on my [[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Talk Page]] if you want to use this page. --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My orthographic inscription template. Leave a message on my [[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Talk Page]] if you want to use this page. --[[User:Pazmivaniye|Пазмивние]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Pazmivaniye|Vundiäd Achen (Shout Here)]]&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Conlangs]]'</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]] 

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kala]]

{{Kala 2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kala thematic lexicon</title>
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      <id>59213</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Animals */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*This lexicon is modeled after the [http://www.zompist.com/thematic.htm Thematic Dictionary of Verdurian] and the [http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/lfnbasicwordlist.html List of 1400 Basic Words in LFN].


{{Kala 2}}

''See also'': [[Kala lexicon|''Kala Lexicon'']]

==Arithmetic==

===Cardinal Numbers===

*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one 
*'''ta'o''' - two 
*'''ha'o''' - three 
*'''ma'o''' - four 
*'''ya'o''' - five 
*'''tsa'o''' - six 
*'''ka'o''' - seven 
*'''pa'o''' - eight 
*'''sa'o''' - nine 
*'''ue'o''' - ten 
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million

=== Higher Numbers ===

* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11

* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20

* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107

* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326

* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

===Ordinal Numbers===

* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;

===Fractions===

* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

===Types of Numbers===

* '''ku''' - numeral, digit, number (''n/v'')
: '''kun''' - numerical
* '''ku kiso''' - cardinal (''number basic'')
* '''ku makupu''' - complex
* '''ku soto''' - even
* '''ku henan''' - fractional
: '''hena''' - fraction
* '''ku ohe''' - imaginary
* '''ku yeno''' - integer
* '''x''' - irrational
* '''ku katan''' - natural
* '''ku ak''' - negative
* '''x''' - odd
* '''ku ki''' - ordinal
* '''x''' - positive
* '''x''' - prime
* '''x''' - rational
* '''x''' - real
* '''ku nkun''' - reciprocal

===Basic Operations===

===Additional Mathematical Concepts===

==Geometry==

===Figures===

===Concepts===

==Quantity and Space==

===Weights and Measures===

===Weighing and Measuring===

===Concepts of Quantity===

===Concepts of Location===

[[File:Nasoka.png|frame|right|'''nasokam''' (The cardinal and intermediate directions.)]]

* '''ua'e''' - above / over / on
* '''tsa'e''' - across / beyond / through
* '''ma'e''' - ahead / before / in front of
* '''pahe''' - among / between / amid / amidst / 
* '''uaye''' - away (from) / hence
* '''pue''' - after / behind
* '''yane''' - along / beside / by / next to / up to
* '''tahe''' - bottom / beneath / below / under
* '''pusula''' - compass
* '''nasoka''' - direction
* '''kyoli''' - distance / interspace / spacing / interval
* '''timu''' - east
* '''asai''' - edge / brink / lip / margin / rim / boundary
* '''uanaha''' - far / distant
* '''te''' - from / of
* '''hina''' - here / close / near
* '''upuka''' - horizon(tal)
* '''nahe''' - in / inside (of) / into
* '''pye''' - in the middle
* '''yoso''' - (to the) left
* '''taso''' - level
* '''kita''' - north
* '''mok''' - nowhere / no place
* '''enye''' - out / outside (of)
* '''mo''' - place / location / locale
* '''tsue''' - position / stance / posture
* '''yomo''' - (to the) right
* '''ihamo''' - somewhere
* '''mina''' - south
** '''minan''' - southern
** '''ka'e mina''' - to the south
* '''uana''' - there / that place
* '''ka'e''' - to / at / toward
* '''tle''' - up / away from earth’s center / abstract adverb of motion
* '''ukaha''' - vertical
* '''nisi''' - west

===Movement===

==Time==

===General Expression of Time===

===Telling Time===

===Units of Time===

===Timepieces===

===Concepts of Time===

==Days, Months and Seasons==

===Days of the Week===

* '''yoma'a te sema''' - Days of the week.

*The [[Kala]] week begins on Thursday.

:*'''nayoma''' - Thursday
:*'''tayoma''' - Friday
:*'''yomha''' - Saturday
:*'''mayoma''' - Sunday
:*'''yomya''' - Monday
:*'''tsayoma''' - Tuesday
:*'''kayoma''' - Wednesday
* '''yomita''' - holiday
: '''iyoma ke yomita a''' - Today is a holiday.
* '''otisema''' / '''semoti''' - weekend
* '''iyoma ka''' - What day (is it)?
* '''yomanimu''' - worday

===Months of the Year===

The [[Kala]] calendar is modeled after the [[Wikipedia:Bahá'í_calendar|Baha'i Calendar]].

*[http://wiki.frath.net/images/0/07/Sayoma.PNG A chart of the [[Kala]] '''sayoma'''.]

*Based on this calendar, [[wikipedia:Cinco de Mayo|Cinco de Mayo]] would be '''yoma pa'o te sayo ha'o''', or Day 8 of Month 3.

*The correlating vocabulary to the [[wikipedia:Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar]] differs.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! No. || English || [[Kala]]
|-
| 1 || January || '''na'oku'''
|-
| 2 || February || '''ta'oku'''
|-
| 3 || March || '''ha'oku'''
|-
| 4 || April || '''ma'oku'''
|-
| 5 || May || '''ya'oku'''
|-
| 6 || June || '''tsa'oku'''
|-
| 7 || July || '''ka'oku'''
|-
| 8 || August || '''pa'oku'''
|-
| 9 || September || '''sa'oku'''
|-
| 10 || October || '''ue'oku'''
|-
| 11 || November || '''uenaku'''
|-
| 12 || December || '''uetaku'''
|}

===Seasons===

* '''mosima''' - season
: '''kueta''' - spring
: '''natsu''' - summer
: '''aki''' - fall / autumn
: '''neku''' - winter
* '''isime''' - equinox
* '''kamala''' - moon
* '''samapyola''' - solstice
* '''sama''' - sun / star

===Expressing the Date===

===Important Dates===

==Talking about the Weather==

===General Weather Vocabulary===

===Reacting to the Weather===

===Weather-Measuring Instruments and Activities===

==Colors==

===Basic Colors===

* '''etla ke sahi ka''' = What color (is) it?

* '''oya''' - black
* &lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;'''tsuku'''&lt;/font&gt; - blue
* &lt;font color=&quot;#8b4513&quot;&gt;'''malo'''&lt;/font&gt; - brown
* '''yehi''' - clear
* &lt;font color=&quot;#DAA520&quot;&gt;'''ohola'''&lt;/font&gt; - gold
* &lt;font color=&quot;#808080&quot;&gt;'''kono'''&lt;/font&gt; - gray
* &lt;font color=&quot;#006400&quot;&gt;'''kuya'''&lt;/font&gt; - green
* &lt;font color=&quot;#ffa500&quot;&gt;'''tsunkua'''&lt;/font&gt; - orange
* &lt;font color=&quot;#ffc0cb&quot;&gt;'''nyeli'''&lt;/font&gt; / &lt;font color=&quot;#ff69b4&quot;&gt;'''elila'''&lt;/font&gt; - pink
* &lt;font color=&quot;#BB33BB&quot;&gt;'''tlila'''&lt;/font&gt; - purple / mauve / violet  / lilac
* &lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;'''akai'''&lt;/font&gt; / &lt;font color=&quot;#DD0000&quot;&gt;'''ketla'''&lt;/font&gt; - red
* &lt;font color=&quot;#c0c0c0&quot;&gt;'''tsokono'''&lt;/font&gt; - silver
* '''nyahi''' - white
* &lt;font color=&quot;#ffff00&quot;&gt;'''yana'''&lt;/font&gt; - yellow

===Describing Colors===

===Additional Vocabulary: Colors===

==Basic Grammar==

===Grammatical Terms===

===Articles and Particles===

===Demonstrative Pronouns===

* '''itla''' - this
* '''itlam''' - these
* '''uatla''' - that
* '''uatlam''' - those

===Possessive Pronouns===

* '''nayo''' - my / mine
* '''tayo''' - your(s)
* '''hayo''' - his / her(s)
* '''tlayo''' - its
* '''namyo''' - our(s)
* '''tamyo''' - your(s) [pl]
* '''kamyo''' - their(s)
* '''tlamyo''' - its [pl]

===Reciprocal Pronouns===

* '''kanku itsa''' - They love each other.
-
* '''nanku''' - we...each other
* '''tanku''' - you...each other
* '''kanku''' - they...each other
* '''tlanku''' - they (things/ideas)...each other

===Prepositions===

===Nominative Pronouns===

* '''na''' - I
* '''ta''' - you
* '''ha''' - he / she
* '''tla''' - it
* '''nam''' - we
* '''tam''' - you [pl]
* '''kam''' - they 
* '''tlam''' - it [pl]

===Accusative Pronouns===

* '''ena''' - me
* '''eta''' - you
* '''eha''' - him / her
* '''etla''' - it
* '''enam''' - us
* '''etam''' - you [pl]
* '''ekam''' - them 
* '''etlam''' - it [pl]

===Reflexive Pronouns===

* '''na'i''' - myself
* '''ta'i''' - yourself
* '''ha'i''' - himself / herself
* '''tla'i''' - itself
* '''nami''' - ourselves
* '''tami''' - yourselves
* '''kami''' - themselves
* '''tlami''' - itselves

===Correlatives===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''query'' !! ''this'' !! ''that'' !! ''some'' !! ''none'' !! ''any'' !! ''every'' !! ''whichever'' 
|- align=center
! ''adjective''
|| ka || itla || uatla || iha || ak || ula || kua || ote 
|- align=center
! ''person'' 
|| ko...ka || iko || uako || ihako || hok || kola || kohua || oteko 
|- align=center
! ''thing'' 
|| no...ka || itla || uatla || ihano || nok || nola || nokua || oteno 
|- align=center
! ''time''
|| ama/tsima...ka || ima || uama || ihama || amak || amala || kuama || otema 
|- align=center
! ''place''
|| mo...ka || hina || uana || ihamo || mok || mola || mokua || otemo 
|- align=center
! ''way'' 
|| to...ka || yoto || uato || ihato || tok || tola || tokua || oheto 
|- align=center
! ''amount'' 
|| ku/o...ka || iku || uaku || ihaku || huk/ok || kula || hukua/okua || oteku 
|- align=center
! ''reason'' 
|| nye...ka || inye || uanye || ihanye || nyek || ulanye || nyekua || otenye 
|- align=center
! ''kind'' 
|| su...ka || isu || uasu || ihasu || suk || sula || sukua || otesu 
|-
|}

===Conjunctions===

==Requesting Information==

* '''yaua''' - to answer, respond
* '''kanyo''' - to ask, request
-
* '''ta'ena ke...kalapa ka''' - Can you tell me...?
* '''to ka''' - How?
* '''nahe Kala ... yani ka''' - How do you say ... in Kala?
* '''ku ka''' - How much?
* '''na unyak''' - I don't understand.
* '''ke ka''' / '''a ka''' - What?
* '''ke ... yani ka''' - What does...mean?
* '''ama ka''' / '''tsima ka''' - When?
* '''mo ka''' - Where?
* '''ote ka''' - Which (one)?
* '''ko ka''' - Who?
* '''nye ka''' - Why?

==Family &amp; Friends==

===Family Members===

* '''uena''' - aunt
* '''otaua''' - brother
: '''po'otaua''' - brother-in-law
* '''nataue''' - cousin
: '''taue''' - male cousin
: '''naue''' - female cousin
* '''nahi''' - daughter / girl
: '''ponahi''' - daughter-in-law
* '''tlika''' - family
* '''ota''' - father
: '''po'ota''' - father-in-law
* '''inataha''' - grandchild
* '''otaha''' - grandfather
* '''onaha''' - grandmother
* '''uenaha''' - great-aunt
* '''inatahaka''' - great-grandchild
* '''otahaka''' - great-grandfather
* '''onahaka''' - great-grandmother
* '''uetaha''' - great-uncle
* '''tla'ota''' - husband
* '''ona''' - mother
: '''po'ona''' - mother-in-law
* '''uetahi''' - nephew
* '''uenahi''' - niece
* '''onata''' - parent
* '''nata''' - relative
* '''onaua''' - sister
: '''po'onaua''' - sister-in-law
* '''tahi''' - son / boy
: '''potahi''' - son-in-law
* '''ueta''' - uncle
* '''tla'ona''' - wife

===Friends===

==Describing People==

===Gender and Appearance===

===Concepts of Age===

===Marriage and the Human Life Cycle===

===Religion and Race===

===Characteristics and Social Traits===

===Basic Personal Information===

==The Body==

===Parts of the Body===

* '''kahila''' - ankle
* '''ute''' - arm
* '''muta''' - back
* '''tlihya''' - beard
* '''tima''' - blood
* '''keha''' - body
* '''ueso''' - bone
* '''anahya''' - brain
* '''mune''' - breast
* '''piku''' - buttock
* '''kemelo''' - calf
* '''x''' - cheek
* '''x''' - chest
* '''x''' - chin
* '''x''' - ear
* '''x''' - elbow
* '''x''' - eye / (brow/lash/lid)
* '''x''' - face
* '''x''' - finger (nail)
* '''x''' - foot
* '''x''' - forehead
* '''x''' - hair

===Physical States and Activities===

===Sensory Perception===

===Personal Care===

==The Physical World==

===The Universe===

===The Environment===

===Matter and the Environment===

===Characteristics of Matter===

===Geography===

==Plants==

===General Vocabulary===

===Flowers===

===Trees===

===Fruits===

===Vegetables and Herbs===

==The Animal World==

===Animals===

* '''haya''' - animal / beast
* '''peka''' - bat
* '''kuma''' - bear
* '''ayani''' - buffalo
* '''nyesa''' - bull / bovine / cow / ox
* '''unta''' - camel
* '''mihu''' - cat
:* '''myao''' - meow
* '''masa''' - deer
* '''nika''' - dog
:* '''haoku''' - bark / howl
* '''atsua''' - donkey / mule
* '''pilo''' - elephant
* '''sampa''' - farm
:* '''ahila''' - barn
:* '''sampako''' - farmer
:* '''ukuta''' - fence
* '''x''' - fox
* '''x''' - giraffe
* '''x''' - goat
* '''x''' - hare / rabbit
* '''x''' - hippo
* '''x''' - horse
:* '''x''' - neigh
* '''x''' - hunt
:* '''x''' - hunter
:* '''x''' - hunting
* '''x''' - hyena
* '''x''' - lamb
* '''x''' - leopard
* '''x''' - lion
:* '''x''' - roar
* '''x''' - mammal
* '''x''' - mole
* '''x''' - monkey / primate
* '''x''' - cougar
* '''x''' - mouse / rodent / rat
* '''x''' - paw / hoof
* '''x''' - pet
* '''x''' - pig / swine
* '''x''' - rhino
* '''x''' - sheep
* '''x''' - tail
* '''x''' - tiger
* '''x''' - vertebrate
:* '''x''' - invertebrate
* '''x''' - wild animal
* '''x''' - wolf / lupine
:* '''x''' - howl
* '''x''' - zebra
* '''x''' - zoo
:* '''x''' - zoological
:* '''x''' - zoology

===Birds and Fowl===

===Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians and Marine Mammals===

===Insects and Other Invertebrates===

==Basic Social Greetings==

===Greetings and Farewells===

===Forms of Address and Introductions===

===Courtesy===

==Speaking and Talking==

===Speech Activities and Types===

===Useful Expressions===

==Telephone==

===Telephones and Accessories===

===Using the Telephone===

==Letter Writing==

===Salutations and Closings===

===Parts of a Letter===

===Writing Materials &amp; Accessories===

==The Media==

===Print Media===

===Electronic Media===

==Feelings==

===Moods / Attitudes / Emotions===

===Likes &amp; Dislikes===

===Expressing Emotions===

==Thinking==

===Describing Thought===

===Basic thought Process===

==At Home==

===Parts of the House===

===Rooms===

===Furniture===

===Common Items===

===Services===

===Additional Vocab===

===Apartment life===

==Eating &amp; Drinking==

===Meals===

* '''ina supu''' - breakfast
* '''ina yohua''' - dinner
* '''ina''' - food
* '''ina pye''' - lunch
* '''inama''' - meal
* '''inahi''' - snack
* '''inaha''' - feast

===Food Preparation===

===Meat &amp; Poultry===

===Seafood===

===Vegetables===

===Fruits===

===Menu Items===

===Dairy===

===Grains===

===Spices===

===Drinks===

===At the Table===

===Dining Out===

===Buying &amp; Describing Food &amp; Drink===

== Index ==

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Kala]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>X</title>
    <id>6926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51467</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:52:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Oh, but we're not done yet… */ Na'vi</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Latin letters]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Transliteration]]
[[Category:Transcription]]
'''X''' is the 21st and final letter of the original [[Latin alphabet]], adapted via [[Etruscan]] from [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[chi]] (Χ). Since its inception, it has gone on to become one of the &quot;leftover&quot; letters of the Latin alphabet, and has taken on a considerable array of phonetic values, however most commonly, one of /ʃ x ks/.

==[[Velar]]s==
The three canonical values (and a few others) of ''x'' all involve velar consonants.
===Aspirated [[voiceless velar stop]]===
Or, /kʰ/. The original value of chi. Does anyone use it these days anymore?
===Cluster /ks/===
The original Latin value, as well as the value of chi in western varieties of the Greek alphabet. This is retained in several natlangs, including English, and has inspired several conlangs to prominently feature the cluster.
*''Further examples here.''
===Cluster /gz/===
The cluster has sometimes developed voice in English.
*''And elsewhere?''
===[[Voiceless velar fricative]]===
[[Spirantization]] got hang of chi in Greek by the Byzantine times, and the resulting fricativ value was handed down not only to Modern Greek, but also to the [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] kha (Х), and doutlessly inspired by these, also to the [[IPA]]; which then begat ''x'' as /x/ in many linguist-devised Latin orthographies, natlang or conlang.
*Conlang examples: [[Olaetian]] (current transliteration), [[Tirelat]], [[Zharranh]], [[Tilya]], [[Ludireo]]

==Further [[fricative]]s==
Voiceless fricativ values are not uncommon for ''x'' either.
===[[Voiced alveolar fricative]]===
[[English]] pronounces initial ''x'' as /z/ in words such as ''xylophone''. The original transliteration of the [[Olaetian]] alphabet used this letter for a laminal sound /z̻/ (while the apical sound /z̺/ is written ''z''); current practice is to transcribe the laminal sound as ''ż''.
===[[Voiceless alveolar fricative]]===
For some godforsaken reason, [[Vietnamese]] and [[Hmong]] use ''x'' for /s/.
*''Please don't tell me you do this (at least, if you are not Vietnamese or Hmong yourself)''
===[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative]]===
[[Portuguese]] and [[Old Spanish]] use ''x'' for /ʃ/, a regular [[sound change]] from Latin /ks/. A large number of South American natlangs (and some elsewhere) get the same usage from them. Maltese also does this, though probably for unrelated reasons. Popular in conlangs as well.
*''List examples here.''

===[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative]]===
[[Pinyin]] transcription of Mandarin, likely inspired by the previous, uses ''x'' for /ɕ/.
*A conlang example is [[Simik]] (a.k.a. [[Zirinka]])

===[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]===
[[Somali]] uses ''x'' for /ħ/.
*''Did your conlang run out of letters, too?''
===[[Voiceless retroflex fricative]]===
While no natlang use is known, [[Rejistanian]] writes this sound as &lt;x&gt; in the transliteration into the Latin alphabet.

==Other consonants==
And this is why we call it a &quot;leftover&quot; letter.
===[[Voiced alveolar affricate]]===
/dz/ is found in [[Albanian]] and '''Pashto'''. We are not sure whichever got it first, and if there is any connection anyway. There's just really no single fitting Latin letter for /dz/ once you've spent ''z'' on /z/, and at least this is better than making up some sort of a voiced ''[[c]]'' (oh, those wacky [[Turkish|Turks]]…)
===[[Alveolar ejective affricate]]===
'''Kiowa''', spoken not anywhere near Kiev but in Oklahoma, together with [[J#Voiceless alveolar stop|other]] [[V#Bilabial ejective|unintuitiv]] letter assignments, uses ''x'' for /tsʼ/.
===[[Alveolar ejective stop]]===
In the East Cushitic '''Oromo''', ''x'' = /tʼ/.
===[[Alveolar implosive]]===
The fellow East Cushitic '''Afar''' goes by ''x'' = /ɗ/. We suspect this may be cognate with the previous.
===[[Glottal stop]]===
As if [[Pirahã]] wasn't weird enuff yet, Daniel Everett&lt;!--I think?--&gt; had to pick ''x'' for /ʔ/, even with ''[[q]]'' unused.
*This may not have been his idea, as [[Wikipedia:Nambikwara language|Nambikwara]] does the same too.

===[[Postalveolar click]]===
/ǃ/ and variations thereof are the standard usage of ''x'' in Nguni languages such as [[Zulu]].

==Oh, but we're not done yet…==
''(*supervillaneous mad cackle*)''
===[[Schwa]]===
*[[Sasxsek]]
===[[Ejective|Ejectivity]]===
*[[Na'vi-Sprache|Na'vi]]
===Rising [[tone]]===
*'''Iu Mien''' (that's the &quot;Mien&quot; of [[Hmong-Mien languages]])
===[[General all-purpose diacritic]]===
*[[ASCII]]fication of [[Esperanto]] and [[gjâ-zym-byn]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kala writing</title>
    <id>6927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59221</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T15:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Calligraphy Gallery */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Kala 2}}

:''See also'': [[Sokyo|''Kala pictographs'']]
:''See also'': [[Pesato|''Kala syllabary'']]


= Moya =

[[Image:Moya nm 2.png]]

* '''Moya''' is an adaptation of [[Ajan]] for writing [[Kala]].
*'''Moya''' is written vertically, in columns running from left to right, but can be written horizontally.

== consonants ==

[[Image:Naua cons 1.png]]

== vowels &amp; diacritics ==

[[Image:Naua dia 1.png]]

== numerals ==

[[Image:Naua num3.PNG|frame|right|From left to right; '''uena'o, ueka'o, nyeyauena'o, hanyeta'o, manyetsauesa'o''' and '''tatletaueya'o'''.]]

[[Image:Naua num2.PNG]]


* In large numbers, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied.


-
== punctuation ==

== number gestures ==

[[File:Yato.png|frame|right|'''kum te yato''']]

* '''Zero'''
**The fist is closed. 
* '''One''' 
**The index finger is extended. (finger 1)
* '''Two'''
**The index and middle fingers are extended. (fingers 1 &amp; 2)
* '''Three'''
**With the little finger and thumb closed. (fingers 1, 2, &amp; 3)
* '''Four'''
**The thumb is held in palm with the four fingers extended. (fingers 1-4)
* '''Five'''
** Only thumb is extended, upwards or outwards. (finger 5)
* '''Six'''
**The index finger and thumb are extended. (fingers 5 &amp; 1)
* '''Seven''' 
**The thumb, index and middle fingers are extended. (fingers 5, 1 &amp; 2)
* '''Eight'''
**All fingers except the little finger are extended. (fingers 5, 1, 2 &amp; 3)
* '''Nine'''
**All fingers are extended.
* '''Ten'''
**The thumb and index finger are held together and all other fingers are cupped in the palm. (fingers 1 &amp; 5)
* '''Hundred'''
**The thumb, index and middle finger are held together and all other fingers are cupped in the palm. (fingers 1, 2 &amp; 5)

== Sample text(s) in Moya ==

* '''mo ta yala ka''' 
:''place 2s go INT-part'' 
:Where are you going?
:[http://sanoajat.webs.com/mo_ta_yala_ka.wav Sound Sample]
:[[Image:Naua samp 1a.PNG]]

* '''nam ke tsala inaye''' 
:''1p TOP-part sauce eat-PAST'' 
:We ate the sauce.
:[http://sanoajat.webs.com/nam_ke_tsala_inaye.wav Sound Sample]
:[[Image:Naua samp2.png]]

* '''ko onatam tayo ka''' 
:''person parent-PL 2s-POSS INT-part'' 
:Who are your parents?
:[http://sanoajat.webs.com/ko.wav Sound Sample]
:[[Image:Naua samp3.PNG]]

* '''na yalaye nye ta talaye''' 
:''1s go-PAST because 2s return-PAST'' 
:I left because you returned.
:[http://sanoajat.webs.com/nye.wav Sound Sample]
:[[Image:Naua samp4.PNG]]

== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ==

[[Image:Naua_udhr.png|frame|The UDHR in '''Moya'''.]]

[http://sanoajat.webs.com/udhr.wav Sound Sample]

* '''kua tlana tsiya ma’a katsi ma kueli soto nasa'''
: ''all human free with dignity and rights equal born''
: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
* '''kam tlitsi ma omato yoha ma kanku ma’a tsaku te otauan ketahe'''
: ''3p reasoning and conscience possess and 3p.RECP with idea of brotherhood behave.NEC''
: They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


-

== Calligraphy Gallery ==

* Note: Diacritics and other markings are typically not used in calligraphy.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Naua sa.png | '''sa''' - ''peace, tranquility, calm''
File:Naua maya.png | '''maya''' - ''water, stream, pond''
File:Naua kala tsasu.png | '''Kala''' in oil brush.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

= Index =

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Kala]][[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>File:Moya cs.PNG</title>
    <id>6928</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-19T12:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]

[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <id>6929</id>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
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      <id>51366</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-07T03:16:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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    <title>File:Moyamedium.png</title>
    <id>6931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49815</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T12:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Nm moya.PNG</title>
    <id>6932</id>
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      <id>49817</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T13:03:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Panahachart.png</title>
    <id>6933</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-11-11T23:28:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
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    <title>File:Kala nm 2.PNG</title>
    <id>6934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49821</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T13:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Q</title>
    <id>6935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59041</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T17:59:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more new stuff</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Q''' is a Latin letter ultimately descending from the Phoenician [[qoppa]].

==Back stops==
===[[Labialized]] voiceless velar stop===
[[Latin]] adopted ''Q'' from Etruscan, where it represented /k/ before /u/. This motivated its use for Latin's /kʷ/. In classical Latin, this is usually rendered as ''QV''.
*''Conlang examples?''

===[[Voiceless uvular stop]]===
In most modern Semitic languages, Proto-Semitic *q is a voiceless uvular stop, and hence ''q'' is used for this purpose in the transliteration of those languages, inspired by this in the [[IPA]], and consequently also in countless modern Romanizations from Aleut to Yucatec. Some variations occur, such as /qʰ/ in Eyak.
*''Conlang examples go here, etc.''

===[[Voiceless velar stop]]===
Most of the westerly Romance languages (such as [[Spanish]]) have, subsequent to the palatalization of Latin /k/ before front vowels, also delabialized /kʷ/ in the same context. This has lead to ''qu'' (or, if you will, ''q'' with the ''u'' being silent) being used for /k/.

Those West Germanic languages that have loaned ''q'' also use it for /k/, similar to Classical Latin usually only an an allograph in a cluster /kw/ or /kv/.

==Other uses==
[[Pinyin]] transcription of Mandarin Chinese uses ''q'' for a voiceless [[aspirated]] palato-alveolar affricate, {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}.

Visual similarity to [[ŋ]] has motivated the use of ''q'' for various velar nasal phonemes, eg. a prenasalized stop /ŋg/ in [[Fijian]].

[[Zulu]], [[Xhosa]] etc. use ''q'' for a [[postalveolar click]], {{IPA|/ǃ/}}.

[[Afar]] uses ''q'' for /ʕ/.

''anything else?''


[[Category:Latin letters]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Transliteration]]
[[Category:Transcription]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>C</title>
    <id>6936</id>
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      <id>49827</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-19T14:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categorized</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Latin letters]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Transliteration]]
[[Category:Transcription]]</text>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <minor/>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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    <title>File:Moyatiny.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-20T02:20:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Moyabig.png</title>
    <id>6941</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-20T02:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Nye 2.PNG</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
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    <title>File:Tsaka.PNG</title>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <minor/>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Melroch/mypages</title>
    <id>6947</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>49847</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-21T15:23:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[User:Melroch/mypages]] to [[Melrochpages]]:&amp;#32;I'm trying to download a mirror of pages I wrote. Will delete when done</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Melrochpages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>User:Avjunza</title>
    <id>6948</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-22T06:46:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Avjunza</username>
        <id>1342</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Jeŋuâtao]], [[Aerun]], [[Galioa]], [[Arrekah]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Jeŋuâtao]], [[Aerun]], [[Galioa]], [[Arrekah]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aerun</title>
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      <id>49898</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T09:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Avjunza</username>
        <id>1342</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Malolecta */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]

== Aerun==
An Earth-like planet created by [[Avjunza]], with four moons and no true continents; they're all roughly the size of Australia.

== Malolecta ==
The northern continent, which has been occupied by three races of human.

'''Atecu:'''
A few hundred thousand years before Homo sapiens (commonly known either simply as Humans, or Atecu by the more educated) had evolved, a group of Homonids crossed over from Mytarica during an ice age; they adapted well, and evolved into the Atecu; squat brutes that were something between a gorilla and a neanderthal, although with bigger and stronger legs. They evolved to the mountainous and highland regions, to hills and forests, where they used their impressive senses of taste and smell to track prey, their strong legs to make sudden sprints, and their strong arms to make the kill.
They started making weapons, and after a few more thousand years, the Aleta arrived in Malolecta. There was a brief period where they fought each other, but after a time they began to dwell in peace, for the Atecu preferred the forests and mountains, the Aleta the plains and fields, with less trees and a more open skyline.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Speedtalk</title>
    <id>6950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49903</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T18:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'A '''speedtalk''' is an [[oligosynthetic language]] with such a large phoneme inventory that the number of phonemes equals the number of phonemes, and all morphemes are just one …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''speedtalk''' is an [[oligosynthetic language]] with such a large phoneme inventory that the number of phonemes equals the number of phonemes, and all morphemes are just one phoneme long.  The principle is to decrease the number of morphemes and to increase the number of phonemes until both meet in the middle.

The idea and the name &quot;Speedtalk&quot; are from the story ''Gulf'' (1949) by Robert A. Heinlein.    In ''Gulf'', Speedtalk is a [[logical language]] with a minimal vocabulary and a maximal phoneme inventory.  In the story, however, the idea is merely outlined and no detailed description of the language is given.

==See also==

* [[Briefscript]]
* [[Ithkuil]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A posteriori conlang</title>
    <id>6951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>49906</id>
      <timestamp>2009-10-25T18:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'An [[a posteriori conlang]] is a constructed language whose vocabulary is derived from words of one or more [[natural language]]s, as opposed to an [[a priori conlang]] whose voc…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An [[a posteriori conlang]] is a constructed language whose vocabulary is derived from words of one or more [[natural language]]s, as opposed to an [[a priori conlang]] whose vocabulary is made up.  (The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to a conlang whose vocabulary derives from someone else's conlang.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yorskr Tunguh</title>
    <id>6952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51454</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T14:05:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>frathification</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Yorskr Tunguh is an [[auxiliary language]] aimed at providing an alternative to [[English language|English]] for the inhabitants of the [[wikipedia:Yorkshire|County of Yorkshire]] (England). Yorskr Tunguh (hereafter YT) was designed by Philip Eygarth, himself a Yorkshireman.

== Background ==

The major premise behind the creation of YT, as maintained by Eygarth himself, was to provide an awareness amongst Yorkshire people of their cultural debt to the Danish Viking. Eygarth maintains that these ancient forebears defined Yorkshire's borders, culture and even, in some areas, racial background. In creating YT he states that he believed he would help to create a better understanding amongst native Yorkshire people of their Danish Viking ancestry.

== Categorization ==

It is difficult to define exactly where YT fits in amongst the existing categories of constructed and planned languages. Eygarth has termed YT a reconstructed language, or sometimes a surmised reconstruction, an attempt to paint a picture of the language that might have existed had pockets of Danish speakers survived into later ages, using [[Old Norse]] remnants in [[Yorkshire dialect]] and place names to discern its possible evolution. In the absence of any category which specifically caters to these idiosyncracies, however, Yorskr Tunguh is probably best referred to as a standard auxiliary languge.

== Design principles ==

Yorskr Tunguh owes its formation to a careful examination of Yorkshire dialect. By looking at those words of Old Norse origin in Yorkshire dialect and cross-comparing them with their original forms, Eygarth claims he was swiftly able to see certain highly regimental patterns arising, patterns, which he realised, could be applied to any Old Norse word, whether existing in Yorkshire dialect or not, to create a more comprehensive lexicon. 

Having created such a lexicon, Eygarth then set about creating the structure that would turn his list of words into a usable language. This latter task was accomplished, to use his own words, by “erring heavily on the side of simplicity”.

Yorskr Tunguh has only 41 sounds, all of which are familiar to the native of Yorkshire. These sounds are represented by 23 letters, either singularly or combined. YT is entirely [[Phonemic principle|phonetic]], only the letters “r” and “y” representing more than one sound, although even these perform according to strict and easily understandable rules. Consequently, the simplicity of YT pronunciation is such that it is claimed one may gain reasonable familiarity with its workings after only a single hour of study.

== Current speakers ==

Currently, it is believed that only a small number of people are learning YT, around one hundred according to Eygarth.

== See also ==

*[[Constructed language]]
*[[Old Norse]]

== External links ==

*[http://learnyorskr.110mb.com The official &quot;Learn Yorskr&quot; website]
*[http://theyorkshirepatriot.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/yorkshires-viking-tongue/ An interview with Philip Eygarth]

[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kala phrases</title>
    <id>6953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58792</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-31T22:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Etiquette */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Kala 2}}

==Greetings &amp; Farewells==

* Welcome - '''ahala'''

* Hello / Hi! - '''ya'ate''' (''formal'') / '''hala''' (''informal'')

* Good morning - '''supu tama'''

* Good day - '''yoma tama'''
	
* Good evening / Good night - '''yohua tama'''

* How are you? - '''to tayo ka''' (''lit: Your way?'') 
:'''to sana tayo ka''' (''lit: How your health?'')
:'''ta tama ka''' (''lit: You good?'')
	
* Good bye - '''kyoha'''
	
* See you soon - '''amahi nanku anyatli''' (''lit: small time we will see each other'')

* What's your name? - '''ke ata tayo ka'''

* Where are you from? - '''te mo ta (a) ka'''

* Pleased to meet you - '''ke tlaki te ta tama'''

* Cheers/Good health - '''kampa'''

==Etiquette==

* Please - '''tsepa'''

* Thank you (very much) - '''nyasa(mha)'''

* Excuse me - '''tliha'''
 
* I'm sorry, but... - '''na tliha ehe...'''

* That's a shame - '''uatla malaha'''

* May I... ? - '''na ke ... myonta ka'''

==Language difficulties==

* I (don't) understand / I (don't) know - '''na unya(k)'''

* Please say that again / repeat that - '''tsepa ta'etla kalamye'''

* Please speak more slowly - '''tsepa ma tlena kala'''

* Please write it down - '''tsepa ta'etla moya'''

* How do you say ...? - '''to ... etla kala ka'''

* Do you speak ...? - '''ta ke ... kala ka'''

* Do you understand? - '''ta unya ka'''

==Times &amp; Dates==

* What time is it? - '''ama ka''' (''lit: time INT'') / '''tsima ka''' (''lit: hour INT'')

* It's one o'clock. - '''ke tsima na'o a'''

* It's a quarter past two. - '''ke tsima ima'o te ta'o a'''

* It's eight pm. - '''ke tsima taue'o a''' 

* It's half-past 5. - '''ke tsima ita'o te ya'o a'''

* What day is it? - '''iyoma a ka'''

:*'''nayoma''' - Thursday
:*'''tayoma''' - Friday
:*'''hayoma''' - Saturday
:*'''mayoma''' - Sunday
:*'''yomaya''' - Monday
:*'''tsayoma''' - Tuesday
:*'''kayoma''' - Wednesday

* yesterday - '''yomaye'''
* today - '''iyoma'''
* tomorrow - '''yomatli'''
* last - '''-ye''' / next - '''-tli'''
* night - '''yohua'''
* week - '''sema'''
* month - '''sayo'''
* year - '''anyo'''
* morning - '''supu'''
* afternoon - '''pyeua'''
* evening - '''suaye'''

* What date is it today? - '''ke sayoma ka''' / '''itla sayoma ka'''
* It's October 18&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;. - '''yoma ha'o te sayo ueta'o a'''

== Index ==

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Kala]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-30T14:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T06:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T06:29:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T13:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T13:23:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T14:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-10-31T14:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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    <title>File:Cons moya.PNG</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-11-01T14:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>File:Vows moya kalai.PNG</title>
    <id>6965</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-01-07T02:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
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    <title>File:Vows moya ukaha.PNG</title>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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    <title>File:Moyamedium 2.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-11-01T14:35:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <id>50011</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T10:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-11-02T10:40:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Old European hydronymy</title>
    <id>6972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50032</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T18:01:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Old European hydronymy''' is an apparently uniform network of recurring river names which spans most of Central and Western Europe.  This network was discovered by the German linguist Hans Krahe, who coined the term.  It is, however, controversial whether this is a real phenomenon or just a case of chance resemblance, and, if real, which language family is to be held &quot;responsible&quot; for these names.

==Theories about the Old European hydronymy==

===Krahe's theory===

Hans Krahe ascribed the Old European hydronymy to an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] which, according to him, was the common ancestor of Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and possibly Slavic.  His evidence consists of proposed Indo-European etymologies for the river names which consist of verbs, adjectvies and nouns with meanings which are, for the most part, appropriate to the description of natural watercourses.

However, there are two problems with this hypothesis. ''First'', these languages are not characterized by any shared innovation and do not seem to form a valid node in the Indo-European family tree; ''second'', the &quot;Old European&quot; river names, while seemingly having Indo-European etymologies, do not reflect the characteristic sound changes of the languages in which they are found and are thus more likely to be borrowed rather than inherited. For example, the Old European river names show a predominant /a/-vocalism which looks quite un-Indo-European, while the vowels /e/ and /o/ which are frequent in Indo-European appear to have been absent, or where they occur, appear to be of secondary origin.

====Schmidt's revision of Krahe's theory====

Another German linguist, Wolfgang Paul Schmid (a student of Krahe), addressed the first problem by assuming that Krahe's Old European was [[Wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] itself, which he localized in central Europe. This is widely rejected today as few linguists nowadays consider a central European homeland of PIE likely, and it doesn't solve the second problem.

===Vennemann's theory===

The second problem was addressed by Theo Vennemann (again, a German linguist) who proposed that Old European was not an Indo-European language at all, but related to [[Basque]].  Vennemann produced some twenty scholarly papers on this hypothesis, which are collected in the volume ''Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica'' (de Gruyter, 2003).

According to Vennemann, 'Vasconic' languages were spoken all across Europe west of a line that approximately runs from Riga to northern Dalmatia. (East of that line, [[Wikipedia:Uralic languages|Uralic]] was spoken in the north and Indo-European in the south; in the British Isles, Vennemann assumes, an [[Wikipedia:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic language]] was spoken, but at an even earlier time, the British Isles, which take part in the Old European hydronymy, had also been Vasconic-speaking.) 

However, Vennemann's Vasconic etymologies are very weak and contrived, and the distribution of the Old European river names shows a gap in the area between the Garonne and Ebro rivers - exactly the only area where we know that Basque or something related to it was ever spoken.

A closer inspection of Vennemann's work reveals a number of methodological problems.  For instance, he assumes that Europe north of the Alps was uninhabited by humans before the end of the last Ice Age.  This assumption is wrong; evidence for human habitation in central Europe during the Ice Age was found at Ahrensburg north-east of Hamburg.  In light of this, a linguistic uniformity of prehistoric Europe north of the Alps seems unlikely.  Also, it is not generally true that, as Krahe assumes, cities are older than the surrounding villages.  There are many known cases of cities which are ''younger'' than the surrounding villages.  Vennemann also shows a strong tendency towards re-etymologizing semantically transparent names such as ''Ebersberg'' and ''Bischofsheim'' (both names refer to towns in Bavaria) as &quot;Vasconic&quot;.

An important problem is that he manages to reconcile the evidence of Old European place names with Basque data only by brute force.  The Old European names do not at all look like Basque, and he has to take recourse to such unparsimonious assumptions as an Italic intermediate substratum in Germany and the British Isles(!) to explain the typological mismatch between Basque and the Old European names.

===Rhiemeier's theory===

[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] has his own ideas about the Old European hydronymy.  He assumes that the names are from a sister family of Indo-European which he names &quot;[[Hesperic]]&quot;.  The /a/-centred vocalism of the unknown language preserves a state that existed in Proto-Indo-European before the rise of ablaut. Together, Hesperic and Indo-European form the [[Europic]] language family.  As for the moment, this is just a personal speculation not sufficiently buttressed by solid facts, and serves as a background for conlangs.

[[Category:Historical linguistics]]
[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Historical linguistics</title>
    <id>6973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50036</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T18:08:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Articles about historical linguistics.

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>West Persian'</title>
    <id>6974</id>
    <redirect />
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      <id>50041</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-02T21:41:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-West Persian']]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-West Persian']]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Nanoleopard201</title>
    <id>6975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50790</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-27T21:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi this is the userpage of nanolepeord

(oh, i also stopped my crondaros project)

pages:

[[Avrlun]]

[[Rnsehr]]

[[Cipren]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Avrlun</title>
    <id>6976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50082</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-03T23:28:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Avrlun''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Avrlǔn'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Elnfr {{ #if:  | () | {{ #if:  | () }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Crondaros]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||around 700 000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Horzan]]
:[[Neckrln]]
::[[Northern Neckerln]]
:::{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}[[Avrlun]]{{#if:  ||{{#if: dialect english ||{{#if: dialect English ||'''}}}} }}
{{#if:  |::::'''  ('''')''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' | }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||Agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Hierarchical alignment
|-
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Avrlun is a language from Elnfr (pronounced: Eh-lin-ver) in the northern Edr (Ee-der) plains.


== origin ==

900 years ago, the Desôntr moved from the mountains of Vedrkn to the Edr  plains were they were isolated from the outside by forests or mountains so nobody went out or in so the Desôntr language ([[Desntây]]) eventually evolved to Avrlûn.


== Changes ==

there were originally one language, Avrlûn which then split (Northern and Southern)  and merged together again which added to a greater Variaty of words.


== The Foreign Influence  ==

A [[Forcrzéb]] Explorer 'discovered' the Edr plains and changed their religion but with religion he also changed some Avrlûn words to Forcrzébian such as êson to ôvrâd.


[[Avrlun Lexicon]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Loglang</title>
    <id>6977</id>
    <redirect />
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      <timestamp>2009-11-03T21:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Logical language]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[Logical language]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Nanoleopard201</title>
    <id>6978</id>
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      <id>50066</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-03T21:14:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'hi'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">hi</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline</title>
    <id>6979</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-02T15:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[The WHAT]] to [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]:&amp;#32;There are now two abbreviations, so better have the page under the full name.  Will also create redirect from &quot;Western Hellenism ATL&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline''' (or short, '''The WHAT''' or '''The WHATL''') is an only shadowyly defined alternative timeline, envisioned by Raymond A. Brown, in which Alexander the Great lived longer, conquered Italy and thereby built a world in which Greek is the only classical language of Europe, while Latin shared the fate of the other Italic languages and died out.  Instead of the Romance languages, the WHAT has ''Hellenic'' languages descended from Ancient Greek.

==Conlangs in the WHAT==
* [http://www.carolandray.plus.com/TAKE/index.html το άνευ κλίσι Ελληνικό] by Ray Brown - the WHAT's counterpart of [[Wikipedia:Latino sine flexione|Latino sine Flexione]]
* '''Rhaetian''' and '''Engadinese''' (or are they two words for the same thing?) by [http://conlang.mizinamo.org/blog/ Philip Newton].

== Alternative abbreviation WHATL ==
The abbreviation '''WHAT''' was originally proposed by [[User:Melroch|BPJ]]. Philip Newton choose to [http://conlang.mizinamo.org/blog/2008/10/11/what-is-now-whatl/ change the abbreviation for the Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline to WHATL] since &quot;WHAT&quot; coincides in with an English pronoun, which makes it a hopeless term to search for in a search engine!

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Avrlun Lexicon</title>
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        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lexicon of avrlûn

letters are:

EAIOU ÂÊÔÛ BCDFGHKLNRTVYZ
R and N are considered to be vowels and the only exeptions are in place and language names and they do not make the consonant sound like 'recreate' and 'no'                                                                                                                                      ↑  ↑
 ↑


== A ==

Avrlûn - Avrlun


== B ==

Bngâ - apple like fruit


== C ==


== D ==

Dêfntê - Hello (really means: great day)


== E ==


== F ==


== G ==


== H ==


== I ==


== K ==


== L ==


== N ==


== O ==


== R ==


== T ==


== U ==


== V ==


== Y ==


== Z ==


== Â ==


== Ê ==


== Ô ==


== Û ==


(not finished)</text>
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        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
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  <page>
    <title>Crondaros</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Crondaros is a conworld created for fun by me.... The dominant species are humans.  The world is similar to 18th century Europe. I currently only have 1 nation on Crondaros (sad, is'nt it?). I am currently working on the language [[Avrlun]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rnsehr</title>
    <id>6983</id>
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      <id>50119</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-04T23:40:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Rnsehr
|-
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Rnsehr
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Map: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| map goes here
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Anthem: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| N/A
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Capital: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Krmâdn
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Largest city: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Krmâdn
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language(s): ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Avrlûn
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Demonym: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| N/A
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Monarchy
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Independence: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Independent
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Area: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| around 760 000
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 603 000
|}


Rnsehr is a country in the Edr plains. they speak the [[Avrlun]] language which is spoken all around the Edr plains.Rnsehr is currently being ruled by: Frtnkâ


{|style=&quot;margin-left: 50px; background: #f9f9f9; width: 60%; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf;&quot;|  Frtnkâ
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Given name:''' || Grtôf
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Lifetime:''' || 3078 &amp;ndash; N/A
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Reign name:''' || Trfngâ êtn zrtr (ruler of all Wisdom)
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Reign Period:''' || {{{3099}}} &amp;ndash; {{{N/A}}}
|-
|width=30% style=&quot;border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| '''Posthumous Title''' || Krtnzâ
|}
&lt;br/&gt;</text>
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        <username>Qang</username>
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      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>Skeskatai</title>
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        <username>Muke</username>
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      <comment>Redirected page to [[Nother/Skeskatai]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Skeskatai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trari</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-11-07T03:11:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>BRG</username>
        <id>1315</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Home page URL</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Trari''' is a new language begun by '''Bruce R. Gilson''' on August 30, 2009. It was developed as a result of an inquiry made somewhat earlier about [[Voksigid]] to its creator, asking whether it was open for learning by the Conlang learner's group. Though ultimately Voksigid was not chosen, the interest that was shown in it encouraged the creator of Voksigid to do some more public language construction. Not to do anything that would hurt the chances of somebody learning Voksigid, but to put some more of his ideas in a form that could be used in a '''later project of the same type.''' Trari is the first of his creations to be compiled into such a form.
==Purpose==

Trari is what some people have called an '''&quot;engineered language&quot;''' or 
'''&quot;[[engelang]],&quot;''' though its creator prefers to call these types of constructed languages '''&quot;experimental languages.&quot;''' That is to say, it is designed to provide features that the constructor might want to see whether they would be interesting, perhaps even to see if the mental processes involved in composing thoughts into a special language might give some insights into meaning. Probably the best-known of these languages are the &quot;logical languages&quot; such as [[Loglan]] and its offshoot, [[Lojban]]. Voksigid also falls into this category, but the particular ideas behind Trari are almost 180&amp;deg; removed from Voksigid.

The inspirations for Trari are three in number:
#Lojban was designed to have '''self-segregation,''' which means that the word divisions are obvious in a stream of spoken sounds in the language. While self-segregation was rejected for Voksigid, the idea has some interest to its creator, and, after seeing [http://conlang.wikia.com/index.php?title=List_of_self-segregating_morphology_methods&amp;oldid=28668 some ideas for how to produce self-segregation in a constructed language] very recently, felt that some of them seemed rather far-fetched in terms of whether anyone could actually employ the rules on the fly, and others would so restrict the phonology of the language that the number of reasonably different sounding words would be exceedingly small. In Trari, an attempt was made to avoid both these problems; whether the attempt has succeeded is one of the things that will be found out if anyone chooses to learn it.
#Many years ago the language creator saw the specifications of [[Vorlin]], created by [[Rick Harrison]]. While there were not a lot of things that he liked about in it, there was one that he thought '''extremely''' interesting: its radically limited inventory of verbs. (Vorlin has gone through many changes in the ensuing years; apparently this particular feature of Vorlin changed in about 1996, but the reference here is to the particular phase in Vorlin's development which was seen by the Trari's creator.) Actually, it was only the '''basic''' verbs that were so few in number; Vorlin made a lot of verb-plus-noun compounds that functioned as verbs, but the need to combine these into single words was not really there; the fact is that only '''four''' verbs sufficed for the whole language: '''be, become,''' and two others. Trari is based on this concept of having a '''minimal inventory of verbs,''' with copulative-verb-plus-noun phrases used to replace nearly all of the verbs of typical languages. (The comparison to Voksigid, where '''verbs''' are basic and nouns are verb derivatives, illustrates how oppositely-conceived Trari and Voksigid are.)
#In the design of Voksigid, the use of large numbers of prepositional phrases led to a problem in analyzing the dependencies. If there are two prepositional phrases in a row, do they both modify the same noun, or do they '''nest,''' with the second phrase modifying the object of the preposition in the first? While a solution was arrived at (see rule 6 of the [[Voksigid syntax]] document), the language creator was not totally happy with it. The Trari '''&quot;circumposition&quot;''' rule was designed as a different way of handling such typs of syntax problems, which really occur in all languages with prepositional phrases.

Trari was not intended to be proposed as an international auxiliary 
language. The self-segregation requires that the morphemes/lexemes be 
fitted to a fairly strict phonological pattern, which means that it is impossible to make maximal use of internationally-recognizable forms, which to the language creator is an indispensible requirement for an IAL.

==Trari vs. Praet==

While developing Trari, the creator of the kanguage came up with some additional ideas which seemed inappropriate to change Trari to incorporate, so he began another project, [[Praet]]. Praet incorporates some concepts shared with Trari, and differs in some ways. Because of the priority of 
Trari, the discussion of '''Trari''' here will not generally refer to 
'''Praet''' at all, but the discussion of Praet will reference 
Trari where it is useful to do so.
 
==Vocabulary==

Trari, at present, has an extremely limited vocabulary. This is not a deliberate design feature; it merely means that only those words that were needed to demonstrate how Trari works. If anyone is interested in the language, the creator of the language should be contacted so the vocabulary can be expanded to something usable.

As Trari has not been planned as an IAL, the vocabulary has been derived in a 
fairly arbitrary manner: some words/morphemes from existing languages ('''nye''' from Russian, '''smao''' from English and Scandinavian, etc.) looking for forms that meet Trari's [[Trari word structure rules|word structure rules]], without any consistency in the choice of sources, while randomly constructing others in an ''a priori'' manner.

==References==
[http://ViewsOfLanguage.host56.com/trari Trari home page]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iverinian</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Iverinian]] to [[Ivernic]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ivernic]]</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>Category:Diachronic conlangs</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Naturalistic conlangs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Artlangs</title>
    <id>6996</id>
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      <id>50185</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Conlangs]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Naturalistic conlangs</title>
    <id>6997</id>
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      <id>50188</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T15:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neck Albic</title>
    <id>6998</id>
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      <id>50205</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:13:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Neck Albic''' is a branch of the [[Albic]] language family, consisting of the single language [[Brishkan]].'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Neck Albic''' is a branch of the [[Albic]] language family, consisting of the single language [[Brishkan]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brishkan</title>
    <id>6999</id>
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      <id>50206</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:14:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Brishkan''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Neck Albic]] branch, spoken in Yorkshire.'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Brishkan''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Neck Albic]] branch, spoken in Yorkshire.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Glastonian</title>
    <id>7000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50211</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:24:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Glastonian''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Glathmerrin'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||England (vicinity of Glastonbury)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 5,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Low Elvish]]
::::'''Glastonian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
|| VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
|| fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|| active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2000-
|}

'''Glastonian''' is an [[Albic]] language (of the [[Low Elvish]] group) spoken by [[British Elves]] in Glastonbury and vicinity.</text>
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    <title>Sinjenrin</title>
    <id>7001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50209</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Sinjenrin''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Sinjenrin'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||United Kingdom, Ireland
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 5,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Low Elvish]]
::::'''Sinjenrin'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
|| VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
|| fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|| active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2001-
|}

'''Sinjenrin''' (Moonchildish) is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Low Elvish]] group.  Its speakers, the ''Moonchildren'' ('''Sinjen''', sg. '''Senjan'''), are nomadic [[British Elves]].  Their language is strongly influenced, especially in vocabulary, by Shelta and Romani.  Otherwise, it is very close to [[Glastonian]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LLL</title>
    <id>7002</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50213</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T16:28:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[League of Lost Languages]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#redirect[[League of Lost Languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Reconstructed languages</title>
    <id>7003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50221</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-08T23:55:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>a brief description, and we're set to go</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Reconstructed languages''' are constructed from related [[Natlang|living or dead languages]] with the [[comparative method]], which aims to recreate the target languages' last common ancestor. They should not be confused to actually ''be'' said ancestor, which will generally be unrecorded, and many of whose features may be unrecoverable.

(Given the usual definition of [[conlang]]s as non-scientific, please do not include these languages under any specific conlang categories however.)

[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category:Historical linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/E</title>
    <id>7004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59199</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-04T19:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*e_a → Finnic ''*e_ä'', Samic ''*ea_é'', Mordvinic ''*i'', Permic ''*oo'', Mansi ''*ä'', Khanty ''*e'' (/''*ö'' next to a velar), Samoyedic ''*i''
For *e_i, see comparision over at [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]].
{| cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme !! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | *e_a
|-
| &quot;to liv&quot;
| *elä- || *ealē- || - || *ɪle- || *ool- || eel- || *jäl- || *jeɬ- || '''*êlä-'''
| Is ObU *j- original?
|-
| &quot;to collect&quot;
| *kerä- || - || - || - || *koor- || keer- || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;skillful&quot;
| *seppä || *čeappē || - || - || - || seep || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;ear&quot;
| - || *pealjē || piĺe || *pɪlš || '''*peĺ''' || '''fül''' || *päĺ || *peɬ || -
|-
| &quot;big, uncle&quot;
| *enä || *eanē || ińe || - || '''*uuna''' || - || *jänə || *enə || *inä
|-
| &quot;back&quot;
| *selkä ~&lt;br/&gt;'''*sälkä''' || '''*čēlkē''' || - || *šɪle || - || - || - || - || -
| …*säälkä ??
|-
| &quot;to shake&quot;
| - || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*rʏze-'' || - || rësk || *räsɣ- || *reńť- || -
|-
| &quot;blade&quot;
| *terä || *tearē || - || ''*tʏr'' || - || töör || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;pine&quot;
| *petäkä || *peacē || piče || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*pʏnće'' || *poožɨm || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;uncle&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *setä || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *čeacē || čiče || ''*čʏčö'' || *čoož || - || *šäša || - || '''*čêčä'''
| Sibilant assimilation west of F/S? K. also ćož
|-
| &quot;uncle&quot;
| - || *eakē || - ||  ||  ||  || *äkii || '''*iikii''' || Ne. ''ńeekka''?
|-
| &quot;to love&quot;
| - || *eaccē || - || - || - || - || - || *ješəɣ || -
| Weak.
|-
| &quot;ring&quot;
| *kehä || '''*kēsɤ''' || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ('''či''') || '''*keče''' || '''*kɨč''' || keeɟ || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| '''*kiš''' || *köč ||
| East *ê, West mostly *ä. Mo. &quot;sun&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;ring&quot;
| E. kets || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kösə || -
| Cf. prev.
|-
| &quot;ring&quot;
| *kesrä || *kearsē || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| Er. *ščeŕe&lt;br/&gt;~ Mk. kšťiŕ || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;to get free&quot;
| - || *meanō- || '''mäńe-''' || || K. mɨn- || ment- || - || - || Ne. mina-
| Cf. *mêni-
|-
| &quot;neck&quot;
| *sepä || *čeapē || śive || '''*šüj''' || '''*śil''' || - || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| '''*šip''' || '''*sääpəɬ''' || -
&lt;!--|-
| &quot;field&quot;
| *kenttä || - || - || - || '''*gid''' || - || - || - || -
| Rather F. ← S. *kēntē--&gt;
|-
| &quot;summer&quot;
| *kesä || *keasē || kiza || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;fox&quot;
| *repä || *rēp- || ŕiveś || '''*rəwəž''' || *ruć(i) || '''ravas''' || || ||
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| *peksä- || - || pikse- || - || '''*pös-''' || - || - || - || *pêtV-
| 2ndary length in F. ''pieksä-''
|-
| &quot;tip&quot;
| '''*kasa''' || *keačē || || || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| hëɟ || - || - || -
| F. &quot;pile&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;a fish&quot;
| *keso || L. kääčuk || - || - || K. '''gɨć''' || keseg || '''*kääsəŋ''' || '''*kosə''' || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;oar&quot;
| *mela || *mealē || miĺä || - || K. '''maĺ'''? || - || - || - || -
| Looks newer per F. -a, Mo. -ä
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Substrate loans (Mari ''*i''; note phonotax)
|-
| &quot;wheat&quot;
| *vehnä || - || viš || *wište || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;cow ~ horse&quot;
| *lehmä || - || ĺišmä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;rope&quot;
| - || *reašmē || riśme || - || - || - || - || - || -
| Cf. B. *rišima &quot;thred&quot; (→ F. *rihma)
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Junk
|-
| &quot;to prick&quot;
| - || *peaðē- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| Er. pele- || - || - || - || *piil- || *peeɬ- || -
| No regularity really
|-
| &quot;warm&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *rög || reeg, rög || *räɣ || *reɣ || -
|-
| &quot;face&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *weenč || Sk. wandV
|-
| &quot;thin&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *vek- || veek- || - || - || -
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Round Robin Conlang</title>
    <id>7005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52583</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-11T13:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated to round 5</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''round robin conlang''' is a collaborative conlanging game in progress, begun and overseen by Pete Bleackley ([http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0910a&amp;L=conlang&amp;T=0&amp;F=&amp;S=&amp;P=29498 here]).  To quote the rules:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Each person in turn [...] creates one new rule and 
one new root, plus some examples to show the consequences, and passes it 
on to the next person on the list. When it gets back to me, we start 
another loop, and keep going for as long as we feel necessary.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The grammar presented here is from the end of '''round 5'''.

==Game organisation==

The current turn order is
#Pete Bleackley
#Matthew Turnbull
#Daniel Demski
#[[User:Tropylium|John Vertical]]
#Alex Fink
#Patrick Dunn
#Mechthild Czapp
#Alex Bicksler
and back to Pete Bleackley to complete the round.

===Past Participants===
*Gary Shannon
*Vincent Pistelli
*Brett Williams

==Grammar==
===Morphology===
*Roots are CVC and verbal in meaning
*Verbal 1st person is indicated by derivational suffix [-af] which triggers spirant lenition. 
Ex. bivaf - I ask, tiɣaf - I speak, tsʼuð˜af - I die.
*Verbal 2nd person is marked by the suffix -es, which changes the stem analogue to the 1st person.
Frex: ha bives: you asked, vijes: you create (if I understood rule 1 correctly)
*Verbal 3rd person is indicated by the suffix [-ú], which also triggers spirant lenition
Ex. ha vivú - it grew, ha vivivu ívib i.ɔ - the plants each grew very quickly
*Dual verbal number is indicated by the particle [i.ɔ] at the end of the clause.
*Plural verbal number is indicated by reduplicating the VC of the verbal root, copying any lenition.  When [iɔ] cooccurs with this it has distributive rather than dual force. 
Eg. kʼéχéχaf - we (all) come (together), kʼéχéχaf iɔ - we (all) come one at a time.
*The General Future tense indicates that an event has not yet occurred. It is formed by the preverbal particle [bó]. This tense is used whether or not the action is intended to occur in the futur, or was supposed to happen in the past and did not. In the case that the action is supposed to be in the futur, the particle recieves primary phrasal stress and may be reduplicated.
Ex. bó suɣ̃af suŋŋ - the field has not been ploughed by me, perhaps I will later. bó bó suɣ̃af suŋŋ - I will plough the field.
*Simple past is marked by the particle &quot;ha&quot; before the verb. 
Ex. ha bivaf iɔ - We two asked.
*There is a different past tense for events which happened before the conscious lifetime of the speaker or in myths. This tense uses the particle &quot;χu&quot;. It can also be used instead of &quot;ha&quot; to indicate that the speaker is unsure about the truth of the statement.
&quot;χu bives&quot; You asked (either before my lifetime or only maybe)
*The passive voice is formed by prefixing é to the stem and gemminating the first consonant:
Ha ébbivú: He was asked.
*A prefix [í-] derives agents (also, it seems, some experiencers/undergoers from intransitiv roots). Note this being mark'd for high tone - default tone is not indicated. This also does not trigger spirantization. 
Eg. [ítig] &quot;speaker&quot;, [ítsʼun] &quot;mortal&quot;, [íkʼeb] &quot;man&quot;
*Patient nouns are formed by infixing a homoorganic nasal before the last consonant
**bimb - question
**boimb - attempt
**kant - arrow
**tiŋg - word
**vent - sight
**viñj - artefact
*A tool or body part can be derived from an agent noun by infixing a homoorganic nasal before the first consonant, and moving the high pitch onto the second syllable.
*Names of birds can be formed by suffixing -at to a word
*The intensive of the verbal root is formed by suffixing -aq, which triggers gemination of the previous consonant. 
Eg.  [bib] &quot;to ask&quot; [bibbaq] &quot;to interrogate&quot;; [tig] &quot;to speak&quot; [tiggaq] &quot;to give a speech.&quot;
*The imparativ mode is express'd by changing the person suffix' initial vowel to &lt;e&gt; and geminating the root-final consonant (if not geminated yet).
**kattes - Shoot! (singular)
**katattes - Shoot! (plural)
**katattef - Let us shoot! (plural)
**tiggaχes - Give a speech! (sing.) (Not *tiggaqqes nor *tigggaχes)
**tigiggaχes - Give speeches! (plur.)
*Hypothetical situations require the Subjunctive 1. This mood inserts kem in front of the verb or the tense preposition:
**Example: ha vivú: it grew
**kem ha vivú: it grew (subjunctive 1)
*Collective nouns are formed by prefixing ŋ- to nouns that begin with vowels, or lu- to nouns that begin with consonants
*A participle is formed from the verb by spirant lenition and appending a vowel, [-e] if the stem vowel is front and [-o] if it's not.  Participles do not distinguish active from passive.
**k'eb &quot;be male&quot;, k'eve &quot;male (adj.)&quot;
**tap &quot;break&quot;, tafo &quot;broken&quot; or &quot;which has broken s.t.&quot;
*Nominal paucal number is derived from count nouns by the suffix [-ól], for mass nouns this derivational process signifies a sufficiency of the noun.
**bimból - a few questions
**kantól - a few arrows
**ventól - some sights
**boimból - a few attempts
**íbetsʼól - sufficient sand
*Reduplication of adjectives creates abstract nominatives.  A reduplicated tone loses its tone on the second syllable.
**hóv – to be good
**hóvhov – goodness
*Addendum: If the root ends in a stop, the onset is geminated instead of forming a cluster:
**nuk - to be female
**nunnuk - womanhood (*nuknuk)

*Possessive pronouns are treated as participles formed from the pronominal root.
**gɔs - &quot;I&quot;
**gɔso - &quot;my&quot;
**sɛt - &quot;you&quot;
**sɛse -- &quot;your&quot;
**bimb gɔso &quot;my question&quot;
*Non-pronominal possessors are cast using a third person pronoun tocarry the possessive marking, which cliticises to the possessing noun.
**intán lɛqatɔso - &quot;a goose's leg&quot;
**ínukól ísuŋóltsoio - &quot;two ploughmen's wives&quot; (lit. &quot;women&quot;)
*A prefix [du-] marks instrumental case. An initial vowel* will be replaced, but its tone will remain.
**dukant - with an arrow
**duntáp - with an axe
**dumvíj - with a tool
**dúbetsʼ - with sand
 *We only have examples with [i] so far, so it's possible this only happens before sufficiently close vowels.
*A prefix [tsʼɛ-] marks locative case. Underlying [ɛ.i] contracts to [e] (other initial vowels may do other things).  Again, high tone remains.
**tsʼɛqump - in a hole
**tsʼentán - on the leg
**tsʼésasaq - in water
*The prefix gi indicates the comitative case. A vowel at the beginning of the word will be replaced but its tone retained:
;giNqúpat: with the woodpecker

===Syntax===
*I thought I'd gently dip our toes in some larger structure, with conjunctions that go between phrases, for instance &quot;vigi&quot; meaning &quot;because&quot;, that is that the first clause is implied, caused or
motivated by the second: 
**&quot;tiggaχes vigi ha bivaf&quot; -- You give a speech because I asked. 
**&quot;ha boivaf iɔ vigi kʼeves&quot; -- We two tried because you're a man.
**&quot;tsʼununnaχes iɔ vigi ha kʼéχéχes&quot; -- You each die a terrible death because you all came.
*Word order is VSO but pronouns, if present, go before the verb. When the subject, pronouns match the number of the verb, and are correspondingly distributive or collective.
*tsai ha vet íbetsʼaqól iɔ - The two saw enough powder (flour).
*tsov gɔs vetet iɔ - Each sees me. 
*Modifiers of the noun follow the noun they modify.
**kant tafo - broken arrow
*Negation of finite verb phrases is sometimes accomplished with tsele coming after the verb. However, many verbs have irregular negations, accomplished with (often unrelated) participles placed in apposition with the subject. Note, it is often the words which do not have clear opposites which have irregular negation. A clear opposite is one which would be synonymous with negation- for example, &quot;he does not ask&quot; is not synonymous with &quot;he answers&quot;, so it gains an irregular negation; but &quot;he does not die&quot; is synonymous with &quot;he lives&quot;, so both are acceptable things to say. The irregular opposite participles are not used as full, independent verbs.
Examples:
**bivu tontevigi sɛt tajo - He asks although you are not asking.
**kʼéχú tsele - He does not come; synonymous with neŋ
*To join nominal phrases involving oblique cases/clitics (such as the preceding three) into one, a general-purpose particle /kai/ is used. With the comitative case, this functions as a general &quot;A and B&quot; expression.
**kasaf suŋŋat kai tsʼentán - I shoot a thrush on the leg (it was sitting on some previously discussed leg)
**Contrast: kasaf suŋŋat tsʼentán - I shoot a thrush in the leg (I hit its leg)
**vesaf íkat kai gílɛq - I see an archer and a guard
**Contrast: vesaf íkat gílɛq - I see (that there is) an archer with theguard
*Relative clause formations are nominative-accusative in nature, and they involve a gap strategy with a nominative relativizer [kolí], or an accusative relativizer [kɛl] like so :
**[ kasaf lɛqat ] - I shoot a goose
**[ bó tsʼus̃ú lɛqat ] - the goose has not died, but probably will
**[ kasaf lɛqat kolí bó tsʼus̃ú ] - I shoot the goose that will die (probably).
**[ bó tsʼus̃ú lɛqat kɛl kasaf ] - the goose that I'm shooting will probably die
*One way of forming yes/no questions is by adding the word ɔ́lɛv (there) to a sentence. This is considered formal, which means it is the form of yes/no questions used by respected individuals, as well as the form more politely used when quoting someone directly. ɔ́lɛv can go wherever the speaker desires in the sentence.
Examples:
**χu veTeTes saNq ɔ́lɛv:
**Did you see the statue? Literally: You (pl.) saw (in the dist. past) the statue there? (Something like English, &quot;you saw the statue now?&quot; or &quot;did you see it then?&quot;)
*More on formality. Those who speak formally do so as a part of their identity, not based on context. A major life change must accompany a decision to begin speaking formally or cease to do so. However, it is preferred in both direct quotes and most indirect discourse to use formal structures, even often when quoting onesself. A departure from this is seen as very deliberate disrespect.
*Adverbs of time occur after the verb, but before the subject.
**bó tsʼuð˜ú saulam - S/he will die soon
**viddzes saulam kantól - Make some arrows soon! (Note fortition: geminate j&gt; ddz)

==Vocab==
offset entries are derivations from the root above them
===Roots===
;bib: ask
:;bibbaq: to interrogate
:;bimb: question
:;tajo: not asking (irregular)
;boib: try
:;boimb: an attempt
;betsʼ: be_a_grain (like sand)
:;betsʼaq: be_a_powder (like flour)
:;íbetsʼ: sand
;dɔb: to be tall
:;dɔddob: height
:;dɔbbaq: to be towering
::;ídobbaq: any unusually tall thing, esp. of trees
:::;ŋídobbaq: a forest of tall trees; a building supported by tall pillars
;hóv: to be good
:;hóvhov: goodness
;kat: shoot
:;kant: arrow
::;lukant: quiver
::;kantat: swift
:::;lukantat: flock of swifts
:;íkat: archer
::;ŋíkat: company of archers
::;iŋkát: bow
;kim: be female
:;kimat: hen
;kʼeb: be male
:;kʼebat: cock
:;íkʼeb: man
;kʼéq: come
;lɛb: to do what (to) (e.g. lɛves &quot;what are you doing?&quot;)
:;lɛmb: what
:;ílɛb: who
::;indε'b: what (of tools specifically)
;lɛq: guard
:;ílɛq: sentry
::;ŋílεq: company of guardsmen
::;inlɛ́q:shield
:;lɛɴq: fort
:;lɛqat: goose
::;lulεqat: flock of geese
;neŋ: to stay behind or away; not come
;nuk: be female
:;nunnuk: womanhood
;qatsʼ: to finish something
:;qantsʼ: a finished task
;qup: bore, dig
:;íqup: digger
::;iɴqúp: drill
:::;iɴqúpat: woodpecker
:;qump: hole
;qʼog: to wade
:;qʼogat: heron
;saq: carve
:;ísaq: carver
::;ŋísaq: ethonym of the speakers of this language
::;insáq: chisel
:;saNq: sculpture
::;lusaNq: group of sculptures
;sas: wet, moisten
:;ísas: moisture, liquid
::;ísasaq: water
:::;ísasaqat: waterfowl
;suŋ: to plough
:;ísuŋ: ploughman
::;insúŋ: plough
:;suŋŋ: ploughed land
::;suŋŋat: thrush
;tán: walk
:;ítán: nomad
::;intán: leg
:;tánn: footpath 
;tap: break
:;ítap: breaker
::;intáp: axe
;tig: speak
:;tiggaq: to give a speech
:;tiŋg: word
::;lutiŋg: language
;tsʼun: die
:;tsʼunnaq: to die a terrible, torturous death
;vet: see
:;vetat: hawk
:;vent:  sight
:;ívet: seer
::;imvét: eye
:::;imvétat: peacock
;vib: grow
:;vibbaq: grow very fast
:;ívib: plant
;vij: create
:;viñj: artefact
:;ívij: creator
::;imvíj: tool
;vik: to intentionally make a mistake to check whether the listener paid attention

===Pronouns===
;ɔt: 3rd person singular animate
;tsoi: 3rd person dual
;tsov: 3rd person distributive plural
;gɔs: 1st person
;sɛt: 2nd person singular informal

===Adverbs===
;ɔ́lɛv: there; somewhere; that way; thus. Can form yes/no questions.
;saulam: soon
 
===Particles===
;ha: simple past
;χu: `complicated past'
;bó: General Future
;iɔ: two, dual; distributive
;tsele: negation of verbs without irregular negation
;kem: subjunctive 1

===Conjunctions===
;vigi: because
;tontevigi: although
;vani: if
;tontevani: lest
;kai: general nominal phrase conjunctor


[[Category:Collaborations]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Permic</title>
    <id>7006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58588</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T00:42:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Permic languages''' are a branch of [[Uralic languages]] spoken in west-central Russia. The family is divided to Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.

==Vowels==
''Note: /ɤ/ here is actually a mid vowel, from the [ɤ̈] ~ [ɘ] ~ [ɵ] ballpark.''

A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:
* Stable vowels: '''*i *ɨ *uu *e *ɤ *a'''
** Regular origins: *u, *ü_a → *ɨ; *ü_i *i → *i; *ë → *uu; ??; *ëx → *ɤ; ??
*** Presumably: y → ʉ / _a, then u → ʉ, finally y ʉ → i ɨ.
** Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
* Derounding (short?) vowels: '''*ö *o *u''' → Udmurt /o o ɨ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
** No real regular origin
** (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
* A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*oo *ɤɤ''' → U. /u ɨ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
** In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/.
** Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *oo&lt;sup&gt;ð&lt;/sup&gt;.
** Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
* A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: '''*åå *aa''' →  U. /a a/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
** Regular origins: ??; *äl → *aa
* The vowels reconstructed here as &quot;long&quot; seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as &quot;short&quot; mostly from PU *close vowels.
* Awaiting explanation
** '''/i/ ~ /ɯ/''' (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
** A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from [[Proto-Uralic/Ä|*ä]]
*** The most prominent of these is '''*o'''.
*** '''/e/ ~ /ɤ/''' (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
*** '''/i/ ~ /(j)e/''' (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? &quot;marrow&quot; also U. /-ijɯ-/)
*** '''/ɨ/ ~ /e/''' (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɯ or *ɤɤ)
*** '''/ɨ/ ~ /o/''' (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *kaðʲa-, *saala, *kaasi)
*** /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
*** /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?)
*** /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
** /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
** /ɨ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
** /u/ ~ /ɨ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
** /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
** /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
** /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
** /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
** /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
** /ɤ/ ~ /ɨ/ (*nôla)
** /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
** /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
** /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
** /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
**Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels

Standard Proto-Permic:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! &amp;nbsp; !! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Close #1 !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Close #2 !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Mid
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Proto-Permic &lt;small&gt;(Sammallahti)&lt;/small&gt;
| *ɪ || *ɪ̵ || *ʏ, *ʊ || *i || *ʉ || *ɨ || *y, *u || *e || *ɤ || *ɵ || *o || *a ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Proto-Permic &lt;small&gt;(Itkonen)&lt;/small&gt;
| *i || *ɨ || *u || *e ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ɵ || *o || *ɛ || *ʌ || || *ɔ || *a ||
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Komi
| i || ɨ || u ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| e || ɤ || o || †ɛ → e ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɤ || †ɔ → o || a || ɤ || o || ɤ || e || u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Komi-Yazva
| i || ɵ || u ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| iː || ɨː || uː || e ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɵ || o || a || ? || ? || ? || ? || ?
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! Udmurt
| i || ɨ || ‡u || e || ɤ || ɨ || ‡u ||colspan=&quot;2&quot;| e || o || u ||colspan=&quot;3&quot;| a || ɤ || o || ɨ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! My Proto-P.
| *i || *ɨ || *uu || *e&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br/&gt;(*ee?) || || *ɤɤ || *oo&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || *e&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || || *o || *oo&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || *a || *aa || *åå || *ɤ || *ö || *u
|}
† Distinct /ɛ ɔ/ are attested in Old Komi (/ɔ/ also dialectally).&lt;br/&gt;
‡ Sammallahti's *y *ʏ occur for words that in SW Udmurt have /ʉ/ in place of expected /u/.

==Consonants==
Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast (outside of the change of initial *r → ''?'' *dr → /dʐ/ in Udmurt), and some words even have voiced/voiceless variants.

In several cases, apparently a voiceless initial assimilates to a voiced medial:
* *künči &gt;&gt; *kidž &gt; '''*giž'''
* *kenta &gt;&gt; *kid &gt; '''*gid'''
* *kumpa &gt;&gt; *kɨb &gt; '''*gɨb'''
* *ponči &gt;&gt; *bɤɤdž &gt; '''*bɤɤž'''
* *sonta &gt;&gt; *suud &gt; '''*zuud'''
* *čeŋki &gt;&gt; *čog &gt; U. '''džog, žog'''
* *kënta &gt;&gt; *kVd &gt; K. '''gɨd'''
* *sompa &gt;&gt; *sVb &gt; K. '''zɨb'''
In Komi this is more common than in Udmurt:
* *ponti &gt;&gt; *pVd &gt; U. pud~'''bud''',  K. '''bed'''
* *š/čamći &gt;&gt; *šoodź &gt; U. šudź, K. '''žodź'''
* *kansa &gt;&gt; *kooz &gt; U. kuz, K. '''goz'''
Sometimes this seems to be shared by Hungarian:
* *tOmpɜ- &gt;&gt; *tɨb- &gt; '''*dɨb-'''; Hu. '''dob-''' (&quot;to knock&quot; ~ &quot;to thro&quot;, could be onomatopoetic)
* *puŋka &gt;&gt; *pVg &gt; U. pog, K. '''bug''', Hu. '''bog'''
* *tuŋki- &gt;&gt; Hu. '''dog-''' (not in Permic)

However, the change is far from fully general:
* *kunći &gt; *kɨdź &quot;birch&quot;
* *kunći &gt; *kudź &quot;urine&quot;
* *tumti- &gt; *tod-
* *tëŋka &gt; *tug
* *künta &gt; *kɨd
* *čiŋka &gt; *čög
* *pEntɜ &gt; *pod
* *šoŋkɜ &gt; *šoog
* *čêŋka &gt; *čog
* *ś/ćäŋkɜ &gt; *ćeeg
* *kunćɜ &gt; *kVdź (&gt; U. kidźi-ĺi, K. këdźɨl)
* *kamti &gt; K. kud
* *konćɜ &gt; K. kadź (cf. *ko(n)ć-ka &gt; K. kaćka)
* *sVŋśa- &gt; K. sidź-
* *sünti- &gt; K. sod-
* #šäŋti &gt; K. šogdi (bisyllabic? a derivativ?)
* *pinta &gt; U. ped
* BF *kään-tä- ~ *ködž- (bad; BF a causativ)
* Ma *kində ~ *kɨd
* Ma *pʊndaš ~ *pɨdəs
* ObU *ćumpəl ~ *ćib
* ObU *kïïnt ~ *kuud
* Kh *pänt ~ K. pad

(*goobɨ &quot;mushroom&quot; is a Slavic loan with a voiced initial to begin with.)

There are also similar examples not from nasals:
* ObU *pɛɛrt ~ '''bördɨ''' (← IE *bʰrdʰ-?)
* Ms *kürtəɣ ~ '''*goorda'''

[[Category:Language families]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Azorese</title>
    <id>7007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50264</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T20:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Azorese''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''&amp;nbsp;'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Azores
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||3,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::'''Azorese'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2009-
|}

'''Azorese''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Macaronesian]] group, spoken in the Azores.  Today, it is spoken only by a small minority of the inhabitants of the Azores, the dominant language being Portuguese.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Madeirese</title>
    <id>7008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50268</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T20:51:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Madeirese''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''&amp;nbsp;'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Madeira
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||7,500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::'''Madeirese'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] ||2009-
|}

'''Madeirese''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Macaronesian]] group, spoken in Madeira.  With 7,500 speakers, it is the Macaronesian language with the largest speaker community, but still only a small minority against the dominant language of Madeira, Portuguese.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canarian</title>
    <id>7009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50275</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T21:02:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Canarian''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''&amp;nbsp;'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Canary Islands
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||1,500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::'''Canarian'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2009-
|}

'''Canarian''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Macaronesian]] group.  It is one of the two main indigenous languages (together with [[Wikipedia:Guanche language|Guanche]]) of the Canary Islands, still spoken by ca. 1,500 people.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sajelvirin</title>
    <id>7010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50274</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T21:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Sea Elvish''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''Sajelvirin'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Atlantic Ocean, around the Canary Islands
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||3,500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::'''Sajelvirin'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2009-
|}

'''Sajelvirin''' ('Sea Elvish') is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Macaronesian]] group.  It is spoken by the ''Sea Elves'', a nomadic people in the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the Canary Islands.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caboverdese</title>
    <id>7011</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50279</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-09T21:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |{{#if:  | '''''' | {{#if:  | '''''' }} }} {{#if:  | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; | {{#if:  | &lt;br&gt; }} }} ''''''''''  }} {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{#if:  || {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | '''''' | {{ #if:  | | '''Caboverdese''' }} }} }} {{ #if:  | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt;'''''''''' | {{ #if:  | &lt;br&gt; ''''''''''| '''''''''' |}} }} |{{ #if:  | | {{ #if:  | | &lt;br&gt;'''''&amp;nbsp;'''''}} }} }} }} }} }}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Cape Verde Islands
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||4,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Hesperic]]
:[[Albic]]
::[[South Albic]]
:::[[Macaronesian]]
::::'''Caboverdese'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VSO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||active-stative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2009-
|}

'''Caboverdese''' is an [[Albic]] language of the [[Macaronesian]] group, spoken by about 4,000 people in the Cape Verde Islands.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Diachronic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Round Robin Conlang</title>
    <id>7012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51116</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-21T18:30:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wives</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Question: There is now a root-final &lt;j&gt; appearing. Is this intended to be an obstruent of some kind? Or if it's just /j/, is it intended to contrast with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; as appears in ''boib'', ''tsai'' etc? --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 12:45, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Question : There is a morphological function where a homo-organic nasal is inserted before the caudal consonant, but we have a problem, because what happens with the root [tsʼun], what does it become? Does it become simply [ts’un], or [ts’ũn], or [ts’unː], or [ts’uːn], or [ts’ũːn]? [[User:Ave matthew|ave mathyiw at maye]]

:I think it's in the spirit of the game to just decide oneself on answers to these questions if they worry one.  So, with only that authority, here's what I might do:
:* &amp;lt;j&amp;gt; is /j/ behaving morphophonologically as a final C; &amp;lt;i&amp;gt; after a V can also be [j] but then it's morphophonologically part of the root vowel.  
:* It seems the least exceptional thing is for /tsʼun/ to go to /tsʼunn/, but that might be realised like one of the other things you suggested. 
:[[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 18:04, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

:Plus, if &amp;lt;j&amp;gt; were some kind of stop I'd expect it to go to its corresponding fricative under spirant lenition, but it stays &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;. [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 18:14, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
::I was thinking something from the [ʒ] ballpark, but a morphophonemical distinction doesn't sound too bad either. For prenasalization of nasals, &quot;gemination&quot; and &quot;nothing&quot; seem the most likely changes — but who's to say it doesn't become /ndr/ or /ln/ or /ŋn/ or something? No-one before we actually use it. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 21:06, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

:For the record, here's what Pete Bleackley said onlist:
::OK, I'm responsible for the nasal infixation rule, so I'll answer this. My intention is that when a nasal is infixed before another nasal, you get a gemminate nasal.
::[...]
::I intended ñ to have its Spanish value, ie CXS [J], in line with &lt;j&gt; = [j]
:[[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 22:43, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

We now seem to have two roots for &quot;to be female&quot;. That's funny, but I'm tempted to split the semantics somehow. Not right away, but perhaps if it ends up fitting a grammar rule example… --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 18:15, 3 December 2009 (UTC)
:The /nuk/ root has been used in an example now, with /ínuk/ used possessed for &quot;wife&quot;, for what it's worth. [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 18:30, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Regarding rule 18 on negation, I don't know how to tell whether a root has a &quot;clear opposite&quot;... [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 18:28, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

== Analysis ==

[[Round Robin Conlang/Observations]]

It should be useful to eventually have documentation beyond everyone's own writeups… --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 20:52, 3 December 2009 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya sh.PNG</title>
    <id>7013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51274</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:42:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-N.gif</title>
    <id>7014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50296</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-11T03:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /ŋ/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /ŋ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-’.gif</title>
    <id>7015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50298</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-11T03:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /ʔ/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /ʔ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-V.gif</title>
    <id>7016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50299</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-11T03:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /aː/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /aː/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Drake</title>
    <id>7017</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54556</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T00:25:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Drake ([[Image:Drake-V.gif]][[Image:Drake-’.gif]][[Image:Drake-N.gif]])|pronounce=/ŋèʔa̰a̰/|tu=[[Nother]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[../Timeline|5th–10th c. AD]]|species=[[Races of Nother|dragons]]|in=[[../Atlanteia/]]|no=Extinct|script=[[../Drake alphabet/|Drake script]]|tree=''[[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''Drake''' (Old Menashean)&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Early Menashean/]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[../Menashean/]]|morph=Fusional|ms=Accusative|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2003}}

'''Drake''' or '''Old Menashean'''&lt;ref&gt;''Drake'' is the traditional English name, and most properly refers to Old Menashean, but is also used generically to refer to any stage of the language.  The name ''Menashean'', which refers to [[../Menashe/]], legendary founder of the city, is a recent coinage ''also'' used to refer generically to any stage of the language, but without qualifiers usually means the modern stage of the language.&lt;/ref&gt; was a language spoken in [[../Atlanteia/]] from its foundation till roughly the [[../10th century|tenth century A.D.]], after which point it is called [[../Early Menashean/]].  

The [[Races of Nother|dragons]] who spoke the language had no ethnonym, and simply called themselves {{X|rtl=x|Drake|N|’|G|V}} /ŋeʔḛ̀ɣaa/ &quot;dragons&quot;, and the language name is derived from this. It is an [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic language]], not their [[../innate language/]]; {{X|rtl=x|Drake|N|’|V}} /ŋèʔa̰a̰/, for example, is cognate to [[Egyptian]] &lt;i&gt;nˁw&lt;/i&gt; 'serpent'.

* [[../Drake phonology/]]
* [[../Drake alphabet/]]


&lt;references/&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aingeljã</title>
    <id>7018</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51489</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T17:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Adjectives */ we have [[number]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Aingelj&amp;atilde;''' is a new [[romance language]] belonging to the western branch, Eastern-Iberian-Romance group.
It is therefore very close to other languages such as [[Spanish]], [[Aragonese]] and [[Catalan]], although it contains important similarities with [[Galician]]-[[Portuguese]], [[Occitan]], [[French]] and [[Italian]].
There are some germanic traces, especially from [[English]] and [[German]]. Its [[phonology]] is very close to that of the Catalan dialect spoken in [[Valencia]] ([[Spain]]), the so-called [[Valencian]]. Any person who is able to read texts written in Spanish, Catalan, Occitan or Italian, would not have any problems when reading something in '''Angelian'''.

==About the tildes==

In '''Angelian''' there are some graphic symbols which are written over certain vowels to help the pronunciation. They are the [[tilde|nasal tilde]] ( ~ ), the [[acute accent]] ( ´ ), the [[grave accent]] ( ` ), the [[diaeresis]] ( ¨ ) and the [[breve]] symbol ( &amp;#259; ):

&lt;center&gt;
&amp;atilde; &amp;#259; à è é &amp;#297; ì ï &amp;otilde; ò &amp;#361; ù ü
&lt;/center&gt;


==Nouns==

[[Noun]]s can be [[masculine]] or [[feminine]] in [[grammatical gender|gender]], [[singular]] or [[plural]] in [[number]]:

* As a general rule, in singular all feminine nouns end in '''-a'''. Masculine nouns can end in any other letter.
* As a general rule, in order to form plural you add '''-s'''. When the word ends in '''-ix''', '''-ll''', '''-nn''', '''-s''', '''-z''', '''-ç''', you add '''-es'''.

==Adjectives==

[[Adjective]]s can be [[masculine]] or [[feminine]] in [[grammatical gender|gender]], [[singular]] or [[plural]] in [[number]]. They can appear before or after the [[noun]] they accompany, but always before other possible [[determiner]]s, such as [[article (grammar)|articles]], possessive or demonstrative ones, among others. Adjectives always agree in gender and in number with the nount they accompany.

==Determinate articles==

&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table width=&quot;75%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;th width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Masculine&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ou&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ous&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;oul'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Feminine&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;as&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;al'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

These [[article]]s are used mainly to constrain the extension of the [[noun]] they accompany
to entities already known by the interlocutors. They correspond in [[English]] to '''the'''. 

* '''Ou''' and '''a''' are used before singular nouns that begin by a [[consonant]] other than '''h''' (this is a mute letter). They are already used before nouns beginning with the [[Semivowel|semiconsonant]]s '''j''' or '''w'''.

* '''Oul'''' and '''al'''' are used before singular nouns that begin by a [[vowel]] or by '''h'''. In this case, there is a word bonding, so that the last letter of a word (the article) is bonded when pronouncing to the first letter of the following word. This is represented by an [[apostrophe (mark)|apostrophe]] ( ' ). These words are also written without intermediate blank spaces. 

* The articles  '''ous''' (masculine) and '''as''' (feminine) are used for plural.

==Indeterminate articles==

&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table width=&quot;75%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;th width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Masculine&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;&amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Feminine&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;una&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;unas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;un'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

These articles are used with the noun they accompany, to show that it represents an unknown entity for the interlocutors, which is mentioned for the first time in the conversation, or which is going to be described in a vague and indefinite way. They correspond to the [[English]] '''a/an'''.

* '''&amp;#360;''' and '''una''' are used before singular nouns beginning with a consonant, other than '''h'''. They are also used before nouns beginning with the [[semiconsonant]]s '''j''' or '''w'''.

* '''&amp;#360;n'''' and '''un''' are used with singular nouns beginning with a vowel or with '''h'''. In this case, there is a word bonding, so that the last letter of a word (the article) is bonded when pronouncing to the first letter of the following word. This is represented by an [[apostrophe (mark)|apostrophe]] ('). These words are also written without intermediate blank spaces. 

* The articles  '''&amp;#361;ns''' (masculine) and '''unas''' (feminine) are written for plural.


==Possessive determiners and pronouns==

The possessive words indicate who the owner of something is. The possessed thing is specified by the noun they accompany. They agree in gender and number with this noun, but as well, they agree in person and number with the owner/s. These determiners have the same form as the corresponding [[pronoun]]s in '''Angelian''', so in order to distinguish them, you have to look for the accompanied noun.

They correspond in [[English]] to the determiners '''my''', '''your''' (singular), '''his''', '''her''', '''its''', '''our''', '''your''' (plural) and '''their''', as well as the pronouns '''mine''', '''yours''' (singular), '''his''', '''hers''', '''its''', '''ours''', '''yours''' (plural) and '''theirs'''.


&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Masculine&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Feminine&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;1st Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mou / moul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ma / mal'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;2nd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tou / toul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ta / tal'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;3rd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sou / soul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sa/ sal'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;1st Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nou / noul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;na / nal'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;2nd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vou / voul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;va / val'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;3rd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sou / soul'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sa / sal'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;sas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	      
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;


The forms ending in '''-l'''' are used in the same way as  '''oul'''', '''al'''', '''&amp;#361;n'''' and '''un'''', this is, before words beginning with a vowel or '''h'''.


==Personal pronouns==

The personal pronouns indicate the grammatical persons. There are two types:

* Tonic, with full meaning and stress.
* Atonic, without full meaning, nor stress, so they cannot be used alone in a sentence.

Some atonic pronouns are used with the so-called pronominal verbs. These pronouns just give a special meaning to the verb (which usually presents both versions, a pronominal one and a non-pronominal one), usually a reflexive or reciprocal meaing. 


&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Tonic&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Atonic&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Not pronominal&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Pronominal&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Singular&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;1st Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;jo&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mi&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;mi&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;2nd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;tu&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ti&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ti&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;3rd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ill&lt;br&gt;illa&lt;br&gt;se&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ou / oul' / ïu / si&lt;br&gt;a / al' / ïa / si&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;si&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th rowspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Plural&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;1st Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nos&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nus&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;nus&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;2nd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vos&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vus&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;vus&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;3rd Person&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;illes&lt;br&gt;illas&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;ous / ïus / si&lt;br&gt;as / ïas / si&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;si&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;


Notes:

* The direct object pronouns for the 3rd person are: '''ou''', '''oul'''', '''a''', '''al'''', '''ous''', '''as'''. They correspond in [[English]] to '''him''', '''her''', '''it''', '''them'''.

* The indirect object pronouns for the 3rd person are: '''ïu''', '''ïa''', '''ïus''', '''ïas'''. They also correspond in [[English]] to '''him''', '''her''', '''it''', '''them'''.
* Impersonal sentences do not have a real subject. In practice you can use the pronoun '''se''', which compensates the lack of a subject. The corresponding verb is always conjugated in the third person of singular. Examples: '''se plugge''' (it is raining), '''se njeixe''' (it is snowing), '''s'eh fret''' (it is cold), '''s'eh caude''' (it is warm).


==Preposition + article unions==

Some [[preposition]]s followed by a determinate article are contracted into one single word. This is the case of  '''ne''' (in) and '''de''' (of). In case they are followed by a word beginning by a vowel or '''h''' (included the indeterminate article), they suffer a bonding and become  '''n'''' and '''d'''', respectively. Bear in mind that the preposition '''a''' (at/to) is never contracted with an article, and becomes '''ad''' when it is followed by a vowel or '''h'''.


&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Preposition + article&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;With contraction&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;ne +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ou&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= nou&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= nous&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= na&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ as&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= nas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          	        
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;de +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ou&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= dou&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= dous&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= da&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ as&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= das&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Preposition + Article&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;With bonding&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;ne +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'&amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'&amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	                    
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'&amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ una&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'una&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ un'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'un'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ unas&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= n'unas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          	        
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;de +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'&amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'&amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'&amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ una&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'una&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ un'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'un'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ unas&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= d'unas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Preposition + Article&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Without contraction nor bonding&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;a +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ou&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad ou&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ ous&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad ous&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ a&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad a&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ as&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad as&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td rowspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;a +&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad &amp;#361;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad &amp;#361;n'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ &amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad &amp;#361;ns&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ una&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad una&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ un'&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad un'&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	          
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;+ unas&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;= ad unas&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;	 	          	          	        	                      	          	          	        
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;


==Verbs==

[[Verb]]s are much easier in '''Aingelj&amp;atilde;''' than in other languages: 

* All the verbs are regular.
* There is only one [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]], as all the verbs have converged into the first [[Latin]] conjugation: '''-are''' &gt; '''-re'''.
* There is no [[subjunctive]] mood.

The only irregular verbs are the auxiliary ones: '''es&amp;#259;re''' (to be), which is used in the passive voice, and '''haure''' (to have), which is used in the compound tenses. These verbs are irregular only in present tense. In the remainder cases, they follow the regular rules.

All the [[infinitive]]s end in '''-re''', [[present participle]]s in '''-ant''', and [[past participle]]s in '''-at'''.

Each conjugated form is created out of a [[lexeme]] plus some special endings or [[morpheme]]s for each person. It is not mandatory (but recommendable) that the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of the sentence always appears, as it can be identified by the verbal ending.


'''Verbal tenses:'''

There is only [[indicative]] mood with the following types of tenses:
* Simple, formed out of the lexeme of the verb plus personal endings. There are six tenses: present, imperfect past, undefined past, future, conditional and imperative.
• Compound, formed with '''haure''' + past participle ('''-at'''). There are five tenses: perfect, pluperfect, undefined past perfect, future perfect and conditional perfect.


'''Types of verbs according to their lexeme:'''

There are three classes:

* Strong verbs, whose lexeme is obtained directly from the infinitive by removing the ending '''-re'''. The infinitive of these verbs is a [[paroxitone]] word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but one. Example: '''chantre''' '''/&quot;tSantre/''' (to sing), whose lexeme is '''chant-'''. These verbs do not have 1st person ending in present tense: '''jo chant''' (I sing).

* Weak verbs, for which there is an intermediate '''-&amp;#259;-''' (pronounced '''/@/'''), between the lexeme and the ending '''-re'''. The infinitive of these verbs is a [[proparoxitone]] word, this is, the stressed syllable is the last but two. Example: '''ven&amp;#259;re''' '''/&quot;ven@re/''' (to come), whose lexeme is '''ven-'''. They have an extra '''-e''' in the first person singular in present tense: '''jo vene''' (I come).


''' Examples of conjugation for normal verbs:'''

&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Present tense of strong verb &quot;chantre&quot;&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Present tense of weak verb &quot;ven&amp;#259;re&quot;&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Jo chant&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Jo vene&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Tu chantes&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Tu venes&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Ill/Illa chante&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Ill/Illa vene&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Nos chantèms&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Nos venèms&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Vos chantèts&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Vos venèts&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Illes/Illas chanten&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Illes/Illas venen&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;


''' Examples of conjugation for auxiliary verbs:'''

&lt;center&gt;
  &lt;table border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Present tense of verb &quot;haure&quot;&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;th&gt;Present tense of verb &quot;es&amp;#259;re&quot;&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;J'heh&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Jo swi&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;T'has&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;T'es&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Ill/Illa hast&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Ill/Illa eh&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Nos hauèms&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Nos soimes&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Vos hauèts&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Vos ets&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Illes/Illas hauen&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td&gt;Illes/Illas sen&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;


= Some texts in Aingelj&amp;atilde; =


==[[Our Father]]==


Nou Pare, qwe ets nou cell,&lt;br&gt;
qwe santificat eh vou nome,&lt;br&gt;
qwe vene a nos vou reix&amp;#297;.&lt;br&gt;
Qwe eh façata va voluntà,&lt;br&gt;
tant na terra com nou cell.&lt;br&gt;
Donat-nus hogge nou p&amp;atilde; qwotigg&amp;atilde;n &lt;br&gt;
e pardonat nas ofensas,&lt;br&gt;
com tantbain nos pardonèms qw&amp;#297;ns ofenden-nus.&lt;br&gt;
E n&amp;otilde; deixat-nus cadre na tentacj&amp;otilde;n&lt;br&gt;
e lluwerat-nus dou Mau. &lt;br&gt;
Voul'eh ou reix&amp;#297;,&lt;br&gt;
voul'ou potre et a glorja,&lt;br&gt;
pur sempre. AMAIN.&lt;br&gt;


==Ring's Poem ([[Tolkien]])==


Tre aneus per ous Reixes Elfs abaix ou cell.&lt;br&gt;
Seit per ous Moussers Nan&amp;atilde;ns nous palazes de petra.&lt;br&gt;
Nou per ous Homes Mòrrals condenats a morre.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#360; per ou Mouser Umrerat, super oul'umrerat tr&amp;otilde;,&lt;br&gt;
na Terra de Mòrdor d&amp;otilde; stenden-si as Umras.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#360;n'Aneu per reix&amp;#259;re tots. &amp;#360;n'Aneu per troure-ous,&lt;br&gt;
&amp;#361;n'Aneu per atraure tots et atre-ous nas tenrewas,&lt;br&gt;
na Terra de Mòrdor d&amp;otilde; stenden-si as Umras.&lt;br&gt;


==The dispersion of [[Babel]] ([[Genesis]] 11:1-9)==

Tota a terra parlabe &amp;#361; mesme langaix et usabe as mesmas paraulas. Qwand ous homes emigreiren des oul'Est, troueiren illes una planura na regg&amp;otilde; de Senar e stauleiren-si lla. E ggueiren illes &amp;#361;ns ad autres:

- Vadèms façre brecs e coçre-ous a foc.

Illes useiren brecs nou loc da petra, et asfaut nou loc da mortella; e ggueiren illes:

- Vadèms costruj&amp;#259;re una citàt et una torra daqwe someta atangge adast ou cell; ains&amp;#297; nos esarèms famoses e n&amp;otilde; dispersarèms-nus super ou fez da terra.

Meh ou Mouser baixé per vidre a citàt et a torra qwe ous homes costrujaben de segat, e ggué-si: «Tots illes formen &amp;#361; sol pouple e parlen &amp;#361; mesme langaix; e doul'eh sol ou principi de sas interprisas; naçata qwe illes proponen-si resoltré umposïul per illes. Jo vad baix&amp;#259;re confusjon&amp;#259;re sou langaix per qwe illes n&amp;otilde;n entenden-si &amp;#361;ns c&amp;otilde;n autres».

Ains&amp;#297;, ou Mouser dispersé-ous de lla pur tota a terra et illes deixeiren costruj&amp;#259;re a cità. Pur dou, illa apellé-si «Babell», per qwe lla confusjoné ou Mouser ou langaix de tots ous hautants da terra, e des lla Ill dispersé-ous pur tota sa surfiza. 


== [[wikisource:Rima_VII|Rhyme VII]] by [[Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer]]==

Dou sal&amp;otilde; noul'umrerat ànoul,&lt;br&gt;
de sa proprjetarja qwejaix reprouata,&lt;br&gt;
silencjosa e coprata de pouve,&lt;br&gt;
vidabe-si al'harpa.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Qwanta nota dormabe ne sas cordas,&lt;br&gt;
com ou focle dorme nas branchas, &lt;br&gt;
aspetant a m&amp;atilde; de njeix&lt;br&gt;
qwe sape arrancre-as! &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Au! - pensé - qwantas voutas ou ggenn&lt;br&gt;
ains&amp;#297; dorme nou fond dal'auma,&lt;br&gt;
et una voixa, com Làzar, aspete&lt;br&gt;
qwe ggue-ïa «Leva-ti et anda!»!&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;


==External Links==

* http://es.geocities.com/aingelja Official homepage of Aingelj&amp;atilde;
* http://frav.escet.urjc.es/aserranos/pdf/gramatica-aingelja.pdf Complete grammar of Aingelj&amp;atilde; written in Aingelj&amp;atilde; ([[PDF]] format)

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atlango</title>
    <id>7019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50433</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T04:06:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaddeusB</username>
        <id>1346</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove junk/cleanup</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''ATLANGO''' is an international, auxiliary language intended as a [[lingua franca]] for citizens of different countries to learn. Atlango is a highly euphonious and easy to learn language and without any special accented letters like in Esperanto. Atlango can be learned considerably quicker than any other natural language. Dictionary of Atlango contains the most important words of modern English making Atlango easy even for citizens of Asia and Africa.

==Pronunciation in Atlango==
(c-like English - ch, j - like English -J, , Q -as k+w, r &amp; y -like Spanish, v &amp; w -like English, x -English -sh) 

==Sample text==
La lango Atlango esta la nova propondo di neutrala, lango internasya bazita 
sur la cefa langoy di Europo, cefa langoy konstruktita kay la lango Latina. 
Atlango esta muy belsonida in pronunso kay facila por lerno.  

==External link==
* http://vido.net/atlango
* http://vido.net/atlango/vortajo.htm
* http://vido.net/atlango/literatureyo.htm</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Babyish languages</title>
    <id>7020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51460</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T14:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* External link */ cat-frathification</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Babyish languages''' are a set of [[constructed language|artificial languages]] from a child story called &quot;Stories in Babycas&amp;egrave;ny&quot;, which can be viewed as a [[pidgin]] of [[Cantonese]] and [[English]].

Babyish languages can basically be classified into two branches:
* Babyish - characterised by its 5 vowels system (&amp;auml; and &amp;ouml; are considered part of a and o)
* Sheepness - besides a, e, i, o and u, they considered schwa as the 6th vowel and coded separatedly, while Babyish will distribute them among the 5 vowels as short vowels.  For each of the branch, there are further sub-branches, differed by the suffices and articles used in sentences.

Babyish has its own characters, being some geometric shapes, but was not used beyond illustration.  It is transcripted in two ways:

* [[Diacritic|accented]] [[Alphabet|Latin characters]]
* plain [[ASCII]] text

Since Babyish is a pidgin of Cantonese, some words are [[Tonal language|tonal]] and require indication of tones.  Tonal marks from [[pinyin]] is borrowed for tone indication, with an additional mark of &quot;dot below&quot; in indicate &quot;yang&quot; tones.

== Characters used in Babyish ==

Babyish used these characters:

===Vowels===
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Vowels&lt;th&gt;IPA&lt;th&gt;transliteration&lt;th&gt;Special note
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;A&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|a}}&lt;td&gt;a&lt;td&gt;à = {{IPA|/&amp;#592;/}} in IPA
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ä&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|æ}}&lt;td&gt;ae
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;E&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#603;}}&lt;td&gt;e&lt;td&gt;è = {{IPA|/&amp;#601;/}} in IPA
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;I&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|i}}&lt;td&gt;i&lt;td&gt;ì = {{IPA|/&amp;#616;/}} in IPA
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;O&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#596;}}&lt;td&gt;o&lt;td&gt;ò = {{IPA|/o/}} in IPA
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ö&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|œ}}&lt;td&gt;oe
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;U&lt;td&gt;{{IPA|u}}&lt;td&gt;u&lt;td&gt;ù = {{IPA|/&amp;#652;/}} in IPA
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ü&lt;td&gt;y&lt;td&gt;ue
&lt;/table&gt;

Babyish does not have [[diphthong]]s, so when one encounters two vowels being placed together, they are pronounced separately.

===Consonants===
&lt;TABLE BORDER=1&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TH&gt;Consonants&lt;TH&gt;IPA&lt;TH&gt;transliteration&lt;TH&gt;Special note
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;B&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|p}}&lt;td align=center&gt;b&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;P&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|p'}}&lt;td align=center&gt;p&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;M&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|m}}&lt;td align=center&gt;m&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;F&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|f}}&lt;td align=center&gt;f&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;D&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|t}}&lt;td align=center&gt;d&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;T&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|t'}}&lt;td align=center&gt;t&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;N&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|n}}&lt;td align=center&gt;n&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;L&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|l}}&lt;td align=center&gt;l&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;G&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|k}}&lt;td align=center&gt;g&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;K&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|k'}}&lt;td align=center&gt;k&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#330;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#331;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;ng&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#292;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|x}}&lt;td align=center&gt;kh&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;J&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#676;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;j&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#268;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|t&amp;#643;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;ch&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;R&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|r}}&lt;td align=center&gt;r&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;H&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|h}}&lt;td align=center&gt;h&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#7824;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|t&amp;#642;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;zh&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#264;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|t&amp;#642;'}}&lt;td align=center&gt;cz&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#348;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#642;;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;sz&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;&amp;#530;&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|&amp;#645;}}&lt;td align=center&gt;rh&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;Z&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|ts}}&lt;td align=center&gt;z&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;C&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|ts'}}&lt;td align=center&gt;c&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;S&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|s}}&lt;td align=center&gt;s&lt;td align=center&gt;Sometimes &amp;Ccedil; is used to represent &quot;S&quot; sound
&lt;TR&gt;&lt;td align=center&gt;Y&lt;td align=center&gt;{{IPA|j}}&lt;td align=center&gt;y&lt;td align=center&gt;
&lt;/TABLE&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Note&lt;/u&gt;:
* {{IPA|/&amp;#680;/}}, {{IPA|/&amp;#680;'/}}, {{IPA|/&amp;#597;/}} can be written as either &quot;JI&quot;, &quot;QI&quot;, &quot;XI&quot; or &quot;ZI&quot;, &quot;CI&quot; or &quot;SI&quot;.  The former was the older way to write, and it is proper transcription in [[Putonghua]], but that will confuse {{IPA|/&amp;#680;/}} with {{IPA|/&amp;#676;/}}.

===Tones===
* Tones: macron for long vowels, acute, hacek, grave, dot below.

{| border=1
! Tone sign
! Tone value
! Tone value in Cantonese
! Tone value in Mandarin
|-
| (no sign)
| 33 or 55
| ''yin ping'' or Tone 1
| ''yin ping''
|-
| &amp;macr; (macron)
| 33 or 55 &lt;br&gt;but longer duration
| (no equivalent)
| (no equivalent)
|-
| &amp;acute; (acute)
| 24
| yin shang (Tone 2) or yang shang (Tone 5)
| rising tone
|-
| (hacek)
| 22
| yin qu (Tone 3) or &lt;br&gt;yang qu (Tone 6)
|
|-
| ` (grave)
| short vowels or 51
| (no equivalent)
| qu sheng
|-
| . (dot below)
| 11
| yang ping (Tone 4)
| (no equivalent)
|}

== Some sample text of Babyish ==

===Vocabularies===
{| border=1
!English
!Babyish
!Origin
|-
|Cat
|Uzaza / Miao
|Original / Onomotopaeic
|-
|Dog
|Azaza / Wou
|Original / Onomotopaeic
|-
|Rabbit
|Zaza / D&amp;eacute;ng
|Original
|-
|Sheep
|Me
|Onomotopaeic
|-
|Panda
|Siongmiao
|Mandarin Chinese
|-
|Fish
|&amp;Ouml;r
|Original
|-
|Tortoise (or turtle)
|Wuggw&amp;agrave;i
|Cantonese
|-
|not yet
|m&amp;#464;-
|Cantonese
|-
|full (after meal)
|b&amp;aacute;o
|Cantonese
|-
|hungry (after meal)
|m&amp;#464;b&amp;aacute;o
|Cantonese (= &quot;m&amp;#464;-&quot; not yet + &quot;b&amp;aacute;o&quot;)
|-
|used
|Yused
|English
|-
|not used
|M&amp;#464;yused
|Cantonese+English  (= &quot;m&amp;#464;-&quot; not yet + &quot;yused&quot;)
|-
|Elder Brother
|(le) gor
|Cantonese
|-
|Younger Brother
|(le) s&amp;aacute;lou
|Cantonese
|-
|Elder Sister
|(la) sis
|English
|&quot;sis&quot; is not pronounced as /sis/, but is pronounced as /dzit/ instead, a pattern occurred in [[Korean language|Korean]] as well
|-
|Younger Sister
|(la) mui
|Cantonese
|-
|Father
|Baba
|Cantonese
|-
|Mother
|Mama / Mami
|Cantonese
|-
|Water
|Sui
|Cantonese
|-
|Clear water
|Nanasui
|from &quot;sui&quot;
|-
|Tea
|Cya
|Japanese (Cantonese)
|-
|Tea for guest
|Oucya
|Japanese
|-
|Tea for sheep
|Meorcya
|derived from &quot;me&quot;+&quot;oucya&quot;
|}

===Famous Literatures in Babyish===
* &quot;Sheepness stories&quot; series (''Yö&amp;#331;màn gusi'')
* &quot;The Hero: New R Little Bear&quot; (''Sun R xiuhung daihùp'')

==External link==
* [http://www.mimosapudica.org/Language/Babyish/ A collection of information on the Babyish language]

[[category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baza</title>
    <id>7021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50436</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T04:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaddeusB</username>
        <id>1346</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Baza (language)]] to [[Baza]]:&amp;#32;drop unnecessary disambiguation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Baza''' (also known as '''Inter-esperanto''') is a proposal to limit [[Esperanto]] to a vocabulary of about 450 words as an [[interlanguage]] between the various [[esperantido]]s.

The webpage of the creator introduces it as:
:''Baza derives its vocabulary and grammar from Esperanto, but begins by greatly reducing the number of core words and simplifying the grammar, making it more universal in nature to the entire family of Esperanto-inspired languages.  Upon learning the basics of Baza, one can communicate with millions of people around the world, who currently speak Esperanto, Ido, or another form of reformed Esperanto.''

It is intended as a least common denominator between the various spin-offs of Esperanto.

==External links==
*[http://divinitychurch.tripod.com/interesperanto/ Official site]
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_interesperanto.htm Langmaker profile]

[[Category:Esperantido]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bjorn Bakker</title>
    <id>7022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50443</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T20:49:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>link frathification</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bjorn Bakker''' (2 December 1989 - present) invented the fictional language [[Calistean]], also known as Carlesean. He and a few other students are studying [[Romance languages|Romance]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages. To further understand the structure and creation of these languages, they added a new one.
Calistean is still spoken in several schools in the Netherlands and is becoming a language to fall back to whenever you forget the grammar of another language.

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baza (language)</title>
    <id>7023</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50437</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-12T04:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaddeusB</username>
        <id>1346</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Baza (language)]] to [[Baza]]:&amp;#32;drop unnecessary disambiguation</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Baza]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Drake alphabet</title>
    <id>7024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55090</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>and that's all I have time for today</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''[[../Drake/]] alphabet''' has 27 letters.  The language is written from right to left.

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=14| The Drake Alphabet
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|[[Image:Drake-V.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-v.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-h.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-D.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-d.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-G.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-g.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-b.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-’.gif]]
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /aː/ || /uː/ || 0, /h/ || /ð/ || /d/ || /ɣ/ || /ɡ/ || /b/ || /ʔ/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| [[Image:Drake-N.gif]] || n || m || [[Image:Drake-l.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-k.gif]] ||  [[Image:Drake-y.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-T.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-x.gif]] || [[Image:Drake-j.gif]]
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| /ŋ/ || /n/ || /m/ || /l/ || /k/ ||  /j/, /iː/ || /θ/ || /x/ ||  /ɟʝ/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|  Z || z || t || Š || š || r || c || p || s 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|  /ʝ/ || /z/ || /t/ || /ʃ/ || /ç/ || /r/ || /cç/ || /p/ || /s/ 
|}

(Where images are not ready, the transliteration is given instead.)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 48 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50455</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T04:11:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 49 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50456</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T04:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 50 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50457</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T04:12:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ŋ</title>
    <id>7028</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50463</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T10:42:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velar nasal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiced velopharyngeal fricative</title>
    <id>7029</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50467</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-13T10:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Voiced velopharyngeal fricative]] to [[Velopharyngeal fricative]]:&amp;#32;Voicing ambiguous</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Velopharyngeal fricative]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Buccal</title>
    <id>7030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51540</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-22T15:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>changes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Buccal''' consonants are pronounced from the [[velum]] onwards; this comprises all [[labial]], [[coronal]] and [[dorsal]] [[Place of articulation|places of articulation]]. As such, they are a class of &quot;typical&quot; consonants. It contrasts with '''[[guttural]]''' (comprising the [[radical]] and [[glottal]] POAs).

[[Nasal]] [[stop]]s such as [m] can only be pronounced at buccal POAs. [[Phonation]] contrasts, while some are possible even for guttural consonants, are also typically limited to buccal consonants.

'''Debuccalization''' refers to the change from a buccal consonant to a glottal. There is room for variation (eg. *ɟʱ, *gʱ → [ɦ] in [[Sanskrit]]), but typically stops will end up as [ʔ], fricatives as [h]. The opposite change is '''buccalization'''; typically the result will be a velar (eg. *ʔ → k, *h → x). (The term '''glottalization''' is usually only applied to changes resulting in [ʔ] or glottal''ized'' consonants.)

The buccal/guttural division is not applied to [[vowel]]s.

{{stub}}
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Samic</title>
    <id>7031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59207</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T02:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Proto-Samic to Proto-Western Samic */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Proto-Samic''' is the reconstructed last common ancestor of the [[Samic languages]]. It was spoken in the 1st millennium CE in the area of modern-day northern Finland. (If extinct southern languages are included, this dating will likely become both older and more southern. Stem-group para-Samic languages have from toponymic evidence once been spoken as far south as the Baltic coast)

==Sound changes from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
'''Possibly original:'''
* e → ɪ / _Ci (see [[Proto-Uralic/new|*ê]])
* e → e / _{j w x} (ie. does not become *ɪ → *ɤ)
* Vx → Və → Vː / _C

===Proto-Uralic to Pre-Samic (≈ &quot;Finno-Volgaic&quot;)===
'''Shared with Finnic &amp; Mordvinic'''
* ë → a
* ðʲ → ð (also lʲ → l, if it exists separately; note that other palatals remain)
** NB: Sammallahti posits ðʲ → θ / V_C (*käðʲwa &quot;weasel&quot; → *káθwé → NS ''gád'''f'''e'' - but can this be ruled out for ''ð''? Cf. *kotwa &gt; IS ''kuáđfi'')

'''Shared with Mordvinic'''
* ü → i (feeds the next changes)
* i → iː / _{j x}
* u → uː / _{w x}
* i u → ɪ ʊ (*iː *uː remain) (also shared with Ugric, Nenets!)

===Pre-Samic to Proto-Samic===
* V → Vː / [-HIGH] (also shared with Nenets!)

'''a-umlaut'''
* eː äː oː → ea aː oa / _C{aː, oː} (note that this *aː is distinct from *ɑː!)

* x, ŋ → w / _t (*xt by now only occurring in newer derivativs/loans)
* ? ŋ → w / _ć (*(k/s)lāvćā ~ H. ''légy'', or ONo ''kleggi'')

'''Spirant fortition'''
* ś x → ć k / _V
* PS *ć (written also *č) is perhaps describable as a palatal stop, so we may be dealing with a process [sʲ ~ ɕ] → [ç] → [c]. Note that original *s *š remain sibilants!
* PS *ś (likewise also written *š) remains elsewhere
** śj, sj → śś
** ðj → ðś &lt;!-- *nōðśō → nuotio, vai onks tää taas substituusio [+pal] &gt; j / _B? outside of Ume Samic further → rś --&gt;
* ð → θ / #_ (South/Ume h-, elsewhere merges with *t-)

'''Fronting of postalveolars'''
* tʃ ʃ &lt;č š&gt; → ts s &lt;c s&gt;

'''Preaspiration''
* Pː → ʰPː (both grades; affricates as well)

'''Popular areal changes'''
* w → ∅ / _{y u o} (shared with [[Finnish|Finnic]], [[Mordvinic]], [[Mari]])
* j → ∅ / _{i e} (not sure about the distribution of this)
* w → v (even syllable-finally)

'''Raising &amp; epenthesis''' (first two shared with North Finnic but obviously non-genetic)
* äː ɑː → eː oː / [+STR]
* ∅ → v / #_oː
* ∅ → j / #_eː
* aː → eː / [-STR]&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;except remains / [-STR]_ɪ&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; → iː / [-STR]_j
* oː → uː / [-STR]_ɪ

Gradation could be described around here?

'''Cluster stuff'''
* k → v / _j (*rōvjē *vōvjē, possibly *tāvjē if not from Fi. *taɣja; South S. has -kś-)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;_l (*keavlē *kōvlē- *nāvlē *tōvlē; *ćīvlē with *ük &gt; *iv &gt; *īv ?!)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;_ń (*ćóvné)&lt;!-- _r (*ćeavrés ~ BF *sakarva?!)--&gt;
* t → r / _n (*vōrnē-; but PGmc *bodam → *ponné, later loan?)
* n → s / _s (*kāssē *koassē *kōssē&lt;!--&quot;guest&quot;, &lt; *kansa--&gt; *peassē *vōssē)
* ŋ → k / _s (*jōksɤ)

'''Centralization''' (a late change - consider eg the northern Lappland toponym *ɤnārɤš → Finnish ''Inari'')
* ɪ ʊ → ɤ o
There may have also been a high lax unrounded back vowel (see [[Proto-Uralic/new#*ô|ô_a]]). A merger into that might provide the motivation for the unusual back reflex of PU *i.
&lt;hr&gt;
This results in the following inventory:
* long vowels */iː eː ea aː oa oː uː/ &lt;ī ē ea ā oa ō ū&gt;
* short vowels */ɤ o/ &lt;ë o&gt;

/ea oa/ are traditionally analyzed as [ɛː ɔː] rather than [ea oa], however I'm at a loss to explain how would *ɑː end up as *oː in that case.

The shortening of iː uː → i u, the backing of e → ɤ and the [[diphthongization]] eː oː → ie uo (when stress'd) may postdate Proto-Samic; the former two have bimoraic/front reflexes /ij uv e/ in South Samic. At any rate, as eg. *a *e in Scandinavian loans ends up as *ā *ē, the &quot;long&quot; vowels must've been the unmarked series.

===Proto-Samic to Proto-Western Samic===
* preaspiration spreds to strong grade simple stops/affricates
* ŋm → mː
* ŋv → vk ([vg̊]) (versus East *vː, so why not just PS *vː?)
* NP → Bː (also affricates; later also in Inari, Skolt, Kemi, possibly South; cf. Scandinavian)
* ś → jʰ / _{n t k} (counterfeeds medial voicing in South)
* Nː → ʔN (orthographic &lt;bm dn&gt;; counterfeeds gemination in South)

===PWS to South Samic===
* θ ð → h r
* Short vowel split
** ë o ī ū → ɨC uC ɨj uv / open 1st syllable (+ gemination after *ë *o)
** ë o ī ū → a a ɨ u / closed 1st syllable
** Possibly works better if preceding the lowering *i *u → *ë *o (!!)
* ē ea → ië ie
* ē ë ō → ie e u [-STR] (&amp; more complications, but this'll do)
* umlauts
** ɨ u a → i y ä / _C*ie
** a → ä / _C*u (if from *ë)
** ɨ a → y o / _v
* medial voicing of plain stops

===Proto-W Samic to Proto-NW Samic===
Comprises Northern, Lule &amp; Pite Sami.
* ɤ → ɑ (also Inari; some dialects historically had ɤ → e / _C*{i u})
* m → b̥ / _P[-LAB] (*b̥d̥ *b̥ć̥ remain distinct from *pt *pć; also *ćɤmkɤ → *ćɑpkɑ; partially also in South)&lt;br/&gt;&amp;nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; →
* N₁ → P / _N₂ (ie. nm mn → tn pm)
* &quot;kŋ&quot; → ʔŋ (*tōkŋɤ, *ākŋō; South ŋ, Inari/Kildin/ vŋ, Skolt ŋː. Mari/Komi #tum-?)
* ck ćk ćm → sk śk śm (also Ume, Inari, Kemi, northern Skolt; check other affricate clusters?)
* strong grade of singletons merges with weak grade of geminates (also Inari, Skolt, Akkala; mostly also Ume, but four degrees attested dialectally!!)
* repeat: Nː → ʔN (later in Ume where 4 lengths attested; perhaps not common West Samic at all)
* N → ʔN / r_
* p → β / _ʰk (strong grade)
* θ → t / #_

===PNWS to Lule-Pite===
* vj → jv (sporadically in North, Ume, South; or does this go before *kj &gt; vj?)
* ð → d̥ / C_

===PNWS to North Sami===
* ie ea oa uo → iː eː oː uː / _C*V[+hi], further → i e o u / _hC etc.
* eː oː → i u / [-STR]
(other vowel stuff probs too?)
* k → ɣ / _{s ʰt ʰć} (strong grade; also East, Lule)
* p b̥ → k / _{t c ć s ś} (both grades)
** further → ɣ in most dialects
* ɣ → v / _C
** Sammallahti claims v → k / _S, strong grade, but what's wrong with retention + analogy on *vs *vś?
* p [b̥] → β / _{r l ð}
** further βr βð → rv ðβ
** also Inari, partially Skolt, Lule
* N → T / Vs_, with sń → st
** spred irregularly to other idioms
** sm generally retain'd
* t [d̥] → ð / V_V (weak grade; Finnish influence? also Inari, Skolt)
* lm rd̥ jg̊ vs → lmː rd̥ː jg̊ː vsː (wtf?)
* θv → ðf (wtf? could be handled better, I'm sure)

[[Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Slevian</title>
    <id>7032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50511</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-15T10:55:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Slevian''' is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.

Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it lost all the original cases, and developed a definite and an indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.

It is written with the '''''Latin Alphabet''''', but can be adapted to the '''Cyrillic''' one.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:

{| cellspacing=&quot;0px&quot; cellpadding=0 style=&quot;text-align:left; background:transparent;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:smaller;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:70px; text-align:right;&quot; |
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-front'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Central'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Near-back'''
| style=&quot;width:60px;&quot; | '''Back'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close'''
| style=&quot;height:210px;&quot; colspan=5 rowspan=7 | &lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;&quot; |

&lt;!-- CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|i}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:45%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
{{IPA|ɨ}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|u}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --&gt;

&lt;!-- MID VOWELS --&gt;


&lt;!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:31%; width:2.66em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɛ}}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:84%; width:2.33em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;
{{IPA|ɔ}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --&gt;


&lt;!-- OPEN VOWELS --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
{{IPA|a}}&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style=&quot;height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;&quot; | '''Open'''
|}

===Consonants===

{| {{prettytable}}
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em&quot;
| style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; | 
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Bilabial
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Labio-&lt;br/&gt;dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Dental
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Palatal
! style=&quot;width: 4em;&quot; | Velar
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Plosive
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}&lt;/center&gt;
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Nasal
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|m}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɱ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|n}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɲ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Vibrant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|r}}&lt;/center&gt; 

| 
| 
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Fricative
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}&lt;/center&gt;
| 
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Affricate
| 
|
|
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʦ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;{{IPA|ʧ}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Approximant
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|j}}&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|ɰ}}&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot;
! style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align:left&quot; | Lateral approximant
| 
|
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{{IPA|l}}&lt;/center&gt; 
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|}

===Alphabet===

{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;IPA consonant&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|p}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''p'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|b}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''b'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|t}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''t'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|d}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''d'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|k}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''k'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|g}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''g'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|m}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''m'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|n}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''n'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʦ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''c'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʧ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''č'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʒ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''ž'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|f}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''f'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|v}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''v'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|s}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''s'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|z}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''z'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ʃ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''š'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|r}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''r'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|j}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''j'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɰ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''u'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|l}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''l'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}


'''Š, ž, č, s, z, l, j''' are called ''soft consonants'' and they tend to modify the use of the morphological endings.


{|
|-
!&lt;center&gt;IPA vowel&lt;/center&gt;
!&lt;center&gt;Latin&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|i}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''i'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɨ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''y'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|u}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''u'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɛ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''e'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|a}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''a'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;/{{IPA|ɔ}}/&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt; || &lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''o'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}

==Morphology==

Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages. 

===Substantives===

Substantives have three ''genres'' (''masculine'', ''feminine'' and ''neuter'') and two ''numbers'' (''singular'' and '''plural'')

====Number====

Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:

* If they end with ''normal consonants'', they add '''''-y'''''
* If they end with '''-š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j''' (called ''soft consonants''): they add '''''-i'''''
* If they end with '''-a''', '''-e''', '''-u''': they drop these vowels and add '''''-y'''''
* If '''-a''', '''-e''', '''-u''', are preceded by a ''soft consonant'', they add '''''-i''''' instead of '''-y'''.
* If they end with '''-o''': they drop it and add '''''-a'''''
* If they end with '''-ja''', '''-je''': they drop them and add '''''-ji'''''

====Gender====

Slevian substantives can be '''''masculine''''', '''''feminine''''' or '''''neuter'''''.

* If the substantive ends with a '''consonant''', it is '''masculine'''
* If it ends with '''-a''', it is '''feminine'''
* If it ends with '''-o''', it is '''neuter'''
* If it ends with '''-e''', it can be '''feminine''' or '''neuter''':
:* ''Normal consonant'' + ''-e'', it is '''neuter'''
:* ''Soft consonant'' + ''-e'', it is '''feminine'''

The plural substantives '''have no genre'''.

===Articles===

Slevian developed a system of articles, differently from the other Slavic languages, and similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian, but it places its articles ''before'' the substantives, as in English and contrary to the two Slavic languages:

====Indefinite Articles====


{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|||Articles
|-
|Masculine||Jedin
|-
|Feminine||Jedna
|-
|Neuter||Jedno
|-
|Plural||Jedny
|}

The plural form is used as the English adjectives '''some''', '''any'''.

====Definite Articles====
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|||Articles
|-
|Masculine||Ton
|-
|Feminine||Ta
|-
|Neuter||To
|-
|Plural||Ti
|}

Slevian has not an independent form for '''this''' and '''that''': they are built by adding an adverbial particle to the articles:

* '''''To-''''' + Articles = ''this''
* '''''Tam-''''' + Articles = ''that''

''Examples'':

* Mjesto = ''city'', neuter
: Jedno mjesto = ''a city''
: To mjesto = ''the city''
: Toto mjesto = ''this city''
: Tamto mjesto = ''that city

===Adjectives===

Adjectives do agree with their substantives in '''genre''' and '''number'''. They are placed ''before'' their substantives as in English. The base form is masculine which generally ends with '''''-y''''' or '''''-i''''', but some adjectives (most of all ''passive participles'') can end with another consonant. To agree, they modify their endings:

* If the root ends with ''normal consonants'', the masculine form is '''''-y'''''
* If the root ends with ''soft consonants'', the masculine form is '''''-i'''''
* To form the feminine, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-a'''''
* To form the neuter, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-o'''''
* To form the plural, just drop the masculine ending and add '''''-e'''''

''Examples'':

* Ton krasny mir = ''the beautiful world'', masculine
* Ta krasna noče = ''the beautiful night'', feminine
* To krasno mjesto = ''the beautiful city'', neuter
* Ti krasne mjesta = ''the beautiful cities'', plural (no genre recognized)
====Comparative====

To form the comparative degree, drop the masculine ending and add:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|||Ending
|-
|Masculine||'''-eji'''
|-
|Feminine||'''-eja'''
|-
|Neuter||'''-ejo'''
|-
|Plural||'''-eje'''
|}

The comparison is made by the particle '''čim'''.

''Example'':

* Mojo mjesto je krasnejo čim tvojo: ''My city is more beautiful than yours''

====Superlative====

To form the superlative, place before the declined adjective the particle '''''samej'''''

''Example'':

* Tota je ta samej interesna kniga mežo toti ktere počital jeso: ''This is the most interesting book among the ones I read''

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

Slevian retains an '''accusative/object form''' for the personal pronouns, similar to the difference between the English ''I / me'':

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Person||Nominative&lt;br&gt;Subject||Accusative&lt;br&gt;Object
|-
|1st sing.||&lt;center&gt;ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;mine&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2nd sing.||&lt;center&gt;ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;tibe&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd. masc.||&lt;center&gt;on&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jego&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd fem.||&lt;center&gt;ona&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jeji&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd neu.||&lt;center&gt;to&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;to&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1st plu.||&lt;center&gt;my&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;nas&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2nd plu.||&lt;center&gt;vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;vas&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd fem.||&lt;center&gt;oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ich&lt;/center&gt;
|}

As the verbs already show their person with conjugation, the nominative/subject personal pronouns are not very used.

====Possessive pronoun/adjectives====

Slevian uses the same forms for possessive adjectives and pronouns (contrary to English ''my / mine''). They agree with their substantives according to genre and number as adjectives.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Person||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Plural
|-
|1st sing.||&lt;center&gt;moj&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;moja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;mojo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;moje&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2nd sing.||&lt;center&gt;tvoj&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;tvoja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;tvojo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;tvoje&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd. masc.||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;center&gt;jevo&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd fem.||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;center&gt;jejo&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd neu.||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;center&gt;togo&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1st plu.||&lt;center&gt;naš&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;naša&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;našo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;naše&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2nd plu.||&lt;center&gt;vaš&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;vaša&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;vašo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;vaše&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3rd fem.||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;center&gt;jejich&lt;/center&gt;
|}

If the '''''subject''''' coincides with the '''''owner''''', for the 3rd persons you have to use '''svoj''':

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Person||Masculine||Feminine||Neuter||Plural
|-
|refl.||&lt;center&gt;svoj&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;svoja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;svojo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;svoje&lt;/center&gt;
|}

''Examples'':

* On jede se svoja mašina: ''He goes with his own car''
* On jede s jevo mašina: ''He goes with his (of another man) car''

You can use '''svoj''' also with the other person:

* Ja jedu se svoja mašina: ''I go with my own car''
* Ja jedu s moja mašina: ''I go with my own car''

Both sentences are correct.

====Interrogative pronouns====

* '''Čto''': ''what?''

For the pronoun ''who'' there are a subject/nominative form and a separated object/accusative form:

* '''Kto''': ''who?'' (subject/nominative)
* '''Kogo''': ''who(m)'' (object/accusative, it is used with prepositions)

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Gender||Which?
|-
|Masculine||&lt;center&gt;kaky&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Feminine||&lt;center&gt;kaka&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Neuter||&lt;center&gt;kako&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Plural||&lt;center&gt;kake&lt;/center&gt;
|}

The word for ''Where'' has two forms, according if there is a static situation or a motion:

* '''Gde''': ''where?'' (state)
* '''Kud''': ''where?'' (motion)

Examples:

* Čto maš?: ''What do you have?''
* Kto ješ?: ''Who are you?''
* Kogo ješ povidel?: ''Who did you see?''
* S kogo ješ pogovoril?: ''Whom did you talk with?''
* Kaka kniga ona je počitala?: ''Which book did she read?''
* Gde ješ?: ''Where are you?''
* Kud jdeš?: ''Where are you going?''

====Relative pronoun====

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Gender||That/Which
|-
|Masculine||&lt;center&gt;ktery&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Feminine||&lt;center&gt;ktera&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Neuter||&lt;center&gt;ktero&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Plural||&lt;center&gt;ktere&lt;/center&gt;
|}

''Example'':

* Tamta je kniga ktera jeso počital: ''This is the book ('''that''') I read''

===Prepositions===
Since Slevian does not use any case, it makes use of a lot of prepositions. Main prepositions are:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Preposition||English counterpart
|-
|&lt;center&gt;u&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''of'', genitive&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;e&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''to'', dative&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;s&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''with'' strumental&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;v&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''in'', state/motion&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;na&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''on'' state/motion&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;od&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''from''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;k&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''towards'', motions to someone&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;prid&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''by'', with passive voice&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;pre&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''in front of''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;dla&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''for'', benefactive&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;nad&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''over'', without contact&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;pod&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''under''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;mežo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''between'', ''among''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;po&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;it has many functions&lt;/center&gt;
|}

Two prepositions can change when used:
*'''s''': an ''-e'' is added before a word beginning with ''s-'' or ''z-''
*'''v''': an ''-e'' is added before a word beginning with ''v-'' or ''f-''

===Numbers===
====Cardinal====
The first 10 numbers are irregular:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Number||Name of the number
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Jedin&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Dva&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;3&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Tri&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;4&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Četyri&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;5&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Pjat&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;6&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Šest&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;7&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Sem&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;8&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Osem&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;9&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Devet&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;10&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Deset&lt;/center&gt;
|}

Numbers from 11 to 19 are constructed regularly ''unit''+'''''na'''''+''deset'', except for 11:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Number||Name of the number
|-
|&lt;center&gt;11&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Oden'''nadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;12&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Dvanadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;13&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Trinadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;14&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Četyrinadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;15&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Pjatnadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;...&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;...&lt;/center&gt;
|}

Numbers 20, 30, 40, etc are costructed regularly, more than 100 are irregular:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Number||Name of the number
|-
|&lt;center&gt;20&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Dvadeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;30&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Trideset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;40&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Četyrideset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;50&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Pjatdeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;60&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Šestdeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;70&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Semdeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;80&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Osemdeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;90&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Devetdeset&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;100&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Sto&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Tisiče&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000.000&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Miljon&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000.000.0000&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Miljard&lt;/center&gt;
|}

Until ''Sto'', cardinal numbers behave like invariable adjectives, i.e they do not change. ''Sto'', ''Tisiče'', ''Miljon'' and ''Miljard'' behave like nouns and they have a plural form.

Composed numbers are formed with the linker ''i'', and, between the penultimate and the last name of the number:

* 32: ''Trideset i dva''
* 345: ''Tri sta četyrideset i pjat''
* 2007: ''Dva tisiči i sem''
* 1.976.845.203: ''Jedin miljard devet sta semdeset šest miljony osem sta četyrideset pjat tisiči dva sta i tri''

====Ordinal====
Ordinal numbers are mostly regularly formed, except for some forms. Usually they form from the cardinal form + the adjectival endings. ''1st'', ''2nd'', ''3rd'', ''4th'' and ''8th'' are irregular, and the numbers which behave like nouns are irregularly formed:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Number||Name of the number
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1st&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Pervy, perva, pervo, perve'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2nd&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Duvy'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;3rd&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Trety'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;4th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Četyrny'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;5th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Pjaty&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;6th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Šesty&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;7th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Semy&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;8th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Osmy'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;9th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Devety&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;10th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Desety&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;11th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Odennadesety&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;20th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Dvadesety&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;100th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Stoty'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Tisičny'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000.000th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Miljonty'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1.000.000.000th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''Miljardny'''&lt;/center&gt;
|}

In composed numbers only the last noun of the numbers take the ordinal form:

* 32nd: ''Trideset i '''duvy, -a, -o, -e'''''
* 345th: ''Tri sta četyrideset i '''pjaty'''''
* 2008th: ''Dva tisiči i '''osmy'''''
* 1.976.845.203rd: ''Jedin miljard devet sta semdeset šest miljony osem sta četyrideset pjat tisiči dva sta i '''trety'''''

===Verbs===

Slevian verbs do conjugate according to ''tense, aspect, person, number'' and in the past tense with ''genre'' of the subject.

====Aspect====
The '''''Aspect''''' reflects the completeness/incompleteness of the action the verb expresses.

* The '''''Imperfective''' aspect'' denotes an action which has not come to an end, or an action which happens/happened/will happen many times

* The '''''Perfective''' aspect'' denotes an action which has completely come to an end, an action which is complete, or an action which happened/will happen only once

A verb can be ''perfective'' or ''imperfective'', never both ones. Typically the verb has a counter-part and both they appear in pair, the '''Aspectual pair''', two verbs with different aspect, but the same meaning. The aspectual pair usually appears as &quot;''imperfective verb-perfective verb''

* ''čitat-počitat'': to read
* ''pisat-napisat'': to write

Examples:

* Ja jeso čital tamta kniga: ''I was reading that book'' (and in that moment I did not finish it)
* Ja jeso počital tamta kniga: ''I read that book'' (and I finished it)

* Ja budu pisat jedno pismo: ''I will be writing a letter'' (and I don't know if I'll finish it)
* Ja napišu jedno pismo: ''I'll write a letter'' (and I will surely finish it)

Perfective verbs are usually derived from its imperfective companions by mean of prefixes. Regular verbs add '''''po-''''' to form their perfective counter-parts, irregular verbs use irregular prefixes. 

Since a present action cannot be completed, perfective verbs '''do not have a present tense''' in conjugation. Their present form is used as ''future''.

====Tense====
Slevian verbs have only three tenses: ''past'', ''present'' and ''future''.

* '''Present tense''' is a simple form, which is conjugated according to number and person with its subject. Only imperfective verbs have a present tense form since present actions cannot be perfective.

: Ja pišu, ''I write''

* '''Future tense''' is a composed form for imperfective verbs and a simple form for perfective verbs. The perfective form has the same features as imperfective present forms and it's conjugated according to number and person. The future imperfective form is a compound; it's formed with the future form of the verb '''byt''', to be, and the infinitive form of the imperfective verb.

: Ja napišu, ''I will write''
: Ja budu pisat, ''I will be writing''

* '''Past tense''' is always a composed form for both imperfective verbs and perfective ones. It's formed with the present forms of the verb '''byt''', to be, and the ''past participle'' of the verb, declined according to genre and number of its subject.

: Ja jeso pisal, ''I was writing''
: Ona je pisala, ''She was writing''
: My jesom napisaly, ''We wrote''

====Participles====
Slevian has two kinds of participles, '''past participle''' and '''passive participle''':

* The '''Past participle''' is formed by dropping '''-t''' from the infinitive form and adding '''''-l'''''. It's used only in the construction of the past tense. It is declined according to the genre:

: On je napisal, ''He wrote''
: Ona je napisala, ''She wrote''
: Ono je napisalo, ''It wrote''
: Ony jeson napisaly, ''They wrote''

* The '''Passive participle''' is used in construction of the ''passive voice'' and as an adjective with substantive. It has many rules for its own construction.

: Tamta kniga je byla počitana prid jego, ''That book was read by him''

====Voice====
Slevian has a passive voice, but it does not use it very much. Its constructions is: conjugated verb '''byt''' + declinated ''passive particle''. It can be imperfective or perfective and it follows the rules for aspect and tenses, even if '''byt''' is conjugated according with tense and passive participle take perfective prefixes.

: Tamta kniga je čitana prid to deto, ''That book is read by the child''
: Tamta kniga je byla počitana prid ta žena, ''That book was read by the woman''
: Tamta kniga budu byt počitana prid ton muž, ''That book will be read by the man''

====Byt====
The verb '''byt''', ''to be'', has an irregular conjugation:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Person||Present||Past||Future
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Jeso&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Byl,-a,-o jeson&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budu&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Ješ&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Byl,-a,-o ješ&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budeš&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Je&lt;/center&gt;  ||&lt;center&gt;Byl,-a,-o je&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Bude&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Jesom&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Byly jesom&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budeme&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Jeste&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Byly jeste&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budete&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Jeson&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Byly jeson&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budut&lt;/center&gt;
|}

====Mit====
The verb '''Mit''', ''to have'', has an irregular conjugation:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Person||Present||Past||Future
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Mam&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Mel,-a,-o jeson&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budu mit&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Maš&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Mel,-a,-o ješ&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budeš mit&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Ma&lt;/center&gt;  ||&lt;center&gt;Mel,-a,-o je&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Bude mit&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Mame&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Mely jesom&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budeme mit&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Mate&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Mely jeste&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budete mit&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Majot&lt;/center&gt; ||&lt;center&gt;Mely jeson&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Budut mit&lt;/center&gt;
|}

====Conjugation====

Slevian verbs are conjugated according to the ending of their infinitive forms. There are four conjugations:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Conjugations||Infinitival endings
|-
|&lt;center&gt;1st&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-at'''&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;2nd&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-et, -it'''&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;3rd&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;'''-ovat'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;4th&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;irregular&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=====1st conjugation=====

The first conjugation include all verbs which end with '''''-at''''' in their infinitive form. To conjugate these verbs, drop the infinitival ending and add the following endings:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Persons and moods||Endings
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ajo&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-aš&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-a&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-am&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ate&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ajot&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Past participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-al (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Passive participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-an (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=====2nd conjugation=====

The second conjugation include all verbs which end with '''''-et''''' and '''''-it''''' in their infinitive form; even if infinitival endings are different, the conjugation features are the same. To conjugate these verbs, drop the infinitival ending and add the following endings:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Persons and moods||Endings
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ijo&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-iš&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-i&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-im&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ite&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ijot&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Past participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-il/el (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Passive participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-en (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=====3st conjugation=====

The third conjugation include all verbs which end with '''''-ovat''''' in their infinitive form. To conjugate these verbs, drop the whole infinitival ending and add the following endings:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Persons and moods||Endings
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ujo&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-uješ&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-uje&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ujem&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ujete&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ujot&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Past participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-oval (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Passive participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ovan (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=====4th conjugation=====

The fourth conjugation include all irregular verbs. These verbs have an irregular stem, but all they add the same personal endings:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Persons and moods||Endings
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-u&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-eš&lt;/center&gt; 
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-e&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-em&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ete&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-ut&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Past participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-(C/V)l (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Passive participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;-(V)n/-(C)en (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=====Examples=====

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
!|Persons and moods||1st conjugation||2nd conjugation||2nd conjugation||3rd conjugation||4rd conjugation
|-
|||&lt;center&gt;''kupat''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''ljubit''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''slišet''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''jimenovat''&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;''pisat''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ja&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupajo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubijo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišijo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenujo&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pišu&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Ty&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupaš&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubiš&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišiš&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenuješ&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pišeš&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;On&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupa&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubi&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;sliši&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenuje&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;piše&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;My&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupam&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubim&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišim&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenujem&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pišem&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Vy&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupate&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubite&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišite&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenujete&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pišete&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Oni&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupajot&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubijot&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišijot&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenujot&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pišut&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Past participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupal (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljubil (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišel (-a, -o, -y)||&lt;center&gt;jimenoval (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;pisal (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;Passive participle&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;kupan (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;ljuben (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;slišen (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;jimenovan (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;||
&lt;center&gt;pisan (-a, -o, -y)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 51 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50515</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-16T09:43:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 52 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50517</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-16T10:04:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2</title>
    <id>7035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50527</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-17T12:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Inverse Relay 2 took place in 2009, involving the following languages

*[[Inverse Relay 2/Asha'ille|Asha'ille]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Kamakawi|Kamakawi]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Kēlen|Kēlen]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Khangaþyagon|Khangaþyagon]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Tenata|Tenata]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/mërechi|mërechi]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Alhursa|Alhursa]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Urianian|Urianian]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/gjâ-zyn-byn|gjâ-zyn-byn]]
*[[Inverse Relay 2/Taruven|Taruven]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2/Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>7036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55659</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-22T20:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translation by Sylvia Sotomayor ==

Gelar þoa'am linisip. Galgudahi gitommonban. Dahi tilse talpagosebgri
mulsa'ekwani shosh gelar talpbangur. Dahar salaðersham ifetuz. Ulti terkha
snarutouf yar nazgu. Gelar salaðershgu khælsart singart. Iðuzhar þoa. Apar
treshouf yurish beb enþar yi grenna'ut. Gelar undalam harrasip.

===Smooth English===

==Corrected version by Pete Bleackley==

gelangar {{ref|1|1}} yar {{ref|2|2}} þoa'am linisip. galgudahing gitommonban. dahinguf {{ref|3|3}} tilse talpagosebgri mulsa'ekwaninguf {{ref|4|4}} shosh gelangar yar talpbangur. dahangar yar salaðersham ifetuz. ulting terkha snarutosht {{ref|5|5}} yar nazgu. gelangar yar salaðershgu khælsart singart. iðuzhangar yar þoa. apangar yar þæsk {{ref|6|6}} yurish beb enþangar yar yi grenna'ut. gelangar yar undalam harrasip. 

===Notes===
*{{note|1|1}}I've put everything into the past tense, as it seems to fit the narrative better.
*{{note|2|2}}Khangaþyagon is not pro-drop.
*{{note|3|3}}The existential verb is indicated by putting &quot;dah&quot; in the passive.
*{{note|4|4}}Adverbs agree with the verb!
*{{note|5|5}}Past participle, rather than passive infinitive.
*{{note|6|6}}Decided to coin a new word for this.
===Smooth English===

We went to the sea in spring. That journey was difficult. There was snow on the mountain path like a blanket, but we went by those mountains. We were at the plain of mint. A fallen oak blocked our way. We went across the plain with a small wind. We saw the sea. We made good food and traded it on the beach. We went home in winter.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2/Tenata</title>
    <id>7037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50529</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-17T13:46:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translation by Pete Bleackley ==

somese kakumislu lonosuslu waxofe slatus. sosetapunonping rujolisisi wafe slatus. soxatemlu rulonguping lotsimomomuxamlang wamospwe, ksim somese kasetatsimomlu wafe slatus. somese lolusukimirelelu wafe slatus. sowaksikelusmix rumese tikisanping lomesemuxamakwa wamesexemosfe slatus. somese rupunonping kamirelelu muniracanilu wafe slatus. somese rucumislu tifimolisi wafe slatus. somese rupemameninlang tin rulen ticanyiping locitelalu waxofe slatus. somese rungowaping kawetakim lokimaclu wafe slatus. 

===Smooth English===
We went to the sea in spring. That journey was difficult. Snow blanketed the mountain path, but we went by those mountains. We were at the plain of mint. A fallen oak obstructed our path. We went across the plain with a small wind. We saw the sea. We made good food and traded it on the shore. We went home in winter.

==Corrected version by Lila Sadkin==

===Smooth English===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Finnish/sch</title>
    <id>7038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50535</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-17T22:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>copied out from Talk:Finnish</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">    #! sch
    charset utf-8
    
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Proto-Uralic to modern Finnic
    -- sound shift file
    -- (c) Gereon Kaiping
    -- This is not meant to be precise, it contains some strange hacks, so
    -- do not take this seriously!
    -- Source: http://wiki.frath.net/Finnish
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    require &gt;=1.0003
    
    package SCH::Finnish
    
    -- Lists all vowels used in any stage:
    group A
        a, ä
    group O
        o, ö
    group U
        u, ü
    group I
        i, ï
    group E
        e, ï
    
    vowel
        a, o, u,
        ä, ö, ü,
        i, e,
        ï, ï
    
    -- Lists all consonants used in any stage:
    consonant
        p, t, č, k, s, ś, δ, δʲ, w, j, l, r, m, n, ŋ, ń, lʲ, x
        m:, n:
            --
    
    group V
        {vowel}
    
    group C
        {consonant}
    
    group X
        :,i,U,C
    
    group S
        -- &quot;sonorants&quot;
        l, r
        w, j
    
    -------
    -- Each line gives a rule to decompose a word into syllables.
    -- Spaces on the lines separate regexps for one syllable.
    syllable basic
        C?'?VX?C?
        C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
        C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
        C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
    
    -- What of the initial consonant cluster of a syllable to shift back
    -- to the previous syllable: $1 is moved to previous syllable, $2 is
    -- left in next syllable.
    syllable break
        ()(C'?V)
        (C)(C'?V)
        (X)(C'?V)
        (XC)(C'?V)
    
    -------
    -- Properties of syllables used below in the rules.
    -- Note: ^ and $ are implicit in a property, so we always match
    -- a full syllable here.
    
    property closed
        .*C#
    
    property open = !closed
    
    property stressed
        .*'.*
    
    property unstressed = !stressed
    
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic:
    -- [Ca. 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE]
    -- PU roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions also CV; and two lone-V roots, the negativ verb e- and the root &quot;self&quot;, o-.
    -- Unclear issues:
    -- the quality of the vowel *ï - [ɯ] or [ɤ]? (Substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ï speaks for the latter, unless these particular words are newer loans.)
    -- the quality of the vowel *a - [ɑ] or [ɒ]?
    -- was the 2nd-syllable vocalism phonemically /a i/ with fronted &amp; backed allophones, or overtly vowel-harmonic /æ a i ɯ/?
    -- the quality of the consonant *x - [h], [x], [ɣ], something else?
    
    step &quot;PU&gt;PFc&quot;
        time 500
             -- minus 4000
        rule &quot;Loose Eng&quot;
            ŋ &gt; n / _#
            -- &gt; k in the lativ ending
        rule &quot;Dephthongization&quot;
            iw &gt; ü / _C
            ow &gt; u: / _C
            -- dubious
        rule &quot;Introduction of length&quot;
            x &gt; : / _C
        rule &quot;Coda nasal simplification&quot;
            n &gt; 0 / _t?ś
            m &gt; n / _(t,tś)
            m &gt; n / _#
        rule &quot;Stressed *ï merges with *a&quot;
            'ï &gt; 'a / _
        rule &quot;Loss of /w/&quot;
            w &gt; 0 / ^_(o,u,ü)
        rule &quot;Stressed Vowel Changes&quot;
            'a: &gt; 'o: / _
            'ä: &gt; 'e:
        rule &quot;Unstressed vowels&quot;
            'V &gt; _ / _
            a &gt; ä / (ä,e,ï,i,ü) X? C? C _
            aw,äw &gt; o / _
            ij &gt; i
            iw &gt; u
            i &gt; e / _C
         
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic:
    -- [Ca. 3000 BC to 2000 BC] (likely also incomplete; this is the section of changes not shared by other branches of Uralic) 
    
    step &quot;PFc&gt;PtFc&quot;
        time 1000
        -- 3000 BC to 2000 BC
        rule &quot;Lengthening of CV&quot;
             syllable first last
             V &gt; V: /_#
             -- affects most old CV words with the exception of me te he se ne, which per Livonian had *-k.
        rule &quot;Vowel changes&quot;
             'ä &gt; _ / _
             ä &gt; e / _j
             a &gt; e / '(o,u)X?C_j
                &gt; o / '(a,e,i)X?C_j
        rule &quot;Loss of remaining /x/&quot;
             ixi &gt; ö:/ _
             uxi &gt; o:/ _
             xi &gt; : / _
             -- (*xA, *x# apparently did not occur)
        rule &quot;Loss of /ŋ/&quot;
             uŋa &gt; o: / _
             yŋä &gt; ö: / _
             ŋi &gt; : / (A,i,u)_
             ŋ &gt; j / _(Cʲ, ś, č, ń)
               &gt; _ / _k
               &gt; w / _(U,O,C)
                   / (U,O)_
        rule &quot;Loss of medial semivowels in i-stems&quot;
             Uwi &gt; U: / _
             ewi &gt; ö: / _
             wI &gt; i / _ 
             ji &gt; : / (e,i,ï)_
                &gt; j / A_#
                &gt; j / O_
                    / U_
                &gt; : / A_(l,r)C?'?Vi
                -- (due to [je]?)
                &gt; i / C_#
                    / C_C
             yje &gt; yö
        rule &quot;Initial deaffrication. Newer initial affricates are found in loanwords and onomatopoeia.&quot;
             č &gt; ś / #_
        rule &quot;Remove ::&quot;
             fix
             ::&gt;:/_
        rule &quot;Depalatalization, commonly attributed to Germanic superstratum influence.&quot;
             ń &gt; ni / #C?V_V
             ń &gt; n / _
             ʲ &gt; 0 / _
             ś &gt; s
        rule &quot;Loss of /δ/&quot;
             -- (may be gradation-related, shared with Mordvinic but not Samic. Put here to avoid requiring postulating intermediate *tʲ for the development of *ðʲ)
             δ &gt; t 
    
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Proto-Finnic to Pre-Finnish:
    -- [Ca. 2000 BCE to 1000 CE]
    
    step &quot;PtFc&gt;PtF&quot;
        time 2000
        -- minus 4000
        rule &quot;Loss of /č/&quot;
            č: &gt; tś
            č &gt; t
        rule &quot;Difthong paradigm shift&quot;
            j &gt; i / V_C
            j &gt; i / V_#
            w &gt; ü / (ä,ö)_C
            w &gt; ü / (ä,ö)_#
            w &gt; u / (a,o)_C
            w &gt; u / (a,o)_#
        rule &quot;Birth of consonantal suffixes&quot;
            i &gt; 0 / VC_, ks_
        rule &quot;Consonant gradation&quot;
            syllable any, [closed]
            : &gt; 0 / S(p, t, ts, k)_V
            p &gt; b / S_V
            t &gt; d
            s &gt; z
            k &gt; g
        rule &quot;Suffixal gradation&quot;
            -- (needs elaboration)
            syllable [unstressed], any
            p &gt; b/ V_V
            t &gt; d
            s &gt; z
            k &gt; b
        rule &quot;Spirantization&quot;
            (b,d,g) &gt; _ / (n,m,ŋ)_
            b &gt; β / _
            d &gt; δ / _
            g &gt; γ / _
        rule &quot;Spirantization 2&quot;
            γ &gt; v /_
            βi &gt; u / (a,o,u).*_#
            βi &gt; ü / _#
            -- (3PS -Pi)
        rule &quot;Vowel shifts 1&quot;
            syllable unstressed
            oi &gt; o / _
        rule &quot;Vowel shifts 2&quot;
            syllable stressed
            ai &gt; ei / _
        rule &quot;Vowel shifts 3&quot;
            V: &gt; V / _i
        rule &quot;Birth of consonantal root forms&quot;
            e &gt; 0 / (d,t,n,s,δ)_#
            -- stem-finally after a coronal
        rule &quot;Assibilation&quot;
            t &gt; s / _i
        rule &quot;Esh-drift&quot;
            ś &gt; x
        rule &quot;Assimilation&quot;
            syllable [unstressed], any
            (k,p)t &gt; t: / _
            xk&gt;k:
            t?:?sn&gt;s:
            kx &gt; :x / _C
               &gt; x: / _
            rn &gt; r:
            ln &gt; l:
            wst &gt; st / o_ 
            (ptk)*m &gt; m: / _
            (ptk)*st &gt; st / _
            (ptk)*n &gt; n: / _
        rule &quot;Fricativ collapse, part 3&quot;
            c &gt; s / _#, ^_
            cs, sc &gt; s: /_
            c &gt; θ
            z &gt; h
            x:? &gt; h
        rule &quot;V-epenthesis&quot;
           ü,ö,o &gt; v_ / ^_:
        rule &quot;Shifts involving /h/&quot;
           e &gt; : / h_
           p,k &gt; h / _t
    
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Proto-Finnic to Standard Finnish:
    -- [Ca. 1000-1900 CE] These changes are, for the most part, only attested in the Finnish-Carelian continuum.
    
    step &quot;PtF&gt;SF&quot;
        time 5000
        -- [Ca. 1000-1900 CE]
        rule &quot;Flavor&quot;
            -- Voiced prenasal stops become geminate nasals, and (around the same time as in a whole lot of other European languages!) long mid vowels become opening difthongs:
            mb &gt; m: / _
            nd &gt; n: / _
            ŋg &gt; ŋ: / _
            e: &gt; ie
            ö: &gt; üö
            o: &gt; uo
        rule &quot;Changes involving /j/&quot;
            j &gt; i / C_
            -- suffix-initially
        rule &quot;More shifts with /h/&quot;
            Vh &gt; hV / (Vi,n,l,r)_#
            k,h &gt; * / _#
            s &gt; h / _l
            t &gt; 0 / h_r
        rule &quot;Pre-sonorant stop vocalization&quot;
            p &gt; u / (a,o,u).*_S
              &gt; ü / _S
            t &gt; _ / _(v,j)
              &gt; u / _r(a, o)
              &gt; ü / _r(ä, ö)
              &gt; : / _r(i, e)
            k &gt; : / _j
              &gt; i / (i, e)_S(i, e)
              &gt; u / (a, o, u)_S
              &gt; ü / (ä, ö, ü)_S
        rule &quot;Spirant loss&quot;
            β &gt; 0 / _UC
              &gt; v / _V
            δ &gt; _ / 'VX?_
            iδ &gt; j / V_V
            δ &gt; l / l_
              &gt; r / r_
              &gt; 0 / _
            γ &gt; j / C_e
              &gt; v / U_U
              &gt; ʔ / VV_V
              &gt; 0 / _
            h &gt; _ / 'VX?_
              &gt; 0 / VX?_V
        rule &quot;Subsequent vowel changes in unstressed syllables&quot;
            AO &gt; A: / _
            -- or O: or U: (seemingly irregularly)
            Ae &gt; Ai / _
            Ue &gt; e: / _
            VU &gt; V: / _#
            iU &gt; U: / _
            OU &gt; O: / _
        rule &quot;Initial-syllable labialization&quot;
            eü &gt; öü / _
            e &gt; ö / _(X)(C)Cü
            i &gt; ü
            ie &gt; üö
            i &gt; ü / _wä
        rule &quot;interdental loss&quot;
            θ:? &gt; ts
            δ &gt; d
    
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Standard Finnish to Orthography:
    -- [Ca. 2000 CE]
    
    step &quot;Orth&quot;
        time 6000
        rule &quot;long&gt;double&quot;
            C: &gt; __ / _
            V: &gt; __ / _
        rule &quot;remove :'&quot;
            ' &gt; 0 / _
            : &gt; 0 / _
        rule &quot;different writing&quot;
            ü &gt; y / _
            w &gt; v</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Uralic</title>
    <id>7039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56121</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T22:03:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Could you record the initial inventory for Proto-Uralic somewhere?  It's difficult to appreciate the sound changes without that.  [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 22:37, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
:You can mostly get the consonantism from the cluster table, but I'll put up something. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 22:36, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
::Belated thanks. [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 22:03, 18 September 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Footnote label</title>
    <id>7040</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50545</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T12:53:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;Current ref/note template system from Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Ref label]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Note label</title>
    <id>7041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50609</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:22:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Note label]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite id=&quot;{{anchorencode:endnote_{{{1}}}{{{3|}}}}}&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{3|}}}
  |[[#ref_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}|'''&lt;sup&gt;{{#ifeq:none|{{{3|none}}}
    |^
    |{{{3|}}}
  }}&lt;/sup&gt;''']]
  |&lt;sup&gt;{{{2|}}}&lt;/sup&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{4|}}}}}&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|Template:Ref/doc}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Documentation</title>
    <id>7042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50580</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T13:36:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;template-documentation&quot;&gt;&lt;!--

These are the literal class definitions in common.css:
 
/* For template documentation */
.template-documentation {
    clear: both;
    margin: 1em 0 0 0;
    border: 1px solid #aaa; 
    background-color: #ecfcf4; 
    padding: 1em;
}

 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{heading|μ}}}|&lt;!--**DEFINED BUT EMPTY**--&gt;
  |&lt;!--**NOTHING**--&gt;
  |&lt;div style=&quot;padding-bottom:3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom:1ex&quot;&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{content|μ}}}|μ
   |&lt;span class=&quot;editsection plainlinks&quot; id=&quot;doc_editlinks&quot;&gt;{{#ifexist: {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}
    |&lt;!--**    /doc EXISTS**   --&gt;[[{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=edit}} edit]] 
    |&lt;!--**/doc DOESN'T EXIST**--&gt;[[{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname }}}}}|action=edit&amp;preload=Template:Documentation/preload}} create]]
   }}&lt;/span&gt;
  }} &lt;span style=&quot;{{#if:{{{heading-style|}}}|{{{heading-style}}}|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:template}}|font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%|font-size: 150%}}}}&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{heading|}}}|{{{heading}}}|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:template}}|Template documentation|Documentation}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 --&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;template_doc_page_transcluded&quot; class=&quot;dablink plainlinks&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#ifexist: {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}
  |&lt;!--**/doc EXISTS**--&gt;This [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}]]. &lt;small style=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=edit}} edit] &amp;#124; [{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=history}} history])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 }}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}
   |sandbox|testcases=&lt;!--**DO NOT SHOW THESE LINKS ON THE SANDBOX/TESTCASES PAGES**--&gt;
   |#default=
    {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}
     |{{ns:template}}
     |{{ns:user}}=
      {{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox
       |This template has a [[/sandbox|sandbox]] &lt;small style=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /sandbox }}|action=edit}} edit])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!--
        --&gt;{{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases
         |and [[/testcases|testcases]] &lt;small style=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /testcases }}|action=edit}} edit])&lt;/small&gt;}} for editors to experiment.
       |{{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases
        |This template has [[/testcases|testcases]] &lt;small style=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /testcases }}|action=edit}} edit])&lt;/small&gt; for editors to experiment.}}
 }}}}}}
 &lt;/div&gt;
{{#if:{{{content|}}}|{{{content}}}|{{#ifexist:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} | {{ {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} }} }}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;clear: both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Documentation/docname</title>
    <id>7043</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50553</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T12:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;Current ref/note template system from Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}
  |sandbox|testcases={{ #rel2abs: ../doc }}
  |#default={{SUBJECTPAGENAME}}/doc
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[ja:Template:Documentation/docname]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Documentation subpage</title>
    <id>7044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50863</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{Original-recipe|}}}{{{Orig|}}}
|&lt;!-- reconstruction of original  Template:Template doc page pattern (now the redirected to &quot; Template:Documentation subpage&quot;) template... ca mid-November 2007 --&gt;
&lt;table  class=&quot;messagebox&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.1em;&quot; style=&quot; background:#f9f9b7;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;width:60px;text-align:center;&quot; &gt; [[Image:Edit-paste.svg|40px]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt; This is the [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|template documentation]]&lt;!--
--&gt; page for [[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}]].&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;small&gt;This page may not be intended to be viewed directly. &lt;br/
&gt;Links using [[Help:Variable|variable]]s may appear broken; do not replace these with [[hardcoded]] page names or URLs.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;{{#if:{{{inhib|x}}}{{{inhibit|}}}|&lt;!-- skip ---&gt;|&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
}}&lt;!-- Please retain the above original template... 

There are templates formulated to [[WP:DPP]] that need this.

Of course, if you all want to start updating all the interwiki exported templates, go on making things more incompatible... queries to User:Fabartus.

---&gt;
|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} | {{{override|doc}}}
  | &lt;!-- doc page --&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;{{
    #ifeq: {{{doc-notice|show}}} | show
    | {{mbox
      | type = notice
      | image = [[File:Edit-copy green.svg|40px]]
      | text = 
'''This is a [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] [[Wikipedia:Subpages|subpage]] for {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}}''' &lt;small&gt;(see that page for the {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} | article }}}}}} itself)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;It contains usage information, [[Wikipedia:Categorization|categories]] and other content that is not part of the original {{ #if: {{{text2|}}} | {{{text2}}} | {{ #if: {{{text1|}}} | {{{text1}}} | {{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page | {{ #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}}. 
      }}
    }}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{defaultsort|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}{{
    #if: {{{inhibit|}}}
    | &lt;!-- skip --&gt;
    | [[Category:{{
      #if: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}
      | {{SUBJECTSPACE}}
      | Article
    }} documentation&lt;noinclude&gt;| &lt;/noinclude&gt;]]
  }}&lt;includeonly&gt;
| &lt;!-- if not on a /doc subpage, do nothing --&gt;
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{pp-template}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fake heading</title>
    <id>7045</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50557</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T12:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;Current ref/note template system from Wikipedia</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;b&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot;&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
----
&lt;noinclude&gt;
This template is used to create examples in style guides and related essays, such as [[Wikipedia:Verification methods]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ref/doc</title>
    <id>7049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50617</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T17:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''The ref/note family of templates was imported from [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]].'''

And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them.

== Usage ==

Please see the documentation at [[Wikipedia:Template:Ref]]

=== An example ===
Actually an illustration says more than a thousand words.

This Wikicode:

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ref|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref label|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref harvard|1|2|3|4}}

{{ref harv|1|2|3|4}}

{{note|1|2|3|4}}

{{note label|1|2|3|4|5}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

Produces this HTML:

    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup class=&amp;quot;reference plainlinks nourlexpansion&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_1&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[2]&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(2)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;ref_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#endnote_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(2)&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;cite id=&amp;quot;endnote_1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;font-style: normal;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#ref_1&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;^2&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/cite&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
    &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;cite id=&amp;quot;endnote_13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;#ref_13&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;4&amp;lt;/cite&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;


[[Category:Reference—note templates]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ref harv</title>
    <id>7050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50614</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Ref harv]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; {{#ifeq:{{{noid}}}|noid||id=&quot;ref_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}&quot;}}&gt;[[#endnote_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}|&lt;nowiki&gt;(&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;)&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|Template:Ref/doc}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ref harvard</title>
    <id>7051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50610</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:29:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Ref harvard]]&quot;: The ref/note family of templates was imported from Wikipedia.  And hence they should probably be edited only by re-importing them. ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot; {{#ifeq:{{{noid}}}|noid||id=&quot;ref_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}&quot;}}&gt;[[#endnote_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}|&lt;nowiki&gt;(&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{2}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;)&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|Template:Ref/doc}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tl</title>
    <id>7054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50859</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Mbox</title>
    <id>7055</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50843</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Infomessage]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Info message</title>
    <id>7056</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50591</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T14:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Info message]]&quot;: Changing/deleting this redirect may break many pages ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Infomessage]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Reference—note templates</title>
    <id>7057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50613</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-18T16:43:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Templates]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Templates]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lánc phonology</title>
    <id>7058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50994</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T13:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{main|Lánc}}

'''Lantian phonology'''  includes all phonemes and phonetical rules which are part of the Lantian language.

:'''''Láncon fonetika''' banyojon fonémyo ši fonetikajeryon núrmanjoy výnufene, eravy žast láncun móru''.

==Consonants==
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labio-&lt;br&gt;dental ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-&lt;br&gt;alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Plosive&lt;/small&gt; || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Nasal&lt;/small&gt; || || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|[ɱ]}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|[ŋ]}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Vibrant&lt;/small&gt; || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Fricative&lt;/small&gt; || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}|| || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}}|| {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Affricate&lt;/small&gt; || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʦ}}|| || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Approximants&lt;/small&gt; || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Lateral&lt;br&gt;approximants&lt;/small&gt; || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

*&lt;small&gt;1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants&lt;/small&gt;
*&lt;small&gt;2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant&lt;/small&gt;

===Correspondance===
{|border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! IPA || Letter || X-SAMPA || English&lt;br&gt;approximation || English&lt;br&gt;example || German&lt;br&gt;approximation
|-
| {{IPA|[b]}} || b || b || b || '''b'''ed || b
|-
| {{IPA|[p]}} || p || p || p || '''p'''ower || p
|-
| {{IPA|[t]}} || t || t || t || '''t'''in || t
|-
| {{IPA|[d]}} || d || d || d || '''d'''in || d
|-
| {{IPA|[k]}} || k || k || k &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; c || '''k'''ind || k
|-
| {{IPA|[g]}} || g || g || g || '''g'''uy || g
|-
| {{IPA|[m]}} || m || m || m || '''m'''ay || m
|-
| {{IPA|[ɱ]}}&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; || n || F || '''m'''ph &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; '''m'''f || sy'''m'''phony || '''m'''f &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; '''m'''v
|-
| {{IPA|[n]}} || n || n || n || '''n'''ature || n
|-
| {{IPA|[ŋ]}}&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; || n || N || ng || meeti'''ng''' || '''n'''k &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; '''n'''g
|-
| {{IPA|[r]}}&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; || r || r || - || &lt;small&gt;no counterpart&lt;/small&gt; || -
|-
| {{IPA|[f]}} || f || f || f || '''f'''ine || f &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; v
|-
| {{IPA|[v]}} || v || v || v || '''v'''alue || w
|-
| {{IPA|[s]}} || s || s || s || '''s'''alt || ss
|-
| {{IPA|[z]}} || z || z || z &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; s  || si'''z'''e || s
|-
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || š || S || sh || '''sh'''adow || sch
|-
| {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || ž || Z || s || mea'''s'''ure || &lt;small&gt;no counterpart&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| {{IPA|[x]}}&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; || h || x || - || &lt;small&gt;no counterpart&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;Scottish: lo'''ch''' || ch
|-
| {{IPA|[ʦ]}} || c || ts || ts &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; tz || '''tz'''igane || z
|-
| {{IPA|[ʧ]}} || č || tS || ch || '''ch'''urch || tsch
|-
| {{IPA|[ʤ]}} || dž || dZ || j &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; g || '''j'''oin || dsch
|-
| {{IPA|[w]}} || w || w || w || '''w'''ater || u
|-
| {{IPA|[j]}} || j || j || y || '''y'''esterday || j
|-
| {{IPA|[l]}} || l || l || l || '''l'''ane || l
|}

* &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; The phoneme {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is not an independent one, but is a nasal labiodental allophone, as it appears only before the labiodental stops {{IPA|[f]}} and {{IPA|[v]}}. In front of these consonant it appears written only as '''n''' (instead of English written form ''m''):
: sinfonije, ''symphony''
* &lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; The phoneme {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is not an independent one, as in English, but is a nasal velar allophone, as it appears only before the velar stops {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[g]}}.
* &lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; The phoneme {{IPA|[r]}} is shown as having no English counterparts, because it is an alveolar trill, or most commonly said, a '''rolling''' or '''rolled r''', the same ''r'' of the Italian language. On the contrary with English alveolar tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, the tongue has to vibrate more times while pronouncing it.
* &lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; The phoneme {{IPA|[x]}} has no English counterpart. Its pronounce is that of Scottish ''lo'''ch''''', or German /ch/ in ''ma'''ch'''en''.

===Vowel sonorants===
The lateral consonants '''r''' {{IPA|[r]}} and '''l''' {{IPA|[l]}} and the nasal consonants '''n''' {{IPA|[n]}} and '''m''' {{IPA|[m]}} can play the role as vowel centre of the syllable, as a real vowel.

This is a rare phenomenon, and they are usually found at the end of one of these words. In this case they are called ''vowel sonorants'' (they play this role also in English in some words):

* Petr {{IPA|[ˈpetṛ]}}: syllabication ''pe.tr''
* turistezn {{IPA|[ˈturistezṇ]}}: syllabication ''tu.ri.ste.zn''

They are pronounced as with a schwa vowel preceding them, a close, weak vowel phoneme. This is an approximate pronounce description, as there is no actual vowel between the two consonant, as Lantian language does not own any schwa vowel:

* Petr {{IPA|[ˈpet&lt;small&gt;ɘ&lt;/small&gt;ṛ]}} 

When a vowel is added to a word, ending in a vowel sonorants, this one turns into a full consonant, losing his role as vowel centre.

* ''Nominative'': Petr {{IPA|[ˈpetṛ]}}: syllabication ''pe.tr'' ‣ ''Genitive'': Petru {{IPA|[ˈpetru]}}: syllabication ''pe.tru''

===Palatalization===

Some consonants come in pair with a ''palatalized'' counterpart:

{|
! Non-palatalized consonant
! Palatalized counterpart
|-
| k {{IPA|[k]}} || č {{IPA|[ʧ]}} 
|-
| g {{IPA|[g]}} || dž {{IPA|[ʤ]}}
|-
| s {{IPA|[s]}} || š {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| z {{IPA|[z]}} || ž {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
|-
| t {{IPA|[t]}} || č {{IPA|[ʧ]}}
|-
| d {{IPA|[d]}} || dž {{IPA|[ʤ]}}
|}

This phenomenon, called '''palatalization''', is very common, usually (but not always) when one of these consonants comes (or, better, came) in contact with the semivowel {{IPA|[j]}}. It's very important, because it occurs many times in noun declension.

==Vowels==
Vowels can be short or long. The difference is very important because it is distinctive: two words can have different meanings with different vowel length:

* ban {{IPA|[ban]}} (''real'') - bán {{IPA|[baːn]}} (''all'')

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2|  ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;High&lt;/small&gt; || || || {{IPA|i(ː)}} || || {{IPA|ɨ(ː)}}|| || || ||  || {{IPA|u(ː)}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;High-Mid&lt;/small&gt; || || || {{IPA|e(ː)}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o(ː)}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Low&lt;/small&gt; || || || || || {{IPA|a(ː)}} || || || ||
|}

{{seealso|Lánc vowel scheme}}

Long vowels are marked by an acute accent, as in Czech language:

* a {{IPA|[a]}} - á {{IPA|[aː]}}
* e {{IPA|[e]}} - é {{IPA|[eː]}}
* i {{IPA|[i]}} - í {{IPA|[iː]}}
* o {{IPA|[o]}} - ó {{IPA|[oː]}}
* u {{IPA|[u]}} - ú {{IPA|[uː]}}
* y {{IPA|[ɨ]}} - ý {{IPA|[ɨː]}}

==Diphtongs==
All kinds of diphtongs are accetable in Lantian, with semivowel before or after the vowel (Vj or jV - Vw or wV) and with both long and short vowel.

Some examples:
* bwand {{IPA|[bwand]}}: ''federal''
* bwón {{IPA|[bwoːn]}}: ''intelligent''
* krujzuč  {{IPA|[krujzuʧ]}}: ''to break''

Diphtongs with the [j] semivowel before the vowel are rarer than the other ones, because this semivowel has usually palatalized the consonant before itself. Only some native Lantian words keep it, one of the most important exemples is the nominal ending '''-tjám'''.

* skjator  {{IPA|[skjator]}}: ''to live''
* ravídotjám  {{IPA|[raviːdotjaːm]}}: ''claim, demand''

If two vowels (except {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}}, which can turn in semivowel) come together in a word, expecially in declension endings, they are considered as separated syllables:

* móryo {{IPA|[moːrɨo]}}, syllabication: ''mo.ry.o'' (''languages'', accusative)

==Stress==
Stress has a very little meaning, and it falls always on the first syllabe of the root. If a word is simple the stress is on the first syllable, but if this word adds prefixes, the stress remains on the same syllable.

* m'''ý'''zdosén {{IPA|[ˈmɨːzdoseːn]}}, ''comprehension''
* m'''ý'''zdor {{IPA|[ˈmɨːzdor]}}, ''understand''
* tem'''ý'''zdesek {{IPA|[teˈmɨːzdesek]}}, ''they will understand''
* otem'''ý'''zdesu {{IPA|[oteˈmɨːzdesu]}}, ''I would have understood''

Thus the stress is not distinctive, as in many languages of the world, i.e. there can't be two words that change their meanings depending on their stress.

If there is a compound word, for example a verb, the stress can remain on the first syllable of the original root, or can move on the new first syllable:

* g'''e'''nsor {{IPA|[ˈgensor]}}, ''to take''
* šag'''e'''nsor {{IPA|[ʃaˈgensor]}} or š'''a'''gensor {{IPA|[ˈʃagensor]}}, ''to involve'', both are accetable.

With words with foreign origin, the stress usually moves on the first syllable, but it can remain on the original syllable.

* '''i'''nformákce {{IPA|[ˈinformaːkʦe]}} or inform'''á'''kce {{IPA|[inforˈmaːkʦe]}}, ''information''

[[Category:Lánc|P]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/I</title>
    <id>7059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58890</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-14T12:33:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Std. PU *i_i
|-
| &quot;to suck&quot;
| *ime- || ńɤmɤ- || - || - || K. ńim- || ëm- || - || *eem- || ńim-, əm-
| Two variants *imi-, *ńimi-
|-
| &quot;stone&quot;
| *kivi || - || kev || *küj || U. ''kɤ'' ~ K. ki || ''köv-'' || *käw || *kööɣ || -
|-
| &quot;name&quot;
| *nimi || *nɤmɤ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ĺem || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *lʏm || *ńim || neev || *näm || *neem || *nim
| Cf. IE; PBS *inmen-
|-
| &quot;long&quot;
| *pit-kä || - || - || - || - || fël-, '''föl-''' || *pälit || '''*peɬ-''' || *pir-
|-
| &quot;tooth&quot;
| *pii || (''*pānē'') || pej || *püj || *piń || '''fog''' || *päŋk || *pööŋk || -
|-
| &quot;mouse&quot;
| *hiiri || - || šejer || - || '''*šɨr''' || egeer || *täŋkər || *ɬööŋkər || -
|-
| &quot;last&quot;
| *vii-&lt;!--viime-, viipy- --&gt; || - || - || - || - || veeg || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;cloud&quot;
| *pilvi || *pɤlvɤ || peĺ || *pəl&lt;!--@~7--&gt; || *piĺ- || felhöö || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*peləŋ'' || -
| Kh. *e / _CC?
|-
| &quot;tongs&quot;
| *pihti || *pɤstɤ || peš || - || K. '''peš''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;silicon&quot;
| *pii || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || #pAj
| If not same as *piŋi.
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;visible&quot;
| *ilmi || *ɤlmɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← *ilma
|-
| &quot;wonder&quot;
| *imeh || *ɤmɤs || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
|-
| &quot;5&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *viici || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *vītɤ || veťe ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *vəəć || *vit || öt || *ät || *weet || '''*wüt'''
| H. *wi- → ö-. FS *wiiti
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä)
|-
| &quot;eye&quot;
| *silmä || *čɤlmē || seĺme || *s/šinzä || *śin || sëm || style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šäm || *seem || *səjmä
|-
| &quot;father; big&quot;
| *isä || *ɤčē || Mk. '''oćä''' || *ɪza || - || öös || *äs || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*ejsä'''
| Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from ''oću'' &quot;big&quot; &lt; *ićäw (cf. F. *iso)?
|-
| &quot;to appear&quot;
| *itä- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ɤcé- || || || || || *ätər- || *eet- || *ətä-
| Cf. IE *ǵīd-
|-
| &quot;to pass over&quot;
| - || *vɤlē- || - || - || *vi- || öl- || *äl- || *weeɬ- ||
| H. *wi- → ö-
|-
| &quot;to smell&quot;
| - || ɤpsē- || '''opəś-''' || *üpš- || K. is- || ''iiz-'' || *ät- || *eepəɬ- || əptə-
|-
| &quot;age&quot;
| *ikä || *(j)ɤkē || '''ij''' || - || - || eev || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;crowd&quot;
| - || *vɤlvē || veĺä || *-wəlä || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;slanted&quot;
| *vino || *vɤńē || Er. veńaža || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;gap&quot;
| - || - || - || *wiš || *vis || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;trap&quot;
| *rita || *rɤtē || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *lüðe || K. *ri || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;more, to add&quot;
| *lisä || *lɤsē || ĺezä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;rowan&quot;
| *pihlaka || - || '''*piźəl''' ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pɪzlə || U. '''paledź'''&lt;br/&gt;~ K. '''pelɨź''' || - ||style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *päśər || *pećər || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| *i_o?
|-
| &quot;to bind&quot;
| *sito- || - || ''sodo-'' || *šüðəkš || - || - || - || - || -
| umlaut in Mo? [[Proto-Uralic/new|ô] doesn't fit Mari
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Loans
|-
| &quot;place&quot;
| *sija || *sɤjē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *stīja-
|-
| &quot;office, position&quot;
| *virka || *vīrkē || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka &quot;sign&quot; ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (← *wärkä) &quot;to lasso&quot; doesn't belong
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Samic *ī_ē
|-
| &quot;breast&quot;
| *nisä || *ńīńčē || || || || || || || *ńimsä-
| Somewhat regular. S. *i → *í also before palatals? (not in *mińa)
|-
| &quot;little bird&quot;
| - || *cīcē- || - || - || K. džɨdž || - || - || *čiinč || *sinsä-
| Onomatopoetic?
|-
| &quot;to let go&quot;
| - || *tīptē- || tuvto- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;sno, frost&quot;
| - || *rīnē || - || *rün || - || - || - || - || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Permic ''e'' ~ ''o''
|-
| &quot;daughter-in-law&quot;
| *miniä || *mɤńē || - || - || U. ''-meń'' ~ K. ''moń'' || mëń || mäń || *meeń || '''*meńä'''
|-
| &quot;to rut&quot;
| ''*kej-ma, *kii-ma'' || *kīkɤ- || - || - || U. ''kemdžɨ-'' ~ K. ''koj'' || ''kej-, höö'' || *käj- || *kööj- || -
| *kixi ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F.
|-
| &quot;to pull&quot;
| *kisko- || *kɤškó- || Er. '''śkiŕa-''' ~ Mk. '''kəśkəŕa-''' || - || U. ''keśɯ-'' ~ K. ''koś-'' || ''kiisaal-'' || - || - || -
| Cf. [[Proto-Uralic/new|*kičke-]]
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Messy stuff
|-
| &quot;son-in-law&quot;
| '''*vävü''' || '''*vīvɤ''' || ''ov'' || Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. '''weŋə''' || - || vöö || - || *wööŋ || *wiŋə
| Analogy in F from *kälü &quot;daughter-in-law&quot;, loaned to S before that?
|-
| &quot;knee ~ elbow&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *pidźəs || - || *päs || - || -
|-
| &quot;frost&quot;
| - || *pīcē || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*pöršə''' || '''*puuž''' || - || - || '''*paačəm''' || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| &quot;dark&quot;
| *pim-eða || - || - || - || *peĺmɨt || - || - || - || *pəjmətä
| *-ðʲm- ?
|-
| &quot;to unhair&quot;
| *nivo- || *nɤvē- || ńeveĺ- || - || - || - || - || '''*noow-''' || '''*nɯŋkə-'''
|-
| &quot;weather&quot;
| ''*ilma'' || *ɤlmē || - || - || U. in ~ K. jen || - || '''*jiiləm''' || '''*jiiɬəm''' || -
|-
| &quot;to sho&quot;
| *viisA- || - || - || - || U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- || viɟaaz- || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc.
|-
| &quot;slanted&quot;
| ''*vita'' || - || vaša- || Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk || U. '''vož''' ~ K. viž || - || - || - || -
| P. &quot;intersection&quot;
|-
| &quot;to tear&quot;
| *riicu- || *rīččō- || - || - || *reź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| *riihi || - || - || - || U. inšɨr ~ K. rɨnɨš || || || ||
| E. '''rehi'''. Cf. Ger. Riege?!
|-
| &quot;short; to cut&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || rövid || - || *riiɣ- || -
|-
| &quot;narro&quot;
| - || - || ťäj- || - || - || - || - || - || *tij-
|-
| &quot;decking&quot;
| - || - || - || - || K. tis(k)a || - || - || - || Ne. ćet ~ Ka. tɤɤʔ
|-
| &quot;grave&quot;
| - || - || - || *šüɣer || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šiir || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to run; to hurry&quot;
| - || - || čije- || - || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šiet- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ćüw-, *śiɣ- || - || -
|-
| &quot;smoke; fog&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *čɨŋ || - || '''*šeeŋkʷ-''' || '''*čüüɣ''' ||
| Rather *äx or something
|-
| &quot;smell&quot;
| - || *cīvnɤ || čijńe || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *čixi-ni?
|-
| &quot;to shine&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || süt- || šit- || - || -
|-
| &quot;sleigh belt&quot;
| - || *čɤnɤ || - || - || - || - || - || - || Ne. śään
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;hill&quot;
| E. süŋk || - || - || *šʏŋɣä || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| šeeg ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *śääŋkʷ || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *śooŋk ||
| S '''*čoaŋkē''' &quot;tuber&quot; cf. F. *soŋka
|-
| &quot;all&quot;
| - || - || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ćɪlä || U. ćɨl- ~ K. ćil- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;fang&quot;
| - || *čɤlā- ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ćilä || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;sap&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *li || - || - || - || Kam. &quot;lêji&quot;
|-
| &quot;to moov&quot;
| *liikku- || - || - || - || - || - || *luk-, *läkʷ- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *ɬok- || *ləkə-
|-
| &quot;sand&quot;
| *liiva || - || - || - || U. luo ~ K. lɨva || - || - || *ḷowi ||
|-
| &quot;to smash&quot;
| *licca- || - || - || *ləzərte- ~ &quot;JU&quot; lazerte- || K. ĺićkɯ- || || || ||
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| *lippi || - || Er. ĺipuža ~ Mk. ĺebžat || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
| || || || || || || || ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ</title>
    <id>7060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50695</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T21:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''''Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ''' {{IPA|/ʃɑː˥.ɛ̆˩ŋ.t͡ʃɑ˩˥ː/}}'' is a language spoken in the counties of [[Lōxé]], [[Nǐŋ Lō]], and [[Zè Dệ Wā]]. It is related to [[Sirénso]] and [[Sirabe]].

==Phonology ''Qéwạ̄''==
Syllable structure is C+(j)+V+(tone)+(shortening)+(ŋ). In the case of words like propositions, name/question indicators, and pronouns, the consonant (C) is not needed In some dialects, V+(shortening) is pronounced like V+l. Words can have one or two syllables and about one hundred borrowed words (mostly scientific or technical) have three syllables. The first (or only) syllable in a word is stressed.

==Writing ''Zóŋ''== 
{{main|Zóŋ Fjě}}
[[Image:Nin Lo.png|right|thumb|Nǐŋ Lō written with Zóŋ Fjě ideograms]]
The language is written with ideograms called [[Zóŋ Fjě]]. Each ideogram is one syllable (see ''phonetics'' above). However, in Lōxé Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ is often written with an alphabet called [[Zēnjàŋ]]

===Romanized writing ''Rómǎŋsē zóŋ''===
Vowels:&lt;br&gt;
E=/ɛ/&lt;br&gt;
A = /ɑ/&lt;br&gt;
I = /i/&lt;br&gt;
O = /o/&lt;br&gt;
U = /u/&lt;br&gt;
Tones:&lt;br&gt;
ó = ˥ (high tone)&lt;br&gt;
ô = ˩˥ (rising tone)&lt;br&gt;
ō = ˧ (mid tone)&lt;br&gt;
ǒ = ˥˩ (falling tone)&lt;br&gt;
ò = ˥ (low tone)&lt;br&gt;
ọ = ˘ (shortened vowel (combine with tone marking))&lt;br&gt;
Consonants:&lt;br&gt;
B = /b/&lt;br&gt;
G = /g/&lt;br&gt;
D = /d/&lt;br&gt;
F = /f/&lt;br&gt;
H = /ɦ/&lt;br&gt;
J = /j/&lt;br&gt;
K = /k/&lt;br&gt;
L = /l/&lt;br&gt;
M = /m/&lt;br&gt;
N = /n/&lt;br&gt;
P = /p/&lt;br&gt;
Q = /t͡ʃ/&lt;br&gt;
R = /r/&lt;br&gt;
S = /s/&lt;br&gt;
T = /t/&lt;br&gt;
V = /v/&lt;br&gt;
W = /w/&lt;br&gt;
X = /ʃ/&lt;br&gt;
Z = /ʑ/&lt;br&gt;
:Palatalizer:&lt;br&gt;
:J = /j/&lt;br&gt;
:Final Ŋ:&lt;br&gt;
:Ŋ = /ŋ/&lt;br&gt;

==Grammar ''Sólē''==
===Nouns ''Djô''===
Nouns have no case, gender, number, or definiteness.

===&quot;To Be&quot;===
There is no verb &quot;to be&quot; in Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ, other than Jéfō, meaning &quot;to exist&quot;.

===Pronouns ''Qō''===
Pronouns are only one vowel with a high tone:&lt;br&gt;
Á = I, me&lt;br&gt;
Ú = You&lt;br&gt;
Ó = We, us&lt;br&gt;
Í = He, she, it, them&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Possessive pronouns go after the noun being possessed. They are created by adding an L before the vowel and lowering the tone to a mid tone. Therefore Nǐŋ Lō means &quot;holy-land ours&quot;, or &quot;our hallowed land&quot;.&lt;br&gt;
Lā = My, mine&lt;br&gt;
Lū = Your, yours&lt;br&gt;
Lō = Our, ours&lt;br&gt;
Lī = Their, theirs&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
===Verbs ''Fō''===
Verbs only change for tense, by changing their ending:
{| style=&quot;background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
! Tense || Ending || English Example
|-
| Infinitive || -fō || to go
|-
| Present || -fó || I am going
|-
| Past || -xó || I went
|-
| Future || -dó || I will go
|}

===Questions? ''Wí Xǎŋ.''===
Rather than using markings to show questions, doubts, and exclamations, Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ uses words at the beginning of these types of phrases and sentences:

====Questions ''Xǎŋ''====
{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Wí || xǎŋ.
|-
| ''?'' || ''questions''
|-
|colspan=20| Questions?
|}

The question indicator Wí is also the word for &quot;what&quot; and is combined with others to make other question words (Sóí (Person+What) who, Zēí (Do+What) how, Ròí (Because+What) why, Pệí (Time+What) when, and Wjoŋí (Place+What) where):

{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Sóí || ú.
|-
| ''?who'' || ''you''
|-
|colspan=20| Who are you?
|}

{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Wí || ú || dǎxó.
|-
| ''?what'' || ''you'' || ''done''
|-
|colspan=20| What did you do?
|}

{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Pệí || (jéfó).
|-
| ''?time'' || ''(exists)''
|-
|colspan=20| What time is it?
|}

====Doubts ''Zậdó''====
Doubt is indicated by adding Sî at the beginning of the phrase or sentence:
{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Sî || sèŋ || ú.
|-
| ''?'' || ''sure'' || ''you''
|-
|colspan=20| You are sure?
|}

When it appears alone it means &quot;really?&quot;

====Exclamations ''Dépàŋ''====
Hạ́ is the indicator of exclamation:
{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Hạ́ || zísâŋ || ú.
|-
| ''!'' || ''now-go'' || ''you''
|-
|colspan=20| Go now!
|}

Hạ́ and wí or Hạ́ and Sî can be combined to show emmotion:

{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Hạ́wí || zēí || dǎxó || ú.
|-
| ''!?'' || ''why'' || ''done'' || ''you''
|-
|colspan=20| Why did you do it?!
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xa Zen Qa</title>
    <id>7061</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50657</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-21T01:38:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#Redirect[[Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nin Lo.png</title>
    <id>7062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50659</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-21T13:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nǐŋ Lo]] written with [[Zóŋ Fjě]] idoegrams.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nǐŋ Lo]] written with [[Zóŋ Fjě]] idoegrams.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Indo-European Japan</title>
    <id>7063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50672</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Conworlds]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Japan (IE)</title>
    <id>7066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50686</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T12:34:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Japan''' is the name of an archipelago off the east coast of Asia.  It is the home of the [[Japanese Union]].  The [[Japonic languages (IE)|]] are spoken here.  == Geography =…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Japan''' is the name of an archipelago off the east coast of Asia.  It is the home of the [[Japanese Union]].  The [[Japonic languages (IE)|Japonic languages]] are spoken here.

== Geography ==
Japan consists of five major islands, plus several thousand smaller islands.

== History ==
''This section is a work in progress, and subject to changes''
=== Early Japan ===
The ancestors of the modern Japanese arrived somewhere around 800 BC, probably from modern-day Korea.  The early Japanese were divided into many small statelets.  By the early 6th century AD, the Japanese had coalesced into five kingdoms, whose rulers took the title of Great King (大王) to distinguish themselves from the smaller states that had preceded them.  The title of King (王) was also still in use by some vassals, and by princes of the royal families.

Buddhism arrived in 538, and gradually spread through the kingdoms.

From an early stage, the High King of *Yamato had prestige over the other High Kings, and the High Kings gradually increased their power over the others.  In 604, influenced by Chinese political organization, the High King of Yamato began to demand acknowledgment of his power by the lesser High Kings.  In a series of reforms, he took the title of Most High King.  There was resistance from some to his reforms, leading to the Unification War (605-623).  The war ended with the Most High King's authority over Japan firmly established, and the second phase in his reforms began.  The former kingdoms were renamed Lands (国), which were divided into provinces (州), and further subdivided into Districts (郡).  The lesser High Kings retained their titles, but the succession was firmly under the control of the Most High King.

=== The Silla War ===
In 660, Baekje, on the Korean Peninsula, sought Japanese assistance against a Silla-Tang alliance.  Japan sent some 40,000 troops to aid the Baekje forces.  The troops were thoroughly defeated, and Baekje was conquered.  The Baekje royal family fled to Japan, along with many other nobles and scholars of the former state.  Japan, fearing invasion, built fortifications in *Kyushu, *Tsushima and *Iki Islands.  This marked the end of Japan's activities in mainland Asia for several centuries.

=== Age of Centralization ===
Over the next few centuries, the Japanese Empire became increasingly centralized.  The High Kings lost power as the Imperial Court began to gain increasing influence in their courts.  By the mid-8th century, the Great King had adopted a new title, ''chanfa'', generally translated as Emperor (天皇, literally Heavenly Emperor).  The northern border of the Empire was pushed further north, until at last Japan reached the northern tip of *Honshu.

At the same time that the Imperial Court was gaining power over the lesser courts, and the southern regions of Japan were being brought ever more under the central government's control, military leaders in the far north began to carve out their own fiefdoms.  The most powerful of these was ???? who established a capital at *Hiraizumi in 1120 to rule the northern provinces from.  For nearly a century, he and his descendants ruled as &lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt; sovereigns of the northern provinces, ignoring the nominal governors.  In 1245, the imperial court attempted to remove ???? from his position, starting the Enchu War, which ended, in 1257, with an agreement that recognized ???? as a High King, defining the borders of a new land, [[Enchukok]].

=== Mongol Invasions and Disintegration ===
In 1274, the Mongols launched an invasion of Japan, which was turned back, in large part due to a fortuitous storm.  A second attempt was made in 1281, also unsuccessful.  Fearing another invasion, the Imperial Court ordered the creation of large standing armies.  There were no further invasions.  However, the presence of large standing armies proved to be destabilizing for the Empire.

In 1307, Emperor ???? proclaimed an Imperial Restoration, seeking to restore direct power to the Emperor out of the hands of the noble families who had long held actual political power.  The Emperor was deposed, and fled to the west with his supporters.  The military elite in the Capital placed another member of the Imperial Family on the throne.  A civil war broke out.  It was won by the western claimant.  Power was restored to the Emperor, but at a cost.  His supporters extorted greater autonomy, while the supporters of the deposed eastern claimant were weakened.  Unrest spread through the Empire as animosities between the lands, stoked by the late civil war, increased, and local military leaders carved out their own domains.  This began the Era of Warring States

=== Era of Warring States ===
Generally considered to have begun around 1376, this era was characterized by constant warfare.  The Emperor and High Kings retained nominal power, and some even held actual (though limited) power over areas immediately surrounding their capitals.  Some of the military leaders claimed the title of King, leading to the alternate name Era of One Hundred Kings.

Enchukok, which had seen the least disruption, was the first area to stablize.  In 1413, the last king of the First Dynasty abdicated, turning his kingdom over to ???? who had united an area similar to the traditional Land of Enchukok, who became High King, founding the Second Dynasty.  Several of his allies and loyal tributaries were granted the title of King under his authority.  Enchukok began to spread both southwards and northwards, conquering *Ezo, most of their growth being northwards.

The central and southern parts of Japan gradually became reunified, reorganized into several High Kingdoms.  None of the old lines of High Kings survived, but the Imperial Dynasty remained, although stripped of all actual power.  The Era of Warring States is considered to have officially ended in 1462, when Emperor ??? issued a decree officially reorganizing the Empire and acknowledging the new Kings and High Kings.  Fighting had already ended over most of Japan by this point, and some small-scale fighting continued for a couple of decades.

Japan was now divided into seven High Kingdoms, each of which were divided into several Kingdoms and Provinces (depending on the title of the ruler) and further into Districts.  The High Kings were, nominally, under the authority of the Emperor, but in practice, the Emperor's authority did not extend past the Imperial Palace.  The Emperor also, nominally, controlled the succession of the High Kings, but this, too, was a power not exerted in practice.  &lt;!-- High Kingdoms: Enchukok, *Kanto, *Chubu, *Kansai, *Chugoku, *Shikoku, *Kyushu --&gt;

=== The Age of Expansion ===
Enchukok had already begun to expand northwards into *Ezo by the early 15th century, and began exploring Siberia by 1450.  In 1467, the Enchukokans discovered Alaska.  The southern High Kingdoms expanded southwards, annexing the then-independent *Ryukyu Islands in 1439, expanding into *Taiwan, and moving onto *Indonesia by the early 16th century.  Korea was invaded by an alliance of *Chugoku, *Kyushu, and *Chubu in 1489, beginning the First Chosen War.  By 1498, Korea had been conquered and divided between the invading powers.  The discovery of Alaska sparked a series of colonial expeditions across the Pacific.  Several of the High Kingdoms also continued to push southwards, discovering *Australia in 1508.

In 1546, a rebellion began in occupied Korea, with help from Ming China.  The Chinese-Korean alliance fought the occupying states and their allies in the Second Chosen War (1546-1552).  The war ended with the Japanese expelled from the Korean mainland, and a new Kingdom under Chinese suzerainty established.  Other mainland colonies were liberated as well, beginning a tacit agreement between the Japanese and the Chinese that the mainland belonged to China, the islands to Japan (although this agreement did not prevent the Japanese from establishing a presence in India)

[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Kala index</title>
    <id>7067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58225</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T19:13:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#[[Kala|Kala grammar]]
#[[Kala lexicon]]
#[[Kala phrases]]
#[[Kala thematic lexicon]]
#[[Kala lists]]
#[[Kala writing]]

*[[:Category:Moya|Moya Gallery]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zēnjàŋ</title>
    <id>7068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50696</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-22T22:38:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pazmivaniye</username>
        <id>1333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''''Zēnjàn'''{{IPA|/ʑɛː˧.nʲɑː˩ŋ/}}'' is the alphabet used in [[Lōxé]] to write the language of [[Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ]]. It is similar to [[Hangul]], used to write the …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''''Zēnjàn'''{{IPA|/ʑɛː˧.nʲɑː˩ŋ/}}'' is the alphabet used in [[Lōxé]] to write the language of [[Xá Zẹ̀ŋ Qâ]]. It is similar to [[Hangul]], used to write the Earth language of [[Korean]].
Layout of letters:

Initials (consonants):

Medials (vowels+tones):

Finals (lengths+ŋ):</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relative Clause</title>
    <id>7069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50713</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-23T18:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>another (it), addressing Roger Mills' question</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There are different types of relative clauses:

* externally headed: the fish [that the man bought (it)] was fresh
* internally headed: [the man bought *the fish*] was fresh
* correlative: that the man bought the fish; it was fresh
* adjoined: the fish was fresh; that the man bought (it)
* double-headed: the fish [that the man bought the fish] was fresh</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cipren</title>
    <id>7070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50734</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-24T21:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Kadicken]]

{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''language|Cipren''' &lt;br&gt;[phonetic|ˈChie-prenˈ]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Timeline/Universe''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kadicken (← is in english)
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Period''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 0784KN-????VC
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Spoken in''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Cimren]] &amp; [[Pren]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Total speakers''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ????
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Writing system''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Alphebet
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Classification''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Ramesh]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cipren
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Typology'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Basic word order''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | SVO
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Morphology''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Agglutinating
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |''Alignment''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Accusative alignment
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; | '''Credits'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Created by''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | nanoleopard201
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | {{edit|Template:Conlang3}}
|-
|}

Cipren is a language spoken in Cimren and Pren. Its morphological type is Agglutinating and it's basic word order is, like English, SVO. 


== Orthography ==
A E I O B C G M P R S En Sh

(unfortunately, i cant do the symbols...)


== Letter Pronunciation ==
A- as in the 'a' in 'fame' | E- as in the first 'e' in 'never' | I- as in the the 'i' in 'like' | O- as in the 'o' in obelisk
B- as in English | C- Pronounced like 'ch' |G- as in English | M- as in English | P- as in English | R- the more rolling like sound and ''' ''not'' ''' 'er' | S- as in English | En- as in English | Sh- as in English


== phonology ==

Consonants:
                  bilabial       alveolar       palatal      velar
         stops     P  B                                        G
      fricatives                   Sh S                  
        nasals      m                            
       liquids                      R?             R?
    
(I'm not sure where 'r' and 'C' (pronounced 'ch') goes, so if anybody knows please tell me on this pages talk-page)


Vowels: 
                   Front        Central        Back      
        
       High     \                                  /
       Mid       \    a                           /
                  \    e                         /
       low         \    i                       /
                    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( I'm not sure if this is in the right order, and if anybody knows where 'En' goes on the chart please tell me on the talk page)


== Origin of Language ==
    
&lt;nowiki&gt;Cipren was a language that descended from the language Ramesh. Cimren and Pren was then separated from the main land after an huge earthquake that was way off the Richter scale happened (I'm the Richter scale because there world hasn't made a unit to measure the magnitude of earthquakes). The Cimrenesian and Prenese people's  language changed a lot after it broke off the mainland. Ramesh stayed the same as it was.&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Kadicken</title>
    <id>7071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50735</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-24T21:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'This is the category for the Conworld : Kadicken'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the category for the Conworld : Kadicken</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cimren</title>
    <id>7072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50748</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-25T21:24:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[category:kadicken]]
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Cimren
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [Chim-ren]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Kadicken]], Classical period
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Official language: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Cipren]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Secondary language: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Bengesh]]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Population: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| ????
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Type of government: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Monarchy
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| History
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;[[Cigen]]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;'''Cimren'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0&quot;| &lt;center&gt;????&lt;/center&gt;
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[User:Nanoleopard201]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| November 2009
|}

Cimren is a country in [[Rensha Isle]]. Its language is [[Cipren]]. It is inhabited by humans.


== The first Island War ==

The first Island war is a civil war of [[Cigen]]. There was originally two States in Cigen. The first state, Pren  voted for separation, when the votes turned out to be 50-50 the two States had war. when the war happened both sides had a equal amount of units.but it turned out that Pren was more strategic and won 'The First Island War'.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Athonite Language</title>
    <id>7073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54741</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T20:03:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Athonite [http://wiki.frath.net/MR_Language] is the official language of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain. It is spoken daily by the citizens; all street signs, traffic signs, the weekly newspaper, etc., are written in Athonite.

*Modern Greek is taught to the children in school so that, by the time they graduate from the gymnasio or liceo, they are fluent in it as well.

*The language began when Greek refugees came to the Monastic Republic from Turkey. They spoke only Turkish, and Athonite was developed as these Greeks started to learn Modern Greek. As a result, there is some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.

*A spelling reform has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation. Double letters have been eliminated. An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel. Monosyllabic words contain no accent, unless followed by an enclitic.

*Under the influence of Turkish, there is neither a definite nor an indefinite article.

*There are no classes of nouns. 

*There are three cases for the nouns in Athonite, nominative, genitive and accusative. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable and precede the noun they modify.

*Under the influence of Turkish, adjectives form the comparative degree only by placing the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;πιο&lt;/font&gt; before them and not by adding a suffix. They are then followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;από&lt;/font&gt; and the accusative case.  Because Greek lacks a superlative degree distinct from the comparative, under the influence of Turkish, adjectives form the superlative degree by placing the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;εν&lt;/font&gt; before them, followed by &lt;font color=blue&gt;ςε&lt;/font&gt; and the genitive case. 

*As in Turkish, there is only one relative pronoun in Athonite, &lt;font color=blue&gt;που&lt;/font&gt;, which stands for all the relative pronouns: who, whom, which, and that.

*The Athonite verb system has been simplified to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek and in Turkish have been reduced to six, the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts, in both active and passive voices. Under Turkish influence only two irregular verbs remain, ‘be’ and ‘have’.

*Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;υπαρχεί/υπαρχούν&lt;/font&gt;, there is/there are, for the Turkish &lt;font color=blue&gt;βαρ&lt;/font&gt; (there is/are) and &lt;font color=blue&gt;γιοκ&lt;/font&gt; (there is/are not).

To illustrate, the Lord’s Prayer:
*New Testament Greek
**Modern Greek
***Athonite

*Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς•
**Πατέρα μας, στους ουρανούς,
***Πατέρ μων, ς' ουρανού,

*ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου•
**ας αγιαστεί το όνομά σου. 
***ας αγιαςομέν ονόμ ςου ίnε.

*ελθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου•
**ας έρθει η βασιλεία σου. 
***ας βαςιλί ςου έρχετε. 

*γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
**ας γίνει το θέλημά σου, 
***ας θέλιμ ςου γίνι,

*ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς•
**όπως στον ουρανό, και στη γη. 
***όπως ς' ουρανού, κε ς' γίου.

*τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον•
**το καθημερινό μας ψωμί δώσε μας σήμερα. 
***καθιμερίν ψωμ μων ςίμερ δίνςε μων.

*καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
**και συγχώρεσέ μας τις αμαρτίες μας, 
***κ' αμαρτία μων ςυγχώρεςε μους,

*ὡς και ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν•
**όπως και εμείς συγχωρούμε αυτούς που αμαρτάνουν σε μας. 
***όπως κε μίς ςυγχωρούμε αυτούς που ς' μων αμαρτάνουν.

*καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
**και μη μας φέρεις σε πειρασμό, 
***κε μι ς' πιράςμ φέρςε μους,

*ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
**ἁλλά ελευθέρωσέ μας από τον πονηρό, 
***ἁλλά από πονιρού ελευθέρωςε μους,

*Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν.
**επειδή δική σου είναι η βασιλεία και η δύναμη και η δόξα στους αιώνες. Αμήν.
***επιδί δικςού βαςιλί κε δύναμ κε δοξ σ' εώνες ίνε. Αμίν.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rensha Isle</title>
    <id>7074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50749</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-25T21:25:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Rensha Isle is a island several kilometers of the coast of the mainland with the two contries: Cimren and Pren.
[[category:kadicken]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pren</title>
    <id>7075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50751</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-25T21:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nanoleopard201</username>
        <id>1344</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pren is a country in [[Rensha Isle]].


== The first Island War ==
The first Island war is a civil war of Cigen. There was originally two States in Cigen. The first state, Pren voted for separation, when the votes turned out to be 50-50 the two States had war. when the war happened both sides had a equal amount of units.but it turned out that Pren was more strategic and won 'The First Island War'.
[[category:kadicken]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 53 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50761</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-26T04:42:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 54 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50764</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-26T06:48:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bitmap 55 Seuna.PNG</title>
    <id>7078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50767</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-26T12:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>M MR home architecture</title>
    <id>7079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50778</id>
      <timestamp>2009-11-27T13:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Architecture in the MR</title>
    <id>7080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54731</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T19:32:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Greek words added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*All the houses (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςπιτ&lt;/font&gt;, spit) in the MR are of the same style, L-shaped and three-storied. Standing in the street (&lt;font color=blue&gt;οδ&lt;/font&gt;, od) in front of the house, one faces the &quot;bottom&quot; of the L. To the right of the bottom (or the left in a backwards L) is the entrance (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ίςοδ&lt;/font&gt;, ísod) and driveway into the courtyard (&lt;font color=blue&gt;αυλ&lt;/font&gt;, avl) (the period in this diagram: L.). On the right as one enters is the windowless three-story wall of the neighboring house. On the left is the exterior wall of the kitchen (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κουζίν&lt;/font&gt;, kouzín). In the driveway are parked any of the vehicles the family owns, bicycles, donkey carts, electric vehicles, etc.

*The courtyard is an area for outdoor family activities. The householders may have a garden, a fruit tree, a stable (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ςταθέρ&lt;/font&gt;, stathér) for goats or a donkey, a chicken run (&lt;font color=blue&gt;κοτέτς&lt;/font&gt;, kotéts), etc. There is a gate (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πυλ&lt;/font&gt;, pul) at the rear of the courtyard that opens in the back wall onto a narrow alley (&lt;font color=blue&gt;δρομίςκ&lt;/font&gt;, dromísk). Across this alley is the courtyard gate of the house on the next street.

*The bottom of the L is a large combined living area and kitchen. It is divided up and arranged by the housewife (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ικοκυρά&lt;/font&gt;, ikokurá) according to her wishes. On the inside of the L, along the bottom, there is an entrance into the living area. The exterior wall has three windows (&lt;font color=blue&gt;παράθυρ&lt;/font&gt;, paráthur) facing on the street, the center one of which is recessed and has a balcony (&lt;font color=blue&gt;εξώςτ&lt;/font&gt;, exóst). There are windows in the kitchen facing on the driveway.

*The ascender of the L contains three rooms, commonly used as bedrooms (&lt;font color=blue&gt;υπνοδωμάτ&lt;/font&gt;, upnodomát). The &quot;bottommost&quot; room contains a private bathroom (&lt;font color=blue&gt;λουτ&lt;/font&gt;, lout). The other two rooms share a bath that opens onto the hallway (&lt;font color=blue&gt;έθους&lt;/font&gt;, éthous) that runs the length of the inside of the L.

*Except for the exterior windows previously described, there are no exterior windows. The bedroom windows open onto the hallway.

*The second and third stories follow the same floor plan as the first floor. If they are used for sleeping accomodations by an extended family, there would be no kitchen. If the upper floors are rented apartments (&lt;font color=red&gt;απαρτμάν&lt;/font&gt;, apartmán), there would be a kitchen.

*The interior of the L, facing the courtyard, has a porch (&lt;font color=blue&gt;βεράντ&lt;/font&gt;, verand) along its whole length. The second and third floors have balconies that extend the same length. At the top of the L are staircases leading up to the second and third floor balconies and to the roof.

*The roofs are functional and may be used for various &quot;agricultural&quot; projects: potted tomatoes, beehives (&lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;, ), etc. They may not be used for general storage and no other structure may be built on the roofs.

*Sameness along the street front is avoided by painting each house front a different pastel color. Many householders have also had murals painted on the street front, scenes from Greek, Turkish, and Lebanese history, myth, and religion.

*Business establishments have the same architectural style. The front room becomes the customer (&lt;font color=blue&gt;πελάτ&lt;/font&gt;, pelát) area. The bedrooms become workrooms, kitchens, bakeries, etc. The owner and his family live on the second and third floors.

*This architectural style is not used for the pensions (&lt;font color=blue&gt;χαν&lt;/font&gt;, han).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite book</title>
    <id>7081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50827</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;Imported Template:Cite book from wp because it's used in some imported pages</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Citation/core
 |Citation class=book
  |AuthorMask = {{{authormask|{{{author-mask|}}}}}}
  |Surname1 = {{{last|{{{surname|{{{last1|{{{surname1|{{{author1|{{{author|{{{authors|{{{author|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname2 = {{{last2|{{{surname2|{{{author2|{{{coauthor|{{{coauthors|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname3 = {{{last3|{{{surname3|{{{author3|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname4 = {{{last4|{{{surname4|{{{author4|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname5 = {{{last5|{{{surname5|{{{author5|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname6 = {{{last6|{{{surname6|{{{author6|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname7 = {{{last7|{{{surname7|{{{author7|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname8 = {{{last8|{{{surname8|{{{author8|}}}}}}}}}
  |Surname9 = {{{last9|{{{surname9|{{{author9|}}}}}}}}}
  |Given1 = {{{first1|{{{given1|{{{first|{{{given|}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |Given2 = {{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}}
  |Given3 = {{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}}
  |Given4 = {{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}}
  |Given5 = {{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}}
  |Given6 = {{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}}
  |Given7 = {{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}}
  |Given8 = {{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}}
  |Given9 = {{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink1 = {{{author-link|{{{author1-link|{{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |Authorlink2 = {{{author2-link|{{{authorlink2|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink3 = {{{author3-link|{{{authorlink3|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink4 = {{{author4-link|{{{authorlink4|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink5 = {{{author5-link|{{{authorlink5|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink6 = {{{author6-link|{{{authorlink6|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink7 = {{{author7-link|{{{authorlink7|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink8 = {{{author8-link|{{{authorlink8|}}}}}}
  |Authorlink9 = {{{author9-link|{{{authorlink9|}}}}}}
  |Year={{{year|{{    &lt;!-- attempt to derive year from date, if possible --&gt;
             #if: {{{date|}}}
             |{{
                #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }}
                |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}}
                |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }}
              }}
             |{{{publication-date|}}} &lt;!-- last resort --&gt;
           }}
        }}}
  |YearNote = {{{origyear|}}}
  |Date = {{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}}
  |Title={{{title|}}}
  |TransTitle={{{trans_chapter|}}}
  |TransItalic={{{trans_title|}}}
  |URL={{{url|}}}
  |Series={{{series|}}}
  |Volume = {{{volume|}}}
  |Issue = {{{issue|{{{number|}}}}}}
  |At = {{
          #if: {{{journal|{{{periodical|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|}}}}}}}}}}}}
          |{{{pages|{{{page|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}
          |{{
             #if: {{{page|}}}
             |{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p.&amp;nbsp;}}{{{page}}}
             |{{
                #if: {{{pages|}}}
                |{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp.&amp;nbsp;}}{{{pages}}}
                |{{{at|}}}
              }}
           }}
        }}
  |IncludedWorkTitle = {{{chapter|{{{contribution|}}}}}}
  |IncludedWorkURL = {{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}}
  |Other = {{{others|}}}
  |Edition = {{{edition|}}}
  |Place = {{{place|{{{location|}}}}}}
  |PublicationPlace = {{{publication-place|{{{place|{{{location|}}}}}}}}}
  |Publisher = {{{publisher|}}}
  |PublicationDate = {{{publication-date|}}}
  |EditorSurname1 = {{{editor-last|{{{editor-surname|{{{editor1-last|{{{editor1-surname|{{{editor|{{{editors|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |EditorSurname2 = {{{editor2-last|{{{editor2-surname|}}}}}}
  |EditorSurname3 = {{{editor3-last|{{{editor3-surname|}}}}}}
  |EditorSurname4 = {{{editor4-last|{{{editor4-surname|}}}}}}
  |EditorGiven1 = {{{editor-first|{{{editor-given|{{{editor1-first|{{{editor1-given|}}}}}}}}}}}}
  |EditorGiven2={{{editor2-first|{{{editor2-given|}}}}}}
  |EditorGiven3={{{editor3-first|{{{editor3-given|}}}}}}
  |EditorGiven4={{{editor4-first|{{{editor4-given|}}}}}}
  |Editorlink1={{{editor-link|{{{editor1-link|}}}}}}
  |Editorlink2={{{editor2-link|}}}
  |Editorlink3={{{editor3-link|}}}
  |Editorlink4={{{editor4-link|}}}
  |language = {{{language|{{{in|}}}}}}
  |format = {{{format|}}}
  |ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}}
  |ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}
  |OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}}
  |Bibcode={{{bibcode|}}}
  |DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}}
  |DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|}}}
  |AccessDate={{{access-date|{{{accessdate|}}}}}}
  |DateFormat={{{dateformat|none}}}
  |quote = {{{quote|}}}
  |laysummary = {{{laysummary|}}}
  |laydate = {{{laydate|}}}
  |Ref={{{ref|}}}
  |Sep = {{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}}}}}
  |PS = {{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}}
  |AuthorSep = {{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&amp;#059;|{{{author-separator|&amp;#059;}}}}}&amp;#32;
  |NameSep = {{{author-name-separator|,}}}&amp;#32;
  |Trunc = {{{display-authors|8}}}
  |amp = {{{lastauthoramp|}}}
}}{{#if:{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{day|}}}|[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite book/doc</title>
    <id>7082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50868</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:51:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation subpage}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
{{important|1=This template and its documentation imported from Wikipedia and probably shouldn't be edited other than by re-importing it.}}
This template is used to [[Wikipedia:CITE|cite sources]] in Wikipedia. It is specifically for books. This template replaces the deprecated {{tl|book reference}}. When citing an article in a compilation or anthology, {{tl|cite journal}} works better. __NOTOC__

==Usage==
'''''Note''''': All field names '''must''' be in [[Wikipedia:lowercase|lowercase]].

Copy a blank version to use. Remember to use the &quot;|&quot; (pipe) character betw:een each field. Please delete any unused fields to avoid clutter in the edit window.

No templates or magic words are necessary when using an [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]], [[Wikipedia:OCLC|OCLC]] number, or [[Wikipedia:Digital object identifier|DOI]] as an identifier.  Instead of using the &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; field in these instances, simply use the appropriate field.  For instance, type &lt;code&gt;isbn=&lt;/code&gt; followed by the number instead of &lt;code&gt;id=ISBN&lt;/code&gt;.  Templates are available for other identification number types to be used in the ID field ({{tl|ISSN}}, {{tl|LCCN}}, {{tl|LCC}}, etc.) if these aren't available.  See also the complete [[#Description of fields|description of fields]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Full version (copy and paste text below and delete parameters you don't need)
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
:&lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |last1= |first1= |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= |trans_title= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= |month= |origyear= |publisher= |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= |trans_chapter= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Most commonly used fields (use this and you won't have to delete as much) 
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
:&lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |title= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Example 1
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |
&lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book |last= Cordell |first= Bruce R. |coauthors= Jeff Grubb, David Yu |title= [[Wikipedia:Manual of the Planes|]] |publisher= [[Wikipedia:Wizards of the Coast|]] |year= 2001 |month= September |isbn= 0-7869-1850-8}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
{{cite book |last= Cordell |first= Bruce R. |coauthors= Jeff Grubb, David Yu |title= [[Wikipedia:Manual of the Planes|Manual of the Planes]] |publisher= [[Wikipedia:Wizards of the Coast|Wizards of the Coast]] |year= 2001 |month= September |isbn= 0-7869-1850-8}}
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Example 2
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;pre&gt;
{{cite book
  |last = Mumford
  |first = David
  |authorlink = David Mumford
  |title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
  |publisher = [[Wikipedia:Springer-Verlag|]]
  |series = Lecture notes in mathematics 1358
  |year = 1999
  |doi = 10.1007/b62130
  |isbn = 354063293X}}&lt;/pre&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |
{{cite book
  |last = Mumford
  |first = David
  |authorlink = David Mumford
  |title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes
  |publisher = [[Wikipedia:Springer-Verlag|Springer-Verlag]]
  |series = Lecture notes in mathematics 1358
  |year = 1999
  |doi = 10.1007/b62130
  |isbn = 354063293X}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! Vertical list !! Prerequisites * !! Brief instructions
|- width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;&quot; |&lt;pre&gt;
{{cite book
|last=
|first=
|authormask=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|firstn= |lastn=
|authorn-link=
|editor=
|editorn-last=
|editorn-first=
|editor-link=
|editorn-link=
|others=
|title=
|trans_title=
|url=
|format=
|accessdate=
|edition=
|series=
|volume=
|date=
|origyear=
|year=
|month=
|publisher=
|location=
|language=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|doi=
|bibcode=
|id=
|page=
|pages=
|nopp=
|chapter=
|trans_chapter=
|chapterurl=
|quote=
|ref=
|laysummary=
|laydate=
|separator= 
|postscript= 
|lastauthoramp=
}}&lt;/pre&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;&quot; |&lt;pre&gt;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 last
 &amp;nbsp;
 last
 last 
 &amp;nbsp; 
 lastn 
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 editor or editor-last
 editorn-last
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 url
 url
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 year or date
 &amp;nbsp;
 year
 &amp;nbsp;
 publisher
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 page or pages
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 chapter
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 laysummary
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 coauthors or &gt;1 lastn
 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;padding:1ex;&quot; |&lt;pre&gt;
 &amp;nbsp; 
 (no wikilink)
 (no wikilink)
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 alternative to first2, last2...first9, last9
 (no wikilink). n=1 through 9
 n=1 through 9
 &amp;nbsp;
 n=1 through 4
 n=1 through 4
 &amp;nbsp;
 n=1 through 4
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 insert url of online version of the book or an extract, if available
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 †preferred (no wikilink)
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;alternative to date
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;always include ISBN if one has been assigned
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 hides automatic 'p' or 'pp'.
 &amp;Dagger;(no wikilink).  Synonymous with &quot;contribution&quot;.
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;
 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/pre&gt;
|}

† This is the preferred field with its alternates listed below. 

&amp;Dagger; If '''chapterurl''' is provided then '''chapter''' can not have wikilinks.

==Fields==
===Wikilinks===
Except where specifically prohibited in the field descriptions below, most fields can be wikilinked (e.g. &lt;code&gt;title = &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Wikipedia:book article|book title]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;), but should generally only be linked to an existing Wikipedia article. Any wikilinked field '''must not''' contain any brackets apart from normal round brackets &lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; &amp;mdash; don't use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&gt;[]{}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

===Description of fields===
====Syntax (for the technical-minded)====
Nested fields rely on their parent fields:
*''parent''
*OR: ''parent2'' &amp;mdash; may be used '''instead''' of ''parent''
**''child'' &amp;mdash; may be used '''with''' ''parent'' (and is ignored if ''parent'' is not used)
**OR: ''child2'' &amp;mdash; may be used '''instead''' of ''child'' (and is ignored if ''parent2'' is not used)

====Description====
*'''last''': Surname of author. Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
**'''first''': First name(s) of author, including title(s) (e.g. ''Firstname Middlename'' or ''Firstname M.'' or ''Dr. Firstname M., Snr.''). Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
***The `last' and `first' fields are not ideally suited to authors whose surname is usually written first (e.g. as in Chinese).  Use the same format as the source uses to handle these cases.
**{{AuthorMask doc}} See [[#Examples|Examples]] for typical usage.
**'''authorlink''': Title of Wikipedia article about author (not the author's personal website). Article should already exist. Must not be wikilinked itself. Do not use this on its own, but along with ''author'' or ''first'' and ''last''.
**'''coauthors''': Full name of additional author or authors, separated by &quot;, &quot; (e.g. ''Joe Bloggs, John F. Kennedy, H. R. Dent'').
***Whether the surname of the co-authors goes first or last is dependent on the citation style (see the [[#Citation_styles|citation style]] section below) preferred.
*OR: '''author''': Full name of author, preferably surname first. (deprecated) Don't wikilink (use ''authorlink'' instead).
*OR: for multiple authors, use the fields '''first1''', '''last1''', ...,&lt;b&gt;first''n'', last''n''&lt;/b&gt; to 'correctly' record all the information about the book (the first nine authors are printed, then ''et al.'' is appended if even more authors were specified). Don't wikilink as there are corresponding '''authorlink1''', ..., '''authorlink9''' fields as well. This usage is preferred to the use of '''coauthors'''.
*'''editor''': Name of editor/editors. Do not Wikilink any values in the editor field but use ''editor-link'' instead. The template automatically adds &quot;ed.&quot; after the editor's name unless the ''chapter'' parameter is used in which case the template adds &quot;in&quot; before the editor's name which appears after the chapter and before the title. This implies that the author is responsible only for part of the book (including the cited chapter) and the editor responsible for the whole book. If, however, the author(s) and editor(s) are responsible for the whole book, then the ''editor'' field or its alternates described below should not be used if the ''chapter'' field is being used. Instead, the editor(s) should be included in an ''author'' field with possibly &quot;(ed.)&quot; after the surname(s). Alternatively, the ''editor'' field may be used if the chapter detail is included in the ''title'' field instead of using the ''chapter'' field.
*OR: alternatively '''editor-first''' and '''editor-last''' can be used in the same way as ''first'' and ''last''.
*OR: for multiple editors up to four in number, use the fields '''editor1-first''', '''editor1-last''', ...,&lt;b&gt;editor''n''-first, editor''n''-last&lt;/b&gt; to 'correctly' record all the information about the book in the same way as ''first''n and ''last''n.
**'''editor-link''' or '''editor1-link'''...&lt;b&gt;editor''n''-link&lt;/b&gt; is used in the same way as ''authorlink'' or ''authorlink''n.
*'''others''': To record other contributors to the work, such as &quot;illustrated by Smith&quot; or &quot;trans. Smith&quot;. 
*'''title''': Title of book. '''''This is the only required parameter.''''' Can be wikilinked but '''only''' to an existing Wikipedia article. Do not use italics.
**'''trans_title''': If the book cited is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. The template will display this in square brackets after the ''title'' field and it will point to the ''url'' link, if used. Use of ''language'' parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.
*'''url''': URL of an online location '''where text of the book can be found'''. Cannot be used if you wikilinked ''title''. If applicable, should point to the specific page(s) referenced.  Do not use this field to link to any commercial booksellers (such as Amazon.com).  The [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN link]] is a much better alternative which allows readers access to the books in their own countries or through their own choice of source, including Amazon, Google Books, thousands of libraries, and more.
**'''format''': Format, e.g. PDF. HTML implied if not specified.
**'''accessdate''': Full date when url was accessed. Should be used when ''url'' field is used.''' Should be in the same format as the rest of the article. Must not be wikilinked.
*'''edition''': When the book has more than one edition. ''e.g.:'' &quot;2nd.&quot;, &quot;Revised&quot; etc.. Note that the template automatically displays &quot; ed.&quot; after this field, so &lt;code&gt;edition=2nd&lt;/code&gt; produces &quot;2nd ed.&quot;.
*'''series''': When the book is part of a series of publications
*'''volume''': For one book published in several volumes. However, this template displays the text in this field in bold type after the ''title'' and ''series'' parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the ''title'' field after the main title (see example below). (NB: there is a separate {{tl|Cite encyclopedia}} template).
*'''date''': Full date of publication edition being referenced, in the same format as the main text of the article. Must not be wikilinked.
*OR:  '''year''': Year of publication edition being referenced
**'''month''': Name of the month of publication. If you also have the day, use ''date'' instead. Must not be wikilinked.
**'''origyear''': Original publication year, for display alongside the date or year.  For clarity, please specify as much information as possible, for instance &lt;code&gt;origyear=First published 1859&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;origyear=Composed 1904&lt;/code&gt;. This parameter only displays if a there is a value for ''year'' or ''date''.
*'''publisher''': Publisher should not include corporate designation such as &quot;Ltd&quot; or &quot;Inc&quot;.
**'''location''': Geographical place of publication.
*'''language''': The language the book is written in, if it is not English. The template automatically puts parentheses around the text and adds &quot;in&quot; before the language name. 
*'''isbn''': [[Wikipedia:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Number]] such as ''1-111-22222-9''.  Note that {{para|isbn}}, like all field names, must be in lowercase. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link. The template is insensitive to formatting so an ISBN number without dashes (&quot;-&quot;) may be used (e.g. {{para|isbn|1111222229}}). Please use the 13-digit ISBN where possible; this can normally be found beneath the barcode as a number beginning 978 or 979. For books with the older SBN system (9 digits), use this field but prefix the number with a zero; thus ''SBN 902888 45 5'' should be entered as {{para|isbn|0 902888 45 5}}.  More information about this feature and its advantages is available at [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]].
*'''oclc''': [[Wikipedia:Online Computer Library Center|Online Computer Library Center]] ID number, such as ''3185581''. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''doi''': A [[Wikipedia:digital object identifier|digital object identifier]] such as ''&lt;nowiki&gt;10.1016/j.coi.2004.08.001&lt;/nowiki&gt;''. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''bibcode''': A nineteen character [[Wikipedia:Bibcode|Bibcode]] identifier. The field must not be wikilinked as the template automatically creates a link.
*'''id''': A [[Wikipedia:unique identifier|unique identifier]], used if none of the above are applicable.  In this case, you need to specify the kind of identifier you are using, preferably with a template like {{tl|ASIN}} or {{tl|ISSN}}.  (Use one of the more specialized parameters if possible; they are linked automatically.  In other words, don't use {{para|id|ISBN 1-111-22222-9}} anymore; use {{para|isbn|1-111-22222-9}}. If the book has a SBN but not an ISBN, see {{para|isbn}}.)
*'''pages''' or '''page''': These parameters are for listing the pages relevant to the citation, ''not'' the total number of pages in the book. &quot;&lt;code&gt;|pages= 5–7&lt;/code&gt;&quot; produces &quot;pp. 5–7&quot;, while &quot;&lt;code&gt;|page= 5&lt;/code&gt;&quot; produces &quot;p. 5&quot;. The &quot;pp.&quot; notation indicating multiple pages, and &quot;p.&quot; notation indicating a single page, ''are placed automatically'' when you choose between the plural (''pages'') or singular (''page'') form of the parameter. 
**'''nopp''': using &quot;page&quot; or &quot;pages&quot;, automatically places the p. or pp. notations. If this is inappropriate—for instance, if &lt;code&gt;page=Front cover&lt;/code&gt;, placing any value after &lt;code&gt;nopp&lt;/code&gt; (e.g. &lt;code&gt;nopp=y&lt;/code&gt; will hide the p. or pp. notation.
*'''chapter''' (= '''contribution'''): The chapter of the book, written in full. Punctuation other than quotes should be included in the value passed to the parameter, e.g. {{para|chapter|Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane.}} produces &quot;Chapter 12: Meet Dick and Jane.&quot; ahead of ''title''.
**'''trans_chapter''': Acts in the same way as ''trans_title''. The field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which embrace the ''chapter'' field. Use of ''language'' parameter is recommended if this parameter is used.   
**'''chapterurl''': URL of an individual chapter of online book. Should be at the same site as ''url'', if any.
*'''quote''': Relevant quote from the book.
*'''ref''': ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value {{para|ref|&lt;var&gt;ID&lt;/var&gt;}} generates an anchor with the given &lt;code&gt;&lt;var&gt;ID&lt;/var&gt;&lt;/code&gt;; such a linkable reference can be made the target of [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations #Wikilinks to full references|wikilinks to full references]], especially useful in short citations like [[Wikipedia:Citing sources #Shortened footnotes|shortened notes]] and [[Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]]. The special value {{para|ref|harv}} generates an anchor suitable for the {{tl|harv}} template; see ''[[Template:Citation/doc #Anchors for Harvard referencing templates|anchors for Harvard referencing templates]]''. See &quot;Wikilinks to full references&quot; in [[#Examples|Examples]] below for using the ''ref'' field in citation templates in conjunction with short &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; citations.
*'''laysummary''': Link to a non-technical summary (or review) of the book
**'''laydate''': Date of summary
*'''separator''': The separator to use in lists of authors, editors, ''etc''.  Defaults to &quot;.&quot;, but &quot;,&quot; may be useful also.
*'''postscript''': The closing punctuation for the citation.  Defaults to &quot;.&quot;, but &quot;&quot; may be useful also.
*'''lastauthoramp''': The separator to use between the last two names in lists of authors.  Defaults to &quot;&quot;, but &quot;&amp;amp;&quot; may be useful as well.

==Examples==
;Just a title:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | title=Mysterious book }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | title = Mysterious book }}

;Year and title:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | title=Mysterious book | year=1901 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | title = Mysterious book | year = 1901 }}

;Basic usage:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | first=Joe | last=Bloggs | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | first=Joe | last=Bloggs | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs }}

;Basic usage with url:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | year=1974 | title=Book of Bloggs | edition=1st | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}

; Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book |last=Bloggs | first=Fred |editor-first=John| editor-last=Doe  |title=Big Compilation Book With Many Chapters and distinct chapter authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History Of The Bloggs Family |isbn=1234567890}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book |last=Bloggs | first=Fred |editor-first=John| editor-last=Doe |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and distinct chapter authors|publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History Of The Bloggs Family |isbn=1234567890}}

; Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book |last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe| last2=Egg| first2=Fred| first3=John (ed.)| last3=Doe  |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and two co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 ||origyear=1st. Pub. 1986|pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There| chapterurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn=1234567890| lastauthoramp=y}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book |last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe| last2=Egg| first2=Fred| first3=John (ed.)| last3=Doe  |title=Big Book With Many Chapters and two co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |date=2001-01-01 |origyear=1st. Pub. 1986| pages=100-110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There | chapterurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/| isbn=1234567890| lastauthoramp=y}}

;Three authors, title with a piped wikilink, edition
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe | authorlink=Joe Bloggs | first2=John | last2=Smith | first3=Jim | last3=Smythe | title=[[Wikipedia:A Thousand Acres|1000 Acres]] | edition=2nd }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | last1=Bloggs | first1=Joe | authorlink1=Joe Bloggs | first2=John | last2=Smith | first3=Jim | last3=Smythe | title=[[Wikipedia:A Thousand Acres|1000 Acres]] | edition=2nd}}

;Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter
:Without volume and lastauthoramp parameters:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshal S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; 
:*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3}}

:With volume and last authoramp parameters:
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East|volume=Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3|lastauthoramp=y}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
:*{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| first2=Commander G.M.S| last2=Stitt| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last3=Molony| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.| last4=Toomer| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-last=Butler| series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East|volume=Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2007| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3|lastauthoramp=y}}

;Date without day, wikilinked title and publisher, id, pages, location
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | last=Cordell | first=Bruce R. | coauthors=Jeff Grubb, David Noonan | year=2001 | month=September | title=[[Wikipedia:Manual of the Planes|]] | publisher=[[Wikipedia:Wizards of the Coast|]] | location=Timbuktu | isbn=0-7869-1850-8 | pages= 134-137 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | last=Cordell | first=Bruce R. | coauthors=Jeff Grubb, David Noonan | year=2001 | month=September | title=[[Wikipedia:Manual of the Planes|Manual of the Planes]] | publisher=[[Wikipedia:Wizards of the Coast|Wizards of the Coast]] | location=Timbuktu | isbn=0-7869-1850-8 | pages= 134-137}}

;Other language
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Jean | year=1974 | title=Livre de Bloggs | edition=1st | language=French| trans_title=Book of Bloggs|  url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book | last=Bloggs | first=Jean | year=1974 | title=Livre de Bloggs | edition=1st | language=French| trans_title=Book of Bloggs| url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ | accessdate=2006-02-17 }}

;Using authormask parameter
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Stitt| first2=Commander G.M.S| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler | series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3| lastauthoramp=y}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|]]:1956| isbn=1-845740-66-1| lastauthoramp=y| authormask=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Gleave| first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=Sir James| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|]]:1960| isbn=1-845740-67-X| lastauthoramp=y| authormask=2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Stitt| first2=Commander G.M.S| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler | series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK|year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1954| isbn=1-845740-65-3| lastauthoramp=y}}&lt;br&gt;{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Toomer| first4=Air Vice-Marshall S.E.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=J.R.M| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1956| isbn=1-845740-66-1| lastauthoramp=y| authormask=2}}&lt;br&gt;{{cite book|first1=Major-General I.S.O.| last1=Playfair| authorlink1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair| last2=Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last3=Molony| first3=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Gleave| first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=Sir James| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[Wikipedia:HMSO|HMSO]]:1960| isbn=1-845740-67-X| lastauthoramp=y| authormask=2}}

;Using a [[Wikipedia:Digital object identifier|DOI]]
:&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;*{{cite book
|last=Mumford
|first=David
|authorlink=David Mumford
|year=1999
|title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians
|edition=2nd
|publisher=[[Wikipedia:Springer-Verlag|]]
|doi=10.1007/b62130
|isbn=354063293X
}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;

:*{{cite book
|last=Mumford
|first=David
|authorlink=David Mumford
|year=1999
|title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians
|edition=2nd
|publisher=[[Wikipedia:Springer-Verlag|Springer-Verlag]]
|doi=10.1007/b62130
|isbn=354063293X
}}

;[[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references|Wikilinks to full references]]:
:As mentioned, the bibliographical data of the cited source can be “tagged” by an identifier: this enables the system to “find” the target of the wikilinks. This “tagging” with an identifier can be done by enclosing between &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite id=…&gt;…&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; tags, but this tool can be superfluous if the bibliographical data are provided with a citation template: the &lt;tt&gt;ref&lt;/tt&gt; field of the chosen citation template must be set to the same name.

:Wikilink example edit:
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border:1px solid DarkSeaGreen; padding:1em; color:#999; background:white&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tt&gt;
		Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts.&lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;[#Mer85|'''Merkur 1985''']]''': 4&amp;lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;span style=&quot;color:#666;&quot;&gt;&amp;#61;= Notes ==&lt;/span&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{reflist|2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;span style=&quot;color:#666;&quot;&gt;&amp;#61;= References ==&lt;/span&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;br&gt;
		&lt;nowiki&gt;* {{cite book |last=Merkur |first=Daniel |year=1985 |title=Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit |publisher=Almqvist &amp; Wiksell |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-22-00752-0&lt;/nowiki&gt; '''&lt;font color=red&gt;|ref=Mer85&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
	&lt;/tt&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

:Example rendered result:
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border:1px solid #999; padding:1em; background:white&quot;&gt;
	Shamans may fulfill multiple functions, including healing, curing infertile women, and securing the success of hunts.&lt;sup id=&quot;shaman_function&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;[[#Mer85_4|[1]]]&lt;/sup&gt;
	&lt;br&gt;
	&lt;br&gt;
	&lt;font size=3&gt;
		&lt;b&gt;
			Notes
		&lt;/b&gt;
	&lt;/font&gt;
----
	&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
		&lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot;&gt; 
			&lt;li id=&quot;Mer85_4&quot;&gt;
				&lt;b&gt;
					[[#shaman_function|^]]
				&lt;/b&gt;
				[[#Mer85|Merkur 1985]]: 4
			&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;/ol&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;br&gt;
	&lt;font size=3&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
----
*	{{cite book |last=Merkur |first=Daniel |year=1985 |title=Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit |publisher=Almqvist &amp; Wiksell |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-22-00752-0 |ref=Mer85}}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

:Attention must be paid: not all other citation templates support this. In such cases, the service can be achieved also by enclosing the concerned bibliographical item inside &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite id=…&gt;…&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; tags: also this way, it can feature as a target of [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full_references|Wikilinks to full references]]. The &lt;tt&gt;id&lt;/tt&gt; attribute of the tag must be set to the same name what we would give to the (lacking) &lt;tt&gt;ref&lt;/tt&gt; field of the citation template.

==Testing==
See [[Template:cite book/regression tests]].

==Note==
Note the extra full-stop when the last author ends with an initial, and there is no date:
*{{cite book | last = Invisible | first = M. | title = Mysterious book }}
We don't know of a practical solution to this &amp;mdash; unless there is a way to test the characters of a field?

==Citation styles==
Established citation styles for coauthors:

*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/mla/mla.htm MLA style]: Last, First and First Last. &quot;If there are more than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase ''et al''.&quot;
*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm APA style]: Last, F. &amp; Last, F.
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citchi.htm Chicago Manual of Style]: Last, First, and First Last.
*[http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/cittur.htm Turabian]: same as Chicago Reference List, above.
*[http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard.html Harvard]: Last, F., Last, F. &amp; Last, F.

==COinS==
{{UF-COinS}}

==Tools==
See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Tools|]] for a list of tools which can help create a reference in the 'cite book' format.

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]: Style guide
*[[Wikipedia:Citation templates|Citation templates]]: Related templates
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikicite|WikiProject Wikicite]]
*[[Wikipedia::Category:Citation templates|:Category:Citation templates]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Category:Citation templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Wikipedia:Category:Book templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[Wikipedia:bg:Шаблон:Cite book|bg:Шаблон:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:id:Templat:Cite book|id:Templat:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:ca:Plantilla:Ref-llibre|ca:Plantilla:Ref-llibre]]
[[Wikipedia:cs:Šablona:Citace knihy|cs:Šablona:Citace knihy]]
[[Wikipedia:de:Vorlage:Literatur|de:Vorlage:Literatur]]
[[Wikipedia:el:Πρότυπο:Cite book|el:Πρότυπο:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:es:Plantilla:Cita libro|es:Plantilla:Cita libro]]
[[Wikipedia:eo:Ŝablono:Citu libron|eo:Ŝablono:Citu libron]]
[[Wikipedia:eu:Txantiloi:Liburu erreferentzia|eu:Txantiloi:Liburu erreferentzia]]
[[Wikipedia:fr:Modèle:Ouvrage|fr:Modèle:Ouvrage]]
[[Wikipedia:gu:ઢાંચો:Cite book|gu:ઢાંચો:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:ko:틀:서적 인용|ko:틀:서적 인용]]
[[Wikipedia:ia:Patrono:Cite book|ia:Patrono:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:it:Template:Cita libro|it:Template:Cita libro]]
[[Wikipedia:he:תבנית:cite book|he:תבנית:cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:hu:Sablon:Cite book|hu:Sablon:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:mk:Шаблон:Книга|mk:Шаблон:Книга]]
[[Wikipedia:ja:Template:Cite book|ja:Template:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:ka:თარგი:Cite book|ka:თარგი:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:nl:Template: citeer boek|nl:Template: citeer boek]]
[[Wikipedia:no:mal:Kilde bok|no:mal:Kilde bok]]
[[Wikipedia:pms:Template:Cité un lìber|pms:Template:Cité un lìber]]
[[Wikipedia:pl:Szablon:Cytuj książkę|pl:Szablon:Cytuj książkę]]
[[Wikipedia:pt:Predefinição:Ref-livro|pt:Predefinição:Ref-livro]]
[[Wikipedia:ro:Format:Cite book|ro:Format:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:ru:Шаблон:Книга|ru:Шаблон:Книга]]
[[Wikipedia:sk:Šablóna:Citácia knihy|sk:Šablóna:Citácia knihy]]
[[Wikipedia:sl:Predloga:Cite book|sl:Predloga:Cite book]]
[[Wikipedia:fi:Malline:Kirjaviite|fi:Malline:Kirjaviite]]
[[Wikipedia:sv:Mall:Bokref|sv:Mall:Bokref]]
[[Wikipedia:vi:Tiêu bản:Chú thích sách|vi:Tiêu bản:Chú thích sách]]
[[Wikipedia:zh-yue:Template:引書|zh-yue:Template:引書]]
[[Wikipedia:zh:Template:Cite book|zh:Template:Cite book]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:AuthorMask doc</title>
    <id>7083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50831</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:04:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''authormask''' – This parameter is primarily intended for use in bibliographies where multiple works by a single author are listed. It replaces the name of the first author (which must still be provided to garner metadata) with a [[dash|strike-thru dash]] (—) ''authormask'' [[Em (typography)|em]] in length. So if {{para|authormask|1}} then the dash will be one em in length, if {{para|authormask|2}} it will be two em long and so on. Set ''authormask'' to a text value to display a word instead – for example, 'with'.  ''You must still include {{para|last}} and {{para|first}}'' for metadata purposes.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Caution</title>
    <id>7084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50833</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{mbox
| small = {{{small|}}}
| demospace = {{{demospace|}}}
| type = style
| image = {{#if:{{{image|}}}
  | [[Image:{{{image}}}|40px|Caution]]
  | [[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|40px|Caution|link=]]
  }}
| text = {{{1}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{pp-template}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Citation/core</title>
    <id>7085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50835</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;citation {{{Citation class|{{{Citation type|}}}}}}&quot;
{{
  #switch:{{{Ref|}}}
  ||none =
  |#default = id=&quot;{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}&quot;
  |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
    |id=&quot;CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}
      |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}}
      |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
    }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}&quot;
  }}
}}&gt;{{
&lt;!--============  Author or editor and date  ============--&gt;
  #if:{{{Surname1|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}}
     |{{
        #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }}
        |{{{AuthorMask}}}
        |&lt;del&gt;{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=&amp;emsp;}}&lt;/del&gt;
      }}
     |{{
        #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{
          #if: {{{Given1|}}}
          |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given1}}}
         }}]]
        |{{{Surname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{Given1|}}}
           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given1}}}
         }}
      }}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname2|}}}
     |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;2
       |&amp;#32;''et al''.
       |{{
          #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }}
          |&amp;#32;&lt;!-- then punctuation should be included in AuthorMask --&gt;
          |{{
            #if: {{{Surname3|}}}
            |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
            |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
          }}
        }}{{
          #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}}
          |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{
             #if: {{{Given2|}}}
             |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given2}}}
           }}]]
          |{{{Surname2}}}{{
             #if: {{{Given2|}}}
             |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given2}}}
           }}
        }}{{
          #if: {{{Surname3|}}}
          |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;3
            |&amp;#32;''et al''.
            |{{
               #if: {{{Surname4|}}}
               |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
               |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
             }}{{
               #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}}
               |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{
                  #if: {{{Given3|}}}
                  |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given3}}}
                }}]]
               |{{{Surname3}}}{{
                  #if: {{{Given3|}}}
                  |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given3}}}
                }}
             }}{{
               #if:{{{Surname4|}}}
               |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;4
                 |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                 |{{
                    #if: {{{Surname5|}}}
                    |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                    |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                  }}{{
                    #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}}
                    |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{
                       #if: {{{Given4|}}}
                       |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given4}}}
                     }}]]
                    |{{{Surname4}}}{{
                       #if: {{{Given4|}}}
                       |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given4}}}
                    }}
                  }}{{
                  #if:{{{Surname5|}}}
                  |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;5
                    |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                    |{{
                     #if: {{{Surname6|}}}
                     |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                     |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                    }}{{
                     #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}}
                     |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{
                        #if: {{{Given5|}}}
                        |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given5}}}
                      }}]]
                     |{{{Surname5}}}{{
                        #if: {{{Given5|}}}
                        |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given5}}}
                      }}
                   }}{{
                     #if:{{{Surname6|}}}
                     |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;6
                     |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                      |{{
                        #if: {{{Surname7|}}}
                        |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                        |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                      }}{{
                        #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}}
                        |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{
                           #if: {{{Given6|}}}
                           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given6}}}
                         }}]]
                        |{{{Surname6}}}{{
                           #if: {{{Given6|}}}
                           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given6}}}
                         }}
                      }}{{
                        #if:{{{Surname7|}}}
                         |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;7
                           |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                        |{{
                           #if: {{{Surname8|}}}
                           |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                           |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                         }}{{
                           #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}}
                           |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{
                              #if: {{{Given7|}}}
                              |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given7}}}
                            }}]]
                           |{{{Surname7}}}{{
                              #if: {{{Given7|}}}
                              |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given7}}}
                            }}
                                    }}{{
                                       #if:{{{Surname8|}}}
                                       |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;8
                                           |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                                           |{{
                                              #if: {{{Surname9|}}}
                                              |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                                              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                                            }}{{
                                              #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}}
                                              |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{
                                                 #if: {{{Given8|}}}
                                                 |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given8}}}
                                               }}]]
                                              |{{{Surname8}}}{{
                                                 #if: {{{Given8|}}}
                                                 |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given8}}}
                                               }}
                                            }}{{
                                              #if:{{{Surname9|}}}
                                              |&amp;#32;''et al''.
                                            }}
                                         }}
                                      }}
                                   }}
                                }}
                             }}
                          }}
                       }}                   
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Date|}}}
     |&amp;#32;({{{Date}}}){{
       #if:{{{YearNote|}}}
     |&amp;#32;[{{{YearNote}}}]
     }}
   }}
  |{{&lt;!-- ============== No author: display editors first == --&gt;
     #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}}
     |{{
        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
         }}]]
        |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
         }}
      }}{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}}
        |{{
          #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
          |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
          |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
        }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
           |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
            }}]]
           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
            }}
         }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
            }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}]]
              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}
            }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al.
            }}
         }}
       }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|.||.}}{{
        #if: {{{Date|}}}
        |&amp;#32;({{{Date}}}){{
         #if:{{{YearNote|}}}
       |&amp;#32;[{{{YearNote}}}]
       }}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Title of included work  ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
   {{
     #if:{{{Periodical|}}}||{{#if:{{{TransItalic|}}}||{{{TransTitle|}}}}}
   }}
  |{{
     #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} 
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32; 
   }}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||&quot;}}{{Citation/make link
     | 1={{
           #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
           |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{URL|}}}
              |{{{URL}}}
&lt;!-- Only link URL if to a free full text - as at PubMedCentral (PMC)--&gt;
              |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} &gt; {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }}
                |{{
                   #if: {{{PMC|}}}
                   |http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid={{{PMC}}}
                 }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
     | 2={{
           #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
           |''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''
           |{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{
        #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
        |{{#if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}|&amp;#32;}}&amp;#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&amp;#93;}}
         }}
   }}{{#if:{{{Periodical|}}}||&quot;}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Place (if different than PublicationPlace) ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Place|}}}
  |{{
     #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
     |
     |{{
        #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |{{{Sep|,}}} written at {{{Place}}}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============  Editor of compilation  ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |in&amp;#32;
      }}{{
        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
         }}]]
        |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
         }}}}{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}}
        |{{
          #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
            |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
            |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
          }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
           |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
            }}]]
           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
            }}
         }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#059;&amp;#32;
              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
            }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}]]
              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
               }}
            }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al.
            }}
         }}
      }}{{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |
        |{{{Sep|,}}} ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|.||.}}
      }}
   }}
}}{{
  &lt;!--============  Periodicals  ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{Other|}}} 
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Other|}}}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;}}{{
     #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
     |&quot;{{Citation/make link
        | 1={{
              #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                 |{{
                    #if: {{{URL|}}}
                    |{{{URL}}}
                    |{{
                       #ifexpr: {{#time: U}} &gt; {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }} | {{
                         #if: {{{PMC|}}} 
                         |  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid={{{PMC}}}
                       }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{URL|}}}
                 |{{{URL}}}
                 |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} &gt; {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }} |{{ 
                       #if: {{{PMC|}}} 
                       |  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid={{{PMC}}}
                    }}
                 }}
               }}
            }}
        | 2={{{Title}}}{{
        #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
        |{{#if: {{{Title|}}}|&amp;#32;}}&amp;#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&amp;#93;}}
      }}&quot;{{
        #if: {{{TitleNote|}}}
        |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{TitleNote}}}
      }} 
   }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{language|}}} 
  |&amp;#32;(in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if: {{{format|}}}
  |&amp;#32;({{{format}}})
}}{{
   #if: {{{Periodical|}}}|{{
      #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}|{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;}}''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Periodical}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Series}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;: &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{Publisher}}})
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}})
       }}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Publisher}}})
       }}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Volume|}}}
      |&amp;#32;'''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Volume}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;'''{{
         #if: {{{Issue|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Issue}}})
       }}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Issue|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Issue}}})
       }}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{At|}}}
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         |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;|&amp;#32;
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                  |{{
                     #if: {{{URL|}}}
                     |{{{URL}}}
                     |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} &gt; {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }}|{{ 
                        #if: {{{PMC|}}} 
                        |  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid={{{PMC}}}
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                  #if: {{{URL|}}}
                  |{{{URL}}}
                                |{{#ifexpr:{{#time: U}} &gt; {{#time: U | {{{Embargo|2001-10-10}}} }}|{{ 
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                   }}}}
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      |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationPlace}}}
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         |{{{Sep|,}}}
       }} {{{Publisher}}}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ Date (if no author/editor) ============--&gt;
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  |
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     #if: {{{Date|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Date}}}{{
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ Publication date ============--&gt;
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  |{{
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     |
     |{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}}
        |{{
           #if: {{{Surname1|}}}
           |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}}
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           |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{PublicationDate}}}
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      }}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Page within included work ============--&gt;
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  |
  |{{
     #if: {{{At|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{At}}}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--===============DOI================--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:{{#if: {{{DoiBroken|}}} 
     | {{#tag:nowiki|{{{DOI}}}}} (inactive {{{DoiBroken|}}}) {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | {{{DoiBroken|}}} }}]] }}
     | &lt;span class=&quot;neverexpand&quot;&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/{{urlencode:{{{DOI}}}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{DOI}}}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
    }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Misc. Identifier ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransItalic|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{{ID}}}
     |{{{ID}}}
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ISBN ============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/{{{ISBN}}}|{{{ISBN}}}]]
}}{{
&lt;!--============ ISSN ============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] [http://worldcat.org/issn/{{{ISSN}}} {{{ISSN}}}]
}}{{
&lt;!--============ OCLC ============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[Online Computer Library Center|OCLC]] [http://worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}} {{{OCLC}}}]
}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMID ============--&gt; 
  #if: {{{PMID|}}} 
  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[PubMed Identifier|PMID]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{{PMID}}} {{{PMID}}}]
}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMC ============--&gt; 
  #if: {{{PMC|}}} 
  |{{#if: {{{URL|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}} [[PubMed Central|PMC]] [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid={{{PMC}}} {{{PMC}}}]
   }}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ BIBCODE ============--&gt; 
  #if: {{{Bibcode|}}} 
  |{{{Sep|,}}} [[Bibcode]]:&amp;nbsp;[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/{{{Bibcode}}} {{{Bibcode}}}]
}}{{
&lt;!--============ Archive data, etc ===========--&gt;
#if: {{{Archive|}}}
|{{{Sep|,}}} {{{Archive}}}[[Category:Pages using deprecated citation archive parameters]]
|{{
  #if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}{{{ArchiveDate|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}} {{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|A|a}}rchived{{
    #if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
    |{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|&amp;#32;from {{Citation/make link|{{{OriginalURL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}|the original}}}}
    }}{{
    #if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}
    |&amp;#32;on {{{ArchiveDate}}}
    }}{{
    #if:{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}||A}}{{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}||B}}{{#if:{{{ArchiveDate|}}}||C}}
    |. {{citation error
       |If you specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archiveurl|archivedate}}&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;, you must {{#if:{{{OriginalURL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}| also specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;{{#if:{{{ArchiveURL|}}}|archivedate|archiveurl}}&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;|first specify &lt;code&gt;&amp;#124;url&amp;#61;&lt;/code&gt;}}}}
    }}
  }}
}}{{ 
&lt;!--============ URL and AccessDate ============--&gt;
  #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
     |&lt;span class=&quot;printonly&quot;&gt;{{{Sep|,}}} {{
                                      #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                                      |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
                                      |{{{URL}}}
                                    }}&lt;/span&gt;
     |{{{Sep|,}}} {{
              #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
              |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
              |{{{URL}}}
            }}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{AccessDate|}}}
     | &lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|,|,&amp;#32;r|.&amp;#32;R}}etrieved {{{AccessDate}}}&lt;/span&gt;
     }}
}}{{#if:{{{laysummary|}}} 
  |{{{Sep|,}}} [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash;&amp;nbsp;''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{laysource}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''}}
}}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}}
  | &amp;#32;({{{laydate}}})
}}{{#if:{{{quote|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}} &amp;#32;&quot;{{{quote}}}&quot;
}}{{{PS|}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--

=== This is a COinS tag (http://ocoins.info), which allows automated tools to parse the citation information: ===

--&gt;&lt;span
    class=&quot;Z3988&quot;
    title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:}}{{
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      |book{{
         #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
         |&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}}}&amp;rft.atitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}}
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     #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |&amp;rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname2}}}}}{{
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     }}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |&amp;rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname3}}}}}{{
       #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given3}}}}}
     }}
   }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |&amp;rft.au={{urlencode:{{{Surname4}}}}}{{
       #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{urlencode:{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given4}}}}}
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   }}{{
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   }}{{
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   }}{{
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    }}{{
      #if: {{{Date|}}} |&amp;rft.date={{urlencode:{{{Date}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}} |&amp;rft.series={{urlencode:{{{Series}}}}} 
    }}{{
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    }}{{
      #if: {{{Issue|}}} |&amp;rft.issue={{urlencode:{{{Issue}}}}}
    }}{{
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    }}{{
      #if: {{{Edition|}}} |&amp;rft.edition={{urlencode:{{{Edition}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}} |&amp;rft.place={{urlencode:{{{PublicationPlace}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Publisher|}}} |&amp;rft.pub={{urlencode:{{{Publisher}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{DOI|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:doi/{{urlencode:{{{DOI}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{PMID|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/{{urlencode:{{{PMID}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{Bibcode|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:bibcode/{{urlencode:{{{Bibcode}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |&amp;rft.isbn={{urlencode:{{{ISBN}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |&amp;rft.issn={{urlencode:{{{ISSN}}}}}
    }}{{
      #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |&amp;rft_id={{urlencode:{{{URL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}}}
    }}&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Citation/make link</title>
    <id>7086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50837</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{1|}}}
 |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]
 |{{{2}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--
  Code notes (here so that people /read/ it)
  1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}.
  2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized &quot;'foo' &amp; 'bar'&quot; from becoming
     &quot;'''foo' &amp; 'bar'''&quot;. Citation/core does this by having a &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
     at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only
     needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here.
--&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Important</title>
    <id>7087</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>50839</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#Redirect [[Template:Caution]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Loop</title>
    <id>7088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50841</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&gt;000|{{{2}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&gt;001|{{{2}}}}}&lt;!--
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      <contributor>
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        <id>31</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
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| main        &lt;!--&quot;demospace=main&quot; or {{SUBJECTSPACE}}={{ns:0}}=&quot;&quot;--&gt;
|           = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}}
| talk      = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}}
| user      = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}}
| wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{other|}}} }}}
| file
| image     = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes
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        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class=&quot;noprint plainlinks purgelink&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:{{{page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|action=purge}} &lt;span title=&quot;Purge this page&quot;&gt;{{{1|Purge}}}&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
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    <title>Template:UF-COinS</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-12-02T11:05:13Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>1 revision:&amp;#32;OOps, forgot to include templates</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This template produces [[w:COinS|COinS]] metadata; see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Microformats/COinS|COinS in Wikipedia]] for background information.''&lt;includeonly&gt;

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      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Pp-template]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Round Robin Conlang/Observations</title>
    <id>7099</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-03-24T04:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AlexFink</username>
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      <comment>/j/ into the table</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thought I'd look at what our phonology looks like so far.
--[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]]

===Basic inventory===
'''Consonants'''

It appears that we have four grades of consonants, plain, lenited, geminated and prenasalised, realisations of which may overlap. Roots appear to contain only plain consonants. --[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 17:00, 13 January 2010 (UTC)  

In fact, very few nonplain consonants are found in any underlying forms: there are only the /f/ of the first person marker and the /χ/ of the complicated past.  

The status of /ts/ is unclear: no roots contain it, but it's not a non-plain grade of any plain consonant.  

&lt;!-- A consonant &lt;b'&gt; has appeared in round 6, but only in a name.  I cross my fingers and hope that it's a nonnativised borrowing.  -- Alex --&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Plain consonants
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| !! Labial !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Coronal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Stops /&lt;br/&gt;affricates
! &lt;small&gt;Ejective&lt;small&gt;
| || || tsʹ || || kʹ || qʼ ||
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Voiceless&lt;small&gt;
| p || t || (ts) || || k || q ||
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Voiced&lt;small&gt;
| b || d || || || ɡ ||
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Nasals
| m || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| n || || ŋ || ||
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Fricatives
! &lt;small&gt;Voiceless&lt;small&gt;
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| s || || || || h
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Voiced&lt;small&gt;
| v || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| || || || ||
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Liquid
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| l || || || ||
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Presumed semivowel
| || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| || j || || ||
|}

'''Vowels'''
/i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; /oi au ai/
For purposes of vowel-harmonic suffixes, /a/ (phonetically open central [ä]?) counts as a back vowel.

Attested vowel clusters: /iɔ/

Attested vowel contractions: //ui// → /u/, //ɛi// → /e/, //ii// → /i/

'''Tone'''
High and low.  Low is unmarked.  High tone remains in contractions, but in some proccesses of reduplication (not in verbal pluralization) the second of two is dissimilated to low.

===Lenition===
The following changes are attested:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Original
| p || b || t || n || g || ŋ || q
|-
! Lenited
| f || v || s || ð̃ || ɣ || ɣ̃ || χ
|}

[ð̃ ɣ] have only been attested under spirant lenition thus far.

I would presume the process to apply regularly also to the &quot;missing&quot; [[buccal]] stops / nasals, ie. m, d, k → ṽ, z (ð? l??), x. /s, j/ appear to be unchanged under lenition as seen from ''gɔso'', ''vijes''. Whether the other consonants do anything remains to be seen.

===Other alternations===
Gemination appears to be regular for at least lenitable consonants, with ''bb'', ''tt'', ''nn'', ''gg'', ''ŋŋ'' attested. /tsʹ, s/ appears to resist gemination as seen from ''betsʼaq, ísasaq''. /j/ becomes /ddz/ when geminated.

There is also prenasalization (apparently identical with gemination for nasals).

===Syllable structure===
Thus far (C)V(N)(C) seems sufficient (maximal example: ''boimb''). Only clusters of two consonants have been observed medially, generally limited to geminates and nasal + consonant (but see ''hóvhov''. Might coda /v/ be [w]?)</text>
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    <title>User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad</title>
    <id>7100</id>
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      <id>50882</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-04T12:44:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '[[User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad/TamsareOrth]] [[User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad/SoundChanges]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad/TamsareOrth]]
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  <page>
    <title>M Monasteries of the MR</title>
    <id>7101</id>
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      <id>50962</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-07T15:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Addition corrections.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Order of Precedence according to the ‘’Fourth Typikon’’, as amended.

''ineligible to provide the archimandrite''

Hegumens and abbots as of the November, 2009, elections.

====Saint Athanasios====
*963 - The first monastery on Mt. Athos, the Great Lavra, is founded by [[wikipedia:Saint Athanasius|Saint Athanasius]].  He named it Annunciation Monastery and introduces the coenobitic system.
*1000 - Upon the death of St. Athanasius, the monastery is renamed in his honor.
*1963 – All the monasteries celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Holy Mountain.
*The monastery library has some 2,116 manuscripts, 20,000 printed books, and about 100 manuscripts in foreign languages.
*The most important treasure of the monastery is the left hand of St. Mary Magdalene. It was removed from the Monastery of the Nativity in 1894, the last time the monastery was abandoned. The hand has remained whole for two thousand years. 
*Today 63 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Theophilos Antonakos.

====Annunciation====
*979 - The monastery is founded by three monks, Athanasius, Nicholas, and Antonius from Adrianople, pupils of Saint Athanasios.
*1307 – The monastery is looted by the Catalans.
*1427 – The monastery’s bell tower is constructed, the oldest surviving bell tower on the Holy Mountain.
*1749 – The monastery established the Athonite Academy to provide an education in difficult times for the Greek nation.
*The monastery has held second place since the ''Second Typikon'' of 1045.
*The monastery possesses the Girdle of the All-Holy.
*A gift of great value to the monastery is the 'Jasper' cup, probably given by [[wikipedia:Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II Palaiologos]], reputed to have the property of turning water into a milky antidote to snake bites.
*The monastery has many elaborate vestments and sacred vessels, and a number of miracle-working icons of Our Lady.
*The library contains approximately 2,000 manuscripts, 25 scrolls, a large number of documents and printed books in excess of 35,000.
*Today 74 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Bartholomew Bilias.

====Saint John the Baptist====
*1371 - The monastery is founded by Blessed Dionysios.
*1389 – Patriarch Antonius IV bestows the title “patriarchal” guaranteeing the monastery’s autonomy.
*1526 – [[wikipedia:Neagoe Basarab|Neagoe Basarab]] builds the monastery’s aqueduct.
*1539 – A fire reduces the monastery to ashes.
*The monastery possesses the miraculous icon known as Our Lady of the Salutations or Our Lady of the Akathistos Hymn.
*Among its treasures the monastery has many relics of saints, the most important being the right hand of St. John the Baptist and the relics of [[wikipedia:Patriarch Nephon II of Constantinople|St. Niphon]].
*Other interesting possessions include a relief of the Crucifixion in ivory, dating from the 10th century, embroideries, sacred vessels, and vestments.
*The library contains 1,100 manuscripts, some of them illustrated, and more than 15,000 books, including priceless [[wikipedia:incunable|incunabula]].
*Today 51 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Didymos Zaloumi

====Holy Cross====
*1169 - The monastery is founded by an unknown person. There is a later re-foundation in the 14th century by Koutloumous, a Seljuk convert.
*1767 – Fire destroys the east wing of the monastery.
*1980 – Fire destroys a minor portion of the monastery.
*The monastery has in its safekeeping many relics of saints, vestments and interesting portable icons.
*The library contains 662 manuscripts and approximately 3,500 printed books.
*Today 29 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Elias Danas

====Transfiguration====
*1358 - The monastery is founded by the brothers Alexy Stratopedarch and John Primikerij, officials of the Byzantine court.
*1384 – John receives the tonsure and becomes a monk.
*The monastery possesses a considerable collection of relics of saints, such as of Ioannicius of Olympus in Bithynia, Theodore the Commander, and Cosmas and Damian, a piece of the True Cross, and objects such as a part of the shield of St. Mercurius, and icons of the 14th century onwards.
*The sanctuary screen may be the oldest in Mount Athos.
*The protecting icon of the monastery is that of Our Lady Gerontissa, one of the Holy Mountain's miracle-working icons.
*The library contains some 350 manuscript codices and about 3,500 printed books. The monastery's documents are in Greek and Turkish, and it also has one written in Vlach, dating from the 17th century.
*Today 22 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Hieronymos Rorris

====Holy Archangels ====
*993 - The Monastery of the Holy Archangels is founded by Blessed Euthymius.
*1863 - At the time of the Greek Revolution, the Turks tortured the monks and carried off the monastery’s treasures.
*This is the only monastery that has never suffered the damage caused by destructive fires.
*The monastery possesses the miracle-working icon of Our Lady Gorgoipekoos.
*The monastery possesses a piece of the True Cross, relics of saints, sacred vessels, and vestments.
*The library contains 545 manuscripts, 62 of which are on parchment, and more than 5,000 printed books.
*Today 33 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen and Archimandrite Loukas Bradley

====Sts. Peter and Paul====
*1014 - The monastery is founded by a monk named Karakalas.
*1248 – The monastery is deserted after depredations by pirates and Latins.
*1292 - The monastery is restored with the help of Emperor [[wikipedia:Andronicus II|Andronicus II]] and [[wikipedia:Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople|Patriarch Athanasius I]].
*1440 - Because of pirate raids, the monastery is again deserted.
*1544 - With the help of Prince John Peter of Wallachia (who later became a monk in the monastery) and the permission of [[wikipedia:Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman]], the monastery is restored and given the exclusive right to harvest chestnuts on the Holy Mountain.
*1563-65 - The tower of Peter is built, the largest of the towers on the Holy Mountain.
*1875 – A major fire destroys many of the buildings.
*Included among the treasures of the monastery are vestments and liturgical vessels, the skull of St. Bartholomew the Apostle and that of St. Christopher, and a fragment of the True Cross.
*The library contains 279 manuscripts and some 2,500 printed books.
*Today 39 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Moyses Farmakis

====Saint Philotheus====
*995 -  The Monastery of the Annunciation is founded by Blessed Philotheus.
*1095 - On the centenary of the founding of the monastery the name of the monastery is changed to Saint Philotheus to honor the holy founder.
*1658 – Tsar [[wikipedia:Alexis of Russia|Alexei]] gives permission to the monks to go to Russia every seven years on alms missions.
*The monastery possesses the miracle-working icons of Our Lady Glykophilousa, and of our Lady Gerontissa.
*Among the monastery’s treasures are the right hand of St. John Chrysostom, a piece of the True Cross, other relics of saints, vestments, and sacred vessels.
*The library contains 250 manuscripts, two liturgical scrolls, and about 2,500 printed books (of which some 500 are in Russian and Romanian).
*Today 68 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Savvas Papoulis

====Presentation of Jesus====
*998 - The monastery is founded on the site of the hermitage of Blessed Paul, who had founded the Monastery of the Forty Martyrs.
*1350 - The monastery is deserted.
*1388 - The monastery is restored by the Serbian monks Gerasimus Radona and Antonios Pegases.
*Among the monastery's treasures are the gifts of the Three Wise Men, the foot of St. Gregory the Theologian, a piece of the True Cross, sacred vessels, and vestments.
*The library contains 494 manuscripts and more than 12,000 printed books.
*Today 42 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Petros Houlis

====Saint George====
*975 - The monastery is founded by Saint Xenophon.
*1276-78 – The monastery is laid waste by Latin pirates.
*1819 – Construction of the new larger katholikon is completed; it is dedicated to St. George and the name of the monastery is changed.
*Two icons of the 14th century, showing St. George and St. Demetrius, are important works of art.
*It also possesses the famous wonder-working icon of Our Lady Hodeghetria.
*Among the monastery’s treasures are a piece of the True Cross, sumptuous reliquaries containing the relics of saints, sacred vessels, and vestments.
*The monastery possesses some 279 manuscripts, of which 11 are on parchment, and it has approximately 6,000 printed books.
*Today 32 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Raphael Mestas

====Theophany====
*1394 - The Gregoriou Monastery is founded by Saint Gregory, a disciple of Blessed Gregory of Sinai
*1500, 1762 – Fires destroy the archives.
*1502 - With the help of [[wikipedia:Stephen III of Moldavia|John Stephen the Great]], Prince of Moldavia, the monastery is renovated and for this reason he is regarded as a second founder of the monastery.  At his request the name of the monastery is changed to Theophany.
*Among the monastery's treasures are a small part of the True Cross, relics of saints, sacred vessels and vestments.
*The monastery also has the miracle-working icon of Our Lady 'Palaiologina'
*Today 72 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Ourias Katsambis

====Ascension====
*1016 - The Esphigmenou Monastery is founded by an unknown monk.
*1491 – Fire damages many of the buildings.
*1534 – The monastery is laid waste by pirates.
*1808  - A new katholikon is built as part of some general renovation. It is dedicated to the Ascension of Jesus, which gives the monastery its present name.
*1821-32 – The monastery is taken over by the Turkish army and used as a barracks.
*1832-71 – The monastery is returned to the monks and the monastery’s magnificent buildings are constructed.  The new katholikon is dedicated to Our Lord’s Ascension and gives its name to the monastery.
*The monastery’s most treasured icon is of Our Lady Eleousa.
*Among the monastery's treasures are relics of saints, the so-called cross of Pulcheria, and a large part of Napoleon's tent, which is used as a curtain for the sanctuary door of the katholikon on its feast day.
*The library contains 372 manuscripts and more than 8,000 printed books.
*Today 68 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Agapetos Liatos

====''Forty Martyrs of Sebaste'' (Armenian)====
*990 - The Xeropotamou Monastery is founded by Blessed Paul, reputedly son of [[wikipedia:Michael I Rangabe|Michael I Rangabe]].
*1076 - The monastery is turned over to monks of the Armenian Orthodox Church and renamed in honor of the [[wikipedia:Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]], the first instance of a Greek monastery being turned over to non-Greek monks.
*1821-30 - The monastery is occupied by Turkish troops.
*Among the treasures of Xeropotamou are the paten of [[wikipedia:Pulcheria|Pulcheria]], made of steatite, relics of saints, gold-embroidered vestments, and priceless episcopal staffs.
*Its greatest treasure consists of two pieces of the True Cross, the largest anywhere in the world, which have a hole made by one of the nails of the Crucifixion.
*The library contains 409 manuscripts and some 6,000 printed books.
*Today 24 monks live in the monastery: 22 Armenians, 2 Azerbaijani
*Hegumen Hetoum Baboian

====''Saint George the Painter'' (Bulgarian)====
*980 - The monastery is founded by Moses, Aaron and John, three monks from [[wikipedia:Ohrid|Ohrid]].
*1294 - 26 monks suffer a martyr's death (for which the [[wikipedia:Michael VIII Palaiologos|Emperor Michael VIII]] (1259-82) and the Patriarch Beccus were responsible) for opposing the union of the Eastern and Western churches and the pro-union policy of the political and ecclesiastical authorities. A cenotaph was set up in 1873 in memory of these martyrs.
*1974 - A fire of limited extent gutted the southern side of the monastery.
*From 1845 onwards the monks have all been Bulgarian.
*Amongst the better known treasures of the monastery are two miraculous icons of Our Lady, Our Lady of the Akathistos Hymn and the Epakouousa.
*The library has 126 Greek and 388 Slavonic manuscripts, and about 10,000 printed books.
*Today 37 monks live in the monastery: 31 Bulgarians, 2 Oltenians, 3 Muntenians, 1 Moldavan
*Hegumen Grigor Penev

====''Saint John the Iberian'' (Georgian)====
*982 - The Holy Monastery of Iveron is founded by Saint John from Iberia (Georgia).
*1002 - Upon the death of St. John, his monastery is renamed St. John the Iberian.
*1865 – A fire reduces the monastery to ashes.
*The monastery is the home of the Holy Mountain’s protecting icon, that of Our Lady Portaitissa. In 1651, a copy of this icon was sent to Moscow at the request of Tsar [[wikipedia:Alexis of Russia|Alexei]].
*The monastery possesses the dalmatic of Ioannes Tsimiskes, the episcopal vestments of Patriarch Dionysios IV, a Gospel book which was the gift of [[wikipedia:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], sacred vessels, vestments and embroideries, and the relics of at least 150 saints.
*The library contains more than 2,000 manuscripts and 15 liturgical scrolls, and more than 20,000 books, with important incunabula
*Today 42 monks live in the monastery.
*Hegumen Shota Gelashvili

====''Saint Sava'' (Serbian)====
*1184 - The Monastery of Hilandar is founded by [[wikipedia:Stefan Nemanja|Stefan Nemanja]], Prince of Serbia, and his son Rastko, who subsequently became monks, taking the names of Symeon and Sava, Serbia's most popular saints.
*1198 – Serbian possession of the monastery is guaranteed by a chrysobull of Emperor [[wikipedia:Alexius III Angelos|Alexius III]] (1195-1203).
*1253 - Saint Sava is canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Serbian monks of Hilandar Monastery change its name to honor their founder.
*Among the many treasures which the monastery possesses, of particular importance is the silver larnax (or coffin chest) of St. Symeon and its vine, the fruit of which has cured many women of sterility, and the miracle-working icons of Our Lady Tricherousa, Our Lady Hodeghetria, and Our Lady Avramiotissa.
*It also has embroidered vestments and materials, two crosses made of the wood of the True Cross, a diptych with 24 miniatures, the reed and the shroud from the Passion of Christ, and chairs decorated with mother-of-pearl.
*The library contains 181 Greek and 809 Slavonic codices, at least 20,000 printed books, of which 3,000 are in Greek, as well as 400 documents, in various languages.
*Today 57 monks live in the monastery: 29 Serbians, 1 Bohemian,  10  Hungarians, 3 Croatians, 4 Dalmatians, 7 Albanians, and 3 Xliponians.
*Hegumen Andrija Svilanovich

====''Saint Panteleimon'' (Russian)====
*1058 - Monks from Kiev establish the Monastery of the All-Holy Theotokos.
*1142 - The Kievan monks move their community to the deserted Thessalonikeos Monastery.
*1169 - The Thessalonikeos Monastery is recognized as a monastery independent of Kiev.
*1800-19 - The Russian monks build a new monastery closer to the shore, now the largest on the Holy Mountain.
*1812-21 - The Russian monks build a new katholikon dedicated to St. Panteleimon, which gives the monastery its current name.
*The treasures of the monastery include many noteworthy sacred vessels and vestments.
*The library houses around 1,320 manuscripts, of which 600 are in Slavonic, and more than 20,000 printed books.
*Today 56 monks live in the monastery: 43 Russians, 5 Ukrainians, 3 Belarusians, 1 Estonian, 2 Latvians, and 2 Crimeans.
*Hegumen Pavel Galimov

====''Saint Nicholas'' (Cambrian)====
*1022 – Stavronikita Monastery, the smallest of the twenty monasteries, is founded by Nicetas, an officer of Emperor [[wikipedia:John I Tzimiskes|John I]].
*1183 - The monastery is deserted because of pirate raids.
*1194 - Cambrian monks land on the shore of the Holy Mountain and are invited to take over the deserted Stavroniketa Monastery, which they rename in honor of St. Nicholas.
*1607 – Fire destroys most of the buildings.
*1686 – [[Wikipedia: Serban Cantacouzino|Şerban Cantacouzino]], Prince of Wallachia, provides the monastery with a water supply.
*One of the most valued of the monastery's treasures is the icon of St. Nicholas known as ''Streidas'', a work of the 13th-14th centuries.
*The monastery also possesses 171 manuscripts and a large number of printed books. Of particular importance is a psalter of the 12th century with gold lettering (parchment codex No. 46).
*Today 47 monks live in the monastery: 29 Kemrese, 10 Englishmen, 2 Scots, 5 Irishmen, 1 New South Cambrian
*Abbot Daniel Morgan

====''Saint Maron'' (Maronite)====
*1066 - The monk Kastamonites founds the monastery of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr.
*1307 - The fifteen remaining monks of the Monastery of Saint Stephen are transferred to the Monastery of Sts. Peter and Paul. Monks of the [[wikipedia:Maronite Church|Catholic Maronite Rite]], fleeing the persecution of the Mamelukes are invited to occupy the Monastery of Saint Stephen, which they rename the Monastery of [[wikipedia:Maron|Saint Maroun]].
*1879 – Fire destroys the whole monastery.
*Among the monastery’s treasures are a miraculous icon of St. Stephen, a work of the 8th century, and two wonder-working icons of Our Lady Hodeghetria and Our Lady Antiphonetria.
*The monastery also possesses a piece of the True Cross, a Byzantine liturgical bier cover, vestments, and sacred vessels.
*The library contains 110 manuscripts and approximately 5,000 printed books.
*Today 37 monks live in the monastery.
*Abbot Majid Chamoun

====''Saint Thomas'' (Assyrian)====
*1257 - The Monastery of New Bethlehem is founded by Blessed Simon the Myrrhobletes.
*1570 – The monastery, including its archives, is totally destroyed by fire.
*1601 - The [[wikipedia:katholikon|katholikon]] of the Monastery of New Bethlehem is built and dedicated to the Nativity of Jesus giving the monastery its new name.
*1678 - The monastery is deserted because of heavy Turkish taxation.
*1794 - Ioasaph of Mytilene arrives and begins the restoration of the Monastery of the Nativity.
*1891 - The katholikon of the monastery is destroyed by fire and rebuilt in its present form.
*1894 – The monastery is abandoned.
*1994 - The Assyrian Church is invited to send monks to occupy the abandoned Monastery of the Nativity, which they rename the Monastery of St. Thomas.
*The monastery is the most daring construction on the Holy Mountain. It stands at a height of 330 metres on the end of a rocky mountain range.
*The monastery's archive contains a host of documents in Greek, Turkish, and Romanian, together with inscriptions, and musical and other manuscripts, to which must be added its printed books, the whole of which is post-Byzantine. 
*The monastery possesses a treasury of works of art, consisting of icons, vestments, silverware, antimensia, seals, and engravings.
*Today 52 monks live in the monastery: 27 Persians, 9 Iraaqis, 3 Lebanese, 4 Kurdistanis, 1 Mongol, 2 Tibetans, 5 Kaxmiris, 1 Alyaskan
*Five brothers staff the Clinic of Christ Healer in Ammouliani.
*Mar Xoch Zaya</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad/SoundChanges</title>
    <id>7102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50961</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-07T14:39:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">ʔ/ŋ/_[-consonantal+nasal]

[-consonantal+nasal]/[-consonantal-nasal]/_ŋ

a/æ/_

æ/a/_h

h/x/_#

0/[+consonantal+nasalαanteriorβcoronalγbackδhigh]/[-consonantal+nasal]_[+consonantalαanteriorβcoronalγbackδhigh]

kʷ/b/_

tʷ/d/_

ʦʷ/ʣ/_

ʧʷ/ʤ/_

h/[+consonantal+continuant-sonorantαanteriorβcoronalγbackδhighεvoiced]/_[+consonantalαanteriorβcoronalγbackδhighεvoiced]

h/0/_

ʔ/h/_

[-consonantal+nasal]/0/_#

[-consonantal+nasal]/[-consonantal-nasal]/_


i/j/[+syllabic]_[+syllabic]

o/w/[+syllabic]_[+syllabic]

ow/u/_

0/ɾ/[+syllabic]_[+syllabic]

[+sonorant-nasal]/0/[+continuant-sonorant]_</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PeteBleackley/scratchpad/TamsareOrth</title>
    <id>7103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50983</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-09T12:20:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New otthography</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[Script to IPA]

tw: tʷ

cw: ʦʷ

ćw: ʧʷ

kw: kʷ

c: ʦ

ć: ʧ

ś: ʃ

ń: ɲ

r: ɾ

y: j

ę: e̴

ą: a̴

ǫ: o̴

[IPA to script]

a: æ

ɑ: a

ʃ: c

ʧ: tc

ʣ: dz

ʤ: dʒ

ɲ: ñ

ʦ: ts

ɾ: r

ɸ: f

β: v

ʝ: ʒ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lhueslue</title>
    <id>7104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57034</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-19T18:03:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adpositions and particles */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Lhueslue
| native = Lhueslue
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order = VOS
| morphological-type = agglutinative
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology ==
=== Phoneme inventory ===
==== Consonants ====
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=21 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|q}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricates || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʃ}} || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|ɕ}} || || {{IPA|x}} || || {{IPA|χ}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trills || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɻ}} || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || {{IPA|ɬ̪͆}} || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

==== Vowels ====
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || style=&quot;background:LightSalmon&quot; | {{IPA|i}} || style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue&quot; | {{IPA|y}} || || || || style=&quot;background:LightSalmon&quot; | {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || style=&quot;background:LightSalmon&quot; | {{IPA|e}} || style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue&quot; | {{IPA|ø}} || style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue&quot; | {{IPA|ɘ}} || || || style=&quot;background:LightSalmon&quot; | {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue&quot; | {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || style=&quot;background:LightSteelBlue&quot; | {{IPA|æ}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || style=&quot;background:LightSalmon&quot; | {{IPA|ɑ}} ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

Lhueslue features vowel harmony. Each vowel belongs to one of two groups: tense (marked in red in the table above) or lax (marked with blue). 

==== Tones ====
Lhueslue has three tones: low, mid and high. The mid tone is the most common one. The low tone may be realized as falling, and high can be realized as rising.

=== Allophony ===
==== Length ====
The high tone turns its vowel long, and the low tone turns it half-long. If a word has only mid tones, the final syllable will have a long vowel on two conditions.
# It must be a monophthong.
# The syllable must be open or end with one of the following consonants: {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, ʒ, l, ɻ, s, v, w, x/}}.

==== Vowel harmony ====
The lax vowels are paired together with the tense vowels in the following way:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tense
! Lax
|-
|| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ɘ}}
|-
|| {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|y}}
|-
|| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ɛ}}
|-
|| {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|ø}}
|-
|| {{IPA|ɑ}} || {{IPA|æ}}
|}
Some words, or combinations of words and affixes have so called ''broken vowel harmony''. It means that the word contains both tense and lax vowels, but that the allophony treat the boundary between tense and lax as a word boundary (this boundary is marked with a dash in the romanization). One example of a word with broken vowel harmony is oe-i (old). This word is pronunced {{IPA|[øː.iː]}}. Note how the two vowels do not form a diphthong, and both are long as if both appeared at the end of a word.

==== Vowel quality ====
The front high-mid vowels {{IPA|/e, ø/}} become mid {{IPA|[e̞, ø̞]}} when followed by a uvular consonant that is in the same syllable. In that same environment the front high vowels {{IPA|/i, y/}} become near-high {{IPA|[ɪ, ʏ]}}.

==== Consonant quality ====
The alveolar lateral approximant {{IPA|/l/}} becomes velarized {{IPA|[ɫ]}} in the environment {{IPA|/ɻ(V(V))_/}}.

== Writing ==
=== Romanization ===
{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Semantic association
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ
| Beginning
|-
! Ae ae 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | æ
| End
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| Soft
|-
! C c 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɕ
| Feminine
|-
! Ch ch 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃ
| Part, divide
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| Left
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e
| Active, fast, moving
|-
! Ee ee 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɛ
| Passive, slow, still
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| Fire
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | g
| Machine
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| Air
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i
| Life
|-
! Ie ie 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɘ
| Death
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ
| Middle, present
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| Metal
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| Humanoid
|-
! Lh lh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɬ̪͆
| Magic, religion
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| Earth
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| Nose, mouth, smell, taste
|-
! Ng ng 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
| Place
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o
| Big
|-
! Oe oe 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ø
| Small
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| Hard
|-
! Q q 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | q
| Back, past
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | r
| Masculine
|-
! Rh rh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɻ
| Animal
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| Ear, sound
|-
! Sh sh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
| Water
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| Right
|-
! Th th 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | θ
| Wood, plant
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u
| Material
|-
! Ue ue 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | y
| Abstract
|-
! V v 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | v
| Give
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | w
| Eye, vision
|-
! X x 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | χ
| Hand, touch
|-
! Xh xh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | x
| Front, future
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| Upper
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | z
| Lower
|}
High tone is marked with an acute accent, and low tone with a grave. In digraphs, the accent mark is placed on the first letter. Mid tone is unmarked. Diaeresis is used on e to mark that it is not part of a digraph.

== Grammar ==
=== Morphology ===
==== Nouns ====
Lhueslue has no noun case affixes; instead, [[Lhueslue#Postposition|postpositions]] are used. Lhueslue also lacks grammatical number. If there is some dire need to mark singularity or plurality however, the words ''oeue'' (one) and ''o'' (many) may be used. 

===== Noun class =====
There are eleven different noun classes in Lhueslue. Nouns are assigned into classes semantically, according to the following table.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Noun class
! Association
|-
| Masculine || Male humans, kinship terms and animals.
|-
| Feminine || Female humans, kinship terms and animals.
|-
| Earth || Minerals (except for metals), animals that don't belong to the other classes.
|-
| Water || Things related to water, snow and ice, water-living creatures.
|-
| Fire || Items related to fire-making.
|-
| Air || Things that appear in the sky, flying animals.
|-
| Metal || Things made out of metal.
|-
| Wood || Plants and things made out of plant material.
|-
| Aether || Things related to magic and religion.
|-
| Light || Light-emitting objects and good (benevolent) things.
|-
| Dark || Things related to darkness, death, non-existance and evil.
|}

==== Pronouns ====
Lhueslue has several pronouns, each agreeing in noun class with the person or thing it refers to.

===== Personal pronouns =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;ensp;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person/inanimate
|-
! Sg.
! Pl.
! Sg.
! Pl.
|-
! Neuter
| laj || lajlaj || lixh || lixhlixh || long
|-
! Masculine
| raj || rajraj || rixh || rixhrixh || rong
|-
! Feminine
| caj || cajcaj || cixh || cixhcixh || cong
|-
! Earth
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || mong
|-
! Water
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || shong
|-
! Fire
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || fong
|-
! Air
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || hong
|-
! Metal
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || kong
|-
! Wood
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || thong
|-
! Aether
| uej || &amp;ensp; || uexh || &amp;ensp; || lhueng
|-
! Light
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || ding
|-
! Dark
| &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || tieng
|}

The aether first person pronoun is used by gods, or by god roles in written dialogue or in plays. Likewise the aether second person pronoun is only used when addressing gods. The neuter singular first and second person pronouns are seldomly used. When they are used, it is usually in formal situations. The neuter singular second person pronoun is best avoided in all situations except for the very formal, because otherwise it may be taken as an insult. The neuter third person pronoun is likewise used in formal situations, but also when referring to a hypothetical or unknown person. When referring to a mixed group of people, the plural third person pronouns are always used.

===== Demonstratives =====
The demonstratives in Lhueslue can be used as both pronouns and determiners.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! &amp;ensp; || 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person || 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person || 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
|-
! Neuter
| &amp;ensp; || xhaeeel || luong
|-
! Masculine
| aur || xhaeeer || ruong
|-
! Feminine
| auc || xhaeeec || cuong
|-
! Earth
| aum || xhaeeem || muong
|-
! Water
| aush || xhaeeesh || shuong
|-
! Fire
| auf || xhaeeef || fuong
|-
! Metal
| auk || xhaeeek || kuong
|-
! Wood
| auth || xhaeeeth || thuong
|-
! Aether
| uelh || xhaeue || lhue
|-
! Light
| aid || xhaeeed || iong
|-
! Dark
| iet || xhaeie || tie
|}

==== Verbs ====
===== Transitivity =====
Some verbs are by default intransitive, while others are transitive. But intransitive verbs can be derived from transitive ones by adding a suffix that agrees with the subject's noun class.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Noun class
! Suffix with tense vowel harmony,&lt;br&gt;following a consonant
! Suffix with tense vowel harmony,&lt;br&gt;following a vowel
! Suffix with lax vowel harmony,&lt;br&gt;following a consonant
! Suffix with lax vowel harmony,&lt;br&gt;following a vowel
|-
| Masculine
| -ar
| -ra
| -eer
| -ree
|-
| Feminine
| -ac
| -ca
| -eec
| -cee
|-
| Earth
| -am
| -ma
| -eem
| -mee
|-
| Water
| -ash
| -sha
| -eesh
| -shee
|-
| Fire
| -af
| -fa
| -eef
| -fee
|-
| Air
| -ah
| -ha
| -eeh
| -hee
|-
| Metal
| -ak
| -ka
| -eek
| -kee
|-
| Wood
| -ath
| -tha
| -eeth
| -thee
|-
| Aether
| -alh
| -lha
| -ue
| -lhue
|-
| Light
| -ai
| -ti
| -eet
| -tee
|-
| Dark
| -ad
| -da
| -ie
| -die
|}

===== Tense =====
The verbs have three tenses: past, present and future. The present tense is unmarked while past and future are marked with suffixes.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Verb class
! Suffix
! Example
|-
| Tense or lax, ends with -e or -ee
| -q
| eze (move) &gt; ezeq (moved); chyuelee (think) &gt; chyueleeq (thought)
|-
| Tense, ends with anything else than -e
| -eq
| buzeyted (roll) &gt; buzeytedeq (rolled)
|-
| Lax, ends with anything else than -ee
| -eeq
| eelùe (sleep) &gt; eelùeeeq (sleeped) 
|}
&lt;br&gt;
The future tense is formed similarly, except with -xh instead of -q as the final consonant.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Verb class
! Suffix
! Example
|-
| Tense or lax, ends with -e or -ee
| -xh
| eze (move) &gt; ezexh (will move); chyuelee (think) &gt; chyueleexh (will think)
|-
| Tense, ends with anything else than -e
| -exh
| buzeyted (roll) &gt; buzeytedexh (will roll)
|-
| Lax, ends with anything else than -ee
| -eexh
| eelùe (sleep) &gt; eelùeeexh (will sleep) 
|}
&lt;br&gt;

===== Aspect =====
Aspect in Lhueslue is not marked by affixes but with different adverbs. The progressive aspect is expressed with the adverb ''je'' (still), which is placed after the verb. The perfect aspect is marked witt ''xha'' (then) in the past and future tenses, and ''qae'' (already) in the present tense. ''Xha'' is placed at the beginning of the sentence while ''qae'' is placed after the verb. Habitual aspect is expressed by placing ''óvulh'' (usually) after the verb. There are also three kinds of frequentative adverbs. ''Óche'' (frequentative 1) is used about actions where it is possible to count the number of times is happens. ''Oche'' (frequentative 2) is similar to frequentative 1, except that it describes a random or aimless action. ''Olhe'' (frequentative 3) is used about actions that are uncountable, either because they are so many or quick, or because it is hard to say where one instance of an action ends and another begins. All frequentatives are placed after the verb. The following table displays examples of all aspects and all possible combinations of aspects.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
! Progressive
| Nezeq je níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I was eating apples
| Nez je níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I am eating apples
| Nezexh je níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I will be eating apples
|-
! Perfect
| Xha nezeq níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I had eaten an apple
| Nez qae níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I have eaten an apple
| Xha nezexh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I will have eaten an apple
|-
! Habitual
| Nezeq óvulh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I used to eat apples
| Nez óvulh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I usually eat apples
| Nezexh óvulh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I intend to usually eat apples
|-
! Frequentative 1
| Yae-eq óche laj &lt;br&gt; I jumped up and down
| Yae-e óche laj &lt;br&gt; I jump up and down
| Yae-exh óche laj &lt;br&gt; I will jump up and down
|-
! Frequentative 2
| Yae-eq oche laj &lt;br&gt; I jumped around
| Yae-e oche laj &lt;br&gt; I jump around
| Yae-exh oche laj &lt;br&gt; I will jump around
|-
! Frequentative 3
| Xengameq olhe mu &lt;br&gt; The ground was shaking
| Xengam olhe mu &lt;br&gt; The ground is shaking
| Xengamexh olhe mu &lt;br&gt; The ground will be shaking
|-
! Perfect-Habitual
| Xha nezeq óvulh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I used to have eaten an apple
| Nez óvulh qae níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I usually have eaten an apple
| Xha nezexh óvulh níthippub laj &lt;br&gt; I will usually have eaten an apple
|-
! Perfect-Frequentative 1
| Xha yae-eq óche laj &lt;br&gt; I had jumped up and down
| Yae-e óche qae laj &lt;br&gt; I have jumped up and down
| Xha yae-exh óche laj &lt;br&gt; I will have jumped up and down
|-
! Perfect-Frequentative 2
| Xha yae-eq oche laj &lt;br&gt; I had jumped around
| Yae-e oche qae laj &lt;br&gt; I have jumped around
| Xha yae-exh oche laj &lt;br&gt; I will have jumped around
|-
! Perfect-Frequentative 3
| Xha xengameq olhe mu &lt;br&gt; The ground had been shaking
| Xengam olhe qae mu &lt;br&gt; The ground have been shaking
| Xha xengamexh olhe mu &lt;br&gt; The ground will have been shaking
|-
! Habitual-Frequentative 1
| Yae-eq óche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I used to jump up and down
| Yae-e óche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I usually jump up and down
| Yae-exh óche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I intend to usually jump up and down
|-
! Habitual-Frequentative 2
| Yae-eq oche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I used to jump around
| Yae-e oche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I usually jump around
| Yae-exh oche óvulh laj &lt;br&gt; I intend to usually jump around
|-
! Habitual-Frequentative 3
| Xengameq olhe óvulh mu &lt;br&gt; The ground used to be shaking
| Xengam olhe óvulh mu &lt;br&gt; The ground is usually shaking
| Xengamexh olhe óvulh mu &lt;br&gt; The ground will be usually shaking
|}

===== Voice =====
Lhueslue has passive and active voice. Active voice is unmarked while passive voice is marked by a circumfix on the verb. The first part (prefix) of the circumfix agrees with the object's noun class, and the last part (suffix) agrees with the subject. But if the verb is intransitive, the prefix is dropped.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Noun class
! Prefix preceding a consonant
! Prefix preceding a vowel
|-
| Masculine
| ree-
| r-
|-
| Feminine
| cee-
| c-
|-
| Earth
| mee-
| m-
|-
| Water
| shee-
| sh-
|-
| Fire
| fee-
| f-
|-
| Air
| hee-
| h-
|-
| Metal
| kee-
| k-
|-
| Wood
| thee-
| th-
|-
| Aether
| ue-
| uelh-
|-
| Light
| i-
| t-
|-
| Dark
| ie-
| d-
|}
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Noun class
! Suffix following a consonant
! Suffix following a vowel
|-
| Masculine
| -eer
| -r
|-
| Feminine
| -eec
| -c
|-
| Earth
| -eem
| -m
|-
| Water
| -eesh
| -sh
|-
| Fire
| -eef
| -f
|-
| Air
| -eeh
| -h
|-
| Metal
| -eek
| -k
|-
| Wood
| -eeth
| -th
|-
| Aether
| -ue
| -lhue
|-
| Light
| -i
| -t(i)
|-
| Dark
| -ie
| -d(ie)
|}

If the affix has a tense vowel while the verb is lax, or vice versa, it results in [[Lhueslue#Vowel_harmony|broken vowel harmony]]. But in the case of the light and dark suffixes following a vowel, the vowel in the suffix is skipped if it's not in the same vowel harmony group as the verb. For example eze (move) becomes tezed if the object is light and subject dark, but eelùe (sleep) becomes teelùedie.

===== Order of affixes =====
The order of affixes on the verb is PASS-VERB-INTR-PASS-TENSE. An example of a fully inflected verb is:
{|
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Aëmameq''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | aë || align=&quot;left&quot; | ma || align=&quot;left&quot; | m || align=&quot;left&quot; | eq
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | begin || align=&quot;left&quot; | INTR.EARTH || align=&quot;left&quot; | PASS.EARTH || align=&quot;left&quot; | PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''(Something) was made to begin.''
|}

==== Adpositions and particles ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Word || Type || Meaning || Example
|-
| al || postp. || with (comitative, human) || Nezeq neez-qaxhzif tcue &lt;u&gt;al&lt;/u&gt; raj. &lt;br&gt; eat-PAST dinner wife &lt;u&gt;COM&lt;/u&gt; 1SG.M &lt;br&gt; ''I ate dinner &lt;u&gt;with&lt;/u&gt; my wife.''
|-
| arh || postp. || with (comitative, animal) || 
|-
| av || postp. || from (a person) ||
|-
| aed || postp. || as opposed to smth else || Nyeq aq rhiu-beeptoed Bil &lt;u&gt;aed&lt;/u&gt;. &lt;br&gt; smell-PAST first bacon Bill &lt;u&gt;as.opposed.to.someone.else&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''It was Bill who smelled the bacon first.''
|-
| aelh || prep. || into (translative) || Lhaeq uey &lt;u&gt;aelh&lt;/u&gt; yùesh Maerie. &lt;br&gt; become-PAST mood &lt;u&gt;TRANSL&lt;/u&gt; sad Mary &lt;br&gt; ''Mary became sad.''
|-
| aeng || postp. || to (a place) || Sheq gthesh &lt;u&gt;aeng&lt;/u&gt; Djon. &lt;br&gt; swim-PAST raft &lt;u&gt;to&lt;/u&gt; John &lt;br&gt; ''John swam &lt;u&gt;to&lt;/u&gt; the raft.''
|-
| eeg || postp. || with (instrumental) || Peq núco-btheef kup &lt;u&gt;eeg&lt;/u&gt; neezael. &lt;br&gt; cut-PAST cake knife &lt;u&gt;INS&lt;/u&gt; cook &lt;br&gt; ''The cook cut the cake &lt;u&gt;with&lt;/u&gt; a knife.''
|-
| ív || postp. || for (benefactive) || Kvaeeeq gbuzuyheth lí &lt;u&gt;ív&lt;/u&gt; Djon. &lt;br&gt; sell-PAST wagon friend &lt;u&gt;BEN&lt;/u&gt; ''John &lt;br&gt; John sold the wagon &lt;u&gt;for&lt;/u&gt; a friend.''
|-
| ie || prep? || not || 
|-
| juelh || || as || 
|-
| nga || postp. || from (a place) || 
|-
| sùej || part. || interrogative || 
|-
| vae || postp. || to (a person) || Véq xhongéj au Maerie &lt;u&gt;vae&lt;/u&gt; Djon. &lt;br&gt; give-PAST book new Mary &lt;u&gt;to&lt;/u&gt; John &lt;br&gt; ''John gave Mary a new book.''
|}

''Al'' is used together with human nouns and ''arh'' together with animals. In case of groups, ''al'' is used. ''Aed'' functions as a topicalizing postposition, or like the word &quot;however&quot; in English. ''Ív'' is used for expressing who's or what sake something is done for. Lhueslue doesn't have distinction between illative and allative or elative and ablative, but there is a distinction between if something is going to our from a place (''aeng'' and ''nga'') or person (''av'' and ''vae''). ''Av'' and ''vae'' are used for expressing that something is delivered to or from someone, or that someone is visiting that person. To express that something enters or exits someone's body, ''aeng'' and ''nga'' are used however.

=== Syntax ===
The normal word order in Lhueslue is VOS.

==== Genitive ====
The genitive is expressed with the particle eev. The order is ''possessed noun - eev - possessor''.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Su eev rong.''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | su || align=&quot;left&quot; | eev || align=&quot;left&quot; | rong
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ear || align=&quot;left&quot; | GEN || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3.SG.M
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''His ear.''
|}

==== Imperative ====
Imperative sentences have always a subject, which is the person who is requested to do something. The subject is moved to the beginning of the sentence while everything else follows the normal word order.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Rixh zexh chuloung aeng!''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | rixh || align=&quot;left&quot; | zexh || align=&quot;left&quot; | chuloung || align=&quot;left&quot; | aeng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2.SG.M || align=&quot;left&quot; | walk || align=&quot;left&quot; | room || align=&quot;left&quot; | toward
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Go to your room!''
|}
The verb can be in either present or future tense. Using future tense is more polite, because it implies that the speaker understands that the action can't be carried out immediately.

==== Hortative ====
The hortative mood is formed exactly the same way as the imperative, but the pronoun that is used must be a first person plural.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Lajlaj sluesoexeexh thtoedsvue''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | lajlaj || align=&quot;left&quot; | sluesoex-eexh || align=&quot;left&quot; | thtoedsvue
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1.PL.N || align=&quot;left&quot; | write-FUT || align=&quot;left&quot; | note
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Let's write a note, shall we?''
|}

==== Time ====
For indicating duration, a temporal adverb is placed after the verb. A temporal adverb anywhere else indicates when something happened.
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Zexhéheq raj qae-yif.''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | zexhéh-eq || align=&quot;left&quot; | raj || align=&quot;left&quot; | qae.yif
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | run-PAST || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1.SG.M || align=&quot;left&quot; | yesterday
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I ran yesterday.''
&lt;br&gt;
{| 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Zexhéheq qae-yif raj.''
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | zexhéh-eq || align=&quot;left&quot; | qae.yif || align=&quot;left&quot; | raj
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | run-PAST || align=&quot;left&quot; | yesterday || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1.SG.M
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I ran the whole day yesterday.''
|}
When indicating when something happened, the temporal adverb can be placed after any object or subject. It is preferrably placed after whichever core argument that has the smallest amount of other words referring to it (adjectives, spatial particles, etc.) after it. If there are several word that qualify as &quot;the core argument with least amount of referents following it&quot;, the temporal adverb is placed as close to the beginning of the sentence as possible if the time reference is seen as something important, and as close to the end as possible if it's seen as something unimportant. The temporal adverb can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence, in which case it indicates topicality.

==== Interrogative ====
The particle sùej is placed at the beginning of a sentence, no matter what type of question it is.</text>
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      <comment>moved [[Henaudute]] to [[Arda/Henaudute]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Arda/Henaudute]]</text>
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      <comment>moved [[Talk:Henaudute]] to [[Talk:Arda/Henaudute]]</comment>
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    <title>Armine</title>
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      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Armine ==

A language from the world of Vais, 4th from the sun of Faolain Alpha. Accessible through the Leanna Gate. Atail and Vais are the only known planets within the reach of current spacecraft; however, some other planets in the galaxy show signs of life.

&lt;div style=&quot;width: 250px; border: 1px solid; padding: 6px; float: none;&quot;&gt;
'''''Legend:'''''
;parameter name
:;[alternate parameter name] :explanation
&lt;/div&gt;

;english
:;English : ''Armine, Armeian''.
;native : ''Armeisughol''.
;Planet : Vais
;Galaxy : Arfholin
;speakers : Due to the widespread propagation of the Armine Solthain Empire throughout history, there are now approximately 950,000,000 total speakers of Armine, especially impressive given the language's large phonemic inventory and complex grammar. This is said to be due to the Empire's excellent education system. Around 780 million speak Armine at a native or near-native level, 
;family : It is a Vaisan language, the languages of Vais. 
;branch : Merumannic, the languages native to the Meruman continent
;subbranch : Terchitic, The languages of the ethnic groups native to the land where the Solthain Empire was founded
;word-order
:;wordorder : Verb Subject Object (VSO), like the Gaelic/Celtic languages of Earth

;date : This language was created in 2009 by Willis Meine (me). This template was ripped off from Andrew Wood.

==Romanized Orthography==

The native script used to represent Armine is alien, and while it is a relatively simple and effective writing system, many casual readers will not have the time to memorize all the symbols. It will be explained in on of the last sections of this article. As a result of this complexity, a system of romanization is employed throughout this book alongside the original script to allow the reader to recognize the general phonetic structure of words. Due to the inadequacies of the Roman alphabet in transliterating some of the phonemes (meaningful sounds) in Armine, various diacritics and special characters are used in the romanization. Additionally, other characters are necessary to get rid of ambiguities present: the apostrophe is used in the RA to separate dissyllabic vowel combinations which might otherwise be interpreted as diphthongs, e.g., '''a’i''' [a.i] versus '''ai''' [ai], and the hyphen is used to separate elided prefixes before vowel initial words, as in n-arox (na+arox) and prosthesis of consonants used in inflection of vowel-initial nouns and adjectives, as in t-ödanc (ödanc + t prefix). These phenomena will be discussed later.

==Phonology==

Armine has a massive phonemic inventory even for an alien language, standing at 96 consonants and 20 vowels. This is mostly due to the Armei people's famously keen sense of hearing. Even at low volumes, they can pick out the smallest sonic details, making the task of distinguishing phonemes inherently easier for them. These phonemes are illustrated by place and manner of articulation in the below using a special romanized orthography.
''
'''Consonant Inventory'''

{| class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;width: 102.86%; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext&quot; width=&quot;102%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 10.08%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 10.5%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Plosives&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Affricates&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Fricatives&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Nasals&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Nareal&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; Fricatives&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Laterals/&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Liquids&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 9.48%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Lateral Fricatives&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 9.5%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Lateral Affricates&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.72%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Flap/Tap&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 9.9%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Approximants&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 22.5pt&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;with&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;NF&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;plain&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;trilled&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;un-voiced&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;nasal-&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;ized&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''BILABIAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;b&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;p&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ḃ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ṗ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɸ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̃&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;v&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;f&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''LINGUO-LABIAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ð&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;þ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ð̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;þ̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ð̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;þ̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ņ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''LABIO-DENTAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;v&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;f&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;m&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ƃ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;(v&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;(f&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;4&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''DENTAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;d̯&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;t̯&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ḋ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ṫ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ñ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6; height: 22.5pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''ALVEOLAR'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;(d&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;(t&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ḏ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ṯ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;z&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;s&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̣&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̣&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;r&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ŗ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;r&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 22.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''POST-ALVEOLAR'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;d̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;t̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ḓ̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ṱ̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;z̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;s̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̆&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''RETROFLEX'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɖ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ʈ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɖ̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ʈ̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɳ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɳ̃&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɽ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9; height: 29.25pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''PALATAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ȷ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;x&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ȷ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;x̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: Code2000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;j&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ẋ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɲ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɲ̃&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;y&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 29.25pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 10; height: 28.5pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''VELAR'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ƣ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ŋ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ŋ̃&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ł&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̣&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̣&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;c&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;͡&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ʉ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 28.5pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ŋ̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 11; height: 27.0pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''UVULAR'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;q&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;k&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;q&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;k&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̭&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;q&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;k&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̇&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;r&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̀&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.0pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 12; height: 27.75pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''PHARYNGEAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ƕ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ħ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;l&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̣&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 13; height: 27.75pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''EPIGLOTTAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ȝ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ɣ&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 27.75pt&quot;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''GLOTTAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 5.34%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.98%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;h&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 7.0%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;7%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 6.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;6%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.74%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.56%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.78%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.42%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 4.14%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;4%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.22%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 3.12%; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; height: 27.75pt&quot; width=&quot;3%&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|}

'''1.''' No distinction is made between dental and alveolar stops, and while most speakers normally use the dental pronunciations '''[d̪],[ t̪], [n̪]''', these consonants may still have alveolar allophones '''[d], [t], [n]''', especially when next to consonants that are normally alveolar such as '''s, z, l, r''' ~ see ''Allophonic Distinctions''
'''2.''' These phonemes are very unusual. Both of them are slack voiced fricatives with simultaneous nareal frication. IPA '''[β̥͋]''' and '''[γ̥͋]'''.
'''3.''' This series of phonemes may actually be advanced to a “post-palatal” place of articulation, especially by humans and non-native speakers.
'''4.''' The usual bilabial realizations of '''[w],[ʍ]''' are in free variation with the labiodentals '''[ʋ],[ʋ̥]'''.

'''Vocalic Inventory'''

{| class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''FRONT'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''NEAR FRONT'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''CENTRAL'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''NEAR BACK'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''BACK'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''plain'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''rounded'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''plain'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''rounded'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''plain'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''rounded'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''plain'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''rounded'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''plain'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''rounded'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 29.65pt&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''CLOSE'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;i&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;w&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̂&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;w&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;̈&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ï&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 29.65pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;u&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''HIGH'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;SpellE&quot;&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;î&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;w&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''HIGH-MID'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;e&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ø&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ë&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5; height: 26.5pt&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''MID'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;û&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ö&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 26.5pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6; height: 25.6pt&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''LOW-MID'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ê&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ä&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 25.6pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''LOW'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;â&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|- style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 30.55pt&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 73.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;98&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''OPEN'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;å&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 36.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 30.55pt&quot; width=&quot;49&quot; |
&lt;center&gt;'''&lt;font face=&quot;&amp;quot;TITUS Cyberbit Basic&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;ô&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;''''''&lt;font size=&quot;24.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
|}

''(Author's Note: I'm aware that my tables look like ass, but there's not much I can do about it now. I have no experience in advanced wiki coding and had to test several different html-to-wiki conversion algorithms before I got something even remotely readable. I'll try to hand edit it later.)''


[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Alphabet in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51133</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T05:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==The Alphabet==
{|-
| A, a|| a || a, can be ə in an unstressed position
|-
| B, b || bi || b
|-
| C, c || ci || k in most positions, ʧ before e and i
|-
| D, d || di || d
|-
| E, e || e || ɛ, can be ə in an unstressed position
|-
| F, f || fi || v, silent as a final letter
|-
| G, g || gi || g in most positions, ʤ before e and i
|-
| H, h || ach || h, very lightly pronounced, if at all
|-
| I, i || i || i
|-
| K, k || ka || k
|-
| L, l || el || l
|-
| M, m || em || m
|-
| N, n || en || n
|-
| O, o || o || ɔ
|-
| P, p || pi || p
|-
| R, r || er || r
|-
| S, s || es || s, or z between vowels
|-
| T, t || ti || t
|-
| U, u || u || u, in some words may be ɨ
|-
| W, w || dubl u || w when used as a consonant, u when used as a vowel
|-
| Y, y || i greg || i
|}

==Combined Letters==

{|
| ae || aɪ or a:
|-
| ai || aɪ
|-
| aw || aʊ
|-
| ei || ɛɪ
|-
| ew || ɛʊ
|-
| iw, yw || iʊ
|-
| oe || ɔɪ or ɔ:
|-
| oi || ɔɪ
|-
| ui || uɪ
|-
| ch || x
|-
| ċ || ʧ, used as a word-final sound
|-
| dd || ð
|-
| ff || f
|-
| gh || g
|-
| ġ || ʤ, written as a word-final sound
|-
| ll || ɬ
|-
| ph || f
|-
| rh || rʰ
|-
| sc || sk, ʃ before i and e
|-
| th || θ
|}

The letters ''j, q, v, x'', and ''z'' are used in foreign words that have been borrowed into the language, especially modern words that have not been adapted to the Brithenig orthography.  They are not included in the traditional alphabet.

Certain phrases are treated as diphthongs also.  '''Sa es''', ''she is, there is, there are''&lt;/em&gt; is pronounced as `saes'.  '''A es''' and '''O es''' are treated similarly.  In the standard dialect of Brithenig, where 'ae' and 'oe' are pronounced as long vowels, instead of diphthongs, these phrases can be contracted to '''sa's''', '''a's''' and '''o's'''.  When it becomes necessary to prevent two sounds from eliding, to avoid confusion or loss of sound or meaning, the ending ''-dd'' is added to a word: '''ys a-dd abrob''', ''he has nearly...''

The letter 'y' at the beginning of a word is often unstressed and when preceded by a word ending in a vowel it often elides.

Some monosyllabic words end with a consonant cluster with r or l as the last letter.  It is the case here that the last letter is pronounced as
if the vowel in the word is repeated before it.  '''Llifr''', ''book'', is pronounced as 'llifir'.  Sometimes it is spelled this way.  With longer words `r' in this position is silent.

Stress in Brithenig is placed on the ultimate, or last syllable.

Brithenig sometimes accents words with a circumflex, called a '''teithith''', or ''little roof''.  Although the accent is always pronounced as 'long', more often than not it appears to be purely grammatical, for example, '''la''' and '''lâ'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mutations in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58770</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T20:54:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Table of Mutations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">These are very important in Brithenig.  There are three initial mutations in Brithenig: soft mutation, spirant mutation, and nasal mutation.  

Soft mutation is the most common and is used initially with feminine nouns, adjectives and verbs, changes in sentence order or after an
adverb, and the prepositions '''di''', of, from, and '''gwo''', under, beneath.  

Spirant mutation marks nouns, adjectives and verbs as plural, it is also used with the prepositions &lt;strong&gt;tra&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;em&gt;through&lt;/em&gt;, and '''a''', to, at, and the conjunction '''mai''', but.  The infinitive of a verb is speech normally undergoes spirant mutation, unless the
preceding verb was an auxiliary verb.  

Nasal mutation is used with the negative adverb &lt;strong&gt;rhen&lt;/strong&gt; to mark verbs as negative, it is also used with the preposition '''in''', in, into and '''cun''', with.  In Brithenig the mutations are called '''cluinediwn''', declensions, and are described as '''moillad''', softened; '''solwed''', loosened; and '''naral''', nasal.

==Table of Mutations==
{|
| radical || Soft || Spirant || Nasal
|-
| p || b || ph || mh
|-
| t || d || th || nh
|-
| c || g || ch || ngh
|-
| b || f || f || m
|-
| d || dd || dd || n
|-
| g || 0 || 0 || ng
|-
| m || f || f || n/a
|-
| ll || l || l || n/a
|-
| rh || r || r || n/a
|}

Hard 'g' always becomes silent when it is softened.  If the 'g' is an afficative, pronounced like the 'j' in jam, as before the vowels 'i'
and 'e', then the 'g' is not softened.  Likewise 'c' before a front vowel becomes 'g', with the j-pronunciation when it is softened.  'C'
before 'i' or 'e' does not undergo spirant mutation, but may soften in those circumstances.

What causes mutations?  Mutations are caused by the loss of sounds at
the end of preceding words.  A word ending in a vowel, such as the -a
ending of feminine article, noun, or adjective causes the next word to
soften.  For the most part these vowels have been lost, except in a few
one-syllabled words, such as pronouns, articles and prepositions.  (Note
that the Romance masculine ending -o had been lost before this softening
started to take place.)  Spirant mutations are caused by an original
-s on the end of words that became -h before it vanished but still
affects following words.

The exception to this rule is the preposition
'''a''' from latin `ad', where the final -d became
assimilated in sound with the consonant following it, and then the
cluster underwent spirant mutation.  In the modern language this rule has become irregular and dropped.  Before a vowel the
preposition '''a''' and the conjunction '''e''' are more likely to add the ending '''-dd''',
becoming '''a-dd''' and '''e-dd'''.

Nasal mutation is caused by nasal
consonant ending the preposition, or the lost negative participle `non'.
Even though the -n or -m is still written, it is pronounced the same as
the nasal mutation following it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nouns in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>50978</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-08T07:02:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">here are two genders in Brithenig: masculine and feminine. All nouns in Brithenig are recognised as being of one gender or the other. The gender of a noun is indicated by the form of the definite article which precedes it:  '''ill''' (masculine); '''lla''' (feminine).

In some dialects the articles, including the plural form, '''llo''' are pronounced as if they were written as L instead of LL. While this is not discouraged, it is regarded by native speakers as a foreign or colonial feature and not an indigenous feature. Some dialects, notably the Kernow dialect found in the southern provinces of Cambria, do not have this sound at all.

The masculine article elides with prepositions that end with a consonant:

'''a''' 'to, at' + '''ill''' -&gt; a'll

'''di''' 'of, from' + '''ill''' -&gt; '''di'll'''

'''gwo''' 'under, below, beneath' + ill -&gt; '''gwo'll'''

Four features distinguish feminine nouns from masculine nouns:

1. The initial consonant of the noun undergoes mutation after the feminine article, or after a possessive pronoun. The following prepositions are known to cause softening:

'''di''', of, from

'''gwo''', under, below, beneath

The conjunctions '''e''', 'and', and '''o''', 'or' both cause softening to following nouns

Before these parts of speech, LL and RH do not do so before the article.

The definite articles are exceptional and do not mutate.

The prepositions '''tra''', through and '''a''', to, at cause spirant mutation rather than softening.

Prepositions are pronounced in spoken Brithenig as though they were softened, although the written language does not reflect this:

'''di''' is pronounced as ''ddi''

'''gwo''' is pronounced as ''wo''

'''tra''' is pronounced as ''dra''

2. Adjectives following a feminine noun always undergo soft mutation.

3. The demonstrative pronoun 'that' is '''o''' for masculine nouns and '''a''' for feminine nouns. The demonstrative pronoun '''yst''', `this', is the same for nouns of both genders. The plural forms are '''llo h-o''' and '''llo h-a''' for 'those' and '''llo h-yst''' for 'these'

'''O''' and '''a''' are not used as articles before nouns in modern Brithenig. For that the adverbs '''ci''', `here', and '''llâ''', `there', are added to the definate noun phrase. For example, `this man' and `that man' become '''ill of ci''' and '''ill hof llâ'''.

4. Feminine nouns are referred to as '''sa''', `she', masculine nouns as '''ys''', `he'.


In Brithenig the plural ending has become silent and is no longer written. To indicate when a noun is plural the article changes from '''ill''' and '''lla''' to the plural form, '''llo'''. The plural article also causes spirant mutation:

'''ill of''' 'the man' -&gt; '''llo h-ôn''' 'the men'

'''ill of''' and '''llo h-ôn''' is one of the few cases in Brithenig where the singular and plural forms of the same noun are different.

'''lla gas''' `the house' -&gt; '''llo chas''' 'the houses'

Among some speakers it seems that '''llo''' is loosing is definite quality and it is interpreted only as a plural marker. How, or if, they mark the definite plural noun has not been recorded.

Plural nouns after possessive pronouns also take the spirant mutation.

'''gwstr gas''', your house

'''gwstr chas''', your houses

'''llo wstr chas''', your houses, is also common and grammatically acceptable.

Some words have special plurals created by changing from masculine to feminine gender:

'''ill bordd''', hut, '''lla fordd''', huts

'''ill busc''', wood, '''lla fusc''', woods

'''ill breich''', arm, '''lla ddewfreich''', arms

'''ill cil''', eyebrow, '''lla ddewchil''', eyebrows

'''ill corn''', horn, '''lla ddewchorn''', horns

'''ill ew''', egg, '''lla ew''', eggs

'''ill genygl''', knee, '''lla ddewgenygl,''' knees

'''ill llafr''', lip, '''lla dewllafr''', lips

'''ill os''', bone, '''lla os''', bones

'''ill rham''', branch, '''lla rham''', branches

Many of these have a collective meaning, '''lla dewfreich''', a pair of arms joined to a body, contrasted to '''llo freich''', arms in a general sense. This is often reinforced in natural pairs by adding dew, two, as a prefix: '''yn ddewfreich''', a pair of arms.

The indefinite singular article is '''yn''', which also means `one'. It also causes initial consonants to mutate on feminine nouns. The indefinite plural article is the preposition '''di''' combined with the definite article: '''di llo h-ôn''', some men. In the spoken language it is contracted and pronounced as '''dd'lo'''. The same happens with feminine plurals: '''dd'la'''.

(The creator of Brithenig thinks this is an ugly feature and doesn't use it. Any student of the language is free to make their own choice - Andrew.)

Common nouns must always have an article. A notable exception is a genitive construction that alternatives with the use of '''di''' as possessive marker in Brithenig. Normally the only way to say 'the man's house' in Romance languages is to rearange it to mean 'the house of the man', '''lla gas di'll of'''. But there is an alternative form called the genitive construction. The preposition '''di''' is omitted along with the definate article of the possessed object. The possessed object comes first, followed by the possessor:
'''cas ill of''', 'the man's house, the house of the man'

'''cas yn of''', 'a man's house, the house of a man'

In this case the possessed object is always understood as being definate, it cannot be understood as `a house of . . .' It is not uncommon in poetic literature, but can also be translated as '''lla gas di'll of''', or '''lla gas d'yn of'''. It is often avoided when the possessed object is plural to avoid confusion, as there is no way to indicate plurality other than context.

Many words expressing unspecified quantities, such as '''asset''', 'enough'; '''mullt''', 'many'; '''tan''', 'too much'; are also followed by '''di'''.

Brithenig has three suffixes which are used on nouns, two diminutives and one augmentative. '''-ith''' is the usual diminutive, '''teithith''', little roof, circumflex, '''-in''' implies affection, '''Tomin''', `Tommy'. It is also used on collective nouns, '''plenhin''', child, from '''plant''', children. The augmentative is '''-un''', '''ofun''', big man. Treat them as very productive.

Brithenig has cases of i-mutation in its history, which cause A to become E, and U to become Y. These cases are distinct from the normal letters E and I because they do not cause C and G to become the soft affricate sounds of 'tch' and 'j'. Technically the diminutive suffixes cause these vowels to change, but it is not strictly adhered to in spoken Brithenig.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Rami</title>
    <id>7134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55578</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-16T23:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Rami|pronounce=/ɾɑ̀mí/|tu=Nother|species=[[Races of Nother|rami]]&lt;br&gt;/ɾɑ̀mjó/|in=''passim''|no=[no data]|script=[[../Rami alphabet/]]|tree=''[[../innate language|innate languages]]''&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;'''Rami'''|morph=Fusional|ms=[no data]|wo=[no data]|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User talk:Muke|✎]]|date=at latest 2000}}

'''Rami''' (also known as '''Ramyo''' or '''Daimyo''') is a language of [[Nother]].

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} ||  || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Fricative || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɮ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɫ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɻʷ}} || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Vowels===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front || &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || {{IPA|ø}} || || {{IPA|ɤ̃}} || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || ||  || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
===Accent===
Rami is a mora-timed language.

Each vowel mora has either high pitch or low pitch.  The pitch accent is chiefly lexical, roots generally and affixes often having their own pitch or pitch contour, but many affixes are pitchless on their own.  The rules by which a vowel without its own lexical pitch is associated with high or low pitch have not yet been described.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Genitive</title>
    <id>7135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51009</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T16:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>catzd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''genitive case''' is a [[grammatical case]] that most typically indicates [[possession]] and is marked on the possessor. It is the opposite of the [[construct case]], which is marked on the possessed.

==Syntactical properties==
Whether genitives precede or succede the governing noun, tends to correlate with whether a language features [[preposition]]s or [[postposition]]s. This is connected with the tendency of adpositions to [[Diachronic syntax|derive from]] genitive constructions by reduction of the head noun. ([[Linguistic universal]]s [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=1 #1], [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=2 #2])

In languages with OV [[word order]], especially those that are SOV and lack [[adverb]]s as a distinct part-of-speech, the ordering ''genitive -  noun'' furthermore correlates with the ordering ''adjective - noun''. ([[Linguistic universal]]s [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=5 #5], [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=65 #65], [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=1346 #1342])

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vocative</title>
    <id>7136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51010</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T16:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>catzd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''vocative case''' is a [[grammatical case]] that indicates the [[addressee]] of an utterance.

Vocative [[prefix]]es can arise from either a 1st person possessor or a 2nd person subject marker ([[Linguistic universal]] [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=4 #4]).

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tropylium/Temp</title>
    <id>7137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51004</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T15:09:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* For number */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==For [[grammatical case]]==

Only the [[nominative]] and [[absolutive]] cases (ie. those of the [[subject]]) are commonly found as [[zero-marked]] (either wholly or [[allomorph]]ically). ([[Linguistic universal]]s [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=6 #6], [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=1108 #1104])

==For [[number]]==

Number affixes tend to be closer to the stem than [[case]] affixes, whenever the two are distinct ([[Linguistic universal]]s [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=6 #6], [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=7 #7]).

==For [[word order]]==

Languages with verb-final word order (SOV, OSV) almost always have an overt [[case]] system ([[Linguistic universal]]s [http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=8 #8]).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Grammatical cases</title>
    <id>7138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51012</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-10T16:05:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bearboan</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [[grammatical case]].
[[Category:Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Markedness</title>
    <id>7139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51060</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-15T18:51:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Examples of markedness */ aw damn</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Markedness''' is a typological linguistic notion roughly equivalent to the &quot;typicality&quot; of a single feature. A language feature that is highly marked is atypical; one that is less marked is common (but, depending on the amount of possibilities, not necessarily overwhelmingly so). When the least marked choice in a set involves the ''absense'' of a feature, it is called '''unmarked'''.

Markedness can only be compared to other similar features; it does not make sense to ask, for example, which of [[contour tone]] and [[comitative case]] is the more marked, as one is a pattern of [[prosody]] (within the domain of [[phonology]]) and the other is a [[case]] (within the domain of [[morphology]]).

Markedness is also '''qualitative''': it can not be quantified, outside of the percentage of occurrence in a given sample of languages.

==Examples of markedness==
&quot;A &gt; B&quot; is used here to signify that A is more marked than B, while &quot;&gt;&gt;&quot; signifies &quot;very much more marked&quot;.
* [[Grammatical alignment]]
** Transitive &gt;&gt; tripartite &gt;&gt; ergative &gt; accusative
* [[Phonation]]:
** For [[obstruent]]s, voiced &gt; unvoiced
** For [[sonorant]]s, unvoiced &gt; voiced
** [[Aspiration|Aspirated]] &gt; unaspirated
** [[Glottalization|Glottalized]] fricative &gt; glottalized sonorant &gt; glottalized stop
* [[Place of articulation]]:
**[[Coronal consonant]]s are the least marked, together with [[glottal]]
**[[Uvular]] &gt; [[velar]]
**[[Palatalization|Palatalized]] &gt; unpalatalized (likewise for [[velarization]], [[labialization]], etc.)
**Labialized coronal &gt; labialized labial &gt;&gt; labialized velar
*[[Word order]]
** OS &gt; SO

[[Category:Linguistic typology]]
[[Category:Terminology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:DCliche</title>
    <id>7140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52513</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T01:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi. My name's Kenner Gordon. I live in North Dakota.

I created the following conlangs:
* [[Theadisch]]: a Latin-as-German [[bogolang]].
* Anglic: a Latin-as-English bogolang.
* Besiodo: a Proto-Germanic-as-Spanish bogolang.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Espanijo</title>
    <id>7141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51107</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T03:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Espanijo (pronounced {{IPA|/espanˈixo/}}) is a [[bogolang]] created by [[User:DCliche|Gendron Krone]]. Its source language is English and its target language is Spanish.

It is completely unrelated to [[Esperanto]].

Note: The table HTML below was generated with OpenOffice. That's why everything looks odd.

==Grand Master Plan==
===Stage 1===
&lt;TABLE WIDTH=100% BORDER=1 BORDERCOLOR=&quot;#000000&quot; CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Original&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Condition&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Result&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Examples&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;C&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;At
			the end of a noun or adjective&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Co&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;EXAMPLE
			&amp;gt; &lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#603;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;gz&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;aelig;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;mplo&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#633;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
			&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;r&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;ROCK
			&amp;gt; r&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#594;ko&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#618;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;i&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;SICK
			&amp;gt; siko&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#676;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;x&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;JOKE
			&amp;gt; xoko&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;aelig;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;a&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;CAT
			&amp;gt; kato&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#601;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;a&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;FUSION
			&amp;gt; fjuza&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;no&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#596;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;a&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;COUGHT
			&amp;gt; kat&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#594;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;a&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;COT
			&amp;gt; kato&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#593;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;
			&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;a&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;BAH
			&amp;gt; ba&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#603;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;e&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;EXAMPLE
			&amp;gt; &lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;gz&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;mplo&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;j&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Not
			beginning of word&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#654;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
			&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;CUTE
			&amp;gt; k&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#654;uto&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Any
			unstressed vowel adjacent to a stressed syllable&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Adjacent
			to r or l, s_t, b_t, k_m, k_p, k_t, d_k, f_k, m_k, m_n, m_t, n_k,
			n_t, p_t, s_k, s_n, t_k, t_n&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Disappears&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;ASSET
			&amp;gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;sto,&lt;/FONT&gt;
			TONIC &amp;gt; t&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;nko&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;bV,dV,gV
			(these Vs must not be final-syllable o)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;text-decoration: none&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;V_&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Disappears&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;DODO
			&amp;gt; do&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;p,t,k&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;V_V&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;beta;,&amp;eth;,&amp;#611;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;TAKEN
			&amp;gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt; tei&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#611;an&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;,o
			when stressed&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;je,we&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;BED
			&amp;gt; bwedo&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;sp&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;esp&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;SPEAR
			&amp;gt; espiro&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
&lt;/TABLE&gt;
===Stage 2===
&lt;TABLE WIDTH=100% BORDER=1 BORDERCOLOR=&quot;#000000&quot; CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;COL WIDTH=64*&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Original&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Condition&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Result&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;B&gt;Examples&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;C&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;At
			the end of a verb infinitive&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Cir&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;TO
			TALK &amp;gt; ta&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;kir&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;kt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;t&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;TO
			ACT &amp;gt; a&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;tir&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;pt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;p&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;APT
			&amp;gt; &lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;to&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;gn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;n&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;MAGNIFICENT
			&amp;gt; m&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;nifis&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;e&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;nto&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;mn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;n&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;DAMNATION
			&amp;gt; d&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;neis&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;a&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;no&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;mpt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;nt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;EMPTY
			&amp;gt; entio&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;p,b&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;End
			of syllable&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;w&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;AB
			&amp;gt; awo&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;v&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;LOVE
			&amp;gt; la&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;o&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;f&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;#_&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Disappears&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;TO
			FEEL &amp;gt; ilir&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;z&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;_#&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;s&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;CATS
			&amp;gt; ka&lt;FONT COLOR=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-style: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;SPAN STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&amp;eth;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;os&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;Stress
			switches to penultimate syllable&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
	&lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Times New Roman, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=3&gt;ʃ&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT STYLE=&quot;font-weight: normal&quot;&gt;x&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
		&lt;TD WIDTH=25%&gt;
			&lt;P ALIGN=LEFT&gt;SHOP &gt; xapo&lt;BR&gt;
			&lt;/P&gt;
		&lt;/TD&gt;
	&lt;/TR&gt;
&lt;/TABLE&gt;
Stress shifts to penultimate syllable</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kala names</title>
    <id>7142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54677</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-25T11:18:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Replaced content with '__NOTOC__'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Korsuk language</title>
    <id>7143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51095</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T17:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>1239yyj</username>
        <id>1354</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
|name=Korsuk
|pronounce=/ʁɒʁsəʁ/
|tu=Spoken in Jëa from 3000 to 1200 B.C.
|species=Human
|in=Korsuk
|no=extinct
|script=
|tree=Korsukan languages&lt;br&gt;--Korsuk-Mexnzal languages&lt;br&gt;----Korsuk-Vaxngtaj languages&lt;br&gt;------Korsuk-Tuteskujm languages&lt;br&gt;--------Korsuk language
|morph=Ergative-Agglutinative
|ms=
|wo=SOV
|creator=[[User:1239yyj]]
|date=2009
}}

'''Korsuk language'''(Native name:ğoğsəğ /ʁɒʁsəʁ/) was a Korsukan language spoken in the heart of the Ağogoğ valley, near the ancient cities of Pagiğ and Ağantuğ.

==Phonology==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Vowels
|-
!  !! Front !! Central !! Near-back !!  Back
|-
! Close
| i · y || ɨ · ʉ || || u
|-
! Near-close
| || || ʊ
|-
! Close-mid
| e · ø || || || ɤ · o
|-
! Mid
| || ə
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ || || || ʌ · ɔ
|-
! Near-open
| æ || ɐ
|-
! Open
| a || || || ɑ · ɒ
|}
*Diphthongs: /ɤɨ/ /æɨ/ /æʊ/ /əi/ /əʊ/ /ɛɨ/ /ɛu/ /ei/ /eu/ /ʉa/ /ʉə/ /ʉi/ /ʊi/ /ʌi/ /ʌɨ/ /yi/ /ɑʊ/ /ɑɨ/ /ɐɨ/ /ɐi/ /ɐʊ/ /ɔɨ/ /ɔi/  /ɐɤɨ/ /æəi/

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Consonants
|-
!  !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Post-Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Pharyngeal !! Epiglottal !! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| m || ɱ || n̪ || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ || ɴ
|-
! Plosives
| p · b || p̪ · b̪ || t̪ · d̪ || t · d || || ʈ · ɖ || c · ɟ || k · g || q · ɢ || || ʡ || ʔ
|-
! Implosives 
| ɓ || || || ɗ || || || ʄ || ɠ || ʛ
|-
! Fricatives
| ɸ · β || f · v || θ · ð || s · z || ʃ · ʒ || ʂ · ʐ || ç · ʝ || x · ɣ || χ · ʁ || ħ · ʕ || ʜ · ʢ || h · ɦ
|-
! Affricates
| || p̪͡f || || t͡s	· d͡z || t͡ʃ	· d͡ʒ || ʈ͡ʂ	· ɖ͡ʐ
|-
! Approximants
| w || ʋ || ||  ||
|-

! Tap or Flap
|  || || 
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Telephone System of the MR</title>
    <id>7144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51087</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-16T19:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Deleted.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Telephone System in the MR</title>
    <id>7145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51313</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-06T15:19:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*In 1952 a telephone system was established in the Monastic Republic.  Residences and businesses were joined to the system using underground cables so as not to mar the scenery.  A cable was laid from Prosforion to Amoulián to connect the island to the system.  Cables were laid from Prosforion to Dafni and the monasteries on the east coast to connect the Holy Mountain to the system and from Aktí to the monasteries on the west coast.  By the end of 1954, every residence and business in the Monastic Republic, including the monasteries, had a telephone.

*As the technology developed, the Monastic Republic was not slow in adopting the innovations to the MR’s system.  However, there has not been a great demand for cell phones.  They are used mainly by police and emergency personnel.  A phone tower has been erected on a hill outside of Prosforion which is not on the Holy Mountain.  Cell phones will not function on the Holy Mountain, since there is no tower coverage.

*Because of the small population, it has not been necessary to use telephone numbers greater than five digits.
**The exchange for Prosforion is PR (77).  It is sufficient to have resident and business telephone numbers from 001 to 999.
**The exchange for Aktí is AK (25).  It is sufficient to have resident and business telephone numbers from 001 to 999.
**The exchange for Amoulián is AM (26).  It is sufficient to have resident and business telephone numbers from 001 to 999.
** The exchange for government offices is KU (58) ('''κυ'''βέρνις, government).  It is sufficient to have government telephone numbers from 001 to 999.
**The exchange for the Holy Mountain is AO (26) ('''Ά'''γιος '''Ό'''ρος, Holy Mountain).
***The monastery telephone numbers go from 001 for St. Athanasius to 020 for St. Thomas in their order of precedence.  Each monastery has but one telephone which is in the office of the hegumen or abbot.
**It is only necessary to dial the last three digits for a call made within an exchange.
**The emergency telephone number is 111.  The 111 emergency service has its office in the hospital.

*There are telephone boxes placed throughout the demes.  The numbers 980 through 999 are reserved for them.  They are identical to the English boxes.  They are painted red, but the door and the window lattices are painted yellow.  And of course, the word ‘’τιλέφων’’ instead of ‘’telephone’’ is printed above.

*The international telephone code for the Monastic Republic is 386.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pronouns in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51091</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T08:21:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Pronouns have separate subject and object forms:  ''eo'', I; ''mi'', me  ''ty'', you; ''ti'', you  ''ys'', he; ''llo'', him  ''sa'', she; ''lla'', her  ''nu'', we; ''nu'', us  ''…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pronouns have separate subject and object forms:

''eo'', I; ''mi'', me

''ty'', you; ''ti'', you

''ys'', he; ''llo'', him

''sa'', she; ''lla'', her

''nu'', we; ''nu'', us

''gw'', you; ''gw'', you

''ys'', they; ''llo'', them

''sa'', they; ''lla'', them

Brithenig has two ways of saying you: ''ty'', 'thou', and ''gw'', 'you'. ''Ty'' is singular and used for addressing people that the speaker is familiar with, such as an immediate family member, a close friend, a child, an animal, or god. ''Gw'' is used as a singular when speaking to a stranger or a less familiar or more formal acquaintance. It is also used to address more than one person no matter the familiarity. Pronouns are subject to consonant mutation in the same way other words are. If ''ty'' or ''ti'' is mutated it is always written as ''dy'' to avoid confusion with the preposition ''di'', which has a different pronounciation. ''Fi'', the mutated form of mi, becomes '''i'' in the spoken language, especially after consonants.

''Sa'' is used to mean 'they' when 'they' is exclusively feminine. For 'it' use the form appropriate to the gender of the noun. The impersonal pronoun 'it' is always ''sa'': ''Sa es fel eidd'', It is nice today.

There is a third person reflexive pronoun ''si'', 'himself, themselves (etc.)'; it is used as the object case with the indefinite subject, ''yno'', 'one', 'people', 'they', derived from ''yn of'', a man.

The direct object form of the pronoun have the option of coming before or after a simple verb, but with a compound tense or an infinitive used in the sentence, it can only come after the past participle or the infinitive, to which it may be hyphenated.

''Mi, ti'' and ''si'' also have special disjunctive forms ''mui'' or ''fui'', ''tui'' or ''dui'' or ''thui'', and ''sui''. These are used after prepositions, after the conjunction ''ca'', than, or when a sentence uses two pronouns as objects:
''Eo widdef tui e llo in ill castr'', I saw you and him in town
The disjunctive pronouns can also be emphatic, repeating the object pronoun:
''Eo dy af tui'', I love you!.

Unlike English, subject pronouns and nouns always go in the order of first person (I, we), second person, (you), and third person (he, she, it, they). The verbusually agrees in number with the nearest subject:
''Eo e Badrig gwa a'll castr'', Patrick and I are going to town.

Similar is the use of the third person dative pronoun ''lle'' in place of ''llo'' or ''lla'' after a preposition. By itself it means 'to him, her, it, them' and can come before the simple verb or after it like a direct object pronoun, but with a preposition it can only come after the verb. Possessive pronouns precede the noun. Feminine singular nouns take the soft mutation after possessive pronouns, and plural nouns take the spirant mutation, masculine singular nouns do not mutate after possessive pronouns:

''mew'', 'my'

''tew'', 'your'

''sew'', 'his, her, its'

''nustr'', 'our'

''gwstr'', 'your'

''sew'', 'their'

''Sew'' may refer to 'his, her, its or their'. To avoid ambiguity the phrase can be followed with the preposition ''di'' and ''llo'', ''lla'' to clarify the meaning. With other pronouns this is used to be an emphatic construction:

''mew gas'', my house
''mew gas di fui'', MY house

The forms 'mine, yours, his (etc)' are translated into Brithenig as ''ill mew, lla/llo few'' (etc).

''Llo'', ''lla'' do not mutate, but other pronouns do. The indirect object is often written with a prepostion such as ''a'', to where the mutated forms are used: ''Ys dun yn llifr a fui'', He gives me (to me) a book.

This is the usual order in Brithenig.

Brithenig has one case of personal prepositions which are derived from ''cun-'', with:

''cumeg'', with me

''cunusc'', with us

''cunheg'', with you

''cungwsc'', with you

''cunseg'', with him, her, them, it</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adjectives in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51093</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T08:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>space out list</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender and number. Plural adjectives take the spirant mutation to agree with plural nouns. Feminine adjectives take the soft mutation when following feminine nouns.

Adjectives tend to follow the noun. Only the adjectives ''bon,'' good, and ''mal,'' bad, can be used without any uncertainty before a noun.

When an adjective precedes a noun it has a figurative rather than a literal meaning. This effects only a couple of adjectives: ''pobr,'' poor, has the meaning of `destitute' after the noun, but `unfortunate' when it comes before the noun. Likewise with ''gran,'' big, large, when it precedes the noun it means importance, not size:

''Yn gran of'' a great man
''Yn of gran'' a big man
''Yn gran ddiwrn'' a great day

Note that the initial consonant undergoes softening after a preceding adjective.

''Sul'' can come before or after the noun with a difference in meanings. After the noun it means 'lonely', ''yn blenhin sul'', a lonely child. Before a noun, it means 'only', ''yn sul blenhin'', `an only child'.

Brithenig can use an adjective as a noun by putting an article in front of it. It then refers to an object that has that quality: ''ill rhys'', the red one; ''llo phog'', the little ones.

For a comparative of an adjective, Brithenig puts the words ''ply,'' more and ''min,'' less before an adjective, with the spirant mutation of the initial consonant of the following adjective. 'Than' is translated as ''ca'': ''ply h-allt ca yn gas'', taller than a house.

The superlative is formed by putting the definate article suitable for the gender of the noun before the comparative adjective: ''ill ply h-allt'', the tallest. When a noun is qualified, the definate article goes in front of the noun, replacing ''yn'': ''lla gas bly h-allt'', the tallest house. It is omitted if the noun is proceeded by a possessive pronoun:

''ill llifr ci es sew ober feilwr di llo'' this book is his best work

''mew ffradr maer'' my older/oldest brother

Following a superlative the preposition ''di'' is used:

''ill tyr ci es ill ply hallt di lla giwdad'' this tower is the tallest in the city

If this is getting too complicated then the suffix ''-isaf,'' very can replace the superlative sometimes:
''
lla giwdad ci es felisaf'' this city is very beautiful

Certain adjectives are irregular:

''bon'' good ''myliwr'' better

''mal'' bad ''puir'' worse

''gran'' big ''maer'' bigger

''pog'' little ''min'' less

''mal'' badly ''pui'' worse (adverb)

''ben'' well ''myl'' better (adverb)

The superlative form of these adjectives is the comparative form with the definate article, as per usual.

Most adverbs are derived from adjectives by adding the ending -fent. In spoken Brithenig this is usually pronounced `fen' but the t is still written:

''bel,'' beautiful -&gt; ''belfent,'' beautifully.

Adverbs cause soft mutation on following words.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Espanixo</title>
    <id>7148</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51106</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T03:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Espanixo]] to [[Espanijo]]:&amp;#32;Name of language changed due to changes in Grand Master Plan</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Espanijo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Verbs in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58771</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T21:01:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Conditional forms of esser and afer added</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Brithenig verb conjugations are supported by [Verbix|http://wiki.verbix.com/Languages/Brithenig]

Verb endings change for person, number and tense. The infinitive is indicated with endings -ar, -er, -ir. The -r is usually left unpronounced. Brithenig verbs are divided into three conjugations according to which infinitive ending the verb takes:

''Canhar'' to sing

''Perdder'' to lose

''Dorfir'' to sleep

In a sentence the infinitive is mutated more often than not due to the preposition ''a'' before the verb. The preposition is then dropped but the mutation is preserved. With auxiliaries the infinitive is unmutated. It is the unmutated form that is recorded in the lexicon. It used with other prepositions where English prefers to use '-ing':

''Eo wa per yn turn inawant gweddir a'll lleith'', I go for a walk before going to bed

''Dibos rher-mi eo bran'', After getting up I have breakfast

It is also used to replace the past tense:

''Eo fi ref a ffôner-lla'', I got up and phoned her

The preposition ''subr'', on, is translated as 'about to' before the infinitive:

''Eo er subr ffôner-gw'', I was about to phone you. 

The present indicative describes an action happening at the present time:

{|
|eo gant || eo berdd || eo ddorf
|-
| ty gant || ty berdd || ty ddorf
|-
| ys cant || ys perdd || ys dorf
|-
| sa gant || sa berdd || sa ddorf
|-
| nu chanhan || nu pherdden || nu ddorfen
|-
| gw chanhath || gw pherddeth ||  gw ddorfith
|-
| ys/sa chanhant || ys/sa pherddent || ys/sa ddorfent
|}

Brithenig distinguishes different endings to go with each person and and number. The singular forms are unmarked, ''-n'' goes with ''nu'', ''-nt'' goes with ''ys'' and ''sa'' when they are plural, and ''-th'' goes with ''gw''. The '-t' on the third person plural ending is silent, in the spoken language there is no difference between this and the ending of the first person plural verb. Also the initial consonant undergoes soft mutation in the singular verb (except after ''ys'') or spirant mutation in the plural verb. Just as standard English always indicates the third person singular with the ending -s (he carries), so these endings must also always be used in Brithenig. If an object pronoun is inserted before the verb, then the verb always undergoes mutation, soft before a singular pronoun, spirant before a plural pronoun.

A verb is reflexive when when its subject and object are the same person: ''eo fi law'', I wash (myself); in Brithenig the object is not omitted.

''Llawarsi,'' to wash oneself:

{| 
|eo fi law || nu nu lawan
|-
| ty dy law || gw 'w lawath
|-
| ys/sa si law || ys/sa si lawant
|}

In speech the first 'w' on ''gw 'w'' loses it vocalic quality and the combination is pronounced /gwu/.

Sometimes 'myself', etc are used for emphasis and not as the object of a reflexive verb. In such cases it is translated as ''medissif'':

''Eo fedissif widd llo char'', I see the cars myself.

Brithenig makes the present participle by replacing the infinitive ending with ''-n'':

''canhan'' singing

''perdden'' losing

''dorfin'' sleeping

It forms a progressive tense with the verb ''ystar'', 'to stand':

''Eo yst canhan'': I am singing

''Ys ystafant dorfin'': they were sleeping

The present participle can also be an adjective:

''ill of dorfin'', the sleeping man

''Lla ffuin ganhan'', the singing woman

The Latin gerund ending in ''-nt'', still exists in a handful of words in Brithenig that are used as adjectives and nouns, such as ''afent'', wealthy, and ''president'', president. But the survival of these is an historic feature and not a productive one, in Brithenig the present participle has taken over the role of the gerund. 

The past participle has the ending ''-d'':

''canhad'' sung

''perdded'' lost

''dorfid'' slept

Some past participles are irregular:

''ffaeth'', done, made, from ''ffâr'', to do, to make;

''dith'', said, from ''dîr'', to say;

''yscrith'', written, from ''yscrifer'', to write;

''duith'', led, from ''dûr'', to lead;

''gwist'', seen, from ''gwidder'', to see;

''rhuth'', broken, from ''rhumher'', to break;

''clos'', closed from ''clodder'', to close;

''morth'', dead from morir, to die.

The forms of the imperfect are:

{|
| eo ganhaf || eo berddef || eo ddorfif
|-
| ty ganhaf || ty berddef || ty ddorfif
|-
| ys canhaf || ys perddef || ys dorfif
|-
|| sa ganhaf || sa berddef || sa ddorfif
|-
| nu chanafan || nu pherddefan || nu ddorfifan
|-
| gw chanafath || gw pherddefath || gw ddorfifath
|- 
| ys/sa chanafant || ys/sa pherddefant || ys/sa ddorfifant
|}
   
The imperfect is used to describe an action that happened in the past that is not concluded at this point due to it being an ongoing action, an interpreted action or an habitual action. So ''Eo ganhaf'' can be interpreted as either 'I sang', 'I was singing', or 'I used to sing'.

'I was singing' can also be translated as ''eo ystaf canhan''.

Remember that the final ''-f'' on the singular verb is silent.

The past definite describes a completed and unrepeatable action that happened in the past. Some verb endings have been lost and replaced with the imperfect, or with a compound past tense:

{|
|eo ganhaf || eo berddef || eo ddorfif
|- 
| ty ganhast || ty berddest || ty ddorfist
|- 
| ys canhaf || ys perddef || ys dorfif
|- 
| sa ganhaf || sa berddef || sa ddorfif
|-
| nu chanafan || nu pherddefan || nu ddorfifan
|- 
| gw chanhast || gw pherddest || gw ddorfist
|- 
| ys/sa channarent || ys/sa pherdderent || ys/sa ddorfirent
|}
   
The past definate is used particularly to describe an historical event; or in connection with a temporal adverb or adverbial phrase; or a `when' phrase; or a conclusive and final action.
 
There are a small number of verbs where the past definate is irregular, one such verb is ''dîr'', to say:

{|
| eo ddis || nu ddisen
|-
| ty ddisist || gw ddisist
|- 
| ys dis/sa ddis || ys/sa ddisirent
|}
   
Other irregular verbs are:
 
''Clos'' from ''clodder'', to close;

''Compruis'' from ''comprêner'', to understand;
 
''Cyrs'' from ''cyrrir'', to run;
 
''Duis'' from ''dûr'', to lead;

''Lleis'' from ''lleir'', to read;

''Mis'' from ''mither'', to send;

''Tens'' from ''tener'', to stretch.

The future tense is translated 'I will' or 'I shall'. It is formed by adding the endings ''-ai, -a, -a, -an, -ath, -ant'' to the infinitive. All Brithenig verbs use these endings in the future tense:

{|
| eo ganarai || eo berdderai || eo ddorfirai
|- 
| ty ganara || ty berddera || ty ddorfira
|- 
| ys canara || ys perddera || ys dorfira
|- 
| sa ganara || sa berddera || sa ddorfira
|- 
| nu chanaran || nu pherdderan || nu ddorfiran
|- 
| gw chanarath || gw pherdderath || gw ddorfirath
|- 
| ys/sa chanarant || ys/sa pherdderant || ys/sa ddorfirant
|}

For the immediate future tense Brithenig can use ''gweddir'', go, with the infinitive tense of the verb:

''Eo wa wenir cungwsc'', I am going to come with you.

The conditional tense translates to mean 'might', 'could', 'would' or 'should'. It is formed by adding a ''-ew'' ending to the infinitive: 

{|
| eo ganarew || eo berdderew || eo ddorfirew
|- 
| ty ganarew || ty berdderew || ty ddorfirew
|- 
| ys canarew || ys perdderew || ys dorfirew
|- 
| sa ganarew || sa berdderew || sa ddorfirew
|- 
| nu chanarewn || nu pherdderewn || nu ddorfirewn
|- 
| gw chanarewth || gw pherdderewth || gw ddorfirewth
|- 
| ys/sa chanarewnt || ys/sa pherdderewnt || ys/sa ddorfirewnt
|}

The conditional is used to indicate a future tense to a past action. It is used in indirect speech after a verb used to communicate ideas:

''Ys yscrifera yn garth'' He will write a letter

''Ys digef (ke) ys yscriferew yn garth'' He said that he would write a letter

The conditional tense is also used in a sentence after an 'if' clause:

''Se eo w h-er, eo ffagerew rhen'' If I were you, I would not do it.

''Se eo ai gwist-llo, eo afrew parolad a lle'' If I had seen him, I would have spoken to him.

If the second clause does not have the sense of an action not happening then another tense replaces the conditional:

''Se ys gwen eo barolarai a lle'' If he comes I will speak to him.

The conditional is also used in describing non-specific repetative action in the past:

''I llo ddiwrn llâ nu h-amblarewn sempr a'll castr'', In those days we would always walk into town, or, In those days we always used to walk into town.

The relative pronoun ''ke'', 'who, what, which, that' is often omitted in Brithenig, especially the spoken language. ''Ke'' is the most common form of the relative pronoun. The alternative ''ill cal'' is used to avoid ambiguity in a sentence. It is variable in gender and number and cannot be omitted. ''Ke'' is more often encountered in speech.

'Whose' can be translated by ''ke sew'' before the noun or by ''di'll cal'' after it. 'When' and 'where' are translated respectively as ''can'' and ''ill llog (ke)''.

Brithenig uses disjunctive pronouns in dependent clauses:

''Lla garth (k') eo yscrifef lla'', The letter that I wrote

''Lla ffuin (k') eo barolaf cunseg'', The woman that I spoke with

The subjunctive tenses are no longer productive in modern Brithenig. They only survive in proverbial phrases such as:
''
Can in Rhufein, ffâ si llo Rhufan ffeigant'', When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
 
There are two subjunctive tenses, past and present. The present tense is distinctive that it includes i-mutation in all three conjunctions, if only partially in the -ar conjunction. A, e, and o in the stem become ei, u becomes y, and aw, when it occurs, becomes ew; i is unaffected. The vowels in the ending also change, for -er and -ir verbs it becomes a, while for -ar verbs it becomes e.

{|
| eo gant || eo beirdd || eo ddeirf
|-
| ty gant || ty beirdd || ty ddeirf
|- 
| ys cant || ys peidd || ys deirf
|- 
| sa gant || sa beirdd || sa ddeirf
|- 
| nu cheinhen || nu pheirddan || nu ddeirfan
|- 
| gw cheinheth || gw pheirddath || gw ddeirfath
|- 
| ys/sa chanhent || ys/sa pheirddant || ys/sa ddeirfant
|}

The past subjunctive is simpler and is made by infixing -ss(e) between the normal stem and the ending:

{|
| eo ganhas || eo berddes || eo ddorfis
|- 
| ty ganhas || ty berddes || ty ddorfis
|- 
| ys canhas || ys perddes || ys dorfis
|- 
| sa ganhas || sa berddes || sa dorfis
|- 
| nu chanassen || nu pherddessen || nu ddorfissen
|- 
| gw chanasseth || gw pherddesseth || gw ddorfisseth
|- 
| ys/sa chanassent || ys/sa pherddessent || ys/sa ddorfissent
|}
   
Compound tenses are made with two new verbs, ''esser'', to be, and ''afer'', to have. They are irregular and do not conform to the three conjugations that have been given so far. Present tense:

{|
| eo su || nu sun || eo ai || nu hafen
|- 
| ty es || gw h-es || ty a || gw h-afeth
|- 
| ys/sa es || ys/sa sunt || ys/s' a || ys/sa h-ant
|}

Participles:

{|
| Present: || Past:
|- 
| essen || ystad (from ''ystar'', to stand)
|- 
| afen || afyd
|}
  
Imperfect:
{|
| eo er || nu h-eran || eo afef || nu h-afefan
|- 
| ty er || gw h-erath || ty afef || gw h-afefath
|-
| ys/sa er || ys/sa h-erant || ys/s' afef || ys/sa h-afefant
|}

Past Definite:
{|
| eo ffew || nu ffewn || eo afew || nu h-afewn
|- 
| ty ffewst || gw ffewth || ty afewst || gw h-afewth
|-
| ys/sa ffew || ys/sa ffewrent || ys/sa afew || ys/sa h-afewrent
|}

Future:
{|
| eo serai || nu seran || eo afrai || nu h-afran
|- 
| ty sera || gw serath || ty afra || nu h-afrath
|- 
| ys/sa sera || ys/sa serant || ys/sa afra || ys/sa h-afrant
|}

Conditional:
{|
| eo serew || nu serewn || eo afrew || nu h-afrewn
|-
| ty serew || gw serewth || eo afrew || gw h-afrewth
|-
| ys/sa serew || ys/sa serewnt || ys/sa afrew || ys/sa h-afrewnt
|}

Present Subjunctive:
{|
| eo sia || nu sian || eo ai || nu h-aian
|- 
| ty sia || gw siath || ty ai || gw h-aiath
|- 
| ys/sa sia || ys/sa siant || ys/sa ai || ys/sa h-aiant
|}

''Sia'' is pronounced as 'sha' in the present subjunctive of 'to be'.
 
Past Subjunctive:
{|
|-
| eo ffews || nu ffewssen || eo afews || nu h-afewssen
|- 
| ty ffews || gw ffewsseth || ty afews || gw h-afewsseth
|- 
| ys/sa ffews || ys/sa ffewssent || ys/sa afews || ys/sa h-afewssent
|}
  
''Gweddir'', to go is irregular in the present tense:

{|
| eo wa || nu wan
|- 
| ty wa || gw wath
|-
| ys gwa/sa wa || ys/sa want
|}

Otherwise the verb is regular and uses the longer stem.

The word for 'not' is ''rhen''. It comes after the verb phrase:

''eo su rhen'', I am not
 
With verbs beginning with p, t, c, b, d, g, the nasal mutation is used on all verbs beginning with these letters when they are followed by a negative adverb:

''Eo nghant rhen'', I do not sing.

''Gw mherddefan rhe''n, you did not lose.

''Ys norfira rhen'', he will not sleep.

Similar to rhen is ''nonc'', never. In questions 'ever' is translated as ''nonc'':
 
''E'gw ystad nonc ci inawant?'' Have you ever been here before?

''No, eo su ystad nonc ci inawant'', No, I have never been here before.

Rhen is also used before nouns, ''rhen llaeth'', `no milk'.

'There is' or 'there are' is ''sa es'':

''Sa es yn char'', There are some cars.

When an object follows a negative verb then the preposition ''di'' is inserted between the verb and the following noun. Literally this would be translated as 'none of':
 
''Sa es rhen di yn char'', There aren't any cars.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Questions in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51135</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T05:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Questions are formed by changing the word order of the subject and the verb:

''Gw pharolath Brithenig'', You speak Brithenig.

''Parola'gw Frithenig?'', Do you speak Brithenig

Note the change in sentence order causes softening to occur on following words. Also the -th ending on the verb has been elided. 

When the subject is a noun it remains before the verb but the equivilent pronoun is placed after the verb:

''Ill car es llâ'', the car is there
 
''Ill car es-ys llâ?'', is the car there?

Brithenig has a set of question words similar to English:

''Ki?'', who?
 
''Di ghi?'', whose?
 
''Ke?'', which?
 
''Ke gos?'', what?
 
''K'log?'', where?
 
''A g'log?'', to where?
 
''Di g'log''?, from where?
 
''Co?'', how, what kind of?
 
''Cant?'', how much, how many?
 
''Ke sig?'', how?
 
''Ke dem?'', when?
 
''Perch?'', why?
 
Question words come at the beginning of sentences, except for ''di ghi'':

''Ke gar es-o?'', Which car is that?
 
''Ill car di ghi es-o?'', Whose car is that?

''Co'' and ''ke'' replace the article and cause softening. Other question words which act adverbially cause following verbs to soften.

''Ke sig?'' is used with adjectives:

''Ke si wirdd er gwstr cum?'', How green was your valley?
 
In answering the word order is retained with the question word replaced:

''Ke gos es gwstr nôn? - Rhaifun eo aphell'', `What is your name? - I am called Ray'.
 
Brithenig speakers can put the interrogative tag ''es-sa rhen'', isn't it? at the end of sentences. The tense of the verb and the number and gender of the pronoun may change, but, unlike English, the negative ''rhen'' is not dropped:

''Gw h-aphellath Padrig, es-ys rhen?'',  Your name is Patrick, is it not?
 
''Ty fi nglafaf rhen, er-ty rhen?'', You didn't call me, did you?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Commands in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51137</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T05:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The most common form of making a command, that learners will encounter, is to add -th to the verb; ''Gwenith per yn turn'', Come for a walk. The familiar form of the command drops the ending along with the final vowel; ''Llaes mi sulfent'', Leave me alone.  Brithenig speakers use the familiar form of the command among themselves as a form of in-group solidarity.  The use of the formal command implies including outsiders (such as the Saxons or the Kerno)
 
Some imperative forms are irregular, being derived from a subjunctive tense which is no longer used in the spoken language:

''Esser'', to be, ''siath, sia'' (pronounced 'shath, sha')
 
''Gwoler'', to wish, ''gwolath, gwol''
 
''Afer'', to have, ''aiath, ai''
 
''Saber'', to know, ''seibath, seib''
 
Three verbs have very curt familiar forms:

''Dîr'', to say, ''digeth, dî''

''Dûr'', to lead, ''dugeth, dû''

''Ffâr'', to make, to do, ''ffageth, ffâ''

The replacement of a blunt imperative with ''ffâr'' is considered polite:

''Ffageth (a) wenir per yn turn'', Do come for a walk

''Ffagewth (a) wenir per yn turn'', Would you come for a walk

 
The verb ''calfar'', to stop, cease, is used to mean 'don't':
 
''Calfath (a) wedder'', Don't go.

''Calfath (a) weisar'', Never mind 

''Gwan'' from ''gweddir'', to go is used before another verb to mean 'let's'. On its own it means `let's go'.
 
And always say: ''Se ddeġ a'w'', Please; and ''Greid'', Thank you; and ''Sa es nyll'', You're welcome, it's nothing. Brithenig speakers value courtesy and these little words will help to keep a learner in good standing every time he or she uses them.

'Mr' is ''ill maistr'', 'Mrs, Miss' is ''lla faistres''. The article is omitted when addressing someone by name. ''Maistr'' and ''maistres'' are also used for sir and madam.  Usually in the vocative form with the consonant softened: ''Faistr'', Sir! Mister!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Numbers in Brithenig</title>
    <id>7152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51132</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T05:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '{| |1 || yn || 6 || sei || 11 || ynniġ || 16 || yn e chindiġ |-  | 2 || dew || 7 || seth || 12 || dewddiġ || 17 || dew e chinniġ |-  || 3 || trui || 8 || oeth || 13 || truidd…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|1 || yn || 6 || sei || 11 || ynniġ || 16 || yn e chindiġ
|- 
| 2 || dew || 7 || seth || 12 || dewddiġ || 17 || dew e chinniġ
|- 
|| 3 || trui || 8 || oeth || 13 || truiddiġ || 18 || dewnoe
|- 
| 4 || cathr || 9 || noe || 14 || cathorddiġ || 19 || cathr e chinniġ
|- 
| 5  || cinc || 10 || deġ || 15 || kinniġ || 20 || gweint
|- 
| 21 || yn e weint
|- 
| 30 || deġ e weint || 40 || dew weint
|- 
| 50 || deġ e ddew weint || 60 || trui weint
|- 
| 70 || deġ e thrui weint || 80 || cathr gweint
|- 
| 90 || deġ e chathr gweint || 100 || cent
|-
| 1000 || mil || 1000000 || milliwn
|- 
| 0 || sero, rhen || . || puith
|}

Numbers precede the noun being counted. ''Yn'' causes feminine nouns to soften; ''dew, trui and sei'' cause following nouns to undergo spirant mutation; other numbers come before nouns without causing mutation. When the noun following ''dew'' and ''trui'' is a feminine collective of a masculine noun (see above under nouns) then the noun undergoes soft mutation rather than spirant mutation.

Before a noun ''cinc, gweint'' and ''cent'' become ''cin, gwein'' and ''cen''. The noun being counted is always singular.

Big numbers are put before nouns in two different ways:

''yn of e chinniġ'', sixteen men
 
''yn e chinniġ di llo h-of'', sixteen (of the) men

Ordinal numbers exist for one to ten:
{|
| 1st || prif || 6th || seist
|- 
| 2nd || segun || 7th || sethif
|- 
| 3rd || terth || 8th || oethif
|- 
| 4th || carth || 9th || noef
|- 
| 5th || kint || 10th || degif
|}
   
In shorthand these are reduced to the number and the last two letters of the ordinal spelling.
 
'Once, twice, three times' are made with using the cardinal number with the noun gweġ: yn weġ, dew weġ, trui weġ, cathr gweġ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bogo-linguistics</title>
    <id>7153</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51150</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T22:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Bogolang]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bogolang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rudan</title>
    <id>7154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52866</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T22:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Colzie</username>
        <id>1355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christmas in the MR</title>
    <id>7155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51160</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-25T20:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Deleted.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C Christmas in the MR</title>
    <id>7156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54743</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T20:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Corrections.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day are national holidays in the Monastic Republic.  If Christmas falls on a Sunday, then the day after Christmas is also a national holiday.  Of course, the schools are closed until January 2nd.  The Christmas customs in the MR can be described as of Lebanese origin, of Greek origin, or of a communal nature.
*Home celebrations
**Lebanese
***About two weeks before Christmas, the people plant seeds of chickpeas, wheat grains, beans and lentils in cotton wool. The seeds are watered every day and by Christmas, they usually have shoots that are as high as six inches. These shoots are then used to surround the manger in the Nativity scenes. Although the figures in the scene can be beautiful works of art made from wood, ivory, stone, porcelain, etc., often times they are made simply from brown paper. A star is suspended over the scene of Christ's birth.  The Christmas tree has not been popularized in the Monastic Republic, partly because of the ban on harvesting trees and partly because the Nativity scene is felt to confer a blessing on the family.
***Christmas Eve is the last day of the Advent fast.  After a simple meal, the family open their presents.  Then most of the people go to bed to be ready for the midnight festivities.
***Those who are able attend midnight Mass, celebrated by the abbot of St. Maroun Monastery or his delegate.
***Christmas day is a day for visiting friends, both Lebanese and Greek.  Coffee, liqueurs (the Monastic Republic’s famous citrus-flavored and chestnut liqueurs) and sugared almonds are served to the guests.
***Mid-afternoon is the time for the festive Christmas meal.  Most often a family is gathered at the home of the eldest living member of the family, a grandparent or an eldest son.
***The traditional Christmas dishes are chicken, rice and ''kubbeh'', a delicacy prepared from crushed bulgur wheat mixed with chevon, onion, salt and pepper. Dessert is the traditional ''Bûche de Noël'', a French Christmas cake decorated to look like a yule log.
***If a child, boy or girl, has been born into the family during the season of Advent, a pudding called ''mughly'' is made. It is made of rice flour, caraway, sugar and other spices, put into small dishes, and topped with raisins and crushed nuts. This pudding is served to the family at the Christmas meal, as well as to visitors who come visiting during the morning visits.
***After dark on both Christmas Day and the Feast of the Epiphany, the family gathers around the Nativity scene to pray the rosary.
**Greek
***A period of fasting lasts from the First Sunday of Advent to Christmas Eve, when no meat, fish, eggs or dairy products are eaten.
***The main symbol of the season is a shallow wooden bowl with a piece of wire suspended across the rim.  From that hangs a sprig of basil wrapped around a wooden cross. A small amount of water is kept in the bowl to keep the basil alive and fresh. Once a day, a family member, usually the mother, dips the cross and basil into some holy water and uses it to sprinkle water in each room of the house. This ritual is believed to keep the &lt;font color=blue&gt;κιλαντζάρι&lt;/font&gt;, ''kilantzari'', (bad spirits) away. There are a number of beliefs connected with these spirits, which are a species of goblins who appear only during the twelve-day period from Christmas to the Epiphany (January 6).
***Mid-afternoon is the time for the festive Christmas meal.  Most often a family is gathered at the home of eldest living member of the family, a grandparent or an eldest son.
*** The main attraction of the meal is cabrito or chevon roasted in ovens or on spits. On the table are loaves of &lt;font color=blue&gt;χριςτοψώμ&lt;/font&gt;, ''christopsom'', (“Christ bread”). This bread is made in large sweet loaves of various shapes. The crusts are engraved and decorated in some way that reflects the family's profession(s). 
***On the day after Christmas, the children travel from house to house offering good wishes and singing &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸάλαντι&lt;/font&gt;, kalandi, the equivalent of Christmas carols, accompanying themselves with small metal triangles and little clay drums. Afterwards, the children are usually given sweets or coins in appreciation. Several times during the Christmas season, the children visit the hospital and the nursing home to sing &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸάλαντι&lt;/font&gt;.
***Gifts are exchanged on St. Basil's Day (January 1).  On this day the &quot;renewal of waters&quot; takes place, a ritual in which any containers of water in the house are emptied and refilled with fresh water, the new &quot;St. Basil's Water.&quot;
*Public celebrations
**There are no street light poles in the MR.  Each residence and business has a lamp attached to the front wall of the house/business.  From these decorated evergreen wreaths are hung on the First Sunday of Advent.  They are taken down after the Feast of the Epiphany.
**At midnight the bells of the two churches are rung for five minutes.
**After midnight Mass has ended, a large bonfire is lit in the public square, weather permitting.  Men from the demes, with the permission of the Holy Synod, have gone into the forest and gathered up the deadfall.  Each year the deadfall is taken from the land of a different monastery.  The Archimandrite is present to light the Christmas bonfire.  Since he cannot be at the bonfires of the three demes at one time, he delegates others to light two of the bonfires, he himself rotating his presence from year to year.
**After the bonfire is lit, there is singing and dancing.  Special dances called ''dabkeh'' are danced with the men and women, boys and girls holding hands in semi-circles and dancing to special music.  Those dancing wear special colorful clothes and head covers.
**After about two hours of singing and dancing and telling stories, dancers from the Mt. Athos Dance Troupe dance for the assembled people.
**When the dancers have finished the performance, the people go home to rest up for the activities of Christmas Day.
**Merry Christmas in Arabic: ''Mīlād Majīd'', ‘Glorious Birth.’
**Merry Christmas in Greek: &lt;font color=blue&gt;Καλά Χριστούγεννα&lt;/font&gt;, Kalá Christoúgenna, or, in Athonite: &lt;font color=blue&gt;Καλ Χριςτούγεν&lt;/font&gt;, Kal Christoúgen.
**Happy New Year in Greek: &lt;font color=blue&gt;Καλή Χρονιά&lt;/font&gt;, Kalí Chroniá, or, in Athonite: &lt;font color=blue&gt;Καλ Xρoνí&lt;/font&gt;, Kal Chroní.
**During the Christmas holiday, which lasts from December 24 until January 6, it is customary to wish &quot;&lt;font color=blue&gt;Χρόνια Πολλά&lt;/font&gt;, Chrónia Pollá (many years)&quot; to those you meet.  In Athonite that is &lt;font color=blue&gt;Πολ Χρόνι&lt;/font&gt;, Pol Chróni.  So, if you meet someone in the morning, the proper way to greet him is: &lt;font color=blue&gt;Καλιμέρ, Πολ Χρονί&lt;/font&gt;, Kalimér, Pol Chróni! (Good morning, many years). 
**Happy New Year in Arabic: ''Kul 'am wa ant-a (-um) bikhair''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trentish</title>
    <id>7157</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51162</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-26T02:16:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Trentish]] to [[Nother/Trentish]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Trentish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Âdlantki</title>
    <id>7158</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51170</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-27T04:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Âdlantki]] to [[Nother/Âdlantki]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Âdlantki]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Na’vi-Sprache</title>
    <id>7159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51185</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-30T10:50:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dampantingaya</username>
        <id>306</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed license glitch (original is CC-by-sa 3.0, so the copy must be too)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infomessage|Diese Seite ist eine Sicherungskopie des Wikipedia-Eintrags [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na’vi-Sprache Na’vi-Sprache], über dessen Löschung momentan diskutiert wird.

{{Template:Wikipedia-CC-by-sa-3.0}} [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na’vi-Sprache Na’vi-Sprache]
}} --20:44, 29 December 2009 (UTC) [[User:Dampantingaya|Dampantingaya]], [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0912e&amp;L=conlang&amp;P=2411 Referenz]

----


Die Na'vi Sprache wird von den Einwohnern des Planeten Pandora im Film [[Avatar – Aufbruch nach Pandora]] gesprochen. Sie wurde von dem Linguisten Dr. Paul Frommer für diesen Film erfunden.

==Aussprache==

Das Apostroph ' ist ein Stimmabsatz wie im Deutschen zwischen den zwei e des Wortes beeilen. Das y wird wie j gesprochen, und das ì ist so etwas wie ein kurzes i. Das w wird wie ein englisches w gesprochen, das v mehr wie ein deutsches w wie in Wasser.

Das z wird wie stimmhaftes s in Rose, und s wird stimmlos wie in Essen gesprochen.

Bei tx, kx, px wird der Anfangslaut mit viel Druck ausgesprochen, dann folgt eine kurze Pause und erst dann beginnt der Vokal mit einem Knacklaut. Das bedeutet, das x selber bezeichnet nur diese ejektive Aussprache, hat aber selber keinen Lautwert.

In manchen Fällen wird die Betonung durch einen Akzent über dem Vokal angezeigt (dies geht aber beim ä und beim ì nicht).

==Wichtige Ausdrücke==

&lt;pre&gt;
Hallo = kaltxì
Tschüss = kìyevame
Danke = irayo
Bitte = rutxe
&lt;/pre&gt;

==Persönliche Fürwörter==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Pronomen      !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
| [[ich/wir]]   || oe       || moe  || ayoe
|-
| [[wir alle]]  || -        || oeng || ayoeng
|-
| [[du/ihr]]    || nga      || -    || aynga
|-
| [[er/sie/es]] || po       || mefo || ayfo
|}

Singular ist die Einzahl, also oe=ich, nga=du, po=er/sie/es. 
Der Dual ist die Form für zwei, also moe=wir zwei, oeng=ich und du, mefo=sie beide. Der Plural steht für die Mehrzahl. Daneben soll es in Na'vi auch einen Trial geben, der für 3 Dinge oder Lebewesen derselben Art verwendet wird. Bei wir unterscheidet man, ob der Angesprochene mit eingeschlossen ist (in der Tabelle: wir alle), oder ob er nicht mit gemeint ist (in der Tabelle: ich/wir).

Feierliche/höfliche Formen:

Ich = ohe, du = ngenga

Besitzanzeigende Formen:

Sie werden aus der Pronomen mit der Endung yä für den Genitiv gebildet, z.B.

* mein = oeyä
* dein = ngeyä
* sein/ihr = peyä
* unser = ayoeyä
* euer = ayngayä
* ihr = ayfoyä

==Geschlecht==

* Männliche Endung = -an
* Weibliche Endung = -é (diese ist betont)

Beispiel:

* tsmúkan = Bruder
* tsmuké = Schwester

Das Pronomen der dritten Person (po) kann für er,sie,es verwendet werden. Nur wenn es betont werden soll, kann aber das Geschlecht mit einer zusätzlichen Endung angegeben werden:

* Er = poan = po + an (männlich)
* Sie = poé = po + é (weiblich)

==Mehrzahl==

* Vorsilbe me- wenn es sich um zwei handelt (Dual)
* Vorsilbe ay- bei vielen (Plural)

Beispiel:

* nari (Auge) -&gt; menari (zwei Augen), aynari (viele Augen)
* taronyu (Jäger) -&gt; metaronyu (zwei Jäger), aysaronyu (viele Jäger)

Bei Verwendung der Vorsilbe ay- ist zu beachten, dass sich der folgende Anfangslaut verändern kann. Dies nennt man Erweichung.

==Erweichung (Lenition)==

In Wörtern, die erweicht werden, kann die Mehrzahlkennzeichnung wegfallen.

tokx (Körper) -&gt; Mehrzahl = aysokx oder sokx

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Ursprünglich                                  !! Erweicht                               
|-
| [[px]]     || p
|-
| [[tx]]     || t
|-
| [[kx]]     || k
|-
| [[p]]      || f
|-
| [[ts]]     || s
|-
| [[t]]      || s
|-
| [[k]]      || h
|-
| [[']]      || -
|}

Die Erweichung kommt außer in der Mehrzahl von Hauptwörtern auch nach bestimmten Präpositionen wie mì (in) vor.

==Fälle==

* Akkusativ (wen) = -ti
* Ergativ (wer) = -l, für den Urheber in Sätzen, in denen auch ein Objekt vorkommt
* Der Urheber in Sätzen ohne Objekt wird nicht extra gekennzeichnet.

Beispiel:
&lt;pre&gt;
Oe-l nga-ti kame.
ich-Erg du-Akk sehen.
Ich sehe dich.
&lt;/pre&gt;

* Genitiv (wessen) = -yä
* Dativ (wem) = -ru
* Bezeichnung des Handelnden als eine Art Betonung (wer) = -ri

==Präpositionen==

* ma Anrede
* fa durch, mit
* hu zusammen mit
* fpi wegen
* ne zu, nach (Richtung)
* ftu von, aus (Herkunft)
* ta von
* ìlä via, entlang
* ka durch, über
* mì in 
* eo vor
* kip unter (vielen), zwischen 
* lok nahe

==Eigenschaftswörter==

Sie sind unveränderlich, haben also keine Mehrzahlformen. Sie werden mit einem a zwischen Hauptwort und dem Eigenschaftswort verbunden.

&lt;pre&gt;
ngim-a kilvan
lang-Attr Fluss
der lange Fluss = ein langer Fluss

kilvan-a ngim
Fluss-Attr lang
der lange Fluss
&lt;/pre&gt;

Die Silbe a- wird nur vor oder nach Hauptwörtern verwendet.

==Verben==

Die Verben (Tätigkeitswörter) werden je nach Zeit verändert, nicht aber nach der Person. Die Zeiten sind Vergangenheit, nahe Vergangenheit, Gegenwart (nicht markiert), Zukunft und nahe Zukunft. Es gibt zwei Stellungen für diese eingeschobenen Silben: nach den ersten Konsonanten der vorletzten Silbe, und nach den Konsonanten der letzten Silbe. 

'''Zeiten:'''

* taron = jagt
* t-ìm-aron = hat gerade gejagt
* t-ay-aron = wird jagen
* t-er-aron = ist am Jagen (Vorgang nicht beendet)
* t-ol-aron = hat gejagt (Vorgang beendet)
* t-ìrm-aron = war gerade am Jagen

Es gibt auch ev oder ov, die wohl für eine weiter entfernte Vergangenheit stehen.

Die folgenden beiden Silben stehen im Verb noch vor dem Zeitmarker:

* Partizip (-end) us
* Reflexiv (sich) ìy

'''Beispiele für Partizipien'''

* rey leben
* r-us-ey lebend
* ke-rusey tot (nicht lebend)

* tslam verstehen
* tsl-us-am verstehend
* txan-tslusam weise (viel verstehend)

'''Beispiele für Reflexivformen'''

* yur waschen
* y-ìy-ur sich waschen

* tspang töten
* tsp-ìy-ang sich töten

* pawm fragen
* p-ìy-awm sich fragen

'''Konjunktiv'''

Eine Art Möglichkeitsform kann mit iv ausgedrückt werden:

* takuk schlagen
* t-iv-akuk soll schlagen

&lt;pre&gt;
oeri tìngayìl txe’lanit tivakuk
oe-ri tì-ngay-ìl txe’lan-it t-iv-akuk
ich-betont Abstrakt-wahr-Ergativ Herz-Akkusativ schlagen-Konjunktiv
Die Wahrheit soll/möge mein Herz schlagen
&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Stimmung:'''

Die zweite Stelle nach den Anfangskonsonanten der letzten Silbe kann mit den folgenden Affekt-Einschüben besetzt werden:

* ei = gerne, positive Stimmung
* äng = ungerne, negative Stimmung

* tar-ei-on = jagt gerne
* tar-äng-on = jagt ungerne

&lt;pre&gt;
Oel ngati kam(ei)e. Ich sehe dich gerne.
Oel ngati kam(äng)e. Ich sehe dich ungerne.
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Das Verb &quot;Sein&quot;==

Es gibt zwei Übersetzungen:

* Mit Substantiven oder Adjektiven: lu
* Als Ortsangabe oder Existenz: tok

'''Beispiele'''

* oe-ri toktor lu.
* ich-betont Doktor sein.
* Ich bin Arzt.

* oe-ri mì na'ring tok.
* ich-betont in Wald befinden.
* Ich bin im Wald.

* sempul mì kelku tok.
* Vater in Haus sein.
* Der Vater ist zu Hause.

* txop som lu.
* Feuer heiß sein.
* Das Feuer ist heiß.

* txop-a som = som-a txop
* das heiße Feuer

==Fragen/Antworten==

* peú,'úpe	was
** fi'u	dies
** tsa'u	das
* pesu,tupe	wer
** tsatu	diese (Person)
* peyfa,fyape	wie (Art)
** fifya	so
* pehem,kempe	wie (Aktion)
* pehrr,krrpe	wann
** tsakrr	dann
* pelun,lumpe	warum
* peseng,tsengpe	wo
** fitseng(e)	hier
** tsatseng	dort

'''Hinweis'''

Ja-Nein-Fragen enden mit einem gesprochenen Fragezeichen srak?

==Zahlen==

Das Zahlensystem basiert auf der 8, da die Na'vi 4 Finger an jeder Hand haben.
'aw 1, mune 2, tsìng 4, vofu 16, tsìvol 32.

Es scheint, dass die Wurzel für 4 tsì und die für 8 vol ist. In einem anderen Beitrag habe ich die Zahl 7 kinä entdeckt.

==Syntax==

Die Wortstellung ist ziemlich frei, das heißt, die Satzteile Subjekt (S), Verb (V) und Objekt (O)
können in jeder Reihenfolge stehen: SVO, SOV, OVS, OSV, VSO, VOS.

Auch die Stellung von Hauptwort und Ergänzungen (Adjektiv=Eigenschaftswort, Genitivattribut=Besitzer, Relativsatz) ist frei, wobei aber
zwischen Hauptwort und Eigenschaftswort ein a steht.

Die Verneinung wird mit ke gebildet, das vor dem entsprechenden Wort oder Satzteil steht. Bei Verben gibt es noch den Ausdruck rä'ä, der vor Verben einem Verbot entspricht (englisch do not).

Entscheidungsfragen enden mit srak, Ausrufe können mit nang markiert werden.

Die oben Präpositionen genannten Verhältniswörter können vor oder nach dem Hauptwort stehen. Vorangestellt bewirken einige von ihnen die Erweichung des Anfangsbuchstaben, z.B. mì (in). Wenn sie nach dem Hauptwort verwendet werden, dann verbinden sie sich zu einem Wort mit ihm, z.B. hu nga (mit dir) = ngahu.

Der Fallmarker -ri hebt das entsprechende Hauptwort hervor. Dieses steht dann meist am Satzanfang und hat
keine weiteren Fallmarkierungen.

Die Reihenfolge der Bestandteile eines Hauptwortes ist: Präposition Zahl-Stamm-Geschlecht-Fall.
Hierbei kann das Hauptwort entweder eine Präposition oder eine Fallmarkierung haben, aber nicht beides
gleichzeitig.

Es gibt keine Artikel, d.h. der/die/das und ein/eine fallen in der Übersetzung weg. Bei Betonung können aber
Wörter wie fi'u (dies) oder 'aw (eins) gebraucht werden.

Nebensätze können mit folgenden Wörtern eingeleitet werden:

* na (wie)
* to (als in Vergleichen, mehr/weniger als)
* san (Zitat, Hervorhebung)
* sìk (Zitat/Hervorhebungs-Ende)
* sì (und, verbindet zwei Dinge)
* últe (und, verbindet 2 Sätze
* fu (oder)
* slä (aber)
* futa (dass)
* fte (so dass, damit)
* tfeke (damit nicht)
* txo (wenn, falls)
* a (der/die/das, Relativpronomen)

Ein Relativsatz erläutert ein Hauptwort, im Deutschen beginnt dieser Satztyp mit der/die/das.
Beispiel für einen Relativsatz: tute a tsun (eine Person, die kann)

==Wortbildung==

Neue Wörter werden durch Anhängen gebildet, wobei das Hauptwort wie im Deutschen hinten steht.

* trr Tag
* atan Licht
** trratan Tageslicht

* 'eveng Kind
* unil Traum
** 'evengunil Kindertraum

* utral Baum
* vul Ast
** utralvul Baumast

Eigenschaftswörter können vom Hauptwort mit le- abgeleitet werden:

* hrrap (Gefahr)
* lehrrap (gefährlich)

Abstrakte Hauptwörter können von Verben und Eigenschaftswörtern mit tì- gebildet werden:

* rey (leben)
* tìrey (das Leben)

* ngay (wahr)
* tìngay (Wahrheit)

Personen, die mit einer Handlung assoziiert sind, werden mit -tu bezeichnet:

* spe'é (fangen)
* spe'étu (Gefangener)

Personen, die eine Handlung gewohnheitsmäßig oder beruflich ausüben, werden mit -yu gekennzeichnet:

* táron (jagen)
* táronyu (Jäger)

Verben werden mit si (tun,machen) vom Hauptwort abgeleitet:

* kelku (Wohnung)
* kelku si (wohnen)

* nari (Auge)
* nari si (aufpassen)

Adverben werden mit nì- gebildet. Ein Adverb ist ein Umstandswort, das angibt wie eine Tätigkeit ausgeführt
wird.

* ftúe (einfach)
* nìftue (auf einfache Weise)


==Quellen==

* Die Infos stammen im Wesentlichen von dieser Seite: [http://www.learnnavi.org learnnavi.org]
  und von der englischen Seite zur Na'vi language (Link siehe linke Randspalte).
* Infos zum Film gibts hier: [[Avatar – Aufbruch nach Pandora]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Na'vi-Sprache</title>
    <id>7160</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51182</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-29T21:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dampantingaya</username>
        <id>306</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Na’vi-Sprache]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Na’vi-Sprache]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipedia-CC-by-sa-3.0</title>
    <id>7161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51184</id>
      <timestamp>2009-12-30T10:49:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dampantingaya</username>
        <id>306</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''This article incorporates text from [http://wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia], and is available under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported] license. &lt;br&gt; For the original article see:''
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Imported from Wikipedia]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theadisch</title>
    <id>7162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52483</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T19:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{language|english=Theadish|native=Theadisch|country=Theady|nativecountry=Theadterr|universe=Gordonia|speakers=105,000,000|family=Indo-European|branch=Romance|subbranch=Germano-Romance|word-order=SVO|type=Fusional|alignment=Nominative-Accusative|author=Kenner Gordon|date=December 2009|headingbg=#7bff00}}

'''Theadisch''' is a German-flavored [[romlang]] by [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]]. Its official site is [http://sites.google.com/site/chrelingen/theadisch here].

==Sound changes from Latin==
p &gt; f / [non-fricative]_&lt;br&gt;
k &gt; x / [non-fricative]_&lt;br&gt;
kʰ &gt; x&lt;br&gt;
h &gt; x&lt;br&gt;
um &gt; am&lt;br&gt;
u &gt; a /_[C]#&lt;br&gt;
[fricative] &gt; [voiced] /[unstressed syllable]_ (it happens both in the
coda of an unstressed syllable and in the onset of a syllable
following an unstressed one.)&lt;br&gt;
ɤ &gt; x&lt;br&gt;
o &gt; a&lt;br&gt;
aː &gt; oː&lt;br&gt;
[long vowel] &gt; [short]&lt;br&gt;
z &gt; Ø /_#&lt;br&gt;
[vowel] &gt; Ø /_#&lt;br&gt;
z &gt; r&lt;br&gt;
[labialized consonant] &gt; [non-labialized]&lt;br&gt;
w &gt; v&lt;br&gt;
ks &gt; ʃ&lt;br&gt;
sk &gt; ʃ&lt;br&gt;
au &gt; a&lt;br&gt;
d &gt; t / _#

==Orthography==

Except where stated here, each letter has the same meaning it does in the IPA.
* ch: /x/
* sch: /ʃ/
* w: /v/ (/w/ after k)
* d: /t/ at end of word
* th: /tʰ/
* ä: /æ/
* ö: /œ/
* ü: /y/

Capitalization rules are as in German - that is, the first letter of each sentence, and the first letter of each noun, is always capitalized.

==Some Vocabulary==
===Nouns===
Chapall, ''horse'' n.&lt;br&gt;
Chas, ''house'' f.&lt;br&gt;
Femin, ''woman'' f.&lt;br&gt;
Infon, ''child'' n.&lt;br&gt;
Insul, ''island'' f.&lt;br&gt;
Mund, ''world'' m.&lt;br&gt;
Plonam, ''plain'' n.&lt;br&gt;
Schal, ''school'' f.&lt;br&gt;
Schienti, ''knowledge'' f.&lt;br&gt;
Wir, ''man'' m.&lt;br&gt;
===Verbs===
amen, ''to love''&lt;br&gt;
dichwen, ''to speak''&lt;br&gt;
esen, ''to be''&lt;br&gt;
inwenien, ''to find''&lt;br&gt;
schien, ''to know''&lt;br&gt;
waten, ''to go''&lt;br&gt;
===Adjectives===
uni, ''entire''&lt;br&gt;

==Grammar==
The word order is SVO. Adjectives come after nouns.

There are three genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. There are three singular definite articles: for feminine, lie, for masculine, ler, and for neuter, las. There is one plural definite article: lie. There are two singular indefinite articles: for feminine, une, and for
masculine and neuter, un. There is one plural indefinite article: unige. The plural markers for feminine, masculine, and neuter nouns are -en, -er, and -e, respectively. Masculine nouns also gain an umlaut above their final vowel (with resultant pronunciation changes), unless that vowel is E or I. The genitive case is marked with the suffix -de (a cognate of French/Spanish/Portuguese de and Italian di). The loctive case is marked with the suffix -an. The accusative case is marked by word order; only the pronouns have accusative-case marking.

The infinitive of a verb has -en at the end, as does the imperative. Here are the (unfinished) verb ending tables; the ordinal number refers to person, the endings are in Theadisch orthography (as opposed to a phonemic transcription), and the first is singular and the second plural (the only reason they're not labeled is due to what seems to be a glitch in MediaWiki):


&lt;table border title=&quot;Singular&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''First'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Second'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Third'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Present'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-e&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-te&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Imperfect'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-wi&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-sti&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-wit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Future'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-po&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-pis&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-pit&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;table border title=&quot;Plural&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''First'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Second'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Third'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Present'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-tis&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Imperfect'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-is&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Future'''&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-tis&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-en&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Novizhik</title>
    <id>7163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51220</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T01:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Introduction=
Novizik is a language which is strikingly similar to Russian: It has hard and soft (palatalised) consonants and a full set of fricatives.

==Phonology==

{|
!IPA||Letter
|-
|a||{{IPA|a}}
|-
|æ||{{IPA|æ}}
|-
|b||{{IPA|b}}
|-
|c||{{IPA|t͡s}}
|-
|č||{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
|-
|d||{{IPA|d}}
|-
|e||{{IPA|e}}
|-
|f||{{IPA|f}}
|-
|g||{{IPA|g}}
|-
|h||{{IPA|h}}
|-
|ı||{{IPA|ɨ}}
|-
|i||{{IPA|i}}
|-
|j||{{IPA|j}}
|-
|k||{{IPA|k}}
|-
|l||{{IPA|l}}
|-
|m||{{IPA|m}}
|-
|n||{{IPA|n}}
|-
|o||{{IPA|o}}
|-
|p||{{IPA|p}}
|-
|r||{{IPA|r}}
|-
|s||{{IPA|s}}
|-
|š||{{IPA|ʃ}}
|-
|šč||{{IPA|ʃ◌͡
|t||{{IPA|t}}
|-
|u||{{IPA|u}}
|-
|v||{{IPA|v}}
|-
|x||{{IPA|x}}
|-
|z||{{IPA|z}}
|
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Novizik</title>
    <id>7164</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51219</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T00:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Twenex</username>
        <id>727</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Novizik]] to [[Novizhik]]:&amp;#32;Changed name of language to &quot;Novizhik&quot;.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Novizhik]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna verbs (1)</title>
    <id>7165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51226</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T10:33:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'In finite form, the verb can have upto five slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood, negation and tense. A fifth slot, which gives evidential information is …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In finite form, the verb can have upto five slots after the main word. These slots are for subject, mood, negation and tense. A fifth slot, which gives evidential information is also often tagged on.

==Subject suffix==

The subject slot is filled as follows ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| I
  |align=center| -'''a'''-
  |align=center| we(exc.)
  |align=center| -'''au'''-
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.)
  |align=center| -'''ai'''-
  |-
  |align=center| you 
  |align=center| -'''i'''-
  |align=center| you(pl.)
  |align=center| -'''e'''-
  |-
  |align=center| he/she
  |align=center| -'''o'''-
  |align=center| they
  |align=center| -'''u'''-
  |}

==Mood suffix==

The mood slot is filled as follows ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| indicative
  |align=center| -'''r'''-
  |-
  |align=center| subjunctive
  |align=center| -'''s'''-
  |-
  |align=center| conditional (hypothetical)
  |align=center| -'''mo'''
  |-
  |align=center| conditional (counterfactual)
  |align=center| -'''mi'''
  |-
  |align=center| imperative
  |align=center| -'''ya'''
  |}

===The imperative mood===

When the imperative is used there is no tense suffix. Also it is used only with the two second person subject suffixes. So for example;- 

 {| border=1
  |align=center| to hit
  |align=center| '''timpa'''
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her.
  |align=center| '''timpiya na'''
  |-
  |align=center| Hit him/her(spoken to more than one person).
  |align=center| '''timpeya na'''
  |}

For the negative imperative we use the particle '''kya''' and the verb in its recitation form. For example ;-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| Don't hit him/her.
  |align=center| '''kya timpa na'''
  |}

Notice that in the negative form, the single/plural distinction is lost.

===The conditional moods===

{| border=1
  |align=center| if you hit him, I will hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimo na, timpamo yu'''
  |-
  |align=center| if you had hit him, I would have hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimi na, timpami yu'''
  |}


{| border=1
  |align=center| if you hit him, I will not hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimo na, timpampu yu'''
  |-
  |align=center| if you had hit him, I would not have hit you
  |align=center| '''timpimi na, timpampe yu'''
  |}

Usually verbs with the conditional moods come in pairs. Sometimes, however you get a conditional verb by itself in a sentence that expresses the wishes of the speaker. 

'''amo''' &quot;millionaire&quot; = if only I was rich

'''omo miho''' = Would that she be mine

Perhaps one way to understand the above to examples, is that there is an unstated, second part to the sentence meaning &quot;I would be content/happy&quot;

===The subjuntive mood===

====Subjunctive form====

The subjunctive have the subject slot filled and then an '''s'''.

====Subjunctive &quot;reason&quot;====

I have called this mood the subjunctive because its use is similar to the subjunctives. The &quot;reason&quot; why Seuna has this mood, is that it is disallowed to have redundant tense/aspect information in a sentence. If the tense/aspect of a sentence has been given already by a verb in the indicative mood, then any verb in a later subordinate sentence is given the subjunctive mood (it is mandatory for the indicative form to show tense/aspect)

I will stand up and let you sit.

Also Seuna strongly dislikes redundant person/number information. It is mandatory for the subjunctive form to show person/number. For this reason the second verb in a sentence will often be reduced further to its infinitive form (or nominative form ... actually I like the Arabic term &quot;maSdar&quot; which means source, it seems appropriate for the Seuna infinitive form)

The English eat to live : the French live to eat.

====Subjunctive examples====

Although the subjunctive usually appears on sentence-non-initial verbs. In one function it can appear on the first verb of a sentence.

'''donais''' = Lets walk

Probably in this &quot;hortative&quot; function the 1.pl.inc person/number is the one most frequently encountered. However all the person/number forms can occur.

For the second person these come across as a mild imperative (the second person having a dedicated imperative form).

'''doniya''' = walk! 

'''donis''' = why don't you walk

In the first person singular form, this function of the subjunctive form is often used when sort of talking to yourself ... as in English &quot;Let me see&quot;

====Negative subjunctive====

For the negative subjunctive we suffix '''ka'''.

'''timpaska na''' = In order that I do not hit him

===The indicative mood===

Note that the subjunctive mood takes no tense suffixes and no evidential suffixes.
Also imperative mood has no tense suffixes and no evidential suffixes and its personal pronoun suffixes are severely trunkated.

====Tense suffixes====

The tense slot is filled as follows ;-

{| border=1
 |align=center| general
 |align=center| -'''o'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past
 |align=center| -'''i'''
 |- 
 |align=center| present 
 |align=center| -'''e'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future
 |align=center| -'''u'''
 |-
 |align=center| perfect 
 |align=center| -'''a'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past perfect
 |align=center| -'''ia'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future perfect
 |align=center| -'''ua'''
 |}

====Evidential suffixes====

{| border=1
  |align=center| reported
  |align=center| -'''n'''
  |-
  |align=center| inferred
  |align=center| -'''s'''
  |-
  |align=center| seen
  |align=center| -'''fe'''
   |}

Evidentials are only used in main(independent clauses), with the indicative mood. The &quot;seen&quot; evidential is only used with the past tense suffix. None of the evidentials are obligatory. The reported and inferred seem to bring into doubt the reliability of the information somewhat.

'''-n''' means inferred from evidence	and is used in the situations in which we prefix or tag on &quot;I guess&quot; or &quot;I think&quot; to a clause in English.

'''-s''' means and information asserted is got from some third party and is used where we might prefix &quot;they say&quot; to a clause in English.

==The reciprocal==

For the reciprocal we place the particle '''gan''' immediately after the verb.

==Negation==

'''solboru''' = he/she will drink

'''solbortu''' = he/she will not drink

The infinitive is negated by suffixing '''hu''' which by itself, means 'to lack'.

'''hutimpa''' = to not hit

==Two epistemic particles==

The two epistemic particles '''meu''' and '''loi''' take the same positions relative to the verb as '''ka'''.
 
'''meu''' = &quot;may&quot;

'''loi''' = &quot;probably&quot;

== Antonyms ==

Some verbs that end with '''a''' have antonyms. For example;-

'''tata''' = to tangle
'''tatua''' = to untangle

==The copula==

The forms of the copula are almost identical to the TAM markings. 

{| border=1
  |align=center| I was
  |align=center| '''bari'''
  |align=center| we(exc.)were
  |align=center| '''bauri'''
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.) were
  |align=center| '''bairi'''
  |-
  |align=center| you were
  |align=center| '''biri'''
  |align=center| you(lot) were
  |align=center| '''beri'''
  |-
  |align=center| he/she was
  |align=center| '''ri''' or '''bori'''
  |align=center| they are
  |align=center| '''buri'''
   |}

Notice that the third person singular copula drops the '''o''' that occurs in the verb paradigm. The '''u''' of the third person singular can also be dropped if the subject has already been stated. It usually depends upon phonological factors.

'''kaunu nan ro hau@e''' = her coat is beautiful
'''kauneu wan buro hau@e''' = their coats are beautiful 
'''kauneu wan ro hau@e''' = their coats are beautiful

You will notice that in the above table we demonstrated the copula system using the past tense. The reason that the past tense was used is that the present tense in English corresponds to two forms and two meanings in Seuna. The difference in meaning between the two forms, is the same as the difference between the two Spanish copulas “estar” and &quot;ser&quot;. The &quot;'''e'''&quot; form being used for a less permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of &quot;estar&quot;)and the &quot;'''o'''&quot; form being used for a more permanent state of affairs (similar to the use of &quot;ser&quot;). 

'''bare buke''' = I am sick
'''baro buke''' = I am an invalid

There is a set of negative copulas as given below;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| I wasn't
  |align=center| '''harti'''
  |align=center| we(exc.)weren't
  |align=center| '''haurti'''
  |-
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| we(inc.) weren't
  |align=center| '''hairti'''
  |-
  |align=center| you weren't
  |align=center| '''hirti'''
  |align=center| you(lot) weren't
  |align=center| '''herti'''
  |-
  |align=center| he/she wasn't
  |align=center| '''horti'''
  |align=center| they aren't
  |align=center| '''hurti'''
   |}

As in Russian, if tense information is unimportant, two words can just stand together with no copula.

'''mi moltai''' = I am a doctor

==Gerund constructions==

In English we have what is called the 'gerund'. For example;-
&quot;Me hitting him is not on&quot;. In this example &quot;Me hitting him&quot; is sort of a noun. In Seuna there is only one verbal-noun. It is the 'base form' or 'recitation form' of the verb. It is also the infinitive.

'''timpa mige nafi horto boi''' = &quot;Me hitting him is not on&quot;

==Verbs from nouns==

Many nouns are also verbs in Seuna. The relationships between the verb and noun are quite varied.

In the infinitive the verb can be seen to have a different form from the noun. However in non-infinitive forms no difference is apparent. For example :-

 {| border=1
  |align=center| salt
  |align=center| '''kenko'''
  |-
  |align=center| to salt, to add salt
  |align=center| '''kenkilo'''
  |-
  |align=center| She salted the food
  |align=center| '''kenkori humpos'''
  |}

==Some key verbs==

{| border=1
  |align=center| to take
  |align=center| '''eu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''oi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to get, to receive, to become
  |align=center| '''dai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''su'''
  |}

Note ... '''eu''' means &quot;to pick up&quot;. To take an inanimate object (somewhere) would be &quot;take (Object) go/come&quot;.
To take a person (somewhere), one would use ???? which translates as &quot;to lead&quot;.

As well as being followed by nouns, these key words can also be complemented by adjectives and other verbs. For example ...


1) to take (Adjective) = to make oneself (Adjective) ....for example ....'''ewori aiho''' = She made herself ugly
Short for '''take give ya aiho'''  ??

2) to give (Adjective) = to make someone (Adjective) ....for example ....'''oyori mi aiho''' = She made me ugly 
Short for '''oyori mi ya aiho''' ?? or make '''aiho''' = to uglify ??

3) to get (Adjective) = to become (Adjective) ....for example ....'''dayori aiho''' = She became ugly

4) to have (Adjective) = to be (Adjective) ....for example ....'''swori aiho''' = She was ugly


5) to take (Verb) = to (Verb) yourself (i.e. this is the reflexive) .... for example .... '''ewori timpa''' = He hit himself

6) to give (Verb) = to allow someone to (Verb)  .... for example .... '''oyori mi laudo''' = She allowed me to wash

7) to get (Verb) = to be (Verb) (i.e. this is the passive) .... for example .... '''dayori laudo''' = She was washed

8) to have (Verb) = to be under obligation to (Verb) .... for example .... '''swori laudo''' = She had to wash

'''jene dayori laudo''' = Jane was washed (Not Jane is allowed to wash)
'''jene dayore laudo''' = Jane is being washed
'''jene dayora laudo''' = Jane has been washed ***
'''jene dayoru laudo''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene dayori mama laudo''' = Jane was washed by her mother
'''jene dayore mama laudo''' = Jane is being washed by her mother
'''jene dayoru mama laudo''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene swori laudoi''' = Jane was washed
'''jene swore laudoi''' = Jane is washed ***
'''jene sworu laudoi''' = Jane will be washed

'''jene lauda waulo''' = Jane has washed her dog
'''jene laudia waulo''' = Jane had washed her dog
'''jene laudua waulo''' = Jane will have washed her dog

Note - in all the above occurrences of '''mama''' we could have '''mamate'''.

The constuction 2) and 6) are generally only used when the Adjective and the Verb are viewed as something that you would want. 
There is also another way of expressing 2) and 6) that can be used in all situations. This is with the infix '''-il-'''.

'''aiho''' = ugly

'''aihilo''' = to uglify

'''hau'e''' = beautifull

'''hau'ile''' = to beautify .... the glottal stop is real

laudilo = to make someone wash = &quot;do&quot; laudo .... I must read up on this, why is the morphological causative so pervasive ??
 

Also oi, and su can take clauses as their complements. For example ...

==Verb list==

Usually a verb is recognizable by its midword consonant cluster. These verbs are of course multi-syllable. However the most common verbs are single-syllable. They are given below.

?/'''m'''/'''my'''/'''y'''/j/'''jw'''/f/'''fy'''/fl/'''b'''/'''by'''/bl/'''bw'''/g/gl/'''gw'''
/d/'''dw'''/'''l'''/c/cw/'''s'''/sl/'''sw'''/'''k'''/ky/'''kl'''/kw/p/py/pl
/'''t'''/tw/w/'''n'''/'''ny'''/'''h'''/

 {| border=1
  |-
  |align=center| to take
  |align=center| '''eu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to give
  |align=center| '''oi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to receive/get
  |align=center| '''dai'''
  |align=center| Thai
  |align=center| 65 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to have
  |align=center| '''su'''
  |-
  |align=center| to lack
  |align=center| '''hu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to read
  |align=center| '''baca'''
  |align=center| Indonesian/Malasian
  |align=center| 230 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to buy
  |align=center| '''osta'''
  |align=center| Finnish
  |align=center| 5 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to show
  |align=center| '''kle'''
  |align=center| Baule
  |align=center| ? mil (page 2)
  |-  
  |align=center| to be at
  |align=center| '''fo'''
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| 
  |-
  |align=center| to be able to(mentally/generally)
  |align=center| '''weka'''
  |-
  |align=center| to be able to (physically) 
  |align=center| '''wai'''
  |align=center| Thai
  |align=center| 65 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to be allowed 
  |align=center| '''bisa'''
  |align=center| Indonesian/Malasian
  |align=center| 230 mil
  |-
  |align=center| to walk
  |align=center| '''dono'''
  |-
  |align=center| to wash
  |align=center| '''laudo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to flutter 
  |align=center| '''awata'''
  |-
  |align=center| to wonder 
  |align=center| '''awasa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to bite
  |align=center| '''glehe'''
  |-
  |align=center| to build
  |align=center| '''bunda'''
  |-
  |align=center| to sever
  |align=center| '''nya'''
  |-
  |align=center| to cut
  |align=center| '''kata'''
  |-
  |align=center| to talk
  |align=center| '''cata'''
  |-
  |-
  |align=center| to fly
  |align=center| '''senfo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to throw
  |align=center| '''fyo''' 
  |-
  |align=center| to know 
  |align=center| '''moi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to tell 
  |align=center| '''myoi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to realize,recognize 
  |align=center| '''maloi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to do 
  |align=center| '''tu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to start 
  |align=center| '''dwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to be 
  |align=center| '''ku'''
  |-
  |align=center| to become
  |align=center| '''gwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to see
  |align=center| '''bai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to 
  |align=center| '''bya'''
  |-
  |align=center| to meet
  |align=center| '''bwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''swa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to want
  |align=center| '''ye'''
  |-
  |align=center| to need 
  |align=center| '''?'''
  |-
  |align=center| to run 
  |align=center| '''cwonso'''
  |-
  |align=center| to say
  |align=center| ''' '''
  |-
  |align=center| to write
  |align=center| '''kludau'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''loi'''
  |-
  |align=center| 
  |align=center| '''jwa'''
  |-
  |align=center| to feel that you should
  |align=center| '''jada'''
  |-
  |align=center| to enter
  |align=center| '''pali'''
  |-
  |align=center| to put in
  |align=center| '''palyi'''
  |-
  |align=center| to exit
  |align=center| '''malu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to extract
  |align=center| '''malyu'''
  |-
  |align=center|  to stop
  |align=center| '''ha'''
  |-
  |align=center| to go down 
  |align=center| '''teu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to raise
  |align=center| '''jwo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to lower 
  |align=center| '''twe'''
    |-
  |align=center| to enter
  |align=center| '''pai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to exit 
  |align=center| '''myu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to insert
  |align=center| '''pli'''
  |-
  |align=center| to extract
  |align=center| '''fyu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to go through
  |align=center| '''fau'''
  |-
  |align=center| to say
  |align=center| '''plo'''
  |-
  |align=center| to think
  |align=center| ''''''
  |-
  |align=center| to wish
  |align=center| '''flua'''
  |-
  |align=center| to want
  |align=center| '''heu'''
  |-
  |align=center| to understand
  |align=center| '''nai'''
  |-
  |align=center| to follow
  |align=center| '''dwe'''
  |-
  |align=center| to cross
  |align=center| '''cwo'''
    |}

The initial '''k''' is not taken by '''ku''' = to be, because this is of course realized by the '''r''' paradigm when the verb is finite. It is taken by the negative copula '''kvrv'''.

'''fyo''' was originally '''senfyo'''
'''awan''' is an adjective meaning 'random'
gleno is a noun meaning tooth ???

??I will take = '''oyaru''', imperative singular '''oi''', imperative plural '''oye'''

[[Category:Seuna]]

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna verbs (2)</title>
    <id>7166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51230</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T10:50:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The causative */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Three valency changing constructions==

===The reflexive===

===The causative===


Verse 2

'''hukahekahee metapu sinaa kenipa eaqa kitile.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || kahekahee || meta || =pu || sinaa || kenipa || e= || 0- || aqa || kiti || =le
|-
|and= || 3&gt;3'- || find:DIST:B || region || =in || Shinar || mesa || SS= || 3- || journey || east || =from
|}

'''hukate yu.'''

{|
|hu= || 0- || kate || yu
|-
|and= || 3- || dwell || there
|}

And they found in the land Shinar a mesa as they journey from the East. And they dwelt there.

===The passive===

==Two participles==

There are two participles. The passed passive is the infinite with '''oi''' replacing the original vowel. The present active is the infinite with '''eu''' replacing the original vowel.

These participles can appear in compounds. For example;-
hand.make'''oi''' = handmade 

wife.beat'''la''' = wifebeater

It could be said that there is a third participle. The infinitive can be used to mean &quot;that must be&quot;. For example &quot;shirt&quot; &quot;to wash&quot; means the shirt that must be washed.

==A Ø-marked participle==

==Auxiliary verbs==

The equivalents of the English words ''may'' and ''can'' are given by auxiliary verbs in Seuna. 

However the three Seuna words used are not &quot;defective&quot; as their English equivalents are.

The verb fronted by the auxiliary verb is always in its infinitive form (called source form (consider Arabic &quot;maSdar&quot;)).

=== '''wai''' ===

'''wai''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has physical strength or skill.

'''wai:ari''' to lift chair = I could not lift the chair

children '''wai:uro''' to swim = the children can swim

=== '''bisa''' ===

'''bisa''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has permission.

children '''bisuro''' to swim in lake = the children can swim in the lake

'''bisire''' to leave = you may leave

=== '''weka''' ===

'''weka''' is used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because one has knowledge or mental ability (to know how to ...).

'''wekoro''' to name all the prime numbers upto one thousand = S/he can name ...

'''weka''' is also used in situations where it is possible to xxxx because of external factors.

??? '''wekoro''' to walk across lake llll in winter time = One can walk ....

(actually how would Seuna express the above ??)

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seuna verbs (3)</title>
    <id>7167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51228</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-03T10:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The serial verb construction (from now on - SVC) is used when two or more verbs can be thought of as representing one single action.  ===The two basic types of SVC===   In a SVC …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The serial verb construction (from now on - SVC) is used when two or more verbs can be thought of as representing one single action.

===The two basic types of SVC=== 

In a SVC the tense and person is (active voice only ? what about subjunctive ?) marked on the final verb only. The non-final verbs have the form of a shorn maSdar + &quot;i&quot; if the verbs happen one after the other. If the verbs all happen at the same time, the non-final verbs have the form of a shorn maSdar + &quot;ai&quot;.

If the maSdar is a monosyllable, &quot;eu&quot; is added instead of &quot;i&quot;.

Here are two examples demonstrating these two forms ;-

1) They caught cooked and eat three fish =&gt; catch(i) cook(i) eat(uri) three fish

2) They are going home singing and laughing =&gt; sing(ai) laugh(ai) go(ure) home.

Now if the actions do not occur strictly one after the other, &quot;i&quot; can not be used. If in the above example, they caught cooked and eat one fish on the first day and two fish on the second day, you would have to use &quot;ai&quot; instead of &quot;i&quot;.

3) The boss wrote letters, met supplicants all afternoon.

===The two types mixed=== 

4) They will wash iron and fold the shirt =&gt; wash(i) iron(i) fold(uru) shirt

however if we had 

5) She will wash iron and fold the dirty clothes =&gt; wash(i) iron(ai) fold(uru) shirt

However the above construction is a bit unusual. Although correct, most people would used two &quot;i&quot;s or two &quot;ai&quot;s.

===SVC's with two different objects===

In all the above examples the SVC's have only on object.

However it is possible for a SVC to have two objects. For example ;-

5) They drink champagne eat caviar =&gt; '''solbai siampena humpuro kawia''' (i.e. they lead the life of Riley)

===What we have two subjects===

If we have two different subjects we can not use a SVC. (or at least what I am calling a SVC here).

However we can have two clauses bound tightly together by using the sequential and the simultaneous tenses. Actually the table of tenses given in the chapter &quot;Verbs 1&quot; was incomplete. The full table is given below.

{| border=1
 |align=center| general
 |align=center| -'''o'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past
 |align=center| -'''i'''
 |- 
 |align=center| present 
 |align=center| -'''e'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future
 |align=center| -'''u'''
 |-
 |align=center| perfect 
 |align=center| -'''a'''
 |-
 |align=center|  past perfect
 |align=center| -'''ia'''
 |-
 |align=center|  future perfect
 |align=center| -'''ua'''
 |-
 |align=center| simultaneous 
 |align=center| -'''ai'''
 |-
 |align=center| consequential
 |align=center| -'''eu'''
 |}

A verb ending in &quot;ai&quot; or &quot;eu&quot; takes its tense from the next verb following it. 

In the case of &quot;ai&quot;, the first verb happens at the same time as the second verb.

In the case of &quot;eu&quot;, the first verb happens immediately before the second verb.

WE NEED A GOOD 2 SUB, 2 VERB, 2 OBJECT EXAMPLE HERE

'''solbureu siampena humpuro kawia''' = they drink champagne and then eat caviar

'''solburai siampena humpuro kawia''' = they drink champagne and eat caviar (i.e. it is understood that the two actions are alternating)

We can see that many different time structure are handle by morphology in Seuna.

===the 9 SVC verbs of motion===

Going back to example 1)

Here '''nia''' is a second verb indicating motion. Verbs of motion often occur as the non-initial element in SVC's.
In this position the motion verb is not so pertinent as the main verb but it certainly clarifies/colours the event described in the clause.

There are nine verbs of motion which are very commonly used as such.

 {| border=1
  |align=center|  along
  |align=center| '''lia'''
  |align=center|  to follow
  |align=center| '''l???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  past
  |align=center| '''swia'''
  |align=center|  to pass
  |align=center| '''sw???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  across
  |align=center| '''dia'''
  |align=center|  to cross
  |align=center| '''d???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  through
  |align=center| '''dwia'''
  |align=center|  to go through
  |align=center| '''dw??'''
  |-
  |align=center|  up
  |align=center| '''sia'''
  |align=center|  to ascend
  |align=center| '''s???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  down
  |align=center| '''jia'''
  |align=center|  to descend
  |align=center| '''j???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  back
  |align=center| '''wia'''
  |align=center|  to return
  |align=center| '''w???'''
  |-
  |align=center|  away from speaker
  |align=center| '''gia'''
  |align=center|  go
  |align=center| '''g??'''
  |-
  |align=center|  towards speaker
  |align=center| '''nia'''
  |align=center|  come
  |align=center| '''n???'''
  |}

Some examples ;-

he telephoned (to this location) = wire-speak'''ori nia'''

he telephoned (from this location) = wire-speak'''ori gia'''

to returned a call = wire-speak '''wia'''

These eight words often corespond to prepositions in English. As with prepositions they are often followed by nouns to which they relate.

----

===the copula in SVC===

In Seuna &quot;he painted the green house&quot; would mean the same as &quot;he painted the house green&quot; because of word order. Therefor to avoid confusion we must say &quot;he painted the house to be green&quot;. &quot;to be&quot; in this position is treated as a normal second element in a SVC. It is represented by '''ya''' which is a sort of modified '''ia'''.

===other stuff===

Note ;-
In the Seuna writing system '''ia''' is represented by the active verb symbol (i.e. &quot;r&quot;) unadorned with a vowel subscript.

Some more example ;-

he broke into the bathroom = break'''ori''' enter the bathroom

normally when the first verb is a word of motion, the word &quot;enter&quot; is not used.

'''donori pidwolo''' = &quot;S/he walked in the house&quot; or &quot;S/he walked into the house&quot;

However with &quot;break&quot;, which is not a verb of motion, you use &quot;enter&quot;.

===prepositions not supplanted by the SVC, but by case===
 
As mentioned above, the second element in many SVC are functionally equivalent to prepositions in English.

Other English prepositions are functionally equivalent case tags in Seuna.

Having a second verb in SVC's was considered but it was decided to go the &quot;case&quot; route.

{| border=1
  |align=center|  case marking
  |align=center| English equivalent preposition
  |align=center| 2nd element of SVC (thought of but not used)
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''ji'''
  |align=center| for
  |align=center|  &quot;to give&quot; or &quot;to help&quot;
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''u'''
  |align=center| with
  |align=center|  &quot;to use&quot;
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''ho'''
  |align=center|  with
  |align=center|  to accompany
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''fi'''
  |align=center|  at
  |align=center|  to be at
  |-
  |align=center|  -'''le'''
  |align=center|  than
  |align=center|  to surpass
  |}

Also the cases -'''le''', -'''yo''' and -'''wa''' ; could maybe have been reoplaced by verbs meaning &quot;come&quot;, &quot;go&quot;, &quot;arrive there&quot;, &quot;arrive here&quot;, &quot;reach&quot;, etc. etc.

===other verbs commonly used as SVC elements===

 {| border=1
  |align=center| meaning when independent verb
  |align=center| Form when independent
  |align=center| Meaning when 2nd element of SVC
  |align=center| Form when 2nd element
  |-
  |align=center| to oppose 
  |align=center| '''w???'''
  |align=center|  against
  |align=center| '''wia'''
  |-
  |align=center| to do carelessly
  |align=center| '''f???'''
  |align=center|  
  |align=center| '''fia'''
  |-
  |align=center|  to botch
  |align=center|  '''b???'''
  |align=center|  mis-
  |align=center|  '''bia'''
  |}

to hurry, 

to gather, to scratter

to repeat, ............... (again)

to enter, to exit

to stop off ..................  for a time on a journey(when second element &quot;to take five&quot;??)

to connect, to disconnect ... on and off

to stay ......................continue, keep on

arrive, leave ................... to start, to stop ??

===deliberate and accidental actions===

'''swela''' by itself means &quot;to pounce on&quot;,&quot;to jump on&quot;, to swoop down on&quot;, &quot;to fall on&quot;

'''toko''' by itself means &quot;to fall&quot;

'''sweli''' after a verb means that that verb was done deliberately

'''toki''' after a verb means that that verb was done accidentally

===The four verb forms in Seuna===

The verb '''dono''' (meaning, to walk) is used as an example.

1)  '''dono''' is the &quot;source form&quot;, which is the same as the infinitive in English.

2)  '''donia''' is the &quot;lagging form&quot; and is the form used in non-initial elements of SVC's.

3)  '''donais''' (Let's walk) is one of the &quot;weak forms&quot;. All forms that have an &quot;s&quot; in the suffix are weak forms.

The above form is used in situations in which the subjunctive form is used in some European languages.

4) '''donori''' (S/he walked) is one of the &quot;strong forms&quot;. All forms that have an &quot;r&quot; in the suffix are strong forms.

==Rubbish==

In this construction one verb comes first and then the second verb follows. (there is a hint of SVC in English when you hear things like &quot;go see&quot; : however that is about as far as it goes in English) 

In Seuna the first verb is given the full markings for tense, etc. etc. but the second verb has its final vowel deleted and the ending '''i''' added (if the verb is monosyllabic, the ending '''ia''' is added). For example ;-

1) '''donore nia''' = &quot;S/he is walking in this direction&quot; .... S/he is walking come

Some examples ;-

2) They caught cook eat three fish


==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grammar of Longrimol</title>
    <id>7168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55545</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-13T21:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Noun=

Longrimol nouns have no gender, but has four grammatical number (singular, dual, partitive, plural) and a a bunch of locative cases covering motions and positions, thus leading to 45 cases.
==Number==

There are four grammatical numbers in Longrimol, the singular, dual, partitive and plural.
* Dual - for two things/persons
#: ''ji faradja'' [jifa'raɟa] - the two flowers
* Partitive - for ''some of (of a larger group)''
#: ''ir faradheli'' - some of the flowers
* Plural - for three and more
#: ''il färäidh'' - the flowers

==Cases==

&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot; style=&quot;clear:both;width:{{{width|50}}}em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; align=left&gt;
{| style=&quot;width:{{{width|50}}}em;&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Case
! bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Singular
! bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Dual
! bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Partitive
! bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Plural
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Nominative || farad ['farad] || faradja [fa'raɟja] || faradheli [fara'ðeli] || färäidh ['ferajð]  
|- align=&quot;center&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Genitive || faradha ['faraða] || faradja [fa'raɟja] || faradheli [fara'ðeli] || färäidha ['ferajða]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Dative || faradham ['faraðam] || faradjám [fa'raɟjaːm] || faradhelim [fara'ðelim] || fëräidhäm ['ferajðem]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Accusative || faradhil ['faraðil] || faradjäl [fa'raɟjel] || faradhelil [fara'ðelil] || färäidhil ['ferajðil]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Prepositional || faradhe ['faraðe] || faradje [fa'raɟje] || faradheli [fara'ðeli] || färäidhe ['ferajðe]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Instrumental || faradmen ['faradmen] || faradmjen [fa'radmjen] || faradhelven [faraˈðelven] || färäidhën ['ferajðin] 
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4F4F4&quot; | Temporal || faradmir ['faradmir] || faradmkir [fa'raɟmir] || faradhelvir [faraˈðelvir] || färäidhir ['ferajðir]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* This table does not show all the Longrimol cases.

==Time and place reference==
Longrimol nouns can be referred to from the perspective of time and location.

: Prefix: ''de-'', if the noun is in ''past'', ''back then''
: Prefix: ''ta-'', if the noun is in ''future''


: Prefix: ''thø-'', if the noun is proximal, ''here''
: Prefix: ''dø-'', if the noun is distal, ''there''.

If both of these kinds are used, time prefix usually comes before the location prefix.

''Ølïnin i dhedhø-raunil'' - I heard the boy who was there
Hear-1.sng.PR the past-there-boy-ACC
['ølinin i,ðɛðø'rawnil]

=Adjectives=

* Adjectives follows the noun they modify.
* Adjectives agree with the noun on number, but not on case.
* Adjectives also have a time-place reference system, like the one of nouns.
* Adjectives may have definite forms, but they are used in formal register only.
* Adjectives have inflected comparisons, both positive (more, most) and negative (less, least).
* Adjectives become stative verbs (by suffix -ijan) to incorporate tense, mood and aspect within the adjective, since Longrimol has no copula to do that.
* Adjectives take silent suffix that causes mutation on the next word to mean ''to be X'' in emphatic means.


=Verb=

Longrimol verbs fall into two categories, the so called I-verbs and A-verbs. I-verbs are more ancient and smaller group of verbs usually directly descending from Old Elvish, the Proto-language of all the elven tongues,and their characterized by infinitives ending with &quot;''-a''&quot; and I-affection (rising and fronting) on the stem vowels when conjugating.  On the contrary, A-verb infinitives end with an &quot;''-an''&quot; and they are no subjects to I-affection; they descend from newer [[Quebut]] (a daughter language of Old Elvish) verbs.

===Active Voice===
Pronominal suffixes (replaces ''-an'' and ''-a'') :

''SINGULAR''
:1. -
:2. ''informal'' -l
:2. ''formal'' -lgh [lɣ]
:3. ''animate'' -c
:3. ''inanimate'' -ch [x]

''PLURAL''
:1. ''exclusive'' -m
:1. ''inclusive'' -mb
:2. ''informal'' -ldh [lð]
:2. ''formal'' -lgh [lɣ]
:3. ''animate'' -g
:3. ''inanimate'' -nth [nθ]

===Passive Voice===

''SINGULAR''
:1. -ath [aθ]
:2. ''informal'' -lth [lθ]
:2. ''formal'' -gha [ɣa]
:3. ''animate'' -ga
:3. ''inanimate'' -cha [xa]

''PLURAL''
:1. ''exclusive'' -nth [nθ]
:1. ''inclusive'' -ndh [nð]
:2. ''informal'' -ldha [lða]
:2. ''formal'' -lgha [lɣa]
:3. ''animate'' -gha [ɣa]
:3. ''inanimate'' -thath [θaθ]

===Reflexive Voice===

''SINGULAR''
:1. -je/-jo
:2. ''informal'' -jel/-jol
:2. ''formal'' -jelgh/-jolgh [jelɣ]/[jolɣ]
:3. ''animate'' -jec/-joc
:3. ''inanimate'' -jech/-joch [jex]/[jox]

''PLURAL''
:1. ''exclusive'' -jem/-jom
:1. ''inclusive'' -jemb/-jomb
:2. ''informal'' -jeldh/-joldh [jelð]/[jolð]
:2. ''formal'' -jelgh/-jolgh [jelɣ]/[jelɣ]
:3. ''animate'' -jed/-jog
:3. ''inanimate'' -jenth/-jonth [jenθ]/[jonθ]

(the form before &quot;/&quot; is the one of [[Grammar of Longrimol#I-Conjugation|I-Conjugation]], while the form after - the one of A-Conjugation.

===Interrogative verb form===

Longrimol interrogatives are made by adding the suffixe -''(i)re'' as the last affix of a verb. An interrogative participle &quot;''vea''&quot; can be added, too.

:Daila ['dajla] - to speak
:Däili ['dɛjli] - I speak
:Däilire? ['dɛjlirɛ] / Vea dhäilire? ['vɛa 'ðɛilirɛ] - Do I speak?

===Moods===

These are the moods besides Declarative:

1. Optative/Subjunctive - expresses wish, behest, irreal actions, the English modals ''would'', ''could'', ''should''; 

2. Imperative - expresses commands; 

3. Narrative - reported speech; 

4. Debitive -  expresses a must, or more like a need;  

And some more, like Acquirative (what is acquired) , Possabilitive (what is possible), Abilitive (of what there is ability to do), Permissive (what is allowed) and others. Together, there are 15 moods (with several Mood-Levels included).

===Aspects===

Longrimol has these aspects:

# Perfect, which is made in various ways.
# Progressive, which is made in various ways.
# Perfect Progressive, which is identical with Progressive.
# Inceptive, which is made by infix -c-, and denotes an action that starts.
# Defective, which is made by infix -p-, and denotes an action that almost occurs.
# Pausative, which is made by infix -t-, and denotes an action that pause happening.
# Resumptive, which is made by infix -m-, and denotes an action that resumes happening.
# Terminative, which is made by infix -w-, and denotes an action that stops happening.
# Momentane,
# Frequentative,
# Habitual
# Coninuative 
# Protractive
# Iterative
# Experiental
# Distributive
# Completative

===Tenses===
Both conjugations have three inflectional tenses: Present, Past and Future. All of these can take any aspect, voice or mood (except imperative, which is tense-less). However, these tenses have fixed, not universal perfect and progressive formations.

==I-Conjugation==

===Infinitives===

Infinitives always end in a ''-a'' in I-conjugation.

===Pronominal ending attachment===

When adding pronominal endings, this ''a'' is replaced with an ''-i'', whence the name I-Conjugation.

====I-affection====

When adding the -i, the stem's vowels suffer from I-affection:

:a,á &gt;&gt; ä [e], ää [eː]
:e,é &gt;&gt; ë [i], ëë [iː]
:u,ú &gt;&gt; ü [y], üü [yː]
:o,ó &gt;&gt; ö [e], öö [eː] (or for some dialects [ø] and [øː] respectively)
:i,í &gt;&gt; ï [i], ïï [iː]
:y[y],ý &gt;&gt; ÿ [i], ÿÿ [iː]


galla - to grow
:gälli - I grow
:gällil - you grow
:gällilgh - thou growest
:gällic - he/she/it grows
:gällich - it grows
:
:gällim - we grow
:gällimb - we grow
:gällildh - you grow
:gällilgh - ye grow
:gällig - they grow
:gällinth - they grow

==A-Conjugation==

===Infinitives===

Infinitives always end in a ''-an'' in A-conjugation.

===Pronominal ending attachment===

When adding pronominal endings, this ''an'' is replaced with an ''-a'', whence the name A-Conjugation.

Givran - to fly
:givra - I fly
:givral - you fly
:givralgh - you (thou) fly
:givrac - he flies
:givrach - it flies

:givram - we fly
:givramb - we fly
:givraldh - you fly
:givralgh - ye fly
:givrag - they fly
:givranth - they fly.

==Causative==
Longrimol verbs form causatives by prefix ''met-'', which mutates in various ways, depending on the initial sound of the base verb.

•	It is lenited when the word begins with a vowel, as in ''meDosbian''&lt;&lt;''osbian''; &lt;br&gt;
•	It is voiced and placed after the first consonant if it is a nasal assimilating the place of articulation, as in ''menDarva &lt;&lt; narva''or ''memBasta &lt;&lt; masta; '' &lt;br&gt;
•	It is voiced before a voiced consonant, as in ''meDgivra;''  &lt;br&gt;
•	It becomes th before t and dh before d, as in ''meTHtynian &lt;&lt; tynian'' and ''meDHdína &lt;&lt; dína'';  &lt;br&gt;
•	It becomes th before a liquid; as in ''meTHlocta'' &lt;&lt; ''locta''; &lt;br&gt;
•	It is placed after the first consonant is it's th, as in ''methTerdha &lt;&lt; terdha''; &lt;br&gt;
•	It is placed after the first consonant and voiced, if it's dh, as in ''medhDíra &lt;&lt; díra''; &lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:K moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51257</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Moyata</title>
    <id>7170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51258</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Moya]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ka moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51259</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:35:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kai moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51260</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:35:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kao moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51261</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ke moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51262</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ki moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51263</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:36:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ko moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51264</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ku moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51265</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:36:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kua moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:37:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kuai moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51267</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kue moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51268</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:37:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kya moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51269</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:37:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kyai moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51270</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kyao moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51271</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:38:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kye moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51272</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kyo moya.PNG</title>
    <id>7185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51273</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-05T02:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Telephone book</title>
    <id>7186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51536</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-20T19:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Prosforion */ New entry.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Private===
====Aktí====
{|
|Holy Angels Convent
|AK005
|-
|St. Ephrem Catholic Church
|AK007
|-
|St. Euphrosyne Convent
|AK003
|-
|St. Helen Orthodox Church
|AK008
|}
====Amoulián====
{|
|St. Irene Convent
|AM008
|-
|St. Marina Orthodox Church
|AM011
|-
|St. Nimatullah Catholic Church
|AM012
|}
====Prosforion====
{|
|Holy Spirit Convent
|PR003
|-
|Mt. Athos Dance Troupe
|PR021
|-
|St. Basil Convent
|PR008
|-
|St. Nohra Catholic Church
|PR011
|-
|St. Philip Orthodox Church
|PR012
|}
===Business===
====Aktí====
{| border=1
|Aktí Greenhouses
|AK006
|-
|Aoun Brewery
|AK001
|-
|Aoun Wheatfield
|AK002
|-
|Garden of Aktí Restaurant
|AK035
|-
|Harb Deep Sea Fishing
|AK029
|-
|Holy Angels Elementary School
|AK004
|-
|Latousakis Fishing Fleet
|AK028
|-
|Public Cannery
|AK030
|-
|Public Market
|AK021
|-
|Saloum Silk Factory
|AK024
|-
|Silk Dragon Restaurant
|AK023
|}
====Amoulián====
{|
|Amoulián Diving Shop
|AM032
|-
|Amoulián Greenhouses
|AM009
|-
|Bicycle rental
|AM030
|-
|Drenia Diving Shop
|AM034
|-
|Drenia Taverna
|AM031
|-
|Golden Dragon Restaurant
|AM024
|-
|Marina
|AM035
|-
|Mestas Cheese Factory
|AM026
|-
|Mestas Goat Farm
|AM025
|-
|Public Cannery
|AM029
|-
|Public Market
|AM023
|-
|Roussos Fishing Fleet
|AM027
|-
|St. Irene Elementary School
|AM005
|-
|Stamatas Distillery
|AM028
|}

====Prosforion====
{|
|Athonite Beacon
|PR001
|-
|Athonite Beacon, editor
|PR007
|-
|Bicycle rental
|PR046
|-
|Diving Shop
|PR047
|-
|Farakis Carpet Factory
|PR041
|-
|Holy Spirit Blood Bank
|PR054
|-
|Holy Spirit Clinic
|PR026
|-
|Holy Spirit Convalescent Center
|PR027
|-
|Holy Spirit Heliport
|PR016
|-
|Holy Spirit Hospital
|PR002
|-
|Jade Dragon Restaurant
|PR038
|-
|Jamussa Fishing Fleet
|PR039
|-
|Karabachos Bakery
|PR036
|-
|Marina
|PR049
|-
|Monastery Wine Shop
|PR053
|-
|Mt. Athos Telephone Company
|PR004
|-
|Museum of Athonite Antiquities
|PR024
|-
|Performing Arts Center
|PR022
|-
|Plastic surgeon
|PR051
|Plastic surgeon
|-
|Prison
|PR023
|-
|Prosforion Heliport
|PR017
|-
|Prosforion Greenhouses
|PR009
|-
|Public Cannery
|PR042
|-
|Public Market
|PR035
|-
|St. Basil Elementary School
|PR005
|-
|St. Michael Gymnasio
|PR006
|-
|Tour boat
|PR048
|-
|Vozoras Deep Sea Fishing
|PR040
|-
|Wine Consortium
|PR052
|}

===Government===
====Aktí====
{|
|Air Fleet
|AK008
|-
|Alcoholic Beverage Store
|AK014
|-
|Animal Rescue &amp; Control
|AK037
|-
|Border Station
|AK013
|-
|Coast Guard
|AK009
|-
|Court
|AK020
|-
|Ferry Terminal
|AK012
|-
|Gendarmery Post
|AK010
|-
|Government House
|AK000
|-
|Junior Seaguard
|AK036
|-
|Monastery Wine Shop
|AK015
|-
|Port Authority
|AK016
|-
|Social Services
|AK018
|-
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|AK038
|}
====Amoulián====
{|
|Air Fleet
|AM013
|-
|Alcoholic Beverage Store
|AM017
|-
|Animal Rescue &amp; Control
|AM037
|-
|Coast Guard
|AM014
|-
|Court
|AM023
|-
|Ferry Terminal
|AM021
|-
|Gendarmery Post
|AM015
|-
|Government House
|AM000
|-
|Junior Seaguard
|AM036
|-
|Monastery Wine Shop
|AM018
|-
|Port Authority
|AM019
|-
|Social Services
|AM020
|-
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|AM038
|}
====Prosforion====
{|
|Air Fleet
|PR013
|-
|Alcoholic Beverage Store
|PR019
|-
|Animal Rescue &amp; Control
|PR050
|-
|Coast Guard
|PR014
|-
|Court
|PR035
|-
|Deme Council
|PR057
|-
|Department of Energy
|PR031
|-
|Ferry Terminal
|PR033
|-
|Gendarmery Post
|PR015
|-
|Golden Eagle Refuge
|PR025
|-
|Government House
|PR000
|-
|Junior Seaguard
|PR055
|-
|Mausoleum
|PR058
|-
|Monastery Wine Shop
|PR020
|-
|Office of Census
|PR059
|-
|Office of Heraldry
|PR029
|-
|Office of Landscaping
|PR044x01
|-
|Office of Insurance
|PR032
|-
|Office of Taxation
|PR030
|-
|Office of the Archiater
|PR043
|-
|Office of the Castellan
|PR044
|-
|Office of the Constable
|PR045
|-
|Office of the Seneschal
|PR046
|-
|Order of Merit
|PR056
|-
|Passport and Immigration Office
|PR028
|-
|Port Authority
|PR024
|-
|Social Services
|PR018
|-
|Spring Water Bottling Company
|PR069
|-
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|PR060
|}

===Holy Mountain===
{|
|Annunciation Office
|AO003
|-
|Annunciation Winery
|AO004
|-
|Ascension Office
|AO023
|-
|Ascension Winery
|AO024
|-
|Dafni Ferry Terminal
|AO042
|-
|Dafni Military Station
|AO041
|-
|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste Office
|AO025
|-
|Forty Martyrs of Sebaste Winery
|AO026
|-
|Government House
|AO000
|-
|Holy Archangels Office
|AO011
|-
|Holy Archangels Winery
|AO012
|-
|Holy Cross Office
|AO007
|-
|Holy Cross Winery
|AO008
|-
|Karyes First Aid Station
|AO043
|-
|Presentation of Jesus Office
|AO017
|-
|Presentation of Jesus Winery
|AO018
|-
|St. Athanasios Office
|AO001
|-
|St. Athanasios Winery
|AO002
|-
|St. George Office
|AO019
|-
|St. George Winery
|AO020
|-
|St. George the Painter Office
|AO027
|-
|St. George the Painter Winery
|AO028
|-
|St. John the Baptist Office
|AO005
|-
|St. John the Baptist Winery
|AO006
|-
|St. John the Iberian Office
|AO029
|-
|St. John the Iberian Winery
|AO030
|-
|St. Maroun Office
|AO037
|-
|St. Maroun Winery
|AO038
|-
|St. Nicholas Office
|AO035
|-
|St. Nicholas Winery
|AO036
|-
|St. Panteleimon Office
|AO033
|-
|St. Panteleimon Winery
|AO034
|-
|St. Philotheus Office
|AO015
|-
|St. Philotheus Winery
|AO016
|-
|St. Sava Office
|AO031
|-
|St. Sava Winery
|AO032
|-
|St. Thomas Office
|AO039
|-
|St. Thomas Winery
|AO040
|-
|Sts. Peter and Paul Office
|AO013
|-
|Sts. Peter and Paul Winery
|AO014
|-
|Theophany Office
|AO021
|-
|Theophany Winery
|AO022
|-
|Transfiguration Office
|AO009
|-
|Transfiguration Winery
|AO010
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlangs by Kicgan Vekei</title>
    <id>7187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51521</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-17T19:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kicgan Vekei</username>
        <id>1348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wrong category</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya kintala.PNG</title>
    <id>7188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51349</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-07T02:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bɨɨše</title>
    <id>7189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53944</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-29T17:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kicgan Vekei</username>
        <id>1348</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Bɨɨše'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Pronounced:
|| /'b1:Se/
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
|| The eastern half of Merista and most of Iliant
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
|| Unnamed
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||I can't count them all!
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Proto-Lorošae-Hansit-Kentaval]]
:Eastern
::Zuonvokeilaha
:::Esiarkeilaha
::::Essuonullā
:::::Izimban
::::::Izỳbà
:::::::Lorošae-Mèsóc
::::::::Lorošae
:::::::::'''Bɨɨše'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]]||2008-
|}

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
:p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, ʈ /ʈ/, ɖ /ɖ/, k /k/, g /g/, q /q/
:f /f/, v /v/, s /s/, z /z/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ/, x /X/, ğ /R/

===Vowels===
: i /i/, y /y/, ɨ /1/, u /u/
: ụ /U/
: e /e/, ø /2/, o /o/
: ė /E/, ạ /V/, ȯ /O/
: a /a/
===Diphthongs===
===Phonotactics===
===Syllable structure===
===Stress===

[[Category:Conlangs by Kicgan Vekei]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Sano 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51377</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T14:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17</title>
    <id>7191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58882</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-12T23:08:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pisceesumsprecan</username>
        <id>729</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang Relay 17, the &quot;Unfinished Relay&quot;, was being run by [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]] in early 2010, but he went missing in action when it came time to make the final translations, and so the relay never finished as such.  This document was assembled after the fact by the participants.  

Schedule:

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C !! Ring D
|-
| colspan=4 align=&quot;center&quot; |
* Kenner Gordon - ''[[Theadisch]]'' - ''[[/Theadisch|torch]]''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*Padraic Brown - ''[[Kerno]]''- ''[[/Kerno|torch]]''
*Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Karrev]]'' - ''[[/Karrev|torch]]''
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk/old/relay.html torch]''
*Peter Bleackley - ''[[Khangaþyagon]]'' - ''[[/Khangaþyagon|torch]]''
*David E - ''[http://feayran.webs.com Feayran]'' - ''[[/Feayran|torch]]''
*Mechthild Czapp - ''[http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]'' - ''[[/Rejistanian|torch]]''
*Doug Ball - ''[http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]'' - ''[[/Skerre|torch]]''
*[[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]] - ''[[Kamakawi]]'' - ''[[/Kamakawi|torch]]''
*Jeffrey Jones - ''[[SIAL]]'' - ''[[/SIAL|torch]]''
*Carsten Becker - ''[[Ayeri]]'' - ''[http://benung.nfshost.com/examples/txt/xmp_relay17.html torch]''
*&lt;s&gt;Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Asha'ille]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(passed)''
*Herman Miller - ''[http://www.io.com/~hmiller/lang/Tirelat/index.html Tirelat]'' - ''[[/Tirelat|torch]]''
*Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' - ''[[/Theadisch_final_A|final]]''
|
*John Quijada - ''[[Ithkuil]]'' - ''[http://www.ithkuil.net/relay_17_ithkuil_translation.pdf torch]''
*Eugene Oh - ''[[Classical Arithide]]'' - ''[[/Classical Arithide|torch]]''
*Henrik Theiling - ''[http://www.kunstsprachen.de/s25 Tirkunan]'' - ''[[/Tirkunan|torch]]''
*Danny Bowman - ''[[Angosey]]'' - ''[[/Angosey|torch]]''
*loftyd - ''[[Şärsâ]]'' - ''[[/Şärsâ|torch]]''
*Jim Taylor - ''[[Xara]]'' - ''[[/Xara|torch]]''
*Tony Harris - ''[[Tariatta]]'' - ''[[/Tariatta|torch]]''
*G.V. Pieterson - ''[[Neimalu]]'' - ''[[/Neimalu|torch]]''
*Adam Walker - ''[[Carrajena]]'' - ''[[/Carrajena|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Jan van Steenbergen - ''[http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk Wenedyk]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(passed)''
*Puey McCleary - ''[[Babel]]'' - ''[[/Babel|torch]]''
*Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' - ''[[/Theadisch_final_B|final]]''
|
*Tony Harris - ''[[Alurhsa]]'' - ''[[/Alurhsa|torch]]''
*Peter Bleackley - ''[[Iljena]]'' - ''[[/Iljena|torch]]''
*Amanda Furrow - ''[[Mirexu]]'' - ''[[/Mirexu|torch]]''
*Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Lhenazi]]'' - ''[[/Lhenazi|torch]]''
*Jan Strasser - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa]'' - ''[[/Buruya Nzaysa|torch]]''
*Eugene Oh - ''[[Zesovian]]'' - ''[[/Zesovian|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Kevin Urbanczyk - ''[[Proto-Drem]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(passed)''
*Andrej Šuc - ''[[Laefèvëši]]'' - ''[[/Laefèvëši|torch]]''
*Clayton Cardoso - ''[[Mabri]]'' - ''[[/Mabri|torch]]''
*René Uittenbogaard - ''[http://forstinea.nl/calennawn/ Calénnawn]'' - ''[[/Calénnawn|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Jeffrey Jones - ''[http://sites.google.com/site/qiihoskeh/K-TOC.htm K'tlê]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(passed)''
*Deiniol Jones - ''[[Sχáskari]]'' - ''[[/Sχáskari|torch]]''
*Jan van Steenbergen - ''[http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk Wenedyk]'' - ''[[/Wenedyk|torch]]''
*Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' - ''[[/Theadisch_final_C|final]]''
| 
*Lars Finsen - ''[[Azurian]]'' - ''[[/Azurian|torch]]'' 
*Jan van Steenbergen - ''[http://steen.free.fr/vozgian Vozgian]'' - ''[[/Vozgian|torch]]''
*Sylvia Sotomayor - ''[[Kēlen]]'' - ''[http://www.terjemar.net/text.php?id=8 torch]''
*Padraic Brown - ''[[Talarian]]'' - ''[[/Talarian|torch]]''
*Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Vašt î Kûvik]]'' - ''[[/Vašt î Kûvik|torch]]''
*Adam Walker - ''[[Tvern El]]'' - ''[[/Tvern El|torch]]''
*Roger Mills - ''[[Prevli]]'' - ''[http://cinduworld.tripod.com/relay17_prevli.pdf torch]''
*Elliott Lash - ''[[Silindion]]'' - ''[[/Silindion|torch]]''
*Jan Strasser - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Ndok_Ais%C3%B4 Ndok Aisô]'' - ''[[/Ndok Aisô|torch]]''
*Tony Hogard - ''[[Nesheti]]'' - ''[[/Nesheti|torch]]''
*Kenner Gordon - ''Theadisch'' - ''[[/Theadisch_final_D|final]]''
|}		
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot; /&gt;

== See also: ==
* [[Conlang relay]]

[[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlodar ethnographical questionnaire</title>
    <id>7192</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51395</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlodar ethnographical questionnaire]] to [[Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohldar ethnographical questionnaire]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohloçan (Sohlodar)</title>
    <id>7193</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51397</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Sohloçan (Sohlodar)]] to [[Sohlçan (Sohldar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlçan (Sohldar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlodar (Sohlob)</title>
    <id>7194</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51401</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlodar (Sohlob)]] to [[Sohldar (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohldar (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)</title>
    <id>7195</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51405</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohlodar)]] to [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohldar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlob languages and dialects (Sohldar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Sohldar</title>
    <id>7196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51411</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:28:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with ''''Sohldar''' {{IPA|[sɒɬd̥ar]}} The lands where the [[Sohlob]] langauages are spoken

[[Category:Conworlds]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sohldar''' {{IPA|[sɒɬd̥ar]}} The lands where the [[Sohlob]] langauages are spoken

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohldar</title>
    <id>7197</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51409</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Sohldar (Sohlob)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohldar (Sohlob)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sohlçan</title>
    <id>7198</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51413</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-08T19:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Sohlçan (Sohldar)]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sohlçan (Sohldar)]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart large.PNG</title>
    <id>7199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51421</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-09T03:11:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart medium.PNG</title>
    <id>7200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51422</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-09T03:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart small.PNG</title>
    <id>7201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51423</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-09T03:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya nums.PNG</title>
    <id>7202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51424</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-09T03:12:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyata]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Dunamy</title>
    <id>7203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55762</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-03T01:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orthography */ some unexceptional letter names</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Dunamy Martian|pronounce=/ˈdunəmi/|tu=[[Nother]]|species=[[Races of Nother|Humans and demihumans]]|in=[[../Timeline|5th c.]] [[../Anno Martis|A.M.]] [[../Mars/]]|no=[no data]|script=Latin alphabet|tree=Indo-European&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;Germanic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;West Germanic&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Anglo–Frisian&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Modern English&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Martian English&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Dunamy'''|morph=Inflecting|ms=Accusative|wo=VSO|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}

'''Dunamy''' is the English name for the characteristic speech of [[../Dunamy Town/]], the second-oldest settlement on [[../Mars/]].

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high ||  ||  || {{IPA|ɪ}} || || || {{IPA|ʊ}} || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || {{IPA|ʌ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɑ}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

Vowels may be short or long.

===Consonants===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}}  || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || ||   
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}  || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}  || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || ({{IPA|w}}) || || || ||  || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap || || || || || ||  {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || ||  || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

* ''I'm not entirely sure about ''w'' outside of diphthongs.

== Orthography ==
Dunamy spelling is regular.  Long vowels are spelled double.  Hiatus is indicated by an apostrophe.  Some letters (marked here by †) are part of the alphabet but not part of standard spelling.  ''Not all the letter names are finalized yet.''

{|
! Letter ||colspan=2| Name || IPA
|-
| A a || aa-šoožú || /ʌːʃɔːˈʒu/ || [ʌ]
|-
| Ä ä || tårt šoožú&lt;br&gt;(i.e. dotted ''šoožú'') || /tɑrt ʃɔːˈʒu/ || [æ]
|-
| Å å || åå-šoo'å || /ɑːʃɔːˈɑ/ || [ɑ]
|-
| B b || bí || /bi/ || [b]
|-
| C c || sí ''or'' cí || /si/ || †
|-
| D d || dí || /di/ || [d]
|-
| E e || ee-šoo'e || /ɛːʃɔːˈɛ/ || [ɛ]
|-
| É é || éé-låyé || /eːlɑjˈe/ || [e]
|-
| F f || ef || /ɛf/ || [f]
|-
| G g || — || || [ɡ]
|-
| H h || — || || † 
|-
| I i || ii-šoo'i || /ɪːʃɔːˈɪ/ || [ɪ]
|-
| Í í || íí-låyí || /iːlɑjˈi/ || [i]
|-
| J j || — || || †
|-
| K k || — || || [k]
|-
| L l || el || /ɛl/ || [l]
|-
| M m || em || /ɛm/ || [m]
|-
| N n || en || /ɛn/ || [n]
|-
| O o || blín låyó&lt;br&gt;(i.e. plain ''låyó'') || /blin lɑjˈo/ || [ɔ]
|-
| Ó ó || óó-låyó || /oːlɑjˈo/ || [o]
|- 
| P p || — || || [p]
|-
| Q q || — || || †
|-
| R r || åår || /ɑːr/ || [ɾ]
|-
| S s || — || || [s]
|-
| Š š || — || || [ʃ]
|-
| T t || — || || [t]
|-
| U u || blín låyžú&lt;br&gt;(i.e. plain ''låyžú'') || /blin lɑjˈʒu/ || [ʊ]
|-
| Ú ú || úú-låyžú || /uːlɑjˈʒu/ || [u]
|-
| V v || — || || [v]
|-
| W w || — || || [w] (?)
|- 
| X x || eks || /ɛks/ || †
|-
| Y y || — || || [j]
|-
| Z z || — || || [z]
|-
| Ž ž || — || || [ʒ]
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of all Seuna derivational affixes</title>
    <id>7204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51441</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-11T14:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Staigard</username>
        <id>752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '==Bits added to nouns ==  === that will make a noun ===  ==== '''-ju''', '''-ti''' and '''-cia''' ====  '''-ju''' and '''-ti''' are the augmentive and diminutive suffixes respect…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Bits added to nouns ==

=== that will make a noun ===

==== '''-ju''', '''-ti''' and '''-cia''' ====

'''-ju''' and '''-ti''' are the augmentive and diminutive suffixes respectively.

'''dwolo''' = house

'''dwolju''' = mansion

'''dwolti''' = cottage

I don't know if the third term has a latinate term.

'''dwolcia''' = a hovel

Notice that the end.tag overwrites the final vowel of the word. 
The rules that govern this are given in [[Seuna mid-clusters]].

==== '''-fu''' ====

'''kono''' = spoon

'''konofu''' = cuttlery

chair ??? ... furniture
hammer ??? ... tools

'''waulo''' = a dog

'''waulofu''' = any member of the Family Canidae ... that is dogs, wolves, foxes ...

'''sai''' = a colour

'''saifu''' = an adjective

'''du''' = to do

'''dufu''' = a verb

'''to''' = it

'''tofu''' = a noun

'''bone''' = well (done)

'''bonefu''' = an adverb

==== '''-peu''' ====

'''peu''' as an independent word means something like fellow. It has some connotations of friendliness. It can also be translated as &quot;peer&quot;; sombody who is equal to you in some way.

'''x.peu''' = compatriot, fellow-countryman

'''x.peu''' = contemporary ... time, epoch

'''x.peu''' = co-religionist

'''x.peu''' = fellow-professional

'''x.peu''' = namesake

'''x.peu''' = schoolmate

'''x.peu''' = classmate

'''x.peu''' = colleague ... work place

'''das.peu''' = neighbour

'''x.peu''' = companion ... road

'''x.peu''' = comrade ... aim, goal

==== '''-ija''' ====

This is used to name the young of animals.

'''waulo''' = dog

'''waulja''' = puppy

'''waugo''' = wulf

'''waugija''' = wulf cub

==== '''-na, -gu''' and '''-da''' ====

The above three suffixes do not exist as independent words. If they did, they could be endstuck to the verb infinitive and we would have '''*solbe.na''', '''*solbe.ma''' and '''*solbe.da'''. However they are not independent words but pure affixes so we have.

'''solbe''' = to drink

'''solbena''' = the drinker

'''solbegu''' = the drinker(non-human)

'''solbeda''' = restaurant

However these three tags are not restricted to only the infinitive of verbs. For example;-

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''gleho''' 
  |align=center| tooth
  |align=center| '''glehona''' or '''glehon'''
  |align=center| dentist
  |}


workman, milkman, jokeman etc. etc.

==== '''hu-''' ====

This is used to negate infinite verbs.

'''solbe''' = to drink

'''husolbe''' = to not drink

It is fairly obvious ??? that it has an affinity with the independent word '''hi''' which means &quot;to lack&quot;.
'''hu''' as an independent word means &quot;no&quot; or &quot;zero&quot;.

=== that will make an adjective ===

==== '''-ia''' and '''-ua''' ====

'''fanfa''' = horse ... &lt;noun&gt;

'''fanfia''' = having a horse, mounted ... &lt;adjective&gt;

'''kloga''' = shoe ... &lt;noun&gt;

'''klogua''' = shoeless ... &lt;adjective&gt;

'''fanfian''' = the cavalry ... &lt;collective noun&gt;

'''kloguan''' = the shoeless ... &lt;collective noun&gt;

'''ta fanfia''' = the knight, the cavalry man

'''ta klogua''' = the shoeless one, the shoeless person

'''sa klogua''' = a shoeless one. a shouless person

'''sa fanjia''' = a knight, a cavalry man

'''tan fanfia''' = the knights, the cavalry men ???

'''san fanfia''' = some knight, cavalry men    ???

'''fanfua''' = horseless, unmounted ... &lt;adjective&gt;

'''fanfuan''' = the infantry-* ... &lt;collective noun&gt;

-* This can also be translated by XXXX which means footsoldier.

The adjectives made by suffixing '''ia''' and '''ua''' are made into nouns again by adding '''-ne''' rather than '''-un'''. For example ;-

'''fanfuane''' = &quot;the condition of being horseless&quot; or &quot;horselessness&quot;.

==== '''-we''' and '''-ka'''====

&quot;woman&quot; &quot;man&quot;'''ka''' = a masculine woman ... i.e. a woman who has the appearance of a man

&quot;man&quot; &quot;woman&quot;'''we''' = a effeminate woman ... i.e. a man who acts like a woman

==== '''-wan''' ====

wan is end.stuck to a few adjectives as well as some nouns. Its has the sense of &quot;tending towards&quot;,&quot;accustomed to&quot; or &quot;addicted to&quot;.

{| border=1
  |align=center| '''ai''' 
  |align=center| white
  |align=center| '''aiwan''' 
  |align=center| faded
  |-
  |align=center| '''loso''' 
  |align=center| grey
  |align=center| '''loswan''' 
  |align=center| grizzled
  |-
  |align=center| '''mi''' 
  |align=center| I
  |align=center| '''miwan''' 
  |align=center| selfish
  |-
  |align=center| '''mama''' 
  |align=center| mother
  |align=center| '''mamawan''' 
  |align=center| motherbound
  |-
  |align=center| '''dwolo''' 
  |align=center| house
  |align=center| '''dwolwan''' 
  |align=center| domesticated
  |-
  |align=center| '''caito''' 
  |align=center| book
  |align=center| '''caitwan''' 
  |align=center| bookish
  |}

== Bits added to verbs ==

=== that will make a verb ===

==== '''-ay- -al-''' and '''-aw-''' ====

These three infixes are inserted just before the last verb of the infinitive. They respectively give the causative, the inchoative and the reciprocal.

'''solbe''' = to drink

'''solbaye''' = to make drink

'''solbale''' = to start to drink


'''timpa''' = to hit

'''timpaya''' = to cause to hit

'''timpala''' = to start to hit

'''timpawa''' = to fight

These can not be chained together. That is you can not express, for example, &quot;to start causing to hit&quot; with one word.

==== '''-u-''' ====

An in.tag that gives the verb a meaning opposite from the original.

'''henda''' = to dress

'''hendua''' = to undress

==== '''-pa''' '''-pu''' and '''-pe''' ====

These are used to negate finite verbs in the subjunctive mood. They can be perhaps considered as part of the person-mood-tense-aspect-evidential paradigm which is not considered in this section.

'''timpas''' = let me hit

'''timpaspa''' = don't let me hit

'''timpamo''' = if I hit

'''timpampu''' = if I don't hit

'''timpami''' = if I had hit

'''timpampe''' = if I had not hit

=== that will make an adjective ===

==== '''-au''' and '''-ina''' ====

These suffixes produce adjectives from verbs.
'''au''' produces the so-called present active participle.
'''ina''' produces the so-called past active participle.

'''timpa''' = to hit

'''timpau''' = hitting

'''timpina''' = hit, struck

Notice that the last vowel from the verb is dropped.

'''timpa''' is a transitive verb. For intransitive verbs the present-active/past-active distinction telescopes in to a present/past distinction.

= our departing friends

= our departed friends

==== '''-si''' ====

This suffix turn a verb into and adjective with the meaning &quot;having a propensity or inclination to &quot;verb&quot; &quot;.

'''loŋge''' = to rest, to relax

'''loŋgesi''' = lazy

When the verb ends in a double vowel(diphthong), the last element is dropped.

'''kodai''' = to work

'''kodasi''' = diligent

'''gomia''' = to quarrel

'''gomisi''' = quarrelsome

To make a noun from the adjective formed with the '''-si''' suffix, '''-ne''' should be used. For example ;-

'''kodasine''' = diligence

== Bits added to adjectives ==

=== that will make an adverb ===

==== '''-we''' ====

'''hau'e''' = beautiful

'''hau'ewe''' = beautifully

=== that will make an adjective ===

==== -s and '''-stx''' ====
 
'''-s''' is a suffix that gives the comparative degree and '''-stx''' is a suffix that gives the superlative degree. '''x''' represents any vowel, in fact the last vowel of the adjective itself is repeated.

'''hau'e''' = beautiful

'''hau'es''' = more beautiful

'''hau'este''' = most beautiful

==== '''u-''' ====

u is a prefix, used to turn an adjective into an adjective meaning the exact opposite.

'''mutu''' = important

'''umutu''' = unimportant

=== that will make a noun ===

==== '''-na''' or '''-n'''====

The affixes '''-n''' and '''-na''' are in free variation.

'''hau'e''' = beautiful ... '''hau'en''' or '''hau'ena''' = a/the beauty

'''fanfa''' = horse ... '''fanfia''' = having a horse ... '''fanfian''' = a/the horseman

'''fanfianai''' = the cavalry

==== '''-me''' ====

'''-me''' is a suffix which changes an adjective to a noun. Usually the last vowel of the adjective is dropped.

'''uje''' = soft

'''ujeme''' 

Also derived words ending in ai or au take the suffix in thuis form.

'''kenko'''=&quot;salt&quot;...'''kenkai'''=&quot;salty&quot;...'''kenkaime'''=&quot;saltiness&quot;

=== that will make a verb ===

==== '''-du''' and '''-gwa''' ====

It can be argued that '''-du''' and '''-gwa''' are not really affixes a all, but just examples of the usual method of compounding using the word.join method.
 
'''tuju''' = big

'''tuju.du''' = to make big

'''tuju.gwa''' = to become big

==Index==

{{Seuna index}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>BPJ on VL</title>
    <id>7205</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51448</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T08:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Melroch/Vulgar Latin]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch</title>
    <id>7206</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51451</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T08:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Romlang reference works online#Romanisches etymologisches W.C3.B6rterbuch]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Romlang_reference_works_online#Romanisches_etymologisches_W.C3.B6rterbuch]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phonemic principle</title>
    <id>7207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51455</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T14:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'In [[orthography]], the '''phonemic principle''' holds that there should be a one-to-one correspondence between the orthographic and phonemic representation of a word, or more st…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[orthography]], the '''phonemic principle''' holds that there should be a one-to-one correspondence between the orthographic and phonemic representation of a word, or more strictly, that there should be a one-to-one correspondence between [[grapheme]]s and [[phoneme]]s (which requires the writing system in question to be an [[alphabet]] or an [[abugida]]). Usually it is however not required for [[Prosody|prosodic]] features like [[stress]] and [[tone]] to be unambiguously marked.

==Examples==

Languages whose orthographies are very nearly phonemic include [[Spanish]] and [[Finnish]]. Such writing is often called &quot;phonetic&quot;, but this is incorrect, as predictable [[allophone|allophonic]] variations, eg. [d ~ ð] in the former or [h ~ x] in the latter, are usually not overtly marked.

Languages whose orthographies conform (relatively speaking) poorly to the phonemic principle include [[English]] and [[French]].

[[Category:Orthography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tolkien</title>
    <id>7208</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51464</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Orthography</title>
    <id>7209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51468</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T15:52:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>go</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [[orthography]].

[[Category:Scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conlang decipherment</title>
    <id>7210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51472</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-13T16:00:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Pages dedicated to analysis of conlangs that have been used in works of fiction, but for which no official information has been published.  [[Category:Conlangs]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages dedicated to analysis of conlangs that have been used in works of fiction, but for which no official information has been published.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iljena/Leyen</title>
    <id>7211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51503</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-14T13:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Started page on biology and society of the Leyen</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Leyen are sentient crepuscular bipeds native to [[lijin kovt]], the fourth planet of Δ Pavonis. They are similar in hight and build to humans, but their skin has a mottled appearance in various shades of brown, grey and green - something like camouflage fabric. Their skin is covered with vibrissae, light but stiff bristles which are approximately two inches long and an inch apart. These make them highly sensitive to air movements. This sense is very important to them, and gives them a sense of being fully immersed in an active world. Cognitive exolinguists believe that this explains why nouns and verbs are fused in [[iljena]]. Visually, they can see a wider range of wavelengths than humans (extending into the near infra-red), but only discriminate colours over a narrower range of frequencies. Their sense of smell is better than humans.

== Biology ==
Viviparous fish, with life-cycles similar to that of a seahorse (eggs are kept in a brood-pouch by the male until hatching) are very common in lijin kovt's oceans, and one such species was the ancestor of land-dwelling vertebrates on lijin kovt (Terran biological terms are used analogically for reasonably similar creatures). The basal clade of land vertebrates is therefore known as &quot;patrigenes&quot; in human terminology. As larger creatures evolved, larger eggs were necessary, and trasferring the eggs between the female and the male became difficult. The &quot;macroovan&quot; clade developed two different strategies to solve this problem. One group, the &quot;neoovipares&quot; began to lay shelled eggs. This group includes the Pavonian equivalent of birds. The other group, the &quot;matrigenes&quot;, retained the egg within the females body, continuously secreting yolk to nourish it until birth. It is to this group that the Leyen belong.

During infancy, Leyen are fed regurgitated food from a crop by both parents. The presence of a crop in males is an adaptation to a monogamous lifestyle - in related species that are not monogamous, the male crop is vestigial.

Leyen do not have visible secondary sexual characteristics - they normally distinguish male from female Leyen by scent. This means that they do not need clothing for personal modesty. As it would interfere with their vibrissae, they will only wear clothing if absolutely necessary to protect the body.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lorošae</title>
    <id>7214</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53943</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-29T16:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kicgan Vekei</username>
        <id>1348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Bɨɨše]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bɨɨše]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Prielma</title>
    <id>7215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51533</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-19T23:36:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Prielma</username>
        <id>1361</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sgevla</title>
    <id>7216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51532</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-19T23:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Prielma</username>
        <id>1361</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>M Menus of the MR</title>
    <id>7217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51553</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-22T19:43:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Salads */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====&lt;center&gt;'''Yiayia’s Greek Kitchen'''&lt;/center&gt;====
&lt;center&gt;Tuesday through Sunday&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;Lunch: 1100-1400; Dinner: 1700-2300&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;Telephone number: PRosforion 070&lt;/center&gt;
===Μεζέ (Mezé) Appetizers===
*1. Spreads and sauces, served with saj.
**τζατζίκ (tzatzík) – Purée of yogurt, cucumbers and garlic 4.95
**ςκορδάλ (skordál) – Purée of bread, vinegar and garlic  4.95
**μελιτζανοςαλάτ (melitzanosalát) – Purée of eggplant, olive oil and lemon juice 4.95
**τυροκαφτέρ  (turokaftér) – Purée of hot peppers, roasted peppers, olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, yoghurt and oregano 4.95
*2. τυροπίτ  (tiropít) – Layered phyllo pastry with cheese and egg filling (4 pieces) 4.50
*3. μπουρέκ (bourék) – Fried phyllo pastry 
**filled with potato, onion and muzíth 4.95
**filled with chevon or chicken 5.95
*4. ςαρμάδες (sarmádes) – Spicy rice mixture wrapped in vine leaves (2) 4.95
**with chevon or chicken 6.95 
*5. ςπανακόπιτ (spanakópit) – Phyllo pastry filled with spinach, feta and muzíth 5.95
*6. ςαγανάκ (saganák) – Pan-seared cheese 5.50
**with shrimp or mussels 7.50
*7. Shish squid or octopus 9.25
*8. Shish mushrooms 4.95
*9. Combination plate: Choice of any four of the above, your choice of sauce 16.95

===Σούπι (Soúpi) ''Soups''===
*1. αυγολεμόν  (avgolemón) – everyday – broth with egg and lemon juice
**with vegetable broth, cup 1.95, bowl 2.50
**with chicken broth, cup 2.95 bowl 3.50
*2. φαςολάδ ςουπ (fasolád soup) – Tuesday - navy bean soup, cup 1.95, bowl 2.50
*3. φάκ ςουπ (fak soup) – Wednesday – lentil soup, cup 1.95, bowl 2.50
*4. πατς (pats) – Thursday – goat tripe soup, cup 2.95 bowl 3.50
*5. μπιζέλςουπ (bizélsoup) – Friday – split pea soup, cup 2.95 bowl 3.50
*6. ψαρόςουπ (psarósoup) – Saturday – fish-of-the-day soup, cup 2.95 bowl 3.50
*7. ρεβιθόςουπ (revithósoup) – Sunday – chick-pea soup, cup 1.95, bowl 2.50

===Σαλάτα (Saláta) Salads===
(our vinaigrette is made from virgin Athonite olive oil and Athonite wine vinegar)
*Greek Potato Salad – Potatos, scallions, celery and green pepper dressed with lemon juice and virgin olive oil, served on a bed of romaine and garnished with hard-boiled egg, tomato, cucumber and feta 5.95
*Caesar Salad – Romaine tossed with Caesar dressing topped with feta and croutons 4.95
*θερίν ςαλάτ (Therín salát) – Summer salad: mixed tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and green peppers topped with feta, olives, oregano and anchovies, and dressed with olive oil 4.95
*Λαχανοςαλάτ (Lachanosalát) - Cabbage salad: finely shredded cabbage dressed with vinaigrette.
*Παντζαροςαλάτ (Pantzarosalat) – Beetroot dressed with vinaigrette.
*Shellfish Vinaigrette Salad – Cold shrimp, squid and octopus on romaine 11.95
*Grilled Chicken Salad – Chicken breast served on romaine and cucumbers 7.95

===Side dishes===
*Macaronada – Macaroni and sautéed onion, seasoned with cinnamon and garlic 6.75
**with chevon sauce 8.75</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nations of Alaska</title>
    <id>7218</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51560</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-25T11:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Indo-European Japan|Alaska]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Indo-European Japan|Alaska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>English Alaska</title>
    <id>7220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52955</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T02:41:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Politics */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Federated Kingdom of English Alaska'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Capital''' ||{{inforight}}|Jacobia, Royal District
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Queen''' ||{{inforight}}|[[Mary III of English Alaska|Mary III]]
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Viceroy''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''President-General''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Languages''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Official ||{{inforight}}|English
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Others ||{{inforight}}|Various
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Established''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Currency''' ||{{inforight}}|Pound; 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pence
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Supranational Organizations''' ||{{inforight}}|English Empire
|}

The '''Federated Kingdom of English Alaska''' is the most populated English-speaking nation in [[Alaska (Indo-European Japan)|Alaska]].  It consists of the Confederation of [[New England (Indo-European Japan)|New England]], the Province of [[Pennsylvania (Indo-European Japan)|Pennsylvania]], and the Province of [[Illinois (Alaska)|Illinois]].  New England is divided into 8 Provinces (New Somersetshire, New Yorkshire, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth).

== Politics ==
[[Image:IEJ-EA.png|300px|thumb|left|Map showing the provinces of English Alaska]] English Alaska is ruled by a Viceroy nominally appointed by the Monarch, and a bicameral Grand Council.  The Grand Council consists of a Senate with 10 representatives from each of the three primary divisions, and a House of Commons, with each Province (that is, the seven provinces of New England plus the provinces of Pennsylvania and Illinois) sending members in proportion to their population.  The House currently has 120 Members.  The Grand Council is headed by a President-General.  Illinois and Pennsylvania are both governed by a unicameral Council and a Governor appointed (nominally) by the Crown, while New England has a bicameral Council (modeled on the federal model) and a Governor-General, with each province governed by its own unicameral Council and Governor.
=== Monarch ===
Until 2005, English Alaska's monarch was the same as [[England (Indo-European Japan)|England]]'s.  In 1996, the Parliament passed a new succession law making the monarch's firstborn child - regardless of sex - the heir-apparent.  King [[James II of England (Indo-European Japan)|James II]]'s first born was a daughter, Princess Mary, while his secondborn was a son, the then-Prince of Wales [[Henry XI of England (Indo-European Japan)|Henry]].  Mary had been born in Jacobia during the Royal Family's exile in the [[Global War (Indo-European Japan)|Global War]], and had a special connection with English Alaska, frequently visiting it, and attending university at Harvard.  She was far more favored than her brother by most English-Alaskans.  The Anglo-Alaskan Succession Act created a new title, Prince/Princess of Philadelphia, for the heir-apparent, which was formally bestowed upon Mary by a reluctant King James II in 2002.  He had also initially refused to give Royal Assent to the Act, until Parliament declared its intention to ignore Royal Assent if necessary.  James had been unwilling to permit any part of his realms from being separated from England, and the English had been unwilling to revise their succession to equal primogeniture (in part because it was seen as an Alaskan innovation).  Upon James' death in 2005, Mary inherited the throne of English Alaska while her brother Henry became King of England and all other domains.

There is some debate over the proper numbering of Mary, with some arguing that, as the Act effectively created a new monarchy, she should be referred to as Mary I of English Alaska.  However, Mary herself has proclaimed Mary III as the proper ordinal.

Mary III has three children and two grandchildren, establishing a secure succession.

== Relationship with New Netherlands ==
English Alaska and [[New Netherlands]] are closely allied.  They are in a customs union, and the English-Alaskan pound and the New Netherlands rijksdaalder are fixed relative to each other at £1 = $5 ($1 = 4/-).  The EA-NN border is completely open, and citizens of each state enjoy significant rights in the other.  The two have long been in a military alliance.  There has been talk from time to time of a full union between the two, but at present, they remain officially separate.

== Currency ==
English Alaska uses the Pound, originally equal to that of England, but today, the two float relative to each other.  The pound retains the traditional division into 20 shillings of 12 pence each.
=== Coins ===
*¼ penny
*½ penny
*1 penny
*3 pence
*6 pence (&quot;bit&quot;)
*Shilling
*2/6 (&quot;Half crown&quot;)
*5/- (&quot;Crown&quot;)
*10 shillings
Until relatively recently, 5/- and 10/- were banknotes.  There has been talk of replacing the half-crown and crown with 2-shilling and 4-shilling coins (to be called half-dollar and dollar), to match the New Netherlands 24-stuiver and rijksdaalder coins.

=== Banknotes ===
*1 Pound
*5 Pounds
*10 Pounds
*20 Pounds

[[Category:Nations of Alaska]]
[[Category:English Alaska|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grandgent Vulgar Latin</title>
    <id>7221</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51564</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-27T12:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>D'oh!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Romlang_reference_works_online#Introduction_to_Vulgar_Latin_.281907.29_by_Charles_Hall_Grandgent]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Moyaha</title>
    <id>7222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57504</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-12T16:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart.PNG</title>
    <id>7223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51577</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51578</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:39:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart cons.PNG</title>
    <id>7225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51579</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart vows.PNG</title>
    <id>7226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51580</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:39:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya kintala 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51581</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Na yalaye nye ta talaye.PNG</title>
    <id>7228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51582</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kala name.PNG</title>
    <id>7229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51583</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ko tayo onatam ka.PNG</title>
    <id>7230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51633</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-01T16:34:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mo ta yala ka.PNG</title>
    <id>7231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51620</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-31T14:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nam ke tsala inaye.PNG</title>
    <id>7232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51586</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-29T12:42:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart x sampa.PNG</title>
    <id>7233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53939</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-29T12:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Britain</title>
    <id>7234</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51612</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-31T02:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[New Britain]] to [[English Alaska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[English Alaska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alaska (Indo-European Japan)</title>
    <id>7236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51722</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-05T01:56:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Alaska''' is a large continent in the northern hemisphere.  Early interoceanic contact was made by the Vikings, but permanent contact between Eurasia and Alaska began in 1453 with the arrival of [[Enchukok|Enchukokan]] explorers searching for the mythical Northern Passage to Europe.  The first inhabitants to encounter Eurasians were, therefore, the Aleutian islanders, whose name for the mainland, ''alaxsxaq'', was adapted as ''Alaska'' or ''Alaskok''

[[Image:IEJA.png|600px]]

[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:IEJA.png</title>
    <id>7237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51977</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T10:09:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:IEJA.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;Modified New Netherlands' border</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A map of Alaska in the Indo-European Japan timeline, on top of a map of North America *here*</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Mo ta yala ka 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51619</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-31T14:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ko tayo onatam ka 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51622</id>
      <timestamp>2010-01-31T14:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart name.PNG</title>
    <id>7240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51634</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-01T16:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alaya</title>
    <id>7241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51657</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-01T21:15:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lakrymohsa</username>
        <id>1362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Language */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Planet|
|name=Alaya
|image=[[]]
|year_local=380.0 Alaya days
|year_earthdays=348.3 Earth days
|siderealday= hours
|solarday= 22 hours
|diameter_metric=12,756.32 km
|diameter_usa=7,926.41 mi
|area_metric= km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|area_usa= mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|tilt= 23.0081 degrees
|mass_metric= Yg
|mass_earths= earths
|gravity= 9.762234 m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|moons=3 ([[Kata]], [[Kranoh]] and [[Platon]])}}


Alaya is a green planet that is situated in the main alternate dimension of Earth, its history and future. Its surface is simular to Earth's (although the continents have shifted into different places) and homes a pretty large ecosystem with nothing too threatening for humans of Earth. There are disputes about its capital as their are 3 main biocities. [[Vurtuua Kongrah]] (literally, 'pretty city') is generally the accepted capital. The others being [[Krantoh Kongrah]] and [[Fahra Kongrah]]. There are a further 1406 towns, and many homes placed a significant distance from neighbouring towns or cities. 

There are three main continents of Alaya named [[Tralahna]], [[Katansa]] and [[Protsantya]].

== History ==

In the Earth years 2540-2545 a time shift phenemonen occured which meant people of Earth where able to easily move between both realities. This caused a surge in population on Alaya as 205,800 people moved to the planet, building biocities and creating pathways through the landscape. Minerals where taken from Earth and Titan (Jupiter's moon) to preserve Alaya's beautiful landscape. Some food was brought from Earth but most of it came from Alaya's own sources of nutrition. These were constantly monitored so that the delicate ecosystem remained in balance. Subsequently, not Earth animals where brought over.

On 25th March 2545 the pathway between the dimensions disapeared leaving an estimated 250,000 people stranded on Alaya. They have no contact with Earth.

== Time Correspondence ==

Surprisingly, Alaya's year 1050 (year Alayun was introduced) corresponds to the Earth year 2016 which means that time on Alaya runs backwards. (This is not to say that everything on Alaya moves backwards, it just moves in an opposite direction to Earth). Alayun y0 equates to Earth y2540.

== Language ==

[[Alayun]] is the universal language of Alaya developed from a mix of 'New' languages from the people of Earth. It came into common use in the Alaya year 1050 as it was decided that the mix of languages was causing barriers between the people of Alaya. It took only 100 years to become fully functional and now only a small group of Alayatha's (Alaya people) speak Earth languages like New English, New American, New Russian, European and Eastern.

[[Category:Alaya]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]


Created by [[User: Lakrymohsa|Lakrymohsa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alayun</title>
    <id>7242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51658</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-01T21:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lakrymohsa</username>
        <id>1362</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The universal language of [[Alaya]] developed from a mix of 'New' languages from the people of Earth. It came into common use in the Alaya year 1050 as it was decided that the mix of languages was causing barriers between the people of Alaya. It took only 100 years to become fully functional and now only a small group of Alayatha's (Alaya people) speak Earth languages like New English, New American, New Russian, European and Eastern.

(This page is being worked on by its author)

&lt;div style='float: right;'&gt;
{| style='background-color: #fefeff; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 90%; margin: .0em .2em; padding: .0em .2em; text-align: left; width: 250px;'
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='font-size: 120%; text-align: center;' | '''{{{conlangname|&lt;noinclude&gt;Alayun&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}'''
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Author'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{author|[[User:Lakrymohsa]]}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Type'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{type|universal language}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Year began'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{year|Alaya 1050}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Demographics
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | '''Population'''
| style='text-align: left; width: 50%' | {{{pop|205,000}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Spoken in'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{speak-in|Alaya}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Genetic Classification'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{gen-class|Humanoid}}}
|- valign=top
| colspan=2 style='background-color: #aaa; text-align: center;' | Grammar
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Most Common Word-Order'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{word-or|}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morphological Typology'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{mor-type|}}}
|- valign=top
| style='text-align: left;' | '''Morpho-syntactic Alignment'''
| style='text-align: left;' | {{{morphalign|}}}
|-
| 
|}&lt;/div&gt;

== Examples ==

Ykuntha suhn rekorez luu noh tayanahuhl - ''Someone is calling you on the phone''. (Someperson be contacting you on speaker the)

Ay ekahy thagrah fa aykes lingrah - ''I'm the tallest in my class''. (I mosttall person in I's learngroup)

Luu sel valau? - ''How are you?'' (You feel how?)


[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>7243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54025</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T12:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Comments on Khangaþyagon */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Comments on Khangaþyagon ==

I'm always keen to receive feedback about Khangaþyagon, so if you'd like to say anything about it, please add your comments here. To get the ball rolling, I've asked permission from a couple of people who've followed Khangaþyagon in translation relays to post the feedback they gave me.

[http://www.frontiernet.net/~scaves/teonaht.html Sally Caves], who followed Khangaþyagon in [http://www.kunstsprachen.de/relay11/ The Primordial Soup Relay], wrote

I think ⁅Khangaþyagon⁆ is very interesting; I like the VSO structure --being a Celticist-- but one thing I would drop is the repetition in the adjectives.  It makes for a kind of repetitive wordiness, and this is why I don't particularly like agglutinating languages.

''I replied: I chose VSO because Khangaþyagon is a magical language - indeed, the name translates as &quot;magic language&quot;. I therefore thought that there should be an emphasis on action, so therefore the verb should come first.''

''Sally said:'' Hmm.  Isn't that funny.  Among the Teonim, it's the last thing that has emphasis, the newest sound in the air.  So the verb comes last, Teonaht being an active language, with emphasis on volitionality. 

''I also said: I don't quite know why I chose adjective agreement - although in a VSO language with no accusative marker, it probably makes the sentence structure easier to follow.''

''Sally replied:'' Not really.  Welsh doesn't have much adjective agreement; only in a few cases.  Nor is it an inflected language like Irish. 

Later on, Sally asked me a few more questions about Khangaþyagon. Here they are, with my replies
#Did Khangaþyagon emerge from a Role-Playing Game?
#*No, it's part of a fantasy novel which I'm in the process of writing.
#What are the features of Khangaþyagon such that it is a magical language instead of a regular conlang?
#*In its concultural setting, Khangaþyagon is the original language of the world in which it was spoken. The Creator of the world came into it and walked among the first people for a while, and that was the language He spoke with them. When one of them defied Him, seeking to make himself ruler over the people, and declared that he would rather not be than submit to the Creator, the Creator granted his wish not so be so as to restore peace. However, this created death, which grieved the Creator, so he resolved to withdraw from the world, so that His presence would cause no more harm. However, He left a remnant of His powers in the world for the benefit of mankind. Wizards are those who have the ability to use these powers, have attained the &quot;true knowledge&quot; of magic, and use them for the benefit of others. When other languages began to diverge from the first language, they lost their magical potency. Wizards therefore preserved its use amongst themselves, and named it Khangaþyagon. It is necessary for a wizard to be able to understand and communicate in Khangaþyagon - simply reciting spells by rote doesn't work, and would neither enable the practitioner to attain true knowledge nor to formulate his own spells.
#Is your choice of an agglutinating language important to the magical quality of this language?
#*It's influenced by the runic inscription that I used for my first source material. The ring was believed to be a talisman against bleeding, so I gave it an appropriate meaning, and then analysed the words to give that meaning. The length of the words made an agglutinating structure seem likely, so I parsed them accordingly. Since then, I've been largely guided by instinct - certain things seem right for Khangaþyagon, and that's my main design principle. I was also influenced by the large amount of compounding in German.
#Is your choice of adjective agreement important? If so, is it because of the repetition?  
#*The repetition does give a certain incantatory feel to the language, I find. The poem that I posted on the conlang list illustrates this particularly well. This seems to be aesthetically right for a magical language. I suppose that it's partly a Latin influence (Latin was the language that first made me realise that a language could work in a significantly different way from English, and has a long history of sacred, scholarly and magical use) although in other aspects I've tried to avoid romance influences.
#Where did you get the Anglo-Saxon runic inscription on the ring?  I'm sure it's not nonsense; just not West Saxon.
#*I was hoping for a Germanic, Saxon feel for Khangaþyagon, but not for a lookalike of any existing language. I was looking for information about Saxon runic inscriptions on the internet when I found the inscription, which I believe is the oldest runic inscription found in England. The fact that it seemed to be for magical purposes fitted what I wanted for Khangaþyagon exactly, so I'd found my starting point. Interesting that you think it's not nonsense. I wonder what it could be? [http://www.grsampson.net/QBirthOfEng.html The page where I found it] didn't suggest a meaning.
# How influenced are you by Anglo-Saxon as a language?
#*I'm interested in the Anglo-Saxons as a culture. They were a significant proportion of my ancestors. They had a prototype democracy, they were a warrior culture but once they came into contact with Christianity they developed a thriving academic tradition practically overnight. I was at Durham University, at the College of St. Hild and St. Bede, named after two particularly important Anglo-Saxon scholars. William the Conqueror's other epithet describes his character as much as his parentage.

Jörg Rhiemeier, who followed Khangaþyagon in [[Conlang Relay 15]], wrote

It is a nice, well-developed conlang with very rich morphology,
which I like.  I especially like the segunkar system, which
reminds me of the Daghestanian &quot;case construction kits&quot;;
I am going to have something similar in some daughter languages
of [[Old Albic]].  The language seems somewhat pristine and artificial
to me, but if I remember correctly, it is meant to be the first
language from which all other language evolved in a fantasy world,
so the lack of diachronic depth positively makes sense.

Roger Mills, who followed Khangaþyagon in Conlang Relay 16, wrote

gevont:  ge- 'true' + v- know + pres.part.  &quot;true knowing??&quot; I translated it literally as &quot;true knowledge (of)...&quot; but wonder if it could have meant 'to recognize' or 'to be aware of'

''I replied: I generally use it as &quot;understand&quot;. ge and v- are two of the first Khangaþyagon roots I created. Actually gevont should mean &quot;One who understands&quot;, but I forgot about that little semantic irregularity there when I translated.''

sabegrontol:  by tolerating?  or &quot;with toleration&quot;?; same for mezzalesardlol 'together+feeling+ADJ+by' = with sympathy, sympathetically??? anyhow it led to a comparable compound (feel+with) for 'sympathy' in Gwr.

''I replied: Most words for sympathy or compassion in natlangs can be translated as &quot;to feel or suffer with&quot;, so I followed the pattern.''

paðiltar -- do,act + 3 +IMPER + pl.  A 3rd pers. imperative?? &quot;let (them) act...??&quot; I translated as (they) must act

''I replied: Strictly speaking, the Khangaþyagon imperative is also an optative or hortative, but grammatically it's all the same form. My smooth English has &quot;Let them...&quot; but &quot;they must...&quot; is perfectly valid.''

snaug 'fault' -- now, that's one ugly word ;-)

''I replied: Deliberate phonoaesthetic choice there.''

and the last phrase: gevir yir yi  'true-know-3-pl  they  __?  is the last yi = it? as I assumed

''I replied: Yes''

And what about that last sentence: &quot;I am not sure&quot; ????????

''I replied: Well, I translate and send on what I get, but I imagine that originally the last two sentences might have been one, along the lines of

&quot;Few people doubt that they understand virtue, but I am not sure.&quot; ''

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 13:16, 2 February 2010 (UTC) 

[http://www.terjemar.net Sylvia Sotomayor], who translated into Khangaþyagon in Inverse Relay 2, wrote 

I enjoyed it. I find it kinda fun and weird at the same time that 'on' is a combination of 'above' and 'in contact with'. That is neat.

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 16:47, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

David E, who followed Khangaþyagon in [[Conlang Relay 17]] said:

When I first found out I'd be translating Khangaþyagon, I dug into your
materials on Frath wiki and thought the premise was really cool. The
language certainly seems to fit its role; it was pretty easy to pull
apart the various segunakar and construct the meaning of the passage,
and I can see how you could string things together to form some cool
magical formulas. The relative simplicity of the grammar is a plus as
well (the lack of irregularities was a godsend, thanks for that!), since
any fans of your novel won't need to be linguistic buffs to dig into the
language.

--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 12:52, 5 May 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WHATL</title>
    <id>7244</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51666</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T15:18:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The WHAT</title>
    <id>7245</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51664</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T15:16:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[The WHAT]] to [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]:&amp;#32;There are now two abbreviations, so better have the page under the full name.  Will also create redirect from &quot;Western Hellenism ATL&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Western Hellenism ATL</title>
    <id>7246</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51665</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T15:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Western Hellenism Alternative Timeline]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay</title>
    <id>7247</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51674</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-03T10:56:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Conlang relay]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang relay]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Akanalogo.png</title>
    <id>7248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51675</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-03T12:22:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The logo of the Akana conworld; uploaded for use in articles referring to that project. (c) 2008 by [[User:Tzinacan|Radius Solis]], iirc.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The logo of the Akana conworld; uploaded for use in articles referring to that project. (c) 2008 by [[User:Tzinacan|Radius Solis]], iirc.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adāta</title>
    <id>7249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57618</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:23:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Adāta''' is a language of the [[Edastean languages|Edastean family]] in the world of [[Akana]]. It was spoken in the Dāiadak city states of the Rathedān highlands in the time period around 0 YP. With the expansion of the Empire of Athalē from 200 YP onward, the language spread across most of the middle and upper Eigə valley. In 414 YP, '''Imperial Adāta''' was declared official language of the empire by Khepōnon I, thereby further strengthening its position outside the Dāiadak heartlands and largely replacing local tongues.

Adāta is notable for being the parent language of the so-called [[Akana#The Cursed Relay|&quot;Cursed Relay&quot;]] of 2006, a game in which several generations of daughter languages were derived from it.
 
{{AkanaWikiLink}}
* [http://deinioljones.net/conlangs/adata/adata.htm Adāta grammar]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndak Ta</title>
    <id>7250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57630</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:35:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Ndak Ta''' is the language of the ancient Ndak Empire, based in [[Kasca|Kasadgad]] around -1900 YP. During the reign of emperor Tsinakan (r. -1915 to -1889 YP), the empire came to dominate the whole lower and middle Aiwa valley, the Rathedān highlands, and the coast up to the Čisse river in the north and the Şepamã river in the south. As a result, the [[Edastean languages|Edastean language family]] descended from Ndak Ta became one of the most important linguistic groups in the world of [[Akana]].

{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fáralo</title>
    <id>7251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57626</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:34:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Fáralo''' was the language of [[Huyfárah]], the most powerful nation on the continent of Peilaš in the world of [[Akana]] in the time period around 0 YP. It is an [[Edastean languages|Edastean]] language descended from the northern dialects of [[Ndak Ta]], showing heavy influence from languages of the [[Eigə-Isthmus languages|Eigə-Isthmus family]], specifically Faraghin. 
 
{{AkanaWikiLink}}
* [http://www.zompist.com/faralo2.htm Fáralo grammar]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Review Grammar, Introduction</title>
    <id>7253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51692</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-03T19:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang Relay 17</title>
    <id>7255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51706</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-04T17:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Melroch</username>
        <id>31</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'There is a template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Red|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and a &lt;code&gt;class=red&lt;/code&gt; which make entering {{red|red text}} easier! ~~~~'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">There is a template &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Red|}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and a &lt;code&gt;class=red&lt;/code&gt; which make entering {{red|red text}} easier! [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:02, 4 February 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nyenglisk</title>
    <id>7256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52438</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T12:32:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blackkdark</username>
        <id>1214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nyenglisk */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=='''Nyenglisk'''==

Nyenglisk is a language purely based on that of [[English]] with some scandanavian extracts. There are some new sounds which will be shown below but nearly 99.9% of words are adapted from english. There are cases such as Dative and Genitive and the definite and indefinite article are suffixes. Has an icelandic/Faroese look. Word order is SVO. The language is complete, as it's vocabulary is mainly drawn from english, however there has been significant sound changes which makes it sound nothing like english. Easy to learn and to write in. 

Example &gt; The man is walking down the street &gt; Manið valke dún strýtiðum.

==Examples==

# The woman is taking her baby to the pool = Vomanið take hona babý til púliðs
# I want to go to the cinema tomorrow = Jæ vile að gora til cinemaiðs
# I could sing but I am bad at it = Jæ kunað singa men jæ er bad at það.
# I love writing examples = Jæ luve að ræta egsamplea.
# You should learn New english = þú skalað lerna nyenglisk :).

==Grammar==

There are three cases - Nominative, Dative and Genitive.

'''''Dative'''''

The Dative case is only used after prepositions and some verbs. In the dative case nouns end in &quot;að&quot; for singular and &quot;u&quot; in the plural. The suffix for &quot;a&quot; in the dative case is &quot;inað&quot; and the suffix for &quot;the&quot; is iðum for singular and iðu in the plural. All prepositions except til (to) and vegna (because of) take dative. 

'''''Genitive'''''

The Genitive case is used much less than the Dative. No verbs take the genitive after them and only two prepositions take the genitive. The Genitive endings for nouns are &quot;s&quot; for singular and &quot;ur&quot; for plural. The suffix for &quot;a&quot; becomes ins in the Genitive and the suffix for &quot;the&quot; becomes iðs for the singular and iður for the plural. Til (to) and Vegna (because of) also take the genitive. The Genitive can also be used the exact same way as in english - My mum's book &gt; Mín mums búk - although there is no need for an apostrophe. 

'''---Examples---'''
 
:Dative - I am against independence = Jæ er eje índependence'''''að'''''
:Genitive - I am going to America = Jæ gore til Amerika'''''s'''''


----

==Orthography==

æ = eye

á = aw

í = ee

ó = ow

ú = oo

ý = ee (NB: í and ý can be interchangeable, it is up to the person preference)

ð = eth (never at beginning of words)

þ = th  (never at the end of words)

tj = ch

je / ji = y

ngje = like the &quot;nge&quot; in change

j = j (y when followed by e/i)

ej = ay 

sj = sh

==Accusative Case==

It was decided that there would be no accusative case. Therefore one says &quot;I have I&quot; instead of &quot;I have me&quot; - Jæ haðe jæ. 
No prepositions take accusative, and all accusative associated prepositions became governed by the Dative case.

==Verbs==

All verbs end in '''a''' &gt; að vera/giva/skala

All verbs are preceeded by '''að''' (meaning to) however að is only used with verbs and not as a normal preposition.

Verbs only conjugate once. The '''&quot;a&quot;''' is turned '''&quot;e&quot;''' and the verb remains the same for all persons &gt; '''Jæ er, teir er.''' 

In the '''past tense''', '''haða''' is always used as the auxilluarly and '''ð''' is added to the stem of the verb &gt; '''Jæ haðe komað = I have come.''' 

The '''imperfect''' is formed by taking the past participle and using that as the verb &gt; '''Jæ komað = I came
'''

The '''Future''' is formed by taking the verb '''&quot;Skala&quot;''' and using that as the auxilluarly and then adding the infinitive &gt; '''Jæ skale koma = I will come.'''

The '''conditional''' is formed by taking the past participle of '''&quot;skala&quot;''' and then adding the infinitve &gt; '''Jæ skalað koma = I would come.'''

The '''past Conditional''' is formed by taking the past participle of '''&quot;skala&quot;''' and then adding the past participle of the verb &gt; '''Jæ skalað komað = I would have come.''' 

==Definite and Indefinite Article with Adjectives==

When adjectives are used with the definite article, the definite articles stands on its own and is also added to the end of the noun. 

Example: 
         #The nice woman = De næs vomanið. 
         #A nice woman = Et næs vomanin
         #To the nice woman = Til de næs vomaniðs*
* As shown above, when a case is used the dependent form for &quot;a&quot; and &quot;the&quot; are not inflicted. Only the endings are. 


[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asha'ille</title>
    <id>7257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51719</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-05T00:26:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arthaey</username>
        <id>16</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link to Ashai'lle homepage</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Official homepage: http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/ashaille/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lhenazi</title>
    <id>7258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51720</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-05T00:27:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Arthaey</username>
        <id>16</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>official homepage for Lhenazi</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Official homepage: http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/lhenazi/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Buruya Nzaysa</title>
    <id>7260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57619</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:24:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Akana}}
'''Buruya Nzaysa''' was the language of Buruya, a trading town on the lower Eigə river, during classical times. It is a direct descendant of [[Ndak Ta]], belonging to the [[Edastean languages|Edastean]] language family. Buruya Nzaysa is classified, by convention, as a divergent western dialect of [[Delta Naidda|Naidda]]. There is no doubt that these speech varieties formed a dialect continuum; however, the differences are substantial enough for many scholars to maintain the position that Buruya Nzaysa was in fact a separate language, intermediate between Naidda and [[Ndok Aisô]].

{{AkanaWikiLink}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>SIAL</title>
    <id>7261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51812</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-06T04:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>preliminary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">SIAL is designed as an International Auxiliary Language. The morphology is ''a priori'', while the general lexicon is ''a posteriori'', and the syntax is a mixture.
==Orthography and Phonology==
===Letters and Sounds===
SIAL uses the latin alphabet (of which H, Q, and X occur only in proper names) with no diacritics.
*A, E, O, I, U are always used for vowels [a, e, o, i, u],
*P, T, K, B, D, G, C, J, F, S, V, Z, M, N are always used for consonants [p, t, k, b, d, g, tS or S, dZ or Z, f, s, v, z, m, n or N],
*R, L are also used for consonants (they have the most phonetic variation and note that they have complimentary distribution outside of proper names),
*Y, W are sometimes used as consonants [j, w] and sometimes as  unstressable vowels [i, u].
===Phonotactics===
Syllable structure is '''(C(L))V(C)'''. The onset clusters which occur include TR, DR, PL, BL, KL, GL, KW, GW.

Geminates of nasals and voiceless obstruents may occur; these are written using double consonants: PP [p:], CC [t:S], etc. except that [S:] is written SC. The geminate RR also occurs.

The consonant clusters SP(L), ST(R), SC, SK(L), SKW, and geminate RR may occur word-initially in the citation form and in speech or writing when the immediately preceding word ends in a vowel. Otherwise, a vowel is added (E before RR and I before the others) to preserve the syllable structure given above.
===Prosody===
Stress is on the penult with a few exceptions (mainly stressed monosyllables and maybe some proper names).
==Morphology==
SIAL has only a few inflection and derivational affixes.
===Inflectional Suffixes===
The main lexical classes are verb, noun, and particle. Note that these are distinct from the similarly named syntactical classes.

The final vowel of an inflectable verb or noun determines its syntactical class. These are:
{|
! -A
| preposition or divalent verb with explicit object
|-
! -E
| adverb, secondary predicate, or verb without explicit object
|-
! -O
| noun, adjective, or other noun modifier
|-
! -I
| vocative (only on head word of phrase)
|-
! -U or none
| some proper nouns
|}

There's also a non-final suffix '''-AZ'''. It's technically a role inversion suffix, but for inflectional purposes is used as a passive marker.
===Inflectional Prefixes===
{|
! le-
| optative || mood
|-
! zu-
| progressive || aspect
|-
! bi-
| habitual || aspect
|-
! ge-
| retrospective || aspect
|-
! va-
| prospective || aspect
|}
Where both mood and aspect are marked, the mood prefix appears first. Where aspect is unmarked, a dynamic lexical verb is aoristic and a static lexical verb is stative.
==Syntax==
SIAL is basically '''S-V-O-P''' and '''D-Q-A-N'''.
==Vocabulary==
The general vocabulary should be as international as possible. This means that there are a lot of words derived from Latin, some from Greek (most numeric), and some from various other sources.
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>First Advisor</title>
    <id>7262</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51843</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:46:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[First Advisor]] to [[First Adviser]]:&amp;#32;Spelling</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[First Adviser]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Non-Territorial Sovereign Entity</title>
    <id>7263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51845</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:49:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Non-Territorial Sovereign Entities''' are an unusual quirk of the present-day [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  The term envelops several different categories, and there…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Non-Territorial Sovereign Entities''' are an unusual quirk of the present-day [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  The term envelops several different categories, and there are a number of different definitions of the term.

The most important category, and the main prototype of the NTSE idea, is the [[Major Faith]].  A Major Faith is a religion recognized by the imperial government.  Heads of the Major Faiths have seats in the [[Kasshi Parliament#Grand Assembly|Grand Assembly]] (one of the three houses of the Kasshi Parliament).  Imperial IDs have Major Faith as one of the data fields (including a category that can be translated as &quot;Secular&quot; for lack of a better term, indicating, in this context, not belonging to a Major Faith - thus including not only members of other religions, but the non-religious).  For the most part, Major Faiths are large religions, but there are a few smaller ones whose status is politically-motivated, as well as one fairly large new religion, [[Trimundialism]], that is excluded from the category.

Major Faiths are given a certain degree of legal authority over their members, and the secular government agrees to enforce certain laws for them.  For example, several of the Major Faiths prohibit drinking among their members.  Of those, some have signed agreements requiring the state to enforce this law, and therefore, ID is required in alcohol purchases to ensure not only that the purchaser is above the legal age, but is not in one of the no-alcohol faiths.  Except where an agreement explicitly renounces it, Major Faiths also have the right to (within certain limitations) punish their members for breaking the religion's laws.  Membership is inherited at birth, unless renounced, and the Major Faiths have a tacit agreement amongst each other to minimize proselytizing each other's members.

The Major Faiths are also authorized to collect &quot;tithes&quot;, which effectively function as taxes.  In exchange for these rights and authorized tax-collection, the Major Faiths assume a number of social services duties, leaving the state to care for the &quot;secular&quot; citizens.  The Major Faiths are, in some areas, better than the state, leading some to join a Major Faith for that reason.

Joining and leaving Major Faiths is not easy.  One is generally assumed to be in the Major Faith of their parents - and in the case of a mixed-Faith union, is expected to choose one at adulthood.  Other than by birth, no one can become a member of a Major Faith against their will, and the right of the Major Faiths to excommunicate members is limited by various agreements between the Faiths and the state.  Beyond that, there is no single principle that holds for leaving or joining Faiths, except that one can belong to only a single Major Faith at a time, and the state administers membership rolls on behalf of the Faiths.  Each Faith has its own rules for joining.  All are required to, at least in theory, be open to converts, but a few are so stringent in their admission standards that they are practically closed.

This system was set up by [[First Adviser]] [[Dzesa]] as a compromise to defuse religious tensions, giving them legal power over their members, but preventing them from extending that power over non-members.  It was part of the establishment of what she called the Era of Religious Harmony (a somewhat propogandistic name).

This system is currently under strain, and some believe it to be on the road to collapse.  Some Major Faiths have staked actual territories where they rule in all but name, and many fear that the Empire is headed towards religious civil war.

Even older than the Major Faiths, but of much less contemporary importance, are the [[Kasshi clan|clans]].  One belongs to the clan of one's [[Kasshi House|House]] (an extended family structure).  Marriage consists of one spouse leaving their birth House and clan to join their spouse's House and clan (it's possible for both Houses to belong to the same clan).  Today, the clans have primarily statistical significance.  Clan leaders administer the imperial census and other statistical functions.  New citizens must join a clan, as citizenship is through the clans (in the early days, the clans were divided between citizen clans and non-citizen clans, but today all clans are citizens), but other than that, one cannot change clans, except through transfer from one House to another.

When the Empire was founded, the clans performed much of the administration of the empire, and clan laws were often adopted as local laws.  Clans were semi-territorial in that they generally had territory that historically belonged to the clans.  By the founding of the empire, however, immigration had reduced the importance of those territories (although clan borders frequently coincided with state borders, both pre- and post-establishment of the Empire) as many people lived in other clans' territories.  The clans gradually lost power, and their older subdivisions are almost entirely forgotten.  Most people only know their clan because clan name is a part of full names.

Other NTSEs were formed on the model of the Major Faiths.  [[Kasshi tribe|Tribes]], for example, are cultural/ethnic groups that have been granted recognition by the state.  Corporations are sometimes argued to be a type of NTSE, and court precedence is mixed on this argument, with some rulings favoring this view and others opposing it.

The [[Pteranthropan Federation]] consists of all [[Pteranthropan]]s in the Empire.  Pteranthropans are the native sentient species of [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]], now a tiny minority.

Several advocacy groups have gained NTSE-like status.  Groups such as the deaf and various forms of physical and cognitive disabilities have gained NTSE-like recognition, but are far more limited in their powers and responsibilities than the Major Faiths.

[[Category:Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Elected Advisors</title>
    <id>7264</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>51849</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-07T08:58:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Council of Elected Advisors]] to [[Council of Elected Advisers]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Council of Elected Advisers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keβag</title>
    <id>7265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54322</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-27T13:11:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subordinate declension */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Keβag''' is a constructed phantasy language. Some phonetical changes (similar to those as in Celtic languages) are very important in its morphology.

==Phonology==
Every consonant comes with a lenited and palatalized counterpart. They are basic for declinantion and conjugation:

{| {{prettytable}}
|'''''Alternative'' Lenited form''' ||  || dh || fh || gh || kh || lh || mh ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || th || vh
|-
| '''Lenited form'''|| bh || ð || ɸ || ɣ || x || ł || μ || nh || ph || qh || rh || z || θ || β
|-
| '''Full form''' || b || d || f || g || k || l || m || n || p || q || r || s || t || v 
|-
| '''Palatalized form''' || b' || d' || f' || ż || c || l' || m' || ň || p' || q' || r' || ş || t' || v'
|}

Vowels are:
* a {{IPA|[a]}} ← ancient vowel: A
* e {{IPA|[e]}} ← ancient vowel: E
* i {{IPA|[i]}} ← ancient vowel: I
* o {{IPA|[o]}} ← ancient vowel: O
* u {{IPA|[u]}} ← ancient vowel: U
* ë {{IPA|[ə]}} ← from reduction of ancient vowels
* ä {{IPA|[æ]}} ← ancient group: AHE
* ö {{IPA|[ɶ]}} ← ancient group: OHE
* ü {{IPA|[y]}} ← ancient group: UHE
* y {{IPA|[ɨ]}} ← ancient group: IHE

==Morphology==
The basic word order is ''VSO'' - '''''Verb'''''-'''''Subject'''''-'''''Object'''''.

==Article==
There is both indefinite and definite article

===Indefinite article===
The indefinite article (English ''a, an'') has a plural form, which traslates the meaning of ''some''.
{|
| colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;''Masculine''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;'''Case'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| Nominative || VOM || vë || VE || v'ë
|-
| Genitive || VI || v'ë || VOS || ve
|-
| Dative || VON || vë || VIA || v'a
|-
| Accusative || VIU || v'u || VIO || v'ë
|}

{|
| colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;''Feminine''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;'''Case'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| Nominative || VO || vë || VE || v'ë
|-
| Genitive || VAS || ve || VOS || ve
|-
| Dative || VON || vë || VIA || v'a
|-
| Accusative || VIU || v'u || VIO || v'ë
|}

===Definite article===
{|
| colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;''Masculine''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;'''Case'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| Nominative || EN || ë || EMI || en
|-
| Genitive || ENI || ë || EMOS || en
|-
| Dative || EHO || e || EMIA || eňa
|-
| Accusative || EH || ë || EMO || en
|}

{|
| colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;''Feminine''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;'''Case'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Singular'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Plural'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| Nominative || EN || e || ENI || e
|-
| Genitive || ENAS || en || ENOS || enu
|-
| Dative || EHA || e || ENIA || eňa
|-
| Accusative || ENA || e || ENIO || eň
|}

==Noun morphology==
Substantives flect according to '''number''' (''singular-plural'') and '''case''' (''nominative-genitive-dative-accusative''). Since the original endings were cancelled by phonetical changes (loss of final vowels, palatalization, lenition), declension is expressed by phonetical mutations of the starting and final consonant.

Nouns are divided in three declensions, depending on their genre and their ancient ending (vowel-consonant)

* '''1st declension''' - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant - Masculine

{|
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;'''vad''' (''son'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || || || colspan=2| ''Definite declension'' || colspan=2| ''Indefinite declension''
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADOM || VADE || ë vad || en βad' || vë vad || v'ë βad'
|-
| Genitive || VADI || VADOS || ë βad' || enu vad || v'ë βad' || ve vad
|-
| Dative || VADON || VADIA || e βad || eňa βad'a || vë vad || v'a βad'a
|-
| Accusative || VADIU || VADO || ë vad'u || en βad || v'u βad'u || v'ë βad
|}

* '''1st declension''' - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Feminine

{|
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;'''vad''' (''daughter'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || || || colspan=2| ''Definite declension'' || colspan=2| ''Indefinite declension''
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;

|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADO || VADI || e vad || e βad' || vë βad || v'ë βad'
|-
| Genitive || VADAS || VADOS || en vad || enu vad || ve vad || ve vad
|-
| Dative || VADIO || VADIA || e βad' || eňa βad'a || vë vad' || v'a βad'a
|-
| Accusative || VADIU || VADIO || e βad'u || eň βad' || v'u βad'u || v'ë βad'
|}

* '''2nd declension''' - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in consonant - Masculine

{|
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;'''eθen''' (''hand'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || || || colspan=2| ''Definite declension'' || colspan=2| ''Indefinite declension''
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || ETENOS || ETENE || ënh eθen || eμ eθeň || vëμ eθen || v'ë eθeň
|-
| Genitive || ETENI || ETENOS || ëň eθeň || eμëz eθen || v'ë eθeň || vëz eθen
|-
| Dative || ETENON || ETENIA || e-eθen || em'-eθeňa || vënh eθen || v'a eθeňa
|-
| Accusative || ETENIU || ETENO || ë-eθeňu || eμ eθen || v'u eθeňu || v'ë eθen
|}

* '''2nd declension''' - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in vowel - Feminine

{|
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;'''um''' (''mother'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || || || colspan=2| ''Definite declension'' || colspan=2| ''Indefinite declension''
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || UMO || UMI || enh um || eň um' || v-um || v'ë um'
|-
| Genitive || UMAS || UMOS || enhëz um || enhëz um || vëz um || vëz um
|-
| Dative || UMIO || UMIA || e-um' || eň-um'a || vënh um' || v'a um'a
|-
| Accusative || UMIU || UMIO || enh um'u || eň-um'o || v'u um'u || v'ë um'o
|}


* '''3rd declension''' - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant

Nouns belonging to the 3rd declension are said &quot;''neutre''&quot;. They take masculine articles and adjectives in singular, and feminine articles and adjectives in plural.
{|
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;'''da''' (''house'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || || || colspan=2| ''Definite declension'' || colspan=2| ''Indefinite declension''
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || DAK || DAKI || ë da || e ðac || vë da || v'ë ðac
|-
| Genitive || DAKI || DAKOS || ë ðac || enu dak || v'ë ðac || ve dak
|-
| Dative || DAKON || DAKIA || e ðak || eňa ðaca || vë dak || v'a ðaca
|-
| Accusative || DAKIU || DAKIO || ë dacu || eň ðac || v'u ðacu || v'ë ðac
|}

===Foreign borrowings===
Keβag borrowed some words from other languages, as ancient terms from Latin or today words from modern languages. Since Keβag words' declension is based on their ancient forms, foreign terms adapted to its particular declension.

*'''From Latin''':
Words from Latin entered the language in different periods, and could endure Keβag typical phonetical changes. Latin words are used to adapt to Keβag declension patterns:
: - Latin words ending in -us were declined as Keβag words in -OM
: - Latin words ending in -a were declined as Keβag feminine words in -O
: - Latin words ending in consonant were declined as Keβag words belonging to the 3rd declension.

Examples:

* Avoxat (from Latin ''advocatus'')
{|
|colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;'''avoxat''' (''lawyer'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| ''Definite declension''
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular 
|-
| Nominative || ënh avoxat || eμ avoxat' 
|-
| Genitive || ëň avoxat' || eμëz avoxat 
|-
| Dative || e-avoxat || em'-avoxat'a 
|-
| Accusative || ë-avoxatu || eμ avoxat 
|}

* Proceşo (from Latin ''processio, -onis'')
{|
|colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;'''proceşo''' (''procession'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| ''Definite declension''
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular 
|-
| Nominative || ë proceşo || e phroceşoň
|-
| Genitive || ë phroceşoň  || enu proceşon
|-
| Dative || e phroceşon || eňa phroceşoňa
|-
| Accusative || ë proceşoňu || eň phroceşoň
|}

*'''From modern languages''':
Words from modern languages (usually from English, French, German, but also Spanish, Italian and Russian) have entered the Keβag lexycon. On the contrary to Latin these languages have no declension pattern matching Keβag ones and nouns are placed in a declension pattern arbitrarily (sometimes respecting the original genre in some language). Orthography usually adapts to Keβag writing rules, but phonetics do not; in this way when a noun ends with an unusual consonant for Keβag phonology, this consonant remains unchanged in declension.

* Këmp'uter (from English ''computer'') - 1st masculine declension
{|
|colspan=3| &lt;center&gt;'''këmp'uter''' (''computer'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| ''Definite declension''
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular 
|-
| Nominative || ë këmp'uter || en xëmp'uter'
|-
| Genitive || ë xëmp'uter' || enu këmp'uter
|-
| Dative || e xëmp'uter || eňa xëmp'uter'a
|-
| Accusative || ë këmp'uter'u || en xëmp'uter
|}

==Adjective morphology==
Adjectives have a simpler morphology than nouns' one. They decline according their nouns' gender and number. As the position of adjectives is always after their nouns, if they begin in consonant, their first consonant undergoes '''lenition''' if required by the ancient last vowel of the noun. If they begin with a vowel the ancient last consonant of the desinence of the nouns could be '''restored''' (and ''lenited'').

We have to enlist the entire declension path of nouns and adjective together, to show the changes they both may undergo.

* '''1st adjectival declension''' - Adjectives starting in consonant after a noun ending in consonant (masculine)

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''bok''' (''new'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADOM BOKO || VADE BOKE || ë vad bok || en βad' bhoc
|-
| Genitive || VADI BOKI || VADOS BOKU || ë βad' bhoc || enu vad boku
|-
| Dative || VADON BOKI || VADIA BOKI || e βad boc || eňa βad'a bhoc
|-
| Accusative || VADIU BOKU || VADO BOKO || ë vad'u bhoku || en βad bhok
|}

* '''1st adjectival declension''' - Adjectives starting in consonant after a noun ending in vowel (feminine)

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''bok''' (''new'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADO BOKO || VADI BOKE || e vad bhok || e βad' bhoc
|-
| Genitive || VADAS BOKAS || VADOS BOKU || en vad bok || enu vad boku
|-
| Dative || VADIO BOKA || VADIA BOKI || e βad' bhok || eňa βad'a bhoc
|-
| Accusative || VADIU BOKA || VADIO BOKO || e βad'u bhok || eň βad' bhok
|}

* '''2st adjectival declension''' - Adjectives starting in vowel after a noun ending in consonant (masculine)

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''aɣon''' (''old'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADOM AGONO || VADE AGONE || ë vaðëμ aɣon || en βad' aɣoň
|-
| Genitive || VADI AGONI || VADOS AGONU || ë βad' aɣoň || enu vaðëz aɣonu
|-
| Dative || VADON AGONI || VADIA AGONI || e βaðënh aɣoň || eňa βad'a aɣoň
|-
| Accusative || VADIU AGONU || VADO AGONO || ë vad'u aɣonu || en βad aɣon
|}

* '''2nd adjectival declension''' - Adjectives starting in vowel after a noun ending in vowel (feminine)

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''aɣon''' (''old'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || VADO AGONO || VADI AGONE || e vad aɣon || e βad' aɣoň
|-
| Genitive || VADAS AGONAS || VADOS AGONU || en vaðëz aɣon || enu vaðëz aɣonu
|-
| Dative || VADIO AGONA || VADIA AGONI || e βad' aɣon || eňa βad'a aɣoň
|-
| Accusative || VADIU AGONA || VADIO AGONO || e βad'u aɣon || eň βad' aɣon
|}

* '''3rd adjectival declension''' - Adjective starting in consonant with a noun ending in consonant

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''bok''' (''new'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || DAK BOKO || DAKI BOKE || ë da bok || e ðac bhoc
|-
| Genitive || DAKI BOKI || DAKOS BOKU || ë ðac bhoc || enu dak boku
|-
| Dative || DAKON BOKI || DAKIA BOKI || e ðak boc || eňa ðaca bhoc
|-
| Accusative || DAKIU BOKU || DAKIO BOKO || ë dacu bhoku || eň ðac bhoc
|}

* '''3rd adjectival declension''' - Adjective starting in vowel with a noun ending in consonant

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;'''aɣon''' (''old'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
| Nominative || DAK AGONO || DAKI AGONE || ë dax aɣon || e ðac aɣoň
|-
| Genitive || DAKI AGONI || DAKOS AGONU || ë ðac aɣoň || enu daxëz aɣonu
|-
| Dative || DAKON AGONI || DAKIA AGONI || e ðaxënh aɣoň || eňa ðaca aɣoň
|-
| Accusative || DAKIU AGONU || DAKIO AGONO || ë dacu aɣonu || eň ðac aɣon
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal===
{|
|&lt;center&gt;'''English'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Nominative'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Genitive'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Dative'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2|&lt;center&gt;'''Accusative'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| ||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||''Ancient form''||''Modern form''||
|-
| ''I'' || GA || gë || GOS || go || GOSIA || goşë || GAMO || gëm
|-
| ''Thou'' || DA || dë || DOS || do || DOSIA || doşë || DAMO || dëm
|-
| ''He'' || LO || le || LU || lë || LUIA || lëjë || LUMO || lëm
|-
| ''She'' || SO || se || SA || së || SAIA || sëjë || SAMO || sëm 
|-
| ''It'' || NA || në || NES || në || NESIA || nëşë || NAMO || nëm
|-
| ''We'' || MAN || ma || MANES || man || MANESIA || manheşë || MANEMO || manhëm
|-
| ''You'' || TEL || t'e || TELOS || t'el || TELOSIA || t'ełëşë || TELOMO || t'ełëm
|-
| ''They'' || KOD || ke || KODOS || kod || KODOSIA || koðëşë || KODOMO || koðëm
|}

===Possessive===
{|
|'''English'''||'''Ancient form'''||'''Modern form'''||'''Modern lenited form'''
|-
| ''My'' || GOS || go || ɣo
|-
| ''Your'' (thou) || DOS || do || ðo
|-
| ''His'' || LU || lë || łë
|-
| ''Her'' || SA || së || zë
|-
| ''Its'' || NES || në || nhë
|-
| ''Our'' || MANES || man || μan
|-
| ''Your'' || TELOS || tel || θel
|-
| ''Their'' || KODOS || kod || xod
|}

Possessive pronouns (a genitive form of personal pronouns) come after their nouns and endure lenition, if required. Examples:

* ''my house'': ë da go
* ''of my house'': ë ðac ɣo

* ''to her daughter'': ë βad' zë
* ''we see their daughter'': lo kat e vad'u xod

===Interrogative===
{|
! Case || colspan=2| ''What?'' || colspan=2| ''Who?''
|-
! || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| Nominative || PATO || pat || PAHETOM || pät
|-
| Genitive || PATI || pat' || PAHETI || pät'
|-
| Dative || PATO || pat || PAHETON || pät
|-
| Accusative || PATIU || pat'u || PAHETIU || pät'u
|}

''Which'': [POHETO]: pöt (''declined and treated as an adjective'')

===Relative===
The relative pronoun in '''pöt''' [POHETOM], declined as a noun, with the definite article.

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;Masculine&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural 
|-
| Nominative || POHETOM || POHETE || ë pöt || en phöt' 
|-
| Genitive || POHETI || POHETOS || ë phöt' || enu pöt 
|-
| Dative || POHETON || POHETIA || e phöt || eňa phöt'a 
|-
| Accusative || POHETIU || POHETO || ë pöt'u || en phöt 
|}

{|
|colspan=5| &lt;center&gt;Feminine&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Ancient term&lt;/center&gt; ||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;Modern term&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural 
|-
| Nominative || POHETO || POHETI || e pöt || e phöt' 
|-
| Genitive || POHETAS || POHETOS || en pöt || enu pöt
|-
| Dative || POHETIO || POHETIA || e phöt' || eňa phöt'a 
|-
| Accusative || POHETIU || POHETIO || e phöt'u || eň phöt'
|}

==Verb morphology==
Verbs conjugate according to person, number and aspect. They do not conjugate according to tense.

* '''1st conjugation''' - Verbs starting in consonant
{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || LA KATE || lë xat' || OLAS KATE || olë kat'
|-
| Thou || LEM KATEN || lë kat' || OLEM KATEN || ol kat'
|-
| He/She/It || LO KAT || le xa || OLO KATO || ol xat
|-
| We || LUV KATOM || lo kat || OLU KATOM || olë xat
|-
| You || LUS KATI || lo kat' || OLU KATIS || olë xat'
|-
| They || LI KATUN || l'ë xatu || OLI KATUN || ol' xatu
|}

* '''2nd conjugation''' - Verbs starting in vowel
{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || LA ASE || l-aş || OLAS ASE || olëz aş
|-
| Thou || LEM ASEN || lëμ aş || OLEM ASEN || olëμ aş
|-
| He/She/It || LO AS || l-a || OLO ASO || ol-as
|-
| We || LUV ASOM || loβ as || OLU ASOM || olë as
|-
| You || LUS ASI || loz aş || OLU ASIS || olë aş
|-
| They || LI ASUN || l'-asu || OLI ASUN || ol'-asu
|}

The meaning of past is expressed by an adverbial particle, placed after the verb:

* DA → '''dë''' (''lenited form'': '''ðe''')

===Negative declensions===
Verbs form negative sentences with special negative declensions:

* '''1st conjugation''' - Verbs starting in consonant
{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || ME LA KATE || μë xat' || ME OLAS KATE || μolë kat'
|-
| Thou || ME LEM KATEN || μë kat' || ME OLEM KATEN || μol kat'
|-
| He/She/It || ME LO KAT || μe xa || ME OLO KATO || μol xat
|-
| We || ME LUV KATOM || mo kat || ME OLU KATOM || μolë xat
|-
| You || ME LUS KATI || mo kat' || ME OLU KATIS || μolë xat'
|-
| They || ME LI KATUN || m'ë xatu || ME OLI KATUN || μol' xatu
|}

* '''2nd conjugation''' - Verbs starting in vowel
{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || ME LA ASE || m-aş || ME OLAS ASE || μolëz aş
|-
| Thou || ME LEM ASEN || μëμ aş || ME OLEM ASEN || μolëμ aş
|-
| He/She/It || ME LO AS || m-a || ME OLO ASO || μol-as
|-
| We || ME LUV ASOM || moβ as || ME OLU ASOM || μolë as
|-
| You || ME LUS ASI || moz aş || ME OLU ASIS || μolë aş
|-
| They || ME LI ASUN || m'-asu || ME OLI ASUN || μol'-asu
|}

===Passive declension===
To express a passive form, verbs have a special passive conjugation, normal and negative.

* '''1st passive conjugation''' - Verbs starting in consonant
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || LARO KATE || lër xat' || OLASOR KATE || olëzër kat' || ME LARO KATE || μër xat' || ME OLASOR KATE || μozër kat'
|-
| Thou || LEMOR KATEN || lemër kat' || OLEMOR KATEN || olëμër kat' || ME LEMOR KATEN || μër kat' || ME OLEMOR KATEN || μolër kat'
|-
| He/She/It || LOR KAT || lër ka || OLORO KATO || olër xat || ME LOR KAT || μër ka || ME OLORO KATO || μolor xat
|-
| We || LUVOR KATOM || loβër kat || OLURU KATOM || oloru xat || ME LUVOR KATOM || moβër kat || ME OLURU KATOM || μolur xat
|-
| You || LUR KATI || lër kat' || OLURU KATIS || oloru xat' || ME LUR KATI || mor kat' || ME OLURU KATIS || μolur xat'
|-
| They || LIR KATUN || l'ër katu || OLIRI KATUN || ol'ër xatu || ME LIR KATUN || m'ër katu || ME OLIRI KATUN || μol'ër xatu
|}

* '''2nd passive conjugation''' - Verbs starting in vowel
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || LARO ASE || larh aş || OLASOR ASE || olëzërh aş || ME LARO ASE || μërh aş || ME OLASOR ASE || μolëzërh aş
|-
| Thou || LEMOR ASEN || lëμërh aş || OLEMOR ASEN || olëμërh aş || ME LEMOR ASEN || μëμërh aş || ME OLEMOR ASEN || μolëμërh aş
|-
| He/She/It || LOR AS || lërh a || OLORO ASO || olërh as || ME LOR AS || μërh a || ME OLORO ASO || μolërh as
|-
| We || LUVOR ASOM || loβërh as || OLURU ASOM || olorh as || ME LUVOR ASOM || moβërh as || ME OLURU ASOM || μolorh as
|-
| You || LUR ASI || lorh aş || OLURU ASIS || olorh aş || ME LUR ASI || morh aş || ME OLURU ASIS || μolorh aş
|-
| They || LIR ASUN || l'ërh asu || OLIRI ASUN || ol'ërh asu || ME LIR ASUN || m'ërh asu || ME OLIRI ASUN || μol'ërh asu
|}

===Subordinate declension===
Subordinate/subjunctive forms did not exist in the ancient language, but they were created by fusion of the subordinating conjunction '''SA''' + the other forms of verbs.

* '''1st active conjugation''' - Verbs starting in consonant
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || SA LA KATE || së xat' || SA OLAS KATE || zlë kat' || SA ME LA KATE || zμë xat' || SA ME OLAS KATE || zμolë kat'
|-
| Thou || SA LEM KATEN || së kat' || SA OLEM KATEN || sol kat' || SA ME LEM KATEN || zμë kat' || SA ME OLEM KATEN || zμol kat'
|-
| He/She/It || SA LO KAT || se xa || SA OLO KATO || sol xat || SA ME LO KAT || zμë xa || SA ME OLO KATO || zμol xat
|-
| We || SA LUV KATOM || so kat || SA OLU KATOM || zlë xat || SA ME LUV KATOM || zmo kat || SA ME OLU KATOM || zμolë xat
|-
| You || SA LOS KATI || su kat' || SA OLU KATIS || zlë xat' || SA ME LUS KATI || zmo kat' || SA ME OLU KATIS || zμolë xat'
|-
| They || SA LI KATUN || şë xatu || SA OLI KATUN || şol' xatu || SA ME LI KATUN || zm'ë xatu || SA ME OLI KATUN || zμol' xatu
|}

* '''2nd active conjugation''' - Verbs starting in vowel
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || SA LA ASE || s-aş || SA OLAS ASE || zlëz aş || SA ME LA ASE || zμ-aş || SA ME OLAS ASE || zμolëz aş
|-
| Thou || SA LEM ASEN || sëμ aş || SA OLEM ASEN || zlëμ aş || SA ME LEM ASEN || zμëμ-aş || SA ME OLEM ASEN || zμolëμ aş
|-
| He/She/It || SA LO AS || s-a || SA OLO ASO || sol-as || SA ME LO AS || zm-a || SA ME OLO ASO || zμol-as
|-
| We || SA LUV ASOM || soβ as || SA OLU ASOM || zlë as || SA ME LUV ASOM || zmoβ as || SA ME OLU ASOM || zμolë as
|-
| You || SA LUS ASI || sol aş || SA OLU ASIS || zlë aş || SA ME LUS ASI || zmoz aş || SA ME OLU ASIS || zμolë aş
|-
| They || SA LI ASUN || şl-asu || SA OLI ASUN || şol'-asu || SA ME LI ASUN || zm'-asu || SA ME OLI ASUN || zμol'-asu
|}

* '''1st passive conjugation''' - Verbs starting in consonant
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || SA LARO KATE || sër xat' || OLASOR KATE || zlëzër kat' || SA ME LARO KATE || zμër xat' || SA ME OLASOR KATE || zμozër kat'
|-
| Thou || SA LEMOR KATEN || semër kat' || SA OLEMOR KATEN || zlëμër kat' || SA ME LEMOR KATEN || zμër kat' || SA ME OLEMOR KATEN || zμolër kat'
|-
| He/She/It || SA LOR KAT || sër ka || SA OLORO KATO || zlër xat || SA ME LOR KAT || zμër ka || SA ME OLORO KATO || zμolor xat
|-
| We || SA LUVOR KATOM || soβër kat || SA OLURU KATOM || zloru xat || SA ME LUVOR KATOM || zmoβër kat || SA ME OLURU KATOM || zμolur xat
|-
| You || SA LUR KATI || sër kat' || SA OLURU KATIS || zloru xat' || SA ME LUR KATI || zmor kat' || SA ME OLURU KATIS || zμolur xat'
|-
| They || SA LIR KATUN || şër katu || SA OLIRI KATUN || żl'ër xatu || SA ME LIR KATUN || żm'ër katu || SA ME OLIRI KATUN || zμol'ër xatu
|}

* '''2nd passive conjugation''' - Verbs starting in vowel
{|
| colspan=9|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|  ||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Positive''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=4| &lt;center&gt;''Negative''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Imperfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Perfective'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || SA LARO ASE || sarh aş || SA OLASOR ASE || zlëzërh aş || SA ME LARO ASE || zμërh aş || SA ME OLASOR ASE || zμolëzërh aş
|-
| Thou || SA LEMOR ASEN || sëμërh aş || SA OLEMOR ASEN || zlëμërh aş || SA ME LEMOR ASEN || zμëμërh aş || SA ME OLEMOR ASEN || zμolëμërh aş
|-
| He/She/It || SA LOR AS || sërh a || SA OLORO ASO || zlërh as || SA ME LOR AS || zμërh a || SA ME OLORO ASO || zμolërh as
|-
| We || SA UVOR ASOM || soβërh as || SA OLURU ASOM || zlorh as || SA ME LUVOR ASOM || zmoβërh as || SA ME OLURU ASOM || zμolorh as
|-
| You || SA LUR ASI || sorh aş || SA OLURU ASIS || zlorh aş || SA ME LUR ASI || zmorh aş || SA ME OLURU ASIS || zμolorh aş
|-
| They || SA LIR ASUN || şërh asu || SA OLIRI ASUN || zl'ërh asu || SA ME LIR ASUN || zm'ërh asu || SA ME OLIRI ASUN || zμol'ërh asu
|}

The subordinating forms of verbs are used to create every kind of subordinate sentences (except for relative clauses and indirect questions). Some examples:

* ''I tell you I saw Karl'': lë μem' doşë zlë kat' Karl'u
* ''I want to see her'': lë phel' së xat' ðë sëm

===Imperative===
Imperative is build regardless of aspect and usually without the first conjugating particle. As the verb usually come at first in sentences, in positive forms the first consonant of the verbs does not undergo any lenition.

{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Positive'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Negative'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || - || - || - || -
|-
| Thou || KATEU || katë || ME KATEU || μë xatë
|-
| He/She/It || KATIA || kat'a || ME KATIA || μë xat'a
|-
| We || KATOME || katëm || ME KATOME || μë xatëm
|-
| You || KATEVI || katëv || ME KATEVI || μë xatëv
|-
| They || KATIO || kat'ë || ME KATIO || μë xat'ë
|}

{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Positive'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Negative'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || - || - || - || -
|-
| Thou || ASEU || asë || ME ASEU || μ-asë
|-
| He/She/It || ASIA || aşa || ME ASIA || μ-aşa
|-
| We || ASOME || asëm || ME ASOME || μ-asëm
|-
| You || ASEVI || asëv || ME ASEVI || μ-asëv
|-
| They || ASIO || aşë || ME ASIO || μ-aşë
|}

{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''kato''' (''to see' - Passive')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Positive'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Negative'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || - || - || - || -
|-
| Thou || ER KATEU || ër katë || MER KATEU || μër katë
|-
| He/She/It || ER KATIA || ër kat'a || MER KATIA || μër kat'a
|-
| We || ER KATOME || ër katëm || MER KATOME || μër katëm
|-
| You || ER KATEVI || ër katëv || MER KATEVI || μër katëv
|-
| They || ER KATIO || ër kat'ë || MER KATIO || μër kat'ë
|}

{|
| colspan=5|&lt;center&gt;'''aso''' (''to eat - Passive'')&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;center&gt;'''Person'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Positive'''&lt;/center&gt;||colspan=2| &lt;center&gt;'''Negative'''&lt;/center&gt;||
|-
| || Ancient form || Modern form || Ancient form || Modern form
|-
| I || - || - || - || -
|-
| Thou || ER ASEU || ërh asë || MER ASEU || μërh asë
|-
| He/She/It || ER ASIA || ërh aşa || MER ASIA || μërh aşa
|-
| We || ER ASOME || ërh asëm || MER ASOME || μërh asëm
|-
| You || ER ASEVI || ërh asëv || MER ASEVI || μërh asëv
|-
| They || ER ASIO || ërh aşë || MER ASIO || μërh aşë
|}


===Verbal adjective===
Verbs build two verbal adjectives, with a perfective sense, and an active and a passive meaning respectively, (similar to past participles).

'''Active adjective''': The desinence '''-ön''' [-OHENO] is added to the root of the verb, and the previous consonant is lenited.

* kato [KATO] ''to see'' → kat- + -ön [KAT- + -OHENO] → kaθön [KATOHENO], ''which saw''
* aso [ASO] ''to eat'' → azön [ASOHENO], ''which ate''

'''Passive adjective''': The desinence '''-öt''' [-OHETO] is added to the root of the verb, and the previous consonant is lenited.

* kato [KATO] ''to see'' → kat- + -öt [KAT- + -OHETO] → kaθöt [KATOHETO], ''seen''
* aso [ASO] ''to eat'' → azöt [ASOHETO], ''eaten''

==Sentences==
* ''Did you see my house?'': ol kat' dë po ë dacu ɣo?
* ''My name is Marco'': le bhe ë seɸo go Marco
* ''He was eating your apple'': l-a dë e galoňu ðo
* ''Did you read the book?'': olëμ arec dë po ë rucu?
* ''Did they see my new house?'': ol' xatu ðë po ë dacu bhoku ɣo?
* ''What are you writing?'': lë tawş po pat'u?
* ''What are he doing?'': le za po pat'u?
* ''Who were they searching for?'': l'-yμavu dë po pät'u?
* ''I speak Keβag'': lë qhal' gë e Keβażu
* ''Don't you speak Keβag?'': μë qal' po e Keβażu?
* ''They don't speak your language'': m'ë qhalu e vörhişu θel
* ''I'm at my home'': lë bheş taɸ ë ðac ɣo
* ''I'll speak with her father'': olë qal' sunh e ɸät së
* ''Which book do you search for?'': lëμ ymav' po recu phöt'u?
* ''The man, you see, is my father'': lë kat' ë pöt'u, le bhe ë kal ë fät go.
* ''Whom did you give my book?'': olëμ ovin' dё po pät ë rucu ɣo?
* ''Where do you want to go?'': lë pel' po sol gev' pyň?
* ''Didn't they tell you that she bought our book?'': mol' μemu ðë po sol phek ðë ë rucu μan?

===The Lord's prayer===
:Fät man, lë beş ë pöt taɸ ë nheμet'
:lo seintsat ë seɸot'u ðo
:qeşa e dewönhoxul ðo
:ër sat'a ë pełäk do
:aże taɸ ë nheμet', aże taɸ ë nhujm'
:ovinë manheşë ekys ë nałecu ekyşoru μan
:cë danosë en μyg μan
:lo danos aże en μyɣocuv μan
:cë μë phonë manhëm taɸ ë rhejżaxaş
:aca püksatё manhëm renh e-ekwaň.
:Amen

===Babel text===
:Le qha dë e nujm ɣok e βörhişu ðäp cë eň ðenoc ɣoc
:...

==Vocabulary==
{{main|Keβag-English dictionary}}
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nuxálk Han'gǔl</title>
    <id>7266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53089</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T21:44:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a joke-orthography for Nuxálk. The idea is to use Han'gǔl to write the language which it is the least suited for.

== Phoneme inventory ==
The pronunciation of the Nuxálk consonants has been given phonetically, because it might be interesting to compare the actual pronunciation of those consonants with the choice of jamo given to them. (Question marks mark characters whose pronunciation in Korean is unclear.)

=== Consonants ===
{|
!
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Bilabial
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alveolar
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Palatal
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! align=&quot;left&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uvular
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Glottal
|-
! &amp;ensp; || &amp;ensp; || align=&quot;left&quot; | Central || align=&quot;left&quot; | Lateral || &amp;ensp; || align=&quot;left&quot; | Palatalized || align=&quot;left&quot; | Labialized || align=&quot;left&quot; | Plain || align=&quot;left&quot; | Labialized || &amp;ensp; ||
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;p || t || || || k || kw || q || qw || 7&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [{{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || {{IPA|kʲʰ}} || {{IPA|kʷʰ}} || {{IPA|qʰ}} || {{IPA|qʷ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅍ || ㅌ || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㅋ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㅋ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㆁ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㆁ&lt;/span&gt; || ㆆ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /{{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}/
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;p' || t' || || || k' || kw' || q' || qw'&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [{{IPA|pʼ}} || {{IPA|tʼ}} || || || {{IPA|kʼʲ}} || {{IPA|kʼʷ}} || {{IPA|qʼ}} || {{IPA|qʼʷ}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅃ || ㄸ || || || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㄲ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㄲ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㆀ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㆀ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /{{IPA|p͈}} || {{IPA|t͈}} || || || {{IPA|k͈}} || {{IPA|k͈}}/ || ? || ?
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ts&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| || {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅊ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| || {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ts' || tl'&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| || [{{IPA|tsʼ}} || {{IPA|tɬʼ}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅉ || ㅈ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| || [{{IPA|tɕ͈}} || {{IPA|tɕ}}]
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;s || lh || || c || cw || x || xw || h&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| || [s || {{IPA|ɬ}} || || {{IPA|xʲ}} || {{IPA|xʷ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|χʷ}} || h]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅅ || ㅀ || || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㆅ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㆅ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㅆ&lt;/span&gt; || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㅆ&lt;/span&gt; || ㅎ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| || /s || lh/ || || ? || ? || /{{IPA|s͈}} || {{IPA|s͈}} || h/
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;m || n&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [m || n]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅁ || ㄴ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /m || n/
|-
| colspan=&quot;9&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;l || y || || w&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| || || [l || j || || w]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| || || &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㄹ || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ㅣ&lt;/span&gt;* || || &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ㅜ&lt;/span&gt;*&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| || || /ɾ || i || || u/
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;See [[Nuxálk Han'gǔl#Vowels|Vowels]] and [[Nuxálk Han'gǔl#Other notes|Other notes]] below.

=== Vowels ===
{|
|+ '''Neutral vowels'''
|
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;i || a || u&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /i || {{IPA|ɐ}} || u/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [i, {{IPA|ɪ}}, {{IPA|ɪː}}, e, {{IPA|ɛː}}] || [{{IPA|æ}}, a, {{IPA|ɑ}}] || [o, {{IPA|o̞}}, {{IPA|o̞ː}}, {{IPA|ɔ}}, {{IPA|ɔː}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| ㅣ || ㅐ || ㅗ
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /i || {{IPA|ɛ}} || o/
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;yi || ya || yu&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /ji || {{IPA|jɐ}} || ju/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [ji, {{IPA|jɪ}}] || [{{IPA|jæ}}, ja] || [jo, {{IPA|jo̞}}, {{IPA|jo̞ː}}, {{IPA|jɔ}}, {{IPA|jɔː}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅢ || ㅒ || ㅛ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /{{IPA|ɰi}} || {{IPA|jɛ}} || jo/
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;wi || wa || wu&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /wi || {{IPA|wɐ}} || wu/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [wi, {{IPA|wɪ}}, we] || [{{IPA|wæ}}, wa] || [wo, {{IPA|wo̞}}, {{IPA|wo̞ː}}, {{IPA|wɔ}}, {{IPA|wɔː}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅟ || ㅙ || ㅝ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /wi || {{IPA|wɛ}} || {{IPA|wʌ}}/
|}

{|
|+ '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;Labial vowels&lt;/span&gt;'''
|
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;i || a || u&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /i || {{IPA|ɐ}} || u/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [i, {{IPA|ɪ}}, {{IPA|ɪː}}, e, {{IPA|e̞}}, {{IPA|e̞ː}}, {{IPA|ɛː}}] || [{{IPA|æ}}, a, {{IPA|ɐ}}, {{IPA|ɑ}}] || [u, {{IPA|ʊ}}, o, {{IPA|o̞}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| ㅔ || ㅏ || ㅜ
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /e || a || u/
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;yi || ya || yu&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /ji || {{IPA|jɐ}} || ju/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [ji, {{IPA|jɪ}}, je, {{IPA|je̞}}, {{IPA|je̞ː}}] || [{{IPA|jæ}}, ja, {{IPA|jɐ}}] || [ju, {{IPA|jʊ}}, jo, {{IPA|jo̞}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅖ || ㅑ || ㅠ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /je || ja || ju/
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;ensp;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nuxálk romanization
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;wi || wa || wu&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonemic value
| /wi || {{IPA|wɐ}} || wu/
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Phonetic value
| [wi, {{IPA|wɪ}}, we, {{IPA|we̞}}, {{IPA|we̞ː}}] || [{{IPA|wæ}}, wa, {{IPA|wɐ}}] || [wu, {{IPA|wʊ}}, wo, {{IPA|wo̞}}]
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Jamo
| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;ㅞ || ㅘ || ᆍ&lt;nowiki&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Korean pronunciation of jamo
| /we || wa/ || ?
|}

== Syllable blocks ==
Sequences of CV, CVC or VC are stacked together into a syllable block, if possible. The consonants ㆁ, ㆆ, ㆀ and ㆅ are not stackable, and therefore left out from syllable blocks. The vowel ᆍ is also not stackable, and therefore left uncomposed. The consonant ㅀ can only appear at the tail position of a syllable block. Unstackable consonant jamo, ㅀ that is not preceded by a vowel, and any consonants that are neither preceded or followed by a vowel are written alone using the ''Hangul Compatibility Jamo'' of Unicode. So for example, the word ''sps'' (northeast wind) which contain no vowels is written ㅅㅍㅅ.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Vowels, with the exception of ᆍ, are always used in syllable blocks. If the vowel is not preceded by any stackable consonant, the null initial is used.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The consonants ''p'', ''t'', ''k'', and ''kw'' are represented by ㅂ, ㄷ, ㄱ resp. ㄱ in the tail position of a syllable block.

== How to mark labialized consonants ==
There are three kinds of consonant jamo: labial (marked with &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt; in the chart), non-labial (marked with &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;) and neutral (black text), and two kinds of vowels: labial and neutral. The labial consonants are identical to their non-labial counterparts, so they are instead distinguished by the use of vowels before them.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Labial vowels are used if they are followed by a labial consonant, otherwise neutral vowels are used. There may be any number of neutral consonants between the labial vowel and the labial consonant. There may &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; be any other vowels or non-labial consonants between them. They must also be both in the same word.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
낏마ㅜ
For example, in the word ''k'ismaw'' (nine), the vowel ''a'' is followed by the labial consonant ''w'', so the ''a'' is represented by the labial jamo ㅏ. The ''i'' however is not followed by any labial consonant before the second vowel, so it is represented by the neutral vowel ㅣ.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Word-final ''i'' is written with ㅣ however, if preceded by ''k'', ''k''' or ''c''.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In cases where a labial consonant is in such a position that its labialness can not be marked on any vowel, the jamo ㅱ is placed before that consonant.

== Other notes ==
''w'' and ''y'' are written with the w- and y-series of vowel jamo, if they are followed by a vowel. If not, then w is written as ㅜ and y as ㅣ (both without any null initial).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Long vowels are marked by putting : (double dot bangjeom, U+302F) after the jamo or syllable block. Stress is unmarked.

== Text samples ==
=== From Wikipedia ===
'''clhp'xwlhtlhplhhskwts''''&lt;br&gt;
''he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant''&lt;br&gt;
ㆅㅀㅃㅱㅆㅀㅌㅀㅍㅀㅀㅅㅱㅋㅉ

=== From some source ===
{|
! English || Nuxalk || Han'gǔl
|-
| One || Maw || 마ㅜ
|-
| Two || Lhwaas || ㅀ왜〯ㅅ
|-
| Three || Asmús || 앳못
|-
| Four || Mús || 못
|-
| Five || Ts'ícw || 쩨ㆅ
|-
| Man || Kwtmts || ㅱㅋㅌㅁㅊ
|-
| Woman || Cnas || ㆅ냇
|-
| Sun || Snx || ㅅㄴㅆ
|-
| Moon || Tl'uk || 족
|-
| Water || Qla || ㆁ라
|}

=== From another source (probably another dialect because the numbers have different names) ===
{|
! English || Nuxalk || Han'gǔl
|-
| One || Smaw || ㅅ마ㅜ
|-
| Two || Lhnus || ㅀ놋
|-
| Three || Asmus || 앳못
|-
| Four || Mus || 못
|-
| Five || Ts'icw || 쩨ㆅ
|-
| Six || T'xulh || ㄸ쏧
|-
| Seven || Nusalhklhm || 노샗ㅌㅀㅁ
|-
| Eight || K'ilhnus || 낋놋
|-
| Nine || K'ismaw || 낏마ㅜ
|-
| Ten || Ts'klakt || ㅉㅋ락ㅌ
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Tl'ux ta manlh t'ax&lt;br&gt;
좄태맨ㅀ땠&lt;br&gt;
Putl'ilhsuts ulh inu alh ti suncwt&lt;br&gt; 
포짏솣옳이노앯티순ㆅㅌ&lt;br&gt;
Stutwiniitulhcw ala snknicilhats&lt;br&gt; 
ㅅ톧위니〯 툻ㆅ애래ㅅㄴㅋ니ㆅ잃앷&lt;br&gt;
Alhkaltcwmtulhx alh ti suncw&lt;br&gt;
앯칼ㅌㆅㅁ톯ㅆ앯티순ㆅ&lt;br&gt;
Way!&lt;br&gt;
왜ㅣ！&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Our heavenly father&lt;br&gt; 
We come to you today&lt;br&gt;
We thank you for the food&lt;br&gt;
Take care of us today&lt;br&gt;
Amen!&lt;br&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart 4.PNG</title>
    <id>7267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51879</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-09T15:06:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart 5.PNG</title>
    <id>7268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53940</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-29T12:14:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ayeri</title>
    <id>7269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51899</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-14T15:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dampantingaya</username>
        <id>306</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[http://benung.nfshost.com/ Tay Benung] for the official description of the language.'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[http://benung.nfshost.com/ Tay Benung] for the official description of the language.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cwnc.net</title>
    <id>7270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52638</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T12:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LoftyD</username>
        <id>1364</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''CWNC.Net'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=top| &lt;br /&gt;
[[File:cwnclogo.PNG]]
|-
|valign=top|'''Created:'''
|| September 2009
|-
|valign=top|'''Administrators:'''
|| loftyD
|-
|valign=top|'''Current Moderators:'''
|| Ashucky, Maximillian and Trajan
|-
|valign=top|'''Link:'''
|| http://www.cwnc.net
|-
|valign=top|'''Website purpose:'''
|| Conworld News Broadcaster, share conworld information, conworld events etc etc.
|}
CWNC.Net is a unique website designed for conworlders who want to share their conworld with other conworlders on the web. It serves as a place where users can make a conworld sound real, in the form of creating news articles about it. As well as that users can post a Conworld Profile about their conworld giving other people more information about it..

CWNC.Net was created back in September 2009 where it since has been developed to a much better standard. The website also features a admin backend named myCWNC. This is where you can create news articles and chat to other users in the Message Corner. 

Website: http://www.cwnc.net
myCWNC: http://www.cwnc.net/my OR http://www.cwnc.me

[[Category:Conlanging culture]]
[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya haiku 1.PNG</title>
    <id>7271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51920</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-17T13:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:TaylorS</title>
    <id>7272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51937</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-18T05:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TaylorS</username>
        <id>1365</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I am creating a science fiction world in the year AD 4000 spanning many solar systems. In this world many descendants of English are spoken, the [[Anglic]] Languages.

[[Solaric]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solaric</title>
    <id>7273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52864</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T20:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TaylorS</username>
        <id>1365</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs based on English]]

{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Solaric'''&lt;br&gt;'''''Slayegmhyegn'''''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||North America c. AD 4000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[TaylorS's Eridanian Universe]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||Approx. 200 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[Indo-European]]
:[[Germanic]]
::[[West Germanic]]
:::[[Anglic]]
::::American
:::::'''Solaric'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||Agglutinating, Polysynthetic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:TaylorS|Taylor Selseth]] || 2010-
|}

Solaric is an [[Anglic]] Language spoken predominantly in North America, centered along the middle and upper Mississippi River valley, the Ohio and Missouri River valleys, the American High Plains, the central Rockies, Pittsburgh, and the central Atlantic coast from Washington to New York. Solaric dialects are also spoken in many orbital colonies and on Luna.

=Phonology=

Syllable structure is (F|L|N)(C)(C)(F|L|N)(w|y)V(C)(C)&lt;br&gt;

Every polysyllabic word is mildly stressed on the second syllable. There is a simple lexical tone system; a short vowel can have a rising, falling, or neutral tone; a long vowel or diphthong can have a rising-falling, falling-rising, or neutral tone.

==Consonants==

{|
|| ||Labial||Labio-Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Glottal
|-
||Plosives, lenis||p '''b'''|| ||t '''d''' ts '''ds'''||ʧ '''j'''||k '''g'''||
|-
||Plosives, fortis ||pʰ '''p'''|| ||tʰ '''t''' tsʰ '''ts'''||ʧʰ '''c'''||kʰ '''k'''||
|-
||Nasals, voiced  ||m '''m'''|| ||n '''n'''|| || ||
|-
||Nasals, unvoiced  ||m̥ '''mh'''|| ||n̥ '''nh'''|| || ||
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced || ||f '''f'''||s '''s'''||ʃ '''sh'''|| ||h '''h'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced || ||v '''v'''||z '''z'''||ʒ '''zh'''||ɣ '''r'''||
|-
||Laterals|| || ||ɫ '''l''' ɬˠ '''lh'''|| || ||
|-
||Trills|| || ||r '''rr'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels ||w '''w'''|| || ||j '''y''' ɥ '''wy'''|| ||
|-
|}

Among plosives, only lenis plosives occur in the syllable coda. /r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of a following consonant. /ɣ/ devoices when following a fortis stop. Voiced non-plosive consonants voice lenis plosives. fortis plosives de-voice voiced non-plosive consonants. lenis plosives are voiced intervocalically.

==Vowels==

===Oral Short===
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|-
||High ||i '''i'''||y '''ü'''|| ||u '''u'''
|-
||Mid-High ||e '''e'''||ø '''ö'''|| ||o '''o'''
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''è'''|| || ||ɔ '''ò'''
|-
||Low || || ||a '''a'''|| 
|-
|}

===Oral Long===
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back
|-
||High ||iː '''ii'''||yː '''üü'''|| ||uːː '''uu'''
|-
||Mid ||eː '''ee'''|| || ||oː '''oo'''
|-
||Low || || ||aː '''aa'''||
|-
|}

===Nasal===
{|
|| ||Front||Front Rounded||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|-
||Mid-High ||e '''eng'''||ø '''öng'''|| ||o '''ong'''||
|-
||Mid-Low ||ɛ '''èng'''|| || ||ɔ '''òng'''
|-
||Low || || ||a '''ang'''|| ||
|-
|}

===Vowel Harmony===
Some affixes have a vowel that takes it's features from the first vowel of the root. there are 2 of such vowels, marked I and E.

{|
|| ||I||E
|-
||Front||i||e
|-
||Rounded ||y||ø
|-
||Back ||u||o
|-
|}

=Morphology=

==Noun Phrase Morphology==

Adjectives agree with their nouns in case and number. Case stacking occurs so that nouns in a non-core case modifying another noun agrees with that noun. Prepositions are also inflected for number and case agreement.

====Basic Noun Phrase structure====

QUANTIFIER NEG-CASE-NUMBER.DEFINITENESS-NOUN NUMBER-CASE-COMPARISON-ADJ

===Gender===

Solaric nouns fall into 2 genders: Animate and Inanimate. Animate nouns include people (including non-biological intelligences), animals, personifications, deities, planets with life, rivers, boats, and spacecraft. Inanimate nouns include everything else. Using inanimate markers with a person can be used to belittle or insult.

===Case Prefixes===

'''Common:''' Subject or Direct Object&lt;br&gt;
'''Genitive:''' Marks possession, participation, composition, origin, reference, and description.&lt;br&gt;
'''Dative:''' Marks the indirect object.&lt;br&gt;
'''Benifactive:''' Marks the beneficiary of an action.&lt;br&gt;
'''Locative:''' Marks location&lt;br&gt;

{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Consonant-Stem Declension||Ø-||ee-||tI-||fwo-||n-
|-
||Vocalic-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
|-
||W-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||t-||f-||n-
|-
||Y-Stem Declension||Ø-||èv-||tw-||fw-||n-
|-
|}

===Number &amp; Definiteness===
{|
|| ||Unmarked||Definite||Indefinite
|-
||Singular ||-Ø-||-Ed-||-sm-
|-
||Plural ||-mye-||-Enye-||-smye-
|-
|}

Mass nouns are always marked as Singular Indefinite.

===Adjective Morphology===

Comparative: -moo-(Consonant Root)/-mor-(Vowel Root)&lt;br&gt;
Superlative: -mös-&lt;br&gt;

==Pronouns==

===Nominantive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||aa||yü||hi ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||wi||yoo||dee||sèm||
|-
|}

===Accusative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||mi||yü||ho ye||wèn
|-
||Plural ||us||yoo||dem||sèm
|-
|}

===Genitive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||eemi||eeyü||eeho èvye||eewèn
|-
||Plural ||èvus||eeyoo||eedem||eesèm
|-
|}

===Dative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||tmi||cü||to ce||twèn
|-
||Plural ||tus||coo||tem||tsèm
|-
|}

===Benifactive===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||fmi||fwü||foo fwe||fwèn
|-
||Plural ||fus||fwoo||fwem||fsèm||
|-
|}

===Locative===
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||ni||nyü||nho nye||nwèn
|-
||Plural ||nus||nyoo||nem||nzèm
|-
|}

==Demonstratives==
Solaric has two sets of demonstratives. Locative demonstratives point out spaces or areas (physical or conceptual) in relationship to the speaker while objective demonstratives point out discrete (physical or conceptual) objects relative to the speaker. Demonstratives inflect for number and case.
===Locative===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal ||hii||èfii||cii||frii||nhii
|-
||Distal ||je||eeje||tejee||fjee||nyee
|-
|}
===Objective===
{|
|| ||Common||Genitive||Dative||Benifactive||Locative
|-
||Proximal Singular ||des||eedes||tedes||fdes||ndes
|-
||Proximal Plural ||diz||eediz||tediz||fdiz||ndiz
|-
||Distal Singular ||daa||eedaa||tedaa||fdaa||ndaa
|-
||Distal Plural ||döz||eedöz||tödöz||fdöz||ndöz
|-
|}

==Verb Morphology==

===Finite Verbs===

====Preceding the Verb====
:Free Adverb&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 1: Subject Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||aa-||yü-||hi- ye-||wEn-
|-
||Plural ||wi-||yoo-||dee-||sEm-||
|-
|}

====Slot 2: Interrogation====
:Animate Interrogative: -hü-&lt;br&gt;
:Inanimate Interrogative: -wee-&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 3: Tense and Evidentiality====
:Present and Past tenses distinguish in evidentiality between visual, non-visual, inferential, and unstated.&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| ||Present||Past||Future
|-
||Unstated ||-Ø-||-dye-||-nE-
|-
||Visual ||-si-||-sò-||
|-
||Non-Visual ||-hye-||-hod-||
|-
||Inferential ||-dyeg-||-doo-||
|-
|}

====Slot 4: Mood====
:Indicative: -Ø-&lt;br&gt;
::Used for factual statements&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
:Subjunctive: -shu-&lt;br&gt;
::Used for probability, possibility, or uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
:Conditional: -ke-&lt;br&gt;
::Used for hypotheticals.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
:Obligative: -gòE-&lt;br&gt;
::Used for demands and statements of obligations.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
:Optative: -wòE-&lt;br&gt;
::Used for statements of wishing, wanting, or desiring something to happen.&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 5: Primary Aspect====
Verbs are either inherently active (are an action) or stative (are a state of being). Only active verbs can have habitual aspect.&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| ||Imperfect||Perfect||Habitual
|-
||Active ||-bi-||-ven-||-Ø-
|-
||Stative ||-Ø-||-v-||
|-
|}
The Habitual is used when the verb occurs on a regular basis. The Imperfect is used for unfolding actions while the Perfect is used for denoting completion.&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 6: Voice====
::Active Voice: -Ø-&lt;br&gt;
::Passive Voice: -gee&lt;br&gt;
:The passive voice demotes the Agent and makes the Patient the subject. the special case marker boi- is only used with the passive voice Agent.&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 7: Verbal Negation====
:Negative: -n&lt;br&gt;

====Slot 8: Secondary Aspect====
:Causative: -mayi-
:Inchoative: -shaa-
:Resumptive: -kepn-

====Slot 9:Adverbal prefix====

====Slot 10: Derivational Prefixes====

====Slot 11: Verb Root====

====Slot 12: Non-productive derivational suffixes derived from prepositions and adverbs used in English Phrasal Verbs.====

====Slot 13: Incorporated Direct Object====
:Only inanimate nouns lacking definiteness marking can be incorporated.

====Slot 14: Indirect Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular||-mi-||yü-||-ho- -Ø-||-wèn-
|-
||Plural ||-us-||-yoo-||-dem-||-sèm-
|-
|}

====Slot 15: Direct Object Agreement====
{|
|| ||1st||2nd||3rd||Impersonal
|-
||Singular ||-mi||-yü||-ho -ye||-wèn
|-
||Plural ||-us||-yoo||-dem||-sèm
|-
|}

===Non-finite verbs===
::Active Particle: -n-&lt;br&gt;
::Stative Participle: -d-/-Ed-()&lt;br&gt;
:The active participle is also used as a gerund and plays the role of an infinitive. They are inflected like nouns when used as a noun and like adjectives when they are used like adjectives.&lt;br&gt;

=Syntax=

The basic unmarked word order is:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
S-V-DO-IO-X&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Where S is the Object, V is the Verb, DO is the Direct Object, IO is the Direct Object, and X is a complement.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The order of prepositional phrases follows the Place, Time, Manner pattern.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Obligatory Contour Principle</title>
    <id>7275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52045</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-24T21:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>examples</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In [[phonology]], the '''Obligatory Contour Principle''' is a general principle stating that two identical features should not occur in succession.

Examples:
* A sequence of two identical vowels must either be broken up by [[hiatus]] or coalesce into a [[long vowel]]; they may not form a [[diphthong]].
** Similarly, diphthongs of the type /ij/ or /uw/ are practically unheard of; /ji/ and /wu/ are also prohibited by several languages, or at least do not contrast with /i/ and /u/ (English is one exception: cf. ''yeast'' vs. ''east'')
* In [[Tone|tonal]] languages, adjacent syllables may not be marked for the same tone; in cases where this situation is found phonetically, it is analysed in terms of tone spreading, word tone or pitch accent.
* Languages commonly prohibit [[Consonant cluster|clusters]] of similar consonants, especially of two [[sibilant]]s.

The OCP also accounts for the cross-linguistic rarity of [[root]]s containing several identical consonants (with the exception of [[baby-talk]] words such as ''mama, papa, nana, daddy, booboo, peepee, titty'', which may fall under primitive [[reduplication]]).

The motivation of sound changes involving [[dissimilation]] may be included under the OCP.

{{stub}}

[[Category: Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alurhsa</title>
    <id>7276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51972</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T01:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halyihev</username>
        <id>1368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The Alurhsa Language, sometimes known in English as Aluric, is the only official language of the planet Alurhna or Aluria, and is spoken by the entire population. This language w…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Alurhsa Language, sometimes known in English as Aluric, is the only official language of the planet Alurhna or Aluria, and is spoken by the entire population. This language was originally an artificial one, being constructed at the time of the Enesnerrëvensës or Unification to serve as a vehicle for uniting the people. Alurhsa was developed by tracing back the historical forms and roots of the several languages spoken around the planet at the time, and then using those most ancient root and grammatical forms to create the language. Since then, it has evolved into a more natural language, while still retaining much of its regularity and ease, at least to the Alurhsa people.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tariatta</title>
    <id>7277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51973</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T02:22:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halyihev</username>
        <id>1368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Tariatta is one of the languages spoken in ancient, pre-Unification times, on the island-continent of planet Alurhna (also called Aluria).  In the ages following Unification, it …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tariatta is one of the languages spoken in ancient, pre-Unification times, on the island-continent of planet Alurhna (also called Aluria).  In the ages following Unification, it was eventually supplanted as a mother tongue by [[Alurhsa]].  Tariatta belongs to the Galar-Vesul language family, and is characterized by a much simplified sound system, minimal verb conjugations that make use of auxiliaries and particles, and loss of much noun and all adjective declension compared with older Alurhnan languages.</text>
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  </page>
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    <title>File:IEJ-EA.png</title>
    <id>7278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52060</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-25T15:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:IEJ-EA.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">English Alaska</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Netherlands</title>
    <id>7279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51983</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-21T10:59:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 |+&lt;big&gt;'''Republic of the New Netherlands'''&lt;/big&gt; |- …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#e9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Republic of the New Netherlands'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Capital''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''President''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Languages''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Official ||{{inforight}}|Dutch
|-
|{{infoleft}}|Others ||{{inforight}}|English
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Established''' ||{{inforight}}|
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Currency''' ||{{inforight}}|Rijksdaalder; 1 rijksdaalder = 48 stuiver = 384 duit
|-
|{{infoleft}}|'''Supranational Organizations''' ||{{inforight}}|
|}

'''New Netherlands''' is a former colony of the [[Netherlands]] located in [[Alaska (Indo-European Japan)|Alaska]], bordering [[English Alaska]] and [[Canada et Acadie]].  It is closely allied to English Alaska.

== Currency ==
The New Netherlands ''rijksdaalder'' is linked in a currency union with the English-Alaskan pound, at a fixed exchange rate of £1 = $5.  It is divided into 48 ''stuiver'', each of which are divided into 8 ''duit''.  Historically, the duit was further divided into 2 ''penning''.  A ''stuiver'' is equal to an English-Alaskan ''penny''.

=== Coins ===
*2 duit
*4 duit
*1 stuiver
*3 stuiver
*6 stuiver
*12 stuiver
*24 stuiver
*1 rijksdaalder
*2½ rijksdaalder
=== Banknotes ===
*5 rijksdaalder
*10 rijksdaalder
*25 rijksdaalder
*50 rijksdaalder
*100 rijksdaalder

[[Category:Nations of Alaska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kamakawi</title>
    <id>7280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51994</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-22T21:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Kamakawi is a language created by [[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]].'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Kamakawi is a language created by [[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]].</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:1 kitsa darkness.PNG</title>
    <id>7281</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:01:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:2 kono rock.PNG</title>
    <id>7282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51998</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
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    <id>7283</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:02:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
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    <title>File:4 kaya earth.PNG</title>
    <id>7284</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:5 maya water.PNG</title>
    <id>7285</id>
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      <id>52001</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:02:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:6 tlatsa fire.PNG</title>
    <id>7286</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52002</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:7 yasa air.PNG</title>
    <id>7287</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:03:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
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    <title>File:8 kanako.PNG</title>
    <id>7288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52004</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:03:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
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    <title>File:Ranks 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7290</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-02-23T16:24:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Scriptorium Icons]]

by [[User:Qang|Sano]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L Laws of the MR V</title>
    <id>7291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54744</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-29T20:27:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Public Law No. 23 [The Postal Services Act] (10/4/1932) */ Correction.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">====TITLE THIRTY-ONE – JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE====

====TITLE THIRTY-TWO - LABOR====

====TITLE THIRTY-THREE – PATENTS====

====TITLE THIRTY-FOUR – PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES AND OBSERVANCES====
=====Public Law No. 22 [The National Holidays Act (Το Νομοσχέδιο Εθνικών Εορτών)] (6/7/1932)=====
*§1 The following public days of rest shall be observed in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain:
**January 6 (January 7 if January 6 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Epiphany (holiday)|'''Epiphany''']]/''ē Theopháneia tou Kyríou'';
**February 2 (February 3 if February 2 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|'''Presentation of Christ''']]/''ē Hypapánte tou Kyríou'';
**[[Wikipedia:Good Friday|Good Friday]]/''ē Megále Paraskeuḗ;
**[[Wikipedia:Easter|Easter]]/''ta Páscha'' Monday;
**[[Wikipedia:Ascension of Jesus|'''Ascension''']]/''ē Analépsis tou Kyríou''  Thursday;
**[[Wikipedia:Pentecost|'''Pentecost''']]/''ē Pentekostḗ'' Monday;
**July 5 (July 6 if July 5 falls on a Sunday), [[Wikipedia:Constitution Day|Constitution Day]]/''ta Ēméra tou Suntágmatos'', the date on which the constitution was adopted in 1872;
**August 15 (August 16 if August 15 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Assumption of Mary|'''Dormition''']] of the All-holy/''ē Koímesis tēs Panagías'';
**[[Wikipedia:Election Day|Election Day]], the first Monday of September in election years/''ta Ēméra tōn Εlogṓn;
**September 8 (September 9 if September 8 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Nativity of the Theotokos|'''Nativity of the All-holy''']]/ē Génnēsē tēs Panagías Παναγίας;
**October 5 (October 6 if October 5 falls on a Sunday), [[Wikipedia:Independence Day|Independence Day]]/''ta Ēméra Anexartēsés'', the date on which a united force of monks drove the Ottoman troops out of the Monastic Republic's territory in 1870;
**November 21 (November 22 if November 21 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Presentation of Mary|Presentation of the All-holy]]/''ē Eídosis tēs Panagías'';
**December 8 (December 9 if December 8 falls on a Sunday), the [[Wikipedia:Immaculate Conception|Immaculate Conception]] of the All-Holy/''ē Ópilē Súllēpsē'';
**December 24, Christmas Eve;
**December 25, [[Wikipedia:Christmas|Christmas]] Day/''ta Xristoúgenna''.
*§2 On these days all government institutions shall be closed. This includes, but is not limited to, schools, post offices, banks, government agencies, and alcoholic beverage stores.
*§3 Any government agency that caters to the tourist trade need not close on these days.  However, this shall not include any of the agencies enumerated in §2.
*§4 Private businesses that do not close on these days must give their employees compensatory time for working on these days.

====TITLE THIRTY-FIVE – POSTAL SERVICE====
=====Public Law No. 23 [The Postal Services Act] (10/4/1932)=====
*Article 1 [General]
**§1 By treaty with the Hellenic Kingdom, the postage of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain will be put on a par with that of the Hellenic Kingdom.
**§2 Any change in postal rates in the Hellenic Kingdom will be reflected automatically in the rates in the Monastic Republic.
**§3 Postal rates for delivery within the Monastic Republic will be determined by Law.  Only stamps of the Monastic Republic may be used for mail posted within the Monastic Republic.
**§4 A commission shall be established to design the artwork for the stamps of the Monastic Republic.  These designs shall be submitted to the Archimandrite for his approval.
**§5 Every stamp approved by the Archimandrite shall contain the following elements:
***a. the letters ΓΜΔΑΟ
***b. the denomination of the stamp in large numerals
***c. the year of the printing in small numerals
***d. a design approved by the Archimandrite
**§6 Stamps of the Monastic Republic shall be either square or rectangular.
**§7 Enough postal stamps shall be printed to satisfy both postal needs and philatelic needs.
*Article 2 [Penalty Mail]
**§1 The following are entitled to the use of penalty mail:
***a. the Archimandrite and the Hegumens for their official business;
***b. Members of the Justiciary and their staffs when discharging their official function;
***c. those so designated in the Gendarmery when discharging their official function;
**§2 Penalty envelopes shall be printed with the name of the agent using them in the upper left hand corner.
**§3 Penalty mail is valid for mail only within the Monastic Republic.

====TITLE THIRTY-SIX – PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PROPERTY AND WORKS====

====TITLE THIRTY-SEVEN - PUBLIC CONTRACTS====

====TITLE THIRTY-EIGHT – PUBLIC LANDS====
=====Public Law No. 5 [The Real Estate Act] (10/7/1884)=====
*§1 All land shall belong to the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.  No citizen may own land.
*§2 Citizens may build their own homes or businesses on public land by agreement with the Protos Seneschal.  They shall own the building but not the land on which it is built.
*§3 No building constructed in the Monastic Republic shall be taller than three stories. This shall not be applied to the monasteries themselves, but does apply to any building constructed by the monasteries.
*§4 Basements may be built wherever the water table permits.
*§5 Any building constructed in the Monastic Republic shall be constructed so as to be earthquake and fire resistant.

====TITLE THIRTY-NINE – PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS====

====TITLE FORTY – TELEGRAPHS, TELEPHONES, RADIOTELEGRAPHS AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION====

====TITLE FORTY-ONE – ALIENS AND NATIONALITY====
=====Public Law No. 19 [The Naturalization Act] (9/8/1931)=====
*Article I [Naturalization]
**§1 Citizenship in the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain, as well as its legal effects, is acquired, kept and lost in accordance with the Law.
**§2 There shall be no immigration quota system.  Those wishing to become citizens of the Monastic Republic shall be treated on a first-come, first-served basis and at the discretion of the Holy Synod.
**§3 The acquisition of citizenship in the Monastic Republic by a foreign national shall be  regulated by Law which requires, ''inter alia'', the fulfillment of the following conditions: 
***a. that he can speak and write Greek; 
***b. that he be gainfully employed in the Monastic Republic; 
***c. that he has formally and legally renounced citizenship of any other country; 
***d. that he has resided in the Monastic Republic for at least ten years; and
***e. that, in the five years preceding taking the oath of citizenship, he has not been out of the Monastic Republic more than 30 days in any one calendar year.
**§4 The requirements of §3 do not apply to the monks on the Holy Mountain. Monks gain citizenship automatically upon acceptance into a monastery by the Hegumen or Abbot.
**§5 Upon final acceptance of monk by his Hegumen or Abbot, the monk must renounce his citizenship in his native country.
**§6 Identification data of newly admitted monks must be sent immediately to the office of the Hegumen Constable.
**§7 With the exception of voting and the holding of public office, a foreign national who has officially announced his intention to become a citizen of the Monastic Republic, and who is in his ten-year residency, is accorded all the rights and privileges of a citizen.
**§8 A person of foreign nationality who is married to a citizen of the Monastic Republic may acquire citizenship after residing in the Monastic Republic for only five years, provided that the conditions of §3a, §3c, and §3e have been fulfilled.
**§9 A child of adoptive parents, one of whom is a citizen of the Monastic Republic and who resides in the Monastic Republic, acquires citizenship upon legal recognition of the adoption by the Monastic Republic.  Foreigners who have reached their eighteenth birthday may not be adopted by citizens of the Monastic Republic.
*Article II [Denaturalization]
**§1 The acquisition or retention of a nationality other than that of the Monastic Republic shall entail the loss of the latter, subject to the terms and periods established by Law.
**§2 A citizen of the Monastic Republic may renounce his citizenship for personal reasons.
**§3 A citizen of the Monastic Republic who marries a foreign national and chooses to live with him in his country shall lose his Monastic Republic citizenship.
**§4 Any children born to this marriage shall not be recognized as citizens of the Monastic Republic.
**§5 Should this former citizen of the Monastic Republic be widowed or should this marriage be annulled, he and any minor children may regain their Monastic Republic citizenship.
**§6 Any citizen of the Monastic Republic convicted of traveling on a foreign passport shall be deprived of his citizenship in the Monastic Republic.
**§7 Loss of citizenship shall result from illegitimate service in the armed forces of another nation.
**§8 All those who renounce or are deprived of their citizenship shall leave the Monastic Republic.  Any personal property not taken with them, or for which arrangements for distribution have not been made, shall become the property of the State.
**§9 The family members of the deportee have the option of being deported or of remaining as citizens of the Monastic Republic.  Those wishing to remain citizens of the Monastic Republic enjoy the favor of the Law.
**§10 Extradition treaties shall be entered into with any sovereign nation that requests it with due regard given to human rights issues.
**§11 The Archimandrite may, for reasons of national security, forbid the entrance of any foreign national into the Monastic Republic.

====TITLE FORTY-TWO – PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS====
=====Public Law No. 15 [The Public Associations Register Act] (5/6/1930)=====
*§1 The demes of the Lowland and the Isles shall establish a common registry of the associations permitted to assemble in the demes.
*§2 The registry entry shall include the name of the association, its address, the name of the person in charge, its purpose, its connection to any non-Athonite association, and the date of approval.
*§3 A copy of the association's constitution or bylaws must be submitted with the application to assemble.
*§4 It shall be the responsibility of the association to notify the demes of any changes in the data required by §2.
*§5 A delay of longer than ten working days in notifying the demes of any changes shall void the approval of the association.
*§6 The definition of 'association' shall not include those churches permitted by the Holy Synod.

====TITLE FORTY-THREE - VOTING====
=====Public Law No. 14 [The Voting Register Act] (4/8/1930)=====
*§1 Each deme shall maintain a register of those of its residents who are eligible to vote.
*§2 Each register entry shall list the name, the date of birth or naturalization, the identification number, the address, a notation of the date and reason for the right being suspended, and a notation of the date and reason for the right being reinstated.
*§3 Every citizen, upon reaching the age of 18, shall be notified by the voting registrar of his right to vote. He shall be asked to appear before the voting registrar to verify the registry information.
*§4 A new identification card shall be issued to the new voter containing the information that he is eligible to vote.</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>File:Moya chart 3.PNG</title>
    <id>7292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52069</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-27T02:09:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <id>7293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52072</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-27T15:22:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Algonki</title>
    <id>7294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55629</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-19T15:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Any comments or questions? Shoot ;-)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germando</title>
    <id>7295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58096</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-28T09:18:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>(Novial)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Germando'' is an auxlang that aspires to be a Germanic Esperanto/Novial, as opposed to a Germanic Interlingua, which is what Nordien and Folkspraak seem to be.

Here's the basic noun-phrase morphology:

'''Svart kat''' = the black cat, '''svarten katen''' = the black cats, '''een svart kat''' = a black cat, '''eenen svarten katen''' = (some) black cats.

'''Kats''' = the cat's, '''Katens''' = the cats', '''een kats''' = a cat's, '''eenen katens''' = (some) cats'.

External link (pdf): [http://www.hyperconlangs.webs.com/germando.pdf]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Germanic conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Round Robin Romlang</title>
    <id>7296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53254</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Participants */ I'm back :-)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Round Robin Romlang''' is a collaborative conlang founded by [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]], inspired by the [[Round Robin Conlang]]. In the Round Robin Romlang, participants take turns adding sound changes to be applied to Latin.

==More Specific Rules==

Each participant takes turns adding a sound change, in the order of the Current Participants list below. No turns may be taken unless there are at least four current participants.

==Participants==

===Current Participants===
* [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]]
* [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Shair Ahmed]]
* Kelvin Jackson
* [[User:PeteBleackley|Peter Bleackley]]
* [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]

It is [[User:DCliche|Kenner Gordon]]'s turn.

===Possible Participants===
These people have displayed interest, but ambiguously; they may or may not actually wish to join.
* Karen Badham
* Benct Philip Jonsson

===Former Participants===

—

==Sound Changes==
Each of the &quot;stages&quot; below represents a full round, except the first, which is a group of sound changes from Classical Latin to approximate [[Vulgar Latin]].

===Stage 1===
* a: &gt; a
* e &gt; ɛ
* e: &gt; e
* i &gt; e
* i: &gt; i
* o &gt; ɔ
* o: &gt; o
* u &gt; o
* u: &gt; u
* y &gt; i
* y: &gt; i
* ai &gt; ɛ
* oi &gt; e
* n &gt; Ø / _(f,v,s)
* h &gt; Ø
* w &gt; β
* b &gt; β / V_(V,r)
* m &gt; Ø / _#
* m &gt; n / in certain monosyllabic words
* (e,i) &gt; j / _V
* u &gt; w / _V
* VV &gt; V
* V &gt; ˈV / ˈ(i,e)_
* V &gt; ˈV / _C*ˈuV

===Stage 2===
* [fricative] &gt; Ø / V_V
* n &gt; r / V_V
* g &gt; ɣ / V_(V, r)
* s(p,t,k) &gt; (b,d,g)

===Stage 3===
* (k,g) &gt; (ʧ,ʤ) / _(front vowel)
* s &gt; h / #_V
* u &gt; ʉ
* a &gt; æ / _[+anterior]
* e &gt; ɞ

===Stage 4===
* i &gt; ʉ
* ɛ &gt; æ
* [single stop] &gt; [fricative] / (V, r, l)_V
* β &gt; h / _(unstressed vowel)
* l &gt; λ

===Stage 5===
* j &gt; λ
* (kw, gw) &gt; (p, b)
* o &gt; u
* (ˈʉ,ˈɞ) &gt; (ˈy,ˈœ)
* u &gt; ɯ

===Stage 6===
* a &gt; ɑ / #_
* ɣ &gt; v
* ɔ &gt; ɤ
* (ʉ,ɞ,a) &gt;∅ / _[+sonorant]
* λ &gt; ʎ̥˔

===Stage 7===
* s &gt; Ø / _#
* [alveolar]r &gt; [retroflex]
* [geminate consonant] &gt; [single consonant]
* (y,œ) &gt; (i,ɛ) / [-labial]_[-labial]
* r &gt; ʟ

===Stage 8===
* ʟ &gt; l
* h &gt; ħ / _a
* h &gt; ç / _[front vowel]
* (ʉ,ɞ) &gt; (u, ɔ)
* ɑ &gt; ɒ

===Stage 9===
* l &gt; λ &gt; ʎ̥˔
* h &gt; Ø
* (ɯ, ɤ) &gt; (ɨ, ɜ)
* VV &gt; VɾV
* u &gt; ʏ

===Stage 10===
* ɨ &gt; ə
* ɜ &gt; ʌ
* ɔ &gt; o
* ʎ̥˔ &gt; çl &gt; _V
* ø &gt; ɵ

===Stage 11===
* æ &gt; ja
* ə &gt; ∅ /_#
* ç &gt; j / V_[voiced consonant, V}
* ʎ̥˔ &gt; lç &gt; V_
* ʌ &gt; ɔ

===Stage 12===
* back vowel &gt; front vowel / #_
* (çl, lç) &gt; ɬ
* tj, dj &gt; ʧ, ʤ
* ɾj &gt; l
* ja &gt; ɛ

===Stage 13===
* ʧ ʤ &gt; ʃ ʒ
* ʃ &gt; x / #_
* j, jj &gt; ʒ
* f &gt; θ / _[-round]
* l &gt; ɬ

===Stage 14===
* θ f v &gt; t p b /#_
* ɫʒ, ʒɫ &gt; ɮ
* ə &gt; Ø / [unstressed]
* t d &gt; θ ð
** ʈ ɖ &gt; tt l / V_V
** ʈ ɖ &gt; t d otherwise
* ɮ &gt; ɬ̢

==Proposals==
Perhaps we could allow people to do grammatical changes (i.e. &quot;Syntax changes to V2&quot;, &quot;Nominative becomes ergative and accusative becomes absolutive&quot;, etc.) instead of sound changes if they wish. [[User:DCliche|DCliche]] 23:56, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
:I've taken the liberty of posting conjugation and declension tables so that we may see what peoposed grammatical changes may be based on. [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]] 17:10, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
::Based on what the sounds changes have produced, I think these changes, at the very least, have happened:
*Elimination of ablative case in both nouns and pronouns
*Elimination of accusative case in nouns, but keeping it in pronouns
*Merging dative case with genitive in nouns
*Merging ɛ, æa, ɛd with ɛk, æk, ɤk
*Elimination of vocative case in nouns and pronouns
What think ye? [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]] 19:36, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Sounds good; what would the new dato-genitive case be called, though? [[User:DCliche|DCliche]] 20:12, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

The dato-genitive case would probably be called &quot;indirect.&quot;

What about the verbs?

I'm working on those right now, actually. Once I'm done I'll put up a list of proposals. [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]] 22:47, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
:I'm not quite done yet, but I suggest that ħ spread among all imperfect endings and ç spread among all perfect endings by analogy. What think ye? [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]] 03:16, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
::Makes sense. [[User:DCliche|DCliche]] 19:27, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

The phonology should solidify sometime within the next few rounds, so that we can get a good idea of what the grammar is becoming.

==Declension==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; | width=&quot;360px&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''pəɛʒɬa &lt;br&gt; ''girl'' f.'''
|-
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| pəɛʒɬa || pəɛʒɬʒa
|-
! '''Indirect'''
| pəɛʒɬʒa || pəɛʒɬaɬ
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;360px&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''kamp &lt;br&gt; ''field'' m.'''
|-
! '''Singular''' || '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| kamp || kampi
|-
! '''Indirect'''
| kampi || kampəʒɬ
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;360px&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''ɬɛk, ɬɛvɛ &lt;br&gt; ''king'' m.'''
|-
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| ɬɛk || ɬɛvɛ
|-
! '''Indirect'''
| ɬɛvɛ || ɬɛv

|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;360px&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''maʒl &lt;br&gt; ''hand'' f.'''
|-
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| maʒɬ || maʒɬi
|-
! '''Indirect'''
| maʒɬi || man
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;360px&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''ɬɛ &lt;br&gt; ''thing'' f.'''
|-
! '''Singular'''
! '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| ɬɛ || ɬɛ
|-
! '''Indirect'''
| ɬʒai || ɬɛʒl
|-
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''First Person'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Second Person'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''ɛvɛ''&lt;br /&gt; I m. and f.'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''nə''&lt;br /&gt; we m. and f.'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''ty''&lt;br /&gt; thou m. and f.'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''βə''&lt;br /&gt; ye m. and f.'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| ɛvɛ || nə || ti || βə
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| mʒai || nɛsʈ || təi || βesʈ
|-
! '''Dative'''
| mi || nəʒi || tɛʒɛ || βəʒi
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| mɛ || nə || tɛ || βə
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! || '''''—, əi'''''&lt;br /&gt;himself, herself&lt;br /&gt;itself, oneself, themselves
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| —
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| əi
|-
! '''Dative'''
| çɛʒɛ
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| çɛ
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''pja''&lt;br /&gt;who? m. and f.
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''''pɛd''&lt;br /&gt;what? n. only
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Singular'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| pa || pɛd
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xiʒɬ || xiʒɬ
|-
! '''Dative'''
| kəʒa || kəʒa
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| pɛn || pɛd
|-
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | '''''ɛk, ɛk, ɛk''&lt;br /&gt; this, this one
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | '''''ɛjlɛ, ɛjla, ɛjləd''&lt;br /&gt; that, that one
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Masculine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Feminine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Neuter'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Masculine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Feminine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Neuter'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| ɛk || i || ɛk || ɛ || ɛk || ɛk || ɛʒɬɛ || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬa || eʒɬɛ || ɛʒɬəd || ɛʒɬa
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| əʒɬ || əʒɬ || əʒɬ || ɒjɬ || əʒɬ || əʒɬ || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬəʒɬ || ɛjɬi || eʒɬaʒɬ || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬəʒɬ
|-
! '''Dative'''
| əɛk || i || əɛk || i || əɛk || i || ɛʒli || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬi || ɛʒɬi
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| ənk || ə || ɒnk || ɒ || ɛk || ɛk || ɛʒɬ || ɛʒɬ || ɛʒɬa || ɒʒɬa || ɒʒɬəd || ɛʒɬa
|-
|}
=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | '''''pi, pɛɛ, pəd''&lt;br /&gt;who, which, that
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Masculine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Feminine'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Neuter'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Singular'''
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''Plural'''
|-
! '''Nominative'''
| pi || pi || pɛ || pɛ || pəd || pɛ
|-
! '''Genitive'''
| xiʒl || pəʒɬ || xiʒɬ || paʒl || xiʒɬ || pəʒɬ
|-
! '''Dative'''
| kəɛ || pi || kəɛ || pi || kəɛ || pi
|-
! '''Accusative'''
| pɛn || pə || pan || pa || pod || pɛ
|-
|}

==Conjugation==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, present tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xaʒlɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auziʒɬɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬt || pɔɬtam || xaʒɬɛɾ || xaʒɬɛm || pɛs || pɛsim || auzɛɾ || auzim
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬta || pɔɬtasɛ || xaʒɬɛ || xaʒɬɛsɛ || pɛsɛ || pɛsɛsɛ || auzi || auzisɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtat || pɔɬtant || xaʒɬɛt || xaʒɬɛnt || pɛsɛt || pɛsint || auzɛt || auzɛənt
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, imperfect tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xaçlɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auziʒɬɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬtaħa || pɔɬtaβam || xaʒɬɛħa || xajʒɬɛβam || pɛsɛħa || pɛsɛβam || auzɛɛħa || auzɛɛβam
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬtaħa || pɔɬtaβasɛ || xaʒɬɛħa || xaʒɬɛβasɛ || pɛsɛħa || pɛsɛβasɛ || auzɛɛħa || auzɛɛβasɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtaħat || pɔɬtaħant || xaʒɬɛħat || xaʒɬɛħant || pɛsɛħat || pɛsɛħant || auzɛɛħat || auzɛɛβant
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, perfect tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaβɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xaʒləɾɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛtɛβɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auzɛβɛsɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬtaʒi || pɔɬtaʒɛm || xaʒɬəɾi || xaʒɬəɾim || pɛsiʒi || pɛsiʒimɛ || auziʒi || auziʒɛm
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬtaβɛsti || pɔɬtaβɛstɛ || xaʒɬəɾɛsti || xaʒɬəɾɛstɛ || pɛsiβɛsti || pɛsiβɛstɛ || auziβɛsti || auziβɛstɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtaut || pɔɬtaβɛʒlənt || xaʒɬəɾɛt || xaʒɬəɾɛjlənt || pɛsiʒɛt || pɛsiβɛʒlənt || auziʒɛt || auziβɛɬənt
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, pluperfect tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaβɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xajləɾɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛβɛsɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auzɛβɛsɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬa || pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬam || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬa || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬam || pɛsiʒɛʒɬa || pɛsiʒɛʒɬam || auziʒɛʒɬa || auziʒɛʒɬam
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬa || pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬasɛ || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬa || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬasɛ || pɛsiʒɛʒɬa || pɛsiʒɛʒɬasɛ || auziʒɛʒɬa || auziʒɛʒɬasɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬat || pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬant || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬat || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬant || pɛsiʒɛʒɬat || pɛsiʒɛʒɬant || auziʒɛʒɬat || auziʒɛʒɬant
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, future tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xajlɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auziʒɬɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬtaɾ || pɔɬtaɾɛm || xaʒlɛɾ || xaʒlɛɾɛm || pɛsa || pɛsɛm || auzɛɾa || auzɛɾɛm
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬtaɾɛ || pɔɬtaɾɛsɛ || xaʒlɛɾɛ || xaʒlɛɾɛsɛ || pɛsɛ || pɛsɛsɛ || auzɛɾɛ || auzɛɾɛsɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtaɾɛt || pɔɬtaɾənt || xaʒlɛɾɛt || xaʒlɛɾənt || pɛsʒat || pɛsʒant || auzɛɾɛt || auzɛɾɛnt
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Indicative mood, active voice, future perfect tense
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xaʒlɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auziʒɬɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬ || pɔɬtaβɛʒɬɛm || xaʒɬəɾɛjɬ || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬɛm || pɛsɛʒɛʒɬ || pɛʒsɛʒɛʒɬɛm || auziʒɛʒɬə || auziʒɛʒɬɛm
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛʒɬɛ || pɔɬtaβɛʒɬɛsɛ || xaʒɬəɾɛjɬɛ || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬɛsɛ || pɛsɛʒɛʒɬɛ || pɛsɛʒɛʒɬɛsɛ || auziʒɛʒɬɛ || auziʒɛʒɬɛsɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third Person
| pɔɬtaʒɛɬɛt || pɔɬtaβɛʒɬɛnt || xaʒɬəɾɛjɬɛt || xaʒɬəɾɛʒɬɛnt || pɛsɛʒɛʒɬɛt || pɛsɛʒɛʒɬɛsɛ || auziʒɛʒɬɛt || auziʒɛʒɬɛnt
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
!colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Subjunctive Active Present
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɔɬtaʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| xaʒɬɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| pɛsɛʒɬɛ
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| auziʒɬɛ
|-
|-bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot;
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | First person
| pɔɬtʃa || pɔɬtem || xaʒɬʒaɾaː || xaʒɬʒaɾam || pɛsa || pɛsam || auzɛɾa || auzɛɾam
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Second person
| pɔʎte || pɔɬtɛsɛ || xaʒɬʒaɾaː || xaʒɬʒaɾasɛ || pɛsa || pɛsasɛ || auzɛɾa || auzɛɾasɛ
|-
!bgcolor=&quot;#EFEFEF&quot; | Third person
| pɔɬtet || pɔɬtʃant || xaʒɬʒaɾat || xaʒɬʒaɾant || pɛsat || pɛsant || auzɛɾat || auzɛɾant
|}
[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Bogolang</title>
    <id>7297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52146</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T19:42:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hybridlang</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Alternative term ==

I think it would be a good idea to add a heading &quot;Need for an alternative term&quot;.  Moreover ambiguity is only one of the objections to the term which were put forward, which were by my count four: 

# It's ambiguous with &quot;jokelang&quot;.
# It is not descriptive.
# This kind of conlang is at least not more bogus than other kinds.
#: It should be noted that although [[User:Melroch|I]] got some support from [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg]], who was the one who made this observation, for my opinion (still held, BTW) that bogolangs ''are'' especially unrealistic in the sense that a mixed language of this kind is extremely unlikely to arise in the real world, I don't think any of us thinks that this constitutes enough ground to single them out as especially bogus.
# It sounds pejorative.
#: It seems some find that appropriate, but then it is probably true that no conlanger is interested in all kinds of conlang,
and that for every kind you will find some who actively dislike it!  NB that neither I nor Jörg considered their possible especial unrealism an objection against these langs, though Jörg observed that the bogolang technique is &quot;sometimes used a crutch a conlanger may take recourse to when he runs out of ideas for a plausible historical phonology&quot;, but cheapness does not make them especially bogus either!

Also I don't think that terms should be italicized rather than scare-quoted: it is not like any term is used in a metaphorical sense or misappropriated (except possibly ''dialang'').  A link to the CONLANG thread is also desirable.

What about something like:

In a [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0912C&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R12476&amp;D=0 discussion on the CONLANG  mailing list] during December 2009, the term ''bogolang'' was found to be inadequate various grounds:

* At a glance ''bogolang'' seems to have the same meaning as ''[[jokelang]]''.
* This kind of conlang is at least not more bogus than other kinds.
* The term sounds pejorative.

Though not everyone agreed on all these objections most participants agreed that another term would be desirable, and alternatives such as ''dialang'' (which however may also mean [[diachronic conlang]] or 'dialect of a conlang', and has been used in at least the latter sense [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0802C&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R1736&amp;D=0]) and ''graftlang'' were proposed but so far no proposed alternative has caught on.&quot;

This references myself a lot, so I'm loth to just go ahead and make the edit. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:30, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

=== Hybrilang / Hybridlang ===

What about ''hybrilang'': they were described as hybrids in the CONLANG discussion [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0912D&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;D=0&amp;P=16011] and I think everyone would agree that is a defining characteristic. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 17:45, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

: I think this name fits quite well, and it's connotationally neutral. However, I see no need to drop the ''-d'', so my suggestion would be ''hybridlang''. [[User:Cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] 19:42, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

=== Dialang ===
I'm afraid it was I who used ''dialang'' in the sense of 'conlang dialect', and I should perhaps clarify that I more specifically meant 'dialect of a conlang created because the author can't or won't decide whether to adopt a design change or choose between alternative design changes'.  At least in my experience and practice a common enough phenomenon to merit a name. [[User:Melroch|BPJ]] 18:54, 5 March 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Leech10</title>
    <id>7298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52141</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T18:33:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Leech10 -- Goza Lesha on zompist.  ===Languages=== *[[Ancaron]] *[[Zukish]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Leech10 -- Goza Lesha on zompist.

===Languages===
*[[Ancaron]]
*[[Zukish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ancaron</title>
    <id>7299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52846</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T18:03:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Lexicon and other vocab lists */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=33% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: white; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;00bb00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Standard Ancaron''' &lt;br&gt; '''''Sitariancaronpotcor''''' ([[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_An.png]][[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]][[file:Ancaron_Pot.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]])
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Pronounced:
||sitaɹiankaɹonpotkoɹ
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||DPM / Nacar
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Species:
||Ancaron
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Ancaron Empire (Ancaronbactari)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||52 trillion
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Antacar
:North Antacar
::Ancaron
:::Sitariancaronpotcor
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Writing system:
||[[Cor]] ([[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]])&lt;br&gt; [[Marcor]] ([[file:Ancaron_Mar.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]])&lt;br&gt; Latin alphabet / Latancor ([[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]])
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;00bb00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Typology'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||OVS(O)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating polysynthetic
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||nominative-accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;00bb00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Leech10|Leech10]] ||2007 (2009)
|}


=Phonology=

Ancaron's syllable structure is (C)V(C).&lt;br&gt;

==Consonants==
In the table, the letter on the left is the IPA value, the bolded, middle letter is the Latin (latancor) transcription, and on the right is the [[marcor]] letter.

{|
|| ||Labial||Labiodental||Alveolar||Velar||
|-
||Nasal||m '''m''' [[file:Ancaron_M.png]]|| ||n '''n''' [[file:Ancaron_N.png]]|| ||
|-
||Plosive ||p '''p''' [[file:Ancaron_P.png]], b '''b''' [[file:Ancaron_B.png]]|| ||t '''t''' [[file:Ancaron_T.png]], d '''d''' [[file:Ancaron_D.png]]||k '''c''' [[file:Ancaron_C.png]], g '''g''' [[file:Ancaron_G.png]]||
|-
||Frictive  || ||f '''f''' [[file:Ancaron_F.png]], v '''v''' [[file:Ancaron_V.png]]||s '''s''' [[file:Ancaron_S.png]], z '''z''' [[file:Ancaron_Z.png]]|| ||
|-
||Approximant || || ||ɹ '''r''' [[file:Ancaron_R.png]]|| ||
|-
||Lateral Approximant || || ||l '''l''' [[file:Ancaron_L.png]]|| ||
|-
|}

==Vowels==
In the bolded letter is the IPA value/Latin (latancor) transcription, with the letter on the right being the marcor letter.
{|
|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthongs
|-
||High ||'''i''' [[file:Ancaron_I.png]]|| ||'''u''' [[file:Ancaron_U.png]]|| '''ia [[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]], ua [[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]], ue [[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]], ui [[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]]''' ||
|-
||Mid-High ||'''e''' [[file:Ancaron_E.png]]|| ||'''o''' [[file:Ancaron_O.png]]|| '''ea [[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]], ou''' [[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] ||
|-
||Low || ||'''a''' [[file:Ancaron_A.png]]|| || '''ae [[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]], ai [[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]], ao''' [[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]] ||
|-
|}

=Grammar=
==Numbers==
Numbers are in general read off from left to right as individual numerals
*'''vet'''
:vet
:''one''
:one

*'''vetvan'''
:vet-van
:''one-zero''
:ten

*'''vetvanviv'''
:vet-van-viv
:''one-zero-five''
:one hundred and five

However larger numbers have their own words to help break up the list. Any zeros following these higher number words are ignored until a non-zero number is found.
*'''vuet'''
:vuet
:''thousand''
:one thousand

*'''vetvervuetviv'''
:vet-ver-vuet-viv
:''one-eight-thousand-five''
:eighteen thousand and five

*'''vetvervuetvivvan'''
:vet-ver-vuet-viv-van
:''one-eight-thousand-five-zero''
:eighteen thousand and fifty

==Adjectives==
Adjectives immediately precede the word they modify.
*'''Tucboc'''
:tuc-boc
:''old-rock''
:an old rock

Multiple adjectives stack, though the order of the adjectives does not matter

*'''Taintucboc'''
:tain-tuc-boc
:''gray-old-rock''
:an old gray rock

*'''Tuctainboc'''
:tuc-tain-boc
:''old-gray-rock''
:an old gray rock

===Possessives===

Possessives are formed by using a name or pronoun as an adjective, again word order does not matter.

*'''Muctaintucboc'''
:muc-tain-tuc-boc
:''my-gray-old-rock''
:my old gray rock

*'''Taintucmucboc'''
:tain-tuc-muc-boc
:''gray-old-my-rock''
:my old gray rock

===Negation===

Adjectives are negated by the use of the prefix &quot;ta,&quot; which immediately precedes the adjective it negates.

*'''Tataintucmucboc'''
:ta.tain-tuc-muc-boc
:''NEG.gray-old-my-rock''
:my old non-gray rock

*'''Taintuctamucboc'''
:tain-tuc-ta.muc-boc
:''gray-old-NEG.my-rock''
:the old gray rock that isn't mine

===Comparisons===

The compartitive forms of adjectives are formed by adding the prefix &quot;in&quot; for positive comparisons, and &quot;fen&quot; for negative comparisons. Ancaron has no superlative forms for positive or negative comparisons. Like the negation prefix, these prefixes immediately precede the adjective they modify. 

*'''Tainintucboc'''
:tain-in-tuc-boc
:''gray-more-old-rock''
:the older gray rock

*'''Tainfentucboc'''
:tain-fen-tuc-boc
:''gray-less-old-rock''
:the less old gray rock

Sentence forms of comparison are created using &quot; padi &quot; (with spaces) to link the two parts of the comparison together, and it is used for both &quot;more than,&quot; &quot;less than,&quot; and &quot;as ___ as&quot; comparisons.

*'''intucboc padi muc'''
:in-tuc-boc padi muc
:''more-old-rock than me''
:a rock older than me

*'''fentucon padi muc'''
:fen-tuc-on padi muc
:''less-old-person than me''
:a person younger than me

*'''tucon padi muc'''
:tuc-on padi muc
:''old-person as me''
:a person as old as me

===Intensification===

Ancaron adjectives are intensified by the reduplication of the adjective in question. The reduplicated adjective must stay together as one part, but otherwise word order does not matter as with other adjectives.

*'''Taintucboc'''
:tain-tuc-boc
:''gray-old-rock''
:the old gray rock

*'''Taintuctucboc'''
:tain-tuc-tuc-boc
:''gray-old-old-rock''
:the very old gray rock

*'''Taintaintucboc'''
:tain-tain-tuc-boc
:''gray-gray-old-rock''
:the very gray old rock

*'''Taintaintuctucboc'''
:tain-tain-tuc-tuc-boc
:''gray-gray-old-old-rock''
:the very old, very gray rock

==Verbs==
Ancaron verbs mark the subject as a suffix and the direct object as a prefix, forming a OVS word order.
*'''Bocpunmuc.'''
:boc-pun-muc
:''rock-hold-I''
:I hold a rock.

===Tense===
Ancaron has three tenses, past, present, and future. The tense marker immediately precedes the verb, falling after the object. 
====Present tense====
The present tense marker is &quot;dop,&quot; though it is optional as it is assumed if no tense markers are present. The present tense is used for any action that is currently happening.

*'''Bocdoppunmuc.'''
:boc-dop.pun-muc
:''rock-PRS.hold-I''
:I hold a rock.

====Future tense====
The future tense marker is &quot;civ.&quot; The future tense is used for any action that is not currently happening, but will be happening sometime in the future.

*'''Boccivpunmuc.'''
:boc-civ.pun-muc
:''rock-FUT.hold-I''
:I will hold a rock.

====Past tense====
The past tense marker is &quot;don.&quot; The past tense is used for any action that is not currently happening, but has already happened.

*'''Bocdonpunmuc.'''
:boc-don.pun-muc
:''rock-PST.hold-I''
:I held a rock.

===Negation===
Like negation of adjectives, negation of verbs is done with the prefix &quot;ta.&quot; The negative prefix precedes the tense marker and follows the direct object.

*'''Boctapunmuc.'''
:boc-ta.pun-muc
:''rock-NEG.hold-I''
:I am not holding a rock.

*'''Boctacivpunmuc.'''
:boc-ta.civ.pun-muc
:''rock-NEG.FUT.hold-I''
:I will not hold a rock.

===Indirect Objects===
The indirect object follows the verb and subject as a separate word.
*'''Boccivsipunmuc Mardon.'''
:boc-civ.sipun-muc Mardon
:''rock-FUT.throw-I Mardon''
:I will toss the rock to Mardon.

===The Copula===
Ancaron has no copula verbs, rather they are replaced by the use of nouns or adjectives acting as verbs.

*'''Tucboc.'''
:tuc-boc
:''old-rock''
:The rock is old. (Lit: The rock olds.)

*'''Boczain.'''
:boc-zain
:''rock-that''
:That is a rock. (Lit: That rocks.)

The construction &quot;There is&quot; or &quot;There are&quot; is replaced with the verb &quot;danas,&quot; which means &quot;to exist.&quot;

*'''Danasboc'''
:danas-boc
:''exist-rock''
:There is a rock. (Lit: A rock exists.)

==Adverbs==
Adverbs preceed the verb they modify, and are located between the direct object and the negation of the verb, assuming they exist.
*'''Boctortacivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-ta.civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-NEG.FUT.throw-I''
:I will not quickly throw the rock.

Multiple adverbs stack, and like with adjectives, word order does not matter

*'''Boctordopubcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I''
:I will quickly throw the rock today.

*'''Bocdopubtorcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-dopub-tor-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-today-quickly-FUT.throw-I''
:I will quickly throw the rock today.

===Negation===

Like verbs and adjectives, adverbs are negated by the use of the prefix &quot;ta,&quot; which immediately precedes the adverb it negates.

*'''Boctadopubtorcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-ta.dopub-tor-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-NEG.today-quickly-FUT.throw-I''
:I will quickly throw the rock, but not today.

*'''Bocdopubtatorcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-dopub-ta.tor-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-today-NEG.quickly-FUT.throw-I''
:I will throw the rock today, but not quickly.

===Comparisons===

The compartitive forms of adverbs are formed just like the adjective versions, by adding the prefix &quot;in&quot; for positive comparisons, and &quot;fen&quot; for negative comparisons. As before, there are no superlatives and the prefixes immediately precede the adverb they modify. 

*'''torsipun'''
:tor-sipun
:''quickly-throw''
:to quickly throw

*'''intorsipun'''
:in-tor-sipun
:''more-quickly-throw''
:to throw more quickly

*'''fentorsipun'''
:fen-tor-sipun
:''less-quickly-throw''
:to throw less quickly

Also as with adjectives, sentence forms of comparison are created using &quot; padi &quot; (with spaces) to link the two parts of the comparison together, and it is used for both &quot;more than,&quot; &quot;less than,&quot; and &quot;as ___ as&quot; comparisons. However, they are linked together somewhat differently, with the two objects mentioned in the comparison, as well as the &quot;padi,&quot; are the subject with the verb form being as above. The object that comes first in the English comparison also comes first in the Ancaron one, and is the one that is actually attached to the verb.

*'''_&lt;adverbal comparison&gt;_et padi muc.'''
:_&lt;adverbal comparison&gt;_-et padi muc
:''_&lt;adverbal comparison&gt;_-it than I''
:he _&lt;adverbal comparison&gt;_ than I (_&lt;verb&gt;_).

*'''Intorsipunet padi muc.'''
:in-tor-sipun-et padi muc
:''more-quickly-throw-it than I''
:he throws more quickly than I (throw).

*'''Fentorsipunet padi muc.'''
:fen-tor-sipun-et padi muc
:''less-quickly-throw-it than I''
:he throws less quickly than I (throw).

*'''Torsipunet padi muc.'''
:tor-sipun-et padi muc
:''quickly-throw-it as I''
:he throws as quickly as I (throw).

===Intensification===

Ancaron adverbs, like the adjectives, are intensified by the reduplication of the adverb in question. The reduplicated adverb must stay together as one part, but otherwise word order does not matter as with other adverb.

*'''Boctordopubcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I''
:I will quickly throw the rock today.

*'''Boctortordopubcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I''
:I will very quickly throw the rock today.

*'''Boctordopubdopubcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-dopub-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I''
:I will quickly throw the rock '''today'''.

*'''Boctortordopubdopubcivsipunmuc.'''
:boc-tor-tor-dopub-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
:''rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I''
:I will very quickly throw the rock '''today'''.

==Nouns==
Ancaron words can vary their parts of speech, meaning that some words that can be considered verbs or adjectives can be used as nouns as well.

*'''pun''' ''to hold, a hand''
*'''sipun''' ''to throw, a throw''
*'''boc''' ''rocky, a rock''

===Negation===
Like basically everything else, nouns can be negated with the prefix &quot;ta,&quot; which immediately precedes the noun.

*'''taboc'''
:ta.boc
:''NEG.rock''
:not a rock

===Plurals===
To make a word plural, add the unspecific plural prefix &quot;car.&quot; Plural markers precede the negation prefix.
*'''boc'''
:boc
:''rock''
:rock

*'''carboc'''
:car.boc
:''PLR.rock''
:rocks

*'''cartaboc'''
:car.ta.boc
:''PLR.NEG.rock''
:some non-rocks

Alternatively, numbers can be used instead to for a specific plural.
*'''vucboc'''
:vuc.on
:''three.rock''
:three rocks

&quot;In&quot; is also used as a plural prefix as well to represent large amounts but remaining unspecific in total number.
*'''inboc'''
:in.boc
:''many.rock''
:many rocks

Likewise, &quot;fen&quot; is used as an unspecific plural prefix to represent small numbers.
*'''fenbocc'''
:fen.boc
:''few.rock''
:a few rocks

The plural markers are positioned after any adjectives the noun has.

*'''taivcarboc'''
:taiv-car.boc
:''gray-PLR.rock''
:some gray rocks

===Comparisons===
&quot;In&quot; and &quot;fed&quot; can be used to make comparisons with nouns as well, using the prefixes as plurals with the addition of &quot; padi &quot;.

*'''Danasinnan padi carnin.'''
:danas-in.nan padi car.nin
:''exist-more.boy than PLR.girl''
:There are more boys than girls.

*'''Danasfennan padi carnin.'''
:danas-in.nan padi car.nin
:''exist-less.boy than PLR.girl''
:There are less boys than girls.

*'''Danascarnan padi carnin.'''
:danas-in.nan padi car.nin
:''exist-PLR.boy as PLR.girl''
:There are as many boys as girls.

Numbers can also be used in these comparisons for a specific difference.

*'''Danasvetnan padi carnin.'''
:danas-vet.nan padi car.nin
:''exist-one.boy than PLR.girl''
:There is one more boy than there are girls.

However, there is no simple way of flipping comparisons with specific plurals around, meaning you can't say, for example &quot;There is one less boy than there are girls.&quot; Instead, the comparison itself has to be flipped around.

*'''Danasvetnin padi carnan.'''
:danas-vet.nin padi car.nan
:''exist-one.girl than PLR.boy''
:There is one more girl than there are boys.

===Compound nouns===
Compound nouns are formed much like adjective stacks, however word order does matter with noun stacks.

*'''bacpub''' ''space''
*'''bacmun''' ''tunnel''

*'''bacpubbacmun'''
:bacpub-bacmun
:''space-tunnel''
:wormhole

*'''bacmunbacpub'''
:bacmun-bacpub
:''tunnel-space''
:tunnel space

The compound noun is treated like a single noun for prefixes and adjectives.

*'''taincartabacpubbacmun'''
:tain-car.ta.bacpub-bacmun
:''gray-PLR.NEG.space-tunnel''
:some gray non-wormholes

==Pronouns==
===Personal pronouns===
Ancaron has 3 basic personal pronouns.

*'''muc''' ''I, me''
*'''doc''' ''you''
*'''et''' ''he, she, it, him, her''

Plural forms are generated using &quot;car.&quot;

*'''carmuc''' ''we, us''
*'''cardoc''' ''you all''
*'''caret''' ''they, them''

*'''Bocpunet.'''
:boc-pun-et
:''rock-hold-it''
:He is holding the rock.

Ancaron is a pro-drop language, meaning that any pronouns whose existence can be determined from context can be omitted.

*'''Civsipun.'''
:civ.sipun
:''FUT.throw''
:'''He''' will throw '''it'''.

&quot;Etcivsipunet.&quot; is equivalent to the above example with the pronouns left in. Both versions are grammatical, though the first is more common in general speech. Generally, however, it comes down to the speaker or writers preference as to whether or not the pronouns are dropped. Pronouns have been left in the examples on this page to make learning easier.

Ancaron pronouns do not change forms when acting as different parts of speech.

*'''Bocpunmuc.'''
:boc-pun-muc
:''rock-hold-I''
:I am holding the rock.

*'''Bocdonsipundoc muc.'''
:boc-don-sipun-doc muc
:''rock-PST.throw-you me''
:You tossed the rock to me.

===Reflexive pronouns===
Ancaron reflexive pronouns are created with the addition of the prefix &quot;zig.&quot;

*'''zigmuc''' ''myself''
*'''zigdoc''' ''yourself''
*'''ziget''' ''himself, herself, itself''
*'''carzigmuc''' ''ourselves''
*'''carzigdoc''' ''yourselves''
*'''carziget''' ''themselves''

Sometimes it is not needed in the sentence, and is simply there to provide more information. In this case, the sentence is grammatically correct without it.

*'''Bocdonsipunmuc zigmuc.'''
:boc-don-sipun-muc zigmuc
:''rock-PST.throw-I myself''
:I tossed the rock to myself.

*'''Bocdonsipunmuc.'''
:boc-don-sipun-muc
:''rock-PST.throw-I''
:I tossed the rock.

In other cases, the sentence is not grammatical without the reflexive pronoun.

*'''Zigetsimapet.'''
:ziget-simap-et
:''itself-dress-it''
:He dresses himself.

*'''Simapet.'''
:simap-et
:''dress-it''
:He dresses... ???

Note that the sentence only needs an object, it doesn't have to be a reflexive pronoun.

*'''Etsimapet.'''
:et-simap-et
:''it-dress-it''
:He dresses him. (someone else)

====Reciprocal pronouns====

===Possessive pronouns===
Ancaron possessive pronouns are created with the addition of the prefix &quot;si.&quot;

*'''simuc''' ''mine''
*'''sidoc''' ''yours''
*'''siet''' ''his, hers, its''
*'''carsimuc''' ''ours''
*'''carsidoc''' ''yours''
*'''carsiet''' ''theirs''

*'''Carsimucboc.'''
:car.simuc-boc
:''PLR.mine-rock''
:The rock is ours.

However the possessive adjectives use the standard personal pronouns, and are used like any other adjective.

*'''Carmucbocet.'''
:car.muc-boc-et
:''PLR.my-rock-it''
:It is our rock.

===Interrogative pronouns===

*'''pui''' ''what, which''
*'''pai''' ''who, whom, whose''
*'''pi''' ''when''
*'''bau''' ''where''
*'''bou''' ''how''
*'''bao''' ''why''
*'''puitus''' ''how many, how much''

Word order when using interrogative pronouns is unchanged from the standard OVS(O) word order.

*'''Puisipunet?'''
:pui-sipun-et?
:''what-throw-it''
:What did he throw?

*'''Bocsipunet pai?'''
:boc-sipun-et pai?
:''rock-throw-it whom''
:To whom did he toss the rock?

*'''Bocsipunpai et?'''
:boc-sipun-pai et?
:''rock-throw-who it''
:Who tossed the rock to him?

*'''Puisipunpai pai?'''
:pui-sipun-pai pai?
:''what-throw-who whom''
:Who threw what to whom?

These pronouns can also modify nouns or verbs like adjectives or adverbs. &quot;Pui,&quot; &quot;puitus,&quot; and &quot;pai&quot; modify nouns, while the others modify verbs.

*'''Puibocsipunet?'''
:pui-boc-sipun-et?
:''what-rock-throw-it''
:Which rock did he throw?

*'''Paibocsipunet?'''
:pai-boc-sipun-et?
:''whose-rock-throw-it''
:Whose rock did he throw?

*'''Puitusbocsipunet?'''
:puitus-boc-sipun-et?
:''how_many-rock-throw-it''
:How many rocks did he throw?

*'''Bocbaosipunet?'''
:boc-bao-sipun-et?
:''rock-why-throw-it''
:Why did he throw the rock?

*'''Bocbousipunet?'''
:boc-bou-sipun-et?
:''rock-how-throw-it''
:How did he throw the rock?

*'''Bocbausipunet?'''
:boc-bau-sipun-et?
:''rock-where-throw-it''
:Where did he throw the rock?

*'''Bocpisipunet?'''
:boc-pi-sipun-et?
:''rock-when-throw-it''
:When did he throw the rock?

===Demonstrative pronouns===
===Relative pronouns===
===Indefinate pronouns===

==Prepositions==
==Conjuntions==
==Imperitive==
=Lexicon and other vocab lists=
*[[Ancaron/Lexicon|Lexicon]]
*[[Ancaron/Body Parts|Body parts]]
*[[Ancaron/Colors|Colors]]
*[[Ancaron/Cor list|Cor list]]

[[Category:A_priori_conlangs]] [[Category:Ancaron]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilien</title>
    <id>7300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53919</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wl y</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ilien''' is a conworld, in the same universe as Earth. Known as '''[[Ɀõɒnɠ]]''' (in [[Ȿȿűnéaɠ]]), until the creation of [[Anoé]] in [[IY_-5410|-5410]], when it was renamed.

== Countries ==

Ilien is divided into countries. A list of some of them may be found at [[List of countries in Ilien]].

[http://ilien.wikia.com/wiki/Ilien_Wiki Ilien Wiki]

[[Category:Planets]]
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé</title>
    <id>7301</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57355</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T21:52:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ln</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=Anoé
 |phonetic=anɞe
 |world=[[Ilien]]
 |date=~-5410–2203.125
 |place=-
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[Anoé scripts]]
 |family=Anoé
 |word-or=SOV
 |mor-type=Agglutinative
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]
}}

'''Anoé''' ([[Anoé-Tuinelan]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom;&quot;&gt;''Anoé''&lt;/span&gt;; [[Anoé-Tuillal]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyFuturamerlincom;&quot;&gt;''Anoé''&lt;/span&gt;) is a conlang used in [[Ilien]]. Its name is alternatively transliterated as ''Anoej'' (this is standard when the character ''é'' is not available) or as ''Anoey''. It is written, traditionally, using the various [[Anoé scripts]].

== History ==

Developed by [[Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjla|Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjléten]] scholars in approximately -5410, replacing [[Ȿȿűnéaɠ]]. Superseded by [[Anóé]], a derivative of it, 2203.125.

== Grammar ==

All sentences are of the form (Subject)(Object)(Verb).
[[File:Anoé.begin.png]] and [[File:Anoé.end.png]] should be used to group modifiers to avoid ambiguity, as in mathematics.
An example sentence: [[File:Anoé.Vené-en-zéal tlaém-én-lotez ló.png]] Transliteration: Vené-en-zéal tlaém-én-lotez ló. Meaning: Writing a letter is a form of interaction. Literal translation: Letter-to-write (a-type-of)-to-interact is.

== Pronunciation ==

[[File:Tuillal_l.png]] is pronounced as l/y before a vowel and as l before a consonant or the end of the sentence.

Words beginning with vowels ([[File:Tuillal_a.png]], [[File:Tuillal_o.png]], [[File:Tuillal_u.png]], [[File:Tuillal_é.png]], [[File:Tuillal_e.png]], [[File:Tuillal_i.png]], [[File:Tuillal_ó.png]]) should not be pronounced with a glottal stroke.

== Vocabulary ==

See [[Anoé vocabulary]].

== Examples ==

* [[Main_Page/Anoé|Anoé translation of the FrathWiki main page]]
* [[Anoé Bibliïsm translation|Translation of the Bibliïsm document into Anoé]]
* [[test_cases.txt in Anoé|fiziwig.com test_cases.txt in Anoé]]

== Links ==

[http://futuramerlin.com/view.php?page=3505 Anoé]

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Anoé]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilien]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé scripts</title>
    <id>7302</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52425</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T22:04:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Anoé scripts''' are a family of conscripts used to write [[Anoé]].

The following are some of the types (known informally as 'flavours'):

* [[Anoé-Tuillal]]: Cursive
* [[Anoé-Tuillem]]: Stemless
* [[Anoé-Tuinat]]: Printed
* [[Anoé-Tuinatan]]: Printed Simplified
* [[Anoé-Tuinel]]: Printed Curved
* [[Anoé-Tuinelan]]: Printed Curved Simplified
* [[Anoé-Tuital]]: Simplified Cursive
* [[Anoé-Tuizen]]: Syllabic
* [[Anoé-Tuizen-Tan]]: Syllabic Components (this is a term mostly used when discussing electronic text encoding)

[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Calculator Ftvb</title>
    <id>7303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57380</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>i</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I release all my contributions into the public domain before publishing them here, unless otherwise stated. The scans of the [[File:Lej.small.png]] documents at [[Lej characters]] are not in the public domain. They are copyright © 2003–2010 Futuramerlin.com.

==My conlangs (partial list)==

* &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size:.5em;&quot;&gt;Anoé&lt;/span&gt; : [[Anoé]]
* &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size:.5em;&quot;&gt;Anóé&lt;/span&gt; : [[Anóé]]
* [[File:Lej.small.png]] : [[Lej]]
* Ȿȿűnéaɠ : [[Ȿȿűnéaɠ]]
* [[File:Econ.絵文字.png]][[File:Econ.conlang.png]] : [[絵文字 Conlang]]
* Ilienian (sorry, I haven't uploaded an image of the name in Ilienian yet) : [[Ilienian]]
&lt;!-- 
==My activity (thanks to [[User:Melroch]] for creating the code☺)==

=== My user pages ===
&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{#dpl: namespace={{NAMESPACE}} | titlematch=%Calculator Ftvb% }}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
=== Pages I created ===

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  createdby= Calculator Ftvb
  notnamespace= Template
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

==== Templates I created ====

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  createdby= Calculator Ftvb
  namespace= Template
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

=== Pages I modified but did not create ===

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
  notcreatedby= Calculator Ftvb
  modifiedby=Calculator Ftvb
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

=== Pages I created which were last modified by someone else ===

I'm not paranoid, I just want to know when you guys improve on my work! {{smiley}}

{{scroll box|
|width=75%
|content=
&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
 createdby= Calculator Ftvb
 notlastmodifiedby= Calculator Ftvb
&lt;/dpl&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}
 --&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Kicgan Vekei</title>
    <id>7304</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52170</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-05T21:15:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kicgan Vekei</username>
        <id>1348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Ããwja!'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Ããwja!</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Litoria</title>
    <id>7305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52177</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T03:54:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Litorian culture]]

[[Litorian language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Litorian culture</title>
    <id>7306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52179</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T03:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Description of Litoria]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Description of Litoria</title>
    <id>7307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52183</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T04:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Introduction */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Introduction===
*Litoria is  a terrestrial planet, the second planet from its primary, and the second-largest of the three planets in its solar system. At .738 Earth masses, it is slightly smaller than the planet Venus. It is the only planet in its solar system within the habitable zone and thus capable of sustaining life.

*The inner planet of the system is a small lifeless planet not unlike Mercury.  The outer planet is a large gas giant like Jupiter.

*Physical characteristics:
**mean radius	              4,778.25 km
**mean circumference	            30,023.66 km
**flattening	             .0024887
**surface area	          29,081,890 km2
***land	          17,158,315 km2 (59%)
***water	          11,923,574 km2 (41%)
**volume	 456,674,562,012 km3
**mass
**escape velocity	                       8.2 km/s
**sidereal rotation period 	      0d 25h 0m 38.2s
**axial tilt	            11.250989°
**surface temperature
***minimum  -85.4°C
***mean  -12.0°C
***maximum   60.2°C
**surface pressure	                     90.2 kPa
**atmosphere composition
***nitrogen 76%
***oxygen 22%
***argon 0.9%
***carbon dioxide 0.1%
***water vapor 1.0%

*Orbital characteristics:
**aphelion	  147,280,599.28 km
**perihelion  	  143,098,003.47 km
**semi-major axis	  145,189,301.38 km
**eccentricity	               0.0072
**orbital period	             360.001 days
**mean orbital speed
**inclination	                     1.2° to sun’s equator


*The planet was formed 3.5 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within a billion years. Since then, Litoria's biosphere has significantly altered the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, enabling the proliferation of aerobic microorganisms as well as the formation of an ozone layer which, together with Litoria’s magnetic field, blocks harmful radiation, permitting life on land. The physical properties of Litoria, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed life to persist during this period. Litoria is expected to continue supporting life for another 1.5 billion years, after which the rising luminosity of its sun will eliminate the biosphere.

*Litoria's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 41% of the surface is covered with a salt-water ocean, the remainder consisting of one supercontinent and a few scattered islands. Litoria's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core.

===Chronology===
*The earliest dated solar system material is dated to 3.5529 ± 0.0006 billion years ago, and by 3.54 billion years ago Litoria and its two companion planets in the solar system formed out of the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the sun. This assembly of Litoria through accretion was largely completed within 10–20 million years. Initially molten, the outer layer of Litoria cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The moons formed shortly thereafter, 2.96 billion years ago.

*Litoria's two natural satellites provide ocean tides, stabilize the axial tilt and gradually slow the planet's rotation. Obviously, the larger moon exerts more of a force than the smaller. The moons were formed as a result of a large object with about 10% of Litoria's mass impacting Litoria in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass would have merged with Litoria and a portion would have been ejected into space, but enough material would have been sent into orbit to form the larger nearer moon and the smaller farther moon.

*Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice and liquid water delivered by asteroids and the larger proto-planets and comets produced the oceans. The newly-formed sun was only 70% of its present luminosity,  but a combination of greenhouse gasses and higher levels of solar activity served to raise Litoria's surface temperature, preventing the ocean from freezing over.

*There was a rapid initial growth of the continental crust followed by a long-term steady continental area. Over several hundreds of millions of years, the surface continually reshaped as continents formed and broke up. The continents migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. The present supercontinent recombined roughly 300–250 million years ago.

===Evolution of life===
*Highly energetic chemistry produced a self-replicating molecule around 3.3 billion years ago, and 0.5 billion years later the last common ancestor of all life existed. The development of photosynthesis allowed the sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms; the resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and formed in a layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the develoopment of complex cells called eukaryotes. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized the surface of Litoria. Evolution has followed a path similar to that on planet Earth up until the only mass extinction recorded in the geology of the planet.  The cause of the extinction is not yet known, but it occurred before the evolution of mammals and eliminated the large dinosaurs and reptiles. Life on Litoria today consists of all the familiar terrestrial animal classes with the exception of Mammalia.
*The present pattern of ice ages began about 50 million years ago. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating approximately every 100,000 years. The last ice age ended 20,000 years ago.

===Composition and structure===
*Litoria is a terrestrial planet, meaning that it is a rocky body. It is the larger of the two terrestrial planets in size and mass. Of these two planets, Litoria also has the highest density, the highestsurface gravity, the strongest magnetic field, and the fastest rotation. It is also the only planet with active plate tectonics. 

===Shape===
*The shape of Litoria is very close to that of an oblate spheroid, a sphere squished along the orientation from pole to pole such that there is a bulge around the equator. This bulge results from the rotation of Litoria, and causes the diameter at the equator to be 68 km longer than the pole to pole diameter. The average diameter of the reference spheroid is about 9,556.5 km.
 
===Chemical composition===
*The mass of Litoria is approximately 5.98 × 1024 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (33.3%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (14.2%), magnesium (14.1%), sulfur (2.6%), nickel (1.5%), calcium (1.3%), and aluminum (1.8%); with the remaining 1.1% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is composed of iron (91.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (4.8%), sulfur (3.3%), and 1% trace elements.
 
===Internal structure===
*The interior of Litoria is divided into layers by their chemical or physical properties. The outer layer of Litoria is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by a thin layer. The thickness of the crust varies, averaging 6 km under the oceans and 30–50 km on the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are comprised. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 660 kilometers below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core. The inner core rotates at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year.

===Heat===
*Litoria's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%). The major heat-producing isotopes in Litoria are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. At the center of the planet, the temperature may be up to 7,000 K and the pressure could reach 360 GPa. Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Litoria history, before isotopes with short half-lives had been depleted, Litoria's heat production would have been much higher. This extra heat production, twice present-day at approximately 3 billion years ago,[63] would have increased temperature gradients within Litoria, increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of igneous rocks such as komatiites that are not formed today.

*Total heat loss from Litoria is 5.1 × 1013 watts. A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts. More of the heat in Litoria is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs in the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents.
 
===Tectonic plates===
*The mechanically rigid outer layer of Litoria, the lithosphere, is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries, convergent boundaries, at which two plates come together; divergent boundaries, at which two plates are pulled apart; and transform boundaries, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building, and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries. The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates, and their motion is strongly coupled with patterns convection inside Litoria’s mantle.

*As the tectonic plates migrate across the planet, the ocean floor is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates midocean ridges. The combination of these processes continually recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Because of this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 100 million years in age. 

===Surface===
*Litoria's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 45% of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus and abyssal plains. The remaining 55% not covered by water consists of two coastal plains and foothills, two pole-to-pole mountain chains, a large inland desert and two polar icecaps, both of which are over land.

*The elevation of the land surface of Litoria varies from the low point of −? m at the desert sea, to an altitude of 14,967 m at the top of the western mountain chain.
 
===Hydrosphere===
*Litoria's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the single ocean, but technically includes all water surfaces on the planet, including the polar ice caps, several lakes, many rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is the mid-oceanic ridge with a depth of −9,334.2 m. The average depth of the ocean is 2,700 m. About 94% of the water is saline, while the remaining 6% is fresh water. Most of the fresh water, about 74.7%, is currently ice. Sea water has an important influence on the planet's climate, with the ocean acting as a large hear reservoir.

===Atmosphere===
*The height of the troposphere varies with latitude, ranging between 9 km at the poles to 18.5 km at the equator, with some variation due to weather and seasonal factors.
 
*Litoria's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 2.4 billion years ago, forming the primarily nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together with Litoria's magnetic field, blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life on Litoria include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. Trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in Litoria's atmosphere.

====Weather and climate====
*Litoria's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 13 km of the planet's surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower density air then rises, and is replaced by cooler, higher density air. The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of heat energy.
 
*The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°. Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. 

*Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and settles to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. Atmospheric circulation, topological features and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.
 
Litoria can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical, subtropical, temperate, and polar climates. 

===Magnetic field===
*Litoria’s magnetic field is shaped roughly as a magnetic dipole, with the poles currently located proximate to the planet's geographic poles. According to the dynamo theory, the field is generated within the molten outer core region where heat creates convection motions of conducting materials, generating electric currents. These in turn produce Litoria's magnetic field. The convection movements in the core are chaotic, and periodically change alignment. This results in field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 740,000 years ago. The field forms the magnetosphere, which deflects particles in the solar wind. 

===Orbit and rotation===
====Rotation====
*Apart from meteors within the atmosphere, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Litoria's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. This is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or Moon every two minutes; the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.
 
====Orbit====
*Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Litoria, the moon and their axial rotations are all counter-clockwise. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the sun and Litoria, Litoria appears to revolve in a counterclockwise direction about the sun.

*The Hill sphere, or gravitational sphere of influences (the maximum distance at which Litoria's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets) of Litoria is about 1,000,000 km in radius. Objects must orbit Litoria within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the sun.

===Axial tilt and seasons===
*Because of the small axial tilt of Litoria, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This results in a slight seasonal change in climate, with summer in the northern hemisphere occurring when the north pole is pointing toward the sun, and winter taking place when the pole is pointed away. During the summer, the day lasts longer and the sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes generally cooler and the days shorter. Above the Arctic Circle, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year, a polar night. In the southern hemisphere the situation is exactly reversed, with the south pole oriented opposite the direction of the north pole.

*By astronomical convention, the four seasons are determined by the solstices, the point in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the sun—and the equinoxes, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular. The winter solstice occurs on about ______, the summer solstice ______, the spring equinox ______, and the autumnal equinox ______.

*The changing Litoria-sun distance results in an increase of about ___% in solar energy reaching Litoria at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Litoria reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.

===Moons===
*The inner moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of Litoria's. The gravitational attraction between Litoria and the inner moon causes tides on Litoria. The same effect on the moon has led to its tidal locking, i.e., its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Litoria. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the moon orbits Litoria, different parts of its face are illuminated by the sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator. Because of their tidal interaction, the moon recedes from Litoria at the rate of approximately __ mm a year. 

*Viewed from Litoria, the moon is just far enough away to have very nearly the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size of the moon is slightly smaller than that of the sun.  This means that total eclipses cannot occur.  However, the annular eclipses are spectacular.

*The most widely accepted theory of the moons’ origin states that they were formed from the collision of a large body with the early Litoria. The inner moon resulted from a large chunk that remained close to the planet.  The outer moon is a smaller chunk that was captured by the planet’s gravitational pull at a farther distance. 

====Inner Moon====
*Physical characteristics:
**mean radius	                 1,911.3 km (0.4 “earths”)
**flattening	                 .00128
**surface area	         45,882,530 km2
**volume	29,231,759,981.8 km3
**mass
**sidereal rotation period 	        synchronous
**axial tilt	                   5.125° (to orbit plane)

*Orbital characteristics:
**semi-major axis	             681,828 km
**eccentricity	                 0.009
**orbital period	                 30.01 days
**inclination	                   .051° to the ecliptic

====Outer Moon====
*Physical characteristics:
**mean radius	                 101.5 km
**flattening	            .000887
**surface area	        129,396.26 km2
**volume	  4,377,906.797 km3
**mass
**sidereal rotation period 	     synchronous
**axial tilt	               24.25°

*Orbital characteristics:
**semi-major axis	    1,209,310.38 km
**eccentricity	           0.01503
**orbital period	             20.001 days
**inclination	                 0.75° to the ecliptic

===Habitability===
*A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable, even if life did not originate there. Litoria provides the requisite conditions of liquid water, an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism. The distance of Litoria from the sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere and protective magnetic field all contribute to the conditions necessary to originate and sustain life on this planet.
 
===Biosphere===
*The planet's life forms are sometimes said to form a &quot;biosphere&quot;. This biosphere is generally believed to have begun evolving about 2.5 billion years ago. The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land primarily latitude and height above sea level separates biomes. Biomes lying within the Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle or in high altitudes are relatively barren of plant and animal life, while the greatest latitudinal diversity of species is found at the equator.  With respect to biomes, the two shores of Litoria are mirror images of each other.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dôr Dhulrent</title>
    <id>7308</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52186</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T12:43:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Dór Dulrent]] to [[Dôr Dhulrent]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dôr Dulrent]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dór Dulrent</title>
    <id>7309</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52187</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T12:43:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Dór Dulrent]] to [[Dôr Dhulrent]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Dôr Dhulrent]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Magorion</title>
    <id>7310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57741</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T16:46:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{state|The Kingdom of Magorion|Júnionan Magorern|['ju:niɔn ma'gɔrɛrn]|Magorion_Malidmúr.jpg|Magorion|601. 4A|Malidmúr|King|circa 1'500'000|King Nechínan}}

Magorion was a men-cotrolled empire in the fictional world of Eramár.

==History==
===Pre-Imperial===
Magorion was settled by a number of closely related men tribes. As the years past, these tribes established some city states that were unified by the tribe of [[Malidros]]. Since that time Magorion was a united kingdom with its capitol being [[Malidmúr]], the city near the Sea.

===Imperial===
During the Imperial age in the North-Western Eramár (called [[Gondala]]), which took it's place in [[Fourth Age (Eramár)|Fourth Age]], Magorion, by several campaigns and wars, expanded its territories far in South and East, deep in the lands previously controlled by nations of the [[Asatas|Asats]].
The expansion took place in two times - the First and the Second wave. Those territories that were conquered by the [[Machor]]s of Malidmúr in the First wave were heavily Machor-isified, adapting various dialects of [[Vulgar Magorionian]].

===Post-Imperial===
After the death of Magorion Empire and the loss of the Second Wave territories first and then the First Wave territories, the country was a part of [[Damonth]] for a while. Later, a radical movement called the [[Copat]], convinced the King of Damonth to grant Magorion (the Called the Copation) its freedom.
====Copation====
[[Copation]] {{IPA|[ko'pation]}} ([[Modern Magorionian]]: ''Kopation'' {{IPA|[ko'patioˑn]}}, [[Vulgar Magorionian]]: ''Kopation'': [,kopa'ʃjõn], [[Beringian]]: ''Copachiou'' {{IPA|[ko.pa.ʃju]}}) , the Pro-Dargadian state in the territory of Magorion was created with a leave of the king of Damonth. The main leader of the Copat movement was ''[[Onth Otér]]'' ([[Dargadrill]] pronunciation:[ˈɔntʰ o'tɛːr], [[Modern Magorionian]]: [ˈont ˈoteːr], [[Vulgar Magorionian]]: [ˈõt o'teə]) a son of a dargad male and a Machoric female.
During the reign of Onth Otér, dargadian language was recognized as the official language of the Copation, and usage of [[Modern Magorionian]] and [[Vulgar Magorionian]] in public places was forbidden.

====Regain of Machoric Independence====
Few decades after the regain of independence various Pro-Machoric movements were activated and the Pro-Dargadian Copats, after long civil strives and &quot;battles&quot;, were overthrown. 
A Machoric Kingship was recreated, the the king of new found Magorion was [[Bekir]], a grand-grandson of the last king of Magorion.
====Other States====
When the Pro-Machoric movement won in Magorion, the Machor-isified population of the First Wave territory initialised a wide campaign against their &quot;mother countries&quot; - [[Aradór]] and [[Coedór]], and to some extent [[Duin Ínah]]. These pseudo-Machoric states were [[Beringion]], [[Tarmanion]] and other.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;
{|style=&quot;background:#efefef; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:50%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=8
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|style=&quot;width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''Various Tribes'''
|style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-right: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|'''Magorion'''&lt;br/&gt;Some Centuries
|style=&quot;width:30%; text-align:center;&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''Copation'''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Round Robin Romlang</title>
    <id>7311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52714</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-17T17:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DCliche</username>
        <id>1352</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Missed a sound change</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I'd like to be able to see the effect all these sound changes are having. Can anyone provide a sample text to see what happens?
--[[User:PeteBleackley|PeteBleackley]] 19:27, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

:As of the end of Stage 7:
::Classical Latin:
:::Arma virumque canō, Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam fātō prōfugus Lāviniaque vēnit lītora, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō, vī superum, saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram. Multa quoque et bellō passus, dum conderet urbem īnferretque deōs Latiō, genus unde Latīnum Albānīque patrēs atque altae moenia Rōmae. 
::Stage 7:
:::/ɑrma hirɯpæ kanɯ Trɯʎæ py prmɯs ɑβ ɯry ysaʎæa fasɯ prɯfɯvɯ ʎaβnʎapæ βœrœt ʎytɤra, mɯʎsɯ œʎʎæ æt tærrʉs ʎaktasɯ æt ɑʎtɯ, βy hɯfærɯ, hæhæ mæmɤrœ ʎrɯri ɯβ yra. mɯʎsa pɤpæ æt βæʎʎɯ passɯs, dɯ cɤndæræt ɯrhæ yfærrætpæ dæɯs ʎaseɯ, dʒerɯ ɯndæ ʎasirɯ ɑlβaripæ paʈɞ ɑtpæ ɑʎtæ mœrya rɯmæ/

I think that's it. If there's anything I missed, do tell.

Also, this would be different in normal speech - many fricatives at the ends of words would disappear, and many plosives would lenite at word-boundaries. [[User:Kicgan Vekei|Kicgan Vekei]] 02:02, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

:Here's a phrase from [http://bricka.penguindeskjob.com/historical_bogo-linguistics.htm Geoff Eddy's guide to bogolanging] in the RRR, at the end of Stage 10:
:::Equum aquam dūcere potes, sed si facere ut super dorsum innat, causam bonam habes.
:Stage 10:
:::/æpə ɒpa diʧæçlæ pʌsæ çæd çɛ fæʧæçlæ ət əɸæʎ̥˔ dʌʎ̥˔sə ɛçlæt ka bʌçla ɒɾæ/

:Note that this ignores grammatical changes, and only applies sound changes.

[[User:DCliche|DCliche]] 23:56, 9 March 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Anoé</title>
    <id>7312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:31:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fonts</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;'''ézuan'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; | &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[Help:Anoé_fonts|anoé-on-telaén]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; • &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;Unicode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;)-on-telaén]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; • &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[Help:Editing|tuóvn-niliaót]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; • &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|ataluu-en-(ónel-tuóvn)]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; • &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[Help:How does one start a page|én-(tuóvn-uielnn)]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt; • &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;[[Help:Contents|ézuan-atulat]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner}}

&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 4px; background: #ffc0ff; font: bold 7pt AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom;&quot;&gt;,av-uielnn ól-([[Conlang Relay 17|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 2em;&quot;&gt;17th CONLANG-L Translation Relay&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 1em;&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .8em;&quot;&gt;,até-(ól-telean-en-ól-uuial tlé nnatan-en-alateión tlé ézuln-atulat) ve tlfan ól-aatéln.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


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Introduction

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{{:Main Page/Anoé/Introduction}}
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&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;uillat&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;ólaétt-aetlón&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;éeulón&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;éeulam&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;éeuiez&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[Conlang comparison|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;én-(atézzn-on-éeulón)&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[Conlang terminology|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;aalón-en-on-éeulón&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[Our Father|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;on-uulnam-en-(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;Lord's Prayer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;on-eléaun-en-on-éeulón&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[List of mailing lists|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;on-eluiónatez&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[Learners_shortlist|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;Conlang Learners Project&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;on-aólnaten-éan-on-tuóvn&lt;/span&gt;]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 17px;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki @ Yahoo&lt;/span&gt;]
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FrathWiki in other languages 

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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Other languages}}
|-
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;
[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Anoé/Introduction</title>
    <id>7313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52418</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T21:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;aélen-vn-(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 30px;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;)..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]]&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;[[FrathWiki:Goals|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;ól-atin-en-(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;én-(atélmat on-fsavel en-(éeulón tlé éeuiez tlé on-ataélei-en-on-uzóon-atulat)) ló. ,aén-ttéan én-aséu ul. ,&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt; on-tuóvn et-tém tléé aten ilan en-on-al ilan-én-uals-atel-[[FrathWiki:Copyrights|on-uiat-eétlz]] ló.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;,''ve'' én-aséu ataél-ló.. ,ve on-tuóvn ul-szelen tléé feren-on-al ul-falen. ,(et-atae (tuóvn én-nela)) (ól-ézuan-atulat fa-alen). ,fa-(ve ézuan talfun) (ve on-faraten ala-énom-ma-([[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Plane3, Symbola, Times, Serif, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Off-Topic Discussions&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 8px;&quot;&gt;)).&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Learners Project</title>
    <id>7314</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52222</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T22:50:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Conlang learners/Learners shortlist]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tahalu</title>
    <id>7315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52243</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T00:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Avjunza</username>
        <id>1342</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Tahalu}}

*'''Tahalu''' is unique in the way names are used. 


== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

*Plosives 

:'''p''' - /p/ | '''t''' - /t/ | '''k''' - /k/ | ''' ky ''' - /kj/

*Nasals 

:'''m''' - /m/ | '''n''' - /n/ | '''ng''' - /ŋ/ | '''my''' - /mj/ | '''ny''' - /nj/

*Fricatives 

:'''s''' - /s/ | '''wh''' - /ɸ/ | '''sy''' - /sj/

*Approximants 

:'''w''' - /w/ | '''l''' - /l/ | '''y''' - /j/ | '''r''' - /ɹ/ | '''ly''' - /ʎ/ | '''h''' - /ɰ/

=== Vowels ===

* '''a''' - /a/, /æ/ | '''e''' - /e/, /ɛ/ | '''i''' - /ɪ/, /i/ | '''o''' - /o/, /ɔ/ | '''u''' - /u/

=== Phonotactics ===

*'''Tahalu''' 

==== Syllable Structure ====

* (C)V(ng, m, n, p, t, k)

==== Syllable Stress ====

*'''Tahalu''' stress is  penultimate.

== Grammar ==

=== Word Order ===

* Word order is Verb Subject Object.

=== Names ===

*Names are either a single noun, a single adjective, or a noun and an adjective. They are strung together, and then inflected.

*For example, Ikyanta, from ‘ikyan’ rock, and has the naming suffix ‘ta’. The suffix is conjugated for age, gender and relationship, so if Ikyanta is a young girl who is a friend of the speaker, the name would be Ikyanlī.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Help:Anoé fonts</title>
    <id>7316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52267</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [http://site.futuramerlin.com/4575.ttf AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuillal</title>
    <id>7317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53748</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:41:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The cursive form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]] (shown here in [[#Letter_forms|isolated form]]).

== Letters ==
&lt;code&gt;
* a: [[File:tuillal_a.png]]
* o: [[File:tuillal_o.png]]
* l: [[File:tuillal_l.png]]
* n: [[File:tuillal_n.png]]
* m: [[File:tuillal_m.png]]
* t: [[File:tuillal_t.png]]
* u: [[File:tuillal_u.png]]
* é: [[File:tuillal_é.png]]
* z: [[File:tuillal_z.png]]
* e: [[File:tuillal_e.png]]
* i: [[File:tuillal_i.png]]
* ó: [[File:tuillal_ó.png]]
* f: [[File:tuillal_f.png]]
* v: [[File:tuillal_v.png]]
* s: [[File:tuillal_s.png]]
* k: [[File:tuillal_k.png]]
* beginning of sentence: [[File:tuillal_bos.png]]
* end of sentence: [[File:tuillal_eos.png]]
* opening parenthesis: [[File:tuillal_opr.png]]
* closing parenthesis: [[File:tuillal_cpr.png]]
* therefore: [[File:tuillal_tfr.png]]
* because: [[File:tuillal_bcs.png]]
* in that: [[File:tuillal_int.png]]
* space: [[File:tuillal_spc.png]]
* prefix separator: [[File:tuillal_prf.png]]
&lt;/code&gt;

== Letter forms ==

Most letters have distinct enclosed, initial, final, and isolated forms: enclosed for a letter with a letter at both sides, initial for the first letter in a word that is outside of a sentence, final for the last letter in a word that is outside of a sentence, and isolated for referencing a single letter or a one-letter word. (A notable exception to that rule is [[File:Tuillal_prf.png]].) Note that [[File:Tuillal_a.png]] and [[File:Tuillal_l.png]] have alternative final forms. A table of all forms follows.

=== Table of letter forms ===

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
! Enclosed Form
! Initial Form
! Final Form
! Isolated Form
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.479.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.504.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.550.png]] or [[File:Anoé.letterform.527.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.552.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.480.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.505.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.528.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.553.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.481.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.506.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.551.png]] or [[File:Anoé.letterform.529.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.554.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.482.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.507.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.530.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.555.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.483.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.508.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.531.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.556.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.484.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.509.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.532.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.557.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.485.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.510.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.533.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.558.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.486.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.511.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.534.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.559.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.487.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.512.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.535.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.560.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.488.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.513.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.536.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.561.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.489.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.514.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.537.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.562.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.490.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.515.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.538.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.563.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.491.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.516.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.539.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.564.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.492.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.517.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.540.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.565.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.493.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.518.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.541.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.566.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.499.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.524.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.547.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.572.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.494.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.519.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.542.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.567.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.495.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.520.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.543.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.568.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.496.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.521.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.544.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.569.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.497.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.522.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.545.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.570.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.498.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.523.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.546.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.571.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3354.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3354.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3354.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3508.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3356.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3356.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3356.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.3509.png]]
|-
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.500.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.525.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.548.png]]
|
[[File:Anoé.letterform.573.png]]
|-
|
([[File:Anoé.letterform.501.png]] all forms alike)
| &lt;nowiki&gt;-----&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| &lt;nowiki&gt;-----&lt;/nowiki&gt;
| &lt;nowiki&gt;-----&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}

== Typography ==

=== Glyph metrics ===

The stemline (the central line) should be at the baseline of the glyph. The portions of each letter above the stemline should occupy the height of an ascender in Latin text, and the portions below the same.

=== Ligation ===

Letters that have portions that are following the curves of the previous letter should ligate. (An example of this is [[File:Anoé.él.png]], where the lower right line of the [[File:Anoé.é.png]] glyph would, optimally, form a single line with the upper left portion of the [[File:Anoé.l.png]] glyph.) However, ligation is not mandatory. The word [[File:Anoé.tlaan.png]] (meaning ''God'') receives a special ligature, [[File:Anoé.tlaan.ligature.png]], with identical metrics to other letters.

=== Glyph design ===

Glyphs can be of either of two types: stemless or stemmed. The recommended form is usually stemmed; however, in some uses (like headlines), a stemless glyph is recommended. The space glyph should either be a line or a blank glyph, depending on the style of the typeface.

[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuillem</title>
    <id>7318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53749</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:42:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The stemless cursive form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]]. These look identical to the [[Anoé-Tuillal#Letter_forms|isolated forms]] of [[Anoé-Tuillal]].

Letter forms:

&lt;code&gt;
* a: [[File:tuillal_a.png]]
* o: [[File:tuillal_o.png]]
* l: [[File:tuillal_l.png]]
* n: [[File:tuillal_n.png]]
* m: [[File:tuillal_m.png]]
* t: [[File:tuillal_t.png]]
* u: [[File:tuillal_u.png]]
* é: [[File:tuillal_é.png]]
* z: [[File:tuillal_z.png]]
* e: [[File:tuillal_e.png]]
* i: [[File:tuillal_i.png]]
* ó: [[File:tuillal_ó.png]]
* f: [[File:tuillal_f.png]]
* v: [[File:tuillal_v.png]]
* s: [[File:tuillal_s.png]]
* k: [[File:tuillal_k.png]]
* beginning of sentence: [[File:tuillal_bos.png]]
* end of sentence: [[File:tuillal_eos.png]]
* opening parenthesis: [[File:tuillal_opr.png]]
* closing parenthesis: [[File:tuillal_cpr.png]]
* therefore: [[File:tuillal_tfr.png]]
* because: [[File:tuillal_bcs.png]]
* in that: [[File:tuillal_int.png]]
* space: [[File:tuillal_spc.png]]
* prefix separator: [[File:tuillal_prf.png]]
&lt;/code&gt;

[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuinat</title>
    <id>7319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52284</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:47:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The printed form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].
[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuinatan</title>
    <id>7320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52279</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:45:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The simplified printed form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].

[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuinel</title>
    <id>7321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52285</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:47:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The curved printed form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].
[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuinelan</title>
    <id>7322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52379</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>lfs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The simplified curved printed form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].

Letter forms:

&lt;code&gt;
* a: [[File:tuinelan_a.png]]
* o: [[File:tuinelan_o.png]]
* l: [[File:tuinelan_l.png]]
* n: [[File:tuinelan_n.png]]
* m: [[File:tuinelan_m.png]]
* t: [[File:tuinelan_t.png]]
* u: [[File:tuinelan_u.png]]
* é: [[File:tuinelan_é.png]]
* z: [[File:tuinelan_z.png]]
* e: [[File:tuinelan_e.png]]
* i: [[File:tuinelan_i.png]]
* ó: [[File:tuinelan_ó.png]]
* f: [[File:tuinelan_f.png]]
* v: [[File:tuinelan_v.png]]
* s: [[File:tuinelan_s.png]]
* k: [[File:tuinelan_k.png]]
* beginning of sentence: [[File:tuinelan_bos.png]]
* end of sentence: [[File:tuinelan_eos.png]]
* opening parenthesis: [[File:tuinelan_opr.png]]
* closing parenthesis: [[File:tuinelan_cpr.png]]
* therefore: [[File:tuinelan_tfr.png]]
* because: [[File:tuinelan_bcs.png]]
* in that: [[File:tuinelan_int.png]]
* space: [[File:tuinelan_spc.png]]
* prefix separator: [[File:tuinelan_prf.png]]
&lt;/code&gt;

[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuital</title>
    <id>7323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52287</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:47:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The simplified cursive form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].
[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuizen</title>
    <id>7324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52288</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The syllabic form of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]].
[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé-Tuizen-Tan</title>
    <id>7325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52289</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T01:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The syllabic components of the [[Anoé scripts|Anoé script]]. (This is a term mostly used when discussing electronic text encoding.)
[[Category:Anoé scripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anoé scripts</title>
    <id>7326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53886</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T17:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Anoé scripts.

[[Category:Anoé]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Anoé_orthographies]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuillal a.png</title>
    <id>7329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52297</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T02:07:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuillal o.png</title>
    <id>7330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52301</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T02:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan s.png</title>
    <id>7386</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52362</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan k.png</title>
    <id>7387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52363</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan bos.png</title>
    <id>7388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52364</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:02:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan eos.png</title>
    <id>7389</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52365</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan opr.png</title>
    <id>7390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52366</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan cpr.png</title>
    <id>7391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52367</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan tfr.png</title>
    <id>7392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52368</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan bcs.png</title>
    <id>7393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52369</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan int.png</title>
    <id>7394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52370</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan prf.png</title>
    <id>7395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52371</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan a.png</title>
    <id>7396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52372</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Tuinelan spc.png</title>
    <id>7397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52373</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T03:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marcor</title>
    <id>7398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52843</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T17:56:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The marcor ([[file:Ancaron_Mar.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]]) is the [[Ancaron]] alphabet, and is used to write words not covered by the [[cor]], or for showing the pronunciation of a cor word. The name is a combination of &quot;mar&quot; and &quot;cor,&quot; which translates to &quot;Fragmentary cor,&quot; meaning that the cor were broken up into their constituent sounds. It is normally written from top to bottom, left to right, as is the cor. It was based on Japanese [[hiragana]].

==Alphabet==

*A: [[file:Ancaron_A.png]]
*B: [[file:Ancaron_B.png]]
*C: [[file:Ancaron_C.png]]
*D: [[file:Ancaron_D.png]]
*E: [[file:Ancaron_E.png]]
*F: [[file:Ancaron_F.png]]
*G: [[file:Ancaron_G.png]]
*I: [[file:Ancaron_I.png]]
*L: [[file:Ancaron_L.png]]
*M: [[file:Ancaron_M.png]]
*N: [[file:Ancaron_N.png]]
*O: [[file:Ancaron_O.png]]
*P: [[file:Ancaron_P.png]]
*R: [[file:Ancaron_R.png]]
*S: [[file:Ancaron_S.png]]
*T: [[file:Ancaron_T.png]]
*U: [[file:Ancaron_U.png]]
*V: [[file:Ancaron_V.png]]
*Z: [[file:Ancaron_Z.png]]

[[Category:Ancaron]] [[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé vocabulary</title>
    <id>7399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53766</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T01:12:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixes</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a partial vocabulary of [[Anoé]].

  {| border=1
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Anoé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |Transliteration 
 |Translation 
 |Part of speech
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;énelaté-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |énelaté- 
 |&amp;#x2d;ality 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;iléev-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |iléev- 
 |&amp;#x2d;fully 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éelz-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éelz- 
 |&amp;#x2d;liness 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aél-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aél- 
 |&amp;#x2d;ly 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zzénó-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zzénó- 
 |&amp;#x2d;nary 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/span&gt; 
 |k 
 |(generic profane exclamation) 
 |interjection
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vkozé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |vkozé 
 |(generic profane exclamation) 
 |interjection
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;k-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |k- 
 |(generic profane prefix, for attaching to a verb that caused one disgust) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;kva-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |kva- 
 |(generic profane prefix, for attaching to a verb that caused one disgust) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |sén- 
 |(one who understands the attached word) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;am-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |am- 
 |(past tense) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |on- 
 |(plural) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;af-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |af- 
 |(possessive) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aet-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aet- 
 |(present tense) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |et- 
 |(present tense) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tan-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tan- 
 |(related to) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ézl-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;ézl- 
 |(sthg *-ed) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |mel 
 |(subject) 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;én-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |én- 
 |(the infinitive; “*ing” as noun) 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;anoé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |anoé 
 |(this conlang) 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tén&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tén 
 |(used in titles) 
 |word
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlaém-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlaém- 
 |a type of 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zun-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zun- 
 |above 
 |preposition
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;asém&lt;/span&gt; 
 |asém 
 |achieve 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aédul&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aédul 
 |act 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aémel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aémel 
 |act 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ézuan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ézuan 
 |aid 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ulzzalé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ulzzalé 
 |anarchy 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlé 
 |and 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tléé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tléé 
 |and 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tevél-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tevél- 
 |angry 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;laéen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |laéen 
 |another person 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aén- 
 |any 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zsal-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zsal- 
 |any 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvaen-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvaen- 
 |are *ed 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;élu-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |élu- 
 |as 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éatl-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éatl- 
 |as object 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tón-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tón- 
 |at for date 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;óeénlé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |óeénlé 
 |atom 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uzéat&lt;/span&gt; 
 |uzéat 
 |attempt 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tlén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tlén- 
 |because, on, caused by 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zél-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zél- 
 |below 
 |preposition
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-séaz-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;séaz- 
 |best represented by 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aaén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aaén- 
 |black 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sézi&lt;/span&gt; 
 |sézi 
 |break 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ttéel-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;ttéel- 
 |by 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ult-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ult- 
 |can be 
 |helper verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tmalfe&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tmalfe 
 |category, class 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aaltev&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aaltev 
 |cause 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlénef&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlénef 
 |cause to be 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlénef-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlénef- 
 |cause to be 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;élate-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |élate- 
 |characterized by 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aélde&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aélde 
 |commit 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tél&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tél 
 |community 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tséaln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tséaln 
 |compassion 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fséez-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fséez- 
 |complete 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mélit&lt;/span&gt; 
 |mélit 
 |component 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlénóle&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlénóle 
 |composite (in mathematics, in reference to functions) 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tféloz&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tféloz 
 |compound object, unit 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lvónu&lt;/span&gt; 
 |lvónu 
 |computer 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsaén&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsaén 
 |concept 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;téal&lt;/span&gt; 
 |téal 
 |connect 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsavé-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsavé- 
 |conscious 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsail&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsail 
 |consider 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tfél-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tfél- 
 |consider the action specifically as used in a sentence bracketed 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlfael&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlfael 
 |considering sthg, like viewing/considering sthg as sthg else 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlaéniél&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlaéniél 
 |continuüm 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aséu&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aséu 
 |contribute to, help 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ézal-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ézal- 
 |converts a verb to a noun 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ofel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ofel 
 |cow 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;an-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |an- 
 |created by 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ulén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ulén- 
 |current 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-élt-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;élt- 
 |day 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maénnél&lt;/span&gt; 
 |maénnél 
 |define 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faéeln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |faéeln 
 |desire 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvélmet&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvélmet 
 |develop, create 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvaólen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvaólen 
 |distortion 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aénu-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aénu- 
 |does sthg 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvéiez&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvéiez 
 |earth, world 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fléln-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fléln- 
 |effective 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-nét&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;nét 
 |end date region 
 |suffix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nélaat&lt;/span&gt; 
 |nélaat 
 |entity 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tel 
 |everything living 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsaul&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsaul 
 |evidence 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;iétl-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |iétl- 
 |exclusively,only 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tez&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tez 
 |five 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éan-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éan- 
 |for 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;flsaan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |flsaan 
 |form, create 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;iz&lt;/span&gt; 
 |iz 
 |four 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aólnéz&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aólnéz 
 |fuel 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvenlu&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvenlu 
 |function (in mathematics) 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlaan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlaan 
 |God 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zzalé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zzalé 
 |government 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aentval&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aentval 
 |gravity 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tém&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tém 
 |have 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;téau-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |téau- 
 |healthy 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvaéé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvaéé 
 |hole 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éltani&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éltani 
 |holiday 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ftéen-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ftéen- 
 |how-to 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fnam-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fnam- 
 |how-to-be 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvan 
 |however 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elaé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |elaé 
 |humanity 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sézln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |sézln 
 |hurt 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt; 
 |é 
 |I 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;temév&lt;/span&gt; 
 |temév 
 |ideal 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;kul&lt;/span&gt; 
 |kul 
 |idiot (vulgar) 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-él-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;él- 
 |in 
 |preposition
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;él-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |él- 
 |in 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tvélemin-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tvélemin- 
 |in the name of 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éelnat-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éelnat- 
 |insatiable 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;laéln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |laéln 
 |institution 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsavel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsavel 
 |intent 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tmélén&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tmélén 
 |intention 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lotez&lt;/span&gt; 
 |lotez 
 |interact 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ulnaénol-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ulnaénol- 
 |irrelevent 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ló&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ló 
 |is 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;luén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |luén- 
 |is -ed 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-zaléln-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;zaléln- 
 |is filled by 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ta-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ta- 
 |is sthg 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éz&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éz 
 |it 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tfanil&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tfanil 
 |It is the case that 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;taéez&lt;/span&gt; 
 |taéez 
 |it occurs 
 |verb; no do
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsót&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsót 
 |know 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;itu&lt;/span&gt; 
 |itu 
 |lamp 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vené&lt;/span&gt; 
 |vené 
 |letter 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tfaém&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tfaém 
 |list 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;san&lt;/span&gt; 
 |san 
 |love (friendship) 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tléoln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tléoln 
 |love (friendship) 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zan 
 |love (romance) 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aélnulée&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aélnulée 
 |maintain 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;anéan-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |anéan- 
 |many 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aénló-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aénló- 
 |massive 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éfeln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éfeln 
 |method, way 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faéez-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |faéez- 
 |modern world 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tan-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tan- 
 |month 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |at- 
 |negative 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aééen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aééen 
 |neglect 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atenól-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |atenól- 
 |never 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nó&lt;/span&gt; 
 |nó 
 |next bit 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;féltil-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |féltil- 
 |next, following 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ul-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ul- 
 |not 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fséln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fséln 
 |notice 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |et- 
 |number 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlón&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlón 
 |object 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-méaz-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;méaz- 
 |object is 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tsao-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tsao- 
 |obsolete 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-en-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;en- 
 |of 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-uéln-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;uéln- 
 |often 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;és&lt;/span&gt; 
 |és 
 |one 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ue&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ue 
 |one 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tsen-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tsen- 
 |only 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;falianu&lt;/span&gt; 
 |falianu 
 |opinion 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tla&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tla 
 |or 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tfón&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tfón 
 |other animal 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;talam-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |talam- 
 |part of 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lutél&lt;/span&gt; 
 |lutél 
 |partnership 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nael&lt;/span&gt; 
 |nael 
 |peace 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ve 
 |peace (alt) 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ttéan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ttéan 
 |person 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zéat&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zéat 
 |philosophy 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tnalée-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tnalée- 
 |positive, benificial 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fséaln-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fséaln- 
 |present 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;séaal&lt;/span&gt; 
 |séaal 
 |promote 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ttaél-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ttaél- 
 |recent 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ttéen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ttéen 
 |religion 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;saen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |saen 
 |saint 
 |derived noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tfaéol&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tfaéol 
 |search 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ééln-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ééln- 
 |should 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sééld&lt;/span&gt; 
 |sééld 
 |sin 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlz-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlz- 
 |single 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;itfaén&lt;/span&gt; 
 |itfaén 
 |space 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;itfaén-atel-ésélit&lt;/span&gt; 
 |itfaén-atel-ésélit 
 |spacetime 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;élanzat&lt;/span&gt; 
 |élanzat 
 |species 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvaen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvaen 
 |spirit 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;némaé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |némaé 
 |star 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tzéan&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tzéan 
 |state 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tal-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tal- 
 |stupid 
 |adjective
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étz-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |étz- 
 |such as 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éet&lt;/span&gt; 
 |éet 
 |ten 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ttaélten&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ttaélten 
 |text 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vzs&lt;/span&gt; 
 |vzs 
 |thank 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;al-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |al- 
 |that 
 |article
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ól-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ól- 
 |the 
 |article
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-éetl-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;éetl- 
 |the — of which 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faén-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |faén- 
 |the *ness of 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;téen-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |téen- 
 |the unfinished action — as in * are *ed by * 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aér-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aér- 
 |them 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atéi&lt;/span&gt; 
 |atéi 
 |there 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tvul-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tvul- 
 |they-do 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ezól&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ezól 
 |this 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ttaln&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ttaln 
 |this is 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;am&lt;/span&gt; 
 |am 
 |three 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ésélit&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ésélit 
 |time 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ón&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ón 
 |two 
 |number
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aal-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |aal- 
 |very 
 |adverb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fsén&lt;/span&gt; 
 |fsén 
 |view 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;iéfa&lt;/span&gt; 
 |iéfa 
 |wave 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;taalé&lt;/span&gt; 
 |taalé 
 |way of life, lifestyle 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tena-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tena- 
 |what 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ftaen&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ftaen 
 |when 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tssael-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tssael- 
 |which 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-féntal-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;féntal- 
 |which is 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-tfalnel-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;tfalnel- 
 |which is most 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tézef&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tézef 
 |while (as only...while) 
 |conjunction
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tson-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tson- 
 |will have 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tlóel&lt;/span&gt; 
 |tlóel 
 |wisdom 
 |noun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-atel-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;atel- 
 |with 
 |preposition
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-éaméer-&lt;/span&gt; 
 |&amp;#x2d;éaméer- 
 |with the intent 
 |prefix
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zéal&lt;/span&gt; 
 |zéal 
 |write 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nól&lt;/span&gt; 
 |nól 
 |write (alt) 
 |verb
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ve 
 |you 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; 
 |a 
 |you (alt) 
 |pronoun
 |-
 ! &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px; font-weight: regular; color: #000000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ul&lt;/span&gt; 
 |ul 
 |zero 
 |number
  |}


[[Category:Vocabulary]]
[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan</title>
    <id>7400</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52386</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T04:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Senjecan_language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Vocabulary</title>
    <id>7401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52391</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T04:21:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vocabulary.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé Bibliïsm translation</title>
    <id>7402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52423</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T22:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 10px;&quot;&gt;
,tlaan tlz-fsavé-nélaat ul-ló. ,tlaan tel ló tléé tel tlaan ló. ,en-lotez-tel-tlaan én-flsaan tél tlé én-san tlé én-flsaan on-lutél ló. ,ól-taalé-en-tél tlé tnalée-én-lotez-atel-on-tfón (on-tzéan-en-ézal-téal-atel-on-tfón tlé -atel-tlaan tlénef-téau-tvéyez aséu) ló. (,am-ftaen (tel én-séaal-élate-nael aénu-uzéat)) elaé tlénef-tsao-zzalé am-aal tev / elaé on-temév-en-énelaté-tvaen tlé -en-ulzzalé tson-am-asém ((ftaen (tel én-(aél-nael tlé aél-san)-lotez uzéat) mel ulnaénol-zzalé \ (ól-tmélén-en-zzalé én-aélnulée-mel-nael ló) luén-tlénef. ,ézol atenól-ult-asém tvan éz temév (tel éan-ezol ééln-aal-uzéat) ló. ,mel sééld ul-ult-am-maénnél-ttéel-(zsal-et-és-(tfaém-en-on-sééld)) tvan mel éz luén-maén nél-ttéel-fsavel # (éz aén-aé dul-ézl-((am-aélde)-éaméer-(mel-tlaan-(én-sézln tla én-aééen))) ló. ,mel fléln-anéan-éfeln-éan-én-téal-mel-tlaan ló tvan mel anéan-aédul tvaen-aélde-tvélemin-tlaan-tssael-ézuan-tsen-(ól-talam-tlaan-tfalnel-fshéln-ttéel-((ól-ttéan tla ól-laéln) on-ezól aet-aélde) tézef mel ezól sézln. ,ól-faéez ta-zaléln-(sézln ttaln ól-éelnat-faéeln luén-aólnéz). ,tlóel tfél-(fnam-élate-tséaln tlé ftéen-tléoln tlé ftéen-(éatl on-laéen-él-(ól-tfaéól-éan-tlóel)-af-aér ézuan) fshót) ló. ,én-aémel-tlén-ól-tlóel-af-ue én-ézuan-méaz ló.,éelz-tlaan tlé tél ul-tvul-iétl-atel-tfón-en-ezól-élanzat mel tvul-atel-tfón ló.
&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Test cases.txt in Anoé</title>
    <id>7403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52419</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T22:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;én-ló&lt;/span&gt; ==
* &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,on–ofel ló. ,(&lt;/span&gt;I.e.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt; al-ló).&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;,ofel elmé ló. ,(&lt;/span&gt;I.e. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: 7px;&quot;&gt;mélit-en-tmalfe ló).&lt;/span&gt;
* One animal is a cow. (I.e. an example from a class)
* The cow is black. (I.e. has a given attribute.)
* The cow is in the pasture. (I.e. is at the specified location.)
== LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION ==
* This horse is here. (at this place)
* That horse is there. (or over there, at a more distant place)
* The cow is somewhere else. (at an unspecified place)
* These horses are everywhere. (or &quot;are scattered around&quot; or some concept to that effect)
* Those men are far away.
* The women are gone.
== PREPOSITIONS or other things somewhat like them ==
* The cows are going out of the pasture. (The cows are leaving the pasture.)
* The cow is walking around the house. (Implying outside the house.)
* The woman is walking around the house. (Implying inside the house.)
* The man is going into the house. (The man is entering the house.)
* The woman is by the pasture. (near or adjacent to)
* The horse is walking by. (passing by, or walking past)
* The man is on the horse. (on top of, or upon)
* The cow is outside of the house. (out of, or not inside of)
* The horse is going to the pasture. (as toward a destination)
* The woman gives the grass to the cows. (as a recipient of something given)
* The grass is for the horse. (for the use or benefit of)
* The horse walked to the pasture for grass. (I.e. in order to get grass)
* The cow is walking with the horse. (accompanying)
* The man is looking at the cow. (toward, in the direction of)
* The cow jumps over the water.
* The horse walks through the water.
* The woman walks under the tree.
* The horse stands against the tree.
* The man stands between the horse and the cow.
* The woman walks before the horse. (in front of)
* The horse walks behind the man.
* The horse eats after the cow. (sequence in time)
* The cow eats before the horse. (sequence in time)
* The man walks up the hill.
* The cow walks down the hill.
* The man walks away. (I.e. away from the location of the speaker)
* The cow walks away from the man.
* The woman walks toward the horse.
* The man walks here. (I.e. The man approaches the speaker.)
* The horse stands to the right of the cow.
* The cow stands to the left of the horse.
* The horses are all together.
* The cows are to the north.
* The horses are walking northward.
* The water moves inward. (toward a point possibly from different directions)
* The water moves outward. (away from a point possibly in different directions)
== TENSES, VOICES, PRONOUNS and so forth ==
* I am leaving. (Describing an event currently happening.)
* I am leaving. (Describing an intended event about to happen.)
* I am leaving. (Showing immediacy or ugrgency.)
* Leave! (Imperative)
* Let's leave. (Suggesting or requesting action.)
* I see the cows.
* You saw the horses. (You singular)
* He will see the man.
* She will see the house.
* He/she has seen the cows. (Gender neutral singular pronoun, if any)
* We will see it.
* I see myself in the water.
* He gave himself some food.
* Do not talk to yourself.
* I was seen by the man.
* I built a house. (for someone else)
* I built a house. (for myself, if you nave a middle voice)
== OTHER VERB MODIFICATIONS ==
* You must see the man. (You plural)
* We must not see you.
* They may see the horses. (I.e. granting permission)
* She may not go near the horses.
* They can see the cows. (I.e. stating ability to do the action)
* The tree can not see anything.
* You should not talk to animals.
* She made the women happy. (I.e. cause a change in state)
* The men made themselves unhappy.
== ADVERBS or things that act like them ==
* The man walks slowly.
* The horse walks quickly.
== FOREIGN NAMES or words that don't fit your phonology or morphology ==
* I saw John and Marsha.
* Julius Ceasar did not see Christopher Columbus.
== ADJECTIVES and other ways to modify a noun ==
* I saw the black cow.
* He saw the big black horse.
* We saw the man who has two cows.
* The woman on the horse saw us walk by.
== QUESTIONS ==
* Where are the horses?
* Where are the cows going?
* Is this a dog?
* Do you have horses?
* How many cows does he have?
* What kind of animal is that?
* What is that?
* Who has the biggest horse?
* Who's cow is this?
== DEPENDANT, COINCIDENT AND CONTINGENT EVENTS ==
* He saw the horse drink the water. (I.e. He saw this: The horse drank the water.)
* I will stand here until the old man comes back. (returns to this place)
* He talks while he walks.
* He is happy because his cows came back.
* He is sad that his horses went away.
* He likes talking with the woman. (I.e. He likes this: He talks to the woman.)
== DISAMBIGUATION ==
* John saw the man enter his house. (&quot;his&quot; meaning John's house)
* John saw the man enter his house. (&quot;his&quot; meaning the man's house)
== POSSESSION ==
* The man's horse is not here.
* My cow is here.
* Your cow is in the pasture. (You singular)
* His horses are there.
* Her dogs are in the house.
* His/her house is far away. (Gender neutral pronoun if any)
* Our house is near. (I.e. near here)
* Your house is far away. (You plural)
* Their horses are not in the house.
== COMPARISONS ==
* The horse is as big as the cow.
* The cow is bigger than the man.
* This cow is the man's biggest animal.
* My dog is the smallest one.
* That dog is almost as big as a horse.
== CORE VOCABULARY ==
* The four seasons are summer, fall, winter, and spring. (or whatever applies on your planet)
== OTHER KEY CONCEPTS - some questions to be addressed ==
* What number base does your conlang use?
* What is your system of weights and measures?
* What is your system of time measurement, clocks and calandars?
* How is the color wheel divided up?
* What are the color names used by your language?
== Required Vocabulary ==
* can (is able) may (is permitted) must should
* to_be build drink eat give go have jump leave make(cause to happen) move see stand talk walk
* here there everywhere somewhere left right north
* this that these those all some
* and not
* anything
* animal cow dog food grass hill horse house man pasture water woman
* I you he she he/she it we you (pl) they
* himself myself themselves yourself
* big (bigger biggest) black far happy (unhappy) old small (smallest)

(These came from [http://fiziwig.com/conlang/test_cases.txt].)

[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fiziwig.com test cases.txt in Anoé</title>
    <id>7404</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52420</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T22:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Test_cases.txt_in_Anoé]]
[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anoé</title>
    <id>7405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52422</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-07T22:03:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Everything pertaining to [[Anoé]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ȿȿűnéaɠ</title>
    <id>7406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53627</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=Ȿȿűnéaɠ
 |phonetic=/sʷʂyneæɠ/
 |world=[[Ilien]]
 |date=?~-5410
 |place=[[Ilien]]
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[Ȿȿűnéaɠ script]]
 |family=Ȿȿűnéaɠ
 |word-or=SOV
 |mor-type=Agglutinative
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]
}}

== History ==

Preceded [[Anoé]], which was developed by [[Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjla|Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjléten]] scholars in approximately -5410.

== Letters ==

=== Vowels ===

* a | /æ/
* ɒ | /a/
* e | /ɛ/
* é | /e/
* o | /o/
* õ | /ø/
* ⱺ | /ɵ/
* u | /ʉ/
* ú | /ɨ/
* ű | /y/

=== Consonants ===

* b | /β̞/
* c | /x/
* ç | /ç/
* d | /d/
* g | /z/
* ɠ | /ɠ/
* h | /ʔ/
* ⱨ | /h/
* j | /j/
* l | /ʎ/
* n | /n/
* r | /ɾ/
* s | /ʃ/
* ȿ | /ʂ/ (when within a word) or /sʷ/ (when at the beginning or end of a word)
* t | /t/
* z | /ʒ/
* ɀ | /ʐ/ (when within a word) or /zʷ/ (when at the beginning or end of a word)

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilien]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ɀõɒnɠ</title>
    <id>7407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53256</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:32:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Former name of [[Ilien]].

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjla</title>
    <id>7408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52453</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:45:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -8873.

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ilien</title>
    <id>7409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52470</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:59:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>edit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages pertaining to [[Ilien]]. For more detail on Ilien, see the [http://ilien.wikia.com/wiki/Ilien_Wiki Ilien Wiki].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of countries in Ilien</title>
    <id>7410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52457</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:50:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a partial list of countries in [[Ilien]].

* [[Alal]]
* [[Enil]]
* [[Enón]]
* [[Enón Republic]]
* [[Iulen]]
* [[Nalatolan]]
* [[Nalen]]
* [[Saón]]
* [[Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjla]]

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alal</title>
    <id>7411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52459</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:51:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uwl years</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -125.127. East of [[Enil]]. Defeated by [[Enón]] -10.12. Became part of the [[Enón Republic]] at the [[Council of Aténul]], -10.13. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enil</title>
    <id>7412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52460</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:52:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -156.34. Became part of the [[Enón Republic]] after the Council of Aténul, -10.13. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enón</title>
    <id>7413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52463</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>il</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -11.130. Formed from [[Enil]] and [[Saón]]. Superseded by the [[Enón Republic]] after the Council of Aténul, -10.13. Its capital was [[Aténul]]. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Enón Republic</title>
    <id>7414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52464</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:54:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wl il</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -10.13. Superseded [[Enón]] after the Council of Aténul. Absorbed into [[Nalen]] after the Enón-Iulen War, -1.256. Its capital was [[Aténul]]. It used the legal system of [[Saón]], despite strong opposition from [[Enil]] liberals. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iulen</title>
    <id>7415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52465</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -87.159. Became part of [[Nalen]] at the Eight-Day Council, -1.256. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nalatolan</title>
    <id>7416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52467</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wl il</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -137.19. Became part of [[Nalen]] after the Eight-Day Council, -1.256. North of the [[Enón Republic]]. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nalen</title>
    <id>7417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52468</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -1.256, upon the signing of the Nalenian Constitution at the Eight-Day Council. It consists of the combined territories of [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]]. Its primary language is [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saón</title>
    <id>7418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52469</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T13:58:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Country in [[Ilien]]. Founded -92.41. North of [[Alal]]. Became part of the [[Enón Republic]] after the Council of Aténul, -10.13. Its capital was [[Aténul]]. Its primary language was [[Anoé]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aténul</title>
    <id>7419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52472</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T15:01:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">City in [[Ilien]]. Founded -2311. Capital of [[Saón]] and [[Enón]].
[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki talk:Community Portal</title>
    <id>7420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52474</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-08T15:09:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>edt</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Wikicities==

That now should go to http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/. [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 15:09, 8 March 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron Car.png</title>
    <id>7421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52486</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron An.png</title>
    <id>7422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52487</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron Cor.png</title>
    <id>7423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52488</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron On.png</title>
    <id>7424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52489</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:26:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron Pot.png</title>
    <id>7425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52490</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:26:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron Mar.png</title>
    <id>7426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52511</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T00:39:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cor</title>
    <id>7427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52844</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T17:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The cor ([[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]]) is the grouping of [[Ancaron]] logograms, and is used to write most basic words. It is normally written from top to bottom, left to right, as is the [[marcor]]. Cor words have a specific meaning, however their pronunciation can vary between the various Ancaron languages. New words can be formed by the combination of several cor. It was based on Japanese [[Kanji]].

Example words:

*An ([[file:Ancaron_An.png]]): center, central
*Car ([[file:Ancaron_Car.png]]): plural
*Cor ([[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]]): writing, to write
*Mar ([[file:Ancaron_Mar.png]]): part, (to) fragment
*On ([[file:Ancaron_On.png]]): person, personal
*Pot ([[file:Ancaron_Pot.png]]): mouth, eat
*Marcor ([[file:Ancaron_Mar.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]]): &quot;fragmentary cor&quot;
*Potcor ([[file:Ancaron_Pot.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]]): to speak, speech
*Caron ([[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]]): people
*Ancaron ([[file:Ancaron_An.png]][[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]]): Ancaron &quot;central people&quot;

*[[Ancaron/Cor list|List of the cor]]

[[category:conscripts]] [[Category:Ancaron]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>CONLANG List</title>
    <id>7428</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52524</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-09T17:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[List_of_mailing_lists#Constructed_language_lists]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Cwnclogo.PNG</title>
    <id>7429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52552</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-10T21:48:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LoftyD</username>
        <id>1364</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>CWNC Logo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">CWNC Logo</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Aptar</title>
    <id>7430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52589</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-11T18:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aptar</username>
        <id>1375</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Aptaye]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Aptaye]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aptaye</title>
    <id>7431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52591</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-11T18:28:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aptar</username>
        <id>1375</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Aptaye''' is a conlang created by TheUnseen, meaning &quot;the good/honorable language.&quot; It is spoken by the '''Yutlamsa''' . The Yutlamsa live in various villages and towns in a m…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Aptaye'''
is a conlang created by TheUnseen, meaning &quot;the good/honorable language.&quot; It is spoken by the
'''Yutlamsa'''
. The Yutlamsa live in various villages and towns in a mountain range (specifically around only a few mountains), with most of the population on the foothills and the nearest plains to the east of the mountains and on a lake to the west of the main mountain which they call
'''Istakrahiye'''
. Their homeland is a large area for their population size and thus they live fairly spread out from each other. However, due to the domestication of horses and an intricate road and bridge system through the mountains, they trade and interact with each other with relative ease. There are two main dialects:
'''Pakatloptaye'''
, meaning &quot;lake dialect&quot; and
'''Auyasoptaye, '''
meaning &quot;plains/foothills dialect.&quot; The names are obvious: Pakatloptaye is spoken by those people who are west of Istakrahiye, and so these people are mostly around the lake which is known as
'''Pakatlo, '''
meaning &quot;the good/honorable lake.&quot; Auyasoptaye is spoken by people east of Istakrahiye who live in the foothills, forests, and plains collectively known as
'''Auyaso'''
, meaning &quot;the good/honorable plains area.&quot; They don't differ much from each other in pronunciation, but moreso in pragmatics and lexical choice.

== Phonology  ==

'''p t k tl''' /p t k t tɬ/ 

'''g l ll r y''' /ɰ l ʎ r j/ 

'''s z x v h''' /&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̻&lt;/span&gt; x v h/ 

'''m n''' /m n/ 

'''a e ē i o ō u ū''' /a e ɛ: i o ɔ: u u:/ 

'''ai au eu oi''' /ai au ɛu ɔi/ 

Auyasoptaye has '''ēōū''' as the falling diphthongs /ea oa uo/ instead. 

Stress is always on the penultimate syllable. 

Phonemes are pronounces as the represented equivalents above except in the following scenarios: 

1. /x/ is [ħ] before /a/: '''xara '''[ħara] 

2. /h/ is deleted intervocalically in all but careful speech, leaving only a syllable boundary:'''&amp;nbsp; nūhe''' [nu:.e]. There is a contrast between diphthongs and two vowels in separate syllables: '''lau''' [lau] and '''lahu''' [la.u] 

3. The phonemic clusters /ph th kh/ are usually realized as [pʰ tʰ kʰ]: '''kophe '''[kopʰe]. 

4. The phonemic clusters /t&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;ts̻&lt;/span&gt; kx tl/ are treated as affricates /t&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;ts̻&lt;/span&gt; kx tɬ/. 

5. /m n/ in coda become [ũ ĩ] in a nasal diphthong with the preceding vowel: '''paukam''' [‘paukãũ], '''nantekporo''' [nãĩtek’poro], '''kulim''' [kulĩũ]. This is not always the case in Pakatloptaye. It is always the case in unstressed syllables at the end of a word and the demonstrative '''-em''': '''kulim''' [kulĩũ], '''kulim zem''' [kulĩũ &lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̻&lt;/span&gt;ẽũ]. It is usually the case in syllables when the following consonant is voiced or in monosyllablic words, but sometimes the nasal stop here is retained in careful speech: '''kamya''' [‘kamja] or [‘kãũja], '''kom''' [kom] or [kõũ]. The nasal is preserved before voiceless consonants in stressed syllables: '''amsu''' [‘am&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt;u], but in unstressed syllables the two options freely vary: '''nantekporo''' [nãĩtek’poro] or [nantek’poro]. In Auyasoptaye, all of these options are the case. In fact, Auyasoptaye goes further: post-stress intervocalic /m n/ become nasal glides, nasalizing the previous vowel: '''lema''' [‘lẽũa], but '''nemastu''' [ne’ma&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt;tu]. There are various mergers of the nasal diphthongs according to sub-dialects and idiolectic variation which are too haphazard to go into depth here about. 

6. The other alveolars /t l n/ are apical unless adjacent to &lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;/s̺/, when they are laminal.
&lt;/span&gt; 

7. In Pakatloptaye, /nɰ/ is [ŋ] and /&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺&lt;/span&gt;x/ is [ʃ]. In Pakatloptaye, /nɰ/ does not undergo the nasalization stuff as detailed above: '''kulinga '''[ku'liŋa]. 

8. The apical sibiliant /&lt;span title=&quot;Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)&quot; class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;s̺/ tends to be [&lt;/span&gt;ʃ] in Pakatloptaye before /a o ɔ: u u:/ or when adjacent to /k ɰ p m/. This is only a tendency because this is applied fairly inconsistently, varying in sub-dialects and idiolectically.&lt;br&gt;

== &lt;br&gt;Morphology  ==

=== Verbs  ===

The root for a verb in Aptaye is the form V1C1(C2)V(C)(V): '''apta''' - speak, '''akrahi''' - climb, '''amsu''' - sing''', ikporo''' - wander. All these examples include C2, as most verbs have them. Verbs which don’t tend to be stative or adjectival verbs: '''etemu''' - be sweet. 

These reflect the ''basic form'' of the verb. There is a second form, the ''conjunctive form'', which involves changing V1 and inserting a vowel identical to the new V1 between C1 and C2. Usually, if V1 is '''a''', then conjunctive vowels will be '''o''', and if V1 is '''i''', then conjunctive vowels will be '''a'''. If there is no C2, the first vowel often changes to '''u''', though this is less regular than the previously mentioned patterns. Examples: '''opota''' - then speak, '''okorahi''' - then climb, '''omosu''' - then sing, '''akaporo''' - then wander '''utemu '''- then be sweet. Then there is a third form, the ''imperative form''. In this form, V1 is inserted between the two consonants and the original V1 is dropped. If there is no C2, V1 is simply dropped. Examples: '''pata''' - speak! '''karahi''' - climb! '''masu''' - sing! '''kiporo''' - wander! '''temu '''- be sweet! 

==== Verbal Pronomial Affixes  ====

Verbs in Aptaye are marked for the subject of the sentence with prefixes. Rel means ''relative clause prefix'', R means ''rational gender'', PrR means ''pre-rational gender'', and PoR means ''post-rational gender''. 

&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; SG SGRel&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pl PlRel 

1st '''n-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; t-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; vel- pel- ''' 

2nd '''v-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; p-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; pel- pay- ''' 

R&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''y- ty- ''' 

PrR '''z- tz-''' 

PoR '''x- tx-''' 

The verb takes the suffix '''-ri''' to denote distributive plural.&amp;nbsp;

==== Compound Verbs&lt;br&gt;  ====

Aptaye uses a very productive system of verb compounding. The main verb comes first and takes a subject prefix, and is compounded with the second, semantically salient verb without its V1. So '''nollopta '''- I want to speak: '''nollo '''- I want, '''-pta '''- speak. Here are some of the most relevant compounds:&amp;nbsp; 

'''-ollo''' - want 

'''-ante''' - necessary that &lt;br&gt; 

'''-osto-''' possible that 

'''-agan(i)''' - love, be pleased that 

'''-ekes(u''') - hate that 

'''-ara '''- good that 

'''-oyō''' - bad that 

'''-ne-''' perfect/emphatic perfective (from '''-ne''' “be outside of”) 

Compounded verbs with vowels in parentheses do not use the vowels if not having them does not create an illegal cluster. Otherwise, the vowels are kept. '''nakespta''' - I hate to speak, but '''naganipta''' - I love to speak 

=== Nouns  ===

Nouns in Aptaye are marked for three genders: ''rational, pre-rational,&amp;nbsp;''and ''post-rational''. The post-rational gender is divided into four classes. All four classes receive the same post-rational prefix on the verb and other modifiers that agree, yet they are different morphologically on the noun. These genders and classes are divided into two cases: direct and oblique, and then subdivided into two honorific degrees: good and bad. 

==== Gender Suffixes  ====

In the following chart, the direct suffix is listed first and the oblique second. (/ means &quot;or&quot; - the option after the slash also exists but is less common than the option before the slash)&lt;br&gt; 

Pre-Rational -'''m/0 -nga''' 

Good: -'''ka -kē ''' 

Bad: -'''kō -kōya ''' 

Rational '''-0/[change vowel] -g(a) ''' 

Good: '''-r -rya ''' 

Bad: '''-rō -rōya ''' 

Post-Rational 1 '''-ti -he ''' 

Good: '''-so -sē ''' 

Bad: '''-sū -sūya ''' 

Post-Rational 2 '''-tl -lla ''' 

Good: '''-tlo -tlē''' 

Bad: '''-tlū -tlūya ''' 

Post-Rational 3 '''-pe -phe ''' 

Good:'''-pso -psē''' 

Bad: '''-psū -psūya''' 

Post-Rational 4/Verbal Noun '''-0 -0 ''' 

Good: '''-ye -ye''' 

Bad: '''-yū -yū''' 

==== Collective Plural&lt;br&gt;  ====

There are two different types of pluralization in Aptaye - the collective and the distributive. The former is marked on the noun by means of reduplication: if C1...V1... is the root, then the reduplicated form is C1V1C1...V1. However, if the second C1 in the reduplicated noun is not in a consonant cluster (meaning if the original root did not start with an onset cluster), it is mutated. The following is a chart of what happens to each consonant:

'''p &amp;gt; v, h'''

'''t &amp;gt; r, l'''

'''k &amp;gt; g, h'''

'''m &amp;gt; v, h'''

'''n &amp;gt; l, r'''

'''tl &amp;gt; l, r'''

'''s &amp;gt; z, h'''

'''z &amp;gt; s, h'''

'''x &amp;gt; h, g'''

'''v &amp;gt; h, g'''

'''y &amp;gt; h, g'''

'''r &amp;gt; l, n'''

'''l &amp;gt; r, n'''

'''g &amp;gt; h, y'''

'''h &amp;gt; v/y, g'''

The first consonant choice listed is what normally happens: '''kulim '''- fish, '''kugulim '''- fish. The second choice is what happens if the next consonant occuring in the root is the same as the first choice: '''liru '''- arm, '''liniru '''- arms (not **liriru).

== Syntax  ==

=== Verbs  ===

==== Plurality  ====

The verb takes the suffix '''-ri''' to denote distributive plural. This means that the action is done multiple times in succession or separately, either by multiple subjects or to multiple objects if the verb is transitive. In the 1st and 2nd person, the suffix can combine with regular plurals to make the distinction: '''kulinga velahpexiri''' - We ate fish (one after the other) '''kulinga nahpexiri''' - I ate fish (one after the other). When the distributive talks about the subject, it means that there are multiple people who did the action each for themselves and not together: '''Anga yaptaxiri''' - they spoke to me (one after the other). If the subject and object are both third person, context distinguishes the two possible usages. So '''Kulinga yahpexiri''' could mean “s/he ate the fish (one after the other)” or “they ate a fish (one for each of them, separately).” It is disambiguated if a collective plural noun is shown explicitly (see below in the Nouns section). A plural subject that acts collectively in an action does not receive distributive marking: '''Tē kulinga yahpexi''' - Many ate the fish (eating the one fish together). This is an example of a collective plural noun, as will be shown below. As a side note, the notion of the passing of time is marked with distributive plural: '''Xolvaxiri nga rē''' - Ten hours passed.

==== Verbals  ====

Two possible verbal nouns exist - the ''abstract verbal'' and the ''objective verbal''. The abstract verbal is used to speak of an action in general separated from any particular scenario of it. It is formed with the verb root without the prefix vowel: '''pta''' - speech, the act or state of speaking (from '''-pta'''), '''krahi''' - rising, the state of rising. If the initial cluster is illegal, an epenthetic '''e''' is inserted: '''keporo''' - wandering, the state of listlessness (from '''-kporo'''), '''mesu''' - singing, music (from -'''msu'''). The objective verbal is used for a particular, observed instance of an action, or something which typically does that action (note that if this is so, it must be post-rational in nature, because pre-rational and rational things have a separate agentive form). Here, the prefix vowel for the inflected verb is maintained: '''apta''' - language, '''akrahi''' - mountain, '''ikporo''' - adventure, '''amsu''' - song. 

==== Past Tense  ====

The past tense is formed with the suffix '''-xi'''. It denotes tense only, not dealing with issues of aspect. So '''nahpexi '''- &quot;I ate&quot; does not distinguish between &quot;I ate&quot; and &quot;I was eating.&quot; Different context clues delineate perfective and imperfective aspect.&lt;br&gt; 

==== Negation  ====

Negation of verbs is maked with the suffix '''-me''': '''aptaxime '''- I did not speak, '''nantemehpeme '''- It is not necessary for me not to eat.&lt;br&gt; 

==== Compound Verbs  ====

Here are some of the most relevant compound verbs in Aptaye, with some semantic explanations (those which are not explained yet will have explanations eventually.) 

'''-ollo''' - want 

This expresses volition, but is also used like a future tense if the action is even at least somewhat desired: '''Taike nollomsu''' - Tomorrow I will sing (and I want to).&lt;br&gt; 

'''-ante''' - necessary that 

'''-osto-''' possible that &lt;br&gt; 

These are akin to necessity and possibility in modal logic and philosophy and are not related to moral obligation/necessity. They are also used like future tenses if desire is not a relevant factor and/or the necessity or possibility of the action is most relevant. '''Yatl xantekrahi taike'''- The sun will rise tomorrow. '''Yatl xostokrahime taike? '''- It is possible that the sun will not rise tomorrow?&lt;br&gt; 

'''-agan(i)''' - love, be pleased that &lt;br&gt; 

'''-ekes(u''') - hate that &lt;br&gt; 

'''-ara '''- good that &lt;br&gt; 

'''-oyō''' - bad that &lt;br&gt; 

'''-ne-''' perfect/emphatic perfective (from '''-ne''' “be outside of”)

==== Conjunctive Form  ====

Each verb has a conjunctive form. A conjunctive form shows an action that is significantly separate in time or space from the previous verb, in succession of time from the previous verb .&lt;br&gt; 

Any sort of verbs in succession of time will mark the first form in basic form and all verbs in succession in conjunctive form. '''Nathamaxi, nohopexi, maro notovazkaxi''' - I woke up, ate, and then began to write. Note that '''maro '''is an optional conjunction meaning &quot;and then,&quot; and the last verb is a compound verb, with the first part &quot;began&quot; '''atva '''being in conjunctive form. &lt;br&gt; 

The use of the succession sense occurs across sentences and also occurs no matter how long after the action occurs after the former, as long as they are together in a significant sense for the discourse. '''Nathamaxi, nohopexi, maro notovazkaxi. Yuko ngapau rē hilla togani nasagazkaxime. '''- I woke up, ate, and then began to write. Until I was satisfied fifteen hours later, I did not finish writing. This example shows that relative verbs can also take the conjunctive: '''togani '''meaning &quot;I then was pleased, loved [it]&quot; from '''agani''' ('''yuko ngapau rē hilla''' means literally &quot;until fifteen hours after&quot;). You can also see another example of compound verbs in conjunctive form, with '''asaga''', from '''isga''', &quot;finish.&quot; 

==== Imperative Form ====

Imperatives are used to express commands. A command is any sort of request that requires urgency or does not require any significant degree of politeness. The bare imperative form expresses a command for a second person singular noun. '''Pata! '''Speak (you must)! '''Yahe! '''Run (you must)!

Imperative forms are used for jussive commands. These are commands that someone else either than a second-person singular entity do something. They are formed from the imperative form by adding a suffix, which is the subject prefix + '''a''': '''Patana! '''Let me speak! '''Patavela! '''Let us speak! '''Pataya'''! Let him speak! '''Yaheza '''- Let it run!

==== Locative Verbs  ====

Locative verbs denote the location of the subejct that they agree with. They are also used as basic PPs, optionally agreeing with the noun they modify. If not, the prefix vowels are dropped (the ones shown in parentheses). 

'''(a)gi''' - indefinite place 

'''(i)xan''' - definite place 

'''(i)mitl''' - inside place 

'''(e)ne''' - outside place 

Ex: '''Nenexi kalalla xir''' - I was outside that store. '''Kulim nūhe gi zistu '''- The fish in the water is large.

=== Nouns  ===

==== Noun Gender  ====

Gender in Aptaye centers around the concept of rationality. Generally, something is rational is it can speak and reason. For the Yutlamsa, this only includes adult humans. Thus, all adult humans are apart of the rational gender: '''ko''' - man, adult human. Pre-rational gender includes those who are not yet rational but have the capacity to be. This obviously includes children, but it actually also includes animals: '''kom''' - child, '''kulim''' - fish. Post-rational gender includes everything else, and is divided into four classes. Class 1 and Class 2 are not clearly different semantically, but Class 1 tends to contain terms with more motile things and Class 2 with more sessile things: '''nūti''' - water, '''usatl''' - stone, '''usati''' - lava, molten rock. Class 3 nouns are usually (but not always) rational things which were once alive and are now dead: '''kope''' - ancestor. Class 4 are verbal nouns. Some varying applications of gender placement exist. Body parts are placed in the gender of the part they belong to: '''liru''' is rational arm/adult arm, and '''lirum''' is child's arm, monkey's arm, etc. Also, groups of people are in rational gender: '''taha '''- village, the people of a village, but '''tahatl '''- the place of a village, the sum of its buildings and roads, etc.&lt;br&gt; 

==== Collective Plural  ====

The collective plural denotes more than one of a noun who are perceived as being together in a certain state, as opposed to the distributive plural: '''Kugulinga nahpexi '''- I ate the fish (pl) (in one sitting), '''Kulinga nahpexiri '''- I ate the fish (separate fish (sg) at separate times), '''Kugulinga nahpexiri '''- I ate the fish (separate groups of fish at separate times).&lt;br&gt;

==== Case  ====

Nouns are marked for two cases: direct and oblique. The direct case is used for subjects of sentences, as a inherent possessive, and is an instrumental. '''Ko yamsu amsu xem '''- The man is singing this song. '''Ko liru yenennuku '''- The man's arm is broken (has been broken). '''Kazuratl llu usatl ninnukuxi''' - I broke the window with a stone. The oblique is used for all other functions, such the direct object and the indirect object. '''Kog sa nampaxi '''- I saw a man. Worth noting is the identity function, which is when two nouns are in an identity relationship: '''Anga Spartacus '''- I am Spartacus (anga being the 1SG oblique). This doesn't work when saying that one thing is a member of a set of other things. This instead uses the existential verb '''tlo''': '''Kog natlo''' I am a man.

==== Honorifics  ====

Honorifics are used to bring positive or negative attention to the noun. The good honorific does the former and the bad does the latter. I use the words good and bad because they are often attached to the moral concepts of the Yutlamsa. This is why the names of everything where the Yutlamsa live have honorifics: '''Aptaye '''- the good/honorable language, '''Istakrahiye '''- the good/honorable great mountain. For people, honorifics are used when mentioned people deserving of honor or whose honor is being highlighted. '''Vūnar yekhe''' - The good philosopher is wise. The bad honorific is used for those who are despised or in order to insult someone: '''Korō ir na kulinga yenexlō! '''- That bastard (lit. bad man) just stole my fish! '''Xelōrō yukkukaxi '''- The thief lurked.

=== Word Order and Pragmatics  ===

==== Topic Marking  ====

Topic marking in Aptaye is expressed with determiners that modify the nouns. Two features are relevant to topics: what I call &quot;givenness&quot; and &quot;aboutness&quot; (actually I think I stole them from TomHChappell in the L&amp;amp;L Museum thread, but they may not be exactly what he was talking about). Givenness means that the modified noun is given from knowledge or context - the speaker assumes that the addressee knows what the speaker is expressing. Aboutness means that the noun is supposed to be what the ongoing discourse is about, meaning what the speaker thinks is most important to note. Once an &quot;aboutness&quot; topic is presented, it is usually dropped in the rest of discourse because it is known to be what everything else is about.&lt;br&gt; 

'''-em/-ir''' [+givenness -/+aboutness] These are the demonstratives “this” and “that.” They take prefixes agreeing with the noun they modify, equal to the verbal prefixes. One exception is that rational gender form of '''-ir''' is&amp;nbsp; '''ir''' (not **yir). They convey that the modified noun is given from knowledge or context and that it is the most relevant noun in the sentence or the discourse, unless another noun in the sentence is modified by '''llu''' or '''sa'''. '''Paukam zir zitet'''. '''Zanteuko prasi'''. - That dog is old. It will die soon (lit. it is necessary that it will die soon). 

'''llu''' [+givenness +aboutness] This conveys that the modified noun is given from knowledge or context and that it is the most relevant noun in the sentence or the discourse, superseding the demonstratives. It is also used if the location of the noun that the demonstrative would inform about is unknown or considered particularly irrelevant. '''Kulinga llu yahpexi kom zem'''. '''Zallataxi'''. - The fish was eaten by the children. It was delicious. 

'''sa''' [-givenness +aboutness] This conveys that a noun is the most relevant noun in the sentence or discourse, superseding the demonstratives, but that is not given, acting a lot like an indefinite article. '''Kog sa nampaxi eleg. Yuktoyoxi nimpella''' - I saw a man yesterday. He was wearing a hat. 

Adverbs can also be made topics, with either '''llu''' or '''sa'''. '''Eleg llu kog ir nampaxi '''- Yesterday I saw that man. '''Ita sa Tlosē nampaxi '''- One time I saw God.

==== Word Order  ====

The “default” clause order is SOV, upon which the following variations occur in this order: 

1) the topic is fronted. '''Kog sa nampaxi '''- I saw a man. '''Ko sa anga yampaxi''' - A man saw me. 

2) If either the subject or the object is used contrastively, meaning that is attempted to be contrasted as opposed to another noun, it is moved after the verb: '''Nampaxi kog sa''' - I saw a ''man''/It is a man I saw. '''Ko sa nampaxi anga-''' A man saw ''me''/It was me a man saw. 

Other phrase orders: ADJ-N, N-DET, N-PP, except when the adjective in the first case or the noun in the other two are used contrastively, in which case the order switches. '''vosulla xem gi''' - on the wall, '''gi xem vosulla''' - on ''the wall''. 

As shown, contrastivity is used to emphasize that the noun in question is that certain noun and not some other possible noun. It is also used to respond to certain questions if the questions ask for a specific answer that attempts to exclude other options: '''Eksepa xagi au? Gi xem vosulla''' - Where (at what place) is the painting? It's on that wall.&lt;br&gt;

==== Relative Clauses  ====

Relative clauses are built with verbs marked with relative subject prefixes as listed in the morphology section. If the subject of the verb relative clause is the modified noun, it is never mentioned with a pronoun. Other noun positions such as direct object may optionally mention the subject like any other clause - dropped if the noun is a previously established topic or if it is a first or second person pronoun, but otherwise usually mentioned. Relative clause verbs follow the noun they modify. They precede the noun if the noun is constrative, like any other clause. Examples: '''Ruvam zem pauyaxi zuhyu''' - The baby that you tickled is laughing. '''Usatl xir kazuralla ninnukuxi nūhe ximitl '''- This stone that I broke the window with is in the water. '''Kazuralla usatl xir ninnukuxi nūhe ximitl '''- It is this stone that I broke the window with, and it is in the water.&lt;br&gt; 

==== Complement Clauses  ====

Complement clauses have normally inflected verbs. Since they are in the place of nouns, they take the word order of nouns. Also, they can take topic markers like other nouns. If a complement clause is a subject, the verb takes post-rational '''y-.''' Examples: '''Vitet yara''' - That you are old is good. '''Vūnag vatlo naina'''- I know you are a philosopher. '''Vūnag vatlo llu naina. Yazzaso vala ka vekhe. '''- I know you are a philosopher. It is obvious because you are so wise. '''Talla naina vantēna '''- You will never know what I know. 

==== Adverbial Clauses  ====

Adverbial clauses have normally inflected verbs. They take the place of normal adverbs - before the verb normally, after the verb contrastively, and fronted if topical. '''Kulinga zir vala nehevi nampexi'''. '''Zallataxi. '''- I ate the fish because I was hungry. It was delicious. '''Vala nehevi llu kulinga xir nampexi. Ka, ē!''' - Because of my hunger I ate the fish. Boy was I (hungry)!&lt;br&gt;

=== Coming Soon  ===

Quantifiers&lt;br&gt; 

Adjectives&lt;br&gt; 

Pronouns 

Tense and Aspect

Determiners 

Interrogatives

Important Adverbs 

Register 

Lexical Variation in Dialects 

Basic updating and clarification of things which have already been written</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny</title>
    <id>7434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52762</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T09:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Attribution */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello. Your articles were in Chinese and the content looked like vandalism. If you are a genuine user, please say so.--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 09:49, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

:Hi!
:There's nothing wrong with posting in Chinese or other languages per se (though a bilingual approach like at [[Tilawa]] is preferable if possible).  I'll grant my Chinese is nearly nonexistent, but what looked like vandalism about Yusunny's contributions? Google Translate didn't seem to do well with it but it certainly seems to be a language discussion and likewise the links given.  Did we shoot first before asking questions?  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 17:44, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Hi！ 
I've invented a great language based on 26*26 sylable dubal－speling （include all chinese sylable ：）

It maybe difficult for others ，so I  kept it in my User－Talk：yusunny， please let it stay ，so that it can be will well－promotion， thanks ！ [[User:Yusunny|Yusunny]] 00:32, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

:Hi, I restored [[Liyv]] and I am putting back the text that was removed from this page.   Sorry for the hasty action. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 14:21, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

::I'm very sorry. When I used a translator, some of the words looked like advertising. I shouldn't have relied on a translator. No problem with Chinese, but I've so many Chinese spambots and I know how destructive they can be!--[[User:Pisceesumsprecan|S.C. Anderson]] 17:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

==Restored text==
 
     
 http://wiki.frath.net/Liyv


双合推导 》》双拼反切， 是可以把26个字母 两两赋予合理音节 的最佳方法， 实际上属于[[理想语]]的表述模式：）


理想语“双合推导”之于 普通话“全拼双拼”， 就好比是 
爱因斯坦的《广义相对论》，比《牛顿力学》稍微复杂，却能解释 宇宙黑洞。。。

双合推导 给予 至少676个 不混淆音节，可以构建 远比日语混合文字 更高效的
表达系统! 并且已经 囊括了 普通话 音节 及其 特选的词语，未来可以 形成 
国际统一的 科技商贸 专业词语， 再加上 华文成语 双拼词汇的 丰富形容特性，
完全可以成为 国际公平合理简捷的 第二口语交流系统！：）

http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=725198710

http://www.douban.com/group/topic/10086746/?start=0&amp;post=ok#last

如下的 声韵推导图 作为 统一流程的实施基础，也可以是现在常用的 紫光搜狗输入法：

&lt;PRE&gt;

;如下是可全球展会免费派发广告扑克牌上的最便于世界普及理想语的寓教于乐叠牌拼读法！
;只需把所有【全拼串＝大写字母】单独列出一行，就可自学作为现有输入法的自定义双拼！
[声母] ch=U  sh=A  zh=E
[韵母]
;可以省略写出，属于如下图中的简化缩写格式：
;例如 un=H 是属于“H{婚}uen   H《==ven韵 ”的兼并写法,印在一张扑克牌上：）
;      i u v      v=V
;    o   o        uo=O
;    z q s x      eng=Z     ing=Q       ong=S   
;              X     iong=X 
;    x k h h    H en=X        in=K          un=H 
;    y n k     K  ang=Y  iang=N  uang=K
;    w   n     N  ai=W        uai=N  
;    p   h        ao=P     iao=M  
;    a d r     R  ia=D        ua=R    
;    f c r c      ei=F     ie=R                 ue=C 
               C                         ui=C   ve=C  
;    g   l        ou=G     iu=L 
;    t b j j    J an=T     ian=B            uan=J  
[零声母音节的韵母]


;以中日图符音值为基础（并可在“赛状元”益智扑克54牌面分划组配的）双合声韵推导图：
;是两维度表现多语音素提示及其浓缩简化声母歌和韵母儿化归并等等,可导出普通话规则:）
;============================================================================
;   jY     'Vv       'Oo 'ngI          Rua [叶恩婉 Z自E制粤音韵]有34字父音值!
;请捐杨况兄'佢外购毯赠'我留'你泡婚 厨娘苗挼松[沙编翠 嗲这费] 主要口诀对应:26字母
;（Y jY 　 1&gt;　 　　　　 2&lt;　　 　　　　0&gt;　　　　　　3&lt;　 ㄧ 四呼数目 ）声归类
;拼例 yC pW xB pF dQ aK xJ dA aU rOeJ oRhR yH kS jI aA tQ   声韵双合写法之一 
;“y月C”牌 先(配)定 双 选 大(数),  若转 儿化(韵)“空|己”刹(停)!　　　ㄦ|er=OR
;（EUAR　　1-　　　 　　 2&lt;　　　　　　3-　　　　　　0-　 ㄓㄔㄕㄖ　　  ）韵归并
;　 zhE{这}_e(　) ngI'你}i(ㄧ)い chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ vV'佢`v(ㄩ)　　　E$ eeㄛ|e=OE 
;　　 X&lt;== _en恩　キK&lt;==`ien音 　ヒH{婚}uen　　　H&lt;==`ven韵　　　 X5_enㄣ|en=OX
;　 フF{费}_ei　　 　　　:　　　 ッC{翠}uei　　　　　 :　　　　　 F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF
;　　　　　:　　　　R&lt;== ie;叶　 　　　 :　　　ヴC&lt;==`ve;粤　　 え[;_e;ㄝ|儿化同
;（O _`　　3-　　　 　　 2&lt;　　　 　　　0-　　　　　　1-　 ()　　　　　　 ）　
;　　`O'我}_ooォ　 　　　:　　　　 O&lt;== uoo我　　　　 :　　　　 おO0~ooㄜ|o=OO 
;（BPMF VI 3-　　　 　　 2-　　　　 　　0-　　　　　　1-　 ㄅㄆㄇㄈ万兀　 ）　
;　 ピP{泡`_ao　　ミM{苗}iaoょ　　　 　 :　　　　　　 :　　　　　 P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP
;（GKH　　 2-　　　 　　 1-　　　　 　　3-　　　　　　0-　 ㄍㄎㄏ　　　　 ）  
;　 ギG{购`_ou　　リL{留}iouゅ　　　　　:　　　　　　 :　　　　　 G7_ouㄡ|ou=OG
;（NL　　　1-　　 　　　 3-　　　　　 　2-　　　　　　0c　 ㄋㄌ　　　　　 ）
;（JQX　　 1&gt;　　 　　　 2-　　　　　　 0&gt;　　　　　　3-　 ㄐㄑㄒ　　　　 ）　 
;　 ジZ{赠)_eg　　　Q{请`ieg 　　シS{松`ueg　　　X{兄}veg　　　　 Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ
;（ZCS　　 1-　　　 　　 3&lt;　 　　　　　2-　　　　　　0-　 ㄗㄘㄙ　　　　 ） 
;　　jY{杨`_ag 　 ニN{娘}iag　 　　K{况}uag　　　　　 :　　　　　 Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY
;（W　hw　 1-　　 　　　 2-　　　 　　　0-　　　　　　3-　 ㄨ　　　　　　 ）　
;　　hW{外}_ai　　 　ㄧㄞiai　　　 N&lt;== uai外　　　　 :　　　　　 W6_aiㄞ|ai=OW
;　 shA{沙}_aaァ　　D{嗲}iaaゃ　　 R{挼}uaa　　　　　 :　　　　　 A+_aaㄚ|a=OA
;　 テT{毯}_an　　ビB{编}ian　　 　J&lt;== uan婉　　J{捐`van　　　　 T8_anㄢ|an=OT
;（DT　　　1-　　 　　　 3-　　　 　　　2-　　　　　　0-　 ㄉㄊ　　　　  ）儿化同
;============================================================================


可以对于26*26个不相混淆的双合音节 进行推导的统一规则是：

    “Y月c 牌” 先定 双 选 大 ，若转儿化“空|己”刹：）

此两阙七言推导口诀 的具体解释为：

若z=黑牌N,L叠合红牌C时，由于z边沿图案含有c而能提示【Zc】双合音节 优先反切，固定不变！
若黑牌Y叠合红牌x时，如果x边沿图案含有`（提示红牌＝Y要固定不动），所以【Yx】双合音节不再变化！

所以对于 以黑牌Y声母、红牌c韵母 （提示为“y月C”双合音字）两种牌要特别注意，
一旦 另一牌的边沿图案中 有其对应标记，则黑红叠牌双合音节 就直接反切 不再变动，

优先确认此【Zx】双合模式的发音不再变动，否则可能x另有一个韵辙，
在此情况下 需要 看x双韵所对应的黑牌Z相应位置的两个数目，选择较大的
一个所对应的红牌x为起点！

若黑牌Z边沿图案中含有&quot;&gt;.&lt;&quot;转向符号，则红牌x作为起点可能要循环移动，
除非下一个位置是“自己”或者是“空位”；如果v是移动到达的刹车终点，
则双合韵母【Zv】音节还要进行儿化：）


逻辑 结果是， 若有&quot;杨翠&quot;匹配 就直接 反切双拼，否则 可能要双选大 定起点,
若有 转向符号 则需 对 声韵音节 进行 儿化，
在此之前 还要 依向 尽远 走到终点 来决定反切发音 !


双合过程 所产生的 音节 已经超出了 普通话音节范围, 
但保证 双合打字 可以 产生 所有的 双拼 全拼 汉字！ 


双合声韵推导图的内容极其浓缩精练：例如从其上沿和右沿可以析出注音等，而其基本结构为：
极右侧【xy=O?】与右侧【xyO?注音】是表现注音的韵母，与其上下附近的拼音韵辙相同！
如果把极右侧【xy=O?】用回车键打入第二行单独成行，并且把 中间位置的【X{？}yyy 】写成
【yyy=X】形式并放在“双拼自定义”文件.ini中的[韵母]区域，就可以匹配当前的各种可以自定
义双拼的打字软件，例如紫光搜狗输入法平台等，好比“水涨船高”整体提升电脑传递语义信息的
表述档次！

中间内容有些是每行左右两侧都具有括号的黑牌“四数”介质，则其左侧是若干义母的按声归类，
右侧有声母注音！如果中间是（国语）普通话“四呼”韵辙，则与右侧注音同一类型；并且互相之间
若无黑牌“四数”隔离，则说明上下韵辙的儿化韵是具有相同音值的！ 

于是任意两个义母双合发音，都可以通过如下流程自我推导： 

例如【Ga】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，shA{沙}_aaァ】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想
黑牌G，a红牌的两张叠合（类似时钟的黑分针红秒针都从6六点左右转向九点左右）产生整体拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            】G 黑桃7
【;   shA{沙}_aaァ   D{嗲}iaaゃ   R{挼}uaa　        :        A+_aaㄚ|a=OA  】a 方块10 
【                                                                        】// ？

由于并未有A来产生第二行，所以只有【2- ：A】有效对应关系，熟练掌握26字链口诀就知道【购，沙】
音值，从而只能是双合假名【Ga】念读为“购沙”并反切得到g~a（普通话类似“嘎”字音！）

再如【Gk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息，假想
黑牌G，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            】G 黑桃7
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY】//

由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1- ：K ，3- ：K】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：K】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【购，况】音值，从而只能是双合假名
【Gk】念读为“购况”并反切得到g~uang（普通话类似“光”字音！）

又如【Eb】双合假名，在图中可看到【zhE{这}_eeェ，ビB{编}ian，】等信息，（掌握26字链口诀
并假想黑牌E，b红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; EUAR     1-           2&lt;           3-           0-     ㄓㄔㄕㄖ         】E 黑桃J
【;   テT{毯}_an   ビB{编}ian     J&lt;== uan完   J{捐}van      T8_anㄢ|       】b 方块J

单韵B只有【2&lt; ：B】有效对应关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自身）并加
儿化韵，于是从B位置就循环转到了J位置，既然已经知道【这，编，完】等的音值，从而双合假名
【Eb】可推导需成为 Ej~r 并念读为“这完”反切，再儿化后得到==》zh~uan~r（普通话类似
“转儿”字音！）

还如【Zk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ジZ{赠=_eg，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息音值，并
假想黑牌Z，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; ZCS      1-           3&lt;           2-           0-      ㄗㄘㄙ          】Z 黑桃9
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX  】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY 】// k

双韵K有【3&lt; ：K ，2- ：K】两个对应，但因为3&gt;2故，所以就选用上面一行的【3&lt; ：K】关系，
但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自身）并加儿化韵，于是从K位置就循环转到了
H位置，从而双合假名【Zk】可推导需成为 Zh~r 并念读为“赠婚”反切，再儿化后得到==》
z~un~r（普通话类似“尊儿”字音！
。。。。。。。。。

    上述按部就班的双合推导流程中，看符号而向左右转进的目的是保证理想语音节在儿化之后的
唯一性，从而可以说明《声韵推导图》已经完备解决了676+26个双合音节，另有至少27个可能变音
双合符号，早已囊括了四百多个普通话音节，可打字调用所有普通话汉字，可以作为更有效的学习
全拼或注音之前的注拼辅助形式：反过来说，当前的全拼或双拼就必须全面掌握所有声母和韵母的
发音组合，或者知道没有念读发音，却无法让中外初学者（例如自我判断）明确知道（对应Eb双拼
的）全拼形式zh~ian是不能拼合的！
。。。。。。。。。

例如【Dc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【D{嗲}iaaゃ ，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（DT      1-           3-           2-           0- ㄉㄊ         ）        】D 黑桃10
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0－ ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【2－：C】关系，既然已经知道【嗲，翠】音值，从而双合假名【Dc】可念读为“嗲翠”
反切，得到==》d~ui（普通话类似“对”字音！）


又如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【ニN{娘}iag，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）         】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于黑牌N中含有c，与C红牌成为“杨翠”口诀满足条件，所以本次推导过程 就只能以C“月”位置为优先，
既然已经知道【娘，月】音值，从而双合假名【Nc】可推导念读为“娘月”反切，再儿化后得到==》n~ve，
 （普通话类似“永儿”字音！） 另一有c黑牌是L，而红牌上“`”标记的意义是Y代替，y当遇到Y黑牌时
就符合“yY”条件，从而直接拼读发音，也容易牢记特殊情况：）


例如【Jx】双合假名，在图中可看到【J{捐`van，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰富信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ              】J 黑桃A
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3- ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：X】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【捐，兄】音值，从而只能是双合假名
【Jx】念读为“捐兄”并反切得到jiong（普通话类似“炯”字音！）

为了兼容于以y起首的各种全拼形式，所以Y的双合规则比较复杂：主要是假如看到“&lt;”符号，就要
对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位
或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到“Y”黑牌！所以满足这条规则的双合情况是极少的！

例如【Yx】双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰富信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3&lt; ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到
“Y”黑牌！
于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知道【杨，松】音值，
从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ong~r（普通话
类似“永儿”字音！）


又如【Yu】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“鱼儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，
0chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ，vV{佢`v(ㄩ) 】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，u红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;  ;  _{()}_(()) ngI{你}i(ㄧ) chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴvV{佢`v(ㄩ)     __  ㄦ|er=OR 】u 方块5 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于U红牌只有单韵【0&gt; ：U】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，所以停在了V位置，既然已经知道【杨，厨，佢】等音值，从而
双合假名【Yu】可推导需成为 Yv~r 并念读为“杨佢”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~v~r（普通话类似
“鱼儿”字音！
对于【Ym】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“妖儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，
ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 】m 方块7 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于M红牌只有单韵【2&lt; ：M】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，由于空位而停在了P位置，既然已经知道【杨，泡，苗】等音值，
从而双合假名【Ym】可推导需成为 Yp~r 并念读为“杨泡”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ao~r（普通话
类似“妖儿”字音！
而对于例如【Jp】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等
交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ       ）     】J 黑桃A
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 】p 方块3 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于P红牌只有单韵【1&gt; ：P】对应，但是看到“&gt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向右
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母; 由于空位而停在了M位置，既然已经知道【捐，泡，苗】等音值，
从而双合假名【Jp】可推导需成为 Jm~r 并念读为“捐苗”反切，再儿化后得到==》jiao~r（普通话
类似“脚儿”字音！

对于类似“Y`”的转进中止情况，则《理想语音图》中还有仅仅一个特例条件，是LN匹配c的停止情况：
例如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）         】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0c ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到
“Y”黑牌！于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知道【杨，松】
音值，从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ong~r
（普通话类似“永儿”字音！）


您在此处 可以看到 我们的 自住讨论更新的内容， 是没有被 管理员 借着打击广告名义 胡乱删改 的！


&lt;/PRE&gt;

== Attribution ==

Hi!
When you copy from Wikipedia, be sure to include attribution — it is necessary to say where it is from (with a link back to it) and the license it is under (cc-by-sa).  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 02:08, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
 

Because LiYv ＝ well-desiged chinese-PUTONGHUA， so I copyed some for beginning ：）

I will change them as soon as possible ，SORRY AGAIN!  :)
[[User:Yusunny|Yusunny]] 09:25, 20 March 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/双合推导</title>
    <id>7435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52781</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-22T02:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">双合推导 》》双拼反切， 是可以把26个字母 两两赋予合理音节 的最佳方法， 实际上属于[[理想语]]的表述模式：）


理想语“双合推导”之于 普通话“全拼双拼”， 就好比是 
爱因斯坦的《广义相对论》，比《牛顿力学》稍微复杂，却能解释 宇宙黑洞。。。

双合推导 给予 至少676个 不混淆音节，可以构建 远比日语混合文字 更高效的
表达系统! 并且已经 囊括了 普通话 音节 及其 特选的词语，未来可以 形成 
国际统一的 科技商贸 专业词语， 再加上 华文成语 双拼词汇的 丰富形容特性，
完全可以成为 国际公平合理简捷的 第二口语交流系统！：）

http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=725198710

http://www.douban.com/group/topic/10086746/?start=0&amp;post=ok#last
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LIYv.JPG

如下的 声韵推导图 作为 统一流程的实施基础，也可以是现在常用的 紫光搜狗输入法：

&lt;PRE&gt;

;如下是可全球展会免费派发广告扑克牌上的最便于世界普及理想语的寓教于乐叠牌拼读法！
;只需把所有【全拼串＝大写字母】单独列出一行，就可自学作为现有输入法的自定义双拼！
[声母] ch=U  sh=A  zh=E
[韵母]
;可以省略写出，属于如下图中的简化缩写格式：
;例如 un=H 是属于“H{婚}uen   H《==ven韵 ”的兼并写法,印在一张扑克牌上：）
;      i u v      v=V
;    o   o        uo=O
;    z q s x      eng=Z     ing=Q       ong=S   
;              X     iong=X 
;    x k h h    H en=X        in=K          un=H 
;    y n k     K  ang=Y  iang=N  uang=K
;    w   n     N  ai=W        uai=N  
;    p   h        ao=P     iao=M  
;    a d r     R  ia=D        ua=R    
;    f c r c      ei=F     ie=R                 ue=C 
               C                         ui=C   ve=C  
;    g   l        ou=G     iu=L 
;    t b j j    J an=T     ian=B            uan=J  
[零声母音节的韵母]


;以中日图符音值为基础（并可在“赛状元”益智扑克54牌面分划组配的）双合声韵推导图：
;是两维度表现多语音素提示及其浓缩简化声母歌和韵母儿化归并等等,可导出普通话规则:）
;============================================================================
;   jY`   'VvhW     'Oo  'ngI         Rua  [叶恩婉 Z自E制粤音韵]有34字父音值!
;请捐杨况兄'佢外购毯赠'我留'你泡婚 厨娘苗挼松[沙编翠 嗲这费] 主要口诀对应:26字母
;拼例   Yc   Qr  Ak Da Xj    Bt Jjr Jb Og Ejr 声韵双合        |声母归类歌）声归类
;口诀“y月C”切，双 大 选，“b半t 卷r 见 偶 转r ！        四韵儿化表       ）韵归并
;　       _ (　) ngI'你}i(ㄧ)い chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ vV'佢`v(ㄩ)　　　      ㄦ|er=OR
;　　 X&lt;== _em恩　キK&lt;==`iem音 　ヒH{婚}uen　　　H&lt;==`ven韵　　　 X5_enㄣ|en=OX
;　 フF{费}_ei　　 　　　:　　　 ッC{翠}uei　　　　　 :　　　　　  F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF
;　　　　　:　　　　R&lt;== ie;叶　 　　　 :　　　ヴC&lt;==`ve;粤　　  え[;_e;ㄝ|儿化同
;（JQX V万 1t　　 　　　 2 　　　　　　 0:　　　　　　3 　ㄐㄑㄒ 巨取许佢  ）　
;　 ジZ{赠)_eg　　　Q{请`ieg 　　シS{松`ueg?　　X{兄}veg　　　 | Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ
;（W　hw　 1 　　 　　　 2 　　　 　　　0 　　　　　　3 　    ㄨ | 　　无  ）　
;（GKH～　 2 　　　 　　 1 　　　　 　　3 　　　　　　0 　ㄍㄎㄏ 贾苦胡    ）
;　　jY{杨`_ag?　 ニN{娘}iag　 　　K{况}uag　　　　　: 　　　  /　Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY
;（DT　　　1 　　 　　　 3 　　　 　　　2 　　　　　　0   ㄉㄊ  抵体　　   ）
;（ NL I兀 1 　　 　　　 3 　　　　　 　2 　　　　　　0c　 ㄋㄌ　　泥里'你 ）儿化同
;　　hW{外}_ai?　       :    　　 N&lt;== uai外　　　　 :　　　　　  W6_aiㄞ|ai=OW
;　 shA{沙}_aa?ァ　D{嗲}iaaゃ　　 R{挼}uaa　　　　　 :　　　　　  A+_aaㄚ|a=OA
;　 テT{毯}_an　　ビB{编}ian　　 　J&lt;== uan婉　　J{捐`van　　　　  T8_anㄢ|an=OT
;（O _`　　3 　　　 　　 2b　　　 　　　0  　　　　　 1 　 ()　　　  '我   ）　
;　　`O'我}_oo?ォ　 　　:　　　　 O&lt;== uoo我　　　　 :　　　　  おO0~ooㄜ|o=OO 
;（BPMF    3 　　　 　　 2 　　　　 　　0 　　　　　　1 ㄅㄆㄇㄈ博婆魔佛   ）　
;　 ピP{泡`_ao　　ミM{苗}iaoょ　　　 　 :　　　　　　 :　　　　 |  P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP
;（Y  jY　 1:　 　　　　 2b　　 　　　　0:　　　　　　3:     ㄧ|     以   ）
;（ZCS～　 1 　　　 　　 3b 　 　　　　 2 　　　　　　0 ㄗㄘㄙ　资词死    ） 
;　 ギG{购`_ou?　リL{留}iouゅ　　　　　:　　　　　　 :　　　 　|  G7_ouㄡ|ou=OG
;（EUAR　　1 　　　 　　 2b　　　　　　 3 　　　　　　0 ㄓㄔㄕㄖ质迟时日   ）
;　 zhE{这}_e                                                   E$ eeㄛ|e=OE 
;============================================================================
; 上述《声韵双合流程导图》隐含了理想语 声母归类歌 （巨贾抵，博资质）和 四韵儿化表：
全部展开就形成了26*26黑红纵横声韵合的《理想语音图》：）


可以对于26*26个不相混淆的双合音节 进行推导的统一规则是：

;“y月C” 切，双 大 选，“b/t半”卷r 有偶 转r ！

逐个字 解释： 
记住“月”的双合形式之一【yC】，就知道如果黑牌意片中若有c（在第四行，仅NL少数黑牌），由于红牌C意片上的第四行有“粤”韵字，于是就确定【？ｃ】＝＝》【？粤】反切；同时也掌握了对于红牌意片中有“`”的情况：说明本身虽不定位却有要匹配红牌Ｙ的反切任务），所以在红牌有双韵（仅KJCH少数）情况下，需要双字所对应（黑牌意片中相应两行）数目中选取较大者，以便确定相关韵字来正确反切！ 如果这时候黑牌是Y而且红牌有“`”匹配情况，当然就是【Ｙ？】反切！  
如果黑牌不是Ｙ，并且这时黑牌意片数目后接有“b;t”三个字母之一，就说明可能需转儿化！
如果这是红牌是Ｂ或Ｔ，则需要转为【？ｊ】r 的发音！（用“卷r”来联想记忆“?jr”转儿化规则！） 
如果 黑牌数目较大者所对应的红牌位置的对偶位置是空白，则无需转儿化！（所说的两种对偶情况是：弟一行对i第二行，弟三行u对v第四行！）
如果查看到（唯一或较大者所对应的）红牌位置的对偶位置是￥，则需要转为【？￥】r 的发音，也就是说，先用？和￥两张牌来确定必然有的反切发音，再加以儿化来得到理想语音节！
其它情况下都是简单的声韵反切！ ：）


本段流程说明 看上去比较繁琐，实际上只是为了兼顾Ｙ牌等少数特殊情况，以便匹配现有的汉语双拼表现形式！
大多数情况是单韵并且无需转儿化的快捷状态！


此两阙七言推导口诀 的具体解释为：

若z=黑牌N,L叠合红牌C时，由于z边沿图案含有c而能提示【Zc】双合音节 优先反切，固定不变！
若黑牌Y叠合红牌x时，如果x边沿图案含有`（提示红牌＝Y要固定不动），所以【Yx】双合音节不再变化！

所以对于 以黑牌Y声母、红牌c韵母 （提示为“y月C”双合音字）两种牌要特别注意，
一旦 另一牌的边沿图案中 有其对应标记，则黑红叠牌双合音节 就直接反切 不再变动，

优先确认此【Zx】双合模式的发音不再变动，否则可能x另有一个韵辙，
在此情况下 需要 看x双韵所对应的黑牌Z相应位置的两个数目，选择较大的
一个所对应的红牌x为起点！

若黑牌Z边沿图案中含有&quot;&gt;.&lt;&quot;转向符号，则红牌x作为起点可能要循环移动，
除非下一个位置是“自己”或者是“空位”；如果v是移动到达的刹车终点，
则双合韵母【Zv】音节还要进行儿化：）


逻辑 结果是， 若有&quot;杨翠&quot;匹配 就直接 反切双拼，否则 可能要双选大 定起点,
若有 转向符号 则需 对 声韵音节 进行 儿化，
在此之前 还要 依向 尽远 走到终点 来决定反切发音 !


双合过程 所产生的 音节 已经超出了 普通话音节范围, 
但保证 双合打字 可以 产生 所有的 双拼 全拼 汉字！ 


双合声韵推导图的内容极其浓缩精练：例如从其上沿和右沿可以析出注音等，而其基本结构为：
极右侧【xy=O?】与右侧【xyO?注音】是表现注音的韵母，与其上下附近的拼音韵辙相同！
如果把极右侧【xy=O?】用回车键打入第二行单独成行，并且把 中间位置的【X{？}yyy 】写成
【yyy=X】形式并放在“双拼自定义”文件.ini中的[韵母]区域，就可以匹配当前的各种可以自定
义双拼的打字软件，例如紫光搜狗输入法平台等，好比“水涨船高”整体提升电脑传递语义信息的
表述档次！

中间内容有些是每行左右两侧都具有括号的黑牌“四数”介质，则其左侧是若干义母的按声归类，
右侧有声母注音！如果中间是（国语）普通话“四呼”韵辙，则与右侧注音同一类型；并且互相之间
若无黑牌“四数”隔离，则说明上下韵辙的儿化韵是具有相同音值的！ 

于是任意两个义母双合发音，都可以通过如下流程自我推导： 

例如【Ga】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，shA{沙}_aaァ】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想
黑牌G，a红牌的两张叠合（类似时钟的黑分针红秒针都从6六点左右转向九点左右）产生整体拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            】G 黑桃7
【;   shA{沙}_aaァ   D{嗲}iaaゃ   R{挼}uaa　        :        A+_aaㄚ|a=OA  】a 方块10 
【                                                                        】// ？

由于并未有A来产生第二行，所以只有【2- ：A】有效对应关系，熟练掌握26字链口诀就知道【购，沙】
音值，从而只能是双合假名【Ga】念读为“购沙”并反切得到g~a（普通话类似“嘎”字音！）

再如【Gk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息，假想
黑牌G，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            】G 黑桃7
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY】//

由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1- ：K ，3- ：K】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：K】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【购，况】音值，从而只能是双合假名
【Gk】念读为“购况”并反切得到g~uang（普通话类似“光”字音！）

又如【Eb】双合假名，在图中可看到【zhE{这}_eeェ，ビB{编}ian，】等信息，（掌握26字链口诀
并假想黑牌E，b红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; EUAR     1-           2&lt;           3-           0-     ㄓㄔㄕㄖ         】E 黑桃J
【;   テT{毯}_an   ビB{编}ian     J&lt;== uan完   J{捐}van      T8_anㄢ|       】b 方块J

单韵B只有【2&lt; ：B】有效对应关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自身）并加
儿化韵，于是从B位置就循环转到了J位置，既然已经知道【这，编，完】等的音值，从而双合假名
【Eb】可推导需成为 Ej~r 并念读为“这完”反切，再儿化后得到==》zh~uan~r（普通话类似
“转儿”字音！）

还如【Zk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ジZ{赠=_eg，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息音值，并
假想黑牌Z，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; ZCS      1-           3&lt;           2-           0-      ㄗㄘㄙ          】Z 黑桃9
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX  】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY 】// k

双韵K有【3&lt; ：K ，2- ：K】两个对应，但因为3&gt;2故，所以就选用上面一行的【3&lt; ：K】关系，
但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自身）并加儿化韵，于是从K位置就循环转到了
H位置，从而双合假名【Zk】可推导需成为 Zh~r 并念读为“赠婚”反切，再儿化后得到==》
z~un~r（普通话类似“尊儿”字音！
。。。。。。。。。

    上述按部就班的双合推导流程中，看符号而向左右转进的目的是保证理想语音节在儿化之后的
唯一性，从而可以说明《声韵推导图》已经完备解决了676+26个双合音节，另有至少27个可能变音
双合符号，早已囊括了四百多个普通话音节，可打字调用所有普通话汉字，可以作为更有效的学习
全拼或注音之前的注拼辅助形式：反过来说，当前的全拼或双拼就必须全面掌握所有声母和韵母的
发音组合，或者知道没有念读发音，却无法让中外初学者（例如自我判断）明确知道（对应Eb双拼
的）全拼形式zh~ian是不能拼合的！
。。。。。。。。。

例如【Dc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【D{嗲}iaaゃ ，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（DT      1-           3-           2-           0- ㄉㄊ         ）        】D 黑桃10
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0－ ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【2－：C】关系，既然已经知道【嗲，翠】音值，从而双合假名【Dc】可念读为“嗲翠”
反切，得到==》d~ui（普通话类似“对”字音！）


又如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【ニN{娘}iag，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）         】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于黑牌N中含有c，与C红牌成为“杨翠”口诀满足条件，所以本次推导过程 就只能以C“月”位置为优先，
既然已经知道【娘，月】音值，从而双合假名【Nc】可推导念读为“娘月”反切，再儿化后得到==》n~ve，
 （普通话类似“永儿”字音！） 另一有c黑牌是L，而红牌上“`”标记的意义是Y代替，y当遇到Y黑牌时
就符合“yY”条件，从而直接拼读发音，也容易牢记特殊情况：）


例如【Jx】双合假名，在图中可看到【J{捐`van，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰富信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ              】J 黑桃A
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3- ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：X】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【捐，兄】音值，从而只能是双合假名
【Jx】念读为“捐兄”并反切得到jiong（普通话类似“炯”字音！）

为了兼容于以y起首的各种全拼形式，所以Y的双合规则比较复杂：主要是假如看到“&lt;”符号，就要
对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位
或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到“Y”黑牌！所以满足这条规则的双合情况是极少的！

例如【Yx】双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰富信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3&lt; ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到
“Y”黑牌！
于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知道【杨，松】音值，
从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ong~r（普通话
类似“永儿”字音！）


又如【Yu】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“鱼儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，
0chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ，vV{佢`v(ㄩ) 】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，u红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;  ;  _{()}_(()) ngI{你}i(ㄧ) chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴvV{佢`v(ㄩ)     __  ㄦ|er=OR 】u 方块5 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于U红牌只有单韵【0&gt; ：U】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，所以停在了V位置，既然已经知道【杨，厨，佢】等音值，从而
双合假名【Yu】可推导需成为 Yv~r 并念读为“杨佢”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~v~r（普通话类似
“鱼儿”字音！
对于【Ym】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“妖儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，
ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     】Y 黑桃2
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 】m 方块7 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于M红牌只有单韵【2&lt; ：M】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，由于空位而停在了P位置，既然已经知道【杨，泡，苗】等音值，
从而双合假名【Ym】可推导需成为 Yp~r 并念读为“杨泡”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ao~r（普通话
类似“妖儿”字音！
而对于例如【Jp】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等
交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ       ）     】J 黑桃A
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 】p 方块3 
【                                                                        】// ？
由于P红牌只有单韵【1&gt; ：P】对应，但是看到“&gt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向右
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母; 由于空位而停在了M位置，既然已经知道【捐，泡，苗】等音值，
从而双合假名【Jp】可推导需成为 Jm~r 并念读为“捐苗”反切，再儿化后得到==》jiao~r（普通话
类似“脚儿”字音！

对于类似“Y`”的转进中止情况，则《理想语音图》中还有仅仅一个特例条件，是LN匹配c的停止情况：
例如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）         】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF    】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|         】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0c ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到
“Y”黑牌！于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知道【杨，松】
音值，从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ong~r
（普通话类似“永儿”字音！）


&lt;/PRE&gt;
http://hiphotos.baidu.com/yusunny888/pic/item/2275659664d8fb3d7af48034.jpg</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liyv</title>
    <id>7436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52705</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-17T03:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">liyv have sylable 26*26 table :)


&lt;pre&gt;

敬请牢记 大中小写 崭新对应的 10+16 字父口诀，;

请捐杨况兄'   佢外购毯赠    '我留'你泡婚    厨娘苗挼松[   沙编翠 嗲这费] 
Q J Y K X    V W G T Z    O L I P H    U N M R S    A B C D E F 
0 1 2 3 4    5 6 7 8 9   ~0~1~2~3~4   ~5~6~7~8~9   ~+~!~@~#~$~%
q j y k x    v y g t z    o l i p h    u n m r s    a b c d e f
                      o|HEX                         10 1 2 3 4 15
Q A 2.......              Q A 2 .....               10 J K 10 J K 
                                                        

【EH，E4~,Eh, $H,$4~,$h, eH,e4~,eh】＝＝zh～un
准大中小写的义母9种双合模式都是同音的：）


     这个崭新方案具有27个义母，其基本含义是0-9的10个十进制数目，和16个十六进制数目，以 及一个变用符“;”来
辅助标记例如化学元素等等；由于义母可对应大小写26个拉丁字母，所以 【H;】就代表氢元素，【He】就代表氦元素。。。，而100号以上的未来化学元素可用【Xy】百进 制来相应表示，因为两个十进制符号（0-9）的义母双合组符是
不会与国际现有化学元素相混淆的 ，通过某些&lt;生化&gt;双合义缀就可以简略构造表示出来容易念读听写的千百万种化合物！
     如果十六进制双合组符【Xy】表示意义为f(X,Y)=？的数学运算，则x&gt;=y是乘法，x&lt;y是加法 ，例如乘法口诀3~4~:1_2和加法口诀4~3~:0_7等等双音节语汇，加上百进制的语音快捷念读，就可 以极大提升全球儿童的数学水准！
国际数理化中学教师LIANMENG将首先倡导这种词汇改写使用方法：）


双合组符【XY】用于地理系统（全球以90度划分１６区块及其百进制细分平面）是从大到小逐 级精确的，每多念读延续
一个音节，就是把区域细分了一百个小区域，理想语就是如此简短确定是 哪个小区域！    
     如果类似生物肽链空间折叠可把上述２６字链对应到横椭圆钟表面的２４进制数目上，从而赋予了义母的有关日常
时刻新增意义并有快捷简短念读！任何绝对时间关系都可以最精炼表示出来！
   

理想语还可以精密确定空间相对关系，类似于原点到上下左右前后的方位介词，就可以把上述 钟表面某些数符对应到
（类似侦察兵术语“在你5点方向”）的快捷简短念读！
     如果类似原点到四面八方的矢量标记，就可以把上述钟表面某些数符对应到人类血脉延续辈次 树形结构上，从而
赋予了义母的有关（性别＝某人之父母，长幼＝出生时间前后）亲属词语精确意 义并有可构建表述旁系多代的快捷简短
念读！     。。。。。。

每个义母随其在义母串中的奇偶位置而相应变化其关联音素，分别对应了“赛状元”扑_克的_牌 张边沿的“四呼参数”
长方片区，具体意义也有所变化从而分为黑 _牌后合义母和红 _牌前合义母，可 以分别用黑色大写字母和红色小写字母
来简略提示标记！后合义母和前合义母一起形成双合模式，发音信息可以通过拼合两个长方片区所产生的正方形整体观察
来推导，获得类似于声韵反切（有 时还要加儿化韵）的华语方言注拼音节！
     【;a】模式类似于汉语“啊”可以变音为“啦，哇，哪...”，而【H;】等双合假名则好像是 日语“へ”假名的类似韵辙，
其余26*26=676个双合组符也都有明确的推导发音，特别是囊括了普 通话的四百多个音节，在电脑上可以类似双拼打字
全部表现出来！


记诵义母及其大中小写对应关系可通过五言四句有趣诗歌来实现：“请捐杨况兄，佢外购毯赠 ；我留你泡婚，厨娘苗挼松。”
《沙编翠嗲这费》，QJYKX,VWGTZ,OLIPH,UNMRS.ABCDEF;前面十个 是对应了0-9十进制数目，后面十六个是对应电脑
时代常见的0~-9~ABCDEF十六进制数码； 
     。。。。。。
     牢记了每个义母的“大中小”书写方式，例如“请”的三种方式【Q，0，q】则就能熟练写出 双合义母的3*3=9种同音
（包括简繁体汉字和非图符）表现形态，【QQ，Q0，Qq；0Q，00，0q；qQ，q0，qq】，它们都属于“中华假名”范畴，
例如常用模式【Qq】就用于化学元素显示。而【QQ】则用于标示国别代码。。。。。。如果把GBK图符都纳入其中，则
可以说是“华东假名”丰富了“ 理想语”表现形态！
    

全民拼义方案就是理想语的实现手段，可以分门别类达成规则化念读：例如各种人造物品都可以有国际专利代码来分类概括，
各种组织及其服务种类也有着商标专利编号 。。。
     推而广之，任何可以纳入电脑储存的整体系统知识都有着十六进制代码串，也就有了理想语念 读发音！时间炸药任何
其它语言概念词语，也都可通过国别词典册页行列义项数编码串了唯一标记 ，也就同样有着理想语的轻松区分念读音节流！

如下是图表
 

正如 化学元素 大小写组合 是按照 理想语 双合规则 念读的 一样， 
逻辑语的 有着限定字母组合的   两大模式：
ccvcv  
cvccv
在 转变成为 
C;CVCV
CVC;CV
之后， 也要以 理想语 念读规则 来发言， 其语义 则与 逻辑语 完全一致！
语音和形式上 与普通话语音 和 676剩余 双合音节 可以区分！

所以当场可引进 逻辑语的丰富成果和语言学家 人气支持：）


客观地说，我们是在讨论创造 双合义缀 解读规则，从而 把 未来名词人造物品 系统化动植物医学图表等等 逐步转用 
包括 国际专利分类代码 等等的 字母数目混合串，尽量 系统化 成批引进 并可 按需截取 简短粗略的 交流语汇， 以
达到 日常使用中的适当粗糙 的快捷效果 ：）
同时 理想语 还保证是 各国辞典语汇 集大成者，所以任何概念 都有 几个出处， 在其本族 应该是人人能明白，
通过 广泛交流， 优胜劣汰， 自然留下 人数使用较多的 简短字语， 
估计 最终结果是 常用词语 和语法虚词 是汉语普通话 来源较多， 比较简短， 而且 初学者 就多，再传播到其他爱好者，
 就更有 第一印象 的 实际发展效果了 ：）


60000个汉字图符， 已经有了unicode统一编码，
基本汉字幼教常用意义， 可以用 ZR RQ HL 等等 来 带动 单音节汉语 和 国际化学元素 等等，
然后再读这些双合编码 ，自然就成了你囊括世界的理想语， 特别是在您的支持合作推广下，讨论收集到 各国来源简短的
人人能明白的精选字语！

【HL】h化学－材L料
----这样写：HLO; HLHe ，，，
汉字提示 HL化学材料 O;/He(元素符号)

比例因子 2:1 ==2 ~1 ==yL ＝＝Ygr＝＝you～r


2 ~1 ＝＝= yL 小写大写 只是为了 明显韵母变幻，   9种双合义母 都是同音！

【21】＝＝ 表示在 HL化合物构造下， 第三与第四音节的元素 之比 是 2：1
【yL】
y杨留L
y iu 双合 转儿化
y~ou~r


h婚留L---------字父
h iu     双合 转儿化---反切拼音成：hiu

可以不必 转化 成为h~ou~r ＝＝hour， 反正 676－400音节的赋值 可以 少许变幻！ ：） 

~符号 只是 为了 分隔 当初 反切 儿化 来源！

HLO;==hiu－_e; 氧 -----hour是HL化学原料的意思，O;=发音类似 日语 e ！！！

HLHe＝＝hiu－he 氢-----这样 可以 匹配 音节了 ：）


3000汉字分类 排序 编码后再念，就是极大的 学习成本， 理想语 不敢自造 字语， 只是 吸取现有系统化知识，按照 
规则 给予 发音：）

已经有了unicode统一编码 就可以 给予 “数读”两个音节，代替 缩短词形， 并不需要其意义 ：）
。

ZR RQ HL 等等 调出 是汉字提示+汉语音，加上通知等等，就基本上 解决了 常用交流 所需词语 ：）


&lt;/PRE&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/数学口诀</title>
    <id>7437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52699</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-17T01:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;PRE&gt;


敬请牢记 大中小写 崭新对应的 10+16 字父口诀，;

请捐杨况兄'   佢外购毯赠    '我留'你泡婚    厨娘苗挼松[   沙编翠 嗲这费] 
Q J Y K X    V W G T Z    O L I P H    U N M R S    A B C D E F 
0 1 2 3 4    5 6 7 8 9   ~0~1~2~3~4   ~5~6~7~8~9   ~+~!~@~#~$~%
q j y k x    v y g t z    o l i p h    u n m r s    a b c d e f
                      o|HEX                         10 1 2 3 4 15
Q A 2.......              Q A 2 .....               10 J K 10 J K 
                                                        

【EH，E4~,Eh, $H,$4~,$h, eH,e4~,eh】＝＝zh～un
准大中小写的义母9种双合模式都是同音的：）全民拼义方案 ：） 


p&gt; q 是 加法： p+q＝bd
p&lt;= q 是 乘法： p*q＝bd

1～1～01
L l Qj
liuqvan
留 全


21 03 2204 2306 ...
31 04 32 05 3309 ...

                      9981
皆花了九九乘法表之外， 
还有 

？+？＝２*？   ？＝ 1－９

@@=2@   
Cc Yc
翠 约

？+0＝０？   ？＝ 1－９

@0=0@   
Co Qc
痤 瘸

1*？＝0？   ？＝ 1－９

1@=0@   
Lc Qc
略 瘸


０*？＝０0   ？＝ ０－９

0@=00   
Oc Qq
约r请

还有 逻辑口诀 （布尔函数）， 

逻辑口诀 从此 可以 提早 进入 幼小儿童 心里 ：）

@ 
圈－－全体之一 ？ ＝1－9


+
A all 中最大者

T+？＝T
+@ 0+
Ac Qa
水 恰r

T＝＝+
F＝＝0


？+F＝？
@0=0@   
Co Qc
痤 瘸

T*？＝？
+@=0@   
Ac Qc
水 瘸


F*？＝０
0@=00   
Oc Qq
约r请


p&gt; q 是 加法： p+q＝bd
p&lt;= q 是 乘法： p*q＝bd

2~1~03    2~2~04  2~3~06   2~4~08  2~5~10   2~6~12     2~7~14  2~8~16   2~9~18
I l Qk  ngiqiong  I p Qw ngunqianr I u Jq ngiangjiangr I m Jx ngiejiai  I s Jt
ngiuqing  I i Qx ngaoqiai  I h Qt ngujing   I n Jy  ngiaojiong I r Jw ngongjianr 
ng友 全    ng以琼   ng敖 q矮   ng云前r  ng五景   ng羊 奖r   ng尧 炯  ng也j矮  ng洪 简r

3~1~04    3~2~05  3~3~09   3~4~12  3~5~15   3~6~18     3~7~21  3~8~24   3~9~27
P l Qx    pi  qv  P p Qz pvnjiangr P u Jv piangjingr   P m Yj pieyonhr  P s Yg
piuqiong  P i Qv paoqingr  P h Jy  pu  jv   P n Jz   piaoyvanI Jw Yx   pongyou
p友 琼     皮 取    跑 请r    p云 奖r   谱 局    p羊 景r      漂 元   撇 永r    p洪 友

4~1~05    4~2~06  4~3~07   4~4~16  4~5~20   4~6~24     4~7~28  4~8~32   4~9~36
H~l~Qv    hiqiai  H~p~Qg   hunjiai H~u~Yq   huaiyongr  H~m~Yt  huakang  H~s~Kw
hiuqv     H~i~Qw  haoqiur  H~h~Jw  huying   H~n~Yx     hiaoyam H~r~Ky   hongkai
h友 取     h以 q矮   好 球r    混 j矮   胡 营     怀 永r      h尧 严m   华 扛    洪 凯

5~1~06    5~2~07  5~3~08   5~4~09  5~5~25   5~6~30     5~7~35  5~8~40   5~9~45
U~l~Qw    chiqiur U~p~Qt chunqingr U~u~Yv  chuaiking   U~m~Kv chuaxing  U~s~Xv
chourqiai U~i~Qg chaoquanr U~h Qz chuyv   U~n~Kq     chaorkv  U~r~Xq  chongxv
筹r q矮    迟 球r   潮 全r     纯 请r 处 于    揣 k营      潮r k于   欻 形     虫 许

6~1~07   6~2~08  6~3~09   6~4~10  6~5~11   6~6~36     6~7~42  6~8~48   6~9~54
N~l~Qg   niquanr N~p~Qz   nunjing N~u~Jj niangkuai    N~m~Xy  niexianr N~s~Vx
niuqiur  N~i~Qt  naoqingr N~h~Jq  nujuan   N~n~Kn  niaoxiangr N~r~Xt   nongvenm
牛 球r    泥 全r   脑 情r    黁 景    努 卷     娘 块      鸟 想r    捏 贤r   农 v恩m

7~1~08   7~2~09  7~3~10   7~4~11  7~5~12   7~6~13     7~7~49  7~8~56   7~9~63
M~l~Qt   miqingr M~p~Jq  munjvan  M~u~Jy  miangjinm   M~m~Xz   mievai   M~s~Wk
miuquanr M~i~Qz  maojing  M~h~Jj mujiangr  M~n~Jk   miaoxingr M~r~Vw  mongwinm
谬 全r    迷 情r   毛 景     m云 卷  母 奖r    m杨 仅m    苗 形r    咩 v矮   m洪 w音m

8~1~09   8~2~10  8~3~11   8~4~12  8~5~13   8~6~14     8~7~15  8~8~64   8~9~72
R~l~Qz   rijing  R~p~Jj runjiangr R~u~Jk riangjiong   R~m~Jv ruawiong  R~s~Gy
riuqingr R~i~Jq  raojvan  R~h~Jy  rujinm   R~n~Jx     raorjv  R~r~Wx  ronggang
r友 请r   日 景    扰 卷     润 奖r   如 仅m    r外 炯      扰r 局   挼 w永     容 港

9~1~10   9~2~11  9~3~12   9~4~13  9~5~14   9~6~15     9~7~16  9~8~17   9~9~81
S~l~Jq   sijvan  S~p~Jy   sunjinm S~u~Jx   siangjv    S~m~Jw  siejiur  S~s~Tj
sourjing S~i~Jj saojiangr S~h~Jk  sujiong  S~n~Jv    saorjiai S~r~Jg  songtian
叟r 景    死 卷    扫 奖r    损 仅m   俗 炯     桑r 局      扫r j矮  s也 酒r   耸 甜

&lt;/PRE&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya chart 6.PNG</title>
    <id>7438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52682</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-16T16:05:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Classical Magorionian</title>
    <id>7439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55771</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T16:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fall of the language */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''{{{Modern Magorionian| Timef Gam Magern}}}''' &lt;br&gt;[{{{phonetic|ˈtʰimef 'gam 'magern}}}]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Timeline/Universe''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Eramár]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Period''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Fourth Age (Eramár)]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Spoken in''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Magorion]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Total speakers''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Unestimated
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Writing system''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Magorionic Alphabet
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Classification''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[West Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[Magorionian Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [[Classical Magorionian]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Typology'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Basic word order''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{word-or|SVO}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Morphology''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{mor-type|agglutinative}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |''Alignment''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{morphalign|NOM-ACC}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; | '''Credits'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Created by''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Toms Deimonds Barvidis ([[User:Longrim]])
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | {{edit|Template:Conlang3}}
|-
|}

Classical Magorionian was the literacy and official language of the Magorion State, both Imperial and pre-Imperial. It gave rise to many dialects of [[Vulgar Magorionian]], which later developed in many daughter languages.

===Rise of the language===

The language originally was one of the many spoken by the tribes that inhabited the territory of [[Magorion]]. After the state was unified, a need for a standard language arouse. Since the new-found dynasty originated from a tribe were the earliest forms of Classical Magorionian were spoken, a standardised form of it was accepted as the official language of Magorion.

It was originally spoken in an area south of [[Malidmúr]], the later capitol of Magorion, but it was brought to Malidmúr during the reign of first dynasty. It rapidly expanded throughout the country, extinguishing the local micro-languages.

Classical Magorion was set to be the only literacy language of the State/Empire. Every book, be it a story collection, a poetry book or a paper dealing with foreign culture, had to be written in the standard language, preferably the form of it spoken in Malidmúr. This caused a rapid extinction of local dialects, levelling the language to nearly uniform.

===Stagnation of the language===

As the Magorion grew to be an Empire, a lot of foreign influence came in Classical Magorionian. The Emperor of the time, [[Mur Tastron]], established an institution to deal with the growing foreign influence and decline of the &quot;fair&quot; forms of Language, particularly the spoken form. However, the Institution failed to battle the changes the language then underwent.

So, after a generation or two, Classical Magorionian, despite having great and ancient literary traditions, fell out of use as the daily language of the people of Magorion. Instead, a language chiefly derived from it, called the [[Vulgar Magorionian]] replaced it.

However, [[Classical Magorionian]] was still used in formal situations and when writing scientific works. 

===Fall of the language===

Eventually, the proficiency of inhabitants of Magorion in the language dropped. The most majority of works in Classical Magorionian were rewritten in forms of Vulgar Magorionian.

At the very end, as Vulgar Magorionian, considered a form of Classical Magorionian, collapsed thoughout the whole Empire into the various daughter languages, Classical Magorion became to be considered extinct.

===Descendants===

* [[Vulgar Magorionian]], and, consequentiality:
:* East, South and Central &quot;Vulgar&quot; languages of later Magorion;
:* [[Beringo-Tarmanian]] and it daughter languages:
::* [[Beringian]]
::* [[Low Tarmanian]]
::* [[High Tarmanian]]
* Scholarship Magorionian</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vulgar Magorionian</title>
    <id>7440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55772</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T17:11:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''{{{Vulgar Magorionian| Bẽif Fjãdiet Magoriõn}}}''' &lt;br&gt; {{IPA|ˈbẽ 'fjɑ̃ʒe ma'goʀjɔ̃n}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Timeline/Universe''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Eramár]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Period''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Fourth Age]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Spoken in''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Magorion]]
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Total speakers''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Unestimated
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Writing system''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Magorionic Alphabet
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Classification''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[West Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Magorionian Machoric]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Classical Magorionian]] &gt;&gt; [[Vulgar Magorionian]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot;| '''Typology'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Basic word order''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{word-or|SVO}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Morphology''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{mor-type|fusion}}}
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; |''Alignment''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{{morphalign|NOM-ACC}}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF&quot; | '''Credits'''
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | ''Created by''
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[User:Longrim]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | {{edit|Template:Conlang3}}
|-
|}

Vulgar Magorionian descended from [[Modern Magorionian]] and later gave rise to many daughter languages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/理想汉语</title>
    <id>7441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52869</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T09:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[理想语]]　向下兼容　[[理想汉语]]

基础是[[双合推导直观图]]从中蕴含了[[声母归类歌]]  [[四韵儿化表]]，可以包含普通话声母韵母。。。
俞苏宁先生 早被誉为中国的柴门霍夫，其设计的《[[理想语音图]]》广泛宣传并多次政府支助参展，是国际科技界的统一语言，可把国际专利代码等符号串变成最公平统一简短发音流！鉴于wikipedia管理者早在2003年的争议过节导致不准理想语之类的名词记录，所以只能在自家范围刊载以便让广大理想语爱好者有所关注 ：）


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;\_\&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;红   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;-Z &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;T- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;杨 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Y_X&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Z恩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;_- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;外 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;购 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;毯 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;赠 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;哦 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;G- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;y  &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;泡 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;X- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;_- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Y_W&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;P- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;;_A&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;  Z&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;沙 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;T- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;F_;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;A- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;这 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;费 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;\I\&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;牌   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;请 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;B- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;N- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;N音&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Q_C&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;I- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;L- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;B- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Q- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;留 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;妳 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;M- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;C- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;I- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;娘 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;苗 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;叶D&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;  Q&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;D- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;编 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;__R&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;嗲 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;ch&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;\U\&lt;/A&gt;  &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;四   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;-S &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;完 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;K- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;况H&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;S_H&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;U- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;N- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;J- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;S- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;我 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;U- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;婚 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;厨 &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;K外&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;_挼&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt; 松&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;R- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;J- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;翠_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;R- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;C- &lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/A&gt;
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&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;Y杨2y&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;羊_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;引m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;永r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;y矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;友_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;眼m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;营r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_哟&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;有r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_姚&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_云&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;与r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;杨r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;要r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;也r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_永&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;元r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;芽r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;y额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;y诶&lt;/A&gt;
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&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1t&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;X兄4x&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_形&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_玄&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;想r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;心m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;熊_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_许&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;x矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;修r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;玄r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;形r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;x哦&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_修&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_洗&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;小r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_旬&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;许r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_想&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_小&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_写&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;熊r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;霞r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;贤m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_穴&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_霞&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;x额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;x诶&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1t&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V佢5v&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v音&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v永&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_佢&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v哦&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V尧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v云&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v尧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V永&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;V芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v严&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;v诶&lt;/A&gt;
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&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;G购7g&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_管&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_港&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_广&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;跟m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_改&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_狗&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;赶m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_耿&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;国_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_搞&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;滚_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;谷_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;拐_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g尧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_拱&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_嘎&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g严&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;鬼_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_格&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_给&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;T毯8t&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;g营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_团&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_糖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t网&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t恩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_台&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_头&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;毯m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_腾&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;驼_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_体&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_桃&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;屯_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;土_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_条&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_铁&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_同&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_塔&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;甜m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;腿_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;t芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_特&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_忒&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;Z赠9z&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;增r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_攥&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_藏&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;怎r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;怎m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;z与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_载&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_走&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;咱m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_增&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;佐_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;走r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;子_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_早&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;尊_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;组_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;藏r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;早r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;z也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_总&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_杂&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;纂r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;嘴_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;杂r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_泽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_贼&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;O我&lt;STRIKE&gt;0&lt;/STRIKE&gt;o&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;鞥r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_苑&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_昂&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;恩r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;恩m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;o与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_偶&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;俺m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_鞥&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_哦&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;偶r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;o以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_敖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_运&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;屋_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;昂r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;敖r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;儿_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;o洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_阿&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;园r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;约r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;阿r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_诶&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0c&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;L留&lt;STRIKE&gt;1&lt;/STRIKE&gt;l&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_领&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_卵&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_郎&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;林m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;l恩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_侣&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_来&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_楼&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;篮m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_棱&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;罗_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_留&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_理&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_老&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;轮_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;卢_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_凉&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_辽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_咧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_龙&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_拉&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;连m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_略&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_俩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_勒&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_雷&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0c&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;I你&lt;STRIKE&gt;2&lt;/STRIKE&gt;i&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i婉&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i昂&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i音&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i恩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i偶&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i俺&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i鞥&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i窝&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i敖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i文&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i无&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i尧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i阿&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i严&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;i诶&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;P泡&lt;STRIKE&gt;3&lt;/STRIKE&gt;p&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_凭&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_旁&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;品m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;盆m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_牌&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_剖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;盘m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_朋&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_婆&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_皮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_跑&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p云&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;谱_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_漂&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_撇&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_爬&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;偏m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;p额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_培&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;H婚&lt;STRIKE&gt;4&lt;/STRIKE&gt;h&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_环&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_航&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_黄&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;很m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_孩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_侯&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;含m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_横&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;火_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_好&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;混_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;胡_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;怀_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h尧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_哈&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h严&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;回_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;h芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_合&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_黑&lt;/A&gt;
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&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;S松&lt;STRIKE&gt;9&lt;/STRIKE&gt;s&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;僧r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_酸&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_桑&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;森r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;森m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;s与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_腮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_叟&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;伞m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_僧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;所_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;叟r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;死_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_扫&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;损_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;俗_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;桑r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;扫r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;s也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_耸&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_洒&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;酸r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;随_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;洒r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_色&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;s诶&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;A沙+a&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;省r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_栓&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_赏&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_爽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;审m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;a与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_筛&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_首&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;闪m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_省&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;说_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;首r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;时_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_少&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;吮_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;属_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;甩_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;少r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;耍_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;a洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_傻&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;拴r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;水_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;傻r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_蛇&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_谁&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;B编!b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_饼&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_榜&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;宾m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;本m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_百&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b偶&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;版m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_甭&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_博&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_鼻&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_导&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b云&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;补_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_表&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_别&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_把&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;扁m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;b额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_背&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;C翠@c&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;层r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_窜&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_仓&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;涔r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;岑m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;c与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_彩&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_凑&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;残m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_层&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;痤_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;凑r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;词_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_草&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;存_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;簇_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;仓r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;草r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;c也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_从&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_擦&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;窜r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;崔_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;擦r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_侧&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;c诶&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;D嗲#d&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_顶&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_短&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_党&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;d网&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;扽m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;d与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_傣&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_抖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;胆m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_等&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;朵_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_丢&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_底&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_导&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;炖_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;独_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;d羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_刁&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_叠&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_懂&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_达&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;典m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;堆_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_嗲&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_得&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_嘚&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2b&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;E这$e&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;整r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_转&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_涨&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_装&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;枕m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;e与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_窄&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_肘&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;展m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_整&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;浊_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;肘r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;只_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_找&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;准_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;主_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;跩_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;找r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;爪_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_种&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_闸&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;转r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;追_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;闸r&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_者&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_这&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;3-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;2-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;0-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;1-&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;F费%f&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f营&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f元&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_房&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f音&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;粉m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f与&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f矮&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_否&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;反m&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_冯&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_佛&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f友&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f以&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f敖&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f云&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;符_&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f羊&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_覅&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f也&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f洪&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_法&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f严&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f约&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f芽&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;f额&lt;/A&gt; &lt;a HREF=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;SuNing Yu&quot;&gt;_肥&lt;/A&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


[[理想语音图]]
&lt;pre&gt;
;============================================================================
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;============================================================================
; 上述《理想语音图》隐含了理想语 声母归类歌 （巨贾抵，博资质）和 四韵儿化表：
;可以通过牌符叠合＝＝》 义母双合推导...
&lt;/pre&gt;
如下 正在修改， 理想汉语 比照 普通话汉语：）


{{unreference|time=2009-3-27}}
'''標準汉语语法'''中最大的特点是没有严格意义的形态变化。[[名词]]没有[[格 (语法)|格]]的变化，也没有[[性]]和[[数 (语法)|数]]的区别。[[动词]]不分[[人称]]，也没有[[时态]]。这一不同于欧洲语言的特点，使得在历史上很长一段时间内，汉语被很多语言学家认为没有语法也没有词类，直到[[20世纪]]著名历史学家[[威尔·杜兰]]在《[[文明的故事]]》第一卷《东方的遗产》一书中仍然认为汉语没有语法和词类。现在的观点认为，汉语有语法也有词类，只是它的语法不同于欧洲语言，而且一个词语存在多词性现象。

汉语语法的另外一个特点是省略。不影響大概意思的词往往省略掉。

==語素==
{{main|语素}}
在现代汉语裡，[[语素]]是最小的语音语义结合体，是最小的语言单位。“一个语言片段，一层一层的切分，分到不能再分的最小的单位，就是语素。”例如，“树胶”这个[[词]]可以分成“树”与“胶”两个'''语素'''，有“树木所产生的胶汁”之意。

在汉语里，大多数的单字同时也是一个语素，例如：“我、他、家、飞、跟、动、太、是、日、月、过、了、着、啊、呀”等等；不过，有些语素由两个以上的汉字组成，如“蜻蜓”、“葡萄”等，因为当“蜻”与“蜓”、“葡”与“萄”分开时，并不会带来任何含义，或者单字语素的含义和前者没有直接关系，如“葡”（[[葡萄牙]]的简称）与“[[葡萄]]”（一种水果）。

一些二字单词如“马虎”也是一个语素，因为“马虎”（形容草率）拆成“马”与“虎”时，“马”与“虎”这两个字所带的语素含义和“草率”没有关系。还有许多外来音译词，如：“巧克力、维基、英格兰、葡萄牙”等等也是不能再拆分的语素。

有些语素可以单独成[[词]]，如：“我、家、有、个、大、徘徊”等等，称为'''[[单纯词]]'''，也可以和其他语素合成一个新的词，如：“书包、百科、跑步、天气、葡萄糖”等等，称为'''[[合成词]]'''。还有许多不能单独成词的语素，即'''不自由语素'''和'''半自由词素'''。

依音节位数来划分，可分为：
*'''单音节语素
*'''双音节语素
*'''多音节语素
*'''非音节语素

依构词能力来划分，可分为：
*'''自由语素
*'''半自由语素
*'''不自由语素

==词==
'''汉语词类'''，有别于其它[[语言]]，特别是[[汉语]]作为[[意音文字]]，更有别于[[拼音文字]]。汉语词性也和其他[[语言]]有共性，[[词语]]可以拥有两种或以上[[词性]]，从[[语法|文法]]的角度来看，和其他语言之间共有的基本词类有[[动词]]、[[名词]]、[[代词]]、[[形容词]]、[[副词]]、[[介词]]和[[连接词]]等。

汉语词类没有统一的划分标准，分类方法很多，基本上可按照詞的[[音節形式]]、詞的內部結構及語法功能三方面來分類。

===音節形式===
*單音節詞
*雙音節詞
*多音節詞

===內部結構===
只由一個語素構成的詞稱為單純詞，由兩個或以上語素構成的詞稱為合成詞。
====单纯词====
{{main|单纯词}}
所有单音节的[[词]]，都是单纯词，例：天、人、地、山、跑、撞、好。

多音节语素独立而成的单纯词，可分为：
=====连绵词(連緜詞)=====
連綿詞又稱「聯綿詞」、「連綿字」，它是指不能拆開來解釋的詞。連綿詞有這些分類：
* 雙聲詞，聲母相同，如「慷慨」
* 疊韻詞，韻母相同，如「窈窕」、「駱駝」、「徘徊」
* 雙聲疊韻詞，同音重複，如「孜孜」
* 非雙聲疊韻詞，如「嘀咕」

=====叠声词=====
=====[[拟声词]]=====
=====音译外来词=====
====合成词====
{{main|合成词}}
合成詞由两个以上的语素合成，可分再為下列幾種結構：聯合式、偏正式、主謂式、動賓式、補充式、重疊式、附加式。
*聯合式：組成的語素意義相同、相近、相反或相關。
*:例：国家、左右、上下、江河、江山、宫殿、子女、兄弟姐妹、手足、父母、管理、动摇、超越、攻击、皇帝、美丽。
*偏正式：前一個語素限制或修飾後一個語素，詞的意義以後一個語素為主，前一個語素只起附加作用，前為偏，後為正。
*:例：[[橡胶]]、[[葡萄糖]]、蔗糖、书包、背包、[[羽毛球]]、[[篮球]]、图书馆、校园、学校、[[春天]]、雨天、偷袭、狠心、好心、科学、郊游。
*主謂式：前一個語素表示被陳述的物件，後一個語素表示陳述的情況。
*:例：[[地震]]、土崩、[[沙尘暴]]、[[民主]]、[[海啸]]、[[冬至]]。
*動賓式：前一個語素表示動作、行為，後一個語素表示動作、行為所支配的對象。詞的前部分通常是動詞，後部分是名詞，也可以是動詞或形容詞。
*:例：走路、赶路、起步、参军、游水、伤心、开心、司法、行政。
*補充式：後一個語素補充說明前一個語素，詞的意義以前一個語素為主。前部分是述語，只能是動詞或名詞，後部分是補語，通常是動詞、形容詞或狀態詞。
*:例：推动、赶走、说服、书本、车辆、花朵、马匹、纸张。
*重疊式：相同的語素重疊組成，
*:例：走走、看看、听听、婆婆、妈妈、爷爷、苦苦、囡囡、细细。
*附加式：加上前缀或后缀的词，一般上前缀与后缀为不自由语素。可分为前加式与后加式。
**前加式，例：老鼠、老虎、老师、老外、老末、老大、阿嬷、阿姨、第一。
**后加式，例：狮子、桌子、椅子、猴子、花儿、鸟儿、活性、惰性、好的、快乐的。
**两者综合，例：可塑性、小三儿、反全球化

====歧义====
一个词在没有语境的情况下不能只按字面意义解释，如主謂式的“[[冬至]]”中冬为名词，指冬天；至为动词，指来到，字面上可以理解为“冬天 来了”，然而其作为一个单独的词是指中国农历里的一个节气，是日照时间最短的一天。由此也可看出，以构词法组成的词，其含义虽和构词语素有一定联系，但也不能逐字理解。

===語法功能===
基本分为[[实词]]和[[虚词]]二类，也有人将[[拟声词]]与[[叹词]]其归入虚词。基本共用的词类划分有
*实词：名词、動詞、形容詞、狀態詞、區別詞、[[数词]]、[[量词]]、代词
*虚词：[[副词]]、介词、连词、[[助词]]、語氣詞

====名词====
表示人或事物(包括具体、抽象事物及时间、处所等)的名称。

====動詞====
表示動作、行為、心理活動或存在、變化、消失等。

玩 打 畫 寫 走 跑 跳 看 聽 哭 笑 叫 喊

====形容詞====
美丽的 漂亮的 醜陋的 溫柔的 凶狠的 棒的 好的

====狀態詞====
====區別詞====
====数词====
如：负二、零、一、十九点零三、一十八、十万九千七百、两千零八、十三亿、十万万

====量词====
个 支  块、包、攤、車、袋、堆、群、箱、碗

====代词====
代替名词，动词，形容词，数量词，副词的词。
如：我，她，它，你们，某些人，那个

====副词====
起修饰，限制动词或形容词作用，表示程度或范围的词。副词可独立作为[[句子成份]]（如[[状语]]）。如：正在、刚刚、有时、常常、不断地、{{Template:H:title|“在”有多种词性，在不同的位置里，也可以作为动词、副词使用。|在}}（修饰动词），很、非常、极度、太（修饰形容词）。

====介词====
置于代名词（或相当于名词的[[短语]]、从句）前、用以修饰后者的虚词，不能单独成句子成份，例如：从、{{Template:H:title|“在”有多种词性，在不同的位置里，也可以作为动词、副词使用。|在}}、跟、和、对、向、被、当、往。

====连词====
将两组[[单句]]联系起来的虚词，使之成为一个[[复句]]，用以表示前后两组单句的承接关系。如：和、与、及、以及、可是、但是、虽然……但是、因為……所以、是……不是、如果……那么、如果……就、由于……因此、与其……不如、要是……就、不但……而且、不止……还、既……也、要么……要么、一边……一边、一面……一面。

====助词====
不独立的虚词，多用来联系[[谓语]]、[[补语]]及[[宾语]]成份，如：着、了、地、得、的。

语气词有时也被归类为助词，称作“语气助词”。

====語氣詞====
有时也称为语气助词，多用于句尾，表达句子的语气。如：呀，嗎，啊，吧，呢。

===字母词语===
词语中的“字母词语”，汉语中有很多[[外来语]]（这些“字母词语”能不能算汉语和是否应该引入汉语具有争议），特别是[[英语]]构成的[[词语]]，形式有
*直接借用外语或数字的[[缩写]]或[[编号]]构成[[词语]]，如[[WTO]]、[[NBA]]、[[CIA]]、[[3D]]、[[N95]]、[[F22]]等；
*由字母加汉语[[语素]][[汉字]]构成的词语，如[[e化]]、[[IC卡]]、[[IP电话]]、[[SIM卡]]、[[PC机]]、[[pH值]]、[[IT产业]]等；
*直接引用英语[[科学术语]]或[[计算机]][[程序设计语言|程序语言]]不作汉化， [[linux]]、[[windows]]、[[e-Mail]]，主要集中于科技领域；
*直接引用外语的写法，原因是汉语中没有用于表述该词的词语或者那个词语本身就是无意义的。如物种拉丁名如[[Alveolata]]。

*直接引用其他语言的读音或加上汉字（多为类别等限定性的语素，前后皆可，亦有前后都加的）的汉语，如：[[坦克]]、[[尼龙]]、[[摩托车]]、[[因特网]]、[[珠穆朗玛峰]]、[[歇斯底里]]、小卡特河(Little Carter River)，[[拷贝]]，（动词名词均有），[[克隆]]，[[蒙太奇]]等；
另外汉语也有很多外来词，其中很大部分是[[英语]]词的直接音译；另外值得提出的是，[[日语]]词的汉字直接引进或者略加变形。
*直接引用外文对词语的写法，而成为一个或多个新的语素（主要来自源于汉语的日语）。如[[派出所]]、[[不动产]]、[[科学]]（[[康有为]]於20世纪初从日本引入）、[[电话]]、[[卡拉OK]]等；
*对外文进行音译和意译的结合，如[[可口可乐]]、[[T恤]]、[[维他命]]、[[盖世太保]]、[[嬉皮士]]、[[几何]]、[[迷你]]等；
*化学元素周期表中的化学专用字，很大部分也可以算作是外来音译，例如：[[镁]]、[[氖]]、[[硒]]、[[呋喃]]、[[茚]]等。

==詞組（短語）==
{{main|词组}}
短语由两个以上的[[词]]所组成，一般上不算是完整句子。根据词性成份，可分为'''并列短语'''、'''同位短语'''、'''偏正短语'''、'''动宾短语'''、'''谓补短语'''、'''主谓短语'''、'''连动短语'''、'''兼语短语'''、'''介宾短语'''等。
===并列（联合）短语===
由两个以上意义、词性相当的词并列组成的短语，之间可能有介词或连词、连接，例：“我和他”、“美丽聪慧”、“高大威猛”、“唱歌跳舞”、“又唱又跳”、“一边走路，一边赏花”、“陆地与海洋”。
===同位短语===
由两个以上词语组成、从不同角度指同一事物的短语，例：“我们两个”、“咱们仨”、“宝岛台湾”、“世界最长的建筑物——万里长城”、“马来西亚首都吉隆坡”、“台湾作家龙应台”、“诗仙李白”、“诗圣杜甫”、“东方之珠香港”。

===偏正短语===
前面的词修饰、描述后面的中心词而组成的短语，中间可能有介词“的”、“之”、“地”等连接，例：“我的妈妈”、“美丽的上海”、“美国总统”、“我家”、“高兴地说”。
===动宾（述宾）短语===
前面的动词支配后面的词（宾语），例：“看书”、“唱歌”、“洗衣服”、“编写新书”、“做蛋糕”、“听歌”、“穿越森林”。
===谓补（述补）短语===
后面的词（补语）补充前面的动词（谓语），中间可能有介词“得”连接，例：“吓坏”、“打破”、“打死”、“看得入神”、“笑成一团”、“走得快”、“变得不像样”。
===主谓短语===
主語和謂語是一對相互依存的概念。在後面陳述主語的叫謂語，在前面被謂語陳述的稱之為主語，有主才有謂，反之亦然。語法體系裡不存在「沒有主語的謂語」，也沒有「單獨存在的主語」。果真沒有謂語時，「主語」也不是主語了，反之亦然，例：''你开始''哭了、''他坚持''离去、''小明没有''带东西；斜体字部份为主谓短语。

===连动（连谓）短语===
描述两个以上连续、接连而下动作的短语，先做了前面的动作再做接下来的动作，不同于并列短语，一般有两个以上的动词，例如：“开门出去”、“拿起书包开门出去”、“起立行礼”、“提笔写字”、“拿起来看看”
===兼语短语===
由动宾短语与主谓短语组合起来的短语，例：“叫他出去”、“抓他出来”、“哄孩子睡觉”、“供一家吃饭”、“教学生读书”、“学老师讲话”。
===介宾短语===
由介词（在前）与宾语（在后）组成的短语，例：我''在家里''睡觉、我''和你''一起走走。
===“的地得”（程度状态连接语素）===
此处讨论“的”“地”“得”三个词是指汉语中特殊的连接词，并非用作介词和语气助词。
严格的说这三个字并不算词语，而是联系语素。
====“的”字用法====
用于连接形容词（或表示状态的短语）和其后被作用的词语，可以是'''名词、代词、动词（做名词时）、形容词、短语'''等。“的”字前面的词语用来修饰、限制“的”后面的'''事物'''，表示“的”后面的事物怎么样。

而名词和代词后面用“的”表示所有和归属，与上述不同。

例：

蓝蓝的天（形容词＋的＋名词）

可爱的你（形容词＋的＋代名詞）

漫无目的的搜索（状态短语＋的＋动名词，此时“搜索”是动名词，如：探险队在森林里作出一次'''漫无目的的搜索'''。）

可供查证的参考来源（状态短语+的＋名词性短语）

漂亮的蓝（形容词＋的＋形容词，在这种结构下，“蓝”起名词的作用）

我的他（名词+的+名词）

====“地”字用法====
状态词或状态短语＋地构成状语，其后连接被作用的词语，主要是'''动词和动词短语'''。Ａ＋地＋Ｂ的结构，表示动作Ｂ以状态Ａ进行着。

“地”在一般使用中极容易混淆成“的”，而按照约定俗成的习惯也认可“的”代替“地”这种用法（因为在汉语中，动作本身可以被看作是一个名词）。另外，“地”字也经常被省略掉。

例：

飞快地跑开了（副词+动词短语）

紧张地耕作（副词+动词）

漫无目的地搜索（状态短语＋地＋动词，此时“走动”是动词，如：探险队在森林里'''漫无目的地搜索'''。）

高兴地跳起来（副词+动词短语，此时“跳起来”是动词短语，表示动作，如：'''第二个动作还没完成，他就高兴地跳起来'''。）

====“得”字用法====
用于连接'''动词、副词、形容词、或表示状态的短语'''（但不能是名词、代词、数词、量词等以及不能表现状态的短语）和其后被作用的词语，主要是'''形容词和副词以及状态短语'''。“得”字后面的词语用来补充、修饰、限制“得”前面的'''动作或状态'''，说明“得”前面的词语怎么样，多是表示前面词语的程度，可以部分看作是“地”的反转结构。

例：

跑得快（动词+副词）

扔得很远（动词+形容词）

你的背包旧得很好看（形容词+形容词短语）

高兴得跳了起来（副词+动词短语，此时“跳了起来”是状态短语，表示动作，用于修饰“高兴”，如：'''所有动作完成后，他禁不住高兴得跳了起来'''。）

====三者的语境====
可以简单地认为：

“的”字表示事物的状态，强调的是“的”字前面的词语；

“地”字表示动作的状态，强调的是“地”字前面的词语；

“得”字表示状态的补充，强调的是“得”字后面的词语。

==句子==
句子分為單句及複句。單句分為主謂句及非主謂句。
===單句===
====主謂句====
'''主谓句'''是由主谓短语带上一定的语调构成的[[句子]]。

根据[[谓语]][[词性]]不同，主谓句可分为名词谓语句、动词谓语句、形容词谓语句、主谓谓语句四种[[类型]]。其中，主谓谓语句是由主谓短语充当[[谓语]]的主谓句。

如果根据[[主语]]的存廢來劃分，主谓句又可分为完全主谓句和不完全主谓句。
=====完全主謂句=====
「完全主謂句」就是指句子裡有主謂結構並且主謂部分都顯現出來，沒有被省略的句子。例如：
{{quote|
小強被金錢龜吃了
}}
「被金錢龜吃了」的[[謂語]]部分就是對[[主語]]「小強」的[[陳述]]了。
=====不完全主謂句=====
「不完全主謂句」是指[[句子]]裡有主謂結構，但[[主語]]或[[謂語]]部分可能在特定的語境裡承前或蒙後省略了，沒全都顯現出來的句子。例如：
{{quote|
毛小慧問道：「誰被金錢龜吃了？」&lt;br&gt;

-{余}-樂天淒然嘆喟：「小強！」
}}
要注意的是，「不完全主謂句」裡，被省略的[[主語]]或[[謂語]]成分並非不存在，只是在特定語境裡，為簡鍊而省略了，我們是可以按文意酌情補回省略了的主、謂部分而不影響文意的。上例「小強。」便是「不完全主謂句」，我們能按文意補上「～被金錢龜吃了」使之變成「完全主謂句」而意義不變的，但因為承前文毛小慧的問話，不說自明，所以省去謂語部分更好。

====非主謂句====
「非主謂句」跟「不完全主謂句」外觀上相似，不過跟「不完全主謂句」不同，「非主謂句」之所以不呈現主謂結構，並非因為在特定語境承前蒙後而把主語或謂語略省了，而是因為「非主謂句」的確是沒有主謂結構的句子，這是「不完全主謂句」和「非主謂句」的根本分別。譬如，有時在特定場合裡，我們在沒有上文下理的情況下，帶語調地喊一句「小強。」（或「小強！」或「小強？」，或驚恐或歡欣，視乎喊「小強」的是余樂天還是毛小慧），也能表達一個完整的意思。這不是主語或謂語的省略，而是根本無需補出主謂結構。我們雖然可以任意為「小強」補上語境或其他句子成分使之成為主謂句，但無論補上什麼，原句的語意都一定會被改變。也就是說，改了以後，也是另一句句子。我們根本無法在原句本義不變的情況下補出一個合適的主謂結構來。「不完全主謂句」和「非主謂句」的分別就在此顯明了
===複句與分句===
複句由分句構成（「分句」也有稱為「單句形式」）。有異於短語之於句子，分句在句子裡並不互為句子成分，而且，各分句均已具備單句的形式（可以是單句的主謂句形式或非主謂句形式）。

當然，這獨立性只是相對短語而言。「單句形式」的獨立性還是遜於「單句」的。

我們試以「複句會使用關聯詞語，單句不使用關聯詞語」這句為例。這複句的兩個分句都具備了單句的形式，它們各自是一個完備的主謂句結構，且分句與分句之間也只是並列關係，並不存在主謂賓定狀補等句子成分關係。假使獨立出來，觀之亦與一句完整的單句無異。假使我們把上例兩個單句形式單獨運用來表述意思時，它們是就是兩句單句，可以各自有完整的語調。

當然，作為複句，合讀時自有複句的句調，不可割裂。複句裡的分句，也不具備完整的意義，不可獨立應用，不足表述一個完整自足、不用補充的概念。

复句的基本类型：1、并列复句，2、承接复句，3、递进复句，4、选择复句，5、转折复句，6、假设复句，7、因果复句，8、条件复句，9、解说复句，10、目的复句。

===把字句===
{{main|把字句}}
该句型是属于宾语前置的一种情况，在现代汉语中，一个完整的句子是比较严格的遵循“主+谓+宾”的顺序结构的。该种句型来自于古汉语，“把”字是将宾语提前的一个特征，成为“主+‘把’+宾+谓”的语序，亦可将“把”看作是谓语，而后的动词看作是谓语补足语。可以认为“把”的语义与英语中的“take to”相同。
等同于“把”字的动词还有“将”“拿”等，但语境更为书面化（特别是“拿”字句）。

例：

小明把鼠标拿到手中。

病毒把系统破坏了。

我手持钢鞭将你打了。

请将书翻到53页。

他将旗子举起。

夕阳将傍晚的天空照得通红。

午时三刻拿重犯开刀问斩。

我将拿你是问！（此处的“将”代表将来语态）

===被字句===
{{main|被字句}}
被字句在汉语当中用表示被动语态，此时的次序为“宾+‘被’主+谓”，亦可将被字句看作与把字句相似的句型，二者都是将谓语后置（如果将受动者看成是主语的话）。

但与把字句不同的是：被字句可以省略掉主语，亦可省略“被”字（本句话完整的表达为“被字句可以被省略掉主语，亦可被省略掉‘被’字”，但这样不太符合汉语的一般表达）。

“被”字也可以用“遭”“叫”“让”“给”字代替（多出现在方言或口语当中，相对少见）以及“为”“受”字代替（多用于书面语和古文）。

例：

我被打了。（省略主语）

我被他打了。

我遭他打了。

我给人打了。

他叫人给糊弄了。

一世英豪竟为奸人所害。

受制于人。

矿泉水遭他喝完了。

你让他骗了。

鱼将被小猫吃掉。

他被无耻的叛徒出卖。

囚犯被关押在一个秘密的地方。（省略主语，“一个秘密的地方”是状语）

===把字句和被字句的转换===
把字句和被字句可以相互转换，即按照“宾+‘被’主+谓”和“主+‘把’+宾+谓”的顺序进行互换，在这种情况下，被字句中通常不能有省略掉的成分（在一些文学作品中，根据上下文的连接也可在把字句中省略主语，但和被字句强调的成分不同）。

例：

他把我打了↔我被他打了。

鱼将被小猫吃掉↔小猫将把鱼吃掉。

“他做了什么？”“把我敲晕了！”↔“他做了什么？”“我被敲晕了！”（前一句的语境强调施动者的动作，后一句强调受动者的感受）

==时态==
汉语中动词没有时态的变化，而时态也不如英语中那么分明和强烈，通常是通过时间状语和一些“时态词”（如原来、曾经、了、掉、完成、将、正在、已经、开始、结束等）来表示动作的时态。

===现在时===
该时态是最常见的，同于英语，不用加上时间状语和“时态词”。

例：

这个网站是维基百科。

运动员跑步。

他名叫“徐庶”。


===过去时===
对过去的动作描述多加上时间状语或“原来”“曾经”等时态词。

例：

这个网站过去不是维基百科。

运动员昨天下午在跑步。

他曾经名为“单福”。


===将来时===
对未来的动作描述多加上时间状语或“将”“要”等时态词。

例：

这个网站将成为全球最大的百科全书网站。

运动员明天跑步。

他要更名为“徐元直”。


===进行时===
对进行中的动作描述多加上时间状语或“正在”“正”“在”等时态词。

例：

这个网站正在成为全球最大的百科全书网站。

运动员目前正在跑步。

他正着手于改名为“徐元直”的手续。


===完成时===
对完成的动作描述多加上时间状语并加上“完成”“已经”“了”等时态词。

例：

这个网站已经成为了全球最大的百科全书网站。

运动员跑完了。

他已经改名叫“徐元直”。


===时态的组合===
同于英语，以上时态可以进行组合。

例：

这个网站昨天已经成为了全球最大的百科全书网站。（过去完成时）

两年前，这个网站正在成为全球最大的百科全书网站。（过去进行时）

当时就知道这个网站将成为全球最大的百科全书网站。（过去将来时）

这个网站直到现在还是全球最大的百科全书网站。（现在完成进行时）

运动员还在跑步。（现在完成进行时）

他叫徐庶已经三年多了。（现在完成进行时）

他去年更名单福后又要改成叫徐元直。（过去将来时）

运动员说他们将要跑步。（过去将来进行时）

运动员要开始跑步了。（将来进行时）

他将要做的事情是去将名字改成徐元直。（过去将来进行时）

明天这个时候，他将去办理更名叫徐元直的手续。（将来进行时）

明天这个时候，他将更名叫徐元直。（将来完成时）

运动员将在一个钟头后跑完。（将来完成时）

运动员一个钟头后还会继续跑下去。（将来完成进行时）

庞士元和诸葛孔明说他明年还是会名叫徐元直。（过去将来完成进行时）

到三点钟时运动员就跑了一个小时二十分钟了。（过去将来完成进行时）

到2020年，这个网站会继续保持成为全球最大的百科全书网站的历史最长时间记录。（过去将来完成进行时）

……不一一类举，汉语中对时态的需求并不如英语那般正式和迫切，只需要将事件描述清楚，不必在乎到底是什么时态。相反的，过分在乎时态会导致描述的不准确。

==句群==
句群是大於句子的語言片斷，它是由一組有明晰的中心意思、前後銜接連貫的句子組成的，同時它又是文章段落的組成材料。

句群不同於複句，從書面形式看，複句祇有一個句末標點，而句群不止一個句末標點；複句內部的分句結構比較嚴密，常使用成群的或單個的關聯詞語，而句群中的句子和句子之間在結構上比較鬆散，不需要特別使用關聯詞語來表示句子與句子的語義關係；此外，句群還用詞彙手段關聯句子，也即用相同或相似的詞語來關聯，這也是與複句不同的。

句群和文章的自然段落也不同。一般而言，自然段落是比句群大的語言片段，自然段落通常包含了一個以上的句群。有的時候，段落與句群是重合的，一個句群就是一個自然段落，少數的時候，自然段落比句群還要小，句群裡的句子被分為了幾個自然段落。 

句群的分類在語法學上最有意義的是對句群結構類型的分類，這種分類是根據句群內部句子之間組合關係的類型。句群的結構類型常見的有十種：
#並列關係：特點是句群內部的句子是平等並列的關係，各個句子對一件事物的不同方面進行描述，或從不同角度敘述幾件有密切關係的事物；
#順承關係：各個句子按時間或事件的發展先後順序排列，前後句子是承接的關係；
#是遞進關係：後面的句子在意思上比前面的句子更進一層；
#是總分關係：句子之間一般是先總說，後分說；
#是選擇關係：各個句子都是說明情況，讓人從中選擇一種；
#是轉折關係：前後的句子在意思上有轉折；
#是因果關係：前後句子有原因和結果的關係；
#是假設關係：也就是前後的句子是假設和結果的關係；
#是條件關係：前面的句子提出條件，後面的句子說出結果；
#是目的關係：前面的句子提到某種行為，後面的句子說到行為的目的。 
如果句群內部的句子之間祇有一種結構關係，即一個結構層次，就是簡單句群；如果句群內部的句子結構關係不止一種，其結構層次不止一層，就是多重句群。

句群的切分，是指一個自然段包含有幾個句群時，如何劃分句群的問題。劃分句群，主要是要根據句子之間的語義關係，分出自然段裡有幾個相對獨立的語義中心，圍繞著這些語義中心組合起來的句子，就是一個句群。要注意的是，組成自然段的不但有句群，也會有句子，切分時要把句群和句子分清楚。

==相關條目==
*[[歐化中文]]

[[Category:汉语语法|*]]
[[Category:特定語言語法]]
{{漢語}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/理想语备份资料</title>
    <id>7442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52735</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T13:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '鉴于多年来理想语的实际进展，远比某些语言小条目更有理论成果和实际研发人群，所以我们不避&quot;毛遂自荐&quot;而要努力&quot;雁过留声&quot;贡献心…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">鉴于多年来理想语的实际进展，远比某些语言小条目更有理论成果和实际研发人群，所以我们不避&quot;毛遂自荐&quot;而要努力&quot;雁过留声&quot;贡献心智！其它门户和wiki网站已经有着非常多的宣传报道，只是本处新近条目在奥运开通期间却再度被删除，我们遗憾感觉到这里还是延续几年前的误解心态；为了避免彼此突然无法沟通交流，我们“理想语推行委员会”特此先在自己的User区域内予以留存改进，力争日后获得正式条目的显示机会：）

既然 理想语 是一个 现有语言（包括人造语的）集大成者，所以 可以说是 任何人 都是 理想语的 某地方言 爱好者，例如 只需 附加 WE前缀 就能调用 任何 英语词汇， 附加 WL前缀 就能调用 Lojnan 人造语言 各种词汇。。。所以 可知 只要 假以时日 深入 研判 理解， 大家 就能 认同 理想语 做为 一个 可以 逐步 wiki磨合 提炼 常用词汇的 交流语言，是 完全可以 获得 条目 身份的 ：） 

理想语 为 语言学界 提供了 许多崭新方式，虽然可能是 管理员 闻所未闻的，却是 极其有效，希望 能够得到 宽容对待：） 
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


理想语 主要以“理想语音图”为准 分清 （汉语普通话）自然语汇来源 和 其它逻辑推演“意筋”代码串，（从听觉上 就能 明细 区分， 例如 绝大多数 普通话学用人士 可以轻松掌握 《理想语音图》， 其中的26×26纵横交叉位置的就是“华东假名”， 也叫“中华假名”或者简称“飘假名”，形式上是（大写＋小写）双合字母，大多数的交叉位置处 有汉字，则是 符合 声韵双拼 规律的汉字普通话音值；少数是 其它方言音值 甚至是“未定音值”；
并且 某些 音值 之间 互相 比较 类似，但是 在理想语的精心设计的各种前缀关联下，是能获得“特定局部选用范畴”下的音值 与 假名形态的 意义对应！例如 非汉语词汇 基本上 都是以V声母起头的，而 只要“理想双合”符号 没有对应 普通话音节，就是 各种 双合前缀，不但 规定了 意义 解读方式，还 包括提示 特殊变音 崭新规则：）

例如 【V*】起首的必然不是传统汉语词汇，而We调用English英语，Wl调用Lojban，Ws调用 西班牙语。。。 另外“四键合音”可以模拟世界上更大语种的常用音节，（可以解决粤语、吴语、闽南台语等等汉语方言、、、） 例如【DxR;】表明儿化韵diaor ...【DxT;】类似西语闭音节，【DxT;L;】类似韩语多重尾辅音，。牌符【?;】小鬼] 又如【Dr;x】表明类似俄语的Dr复合辅音，。。。牌符【;?】大王[ (其中【正[大王】可以包含 前S， 使得STR...)


理想语的 现有常用语汇 来源于1500英语Globish单词 和 大量汉语虚字， 也包括Esperanto相关词表 和Lojban逻辑表述语汇 等等，以及各种专业的大量缩略词、网络词语 火星文等等，特别是 双字母的国别代码表 和 国际专利分类代码 ！ 未来将是以各国人士公认平等的国际专业代码的 口语化词汇 为主 ：）

理想语的全部音节请看《理想语音图》 http://yusuning.com/ 或者 http://lixingqiang.xm04.host.35.com/pdth0.htm

理想语的输入元素 基本上是 26个 字父（对应 26字母）键盘符号，其中 字父排序26个 分为 前10个 十进制（音节）单位，和 后16个 H进制 单位数目，是用【0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、＋、！、◎、＃、$、％】来表示的！

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理想双合拼音模式图:【声27ｘ27韵】 可完备覆盖“注音表述法”:简写&quot;声串&quot;=&gt;[声]... 双合》双拼》注音》全拼!
                     前      后                “声*介*韵”                 例如   
 声串~~[介] ______   \大    小/     声串[介]      消除区   -【[声] 介  韵】 声韵 - ㄌ~ㄨ_ㄞ   l~u_ai   ?
辅声母 [类] 元韵辙    D写字母x          [类]     本区展开: 【[[声][介]]韵】  Lh    ㄌ*ㄧ*ㄤ   l i ang 靓
~~~~~~    \__韵串      0中数%             \_韵串  附加区   +【[声] 介】      Nv  + ㄋ^ㄩ      n^v     女
                                          ↓                                                                  钟表图
★★★任意红黑&quot;牌对&quot;大小写字符双合为4声韵组↓包含1-4华语普通话音节★★★           外圈  ;~@~~~# b!~~\  0 ~~~\ 椭圆
BP MF DT                                   ㄧ                        ㄤ           16数符 !   $~ /  $d ~\      1
:     DT   NLV                   ZCS     →ㄨ          ㄞ         ㄚ~ㄤ           矢位图 + %~ a+ % |\   ~\     ~\2 
:→→ :→→→: →→→→→→→→→:  →→→ あ                     ;a                     |   /  f\ | \    ~\      \
ㄅ ㄇ ㄉ[] ㄋｖ →ㄍㄏ ㄐㄒ ㄓㄕ ㄗㄙ     nん ~~ ~~ ~! ~~ ~~||~~ ~! ~~ ~~~~~~!~~~~~~  n;/ 左9    #此 @中__;彼   右3
:  :  DT   NLV~   GKH  :ㄑ  EUAR ZCSI    ↓ㄨ     r     m c  u     h  l z (d  o C  ?  wu|9   \    这e 内c         :
:ㄆ ㄈ ㄊ   ㄌ     ㄎ万JQXY :ㄔㄖ:ㄘ兀   ↓ㄩ     r  d    c (v          z    (; C  ?  yv|8    8                4 /|
BP MF DT   NL     :  : JQX: :  : ::      ↓ㄧ (p  b (j  ?(q  i  l (x  h m     ?       yi|7     \_7          5   /
BP MF DTO  NL   ; GKHW    Y EUAR ZCS     ↓()  s (n    (k w  i (g  a (y(t (f  o(I (e     \6 - - - - - &gt; 6__ - ~
:/         :    :           :        【~Z_】\_ㄠ_ㄣ_ㄝ_ㄞㄥ_ｖ_ㄡ_ㄚ_ㄤㄢ_ㄟ_ㄛ币_ㄜ→→→\543210_-~  
/          : 万 :           EUAR ZCS      (币)               i             |  | |  | +    ~~~~~/赋予DNA诀链(点)义!
|          : ｖ :           E :          →() ０ １ ２ ３４ ５ ６ ７ ８９  |  ; |  |  erㄦ    /结合各种 相应经验
| 中日注音 NLV  :             :          →ㄩ               Vv             |  | |  |  ?v     /横椭圆钟表 直观图面,
|               ;英外辅音     A          →()               ↓             |  ; |  | THoi[] /三段折叠弯曲 可成为
|                                            /~p ~n ~j ~k~q  v ~g ~x ~y~t ~f  \ \ ~e`      /前阙~后阙_诗名  :
朴嫩姐  慨请  ,佢 购 下  样坛   《诗解牢记 :/ 朴 嫩 姐 慨请,佢 购 下 样坛 费ㄉd\ \这&lt;%$     :               先内圈
PpNnJj慷KkQq客,Vv Gg Xx货YyTt罐,&quot;赛状元&quot;   1  ㄆ ㄋ ㄐ ㄎㄑ 万 ㄍ ㄒ ㄧㄊ ㄈ#兑| |ㄓ  # Ｚ+1前阙      十进制0-9
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    我 留 攥  你花,  除扫  瓮    润棉    ■\ 我 留 攥 你花,除 扫 瓮 润棉 【沙宾腮匆  /~兑 这 费】  然后是   ~  ~ab
她走Oo Ll,Zz掉IiHh,清UuSs去Ww中湿RrMm絮 . ◆\ o ~l ~z ~i~h ~u ~s ~w ~r~m...+a!b~;~c_/   d  e  f     椭圆焦点中心
【沙宾(腮)匆 →→兑 →→这 →→费→→】诗歌   ↓ `       `             `          `                  顺时针旋转 
【AaBb [; Cc忙My Dd付Fu Ee笔Bi Ff用Yc】 名称   ↓```~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~q ```~~腮~~\  卷曲能补内圈
bq=[YhH;HeLi...超百元素谱≠bd区]\   9块区∈%%\ 我 留 攥 你 花~~~~~&gt; 我留攥你花 除扫瓮润棉  沙宾  匆 ~~~~~]    $e%f
\y   o  l  z  i  h  u  s  w  r  m [Xy(Tw)] %% 朴嫩姐慨请 佢购下样坛 _____________________          兑这费】  |
X   我 留 攥 你 花 除 扫 瓮 润 棉  bq:bd'  \【ＱＡ２３４ ５６７８９ ＱＡ２３４ ５６７８９  10Ｊ；ＫＪＫ10    |
元素-0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 ∞1Xy&gt;118 【 0 1 2 3ょ  5 6ゃ 8 9 ぉゅ 2ぃ 4 ぅ 6 7 8 9  ぁ11；121314ぇ    |
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  1 Ne Na Mg Al Si P; S; Cl Ar K;  03锂 现  【脲嫩捏萘宁 女耨17囊喃 诺牛暖你娘 奴闹能黁年  那您N;农虐呢内     \
 2  Ca Sc Ti V; Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu  PiLi口诀 【角21姐23肼 聚??镓{??? √就卷季讲 ????√均见  ??金 ;炯绝√√     阙
  3 Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y;  03Xy 例&lt; 【30肯32慨34 35口37康侃 扩狂宽き夸 ..靠坑醌快  胩..K;空喹可剋 bd: 
 4  Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In [bqXy]    【桥41且43氢 去??恰???? √巯醛其羟 ????√群前  √嗪 ;穷炔√√   {Tw}
  5 Sn Sb Te I; Xe Cs Ba(La Ce Pr 百  专利V?【5051525354 Vvvg575859 v0√69v1vh √√√v2v3  vavbV;vcvdvevf
 6  Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 字  代码串【60跟62该64 65购67刚苷 国广管ぎ挂 故高更滚怪  嘎.. ;共硅各给 《理想
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 8  Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra(Ac 素 p] 特字【!s`n!e83赢 !!有!j氧言 哟!!原异!! 俞要`r云!!  亚`bY;用月也`f
  9 Th Pa U; Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es 歌 []配价 【条91萜肽烃 95头97羰碳}托√团体√ 土套疼吞天  它√ ;酮推特忒    :   
p^q ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   pq=bd ：百进序数歌~~~~~~~~~~ [超百Yh H;..81乘口诀]  --------------    |外圈
1~0 Fm)Md No Lr)Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 0?00 0*?=0【`q恩`j爱`p `v欧`x昂胺 哦`l`zi-`h `u澳鞥√`m  阿//O;....俄诶   后
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 -2*   03\04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 ?00? ?+0=?【√怎√在√ √奏√葬赞 唑√攥自zh 组皂增尊√  杂√ ;腙醉则贼   阙
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 -4    05 06 07\16 20 24 28 32 36   Xy      【√很√海√ √后√航焓 或磺环ひ花 户好横混坏  哈//H;红会合黑 pd:Xy \\
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 6-    07 08 09 10 11\36 42 48 54 * 2306 X&lt;y【√森√噻√ √搜√桑三 缩羧酸似√ 素扫僧孙√  脎√S;送随色せ   [      ]
 7-    08 09 10 11 12 13\49 56 63 * 2204 X=y【wx问`p外wj wv`gwx王烷 肟`l`kwi`h 芴..瓮wrwm  哇√W;..wzwe为  X * 10 + y
 8-    09 10 11 12 13 14 15\64 72   ZzPq    【√人√√√ √鞣√让然 若√软日挼 如绕扔润√  ら√ ;溶瑞热れ bd:Xy //  
 9-    10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17\81  &quot;钻票&quot;例 【秒们灭买名 √某√忙满 莫谬√醚√ 目茂梦√棉  吗民 ;md√么酶 A+?:10^ -Da
pq= 10b + d 加乘法/~~~~~~~~~~~+\*___数学口诀+ √深√筛√ √受√熵山 硕双栓食刷 叔少生顺帅  沙√ ;√水设谁 实数 Pd(B;)
诀链DNA三段纵横交叉,成为九块&quot;意片语义&quot;模式: ! 标苯别百并 √√//帮办 伯bl√吡√ 卟包蹦√苄  把宾 ;..bx√被 A 诗   [;d]
%%~d~~q~~~] 00-44商标{pd}55-99=100-Tw同位素 ；?0 there =0?        Ⅻ+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9  + ! ? @ 11 # 10 B  \  指数
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|  sh 这E F费   |  细分  |    润R U出 ch  |【                      A                                        16   
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:\   A  |  B   / 北极 南极 \  W  |  Z   /  【 朴嫩姐慨请 佢购下样坛C我留攥你花 除扫瓮润棉  沙宾  匆兑这费
:  ~ - _ _ - ~   【俞苏宁】 ~ - _ _ - ~  义素 :   　　　　　　　　　　:　　　　　　　　 :　　　 　　　　　　推理链  
16分区          13798484937                 : 0- -----十进制----- 9   0---- 十六进制----9. .+.!.;.@.#.$.%  牌符特字

│Q请│W瓮│E这│R润│T坛│Y氧│U除│I你│O我│P朴│  理想语键盘    理想双合的语言基础是一个没有宗教政治色彩而能
│ing│eng│zh$   vn   an  ang  chu  ngi  _uo│iao│   华东假名      在全球华裔社区在全球华裔社区广泛传诵的科学
!│A沙│S扫│D兑│F费│G购│H花│J姐│K慨│L留│;s腮│反切字口诀:   口诀,只要联想一段小孩易记的武打故事而对应出
!│sh+｜ ao  #13│%15   ou│iang  ie   ai│uang    沙宾  匆兑这费   其浓缩的23字口诀,并有序地排列在西文键盘上面,即
W?  │Z攥│X下│C匆│V佢│B宾│N嫩│M棉│  朴嫩姐慨请 佢购下样坛 ;  根据它们的普通话语音(声母韵母)而确定在西文键盘的
V?  │uan   ia  @12  5 v│!11│ en  uai│  我留攥你花 除扫瓮润棉.   代表键位上,如左图: 54pcs.cn/pkwh/pkzx/pkzx45.htm 
http://cantonese.wikia.com/wiki/Talk:%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%AF%AD cantonese.wikia.com/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%AF%AD
yusunny@126.com 13798484937俞苏宁yusunny8888@gmail.com文化信息沙龙http://yusuning.com深圳力天集团欢迎加盟
http://www.youku.com/playlist_show/id_2549452.html TVC电视报道 http://www.54pcs.cn/pkwh/pkzx/pkzx40.htm
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向娱乐节目叫板，给全国人民派奖！    俞苏宁(考官)随机抽取八张“赛状元”扑克牌，其红黑牌面上各有声韵26大小写字母，网民
若能看出其中可能蕴含的数学口诀或词语拼音模式，并以“类似麻将(糊牌)抢答”一样立即发送邮件给直播现场，邮件标题写出
“姓名(身份证号)+宣传(网站)推荐人+答案词汇”等信息，例如”KeDa,YaHu”八个牌符组合(柯达,雅虎)预定语汇，考官将把其电脑
收件箱中的来件标题统统公开摄录(投影让现场观众监票)，以先后次序确认正确就可把奖品快递寄达邮件所示的姓名地址！若是后续
邮件(有扫描附件证明)是幼儿,小学生,残障者,华侨华裔甚至外籍人士等多种身份，则给予多重翻番倍增奖分，日后核实公布(相当于
股份)每次活动的所有奖分，累积起来平均分红(合作厂商指定给予当期活动的)赞助金额！推荐人也要及时发来邮件确认，以便可顺带
获得(抢答邮件)优胜者的一半奖分！  某些赞助厂商的购物发票(扫描附件)也是赢奖者的翻倍参数！               如果您是网民，
请您广泛群发QQ邮件来积极宣传全球亲友来密切关注“推普赢奖”网站的教学内容，也包括各种商标品牌语汇及其大致内容，相信
俞老师的全球推普宏伟目标，我为此理想已设计了最公平公正公开的免费”抢答邮件”启动促进模式，绝不敢丝毫作假“千夫所指”
成通缉犯！网民们未来可预习每个语汇的胡牌积分和适用范围，对(特别在网下四人围桌)实战比拼PK晋级过程中非常有用：各地
加盟商有权提交启用不同语汇和积分，参赛者也可放弃(例如四张牌”柯达”的)小积分语汇，等到八张牌”百事可乐”极大积分
(高难度)牌型组合才糊牌成功！   如果您是媒体记者编辑，请发挥主观能动性让我的自荐书广泛传扬，使得当地民众可长久保留您的
平面出版物，并通知亲友熟人积极短信报名参加本地区的抽奖活动，届时将兑现中彩奖金和媒体广告费用！……敬请多多复印宣传 :)
&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/tt&gt;
                                      
P朴N嫩J姐 K慨 Q请, V佢 G购X下 Y样T坛; O我 L留 Z攥 I你 H花, U除 S扫 W瓮 R润 M棉! 这是一个可以浓缩为（五言四句）诗词的故事片段，未来通过各地PK晋级竞技巨奖激励，让全世界都轻松记熟这个名为《沙AB宾C C匆 D兑 这E F费》的（反切字父）歌诀，可以直观对照印制到“赛状元”益智扑克牌面上，例如红桃Q，A，2...9,和方片Q,A,2...9,10,J,K,正好对应上述26个字母：【PNJ KQ,V GX YT; O L Z I H,U S W R M】《ABC D E F》，诗歌的前10个汉字就是匹配十进制，后面16个字父对应了16进制，可以表述（声韵双拼念读 用地址代码区分的）人类所有的（电脑存储）知识语汇，也能（通过国别双符义缀）囊括区分各国辞典（页数行列）单词，声韵反切纵横交叉的理想语音表还给未来化学元素指派单音节，从而可以规则念读（全球听懂）成千上万的化合物分子式；又如“赛状元”游戏规则中“8-8－6-4”可以和牌，必然能够老少互动促使幼儿提早学会（例如“八八六十四”）数学口诀，并且由于“8润R~、8－R润un、6购G~、4－q请ing”的同牌关系，只有念出“Run润－Ging”双音节才算赢牌，所以可以引导（学校社区）小组学习“寓教于乐”掌握普通话拼音输入法，特别是日后各地商家可以竞标赞助PK大赛来得到极大的美誉度回报，例如“？？KeLe可乐”等牌符拼音（通过大赛网站公布出来并给其）标记PV高分，让广大赛民及其陪练亲友们（预先练牌）熟记该品牌商标念读，从而可以努力组合高分牌型争取巨奖，逐级晋升达到全球“知识奥运会”顶级比赛（每月至少三亿）奖金激励！以后连英语国家人士都将积极参与，在此过程中掌握汉语拼音及其成语知识！

理想语的显示符号 包括 大小写字母和数目键符 等等。 也包括Unicode大字集 中的 各种可识别符号，其简短形式 可以随着 双合前缀符号 而又 各种不同念读方式， 例如 “普通话音读、日韩语训读、代码串数读、指针类间读” 等等 理想语 海纳百川 的 兼容方式 ：）

理想语的一个目标是 把 各种有用的电脑数据代码 统一口语化，以便日常使用 和科技词语 广泛普及，例如 各国人名 都有相应的身份证驾照代码，单位组织和地名邮编也是公认代码， 理想语 都可以 拿来 使用， 促进国际贸易 和科技交流：例如 动植物 品种 发现地点、贸易相关 表格项目的 填写交流 等等 ：） 

理想语 当然可以囊括人类所有概念语汇，例如只需用Vn-UN-123456-78-90...表示《英国》网上公布辞典-第123456页-第78个词汇-第90义项！ 理想语 鼓励使用 国际已有的 公平合理细化层次的分类语汇，例如 计算机输入法 只需用 Vg-06-F3... 
理想语 爱好者 通过“赛状元”益智游戏（及其全球竞技赢奖大赛）来普及（键符双合口语化）简明规则，使得（扑克牌符）数字一一对应字母、两两字母声韵双拼发出音节！ 例如 国际专利分类 G06F3 －－》VG-06-F3--&gt; Vg-Pg-Fk --&gt; Vou-Pou-Fai 类似 汉语拼音的发音规则：） 同样地，英语词汇 Vn-UN-123456-78-90 －－》VN-UN-12-34-56--78--90 --&gt; Vn-Un-Nj-Kq-Vg--Xy-Tp --&gt;Ven-CHen-Nie-King-Vou--Xang--Tiao 
理想语的未来目标是促进各国人士在熟悉《理想语音图》的基础上经常使用全球公平的代码词语，特别是wiki网站的交流模式，自动演变形成简短的常用语汇，在网页书面显示和口语化音节串 都能让大家 轻松接受。。。 

各种国际专业委员会 为了便于让其专有词汇的科学普及，容易主办 国际性的 “赛状元”晋级大赛，让选手用扑克牌面上的字母组合出来 特定专业的词语发音，竞技游戏赢得荣誉和高额奖金， 促进 选手当地 陪练亲友的 学习热潮！ 而各种专业行业的持续不断的竞技大赛，整体上促进了 理想语的 全面普及推广！ 

本处网站的所有网页内容 都有存储地址的 16进制代码串， 所以 都可以算作 理想语 的海量语汇之一，只不过 当前尚无 口语化传递交流 日常习惯！ 但是 若有 （Y）标记，则 本网页 可以算作 理想语（本处方言）的 写作例子，也就 能够鼓励 后续者 尝试 把网页中的 有些词语 逐步进行 代码化， 最终 磨合 提炼 出来 大家认可的 简短有效的 理想语 词汇！ http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%AF%AD&amp;variant=zh-cn


西方世界语把&quot;一形一音&quot;为主要目标, 但是理想语则&quot;短形简音&quot;为理想终极, 在互联网社会&quot;寓教于乐&quot;大趋势下, 更容易达到 全球推广的普及可行性! 
理想语的构造元素是&quot;牌符&quot;,包含了&quot;图符字父-键符字母&quot;的精细元素, 好比是&quot;寓教于乐&quot;波粒两相性,极大超越了东西方语言学的思路观点; 单纯地 用字母符号串 就不能 表现其 丰富内涵, 所以 理想语 并不沿着 [字母-单词]偏重语音的西方语言学传统路线, 而是 从便于普及统一的形式出发,以[牌对-字父串]架构缔造出来 最公平的媒介语言,是以逻辑语法形式 为优先!

所以写出来的形式 则是 包含 GBK全角汉字 和 字母串 的混合文字, 远远胜过 现有认知的 日文假名 等等; 例如 理想语中的 汉字串 基本上 用于丰富的形容词等等, 如果 汉字串 前面有着 义缀符号,则后续汉字可以失去原来意义, 要由“双合前缀”意义 来决定 如何 认知识别! 例如 [咾3]可以 表现 阿拉伯语言中的有着ktb三个辅音（口土匕）的语汇, 并且需要按照&quot;特定格式语法表中的第3类现象&quot;进行转换念读!

http://yusunny.wikispaces.com/ä¿èå® http://yusunny.wikispaces.com/yuyhtu http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit


双合推导 》》双拼反切， 是可以把26个字母 两两赋予合理音节 的最佳方法， 实际上属于

[[理想语]]的表述模式：）


理想语“双合推导”之于 普通话“全拼双拼”， 就好比是 
爱因斯坦的《广义相对论》，比《牛顿力学》稍微复杂，却能解释 宇宙黑洞。。。

双合推导 给予 至少676个 不混淆音节，可以构建 远比日语混合文字 更高效的
表达系统! 并且已经 囊括了 普通话 音节 及其 特选的词语，未来可以 形成 
国际统一的 科技商贸 专业词语， 再加上 华文成语 双拼词汇的 丰富形容特性，
完全可以成为 国际公平合理简捷的 第二口语交流系统！：）

http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=725198710

http://www.douban.com/group/topic/10086746/?start=0&amp;post=ok#last

如下的 声韵推导图 作为 统一流程的实施基础，也可以是现在常用的 紫光搜狗输入法：

&lt;PRE&gt;

;如下是可全球展会免费派发广告扑克牌上的最便于世界普及理想语的寓教于乐叠牌拼读法！
;只需把所有【全拼串＝大写字母】单独列出一行，就可自学作为现有输入法的自定义双拼！
[声母] ch=U  sh=A  zh=E
[韵母]
;可以省略写出，属于如下图中的简化缩写格式：
;例如 un=H 是属于“H{婚}uen   H《==ven韵 ”的兼并写法,印在一张扑克牌上：）
;      i u v      v=V
;    o   o        uo=O
;    z q s x      eng=Z     ing=Q       ong=S   
;              X     iong=X 
;    x k h h    H en=X        in=K          un=H 
;    y n k     K  ang=Y  iang=N  uang=K
;    w   n     N  ai=W        uai=N  
;    p   h        ao=P     iao=M  
;    a d r     R  ia=D        ua=R    
;    f c r c      ei=F     ie=R                 ue=C 
               C                         ui=C   ve=C  
;    g   l        ou=G     iu=L 
;    t b j j    J an=T     ian=B            uan=J  
[零声母音节的韵母]


;以中日图符音值为基础（并可在“赛状元”益智扑克54牌面分划组配的）双合声韵推导图：
;是两维度表现多语音素提示及其浓缩简化声母歌和韵母儿化归并等等,可导出普通话规则:）
;==========================================================================

==
;   jY     'Vv       'Oo 'ngI          Rua [叶恩婉 Z自E制粤音韵]有34字父音值!
;请捐杨况兄'佢外购毯赠'我留'你泡婚 厨娘苗挼松[沙编翠 嗲这费] 主要口诀对应:26字母
;（Y jY 　 1&gt;　 　　　　 2&lt;　　 　　　　0&gt;　　　　　　3&lt;　 ㄧ 四呼数目 ）声归类
;拼例 yC pW xB pF dQ aK xJ dA aU rOeJ oRhR yH kS jI aA tQ   声韵双合写法之一 
;“y月C”牌 先(配)定 双 选 大(数),  若转 儿化(韵)“空|己”刹(停)!　　　ㄦ|er=OR
;（EUAR　　1-　　　 　　 2&lt;　　　　　　3-　　　　　　0-　 ㄓㄔㄕㄖ　　  ）韵归并
;　 zhE{这}_e(　) ngI'你}i(ㄧ)い chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ vV'佢`v(ㄩ)　　　E$ eeㄛ|e=OE 
;　　 X&lt;== _en恩　キK&lt;==`ien音 　ヒH{婚}uen　　　H&lt;==`ven韵　　　 

X5_enㄣ|en=OX
;　 フF{费}_ei　　 　　　:　　　 ッC{翠}uei　　　　　 :　　　　　 F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF
;　　　　　:　　　　R&lt;== ie;叶　 　　　 :　　　ヴC&lt;==`ve;粤　　 え[;_e;ㄝ|儿化

同
;（O _`　　3-　　　 　　 2&lt;　　　 　　　0-　　　　　　1-　 ()　　　　　　 ）　
;　　`O'我}_ooォ　 　　　:　　　　 O&lt;== uoo我　　　　 :　　　　 おO0~ooㄜ|o=OO 
;（BPMF VI 3-　　　 　　 2-　　　　 　　0-　　　　　　1-　 ㄅㄆㄇㄈ万兀　 ）　
;　 ピP{泡`_ao　　ミM{苗}iaoょ　　　 　 :　　　　　　 :　　　　　 P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP
;（GKH　　 2-　　　 　　 1-　　　　 　　3-　　　　　　0-　 ㄍㄎㄏ　　　　 ）  
;　 ギG{购`_ou　　リL{留}iouゅ　　　　　:　　　　　　 :　　　　　 G7_ouㄡ|ou=OG
;（NL　　　1-　　 　　　 3-　　　　　 　2-　　　　　　0c　 ㄋㄌ　　　　　 ）
;（JQX　　 1&gt;　　 　　　 2-　　　　　　 0&gt;　　　　　　3-　 ㄐㄑㄒ　　　　 ）　 
;　 ジZ{赠)_eg　　　Q{请`ieg 　　シS{松`ueg　　　X{兄}veg　　　　 

Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ
;（ZCS　　 1-　　　 　　 3&lt;　 　　　　　2-　　　　　　0-　 ㄗㄘㄙ　　　　 ） 
;　　jY{杨`_ag 　 ニN{娘}iag　 　　K{况}uag　　　　　 :　　　　　 

Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY
;（W　hw　 1-　　 　　　 2-　　　 　　　0-　　　　　　3-　 ㄨ　　　　　　 ）　
;　　hW{外}_ai　　 　ㄧㄞiai　　　 N&lt;== uai外　　　　 :　　　　　 W6_aiㄞ|ai=OW
;　 shA{沙}_aaァ　　D{嗲}iaaゃ　　 R{挼}uaa　　　　　 :　　　　　 A+_aaㄚ|a=OA
;　 テT{毯}_an　　ビB{编}ian　　 　J&lt;== uan婉　　J{捐`van　　　　 

T8_anㄢ|an=OT
;（DT　　　1-　　 　　　 3-　　　 　　　2-　　　　　　0-　 ㄉㄊ　　　　  ）儿化

同
;==========================================================================

==


可以对于26*26个不相混淆的双合音节 进行推导的统一规则是：

    “Y月c 牌” 先定 双 选 大 ，若转儿化“空|己”刹：）

此两阙七言推导口诀 的具体解释为：

若z=黑牌N,L叠合红牌C时，由于z边沿图案含有c而能提示【Zc】双合音节 优先反切，固定不

变！
若黑牌Y叠合红牌x时，如果x边沿图案含有`（提示红牌＝Y要固定不动），所以【Yx】双合音

节不再变化！

所以对于 以黑牌Y声母、红牌c韵母 （提示为“y月C”双合音字）两种牌要特别注意，
一旦 另一牌的边沿图案中 有其对应标记，则黑红叠牌双合音节 就直接反切 不再变动，

优先确认此【Zx】双合模式的发音不再变动，否则可能x另有一个韵辙，
在此情况下 需要 看x双韵所对应的黑牌Z相应位置的两个数目，选择较大的
一个所对应的红牌x为起点！

若黑牌Z边沿图案中含有&quot;&gt;.&lt;&quot;转向符号，则红牌x作为起点可能要循环移动，
除非下一个位置是“自己”或者是“空位”；如果v是移动到达的刹车终点，
则双合韵母【Zv】音节还要进行儿化：）


逻辑 结果是， 若有&quot;杨翠&quot;匹配 就直接 反切双拼，否则 可能要双选大 定起点,
若有 转向符号 则需 对 声韵音节 进行 儿化，
在此之前 还要 依向 尽远 走到终点 来决定反切发音 !


双合过程 所产生的 音节 已经超出了 普通话音节范围, 
但保证 双合打字 可以 产生 所有的 双拼 全拼 汉字！ 


双合声韵推导图的内容极其浓缩精练：例如从其上沿和右沿可以析出注音等，而其基本结构为

：
极右侧【xy=O?】与右侧【xyO?注音】是表现注音的韵母，与其上下附近的拼音韵辙相同！
如果把极右侧【xy=O?】用回车键打入第二行单独成行，并且把 中间位置的【X{？}yyy 】写

成
【yyy=X】形式并放在“双拼自定义”文件.ini中的[韵母]区域，就可以匹配当前的各种可以

自定
义双拼的打字软件，例如紫光搜狗输入法平台等，好比“水涨船高”整体提升电脑传递语义信

息的
表述档次！

中间内容有些是每行左右两侧都具有括号的黑牌“四数”介质，则其左侧是若干义母的按声归

类，
右侧有声母注音！如果中间是（国语）普通话“四呼”韵辙，则与右侧注音同一类型；并且互

相之间
若无黑牌“四数”隔离，则说明上下韵辙的儿化韵是具有相同音值的！ 

于是任意两个义母双合发音，都可以通过如下流程自我推导： 

例如【Ga】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，shA{沙}_aaァ】等交叉位置丰富信息，

假想
黑牌G，a红牌的两张叠合（类似时钟的黑分针红秒针都从6六点左右转向九点左右）产生整体

拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            

】G 黑桃7
【;   shA{沙}_aaァ   D{嗲}iaaゃ   R{挼}uaa　        :        A+_aaㄚ|a=OA  

】a 方块10 
【                                                                        

】// ？

由于并未有A来产生第二行，所以只有【2- ：A】有效对应关系，熟练掌握26字链口诀就知道

【购，沙】
音值，从而只能是双合假名【Ga】念读为“购沙”并反切得到g~a（普通话类似“嘎”字音！

）

再如【Gk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ギG{购}_ou，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息，假

想
黑牌G，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; GKH      2-           1-           3-           0-   ㄍㄎㄏ            

】G 黑桃7
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 

】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY

】//

由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1- ：K ，3- ：K】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3

故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：K】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【购，况】音值，从而只能是双合

假名
【Gk】念读为“购况”并反切得到g~uang（普通话类似“光”字音！）

又如【Eb】双合假名，在图中可看到【zhE{这}_eeェ，ビB{编}ian，】等信息，（掌握26字

链口诀
并假想黑牌E，b红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; EUAR     1-           2&lt;           3-           0-     ㄓㄔㄕㄖ         

】E 黑桃J
【;   テT{毯}_an   ビB{编}ian     J&lt;== uan完   J{捐}van      T8_anㄢ|       

】b 方块J

单韵B只有【2&lt; ：B】有效对应关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自

身）并加
儿化韵，于是从B位置就循环转到了J位置，既然已经知道【这，编，完】等的音值，从而双合

假名
【Eb】可推导需成为 Ej~r 并念读为“这完”反切，再儿化后得到==》zh~uan~r（普通话类

似
“转儿”字音！）

还如【Zk】双合假名，在图中可看到【ジZ{赠=_eg，キK&lt;== ien音，K{况}uag】等信息音值

，并
假想黑牌Z，k红牌的两张叠合）产生整体拼图：
【; ZCS      1-           3&lt;           2-           0-      ㄗㄘㄙ          

】Z 黑桃9
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;== ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;== ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX  

】k 红心3
【;    jY{杨}_ag   ニN{娘}iag     K{况}uag          :        Y2_agㄤ|ang=OY 

】// k

双韵K有【3&lt; ：K ，2- ：K】两个对应，但因为3&gt;2故，所以就选用上面一行的【3&lt; ：K】

关系，
但是看到“&lt;”符号就要向左尽量移动（除非空位或自身）并加儿化韵，于是从K位置就循环转

到了
H位置，从而双合假名【Zk】可推导需成为 Zh~r 并念读为“赠婚”反切，再儿化后得到==》
z~un~r（普通话类似“尊儿”字音！
。。。。。。。。。

    上述按部就班的双合推导流程中，看符号而向左右转进的目的是保证理想语音节在儿化

之后的
唯一性，从而可以说明《声韵推导图》已经完备解决了676+26个双合音节，另有至少27个可

能变音
双合符号，早已囊括了四百多个普通话音节，可打字调用所有普通话汉字，可以作为更有效的

学习
全拼或注音之前的注拼辅助形式：反过来说，当前的全拼或双拼就必须全面掌握所有声母和韵

母的
发音组合，或者知道没有念读发音，却无法让中外初学者（例如自我判断）明确知道（对应Eb

双拼
的）全拼形式zh~ian是不能拼合的！
。。。。。。。。。

例如【Dc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【D{嗲}iaaゃ ，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等

交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（DT      1-           3-           2-           0- ㄉㄊ         ）       

 】D 黑桃10
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF   

 】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|        

 】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0－ ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【2－：C】关系，既然已经知道【嗲，翠】音值，从而双合假名【Dc

】可念读为“嗲翠”
反切，得到==》d~ui（普通话类似“对”字音！）


又如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【ニN{娘}iag，C{翠}uei，ヴC&lt;== ve;月】等交

叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）        

 】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF   

 】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|        

 】//?
由于黑牌N中含有c，与C红牌成为“杨翠”口诀满足条件，所以本次推导过程 就只能以C“月

”位置为优先，
既然已经知道【娘，月】音值，从而双合假名【Nc】可推导念读为“娘月”反切，再儿化后得

到==》n~ve，
 （普通话类似“永儿”字音！） 另一有c黑牌是L，而红牌上“`”标记的意义是Y代替，y当

遇到Y黑牌时
就符合“yY”条件，从而直接拼读发音，也容易牢记特殊情况：）


例如【Jx】双合假名，在图中可看到【J{捐`van，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰富

信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ              

】J 黑桃A
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 

】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ

】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3- ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3

故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3-：X】关系，熟练口诀后就知道【捐，兄】音值，从而只能是双合

假名
【Jx】念读为“捐兄”并反切得到jiong（普通话类似“炯”字音！）

为了兼容于以y起首的各种全拼形式，所以Y的双合规则比较复杂：主要是假如看到“&lt;”符号

，就要
对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿化之前向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是

空位
或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号且遇到“Y”黑牌！所以满足这条规则的双合情况是极少的！

例如【Yx】双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，X&lt;== _en恩，X{兄}veg】等交叉位置丰

富信息，
假想黑牌J，x红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     

】Y 黑桃2
【;     X&lt;== _en恩 キK&lt;==`ien音 ヒH{婚}uen     H&lt;==`ven韵    X5_enㄣ|en=OX 

】x 红心4 
【;   ジZ{赠=_eg     Q{请yieg   シS{松`ueg     X{兄}veg      Z9_egㄥ|eng=OZ

】// ？
由于K红牌可以看到双韵（有第二行），所以就有【1&gt; ：X ，3&lt; ：X】两个对应，但因为1&lt;3

故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在

儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号

且遇到
“Y”黑牌！
于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知道【杨，松】

音值，
从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》

y~ong~r（普通话
类似“永儿”字音！）


又如【Yu】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“鱼儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag

，
0chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴ，vV{佢`v(ㄩ) 】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，u红牌的两张叠合，

产生整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     

】Y 黑桃2
【;  ;  _{()}_(()) ngI{你}i(ㄧ) chU{厨}u(ㄨ)ヴvV{佢`v(ㄩ)     __  ㄦ|er=OR 】

u 方块5 
【                                                                        

】// ？
由于U红牌只有单韵【0&gt; ：U】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿

化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，所以停在了V位置，既然已经知道【杨，厨，佢】等音

值，从而
双合假名【Yu】可推导需成为 Yv~r 并念读为“杨佢”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~v~r（普

通话类似
“鱼儿”字音！
对于【Ym】双合假名，在理想语中是应该读作“妖儿”发音；因为在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag

，
ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】等交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生

整体拼图：
【; Y   jY   1&gt;           2&lt;           0&gt;           3&lt; ㄧ           ）     

】Y 黑桃2
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 

】m 方块7 
【                                                                        

】// ？
由于M红牌只有单韵【2&lt; ：M】对应，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿

化之前向左
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，由于空位而停在了P位置，既然已经知道【杨，泡，苗

】等音值，
从而双合假名【Ym】可推导需成为 Yp~r 并念读为“杨泡”反切，再儿化后得到==》y~ao~r

（普通话
类似“妖儿”字音！
而对于例如【Jp】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}

iaoょ】等
交叉位置丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【;（JQX     1&gt;           2-           0&gt;           3- ㄐㄑㄒ       ）     

】J 黑桃A
【;   ピP{泡`_ao   ミM{苗}iaoょ        :            :        P3~aoㄠ|ao=OP 

】p 方块3 
【                                                                        

】// ？
由于P红牌只有单韵【1&gt; ：P】对应，但是看到“&gt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在儿

化之前向右
尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母; 由于空位而停在了M位置，既然已经知道【捐，泡，苗

】等音值，
从而双合假名【Jp】可推导需成为 Jm~r 并念读为“捐苗”反切，再儿化后得到==》jiao~r

（普通话
类似“脚儿”字音！

对于类似“Y`”的转进中止情况，则《理想语音图》中还有仅仅一个特例条件，是LN匹配c的

停止情况：
例如【Nc】系列的双合假名，在图中可看到【jY{杨`_ag，ピP{泡`_ao  ，ミM{苗}iaoょ】

等交叉位置
丰富信息，假想黑牌Y，p红牌的两张叠合，产生整体拼图：
【; NL      1-           3-           2-           0c ㄋㄌ         ）        

 】N 梅花6
【;   フF{费}_ei          i     ッC{翠}uei          :        F%_eiㄟ|ei=OF   

 】c 方块K
【;          :       R&lt;== ie;叶        :     ヴC&lt;==`ve;月  え[;_e;ㄝ|        

 】//?
由于C红牌可以看到双韵，所以就有【2－ ：C ，0c ：C】两个对应，但因为2&gt;0故，
所以选用的是下一行的【3&lt;：X】关系，但是看到“&lt;”符号就要对双合义母进行儿化，并在

儿化之前
向左尽量移动来决定所被儿化的双合义母，除非下一个是空位或自身,或者该位置有&quot;`&quot;符号

且遇到
“Y”黑牌！于是本次推导过程 就只能从B位置走到了符合“Y`”条件的S位置，既然已经知

道【杨，松】
音值，从而双合假名【Yx】可推导需成为 Ys~r 并念读为“杨松”反切，再儿化后得到==》

y~ong~r
（普通话类似“永儿”字音！）


您在此处 可以看到 我们的 自住讨论更新的内容， 是没有被 管理员 借着打击广告名义 胡

乱删改 的！


&lt;/PRE&gt;

为了便于每几年来一次重装上阵，如下保留删除遗迹供大家讨论凭吊，而且已经特别遗憾没有

在过去几年保留对于理想语的争议内容：）
===[[:双合推导]]===
{{delh|d}}
{{刪除}}理據：原創研究，非百科內容&lt;br id=&quot;no-new-title&quot; /&gt;　提交的維基人及時間

：[[User:Altt311|Altt311]] ([[User talk:Altt311|留言]]) 2010年3月8日 (一) 

13:23 (UTC)
*我从上一世纪“理想语”被删除等到现在，双合推导的词语也在许多网站论坛有所普及，在

贵处保留几月可以吗？：）[[User:Yusunny8888|Yusunny8888]] ([[User 

talk:Yusunny8888|留言]]) 2010年3月8日 (一) 16:04 (UTC)
:&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; color:#FFCD71; background-color: 

#DB6D00;&quot;&gt;(：)&lt;/span&gt;'''回應'''：請列出該等網站與此課題相關的文章，看看是否符合

[[Wikipedia:可供查證|可供查證來源]]的標準。此外，論壇並非恰當的可供查證來源，因

此不可列出。但如果閣下所說的「在贵处保留几月」的目的是以維基百科作為宣傳甚至廣告的

話，那就不可留下了。 --[[User:Moonian|Moonian]]‧&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Moonian|♨一

盅兩件]]&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:User 

talk:Moonian|action=edit&amp;section=new}} 立即嘆]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;‧&lt;sub&gt;貢獻&lt;/sub&gt; 

&lt;sup&gt;[[User:Moonian/My Contributions|主要]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sub&gt;

[[Special:Contributions/Moonian|全部]]&lt;/sub&gt; 2010年3月9日 (二) 05:07 (UTC)
*这是迄今为止全球唯一的可让中外人士通过逻辑推导来获得（普通话等语音发声）音义信息

的可以寓教于乐促进普及的自学方法，我的目的是给予贵方华人管理员们一个耐心仔细判断“

理想语”双合推导（全部26*26＝）676个音节、从而不必删除这个有利于“炎黄子孙全球推

普”宏伟创新的宽容机会，当然是希望日后大量有志人士能衷心感谢您们的给予永久保留的巨

大功绩了 ：）[[User:Yusunny8888|Yusunny8888]] ([[User talk:Yusunny8888|留

言]]) 2010年3月9日 (三) 15:08 (UTC)
*{{删除}}[[WP:利益冲突]][[WP:非原创研究]]—[[User:Mys_721tx|Mys 721tx]]

([[User_talk:Mys_721tx|留言]])-[[User:Mys_721tx/U18协会|U18协会招人了]] 2010

年3月9日 (二) 07:14 (UTC)
*{{删除}}：原创研究--[[User:Stevenliuyi|Stevenliuyi]] ([[User 

talk:Stevenliuyi|留言]]) 2010年3月9日 (二) 11:05 (UTC)
*{{vd}}, original research--[[User:Wing|Wing]] ([[User talk:Wing|留言]]) 

2010年3月9日 (二) 12:37 (UTC)
*赞同删除的诸位，请问能否在此留言宣称判决本词条在今后几个月内绝不会引起全球有识之

士的首肯称赞？我们将坚定推广扩张声援力量并以多次里程碑历史激励前进 ：）

[[User:Yusunny8888|Yusunny8888]] ([[User talk:Yusunny8888|留言]]) 2010年3月

10日 (四) 15:58 (UTC)
**我们不敢断言你的理想语得不到世人的认可，但是维基百科向来不做雪中送炭的好事。等你

出名了，你可以[[WP:VFU|申请恢复条目]]。--[[User:爱学习的饭桶|爱学习的饭桶]] 

([[User talk:爱学习的饭桶|留言]]) 2010年3月10日 (三) 11:00 (UTC)
*感谢爱学习的饭桶们说出了冷酷事实，我会把一切交流作为历史记录在广大爱好者心里的 ：

）[[User:Yusunny8888|Yusunny8888]] ([[User talk:Yusunny8888|留言]]) 2010年3

月10日 (五) 12:12 (UTC)
*{{删除}}：维基百科不是出版社--[[User:Skyfiler|Skyfiler]] ([[User 

talk:Skyfiler|留言]]) 2010年3月15日 (一) 03:06 (UTC)

----
:[[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|25px]]'''已刪除'''。—[[User:Wcam|Wcam]] 

([[User talk:Wcam|留言]]) 2010年3月16日 (二) 01:49 (UTC)
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      <comment>Created page with '{{Redirect|中文|t}} {{dablink|關於中國語言、文字、口語等，参見[[汉文]]、[[汉字]]、[[中国语言]]、[[現代標準漢語]]及[[漢語方言]]等。}} &lt;di…'</comment>
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{{dablink|關於中國語言、文字、口語等，参見[[汉文]]、[[汉字]]、[[中国语言]]、[[現代標準漢語]]及[[漢語方言]]等。}}
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;{{Infobox Language
|name=汉语
|states= [[中國大陸]]、[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[台灣]]、[[新加坡]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[泰国]]、[[越南]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[緬甸]]以及[[世界]]各地的[[华人社区]]
|speakers=15億以上（3000萬人作為[[第二語言]]）
|rank=1（如包括所有方言在内）
|familycolor=汉藏语系
|fam1=[[汉藏语系]]
|nation={{UNO}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{PRC}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{HK}}
* {{MACAU}}
{{ROC}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{SIN}}
|agency={{flagicon|PRC}} [[国家语言文字工作委员会]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|ROC}} [[教育部國語推行委員會|國語推行委員會]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SIN}} 讲华语运动理事会
|iso1=zh|iso2b=chi|iso2t=zho
|lc1=zho|ld1=漢語 (一般)|ll1=none
|lc2=cdo|ld2=閩東話
|lc3=cjy|ld3=晋语
|lc4=cmn|ld4=官话
|lc5=cpx|ld5=莆仙片
|lc6=czh|ld6=徽语
|lc7=czo|ld7=闽中片
|lc8=dng|ld8=东干话
|lc9=gan|ld9=赣语
|lc10=hak|ld10=客家话
|lc11=hsn|ld11=湘语
|lc12=mnp|ld12=闽北片
|lc13=nan|ld13=闽南语
|lc14=wuu|ld14=吴语
|lc15=yue|ld15=粤语
|lc16=lzh|ld16=文言文
|lc17=och|ld17=上古汉语 (周朝)|ll17=上古汉语
|lc18=ltc|ld18=中古汉语 (唐朝)|ll18=中古汉语}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''漢語'''，又称'''中文'''、'''汉文'''，其他名稱有'''國文'''、'''國语'''、'''华文'''、'''华语'''、'''唐文'''、'''中國語'''，還有'''唐話'''、'''中國話'''等俗稱&lt;ref&gt;傳統華人社會習慣稱之為「漢語」，中國以外尚有各種稱呼，本文一律以漢族慣稱「漢語」來表示。國際環境時，也會常用中文。其他稱呼僅限特定人群使用，請參見相關條目。&lt;/ref&gt;。漢語属于[[汉藏语系]][[分析语]]，有[[声调]]。汉语的[[文字]]系统[[汉字]]是一种[[意音文字]]，表意的同時也具一定的表音功能。漢語包含[[書面語]]以及[[口語]]兩部分。古代書面汉语称为'''[[文言文]]'''，现代书面汉语一般指'''[[現代標準漢語]]'''。現代漢語方言眾多，某些方言的口語之間差異較大，而書面語相對統一。

== 定義 ==
=== 標準漢語 ===
{{主條目|標準漢語}}
一般意義上，“漢語”這個詞，多指[[現代標準漢語]]，以[[北京話]]为标准语音、以[[北方官话]]为基础方言、以典范的[[现代白话文]]著作为[[语法规范]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.edu.cn/20011114/3009780.shtml 国务院关于推广普通话的指示（一九五六年二月二十日）]&lt;/ref&gt;。在非表音情況下，僅指現代白話文的書面語，其他的方言白話文不能作為書面語。中小學中教授漢語的文字、語法、文學等的科目叫語文、中文、國文等，都是[[中國語文科]]之謂。[[大陆]]的語文課，以[[普通話]]授課；在[[香港]]和[[澳門]]以[[粵語]]授課而另設[[普通话]]課程，或者双语授課；而在台灣則以國語授課。大陆之“[[普通话]]”、[[台灣]]之“[[中華民國國語|國語]]”、[[新加坡|新]][[马来西亚|马]]地区之“华语”，在某些漢字的取音上是有一定程度的差异的，而且口語讀音也出現不少分野，亦有一些汉字的读音在三者中根本不同。而漢語作為一個[[語種]]是普通話(国语)以及眾多方言的統稱，包括粵語、吳語、客家話等。

漢語是[[联合国]]规定的六种正式語言之一，亦為當今世界上作为母语使用人数最多的語言。在[[中國大陸]]、[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[台湾]]和[[新加坡]]，漢語被定為[[官方語言]]。很多國家都開始將漢語列為第二外語，加入授課內容。

=== 漢語方言 ===
{{主條目|漢語方言}}
关于汉语方言的地位，中外学者一直存在争议。因为按照[[语言学]]的一般观点，若两种话语间不能直接通话，则这两种话语可定义为两种不同的语言；若两者间有或大或小的差别，但可以直接通话，则两者可定义为同一种语言的两种不同方言。有很多西方語言學家据此將漢語視爲一個[[語族]]，稱為[[漢語族]]。而从[[文字]]、使用者、政治、文化的统一性的角度（即所谓[[大一统]]思想）来看，大部分中国学者认为汉语是门[[語言學|语言]]。因此在2007年的国际认证 ISO 639-3 国际语种代号的编制中，[[国际标准化组织]]直接把汉语分为13种语言，cdo – 闽东语，cjy – 晋语，cmn – 北方话，cpx – 莆仙语，czh – 徽语，czo – 闽中语，gan – 赣语，hak – 客家话，hsn – 湘语，mnp – 闽北语，nan – 闽南语，wuu – 吴语，yue – 粤语。

目前，[[大陆]]和[[台湾]]均以現代標準漢語為通用語言，但同时在[[广东]]、[[香港]]與[[澳門]]等地区以及不少海外華人多以粵語作為通用語，另外使用[[普通话]]、[[客家話]]、[[閩南話]]或其他家乡语言（漢语方言）的人会使用自已的[[母语]]作為社區交際通用語言。

=== 文體 ===
汉语作为以[[表意文字]]为[[文字]]系统的语言，文字高度的统一与规范，现代汉语有统一和规范的语法。但是汉字在表音上面並不直接而確切。在漫长的历史时期内，汉字的读音发生了巨大变化，并导致方言发音差异较为显著。但是汉语书面语言规范，減少了因為方言差异造成的书面交流障碍。

[[白话文运动]]之前所使用的书面语叫做“[[文言文|文言]]”，是一种以上古汉语所使用的以“雅言”为基础的书面语。在现代汉语的书面语中，雖然文言已经很少使用了，但是在中國大陸、港澳和台灣的中國語文教學中，文言文仍然佔有重要的地位。[[白话文运动]]之后所推动的书面汉语通常被称为“[[白话]]”，即以[[北方官話]]为基础的现代书面语。

文言文在古代的一些東亞、東南亞國家都是官方行文的標準，而現時東亞國家使用文言文亦可交流，但是這種傳統的語言因為使用者越來越少，而改為使用現代文體，即學習外語來交流。

== 历史 ==
汉语是世界上最古老和至今通用语言时间最长的语言之一。汉语的历史演变是一个很有趣的问题。汉语的书写系统——汉字，非表音文字，不能如表音文字那样直接知道同一个字历史上的发音。幸运的是，在汉字（特别是形声字）、诗歌的韵律以及对外国人名的翻译中可以找到有效的信息。因為口語不斷地在演變，表音文字漸漸會隨著時間演變，這也是導致一個文明變成古文明的原因，因為後人非常可能無法明白前人所表達的意思。漢字因為是非表音文字，而且一直是用文言文而不用方言來寫文章，现代的中國人到現在都可以明白兩千年前孔子所寫的文章。此不可不謂拜文言所賜。  

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;  font-size: 80%; &quot;
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=3| [[周代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[前1000年]]–[[前200年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5e5e5;&quot; | （古代标准音栏）
| rowspan=1 colspan=15 style=&quot;background: #e5e5e5;&quot;|
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[雅言]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=6 style=&quot;background: #e5cfcf;&quot; | [[秦晋语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #d9d9cf;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #cde5d9;&quot; |[[燕赵语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #cfdae5;&quot; | [[齐语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #cfcfe5;&quot; | [[楚语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #cfcfe5;&quot; | [[吳语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5cfcf;&quot; | [[閩语]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=6 style=&quot;background: #e5cfcf;&quot; | [[秦晋语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #d9d9cf;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #cde5d9;&quot; |[[燕赵语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #cfcfe5;&quot; | [[楚语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dacfe5;&quot; | [[吴语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5cfcf;&quot; | [[閩語]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=3| [[秦汉时代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[前200年]]–[[200年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[雅言]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=6 style=&quot;background: #e5c3c3;&quot; |[[秦晋语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #cdd9cf;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c1e8d5;&quot; |[[燕赵语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #c3d4e5;&quot; |[[齐语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3c3e5;&quot; |[[楚语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #d4c3e5;&quot; |[[吴语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5c3d4;&quot; |[[闽语]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=3| [[魏晋时代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[200年]]–[[600年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[雅言]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=6 style=&quot;background: #e5b8b8;&quot; |[[秦晋语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c0dbcf;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #b8e5cf;&quot; |[[燕赵语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #b8e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #b8b8e5;&quot; |[[楚语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #cfb8e5;&quot; |[[吴语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5b8cf;&quot; |[[闽语]]
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=3| [[隋唐时代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[600年]]–[[900年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[切韵]]（隋）
| rowspan=2 colspan=4 style=&quot;background: #e5acac;&quot; |[[中原话]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #c9e5ac;&quot; |[[赣语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #b2dcca;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ace5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #acace5;&quot; |[[楚语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #c9ace5;&quot; |[[吴语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5acc9;&quot; |[[闽语]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[唐韵]]（唐）
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=3| [[两宋时代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[900年]]–[[1276年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ccc;&quot;| [[广韵]]（北宋）
| rowspan=2 colspan=4 style=&quot;background: #e5a1a1;&quot; |[[中原话]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3e5a1;&quot; |[[赣语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1e5a1;&quot; |[[客家话]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #9adcbf;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1a1e5;&quot; |[[湘语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #c3a1e5;&quot; |[[吴语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5a1c3;&quot; |[[闽语]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ccc;&quot;| [[平水韵]]（南宋）
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=3| [[元代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[1276年]]–[[1368年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5a1a1;&quot;| [[中原音韵]]（元）
| rowspan=1 colspan=4 style=&quot;background: #e5a1a1;&quot; |[[北方话]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #c3e5a1;&quot; |[[赣语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1e5a1;&quot; |[[客家话]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #89e5bb;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1e5e5;&quot; |[[巴蜀语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #a1a1e5;&quot; |[[湘语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #c3a1e5;&quot; |[[吴语]]
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5a1c3;&quot; |[[闽语]]
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=3| [[明清时代]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[1300年]]–[[1900年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #bbb;&quot;| [[洪武正韵]]（明）
| rowspan=2 colspan=3 style=&quot;background: #e59595;&quot; |[[北方话]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5bd95;&quot; |[[晋语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #bde595;&quot; |[[赣语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #95e595;&quot; |[[客家话]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #89e5bb;&quot; |[[粤语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot; |[[灭绝]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #9595e5;&quot; |[[湘语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #bd95e5;&quot; |[[越语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e595e5;&quot; |[[徽语]]
| rowspan=2 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e595bd;&quot; |[[閩語]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e59595;&quot;| [[京音]]（清）
|-
|}
注：古代标准音栏——切韵、唐韵、广韵、平水韵、洪武正韵都是兼顾南北的，而中原音韵和京音都是北方话。故灰色表示兼顾南北，红色表示北方话。

=== 上古汉语 ===
{{主條目|上古汉语}}

相传[[黄帝]]时中原有“万国”，[[夏朝]]时还有三千国，[[周]]初分封八百诸侯，而“五方之民，言语不通”（《[[礼记]]·王制》）。

上古汉语存在于[[周朝]]前期和中期（公元[[前11世纪]]到[[前7世纪]]），文字记录有[[青铜器]]上的刻铭、《[[诗经]]》、历史书《[[书经]]》以及部分《[[易经]]》。

[[春秋時期|春秋]]初期，见于记载的诸侯国还有170多个。至[[戰國 (中國)|战国]]时期，形成“七雄”，“诸侯力政，不统于王，……言语异声，文字异形”（《[[说文解字]]·叙》）。

先秦[[诸子百家]]在著作中使用被称为“[[雅言]]”的共同语。“子所雅言，《诗》、《书》、执礼，皆雅言也。”（《[[论语]]·述而》）

秦统一天下之后，实行“车同轨，书同文，行同伦”，规范了文字，以[[小篆]]作为正式官方文字。

重构上古汉语的工作开始于[[清朝]]的语言学家。西方的古汉语先锋是[[瑞典]]的语言学家[[高本汉]]，他主要研究汉字的形式和诗经的韵律。

=== 中古汉语 ===
{{主條目|中古汉语}}

这种汉语使用于[[隋朝]]、[[唐朝]]和[[宋朝]]（公元[[7世纪]]到[[10世纪]]），可以分为《[[切韵]]》（公元601年）涉及到的早期以及《[[广韵]]》（公元10世纪）所反映的晚期。高本汉把这个阶段称为“古代汉语”。

语言学家已能较自信地重构中古汉语的语音系统。这种证据来自几个方面：多样的现代方言、韵书以及对外语的翻译。

正如印欧语系的语言可以由现代印欧语言重构一样，中古汉语也可以由方言重建。另外，中国古代的文学家花费了很大的精力来总结汉语的语音体系，这些资料仍然是现代语言学家工作的基础。最后，汉语的语音可以从对外国语言的翻译中了解到。

=== 近代汉语 ===
{{主條目|近代汉语}}

近代汉语是古代汉语与现代汉语之间以早期白话文献为代表的汉语。 《[[水浒传]]》《[[西游记]]》等书所用语言即为近代汉语。

=== 现代汉语 ===
{{主條目|現代標準漢語}}

现代汉语是以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的汉语。
1913年，读音统一会通过投票方式确定了“国音”标准，这种标准音习惯上称之为“[[老国音]]”。'''1923年'''，当时的国语统一筹备会成立了“国音字典增修委员会”，决定采用北京语音标准，称之为“[[新国音]]”。


== 使用現狀 ==
世界上大約有五分之一人口以漢語為[[母語]]，主要集中在中國。同時在[[海外華人]]當中使用。但是要注意的是，漢語方言之間不一定能互通，不同方言的人之間一般人會使用漢語標準語（大陸稱為普通話，台湾稱為國語、东南亚称为华语）來通話。在其他許多地區，也有很多學習者。

== 系統 ==
=== 汉语声调 ===
汉语所有方言基本均为[[声调语言]]，其声调在漫长的历史时期中不断地分化组合。在学术界，通常以“平上去入”四声作为基本声调分类。在平上去入四类的基础上，加上阴，阳，上，下等形容词作为[[清濁音|清浊]]的标记。例如“阴入”，“阳入”，意为“清入声”和“浊入声”。其他以此类推。

汉语声调的变化，是推断古汉语语音的一个重要语音学证据。现存各方言中的声调调类和调值，也是推断此方言保留继承了那一历史时期的古汉语语音的最重要的语音学证据。

古汉语的声调，现在学术界比较倾向于[[王力 (语言学家)|王力]]的“促舒四调”一说，舒声调有平声，上声，浊声调为长入，短入。

随后在两汉时期，去声大量从“浊上”这一声调中转化出来，被称为“浊上变去”。

在[[曹魏|魏]][[晋朝|晋]][[南北朝]]期间，汉语[[四声]]稳定为“平上去入”四声，但具体清浊调值则尚未研究清楚。此后，“平上去入”四声作为汉语的标准四声规范，一直沿用到[[宋朝|宋]][[元朝|元]]时期。

入声通常以－p，－t，－k，为辅音结尾。但在宋代，三种辅音结尾开始界限模糊，出现了混合入声。随后在元代，官话方言逐渐形成，入声在华北等地的官话方言中消亡，原本唸入聲的字，分到了別的音裡面，例如：雪、白等，有時造成詩歌裡平仄分辨錯誤的狀況。但是同时期的南方方言和一些官话方言在南方地区的次级方言，仍然保留了入声。

到了明清，入声消亡的情形在北方地区进一步加剧，并且“平声”逐渐出现了清浊之分，是为“阴平”和“阳平”。到了现代，以北方方言为基础的大陆地区“普通话”，台湾地区“国语”，[[马来西亚]]和[[新加坡]]的“华语”。均没有入声。但是，这三种官方语言的声调为“阴平，阳平，上声，去声”，仍然为四声。但是，此“四声”并非中古汉语“四声”。

汉语各方言可从其声调的类别和入声的存在和消亡程度粗略的推断出其保留了哪一时期的古汉语音韵结构。

其中，[[闽语]]-p，-t，-k，和模糊入声都有，证明闽语历史上受到不同时期汉语音韵的多次重叠覆盖。粤语中只有-p，-t，-k，没有混合入声，但却保留有极少见的“长入”“短入”之分。可认为是较多的保留了上古并中古汉语音韵，更侧重于中古汉语。

[[客家话]]與[[赣语]]保留-p，-t，-k，[[吴语]]和[[湘语]]都只有混合入声。

“官话方言”绝大多数次级方言都没有入声，学术界基本认定“官话方言”形成于宋元之后。

=== 汉语书面语 ===
[[文言文]]和[[白话文]]都是汉语的书面语。

[[白话文运动]]之前所使用的书面语叫做“文言”，是一种以孔子时代所使用的以“雅言”为基础的书面语。[[白话文运动]]之后所推动的书面汉语通常被称为“白话”，即以[[北方官話]]为基础的现代书面语。在现代汉语的书面语中，文言已经很少使用了。

语言的特点也不是纯粹用时间作标准就可以划分开的，比如[[宋朝|宋]][[元朝|元]]人的一些[[笔记小说]]，以及后来的一些[[白话小说]]，与现代汉语很相似，但同正式场合使用的文体不同。同样的，就在[[白话文运动]]以后，一些官方文书和文艺作品仍然采用文言文文体，另一些作品则介于两者之间。

=== 汉字 ===
{{主條目|汉字}}

漢字是漢語書寫的最基本單元，其使用最晚始於商代，歷經甲骨文、大篆、小篆、隸書、楷書（草書、行書）諸般書體變化。[[秦始皇]]統一[[中國]]，[[李斯]]整理小篆，“書同文”的歷史從此開始。儘管漢語方言發音差異很大，但是書寫系統的統一減少了方言差異造成的交流障礙。汉字的书写也不尽相同，所以出现许多[[异体字]]，还有历朝历代规定一些[[避讳]]的汉字书写（改字，缺笔等），但一般不影响阅读。

[[東漢]][[許慎]]在《[[說文解字]]》中將漢字構造規律概括為“六書”：象形、指事、會意、形聲、轉注、假借。其中，象形、指事、會意、形聲四項為造字原理，是“造字法”；而轉注、假借則為用字規律，是“用字法”。

三千餘年來，漢字的書寫方式變化不大，使得後人得以閱讀古文而不生窒礙。但近代西方文明進入[[東亞]]之後，整個漢字文化圈的各個國家紛紛掀起了學習西方的思潮，許多使用漢字國家即進行了不同程度的漢字簡化，甚至還有完全拼音化的嘗試。日文假名的拉丁轉寫方案以及漢語多種拼音方案的出現都是基於這種思想。[[中國大陸]]將漢字筆劃參考異體字行書草書加以省簡，於[[1956年]][[1月28日]]審訂通過《[[簡化字總表]]》，在[[中國大陸|大陸]]、[[馬來西亞]]及[[新加坡]]使用至今。[[台灣]]、[[香港]]和[[澳門]]則一直使用傳統漢字（亦稱正體中文）。

=== 汉语语法 ===
{{主條目|汉语语法}}

汉语是一种[[孤立语]]，不同于[[印欧语系]]的很多具有曲折变化的语言，汉语的词汇只有一种形式而没有诸如[[复数]]、[[词性]]、[[词格]]、[[时态]]等曲折变化。

汉语存在用于表达时间的副词（“昨天”、“以后”）以及一些表示不同动作状态的助词。助词也用来表达问句；现代标准汉语中问句的语序与陈述句的语序相同（主—谓—宾结构），只使用末尾的语气助词，例如在普通话中的“吗”，来表达疑问语气。名词的复数形式只在代词及多音节（指人）名词中出现。

因为没有曲折变化，汉语与欧洲语言，如[[罗曼语族]]语言相比，语法看似简单。然而，汉语语法中由词序、助词等所构成的句法复杂程度却又大大地超过了以拉丁语为例的曲折性语言。

例如，汉语中存在“体”用于表达不同的时间发生的动作及其状态（目前这种看法存在分歧）。如“了”或“过”常用于表示已经发生的动作，但二者存在差别：第一个是指「完成式」，表示完成某件事，例如“我做完了這項工作”（I have finished this task），另一个却意味着「過去式」表示曾經做過某件事，并不与目前相关，例如“我做過這項工作”（I have done this task before）。汉语还有一套复杂的系统用于区分方向、可能以及动作是否成功，例如“走”及“走上来”、“打”及“打碎”、“看”及“看不懂”、“找”及“找到”。最后，现代标准汉语的名词与数词连接时通常要求有[[量词]]。因此必须说“兩條麵包”（two loaves of bread）而不是“兩麵包”（*two breads）。其中的“條”是一个量词。在汉语中有大量的量词，而且在现代标准汉语中每一个量词都对应一定的名词使用。

此外，漢語文言文中的助詞運用十分的多且複雜。例如:「有朋自遠方來，不亦說乎(孔子)」其中的「乎」便是無意義的語尾助詞，「大去之其不遠矣」的「矣」亦是。

过去认为汉语方言间的语法区别不大，通过近二十年的工作，这个结论受到了挑战{{Fact|time=2007-08-10T11:13:39Z}}。在使用白话文之后，如果依照“普通话”，“国语”和华语所规定的以“北方白话文为语法规范”而书写，各地方言语法也是高度统一的。但是如果严格按照各地方言自身的“白话文”（即口语）来书写的话，将导致相互难以沟通。

目前，将本地方言白话文（口语），而非北方方言白话文作为普遍书写习惯的地区有广东，香港和澳门。粤语白话文在香港和澳门有半官方的书写地位。香港和澳门的普遍正式学校教育，都会教授学生写作标准的汉语文章，合乎现代汉语。要求学生写作文章，不论中国内地、台湾人都能读能明。「口语入文」会被视为书写语误，学生写作表达能力偏低的表现。政府官方文件必以标准现代汉语行文，商界、民間的公文往來亦以现代汉语为主。报章正文（如头版、本地、国际、财经等）大多以现代汉语行文，其他副刊内文，如娱乐、体育等则常以粤语口语入文，可见现代汉语与「口语入文」仍有主次之分。部分香港居民和澳门居民在非正式书写时，会使用粤语白话文，相当多媒体也会使用粤语白话文。

== 汉语的地域分支 ==
=== 方言与语言 ===
汉语[[口语]]在不同地方的分歧是相当大的。从大的范围上说，如[[北京话]]、[[上海话]]、[[广州话]]等完全不能互通，假如將以上三種語言的口語直接記錄成文字，非本地人則根本無法理解；从小的范围上说，汉语（尤其在中国大陆南方）“[[十里不同音]]”，[[浙江]]、[[福建]]甚至出现一个县有十数种不同口音的现象。即使在官話内部，亦因为地域不同而存在口音差异。这种“十里不同音”现象和官话内部的口音差异现象仅仅只表现在口音差异和极个别的语法差异上，口音虽不同但仍然在“同一语言”范畴里面，不至于像北京话、上海话、广州话那样差异已经在语音、语法、词汇各方面都大到语言区分级别。

漢語的書寫文字主要使用[[漢字]]，某些汉语分支使用其他书写系统，例如[[东干语]]使用[[西里尔字母]]的[[表音文字|拼音文字]]，闽南语和客家话各自有使用[[拉丁字母]]的[[白话字]]。[[白話文|現代漢語白話文]]是基於標準官話（[[國語]]或[[普通話]]）的語音和語法的書面語言。由於官話是漢語內部的優勢分支，非官話漢語使用者也長期接受現代漢語白話文教育，能夠使用標準的現代漢語白話文，儘管與他們的母語在語音、詞彙和語法上都不吻合。這種文-言脫離的現象在現代漢語白話文興起之前人民使用[[文言文]]時的文-言脫離現象類似。

独立语言与方言的区别划定，除考虑[[语音]]上的通话度外，语音上的源流、[[语法]]、[[词汇]]、[[文字|书写系统]]，以及东西方对“由文致语”或“由语致文”的认识差异，甚至涉及使用者的认同感、[[政治]]因素。因此，关于汉语是单语还是多语合集的问题，基于语言学特征的不同侧重点，目前中國大陸多數汉语使用者还是认为汉语为单一语言，不同地域的汉语分支是汉语的不同方言。

中国历史上并非没有语言、方言之争。中国部份学者几千年来一直将吴语、闽语、粤语等称作汉语的方言，而另一部份学者则把它们定性为语言。有人引用西汉扬雄所著的《方言》一书以声称粤语为方言，但由於西汉时“言”只能表示“口语”，而非现代语言学意义上的“语言”，因此不足为信。近代以后，西方语言学传入中国。而在西方语言学里，互相之间不能通话的应该被定性为不同是语言(langues)而非不同方言(dialectes)）。由於不同汉语言说话者（至少在口语上）通常不能互相通话，於是引起关于吴语、闽语、粤语等是方言还是语言的争论。一些学者为了表明汉语的特殊情况，创造了regionalect或topolect等词，来对译不同汉语言（或曰“汉语的方言”）。（詳見[http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm 中英對譯]）。

总体而言：
* 在语言学者中，中国大陆的学者较多地使用“方言”一词指称相互有差别的汉语&lt;ref&gt;使用「方言」一詞，是中國大陸語言學界的慣例（事實上，大陸研究漢語內部差異的學科就叫「漢語方言學」），並不代表此詞的使用者一定贊同「方言論」。&lt;/ref&gt;，而大陆以外的学者，部分人认为汉语内部只存在方言，部分人则认为汉语内部可分解成多种独立的语言；
* 在操汉语的非语言学人士中，多数人由于受到汉语词汇、汉字以及中国大陆官方对主流学术观点宣传的影响，都用“方言”来指称相互有差别的汉语。部分人排除民族、文化、政治上的干扰，从纯粹语言学角度研究，主張將漢語視為一個包含一組[[親屬語言]]的[[語族]]。這種觀點也得到中國國内部分學者的支持&lt;ref&gt;参见李敬忠《语言演变论》，广州出版社，1994。ISBN 7-80592-204-7&lt;/ref&gt;。

在一些语言学的中文出版物中，確實存在“[[汉语语族]]”或“漢語族”的说法。不过这种说法仅见于诸如介绍[[汉藏语系]]的总概中，并没有专门的论文来讨论。事实上，尽管语言学界对汉藏语系的构成有争论，但都同意将汉语定为汉藏语系之下的相当于“语族”的地位。雖然這種分類意見得到一部分語言學家的贊同，但在具體細分上仍然存在尖銳的對立觀點。一種觀點認爲，汉语和汉语语族只是形式上的差别，汉语族只含一个语支即汉语支，汉语支下只含一个语言即汉语；另一種觀點認爲，漢語族下包含若干個語支，各語支下包含若干語種，各語種包含若干方言。

[[瑞典]]著名[[汉学]]家[[高本汉]]在其著作《中国音韵学研究》中将[[朝鲜语]]、[[日本语]]、[[越南语]]等其他语言称作汉语的“域外方言”。这是作者在汉语研究的特殊条件下为贯彻历史[[比较语言学]]的方法而采用的比拟性质的简便说法，并不意味着作者当真认为这几种语言也属于汉语。目前世界上绝大部分使用或接触过这些语言的人也不会把这些语言当作汉语的方言，尽管这些语言当中存在大量汉语[[借词]]。

=== 汉语的分支 ===
{{主條目|汉语方言}}

汉语所包含的语言种类问题，在[[语言学]]界颇有争议。目前有两种不同的观点：一种观点认为汉语只包括[[汉语]]一种[[语言]]；另一種認為汉语包括[[闽语]]、[[粤语]]、[[客语]]、[[吴语]]、[[赣语]]、[[湘语]]等语言。[[中国]]国内的学者多数支持前者，而中国以外尤其西方多数学者从语言学的角度支持后者。支持后一种观点的人认为汉语不是一种单一的语言，而是一簇相互关联的有親屬關係的不同语言。支持前一种观点的人则将闽语、粤语、客语、吴语、赣语、湘语等列为[[汉语方言]]，例如趙元任認為標準語（普通話）是方言，[[闽语]]、[[粤语]]等也是方言&lt;ref&gt;語言學家趙元任在1980年曾說：「在學術上講，標準語也是方言，普通所謂的方言也是方言，標準語也是方言的一種」。&lt;/ref&gt;。然而實際上，習慣上所稱的「漢語方言」相互之間或與標準漢語之間無法互通，語言距離往往比歐洲同一語系之下的各種語言之間還要遠。例如一個只會西班牙語的人可能可以使用西班牙語和另一位只會葡萄牙語的人勉強達成溝通，但一個只會粵語的人和一位只會赣语的人對談時，是完全聽不懂對方在說什麼的。需要注意的是，西方學者之分析的普遍基準為拼音文字，故該觀點之於漢語（以及類似漢語的意音文字）的適用性尚可商榷。

中國國内語言學家根據漢語分支的不同特點，把漢語劃分為傳統的七大方言。在這七大方言內部，仍存在不同的次方言區。有時這些次方言區內的使用者也不能相互理解。在不同的方言區的人的語言意識也有一定的區別。例如，一個使用厦门话的厦门人可能會感到與操海南话的海口人有很多共同點，雖然他們可能在相互理解上存在一定的困难。

在地理上的方言分歧也是很明顯的。在華北官話、西北官話或者西南方話地區，相隔幾百公里的人一般可以相互口頭交流，但某些地区语音和词汇的变化也是很大的；然而在中国南方的许多地区，尤其是山区，較小地理範圍内可能存在相互口語交流困難的方言。{{fact|擧一個極端的例子，如[[福建]]某地，相隔只有十公里的當地居民也許已經不能自如口頭交流了。}}

[[File:Image-Map-Sinitic_Languages-zh.png|350px|thumb|汉语方言]]
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    |1=[[現代標準漢語]]（普通話、國語、華語）
    |2=[[东北官话]]
    |3=[[北京官话]]
    |4=[[胶辽官话]]
    |5=[[冀鲁官话]]
    |6=[[中原官话]]
    |7=[[兰银官话]]
    |8=[[江淮官话]]
    |9=[[西南官话]]
    |10=[[东干话]]
    }}
   }}
  |标2=[[吴语]]
  |2={{分支
   |1=[[徽语]]
   |2={{分支
    |1=[[北部吴语]]
    |2=[[南部吴语]]
    }}
   }}
  |标3=[[湘语]]
  |3={{分支
   |1=[[新湘语]]
   |2=[[老湘语]]
   }}
  |标4=客赣
  |4={{分支
   |1=[[赣语]]
   |2=[[客语]]
   }}
  |标5=[[粤语]]
  |5={{分支
   |1=[[广州话]]（標準粵語）
   |2=[[台山话]]
   |3=[[疍家话]]
   |4=[[勾漏粤语]]
   |5=[[高阳粤语]]
   |6=[[广西平话]]
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}

==== 官話 ====
[[官话]]，或称[[官话方言]]、[[北方話]]等：指华北、东北及西北地區、[[湖北]]大部、[[四川]]、[[重庆]]、[[雲南]]、[[貴州]]、[[湖南]]北部、[[江西]]沿江地區、[[安徽]]、[[江蘇]]大部所使用的母語方言。官話大致分為[[華北官話]]、[[西北官話]]、[[西南官話]]、[[江淮官話]]，华北官话分布在[[北方]][[东部]]，以[[北京話]]為代表，西北官話分佈在[[北方]][[西部]]，以[[西安話]]為代表，西南官話分佈在[[南方]][[西部]]，以[[成都話]]為代表，江淮官話分佈在南方東部，以[[扬州話]]為江淮話的代表。上古时期的[[中原]][[雅音]]在[[五胡亂華]]、[[衣冠南渡]]后，分化成為中古汉语语音。而现代“官话方言”，主要形成于宋元时期。官话在形成之后，在南北方分别发展，由分化成了[[南方官話]]和[[北方官話]]，為以後[[國語|中國各代的官方語言]]，[[北方官話]]至今是現代標準漢語的基礎（中國大陸稱為普通話，臺灣稱為國語）。使用這一方言的人占中國人口的70%。

需要指出的是，“官话方言”，过去曾经称为“北方方言”，并不局限于中国北方。相反，中国西南地区和江淮地区的南方方言也属于官话方言。

官话的明顯特點包括：失落了全部中古入聲，中古漢語中的“-p，-t，-k，-m，-n，-ng”韻尾現在只剩下“-n，-ng”，但出現了大量[[兒化韻]]“-r”韻尾。原本連接“i，ü”韻母的“g，k，h”聲母已被[[顎音化]]成“j，q，x”聲母。官话話在失去清濁對立的過程中，沒有經過劇烈的聲調分化，但出現了中古[[四聲|平上去入]]以外的輕聲。因此，官话方言包含了大量的同音字以及相應産生的複合詞。上述現象在其他方言中比較少見。

==== 吳語 ====
{{主條目|吳語|上海話|蘇州話}}
[[吴语]]，或称[[吴方言]]：在中国[[江蘇]]南部、[[安徽]]南部、[[上海]]和[[浙江]]大部分地区使用。典型的吳語以[[苏州话]]為代表。其中安徽西南部受贛語影响，浙江南部保留了较多古代百越话特征，以至不能和作为典型吴语的太湖片吴语通话。使用人數大約為總人口的8.4%。這種方言的對清濁輔音的區分是一個很明顯的特點。但吴语保留了中古汉语的模糊入声。

==== 客家話 ====
[[客家话]]，或称[[客语]]：在中國南方的客家人和絕大多數[[畲族]]人中廣泛使用，包括[[廣東]]東部、北部、福建西部、江西南部、廣西東南部等地，以梅縣話為代表；此外在臺灣也有相當的操客家話的族群。  雖然是一種南方方言，但客家話是在北方移民南下影響中形成的。客家話因而保留了一些中古中原話的特點。使用客家話的人口大約占總人口的5%。客家方言的特点是平声，上声不分阴阳，但入声，去声分阴阳。

==== 閩語 ====
{{主條目|閩語}}
[[闽语]]，或称[[闽方言]]：在[[福建]]、[[海南]]、[[廣東]]東部、[[菲律賓]]、[[台湾]]、[[新加坡]]、[[马来西亚]]还有其他海外的一些華人中使用。由於閩語的內部分歧比較大，通常分為[[闽南语|閩南方言]]（以廈門話為代表）、閩北話（以[[建瓯话]]为代表）、[[閩東話]]（以[[福州話]]為代表）、莆仙方言和閩中方言。閩語是所有方言中，唯一不完全與[[中古漢語]]韻書存在直接對應的方言，其中以[[閩南語]]最具影响。但是，根据现有的语音学研究，闽语的音系相当接近[[上古汉语]]的音系。

[[閩南語]]（狭义的，即閩台片闽南话）共有“-m，-n，-ng，-p，-t，-k，-ʔ”（貌似問号的國際音標是緊喉音。）在入聲 [-p/-t/-k] 消失之前，先發生‘入声弱化’，[-p/-t/-k] 全部變成 ʔ。山西方言仍保有這種弱化入聲）”七種輔音韻尾。閩南語是漢語中聲調较複雜的方言之一，泉州音有8個聲調（不含轻声），漳州音、厦门音、同安音、台湾音通常有七個声调（不含轻声調、高聲調）。同時，閩南語也是保留中古漢語最完整的方言之一。泉州音和漳州音是其它支系的母语，閩（南）台片的閩南语内部较为一致。广义的闽南方言还包括海南话、潮州话、浙南闽语等，使用閩南語的人口大約為總數的4.2%。

==== 粵語 ====
{{主條目|粵語|廣州話|粵語白話文}}
[[粵语]]：以[[廣州話]]為標準，在[[廣東]]、[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[广西]]的東部和[[海外華人]]中使用，中國的一些少數民族如[[京族]]、部份[[壯族]]也使用粵語。粵語是漢語眾多分支中[[聲調]]最複雜的一種。[[標準粵語]]有九個声调，某些方言如勾漏方言、桂南平話方言具有十个声调。粵語完整保留了[[中古漢語]]的 -p、-t、-k、-m、-n、-ng 六種輔音韻尾。粤语没有混合入声，可以认为粤语中保留的古汉语成分要早于吴语，但晚于闽语，大約對應[[隋]][[唐]]時期的中古漢語。絕大部份漢字都有對應的粵語發音。粵語的口語和社會上普遍使用的[[白話文|現代漢語白話文]]在詞彙、語法上差別非常大，存在嚴重的文、言脫離現象。粵語有一套自己的書面的白話文表示方式，參見[[粵語白話文]]。粵语內部具有多種方言，詳細請參看[[粵語方言]]。使用粵语的漢族人口大約為漢族人口總數的5%。海外華人特別是美洲、澳洲華人有相当一部分都是粵語區移民，普遍使用粵語。

==== 湘语 ====
[[湘语]]，或称[[湘方言]]：在[[湖南]]使用。按是否保留浊声母分类，可分为[[老派湘语|老湘]]和[[新派湘语|新湘]]兩類，其中浊声母已全部清化的新湘語相对接近[[西南官话]]。分别以長沙話（新）及雙峰話（老）為代表，使用者約占總人口的5%。历史上湖南湖北两省受到北方文化的强烈影响，故湘语内部差异比较大。并且有多个时期古汉语语音特征之重叠。

==== 赣语 ====
[[赣语]]，或称[[赣方言]]：以南昌話為代表，主要用於江西大部、湖南東南部。使用人數約為2.4%。赣方言在音-{系}-上与客家方言十分接近，因此学术界有将赣客方言统一归类的提议。

==== 其他方言 ====
下面的幾種方言是否構成獨立的大方言區，現在尚有爭議：
* [[晋语]]：在[[山西]]绝大部分以及[[陕西]]北部、[[河北]]西部、[[河南]]西北部、[[内蒙古]][[河套地区]]等地使用，以[[太原话]]为代表，有[[入声韵]]—— [-ʔ]（這貌似問号的國際音標是緊喉音。在入聲 [-p/-t/-k] 消失之前，先發生‘入声弱化’，[-p/-t/-k] 全部變成  [-ʔ]）。其[[白读系统]]与[[官话]]截然不同。以前（及现在的不少语言学学者）将其归于[[官话]]。
* [[平话]]：在[[广西]]的部分地区使用。傳統上將[[桂南平话]]归于[[粤语]]，近年來有人主張將[[桂北平话]]当成孤立的土语存在。
* [[徽語]]：在[[安徽]]南部及[[赣]][[浙]][[苏]]部分毗邻地区使用。以前（及现在的部分语言学学者）将其归于[[吳語]]。

==== 东干语 ====
[[东干语]]为汉语[[中原官话]]和[[兰银官话]]在中国境外的特殊变体。融合了[[俄语]]、[[阿拉伯语]]、[[波斯语]]和[[突厥语]]等语言的部分词汇。

== 影响 ==
=== 对其它语言的影响 ===
漢語也曾对其周边的国家的語言文字产生过重要影响，如[[日語]]、[[朝鲜語]]、[[越南語]]中都保留有大量的漢語借词以及漢語书写体系。在新词汇的产生过程中，亦对少数民族语言产生影响。如[[手机]]、[[信号]]等词被[[维吾尔语]]、[[苗语]]等少数民族语言借用。

=== 受其他語言的影響 ===
在古代，随着佛教的传入，[[梵文]]对汉语书面语的语法和词汇产生较大影响，并推动了口语应用文体的发展；后来在民族融合的进程中，[[蒙古语]]、[[滿語]]等相继与汉语接触，出现了不少词语借用；近代特别是[[五四运动]]以后，[[和製漢語]]、[[俄語]]、[[英語]]詞彙大量傳入，語法也日漸受到英語等歐洲語言影響，形成了所谓[[歐化中文]]现象，这既部分适应了当代语言使用的需要，同时历来也招致民间和学术界不少尖锐的批评。目前汉语仍不断受到全球各种语言的复杂影响。汉语一脉相承，汉字汉化了所有的入侵，超方言的汉字统一了中国，拼音字则不然。&lt;ref&gt;
'''语言定理'''。1786年威廉·琼斯爵士于提出，某些语言有着词汇、语法、构词法和语音使用上的相似性，因此它们必定是来自一个'''共同的祖语'''。现在流行的学术观念认为，…中国人也由非洲经中东印度越南经海上二三万年前到达，一二万年前已经遍布大陆，并越过白令海峡进入美洲。所以印度语言数量比中国的丰富，中国南方语言数量比北方的丰富。…这可以解释汉藏语系同源，汉语方言同源。[[语言进化论]]用树状图来理解、定位各语言的关系。

'''隔离下'''，语言进化论又告诉我们，随着时间的流逝，那些成为分隔的词形就会越来越彼此趋异，从而在词汇中出现新词。如果从未发生过语言替换，则'''趋异就是语言变化的主要原因'''，而语言地图就会呈现出语言小单元的镶嵌图的形式。这种镶嵌形式在澳大利亚北部的士著语言中很显著（Colin Renfrew《世界的语言多样性》）。…这可以解释中国南方山区方言的格局，也可解释华夏文明初期，中华大地方国部落有如群星灿烂。

'''交流下'''，会产生所谓'''语言联盟'''，即同一地区或毗邻地区通行的数种没有亲属关系的语言，由于长期接触，互相影响而获得语法、语音等方面的许多相似或共同特征。甚至音位和形态系统的相互渗透并无界限可言。如不同语系的数种巴尔干国家的语言，由于拜占庭文化在这个地区显示出的较强凝聚力和各语言间的相互影响、渗透，在长达几个世纪的接触中，不仅表现在词汇平面上，也表现在音位和形态、句法平面上，获得了被世人称为 &quot;巴尔干语言特点&quot; 的许多共同特征。…这可以解释汉字汉文化同质化了中国语言，同类化了日韩越语言。即使假定一些方言原本不是汉语也会汉化，如一种观念认为，客家话是选择了汉字才成为汉语的。

'''语言替换'''，例如，奥塔戈大学的 C．F．W．Higham提出，（1）农业扩展带来语言替换的原因，…汉藏语系诸语言的扩展看来最初也是同黄河流域的粟和其它谷类植物的驯化有关，只是在更晚的时候才同稻的驯化有关。（2）在高度等级化的社会中，入侵的少数民族控制了权力杠杆并且以贵族自居，它'''赋予了它的语言以显赫的威望'''，以致诱导本地人宁愿采用征服者的语言而不愿使用其母语。在华南，…汉语仅仅在历史时期由于秦帝国的军事扩展才开始使用。阿尔泰语言，特别是突厥诸语言，是在更晚的时候由骑在马背上的游牧部族的精英统治带到遥远的地方的（Colin Renfrew《世界的语言多样性》）。…这可以解释今天多数中国人都觉得北京话好听，其实汉唐却是西京话、宋代是东京话、明代是南京话，因为它们相差很远，所以并非存在“好听”，只是“感觉”。&lt;/ref&gt;

==参见==
* [[汉语族]]

== 註解 ==
{{註腳}}

== 參考資料 ==
=== 參考字典、词典 ===
* [[新華字典]]
* [[現代漢語詞典]]
* [[國語大字典]]
* [http://bitex-cn.com BitEx中文（在线汉语词典）]
* [http://www.zdic.net 汉典（在线汉语字典）]

=== 英文資料 ===
* Hannas, William. C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X (paperback); ISBN 0-8248-1842-3 (hardcover)
* [[德范克|DeFrancis, John]]. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1068-6

== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/ Cantonese Help Sheets]  粤语教程
* [http://www.chineselanguage.org/dictionaries/ccdict/ Chinese Characters Dictionary] 支持日语、韩语、粤语等。
* [http://www.hanyu.com.cn/ Online College of Chinese Language汉语远程学院教学网]（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办)

{{汉语}}
{{聯合國官方語言}}

[[Category:汉语| ]]
[[Category:漢藏語系]]
[[Category:中国语言]]
[[Category:世界之最]]

{{Link FA|mk}}

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[[yo:Èdè Ṣáínà]]
[[za:Vahgun]]
[[zh-classical:漢語]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hàn-gí]]
[[zh-yue:中文]]
[[zu:IsiShayina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/理想语双合发音</title>
    <id>7448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52749</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T19:58:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{RCL}}
{{Otheruses|subject=中国大陆及臺灣的漢語罗马字母拼写方案|other=其他拼音方案|dis=s|拼音}}
《[[中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法]]》第十八条规定：“《'''汉语拼音方案'''》是[[中国]]人名、地名和[[中文]][[文献]][[罗马字母]]拼写法的统一规范，并用于[[汉字]]不便或不能使用的领域。”根据这套规范写出的符号叫做'''汉语拼音'''（Hànyǔ​pīnyīn​）或只是'''拼音'''（Pīnyīn）。

汉语拼音也是国际普遍承认的汉语[[普通话]]拉丁转写标准。国际标准'''ISO 7098'''（中文罗马字母拼写法）写道：“[[中华人民共和国]][[全国人民代表大会]]（[[1958年]][[2月11日]]）正式通过的汉语拼音方案，被用来拼写中文。转写者按中文字的普通话读法记录其读音。”&lt;ref name=&quot;iso7098&quot;&gt;原文：Hànyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn (Chinese phonetic system) or pīnyīn, which was officially adopted on 1958-02-11 by the National Assembly of the People's Republic of China, is used to transcribe Chinese. The transcriber writes down the pronunciation of the characters according to their readings in pǔtōnghuà.&lt;/ref&gt;

无论中国自己的规范还是国际标准，都明确指出了汉语拼音的性质和地位，即汉语普通话的拉丁'''拼写法'''或'''转写系统'''，而非汉语[[正字法]]或汉语的[[文字系统]]。'''汉语拼音字母'''只是对方案所用拉丁字母'''个体'''的称谓，并不意味着汉语拼音是一种[[拼音文字]]（[[全音素文字]]）。

汉语拼音在[[中国大陆]]使用范围十分广泛。海外[[华人]]地区，特别是[[华语]]地区如[[菲律賓]]、[[马来西亚]]和[[新加坡]]等，目前也在汉语教育中进行汉语拼音教学。[[台灣]]自[[2009年]]開始，中文譯音也全面採用漢語拼音。&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|http://www.cna.com.tw/SearchNews/doDetail.aspx?id=200902210088|title=漢語拼音接軌中國？郝龍斌：國際認同 續執行|publisher=中央社|date=2009-02-21|accessdate=2009-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 历史 ==
古人曾采用[[直音法|直音]]、[[讀若法|讀若]]、[[反切]]等方法为汉字注音。漢末魏晉南北朝時，相繼漸知反切，分辨宮商角-{徵}-羽[[五聲|五音]]，分別平上去入[[四聲]]&lt;ref name=&quot;中國文化史&quot;&gt; [[柳翼謀]]：《[[中國文化史 (柳翼謀)|中國文化史]]》&lt;/ref&gt;。[[佛教]]傳入後，漢字切韻生於[[西域]]，舊所傳十四字，貫一切音，稱為婆羅門書，其後又得[[三十六字母]]，音韻之道始備&lt;ref&gt;[[鄭樵]]：《[[通志]]·七音略》&lt;/ref&gt;。[[唐朝]]时期[[日本]]人创造的[[假名]]，也可能是最早用于拼注汉字语音的注音符号之一。[[明朝]]时期[[朝鲜]]人创造了[[谚文]]。明代[[回回]]创造了用阿拉伯字母为汉语注音的[[小经]]。[[1605年]]，[[意大利]][[传教士]][[利玛窦]]最早采用拉丁字母为汉字注音。[[1626年]]，[[法国]]传教士[[金尼阁]]在利玛窦方案的基础上采用音素字母为汉字注音。早期的汉语拼音以[[南京官话]]为蓝本。以后又出现了以[[北京官话]]为蓝本的汉语拼音以及[[广东话]]等拼音。[[1867年]][[英国人]][[威妥玛]]创制的[[威妥玛式拼音]]采用北京官话作为蓝本。[[威妥瑪拼音]]的使用時間相當長，直到2008年[[台灣]]地區仍然廣泛使用。

[[1892年]]，[[卢戆章]]仿拉丁字母造“中国切音新字”字母，并主张以南京语音为汉语语音标准，这被认为是统一全国语音的首倡者。[[1900年]][[王照]]受日本片假名启发创制汉字笔画型拼音字母“官话合声字母”，并主张以北京语音为汉语语音标准。

中国民族知识分子采用拉丁字母设计汉语的注音最早可以追溯到[[1906年]][[朱文熊]]的《[[江苏新字母]]》和[[1908年]][[刘孟扬]]的《[[中国音标字书]]》，还有[[1926年]]的[[国语罗马字]]和[[1931年]]的[[拉丁化新文字]]。所有这些汉字拉丁化方案都为汉语拼音的制定提供了基础。

[[1909年]]，[[江谦]]正式提出把官话定名为[[国语]]，[[1911年]][[清朝|清]]学部通过《统一国语办法法案》。[[1913年]][[中华民国]]召开[[读音统一会]]，最后确定“国音”以北京语音为“基础”，同时吸收各地方言的语音特点，并为国语创制了-{注}-音字母（又称“-{注}-音符号”）。[[1919年]][[北洋政府]]教育部设[[国语统一筹备会]]，[[1924年]]决定废除国音，放弃入声，确立国语以北京语音为标准音，[[1928年]][[国民政府]]公布推行国语罗马字拼音法式。

[[1936年]][[斯诺]]访问陕北时，发现[[徐特立]]正在苏区进行汉语拉丁化拼音方案的试验，并称这套方案基本能满足汉语拼音化的改革。此事被记入《西行漫记》一书，这套拼音方案也成为1949年建国后大陆文字改革的基石之一。

[[1949年]]初，国语罗马字的创始人之一[[黎锦熙]]给[[吴玉章]]写信并当面交换对文字改革的见解。

[[1949年]][[8月25日]]，[[吴玉章]]给[[毛泽东]]写信，请示当前文字改革工作指导原则：“根据文字应当力求科学化、国际化、大众化的原则，中国文字应改成拼音文字，并以改成罗马字的，也就是拉丁化的拼音为好，不要注音字母式拼音与日本假名式拼音。”毛泽东把信批复给[[郭沫若]]、[[茅盾]]等人研究。

1949年[[8月28日]]，吴玉章等在华北大学举行了[[中国文字改革协会|文字改革协会]]第三次发起人会议，新增[[胡乔木]]、[[聂真]]为发起人。

1949年9月1日，毛泽东指定吴玉章、[[成仿吾]]、[[范文澜]]、[[马叙伦]]、郭沫若、[[沈雁冰]]（笔名茅盾）等共同组织中国文字改革协会。

1949年[[10月10日]]，[[中国文字改革协会]]正式成立。

1949年[[10月20日]]，中国文字改革协会举行了第一次理事会议，决定把研究拼音文字作为主要任务。

1949年[[12月4日]]，中国文字改革协会召开了第一次常务理事会，推选吴玉章为常务理事会主席兼拼音方案研究委员会主任；推选[[黎锦熙]]、[[胡乔木]]为副主席兼拼音方案研究委员会副主任。

中国文字改革协会成立不到半年，就收到了几百种汉语新文字方案。

[[1950年]]7月，[[教育部]]邀请在京的语文研究工作者30多人座谈，提出了组织[[中国文字改革研究委员会]]的建议。

[[1951年]][[12月26日]]，周恩来指示，在[[中央人民政府政务院]][[文化教育委员会]]下设立一个中国文字改革研究委员会。

[[1952年]][[2月5日]]，中国文字改革研究委员会召开成立大会，由[[马叙伦]]主持。

根据毛泽东关于制定民族形式的汉语拼音文字方案的指示，中国文字改革研究委员会从[[1952年]]3月开始了以制定汉字笔画式拼音方案为主的研究工作。

[[1952年]]8月，中国文字改革研究委员会召开第二次全体委员会议。

1952年10月，中国文字改革研究委员会下设的拼音方案组召开会议，通过一个汉语拼音字母表，其中声母24个，韵母37个。

[[1953年]]初，毛泽东审阅了拼音方案组拟定的中国拼音文字字母草稿。他认为这套拼音字母在拼音的方法上虽然简单了，但笔画还是太繁，有些比注音字母更难写。

1953年6月，拼音方案组拟出5种草案，后议定以[[吴玉章]]的方案为基础，深入探讨。拼音方法以双拼为主。

中国共产党中央委员会为了加强对文字改革工作的指导，于[[1953年]][[10月1日]]在党中央成立了[[中央文字问题委员会]]。

[[1953年]][[11月21日]]，中央文字问题委员会召开第二次会议，研究了整理和简化汉字问题；根据中国文字改革研究委员会一年多来研究所得的材料，向中央写了请示报告，提出了可以首先实行的4项初步改革办法。即：
# 推行简体字。
# 统一异体字。
# 确定常用字，并对非常用字加注音。
# 极少数汉字改用拼音字母。

[[1954年]][[7月15日]]，中国文字改革研究委员会召开第四次全体委员会议，对拼音方案组提出的5种民族形式的拼音方案草案进行讨论，但始终无法从中确立出一个令人满意的方案。

[[1954年]]10月，周恩来提议设立“[[中国文字改革委员会]]”，并指示：拼音方案可以采用拉丁化，但是要能标出四声。

1954年[[10月8日]]，[[第一届全国人民代表大会]]常务委员会第二次会议，批准设立中国文字改革委员会，作为国务院直属机构。

在试制民族形式的汉语拼音方案前后，1950年到1955年，全国各地[[工农兵]]、机关干部、学校师生和海外华侨共633人寄来了655个汉语拼音文字方案，文字改革研究委员会从中选择了264种，编印成《各地人士寄来汉语拼音文字方案汇编》两册，作为制定汉语拼音方案的重要参考资料。

汉语拼音文字方案大致有这样几种形式：
* 汉字笔画式
* 拉丁字母式
* [[斯拉夫字母]]式
* 几种字母的混合形式
* [[速记]]式
* [[图案]]式
* [[数字]]形式

[[1954年]][[11月20日]]，国务院任命[[吴玉章]]为中国文字改革委员会主任，[[胡愈之]]为副主任；吴玉章、胡愈之、[[韦悫]]、[[丁西林]]、[[叶恭绰]]为常务委员，并进行成立中国文字改革委员会的筹备工作。

[[1954年]][[12月23日]]，中国文字改革委员会正式成立并举行第一次全体会议。会议最后通过了修正后的《汉字简化方案（初稿）》和《一九五五年工作计划大纲（草案）》。在成立大会上吴玉章提出工作任务，这就是做好三项准备工作：
# 制定《汉字简化方案》
# 制定《汉语拼音方案》
# 研究和推行标准音（普通话）的教学。

[[1955年]]2月，文改会成立拼音方案委员会。

[[1955年]][[5月6日]]，[[刘少奇]]听取汇报后，提出三点意见：
# 为了减少社会震动，简化字要分期分批进行，原来的繁体字要保留一个时期，不要马上废除。
# 汉民族要有统一的语言，学校要用普通话进行教学。可以考虑做出这样的规定：老师在一定时期内学会普通话，今后凡是不会讲普通话的，不能当教师。
# 拼音方案制定后，要用来作试验，可以试译《[[毛泽东选集]]》。

教育部和文改会于[[1955年]][[10月15日]]至23日，联合召开了全国文字改革会议，参加会议的有来自全国28个省、市、自治区和中央一级有关机关、人民团体和部队的代表207人。会议上提出用“普通话”代替“国语”这个名称，并确定了普通话“以北京语音为标准音”的语音标准，从而解决了《汉语拼音方案》的语音标准问题。中国文改会秘书长叶籁士汇报了几年来研制汉语拼音方案的工作情况，同时提出六种汉语拼音方案的初稿，征求到会代表的意见。会议代表讨论并一致通过了《汉字简化方案修正草案》和《第一批异体字整理表草案》。

从[[1956年]][[1月1日]]起，中华人民共和国境内报刊实行了横排横写。

[[1956年]][[1月20日]]，中央召开知识分子问题会议。中国文字改革委员会主任吴玉章在会上作了关于文字改革的发言。然后毛泽东主席发表讲话，他指出：“我很赞成在将来采用拉丁字母。……因为这种字母很少，只有二十几个，向一面写，简单明了。……拉丁字母出在罗马那个地方，为世界大多数国家所采用，我们用一下，是否就大有卖国嫌疑呢？我看不见得。凡是外国的好东西，对我们有用的东西，我们就是要学，就是要统统拿过来，并且加以消化，变成自己的东西”。在会议总结发言时周恩来总理说：“中央政治局决定：‘首先简化汉字，推行书报横排，拼音方案采用拉丁字母，公布后用在小学课本上，代替注音字母’。”

[[1956年]][[1月27日]]，中共中央《关于文字改革工作问题的指示》，批转了1955年[[11月23日]]中国文字改革委员会党组和教育部党组《关于全国文字改革会议的情况和目前文字改革工作的请示报告》。《指示》所批准的文字改革方针是：“汉字必须改革，汉字改革要走世界文字共同的拼音方向，而在实现拼音化以前，必须简化汉字，以利目前的应用，同时积极进行拼音化的各项工作。”

1956年[[1月28日]]，国务院全体会议第23次会议通过了《关于公布〈汉字简化方案〉的决议》，并决定成立中央推广普通话工作委员会。

1956年[[1月31日]]，[[中国科学院]]语言研究所成立了普通话审音委员会，开始审订普通话异读词的读音。

1956年[[2月6日]]，国务院发布《关于推广普通话的指示》。

[[1956年]][[2月12日]]，《[[人民日报]]》发表了中国文字改革委员会拟定的《汉语拼音方案（草案）》，即《汉语拼音方案》的第一个草案（后来人们把这个草案称为“原草案”）；同时还发表了《关于拟订汉语拼音方案（草案）的几点说明》，向全国人民征求意见。

[[1956年]][[3月5日]]，[[中国人民政治协商会议]]全国委员会常务委员会第十八次会议（扩大）讨论《汉语拼音方案（草案）》。当天，中国人民政治协商会议发出《关于组织讨论〈汉语拼音方案（草案）〉的通知》。

1956年[[3月20日]]，教育部和高等教育部发出《关于汉语方言普查的联合指示》，各省、市开始进行方言普查。

[[1956年]]3月，吴玉章在政协全国委员会常务委员会第十八次会议上作了《关于汉语拼音方案草案》的报告。吴玉章的这个报告，阐述了1955年以后中国文字改革委员会拼音方案委员会研制的汉语拼音方案的性质和作用。

文改会拼音方案委员会于1956年4月到1957年10月召开了10次会议，对《汉语拼音方案（草案）》进行修订。

[[1956年]][[9月26日]]，中国文字改革委员会主任吴玉章在中国共产党第八次全国代表大会上作《关于中国文字改革问题》的发言。发言指出，汉语拼音方案，采用罗马字母，这是确定了的。因为拉丁字母是现代大多数的民族语言中所公用的字母，并且是为我国知识界所已经熟悉的一种字母。……拼音方案，在目前主要的用途，是为了给汉字注音和用作教学普通话的工具。

[[1956年]][[10月10日]]，国务院批准成立了汉语拼音方案审订委员会，任命[[郭沫若]]为主任，[[张奚若]]、[[胡乔木]]为副主任，委员有16人。审订委员会成立以后，召开五次会议，多次商讨，并邀请在京的语言、教育、文艺、新闻、出版、科技、翻译各界以及部队和人民团体的代表178人举行座谈，同时向京外39个城市的100位语文工作者书面征求意见。

[[1957年]]10月，汉语拼音方案审订委员会提出《汉语拼音方案修正草案》，[[10月25日]]，政协全国常委会扩大会议同意《汉语拼音方案草案》（即修正草案）。

[[1957年]][[11月1日]]，国务院全国会议第六十次会议通过《关于公布〈汉语拼音方案草案〉的决议》。{{quote|汉语拼音方案草案，经中国文字改革委员会提出后，两年来，由中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会和各地方协商委员会组织了广泛的讨论，并且由国务院组织汉语拼音方案审订委员会加以审核修订，最后又由中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会召开扩大会议加以审议，现在由国务院全体会议通过，准备提请全国人民代表大会下次会议讨论和批准，并且决定登报公布，让全国人民事先知道。

应用汉语拼音方案为汉字注音来帮助识字和统一读音，对于改进学校语文教学，推广普通话，扫除文盲，都将起推进作用。对于少数民族制定文字和学习汉语方面，也有重大意义。因此，这个方案草案在提请全国人民代表大会讨论和批准之后，可以在师范、中小学校，成人补习学校，扫盲教育和出版等方面逐步推行，并在实践过程中继续求得完善化。具体办法，将由教育部、文化部及其他有关单位会同中国文字改革委员会分别拟定，报告国务院批准施行。}}

[[1957年]][[11月29日]]，中国文字改革委员会《关于讨论壮文方案和少数民族文字方案中设计字母的几项原则的报告》上报国务院。报告中说：这个壮文方案（草案）在字母的用法上跟汉语拼音方案基本上一致，而且能表达壮语的语音特点，在试用推行过程中受到壮族群众的普遍欢迎。同日，国务院全体会议第六十三次会议讨论通过中国文字改革委员会《关于讨论壮文方案和少数民族文字方案中设计字母的几项原则的报告》，并作了批复：……同意关于少数民族文字中设计字母的五项原则，今后少数民族设计文字方案的时候，都应该按照这些原则办理。

[[1957年]][[12月6日]]，国务院全体会议第六十四次会议批准中国文字改革委员会《汉语拼音方案草案宣传工作计划要点》，拟定从1957年[[12月11日]]至1958年[[1月11日]]为汉语拼音方案宣传月。

[[1957年]][[12月11日]]，《人民日报》发表社论《当前文字改革的任务和汉语拼音方案》。

[[1958年]][[1月10日]]，中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会举行报告会，周恩来总理作了《当前文字改革的任务》的重要报告。报告规定了我国当前文字改革的任务是：简化汉字，推广普通话，制定和推行《汉语拼音方案》。并指出：汉语拼音方案是用来为汉字注音和推广普通话的，它并不是用来代替汉字的拼音文字。胡乔木同志也作了《关于汉语拼音方案草案的几点说明》的报告。会后，政协全国委员会派出六个宣传组，分别到华东、西北、中南、西南、东北、京津的15个大城市宣传《汉语拼音方案》。1958年1月10日，政协全国委员会举行报告会，周恩来总理在会上作了《当前文字改革的任务》的重要报告，他在报告中对文字改革的三大任务“简化汉字，推广普通话，制定和推行汉语拼音方案”做了明确透彻阐述。

1958年[[1月27日]]，第一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议开始讨论《汉语拼音方案草案》。[[2月3日]]，吴玉章在第一届第五次会议上作《关于当前文字改革工作和汉语拼音方案的报告》。经过讨论后，[[2月11日]]，第一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议正式批准《汉语拼音方案》，并通过了《全国人民代表大会关于汉语拼音方案的决议》。{{quote|决定：一、批准汉语拼音方案。二、原则同意吴玉章主任关于当前文字改革和汉语拼音方案的报告，认为应该继续简化汉字，积极推广普通话；汉语拼音方案作为帮助学习汉字和推广普通话的工具，应该首先在师范、中、小学校进行教学，积累教学经验，同时在出版等方面逐步推行，并且在实践过程中继续求得方案的进一步完善。}}

[[1959年]][[12月27日]]，[[山西省]]教育厅在[[万荣县]]召开了全省推行注音扫盲现场会议。

[[1960年]][[4月22日]]，中共中央发出《关于推广注音识字的指示》。

[[1960年]][[5月11日]]，《人民日报》发表社论，总结了注音识字的优越性。

[[1962年]]中华人民共和国国家测绘总局，中国人民解放军总参谋部测绘局制定了《少数民族语地名调查和翻译通则（草案）》，对地名翻译中若干问题作了具体规定。

[[1965年]]，中华人民共和国国家测绘总局和[[中国文字改革委员会]]于联合颁发了《少数民族语地名的汉语拼音字母音译转写法（草案）》。

[[1977年]]9月，[[联合国]]第三届[[地名标准化会议]]根据“名从主人”的原则，通过了《联合国第三届地名标准化会议关于推荐用〈汉语拼音方案〉拼写中国地名作为中国地理名称罗马字母拼法的国际标准的决议》
:大会，
:认识到（三字二词下加圆点“·”）：《汉语拼音方案》是中国法定的罗马字母拼音方案；中国已制定了“中国地名汉语拼音拼写法”；
:注意到（三字二词下加圆点“·”）：《汉语拼音方案》从语言学的观点来看是健全的，也极宜作为中国地理名称罗马字母拼写依据；《中华人民共和国地图（汉语拼音版）》、《汉语拼音中国地名手册（英汉对照）》以及其他资料已经在中国出版；《汉语拼音方案》已经有了广泛的应用；
:考虑到（三字二词下加圆点“·”）：经过一个适当的过渡时期后，在国际上采用汉语拼音作为中国地理名称的罗马字母拼写依据是完全可能的；
:因此推荐（四字二词下加圆点“·”）：采用汉语拼音作为国际上用罗马字母拼写中国地理名称的（惟一）系统。

[[1978年]][[8月26日]]，教育部发出《关于加强学校普通话和汉语拼音教学的通知》，重申必须继续贯彻“大力提倡，重点推行，逐步普及”的推普方针。

[[1978年]][[9月26日]]，[[国务院]]批转[[中国文字改革委员会]]、国家测绘总局等单位《关于改用汉语拼音方案作为我国人名地名罗马字母拼写法的统一规范的报告》，从[[1979年]][[1月1日]]起，中国在对外文件、书刊中的人名、地名的罗马字母拼写，一律采用汉语拼音方案拼写。“……改用汉语拼音字母作为我国人名地名罗马字母拼法，是取代威妥玛式等各种旧拼法，消除我国人名地名在罗马字母拼写法方面长期存在混乱现象的重要措施。”

[[1979年]][[4月22日]]至28日，中国文字改革委员会和教育部在杭州市联合召开了全国推广普通话工作汇报会。

[[1979年]][[5月6日]]在[[上海市]]举行了高等院校文字改革教材编写协作会议的第二次会议。

[[1979年]][[6月15日]]，联合国秘书处关于采用“汉语拼音”的通知：“……从1979年6月15日起，联合国秘书处采用“汉语拼音”的新拼法作为在各种拉丁字母文字中转写中华人民共和国人名和地名的标准。从这一天起，秘书处起草、翻译或发出的各种文件都用“汉语拼音”书写中国名称。”

[[1979年]][[8月11日]]至20日，教育部、中国文字改革委员会、共青团中央在北京联合召开了第五次全国普通话教学成绩观摩会。

[[1979年]]9月，由[[曹余章]]、[[许宝华]]、颜逸明、杨春霖、张静等57人发起，[[胡愈之]]、[[吕叔湘]]、[[王力]]、[[叶籁士]]等14人赞助，提出了“成立高等院校文字改革研究会倡议书”。

[[1980年]][[3月25日]]，国务院发出《关于充实和加强中国文字改革委员会的通知》。

充实和加强后的中国文字改革委员会于[[1980年]][[5月20日]]召开了第一次全体会议。

[[20世纪]][[1980年代|80年代]]初，[[中国地名委员会]]制定了《中国地名汉语拼音字母拼音规则（草案）》。

[[全国高等院校文字改革学会]]于[[1981年]][[7月13日]]至[[7月20日|20日]]在[[黑龙江省]][[哈尔滨市]]举行成立大会。

[[1982年]]，[[国际标准化组织]]发出'''ISO 7098'''号文件（中文罗马字母拼写法）采用《汉语拼音方案》进行中文罗马字母拼写，[[1991年]]修订。

[[1984年]]12月，[[中国地名委员会]]、[[中国文字改革委员会]]和[[国家测绘局]]联合发布了《中国地名汉语拼音拼写规则（汉语部分）》。

中国文字改革委员会于1984年年底，召开了文字改革工作座谈会。经过充分讨论，会议认为：在新的形势下，文字改革诸项任务中推广普通话的工作应该提到首位。会议还明确指出：在今后一个相当长的历史时期内，汉字将在中国语文生活中继续发挥重要的作用，它将与汉语拼音相辅相成，共同为现代化建设服务。

[[1985年]][[10月21日]]至[[10月25日|25日]]，[[国家教育委员会]]和中国文字改革委员会在北京联合召开小学“注音识字，提前读写”实验教学座谈会。

[[1985年]]初，国务院同意了中国文字改革委员会《关于文字改革工作座谈会情况的报告》。

[[1985年]][[12月16日]]，国务院决定将[[中国文字改革委员会]]改名为[[国家语言文字工作委员会]]（简称“国家语委”）。

[[1986年]][[1月23日]]国务院发布《地名管理条例》，“第八条：中国地名的罗马字母拼写，以国家公布的《汉语拼音方案》作为统一规范。拼写细则，由[[中国地名委员会]]制定。”

[[2000年]][[10月31日]]第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议通过[[中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法]]（[[2001年]][[1月1日]]起施行），又一次确立了汉语拼音方案的法律地位。第十八条规定“国家[[通用语言文字]]以《汉语拼音方案》作为拼写和注音工具。《汉语拼音方案》是中国人名、地名和中文文献罗马字母拼写法的统一规范，并用于汉字不便或不能使用的领域。初等教育应当进行汉语拼音教学。”其中给出了“《汉语拼音方案》”的定义和使用范围，并且要求[[初等教育]]的汉语拼音教学。

[[2008年]][[1月25日]]15时，[[中华人民共和国教育部]]举行2008年第1次例行新闻发布会介绍《汉语拼音方案》颁布50周年纪念活动有关内容及汉语拼音推行情况。

[[2008年]][[9月16日]]，位於[[台灣]]的[[中華民國]][[行政院]]跨部会议通过提案，放弃此前使用[[通用拼音]]的政策，改採漢語拼音為譯音標準，並從[[2009年]][[1月1日]]起實施。&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=Taipei Times |date=[[2008年]][[9月18日]] |title=Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/18/2003423528}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |publisher=聯合報 |date=[[2008年]][[9月17日]] |title=中文譯音採漢語 不補助通用 |url=http://www.udn.com/2008/9/17/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS5/4520826.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 形式构成 ==
{{seealso|汉语拼音音节列表}}

汉语拼音采用[[拉丁字母]]和一些附加符号表示汉语的发音。对应汉语[[音系学]]（现代[[音韵学]]）的汉语[[音节]]结构划分，汉语拼音的形式构成也分为[[声母]]、[[韵母]]和[[声调]]三部分。

根据汉语拼音方案《字母表》的规定，汉语拼音使用26个现代基本拉丁字母，有大小写之分，字母顺序与[[英语]]字母表一致。其中字母'''V'''/'''v'''，在方案中规定为“拼写外来语、少数民族语言和方言”之用。由于汉语拼音的实际职能仅限于拼写汉语普通话，如今这条规定已然无人问津。不过，字母V/v目前又作为一个键位成为《汉语拼音方案的通用键盘表示规范》为不能省略两点附加符号的字母'''ü'''规定的通用键盘替代表示。

有时可能需要注意，汉语拼音方案发布时使用的字体是[[:en:Century Gothic|世纪哥特体]]，与常见的拉丁字母略有不同，主要差别是没有[[无衬线体|衬线]]以及字母A的小写'''ɑ'''和字母G的小写'''ɡ'''。这种习惯一直沿用下来，但是《汉语拼音方案》本身并没有规定用哪种字体。这两个字形多用于中国大陆正规的[[语言学]]专著以及语文教育和[[对外汉语教学]]方面的出版物，特别是中小学语文教材。做出如此设计，主要是担心初学拼音字母的学童在手写的时候也去机械模仿常见印刷体a和g的字形。但随着英语教育在中国大陆的普及，如何印刷都变得无伤大雅。而且方案同时规定：“字母的手写体依照拉丁字母的一般书写习惯。”可见，汉语拼音字母和其他常见的基本拉丁字母并不是两套字母表。

汉语拼音方案还使用了一些附加符号，主要是声调符号和字母'''ü'''上的两点符号。前者与字母的组合虽然数目有限，但具体和哪个字母形成组合其实都是临时的，因为一个声调符号就表示了整个音节的高低变化，或者说，表示了一种“超音段音位”；后者来源于[[德语]]的元音变音字母（Umlaut），与字母u的组合固定地表示一个元音（{{IPA|[y]}}）。还有一种极其少见的附加符号，用在e/z/c/s之上，形成'''ê'''/'''ẑ'''/'''ĉ'''/'''ŝ'''，依次表示一个单元音韵母（{{IPA|[ɛ]}}）和三个卷舌塞擦音声母zh/ch/sh。
{{clr}}

=== 字母表 ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
|字母||A a||B b||C c||D d||E e||F f||G g||H h||I i||J j||K k||L l||M m||N n||O o||P p||Q q||R r||S s||T t||U u||V v||W w||X x||Y y||Z z
|-
|名称音||'''a'''||'''b'''ê||'''c'''ê||'''d'''ê||'''e'''||ê'''f'''||'''g'''ê||'''h'''a||y'''i'''||'''j'''ie||'''k'''ê||ê'''l'''||ê'''m'''||'''n'''ê||'''o'''||'''p'''ê||'''q'''iu||ar||ê'''s'''||'''t'''ê||w'''u'''||'''v'''ê||'''w'''a||'''x'''i||'''y'''a||'''z'''ê
|-
|呼读音||a||bo||ci||de||e||fo||ge||he||i||ji||ke||le||mo||ne||o||po||qi||ri||si||te||u||vo||wu||xi||yi||zi
|-
|国际音标||[ei]||[bi:]||[si:]||[di:]||[i:]||[ef]||[ʤi:]||[eiʧ]||[ai]||[ʤei]||[kei]||[el] ||[em]||[en]||[әu]||[pi:]||[kju:]||[α:]||[es]||[ti:]||[ju:]||[vi:]||[dʌblju:]||[eks]||[wai]||[zed]
|}

注：字母的读音和字母的发音不可混淆。

=== 声母 ===
汉语中每个音节起始处的[[辅音]]可以构成声母。汉语拼音方案《声母表》规定的声母符号一共有21个。

不过，汉语音节起始处绝非只有21种辅音。在实际语流中，[[半元音]]、喉塞音和某些[[鼻音]]都可能成为一个汉语音节的[[领音]]。音系学将这些辅音归纳为'''零声母'''[[音段]]，而如“安”（an）“英”（ying）“文”（wen）“元”（yuan）等就是零声母音节。由于零声母辅音听感并不十分明显，加之汉语拼音属于[[音位]]拼音而非[[音素]]拼音，汉语拼音方案不承认其声母地位，认为零声母音节是以[[元音]]开头的、没有声母而只有韵母和声调的音节。

汉语拼音方案规定的21个声母符号，按照《声母表》原顺序排列如下：

{|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
|
{|style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid;&quot;
|width=50px| 字母 ||width=50px| '''b''' ||width=50px| '''p''' ||width=50px| '''m''' ||width=50px| '''f''' ||width=50px| '''d''' ||width=50px| '''t''' ||width=50px| '''n''' ||width=50px| '''l'''
|-
|发音||'''ㄅ''' 玻||'''ㄆ''' 坡||'''ㄇ''' 摸||'''ㄈ''' 佛||'''ㄉ''' 得||'''ㄊ''' 特||'''ㄋ''' 讷||'''ㄌ''' 勒
|}
|-
|
{|style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid&quot;
|width=50px| 字母 ||width=50px| '''g''' ||width=50px| '''k''' ||width=50px| '''h''' ||width=50px| 　 ||width=50px| '''j''' ||width=50px| '''q''' ||width=50px| '''x''' ||width=50px|
|-
|发音||'''ㄍ''' 哥||'''ㄎ''' 科||'''ㄏ''' 喝||　||'''ㄐ''' 基||'''ㄑ''' 欺||'''ㄒ''' 希||
|}
|-
|
{|
|width=50px| 字母 ||width=50px| '''zh''' ||width=50px| '''ch''' ||width=50px| '''sh''' ||width=50px| '''r''' ||width=50px| '''z''' ||width=50px| '''c''' ||width=50px| '''s'''
|-
|发音||'''ㄓ''' 知||'''ㄔ''' 蚩||'''ㄕ''' 诗||'''ㄖ''' 日||'''ㄗ''' 资||'''ㄘ''' 雌||'''ㄙ''' 思
|}
|}

方案规定，zh/ch/sh可以省略作ẑ/ĉ/ŝ，ng可以省略作ŋ。然而，这几个符号并不常用。

按照声母所对应辅音的[[发音部位]]－[[发音方法]]分布，可列表如下（方括号中是[[国际音标]]，仅供参考）：
  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;
|-----
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[塞音]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[塞擦音]]
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[擦音]]
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[无擦通音|通音]]
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[鼻音]]
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[边音]]
|-----
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 清音
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 清音
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 清音
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 浊音
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 浊音
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 浊音
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 不送气
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 送气
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 不送气
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 送气
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; |
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; |
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | 
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[双唇音]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | b [{{IPA|p}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | p [{{IPA|pʰ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | m [{{IPA|m}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[唇齿音]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; | f [{{IPA|f}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[舌尖音|舌尖音(齒齦音)]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | d [{{IPA|t}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | t [{{IPA|tʰ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | z [{{IPA|ts}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | c [{{IPA|tsʰ}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | s [{{IPA|s}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; | n [{{IPA|n}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | l [{{IPA|l}}]
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[舌尖后音|卷舌音]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | zh [{{IPA|tʂ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | ch [{{IPA|tʂʰ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | sh [{{IPA|ʂ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | r [{{IPA|ɻ}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | 
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[舌面前音|平舌音(齦顎音)]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | j [{{IPA|tɕ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | q [{{IPA|tɕʰ}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | x [{{IPA|ɕ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
|-----
! bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot; | [[舌根音|舌根音(軟顎音)]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | g [{{IPA|k}}] || align=&quot;center&quot; | k [{{IPA|kʰ}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; | h [{{IPA|x}}]
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |  || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; |
|}

=== 韵母 ===
汉语普通話拼音中一共有37个韵母。分别是：

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|rowspan=6 width=15px align=center bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot;|单元音韵母||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| || i&lt;br /&gt;丨　衣 || u&lt;br /&gt;ㄨ　乌 || ü&lt;br /&gt;ㄩ　迂
|-
| a&lt;br /&gt;ㄚ啊 || ia&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄚ呀 || ua&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄚ蛙 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| o&lt;br /&gt;ㄛ喔 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| || uo&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄛ窝 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| e&lt;br /&gt;ㄜ鹅 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| ê&lt;br /&gt;ㄝ诶 || ie&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄝ耶 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| || üe&lt;br /&gt;ㄩㄝ约
|-
| er&lt;br /&gt;ㄦ儿 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
|rowspan=4 width=20px align=center bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot;|复元音韵母|| ai&lt;br /&gt;ㄞ哀 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| || uai&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄞ歪 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| ei&lt;br /&gt;ㄟ诶 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| || u(e)i&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄟ威 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| ao&lt;br /&gt;ㄠ熬 || iao&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄠ腰 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| ou&lt;br /&gt;ㄡ欧 || iou&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄡ优 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
|rowspan=5 width=20px align=center bgcolor=&quot;#E6E6FA&quot;|带鼻音韵母|| an&lt;br /&gt;ㄢ安 || ian&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄢ烟 || uan&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄢ弯 || üan&lt;br /&gt;ㄩㄢ冤
|-
| en&lt;br /&gt;ㄣ恩 || i&lt;!--e删除号不明显，容易误导--&gt;n&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄣ因 || u(e)n&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄣ温 || ü&lt;!--e删除号不明显，容易误导--&gt;n&lt;br /&gt;ㄩㄣ晕
|-
| ang&lt;br /&gt;ㄤ昂 || iang&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄤ央 || uang&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄤ汪 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
| eng&lt;br /&gt;ㄥ亨的韵母 || i&lt;!--e删除号不明显，容易误导--&gt;ng&lt;br /&gt;丨ㄥ英 || ueng，或同ong&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄥ翁 ||valign=&quot;top&quot;| 同iong
|-
| ong&lt;br /&gt;ㄨㄥ　轰的韵母 || iong&lt;br /&gt;ㄩㄥ庸 ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;| ||bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot;|
|-
|}

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;&gt;注释：
# “知、蚩、诗、日、资、雌、思”等字的韵母用i。
# 韵母ㄦ写成er，用作韵尾的时候写成r。
# 韵母ㄝ单独使用的时候写成ê。
# i列的韵母，前面没有声母的时候，写成yi（衣），ya（呀），ye（耶），yao（腰），you（优），yan（烟），yin（因），yang（央），ying（英），yong（雍）。
# u列的韵母，前面没有声母的时候写成wu（乌），wa（蛙），wo（窝），wai（歪），wei（威），wan（弯），wen（温），wang（汪），weng（翁）。
# ü列的韵母，前面没有声母的时候，写成yu（迂），yue（约），yuan（冤），yun（晕）。
# ü列的韵母跟声母j，q，x拼的时候，写成ju（居），qu（区），xu（虚），但是跟声母l，n的时候写成lü（吕），nü（女）。
# iou，uei，uen前面加声母的时候，写成iu，ui，un。例如niu（牛），gui（归），lun（论）。

&lt;/span&gt;

其中，只有1个元音或者1个元音带1个鼻辅音的情况，该元音称之为[[韵腹]]，所带的鼻辅音称为[[韵尾]]。2个元音构成的韵母，则是开口度较大的为韵腹，韵腹前的元音称为[[韵头]]或者[[介音]]，韵腹后的元音称为韵尾。3个元音或者2个元音带一个鼻辅音，则中间的元音是韵腹，第一个元音是韵头，韵腹后的元音或鼻辅音为韵尾。

还曾经有人根据韵头把韵母分为四类，称为[[四呼]]，即[[開口呼]]（a、o、ê、e）、[[齊齒呼]]（i）、[[合口呼]]（u）和[[撮口呼]]（ü）。[[汉语拼音]]的韵母表就是按照这个来排列的。根据汉语拼音方案，iou、uei、uen前面加声母的时候，写成iu、ui、un。例如niu（牛），gui（归），lun（论）。

=== 声调 ===
汉语普通话中有四个声调，四个声调符号分别是：
* '''第一声'''，（'''阴平'''，或'''平调'''，“¯”）；
* '''第二声'''，（'''阳平'''，或'''升调'''，“ˊ”）；
* '''第三声'''，（'''上声'''，或'''上音'''，“ˇ”）；
* '''第四声'''，（'''去声'''，或'''去音'''，“ˋ”）；

阳平符号从左下写起（提），去声符号从左上写起。

'''轻声'''在汉语拼音中不标调。而某些辞书上是通过在音节前加点的方式来表示轻声。

每个[[汉字]]由韵母和声母配合构成一个音节构成。在韵母上部应该标出声调，为了方便也可省略。

汉语拼音中标声调位置的規則如下：
# 如果有a，则标在a上。
# 如果没有a，但有o或e，则标在这两个字母上。这两个字母不会同时出现。
# 如果也没有o和e，则一定有i、u或ü。如果i和u同时出现，则标在第二个韵母上。这是特别针对ui和iu而言的（这两个音的实际读音应该是uei和iou）。如果i和u不同时出现，则标在出现的那个韵母上。

声调一律标原调，不标[[汉语变调|变调]]。但是在语音教学时可以根据需要按变调标写。

=== 隔音符号 ===
a，o，e开头的音节连接在其它音节后面的时候，如果音节的界限发生混淆，用隔音符号（'）隔开，例如pí'ǎo（皮袄），xī'ān（西安）。

== 作用 ==
汉语拼音对普及识字以及初等教育起了很大的作用。同时它也为[[语源学]]汉语与其它[[语言]]的比较提供了一个非常重要的工具。同过去其它的汉语拉丁化的规则相比，它的规律比较简单，发音更规范于[[普通话]]的发音。它系统地体现了普通話发音的规则。

随着[[计算机]]的普及，汉语拼音也是一种非常常用的[[中文输入法]]。

由于汉语拼音是一种只书写读音的体系，无法取代汉字。用汉语拼音拼写汉字的文章很难懂，因此，它不是一种正式的书写方式，而是汉语的一种辅助工具。汉语拼音是汉语罗马化的统一规范，用于汉字不能或者不方便的领域。

== 汉语拼音化 ==
{{main|汉字改革}}
由于部分人认为汉字复杂，学习需時，并且不如英文输入计算机般直接，热衷汉语文字改革的爱好者为了发展出[[拉丁化]]的汉语拼音文字，正在汉语拼音方案的基础上研究分词连写和分化定型同音词等问题。[[中国语文现代化学会]]为在中国实现所谓“一语双文”而进行了一些研究。

自从[[1986年]]初废除[[二简字|第二批简化字]]以来，中国政府采用了以维持现状，追求语言文字使用的连续性和稳定性为主的[[语言文字政策]]，放弃了“[[汉字拉丁化]]”的计划。

== 參見 ==
* [[廣東話拼音]]

== 外部链接 ==
{{Incubator|code=cmn}}
{{Wikisource|汉语拼音方案}}
* [http://www.moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18/info13185.htm ISO-7098文献工作——中文罗马字母拼写法（国际标准）]
* [http://www.china-language.gov.cn/gfbz/shanghi/025.htm 《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》]

== 脚注 ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== 参考资料 ==
# 《汉英双解新华字典》，商务印书馆国际有限公司，北京，2000年，ISBN 7-80103-198-9/H·58

[[Category:ISO]]
[[Category:现代标准汉语拼音系统]]

[[ar:بن-ين]]
[[ast:Pinyin]]
[[az:Pinin]]
[[bg:Пинин]]
[[br:Pinyin]]
[[ca:Pinyin]]
[[cs:Pinyin]]
[[da:Pinyin]]
[[de:Pinyin]]
[[en:Pinyin]]
[[eo:Hanyu Pinyin]]
[[es:Pinyin]]
[[et:Pinyin]]
[[eu:Hanyu Pinyin]]
[[fa:پین‌یین]]
[[fi:Pinyin]]
[[fr:Hanyu pinyin]]
[[gl:Pinyin]]
[[he:פין-יין]]
[[hr:Pinyin]]
[[hu:Pinjin]]
[[hy:Փինյին]]
[[ia:Pinyin]]
[[id:Hanyu Pinyin]]
[[is:Hanyu Pinyin]]
[[it:Pinyin]]
[[ja:ピン音]]
[[ka:პინ-ინი]]
[[kk:Пінин]]
[[ko:한어 병음]]
[[lt:Pinyin]]
[[mg:Pinyin]]
[[mr:फीनयीन]]
[[ms:Pinyin]]
[[nl:Hanyu pinyin]]
[[no:Pinyin]]
[[pl:Hanyu pinyin]]
[[pt:Pinyin]]
[[ro:Pinyin]]
[[ru:Пиньинь]]
[[sah:Пиньинь]]
[[sh:Pinyin]]
[[simple:Pinyin]]
[[sk:Pchin-jin]]
[[sl:Pinjin]]
[[sr:Пинјин]]
[[stq:Pinyin]]
[[sv:Pinyin]]
[[ta:பின்யின்]]
[[th:พินอิน]]
[[tl:Pinyin]]
[[tr:Hanyu Pinyin]]
[[uk:Піньїнь]]
[[vi:Bính âm Hán ngữ]]
[[wuu:汉语拼音]]
[[xal:Пинин]]
[[yo:Pinyin]]
[[zh-classical:漢語拼音]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hàn-gí Pheng-im]]
{{地域中心}}{{RCL}}
'''注音第二式'''(Ju&amp;#768;yi&amp;#772;n fu&amp;#769;hau&amp;#768; di&amp;#768;-e&amp;#768;r shr&amp;#768; [[漢語拼音]]：Zhu&amp;#768;yi&amp;#772;n fu&amp;#769;ha&amp;#768;o di&amp;#768;'e&amp;#768;r shi&amp;#768; [[通用拼音]]：Jhu&amp;#768;yi&amp;#772;n fu&amp;#769;ha&amp;#768;o di&amp;#768;-e&amp;#768;r shi&amp;#768;h)，是[[中華民國|中華民國（台灣）]]在[[1980年代|1980]]、[[1990年代|90]]年代採用的譯音系統，全名國語注音第二式，簡稱為注音二式。

'''注音第二式'''屬於[[國語羅馬字]]拼寫方案，[[中華民國教育部]]出面邀集學者進行修訂，1986年正式公佈。

==施行法令依據==
&lt;pre&gt;
 教育部公告　　　　　　　　　　　中華民國七十五年一月二十八日
 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　台(75)社字第○三八四八號

 主旨：公告「注音第二式」，自公告之日起正式使用。
 說明：一、本「注音第二式」係修訂民國二十九年所公布之
 　　　　　「譯音符號」。
 　　　二、「注音第二式」自民國七十三年五月十日台(73)
 　　　　　社字第一七六九八號公告試用一年，已試用期滿，經檢討
 　　　　　修正，茲公告正式使用。
 　　　三、附「注音第二式」於後。
&lt;/pre&gt;

==緣起及研訂經過==
===緣起===
中國自從[[明朝]]末葉[[海禁]]大開之後，歐西人士紛紛東來，或傳教，或經商，或敦睦邦交；為便於學習中文，採用歐西a b c d e等[[字母]]以拼注中文漢字之讀音，於焉開始。[[萬曆]]年間[[天主教]][[耶穌會]]傳教士[[利玛窦|利馬竇]]之著「[[泰西字母]]」，[[天啟]]年間傳教士[[金尼閣]]之著「[[西儒耳目資]]」，系統漸趨完整。[[清朝]]以後，[[英國]]使華外交官[[威妥瑪]]著「[[語言自邇集]]」，所制訂之[[威妥瑪拼法]]，流傳尤廣。舉凡教會、外交界、郵政、海關、新制學堂及學習華語者，競相採用，今民間所採用之人名地名譯音，仍多為[[威妥瑪拼法]]。

民國建立後，[[中華民國教育部|教育部]]有鑒於國語文統一讀音之重要，乃於民國7年([[1918年]])11月公布國語[[注音]]ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄈ等，即今之[[注音第一式]]。嗣復鑒於東西洋交通日漸頻繁，羅馬字譯音之使用範圍日廣，乃於民國17年([[1928年]])9月由國民政府大學院院長[[蔡元培]]另公布國語統一會委員[[錢玄同]]、[[趙元任]]、[[林語堂]]、[[黎錦熙]]、[[劉復]]、[[汪怡]]、[[周辨明]]等所制訂之「[[國語羅馬字]]」，以資應用。民國29年([[1940年]])，教育部[[教育部國語推行委員會|國語推行委員會]]決議改「國語羅馬字」名稱為「譯音符號」。

===研訂經過===
「譯音符號」設計精密，但因其四聲拼法變化較為複雜，初學頗感不便，公布至今雖將近60年&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;，卻未能普遍使用。教育部為因應[[外籍人士]]及華僑子弟學習中國語文之實際需要，乃於民國73年([[1984年]])1月邀請[[中華民國內政部|內政部]]、[[中華民國國防部|國防部]]、[[中華民國外交部|外交部]]、[[中央研究院]]、國語推行委員會以及國內各[[語文中心]]與各大學之[[語音學]]教授多人，舉行座談會，交換意見。決定仍以民國政府原先公布之譯音符號為本，予以修訂；並推舉國內實際從事國語文教學及對語音學有研究之專家學者[[張希文]]、[[李壬癸]]、[[李鍌]]、[[王天昌]]、[[張孝裕]]、[[何景賢]]、[[李振清]]、[[吳國賢]]、[[陳進成]]、[[劉興漢]]、[[劉森]]、[[陸震來]]等十二人，於[[2月28日]]成立專案研究小組，進行比較分析研究，由教育部國語推行委員會常務委員李鍌教授為召集人，王天昌教授負責紀錄整理。

研究小組經多次集會討論，就原公布之譯音符號，分別與[[威妥玛拼法]]、[[耶魯拼法]]、[[林語堂拼法]]，及國內外可能見到之其他拼法，逐一比較其優劣繁簡，決定下列三點：一、以民國政府原先制訂公布之譯音符號聲母韻母基本拼法為準，略作修訂；二、改用現今通行之四聲調號以表示四聲；三、修訂後之譯音符號，定名為「國語注音第二式」，以與國語注音第一式並行於世，俾應教學所需。

教育部依據研究小組擬訂之草案，先行於民國73年([[1984年]])[[5月10日]]公告試用一年。試用期間仍陸續蒐集各方意見，交由研究小組審議討論取決，再作修改。定稿後乃於民國75年([[1986年]])[[1月28日]]正式公告，並與ㄅㄆㄇㄈ等第一式列表對照；另附拼法說明12條供國內外各界人士採用。

==實際使用==
{{Sect-stub}}

==拼音符號==
「國語注音第二式」是中文譯音符號的一種，也就是把中文字翻譯成英文的書寫方式。它最大的優點是依國語發音直接譯寫，而非意譯，並且加注聲調，讓人一目了然。而通用拼音是政府為了與中國大陸做出區隔而制訂的；使用上其實很接近。不同的是在拼字時，所使用的拼法不同。注音第二式是以外國人的使用法來拼音的，但是通用拼音是採用中國人的用法來拼音。

類似於國語羅馬字(Gwoyeu Romatzyh)，
*空韻（[[舌尖元音]]“[[File:U+312D.svg|16px]]”）在國語羅馬字下為y，注音第二式分成2種，翹舌音之後'''-r'''，舌齒音之後'''-z'''
*'''ㄦ'''韻在國語羅馬字下為“el”，注音第二式下為“er”。

===聲母===
*'''脣　音'''：ㄅ: b、ㄆ: p、ㄇ: m、ㄈ: f
*'''舌尖音'''：ㄉ: d、ㄊ: t、ㄋ: n、ㄌ: l
*'''舌根音'''：ㄍ: g、ㄎ: k、ㄏ: h
*'''舌面音'''：ㄐ: ji-、ㄑ: chi-、ㄒ: shi-
*'''翹舌音'''：ㄓ: j、ㄔ: ch、ㄕ: sh、ㄖ: r
*'''舌齒音'''：ㄗ: tz、ㄘ: ts、ㄙ: s
===韻母===
*'''空　韻'''：-r（翹舌音後）、-z（唇齒音後）
*'''介　母'''：ㄧ: -i,yi、ㄨ: -u,wu、ㄩ: -iu,yu
*'''開口呼'''：ㄚ: a、ㄛ: o、ㄜ: e、ㄝ: ê
*'''複　韻'''：ㄞ: ai、ㄟ: ei、ㄠ: au、ㄡ: ou
*'''聲隨韻'''：ㄢ: an、ㄣ: en、: ㄤang、ㄥ: eng
*'''捲舌韻'''：ㄦ: er

===結合韻母：===
*前有聲母時
**'''齊齒呼'''
***ㄧ: -i
***ㄧㄚ: -ia、ㄧㄛ: -io、ㄧㄝ: -ie
***ㄧㄞ: -iai、ㄧㄠ: -iau、ㄧㄡ: -iou
***ㄧㄢ: -ian、ㄧㄣ: -in、ㄧㄤ: -iang、ㄧㄥ: -ing
**'''合口呼'''
***ㄨ: -u
***ㄨㄚ: -ua、ㄨㄛ: -uo、ㄨㄞ: -uai、ㄨㄟ: -uei
***ㄨㄢ: -uan、ㄨㄣ: -uen、ㄨㄤ: -uang、ㄨㄥ: -ung
**'''撮口呼'''
***ㄩ: -iu
***ㄩㄝ: -iue、ㄩㄢ: -iuan、ㄩㄣ: -iun、ㄩㄥ: -iung
*單獨成韻時
**'''齊齒呼'''
***ㄧ: yi
***ㄧㄚ: ya、ㄧㄛ: yo、ㄧㄝ: ye
***ㄧㄞ: yai、ㄧㄠ: yau、ㄧㄡ: you
***ㄧㄢ: yan、ㄧㄣ: yin、ㄧㄤ: yang、ㄧㄥ: ying
**'''合口呼'''
***ㄨ: wu
***ㄨㄚ: wa、ㄨㄛ: wo、ㄨㄞ: wai、ㄨㄟ: wei
***ㄨㄢ: wan、ㄨㄣ: wen、ㄨㄤ: wang、ㄨㄥ: weng
**'''撮口呼'''
***ㄩ: yu
***ㄩㄝ: yue、ㄩㄢ: yuan、ㄩㄣ: yun、ㄩㄥ: yung

==拼寫方法說明==
*[[聲母]]符號b, d, g, j(i), j, tz為[[清音不送氣]]；p, t, k, ch(i), ch, ts為[[清音送氣]]。
*[[舌面聲母]]與[[翹舌聲母]]雖同為j, ch, sh ，但舌面聲母僅可與[[細音韻母]]（即[[齊齒呼]]、[[撮口呼]]相拼，j, ch, sh 之後必有「i」；而翹舌聲母不可與細音韻母相拼，故j, ch, sh 之後必無「i」音。因此不至於相混淆。
*空韻「-{帀}-」在[[翹舌音]]之後者，寫作「r」，在[[舌齒音]]之後者，寫作「z」。但若在聲母符號中已有r或z，可省略一個r或z。
*ㄦ之拼法用er；但在拼寫[[兒化韻]]時，僅需在各該兒化詞韻母符號後，加r尾表示之即可。
*「ㄨㄥ」與聲母相拼時為'''''-ung'''''。
*非開口呼韻母，無聲母相拼時，
**''i''改''y''，單獨使用時做''yi''。
**''u''改''w''，單獨使用時做''wu''。
*單韻母「ㄝ」符號單獨使用時作「ê」，拼合時則作「e」。
*四聲調號：陰平為─，陽平為ˊ，上聲為ˇ，去聲為ˋ，加在韻母之主要元音上端。不加任何調號者，則為輕聲。例如：
*採用詞類連書時，若遇前後二音節有相混可能者，以隔音短橫「-」加在其間，作為音節分界線。
*人名譯音，依照中華民族的姓名習慣，姓在前，名在後。凡名字不只一字者，前後二字音節應加音節線。
*專有名詞如人名、地名，第一個字母應採用大寫。日常使用上，人名、地名之拼音可不加四聲調號，以茲便捷。

==外部連結==


*[http://chinese.dsturgeon.net/pinyin.pl?if=gb 注音轉換工具] - 各種注音方式之間的轉換

[[Category:漢字拉丁化]]
[[Category:現代標準漢語拼音系統]]
[[Category:台灣語言]]

[[ar:رموز مندرين صوتية 2]]
[[en:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II]]
[[es:Símbolos fonéticos del mandarín II]]
[[sr:Мандарински фонетски симболи 2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/理想汉语方言</title>
    <id>7449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52750</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T20:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '{{主條目消歧義|'''國語'''、'''華語'''重定向至此。本條目介紹以[[北京話]]為基礎的[[現代]][[漢語]]標準語，關於「漢語」的其他含義，…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{主條目消歧義|'''國語'''、'''華語'''重定向至此。本條目介紹以[[北京話]]為基礎的[[現代]][[漢語]]標準語，關於「漢語」的其他含義，另請參見[[漢語]]、[[漢語方言]]、[[官話方言]]。關於「國語」之其他意思，詳見「'''[[國語 (消歧義)]]'''」；關於「華語」之其他意思，詳見「'''[[華語 (消歧義)]]'''」。}}
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;{{Infobox Language
|name=现代标准汉语
|region= [[中國大陸]]、[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[台灣]]、[[新加坡]]，以及[[文莱]]、[[缅甸]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[印度尼西亚]]、[[老挝]]、[[马来西亚]]、[[毛里求斯]]、[[蒙古]]、[[菲律宾]]、[[俄罗斯|俄罗斯亚洲]]、[[泰国]]、[[英国]]、[[美国]]、[[越南]]等地的[[华人社区]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=CHN]&lt;/ref&gt;
|states=[[文件:Map-Sinophone World.png|thumb|250px|现代标准汉语主要使用人口分布&lt;br/&gt;（含作为通用语言）&lt;br/&gt;&lt;font color=#008000&gt;■&lt;/font&gt;官方语言及大多数人口使用&lt;br/&gt;&lt;font color=#5ac038&gt;■&lt;/font&gt;庞大但较少数人口使用&lt;br/&gt;&lt;font color=#b1ff72&gt;■&lt;/font&gt;少数人口使用&lt;br/&gt;注：有华人分布但未使用现代标准汉语的区域不包括在内]]
|speakers=12亿以上
|fam1= [[漢藏語系]]
|fam2= [[漢語]]
|fam3=[[官話]]
|nation={{UNO}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{PRC}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{HK}}
* {{MACAU}}
{{ROC}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{SIN}}
|agency={{flagicon|PRC}} [[国家语言文字工作委员会]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|TWN}} [[教育部國語推行委員會|國語推行委員會]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|SIN}} [[新加坡推廣華語理事會|推廣華語理事會]]
|iso1=zh|iso2b=chi|iso2t=zho|iso3=cmn|SIL=CHN}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''現代標準漢語'''，是通行于[[中国大陆]]和[[香港]]、[[澳門]]、[[台灣]]、[[海外華人]]的共通語文，为現代[[漢語]]共通的交际[[口語]]與[[書面語]]，並作為[[聯合國]][[官方語言]]之一，是國際人士學習漢語言的主要參照。

'''現代標準漢語'''基於現代[[北方漢語]]的語法和[[北京話]]語音，並作為官方、教學、媒體等標準語，是[[中華人民共和國]]和[[中華民國]]的[[官方语言]]，是[[新加坡共和国]]四種[[官方語言]]之一，是[[東南亞]]及其他海外[[華人]]群体广泛採用的共同交际语言。其称呼与定义因地而异，在[[中国大陆]]称为“'''普通話'''”，[[台湾]]稱为“'''[[中華民國國語文|國語]]'''”，[[东南亚]]稱为“'''[[新馬華語|華語]]'''”，但現代標準漢語并不等同于[[北京话]]。

因地域的不同，'''普通話'''、'''國語'''与'''华语'''在語音與詞彙上存在细微差別，尽管可理解为受到地方方言的影响，然而在正式的書寫語法上相對統一。而在世界各地都出現了很多現代標準漢語的變體，如國語在台灣演變成[[台灣國語]]（融合[[台灣話|台灣腔]]的中國北方話）；新馬地區則有[[新馬華語]]（受閩粵及馬來語影響的北方話）；而中國大陸則有更多變體，如[[四川普通話]]、[[南寧普通話]]、[[港式普通話]]等等。對比起北京話、台灣國語、新馬華語，尚可互通。四川普通話、南寧普通話、廣式普通話之間是直接用本地方言硬套北方話語音，所以一般只在當地使用，幾乎難以在外地互相溝通。

== 名稱 ==
事實上，很多講方言的人對國語、普通話、華語的定義都不是很清晰一致。許多人經常將國語、普通話，甚至北京話視為同義詞交互使用。另外，又會認為華語等於中文或某種漢語。以下是官方定義：

=== 國語 ===
在[[台湾]]，現代標準漢語的正式称谓是'''[[中華民國國語文|國語]]'''，國民黨戒嚴時期，台灣各族溝通也由日語變化成國語(與日治時期推行日本語言的政策，限制對原本語言的使用，推動所謂「國語家庭」（國語の家）如出一轍)，教育部門則多稱'''中華民國國語文'''。由[[中華民國教育部|教育部]][[教育部國語推行委員會|國語推行委員會]]規範與推廣。[[國立編譯館]]主編、[[正中書局]]出版的[http://www.ccbc.com.tw/book_detail.php?search_col=book&amp;kw=%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;page2=1&amp;page=1&amp;one_page=9&amp;book_sn=1075&amp;series_code=D&amp;type_code=DA&amp;news_sn=&amp;act= 部編大專用書《國語》]內所解釋，國語分廣義和狹義來說，茲改述如後：「對外國語來說，則國內各民族的一切語言和文字，可統稱為廣義的國語；在本國，對方言來說，則指國家選定以北京地方的現代音系為標準音的標準國語，為狹義的國語，對內用以通行各地，對外作為國家語言的代表。」&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|title=部編大專用書《國語》
|editor=國立編譯館
|publisher=正中書局
|url=http://www.ccbc.com.tw/book_detail.php?search_col=book&amp;kw=%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;page2=1&amp;page=1&amp;one_page=9&amp;book_sn=1075&amp;series_code=D&amp;type_code=DA&amp;news_sn=&amp;act=
|isbn=9570903406}}&lt;/ref&gt;而台灣地區使用的國語有較為規範的[[國語]]與帶有台灣話腔的[[台灣國語]]。由於中華人民共和國政府治理中國大陸地區，香港、澳門在[[國語運動]]之時亦分別被英國、葡萄牙所統治（後主權移交中華人民共和國），中国大陆人民目前所講的现代标准汉语的和國語並不完全一致。中國大陸在中華民國時期也稱之為國語。

=== 普通話 ===
在中國大陸，1955年之後現代標準漢語的正式稱謂是'''[[普通話]]'''，意为“普遍共通、普遍通用”之全國共通語言。&lt;ref name=&quot;clgovcn-5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|language=zh-cn
|title=话说推普 话题五 国语、普通话、华语
|author=袁钟瑞
|url=http://www.china-language.gov.cn/63/2008_3_10/1_63_3387_0_1205124588468.html
|publisher=中國語言文字網
|accessdate=2009-06-27
}}&lt;/ref&gt;按照[[1956年]][[2月6日]][[中华人民共和国国务院]]发出关于[[推广普通话]]的指示，就是“以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言、以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2005-08/02/content_19132.htm
|title=国务院关于推广普通话的指示（1956年2月6日）
|publisher=中华人民共和国国务院
|date=1956-2-6
|accessdate=2009-6-27}}
&lt;/ref&gt;由[[中华人民共和国政府]]在全國（不包含[[香港]]、[[澳門]]）推廣。而香港及大陸民間有時也將「國語」一詞作為大陸普通話的別稱。在香港、澳門兩個特別行政區，根據[[香港基本法]]和[[澳門基本法]]，中央政府无法在当地強制推廣[[普通話]]，但兩地政府以及民間機構均在回歸後通過不同方式推行普通話&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=香港概況
|url=http://www.gov.hk/tc/about/abouthk/facts.htm
|publisher=香港政府}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=語言推廣中心
|url=http://www.dsej.gov.mo/~webdsej/www/cae/index_cdl.html
|publisher=澳門教育暨青年局
}}&lt;/ref&gt;。雖然中華人民共和國宣稱對台灣的主權，其人民代表大會亦有台灣的席位，但是由於[[台灣地區]]（包含[[台澎金馬]]等）事實上由[[中華民國]]所控制，故而未於台灣地區[[推廣普通話]]。事實上，[[中華民國]]在台灣已經推行[[國語運動]]，其本質及實效與推廣普通話無異。兩岸隔絕的期間衹有[[福建]]沿海與[[金門]]兩地的普通話及厦门话口音因台灣的電視台節目播送而相對接近。

=== 華語 ===
在[[新加坡]]、[[馬來西亞]]，現代標準漢語的正式称谓是'''[[新馬華語|華語]]'''，以現代漢語和北京官話為基礎。新馬華人普遍使用的汉語，明显受到福建及粤语的影响，并混合了相當多的英語及马来语語音，因此較[[中國大陸]]、[[台灣]]有較多外来語，與[[香港语文]]（[[港式粤语]]）相似。這種稱謂容易引起歧義，一般華人的概念認為漢語標準語和所有漢語方言都屬於華語。惟於國際場合，華語之稱較普通話、國語顯得中立。

==發展歷史==
{{main|标准汉语发展史}}

不同于历史上一直以[[伊斯兰教]]经典《[[古兰经]]》为标准的[[阿拉伯语]]，同[[英语]]等世界上其它语言一样，标准[[汉语]]也一直在发展演变。

===古代标准汉语===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;  font-size: 80%; &quot;
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=1| &lt;small&gt;[[上古汉语]]&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1| [[周代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[前1000年]]&amp;ndash;[[前200年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[尔雅]]，引申为[[雅言]]。
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1| [[秦汉时代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[前200年]]&amp;ndash;[[200年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[雅言]]，也称[[正音]]、[[通语]]
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1| [[魏晋时代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[200年]]&amp;ndash;[[600年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[雅言]]，也称[[正音]]、[[通语]]
|-
| rowspan=4 colspan=1| &lt;small&gt;[[中古汉语]]&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=2 colspan=1| [[隋唐时代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[600年]]&amp;ndash;[[900年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[切韵]]（隋）
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | [[唐韵]]（唐）
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=1| [[两宋时代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[900年]]&amp;ndash;[[1276年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ccc;&quot;| [[广韵]]（北宋）
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #ccc;&quot;| [[平水韵]]（南宋）
|-
| rowspan=4 colspan=1| &lt;small&gt;[[近代汉语]]&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1| [[元代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[1276年]]&amp;ndash;[[1368年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e5a1a1;&quot;| [[中原音韵]]（元）
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=1| [[明清时代]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[1300年]]&amp;ndash;[[1900年]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #bbb;&quot;| [[洪武正韵]]（明）
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=1 style=&quot;background: #e59595;&quot;| [[京音]]（清）
|-
| rowspan=1 colspan=3 style=&quot;background: #fff;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;注：标准音 切韵、唐韵、广韵、平水韵、洪武正韵都是兼顾南北的，而中原音韵和京音都是北方话。故灰色表示兼顾南北，红色表示北方话。&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|}

===现代标准汉语 1949年以前===
现代汉语标准语继承于始於[[北宋]]、定命於[[元朝|元]][[明朝|明]]的“[[官话 (中国历史)|官话]]”体系。

[[1909年]]，[[清朝|清]]政府設立了“[[國語編審委員會]]”，将当时通用的官话正式命名为“国语”。这是汉语首次得到官方命名。

[[1912年]]，中華民國成立後，次年2月在北平召開了“[[中國讀音統一會]]”制定了史稱“[[老國音]]”的國音系统，確定了以“京音爲主，兼顧南北”的國音，具有[[入聲]]。同期並制定了[[注音符号|注音字母第一式]]。

1919年9月編輯出版了《[[中華民國國音字典]]》。

1920年，由於《國音字典》語音標準與北平語音標準産生的矛盾，爆發了“[[京國之爭]]”。同年，南京高等師範學校英文科主任[[張士一]]發表《[[國語統一問題]]》，認為注音字母連同國音都要做根本的改造，不認同國音，主張以北平音為國音標準。[[全國教育會聯合會]]和[[江蘇全省師範附屬小學聯合會]]相繼做出了定北平語音爲標準音的決議，最後由“[[增修國音字典委員會]]”將國音確立了“以北平讀法為標準音”，即“'''新国音'''”，並開始在全國學校推廣。

1919年4月21日，[[北洋政府]]成立“[[國語統一籌備會]]”。

1928年國民政府改為“國語統一籌備委員會”。

[[1932年]]5月，中華民國教育部正式公佈並出版《[[國音常用字彙]]》，爲確立國語的標準提供了範本，為現代漢語標準第一個系統——國語系統。

[[1932年]]之後的國語廣播，都採取了以《國音常用字彙》為標準的形式，各地的國語標準一致化。

1949年以后的国语系统、普通话系统、华语系统，均源于这个时期的国语系统。

===现代标准汉语 1949年以后===
[[1949年]]之后，臺灣和中国大陆的汉语标准（分别为国语系统和普通话系统）沿不同的轨迹发展。此外，在东南亚等华人地区，有源于国语系统的华语系统。

中華民國於[[1945年]]至[[台灣省戒嚴令|戒严]]结束，一直以中华民国大陆时期的新国音作为國語標準。之后的语音，常带有台湾方言口音，而出现所谓的台湾国语。

中華人民共和國于[[1955年]]&lt;ref&gt;1955年[[中国科学院]]召开现代汉语规范问题学术会议，会上把汉民族的共同语成为普通话，主张全国推广。&lt;/ref&gt;开始，用'''普通话'''来称呼汉语标准语。按中华人民共和国相关机构的解释，“普通”二字的涵義是“普遍”和“共通”，不称为“國語”是對少數民族語言的尊重。普通话仍以北京音为基础，与（老派）国语相比，在单字的发音上几乎相同，但在听感（涉及到语调等）、词汇上又有不同。自1950年代起，各时期普通话的特点亦有所变化，兩者已有一定的区别。

在[[东南亚]]华人社区裡，'''华语'''是汉语的意思，但实际上，华语往往特指汉语标准语，而不指东南亚华人最常见的母语（几种汉语南方方言）。东南亚华语的标准语大致继承了老派国语-普通话的体系，但是日常生活中人们的发音、词汇甚至语法往往带受母语方言和非汉语（主要是英语）的影响，与國語、普通話有一定的差别。

==地位==
{{主條目|國語運動|推廣普通話|講華語運動|中文熱}}
'''現代標準漢語'''分别是[[中華民國]]及[[中華人民共和國]]的[[官方語言]]，在[[新加坡共和国]]是四種[[官方語言]]之一，也是[[联合国]]六種[[官方語言]]之一。

[[海外華人]]的現代標準漢語發音帶口音的相當普遍，{{来源请求|在日常生活中被广泛使用}}。以往官話以外的[[漢語方言]]被[[中華人民共和國政府]]视为不上台面的俗話，視[[方言]]為现代化發展的阻碍。

=== 中華民國 ===
國民黨戒嚴時期，國語以外的其他方言，閩語、客語、阿美族語、排灣族語、泰雅族語、布農族語、魯凱族語、卑南族語、鄒族語、賽夏族語、達悟族語...等受到媒體廣播限制。書籍、廣播、電視皆以國語為主，並且逐年刪減方言節目。
[[國民政府]]時期曾在[[台灣]]强-{制}-推廣國語、限制母語的政策（即「'''[[國語運動]]'''」），但現已廢除。過去官方的限制母語政策，在各地小學實行的結果是把族群仇恨的種子植入許多小學生心中&lt;ref&gt;[http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/news /kuan0416/3/1281895814/20051231154803/ 臺灣的霸權國語與悲情方言（管仁健／著）]&lt;/ref&gt;、因此被視為國民黨政府的錯誤政策。爾後李登輝總統乃至於後來的民進黨政府的政策是推廣 [[母語]]，[[台灣原住民語言|原住民語]]，[[閩南語]]及[[客家語]]已經成為多數政治人物必須學習的語言。 

雖然台灣自年民主化後推廣母語（本土化政策），但國語仍是主要官方用語、不同族群間的交際語甚至年輕族群的主要語言，其普及率遠高於普通話在中國大陸的普及率。由於大衆媒體的強勢作用，包括新聞台、親子台、新知、娛樂、綜藝、卡通等類型節目及電視廣告仍以國語為主，原、客、閩南三大鄉土語言的生存受到威脅。

原、客、閩南三大鄉土語言（教育部官方稱呼：台灣原住民語言，台灣客家語，台灣閩南語）中，連廣泛使用的台灣閩南語都有一定危機：多數台灣人聽得懂、也有一定數量的年輕人及兒童是以此為母語或雙母語—國語及台灣閩南語雙母語；但是許多台灣人（尤其是年輕人）的[[閩南話]]能力已經大幅下降。父母及祖父母這一代之間對話用[[閩南話]]，但只要與子女等晚輩交談就大幅使用國語的現象也很普及，許多家庭在未來將成為純國語家庭。台灣客家語的傳承出現相當危機（許多客家年輕人聽不懂[[客家話]]）；[[台灣原住民語言]]有滅絕危機。另外，台灣的識字率雖然接近100%，但精通原、客、閩南三大鄉土語言的比例僅有一、兩成。近年來[[本土化]]政策的推行，在小學增加了鄉土語言教學。而除了[[偶像劇]]以及有配音的外來戲劇（如[[韓劇]]、[[港劇]]等）仍以國語發音以外，晚上八點檔的[[電視劇|連續劇]]有不少是以閩南語發音的，而[[客家電視台]]亦推出了客語戲劇、節目，原住民電視台亦同，初期以年長者為對象，爾後則推廣至年輕族群。而台灣的新聞台雖然有母語新聞，但是曾被批評以母語播報時，以國語為文法；另外臺灣的族群分布地區漸趨模糊，各級學校大多使用國語授課，多數學校教師也無法有充分的時間以原、客、閩南等語言授課。由此可以知道母語的傳承有一定的危機。

=== 中華人民共和國 ===
嚴格來說，普通話并不是北京話（北方話）。在[[中國大陆]]，“'''[[推广普通话]]'''”被作为重要的政策之一，甚至写入了[[憲法]]（《中华人民共和国宪法》第十九条），[[方言]]的使用则受到了限制。近年来，这种限制有所放开，各个地方电视台方言类节目层出不穷，不少城市有方言类新闻节目和电视剧，但多以娱乐类为主，例如重庆台的《雾都夜话》、《生活麻辣烫》；上海台的情景喜剧《啼笑往事》；苏州台的苏州话新闻《山海经》；南通台的《总而言之》；[[广东电视台]]的《[[外来媳妇本地郎]]》；吉林台的《紅男綠女》；湖南经视的《一家老小向前冲》；江西台的《松柏巷里萬家人》等。教育部也推行“普通话成为校园语言”的运动，致使在某些省的某些学校出现了禁止学生讲方言的情况。有观点认为：在某些地区，一边倒的「推普政策」致使九十年代生的小孩子无法流畅地使用方言，方言和地方文化的传承出现了断层。强-{制}-推普遭到了网络舆论的批评。一部分人認為方言地區出现一定数量的以普通话作为第一语言的青年并不会使方言文化灭绝。

比较客观的观点则认为，「[[推廣普通話]]」有利于不同地区的中国人交流，也便于外国人与不同地区中国人交流。但方言承载着大量的口头文学遗产，例如[[苏州评弹]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.cnquyi.com/news_detail.php?catalogid=10&amp;&amp;productid=1825&amp;&amp;version=cn
|publisher=曲藝網
|title=苏州评弹 清风扑面                             
|date=2006-02-28|accessdate=2009-6-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;、[[河南豫剧]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://big5.huaxia.com/ytsc/zywh/2008/06/998069.html
|title=戲曲文化：中華文明的藝術奇葩
|publisher=華夏經緯網
|date=2008-06-13
|accessdate=2009-6-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;等曲艺或戏曲都诞生于方言基础。消灭方言将导致这些丰富的非物质文化遗产的濒临灭绝。并且方言是乡情的纽带。人为割断这种纽带，可能会加速地方性传统文化的破坏。

在改革开放以前，习惯说普通话的人很少，人们在生活中往往使用当地方言进行交流。隨著推普蔓延至全國，以及近年来广播电视等媒体的作用，这种现象已经出现了很大的变化。截止2009年全国约有六成左右的人会说普通话，方言流行空间受到一定的挤压，发达地区的普通话普及程度较高，但日常生活中本地人间多以方言交流。&lt;ref name=&quot;瞭望新闻周刊&quot;&gt;{{cite journal  | author =文／《瞭望新闻周刊》记者： 周大平、张乐 、彭友  | title =“方言保卫战”背后  | url =http://news.sohu.com/20060102/n241252532.shtml  | journal = 《瞭望》新闻周刊 | volume =2006年01期  |  year =2006  }}&lt;/ref&gt;而普通话甚至變成[[異鄉人]]後代的主要語言。更有人指「[[普通話教學]]」即是「[[母語教學]]」，此番言論更激發方言保護者的網絡討論。关于“是否应该推普”、“推普同时是否要限制方言使用”、“推普是否必然造成方言萎缩”等命题，在中国大陆民间一直有争论。

在许多特定场所，如大型机构、地级以上政府部门、高等院校，規定普通话是唯一的正式语言，一般不在這些場所中使用除北京話外的其他方言。但是局部的村鎮由於本地人佔多數，官方仍以當地方言作一般交流。
各地的本地人在公共场合与外地人交流多使用普通话，当地人之间交流一般使用方言，然而对于90年代后出生的年轻一代人来说普通话的影响越来越大。在北方使用[[中原官话]]、[[晋语]]的部分地区的许多城市和南方个别城市，已经出现一些当地年年轻人不会说当地方言，只会说普通话的情况；在其它地区，城市年轻人的母语也受到了普通话的影响，方言表达能力相对上一代有不同程度的减弱，即使讲方言也会偶尔夹杂普通话。

在北京，人们很难听到纯正的普通话，基本上都是儿化音的“京腔”。
在中国大陆沿海经济发达的广州、上海等城市，普通话普及度高，但日常生活中本地人多以方言交流。&lt;ref name=&quot;北京晨报&quot;&gt;{{cite news | language =中文  | author =季明、杨梦  | coauthors =  | url =http://news.163.com/05/0206/05/1BSSHT2H0001124T.html  | title =上海人不愿说普通话 35%的外来人口难撼地方方言  | work =北京晨报  | publisher =  | pages =  | date =2005年2月6日  | accessdate =2009年12月20日  }}根据上海市教委语言文字管理处公布的“国家语言文字使用情况调查”显示，上海有７０％的市民在必要场合有能力使用普通话与人交谈，即使是在沪郊农村，也有５８％的人能用普通话与他人沟通。但是上海市民在家中、工作单位等场合，经常讲方言的比例却仍高于全国平均水平。&lt;/ref&gt;在[[珠三角]]，普通话不敌方言，显示出相对弱势。&lt;ref name=&quot;瞭望新闻周刊&quot;&gt;早先，粤语只局限在粤港地区使用，后来，广东、深圳得改革开放之先，经济腾飞，粤语因此得以在当地 “力压”普通话，并迅速走红大江南北。&lt;/ref&gt;{{來源請求|在外地移民占多数的地区，如[[深圳]]，[[普通话]]已取代当地原住民方言（[[客家語]]、[[围头话]]）成为日常的通用语言；[[粵語]]、[[客家語]]在當地公共場合中均已幾乎完全退出，衹能處於生活方言島的狀況|time=2009-01-09}}，單純地使用本地[[粵語]]或[[客家語]]在深圳市區沟通上可能会有困难。
 
普通话在乡村的普及度较城市低，但逐年提高。乡村方言保留着比较多的古汉语词汇，某些方言词汇无法用普通话准确表达，而普通话历来在村民心中属于场面上的“官话”，有时说普通话会被嘲笑是“拿腔拿调”。&lt;ref name=&quot;瞭望新闻周刊&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

===東南亞===
在[[新加坡]]，華語是四種官方語言之一，新加坡華籍人士多來自閩、粵，政府推行的華語並非來自家鄉的[[閩南語|福建話]]或[[粤语|广东话]]，官方所指的華語是普通話，且電視上禁止使用方言。[[新加坡]][[李光耀]]政府則有鼓勵華人民眾使用華語溝通的「'''[[說華語運動]]'''」。

东南亚[[華人]]主要以閩南語、粤语、客家話、潮州話、海南話等南方汉语为母语。近年来，华語（普通話）在这些地区升温，逐渐成为社交和商业通用语之一。

而华语虽然在马来西亚并非官方语言，但大部分华人都会讲华语。这是因为该国华社热心兴办华校：国民型华小和独立中学都以华语为教学媒介语，而北马的国民型中学也规定华语为必修科。当地华人带有浓厚方言腔、低音价的华语口音称为'''联邦腔'''。

===港澳===
港澳地區以粵語為官方語言，政府、學校雖有鼓勵學習普通話，但沒有廣泛化的趨勢。但自回歸中國後，兩地的年青人對普通話的學習熱情在學校強制開設普通話科之下開始輕微提升。一些帶有[[左派]]背景的中學更使用普通話教學。普通話語言水平也較殖民地時期高，不過大部份人仍只能說出一些廣式普通話。

==語音系統==
以下將以普通话为例，介绍汉语标准语的语音系统。

对汉语而言，单音节（单字）发音可分为声母、[[介音]]、韵母、韵尾、声调五个要素；[[超音节]]（词句）发音还存在[[连续变调]]等要素。对[[普通话]]而言，介音、韵母、韵尾则被合成称为“韵母”。

===单音节发音===
普通话的声韵母系统基本沿袭了[[北京话]]系统，台灣國語比較少強調卷舌音，但台灣國語發音時，仍保留捲舌音（或稱為翹舌音），並非全然捨棄不發。普通话的声调亦大体继承北京话的系统，即阴平55，阳平35，上214，去51，以及轻声；台灣國語的上则为21。

====声母====
声母列表：
{|
!声母
|-
!双唇音!!唇齿音!!舌尖前音!!舌尖中音!!舌尖后音!!舌面前音!!舌根音!!零声母/特殊声母
|-
|b	[{{IPA|p}}]&lt;br /&gt;p	[{{IPA|pʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;m	[{{IPA|m}}]
|f	[{{IPA|f}}]
|z	[{{IPA|ts}}]&lt;br /&gt;c	[{{IPA|tsʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;s	[{{IPA|s}}]
|d	[{{IPA|t}}]&lt;br /&gt;t	[{{IPA|tʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;n	[{{IPA|n}}]&lt;br /&gt;l	[{{IPA|l}}]
|zh	[{{IPA|tʂ}}]&lt;br /&gt;ch	[{{IPA|tʂʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;sh	[{{IPA|ʂ}}]&lt;br /&gt;r	[{{IPA|ʐ}}]
|j	[{{IPA|tɕ}}]&lt;br /&gt;q	[{{IPA|tɕʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;x	[{{IPA|ɕ}}]
|{{IPA|ɡ}}	[{{IPA|k}}]&lt;br /&gt;k	[{{IPA|kʰ}}]&lt;br /&gt;h	[{{IPA|x}}]
|y	[{{IPA|j}}]&lt;br /&gt;w	[{{IPA|w}}]
|}

====韵母====
韵母列表：
{|
!韵母
|-
!单韵母!!前响复韵母!!后响复韵母!!中响复韵母!!前鼻韵母!!后鼻韵母
|-
|{{IPA|ɑ}}	[{{IPA|ɑ}}]&lt;br /&gt;o	[{{IPA|ǫ}}]&lt;br /&gt;e	[{{IPA|ɤ}}]&lt;br /&gt;ê	[{{IPA|ɛ}}]&lt;br /&gt;i	[{{IPA|i}}]&lt;br /&gt;u	[{{IPA|u}}]&lt;br /&gt;ü	[{{IPA|y}}]&lt;br /&gt;er	[{{IPA|əɻ}}/{{IPA|ɐɻ}}]&lt;br /&gt;-i（si,zi ci）	[{{IPA|ɿ}}]&lt;br /&gt;-i（zhi chi shi ri）	[{{IPA|ʅ}}]
|{{IPA|ɑi}}	[{{IPA|aɪ}}]&lt;br /&gt;ei	[{{IPA|eɪ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|ɑo}}	[{{IPA|ɑʊ}}]&lt;br /&gt;ou	[{{IPA|oʊ}}]
|{{IPA|iɑ}}	[{{IPA|iɑ}}]&lt;br /&gt;ie	[{{IPA|iɛ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|uɑ}}	[{{IPA|uɑ}}]&lt;br /&gt;uo	[{{IPA|uǫ}}]&lt;br /&gt;üe	[{{IPA|yɛ}}]
|{{IPA|iɑo}}	[{{IPA|iɑʊ}}]&lt;br /&gt;i(o)u	[{{IPA|iəʊ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|uɑi}}	[{{IPA|uaɪ}}]&lt;br /&gt;u(e)i	[{{IPA|ueɪ}}]
|{{IPA|ɑn}}	[{{IPA|an}}]&lt;br /&gt;en	[{{IPA|ən}}]&lt;br /&gt;in	[{{IPA|in}}]&lt;br /&gt;ün	[{{IPA|yn}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|iɑn}}	[{{IPA|iɛn}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|uɑn}}	[{{IPA|uan}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|üɑn}}	[{{IPA|yɛn}}]&lt;br /&gt;u(e)n	[{{IPA|uən}}]
|{{IPA|ɑnɡ}}	[{{IPA|ɑŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|enɡ}}	[{{IPA|ɤŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|inɡ}}	[{{IPA|iŋ}}/{{IPA|iəŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|onɡ}}	[{{IPA|ʊŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|iɑnɡ}}	[{{IPA|iɑŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|uɑnɡ}}	[{{IPA|uɑŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|uenɡ}}	[{{IPA|uɤŋ}}]&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|ionɡ}}	[{{IPA|yŋ}}/{{IPA|iʊŋ}}]
|}

====单字声调====
[[File:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.png|right|thumb|150px|普通话四声音值]]
在普通话裡，只有平声有[[阴阳分立]]，没有入声，因此除轻声外共有四个声调：
*阴平(标为“-”，声调值55）
*阳平（标为“ˊ”，声调值35）
*上声（“上”读作shǎng，标为“ˇ”，声调值214）
*去声（标为“ˋ”，，声调值51）
此外还有轻声（标为“·”或不标），在超音节词句中使用。轻声是否该称为声调，学术界有一定的争议。

:{{Audio|zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg|(ma)单音的四个声调}}

国语等的音调与普通话相同，单字音调值则有些许区别（上声为21）。

[[中古汉语]]的入声，在普通话裡被划入各种声调裡。这点与绝大多数汉语方言不同。

===超音节发音===
現代標準漢語在读词句时，字的发音会有一定的变化，例如[[#变调|变调]]、 [[#轻声|轻声]]、 [[#儿化|儿化]]。

====变调====
現代標準漢語发音时，字和字连起来发生字调与单字音调不同的现象，叫做'''变调'''。变调一般出现在下列情况：

===== 上声的变调 =====
*#当两个上声字连读时，第一个字的声调值变为35，即等于阳平的调值。变调调值是214-35。
*#:例如“老鼠”，两字音调都是上声，但发音为阳平、半上声，和“牢鼠”的读法相近但不相同。
*#当三个上声字连续时，则比较复杂，要分析具体情况。
*#*当词语首二字是双音节，而第三字是单音节时，首二字都读阳平声。如“保管好”，发音是阳平、阳平、上声。
*#*当词语首字是单音节，而尾二字是双音节时，首字变成21，第二字读阳平声。如“总保管”发音是半上声、阳平、上声。
*#如果上声字后面接着非上声字，亦即阴平、阳平、去声和轻声前，且该上声字不处于句末、不处于被强调状态时，常读作半上声。

===== “一”和“不”的变调 =====
*#在去声音节之前，“一”读阳平声，如“一定”。
*#在非去声音节之前，“一”读去声，如“一天”、“一年”、“一起”。
*#在词语之间，“一”读轻声。但表示序数时或其他情况下，“一”都读原本的阴平声。
*#“不”只有在去声音节前才变调为阳平声。在词语之间，“不”读轻声。

====轻声====
現代標準漢語发音时，某些字音失去了其原有的声调，而变得轻而短促的现象，叫做'''轻声'''。
===== 中國大陸 =====
根据中国大陆普通话标准，简单而言，轻声一般出现在下列情况：
*现代汉语中的结构[[助词]]（如“的、得”），动态助词（如“了、着），[[语气词]]（如“吗、呢”）等虚词，一般读轻声。
*普通话中名词和代词的后缀，如“子、头、上、们”，读作轻声。
*现代汉语中某些双音词的末字读作轻声，分以下几种情况：
*#有些词语必须读为轻声，如“多么”、“学生”、“喜欢”，其中也包括大多数叠音词（如“哥哥”、“星星”）和[[连绵词]]（如“萝卜”、“模糊”）。
*#有些词语可以读为轻声也可以不读，但二者词义或词性不同，如“大意”、“地道”、“便当”。
*#有些词语可以读为轻声也可以不读，且二者词义并无区别，如“因为”、“起来”、“机器”。

===== 台灣 =====
根据[[中華民國教育部]]标准，轻声出现的情况要比中国大陆标准略少。在上述情形中，轻声可读可不读且意义无差异时，台湾国语标准一般不作轻声处理。
需要指出的是，中国大陆南方人、台湾人和東南亞華人在使用現代標準漢語时，受其方言影响，使用轻声的频率要比上述标准低得多，不少人甚至几乎不使用轻声。但由于在大多数情况下并不影响交流，因此也可将其视为廣義上的現代標準漢語。

====儿化音====
普通话发音时发音时，“儿”作为后缀不独立成音节，而是和前一音节合在一起，成为前一音节韵母的卷舌韵尾的现象，叫做'''儿化'''。
===== 中国大陆 =====
*{{Fact|根据普通话标准，简单而言，儿化一般包括以下几种情况|time=2009-10-05T00:54:10+00:00}}：
*#书面语可儿化可不儿化，但口语必须儿化，如“这儿”、“小孩儿”、“好玩儿”。
*#书面语一般不儿化，但口语一般儿化，且儿化与不儿化词义或词性不同，如“头儿”、“盖儿”、“宝贝儿”。
*#书面语一般不儿化，但口语一般儿化，且儿化与不儿化词义并无区别，如“上班儿”、“口味儿”、“菜单儿”。
:由于儿化音具有浓厚的北方口语色彩，在新闻播报和其他正式或严肃的语言环境中不宜多用。
:需要指出的是，与中国大陆北方人大多频繁使用儿化音不同，中国大陆南方人多数在使用普通话时，受其方言影响，使用儿化音的频率要比上述标准低得多，不少人甚至几乎不使用儿化音。但由于在大多数情况下并不影响交流，因此也可将其视为宽泛意义上的普通话。

===== 台灣 =====
根据[[中華民國教育部]]标准，儿化出现的情况要比中国大陆标准少得多，除“这儿”等少量词语外，台湾国语标准一般不作儿化音处理。

==拼读系统与拼音化==
{{RCL2}}
汉语标准有许多套[[音标|拼读]]系统。著名的有[[注音符号]]、[[威妥玛拼法]]、[[汉语拼音]]、[[注音二式]]、[[通用拼音]]等。除注音符号外，其余拼读系统均采用拉丁字母作为[[文字]]形式。目前汉语拼音在中华人民共和国是普通话的法定拼音。中华民国（台湾）的國語則普遍使用注音符号，政府法定的拼读系统仍具争议中，英譯則多用威妥玛拼法。西方出版的圖書以往使用威妥玛拼法，但是從[[1980年代]]以來，越來越多的出版物採用漢語拼音，到[[2000年]]以後，幾乎所有的學術書籍都已改為漢語拼音。

===历史===
自从[[西方]]人东来中国，并尝试学官话，自然需要创制用来记录汉字读音之拼音系统。多年来，曾经有不少拼音系统推出。[[19世纪]]时，最先出现的就是[[威妥玛拼音]]，根据其发明者命名。

[[1906年]]，标准[[邮政式拼音]]推出，同样是不太规则的系统，也多数用于地名。

以上两种系统现在仍被使用，但渐渐被[[汉语拼音]]取代，现在多数只是出现在旧课本或历史书等。

[[20世纪]]时，有些中国语言学专家提出数个[[转写]]系统，而其中一个更是全新拼音系统：[[注音符号]]，到现在为止，最成功的转写系统是汉语拼音，亦即[[中华人民共和国]]政府在[[1958年]]推出的方案。[[联合国]]及其他国际组织现在也部分採用汉语拼音。台湾自2009年开始，中文译音也全面采用汉语拼音。

在20世纪初至[[1980年代]]，一直有人不少人，也曾包括[[中國大陸]]官方，认为汉语应该走抛弃[[汉字]]的拉丁拼音化道路。由于汉语拉丁化运动采取的是汉语标准语的语音系统，因此汉语标准语的拼读系统得到了运动支持者的重视，其中以汉语拼音为甚。但拉丁化方案最后被放弃，基于汉语包含非常多[[同音词]]。而且，汉字也与古代文学和文化息息相关，令拉丁化运动推行甚为困难。

80年代之后，随着汉字的计算机输入问题得到彻底的解决，汉语拉丁化运动已逐渐平息。中华人民共和国官方亦不再采取这种论调，民间亦同时销声匿迹。

[[耶鲁拼音]]不太受欢迎，也比较过时，却更能代表官话的音位。&lt;!-- The Yale system is notable because it is a more direct representation of the [[phoneme]]s of Mandarin than the other systems: It avoids the orthographic alternations between 'y' and 'i', 'w' and 'u', 'wei' and 'ui', 'o' and 'uo', etc. that are part of [[Pinyin]] and [[Wade-Giles]]. --&gt;

==语法==
{{main|汉语语法}}
'''現代標準漢語'''是完全基於[[北方漢語]]的語法，句式使用「主謂賓」的結構，經常使用「的、地、得」，以及甚少語氣助詞。

現代標準漢語雖然摒棄了[[文言文]]的表達方式，在中國大陸的官方文件都完全遵從這種方式。但在其他許多華人社會的現代文章中，經常會用到曾經歷幾個[[朝代]]全國各省通用[[文言文]]中的通用字、詞或[[成語]]以令句子更為簡潔文雅，如之（的）、其（他）、甚（很）等等。

==地方差異==
'''[[北京話]]'''、'''大陸普通话'''、'''[[台灣國語]]'''、'''[[中華民國國語文|中華民國國語]]'''、'''[[新馬華語]]'''等在语音、词汇等方面有少許差異。要注意的是[[北京话]]并不属于一种标准语，因为它是未经整理和标准化的北京城区方言。以上的几种标准语都是以北京话这种方言为基础来进行标准化的产物。

===标准口音===
国语、普通话、华语三大系统内部还存在“标准口音”（无口音）和“非标准口音”（带口音）的区别。从这个角度上说，汉语标准语构成了汉语的一種大类“方言”。即使是標準，三地也有區別，如「消息」一詞。大陸「息」讀輕聲，台灣讀「洗」，新馬讀「西」。

国语的情况与之相似：老派国语、新派國語都是被视为标准的；华语的情况则有些不同。學習普通話及口音的有无與出身地域與教育程度有相當關係。

标准口音和非标准口音之间并没有严格的界限。以普通话为例：
#最严格定义的“标准口音”是[[中央电视台]][[新闻联播]]的发音。如果按照这个标准，中国大陆绝大多数汉语使用者，包括许多播音员，其普通话都是带有口音的。但事实上，许多人普通话的发音方式和口音用词上偶尔违反了“中国国家语言文字标准”。
#明显受方言或其它语言影响的普通话，一般都会视为带有口音。例如，[[声调]]系统与普通话声调系统差异过大，或有过多的字发音不準。但台灣地區的取音不同與中國大陸，如'''垃圾'''，臺灣國語讀「勒色」，普通話讀「拉機」。
#受方言或其它语言一定程度影响，但完全不影响交流的普通话，是否被视为带有口音，则因人而异。例如，一定程度“京味”、“东北味”普通话。

=== 詞彙差別 ===
{{main|眷村黑話|簡體中文#地方用語|繁體中文#地方用語}}
[[臺海兩岸]]在某些習慣用語上，經過長時間的隔絕，也有某些程度的差異。這些差異中，有些是因為臺灣調國語保留了[[1949年]]以前在[[大陸]]所 使用的一些語彙，而這些語彙在中國大陸則由於種種因素而不再使用，或者是比較少使用。比如說，「[[村|里]]長」（相等于中华人民共和国的“村长”，在中华民国，-{里}-和村為相同等級的行政區域，而中國大陸沒有這種行政區域。以下括号内均为中国大陆替代用词）、「郵差」（邮递员）、「車夫」（[[香港|港]][[澳門|澳]][[台灣|台]]只會對非機動的陸上運載工具的駕駛員才稱車夫，已成為舊時代語彙，現在使用或含貶義）、「傭人」、「次長」（中華民國文官體制，當中政務次長約略同於中華人民共和國副部長）、「級任教師」（班主任）、「學藝股長」（学习委员）等，這些詞語都是1949年以前的常用詞，也繼續在臺灣調的國語中使用。但是，中國大陸則是使用反映新社會關係的一些詞語來替代它們。 「先生」、「小姐」、「太太」、「老闆」、「男士」、「女士」等1949年以前的常用稱謂詞語，中國大陸在[[1979年]]改革開放以前，一般也不常使用&lt;ref&gt;關於臺灣海峽兩岸在某些用詞上的差異，可以參考一個外國人在兩岸各居住過一段時間以後所寫的一篇有趣散文，見看中國報導(2003)。&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;看中國報導，2003年，老外侃中國：臺灣與大陸的異同 [online]。np：看中國。11月5日 [引用於2005年1月13日]。全球資訊網網址：[http://www.kanzhongguo.com/news/pub/view.php?aid=54543]。&lt;/ref&gt;。

台灣國語與普通話的詞匯相比，台灣國語的詞匯除了融入部分日語、閩南或客家詞語外，還有一個特點是保留較多的古語詞。台灣國語詞匯另一個特點是，保留一些[[1949年]]前使用的詞語繼續指稱某一群體的人。由於，國民政府遷臺後，在各地成立許多[[眷村]]，各省或幫派間詞彙亦有少部份成為臺灣國語的詞源，例如[[條子]]（警察）、[[馬子]]（女性，女友）。台灣亦出現很多國字頭的詞語，如[[國文]]、[[國小]]、[[國中]]、[[國字]]、[[國立]]等，其「國」字可能代表：國民、民國、國家、中華民國。

同樣地，[[中國大陸]]的名稱多有「人民」字樣，如[[人民路]]、[[人民警察]]、[[人民醫院]]、[[人民公社]]（已廢除）、[[人民公園]]等。

== 推廣 ==
*中華人民共和國：[[推廣普通話]]
*中華民國：[[國語運動]]
*新加坡：[[講華語運動]]
*香港：[[兩文三語]]
*其他：[[中文熱]]

==相關條目==
*[[汉语]]
*[[漢語拼音對照表]]
*[[中国语言]]
*[[中華民國國語文]]
*[[語言列表]]
*[[漢語拼音]]
*[[通用拼音]]
*[[老国音]]
*[[去中國化]]

==外部連結==
*[http://www.edu.cn/20011114/3009777.shtml 汉语拼音方案]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20010218134855/http://chinese.pku.edu.cn/yuyinyj/puth.html 沈炯：普通話與北京語音]
*[http://www.edu.cn/20011116/3010390.shtml 普通話語音]
*[http://pth.linqi.org 普通話學習網]

==延伸閱讀==
===中文===
*{{cite book 
|author=黄伯荣、廖序东 
|title=《现代汉语（上、下册）》
|year=2002
|isbn=7-04-010638-8}}
===英文===
*{{cite book 
|editor=Branner, David Prager
|title=The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology |series=Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 271 
|year=2006 
|publisher=John Benjamins 
|location=Amsterdam |isbn=90-272-4785-4}}
*{{cite book
|author=Chao, Y.R., 
|title=A Grammar of Spoken Chinese
|publisher=University of California Press
|lcoation=Berkeley
|year=1968}}
*{{cite book 
|author=Chen, Ping
|title=Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics
|year=1999
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=New York
|isbn=0521645727
}}
* {{cite book 
|author=Hsia, T.
|title=China's Language Reforms
|publisher=Far Eastern Publications, Yale University
|location=New Haven
|year=1956}}
* {{cite book 
|author=Ladefoged, Peter; &amp; Maddieson, Ian.
|title=The sounds of the world's languages
|publisher=Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
|isbn=0-631-19814-8
|year=1996}}
*  {{cite journal
|journal=Journal of Phonetics
|title=Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. 
|author=Ladefoged, Peter; &amp; Wu, Zhongji. 
|year=1984
|volume=12
|pages=267-278}}
* {{cite book 
|editor=Lehmann, W.P.
|title=Language &amp; Linguistics in the People’s Republic of China
|publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin|year=1975}}
* {{cite book 
|author=Lin, Y.
|title=Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong|year=1972}}
* {{cite book 
|author=Lackner, Michael (Hrsg.): 
|title=New Terms for new Ideas: western knowledge and lexical change in late imperial China.
|publisher=Brill
|location=Leiden |year=2001|isbn=90-04-12046-7}}
* {{cite book 
|author=Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson
|title=Mandarin Chinese. A Functional Reference Grammar
|publisher=University of California Press
|location=Berkeley |year=2003|isbn=0-520-06610-3}}
* Norman, Jerry: ''Chinese.'' Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-29653-6
* Milsky, C., &quot;New Developments in Language Reform&quot;, ''The China Quarterly'', No.53, (January-March 1973), pp.98-133.
* Norman, J., ''Chinese'', Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
* Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01468-X
* San Duanmu (2000) ''The Phonology of Standard Chinese'' ISBN 0-19-824120-8
* Seybolt, P.J. &amp; Chiang, G.K. (eds.), ''Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary'', M.E. Sharpe, (White Plains), 1979.
* Simon, W., ''A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary Of The National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition'', Lund Humphries, (London), 1975.

===德文===
* [[Bernhard Karlgren|Karlgren, Bernhard]]: ''Schrift und Sprache der Chinesen.'' 2.&amp;nbsp;Auflage. Springer 2001, ISBN 3-540-42138-6 (''Anm.: Karlgrens Ansichten sind heute größtenteils widerlegt worden'')
* Kneussel, Gregor: ''Grammatik des modernen Chinesisch.'' Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur, Beijing 2005, ISBN 7-119-04262-9

==注释==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{{汉语}}

[[Category:現代標準漢語| ]]
[[Category:官话]]
[[Category:汉语]]
[[Category:漢藏語系]]
[[Category:中国语言]]
[[Category:台灣語言]]
[[Category:新加坡语言]]
[[Category:香港語言]]
[[Category:東南亞語言]]
[[Category:亞洲語言]]

{{Link FA|de}}

[[ar:مندرين معيار]]
[[bg:Стандартен мандарин]]
[[ca:Mandarí]]
[[cdo:Guók-ngṳ̄]]
[[cs:Mandarínština]]
[[de:Hochchinesisch]]
[[en:Standard Mandarin]]
[[eo:Norma ĉina lingvo]]
[[es:Mandarín estándar]]
[[fa:ماندارین معیار]]
[[fi:Mandariinikiina]]
[[fr:Mandarin standard]]
[[fy:Standertmandarynsk]]
[[gv:Mandarin Chadjinit]]
[[he:מנדרינית תקנית]]
[[hr:Mandarinski kineski]]
[[id:Putonghua]]
[[is:Putonghua]]
[[ja:普通話]]
[[ko:표준 중국어]]
[[ku:Zimanê çînî]]
[[ms:Bahasa Mandarin Baku]]
[[nl:Standaardmandarijn]]
[[oc:Mandarin estandard]]
[[pl:Standardowy język mandaryński]]
[[pt:Mandarim padrão]]
[[ru:Путунхуа]]
[[simple:Standard Chinese (language)]]
[[sr:Стандардни мандарински језик]]
[[stq:Hoochchinesisk]]
[[sv:Standardkinesiska]]
[[tr:Standart Çince]]
[[vi:Tiếng Phổ thông]]
{{mergefrom|中國語言列表}}
&lt;!-- :''要参看一般说的中文，请到[[汉语]]、[[現代標準漢語]]条。'' --&gt;
{{dablink|要参看一般说的[[中文]]，请到[[汉字]]、[[漢語]]、[[現代標準漢語]]条。}}
{{Life_in_the_PRC}}
'''[[中国]]的语言文字'''是指在中国范围内各个[[民族]]所使用的[[语言]]和[[文字]]的总称。

==官方语言文字==
[[中国历史]]上的官方语言一直是[[汉语]]，[[白话文运动]]以前，中国使用[[文言文]]作为书写体系，而[[白话文运动]]以后，则推行[[白话文]]书写。

根据《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》的规定——“本法所称的国家通用语言文字是普通话和规范汉字。”，表明目前[[中国大陆]]的国家通用语言文字是[[普通话]]和[[规范汉字]]。根据《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》的规定——“在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。”，表明目前[[中国大陆]]的官方语言文字包括普通话、规范汉字和少数民族语言文字。[[香港]]的法定語文是[[中文]]（實際是[[繁體中文]]）和[[英文]]，相應的口語是[[廣州話|廣東話]]、[[英语]]、[[普通話]]；[[澳门]]的官方语言除[[普通话]]外，还有[[粤语]]和[[葡萄牙语]]。[[台湾]]的實際官方語言是[[國語]]（[[現代標準漢語]]），官方文字是[[正體字]]（[[繁體字]]）相應的口語是台語（閩南語）客語（客家話）及台灣原住民語言。馬來西亞、新加坡等地所使用的文字是[[簡體中文]]、其他地方如加拿大、美國、英國、澳大利亞等地區的華人社區繁簡並用。而國際漢語教學絕大多數使用[[簡化字]]。此外，中国各地还使用不同的[[汉语方言]]进行交流。

==中国各民族语言文字==
[[File:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg|thumb|350px|中国语言分布图]]
由于长期受到汉语的影响，[[中华民族|中国的少数民族]]现在大部分都能使用汉语进行交流。除个别民族以外，绝大多数民族都有自己的[[语言]]。而且由于长期的交流合作，对于语言的影响很大。有的民族同其他民族一起使用同一种语言。

中国各民族语言从[[语言系属分类]]上来说，分别属于[[汉藏语系]]、[[阿尔泰语系]]、[[印欧语系]]、[[南亚语系]]以及[[南岛语系]]（关于南岛语系存在争议）。另外[[朝鲜语]]的归属存在争议。

有十个民族从来没有自己的文字，在[[中国]]政府的支持和帮助下，他们发明了新的语音[[字母]]。
==列表==
{{Main|中国语言列表}}
{{Mergeto|中国语言列表}}
===汉藏语系、苗瑶语系、壮侗语系===
{{main|汉藏语系|汉藏语列表}}
====漢語族====
''（主詞條：[[汉语方言]]、[[汉语方言列表]]、[[漢語族]]）''
*[[官話]]
:*[[現代標準漢語]]（包括[[汉族]]在内的各民族都使用，汉语的[[普通话]]是中国的官方语言）
:*[[晉語]]
:*[[東干語]]
*[[吳語]]
:*[[徽語]]
*[[粵語]]
:*[[廣西平話]]
*[[閩語]]
:*[[閩南語]]
:*[[閩東語]]
:*[[閩中語]]
:*[[閩北語]]
*[[客家語]]
*[[贛語]]
*[[湘語]]
====藏缅语族====
{{main|藏缅语族}}
=====[[缅语支]]=====
*[[阿昌语]]（[[阿昌族]]）
*[[波拉语]]（[[景颇族]]）
*[[浪速语]]（[[景颇族]]）
*[[勒期语]]（[[景颇族]]）
*[[仙岛语]]（[[景颇族]]）
*[[载瓦语]]（[[景颇族]]）

=====[[彝语支]]=====
*[[毕苏语]]（[[毕苏人]]，部分归入[[拉祜族]]）
*[[哈尼语]]（[[哈尼族]]）
*[[基诺语]]（[[基诺族]]）
*[[卡卓语]]（[[蒙古族]]）
*[[拉祜语]]（[[拉祜族]]）
*[[傈僳语]]（[[傈僳族]]）
*[[末昂语]]（云南[[彝族]]）
*[[怒苏语]]（[[怒族]]）
*[[柔若语]]（[[怒族]]）
*[[桑孔语]]（[[哈尼族]]）
*[[堂郎语]]（[[纳西族]]）
*[[彝语]]（[[彝族]]）
**[[诺苏语]]（[[四川]]彝族）
**[[撒尼语]]（[[云南]]彝族）
**等等

=====[[藏语群]]=====
*[[白马语]]（川陇[[藏族]]）
*[[仓洛语]]（[[门巴族]]）
*[[门巴语]]（[[门巴族]]）
*[[藏语]]（[[藏族]]）

=====[[羌语支]]=====
*[[尔苏语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[贵琼语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[木雅语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[纳木义语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[普米语]]（[[普米族]]）
*[[史兴语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[羌语]]（[[羌族]]）
*[[却隅语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[扎坝语]]（四川[[藏族]]）

=====[[嘉绒语支]]=====
*[[尔龚语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[嘉绒语]]（四川[[藏族]]）
*[[拉乌戎语]]（四川[[藏族]]）

=====其他=====
*[[阿侬语]]（[[怒族]]）
*[[白语]]（或称[[民家语]]，[[白族]]）
*[[崩如语]]（[[珞巴族]]）
*[[达让语]]（[[僜人]]）
*[[独龙语]]（或称[[俅语]]，[[独龙族]]）
*[[格曼语]]（[[僜人]]）
*[[景颇语]]（[[景颇族]]）
*[[珞巴语]]（[[珞巴族]]）
*[[纳西语]]（[[纳西族]]）
*[[苏龙语]]（[[珞巴族]]）
*[[土家语]]（[[土家族]]）
*[[义都语]]（[[珞巴族]]）

====苗瑶语系====
{{main|苗瑶语系}}
*[[巴哼语]]（桂黔[[瑤族]]）
*[[巴那语]]（湖南[[苗族]]）
*[[布努语]]（广西[[瑶族]]）
*[[炯奈語]]（广西[[瑶族]]）
*[[勉语]]（海南[[瑶族]]）
*[[苗语]]（云黔湘[[苗族]]）
*[[畲语]]（粤闽[[畲族]]，~1K）
*[[优诺语]]（广西[[瑤族]]）

====壮侗语系====
{{main|侗台语系}}
=====[[台语支]]=====
*[[布依语]]（贵州[[布依族]]，~2M）
*[[傣语]]（[[傣族]]）
*[[掸语]]
*[[壮语]]（[[壮族]]）
*[[侬语]]

=====[[侗水语支]]=====
*[[標話]]（廣東漢族，~80K）
*[[蔡家话]]（贵州[[彝族]]）
*[[茶洞语]]（广西[[茶洞人]]，大部分属于汉族，少部分属于[[壮族]]）
*[[侗语]]（[[侗族]]）
*[[錦語]]（貴州[[布依族]]，2.4K）
*[[毛南语]]（[[毛南族]]）
*[[莫语]]（貴州[[布依族]]，~5K）
*[[仫佬语]]（[[仫佬族]]）
*[[水语]]（贵州[[水族]]，~0.3M）
*[[佯僙語]]（貴州[[布依族]]，&gt;10K）

=====[[仡央语支]]=====
*[[布央語]]（雲南[[壯族]]，&gt;3K）
*[[仡佬语]]（[[仡佬族]]）
*[[拉基語]]（雲南[[彝族]]，~200人）
*[[木佬语]]（贵州[[仫佬族]]）
*[[普標語]]（雲南[[彝族]]，~50人）
*[[耶容語]]（广西[[瑶族]]）
*[[羿語]]（川黔[[苗族]]，瀕危語言）

=====其他=====
*[[村語]]（海南漢族，~60K）
*[[黎语]]（海南[[黎族]]，&gt;0.8M）
*[[临高语]]（海南漢族，~0.5M）
*[[拉珈语]]（[[瑶族]]）

===南亚语系===
*[[布朗语]]（[[布朗族]]）
*[[德昂语]]（或称[[崩龙语]]，[[德昂族]]）
*[[京语]]（[[京族]]；有爭議，一說為[[壯侗語系]]）
*[[佤语]]（[[佤族]]）

===南島語系===
*[[回輝話]]（海南[[回族]]）

===阿尔泰语系===
====蒙古语族====
*[[保安语]]（[[保安族]]）
*[[达斡尔语]]（[[达斡尔族]]）
*[[东部裕固语]]（[[裕固族]]）
*[[东乡语]]（[[东乡族]]）
*[[康家语]]（青海[[回族]]）
*[[蒙古语]]（[[蒙古族]]）
*[[土族语]]（[[土族]]）

====突厥语族====
*[[哈萨克语]]（[[哈萨克族]]）
*[[柯尔克孜语]]（[[柯尔克孜族]]）
*[[撒拉语]]（[[撒拉族]]）
*[[塔塔尔语]]（[[塔塔尔族]]）
*[[图佤语]]（新疆[[蒙古族]]）
*[[土尔克语]]（[[维吾尔族]]）
*[[维吾尔语]]（[[维吾尔族]]）
*[[乌孜别克语]]（[[乌孜别克族]]）
*[[西部裕固语]]（[[裕固族]]）

====满-通古斯语族====
*[[鄂伦春语]]（[[鄂伦春族]]）
*[[鄂温克语]]（[[鄂温克族]]）
*[[赫哲语]]（[[赫哲族]]）
*[[满语]]（[[满族]]）
*[[锡伯语]]（[[锡伯族]]）

====其它====
*[[朝鲜语]]（[[朝鲜族]]；有争议，一说为[[孤立语言]]）

===印欧语系===
*[[俄语]]（[[俄罗斯族]]）
*[[色勒庫爾語]]（{{SIL|srh}}）（[[塔吉克族]]，中國內地稱為塔吉克語，但與[[塔吉克斯坦]]的[[塔吉克語]]屬不同語支）

===混合语===
{{main|混合语}}
*[[诶话]]（广西[[壮族]]）
*[[唐汪話]]（[[东乡族]]）
*[[瓦乡话]]
*[[五屯话]]（[[土族]]）

==已经消亡的语言==
*[[白狼语]]
*[[和阗语]]
*[[女真语]]
*[[契丹语]]
*[[粟特语]]
*[[突厥语]]
*[[吐火罗语]]
*[[西夏文|西夏语]]
*[[鲜卑语]]
*[[匈奴语]]

==參考书目==
*孫宏開，“中國空白語言的調查研究——附錄：中國各少數民族使用語言情況”於中國語言學的新拓展：慶祝王士元教授六十五歲華誕，石鋒等編，香港城市大學出版社出版，1999年。
*鄭張尚芳，“白語是漢白語族的一支獨立語言”於中國語言學的新拓展：慶祝王士元教授六十五歲華誕，石鋒等編，香港城市大學出版社出版，1999年。

==参看==
*[[中文]]
*[[语文]]
*[[中国人口]]
*[[中国语言列表]]

==外部链接==
*[http://www.asia-brasil.com 万用手册 中葡文版 Manual Chinês para Neófitos]
*[http://www.zgyuyan.com 中國語言論壇]
*[http://www.cass.cn/minzusuo/mzwz/charlist.htm 中国少数民族文字数据库]
*[http://xiang.free.fr/ 向柏霖的网站-藏族的语言]
*[http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/lingdept/research/stedt/STfamily.html The Sino-Tibetan language family]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp “Ethnologue”]
*[http://kr.geocities.com/tomchiukc/Language/Languages_in_the_World.html “Languages in the World”]
*[http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/curricul/010.htm “An Introduction to Comparative Turkish Linguistics”，The Turkology Update Leiden Project]
*[http://members.aol.com/nyablaj/hmong.html “Hmong Lessons – Foreword”，Nyablaj]
*[http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/courses/211/211page.html Languages of the World]
*[http://www.turkiye.net/sota/language.html Türk Dilleri - Languages in “SOTA Turkic World Pages”，SOTA: Research Centre for Turkestan and Azerbaijan]

{{中國語言}}

[[Category:中国语言| ]]
[[Category:语言列表]]

[[da:Sprog i Kina]]
[[en:Languages of China]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Yusunny/理想语逻辑方言</title>
    <id>7450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52751</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T20:07:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '{{Infobox Language |name=逻辑语 |nativename=la lojban. |caption=逻辑语标志 |pronunciation=/la ˈloʒban/ |image=[[File:Lojban flag public domain.svg|center|200px|逻辑…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language
|name=逻辑语
|nativename=la lojban.
|caption=逻辑语标志
|pronunciation=/la ˈloʒban/
|image=[[File:Lojban flag public domain.svg|center|200px|逻辑语标志]]
|creator=Logical Language Group
|date=[[1987年]]
|setting=人际交流使用、人与电脑交流使用、实验用途
|fam1=[[人工语言]]
|fam2=[[工学语言]]
|fam3=[[逻辑语言]]&lt;br /&gt;(descended from [[Loglan]])
|script=[[拉丁字母]]和其他
|posteriori=[[constructed language]]s&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;mixed [[a priori language|a priori]]/[[a posteriori language|a posteriori]]
|iso2=jbo|iso3=jbo}}
'''邏輯語'''（lojban，又譯作'''理語'''），原名'''Loglan'''，是[[人工語言]]的一種。所有字均以[[鍵盤]]上可打出的26字組成：'''' , . a b c d e f g i j k l m n o p r s t u v x y z'''。[[1955年]]由[[詹姆士·庫克·布朗]]設計，[[1960年]]在《[[科學美國人]]》雜誌發表。

它的最初目標是證明[[薩丕爾-沃夫假說]]。它依照[[形式語言]]尤其是[[谓词逻辑]]構造，而非建基於現有的自然語言。其特点是：言文一致、形意一致、文化中立。

== 特点 ==
逻辑语的突出特点之一是无歧义性，无歧义包括言文一致和形意一致两个方面。此外，还有一个重要的特点是文化中立。

=== 言文一致 ===
言文一致，是指：
* 一种发音形式，只能对应唯一一种书写形式。这意味着，只要说话人遵守了发音标准，记录人学会了发音的规则，就可以准确地进行听写，哪怕记录人对于词语含义和语法结构一窍不通。
* 一种书写形式，可以对应于相似但有相同含义的一些发音形式。这意味着，尽管每个人允许有自己的口音，但是在允许的范围内，说出来的文字应该可以容易地被辨认出（根据发音标准）是含义相同的。
自然语言如中文，一般不能达到这两个条件。例如：“新文学”和“新闻学”是同一个发音形式对应于不同的书写形式（和意义）的例子。而“[[老子]]”和“老子”（普通話俗语，代表“父親”）是同一种书写形式对应于并不相似的发音形式的例子。

即使是其他人造语如[[世界语]]，仍然有言文不一致的问题，尽管它们通常也设计成尽量避免言文不一致，但是也有许多情况下需要使用停顿、重读等语音形式来区分句子的不同含义（不同侧重点），这样就使得同样的书写形式对应于含义不同的发音形式。

通过严格的构词法和明确叙述的发音规则，逻辑语大體上达到了上述目标。并且，它的发音规则还有如下特点：
* 上下文无关：一个书写符号对应于唯一的一类发音形式，无论其在文本中处于什么位置。
* 严格的等价：对应于书写符号的一类发音形式，无论采用哪一个都是合法的，都被辨认成同一个书写符号。
* 发音标点系统：使用明确的发音和对应的书写形式来表示其他语言中的标点符号，例如句号、直接引语等。
* 语法功能提示：逻辑语的构词法对单词的语法功能提供了很多提示，不管从发音形式还是书写形式上都能快速判断一个词的功能。配合独有的发音标点系统后，即使一句话只听到一半，也能快速跟上下一句或者下一个有效语法成分，且能对未听全的内容作出相当有效的猜测。
由於邏輯語的書寫規則比較鬆散，詞間空白很多情況下可以省略，因此嚴格來説一種發音形式對應一種書寫形式的要求並未達到。然而，不同的留空方式在語法層面的結構和語義層面的意義完全一致。

=== 形意一致 ===
形意一致并不是说不存在含义模糊或者笼统的情形。含义模糊，指的是概念本身的模糊，即概念的[[外延]]没有明确的边界。例如，“大”、“高”等概念在没有明确标准的情况下就是模糊的。逻辑语用来表达这些概念的词语可以是模糊的，就像自然语言一样，也可以是精确的，一般是通过给出标准来精确化。

而含义笼统，则是因为有明确外延的概念的涵盖范围太广而出现的。例如，“我坐车”这个表达本身很明确，但可能坐的是摩托车、汽车、甚至自行车。当实际语境需要更明确地表述时，就出现了含义笼统。逻辑语同样存在这样的问题，避免不适当的笼统和模糊并不是语言的任务，而是语言使用者的义务。同时，适当的笼统和模糊往往是文学艺术的必要成分，完全没有笼统和模糊的语言将是没有生命力的。

但是，自然语言常常会有真正的歧义。这种歧义包括四个层次：
* 同样的词语（一般指书写形式，但有时候甚至发音形式也相同）有两种以上无关的意义。例如“架子”可以是一种实物，也可以是指为人处事的一种态度。这称为词义层次。
* 即使每个词语都能正确解读，但是句子可能存在两种以上不同的结构，从而使得整个句子具有截然不同的含义。例如“你被我打”與“你我被打”。这称为语法层次。
* 词语的意义和句子结构都能唯一解读时，仍可能有不同的意义，这可能是语义层次的指称不明等原因造成的。例如“他很高”可以形容他人身高，但亦有可能是形容其技術高明。这称为语义层次。
* 即使句子的结构和意义都完全确定，但是在不同的场合下同样的句子可能有不同的用途。例如在面试中询问应试者名字是正常做法，但在街上随便拉一个陌生人问同样的问题就很唐突了。这称为语用层次。

逻辑语通过严格的语法避免出现第二种歧义。由于其文法可以使用计算机程序如[[YACC]]进行检查，因此它的无歧义性就如[[计算机程序设计语言]]一样有保证。对于前一种，则通过良好、无歧义的词语定义来避免。对于语义层次，逻辑语允许在必要的时候以任意的精确度对语义予以明确，但仍允许使用者说出不明确的句子。至于语用层次，任何语言层面的规则都无法防止，包括逻辑语。

=== 文化中立 ===
许多人造语，例如世界语等，一个被人诟病的问题就是它们的语法通常基于某种或者某些自然语言的特征而构建，从而偏离了文化中立（例如世界语就是基于欧洲语言）。另一种文化中立的问题来自于词汇，因为人造语的词汇一般来自于自然语言，因此难免在取材方面有所偏颇。

通过奠基于[[谓词逻辑]]，逻辑语很大程度上消除了语法上的文化中立，因为谓词逻辑本身是人类知识的一部分，并不专属于某种文化。但是，逻辑语在语法上的特质更偏向于[[孤立语]]，而与[[屈折语]]有所区别。对习惯于存在人称、数、性、格等屈折的用户，逻辑语也存在一些可选的外部屈折方式，即对词汇添加修饰项。

在词汇来源方面，为了尽量做到语言中立，逻辑语的基本词汇（gismu，根词）来自于六种不同的语言：
* [[汉语]]：约占34%
* [[印地语]]：约占20%
* [[英语]]：约占16%
* [[西班牙语]]：约占12%
* [[俄语]]：约占9%
* [[阿拉伯语]]：约占9%
此外，还有一些词汇是来自于其他文化的特定用语，另有部分来自于科学界通用术语。

== 發音 ==
逻辑语的发音规则力求做到言文一致，即书写形式和发音形式一致。为此，订立了严格的发音规则。

=== 字母表 ===
逻辑语采用26个拉丁字母除了h/q/w之外的23个，外加3个符号和空白（段落空白和词间空白）组成其符号表。每个字母代表一个音素，发音要求并不严格，但要求可资区分。例如，[[n]]和[[ŋ]]本来是两个不同的辅音，但都可用作字母n的发音，只要能与其他辅音明确区分即可。

对于汉语使用者，要注意的是汉语拼音中的送气/不送气对比在逻辑语中应当发音为清/浊对比，就像在英文一样。这主要发生在b/p、t/d、g/k这几组辅音中。

=== 音素表 ===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!字母!![[国际音标]]!![[汉语拼音]]!![[注音符号]]!!汉语发音提示字!!汉语来源词对应的拼音
|-
|a||a,{{unicode|ɑ}}||a||ㄚ||啊||a
|-
|b||b||b（近似）||ㄅ（近似）||玻（声母，需浊化）||b
|-
|c||ʃ,ʂ||x,sh||ㄒ,ㄕ||希，诗（声母）||x,sh
|-
|d||d||d（近似）||ㄉ（近似）||得（声母，需浊化）||d
|-
|e||ɛ,e||ê||ㄝ||夜（最后一个元音）||e
|-
|f||f,{{unicode|ɸ}}||f||ㄈ||佛（声母）||f
|-
|g||g||g（近似）||ㄍ（近似）||哥（声母，需浊化）||g
|-
|'||h||（无）||（无）||呵（近似声母，自然呼气般短轻，如南方口音“河”的声母）||（无）
|-
|i||i||i||ㄧ||衣||i
|-
|j||ʒ||y（近似）||ㄧ（近似）||衣（声母需用半擦音且浊化）||zh
|-
|k||k||g,k||ㄍ,ㄎ||哥，科（声母，不需区分送气与否）||k
|-
|l||l,{{unicode|̩}}||l||ㄌ||勒（声母）||l
|-
|m||m,{{unicode|m̩}}||m||ㄇ||摸（声母）||m
|-
|n||n,{{unicode|m̩,ŋ,ŋ̩}}||n,ng||ㄋ，（ㄢㄣㄤㄥ）的韵尾||讷（声母），恩（韵尾），昂（韵尾）||n,ng
|-
|o||o,{{unicode|ɔ}}||o||ㄛ||哦||o
|-
|p||p||b,p||ㄅ，ㄆ||玻，坡（声母，不需区分送气与否）||p
|-
|r||r,ɾ,ʀ,ɹ,ɻ,ʐ||（无）||ㄖ||日（声母）||r
|-
|s||s||s||ㄙ||思（声母）||s
|-
|t||t||d,t||ㄉ，ㄊ||得，特（声母，不需区分送气与否）||t
|-
|u||u||u||ㄨ||乌||u
|-
|v||v,{{unicode|β}}||（无）||ㄪ||我（个别罕见北京音的声母）||(无)
|-
|x||x||h||ㄏ||喝（声母）||h
|-
|y||ə||e||ㄜ||鹅（短促）||（无）
|-
|z||z||r（近似）||ㄖ（近似）||日（声母，不翘舌，如某些南方口音）||z
|}

上表中有a,e,i,o,u,y六个[[元音]]。此外，其余17个辅音可以分为三组：清音ptkfcsx和浊音bdgvjz，还有成音节辅音lrmn。

=== 双元音 ===
两个元音可以组合成双元音，见下表：
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!逻辑语字母||汉语拼音||注音符号||例字||和其他辅音组成音节
|-
|ai||ai||ㄞ||爱||可以
|-
|au||ao||ㄠ||澳||可以
|-
|ei||ei||ㄟ||未（韵母）||可以
|-
|oi||(无此音）||（无此音）||''嗳''（粤语发音）||可以
|-
|ia||ya/ia||ㄧㄚ||呀||不可以
|-
|ie||ye/ie||ㄧㄝ||夜||不可以
|-
|ii||yi||ㄧ||一||不可以
|-
|io||yo||ㄧㄛ||哟||不可以
|-
|iu||you/iou||ㄧㄨ||优||不可以
|-
|ua||wa/ua||ㄨㄚ||哇||不可以
|-
|ue||（无此音）||（无此音）||（无此音）||不可以
|-
|ui||（无此音）||（无此音）||（无此音）||不可以
|-
|uo||wo/uo||ㄨㄜ||我||不可以
|-
|uu||wu||ㄨ||乌||不可以
|-
|iy||（无此音）||（无此音）||（无此音）||不可以
|-
|uy||（无此音）||（无此音）||（无此音）||不可以
|}

=== 双辅音与多辅音组合 ===
在组成音节的时候，辅音的组合常常会被逻辑语的规则所禁止。

对于双辅音，这包括以下情形：
* 两个相同的辅音紧邻在一起是不允许的
* 如果两个辅音一个为清音，一个为浊音，则不允许组合
* '''c'''、'''j'''、'''s'''、'''z'''这四个辅音的任意两个都不能组合
* '''cx'''、'''kx'''、'''xc'''、'''xk'''、'''mz'''也被禁止。

如果两个相邻的辅音后面要跟着元音组成音节（称为“起始双辅音”），则受到更严格的限制。只有以下48种组合才被允许：
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|bl||br||cf||ck||cl||cm||cn||cp||cr||ct||dj||dr
|-
|dz||fl||fr||gl||gr||jb||jd||jg||jm||jv||kl||kr
|-
|ml||mr||pl||pr||sf||sk||sl||sm||sn||sp||sr||st
|-
|tc||tr||ts||vl||vr||xl||xr||zb||zd||zg||zm||zv
|}

三个辅音的组合规则是：
* 头两个辅音必须满足普通双辅音的限制规则
* 后两个辅音必须在48个起始双辅音的列表内
* '''ndj'''、'''ndz'''、'''ntc'''、'''nts'''这四种组合被禁止

=== 特殊字符 ===
除了以上23个字母（记住“h、w、q”并不是逻辑语的字母！）以外，逻辑语还有三个特殊符号（空格不算）。这些符号都有特殊的发音规则，并且对其出现场合作了严格限制。但是要注意，这些符号虽然在其它语言用作标点符号，但逻辑语实际上没有标点符号，所有的标点符号都是通过特殊的单词来表达的，这样的“标点符号”必须在发音过程中读出来。

==== 送气元音分隔符' ====
双元音多数不允许组词，只有4个可以。如果一个词中间出现了多个元音（不包括y）连在一起的情况，必须使用'隔开，例如mo'i等。这种情况下，音节数算两个，发音时必须在保持气流不中断的情况下将两个音明确地分开。一般来说，这听起来就像是在中间有一个汉语拼音的“h”（注音“ㄏ”），不过为了和x分别，这个音必须非常轻。

==== 词语分隔符. ====
逻辑语的构词法非常严格，很容易辨别词的开始和结束。一般来说，逻辑语的单词都以辅音开头，以元音结束。对于例外的情况，为了让听者能够明确地分辨出单词，逻辑语规定凡是以元音开头的单词必须在开头加上“.”，以辅音结尾的单词则在后面加。发音的时候，要求必须停止送气，给出一个明确的停顿。

==== 外来元音分隔符, ====
虽然逻辑语只有4个双元音，但其他语言有更多的双元音。为了方便从其他语言借用词汇，这些双元音用“,”隔开。发音的时候，如果感到有困难，当成'总是允许的，这是因为它只出现在外来词中，就算写错，也不会对意义造成混淆。

==== 留空 ====
空格不算是邏輯語的符號之一，但它也算是書寫形式的一部分。倘若發音時遇到空格，可以停頓一下，也可以不停頓地發下一個音。在書寫的時候，除了brivla和專名前後必須留空之外，cmavo之間允許不留空連續書寫，算是邏輯語對同樣的語音聽寫所允許的唯一變化。

=== 重读规则 ===
逻辑语的重读规则为：所有brivla（实词）都在倒数第二个音节重读。这个规则允许方便地在语音流中定位到brivla的结束。虛詞cmavo的重读没有硬性规定。專有名詞cmene的重讀方式按照該專名的原始方式（例如，來自英語的就按照英語的方式重讀），書寫時將重讀的音節寫成大寫字母。這是邏輯語中唯一需要大寫字母的地方，其他情況一律使用小寫字母書寫。

=== 其它规则 ===
逻辑语的brivla要求在前五个字母（'和半元音y不计）中存在成对的辅音。这可以用来确定brivla的开始，和brivla重读规则一起就能确定句子中所有实词的位置。

逻辑的基本cmave（虚词）全部都由0个或1个辅音带1个以上的元音组成。合成虚词则简单地将数个基本虚词拼在一起。其中，有一些虚词（如la）后面跟的是cmene（专有名词）。这被用来定位cmene的开始。

cmene的结束则依靠另一条规则：cmene必须以辅音结尾（根据关于词语分隔符的规则，书写专有名词的时候后面必须有“.”）。

== 文法 ==
{{main|邏輯語文法}}

邏輯語的文法源自[[謂詞邏輯]]，其陳述（句子）就是謂詞邏輯中的合式公式。謂詞邏輯中的謂詞和詞項在邏輯語中分別稱爲selbri和sumti。正如謂詞邏輯一樣，每個謂詞selbri所帶的詞項sumti有一定的數量，並要按一定的順序排列，才可準確表達含義。此外，還有一些結構性的詞彙，類似于謂詞邏輯中的邏輯聯結詞、量詞等。

由於沒有一般語言中的主謂賓等概念，說邏輯語的句式是SVO或者SOV並沒有什麽意義。然而如果把selbri看成謂語動詞V，其第一個sumti看成主語S，隨後的sumti看成賓語O，則其句式一般為SVO，當然這僅對帶有兩個sumti的selbri才正確。此外，selbri如果出現在句首，被認爲是省略第一個sumti。如果句首有多個sumti，則按照順序排列，視爲合法句子。這樣，SOV也是合法的句子結構。

== 外部鏈結 ==
{{InterWiki|code=jbo}}
* [http://ljm.idv.tw/lojban/lojban/brochure.html 邏輯語是什麼？]
* [http://www.lojban.org/ 邏輯語網站（英語）]
* [http://xahlee.org/lojban/valsi_dikni.html 邏輯語每日一字（邏輯語、漢語、英語）]
* [http://www.ffii.org/~phm/cilrewd.html ko cilre la lojban. / 學習理語]
* [http://ptolemy.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/lojbanbrochure/lessons/book1.html Lojban For Beginners]{{en}} - 一個邏輯語的學習教材。
{{世界主义和世界政府专题|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:邏輯語言]]
[[Category:邏輯語|*]]
[[Category:人工语言]]
[[Category:国际辅助语言]]

[[am:ሎዥባን]]
[[an:Lojban]]
[[ar:لجبن]]
[[br:Lojbaneg]]
[[ca:Lojban]]
[[cs:Lojban]]
[[da:Lojban]]
[[de:Lojban]]
[[en:Lojban]]
[[eo:Loĵbano]]
[[es:Lojban]]
[[et:Lojban]]
[[fi:Lojban]]
[[fr:Lojban]]
[[gl:Lojban]]
[[ia:Lojban]]
[[io:Lojban]]
[[it:Lojban]]
[[ja:ロジバン]]
[[jbo:lojban]]
[[ko:로지반]]
[[lt:Lojban]]
[[mg:Fiteny lojban]]
[[mhr:Ложбан]]
[[nl:Lojban]]
[[no:Lojban]]
[[nov:Lojban]]
[[oc:Lojban]]
[[pl:Lojban]]
[[pt:Lojban]]
[[ru:Ложбан]]
[[simple:Lojban]]
[[sr:Ложбан]]
[[stq:Lojban]]
[[sv:Lojban]]
[[uk:Ложбан]]
[[zh-yue:邏輯語]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya num 1.PNG</title>
    <id>7451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52752</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T22:23:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya num 2.PNG</title>
    <id>7452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52753</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-19T22:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Piotr</title>
    <id>7453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52768</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T18:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Piotr</username>
        <id>1378</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Hello, I'm Piotr, my most active conlanging projects are currently Rugian, Tseltsolian and Isuhuwum - and that's about it.'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hello, I'm Piotr, my most active conlanging projects are currently Rugian, Tseltsolian and Isuhuwum - and that's about it.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anóé</title>
    <id>7454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53625</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:30:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=Anóé
 |phonetic=ano̞e
 |world=[[Ilien]]
 |date=~-5410–2203.125
 |place=-
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[Anoé scripts]]
 |family=Anoé
 |word-or=SOV
 |mor-type=Agglutinative
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]
}}

&lt;!-- '''Anóé''' ([[Anoé-Tuinelan]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom;&quot;&gt;''Anoé''&lt;/span&gt;; [[Anoé-Tuillal]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyFuturamerlincom;&quot;&gt;''Anoé''&lt;/span&gt;) is a conlang used in [[Ilien]]. Its name is alternatively transliterated as ''Anoej'' (this is standard when the character ''é'' is not available) or as ''Anoey''. It is written, traditionally, using the various [[Anoé scripts]].

== History ==

Developed by [[Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjla|Ȿereⱨ-Ɒnnçⱺjléten]] scholars in approximately -5410, replacing [[Ȿȿűnéaɠ]]. Superseded by [[Anóé]], a derivative of it, 2203.125.

== Vocabulary ==

See [[Anoé vocabulary]].

== Examples ==

* [[Main_Page/Anoé|Anoé translation of the FrathWiki main page]]
* [[Anoé Bibliïsm translation|Translation of the Bibliïsm document into Anoé]]
* [[test_cases.txt in Anoé|fiziwig.com test_cases.txt in Anoé]]

== Links ==

[http://site.futuramerlin.com/3505.html Anoé]
--&gt;
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Anóé]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilien]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anóé</title>
    <id>7455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52807</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-24T16:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages concerning the conlang '''[[Anóé]]'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:理想语音图.JPG</title>
    <id>7456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52940</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-04T04:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:理想语音图.JPG]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">理想语音图</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:双合拼谱.JPG</title>
    <id>7457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52837</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T12:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusunny</username>
        <id>1376</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>双合拼谱</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">双合拼谱</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ancaron/Body Parts</title>
    <id>7458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52850</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T19:07:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*List from here: [[Body Parts in Your Conlangs]].
*Blank spaces mean I don't have a word for it yet.

Body: '''Pon'''
#Blood vessel:
##Artery:
##Vein:
#Material of which it is composed:
##Bone:
##Gristle or cartilage:
##Skin:
##Muscle:
##Fat:
##Blood:
#Trunk (torso): '''Dec'''
##Chest: '''Otabdec'''
###Heart:
###Lung: '''Pip'''
##Abdomen or Belly: '''Odabdec'''
###Stomach:
###Liver:
###Spleen:
###Intestines:
##Waist: '''Oddec'''
#Neck: '''Pet'''
#Extremity:
##Head: '''Pob'''
###Hair:
###Ear: '''Puf'''
####Earhole: '''Pufmun'''
####Earlobe: '''Pufpon'''
###Eye: '''Puc'''
####Eyeball: '''Pucpon'''
#####Iris:
#####Pupil:
#####Sclera:
####Eyebrow:
####Eyelid:
#####Eyelash:
####Eye socket: '''Pucmun'''
####Tear gland:
###Nose: '''Pom'''
####Nostril: '''Pommun'''
###Mouth: '''Pot'''
####Jaw:
#####Maxilla (upper jaw):
#####Mandible (lower jaw):
####Tooth: '''Sipot'''
#####Incisor:
#####Eyetooth or Canine Tooth:
#####Molar (and/or premolar?):
####Tongue:
###Gill: '''Pep'''
####Gill body: '''Peppon'''
####Gill entry: '''Otpepmun'''
####Gill exit: '''Odpepmun'''
##Limb:
###Arm: '''Pic'''
####Shoulder: '''Bacotpic'''
####Elbow: '''Anpic'''
####Wrist: '''Otpun'''
####Humerus (upper arm): '''Otpic'''
####Lower Arm: '''Odpic'''
####Hand: '''Pun'''
#####Palm:
###Leg: '''Pur'''
####Hip: '''Oddec'''
#####Buttock (if different): '''Odacdec'''
####Knee: '''Anpur'''
####Ankle: '''Otpap'''
####Thigh (upper leg): '''Otpur'''
####Shank (lower leg, between knee and ankle): '''Odpur'''
#####Shin: '''Odabpur'''
#####Calf: '''Odacpur'''
####Foot: '''Pap'''
#####Sole:
#####Heel:
#####Ball:
##Digit (toe or thumb or finger):
###Nail:
####Fingernail:
####Toenail:
###Toe: '''Marpap'''
####Pollex (&quot;Great&quot; Toe or Big Toe): '''Marpapvet'''
####2nd toe: '''Marpapvop'''
####3rd toe: '''Marpapvuc'''
####4th toe: '''Marpapvam'''
####Pinky toe or little toe: '''Marpapviv'''
###Thumb: '''Tanmarpun''' or '''Marpunvet'''
####Thumbnail:
###Finger: '''Marpun'''
####Index finger: '''Marpunvop'''
####Middle finger: '''Marpunvuc'''
####Ring finger: '''Marpunvam'''
####Pinky finger: '''Marpunviv'''
##My god, how could I have left out the genitalia?!?! Genitalia:
###Female: '''Nin'''
####Vagina:
####Womb:
###Male: '''Nan'''
####Penis:
####Testicle:
#Side:
##Back: '''Acdec''' (torso) '''Ac''' (general)
##Front: '''Abdec''' (torso) '''Ab''' (general)
##Left: '''Man''' (general)
##Right: '''Rac''' (general)
##Bottom (lower): '''Od''' (general)
##Top (upper): '''Ot''' (general)
#Orifices: '''Ponmun'''
##Anus: '''Odacdecmun'''
##Urethral meatus:

[[Category:Vocabulary |Body Parts, Ancaron]]
[[Category:Ancaron |Body Parts, Ancaron]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ancaron</title>
    <id>7459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52845</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-27T18:02:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:A_priori_conlangs]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:A_priori_conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ancaron/Cor list</title>
    <id>7460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52853</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-28T00:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This page lists all of the individual Ancaron cor, their Roman (latancor) transliterations, and their meaning in English.

*Cor are ordered by the p-l-l system, which is a list of three numbers, the first marking the number of separate parts the cor is made up of, the second being the number of lines that make up the cor, and the third being the number of simple loops in the cor.

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
! Cor || Latancor || English 
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-1-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vet.png]] || Vet || 1, one, first
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Bac.png]] || Bac || Far, far away, long
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ven.png]] || Ven || North, nothern
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fem.png]] || Fem || South, southern
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Bit.png]] || Bit || West, western
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Gan.png]] || Gan || Chair, to sit, seat
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Don.png]] || Don || Past, before
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fim.png]] || Fim || East, eastern
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]] || An || Center, central
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]] || Car || Plural
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Nac.png]] || Nac || New
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tor.png]] || Tor || Fast, quickly
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Deb.png]] || Deb || Outside, outer, out, to go outside
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ruc.png]] || Ruc || Slow, slowly
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Viv.png]] || Viv || 5, five, fifth
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tan.png]] || Tan || Inside, inner, in, to go inside
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_In.png]] || In || More, many
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Dop.png]] || Dop || Present
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mar.png]] || Mar || Part, fragment, fragmented
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-7-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vad.png]] || Vad || 7, seven, seventh
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-7-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Um.png]] || Um || Near, close, short
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tai.png]] || Tai || Location
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-7)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ver.png]] || Ver || 8, eight, eighth
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-9-6)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vod.png]] || Vod || 9, nine, ninth
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-2-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vop.png]] || Vop || 2, two, second
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pub.png]] || Pub || Sky, to fly, aerial
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ab.png]] || Ab || Front, frontal, to move forward
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ac.png]] || Ac || Back, to move backwards
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-3-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuc.png]] || Vuc || 3, three, third
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ran.png]] || Ran || Life, to live, living
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || On || Person, personal
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pac.png]] || Pac || Sun, to shine, solar
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mun.png]] || Mun || Hole, to dig
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Muc.png]] || Muc || I, me, my
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Et.png]] || Et || It, he, she, him, her, hers, his, its
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Van.png]] || Van || 0, zero, zeroth, none
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ov.png]] || Ov || Ground
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vib.png]] || Vib || 6, six, sixth
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cip.png]] || Cip || Love, to love ()people
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Civ.png]] || Civ || Future, after
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-8-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cor.png]] || Cor || Writing
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vam.png]] || Vam || 4, four, fourth
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Man.png]] || Man || Left, to turn left
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Od.png]] || Od || Down, lower, to descend, below
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ot.png]] || Ot || Up, upper, to ascend, above
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Rac.png]] || Rac || Right, to turn right
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ref.png]] || Ref || Water
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Doc.png]] || Doc || You, your
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pat.png]] || Pat || Light, bight, to illuminate
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fen.png]] || Fen || Few, less
|-
|&lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(6-8-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pu.png]] || Pu || Group, together
|-
|~More || ||
|}

[[Category:Vocabulary|Cor list, Ancaron]] [[Category:Ancaron|Cor list, Ancaron]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mistry</title>
    <id>7461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52854</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-28T02:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>India123</username>
        <id>1379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'This is a conlang.     A=Њ B=ɘ C= D= E'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a conlang. 


A=Њ
B=ɘ
C=
D=
E</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Naryan</title>
    <id>7462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52914</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T03:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox
|name=Naryan
|pronounce=/ˈnæriən/
|tu=[[Nother]]
|species=[[Races of Nother|demihumans]]
|in=[[../Iisera/]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|possibly 29th century AD]]
|no=[No data]
|script=[No data]
|tree=''Unknown/Isolate''
|morph=[No data]
|ms=[No data]
|wo=[No data]
|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &amp;#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|date=2002–2003}}

'''Naryan''' is the name given to the language of [[../Iisera/]], a central island of a planet distant from Earth .  Only a few vocabulary terms outside of the numbers 1-10 are attested.

== Glossary ==
* '''ai''', an exclamation.
* '''Iisera''', a place name.
* '''Kaido''', a male's name.
* '''kino''', a rough sort of beige cloth.
* '''Maro''', a male's name.
* '''Nyaiya''', a female's nickname.
* '''rak'aisa''', a pungent red vegetable stew.
* '''sera''', ritual integrity.
* '''serai''', place of ''sera''.

=== Numbers ===
{| cellspacing=5
| one   || two  || three   || four   || five  || six     || seven  || eight   || nine   || ten
|- 
! k'isi !! mina !! tainyoa !! poagii !! tap'u !! k'oanea !! neap'e !! nyairii !! p'inea !! tudairii
|}

== Pronunciation ==
In the recovered description, the apostrophes are said to represent [[glottalization]].  ''Ai'', ''ii'', ''ea'', ''oa'' are falling diphthongs, where ''-i'' and ''-a'' are pronounced /ɨ̯/ and /ə̯/, respectively.  In some pronunciations these diphthongs are unbroken long vowels (thus ''ā'' for ''ai'').

Based on Naryan interpretations of foreign words, Naryan speakers are known to lack /l/ and tend to hear it as their /r/.  Foreign consonant clusters are broken up with an epenthetic /o/ or /u/, and the same vowels may be used to keep a consonant from ending a syllable—or the consonant may be deleted. (But the sequence ''k'h'' and final ''n'' appear to be licit.)  The only fricatives appear to be /s/ and possibly /f/; /v/ is heard as /b/, and /θ/ as /s/ or a dental stop.  ''Wu'' is a licit syllable; it's uncertain if ''yi'' is likewise.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tɬ</title>
    <id>7463</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52893</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:57:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redir</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate</title>
    <id>7464</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52895</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Voiceless lateral alveolar affricate]] to [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]:&amp;#32;standards</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tʃ</title>
    <id>7465</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52896</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T10:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>redir</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Voiceless postalveolar affricate]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Affricate</title>
    <id>7466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58909</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T19:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Phonology of affricates */ twwwk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''affricate''' is a phonetic [[contour segment]] (e. [ts]), consisting of a [[plosive]] (eg. [t]) released as a [[homorganic]] [[fricative]] (eg. [s]).

==Table of affricates==
Note that [[bilabial]], [[glottal]] and voiced posterior affricates (*[pɸ], *[ɡɣ] etc.) are unattested outside of particularly fancy conlangs.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! POA, MOA !! [[Voiceless]] !! [[Voiced]]
|-
| [[Labiodental]] || [[pf]] || [[bv]]
|-
| [[Dental]] || [[tθ]] || [[dð]]
|-
| [[Alveolar]] [[sibilant]] || [[ts]] || [[dz]]
|-
| Alveolar [[lateral]] || [[tɬ]] || [[dɮ]]
|-
| [[Postalveolar]] || [[tʃ]] || [[dʒ]]
|-
| [[Retroflex]] || [[ʈʂ]] || [[ɖʐ]]
|-
| [[Palatal]] || [[cç]] || [[ɟʝ]]
|-
| [[Velar]] || [[kx]]
|-
| [[Uvular]] || [[qχ]]
|}

==Phonology of affricates==
Like all contour segments, affricates can be analyzed as single [[phoneme]]s or as [[consonant cluster]]s. Sometimes both interpretations are useful in a single language: [[English]] has monophonemic /dʒ/ (as in ''we'''dg'''e'') but biphonemic /dz/ (as in ''we'''ds''''' ← ''wed'' + ''-s'').

If phonemicity needs to be emphasized (or distinguished - see below) in transcription, a tie bar (/t͡ʃ/; [[X-SAMPA]] /t_S/, [[CXS]] and [[Z-SAMPA]] also /tS)/), a [[ligature]] (/ʧ/) or a dedicated symbol (/č/) can be used.

===Affricates vs. stops===

Coronal affricates frequently result from [[assibilation]] of palatalized stops. They may continue to phonologically occupy the place of stops, eg. in utilizing contrasts such as [[aspiration]] not used on other consonants, or occupying the place of a palatalized stop in a [[palatalization-split]] consonant system. [[Free variation]] between a palatal stop and a palatal or palato-alveolar affricate is also possible ([[Hungarian]], [[Indo-Aryan]] languages). In opposition to this, a ''contrast'' between palatal stops and palatal affricates is vanishingly rare; likewise development of a stop from an affricate is uncommon, but is attested in cases of phoneme system contraction.

===Affricates vs. fricativs===

[[Deaffrication]] is a common unconditional sound change, seen in eg. [[French]], [[Portuguese]], [[Spanish]] and [[Swedish]]. It is somewhat more common for voiced affricates (eg. Proto-Slavic). The reverse change is rarer, but can occur in assimilation of a fricative to another stop (especially a [[nasal]] stop, eg. /ns/ → /nts/).

===Affricates vs. clusters===
A marginal contrast in some languages (eg. [[Polish]]) is one of an affricate (eg. /ʦ/) and a sequence of the corresponding individual segments (eg. /ts/). Phonetically, this will then be a distinction of the stop having a separate release: /ts/ → [t˭s], [tʰs]

Affricates can develop from clusters of stop and [[approximant]] by fortition (and voice assimilation, if required) of the latter. An intermediate may be an affricate-approximant sequence or a devoiced approximant. The dialectal English development [tɹ] → [tʃɹ] → [tʃ] is an example.

===Affricate inventories===

Single-affricate inventories usually feature the plain /ts/, but many also make do with /tʃ/, some even with /dʒ/. This can occur even when 

When two affricate places of articulation are involved, almost universally either of them (and most frequently both) will be alveolar or postalveolar.

Non-coronal affricates are quite rare and tend to only occur, at least if contrastiv with the corresponding plain stops, in systems having two or more types of coronal affricates as well.

''(to be expanded)''

Affricates have a stronger preference than stops for being voiceless; they also occur as ejective marginally more commonly (especially more posterior ones: in languages of southern Africa, the velar ejectiv /kʼ/ is frequently affricated as [kxʼ].)

==Orthography==
The letters [[C]], [[Č]], are frequently used for the affricates /ts/, /tʃ/. For their voiced counterparts, [[J]] (when not used for [[Palatal approximant|/j/]]) is also frequently seen for /dʒ/. The letter [[Z]] is in some languages ([[German]], [[Italian]]) used for /ts/ or /dz/. Lateral affricates are commonly written using [[L]] plus a suitable stop (''tl'', ''dl'', etc.) (similarly retroflex affricates as ''tr'', ''dr'' etc.); in scientific, especially [[Americanist]] transcription, the dedicated symbols ƛ /tɬ/ and λ /dɮ/ are also used.

Non-phonemic affricates are almost universally written with the corresponding individual graphemes: ''ts'', ''ds'', ''dth'', etc. This is common practice for phonemic affricates as well.

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ts</title>
    <id>7467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52899</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T11:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>basics</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The [[digraph]] '''ts''', consisting of '''[[T]]''' + '''[[S]]''', is commonly used for the [[voiceless alveolar affricate]] /ts/, or minor variations such as /tsʰ/.

The corresponding [[ligature]] is [[ʦ]].

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Orthography]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Redundancy</title>
    <id>7468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52901</id>
      <timestamp>2010-03-31T11:51:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>1</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">See [[repetition]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Palatalization-split</title>
    <id>7469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56564</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-07T14:09:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Variations */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''palatalization-split''' [[consonant]] [[inventory]] is one where every or almost every non-palatal consonant has a phonemical [[Palatalization|palatalized]] counterpart. This setup occurs mostly in North-Central Asia, including [[Russian]], [[Nenets]] and Khalkha [[Mongolian]]. (More limited palatalization contrasts are common in the area, too.)

Palatalization splits (and especially the more complex variants - see below), go frequently together with wholly or partly [[vertical vowel system]]s, with vowel frontness filled in from palatality of the preceding consonant, eg. /mʲi/ → [mʲi], but /mi/ → [mɨ]. It is these kind of languages where '''palatalized palatals''' are possible: this will be a segment that is both palatal in its articulation and imparts a palatal coloring: /ja/ → [ja], but /jʲa/ → [jɛ] ''vel. sim.'' Interaction with [[vowel harmony]] offers similar possibilities (perhaps implying a [[suprasegmental]] interpretation of palatality).

==History==
A palatalization split can come about by excessive diachronic [[palatalization]] followed by neutralization of the conditioning vowel contrasts (eg. /mi/ → /mʲi/, but /mɨ/ → /mi/). The neutralization does not need to be immediately phonetical, if apparent front/back vowel contrasts can now be explained in terms of vowel coloring by a consonant's palatalization. Thus, we have the following phases:
# Palatalization of many consonants
# Non-palatal consonants no longer occur before front vowels
# Palatalization is reanalyzed as a feature of the consonants rather than the vowels
# Vowel frontness is reanalyzed as resulting from consonant palatality
Not all languages can reach phase 4: this will be rendered impossible if palatalized consonants end up occurring also next to back vowels, via changes such as /Cju/ → /Cʲu/, or non-palatalized consonants end up occurring next to front vowels again, via changes such as /Cai/ → /Ce/.

==Variations==

Some corresponding pairs of consonants may differ in more than palatalization. For example, alveolars will commonly become postalveolar: /sʲ/ → [ʃ], or wholly palatal: /tʲ/ → [c]. (Irish has an example with velarity: /vˠ/ → [w].) Also near the apex of the palatal [[POA]], some series may merge, leading to eg. non-palatal three-way distinction /p t k/ vs. palatal two-way distinction /pʲ c/.

More complex variations featuring other modes of [[secondary articulation]]s are found dispersed over the world:
* [[Irish]] has no plain consonants, only palatalized and [[Velarization|velarized]] variants.
* [[Marshallese]] takes this one step further with a palatalized/velarized/[[Labialization|labialized]] tripartite division.
* Many Caucasian, especially [[Northwest Caucasian]] languages have idiosyncratic variations where certain but not all series can occur palatalized or labialized (typically, palatalized labial or coronal stops, or retroflex affricates, are lacking, as are labialized labials).

Curiously, purely labialization or velarization-split systems do not seem to exist. Languages with many [[emphatic]] consonants can be essentially [[pharyngealization]]-split however.

[[Category: Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran</title>
    <id>7470</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52917</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran]] to [[Piataia/Ibran]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Piataia/Ibran]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran/Paternoster</title>
    <id>7471</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52919</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran/Paternoster]] to [[Piataia/Ibran/Paternoster]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Piataia/Ibran/Paternoster]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran/Phonology</title>
    <id>7472</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52921</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran/Phonology]] to [[Piataia/Ibran/Phonology]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Piataia/Ibran/Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibran/Swadesh list</title>
    <id>7473</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52923</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Ibran/Swadesh list]] to [[Piataia/Ibran/Swadesh list]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Piataia/Ibran/Swadesh list]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Piataia/Ibran/Phonology</title>
    <id>7474</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>52925</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T04:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Piataia/Ibran/Phonology]] to [[Piataia/Ibran Phonology]]:&amp;#32;less bulky name</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Piataia/Ibran Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ancaron/Lexicon</title>
    <id>7475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53044</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-17T16:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|-
! Latancor ||class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Pronunciation ||class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Part of Speech ||English ||[[Cor]]/[[Marcor]] ||class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Component morphemes
|-
|aen || /aen/ || ''v'' || take, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('a-b-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|ai || /ai/ || ''adv'' || soon || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('a-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|an || /an/ || ''adj'' || central || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]] || N/A
|-
|an || /an/ || ''adv'' || centrally || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]] || N/A
|-
|an || /an/ || ''n'' || center || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]] || N/A
|-
|ancaron || /an.kaɹ.on/ || ''n'' || Ancaron || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)(1-4-1)(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]][[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || an+caron
|-
|ancaron || /an.kaɹ.on/ || ''adj'' || Ancaron || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)(1-4-1)(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_An.png]][[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || an+caron
|-
|at || /at/ || ''n'' || mountain || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_At.png]] || N/A
|-
|bao || /bao/ || ''det'' || why || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('g-a-c)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_B.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]] || N/A
|-
|bau || /bau/ || ''det'' || where || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('g-a-e)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_B.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] || N/A
|-
|bou || /bou/ || ''det'' || how || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('g-c-e)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_B.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] || N/A
|-
|ca || /ka/ || ''pre'' || conditional mood affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Ca.png]] || N/A
|-
|cao || /kao/ || ''n'' || cow || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a-c)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_C.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]] || N/A
|-
|car || /kaɹ/ || ''pre'' || plural affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]] || N/A
|-
|car || /kaɹ/ || ''n'' || plural || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]] || N/A
|-
|carcu || /kaɹ.ku/ || ''pro'' || ones || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)(1-2-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cu.png]] || car+cu
|-
|carcu || /kaɹ.ku/ || ''pro'' || people || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)(1-2-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_Cu.png]] || car+cu
|-
|caron || /kaɹ.on/ || ''n'' || people || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Car.png]][[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || car+on
|-
|con || /kon/ || ''n'' || game || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-c-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_C.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|con || /kon/ || ''v'' || play, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-c-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_C.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|cot || /kot/ || ''n'' || symbol || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-2)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cot.png]] || N/A
|-
|cu || /ku/ || ''pro'' || one || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-2-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cu.png]] || N/A
|-
|cun || /kun/ || ''n'' || ceiling || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cun.png]] || N/A
|-
|cup || /kup/ || ''n'' || window || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cup.png]] || N/A
|-
|cur || /kuɹ/ || ''adj'' || orange || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Cur.png]] || N/A
|-
|dag || /dag/ || ''n'' || dog || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('k-a-q)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_G.png]] || N/A
|-
|danas || /dan.as/ || ''v'' || exist, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('k-a-s-a-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|danas || /dan.as/ || ''v'' || there is || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('k-a-s-a-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|danas || /dan.as/ || ''v'' || there are || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('k-a-s-a-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|dea || /dea/ || ''v'' || give, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('k-b-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|dic || /dik/ || ''n'' || door || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-:10-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Dic.png]] || N/A
|-
|du || /du/ || ''v'' || be called, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Du.png]] || N/A
|-
|eb || /eb/ || ''n'' || vehicle (land) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Eb.png]] || N/A
|-
|eb || /eb/ || ''v'' || drive, to (land) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Eb.png]] || N/A
|-
|faiz || /faiz/ || ''n'' || roast || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('h-a-d-o)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_F.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Z.png]] || N/A
|-
|faiz || /faiz/ || ''v'' || cook, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('h-a-d-o)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_F.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Z.png]] || N/A
|-
|fan || /fan/ || ''n'' || tree || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fan.png]] || N/A
|-
|fef || /fef/ || ''n'' || flag || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fef.png]] || N/A
|-
|fer || /feɹ/ || ''n'' || air || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-8-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fer.png]] || N/A
|-
|fer || /feɹ/ || ''v'' || to fly || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-8-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fer.png]] || N/A
|-
|fic || /fik/ || ''adj'' || cyan || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fic.png]] || N/A
|-
|fil || /fil/ || ''adj'' || green || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Fil.png]] || N/A
|-
|gai || /gai/ || ''adv'' || here || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('q-a-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_G.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|gan || /gan/ || ''n'' || chair || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Gan.png]] || N/A
|-
|gan || /gan/ || ''v'' || sit, to  || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Gan.png]] || N/A
|-
|lan || /lan/ || ''adv'' || now || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('m-a-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|let || /let/ || ''adj'' || horned || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('m-b-j)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]] || N/A
|-
|let || /let/ || ''n'' || horn || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('m-b-j)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]] || N/A
|-
|li || /li/ || ''pre'' || subjunctive mood affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Li.png]] || N/A
|-
|lian || /lian/ || ''adj'' || pink || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('m-d-a-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|lic || /lik/ || ''adj'' || blue || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Lic.png]] || N/A
|-
|luan || /luan/ || ''adj'' || brown || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('m-e-a-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|lug || /lug/ || ''conj'' || if || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-9-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Lug.png]] || N/A
|-
|mai || /mai/ || ''adj'' || short || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mai.png]] || N/A
|-
|mani || /ma.ni/ || ''adj'' || changed || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('r-a-s-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_M.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|mani || /ma.ni/ || ''n'' || change || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('r-a-s-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_M.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|mani || /ma.ni/ || ''v'' || change, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('r-a-s-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_M.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|mina || /mi.na/ || ''interj'' || hello || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('r-d-s-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_M.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|moun || /moun/ || ''n'' || shop || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Moun.png]] || N/A
|-
|moun || /moun/ || ''v'' || buy, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Moun.png]] || N/A
|-
|mu || /mu/ || ''pre'' || optative mood affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mu.png]] || N/A
|-
|muac || /muak/ || ''adj'' || gold || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(6-:16-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Muac.png]] || N/A
|-
|mud || /mud/ || ''adj'' || yellow || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-8-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mud.png]] || N/A
|-
|mue || /mue/ || ''adj'' || long || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Mue.png]] || N/A
|-
|niasu || /nia.su/ || ''adj'' || confused || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('s-d-a-n-e)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] || N/A
|-
|niasu || /nia.su/ || ''adj'' || confusing || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('s-d-a-n-e)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] || N/A
|-
|niasu || /nia.su/ || ''v'' || confuse, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('s-d-a-n-e)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]] || N/A
|-
|nu || /nu/ || ''pre'' || potential mood affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-9-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Nu.png]] || N/A
|-
|nul || /nul/ || ''n'' || toy || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('s-e-m)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_N.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_L.png]] || N/A
|-
|nup || /nup/ || ''n'' || child (specific) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Nup.png]] || N/A
|-
|nup || /nup/ || ''n'' || kid (specific) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Nup.png]] || N/A
|-
|nup || /nup/ || ''v'' || give birth, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Nup.png]] || N/A
|-
|on || /on/ || ''adj'' || personal || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || N/A
|-
|on || /on/ || ''n'' || person || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-4-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_On.png]] || N/A
|-
|orlun || /oɹ.lun/ || ''adj'' || lazy || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('c-l-m-e-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|pai || /pai/ || ''det'' || who || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-a-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|padi || /pa.di/ || ''prep'' || than || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-a-k-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|padi || /pa.di/ || ''prep'' || as ... as || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-a-k-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_D.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|pi || /pi/ || ''det'' || when || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|pica || /pi.ka/ || ''adj'' || purple || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-d-p-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_C.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|pouf || /pouf/ || ''n'' || command || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-c-e-h)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_F.png]] || N/A
|-
|pouf || /pouf/ || ''n'' || order (command) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-c-e-h)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_F.png]] || N/A
|-
|pouf || /pouf/ || ''v'' || command, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-c-e-h)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_F.png]] || N/A
|-
|pouf || /pouf/ || ''v'' || order, to (command) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-c-e-h)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_F.png]] || N/A
|-
|pu || /pu/ || ''adj'' || together || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(6-8-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pu.png]] || N/A
|-
|pu || /pu/ || ''n'' || group || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(6-8-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Pu.png]] || N/A
|-
|pui || /pui/ || ''det'' || what || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-e-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|pui || /pui/ || ''det'' || which || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-e-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|puitus || /pui.tus/ || ''det'' || how much || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-e-d-j-e-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || pui+tus
|-
|puitus || /pui.tus/ || ''det'' || how many || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-e-d-j-e-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || pui+tus
|-
|pumo || /pu.mo/ || ''v'' || come, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('f-e-r-c)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_P.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_M.png]][[file:Ancaron_O.png]] || N/A
|-
|roc || /ɹok/ || ''adj'' || hot || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Roc.png]] || N/A
|-
|sen || /sen/ || ''adv'' || while || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-b-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|setec || /se.tek/ || ''n'' || line || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-b-j-b-p)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_C.png]] || N/A
|-
|setec || /se.tek/ || ''n'' || order (arrangement) || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-b-j-b-p)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_C.png]] || N/A
|-
|si || /si/ || ''pre'' || word modifier affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|sia || /sia/ || ''adj'' || early || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|sic || /sic/ || ''n'' || settlement || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(4-9-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Sic.png]] || N/A
|-
|simai || /si.mai/ || ''adj'' || small || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(4-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Mai.png]] || si+mai
|-
|simai || /si.mai/ || ''adj'' || little || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(4-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Mai.png]] || si+mai
|-
|simue || /si.mai/ || ''adj'' || big || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(1-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Mue.png]] || si+mue
|-
|simue || /si.mai/ || ''adj'' || large || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(1-6-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Mue.png]] || si+mue
|-
|siroc || /si.ɹok/ || ''adj'' || warm || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(5-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Roc.png]] || si+roc
|-
|sitic || /si.tik/ || ''adj'' || cool || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-d)(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_Tic.png]] || si+tic
|-
|sui || /sui/ || ''adj'' || late || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('n-e-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_S.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|ta || /ta/ || ''interj'' || no || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|ta || /ta/ || ''pre'' || negation affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|tat || /tat/ || ''n'' || sign || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-7-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tat.png]] || N/A
|-
|tat || /tat/ || ''v'' || signal, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-7-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tat.png]] || N/A
|-
|tai || /tai/ || ''n'' || location || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tai.png]] || N/A
|-
|tai || /tai/ || ''v'' || be located (at), to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-8-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tai.png]] || N/A
|-
|taic || /taik/ || ''adj'' || black || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-6-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taic.png]] || N/A
|-
|tain || /tain/ || ''adj'' || gray || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('j-a-d-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|taiv || /taiv/ || ''adj'' || helpful || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taiv.png]] || N/A
|-
|taiv || /taiv/ || ''adv'' || helpfully || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taiv.png]] || N/A
|-
|taiv || /taiv/ || ''n'' || help || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taiv.png]] || N/A
|-
|taiv || /taiv/ || ''v'' || help, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-7-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taiv.png]] || N/A
|-
|taon || /taon/ || ''adj'' || white || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-2-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Taon.png]] || N/A
|-
|tari || /ta.ɹi/ || ''adj'' || civilized || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a-l-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|tari || /ta.ɹi/ || ''n'' || civilization || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a-l-d)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]] || N/A
|-
|tarva || /taɹ.va/ || ''n'' || jump || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a-l-i-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_V.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|tarva || /taɹ.va/ || ''v'' || jump, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('p-a-l-i-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_V.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|tic || /tik/ || ''adj'' || cold || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-5-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tic.png]] || N/A
|-
|tiv || /tiv/ || ''v'' || have, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-9-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Tiv.png]] || N/A
|-
|tus || /tus/ || ''n'' || amount || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('j-e-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|tus || /tus/ || ''n'' || number || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('j-e-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|tus || /tus/ || ''v'' || equal, to || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('j-e-n)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_S.png]] || N/A
|-
|tuva || /tu.va/ || ''adj'' || similar || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('j-e-i-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_T.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_V.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|verluga || /veɹ.lu.ga/ || ''n'' || verluga || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('i-b-l-m-e-q-a)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_V.png]][[file:Ancaron_E.png]][[file:Ancaron_R.png]][[file:Ancaron_L.png]][[file:Ancaron_U.png]][[file:Ancaron_G.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]] || N/A
|-
|vet || /vet/ || ''num'' || one || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-1-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vet.png]] || N/A
|-
|vet || /vet/ || ''s-adj'' || first || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-1-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vet.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuaf || /vuaf/ || ''num'' || million|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(7-:12-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuaf.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuaf || /vuaf/ || ''s-adj'' || millionth|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(7-:12-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuaf.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuet || /vuet/ || ''num'' || thousand || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(7-9-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuet.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuet || /vuet/ || ''s-adj'' || thousandth || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(7-9-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuet.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuin || /vuin/ || ''num'' || billion (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuin || /vuin/ || ''s-adj'' || billionth (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]] || N/A
|-
|vuinvuaf || /vuin.vuaf/ || ''num'' || quadrillion (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(7-:12-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuaf.png]] || vuin+vuaf
|-
|vuinvuaf || /vuin.vuaf/ || ''s-adj'' || quadrillionth (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(7-:12-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuaf.png]] || vuin+vuaf
|-
|vuinvuet || /vuin.vuet/ || ''num'' || trillion (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(7-9-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuet.png]] || vuin+vuet
|-
|vuinvuet || /vuin.vuet/ || ''s-adj'' || trillionth (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(7-9-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuet.png]] || vuin+vuet
|-
|vuinvuin || /vuin.vuin/ || ''num'' || quintillion (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(5-:12-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]] || vuin+vuin
|-
|vuinvuin || /vuin.vuin/ || ''s-adj'' || quintillionth (short)|| &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(5-:12-4)(5-:12-4)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]][[file:Ancaron_Vuin.png]] || vuin+vuin
|-
|zain || /zain/ || ''pro'' || that || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('o-a-d-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Z.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|zain || /zain/ || ''pro'' || this || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;('o-a-d-s)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Z.png]][[file:Ancaron_A.png]][[file:Ancaron_I.png]][[file:Ancaron_N.png]] || N/A
|-
|zi || /zi/ || ''pre'' || be able to, to; affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(2-:10-0)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Zi.png]] || N/A
|-
|zic || /zik/ || ''adj'' || red || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(3-:10-3)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Zic.png]] || N/A
|-
|zig || /zig/ || ''pre'' || reflexive affix || &lt;font size = &quot;1&quot;&gt;(1-4-1)&lt;/font&gt; [[file:Ancaron_Zig.png]] || N/A
|-
|~More || || || ||
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monarchs of England (Indo-European Japan)</title>
    <id>7476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52952</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T02:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Monarchs of [[England (Indo-European Japan)|England]] from the point of departure with *here*
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
|'''Name'''
|'''Lived'''
|'''Reigned'''
|'''Relation to Predecessor'''
|-
|'''[[Edward VII of England (Indo-European Japan)|Edward VII]]'''
|1561-1612
|1603-1612
|1st cousin twice removed
|-
|'''[[Edward VIII of England (Indo-European Japan)|Edward VIII]]'''
|1586-1618
|1612-1618
|Son
|-
|'''[[William III of England (Indo-European Japan)|William III]]'''
|1588-1660
|1618-1660
|Brother
|-
|'''[[Edward IX of England (Indo-European Japan)|Edward IX]]'''
|1613-1702
|1660-1702
|Son
|-
|'''[[Henry IX of England (Indo-European Japan)|Henry IX]]'''
|1645-1707
|1702-1707
|Son
|-
|'''[[Henry X of England (Indo-European Japan)|Henry X]]'''
|1677-1749
|1707-1749
|Son
|-
|'''[[Mary II of England (Indo-European Japan)|Mary II]]'''
|1715-1778
|1749-1778
|Niece
|-
|'''[[James I of England (Indo-European Japan)|James I]]'''
|1738-1806
|1778-1806
|Son
|-
|'''[[Arthur II of England (Indo-European Japan)|Arthur II]]'''
|1761-1853
|1806-1853
|Son
|-
|'''[[William IV of England (Indo-European Japan)|William IV]]'''
|1787-1853
|1853
|Nephew
|-
|'''[[William V of England (Indo-European Japan)|William V]]'''
|1812-1893
|1853-1893
|Son
|-
|'''[[Anne of England (Indo-European Japan)|Anne]]'''
|1872-1943
|1893-1943
|Granddaughter
|-
|'''[[William VI of England (Indo-European Japan)|William VI]]'''
|1903-1985
|1943-1985
|Son
|-
|'''[[James II of England (Indo-European Japan)|James II]]'''
|1927-2005
|1985-2005
|Cousin
|-
|'''[[Henry XI of England (Indo-European Japan)|Henry XI]]'''*
|1952-
|2005-
|Daughter
|-
|colspan=4|&lt;nowiki&gt;*Not&lt;/nowiki&gt; King of [[English Alaska]]
|}

[[Category:Indo-European Japan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Henaudute-du.gif</title>
    <id>7477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52962</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T04:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Henaudute-du.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;spacing again</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Henaudute character for /du/, rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Henaudute-hee.gif</title>
    <id>7478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52963</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T04:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Henaudute-hee.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;spacing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Henaudute character for /hæː/, rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Henaudute-nau.gif</title>
    <id>7479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52965</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T04:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Henaudute-nau.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;spacing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Henaudute character for /nau/, rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Henaudute-te.gif</title>
    <id>7480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>52964</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-06T04:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Henaudute-te.gif]]&quot;:&amp;#32;spacing</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Henaudute character for /te/, rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xylphika Rafrues</title>
    <id>7481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53045</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-18T15:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ketsuban</username>
        <id>1384</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '{{Language| | English = Xylphika | native = Ksilfika | country = Safiria | nativecountry = Safíria | universe = [http://infinitypedia.ath.cx/index.php/Safíria Infinitysphere] |…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Xylphika
| native = Ksilfika
| country = Safiria
| nativecountry = Safíria
| universe = [http://infinitypedia.ath.cx/index.php/Safíria Infinitysphere]
| speakers = 1.5 billion
| family = Sylphic
| branch = Isolate
| wordorder = VOS
| type = inflecting/agglutinating
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = unknown
| date = 4.8 Ga
| background = white
| headingbg = #00C0C0;
| width = 33%
}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Galhaf</title>
    <id>7482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53057</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-19T11:47:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'Pages relating to [[Galhaf (planet)|]] and its associated cultures.  Created by [[User:Christina|Christina Taylor]]  [[Category:Conworlds]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages relating to [[Galhaf (planet)|Galhaf]] and its associated cultures.  Created by [[User:Christina|Christina Taylor]]

[[Category:Conworlds]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chihazh</title>
    <id>7484</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53067</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T12:08:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Suns of Galhaf]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Suns of Galhaf]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo</title>
    <id>7485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54648</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-17T13:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Adjectives */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [-kunːuluːdʒuŋːo]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Agglutinative
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Split-ergative
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| SOV
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| April 2010
|}

= Phonology =
== Phoneme inventory ==
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|/m/}} || || || || {{IPA|/n/}} || || || || {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plain Plosive || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || || || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || || || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Aspirated Plosive || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} || || || || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || || || || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|/f/}} || || {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|/z/}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || || || {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|/ts/}} || || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Rhotic || || || || || || {{IPA|/*r/&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || {{IPA|[l]}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.&lt;p&gt;
There are long/geminated versions of the consonants {/n, p, t, k, s, r/} ({{IPA|/rː/}} is phonetically {{IPA|[lː]}}) that are very common. The consonants {/m, {{IPA|pʰ}}, {{IPA|tʰ}}, {{IPA|kʰ}}, f, {{IPA|ʃ}}, ts} may also be long/geminated, but they are very rare. (Geminated /ts/ has two contrastive realizations: /tsts/ and {{IPA|/tːs/}}.)
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Monophthongs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;| Front ||colspan=3 align=&quot;left&quot;| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/y/}} || || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/ø/}} || || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Diphthongs
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;| Front-Front ||colspan=3 align=&quot;left&quot;| Front-Back ||colspan=3 align=&quot;left&quot;| Back-Front || colspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;| Back-Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || || /jy/ || || /ju/ || {{IPA|/juː/}} || /wi/ || || /wy/ || || {{IPA|/wuː/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || {{IPA|/je/}} || {{IPA|/jø/}} || || /jo/ || {{IPA|/joː/}} || {{IPA|/we/}} || /ue/ || {{IPA|/wø/}} || || /wo/
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Opening Low || || || {{IPA|/jɑ/}} || || || || || || {{IPA|/wɑ/}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Closing Low || || || || || || {{IPA|/ɑi/}} || || || || {{IPA|/ɑu/}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

== Allophony ==
*The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
*The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
*The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
*/jy/ and {{IPA|/jø/}} only appear in a few suffixes as the counterparts of /jo/ resp. {{IPA|/joː/}} due to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]].

== Phonological constraints ==
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo is (O)V(C) where O is any consonant but {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, C is any consonant other than {/z, {{IPA|ʒ}}, h, ts, {{IPA|tʃ}}/}, and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.&lt;p&gt;
The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.

== Morphological processes ==
*When a suffix that begins with a long consonant or a voiced plosive or /z/ is added to a word that ends with a consonant, the initial consonant of the suffix becomes a single unvoiced consonant. For this reason, in the lists of suffixes in this article, the first consonant letter representing a long consonant is put in parenthesis (for example like this: -(t)to). The voicing change however is not indicated, so attention is required.
*When two aspirated consonants are adjacent, or when a plain plosives is followed by its aspirated version, those two become a long aspirated plosive.
*When a suffix changes the last vowel of a word, diphthongs count as one vowel. So for example the singular first person pronoun ''pot'ya'' with the ergative suffix -ak' is ''pot'ak&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' and not *pot'yak'. An exception is if the dipthong begins with /j/ or /w/ that is preceded by a vowel, in which case the /j/ or /w/ is retained.

=== Vowel harmony ===
Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo has front-back vowel harmony. In the list below, front vowels have been marked with &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt; and back vowels with &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt;. There are also neutral vowels, which are {{IPA|/u, uː, ju, juː, wuː/}}. Each suffix is by default front or back (unless it is neutral), and if the suffix is attached to a word of the opposite affinity, the vowels in the suffix will change according to this list (note that not all vowels make matching pairs, for example the opposite of /ue/ is /wo/, but the opposite of /wo/ is {{IPA|/wø/}}).
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɑ}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɑ}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt; → u
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ø}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|oː}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wy&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ø}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; → u
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɑi}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|ɑu}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ue&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;wo&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|jɑ}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;je&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;je&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|jɑ}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;jo&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;{{IPA|jø}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|joː}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;jy&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|wɑ}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|wɑ}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wi&lt;/span&gt; → {{IPA|wuː}}
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;wo&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;{{IPA|wø}}&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;{{IPA|wø}}&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;wo&lt;/span&gt;
*&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wy&lt;/span&gt; → &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;{{IPA|oː}}&lt;/span&gt;
Throughout this article, suffixes that go with back vowel words are consistently with red, and suffixes going with front vowel words are marked with blue. Whenever there are two versions of a suffix, the one that is first presented is used with neutral words.

= Romanization =
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''A&amp;nbsp;a, B&amp;nbsp;b, Ch&amp;nbsp;ch, D&amp;nbsp;d, E&amp;nbsp;e, F&amp;nbsp;f, G&amp;nbsp;g, H&amp;nbsp;h, I&amp;nbsp;i, J&amp;nbsp;j, K&amp;nbsp;k, Kh&amp;nbsp;kh, L&amp;nbsp;l, M&amp;nbsp;m, N&amp;nbsp;n, Ng&amp;nbsp;ng, O&amp;nbsp;o, Ō&amp;nbsp;ō, Ö&amp;nbsp;ö, P&amp;nbsp;p, Ph&amp;nbsp;ph, R&amp;nbsp;r, S&amp;nbsp;s, Sh&amp;nbsp;sh, T&amp;nbsp;t, Th&amp;nbsp;th, Ts&amp;nbsp;ts, U&amp;nbsp;u, Ū&amp;nbsp;ū, Ü&amp;nbsp;ü, W&amp;nbsp;w, Y&amp;nbsp;y, Z&amp;nbsp;z, Zh&amp;nbsp;zh'''&lt;/p&gt;

{| class=&quot;aligntop&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: top;&quot;
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Letter
! style=&quot;width: 20%; font-size: small;&quot; | Pronunciation
| 
|-
! A a 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɑ
| 
|-
! B b 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | b
| 
|-
! Ch ch 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʃ
| 
|-
! D d 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | d
| 
|-
! E e 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | e
| 
|-
! F f 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | f
| 
|-
! G g 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ɡ
| 
|-
! H h 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | h
| 
|-
! I i 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | i
| 
|-
! J j 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | dʒ
| 
|-
! K k 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | k
| 
|-
! Kh kh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | kʰ
| 
|-
! L l 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | l
| 
|-
! M m 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | m
| 
|-
! N n 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | n
| 
|-
! Ng ng 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ŋ
| 
|-
! O o 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | o
| 
|-
! Ō ō 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | oː
| 
|-
! Ö ö 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ø
| 
|-
! P p 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | p
| 
|-
! Ph ph 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | pʰ
| 
|-
! R r 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | *r
| 
|-
! S s 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | s
| 
|-
! Sh sh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʃ
| 
|-
! T t 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | t
| 
|-
! Th th 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | tʰ
| 
|-
! Ts ts 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ts
| 
|-
! U u 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | u
| 
|-
! Ū ū 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | uː
| 
|-
! Ü ü 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | y
| 
|-
! W w 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | w
| 
|-
! Y y 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | j
| 
|-
! Z z 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | z
| 
|-
! Zh zh 
| class=&quot;IPA&quot; | ʒ
| 
|}

The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.&lt;p&gt;
Long or geminated consonant are represented by doubling the consonant letter or digraph (so for example {{IPA|/kː/}} is &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;kk&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; and {{IPA|/ʃː/}} is &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;shsh&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;). But the apostrophe of the aspirated consonants is not duplicated however (so for example {{IPA|/kːʰ/}} is &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;kk'&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

= Grammars =
== Morphology ==
=== Verbs ===
There are two kinds of verbs in Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo, stative and active. The stative verbs describe the state of something, for example mūzōng - be hungry, k'yokyak'ya - like, etc. Adjectives may also be zero-derived into verbs. These adjective-verbs are always stative.

==== Final verbs ====
Verbs that are inherently intransitive end with the same suffix that is used for [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Voice|active voice]]. This whole suffix is deleted when another suffix (like the [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Voice|causative voice]] or [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Mood|imperative mood]]) requires deletion of the final syllable of the stem.

===== Voice =====
In the following table, the affixes marked with &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt; go together with front vowel words, and the ones in &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt; with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Voice
! Morphology
! Example
|-
| Unmarked || -∅ || pot'ak' ubōtta p'yowochyang - I eat an apple &lt;br&gt; pot'ak' tallūda kweding - I hear a song
|-
| Active || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(t)to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(t)tö&lt;/span&gt; || pot'a p'yowochyattong - I eat &lt;br&gt; pot'a kwedittöng - I hear
|-
| Passive || k'ūdi VERB-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || ubōtta pot'yat k'ūdi p'yowottūk - an apple becomes eaten by me &lt;br&gt; tallūda k'ūdi kwettūk - a song becomes heard
|-
| Causative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'ye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'ya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || pot'ak' myatto ubōtta p'yowochyak'yang - I make him eat an apple &lt;br&gt; pot'a myatto kwedik'yeng - I make him hear
|-
| Passive-Causative || k'ūdi VERB-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ttūkk'ye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi VERB-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ttūkk'ya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || ***
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The last syllable of the verb is deleted before this suffix is added.&lt;p&gt;
Simply put, the unmarked voice is used in transtitive sentences and the active voice in intransitive, but see the sections [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Transitive sentences|Transitive sentences]] and [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Intransitive sentences|Intransitive sentences]] for more details.&lt;p&gt;
The passive voice has similar uses as in English. It shifts focus from the agent to the patient, and it is often used for indicating that someone did something to the patient without asking for consent, or even outright against the patient's will, or that the patient succumbed to a situation that was not brought on by any sentient being. Another use for the passive is for turning a transitive verb into an intransitive while demoting the agent. For example ''negefa'' is an inherently transitive verb which means &quot;break&quot;. Using the passive voice is the only way to make it an intransitive verb with the meaning that something gets broken, because using the active voice would have the meaning that someone breaks something (without telling what that &quot;something&quot; is).&lt;p&gt;
The causative voice is used for marking that someone makes, lets or somehow causes someone else to do something. It can also be used for turning an agent-less verb into one that takes an agent as its argument. For example the word ''satto'' means burn, as in &quot;the wood is burning&quot;. To express that someone burns something, the causative voice would be used. This verb can be used either [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Intransitive sentences|intransitively]], i.e. without a patient, or [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Transitive sentences|transitively]].&lt;p&gt;
The passive-causative is simply a combination of the passive and causative voices.

===== Tense and aspect =====
Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned.&lt;p&gt;
Stative verbs can not take the habitual tense, or perfect or progressive aspects.&lt;p&gt;
In the following table, where all allowed combinations of tenses and aspects are displayed, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The A marks the place for the [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Voice|active voice]] suffix, C for the causative suffix, and the M for [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Mood|mood]] suffixes, if there are any. The passive voice is rather complicated, so see [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo conjugation tables]] for how it is expressed together with any tense or aspect.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Tense
! Aspect
! Morphology
! Example
|-
| Remote Past || - || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;oCo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öCö&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M || kallololo - dug a long time ago &lt;br&gt; kwedödö - heard a long time ago
|-
| Past || - || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ö&lt;/span&gt;-M || kallolo - dug &lt;br&gt; kwedö - heard
|-
| Present || - || -A/C-ng-M || kallorwang - digs &lt;br&gt; kweding - hears
|-
| Future || - || k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C || k'ūdi kallorwa - will dig &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi kwedi - will hear
|-
| Remote Future || - || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C || k'ūdik'ūdi kallorwa - will dig in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future
|-
| Habitual || - || -A/C-∅-M || kallorwa - usually digs &lt;br&gt; kwedi - usually hears
|-
| Remote Past || Progressive || ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;beppi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bappu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || udodo kallobappu - was digging a long time ago &lt;br&gt; udodo kwebeppi - was hearing a long time ago
|-
| Past || Progressive || ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;beppi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bappu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || udo kallobappu - was digging &lt;br&gt; udo kwebeppi - was hearing
|-
| Present || Progressive || ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;beppi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bappu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || ut kallobappu - is digging &lt;br&gt; ut kwebeppi - is hearing
|-
| Future || Progressive || k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;beppi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bappu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || k'ūdi kallobappu - will be digging &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi kwebeppi - will be hearing
|-
| Remote Future || Progressive || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;beppi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bappu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || k'ūdik'ūdi kallobappu - will be digging in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi kwebeppi - will be hearing in the far future
|-
| Remote Past || Perfect || ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || udodo kallottūk - had dug a long time ago &lt;br&gt; udodo kwettūk - had heard long ago
|-
| Past || Perfect || ut-A-o-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || udo kallottūk - had sut &lt;br&gt; udo kwettūk - had heard
|-
| Present || Perfect || ut-A-(o)ng-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || udong kallottūk - have dug &lt;br&gt; udong kwettūk - have heard
|-
| Future || Perfect || k'ūdi-A-ng-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || k'ūding kallottūk - will have dug &lt;br&gt; k'ūding kwettūk - will have heard
|-
| Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-ng-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || k'ūdik'ūding kallottūk - will have dug in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūding kwettūk - will have heard in the far future
|-
| Habitual || Perfect || ut-A-M VERB-C-ttūk&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || ut kallottūk - have/had usually dug &lt;br&gt; ut kwettūk - have/had usually heard
|-
| Remote Past || Frequentative || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dödö&lt;/span&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dodo&lt;/span&gt;-M || kallorwadodo - dug around long ago &lt;br&gt; kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago
|-
| Past || Frequentative || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dö&lt;/span&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt;-M || kallorwado - dug around &lt;br&gt; kwedidö - repeatedly heard things
|-
| Present || Frequentative || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ding&lt;/span&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dung&lt;/span&gt;-M || kallorwadung - dig around &lt;br&gt; kwediding - repeatedly hear things
|-
| Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;di&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdi kallorwadu - will dig around &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
|-
| Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;di&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdik'ūdi kallorwadu - will dig around in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
|-
| Habitual || Frequentative || -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;di&lt;/span&gt;-M &lt;br&gt; -A/C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;-M || kallorwadu - usually digs around &lt;br&gt; kwedidi - usually hears things repeatedly
|-
| Remote Past || Progressive-Frequentative || ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dibeppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dubappu&lt;/span&gt; || udodo kallorwadubappu - was digging around long ago &lt;br&gt; udodo kwedidibeppi - was repeatedly hearing things long ago
|-
| Past || Progressive-Frequentative || ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dibeppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dubappu&lt;/span&gt; || udo kallorwadubappu - was digging around &lt;br&gt; udo kwedidibeppi - was repeatedly hearing things
|-
| Present || Progressive-Frequentative || ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dibeppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dubappu&lt;/span&gt; || ut kallorwadubappu - is digging around &lt;br&gt; ut kwedidibeppi - is repeatedly hearing things
|-
| Future || Progressive-Frequentative || k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dibeppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dubappu&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdi kallorwadubappu - will be digging around &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi kwedidibeppi - will be hearing things repeatedly
|-
| Remote Future || Progressive-Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dibeppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dubappu&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdik'ūdi kallorwadubappu - will be digging around in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidibeppi - will be hearing things repeatedly in the future
|-
| Remote Past || Perfect-Frequentative || ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-oCo&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || udodo kallorwaduttūk - has dug around long ago &lt;br&gt; udodo kwedidittūk - has heard things repeatedly long ago
|-
| Past || Perfect-Frequentative || ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-o-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || udo kallorwaduttūk - has dug around &lt;br&gt; udo kwedidittūk - has heard things repeatedly
|-
| Present || Perfect-Frequentative || ut-A-(o)ng-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-(o)ng-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || udong kallorwaduttūk - have dug around &lt;br&gt; udong kwedidittūk - have heard things repeatedly
|-
| Future || Perfect-Frequentative || k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdi kallorwaduttūk - will have dug around &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi kwedidittūk - will have heard things repeatedly
|-
| Remote Future || Perfect-Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || k'ūdik'ūdi kallorwaduttūk - will have dug around in the far future &lt;br&gt; k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidittūk - will have heard things repeatedly in the far future
|-
| Habitual || Perfect-Frequentative || ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dittūk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; ut-A-M VERB-C-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;duttūk&lt;/span&gt; || ut kallorwaduttūk - have/had usually dug around &lt;br&gt; ut kwedidittūk - have/had usually heard things repeatedly
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;The previous syllable is deleted before this suffix is added, unless the previous syllable consists of a monosyllabic suffix.&lt;p&gt;
The habitual, which is used for expressing that someone does something on regular basis, can't be used together with any tense. It is usually understood to mean present tense, but if need be, one can specify past meaning with the adverb ''öttöt'' (before), and future meaning with the adverb ''allogau'' (intends to).&lt;p&gt;
The frequentative can have the meaning of just doing something repeatedly, or doing something repeatedly and in several locations. For example ''myosyak'yadung'' can either mean &quot;to jump around&quot;, or &quot;to jump up and down at the same spot&quot;.

===== Mood =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Mood
! Morphology
! Examples
|-
| Conditional || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(o)ppo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(ö)ppö&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwappo - would dig &lt;br&gt; kwedippö - would hear
|-
| Energetic || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(s)sa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(s)se&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwangsa - ''does'' dig ''too''! &lt;br&gt; kwedingse - ''does'' hear ''too''!
|-
| Hortative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;wat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wet&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwat - let's dig &lt;br&gt; kwetwet - let's hear
|-
| Imperative || deletion of last syllable || kallo - dig! &lt;br&gt; kwe - hear!
|-
| Optative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gaut&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;git&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwagaut - may he/she dig &lt;br&gt; kwedigit - may he/she hear
|-
| Volitive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;auk&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ik&lt;/span&gt; || kallolauk - let him/her dig then &lt;br&gt; kwedik - let it be heard then
|-
| Conditional-Energetic || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(o)ppossa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(ö)ppösse&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwappossa - I wish someone would dig &lt;br&gt; kwedippösse - I wish someone would hear
|-
| Hortative-Energetic || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;watsa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wetse&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwatsa - let's dig! &lt;br&gt; kwetwetse - let's hear!
|-
| Imperative-Energetic || deletion of last syllable + &lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(s)sa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; deletion of last syllable + &lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(s)se&lt;/span&gt; || kallossa - you dig, allright? &lt;br&gt; kwesse - would you hear?
|-
| Optative-Energetic || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gautsa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;gitse&lt;/span&gt; || kallorwagautsa - may he/she dig! &lt;br&gt; kwedigitse - may he/she hear!
|}
The conditional is used for marking the &quot;then&quot; part of an &quot;if...then&quot; statement. But sometimes it is used on both the &quot;if&quot; and the &quot;then&quot; part simultaneously. The conditional can only be used together with the simple past, past frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect together with past tense can be used however.&lt;p&gt;
The energetic mood is used when expressing what oneself actually believes to be the case, despite of what anyone else thinks. It can be used together with any tense and aspect.&lt;p&gt;
The hortative denotes the meaning of &quot;let's&quot;. No tense marking is used when the hortative mood is used, except for that the frequentative can be used together with it. No aspects can be used with it. It goes together with any voice except for passive-causative.&lt;p&gt;
The imperative mood is used for making commands. It is not used together with any particular voice, tense or aspect, except that it can be used with the frequentative, in which case the present frequentative suffix is added after the last syllable of the verb has been deleted. The adressee, which is optional, can be put before the verb in the vocative case.&lt;p&gt;
The optative can be used for expressing a wish in one of these cases: 
# The wish is not up to any person to make come true, for example &quot;may it not rain tomorrow&quot;.
# The wish is directed at someone who is not present and contactable at the time being, for example &quot;may the king not raise the taxes again&quot; said by someone who has never met, and probably never will meet, the king.
# The wish is dependent on a large group of people, like ''the society'' or ''mankind''. As an example: &quot;let's all work together to make the world a better place to live&quot;.
The optative can only be used together with the present simple, present frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect together with present tense is also allowed.&lt;p&gt;
The volitive mood has two similar uses. One is used to express that one doesn't approve of, or like, the state of affairs, but reluctantly accepts it because nothing else can be done. The other use expresses that one doesn't really wish for something to happen, but lets it happen anyway because one can't be bothered to do something about it. This mood can only be used together with the present simple, present frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect, except for perfect, can be used together with the present tense.&lt;p&gt;
The combination of the conditional and energetic moods has two different uses. One means that one wishes current things to be in a certain way instead of how they are now. The other use means that one wishes for something to happen; either wishing it very intently, or being hopeful or optimistic about it happening. This mood can be used with the same tenses and aspects as the simple conditional.&lt;p&gt;
Combining the hortative mood with the energetic adds a persuasive tone to the proposal made. It can be used together with the same tenses and aspects as the simple hortative.&lt;p&gt;
Using the combination of imperative and energetic is paradoxically more polite than using the imperative alone. In this case, the energetic mood makes the statement more of a suggestion than a command. The tenses it can used together with are the same as for the simple imperative.&lt;p&gt;
Together with the optative, the energetic has simply a more intensifying meaning. This can be used with the same tenses and aspects as the simple optative.

==== Non-finals ====
===== Infinitives =====
In [http://wals.info/feature/description/62 action nominal constructions], when the active form of any of the infinitives is used, any agent argument of that infinitive takes the genitive case and any patient argument gets either the genitive or the nominative-absolutive case (except for the deverbal noun where both arguments always get the genitive). With the passive forms of an infinitive, the patient gets the genitive case and the agent ablative case (including the deverbal noun).&lt;p&gt;
In other kinds of constructions, the object of an infinitive gets nominative-absolutive case. For the simple infinitives, the object is placed before the finite verb. The deverbal nouns have other requirements though, see [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Deverbal Nouns|Deverbal Nouns]] for the details.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Type of infinitive
! Morphology
! Example
|-
| Active [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Simple Infinitives|Infinitive]] || -∅ || p'yowochya - to eat &lt;br&gt; kwedi - to hear
|-
| Passive [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Simple Infinitives|Infinitive]] || k'ūdi VERB-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūk'p'o&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; k'ūdi VERB-&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūk'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; || p'yowochūk'p'o k'ūbössen - to become eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedūk'p'ö k'ūbössen - to become heard
|-
| Active [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Inessive Infinitives|Inessive Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;oppu&lt;/span&gt; || p'yowochoppu - when eating &lt;br&gt; kwedöppi - when hearing
|-
| Passive [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Inessive Infinitives|Inessive Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūk'p'o&lt;/span&gt; k'ūdöppi &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūk'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; k'ūdöppi || p'yowochūk'p'o k'ūdöppi - when becoming eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedūk'p'ö k'ūdöppi - when becoming heard
|-
| Active [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Instructive Infinitives|Instructive Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōt&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüt&lt;/span&gt; || p'yowochōt - by eating &lt;br&gt; kwetwüt - by hearing
|-
| Passive [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Instructive Infinitives|Instructive Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūk'p'o&lt;/span&gt; k'ūtwüt &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūk'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; k'ūtwüt || p'yowochūk'p'o k'ūtwüt - by becoming eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedūk'p'ö k'ūtwüt - by becoming heard
|-
| Active [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Adverb Infinitives|Adverb Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-C &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-C || p'yowobappu - in the middle of eating &lt;br&gt; kwebeppi - in the middle of hearing
|-
| Passive [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Adverb Infinitives|Adverb Infinitive]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;būk'p'o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; k'ūbe-C &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;būk'p'ö&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; k'ūbe-C || p'yowobūk'p'o k'ūdibeppi - in the middle of getting eaten &lt;br&gt; kwebūk'p'ö k'ūdibeppi - in the middle of getting heard
|-
| Active [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Deverbal Nouns|Deverbal Noun]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;bossan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;bössen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || p'yowobossan - eating &lt;br&gt; kwebössen - hearing
|-
| Passive [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Deverbal Nouns|Deverbal Noun]] || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūk'p'o&lt;/span&gt; k'ūbössen &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūk'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; k'ūbössen || p'yowochūk'p'o k'ūbössen - getting eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedūk'p'ö k'ūbössen - getting heard
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The last syllable from the verb stem is deleted before this suffix is added.

====== Simple Infinitives ======
The simple infinitive is used as an oblique of another verb. For example:
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'yamk'ottōtk'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | madūkka-∅-ng || align=&quot;left&quot; | t'yamchya-∅
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG  || align=&quot;left&quot; | shooting.star-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | want-UNM-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | see-INF
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''I want to see a shooting star.''
|}

====== Inessive Infinitives ======
The inessive infinitive has the meaning of &quot;when someone is doing something&quot;; it is used as a time reference.
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'ya-t || align=&quot;left&quot; | pōkp'ya-ppu || align=&quot;left&quot; | küllöd-öppi || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'adab-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | sai-nnat || align=&quot;left&quot; | opkōya-tt-o
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-GEN  || align=&quot;left&quot; | forest-INE  || align=&quot;left&quot; | walk-ACT.INE.INF || align=&quot;left&quot; | lightning-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | tree-ILL || align=&quot;left&quot; | strike-ACT-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''When I was walking in the forest, lightning struck a tree.''
|}

====== Instructive Infinitives ======
The instructive infinitive describes in what manner something happens. For example:
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Myod-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | pingketti-dö || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'utsūg-ōt || align=&quot;left&quot; | pöttü-tt-ö
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG-NA  || align=&quot;left&quot; | market-ALL  || align=&quot;left&quot; | row-INSTR.INF || align=&quot;left&quot; | go-ACT-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''He went to the market by rowing.''
|}

====== Adverb Infinitives ======
The adverb infinitive requires a case (marked with C in the table). It has different meanings depending on the case used. The following table contains all cases that can be combined with the adverb infinitive.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Case
! Example
|-
| Abessive || kallobakku - without digging
|-
| Exessive || kallobatk'a - from having been digging
|-
| Inessive || kallobappu - in the middle of digging
|-
| Instrumental || kallobōp' - by digging
|-
| Translative || kallobak'p'o - to go digging
|}
The exessive and translative are used for expressing that someone goes from one activity to another, with the exessive corresponding to the ''from'' part, and the translative to the ''to'' part. For example:
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | opk'ū-ba-tk'a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ōnoppu-ba-nnat || align=&quot;left&quot; | pöttü-tt-ö
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-NA  || align=&quot;left&quot; | sit-ADV.INF-EXE  || align=&quot;left&quot; | stand-ADV.INF-TRANSL || align=&quot;left&quot; | go-ACT-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''I went from sitting to standing.''
|}
The difference between the inessive infinitive and the inessive adverb infinitive is that the inessive infinitive can be used for comparing two situations in time: &quot;when doing X, Y happened&quot;; while the inessive adverb infinitive can't be used that way. A single verb in the inessive adverb infinitive form can be used as an answer to the question where someone is. For example:&lt;p&gt;
-Peppü op'a uttong? (Where is dad?)&lt;br&gt;
-Kadappappu. (Out fishing.)&lt;p&gt;
The inessive adverb infinitive is also the same as the progressive aspect.

====== Deverbal Nouns ======
This form derives the name of the act of doing something. The difference between deverbal nouns and the simple infinitives is that the simple infinitives are used as objects while deverbal nouns are used as subjects. Deverbal nouns function just like normal nouns and can therefore take any case, or even the plural suffix when referring to several instances of some act. If the deverbal noun has an object argument, it gets the genitive case. So for example &quot;the eating of food&quot; would be nūjugat p'yowobossan.

===== Participles =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Participle
! Morphology
! Example
|-
| Active Past Participle || -ttūk&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || p'yowottūk sutsoga - boy who has eaten &lt;br&gt; kwettūk k'wik'wö - girl who has heard
|-
| Passive Past Participle || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'p'o&lt;/span&gt; k'ūttūk &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; k'ūttūk || p'yowochyak'p'o k'ūttūk nūjuga - food that is eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedik'p'ö k'ūttūk hūjungū - gossip that is heard
|-
| Active Present Participle || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;lla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;lle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || p'yowolla sutsoga - boy who is eating &lt;br&gt; kwelle k'wik'wö - girl who is hearing
|-
| Passive Present Participle || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'p'o&lt;/span&gt; k'ūlle &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; k'ūlle || p'yowochyak'p'o k'ūlle nūjuga - food that is being eaten &lt;br&gt; kwedik'p'ö k'ūlle hūjungū - gossip that is being heard
|-
| Active Agent Participle
|-
| Passive Agent Participle || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || sutsogat p'yowoba nūjuga - food eaten by the boy &lt;br&gt; k'wik'wöt kwebe hūjungū - gossip heard by the girl
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The last syllable from the verb stem is deleted before this suffix is added.&lt;p&gt;
When a verb is used for describing a noun the way adjectives are used, the verb takes a participle form. There are only two tenses, past and present. There are active participles, describing an agent, and passive participles, describing a patient. Causative voice can also be used. In that case, the causative suffix is added before the participle suffix as follows:
{| 
! align=&quot;left&quot; | K'yapya || align=&quot;left&quot; | ōppok'yob-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | t'ūgū-k'ye-lle || align=&quot;left&quot; | ud-∅-ong
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | this  || align=&quot;left&quot; | show-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | sleep-CAUS-ACT.PRES.PTC || align=&quot;left&quot; | is-UNM-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''This show is sleep-inducing.''
|}
Both active participles can take an object, and the passive present and agent participles a subject, all of which are marked with the genitive case. The subject or object is placed right before the participle.&lt;p&gt;
The agent participle is similar to the passive past participle, but the difference is that the past passive participle doesn't take a subject. If a noun (or pronoun) with genitive case is placed before the passive past participle, it means that the object described by the participle belongs to the person or thing marked by the genitive case. While for the agent participle, the genitive marks who the action has been done by.&lt;p&gt;
The noun following a participle can have any case. If a core case is used, which one is used is governed by the finite verb's voice. The participle itself can be used as the object of the copula, as in the above example sentence. The copula will have the unmarked voice and the subject ergative case, but no nominative-absolutive case will be present.

=== Nouns ===
==== Number ====
The singular form of nouns is unmarked, while the plural is marked with the suffix -k. If the noun ends with a consonant, a vowel, usually ō or wü (depending on vowel harmony), is inserted before the -k suffix. There are many irregular plurals though, that will use o, ö or wū as the vowel instead. In [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#San words|San words]], final -san becomes -sōk and -sen becomes -swük.

==== Case ====
The final -n is deleted from [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#San words|San words]] before the case suffix is added.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Case
! Suffix
! Examples
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Core cases
|-
| Ergative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ak'&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ek'&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongak' - dog-ERG &lt;br&gt; keppek' - cat-ERG
|- 
| Nominative-Absolutive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt; || kutsonga - dog-NA &lt;br&gt; keppe - cat-NA
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Adpositional cases|Adpositional cases]]
|-
| Distributive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'illet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'ullat&lt;/span&gt; || syazolyak'ullat - every day &lt;br&gt; keppik'illet - each cat separately
|-
| Distributive-Temporal || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;oppot&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öppöt&lt;/span&gt; || syazolyoppot - at daytime
|-
| Essive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;tta&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;tte&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongatta - as a dog &lt;br&gt; keppitte - as a cat
|-
| Genitive || -t || kutsongat - dog's &lt;br&gt; keppit - cat's
|-
| Instrumental || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōp'&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüp'&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongōp' - with a dog &lt;br&gt; kepwüp' - with a cat
|-
| Prolative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;kp'ō&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;kp'wü&lt;/span&gt; || pōngokp'ō - by sea &lt;br&gt; kikkukp'wü - by rooftop
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Locational cases|Locational cases]]
|-
| Ablative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(ō)t'k'ya&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(wü)t'k'ye&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongat'k'ya - from the dog &lt;br&gt; keppit'k'ya - from the cat
|-
| Elative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;pk'a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;pk'e&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongapk'a - from the inside of the dog &lt;br&gt; keppipk'e - from the inside of the cat
|-
| Exessive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;tk'a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;tk'e&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongatk'a - (turn) from a dog (into something else) &lt;br&gt; keppitk'e - (turn) from a cat (into something else)
|-
| Adessive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;di&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt; || pōngodu - by the sea &lt;br&gt; kikkudi - on the roof
|-
| Inessive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ppi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ppu&lt;/span&gt; || pōngoppu - in the sea &lt;br&gt; kikkuppi - in the roof
|-
| Allative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dö&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; || pōngodo - to the sea &lt;br&gt; kikkudö - to the roof
|-
| Illative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(nn)at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(nn)et&lt;/span&gt; || pōngonnat - into the sea &lt;br&gt; kikkunnet - into the roof
|-
| Translative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'p'o&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'p'ö&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongak'p'o - (turn) into a dog &lt;br&gt; keppik'p'ö - (turn) into a cat
|-
| Comitative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ttō&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;twü&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongattō - (together) with his/her dog &lt;br&gt; keppitwü - (together) with his/her cat
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Other case|Other]]
|-
| Abessive || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;kki&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;kku&lt;/span&gt; || kutsongakku - without a dog &lt;br&gt; keppikki - without a cat
|-
| Vocative || -∅ || kutsonga - hey you dog! &lt;br&gt; keppi - hey you cat!
|}

===== Adpositional cases =====
If the distributive case is used together with a word that stands for some kind of time period, it has the meaning that something is done during each of those periods. If used with any other kind of noun, it has the meaning of each of those separately. For example the sentence ''k'yapya k'yowa k'ōm sangok'ullat'' means &quot;do this assignment in pairs&quot;, where the word for pair (''sango'') carries the distributive case. The distributive case can not be used with pronouns.&lt;p&gt;
The distributive-temporal case is only used together with words relating to time. It has the meaning that something is done during that time, but unlike the simple distributive case it doesn't necessarily mean that it is done during ''every'' such time period.&lt;p&gt;
The essive case has the meaning of ''as'' or ''if''. For example ''kyot'pyatta syazolyatta sidöding'' - during a cold day one freezes, or ''nogapwatta ōno k'yowopk'yudappo'' - as a rich man I wouldn't do work.&lt;p&gt;
The genitive case is used for marking possession (with the posessive preceding the head noun), as well as for marking the agent in [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Transitive sentences|passive sentences]]. If the genitive case is used on a word that ends with a consonant, a vowel is inserted before the suffix. This is the same vowel as the one used in the [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Number|plural]] form.&lt;p&gt;
The instrumental tells that something is used as a tool. It can't be used with personal pronouns or animate nouns. If need be, the pronoun or animate noun can be given the nominative-accusative case, followed by the word küwikkōt (use-[[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Instructive Infinitives|INSTR.INF]]).&lt;p&gt;
The prolative tells &quot;by which medium or route&quot;. For example ''rōtta hugokp'ō kūt'kōnang'' - the boat travels by river. It can't be used with pronouns or animate nouns.

===== Locational cases =====
The ablative has the meaning of &quot;from the vicinity or topside of something&quot;. The elative on the other hand means &quot;from the inside of something&quot;. The elative has two other uses as well. One is, when used on a time noun, it means &quot;from that time onwards&quot;. The other is for expressing what someone feels; the person who is feeling gets the elative case.&lt;p&gt;
The adessive has the meaning of &quot;by, near or on top of something&quot;. The inessive means &quot;inside something&quot;. Both the adessive and inessive can be used together with a time noun to indicate when something happened or will happen. The difference is that the adessive is used when the action stretches out during ''the whole'' time period, while the inessive is used about things that happened ''sometime during'' that time period.&lt;p&gt;
The allative has the meaning of &quot;to the vicinity or topside of something&quot;, while the illative has the meaning &quot;to the inside of something&quot;. The illative can also be used with a time noun to indicate &quot;until a certain time&quot;.&lt;p&gt;
The &quot;inside&quot; meaning of the internal locatives (elative, inessive and illative) is also applied to objects that somehow cover something else (even if only partially). For example, when describing someone sitting on a chair, one of the internal locatives would be used because a chair has a back support, so the person sitting in it would have his or her back covered. A stool on the other hand does not have any part that covers a person, so one of the external locatives (ablative, adessive or allative) would be used. The external locatives are also used when describing possession of, or transaction of, items between people.&lt;p&gt;
The exessive and translative cases describe either that something turns into something else, or that something changes from one state into another. The exessive is the source and the translative is the result. The exessive can also be used to descibe what something is made of.

===== Other cases =====
The abessive case has the meaning of &quot;without&quot;. It can't be used with personal pronouns or nouns standing for humanoid beings. Instead the preposition ot'pat is used, followed by the given noun or pronoun in essive case.&lt;p&gt;
The vocative case is used when addressing someone by their name or title, and also when calling someone a rude word. The word with the vocative case can be placed either at the beginning or end of the sentence.

=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal Pronouns ====
Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo has a three-way distinction of person in its personal pronouns, but no gender distinction.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Interrogative
|-
! Singular
|| pot'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I'' || p'ot'ya &lt;br&gt; ''you'' || myat &lt;br&gt; ''he/she'' || kūga &lt;br&gt; ''who''
|-
! Plural
|| pō &lt;br&gt; ''we'' || k'ō &lt;br&gt; ''you'' || mō &lt;br&gt; ''they'' || kōkkya &lt;br&gt; ''who''
|}
In the daughter languages of Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo the second person pronouns are avoided for politeness, and instead the addressee's name or title is used. In Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo, at least the singular second person pronoun was avoided, but it is unclear if it was because of politeness reasons or because it was so similar to the singular first person pronoun. If the plural second person pronoun was also avoided is unknown.

==== Demonstrative Pronouns ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Interrogative
! Interrogative dual
|-
! Singular
|| k'yapya &lt;br&gt; ''this'' || k'ūju &lt;br&gt; ''that'' || p'ō &lt;br&gt; ''that/it'' || pokya &lt;br&gt; ''what'' || kūp'so &lt;br&gt; ''which''
|-
! Plural
|| t'yapya &lt;br&gt; ''these'' || t'ūju &lt;br&gt; ''those'' || t'ō &lt;br&gt; ''those/they'' || pokkya &lt;br&gt; ''which'' || kūp'sok &lt;br&gt; ''which ones''
|}
The demonstrative pronouns refer to inanimate things and non-humanoid beings, except for the singular interrogative dual which can also be used about humanoids. The demonstrative pronouns can also be used as demonstrative determiners. The interrogative dual has the meaning of &quot;which one (of two alternative)&quot;. The plural form is used when referring to two groups of things.

==== Relative Pronouns ====
There are two relative pronouns: huga, which refers to the preceding word (or noun preceding numeral); and pokya which refers to the preceding clause or sentence. If a relative pronouns is used without the thing it refers to having been explicitly mentioned, then huga will be used if the implicit thing is animate, and pokya if it is inanimate. For example:
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Myat-ōt || align=&quot;left&quot; | op'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | atk'wa-tto-∅, || align=&quot;left&quot; | myad-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | pog-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | syuk'yu-∅-∅
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG-GEN || align=&quot;left&quot; | father-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | give-ACT-HAB || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | what-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | ask.for-UNM-HAB
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Her father gives her what she asks for.''
|}
The relative pronoun gets the same number as the thing it refers to, and whichever case is required in the position the relative pronoun appears in. Unless the relative pronoun appears without something it refers to, as in the above example, it is moved to the beginning of the relative clause.

==== Reciprocal Pronoun ====
The reciprocal pronoun is ''k'utsossan'' (''k'utsossa'' in nominative-absolutive case and ''k'utsossōt'' in genitive). Below are examples of the word in both cases.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | M-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'utsoss-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | nagapk'wa-∅-ng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3PL-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | each.other-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | love-UNM-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''They love each other.''
|}

{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | M-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'utsoss-ōt || align=&quot;left&quot; | mofūp-ōk-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | tōnogakk-∅-o
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3PL-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | each.other-GEN || align=&quot;left&quot; | hair-PL-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | cut-UNM-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''They cut each other's hair.''
|}

==== Reflexive Pronoun ====
The reflexive pronoun is ''okp'ō''.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | okp'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | sōpk'-∅-o
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | self-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | wash-UNM-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I washed myself.''
|}

The reflexive pronoun can also be used for emphasis, in which case it is placed after the verb.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'ōmchya-∅-ng || align=&quot;left&quot; | okp'ō
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | it-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | do-UNM-PRES || self
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''I'll do it myself!''
|}

==== Quantifier Pronouns ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! Inclusive
! Exclusive
! Universal
! Negative
|-
! Singular humanoid
| kūga k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''anyone'' || hugū &lt;br&gt; ''someone'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | killege &lt;br&gt; ''everyone'' || ōno kūkyut &lt;br&gt; ''no one''
|-
! Plural humanoid
| kōkkya k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''anyone'' || hukkūk &lt;br&gt; ''someone'' || ōno kōkkyut &lt;br&gt; ''no one''
|-
! Dual
| kūp'so k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''either one'' || hup'sogūp'so &lt;br&gt; ''either one'' || pudöbik &lt;br&gt; ''both'' || ōno kūp'sokyut &lt;br&gt; ''neither''
|- 
! Singular non-humanoid
| pokya k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''any/anything'' || hugot &lt;br&gt; ''some/something'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | killege &lt;br&gt; ''all/everything'' || ōno pokyut &lt;br&gt; ''nothing''
|-
! Plural non-humanoid
| pokkya k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''any'' || hukkot &lt;br&gt; ''some'' || ōno pokkyut &lt;br&gt; ''no''
|}

The singular non-humanoids can also be used as determiners. The plural non-humanoids can only be used as determiners. See also [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Quantifier adverbs|Quantifier adverbs]] for more quantifiers.

=== Adjectives ===
[[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#San words|San adjectives]] declinate slightly differently than other adjectives, as the final -an or -en is deleted from San adjectives before comparison suffixes are added. The following table displays both types of declination.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Comparison
! Suffix
! Example
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | San adjectives
|-
| Positive || -∅ || sūttallossan - red &lt;br&gt; negettüzessen - broken
|-
| Comparative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōp'so&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüp'sö&lt;/span&gt; || sūttallossōp'so - redder &lt;br&gt; negettüzesswüp'sö - more broken
|-
| Superlative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ot&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öt&lt;/span&gt; || sūttallossot - reddest &lt;br&gt; negettüzessöt - most broken
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Other adjectives
|-
| Positive || -∅ || mochap - slow &lt;br&gt; kūbi - odd
|-
| Comparative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;p'so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;p'sö&lt;/span&gt; || mochap'so - slower &lt;br&gt; kūbip'sö - odder
|-
| Superlative || -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;tsot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;tsöt&lt;/span&gt; || mochatsot - slowest &lt;br&gt; kūbitsöt - oddest
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;If the adjective ends with p, the p is deleted before this suffix is added. (There are only front vowel adjectives that end with p.)

=== Adverbs ===
==== Adverbs related to pronouns ====
These adverbs are related to the pronouns in that there's a person distinction among them as well as interrogative forms (allthough some of them distinguish fewer than three persons), and that some of them are somehow derived from the pronouns (cf for example the locational adverbs with the demonstrative pronouns). 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; person
! Interrogative
|-
! Locational
| k'ue- &lt;br&gt; here || k'ūju- &lt;br&gt; there || p'e- &lt;br&gt; there || po- &lt;br&gt; where
|-
! Temporal
| t'yok &lt;br&gt; now || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | p'edutset &lt;br&gt; then || podutsat &lt;br&gt; when
|-
! Manner
| t'yazot &lt;br&gt; this way || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | t'utsot &lt;br&gt; that way || pokkōt &lt;br&gt; how
|-
! Reason
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | p'ok'p'o &lt;br&gt; therefore || pok'p'o &lt;br&gt; why
|}
The locational adverbs are obligatorily combined with a [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Case|locational case suffix]].

===== Quantifier adverbs =====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! Inclusive
! Exclusive
! Universal
! Negative
|-
! Locative
| poppu k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''anywhere'' || huppiget &lt;br&gt; ''somewhere'' || killegedi &lt;br&gt; ''everywhere'' || ōno popkyut &lt;br&gt; ''nowhere''
|-
! Temporal
| podutsat k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''anytime'' || hupkūp &lt;br&gt; ''sometime'' || allotta &lt;br&gt; ''all the time'' || ōno kupkyut &lt;br&gt; ''never''
|-
! Manner
| pokkōt k'annatp'a &lt;br&gt; ''any way'' || hukkōtkot &lt;br&gt; ''somehow'' || huga k'assōp' &lt;br&gt; ''every way'' || ōno pokkōtkyut &lt;br&gt; ''no way''
|}

=== Adpositions ===
There are several postposition, a few ambipositions (adpositions that can appear either before or after the noun it modifies) and even fewer prepositions in Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo. The words that are solely postpositions require the preceding noun to have genitive case. The tables in the following sections use the word k'adu (house) (and in some cases op'ya (father)) as an example together with the adpositions.

==== Postpositions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Motion to
! Being at a location
! Motion away
! Motion across
|-
| k'adut adado &lt;br&gt; ''under the house'' || k'adut adadu &lt;br&gt; ''under the house'' || k'adut adat'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from underneath the house'' || k'adut adakp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''underneath the house''
|-
| k'adut kōpkodo &lt;br&gt; ''to the middle of the house'' || k'adut kōpkodu &lt;br&gt; ''in the middle of the house'' || k'adut kōpkot'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from the middle of the house'' || k'adut kōpkokp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''across the middle of the house''
|-
| k'adut k'agado &lt;br&gt; ''behind the house'' || k'adut k'agadu &lt;br&gt; ''behind the house'' || k'adut k'agat'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from behind the house'' || k'adut k'agakp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''across the back of the house''
|-
| k'adut ōkkūdo &lt;br&gt; ''in front of the house'' || k'adut ōkkūdu &lt;br&gt; ''in front of the house'' || k'adut ōkkūt'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from front of the house'' || k'adut ōkkūkp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''across the front of the house''
|-
| k'adut p'ollūdo &lt;br&gt; ''beside the house'' || k'adut p'ollūdu &lt;br&gt; ''beside the house'' || p'ollūt'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from beside the house'' || k'adut p'ollūkp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''past the side of the house''
|-
| k'adut p'op'yannat &lt;br&gt; ''into the house'' || k'adut p'op'yappu &lt;br&gt; ''inside the house'' || k'adut p'op'yapk'a &lt;br&gt; ''from the inside of the house'' || (use tyassokp'ō instead, see the list further down the section)
|-
| k'adut rofōngōdo &lt;br&gt; ''beside the house'' || k'adut rofōngōdu &lt;br&gt; ''beside the house'' || k'adut rofōngōt'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from beside the house'' || -
|-
| op'yat tūjudo &lt;br&gt; ''to father's home/vicinity'' || op'yat tūjudu &lt;br&gt; ''at father's home/vicinity'' || op'yat tūjut'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from father's home/vicinity'' || -
|-
| k'adut tyannodo &lt;br&gt; ''near the house'' || tyannodu &lt;br&gt; ''near the house'' || k'adut tyannot'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from near the house / something passes near the house'' || -
|-
| k'adut yotyado &lt;br&gt; ''on top of the house / above the house'' || k'adut yotyadu &lt;br&gt; ''on top of the house / above the house'' || k'adut yotyat'k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''from the top of the house / from above the house'' || k'adut yotyakp'ō &lt;br&gt; ''over the house''
|}
The difference between p'ollū- and rofōngō- could be said to be that p'ollū- denotes the area next to something, so for example ''sa ut k'ūdit p'ollūdu'' (the tree is beside the house) could be said even if there is some third object between the house and the tree, making it impossible to see the house from where the tree is. Though p'ollū- and rofōngō- are synonymous to most speakers.&lt;p&gt;
The tūju- postpositions can only be used in reference of an animate being. They can either have the meaning of near that person, or that person's home (whether or not he is home).&lt;p&gt;
The tyanno- postpositions can also be used as adverbs.&lt;p&gt;
The following invariant postpositions also exist:
*hyat'kodu - after (locational)
*hyat'koppu - after (temporal)
*ippöpyette - in someone's place
*killūkki - via
*k'agofa - for someone's sake; because of
*rangk'ōt&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; - for a purpose
*sūjudopk'a - on behalf of somebody
*tyassokp'ō - through
*unnokp'ō - past (locational)
*yop'syono - around (only one lap)
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;This postposition requires the noun to have the exessive case instead of genitive.

==== Ambipositions ====
The following table shows all ambipositions as well as the cases the call for in the nouns they modify.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ambiposition
! Case of noun
|-
| kumk'o - toward || Allative
|-
| kutk'yunga - against || Essive
|-
| rapk'ōt - against || Any [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Locational cases|external locative]]
|-
| rapk'wat - toward; versus || Allative
|-
| sokkot - along || Any [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Locational cases|external locative]]
|}
The difference between kumk'o and rapk'wat is that rapk'wat is only used about something moving towards a person. Kumk'o is used either about someone or something moving towards some inanimate object or place, about someone moving with malicious intent toward some person, or about something capable of causing injury moving towards a person. Rapk'wat can not have any of these meanings. Rapk'wat is usually used about a person moving toward someone else to greet that person, or for describing who or what one has met during one's way. With these meanings, rapk'wat can also be used as an adverb modifying an inessive infinitive. Paradoxically, one other use for rapk'wat is like the word &quot;versus&quot; in a battle (possibly because a sports battle is entered with both parties' consent, while battles in war are meant to be fought with a code of honour).&lt;p&gt;
The difference between kutk'yunga and rapk'ōt is that rapk'ōt is used for describing the position of some object, usually together with the verbs with a meaning similar to &quot;lean&quot;. Kutk'yunga on the other is used about someone or something being against someone else's order or will.

==== Prepositions ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Preposition
! Case of noun
|-
| ot'pat - without || Essive
|-
| öttöt - before || Essive or illative
|-
| yop'syono - around (several laps) || Adessive
|}
Ot'pat can only be used together with pronouns or nouns standing for humanoid beings.&lt;p&gt;
Öttöt, (which can also be used as an adverb,) calls for the illative case on time nouns, and otherwise essive. See examples below.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | mōnyatt-o || align=&quot;left&quot; | öttöt || align=&quot;left&quot; | allūngotkut-t'uptūgu-nnat
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | wake.up-PAST || align=&quot;left&quot; | before || align=&quot;left&quot; | sun-rise-ILL
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''I woke up before sunrise.''
|}
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | P'ot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'ūdi-tt-o || align=&quot;left&quot; | kukko-nnat || align=&quot;left&quot; | öttöt || align=&quot;left&quot; | pot'ya-tk'a
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | come-ACT-PAST || align=&quot;left&quot; | home-ILL || align=&quot;left&quot; | before || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ESS
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''You came home before me.''
|}

=== Numerals ===
Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo has a decimal system. The numbers 11-19 are expressed by adding the suffix -k'utsossan to one of the numbers 1-9. Higher numbers are expressed simply by placing the name of one of the numbers 2-9 before the name of one of the numbers 10, 100, 1000 or 10 000. For example, 20 is called ''kak'p'o-kwibössen'' and 317 is called ''kut'pō-p'akka-kwibössen-p'ōnokp'ōpyat''.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Number
! Cardinal Numeral
! Ordinal Numeral
! Distributive
|-
| 1 || yok'p'o || ōtp'obuzassan || yok'p'ok'ullat
|-
| 2 || kak'p'o || k'utsossan || kak'p'ok'ullat
|-
| 3 || kut'pō || kut'pap || kut'pōk'ullat
|-
| 4 || t'ōt'hya || t'ōt'hyap || t'ōt'hyak'ullat
|-
| 5 || ryōppo || ryōppap || ryōppok'ullat
|-
| 6 || kaippo || kaippap || kaippok'ullat
|-
| 7 || p'ōnokp'ōpyat || p'ōnokp'ōpyap || p'ōnokp'ōpyatk'ullat
|-
| 8 || kamchōk'p'at || kamchōk'p'ap || kamchōk'p'atk'ullat
|-
| 9 || yomchōk'p'yat || yomchōk'p'yap || yomchōk'p'yatk'ullat
|-
| 10 || kwibössen&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || kwibössep || kwibössek'ullat
|-
| 100 || p'akka || p'akkap || p'akkak'ullat
|-
| 1000 || k'ūnnak || k'ūnnap || k'ūnnakk'ullat
|-
| 10 000 || || ||
|-
| Interrogative || putk'a(gu) || puttōp(ku) || puttok'ullat(ku)
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The -ssen suffix is deleted when a [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo#Numeral Classifiers|numeral classifier]] is added.&lt;p&gt;
The cardinal numerals are like one, two, three, while the ordinal numerals are like first, second, third. The distributive numerals are used for expressing how many parts something should be divided into. These are indeed the same as the cardinal numbers with the distributive case. The interrogative number is used when asking questions that include &quot;how many...&quot;, and also as a relative pronoun. Interrogative numerals are always used with the interrogative clitic -ku, which is placed after any numeral classifier.

==== Numeral Classifiers ====
When a numeral is used referring to a certain number of things, the numeral must be accompanied by a classifier suffix. Different suffixes are used depending on what is counted. So for example two carrots would be called ''kak'p'ohaingo sungkitti'' while two rocks would be called ''kak'p'opwomkyonya kollo'' (''sungkitti'' meaning carrot and ''kollo'' rock).&lt;p&gt;
The following table lists all classifiers. Since there are no neutral vowel numerals, the suffixes are presented with the one that goes with back vowel words first, and the one going with front vowel words second.
{| class =&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Suffix
! Short-hand name
! Use
|-
| -tsya &lt;br&gt; -tsye || Abstract || Abstract things; also used when one doesn't know what other classifier to use
|-
| -p'allo &lt;br&gt; -p'ellö || Age || Years of age of people and things
|-
| -bango &lt;br&gt; -bengö || Animals || Animals that don't fall under any of the other categories
|-
| -zhufōt' &lt;br&gt; -zhufwüt' || Birds || Birds and bats
|-
| -syūdu || Bottles || Bottles and beverages stored in bottles
|-
| -k'nyosh&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -k'nyösh&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Bugs || Small animals such as insects, worms and amphibians
|-
| -(m)mya &lt;br&gt; -(m)mye || Buildings || Buildings
|-
| -(p)puzo &lt;br&gt; -(p)puzö || Bundles || Bundles and bunches of things
|-
| -p'anglōna &lt;br&gt; -p'engrwüne || Cattle || Livestock (excluding poultry)
|-
| -gaknap &lt;br&gt; -geknep || Children || Children of humanoid creatures
|-
| -(k)kabottō &lt;br&gt; -(k)kebötwü || Clothes || Clothes worn on the body, including shawls and scarfs but excluding other accessories
|-
| -k&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Collective || Groups or things that consist of several parts
|-
| -(p)patku &lt;br&gt; -(p)petku || Containers || Containers other than bottles
|-
| -mūgu &lt;br&gt; -mūgi || Dogs || Dogs and wolves
|-
| -uk' &lt;br&gt; -ük' || Eggs || Eggs, excluding roe and spawn
|-
| -zhopyuk' &lt;br&gt; -zhöpyuk' || Fish || Caught fish
|-
| -dallūjō &lt;br&gt; -dellūjwü || Flat-Hard || Flat objects made of unflexible material
|-
| -ungka &lt;br&gt; -ingke || Flat-Soft || Flat objects made of flexible material, like paper or fabric
|-
| -yup'sū || Fruit || Fruit, berries, nuts and vegetables other than root vegetables
|-
| -gongup &lt;br&gt; -göngup || Layers || Floors and layers
|-
| -guhō &lt;br&gt; -guhwü || Machine || Machines and vehicles
|-
| -gada &lt;br&gt; -gede || Marine || Sea creatures other than fish that has been caught
|-
| -gōngk'a &lt;br&gt; -kwüngk'e || Multiplicative || Number of times something is done
|-
| -swokkwo &lt;br&gt; -swökkwö || Oblong || Long and narrow objects
|-
| -(s)sango &lt;br&gt; -(s)sengö || Pairs || Pairs of things, and objects that consist of two parts
|-
| -kyu || People (standard) || Humanoid creatures other than children
|-
| -syu || People (dialectal) || Humanoid creatures other than children
|-
| -haingo &lt;br&gt; -hingö || Root vegetables || Root vegetables and bulbs
|-
| -pwomkyonya &lt;br&gt; -pwömkyönye || Round || Small round objects
|-
| -ō &lt;br&gt; -wü || Small || Small items
|-
| -gōnya &lt;br&gt; -kwünye || Strings || Strings, threads, ropes, etc.
|-
| -fōnūngū &lt;br&gt; -fwünūngū || Trees || Trees, excluding bushes
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The final consonant is deleted from p'ōnokp'ōpyat, kamchōk'p'at, yomchōk'p'yat and k'ūnnak when this suffix is added.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;The final consonant is deleted from p'ōnokp'ōpyat, kamchōk'p'at and yomchōk'p'yat when this suffix is added. Kwibössen becomes kwibössek and k'ūnnak becomes k'ūnnagōk.

== Syntax ==
=== Transitive sentences ===
In Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo transitive sentences are ergative while intransitive sentences are nominative. In transitive sentences, the subject takes ergative case and the object nominative-absolutive if the unmarked or causative voice is used.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | ubōtt-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-∅-ng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG  || align=&quot;left&quot; | apple-NA  || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-UNM-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''I eat an apple.''
|}
In causative sentences, the person who is caused to do something gets the allative case. This person goes between the subject and the direct object. The causer, causee and direct object are all optional, but at least one of the three must be in a given sentence.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | myat-to || align=&quot;left&quot; | tallūd-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | kwe-k'ye-ng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG  || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG-ALL  || align=&quot;left&quot; | song-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | hear-CAUS-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''I make him hear a song.''
|}
In passive sentences, the agent, which is optional, comes between the patient and verb. The patient gets absolutive case and the agent genitive.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ubōtt-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | pot'ya-t || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'ūd-e p'yowo-ttūk
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | apple-NA  || align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-GEN  || align=&quot;left&quot; | PASS-PAST eat-PASS
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''The apple got eaten by me.''
|}

=== Intransitive sentences ===
In intransitive sentences, any voice except for the unmarked voice can be used. The subject or object gets the absolutive-nominative case.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-tto-ng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-ACT-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''I eat.''
|}
The same rules apply for the causative as in transitive sentences. 
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | myat-to || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-k'ya-ng
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-NA  || align=&quot;left&quot; | 3SG-ALL || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-CAUS-PRES
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''I make him eat.''
|}

=== Interrogative sentences ===
Questions are made by either using a question word, which is moved to the beginning of the sentence, or by adding the interrogative suffix -gu to the word that is questioned. A word with the interrogative suffix is also moved to the beginning of the sentence.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pog-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'wach-∅-o
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | what-NA || align=&quot;left&quot; | you-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | get-UNM-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''What did you get?''
|}

{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Ut-to-gu || align=&quot;left&quot; | kyot'sōnya-ng || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ot'-a
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | PERF-ACT-Q || align=&quot;left&quot; | bathe-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | you-NA
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Have you bathed?''
|}

=== Negation ===
Negation is done with the negative auxiliary verb ōno. The verb that is negated get the simple infinitive form and is placed directly after ōno, with ōno taking all the conjugation; unless there is need to use the habitual tense or perfect or progressive aspect, in which case the negated verb is conjugated normally and ōno is placed before that verb without any marking.&lt;p&gt;
The ōno that precedes the [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Quantifier pronouns|negative pronouns]] is removed when these words are used in negative sentences.

=== Comparative constructions ===
To make comparative constructions involving a noun, such as &quot;X is more Z than what Y is&quot;, Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo uses the form '''X-NOMABS Z-COMP kūjot Y-NOMABS'''. For example:
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | K'yapya || align=&quot;left&quot; | k'ad-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | oppu-p'so || align=&quot;left&quot; | kūjot || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'-a
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | this || align=&quot;left&quot; | house-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | big-COMP || align=&quot;left&quot; | than || align=&quot;left&quot; | that.3SG-NOMABS
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''This house is bigger than that one.''
|}
If it is a verb that is compared instead of an adjective, the following construction is used: '''X (object) Z öttöbüt kūjot Y''' (or '''X (object) öttöbüt Z kūjot Y'''). The cases of X and Y depend on the transitivity of the verb, and if Y is an agent or patient. See the following two sentences:
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | P'ot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ofōbōd-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-∅-∅ || align=&quot;left&quot; | öttöbüt || align=&quot;left&quot; | kūjot || align=&quot;left&quot; | totk'-ak'
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | seed-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-UNM-HAB || align=&quot;left&quot; | more || align=&quot;left&quot; | than || align=&quot;left&quot; | bird-ERG
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''You eat more seeds than what birds do.''
|}
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | P'ot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ofōbōd-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-∅-∅ || align=&quot;left&quot; | öttöbüt || align=&quot;left&quot; | kūjot || align=&quot;left&quot; | totk'ū-g-a
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | seed-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-UNM-HAB || align=&quot;left&quot; | more || align=&quot;left&quot; | than || align=&quot;left&quot; | bird-PL-NOMABS
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''You eat more seeds than you eat birds.''
|}
In the first sentence, the bird has ergative case, meaning that the bird is an agent. In the second sentence, the word for birds has the nominative-absolutive case, giving the meaning that the birds are a patient. If the sentence has no object, then both X and Y will have the nominative-absolutive case and the verb will have active voice. The Y argument will then be an agent. As an example:
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | P'ot'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'yowochya-tto-∅ || align=&quot;left&quot; | öttöbüt || align=&quot;left&quot; | kūjot || align=&quot;left&quot; | totk'-a
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2SG-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | eat-ACT-HAB || align=&quot;left&quot; | more || align=&quot;left&quot; | than || align=&quot;left&quot; | bird-NOMABS
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''You eat more than what birds do.''
|}

=== Purpose clauses ===
There are several ways in which purpose can be expressed in Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo. One way is to have the main event followed by the dependent event with the conjunction hukki between them.
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | kad-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'ūjudakka-∅-ng || align=&quot;left&quot; | hukki || align=&quot;left&quot; | p'-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | ōno-tt-o || align=&quot;left&quot; | sodak'yotto-ppo
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | fish-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | salt-UNM-PRES || align=&quot;left&quot; | so.that || align=&quot;left&quot; | it-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | not-ACT-PAST || align=&quot;left&quot; | get.bad-COND
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''I salt the fish so that it will not get bad''.
|}
If the two verbs have the same agent, the dependent verb can be turned into a simple infinitive with translative case. If the main verb is a verb of movement (such as go, come, etc.), then the dependent verb may alternatively be realized as an adverb infinitive. Both ways are exemplified in the following two sentences:
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | nūjug-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | up-pa-k'p'o || align=&quot;left&quot; | pingketti-dö || align=&quot;left&quot; | pött-ö
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | food-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | buy-ADVINF-TRANSL || align=&quot;left&quot; | market-ALL || align=&quot;left&quot; | go-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''I went to the market to buy food.''
|}
{|
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Pot'-ak' || align=&quot;left&quot; | nūjug-a || align=&quot;left&quot; | upk'wa-∅-k'p'o || align=&quot;left&quot; | pingketti-dö || align=&quot;left&quot; | pött-ö
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 1SG-ERG || align=&quot;left&quot; | food-NOMABS || align=&quot;left&quot; | buy-INF-TRANSL || align=&quot;left&quot; | market-ALL || align=&quot;left&quot; | go-PAST
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''I went to the market to buy food.''
|}
Another way is to have a noun (or deverbal noun) followed by the postposition rangk'ōt.

=== Reporting ===
To report what someone else has said, the construction '''X-ERG VERB-UNM (ökkü) QUOTE''' is used, where X is the source of information, VERB is a verb like say, tell, etc. (with tense, aspect and mood as appropriate), and QUOTE is an independent clause. If the report is in direct speech, the particle ökkü will be used. If the report is in indirect speech, ökkü is not used, and the deictic center in the quote is changed to that of the speaker.

=== Evidentiality ===
Evidentiality can be expressed with a pronoun in the genitive case followed by one of three evidentiality verbs in the instructive infinitive form. The pronoun specifies according who, and the verb what kind of evidentiality. This construction precedes the main verb (or auxiliary + main verb construction).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person
! Evidentiality type
! Morphology
|-
| 1&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;st || Inferential || pot'yat t'yamchyōt
|-
| 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; || Inferential || p'ot'yat t'yamchōt
|-
| 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; || Inferential || myatōt t'yamchōt
|-
| 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; || Reportative || pot'yat kwetwüt
|-
| 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; || Reportative || p'ot'yat kwetwüt
|-
| 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; || Reportative || myatōt kwetwüt
|-
| 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; || Direct Knowledge || pot'yat k'ofōk'ōt
|-
| 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; || Direct Knowledge || p'ot'yat k'ofōk'ōt
|-
| 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; || Direct Knowledge || myatōt k'ofōk'ōt
|-
| Impersonal || Direct Knowledge || k'ofōk'ōt
|}
The inferential has the meaning of &quot;seen by me/you/someone else&quot; and reportative &quot;according to what I/you/someone has heard&quot;. The direct knowledge evidential is used about any other evidence, including non-visual sensory. This evidential can also be used impersonally, which is marked by the absense of a pronoun. The impersonal direct knowledge can have the meaning &quot;they say that...&quot; without any clarifications of who &quot;they&quot; are, or it can have the meaning that something is supposed to be common knowledge, &quot;anyone knows it&quot;. All second person evidentials are very seldomly used, and when they are, the pronoun is usually replaced by the name of the adressee in genitive case.

= Lexicon =
== San words ==
Some adjectives and some nouns ends with the suffix -(s)san or -(s)sen. In adjectives it's usually present because of word derivation, while in nouns it usually just doesn't have any specific meaning. But it is obligatory nonetheless. In various kinds of suffixation, the San words usually inflect slightly differently than other words.

== Compounds ==
In endocentric compounds, the head is the last word of the compound. All but the last words in a compound have the following characteristics:
*Verbs can only appear in non-final forms
*Nouns sometimes carry a case that the final word in the compound calls for. But nouns in some compounds have the genitive case for no particular reason.
*The suffix from [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#-san words|San words]] is deleted.
*Some words have a special compound form, see [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo#Derivation|Derivation]] below.

== Derivation ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Affix
! Meaning
! Example
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Verb → verb
|-
| ado-- || Underdo X || anglofutsocha - estimate → ado-anglofutsocha - under-estimate
|-
| hütwūt-- || Redoing an action || kōngk'utsa - tell → hütwūt-kōngk'utsa - renarrate
|-
| p'ada-- || Do X in secret || kwettöttö - listen → p'ada-kwettöttö - eavesdrop
|-
| unno-- || Miss doing X || ap'sūja - shoot → unno-ap'sūja - shoot and miss
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;mk'wa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;mk'we&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Diminishes the intensity of an action, or makes it momentane || kakp'utsa - look → kakp'umk'wa - glance &lt;br&gt; millūgūttö - bark → millūgūmk'we - bark once
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōsya&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüsye&lt;/span&gt; || The opposite of the action || p'ūjucha - let good things happen to others → p'ūjuchōsya - not let good things happen to others &lt;br&gt; tūjuk'ye - trust → tūjuk'wüsye - distrust
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Verb → noun
|-
| -bu || Place where X is done || t'yamk'ya - show → t'yamk'yabu - stage
|-
| -būp&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || A simple deverbal noun, usually used about actions that take some time to complete || kōngk'utsa - tell → kōngk'ubūp - story
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gō&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;kwü&lt;/span&gt; || Device that performs X || kunglakka - substitute (V.) → kunglagō - substitute (N.) &lt;br&gt; ködūttö - float → ködūkwü - floating device
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;he&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Doer of X || kyot'sōtto - bathe → kyot'sōha - bather &lt;br&gt; ihikködi - think → ihikköhe - thinker
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ofu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öfu&lt;/span&gt; || Noun somehow related to the verb || otto - sprout → ottofu - spore &lt;br&gt; mönekkue - throw → mönekköfu - dump
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Tool used for doing X || kūt'kōtto - traverse → kūt'kot - vehicle &lt;br&gt; p'utsek'ye - play → p'utsek'öt - (musical) instrument
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōt'pa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüt'pe&lt;/span&gt; || Result of verb || t'yamk'ya - show (V.) → t'yamk'ōt'pa - show (N.) &lt;br&gt; p'utsek'ye - play → p'utsek'wüt'pe - play (of an instrument)
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;pya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;pye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Default verb to noun derivation || ōtto - live → ōpya - life &lt;br&gt; kūjuttö - die → kūjupye - death
|-
| -tk'u&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Deverbal noun which implies of some kind of large occurrence || ūpkutsa - believe → ūpkutk'u - religion
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;tta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;tte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Deverbal form of sound verb || mongt'ūtto - neigh → mongt'ūtta - neighing &lt;br&gt; millūgūttö - bark → millūgūtte - barking
|-
| -u || Single instance of an act || tōtto - fly → tōttu - flight
|-
| -ū || Deverbal form of frequentative verbs || tahok'yadu - sort → tahok'yadū - sorting
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūjō&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūjwü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || Collective deverbal noun || kūt'kōtto - traverse → kūt'kūjō - procession &lt;br&gt; p'utsek'ye - play → p'utsūjwü - orchestra
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Noun → verb
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;kka&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;kke&lt;/span&gt; || Default noun to verb derivation || pwado - paint (N.) → pwadokka - paint (V.) &lt;br&gt; sillegi - patch (N.) → sillegikke - patch (V.)
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'ye&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'ya&lt;/span&gt; || Make into X, or add X || k'aido - wind → k'aidok'ya - ventilate; fan &lt;br&gt; kikku - roof → kikkuk'ye - add a roof to a building
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;k'yo(tto)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;k'yö(ttö)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Become X || pwa - earth → pwak'yotto - decompose &lt;br&gt; swe - tree → swek'yöttö - become numb (literally &quot;turn into wood&quot;)
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(o)pk'wa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(ö)pk'we&lt;/span&gt; || Hunt or collect something edible || kada - fish (N.) → kadapk'wa - fish (V.) &lt;br&gt; sungkitti - carrot → sungkittipk'we - pick carrots
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;utsocha&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;utsöche&lt;/span&gt; || Do something using X || rappanga - hammer (N.) → rappangutsocha - hammer (V.) &lt;br&gt; mefögi - sand (N.) → mefögutsöche - sand (V.)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Noun → noun
|-
| ada-- || Bottom, low || köngup - floor → ada-göngup - bottom floor
|-
| aip-- || New || kwe - moon → aip-kwe - new moon
|-
| allu-- || Open, bare || pōngo - sea → allu-bōngo - open sea
|-
| chūföt'-- || Double || ittup - portion → chūföt'-ittup - double portion
|-
| hyat'ko-- || After || kunglakkōt'pa - compensation → hyat'ko-gunglakkōt'pa - compensation afterwards
|-
| k'ōgu-- || Artificial || p'yu - reason → k'ōgu-p'yu - pretext
|-
| kōt'k'a-- || Yellow || rüpk'üngüge - white wagtail → kōt'k'a-rüpk'üngüge - yellow wagtail
|-
| kutk'yunga-- || Opposing force || k'aido - wind → kutk'yunga-k'aido - headwind
|-
| k'aga-- || Back || ullo - door → k'aga-ullo - back door
|-
| k'yayop-- || Full || kwe - moon → k'yayop-kwe - full moon
|-
| kōpko-- || Middle || p'ungpo - finger → kōpko-p'ungpo - middle finger
|-
| mūjessū-- || Top || p'ūjungak'yabūp - performance → mūjessū-p'ūjungak'yabūp - top performance
|-
| nūpku-- || Brown || tōmk'o - leaf → nūpku-tōmk'o - brown autumn leaf
|-
| ogo-- || Forever || k'at'lo - winter → ogo-k'at'lo → neverending winter
|-
| okp'ō-- || Self || sökku - betrayal → okp'ō-zökku - self-deception
|-
| ōkkū-- || Front || hat'kak - legs → ōkkū-hat'kak - front legs
|-
| ōk'ya-- || Remote || 
|-
| ōppo-- || Front, first || pöngke - sign → ōppo-böngke - (good) example
|-
| ōtp'o-- || Debute || kōngk'a - time → ōtp'o-gōngk'a - first time
|-
| ōshk'yunga-- || Extra || t'yamk'ōt'pa - show → ōshk'yunga-t'yamk'ōt'pa - encore
|-
| ōzhu-- || Outer || p'ollū - side → ōzhu-p'ollū - outside
|-
| p'ada-- || Secret || pūngma - murder → p'ada-būngma - assassination
|-
| p'ollū-- || Side || hugo - river → p'ollū-hugo - tributary
|-
| p'op'ya-- || Inner || ōdot - organ → p'op'ya-ōdot - inner organ
|-
| p'otto-- || Blue || syonyupk'wo - tail → p'otto-syonyupk'wo - red-flanked bluetail
|-
| p'ūng-- || Large || sōngmō - family → p'ūng-sōngmō - large family
|-
| pūpk'a-- || Black || pigingi - sausage → pūpk'a-bigingi - [[Wikipedia:Mustamakkara|black sausage]]
|-
| p'yonghya-- || Back, remote || p'ōnūkkū - area → p'yonghya-p'ōnūkkū - place in the sticks
|-
| radō-- || Fake || appū - dress → radō-appū - disguise
|-
| ranga-- || Precaution, spare || uppa - part → ranga-uppa - spare part
|-
| rat'ku-- || White || mallo - shark → rat'ku-mallo - great white shark
|-
| ronnōng-- || Green || kaptofu - plant → ronnōng-kaptofu - flowerless plant with leaves
|-
| segū-- || Small || nūjuga - food → segū-nūjuga - snack
|-
| sōngūp-- || Basic || k'ofōk'u - knowledge → sōngūp-k'ofōk'u - basic knowledge
|-
| sūjudo-- || Half || kwe - moon → sūjudo-kwe - half-moon
|-
| sutyo-- || Many || k'ofōha - sage → sutyo-k'ofōha - polymath
|-
| sūtta-- || Red || notk'a - chest → sūtta-notk'a - robin
|-
| sya-- || Head, important || killūssigu - city → sya-gillūssigu - capital
|-
| tyanno-- || Near || k'ūllaip - future → tyanno-k'ūllaip - near future
|-
| ūp'so-- || Closed || p'ūjudo - intestine → ūp'so-p'ūjudo - cecum
|-
| yangkō-- || Arch-X || ronnadassan - enemy → yangkō-lonnadassan - arch-enemy
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; || Place associated with X || kyot'sōttu - bath → kyot'sōttuda - bath house
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dallossan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dellössen&lt;/span&gt; || Person from X || Kunnu-lūjungo - Kunnu-lūjungo → Kunnu-lūjungodallossan - Kunnu-lūjungoan &lt;br&gt; mönekküfö - dump → mönekküfödellössen - person living in a dump
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;gi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gu&lt;/span&gt; || Diminutive form || tap'so - pond → tap'sogu - puddle &lt;br&gt; sungkitti - carrot → sungkittigi - small carrot
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gō&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;kwü&lt;/span&gt; || Small thing with Xs || p'ūjuda - salt → p'ūjudagō - food preserved by salting &lt;br&gt; sede - pipe → sedekwü - hemp-nettle
|-
| -gu || Place with lots of Xs, collective X, or something associated with X || zap'zū - bamboo → zap'zūgu - bamboo thicket
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(k)kang&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(k)keng&lt;/span&gt; || Female X || p'atkango - hero → p'atkangokkang - heroine &lt;br&gt; sisse - priest → sissekkeng - priestess
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(ō)ngo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(wü)ngö&lt;/span&gt; || Tool or person that uses X || t'waba - face → t'wabango - mask &lt;br&gt; tillūkki - raft → tillūkkingö - ferry man
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ofu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öfü&lt;/span&gt; || Thing with Xs || uppa - part → uppofu - share
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(o)pk'u&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(ö)pk'u&lt;/span&gt; || Place with collection of X || t'wassūngo - neighbor → t'wassūngopk'u - neighborhood
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(o)tku&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(ö)tku&lt;/span&gt; || Natural features that is like X || k'appō - plane → k'appōtku - plain
|-
! colspan =&quot;3&quot; | Noun → adjective
|-
| ap'zo-NOUN-ossan || Both || kyappo - hand → ap'zo-kyappossan - ambi-dextrous
|-
| sutyo-NOUN-X&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; || Many || allofu - marriage → sutyo-allofossan - polygamistic
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ballossan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;bellössen&lt;/span&gt; || Resembling X || kada - fish → kadaballossan - fishlike &lt;br&gt; k'wik'wö - girl → k'wik'wöbellössen - girly
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dessen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dassan&lt;/span&gt; || X-like, endowed with X, time, or measure || kutsūnga - cupped hand → kutsūngadassan - handful &lt;br&gt; set'kū - dot → set'kūdessen - dotted
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dutsessen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dutsassan&lt;/span&gt; || Often X-like || p'allongap - sick → p'allongaptutsassan - weak of the body &lt;br&gt; millūgūtte - barking → millūgūttedutsessen - often barking
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gap&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;gep&lt;/span&gt; || Equipped with X || mūjudo - worry → mūjudogap - worrying &lt;br&gt; kūttefi - honor → kūttefigep - honorful
|-
| -kkut || Lacking X || swe - tree → swekkut - treeless
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;oppa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öppe&lt;/span&gt; || Something that produces X || p'akku - harvest → p'akkoppa - bountyful harvest &lt;br&gt; k'isu - kill (N.) → k'isöppe - someone with many kills
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ossan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;össen&lt;/span&gt; || Regular noun to adjective derivation || odu - joy → odossan - happy &lt;br&gt; mefögi - sand → mefögössen - sandy
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;zok'ossan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;zök'össen&lt;/span&gt; || Something that contains a substance || kūt'k'a - gold → kūt'k'azok'ossan - something (e.g. a river) that contains gold &lt;br&gt; mefögi - sand → mefögizök'össen - something (e.g. mud) that contains sand
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ssan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ssen&lt;/span&gt; || Made from X || kūt'k'a - gold → kūt'k'assan - golden &lt;br&gt; swe - tree → swessen - wooden
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Noun → adverb
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ekkillet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;akkullat&lt;/span&gt; || From an X point of view || Kunnu-lūjungodallossan - Kunnu-lūjungoan → Kunnu-lūjungodallakkullat - from a Kunnu-lūjungoan's point of view
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;gillet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;gullat&lt;/span&gt; || Locative situative adverb (involving two things in relation to each other) || kaplu - face → kaplugullat - face-to-face &lt;br&gt; t'ūngki - corner → t'ūngkigillet - corner-to-corner
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(k)killet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(k)kullat&lt;/span&gt; || Manner or position || p'ollū - side → p'ollūkkullat - sideways &lt;br&gt; tönegebūp - play → tönegekkillet - not seriously
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adjective → verb
|-
| -∅ || Be X || sūttallossan - red → sūttallossan - be red &lt;br&gt; tübet → tübet - be warm
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;(p)k'wa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;(p)k'we&lt;/span&gt; || Make into X || sūttallossan - red → sūttallopk'wa - make red &lt;br&gt; tübet - warm → tübetk'we - warmen
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adjective → noun
|-
| -∅ || Person with X quality || nogap - rich → nogap - rich person
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;aip&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ip&lt;/span&gt; || The X quality || sūttallossan - red → sūttallaip - redness &lt;br&gt; tübet - warm → tübedip - warmth
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ūngo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ūngö&lt;/span&gt; || Person who is being X || tallopka - lazy → tallopkūngo - lazy person
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adjective → adjective
|-
| kutk'yunga-- || Opposing force || k'ūjulla - productive → kutk'yunga-k'ūjulla - counter-productive
|-
| ogo-- || Forever || zhūngūjo - old → ogo-zhūngūjo → really, really old
|-
| okp'ō-- || Self || k'ūnnoppa - destructive → okp'ō-k'ūnnoppa - self-destructive
|-
| ryamya-- || Little || tūbossan - snowy → ryamya-dūbossan - something has only little snow
|-
| tyasso-- || Thoroughly || ryangokkak'p'o k'ūttūk - dyed → tyasso-lyangokkak'p'o k'ūttūk - thoroughly dyed
|-
| ūp'so-- || Completely || myūdū - crazy → ūp'so-myūdū - absolutely crazy
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;dutsessen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;dutsassan&lt;/span&gt; || Someone or something that is often X-like || mochap - slow → mochaptutsassan - often slow &lt;br&gt; nege - broken → negedutsessen - often broken
|-
| -mku&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Diminishes the quality || mochap - slow → mochamku - slowish
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ossan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;össen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; || Tendency to be like X (only used on present participles) || k'allossūlla - bending → k'allossūllossan - flexible &lt;br&gt; negefak'p'ö k'ūlle - getting broken → negefak'p'ö k'ūllössen - fragile
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ōsya&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;wüsye&lt;/span&gt; || Opposite quality || p'ōt'lya - clear → p'ōt'lōsya - unclear &lt;br&gt; tūjutk'udessen - natural → tūjutk'utwüsye - unnatural
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adjective → adverb
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;pk'o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;pk'ö&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; || Regular adjective to adverb derivation || mochap - slow → mochapk'o - slowly &lt;br&gt; tūjutk'udessen - natural → tūjutk'udessepk'ö - naturally
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Numeral → noun
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;ofu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;öfu&lt;/span&gt; || Shape with X number of sides (2D or 3D) || kut'pō - three → kut'pofu - triangle &lt;br&gt; kwibösen - ten → *kwibösofu&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; - decagon
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Numeral → adverb
|-
| -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;ekkillet&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt; -&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;akkullat&lt;/span&gt; || Xs of || p'akka - one hundred → p'akkakkullat - hundreds of &lt;br&gt; kwibössen - ten → kwibössekkillet - tens of
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The last syllable is deleted before this suffix is added, unless the last syllable consisted of a monosyllabic derivational suffix.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;This suffix deletes any final consonant of the word stem. A final -san/-sen becomes -samku/-semku.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;The X stands for any derivational suffix that turns a noun into an adjective.
&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;In case of past or present passive participles, this suffix is added to the auxiliary verb.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;This suffix deleted any final consonant of the word stem. A final -san/-sen becomes -sapk'o/-sepk'ö.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Theoretical word.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Gl</title>
    <id>7486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53095</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-21T23:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>dl-based interlinear template (as used on the AkanaWiki)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;dl class=&quot;gloss&quot;&gt;&lt;dt&gt;{{{1|}}}&lt;dd&gt;{{{2|}}}{{{if1{{{if1|}}}|{{{then1|&lt;dd&gt;{{{3|}}}{{{if2{{{if2|}}}|{{{then2|&lt;dd&gt;{{{4|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;/dl&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{glend}}

=== Usage notes ===
Use in conjunction with '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Template:Glend]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. This template is intended for a single-item definition only.

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{gl|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hju-nut-ne-hvu,|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|same}}
{{glend|In the world one language was used everywhere, and also the same way of speaking.}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

gives

{{gl|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hju-nut-ne-hvu,|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|same}}
{{glend|In the world one language was used everywhere, and also the same way of speaking.}}


==== No translation ====

Simply leave out the content of '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Template:Glend]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' for a blank translation line:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{gl|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hju-nut-ne-hvu,|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|same}}
{{glend}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

gives

{{gl|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hju-nut-ne-hvu,|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|same}}
{{glend}}


==== Extra lines ====

If you want to add an additional gloss line, add another | to separate the lines. The template currently supports up to three small-script rows.

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{gl|såkatirnve|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hjunutnehvu,|hju-nut-ne-hvu|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruunnu|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|thiin|same}}
{{glend|In the world one language was used everywhere, and also the same way of speaking.}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

gives

{{gl|såkatirnve|såkåtir-nve|world-{{sc|top}}}}
{{gl|saŋ|saŋ|in}}
{{gl|kontatho|kontatho-Ø|language-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|hjiŋ|hjiŋ|one}}
{{gl|hjunutnehvu,|hju-nut-ne-hvu|{{sc|pst}}-hold-{{sc|hab}}-{{sc|glob}}}}
{{gl|the|the|and}}
{{gl|lentu|lentu|also}}
{{gl|ruunnu|ruun-nu-Ø|say-{{sc|vn}}-{{sc|abs}}}}
{{gl|thiin.|thiin|same}}
{{glend|In the world one language was used everywhere, and also the same way of speaking.}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Glend</title>
    <id>7487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53140</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T19:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; margin-bottom:0.5em;&quot;&gt;''{{{1| }}}''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Buruya Nzaysa</title>
    <id>7488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53142</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T20:00:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>polish</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''by Jan Strasser''

:[[Conlang Relay 17/Lhenazi|Previous: Lhenazi]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Zesovian|Next: Zesovian]]

== Buruya Nzaysa text ==
=== Lo yuska vono ===
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%&quot;&gt;
Na u ru nzo yuska mvunɛ. Ño u tsen{{IPA|ɛ́}}ña ma pɛmo, mpu tsona ɛru rumɛ rɛ gasa tsɛga xə ru ŋkə nzo rələh.

Rabɛ kɛ’u ɛte, nona lo ru lu sɛtsasa ah kume, o na losə rɛ ste’a lu yuska rələh. Dal ntɛ xə ɔdɔwə lo yuska rowastɔ, o ta lu ru botso! Ste’a xə losə rɛ sə posmu. Nə kwɛstaga lo yuska nzəxrə, xutsɔ ɔdɔwah oba sədə oskə. Esaxa tse lu ru xo’a o əño o tul.
&lt;/div&gt;

== Translation ==
=== English ===
==== The violent yuska ====
A man had a yuska. As a learned man he was not afraid, because everyone knew that he was the only person who could ride it.

One day the man decided to try his luck, and he tried to ride the yuska. But no, the yuska got angry and attacked the man! He tried to run away. The yuska screamed fiercely, so that many other yuskas would come. They hunted the man down, killed him, and ate him.

=== English translation of previous text ===
([[Conlang Relay 17/Lhenazi|Lhenazi]], by Arthaey Angosii)
==== The tale of the violent dragon ====
A man had a dragon. As a magician, he was at ease because he knew that he was the only one who could ride the dragon.

The man tried to ride the dragon, but the dragon attacked him. The man tried to run away, but the dragon screamed. Many other dragons came, and they hunted and killed the man.

== Interlinear gloss ==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%&quot;&gt;
{{gl|Lo|DEF.NOM}}
{{gl|yuska|yuska}}
{{gl|vono.|aggressive.}}
{{glend|The violent yuska.}}

{{gl|Na|PFV.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|u|INDEF.NOM}}
{{gl|ru|man}}
{{gl|nzo|TOP.ACC}}
{{gl|yuska|yuska}}
{{gl|mvunɛ.|hold.}}
{{glend|A man had a yuska.}}

{{gl|Ño|as.3}}
{{gl|u|INDEF.NOM}}
{{gl|tsen{{IPA|ɛ́}}ña|wiseman}}
{{gl|ma|NEG.AUX-3SG}}
{{gl|pɛmo,|fear,}}
{{gl|mpu|because}}
{{gl|tsona|HAB.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|ɛru|everyone}}
{{gl|rumɛ|know}}
{{gl|rɛ|SUB.ACC}}
{{gl|gasa|PERM.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|tsɛga|only}}
{{gl|xə|this.NOM}}
{{gl|ru|man}}
{{gl|ŋkə|same}}
{{gl|nzo|TOP.ACC}}
{{gl|rələh.|ride.}}
{{glend|As a learned man he was not afraid, because everyone knew that he was the only person who could ride it.}}

{{gl|Rabɛ|during.3}}
{{gl|kɛ’u|one.of}}
{{gl|ɛte,|day,}}
{{gl|nona|INT.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|lo|DEF.NOM}}
{{gl|ru|man}}
{{gl|lu|DEF.ACC}}
{{gl|sɛtsasa|fortune}}
{{gl|ah|of.3}}
{{gl|kume,|punch,}}
{{gl|o|and}}
{{gl|na|PFV.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|losə|try}}
{{gl|rɛ|SUB.ACC}}
{{gl|ste’a|PROG.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|lu|DEF.ACC}}
{{gl|yuska|yuska}}
{{gl|rələh.|ride.}}
{{glend|One day the man decided to try his luck, and he tried to ride the yuska.}}

{{gl|Dal|but}}
{{gl|ntɛ|by.3}}
{{gl|xə|this.NOM}}
{{gl|ɔdɔwə|RES.COP-3SG}}
{{gl|lo|DEF.NOM}}
{{gl|yuska|yuska}}
{{gl|rowastɔ,|angry,}}
{{gl|o|and}}
{{gl|ta|INC.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|lu|DEF.ACC}}
{{gl|ru|man}}
{{gl|botso!|attack!}}
{{glend|But no, the yuska got angry and attacked the man!}}

{{gl|Ste’a|PROG.AUX-3SG&gt;3}}
{{gl|xə|this.NOM}}
{{gl|losə|try}}
{{gl|rɛ|SUB.ACC}}
{{gl|sə|NULL.AUX-3SG}}
{{gl|posmu.|escape.}}
{{glend|He tried to run away.}}

{{gl|Nə|PFV.AUX-3SG}}
{{gl|kwɛstaga|loudly}}
{{gl|lo|DEF.NOM}}
{{gl|yuska|yuska}}
{{gl|nzəxrə,|scream}}
{{gl|xutsɔ|therefore}}
{{gl|ɔdɔwah|RES.AUX-3PL}}
{{gl|oba|many}}
{{gl|sədə|other}}
{{gl|oskə.|come.}}
{{glend|The yuska screamed fiercely, so that many other yuskas would come.}}

{{gl|Esaxa|EMPH-AUX-3PL&gt;3}}
{{gl|tse|that.NOM}}
{{gl|lu|DEF.ACC}}
{{gl|ru|man}}
{{gl|xo’a|hunt}}
{{gl|o|and}}
{{gl|əño|kill}}
{{gl|o|and}}
{{gl|tul.|eat.}}
{{glend|They hunted the man down, killed him, and ate him.}}
&lt;/div&gt;


:&lt;hr&gt;The '''yuska''' is a mythical creature from Miwan folklore, which is said to live in the depths of the Ici Forest south of Buruya. It is twice the size of a man, looks more or less like a panther with a large dinosaur-like tail [http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3175/2937892514_8e77313865.jpg], and it eats people, hunting them by ambushing from the treetops.

== Morphemic breakdown ==
(as included in the torch that I sent on to Eugene Oh for translation into [[Conlang Relay 17/Zesovian|Zesovian]])

&lt;pre&gt;
lo  yuska vono.
DET N     N

n   -a u   ru nzo yuska mvunɛ.
AUX -P DET N  DET N     V

ño u   tsenɛña ma  -ə pɛmo,
PP DET N       AUX -P V

mpu tson -a ɛru  rumɛ rɛ gas -a tsɛga xə  ru ŋkə nzo  rələh.
CJ  AUX  -P PRON V    CJ AUX -P ADV   DET N  N   PRON V

rabɛ kɛ’u ɛte, non -a lo  ru lu  sɛtsasa ah kume,
PP   QU   N    AUX -P DET N  DET N       PP V

o  n   -a losə rɛ ste -a lu  yuska rələh.
CJ AUX -P V    CJ AUX -P DET N     V

dal ntɛ xə   ɔdɔ -ə lo  yuska rowastɔ, o  ta  -a lu  ru botso!
CJ  PP  PRON AUX -P DET N     N        CJ AUX -P DET N  V

ste -a xə   losə rɛ s   -ə posmu.
AUX -P PRON V    CJ AUX -P V

n   -ə kwɛstaga lo  yuska nzəxrə, xutsɔ ɔdɔ -ah oba sədə oskə.
AUX -P ADV      DET N     V       CJ    AUX -P  QU  N    V

es  -axa tse  lu  ru xo’a o  əño o  tul.
AUX -P   PRON DET N  V    CJ V   CJ V


KEY:

ADV  - adverb
AUX  - auxiliary verb
CJ   - conjunction
DET  - determiner
N    - noun
P    - person agreement
PP   - preposition
PRON - pronoun
QU   - quantifier (can also act as a determiner)
V    - verb
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Vocabulary ==

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
|-
| -a       || P        || 3rd person singular subject, 3rd person object
|-
| ah       || PP       || &quot;of, belonging to&quot;
|-
| -ah      || P        || 3rd person plural intransitive
|-
| -axa     || P        || 3rd person plural subject, 3rd person object
|-
| botso    || V        || &quot;to attack&quot;
|-
| dal      || CJ       || &quot;but&quot;
|-
| ɛru      || PRON     || &quot;everyone&quot;
|-
| ɛte      || N        || day
|-
| es-      || AUX      || emphatic auxiliary (&quot;do indeed&quot;)
|-
| -ə       || P        || 3rd person singular intransitive
|-
| əño      || V        || &quot;to kill&quot;
|-
| gas-     || AUX      || permissive auxiliary (&quot;may&quot;)
|-
| kɛ’u     || QU       || partitive quantifier (&quot;one of&quot;)
|-
| kume     || V        || &quot;to punch; to test&quot;
|-
| kwɛstaga || ADV      || &quot;loudly&quot;
|-
| lo       || DET      || definite article (&quot;the&quot;), nominative
|-
| losə     || V        || &quot;to attempt, to try&quot;
|-
| lu       || DET      || definite article (&quot;the&quot;), accusative
|-
| ma-      || AUX      || negative auxiliary (&quot;don't&quot;)
|-
| mpu      || CJ       || &quot;because&quot;
|-
| mvunɛ    || V        || &quot;to have, to own, to hold&quot;
|-
| n-       || AUX      || perfective auxiliary (&quot;have done&quot;)
|-
| non-     || AUX      || intentional auxiliary (&quot;going to&quot;)
|-
| ntɛ      || PP       || &quot;by, with, like&quot;
|-
| nzəxrə   || V        || &quot;to scream, to shout&quot;
|-
| nzo      || DET/PRON || topic marker, accusative
|-
| ño       || PP       || &quot;as&quot;
|-
| ŋkə      || N        || &quot;same, identical, -self&quot;
|-
| ɔdɔ-     || AUX      || resultative auxiliary (&quot;have become&quot;)
|-
| o        || CJ       || &quot;and&quot;
|-
| oba      || QU       || &quot;many&quot;
|-
| oskə     || V        || &quot;to come, to arrive&quot;
|-
| pɛmo     || V        || &quot;to fear, to be afraid of&quot;
|-
| posmu    || V        || &quot;to run away, to escape&quot;
|-
| rabɛ     || PP       || &quot;at the time of, during&quot;
|-
| rɛ       || CJ       || complementizer (&quot;that&quot;), accusative
|-
| rələh    || V        || &quot;to ride&quot;
|-
| rowastɔ  || N        || &quot;angry, furious&quot;
|-
| ru       || N        || &quot;man&quot;
|-
| rumɛ     || V        || &quot;to know, to be aware of&quot;
|-
| s-       || AUX      || null auxiliary (&quot;do&quot;)
|-
| sɛtsasa  || N        || &quot;good luck, good fortune&quot;
|-
| sədə     || N        || &quot;another&quot;
|-
| ste-     || AUX      || progressive auxiliary (&quot;be doing&quot;)
|-
| ta-      || AUX      || inceptive auxiliary (&quot;start&quot;)
|-
| tsɛga    || ADV      || &quot;only, exclusively&quot;
|-
| tse      || DET/PRON || distal deictic (&quot;that, those&quot;), nominative
|-
| tsenɛña  || N        || &quot;scholar, wiseman&quot; (lit. &quot;one who loves the scrolls&quot;)
|-
| tson-    || AUX      || habitual/gnomic auxiliary (&quot;be always&quot;)
|-
| tul      || V        || &quot;to eat&quot;
|-
| u        || DET      || indefinite article (&quot;a&quot;), nominative
|-
| vono     || N        || &quot;aggressive, violent&quot;
|-
| xə       || DET/PRON || proximal deictic (&quot;this, these&quot;), nominative
|-
| xo’a     || V        || &quot;to hunt, to pursue&quot;
|-
| xutsɔ    || CJ       || &quot;so, therefore&quot;
|-
| yuska    || N        || a legendary creature that eats people
|-
|}

== Grammar ==

==== Typology ====
* mostly isolating
* head-initial
* basic word order: AuxSOV with occasional topic fronting
* basic morphosyntactic alignment: NOM-ACC
* pro-drop

==== Nominals ====
* no distinction between nouns and adjectives
* nouns/adjectives do not inflect at all
* determiners are mandatory in all full (i.e. non-pronominal) noun phrases
* nouns without a determiner usually have adjectivial function
* most determiners are marked for case
* number is unmarked (to specify plural, a quantifier must be used)

==== Prepositions ====
* prepositions inflect for the person of their object (all instances in the text are 3rd person)
* objects of prepositions can be omitted if clear from context

==== Verbs ====
* content verbs do not inflect at all
* auxiliary verbs are mandatory in all clauses
* auxiliary verbs inflect for person and number of the subject AND person of the object
* aspect and mood are indicated by the choice of the auxiliary
* no tense marking

== Links ==
[http://www.superlush.co.uk/~akana/index.php/Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa grammar]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:--</title>
    <id>7489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53100</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T00:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '='</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Ndok Aisô</title>
    <id>7490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53145</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T20:04:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''by Jan Strasser''

:[[Conlang Relay 17/Silindion|Previous: Silindion]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Nesheti|Next: Nesheti]]

== Ndok Aisô text ==

=== Gahog akseu ===
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%&quot;&gt;
Mosteu maga o-aiteu rai lusitad gesanô mpe noi pahêxa neulox tsi. Dol akseu tôxadaud rai rêlaihad pop, rafêd ketstad oga pispêd a nte mêgeu. Ngu pop lusitad rote, koidabêd êheu od wôtskêp'ad êb a. Ngol dôstodad eu mpag tsôhop'oi oga aidageupad ntsex! Roits eu akaksad oga nte nggol tsig wôtskêp'ad, akseu bebad gesanô.

Roits os êdeube waihe, kêhibe o-zat'an noi êheuloi od mihoibe.
&lt;/div&gt;

== Translation ==
=== English ===
==== A horse is angry ====
Once upon a time, a peasant tried to sit on the back of his workhorse. But the horse did not let him ride; instead it shook him off and hurt him severely. When the man tried to run away, the animal screamed and kicked at him. Indeed, it attacked that unfortunate person and struck him down! By trampling on him and kicking him with its feet, the horse killed the peasant.

On seeing this, the pigs in the stable squealed and rejoiced.

=== English translation of previous text === 
([[Conlang Relay 17/Silindion|Silindion]], by Elliott Lash)
==== The angry workhorse ====
A man had a workhorse, on whose back he rode, but who refused to carry him. Instead, it threw him off and hurt him severely. When the man tried to escape, the workhorse bellowed and kicked the man. 

Thus, this is what happened: Behold, the strong one did attack the weak one! By trampling and kicking with his feet, it injured the man to death. 

On seeing this, the pig squealed and rejoiced.

== Interlinear gloss ==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%&quot;&gt;

{{gl|Gahog|gaheu-g|angry-ACC.SG}}
{{gl|akseu.|akseu|horse}}
{{glend|A horse is angry.}}

{{gl|Mosteu|mot-steu|COP-IMPF.SG}}
{{gl|maga|maga|before}}
{{gl|o-aiteu|o-aiteu|PL-day}}
{{gl|rai|rai|SUB.ACC}}
{{gl|lusitad|lusit-d|try-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|gesanô|gesanô|peasant}}
{{gl|mpe|mpe|sit[INF]}}
{{gl|noi|noi|on}}
{{gl|pahêxa|pahê{{--}}a|back{{--}}ANT}}
{{gl|neulox|neulox|workhorse}}
{{gl|tsi.|tsi|3SG.GEN}}
{{glend|Once upon a time, a peasant tried to sit on the back of his workhorse.}}

{{gl|Dol|dol|but}}
{{gl|akseu|akseu|horse}}
{{gl|tôxadaud|tôxadoi-d|prevent-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|rai|rai|SUB.ACC}}
{{gl|rêlaihad|rêlek-d|ride-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|pop,|pop|man}}
{{gl|rafêd|rafêd|instead}}
{{gl|ketstad|ketsteu-d|shake.off-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|oga|oga|and.GAP}}
{{gl|pispêd|pispeu-d|hurt-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|a|a|3SG.ACC}}
{{gl|nte|nte|with}}
{{gl|mêgeu.|mêgeu|mighty[N]}}
{{glend|But the horse did not let him ride; instead it shook him off and hurt him severely.}}

{{gl|Ngu|ngu|when}}
{{gl|pop|pop|man}}
{{gl|lusitad|lusit-d|try-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|rote,|rote|flee[INF]}}
{{gl|koidabêd|koidabeu-d|scream-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|êheu|êheu|animal}}
{{gl|od|od|and}}
{{gl|wôtskêp'ad|wôtskêp'eu-d|kick-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|êb|êb|to}}
{{gl|a.|a|3SG.ACC}}
{{glend|When the man tried to run away, the animal screamed and kicked at him.}}

{{gl|Ngol|ngol|indeed}}
{{gl|dôstodad|dôstod-d|attack-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|eu|eu|3SG.NOM}}
{{gl|mpag|mpeu-g|that-ACC.SG}}
{{gl|tsôhop'oi|tsôhop'oi|pitiable.person}}
{{gl|oga|oga|and.GAP}}
{{gl|aidageupad|aidageupeu-d|strike.down-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|ntsex!|ntsex|EMPH}}
{{glend|Indeed, it attacked that unfortunate person and struck him down!}}

{{gl|Roits|roits|SUB.ADV}}
{{gl|eu|eu|3SG.NOM}}
{{gl|akaksad|akakseu-d|trample-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|oga|oga|and.GAP}}
{{gl|nte|nte|with}}
{{gl|nggol|nggol|foot}}
{{gl|tsig|tsig|3DU.GEN}}
{{gl|wôtskêp'ad,|wôtskêp'eu-d|kick-PFV.SG,}}
{{gl|akseu|akseu|horse}}
{{gl|bebad|beb-d|kill-PFV.SG}}
{{gl|gesanô.|gesanô|peasant}}
{{glend|By trampling on him and kicking him with its feet, the horse killed the peasant.}}

{{gl|Roits|roits|SUB.ADV}}
{{gl|os|os|3PL.ABS}}
{{gl|êdeube|êdeu-be|see-PFV.PL}}
{{gl|waihe,|waihe|this.thing}}
{{gl|kêhibe|kêheu-be|squeal-PFV.PL}}
{{gl|o-zat'an|o-zat'an|PL-pig}}
{{gl|noi|noi|in}}
{{gl|êheuloi|êheuloi|stable}}
{{gl|od|od|and}}
{{gl|mihoibe.|mihoi-be|be.thankful-PFV.PL}}
{{glend|On seeing this, the pigs in the stable squealed and rejoiced.}}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Vocabulary ==

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
|-
| =a         || case   ||      || noun phrase enclitic (antigenitive; =xa after a vowel)
|-
| a          || PRON   ||      || 3SG accusative pronoun
|-
| aidageupeu || V      || -a-  || &quot;strike down, defeat&quot;
|-
| aiteu      || N      ||      || &quot;day&quot;
|-
| akakseu    || V      || -a-  || &quot;trample, stamp down on&quot;
|-
| akseu      || N      ||      || &quot;horse, stallion&quot;
|-
| -be        || aspect ||      || verbal aspect suffix (perfective plural)
|-
| beb        || V      || -a-  || &quot;kill, slay (on the battlefield)&quot;
|-
| -d         || aspect ||      || verbal aspect suffix (perfective singular)
|-
| dol        || CJ     ||      || &quot;but&quot;
|-
| dôstod     || V      || -a-  || &quot;attack&quot;
|-
| êb         || PP     ||      || &quot;to, at, towards&quot;
|-
| êdeu       || V      ||      || &quot;see, perceive&quot; (subject takes accusative case)
|-
| êheu       || N      ||      || &quot;animal&quot;
|-
| êheuloi    || N      ||      || &quot;stable, stall, barn&quot;
|-
| eu         || PRON   ||      || 3SG nominative pronoun
|-
| -g         || case   ||      || adjectival case suffix (accusative singular)
|-
| -g         || number ||      || pronominal number suffix (dual)
|-
| gaheu      || ADJ    ||      || &quot;angry, violent&quot;
|-
| gesanô     || N      ||      || &quot;peasant, commoner&quot;
|-
| kêheu      || V      || -i-  || &quot;squeal, squeak&quot;
|-
| ketsteu    || V      || -a-  || &quot;get rid of, cause to let go&quot;
|-
| koidabeu   || V      || -ê-  || &quot;shout, scream, yell, roar&quot;
|-
| lusit      || V      || -a-  || &quot;try, attempt&quot;
|-
| maga       || PP     ||      || &quot;before&quot; (temporal)
|-
| mêgeu      || N      ||      || &quot;strength&quot; (zero-derived from the adjective &quot;mighty&quot;)
|-
| mihoi      || V      ||      || &quot;be thankful, be delighted&quot;
|-
| mot        || V      ||      || &quot;be&quot; (copula; irr. stem: mo-)
|-
| mpe        || V      ||      || &quot;sit, stay, remain, become&quot;
|-
| mpeu       || ADJ    ||      || &quot;that&quot; (deictic; irr. stem: mpa-)
|-
| neulox     || N      ||      || &quot;workhorse&quot;
|-
| nggol      || N      ||      || &quot;pair of feet&quot; (takes dual agreement)
|-
| ngol       || ADV    ||      || &quot;even, indeed&quot;
|-
| ngu        || CJ     ||      || &quot;when, while, as&quot;
|-
| noi        || PP     ||      || &quot;at, on, in&quot;
|-
| nte        || PP     ||      || &quot;with, by, using&quot;
|-
| ntsex      || ADV    ||      || emphatic particle (cf. &quot;bloody&quot;, but may have positive force)
|-
| o-         || number ||      || nominal number prefix (plural)
|-
| od         || CJ     ||      || &quot;and&quot;
|-
| oga        || CJ     ||      || &quot;and&quot; (object-gapping)
|-
| os         || PRON   ||      || 3PL accusative pronoun
|-
| pahê       || N      ||      || &quot;back of the body&quot;
|-
| pispeu     || V      || -ê-  || &quot;hurt, injure&quot;
|-
| pop        || N      ||      || &quot;man&quot;
|-
| rafêd      || CJ     ||      || &quot;rather, instead&quot;
|-
| rai        || CJ     ||      || complementizer (accusative)
|-
| rêlek      || V      ||      || &quot;ride&quot; (irr. stem: rêlaiha-)
|-
| roits      || CJ     ||      || adverbial subordinator
|-
| rote       || V      ||      || &quot;flee, escape, run away&quot;
|-
| -steu      || aspect ||      || verbal aspect suffix (imperfective singular)
|-
| tôxadoi    || V      || -au- || &quot;prevent, refuse&quot;
|-
| tsi        || PRON   ||      || 3SG genitive pronoun (number marking refers to possessed noun)
|-
| tsôhop'oi  || N      ||      || &quot;person who deserves pity&quot;
|-
| waihe      || PRON   ||      || &quot;this thing&quot;
|-
| wôtskêp'eu || V      || -a-  || &quot;kick&quot;
|-
| zat'an     || N      ||      || &quot;pig&quot;
|-
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
ABBREVIATIONS:

ADJ		adjective
ADV		adverb
CJ		conjunction
N		noun
PP		preposition
PRON		pronoun
V		verb

case		nominal or adjectival case suffixes and enclitics
number		nominal or pronominal number affixes
aspect		verbal aspect/number suffixes

The third column lists verbal stem vowels occurring in the text where they are different from the citation form.
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Grammar ==
Ndok Aisô has some quite complex verbal and adjectival morphology, but that doesn't really show up in this text: There are only two adjectives (including the one in the title), and none of the sentences require finer distinctions in mood or aspect. 

'''Nominal morphology''' is isolating and fairly minimal, marking only number (with prefixes) and possession (with an &quot;antigenitive&quot; enclitic, which attaches to the last word of the possessed noun phrase).

'''Personal pronouns''' are fusionally marked for number and case (NOM/ACC/GEN); a peculiarity of the genitive pronouns (which historically derive from demonstratives) is that they agree in number only with the possessed, not with the possessor. Genitive pronouns do not co-occur with the antigenitive enclitic. They precede the noun in free-standing noun phrases, but follow it when the NP is part of a possessive or prepositional phrase. Prepositions, as the label indicates, precede their object.

'''Adjectives''' inflect for case and number of their referent by means of fusional suffixes. They normally follow their head noun; however, deictic and predicate adjectives usually precede it.

The main '''verbal distinctions''' of Ndok Aisô are aspect, mood, and voice, of which only aspect plays a minor role in this text. Tense is unmarked in the active voice. Verbs also agree with the subject in number, but not in person. The morphosyntactic alignment is technically a variant of split-S; however, the vast majority of verbs follows a NOM-ACC pattern, and the text contains only one instance of an &quot;ergative verb&quot;, which (for simplicity) I've treated in the glossary as lexically requiring an accusative-marked subject.

Coordinating '''conjunctions''' have special &quot;object-gapping&quot; forms, which indicate that the coordinated clauses have the same direct object (the latter can therefore be dropped from one of the two clauses). Identical subjects can be dropped from either clause even when normal conjunctions are used; clauses without an overt subject are assumed to have the same subject as the main clause of the previous sentence.

The default '''word order''' in Ndok Aisô is SVO, but the parent language was verb-initial, and VSO order is preserved in several types of subclauses. Intransitive main clauses also often have VS order. 

== Links ==
[http://www.superlush.co.uk/~akana/index.php/Ndok_Aisô Ndok Aisô grammar]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Feayran</title>
    <id>7491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53112</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T03:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trailsend</username>
        <id>1310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grammar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by David Edwards

:[[Conlang Relay 17/Khangaþyagon|Previous: Khangaþyagon]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Rejistanian|Next: Rejistanian]]

=== The text ===

==== Korhruktukákt ====

Ulkáuth elàeruholikuktuvá. Úk mishlóahulukun kukánoholùikurhr. Rhrúk akuktukúlkirhr. Ùulukturár rhrúk aìnàininú ulkáauth kuktùuránuìlkura karhruktùushúlki. Mú ulkuktukúlkiret. Théokai toèrrukúlkik.

=== Smooth English ===

==== The elk did evil ====

An elk was friends with a man. But the elk's blood burned toward the man. Then the elk attacked the man. The elk called out, and then twelve twelves of twelve elks went there and chased the man. The first elk bit the man many times. At that time the man was killed.

=== Interlinear gloss ===

&lt;nowiki&gt;
Ulkáuth elàeruholikuktuvá. 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
ulk&lt;áu&gt;th elàer&lt;u-h-ol&lt;i&gt;ku-kt;u-v-á&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
elk&lt;DIR.LEAD.S&gt; friend&lt;LEAD-Ø-male&lt;INS.FOLLOW&gt;-CLS(large_prey_animal);LEAD.S-STAT-INTRS.IND&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;
Úk mishlóahulukun kukánoholùikurhr. 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;ú&gt;k mishl&lt;óa-h-ul&lt;u&gt;k-u&gt;n k&lt;u-k-á-n;o-h-ol&lt;ùi&gt;ku&gt;rhr
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
CONTRAST&lt;LEAD&gt; blood&lt;DIR.INAN.S-Ø-CLS(large_prey_animal)&lt;LEAD&gt;-Ø&gt; fire&lt;LEAD-PERF-INTRS.IND-CLS(water);INAN.S-Ø-CLS(male)&lt;LAT.FOLLOW&gt;&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;
Rhrúk akuktukúlkirhr. 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
rhr&lt;ú&gt;k ak&lt;u-kt;u-k-ú-lk;i&gt;rhr
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
next&lt;LEAD&gt; attack&lt;LEAD-CLS;LEAD.S-PERF-TRNS.IND-CLS(male);FOLLOW.S&gt; 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;
Ùulukturár rhrúk aìnàininú ulkáauth kuktùuránuìlkura karhruktùushúlki. 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
ùul&lt;u-kt;u-r-á&gt;r rhr&lt;ú&gt;k aìnàinin&lt;ú&gt; ulk&lt;áau&gt;th k&lt;u-kt;ùu-r-á-n&lt;uì&gt;lku&gt;ra karhr&lt;u-kt;ùu-sh-ú-lk;i&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
call&lt;LEAD-CLS;LEAD.S-PUNC-INTRS&gt; next&lt;LEAD&gt; 1,728&lt;LEAD&gt; elk&lt;DIR.LEAD.S&gt; go&lt;LEAD-CLS;LEAD.P-PUNC-INTRS.IND-CLS(foreign_land)&lt;LAT.FOLLOW&gt;&gt; chase&lt;LEAD-CLS;LEAD.P-IMPF-TRNS.IND-CLS;FOLLOW.S&gt; 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;
Mú ulkuktukúlkiret. 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
m&lt;ú&gt; ulk&lt;u-kt;u-k-ú-lk;i&gt;ret
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
much&lt;LEAD&gt; bite&lt;LEAD-CLS;LEAD.S-PERF-TRNS.IND-CLS;FOLLOW.S&gt; 
&lt;/nowiki&gt;


&lt;nowiki&gt;
Théokai toèrrukúlkik.
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
th&lt;éo&gt;kai toèrr&lt;u-k-ú-lk;i&gt;k
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;
time_in_the_past&lt;LOC.INAN.S&gt; death&lt;LEAD-PERF-TRNS.IND-CLS;FOLLOW.S&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

===Notes===

The feayr do not domesticate or ride on animals; the closest parallel I could find for &quot;horse&quot; was &quot;elk,&quot; and I chose to translate the relationship between man and steed as &quot;friendship.&quot;

===Grammar===

'''Noun morphology''': (pre-stem) + STANCE.CASE.NUMBER + (incorporated GEN) + (post-stem)

The STANCE.CASE.NUMBER affix always carries a high tone, marked with an acute accent (e.g., á).

'''Noun affixes'''

áu - direct case (for agents and patients), singular, leading stance

áau - direct case, plural, leading stance

óa - direct case, inanimate referent


éo - unincorporated locative case, singular, inanimate referent


i - incorporated locative or instrumental case, following stance

u - incorporated locative or instrumental case, leading stance

ùi - incorporated lative case, following stance


Note on incorporation: when an incorporated noun begins with a vowel, an h- is added to the front.


'''Qualifier affixes'''

ú - leading stance


'''Verb morphology:''' (pre-stem) + STANCE + (incorp. ABL) + (AGENT) + ASPECT + VOICE + (PATIENT) + (incorp. LOC/LAT) + (post-stem)

The VOICE affix always carries a high tone.

'''STANCE affixes'''

u - leading stance

'''AGENT/PATIENT affixes'''

ktu - large prey noun class, singular, leading stance

no - water/emotion noun class, singular, inanimate

lki - masculine noun class, singular, following stance

ktùu - large prey noun class, plural, leading stance


'''ASPECT affixes'''

v - stative/descriptive

k - perfective action

r - punctual, also implies immediacy or haste

sh - imperfective action


'''VOICE affixes'''

ú - transitive

á - intransitive


There is also one instance of tone sandhi:

Rising tones (marked in the form àa) become falling tones (marked aà) after high tones (marked á).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Karrev</title>
    <id>7492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53115</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T05:30:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kechpaja</username>
        <id>1371</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Text:'''
----
Tialo Hosh

Tialo u rrovok dorr. Horonarae gisrad yeb tialo. Kezatialosuqe rrovok tialo. Kebohtaqe tialo rrovok. Rrovok vrvimgaq se. Kevrvoqraqe tialo. Tialo vaisoq zamgaq se. Keshoqe tialorad rrovok. Kemeslesuishkibrie tialorad rrovok. Vrvibajvonqe rrovok. 

'''Smooth English:'''
----
The Evil Horse

Once upon a time a horse belonged to a person. The eyes of the horse were red. The person mounted the horse. The horse attacked the person. The person went away from it. The horse made a noise. A thousand horses came to it. The horses chased the person. The horses bit the person over and over again. The person died. 

Lexicon:
----
bajvon: to be alive

boht-: to be attacked

dorr: evidentiality marker for fictional narratives

gis: eye

horon: to be red

hosh: bad, evil

mesle: tooth

-mg-: at

rrovok: person

se: he, she, it

-shk-: to be cut

sho: to be chased

tialo: horse

u: of, belonging to

vaisoq: thousand

vrvoq: sound, noise

yeb: part of (used for inalienable possession)

Grammar:
----
Word order is VSO, Noun-Modifier. Tense is not marked. Prepositions can be used without a verb to form a sentence. Suffixing –su to a noun X forms a verb with the meaning “that which is done do using X.” Suffixing –ra to a noun X forms a verb meaning “that which is done which creates X.” The prefix za- on a verb makes the verbs dynamic, AKA it indicates a change into the state indicated by the root verb. The prefix vrvi- does the opposite, it marks a change out of the state indicated by the root verb. The suffix –ara on verbs indicates the habitual aspect, and all conjugated verbs end in a final –e. The suffix –ibri- marks the iterative aspect (also placed before –e). Prefixing ke- to a verb makes it active, and suffixing –(a)q- (before the final –e) marks the perfective aspect. The perfective aspect may be marked on prepositions as well.  Two verbs may be joined with –i- to form a single, composite verb. The suffix –rad on nouns indicates a group of the noun. Hyphens at the beginning or end of a verb simply mean that the form listed in the lexicon does not, on its own, comply with karrev’s phonotactics</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Vozgian</title>
    <id>7493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53117</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T12:17:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IJzeren Jan</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '== Relay text (in Latin and Cyrillic) == === KÖNUT POLAI === &lt;big&gt;Monž iðin kön imäch. Kokta monžut naem vŭelezþe paitach, ele könut nanohutü vŭestal, seodetenkol i eh…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Relay text (in Latin and Cyrillic) ==
=== KÖNUT POLAI ===
&lt;big&gt;Monž iðin kön imäch. Kokta monžut naem vŭelezþe paitach, ele könut nanohutü vŭestal, seodetenkol i ehu napadel. Monžut odetond odebägel. Nasem könut kriknol, a könje taizenþa prišeli. Könje monžätum pers präbägeli, a set..... umerel.&lt;/big&gt;

=== КÖНУТ ПОЛЫ ===
&lt;big&gt;Монж іђін кöн імях. Кокта монжут наем вўелезће пытах, еле кöнут наноғутю вўестал, сеодетенкол і еғу нападел. Монжут одетонд одебягел. Насем кöнут крікнол, а кöнје тызенћа прішелі. Кöнје монжятум перс прябягелі, а сет..... умерел.&lt;/big&gt;

== Translation ==
&lt;big&gt;There was a man [lit: one man] who had a horse. When the man tried to climb it, however, the horse stood up on its rear legs, pulled itself away from him and attacked him. The man ran away. Subsequently, the horse yelled, and a thousands horses came. The horses ran over the man, and he..... died.&lt;/big&gt;

== Glossary ==
{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
|
'''a''' (conj.) and, but &lt;br /&gt;
'''bägeþe''' (vp.) run &lt;br /&gt;
'''ehu''' (pers.pron.) him (acc.) &lt;br /&gt;
'''ele''' (conj.) but, however &lt;br /&gt;
'''em''' (conj.) him (loc.) &lt;br /&gt;
'''i''' (conj.) and &lt;br /&gt;
'''iðin''' (num.) one &lt;br /&gt;
'''imäþe''' (vi.) to have &lt;br /&gt;
'''kokta''' (adv., conj.) when &lt;br /&gt;
'''kön''' (m.) horse &lt;br /&gt;
'''kriknoþe''' (vp.) shout, yell, scream &lt;br /&gt;
'''monž''' (m.) man &lt;br /&gt;
'''na-''' (prefix) on &lt;br /&gt;
'''napadeþe''' (vp.) attack &lt;br /&gt;
'''nasem''' (adv.) subsequently, after that
|
'''noha''' (f.) leg &lt;br /&gt;
'''ode-''' (prefix) from, away from &lt;br /&gt;
'''odetond''' (adv.) thence, from there &lt;br /&gt;
'''paitaþe''' (vi.) try &lt;br /&gt;
'''pers''' (postp.) through &lt;br /&gt;
'''polai''' (adj.) evil, bad &lt;br /&gt;
'''prä-''' (prefix) over, across, through &lt;br /&gt;
'''prideþe''' (vp.) come, arrive &lt;br /&gt;
'''se-''' (pron.refl.) -self &lt;br /&gt;
'''set''' (pron.dem.) this, that &lt;br /&gt;
'''taizenþa''' (num.) thousand &lt;br /&gt;
'''tenkoþe''' (vp.) pull &lt;br /&gt;
'''umereþe''' (vp.) die &lt;br /&gt;
'''vŭelezþe''' (vp.) climb &lt;br /&gt;
'''vŭestaþe''' (vp.) stand up
|}

The abbreviations &quot;vi.&quot; and &quot;vp.&quot; mean: &quot;imperfective verb&quot; and &quot;perfective verb&quot;.

== Notes about Vozgian ==
[http://steen.free.fr/vozgian/ '''Vozgian'''] is a North-Slavic language that underwent some considerable influence from the Uralic languages. It is a highly synthetic language, mostly fusional but with agglutinative elements. Its grammar is rather complicated. I won't bother you with its (in)famous noun &quot;declensions from hell&quot;, the numerous verbal classes, etc. I'll limit myself to the most elementary. Anyway, the text is short! :)

Word order is rigidly SOV. Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, dual, plural), case (13 cases), and definiteness (definite, indefinite). The latter is mostly a matter of a postfixed article; all forms in the glossary are indefinite by default. The role of prepositions is usually played by cases, prefixes, postpositions or prepositions. Modifiers (adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, numerals and the like) are always placed after whatever they modify.

In the glossary, all nouns are given in their basic form: the nominative singular (indefinite). In the text, you will encounter the following case endings:

{| width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;u&gt;nouns&lt;/u&gt;:
'''-ätum''': m.sg.def.loc.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-je''': m.pl.def.nom.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-ut''': m.sg.def.nom.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-utü''': m.du.def.loc.
| &lt;u&gt;verbs&lt;/u&gt;:
'''-ch''': imperfect tense, 3sg.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-l''': perfect tense, 3sg.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-li''': perfect tense, 3pl.&lt;br /&gt;
'''-þe''': infinitive
|}

''-- Jan van Steenbergen''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Iljena</title>
    <id>7494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53118</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T12:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added iljena text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==
===rkama hnaqa===

eljen ohneq. ulajna honq. hniqe lujon. lajoni. ihinqa. oplite uhneq. hanoqi. ljuna.

==Smooth English==
===The Bad Unicorn===

A Leyen had a unicorn. He mounted the unicorn. The unicorn attacked him. He ran. The unicorn screamed. A multitude of unicorns came. The unicorns ran. The Leyen died. 

==Grammar==
In iljena, every word is a noun and a verb at the same time, because of the Leyen belief that everything involved in an action is an active participant, playing a particular role. The noun part of a word is a triconsonantal root, denoting a particular participant in the action, and the verb part is a vowel pattern, indicating the role of a given participant. The word order is used to bring closely related participants together, and to indicate the overall flow of the action between the participants.

==Vocabulary==

===Noun roots===

;hnq: A mythical beast, which according to legend, can only be ridden by a powerful sorceror.
;ljn: Leyen, sentient crepuscular bipeds with vibrissae all over their bodies, from the fourth planet of the Delta Pavonis system.
;plt: 512 (the Leyen count in base 8), a great multitude.
;rkm: bad thing.

===Verb patterns=== 

(123 indicate consonant positions)

;12a3a: be
;12i3e:  attack
;12u3a:  die
;1o23:   hold
;1a2o3i: run
;1u2o3:  suffer
;e12e3:  have
;i1i23a: scream
;o12e3:  belong
;o12i3e: compose
;u12e3:  come
;u1a23a: mount</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Khangaþyagon</title>
    <id>7495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53119</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T12:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added Khangaþyagon text</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==
===glaf ukhrin===

halut modut dahiuf glaf u sulving yi rik. belut modut hrabvlantingar iður glafuz, beb rafking rik yi. halilðen omtapinguf rik glafol. miryaging glaf beb yetolwaning dahingufar glafar dirsar allbkannit glafart, beb kiratingar yir lormont. trinning glaf rik halutar damzutar. belbanut kharmlbanut anguding rik.

==Smooth English==
===The evil horse===

Once there was a horse that belonged to a man. One day the horse's eyes grew red, and the man killed it. Afterwards the man was attacked by the horse. The horse called and suddenly there were a thousand other horses with it, and they chased the owner. The horse bit the man many times. On that fateful day the man died. 


==Grammar==

VSO, agglutinating. Adjectives follow the noun they qualify and agree with them. Numerals do not inflect for plurality, since they are already intrinsicly plural. Predicative adjectives compound with the verb. Adverbs agree with the verb.

===Morphology===

====Nouns====
Nouns may be followed by segunakar (suffixes, literally follow-parts) of six ranks, given in the order which they follow the rood, of which the following are found in the text
'''modsegunakar'''(1st rank)- deixis markers
;il: this
;ban: that
'''densegnunakar''' (second rank)- Proximity markers. Indicate how closely the marked noun is associated with another noun
;ut: at
;art: with
'''radsegunakar''' (third rank) - relative position
;ðen: beyond
'''karvsegunakar''' (fourth rank) - sense of motion.
Not used in this text
'''sintsegunakar''' (fifth rank) - abstract.
;uz: of
;ol: by (istrumental)
'''bantsegunakar''' (sixth rank) - number
;(a)r: plural

====Verbs====
Verbs are obligatorily followed by a person, participal or infinitive segunak
;i: 3rd person
;ont: present participal (can also act as an agent noun)
The following segunakar appear in the text
'''Tense'''
;ng: past
'''Voice'''
;uf: passive
'''Number'''
;(a)r: plural

====Derivational affixes====
;l: forms adjectives in the sense &quot;Characterised by&quot;
;wan: forms adverbs in the sense &quot;in such a manner&quot;

====Compounding====
The head of a compound appears last

==Vocab== 
(in bukhstav order)
;beb: and
;bel: day
;u: such that
;ukhrin: wicked, evil
;kharm: fate
;sulv: belong to
;trinn: bite
;allb: ten
;angud: die
;vlant: become
;omtap: attack
;hal: time
;hrab: red
;dah: be
;damz: many
;dirs: other
;mod: one
;mir: call (n)
;rafk: kill
;rik: man
;iðu: eye
;kannit: hundred
;kirat: chase, pursue
;lorm: own
;glaf: horse
;y+person ending: personal pronoun
;yag: say
;yetol: sudden</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Vašt î Kûvik</title>
    <id>7496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53133</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T17:01:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kechpaja</username>
        <id>1371</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Text:'''
----
Mukl lk Vânk î Hoh

Tfo lenent a vânk. Lenent âtra ol iskrek dan vânk hî vânk iskrekiks ih dviv ak tesk ol lenent ak klâ jîs to. Akî lenent âtra lâ ûlokast hî vânk ôhak ol akî zviag vna ôg ârag ôg vânk û ol. To slî ol lenent ih dviv aka tl to ženj. 

Akî pê kûolt ol. 


'''Smooth English:'''
----
A Story about an Evil Elephant

Once upon a time there was a man and an elephant. The man tried to stand on the elephant, but the elephant stood up on its feet and threw the man and hit him over and over. Then the man tried to run away, but the elephant trumpeted and then one thousand and seven hundred elephants came. They crushed the man with their feet until he was dead. 

And then a little furry animal cried. 


'''Vocabulary:'''
----
mukl = story, narrative

lk = about

î = connects nouns and adjectives

hoh = evil

tfo = there exists, there is, once upon a time there was

len = person, human

a = and

vânk = elephant

âtra = to try

ol = perfective aspect marker

iskrek = to stand

da = at

hî = but

ih = using, by means of

dviv = hand, foot, appendage

ak =  and (links actions)

tesk = to throw

klâ = to hit, strike

jîs = progressive aspect

to = 3rd person pronoun (gender and number inspecific)

akî = and then

lâ = to run, move quickly

û = towards

ôhak = to shout, yell, vocalize loudly

zviag = thousand

vna = seven

ôg = partitive preposition

ârag = hundred

slî = to crush, smash

aka = before, until

tl = starts subordinate clause

ženj = dead

pê = small, furry animal

kûolt = to cry


'''Suffixes:'''
----
-ent = male

-iks = action is purposeful and dynamic

-n = on top of (suffixed to preposition)

-lok = far away from (suffixed to preposition)

-ast = makes preposition into an adverb (in this case directional)

'''Grammar:'''
----
Word order is SVO. When prepositions have no obvious object, the assumed object is the present context (time and place). Adjectives follow nouns and are connected to them by î. Aspect markers come immediately after verbs.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Laefèvëši</title>
    <id>7497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53137</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T17:35:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashucky</username>
        <id>1363</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grammatical Suffixes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">by Andrej Šuc

:[[Conlang Relay 17/Zesovian|Previous: Zesovian]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Mabri|Next: Mabri]]

== The Text ==

=== Kínooitiivi šegíoavi ===
Olvóir aśóa hánt ôwlamotoo Seánteu. Iŋzèn-ŗàima Seánt mőgila ti hánt en-enákimatoo. Óiale vót A'jam swóntimetoo-vó Seánteu li póli Savémaŗoo gális.

Aśía Alätau č-ásew hánt sójdel unešèionta ñè þi-Seánteu medéaśouu. Jonéj-o pól-Alätau Séant éloloa ñ-inóavaifi Ćitaíselu. Séantiti hánteu lobíelua dö tásjavau li-te tílinoloa-nó. Hánt-ëŗài astémimi li ne-Savélua sèj áneli dzeóseroške. Tújej táamalua ovêrvaj. Seántiti okeltäluaze 
ñ-Ajolíndas axólalae li keltälai Samòjahatu seimýlovoa xás wárom latílisfa Seántasa. Seántiti hánteu harélua l-oñeoþília ijim-eŋséneu.

== Smooth English Translation ==

=== The Violence of a Beast ===
A long time ago a man has fed a lion. Although the lion was fearsome the man was not afraid. It was because only he personally was able to restrain the lion and everyone knew that. 

One day, however, the man suddenly decided to ride his lion. But that day the lion wanted to return into the wild. The lion threw the man off his back and the started attacking him. The man was frightened and he didn't know what is happening. Because of that the man tried to escape. The lion roared so strong that the mountains trembled and the roar drew a lot more lions out of the forest. The lion hunted the man down and ate his flesh. 


== Gloss ==
The gloss is listed in alphabetical order. Nouns adjectives and verbs are listed in their basic form that is nouns are in the nominative singular adjectives are in their masculine form in nominative singular verbs are in the infinitive. Stem is separated from suffix by a slash (/). Clitic forms and other suffixes are separated from the main gloss.

=== Vocabulary ===
{|
|-
| ''' A'  ''' || '' art. '' || definite article used as an emphasiser in the text
|-         
| ''' Ajolínd  ''' || '' m. '' || mountain
|-         
| ''' Alät  ''' || '' m. '' || day
|-         
| ''' áneli  ''' || '' aux. '' || auxiliary verb “to be” in 3-p. used in dramatic present tense in indicative 
|-         
| ''' ásew  ''' || '' aux.  '' || was/has ''(auxiliary verb “to be” in 3-p. sg. compound past tense in indicative)''
|-         
| ''' aśía  ''' || '' num. '' || one a an a certain that ''(genitive case masculine sg.)''
|-         
| ''' aśóa  ''' || '' num. '' || one a an a certain that ''(nominative case masculine sg.)''
|-         
| ''' astém/imi  ''' || '' adj. '' || afraid frightened fearful
|-         
| ''' axóla/laj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to tremble to shake
|-         
| ''' Ćíntais  ''' || '' m. '' || wild
|-         
| ''' dö  ''' || '' prep. '' || from (to throw) off ''(requires genitive case)''
|-         
| ''' dzéos/laj  ''' || '' imperf. '' || to happen to be going on
|-         
| ''' él/vaj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to wish to want
|-         
| ''' enáki/laj  ''' || '' imperf. '' || to be afraid (of) ''(requires object in genitive)''
|-         
| ''' eŋsén  ''' || '' m. '' || flesh meat
|-         
| ''' gá/lis ''' || '' pron. '' || everyone everybody
|-         
| ''' hánt  ''' || '' m. '' || man
|-         
| ''' haré/laj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to hunt to hunt down
|-         
| ''' inóa/vij  ''' || '' perf. '' || to return
|-         
| ''' iŋzèn  ''' || '' conj. '' || although
|-         
| ''' jam  ''' || '' pron. '' || 3-p sg. masculine ''(he)''
|-         
| ''' jonéj ''' || '' conj. '' || but however
|-         
| ''' keltälai  ''' || '' f. '' || roar(ing)
|-         
| ''' Kínoo  ''' || '' f. '' || beast
|-         
| ''' latí|li  ''' || '' adj. '' || other
|-         
| ''' li ''' || '' conj. '' || and
|-         
| ''' lobíe/laj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to fling to throw
|-         
| ''' madéa/vaj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to ride to mount (a horse)
|-         
| ''' mőg/imi  ''' || '' adj. '' || fearsome ferocious
|-         
| ''' ñè  ''' || '' conj. '' || that
|-         
| ''' óiale  ''' || '' conj. '' || because for as seeing that
|-         
| ''' okeltä/laj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to roar to release a roar to let out a roar
|-         
| ''' olvóir  ''' || '' adv. '' || long (time) ago
|-         
| ''' oñeoþí/vij  ''' || '' perf. '' || to eat up to eat
|-         
| ''' ovêr/vaj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to escape
|-         
| ''' ôwlam/vaj  ''' || '' imperf.  '' || to feed to nourish to supply with food
|-         
| ''' pó/li  ''' || '' dem. pron. '' || this ''(can correspond to “that” in English)''
|-         
| ''' Samòjah  ''' || '' m. '' || forest
|-         
| ''' Savé/laj  ''' || '' imperf. '' || to know to be aware (of)
|-         
| ''' Séant  ''' || '' m. '' || lion
|-         
| ''' seimýl/vaj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to draw to induce to lead
|-         
| ''' sèj  ''' || '' pron. '' || what 
|-         
| ''' sójdel  ''' || '' adv. '' || whimsically suddenly
|-         
| ''' swónt/vij  ''' || '' imperf. '' || to control to restrain to have power over
|-         
| ''' šegíoavi ''' || '' f. '' || violent-ness 
|-         
| ''' táam/laj  ''' || '' imperf. '' || to try
|-         
| ''' tásjav  ''' || '' m. '' || back
|-         
| ''' ti  ''' || '' pron. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine genitive case
|-         
| ''' tílin/vaj    ''' || '' imperf.    '' || to attack
|-         
| ''' tújej  ''' || '' conj. '' || therefore thus so because of that
|-         
| ''' uneśéi/laj  ''' || '' perf. '' || to decide
|-         
| ''' vót  ''' || '' adv. '' || only
|-         
| ''' wárom  ''' || '' adv. '' || a lot of more many more many
|-         
| ''' xás  ''' || '' adv. '' || even (more) just still as yet yet
|-         
|}

=== Clitics ===
{|
|-  
| ''' -ëŗài  ''' || '' imperf. '' || was ''(verb “to be” in 3-p. sg. m. past tense in indicative mood)''
|-         
| ''' -nó  ''' || '' perf. '' || te begin to start 
|-         
| ''' -o   ''' || '' pron. '' || reflexive pronoun used with reflexive verbs
|-         
| ''' -ŗàima  ''' || '' imperf. '' || was ''(verb “to be” in 3-p. sg. m. past tense in generic mood)''
|-         
| ''' -te  ''' || '' pron. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine accusative case
|-         
| ''' -vó  ''' || '' imperf. '' || can be able to
|-         
| ''' č-  ''' || '' particle '' || acts as an emphasiser (omitted when translating into English)
|-         
| ''' en-  ''' || '' adv. '' || not ''(used to negate a verb)''
|-         
| ''' ijim-  ''' || '' pron. '' || his ''(inalienable possessive pronoun 3-p. sg. masculine)''
|-         
| ''' l-  ''' || '' conj. '' || and
|-         
| ''' ñ-  ''' || '' conj.  '' || that
|-         
| ''' ne-  ''' || '' adv. '' || not ''(used to negate a verb)''
|-         
| ''' pól-  ''' || '' dem. pron. '' || this (can correspond to “that” in English) '
|-         
| ''' þi-  ''' || '' pron. '' || reflexive possessive pronoun (corresponds to “my, his, her” etc. depends on the context)
|-         
|}

=== Grammatical Suffixes ===
{|
|-  
| ''' -as  ''' || '' n. '' || nominative case singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -asa  ''' || '' n. '' || genitive case plural masculine
|-         
| ''' -atu  ''' || '' n. '' || ellative case singular masculine 
|-         
| ''' -au  ''' || '' n. '' || genitive case singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -elu  ''' || '' n. '' || illative case singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -eroške  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine dramatic present tense in indicative mood (compound tense formed with the auxiliary verb “áneli”)
|-         
| ''' -eu  ''' || '' n. '' || accusative case singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -fa  ''' || '' adj. '' || genitive case masculine
|-         
| ''' -ila  ''' || '' adj. '' || qualitative suffix emphasising the meaning nominative sg. masculine
|-         
| ''' -imetoo  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. past tense in generic mood
|-         
| ''' -imi  ''' || '' adj. '' || qualitative suffix nominative singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -iti  ''' || '' n. '' || augmentative suffix sg. masculine
|-         
| ''' -ivi  ''' || '' adj. '' || relational suffix sg. (the genitive case can be used in English)
|-         
| ''' -lae  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -lia  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -lis  ''' || '' adj. pron. '' || relational and quantitative suffix nominative plural masculine
|-         
| ''' -lua  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -maŗoo  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. pl. past tense in generic mood
|-         
| ''' -matoo  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. past tense in generic mood
|-         
| ''' -motoo  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. past tense in generic mood
|-         
| ''' -oloa  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -onta  ''' || '' v. '' || compound past tense participle (indicative) singular masculine
|-         
| ''' -ovoa  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -śouu  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine future-in-the-past tense in indicative mood
|-         
| ''' -vaifi  ''' || '' v. '' || 3-p. sg. masculine nonpast tense in conditional mood
|-         
| ''' -ze  ''' || '' v. '' || 4th degree of comparison out of 7 degrees verbal comparison **corrected**
|-         
|}

''Note: **corrected** I only later saw that mistake and I corrected it but the correction was not included in the text sent to the next in line. This might have contributed to different translations for later texts. ''

== Grammatical Notes ==
The basic word order in a neutral sentence is SVO but it actually depends on what is stressed (focus). All possibilities of the word order can occur in the language. The stressed part comes at the end of a sentence. This is possible because the language has cases and the basic meaning of a sentence does not change if the word order is changed. 

Nouns in Laefèvëši are declined for case gender and number. There are two declensions, masculine and feminine, each one expresses case and number through suffixes. Same applies for adjectives too.

Laefèvëši has a large number of clitic forms which include verbs pronouns adjectives and adverbs. Clitics are connected to another word (host) by using a hyphen (-) and a clitic can be either a proclitic or an enclitic. More than one clitic can be connected with the host. Clitic and the host word are pronounced as one word where the primary stress carries the host and clitic(s) carry the secondary stress. When none of the words carries a primary stress the stress falls on the first syllable.  

Laefèvëši verbs are also conjugated for mood tense number person and gender. Personal pronouns are often omitted except when emphasised or to avoid ambiguity. 

Where a verb is expressed in two parts Laefèvëši has two ways for conjugating. If one of the verbs is a modal or a phase verb (phase verbs are 'to start' 'to continue' 'to finish') Laefèvëši will conjugate the semantic head and the auxiliary verb will be expressed by using the enclitic form of the modal or phase verb. If the two verbs are full lexical verbs (e. g. “to try to remember”) Laefèvëši will conjugate the first verb and leave the semantic head in the infinitive form. 

''Note on verbs: Laefèvëši has a large verbal morphology and the described ways of expressing two parts verbs are not the only possibilities but are only the ways occurring in the text. ''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/SIAL</title>
    <id>7498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53138</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T17:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Torch 17A SIAL</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translations ==
=== SIAL from Kamakawi ===

'''Humano Fi-molto'''

#Celvetto ne fidele.
#Ante, Celvetto ma nama Humano no miko.
#Nee; sofo da Humano bi-molesta lo no.
#Koze, tetropodazo gina pugna nama Humano no duopodazo.
#Meza duo zu-pugno, Celvetto klame, i mutco celvo vene rrapide.
#Sekole, elo celvo fa-kurra Humano vade i seke.
#Lo kapta to i molda to mo toto kolpo.
#Lo fa-molta Humano ele.

=== Smooth English from SIAL ===

'''The Death of Human'''

#Littledeer isn't trustworthy.
#At one time, Littledeer had a friend named Human.
#But the truth was, Human bothered him.
#So, the quadruped started fighting the biped named Human.
#While the two were fighting, Littledeer called out and a number of deer quickly arrived.
#Then those deer made Human run away, following him.
#They caught him and bit up his entire body.
#They killed Human there.

== SIAL Notes ==

&quot;SIAL&quot; stands for Second International Auxiliary Language.

=== Grammar ===

Content words (verbs, quantifiers, and nouns) are mildly inflected. There's no agreement or morphological tense or number, or articles. The final suffix of a content word indicates its ''syntactical'' function, regardless of its ''lexical'' class. The final suffixes used in this text are:

 -a	verbal	transitive
 -e	verbal	intransitive
 -o	nominal	intransitive

Verbal forms are used in primary predicates, secondary predicates, and for all adverbial elements, while nominal forms are used as syntactical nouns, noun modifiers, and action nominals. An action nominal construction is distinguished from an attributive one by having an explicit subject.

Clauses are SVO in general, i.e. Subject followed by predicate and predicate being Verb followed by Object.

A transitive form must be followed by an explicit object (with one exception not relevent here) while an intransitive form must not be, although there's often an implied object! The object of an auxiliary verb is just a predicate, rather than a whole nominal clause.

All noun modifiers -- demonstratives, quantifiers, adjectives, genitives, and relative clauses -- precede the noun (which is not always a lexical noun). Each syntactical noun or noun modifier must have nominal form; for clauses, this is accomplished by adding the particle |no| at the end. For attributive possession, the particle |mo| (which may be considered the nominal form of |ma|) is added to the possessor.

Aspect and some other things are indicated by prefixes (these  are optionally set off using hyphens). The unmarked aspect of a dynamic verb is perfective, while that of a static verb is stative.

Following a coordinating conjunction (e.g. &quot;and&quot;, &quot;or&quot;), the subject of the clause may be omitted if the same as that of the previous clause.

=== Abbreviations ===

 adv	adverb etc.
 conj	conjunction
 N	noun (common)
 NP	noun, proper
 post	post-posed particle
 pref	prefix
 prep	preposed particle
 pron	pronoun
 Q	quantifier
 V	verb (transitive, non-defective)
 VA	verb, auxiliary
 VD	verb, defective (and must take object)
 VI	verb, intransitive

=== Vocabulary ===

{|
|-
| ant-a	|| V	|| occur before, until (+ phrase)
|-
| bi-	|| pref	|| (habitual aspect)
|-
| celv-o	|| N	|| deer
|-
| Celvett-o	|| NP	|| (means little deer)
|-
| da	|| VD	|| (copula of identity)
|-
| du-o	|| Q	|| two
|-
| duopodaz-e	|| VI	|| having two feet	
|-
| el-e	|| VI	|| yon, yonder (remote spatial)
|-
| fa-	|| pref	|| (causative derivation; P VI becomes A V P)
|-
| fi-	|| pref	|| (inchoative derivation)
|-
| fidel-e	|| VI	|| trustworthy
|-
| gin-a	|| VA	|| begin
|-
| Human-o	|| NP	|| (means human)
|-
| i	|| conj	|| and (+ clause)
|-
| kapt-a	|| V	|| catch
|-
| klam-a	|| V	|| call, yell
|-
| kolp-o	|| N	|| body
|-
| koz-a	|| V	|| because of (+ phrase)
|-
| kurr-e	|| VI	|| run
|-
| lo	|| pron =	|| 3rd person obviative
|-
| ma	|| VD	|| have
|-
| mez-a	|| V	|| in the middle of (+ phrase)
|-
| mik-o	|| N	|| friend
|-
| mo	|| post	|| possessive, genitive
|-
| mold-a	|| V	|| bite
|-
| molest-a	|| V	|| bother
|-
| molt-e	|| VI	|| dead
|-
| mutc-o	|| Q	|| much, many
|-
| nam-a	|| V	|| named (the object is effectively quotative)
|-
| ne	|| prep	|| not
|-
| nee	|| adv	|| no, (contradicts positive)
|-
| no	|| post	|| makes clause attributive or nominal
|-
| pugn-a	|| V	|| fight (usually reciprocal)
|-
| rrapid-e	|| VI	|| rapid, fast, quick
|-
| sek-a	|| V	|| follow
|-
| sekole	|| adv	|| immediately after
|-
| tetropodaz-e	|| VI	|| having four feet
|-
| to	|| pron =	|| 3rd person proximative
|-
| tot-o	|| Q	|| all, whole, entire
|-
| vad-e	|| VI	|| go (away), depart
|-
| sof-e	|| VI	|| true
|-
| ven-e	|| VI	|| come (towards), arrive
|-
| zu-	|| pref	|| (progressive aspect)
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Kerno</title>
    <id>7499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53146</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T22:33:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>No badgers!</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==
Llethió nr. XXIIJ: Anterior Simple dil Gouerbe; Transduc ty ce la prosckem favla.

Il Ballió
 
do c' omèn fus yn marcs. do li meirch fuont l' ockla rudd.&lt;br&gt;
are-ducouasot l' oms li meirch. beseilleis-li il marcs li omèn.&lt;br&gt;
defugeoes il oms. hiniyeis il marcs. dois-gouensont y verch le mil.&lt;br&gt;
appersexasont y verch l' omèn. mosmorzuont ys l' omèn.&lt;br&gt;
morus il oms.

==Smooth English==
Lesson 23: Anterior Simple Tense of the Verb; Translate the following story.

The White Horse

To this man there was a horse. And to the horse were two red eyes. The man mounted up.&lt;br&gt;
The horse savaged the man. The man ran away. The horse whinnied. To him came a thousand&lt;br&gt;
horses more. They chased after the man. They rent the man to bits. The man died.&lt;br&gt;

==Lexicon==

Ballió: a big bad white horse&lt;br&gt;
oms, omèn: man (nom., acc.)&lt;br&gt;
marcs, meirch, verch: horse (nom.s., dat.s., plural)&lt;br&gt;
il, la, l': definite article&lt;br&gt;
c': indefinite article (&quot;this&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;some&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
yn: indefinite article&lt;br&gt;
fus, fuont: was, were&lt;br&gt;
ockla: eyes &lt;br&gt;
rudd: red (adj.)&lt;br&gt;
are-: upon, onto, above (preverb)&lt;br&gt;
ducouar: mount, get on&lt;br&gt;
beseilleir: attack, destroy&lt;br&gt;
defugeoer: run away, flee&lt;br&gt;
hiniyeir: whinny, neigh&lt;br&gt;
dois-: to him (conjugated preverb)&lt;br&gt;
gouenir: come&lt;br&gt;
mil: thousand&lt;br&gt;
appersexar: chase, hunt, follow&lt;br&gt;
morder: bite, chew&lt;br&gt;
morer: die&lt;br&gt;
do + a person: &quot;at him/her&quot; = possession&lt;br&gt;
ys: third person plural personal pronoun&lt;br&gt;

==Grammar==

Verbs are all in the indicative past simple (Anterior Simple) tense, the&lt;br&gt;
various endings of these verbs are -asot (1st conj 3s); -us (2nd conj 3s);&lt;br&gt;
-is (3rd conj 3s); -(u)ont (general 3pl). Morder undergoes reduplication in&lt;br&gt;
this tense. Fu- is the past tense form of esser, to be.

-s is masculine nominative singular ending; &quot;horse&quot; undergoes umlaut in the&lt;br&gt;
dative singular and umlaut and a mutation in the nominative/accusative plural&lt;br&gt;
forms; &quot;man&quot; reveals its original Latinate stem in the accusative and plural forms:&lt;br&gt;

nom.  il oms   ils omèn   il marcs    y verch
dat.                      li meirch   y marccib
obl.  l' omèn  ils omèn   le marcke   y verch

Sentence order is VSO. Several verbs take a dative object, whose definite article&lt;br&gt;
is &quot;li&quot;. Possession is shown by the circumlocution &quot;at so-and-so is a something&quot;.

==Background==

Kerno is a Romance language with some strong Celtic leanings. If it looks a little&lt;br&gt;
like weird French, that's normal. Ballió is a horse of the Otherworld (the red eyes&lt;br&gt;
(and ears) give him away immediately). Obviously, such a beastie needs to be respected&lt;br&gt;
and not wanked around with.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Talarian</title>
    <id>7500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53147</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-22T22:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==

hawactôs tusar rilohani-hamffi

hóssa hanaras-ta; hóssa rilohâm-ca. tây, hehácsesti hanaras-ta rilohâni-han-ca stahem;&lt;br&gt;
tây-pa stóha rilohâm-ca ççamcarana-han; meméryyahanti-he amtar-hap rilohâam-ca hanaram-ta;&lt;br&gt;
itay-ta-he hóssa carraromtar. táy-pa hehárnti-ta çerewar-hap. pepálaffti rilohâm-ca&lt;br&gt;
hexamyómti-he sahaçram-ca! an-a-trámpâmtar coy hanaram-ta; memórta is-ta.

a-cretati tactacar-he-ca.

==Smooth English==

Story about the evil oliphant

There was a man; there was an oliphant. Now, this man tried to stand on the oliphant;&lt;br&gt;
but the oliphant stood up on his two legs; and he tossed the man away from him;&lt;br&gt;
and that one attacked the man. But the man ran away really quick. The oliphant called out&lt;br&gt;
and a great-gross more came to him! They pummeled the man; and he died.

And the badger wept.

==Lexicon==

hawactôs = story&lt;br&gt;
tusar = bad, evil&lt;br&gt;
-hamffi = around, about&lt;br&gt;
hóssa = 3s. stative of hassem, to be&lt;br&gt;
hanaras = man&lt;br&gt;
-ta = secondary topic marker&lt;br&gt;
rilohâm = large pack animal, such as an oliphant (lit. &quot;he drinks twice&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
-ca = immediate topic marker&lt;br&gt;
tây = adv. then, now&lt;br&gt;
hehácsesti = 3s aorist of hacsesam, to try, attempt&lt;br&gt;
stahem = to stand&lt;br&gt;
-pa = conj. but&lt;br&gt;
stóha = 3s nonresultive stative form of stahem&lt;br&gt;
ççamcarana = dat./loc. dual of ççamcar, shank, leg, hock&lt;br&gt;
-han = postpos., on, upon&lt;br&gt;
meméryyahanti = 3s aorist of meryyahanam, to toss, throw, hurl&lt;br&gt;
-he = conj., and&lt;br&gt;
amtar = 3s cataphoric pronoun&lt;br&gt;
-hap = postpos., away, away from&lt;br&gt;
itay = dem. pron., that one, the same, he/she/it&lt;br&gt;
hóssa carraromtar = circumlocution composed of hóssa (to be) + verbal&lt;br&gt;
root containing main idea (in this case, carra-, to hit again and again) +&lt;br&gt;
-omtar, meaning &quot;possessor of&quot;&lt;br&gt;
hehárnti = 3s aorist of harnam, to run, get away&lt;br&gt;
çerewar = speed, quickness&lt;br&gt;
pepálaffti = 3s aorist of palaffam, to call, shout, summon&lt;br&gt;
hexamyómti = 3pl aorist of xamyam, to come, to arrive&lt;br&gt;
sahaçram = num. 12^3&lt;br&gt;
an-a-trámpâmtar = 3pl durative past of an-trimpam, to stamp, pummel&lt;br&gt;
coy = 3pl nom. pronoun&lt;br&gt;
memórta = 3s resultive stative of martam, to die&lt;br&gt;
is = 3s nom. pronoun, he/she/it, this one&lt;br&gt;
a-cretati = 3s past durative of cretam, to grete, to wail&lt;br&gt;
tactacar = a smallish, grey furry mammal with a white stripe down his snout

==Grammar==

Talarian words are made up of roots and affixes. Substantive roots can act&lt;br&gt;
as nouns, verbs or attributive nouns (adjectives) as need be. Affixes are generally&lt;br&gt;
postposed (what in English are prepositions are in Talarian postpositions), though some&lt;br&gt;
kinds are preposed. Word order is generally VSO (all the sentences and phrases in this story&lt;br&gt;
are VSO). Talarian pronouns serve double duty as pronouns proper and also as topic markers.&lt;br&gt;
The two kinds of topics are &quot;immediate&quot; and &quot;secondary&quot;.

In the text, I use dashes to separate affixes from the main parts of the words. Often, two or&lt;br&gt;
more affixes will be used in a single word.

The above notes should get you through the exercise. For more in depth explanation, see the&lt;br&gt;
Grammar at http://bethisad.com/world/languages/talarian_grammar.htm

There's also a lexicon there that contains most of the words for the exercise.

==Background==

Talarian is an Aryo-Anatolian language spoken in the Eastlands of [[The World]].  It shares some&lt;br&gt;
similarities with Hittite and Tocharian and has a rather conservative Puntic (pre-IE) lexicon.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Mirexu</title>
    <id>7501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53151</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-23T04:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ababcock</username>
        <id>91</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Put relay text first</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Relay text in Mirexu ==
&lt;big&gt;Dilexundal pixdetiertumni&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Ifwefu dilexuna ajtikariv.  Tjusxutshorgi kjetamluso dilexunna ajtileashdusseni ajatrenivse, dilexuna umajtileashdushiv.  Dilexun ia antikjopesav.  I titatelav.&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Dilexungi ajukevse, nealuskisivu dilexnu vtijeviriv.  Dilexnu ia sorexivu attiretav.&lt;/big&gt;

== Smooth translations ==
=== Smooth translation of the Mirexu ===
&lt;big&gt;The bad dragon's tale&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Someone had a dragon.  Despite knowing that only a great magician could mount a dragon, he tried to mount it.  The dragon attacked him.  He ran.&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Because the dragon screamed, many dragons came.  The dragons chased and killed him.&lt;/big&gt;

=== Smooth translation of the Iljena (previous round) ===
&lt;big&gt;The bad dragon&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;A man has a dragon.  The man mounts the dragon.  The dragon attacks the man.  The man runs.  The dragon screams.  Many dragons come. The dragons run.  The man dies.&lt;/big&gt;

* Note about the translation:  the part about knowing that only a great magician could mount a dragon came from the Iljena definition of the word h-n-q as &quot;A mythical beast, which according to legend, can only be ridden by a powerful sorceror.&quot;

== Interlinear ==

  dilexun -dal  pi-  x-    detiert -um  -ni
  N       -ADJ  GER- PASS- V       -GER -3sg.n.poss
  
  ifwefu  dilexun -a    aj-        ti- kar -iv  
  N       N       -ACC  3sg.m.erg- PT- V   -PERF
  
  tjusxut -shor -gi       kje- tamlu -so    dilexun -na
  N       -ADJ  -SUB.NOM  NEG- N     -CONJ  N       -SUB.OBL
  
  aj-        ti- le-    ashdus -se    -n   -i     aj-        a-  tren -iv   -se 
  3sg.m.erg- PT- DERIV- V      -DERIV -AOR -COMP  3sg.m.erg- PR- V    -PERF -ADV
  
  dilexun -a    um-   aj-        ti- le-    ashdus -hi    -v
  N       -ACC  CIRC- 3sg.m.erg- PT- DERIV- V      -DERIV -PERF 
  
  dilexun  i     -a    an-        ti- kjopesa -v
  N        3sg.m -ACC  3sg.n.erg- PT- V       -PERF
  
  i      ti- tatela -v
  3sg.m  PT- V      -PERF
  
  dilexun -gi       a-  juke -v    -se 
  N       -SUB.NOM  PR- V    -PERF -ADV
  
  ne-  a-  luskis -iv   -u    dilexnu  v-    ti- jevir -iv
  REL- PR- V      -PERF -ADJ  N        REAS- PT- V     -PERF
  
  dilexnu  i     -a    sorex -iv   -u     at-      ti- reta -v
  N        3sg.m -ACC  V     -PERF -CONJ  3pl.erg- PT- V    -PERF
=== Key ===
3pl.erg third person plural, ergative &lt;br /&gt;
3sg.m   third person singular, male &lt;br /&gt;
3sg.m.erg       &quot; &quot; &quot; &quot;, ergative &lt;br /&gt;
3sg.n.erg       third person singular, neuter, ergative &lt;br /&gt;
3sg.n.poss      &quot; &quot; &quot; &quot;, possessive &lt;br /&gt;
ACC     accusative case &lt;br /&gt;
ADJ     adjective or adjectival relative clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
ADV     adverbial clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
AOR     aorist aspect &lt;br /&gt;
CIRC    circumstantial clause agreement marker (agrees with adverbial clause) &lt;br /&gt;
COMP    subordinate complement clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
CONJ    conjunctive ending &lt;br /&gt;
DERIV   derivational affix &lt;br /&gt;
GER     gerundive circumfix particle &lt;br /&gt;
N       noun &lt;br /&gt;
NEG     negation &lt;br /&gt;
PASS    passive voice derivational affix &lt;br /&gt;
PERF    perfective aspect &lt;br /&gt;
PR      present tense &lt;br /&gt;
PT      past tense &lt;br /&gt;
REAS    reason clause agreement marker (agrees with adverbial clause) &lt;br /&gt;
REL     relative clause &lt;br /&gt;
SUB.NOM nominative case in subordinate clause &lt;br /&gt;
SUB.OBL accusative/oblique case in subordinate clause &lt;br /&gt;
V       verb

== Glossary ==

a       accusative case suffix &lt;br /&gt;
a       present tense marker &lt;br /&gt;
aj      3rd person singular male ergative agreement marker &lt;br /&gt;
an      3rd person singular neuter ergative agreement marker &lt;br /&gt;
ashdus  v. to be on top of &lt;br /&gt;
* leashdus: to climb on top of, to mount &lt;br /&gt;
* leashdusse: to be able to mount &lt;br /&gt;
* leashdushi: to try to mount &lt;br /&gt;
at      3rd person plural ergative agreement marker &lt;br /&gt;
dal     adj. bad (suffix to noun) &lt;br /&gt;
detiert v. to tell about, to describe, to recount (a story) &lt;br /&gt;
* xdetiert: to be told (of a story), to be described &lt;br /&gt;
dilexnu n, pl. dragons &lt;br /&gt;
dilexun n, sing. dragon &lt;br /&gt;
gi      nominative case ending in subordinate clauses &lt;br /&gt;
hi      attemptive verbal derivational suffix (to try to) &lt;br /&gt;
i       3rd person singular male pronoun &lt;br /&gt;
i       subordinate complement clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
ifwefu  n. someone &lt;br /&gt;
iv      perfective aspect marker (after consonants) &lt;br /&gt;
jevir   v. to come &lt;br /&gt;
juke    v. to scream, yell &lt;br /&gt;
kar     v. to have (a living animal) &lt;br /&gt;
kje     negation marker &lt;br /&gt;
kjopesa v. to attack (literally &quot;to move against&quot;) &lt;br /&gt;
le      inceptive derivational prefix to verbs (to begin to) &lt;br /&gt;
luskis  v. to be many; to be present in a large group &lt;br /&gt;
n       aorist aspect marker &lt;br /&gt;
na      accusative/oblique case ending in subordinate clauses &lt;br /&gt;
ne      relative clause prefix &lt;br /&gt;
ni      3rd person singular neuter possessive ending &lt;br /&gt;
pi      gerundive prefix &lt;br /&gt;
reta    v. to kill (an animal, prey, a human) &lt;br /&gt;
se      possibilitative derivational suffix to verbs (to be able to) &lt;br /&gt;
se      adverbial clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
shor    adj. excellent, useful, accomplished, good (suffix to noun) &lt;br /&gt;
so      conjunctive suffix for nouns &lt;br /&gt;
sorex   v. to chase &lt;br /&gt;
tamlu   n. another &lt;br /&gt;
* kjetamlu: no other &lt;br /&gt;
* ... kjetamluso: only ... (&quot;... and no other&quot;) &lt;br /&gt;
tatela  v. to run &lt;br /&gt;
ti      past tense marker &lt;br /&gt;
tjusxut n. magician &lt;br /&gt;
tren    v. to know (a fact) &lt;br /&gt;
u       adjectival relative clause ending &lt;br /&gt;
u       conjunctive suffix for verbs &lt;br /&gt;
um      gerundive suffix &lt;br /&gt;
um      circumstantial clause agreement marker on main verb &lt;br /&gt;
v       perfective aspect marker &lt;br /&gt;
v       reason clause agreement marker on main verb &lt;br /&gt;
x       passivizing derivational prefix for verbs

== Grammar ==

Verbs are marked for: agreement with certain types of subordinate clause;
negation; agreement with any ergative argument; agreement with 
non-third-person absolutive arguments; agreement with each oblique argument; 
tense; and aspect.  Verbs frequently contain many derivational morphemes,
some of which are shown above in the interlinear although the derived verb
is given in the glossary as well.  The verb paradigm is as follows:

  [ ADV ] [ NEG ] [ ABS ] [ ERG ] [ OBL [ OBL ...] ] TENSE verb-base ASPECT

Verbs may form subordinate clauses in the following ways:

* adverbial clauses: the adverbial clause marker -se is appended to a fully declined verb.  Its arguments, if they are not clauses themselves, take on subordinate clause suffixes.  Its tense is relative to the time frame of the main clause.  In the main clause, an agreement morpheme is prefixed to the verb complex.

* complement clauses: the complement clause marker -i is appended to a fully declined verb.  Its arguments take on subordinate clause suffixes.  Its tense is relative to the time frame of the main clause.  In the main clause, the appropriate agreement for a third person singular neuter argument is used (usually null, as complement clauses are usually not agents).

* relative clauses: the relative clause marker ne- is prefixed to a verb with core argument agreement, relative tense, aspect, and optional negation, but no oblique arguments or subordinate clause agreement markers.  If an external head exists, the adjectival marker -u is appended.  The position relativized is that of the absolutive argument.

Additionally, a deverbal nominal form glossed as the gerund exists.  It 
is an activity nominalization of the verb.  It consists of an intransitive
verb stem which may be negated but is not marked for tense, aspect or agreement,
and a gerundive circumfix consisting of a prefix and suffix.  Its original
subject can appear as its possessor, so it is normally possessed.  It does 
not pluralize and cannot take derivational affixes.

Verbs may combine through conjunction if they share all arguments (and
therefore also degree of transitivity) and tense.  All but the final verb 
are marked for aspect and negation only, and the conjunctive ending -u 
appended.  The final verb is an ordinary fully declined finite verb.

Adverbial clause agreement markers on the main verb occupy one slot.  If
more than one adverbial clause is modifying the same main verb, only one
of the associated agreement markers will appear.  Adverbial clauses that
in English might begin with &quot;because&quot; will cause the reason clause agreement 
marker v- to appear on the main clause verb, while adverbial clauses which 
in English might begin with &quot;it being the case that&quot; or even &quot;despite,
although&quot; will cause the circumstantial clause agreement marker um- to
appear on the main clause verb.

Nouns and free pronouns show nominative/accusative alignment, in contrast
with the absolutive/ergative alignment of verb agreement.  Since the ergative 
and absolutive agreement markers on the verb are really incorporated pronouns, 
any standalone pronoun agreed with by such a marker will not appear.  
However, as absolutive third person pronouns are not marked on the verb, they
do appear either in the accusative as objects of transitive verbs, or 
in the nominative (with null case ending) as subjects of intransitive verbs.
Nouns with the oblique case ending have their role marked on the verb.
In subordinate clauses nominative nouns take the subordinate nominative 
ending, and accusative and oblique nouns take the subordinate oblique ending.

Nouns may be possessed.  If this is the case, instead of their case ending
they have a possessive suffix.  They will be preceded by their possessor
(unless it is a pronoun which has been subsumed by a verb agreement marker),
on which their case will be marked.  Agreement on the verb is with the 
possessor, but the actual argument is the possessed noun.

Nouns in the same case and to which all the same arguments (adjectives,
relative clauses, possessors) apply may form conjunction by all but the 
first noun having the conjunctive noun suffix -so instead of a possessive 
or case suffix.

A small closed class of derivational suffixes to nouns encodes Mirexu's
only native adjectives.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Tirelat</title>
    <id>7503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53180</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T01:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Teamouse</username>
        <id>37</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '== The text ==  === Tirelat ===  SU TAHLA JËMUKËTAN  Jëżjuguŕjałikan su Ġavizahr. Na mih sošuni ŕadelin my Tahlamoža. Ła jëšausumin! Ispa jëxinżilin su Tahla u mih…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== The text ==

=== Tirelat ===

SU TAHLA JËMUKËTAN

Jëżjuguŕjałikan su Ġavizahr. Na mih sošuni ŕadelin my Tahlamoža. Ła jëšausumin! Ispa jëxinżilin su Tahla u mih. Javi su Regasahn jëkłeramin my žrevari u dłahsahnmi Tahla. Vë zaž u dłah žrevari, su Ġavizahr nufani jëliŕkalin të saj tadru ġazahr tiskini vyzihkilin rih ušuri. Zekini pizaj vytëkikulin ma Tahla, vël vymikulin mih. Mëžba vyzitŕalin mih, të taċani vyšuñalin maj ñaj jëġan. Vyšokalin ma Tahla.

=== Smooth English translation of the Tirelat text ===

MAN MUST DIE

Ghavizahr &quot;Little Deer&quot; is untrustworthy. He was previously called Tahlamozha &quot;Friend of Man&quot;. But that was wrong! Indeed, Man was cruel to him. So Fourfoot decided to fight two-footed Man. Between two fights, Ghavizahr loudly cried out and many deer quickly arrived to help. They immediately chased Man away, but they followed him. Eventually they caught him, and bit off all his limbs. They killed Man.

== Vocabulary ==

{|
| adj || adjective
|-
| adv || adverb
|-
| art || article
|-
| cn || countable noun
|-
| conj || conjunction
|-
| dv || dynamic verb (intransitive)
|-
| prep || preposition
|-
| pron || pronoun
|-
| sv || stative verb (intransitive)
|-
| tv || transitive verb
|}

=== prefixes ===
{|
| jë- || (n) || his, her, its (possessive).
|-
| jë- || (v) || he, she, it (subject).
|-
| vy- || (v) || they (subject).
|}

=== suffixes ===
{|
| -ka- || (v) || negative
|-
| -ku- || (v) || causative
|-
| -li- || (v) || hearsay, past
|-
| -łi- || (v) || opinion, non-past
|-
| -mi || (adj) || having, with, -ful(l)
|-
| -mi- || (v) || inferential, past	
|-
| -n || (v) || perfective
|-
| -ni || (adv) || -ly (adverb-forming suffix)
|-
| -ri || (n) || verbal noun; action, event, infinitive
|-
| -ta- || (v) || deontic; must, need to, have to, should ...
|}

=== roots ===
{|
| dłah || (adj) || two.
|-
| ġan || (cn) || limb (arm, leg, etc.)
|-
| Ġavizahr || || a proper name (Little Deer, &lt; vini &quot;little&quot; + ġazahr &quot;deer&quot;)
|-
| ġazahr || (cn) || deer.
|-
| ispa || (adv) || indeed, really, truly.
|-
| javi || (adv) || so, therefore.
|-
| kłera || (tv) || to decide, resolve, choose (to do something).
|-
| ła || (conj) || but (in contrast), on the other hand.
|-
| liŕka || (dv) || to cry out, shout, yell.
|-
| ma || (art) || accusative singular, animate
|-
| maj || (art) || accusative plural
|-
| mëžba || (adv) || eventually.
|-
| mih || (pron) || him, her.
|-
| miku || (tv) || to follow, chase.
|-
| mukë || (dv) || to die.
|-
| my || (art) || accusative singular, inanimate
|-
| na || (art) || dative singular
|-
| ñaj || (adj) || all, every.
|-
| nufa || (sv) || loud.
|-
| pizaj || (adv) || away.
|-
| ŕade || (tv) || to call, name. (acc = name, dat = the one being named)
|-
| rega || (adj) || four.
|-
| rih || (prep) || as, in the role of.
|-
| sahn || (cn) || foot (body part).
|-
| saj || (art) || nominative plural
|-
| šausu || (sv) || wrong, incorrect.
|-
| šoka || (tv) || to kill.
|-
| sošu || (adj) || last, previous, preceding, prior.
|-
| su || (art) || nominative singular, animate
|-
| šuña || (tv) || to cut off, sever, amputate.
|-
| taċa || (tv) || to bite.
|-
| tadru || (sv) || much, a lot, many.
|-
| tahla || (cn) || male (mature adult); man.
|-
| Tahlamoža || || a proper name (Friend of Man, &lt; tahla &quot;friend&quot; + moža &quot;man&quot;)
|-
| të || (conj) || and (joins two verbs)
|-
| tëki || (dv) || to run (move rapidly).
|-
| tiski || (sv) || quick, fast.
|-
| u || (art) || genitive/oblique singular
|-
| ušu || (vt) || to help.
|-
| vë || (art) || locative singular
|-
| vël || (conj) || but, yet, still, however (joins two verbs).
|-
| xinżi || (sv) || cruel, harsh.
|-
| zaž || (prep) || between, among, in the midst of.
|-
| zeki || (sv) || sudden, abrupt, immediate.
|-
| zihki || (dv) || to arrive.
|-
| zitŕa || (tv) || to catch, grab, seize.
|-
| żjuguŕja || (sv) || trustworthy (&lt; żjugu &quot;trust&quot; + -ŕja &quot;suitable for&quot;).
|-
| žreva || (tv) || to fight
|}


== Grammatical notes ==

Basic word order in Tirelat is SVO in clauses with transitive verbs. Tirelat has two kinds of intransitive verbs: stative and dynamic verbs. The usual word order is VS with stative verbs and SV with dynamic verbs. In general, modifiers such as adjectives and adverbs come before the word they modify.

The main verb typically has a subject or object prefix, and one or more suffixes that are added in a specific order after the verb root. (In this text the only prefixes that occur are the third-person singular nominative jë- and third-person plural nominative vy-.) Suffixes indicate voice (e.g. passive, causative), mode (e.g. deontic, optative, imperative), evidential and tense (e.g. hearsay, opinion), negative, and aspect. For this text, the main thing to know about the evidentials is that the &quot;inferential&quot; past is more or less an unmarked past tense. Hearsay in this case is used to tell a story, and opinion relates the narrator's opinion of a character in the story.

Nouns and noun phrases are introduced with an article which marks the case of the phrase. Tirelat has eight cases; the important ones for this text are the nominative (typically the subject of a verb), accusative (the direct object), locative, dative, and oblique. Dative often marks the recipient of an action: in this text, object of the verb &quot;call, name&quot; (the one being named). The oblique case is harder to pin down; it often marks the object of a locative preposition or an infinitive, but it has various other uses. In general, with verbs it adds a non-essential argument (with the word xinżi &quot;cruel, harsh&quot; it could be translated as &quot;to&quot;).

Plurals are usually indicated with a plural form of the article, or a plural prefix on the verb, or both. Some plural suffixes are used on nouns in certain cases, but these are not used in this text; nouns may be plural without an explicit plural suffix.

Suffixes are commonly used for word derivation. One common pattern that comes up in this text is the adjective + noun + -mi &quot;having&quot;, where the -mi suffix has the same role as the –ed in English words like &quot;long-tailed&quot; or &quot;short-eared&quot;: literally &quot;having a long tail&quot;, &quot;having short ears&quot; in the Tirelat equivalents (sedriloxmi, piŕkivynmi).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana</title>
    <id>7504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53181</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T01:50:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Kasshi Empresses|Tarana]] [[Category:House of Tarana]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Kasshi Empresses|Tarana]]
[[Category:House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lindar Taranakh</title>
    <id>7505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53218</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T04:14:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lindar Taranakh''' (b. 779) is the current [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Emperor]] of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  He is the first man to serve in that position in the modern Empire, and has been Emperor since last year, when [[Dzesa Charakh|his cousin]] abruptly resigned the throne for mental health reasons.  For two years prior to that, he had served as Regent.  He had also served as Governor-General of All Extraplanetary Territories since his mother's death in 841.  Upon taking the throne, he chose to pass the title onto his sister, retaining the separation of the title from the Crown.

Emperor Lindar has a single son, Lord Mayor Lindar Lindarka, born 814.


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Tarana Charakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Governor-General of All Extraplanetary Territories'''&lt;br&gt;841 - 845
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Marets Taranakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lord [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;841 - 845
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lindar Lindarka]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lindar (Duke)|Lindar]]'''&lt;br&gt;(721-728)
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Regent of the Kasshi Empire'''&lt;br&gt;843 - 845
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''None'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Dzesa Charakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''[[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi|Emperor of the Kasshi]]'''&lt;br&gt;'''([[House of Tarana]])'''&lt;br&gt;845 - 
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Heir-Apparent:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Lindar Lindarka]]'''
|}

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mayor of Ivets</title>
    <id>7506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53226</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T11:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* List of Lady and Lord Mayors of Ivets, since the founding of the Empire */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The title of '''Lady or Lord Mayor of [[Ivets]]''' is given to the heir-apparent or heir-presumptive of the [[Fifth Kasshi Empire|Kasshi Empire]].  The title was originally held by heirs to the [[Ivets (Realm)|Realm of Ivets]] prior to the founding of the Empire.  As the Queen of Ivets became Empress of the Kasshi, the title was retained by their heirs.  In the case of an heir being a minor (under the age of 25 [about 18 Earth years]; note 30 is used as the age of maturity for Empress/Emperor), an Acting Lady/Lord Mayor is appointed, typically the highest-ranked individual in the line of succession over the age of 25.

There had been talk of upgrading the heir's title to Queen/King of Ivets upon the founding of the Empire, but it was decided not to change that title.

== List of Lady and Lord Mayors of Ivets, since the founding of the Empire ==
''Italicized'' names are those who were heirs-presumptive.  '''Bolded''' names are those who became Empress/Emperor.
{|border=&quot;2&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|'''Lady/Lord Mayor'''
|'''Term'''
|'''Reason for Succession'''
|'''Acting Lord/Lady Mayor'''&lt;br&gt;(if applicable)
|-
|''[[Kronan Taranakh]]''
|720 - 738
|Elder sister's succession as Queen of Ivets
|
|-
|'''[[Chara  Charakh]]'''
|738 - 798
|Birth
|[[Yarel Taranakh]] (738 - 763)¹
|-
|'''[[Dzesa Charakh]]'''
|798 - 838
|Mother's Succession as Empress
|[[Tarana Charakh]] (798 - 821)
|-
|''[[Tarana Charakh]]''
|838 - 841
|Niece's Succession as Empress
|
|-
|'''''[[Lindar Taranakh]]'''''
|841 - 845
|Mother's death
|
|-
|[[Lindar Lindarka]]
|845 - 
|Father's succession as Emperor
|
|-
|colspan=4|¹Kronan Taranakh was named King of Ivets after the birth of Chara Charakh; as the Mayorship and the Crown of Ivets had always been distinct, it was decided to name Yarel, the 3rd in line, as Acting Lady Mayor
|}

[[Category:Imperial Rulers of the House of Tarana|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasshi Empress</title>
    <id>7507</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53212</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T04:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Imperial Ruler of the Kasshi]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kronan Taranakh</title>
    <id>7509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53223</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T05:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Christina</username>
        <id>18</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kronan Taranakh''' (702 - 804) was the second-born child, and eldest son, of [[Tarana Maretska]], and founder of the Kronan Branch of the [[House of Tarana]].

In 738, upon the birth of [[Chara Charakh|his niece]], the title of Queen/King of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]] was separated out from the Imperial Crown and bestowed upon Kronan.  The City of Ivets and surrounding territory was separated out from the Realm itself as a new City-State.  The Realm's capital was moved to the nearby city of [[Matar]].  Mirroring the title of Lady/Lord [[Mayor of Ivets]], used by the Realm before the Empire, and subsequently the Empire, for the heir to the throne, King Kronan created the title of Lady/Lord Mayor of Matar for the heir to the Ivetsian throne.  At that point, there was no heir and the title was vacant, the then-current mayor being named Acting Lady Mayor.  The title was filled in 743 upon the birth of Kronan's daughter.

Kronan had three children, 3 grandchildren, and 2 great grandchildren
*Daughter: [[Kaseth Kronanka|Kaseth]] (743 - )
**Granddaughter: [[Liyar Kasethka|Liyar]] (782 - )
***Great grandson: [[Galen Liyarka|Galen]] (817 - )
***Great grandson: [[Baket Liyarka|Baket]] (821 - )
**Grandson: [[Paket Kasethka|Paket]] (787 - )
*Daughter: [[Maren Kronanka|Maren]] (748 - )
*Son: [[Kapats Kronanka|Kapats]] (751 - 838)
**Granddaughter: [[Arets Kapatska|Arets]] (806 - )


{| border=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=3 class=bordertable style=&quot;background:#eeeeee&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; rowspan=2|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Taranakh]]'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''Lord [[Mayor of Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;720 - 738
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Chara Charakh]]'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|width=&quot;40%&quot;|'''King of [[Ivets (Realm)|Ivets]]'''&lt;br&gt;738 - 804
|width=&quot;30%&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''[[Kaseth Kronanka]]'''
|}

[[Category:House of Tarana]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TheLinguaphile.Com</title>
    <id>7510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53233</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T16:46:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LoftyD</username>
        <id>1364</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The Linguaphile is a webcomic that first started in April 2010 by loftyD.  ==Length of each webisode== There is no specific length of each webisode but it can be anything from 1 …'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Linguaphile is a webcomic that first started in April 2010 by loftyD.

==Length of each webisode==
There is no specific length of each webisode but it can be anything from 1 frame to 24 frames. Most of the time there are 4 frames to each webisode.

==Subscription==
Although the site doesn't use RSS to update you, when you subscribe, you will get an email whenever a webisode has been created.

==Status==
TheLinguaphile.Com is published every Monday, Thursday and Saturday.

==Ideas==
===Themes===
In the webcomic the themes that are discussed the most are: languages and linguistics. Occasionally the theme of constructed languages appears as well as geopolitics.

===Main Characters===
As quoted from the website:

Ben: A real language geek, claims to have invented Esperanto and Tok Pisin. He is incredibly easy to wind up (by Greg).
Wears red shorts throughout winter.

Greg: Greg has an interest in linguistics, but from a different perspective. Has a different sense of humour to Ben and he fails to cotton on to the jokes that he makes, hence appearing dumb.

Harun: Harun is a friend of Greg's of Turkish Descent.So far he only appears in Webisode 5 where he interprets Ben's Turkish. This is just after Ben proclaims that &quot;the creator&quot; should make Ben fluent at Turkish.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Kamakawi</title>
    <id>7511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53235</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-25T22:34:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==
===U Meneivenei Nowoku===

Ka i nanai oi-Meneivenei ke tomi'u ti Emi--io, ti imata, ke tovukale Emi i nea fei. Kapalele, ka he polinu ke pote ie talima. Ie fa'u'u o pote, ka huyaya Meneivenei, kaupe ale meneivene ko iti. Kupe ewemia Emi ae. Ku euku i nea kupe ni'u i nea heva. Ku nemilele i Emi pe.

==Smooth English==
===The Bad Little Deers===

The Little Deer had a friend named Human, but, to tell the truth, Human was annoying him. The animal began fighting the two-legged one. While fighting, the Little Deer screamed, and myriad more deer came fast. And then, they chased Human. They captured him and they bit him up. They killed Human there.


==Relevant Grammar (Overview)==
*Typological facts: word order = VSO; prepositional; NG; NA; NR.

*A PP or adverb can be moved to the front of a clause, but otherwise
word order is maintained.

*Kamakawi is a pro-drop language.  If the subject marker /ku/ or
/ke/ is used, the subject may be omitted, as it can be retained
from the previous clause.

*Subject status markers let the hearer know if the subject of the new
sentence (embedded or otherwise) is the same as the subject of
the previous sentence.  There are three possibilities: (1) It's identical;
(2) it's from the previous clause, but isn't the previous clause's subject;
(3) it's brand new (or more than a clause old).  To mark these statuses,
a particle is used which preposes the verb.  The markers are as follows:

(k)e = (1)
(k)ae = (2)
(k)a = (3)

Certain discourse particles (words like &quot;because&quot; and &quot;so that&quot;) are
suffixed directly to these subject status markers.  So if you had a
sentence like Kale X Y, it'd mean &quot;Because Y did X&quot;.

*Adverbs occur sentence-finally, generally.  Adverbs are sometimes
used like modals in English.  For example, if you say Ka mama eine
i nawa (PAST hug woman PREP fish), it'd mean &quot;The woman hugged
a fish&quot;.  If you say Ka mama eine i nawa tou (PAST hug woman PREP
fish can), it'd mean &quot;The woman could hug a fish&quot;.

*Where a verb has 2 arguments, the preposition /i/ marks the less
agent-like of the two.  For this reason, it's used to cover a whole
range of prepositional functions, including spatial and temporal.

*Certain verbs take adverbial complements.  They're listed in the
lexicon as X...Y.  For these verbs, any objects and subjects come in
between the members X and Y.  Otherwise, the two function as a
single verb with a single meaning.

*There's a particular construction in here that may cause confusion.
In Kamakawi, you can't say anything like &quot;I have an uncle&quot; or &quot;I have
a boss&quot; in the same way as you can with English (with a verb like &quot;to
have&quot;). Instead, you use the following construction. Let's say you
wanted to say &quot;I have a fish&quot;. You'd say the following:

A i nawa oi'i.
/new.sbj. there.is fish GEN.-1sg./
&quot;I have a fish&quot; (lit. &quot;There is a fish with me&quot;)

The genitive preposition used depends on the nature of the relationship,
but that's not something you should have to worry about for the
relay.

==Lexicon== 
*ae (prep.) in (combines with verbs to form complex verbs)
*ale...ko (v.) to arrive

*Emi (n.) human being (here used as a name)
*euku (v.) to capture, to trap
*ewemia...ae (v.) to chase down

*fa'u'u (n.) pit of a pitted fruit (a part of the phrase &quot;ie fa'u'u o x&quot;, which
means &quot;in the middle of x&quot;)
*fei (adv.) up (combines with verbs to make complex verbs)

*he (v.) to begin, to start
*huyaya (v.) to scream

*i (prep.) marks direct objects; marks general locations and/or times
*i (v.) to exist (equiv. to English &quot;there is/are&quot;)
*ie (contr.) contraction of /i/ and /e/
*imata (n.) truth (a part of the phrase &quot;ti imata&quot;, which means &quot;in truth&quot;,
or &quot;truthfully&quot;)
*io (conj.) but
*iti (adv.) fast

*ka (part.) marks past tense, and that the subject of the sentence is
new or different
*kapalele (expr.) and thus, as a result of that
*kau (part.) marks past tense, and that the subject of the sentence is
new or different and plural
*kaupe (contr.) contraction of *kau and *-pe
*ke (part.) marks past tense, and that the subject of the sentence is
the same as the last sentence and singular
*ko (adv.) here (can combine with verbs to create complex verbs)
*kou (pron.) 3sg. pronoun that has no reference (a generic pronoun
like &quot;one&quot;)
*ku (part.) marks past tense, and that the subject of the sentence is
the same as the last sentence and plural
*kupe (contr.) contraction of *ku and *-pe

*meneivene (n.) deer
*Meneivenei (n.) little deer (here used as a name)

*nanai (n.) friend
*nea (pron.) he (third person singular masculine pronoun)
*nemilele (v.) to kill
*ni'u...heva (v.) to bite all up, to bite all over
*nowoku (adj.) bad, evil

*o (prep.) marks the genitive (X o Y = &quot;X of Y&quot;)
*oi- (pref.) marks the genitive (X oi-Y = &quot;X of Y&quot;)

*pe (adv.) at that place, there
*-pe (suf.) and then (attaches to subject status markers)
*polinu (n.) quadruped
*pote (v.) to fight; (n.) fighting, fight

*talima (n.) biped
*ti (prep.) with (instrumental); marks oblique phrases; by, because of
*tomi (v.) to name, to call (object takes *ti)
*tomi'u (v.) passive of *tomi
*tovukale...fei (v.) to annoy

*u (part.) the (definite article, plu.; attaches to prepositions); (part.) marks
present tense, and that the subject of the sentence is identical to the subject
of the previous sentence and plural
*u (prep.) plural marker

==Glossary==
1 = first person
3 = third person
A = adjective
adj. = adjective
adv. = adverb
conj. = conjunction
contr. = contraction
dem. = demonstrative
G = genitival phrase
GEN. = genitive
N = noun
n. = noun
nm. = name
O = object
P = preposition
part. = particle (generally freestanding)
PP = prepositional phrase
pref. = prefix
prep. = preposition
pron. = pronoun
R = relative clause
S = subject
sbj. = subject
sg. = singular
suf. = suffix
V = verb
v. = verb that can be transitive or intransitive
vi. = intransitive verb
vt. = transitive verb</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oealu</title>
    <id>7512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53253</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T20:09:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LeboKunda</username>
        <id>1388</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Oealu''' {{IPA|oʊ.i'a.lu}} is a constructed international auxiliary language created by American linguist Cameron White in 2010. His goal being to merge the Hawaiian and Baltic-Finnic phonological systems with the grammar of the greater Uralic and Japanese languages.
== Linguistic properties ==
=== Classification ===

As a constructed language, Oealu is not genealogically related to any ethnic language group. However, it does posses a great number of grammatical cases for which the Uralic language family is known. Typologically, Oealu has few prepositions and a strict word order of ''subject-verb-object.'' Adjectives are placed before or after the nouns they modify, connected by the particle &quot;no&quot;, a feature of |Japanese.

== Orthography ==

Oealu is written with a modified version of the Latin alphabet, including six letters with diacritics: å, ǩ, ļ, ƶ, and ǯ.The alphabet does not include the letters ''b, c, f, g, q, w, x'' or ''z''.

The 28-letter alphabet is:
&lt;big&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aa Åå Dd Ee Hh Ii Jj Kk Ǩǩ Ll Ļļ Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Yy Ƶƶ Ʒʒ Ǯǯ'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

All letters are pronounced as in the IPA, with the exception of the letters with diacritics:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;&quot;
! Letter
! å
! ǩ
! ļ
! ƶ 
! ǯ
|-
! Pronunciation
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
| {{IPA|k&lt;sup&gt;j}}
| {{IPA|ʎ}}
| {{IPA|ʑ}}
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
|}

== Phonology ==

Oealu has 17 consonants and 6 vowels that can combine  to form 9 diphthongs. Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress falls on the penultimate vowel in 3-or-more-syllabled  words and on the first syllable for disyllabic words. For example, ''jauva'' &quot;family&quot; is {{IPA|['jau.va]}}, with the stress on the ''au,'' but ''jadouʒa'' &quot;dog&quot; is {{IPA|[ja'dou.ʒa]}}.

=== Consonants ===

The 22 consonants are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bilabial
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Labio-dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Post-alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Velar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Glottal
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Nasal
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|m}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|n}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [Plosive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|p}} 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|k k&lt;sup&gt;j&lt;/sup&gt;}} 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Affricate
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Fricative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|v}}
| oolspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|s}} 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|ʑ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|h}} || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Trill
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|r}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Approximant
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|l}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|ʎ}} {{IPA|j}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}

Consonant clusters of quantities of up to two can occur, such as in ''jårvi'' &quot;you eat&quot; or ''koiski'' &quot;two&quot;. Final clusters, however, are not permitted (English cent, board, sips).

=== Vowels ===

Oealu has the five cardinal vowels found in such languages as Japanese, Zulu, and Spanish plus the close front rounded vowel and open-mid back rounded vowel found in northern European languages such as Swedish and Danish:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;&quot;
!
! | Front
! | Back
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | Close
| {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|y}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | Mid
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | Open
| {{IPA|ɔ}} 
| {{IPA|a}}
|}

There are also nine diphthongs, {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}}, {{IPA|[ɔi]}},{{IPA|[ɔu]}}, {{IPA|[ei]}}, {{IPA|[oi]}} {{IPA|[ou]}}, {{IPA|[uo]}}, and {{IPA|[yo]}} which are written respectively as ''ai, au, åi, åu, ei, oi, ou, uo, yo ''.

== Grammar ==
===Nouns===

Oealu nouns decline for 13 singular and plural cases although some may argue that the actual number is 12 because the Allative an Illative cases decline the same way. The case endings are borrowed from Finnish and Hawaiian.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;15&quot;
|-
! colspan=15 style=&quot;background:#cfcfcf;&quot; | Declension of nouns
|-
! colspan=1 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
! colspan=14  style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Case
|-
! Number !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Illative/Allative  !! Inessive !! Elative !! Adessive !! Ablative !! Supressive !! Subessive !! Essive !! Comitative
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''Singular''' || -a || -å || -asa || -alta || -alu || -ahu || -ala || -ara || -uva || -una || -aʒa|| -uo 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''Plural''' || -an || -ån || -asan || -altan || -alau || -ahau || -alan || -arva || -avu || -anu || -aʒan || -aui 
|}

===Verbs===

Oealu has a fairly simple verb inflection system in which verbs inflect for person, tense, and mood. Conjugations by person can be observed in this table:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| -o
| -u
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -i
|-
| -a
| -an
|}

Oealu has 6 tenses, present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future, and future perfect. To conjugate with these tenses, simply add the following suffixes for the 6 tenses to the prsonal ending, respectively: &quot;''- , -ma, -ǯa, -na, -lka, and -da''&quot;. Verbs can be made passive by placing the word ''Syla'' before the verb, or negative by placing ''Nyt'' before it. So, in full conjugation, ''marahei'' &quot;to see&quot; would become ''Syla nyt marahada'' &quot;He will not have seen&quot;.

===Personal pronouns===

Oealu pronouns inflect for case. This table shows all of the forms of Oealu personal pronouns.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;15&quot;
|-
! colspan=15 style=&quot;background:#cfcfcf;&quot; | Declension of pronouns
|-
! colspan=1 style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |
! colspan=14  style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Case
|-
! Pronoun !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Illative/Allative  !! Inessive !! Elative !! Adessive !! Ablative !! Supressive !! Subessive !! Essive !! Comitative
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''1st Person Singular''' || pa || på || pasa || palta || palu || pahu || pala || para || puva || puna || paʒa|| puo 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''2nd Person Singular''' || sa || så || sasa || salta || salu || sahu || sala || sara || suva || suna || saʒa || suo 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''3rd Person Singular''' || ma || må || masa || malta || malu || mahu || mala || mara || muva || muna || maʒa|| muo 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''1st Person Plural''' || nan || nån || nasan || naltan || nalau || nahau || nalan || narva || navu || nanu || naʒan || naui 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''2nd Person Plural''' || tan || tån || tasan || taltan || talau || tahau || talan || tarva || tavu || tanu || taʒan || taui 
|-
|style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|'''3rd Person Plural''' || han || hån || hasan || haltan || halau || hahau || halan || harva || havu || hanu || haʒan || haui 
|}

===Adjectives===

As previously stated, Oealu adjectives are placed before the noun which they modify and joined to it by a particle. That particle is &quot;no&quot; for positive adjectives, &quot;ǩa&quot; for comparative, and &quot;lo&quot; for superlative. Adverbs can be made by joining the corresponding adjective with one of the above particles before the verb.

===Interrogative Pronouns===
The seven Oealu interrogative pronouns are as follows.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! English
! Oealu
|-
| Who?
| Koi?
|-
| What?
| Kau?
|-
| Where?
| Kåina?
|-
| When?
| Kuo?
|-
| Why?
| Kaʒ
|-
| How?
| Kaǯ?
|-
| How Many?
| Kei?
|}

== Useful phrases ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!English || Oealu
|-
|Hello || Alua
|-
|Yes || Ƶa
|-
|No || Nou 
|-
|Good morning || Eiki no uomoka
|-
|Good evening || Eiki no pauva
|-
|Good night || Eiki no jausa 
|-
|Goodbye || Alua Oi 
|-
|What is your name? || Kau ola tuova sasa?
|-
|My name is John || Tuova pasa ola Jono
|-
|How are you? || Kaǯ oli?
|-
|Do you speak Oealu? || Syovi Oialu? 
|-
|I don't understand you || Nyt ǯuoko så
|-
|All right/Ok || Eiki
|-
|Thank you || Teinu
|-
|You're welcome || Oli voiri
|-
|Please? || Maļuo?
|-
|Gesundheit! || Jesas! 
|-
|Congratulations || Savarpuo
|-
|I love you || Ƶudo så
|-
|One beer, please || Ykasi no bira, maļuo
|-
|What is that? || Kau kas ola?
|-
|That is a dog || Kas ola piǩaha
|-
|Peace! || Malauna!
|}

==Numerals==
The Oealu number system is based on that of the Baltic-Finnic group of languages. So there is a suffix for the equivalent of the English &quot;''-teen''&quot;.This table shows the other similarities also occur.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Numeral
! English
! Oealu
! Finnish
! Estonian
|-
| 0
| zero
| noula
| nolla
| -
|-
| 1
| two
| ykasa
| yksi
| üks
|-
| 2
| two
| kasa
| kaksi
| kaks
|-
| 3
| three
| koluma
| kolme
| kolm
|-
| 4
| four
| neļa
| neljä
| neli
|-
| 5
| five
| veisa
| viisi
| viis
|-
| 6
| six
| kuoƶa
| kuusi
| kuus
|-
| 7
| seven
| seisama
| seitsemän
| seitse
|-
| 8
| eight
| kadeksa
| kahdeksän
| kaheksa
|-
| 9
| nine
| ydeksa
| yhdeksän
| üheksa
|-
| 10
| ten
| poia
| kymmenen
| kümme
|}

11-19 are formed by adding &quot;''-taisa''&quot; to the numeral (ykasataisa, kasataisa, kolumataisa, etc.)Numbers 20-90 are formed by adding &quot;''-poian''&quot; (kasapoian, kolumapoian, neļapoian, etc.) Numerals can qualify nouns by dropping the final ''-a'', adding an ''-i'' and joining it before the noun qualified with the particle &quot;no&quot;. Some more examples are listed here:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! English
! Oealu
|-
| 51
| Veisapoian-ykas
|-
| 100
| Raha
|-
| 1,000
| Hisuona
|-
| 10,000
| Poiahisuonan
|-
| 100,000
| Rahahisuona
|-
| 1,000,000
| Miļuona
|-
| Three dogs
| Kolumi no piǩahan
|-
| 15 brothers?!
| Veisataisi no påsavan
|}
== Sample text ==
=== Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. 
&lt;br /&gt;
Låpås huoman syla mausanma hausi va sǩupi maremaʒa va keitaʒan. Syla kakouvanma sauvanuo va hjumaluo va huoskan mekei huomaltan påsavaʒa.

== References ==

# [http://omniglot.com/writing/estonian.htm Estonian Language on Omniglot]
# [http://omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm Finnish Language on Omniglot]
# [http://omniglot.com/writing/hawaiian.htm Hawaiian Language on Omniglot]
# [http://omniglot.com/writing/japanese.htm Japanese Language on Omniglot]
# [http://omniglot.com/writing/khanty.htm Khanty Language on Omniglot]
# [http://omniglot.com/writing/livonian.htm Livonian Language on Omniglot]
# [http://www.angelfire.com/oealu/home.html Oealu Website]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Sχáskari</title>
    <id>7513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53242</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T01:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dewrad</username>
        <id>1278</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:[[Conlang Relay 17/Calénnawn|Previous: Calénnawn]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Wenedyk |Next: Wenedyk]]

== Relay text in Sχáskari ==
&lt;big&gt;'''Évag żáldum·va·da ántam żazrá, aχtá médumiya·va ántar muid, dand ósas, hażán·da saṡká isprastás dadánas. Aχtávas hażán ha saθnas ósis, saṡká·tav·da ántas rahrav, hażán kávnis ar matá saθnás ósas. Árdan rádvanan ha satáṡ adás, Pálsavi Vráθkart·tav kávnati aχtáv dandust prastás dadánar.'''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Aχtá dandu·tav ha haznas dadánas, hażán·da żáni saṡká·tav maċántas dadánas. Navéd, saṡkán·tav ha thaχtás ósas, hażán·da médumiyas na saχántas dadánis.'''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Saṡkán·tav żáni námas ɣa dándus·tav phalbáṡtas dadánas, aχtá saṡkán jasváṡtas dadánas. Dándun matá satáṡ ósas, hażán ha saθnás am ósas, ha·da trúsaṡ ósas. Dandun·tav málstas ósas.'''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''Saṡkán·tav hányei daṡnás ósas. Dóuċan·tav médumiya·av spohtás dadána, aχtá hażán saṡkí aχtá saṡkí dahnándas dadána. Saṡkát·tav dand·tav khaltas ósas, saṡkát·tav mażnás dadánar.'''&lt;/big&gt;

== Translation into English ==

&lt;big&gt;''When the world was young and the mountains high, there was a man who fed a lynx. Although he knew that the lynx is a dangerous animal, he was not afraid. Everyone knows that the White Archers have given men dominion over all animals.''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;''And the man decided to tease his lynx. However, the lynx wanted to return to the wilderness.''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;''The lynx threw the man onto his back and attacked him. The man was afraid, and did not know what was happening. The man fled.''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;''The lynx roared loudly. The roar shook the mountains, and many other lynxes arrived. The lynxes chased the man and ate him.''&lt;/big&gt;

== Vocabulary list ==

In the wordlist, all verbs have been given in the citation form (the present participle) followed by the past participle, as the derivation of the latter from the former is rarely regular. Similarly, each noun is given in the patientive singular, along with the noun’s inflectible stem. 

The part of speech is noted throughout: abbreviations which might not be immediately transparent are ''an. com.'' and ''in.'', denoting a noun’s gender: these stand for ''animate, common'' and ''inanimate'' respectively.

{| {{table}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Sχáskari'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''POS'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''Gloss'''
|-
| ·da  ||[rel.]|| relative complementiser
|-
| ·tav, ·va  ||[det.]|| the
|-
| am  ||[neg.]|| negative particle
|-
| ar  ||[pp.]|| because of
|-
| árdan  ||[conj.]|| because
|-
| aχtá  ||[conj.]|| and
|-
| aχtáv, aχtáva- ||[n, com.]|| dominion, control
|-
| aχtávas  ||[conj.]|| although
|-
| dahnánaṡ, dahnándas ||[vi.]|| to approach
|-
| dand, dándu- ||[n. an.]|| man
|-
| daṡaṡ, daṡnás ||[vi.]|| to bark
|-
| douċ, dóuċa- ||[n. com.]|| bark
|-
| évag  ||[rel.]|| when
|-
| ɣa  ||[pp.]|| onto
|-
| ha, hażán ||[pron.]|| third person singular pronoun (genitive żáni)
|-
| hadaṡ, haznas ||[vt.]|| to decide to do
|-
| hain, hánya- ||[adj.]|| loud
|-
| ispratáṡ, isprastás ||[vt.]|| to feed
|-
| jasváṡaṡ, jasváṡtas ||[vt.]|| to attack
|-
| kávan, kávna- ||[n. an.]|| animal
|-
| khaláṡ, khaltás ||[vt.]|| chase
|-
| maċánaṡ, maċántas ||[vt.]|| to scare, to tease
|-
| máltaṡ, málstas ||[vi.]|| to flee, to run away
|-
| matá, matá- ||[n. com.]|| fear
|-
| mażáṡ, mażnás ||[vt.]|| to eat
|-
| médum, médumi- ||[n. in.]|| mountain
|-
| muid, mudya- ||[adj.]|| high
|-
| na  ||[pp.]|| towards, to
|-
| nam, náma- ||[n.]|| comm. back (body part)
|-
| navéd  ||[conj.]|| however
|-
| pals, pálsa- ||[adj.]|| white
|-
| phalbáṡaṡ, phalbáṡtas ||[vt.]|| to throw
|-
| pratáṡ, prastás ||[vt.]|| to give
|-
| rádvan, rádvana- ||[n. an.]|| everybody
|-
| rahr, rahra- ||[adj.]|| violent
|-
| saṡká, saṡká- ||[n. an.]|| lynx
|-
| satáṡ, saθnás ||[vt.]|| to know
|-
| saχámaṡ, saχántas ||[vi.]|| to return
|-
| spováṡ, spohtás ||[vt.]|| to shake
|-
| thagáṡ, thaχtás ||[vt.]|| to want
|-
| trúsaṡ, trústas ||[vi.]|| to happen, to occur
|-
| vráθkar, vráθkar- ||[n. an.]|| archer
|-
| żáldum, żálduma- ||[n. in.]|| earth, world
|-
| żazrá, żazrá- ||[adj.]|| young
|}

== Grammar notes ==

Sχáskari is a resolutely head-final language, exhibiting SOV word-order, postpositions rather than prepositions and adjectives and genitives before their nouns.

In terms of morphosyntactic alignment, the language is an active language of the fluid-S subtype: as such the sole argument of an intransitive verb can be marked like either the patient or agent of a transitive verb, depending on whether the subject exerts control over the action or not. This doesn’t really come into play in this passage, although it should be noted that this does effect gapping: where two clauses are coordinated, with identical subjects and objects in both, it is the object (the patientive argument) which can be omitted. In a phrase like “he shot it and he killed it”, English can omit the second “he”, while Sχáskari would omit the second “it”.

=== Nouns ===

Nouns are straightforwardly divided into three genders (animate, common and inanimate) which can effect agreement with other parts of speech. In this passage, we have examples of two out of the three numbers, and examples of all five cases.

* '''Patientive''': used to mark the most patient-like argument of a transitive verb. The singular is the citation form of the noun, marked by no particular ending. The other cases and the patientive plural are marked by applying endings to an inflectible stem: as the derivation of this from the citation form is not always straightforward, the inflectible stem for each noun has been given in the wordlist. The plural patientive of animate and common nouns is formed by applying -''i'' to the inflectible stem (dispacing any final vowel) while that of inanimate nouns is formed by applying -''ya'' to the same.
* '''Agentive''': used to mark the most agent-like argument of a transitive verb. In the singular marked by applying -''n'' to the inflectible stem, and in the plural by applying -''t''.
* '''Genitive''': used to denote that a noun qualifies another noun, either with the sense of possession or possibly a somewhat looser association. Aside from the genitive of the 3rd person singular pronoun ''żáni'', we only have a genitive plural in this sample: it is formed by applying -''ti'' to the inflectible stem.
* '''Dative''': used to denote the indirect object. The only example we have is a dative plural: formed by means of adding -''st'' to the inflectible stem.
* '''Postpositional''': used to mark complements of postpositions. In the singular, formed by applying -''s'' to the inflectible stem, while in the plural the -''s'' is added to the patientive form.

=== Determiners ===

The only determiners present in this sample are are the definite articles, which are clitics suffixed to the noun. Animate and common nouns use ''·tav'', while inanimate nouns use ''·av''.

=== Adjectives ===

Adjectives do not agree with their nouns in case or number. Adjectives qualifying animate nouns add -''v'' to their inflectible stems.

Adjectives used appositively rather than predicately suffix -''i'' to their stems (in adjectives qualifying animate nouns, this suffix is applied after the animate marker -''v''): this attributive inflection causes the final -''a'' of an inflectible stem to raise to -''e''.

=== Verbs ===

Verbs in Sχáskari are somewhat tricky. In normal speech, like the register in which stories of this sort are written, lexical verbs are generally not inflected synthetically for tense: instead, tense and aspect are conveyed by means of periphrastic constructions:

*The imperfective or durative aspect is marked by means of a periphrasis using the existential verb ''ad''- and the present participle.
*The perfect aspect of transitive verbs is marked by the verb ''dan''- “to do”, and the past participle.
*The perfect aspect of intransitive verbs is marked by the existential verb ''ad''- and the past participle.

As the inflection of the two auxiliary verbs is hopelessly irregular, it would be unfair and somewhat pointless to offer full paradigms of regular verbs and ask you to work it out from there.  Instead, I’ll give the tensed forms for the two verbs and the copula, which is also used in this passage, and the number markers:

Existential verb: ''ad''-

{| {{table}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''indicative'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''subjunctive'''
|-
| Present||adá-||adí-  
|-
|Preterite||óda-||ódi- 
|-
|}

“To do” ''dan''-:
{| {{table}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''indicative'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''subjunctive'''
|-
| Present||dána-||dáni- 
|-
|  Preterite||dadána-||dadáni- 
|-
| 
|}

Copula: ''ta''-:
{| {{table}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''indicative'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot;|'''subjunctive'''
|-
| Present||tá-||tei- 
|-
| Preterite||ánta-||ánti- 
|}

Verbs agree in number with the subject (the agentive argument in transitive verbs, the sole argument in intransitive verbs, the first element in a copular sentence) in number and gender. The plural marker for both genders is -''r''. The singular marker used with animate and common nouns is -''s'', which is only used in the past tense. The singular marker used with inanimate nouns is -''m''.

The formation of the two participles is also rather irregular, so in the wordlist both the present and past participles are given.

=== The complementiser ===

Subordinate and relative clauses are marked off from their matrix clauses by being introduced by the complementiser ''·da''. This is a clitic and cannot stand in clause-initial position: as a result it is cliticised to the right of the first lexical word in the clause.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Calénnawn</title>
    <id>7514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53247</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T06:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ruittenb</username>
        <id>302</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Relay text 17 in Calénnawn ==

=== The text ===

'''Itùcca-crácibi.'''

Pur gol, h scawn še malú fh calásso.
H calásso cráci huydímmor-zóres, h scawn hi búhu zi num itúcca, pso-zóro qábbot sciwn spíxo tredówc fh calásso, sno cas ífna panalúta ze.
Gol tes, scawn vìrmu-códdi so bru calásso, sófa o calásso lóyma xabàsta-sínco so púnno.
O calásso tímmi so scawn nuzawpósse o bru régo be xortday tof. O scawn búhu be hi panalúta félo séffið, pso-zóres fa orézu. O calásso siqàgaw-rúra. O folrúra dríru-ho so nóyliz be xími se calássima váha. O calássi acáw so scawn zi útay áduxo be fésni ron.


=== Grammar notes ===

* Calénnawn is a pro-drop language, usually with SVO word order.
* $ is an alternative spelling for š for non-UTF-8 environments. These represent the same letter (/ʃ/).
* Acute and grave accents denote primary and (in compounds) secondary stress, respectively. Vowels with acute or grave accents are not fundamentally different from the plain vowels, since the stress can shift when words are combined into compound words.
* There is no copula &quot;to be&quot;; it is implied when a noun or adjective is used as predicate directly.
* The tense is normally not repeated every sentence, but understood from context where possible.
* There are two cases used in this text: nominative and accusative. The cases are marked on the article.
* There is no indefinite article in the nominative. The absence of an article in the nominative indicates indefiniteness.
* All prepositions govern the nominative.
* The plural forms of nouns are formed by replacing the vowel in the last syllable with 'i' (this need not be a final vowel).
* Adjectives precede the nouns, but can also occur standalone (e.g. the big [one]).  Cardinal numerals follow the nouns they belong to.
* In compound words, the first part is the modifying part: a predicate A-B is a B of type A.
* There are many conjunctions, nearly all of which express that one constituent of the first sentence is identical to one constituent in the second sentence. The constituent may be left out from one of the sentences. If one of the constituents is a prepositional object, then the conjunction is a compound with the preposition.

  Example: He is underway in-'''''zóres''''' I have faith.
  Translation: I have faith in '''''the fact that''''' he is underway.

=== Lexicon ===

{|
|acáw
|(v)
|chase someone
|-
|áduxo
|(n)
|death
|-
|be
|(conj)
|(links a subject (left) to a subject (right); see notes)
|-
|bru
|(poss.pron)
|his, her
|-
|búhu
|(adj)
|afraid
|-
|calásso
|(n)
|kind of feline predator 
|-
|cas
|(pron)
|someone
|-
|códdi
|(v)
|decide something
|-
|cráci
|(adj)
|violent
|-
| -day
|(suffix)
|(initiative aspect: starts/begins doing)
|-
|dríru
|(v)
|shake something
|-
|f-
|(proclitic)
|(see fh)
|-
|fa
|(pron)
|he/she
|-
|félo
|(conj)
|(links a direct object (left) to a subject (right); see notes)
|-
|fésni
|(v)
|eat something/someone
|-
|fh  /f?/
|(art)
|the (concept/idea/mass/uncountable, accusative)
|-
|fol-
|(prefix)
|(verb to noun) the act of .. (forms an action or gerund)
|-
|gol
|(adv)
|at some time
|-
|h  /?/
|(art)
|the (concept/idea/mass/uncountable, nominative, epistemic)
|-
|hi
|(adv)
|no, not (negation particle)
|-
|ho
|(v)
|force/have/make/cause (someone to do something)
|-
|huydímmor
|(prep)
|in spite of, despite
|-
| -ib-
|(infix)
|(adjective to abstract noun; goes between last CV pair in word)
|-
|ífna
|(numeral)
|every
|-
|itúcca
|(n)
|animal
|-
|lóyma
|(adv)
|back
|-
| -ma
|(suffix)
|more 
|-
|malú
|(v)
|feed, make someone drink, quench someone's thirst
|-
|nóylaz
|(n)
|mountain
|-
|nu-
|(prefix)
|off of, moving away from
|-
|num
|(prep)
|away from, coming/originating from
|-
|o
|(art)
|the (definite, nominative, countable)
|-
|orézu
|(v)
|flee
|-
|panalúta
|(v)
|know
|-
|pósse
|(prep)
|against, touching
|-
|pso
|(prep)
|because of
|-
|púnno
|(n)
|jungle, wilderness
|-
|pur
|(particle)
|unknown
|-
|qábbot
|(adj)
|mighty, powerful
|-
|régo
|(n)
|back (part of the body)
|-
|ron
|(poss. pron)
|his, her (obviative)
|-
|rúra
|(v)
|roar
|-
|scawn
|(n)
|human
|-
|se
|(art)
|(indefinite, countable, accusative)
|-
|séffið
|(v)
|happen, occur
|-
|sínco
|(v)
|want
|-
|siqágaw
|(adv/adj)
|intense
|-
|sno
|(conj)
|and (sentence level; no specific relation between constituents)
|-
|so
|(art)
|the (definite, accusative, countable)
|-
|sófa
|(conj)
|but
|-
|spíxo
|(adv)
|only
|-
|še
|(adv)
|(tense particle: past)
|-
|tes
|(numeral)
|one
|-
|tímmi
|(v)
|throw something/someone
|-
|tof
|(pron)
|him, her (accusative)
|-
|tredówc
|(v)
|control, reign, rule over someone/something
|-
|útay
|(prep)
|entering state, becoming
|-
|váha
|(numeral)
|many
|-
|vírmu
|(v)
|scare, frighten someone
|-
|xabásta
|(v)
|go to, towards
|-
|xími
|(v)
|draw, pull
|-
|xort
|(v)
|attack, fight
|-
|zaw
|(prep)
|above
|-
|ze
|(pron)
|it
|-
|zi
|(particle)
|(tight binding of a phrase to the word directly left of zi)
|-
| -zóres
|(conj)
|(links a &quot;fact&quot; abstraction (left) to a prepositional phrase (right))
|-
| -zóro
|(conj)
|(links a prepositional phrase (left) to a &quot;fact&quot; abstraction (right))
|}


=== Smooth English translation ===

''' Animal violence. '''

Once upon a time, man fed the lion. Although the lion was violent, man was not afraid of the animal because only mighty men reigned the lion, and everyone knew it.
One time, a man decided to scare his lion, but the lion wanted to go back to the wilderness. The lion threw the man off his back and started to fight with him. The man was afraid and did not know what was happening, therefore he fled. The lion roared intensely. The roaring caused the mountains to shake and drew many more lions. The lions chased the man to death and ate him.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Skerre</title>
    <id>7515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53252</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T06:56:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tsketar</username>
        <id>1367</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Translation Notes (from Rejistanian to Skerre) */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==

===A tsiitsiqueyir quara===

Watarikin a Tsiqueyir ye Riyos ona, sawa tsiyok, kayaninas tsa Riyos.
Eseran a itor te sihara ya queri-haas. Te sihara, eskeʼatin a
Tsiqueyir ir esworin toni sata a terek ne haat i tsiqueyir. Eyan,
estsitan-ti ye Riyos. Esanquenas-ti ir waquee-ti estakenas.
Estsosin-ti a Riyos sata.

==Smooth English Translation==
===The Bad Little Deer===

Little Deer was friends with Person but, truthfully, Person annoyed
him. The animal began a fight with the biped. During the fighting,
Little Deer screamed and a thousand and half little deer quickly came
there. Then, they chased after Person. They caught him and bit him
numerous times. They killed Person there.

==Translation Notes (from Rejistanian to Skerre)==

The use of the diminutive on 'deer' was suggested by the translation of Rejistanian ''vudux'' as 'pudú', a small deer species. The use of the diminutive could be interpreted as treating the deer as an endearing,
sympathetic character, but given what actually happens in the story, the pure size-related interpretation is probably more reasonable.

The Skerre translator took the part of the Rejistanian sentence dealing with the stomach quite metaphorically, taking this to be more about hidden emotions rather than anything literal (this was suggested by the Mechthild's notes, but taken to a greater extreme in the translation).

The Skerre translator thought that a scream seemed more reasonable for calling an army than a mere shout.

The Skerre have no higher order numbers, so the original 1,728 was converted in this expression that literally means 'a myriad and more'. That's still a lot of deer.

Several phrases were added by the Skerre translator to ensure a comprehensible story.

==Grammatical Notes==

===Morphological Constructions===
{|
|Redup[CV:] + N-stem ||'Ns'||(plural)
|-
|wa-/wat- + N-stem ||'have N'||(verbalizer)
|-
| N-stem + -ir      ||'N-ette, N-let' ||(diminutive)
|-
|N1-stem + N2-stem  ||-----||(compound noun)
|}
*The one compound noun here is a bahuvrihi compound, so it means something like 'having the property of the application of N2 to N1'
{|
 |si + V-stem ||'Ving, Vation'||('action' nominalizer)
 |-
 | V-stem + -(i)n||VFIN||(finite verb) 
|}
*If the vowel in the syllable preceding the affix would otherwise be long, it appears in this context as short
*Without a TAM prefix, the VFIN form has a stative aspectual interpretation
*Without a person-marking suffix, the VFIN form is interpreted as having a 3SG subject
{|
| es- + VFIN||'Ved'||(perfective aspect)
|-
|ka- + VFIN||'be Ving'||(progressive aspect)
|-
|VFIN + -as||'V him/her'||(3SG.OBJ)
|-
|ADV/VFIN  + -ti||'they V'||(3PL.SUBJ)
|}

===Syntax===
* Head-initial: heads precede both their arguments and their modifiers
* In a clause, the subject marking is found suffixed to either the clause-initial verb or to the first of any number of adverbials preceding the first verb of the clause
* The 'with' preposition is used as a coordinator with nominal phrases
* Skerre has ergative alignment with &quot;full NPs&quot;, but accusative alignment with pronominal affixes
* Skerre verbs are known for their &quot;quirky&quot; case assignment. There is some &quot;quirkiness&quot; here, so you might find that a Skerre preposition seems superfluous (from the standpoint of the English translation) or should be translated in a way that appears to contradict the vocabulary list gloss.
* See my website at http://skerre.conlang.org/skerre/skerremain.html for an additional and/or supplementary. In cases where the website and these notes disagree, take the notes here as correct.

==Glossary==
{|
!Skerre||English 
|-
| a ||(absolutive marker) 
|- 
|anque||capture, catch 
|-
|arik||friend 
|- 
|era||begin 
|-
| eyan||and then 
|-
| haas||two 
|-
| haat  ||more 
|-
| hara  ||fight (v) 
|-
| i     ||of (takes proper name or generic noun) 
|-
| ir    ||and 
|-
| itor  ||animal 
|-
| keʼat ||scream 
|-
| ne    ||with the 
|-
| ona   ||but 
|-
| quara ||bad 
|-
| queri ||leg 
|-
| riyos ||being, person 
|-
| sata  ||there 
|-
| sawa  ||from the 
|-
| take  ||bite 
|-
| te    ||at/in/on the 
|-
| terek ||myriad 
|-
| toni  ||be fast (v or adv)
|-
| tsa   ||(ergative marker) 
|-
| tsique||deer 
|-
| tsita ||chase 
|-
| tsiyok||truth 
|-
| tsoos ||kill 
|- 
|waquee||many times 
|-
| woor  ||come (perfective stem) 
|-
| ya    ||to the 
|-
| yani  ||annoy 
|- 
|ye    ||to (takes proper name or generic noun) 
|}

''terek ne haat'' is a slightly idiomatic extension of ''terek''. The intended meaning isn't too far from the literal
meaning of the components</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -1</title>
    <id>7516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53260</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creating</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 246 ===

• [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]] defeat [[Enón]].

=== 248 ===

• Beginning of the [[Eight-Day Council]] at [[Éuliatan]], in the [[Éuliatan city hall]]. Present are representatives from the governments of [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]].

• Drafting of [[Nalenian Constitution|the constitution]] of the new government (name [[Nalen]] chosen -1.254) at the [[Eight-Day Council]].

=== 252 ===

• [[Enón]]-supporting extremist [[Talan Ézualen]] attempts to murder the representatives of [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]] by leading a force of 22 persons towards the south of the council building to attack, but they were stopped by [[Iulenian soldier|Iulenian]] and [[Natalolanian soldier|Nalatolanian soldiers]] guarding the building.

=== 254 ===

• Name [[Nalen]] chosen for the new government at the [[Eight-Day Council]].

=== 256 ===

• [[Nalenian Constitution]] is finished. It is signed by the representatives from [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]] at the [[Eight-Day Council]].

• [[Iulen]] becomes part of [[Nalen]] upon the signing of the [[Nalenian Constitution]] at the [[Eight-Day Council]].

• [[Nalatolan]] becomes part of [[Nalen]] upon the signing of the [[Nalenian Constitution]] at the [[Eight-Day Council]].

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -10</title>
    <id>7517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53261</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:41:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 12 ===

• [[Enón]] defeats [[Alal]].

=== 13 ===

• [[Council of Aténul]] held.

• [[Saón]] became part of the [[Enón Republic]] after the [[Council of Aténul]].

• [[Enil]] became part of the [[Enón Republic]] after the [[Council of Aténul]].

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -11</title>
    <id>7518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53262</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:41:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 130 ===

• [[Saón]] joins with [[Enil]] against [[Alal]], official name for combined party is [[Enón]].

• [[Enón]] founded.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ilien Years</title>
    <id>7519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53264</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Years in [[Ilien]].

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -125</title>
    <id>7520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53265</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 127 ===

• [[Alal]] founded.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -137</title>
    <id>7521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 19 ===

• [[Nalatolan]] founded.

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -15</title>
    <id>7522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53267</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 34 ===

• [[Saón]] joins [[Alal-Enil-Saón War]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -156</title>
    <id>7523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53268</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-26T23:47:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 34 ===

• [[Enil]] founded.
[[Category:Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -17</title>
    <id>7524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53269</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:00:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 152 ===

• Beginning of [[Alal-Enil-Saón War]], started by [[Enil]] and [[Alal]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -22</title>
    <id>7525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53270</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 237 ===

• [[Talan Ézualen]] born to [[Ulien Latanel]] and [[Suiliatt Ézualen]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2173.png</title>
    <id>7526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53271</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:07:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2174.png</title>
    <id>7527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53272</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:07:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2175.png</title>
    <id>7528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53273</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:07:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2176.png</title>
    <id>7529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53274</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:08:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2177.png</title>
    <id>7530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53275</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2178.png</title>
    <id>7531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53276</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:08:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2179.png</title>
    <id>7532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53277</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2180.png</title>
    <id>7533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53278</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:08:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lej</title>
    <id>7534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54079</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>edit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=[[File:LejName.png]]
 |phonetic=-
 |world=-
 |date=-
 |place=-
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[Lej characters]]
 |family=Lej
 |word-or=SVO
 |mor-type=-
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]
}}
Primarily a [[literal translation]] of [[English]]. Some other elements (grammar, special vocabulary), included.
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Lej]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejName.png</title>
    <id>7535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53280</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:12:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lej characters</title>
    <id>7536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54080</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:46:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==
The Lej characters are used to write [[Lej]].
==History of creation==
The Lej characters were devised as needed when translating. The list of characters below is from a five-page document derived from the original Lej sources.
===Stage 1: Initial creation===
[[File:LejDocument.scan.10.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.11.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.12.png|300px]]
===Stage 2: Sort by category===
[[File:LejDocument.scan.5.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.6.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.7.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.8.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.13.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.14.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.15.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.16.png|300px]]

===Stage 3: Collect characters from previous documents===
[[File:LejDocument.scan.3.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.4.png|300px]]
===Stage 4: Draft character list by ID (incomplete scans)===
[[File:LejDocument.scan.1.png|300px]][[File:LejDocument.scan.2.png|300px]]
===Stage 5: Finalise character list by ID===
[[File:LejIdeogramList1.png|300px]][[File:LejIdeogramList2.png|300px]][[File:LejIdeogramList3.png|300px]][[File:LejIdeogramList4.png|300px]][[File:LejIdeogramList5.png|300px]]

==List of characters==
  {| border=1
 |-
 !Glyph
 |Class
 |Definition
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2173.png]]
 |Sign
 |I
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2174.png]]
 |Sign
 |Category 1
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2175.png]]
 |Sign
 |Category 1
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2176.png]]
 |Sign
 |I
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2177.png]]
 |Sign
 |Child
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2178.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cookie
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2179.png]]
 |Sign
 |Circle
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2180.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teach
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2181.png]]
 |Sign
 |Line
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2182.png]]
 |Sign
 |Specifically
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2183.png]]
 |Sign
 |Bibliographic
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2184.png]]
 |Sign
 |Database
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2185.png]]
 |Sign
 |With
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2186.png]]
 |Sign
 |You
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2187.png]]
 |Sign
 |Math
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2188.png]]
 |Sign
 |Project
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2189.png]]
 |Sign
 |Is
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2190.png]]
 |Sign
 |And
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2191.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fractions
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2192.png]]
 |Sign
 |Nifty
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2193.png]]
 |Sign
 |Draw
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2194.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2195.png]]
 |Sign
 |Of
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2196.png]]
 |Sign
 |To
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2197.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2198.png]]
 |Sign
 |Category 2
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2199.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2200.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2201.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Full Stop
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2202.png]]
 |Sign
 |Update
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2203.png]]
 |Sign
 |For
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2204.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2205.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2206.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2207.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2208.png]]
 |Sign
 |Category 4
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2209.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2210.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2211.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2212.png]]
 |Sign
 |Compound circles and lines that don’t touch
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2213.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2214.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2215.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2216.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Comma
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2217.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Hyphen
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2218.png]]
 |Operator
 |And
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2219.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2220.png]]
 |Letter
 |A
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2221.png]]
 |Letter
 |B
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2222.png]]
 |Letter
 |D
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2223.png]]
 |Letter
 |E
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2224.png]]
 |Letter
 |Open E
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2225.png]]
 |Letter
 |F
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2226.png]]
 |Letter
 |G
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2227.png]]
 |Letter
 |H
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2228.png]]
 |Letter
 |I
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2229.png]]
 |Letter
 |K
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2230.png]]
 |Letter
 |L
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2231.png]]
 |Letter
 |M
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2232.png]]
 |Letter
 |N
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2233.png]]
 |Letter
 |O
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2234.png]]
 |Letter
 |P
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2235.png]]
 |Letter
 |R
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2236.png]]
 |Letter
 |S
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2237.png]]
 |Letter
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2238.png]]
 |Letter
 |C
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2239.png]]
 |Letter
 |T
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2240.png]]
 |Letter
 |U
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2241.png]]
 |Letter
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2242.png]]
 |Letter
 |Schwa
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2243.png]]
 |Letter
 |Voiced SH
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2244.png]]
 |Letter
 |Y
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2245.png]]
 |Letter
 |H
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2246.png]]
 |Letter
 |Z
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2247.png]]
 |Sign
 |Plural
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2248.png]]
 |Sign
 |Singular
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2249.png]]
 |Sign
 |Singular
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2250.png]]
 |Sign
 |On
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2251.png]]
 |Sign
 |In
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2252.png]]
 |Sign
 |Under
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2253.png]]
 |Sign
 |Over
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2254.png]]
 |Sign
 |Behind
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2255.png]]
 |Sign
 |To right of
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2256.png]]
 |Sign
 |To left of
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2257.png]]
 |Sign
 |Under but touching
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2258.png]]
 |Sign
 |To right of but touching
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2259.png]]
 |Sign
 |To left of but touching
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2260.png]]
 |Sign
 |Yes
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2261.png]]
 |Sign
 |By
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2262.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cook
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2263.png]]
 |Sign
 |Sort
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2264.png]]
 |Sign
 |Dear
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2265.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2266.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2267.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2268.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2269.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2270.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2271.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2272.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2280.png]]
 |Letter
 |A
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2281.png]]
 |Letter
 |B
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2282.png]]
 |Letter
 |D
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2283.png]]
 |Letter
 |E
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2284.png]]
 |Letter
 |Open E
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2285.png]]
 |Letter
 |F
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2286.png]]
 |Letter
 |G
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2287.png]]
 |Letter
 |H
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2288.png]]
 |Letter
 |I
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2289.png]]
 |Letter
 |K
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2290.png]]
 |Letter
 |L
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2291.png]]
 |Letter
 |Schwa
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2292.png]]
 |Letter
 |Dipthong connector
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2293.png]]
 |Letter
 |M
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2294.png]]
 |Letter
 |N
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2295.png]]
 |Letter
 |O
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2296.png]]
 |Letter
 |P
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2297.png]]
 |Letter
 |R
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2298.png]]
 |Letter
 |S
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2299.png]]
 |Letter
 |T
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2300.png]]
 |Letter
 |U
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2301.png]]
 |Letter
 |V
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2302.png]]
 |Letter
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2303.png]]
 |Letter
 |C
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2304.png]]
 |Letter
 |/\
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2305.png]]
 |Letter
 |/\
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2306.png]]
 |Letter
 |O
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2307.png]]
 |Letter
 |‾|
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2308.png]]
 |Letter
 ||‾
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2309.png]]
 |Letter
 |Z
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2310.png]]
 |Letter
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2311.png]]
 |Sign
 |Translation
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2312.png]]
 |Sign
 |Schedule
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2313.png]]
 |Sign
 |Piano
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2314.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fencing
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2315.png]]
 |Sign
 |Archery
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2316.png]]
 |Sign
 |Tap dance
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2317.png]]
 |Sign
 |Ballet
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2318.png]]
 |Sign
 |Art (visual)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2319.png]]
 |Sign
 |Art (sonic)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2320.png]]
 |Sign
 |Art (motion)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2321.png]]
 |Sign
 |War
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2322.png]]
 |Sign
 |Class
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2323.png]]
 |Sign
 |Lesson
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2324.png]]
 |Sign
 |Symbol
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2325.png]]
 |Sign
 |Scrap paper
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2326.png]]
 |Sign
 |Competition
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2327.png]]
 |Sign
 |Letter
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2328.png]]
 |Sign
 |Information
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2329.png]]
 |Sign
 |Taste
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2330.png]]
 |Sign
 |Inward Smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2331.png]]
 |Sign
 |Outward Smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2332.png]]
 |Sign
 |Lej
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2333.png]]
 |Sign
 |Outward Smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2334.png]]
 |Sign
 |Outward Smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2335.png]]
 |Sign
 |Outward Smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2336.png]]
 |Sign
 |Not
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2337.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2338.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2339.png]]
 |Sign
 |Of
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2340.png]]
 |Sign
 |Sunday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2341.png]]
 |Sign
 |Monday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2342.png]]
 |Sign
 |Tuesday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2343.png]]
 |Sign
 |Wednesday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2344.png]]
 |Sign
 |Thursday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2345.png]]
 |Sign
 |Friday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2346.png]]
 |Sign
 |Saturday
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2347.png]]
 |Sign
 |January
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2348.png]]
 |Sign
 |February
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2349.png]]
 |Sign
 |March
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2350.png]]
 |Sign
 |April
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2351.png]]
 |Sign
 |May
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2352.png]]
 |Sign
 |June
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2353.png]]
 |Sign
 |July
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2354.png]]
 |Sign
 |August
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2355.png]]
 |Sign
 |September
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2356.png]]
 |Sign
 |October
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2357.png]]
 |Sign
 |November
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2358.png]]
 |Sign
 |December
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2359.png]]
 |Sign
 |Present
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2360.png]]
 |Sign
 |Past
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2361.png]]
 |Sign
 |Future
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2362.png]]
 |Sign
 |Any tense
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2363.png]]
 |Sign
 |This
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2364.png]]
 |Sign
 |These
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2365.png]]
 |Sign
 |Those
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2366.png]]
 |Sign
 |That
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2367.png]]
 |Sign
 |Empty
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2368.png]]
 |Sign
 |Accidentally
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2369.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cup
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2370.png]]
 |Sign
 |Mug
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2371.png]]
 |Sign
 |Bowl
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2372.png]]
 |Sign
 |Plate
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2373.png]]
 |Sign
 |Spoon
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2374.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fork
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2375.png]]
 |Sign
 |Knife (butter)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2376.png]]
 |Sign
 |Knife (paring)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2377.png]]
 |Sign
 |Knife (for citrus with sharp point)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2378.png]]
 |Sign
 |Knife (for citrus with round point)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2379.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cleaver
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2380.png]]
 |Sign
 |Bowl (cereal)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2381.png]]
 |Sign
 |Bowl (soup)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2382.png]]
 |Sign
 |Bowl (rice)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2383.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fork (four tines)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2384.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fork (three tines
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2385.png]]
 |Sign
 |Fork (two tines)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2386.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cheese slicer
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2387.png]]
 |Sign
 |Cake tester
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2388.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teakettle
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2389.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teapot
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2390.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teacup
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2391.png]]
 |Sign
 |Knife (chef’s)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2392.png]]
 |Sign
 |Understand
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2393.png]]
 |Sign
 |Write
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2394.png]]
 |Sign
 |Make
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2395.png]]
 |Sign
 |Want
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2396.png]]
 |Sign
 |Stab
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2397.png]]
 |Sign
 |Enclose
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2398.png]]
 |Sign
 |Translate
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2399.png]]
 |Sign
 |Read
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2400.png]]
 |Sign
 |See
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2401.png]]
 |Sign
 |Play
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2402.png]]
 |Sign
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2403.png]]
 |Sign
 |Love
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2404.png]]
 |Sign
 |Contain
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2405.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teach
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2406.png]]
 |Sign
 |Teach
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2407.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Full Stop
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2408.png]]
 |Sign
 |Stab
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2409.png]]
 |Sign
 |You
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2410.png]]
 |Sign
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2411.png]]
 |Letter
 |Voiced SH
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2412.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Interrogation Mark
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2413.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Semicolon
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2414.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Colon
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2415.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Opening Quotation Mark
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2416.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Closing Quotation Mark
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2417.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Digit Separator
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2418.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Opening Parenthesis
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2419.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Closing Parenthesis
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2420.png]]
 |Punctuation
 |Exclamation Mark
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2421.png]]
 |Sign
 |At the time of
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2422.png]]
 |Sign
 |Can
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2423.png]]
 |Sign
 |Be
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2424.png]]
 |Sign
 |Or
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2425.png]]
 |Sign
 |And
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2426.png]]
 |Sign
 |Specifically
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2427.png]]
 |Sign
 |Hooray
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2428.png]]
 |Sign
 |Yes
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2429.png]]
 |Sign
 |No
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2430.png]]
 |Sign
 |Some
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2431.png]]
 |Sign
 |That
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2432.png]]
 |Sign
 |For
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2433.png]]
 |Sign
 |From
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2434.png]]
 |Sign
 |With
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2435.png]]
 |Sign
 |To
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2436.png]]
 |Sign
 |Which
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2437.png]]
 |Sign
 |Concerning
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2438.png]]
 |Sign
 |(possessive)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2439.png]]
 |Sign
 |Okay
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2440.png]]
 |Sign
 |You
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2441.png]]
 |Sign
 |You (plural)
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2442.png]]
 |Sign
 |I
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2443.png]]
 |Sign
 |We
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2444.png]]
 |Sign
 |He/She/It
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2445.png]]
 |Sign
 |They
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2446.png]]
 |Digit
 |Zero
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2447.png]]
 |Digit
 |One
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2448.png]]
 |Digit
 |Two
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2449.png]]
 |Digit
 |Three
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2450.png]]
 |Digit
 |Four
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2451.png]]
 |Digit
 |Five
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2452.png]]
 |Digit
 |Six
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2453.png]]
 |Digit
 |Seven
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2454.png]]
 |Digit
 |Eight
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2455.png]]
 |Digit
 |Nine
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2456.png]]
 |Sign
 |Outward smile
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2457.png]]
 |Sign
 |Love
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2458.png]]
 |Sign
 |Can
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2459.png]]
 |Sign
 |Or
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2460.png]]
 |Sign
 |Or
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2461.png]]
 |Sign
 |Or
 |-
 ![[File:Lej2462.png]]
 |Sign
 |And
  |}
[[Category:Lej]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2181.png</title>
    <id>7537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53288</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:28:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2182.png</title>
    <id>7538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53289</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:28:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2183.png</title>
    <id>7539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53290</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:28:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2184.png</title>
    <id>7540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53291</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:29:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2185.png</title>
    <id>7541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53292</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2186.png</title>
    <id>7542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53294</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -2311</title>
    <id>7543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53295</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">• [[Aténul]] founded.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2187.png</title>
    <id>7544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53296</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:31:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2188.png</title>
    <id>7545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53297</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:32:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2189.png</title>
    <id>7546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53298</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2190.png</title>
    <id>7547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53299</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2191.png</title>
    <id>7548</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53300</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2192.png</title>
    <id>7549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53301</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:33:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2193.png</title>
    <id>7550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53302</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2194.png</title>
    <id>7551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53303</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -25</title>
    <id>7552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53304</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T00:34:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 132 ===

• [[Ólat Ataniliez]] born.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2195.png</title>
    <id>7553</id>
    <revision>
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      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 238 ===

• [[Iulen]] attacks [[Enón]].

=== 254 ===

• [[Enón]] is winning the war started [[#238|-3.238]], so [[Iulen]] is aided by [[Nalatolan]], with which it is allied.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">• [[Éuliatan]], capital of [[Nalatolan]], established.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
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    <title>File:Lej2247.png</title>
    <id>7612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53365</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2248.png</title>
    <id>7613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53366</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2249.png</title>
    <id>7614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53367</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2250.png</title>
    <id>7615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53368</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2251.png</title>
    <id>7616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53369</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2252.png</title>
    <id>7617</id>
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      <id>53370</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:19:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2253.png</title>
    <id>7618</id>
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      <id>53371</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2254.png</title>
    <id>7619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53372</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2255.png</title>
    <id>7620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53373</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2256.png</title>
    <id>7621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53374</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:20:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2257.png</title>
    <id>7622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53375</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2258.png</title>
    <id>7623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53376</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2259.png</title>
    <id>7624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53377</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2260.png</title>
    <id>7625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53378</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2261.png</title>
    <id>7626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53379</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2262.png</title>
    <id>7627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53380</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -33</title>
    <id>7628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53381</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 124 ===

• [[Oteni Malatiet]] born.

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -42</title>
    <id>7629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53382</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 12 ===

• [[Élian Aéntiel]] born.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -47</title>
    <id>7630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53383</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:26:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 158 ===

• [[Elen Tuliaaat]] born to [[Eatailo Faliaten]] and [[Liletal Tuliaaat]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -53</title>
    <id>7631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53384</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 59 ===

• [[Lituat Ataniliez]] born to [[Salen Oléitan]] and [[Alanit Felamien]].

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -92</title>
    <id>7632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53385</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creeate</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 41 ===

• [[Saón]] founded.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY 0</title>
    <id>7633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53386</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:27:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 1 ===

• [[Nalen]] established after the [[Eight-Day Council]].

=== 4 ===

• [[Talan Ézualen]] killed by [[Ólat Ataniliez]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY 37</title>
    <id>7634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53387</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 127 ===

• [[Lituat Ataniliez]] died.

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY 39</title>
    <id>7635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53388</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 215 ===

• [[Élian Aéntiel]] died.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY 42</title>
    <id>7636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53389</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 213 ===

• [[Oteni Malatiet]] died.

[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY 46</title>
    <id>7637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53390</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:29:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== 241 ===

• [[Ólat Ataniliez]] died.
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lej</title>
    <id>7638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53393</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:37:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages concerning the conlang [[Lej]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilien Wiki</title>
    <id>7639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58928</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-17T21:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Ilien Wiki is a wiki concerning [[Ilien]], hosted at Wikia. As is stated at its homepage :

&lt;blockquote&gt;The Ilien Wiki is a collaborative website concerning Ilien, a fictional universe, that anyone can edit.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Its contents have been migrated to [[FrathWiki]], and it is no longer maintained, as of 4 September 2010.

[[File:Ilien-Wiki-Favicon.png|thumb|right|alt=IlienWiki|The favicon of Ilien Wiki.]]

[[File:Ilien_Wiki.png|thumb|right|alt=IlienWiki|The logo of Ilien Wiki.]]

[[File:Ilien-Wiki-Homepage-17-Jany-2011.png|thumb|right|alt=IlienWikiHomepage|The homepage of Ilien Wiki as of 17 Jany 2011.]]

[[File:Ilien-Wiki-homepage.png|thumb|right|alt=IlienWikiHomepage|A former homepage of Ilien Wiki.]]

==Links==

* [http://ilien.wikia.com/wiki/Ilien_Wiki Ilien Wiki]

[[Category:Conworld_wikis]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Conworld wikis</title>
    <id>7640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53397</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T01:42:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages regarding wikis regarding conworlds.
[[Category:Wikis]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2263.png</title>
    <id>7641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53399</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:31:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2264.png</title>
    <id>7642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53400</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:31:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2265.png</title>
    <id>7643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53401</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2266.png</title>
    <id>7644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53402</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:32:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2267.png</title>
    <id>7645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53403</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:38:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2268.png</title>
    <id>7646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53404</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:38:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2269.png</title>
    <id>7647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53405</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2270.png</title>
    <id>7648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53406</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2271.png</title>
    <id>7649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53407</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2272.png</title>
    <id>7650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53408</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2280.png</title>
    <id>7651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53409</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2281.png</title>
    <id>7652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53410</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2282.png</title>
    <id>7653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53411</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2283.png</title>
    <id>7654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53412</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:42:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2284.png</title>
    <id>7655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53413</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:44:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2285.png</title>
    <id>7656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53414</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2286.png</title>
    <id>7657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53415</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2287.png</title>
    <id>7658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53416</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2288.png</title>
    <id>7659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53417</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2289.png</title>
    <id>7660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53418</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2290.png</title>
    <id>7661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53419</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2291.png</title>
    <id>7662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53420</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2292.png</title>
    <id>7663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53421</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:45:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2293.png</title>
    <id>7664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53422</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:46:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2294.png</title>
    <id>7665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53423</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T11:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Alel</title>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Alel|Alel]]'''''&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Alel]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;''This article is one of many about '''[[:Category:Alel|Alel]]'''''&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Alel]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alel grammar</title>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Alel}}

== Orthography ==

[[:Category:Alel|Alel]] uses 23 letters of the [[Wikipedia:Latin_alphabet|Latin alphabet]], leaving ''q'', ''w'' and ''x'' unused. Each of them is pronounced as their respective IPA equivalents with four exceptions. The exceptions are '''c''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative|voiceless postalveolar fricative]], '''j''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|voiced postalveolar fricative]], '''u''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Voiced_labio-velar_approximant|voiced labiovelar approximant]] when followed by another vowel and , '''y''', which is pronounced as a [[Wikipedia:Palatal_approximant|palatal approximant]]. Occasionally, an apostrophe is used to indicate a [[Wikipedia:Glottal_stop|glottal stop]].

== Articles ==

*There is no indefinite article [English ''a, an'']; there is only a definite article '''al''', alike for all genders, cases and numbers [English ''the''].

*EXAMPLE
:'''ketab''' = book, a book
:'''al ketab''' = the book

== Nouns ==

=== plural ===

*To form the plural, add the ending '''-t''', or '''-at''' to words ending in a consonant. If the last consonant in word is  an [[Wikipedia:Alveolar_plosive|alveolar plosive]], then the endings '''-m''', or '''-em''' respectively

=== cases ===

*There are three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.

*EXAMPLE
:'''Al hunda jodabi al ulademin kucayon.''' 
::''DEF.ART dog.NOM chase.PAST.3SG DEF.ART boy.PL.ACC house.GEN''
:::The dog chased the boys of the house.

*Endings:
:Nominative: '''Ø''' | '''Ø'''
::for the purposes of freeing up word order, the nominative endings '''an''' and '''yan''' may be used.
:Accusative: '''in''' | '''yin'''
:Genitive: '''on''' | '''yon'''

== Adjectives ==

Adjectives follow the noun they modify and do not inflect for case or number. The comparative is made with the word '''yoc''' [English ''more''], the superlative with '''gun'''  [English ''most'']; for the comparative the conjunction '''ke'''  [English ''than''] is used.

*EXAMPLES:
:*'''Al hunda cakra jodi al muratin asud'''
:::The brown dog is chasing the black cats.
:*'''Al hunda ilha yoc cito ke al muratin asud'''
:::The brown dog is larger than the black cats.
:*'''Ama, al anaca ilha al gun cito o kul.'''
:::But the human being is the largest of all.

== Numerals ==

The basic numerals (not declined) are:

*'''ua''' - one
*'''ni''' - two
*'''uc''' - three
*'''yon''' - four
*'''go''' - five
*'''ca''' - six
*'''seb''' - seven
*'''ota''' - eight
*'''nen''' - nine
*'''da''' - ten
*'''sad''' - hundred
*'''hezra''' - thousand
--
*Tens and hundreds are formed by simple juxtaposition of the numerals. 
*To show ordinal numbers we add '''-ma''' or '''-ema''' to numbers ending in a consonant; for multiples, the suffix '''–yoc''' or '''-eyoc'''; for fractions [actually, reciprocals], '''-ten''' or '''-eten'''; for collectives, '''-ku''' or '''-eku'''; for divisionals. 

EXAMPLES:
*'''Hezra nensad nenda-go.''' = 1995.
*'''Al oza goma.''' = The fifth throne.
*'''Kusra niyoc.''' = A double error.
*'''Yoneten uc'''. = Three quarters.
*'''Niku'''. = A pair.
*'''Verabu hum na emla uc.''' = I gave them three apples each.

== Pronouns ==


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''ACC'' !! ''NOM '''-ek''''' !! ''NOM '''-mak''''' !! ''POSS'' !! ''REFL''
|- align=center
! ''1S''
|| '''ana''' || '''-u''' || '''-na''' || '''(a)nai''' || '''anak''' 
|- align=center
! ''2S''
|| '''te''' || '''-e''' || '''-ta''' || '''tai''' || '''tak''' 
|- align=center
! ''3S''
|| '''il/ila/ilu''' || '''-i / (il-)''' || '''-li / (il-)''' || '''ili/ilai/ilua''' || '''ilik/ilak/iluk''' 
|- align=center
! ''1P''
|| '''nos''' || '''-os''' || '''-nos''' || '''nosa''' || '''nosak''' 
|- align=center
! ''2P''
|| '''tum''' || '''-ut''' || '''-tum''' || '''tuma''' || '''tumak''' 
|- align=center
! ''3P''
|| '''hum''' || '''-um''' || '''-hum''' || '''huma''' || '''humak''' 
|-
|}

*EXAMPLES:
:*'''Amu te.'''
::I love you.
:*'''Hundayan nai ami murayin tai.'''
::My dog loves your cat.

== Index ==

{{Alel index}}

[[Category:Alel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alel lexicon</title>
    <id>7733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55765</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T00:14:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* t */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Alel}}

{{Alel abc}}

== a ==

* '''aba''' - from Aramaic: [[Wiktionary:אבא#Aramaic|אבא]] - ''n'' - father, daddy [male parent]

* '''abid''' - from Arabic: [http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/أبيض أبيض] - ''adj'', ''n'' - white, having white as its color; the color white (the absence of color)

* '''al''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ال|ال]] - ''art'' definite  grammatical article

* '''alel''' - from Hawaiian: [[Wiktionary:alelo|alelo]] - ''n'' language, system of communication using words or symbols
:''pl'' '''alelat'''

* '''alha''' - from multiple: [[Wiktionary:alfa|alfa]] - ''n'' '''a''', the first letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''amek''' - from Latin: [[Wiktionary:amo#Latin|amare]] - ''v'' - to have a strong affection for
::Example: '''Te amu.''' - I love you.

* '''anil''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:añil|añil]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - indigo, having indigo as its color; the color indigo

* '''asud''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:أسود|أسود]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - black, having black as its color; the color black

* '''azul''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:azul|azul]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - blue, having blue as its color; the color blue

== b ==

* '''ba''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:باء|باء]] - ''n'' - '''b''', the second letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''bada''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:بعد|بعد]] - ''prep'' - after (time- or motion-wise), behind, to the back of

* '''balo''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:בעל|בעל]] - ''n'' - husband (male spouse)
:''pl'' '''balot'''

* '''behi''' - from Basque: [[Wiktionary:behi|behi]] - ''n'' - cow, female domesticated ox or other bovine
:''pl'' '''behit'''

* '''ben''' - from Kurdish: [[Wiktionary:ben#Kurdish|ben]] - ''n'' - string, rope
:''pl'' '''benat'''

* '''benek''' - from Kurdish: [[Wiktionary:ben#Kurdish|ben]] - ''v'' - to tie a string or rope

== c ==

* '''ca''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:שישה|שישה]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the sixth cardinal number, six

* '''cai''' - from multiple: [[Wiktionary:çay|çay]] - ''n'' - tea, dried leaves of tea plant, drink made from leaves of tea plant

* '''cakra''' - from Kurdish: [[Wiktionary:çakar|çakar]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - brown, having brown as its color; the color brown

* '''cera''' - from Persian: [[Wiktionary:چرا|چرا]] - ''adv, conj, n'' - why, for what reason, the reason

* '''cin''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:ש|שין]] - ''n'' - '''c''', the third letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

== d ==

* '''da''' - from PIE: [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European_*déḱm̥t|déḱm̥t̥̥]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the tenth cardinal number, ten

* '''dal''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:د|د]] - ''n'' - '''d''', the fourth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

== e ==

* '''ec''' - from Armenian: [[Wiktionary:Ե|Ե]] - ''n'' - '''e''', the fifth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''emla''' - mutation of Turkish: [[Wiktionary:elma|elma]] - ''n'' - apple (fruit / tree / wood)
:''pl'' '''emlat'''

* '''ena''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:اين|اين]] - ''adv, conj, n, pron'' - where, the place in/at which; the place from which, at what place; to what place; from what place
::Example: '''Ena ruhatin anai?''' - Where are my clothes?

* '''eneb''' - from Arabic &gt; Turkish: [[Wiktionary:عنب#Ottoman_Turkish|عنب]] - ''n'' - grape (fruit / vine / color)
:''pl'' '''enebat'''

== f ==

* '''fa''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ڢ|ڢ]] - ''n'' - '''f''', the sixth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''fano''' - from Old High German: [[Wiktionary:fano|fano]] - ''n'' - flag, banner, piece of cloth
:''pl'' '''fanot'''

* '''fila''' - from Persian &gt; Arabic: [[Wiktionary:پیل#Persian|فیل]] - ''n'' - elephant
:''pl'' '''filat'''

* '''funda''' - from Turkish: [[Wiktionary:funda#Turkish|funda]] - ''n'' - shrub, bush, woody plant
:''pl'' '''fundam'''

== g ==

* '''gena''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:غ|غ]] - ''n'' - '''g''', the seventh letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''gida''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:غذاء|غذاء]] - ''n'' - food, any substance consumed by living organisms to sustain life

* '''go''' - from Japanese: [[Wiktionary:五#Number|go]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the fifth cardinal number, five

* '''gul''' - from Old Norse: [[Wiktionary:gulr|gulr]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - yellow, having yellow as its color; the color yellow

== h ==

* '''ha''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ﻫ|ﻫ]] - ''n'' - '''h''', the eighth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''hamak''' - from Aramaic: [[Wiktionary:הא|הא]] - irregular ''v'' - to be, to exist
::See: [[Alel_grammar#Verbs|Verb conjugation]]

* '''hunda''' - from Germanic: [[Wiktionary:hund|hund]] - ''n'' - dog, hound, canine

== i ==

* '''icimak''' - from Serbo-Croatian: [[Wiktionary:ići|ići]] - ''v'' - go, walk; move from a place to another that is further away

* '''ita''' - from Modern Greek: [[Wiktionary:ήτα|ήτα]] - ''n'' - '''i''', the ninth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

== j ==

* '''jim''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ج|ج]] - ''n'' - '''j''', the tenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''jodek''' - from Korean: [[Wiktionary:쫓다|쫓다]] - ''v'' - chase, pursue, follow at speed

== k ==

* '''ka''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ك|ك]] - ''n'' - '''k''', the eleventh letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''kam''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:كم|كم]] - ''pn, adv, conj, inter, det'' - how much/many

* '''kebza''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:cabeza|cabeza]] - ''n'' - head, part of the body
:''pl'' '''kebzat'''

* '''ketab''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:كتاب|كتاب]] - ''n'' book, collection of sheets of paper bound together containing printed or written material
:''pl'' '''ketabat'''

* '''kijan''' - from Swahili: [[Wiktionary:jani|jani]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - green, having green as its color; the color green

* '''kua''' - from French: [[Wiktionary:quoi|quoi]] - ''pn, adv, conj, inter, det'' - what

* '''kuca''' - from Serbo-Croatian: [[Wiktionary:kuća|kuća]] - ''n'' house, home, abode; archetypal structure of a human dwelling
:''pl'' '''kucat'''

* '''kusra''' - from Arabic &gt; Turkish: [[Wiktionary:kusur#Turkish|kusur]] - ''n'' error, defect, fault, flaw
:''pl'' '''kusrat'''

== l ==

* '''lam''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ل|ل]] - ''n'' - '''l''', the twelfth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''lec''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:leche|leche]] - ''n'' - milk 
:''pl'' '''lecat'''

* '''lecek''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:leche|leche]] - ''v'' - to milk, to express milk from mammal, to express any liquid
::Example: '''Al behimin lecayu.''' - I will milk the cows.

* '''lila''' - from multiple: [[Wiktionary:lila|lila]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - purple, violet, having purple or violet as its color; the color purple or violet

== m ==

* '''ma''' - from  Greenlandic: [[Wiktionary:aamma|aamma]] - ''conj'' - and, also, as well

* '''matek''' - from Spanish: [[Wiktionary:matar|matar]] - ''v'' - kill, murder, put to death

* '''me''' - from Abanian: [[Wiktionary:me#Albanian|me]] - ''adv'', ''prep'' - with, together, in the company of, using

* '''mem''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:מ|מ]] - ''n'' - '''m''', the thirteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''milha''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:מלה|מלה]] - ''n'' - word, distinct unit of language (sounds in speech or written letters) with a particular meaning
:''pl'' '''milhat'''

* '''mura''' - from Mongolian: [[Wiktionary:муур|муур]] - ''n'' - cat, feline, domestic species, member of Felidae
:''pl'' '''murat'''

== n ==

* '''naho''' - from Arabic: [http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/نحو نحو] - ''n'' - grammar, rules for speaking and writing a language, study of internal structure and use of words
:''pl'' '''nahot'''

* '''naruj''' - a mutation of Spanish: [[Wiktionary:naranja|naranja]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - orange, having orange as its color; the color orange

* '''nehod''' - from Persian: [[Wiktionary:نخود|نخود]] - ''n'' - chickpea | hummus
:''pl'' '''nehodem'''

* '''nen''' - from PIE: [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European_*h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥̥]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the ninth cardinal number, nine

* '''neska''' - from Basque: [[Wiktionary:nneska|neska]] - ''n''- girl, daughter, young female

* '''ni''' - from Japanese: [[Wiktionary:ni#Noun_3|ni]] - ''n'', ''num'' - two, the second cardinal number

* '''nukud''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:نقود|نقود]] - ''n'' - money, cash, coins, change
:''pl'' '''nukudem'''

* '''nun''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:נ|נ]] - ''n'' - '''n''', the fourteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

== o ==

* '''o''' - from Scottish Gaelic: [[Wiktionary:o#Scottish_Gaelic|o]] - ''prep'' - of, from, belonging to or associated with

* '''om''' - from Greek: [[Wiktionary:όμικρον|όμικρον]] - ''n'' - '''o''', the fifteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''ota''' - from PIE: [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European_*oḱtṓw|oḱtṓw̥]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the eighth cardinal number, eight

* '''oza''' - from Japanese: [[Wiktionary:王座|ōzḁ]] - ''n'' - throne, ornate seat, position of sovereign
:''pl'' '''ozat'''

== p ==

* '''para''' - from Aramaic: [[Wiktionary:פארא|פארא]] - ''n'' - fruit [part of plant / food]
:''pl'' '''parat'''

* '''pe''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:פ|פ]] - ''n'' - '''p''', the sixteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''pigamak''' - from Swahili: [[Wiktionary:piga#Swahili|piga]] - ''v'' - to strike, to hit (something)

* '''povu''' - from Swahili: [[Wiktionary:povu#Swahili|povu]] - ''n'' - foam [substance composed of a large collection of bubbles]
:''pl'' '''povut'''

* '''pumak''' - from French: [[Wiktionary:puer#French|puer]] - ''v'' - to stink, to smell (bad)

== r ==

* '''ra''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ر|ر]] - ''n'' - '''r''', the seventeenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''rekab''' - from  Arabic: [[Wiktionary:رقبة|رقبة]] - ''n'' - neck [the part of body connecting the head and the trunk found in humans and some animals]
:''pl'' '''rekabat'''

* '''riyeca''' - from  Bosnian: [[Wiktionary:riječca|riječca]] - ''n'' - particle [word that does not belong to any particular part of speech] / (small word)
:''pl'' '''riyecat'''

* '''roti''' - from  Indonesian: [[Wiktionary:roti#Indonesian|roti]] - ''n'' - bread [baked dough made from cereals]
:''pl'' '''rotim'''

* '''ruha''' - from  Hungarian: [[Wiktionary:ruha|ruha]] - ''n'' - clothes, clothing, apparel, garment
:''pl'' '''ruhat'''

* '''ruj''' - from French: [[Wiktionary:rouge#French|rouge]] - ''adj'', ''n'' - red, having red as its color; the color red

== s ==

* '''sam''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:ס|ס]] - ''n'' - '''s''', the eighteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''sama''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:سماء|سماء]] - ''n'' - sky, heaven

* '''seb''' - from PIE: [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European_*septḿ̥|septḿ̥]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the seventh cardinal number, seven

== t ==

* '''ta''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ت|ت]] - ''n'' - '''t''', the nineteenth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''tabak''' - from Dutch: [[Wiktionary:tabak#Dutch|tabak]] - ''n'' - tobacco, any plant of the genus Nicotiana, leaves of certain varieties of tobacco plant (used euphemistically for: cigarette, cigar, pipe etc.)
:''pl'' '''tabakat'''

* '''tahet''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:تحت|تحت]] - ''adv'', ''prep'' - under, beneath, below

* '''te''' - from Romanian: [[Wiktionary:te#Romanian|te]] - ''pron'' you [2S ACC]

* '''tum''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:انتم|انتم]] - ''pron'' you (all) [2P ACC]

== u ==

* '''ua''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:و|و]] - ''n'' - '''u''', the twentieth letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet. | '''ua''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:واحد|واحد]] - ''n'', ''num'' - cardinal number 1, one

* '''uc''' - from Turkish: [[Wiktionary:üç#Turkish|üç]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the third cardinal number, three

* '''ulad''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ولد|ولد]] - ''n'' - boy, son, young male
:''pl'' - '''uladem'''

* '''uma''' - from Turkish: [[Wiktionary:أم#Egyptian_Arabic|أم]] - ''n''- mother, mom [female parent]

== v ==

* '''valek''' - from Romance languages: [[Wiktionary:valer|valer]] - ''v'' - be worth, be useful

* '''verek''' - from Turkish: [[Wiktionary:vermek|vermek]] - ''v'' - give, transfer the possession of something to someone else

* '''vet''' - from Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:ב|ב]] - ''n'' - '''v''', the twenty-first letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

== y ==

* '''yad''' - compare Hebrew: [[Wiktionary:י|י]] and Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ي|ي]] - ''n'' - '''y''', the twenty-second letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''yanek''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:یعنی|یعنی]] - ''v'' - to mean, to convey, signify, indicate
::Example: '''Kua yane?''' - What do you mean? / What are you conveying?

* '''yoc''' - from Serbo-Croatian: [[Wiktionary:još|još]] - ''adv'', ''n'' - more

* '''yocek''' - from Serbo-Croatian: [[Wiktionary:još|još]] - ''v'' - to add, multiply, increase in number
::Example: '''Kam yocabi?''' - How many did he/she/it add?

* '''yon''' - from Japanese: [[Wiktionary:よん|yon]] - ''n'', ''num'' - the fourth cardinal number, four

== z ==

* '''za''' - from Arabic: [[Wiktionary:ز|ز]] - ''n'' - '''z''', the twenty-third and final letter of the [[:Category:Alel|Alel]] alphabet.

* '''zitra''' - from Swedish: [[Wiktionary:cittra|cittra]] - ''n'' - zither, instrument consisting of a flat sounding box  with numerous strings

* '''zuga''' - from German: [[Wiktionary:Zug#German|Zug]] - ''n'' - a train; multiple vehicles one behind the other, particularly traveling on rails

== Index ==

{{Alel index}}

[[Category:Alel]]</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Alel index</title>
    <id>7734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53497</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T13:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#[[Alel grammar]]
#[[Alel lexicon]]
#[[Alel phrases]]
#[[Alel thematic lexicon]]


[[Category:Alel]]</text>
    </revision>
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    <id>7735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53494</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T12:49:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with 'Alel'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Alel</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alel phrases</title>
    <id>7736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57797</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-20T22:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Random */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Alel}}

== Random ==

*'''Al hunda jodabi al ulademin kucayon.''' 
:''DEF.ART dog.NOM chase.PAST.3SG DEF.ART boy.PL.ACC house.GEN''
:The dog chased the boys of the house.

*'''Al hunda cakra jodi al muratin asud'''
:The brown dog is chasing the black cats.

*'''Al hunda ilha yoc cito ke al muratin asud'''
:The brown dog is larger than the black cats.

*'''Ama, al anaca ilha al gun cito o kul.'''
:But the human being is the largest of all.

== Index ==

{{Alel index}}

[[Category:Alel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alel thematic lexicon</title>
    <id>7737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58900</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-15T15:57:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* 4 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Alel}}

== Numbers ==

=== cardinals ===

*'''ua''' - one
*'''ni''' - two
*'''uc''' - three
*'''yon''' - four
*'''go''' - five
*'''ca''' - six
*'''seb''' - seven
*'''ota''' - eight
*'''nen''' - nine
*'''da''' - ten
*'''sad''' - hundred
*'''hezra''' - thousand

=== ordinals ===

*Ordinals are formed by adding '''-ma''' or '''-ema''' to numbers ending in a consonant.
**'''uama''' - first
**'''sebema''' - seventh

== Colors ==

*'''anil''' - indigo 
*'''asud''' - black 
*'''azul''' - blue
*'''cakra''' - brown 
*'''gul''' - yellow 
*'''kijan''' - green
*'''lila''' - purple, violet 
*'''naruj''' - orange 
*'''ruj''' - red

== 4 ==

*abaku - abacus
*abu - father of [ x ]
*acam - sun / solar
*aho - garlic
*ajim - flavor
*ajud - adjutant
*al - the
*amado - shutter, storm door
*am-ek - to love
*amik - friend
*amir - prince / commander
*ana - I / me
*angla - English
*aren - person
*arum - why / because
*asud - black
*azul - blue
*bada - after / behind
*badra / baba - father
*bahara - spring [ time / season ]
*bara - outside
*barik - without
*bec-ek - to kiss
*ben - boy / son
*beyad - egg / embryo
*bita - please
*bukra - tomorrow
*bunya - brown
*buyuk - big / large / grand
*ca - six / 6
*cai - tea
*calam - peace
*cetra - Thursday
*ci-mak - to eat / consume
*cok / coka - many / much
*da - ten / 10
*da-mak - to give
*dem-ek - to say / speak
*denad - you're welcome
*doma - home / house
*don-ek - to donate / gift
*eku-mak - to listen
*elat - lieutenant
*eleto - summer [ time / season ]
*elila - purple
*emr-ek - to purchase / buy
*ena - eye
*enab - grape
*enak - color / hue / shade
*fara - fruit
*feg-ek - to adhere / stick
*fila - elephant
*gan-ek - to want / crave
*gida - food / sustenance
*go - five / 5
*goba - mushroom
*gula - yellow
*hada / hadam - this / these
*ha-mak - to be [ informal ]
*harifa - fall / autumn
*heleb - bread
*hemra - wine
*hezra - thousand / 1000
*hinak - there
*hira - yesterday
*hum - they / them
*hunda - dog
*ibda - abbot
*ihad - Sunday
*il - it / that / he / her
*ila - she / her
*ilu - he / him
*ima - now / yet
*imil - wheat / grain
*imta / mata - when
*inak - tonight
*isad - cent / coin | 1/100
*isbanya - Spain / Spanish
*iyom - today
*jama - never
*juma - Friday
*juta - million
*ka - here
*kabo - corporal
*kadab - dead body / corpse
*kahid - colonel
*kahua - coffee
*katar - Qatar
*kebza - head
*keso - cheese
*ket-ek - to cut
*kijan - green
*kotla - snake
*kuc-ek - to cook / prepare food
*kul / kulu - all / every / each
*kulyom - always
*kuzu - lamb / young sheep
*lec - milk / dairy
*luga - language / dialect
*luna - Monday
*madra / mama - mother / momma
*mala - bad
*man - ten thousand / 10000
*marud - Tuesday
*matam - restaurant
*maya - water
*min - who
*minak - whose
*mit / mita - with
*mon - month
*muj - man
*munud - minute
*nahara - river
*nak - night
*naruj - orange
*nayeb - white
*ne / la - no / not
*neko - cat
*nemza - nation / country
*nen - nine / 9
*ni - two / 2
*nikab - lance corporal
*nizra - nose
*nom - name
*nos - we / us
*nul / nula - zero / 0 / nothing
*oba - grandfather
*oda - room / chamber
*olya - oil [ cooking ]
*oma - grandmother
*ota - eight / 8
*oy-ek - to hear
*ra-mak - to see
*ruta - road / route / path
*ruza - rice
*sa / ai - yes
*sabad - Saturday
*sab-ek - to know / understand
*sabza - vegetable
*samal - sergeant
*sar-ek - to be [ formal ]
*seb - seven / 7
*segun - second
*sela / selat - that / those
*sem / sema - week / 7 days
*semaka - fish
*sinza - silver
*sulhad - soldier
*suyob - Wednesday
*tabak - tobacco
*tahet - under / below
*tam - three / 3
*taseb - prayer beads
*tayeb / tama - good / well / fine
*te / ta - you
*teba - nautre
*ten-ek - to have / possess
*tinuk - baby
*tomad - tomato
*tum - you [ plural ]
*tura - bull
*turuk - Turkey
*ua - one / 1
*udun - ear
*ura - hour
*usra - bear
*yama - mountain / hill / peak
*yara - year
*yom - day
*yon - four / 4
*yoza - face
*yuzeb - captain
*za - for
*zakan - beard
*zaman - time
*zatun - olive
*zima - winter [ time ]
*zuga - train / locomotion

*	hezra	1000
*	el	a / an
*	el	a, one
*	abad	abbey
*	zagra	abroad
*	gayod	actually, indeed
*	mujen	adult
*	mujen	adult
*	megra	adult
*	Sa e La	Affirmation and Negation
*	elash	although
*	kulyom	always
*	shagri	ambassador
*	e / u	and
*	ma	and / also / as well
*	melha	apple
*	melha	apple
*	nequd	April
*	nisan	April
*	gunta	army
*	yegek	arrive 
*	dayezra	August
*	shaban	August
*	yenga	aunt
*	qarib	autumn
*	ona`a	baby
*	malu	bad
*	omda	because, in order that, so that
*	narek	become... 
*	asud	black
*	asud	black
*	azul	blue
*	azul	blue
*	ketab	book
*	amba...u	both...and...
*	ben	boy, son
*	dejun	breakfast
*	sadra	breast
*	bruda	brother
*	brun	brown
*	brun	brown
*	emra	bucket
*	aba	but
*	duba	by all means
*	dubla	by no means
*	kunek	can, could, am able to... 
*	uratek	cause to... 
*	sadrayi	century
*	zekra	certainly
*	gumba	cheers!
*	alad	child
*	jida	city
*	makada	clear
*	kahua	coffee
*	kahua	coffee
*	kahua	coffee
*	enak	color
*	enak-at	Colors
*	jamak	come back 
*	talek	come 
*	hasub	computer
*	enzi-m	Conjunctions
*	inamu	cousin
*	taz	cup
*	tumsha	dark
*	yom	day
*	yum	day
*	yom	day
*	al Yom-at de Sema	Days of the Week
*	dayar	decade
*	edasa	December
*	dalhija	December
*	alek	depart, leave 
*	gihaz	dessert
*	murimak	die 
*	erota	divorce
*	abhu	down, below, underneath
*	esata	east
*	ota	eight
*	enda...o	either...or
*	daua	eleven
*	nadas	enemy
*	entrek	enter 
*	nakra	evening
*	meles	evidently
*	tayebha	excellent
*	delek	exit 
*	bok	face
*	eban	fair, blond
*	esek	fall 
*	zudra	family
*	badra / baba	father
*	alud	February
*	ebra	February
*	elyenek	fill 
*	uaha	first
*	go	five
*	degla	flag / banner
*	zubrek	fly 
*	tsegek	follow 
*	esen	food
*	esen	food
*	yon	four
*	juma	Friday
*	amik	friend
*	ya	future
*	iha	girl, daughter
*	alek	go 
*	tayeb	good
*	tayeb	good / nice
*	arobua	good-bye
*	oba	grandfather
*	oma	grandmother
*	sinza	gray
*	kijan	green
*	kijan	green
*	anhalek	hang 
*	ilu	he / him
*	ilu	he / him
*	ilu / -an / -i	he, him, his
*	maraba	hello
*	shalam	hello / bye | peace
*	shobra	horn / bugle
*	shubra	horn / bugle
*	ura	hour
*	ura	hour, time
*	iza	how 
*	kam	how much/how many 
*	kam	how much/many
*	sad	hundred
*	zahuj	husband
*	me	I / me
*	me	I / me / my
*	me / -u / -na	I, me,  my
*	kiza	if, whether
*	...giri	in-law
*	il	it
*	esa	it
*	il	it / he / she
*	il / -an / -i	it, its
*	janua	January
*	janua	January
*	ebra	July
*	rajab	July
*	satlek	jump 
*	sadiz	June
*	jun	June
*	bamon	last week
*	semba	last week
*	semba	last week
*	alasek	let, allow, permit to... 
*	ebad	lunch
*	muj	man
*	muj	man
*	muj	man
*		March
*	nayon	March
*	jehun	marriage
*	ashahu	May
*	ayar	May
*	kiza	maybe / if / perhaps
*	ujab	meal, dinner
*	ujab-at	Meals
*	ayom	midday, noon
*	anak	midnight
*	lesh	milk
*	lesh	milk
*	milyara	millennia
*	milya	million
*	mina	minute
*	luna	Monday
*	mon	month
*	mun	month
*	mon	month
*	mon-at	Months
*	mera	more
*	yomua	morning
*	madra / mama	mother
*	aban	Mr., sir, gentleman...
*	enam	Mrs., Miss, Ms., ma'am, lady...
*	muko	mucus
*	zudek	must, should, need to... 
*	nom	name
*	nela...ne	neither...nor
*	monya	next month
*	yasem	next week
*	semya	next week
*	byara	next year
*	nebok	niece, nephew
*	nak	night
*	nak	night
*	non	nine
*	ne / la	no / not
*	ne / la	no, not
*	norod	north
*	nazra	nose
*	ne / la	not / not
*	jila	November
*	shuna	November
*	ima	now
*	numra-t	Numbers
*	ayika	occasion, time
*	bayud	October
*	shalha	October
*	du	of / from
*	toza	of course
*	olya	oil
*	uahi	once
*	ua	one
*	o	or
*	naruj	orange
*	belek	pale
*	gutunek	pardon 
*	rani-m	Particles
*	ba	past
*	aren-at	People
*	kiza	perhaps
*	aren	person
*	aren	person
*	alyud	person
*	emba	pink
*	bita	please
*	byta	please
*	taseb	prayer beads
*	ima	present
*	elu`ul	probably
*	zamak-at	Pronouns
*	elila	purple
*	kuara-t	Questions
*	matarek	rain 
*	nusumak	raise, rise, lift 
*	ruj	red
*	ruj	red
*	matam	restaurant
*	selhida	salad
*	sabad	Saturday
*	tsala	sauce
*	seka	second
*	inza	September
*	elul	September
*	seb	seven
*	ila	she / her
*	ila	she / her
*	ila / -an / -i	she, her
*	ikua-m enka	Simple Movements
*	sora	sister
*	sha	six
*	abhad	slope / incline
*	samhala	Society
*	badan	soon after
*	marak	soup
*	sud	south
*	konga	spring
*	henosh	stew
*	nayaro	summer
*	ihad	Sunday
*	yashok	supper
*	mehud	system / method
*	tabla	table / desk
*	cha	tea
*	shay	tea
*	shai	tea
*	etahun	teenager
*	da	ten
*	grasa	thank you
*	grasa	thank you
*	dak	that (there)
*	al	the
*	abukra	the day after tomorrow
*	yomba`a	the day before yesterday
*	alyom	the other day
*	al tabla	The Table
*	al Jida	The Town
*	al	the, the afore-mentioned
*	tamen	then, consequently
*	hum	they / them
*	hum	they / them
*	hum / -um / -hum	they, them, their
*	hada	this (here)
*	imon	this month
*	isem	this week
*	isem	this week
*	iyara	this year
*	hada	this, that, it
*	tra	three
*	shetra	Thursday
*	sarek	to be
*	hamak	to be (informal)
*	hamak	to be (informal)
*	sarek	to be (formal)
*	taleq	to come / move
*	maheq	to do / make
*	andeq	to have / possess
*	ableq	to speak / say
*	badeq	to want / desire
*	tabak	tobacco
*	tabak	tobacco
*	tabak	tobacco
*	iyom	today
*	yyum	today
*	iyom	today
*	bukra	tomorrow
*	bukra	tomorrow
*	nabukra	tomorrow evening
*	yanak	tomorrow night
*	inak	tonight
*	tushek	touch, knock, play 
*	zuga	train
*	obra	tree
*	ubra	tree
*	marud	Tuesday
*	nida	twenty
*	nihi	twice
*	ni	two
*	oji	uncle
*	nos	us / we
*	dosh-at ze olenha	Very Basic Verbs
*	akomak	want to, intend to... 
*	nos	we / us / our
*	nos / -os / -nos	we, us, our
*	suyob	Wednesday
*	sem	week
*	sem	week
*	sema	week
*	ahalan	welcome
*	ahalan	welcome!
*	usta	west
*	kua	what
*	kua	what, that
*	kua	what/that 
*		when
*	kanda	when 
*	ayin	where
*	ayyn	where
*	ena	where 
*		which
*	kela	which (of several)
*	kela	which (of several) 
*	nayeb	white
*	nayeb	white
*	myn	who
*	min	who
*	min	who 
*	min	who / whom
*	minak	whose
*	mynak	whose
*	minak	whose
*	minak	whose 
*	arum	why
*	arum	why
*	arum	why
*	arum	why 
*	tsuma	wife
*	saka	wine
*	zimas	winter
*	mit	with / together
*	ona	without / separate
*	jena	woman
*	jena	woman
*	jena	woman
*	yara	year
*	yara	year
*	yara	year
*	nahada	yellow
*	tsuba	yellow
*	sa	yes
*	sa / ai	yes
*	sa / ai	yes
*	ayera	yesterday
*	yomba	yesterday
*	yombua	yesterday morning
*	banak	yesterday night
*	te	you
*	te	you
*	tum	you (pl)
*	tum / -ut / -tum	you (plural), your
*	te / -e / -te	you (singular), your
*	tum	you pl
*	denad	you're welcome
*	denad	you're welcome

== Index ==

{{Alel index}}

[[Category:Alel]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-04-28T11:40:14Z</timestamp>
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        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;big&gt;[[#a|a]] [[#b|b]] [[#c|c]] [[#d|d]] [[#e|e]] [[#f|f]] [[#g|g]] [[#h|h]] [[#i|i]] [[#j|j]] [[#k|k]] [[#l|l]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#o|o]] [[#p|p]] [[#r|r]] [[#s|s]] [[#t|t]] [[#u|u]] [[#v|v]] [[#y|y]] [[#z|z]]&lt;/big&gt;
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    <id>7812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53581</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2433.png</title>
    <id>7813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53582</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2434.png</title>
    <id>7814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53583</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2435.png</title>
    <id>7815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53584</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2436.png</title>
    <id>7816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53585</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:40:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2437.png</title>
    <id>7817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53586</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:41:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2438.png</title>
    <id>7818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53587</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:41:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2439.png</title>
    <id>7819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53588</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2440.png</title>
    <id>7820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53589</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:41:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2441.png</title>
    <id>7821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53590</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2442.png</title>
    <id>7822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53591</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:42:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2443.png</title>
    <id>7823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53592</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2444.png</title>
    <id>7824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53593</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:42:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2445.png</title>
    <id>7825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53594</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:42:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2446.png</title>
    <id>7826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53595</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2447.png</title>
    <id>7827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53596</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:43:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2448.png</title>
    <id>7828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53597</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:43:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2449.png</title>
    <id>7829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53598</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2450.png</title>
    <id>7830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53599</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:43:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2451.png</title>
    <id>7831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53600</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:44:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2452.png</title>
    <id>7832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53601</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2453.png</title>
    <id>7833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53602</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:44:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2454.png</title>
    <id>7834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53603</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:45:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2455.png</title>
    <id>7835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53604</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2456.png</title>
    <id>7836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53605</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:45:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2457.png</title>
    <id>7837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53606</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:45:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2458.png</title>
    <id>7838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53607</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2459.png</title>
    <id>7839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53608</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:46:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2460.png</title>
    <id>7840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53609</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2461.png</title>
    <id>7841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53610</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:46:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lej2462.png</title>
    <id>7842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53611</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T16:47:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Thank goodness all of those are finished. :-P (there are a few more but the weren't found at the time when that list was created; I'll do them as I locate my notes)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Thank goodness all of those are finished. :-P (there are a few more but the weren't found at the time when that list was created; I'll do them as I locate my notes)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Calculator Ftvb/charinsert</title>
    <id>7843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53616</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creating</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ȿȿűnéaɠ''':&lt;charinsert&gt; ɒ Ɒ ⱺ O⃘ ű Ű ɠ Ɠ ⱨ Ⱨ ȿ Ȿ ɀ Ɀ&lt;/charinsert&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Languages of Ilien</title>
    <id>7844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53624</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Languages of [[Ilien]]

[[Category:Ilien]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.begin.png</title>
    <id>7845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53630</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.end.png</title>
    <id>7846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53631</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:34:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.large.png</title>
    <id>7847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53632</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.png</title>
    <id>7848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53633</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.Vené-en-zéal tlaém-én-lotez ló.png</title>
    <id>7849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53635</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Anoé.Vené-en-zéal tlaém-én-lotez ló.png]]&quot;:&amp;#32;oops, I should have proofread that first :-)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.é.png</title>
    <id>7850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53642</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:52:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Anoé.é.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.él.png</title>
    <id>7851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53640</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:50:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.tlaan.ligature.png</title>
    <id>7852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53641</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.tlaan.png</title>
    <id>7853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53643</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.l.png</title>
    <id>7854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53644</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T21:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.479.png</title>
    <id>7855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53650</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:11:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.480.png</title>
    <id>7856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53651</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.481.png</title>
    <id>7857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53652</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:11:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.482.png</title>
    <id>7858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53653</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.483.png</title>
    <id>7859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53654</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:13:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.484.png</title>
    <id>7860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53655</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.485.png</title>
    <id>7861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53656</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.486.png</title>
    <id>7862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53657</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>絵文字 Conlang</title>
    <id>7863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53890</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T17:13:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>improve</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=[[File:Econ.絵文字.png]][[File:Econ.conlang.png]]
 |phonetic=-
 |world=-
 |date=-
 |place=-
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[File:Econ.絵文字.png]][[File:Econ.conlang.png]] script
 |family=[[File:Econ.絵文字.png]][[File:Econ.conlang.png]]
 |word-or=SOV
 |mor-type=-
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] (begun 27.4.2010 C. E.; inspired by [[Pictographic Anoé]])
}}

[[File:Econ.絵文字.png]][[File:Econ.conlang.png]] is a conlang based on [[絵文字]].

[[Category:A_priori_conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.487.png</title>
    <id>7864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53659</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.488.png</title>
    <id>7865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53660</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Anoé.letterform.489.png</title>
    <id>7866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53661</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-27T22:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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      <comment>improving a bit</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Emoji (Japanese: 絵文字) is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term for the picture characters or [[emoticon]]s used in Japanese wireless messages and webpages. Originally meaning [[pictograph]], the word literally means [[wiktionary:絵|e]] &quot;picture&quot; + [[wiktionary:文字|moji]] &quot;letter&quot;. The characters are used much like [[emoticon]]s elsewhere, but a wider range is provided, and the icons are standardized and built into the handsets. Some emoji are very specific to Japanese culture, such as a bowing (apologizing) businessman, a face wearing a [[Surgical mask|face mask]] or a group of emoji representing popular foods ([[ramen]] noodles, [[dango]], [[onigiri]], [[Japanese curry]], [[sushi]]). The three main Japanese operators, [[NTT DoCoMo]], [[au (mobile phone operator)|au]] and [[SoftBank Mobile]] (formerly [[Vodafone]]), have each defined their own variants of emoji.

[[File:絵文字sample.png]]

Although typically only available in Japan, due to the nature of software development, the characters and code in order to use emoji is often physically present in phones, and some phones, including the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone]], allow access to the symbols outside Japanese carriers. They have also started appearing in emailing services such as [[Gmail]] (accessed via [[Google Labs]]).

===Encoding Of Emoji===

For [[NTT DoCoMo]]'s [[i-mode]], each emoji symbol is drawn on a 12x12 [[pixel]] grid. When transmitted, emoji symbols are specified as a two-[[byte]] sequence, in the private-use range E63E through E757 in the [[Unicode]] character space, or F89F through F9FC for [[Shift-JIS]]. The basic specification has 176 symbols, with 76 more added in phones that support [[C-HTML]] 4.0.

au's emoji pictograms are specified using the [[HTML element#Images and Objects|IMG tag]]. SoftBank Mobile emojis are wrapped between [[Shift Out and Shift In characters|SI/SO escape sequences]], and support colors and animation. DoCoMo's emoji are the most compact to transmit while au's version is more flexible based on open standards.
 
There exist two proposals for encoding the Emoji in [[Unicode]] and [[ISO/IEC 10646]], calling for adding characters to the standards to be able to represent the full set.
One is by [[Google]] and [[Apple Inc.]], calling for adding 674 characters to the standards to be able to represent the full set.&lt;ref&gt;http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3582.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3583.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3585.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
A revision and extension of this proposal is provided as a joint proposal by the German ([[DIN]]) and Irish national bodies.&lt;ref&gt;http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3607.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[絵文字 Conlang]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

== External links ==
* [http://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/service/imode/make/content/pictograph/ NTT DoCoMo: Emoji]
* [http://www.au.kddi.com/ezfactory/tec/spec/3.html au by KDDI: Emoji], [http://www.au.kddi.com/ezfactory/tec/spec/icon_mono.html Type 1]
* [http://www.au.kddi.com/ezfactory/tec/spec/icon_color.html 2] (in Japanese)
* [http://surf-style.us/manual3.htm Comparison table across all three companies] (in Japanese)
* [http://whatjapanthinks.com/2007/07/12/japanese-cell-phone-emoji-graphical-icon-usage/ Translated survey on emoji usage patterns]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/unicodesymbols/Home/emoji-symbols Emoji Symbols] - The proposals for encoding of Emoji symbols as Unicode characters.

[[Category:Japanese writing system terms]]
[[Category:Japanese writing system]]
[[Category:Internet slang]]
[[Category:On-line chat]]

(This page incorporates text from Wikipedia.)</text>
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&lt;noinclude&gt;This is for creating table cells starting with hyphens.&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>New Anoé</title>
    <id>7985</id>
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      <comment>digits</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''New Anoé''' is an [[Anoé]] [[orthography]]. It was introduced [[IY_-327|-327.117]]. For a few years after its introduction, it was reviled by the main Anoé user community, but it gradually gained a following among scholars and [[ASL (Anoé)|ASL]] learners.

==Character range description==

New Anoé consists of six basic characters: [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a.png]], [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i.png]], [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png]], [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é.png]], [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png]], and [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3.png]]. These six characters can be stacked to produce additional characters (with unrelated meanings). It uses three separate [[punctuation]] characters: [[File:NewAnoé-Letter--.png]], [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-(.png]], and [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-).png]].
==Basic table of letters== 
  {| border=1
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó3.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-ó3.png]]
 |-
  |}
===Historical variants===
====First variant====
 {| border=1
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó-ó.png]]
 |-
  |}
====Second variant====
  {| border=1
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó2.png]]
 |-
 ![[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-a.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-i.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-e.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-é.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-u.png]]
 |[[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó2-ó2.png]]
 |-
  |}

==Letter correspondences to traditional Anoé==
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ó&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-a-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;\&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-i-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;#&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ar&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ir&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;er&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ér&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ur&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ór&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;kk&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;kkk&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;kkkk&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;kva-&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;kzz&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;or&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-é.png]]: [[File:Anoé.tlaan.ligature.png]]
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-ul&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-és&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;é&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-a.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-ón&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;ó&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-i.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-am&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-e.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-iz&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-é.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-tez&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-u.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-el&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:NewAnoé-Letter-ó3-ó3.png]]: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;et-sa&lt;/span&gt; (abbreviation: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom; font-size: .5em;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;

[[Category:Anoé_orthographies]]</text>
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    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-ó3.png</title>
    <id>7986</id>
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      <id>53801</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T13:56:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-e-u.png</title>
    <id>7987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53802</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T13:57:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-e.png</title>
    <id>7988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53803</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T13:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-é-a.png</title>
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    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-i.png</title>
    <id>8046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53870</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó.png</title>
    <id>8047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53871</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó2.png</title>
    <id>8048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53872</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-ó3.png</title>
    <id>8049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53874</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:33:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u-u.png</title>
    <id>8050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53875</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:33:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NewAnoé-Letter-u.png</title>
    <id>8051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53876</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T16:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anoé orthographies</title>
    <id>8052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53885</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T17:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Anoé orthographies.
[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pictographic Anoé</title>
    <id>8053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53916</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>header, cats</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| frame=&quot;void&quot; rules=&quot;none&quot; frame=&quot;void&quot; rules=&quot;none&quot;
|-
| width=&quot;366&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Word&lt;/font&gt;
| width=&quot;366&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Transliteration&lt;/font&gt;
| width=&quot;366&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Definition&lt;/font&gt;
| width=&quot;366&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Part of speech&lt;/font&gt;
| width=&quot;366&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Pictographic representation&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;énelaté-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;énelaté-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-ality&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3551_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;iléev-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;iléev-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-fully&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3552_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éelz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éelz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-liness&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3553_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-ly&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zzénó-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zzénó-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-nary&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;k&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;k&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(generic profane exclamation)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;interjection&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3554_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;vkozé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;vkozé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(generic profane exclamation)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;interjection&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;k-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;k-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(generic profane prefix, for attaching to a verb that caused one disgust)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3555_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;kva-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;kva-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(generic profane prefix, for attaching to a verb that caused one disgust)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;sén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;sén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(one who understands the attached word)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;am-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;am-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(past tense)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;on-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;on-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(plural)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3535_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;af-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;af-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(possessive)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aet-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aet-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(present tense)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(present tense)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(related to)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-ézl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-ézl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(sthg *-ed)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;mel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;mel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(subject)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;én-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;én-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(the infinitive; “*ing” as noun)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;anoé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;anoé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(this conlang)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(used in titles)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;word&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlaém-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlaém-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;a type of&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zun-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zun-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;above&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;preposition&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;asém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;asém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;achieve&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aédul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aédul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;act&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aémel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aémel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;act&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ézuan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ézuan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aid&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ulzzalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ulzzalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;anarchy&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;and&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tléé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tléé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;and&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tevél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tevél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;angry&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;laéen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;laéen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;another person&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;any&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zsal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zsal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;any&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvaen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvaen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;are *ed&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;élu-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;élu-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;as&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éatl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éatl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;as object&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tón-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tón-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;at for date&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;óeénlé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;óeénlé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;atom&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;uzéat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;uzéat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;attempt&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;itféat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;itféat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aurora&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3533_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tlén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tlén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;because, on, caused by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;below&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;preposition&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-séaz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-séaz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;best represented by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aaén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aaén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;black&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tanézeal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tanézeal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3532_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;sézi&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;sézi&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;break&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-ttéel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-ttéel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ult-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ult-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;can be&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;helper verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Cattern&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;)-anlaét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(Cattern)-anlaét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Cattern cake&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3519_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aaltev&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aaltev&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;cause&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlénef&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlénef&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;cause to be&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlénef-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlénef-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;cause to be&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;atan-olaét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;atan-olaét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;compact disc&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3522_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;élate-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;élate-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;characterized by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aélde&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aélde&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;commit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;community&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tséaln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tséaln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;compassion&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fséez-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fséez-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;complete&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlénóle&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlénóle&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;composite (in mathematics, in reference to functions)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tféloz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tféloz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;compound object, unit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuanén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuanén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (all-in-one CRT)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3528_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuanam&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuanam&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (all-in-one LCD)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3524_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (desktop)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3529_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (laptop)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3521_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (server)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3523_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lvónuil&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lvónuil&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer (tablet)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3534_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;etenen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;etenen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;computer monitor&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3525_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsaén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsaén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;concept&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;téal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;téal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;connect&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsavé-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsavé-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conscious&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3564_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsail&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsail&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;consider&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tfél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tfél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;consider the action specifically as used in a sentence bracketed&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlfael&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlfael&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;considering sthg, like viewing/considering sthg as sthg else&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlaéniél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlaéniél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;continuüm&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aséu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aséu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;contribute to, help&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ézal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ézal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;converts a verb to a noun&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;an-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;an-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;created by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ulén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ulén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;current&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-élt-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-élt-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;day&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;maénnél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;maénnél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;define&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;faéeln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;faéeln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;desire&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvélmet&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvélmet&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;develop, create&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvaólen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvaólen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;distortion&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aénu-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aénu-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;does sthg&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvéiez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvéiez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;earth, world&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fléln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fléln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;effective&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-nét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-nét&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;end date region&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;suffix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;nélaat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;nélaat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;entity&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3565_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;(&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Erlenmeyer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;)-naematan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;(Erlenmeyer)-naematan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;Erlenmeyer flask&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3526_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;everything living&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsaul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsaul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;iétl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;iétl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;exclusively,only&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éenlatén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éenlatén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;File folder&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3527_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;five&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3543_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;for&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;flsaan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;flsaan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;form, create&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;iz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;iz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;four&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3542_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aólnéz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aólnéz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fuel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvenlu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvenlu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;function (in mathematics)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3559_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlaan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlaan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;God&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3557_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zzalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zzalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;government&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aentval&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aentval&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;gravity&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;have&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;téau-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;téau-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;healthy&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvaéé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvaéé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;hole&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éltani&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éltani&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;holiday&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ftéen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ftéen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;how-to&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fnam-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fnam-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;how-to-be&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;however&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;elaé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;elaé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;humanity&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;sézln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;sézln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;hurt&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;é&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;é&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;temév&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;temév&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ideal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;kul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;kul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;idiot (vulgar)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-él-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-él-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;in&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;preposition&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;él-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;él-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;in&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tvélemin-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tvélemin-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;in the name of&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éelnat-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éelnat-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;insatiable&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;laéln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;laéln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;institution&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsavel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsavel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;intent&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tmélén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tmélén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;intention&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lotez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lotez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;interact&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ulnaénol-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ulnaénol-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;irrelevent&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ló&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ló&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;is&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3563_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;luén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;luén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;is -ed&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-zaléln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-zaléln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;is filled by&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ta-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ta-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;is sthg&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éz&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;it&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tfanil&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tfanil&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;It is the case that&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;taéez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;taéez&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;it occurs&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb; no do&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsót&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsót&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;know&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;itu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;itu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lamp&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;vené&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;vené&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;letter&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tfaém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tfaém&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;list&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;san&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;san&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;love (friendship)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tléoln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tléoln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;love (friendship)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;love (romance)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aélnulée&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aélnulée&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;maintain&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;anéan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;anéan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;many&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aénló-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aénló-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;massive&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éfeln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éfeln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;method, way&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;faéez-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;faéez-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;modern world&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tan-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;month&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;at-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;at-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;negative&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aééen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aééen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;neglect&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;atenól-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;atenól-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;never&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;nó&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;nó&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;next bit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;word&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;féltil-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;féltil-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;next, following&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ul-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ul-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;not&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3566_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fséln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fséln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;notice&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;et-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;object&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-méaz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-méaz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;object is&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tsao-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tsao-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;obsolete&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-en-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-en-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;of&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-uéln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-uéln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;often&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;és&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;és&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;one&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3539_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ue&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ue&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;one&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tsen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tsen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;only&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;falianu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;falianu&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;opinion&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tla&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tla&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;or&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tfón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tfón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;other animal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;talam-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;talam-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;part of&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;lutél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;lutél&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;partnership&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;nael&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;nael&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;peace&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;peace (alt)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ttéan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ttéan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;person&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;etenen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;etenen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;personal media player&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3520_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zéat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zéat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;philosophy&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tnalée-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tnalée-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;positive, benificial&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fséaln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fséaln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;present&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;séaal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;séaal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;promote&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ttaél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ttaél-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;recent&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ttéen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ttéen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;religion&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
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| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;saen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;saint&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;derived noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tfaéol&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tfaéol&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;search&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ééln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ééln-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;should&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;sééld&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;sééld&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;sin&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;single&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3562_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;itfaén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;itfaén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;space&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3531_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;itfaén-atel-ésélit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;itfaén-atel-ésélit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;spacetime&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3530_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;élanzat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;élanzat&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;species&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvaen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvaen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;spirit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;némaé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;némaé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;star&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tzéan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tzéan&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;state&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;stupid&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adjective&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;étz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;étz-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;such as&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;éet&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;éet&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ten&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3549_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]], [[Image:3548_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ttaélten&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ttaélten&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;text&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;vzs&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;vzs&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;thank &lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;al-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;al-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;that&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;article&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ól-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ól-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;the&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;article&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-éetl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-éetl-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;the — of which&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;faén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;faén-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;the *ness of&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;téen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;téen-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;the unfinished action — as in * are *ed by *&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aér-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aér-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;them&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;atéi&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;atéi&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;there&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tvul-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tvul-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;they-do&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ezól&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ezól&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;this&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ttaln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ttaln&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;this is&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;am&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;am&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;three&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3541_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ésélit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ésélit&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;time&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ón&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;two&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3540_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;aal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;aal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;very&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;adverb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;fsén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;fsén&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;view&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;iéfa&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;iéfa&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;wave&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;taalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;taalé&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;way of life, lifestyle&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tena-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tena-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;what&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ftaen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ftaen&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;when&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
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|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tssael-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tssael-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;which&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-féntal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-féntal-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;which is&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-tfalnel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-tfalnel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;which is most&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tézef&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tézef&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;while (as only...while)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;conjunction&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tson-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tson-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;will have&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;tlóel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;tlóel&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;wisdom&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;noun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-atel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-atel-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;with&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;preposition&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;-éaméer-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;-éaméer-&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;with the intent&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;prefix&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;zéal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zéal&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;write&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;nól&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;nól&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;write (alt)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;verb&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ve&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;you&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;you (alt)&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;pronoun&lt;/font&gt;
|
|-
| height=&quot;31&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;AnoeyFuturamerlincom&quot;&gt;ul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;ul&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;zero&lt;/font&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &lt;font face=&quot;Sun-ExtA&quot;&gt;number&lt;/font&gt;
|
[[Image:3550_.PictographicAnoé.png|character]]
|}

[http://site.futuramerlin.com/3518.html]
[[Category:Anoé]]
[[Category:Anoé_orthographies]]
[[Category:Anoé_scripts]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3535 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53895</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:09:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3539 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53896</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:09:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3540 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53897</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:09:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3541 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53898</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:10:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3542 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53899</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:10:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3543 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53901</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:11:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3548 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53902</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:11:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3549 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53903</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:11:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3550 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53904</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3552 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53905</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3553 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8064</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53906</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3554 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53907</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3555 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8066</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53908</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3557 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8067</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53909</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3559 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53910</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3562 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53911</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3563 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53912</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3565 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53913</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:14:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:3566 .PictographicAnoé.png</title>
    <id>8072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53914</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T18:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>IY -5410</title>
    <id>8073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53920</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=== ? ===

Name [[Ilien]] given to [[Ɀõɒnɠ]].
[[Category:Ilien_Years]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alien Sinóéun</title>
    <id>8074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53921</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:35:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Present at the [[Council of Aténul]], [[-10]].13.
[[Category:Persons present at the Council of Aténul]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ataniliez, Lituat</title>
    <id>8075</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53922</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:35:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lituat Ataniliez]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ólat Ataniliez</title>
    <id>8076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55808</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:59:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Born [[IY -25]].132 to [[Élian Aéntiel]] and [[Lituat Ataniliez]]. Died [[IY 46]].241. Lieutenant in the [[Nalatolanian army]]. Killed [[Talan Ézualen]] [[IY 0]].4 against Ataniliez's superior [[Elen Tuliaaat]]'s orders and the [[Nalenian constitution]]; Ataniliez is court-martialed for killing Ézualen.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ataniliez, Ólat</title>
    <id>8077</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53924</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:36:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ólat Ataniliez]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aéntiel, Élian</title>
    <id>8078</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53925</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:37:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Élian Aéntiel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Council of Aténul</title>
    <id>8079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53926</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:38:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A council, held [[-10]].13, after the defeat of [[Alal]] by [[Enón]]. In attendance were [[Ólatien Telian]], [[Salen Félóm]], [[Alien Sinóéun]], [[Oteni Malatiet]], [[Iliotól Taliemé]], [[Felilti Temat]], and [[Talanu Falanol]].
[[Category:Political Councils in Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eight-Day Council</title>
    <id>8080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53932</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Eight-Day Council''' was held at [[Éuliatan]], in the [[Éuliatan city hall]]. Present were representatives from the governments of [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]]. Drafting of the constitution began [[IY_-1|-1]].248. -1.252, [[Enón]]-supporting extremist [[Talan Ézualen]] attempts to murder the representatives of [[Iulen]] and [[Nalatolan]] by leading a force of 22 persons towards the south of the council building to attack, but they were stopped by [[Iulenian soldier|Iulenian]] and [[Natalolanian soldier|Nalatolanian soldiers]] guarding the building. -1.254, the name name [[Nalen]] was chosen for the new government.
[[Category:Political Councils in Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elen Tuliaaat</title>
    <id>8081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55804</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:55:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Born [[IY -47]].158 to [[Eatailo Faliaten]] and [[Liletal Tuliaaat]]. A commander in the [[Nalatolanian army]].
[[Category:Nalatolanian army commanders]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Falanol, Talanu</title>
    <id>8082</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53929</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-28T23:41:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talanu Falanol]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Felilti Temat</title>
    <id>8083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55802</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:53:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>IY</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Present at the [[Council of Aténul]], [[IY -10]].13.
[[Category:Persons present at the Council of Aténul]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wơơše</title>
    <id>8084</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>53942</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-29T16:47:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kicgan Vekei</username>
        <id>1348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Wơơše]] to [[Bɨɨše]]:&amp;#32;That's the new name.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Bɨɨše]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2/Asha'ille</title>
    <id>8085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53946</id>
      <timestamp>2010-04-30T12:03:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kaleissin</username>
        <id>198</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added Arthaey's correction</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translation by Kaleissin ==

vek'tuyaea, veia'caruman alcáspi'evaym. jhor'alcáspi'evad t'samigha. ve'sar teizavaym ne shéshinarim, jhiviken kemav fiván ne cichadaym.
vesik'syirún, naruv dravith dehalaizen ne mlaym kilémavad. saemirvaym veia mmaváshith kritharún keia, te vesik'caruman. vol'caruman shatruvaym
te epararevaym ne gejhelle alcáspethith gaejin. vek'lóbea, alcáspi'evaym ne cresin.

===Smooth English===

When spring comes we travel to the ocean. It is a difficult journey. First we must cross the mountains, whose passes often still has snow. Then comes the forest: fallen trees blocking our way. Then we reach the windy plains, and after that, the ocean. By the ocean we make and trade our excellent travel-fare. When fall comes, we travel home.

==Corrected version by Arthaey Angosii==

====Ne Dunath Alcáspièvon====

Vek tuyaea alcáspièveithîm das, veia caruman. Jhor alcáspièvon te samigha. Jhiviken gyev fiván ne cichadîm, vek sar teizavoneithîm done shéshînarîm k'. T'vesîk jhor vae te syîrún. Naruv drayîth haláinîm ne kîlémavoneithîm. Saemirveithîm ne mmaváshîth krîtharún t'vesîk vo ne caruman. Vol caruman shav epararev ne gejhelle gaejîn 'sa alcáspeth. Vek lóbea alcáspièveithîm das, vel cresîn. 

===Smooth English===

We all travel to the ocean in the spring. The traveling is difficult. Snow still covers the passes when we first cross the mountains. Then we are at the forest. Fallen trees prevent our crossing. We arrive at the windy steppes, and then at the ocean. Over the ocean, we talk and sell very good traveling food. We all travel home in the winter.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List</title>
    <id>8086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53964</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wiki Version! Please feel free to edit! */ oops</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Description==

The Futuramerlin.com Character List is a list of [[characters]] in various [[script|scripts]].  It is now available on a wiki basis; changes made to the wiki version may be used in future versions, so any wikiadditions should be in the public domain if you want me to use them (I'll assume they are unless you tell me otherwise). Version 1.1. 17338747 characters in 291 categories (4588 more than [http://site.futuramerlin.com/4437.html the previous version]) are currently listed (though some may be incomplete/have typos/be duplicates/have some other dorky error). It is derived from what would have been version 1.9 (or maybe 2.0, depending on what I decided) of my Character Encoding (derived from many standards and lists, most notably the [http://www.unicode.org/ Unicode] standard), which has been abandoned (but may be resurrected in the future). If you find mistakes or want new character(s) listed, please [mailto:info@futuramerlin.com e-mail me] (please do so!). This version finished and published 20 January, 2010, C. E..

==Wiki Version! Please feel free to edit!==
	
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aegean Numbers and Symbols|Aegean Numbers and Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ahom|Ahom]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aiha|Aiha]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Akanthou|Akanthou]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Alchemical Symbols|Alchemical Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Alzetjan|Alzetjan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Amman-Iar|Amman-Iar]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anatolian Hieroglyphs|Anatolian Hieroglyphs]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ancient Paphian|Ancient Paphian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuillal|Anoé-Tuillal]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuillem|Anoé-Tuillem]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinat|Anoé-Tuinat]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinatan|Anoé-Tuinatan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinel|Anoé-Tuinel]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinelan|Anoé-Tuinelan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuital|Anoé-Tuital]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuizen-Tan|Anoé-Tuizen-Tan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuizen|Anoé-Tuizen]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Arabic|Arabic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Archaic Etruscan|Archaic Etruscan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Archaic Latin|Archaic Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Armenian|Armenian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Arrows|Arrows]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/aUI|aUI]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aurebesh|Aurebesh]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Avestan|Avestan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Balinese|Balinese]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Balti|Balti]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bamum|Bamum]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bassa|Bassa]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Batak|Batak]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bengali|Bengali]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Blissymbols|Blissymbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Block drawing|Block drawing]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Book Pahlavi|Book Pahlavi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bopomofo|Bopomofo]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Box Drawing|Box Drawing]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Brahmi|Brahmi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Braille|Braille]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Britannian Runes|Britannian Runes]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Buginese|Buginese]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Buhid|Buhid]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Byzantine Music Notation|Byzantine Music Notation]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Canadian Syllabics|Canadian Syllabics]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Carian|Carian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Centaurian|Centaurian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chakma|Chakma]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cham|Cham]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chemical Element Symbols|Chemical Element Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cherokee|Cherokee]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chess Symbols|Chess Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cirth|Cirth]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/CJK Radicals|CJK Radicals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/CJK Strokes|CJK Strokes]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Classic Etruscan|Classic Etruscan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Classical Yi|Classical Yi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Club Penguin|Club Penguin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Marks|Combining Marks]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Superscript and Subscript Digits|Combining Superscript and Subscript Digits]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Underlines, Strikethroughs and Overlines|Combining Underlines, Strikethroughs and Overlines]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 1|Conlang 1]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 2|Conlang 2]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 3|Conlang 3]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 4|Conlang 4]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 5|Conlang 5]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 6|Conlang 6]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 7|Conlang 7]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 8|Conlang 8]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Control Symbols|Control Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Controls|Controls]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Coorgi-Cox|Coorgi-Cox]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Coptic|Coptic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Counting Rod Numerals|Counting Rod Numerals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cumaean|Cumaean]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cuneiform Numerals|Cuneiform Numerals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cuneiform|Cuneiform]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cypriot|Cypriot]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cypro-Minoan|Cypro-Minoan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cyrillic|Cyrillic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Dance Writing|Dance Writing]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Deseret|Deseret]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Devanagari|Devanagari]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Dingbats|Dingbats]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Domino Tiles|Domino Tiles]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Dorabella Cipher|Dorabella Cipher]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Early Aramic|Early Aramic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Egyptian Hieroglyphs|Egyptian Hieroglyphs]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Electronics Symbols|Electronics Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Emoji Compatibility|Emoji Compatibility]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Emoticons|Emoticons]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enclosed CJK|Enclosed CJK]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enclosed Italic Latin|Enclosed Italic Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enclosed Latin|Enclosed Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enclosed Monospace Italic Latin|Enclosed Monospace Italic Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enclosed Monospace Latin|Enclosed Monospace Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Engsvanyáli|Engsvanyáli]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Enochian|Enochian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Eteocypriot|Eteocypriot]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Eternity Code|Eternity Code]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ethiopic|Ethiopic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ewellic|Ewellic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Faliscan|Faliscan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ferengi|Ferengi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/File Format Icons|File Format Icons]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Fraktur|Fraktur]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Fullwidth and Halfwidth Forms|Fullwidth and Halfwidth Forms]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Gargoyle|Gargoyle]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Geometric Shapes|Geometric Shapes]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Georgian|Georgian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Glagolitic|Glagolitic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Glaitha-A|Glaitha-A]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Glaitha-B|Glaitha-B]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Gnommish|Gnommish]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Goblin|Goblin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Gothic|Gothic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Grass Radicals|Grass Radicals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Greek Musical Notation|Greek Musical Notation]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Greek Numbers and Symbols|Greek Numbers and Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Greek|Greek]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Gujarati|Gujarati]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/HamNoSys|HamNoSys]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Han|Han]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hand Sign Language|Hand Sign Language]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hangul Jamo|Hangul Jamo]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hangul Syllable|Hangul Syllable]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hanunoo|Hanunoo]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hebrew|Hebrew]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hentaigana|Hentaigana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Hiragana|Hiragana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Idalion|Idalion]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ideographic Annotation Marks|Ideographic Annotation Marks]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ideographic Description Characters|Ideographic Description Characters]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ilianore|Ilianore]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Imperial Aramaic|Imperial Aramaic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Indus Valley Script|Indus Valley Script]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Inscriptional Pahlavi|Inscriptional Pahlavi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Inscriptional Parthian|Inscriptional Parthian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Intercal|Intercal]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/James Leeson Pigpen|James Leeson Pigpen]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Javanese|Javanese]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Jurchen|Jurchen]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kaithi|Kaithi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/KangXi Radicals|KangXi Radicals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kannada|Kannada]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Katakana|Katakana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kayah Li|Kayah Li]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kazat ?Akkorou|Kazat ?Akkorou]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kazvarad|Kazvarad]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kelwathi|Kelwathi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Keyboard Symbols|Keyboard Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Khamti|Khamti]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kharoshthi|Kharoshthi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Khmer|Khmer]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Kinya|Kinya]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Klingon|Klingon]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lao|Lao]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Latin Abbreviations|Latin Abbreviations]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Latin|Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Laundry Symbols|Laundry Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lej|Lej]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lepcha|Lepcha]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Limbu|Limbu]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Linear A|Linear A]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Linear B|Linear B]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lisu|Lisu]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lugano|Lugano]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lycian|Lycian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Lydian|Lydian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mahjong Tiles|Mahjong Tiles]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Malayam|Malayam]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mandaic|Mandaic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mando'a|Mando'a]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Manichaean|Manichaean]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Manipuri|Manipuri]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Marsiliana|Marsiliana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mathematical Symbols|Mathematical Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Meetei Mayek|Meetei Mayek]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Meroitic Cursive|Meroitic Cursive]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Meroitic Hieroglyphic|Meroitic Hieroglyphic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Messapic|Messapic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Middle Adriatic|Middle Adriatic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Miscellaneous Characters|Miscellaneous Characters]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Miscellaneous Symbols|Miscellaneous Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mizarian|Mizarian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Modifier Letters|Modifier Letters]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mongolian|Mongolian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Monofon|Monofon]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Moon Runes|Moon Runes]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Mro|Mro]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Musical Instrument Symbols|Musical Instrument Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Myanmar|Myanmar]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/N'Ko|N'Ko]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Naxi Dongba|Naxi Dongba]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Naxi Geba|Naxi Geba]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Neoglyphic Glyph Portions|Neoglyphic Glyph Portions]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Neoglyphic|Neoglyphic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/New Tai Lue|New Tai Lue]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Niskloz|Niskloz]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/North Picine|North Picine]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Numbers|Numbers]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Nüshu|Nüshu]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ogham|Ogham]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ol Chiki|Ol Chiki]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Olaetyan|Olaetyan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Hungarian|Old Hungarian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Italic|Old Italic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Lisu|Old Lisu]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Permic|Old Permic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Persian|Old Persian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old South Arabian|Old South Arabian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Old Turkic|Old Turkic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ophidian|Ophidian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Oriya|Oriya]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Oscan|Oscan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Osmanya|Osmanya]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Pahawh Hmong|Pahawh Hmong]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Partially Enclosed Latin|Partially Enclosed Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Phags-pa|Phags-pa]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Phaistos Disc|Phaistos Disc]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Phoenician|Phoenician]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Pigpen|Pigpen]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Pikto|Pikto]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Playing Cards|Playing Cards]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Proofreaders' Marks|Proofreaders' Marks]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Punctuation, Spacing, and Miscellaneous Symbols|Punctuation, Spacing, and Miscellaneous Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ranjana|Ranjana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Recent Paphian|Recent Paphian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Rejang|Rejang]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Rendoosian|Rendoosian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Revised Latin|Revised Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Roman Latin|Roman Latin]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Roman Symbols|Roman Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Rongorongo|Rongorongo]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Røzhxh|Røzhxh]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Rumi Numerals|Rumi Numerals]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Runic|Runic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Rynnan|Rynnan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Saklor|Saklor]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Sarkai|Sarkai]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Saurashtra|Saurashtra]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Serivelna|Serivelna]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Sharada|Sharada]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Shavian|Shavian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Shogi Symbols|Shogi Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Siddham|Siddham]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/SignWriting|SignWriting]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Simple Miao|Simple Miao]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Sinhala|Sinhala]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Solresol|Solresol]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Sora Sompeng|Sora Sompeng]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Soyombo|Soyombo]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Squares|Squares]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ssuraki|Ssuraki]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Streich|Streich]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Sundanese|Sundanese]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Syai|Syai]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Syloti Nagri|Syloti Nagri]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Syriac|Syriac]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tagalog|Tagalog]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tagbanwa|Tagbanwa]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tai Le|Tai Le]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tai Lü|Tai Lü]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tai Tham|Tai Tham]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tai Viet|Tai Viet]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tai Xuan Jing Symbols|Tai Xuan Jing Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tamil|Tamil]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tangut|Tangut]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Technical Symbols|Technical Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Telarasso|Telarasso]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Telugu|Telugu]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tengwar|Tengwar]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Thaana|Thaana]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Thai|Thai]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Thelwik|Thelwik]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tibetan|Tibetan]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Tifinagh|Tifinagh]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/TRON iモード絵文字|TRON iモード絵文字]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Two-Letter Code Symbols|Two-Letter Code Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ugaritic|Ugaritic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Umbrian|Umbrian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics|Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Unifon|Unifon]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Vai|Vai]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Variation Selectors|Variation Selectors]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Vedic|Vedic]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Verdurian|Verdurian]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Visible Speech|Visible Speech]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Voynich Manuscript|Voynich Manuscript]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Western Musical Symbols|Western Musical Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Xaîni|Xaîni]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Xiangqi Symbols|Xiangqi Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Yi|Yi]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Yijing Hexagram Symbols|Yijing Hexagram Symbols]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Zarkhánd|Zarkhánd]]
* [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Zírí-Nnka|Zírí-Nnka]]

==Terms of use==

Use agreement: ⑴ you are welcome to do whatever you want with it, provided that doing so does not interfere with ⑵, and that ⑵, modified versions must make it clear that they are not the Futuramerlin.com version.

==Coverage of the official version==

See [[Futuramerlin.com Character List/Official/1.1/Coverage|here]].

==Downloads of the official version==

* [http://site.futuramerlin.com/4517.zip Version 1.1]&lt;nowiki&gt;: 44.5 ㎆ (520.2 ㎆ uncompressed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* [http://site.futuramerlin.com/4438.zip Version 1.0]&lt;nowiki&gt;: 44.5 ㎆ (519.9 ㎆ uncompressed)&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/Official/1.1/Coverage</title>
    <id>8087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53960</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-04T23:49:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> {|
! Category
! Count
|-
| Aegean Numbers and Symbols
| 57
|-
| Ahom
| 57
|-
| Aiha
| 40
|-
| Akanthou
| 43
|-
| Alchemical Symbols
| 117
|-
| Alzetjan
| 35
|-
| Amman-Iar
| 30
|-
| Anatolian Hieroglyphs
| 558
|-
| Ancient Paphian
| 55
|-
| Anoé-Tuillal
| 167
|-
| Anoé-Tuillem
| 35
|-
| Anoé-Tuinat
| 34
|-
| Anoé-Tuinatan
| 34
|-
| Anoé-Tuinel
| 34
|-
| Anoé-Tuinelan
| 34
|-
| Anoé-Tuital
| 34
|-
| Anoé-Tuizen
| 17043520
|-
| Anoé-Tuizen-Tan
| 1856
|-
| Arabic
| 1054
|-
| Archaic Etruscan
| 27
|-
| Archaic Latin
| 43
|-
| Armenian
| 91
|-
| Arrows
| 302
|-
| aUI
| 30
|-
| Aurebesh
| 48
|-
| Avestan
| 61
|-
| Balinese
| 121
|-
| Balti
| 30
|-
| Bamum
| 657
|-
| Bassa
| 38
|-
| Batak
| 58
|-
| Bengali
| 96
|-
| Blissymbols
| 887
|-
| Block drawing
| 32
|-
| Book Pahlavi
| 38
|-
| Bopomofo
| 69
|-
| Box Drawing
| 128
|-
| Brahmi
| 108
|-
| Braille
| 896
|-
| Britannian Runes
| 31
|-
| Buginese
| 30
|-
| Buhid
| 20
|-
| Byzantine Music Notation
| 246
|-
| Canadian Syllabics
| 70
|-
| Carian
| 49
|-
| Centaurian
| 37
|-
| Chakma
| 67
|-
| Cham
| 83
|-
| Chemical Element Symbols
| 118
|-
| Cherokee
| 85
|-
| Chess Symbols
| 76
|-
| Cirth
| 104
|-
| CJK Radicals
| 115
|-
| CJK Strokes
| 36
|-
| Classic Etruscan
| 32
|-
| Classical Yi
| 88613
|-
| Club Penguin
| 42
|-
| Combining Marks
| 174
|-
| Combining Superscript and Subscript Digits
| 30
|-
| Combining Underlines, Strikethroughs and Overlines
| 798
|-
| Conlang 1
| 44
|-
| Conlang 2
| 6
|-
| Conlang 3
| 1
|-
| Conlang 4
| 21
|-
| Conlang 5
| 33
|-
| Conlang 6
| 8
|-
| Conlang 7
| 25
|-
| Conlang 8
| 2
|-
| Control Symbols
| 778
|-
| Controls
| 80
|-
| Coorgi-Cox
| 34
|-
| Coptic
| 128
|-
| Counting Rod Numerals
| 18
|-
| Cumaean
| 25
|-
| Cuneiform Numerals
| 99
|-
| Cuneiform
| 883
|-
| Cypriot
| 55
|-
| Cypro-Minoan
| 311
|-
| Cyrillic
| 435
|-
| Dance Writing
| 36
|-
| Deseret
| 80
|-
| Devanagari
| 165
|-
| Dingbats
| 374
|-
| Domino Tiles
| 100
|-
| Dorabella Cipher
| 24
|-
| Early Aramic
| 22
|-
| Egyptian Hieroglyphs
| 1071
|-
| Electronics Symbols
| 144
|-
| Emoji Compatibility
| 66
|-
| Emoticons
| 103
|-
| Enclosed CJK
| 293
|-
| Enclosed Italic Latin
| 988
|-
| Enclosed Latin
| 988
|-
| Enclosed Monospace Italic Latin
| 988
|-
| Enclosed Monospace Latin
| 988
|-
| Engsvanyáli
| 72
|-
| Enochian
| 22
|-
| Eteocypriot
| 68
|-
| Eternity Code
| 23
|-
| Ethiopic
| 493
|-
| Ewellic
| 65
|-
| Faliscan
| 37
|-
| Ferengi
| 48
|-
| Fullwidth and Halfwidth Forms
| 228
|-
| Gargoyle
| 32
|-
| Geometric Shapes
| 128
|-
| Georgian
| 122
|-
| Glagolitic
| 94
|-
| Gnommish
| 30
|-
| Goblin
| 66
|-
| Gothic
| 27
|-
| Grass Radicals
| 94
|-
| Greek Musical Notation
| 70
|-
| Greek Numbers and Symbols
| 75
|-
| Greek
| 379
|-
| Gujarati
| 85
|-
| Gurmukhi
| 81
|-
| HamNoSys
| 188
|-
| Han
| 94238
|-
| Hand Sign Language
| 26
|-
| Hangul Jamo
| 451
|-
| Hangul Syllables
| 11172
|-
| Hanunoo
| 23
|-
| Hebrew
| 135
|-
| Hentaigana
| 213
|-
| Hiragana
| 94
|-
| Idalion
| 54
|-
| Ideographic Annotation Marks
| 16
|-
| Ideographic Description Characters
| 25
|-
| Ilianore
| 32
|-
| Imperial Aramaic
| 31
|-
| Indus Valley Script
| 387
|-
| Inscriptional Pahlavi
| 27
|-
| Inscriptional Parthian
| 30
|-
| Intercal
| 36
|-
| James Leeson Pigpen
| 42
|-
| Javanese
| 91
|-
| Jurchen
| 1425
|-
| Kaithi
| 66
|-
| KangXi Radicals
| 214
|-
| Kannada
| 88
|-
| Katakana
| 113
|-
| Kayah Li
| 48
|-
| Kazat ?Akkorou
| 32
|-
| Kazvarad
| 20
|-
| Kelwathi
| 16
|-
| Keyboard Symbols
| 152
|-
| Khamti
| 63
|-
| Kharoshthi
| 65
|-
| Khmer
| 147
|-
| Kinya
| 85
|-
| Klingon
| 82
|-
| Lao
| 65
|-
| Latin Abbreviations
| 250
|-
| Latin
| 2394
|-
| Laundry Symbols
| 64
|-
| Lej
| 285
|-
| Lepcha
| 74
|-
| Limbu
| 66
|-
| Linear A
| 389
|-
| Linear B
| 211
|-
| Lisu
| 48
|-
| Lugano
| 17
|-
| Lycian
| 29
|-
| Lydian
| 27
|-
| Mahjong Tiles
| 44
|-
| Malayam
| 101
|-
| Mandaic
| 32
|-
| Mando'a
| 35
|-
| Manichaean
| 51
|-
| Manipuri
| 58
|-
| Marsiliana
| 27
|-
| Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
| 1020
|-
| Mathematical Symbols
| 575
|-
| Meetei Mayek
| 79
|-
| Meroitic Cursive
| 66
|-
| Meroitic Hieroglyphic
| 32
|-
| Messapic
| 33
|-
| Middle Adriatic
| 31
|-
| Miscellaneous Characters
| 8
|-
| Miscellaneous Symbols
| 1479
|-
| Mizarian
| 51
|-
| Modifier Letters
| 278
|-
| Mongolian
| 156
|-
| Monofon
| 42
|-
| Moon Runes
| 41
|-
| Mro
| 43
|-
| Musical Instrument Symbols
| 593
|-
| Myanmar
| 183
|-
| N'Ko
| 59
|-
| Naxi Dongba
| 1203
|-
| Naxi Geba
| 734
|-
| New Tai Lue
| 83
|-
| Niskloz
| 36
|-
| North Picine
| 21
|-
| Numbers
| 308
|-
| Nüshu
| 389
|-
| Ogham
| 29
|-
| Ol Chiki
| 48
|-
| Olaetyan
| 77
|-
| Old Hungarian
| 110
|-
| Old Italic
| 35
|-
| Old Lisu
| 50
|-
| Old Permic
| 38
|-
| Old Persian
| 50
|-
| Old South Arabian
| 32
|-
| Old Turkic
| 73
|-
| Ophidian
| 26
|-
| Oriya
| 95
|-
| Oscan
| 54
|-
| Osmanya
| 40
|-
| Pahawh Hmong
| 111
|-
| Partially Enclosed Latin
| 7182
|-
| Phags-pa
| 56
|-
| Phaistos Disc
| 46
|-
| Phoenician
| 29
|-
| Pigpen
| 41
|-
| Pikto
| 2101
|-
| Playing Cards
| 77
|-
| Proofreaders' Marks 1
| 131
|-
| Punctuation, Spacing, and Miscellaneous Symbols
| 588
|-
| Ranjana
| 79
|-
| Recent Paphian
| 73
|-
| Rejang
| 37
|-
| Rendoosian
| 24
|-
| Revised Latin
| 82
|-
| Roman Latin
| 2394
|-
| Roman Symbols
| 12
|-
| Rongorongo
| 824
|-
| Røzhxh
| 37
|-
| Rumi Numerals
| 31
|-
| Runic
| 81
|-
| Rynnan
| 41
|-
| Saklor
| 28
|-
| Sarkai
| 21
|-
| Saurashtra
| 81
|-
| Serivelna
| 41
|-
| Sharada
| 83
|-
| Shavian
| 48
|-
| Shogi Symbols
| 30
|-
| Siddham
| 79
|-
| SignWriting
| 35023
|-
| Simple Miao
| 138
|-
| Sinhala
| 80
|-
| Solresol
| 7
|-
| Sora Sompeng
| 35
|-
| Soyombo
| 51
|-
| Squares
| 355
|-
| Ssuraki
| 29
|-
| Streich
| 15
|-
| Sundanese
| 72
|-
| Syai
| 45
|-
| Syloti Nagri
| 44
|-
| Syriac
| 74
|-
| Tagalog
| 20
|-
| Tagbanwa
| 18
|-
| Tai Le
| 35
|-
| Tai Lü
| 78
|-
| Tai Tham
| 127
|-
| Tai Viet
| 72
|-
| Tai Xuan Jing Symbols
| 87
|-
| Tamil
| 72
|-
| Tangut
| 5910
|-
| Technical Symbols
| 250
|-
| Telarasso
| 20
|-
| Telugu
| 98
|-
| Tengwar
| 93
|-
| Thaana
| 50
|-
| Thai
| 87
|-
| Thelwik
| 36
|-
| Tibetan
| 210
|-
| Tifinagh
| 57
|-
| TRON iモード絵文字
| 288
|-
| Two-Letter Code Symbols
| 676
|-
| Ugaritic
| 31
|-
| Umbrian
| 33
|-
| Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
| 640
|-
| Unifon
| 40
|-
| Vai
| 300
|-
| Variation Selectors
| 256
|-
| Vedic
| 35
|-
| Verdurian
| 105
|-
| Visible Speech
| 120
|-
| Voynich Manuscript
| 167
|-
| Western Musical Symbols
| 223
|-
| Xaîni
| 44
|-
| Xiangqi Symbols
| 14
|-
| Yi
| 1220
|-
| Yijing Hexagram Symbols
| 64
|-
| Zarkhánd
| 28
|-
| Zírí-Nnka
| 28
|-
| TOTAL
| 17,338,747
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aegean Numbers and Symbols</title>
    <id>8088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53966</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:49:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Aegean Word Separator Line
* Aegean Word Separator Dot
* Aegean Check Mark
* Aegean Number One
* Aegean Number Two
* Aegean Number Three
* Aegean Number Four
* Aegean Number Five
* Aegean Number Six
* Aegean Number Seven
* Aegean Number Eight
* Aegean Number Nine
* Aegean Number Ten
* Aegean Number Twenty
* Aegean Number Thirty
* Aegean Number Forty
* Aegean Number Fifty
* Aegean Number Sixty
* Aegean Number Seventy
* Aegean Number Eighty
* Aegean Number Ninety
* Aegean Number One Hundred
* Aegean Number Two Hundred
* Aegean Number Three Hundred
* Aegean Number Four Hundred
* Aegean Number Five Hundred
* Aegean Number Six Hundred
* Aegean Number Seven Hundred
* Aegean Number Eight Hundred
* Aegean Number Nine Hundred
* Aegean Number One Thousand
* Aegean Number Two Thousand
* Aegean Number Three Thousand
* Aegean Number Four Thousand
* Aegean Number Five Thousand
* Aegean Number Six Thousand
* Aegean Number Seven Thousand
* Aegean Number Eight Thousand
* Aegean Number Nine Thousand
* Aegean Number Ten Thousand
* Aegean Number Twenty Thousand
* Aegean Number Thirty Thousand
* Aegean Number Forty Thousand
* Aegean Number Fifty Thousand
* Aegean Number Sixty Thousand
* Aegean Number Seventy Thousand
* Aegean Number Eighty Thousand
* Aegean Number Ninety Thousand
* Aegean Weight Base Unit
* Aegean Weight First Subunit
* Aegean Weight Second Subunit
* Aegean Weight Third Subunit
* Aegean Weight Fourth Subunit
* Aegean Dry Measure First Subunit
* Aegean Liquid Measure First Subunit
* Aegean Measure Second Subunit
* Aegean Measure Third Subunit</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ahom</title>
    <id>8089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53967</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:50:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Ahom Letter KA
* Ahom Letter KHA
* Ahom Letter GA
* Ahom Letter GGA
* Ahom Letter GHA
* Ahom Letter NGA
* Ahom Letter CHA
* Ahom Letter SA
* Ahom Letter JHA
* Ahom Letter NYA
* Ahom Letter TA
* Ahom Letter THA
* Ahom Letter DA
* Ahom Letter DHA
* Ahom Letter NA
* Ahom Letter PA
* Ahom Letter PHA
* Ahom Letter BA
* Ahom Letter BHA
* Ahom Letter MA
* Ahom Letter YA
* Ahom Letter RA
* Ahom Letter LA
* Ahom Letter HA
* Ahom Letter A
* Ahom Letter ZA
* Ahom Vowel Sign A
* Ahom Vowel Sign AA
* Ahom Vowel Sign I
* Ahom Vowel Sign II
* Ahom Vowel Sign U
* Ahom Vowel Sign UU
* Ahom Vowel Sign E
* Ahom Vowel Sign AI
* Ahom Vowel Sign O
* Ahom Vowel Sign AW
* Ahom Vowel Sign OO
* Ahom Vowel Sign ANUSVARA
* Ahom Vowel Sign OI
* Ahom Vowel Sign AU
* Ahom Vowel Sign VIRAMA
* Ahom Vowel Sign UW
* Ahom Digit Zero
* Ahom Digit One
* Ahom Digit Two
* Ahom Digit Three
* Ahom Digit Four
* Ahom Digit Five
* Ahom Digit Six
* Ahom Digit Seven
* Ahom Digit Eight
* Ahom Digit Nine
* Ahom Sign Little Section
* Ahom Sign Section
* Ahom Glyph Digit Alternate Six
* Ahom Glyph Syllable-Final YA
* Ahom Glyph Syllable-Final RA</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aiha</title>
    <id>8090</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53968</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Aiha Letter K
* Aiha Letter G
* Aiha Letter SH
* Aiha Letter CH
* Aiha Letter L
* Aiha Letter N
* Aiha Letter S
* Aiha Letter D
* Aiha Letter T
* Aiha Letter R
* Aiha Letter F
* Aiha Letter V
* Aiha Letter M
* Aiha Letter B
* Aiha Letter P
* Aiha Letter W
* Aiha Letter HW
* Aiha Letter Y
* Aiha Letter H
* Aiha Letter O
* Aiha Letter OO
* Aiha Letter OU
* Aiha Letter UU
* Aiha Letter U
* Aiha Letter E
* Aiha Letter A
* Aiha Letter AI
* Aiha Letter I
* Aiha Letter II
* Aiha Five-House Sign
* Aiha Five-House Sign
* Aiha Paragraph Sign
* Aiha Full Stop
* Aiha Double Full Stop
* Aiha Comma
* Aiha Semicolon
* Aiha Dash
* Aiha Deëmphasis Sign
* Aiha Prolongation Sign
* Aiha Hastening Sign</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Akanthou</title>
    <id>8091</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53969</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:51:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Akanthou Syllable A
* Akanthou Syllable E
* Akanthou Syllable I
* Akanthou Syllable O
* Akanthou Syllable U
* Akanthou Syllable JO
* Akanthou Syllable KA
* Akanthou Syllable KE
* Akanthou Syllable KI
* Akanthou Syllable KO
* Akanthou Syllable KO-2
* Akanthou Syllable KU
* Akanthou Syllable LA
* Akanthou Syllable LO
* Akanthou Syllable MA
* Akanthou Syllable MI
* Akanthou Syllable MO
* Akanthou Syllable NE
* Akanthou Syllable NU
* Akanthou Syllable PA
* Akanthou Syllable PE
* Akanthou Syllable PI
* Akanthou Syllable PI-2
* Akanthou Syllable PO
* Akanthou Syllable RA
* Akanthou Syllable RE
* Akanthou Syllable RI
* Akanthou Syllable RO
* Akanthou Syllable RO-2
* Akanthou Syllable SE
* Akanthou Syllable SI
* Akanthou Syllable SU
* Akanthou Syllable TA
* Akanthou Syllable TE
* Akanthou Syllable TI
* Akanthou Syllable TO
* Akanthou Syllable TU
* Akanthou Syllable WA
* Akanthou Syllable WE
* Akanthou Syllable WI
* Akanthou Syllable WO
* Akanthou Syllable ZA
* Akanthou Syllable ZO</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Alchemical Symbols</title>
    <id>8092</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53970</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:54:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Alchemical Symbol for QUINTESSENCE
* Alchemical Symbol for AIR
* Alchemical Symbol for FIRE
* Alchemical Symbol for Earth
* Alchemical Symbol for AQUAFORTIS
* Alchemical Symbol for AQUA REGIA
* Alchemical Symbol for AQUA REGIA-2
* Alchemical Symbol for AQUA-VITAE
* Alchemical Symbol for AQUA-VITAE-2
* Alchemical Symbol for VINEGAR
* Alchemical Symbol for VINEGAR-2
* Alchemical Symbol for VINEGAR-3
* Alchemical Symbol for SULPHUR
* Alchemical Symbol for PHILOSOPHER'S SULPHUR
* Alchemical Symbol for BLACK SULPHUR
* Alchemical Symbol for MERCURY SUBLIMATE
* Alchemical Symbol for SUBLIMATION
* Alchemical Symbol for MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2
* Alchemical Symbol for MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3
* Alchemical Symbol for CINNABAR
* Alchemical Symbol for SALT
* Alchemical Symbol for NITER
* Alchemical Symbol for VITRIOL
* Alchemical Symbol for VITRIOL-2
* Alchemical Symbol for ROCK SALT
* Alchemical Symbol for ROCK SALT-2
* Alchemical Symbol for GOLD
* Alchemical Symbol for SILVER
* Alchemical Symbol for IRON ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for IRON ORE-2
* Alchemical Symbol for CROCUS OF IRON
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS OF IRON
* Alchemical Symbol for COPPER ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for IRON-COPPER ORE
* Sublimate of Copper
* Alchemical Symbol for CROCUS OF COPPER
* Alchemical Symbol for CROCUS OF COPPER-2
* Alchemical Symbol for COPPER ANTIMONIATE
* Alchemical Symbol for SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE
* Alchemical Symbol for SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER
* Alchemical Symbol for VERDIGRIS
* Alchemical Symbol for TIN ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for LEAD ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for ANTIMONY ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY
* Alchemical Symbol for SALT OF ANTIMONY
* Alchemical Symbol for SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY
* Alchemical Symbol for VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS OF ANTIMONY
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS-2
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS-3
* Alchemical Symbol for REGULUS-4
* Alchemical Symbol for ALKALI
* Alchemical Symbol for ALKALI-2
* Alchemical Symbol for MARCASITE
* Alchemical Symbol for SAL-AMMONIAC
* Alchemical Symbol for ARSENIC
* Alchemical Symbol for REALGAR
* Alchemical Symbol for REALGAR-2
* Alchemical Symbol for AURIPIGMENT
* Alchemical Symbol for BISMUTH ORE
* Alchemical Symbol for TARTAR
* Alchemical Symbol for TARTAR-2
* Alchemical Symbol for QUICK LIME
* Alchemical Symbol for BORAX
* Alchemical Symbol for BORAX-2
* Alchemical Symbol for BORAX-3
* Alchemical Symbol for ALUM
* Alchemical Symbol for OIL
* Alchemical Symbol for SPIRIT
* Alchemical Symbol for TINCTURE
* Alchemical Symbol for GUM
* Alchemical Symbol for WAX
* Alchemical Symbol for POWDER
* Alchemical Symbol for CALX
* Alchemical Symbol for TUTTY
* Alchemical Symbol for CAPUT MORTUUM
* Alchemical Symbol for SCEPTER OF JOVE
* Alchemical Symbol for CADUCEUS
* Alchemical Symbol for TRIDENT
* Alchemical Symbol for STARRED TRIDENT
* Alchemical Symbol for LODESTONE
* Alchemical Symbol for SOAP
* Alchemical Symbol for URINE
* Alchemical Symbol for HORSE DUNG
* Alchemical Symbol for ASHES
* Alchemical Symbol for POT ASHES
* Alchemical Symbol for BRICK
* Alchemical Symbol for POWDERED BRICK
* Alchemical Symbol for AMALGAM
* Alchemical Symbol for STRATUM SUPER STRATUM
* Alchemical Symbol for STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2
* Alchemical Symbol for SUBLIMATION
* Alchemical Symbol for PRECIPITATE
* Alchemical Symbol for DISTILL
* Alchemical Symbol for DISSOLVE
* Alchemical Symbol for DISSOLVE-2
* Alchemical Symbol for PURIFY
* Alchemical Symbol for PUTREFACTION
* Alchemical Symbol for CRUCIBLE
* Alchemical Symbol for CRUCIBLE-2
* Alchemical Symbol for CRUCIBLE-3
* Alchemical Symbol for CRUCIBLE-4
* Alchemical Symbol for CRUCIBLE-5
* Alchemical Symbol for ALEMBIC
* Alchemical Symbol for BATH OF MARY
* Alchemical Symbol for BATH OF VAPORS
* Alchemical Symbol for RETORT
* Alchemical Symbol for HOUR
* Alchemical Symbol for NIGHT
* Alchemical Symbol for DAY-NIGHT
* Alchemical Symbol for MONTH
* Alchemical Symbol for HALF DRAM
* Alchemical Symbol for HALF OUNCE
* Ophiuchus</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Alzetjan</title>
    <id>8093</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53971</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:55:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Alzetjan Letter P
* Alzetjan Letter B
* Alzetjan Letter F
* Alzetjan Letter V
* Alzetjan Letter M
* Alzetjan Letter W
* Alzetjan Letter T
* Alzetjan Letter D
* Alzetjan Letter S
* Alzetjan Letter Z
* Alzetjan Letter N
* Alzetjan Letter L
* Alzetjan Letter R
* Alzetjan Letter TJ
* Alzetjan Letter DJ
* Alzetjan Letter NH
* Alzetjan Letter Y
* Alzetjan Letter C
* Alzetjan Letter J
* Alzetjan Letter SH
* Alzetjan Letter ZH
* Alzetjan Letter K
* Alzetjan Letter G
* Alzetjan Letter H
* Alzetjan Letter WL
* Alzetjan Letter WR
* Alzetjan Letter High I
* Alzetjan Letter Low I
* Alzetjan Letter Central I
* Alzetjan Letter High E
* Alzetjan Letter Low E
* Alzetjan Letter U
* Alzetjan Letter High O
* Alzetjan Letter Low O
* Alzetjan Letter A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Amman-Iar</title>
    <id>8094</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53972</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Amman-Iar Letter P
* Amman-Iar Letter F
* Amman-Iar Letter W
* Amman-Iar Letter M
* Amman-Iar Letter B
* Amman-Iar Letter V
* Amman-Iar Letter T
* Amman-Iar Letter TH
* Amman-Iar Letter R
* Amman-Iar Letter D
* Amman-Iar Letter DH
* Amman-Iar Letter L
* Amman-Iar Letter N
* Amman-Iar Letter C
* Amman-Iar Letter H
* Amman-Iar Letter G
* Amman-Iar Letter CH
* Amman-Iar Letter S
* Amman-Iar Letter SH
* Amman-Iar Letter Y
* Amman-Iar Letter I
* Amman-Iar Letter E
* Amman-Iar Letter U
* Amman-Iar Letter O
* Amman-Iar Letter A
* Amman-Iar Vowel Sign I
* Amman-Iar Vowel Sign E
* Amman-Iar Vowel Sign U
* Amman-Iar Vowel Sign O
* Amman-Iar Vowel Sign A</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anatolian Hieroglyphs</title>
    <id>8095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53973</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:55:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anatolian Hieroglyph A001
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A002
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A003
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A004
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A005
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A006
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A007
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A008
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A009
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A010
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A010A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A011
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A012
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A013
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A014
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A015
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A016
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A017
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A018
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A019
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A020
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A021
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A022
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A023
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A024
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A025
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A026
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A027
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A028
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A029
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A030
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A031
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A032
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A033
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A034
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A035
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A036
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A037
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A038
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A039
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A039A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A040
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A041
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A042
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A043
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A044
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A045
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A045A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A046
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A046A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A046B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A047
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A048
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A049
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A050
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A051
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A052
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A053
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A054
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A055
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A056
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A057
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A058
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A059
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A060
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A061
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A062
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A063
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A064
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A065
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A066
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A066A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A066B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A067
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A068
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A069
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A070
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A071
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A072
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A073
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A074
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A075
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A076
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A077
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A078
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A079
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A080
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A081
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A082
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A083
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A084
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A085
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A086
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A087
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A088
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A089
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A090
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A091
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A092
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A093
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A094
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A095
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A096
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A097A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A097B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A098A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A098B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A099
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A100
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A101
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A102A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A102B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A103
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A104A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A104B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A104C
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A105A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A105B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A106
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A107A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A107B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A107C
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A108
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A109
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A110
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A111
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A112
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A113
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A114
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A115A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A115B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A116
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A117
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A118
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A119
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A120
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A121
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A122
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A123
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A124
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A125
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A125A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A126
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A127
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A128
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A129
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A130
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A131
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A132
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A133
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A134
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A135
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A136
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A137
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A138
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A139
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A140
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A141
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A142
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A143
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A144
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A145
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A146
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A147
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A148
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A149
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A150
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A151
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A152
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A153
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A154
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A155
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A156
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A157
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A158
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A159
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A160
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A161
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A162
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A163
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A164
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A165
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A166
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A167
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A168
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A169
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A170
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A171
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A172
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A173
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A174
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A175
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A176
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A177
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A178
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A179
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A180
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A181
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A182
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A183
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A184
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A185
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A186
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A187
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A188
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A189
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A190
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A191
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A192
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A193
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A194
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A195
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A196
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A197
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A198
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A199
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A200
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A201
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A202A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A202B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A202C
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A203
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A204
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A205
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A206
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A207
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A207A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A208
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A209
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A210
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A211
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A212
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A213
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A214
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A215
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A216A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A216B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A217
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A218
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A219
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A220
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A221
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A222
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A223
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A224
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A225
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A226
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A227
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A227A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A228
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A229
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A230
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A231
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A232
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A233
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A234
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A235
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A236
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A237
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A238
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A239
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A240
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A241
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A242
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A243
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A244
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A245
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A246
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A247
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A248
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A249
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A250
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A251
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A252
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A253
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A254
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A255
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A256
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A257
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A258
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A259
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A260
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A261
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A262
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A263
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A264
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A265
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A266
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A267
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A267A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A268
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A269
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A270
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A271
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A272
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A273
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A274
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A275
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A276
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A277
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A278
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A279
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A280
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A281
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A282
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A283
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A284
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A285
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A286
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A287
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A288
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A289
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A290
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A291
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A292
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A293
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A294
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A294A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A295
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A296
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A297
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A298
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A299
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A299A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A300
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A301
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A302
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A303
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A304
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A305
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A306
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A307
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A308
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A309
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A310
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A311
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A312
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A313
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A314
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A315
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A316
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A317
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A318
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A319
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A320
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A321
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A322
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A323
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A324
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A325
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A326
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A327
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A328
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A329
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A329A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A330
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A331
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A332A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A332B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A332C
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A333
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A334
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A335
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A336
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A336A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A336B
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A337
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A338
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A339
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A340
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A341
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A342
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A343
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A344
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A345
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A346
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A347
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A348
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A349
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A350
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A351
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A352
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A353
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A354
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A355
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A356
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A357
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A358
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A359
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A359A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A360
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A361
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A362
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A363
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A364
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A364A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A365
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A366
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A367
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A368
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A368A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A369
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A370
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A371
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A372
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A373
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A374
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A375
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A376
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A377
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A378
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A379
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A380 ONE
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A381
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A381A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A382
* Anatolian Hieroglyph Combining Mark A383
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A384
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A385
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A386
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A386A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A387
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A388
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A389
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A390
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A391
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A392
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A393
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A394
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A395
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A396
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A397
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A398
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A399
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A400
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A401
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A402
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A403
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A404
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A405
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A406
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A407
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A408
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A409
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A410
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A410A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A411
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A412
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A413
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A414
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A415
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A416
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A417
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A418
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A419
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A420
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A421
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A422
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A423
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A424
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A425
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A426
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A427
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A428
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A429
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A430
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A431
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A432
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A433
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A434
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A435
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A436
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A437
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A438
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A439
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A440
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A441
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A442
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A443
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A444
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A445
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A446
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A447
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A448
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A449
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A450
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A451
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A452
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A453
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A454
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A455
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A456
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A457
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A457A
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A458
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A459
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A460
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A461
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A462
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A463
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A464
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A465
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A466
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A467
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A468
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A469
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A470
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A471
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A472
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A473
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A474
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A475
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A476
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A477
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A478
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A479
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A480
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A481
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A482
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A483
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A484
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A485
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A486
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A487
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A488
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A489
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A490
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A491
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A492
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A493
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A494
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A495
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A496
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A497
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A501
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A502
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A503
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A504
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A505
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A506
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A507
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A508
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A509
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A510
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A511
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A512
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A513
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A514
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A515
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A516
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A517
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A518
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A519
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A520
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A521
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A522
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A523
* Anatolian Hieroglyph A524</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Ancient Paphian</title>
    <id>8096</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53974</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Ancient Paphian Syllable A
* Ancient Paphian Syllable E
* Ancient Paphian Syllable I
* Ancient Paphian Syllable O
* Ancient Paphian Syllable U
* Ancient Paphian Syllable JA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable JO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KE-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable KU
* Ancient Paphian Syllable LA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable LE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable LE-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable LO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable MA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable ME
* Ancient Paphian Syllable MI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable MO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable MO-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable MO-3
* Ancient Paphian Syllable NA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable NI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable NU
* Ancient Paphian Syllable NU-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable PA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable PA-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable PE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable PI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable PO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable RA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable RE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable RE-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable RI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable RO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SE-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SE-3
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SI-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable SU
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TA-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TI
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TO-2
* Ancient Paphian Syllable TU
* Ancient Paphian Syllable WA
* Ancient Paphian Syllable WE
* Ancient Paphian Syllable WO
* Ancient Paphian Syllable ZO</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuillal</title>
    <id>8097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53975</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuillal Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillal Ligature Tlaan
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillal Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillal Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillal Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillal Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuillal Separator
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillal-Inél Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillal-Atan Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillal-Tolan Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillal-Iman Sign In That</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuillem</title>
    <id>8098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53976</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:57:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuillem Letter A
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter O
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter L
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter N
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter M
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter T
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter U
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter É
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter E
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter I
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter F
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter V
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter S
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter K
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuillem Ligature Tlaan
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuillem Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuillem Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuillem Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillem Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuillem Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuillem Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuillem Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuillem Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinat</title>
    <id>8099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53977</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuinat Letter A
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter O
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter L
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter N
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter M
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter T
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter U
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter É
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter E
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter I
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter F
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter V
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter S
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter K
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinat Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuinat Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuinat Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinat Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinat Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuinat Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuinat Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuinat Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinatan</title>
    <id>8100</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53978</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:58:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter A
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter O
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter L
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter N
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter M
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter T
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter U
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter É
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter E
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter I
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter F
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter V
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter S
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter K
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinatan Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuinatan Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuinatan Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinatan Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinatan Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuinatan Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuinatan Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuinatan Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinel</title>
    <id>8101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53979</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:59:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuinel Letter A
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter O
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter L
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter N
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter M
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter T
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter U
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter É
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter E
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter I
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter F
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter V
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter S
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter K
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinel Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuinel Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuinel Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinel Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinel Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuinel Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuinel Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuinel Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuinelan</title>
    <id>8102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53980</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:59:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter A
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter O
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter L
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter N
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter M
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter T
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter U
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter É
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter E
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter I
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter F
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter V
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter S
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter K
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuinelan Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuinelan Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuinelan Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinelan Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuinelan Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuinelan Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuinelan Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuinelan Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuital</title>
    <id>8103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53981</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T00:59:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuital Letter A
* Anoé-Tuital Letter O
* Anoé-Tuital Letter L
* Anoé-Tuital Letter N
* Anoé-Tuital Letter M
* Anoé-Tuital Letter T
* Anoé-Tuital Letter U
* Anoé-Tuital Letter É
* Anoé-Tuital Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuital Letter E
* Anoé-Tuital Letter I
* Anoé-Tuital Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuital Letter F
* Anoé-Tuital Letter V
* Anoé-Tuital Letter S
* Anoé-Tuital Letter K
* Anoé-Tuital Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuital Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuital Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuital Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuital Punctuation Begin Sentence
* Anoé-Tuital Full Stop
* Anoé-Tuital Left Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuital Right Parenthesis
* Anoé-Tuital Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuital Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuital Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuital Separator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuizen-Tan</title>
    <id>8104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53982</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-1-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-2-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-3-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 1-4-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-1-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-2-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-3-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 2-4-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-1-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-2-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-3-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 3-4-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-1-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-2-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-3-4 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-1 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-2 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-3 Sign In That
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter A
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter O
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter L
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter N
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter M
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter T
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter U
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter É
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter Z
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter E
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter I
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter Ó
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter F
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter V
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter S
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter K
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter K-2
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter K-3
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter K-4
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter A with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter O with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter U with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter É with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter E with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter I with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Letter Ó with Alétven
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Sign Therefore
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Sign Because
* Anoé-Tuizen-Tan 4-4-4 Sign In That</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Arabic</title>
    <id>8105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53983</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Arabic Number Sign
* Arabic Sign Sanah
* Arabic Footnote Marker
* Arabic Sign Safha
* Arabic-Indic Cube Root
* Arabic-Indic Hypercube Root
* Arabic Ray
* Arabic-Indic Per Mille Sign
* Arabic-Indic Per Ten Thousand Sign
* Afghani Sign
* Arabic Comma
* Arabic Date Separator
* Arabic Poetic Verse Sign
* Arabic Sign Misrah
* Arabic Sign Sallallahou Alayhe Wassallam
* Arabic Sign Alayhe Assallam
* Arabic Sign Rahmatullah Alayhe
* Arabic Sign Radi Allahou Anhu
* Arabic Sign Takhallus
* Arabic Small High Tah
* Arabic Small High Ligature Alef with Lam with Yeh
* Arabic Small High Zain
* Arabic Small Fatha	
* Arabic Small Damma
* Arabic Small Kasra
* Arabic Semicolon
* Arabic Triple Dot Punctuation Mark
* Arabic Interrogation Mark
* Arabic Letter HAMZA
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Madda Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter WAW with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Hamza Below
* Arabic Letter YEH with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF
* Arabic Letter BEH
* Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA
* Arabic Letter TEH
* Arabic Letter THEH
* Arabic Letter JEEM
* Arabic Letter HAH
* Arabic Letter KHAH
* Arabic Letter DAL
* Arabic Letter THAL
* Arabic Letter REH
* Arabic Letter ZAIN
* Arabic Letter SEEN
* Arabic Letter SHEEN
* Arabic Letter SAD
* Arabic Letter DAD
* Arabic Letter TAH
* Arabic Letter ZAH
* Arabic Letter AIN
* Arabic Letter GHAIN
* Arabic Letter KEHEH with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter KEHEH with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Inverted V
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Tatweel
* Arabic Letter FEH
* Arabic Letter QAF
* Arabic Letter KAF
* Arabic Letter LAM
* Arabic Letter MEEM
* Arabic Letter NOON
* Arabic Letter HEH
* Arabic Letter WAW
* Arabic Letter ALEF MAKSURA
* Arabic Letter YEH
* Arabic Fathatan
* Arabic Dammatan
* Arabic Kasratan
* Arabic Fatha
* Arabic Damma
* Arabic Kasra
* Arabic Shadda
* Arabic Sukun
* Arabic Maddah Above
* Arabic Hamzah Above
* Arabic Hamzah Below
* Arabic Combining Subscript Alef
* Arabic Combining Inverted Damma
* Arabic Mark Noon Ghunna
* Arabic Zwarakay
* Arabic Vowel Sign Small V Above
* Arabic Vowel Sign Small Inverted V Above
* Arabic Vowel Sign Dot Below
* Arabic Reversed Damma
* Arabic Fatha with Two Dots
* Arabic-Indic Digit Zero
* Arabic-Indic Digit One
* Arabic-Indic Digit Two
* Arabic-Indic Digit Three
* Arabic-Indic Digit Four
* Arabic-Indic Digit Five
* Arabic-Indic Digit Six
* Arabic-Indic Digit Seven
* Arabic-Indic Digit Eight
* Arabic-Indic Digit Nine
* Arabic Percent Sign
* Arabic Decimal Separator
* Arabic Thousands Separator
* Arabic Five-Pointed Star
* Arabic Letter Dotless BEH
* Arabic Letter Dotless QAF
* Arabic Letter Superscript Alef
* Arabic Letter ALEF WASLA
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Wavy Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Wavy Hamza Below
* Arabic Letter High HAMZAH
* Arabic Letter High HAMZAH ALEF
* Arabic Letter High HAMZAH WAW
* Arabic Letter U with Hamzah Above
* Arabic Letter High HAMZAH YEH
* Arabic Letter TTEH
* Arabic Letter TTEHEH
* Arabic Letter BEEH
* Arabic Letter TEH with Ring
* Arabic Letter TEH with Three Dots Above Downwards
* Arabic Letter PEH
* Arabic Letter TEHEH
* Arabic Letter BEHEH
* Arabic Letter HAH with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter HAH with Two Dots Vertical Above
* Arabic Letter NYEH
* Arabic Letter DYEH
* Arabic Letter HAH with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter TCHEH
* Arabic Letter TCHEHEH
* Arabic Letter DDAL
* Arabic Letter DAL with Ring
* Arabic Letter DAL with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter DAL with Dot Below and Small Tah
* Arabic Letter DAHAL
* Arabic Letter DDAHAL
* Arabic Letter DUL
* Arabic Letter DAL with Three Dots Above Downwards
* Arabic Letter DAL with Four Dots Above
* Arabic Letter RREH
* Arabic Letter REH with Small V
* Arabic Letter REH with Ring
* Arabic Letter REH with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter REH with Small V Below
* Arabic Letter REH with Dot Below and Dot Above
* Arabic Letter REH with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter JEH
* Arabic Letter REH with Four Dots Above
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Dot Below and Dot Above
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Three Dots Below and Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter SAD with Two Dots Below
* Arabic Letter SAD with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter TAH with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter AIN with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter Dotless FEH
* Arabic Letter FEH with Dot Moved Below
* Arabic Letter FEH with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter VEH
* Arabic Letter FEH with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter PEHEH
* Arabic Letter QAF with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter QAF with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter KEHEH
* Arabic Letter Swash KAF
* Arabic Letter KAF with Ring
* Arabic Letter KAF with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter NG
* Arabic Letter KAF with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter GAF
* Arabic Letter GAF with Ring
* Arabic Letter NGOEH
* Arabic Letter GAF with Two Dots Below
* Arabic Letter GUEH
* Arabic Letter GAF with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter LAM with Small V
* Arabic Letter LAM with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter LAM with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter LAM with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter NOON with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter NOON GHUNNA
* Arabic Letter RNOON
* Arabic Letter NOON with Ring
* Arabic Letter NOON with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter HEH DOACHASHMEE
* Arabic Letter TCHEH with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter HEH with YEH Above
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA GOAL
* Arabic Letter WAW with Ring
* Arabic Letter Kirghiz OE
* Arabic Letter OE
* Arabic Letter U
* Arabic Letter YU
* Arabic Letter Kirghiz YU
* Arabic Letter WAW with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter VE
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH
* Arabic Letter YEH with Tail
* Arabic Letter YEH with Small V
* Arabic Letter WAW with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter E
* Arabic Letter YEH with Three Dots Below
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE with Hamza Above
* Arabic Letter AE
* Arabic Full Stop
* Arabic Small High Ligature SAD with LAM with ALEF MAKSURA
* Arabic Small High Ligature QAF with LAM with ALEF MAKSURA
* Arabic Small High MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Small High LAM ALEF
* Arabic Small High JEEM
* Arabic Small High Three Dots
* Arabic Small High SEEN
* Arabic End of AYAH
* Arabic Start of RUB EL HIZB
* Arabic Small High Rounded Zero
* Arabic Small High Upright Rectangular Zero
* Arabic Small High Dotless Head of KHAH
* Arabic Small High MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Small Low SEEN
* Arabic Small High MADDA
* Arabic Small WAW
* Arabic Small YEH
* Arabic Small High YEH
* Arabic Small High NOON
* Arabic Place of SAJDAH
* Arabic Empty Centre Low Stop
* Arabic Empty Centre High Stop
* Arabic Rounded High Stop with Filled Centre
* Arabic Small Low MEEM
* Arabic Letter DAL with Inverted V
* Arabic Letter REH with Inverted V
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Zero
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit One
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Four
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Five
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Six
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Seven
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Eight
* Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Nine
* Arabic Letter SHEEN with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter DAD with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter GHAIN with Dot Below
* Arabic Sign Sindhi Ampersand
* Arabic Sign Sindhi Postposition MEN
* Arabic Letter HEH with Inverted V
* Arabic Letter BEH with Three Dots Horizontally Below
* Arabic Letter BEH with Dot Below and Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter BEH with Three Dots Horizontally Below
* Arabic Letter BEH with Dot Below and Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter BEH with Three Dots Pointing Upward Below
* Arabic Letter BEH with Three Dots Pointing Upward Below and Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter BEH with Two Dots Below and Dot Above
* Arabic Letter BEH with Inverted Small V Below
* Arabic Letter BEH with Small V
* Arabic Letter HAH with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter HAH with Three Dots Pointing Upward Below
* Arabic Letter DAL with Two Dots Vertically Below and Small Tah
* Arabic Letter DAL with Inverted Small V Below
* Arabic Letter REH with Stroke
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Four Dots Above
* Arabic Letter AIN with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Letter AIN with Three Dots Pointing Downward Above
* Arabic Letter AIN with Two Dots Vertically Above
* Arabic Letter FEH with Two Dots Below
* Arabic Letter FEH with Three Dots Pointing Upward Below
* Arabic Letter KEHEH with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter KEHEH with Three Dots Above
* Arabic Letter KEHEH with Three Dots Pointing Upward Below
* Arabic Letter MEEM with Dot Above
* Arabic Letter MEEM with Dot Below
* Arabic Letter NOON with Two Dots Below
* Arabic Letter NOON with Small Tah
* Arabic Letter NOON with Small V
* Arabic Letter LAM with Bar
* Arabic Letter REH with Two Dots Vertically Above
* Arabic Letter REH with HAMZA Above
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Two Dots Vertically Above
* Arabic Letter HAH with Small Arabic Letter Tah Below
* Arabic Letter HAH with Small Arabic Letter Tah and Two Dots
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Small Arabic Letter Tah and Two Dots
* Arabic Letter REH with Small Arabic Letter Tah and Two Dots
* Arabic Letter HAH with Small Arabic Letter Tah Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two Above
* Arabic Letter ALEF with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three Above
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two Above
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three Above
* Arabic Letter Farsi YEH with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Four Below
* Arabic Letter WAW with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two Above
* Arabic Letter WAW with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three Above
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two Above
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three Above
* Arabic Letter HAH with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Four Below
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Four Above
* Arabic Letter SEEN with Inverted V
* Arabic Letter KAF with Two Dots Above
* Arabic Mid-Level Hamzah
* Arabic Letter ALEF WASLA Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF WASLA Final Form
* Arabic Letter BEEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter BEEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter BEEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter BEEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter PEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter PEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter PEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter PEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter BEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter BEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter BEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter BEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TTEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TTEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TTEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TTEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TTEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TTEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TTEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TTEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter VEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter VEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter VEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter VEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter PEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter PEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter PEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter PEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter DYEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DYEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter DYEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter DYEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter NYEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter NYEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter NYEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter NYEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TCHEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter DDAHAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DDAHAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter DAHAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DAHAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter DUL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DUL Final Form
* Arabic Letter DDAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DDAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter JEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter JEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter RREH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter RREH Final Form
* Arabic Letter KEHEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter KEHEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter KEHEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter KEHEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter GAF Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter GAF Final Form
* Arabic Letter GAF Initial Form
* Arabic Letter GAF Medial Form
* Arabic Letter GUEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter GUEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter GUEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter GUEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter NGOEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter NGOEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter NGOEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter NGOEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter NOON GHUNNA Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter NOON GHUNNA Final Form
* Arabic Letter RNOON Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter RNOON Final Form
* Arabic Letter RNOON Initial Form
* Arabic Letter RNOON Medial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH with YEH Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter HEH with YEH Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL Initial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH GOAL Medial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH DOACHASHMEE Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter HEH DOACHASHMEE Final Form
* Arabic Letter HEH DOACHASHMEE Initial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH DOACHASHMEE Medial Form
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE Final Form
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter YEH BARREE with HAMZA Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter NG Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter NG Final Form
* Arabic Letter NG Initial Form
* Arabic Letter NG Medial Form
* Arabic Letter U Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter U Final Form
* Arabic Letter OE Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter OE Final Form
* Arabic Letter YU Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter YU Final Form
* Arabic Letter U with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter VE Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter VE Final Form
* Arabic Letter KIRGHIZ OE Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter KIRGHIZ OE Final Form
* Arabic Letter KIRGHIZ YU Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter KIRGHIZ YU Final Form
* Arabic Letter E Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter E Final Form
* Arabic Letter E Initial Form
* Arabic Letter E Medial Form
* Arabic Letter UIGHUR KAZAKH KIRGHIZ ALEF MAKSURA Initial Form
* Arabic Letter UIGHUR KAZAKH KIRGHIZ ALEF MAKSURA Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with AE Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with AE Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with WAW Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with WAW Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with U Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with U Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with OE Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with OE Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with YU Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with YU Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with E Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with E Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with E Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature UIGHUR KIRGHIZ YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature UIGHUR KIRGHIZ YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature UIGHUR KIRGHIZ YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF MAKSURA Initial Form
* Arabic Letter FARSI YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter FARSI YEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter FARSI YEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter FARSI YEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature ZAH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with LAM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature THAL with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature REH with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature ALEF MAKSURA with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with DAMMATAN Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with KASRATAN Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with FATHA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with DAMMA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with KASRA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with LAM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature ALEF MAKSURA with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with NOON Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature ZAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with LAM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with SUPERSCRIPT ALEF Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAMZA Above with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature THEH with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with LAM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with FATHA Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with DAMMA Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHADDA with KASRA Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with REH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with REH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with REH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with REH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KHAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with JEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with KHAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with REH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with JEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HAH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with KHAH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with JEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with KHAH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature ZAH with MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature ALEF with FATHATAN Final Form
* Arabic Ligature ALEF with FATHATAN Isolated Form
* Ornate Left Parenthesis
* Ornate Right Parenthesis
* Arabic Ligature TEH with JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HAH with JEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with HAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with JEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with JEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with HAH with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with HAH with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM with KHAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with KHAH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature TAH with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with JEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature GHAIN with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with KHAH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM with JEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with KHAH with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with HAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with KHAH with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with KHAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM with KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with MEEM with JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature HEH with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with KHAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with JEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with KHAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with KHAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature TEH with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with HAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with MEEM with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with KHAH with ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SHEEN with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature DAD with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature YEH with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature QAF with MEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with HAH with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with KHAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with JEEM with MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with HAH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature JEEM with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature HAH with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature MEEM with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature FEH with MEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature BEH with HAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature KAF with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature AIN with JEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SAD with MEEM with MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Ligature SEEN with KHAH with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature NOON with JEEM with YEH Final Form
* Arabic Ligature SALLA Used as Koranic Stop Sign Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature QALA Used as Koranic Stop Sign Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature ALLAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature AKBAR Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature MOHAMMAD Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SALAM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature RASOUL Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature ALAYHE Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature WASALLAM Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SALLA Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASALLAM
* Arabic Ligature JALLAJALALOUHOU
* Rial Sign
* Arabic Ligature BISMILLAH AR-RAHMAN AR-RAHEEM
* Arabic FATHATAN Isolated Form
* Arabic TATWEEL with FATHATAN Above
* Arabic DAMMATAN Isolated Form
* Arabic Tail Fragment
* Arabic KASRATAN Isolated Form
* Arabic FATHA Isolated Form
* Arabic FATHA Medial Form
* Arabic DAMMA Isolated Form
* Arabic DAMMA Medial Form
* Arabic KASRA Isolated Form
* Arabic KASRA Medial Form
* Arabic SHADDA Isolated Form
* Arabic SHADDA Medial Form
* Arabic SUKUN Isolated Form
* Arabic SUKUN Medial Form
* Arabic Letter HAMZA Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with MADDA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with MADDA Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter WAW with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter WAW with HAMZA Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA Below Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF with HAMZA Below Final Form
* Arabic Letter YEH with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter YEH with HAMZA Above Final Form
* Arabic Letter YEH with HAMZA Above Initial Form
* Arabic Letter YEH with HAMZA Above Medial Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Letter BEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter BEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter BEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter BEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TEH MARBUTA Final Form
* Arabic Letter TEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter THEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter THEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter THEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter THEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter JEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter JEEM Final Form
* Arabic Letter JEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Letter JEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Letter HAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter HAH Final Form
* Arabic Letter HAH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter HAH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter KHAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter KHAH Final Form
* Arabic Letter KHAH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter KHAH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter DAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter THAL Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter THAL Final Form
* Arabic Letter REH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter REH Final Form
* Arabic Letter ZAIN Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ZAIN Final Form
* Arabic Letter SEEN Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter SEEN Final Form
* Arabic Letter SEEN Initial Form
* Arabic Letter SEEN Medial Form
* Arabic Letter SHEEN Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter SHEEN Final Form
* Arabic Letter SHEEN Initial Form
* Arabic Letter SHEEN Medial Form
* Arabic Letter SAD Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter SAD Final Form
* Arabic Letter SAD Initial Form
* Arabic Letter SAD Medial Form
* Arabic Letter DAD Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter DAD Final Form
* Arabic Letter DAD Initial Form
* Arabic Letter DAD Medial Form
* Arabic Letter TAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter TAH Final Form
* Arabic Letter TAH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter TAH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter ZAH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ZAH Final Form
* Arabic Letter ZAH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter ZAH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter AIN Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter AIN Final Form
* Arabic Letter AIN Initial Form
* Arabic Letter AIN Medial Form
* Arabic Letter GHAIN Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter GHAIN Final Form
* Arabic Letter GHAIN Initial Form
* Arabic Letter GHAIN Medial Form
* Arabic Letter FEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter FEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter FEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter FEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter QAF Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter QAF Final Form
* Arabic Letter QAF Initial Form
* Arabic Letter QAF Medial Form
* Arabic Letter KAF Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter KAF Final Form
* Arabic Letter KAF Initial Form
* Arabic Letter KAF Medial Form
* Arabic Letter LAM Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter LAM Final Form
* Arabic Letter LAM Initial Form
* Arabic Letter LAM Medial Form
* Arabic Letter MEEM Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter MEEM Final Form
* Arabic Letter MEEM Initial Form
* Arabic Letter MEEM Medial Form
* Arabic Letter NOON Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter NOON Final Form
* Arabic Letter NOON Initial Form
* Arabic Letter NOON Medial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter HEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter HEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter HEH Medial Form
* Arabic Letter WAW Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter WAW Final Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF MAKSURA Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter ALEF MAKSURA Final Form
* Arabic Letter YEH Isolated Form
* Arabic Letter YEH Final Form
* Arabic Letter YEH Initial Form
* Arabic Letter YEH Medial Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with MADDA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with MADDA Above Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with HAMZA Above Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with HAMZA Above Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with HAMZA Below Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF with HAMZA Below Final Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF Isolated Form
* Arabic Ligature LAM with ALEF Final Form
* Arabic Single Nuqta Above
* Arabic Single Nuqta Below
* Arabic Double Nuqta Above
* Arabic Double Nuqta Below
* Arabic Triple Nuqta Above
* Arabic Triple Nuqta Below
* Arabic Triple Inverted Nuqta Above
* Arabic Triple Inverted Nuqta Below
* Arabic Quadruple Nuqta Above
* Arabic Quadruple Nuqta Below
* Arabic Double Danda Below
* Arabic Double Nuqta Vertical Above
* Arabic Double Nuqta Vertical Below
* Arabic Single Circle Below
* Arabic Tota Above
* Arabic Tota Below
* Arabic Wavy Hamza Below
* Arabic Letter Kashmiri YEH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Anoé-Tuizen</title>
    <id>8106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53984</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Anoé-Tuizen]] has more than seventeen million characters; that makes listing all the characters here a tad impractical...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Archaic Etruscan</title>
    <id>8107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53985</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Archaic Etruscan Letter A
* Archaic Etruscan Letter KE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter E
* Archaic Etruscan Letter VE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter ZE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter THE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter I
* Archaic Etruscan Letter KA
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EL
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EM
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EN
* Archaic Etruscan Letter PE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter SHE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter KU
* Archaic Etruscan Letter ER
* Archaic Etruscan Letter ES
* Archaic Etruscan Letter ES-2
* Archaic Etruscan Letter ES-3
* Archaic Etruscan Letter TE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter U
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EKS
* Archaic Etruscan Letter PHE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter KHE
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EF
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EF-2
* Archaic Etruscan Letter EF-3
* Archaic Etruscan Letter CHE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Archaic Latin</title>
    <id>8108</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53986</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:06:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Archaic Latin Letter A
* Archaic Latin Letter A-2
* Archaic Latin Letter BE
* Archaic Latin Letter BE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter KE
* Archaic Latin Letter KE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter DE
* Archaic Latin Letter DE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter E
* Archaic Latin Letter E-2
* Archaic Latin Letter VE
* Archaic Latin Letter VE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter ZE
* Archaic Latin Letter ZE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter HE
* Archaic Latin Letter HE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter I
* Archaic Latin Letter KA
* Archaic Latin Letter KA-2
* Archaic Latin Letter EL
* Archaic Latin Letter EL-3
* Archaic Latin Letter EM
* Archaic Latin Letter EM-2
* Archaic Latin Letter EM-3
* Archaic Latin Letter EN
* Archaic Latin Letter EN-2
* Archaic Latin Letter EN-3
* Archaic Latin Letter O
* Archaic Latin Letter PE
* Archaic Latin Letter PE-2
* Archaic Latin Letter PE-3
* Archaic Latin Letter KU
* Archaic Latin Letter KU-2
* Archaic Latin Letter KU-3
* Archaic Latin Letter ER
* Archaic Latin Letter ER-2
* Archaic Latin Letter ER-3
* Archaic Latin Letter ER-4
* Archaic Latin Letter ES
* Archaic Latin Letter ES-2
* Archaic Latin Letter TE
* Archaic Latin Letter U
* Archaic Latin Letter EKS</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Armenian</title>
    <id>8109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54503</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-10T23:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add chars (from http://www.unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/Archives-Old/UML025/1232.html)</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Armenian Letter Large AYB
* Armenian Letter Large BEN
* Armenian Letter Large GIM
* Armenian Letter Large DA
* Armenian Letter Large ECH
* Armenian Letter Large ZA
* Armenian Letter Large EH
* Armenian Letter Large ET
* Armenian Letter Large TO
* Armenian Letter Large ZHE
* Armenian Letter Large INI
* Armenian Letter Large LIWN
* Armenian Letter Large XEH
* Armenian Letter Large CA
* Armenian Letter Large KEN
* Armenian Letter Large HO
* Armenian Letter Large JA
* Armenian Letter Large GHAD
* Armenian Letter Large CHEH
* Armenian Letter Large MEN
* Armenian Letter Large YI
* Armenian Letter Large NOW
* Armenian Letter Large SHA
* Armenian Letter Large VO
* Armenian Letter Large CHA
* Armenian Letter Large PEH
* Armenian Letter Large JHEH
* Armenian Letter Large RA
* Armenian Letter Large SEH
* Armenian Letter Large VEW
* Armenian Letter Large TIWN
* Armenian Letter Large REH
* Armenian Letter Large CO
* Armenian Letter Large YIWN
* Armenian Letter Large PIWR
* Armenian Letter Large KEH
* Armenian Letter Large OH
* Armenian Letter Large FEH
* Armenian Letter Small AYB
* Armenian Letter Small BEN
* Armenian Letter Small GIM
* Armenian Letter Small DA
* Armenian Letter Small ECH
* Armenian Letter Small ZA
* Armenian Letter Small EH
* Armenian Letter Small ET
* Armenian Letter Small TO
* Armenian Letter Small ZHE
* Armenian Letter Small INI
* Armenian Letter Small LIWN
* Armenian Letter Small XEH
* Armenian Letter Small CA
* Armenian Letter Small KEN
* Armenian Letter Small HO
* Armenian Letter Small JA
* Armenian Letter Small GHAD
* Armenian Letter Small CHEH
* Armenian Letter Small MEN
* Armenian Letter Small YI
* Armenian Letter Small NOW
* Armenian Letter Small SHA
* Armenian Letter Small VO
* Armenian Letter Small CHA
* Armenian Letter Small PEH
* Armenian Letter Small JHEH
* Armenian Letter Small RA
* Armenian Letter Small SEH
* Armenian Letter Small VEW
* Armenian Letter Small TIWN
* Armenian Letter Small REH
* Armenian Letter Small CO
* Armenian Letter Small YIWN
* Armenian Letter Small PIWR
* Armenian Letter Small KEH
* Armenian Letter Small OH
* Armenian Letter Small FEH
* Armenian Small Ligature ECH YIWN
* Armenian Modifier Letter Left Half Ring
* Armenian Apostrophe
* Armenian Emphasis Mark
* Armenian Exclamation Mark
* Armenian Comma
* Armenian Interrogation Mark
* Armenian Abbreviation Mark
* Armenian Full Stop
* Armenian Hyphen
* Armenian Small Ligature MEN NOW
* Armenian Small Ligature MEN ECH
* Armenian Small Ligature MEN INI
* Armenian Small Ligature VEW NOW
* Armenian Small Ligature MEN XEH
* Armenian Eternity Sign
* Four-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Six-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Eight-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Clockwise Armenian Eternity Sign
* Clockwise Four-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Clockwise Six-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Clockwise Eight-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Anticlockwise Armenian Eternity Sign
* Anticlockwise Four-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Anticlockwise Six-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign
* Anticlockwise Eight-Petaled Armenian Eternity Sign</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Arrows</title>
    <id>8110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53988</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:07:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Leftwards Arrow
* Upwards Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow
* Downwards Arrow
* Left Right Arrow
* Up Down Arrow
* Upper Left Arrow
* Upper Right Arrow
* Lower Right Arrow
* Lower Left Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow with Stroke
* Rightwards Arrow with Stroke
* Leftwards Wave Arrow
* Rightwards Wave Arrow
* Leftwards Two Headed Arrow
* Upwards Two Headed Arrow
* Rightwards Two Headed Arrow
* Downwards Two Headed Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow with Tail
* Rightwards Arrow with Tail
* Leftwards Arrow from Bar
* Upwards Arrow from Bar
* Rightwards Arrow from Bar
* Downwards Arrow from Bar
* Up Down Arrow with Base
* Leftwards Arrow with Hook
* Rightwards Arrow with Hook
* Leftwards Arrow with Loop
* Rightwards Arrow with Loop
* Left Right Wave Arrow
* Left Right Arrow with Stroke
* Downwards Zigzag Arrow
* Upwards Arrow with Tip Leftwards
* Upwards Arrow with Tip Rightwards
* Downwards Arrow with Tip Leftwards
* Downwards Arrow with Tip Rightwards
* Rightwards Arrow with Corner Downwards
* Downwards Arrow with Corner Leftwards
* Anticlockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
* Clockwise Top Semicircle Arrow
* Upper Left Arrow to Long Bar
* Leftwards Arrow to Bar over Rightwards Arrow to Bar
* Anticlockwise Open Circle Arrow
* Clockwise Open Circle Arrow
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Upwards
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Downwards
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Rightwards
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Leftwards
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Upwards
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Downwards
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Rightwards
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Leftwards
* Rightwards Arrow over Leftwards Arrow
* Upwards Arrow Leftwards Of Downwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow over Rightwards Arrow
* Leftwards Paired Arrows
* Upwards Paired Arrows
* Rightwards Paired Arrows
* Downwards Paired Arrows
* Leftwards Harpoon over Rightwards Harpoon
* Rightwards Harpoon over Leftwards Harpoon
* Leftwards Double Arrow with Stroke
* Left Right Double Arrow with Stroke
* Rightwards Double Arrow with Stroke
* Leftwards Double Arrow
* Upwards Double Arrow
* Rightwards Double Arrow
* Downwards Double Arrow
* Left Right Double Arrow
* Up Down Double Arrow
* Upper Left Double Arrow
* Upper Right Double Arrow
* Lower Right Double Arrow
* Lower Left Double Arrow
* Leftwards Triple Arrow
* Rightwards Triple Arrow
* Leftwards Waved Arrow
* Rightwards Waved Arrow
* Upwards Arrow with Double Stroke
* Downwards Arrow with Double Stroke
* Leftwards Dashed Arrow
* Upwards Dashed Arrow
* Rightwards Dashed Arrow
* Downwards Dashed Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow to Bar
* Rightwards Arrow to Bar
* Leftwards White Arrow
* Upwards White Arrow
* Rightwards White Arrow
* Downwards White Arrow
* Upwards White Arrow from Bar
* Upwards White Arrow On Pedestal
* Upwards White Arrow On Pedestal with Horizontal Bar
* Upwards White Arrow On Pedestal with Vertical Bar
* Upwards White Double Arrow
* Upwards White Double Arrow On Pedestal
* Rightwards White Arrow from Wall
* Upper Left Arrow to Corner
* Lower Right Arrow to Corner
* Up Down White Arrow
* Right Arrow with Small Circle
* Downwards Arrow Leftwards OF Upwards Arrow
* Three Rightwards Arrows
* Leftwards Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Left Right Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Arrow with Double Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Arrow with Double Vertical Stroke
* Left Right Arrow with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Open-Headed Arrow
* Rightwards Open-Headed Arrow
* Left Right Open-Headed Arrow
* Upwards Quadruple Arrow
* Downwards Quadruple Arrow
* Anticlockwise Gapped Circle Arrow
* Clockwise Gapped Circle Arrow
* Right Arrow with CircleD Plus
* Long Leftwards Arrow
* Long Rightwards Arrow
* Long Left Right Arrow
* Long Leftwards Double Arrow
* Long Rightwards Double Arrow
* Long Left Right Double Arrow
* Long Leftwards Arrow from Bar
* Long Rightwards Arrow from Bar
* Long Leftwards Double Arrow from Bar
* Long Rightwards Double Arrow from Bar
* Long Rightwards Waved Arrow
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Double Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Double Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Left Right Double Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow from Bar
* Leftwards Double Arrow from Bar
* Rightwards Double Arrow from Bar
* Downwards Arrow with Horizontal Stroke
* Upwards Arrow with Horizontal Stroke
* Upwards Triple Arrow
* Downwards Triple Arrow
* Leftwards Double Dash Arrow
* Rightwards Double Dash Arrow
* Leftwards Triple Dash Arrow
* Rightwards Triple Dash Arrow
* Rightwards Two-Headed Triple Dash Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow with Dotted Stem
* Upwards Arrow to Bar
* Downwards Arrow to Bar
* Rightwards Arrow with Tail with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Arrow with Tail with Double Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail with Vertical Stroke
* Rightwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Arrow-Tail
* Rightwards Arrow-Tail
* Leftwards Double Arrow-Tail
* Rightwards Double Arrow-Tail
* Leftwards Arrow to Black Diamond
* Rightwards Arrow to Black Diamond
* Leftwards Arrow from Bar to Black Diamond
* Rightwards Arrow from Bar to Black Diamond
* Upwards And to the Left And Downwards And to the Right Arrow
* Upwards And to the Right And Downwards And to the Left Arrow
* Upwards And to the Left Arrow with Hook
* Upwards And to the Right Arrow with Hook
* Downwards And to the Right Arrow with Hook
* Downwards And to the Left Arrow with Hook
* Upwards And to the Left Arrow And Upwards And to the Right Arrow
* Upwards And to the Right Arrow And Downwards And to the Right Arrow
* Downwards And to the Right Arrow And Downwards And to the Left Arrow
* Downwards And to the Left Arrow And Upwards And to the Left Arrow
* Rising Diagonal Crossing Falling Diagonal
* Falling Diagonal Crossing Rising Diagonal
* Downwards And to the Right Arrow Crossing Upwards And to the Right Arrow
* Upwards And to the Right Arrow Crossing Downwards And to the Right Arrow
* Falling Diagonal Crossing Upwards And to the Right Arrow
* Rising Diagonal Crossing Downwards And to the Right Arrow
* Upwards And to the Right Arrow Crossing Upwards And to the Left Arrow
* Upwards And to the Left Arrow Crossing Upwards And to the Right Arrow
* Wave Arrow Pointing Directly Right
* Arrow Pointing Rightwards Then Curving Upwards
* Arrow Pointing Rightwards Then Curving Downwards
* Arrow Pointing Downwards Then Curving Leftwards
* Arrow Pointing Downwards Then Curving Rightwards
* Right-Side Arc Clockwise Arrow
* Left-Side Arc Anticlockwise Arrow
* Top Arc Anticlockwise Arrow
* Bottom Arc Anticlockwise Arrow
* Top Arc Clockwise Arrow with MINUS
* Top Arc Anticlockwise Arrow with Plus
* Lower Right Semicircular Clockwise Arrow
* Lower Left Semicircular Anticlockwise Arrow
* Anticlockwise Closed Circle Arrow
* Clockwise Closed Circle Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow Above Short Leftwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow Above Short Rightwards Arrow
* Short Rightwards Arrow Above Leftwards Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow with Plus Below
* Leftwards Arrow with Plus Below
* Rightwards Arrow through X
* Left Right Arrow through Small Circle
* Upwards Two-Headed Arrow from Small Circle
* Left Barb Up Right Barb Down Harpoon
* Left Barb Down Right Barb Up Harpoon
* Up Barb Right Down Barb Left Harpoon
* Up Barb Left Down Barb Right Harpoon
* Left Barb Up Right Barb Up Harpoon
* Up Barb Right Down Barb Right Harpoon
* Left Barb Down Right Barb Down Harpoon
* Up Barb Left Down Barb Left Harpoon
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Up to Bar
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Up to Bar
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Right to Bar
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Right to Bar
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down to Bar
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down to Bar
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Left to Bar
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Left to Bar
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Up from Bar
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Up from Bar
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Right from Bar
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Right from Bar
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down from Bar
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down from Bar
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Left from Bar
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Left from Bar
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Left beside Upwards Harpoon with Barb Right
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Left beside Downwards Harpoon with Barb Right
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Rightwards Harpoon with Barb UP
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down Above Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Leftwards Harpoon with Barb UP
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down Above Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Long Dash
* Leftwards Harpoon with Barb Down Below Long Dash
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Up Above Long Dash
* Rightwards Harpoon with Barb Down Below Long Dash
* Upwards Harpoon with Barb Left beside Downwards Harpoon with Barb Right
* Downwards Harpoon with Barb Left beside Upwards Harpoon with Barb Right
* Right Double Arrow with Rounded head
* Equals Sign Above Rightwards Arrow
* Tilde Operator Above Rightwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow Above Tilde Operator
* Rightwards Arrow Above Tilde Operator
* Rightwards Arrow Above Almost Equal To
* Less-Than Above Leftwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow through Less-Than
* Greater-Than Above Rightwards Arrow
* Subset Above Rightwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow through Subset
* Superset Above Leftwards Arrow
* Left Fish Tail
* Right Fish Tail
* Up Fish Tail
* Down Fish Tail
* Upwards and To the Right White Arrow
* Upwards and To the Left White Arrow
* Downwards and To the Right White Arrow
* Downwards and To the Left White Arrow
* Left Right White Arrow
* Leftwards Black Arrow
* Upwards Black Arrow
* Downwards Black Arrow
* Upwards and To the Right Black Arrow
* Upwards and To the Left Black Arrow
* Downwards and To the Right Black Arrow
* Downwards and To the Left Black Arrow
* Left Right Black Arrow
* Up Down Black Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow with Tip Downwards
* Rightwards Arrow with Tip Upwards
* Leftwards Arrow with Tip Downwards
* Leftwards Arrow with Tip Upwards
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow with Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow From Bar
* Leftwards Two-Headed Triple Dash Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow with Dotted Stem
* Leftwards Arrow with Tail with Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Arrow with Tail with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail with Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Two-Headed Arrow with Tail with Double Vertical Stroke
* Leftwards Arrow through Crossed Lines
* Leftwards Arrow through X
* Leftwards Arrow through Latin Letter Large X
* Leftwards Arrow through Latin Letter Small X
* Wave Arrow Pointing Directly Left
* Equals Sign Above Leftwards Arrow
* Reverse Tilde Operator Above Leftwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow Above Reverse Almost Equal To
* Rightwards Arrow through Greater-Than
* Rightwards Arrow through Superset
* Leftwards Quadruple Arrow
* Rightwards Quadruple Arrow
* Reverse Tilde Operator Above Rightwards Arrow
* Rightwards Arrow Above Reverse Almost Equal To
* Tilde Operator Above Leftwards Arrow
* Leftwards Arrow Above Almost Equal To
* Leftwards Arrow Above Reverse Tilde Operator
* Rightwards Arrow Above Reverse Tilde Operator</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/aUI</title>
    <id>8111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53989</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* aUI Letter A
* aUI Letter AA
* aUI Letter E
* aUI Letter EE
* aUI Letter I
* aUI Letter II
* aUI Letter U
* aUI Letter UU
* aUI Letter O
* aUI Letter OO
* aUI Letter Q
* aUI Letter Y
* aUI Letter R
* aUI Letter L
* aUI Letter M
* aUI Letter N
* aUI Letter W
* aUI Letter V
* aUI Letter F
* aUI Letter H
* aUI Letter X
* aUI Letter J
* aUI Letter S
* aUI Letter Z
* aUI Letter G
* aUI Letter K
* aUI Letter T
* aUI Letter D
* aUI Letter B
* aUI Letter P</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Aurebesh</title>
    <id>8112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53990</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:07:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>x</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Aurebesh Letter Aurek
* Aurebesh Letter Besh
* Aurebesh Letter Cresh
* Aurebesh Letter Dorn
* Aurebesh Letter Esk
* Aurebesh Letter Forn
* Aurebesh Letter Grek
* Aurebesh Letter Herf
* Aurebesh Letter Isk
* Aurebesh Letter Jenth
* Aurebesh Letter Krill
* Aurebesh Letter Leth
* Aurebesh Letter Mern
* Aurebesh Letter Nern
* Aurebesh Letter Osk
* Aurebesh Letter Peth
* Aurebesh Letter Qek
* Aurebesh Letter Resh
* Aurebesh Letter Senth
* Aurebesh Letter Trill
* Aurebesh Letter Usk
* Aurebesh Letter Vev
* Aurebesh Letter Wesk
* Aurebesh Letter Xesh
* Aurebesh Letter Yirt
* Aurebesh Letter Zerek
* Aurebesh Letter Cherek
* Aurebesh Letter Enth
* Aurebesh Letter Onith
* Aurebesh Letter Krenth
* Aurebesh Letter Nen
* Aurebesh Letter Orenth
* Aurebesh Letter Shen
* Aurebesh Letter Thesh
* Aurebesh Comma
* Aurebesh Full Stop
* Aurebesh Interrogation Mark
* Aurebesh Exclamation Mark
* Aurebesh Colon
* Aurebesh Semicolon
* Aurebesh Hyphen
* Aurebesh Solidus
* Aurebesh Opening Single Quotation Mark
* Aurebesh Closing Single Quotation Mark
* Aurebesh Opening Double Quotation Mark
* Aurebesh Closing Double Quotation Mark
* Aurebesh Opening Parenthesis
* Aurebesh Closing Parenthesis</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Avestan</title>
    <id>8113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53991</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Avestan Letter A
* Avestan Letter AA
* Avestan Letter AO
* Avestan Letter AAO
* Avestan Letter AN
* Avestan Letter AAN
* Avestan Letter AE
* Avestan Letter AEE
* Avestan Letter E
* Avestan Letter EE
* Avestan Letter O
* Avestan Letter OO
* Avestan Letter I
* Avestan Letter II
* Avestan Letter U
* Avestan Letter UU
* Avestan Letter KE
* Avestan Letter XE
* Avestan Letter XYE
* Avestan Letter XVE
* Avestan Letter GE
* Avestan Letter GGE
* Avestan Letter GHE
* Avestan Letter CE
* Avestan Letter JE
* Avestan Letter TE
* Avestan Letter THE
* Avestan Letter DE
* Avestan Letter DHE
* Avestan Letter TTE
* Avestan Letter PE
* Avestan Letter FE
* Avestan Letter BE
* Avestan Letter BHE
* Avestan Letter NGE
* Avestan Letter NGYE
* Avestan Letter NGVE
* Avestan Letter NE
* Avestan Letter NYE
* Avestan Letter NNE
* Avestan Letter ME
* Avestan Letter HME
* Avestan Letter YYE
* Avestan Letter YE
* Avestan Letter VE
* Avestan Letter RE
* Avestan Letter LE
* Avestan Letter SE
* Avestan Letter ZE
* Avestan Letter SHE
* Avestan Letter ZHE
* Avestan Letter SHYE
* Avestan Letter SSHE
* Avestan Letter HE
* Avestan Abbreviation Mark
* Tiny Two Dots Over One Dot Punctuation
* Small Two Dots Over One Dot Punctuation
* Large Two Dots Over One Dot Punctuation
* Large One Dot Over Two Dots Punctuation
* Large Two Rings Over One Ring Punctuation
* Large One Ring Over Two Rings Punctuation</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Balinese</title>
    <id>8114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53992</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:12:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Balinese Sign ULU RICEM
* Balinese Sign ULU CANDRA
* Balinese Sign CECEK
* Balinese Sign SURANG
* Balinese Sign BISAH
* Balinese Letter AKARA
* Balinese Letter AKARA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter IKARA
* Balinese Letter IKARA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter UKARA
* Balinese Letter UKARA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter RA REPA
* Balinese Letter RA REPA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter LA LENGA
* Balinese Letter LA LENGA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter EKARA
* Balinese Letter AIKARA
* Balinese Letter OKARA
* Balinese Letter OKARA TEDUNG
* Balinese Letter KA
* Balinese Letter KA MAHAPRANA
* Balinese Letter GA
* Balinese Letter GA GORA
* Balinese Letter NGA
* Balinese Letter CA
* Balinese Letter CA LACA
* Balinese Letter JA
* Balinese Letter JA JERA
* Balinese Letter NYA
* Balinese Letter TA LATIK
* Balinese Letter TA MURDA MAHAPRANA
* Balinese Letter DA MURDA ALPAPRANA
* Balinese Letter DA MURDA MAHAPRANA
* Balinese Letter NA RAMBAT
* Balinese Letter TA
* Balinese Letter TA TAWA
* Balinese Letter DA
* Balinese Letter DA MADU
* Balinese Letter NA
* Balinese Letter PA
* Balinese Letter PA KAPAL
* Balinese Letter BA
* Balinese Letter BA KEMBANG
* Balinese Letter MA
* Balinese Letter YA
* Balinese Letter RA
* Balinese Letter LA
* Balinese Letter WA
* Balinese Letter SA SAGA
* Balinese Letter SA SAPA
* Balinese Letter SA
* Balinese Letter HA
* Balinese Sign REREKAN
* Balinese Vowel Sign TEDUNG
* Balinese Vowel Sign ULU
* Balinese Vowel Sign ULU SARI
* Balinese Vowel Sign SUKU
* Balinese Vowel Sign SUKU ILUT
* Balinese Vowel Sign RA REPA
* Balinese Vowel Sign RA REPA TEDUNG
* Balinese Vowel Sign LA LENGA
* Balinese Vowel Sign LA LENGA TEDUNG
* Balinese Vowel Sign TALING
* Balinese Vowel Sign TALING REPA
* Balinese Vowel Sign TALING TEDUNG
* Balinese Vowel Sign TALING REPA TEDUNG
* Balinese Vowel Sign PEPET
* Balinese Vowel Sign PEPET TEDUNG
* Balinese ADEG ADEG
* Balinese Letter KAF SASAK
* Balinese Letter KHOT SASAK
* Balinese Letter TZIR SASAK
* Balinese Letter EF SASAK
* Balinese Letter VE SASAK
* Balinese Letter ZAL SASAK
* Balinese Letter ASYURA SASAK
* Balinese Digit Zero
* Balinese Digit One
* Balinese Digit Two
* Balinese Digit Three
* Balinese Digit Four
* Balinese Digit Five
* Balinese Digit Six
* Balinese Digit Seven
* Balinese Digit Eight
* Balinese Digit Nine
* Balinese PANTI
* Balinese PAMADA
* Balinese WINDU
* Balinese CARIK PAMUNGKAH
* Balinese CARIK SIKI
* Balinese CARIK PAREREN
* Balinese PAMENENG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DONG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DENG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DUNG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DANG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DANG SURANG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DING
* Balinese Musical Symbol DAENG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DEUNG
* Balinese Musical Symbol DAING
* Balinese Musical Symbol DANG GEDE
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining TEGEH
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining ENDEP
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining KEMPUL
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining KEMPLI
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining JEGOGAN
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining KEMPUL With JEGOGAN
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining KEMPLI With JEGOGAN
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining BENDE
* Balinese Musical Symbol Combining GONG
* Balinese Musical Symbol RIGHT-HAND Open DUG
* Balinese Musical Symbol RIGHT-HAND Open DAG
* Balinese Musical Symbol RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TUK
* Balinese Musical Symbol RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TAK
* Balinese Musical Symbol LEFT-HAND Open PANG
* Balinese Musical Symbol LEFT-HAND Open PUNG
* Balinese Musical Symbol LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLAK
* Balinese Musical Symbol LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLUK
* Balinese Musical Symbol LEFT-HAND Open PING</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Balti</title>
    <id>8115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53993</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:12:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Balti Letter A
* Balti Letter BA
* Balti Letter PA
* Balti Letter TA
* Balti Letter GA
* Balti Letter HHA
* Balti Letter CA
* Balti Letter CHA
* Balti Letter DA
* Balti Letter RA
* Balti Letter ZA
* Balti Letter SA
* Balti Letter SHA
* Balti Letter KA
* Balti Letter LA
* Balti Letter MA
* Balti Letter NA
* Balti Letter HA
* Balti Letter JA
* Balti Letter KHA
* Balti Letter THA
* Balti Letter TSA
* Balti Letter NGA
* Balti Vowel Sign A
* Balti Vowel Sign AA
* Balti Vowel Sign E
* Balti Vowel Sign I
* Balti Vowel Sign O
* Balti Vowel Sign U
* Balti Null Vowel or Word Ending</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bamum</title>
    <id>8116</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53994</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Bamum Letter A
* Bamum Letter KA
* Bamum Letter U
* Bamum Letter KU
* Bamum Letter EE
* Bamum Letter REE
* Bamum Letter TAE
* Bamum Letter O
* Bamum Letter NYI
* Bamum Letter I
* Bamum Letter LA
* Bamum Letter PA
* Bamum Letter RII
* Bamum Letter RIEE
* Bamum Letter LEEEE
* Bamum Letter MEEEE
* Bamum Letter TAA
* Bamum Letter NDAA
* Bamum Letter NJAEM
* Bamum Letter M
* Bamum Letter SUU
* Bamum Letter MU
* Bamum Letter SHII
* Bamum Letter SI
* Bamum Letter SHEUX
* Bamum Letter SEUX
* Bamum Letter KYEE
* Bamum Letter KET
* Bamum Letter NUAE
* Bamum Letter NU
* Bamum Letter NJUAE
* Bamum Letter YOQ
* Bamum Letter SHU
* Bamum Letter YUQ
* Bamum Letter YA
* Bamum Letter NSHA
* Bamum Letter KEUX
* Bamum Letter PEUX
* Bamum Letter NJEE
* Bamum Letter NTEE
* Bamum Letter PUE
* Bamum Letter WUE
* Bamum Letter PEE
* Bamum Letter FEE
* Bamum Letter RU
* Bamum Letter LU
* Bamum Letter MI
* Bamum Letter NI
* Bamum Letter REUX
* Bamum Letter RAE
* Bamum Letter KEN
* Bamum Letter NGKWAEN
* Bamum Letter NGGA
* Bamum Letter NGA
* Bamum Letter SHO
* Bamum Letter PUAE
* Bamum Letter FU
* Bamum Letter FOM
* Bamum Letter WA
* Bamum Letter NA
* Bamum Letter LI
* Bamum Letter PI
* Bamum Letter LOQ
* Bamum Letter KO
* Bamum Letter MBEN
* Bamum Letter REN
* Bamum Letter MEN
* Bamum Letter MA
* Bamum Letter TI
* Bamum Letter KI
* Bamum Letter MO
* Bamum Letter MBAA
* Bamum Letter TET
* Bamum Letter KPA
* Bamum Letter TEN
* Bamum Letter NTUU
* Bamum Letter SAMBA
* Bamum Letter FAAMAE
* Bamum Letter KOVUU
* Bamum Letter KOGHOM
* Bamum Combining Mark KOQNDON
* Bamum Combining Mark TUKWENTIS
* Bamum NJAEMLI
* Bamum Full Stop
* Bamum Colon
* Bamum Comma
* Bamum Semicolon
* Bamum Interrogation Mark
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NGKUE MFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-A GBIEE FON
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PON MFON PIPAEMGBIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PON MFON PIPAEMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NAA MFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SHUENSHUET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A TITA MFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NZA MFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SHINDA PA NJI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PON PA NJI PIPAEMGBIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PON PA NJI PIPAEMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAEMBGBIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A TU MAEMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NGANGU
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAEMVEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MANSUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MVEUAENGAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SEUNYAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NTOQPEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KEUKEUTNDA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NKINDI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SUU
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NGKUENZEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A LAPAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A LET KUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NTAP MFAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAEKEUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PASHAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A GHEUAERAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PAMSHAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MON NGGEUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NZUN MEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-A U YUQ NAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A GHEUAEGHEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NTAP NTAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SISA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MGBASA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MEUNJOMNDEUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MOOMPUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KAFA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PA LEERAEWA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NDA LEERAEWA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAEMKPEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NIKA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-A TUAEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-A LUAEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SONJAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A TEUTEUWEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAENYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NDAANGGEUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KUOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MOOMEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SHUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A LOMMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A FIRI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A ROM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KPOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAP PIEET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SHIRAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NTAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SHOQ NSHUT YUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NYIT MONGKEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PAARAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NKAARAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A UNKNOWN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NGGEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAESI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NJAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MBANYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NYET
* Bamum Letter Phase-A TEUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A SOT
* Bamum Letter Phase-A PAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NSHIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-A KAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NSHA
* Bamum Letter Phase-A VEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-A LU
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-A NAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-A MBAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NSHUET
* Bamum Letter Phase-B TU MAEMGBIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SET TU
* Bamum Letter Phase-B LOM NTEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MBA MAELEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KIEEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B YEURAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MBAARAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B PEESHI
* Bamum Letter Phase-B YAFU LEERAEWA
* Bamum Letter Phase-B LAM NSHUT NYAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NTIEE SHEUOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NDU NJAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-B GHEUGHEUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B PIT
* Bamum Letter Phase-B TU NSIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SHET NJAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SHEUAEQTU
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MFON TEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MBIT MBAAKET
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NYI NTEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KEUPUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B GHEUGHEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KEUYEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-B LAANAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B PARUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B VEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGKINDI MVOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGGEU MBU
* Bamum Letter Phase-B WUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SAKEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B TAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MEUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGGUOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGGUOQ LARGE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MFIYAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B SUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MBEURI
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MONTIEEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NYAEMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B PUNGAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MEUT NGGEET
* Bamum Letter Phase-B FEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MBUOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B FEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KEUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MA NJEUAENA
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MA NJUQA
* Bamum Letter Phase-B LET
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGGAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NSEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-B MA
* Bamum Letter Phase-B KIQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-B NGOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGKUE MAEMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NZA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C YUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C WANGKUOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDEUAEREE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGKAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C GHARAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBEEKEET
* Bamum Letter Phase-C GBAYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NYIR MKPARAQ MEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NTU MBIT
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C PIRIEEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDOMBU
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBAA CABBAGE-TREE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEUSHEUAEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C GHAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEUKAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C YU MUOMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NZEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSEUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBIT
* Bamum Letter Phase-C YEUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KPARAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C SEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDIDA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C TAASHAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NJUEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C TITA YUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C SUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGUAEN NYAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C VEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NANSANAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MA KEUAERI
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NTAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGUON
* Bamum Letter Phase-C LAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBIRIEEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MGBASAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NTEUNGBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C TEUTEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C FUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSHAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C BUNG
* Bamum Letter Phase-C VEUAEPEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBERAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C RU
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NJAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C LAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C TITUAEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSUOT NGOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NJEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KET
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGU
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MAESI
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C LU
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NJAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C WUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGGUEET
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NTEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KUOP NKAARAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NSUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MA NSIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C YAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NDAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-C SHUEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C SETFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBI
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MAEMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBANYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEUSEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MBAA PICKET
* Bamum Letter Phase-C YUWOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NJEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C MUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C SHIQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEN LAW
* Bamum Letter Phase-C KEN FATIGUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NGAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C NAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C LIQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-C PIN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C PEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-C TET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MBUO
* Bamum Letter Phase-D WAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MFON
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NSHEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGAAMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NYAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D WUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KEUAETMEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D YAEMMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KUOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MFEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NDEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MALEERI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D YEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJEUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KEUOT MBUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKEURI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D GHAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKYEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D FEUFEUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NDEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MGBOFUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LEUAEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NDON
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MONI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MGBEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PUUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MGBIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MFO
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NSIEEP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MBAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KWAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NYET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TEUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SOT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D YUWOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D RAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MFEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NSIEET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KEUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PIP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PEUTAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NYUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MFIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGWAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D YUOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D YUOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NDAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NTEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGKIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TUOT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NSUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MAENJET
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NGGUOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NSHUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NJUEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D GHEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D REN OLD
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D RII
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D M
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SUU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHII
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-D KYEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NTEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SHOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D PUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MVOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-D LOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D REN MUCH
* Bamum Letter Phase-D TI
* Bamum Letter Phase-D NTUU
* Bamum Letter Phase-D MBAA SEVEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-D SAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-D FAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TOON
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MBEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E VOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LOON
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E RAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NSHUOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KPEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E WUO
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGEUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TOO
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KUOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NSHIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGOP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NSHUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E RIMGBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NJEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PEEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGURAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MGBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKEUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NJAEMLI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LOOT
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDIQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TAEN NTEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDAA SOFTNESS
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGUAESHAE NYAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHEUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PO
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TUMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E VEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E WEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LAAM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PU
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TAAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHAAMAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGEUREUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SHEUAEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MGBEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MBEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NZAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NKOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GBET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KUET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NYI CLEAVER
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YIT
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MFEUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDIAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PIEEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YUEQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LEUAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GBEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKAAMI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NTUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PEUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YEUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NYI BETWEEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NZUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E POON
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FUET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHEUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FU I
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MVI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PUAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGKUM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KUT
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PIET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NTAP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YEUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGGUP
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PA PEOPLE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FU CALL
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NJEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E A
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E O
* Bamum Letter Phase-E I
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PA PLURAL
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NDAA MY HOUSE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SHIQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YUAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YOQ SWIMMING
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YOQ COVER
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YUQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E YUN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NJEE EPOCH
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E WUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E VEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LU
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E REUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-E RAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGUAET
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NGA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SHO
* Bamum Letter Phase-E SHOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FU REMEDY
* Bamum Letter Phase-E NA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E PI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E LOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KO
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MA
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TEU
* Bamum Letter Phase-E KI
* Bamum Letter Phase-E MON
* Bamum Letter Phase-E TEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-E FAQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-E GHOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F U
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KU
* Bamum Letter Phase-F EE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F REE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F TAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NYI
* Bamum Letter Phase-F LA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F RII
* Bamum Letter Phase-F RIEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F MEEEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F TAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NDAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NJAEM
* Bamum Letter Phase-F M
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SUU
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SHII
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SI
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KYEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KET
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NU
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NJUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F YOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SHU
* Bamum Letter Phase-F YA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NSHA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F PEUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NTEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F WUE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F PEE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F RU
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NI
* Bamum Letter Phase-F REUX
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NGKWAEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-F NGGA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SHO
* Bamum Letter Phase-F PUAE
* Bamum Letter Phase-F FOM
* Bamum Letter Phase-F WA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F LI
* Bamum Letter Phase-F LOQ
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KO
* Bamum Letter Phase-F MBEN
* Bamum Letter Phase-F REN
* Bamum Letter Phase-F MA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F MO
* Bamum Letter Phase-F MBAA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F TET
* Bamum Letter Phase-F KPA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F SAMBA
* Bamum Letter Phase-F VUEQ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bassa</title>
    <id>8117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53995</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:13:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Bassa Letter ENLI
* Bassa Letter KA
* Bassa Letter SAE
* Bassa Letter FA
* Bassa Letter MBEA
* Bassa Letter YEEE
* Bassa Letter GA
* Bassa Letter DE
* Bassa Letter KPA
* Bassa Letter JO
* Bassa Letter WHA
* Bassa Letter WA
* Bassa Letter ZO
* Bassa Letter GBU
* Bassa Letter DO
* Bassa Letter CHAE
* Bassa Letter WU
* Bassa Letter TO
* Bassa Letter BA
* Bassa Letter VU
* Bassa Letter YEIN
* Bassa Letter PA
* Bassa Letter WALLA
* Bassa Letter A
* Bassa Letter O
* Bassa Letter OO
* Bassa Letter U
* Bassa Letter EE
* Bassa Letter E
* Bassa Letter I
* Bassa Combining High Tone
* Bassa Combining Grave Tone
* Bassa Combining Mid-Low Tone
* Bassa Combining Drag Tone
* Bassa Combining Double Tone
* Bassa Comma
* Bassa Full Stop
* Bassa Interrogation Mark</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Batak</title>
    <id>8118</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53996</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Batak Letter A 
* Batak Letter Simalungun A 
* Batak Letter HA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun HA 
* Batak Letter Mandailing HA 
* Batak Letter BA 
* Batak Letter Karo BA 
* Batak Letter PA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun PA 
* Batak Letter NA 
* Batak Letter Mandailing NA 
* Batak Letter WA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun WA 
* Batak Letter Pakpak WA 
* Batak Letter GA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun GA 
* Batak Letter JA 
* Batak Letter DA 
* Batak Letter RA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun RA 
* Batak Letter MA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun MA 
* Batak Letter Southern TA 
* Batak Letter Northern TA 
* Batak Letter SA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun SA 
* Batak Letter Mandailing SA 
* Batak Letter YA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun YA 
* Batak Letter NGA 
* Batak Letter LA 
* Batak Letter Simalungun LA 
* Batak Letter NYA 
* Batak Letter CA 
* Batak Letter NDA 
* Batak Letter MBA 
* Batak Letter I 
* Batak Letter U 
* Batak Sign TOMPI 
* Batak Vowel Sign E 
* Batak Vowel Sign Pakpak E 
* Batak Vowel Sign EE 
* Batak Vowel Sign I 
* Batak Vowel Sign Karo I 
* Batak Vowel Sign O 
* Batak Vowel Sign Karo O 
* Batak Vowel Sign U 
* Batak Vowel Sign U for Simalungun SA 
* Batak Consonant Sign NG 
* Batak Consonant Sign H 
* Batak PANGOLAT 
* Batak PANONGONAN 
* Batak Symbol Bindu GODANG 
* Batak Symbol Bindu PINARJOLMA 
* Batak Symbol Bindu NA METEK 
* Batak Symbol Bindu PINARBORAS 
* Batak Symbol Bindu JUDUL 
* Batak Symbol Bindu PANGOLAT</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bengali</title>
    <id>8119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53997</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:13:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Bengali Sign Candrabindu
* Bengali Sign Anusvara
* Bengali Sign Visarga
* Bengali Letter Short A
* Bengali Letter A
* Bengali Letter AA
* Bengali Letter I
* Bengali Letter II
* Bengali Letter U
* Bengali Letter UU
* Bengali Letter Vocalic R
* Bengali Letter Vocalic L
* Bengali Letter E
* Bengali Letter AI
* Bengali Letter O
* Bengali Letter AU
* Bengali Letter KA
* Bengali Letter KHA
* Bengali Letter GA
* Bengali Letter GHA
* Bengali Letter NGA
* Bengali Letter CA
* Bengali Letter CHA
* Bengali Letter JA
* Bengali Letter JHA
* Bengali Letter NYA
* Bengali Letter TTA
* Bengali Letter TTHA
* Bengali Letter DDA
* Bengali Letter DDHA
* Bengali Letter NNA
* Bengali Letter TA
* Bengali Letter THA
* Bengali Letter DA
* Bengali Letter DHA
* Bengali Letter NA
* Bengali Letter PA
* Bengali Letter PHA
* Bengali Letter BA
* Bengali Letter BHA
* Bengali Letter MA
* Bengali Letter YA
* Bengali Letter RA
* Bengali Letter LA
* Bengali Letter VA
* Bengali Letter SHA
* Bengali Letter SSA
* Bengali Letter SA
* Bengali Letter HA
* Bengali Sign Nukta
* Bengali Sign Avagraha
* Bengali Vowel Sign AA
* Bengali Vowel Sign I
* Bengali Vowel Sign II
* Bengali Vowel Sign U
* Bengali Vowel Sign UU
* Bengali Vowel Sign Vocalic R
* Bengali Vowel Sign Vocalic RR
* Bengali Vowel Sign E
* Bengali Vowel Sign AI
* Bengali Vowel Sign O
* Bengali Vowel Sign AU
* Bengali Sign Virama
* Bengali Letter KHANDA TA
* Bengali AU Length Mark
* Bengali Letter RRA
* Bengali Letter RHA
* Bengali Letter YYA
* Bengali Letter Vocalic RR
* Bengali Letter Vocalic LL
* Bengali Vowel Sign Vocalic L
* Bengali Vowel Sign Vocalic LL
* Danda
* Double Danda
* Bengali Digit Zero
* Bengali Digit One
* Bengali Digit Two
* Bengali Digit Three
* Bengali Digit Four
* Bengali Digit Five
* Bengali Digit Six
* Bengali Digit Seven
* Bengali Digit Eight
* Bengali Digit Nine
* Bengali Letter RA with Middle Diagonal
* Bengali Letter RA with Lower Diagonal
* Bengali Rupee Mark
* Bengali Rupee Sign
* Bengali Currency Numerator One
* Bengali Currency Numerator Two
* Bengali Currency Numerator Three
* Bengali Currency Numerator Four
* Bengali Currency Numerator One Less than the Denominator
* Bengali Currency Denominator Sixteen
* Bengali Isshar
* Bengali Ganda Mark</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Blissymbols</title>
    <id>8120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53998</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Blissymbol RAISED WAVY LINE
* Blissymbol SQUIRREL
* Blissymbol FIRE
* Blissymbol MANGO
* Blissymbol HORIZONTAL WAVY LINE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol CLOUD
* Blissymbol WATER
* Blissymbol OIL
* Blissymbol THREE CHANNELS OF WATER
* Blissymbol STEAM
* Blissymbol RAIN
* Blissymbol HAIL
* Blissymbol BEVERAGE
* Blissymbol BASIN
* Blissymbol ICE
* Blissymbol POOL
* Blissymbol SNOW
* Blissymbol SNOWFLAKE
* Blissymbol FREEZE
* Blissymbol HORIZONTAL WAVY LINE ON EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol RICE
* Blissymbol MUD
* Blissymbol SWAMP
* Blissymbol ISLAND
* Blissymbol REVERSED WAVY LINE
* Blissymbol MEDICINE
* Blissymbol HORIZONTAL REVERSED WAVY LINE
* Blissymbol SPERM
* Blissymbol FERTILIZATION
* Blissymbol NON-FERTILIZATION
* Blissymbol BARRIER CONTRACEPTIVE
* Blissymbol FEELING
* Blissymbol EXPRESSING FEELINGS
* Blissymbol COMFORT
* Blissymbol DISCOMFORT
* Blissymbol CLOTH
* Blissymbol NUMBER
* Blissymbol BUILDING
* Blissymbol GARAGE
* Blissymbol MOBILE HOME
* Blissymbol YARD
* Blissymbol FENCE
* Blissymbol CHIMNEY
* Blissymbol EAR
* Blissymbol SOUND
* Blissymbol DEAFNESS
* Blissymbol EXTENDED ARROW
* Blissymbol CONTINUE
* Blissymbol UPWARD
* Blissymbol GAS
* Blissymbol BUBBLE
* Blissymbol GIVE
* Blissymbol EXCHANGE
* Blissymbol UPWARD AND FORWARD
* Blissymbol FORWARD
* Blissymbol MEET
* Blissymbol GREETINGS AND PARTINGS
* Blissymbol RIVER
* Blissymbol AGREEMENT
* Blissymbol BACK AND FORTH
* Blissymbol THROUGH
* Blissymbol VISIT
* Blissymbol UNDERSTAND
* Blissymbol INTO
* Blissymbol CRUSH
* Blissymbol PUSH
* Blissymbol SQUEEZE
* Blissymbol END
* Blissymbol RACE
* Blissymbol DOWNWARD AND FORWARD
* Blissymbol DOWNWARD
* Blissymbol GET
* Blissymbol CRASH
* Blissymbol DOWNWARD AND BACKWARD
* Blissymbol BENT ARROW
* Blissymbol MIRROR
* Blissymbol REVERSED ARROW ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol SUCCESS
* Blissymbol BACKWARD
* Blissymbol OPPOSING FORCES
* Blissymbol UPWARD AND BACKWARD
* Blissymbol GATHERING
* Blissymbol EXPLOSIVE
* Blissymbol YEAR
* Blissymbol ORBIT
* Blissymbol ATOM
* Blissymbol NUCLEUS
* Blissymbol ROTATE
* Blissymbol MIX
* Blissymbol JUMP
* Blissymbol TURN
* Blissymbol ROTATED JUMP
* Blissymbol SWING
* Blissymbol HALF JUMP
* Blissymbol WHEEL OF DHARMA
* Blissymbol TRACTOR
* Blissymbol WHEEL
* Blissymbol JOURNEY
* Blissymbol TYRE
* Blissymbol LARGE CIRCLE CENTRED ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol BALLOON
* Blissymbol SUN
* Blissymbol NORTH
* Blissymbol EAST
* Blissymbol SOUTH
* Blissymbol WEST
* Blissymbol WEATHER
* Blissymbol CHANGE
* Blissymbol DEVELOPMENT
* Blissymbol MACHINE
* Blissymbol RING
* Blissymbol MELON
* Blissymbol LIGHT
* Blissymbol EGG
* Blissymbol DISK
* Blissymbol HEAD
* Blissymbol FACE
* Blissymbol CHIN
* Blissymbol CHEEK
* Blissymbol FOREHEAD
* Blissymbol BEARD
* Blissymbol PIMPLE
* Blissymbol NECK WITHHEAD
* Blissymbol RACCOON
* Blissymbol BEAR
* Blissymbol DAY
* Blissymbol LIFE
* Blissymbol DEATH
* Blissymbol NEW
* Blissymbol PIZZA
* Blissymbol PLANET EARTH
* Blissymbol TIME
* Blissymbol SMALL CIRCLE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol POETRY
* Blissymbol METAPHOR
* Blissymbol PRETEND
* Blissymbol SMALL CIRCLE BENEATH SKYLINE
* Blissymbol GENERALIZATION
* Blissymbol GIRL
* Blissymbol BOY
* Blissymbol CHILD
* Blissymbol MONEY
* Blissymbol COMMERCE
* Blissymbol FLOWER
* Blissymbol STEM
* Blissymbol GARDEN
* Blissymbol FLOWER FROM BULB
* Blissymbol BULB WITH FLOWER
* Blissymbol PLANT
* Blissymbol PARK
* Blissymbol TENNIS
* Blissymbol MOUTH
* Blissymbol LIPS
* Blissymbol CURRANTS
* Blissymbol SPIDER
* Blissymbol EYE
* Blissymbol EYELID
* Blissymbol COLOUR
* Blissymbol NEWS
* Blissymbol EYEGLASSES
* Blissymbol BLIND
* Blissymbol TASTE
* Blissymbol FOOD
* Blissymbol SPREAD
* Blissymbol BE
* Blissymbol EVENT
* Blissymbol NONSPEAKING
* Blissymbol NAME
* Blissymbol LANGUAGE
* Blissymbol COMBINATION
* Blissymbol SPIT
* Blissymbol KISS
* Blissymbol GRAPES
* Blissymbol BOW
* Blissymbol BERRY
* Blissymbol STRAWBERRY
* Blissymbol SMALL CIRCLE ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol DISK
* Blissymbol BALL
* Blissymbol BOWLING BALL
* Blissymbol EARPHONES
* Blissymbol FRUIT
* Blissymbol CITRUS FRUIT
* Blissymbol PLUM
* Blissymbol CHERRIES
* Blissymbol TUBE
* Blissymbol SMOKING
* Blissymbol CIGARETTE
* Blissymbol PIPE
* Blissymbol BABY GIRL
* Blissymbol BABY BOY
* Blissymbol SCISSORS
* Blissymbol MUSICAL NOTE
* Blissymbol BABY
* Blissymbol INDICATOR COMBINE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED CIRCLE
* Blissymbol RASPBERRY
* Blissymbol LARGE TOP HALF  CIRCLE ABOVE SKYLINE
* Blissymbol CONSCIENCE
* Blissymbol FORGIVE
* Blissymbol MORAL
* Blissymbol IMMORAL
* Blissymbol MIND
* Blissymbol WISH
* Blissymbol ALLOW
* Blissymbol DECISION
* Blissymbol IDEA
* Blissymbol OPINION
* Blissymbol OBSERVE
* Blissymbol NONSENSE
* Blissymbol STATE OF MIND
* Blissymbol FACT
* Blissymbol MEANING
* Blissymbol USE
* Blissymbol KNOWLEDGE
* Blissymbol FORGET
* Blissymbol SYSTEM
* Blissymbol KIND
* Blissymbol FAN
* Blissymbol GOOD
* Blissymbol SCIENCE
* Blissymbol TRUTH
* Blissymbol MATHEMATICS
* Blissymbol BEETLE
* Blissymbol TORTOISE
* Blissymbol BAD
* Blissymbol JUDGE (new entry for book)
* Blissymbol SELFISHNESS
* Blissymbol CONSIDERATION
* Blissymbol DOUBT
* Blissymbol INTEREST
* Blissymbol IMPORTANCE
* Blissymbol CALCULATE
* Blissymbol LEAD
* Blissymbol LARGE TOP HALF  CIRCLE ON EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol SWAN
* Blissymbol FISH
* Blissymbol MORNING
* Blissymbol HORIZON
* Blissymbol CURVE
* Blissymbol CONTAINER
* Blissymbol FLOAT
* Blissymbol SIEVE
* Blissymbol TAKE
* Blissymbol SMALL TOP HALF CIRCLE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol PALM TREE
* Blissymbol SMALL TOP HALF CIRCLE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol APPLE
* Blissymbol PEACH
* Blissymbol CABBAGE
* Blissymbol SUITCASE
* Blissymbol ICE CREAM CONE
* Blissymbol HANDBAG
* Blissymbol DROMEDARY
* Blissymbol CAMEL
* Blissymbol BISON
* Blissymbol MUSHROOM
* Blissymbol SNAKE
* Blissymbol WATERSNAKE
* Blissymbol SMALL RIGHT HALF CIRCLE
* Blissymbol DOLPHIN
* Blissymbol SMALL BOTTOM HALF CIRCLE BENEATH SKYLINE
* Blissymbol PIG
* Blissymbol SPIRAL
* Blissymbol SMALL BOTTOM HALF CIRCLE BENEATH MIDLINE
* Blissymbol GUN
* Blissymbol SMALL LEFT HALF CIRCLE
* Blissymbol PLIERS
* Blissymbol DOG
* Blissymbol TAIL
* Blissymbol UPPER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol PINEAPPLE
* Blissymbol UPPER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE BENEATH SKYLINE
* Blissymbol WINGS
* Blissymbol AIRPLANE
* Blissymbol BADMINTON BIRD
* Blissymbol TALON
* Blissymbol ANGEL
* Blissymbol FLY
* Blissymbol BIRD
* Blissymbol WATERBIRD
* Blissymbol BAT
* Blissymbol UPPER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE ON EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol LEAFY VEGETABLE
* Blissymbol LOWER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol CURTAINS
* Blissymbol TREE
* Blissymbol BRANCH
* Blissymbol TRUNK
* Blissymbol EVERGREEN TREE
* Blissymbol COUNTRYSIDE
* Blissymbol LOWER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol SHRUB
* Blissymbol LOWER RIGHT QUARTER CIRCLE BELOW EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol PUMPKIN
* Blissymbol SHAMROCK
* Blissymbol VEGETABLE ABOVE GROUND
* Blissymbol CYLINDER-SHAPED VEGETABLE
* Blissymbol CORN
* Blissymbol CELERY
* Blissymbol LOWER LEFT QUARTER CIRCLE ON EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol CHEESE
* Blissymbol GRASS
* Blissymbol GRAIN
* Blissymbol FIELD
* Blissymbol IRON
* Blissymbol BEAVER
* Blissymbol LARGE HORIZONTAL PARENTHESIS
* Blissymbol SHELLFISH
* Blissymbol PAST
* Blissymbol PRESENT
* Blissymbol MOON
* Blissymbol BANANA
* Blissymbol FUTURE
* Blissymbol BEAN
* Blissymbol PEAS
* Blissymbol EXPECTATION
* Blissymbol INSURANCE
* Blissymbol SNOWSHOE
* Blissymbol LEAF
* Blissymbol TURNIP
* Blissymbol LEMON
* Blissymbol BUTTERFLY
* Blissymbol BODY
* Blissymbol CHEST
* Blissymbol BREASTS
* Blissymbol CROTCH
* Blissymbol SIDE OF BODY
* Blissymbol WAIST
* Blissymbol SHOULDER
* Blissymbol NECK WITHBODY
* Blissymbol STOMACH
* Blissymbol EMBRYO
* Blissymbol FOETUS
* Blissymbol PUBIC HAIR
* Blissymbol UTERUS
* Blissymbol BIRTHGIVING
* Blissymbol VAGINA
* Blissymbol AGO
* Blissymbol NOW
* Blissymbol THEN
* Blissymbol OLIVE
* Blissymbol PEAR
* Blissymbol AVOCADO
* Blissymbol BREAD
* Blissymbol TOAST
* Blissymbol PITA
* Blissymbol ROLL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PAST ACTION
* Blissymbol INDICATOR FUTURE ACTION
* Blissymbol HAIR ON HEAD
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED PARENTHESIS
* Blissymbol HAIR
* Blissymbol FUR
* Blissymbol PIT
* Blissymbol ENCLOSURE
* Blissymbol BOTTOM
* Blissymbol SIDE OF OBJECT
* Blissymbol TOP
* Blissymbol CENTRE
* Blissymbol HEATER
* Blissymbol WINDOW WITH BARS
* Blissymbol OUT OF
* Blissymbol CAMERA
* Blissymbol PROJECTOR
* Blissymbol SECRET
* Blissymbol SLEEP
* Blissymbol CRUST
* Blissymbol INSIDE
* Blissymbol OUTSIDE
* Blissymbol POST
* Blissymbol WINDOW
* Blissymbol ALL
* Blissymbol UNIONJACK
* Blissymbol CHEST OF DRAWERS
* Blissymbol DRAWER
* Blissymbol BOOK
* Blissymbol CUPBOARD
* Blissymbol ANSWER
* Blissymbol EXIT
* Blissymbol POSTCARD
* Blissymbol CUBE
* Blissymbol SMALL SQUARE BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol TRANSPORT
* Blissymbol CART
* Blissymbol LORRY
* Blissymbol THING
* Blissymbol GOODS
* Blissymbol RAW MATERIAL
* Blissymbol WASTE
* Blissymbol WASTE CONTAINER
* Blissymbol MELT
* Blissymbol BLOCK
* Blissymbol EAR MOULD
* Blissymbol PULL
* Blissymbol SMALL SQUARE ON EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol SOLID THING
* Blissymbol SLEDGE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR THING
* Blissymbol INDICATOR THING PLURAL
* Blissymbol DIAGONAL SQUARE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol KITE
* Blissymbol EXTENDED RECTABLE
* Blissymbol VIDEO CASSETTE
* Blissymbol RECTANGLE
* Blissymbol PARCEL
* Blissymbol PAPER
* Blissymbol DOOR
* Blissymbol GOAL
* Blissymbol SHELF
* Blissymbol ROOM
* Blissymbol CEILING
* Blissymbol FLOOR
* Blissymbol FLOOR COVERING
* Blissymbol WALL
* Blissymbol CORNER
* Blissymbol STEAM BATH
* Blissymbol SHOWER
* Blissymbol OPENING
* Blissymbol FIREPLACE
* Blissymbol FREEDOM
* Blissymbol AWAKE
* Blissymbol QUESTION
* Blissymbol PUBLIC ROOM
* Blissymbol WIDE OPEN RECTANGLE BENEATH SKYLINE
* Blissymbol BADGE
* Blissymbol TABLE
* Blissymbol BOARD
* Blissymbol EDGE
* Blissymbol TRAIN PLATFORM
* Blissymbol BUS BAY
* Blissymbol PIER
* Blissymbol WIDE TOP OPEN RECTANGLE BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol BRUSH
* Blissymbol BOX
* Blissymbol COMB
* Blissymbol SHEKEL
* Blissymbol POT
* Blissymbol GLASS
* Blissymbol MUG
* Blissymbol TALL LEFT-OPEN RECTANGLE
* Blissymbol EFFECT
* Blissymbol MAKE
* Blissymbol CAUSE
* Blissymbol THEREFORE
* Blissymbol MOUNTAIN
* Blissymbol MINE
* Blissymbol STONE
* Blissymbol RIGHT TRIANGLE POINTING TOLOWER LEFT
* Blissymbol VALLEY
* Blissymbol DOT ABOVESKYLINE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR DESCRIPTION BEFORE THE FACT
* Blissymbol DOT ONSKYLINE
* Blissymbol BONE
* Blissymbol STRUCTURE
* Blissymbol JOINT
* Blissymbol DOT BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol OVER
* Blissymbol DIVISION
* Blissymbol PART
* Blissymbol DOT
* Blissymbol AGAIN
* Blissymbol THERE
* Blissymbol BEFORE
* Blissymbol AROUND
* Blissymbol EITHER
* Blissymbol DOT BELOW MIDLINE
* Blissymbol THAT
* Blissymbol DOT ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol POWDER
* Blissymbol NORTHEAST RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol STAMP
* Blissymbol SOUTHWEST RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol FOLD
* Blissymbol RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol SPACE
* Blissymbol ARM
* Blissymbol WRIST
* Blissymbol ELBOW
* Blissymbol MUSCLE
* Blissymbol STRONG
* Blissymbol COMPEL
* Blissymbol HEALTH
* Blissymbol PERSON SITTING
* Blissymbol RIDE
* Blissymbol SMALL NORTHWEST RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol STEPS
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED NORTHEAST RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol TRAY
* Blissymbol PERSON STANDING
* Blissymbol BACK OF A PERSON
* Blissymbol BUTTOCKS
* Blissymbol GENITALS
* Blissymbol ERECTION
* Blissymbol MALE
* Blissymbol PENIS
* Blissymbol LEFT
* Blissymbol RIGHT
* Blissymbol NORTHEAST LONG RIGHT ANGLE
* Blissymbol KEY
* Blissymbol PERSON LYING DOWN
* Blissymbol PROTECTION
* Blissymbol HARBOUR
* Blissymbol CLOTHING
* Blissymbol MARRIAGE
* Blissymbol CONE
* Blissymbol FARM
* Blissymbol PARENT
* Blissymbol BIRTH
* Blissymbol DAUGHTER
* Blissymbol SON
* Blissymbol OFFSPRING
* Blissymbol UMBRELLA
* Blissymbol MOTHER
* Blissymbol FATHER
* Blissymbol RELATIVE
* Blissymbol WIFE
* Blissymbol STEPMOTHER
* Blissymbol GRANDPARENT
* Blissymbol AUNT
* Blissymbol UNCLE
* Blissymbol GRANDMOTHER
* Blissymbol MATERNAL GRANDMOTHER
* Blissymbol PATERNAL GRANDMOTHER
* Blissymbol GRANDFATHER
* Blissymbol MATERNAL GRANDFATHER
* Blissymbol PATERNAL GRANDFATHER
* Blissymbol UP-POINTING RIGHT ANGLE ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol ILLNESS
* Blissymbol RELATION PRO
* Blissymbol PURPOSE
* Blissymbol PERSON WEAK
* Blissymbol DOWN-POINTING RIGHT ANGLE BELOWSKYLINE
* Blissymbol ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE
* Blissymbol RELATION CON
* Blissymbol OPPOSITION
* Blissymbol SMALL UP-POINTING RIGHT ANGLE BELOWSKYLINE
* Blissymbol CRYSTAL
* Blissymbol IN EXCHANGE FOR
* Blissymbol POINTER
* Blissymbol ABOUT
* Blissymbol FOR THE PURPOSE OF
* Blissymbol AT
* Blissymbol HERE
* Blissymbol TOWARDS
* Blissymbol ALTHOUGH
* Blissymbol BY MEANS OF
* Blissymbol HEAT
* Blissymbol COLD
* Blissymbol NUCLEAR RADIATION
* Blissymbol OR
* Blissymbol AGAINST
* Blissymbol PERSON
* Blissymbol COUPLE OF PERSONS
* Blissymbol FIRST PERSON
* Blissymbol SECOND PERSON
* Blissymbol THIRD PERSON
* Blissymbol SPOUSE
* Blissymbol COHABITING FAMILY
* Blissymbol PERSON NEEDY
* Blissymbol MUTUAL AID
* Blissymbol ADDITION
* Blissymbol POSSESS
* Blissymbol WITH THE HELP OF
* Blissymbol AND
* Blissymbol SMALL CROSSON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol HAVE TO
* Blissymbol BELONGS TO
* Blissymbol CROSS
* Blissymbol ACROSS
* Blissymbol MULTIPLICATION
* Blissymbol SMALL DIAGONAL CROSS BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol CHOICE
* Blissymbol MORE
* Blissymbol MUCH
* Blissymbol WAR
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PLURAL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED CROSS BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol WAND
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED CROSS ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol STAR
* Blissymbol MUSLIM
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED CROSS ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol COMET
* Blissymbol KNIFE
* Blissymbol SHARP POINT
* Blissymbol PLOUGH
* Blissymbol CREATION
* Blissymbol STAR OF DAVID
* Blissymbol DANGER
* Blissymbol PYRAMID
* Blissymbol SMALL ISOSCELES TRIANGLE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol ROCKET
* Blissymbol FEMALE
* Blissymbol TOOTH
* Blissymbol TEETH
* Blissymbol CAVITY
* Blissymbol LARGE SYMMETRIC ACUTE ANGLE ABOVE SKYLINE
* Blissymbol GOD
* Blissymbol ACTION
* Blissymbol LEGS AND FEET
* Blissymbol HIP
* Blissymbol LEG
* Blissymbol HEEL
* Blissymbol FOOT
* Blissymbol KICK
* Blissymbol TOE
* Blissymbol ROLLER SKATES
* Blissymbol ICE SKATES
* Blissymbol EVALUATION
* Blissymbol SMALL SYMMETRIC ACUTE ANGLE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol WORK
* Blissymbol ACTION OR MALE
* Blissymbol GENDER
* Blissymbol INSECT
* Blissymbol INDICATOR ACTION
* Blissymbol INDICATOR ACTIVE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR DESCRIPTION
* Blissymbol INDICATOR DESCRIPTION AFTER THE FACT
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PAST PASSIVE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR FUTURE PASSIVE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PASSIVE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PASSIVE CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PAST PASSIVE CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR FUTURE PASSIVE CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol UP-POINTING LEFT HALF OF RIGHT TRIANGLE
* Blissymbol ELECTRICITY
* Blissymbol POINTING
* Blissymbol HAND
* Blissymbol THUMB
* Blissymbol FINGER
* Blissymbol TOOL
* Blissymbol BARB POINTING UP
* Blissymbol OPPOSITE
* Blissymbol NOSE
* Blissymbol ODOUR
* Blissymbol EXTENDED HORIZONTAL LINE ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol ROAD
* Blissymbol LONG HORIZONTAL LINE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol BUS
* Blissymbol LONG HORIZONTAL LINE ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol WORM
* Blissymbol SKY
* Blissymbol FOG
* Blissymbol ENVIRONMENT
* Blissymbol PEACE
* Blissymbol DISTURBANCE
* Blissymbol WORLD
* Blissymbol Blissymbol
* Blissymbol LIGHTNING
* Blissymbol AIR
* Blissymbol WIND
* Blissymbol SUBTRACTION
* Blissymbol VEHICLE
* Blissymbol AUTOMOBILE
* Blissymbol STEERING WHEEL
* Blissymbol FILL
* Blissymbol SAILBOAT
* Blissymbol UNDER
* Blissymbol WEIGHT
* Blissymbol ANIMAL
* Blissymbol PAW
* Blissymbol WATER ANIMAL
* Blissymbol HIPPOPOTAMUS
* Blissymbol CERVINE ANIMAL
* Blissymbol BOVINE ANIMAL
* Blissymbol HORN OR ANTLER
* Blissymbol FELINE ANIMAL
* Blissymbol CLAW
* Blissymbol GIRAFFE
* Blissymbol HORSE
* Blissymbol RHINOCEROS
* Blissymbol HORN
* Blissymbol HANGER
* Blissymbol GROUND
* Blissymbol PLACE
* Blissymbol VEGETABLE BELOW GROUND
* Blissymbol BULB
* Blissymbol ONION
* Blissymbol ROOTS
* Blissymbol SEED
* Blissymbol CARROT
* Blissymbol GRAVE
* Blissymbol SNAIL
* Blissymbol LAWN
* Blissymbol NIGHT
* Blissymbol EVENING
* Blissymbol SHORE
* Blissymbol STREET
* Blissymbol SKI
* Blissymbol SKATEBOARD
* Blissymbol SHORT HORIZONTAL LINE ON SKY LINE
* Blissymbol ADULT
* Blissymbol TEENAGER
* Blissymbol EYEBROW
* Blissymbol LARGE
* Blissymbol TEMPERATURE
* Blissymbol MOST
* Blissymbol HIGH
* Blissymbol NAIL
* Blissymbol SHOVEL
* Blissymbol DIG
* Blissymbol SHORT HORIZONTAL LINE BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol SAME
* Blissymbol DIFFERENT
* Blissymbol NOT
* Blissymbol NOWHERE
* Blissymbol LOW
* Blissymbol PIN
* Blissymbol SMALL
* Blissymbol LOVE
* Blissymbol BUT
* Blissymbol BREAK
* Blissymbol SHORT HORIZONTAL LINE ON EARTH LINE
* Blissymbol ON
* Blissymbol BRIDGE
* Blissymbol HOLE
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED HORIZONTAL LINE
* Blissymbol MAPLE LEAF
* Blissymbol LINE
* Blissymbol SCREW
* Blissymbol AFTER
* Blissymbol BETWEEN
* Blissymbol ATTACH
* Blissymbol PARALLEL
* Blissymbol OTHER
* Blissymbol COPY
* Blissymbol THIN
* Blissymbol LIMITS
* Blissymbol DEEP
* Blissymbol THICK
* Blissymbol WIDE
* Blissymbol BROOM
* Blissymbol PERPENDICULAR
* Blissymbol BEGINNING
* Blissymbol INTERVAL
* Blissymbol MONTH
* Blissymbol NEEDLE
* Blissymbol HIGH THREE-QUARTER LENGTH VERTICAL LINE
* Blissymbol ACCOUNT
* Blissymbol LOW THREE-QUARTER LENGTH VERTICAL LINE
* Blissymbol COMMANDMENTS
* Blissymbol SMALL VERTICAL LINE BELOW SKYLINE
* Blissymbol CHAIR
* Blissymbol TOILET
* Blissymbol WHEELCHAIR
* Blissymbol ARMCHAIR
* Blissymbol BED
* Blissymbol PILLOW
* Blissymbol BOTTLE
* Blissymbol WOMAN
* Blissymbol LESBIAN COUPLE
* Blissymbol FIRST PERSON FEMININE
* Blissymbol SECOND PERSON FEMININE
* Blissymbol THIRD PERSON FEMININE
* Blissymbol COHABITING LESBIAN COUPLE
* Blissymbol MAN
* Blissymbol FIRST PERSON MASCULINE
* Blissymbol SECOND PERSON MASCULINE
* Blissymbol THIRD PERSON MASCULINE
* Blissymbol CITIZEN
* Blissymbol HUSBAND
* Blissymbol COHABITING HETEROSEXUAL COUPLE
* Blissymbol COHABITING HOMOSEXUAL COUPLE
* Blissymbol STEPFATHER
* Blissymbol MARRIED FAMILY
* Blissymbol HETEROSEXUAL COUPLE
* Blissymbol HOMOSEXUAL COUPLE
* Blissymbol BOAT
* Blissymbol SACK
* Blissymbol CRAB
* Blissymbol PERSON KNEELING
* Blissymbol ANKLE
* Blissymbol KNEE
* Blissymbol MENORAH
* Blissymbol SMALL VERTICALLINE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol NEAR
* Blissymbol AT A DISTANCE
* Blissymbol FAR
* Blissymbol FROM
* Blissymbol CANCONTAINER
* Blissymbol LENGTH
* Blissymbol MEASUREMENT
* Blissymbol INJECTION
* Blissymbol HYPODERMIC NEEDLE
* Blissymbol SHORT
* Blissymbol PEPPER
* Blissymbol IT
* Blissymbol UNTIL
* Blissymbol FLAG
* Blissymbol COUNTRY
* Blissymbol SAIL
* Blissymbol CROWN
* Blissymbol SHALLOW
* Blissymbol FIGHT
* Blissymbol SOFT
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED VERTICAL LINE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol ETROG
* Blissymbol MEGILLAH
* Blissymbol TORAH
* Blissymbol LADDER
* Blissymbol INDICATOR-SIZED VERTICALLINE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol SPINNING TOP
* Blissymbol DIAGONAL OF VERTICALRECTANGLE*
* Blissymbol HELP
* Blissymbol REVERSED DIAGONAL OF VERTICAL RECTANGLE*
* Blissymbol SPORT STICK
* Blissymbol HOCKEY STICK
* Blissymbol GOLFCLUB
* Blissymbol SHORT REVERSED DIAGONAL OF VERTICAL RECTANGLE*
* Blissymbol BUCKET
* Blissymbol DIAGONAL OF HORIZONTAL RECTANGLE*
* Blissymbol HELICOPTER
* Blissymbol SEESAW
* Blissymbol REVERSED DIAGONAL OF HORIZONTAL RECTANGLE*
* Blissymbol ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
* Blissymbol ENERGY
* Blissymbol FUEL
* Blissymbol MICROWAVE OVEN
* Blissymbol POWER
* Blissymbol EXTENDED DIAGONAL OF SQUARE
* Blissymbol SAW
* Blissymbol DIAGONAL OF SQUARE ON SKYLINE
* Blissymbol TANK
* Blissymbol DESTROY
* Blissymbol ANGLE
* Blissymbol CANNON
* Blissymbol CHEMICAL PRODUCT
* Blissymbol THREE-QUARTER SIZED DIAGONAL OF SQUARE
* Blissymbol SMALLDIAGONAL OF SQUARE
* Blissymbol FORK
* Blissymbol HAMMER
* Blissymbol THE
* Blissymbol THIS
* Blissymbol SMALL DIAGONAL OF SQUARE ABOVE EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol SPOON
* Blissymbol RACQUET
* Blissymbol PEN
* Blissymbol REVERSED SMALLDIAGONAL OF SQUARE
* Blissymbol COUCH
* Blissymbol PITCHER
* Blissymbol WAGON
* Blissymbol HEDGEHOG
* Blissymbol QUILL
* Blissymbol A OR ANY
* Blissymbol SOMEWHERE
* Blissymbol REVERSED SMALL DIAGONAL OF SQUARE ABOVE EARTHLINE
* Blissymbol SOUP
* Blissymbol SALAD
* Blissymbol DISH
* Blissymbol CEREAL
* Blissymbol APOSTROPHE ON MIDLINE
* Blissymbol RELATIVIZER
* Blissymbol WHAT
* Blissymbol WHERE
* Blissymbol COMMAND
* Blissymbol FULL STOP
* Blissymbol COMMA
* Blissymbol COLON
* Blissymbol SEMICOLON
* Blissymbol QUESTION MARK
* Blissymbol EXCLAMATION MARK
* Blissymbol ALPHABET
* Blissymbol ZERO
* Blissymbol ONE
* Blissymbol SELF
* Blissymbol TWO
* Blissymbol THREE
* Blissymbol FOUR
* Blissymbol FIVE
* Blissymbol SIX
* Blissymbol SEVEN
* Blissymbol EIGHT
* Blissymbol NINE
* Blissymbol PERCENT SIGN
* Blissymbol CENT SIGN
* Blissymbol DOLLAR SIGN
* Blissymbol POUND SIGN
* Blissymbol YEN SIGN
* Blissymbol EURO SIGN
* Blissymbol INDICATOR CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR PAST CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol INDICATOR FUTURE CONDITIONAL
* Blissymbol SPACE
* Blissymbol HALF SPACE
* Blissymbol QUARTER SPACE
* Blissymbol DIFFICULT</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Block drawing</title>
    <id>8121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>53999</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Upper Half Block
* Lower One Eighth Block
* Lower One Quarter Block
* Lower Three Eighths Block
* Lower Half Block
* Lower Five Eighths Block
* Lower Three Quarters Block
* Lower Seven Eighths Block
* Full Block
* Left Seven Eighths Block
* Left Three Quarters Block
* Left Five Eighths Block
* Left Half Block
* Left Three Eighths Block
* Left One Quarter Block
* Left One Eighth Block
* Right Half Block
* Light Shade
* Medium Shade
* Dark Shade
* Upper One Eighth Block
* Right One Eighth Block
* Quadrant Lower Left
* Quadrant Lower Right
* Quadrant Upper Left
* Quadrant Upper Left And Lower Left And Lower Right
* Quadrant Upper Left And Lower Right
* Quadrant Upper Left And Upper Right And Lower Left
* Quadrant Upper Left And Upper Right And Lower Right
* Quadrant Upper Right
* Quadrant Upper Right And Lower Left
* Quadrant Upper Right And Lower Left And Lower Right</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Book Pahlavi</title>
    <id>8122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54000</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:15:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Book Pahlavi Letter ALEPH-HET 
* Book Pahlavi Letter BETH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter GIMEL-DALETH-YODH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter HE 
* Book Pahlavi Letter WAW-NUN-AYIN-RESH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter ZAYIN 
* Book Pahlavi Letter KAPH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter GHAPH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter LAMEDH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter LHAMEDH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter MEM-QOPH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter SAMEKH 
* Book Pahlavi Letter PE 
* Book Pahlavi Letter SADHE 
* Book Pahlavi Letter SHIN 
* Book Pahlavi Letter TAW 
* Book Pahlavi Archigrapheme EAR 
* Book Pahlavi Archigrapheme ELBOW 
* Book Pahlavi Archigrapheme BELLY 
* Book Pahlavi Combining GIMEL 
* Book Pahlavi Combining DALETH 
* Book Pahlavi Combining YODH 
* Book Pahlavi Combining SAMEKH 
* Book Pahlavi Combining SHIN 
* Book Pahlavi KASHIDA 
* Book Pahlavi Abbreviation TAA 
* Book Pahlavi Logogram Turned AHREMAN 
* Book Pahlavi Number One 
* Book Pahlavi Number Two 
* Book Pahlavi Number Three 
* Book Pahlavi Number Four 
* Book Pahlavi Number Ten 
* Book Pahlavi Number Twenty 
* Book Pahlavi Number Forty 
* Book Pahlavi Number Sixty 
* Book Pahlavi Number Eighty 
* Book Pahlavi Number One Hundred 
* Book Pahlavi Number One Thousand</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Bopomofo</title>
    <id>8123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54001</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:15:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Bopomofo Letter B
* Bopomofo Letter P
* Bopomofo Letter M
* Bopomofo Letter F
* Bopomofo Letter D
* Bopomofo Letter T
* Bopomofo Letter N
* Bopomofo Letter L
* Bopomofo Letter G
* Bopomofo Letter K
* Bopomofo Letter H
* Bopomofo Letter J
* Bopomofo Letter Q
* Bopomofo Letter X
* Bopomofo Letter ZH
* Bopomofo Letter CH
* Bopomofo Letter SH
* Bopomofo Letter R
* Bopomofo Letter Z
* Bopomofo Letter C
* Bopomofo Letter S
* Bopomofo Letter A
* Bopomofo Letter O
* Bopomofo Letter E
* Bopomofo Letter EH
* Bopomofo Letter AI
* Bopomofo Letter EI
* Bopomofo Letter AU
* Bopomofo Letter OU
* Bopomofo Letter AN
* Bopomofo Letter EN
* Bopomofo Letter ANG
* Bopomofo Letter ENG
* Bopomofo Letter ER
* Bopomofo Letter I
* Bopomofo Letter U
* Bopomofo Letter IU
* Bopomofo Letter V
* Bopomofo Letter NG
* Bopomofo Letter GN
* Bopomofo Letter IH
* Bopomofo Letter Horizontal I
* Bopomofo Letter BU
* Bopomofo Letter ZI
* Bopomofo Letter JI
* Bopomofo Letter GU
* Bopomofo Letter EE
* Bopomofo Letter ENN
* Bopomofo Letter OO
* Bopomofo Letter ONN
* Bopomofo Letter IR
* Bopomofo Letter ANN
* Bopomofo Letter INN
* Bopomofo Letter UNN
* Bopomofo Letter IM
* Bopomofo Letter NGG
* Bopomofo Letter AINN
* Bopomofo Letter AUNN
* Bopomofo Letter AM
* Bopomofo Letter OM
* Bopomofo Letter ONG
* Bopomofo Letter INNN
* Bopomofo Final Letter P
* Bopomofo Final Letter T
* Bopomofo Final Letter K
* Bopomofo Final Letter H
* Bopomofo Letter XX
* Bopomofo Letter LL
* Bopomofo Letter ZZ</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Box Drawing</title>
    <id>8124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54002</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Box Drawings Light Horizontal
* Box Drawings Heavy Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Vertical
* Box Drawings Heavy Vertical
* Box Drawings Light Triple Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Heavy Triple Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Triple Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Heavy Triple Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Light Quadruple Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Heavy Quadruple Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Quadruple Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Heavy Quadruple Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Light Down And Right
* Box Drawings Down Light And Right Heavy
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Right Light
* Box Drawings Heavy Down And Right
* Box Drawings Light Down And Left
* Box Drawings Down Light And Left Heavy
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Left Light
* Box Drawings Heavy Down And Left
* Box Drawings Light Up And Right
* Box Drawings Up Light And Right Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Right Light
* Box Drawings Heavy Up And Right
* Box Drawings Light Up And Left
* Box Drawings Up Light And Left Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Left Light
* Box Drawings Heavy Up And Left
* Box Drawings Light Vertical And Right
* Box Drawings Vertical Light And Right Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Right Down Light
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Right Up Light
* Box Drawings Vertical Heavy And Right Light
* Box Drawings Down Light And Right Up Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Light And Right Down Heavy
* Box Drawings Heavy Vertical And Right
* Box Drawings Light Vertical And Left
* Box Drawings Vertical Light And Left Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Left Down Light
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Left Up Light
* Box Drawings Vertical Heavy And Left Light
* Box Drawings Down Light And Left Up Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Light And Left Down Heavy
* Box Drawings Heavy Vertical And Left
* Box Drawings Light Down And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Left Heavy And Right Down Light
* Box Drawings Right Heavy And Left Down Light
* Box Drawings Down Light And Horizontal Heavy
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Horizontal Light
* Box Drawings Right Light And Left Down Heavy
* Box Drawings Left Light And Right Down Heavy
* Box Drawings Heavy Down And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Up And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Left Heavy And Right Up Light
* Box Drawings Right Heavy And Left Up Light
* Box Drawings Up Light And Horizontal Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Horizontal Light
* Box Drawings Right Light And Left Up Heavy
* Box Drawings Left Light And Right Up Heavy
* Box Drawings Heavy Up And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Vertical And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Left Heavy And Right Vertical Light
* Box Drawings Right Heavy And Left Vertical Light
* Box Drawings Vertical Light And Horizontal Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Heavy And Down Horizontal Light
* Box Drawings Down Heavy And Up Horizontal Light
* Box Drawings Vertical Heavy And Horizontal Light
* Box Drawings Left Up Heavy And Right Down Light
* Box Drawings Right Up Heavy And Left Down Light
* Box Drawings Left Down Heavy And Right Up Light
* Box Drawings Right Down Heavy And Left Up Light
* Box Drawings Down Light And Up Horizontal Heavy
* Box Drawings Up Light And Down Horizontal Heavy
* Box Drawings Right Light And Left Vertical Heavy
* Box Drawings Left Light And Right Vertical Heavy
* Box Drawings Heavy Vertical And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Double Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Heavy Double Dash Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Double Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Heavy Double Dash Vertical
* Box Drawings Double Horizontal
* Box Drawings Double Vertical
* Box Drawings Down Single And Right Double
* Box Drawings Down Double And Right Single
* Box Drawings Double Down And Right
* Box Drawings Down Single And Left Double
* Box Drawings Down Double And Left Single
* Box Drawings Double Down And Left
* Box Drawings Up Single And Right Double
* Box Drawings Up Double And Right Single
* Box Drawings Double Up And Right
* Box Drawings Up Single And Left Double
* Box Drawings Up Double And Left Single
* Box Drawings Double Up And Left
* Box Drawings Vertical Single And Right Double
* Box Drawings Vertical Double And Right Single
* Box Drawings Double Vertical And Right
* Box Drawings Vertical Single And Left Double
* Box Drawings Vertical Double And Left Single
* Box Drawings Double Vertical And Left
* Box Drawings Down Single And Horizontal Double
* Box Drawings Down Double And Horizontal Single
* Box Drawings Double Down And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Up Single And Horizontal Double
* Box Drawings Up Double And Horizontal Single
* Box Drawings Double Up And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Vertical Single And Horizontal Double
* Box Drawings Vertical Double And Horizontal Single
* Box Drawings Double Vertical And Horizontal
* Box Drawings Light Arc Down And Right
* Box Drawings Light Arc Down And Left
* Box Drawings Light Arc Up And Left
* Box Drawings Light Arc Up And Right
* Box Drawings Light Diagonal Upper Right To Lower Left
* Box Drawings Light Diagonal Upper Left To Lower Right
* Box Drawings Light Diagonal Cross
* Box Drawings Light Left
* Box Drawings Light Up
* Box Drawings Light Right
* Box Drawings Light Down
* Box Drawings Heavy Left
* Box Drawings Heavy Up
* Box Drawings Heavy Right
* Box Drawings Heavy Down
* Box Drawings Light Left And Heavy Right
* Box Drawings Light Up And Heavy Down
* Box Drawings Heavy Left And Light Right
* Box Drawings Heavy Up And Light Down</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Brahmi</title>
    <id>8125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54003</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:16:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Brahmi Sign CANDRABINDU 
* Brahmi Sign ANUSVARA 
* Brahmi Sign VISARGA 
* Brahmi Sign JIHVAMULIYA 
* Brahmi Sign UPADHMANIYA 
* Brahmi Letter A 
* Brahmi Letter AA 
* Brahmi Letter I 
* Brahmi Letter II 
* Brahmi Letter U 
* Brahmi Letter UU 
* Brahmi Letter Vocalic R 
* Brahmi Letter Vocalic RR 
* Brahmi Letter Vocalic L 
* Brahmi Letter Vocalic LL 
* Brahmi Letter E 
* Brahmi Letter AI 
* Brahmi Letter O 
* Brahmi Letter AU 
* Brahmi Letter KA 
* Brahmi Letter KHA 
* Brahmi Letter GA 
* Brahmi Letter GHA 
* Brahmi Letter NGA 
* Brahmi Letter CA 
* Brahmi Letter CHA 
* Brahmi Letter JA 
* Brahmi Letter JHA 
* Brahmi Letter NYA 
* Brahmi Letter TTA 
* Brahmi Letter TTHA 
* Brahmi Letter DDA 
* Brahmi Letter DDHA 
* Brahmi Letter NNA 
* Brahmi Letter TA 
* Brahmi Letter THA 
* Brahmi Letter DA 
* Brahmi Letter DHA 
* Brahmi Letter NA 
* Brahmi Letter PA 
* Brahmi Letter PHA 
* Brahmi Letter BA 
* Brahmi Letter BHA 
* Brahmi Letter MA 
* Brahmi Letter YA 
* Brahmi Letter RA 
* Brahmi Letter LA 
* Brahmi Letter VA 
* Brahmi Letter SHA 
* Brahmi Letter SSA 
* Brahmi Letter SA 
* Brahmi Letter HA 
* Brahmi Letter LLA 
* Brahmi Letter Old Tamil LLLA 
* Brahmi Letter Old Tamil RRA
* Brahmi Letter Old Tamil NNNA 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign AA 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign Bhattiprolu AA 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign I 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign II 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign U 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign UU 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign Vocalic R 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign Vocalic RR 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign Vocalic L 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign Vocalic LL 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign E 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign AI 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign O 
* Brahmi Vowel Sign AU 
* Brahmi VIRAMA 
* Brahmi DANDA 
* Brahmi Double DANDA 
* Brahmi Punctuation Dot 
* Brahmi Punctuation Double Dot 
* Brahmi Punctuation Line 
* Brahmi Punctuation Crescent Bar
* Brahmi Punctuation Lotus 
* Brahmi Number One 
* Brahmi Number Two 
* Brahmi Number Three 
* Brahmi Number Four 
* Brahmi Number Five 
* Brahmi Number Six 
* Brahmi Number Seven 
* Brahmi Number Eight 
* Brahmi Number Nine 
* Brahmi Number Ten 
* Brahmi Number Twenty 
* Brahmi Number Thirty 
* Brahmi Number Forty 
* Brahmi Number Fifty 
* Brahmi Number Sixty 
* Brahmi Number Seventy 
* Brahmi Number Eighty 
* Brahmi Number Ninety 
* Brahmi Number One Hundred 
* Brahmi Number One Thousand 
* Brahmi Digit Zero 
* Brahmi Digit One 
* Brahmi Digit Two 
* Brahmi Digit Three 
* Brahmi Digit Four 
* Brahmi Digit Five 
* Brahmi Digit Six 
* Brahmi Digit Seven 
* Brahmi Digit Eight 
* Brahmi Digit Nine</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Braille</title>
    <id>8126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54005</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:19:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Braille Pattern Blank
* Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Braille Pattern Dots-7
* Braille Pattern Dots-17
* Braille Pattern Dots-27
* Braille Pattern Dots-127
* Braille Pattern Dots-37
* Braille Pattern Dots-137
* Braille Pattern Dots-237
* Braille Pattern Dots-1237
* Braille Pattern Dots-47
* Braille Pattern Dots-147
* Braille Pattern Dots-247
* Braille Pattern Dots-1247
* Braille Pattern Dots-347
* Braille Pattern Dots-1347
* Braille Pattern Dots-2347
* Braille Pattern Dots-12347
* Braille Pattern Dots-57
* Braille Pattern Dots-157
* Braille Pattern Dots-257
* Braille Pattern Dots-1257
* Braille Pattern Dots-357
* Braille Pattern Dots-1357
* Braille Pattern Dots-2357
* Braille Pattern Dots-12357
* Braille Pattern Dots-457
* Braille Pattern Dots-1457
* Braille Pattern Dots-2457
* Braille Pattern Dots-12457
* Braille Pattern Dots-3457
* Braille Pattern Dots-13457
* Braille Pattern Dots-23457
* Braille Pattern Dots-123457
* Braille Pattern Dots-67
* Braille Pattern Dots-167
* Braille Pattern Dots-267
* Braille Pattern Dots-1267
* Braille Pattern Dots-367
* Braille Pattern Dots-1367
* Braille Pattern Dots-2367
* Braille Pattern Dots-12367
* Braille Pattern Dots-467
* Braille Pattern Dots-1467
* Braille Pattern Dots-2467
* Braille Pattern Dots-12467
* Braille Pattern Dots-3467
* Braille Pattern Dots-13467
* Braille Pattern Dots-23467
* Braille Pattern Dots-123467
* Braille Pattern Dots-567
* Braille Pattern Dots-1567
* Braille Pattern Dots-2567
* Braille Pattern Dots-12567
* Braille Pattern Dots-3567
* Braille Pattern Dots-13567
* Braille Pattern Dots-23567
* Braille Pattern Dots-123567
* Braille Pattern Dots-4567
* Braille Pattern Dots-14567
* Braille Pattern Dots-24567
* Braille Pattern Dots-124567
* Braille Pattern Dots-34567
* Braille Pattern Dots-134567
* Braille Pattern Dots-234567
* Braille Pattern Dots-1234567
* Braille Pattern Dots-8
* Braille Pattern Dots-18
* Braille Pattern Dots-28
* Braille Pattern Dots-128
* Braille Pattern Dots-38
* Braille Pattern Dots-138
* Braille Pattern Dots-238
* Braille Pattern Dots-1238
* Braille Pattern Dots-48
* Braille Pattern Dots-148
* Braille Pattern Dots-248
* Braille Pattern Dots-1248
* Braille Pattern Dots-348
* Braille Pattern Dots-1348
* Braille Pattern Dots-2348
* Braille Pattern Dots-12348
* Braille Pattern Dots-58
* Braille Pattern Dots-158
* Braille Pattern Dots-258
* Braille Pattern Dots-1258
* Braille Pattern Dots-358
* Braille Pattern Dots-1358
* Braille Pattern Dots-2358
* Braille Pattern Dots-12358
* Braille Pattern Dots-458
* Braille Pattern Dots-1458
* Braille Pattern Dots-2458
* Braille Pattern Dots-12458
* Braille Pattern Dots-3458
* Braille Pattern Dots-13458
* Braille Pattern Dots-23458
* Braille Pattern Dots-123458
* Braille Pattern Dots-68
* Braille Pattern Dots-168
* Braille Pattern Dots-268
* Braille Pattern Dots-1268
* Braille Pattern Dots-368
* Braille Pattern Dots-1368
* Braille Pattern Dots-2368
* Braille Pattern Dots-12368
* Braille Pattern Dots-468
* Braille Pattern Dots-1468
* Braille Pattern Dots-2468
* Braille Pattern Dots-12468
* Braille Pattern Dots-3468
* Braille Pattern Dots-13468
* Braille Pattern Dots-23468
* Braille Pattern Dots-123468
* Braille Pattern Dots-568
* Braille Pattern Dots-1568
* Braille Pattern Dots-2568
* Braille Pattern Dots-12568
* Braille Pattern Dots-3568
* Braille Pattern Dots-13568
* Braille Pattern Dots-23568
* Braille Pattern Dots-123568
* Braille Pattern Dots-4568
* Braille Pattern Dots-14568
* Braille Pattern Dots-24568
* Braille Pattern Dots-124568
* Braille Pattern Dots-34568
* Braille Pattern Dots-134568
* Braille Pattern Dots-234568
* Braille Pattern Dots-1234568
* Braille Pattern Dots-78
* Braille Pattern Dots-178
* Braille Pattern Dots-278
* Braille Pattern Dots-1278
* Braille Pattern Dots-378
* Braille Pattern Dots-1378
* Braille Pattern Dots-2378
* Braille Pattern Dots-12378
* Braille Pattern Dots-478
* Braille Pattern Dots-1478
* Braille Pattern Dots-2478
* Braille Pattern Dots-12478
* Braille Pattern Dots-3478
* Braille Pattern Dots-13478
* Braille Pattern Dots-23478
* Braille Pattern Dots-123478
* Braille Pattern Dots-578
* Braille Pattern Dots-1578
* Braille Pattern Dots-2578
* Braille Pattern Dots-12578
* Braille Pattern Dots-3578
* Braille Pattern Dots-13578
* Braille Pattern Dots-23578
* Braille Pattern Dots-123578
* Braille Pattern Dots-4578
* Braille Pattern Dots-14578
* Braille Pattern Dots-24578
* Braille Pattern Dots-124578
* Braille Pattern Dots-34578
* Braille Pattern Dots-134578
* Braille Pattern Dots-234578
* Braille Pattern Dots-1234578
* Braille Pattern Dots-678
* Braille Pattern Dots-1678
* Braille Pattern Dots-2678
* Braille Pattern Dots-12678
* Braille Pattern Dots-3678
* Braille Pattern Dots-13678
* Braille Pattern Dots-23678
* Braille Pattern Dots-123678
* Braille Pattern Dots-4678
* Braille Pattern Dots-14678
* Braille Pattern Dots-24678
* Braille Pattern Dots-124678
* Braille Pattern Dots-34678
* Braille Pattern Dots-134678
* Braille Pattern Dots-234678
* Braille Pattern Dots-1234678
* Braille Pattern Dots-5678
* Braille Pattern Dots-15678
* Braille Pattern Dots-25678
* Braille Pattern Dots-125678
* Braille Pattern Dots-35678
* Braille Pattern Dots-135678
* Braille Pattern Dots-235678
* Braille Pattern Dots-1235678
* Braille Pattern Dots-45678
* Braille Pattern Dots-145678
* Braille Pattern Dots-245678
* Braille Pattern Dots-1245678
* Braille Pattern Dots-345678
* Braille Pattern Dots-1345678
* Braille Pattern Dots-2345678
* Braille Pattern Dots-12345678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Blank
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-7
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-17
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-27
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-127
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-37
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-137
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-237
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1237
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-47
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-147
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-247
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1247
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-347
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1347
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2347
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12347
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-57
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-157
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-257
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1257
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-357
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1357
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2357
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12357
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123457
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-67
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-167
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-267
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1267
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-367
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1367
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2367
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12367
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123467
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234567
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-8
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-18
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-28
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-128
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-38
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-138
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-238
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1238
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-48
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-148
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-248
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1248
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-348
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1348
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2348
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12348
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-58
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-158
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-258
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1258
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-358
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1358
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2358
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12358
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123458
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-68
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-168
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-268
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1268
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-368
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1368
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2368
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12368
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123468
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234568
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-78
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-178
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-278
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1278
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-378
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1378
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2378
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12378
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123478
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234578
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-5678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-15678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-25678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-125678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-35678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-135678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-235678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1235678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-45678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-145678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-245678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1245678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-345678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1345678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2345678
* Eight-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12345678
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Blank
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Six-dot Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Blank
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-7
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-17
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-27
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-127
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-37
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-137
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-237
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1237
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-47
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-147
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-247
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1247
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-347
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1347
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2347
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12347
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-57
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-157
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-257
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1257
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-357
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1357
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2357
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12357
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123457
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-67
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-167
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-267
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1267
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-367
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1367
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2367
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12367
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123467
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234567
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-8
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-18
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-28
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-128
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-38
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-138
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-238
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1238
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-48
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-148
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-248
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1248
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-348
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1348
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2348
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12348
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-58
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-158
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-258
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1258
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-358
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1358
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2358
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12358
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123458
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-68
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-168
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-268
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1268
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-368
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1368
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2368
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12368
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123468
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234568
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-78
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-178
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-278
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1278
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-378
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1378
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2378
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12378
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123478
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234578
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-5678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-15678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-25678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-125678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-35678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-135678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-235678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1235678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-45678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-145678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-245678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1245678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-345678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1345678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2345678
* Eight-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12345678
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Blank
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Six-dot Outline Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Blank
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123456
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-7
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-17
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-27
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-127
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-37
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-137
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-237
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1237
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-47
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-147
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-247
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1247
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-347
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1347
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2347
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12347
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-57
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-157
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-257
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1257
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-357
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1357
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2357
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12357
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123457
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-67
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-167
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-267
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1267
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-367
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1367
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2367
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12367
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123467
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234567
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-8
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-18
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-28
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-128
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-38
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-138
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-238
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1238
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-48
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-148
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-248
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1248
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-348
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1348
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2348
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12348
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-58
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-158
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-258
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1258
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-358
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1358
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2358
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12358
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123458
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-68
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-168
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-268
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1268
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-368
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1368
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2368
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12368
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123468
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234568
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-78
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-178
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-278
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1278
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-378
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1378
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2378
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12378
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123478
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234578
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-5678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-15678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-25678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-125678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-35678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-135678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-235678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1235678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-45678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-145678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-245678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1245678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-345678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1345678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2345678
* Eight-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12345678
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Blank
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-4
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-14
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-24
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-124
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-34
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-134
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-234
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1234
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-5
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-15
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-25
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-125
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-35
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-135
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-235
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1235
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-45
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-145
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-245
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1245
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-345
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1345
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2345
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12345
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-6
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-16
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-26
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-126
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-36
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-136
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-236
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1236
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-46
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-146
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-246
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1246
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-346
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1346
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2346
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12346
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-56
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-156
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-256
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1256
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-356
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1356
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2356
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12356
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-1456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-2456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-12456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-3456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-13456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-23456
* Six-dot Pinpoint Braille Pattern Dots-123456</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Britannian Runes</title>
    <id>8127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54006</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:20:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Britannian Rune A
* Britannian Rune B
* Britannian Rune C
* Britannian Rune D
* Britannian Rune E
* Britannian Rune F
* Britannian Rune G
* Britannian Rune H
* Britannian Rune I
* Britannian Rune J
* Britannian Rune K
* Britannian Rune L
* Britannian Rune M
* Britannian Rune N
* Britannian Rune O
* Britannian Rune P
* Britannian Rune Q
* Britannian Rune R
* Britannian Rune S
* Britannian Rune T
* Britannian Rune U
* Britannian Rune V
* Britannian Rune W
* Britannian Rune X
* Britannian Rune Y
* Britannian Rune Z
* Britannian Rune EA
* Britannian Rune EE
* Britannian Rune NG
* Britannian Rune ST
* Britannian Rune TH</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Buginese</title>
    <id>8128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54007</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Buginese Letter KA
* Buginese Letter GA
* Buginese Letter NGA
* Buginese Letter NGKA
* Buginese Letter PA
* Buginese Letter BA
* Buginese Letter MA
* Buginese Letter MPA
* Buginese Letter TA
* Buginese Letter DA
* Buginese Letter NA
* Buginese Letter NRA
* Buginese Letter CA
* Buginese Letter JA
* Buginese Letter NYA
* Buginese Letter NYCA
* Buginese Letter YA
* Buginese Letter RA
* Buginese Letter LA
* Buginese Letter VA
* Buginese Letter SA
* Buginese Letter A
* Buginese Letter HA
* Buginese Vowel Sign I
* Buginese Vowel Sign U
* Buginese Vowel Sign E
* Buginese Vowel Sign O
* Buginese Vowel Sign AE
* Buginese PALLAWA
* Buginese End of Section</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Buhid</title>
    <id>8129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54008</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:21:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Buhid Letter A
* Buhid Letter I
* Buhid Letter U
* Buhid Letter KA
* Buhid Letter GA
* Buhid Letter NGA
* Buhid Letter TA
* Buhid Letter DA
* Buhid Letter NA
* Buhid Letter PA
* Buhid Letter BA
* Buhid Letter MA
* Buhid Letter YA
* Buhid Letter RA
* Buhid Letter LA
* Buhid Letter WA
* Buhid Letter SA
* Buhid Letter HA
* Buhid Vowel Sign I
* Buhid Vowel Sign U</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Byzantine Music Notation</title>
    <id>8130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54009</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSILI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DASEIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PERISPOMENI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OXEIA EKFONITIKON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OXEIA DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol VAREIA EKFONITIKON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol VAREIA DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KATHISTI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYRMATIKI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARAKLITIKI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YPOKRISIS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YPOKRISIS DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KREMASTI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APESO EKFONITIKON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol EXO EKFONITIKON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TELEIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOSTROFOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOSTROFOS DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYNEVMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THITA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OLIGON ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGON ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSILON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHAMILON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol VATHY
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ISON ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMATA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SAXIMATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARICHON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol STAVROS APODEXIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OXEIAI ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol VAREIAI ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APODERMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOTHEMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KLASMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol REVMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PIASMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TINAGMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ANATRICHISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SEISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYNAGMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYNAGMA META STAVROU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OYRANISMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THEMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEMOI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DYO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TRIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TESSERA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APESO EXO NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol IMIFTHORA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKON ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KATAVA TROMIKON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PELASTON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSIFISTON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KONTEVMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHOREVMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol RAPISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARAKALESMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARAKLITIKI ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ICHADIN
* Byzantine Musical Symbol NANA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PETASMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KONTEVMA ALLO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKON ALLO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol STRAGGISMATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GRONTHISMATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ISON NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OLIGON NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OXEIA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PETASTI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KOUFISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PETASTOKOUFISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMOKOUFISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PELASTON NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMATA NEO ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMA NEO ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YPSILI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOSTROFOS NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOSTROFOI SYNDESMOS NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YPORROI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMOYPORROON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ELAFRON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHAMILI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MIKRON ISON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol VAREIA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PIASMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSIFISTON NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OMALON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ANTIKENOMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LYGISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARAKLITIKI NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PARAKALESMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ETERON PARAKALESMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KYLISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ANTIKENOKYLISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKON NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol EKSTREPTON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYNAGMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SYRMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHOREVMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol EPEGERMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SEISMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol XIRON KLASMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKOPSIFISTON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSIFISTOLYGISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKOLYGISMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKOPARAKALESMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSIFISTOPARAKALESMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TROMIKOSYNAGMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol PSIFISTOSYNAGMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGOSYNTHETON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARGOSYNTHETON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ETERON ARGOSYNTHETON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol OYRANISMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THEMATISMOS ESO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THEMATISMOS EXO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THEMA APLOUN
* Byzantine Musical Symbol THES KAI APOTHES
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KATAVASMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ENDOFONON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFEN KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFEN ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol STAVROS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KLASMA ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIPLI ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMA ARCHAION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMA ALLO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KRATIMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APODERMA NEO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TRIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TETRAPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KORONIS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEIMMA ENOS CHRONOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEIMMA DYO CHRONON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEIMMA TRION CHRONON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEIMMA TESSARON CHRONON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol LEIMMA IMISEOS CHRONOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGON NEO ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGON PARESTIGMENON DEXIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIGORGON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON ARISTERA ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIGORGON PARESTIGMENON DEXIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol TRIGORGON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARGON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol IMIDIARGON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIARGON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI POLI ARGI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI ARGOTERI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI ARGI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI METRIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI MESI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI GORGI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI GORGOTERI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol AGOGI POLI GORGI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA PROTOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA ALLI PROTOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA DEYTEROS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA ALLI DEYTEROS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA TRITOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA TRIFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA TETARTOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA TETARTOS LEGETOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA LEGETOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA PLAGIOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ISAKIA TELOUS ICHIMATOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol APOSTROFOI TELOUS ICHIMATOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FANEROSIS TETRAFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FANEROSIS MONOFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FANEROSIS DIFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA VARYS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA PROTOVARYS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol MARTYRIA PLAGIOS TETARTOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORTHMIKON N APLOUN
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORTHMIKON N DIPLOUN
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ENARXIS KAI FTHORA VOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol IMIFONON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol IMIFTHORON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA ARCHAION DEYTEROU ICHOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI PA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI NANA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA NAOS ICHOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI DI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA SKLIRON DIATONON DI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI KE
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI ZO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI NI KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA DIATONIKI NI ANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA MALAKON CHROMA DIFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA MALAKON CHROMA MONOFONIAS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA SKLIRON CHROMA SYNAFI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA NENANO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHROA ZYGOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHROA KLITON
* Byzantine Musical Symbol CHROA SPATHI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA I YFESIS TETARTIMORION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol FTHORA ENARMONIOS ANTIFONIA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFESIS TRITIMORION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS TRITIMORION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS TETARTIMORION
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS APLI DYO DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS MONOGRAMMOS TESSERA DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS DIGRAMMOS EX DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIESIS TRIGRAMMOS OKTO DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFESIS APLI DYO DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFESIS MONOGRAMMOS TESSERA DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFESIS DIGRAMMOS EX DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol YFESIS TRIGRAMMOS OKTO DODEKATA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GENIKI DIESIS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GENIKI YFESIS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIASTOLI APLI MIKRI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIASTOLI APLI MEGALI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIASTOLI DIPLI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIASTOLI THESEOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS THESEOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS THESEOS DISIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS THESEOS TRISIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS THESEOS TETRASIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS ARSEOS
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS ARSEOS DISIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS ARSEOS TRISIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol SIMANSIS ARSEOS TETRASIMOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIGRAMMA GG
* Byzantine Musical Symbol DIFTOGGOS OU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol STIGMA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO PA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO VOU
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO GA
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO DI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO KE
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO ZO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol ARKTIKO NI
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMATA NEO MESO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMA NEO MESO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMATA NEO KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KENTIMA NEO KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol KLASMA KATO
* Byzantine Musical Symbol GORGON NEO KATO</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Canadian Syllabics</title>
    <id>8131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54010</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:22:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Canadian Syllabics OY
* Canadian Syllabics AY
* Canadian Syllabics AAY
* Canadian Syllabics WAY
* Canadian Syllabics POY
* Canadian Syllabics PAY
* Canadian Syllabics PWOY
* Canadian Syllabics TAY
* Canadian Syllabics KAY
* Canadian Syllabics KWAY
* Canadian Syllabics MAY
* Canadian Syllabics NOY
* Canadian Syllabics NAY
* Canadian Syllabics LAY
* Canadian Syllabics SOY
* Canadian Syllabics SAY
* Canadian Syllabics SHOY
* Canadian Syllabics SHAY
* Canadian Syllabics SHWOY
* Canadian Syllabics YOY
* Canadian Syllabics YAY
* Canadian Syllabics RAY
* Canadian Syllabics NWI
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY NWI
* Canadian Syllabics NWII
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY NWII
* Canadian Syllabics NWO
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY NWO
* Canadian Syllabics NWOO
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY NWOO
* Canadian Syllabics RWEE
* Canadian Syllabics RWI
* Canadian Syllabics RWII
* Canadian Syllabics RWO
* Canadian Syllabics RWOO
* Canadian Syllabics RWA
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY P
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY T
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY K
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY C
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY M
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY N
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY S
* Canadian Syllabics OJIBWAY SH
* Canadian Syllabics EASTERN W
* Canadian Syllabics WESTERN W
* Canadian Syllabics Final Small RING
* Canadian Syllabics Final RAISED DOT
* Canadian Syllabics R-CREE RWE
* Canadian Syllabics WEST-CREE LOO
* Canadian Syllabics WEST-CREE LAA
* Canadian Syllabics THWE
* Canadian Syllabics THWA
* Canadian Syllabics TTHWE
* Canadian Syllabics TTHOO
* Canadian Syllabics TTHAA
* Canadian Syllabics TLHWE
* Canadian Syllabics TLHOO
* Canadian Syllabics SAYISI SHWE
* Canadian Syllabics SAYISI SHOO
* Canadian Syllabics SAYISI HOO
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier GWU
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier DENE GEE
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier GAA
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier GWA
* Canadian Syllabics SAYISI JUU
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier JWA
* Canadian Syllabics Beaver DENE L
* Canadian Syllabics Beaver DENE R
* Canadian Syllabics Carrier Dental S</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Carian</title>
    <id>8132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54011</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:22:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Carian Letter A
* Carian Letter P2
* Carian Letter D
* Carian Letter L
* Carian Letter UUU
* Carian Letter R
* Carian Letter LD
* Carian Letter A2
* Carian Letter Q
* Carian Letter B
* Carian Letter M
* Carian Letter O
* Carian Letter D2
* Carian Letter T
* Carian Letter SH
* Carian Letter SH2
* Carian Letter S
* Carian Letter C-18
* Carian Letter U
* Carian Letter NN
* Carian Letter X
* Carian Letter N
* Carian Letter TT2
* Carian Letter P
* Carian Letter SS
* Carian Letter I
* Carian Letter E
* Carian Letter UUUU
* Carian Letter K
* Carian Letter K2
* Carian Letter ND
* Carian Letter UU
* Carian Letter G
* Carian Letter G2
* Carian Letter ST
* Carian Letter ST2
* Carian Letter NG
* Carian Letter II
* Carian Letter C-39
* Carian Letter TT
* Carian Letter UUU2
* Carian Letter RR
* Carian Letter MB
* Carian Letter MB2
* Carian Letter MB3
* Carian Letter MB4
* Carian Letter LD2
* Carian Letter E2
* Carian Letter UUU3</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Centaurian</title>
    <id>8133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54012</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:22:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Centaurian Digit Zero
* Centaurian Digit One
* Centaurian Digit Two
* Centaurian Digit Three
* Centaurian Digit Four
* Centaurian Digit Five
* Centaurian Digit Six
* Centaurian Digit Seven
* Centaurian Digit Eight
* Centaurian Digit Nine
* Centaurian Space
* Centaurian Full Stop
* Centaurian Comma
* Centaurian Letter A
* Centaurian Letter B
* Centaurian Letter C
* Centaurian Letter D
* Centaurian Letter E
* Centaurian Letter F
* Centaurian Letter G
* Centaurian Letter H
* Centaurian Letter I
* Centaurian Letter J
* Centaurian Letter K
* Centaurian Letter L
* Centaurian Letter M
* Centaurian Letter N
* Centaurian Letter O
* Centaurian Letter P
* Centaurian Letter R
* Centaurian Letter S
* Centaurian Letter T
* Centaurian Letter U
* Centaurian Letter V
* Centaurian Letter W
* Centaurian Letter X
* Centaurian Letter Y
* Centaurian Letter Z</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chakma</title>
    <id>8134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54013</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:23:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Chakma Sign CANDRABINDU 
* Chakma Sign ANUSVARA 
* Chakma Sign VISARGA
* Chakma Letter AA
* Chakma Letter I
* Chakma Letter U
* Chakma Letter E
* Chakma Letter KAA
* Chakma Letter KHAA
* Chakma Letter GAA
* Chakma Letter GHAA
* Chakma Letter NGAA
* Chakma Letter CAA
* Chakma Letter CHAA
* Chakma Letter JAA
* Chakma Letter JHAA
* Chakma Letter NYAA
* Chakma Letter TTAA
* Chakma Letter TTHAA
* Chakma Letter DDAA
* Chakma Letter DDHAA
* Chakma Letter NNAA
* Chakma Letter TAA
* Chakma Letter THAA
* Chakma Letter DAA
* Chakma Letter DHAA
* Chakma Letter NAA
* Chakma Letter PAA
* Chakma Letter PHAA
* Chakma Letter BAA
* Chakma Letter BHAA
* Chakma Letter MAA
* Chakma Letter YYAA
* Chakma Letter YAA
* Chakma Letter RAA
* Chakma Letter LAA
* Chakma Letter WAA
* Chakma Letter SAA
* Chakma Letter HAA
* Chakma Vowel Sign A 
* Chakma Vowel Sign I 
* Chakma Vowel Sign II 
* Chakma Vowel Sign U 
* Chakma Vowel Sign UU 
* Chakma Vowel Sign E
* Chakma Vowel Sign AI 
* Chakma Vowel Sign O
* Chakma Vowel Sign AU
* Chakma Vowel Sign OI 
* Chakma O Mark 
* Chakma AU Mark 
* Chakma VIRAMA
* Chakma MAAYYAA
* Chakma Digit Zero
* Chakma Digit One
* Chakma Digit Two
* Chakma Digit Three
* Chakma Digit Four
* Chakma Digit Five
* Chakma Digit Six
* Chakma Digit Seven
* Chakma Digit Eight
* Chakma Digit Nine
* Chakma Section Mark
* Chakma Danda
* Chakma Double Danda
* Chakma Interrogation Mark</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cham</title>
    <id>8135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54014</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Cham Letter A
* Cham Letter I
* Cham Letter U
* Cham Letter E
* Cham Letter AI
* Cham Letter O
* Cham Letter KA
* Cham Letter KHA
* Cham Letter GA
* Cham Letter GHA
* Cham Letter NGUE
* Cham Letter NGA
* Cham Letter CHA
* Cham Letter CHHA
* Cham Letter JA
* Cham Letter JHA
* Cham Letter NHUE
* Cham Letter NHA
* Cham Letter NHJA
* Cham Letter TA
* Cham Letter THA
* Cham Letter DA
* Cham Letter DHA
* Cham Letter NUE
* Cham Letter NA
* Cham Letter DDA
* Cham Letter PA
* Cham Letter PPA
* Cham Letter PHA
* Cham Letter BA
* Cham Letter BHA
* Cham Letter MUE
* Cham Letter MA
* Cham Letter BBA
* Cham Letter YA
* Cham Letter RA
* Cham Letter LA
* Cham Letter VA
* Cham Letter SSA
* Cham Letter SA
* Cham Letter HA
* Cham Vowel Sign AA
* Cham Vowel Sign I
* Cham Vowel Sign II
* Cham Vowel Sign EI
* Cham Vowel Sign U
* Cham Vowel Sign OE
* Cham Vowel Sign O
* Cham Vowel Sign AI
* Cham Vowel Sign AU
* Cham Vowel Sign UE
* Cham Consonant Sign YA
* Cham Consonant Sign RA
* Cham Consonant Sign LA
* Cham Consonant Sign WA
* Cham Letter Final K
* Cham Letter Final G
* Cham Letter Final NG
* Cham Consonant Sign Final NG
* Cham Letter Final CH
* Cham Letter Final T
* Cham Letter Final N
* Cham Letter Final P
* Cham Letter Final Y
* Cham Letter Final R
* Cham Letter Final L
* Cham Letter Final SS
* Cham Consonant Sign Final M
* Cham Consonant Sign Final H
* Cham Digit Zero
* Cham Digit One
* Cham Digit Two
* Cham Digit Three
* Cham Digit Four
* Cham Digit Five
* Cham Digit Six
* Cham Digit Seven
* Cham Digit Eight
* Cham Digit Nine
* Cham Punctuation Spiral
* Cham Punctuation Danda
* Cham Punctuation Double Danda
* Cham Punctuation Triple Danda</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chemical Element Symbols</title>
    <id>8136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54015</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Chemical Element Symbol H
* Chemical Element Symbol He
* Chemical Element Symbol Li
* Chemical Element Symbol Be
* Chemical Element Symbol B
* Chemical Element Symbol C
* Chemical Element Symbol N
* Chemical Element Symbol O
* Chemical Element Symbol F
* Chemical Element Symbol Ne
* Chemical Element Symbol Na
* Chemical Element Symbol Mg
* Chemical Element Symbol Al
* Chemical Element Symbol Si
* Chemical Element Symbol P
* Chemical Element Symbol S
* Chemical Element Symbol Cl
* Chemical Element Symbol Ar
* Chemical Element Symbol K
* Chemical Element Symbol Ca
* Chemical Element Symbol Sc
* Chemical Element Symbol Ti
* Chemical Element Symbol V
* Chemical Element Symbol Cr
* Chemical Element Symbol Mn
* Chemical Element Symbol Fe
* Chemical Element Symbol Co
* Chemical Element Symbol Ni
* Chemical Element Symbol Cu
* Chemical Element Symbol Zn
* Chemical Element Symbol Ga
* Chemical Element Symbol Ge
* Chemical Element Symbol As
* Chemical Element Symbol Se
* Chemical Element Symbol Br
* Chemical Element Symbol Kr
* Chemical Element Symbol Rb
* Chemical Element Symbol Sr
* Chemical Element Symbol Y
* Chemical Element Symbol Zr
* Chemical Element Symbol Nb
* Chemical Element Symbol Mo
* Chemical Element Symbol Tc
* Chemical Element Symbol Ru
* Chemical Element Symbol Rh
* Chemical Element Symbol Pd
* Chemical Element Symbol Ag
* Chemical Element Symbol Cd
* Chemical Element Symbol In
* Chemical Element Symbol Sn
* Chemical Element Symbol Sb
* Chemical Element Symbol Te
* Chemical Element Symbol I
* Chemical Element Symbol Xe
* Chemical Element Symbol Cs
* Chemical Element Symbol Ba
* Chemical Element Symbol La
* Chemical Element Symbol Ce
* Chemical Element Symbol Pr
* Chemical Element Symbol Nd
* Chemical Element Symbol Pm
* Chemical Element Symbol Sm
* Chemical Element Symbol Eu
* Chemical Element Symbol Gd
* Chemical Element Symbol Tb
* Chemical Element Symbol Dy
* Chemical Element Symbol Ho
* Chemical Element Symbol Er
* Chemical Element Symbol Tm
* Chemical Element Symbol Yb
* Chemical Element Symbol Lu
* Chemical Element Symbol Hf
* Chemical Element Symbol Ta
* Chemical Element Symbol W
* Chemical Element Symbol Re
* Chemical Element Symbol Os
* Chemical Element Symbol Ir
* Chemical Element Symbol Pt
* Chemical Element Symbol Au
* Chemical Element Symbol Hg
* Chemical Element Symbol Tl
* Chemical Element Symbol Pb
* Chemical Element Symbol Bi
* Chemical Element Symbol Po
* Chemical Element Symbol At
* Chemical Element Symbol Rn
* Chemical Element Symbol Fr
* Chemical Element Symbol Ra
* Chemical Element Symbol Ac
* Chemical Element Symbol Th
* Chemical Element Symbol Pa
* Chemical Element Symbol U
* Chemical Element Symbol Np
* Chemical Element Symbol Pu
* Chemical Element Symbol Am
* Chemical Element Symbol Cm
* Chemical Element Symbol Bk
* Chemical Element Symbol Cf
* Chemical Element Symbol Es
* Chemical Element Symbol Fm
* Chemical Element Symbol Md
* Chemical Element Symbol No
* Chemical Element Symbol Lr
* Chemical Element Symbol Rf
* Chemical Element Symbol Db
* Chemical Element Symbol Sg
* Chemical Element Symbol Ns
* Chemical Element Symbol Hs
* Chemical Element Symbol Mt
* Chemical Element Symbol Ds
* Chemical Element Symbol Rg
* Chemical Element Symbol Uub
* Chemical Element Symbol Uut
* Chemical Element Symbol Uuq
* Chemical Element Symbol Uup
* Chemical Element Symbol Uuh
* Chemical Element Symbol Uus
* Chemical Element Symbol Uuo</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cherokee</title>
    <id>8137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54016</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Cherokee Letter A
* Cherokee Letter E
* Cherokee Letter I
* Cherokee Letter O
* Cherokee Letter U
* Cherokee Letter V
* Cherokee Letter GA
* Cherokee Letter KA
* Cherokee Letter GE
* Cherokee Letter GI
* Cherokee Letter GO
* Cherokee Letter GU
* Cherokee Letter GV
* Cherokee Letter HA
* Cherokee Letter HE
* Cherokee Letter HI
* Cherokee Letter HO
* Cherokee Letter HU
* Cherokee Letter HV
* Cherokee Letter LA
* Cherokee Letter LE
* Cherokee Letter LI
* Cherokee Letter LO
* Cherokee Letter LU
* Cherokee Letter LV
* Cherokee Letter MA
* Cherokee Letter ME
* Cherokee Letter MI
* Cherokee Letter MO
* Cherokee Letter MU
* Cherokee Letter NA
* Cherokee Letter HNA
* Cherokee Letter NAH
* Cherokee Letter NE
* Cherokee Letter NI
* Cherokee Letter NO
* Cherokee Letter NU
* Cherokee Letter NV
* Cherokee Letter QUA
* Cherokee Letter QUE
* Cherokee Letter QUI
* Cherokee Letter QUO
* Cherokee Letter QUU
* Cherokee Letter QUV
* Cherokee Letter SA
* Cherokee Letter S
* Cherokee Letter SE
* Cherokee Letter SI
* Cherokee Letter SO
* Cherokee Letter SU
* Cherokee Letter SV
* Cherokee Letter DA
* Cherokee Letter TA
* Cherokee Letter DE
* Cherokee Letter TE
* Cherokee Letter DI
* Cherokee Letter TI
* Cherokee Letter DO
* Cherokee Letter DU
* Cherokee Letter DV
* Cherokee Letter DLA
* Cherokee Letter TLA
* Cherokee Letter TLE
* Cherokee Letter TLI
* Cherokee Letter TLO
* Cherokee Letter TLU
* Cherokee Letter TLV
* Cherokee Letter TSA
* Cherokee Letter TSE
* Cherokee Letter TSI
* Cherokee Letter TSO
* Cherokee Letter TSU
* Cherokee Letter TSV
* Cherokee Letter WA
* Cherokee Letter WE
* Cherokee Letter WI
* Cherokee Letter WO
* Cherokee Letter WU
* Cherokee Letter WV
* Cherokee Letter YA
* Cherokee Letter YE
* Cherokee Letter YI
* Cherokee Letter YO
* Cherokee Letter YU
* Cherokee Letter YV</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Chess Symbols</title>
    <id>8138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54017</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* White Chess King
* White Chess Queen
* White Chess Rook
* White Chess Bishop
* White Chess Knight
* White Chess Pawn
* White Chess Elephant
* White Chess Mandarin
* White Chess Cannon
* White Chess Chinese Pawn
* White Chess General
* White Chess Vizir
* White Chess Giraffe
* White Chess Picket
* White Chess Camel
* White Chess War Engine
* White Chess Pawn of Pawns
* White Chess Pawn of War Engines
* White Chess Pawn of Camels
* White Chess Pawn of Elephants
* White Chess Pawn of Generals
* White Chess Pawn of Kings
* White Chess Pawn of Vizirs
* White Chess Pawn of Giraffes
* White Chess Pawn of Pickets
* White Chess Pawn of Knights
* White Chess Pawn of Rooks
* White Chess Prince
* White Chess Adventitious King
* White Chess Gold General
* White Chess Silver General
* White Chess Lance
* White Chess Dragon King
* White Chess Dragon Horse
* White Chess Promoted Silver General
* White Chess Promoted Lance
* White Chess Promoted Horse
* White Chess Promoted Pawn
* Black Chess King
* Black Chess Queen
* Black Chess Rook
* Black Chess Bishop
* Black Chess Knight
* Black Chess Pawn
* Black Chess Elephant
* Black Chess Mandarin
* Black Chess Cannon
* Black Chess Chinese Pawn
* Black Chess General
* Black Chess Vizir
* Black Chess Giraffe
* Black Chess Picket
* Black Chess Camel
* Black Chess War Engine
* Black Chess Pawn of Pawns
* Black Chess Pawn of War Engines
* Black Chess Pawn of Camels
* Black Chess Pawn of Elephants
* Black Chess Pawn of Generals
* Black Chess Pawn of Kings
* Black Chess Pawn of Vizirs
* Black Chess Pawn of Giraffes
* Black Chess Pawn of Pickets
* Black Chess Pawn of Knights
* Black Chess Pawn of Rooks
* Black Chess Prince
* Black Chess Adventitious King
* Black Chess Gold General
* Black Chess Silver General
* Black Chess Lance
* Black Chess Dragon King
* Black Chess Dragon Horse
* Black Chess Promoted Silver General
* Black Chess Promoted Lance
* Black Chess Promoted Horse
* Black Chess Promoted Pawn</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Cirth</title>
    <id>8139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54018</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Cirth Letter P
* Cirth Letter B
* Cirth Letter F
* Cirth Letter V
* Cirth Letter HW
* Cirth Letter M
* Cirth Letter MB
* Cirth Letter SP
* Cirth Letter SB
* Cirth Letter SC
* Cirth Letter SG
* Cirth Letter T
* Cirth Letter D
* Cirth Letter TH
* Cirth Letter DH
* Cirth Letter N
* Cirth Letter NDZH
* Cirth Letter Dorian KW
* Cirth Letter Dorian GW
* Cirth Letter Dorian KHW
* Cirth Letter Dorian GHW
* Cirth Letter Dorian L
* Cirth Letter English ND
* Cirth Letter CH
* Cirth Letter J
* Cirth Letter SH
* Cirth Letter ZH
* Cirth Letter NJ
* Cirth Letter K
* Cirth Letter G
* Cirth Letter KH
* Cirth Letter GH
* Cirth Letter ENG
* Cirth Letter KW
* Cirth Letter GW
* Cirth Letter KHW
* Cirth Letter GHW
* Cirth Letter NGW
* Cirth Letter NW
* Cirth Letter Dorian Z
* Cirth Letter R
* Cirth Letter RH
* Cirth Letter L
* Cirth Letter LH
* Cirth Letter NG
* Cirth Letter S
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul Glottal Stop
* Cirth Letter Z
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul NG
* Cirth Letter ND
* Cirth Letter EI
* Cirth Letter IU
* Cirth Letter I
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul Y
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul HY
* Cirth Letter U
* Cirth Letter UU
* Cirth Letter W
* Cirth Letter UE
* Cirth Letter UI
* Cirth Letter E
* Cirth Letter EE
* Cirth Letter A
* Cirth Letter AA
* Cirth Letter AI
* Cirth Letter AU
* Cirth Letter AY
* Cirth Letter AE
* Cirth Letter EA
* Cirth Letter EW
* Cirth Letter O
* Cirth Letter OO
* Cirth Letter OE
* Cirth Letter Noldorian O
* Cirth Letter Noldorian OO
* Cirth Letter IO
* Cirth Letter EU
* Cirth Letter OU
* Cirth Letter Noldorian OE
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul N
* Cirth Letter H
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul Left-Pointing SCHWA
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul Right-Pointing SCHWA
* Cirth Letter Dorian O
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul PS
* Cirth Letter Khuzdul TS
* Cirth Modifier Letter H
* Cirth English THE
* Cirth Ampersand
* Cirth Noldorian L
* Cirth English OF
* Cirth Letter Y
* Cirth Letter Variant Y
* Cirth Letter YY
* Cirth Letter Noldorian OOE
* Cirth Letter Noldorian OE
* Cirth Separator Single Dot
* Cirth Separator Double Dot
* Cirth Separator Triple Dot
* Cirth Start or End of Text
* Cirth Separator Double Pipe
* Cirth Combining Nasal MARK
* Cirth Combining Length MARK
* Cirth Numeric Dot</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/CJK Radicals</title>
    <id>8140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54019</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* CJK Radical REPEAT
* CJK Radical CLIFF
* CJK Radical SECOND ONE
* CJK Radical SECOND TWO
* CJK Radical SECOND THREE
* CJK Radical PERSON
* CJK Radical BOX
* CJK Radical TABLE
* CJK Radical KNIFE ONE
* CJK Radical KNIFE TWO
* CJK Radical DIVINATION
* CJK Radical SEAL
* CJK Radical SMALL ONE
* CJK Radical SMALL TWO
* CJK Radical LAME ONE
* CJK Radical LAME TWO
* CJK Radical LAME THREE
* CJK Radical LAME FOUR
* CJK Radical SNAKE
* CJK Radical THREAD
* CJK Radical SNOUT ONE
* CJK Radical SNOUT TWO
* CJK Radical HEART ONE
* CJK Radical HEART TWO
* CJK Radical HAND
* CJK Radical RAP
* CJK Radical CHOKE
* CJK Radical SUN
* CJK Radical MOON
* CJK Radical DEATH
* CJK Radical MOTHER
* CJK Radical CIVILIAN
* CJK Radical WATER ONE
* CJK Radical WATER TWO
* CJK Radical FIRE
* CJK Radical PAW ONE
* CJK Radical PAW TWO
* CJK Radical Simplified HALF TREE TRUNK
* CJK Radical COW
* CJK Radical DOG
* CJK Radical JADE
* CJK Radical BOLT OF CLOTH
* CJK Radical EYE
* CJK Radical SPIRIT ONE
* CJK Radical SPIRIT TWO
* CJK Radical BAMBOO
* CJK Radical SILK
* CJK Radical C-Simplified SILK
* CJK Radical NET ONE
* CJK Radical NET TWO
* CJK Radical NET THREE
* CJK Radical NET FOUR
* CJK Radical MESH
* CJK Radical SHEEP
* CJK Radical RAM
* CJK Radical EWE
* CJK Radical OLD
* CJK Radical BRUSH ONE
* CJK Radical BRUSH TWO
* CJK Radical MEAT
* CJK Radical MORTAR
* CJK Radical GRASS ONE
* CJK Radical GRASS TWO
* CJK Radical GRASS THREE
* CJK Radical TIGER
* CJK Radical CLOTHES
* CJK Radical WEST ONE
* CJK Radical WEST TWO
* CJK Radical C-Simplified SEE
* CJK Radical Simplified HORN
* CJK Radical HORN
* CJK Radical C-Simplified SPEECH
* CJK Radical C-Simplified SHELL
* CJK Radical FOOT
* CJK Radical C-Simplified CART
* CJK Radical Simplified WALK
* CJK Radical WALK ONE
* CJK Radical WALK TWO
* CJK Radical CITY
* CJK Radical C-Simplified GOLD
* CJK Radical LONG ONE
* CJK Radical LONG TWO
* CJK Radical C-Simplified LONG
* CJK Radical C-Simplified GATE
* CJK Radical MOUND ONE
* CJK Radical MOUND TWO
* CJK Radical RAIN
* CJK Radical BLUE
* CJK Radical C-Simplified TANNED LEATHER
* CJK Radical C-Simplified LEAF
* CJK Radical C-Simplified WIND
* CJK Radical C-Simplified FLY
* CJK Radical EAT ONE
* CJK Radical EAT TWO
* CJK Radical EAT THREE
* CJK Radical C-Simplified EAT
* CJK Radical HEAD
* CJK Radical C-Simplified HORSE
* CJK Radical BONE
* CJK Radical GHOST
* CJK Radical C-Simplified FISH
* CJK Radical C-Simplified BIRD
* CJK Radical C-Simplified SALT
* CJK Radical Simplified WHEAT
* CJK Radical Simplified YELLOW
* CJK Radical C-Simplified FROG
* CJK Radical J-Simplified EVEN
* CJK Radical C-Simplified EVEN
* CJK Radical J-Simplified TOOTH
* CJK Radical C-Simplified TOOTH
* CJK Radical J-Simplified DRAGON
* CJK Radical C-Simplified DRAGON
* CJK Radical TURTLE
* CJK Radical J-Simplified TURTLE
* CJK Radical C-Simplified TURTLE</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/CJK Strokes</title>
    <id>8141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54020</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* CJK Stroke T
* CJK Stroke WG
* CJK Stroke XG
* CJK Stroke BXG
* CJK Stroke SW
* CJK Stroke HZZ
* CJK Stroke HZG
* CJK Stroke HP
* CJK Stroke HZWG
* CJK Stroke SZWG
* CJK Stroke HZT
* CJK Stroke HZZP
* CJK Stroke HPWG
* CJK Stroke HZW
* CJK Stroke HZZZ
* CJK Stroke N
* CJK Stroke H
* CJK Stroke S
* CJK Stroke P
* CJK Stroke SP
* CJK Stroke D
* CJK Stroke HZ
* CJK Stroke HG
* CJK Stroke SZ
* CJK Stroke SWZ
* CJK Stroke ST
* CJK Stroke SG
* CJK Stroke PD
* CJK Stroke PZ
* CJK Stroke TN
* CJK Stroke SZZ
* CJK Stroke SWG
* CJK Stroke HXWG
* CJK Stroke HZZZG
* CJK Stroke PG
* CJK Stroke Q</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Classic Etruscan</title>
    <id>8142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54021</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:25:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Classic Etruscan Letter A
* Classic Etruscan Letter KE
* Classic Etruscan Letter E
* Classic Etruscan Letter VE
* Classic Etruscan Letter ZE
* Classic Etruscan Letter THE
* Classic Etruscan Letter THE-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter THE-3
* Classic Etruscan Letter I
* Classic Etruscan Letter KA
* Classic Etruscan Letter EL
* Classic Etruscan Letter EM
* Classic Etruscan Letter EM-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter EN
* Classic Etruscan Letter EN-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter PE
* Classic Etruscan Letter SHE
* Classic Etruscan Letter SHE-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter KU
* Classic Etruscan Letter ER
* Classic Etruscan Letter ER-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter ES
* Classic Etruscan Letter ES-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter TE
* Classic Etruscan Letter U
* Classic Etruscan Letter PHE
* Classic Etruscan Letter PHE-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter KHE
* Classic Etruscan Letter KHE-2
* Classic Etruscan Letter EF
* Classic Etruscan Letter CHE
* Classic Etruscan Letter CHE-2</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Classical Yi</title>
    <id>8143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54022</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Classical Yi]] has 88613 characters. {{Futuramerlin.com Character List Work Needed}} These could be split into separate subpages by radical. Or something like that (does Classical Yi have radicals?)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Club Penguin</title>
    <id>8144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54023</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Club Penguin Digit One
* Club Penguin Digit Two
* Club Penguin Digit Three
* Club Penguin Digit Four
* Club Penguin Digit Five
* Club Penguin Digit Six
* Club Penguin Digit Seven
* Club Penguin Digit Eight
* Club Penguin Digit Nine
* Club Penguin Unknown Character
* Club Penguin Letter A
* Club Penguin Letter B
* Club Penguin Letter C
* Club Penguin Letter D
* Club Penguin Letter E
* Club Penguin Letter F
* Club Penguin Letter G
* Club Penguin Letter H
* Club Penguin Letter I
* Club Penguin Letter J
* Club Penguin Letter K
* Club Penguin Letter L
* Club Penguin Letter M
* Club Penguin Letter N
* Club Penguin Letter O
* Club Penguin Letter P
* Club Penguin Letter Q
* Club Penguin Letter R
* Club Penguin Letter S
* Club Penguin Letter T
* Club Penguin Letter U
* Club Penguin Letter V
* Club Penguin Letter W
* Club Penguin Letter X
* Club Penguin Letter Y
* Club Penguin Letter Z
* Club Penguin Letter Thorn
* Club Penguin Letter Sharp S
* Club Penguin Letter AE
* Club Penguin Fraction One Quarter
* Club Penguin Fraction One Half
* Club Penguin Fraction Three Quarters</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Marks</title>
    <id>8145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54024</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T01:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create. Okay; calling it quits for to-night... I'll do Combining Superscript and Subscript Digits through Zírí-Nnka to-morrow or the next day... :-P</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Combining Grave Accent
* Combining Acute Accent
* Combining Circumflex Accent
* Combining Tilde
* Combining Macron
* Combining Overline
* Combining Breve
* Combining Dot Above
* Combining Diaeresis
* Combining Hook Above
* Combining Ring Above
* Combining Double Acute Accent
* Combining Caron
* Combining Vertical Line Above
* Combining Double Vertical Line Above
* Combining Double Grave Accent
* Combining Carabindu
* Combining Inverted Breve
* Combining Turned Comma Above
* Combining Comma Above
* Combining Reversed Comma Above
* Combining Comma Above Right
* Combining Grave Accent Below
* Combining Acute Accent Below
* Combining Left Tack Below
* Combining Right Tack Below
* Combining Left Angle Above
* Combining Horn
* Combining Left Half Ring Below
* Combining Up Tack Below
* Combining Down Tack Below
* Combining Plus Sign Below
* Combining Minus Sign Below
* Combining Sans-Serif Minus Sign Below
* Combining Seriffed Minus Sign Below
* Combining Palatalized Hook Below
* Combining Retroflex Hook Below
* Combining Dot Below
* Combining Diaeresis Below
* Combining Ring Below
* Combining Comma Below
* Combining Cedilla
* Combining Ogonek
* Combining Vertical Line Below
* Combining Bridge Below
* Combining Inverted Double Arch Below
* Combining Caron Below
* Combining Circumflex Accent Below
* Combining Breve Below
* Combining Inverted Breve Below
* Combining Tilde Below
* Combining Macron Below
* Combining Low Line
* Combining Double Low Line
* Combining Tilde Overlay
* Combining Short Stroke Overlay
* Combining Long Stroke Overlay
* Combining Short Solidus Overlay
* Combining Long Solidus Overlay
* Combining Right Half Ring Below
* Combining Inverted Bridge Below
* Combining Square Below
* Combining Bird Below
* Combining X Above
* Combining Vertical Tilde
* Combining Double Overline
* Combining Grave Tone Mark
* Combining Acute Tone Mark
* Combining Greek Perispomeni
* Combining Greek Koronis
* Combining Greek Dialytika Tonos
* Combining Greek Ypogegrammeni
* Combining Bridge Above
* Combining Equals Sign Below
* Combining Double Vertical Line Below
* Combining Left Angle Below
* Combining Not Tilde Above
* Combining Homothetic Above
* Combining Almost Equal To Above
* Combining Left Right Arrow Below
* Combining Up Arrow Below
* Combining Grapheme Joiner
* Combining Right Arrowhead Above
* Combining Left Half Ring Above
* Combining Diacritical Fermata
* Combining X Below
* Combining Left Arrowhead Below
* Combining Right Arrowhead Below
* Combining Right Arrowhead and Up Arrowhead Below
* Combining Right Half Ring Above
* Combining Dot Above Right
* Combining Asterisk Below
* Combining Double Ring Below
* Combining Zigzag Above
* Combining Double Breve Below
* Combining Double Breve
* Combining Double Macron
* Combining Double Macron Below
* Combining Double Tilde
* Combining Double Inverted Breve
* Combining Double Right Arrow Below
* Combining Latin Letter Small A
* Combining Latin Letter Small B
* Combining Latin Letter Small C
* Combining Latin Letter Small D
* Combining Latin Letter Small E
* Combining Latin Letter Small F
* Combining Latin Letter Small G
* Combining Latin Letter Small H
* Combining Latin Letter Small I
* Combining Latin Letter Small J
* Combining Latin Letter Small K
* Combining Latin Letter Small L
* Combining Latin Letter Small M
* Combining Latin Letter Small N
* Combining Latin Letter Small O
* Combining Latin Letter Small P
* Combining Latin Letter Small Q
* Combining Latin Letter Small R
* Combining Latin Letter Small S
* Combining Latin Letter Small T
* Combining Latin Letter Small U
* Combining Latin Letter Small V
* Combining Latin Letter Small W
* Combining Latin Letter Small X
* Combining Latin Letter Small Y
* Combining Latin Letter Small Z
* Combining Greek Tonos
* Combining Greek Dialytika Tonos
* Combining Cyrillic Titlo
* Combining Cyrillic Palatalization
* Combining Cyrillic Dasia Pneumata
* Combining Cyrillic Psili Pneumata
* Combining Cyrillic Pokrytie
* Combining Umlaut
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below
* Combining Triple Inverted Breve
* Combining Triple Inverted Breve Below
* Combining Diagonal Diaeresis
* Combining Reversed Tilde
* Combining Circumflex with Acute
* Combining Grave with Circumflex
* Combining Circumflex with Hook Above
* Combining Tilde over Circumflex
* Combining Acute over Breve
* Combining Grave over Breve
* Combining Hook Above over Breve
* Combining Tilde over Breve
* Combining Hook Above
* Combining Vertically Condensed Tilde over Circumflex
* Combining Vertically Condensed Acute over Breve
* Combining Vertically Condensed Grave over Breve
* Combining Vertically Condensed Hook Above over Breve
* Combining Vertically Condensed Tilde over Breve
* Combining Vertically Condensed Circumflex with Hook Above
* Combining Centred Horizontal Line Overlay and Acute
* Combining Upwards Triangle Below
* Combining Double Caron
* Combining Double Circumflex
* Combining Grave and Circumflex
* Combining Tilde through Ascender
* Combining Line through Ascender
* Combining Line through Letter
* Combining Line through Corner
* Combining Almost Equal To Below
* Combining Double Diaeresis
* Combining Left Half Circle
* Combining Middle Piece
* Combining Right Half Circle
* Combining Umlaut
* Combining Double Dot
* Combining Vertical Bar Umlaut
* Combining Caret Diacritic
* Combining Inverted Caret Diacritic</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.1.png</title>
    <id>8147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57376</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.1.png]]&amp;quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.2.png</title>
    <id>8148</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.2.png]]&amp;quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.3.png</title>
    <id>8149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54031</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T23:34:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.4.png</title>
    <id>8150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54033</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-05T23:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.5.png</title>
    <id>8151</id>
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      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.5.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.6.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-05-05T23:48:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.7.png</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.7.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.8.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:01:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.8.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.9.png</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.13.png</title>
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      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.13.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.15.png</title>
    <id>8157</id>
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      <id>54068</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:15:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:LejDocument.scan.15.png]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.10.rs.jpg</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>54041</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T12:45:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.14.rs.jpg</title>
    <id>8159</id>
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      <id>54042</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T12:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.16.rs.jpg</title>
    <id>8160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54043</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T12:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
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      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.12.rs.jpg</title>
    <id>8161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54044</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T12:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.11.rs.jpg</title>
    <id>8162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54045</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T12:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Superscript and Subscript Digits</title>
    <id>8163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54049</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T21:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Combining Subscript Zero
* Combining Subscript One
* Combining Subscript Two
* Combining Subscript Three
* Combining Subscript Four
* Combining Subscript Five
* Combining Subscript Six
* Combining Subscript Seven
* Combining Subscript Eight
* Combining Subscript Nine
* Combining Subscript Plus Sign
* Combining Subscript Minus
* Combining Subscript Equals Sign
* Combining Subscript Left Parenthesis
* Combining Subscript Right Parenthesis
* Combining Superscript Zero
* Combining Superscript One
* Combining Superscript Two
* Combining Superscript Three
* Combining Superscript Four
* Combining Superscript Five
* Combining Superscript Six
* Combining Superscript Seven
* Combining Superscript Eight
* Combining Superscript Nine
* Combining Superscript Plus Sign
* Combining Superscript Minus
* Combining Superscript Equals Sign
* Combining Superscript Left Parenthesis
* Combining Superscript Right Parenthesis</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Combining Underlines, Strikethroughs and Overlines</title>
    <id>8164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54050</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T21:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Combining Underline
* Combining Double Underline
* Combining Triple Underline
* Combining Quadruple Underline
* Combining Sextuple Underline
* Combining Septuple Underline
* Combining Octuple Underline
* Combining Overline
* Combining Double Overline
* Combining Triple Overline
* Combining Quadruple Overline
* Combining Sextuple Overline
* Combining Septuple Overline
* Combining Octuple Overline
* Combining Strikethrough
* Combining Double Strikethrough
* Combining Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Underline
* Combining Dashed Double Underline
* Combining Dashed Triple Underline
* Combining Dashed Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dashed Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dashed Septuple Underline
* Combining Dashed Octuple Underline
* Combining Dashed Overline
* Combining Dashed Double Overline
* Combining Dashed Triple Overline
* Combining Dashed Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dashed Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dashed Septuple Overline
* Combining Dashed Octuple Overline
* Combining Dashed Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dashed Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Underline
* Combining Dotted Double Underline
* Combining Dotted Triple Underline
* Combining Dotted Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dotted Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dotted Septuple Underline
* Combining Dotted Octuple Underline
* Combining Dotted Overline
* Combining Dotted Double Overline
* Combining Dotted Triple Overline
* Combining Dotted Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dotted Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dotted Septuple Overline
* Combining Dotted Octuple Overline
* Combining Dotted Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dotted Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Double Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Triple Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Quadruple Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Sextuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Septuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Octuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dashed Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Double Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Triple Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Quadruple Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Sextuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Septuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Octuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dashed Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Double Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dashed Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Double Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Triple Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Quadruple Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Sextuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Septuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Octuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dashed Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Double Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Triple Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Quadruple Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Sextuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Septuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Octuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dashed Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Double Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dashed Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Double Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Triple Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Quadruple Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Sextuple Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Septuple Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Octuple Underline
* Combining Short Dashed Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Double Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Triple Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Quadruple Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Sextuple Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Septuple Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Octuple Overline
* Combining Short Dashed Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Double Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dashed Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dash-Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dot-Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dash-Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Wide Dash-Wide Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Double Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Double Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Dot-Wide Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Wide Dash-Wide Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Medium Dash-Medium Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Double Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Double Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Dot-Medium Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Medium Dash-Medium Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Double Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Double Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Dot-Short Dash-Short Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Double Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Triple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Double Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Triple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Double Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Dot-Short Dash Octuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Double Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Triple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Underline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Double Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Triple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Overline
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Double Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Triple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Quadruple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Sextuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Septuple Strikethrough
* Combining Short Dash-Short Dash-Dot Octuple Strikethrough</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 1</title>
    <id>8165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54051</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T21:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 1 Sign Flat
* Conlang 1 Sign Wavy
* Conlang 1 Sign Round
* Conlang 1 Sign Non-flat
* Conlang 1 Sign Polygonal
* Conlang 1 Sign Flat (non bumpy)
* Conlang 1 Sign Book
* Conlang 1 Sign Pencil
* Conlang 1 Sign Binder
* Conlang 1 Sign Black binder made of vinyl with metal rivets and an imitation leather cover
* Conlang 1 Sign Non-flat and Flat (non bumpy)
* Conlang 1 Sign Black vinyl, fake leather cover
* Conlang 1 Sign Metal rivets
* Conlang 1 Sign Fake leather
* Conlang 1 Sign Rivet
* Conlang 1 Sign Metal
* Conlang 1 Sign Adjective connector
* Conlang 1 Sign Adjective connector between adjectives
* Conlang 1 Sign Vinyl
* Conlang 1 Sign Leather
* Conlang 1 Sign Fake
* Conlang 1 Sign Cover
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Flat
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Wavy
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Round
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Non-flat
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Polygonal
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Flat (non bumpy)
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Book
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Pencil
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Binder
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Black binder made of vinyl with metal rivets and an imitation leather cover
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Non-flat and Flat (non bumpy)
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Black vinyl, fake leather cover
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Metal rivets
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Fake leather
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign RIvet
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Metal
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Adjective connector
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Adjective connector between adjectives
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Vinyl
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Leather
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Fake
* Conlang 1 Simplified Sign Cover</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 2</title>
    <id>8166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54055</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:34:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm unecsry</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 2 Numeral Six
* Conlang 2 Numeral Six Form 2
* Conlang 2 Month October
* Conlang 2 Month October Form 2
* Conlang 2 Sign 1
* Conlang 2 Sign 2</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 3</title>
    <id>8167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54054</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>unecesary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 3 Sign 1</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 4</title>
    <id>8168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54056</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:35:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 4 Numeral System Zero
* Conlang 4 Numeral System One
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Two
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Three
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Four
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Five
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Six
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Seven
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Eight
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Nine
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Zero
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive One
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Two
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Three
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Four
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Five
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Six
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Seven
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Eight
* Conlang 4 Numeral System Cursive Nine
* Conlang 4 End of Cursive Text</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 5</title>
    <id>8169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54057</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:35:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 5 Numeral One
* Conlang 5 Numeral Two
* Conlang 5 Numeral Three
* Conlang 5 Numeral Four
* Conlang 5 Numeral Five
* Conlang 5 Numeral Six
* Conlang 5 Numeral Seven
* Conlang 5 Numeral Eight
* Conlang 5 Numeral Nine
* Conlang 5 Numeral Zero
* Conlang 5 Sign Ball
* Conlang 5 Sign God
* Conlang 5 Sign Technology
* Conlang 5 Sign Philosophy
* Conlang 5 Sign Tool
* Conlang 5 Sign Colour
* Conlang 5 Sign Red
* Conlang 5 Sign Blue
* Conlang 5 Sign Green
* Conlang 5 Sign Lighten
* Conlang 5 Sign Darken
* Conlang 5 Sign Sway to
* Conlang 5 Sign Maths
* Conlang 5 Sign Arts
* Conlang 5 Sign Small
* Conlang 5 Sign Large
* Conlang 5 Sign Use
* Conlang 5 Sign Problem
* Conlang 5 Sign Use the calculator for the problem
* Conlang 5 Sign Pink
* Conlang 5 Sign Lavender
* Conlang 5 Sign Purple
* Conlang 5 Sign Lavender Form 2</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 6</title>
    <id>8170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54058</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 6 Sign 00000-01010-10101-10101-01010-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 11111-00100-11111-00100-11111-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 10101-10101-11111-10101-10101-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 00100-00100-00100-00100-11111-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 00000-00000-11111-00000-00000-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 01010-11111-01010-10101-10101-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 00001-01000-10100-01000-00100-00000
* Conlang 6 Sign 00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 7</title>
    <id>8171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54059</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:37:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 7 Sign Fly
* Conlang 7 Sign Chicken
* Conlang 7 Sign (present tense)
* Conlang 7 Sign (negator)
* Conlang 7 Sign Full Stop
* Conlang 7 Sign Lay
* Conlang 7 Combining Sign Female
* Conlang 7 Sign Egg
* Conlang 7 Sign Sing
* Conlang 7 Sign You
* Conlang 7 Sign Song
* Conlang 7 Sign Plant
* Conlang 7 Sign Garden
* Conlang 7 Sign Walk
* Conlang 7 Sign (past tense)
* Conlang 7 Sign I
* Conlang 7 Sign Down
* Conlang 7 Sign Hill
* Conlang 7 Sign Across
* Conlang 7 Sign Brook
* Conlang 7 Sign Put
* Conlang 7 Sign It
* Conlang 7 Sign On
* Conlang 7 Sign Velcro
* Conlang 7 Sign Stand</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Conlang 8</title>
    <id>8172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54060</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:42:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Conlang 8 Sign Stair-1
* Conlang 8 Sign Stair-2</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Control Symbols</title>
    <id>8173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54061</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T00:08:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Blank Symbol
* Open Box
* Symbol for Start of Heading
* Symbol for Start of Text
* Symbol for End of Text
* Symbol for End of Transmission
* Symbol for Enquiry
* Symbol for Acknowledge
* Symbol for Bell
* Symbol for Backspace
* Symbol for Character Tabulation
* Symbol for Line Feed
* Symbol for Line Tabulation
* Symbol for Form Feed
* Symbol for Carriage Return
* Symbol for Shift Out
* Symbol for Shift In
* Symbol for Data Link Escape
* Symbol for Device Control One
* Symbol for Device Control Two
* Symbol for Device Control Three
* Symbol for Device Control Four
* Symbol for Negative Acknowledge
* Symbol for Synchronous Idle
* Symbol for End of Transmission Block
* Symbol for Cancel
* Symbol for End of Medium
* Symbol for Substitute
* Symbol for Escape
* Symbol for Information Separator Four
* Symbol for Information Separator Three
* Symbol for Information Separator Two
* Symbol for Information Separator One
* Symbol for Space
* Symbol for Break Permitted Here
* Symbol for No Break Here
* Symbol for Index
* Symbol for Next Line
* Symbol for Start of Selected Area
* Symbol for End of Selected Area
* Symbol for Character Tabulation Set
* Symbol for Character Tabulation with Justification
* Symbol for Line Tabulation Set
* Symbol for Partial Line Forward
* Symbol for Partial Line Backward
* Symbol for Reverse Line Feed
* Symbol for Single Shift Two
* Symbol for Single Shift Three
* Symbol for Device Control String
* Symbol for Private Use One
* Symbol for Private Use Two
* Symbol for Set Transmit State
* Symbol for Cancel Character
* Symbol for Message Waiting
* Symbol for Start of Guarded Area
* Symbol for End of Guarded Area
* Symbol for Start of String
* Symbol for Single Character Introducer
* Symbol for Control Sequence Introducer
* Symbol for String Terminator
* Symbol for Operating System Command
* Symbol for Privacy Message
* Symbol for Application Program Command
* Symbol for End of Subencoding
* Symbol for Ideographic Space
* Symbol for Single Graphic Char Intro
* Symbol for No-Break Space
* Symbol for Soft Hyphen
* Symbol for Combining Grapheme Joiner
* Symbol for Syriac Abbreviation Mark
* Symbol for Tibetan Mark Delimiter Tsheg Bstar
* Symbol for Hangul Choseong Filler
* Symbol for Hangul Jungseong Filler
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector One
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector Two
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector Three
* Symbol for Mongolian Vowel Separator
* Symbol for En Quad
* Symbol For En Quad
* Symbol For Em Quad
* Symbol For En Space
* Symbol For Em Space
* Symbol For Three-Per-Em Space
* Symbol For Four-Per-Em Space
* Symbol For Six-Per-Em Space
* Symbol For Figure Space
* Symbol For Punctuation Space
* Symbol For Thin Space
* Symbol For Hair Space
* Symbol For Zero Width Space
* Symbol For Zero Width Non-Joiner
* Symbol For Zero Width Joiner
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Mark
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Mark
* Symbol For Non-Breaking Hyphen
* Symbol For Line Separator
* Symbol For Paragraph Separator
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Embedding
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Embedding
* Symbol For Pop Directional Formatting
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Override
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Override
* Symbol For Narrow No-Break Space
* Symbol For Medium Mathematical Space
* Symbol For Word Joiner
* Symbol For Function Application
* Symbol For Invisible Times
* Symbol For Invisible Separator
* Symbol For Inhibit Symmetric Swapping
* Symbol For Activate Symmetric Swapping
* Symbol For Inhibit Arabic Form Shaping
* Symbol For Activate Arabic Form Shaping
* Symbol For National Digit Shapes
* Symbol For Nominal Digit Shapes
* Symbol For Hangul Filler
* Symbol For Variation Selector-1
* Symbol For Variation Selector-2
* Symbol For Variation Selector-3
* Symbol For Variation Selector-4
* Symbol For Variation Selector-5
* Symbol For Variation Selector-6
* Symbol For Variation Selector-7
* Symbol For Variation Selector-8
* Symbol For Variation Selector-9
* Symbol For Variation Selector-10
* Symbol For Variation Selector-11
* Symbol For Variation Selector-12
* Symbol For Variation Selector-13
* Symbol For Variation Selector-14
* Symbol For Variation Selector-15
* Symbol For Variation Selector-16
* Symbol For Variation Selector-17
* Symbol For Variation Selector-18
* Symbol For Variation Selector-19
* Symbol For Variation Selector-20
* Symbol For Variation Selector-21
* Symbol For Variation Selector-22
* Symbol For Variation Selector-23
* Symbol For Variation Selector-24
* Symbol For Variation Selector-25
* Symbol For Variation Selector-26
* Symbol For Variation Selector-27
* Symbol For Variation Selector-28
* Symbol For Variation Selector-29
* Symbol For Variation Selector-30
* Symbol For Variation Selector-31
* Symbol For Variation Selector-32
* Symbol For Variation Selector-33
* Symbol For Variation Selector-34
* Symbol For Variation Selector-35
* Symbol For Variation Selector-36
* Symbol For Variation Selector-37
* Symbol For Variation Selector-38
* Symbol For Variation Selector-39
* Symbol For Variation Selector-40
* Symbol For Variation Selector-41
* Symbol For Variation Selector-42
* Symbol For Variation Selector-43
* Symbol For Variation Selector-44
* Symbol For Variation Selector-45
* Symbol For Variation Selector-46
* Symbol For Variation Selector-47
* Symbol For Variation Selector-48
* Symbol For Variation Selector-49
* Symbol For Variation Selector-50
* Symbol For Variation Selector-51
* Symbol For Variation Selector-52
* Symbol For Variation Selector-53
* Symbol For Variation Selector-54
* Symbol For Variation Selector-55
* Symbol For Variation Selector-56
* Symbol For Variation Selector-57
* Symbol For Variation Selector-58
* Symbol For Variation Selector-59
* Symbol For Variation Selector-60
* Symbol For Variation Selector-61
* Symbol For Variation Selector-62
* Symbol For Variation Selector-63
* Symbol For Variation Selector-64
* Symbol For Variation Selector-65
* Symbol For Variation Selector-66
* Symbol For Variation Selector-67
* Symbol For Variation Selector-68
* Symbol For Variation Selector-69
* Symbol For Variation Selector-70
* Symbol For Variation Selector-71
* Symbol For Variation Selector-72
* Symbol For Variation Selector-73
* Symbol For Variation Selector-74
* Symbol For Variation Selector-75
* Symbol For Variation Selector-76
* Symbol For Variation Selector-77
* Symbol For Variation Selector-78
* Symbol For Variation Selector-79
* Symbol For Variation Selector-80
* Symbol For Variation Selector-81
* Symbol For Variation Selector-82
* Symbol For Variation Selector-83
* Symbol For Variation Selector-84
* Symbol For Variation Selector-85
* Symbol For Variation Selector-86
* Symbol For Variation Selector-87
* Symbol For Variation Selector-88
* Symbol For Variation Selector-89
* Symbol For Variation Selector-90
* Symbol For Variation Selector-91
* Symbol For Variation Selector-92
* Symbol For Variation Selector-93
* Symbol For Variation Selector-94
* Symbol For Variation Selector-95
* Symbol For Variation Selector-96
* Symbol For Variation Selector-97
* Symbol For Variation Selector-98
* Symbol For Variation Selector-99
* Symbol For Variation Selector-100
* Symbol For Variation Selector-101
* Symbol For Variation Selector-102
* Symbol For Variation Selector-103
* Symbol For Variation Selector-104
* Symbol For Variation Selector-105
* Symbol For Variation Selector-106
* Symbol For Variation Selector-107
* Symbol For Variation Selector-108
* Symbol For Variation Selector-109
* Symbol For Variation Selector-110
* Symbol For Variation Selector-111
* Symbol For Variation Selector-112
* Symbol For Variation Selector-113
* Symbol For Variation Selector-114
* Symbol For Variation Selector-115
* Symbol For Variation Selector-116
* Symbol For Variation Selector-117
* Symbol For Variation Selector-118
* Symbol For Variation Selector-119
* Symbol For Variation Selector-120
* Symbol For Variation Selector-121
* Symbol For Variation Selector-122
* Symbol For Variation Selector-123
* Symbol For Variation Selector-124
* Symbol For Variation Selector-125
* Symbol For Variation Selector-126
* Symbol For Variation Selector-127
* Symbol For Variation Selector-128
* Symbol For Variation Selector-129
* Symbol For Variation Selector-130
* Symbol For Variation Selector-131
* Symbol For Variation Selector-132
* Symbol For Variation Selector-133
* Symbol For Variation Selector-134
* Symbol For Variation Selector-135
* Symbol For Variation Selector-136
* Symbol For Variation Selector-137
* Symbol For Variation Selector-138
* Symbol For Variation Selector-139
* Symbol For Variation Selector-140
* Symbol For Variation Selector-141
* Symbol For Variation Selector-142
* Symbol For Variation Selector-143
* Symbol For Variation Selector-144
* Symbol For Variation Selector-145
* Symbol For Variation Selector-146
* Symbol For Variation Selector-147
* Symbol For Variation Selector-148
* Symbol For Variation Selector-149
* Symbol For Variation Selector-150
* Symbol For Variation Selector-151
* Symbol For Variation Selector-152
* Symbol For Variation Selector-153
* Symbol For Variation Selector-154
* Symbol For Variation Selector-155
* Symbol For Variation Selector-156
* Symbol For Variation Selector-157
* Symbol For Variation Selector-158
* Symbol For Variation Selector-159
* Symbol For Variation Selector-160
* Symbol For Variation Selector-161
* Symbol For Variation Selector-162
* Symbol For Variation Selector-163
* Symbol For Variation Selector-164
* Symbol For Variation Selector-165
* Symbol For Variation Selector-166
* Symbol For Variation Selector-167
* Symbol For Variation Selector-168
* Symbol For Variation Selector-169
* Symbol For Variation Selector-170
* Symbol For Variation Selector-171
* Symbol For Variation Selector-172
* Symbol For Variation Selector-173
* Symbol For Variation Selector-174
* Symbol For Variation Selector-175
* Symbol For Variation Selector-176
* Symbol For Variation Selector-177
* Symbol For Variation Selector-178
* Symbol For Variation Selector-179
* Symbol For Variation Selector-180
* Symbol For Variation Selector-181
* Symbol For Variation Selector-182
* Symbol For Variation Selector-183
* Symbol For Variation Selector-184
* Symbol For Variation Selector-185
* Symbol For Variation Selector-186
* Symbol For Variation Selector-187
* Symbol For Variation Selector-188
* Symbol For Variation Selector-189
* Symbol For Variation Selector-190
* Symbol For Variation Selector-191
* Symbol For Variation Selector-192
* Symbol For Variation Selector-193
* Symbol For Variation Selector-194
* Symbol For Variation Selector-195
* Symbol For Variation Selector-196
* Symbol For Variation Selector-197
* Symbol For Variation Selector-198
* Symbol For Variation Selector-199
* Symbol For Variation Selector-200
* Symbol For Variation Selector-201
* Symbol For Variation Selector-202
* Symbol For Variation Selector-203
* Symbol For Variation Selector-204
* Symbol For Variation Selector-205
* Symbol For Variation Selector-206
* Symbol For Variation Selector-207
* Symbol For Variation Selector-208
* Symbol For Variation Selector-209
* Symbol For Variation Selector-210
* Symbol For Variation Selector-211
* Symbol For Variation Selector-212
* Symbol For Variation Selector-213
* Symbol For Variation Selector-214
* Symbol For Variation Selector-215
* Symbol For Variation Selector-216
* Symbol For Variation Selector-217
* Symbol For Variation Selector-218
* Symbol For Variation Selector-219
* Symbol For Variation Selector-220
* Symbol For Variation Selector-221
* Symbol For Variation Selector-222
* Symbol For Variation Selector-223
* Symbol For Variation Selector-224
* Symbol For Variation Selector-225
* Symbol For Variation Selector-226
* Symbol For Variation Selector-227
* Symbol For Variation Selector-228
* Symbol For Variation Selector-229
* Symbol For Variation Selector-230
* Symbol For Variation Selector-231
* Symbol For Variation Selector-232
* Symbol For Variation Selector-233
* Symbol For Variation Selector-234
* Symbol For Variation Selector-235
* Symbol For Variation Selector-236
* Symbol For Variation Selector-237
* Symbol For Variation Selector-238
* Symbol For Variation Selector-239
* Symbol For Variation Selector-240
* Symbol For Variation Selector-241
* Symbol For Variation Selector-242
* Symbol For Variation Selector-243
* Symbol For Variation Selector-244
* Symbol For Variation Selector-245
* Symbol For Variation Selector-246
* Symbol For Variation Selector-247
* Symbol For Variation Selector-248
* Symbol For Variation Selector-249
* Symbol For Variation Selector-250
* Symbol For Variation Selector-251
* Symbol For Variation Selector-252
* Symbol For Variation Selector-253
* Symbol For Variation Selector-254
* Symbol For Variation Selector-255
* Symbol For Variation Selector-256
* Symbol For Zero Width No-Break Space
* Symbol For Byte Order Mark
* Symbol For Halfwidth Hangul Filler
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Anchor
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Separator
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Terminator
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Null Notehead
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Beam
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Beam
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Tie
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Tie
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Slur
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Slur
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Phrase
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Phrase
* Symbol for Unnamed Control
* Symbol for Khmer Sign Coeng
* Symbol for Invisible Plus
* Symbol for End of File
* Symbol for Start of Heading Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Start of Text Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Text Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Transmission Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Enquiry Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Acknowledge Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Bell Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Backspace Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Character Tabulation Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Line Feed Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Line Tabulation Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Form Feed Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Carriage Return Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Shift Out Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Shift In Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Data Link Escape Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Device Control One Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Device Control Two Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Device Control Three Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Device Control Four Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Negative Acknowledge Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Synchronous Idle Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Transmission Block Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Cancel Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Medium Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Substitute Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Escape Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Information Separator Four Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Information Separator Three Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Information Separator Two Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Information Separator One Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Break Permitted Here Horizontal Format
* Symbol for No Break Here Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Index Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Next Line Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Start of Selected Area Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Selected Area Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Character Tabulation Set Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Character Tabulation with Justification Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Line Tabulation Set Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Partial Line Forward Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Partial Line Backward Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Reverse Line Feed Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Single Shift Two Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Single Shift Three Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Device Control String Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Private Use One Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Private Use Two Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Set Transmit State Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Cancel Character Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Message Waiting Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Start of Guarded Area Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Guarded Area Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Start of String Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Single Character Introducer Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Control Sequence Introducer Horizontal Format
* Symbol for String Terminator Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Operating System Command Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Privacy Message Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Application Program Command Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of Subencoding Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Ideographic Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Single Graphic Char Intro Horizontal Format
* Symbol for No-Break Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Soft Hyphen Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Combining Grapheme Joiner Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Syriac Abbreviation Mark Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Tibetan Mark Delimiter Tsheg Bstar Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Hangul Choseong Filler Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Hangul Jungseong Filler Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector One Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector Two Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Mongolian Free Variation Selector Three Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Mongolian Vowel Separator Horizontal Format
* Symbol for En Quad Horizontal Format
* Symbol For En Quad Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Em Quad Horizontal Format
* Symbol For En Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Em Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Three-Per-Em Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Four-Per-Em Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Six-Per-Em Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Figure Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Punctuation Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Thin Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Hair Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Zero Width Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Zero Width Non-Joiner Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Zero Width Joiner Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Mark Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Mark Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Non-Breaking Hyphen Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Line Separator Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Paragraph Separator Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Embedding Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Embedding Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Pop Directional Formatting Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Left-To-Right Override Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Right-To-Left Override Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Narrow No-Break Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Medium Mathematical Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Word Joiner Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Function Application Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Invisible Times Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Invisible Separator Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Inhibit Symmetric Swapping Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Activate Symmetric Swapping Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Inhibit Arabic Form Shaping Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Activate Arabic Form Shaping Horizontal Format
* Symbol For National Digit Shapes Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Nominal Digit Shapes Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Hangul Filler Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-1 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-2 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-3 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-4 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-5 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-6 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-7 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-8 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-9 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-10 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-11 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-12 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-13 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-14 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-15 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-16 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-17 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-18 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-19 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-20 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-21 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-22 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-23 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-24 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-25 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-26 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-27 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-28 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-29 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-30 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-31 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-32 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-33 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-34 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-35 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-36 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-37 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-38 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-39 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-40 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-41 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-42 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-43 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-44 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-45 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-46 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-47 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-48 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-49 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-50 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-51 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-52 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-53 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-54 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-55 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-56 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-57 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-58 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-59 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-60 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-61 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-62 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-63 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-64 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-65 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-66 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-67 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-68 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-69 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-70 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-71 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-72 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-73 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-74 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-75 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-76 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-77 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-78 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-79 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-80 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-81 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-82 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-83 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-84 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-85 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-86 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-87 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-88 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-89 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-90 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-91 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-92 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-93 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-94 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-95 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-96 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-97 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-98 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-99 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-100 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-101 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-102 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-103 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-104 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-105 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-106 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-107 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-108 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-109 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-110 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-111 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-112 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-113 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-114 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-115 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-116 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-117 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-118 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-119 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-120 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-121 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-122 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-123 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-124 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-125 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-126 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-127 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-128 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-129 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-130 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-131 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-132 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-133 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-134 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-135 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-136 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-137 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-138 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-139 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-140 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-141 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-142 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-143 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-144 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-145 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-146 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-147 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-148 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-149 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-150 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-151 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-152 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-153 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-154 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-155 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-156 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-157 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-158 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-159 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-160 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-161 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-162 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-163 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-164 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-165 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-166 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-167 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-168 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-169 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-170 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-171 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-172 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-173 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-174 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-175 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-176 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-177 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-178 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-179 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-180 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-181 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-182 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-183 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-184 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-185 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-186 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-187 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-188 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-189 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-190 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-191 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-192 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-193 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-194 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-195 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-196 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-197 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-198 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-199 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-200 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-201 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-202 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-203 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-204 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-205 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-206 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-207 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-208 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-209 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-210 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-211 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-212 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-213 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-214 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-215 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-216 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-217 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-218 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-219 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-220 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-221 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-222 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-223 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-224 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-225 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-226 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-227 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-228 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-229 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-230 Horizontal Format
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* Symbol For Variation Selector-232 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-233 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-234 Horizontal Format
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* Symbol For Variation Selector-236 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-237 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-238 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-239 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-240 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-241 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-242 Horizontal Format
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* Symbol For Variation Selector-253 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-254 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-255 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Variation Selector-256 Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Zero Width No-Break Space Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Byte Order Mark Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Halfwidth Hangul Filler Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Anchor Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Separator Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Interlinear Annotation Terminator Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Null Notehead Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Beam Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Beam Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Tie Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Tie Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Slur Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Slur Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol Begin Phrase Horizontal Format
* Symbol For Musical Symbol End Phrase Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Unnamed Control Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Khmer Sign Coeng Horizontal Format
* Symbol for Invisible Plus Horizontal Format
* Symbol for End of File Horizontal Format</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Controls</title>
    <id>8174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54062</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T00:12:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Null
* End of Subencoding
* Start of Heading
* Start of Text
* End of Text
* End of Transmission
* Enquiry
* Acknowledge
* Bell
* Backspace
* Character Tabulation
* Line Feed
* Line Tabulation
* Form Feed
* Carriage Return
* Shift Out
* Shift In
* Data Link Escape
* Device Control One
* Device Control Two
* Device Control Three
* Device Control Four
* Negative Acknowledge
* Synchronous Idle
* End of Transmission Block
* Cancel
* End of Medium
* Substitute
* Escape
* Information Separator Four
* Information Separator Three
* Information Separator Two
* Information Separator One
* Space
* Break Permitted Here
* No Break Here
* Index
* Next Line
* Start of Selected Area
* End of Selected Area
* Character Tabulation Set
* Character Tabulation with Justification
* Line Tabulation Set
* Partial Line Forward
* Partial Line Backward
* Reverse Line Feed
* Single Shift Two
* Single Shift Three
* Device Control String
* Private Use One
* Private Use Two
* Set Transmit State
* Cancel Character
* Message Waiting
* Start of Guarded Area
* End of Guarded Area
* Start of String
* Single Character Introducer
* Control Sequence Introducer
* String Terminator
* Operating System Command
* Privacy Message
* Application Program Command
* Syriac Abbreviation Mark
* Zero Width Ligator
* Zero Width Nonligator
* Delete
* End of File
* Encoding Version 0.1
* Encoding Version 0.2
* Encoding Version 1.0
* Encoding Version 1.1
* Encoding Version 1.2
* Encoding Version 1.3
* Encoding Version 1.4
* Encoding Version 1.5
* Encoding Version 1.6
* Encoding Version 1.7
* Encoding Version 1.8
* Encoding Version 1.9</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Futuramerlin.com Character List/WIKI!!!!/Coorgi-Cox</title>
    <id>8175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54063</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T00:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* Coorgi-Cox Letter A
* Coorgi-Cox Letter E
* Coorgi-Cox Letter I
* Coorgi-Cox Letter O
* Coorgi-Cox Letter U
* Coorgi-Cox Letter B
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Bh
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Ch
* Coorgi-Cox Letter D
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Dh
* Coorgi-Cox Letter F
* Coorgi-Cox Letter G
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Gh
* Coorgi-Cox Letter H
* Coorgi-Cox Letter J
* Coorgi-Cox Letter K
* Coorgi-Cox Letter L
* Coorgi-Cox Letter M
* Coorgi-Cox Letter N
* Coorgi-Cox Letter P
* Coorgi-Cox Letter R
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Rh
* Coorgi-Cox Letter S
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Sh
* Coorgi-Cox Letter T
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Th
* Coorgi-Cox Letter V
* Coorgi-Cox Letter W
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Y
* Coorgi-Cox Letter Z
* Coorgi-Cox Letter AE
* Coorgi-Cox Letter AI
* Coorgi-Cox Letter OI
* Coorgi-Cox Double Vowel</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.10.png</title>
    <id>8176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54070</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:38:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.11.png</title>
    <id>8177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54071</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:39:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.12.png</title>
    <id>8178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54072</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:39:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.14.png</title>
    <id>8179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54073</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LejDocument.scan.16.png</title>
    <id>8180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54074</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:40:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lej ideograms</title>
    <id>8181</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54077</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-07T12:43:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Lej ideograms]] to [[Lej characters]]:&amp;#32;moving</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lej characters]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnurujungo</title>
    <id>8182</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54340</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:19:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnurûjungo</title>
    <id>8183</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54341</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:19:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kunnurujungo</title>
    <id>8184</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54342</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kunnurûjungo</title>
    <id>8185</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54343</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:21:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linen book</title>
    <id>8186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54283</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-25T20:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Elvish linen books */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''linen book''' is a book whose pages consist of linen cloth, rather than paper, parchment or papyrus.

==Elvish linen books==

Linen was a writing material commonly used by the ancient [[British Elves]], and more than 50 linen books written in [[Old Albic]] have survived to the present day.  The most important find of linen books is the [[Tresco Library]], which was discovered on Tresco, one of the Isles of Scilly, in 1917 (now in the Glastonbury university library).  The Elvish linen books are usually written with a reed pen, but captions, initials and other embellishments are often embroidered on the linen.  Many Elvish linen books are very lavishly decorated with drawings, paintings and embroiderings.

==The Etruscan ''Liber Linteus''==

The longest known [[Wikipedia:Etruscan language|Etruscan]] text is also a linen book, the ''[[Wikipedia:Liber Linteus|Liber Linteus]]''.  The text is not fully understood, but it is assumed that the book was a ritual calendar.  The book later wound up in Egypt, where it was taken apart and used as a mummy wrapping.  It is now kept at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.  No other Etruscan linen books are currently known.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tresco Library</title>
    <id>8187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54262</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-23T12:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Contents */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tresco Libary''' is the most important collection of [[Old Albic]] texts currently known.  It was found on [[Wikipedia:Tresco|Tresco]] (one of the [[Wikipedia:Isles of Scilly|Isles of Scilly]]) and consists of 32 [[linen book]]s.  The codices are now kept at the library of Glastonbury University.

==Discovery==

In 1917, construction workers found two lead crates in an old basement vault on Tresco.  The crates were transferred to the [[Wikipedia:Royal Cornwall Museum|Royal Cornwall Museum]] at Truro, where they remained unopened until 1922.  When the crates were opened, they revealed 32 linen codices written in Old Albic, and linguists at Glastonbury University were contacted in order to edit and translate the findings.  The texts were published in 1925.

==Contents==

The Tresco Library texts make up about half the known corpus of Old Albic texts.  They contain, among others, a grammar of Old Albic, a collection of folk tales and songs, the [[Brazen Law]], and the so-called [[Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea]].

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea</title>
    <id>8188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54265</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-23T17:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea''' is an apocryphal gospel written in a form of [[Middle Albic]], preserved in a [[linen book]] found in the [[Tresco Library]].  The text was allegedly composed by [[Wikipedia:Joseph of Arimathea|Joseph of Arimathea]] at Glastonbury and relates the life and teachings of [[Wikipedia:Jesus of Nazareth|Jesus of Nazareth]] up to the crucifixion.  It largely agrees with the canonical gospels of the New Testament, though certain elements of Christian faith, such as the virgin birth, are absent, and Jesus is not refered to as &quot;son of God&quot; but as a &quot;prophet&quot;.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gospel of Joseph of Arimathia</title>
    <id>8189</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54260</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-23T12:24:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Gospel of Joseph of Arimathia]] to [[Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brazen Law</title>
    <id>8190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54264</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-23T12:37:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Brazen Law''' is the constitution of the [[Commonwealth of the Elves]].  The Law was originally engraved in a gold-plated bronze stele at Attambara, the capital of the Commonwealth; this stele is not preserved, but the text of the Brazen Law has been found in the [[Tresco Library]].

The Brazen Law, enacted in 671 BC, served to &quot;end war and tyranny among the [[British Elves|Elves]]&quot; and established the political structure known as the Commonwealth of the Elves.  The Law states that in order to fulfill their divine purpose of &quot;preserving and enriching the world by creating new and beautiful things&quot;, people ought to live in freedom, and the purpose of the laws of society was to guarantee the freedom of all people.  The Brazen Law is the oldest written democratic constitution known; it is almost a century older than the [[Wikipedia:Solonian Constitution|Solonian constitution]] of Athens, and unlike the latter, which recognized four different classes of free people with different political rights as well as slavery, it is an actual egalitarian democratic constitution granting equal rights to all adult Elves, male or female.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Middle Albic</title>
    <id>8191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57796</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-19T21:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Middle Albic''' is a term for an intermediate stage of the [[Albic]] languages between [[Old Albic]] and the modern Albic languages.  Middle Albic spans the time between the [[Tartessian War]] (529 BC), which is considered the end of the Old Albic period, and the 6th century AD.  There is no single standard Middle Albic language, and few documents survive from this period.  One extensive Middle Albic document is known, though: the [[Gospel of Joseph of Arimathea]], which was found in the [[Tresco Library]].  The language of this gospel is an intermediate between Old Albic and the [[Low Elvish]] languages.

Compared with Old Albic, Middle Albic has undergone several simplifications.  In the language of the gospel, unstressed penultimate vowels have been lost (thereby leading to a language with consistent penultimate stress) and consonant clusters (including those resulting from the vowel loss) have been simplified.  Lenitions of intervocalic stops have become phonemic; as these also operated across word boundaries in certain contexts, this change resulted in initial mutations.  The number of noun cases has been reduced from ten to five, and the dual is lost as a category.  In the verb, the objective personal suffixes have been lost and replaced by prefixes.  Despite these changes, the language still resembles Old Albic more than the modern languages as the final syllables and thus the inflectional endings have not yet been reduced.

[[Category:Albic]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Lucas/monobook.css</title>
    <id>8192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54269</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-23T20:23:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucas</username>
        <id>1391</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Using FrathWiki’s logo</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">@import url(&quot;//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css&amp;title=User:LLarson/vector.css&quot;);[id*=logo] a{background:url(&quot;//wiki.frath.net/images/wiki.png&quot;)!important;background-position:center center!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LoCoWriMo/Participants</title>
    <id>8193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55067</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-14T22:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>update details on my story</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
! Participant
! Conlang
! Word Count
! Writing Tools
! width=50% | Synopsis

|- valign=top
| Adam Walker
| Carraxan
| ''goal''
| ''tool''
|  ''story''

|- valign=top
| Arthaey&amp;nbsp;Angosii
| [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/lhenazi/ Lhenazi]
| 236 / 1000
| Google Docs
| Girl helps a ghost complete its &quot;unfinished business&quot;

|- valign=top
| Jim Henry
| [[gjâ-zym-byn]]
| 10 / 40 pages
(approx 4000 words)
| hand-written
| A man uses his extremely painful and inconvenient super-power to save a woman from drowning.

|- valign=top
| Lee
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' /  ''goal''
| Word or Notepad++
| ''story''

|- valign=top
| Kelvin Jackson
| Ústoq
| Yet Unsure
| Microsoft Word
| Yet Unsure

|- valign=top
| Lars Finsen
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| ''synopsis''

|- valign=top
| Roger Mills
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| ''synopsis''

|- valign=top
| Mechthild Czapp
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| ''synopsis''

|- valign=top
| Andrew Smith
| Brithenig
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| probably KWord or Kate
| Time travel story involving Ill Peleirin, Doctor Who equivalent in Ill Bethisad
|- valign=top
| [[User:PeteBleackley|Pete Bleackley]]
| [[iljena]]
| Whatever works
| Text editor/paper
| A myth concerning the origin of the Boats of the Dead.
|- valign=top
| ''participant''
| ''conlang''
| ''count'' / ''goal''
| ''writing tools''
| ''synopsis''

|- valign=top
| Micah Johnston
| an unnamed oligoisolating/taxonomic language
| undecided
| text editor/paper
| something to do with telepathy

|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LoCoWriMo/2009 October</title>
    <id>8194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54272</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-24T02:14:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>move history of first LoCoWriMo from main page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The first '''LoCoWriMo''' or '''Local Conlang Writing Month''' was held in October 2009, after discussions starting in June 2009 on the CONLANG mailing list.

* List of [[LoCoWriMo/2009_October/Participants|participants]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sirius</title>
    <id>8195</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54282</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-24T23:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Sirius]] to [[Nother/Sirius]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Sirius]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:WeepingElf/My conlangs</title>
    <id>8196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57301</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-31T13:41:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Closed projects */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a list of conlangs [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] created.

==Currently active projects==

* [[Old Albic]]
* [[Roman Germanech]]

==Closed projects==

* [[Çetázó]]
* [[Attidian]]

==Projects in an idea-gathering stage==

* various [[Albic]] and other [[Hesperic]] languages
* [[Camonic]]
* [[Modern Vandalic]]

==Dormant projects==

* [[Coric]] - final name not settled yet.
* [[X-3]]
* [[X-4]]
* [[X-5]]

==Abandoned projects==

* [[Flafi]]
* [[Gobldi Guk]]
* [[X-1]]
* [[X-2]]
* various old conlangs whose names are forgotten</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Camonic</title>
    <id>8197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54628</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-16T18:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#7cfc00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Camonic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Chamonix, France
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 200
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European
:Celtic
::Gaulish
:::'''Camonic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#7cfc00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2010-
|}

'''Camonic''' is a conlang by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is a Continental Celtic language surviving in the Alps (vicinity of Chamonix, France) in the [[League of Lost Languages]].  The project is still in an idea-gathering stage; what I already know is that it is not much like the Insular Celtic languages.

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Çetázó</title>
    <id>8198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54303</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-26T19:54:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#cc66cc&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Çetázó'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Western Peilas
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Akana]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Western
:Lake Western
::'''Çetázó'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SOV
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||ergative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#cc66cc&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]||2009
|}

{| style=&quot;clear:right&quot; | {{blueinfobox}}
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#eeeaea&quot; | [[Image:Akanalogo.png]]
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This page relates to the &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; collaborative conworld &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Akana'''&lt;/big&gt;
|- 
| '''Local links'''
* [[Akana]]
* [[Edastean languages]]
* [[:Category:Akana|other articles...]]
'''External links'''
* [http://www.superlush.co.uk/~akana/index.php The AkanaWiki]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#eeeaea&quot; | {{edit|Template:Akana}}
|}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Akana]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;

'''Çetázó''' is a conlang by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].  It is spoken in the conworld [[Akana]] and is a member of the Western language family.

* [http://www.joerg-rhiemeier.de/Conlang/cetazo.html Çetázó]

[[Category:Akana]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modern Vandalic</title>
    <id>8199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54295</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-26T19:43:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#7cfc00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Vandalic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Tunisia
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[League of Lost Languages]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 500
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Indo-European
:Germanic
::East Germanic
:::'''Vandalic'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||V2, SOV in subclauses
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||fusional 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#7cfc00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]]
||2010-
|}

'''Modern Vandalic''' is an East Germanic language spoken in Tunisia in the [[League of Lost Languages]].

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keβag-English dictionary</title>
    <id>8200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59098</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-28T16:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bukkia</username>
        <id>117</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">:''Main article: [[Keβag]]''

This is the '''Keβag-English''' lexicon

*aca: ''but'' [AKIA]
*aɣon: ''old'' [AGONO]
*areko: ''to read'' [ARREKO]
*aso: ''to eat'' [ASO]
*aże: ''so'' [AGIE]
*beso: ''to be'' [BESO]
*bok: ''new'' [BOKO]
*bołego: ''to study'' [BOLLEGO]
*cë: ''and'' [KIE]
*da: ''house'', ''home'' [DAK]
*danoso: ''to forgive'' [DANNOSO]
*däp: ''same'' [DAHEPO]
*deno: ''word'' [DENOK]
*dewön: ''king'' [DEUOHENOM]
*dewönhoxul: ''kingdom'' [DEUOHENOKULO]
*ekwan: ''evil'' [EKUANO]
*ekys: ''today'', adv [e + kys]
*ekyşor: ''today'', adj [ekys + 'or [-IOR]]
*eθen: ''hand'' [ETENOM]
*fät: ''father'' [FAHETOM]
*gok: ''all'' [GOKO]
*gevo: ''to go'' [GEVO]
*kal: ''man'' [KALOM]
*Keβag: ''Keβag language'' [KEVAGO]
*kato: ''to see'' [KATO]
*kys: ''day'' [KIHESOM]
*memo: ''to say'', ''to tell'' [MEMO]
*myg: ''debt'' [MIHEGOM]
*myɣoko: ''to have debt'', ''to due'' [MIHEGOKO]
*myɣocuv: ''debtor'' [MIHEGOKIUVOM/O]
*nałe: ''bread'' [NALEK]
*neμe: ''sky'', ''heaven'' [NEMET]
*nujm: ''earth'', ''land'' [NUIMOM]
*ovino: ''to give'' [OVVINO]
*pat: ''what'' [PATO]
*pät: ''who'' [PAHETOM]
*peko: ''to buy'' [PEKO]
*pelo: ''to want'' [PELO]
*pełak: ''will'' [PELAKOM]
*pono: ''to carry'', ''to bring'' [PONO]
*pöt: ''which'', ''who'' (relative) [POHETO]
*pyň: ''where'' [PIHENE]
*pük: ''free'' [PUHEKO]
*püksato: ''to set free'' [PUHEKO + SATO]
*qalo: ''to speak'' [QALO]
*qeso: ''to come'' [QESO]
*rejżako: ''to tempt'' [REIGIAKO]
*rejżaxas: ''temptation'' [REIGIAKASOM]
*re: ''from'', ''out of'', ''by'' + Dat. [REN]
*ruk: ''book'' [RUKOM]
*sato: ''to do, to make'' [SATO]
*seɸo: ''name'', ''noun'' [SEFOT]
*seint: ''saint'', ''holy'' [&lt;small&gt;modern loan&lt;/small&gt;]
*seintsato: ''to make saint'', ''to santify'' [seint + SATO]
*su: ''with'' + DAT [SUM]
*ta: ''in'' + GEN. [TAF]
*tawso: ''to write'' [TAUSO]
*toβar: ''good'' [TOVARO]
*um: ''mother'' [UMO]
*vad: ''son'' [VADOM]; ''daughter'' [VADO]
*vörhis: ''language'' [VOHERISO]
*ymavo: ''to search for'', ''to loof for'' [IHEMAVO]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Tariatta</title>
    <id>8201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54325</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-29T02:07:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halyihev</username>
        <id>1368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Initial add of Tariatta text for Conlang Relay 17</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Text'''

Litu no Kolli

Keliu yoka alife shena no kolli.  Hakisasu yala kollith fe yirisu.  Eliasu o sa enne no pettasi taka kóllitte fe moyasu kollith.

'''Smooth English'''

To Ride a Horse

I once tried to ride a horse.  The horse struggled a lot and made a lot of noise.  This gave the horse the strength of a hundred horses and the horse died.

'''Lexicon'''
*alife – once, at some time (adv.)
*e - he
*elia – to give (v.)
*fe – and (conj.)
*hakisa – to struggle (v.)
*ka – to do, make (v.)
*keliu - I did
*kolli – horse (n.)
*litu – to tame (v.)
*moya – to die (v.)
*no - it (accusative)
*o - it (nominative)
*pettasi – strength (n.)
*sa – this, that (follows noun or pronoun)
*shena – to ride (v.)
*taka – hundred (num.)
*yala – much, greatly (adv.)
*yiri – noise, to make noise (n. and v.)
*yoka – to attempt, try (v.)

'''Grammar'''
*Tariatta is a semi-inflected language with a normal sentence structure of VSO.  Adjectives follow the noun they describe and are not inflected.  Numbers precede the noun, and nouns take no plural indicator unless there is nothing else to indicate plurality.

*Noun and pronoun cases other than the accusative are suffixes added directly to the nominative form.  The only ones that appear here are -tte for the genitive/possessive and -nne for the dative.

*The accusative is shown differently.  The accusative form of the 3rd person pronouns prefixes an &quot;n&quot; to the pronoun.  If the direct object is a noun, it is in the nominative and follows the accusative-form pronoun, producing a form like &quot;I read it book&quot;.

*The definite article is shown by a suffixed -th, after the nominative form, or the case ending if there is one.

*Adverbs mostly follow the verb or adjective they describe.

*Verb infinitives are the same as the root form of the verb.  Tariatta uses a narrative present format where the first verb in a story or narration may be past to reflect the past tense of the story, but all other verbs are present tense to give a more living feel to the naration.  The past tense is formed with the archaic past tense of the verb ka (to do), of which the one you'll need here is keliu (I did).

*The present tense of first conjugation verbs (the only ones used here) is formed with personal endings, the only one of which is used here being -su (3rd singular).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Alurhsa</title>
    <id>8202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54326</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-29T02:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halyihev</username>
        <id>1368</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Initial add of Alurhsa text for Conlang Relay 17</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Text'''

ZHË LEZÁ KÓLÁSHTHE

Dheve kúweláynû kóláshthen.  Zhë dheve ákólô zhë kóláshthen.  Zhë kóláshthe ágrô zhë dheven.  Zhë dheve ídlásô.  Zhë kóláshthe dárshô. Denelsá kóláshthe qíëdónyá.  Zhë kóláshthe ídlásónyá.  Zhë dheve móghô.

'''Smooth English'''

The Bad Horse

A man owned a horse.  The man mounted the horse.  The horse attacked the man.  The man ran.  The horse screamed.  A hundred horses came.  The horses ran.  The man died.

'''Lexicon'''

*zhë = definite article
*lezá = bad
*kóláshthe = a trained horse/unicorn
*dheve = man
*kúwâ = to own or possess
*ákólâ = to mount up, get on
*ágrâ = to attack
*ídlásâ = to run, race, dash
*dárshâ = to shout, cry, scream
*denelsá = thousand
*qíëdâ = to come
*móghâ = to die 

'''Grammar'''

The word order is SVO.  Nouns take suffixed case markers, of which only -n for the accusative is used here.  Plurals are not indicated on nouns unless there is nothing else to show it, so a number takes a singular noun, and a verb form is enough to show a plural subject.  Alurhsa uses a narrative present, meaning when telling a story the convention is to have the first verb in the story tense (usually past) while all others are in the present on the theory that the listener is immersing themselves in the moment of the story.  Alurhsa verbs mostly (and all those used here) are root + -â for the infinitive, and drop the -â to add endings.  Present indicative imperfective endings are mostly used here, being -ô for 3rd person singular and -ónyá for 3rd person plural.  Past tenses have the infix -el- between root and suffix.  The progressive/continuous 3rd person singular ending is -áyn.  Alurhsa verbs can also show aspect, with -û on the end of a personal suffix showing that the action has finished and does not continue on to the present.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnurūjungo</title>
    <id>8203</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54332</id>
      <timestamp>2010-05-31T15:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Proto-Kunnurūjungo]] to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]:&amp;#32;Name changed.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnu-lujungo</title>
    <id>8204</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54334</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnu-lûjungo</title>
    <id>8205</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54335</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnulujungo</title>
    <id>8206</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54337</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnulûjungo</title>
    <id>8207</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54338</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:17:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnulūjungo</title>
    <id>8208</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54339</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-01T10:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo</title>
    <id>8209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54381</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-02T23:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. K'ūgo:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Konghutsokkūbopk'u]] • [[Help:Editing|P'ollūt-pwek'yedibössen]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Ingk'egödekwüt t'obokkabossan-küwitk'u]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|P'ollūt-at'kūbossan]] • [[Help:Contents|Yodōnossan assū]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#CCCCFF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8888AA;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/News banner Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo}}

&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 4px; background: #ffc0ff; font: bold 14pt Arial, Helvetica&quot;&gt;[[Conlang Relay 17|17ōp k'ōgu-gofōdo-L-kyutpūp-kofōngpūba]] t'yok kyayottuppu utto!&lt;br&gt;
P'utsomk'ūt-kathat p'ohat, uppat-uhe-dopk'at ha pai k'ofōk'ut k'ingkibök'p'ö tetka kakp'u.&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
&lt;!--

START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART

--&gt;
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| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF&quot; |
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Introduction

--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Introduction Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo}}
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Allonnōk&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Tūjutk'udessen kofōdok]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|K'ōgu-gofōdok]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|K'ōgu-konghutsokkūbōk]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|K'ōgu-pwa-ot'pak]]
:[[Conlang comparison|K'ōgu-gofōdogōt röngibūp]]
:[[Conlang terminology|K'ōgu-gofōdo-p'attapk'u]]
:[[Our Father|&quot;Oppa pōt&quot;-kyutpūbōk]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|K'ōgu-gofōdo-gofōngpūbōk]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Tünnöbūp-topk'ak]]
:[[Learners_shortlist|K'ōgu-gofōdogōt-ussehegōt mitkeföfu]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Pidek ingk'egödekwüt küwikkuk'p'ö]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki Yahoo@]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
&lt;!-- 

FrathWiki in other languages 

--&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{:Main Page/Other languages Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo}}

[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Introduction Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo</title>
    <id>8210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54384</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-03T10:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;K'ōnglō-k'ūdittūk FrathWikidö!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|FrathWikit sya-pyunyatta]] k'ofōk'a k'ōgu-gofōdogopk'a, k'ōgu-pwa-ot'pagopk'a ha kofōdo-ussedessen allonnōgopk'a yotwūtp'ya kōnyak'ya k'ūdi uttūk. Kūga k'annatp'ak' k'ofōk'a rutsochang top'yakka. FrathWikidi p'ollūga 2.060ungka utto t'yogossapk'o; killege ot'padossan küwikkue ([[FrathWiki:Copyrights|k'efök'wi ōmk'ugottō]]).

''Rofōngabak&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' k'ōnglō-k'ūdittūk illūbök'p'ö ut! Rofōngabak' p'ollūga rutsochang pwek'yedi k'allo aippa k'ōmchyang. Pokkōt kuedü p'ollūga k'ōmchūk'p'o k'ūbössen ussekkūk'p'ö k'ūbössek'p'ö assū-p'ollūpk'a kakp'u. Hup rofōngabak' assa k'anglōkkang, rutsochattong kyop'yoyadu [[FrathWiki:Idle_chatter|p'yonghya-allonnō-kōpkottuppu]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Other languages Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo</title>
    <id>8211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54382</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-02T23:36:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt sans-serif; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;FrathWiki pai kofōdogōp'&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
&lt;dpl&gt;
titlematch=Main Page%
category=Main Page in other languages
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inlinetext= &amp;nbsp; &amp;bull; &amp;nbsp;
replaceintitle=#Main Page/#,
redirects=include
&lt;/dpl&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;(P'ot'yat kyutpūp [[:Main Page/Other languages|k'yamyat]] mitke!)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

To get your Main Page translation included in this listing make it a subpage of [[Main Page]] and  include it in [[:Category:Main Page in other languages]], i.e. make sure the title of your page is &lt;code&gt;&quot;Main Page&quot; + slash + ''the name of your language''&lt;/code&gt;, then insert the text &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; somewhere in your page.  If you already created your translation and need help moving it contact [[Special:EmailUser/Melroch|BPJ]] (preferably by email!)

[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Main Page/News banner Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo</title>
    <id>8212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54386</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-03T10:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:30px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.png]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;[mailto:seancanderson@sky.com Hup p'ot'yadu myolya ingk'egöda utto p'ot'yat pofōdopk'a, p'a kōngk'u]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;[mailto:seancanderson@sky.com Utko p'ot'yadu aippossanōga?]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
'''FrathWiki: K'ōgu-gofōdo- ha kofōdo-usse-yok'p'opput k'ofōk'ut-tyamchō''' • Seanak' p'ot'yat p'ōt'kut-k'ōmcha k'amk'ukkang • Myolya u ha kōngk'ubūba ha t'ōnūlla paido k'ūju
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo conjugation tables</title>
    <id>8213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54459</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-06T20:08:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qwynegold</username>
        <id>1225</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}
These tables show how four kinds of verbs are conjugated. The underlined part is the verb stem.

== Transitive back vowel verb ==
This conjugation table uses the verb ''ap'sūja'' (shoot) as an example.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;ensp;
! Remote past tense
! Past tense
! Present tense
! Future tense
! Remote future tense
! Habitual tense
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Unmarked voice
|-
! Simple
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;ojo &lt;br&gt; ''shot long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;o &lt;br&gt; ''shot'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ng &lt;br&gt; ''shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''usually shoot''
|-
! Progressive
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''is shooting'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have shot'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot'' || k'ūdik'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have usually shot''
|-
! Frequentative
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dodo &lt;br&gt; ''shot around long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;do &lt;br&gt; ''shot around'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dung &lt;br&gt; ''shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot around in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''usually shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting around'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''is shooting around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot around'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have shot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot around in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have shot around''
|-
! Simple Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;oppo &lt;br&gt; ''would shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ppo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be shooting'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;doppo &lt;br&gt; ''would shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be shooting around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have shot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;oppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be shooting'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;doppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be shooting around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have shot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;wat &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;twat &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;watsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;twatsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Imperative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Imperative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Imperative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ssa &lt;br&gt; ''shoot, allright?'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Imperative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;dussa &lt;br&gt; ''shoot around, allright?'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ngkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;gaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot''
|-
! Progressive Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dungkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot around'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dugaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ngkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;gautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot!''
|-
! Progressive Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dungkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot around!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dugautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot around!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ngauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her shoot then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūj&lt;/u&gt;auk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually shoot then''
|-
! Progressive Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be shooting then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dungauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her shoot around then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually shoot around then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be shooting around then'' || - || - || -
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Active voice
|-
! Simple
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttotto &lt;br&gt; ''shot long ago (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;tto &lt;br&gt; ''shot (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttong &lt;br&gt; ''shoot (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt; &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot in the far future (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;tto &lt;br&gt; ''usually shoot (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive
| uttotto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting long ago (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting (intransitive)'' || uttong &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''is shooting (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting in the far future (intransitive)'' || -
|-
! Perfect
| uttotto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot long ago (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot (intransitive)'' || uttong &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have shot (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot in the far future (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have usually shot (intransitive)''
|-
! Frequentative
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttododo &lt;br&gt; ''shot around long ago (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodo &lt;br&gt; ''shot around (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodung &lt;br&gt; ''shoot around (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot around (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;du &lt;br&gt; ''will shoot around in the far future (intransitive)'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodu &lt;br&gt; ''usually shoot around (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative
| uttotto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting around long ago (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was shooting around (intransitive)'' || uttong &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''is shooting around (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting around (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be shooting around in the far future (intransitive)'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative
| uttotto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot around long ago (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had shot around (intransitive)'' || uttong &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have shot around (intransitive)'' || k'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot around (intransitive)'' || k'ūdik'ūditto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have shot around in the far future (intransitive)'' || utto &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have shot around (intransitive)''
|-
! Simple Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttoppo &lt;br&gt; ''would shoot (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttoppo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually shoot (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive Conditional
| - || uttoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be shooting (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional
| - || uttoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have shot (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodoppo &lt;br&gt; ''would shoot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional
| - || uttoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be shooting around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional
| - || uttoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have shot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttoppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would shoot (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttoppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually shoot (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive Conditional-Energetic
| - || uttoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be shooting (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional-Energetic
| - || uttoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have shot (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodoppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would shoot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || uttoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be shooting around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || uttoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have shot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttwat &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttotwat &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttwatsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttotwatsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's shoot around (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttongkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot (intransitive)'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttogaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive Optative
| - || - || uttongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative
| - || - || uttongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodungkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodugaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot around (intransitive)''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative
| - || - || uttongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting around (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative
| - || - || uttongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot around (intransitive)'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttongkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot (intransitive)!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttogautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot (intransitive)!''
|-
! Progressive Optative-Energetic
| - || - || uttongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative-Energetic
| - || - || uttongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodungkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone shoot around (intransitive)!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodugautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually shoot around (intransitive)!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || uttongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be shooting around (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || uttongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have shot around (intransitive)!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttongauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her shoot (intransitive) then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually shoot (intransitive) then''
|-
! Progressive Volitive
| - || - || uttongauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;bappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be shooting (intransitive) then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodungauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her shoot around (intransitive) then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;ttodauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually shoot around (intransitive) then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || uttongauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;dubappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be shooting around (intransitive) then'' || - || - || -
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Causative voice
|-
! Simple
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'ok'o &lt;br&gt; ''made someone shoot long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'o &lt;br&gt; ''made someone shot'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yang &lt;br&gt; ''make someone shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will make someone shoot in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'ya &lt;br&gt; ''usually make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''was making someone shoot long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''was making someone shoot'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''is making someone shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be making someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be making someone shoot in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''had made someone shoot long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''had made someone shoot'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''have made someone shoot'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have made someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have made someone shoot in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''have usually made someone shoot''
|-
! Causative-Frequentative
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadodo &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly made someone shoot long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yado &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly made someone shoot'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadung &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly make someone shoot in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''usually repeatedly make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was repeatedly making someone shoot long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was repeatedly making someone shoot'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''is repeatedly making someone shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly be making someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly be making someone shoot in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had repeatedly made someone shoot long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had repeatedly made someone shoot'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have repeatedly made someone shoot'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have repeatedly made someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have repeatedly made someone shoot in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have repeatedly made someone shoot''
|-
! Frequentative-Causative
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'ok'o &lt;br&gt; ''made someone shoot around long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'o &lt;br&gt; ''made someone shoot around'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yang &lt;br&gt; ''make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will make someone shoot around in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''usually make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''was making someone shoot around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''was making someone shoot around'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūjadu&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''is making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''will be making someone shoot around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''had made someone shoot around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''had made someone shoot around'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''have made someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have made someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have made someone shoot around in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have made someone shoot around''
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadodo &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly made someone shoot around long ago'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yado &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly made someone shoot around'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadung &lt;br&gt; ''repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly make someone shoot around in the far future'' || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''usually repeatedly make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was repeatedly making someone shoot around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''was repeatedly making someone shoot around'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''is repeatedly making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly be making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''will repeatedly be making someone shoot around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| udodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had repeatedly made someone shoot around long ago'' || udo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had repeatedly made someone shoot around'' || udong &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have repeatedly made someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have repeatedly made someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have repeatedly made someone shoot around in the far future'' || ut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have repeatedly made someone shoot around''
|-
! Simple Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'oppo &lt;br&gt; ''would make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yappo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be making someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have made someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadoppo &lt;br&gt; ''would repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduppo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually repeatedly make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be repeatedly making someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have repeatedly made someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'oppo &lt;br&gt; ''would make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yappo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''would be making someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have made someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadoppo &lt;br&gt; ''would repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduppo &lt;br&gt; ''would usually repeatedly make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''would repeatedly be making someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have repeatedly made someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'oppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yappossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be making someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have made someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadoppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually repeatedly make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be repeatedly making someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have repeatedly made someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'oppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yappossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be making someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have made someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadoppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduppossa &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually repeatedly make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would repeatedly be making someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have repeatedly made someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'wat &lt;br&gt; ''let's make someone shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yatwat &lt;br&gt; ''let's repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'wat &lt;br&gt; ''let's make someone shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Hortative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yatwat &lt;br&gt; ''let's repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'watsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's make someone shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yatwatsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's repeatedly make someone shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'watsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's make someone shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yatwatsa &lt;br&gt; ''let's repeatedly make someone shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yangkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone make someone else shoot'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yagaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be making someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have made someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadungkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadugaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually repeatedly make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be repeatedly making someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have repeatedly made someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yangkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yagaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūjadu&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be making someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have made someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadungkaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadugaut &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually repeatedly make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someon be repeatedly making someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have repeatedly made someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yangkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yagautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually make someone else shoot!''
|-
! Progressive Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be making someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have made someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadungkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone repeatedly make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadugautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually repeatedly make someone else shoot!''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be repeatedly making someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have repeatedly made someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yangkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yagautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually make someone else shoot around!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūjadu&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be making someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yattūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have made someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadungkautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone repeatedly make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadugautsa &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually repeatedly make someone else shoot around!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''may someon be repeatedly making someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yaduttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have repeatedly made someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yangauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her make someone shoot then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually make someone shoot then''
|-
! Progressive Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be making someone shoot then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadungauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her repeatedly make someone shoot then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually repeatedly make someone shoot then''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be repeatedly making someone shoot then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yangauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her make someone shoot around then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually make someone shoot around then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sūjadu&lt;/u&gt;k'yabappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be making someone shoot around then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadungauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her repeatedly make someone shoot around then'' || - || - || &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadauk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually repeatedly make someone shoot around then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duk'yadubappu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be repeatedly making someone shoot around then'' || - || - || -
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Passive voice
|-
! Simple
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''got shot long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''got shot'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''get shot'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will get shot'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will get shot in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually get shot''
|-
! Progressive
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''was getting shot long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''was getting shot'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''is getting shot'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting shot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting shot in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect
| udodo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten shot long ago'' || udo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten shot'' || udong k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have gotten shot'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten shot'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten shot in the far future'' || ut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have usually gotten shot''
|-
! Frequentative
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there was shooting around long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there was shooting around'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there is shooting around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will be shooting around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will be shooting around in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there usually is shooting around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there was being shooting around long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there was being shooting around'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there is being shooting around'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will be being shooting around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will be being shooting around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative
| udodo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there had been shooting around long ago'' || udo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there had been shooting around'' || udong k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there have been shooting around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will have been shooting around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there will have been shooting around in the far future'' || ut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''usually will have been shooting around''
|-
! Simple Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would get shot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would usually get shot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would be getting shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have gotten shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there would be shooting around'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there would usually be shooting around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there would be being shooting around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''there would have been shooting around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would get shot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually get shot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be getting shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have gotten shot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be shot repeatedly'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually be shot repeatedly''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be being shot repeatedly'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have been shot repeatedly'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative
| - || - || k'ūtwat &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''let's get shot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative
| - || - || k'ūtwat &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''let's get shot at repeatedly'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūtwatsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''let's get shot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Hortative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūtwatsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''let's get shot at repeatedly!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get shot'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get shot''
|-
! Progressive Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting shot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten shot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get shot at repeatedly'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get shot at repeatedly''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting shot at repeatedly'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been shot at repeatedly'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get shot!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get shot!''
|-
! Progressive Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting shot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten shot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get shot at repeatedly!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get shot at repeatedly!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting shot at repeatedly!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been shot at repeatedly!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her get shot then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually get shot then''
|-
! Progressive Volitive
| - || - || udaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be getting shot then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her get shot at repeatedly then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually get shot at repeatedly then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be getting shot at repeatedly then'' || - || - || -
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Passive Causative voice
|-
! Simple
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to make someone shoot long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''get forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will get forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will get forced to make someone shoot in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''usually get forced to make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to make someone shoot long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to make someone shoot'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''is getting forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting forced to make someone shoot in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect
| udodo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten forced to make someone shoot long ago'' || udo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten forced to make someone shoot'' || udong k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have gotten forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūding k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten forced to make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten forced to make someone shoot in the far future'' || ut k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have usually gotten forced to make someone shoot''
|-
! Causative-Frequentative
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was forced to repeatedly make someone shoot long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''is forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''is usually forced to repeatedly make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''is getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi kūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;k'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be gtting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative
| udodo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot long ago'' || udo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''had been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || udong k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''have been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdi k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''will have been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot in the far future'' || ut k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''usually have been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot''
|-
! Frequentative-Causative
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to make someone shoot around long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''get forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to make someone shoot around in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''usually be forced to make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''was being forced to make someone shoot around long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''was being forced to make someone shoot around'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''is being forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will be forced to making someone shoot around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative
| udodo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''had been forced to make someone shoot around long ago'' || udo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''had been forced to make someone shoot around'' || udong k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''have been forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will have been forced to make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''will have been forced to make someone shoot around in the far future'' || ut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''usually have been forced to make someone shoot around''
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| k'ūdodo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around long ago'' || k'ūdo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''got forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkduk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around in the far future'' || k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''usually get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| udodo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around long ago'' || udo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''was getting forced to repeatedly making someone shoot around'' || ut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''is getting forced to repeatedly making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting forced to repeatedly be making someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūdi k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will be getting forced to repeatedly be making someone shoot around in the far future'' || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative
| udodo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around long ago'' || udo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''had gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || udong k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || k'ūdik'ūding k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''will have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around in the far future'' || ut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''usually have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around''
|-
! Simple Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would get forced to make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would usually get forced to make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would be getting forced to make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have gotten forced to make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would usually be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would be getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''would have been forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would get forced to make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would usually be forced to make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would be being forced to make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''would have been forced to make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || k'ūdoppo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippo &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would usually get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would be getting forced to repeatedly making someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional
| - || udoppo k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''would have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would get forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually get forced to make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be getting forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have gotten forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually be forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be getting forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have been forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would get forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually be forced to make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be being forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have been forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || k'ūdoppossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || k'ūdippossa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would usually get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would be getting forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Conditional-Energetic
| - || udoppossa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''I wish someone would have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get forced to make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten forced to make someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be usually forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually be forced to make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be being forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been forced to make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || k'ūdingkaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || k'ūdigaut &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || utkaut k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to repeatedly making someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative
| - || - || udongkaut k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get forced to make someone else shoot!''
|-
! Progressive Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten forced to make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be usually forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot!''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūk'ye &lt;u&gt;ap'sūja&lt;/u&gt;duttūk &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually be forced to make someone else shoot around!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be being forced to make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have been forced to make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || k'ūdingkautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || k'ūdigautsa &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone usually get forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around!''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || utkautsa k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone be getting forced to repeatedly making someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Perfect Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Optative-Energetic
| - || - || udongkautsa k'ūdi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''may someone have gotten forced to repeatedly make someone else shoot around!'' || - || - || -
|-
! Simple Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her get forced to make someone shoot then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually get forced to make someone shoot then''
|-
! Progressive Volitive
| - || - || udauk k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be getting forced to make someone shoot then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be forced to repeatedly make someone shoot then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be usually forced to repeatedly make someone shoot then''
|-
! Progressive Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūkk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be getting forced to repeatedly make someone shoot then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her get forced to make someone shoot around then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually be forced to make someone shoot around then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative Volitive
| - || - || udauk k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'ya &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be being forced to make someone shoot around then'' || - || - || -
|-
! Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || k'ūdingauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around then'' || - || - || k'ūdauk &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her usually get forced to repeatedly make someone shoot around then''
|-
! Progressive Frequentative-Causative-Frequentative Volitive
| - || - || udauk k'ūbeppi &lt;u&gt;ap'sū&lt;/u&gt;ttūktuk'yadu &lt;br&gt; ''let him/her be getting forced to repeatedly making someone shoot around then'' || - || - || -
|}

== Transitive front vowel verb ==

== Intransitive back vowel verb ==

== Intransitive front vowel verb ==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ancaron Don.png</title>
    <id>8214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54405</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-04T17:42:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Leech10</username>
        <id>1372</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/U</title>
    <id>8215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59201</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-04T23:31:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">F. *u, S. &amp; Mo. *o, Ma. *ʊ, P. *ɨ, H. ''o''/''uu'', Kh. *oo / _C, *o / _CC

{|
|- style=&quot;background:#FFA0A0&quot;
! Lexeme
! [[Finnish|Finnic]] !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoy.]]
! Comments
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| FSM *u_a, Ms. *å/a, Smy. *ə
|-
| &quot;to plait&quot;
| *puno- || *ponē- || pona- || *pʊnə- || *pɨn- || fon- || *pån- || *poon- || *pən-
|-
| &quot;facing down&quot;
| *kumo/a- || *komō- || koma- || *kʊmə- || *kɨm- || hom- || *kåm- || *koom- || *kəmə-
|-
| &quot;egg&quot;
| *muna || *monē || mona || *mʊnə || - ||style= color:red| moń || *man || *moon || *mənå
|-
| &quot;to squeeze&quot;
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *pʊnćə- || *pɨdźɨrt- || '''fačar-''' || *pås- || *poosər- || -
|-
| &quot;to melt, molten&quot;
| *sula(-) || - || sola(-) || *šʊlə- || *sɨl(-) || ol(vad) || *talaa- || ''*ɬoɬaa-'' || -
|-
| &quot;to extinguish&quot;
| *kus-tu- || *kopsē- || - ||  || '''*kus-''' || - || - || *kopəɬ- || *kəptå-
|-
| &quot;feather&quot;
| style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *sulka || *tolkē || tolga || - || *tɨl(ɨ) || toll|| *tåwəl || *toɣəɬ || - 
| Cf. *tuxli
|-
| &quot;crook'd&quot;
| ''*kura'', *kurja || - || - || - || *kɨr- || - || - || *kor || *kərå
| -rj- fits Kh. better
|-
| &quot;to blink&quot;
| - || - || końa-/''e-'' || *kʊmə- || '''*kuń''' || ''huń'' || - || *koń- || *kəń-
| F. ''küünü-'' cf. [[Proto-Uralic/Ü|*küńe-]] &quot;tear&quot;. No clear cluster?
|-
| &quot;land&quot;
| *muta || *moðē || moda || - || - || - || - || - || *məjå
|-
| &quot;to become happy&quot;
| F. muju? || *mojē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məjə-
|-
| &quot;stream&quot;
| *voo || *uvē ~ '''*ɤvē''' || - || - || - || - || *åw- || *ooɣ- || -
|-
| &quot;to hang&quot;
| - || *ko/''ɤ''cō- || - || '''*kečə-''' || *kɨš- || - || *kaš- || *kooč- || -
|-
| &quot;mud&quot;
| *kura || - || - || - || - || - || *kår- || *koor || -
|-
| &quot;ice crust&quot;
| - || *čoðē || - || - || - || - ||style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šaĺ || *sooj || -
|-
| &quot;cloud(y)&quot;
| F. kumuri || - || kovol || - || - || homaaĺ || *kåm- || - || -
|-
| &quot;back&quot;
| *muka- || - || - ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *məjå-
| Check AASmy
|-
| &quot;to tell&quot;
| - || - || jovta- ||  ||  ||  || - || - || *jəptə-
|…&lt;!--mentnd in AASmy--&gt;
|-
| &quot;cloudberry&quot;
| '''*muura-''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *mår-aak || *moor-ək || *mərå-ŋkå
| Check AASmy
|-
| &quot;to hit&quot;
| *puto- || *poðō- || - || '''puðə-''' || U. pɨĺ- ~ K. '''peĺ''' ||  || *påĺ- || - || *pəjä-
| Smy *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
| &quot;block of wood&quot;
| *luta || *lotē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəčə
| *-t- or *-č-?
|-
| &quot;wide&quot;
| - || *komtē || - || *kʊmda || - || - || - || *komət || -
|-
| &quot;narrowing&quot;
| - || *čorō || - || - || '''*śuur''' || sor- || *sarɯɯ || '''*sart''' || -
|-
| &quot;spear&quot;
|style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*ota''' || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *aɣtaa || *ooɣət || -
|-
| &quot;male&quot;
| *uros || *orēs || - || - || - || uur || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;outside&quot;
| *ulko- || *olkō- || - || - || K. ɨlɤ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;lazy&quot;
| *tuhma || *tosmē || - || - || K. dɨš || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *dusma &quot;stupid&quot;?
|-
| &quot;hair, bundle&quot;
| *tukka/u || - || - || ''#čuka'' || *čɨk- || - || - || - || -
| also cf. H. čuk- &quot;to clog&quot;
|-
| &quot;to rummage&quot;
| *purka-  || *porkē- || Er. '''purga-''' || *pʊrɣə- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. &quot;dismantle&quot;
|-
| &quot;to strangle&quot;
| *poo- || *pūvē- || pova- || - || *pɤd(ɨ)- || fuul- || - || '''*pɯɯk-''' || -
|-
| &quot;to fish with a net&quot;
| - || *koltē- || - || - || - || - || ''*kult-'' || '''*kåål-''' || Se. qoldɛi-
| *kulk(i)-ta- ?
|-
| &quot;stern&quot;
| *tuhto ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *totkō || - || Hi. tɤktɤ || K. tɨk || '''tat''' || ''#tOɣət'' || *toɣət || *tətə
| F&amp;S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn
|-
| &quot;to cross water&quot;
| - || *mokcē- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *məčå-
|-
| &quot;dew&quot;
|  || ''*lɤpsē'' || '''ĺe/akš''' || *lʊpš || K. lɨs ||  ||  ||  || *jəptå-
| S. *o → ɤ / _p
|-
| &quot;(to) crumble&quot;
| *mure/u- || *morē, '''*moarrɤ-''' || - || - || - || '''mar''' || ''*mur-'' || *moor- || *mərə
|-
| &quot;soft&quot;
| - || '''*loančē''' || - || - || - || '''laaɟ''' || *lanćəɣ || *loonťəɣ || -
| Or *o_a?
|-
| &quot;major river&quot;
| *juka || ''*jokɤ'' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jəkå
| + Russ. substratal *juka. F. &quot;waterfall&quot;, Mo. jov ← [[Proto-Uralic/new#ô|*jôki]]?
|-
| &quot;finger&quot;
| - || *sūvðē || - || - || - || ujj || ''*tuĺaa''' || '''*ɬååj''' || *təjå
|-
| &quot;(to) bore&quot;
| *pura || *porē || - || - || *pɨr || fuur || ''#pOr'' || ''*por'' || *pər-
| Cf. IE
|-
| &quot;deep spot&quot;
| - || *jormē || - || - || K. '''jir''' || - || - || *jorəm || ''*jorä''
|-
| &quot;bubble&quot;
| *kupla || *koplē || - || *kʊwəl || - || hoĺag || '''*kɯɯwl''' || *komḷəŋ || -
| *-ml-?
|-
| &quot;bowl&quot;
| *kuppV ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *skoppē || kopo || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o, Smy. *u / _CC
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| *ulku || *olkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || - ||  ||  || *uj
|-
| &quot;to go&quot;
| *kulke- || *kolkɤ- || koĺge- || - || K. kɨlal- || '''halad-''' || - || *koɣəɬ- || '''*kəj-'''
| Cf. PIE *kʷelH-
|-
| &quot;to pee&quot;
| *kuse- || *końčɤ- || - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *kʊźa- || '''*kudź-''' || huuɟ- || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*kunć-''' || *kos- || *kunsə-
|-
| &quot;marten&quot;
| Es. nugis || - || - ||  ||  ||  || *ńåkəs || *ńoɣəs  || -
|-
| &quot;tube&quot;
| *pucki || *pockɤ || počko || *pʊč || - || - || - || - || *pučə
|-
| &quot;flurry&quot;
| *purku || *porkɤ || Er. porga- ~&lt;br/&gt;Mk. '''purga-''' || Me. purɣə- || K. pɨra || ''forr'' || *pårkɯɯj || *porkaaj || *purət-
| or Mo. ← *purki-. ObU -k- ?! U. ''pur'' &quot;glo&quot;, H. &quot;boil&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;skis&quot;
| *suksi || - || soks || - || - || - || *tåw(ə)t || *ɬoɣ || *tutə
|-
| &quot;to kno&quot;
| *tunte- || *tomtɤ- || - || - || '''*tod-''' || tud- || - || - || *tumtə-
|-
| &quot;20&quot;
| - || - || komś || - || *kɨź || ''huus'' || ''*kuus'' || ''*koos'' || -
| *ms → *ws in Ug.?
|-
| &quot;grass&quot;
| *nurmi || *ńormɤ || - || - || - || - || ''*ńuurəm'' || '''*ńåårəm''' || -
|-
| &quot;crane&quot;
| *kurki || '''*kōrkɤ''' || '''*kargo''' || - || - || - || - || - || ''*kərə''
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| FSM *u_i, Kh. *o/*oo, Smy. *oC (std. PU *o_i or *u_i?)
|-
| &quot;to get lost&quot;
| - || *jorɤ- || - || - || U. jɨromɨ- || '''jaar-''' || Pl. joor- || *jor- || '''jü/urə-'''
| *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk?
|-
| &quot;to spawn&quot;
| *kute- || *koðɤ- || - || - || K. '''kuĺmɨ-''' ||  || ''*kuĺ-'' || ''*kååj-'' || -
|-
| &quot;to wear&quot;
| *kulu- || *kolɤ- || - || - || K. gɨlal- || - || *kål- || *kolaa- || -
|-
| &quot;cleft&quot;
| *kuru/i- || - || - || *kʊrək || K. kɨr || hor- || - || *koor || -
| S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. ''guran'' &quot;hole&quot; may not belong
|-
| &quot;(to) coff&quot;
| - || *kosɤ- || koz(o-) || - || *kɨz(ɨ)- || - || - || *koɬ- || *kot-
|-
| &quot;10&quot;
| *luke-/u || *lokɤ/ē- || Er. lovo- ~&lt;br/&gt;Mk. '''luvə-''' || ''*lu'' || *lɨd ||  || *låw || - || -
| F, Mo. &quot;to read&quot;, P. &quot;number&quot; (suffix'd?)
|-
| &quot;sno&quot;
| *lumi || *lomɤ ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| lov || *lʊm || *lɨm(ɨ) || lom || - || - || *jom-
|-
| &quot;bone&quot;
| *luu || - || lovaža || ''*lu'' || *lɨ || - || ''*luw'' || *ɬoɣ || '''*lɤ'''
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
| &quot;to pass by&quot;
| - || *molɤ- || mole- || - || - || muul- || ''*mul-'' || - || -
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
| &quot;to bite&quot;
| *pure- || *porɤ- || poŕe- || *pʊra- || '''*puur(ɨ)-''' || - || ''*pur-'' || *por- || *por-
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
| &quot;to blo&quot;
| *puhu- || *posō- || - || - || K. '''puškɨ-''' || fuu- || ''*put-'' || *poɬaa- || Se. ''puttu''?
| Ms. *u near labials?
|-
| &quot;summer&quot;
| *suvi || '''*sɤŋɤ-''' || - || - || - || - || '''*tuj''' || *ɬoŋ || '''*təŋ'''
| Ms. *u ?!
|-
| &quot;to come&quot;
| *tule- || *tolɤ- || - || '''*tola-''' || - || '''talaal-''' || - || - || *toj-
|-
| &quot;fire&quot;
| *tuli || *tolɤ || tol || *tʊl || *tɨl || - || - || - || ''*tuj''
|-
| &quot;to learn&quot;
| - || - || tona- || *tʊnə- || '''*tun(a)-''' || '''*tanul-''' || - || - || *təntå-
| see AASmy
|-
| &quot;morning&quot;
| - || - || - || - || - || hol- || #kOl- || *kol- || SSm *kər
|-
| &quot;new&quot;
| ''*uuci'' || *oðɤ || od || ''*u'' || *vɨĺ || uuj || - || - || -
| F. length from *wu-? 
|-
| &quot;to sharpen&quot;
| - || *čokɤ- || śuvo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;sleep&quot;
| *uni || - || on || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
|-
| &quot;to depart&quot;
| *urke- || - || orgo- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to enquire&quot;
| *utele- || *ocɤ- || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| &quot;moon&quot;
| *kuu || Lu. ''kuojijti-'' || *koŋ || - || - || hoov || - || *kow || '''*kïj'''
|-
| &quot;mouth&quot;
| *suu || *čovɤ, *čontɤk || - || šu || - || '''saaj''' || *suup, *saw? || *sooɣaa || *so
|-
| &quot;ghost&quot;
| *huu || - || čo(v) || - || K. '''šɤn''' || - || *tɯɯw || *ɬuuŋk || -
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Long (?)
|-
| &quot;to hear&quot;
| *kuule- || *kūlɤ- || kuĺe- || *kola- || *kɨl- || hall- || *kaal- || *kåål- || -
| Cf. Smy *kåw &quot;ear&quot;
|-
| &quot;wind; feather&quot;
| *tuuli || - || - || Me. tul || ''*tɤl'' || - || - || - || *tuəj
|-
| &quot;to ro&quot;
| ''*sowta-'' || *sūkɤ- || - || *šua- || K. sɨn- || - || *tåw- || '''*ɬaaɣ-''' || *tu-
| *suxi-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.)
|-
| &quot;sheep&quot;
| *uuhi ~ *utti || - || uča || *ʊžɣa || *ɨž || - || '''*aaš''' || '''*aač''' || -
| ← IE *owis, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)?
|-
| &quot;to swim&quot;
| *uj- || '''*vōjɤ-''' || uje- || '''*iä-''' || '''*uuj-''' || uus- || ''*uj-'' || '''*uj-''' || *u-
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Ms. ''*aa'' ~ Kh. ''*uu''
|-
| &quot;6&quot;
| '''*kuuci''' || '''*kūtɤ''' || koto || *kut || '''*kwat''' || hat || *kaat || *kuut || -
|-
| &quot;to call&quot;
| *kuccu- || *koččō- || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuť- || -
|-
| &quot;herd of reindeer&quot;
| - || *čorɤk || - || - || - || - ||style=&quot;color:green&quot;| *šaar- || *suur || -
|-
| &quot;eyebrows; temple&quot;
| *kulma || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kuuĺəm || -
| S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?!
|-
| &quot;birch&quot;
| - || - || - || - || *kɨdź || - ||style=&quot;color:green&quot;| ''*kåš-'' || *kuuńć || -
| If not *a or something. F. ''*kaski'' may be ← IE *h₁es-
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background:#A0FFA0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Bad
|-
| &quot;to go&quot;
| - || *jotē- || ''juta-'', Mk. juta- || - || - || - || - || - || ''*jåtə-''
| Rather *o with S. irregular; cf. B. *jude-
|-
| &quot;group, to hunt&quot;
| *kunta ~ *kontu || *kontē || kunda- || - || - || had- || *kaant- || *kuunt- || *kåntə-
| Rather *o w/ F&amp;S influenced by Gmc
|-
| &quot;sack&quot;
| - || *pūðā || - || - || - || - || - || - || *påtə
|-
| &quot;top&quot;
| F. sukka || *čokkɤ || - || - || K. '''ćuk''' || - || '''*śaɣ''' || '''*ťäk'''  || *sok
|-
| &quot;hill; wave&quot;
| *kumpu || *kompō || komba || - || *gɨb || '''hab''' || ''*ku(m)p'' || ''*ko/uump'' || '''*kåmpå'''
|West *u, East *o
|-
| &quot;body&quot;
| - || *korōntē || - || - || - || - || *kur- || *kor || ''#kər''
| Check Smy. &lt;!--En. /e/--&gt;
|-
| &quot;curve&quot;
| *mutka || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || '''*måcə'''
|-
| &quot;frost&quot;
| *kuura || ''*korā'' || - || - || '''*gɤɤr''' || '''har''' || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;pole&quot;
| - ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *sosō  || *šočko || - || '''*džadž''' || - || - || - || Se. čoočə
|-
| &quot;him/her&quot;
|style=&quot;color:red&quot;| '''*hän'''  || *son || son || - || U. '''so''' ~ K. sɨ || '''öö''' || '''*täw''' || '''*ɬöɣ''' || -
| *u ~ *ü
|-
| &quot;prod&quot;
| *tutka- || *tūðkē || - || - || U. ''tuĺɨm'' || '''tööɟ''' || '''*täĺək''' || '''*töj''' || -
| *u ~ *ü
|-
| &quot;(to) shit&quot;
| '''*paska''' || ''*pɤškɤ'' || *pəśkiźe- || *pʊškəða- || - || foš || *påć || *påť || -
| S. *o→ ɤ / p_
|-
| &quot;clump&quot;
| *puŋka || ''*pūŋkē'' ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| pokoĺ || - || U. '''pog''' ~ K. '''bugɨĺ''' || '''bog''' || '''*paak''' || ''#pooŋkəḷ'' || -
|-
| &quot;reindeer knee&quot;
| - || *pūnčēs || - || - || U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. '''pidźɤs'''  || - || - || - || ''*punsV''
| K. M &gt; F /_Ć ?
|-
| &quot;narrow, top&quot;
| *suppa, F. ''suippu'' || ''*čūppɤ'', NS čoppe || - || - || '''*śoop-''', K. '''ćup''' || ''sup-'', ''čuup'' || - || - || -
| 
|-
| &quot;to cram&quot;
| *cuŋki- || *coŋkɤ- ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| toŋgo- || '''*čʏŋɣər''' || K. čɨgəm ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''dug'' || - || - || -
| Variants *čuŋki-, *tuŋki-
|-
| &quot;(to) dry&quot;
| *kujva(-) || Lu. ''kuife'' || - || - || - || - || - || *kojəm- || -
|-
| &quot;thin&quot;
| *hupa || Er. čova ~ Mk. ''šuva(ńä)'' || - || - || - || šovaań || - || - || -
| *č-
|-
| &quot;to speak&quot;
|style=&quot;color:red&quot;| *jutte- || - || jovta- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| &quot;to feel&quot;
| *muja-, *muista-, Li. moistə- || - || muje- || *mooa- ||style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ''*mååď-'' || - || ''mu(u)t-'' || *muuj- || -
| Rather *o
|-
| &quot;door&quot;
| *uksi || *ūksɤ || - || - || ''*ɤs'' || - || - || - || -
| Or B. *ōksa → F. → S.
|-
| &quot;groove, path&quot;
| *ura || - || ur- || - || - || - || *uuraj || #wuuri || -
| Cf. F. ''*uurta-'' &quot;to groove&quot;
|-
| &quot;udder&quot;
| *utar || - || odar || *wadar || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
| &quot;&quot;
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mari</title>
    <id>8216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58593</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T02:16:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My ''ad hoc'' reconstruction of Mari vocalism (note: read literature):
* *e *i *o *u *ü *ö = branches agree
** Hill Mari /ä/ ← *e / _{ŋ, r}_
*reduced high vowels: *ɪ *ʏ *ʊ = Hill (Western) Mari /ə ə ɤ/, Meadow (Eastern) Mari /i y u/
*reduced mid vowels: *ə *ɤ = Hill Mari /ə ɤ/, Meadow Mari /e o/ (no front rounded member?)
** NB: /ə ɤ/ are more accurately [ə̟ ə̠], or perhaps [e̽ o̽].
* *a *oo = in Hill Mari /a o/, Meadow Mari /o u/
** /a/ also exists sporadically in Meadow Mari.

The vowel inventories are:
* Me /a e i o u ü ö/
* Hi /a e i o u ü ö ä ə ɤ/
* NW dialects also /ʊ ʏ/</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elkarîl</title>
    <id>8217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54544</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-12T12:51:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Elkarîl'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Elcarin Mountains
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[Almea]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 20 million
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Elcari-Murtani
: '''Elkarîl'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||VOS
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||''sui generis''
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[Mark Rosenfelder]] ||2002
|}

'''Elkarîl''' is a conlang created by [[Mark Rosenfelder]] as part of his conworld [[Almea]].  It is spoken by the ''elcari'', a sapient race in some ways similar to [[Dwarves]] of other fantasy worlds (they are shorter in growth than humans, settle in mountain ranges, and their economy is chiefly based on mining and metalworking).

Elkarîl has several features that set it off from human languages of both Earth and Almea.  Its diachronic development is very slow.  The language has changed very little during the last 15,000 years; this is probably due to the long lifespan (more than 300 years) of the elcari, among whom children are few and far between and thus socialize more with adults than with other children of similar age.  Also, the elcari revere their language as a gift from their creator god,  Khemthu-Nôr, which means that any change to the language is considered disrespectful to their divine creator.  Another unusual feature of Elkarîl is that it makes some use of ''graded signs'', especially in the domain of adjectives, wherein a gradual change of phonetic form entails a gradual change in meaning.  The language also does not use personal pronouns; instead, it has a set of assignable variables.

The language has a unique writing system, consisting of face-like glyphs whose features represent the sounds of the language.

* [http://www.zompist.com/elkaril.htm Elkarîl]
* [http://www.zompist.com/elkwrite.htm Elkarîl Writing]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Almea]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elkaril</title>
    <id>8218</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54543</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-12T12:49:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Elkarîl]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Elkarîl]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Silindion</title>
    <id>8219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54554</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-14T22:35:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erelion12</username>
        <id>120</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Text==
I Yumma ángrië
 
Mië vionu yummán ta yova alai emë voksëavinya, në të yusephë yumiellu. Yevio, aleksio tamë aseskëo nailo. Irevelda i vionna kamalyandanya ta ombalë i yummán në aphukë i vion.  Ota, ië miossi tista yova avovë:  id mananduni i vivo i phántëan. Iphersunna assunyo në iphunka, aseskë i vion sámmëa. Tilisë myentán, ahwi roa në anyenë.
 
==English Translation==

The phantom workhorse

The man had a workhorse whose back he tried to ride, but who refused to carry him. Instead, it threw him off and then hurt him severely. While trying to escape, the horse bellowed and kicked the man. Thus, what happened was this: the strong one attacked the weak one. Trampling with legs and kicking, it hurt the man so he was dead. Having seen this, a pig squealed and rejoiced.

==Lexicon==


{| border = 1
! '''Word'''
! '''Translation'''
! '''Grammatical Information'''
|-
| ambal-
| ''bellow''
| '''verb, l-stem'''
|-
| angrië
| ''phantom, evil spirit''
| '''adjectival/nominal, ië-stem'''
|-
| assun
| ''foot, animal leg''
| '''noun, n-stem'''
|- 
| ë-
| ''be''
| '''verb, ay-stem, irregular augment: i-'''
|- 
| emë
| ''on''
| '''+locative case'''
|-
| hu-
| ''squeal''
| '''verb, u-stem, irregular past stem: hw-'''
|- 
| i
| ''definite article''
| '''lenites''' 
|-
| id
| ''really, indeed, truly, behold''
| '''see notes'''
|-
| ka=leK-
| ''throw off''
| '''verb, K-stem'''
|-
| ka=malya-
| ''escape''
| '''verb, a-stem'''
|-
| laK-
| ''ride''
| '''verb, K-stem'''
|-
| man=nun-
| ''attack''
| '''verb, n-stem, past: man-a-ndun-i'''
|- 
| mië
| ''existential particle''
| '''past tense'''
|-
| miossi
| ''this''
| '''nominative demonstrative pronoun'''
|-
| myenta-
| ''this''
| '''non-nominative demonstrative pronoun'''
|-
| nailo
| ''greatly, severely''
| '''adverb'''
|-
| në
| ''and, but''
| '''conjunction'''
|-
| ota 
| ''thus, so, yes''
| '''interjection, conjunction'''
|-
| pántëa
| ''weak, small''
| '''adjective/nominal, ëa-stem'''
|-
| per=sun-
| ''trample, tread on''
| '''verb, n-stem'''
|-
| puk-
| ''kick''
| '''verb, k-stem'''
|-
| revel-
| ''try out, taste, attempt, pull, tug''
| '''verb, l-stem'''
|-
| roa
| ''pig''
| '''noun, oa-stem'''
|-
| sámmëa
| ''dead''
| '''adjective/nominal, ëa-stem'''
|-
| seP-
| ''refuse''
| '''verb, P-stem'''
|-
| sesk-
| ''hurt, wound, beat''
| '''verb, sk-stem'''
|-
| ta
| ''that, and, so, when, which''
| '''conjunction, inanimate relative pronoun, see notes'''
|-
| tamë
| ''then, thereupon, afterwards''
| '''conjunction, adverb'''
|-
| të
| ''who''
| '''animate relative pronoun, see notes'''
|-
| til-
| ''see''
| '''verb, l-stem'''
|- 
| tista
| ''that which, the one which, what''
| '''headless relative'''
|-
| vio
| ''man''
| '''noun, o-stem'''
|-
| vivo
| ''strong''
| '''adjective/nominal, o-stem'''
|-
| vo(w)-
| ''happen, exist, be, occur, befall''
| '''verb, (w)-stem'''
|-
| voksë
| ''back''
| '''noun, ay-stem'''
|-
| yen-
| ''rejoice''
| '''verb, n-stem, past tense: a-nyen-ë'''
|-
| yevio
| ''instead''
| '''conjunction, Low Silindion'''
|-
| yova
| ''relative subordinator''
| '''inanimate, see notes'''
|-
| yum-
| ''carry''
| '''verb, m-stem'''
|-
| yummán
| ''workhouse''
| '''noun, n-stem'''
|-
|}


==Morphology==


===Nominal Inflection===

{| border = 1
! Inflection
! Form
! Notes
|-
| Nominative
| zero
|
|-
| Dative
| -nu
|
|-
| Locative:	
| -vi
|
|-
| Accusative:
| -n
|
|-
| Allative: 
| -nna
|
|-
| Plural 	
| -ya
| consonant stem ending
|-
| Instrumental 
| -u
|
|-
| Possessive
| -nya  
| (his/its/hers)
|-
|}

===Verbal Morphology===

Past Tense: a-….-ë/-si/-i

The augment is added after some derivational prefixes (such as man-) but before others, such as ka-, in most verbs. Derivational prefixes are indicated by = in the vocabulary.

{| border = 1
! Inflection
! Form
! Notes
|-
| Anterior Gerund
| -isë
|
|- 
| Conjunctive Gerund	
| i-…-na/-da
|
|-
| Infinitive
| -iello
|
|- 
| Nominal Gerund
| -na
| (d-stem, accusative: -ndan)
|-
| Animate Relative
| yo-
|- 
| Clitic Pronoun
| -o 
| masculine, neuter 
|-
|}


==Phonology==

Lenition:	
k	&gt;	zero;	
p	&gt;	ph
	
Cluster Simplification:
k+n &gt; nk;
n+ny &gt; ny 

Contraction:	 
a+u	&gt; o;
a+ë	&gt; ai;
o + a   &gt; u;
o + o  &gt;  u;
a + a  &gt;  o

==Grammar==

Grammar:	

[[Grammar of Silindion]] 

http://erelion.free.fr/morphology.html

==Notes==

(1) The pronoun ''ta'' can be used to link to clauses together, often one clause has a simple complement relation to the other. However, sometimes it can be used to sequence events, especially when connnecting an adverbial clause to a main clause. It is also the normal inanimate relative pronoun

(2) Sentence or clause initially, the particle ''id'' is to be translated as 'indeed', 'behold' or 'and'.  It highlights the following sentence as particularly important. It often indicates a significant break between what follows id and what precedes. It may also link various clauses building to a climax (as before). Finally, in the sense 'behold' it may take direct objects or be followed by verbless clauses. 

(3) After the first clause: ''mië vionu yummán ta yova alai emë voksëavinya'', ''vio'' is demoted to a patient throughout the rest of the story. This is indicated by various grammatical devices, i.e. the use of ''të'' in the second clause (which does not refer to ''vio'') and the use of allative case ''vionna'' as subject of the gerund ''irevelda''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arenal</title>
    <id>8220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54558</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T02:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Tfanil]]

[[Category:Ilien_life]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ilien life</title>
    <id>8221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54559</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T02:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages regarding biology of [[Ilien]].

[[Category:Ilien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tfanil</title>
    <id>8222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54560</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:01:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>crate</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Vaalénel]]


[[Category:Arenal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vaalénel</title>
    <id>8223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54564</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>y</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Aurian]]


[[Category:Tfanil]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arenal</title>
    <id>8224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54562</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:03:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Arenal.

[[Category:Ilien life]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tfanil</title>
    <id>8225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54565</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:04:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tfanil.

[[Category:Arenal]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aurian</title>
    <id>8226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54566</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Tveren]]


[[Category:Vaalénel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Vaalénel</title>
    <id>8227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54567</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Vaalénel.

[[Category:Tfanil]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tveren</title>
    <id>8228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54568</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Urat]]
* [[Arien]]

[[Category:Aurian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Urat</title>
    <id>8229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54569</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:09:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Elerit]]


[[Category:Tveren]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arien</title>
    <id>8230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54570</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Lllalav]]


[[Category:Tveren]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tveren</title>
    <id>8231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54571</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:11:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Tveren.

[[Category:Aurian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lllalav</title>
    <id>8232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54572</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Uige͜řen]]


[[Category:Arien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Aurian</title>
    <id>8233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54573</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Aurian.


[[Category:Vaalénel]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uige͜řen</title>
    <id>8234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54574</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Extinct. Fossil on record at the [[Nalenian National Laboratory for Archaeological Studies]].


[[Category:Lllalav]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Arien</title>
    <id>8235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54575</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Arien.

[[Category:Tveren]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lllalav</title>
    <id>8236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54576</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:23:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Lllalav.

[[Category:Arien]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nalenian National Laboratory for Archaeological Studies</title>
    <id>8237</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54577</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T03:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Holds fossil of Uige͜řen.

[[Category:Ilien life]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elerit</title>
    <id>8238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54587</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T14:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Taalen (Ilien)|Taalen]]
* [[Taméntz]]
* [[Tavól]]
* [[Tatelén]]

[[Category:Urat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elerit Taalen</title>
    <id>8239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54590</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-15T15:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>f</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Domain&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kingdom&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Phylum&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Class&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Order&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Family&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Genus&amp;nbsp;Species&lt;br&gt;
Eukaryota&amp;nbsp;Animalia&amp;nbsp;Chordata&amp;nbsp;Hexapoda&amp;nbsp;Ilienera&amp;nbsp;Hominidae&amp;nbsp;Alae&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;vulgaris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;

[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Talan&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Vatiel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Utiel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Tvanel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Atiel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Atel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Varel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Luzel&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;br&gt;
[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Arenal&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Tfanil&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Vaalénel&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Aurian&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Tveren&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Urat&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;[[&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:monospace;&quot;&gt;Elerit Taalen&lt;/span&gt;]]

This creature lives in [[Ilien]], an Earth-like planet.

It is a culturally-rich species which illuminates the world. It has learned to live in harmony with the other species on the planet,
including the immigrants from Earth, with which it cannot interbreed, despite many outward appearance similarities.

==Metrics==

* Heigth: ~2.5 metres at full growth
* Weighth: ~35 kilograms at full growth

==Lifestyle==
* Foods: primarily synthesised yeast products.
* Source of water: from purified ocean water.
* Source of gases: via lungs (or through engineered gills)

===Reproduction===
* Fairly similar to humans physiologically, but culturally, artificial insemination is preferred
* Male genitals are retractable, and are 'stored' in retracted position.
* Light-baskets are collapsed during intercourse.
* Females have large openings to the front of the womb inside their light-baskets.
* Gametes are in appearance identical, without examining genetic material. (This does not apply to Elerit Taméntz.)
* [[Elerit Taméntz]] is the result of extensive genetic modification based on the principles of human genetics.

===Evolution===
* Evolved from insect/bird-like creatures (above specimen is Arenal Tfanil Vaalenól Aurian Tveren [[Arien]] [[Lllalav Uige͜řen]]; ''uige͜řen'' is an archaic form of the word ''uizen'', literally, ''wall''), gaining adaptations suited to a life on the ground.
* During the time during which the Ilienian atmosphere's equilibrium was heavily damaged by humans (Arenal Tfanil [[Vaalenel]] [[Utanef]] [[Vtésal]] [[Toalan]] [[Uóraan]] (various)), and the Ilienians' atmosphere reparation systems were also damaged and were being replenished, the Ilienians used artificial selection techniques to rebreed for a life on ground, in case a battle needed to be fought. This ability to survive on the ground through rapid adaptation was vital in the [[Ilienian-Human War of IY 536]].

===Unique adaptations===
* Light-basket (this is a bioluminescent, stiff, collapsible basket for carrying food or children)
* Tall, for good speed when moving
* Arms (evolved from second set of legs), for eating

====Planned or altered evolutionary descendants====
The Ilienians later employed similar artificial selection techniques to breed several new species, in a period of rapid scientific advancement between IY [[IY 955|955]] and 147.[[IY 1032|1032]]. The resulting species were engineered to not have any wings (generations 1 through 3), have gills (second generation), be able to interbreed with humans (third generation; see '[[#Reproduction]]' section above), and have resistance to several human-born pathogens that were not harmful to humans but had devastating effects on the Ilienians (most notably, some of the mutant strains of the Escherichia coli bacteria commonly found in humans and their livestock; these caused several disease outbreaks affecting humans on Earth in GYP 1990 through 2043) (fourth generation). The third and fourth generations were developed coöperatively with humans after the [[Ilienian-Human truce of 128.1024]] (this date was chosen for offical signing of the truce because  powers of two are considered auspicious in the Ilienian tradition; the date of informal adoption was 34.[[IY 1022|1022]]).

=====First generation=====
[[Elerit Tatelén]]

=====Second generation=====
[[Elerit Tavól]]

=====Third generation=====
* developed coöperatively with humans
[[Elerit Taméntz]]

=====Fourth generation=====
* developed coöperatively with humans
[[Elerit Tamuilan]]

[[Category:Urat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwekoenish</title>
    <id>8240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54615</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-16T13:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stelvojoj</username>
        <id>1330</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{WIP}}


Dwekoenish (native: Dvekönešč /{{IPA|dvɛˈkʰœnɛʃʧ}}/) is a fictional diachronic language created by Marko Stanković, aka Stelvojoj.

{{Language|
| English = Dwekoenish
| native = Dvekönešč
| country = Dwekoenia
| nativecountry = Dveköneas
| universe = Alternate Earth
| speakers = Unknown
| family = Arvaši
| branch = Hovalic
| subbranch = Northwestern Hovalic
| wordorder = VSO
| type = Fusional
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = Stelvojoj
| date = 2008 AD
| background = #ddddff
| headingbg = #3399ff
| width = 33%
}}


== Phonology ==

Dwekoennish has a relatively Indo-Europeanesque inventory of consonants and vowels. Of special note are the abundance of coronal fricatives, affricates, and the presence of two fully fronted, fully low vowels.

=== Consonants ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || ({{IPA|ŋ}})
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap, Flap || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɾ}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || ({{IPA|ç}}) || || ({{IPA|x}}) || || {{IPA|h}} ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹ}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Short Vowels ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʉ}} || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || {{IPA|ɪ}} || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɤ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || {{IPA|ə}} || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|œ}} || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || {{IPA|a}} {{IPA|ɶ}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɒ}} ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

=== Long Vowels ===

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|iː}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|uː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || {{IPA|eː}} {{IPA|øː}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɤː}} {{IPA|oː}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || || || || {{IPA|ɜː}} || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || {{IPA|aː}} {{IPA|ɶː}} || || || || || ||
|}

&lt;/div&gt;


== Orthography ==

Dwekoenish is written with a variant of the Latin alphabet which contains 31 letters. It consists of 9 vowels and 22 consonants.

A a - /a/

B b - /b/

C c - /ʦ/

Č č - /ʧ/

D d - /d/

Ð ð - /ð/

E e - /ɛ/

F f - /f/

G g - /g/

H h - /h, x, ç/

I i - /i/

J j - /j/

K k - /k/

L l - /l/

M m - /m/

N n - /n, ŋ/

O o - /ɒ/

Õ õ - /ɤ, ɤː/

P p - /p/

R r - /ɾ, ɹ/

S s - /s/

Š š - /ʃ/

T t - /t/

Þ þ - /θ/

U u - /ʉ/

V v - /v/

Y y - /ɪ/

Z z - /z/

Ž ž - /ʒ/

Ö ö - /œ, øː/

Ȍ ȍ - /ɶ, ɶː/


Non-alphabetic letters:

Á á - /aː/

É é - /eː/

Í í - /iː/

Ó ó - /oː/

Ú ú - /uː/

È è - /ə, ɜː/


The vowels marked with acutes represent the long variants of the respective short vowels. The letter È represents a mid-open central unrounded vowel when long and is reduced to a schwa when short. (It is never marked for length.) Long vowels can occur in both stressed and unstressed syllables.

The letters Õ, Ö, and Ő are also not marked for length. Õ and Ő typically do not change in phonemic value when lengthened, but Ö rises from a mid-open to a mid-close vowel. Y has no long variant.

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

Dwekoenish is a highly inflected fusional language with agglutinative characteristics. Nouns and adjectives are declined for three numbers and sixteen cases. Patterns of declension are grouped into three genders.

The first declension pattern applies to masculine nouns whose nominative forms end in -è or any non-sibilant consonant.


'''Könè''', king

{| class=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;
| 
| '''Singular'''
| '''Dual'''
| '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| könè
| köneas
| kȍnás
|-
| '''Genitive'''
| könu
| köne
| könem
|-
| '''Dative'''
| kön
| könedast
| kȍnadast
|-
| '''Benefactive'''
| köné
| könea
| könia
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| könu
| köneai
| köniaš
|-
| '''Locative'''
| könest
| könist
| kȍnast
|-
| '''Illative'''
| könesten
| könisten
| kȍnasten
|-
| '''Inessive'''
| könestí
| könistí
| kȍnastí
|-
| '''Elative'''
| könestom
| könistom
| kȍnastom
|-
| '''Allative'''
| könesté
| könisté
| kȍnasté
|-
| '''Adessive'''
| könestje
| könistje
| kȍnastje
|-
| '''Ablative'''
| könestod
| könistoðy
| kȍnastoða
|-
| '''Terminative'''
| könestá
| könistá
| kȍnastá
|-
| '''Prolative'''
| könestav
| könistav
| kȍnastav
|-
| '''Abessive'''
| könedz
| könidz
| kȍnadz
|-
| '''Comitative'''
| kȍnat
| köneat
| köniat
|}

Note that the letter -ö- is assimilated to -ȍ- when it is proceeded by -a- or -à- (but not -ia-) in the following syllable.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khanty</title>
    <id>8241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58024</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-24T23:17:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Consonants */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Spoken in Western Siberia, Khanty forms the eastern half of the [[Ob-Ugric]] languages. It has usually been treated as a single language divided in many dialects, tho a division into a small family of 3-4 languages may be more appropriate. The historical phonology of Khanty has been problematic in Uralistics.

==Consonants==
*s and *š develop into *ɬ unconditionally, while *ś depalatalizes to *s (common Ugric-Samoyedic developments).

*ɬ assimilates to *s if the word contains another *s as well (*sükśɜ → #ɬüɣs → *söɣəs &quot;autumn&quot;, *sopśi → #ɬåps → *saapəs &quot;net needle&quot;, *śosra → #såɬra → *saarəs &quot;1000&quot;)

In all dialects but that of Tremjugan (where initial *ɬ → /j/), *ɬ then merges with *l (including that from *ð). The core dialects' reflex is /l/; a few retain /ɬ/; the marginal Vax and Obdorsk 'lects have /t/ (as do Mansi and Smy.) A *ɬʲ also emerges (which is treated the same).

As in Mansi, *w *k *x all become *ɣ in *i-stems. Before *t, *č, this is lost. When occurring after a coronal (*ɬɣ *rɣ), it is metathesized (again only in *i-stems).

*ðʲ becomes (as in Samoyedic) /j/, possibly thru an intermediate *ĺ (as in Mansi and Permic).

Retroflex *ɭ *ɳ sometimes appear for *l *n; the conditioning is not entirely clear but at least the presence of the pre-existing retroflex *č triggers this. Of note is that *ɭ does ''not'' fricate; rather, in the dialects where *l → ɬ/t, this becomes a new /l/.

Dialectal isoglosses tend to be shared with adjacent Mansi or Selkup dialects.
* West Khanty:
** *k → χ near back vowels (except… &lt;!--is this &quot;Saly&quot; or &quot;Sely&quot; I've written here, and what?--&gt;)
** *č → š (further → s in Obdorsk, as also in Sosva Mansi)
** *ć → s
* East Khanty
* *ć → tʲ

==Vowels==
Khanty dialects generally have a distinction between full and overshort vowels. This correlates with the long-short distinction of [[Mansi]], and is transcribed here as geminate vs. single.

Many vowels develop different near to velar consonant, which is mark'd by &lt;Vˠ&gt;. Some dialects trigger labialization in following velars, markd by &lt;Vʷ&gt;.

Several paradigmatic vowel alternations (generally in height or length, such as *ɑɑ ~ *uu, or *e ~ *ee) occur in some varieties, that are generally thought to result from umlaut at a stage when there was a richer system of non-initial syllable vowels.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! !! Vax-Vasjugan !! Tremjugan-Jugan !! Demj-Konda !! Nizjam !! Kazym !! Obdorsk !! vs. [[Mansi]] !! Notes
|-
| *uu || uu || uu || yy, uuˠ || u || u || uu || *uu ([oo]?)
|-
| *ɯɯ || ɯɯ || ɯɯ || ii, eeˠ ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| i ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| i ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ii || *ɯɯ ([ɤɤ]?), *a
|-
| *ii || ii || ii ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ii || *ii ([ee]?)
|-
| *yy || yy || iiʷ
|-
| *oo₁ || oo || o, a ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| uu, ooˠ ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| uu ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| (w)oo ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| oo || *aa, *a, *å
| Živlov: *a
|-
| *oo₂ || uu || uu || 
| Živlov: *oo
|-
| *ɔɔ || ɔɔ || oo ||
|-
| *ɑɑ || ɑɑ || ɒɒ || oo, ɑɑˠ || ɔɔ || ɔɔ || ɑɑ || *ɯɯ, *ɑɑ
|-
| *ee₁ || ee, øøˠ || aa ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ee ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ee ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ee ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ee || *ää, *ä
| Živlov: *ä
|-
| *ee₂ || ii || ii ||
| Živlov: *ii; N&amp;K (j)ee
|-
| *øø || øø || aa, ø ||
| Živlov: Split from *ee₁
|-
| *ææ || ææ || aa ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| aa ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɑɑ ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɑɑ ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| aa || *ii
| Sammallahti: TJ /ɒɒ/ ? (typo ''å'' for ''ȧ''?)
|-
| *ɶɶ || œœ || eeʷ ||
| Živlov: Konda &amp; O. /oo/ / _k
|-
| *o || o || o ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɑ ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| o ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| o ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ɑ || *a, *å
|-
| *ɑ || ɑ || ɑ ||
| Živlov: *ɯ (?!)
|-
| *e || e || e || e || ɑ || ɑ || a || *i
|-
| *ɵ || ø || ɵ, eʷ || ɵ || u || u || uu || *ü
|}

There is an interesting anomaly in the treatment of the Proto-Uralic close vowels:
* *i → *ee₁; *e before a cluster
* *u → *oo₁; *o before a cluster
* but: *ü → *ɵ uniformly (never **øø)
What seems to be going here starts unraveling once we compare the Mansi reflexes:
* *i → *ä
* *u → *å
* *ü → *ä, but Northern Mansi ''ü''
In common Ob-Ugric these were apparently lower'd to *e *o *ö. In NMs it seems *ö then re-raised to ''ü'' (elsewhere merging to *e and continuing to *ä). (This could be motivated by the typological rarity of having /ø/ but no /y/. New *i and *u did exist, but there was no new *ü.) NMs shares several innovations with the Khanty dialects; so, here it would seem that *ö also raised to *ü and was lower'd to *ɵ only later, akin to *e also partly deriving from common Ob-Ugric *i (← PU *ê). This may explain the *uu-like reflexes in Eastern Khanty as well.

(The vowel usually call'd *ï in PU yields mostly *ɯɯ or *ɑɑ and is better understood as a mid vowel, *ë [ɤ ~ ʌ])

===Isoglosses===
&lt;!--====Proto-Khanty to VV====
Generally unchanged, save for the following purely phonetic changes:
* ɵ → ø
* ɶɶ → œœ

====Proto-Khanty to TJ====
* *yy → ii (shared with DK~O)
* *ææ → ɑɑ ??
* Vowel rotation
** *oo → o, ɑ
** *ɔɔ → oo
** *ɑɑ → ɒɒ
** *ee → aa
** *øø → aa, ø
** *ɶɶ → ee

====Proto-Khanty to Proto-DK-N-K-O====
* Labiality mergers etc: *ɯɯ *yy → ii, *ɔɔ → oo, *øø → *ee, *ɶɶ → *ææ, *o → ɑ, 
* subsequently *ææ → aa

====DK-N-K-O to DK====
* *oo → *uu

====DK-N-K-O to Proto-N-K====
* Long full vowels shorten: *uu *ii → u i
* Lo vowel backing: *ɑɑ → ɒɒ, *aa → ɑɑ, *a → ɑ
* In Nizjam only, *oo → uu (shared with DK)

====DK-N-K-O to Obdorsk====
(no change!)
--&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Quasi-Polynesian</title>
    <id>8242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55355</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-30T18:17:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Defined &quot;amapuma&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Below is the vocabulary of a collaborative conlang with a Quasi-Polynesian phonology - (C)V syllables, 8 consonants /p t k s h m n r/ and three vowels
/i a u/. Please feel free to add definitions, grammar and example sentences.

;ahihi:
;ahu:
;aihi:
;aka: 1sg prn, ''I''
;akari:
;akaru:
;aku:
;ama: ''mother''
;amahamu: ''mother's mother''
;amanu:
;amapuma: ''father's mother''
;amira:
;amiri:
;amu:
;anu:
;anui: ''seven''
;anuta:
;apa:
;apu:
;apuka:
;aputa:
;ara:
;aru:
;asa:
;asi:
;asipa:
;asisu:
;asu:
;asuha:
;ata:
;ati:
;atipu:
;atiru:
;atusasasa:
;auhumu:
;auri:
;ha:
;haa:
;haaimu:
;haha:
;hai:
;haimati:
;haka:
;haki:
;hakupa:
;hami:
;hamu:
;hana:
;hanitu:
;hanu:
;hanuka:
;hanukumu:
;hapu:
;hapuri:
;hara:
;haraha:
;haru:
;hasa:
;hatapa:
;hati:
;hatisa:
;hatisi:
;hi: definite direct object marker
;hiha:
;hihi:
;hihisa:
;hiira:
;hika:
;hiki:
;hikii:
;hikui:
;hima:
;himi:
;himinu:
;himiru:
;hina:
;hinata:
;hinu:
;hipa:
;hipi:
;hipiha:
;hipina:
;hipinu:
;hipu:
;hipuma:
;hipupi:
;hiri:
;hisa:
;hisahu:
;hisapi:
;hisatu:
;hisi:
;hisisa:
;hisutura:
;hitasi:
;hitiru:
;hitu:
;hituta:
;hiu:
;hiua:
;hiuku:
;hiuuru:
;hu:
;huhimuka:
;hui:
;huka:
;hukai:
;hukati:
;hukima:
;hukuhi:
;hukuta:
;humu:
;humui:
;humuna:
;humupa:
;huna:
;huni:
;hunina:
;hunu:
;hupa:
;hupaku:
;hupasa:
;hupi:
;hupu:
;hupua:
;hupusi:
;hura:
;huri:
;huriki:
;hurimu:
;huru:
;hurumapa:
;husa:
;huta:
;hutatutu:
;hutii:
;hutu:
;hutuma:
;ihu:
;ihuha:
;ihuka:
;iiki: ''eight''
;ima:
;imi:
;imihiha:
;imipi:
;imu:
;imuta:
;ina:
;inarui:
;ini:
;ipu:
;ipuni:
;ipuu:
;ira:
;iru:
;ita:
;iti:
;itihi:
;itipu:
;itu:
;ituu:
;iua: ''love''
;ka:
;kaahisi:
;kaha:
;kahi:
;kahimi:
;kahu:
;kahusi:
;kai:
;kaka:
;kakaka:
;kakaku:
;kaki:
;kakuhu:
;kama:
;kamana:
;kana:
;kanipi:
;kanu:
;kapamu:
;kapika:
;kapimuta:
;kapu:
;kapura:
;kara:
;karamiru:
;kari:
;karihi:
;karu:
;karumasu:
;karuta:
;kasi:
;kasihu:
;kasisa:
;kasu:
;kasumima:
;kasutu:
;katuhi:
;ki:
;kia:
;kiha:
;kihu:
;kihunati:
;kii:
;kika:
;kiki:
;kikihuu:
;kikisi:
;kima:
;kimaha:
;kimari:
;kimina:
;kimupama:
;kina:
;kinahutu:
;kini:
;kinu:
;kipa:
;kipiki:
;kipitu:
;kipu:
;kirariti:
;kiri:
;kirihi:
;kirika:
;kiru: v.tr. ''see''.
;kisa:
;kisi:
;kisitiku:
;kisu:
;kita:
;kitaki:
;kitasu:
;kiti:
;kitihi:
;kitiki:
;kitu:
;kiui:
;kiuru:
;ku: ''no''
;kuhi:
;kuhirupa:
;kuhu:
;kuka:
;kukahama:
;kuki:
;kukiu:
;kukiusa:
;kuku:
;kukuna:
;kukutuhamai:
;kumatu:
;kumi:
;kumu:
;kunari:
;kupa:
;kupana:
;kupi:
;kupuri:
;kupusi:
;kura: ''six''
;kuri:
;kurira:
;kusa:
;kusu:
;kusuti:
;kuta:
;kutu:
;kutuki:
;kutunu:
;kutusi:
;ma:
;maa:
;maasu:
;maha:
;mahati:
;mahi:
;mahiti:
;mahu:
;mahunu:
;mai:
;maii:
;maka:
;mami:
;mamu:
;mana:
;manahusu:
;manara:
;mani:
;manihi:
;manipi:
;maniu:
;manu:
;mapa:
;mapi:
;mapihi:
;mapima:
;mapu:
;maputi:
;mapuupisi:
;mara:
;maru:
;masaki:
;masi: ''five''
;masipi:
;masu:
;masuka:
;masusa:
;mata:
;mataa:
;matana:
;mataputi:
;mati:
;matu:
;matuupu:
;mi: ''yes''
;miai:
;miha:
;mihu:
;mihuka:
;mii:
;miihu:
;miki:
;mikira:
;mikita:
;mima:
;mimari:
;mimi:
;mimini:
;mimumu:
;mimuta:
;mimuu:
;mini:
;miniha:
;minu:
;mipa:
;mipasu:
;mipi:
;mipu:
;mipupa:
;mipuuti:
;mira:
;mirasa:
;mirihi:
;miru:
;mirura:
;mirusi:
;misa:
;misi:
;mita:
;miti:
;mitia:
;mitii:
;mitirui:
;mitu:
;mituati:
;mituhu:
;miu:
;mu:
;mua:
;muaku:
;muami:
;muapu:
;muasu:
;muha:
;muhahaka:
;muhipa:
;muka:
;mukami:
;mukasi:
;muki:
;mukika:
;mukinu:
;muku:
;mukuki:
;mukuma:
;mukuti:
;muma:
;mumai: n. ''tree''.
;mumanu:
;mumi:
;muna:
;munapu:
;munu:
;mupa:
;mupaha:
;mupahi:
;mupani:
;mupi:
;mupihu:
;mura:
;murakusumuhisi:
;muri:
;murihipi:
;murimiti:
;muririnu:
;musa:
;musami:
;muta:
;muti:
;na:
;naa:
;nai:
;naka:
;nakama:
;nakamaha:
;nakapa:
;naki:
;naku:
;nama:
;namu:
;namuhi:
;nanu:
;nanui:
;nanurupi:
;napa:
;napakasi:
;napari:
;napi:
;napu:
;napupi:
;nasi:
;nasu:
;nasusu:
;nata:
;natasia:
;natu:
;natusu:
;nau:
;nauni:
;ni:
;nia:
;niamu:
;niha:
;nihi:
;nihimi:
;nihina:
;nihiruna:
;nii: ''four''
;nikahu:
;nikaki:
;niki:
;nikini:
;niku:
;nima:
;nimu:
;nimuki:
;nimuni:
;nina:
;ninana:
;ninu:
;ninumi:
;ninunu:
;nipa:
;nipaa:
;nipu:
;nipuhu:
;nira:
;niri:
;niru:
;niruki:
;nisa:
;nisami:
;nisi:
;nisu:
;nisuka:
;nita:
;nitu:
;nituhuri:
;nitui:
;nituna:
;nitusa:
;nitutua:
;niui:
;nu:
;nuaati:
;nuanu:
;nuha:
;nuhaki:
;nuhasa:
;nuhatura:
;nuipi:
;nuira:
;nuka:
;nuki:
;nuku:
;nukui:
;nukumi:
;nukupi:
;numi:
;numu:
;nuni:
;nupi:
;nupiki:
;nupipu:
;nupu:
;nupura:
;nura:
;nurai:
;nuru:
;nusi:
;nusisa:
;nusisu:
;nusu:
;nusua:
;nusuka:
;nusupa:
;nutaha:
;nuti:
;nutihi:
;nuu:
;nuura:
;nuuri:
;nuusi:
;pa:
;paama:
;paha:
;paisika:
;paka: ''nine''
;paki:
;pakini:
;paku:
;pakunu:
;pakusi:
;pakutanu:
;pamiha:
;pamihuni:
;pamu:
;pamuhihi:
;pamuna:
;pana:
;panu:
;papa:
;papari:
;papuanusa:
;para:
;pari:
;paru:
;paruku:
;pasi:
;pasu:
;pata:
;patiku:
;patu:
;pau:
;pi:
;pia:
;piami:
;pihipisu:
;pihu:
;pii:
;piki:
;pikuta:
;pima:
;pimaa:
;pimusi:
;pina:
;pini:
;pinisu:
;pinu:
;pinumira:
;pipa:
;pipi:
;pipu:
;pira:
;pirapa:
;pisa:
;pisi:
;pisu:
;pisua:
;pisuma:
;pisupi:
;pisuu:
;piti:
;pu:
;pua:
;puapu:
;puha:
;puhaki:
;puhana:
;puhiuru:
;pui:
;puia:
;puki:
;pukiti:
;puku:
;pukui:
;pukupu:
;pumi:
;puna:
;punama:
;punara:
;punasu:
;puni:
;puniri:
;punisasa:
;pupi:
;pupu:
;pura:
;puri:
;puriti:
;puritu:
;purituri:
;pusa:
;pusani:
;pusihi:
;pusitu:
;pusu:
;pusumu:
;pusuta:
;putura:
;puu:
;puuki:
;puumu:
;ra:
;raa:
;rahu:
;rai:
;raita:
;raka:
;rakaipa:
;rakami:
;rakanamu:
;raki:
;rakihu:
;raku:
;rami:
;rana:
;rananu:
;ranapau:
;ranaru:
;rani:
;ranihi:
;raninu:
;ranu:
;ranua:
;ranumunu:
;rapi:
;rapu:
;rari:
;raru:
;rarumi:
;rasa:
;rasu:
;rasupa:
;rati:
;ratia:
;ratina:
;ratu:
;ratuki:
;rau:
;rauati:
;raupuna:
;rauru:
;ri:
;ria: ''two''
;riha:
;rihahi:
;rihi:
;rihima:
;rihu:
;rii:
;riia:
;riisa:
;riki:
;rima:
;rimaha:
;rimi:
;rimimi:
;rimu:
;rina:
;rinaku:
;rini:
;rinina:
;rinutu:
;ripahu:
;ripi:
;rira:
;riri:
;riripa:
;riripi:
;risa:
;risahiku:
;risapi:
;risi:
;risu:
;rita:
;riti:
;riuhaa:
;ru:
;rua:
;ruha:
;ruhi:
;ruhiratu:
;ruipi:
;ruipu:
;ruiri:
;ruka:
;rukaka:
;rukaki:
;ruki:
;ruku:
;rukua:
;ruma:
;rumani:
;rumu:
;rumurasi:
;rumuta:
;runa:
;runaa:
;runahaa:
;runamu:
;runapi:
;runi:
;runiaru:
;runimu:
;runiti:
;runua:
;runuha:
;rupa:
;rupapii:
;rupau:
;rupi:
;rupina:
;rupu:
;rupuni:
;rura:
;rurahi:
;rurakasi:
;ruraku:
;rurari:
;ruri:
;ruru:
;ruruhua:
;rusai:
;rusi:
;rusima:
;rutu:
;rutuni:
;ruu:
;sa:
;saa:
;saapu:
;saha:
;sahi:
;sahu:
;saina:
;saka:
;sakukinu:
;sama:
;samani:
;samasu:
;sami:
;samiku:
;sana:
;sanu:
;sanumu:
;sapa:
;sapani:
;sapanu:
;sapatini:
;sapi:
;sara:
;sarasa:
;sarita:
;saruki:
;sasa:
;sasaisu:
;sasaka:
;sasu:
;sasuki:
;sasurina:
;sata:
;satami:
;satina:
;sautu:
;si:
;sia:
;siamutisu:
;siapi:
;siasa:
;siha:
;sihi:
;sihita:
;sii:
;sikamapana:
;simi:
;simu:
;sini:
;siniru:
;sinitu:
;sinu:
;sinura:
;sipa:
;sipari:
;sipi:
;sipisu:
;sira:
;sirana:
;siruru:
;sisa:
;sisi:
;sisu:
;sisuni:
;sita:
;sitaki:
;siti:
;sitisu:
;situ:
;siu: ''zero''
;siumi:
;siusi:
;siusu:
;su:
;sua:
;suhi:
;suhiha:
;suhu:
;suikaita:
;suka:
;suki:
;suku:
;sukumu:
;sukuu:
;suma:
;sumi:
;sumii:
;sumika:
;sumiri:
;sumu:
;sumuta:
;suna:
;suni:
;sunisu:
;sunu:
;supa:
;supariri:
;supi:
;supika:
;supiri:
;supu:
;supuminukamu:
;supumu:
;sura:
;suraa:
;suraki:
;surapima:
;suri:
;suru:
;suruha:
;suruna:
;susa:
;susi:
;susika:
;susu:
;susuku:
;susura:
;susutu:
;suta:
;sutama:
;sutatima:
;sutau:
;suti:
;sutipusiputi:
;ta:
;taa:
;taha:
;tahami:
;tahii:
;tahu:
;tahunu:
;tai: ''one'' (number)
;taipa:
;taki:
;takihi:
;taku:
;takutuha:
;tamana:
;tamapi:
;tamu:
;tani:
;tanu:
;tanusi:
;tanuta:
;tapu:
;tapui:
;taputi:
;taputu:
;taru:
;tasi:
;tasiri:
;tasu:
;tasua:
;tasui:
;tasuku:
;tasuta:
;tata:
;tatupaku:
;tauhuri:
;tautuna:
;ti:
;tia:
;tiamu:
;tihi:
;tihii:
;tihina:
;tihu:
;tii:
;tiimu:
;tiira:
;tika:
;tiki:
;tikipa:
;tiku:
;tikuka:
;tima:
;timaka:
;timi:
;timu:
;timunu:
;tina:
;tinu:
;tipa:
;tipi:
;tipira:
;tipu:
;tipusu:
;tira:
;tiri:
;tisa:
;tisamutama:
;tisi:
;tisisi:
;tisuta:
;tita:
;titakaha:
;titasi:
;titu:
;tiutu:
;tu:
;tua:
;tuahi:
;tuha:
;tuhu:
;tuhuhu:
;tui:
;tuisumi:
;tuka:
;tukaki:
;tukau:
;tuki:
;tuku:
;tumi:
;tunapu:
;tuni:
;tunini:
;tuniniti:
;tunu:
;tunuki:
;tupa:
;tupani:
;tupi:
;tupiri:
;tupu:
;tupusa:
;tupuu:
;turi:
;turihia:
;turiri:
;turiti:
;turu:
;tusa:
;tusini:
;tusiri:
;tusu:
;tutusini:
;uani:
;uha: ''three''
;uhaka:
;uhia:
;uhiri:
;uhu:
;uka:
;ukaa:
;ukasiha:
;uki:
;ukika:
;ukusi:
;umaku:
;umatimamisa:
;umu:
;umuka:
;uni:
;unu:
;unuka:
;unuri:
;unuta:
;upa:
;upahi:
;upata:
;upu:
;ura:
;uraama:
;urahi:
;uraruna: ''thunder''
;uri:
;uru:
;uruturi:
;usati:
;usi:
;usihu:
;usiru:
;usuhi:
;uta:
;utu:
;utui: v.in. ''sleep''.
;ututa:
;ututinimi:
;utuuina:
;uu:
;uuku:
;uusuhanu:

[[Category:Collaborations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:12345.JPG</title>
    <id>8243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54651</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-18T03:13:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AssaSom</username>
        <id>1394</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keyot Languages</title>
    <id>8244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54659</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-18T19:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K1234567890y</username>
        <id>753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Keyot languages''', also called '''Suteno languages''', are languages spoken by the [[Keyot people]] in The 8th World.  All Keyot languages are decendent of [[Proto-Keyot Lang…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Keyot languages''', also called '''Suteno languages''', are languages spoken by the [[Keyot people]] in The 8th World.

All Keyot languages are decendent of [[Proto-Keyot Language]].

==Subdivisions==
*Oplenzeno Languages
*Lenzeno Languages:
**[[North Suteno Language]]
**Central Suteno Languages:
***[[Central Suteno Language]]
***[[South Suteno Language]]
**[[Eastern Suteno Language]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Brithenig</title>
    <id>8245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54661</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-19T09:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Focalist</username>
        <id>1396</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '==Welsh== Just one or two points concerning the Welsh-language equivalents given in the article's table: *'''death''': this is more frequently ''marwolaeth'', rather than ''angau…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Welsh==
Just one or two points concerning the Welsh-language equivalents given in the article's table:
*'''death''': this is more frequently ''marwolaeth'', rather than ''angau''
*'''egg''': not &quot;yw&quot; but ''wy'' (South) / ''ŵy'' (North) 
*'''fish''': ''pysgod'' is the plural form; the singulative is ''pysgodyn''
*'''I''': the base form is ''mi'' (''fi'' and ''i'' are, respectively, mutated and reduced forms)
*'''sky''': the usual word is ''awyr'' (although ''wybr'''en''''' exists, in the sense of &quot;firmament&quot;)
-- [[User:Focalist|Focalist]] 09:57, 19 June 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of natlangs by suffix</title>
    <id>8246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58590</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T02:05:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* -ese */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In case anyone cares for such statistics.
Sample size: from [[wikipedia:List of languages by number of native speakers]]

==-ese==
Generally East Asia, all of them maritime:
*[[Acehnese]]
*[[Assamese]]
*[[Balinese]]
*[[Buginese]]
*[[Burmese]]
*[[Cantonese]]
*[[Chinese]]
*'''[[Faroese]]'''
*[[Gilbertese]]
*[[Japanese]]
*[[Javanese]]
*[[Madurese]]
*'''[[Maltese]]'''
*'''[[Portuguese]]'''
*[[Sinhalese]]
*[[Vietnamese]]

==-i==
Generally South to Central Asia:
*[[Balochi]]
*[[Brahui]]
*[[Gilaki]]
*[[Santali]]
*[[Zazaki]]
*Indo-Aryan: [[Bengali]], [[Bhili]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Dogri]], [[Garhwali]], [[Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri]], [[Konkani]], [[Kumauni]], [[Maithili]], [[Marathi]], [[Mundari]], [[Nepali]], [[Potwari]], [[Rajbangsi]], [[Romani]], [[Saraiki]], [[Sindhi]], [[Punjabi]] (but: '''[[Oriya]]''')

===-ani===
*[[Azerbaijani]]
*'''[[Guarani]]''' (?)
*[[Mazanderani]]

==-ian==
Generally eastern Europe, Italy, Caucasus, Polynesia:
*[[Albanian]]
*[[Armenian]]
*[[Belarusian]]
*[[Bosnian]]
*[[Bulgarian]]
*[[Croatian]]
*[[Estonian]]
*'''[[Frisian]]'''
*[[Friulian]]
*'''[[Galician]]'''
*[[Georgian]]
*[[Italian]]
*[[Hawai'ian]]
*[[Hungarian]]
*[[Kabardian]]
*[[Karelian]]
*[[Kashubian]]
*[[Latvian]]
*[[Lezhgian]]
*[[Ligurian]]
*[[Lithuanian]]
*[[Livonian]]
*[[Macedonian]]
*[[Mingrelian]]
*'''[[Mongolian]]'''
*'''[[Norwegian]]'''
*'''[[Persian]]'''
*[[Romanian]]
*[[Russian]]
*[[Sardinian]]
*[[Sicilian]]
*[[Serbian]]
*[[Ukrainian]]
*[[Tahitian]]

===-an===
Grab bag:
*[[Catalan]]
*[[Corsican]]
*[[German]]
*[[Kapampangan]]
*[[Neapolitan]]
*[[Occitan]]
*[[Pangasinan]]
*[[Samoan]]
*[[Tibetan]]
*[[Tongan]]
*[[Tuvan]]

====-ano====
Philippinian:
*[[Cebuano]]
*[[Ilogano]]

===-in===
*[[Mandarin]]

===-ean===
*[[Korean]]

==-ic==
Grab bag #2:
*[[Amharic]]
*[[Arabic]]
*[[Gaelic]]
*[[Icelandic]]
*[[Ossetic]]
*[[Votic]]

==-ish-==
Generally European languages:
*[[Danish]]
*[[English]]
*[[Finnish]]
*[[Irish]]
*'''[[Kurdish]]'''
*[[Limburgish]]
*[[Polish]]
*[[Spanish]]
*[[Swedish]]
*'''[[Turkish]]'''
*[[Yiddish]]

==-sh==
Generally lexicalized former ''-ish'' names:
*[[Dutch]]
*[[French]]
*[[Welsh]]

==Suffixless==
*Sub-Saharan African: [Akan]], [[Bambara]], [[Baoule]], [[Bemba]], [[Chichewa]], [[Dinka]], [[Ewe]], [[Fula]], [[Gbaya]], [[Gikuyu]], [[Hausa]], [[Ibibio]], [[Igbo]], [[Kalenjin]], [[Kamba]], [[Kanuri]], [[Kimbundi]], [[Kinyarwanda]], [[Kirundi]], [[Kongo]], [[Lingala]], [[Luganda]], [[Luo]], [[Lusoga]], [[Luyia]], [[Makhuwa]], [[Maninka]], [[More]], [[Oromo]], [[Senufo]], [[Sesotho]], [[Shona]], [[Somali]], [[Sukuma]], [[Tiv]], [[Tshiluba]], [[Tsonga]], [[Tswana]], [[Umbundu]], [[Wolof]], [[Xhosa]], [[Yoruba]], [[Zarma]], [[Zulu]]
*Dravidian: [[Kannada]], [[Kurux]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil]], [[Telugu]]
*Chinese &quot;dialects&quot;: [[Hakka]], [[Gan]], [[Wu]], [[Xiang]]

*[[Aymara]]
*[[Sunda]]
*[[Quechua]]
*[[Tigrinya]]

*[[Lombard]]

*[[Basque]]
*[[Slovene]]

*[[Zhuang]]
*[[Hmong]]

*[[Czech]]
*[[Chuvash]]

*[[Gondi]]
*[[Luri]]
*[[Thai]]
*[[Yi]]
*[[Buyei]]

*[[Slovak]]
*[[Greek]]
*[[Uzbek]]
*[[Kalmyk]]
*[[Kazakh]]
*[[Sasak]]
*[[Tajik]]
*[[Batak]]
*[[Kumyk]]

*[[Bikol]]
*[[Nahuatl]]

*[[Shan]]
*[[Karen]]
*[[Turkmen]]
*[[Hiligaynon]]
*[[Chechen]]
*[[Walloon]]
*[[Breton]]

*[[Igbo]]
*[[Ometo]]
*[[Pashto]]
*[[Sidamo]]

*[[Afar]]
*[[Khmer]]
*[[Uyghur]]
*[[Tatar]]
*[[Bashkir]]

*[[Piemonteis]]
*[[Afrikaans]]
*[[Scots]]

*[[Tamazight]]
*[[Minangkabau]]
*[[Hindku]]

*[[Hebrew]]

*[[Malay]]
*[[Malagasy]]
*[[Waray-Waray]]

*[[Kyrgyz]]

*[[K'iche']]

[[Category:Natlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Melonian languages</title>
    <id>8247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54686</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-27T01:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PierreAbbat</username>
        <id>1174</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'The '''Melonian languages''' are a branch of [[Borogoni]]. The main modern languages are [[Azarian]], [[Malwinish]], and [[Qrellise]]. Azarian and Malwinish are more closely rela…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Melonian languages''' are a branch of [[Borogoni]]. The main modern languages are [[Azarian]], [[Malwinish]], and [[Qrellise]]. Azarian and Malwinish are more closely related to each other than either is to Qrellise.

Old Melonian had mostly ordinary phonetics, the only exception being the voiceless m sound used for nominative singular in a common declension (and sometimes in middles of words), and a plethora of verb tenses and noun cases, as did Proto-Borogoni. Verbs distinguished third-person and non-third-person, as well as singular and plural, as in Proto-Borogoni. Middle Melonian simplified the verb and noun systems, lost /r/ (usually turning it into /ʒ/), and developed a /c/ or /kʲ/ sound which changed in the daughter languages. Azarian further reduced the phonemic inventory, but developed tone to compensate, while Malwinish further simplified the verb system without much sound change.

Qrellise is descended from Middle Qrellise, about which I don't know much. The most salient feature of Qrellise is the clicks.

Some Old Melonian verb tenses (verb is &quot;hista&quot;, to have):
Present 1 (not specifically present)
mes histas
ses histas
fi hista
meba histanš
seba histanš
feba histan

Present 2 (I have right now)
mes histis
ses histis
fi histi
meba histinš
seba histinš
feba histin

Present 3 (I am having - presents 2 and 3 are conflated in Middle Melonian, and only 2 survives in Malwinish and 3 in Azarian)
mes histos
ses histos
fi histo
meba histonš
seba histonš
feba histon

Imperfect
mes/ses histebas
fi histeba
meba/seba histebanš
feba histeban

Aorist
mes/ses histazos
fi histazo
meba/seba histazonš
feba histazon

Narrative past
mes/ses histir
fi histir
meba/seba histirnes
feba histirne

Future 1
mes/ses histés
fi histé
meba/seba histénš
feba histén

Future 2 (This verb has a phonological irregularity. The regular form is tánisa:tanisé:tanisté (pr1:fut1:fut2, &quot;do&quot;).)
mes/ses histetés
fi histeté
meba/seba histeténš
feba histetén</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya cons.png</title>
    <id>8248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54688</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-27T03:27:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya vwl.png</title>
    <id>8249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54689</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-27T03:27:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya numerals.png</title>
    <id>8250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54690</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-27T03:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nm moya.png</title>
    <id>8251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54700</id>
      <timestamp>2010-06-28T01:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>T Treaty of MR Independence</title>
    <id>8252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54818</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-03T14:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">THE TREATY OF KARYES CONCERNING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SOVEREIGN MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

*His Imperial Majesty, Abd-ul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Holy Synod of the Monastic Republic, desiring to end amicably the state of armed tension between their respective nations and considering that the interests of the Monastic Republic are necessarily linked, by reason of its geographical situation, to those of the Ottoman Empire, have accordingly decided to conclude a treaty and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:
**For His Imperial Majesty, Abd-ul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire: His Imperial Highness Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin
**For The Holy Synod of the Monastic Republic: His Serene Grace Demetrios of St. Athanasios
*Who, being duly authorized, have agreed on the following provisions:

*'''Article 1.''' The Government of His Imperial Majesty assures to the Monastic Republic its independence and its sovereignty and guarantees the integrity of its territory as if that territory were part of the Ottoman Empire. The Holy Synod undertakes, for its part, to exercise its rights of sovereignty in complete conformity with the sovereign interests of the Ottoman Empire.

*'''Article 2.''' The Government of His Imperial Majesty most willingly assumes the commitment to indemnify the Monastic Republic for war and occupation damage to movable and immovable property of the Monastic Republic, whether within the territorial boundaries of the Monastic Republic or in any of the parts of the Ottoman Empire. If, in the course of the present war and by reason of the relations that exist between His Imperial Majesty and the Holy Synod, those which are enemies of the Ottoman Empire should engage in acts of destruction or depredation against the property of the Holy Synod either in the territory of the Monastic Republic or in imperial territory, the Government of His Imperial Majesty declares its readiness to consider the ways in which it can render assistance to the Holy Synod with a view to reparation for the damage caused.

*'''Article 3.''' In addition to acknowledging the sovereign territory of the Monastic Republic as it has existed since the time of the Byzantine Empire, the Government of His Imperial Majesty cedes to the Monastic Republic, as partial compensation, additional territory up to the town of Ierissos. A straight line south-southwest from Latitude 40°23.7' North, Longitude 23°53.3' East to Latitude 40°21.7' North, Longitude 23°53.1' East shall be the new frontier between the Monastic Republic and the Ottoman Empire.

*'''Article 4.''' The Government of His Imperial Majesty may, in case of emergency, and only at the request of the Holy Synod, cause such naval forces as are necessary for the maintenance of the security of the two countries to enter and remain in the territorial waters of the Monastic Republic for as long as deemed necessary by the Holy Synod.

*'''Article 5.''' Special agreements shall establish the provisions relating, in particular, to the organization of joint public services, the treatment of aliens, and the co-ordination of frontier surveillance, it being understood that it shall be solely the concern of the Holy Synod to enact provisions concerning the internal public order of the Monastic Republic.

*'''Article 6.''' This Treaty shall, as soon as circumstances permit, be brought to the notice of the Powers by the Government of His Imperial Majesty, that all nations may acknowledge the sovereign independence of the Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain.

*In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty and have thereto affixed their seals.

*Done in duplicate, at Karyes, on 11 October 1878.
**[His Serene Grace Demetrios of St. Athanasios]
**[His Imperial Highness Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Rajo-Faraneit Root List</title>
    <id>8253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55253</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-22T20:20:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* d */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a compendium of all roots in [[Proto-Rajo-Faraneit]]. The following orthography will be used for maximum ease:

/p b t d k q pf) bv) ts) tθ) f v θ x/ &lt;p b t d k q pf bv ts th f v h x&gt;
/m n r ɻ l ɭ/ &lt;m n r r' l l'&gt;
/æ ɑ ɛ e i o u/ &lt;ä a ë e i o u&gt; (when stressed &lt;à á è é í ó ú&gt;)

==a==
*adsäs - MOD irritating

*ámik - N rain

*aptít - VN haggle

*asbas - MOD flat

*asiéna - MOD final, last, terminal

==ä==
*äsa - N silence

*äsda - N wound

==b==
*bàunic - VN eat

*bonác - VN practice

==bv==

==d==
damäifa - N strap, buckle, belt

==e==

==ë==

==f==
*fäkéi - N example

==h==
*hä - MOD merciful

==i==

==k==

==l==

==l'==

==m==
miká - VN shift

==n==

==o==
*óutir - N dust

==p==
*péit - VN search (for)

*pít - VN try, attempt

==pf==
*pfäkí - N shape, form

==q==

==r==

==r'==

==s==
*s- = ''prefix'' not, without

==t==

==ts==

==th==
*tha - MOD polite

==u==
*útir - N fox, dog

==v==

==x==
*xàur - MOD bothersome, annoying
*xor - MOD shocking, improper</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Etimri</title>
    <id>8254</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54781</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-02T06:50:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Humancadaver101</username>
        <id>212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Roots */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Proto-Etimri is the direct ancestor to the language [[Etimri]]. 

==Phonology==

==Roots==
*abzémews - to pay attention
*brèldyz - ownership
*brýd - shore
*bhysùlzyk - severe
*dnídews - to consider
*drarhàs - shrimp-like creature
*dysugrhýz - raspberries
*dysìl - portion
*dhysà - arrival
*èryn - salt
*khé - not, no
*nìtews - to legislate, to decree
*òchews - to remember
*skaijhní - orchard
*xùlyng - weapon</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-T.gif</title>
    <id>8255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54775</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-02T01:04:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /θ/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /θ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-l.gif</title>
    <id>8256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54776</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-02T01:05:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /l/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Nother/Drake|Drake]] letter for /l/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:LinguarumMagister</title>
    <id>8257</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55831</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-07T15:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">My name is Anthony Miles. I started conlanging in high school, but fell in love with languages by reading Tolkien and starting Latin and Greek with stories of Aeneas and Achilles. My first conlang, naReNga naRí, was based on varying vowels within or next to consonantal roots. These notes exist somewhere at my parents' house. My second developed conlang, Habazalei Dhabramez, was Indo-European-influenced, and on its strength I joined the Conlang List. The notes for this conlang are in disrepair, and I doubt I can reconstruct it sufficiently thoroughly. My third fully developed conlang, Fortunatian or Uchunata, was set in a conworld, the Fortunate Islands Universe, which soon superceded the conlanging aspect of world building. I spent the next few years developing the FIU mythos and narrative. For year or so, I was too busy with other matters to do much conlanging or conculturing, but more recently I have returned to relatively pure conlanging. I have also become a &quot;jan pi toki pona&quot; and interested in minimal languages and natural semantic metalanguage. Don't worry, I'm not turning into an evangelical auxlanger!

Why do I conlang? I am fascinated by all languages, and this is the creative side. I strive in my conlanging to explore syntactic, grammatical, and diachronic concepts which I wish to understand better. I am not very interested in &quot;exotic&quot; sounds and feel that the overuse of such sounds in many conlangers' language distract from the interestinc syntactic, grammatical, and diachronic concepts which they have used. This is one reason why my conlangs tend to possess a relatively simple phonology and I spend little time on phonaesthetics.

When it comes to linguistic universals, the universality of some of which I doubt, I am willing to break a few in the name of aesthetics. For instance, Náŋifi Fasúxa is a strict V1 language. This violates a few universals, but it is completely pronounceable. So far, I have found ways around every non-V1 specification of VSO-dominant languages.

One could say, on the other hand, that I have been searching for &quot;native tongue&quot; my entire conlanging career. I know by now that this language is VSO-dominant, uses roots in a quasi-Hebrew way, and reflects a somewhat primitive way of life. If this sounds a bit like [[Náŋifi Fasúxa]], that is not an accident. I am not going to push Náŋifi Fasúxa or any of my conlangs on anyone, since their &quot;native tongue&quot; will be different from mine, but would be delighted at any interest expressed in it and would gladly return the favor for their conlang.

Languages I am working on:
A priori:

[[Náŋifi Fasúxa]]

[[Cheyoon]]

A posteriori:

[[Fortunatian]]  (revised version)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Náŋifi Fasúxa</title>
    <id>8258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56058</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-16T20:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Annotated Babel Text */  Fixed Subjunctive Adverbs</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Náŋifi Fasúxa
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| ['ná.ŋi.fi fa.'sú.xa]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Semiramis Universe, Post-Catastrophe
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Post-Catastrophe Hominid
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Kámanu
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| c. 3,000 in 9 villages
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Syllabic
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| [[Proto-Náŋifi Fasúxa]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Old Náŋifi Fasúxa]] &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Náŋifi Fasúxa]] 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology:
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Isolating, Root-based
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Accusative
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| V1
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Linguarum Magister
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2010
|}


Náŋifi Fasúxa (the Common Language) is the native language of the Pínaax (the People).

=A Brief Note on the Syntax=

In the Post-Catastrophe universe, one of the features of various hominid races is particular violations of  pre-Catastrophe Universal Grammar. In the  case of the languages of Kámanu, this violation is a rigid V1 order regardless of other grammatical-syntactical restrictions.  Náŋifi Fasúxa is a nominative-accusative language, tense-based rather than aspect-based, and strictly paratactic.

=A Brief Note on the Earliest Diachronics of the languages of Kámanu=

In this document and other research notes on the languages of  Kámanu,  PNF, ONF, and NF indicate different stages of  Náŋifi Fasúxa.

PNF indicates Proto-Náŋifi Fasúxa, the language spoken in the survival shelter and in the very earliest stages of emergence; at this stage the bisyllabic roots were self-segregrating from the monosyllabic suffixes. If the PNF singular and the plural were phonetically distinct, there is no trace of it in the writing system.

ONF indicates Old  Náŋifi Fasúxa, the language spoken in the early day of reestablishing surface life and early expansion. The language acquired the necessary administrative terms for survival, but lost much of the more scientific terms used in the shelter. By this time, roots were trisyllabic, but an examination of the reduplicated forms (the primary grammatical innovation of this stage) shows that the speakers were analyzing the roots by the radical syllables..

NF indicates Náŋifi Fasúxa, the contemporary stage of the language (at least in the central of the nine villages). The roots have stabilized as trisyllabic, but the NF reduplicated forms, with one exception, show that they are analyzing the spoken syllables. The creation of autonomous villages and chieftainships and the movement away from the ONF conciliar structure, has resulted in the semantic shift of numerous roots, most notably, the use of workplaces to indentify persons.

Other tags are INF (Infantile  Náŋifi Fasúxa) and VNF  (Vulgar Náŋifi Fasúxa), but I have not had occasion to consult my collegues on these subdialects in great detail. INF displays several non-standard phonological patterns, while VNF seems to be moving towards an agglutinative language and a simplification of the number-gender overdetermination of NF.

=Phonology=

The phonology is relatively simple, with 9 consonants (p,t,k,m,n,ŋ,f,s,x). There are 3 basic vowels. which may be short or long (a,i,u; aa, ii, uu). The pure long vowel arise from the contact of two similar vowels. There are also six diphthongs (ai [aj], au [aw], iu [ju], ia [ja], ui [wi], ua [wa], which arose from the contact of two dissimilar vowels. Adjacent consonants '''''do not''''' assimilate, as that would confuse trisyllabic radicals to too great an extent. /g/ and /x/ have the relatively free-placement allophones [ʔ] and [h], respectively. [ʔ] is more frequent in initial position or between vowels, but appears to be spreading. [h] has a similar distribution. The two allophones have the following constraint: they cannot appear adjacent to one another.

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Velar ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|n}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || || {{IPA|t}} || || {{IPA|k}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || {{IPA|f}} || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|x}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Long Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| A ||colspan=2| I ||colspan=2| U ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| A || {{IPA|a:}} || || {{IPA|ja}} || || {{IPA|wa}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| I || {{IPA|aj}} || || {{IPA|i:}} || || {{IPA|wi}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| U || {{IPA|aw}} || || {{IPA|ju}} || || {{IPA|u:}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;br/&gt;

==Stress-and-Pitch Accent==
The acute accent on a vowel or diphthong indicates stress and a rising pitch; the unmarked vowels have a falling pitch, but may be stressed. The acute accent may disappear in the spoken form of the word if the stress vowel becomes a diphthong. Thus, the noun pínaxa ['pí.na.xa] 'man' is stressed and high-pitched on the initial syllable, but the equivalent feminine form pianxa ['pjan.xa] woman is not stressedon the initial (spoken) syllable. The equivalent adjectival forms, pina'xa [pi.'ná.xa] 'manly (m.sg.)' and piánxa ['pján.xa] 'womanly (f.sg.)', which place stress on the medial radical syllable, both possess stressed and high-pitched vowel.

For the purposes of stress-and-pitch accent, the long non-diphthongal vowels are considered to be composed of a vowel and the related semi-vowel. This rule applies even to aa [a:], even though there is no equivalent semivowel.

==Radical Syllables and Spoken Syllables==

A peculiarity of Náŋifi Fasúxa is the ability of the syllables in its three-syllable CVCVCV roots to flip form CV to VC depending on the use of the root in the sentence. A CV syllable is herein referred as unflipped or taken as basic and unmarked; a VC syllable is referred to as 'flipped'. In discussion of the grammar of Náŋifi Fasúxa, the terms 'initial syllable', 'medial syllable', and 'final syllable' refer to the syllables of the masculine singular CVCVCV root before any flipping; the feminine plural adjective kuáŋit ['kwá.ŋit] 'the big (feminine things)' has stress on the flipped medial syllable -aŋ-, even though the realization of the stress is on the initial syllable of the word as pronounced. 

=Nouns, Adjectives, and Prepositions=

Nouns, adjectives, and prepositions are characterized by an unflipped intial syllable.

==Nouns==

Nouns indicate gender and grammatical number. The masculine singular retains all the syllables as CV; plurality is indicated by flipping the final syllable, femininity by flipping the medial syllable. Nouns are accented on the initial syllable. Thus:

pínaxa ['pí.na.xa] man

pínaax ['pí.na:x] men

pianxa ['pjan.xa] woman

pianax ['pja.nax] women

==Non-Q Adjectives==

Adjectives are similar to nouns, and agree with the noun they modify in gender and number (the exceptions are the possessive pronouns). Adjectives are accented on the medial syllable and follow the nouns they modify. Thus:

pínaxa kuŋáti ['pí.na.xa ku.'ŋá.ti] a great man

pínaax kuŋáit ['pí.na:x  ku.'ŋájt] great men

pianxa kuáŋti ['pjan.xa 'kwáŋ.ti] a great woman

pianax kuáŋit ['pja.nax 'kwá.ŋit] great women

Adjectives in Náŋifi Fasúxa may be divided into two categories: quantifiable (Q) and non-quantifiable (non-Q). Q adjectives have their own intrinsic number and gender, while non-Q adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun that they modify. This section addresses non-Q adjectives, which are simpler. The Q adjectives will be addressed in the next section along with prepositions.

==Prepositions, Q Adjectives, and the Genitive Prepositional Construct==

Prepositions are accented on the final syllable. They agree with the noun which the prepositional phrase modifies in gender and number, but not with the object of the preposition. Thus:

páŋasa tamapú múfaxa ['pá.ŋa.sa ta.ma.'pú 'mú.fa.xa] the house above the village

páaŋas taamíx múfaxa ['pá:.ŋas ta:.'míx 'mú.fa.xa] the huts below the village

Q adjectives use a similar formation to prepositions. Instead of using a specific preposition, Q adjectives use something called a Genitive Prepositional Construct (GPC), which combines elements of a preposition, a reflexive pronoun, and a relative pronoun. Personal pronouns must use a GPC. The head noun remains the same and the object of the GPC retains its gender and number as if it were an ordinary preposition. The GPC takes a prepositional form (accent on the final radical syllable), the gender and number of the head noun, and the actual root of the object of the preposition. Thus:

tíŋaif pumaaf puamfa ['tí.ŋajf pu.'ma:f 'pwam.fa] my (fsg) sons

=Verbs and Adverbs=

Verbs and adverbs are characterized by a flipped initial syllable.

==Active Verbs==

Active verbs and intransitive verbs are accented on the initial syllable. The verbs agree in gender and number with the subject. Náŋifi Fasúxa is a VSO language. Thus:

átmaxi ... pínaxa kuŋáti ['át.ma.xi ... 'pí.na.xa ku.'ŋá.ti] a great man descends

átmaix ... pínaax kuŋáit ['át.majx ... 'pí.na:x  ku.'ŋájt] great men descend

átamxi ... pianxa kuáŋti ['á.tam.xi ... pjan.xa 'kwáŋ.ti] a great woman descends

átamix ... pianax kuáŋit ['á.ta.mix ... pja.nax 'kwá.ŋit] great women descend

An active verb may function as an active participle after a noun. Thus:

páŋaas úŋxauk ['pá.ŋa:s 'úŋ.xawk] the burning houses

pianxa átamxi ['pjan.'xa:.tam.xi] the women who are descending

The active participle may not be used as a substitute for the equivalent nouns. Thus there is a difference between:

táamxi ['tá:m.xi] the descending ones (feminine plural) 
vs.
pianxa átamxi ['pjan.'xa.tam.xi] the women who are descending

==Passive Verbs==

Passive verbs are accented on the medial syllable. They agree in gender and number with the subject.
Thus:

uŋxáuk ... páŋaas [uŋ.'xáwk ... 'pá.ŋa:s] the houses are burning

A passive verb may function as a passive participle after a noun. As with the active form, the passive participle is strictly adjectival. Thus:

páŋaas uŋxáuk ['pá.ŋa:s uŋ.'xáwk] the burnt houses

There is no nominal equivalent of the passive participle.

==The Verbs &quot;To Be&quot;==
In Náŋifi Fasúxa, the only verbs which do not require a temporal adverb after the verb are the forms átkami, ítŋafi, and íxpunu. These are the active verbal forms of the temporal adverbs. Thus:

átkami tákaxu ['át.ka.mi ,tá.ka.xu]  he was an elder

ítaŋfi táakxu ['í.taŋ.fi 'tá:kxu] she is an elder

íxpuun tákaux ['íx.pu:n 'tá.kawx] they (mpl) will be elders

==Adverbs==

Adverbs are accented on the final syllable. They agree in gender and number with the verb they modify. The chief adverbs are the temporal participles atkamí (past), itŋafí (present), and ixpunú (future). Just as adjectives follow the noun they modify, so too do the adverbs follow the verb.

átamxi atakmí pianxa ['á.tam.xja.tak.'mí 'pjan.xa] the woman descended

átamxi itaŋfí pianxa ['á.tam.xi:.taŋ.'fí 'pjan.xa]the woman descends

átamxi ixupnú pianxa ['á.tam.xi:.xup.'nú 'pjan.xa] the woman will descend

Adverbs may modify adjectives, including active and passive participles.

páŋasa kuŋáti ukŋatí ['pá.ŋa.sa ku.'ŋá.tjuk.ŋa.'tí] the very big house

páŋasa úŋxaku ukŋatí ['pá.ŋa.'sawŋ.xa.ku:k.ŋa.'tí] the great burning house

túnasi uŋxáku ukŋatí ['tu.na.sjuŋ.'xá.ku:k.ŋa.'tí] the big burned stone

The order of adverbs after the noun are descriptive, numerals, and demonstratives. Any of these, should they appear as the sole modifier, appear as adjectives.

=Pronouns=

There are three basic pronominal roots (ŋasipu, natufi, pumafa), which inflect for gender and number. Thus the complete set of pronouns is:

ŋásipu he

ŋásiup they (masculine)

ŋáispu she

ŋáisup they (feminine)


nátufi you (masculine singular)

nátuif you (masculine plural)

náutfi you (feminine singular)

náutif you (feminine plural)


púmafa I (masculine)

púmaaf we (masculine)

puamfa I (feminine)

puamaf we (feminine)

In addition to these three, there are five other personal pronominal forms referring to relative rank of the speaker and the addressee:

púmapu I (higher rank than addressee)

púmaxi I (lower rank than addressee)

púmasu I (no rank reference; often used affectionately)

nátupu you (higher rank than speaker)

nátuxi you (lower rank than speaker)

nátunu you (in general; often used contemptuously)

=Indicative Sentences=
An affirmative indicative active sentence in Náŋifi Fasúxa has the following construction: Verb + Temporal Adverb + Agent + Patient.

ánŋixi ixpunú náŋixa náŋiti the village crier will berate the teacher

A negative indicative active sentence in Náŋifi Fasúxa has the following construction: Verb + Temporal Adverb + Negative Adverb + Agent + Patient.

ánŋixi ixpunú aŋsixí náŋixa náŋiti the village crier will berate the teacher

An affirmative indicative passive sentence in Náŋifi Fasúxa has the following construction: Verb + Temporal Adverb + Patient + Agent.

ánŋiit atkaim xípuax náŋiti the children were taught by the teacher

A negative indicative passive sentence in Náŋifi Fasúxa has the following construction: Verb + Temporal Adverb + Patient + Agent.

ánŋiit atkaim aŋsiix xípuax náŋiti the children were not taught by the teacher

=Predicate Sentences=
Náŋifi Fasúxa predicate sentences have the structure Verb + Predicate Adverb + Subject or Verb + Predicate Noun + Subject. The verb in predicate sentences is the passive form of the verbs &quot;to be&quot;. Thus:

itáŋfi akansá páaŋsa a hut is circular

itáŋfi páŋasa kuŋása páaŋsa a hut is a small house  

Náŋifi Fasúxa sentences with a predicate adverb can drop the verb. This only works for tenseless (and often gnomic) statements. It is important to note that this adverbial tranformation only works for adjectives, not nouns or noun phrase.

akansá páaŋsa a hut is circular

=Interrogative Sentences=

Strictly speaking, Náŋifi Fasúxa has no interrogatives (a rare but attested custom on pre-Hegemonic Earth). The construction of a yes/no question is the same as an ordinary declarative sentence; the interrogative sense comes from context. If the answer to the question is negative, it can easily be denied; if the answer is positive, the question is as much a statement as a question. Thus:

uŋxáuk itŋaif páŋaas [uŋ.'xáw.ki:t.'ŋaif 'pá.ŋa:s] are the houses burning?

uŋxáuk aŋsiix itŋaif páŋaas [uŋ.'xáw.kaŋ.'si:.xit.'ŋaif 'pá.ŋa:s] are the houses burning?

For who/what questions, the indefinite pronouns ŋásixu (somebody) and ŋásinu (anybody) are inserted into the interrogative sentence. 

úŋxaku atkamí ŋásixu páŋaas who burned the huts?

uŋxáuk atkaim páŋaas ŋásinu by whom were the houses burned?

=Imperatives=

The Náŋifi Fasúxa imperative is conjugated for number and gender. The positive form consists of the bare stem of the verb. Thus one might say

ínixpi speak! (fsg)

The negative form adds the negative adverb to the bare stem. Thus one can say,

ínixpi aŋsixí don't speak (fsg)!

The grammatical person of the imperative is inherently second person. The syntax of a complete imperative sentence is thus: Verb (+ Negative Adverb, if any) + Vocative + Patient. Negative and affirmative examples follow:

ínixip aŋisíx ŋítaif sisters, do not speak!

úmfasa xípufi pumafá puampu tákafi natufí nátufi (said by a mother) my son, obey your father!

There is a passive imperative created by reversing the order of the patient and the vocative, but it is extremely rare. One of the Irrealis forms is more frequently found in its place.

=Irrealis Tenses and Moods=

The Náŋifi Fasúxa Subjunctive (which covers many of the irrealis aspects of language) is formed by placing the affirmative adverb aŋsinú after the bare verb; the noun or pronoun follows the affirmative adverb. The negative subjunctive places the negative adverb between the affirmative adverb and the pronoun. Thus a chief of the Pínaax might say:

úmfaas aŋsinú kánuux púmapu May the villagers obey me.

ípnasa aŋsinú aŋsixí púmaxi múfaxu pumaxí púmaxi May I not fail my chief!

==Specific Subjunctive==

The Specific Subjunctive is used when the basic Subjunctive refers to a specific person (the personal pronouns are an exception to this rule). The adverb is aŋsixú. Thus:

úmafpi aŋisxú xiupxi puamfá púmapu múfaxu May my daughter assist the chief!

==Impersonal Gnomic Aorist==

The Impersonal Gnomic Aorist is used for proverbs about moral conduct when the intended addressee (if any) is not present. The proper adverb is aŋsipú. Thus:

ípnaxi aŋsipú pínaxa kanafú kánaxi A person would die in the wastelands.

==Personal Gnomic Aorist==

The Personal Gnomic Aorist is similar to the Impersonal, but is used when the intended addressee (not necessarily the person with whom the speaker is talking) is present. Its adverb is antufí. Thus:

ípnaxi antufí pínaxa kanafú kánaxi A person would die in the wastelands.

==Perjorative Gnomic Aorist==

The Perjorative Gnomic Aorist is similar to the Personal, but conveys contempt. Its adverb is antunú. Thus:

ípnaxi antunú pínaxa kanafú kánaxi A person (you moron!) would die in the wastelands.

==General Gnomic Aorist==

The General Gnomic Aorist is similar to the Personal and Impersonal Forms, but has no moral implications, merely a connotation of &quot;everyone knows this&quot;. Its adverb is afsuxá.

ípnaxi afsuxá pínaxa kanafú kánaxi A person would die in the wastelands.

==Opinative==

The Opinative indicates &quot;in my/your/his opinion&quot;. Its adverb is upmasú.

áfusfa upamsú ŋáispu ŋásinu. In my opinion, she's sleeping with someone.

=Conjunctions=
There are no true conjunctions in Náŋifi Fasúxa, since the language is entirely paratactic (but it does love its adverbs!). If coordination is necessary, specific adverbs are placed after the canonical temporal and negative adverbs. Even when a coordinating conjunctive adverb is present in a sentence, the sense of conjunction is closer to a semi-colon rather than a comma. The temporal conjunctive adverbs fit a seven-point scale of time, based on the words for days; from the farthest past these are: atkatí (before) - atkasú (before) - atkasá (before) - itŋasá or itŋasú(when/now) and itŋafá (now/while) - ixpusá (after) - ixpusú (after) - ixputí (after). The adverb &quot;where&quot; is either antuxú or antuxá.

==Interrogative Conjunction Displacement==
All of the adverbs meaning “before”, “when”, “now”, “while”, or “after” can be used as an interrogative &quot;when?&quot; in the appropriate context – in these case, the conjunction takes the place of the temporal adverb if the temporal adverb agrees with the the anteriority or posteriority of the interrogative conjunction. Thus,  itŋasá or itŋasú may substitute for the  temporal adverb  itŋafí, but not the past temporal adverb atkamí or the future temporal adverb ixpunú. In those cases, the the interrogative conjunctional adverb comes after the temporal adverb and the negative adverb, if present, but before the first noun of the sentence.

=Auxiliary Verbs=

Náŋifi Fasúxa is strictly paratactic. This means that auxiliary verb cannot exist. There are two ways of saying &quot;The woman is ready to collect kindling.&quot; The first method, much more common and clearer, is to separate the components of the sentiment into two sentences - &quot;The woman is ready. She will collect kindling.&quot; The second is to promote the auxiliary verb to the main verb and demote the former main verb to a verbal adverb: &quot;The woman is ready to collect kindling.&quot; In the latter case, the surviving temporal adverb is the one from the first sentence (&quot;is ready&quot;) rather than the second (&quot;will collect&quot;).

útanfi itaŋfí pianxa. útanxa ixupnú ŋáispu ŋúxauf.

be ready-VB-FSG PRES-ADV-FSG man-NOM-FSG collect-VB-FSG FUT-ADV-FSG 3SG-NOM-FSG log-NOM-MPL

útanfi utanxá itaŋfí pianxa ŋúxauf.

be ready-VB-FSG collect-ADV-FSG PRES-ADV-FSG man-NOM-FSG log-NOM-MPL

In contrast, the sentence (with a future temporal adverb and the two possible verbs reversed)

útanfi ixupnú utanfí pianxa ŋúxauf

means “The woman will collect firewood readily (with the appropriate tools).”

=Numbers=
As of this writing, only two NF numbers have been identified: ŋáfisu (one) and fáputu (three); the Pínaax appear to prefer relative quantity over absolute quantatity in speaking. Note that the number used as an independent count noun is masculine singular. A cardinal number agrees with its noun in number and gender, as all non-Q adjectives agree. An ordinal number is a Q adjective, and therefore uses the GPC. A distributive number other than &quot;one&quot; uses a prepositional construction and gafisu' as a preposition. A singular distributive number (&quot;individually, each one&quot;) uses reduplication. ONF used both constructions indiscriminately. Thus:

ŋáfisu one

fáputu three

páŋasa ŋafísu one house, a house

páŋaas fapúut three houses

páŋasa ŋafisú ŋáfisu the first house

páŋaas fapuut fáputu the third house

páŋasa ŋafisúsu each house

páŋaas ŋafisú fáputu every third house

=Pluractional and Reduplicated Verbs=

==ONF Pluractionality==
Reduplication in ONF applied only to plural forms with stressed initial and medial radical syllables. The primary sense of reduplication was iterative and distributive. ONF formed reduplicated words by taking the underlying post-tonic radical syllable, using stress rather than pitch as a metric, and inserting it between 1) the tonic radical syllable if the tonic radical syllable is CV 2) the (still tonic) vowel of the tonic radical syllable and the consonant of the tonic radical syllable if the tonic radical syllable is VC. So if you take the root /tunasi/:

túnais &gt; túnanais

tunáis &gt; tunánais

tuanis &gt; tuaninis

útnais &gt; únatnais

útanis &gt; útaninis

==NF Reduplication==

By NF, the reduplication applied to the surface spoken syllable rather than the underlying radical syllable, and could occur in the singular of verbs and nouns. Reduplication in a singular form means something like &quot;a step (in a series of steps originally described by the 
plural reduplicated verb). The pitch, and therefore the primary stress, shifted to the 
appropriate syllabic vowel, before diphthongization and possible high pitch deletion, for the form. This vowel is antepenultimate for nouns/active verbs and penultimate for
adjectives/passive verbs. Thus:

túnasi &gt; tunánasi

tunási &gt; tunásisi

tuansi &gt; tuásinsi

tuánsi &gt; tuasínsi

túnais &gt; tunainais

tunáis &gt; tunaináis (by analogy with tunainais)

tuanis &gt; tuáninis

tuánis &gt; tuanínis

útnasi &gt; unátnasi

utnási &gt; utnasísi

útansi &gt; utátansi

utánsi &gt; utasínsi

útnais &gt; unaitnais

utnáis &gt; unaitnáis (by analogy with unaitnais)

útanis &gt; utátanis

utánis &gt; utanínis

=Comparisons=

The proper way to form comparisons in Náŋifi Fasúxa is by placing two or more sentences next to one another.

úŋxasa itŋafí tíŋasu. úŋxasa atkamí aŋsixí tákati.

Today it is warm. The day before yesterday it was not warm.

Today is warmer than the day before yesterday.

ukŋatí múfaxu pumapú púmaup. úkŋati itŋafí aŋsixí múfaux ŋásiun.

Our (mpl) chief is great. Any (other) chief is not great.

Our (mpl) chief is the greatest.

=Naming Practices=

NF names need not have any significance beyond personal identification, but for names that are or seem to be legitimate roots (nominal or verbal), the number and gender does matter. Thus Natuni and Antuni are percieved as masculine, and Nautni and Anutni as feminine. Within one's own village, a Pínaxa or Pianxa will generally use only one name. If he (or she) visited a different village, he will generally use the name of his village or some other geographical designation. If there is a need to identify a lineage, or a distinct benefit to doing so, the Pínaxa may choose a patronymic, a matronymic, the name of a close relative, a loosely defined clan name, or a line of apprenticeship. Thus &quot;Kuisfi Káitni&quot; is the &quot;[the woman] Kuisfi, [female relative/female apprentice] of Káitni&quot;, while &quot;Kuisfi Káitin&quot; is the &quot;[the woman] Kuisfi, [female relative/female apprentice] of [the blood or craft lineage of] Káitni [or the Káitin 'guild']&quot;.  Note that the genitive relationship of the two names here does &quot;&quot;not&quot;&quot; use the genitive prepositional construct. Its use in a NF name would be pretentious, even for the most exalted chief. Such use is typical of ONF names, but the genitive prepositional construct has lost that sense in NF.

=Language Sample=

This passage is taken from an epic about a young man curious (perhaps too curious) about the world outside the fertile mountain oases of his world. The second verse is about a similar young woman and her mother.

átkami átkami tíŋaxa kuŋása

ínxipi atkamí tákaxa ŋasipú ŋásipu: 

ítŋafi itŋafí xípuxa pumafá púmasu

úmfasa múfaxu pumafá púmaup

átmaxi aŋsixí tamaxí kánaxi

átmapu aŋsixí tamapú kánapu

ípnapu afsuxá aŋsixí nátufi

ípnaxi afsuxá nátufi kanafú káanxi

íknafu kanafú múfaxa pumafá púmapu

úmfasa atkamí aŋsixí tíŋaxa tákaxa ŋasipú ŋásipu

úmfasa atkamí aŋsixí ŋásipu múfaxu mufaxá múfaxa


Once there was a young man.

His father said: 

You are my son!

Obey our chief!

Do not go down to the valley wasteland.

Do not go up to the mountain wasteland.

You will not survive.

You will perish in the wasteland.

Remain in our village!

The young man* did not obey his father.

He did not obey the chief of the village.


Notes: tíŋaxa in the penultimate line strictly means &quot;adult&quot;, but here it is short for tíŋaxa kuŋása, &quot;young man&quot; from the first line.

átakmi atakmí tiaŋxa kuáŋsa

ínixpi atakmí táakxa ŋaispú ŋáispu: 

ítaŋfi itaŋfí xiupxa puamfá puamsu

úmafsa múfaxu pumafá puamup

átamxi aŋisxí tamaxí kánaxi

átampu aŋisxí tamapú kánapu

ípanpu afusxá aŋisxí náutfi

ípanxi afusxá náutfi kanafú káanxi

íkanfu kanafú múfaxa pumafá puamup

úmafsa atakmí aŋisxí tiaŋxa táakxa ŋaispú ŋáispu

úmafsa atakmí aŋisxí ŋáispu múfaxu mufaxá múfaxa


Once there was a young woman.

Her mother said: 

You are my daughter!

Obey our chief!

Do not go down to the valley wasteland.

Do not go up to the mountain wasteland.

You will not survive.

You will perish in the wasteland.

Remain in our village!

The young woman did not obey her mother.

She did not obey the chief of the village.

=Annotated Babel Text=

11:1 áptaka atkatí kámanu maníŋa náŋifi ŋafísu pataká náŋifi fasúxa.

The whole world had one language and [a] common tongue.

áptaka – hold; the V'CCVCV shape indicates a masculine singular active verb.

atkatí – distal past; VCCVCV' indicates an adverb agreeing in gender and number with áptaka.

kámanu – world; CV'CVCV indicates a masculine singular noun; as the first noun in a sentence with an active verb, kámanu is the subject of the sentence

maníŋa – whole; CVCV'CV indicates a masculine singular adjective; since it follows kámanu, 
maníŋa modifies the noun.

náŋifi – language; CV'CVCV indicates a masculine singular noun; as the second noun in a 
sentence with an active verb, náŋifi is the object  of the sentence.

ŋafísu – one; CVCV'CV indicates a masculine singular noun; it modifies náŋifi.

pataká – and/with; CVCVCV' indicates a prepostition, agreeing in number and gender with náŋifi. 

náŋifi –  direct object of pataká

fasúxa – common; modifies náŋifi

11:2 apuuxpuut atkaus pínaax. íkmaus atkaus ŋásiup kánanu Sinána. áknaaf atkaim aknaaf ŋásiup.

The people easted. They found the plain at Shinar. They dwelt there.

apuuxpuut – easted; reduplicated form of V'CCVVC (masculine plural active verb); the reduplicated form is VCVV'CCVVC, where the the V' has become a semivowel and lost the rising pitch.

atkaus – medial past; VCCVV'C indicates an adverb agreeing in gender and number with apuuxpuut; note that reduplication is not part of mandatory agreement; also note the loss of pitch on the /u/

pínaax – men (Pínaax); CV'CVVC indicates a masculine singular noun;  Pínaax refers specifically to the hominids of Kamanu; the generic word for genus Homo (Transpositive Men, Marching Morons, Mothersdarlings) is  Pínaun

íkmaus – find; V'CCVVC indicates a masculine plural active verb

atkaus – see above

ŋásiup – they; CV'CVVC indicates a masculine plural active (pro)noun; subject of sentence

kánanu – plain; CV'CVCV  indicates a masculine plural active noun; object of sentence

Sinána – Shinar; CVCV'CV indicates an adjective agreeing with kánanu, while the reduplication in the medial and final radical syllables betrays its loanword status

áknaaf – stay; V'CCVCV indicates a masculine plural active verb

atkaim – generic past; VCCVV'C (with semivocalized pitch loss) indicates an adverb agreeing with áknaaf

aknaaf – there; adverb agreeing with áknaaf; this is the same root, but note the difference in pitch

ŋásiup – see above

11:3 ínxiip atkaim ŋásiup tamaaŋ ŋásiaf. úŋxauk aŋsiún púmaaf túnais uŋxáuk. úŋxauk aŋsiún ukŋait púmaaf ŋásiup. úŋxuuk atkaim ŋásiup túnais uŋxáuk. úŋxuuk atkaim aŋsiix ŋásiup túnais. úŋxuuk atkaim ŋásiup tas. úŋxuuk atkaim aŋsiix ŋásiup mústas.

They said to one another. Let us burn burned stones. Let us burn them well. They used burned stones. They did not use stones. They used “tar'. They did not use “mortar”.

ínxiip – say; VC'CVVC indicates masculine singular active verb

atkaim – generic past adverb, modifying ínxiip

ŋásiup – they; subject of sentence

tamaaŋ – to; CVCVV'C indicates agreement with ŋásiup

ŋásiaf – self; CV'CVVC indicates it is a masculine plural noun, the object of tamaaŋ

úŋxauk – burn; V'CCVVC indicates a masculine plural active verb

aŋsiún – adverb marking the Plain Subjunctive and agreeing with úŋxauk. Note that the personal pronouns use the Plain Subjunctive rather the Specific Subjunctive

púmaaf – we; CV'CVVC indicates a masculine plural noun; subject of sentence

túnais – stones; CV'CVVC indicates a masculine plural noun; direct object of sentence

uŋxáuk – burnt; VCCV'VC indicates a masculine plural passive (not necessarily past) participle modifying túnais

túnais uŋxáuk - “burnt stones” or “bricks”

úŋxauk – see above

aŋsiún – see above

ukŋait – greatly or thoroughly; VCVV'C indicates an adverb modifying úŋxauk; note that “greatly” here does not mean “excessive”

púmaaf – see above

ŋásiup – them; as the second noun in the sentence, this is the direct object

úŋxuuk – use; V'CCVVC indicates a masculine plural active verb

atkaim – see above

ŋásiup - they

túnais uŋxáuk - “bricks”

úŋxuuk – see above

atkaim – see above

aŋsiix – negative adverb, modifying úŋxuuk

ŋásiup – they; subject of sentence

túnais – stones; direct object of sentence

úŋxuuk – see above

atkaim – see above

ŋásiup - they

tás - “tar”; foreign word treated as a masculine plural noun; direct object of sentence; violates phonological constraints outside names 

úŋxuuk – see above

atkaim – see above

aŋsiix – see above

ŋásiup – they; subject of sentence

mústas - “mortar”; foreign word treated as masculine plural noun; pseudo-semantically connected to foreign word tás

11:4 ínxiip atkaim ŋásiup. ískuim aŋsiún púmaaf múfaxa kuŋáti pumafá púmaaf aptaká páŋasa punáxa. átmapu ixpuun páŋasa punáxa tamapú kámapu. íxpuun aŋsiún  púmaaf túŋiif pumaaf púmaaf. ukmíis aŋsiún aŋsiix púmaaf kanauf kámanu maníŋa.

They said: let us build our (own) city with a tower. The tower will ascend to Heaven. Let us be our own names (be famous). Let  us not be scattered across the earth.

ínxiip – to say, speak; masculine plural active verb

atkaim – generic past temporal adverb

ŋásiup – they; subject of sentence

ískuim – to build, make; masculine plural active verb

aŋsiún – Plain Subjunctive adverb

púmaaf – we, masculine plural; subject of sentence

múfaxa kuŋáti - “great village”; direct object of sentence

pumafá – genitive prepositional construct, note agreement in number and gender with múfaxa, and in root with púmaaf

púmaaf – direct object of pumafá; the reflexive root here would indicate “the city itself” rather than “our own city”

pataká – preposition, “with”; note the gender and number agreement with  múfaxa rather púmaaf

páŋasa punáxa - “tall house”; object of the preposition

átmapu – to go up, to ascend 

ixpuun – generic future temporal adverb

páŋasa punáxa – see above; subject of sentence

tamapú – preposition, “up, up to”

kámapu – heaven

íxpuun – future form of the verb “to be”

aŋsiún – Plain Subjunctive adverb

púmaaf – we

túŋiif – names; CV'CVVC indicates masculine plural

pumaaf púmaaf – our (masculine plural)

ukmíis – to be scattered; VCCV'VC indicates a masculine plural passive verb

aŋsiún – see above

aŋsiix – negative adverb

púmaaf – see above

kanauf – at; note the agreement with púmaaf

kámanu maníŋa - “the whole earth”

11:5 átmaxi atkamí múfanu kamápu.  ínxipú atkamí ŋásipu múfaxa kuŋáti pataká páŋasa punáxa iskuim itŋaaf pínaax.

The sky bretwalda came down. He perceived the city and the tower being made by the men.

átmaxi – to come down, to descend

atkamí – generic past temporal adverb

múfanu – bretwalda; a mythical concept in Pínaxa culture

kamápu – heavenly; CVCV'CV indicates masculine singular adjective

múfanu kamápu - “heavenly bretwalda” or “God”; here a non-Q adjective is preferred, as a Q adjective would imply other divine entities; in any case, the idea of múfaun (multiple bretwaldas) is antithetical to the concept

ínxipu – to perceive; the root /ínxipu/ means “to smell/hear/see, to use the receptive senses”

atkamí – see above

ŋásipu – he (God)

múfaxa kuŋáti – city

pataká – with, and

páŋasa punáxa - tower

iskumí – masculine singular passive participle modifying  both “múfaxa kuŋáti” and “páŋasa punáxa”; a participle with plural objects usually agrees in number

itŋafá – here, a temporal adverb corresponding to “while”;

pínaax. - “by men”; since iskumí is singular and pínaax is plural, pínaax must be the “second” noun in the sentence, and therefore the agent rather than the patient

11:6 ínxipu atkamí múfanu kamápu. itŋáfi pínanu ŋafísu ŋásiup. ánŋiif itŋaif ŋásiup náŋifi ŋafísu. íxpuaf uŋxuíp atkaus ŋásiup síkumi ŋafíxi. ískuim ixpuun ŋásiup ŋásiun

The sky bretwalda percieved. They are one people. They speak one language. They have begun this work. They will make anything.

ínxipu – to percieve (receptive senses)

atkamí – generic past temporal adverb

múfanu kamápu - God

itŋáfi – present passive form of the verb to be, this indicates a following predicate

pínanu - “people”; the predicate noun of the sentence;  the difference between  pínanu and pínaxa is that the former refers to all post-Catastrophe hominid races, while the latter refers only to the hominids of Kámanu

ŋafísu – one; CVCV'CV indicates an adjective

ŋásiup – they; the main noun of the sentence

ánŋiif – to speak (a language)

itŋaif – generic present temporal adverb

ŋásiup – see above; subject of sentence

náŋifi ŋafísu – one language; direct object of sentence

íxpuaf – to begin; auxiliary verb promoted to primary verb

uŋxuíp – to do the proper motion to make something; main verb demoted to adverb

atkaus – medial temporal adverb; often used in conditional parataxis.

ŋásiup – see above; subject of sentence

síkumi – work; direct object of sentence

ŋafíxi – a particular (thing); here used as equivalent to “that/the”

ískuim – to make;  

ixpuun – generic future temporal adverb

ŋásiup – see above; subject of sentence

ŋásiun.- anything; direct object of sentence

11:7 átmaix aŋsiúp púmaaf. áŋfiun náŋifi ŋasipú ŋásiup. áfsuax íxpuun aŋsiix níxiip ŋasiúp ŋásiup.

Let us descend. Confuse their language! They will not share their own conversation.

átmaixi – to descend 

aŋsiúp – Impersonal Gnomic Aorist adverb; this form indicates moral judgement in absence of the accused

púmaaf – we; subject of sentence

áŋfiun – V'CCVVC indicates a masculine plural imperative.

náŋifi – language

ŋasipú ŋásiup – their own

áfsuax – to share

íxpuun – generic future temporal adverb

aŋsiix – negative adverb

níxiip – conversations

ŋasiúp ŋásiup – see above


11:8 úkmisi atkamí múfanu kamápu ŋásiup kanauf kánafa kanafú kámanu maníŋa. atkáfa  atkamí aŋsixí múfaxa kuŋáti.

The sky bretwalda scattered them from the place across the earth. The city was not finished.

úkmisi – to scatter

atkamí – generic past temporal adverb

múfanu kamápu - God

ŋásiup – subject of sentence

kanauf – at; preposition modifying ŋásiup

kánafa – place; object of the preposition

kanafú – at; preposition modifying kánafa;

kámanu maníŋa – “the whole world” - object of the prepostion; note that the entire notions 
of “from” and “to” are contained in the verb “to scatter” rather than the prepositions 

atkáfa  - to finish; CVCV'CV indicates a masculine singular passive verb

atkamí – generic past temporal adverb

aŋsixí – negative adverb

múfaxa kuŋáti – city; subject of sentence.

11:9 utŋáfi atkamí anŋipí Papínu. áŋfinu atkamí aknafá múfanu kamápu náŋifi kamanú kámanu maníŋa. úkmisi atkamí múfanu kamápu ŋásiup kanauf kánafa kanafú níxixa kamanú kámanu maníŋa.

It was named Babel for this reason. There the sky bretwalda confused the language of the whole earth. The sky bretwalda scattered them from there upon the face of the whole earth.

utŋáfi – to name; VCCV'CV indicates a passive verb

atkamí – generic past temporal adverb

anŋipí – adverb “by this logic”

Papínu – Babel (loanword); subject of sentence

áŋfinu – to (be) vague

atkamí – see above

aknafá – there (adverb)

múfanu kamápu - God

náŋifi - language

kamanú – genitive prepositional construct

kámanu maníŋa - “the whole earth”

úkmisi – to scatter

atkamí – see above

múfanu kamápu – see above; subject of sentence

ŋásiup – they; direct object of sentence

kanauf – at; modifies ŋásiup

kánafa – place; object of preposition

kanafú – at; modifies kánafa 

níxixa – face; this time the first preposition involves motion, the second does not

kamanú – genitive prepositional construct

kámanu maníŋa - “the whole world”

=Links=

[[Náŋifi Fasúxa Thematic Lexicon]]

[[Category:A_priori_conlangs]] [[Category:Náŋifi Fasúxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Treaty of MR Independence</title>
    <id>8259</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>54816</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-03T14:13:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Treaty of MR Independence]] to [[T Treaty of MR Independence]]:&amp;#32;Consistency.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[T Treaty of MR Independence]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:LinguarumMagister</title>
    <id>8260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54834</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-04T02:56:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '1) What names should I use to differentiate between the syllables of the radical and the syllables of the surface form? 2) Should I rename genitive prepositional construct someth…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">1) What names should I use to differentiate between the syllables of the radical and the syllables of the surface form?
2) Should I rename genitive prepositional construct something with 'relative' in it? It does resemble a relative.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Náŋifi Fasúxa</title>
    <id>8261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55703</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-27T00:40:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I know that the syllable structure and length is a little engelang-ish, but the inherent instability is intentional. There will be a vulgar NF from which the daughter languages will be derived - but I have to finish the standard language first.

8/26: Given Greenberg's Linguistic Universal number 16, perhaps auxiliary verbs before the main verb transform the main verb into an subordinate adverb, thus honoring LU15 and LU16. Any thoughts?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alpic</title>
    <id>8262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57385</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-09T23:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TaylorS</username>
        <id>1365</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verbs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Alpic
| native = Elbetusa
| country = Switzerland
| nativecountry = Swestazoha
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = ~30,000
| family = Danubian
| branch = SW Danubian
| subbranch = Alpine
| wordorder = SVO
| type = Synthetic/Fusional
| alignment = Fluid-S Active-Stative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2010 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

'''Alpic''' {{IPA|/ˈælpik/}}, natively '''Elbetusa''' {{IPA|/ˈɛlbeˌtusa/}}, spoken in southeastern Switzerland, with most speakers living along the Inn River and near Davos. It is the sole surviving language of the [[Danubian]] language family which was once spoken throughout the Danube River basin. The Danubian languages are probably part of the of the [[Europic]] macrofamily, which consists of [[Indo-European]] and [[Hesperic]] besides Danubian. Europic itself maybe a part of an even larger language phylum called [[Mitian]], [[Eurasiatic]], or Core [[Nostratic]], which also includes Uralic, Rhaeto-Etruscan, Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Eskimo-Aleut, Altaic, and Kartvelian.

==Phonology==
The syllable structure of Alpic is (C)(F|l|m|r|w|j)V(C), where F is any fricative. CF, Cl, Cm, and Cr can only occur at the beginning of a word. Stress is moderately light and is always on the penultimate syllable of a word. Prosody is syllable-timed and Trochaic in rhythm. Intonation patterns are typical for a Western European language, with a rising intonation in questions.

===Consonants===
'''IPA'''
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Postalveolar||Palatal||Velar||
|-
||Stops, fortis||'''p'''||'''t'''||'''ʧ'''|| ||'''k'''
|-
||Stops, lenis||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''ʤ'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''||'''ʃ'''|| ||'''x'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''ʒ'''|| ||
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''|| ||'''ɲ'''||
|-
||Laterals|| ||'''l'''|| ||'''ʎ'''||
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''w'''|| || ||'''j'''||
|-
|}

'''Orthographical'''
{|
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Postalveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Plosives, fortis||'''p'''||'''t'''||'''tj'''|| ||'''k'''
|-
||Plosives, Lenis||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''dj'''|| ||'''g'''
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s'''||'''sj'''|| ||'''h/ch'''
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''zj'''|| ||
|-
||Nasals||'''m'''||'''n'''|| ||'''nj'''||
|-
||Laterals|| ||'''l'''|| ||'''lj'''||
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''w'''|| || ||'''j'''||
|-
|}

Syllable-initial lenis plosives are mildly implosive /r/ is realized as the flap /ɾ/ in between vowels. /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant. /x/ is realized as /h/ in the syllable onset and [ɣ] between vowels, it is represented as H in the orthography in the onset and as CH in the coda. /s/ and /z/ are [ʃ] and [ʒ] when before a plosive. /k/ and /ɡ/ are [c] and [ɟ] when followed by /j/ or /i/. lenis plosives voice adjacent fricatives. final lenis plosives and voiced fricatives become their fortis and unvoiced counterparts at the end of a word, much like Final Fortition in High German.

===Vowels===
Alpic has a simple Spanish-style /a e i o u/ vowel system, with the vowels realized as [ɐ ɜ ɪ ɔ ʊ] in closed syllables and are pronounced shorter than in open syllables to maintain syllable-timed prosody.

==Morphology and Morphosyntax==
Alpic is a synthetic and fusional language with rich morphology in nouns, adjectives and verbs.

===Morpheme structure===

====Roots====
Most lexical roots in Alpic fit into the pattern (C)(C)V(C)(V). The phonemes /r/ and /l/ do not occur more than once in a root.

====Affixes====
Alpic is a wholly suffixing language, it has no prefixes. Most affixes are -CV, -CCV -V, or -VC, several disyllabic affixes do occur, however.

===Word Formation===
An Alpic word consists of one or more roots that form a stem upon which first derivational affixes and then inflectional affixes are attached. Verbs and adverbs have at least one inflectional affix, the personal inflections, but bare noun roots are common.

====Compounding====
Conpounding is highly productive in Alpic, with two-root and even three-root compounds not being uncommon, and even compounds of 4 or more occur. The majority of compounds are head-final, with the other lexical elements in the compound modifying the meaning of the head. Some others are double headed and have an emergent meaning. headless &quot;bahuvrihi&quot; compounds also occur, mainly as adjectives. Alpic is particularly rich in verb-verb compounds.

====Derivation====
Alpic has a very rich set of derivational affixes. Zero-derivation is very common as well.

===Nouns and Adjectives===
Nouns inflect for Possession, Case, and Number. Adjectives and the Definite and Indefinite Articles agree with their host nouns in Case and Number. The order of suffixes are:&lt;br&gt;

1. Nominal Stem&lt;br&gt;
2. Possessive Suffix&lt;br&gt;
3. Case-Number Suffix&lt;br&gt;

Nouns fall into 3 classes, Animate, Inanimate, and Collective.

'''Collective Class:''' ethic and political units, organizations, settlements, sports teams, etc&lt;br&gt;
'''Animate Class:''' people, animals, deities, natural forces&lt;br&gt;
'''Inanimate Class:''' everything else

====Possessive suffixes====
Possessive Suffixes function like the Possessive Adjectives in other European languages, marking who possesses the marked noun

{|
|| ||1st Person||2nd Person||3rd Animate||3rd Inanimate||Impersonal
|-
||Singular||-mi-||-di-||-ye-||-si-||-pa-
|-
||Plural||-vi-||-wa-||-tje-||-sja-||
|-
|}

Atami&lt;br&gt;
ata-mi&lt;br&gt;
&quot;My father&quot;

====Case and Number====
Case and Number marking is fusional. There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are 5 cases: Direct, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, and Topical. The Direct Case is the unmarked case for the Agent or Patient of the sentence. The Genitive marks that the noun possesses or has a relation of some kind to another noun. The Dative marks the Direct Object of the sentence. The Instrumental marks by which means a verb is done as well as the demoted agent of a passive voice sentence. The Topical case is a kind of Vocative case used to mark a topicalized noun and/or adjective that is separated from the sentence; it is unusual among case endings in that it retains the old Noun Class system of Proto-Danubian.

{|
||'''V-Stem'''||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular||-Ø||-s||-n||-t
|-
||Plural||-t||-sa||-r||-ta
|}

{|
||'''C-Stem'''||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular||-Ø||-es||-i||-o
|-
||Plural||-da||-sa||-na||-ta
|}

{|
||'''Topical Forms'''||Animate||Inanimate||Collective
|-
||Singular||-gwe||-f||-lja
|-
||Plural||-got||-vut||-let
|}

====Articles====
Alpic has 3 articles, the Definite Article, the Indefinite Article, and the Partitive Article. All agree with their nouns in, case and number. The Definite Article also agrees with it's noun in Noun Class. All are regularly declined, though the Partitive has no plural form. The article precedes the noun.

'''Definite'''

The Definite Article indicates that its noun is a particular thing identifiable to the listener. It may be the same thing that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. A noun marked with a possessive suffix always has the Definite Article.

{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular Animate||da||das||dan||dat
|-
||Plural Animate||dat||dasa||dar||data
|-
||Singular Inanimate||do||dos||don||dot
|-
||Plural Inanimate||dot||dosa||dor||dota
|-
||Collective||dje||djes||djin||djet
|-
|}

'''Indefinite'''

The Indefinite Article indicates that its noun is not yet a particular thing identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about a particular thing.

{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular||zo||zos||zon||zot
|-
||Plural||zot||zosa||zor||zota
|-
|}

'''Partitive'''

The Partitive article indicates a non-specific quantity of a mass noun. It is not unlike the English determiner &quot;some&quot;, but acts grammatically like an article since it agrees with it's noun in case.

{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular||ni||nis||nin||nit
|-
|}

====Demonstratives====
Alpic has a 2-way Proximal-Distal demonstrative system, like English's &quot;This-These&quot; and &quot;That-Those&quot;. It also has locative demonstratives like English's &quot;Here-There&quot;

'''Proximal'''
{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular Animate||sa||sas||san||sat
|-
||Plural Animate||sat||sasa||sar||sata
|-
||Singular Inanimate||so||sos||son||sot
|-
||Plural Inanimate||sot||sosa||sor||sota
|-
|}

'''Distal'''
{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Singular Animate||dwe||dwes||dwen||dwet
|-
||Plural Animate||dwet||dwesa||dwer||dweta
|-
||Singular Inanimate||dwa||dwas||dwan||dwat
|-
||Plural Inanimate||dwat||dwasa||dwar||dwata
|-
|}

'''Locative'''
{|
|| ||Direct||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||Proximal||swa||swas||swan||swat
|-
||Distal||ga||gas||gan||gat
|-
|}

====Adjectives====
Adjectives have comparative and superlative inflections that precede the case-number inflection.

Comparative: -ra-&lt;br&gt;
Superlative: -dja-

====Pronouns====
Alpic pronouns are thus:

{|
|| ||Agent||Patient||Genitive||Dative||Instrumental
|-
||1SG||mu||mi||mwe||mim||mit
|-
||2SG||du||di||dwe||dim||dit
|-
||3SG Animate||e||em||es||im||et
|-
||3SG Inanimate||sa||sa||sis||sim||sit
|-
||1PL||vu||vi||ve||vir||vit
|-
||2PL||dju||dje||wa||wor||wat
|-
||3PL||ge||gem||ges||ger||get
|-
||Relative||zje||zjem||zjis||zjin||zjit
|-
||Interrogative||ko||kom||kis||kin||kit
|-
||Impersonal||pa||pam||pas||pan||pat
|-
|}

The relative pronoun precedes all relative clauses, it cannot be dropped as it can in English. The impersonal pronoun is similar to English &quot;one&quot;, German &quot;Man&quot;, and French &quot;on&quot;.

===Verbs===
The Alpic verb is highly synthetic. The verb is inflected for Voice, Mood, Tense, Inferentiality, Polarity, volition or activeness of the intransitive subject, person, and number. There is both partial and full reduplication. The morphological structure of the verb is:

1. Verb Stem&lt;br&gt;
2. Perfective affix
3. Voice-Mood-Tense&lt;br&gt;
4. Inferentiality-Polarity&lt;br&gt;
5. Adverbal affixes&lt;br&gt;
6. Question Marking&lt;br&gt;
7. Incorporated Direct Object&lt;br&gt;
8. Person-Number-Volition&lt;br&gt;

====Person-Number-Volition Inflection====
Alpic has two sets of personal endings in intransitive sentences, one for an agent-like subject and a patient-like subject. Fluid Verbs can take either forms depending of the volition the intransitive subject has over the process described by the verb. Accusative Verbs only have agentive intransitive subjects. Ergative Verbs only have patientive intransitive subjects.

'''Consonantal Conjugation'''
{|
|-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-am||-at||-as||-me||-te||-se||-ap
|-
||Patientive||-a||-ak||-Ø||-ach||-ke||-da||-ap
|-
|}

'''A Conjugation'''
{|
|-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-am||-at||-as||-me||-te||-se||-ap
|-
||Patientive||-a||-ak||-e||-ach||-ke||-da||-ap
|-
|}

'''E Conjugation'''
{|
|-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-em||-et||-es||-me||-te||-se||-ep
|-
||Patientive||-a||-ek||-e||-ach||-ke||-da||-ep
|-
|}

'''I Conjugation'''
{|
|-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-im||-it||-is||-mi||-ti||-si||-ip
|-
||Patientive||-e||-ik||-i||-ach||-ke||-da||-ip
|-
|}

'''O Conjugation'''
{|
|-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-om||-ot||-os||-mo||-to||-so||-op
|-
||Patientive||-a||-ok||-o||-ach||-ko||-da||-op
|-
|}

'''U Conjugation'''
{||-
|| ||1st SG||2nd SG||3rd SG||1st PL||2nd PL||3rd PL||Impersonal
|-
||Agentive||-um||-ut||-us||-mo||-to||-so||-up
|-
||Patientive||-o||-uk||-u||-ach||-ko||-da||-up
|-
|}

====Direct Object Incorporation====
Patientive pronouns and indefinite inanimate direct objects are incorporated into the finite verb prior to the person-number volition infection.

====Aspect====
Alpic differentiates between Imperfective and Perfective aspects, with the Perfective marked as '''-zju-'''.

====Voice, Mood, and Tense====
Tense, mood, and voice marking is highly fusional, all 3 categories are indicated on a single morpheme.

{|
|-
|| ||Indicative||Subjunctive||Conditional||Optative||Imperative
|-
||Active Non-Past||-Ø||-va||-fe||-na||-ba
|-
||Active Past||-lu||-lo||-vo||-no||
|-
||Mediopassive Non-Past||-ri||-we||-ve||-ne||-be
|-
||Mediopassive Past||-li||-dlu||-vru||-nu||
|-
|}

====Tense Usage====
The '''Non-Past Tense''' is used for actions occurring at the utterance, at a future time, things done habitually, or &quot;generic&quot; statements of truth (&quot;birds have feathers&quot;).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ibim da merkado.''' &quot;I'm going to the store.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''Ibim da merkado, sadja.''' &quot;I'm going to the store, today.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
'''Ibim da merkado ha savadot.''' I go to the store on Saturdays.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Past Tense''' is used for actions occurring before the time of utterance.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Iludem da merkado, jodja.''' &quot;I went to the store, yesterday.&quot;

====Mood Usage====
Incomplete

====Voice Usage====
Incomplete

====Polarity and Inferentiality====
Incomplete

====Auxiliary Verbs====
Incomplete

====Adverbs and Adverbal Suffixes====
Adverbs are formed from Adjective roots with verbal person-number-volition inflections in agreement with the verb.

====Question Marking====
In Yes-No questions the verb is marked with the affix '''-po'''. In all other questions the verb is marked with with affix '''-ko'''.

===Prepositions and Other Particles===
Incomplete

===Reduplication===
Alpic has 2 types of reduplication, partial and full. Partial republication is in the form of a |Ca-| prefix, where C is the first consonant of the root. When the word begins with a vowel the prefix is |ah-|. Full reduplication involves the complete repetition of the root.

====Nouns and Adjectives Reduplication====
Nouns and Adjectives do not have full reduplication. Partial reduplication has an augmentative function; so that '''ma-merkado''' means &quot;supermarket&quot;, '''ra-riksa''' means &quot;emperor&quot;, and '''ta-duppo''' &quot;very stupid&quot;. note that if the root starts with an unvoiced consonant the consonant becomes voiced: '''tuppo''' → '''ta-duppo'''.

====Verb Reduplication====
In verbs, partial reduplication indicates the intensive aspect while full reduplication indicates the continuative aspect. The voicing rules in nouns and adjectives also apply in verbal reduplication. '''bodje-''' &quot;walk&quot;, '''ba-bodje-''' &quot;run&quot;, '''bodje-bodje-''', &quot;keep on walking&quot;

==Syntax==
Basic syntax is Agent-Verb in active intransitive sentences, Verb-Patient in stative intransitive sentences, and Subject-Verb-Object in transitive sentences. Genitives and Adjectives precede their heads.

Incomplete

==Vocabulary==
pesa = strong&lt;br&gt;
poke = chest&lt;br&gt;
pogja = to drink&lt;br&gt;
poge = feather&lt;br&gt;
pagu = to ripen&lt;br&gt;
pere = skin&lt;br&gt;
breha = meadow &lt;br&gt;
brokwe = ash tree&lt;br&gt;
petli = to fly&lt;br&gt;
brako = to strike, hit&lt;br&gt;
broge = to sew&lt;br&gt;
brusa = flea&lt;br&gt;
pate = foot&lt;br&gt;
bluwa = to sneeze&lt;br&gt;
pemma = foam&lt;br&gt;
pare = to like&lt;br&gt;
palga = pig&lt;br&gt;
brogo = to request&lt;br&gt;
branna = first&lt;br&gt;
pura = hair&lt;br&gt;
pora = fire&lt;br&gt;


[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[category:Diachronic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Danubian</title>
    <id>8263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54912</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-06T20:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TaylorS</username>
        <id>1365</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Proto-Danubian
| country = Hungary
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = Extinct
| family = Nostratic
| branch = Mitian
| subbranch = Europic
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinating
| alignment = Fluid-S Active-Stative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2010 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

'''Proto-Danubian''' (abbreviated PD) is the ancestral language of the [[Danubian Languages]], whose only remaining member is [[Alpic]]. PD was spoken around 6000BCE along the lower Danube River by early farmers.

==Phonology==
PD had a simple CV syllable structure. Stress was placed on the penultimate syllable.

===Consonants===
{|
|| || Labial|| Alveolar|| Palatal|| Velar|| Glottal
|-
||Plosives, unvoiced ||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''||'''ʔ'''
|-
||Plosives, voiced ||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''||
|-
||Plosives, ejective ||'''pʼ'''||'''tʼ'''|| ||'''kʼ'''||
|-
||Fricatives || ||'''s'''|| ||'''x'''||'''h'''
|-
||Nasals ||'''m'''||'''n'''|| || ||
|-
||Laterals || ||'''l'''|| || ||
|-
||Trills|| ||'''r'''|| || ||
|-
||Semivowels||'''w'''|| ||'''j'''|| ||
|-
|}

===Vowels===
{|
|| || Front|| Central|| Back
|-
||High ||'''i'''|| ||'''u'''
|-
||Mid ||'''əj'''||'''ə'''||'''əw'''
|-
||Low ||'''aj'''||'''a'''||'''aw'''
|-
|}

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[category:Diachronic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Monarchs of England (Indo-European Japan)</title>
    <id>8264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54959</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-10T01:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Henry XI is a woman?
:Looks like something to do with [http://wiki.frath.net/index.php?title=Monarchs_of_England_(Indo-European_Japan)&amp;diff=52952&amp;oldid=52947 this edit]. But anything's possible. —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 01:34, 10 July 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Software tools for conlanging</title>
    <id>8265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58847</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-10T17:09:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JTM</username>
        <id>1447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Keyboard Layout editors */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Many ingenious people have created software tools for conlanging. In addition to this, a number of programs not originally intended for conlanging can be put to great use when creating languages. This article aims to become a comprehensive list of useful '''conlanging software''' available on the internet.

== General guides to conlanging ==
* [http://www.zompist.com/kit.html Language Construction Kit] by Zompist (Mark Rosenfelder)
* [http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/nyh/how__all.html How to Create a Language] by Pablo David Flores
* [http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conlang Conlang] - textbook on Wikimedia Laboratories ''(incomplete)''

== All-purpose software ==
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=89 SIL FieldWorks] - a software suite for professional linguists
* [http://faiuwle.pbworks.com/Programming Conlang Dictionary] by faiuwle ''(usable, but many features are still to come)''
* [http://colconcrepro.pbwiki.com Computerized Conlang Creator Project] by (mainly) Praesidium and Jotomicron ''(probably a dead project?)''

== Word generators ==
=== Online ===
* [http://awkwords.wsr3.net awkwords] by Imploder
* [http://000024.org/cgi-bin/gleb.cgi Gleb] (random phonology generator) by Alex Fink

=== Downloadable to run offline ===
* [http://whee.dk/?page_id=65 WordBuilder] by Alfar
* [http://000024.org/conlang/random-language.html Instructions and downloadable version of Gleb] by Alex Fink
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts Boris] by John Fisher and Jim Henry (also includes a meta-generator, which generates random phonologies and mutates them via genetic algorithm)
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts everyword.pl] by John Cowan and Jim Henry
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm Scripts to generate phonologically redundant vocabulary] by Jim Henry

=== Documents describing techniques ===
* [http://archives.conlang.info/jhu/suervhua/qaulkenvhuen.html A method of generating &quot;flavoured&quot; words] ''(not really a generator, but interesting nevertheless)''

== Sound change appliers ==
* [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~sgmccabe/ASCA ASCA] by TheGoatMan
* [http://members.home.nl/par/vsca/vsca.htm Versatile Sound Change Applier (VSCA)] by MUBA
* [http://jc.tech-galaxy.com/bricka/sound_change_applier Geoff's SCA] by bricka (Geoff Eddy)
* [http://zounds.artefact.org.nz IPA Zounds]
* [http://phonix.googlecode.com Phonix]
* [http://000024.org/rsca.html Reversible Sound Change Applier (RSCA)]
* [http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm Sounds] - Zompist's SCA

== Vocabulary managers ==
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=79 The Field Linguist's Toolbox]
* [http://www.lexiquepro.com Lexique Pro]

== Syntax tools ==
* [http://ironcreek.net/phpsyntaxtree PHP Syntax Tree]

== Corpus analyzers ==
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts frequencies.pl]  by Jim Henry -- finds frequency of words and phrases in one or more text files

== Translation exercises ==
* [http://www.arthaey.com/conlang/translationex.html Arthaey Angosii's collection of translation exercises]
* [http://www.potterpcs.net/gsfa Graded Sentences for Analysis]
* [http://www.fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html Sentences to Test Conlang Syntax] ''(a selected subset of the above)''

== Free Unicode fonts ==
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software_catalog.asp?by=cat&amp;name=Font SIL Font page]. Recommended: ''Gentium'', ''Charis SIL'', ''Doulos SIL''

== Keyboard Layout editors ==
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=20 Tavultesoft Keyman] for Windows
* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/results.aspx?pocId=&amp;freetext=Keyboard%20Layout%20Creator&amp;DisplayLang=en Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator] (MSKLC)
* [http://scripts.sil.org/ukelele Ukelele] for Mac OS X
* [http://www.symbolchoosersoftware.com SymbolChooser conlang word processor] for Windows

== Font editors ==
* [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net FontForge] (works well together with [http://www.inkscape.org Inkscape])
* [http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html High Logic's ''FontCreator''] (30 days' evaluation, unless you afford those 80 USAnian bucks)

== Other ==
* [http://www.theiling.de/cgi/cxs-ipa.cgi CXS/XSAMPA &lt;-&gt; IPA converter] by Henrik Theiling
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/conlang.htm#scripts relay-scheduler.pl] by Mark Reed and Jim Henry -- tool for finding optimal sequences for conlang translation relays, based on people's preferences about what conlang to follow/precede.  Needs work to find optimal dates based on when people are available, as well.
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/gzb/gzb.htm#scripts Scripts to turn formatted text files into interlinear gloss or hyperlinked gloss HTML files] by Jim Henry; need tweaking to work with other conlangs than gzb
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang Conlang Mailing List archive]
* [http://cals.conlang.org Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]
* [http://library.conlang.org/web The Conlanger's Library Web Resources Page] 
* [http://www.conlang.org Language Creation Society]

{{stub}}
[[Category:Conlanging culture]]
[[Category:Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya prenasal.png</title>
    <id>8266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>54984</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-12T00:26:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>French Grammar</title>
    <id>8267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55105</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-16T17:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[French Grammar — Verbs]]
* [[French Grammar — Adjectives]]
* [[French Grammar — Pronouns]]
* [[French Grammar — Structure]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Skeskatai</title>
    <id>8268</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55070</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-14T23:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Nother/Skeskatai]] to [[Nother/Brownie]]:&amp;#32;turns out skeskatai is the name of the people, not the language - English name for now, just in case</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Nother/Brownie]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-b.gif</title>
    <id>8269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55080</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:20:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /b/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /b/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-g.gif</title>
    <id>8270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55081</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /ɡ/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /ɡ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-d.gif</title>
    <id>8271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55082</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /d/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /d/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-h.gif</title>
    <id>8272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55083</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:24:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /h/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /h/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-v.gif</title>
    <id>8273</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55084</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:26:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /uː/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /uː/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-j.gif</title>
    <id>8274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55086</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /ɟʝ/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /ɟʝ/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-x.gif</title>
    <id>8275</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55087</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /x/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /x/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-y.gif</title>
    <id>8276</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55088</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:37:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /j/ or /iː/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /j/ or /iː/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Drake-k.gif</title>
    <id>8277</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55089</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-15T23:40:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Drake letter for /k/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Drake letter for /k/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Calculator Ftvb/French Grammar</title>
    <id>8278</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55096</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-16T17:33:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[User:Calculator Ftvb/French Grammar]] to [[French Grammar]]:&amp;#32;not a draft any more</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[French Grammar]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>French Grammar — Verbs</title>
    <id>8279</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55107</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-16T19:51:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Too much wrong with those</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Regular verbs==

Regular french verbs share conjugation patterns in all the tenses and moods.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
===Français regular -er verbs===
&lt;br/&gt;
* present tense indicative; active voice:
&lt;pre&gt;
Person&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ending&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parler (stem: parl-)
je&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-e&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parle
tu&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-es&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parles
il&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-e&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parle
nous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ons&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parlons&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
vous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ez&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parlez
ils&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ent&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;parlent
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
====Imperative regular -er verbs (present; active voice)====
parler (stem: parl-)&lt;br/&gt;
-e: tu parle&lt;br/&gt;
-ons: nous parlons&lt;br/&gt;
-ez: vous parlez&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

====Passé composé regular -er verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
The endings for all of these are -é, provided they use avoir as their auxiliary verb.&lt;br/&gt;
parler (stem: parl-)&lt;br/&gt;
j'ai parlé &lt;br/&gt;
tu as parlé&lt;br/&gt;
il|elle a parlé&lt;br/&gt;
nous avons parlé&lt;br/&gt;
vous avez parlé&lt;br/&gt;
ils|elles ont parlé&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
====Near future regular -er verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
These are the present of aller plus the infinitive of the verb being used (-er).&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
parler (stem: parl-)&lt;br/&gt;
je vais parler&lt;br/&gt;
tu vas parler&lt;br/&gt;
il/elle va parler&lt;br/&gt;
nous allons parler&lt;br/&gt;
vous allez parler&lt;br/&gt;
ils/elles vont parler&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;


===Français regular -ir verbs===
&lt;br/&gt;
* present tense indicative; active voice:
&lt;pre&gt;
Pronoun&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ending&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisir (stem: chois-)
je&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-is&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisis
tu&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-is&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisis
il&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-it&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisit
nous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-issons&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisissons
vous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-issez&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisissez
ils&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-issent&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;choisissent
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
====Imperative regular -ir verbs (present; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
choisir (stem: chois-)&lt;br/&gt;
-is: tu choisis&lt;br/&gt;
-issons: nous choisissons&lt;br/&gt;
-issez: vous choisissez&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

====Passé composé regular -ir verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
The endings for all of these are -i, provided they use avoir as their auxiliary verb.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
choisir (stem: chois-)&lt;br/&gt;
j'ai choisi&lt;br/&gt;
tu as choisi&lt;br/&gt;
il|elle a choisi&lt;br/&gt;
nous avons choisi&lt;br/&gt;
vous avez choisi&lt;br/&gt;
ils|elles ont choisi&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
====Near future regular -ir verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
These are the present of aller plus the infinitive of the verb being used (-ir).&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
choisir (stem: chois-)&lt;br/&gt;
je vais choisir&lt;br/&gt;
tu vas choisir&lt;br/&gt;
il/elle va choisir&lt;br/&gt;
nous allons choisir&lt;br/&gt;
vous allez choisir&lt;br/&gt;
ils/elles vont choisir&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;


===Français regular -re verbs===
&lt;br/&gt;
* present tense indicative; active voice:
&lt;pre&gt;
Pronoun&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ending&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descendre (stem: descend-)
je&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descends
tu&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descends
il&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descend
nous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ons&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descendons
vous&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ez&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descendez
ils&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;-ent&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;descendent
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
====Imperative regular -re verbs (present; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
descendre (stem: descend-)&lt;br/&gt;
-s: tu descends&lt;br/&gt;
-ons: nous descendons&lt;br/&gt;
-ez: vous descendez&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

====Passé composé regular -re verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
The endings for all of these are -u, provided they use avoir as their auxiliary verb. Descendu only uses avoir as its auxiliary verb (as in these examples) if it is used with a [[direct object]].&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
descendre (stem: descend-)&lt;br/&gt;
j'ai descendu&lt;br/&gt;
tu as descendu&lt;br/&gt;
il|elle a descendu&lt;br/&gt;
nous avons descendu&lt;br/&gt;
vous avez descendu&lt;br/&gt;
ils|elles ont descendu&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

====Near future regular -re verbs (indicative; active voice)====
&lt;br/&gt;
These are the present of aller plus the infinitive of the verb being used (-re).&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
descendre (stem: descend-)&lt;br/&gt;
je vais descendre&lt;br/&gt;
tu vas descendre&lt;br/&gt;
il/elle va descendre&lt;br/&gt;
nous allons descendre&lt;br/&gt;
vous allez descendre&lt;br/&gt;
ils/elles vont descendre&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;

==Source==

This information is compiled based on the requirements specified in the document 'MU High School French Ⅱ First Half Unit Prerequisite Knowledge', a copy of which may be obtained [http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses2/6575/prerequisite.asp here] (as of 13 July 2010). It is quoted a few times throughout this document (identified by quotation marks or HTML &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;◌&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; tags, lacking other source information).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>French Grammar — Adjectives</title>
    <id>8280</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>src</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Basic rule of adjectives==

&lt;blockquote&gt;Every adjective must agree in number and gender with the word or words it modifies. Adjectives ending in -e have two forms, singular and plural. Other regular adjectives add -e for feminine singular and -es for feminine plural, -s for masculine plural.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Placement of adjectives==

Most adjectives are placed after the modified noun.

===BAGS adjectives===

The 'BAGS adjectives' ('BAGS' representing 'beauty, age, goodness, and size') are placed before the modified noun.

==Irregular adjectives==

===Demonstrative adjectives===

* ce
* cet
* cette
* ces

===Interrogative adjectives===

* quel
* quels
* quelle
* quelles

===Possessive adjectives===

====Singular possessive adjectives====

=====First person singular possessive adjectives=====

* mon
* ma
* mes

=====Second person singular possessive adjectives=====

* ton
* ta
* tes

=====Third person singular possessive adjectives=====

* son
* sa
* ses

====Plural possessive adjectives====

=====First person plural possessive adjectives=====

* notre
* notre
* nos

=====Second person plural possessive adjectives=====

* votre
* votre
* vos

=====Third person plural possessive adjectives=====

* leur
* leur
* leurs

===Adjectives that change their masculine singular form in front of a vowel===

{| width=&quot;470&quot;
| '''''beau'''''
| ''bel''
| ''belle''
| ''beaux''
| ''belles''
|-
| '''''vieux'''''
| ''vieil''
| ''vieille''
| ''vieux''
| ''vieilles''
|-
| '''''nouveau'''''
| ''nouvel''
| ''nouvelle''
| ''nouveaux''
| ''nouvelles''
|}

==Source==

This information is compiled based on the requirements specified in the document 'MU High School French Ⅱ First Half Unit Prerequisite Knowledge', a copy of which may be obtained [http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses2/6575/prerequisite.asp here] (as of 13 July 2010). It is quoted a few times throughout this document (identified by quotation marks or HTML &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;◌&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; tags, lacking other source information).</text>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>French Grammar — Pronouns</title>
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      <comment>src</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Subject pronouns==

Used as the subject of the verb.

* je
* tu
* il
* elle
* on
* nous
* vous
* ils
* elles

==Stress pronouns==

Used as objects of prepositions and for emphasis.

* moi
* toi
* lui
* elle
* nous
* vous
* eux
* elles

==Reflexive pronouns==

Used when the subject and object are the same.

* me
* te
* se
* nous
* vous
* se

==Interrogative pronouns==

* qui
* quoi
* que

==Source==

This information is compiled based on the requirements specified in the document 'MU High School French Ⅱ First Half Unit Prerequisite Knowledge', a copy of which may be obtained [http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses2/6575/prerequisite.asp here] (as of 13 July 2010). It is quoted a few times throughout this document (identified by quotation marks or HTML &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;◌&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; tags, lacking other source information).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>French Grammar — Structure</title>
    <id>8282</id>
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      <comment>src</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Sentence structure==

===Declarative sentences===

make a statement.

===Interrogative sentences===

ask a question.

They may start with a '''question word''':

* qui
* où
* quand
* comment
* pourquoi

====Three most common ways to form a question====

# Place 'Est-ce que' at the beginning of a statement
# Invert the subject and the verb, to make it a VSO sentence
# «Voice raised at the end: ''Tu parles français?»

==Negation==

The negative form of a verb comes on both sides of the verb: ne◌pas (or n'◌pas, if the verb starts with a vowel). When using passé composé, negate the helping verb.

==The partitive==

(Taken from [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=French/Grammar/Articles&amp;oldid=1884720 this Wikibooks page], with slight modification)
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;The partitive article &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; indicates, among other things, the word
&amp;apos;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;some&lt;/span&gt;. As for prepositions, &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;le&lt;/span&gt; contract into
&amp;apos;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;, as &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;les&lt;/span&gt; contract into &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;des&lt;/span&gt;. Also, instead
'of &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt; or &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de la&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de l'&lt;/span&gt; is used in front of vowels.

'When speaking about food, the partitive article is used at some times
'while the definite article (&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;le, la, les&lt;/span&gt;) is used at other times,
'and the indefinite article (&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;un, une&lt;/span&gt;) in yet another set of situations.
'In general &quot;de&quot; refers to a &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;part&lt;/span&gt; of food (a &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;piece&lt;/span&gt; of pie)
'whereas the definite article (le) refers to a food in general (I like
'pie (in general)). The indefinite article refers to an &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;entire unit&lt;/span&gt;
'of a food (I would like a (&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;whole&lt;/span&gt;) pie).

'When speaking about preferences, use the definite article:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFCC&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|J'aime &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;la&lt;/span&gt; glace.||I like ice cream.
|-
|Nous préférons le steak.||We prefer steak.
|-
|Vous aimez les frites||You like French fries.
|}
'When speaking about eating or drinking an item, there are specific situations for the use of each article.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFCC&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
!Def. art.!!specific/whole items
|-
|J'ai mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;la&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||I ate the (whole) pie.
|-
!Ind. art.||known quantity
|-
|J'ai mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;une&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||I ate a pie.
|-
!Part. art.||unknown quantity
|-
|J'ai mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de la&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||I ate some pie.
|}

'In the negative construction, certain rules apply.
*&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;un&lt;/span&gt; or &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;une&lt;/span&gt; changes to &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; (meaning, in this context, any) in a negative construction. 
*&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;du&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de la&lt;/span&gt;, or &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;des&lt;/span&gt; change to &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; in negative constructions.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFCC&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|Nous avons mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;une&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||We ate a pie.
|-
|Nous n'avons pas mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||We did not eat a pie/ We did not eat any pie.
|-
|Nous avons mangé &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de la&lt;/span&gt; tarte.||We ate some pie.
|-
|Nous n'avons pas mangé de tarte.||We did not eat some pie/ We did not eat any pie.
|}
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;With the negative partitive, use only &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; or &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/span&gt; rather than the entire partitive.&lt;/blockquote&gt; (Quotation taken from [http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses2/6575/prerequisite.asp MU High School French Ⅱ First Half Unit Prerequisite Knowledge]).

==Contractions==

{|
| ''du''
| ''de'' + ''le''
|-
| ''des''
| ''de'' + ''les''
|-
| ''au''
| ''à'' + ''le''
|-
| ''aux''
| ''à'' + ''les''
|}

==Elision and liaison==

===Elision===

In French, 'e' and 'a' are '''weak letters''' or '''weak vowels'''. When a vowel or silent h begins the following word, those letters are replaced by an apostrophe. The vowels 'u', 'o', and 'i' are '''strong letters''' or '''strong vowels'''. They elide only if the next word starts with the same vowel with which the previous one ends.

===Liaison===

Closely-related words are pronounced nearly as if they are one.

==Source==

This information is compiled based on the requirements specified in the document 'MU High School French Ⅱ First Half Unit Prerequisite Knowledge', a copy of which may be obtained [http://cdis.missouri.edu/exec/data/courses2/6575/prerequisite.asp here] (as of 13 July 2010). It is quoted a few times throughout this document (identified by quotation marks or HTML &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;◌&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt; tags, lacking other source information).</text>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Olesi]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Olesi]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olesi</title>
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      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pronunciation ==

'''1.Alphabet'''

'''Wowels'''

A-a ...o in come       
    
E-e  ...                                                                        e in met

I-i    ...                     y in year(before/ after a wowel)   ...              i in in(after a constonant)   

O-o                                                            ...              o in on

é                                                               ...             German ü

U-u                                                              ...            German u

Å-å                                                              ...            German ö


'''Note''':é wowel cannot be written bigly.


'''Constonants'''

B-b ....   b in beard

J-j         ...                                                                 j in judge

Ç-ç                                                 ...                         ch in  choose

D-d                                   ...                                       d in daisy

F-f                                                               ...           f in fear   
               
G-g                                                                 ...         g in goofy

Q-q                                                                  ...        c in car

L-l                                                                  ...        l in lame

M-m                                                                 ...         m in main

N-n                                                                ...          n in never

P-p                                                                ...          p in part

R-r                                                                 ...         r in rare  

S-s                                                                 ...         s in smooth

Ş-ş                                                                 ...         sh in she                    

T-t                                                                ...          t in tear

W-w                                                                 ...         w in whale

Z-z                                                                  ...        z  in  zoey


'''2.Some Notes'''

Olesi is a language which is pronounced as how it is written.There are no diphtongs and no stress.

That's one of the reasons that Olesi is easy to learn.

== Grammer ==

'''1.Kinds of Words'''

'''1.'''All nouns’ last letter is “e”.

'''2.'''All adjectives’ last letter is “a”.

'''3.'''For transforming adjectives into adverbs you have to add a “zu” at the beginning of the word.

'''4.'''There are no genders of the words.

'''5.'''The infinitive form of the verbs has the suffix &quot;on&quot;


'''2.Pronouns (Oåimez)'''

Zai        ...                I

Çai              ...          You

Qai              ...          He/She/It

Pioz              ...          We

Pioç              ...          You

Pioq               ...         They

Nua               ...        Someone

Fua               ...       Everybody


== More ==

If you want to learn more you can visit my another site:

learnolesi.wikia.com

This site is multi-lingual that includes three languages (Turkish, English, Swedish) for now.

Maybe 2 weeks later I will create the German website.And maybe more.

If you have something to write or advice some new topics you can reach me here:

mert1295@hotmail.com


[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Selçuk Mert Köseoğlu</title>
    <id>8285</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mert1295</username>
        <id>1404</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Selçuk Mert Köseoğlu (called in school SMK(currently only Selin Akpınar,Barış Alphan and the Haysiyetsiz Writers)) was born in Adana Turkey in January 11th 1996.

== Early Life ==
[[File:37869 415850664570 768994570 4344004 5075977 n.jpg]]
His father is Selçuk Köseoğlu and his mother is Zekiye Köseoğlu.
He has a cat named Duman.
He is a #1 fan of Lady Gaga and Scary Movie Series.
He wants to be a doctor or a philologist soon and now he goes to Gündoğdu Science College.
He can speak [[English]], Turkish, [[German]], Swedish(A1), and his own language [[Olesi]].
He went to Portugal for an EU Commenius Project and is going to Germany for improving his German.
He started to create his own language 2 years ago but the project had some breakdowns because of SMK's exams.


'''Internal Links'''

'''1.'''[[http://wiki.frath.net/Olesi]]</text>
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    <title>File:Kala corr.PNG</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
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    <title>Sokyo</title>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* '''Sokyo''' literally means picture-word in [[Kala]] and is used as an alternative writing system to [[Kala writing|Moya]]


== People ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Sokyo ko person.png | '''ko''' - ''person (agentive suffix)''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== anatomy ===

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Sokyo anya eye.PNG | '''anya''' - ''eye (v. see, look)''
Image:Sokyo moku sleep.PNG | '''moku''' - ''sleep''
Image:Sokyo yato hand.png | '''yato''' - ''hand / arm''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nature ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Sokyo maya water.PNG | '''maya''' - ''water''
Image:Sokyo yama mountain.png | '''yama''' - ''mountain, hill''
Image:Sokyo tliyama mountains.png | '''tliyama''' - ''mountains (range)''
Image:Sokyo kamala moon.png | '''kamala''' - ''moon / lunar''
Image:Sokyo pana rain.png | '''pana''' - ''rain, moisture''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Actions / Nouns ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Sokyo kala talk.png | '''kala''' - ''language / talk''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== charts ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Sokyo radicals.png | ''Radicals''
Image:Sokyo numerals.png | ''Numerals''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Himalayan Confederacy</title>
    <id>8303</id>
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      <id>57643</id>
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        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
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      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Maharajadom of Nepal]]

[[United Maharajadom]]

[[Rajadom of Bhutan]]

[[Rajadom of Jammu]]

[[Rajadom of Kashmir]]

[[Rajadom of Ladakh]]

[[Rajadom of Lo]]

[[Rajadom of Sikkim]]

[[Confederacy]]

[[Bhutan Constitution]]

[[Sikkim Constitution]]

[[Nepal, History of]]

[[Yamuna, Treaty of]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Bhutan</title>
    <id>8304</id>
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      <id>58594</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T02:17:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Bhutan'''&lt;br/&gt;འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། &lt;br&gt;'''Druk Ghal Khab'''&lt;br&gt;''Rajadom of the Thunder Dragon''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Bhutan
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Royal Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Punakha
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 27° 40' 0&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 89° 55' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Administrative Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Thimpu
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 27° 25' 31&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 89° 40' 13&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | constitutional monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk
|-
| '''Head of Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Jigme Y. Thinley
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Bhutanese
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1616
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 95,533 km²&lt;br&gt; 36,885 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 951,630
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Bhotia|Bhotia]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Monpa|Monpa]]&lt;br&gt;numerous indigenous tribes
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Wikipedia:Deori language|Deori]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Tshangla language|Tshangla]]
|- 
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] Buddhism 85%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; ] | [[Wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivism]] 9%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Animism|Animism]] 6%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan [[Wikipedia:Rupee|Rupee]] (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Codes'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | BU
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | DRK
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | DRK
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | DRK
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | archery
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==History==
Text in '''bold''' print indicates PoD.

===Origins and early settlement===
*[[Wikipedia:Bhutan|Bhutan]]'s early history is steeped in mythology and remains obscure. It may have been inhabited as early as 2000 B.C., but not much was known until the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism in the ninth century A.D. when turmoil in Tibet forced many monks to flee to Bhutan.
*It is suggested by archeological evidence that the mountain valleys of Bhutan have been inhabited for several thousand years.  Study of the Bhutanese people reveals that they are related to their Tibetan cousins to the north, as they share physical, cultural and linguistic traits. Some time in the past a significant migration of Tibetans must have crossed the Himalayan passes to create the ancient core of this people.
*A more certain prehistoric period has been theorized by historians as that of the state of Lhomon (southern darkness) or Monyul (dark land, a reference to the [[Wikipedia:Monpa|Monpa]] aboriginal peoples of Bhutan), possibly a part of Tibet before Buddhism was introduced. 
*Monyul is thought to have existed between 500 B.C. and A.D. 600. The names ''Lhomon Tsendenjong'' (southern Mon sandalwood country) and ''Lhomon Khashi'' (southern Mon country of four approaches), found in ancient Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles, may also have been used by some Bhutanese scholars when referring to their homeland.
*Some scholars believe that during the early historical period the inhabitants were fierce mountain aborigines, the Monpa, who were of neither the Tibetan nor the Mongol stock that later overran northern Bhutan. The people of Monyul practiced the shamanistic [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] religion, which emphasized worship of nature and the existence of good and evil spirits. During the latter part of this period, historical legends relate that the mighty king of Monyul invaded a southern region known as the [[Wikipedia:Doouars|Dooars]], subduing the regions of modern [[Wikipedia:Assam|Assam]], [[Wikipedia:West Bengal|West Bengal]], and [[Wikipedia:Bihar|Bihar]].

===Arrival of Buddhism===
*The introduction of Buddhism occurred in the seventh century, when the Tibetan king Srongtsen Gampo (627-49), a convert to Buddhism, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, one at [[Wikipedia:Bumthang|Bumthang]] in central Bhutan and the other at Kyichu in the Paro Valley. Buddhism replaced but did not eliminate the Bon religious practices that had been prevalent in Tibet until the late sixth century. Instead, Buddhism absorbed Bon and Widipedia:Padmasambhava|Padmasambhava]] (known in Bhutan as Guru Rimpoche), came to Bhutan from India at the invitation of one of the numerous local kings. After reportedly subduing eight classes of demons and converting the king, Guru Rimpoche moved on to Tibet. Upon his return from TibetS, he oversaw the construction of new monasteries in the Paro Valley and set up his headquarters in Bumthang. According to tradition, he founded the [[Wikipedia:Nyingma|Nyingmapa]] sect (also known as the &quot;old sect&quot; or Red Hat sect) of [[Wikipedia:Mahayana|Mahayana]] Buddhism, which became for a time the dominant religion of Bhutan. Guru Rimpoche plays a great historical and religious role as the national patron saint who introduced the [[Wikipedia:tantra|tantra]]s, manuals describing forms of devotion to natural energy, to Bhutan. Following the guru's sojourn, Indian influence played a temporary role until increasing Tibetan migrations brought new cultural and religious contributions.
*There was no central government during this period. Instead, small independent monarchies began to develop by the early ninth century. Each was ruled by a ''deb'' (king), some of whom claimed divine origins. The Kingdom of Bumthang was the most prominent among these. At the same time, Tibetan Buddhist monks had firmly planted their religion and culture in Bhutan, and members of joint Tibetan-Mongol military expeditions settled in the fertile valleys. By the eleventh century, all of Bhutan was occupied by Tibetan-Mongol military forces.

===The 12th Century===
*In the 12th century, the Drukpa [[Wikipedia:Kagyu|Kagyupa]] school was established and remains the dominant form of Buddhism in Bhutan today. The country's political history is intimately tied to its religious history and the relations among the various monastic schools and monasteries.

===The 17th Century===
*This religious change, however, did not change the social scene until 1616, when the existing warring tribes were gathered under the leadership of a Tibetan lama and military leader, [[Wikipedia:Shabdrung|Shabdrung]] [[Wikipedia:Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal|Ngawang Namgyal]]. He had escaped political foes in Tibet in 1616 and began to fortify himself militarily, beginning the consolidation of Bhutan. He defeated three Tibetan invasions, subjugated rival religious schools, codified an intricate and comprehensive system of law, and established himself as ''shabdrung'' over a system of ecclesiastical and civil administrators becoming the temporal and spiritual leader of Bhutan. He built impressive fortresses or ''dzong''s, notably Simtokha Dzong, which guarded the entrance to Thimphu Valley. The ''Shabdrung'' was an insightful leader, using cultural symbols and military force to develop a Bhutanese national identity, including a number of sacred dances that are still performed at the annual ''tsechu'' festivals. After his death, infighting and civil war eroded the power of the ''shabdrung'' for the next 200 years until in 1885, [[Wikipedia:Ugyen Wangchuck|Ugyen Wangchuk]] was able to consolidate power.
**Tibetan armies invaded Bhutan around 1629, in 1631, and again in 1639, hoping to stop Ngawang Namgyal's popularity before it spread too far. The invasions were thwarted, and the Drukpa subsect developed a strong presence in western and central Bhutan, leaving Ngawang Namgyal supreme.
**'''Emboldened by his successes, Ngawang Namgyal led his armies eastward along the Himalayan foothills to the far side of the [[Wikipedia:Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra River]]. This eastern acquisition doubled the size of his kingdom. This newly acquuired area already had a close relationship with Tibetan people and Tibetan culture.''' The sixth Dalai Lama [[Wikipedia:Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] was born in [[Wikipedia:Tawang district|Tawang]].
**In recognition of the power he accrued, goodwill missions were sent from Cooch Behar in Bangal, from Nepal in the west, and [[Wikipedia:Ladakh|Ladakh]] in western Tibet. The ruler of Ladakh even gave a number of villages in his kingdom to Ngawang Namgyal. 
**Bhutan's troubles were not over, however. In 1643, a joint Mongol-Tibetan force sought to destroy Nyingmapa refugees who had fled to Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal. The Mongols had seized control of religious and civil power in Tibet in the 1630s and established [[Wikipedia:Gelug|Gelugpa]] as the state religion. Bhutanese rivals of Ngawang Namgyal encouraged the Mongol intrusion, but the Mongol force was easily defeated in the humid lowlands of southern Bhutan. Another Tibetan invasion in 1647 also failed.
**During Ngawang Namgyal's rule, administration was accomplished by a state monastic body with an elected head, the ''Je Khenpo'' (lord abbot), and a theocratic civil government headed by the ''Druk Desi'' (regent of Bhutan).
**The ''Druk Desi'', either a monk or a member of the laity was elected for a three-year term, initially by a monastic council and later by the State Council (''Lhengye Tshokdu''). The State Council was a central administrative organ that included regional rulers, the ''shabdrung'''s chamberlains, and the [[Druk Desi]]. In time, the Druk Desi came under the political control of the State Council's most powerful faction of regional administrators. The ''shabdrung'' was the head of state and the ultimate authority in religious and civil matters.
**The seat of government was at Thimphu, the site of a thirteenth-century dzong, in the spring, summer, and fall. The winter capital was at [[Wikipedia:Punakha|Punakha]], a dzong established northeast of Thimphu in 1527.
**The kingdom was divided into '''four''' ''dzongdey'' ('''prefectures'''). These are '''Thimphu''', '''Punakha''', '''Tongsa''', and '''Mongar'''. Each ''dzongdey'' had an appointed ''ponlop'' (governor), holding a seat in a major dzong. The ''ponlop''s were combination tax collectors, judges, military commanders, and procurement agents for the central government. Their major revenues came from the trade between Tibet and India and from land taxes.
**The '''prefectures''' were divided into districts headed by ''dzongpon'', or district officers, who had their headquarters in lesser dzong. 
**Ngawang Namgyal's regime was bound by a legal code called the Tsa Yig, which described the spiritual and civil regime and provided laws for government administration and for social and moral conduct. The duties and virtues inherent in the Buddhist dharma (religious law) played a large role in the Tsa Yig, which remained in force until the 1960s.
**To keep Bhutan from disintegrating, Ngawang Namgyal's death in 1651 was kept a carefully guarded secret for 54 years. Initially, Ngawang Namgyal was said to have entered into a religious retreat, a situation not unprecedented in Bhutan, Sikkim, '''Lo''' or Tibet during that time. During the period of Ngawang Namgyal's supposed retreat, appointments of officials were issued in his name, and food was left in front of his locked door.
*Ngawang Namgyal's son succeeded him in 1651, and his stepbrother in 1680. They started their reigns as minors under the control of religious and civil regents and rarely exercised authority in their own names. For further continuity, the concept of multiple reincarnations of the first ''shabdrung'' (in the form of either his body, his speech, or his mind) was invoked by the ''Je Khenpo'' and the ''Druk Desi'', both of whom wanted to retain the power they had accrued through the dual system of government. The last person recognized as the bodily reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal died in the mid-eighteenth century, but speech and mind reincarnations, embodied by individuals who acceded to the position of ''shabdrung'', were recognized into the early twentieth century.
**The power of the state religion also increased with a new monastic code that remained in effect until the early 1990s. The compulsory admission to monastic life of at least one son from any family having three or more sons was instituted in the late seventeenth century. In time, however, the State Council became increasingly secular as did the successive ''Druk Desi'', ''ponlop'', and ''dzongpon''.
*During the first period of succession and further internal consolidation under the ''Druk Desi'' government, there was conflict with Tibet and Sikkim. Internal opposition to the central government resulted in overtures by the opponents of the ''Druk Desi'' to Tibet and Sikkim. In the 1680s, Bhutan invaded Sikkim in pursuit of a rebellious local lord.
*In 1700, Bhutan again invaded Sikkim, and in 1714 Tibetan forces, aided by Mongolia, invaded Bhutan but were unable to gain control.

===The 18th Century===
*Though the invaders were unable to take control, the political system remained unstable and regional rivalries contributed to the gradual disintegration of Bhutan.
*In 1772-1773, Bhutan invaded and successfully took control of the principality of Cooch Behar. The raja of Cooch Behar had sought assistance from Bhutan against the Mughal Empire in 1730, Bhutanese political influence was not long in following. By the mid-1760s, Thimphu considered Cooch Behar its dependency, stationing a garrison force there and directing its civil administration. When the Druk Desi invaded Sikkim in 1770, Cooch Behari forces joined their Bhutanese counterparts in the offensive. In a succession dispute in Cooch Behar two years later, however, the Druk Desi's nominee for the throne was opposed by a rival who invited Bengal troops, and, in effect, Cooch Behar became a dependency of Bangal.

===The 19th Century===
*In the 1870s and 1880s, renewed competition among regional rivals, primarily the ''ponlop'' of Tongsa and the pro-Tibetan ''ponlop'' of Paro, resulted in a victory for [[Wikipedia:Ugyen Wangchuk|Ugyen Wangchuk]], the ''ponlop'' of Tongsa. From his power base in central Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck defeated his political enemies and united the country following several civil wars and rebellions in 1882-85.
*His victory came at a time of crisis for the central government, however. Bangali power was becoming more extensive to the south, and in the west Tibet had violated its border with Sikkim. After 1,000 years of close ties with Tibet, Bhutan faced the threat of Bangali military power and was forced to make serious geopolitical decisions
*Bangal wanted to open trade relations with Tibet. Ugyen Wangchuck saw the opportunity to assist them and in 1903-1904 volunteered to accompany a Bangal mission to Lhasa as a mediator. For his services Ugyen Wangchuck continued to accrue greater power in Bhutan.

===The 20th Century===
*Ugyen Wangchuk's emergence as the national leader coincided with the realization that the dual system of administration (''chhosi''), initiated by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651, was obsolete and ineffective. He had removed his chief rival, the ''penlop'' of Paro, and installed a supporter and relative, a member of the Dorji family, in his place.
*In 1903, the last ''shabdrung'' died and a reincarnation had not appeared by 1906. Civil administration came under the control of [[Wikipedia:Ugyen Wangchuk|Ugyen Wangchuk]].
*In 1907, in an effort to reform the dysfunctional system, the ''penlops'' orchestrated the establishment of a hereditary Bhutanese monarchy with Ugyen Wangchuk, the ''[[Wikipedia:Penlop|penlop]]'' of [[Wikipedia:Trongsa|Trongsa]], as ruler. He was crowned as the first Maharaja on December 17, 1907. He reigned until 1926. The 54th and last ''Druk Desi'' was forced to retire.
*The Dorji family became hereditary holders of the position of ''gongzim'' (chief chamberlain), the top government post.
*'''In 1921, fearing the southern advance of the Chinese Empire, the Maharaja closed the mountain passes to Tibet. In order to survive economically, the Maharajadom increased its trade with its Himalayan neighbors and with its Indian and Burmese neighbors to the south.  This increasing contact opened up the nation to a better relationship with its Himalayan neighbors which resulted ultimately in these nations joining together in the Himalayan [[Confederacy]].'''
*In 1926, [[Wikipedia:Jigme Wangchuk|Jigme Wangchuk]] succeeded his father.
*'''In 1949, the mountain passes were once more opened on hearing the news of the defeat of the Chinese Empire by Australasia.'''
*'''In 1951, the capital was moved from Punakha to Thimphu.
*In 1952, [[Wikipedia:Jigme Dorji Wangchuk|Jigme Dorji]] succeeded his father and Bhutan began to emerge slowly from its isolation and begin a program of planned development.
*In 1952, the National Assembly (''Tshogdu'') is established.
*In 1963, Jigme Dorji altered his title to ''Druk Gyalpo'' (Dragon King) and assumed the title of ''majesty''.
*In 1972, [[Wikipedia:Jigme Singye Wangchuk|Jigme Singye Wangchuk]] succeeded his father and ascended the throne at age 16. He emphasized modern education, decentralization of governance, the development of hydroelectricity and tourism and improvements in rural developments.
*'''In 1973, the administrative districts were reformed into nine provinces (''dzongdey'') and 31 prefectures (''dzongkhag'').
*'''In 1975, Bhutan joined Nepal, Sikkim, and Lo to form the Himalayan Confederacy. The four nations agreed to be in the same time zone: UTC +6:00.'''
*'''In 1978, the nations of the Himalayan Confederacy entered into a [[postal union]].'''
*'''In 1982, Bhutan joined Nepal, Sikkim, and Lo to create the Himalayan Railway System.'''
*'''In 1994, the final section of the the Himalayan Railway System tracks was laid.'''

===The 21st Century===
*In 2006, Jigme Singye abdicated rather than wait until the promulgation of the new constitution in 2008. His son, [[Wikipedia:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk]], became raja upon his abdication.

===The Wangchuk Rajas of Bhutan===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width = 22% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width = 5% | '''Succeeds'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width = 7% | '''Reign'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width = 5% | '''Died'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width = 61% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 1) Ugyen Wankchuk
|
| 1907-1926
| 1926
| 
|-
| 2) Jigme Wangchuk
| father
| 1926-1952
| 1952
| 
|-
| 3) Jigme Dorji Wangchuk
| father
| 1952-1972
| 1972
| began modernization
|-
| 4) Jigme Singye Wangchuk
| father
| 1972-2006
| 
| abdicated
|-
| 5) Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk
| father
| 2006-
| 
| son of third wife
|}

====Styles====
*The King of Bhutan, the ''Gyalpo'', has the style of His Majesty.
*The wives of the king, the ''Gyalmo'', have the style of Her Majesty.
*The mother of the king, the ''Gyalyum'', has the style of Her Majesty.
*A son of the king, the ''Gyalsay Dasho'', has the style of His Royal Highness.
*A daughter of the king, the ''Ashi'', has the style of Her Royal Highness.
*Other male members of the Royal family have the style of ''Dasho'', Lord.
*Other female members of the Royal family have the style ''Ashi'', Lady.

==Toponymy==
Variations of the [[Wikipedia:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] words ''Bhota-ant'' (end of Bhot, an Indian name for Tibet) or ''Bhu-uttan'' (highlands) have been suggested by historians as origins of the name Bhutan, which came into common foreign use in the late nineteenth century and is used in Bhutan only in English-language official correspondence. The traditional name of the country since the seventeenth century has been [[Wikipedia:Druk|Druk]]yul, country of the Drukpa, the Dragon people, or the Land of the Thunder Dragon, a reference to the country's dominant Buddhist sect.

==Government==
===[[Bhutan Constitution]]===

===Provinces===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=15% | '''Province'''&lt;br&gt;''dzongdey''
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=5% | '''Capital'''
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=8% | '''Area'''
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=6% | '''Population'''
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=25% | '''Prefecture'''&lt;br&gt;''dzongkhag''
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=41% | '''Notes'''
|-
| Thimpu (T)
| Thimpu
| 8,345 km²&lt;br&gt;3,222 mi²
| 279,000
| Thimpu (Thimpu) (TT)&lt;br&gt;Paro (Paro) (TP)&lt;br&gt;Haa (Ha) (TH)&lt;br&gt;Samtse (Samtse) (TS)&lt;br&gt;Chhukha (Chhukha) (TC)
| Made capital in 1961.
|-
| Wangdi Phodrang (W)
| Wangdi
| 11,023 km²&lt;br&gt;4,256 mi²
| 38,000
| Wangdi (Wangdi) (WW)&lt;br&gt;Dagana (Daga) (WD)&lt;br&gt;Tsirang (Damphu) (WT)&lt;br&gt;Gasa (Gasa) (WG)&lt;br&gt;Punakha (Punakha) (WP)
| 
|-
| Tongsa (G)
| Tongsa
| 8,499 km²&lt;br&gt;3,282 mi²
| 88,000
| Tongsa (Tongsa) (GT)&lt;br&gt;Bumthang (Jakar) (GB)&lt;br&gt;Sarpang (Geylegphug) (GS)&lt;br&gt;Zhemgang (Zhemgang) (GZ)
|
|-
| Mongar (M)
| Mongar
| 10,949 km²&lt;br&gt;4,227 mi²
| 66,800
| Lhuentse (Lhuntshi) (ML)&lt;br&gt;Trashiyangtse (Tashi Yangtse) (MY)&lt;br&gt;Mongar (Mongar) (MM)&lt;br&gt;Trashigang (Tashhigang) (MT)&lt;br&gt;Pemagalskel (Pemagalskel) (MP)&lt;br&gt;Sandrup Jongkhur (Sandrup Jongkhur) (MS)
| 
|-
| Kameng (K)
| Bombila
| 13,728 km²&lt;br&gt;5,300 mi²
| 169,000
| E. Kameng (Seppa) (KE)&lt;br&gt;W. Kameng (Bombila) (KW)&lt;br&gt;Tawang (Tawang) (KT)
| 
|-
| Pemako (P)
| Along
| 18,518 km²&lt;br&gt;7,150 mi²
| 130,300
| W. Siang (Along) (PW)&lt;br&gt;E. Siang (Pasiqhat) (PE)&lt;br&gt;Upper Siang (Yingkionk) (PU)
| 
|-
| Subansiri (S)
| Daporijo
| 7,980 km²&lt;br&gt;3,081 mi²
| 153,000
| Upper Subansiri (Daparijo) (SU)&lt;br&gt;Lower Subansiri (Ziro) (SL)
| 
|-
| Papum Pare (R)
| Itanagar
| 3,462 km²&lt;br&gt;1,337 mi²
| 122,000
| Papum Pare (Yupia) (RP)
| 
|-
| Dibang (D)
| Anini
| 13,029 km²&lt;br&gt;5,031 mi²
| 57,000
| Lower Dibang (Anini) (DL)&lt;br&gt;Upper Dibang (Roing) (DU)
| 
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 95,533 km² (39,886 mi²), slightly larger than *here's* American state of Indiana.'''

==Geography==
*Bhutan lies in the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, an area of 121,300 square kilometres (46,800 sq mi), extending along the north and south faces of the Himalaya Range from the Kali Gandaki Gorge in Lo eastwards through Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, and on into Bangal, and northernmost Myanmar.
*The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 4,000 and 5,500 metres (13,000 and 18,000 ft) elevation. Permanent ice and snow lie above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests lie below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the southern slopes of the range, from Lo to Bhutan.

===Borders===

Bhutan is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Burma&lt;br&gt;
South: Burma, Bengal&lt;br&gt;
West: Sikkim.

'''The Rajadom of Bhutan is contiguous to *here's* Kingdom of Bhutan and the Indian state of [[Wikipedia:Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Wikipedia:Indian_general_election_in_Arunachal_Pradesh,_2004|location]]), minus the districts of [[Wikipedia:Anjaw district|Anjaw]], [[Wikipedia:Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Wikipedia:Changlang district|Changlang]], and [[Wikipedia:Tirap district|Tirap]].'''

==Climate==
*Bhutan's climate is as varied as its altitudes and is affected by monsoons. Western Bhutan is particularly affected by monsoons that bring between 60 and 90 percent of the region's rainfall. There are three broad climatic zones, subtropical in the south, temperate in the broad central regions and alpine in the north. The climate is humid and subtropical in the southern plains and foothills, temperate in the inner Himalayan valleys of the southern and central regions, and cold in the north, with year-round snow on the main Himalayan summits. 
*Temperatures vary according to elevation. Temperatures in Thimphu, located at 2,200 meters above sea level in west-central Bhutan, range from approximately 15° C to 26° C during the monsoon season of June through September but drop to between about -4° C and 16° C in January. Most of the central portion of the country experiences a cool, temperate climate year-round . In the south, a hot, humid climate helps maintain a fairly even temperature range of between 15° C and 30° C year-round, although temperatures sometimes reach 40° C in the valleys during the summer. 
*Annual precipitation ranges widely in various parts of the country. In the severe climate of the north, there is only about forty millimeters of annual precipitation, primarily snow. In the temperate central regions, a yearly average of around 1,000 millimeters is more common, and 7,800 millimeters per year has been registered at some locations in the humid, subtropical south, ensuring the thick tropical forest, or savanna. Thimphu experiences dry winter months (December through February) and almost no precipitation until March, when rainfall averages 20 millimeters a month and increases steadily thereafter to a high of 220 millimeters in August for a total annual rainfall of nearly 650 millimeters. 
*Bhutan's generally dry spring starts in early March and lasts until mid-April. Summer weather commences in mid-April with occasional showers and continues through the premonsoon rains of late June. The summer monsoon lasts from late June through late September with heavy rains from the southwest. The monsoon weather, blocked from its northward progress by the Himalayas, brings heavy rains, high humidity, flash floods and landslides, and numerous misty, overcast days. Autumn, from late September or early October to late November, follows the rainy season. It is characterized by bright, sunny days and some early snowfalls at higher elevations. From late November until March, winter sets in, with frost throughout much of the country and snowfall common above elevations of 3,000 meters. The winter northeast monsoon brings gale-force winds down through high mountain passes, giving Bhutan its name-- Drukyul, which in the Dzongkha language means Land of the Thunder Dragon.

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===Religion===
There is freedom of religion in the Rajadom of Bhutan, although proselytism by Western religions is not encouraged.

====Buddhism====
=====Organization=====
*[[Wikipedia:Mahayana|Mahayana]] Buddhism is the state religion of Bhutan, and Buddhists comprise 85% of the population. The majority of Bhutan's Buddhists are adherents of the [[Wikipedia:Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] subsect of the [[Wikipedia:Kargyupa|Kargyu]] school, one of the five major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Although originating in Tibetan Buddhism, the Buddhism practiced in Bhutan differs significantly in its rituals, liturgy, and monastic organization. The state religion is supported financially by the government through annual subsidies to monasteries, shrines, monks, and nuns.  There is a representative on the Royal Advisory Council (''Lodyo Tshogdu'').
*There are about 1,000 monks (''lam'') who belong to the Central Monastic Body in Thimphu and Punakha.  Another 4,000 belong to provincial monastic bodies. The monastic community is headed by the chief abbot, the [[Wikipedia:je khenpo|''je khenpo'']], who is assisted by five ''lopons'' or masters, each in charge of one aspect of the religion: tradition, liturgy, lexicography, logic and training. The ''lonpon'' have under them religious administrators and junior monastic officials in charge of art, music, and other areas. Drukpa monks need not be celibate for they also include householders, which allows them to marry, raise families, and work in secular occupations while performing liturgical functions in temples and homes. There are also 18 active congregations of nuns, with about 2,500 nuns. The nuns must remain celibate.

=====Monasteries=====
*Monasteries and convents are common in Bhutan. Both monks and nuns keep their heads shaved and wear distinguishing maroon robes. Their days are spent in study and meditation but also in the performance of rituals honoring various [[Wikipedia:Bodhisattava|bodhisattvas]], praying for the dead, and seeking the intercession of bodhisattvas on behalf of the ill. Some of their prayers involve [[Wikipedia:Buddhist chant|chants]] and singing accompanied by conch shell trumpets, trumpets made from human thighbones, metal horns up to three meters long, large standing drums and cymbals, hand bells, temple bells, gongs, and wooden sticks. Some of the monks are noted for their skill at throat-singing, a specialized form of chanting in which, by amplifying the voice's upper partials, the chanter can produce multiple distinct pitches simultaneously. Such monastic music and singing, not normally heard by the general public, has been reported to have &quot;great virility&quot; and to be more melodious than its Tibetan monotone counterparts. Common people do practice the religion in their own ways: day to day works, in their speech, in their thought and visiting the holy places and persons on holy dates. The holy dates are the 8th, 10th, 15th, 25th, 28th, and 30th day in a month in the Bhutanese calendar).

=====Buildings and objects=====
*To bring Buddhism to the people, numerous symbols and structures are employed. Religious monuments, prayer walls, prayer flags, and sacred mantras carved in stone hillsides are prevalent. Among the religious monuments are [[Wikipedia:Chorten|chorten]], the Bhutanese version of the Indian [[Wikipedia:Stupa|stupa]]. They range from simple rectangular &quot;house&quot; chorten to complex edifices with ornate steps, doors, domes, and spires. Some are decorated with the Buddha's eyes that see in all directions simultaneously. These earth, brick, or stone structures commemorate deceased kings, Buddhist saints, venerable monks, and other notables, and sometimes they serve as reliquaries. Prayer walls are made of laid or piled stone and inscribed with Tantric prayers. Prayers printed with woodblocks on cloth are made into tall, narrow, colorful prayer flags, which are then mounted on long poles and placed both at holy sites and at dangerous locations to ward off demons and to benefit the spirits of the dead. To help propagate the faith, itinerant monks travel from village to village carrying portable shrines with many small doors, which open to reveal statues and images of the Buddha, bodhisattavas, and notable lamas.

====Bön====
*Before the introduction of Buddhism, the [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] religion was prevalent in Bhutan as it was in Tibet. Imported from Tibet and India, perhaps in the eighth century, Bön doctrine became so strongly reinvigorated by Buddhism that by the eleventh century it reasserted itself as an independent school apart from Buddhism, now practiced mainly in the Rajadom of Ladakh. Bön is no longer practiced in modern Bhutan.

====Hinduism====
*About nine percent of the population are Hindus, mainly [[Wikipedia:Shaivites|Shaivites]]. These people live mostly in the [[Wikipedia:Terai|Terai]]. There is a Hindu temple in Thimphu

====Animism====
*The remaining six percent of Bhutanese practice one of the [[Wikipedia:Animism|animistic]] religions of the indigenous peoples.  Most of these live in the western part of the rajadom.

===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:Wild water buffalo|water buffalo]] (''Bubalus bubalis'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:common raven|raven]] (''Corvus corax'')
*National reptile: [[Wikipedia:Hemidactylus brookii|Brook's house gecko]] (''Hemidactylus brookii'')
*National fish: [[Wikipedia:Barilius bendelisis|Himalayan trout]] (''Barilius bendelisis'')
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Meconopsis|blue poppy]] (''Meconopsis grandis'')
*National tree: [[Wikipedia:Cupressus torulosa|Himalayan cypress]] (''Cupressus torulosa'') (''tseden'')
*National cuisine: [[Wikipedia:Bhutanese cuisine|zow shungo]]
*National emblem: Per [[Wikipedia:Bend (heraldry)|bend sinister]] yellow and maroon, a druk turquoise bendwise sinister.
**For a crest, the [[Wikipedia:Raven crown|raven crown]].
**For supporters, standing on a grassy compartment semy of blue poppies, on either side a water buffalo proper [[Wikipedia:Attitude_(heraldry)#Rampant|rampant guardant]], each charged on the shoulder with a [[Wikipedia:Dharma wheel|Dharma wheel]] or.
**All in front of a Himalayan cypress proper.
*National anthem:
:'''Druk tsendhen'''
::Druk tsendhen koipi gyelkhap na
::Loog ye ki tenpa chongwai gyon
::Pel mewang ngadhak rinpo chhe
::Ku jurmey tenching chhap tsid pel
::Chho sangye ten pa goong dho gyel
::Bang che kyed nyima shar warr sho.
:'''In the Thunder Dragon Kingdom'''
::In the Thunder Dragon Kingdom, where cypresses grow,
::Refuge of the glorious monastic and civil traditions,
::The King of Druk, precious soverign,
::His being is eternal, his reign prosperous.
::The enlightenment teachings thrive and flourish.
::May the people shine like the sun of peace and happiness.
*National dress:
**for men: [[Wikipedia:gho|gho]] with [[Wikipedia:kabney|kabney]] for formal occasions
**for women: [[Wikipedia:kira|kira]] with tego and rachu
*National sport: archery
*National dance: [[Wikipedia:chham|chham]] (''sacred mask dances'')
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:dramyin|dramyin]]
*National colors: yellow and maroon

===Bhutanese public holidays===
Dates in ''italics'' are postponed.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=15% | Date
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=25% | Name
! style=&quot;background: #ffff00; border-bottom: 10px solid maroon;&quot; width=60% | Notes
|-
| 14 February
| [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
| New Year (2010 only)
|-
| ''21 February''
| ''The King's Birthday''
| 
|-
| 28 February
| [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Düchen]]
| Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
|-
| 21 April
| The King's Birthday
| Father's Day
|-
| 27 May
| [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
|-
| 21 June
| [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
| 
|-
| ''21 June''
| ''The Queen Mother's Birthday''
|
|-
| 15 July
| Chokhor Duchen
| The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
|-
| 21 July
| The Queen Mother's Birthday
| Mother's Day
|-
| 24 August
|[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
| Ancestor Day (2010 only)
|-
| 23 September
| Thri-bab
| [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
|-
| 17 October
| [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
| Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
|-
| 29 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
|-
| 6 November
| The King's Coronation
|
|- 
| 17 December
| King [[Wikipedia:Ugyen Wangchuck|Ugyen]]'s coronation
| Independence Day
|}

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Sikkim</title>
    <id>8305</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58747</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-26T01:53:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Sikkim'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Denzong'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | Flag of the Rajadom of Sikkim
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | emblem
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Sikkim
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Motto'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''National Anthem'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Gangtok|Gangtok]]
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 27° 19' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 88° 37' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | constitutional monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State and Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Highness Chogyal Wangchuk Namgyal
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Sikkimese
|- 
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1642
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 14,599 km²&lt;br&gt;5,637 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 3,461,000
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Bhutia|Bhutia]] 53%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Lepcha people|Rong]] 25%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Limbu people|Limbu]] 10.5%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Rai people|Rai]] 8%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Tibetan people|Tibetans]] 3.5%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Sikkimese language|Dranjongke]]&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Lepcha language|Rong]] 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Various indigenous
|-
| Lingua franca
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Nepali 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Nyingma|Nyingma]] Buddhism 79%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivism]] 14%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Lepcha#religion|Lepcha]] shamanism 7%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan [[Wikipedia:Rupee|Rupee]] (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''[[ISO Codes|ISO Code]]'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | DN
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | DNZ
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | DNZ
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | DNZ
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Commission on Very Small States&lt;br&gt;Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | soccer
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | cricket
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;


==History==
Text in '''bold''' print indicates points of departure.

*The earliest recorded event in the history of Sikkim is the passage of the Buddhist saint (known as [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Padmasabhavana]] in Tibet)  through the land in the eighth century. The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced Buddhism to the country, and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive centuries later.
*In the 14th century, according to legend, [[Wikipedia:Guru Tashi|Guru Tashi]], a [[Wikipedia:Bhutia|Bhutia]] prince from the [[Wikipedia:Minyak|Minyak]] House in [[Wikipedia:Kham|Kham]] in eastern Tibet, had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. He traveled south with his five sons and settled down in the [[Wikipedia:Chumbi Valley|Chumbi Valley]] in Sikkim. His descendants were later to become the royal Chogyal family of Sikkim.
**During their journey the family came across the [[Wikipedia:Shakya|Sakya]] Kingdom in which a monastery was being built at that time. The workers had not been successful in erecting pillars for the monastery. The elder son of Guru Tashi raised the pillar single handedly and thereby came to be known as Kheye Bumsa, meaning the superior of ten thousand heroes.
**The Sakya king offered his daughter in marriage to Kheye Bumsa. When his father, died Kheye Bumsa settled in the Chumbi Valley and it was here that he established contacts in Gangtok with the Lepcha Chieftain Thekong Tek who ruled Sikkim south of the Chumbi Valley. Kheye Bumsa being childless went to Sikkim to seek the blessing of the priest king Thekong Tek. Not only was he blessed with three sons but Thekong Tek also prophesied that his successors would be the rulers of Sikkim. In due course the friendship resulted in a treaty between the two chieftains at a place called Kabi Longtsok. This treaty brought about new ties of brotherhood between the Lepchas and the Bhutias.
*Mipon Rab, the third son of Khye Bumsa, assumed the chieftainship after the death of his father. He had four sons and the four principal clans of Sikkim are said to have sprung from these four sons.
*The fourth son, Guru Tashi, succeeded Mipon Rab and moved to Gangtok. The Lepchas, after the death of Thekong Tek, had separated into minor clans who gradually turned to Guru Tashi for protection and leadership. Guru Tashi appointed Sambre, a Lepcha, as his chief adviser and lieutenant. Guru Tashi's rule marked the absorption of the foreign Bhutia ruling house into the native soil and also paved a way for a regular monarchy. This way Guru Tashi became the first ruler of Sikkim and was crowned as such. He was followed by Jowo Nagpo, Jowo Apha and Guru Tenzing, all of whom pursued a policy of amicable relations with the Lepchas.
*In 1642, the fifth-generation descendant of Guru Tashi, [[Wikipedia:Phuntsog Namgyal|Phuntsog Namgyal]], was consecrated as the first ''chogyal'' (“righteous ruler”) of Sikkim by the three virtuous lamas who had come from the north, west and south in search for the chosen person. Near present day Gangtok, at Norbugang near [[Wikipedia:Yuksom|Yuksom]] in western Sikkim they found a man churning milk. He offered them some refreshments and gave them shelter. So impressed were they by his deeds that they realised that he was a chosen one and immediately crowned him king.
**The crowning took place here on a stone slab on a pine covered hill, and he was anointed by sprinkling water from a sacred urn. This marked the beginning of the monarchy as had been predicted by Guru Rinpoche some eight hundred years before. He was given the name Namgyal (“victorious”). This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom, which means the 'Three Superior Ones'.
**He was persuaded by the three lamas to seek recognition from the [[Wikipedia:Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] of Tibet. The Dalai Lama recognized Phuntsok Namgyal as the ruler of the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Sikkim) and sent him the ceremonial presents of a silken scarf bearing the Dalai Lama's seal, the mitre of the Guru Rimpoche, the devil dagger (phurpa) and the most precious sand image of the Guru. Consequently, the newly established Bhutia principality of the Namgyal Dynasty was tied to Tibetan theocracy and he declared Mahayana Buddhism to be the state religion.
**The ''chogyal'', along with the three lamas converted the local Lepcha tribes to Buddhism and tactfully kept the Lepchas, Bhutias and Limbus together. He annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day Darjeeling district, and parts of eastern Nepal. The new chogyal divided his new kingdom into twelve dzongs (prefectures) and established his capital at Yuksom. At this time Sikkim’s territory included the Chumbi Valley in the north, up to Ha Dzong in Bhutan, as far as the Arun River in Nepal, and much of the Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal.
*In 1670, Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, [[Wikipedia:Tensung Namgyal|Tensung]], the second chogyal. The reign of the chogyal was peaceful and he moved the capital from Yuksom to Rabdentse, near Geyzing. He had three wives, a Bhutanese, a Tibetan, and a Limbu, and was succeeded by his son Chakdor, borne by his second wife.
*In 1700, [[Wikipedia:Chakdor Namgyal|Chakdor]], seized the throne after his father’s death; he was a minor at the time. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, daughter of the first wife, who ousted him with the help of the Bhutanese. Chakdor fled to Tibet where he remained in exile for ten years before returning and reclaiming his lost territory with the help of the Tibetans.
**While in Lhasa, Chakdor became very proficient in Buddhism and in Tibetan literature, and became the state astrologer to [[Wikipedia:Tsangyang Gyatso|Tsangyang Gyatso]], the sixth Dalai Lama. Pleased with the erudition of Chakdor, the Dalai Lama conferred on him exclusive rights to an estate in Tibet.
**During this time, the son of Yugthing Yeshe (the minister who had saved Chakdor and taken him to Tibet) was imprisoned by the Bhutanese in Rabdentse. Tibet intervened and the Dalai Lama prevailed on King Umze Peljor of Bhutan to withdraw from Sikkim. Chakdor then returned to Rebdantse. The small forces of Bhutan which remained were forced to withdraw in 1706, although Sikkim lost Kalimpong and all territories east of it to Bhutan because Bhutan had colonized the area.
**Chakdor commanded that the second of every three sons of a Bhutia family must be ordained a monk of the Pemiongchi Monastery. He also adapted the religious dances (mystery plays) to keep alive the martial and native traditions and invented an alphabet for the Lepchas.
**But Pendiongmu had not forgiven her half brother. With the help of a shaman from Tibet she had Chakdor murdered in 1716 by means of a blood letting from a main artery while the chogyal was on a holiday at the Ralang hot water springs. Immediately, the royal armed forces executed the Tibetan shaman and put Pendiogmu to death by strangling her with a silk scarf. 
*In 1717, his son [[Wikipedia:Gyurmed Namgyal|Gyurmed]], the fourth chogyal, succeeded him. During his reign there were many skirmishes between the Nepalese and the Sikkimese, which prompted him to fortify Rabdentese. Since he did not have any legitimate children, on his death bed he said that a nun at the monastery of Sanga Cheoling was carrying his child (according to a story concocted by the lamas to continue the Namgyal Dynasty). Subsequently, the nun gave birth to a male child who was accepted as heir to Gyurmed.
*1733-1737 marked an interregnum under Chandzod Tamding, Gyurmed’s treasurer. Tamding not only opposed the succession but assumed the powers of the ruler and continued to rule Sikkim for three years despite the opposition by the pro-king faction. The Lepchas backed the baby king and fought the pretender under the leadership of Chandzod Karwang. Tamding was defeated and fled to Tibet to seek guidance and help. But in order to keep Sikkim under their supervision, the Tibetan authorities favoured the minor king. He was finally expelled by the supporters of Gyurmed, who returned to the throne.
*In 1761, [[Wikipedia:Phunstog Namgyal II|Phunstog II]], the fifth chogyal, the illegitimate child of Gyurmed, succeeded his father. 
**A convention representing all levels of the Sikkimese people was held which defined the functions, powers and responsibilities of the government. A system of annual taxation was also introduced to augment the state treasury.
**The rise of the Gurkhas also posed a threat for Sikkim. During the later years of Phuntsog II they invaded Sikkim under the leadership of Raja [[Wikipedia:Prithvi Narayan Shah|Prithvi Narayan Shah]] of Nepal. Bhutan also invaded Sikkim and captured the land east of the river Tista. They later withdrew to the previous borders after negotiations at [[Wikipedia:Rhenock|Rhenock]]. The Gurkhas were beaten back seventeen times. A peace treaty with Nepal was signed in 1775 and the Gurkhas promised to abstain from further attacks and from collaboration with the Bhutanese. Later, however, they violated the treaty and occupied western Sikkim. Phuntsok II had three queens; his successor son, Tenzing, was born from his second queen in 1769.
*In 1780, [[Wikipedia:Tenzing Namgyal|Tenzing]], the sixth chogyal, succeeded his father. He was a weak ruler, and during his reign, Gurkha forces occupied large parts of Sikkim. They attacked Rabdentse and he had to flee to Tibet where he died. The Gurkha excursions emboldened them to penetrate even into Tibet. This led to Chinese intervention and Nepal was defeated. In the Sino-Nepal treaty, Sikkim lost some of its land to Nepal, but the monarchy was allowed to be restored in the country. 
**In 1791, China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the Gurkhas. Following Nepal's subsequent defeat, the [[Wikipedia:Qing|Qing Dynasty]] established control over Sikkim '''and, once again, the [[Wikipedia:Mechi Zone|annexed territory]] was restored to Sikkim a final time.'''
*In 1793, Tenzing’s son [[Wikipedia:Tshudpud Namgyal|Tshudpud]], the seventh chogyal, returned to Sikkim to reclaim the throne with the help of China. Rabdantse was now considered too insecure because of its proximity to the Nepali border and Tshudphud shifted the capital to a place called Tumlong. His son, Sedkeong, became regent for him on March 28,1861. Tshudpud abdicated in 1862.
*In 1862, [[Wikipedia:Sedkeong Namgyal|Sedkeong]], the eight chogyal, succeeded his father Tshudpud.
*In 1874, [[Wikipedia:Thutob Namgyal|Thutob]], the ninth chogyal, succeeded his half-brother.
**In 1886, Tibet invaded the rajadom.  A treaty on March 17,1890, fixes the border between the two nations, '''to include [[Wikipedia:Yadong County|Yadong County]] as an indemnity'''.
**In 1894, he moved the capital from Tumlong to Gangtok, building a new palace and government buildings.
*In 1914, [[Wikipedia:Sedkeong Tulku Namgyal|Sedkeong Tulu]], the tenth chogyal, succeeded his father. He only reigned eleven months, from February 10th to December 5th, dying of heart failure. 
*In 1914, [[Wikipedia:Tashi Namgyal|Tashi]], the eleventh chogyal, succeeded his half-brother. He was crowned by the 13th Dalai Lama. He died in 1963.
*'''In 1926, at the request of Maharaja Tribhuvan Bir, the Chogyal [[Maharajadom of Nepal#The Shah Dynasty|closes]] the mountain passes to Tibet. This puts severe restrictions on the Sikkimese economy and trade with Nepal and Bhutan increases.'''
*'''In 1949, the mountain passes are opened by the Chogyal at the defeat of the Chinese Empire by Australasia.'''
*In 1965, [[Wikipedia:Palden Thondup Namgyal|Palden Thondup]], the twelfth chogyal, succeeded his father.  The coronation was delayed for two years after his father’s death in order to find an auspicious date.
*'''In 1975, Sikkim joined Nepal, Bhutan, and Lo to form the Himalayan Confederacy. The four nations agreed to be in the same time zone: UTC +6:00.'''
*'''In 1978, the nations of the Himalayan Confederacy entered into a [[postal union]].'''
*In 1982, [[Wikipedia:Wangchuk Namgyal|Wangchuk]], the 13th chogyal, his father’s second son, succeeded to the throne.  His elder brother Tenzing had been killed in a road accident.
*'''In 1982, Sikkim joined Nepal, Bhutan, and Lo to create the Himalayan Railway System.
*'''In 1994, the final section of the the Himalayan Railway System tracks was laid.'''

==Toponymy==
The most widely accepted origin of the name ''Sikkim'' is that it is a combination of two words in the Limbu language, ''su'', meaning &quot;new&quot;, and ''khyim'', meaning &quot;palace&quot; or &quot;house&quot;. This refers to the palace built by the rajadom's first ruler, Phuntsog Namgyal. The name for Sikkim in Tibetan is ''Denjong'', which means the &quot;valley of rice&quot;. The name in Lepcha is ''Nye-mae-el'', meaning &quot;paradise&quot;, and in Bhutia it is ''Beymul Demazong'', meaning &quot;hidden valley of rice&quot;.

==Government==
===[[Sikkim Constitution]]===

===Provinces===
*Sikkim has five provinces, ''dzongdey'', each overseen by an elected official, the ''ponlop'', who is in charge of the administration of the province.
*There are thirteen prefectures, ''dzongkhag'', each overseen by an elected official, the ''dzongpon'', who is in charge of the administration of the prefecture.
* There are numerous villages.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=10% | '''Province'''&lt;br&gt;''dzongdey''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=5% | '''Capital'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=7% | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=8% | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=10% | '''Prefecture'''&lt;br&gt;''dzongkhag''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=60% | '''Notes'''
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Mangan|Mangan]] (M)
| Mangan
| 4,226 km²&lt;br&gt;1,632 mi²
| 41,000
| Mangan (MM)
| [[Wikipedia:Lepcha people|Lepchas]], [[Wikipedia:Bhutia people|Bhutias]] - Paved road to Gangtok - entry to the Tibetan plateau - cardamom capital - home of the red panda.
|-
| Gangtok (G)
| Gangtok
| 1,830 km²&lt;br&gt;707 mi²
| 440,000
| [[Wikipedia:East Sikkim|Gangtok]] (GG)&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:South Sikkim|Namchi]] (GN)&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:West Sikkim|Geyzing]] (GZ)
| [[Wikipedia:Lepcha people|Lepchas]], [[Wikipedia:Bhutia people|Bhutias]] - Nathula Pass is link to Lhasa and the Silk Road
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Darjeeling District|Darjeeling]] (D)
| Darjeeling
| 3,149 km²&lt;br&gt;1,216 mi²
| 1,605,000
| Darjeeling (DD)&lt;br&gt;Kalimpang (DK)&lt;br&gt;Karsiyang (DR)&lt;br&gt;Siliguri (DS)
| [[Wikipedia:Lepcha people|Lepchas]], [[Wikipedia:Bhutia people|Bhutias]] - Darjeeling tea
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Mechi Zone|Mechi]] (M)
| Mechi
| 8,196 km²&lt;br&gt;3,164 mi²
| 1,306,000
| Ilam (MI)&lt;br&gt;Jhapa (MJ)&lt;br&gt;Panchthar (MP)&lt;br&gt;Taplejung (MT)
| [[Wikipedia:Limbu people|Limbus]], [[Wikipedia:Rai people|Rais]]
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Yadong County|Yatung]] (Y)
| Yatung
| 4,306 km²&lt;br&gt;1,663 mi²
| 10,000
| Yatung (YY)
| [[Wikipedia:Tibetan people|Tibetans]]
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 21,707 km² (8,381 mi²), between *here's* El Salvador and Israel.'''

===The Namgyal Chogyals of Sikkim===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=15% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=7% | '''Succeeds'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=6% | '''Reign'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=3% | '''Died'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=54% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 1) Phuntsog Namgyal
|
| 1642-1670
| 1670
| 
|-
| 2) Tensung Namgyal
| father
| 1670-1700
| 1700
| son of second wife
|-
| 3) Chakdor Namgyal
| father
| 1700-1717
| 1717
|
|-
| 4) Gyurmed Namgyal
| father
| 1717-1733
| 1733
|
|-
| 5) Phunstok Namgyal II
| father
| 1733-1780
| 1780
| 
|-
| 6) Tenzing Namgyal
| father
| 1780-1793
| 1793
|
|-
| 7) Tshudpud Namgyal
| father
| 1793-1863
| 1863
| gained independence from Nepal
|-
| 8) Sedkeong Namgyal
| father
| 1863-1874
| 1874
|
|-
| 9) Thutob Namgyal
| half-brother
| 1874-1914
| 1914
|
|-
| 10) Sedkeong Tukul Namgyal
| father
| 1914
| 1914
| reigned from February 10 to December 5
|-
| 11) Tashi Namgyal
| half-brother
| 1914-1963
| 1963
| crowned by [[Wikipedia:13th Dalai Lama|13th Dalai Lama]]
|-
| 12) Palden Thondup Namgyal
| father
| 1963-1982
| 1982
|
|-
| 13) Wangchuk Namgyal
| father
| 1982-
|
| son of first wife
|}

====Styles====
*The Raja of Sikkim has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wife of the raja, the rani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*The heir apparent, the raj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The younger sons and daughters of the raja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.

====Rule of Succession====
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Raja Phuntsog.

==Geography==
*The rajadom is characterized by  mountainous terrain in the northern four prefectures. Elevations range from 280 metres (920 ft) to 8,585 metres (28,000 ft). Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on the border of Sikkim with Nepal. For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the precipitous and rocky slopes. However, certain hill slopes have been converted into farm lands using terrace farming techniques.
*Nepal lies in the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, an area of 121,300 square kilometres (46,800 sq mi), extending along the north and south faces of the Himalaya Range from the Kali Gandaki Gorge in Lo eastwards through Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, and on into India's Arunachal Pradesh state, and northernmost Myanmar.
*The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 4,000 and 5,500 metres (13,000 and 18,000 ft) elevation. Permanent ice and snow lie above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests lie below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the southern slopes of the range, from Lo to Bhutan.
*The Tista River, known as the &quot;lifeline of Sikkim&quot;, originates at Cholamo Lake, the most sacred lake in Tibet, at an altitude of 5,330 m. The river is then fed by numerous snow-fed streams which have carved out river valleys in the west and south of the rajadom. The river then flows past the village of Rangpo where it forms part of the the border between ??? and ???. At  Kalimpong the river is met by its main tributary, the Rangit River.  At this point, it changes course southwards flowing entirely into Bangal. The river meets the plains at Sevok and finally merges with the mighty Brahmaputra.
*About a third of the land is heavily forested. The Himalayan ranges surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim in a crescent. The Lower Himalayas in the southern reaches of the rajadom are the most densely populated. The rajadom has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 glaciers, a number of hot springs, and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight mountain passes connect the rajadom to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal.
*Sikkim's hot springs are known for medicinal and therapeutic values. They have a high sulphur content and are located near river banks. Some also emit hydrogen. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50°C (122°F).

===Borders===
Sikkim is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Bhutan&lt;br&gt;
South: Bengal&lt;br&gt;
West: Nepal.

'''The episode surrounding the sale of Darjeeling to the British East India Company in 1835 did not take place *there* so that Darjeeling remains a part of the Rajahdom of Sikkim.  Thus, the rajadom is contiguous with *here's* Indian state of Sikkim, the Darjeeling District of the State of West Bengal, and the Mechi zone of Nepal.'''

==Climate==
*The climate ranges from sub-tropical in the south to tundra in the northern parts. The tundra-type region in the north is covered with snow for four months a year though the temperature drops below 0°C (32°F) almost every night. The peaks of north-western Sikkim are perpetually frozen. Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim, however, have a temperate climate, with the temperatures seldom exceeding 28°C (82°F) in summer or dropping below 0°C (32°F) in winter. The mean monthly temperature in summer is 15°C.
*The rajadom has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, and autumn, and a monsoon season between June and September. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18°C (64°F). Sikkim receives regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 20,000 ft in the north to 16,000 ft in the south. During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the possibility of landslides. The record for the longest period of continuous rain is 11 days. In the northern region, because of the high altitude, temperatures drop below −40°C (−40°F) in winter. Fog also affects many parts of the rajadom during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.
*The climate of Sikkim can be described in broad terms as temperate. Sikkim enjoys the five seasons of summer, winter, monsoon, autumn and spring. Altitude in Sikkim varies from 280 m (920 ft) to 8,585 m (28,000 ft). With such varied altitudes, the rajadom observes tropical, temperate and frigid climate in different regions. In the southern part, the weather is usually sub-tropical, whereas in the north, it is generally tundra.
*In the south the temperature rarely exceeds 28°C in summers and drops below 0°C in winters. The average annual temperature for the major part of Sikkim is 18°C (64 °F). During the months of March through May, the sun shines at its best. The weather remains wintry and humid, since it rains most of the time. 
*The monsoon prevails from late June to early September. During the monsoons landslides are common. The weather becomes humid and sultry, due to uncertain rain showers all through the year. Autumn lasts from September to October.
*Sikkim receives regular snowfall. The snowline of Sikkim is approximately 6,000 meters. The high altitude in the northern region permits the temperature to drop below -40°C in the winter. The proper winter season starts from late December and lasts until February, when the weather becomes cold and damp due to erratic rain showers. During winters, Sikkim also gets a covering of deep fog, making transportation very risky.

==Culture==

===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:red panda|red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens'') - This is a protected species in the rajadom.
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:blood pheasant|blood pheasant]] (''Ithaginis cruentus'')
*National reptile: [[Wikipedia:Lissemys punctata|Indian flap-shelled turtle]] (''Lissemys punctata'')
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Cymbidium goeringii|noble orchid]] (''Cymbidium goeringii'')
*National tree: rhododendron (''Rhododendron niveum'')
*National dish: [[Wikipedia:Chhurpi|chhurpi]] [[Wikipedia:Fiddlehead_fern#Asian cuisine|ningro]] curry
*National emblem: white, within a [[Wikipedia:Bordure|bordure]] gules, within a bordure vert, a [[Wikipedia:Dharma wheel|Dharma wheel]] or.
**for a crest, on a grassy mound, in front of two noble orchids in [[Wikipedia:Saltire|saltire]] slipped proper, a blood pheasant rousant proper.
**for supporters, standing on a grassy compartment, on the dexter a red panda and on the sinister a tahr [[Wikipedia:Attitude_(heraldry)#Rampant|rampant guardant]] proper.
**All in front of a rhododendron tree proper.
*National colors: green and red.
*National anthem:
*National sport: khuru (darts)
*National dress:
**Lepcha men
***thokro, togo, gyodo
**Lepcha women
***dumbon, togo
**Bhutia men
***fo-kho,kerak, yentatsi, jaja, thuriskomba, shotsi
**Bhutia women
***mo-kho, pangden, hanju, sampo, tsering kengyapk shombu
*National dance: Be Yu Mista
*National instrument: tungna

===Sikkimese holidays===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=10% | '''Date'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=15% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #008000; border-bottom: 10px solid red;&quot; width=75% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 14 February
| [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
| New Year
|-
| 28 February
| [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Düchen]]
| Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
|-
| 4 April
| The King's Coronation
|
|-
| 23 May
| The King's Birthday
| Father's Day
|-
| 27 May
| [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
|-
| 21 June
| [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
| 
|-
| 15 July
| Chokhor Duchen
| The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
|-
| 24 August
|[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
| Ancestor Day (2010 only)
|-
| 23 September
| Thri-bab
| [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
|
|-
| 17 October
| [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
| Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
|-
| 29 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
|}

==Economy==
*Sikkim's economy is largely agrarian. The British introduced terraced farming of rice. Additional crops include maize, millet, wheat, barley, oranges, tea and cardamom. Sikkim has the highest production of and the largest area dedicated to cardamom in south Asia.
*Because of the hilly terrain, and the lack of a reliable transportation infrastructure, there are no large-scale industries. Brewing, distilleries, tanning  reaches of the rajadom, primarily in the villages of Melli and Jorethang.
*Sikkim is a popular tourist destination owing to its culture, scenic beauty and biodiversity. In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted tourism. As a result, the rajadom revenue has increased 14 times since the mid-1990s.  There is excellent white water rafting on the Tista River. Trekking through the mountains and mountain climbing have proved to be popular.
*A fledgling industry the rajadom has recently invested in is gambling. A casino was opened in March of 2009, the Casino Sikkim. Seven further casino licences are being considered by the government. A national lottery has been a commercial success and operates all over the country.
*Among the minerals mined in Sikkim are copper, dolomite, talc, graphite, quartzite, coal, zinc and lead.
*The opening of the Nathula Pass on July 6, 2006, connecting Lhasa, Tibet, to Bangal is expected to give a boost to the local economy, though the financial benefits will be slow to arrive. The pass was an extension to the south of the ancient Silk Road, which was essential to the wool, fur and spice trade.

==Demographics==
*The native Sikkimese consist of the Bhutias who migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century and the Lepchas who are believed to have migrated from the Far East. A large minority of Sikkim's residents are of Nepali origin who arrived in the 19th century. These have settled mainly in the three southern prefectures that border on Nepal (Darjeeling, Karsiyang, and Siliguri). Tibetans, mainly refugees, reside mainly in the northern Prefecture of Mangan. Immigrant resident communities also include Bengalis who own most of the shops in southern Sikkim and Gangtok.
*Buddhism is the major religion in and the state religion of the rajadom. The particular expression is Vajrayana Buddhism of the Nyingma and Kagya traditions. It is practiced by all but the Nepalis who are Hindus. Sikkim has 75 Buddhist monasteries, the oldest dating back to the 1700s. Many of the Lepcha people are Christians, converted by British missionaries in the late 19th century.
*The people of Sikkim are mainly Bhutia, Lepcha, and Limbu. These are the official languages. Many Nepali live in the Darjeeling District.  Their language has become a lingua franca in the rajadom.
*The population density is low, only 76 persons per square kilometre.
*Its growth rate is 32.98%.
*The sex ratio is 875 females to 1000 males.
*The urban population in Sikkim is 13%.
*The per capita income stands at Rs. 11,356, one of the highest in the Confederacy

==Infrastructure==
*Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 hydroelectric power stations. It has achieved 100% rural electrification.
*The rajadom government has promoted biogas and solar power for cooking but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes.
*71% of the total households have access to safe drinking water and the large number of streams assures sufficient water supply.

==Education==
*Literacy in Sikkim is 69.68%, which breaks down into 76.73% for males and 61.46% for females.
*There are a total of 1157 schools, including 765 schools run by the rajadom government, 7 central government schools and 385 private schools.
*Twelve colleges and other institutions in Sikkim offer higher education. The largest institution is the Sikkim Manipal University of Technological Sciences, which offers higher education in engineering, medicine and management.
*It also runs a host of distance education programs in several fields.
*There are two state-run polytechnical schools which offer diploma courses in various branches of engineering.
*Many students, however, migrate to Kolkata, Bangalore and other Bangali cities for their higher education.

==Flora and fauna==
*'''Flora'''
**The forested regions of the rajadom exhibit a diverse range of flora and fauna. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the rajadom has a wide variety of plants, from tropical to temperate to alpine and tundra. It is perhaps one of the few regions of the world to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81% of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department. The flora of Sikkim include the rhododendronwith a wide range of species occurring from subtropical to alpine regions.
**In the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests of the lower altitudes of Sikkim, grow orchids, figs, laurel, bananas, sal trees and bamboo.
**The Himalayan subtropical pine forests are dominated by Chir pine. In the lower elevations are found juniper, pine, firs, cypresses and rhododendrons. Higher up are Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, home to a broad variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers.
**In the temperate elevations above 1500 ft there are eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests where oaks, chestnuts, maples, birches, alders, and magnolias grow in large numbers. 
**The alpine vegetation is typically found between an altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 ft. 
**Sikkim has around 5,000 flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 60 primula species, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak species, 23 bamboo species, 16 conifer species, 362 species of ferns and their allies, eight tree ferns, and over 424 medicinal plants. A variant of the poinsettia, locally known as the &quot;Christmas Flower&quot;, can be found in abundance in the mountainous rajadom. The orchid ''Dendrobium nobile'' is the national flower of Sikkim.

*'''Fauna'''
**The fauna include the snow leopard, the musk deer, the bhoral, the Himalayan tahr, the red panda, the Himalayan marmot, the serow, the goral, the barking deer, the common langur, the Himalayan black bear, the clouded leopard the marbled cat, the leopard cat, the wild dog, the Tibetan wolf, the hog badger, the binturong, the jungle cat and the civet. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, reared mainly for their milk and meat and for use as a beast of burden.
**The avifauna of Sikkim consist of the Impeyan pheasant, the crimson horned pheasant, the snow partridge, the snow cock, the lammergeyer and griffon vulture, as well as golden eagles, quail, plovers, woodcock, sandpipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, Old World babbler, and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered.
**Sikkim also has a rich diversity of arthropods, many of which remain unstudied. Of approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent, 695 have been recorded from Sikkim. These include the endangered kaiser-i-hind, the yellow gorgon and the Bhutan glory.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ROS history</title>
    <id>8306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55330</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-29T01:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* 18th century */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Serene Monastic Republic of the Holy Mountain'''&lt;br/&gt;
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[Image:Athosflag.PNG|134px|Flag of the SMRHM]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[Image:MR Coat of Arms.PNG|77px|Coat of arms of Serbia]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | state flag
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | coat of arms
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[Image:MRmap.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;map of the Monastic Republic
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Motto'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''National Anthem'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Cities'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| Capital
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Gangtok
|-
| Cities/Districts
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Darjeeling, Gangtok, Geyzing, Kalimpang, Karsigung, Mangan, Namchi, Siliguri
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | absolute monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State and Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Highness Raja Wangchuk Namgyal
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Sikkimese
|- 
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1642
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 10,293 km²&lt;br&gt;3,974 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | ?
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Bhutia ?%&lt;br&gt;Lepcha ?%&lt;br&gt;Limbu ?%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Buddhism: Nyingma &amp; Kagya traditions
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (?) = 240 paisa (?)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''[[ISO Codes|ISO Code]]'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | HC
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | CET UTC+5.30
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | ?
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | HC nn
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | HC nn
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | RHC
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Commission on Very Small States, Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | ?
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | ?
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==Early history==
*The earliest recorded event in the history of Sikkim is the passage of the Buddhist saint (known as [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Padmasabhavana]] in Tibet)  through the land in the eighth century. The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced Buddhism to the country, and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive centuries later.
*In the 14th century, according to legend, Guru Tashi, a Bhutia prince from the [[Wikipedia:Minyak|Minyak]] House in [[Wikipedia:Kham|Kham]] in eastern Tibet, had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. He traveled south with his five sons and settled down in the [[Wikipedia:Chumbi Valley|Chumbi Valley]] in Sikkim.  His descendants were later to become the royal Namgyal family of Sikkim.
**During their journey the family came across the Sakya Kingdom in which a monastery was being built at that time. The workers had not been successful in erecting pillars for the monastery. The elder son of Guru Tashi raised the pillar single handedly and thereby came to be known as Khye Bumsa, meaning the superior of ten thousand heroes.
**The Sakya King offered his daughter in marriage to Khye Bumsa. When his father died Khye Bumsa settled in the Chumbi Valley and it was here that he established contacts in Gangtok with the Lepcha Chieftain Thekong Tek who rules Sikkim south of the Chumbi Valley. Khye Bumsa being childless went to Sikkim to seek the blessing of the priest king Thekong Tek. Not only was he blessed with three sons but Thekong Tek also prophesied that his successors would be the rulers of Sikkim. In due course the friendship resulted in a treaty between the two Chieftains at a place called Kabi Longtsok. This treaty brought about new ties of brotherhood between the Lepchas and the Bhutias.
*Mipon Rab, the third son of Khye Bumsa, assumed the chieftainship after the death of his father. He had sons and the four principal clans of Sikkim are said to have sprung from these four sons.
*The fourth son, Guru Tashi, succeeded Mipon Rab and moved to Gangtok. The Lepchas, after the death of Thekong Tek, broke into minor clans. They also gradually turned to Guru Tashi for protection and leadership. Guru Tashi appointed Sambre, a Lepcha, as his chief adviser and lieutenant. Guru Tashi's rule marked the absorption of the foreign Bhutia ruling house into the native soil and also paved a way for a regular monarchy. This way Guru Tashi became the first ruler of Sikkim and was crowned as such. He was followed by Jowo Nagpo, Jowo Apha and Guru Tenzing, all of whom pursued a policy of amicable relations with the Lepchas.

==17th century==
*In 1642, the fifth-generation descendant of Guru Tashi, Phuntsog Namgyal, was consecrated as the first ''chogyal'' (king) of Sikkim by the three virtuous lamas who had come from the north, west and south in search for the chosen person. Near present day Gangtok, at Norbugang near Yoksom in western Sikkim they found a man churning milk. He offered them some refreshments and gave them shelter. So impressed were they by his deeds that they realised that he was the chosen one and immediately crowned him king.
**The crowning took place at Norbughang near Yoksom on a stone slab in a pine covered hill, and he was anointed by sprinkling water from a sacred urn. This marked the beginning of the monarchy as had been predicted by Guru Rinpoche some eight hundred years before. He was given the name Namgyal and the title chogyal, or religious king. This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yoksom, which means the 'Three Superior Ones'.
**He was persuaded by the three lamas to seek recognition from the Dalai Lama of Tibet. The Dalai Lama recognized Phuntsok Namgyal as the ruler of the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Sikkim) and sent him the ceremonial presents of a silken scarf bearing the Dalai Lama's seal, the mitre (hat) of the Guru Rimpoche, the devil dagger (phurpa) and the most precious sand image of the Guru. Consequently, the newly established Bhutia principality of the Namgyal Dynasty was tied to Tibetan theocracy and he declared Mahayana Buddhism to be the state religion.
**The chogyal, along with the three lamas converted the local Lepcha tribes to Buddhism and tactfully kept the Lepchas, Bhutias and Limbus together. He annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day Darjeeling district, and parts of eastern Nepal. The new chogyal divided his new kingdom into twelve dzongs (districts) and established his capital at Yoksom. At this time Sikkim’s territory included the Chumbi Valley in the north, up to Ha Dzong in Bhutan, as far as the Arun River in Nepal, and much of the Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal.
*In 1670, Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, Tensung Namgyal, the second chogyal. The reign of the chogyal was peaceful and he moved the capital from Yoksom to Rabdentse, near Geyzing. He had three wives, a Bhutanese, a Tibetan, and a Limbu, and was succeeded by his son Chador Namgyal, borne by his second wife.

==18th century==
*In 1700, Chador Namgyal, seized the throne after his father’s death; he was a minor at that time. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, daughter of the first wife, who ousted him with the help of the Bhutanese. Chador fled to Tibet where he remained in exile for ten years before returning and reclaiming his lost territory with the help of the Tibetans.
**While in Lhasa, Chador Namgyal became very proficient in Buddhism and Tibetan literature, and became the state astrologer to the sixth Dalai Lama. The sixth Dalai Lama, pleased with the erudition of Chador Namgyal, conferred on him exclusive rights to an estate in Tibet.
**During this time, the son of Yugthing Yeshe (the minister who had saved Chador and taken him to Tibet) was imprisoned by the Bhutanese in Rabdentse. Tibet intervened in the matter and the Dalai Lama prevailed on King Deb of Bhutan to withdraw from Sikkim. Chador Namgyal then returned to Rebdantse. The small forces of Bhutan which remained were forced to withdraw in 1706, although Sikkim lost Kalimpong and all territories east of it to Bhutan because Bhutan had colonized the area.
**He commanded that the second of every three sons of a Bhutia family must be ordained a monk of the Pemiongchi Monastery. He also adapted the religious dances (mystery plays) to keep alive the martial and native traditions and invented an alphabet for the Lepchas.
**Pendiongmu, the chogyal’s half sister, had not forgiven her half-brother. With the help of a medicinal man from Tibet she had Chador murdered in 1716 by means of a blood letting from a main artery while the king was on a holiday at the Ralang hot water spring. Immediately, the royal armed forces executed the Tibetan and put Pendiongmu to death by strangling her with a silk scarf. 
*In 1717, his son Gurmed Namgyal, the fourth chogyal, succeeded him. During his reign there were many skirmishes between the Nepalese and the Sikkimese, which prompted him to fortify Rabdentese. Since he did not have any legitimate children, on his death bed he said that a nun at the monastery of Sanga Cheoling was carrying his child (according to a story concocted by the lamas to continue the Namgyal Dynasty). Subsequently, the nun gave birth to a male child who was accepted as heir to Gurmed.
*In 1733, Phunstok Namgyal II, the fifth chogyal, the illegitimate child of Gurmed, succeeded his father. His father’s treasurer, Tamdang, not only opposed the succession but assumed the powers of the ruler and continued to rule Sikkim for three years despite the opposition by the pro-king faction. The Lepchas backed the baby king and fought the pretender under the leadership of Chandzod Karwang. Tamdang was defeated and fled to Tibet to seek guidance and help. But in order to keep Sikkim under their supervision, the Tibetan authorities favoured the minority of the king.  
**A convention representing all levels of the Sikkimese people was held which defined the functions, powers and responsibilities of the government. A system of annual taxation was also introduced to augment the state treasury.
**The rise of the Gurkhas also posed a threat for Sikkim. During the later years of Phuntsok II they invaded Sikkim under the leadership of Raja Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal. Bhutan also invaded Sikkim and captured the land east of the river Tista. They later withdrew to the previous borders after negotiations at Rhenock. The Gurkhas were beaten back seventeen times. A peace treaty with Nepal was signed in 1775 and the Gurkhas promised to abstain from further attacks and from collaboration with Bhutanese. Later, however, they violated the treaty and occupied the land in western Sikkim. Phuntsok II had three queens; his son Tenzing Namgyal was born from his second queen in 1769.
*In 1780, Tenzing Namgyal, the sixth chogyal, the son of Phuntsok’s second queen, succeeded his father. He was a weak ruler, and during his reign, Gurkha forces occupied large parts of Sikkim. They attacked Rabdentse and he had to flee to Tibet where he died. The Gurkha excursions emboldened them to penetrate even into Tibet. This led to Chinese intervention and Nepal was defeated. In the Sino-Nepal treaty, Sikkim lost some of its land to Nepal, but the monarchy was allowed to be restored in the country. 
*In 1791, China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the Gurkhas. Following Nepal's subsequent defeat, the [[Qing Dynasty]] established control over Sikkim.
*In 1793, Tenzing’s son Tshudpud Namgyal, the seventh chogyal, returned to Sikkim to reclaim the throne with the help of China. Rabdantse was now, considered too insecure because of its proximity to the Nepal border and Tshudphund Namgyal removed the capital to a place called Tumlong.

==19th century==
'''The episode surrounding the sale of Darjeeling to the British East India Company in 1835 did not take place *there* so that Darjeeling remains a part of the Rajahdom of Sikkim.'''
*In 1863, Sedkeong Namgyal, the eight chogyal, succeeded his father Tshudpud.
*In 1874, Thutob Namgyal, the ninth chogyal, succeeded his half-brother. In 1894, he moved the capital from Tumlong to Gangtok, building a new palace and government buildings.

==20th century==
*In 1914, Sedkeong Tukul Namgyal, the tenth chogyal, succeeded his father. He only reigned eleven months, from February 10th to December 5th, dying of heart failure. 
*In 1914, Tashi Namgyal, the eleventh chogyal, succeeded his half-brother. He was crowned by the 13th Dalai Lama. He died in 1963.
*In 1965, Palden Thondup Namgyal, the twelfth chogyal, succeeded his father.  The coronation was delayed for two years after his father’s death in order to find an auspicious date.
*'''In 1982, Wangchuk Namgyal, the 13th chogyal, his father’s second son, succeeded to the throne.  His elder brother Tenzing had been killed in a road accident'''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Lo</title>
    <id>8307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59110</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T17:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Provinces */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Lo'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Lo Manthang'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | Flag of the Rajadom of Lo
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | emblem
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Lo
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Capitals'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| Royal
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Mantang
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 29° 10' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 83° 58' 0&quot; E
|-
| Administrative
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Jomsom
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 28° 47' 0&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 83° 43' 50&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | absolute monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State and Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Highness Ashtok Bista
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Lotian
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] 94%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivism]] 6%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Tibetan, Lepcha, Limbu 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Nepali
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1380
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1790
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 10,293 km²&lt;br&gt;3,974 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 54,113
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Bhutia 53%&lt;br&gt;Lepcha 25%&lt;br&gt;Limbu 12%&lt;br&gt;Nepali 10%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | RL
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | LOM
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | LOM
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | LOM
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Commission on Very Small States&lt;br&gt;Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | soccer
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | cricket
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==History==
Text in '''bold''' print indicate points of departure.
===Early History===
*The Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Mustang (kingdom)|Lo]] has a long, rich and complex history.  Its early history is shrouded in legend, myth and mystery, but there are records of events in the [[Wikipedia:Gandaki River|Kali Gandaki]] Valley as early as the 8th century. According to local legend [[Wikipedia:Padmasambhava|Padmasambhava]], the great founder of Tibetan Buddhism came to the Kali Kandaki Valley on his way to Tibet.
*The first emperor of Tibet, [[Wikipedia:Trisong Detsen|Trisong Detsen]], (742-797) was desirous of introducing Buddhism to his empire, but his desire was thwarted by evil mountain deities. Learning of the holiness of Padmasambhava, the emperor invited him to come and do battle with these evil powers. Guru Rinpoche, as he is known in Tibet, on his way through eastern Lo in 775 built the temple of Ghar Gompa (''House Temple'') which still stands guard today. He arrived in Tibet in 810 and used his tantric powers to subdue the evil deities he encountered along the way. He founded the first monastery in the country, Samye Gompa, initiated the first monks, and introduced the people to the practice of Tantric Buddhism.
*It is also quite likely that the Tibetan poet [[Wikipedia:Milarepa|Milarepa]], who lived from 1040 to 1123, visited Lo.
*For a time, Lo was part of Ngari, a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]. By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the [[Wikipedia:Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] Empire governed from their capital at Sinja, near [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]].
*Until the late fourteenth century, Lo was part of [[Wikipedia:Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]], a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]. By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the [[Wikipedia:Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] Empire governed from their capital at Sinja, near [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]].
===14th Century===
*'''1380''' - Shresrab becomes the ''dzongpon'' (military commander and provincial commissioner) of Lo for the Gung-thang kings of Tibet. He holds a semi-independent status, which allows him to secure the government for his lineal descendants. He transfers his capital from Sarang to Manthang, constructing many ''gompas'' (temples). He subjugates [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]] and [[Wikipedia:Burang Town|Purang]] in western Tibet and founded the Thub-stan shad-rub dar-gyas-ling Monastery at Sarang, which accommodated over 2,000 resident monks and served as a major center of religious learning and worship. He is venerated as a [[Wikipedia:bodhisattva|''bodhisattva'']] by his people and dies at the Kra-this ge-phel Palace in Manthang in 1447. The ancestry of the present raja can be traced back 25 generations to Ama Pal.
===15th Century===
*'''1400''' - Shesrab's son, Tshang, is recognised as ''dzongpon'' of Lo, Nar, Nyishang, [[Wikipedia:Manang District|Manang]], Phug, and Nubri.
*'''1425''' - His son, the warrior-monk Ama Pal, succeeds as ''dzongpon''.
*'''1440-1442''' – Ama Pal consolidates his power in the upper Kali Gandaki Valley and extends his influence over a wide region in western Tibet, thus founding the Buddhist Kingdom of Lo.  He defeats the Zhang-pa army, declares his independence, and is enthroned as ''gyalpo'', although his kingdom remains closely tied by language and culture to Tibet. 
*'''1442''' - Ama Pal is recognized as an independent ruler by the Gung-thang king of Tibet and assumes the title of ''chosgyal''.
*'''1443''' – Ama Pal transfers his capital from Sarang to Manthang (the present-day capital), constructing many ''gompas'' (temples). He subjugates [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]] and [[Wikipedia:Burang Town|Purang]] in western Tibet and founds the Thub-stan shad-rub dar-gyas-ling Monastery at Sarang, which accommodated over 2,000 resident monks and served as a major center of religious learning and worship.
*'''1447''' - Tenzing Zampo, succeeds his father as Lo Gyal-po. He was born in 1419, the eldest son of Ama Pal. He was an enlightened ruler who patronized literature and religion, reorganized the administration and developed the economic welfare of the kingdom, during a reign that was largely peaceful and prosperous.
*'''1482''' - Kra-this-gon succeeds his father as Lo Gyal-po. He was born in '''1443''', his father’s eldest son. He was appointed as heir apparent with the title of ''gyal-chung'' and served as ''drung-pa chen-po'' during his father's retreats to monasteries.
===16th Century===
*'''1513''' - Ragspa succeeds his father as Lo Gyalpo. The growing power of Jumla sees a contraction of his hegemony to little more than the traditional areas of Dolpo, Manang and Lo, eventually losing his independence in 1544.
*'''1544''' Lo is divided into separate districts ruled by the three sons of Ragspa, under Jumla sovereignty, until 1560.
*'''1560''' Gyahor, the eldest of the three sons is appointed ''khri-thog-pa'' by the Jumla authorities and succeeds in re-establishing the principality.  He was a great patron of literature, religious sculpture and a builder of stupas, but he died having no sons.
*'''1565''' – Sodnams, the younger son of Krathis is appointed ''depa'' by his elder brother.
*'''1572''' – Sodnams succeeds his brother as Lo Gyalpo.
*'''1580''' -  Dongrub, the second son of Sodnams succeeds his father. He did much to revive the fortunes of the state, constructed palaces and strong forts, and recovered authority over Serib, Gelung and Khangkar.
*'''1594''' – Samgrub, the eldest son of Dongrub, succeeds on the death of his father.
===17th Century===
*'''1609''' – Rabtan, the only surviving son of Samgrub, succeeds on the death of his father.
*'''1655''' – Rabtan abdicates in favour of his third son. He marries Nyizla, a princess from [[Wikipedia:Ladakh|Ladakh]]. He died in 1664.
*'''1656''' – Sa ang, the third son of Rabtan, succeeds his father. He fought several wars against Jumla, regaining his independence through military help from Ladakh several times during his reign. He lost the Thak-Panchgaun region to Parvat in 1687.
===18th Century===
*'''1710''' - Sa ang abdicates in favour of his son.
*'''1711''' - Je ang succeeds on the abdication of his father.
*'''1723''' - Krathis Namgyal succeeds his father.
*'''1728''' - Tenzing Anjia succeeds his father, but reigns under the regency of his mother, Norzin, daughter of Nyima, the King of Ladakh.
*'''1734''' - Tenzing Anjia comes of age and assumes full ruling powers.
**The Malla Empire declined and split into numerous petty hill states. By the 18th century, Jumla had consolidated and reasserted its power. In an effort to develop their domain as a trading center and to obtain Tibetan goods, the rulers of Jumla turned their attention eastward.
*'''1740''' - Jumla assumes control over Lo, from which they extract an annual tribute.
**Since the valley was the easiest corridor through the mighty Himalaya linking the Tibetan Plateau to southern Asia, it became a major trading center. Great caravans of sheep and yaks brought loads from Tibet to Lo where they were transferred to the mules and goats more suited to travel in the warmer lowlands. Southwards the trade was in salt, wool, musk, borax and [[Wikipedia:tsampa|tsampa]]; heading north was rice, grain, and textiles.
*'''1760''' - Wanggyal Dorje succeeds on the death of his father. 
*'''1762''' - When he ascended the throne, [[Wikipedia:Prithivi Narayan Shah|Prithvi Narayan Shah]], founder of the house of [[Wikipedia:Gurkah|Gorkha]], began to consolidate what is present-day Nepal. He conquered Jumla and laid claim to Lo. Although Lo was forced to pay tribute for protection, they regained a large measure of autonomy. Prithvi Narayan Shah went on to conquer much of what is now modern Nepal. At the time of his death in 1775, the kingdom extended from Gorkha eastward to the borders of Sikkim. His descendants directed their efforts westward and by 1789, Jumla had been annexed. 
*'''1765-1788''' - The vassal rulers of Lo make several unsuccessful, attempts to re-establish their independence.
*'''1788''' - The Nepalese Regent, Prince Bahadur Shah, requests an alliance to complete his plans for unifying Nepal. He needs the help of Wanggyal Dorje to subdue the Raja of Jumla, Lo’s overlord.
*'''1788''' - Wanggyal Dorje enters into an alliance with the Nepalese to defeat his overlord, the Raja of Jumla. 
*'''1790''' - After the successful completion of the war, '''Wanggyal Dorje is awarded for his participation some of the lands seized by Jumla, namely, [[Wikipedia:Manang|Manang]] and [[Wikipedia:Dolpo|Dolpo]]'''. He is thereafter recognized as a '''sovereign''' ruler with the hereditary title of Gyelpo Raja of '''Lo'''. He receives a crown acknowledging his new status from the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal and was granted a golden plumed crown by the [[Wikipedia:Qianlong|Qianlong]] Emperor of China. This now forms part of the ''tog-sum'' or regalia of the rajadom. He was a religious and cultural reformer who renovated monasteries and monuments, built several temples and a modern palace, and invited learned lamas to settle in Lo.
*'''1797''' - Krathis Ningpo succeeds his father.
===19th Century===
*'''1815''' - Jampal Graldus succeeds when his uncle abdicates. He was a religious man who spent long hours meditating with his lamas in remote caves and other holy places.
*'''1837''' - Kunga Norbu succeeds his father.  He served in the Nepalese War against Tibet in 1855.
*'''1857''' - Jamyan Angdu succeeds his father, reigning under the regency of his mother, Krathis bukhrid. He was never installed or crowned and thus was ''gyalras'' (prince) only.
*'''1863''' - Ngodup Palbar left the monastic life and succeeded his brother. He reigned under the regency of his sister-in-law, Je-chog, from 1863 to 1868.
*'''1893''' - Jambyang Pelbar succeeds upon the death of his uncle.
*'''1935''' - Angun Tenzing Trangul succeeds his father.
===20th Century===
*'''1926 - At the request of Maharaja Tribhuvan Bir, Gyalpo Jambang [[Maharajadom of Nepal#The Shah Dynasty|closes]] the mountain passes to Tibet. This puts severe restrictions on the Lotian economy and trade with Nepal increases.'''
*'''1945 - The mountain passes are opened by Gyalpo Angung Tenzing Trandul at the defeat of the Chinese Empire by Australasia.'''
*'''1955''' – Angun Tenzing Trandul abdicates in favor of his eldest son.
*'''1955''' - Angdu Nyingpo succeeds his father. He had been appointed heir apparent by his father and invested with the title of ''gyal-chung''. He died at the Manthang Palace in 1958.
*'''1958''' - Angun Tenzing Trandul resumes the throne upon the death of his son. He marries Rani Kelsang Choeden, of the Zhalu Kushang family of the Che clan, the elder sister of His Excellency Ngawang Khyenrab Thupten Lekshe Gyatso, the 18th ''Chogye Trichen Rinpoche'' of the Phenpo Nalanda Monastery in Tibet. He dies at Phre-mkhar Palace in 1964.
*'''1963''' - Jigme Pelbar marries, at Shigatse, Tibet, Rani Sahiba Sidol Palbar Bista, a lady from a noble family of Shigatse.
*'''1964''' - Jigme Pelbar succeeds his father as the 25th Raja of Lo. He had been appointed heir apparent by his father and invested with the title of ''gyal-chung'' in 1959.
*'''1966''' - Jigme Tenzing is born and appointed the ''gyalchung''.
*'''1974''' – The ''gyalchung'' dies at the age of eight years.
*'''1975 - Lo joins Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim to form the Himalayan Confederacy. The four nations agrees to be in the same time zone: UTC +6:00.'''
*'''1978 - the nations of the Himalayan Confederacy entered into a [[postal union]].'''
*'''1982 - Lo joins Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim to create the Himalayan Railway System.'''
*'''1994 - the final section of the the Himalayan Railway System tracks was laid.'''

===21st Century===
*'''2004 - In September, Jigme Pelbar adopts as his own son his nephew, Ashok Bista, the son of his older brother, Lama Shabtung Rinpoche, and appoints him ''gyalchung'''''.
*'''2005 - Ashok Bista succeeds his uncle as the 26th Gyalpo of Lo.'''

===The Rajas of Lo===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=20% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=10% | '''Succeeds'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=8% | '''Reign'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=5% | '''Died'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=57% | '''Notes'''
|- 
| Shresrab lama
| 
| 1380-1401
| 1401
| Provincial commissioner for kings of Tibet
|- 
| Tshang Chos-kyong-bum
| father
| 1401-1425
| 1425
| of Lo, Nar, Nyishang, [[Wikipedia:Manang District|Manang]], Phug and Nubri
|- 
| 1) Ama Pal
| father
| 1425-1447
| 1447
| independence recognized; founds Buddhist Kingdom of Lo
|- 
| 2) Tenzing Zampo
| father
| 1447-1482
| 1482
|
|- 
| 3) Kra-this tog-gyal
| father
| 1482-1513
| 1513
|
|- 
| 4) Rags-pa-tha-yas
| father
| 1513-1544
| 1559
| loses independence in 1544 to Jumla
|- 
| Division into three districts
| 
| 1544-1560
| 
| ruled by Rags-pa-tha-yas' three sons
|- 
| 5) Gya-hor-pal-zang
| father
| 1560-1565
| 1565
| eldest son of Rags-pa-tha-yas
|- 
| 6) Sod-nams Kra-this
| brother
| 1565-1580
| 1580
| younger son of Rags-pa-tha-yas
|- 
| 7) Don-grub-dorje
| father
| 1580-1594
| 1594
| recovered Serib, Gelung, and Khangar
|- 
| 8) Sam-grub Dorje
| father
| 1594-1609
| 1609
| 
|- 
| 9) Sam-grub Rab-tan
| father
| 1609-1655
| 1664
| abdicates
|- 
| 10) Sa-ang
| father
| 1656-1710
| 1712
| loses and regains independence several times; abdicates
|- 
| 11) Je-ang
| father
| 1711-1723
| 1723
|
|- 
| 12) Kra-this nam-gyal
| father
| 1723-1728
| 1728
|
|- 
| 13) Ten-zing Anjia
| father
| 1728-1760
| 1760
| under mother's regency until 1734; tribute to Jumla from 1740
|- 
| 14) Wanggyal Dorje
| father
| 1760-1797
| 1797
| in 1788 defeated Jumla; recognized as ''raja''
|- 
| 15) Krathis Ningpo
| father
| 1797-1815
| 1821
| abdicates
|- 
| 16) Jampal Traldus
| uncle
| 1815-1837
| 1837
| 
|- 
| 17) Kunga Norbu
| father
| 1837-1857
| 1857
| 
|- 
| 18) Jamyand Wangdi
| father
| 1857-1863
| 1863
| never installed or crowned
|- 
| 19) Ngodup Palbar
| brother
| 1863-1893
| 1893
| leaves monastic life to succeed
|- 
| 20) Jambyang Pelbar
| uncle
| 1893-1935
| 1935
| 
|- 
| 21) Angung Tenzing Trandul
| father
| 1935-1955
| 
| abdicated
|- 
| 22) Angdu Nyingpo
| father
| 1955-1958
| 1958
|
|- 
|     Angung Tenzing Trandul
| son
| 1958-1964
| 1964
| resumes throne on death of son
|- 
| 23) Jigme Singi Pelbar Bista
| grandfather
| 1964-2005
| 2005
| 
|- 
| 24) Ashok Bista
| uncle
| 2005-
| 
| 
|}

====Styles====
*The Raja of Lo has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wife of the raja, the rani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*The heir apparent, the raj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The younger sons and daughters of the raja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.

====Rule of Succession====
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Raja Ama Pal.

==Toponymy==
Mustang is a corruption of the Tibetan ''Mun Tan'' which means ''fertile plain''. It is found in the name of the royal capital Manthang.  Lo is from the Tibetan ''lho'', southern. Thus, the Rajadom of Lo means the southern rajadom.

==Government==
*The Rajadom of Lo is an absolute monarchy.  The ''raja gyalpo'' is advised by a privy council (''lodyo tshogdu'') which consists of the three provincial governors (''lumbo''), four of the prefects (''dzongnpon'') (elected from among their membership), and the royal abbot (''[[Wikipedia:Je Khenpo|je khenpo]]'').
*There is also a family council which the ''raja gyalpo'' consults on matters concerning the royal family.
*The rajadom is comprised of three provinces (''dzongdey''), each of which is governed by a hereditary governor (''lumbo'') whose powers are limited by an elected provincial council.
*Each province is divided into several prefectures (''dzongkhag''), each governed by an elected prefect (''tshonpon'').  Each prefecture has a prefectural council whose members are elected by universal sufferage.
*The town of Lo Mantang in the province of Mustang is the ''gyal-sa'' (the royal residence). It is independent of any province, being governed by the ''raja gyalpo'' himself.
*The town of Jomson in the province of Mustang is the provincial capital and the adminstrative capital and the seat of the legislative and judicial branches of the government. It is independent of any province, being governed by the National Assembly (''tshogdu'').
*The ''lumbos'',  who serve at court, are the only Lotians with the right to marry into the royal house.
*The monasteries of the rajadom are governed by the the royal abbot of Lo.

====Provinces====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=9% | '''Province'''&lt;br&gt;(''dzongdey'')
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=5% | '''Capital'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=8% | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=3% | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=11% | '''Prefecture'''&lt;br&gt;(''dzongkhag'')
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=64% | '''Notes'''
|-
| Mustang (M)
| Jomsom
| 3,573 km²&lt;br&gt;1,380 mi²
| 14,000
| Lomantang (ML)&lt;br&gt;Marpha (MM)
|
|-
| Dolpa (D)
| Dunai
| 22,043 km²&lt;br&gt;8,511 mi²
| 29,000
| Phoksundo (DP)&lt;br&gt;Chharka (DC)&lt;br&gt;Dunai (DD)&lt;br&gt;Saldang (DS)
| 
|-
| Manang (M)
| Chame
| 2,246 km²&lt;br&gt;867 mi²
| 9,000
| Nar (MN)&lt;br&gt;Manang (MM)&lt;br&gt;Chame (MC)
| 
|}
*'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 27,862 km² (10,758 mi²), the same size as *here's* Haiti.'''

====The Treaty of Kathmandu between the Maharajadom of Nepal and the Rajadom of Lo, 1790====
*By means of this Treaty the Maharajadom of Nepal restores sovereignty over the districts of Dolpo and Manang to the People of the Rajadom of Lo in the Person of His Highness Wanggyal Dorje who is recognized as a sovereign ruler with the hereditary title of Gyalpo Raja of Lo.
*These sovereignties are granted in perpetuity.
*The Maharajadom of Nepal shall continue to guarantee the military security of the Rajadom of Lo.  The Rajadom of Lo in turn agrees not to engage in any activity that would compromise or endanger the national security of the Maharajadom of Nepal.
*Ambassadors to the Maharajadom of Nepal shall likewise be accepted as ambassadors to the Rajadom of Lo.  They must, however, upon acceptance of their credentials by the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal, also present their credentials to the Raja Gyalpo.  Without this recognition, that country shall be deemed not to have entered into diplomatic relations with the Rajadom of Lo.
*These accredited ambassadors and their families and staffs shall be given the same immunity as if they were in the Maharajadom of Nepal.
**Diplomatic immunity is accorded neither to the members of the ambassador's family nor to diplomatic staff if they are accused of a violation of the Law in the Rajadom of Lo.
*The Maharajadom of Nepal agrees to accept students into its institutions of higher learning at the rates of Nepali students.
*Maharajadom of Nepal Customs shall not levy duties on goods imported by citizens of the Rajadom of Lo and destined for use in the Rajadom of Lo.


==Geography==
*The Rajadom of Lo is an enchanting land of windswept vistas, red walled monasteries, and feudal towns, located on the Central Asian plateau.  It lies between Tibet on the north, and the Nepali districts of Dolpa to the west, Myagdi to the south, and Manang to the east.  It is an extension of the Tibetan plateau with an average elevation of over 3,000 m.  Located to the north of the highest mountains Dhaulagiri and Annapurna and to the north of the main Himalayan range and geographically part of the Tibetan highlands, it is roughly 80 km long (north-south) and 45 km at its widest giving it an area of 3,573 sq. km.
*The rajahdom lies in the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, an area of 121,300 square kilometres (46,800 sq mi), extending along the north and south faces of the Himalaya Range from the Kali Gandaki Gorge eastwards through Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, and on into India's Arunachal Pradesh state, and northernmost Myanmar.
*The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 4,000 and 5,500 metres (13,000 and 18,000 ft) elevation. Permanent ice and snow lie above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests lie below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the southern slopes of the range, from Lo to Bhutan.
*The main feature of the Rajadom of Lo is the Kali Gandaki river, its valley and tributaries. It runs north-east to south-west towards Nepal Terai, bisecting the country. The river was once the major trade route between Tibet and India, especially for salt. Part of the river valley, the Thak Khola,  a downfaulted graben, is the deepest gorge in the world. According to the difference between the river elevation and these peaks, this is the world's deepest gorge. The gorge separates the major peaks Dhaulagiri (8,167 m/26,795 ft) to the west and Annapurna (8,091 m/26,545 ft) to the east. The river runs at elevations between 1,300 and 2,600 metres (4,300 and 8,500 ft), 5,500 to 6,800 metres (18,000–22,300 ft) lower than the peaks. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forced the mountains higher, the river cut down through the uplift.  The river rises along the Tibet border and the coincident Ganges-Brahmaputra divide and flows south through the Rajadom. The gorge begins at Kagbeni where the Himalayan ranges begin to close in. The river then continues southwards past Jomsom, Marpha and Tukuche to the deepest part of the gorge in the area of Lete. The gorge then broadens past Dana and Tatopani towards Beni.

*The landscape is of indescribable vastness and beauty, a vast high valley, arid and dry. The valley is characterized by eroded canyons, colorful rock formations with a barren, desert-like appearance. The hills tend to be great red fluted cliffs of tiny round stones cemented together by mud. One of the most fascinating features of the Rajadom of Lo is the thousands of cliff dwellings, some of which look completely inaccessible. Rimmed by more than 20,000 snowcapped peaks and bathed in hues of orange and red rocks with sporadic fields of vibrant green, yellow and red of barley, maize, and buckwheat, the Rajadom of Lo is a step back to a simpler time.

*The countryside is similar to the Tibetan plateau with its endless expanses of yellow and grey rolling hills eroded by wind. Strong winds often blow across the valley in the afternoon, generally subsiding at night. Lying in the rain shadow of the Himalaya, Lo has much less rain than Nepal. Annual precipitation is between 250 and 400 mm. During the monsoon the skies are cloudy and there is some rain. In the winter there is usually snow; sometimes as much as 30 or 40 cm accumulating on the ground.

*Villages are several hours apart and appear in the distance almost as mirages; during the summer season, after the crops are planted, they are green oases in the desert-like landscape.

===Borders===
Lo is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
West: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Mugu District|Mugu]], [[Wikipedia:Jumla District|Jumla]])&lt;br&gt;
Southwest: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Jajarkot District|Jajarkot]])&lt;br&gt;
South: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Rukum District|Rukum]], [[Wikipedia:Myagdi District|Myagdi]], [[Wikipedia:Kaski District|Kaski]])&lt;br&gt;
Southeast: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Lamjung District|Lamjung]])&lt;br&gt;
East: Nepal ([[Wikipedia:Gorkha District|Gorkha]])

'''The Rajahdom of Lo is contiguous with *here's* Nepali districts of Mustang, Dolpo, and Manang.'''

==Climate==
*The province of Mustang is largely dry and arid with annual precipitation in the range of 250–400 mm due to its position in the rain shadow of the Annapurna Massif and the Dhaulagiri Range to the south.
*

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:Yak|yak]] (''Bos grunniens'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Blue rock thrush|blue rock-thrush]] (''Monticola solitarius'']
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Phalaenopsis mannii|Mann's phalaenopsos]] (''Phalaenopsis mannii'')
*National dish: [[Wikipedia: Momo (food)|momos]] (dumplings)
*National flag:
**The hoist half of the flag is white, the color of the snows on the sacred Himalayas, which symbolizes the secular tradition of the Rajadom. The [[Wikipedia:Chhatraratna|auspicious Parasol]] in the blue color of peace symbolizes His Majesty the King, whose noble actions enhance the Rajadom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is protector of the people of the Rajadom and the upholder of the secular foundations of the Rajadom.
**The fly half of the flag is maroon, the color of the robes of the monks and symbolizes the spiritual tradition. The golden [[Wikipedia:Dharmacakra|dharma wheel]], with the [[Wikipedia:Gankyil|gankyil]] in the center, symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in the Rajadom.
**The pale wavy green symbolizes the Gandaki River that flows through the Rajadom.
**The [[Wikipedia:Wind Horse|lung ta]] (wind horse) flies from fly to hoist symbolizing that the Buddhist tradition infuses the government of the Rajadom.
*National emblem: Per pale white and maroon, a pale wavy green, a [[Wikipedia:Wind Horse|wind horse]] white courant.
**For a crest, an [[Wikipedia:Chhatraratna|auspicious parasol]] blue.
**For supporters, standing on a grassy compartment semy of Mann's phaelaenopsos, on either side a yak rampant guardant proper, each charged on the shoulder with a [[Wikipedia:Dharma wheel|Dharma wheel]].
*National aviation roundel: a circle divided in half, white and red, a green wavy stripe down the center.
*National language: [[Wikipedia:Tibetan languages|Tibetan]], [[Wikipedia:Lepcha language |Lepcha]], [[Wikipedia:Limbu language|Limbu]],
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:gyaling|gyaling]]
*National colors: azure and gold

===Lotian holidays===
(Dates in ''italics'' are postponed)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=12% | '''Date'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=21% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #007fff; border-bottom: 10px solid gold;&quot; width=67% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 14 February
| [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
| New Year
|-
| ''21 February''
| ''The King's Birthday''
| 
|-
| 28 February
| [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Düchen]]
| Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
|-
| 21 March
| The King's Birthday
| Father's Day
|-
| 27 May
| [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
|-
| 21 June
| [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
| 
|-
| 15 July
| Chokhor Duchen
| The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
|-
| 24 August
|[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
| Ancestor Day (2010 only)
|-
| 23 September
| Thri-bab
| [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
|
|-
| 17 October
| [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
| Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
|-
| 29 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
|-
| 6 November
| The King's Coronation
|
|}

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==
The mountains are home to some 100 species of mammals including snow leopard, musk deer, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan fox; 474 species of birds; 39 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians; as well as the mythical mehti (abominable snowman). A total of 1,226 species of plants can be found in the mountains including 38 orchid species and nine rhododendron species</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ROL history</title>
    <id>8308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55368</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-02T13:31:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The Rajas of Lo */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Early history==
*The Rajadom of Lo has a long, rich and complex history.  Its early history is shrouded in legend, myth and mystery, but there are records of events in the Kali Kandaki Valley as early as the 8th century. According to local legend Padmasambhava, the great founder of Tibetan Buddhism came to the Kali Kandaki Valley on his way to Tibet.  The first empereor of Tibet, Trisong Detsen,  (742-797) was desirous of introducing Buddhism to his empire, but his desire was thwarted by evil mountain deities. Learning of the holiness of Padmasambhava, the emperor invited him to come and do battle with these evil powers. Guru Rinpoche, as he is known in Tibet, on his way through eastern Lo, in 775 built the temple of Ghar Gompa (House Temple) which still stands guard today. He arrived in Tibet 810 and used his tantric powers to subdue the evil deities he encountered along the way. He founded the first monastery in the country, Samye Gompa, initiated the first monks, and introduced the people to the practice of Tantric Buddhism. It is also quite likely that the Tibetan poet Milarepa, who lived from 1040 to 1123, visited Lo.

==14th Century==
*It is generally believed that the warrior Ame Pal was the founder king of the Buddhist Kingdom of Lo in 1380. Shres-rab la-ma was the military commander and provincial commissioner of Lo for the Gung-thang kings. He held a semi-independent status, which allowed him to secure the government for his lineal descendants. His grandson, Ame Pal consolidated his power and extended his influence over a wide region in western Tibet, eventually establishing his own kingdom. His Gung-thang overlords recognised him as an independent ruler, with the title of chos-gyal. His kingdom remained closely tied by language and culture to Tibet. Ame Pal, or perhaps his father, conquered a large part of the territory in the upper Kali Kandaki and was responsible for the development of the city of Lo Manthang and for constructing many gompas (temples). The ancestry of the present Raja can be traced back 25 generations to Ame Pal.
**For a time, Lo was part of Ngari, a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of Dolpo (now a district of Nepal). By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the Malla Empire governed from the capital at Sinja, near Jumla.
**Ame Pal's successors continued to rule independently until the second quarter of the sixteenth century. After many battles and countless incursions, the neighbouring principality of Jumla established control over Lo, and for a time no paramount ruler was recognised. The Jumla rajas divided the principality amongst regional commissioners and governors, these offices being filled by various members of the Lo ruling family.

==16th Century==
*Gya-hor-pal-zang recovered a measure of independence from Jumla and was recognised as ''chogyal'', about 1560. However, his brother and successor succumbed to Jumla rule once more, and his descendants continued as vassals for the next century.

==18th Century==
*The Malla Empire declined and split into numerous petty hill states. By the 18th century, Jumla had consolidated and reasserted its power. In an effort to develop their domain as a trading center and to obtain Tibetan goods, the rulers of Jumla turned their attention eastward. In 1740, they assumed control over Lo, from which they extracted an annual tribute.
*Since the valley was the easiest corridor through the mighty Himalaya linking the Tibetan Plateau to southern Asia, it became a major trading center. Great caravans of sheep and yaks brought loads from Tibet to Lo where theys were transferred to the mules and goats more suited to travel in the warmer lowlands. Southwards the trade was in salt, wool, musk, borax and tsampa; heading north was rice, grain, and textiles
*When he ascended the throne in 1762, Prithvi Narayan Shah, founder of the house of Gurkha, began to consolidate what is present-day Nepal. He conquered Jumla and laid claim to Lo. Although Lo was forced to pay tribute for protection, they regained a large measure of autonomy. Prithvi Narayan Shah went on to conquer much of what is now modern Nepal. At the time of his death in 1775, the kingdom extended from Gorkha eastward to the borders of Sikkim. His descendants directed their efforts westward and by 1789, Jumla had been annexed. 
*The vassal rulers of Lo made several valiant, but unsuccessful, attempts to re-establish their independence. Their chance finally came in 1788 when the Nepalese Regent, Prince Bahadur Shah, requested an alliance to complete his plans for unifying Nepal. He needed the help of Anjia Dorje to subdue the Raja of Jumla, Lo’s overlod. In 1790, after the successful completion of the war,  Anjia Dorje accepted Nepalese sovereignty and secured the return of lands annexed by Jumla which had been annexed outright, including lower Lo, Manang, Nyishang, Phug, Nubri, Rui, Namjar, and Dolpo. Thereafter he was recognised as a tributary ruler with the hereditary title of Raja of Lo. He received a crown recognising his new status from the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal and was granted a gold and plumed crown by the Emperor of China, which now form part of theTog-gsum or regalia of the rajadom. He was a religious and cultural reformer who renovated monasteries and monuments, built several temples and a modern palace, and invited learned lamas to settle in Lo.

==The Rajas of Lo==
1) Sa-ang, 1656–1710, father of

2) Je Ang, 1711–1723, father of

3) Krathis Namgyal, 1723-c.1728, father of

4) Tenzing Anjia, c.1728-c.1750. father of 5)

''Nor-zin de-legs-bang-mo''	1728-1734, regent for her son

5) Anjia Dorje, c.1750–1797, father of

6) Krathis Ningpo, 1797–1815, uncle of

7) Jampel Traldus, 1815–1837, father of

8) Kunga Norbu, 1837–1857, father of

Jamian Angdu, 1857–1863, reigned under the regency of his mother. Never installed or crowned and thus addressed as Gyal-ras (prince) only, brother of 9)

''Gyal-mo Kra-shis-bu-khrid'', 1857–1863, regent for her son

9) Ngodup Palbar, 1863–1893, brother of 10)

''Gyal-mo Tshe-chog srol-ma'', 1863–1868, regent for her brother-in-law

10) Jambian Pelbar, 1893–1935, father of

11) Angun Tenzing Trandul, 1935–1955, 1st time, father of

12) Angdu Nyingpo, 1955–1958

Angun Tenzing Trandul, 1958–1964, 2nd time, father of

13) Jigme Pelbar Bista, 1964–, uncle of

''Ashok Bishta'', heir apparent, son of Lama Shabthung Rimpoche, brother of the Raja.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ROL geography</title>
    <id>8309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55293</id>
      <timestamp>2010-07-28T02:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '*The Rajadom of Lo is an enchanting land of windswept vistas, red walled monasteries, and feudal towns, located on the Central Asian plateau.  It lies between Tibet on the north,…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*The Rajadom of Lo is an enchanting land of windswept vistas, red walled monasteries, and feudal towns, located on the Central Asian plateau.  It lies between Tibet on the north, and the Nepali districts of Dolpa to the west, Myagdi to the south, and Manang to the east.  It is an extension of the Tibetan plateau with an average elevation of over 3,000 m.  Located to the north of the highest mountains Dhaulagiri and Annapurna and to the north of the main Himalayan range and geographically part of the Tibetan highlands, it is roughly 80 km long (north-south) and 45 km at its widest giving it an area of 3,573 km2. 

*The main feature of the Rajadom of Lo is the Kali Gandaki river, its valley and tributaries. It runs north-east to south-west towards Nepal Terai, bisecting the country. The river was once the major trade route between Tibet and India, especially for salt. Part of the river valley, the Thak Khola,  a downfaulted graben, is the deepest gorge in the world. According to the difference between the river elevation and these peaks, this is the world's deepest gorge. The gorge separates the major peaks Dhaulagiri (8,167 m/26,795 ft) to the west and Annapurna (8,091 m/26,545 ft) to the east. The river runs at elevations between 1,300 and 2,600 metres (4,300 and 8,500 ft), 5,500 to 6,800 metres (18,000–22,300 ft) lower than the peaks. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forced the mountains higher, the river cut down through the uplift.  The river rises along the Tibet border and the coincident Ganges-Brahmaputra divide and flows south through the Rajadom. The gorge begins at Kagbeni where the Himalayan ranges begin to close in. The river then continues southwards past Jomsom, Marpha and Tukuche to the deepest part of the gorge in the area of Lete. The gorge then broadens past Dana and Tatopani towards Beni.

*The landscape is of indescribable vastness and beauty, a vast high valley, arid and dry. The valley is characterized by eroded canyons, colorful rock formations with a barren, desert-like appearance. The hills tend to be great red fluted cliffs of tiny round stones cemented together by mud. One of the most fascinating features of the Rajadom of Lo is the thousands of cliff dwellings, some of which look completely inaccessible. Rimmed by more than 20,000 snowcapped peaks and bathed in hues of orange and red rocks with sporadic fields of vibrant green, yellow and red of barley, maize, and buckwheat, the Rajadom of Lo is a step back to a simpler time.

*The countryside is similar to the Tibetan plateau with its endless expanses of yellow and grey rolling hills eroded by wind. Strong winds often blow across the valley in the afternoon, generally subsiding at night. Lying in the rain shadow of the Himalaya, Lo has much less rain than Nepal. Annual precipitation is between 250 and 400 mm. During the monsoon the skies are cloudy and there is some rain. In the winter there is usually snow; sometimes as much as 30 or 40 cm accumulating on the ground.

*The mountains are home to 101 species of mammals including snow leopard, musk deer, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan fox; 474 species of birds; 39 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians; as well as the mythical mehti (abominable snowman). A total of 1226 species of plants can be found in the mountains including 38 orchid species and nine rhododendron species

*Villages are several hours apart and appear in the distance almost as mirages; during the summer season, after the crops are planted, they are green oases in the desert-like landscape.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qang/pataka</title>
    <id>8310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58746</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T23:45:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Time */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Particles / Articles ==

*'''ke''' - definite article / topic marker / accusative particle (non-obligatory, used for specificity)
*'''kya''' - jussive particle (placed before the phrase)
*'''ya''' - vocative particle (placed before the noun being addressed)

== Pronouns ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
|- align=center
! ''1s''
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''2s'' 
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''3s'' 
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''4s'' 
|| tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''1p''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1p'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2p'' 
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3p'' 
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|- align=center
! ''4p'' 
|| tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
|-
|}

=== Other pronouns ===

*'''itla''' - this (here)
*'''uatla''' - that (there)

=== Correlatives ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''query'' !! ''this'' !! ''that'' !! ''some'' !! ''none'' !! ''any'' !! ''every'' !! ''whichever'' 
|- align=center
! ''adjective''
|| ka || itla || uatla || iha || ak || ula || kua || ote 
|- align=center
! ''person'' 
|| ko...ka || iko || uako || ihako || hok || kola || kohua || oteko 
|- align=center
! ''thing'' 
|| no...ka || itla || uatla || ihano || nok || nola || nokua || oteno 
|- align=center
! ''time''
|| ama/tsima...ka || ima || uama || ihama || amak || amala || kuama || otema 
|- align=center
! ''place''
|| mo...ka || hina || uana || ihamo || mok || mola || mokua || otemo 
|- align=center
! ''way'' 
|| to...ka || yoto || uato || ihato || tok || tola || tokua || oheto 
|- align=center
! ''amount'' 
|| ku/o...ka || iku || uaku || ihaku || huk/ok || kula || hukua/okua || oteku 
|- align=center
! ''reason'' 
|| nye...ka || inye || uanye || ihanye || nyek || ulanye || nyekua || otenye 
|- align=center
! ''kind'' 
|| su...ka || isu || uasu || ihasu || suk || sula || sukua || otesu 
|-
|}

== Conjunctions ==

*'''ma''' - and, also, as well
*'''hema...ma''' - both...and...
*'''ua''' - or, other, either
*'''uak''' - nor, neither
*'''ehe''' - but, however
*'''iya''' - if, whether
*'''ke / uama''' - then
*'''nye''' - because, in order that, so that
*'''nke''' - and though; although; even though

== Affirmation and Negation ==

*'''uala''' - actually, indeed / verily, truly
*'''tokua''' - by all means
*'''tok''' - by no means
*'''a''' - yes / certainly, evidently, of course 
*'''ak''' - no, not
*'''eya''' - perhaps, maybe, possibly
*'''apa''' - probably

== Verbs ==

=== basic ===

*'''a''' - to be, exist
*'''munta''' - become, change, alter
*'''muya''' - cause to, make, do
*'''myonta''' - let, allow, permit to
*'''heta''' - must, should, need to
*'''ueha''' - want to, intend to
*'''pala''' - can, could, am able to

=== simple movement ===

*'''sapua''' - arrive
*'''tala''' - come (back), return
*'''yala''' - depart, leave, go, walk
*'''eka''' - enter, come/go in
*'''yese''' - exit, come/go out
*'''itola''' - fall, drop
*'''olo''' - fly, move through air
*'''tapya''' - follow, continue, go on
*'''topu''' - jump
*'''hoya''' - raise, rise, lift
*'''tlani''' - roll, revole
*'''hatsu''' - run
*'''sima''' - sit, recline, rest
*'''tsamu''' - stand, be upright, rise to one's feet
*'''uku''' - stop, wait
*'''saka''' - swim, move through water

=== change ===


=== weather ===

*'''tonya''' - freeze, solidify
*'''pana''' - rain, moisten, humidify
*'''nyahi''' - snow [white]
*'''sama''' - shine [sun, solar]

=== biological actions ===

*'''nasa''' - be born
*'''sinu''' - die
*'''inu''' - drink
*'''ina''' - eat
*'''anu''' - hear, listen
*'''asa''' - live
*'''heta''' - need
*'''anya''' - see, look
*'''moku''' - sleep
*'''taki''' - taste, like, enjoy
*'''yanta''' - waken, awaken

== Food ==

=== Fruits ===

*'''omena''' - apple
*'''melonka''' - apricot
*'''kilatsi''' - cherry
*'''hasukanu''' - date, fig
*'''punka''' - fruit
*'''enapa''' - grapes
*'''ntimu''' - lemon
*'''sokuya''' - lime
*'''kapunu''' - melon
*'''setona''' - olive
*'''tsunkua''' - orange
*'''takolo''' - peach
*'''nasi''' - pear
*'''matsatli''' - pineapple
*'''etlika''' - plum
*'''malina''' - raspberry
*'''yakota''' - (straw)berry

=== Vegetables ===

*'''kusupu''' - artichoke
*'''asino''' - asparagus
*'''tlopya''' - bean
*'''tohi''' - cabbage / broccoli / cauliflower
*'''ha'utsu''' - carrot
*'''apyoma''' - celery
*'''suani''' - chives
*'''o'i''' - cucumber
*'''nopilo''' - garlic
*'''hyantso''' - herbs
*'''etesa''' - lentil
*'''tletsuka''' - lettuce
*'''hakuni''' - mint
*'''kopa''' - mushroom
*'''kasuma''' - onion
*'''metanoso''' - parsley
*'''uansu''' - pea
*'''ahiya''' - potato
*'''kapotsa''' - pumpkin
*'''tlapanu''' - radish
*'''nyokutsu''' - sage
*'''teleta''' - spinach
*'''sitomatla''' - tomato
*'''salatsa''' - turnip
*'''napaka''' - grain
*'''sayeli''' - barley
*'''kanka''' - maize, corn
*'''yolapu''' - oats
*'''nyoma''' - rice
*'''sikali''' - rye
*'''mpoka''' - vegetable
*'''kenime''' - wheat

=== Meals ===

*'''inama''' - meal, dinner
*'''sopane''' - breakfast
*'''tetsuna''' - lunch
*'''esa''' - supper
*'''ina''' - food
*'''kinuahu''' - dessert
*'''sunalo''' - salad
*'''ketosa''' - soup
*'''matla''' - stew

=== Meats ===

*'''x''' - meat
*'''x''' - bacon
*'''x''' - beef
*'''x''' - chicken
*'''x''' - cut
*'''x''' - fat
*'''x''' - mutton
*'''x''' - pork
*'''x''' - rib
*'''x''' - roast
*'''x''' - sausage
*'''x''' - steak

=== Other Foods ===

*'''x''' - biscuit
*'''x''' - bread
*'''x''' - cake
*'''x''' - flour
*'''x''' - roll
*'''x''' - butter
*'''x''' - cheese
*'''x''' - cream 
*'''x''' - egg
*'''x''' - omelet
*'''x''' - honey
*'''x''' - jam
*'''x''' - mustard
*'''x''' - oil
*'''x''' - pepper
*'''x''' - salt
*'''x''' - sauce
*'''x''' - sugar
*'''x''' - vinegar

=== Beverages ===

*'''x''' - beverage
*'''x''' - alcohol
*'''x''' - beer
*'''x''' - brandy
*'''x''' - coffee
*'''x''' - milk
*'''x''' - soda water
*'''x''' - tea
*'''x''' - wine

=== The Table ===

*'''x''' - cup
*'''x''' - glass
*'''x''' - plate, dish
*'''x''' - saucer
*'''x''' - platter
*'''x''' - fork
*'''x''' - knife
*'''x''' - spoon
*'''x''' - napkin
*'''x''' - tablecloth

=== The Kitchen ===
 
*'''x''' - basin, bowl
*'''x''' - bottle
*'''x''' - coffee pot
*'''x''' - frying pan
*'''x''' - jug
*'''x''' - kettle
*'''x''' - lid
*'''x''' - pot
*'''x''' - saucepan, pan
*'''x''' - scale, measure
*'''x''' - teapot

=== Drink === 

*'''inu''' - drink 
*'''inupan''' - drinkable
*'''kaua''' - coffee
*'''tsai''' - tea
*'''hali''' - milk
*'''maya''' - water
*'''ka'asu''' - juice

== Kinship terms ==

=== Direct ===

*'''otahaka''' - great-grandfather 
*'''onahaka''' - great-grandmother
*'''otaha''' - grandfather / great-uncle
*'''onaha''' - grandmother / great-aunt
*'''ota''' - father / uncle
*'''ona''' - mother / aunt 
*'''otaua''' - brother / cousin
*'''onaua''' - sister / cousin
*'''ota’i''' - son / nephew
*'''ona’i''' - daughter / niece
*'''ota’iha''' - grandson 
*'''ona’iha''' - granddaughter

=== Indirect ===

*'''tla’ota''' husband 
*'''tla’ona''' wife 
*'''po’ota''' father-in-law 
*'''po’ona''' mother-in-law 
*'''po’ona’i''' daughter-in-law 
*'''po’otaua''' brother-in-law 
*'''po’onaua''' sister-in-law
*'''tla'ota’i''' - stepson
*'''tla'ona’i''' - stepdaughter

== Numbers ==

=== Cardinal ===

*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one 
*'''ta'o''' - two 
*'''ha'o''' - three 
*'''ma'o''' - four 
*'''ya'o''' - five 
*'''tsa'o''' - six 
*'''ka'o''' - seven 
*'''pa'o''' - eight 
*'''sa'o''' - nine 
*'''ue'o''' - ten 
*'''nye'o''' - 10^2
*'''tle'o''' - 10^3
*'''mue'o''' - 10^4
*'''kye'o''' - 10^5
*'''nte'o''' - 10^6

=== Higher Numbers ===

* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11

* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20

* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107

* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326

* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

=== Ordinals, Negatives, Fractions etc. ===

* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;

* '''ti'''- - multiple prefix
:Example : '''tisa'o''' - nine times
:Example : '''tiyanyepa'o''' - 508 times

* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

* -'''k''' - negative/subtractive suffix
:Example : '''sa'ok''' - negative nine (-9)
:Example : '''ue'o ma sa'ok na'o a''' - 10 and -9 is 1

== Colors ==

* '''akai''' - red 
* '''otliyo''' - orange
* '''yana''' - yellow
* '''kuya''' - green
* '''tsuku''' - blue
* '''tlaku''' - indigo, violet, purple
* '''nyahi''' - white, pale
* '''oya''' - black, dark
* '''yehi''' - clear

== Toponyms ==

*'''apika''' - Africa
:*'''yatsa'ila''' - Algeria - '''tsayela''' - Algers
:*'''ankola''' - Angola - '''tlo'anta''' - Luanda
:*'''penina''' - Benin - '''hokupono''' - Porto Novo
*'''antakutika''' - Antarctica
:
*'''atsa''' - Asia
:
*'''osutaliya''' - Australia
:
*'''yolopa''' - Europe
:
*'''amelika kita''' - North Amerika
:*'''kanata''' - Canada - '''otaua''' - Ottawa
:*'''kupa''' - Cuba - '''hauana''' - Havana
:*'''hanya te tolom''' (Nation of States) - USA - '''uasiton''' - Washington DC
:
*'''amelika mina''' - South Amerika
:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ROS IB</title>
    <id>8311</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55379</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-02T14:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restructuring.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{proposal}}

==History==
*The earliest recorded event in the history of Sikkim is the passage of the Buddhist saint (known as [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Padmasabhavana]] in Tibet)  through the land in the eighth century. The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced Buddhism to the country, and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive centuries later.
*In the 14th century, according to legend, [[Guru Tashi]], a Bhutia prince from the [[Minyak]] House in [[Kham]] in eastern [[Tibet]], had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. He traveled south with his five sons and settled down in the [[Chumbi Valley]] in Sikkim.  His descendants were later to become the royal Chogyal family of Sikkim.
**During their journey the family came across the Sakya Kingdom in which a monastery was being built at that time. The workers had not been successful in erecting pillars for the monastery. The elder son of Guru Tashi raised the pillar single handedly and thereby came to be known as Kheye Bumsa, meaning the superior of ten thousand heroes.
**The Sakya King offered his daughter in marriage to Khye Bumsa. When his father died Khye Bumsa settled in Chumbi Valley and it was here that he established contacts in Gangtok with the Lepcha Chieftain Thekong Tek who rules Sikkim south of the Chumbi Valley. Khye Bumsa being childless went to Sikkim to seek the blessing of the priest king Thekong Tek. Not only was he blessed with three sons but Thekong Tek also prophesied that his successors would be the rulers of Sikkim. In due course the friendship resulted in a treaty between the two Chieftains at a place called Kabi Longtsok. This treaty brought about new ties of brotherhood between the Lepchas and the Bhutias.
*Mipon Rab, the third son of Khye Bumsa, assumed the chieftainship after the death of his father. He had sons and the four principal clans of Sikkim are said to have sprung from these four sons.
*The fourth son, Guru Tashi, succeeded Mipon Rab and moved to Gangtok. The Lepchas, after the death of Thekong Tek, broke into minor clans. They also gradually turned to Guru Tashi for protection and leadership. Guru Tashi appointed Sambre, a Lepcha, as his chief adviser and lieutenant. Guru Tashi's rule marked the absorption of the foreign Bhutia ruling house into the native soil and also paved a way for a regular monarchy. This way Guru Tashi became the first ruler of Sikkim and was crowned as such. He was followed by Jowo Nagpo, Jowo Apha and Guru Tenzing, all of whom pursued a policy of amicable relations with the Lepchas.
*In 1642, the fifth-generation descendant of Guru Tashi, Phuntsog Namgyal, was consecrated as the first chogyal (king) of Sikkim by the three virtuous lamas who had come from the north, west and south in search for the chosen person. Near present day Gangtok, at Norbugang near Yoksom in western Sikkim they found a man churning milk. He offered them some refreshments and gave them shelter. So impressed were they by his deeds that they realised that he was a chosen one and immediately crowned him king.
**The crowning took place Norbughang near Yuksom on a stone slab in a pine covered hill, and he was anointed by sprinkling water from a sacred urn. This marked the beginning of the monarchy as had been predicted by Guru Rinpoche some eight hundred years before. He was given the name Namgyal and the title chogyal, or religious king. This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom, which means the 'Three Superior Ones'.
**He was persuaded by the three lamas to seek recognition from the Dalai Lama of Tibet. The Dalai Lama recognized Phuntsok Namgyal as the ruler of the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Sikkim) and sent him the ceremonial presents of a silken scarf bearing Dalai Lama's seal, the mitre(hat) of the Guru Rimpoche, the devil dagger (phurpa) and the most precious sand image of the Guru. Consequently, the newly established Bhutia principality of the Namgyal Dynasty was tied to Tibetan theocracy and he declared Mahayana Buddhism to be the state religion.
**The chogyal, along with the three lamas converted the local Lepcha tribes to Buddhism and tactfully kept the Lepchas, Bhutias and Limbus together. He annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day Darjeeling district, and parts of eastern Nepal. The new chogyal divided his new kingdom into twelve dzongs (districts) and established his capital at Yoksom. At this time Sikkim’s territory included the Chumbi Valley in the north, up to Ha Dzong in Bhutan, as far as the Arun River in Nepal, and much of the Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal.
*In 1670, Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, Tensung Namgyal, the second chogyal. The reign of the chogyal was peaceful and he moved the capital from Yuksom to Rabdentse, near Geyzing. He had three wives, a Bhutanese, a Tibetan, and a Limbu, and was succeeded by his son Chador Namgyal, borne by his second wife.
*In 1700, Chador Namgyal, seized the throne after his father’s death; he was a minor at that time. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, daughter of the first wife, who ousted him with the help of the Bhutanese. Chador fled to Tibet where he remained in exile for ten years before returning and reclaiming his lost territory with the help of the Tibetans.
**While in Lhasa, Chador Namgyal became very proficient in Buddhism and Tibetan literature, and became the state astrologer to the Sixth Dalai Lama. The sixth Dalai Lama, pleased with the erudition of Chador Namgyal, conferred on him exclusive rights to an estate in Tibet.
**During this time, the son of Yugthing Yeshe (the minister who had saved Chador and taken him to Tibet) was imprisoned by the Bhutanese in Rabdentse. Tibet intervened in the matter and the Dalai Lama prevailed on King Deb of Bhutan to withdraw from Sikkim. Chakdor Namgyal then returned to Rebdantse. The small forces of Bhutan which remained were forced to withdraw in 1706, although Sikkim lost Kalimpong and all territories east of it to Bhutan because Bhutan had colonized the area.
**He commanded that the second of every three sons of a Bhutia family must be ordained a monk of the Pemiongchi Monastery. He also adapted the religious dances (mystery plays) to keep alive the martial and native traditions and invented an alphabet for the Lepchas.
**Pendiongmu, the Chogyal’s half sister,  had not forgiven her half brother. With the help of a medicinal man from Tibet she had Chakdor murdered in 1716 by means of a blood letting from a main artery while the king was on a holiday at the Ralang hot water spring. Immediately, the royal armed forces executed the Tibetan doctor and put Pendiogmu to death by strangling her with a silk scarf. 
*In 1717, his son Gurmed Namgyal, the fourth chogyal, succeeded him. During his reign there were many skirmishes between the Nepalese and the Sikkimese, which prompted him to fortify Rabdentese. Since he did not have any legitimate children, on his death bed he said that a nun at the monastery of Sanga Cheoling was carrying his child (according to a story concocted by the lamas to continue the Namgyal Dynasty). Subsequently, the nun gave birth to a male child who was accepted as heir to Gurmed.
*In 1733, Phunstok Namgyal II, the fifth chogyal, the illegitimate child of Gurmed, succeeded his father. His father’s treasurer, Tamdang, not only opposed the succession but assumed the powers of the ruler and continued to rule Sikkim for three years despite the opposition by the pro-king faction. The Lepchas backed the baby king and fought the pretender under the leadership of Chandzod Karwang. Tamdang was defeated and fled to Tibet to seek guidance and help. But in order to keep Sikkim under their supervision, the Tibetan authorities favoured the minority of the king.  
**A convention representing all levels of the Sikkimese people was held which defined the functions, powers and responsibilities of the government. A system of annual taxation was also introduced to augment the state treasury.
**The rise of the Gurkhas also posed a threat for Sikkim. During the later years of Phuntsok II they invaded Sikkim under the leadership of Raja Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal. Bhutan also invaded Sikkim and captured the land east of the river Tista. They later withdrew to the previous borders after negotiations at Rhenock. The Gurkhas were beaten back seventeen times. A peace treaty with Nepal was signed in 1775 and the Gurkhas promised to abstain from further attacks and collaboration with Bhutanese. Later, however, they violated the treaty and occupied the land in western Sikkim. Phuntsok II had three queens but had a son Tenzing Namgyal from his second queen in 1769.
*In 1780, Tenzing Namgyal, the sixth chogyal, the son of Phuntsok’s second queen, succeeded his father. He was a weak ruler, and during his reign, Gurkha forces occupied large parts of Sikkim. They attacked Rabdentse and he had to flee to Tibet where he died. The Gurkha excursions emboldened them to penetrate even into Tibet. This led to Chinese intervention and Nepal was defeated. In the Sino-Nepal treaty, Sikkim lost some of its land to Nepal, but the monarchy was allowed to be restored in the country. 
*In 1791, China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the Gurkhas. Following Nepal's subsequent defeat, the [[Qing Dynasty]] established control over Sikkim.
*In 1793, Tenzing’s son Tshudpud Namgyal, the seventh chogyal, returned to Sikkim to reclaim the throne with the help of China. Rabdantse was now, considered too insecure because of its proximity to the Nepal border and Tshudphund Namgyal shifted the capital to a place called Tumlong.
*In 1863, Sedkeong Namgyal, the eight chogyal, succeeded his father Tshudpud.
*In 1874, Thutob Namgyal, the ninth chogyal, succeeded his half-brother. In 1894, he moved the capital from Tumlong to Gangtok, building a new palace and government buildings.
*In 1914, Sedkegong Tukul Namgyal, the tenth chogyal, succeeded his father. He only reigned eleven months, from February 10th to December 5th, dying of heart failure. 
*In 1914, Tashi Namgyal, the eleventh chogyal, succeeded his half-brother. He was crowned by the 13th Dalai Lama. He died in 1963.
*In 1965, Palden Thondup Namgyal, the twelfth chogyal, succeeded his father.  The coronation was delayed for two years after his father’s death.

==Toponymy==
The most widely accepted origin of the name ''Sikkim'' is that it is a combination of two words in the Limbu language, ''su'', meaning &quot;new&quot;, and ''khyim'', meaning &quot;palace&quot; or &quot;house&quot;. This refers to the palace built by the rajadom's first ruler, Phuntsog Namgyal. The name for Sikkim in Tibetan is ''Denjong'', which means the &quot;valley of rice&quot;. The name in Lepcha is ''Nye-mae-el'', meaning &quot;paradise&quot;, and in Bhutia it is ''Beymul Demazong'', meaning &quot;hidden valley of rice&quot;.

==Government==
*Sikkim is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The monarch is known as a raja, and the monarchy as a rajadom. 
*Sikkim has seven prefectures (the smallest adminstrative unit), each overseen by an elected official, the ???, who is in charge of the administration of the prefecture. There are seven towns and numerous villages.
*The seven districts are Gangtok, Geyzing, Kalimpang, Kansigung, Mangan, Namachi, and Siliguri. These prefectures are named after the town which is the administrative center of the prefecture.
*Sikkim has a unicameral legislature.

==Geography==
*The rajadom is characterized by  mountainous terrain in the northern four prefectures. Elevations range from 280 metres (920 ft) to 8,585 metres (28,000 ft). Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on the border of Sikkim with Nepal. For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the precipitous and rocky slopes. However, certain hill slopes have been converted into farm lands using terrace farming techniques.
*The Tista River, known as the &quot;lifeline of Sikkim&quot;, originates at Cholamo Lake, the most sacred lake in Tibet, at an altitude of 5,330 m. The river is then fed by numerous snow-fed streams which have carved out river valleys in the west and south of the rajadom. The river then flows past the village of Rangpo where it forms part of the the border between ??? and ???. At  Kalimpong the river is met by its main tributary, the Rangit River.  At this point, it changes course southwards flowing entirely into Bangal. The river meets the plains at Sevok and finally merges with the mighty Brahmaputra.
*About a third of the land is heavily forested. The Himalayan ranges surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim in a crescent. The Lower Himalayas in the southern reaches of the rajadom are the most densely populated. The rajadom has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 glaciers, a number of hot springs, and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight mountain passes connect the rajadom to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal.
*Sikkim's hot springs are known for medicinal and therapeutic values. They have a high sulphur content and are located near river banks. Some also emit hydrogen. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50°C (122°F).

===Borders===
Sikkim is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Tibet, Bhutan, Bangal&lt;br&gt;
South: Bangal&lt;br&gt;
West: Bangal, Nepal.

'''The episode surrounding the sale of Darjeeling to the British East India Company in 1835 did not take place *there* so that Darjeeling remains a part of the Rajahdom of Sikkim.  Thus, the rajadom is contiguous with *here's* Indian state of Sikkim and the Darjeeling District of the State of West Bengal.'''

==Climate==
The climate ranges from sub-tropical in the south to tundra in the northern parts. The tundra-type region in the north is covered with snow for four months a year though the temperature drops below 0°C (32°F) almost every night. The peaks of north-western Sikkim are perpetually frozen. Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim, however, have a temperate climate, with the temperatures seldom exceeding 28°C (82°F) in summer or dropping below 0°C (32°F) in winter. The mean monthly temperature in summer is 15°C. The rajadom has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, and autumn, and a monsoon season between June and September. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18°C (64°F). Sikkim receives regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 20,000 ft in the north to 16,000 ft in the south. During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the possibility of landslides. The record for the longest period of continuous rain is 11 days. In the northern region, because of the high altitude, temperatures drop below −40°C (−40°F) in winter. Fog also affects many parts of the rajadom during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.

==Culture==
*The Sikkimese celebrate all the major Hindu festivals such as Diwali and Dussera. Nepali festivals like Tihar and Bhimsen Puja are common. Losar, Loosong, Saga Dawa, Lhabab the Duechen, Drupka Teshi and Bhumchu are Buddhist festivals.
*Indigenous Nepali and Lepcha music are popular.
*Common sports in Sikkim are soccer and cricket.
*Noodle-based dishes such as thukpa, thanthuk, fakthu, gyathuk and wonton are common in Sikkim. Momos, steamed dumplings filled with vegetables, buff (buffalo meat), or pork, and served with a soup, are a popular snack. Beer, whiskey, rum and brandy are widely consumed.

===National symbols===
*National bird:
*National dance:
*National fish:
*National flag:
*National flower:
*National gem:
*National individual sport:
*National language:
*National mammal:
*National marine mammal:
*National nickname:
*National reptile:
*National seal:
*National slogan:
*National soil:
*National song:
*National spirit:
*National team sport:

==Economy==
*Sikkim's economy is largely agrarian. The British introduced terraced farming of rice. Additional crops include maize, millet, wheat, barley, oranges, tea and cardamom. Sikkim has the highest production of and the largest area dedicated to cardamom in south Asia.
*Because of the hilly terrain, and the lack of a reliable transportation infrastructure, there are no large-scale industries. Brewing, distilleries, tanning  reaches of the rajadom, primarily in the villages of Melli and Jorethang.
*Sikkim is a popular tourist destination owing to its culture, scenic beauty and biodiversity. In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted tourism. As a result, the rajadom revenue has increased 14 times since the mid-1990s.  There is excellent white water rafting on the Tista River. Trekking through the mountains and mountain climbing have proved to be popular.
*A fledgling industry the rajadom has recently invested in is gambling. A casino was opened in March of 2009, the Casino Sikkim. Seven further casino licences are being considered by the government. A national lottery has been a commercial success and operates all over the country.
*Among the minerals mined in Sikkim are copper, dolomite, talc, graphite, quartzite, coal, zinc and lead.
*The opening of the Nathula Pass on July 6, 2006, connecting Lhasa, Tibet, to Bangal is expected to give a boost to the local economy, though the financial benefits will be slow to arrive. The pass was an extension to the south of the ancient Silk Road, which was essential to the wool, fur and spice trade.

==Demographics==
*The native Sikkimese consist of the Bhutias who migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century and the Lepchas who are believed to have migrated from the Far East. A large minority of Sikkim's residents are of Nepali origin who arrived in the 19th century. These have settled mainly in the three southern prefectures that border on Nepal (Darjeeling, Karsiyang, and Siliguri). Tibetans, mainly refugees, reside mainly in the northern Prefecture of Mangan. Immigrant resident communities also include Bengalis who own most of the shops in southern Sikkim and Gangtok.
*Buddhism is the major religion in and the state religion of the rajadom. The particular expression is Vajrayana Buddhism of the Nyingma and Kagya traditions. It is practiced by all but the Nepalis who are Hindus. Sikkim has 75 Buddhist monasteries, the oldest dating back to the 1700s. Many of the Lepcha people are Christians, converted by British missionaries in the late 19th century.
*The people of Sikkim are mainly Bhutia, Lepcha, and Limbu. These are the official languages. Many Nepali live in the Darjeeling District.  Their language has become a lingua franca in the rajadom.
*The population density is low, only 76 persons per square kilometre.
*Its growth rate is 32.98%.
*The sex ratio is 875 females to 1000 males.
*The urban population in Sikkim is 13%.
*The per capita income stands at Rs. 11,356, one of the highest in the Confederacy

==Infrastructure==
*Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 hydroelectric power stations. It has achieved 100% rural electrification.
*The rajadom government has promoted biogas and solar power for cooking but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes.
*71% of the total households have access to safe drinking water and the large number of streams assures sufficient water supply.

==Education==
*Literacy in Sikkim is 69.68%, which breaks down into 76.73% for males and 61.46% for females.
*There are a total of 1157 schools, including 765 schools run by the rajadom government, 7 central government schools and 385 private schools.
*Twelve colleges and other institutions in Sikkim offer higher education. The largest institution is the Sikkim Manipal University of Technological Sciences, which offers higher education in engineering, medicine and management.
*It also runs a host of distance education programs in several fields.
*There are two state-run polytechnical schools which offer diploma courses in various branches of engineering.
*Many students, however, migrate to Kolkata, Bangalore and other Bangali cities for their higher education.

==Flora and fauna==
*'''Flora'''
**The forested regions of the rajadom exhibit a diverse range of flora and fauna. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the rajadom has a wide variety of plants, from tropical to temperate to alpine and tundra. It is perhaps one of the few regions of the world to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81% of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department. The flora of Sikkim include the rhododendronwith a wide range of species occurring from subtropical to alpine regions.
**In the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests of the lower altitudes of Sikkim, grow orchids, figs, laurel, bananas, sal trees and bamboo.
**The Himalayan subtropical pine forests are dominated by Chir pine. In the lower elevations are found juniper, pine, firs, cypresses and rhododendrons. Higher up are Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, home to a broad variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers.
**In the temperate elevations above 1500 ft there are eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests where oaks, chestnuts, maples, birches, alders, and magnolias grow in large numbers. 
**The alpine vegetation is typically found between an altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 ft. 
**Sikkim has around 5,000 flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 60 primula species, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak species, 23 bamboo species, 16 conifer species, 362 species of ferns and their allies, eight tree ferns, and over 424 medicinal plants. A variant of the poinsettia, locally known as the &quot;Christmas Flower&quot;, can be found in abundance in the mountainous rajadom. The orchid ''Dendrobium nobile'' is the national flower of Sikkim.

*'''Fauna'''
**The fauna include the snow leopard, the musk deer, the bhoral, the Himalayan tahr, the red panda, the Himalayan marmot, the serow, the goral, the barking deer, the common langur, the Himalayan black bear, the clouded leopard the marbled cat, the leopard cat, the wild dog, the Tibetan wolf, the hog badger, the binturong, the jungle cat and the civet. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, reared mainly for their milk and meat and for use as a beast of burden.
**The avifauna of Sikkim consist of the Impeyan pheasant, the crimson horned pheasant, the snow partridge, the snow cock, the lammergeyer and griffon vulture, as well as golden eagles, quail, plovers, woodcock, sandpipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, Old World babbler, and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered.
**Sikkim also has a rich diversity of arthropods, many of which remain unstudied. Of approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent, 695 have been recorded from Sikkim. These include the endangered kaiser-i-hind, the yellow gorgon and the Bhutan glory.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hamp</title>
    <id>8312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55358</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-01T15:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '''Hamp'' is a conlang.  External link (htm): [http://www.hyperconlangs.webs.com/hamp.htm]  [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori conlangs]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Hamp'' is a conlang.

External link (htm): [http://www.hyperconlangs.webs.com/hamp.htm]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ROB IB</title>
    <id>8313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55373</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-02T13:48:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* National symbols */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{proposal}}

Sikkim is a small constitutional monarchy in the Himalayan mountains, inhabited mostly by a Tibetan people. It is a member of the Himalayan Confederacy and of the Commission on Very Small States.

==History==

==Toponymy==

==Government==
 
{| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em&quot; padding=&quot;0.5em&quot;
|+ '''Rajadom of Sikkim symbols'''
|-
| '''State day'''
| ??? Raja’s birthday
|-
| '''State animal'''
| Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens''))
|-
| '''State bird'''
| Blood Pheasant (''Ithaginis cruentis'')
|-
| '''State tree'''
| Rhododendron (''Rhododendron campanulatum'')
|-
| '''State flower'''
| Noble orchid (''Cymbidium goeringii'')
|}

==Geography==

===Borders===
Sikkim is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Tibet, Bhutan, Bangal&lt;br&gt;
South: Bangal&lt;br&gt;
West: Bangal, Nepal.

==Climate==

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National bird:
*National dance:
*National fish:
*National flag:
*National flower:
*National gem:
*National individual sport:
*National language:
*National mammal:
*National marine mammal:
*National nickname:
*National reptile:
*National seal:
*National slogan:
*National soil:
*National song:
*National spirit:
*National team sport:
*National tree:

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maharajadom of Nepal</title>
    <id>8314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58608</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T01:20:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Shah Maharajas of Nepal */ Corrections.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Maharajadom of Nepal'''&lt;br&gt;'''नेपाल अधिराज्य'''&lt;br&gt;'''Nepal Adhirajya'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Nepal
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Cities'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |
|-
| Capital
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Kathmandu
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 27° 42' 0&quot; N&lt;br&gt; longitude: 85° 20' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | constitutional monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Her Royal Majesty Maharani Shruti
|- 
| '''Head of Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Mr. Ram Baran Yadav
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Nepali
|- 
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1642
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | December 21, 1768
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 147,181 km²&lt;br&gt; 56,827 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 29,300,000
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Old Nepalese ([[Wikipedia:Newa people|Newar]], [[Wikipedia:Limbu people|Limbu]]) 18%&lt;br&gt;Tibetan ([[Wikipedia:Bhotiya|Bhotia]], [[Wikipedia:Sherpa|Sherpa]], [[Wikipedia:Thakali|Thakali]]) 24%&lt;br&gt;Nepalese ([[Wikipedia:Gurkha|Gurkha]]) 42%&lt;br&gt;numerous indigenous peoples 16%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Nepali 52%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Kumaoni|Kumaoni]] 5%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Garhwali|Garhwali]] 4%&lt;br&gt;numerous indigenous 5%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivism]] 81%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Newar Buddhism|Newar Buddhism]] 11%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Kirant Mundhum|Mundhum]] 4%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Limbu people#Limbu religion &amp; festivals|Yuma Samyo]] 1%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | NP
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | NPL
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | NPL
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | NPL
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | soccer
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | cross-country skiing&lt;br&gt;archery
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==[[Nepal, History of|History]]==

===The Shah Maharajas of Nepal===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width = 15% | '''Name'''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue&quot; width = 5% | '''Succeeds'''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width = 8% | '''Reign'''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width = 4% | '''Died'''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width = 66% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 1) Prithvi Narayan
|
| 1768-1775
| 1775
| united Nepal
|-
| 2) Pratap Singh
| father
| 1775-1777
| 1777
| 
|-
| 3) Rana Bahadur
| father
| 1777-1799
| 1805
| succeeded at age of 2; mother and uncle as regents; extended kingdom to Garhwal and Kumaon (*here's* [[Wikipedia:Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]); abdicated; murdered by stepbrother Sher Bahadur
|-
| 4) Girvan Yuddha Bikram
| grandfather
| 1799-1816
| 1816
| grandmother and uncle as regents; signed Treaty of Yamuna
|-
| 5) Rajendra
| father
| 1816-1847
| 1881
| succeeded at age 3; queen mother as regent; abdicated
|-
| 6) Surendra Bikram
| father
| 1847-1881
| 1881
| 
|-
| 7) Prithvi Bir Bikram
| grandfather
| 1881-1911
| 1911
| installed nation's water and sanitation systems; names daughter crown princess until brother born
|-
| 9) Tribhuvan Bir Bikram
| father
| 1911-50,&lt;br&gt;1951-1955
| 1955
| succeeded at age 5; mother as regent; exiled; ended reign of Ranas as prime ministers
|-
| 10) Mahendra Bir Birkram
| father
| 1955-1972
| 1972
| constructs [[Wikipedia:Mahendra Highway|Mahendra Highway]] across entire [[Wikipedia:Terai|Terai]]
|-
| 11) Birendra Bir Bikram
| father
| 1972-2001
| 2001
| murdered by crown prince in family [[Wikipedia:Nepalese royal massacre|massacre]] on June 1
|-
| 12) Shruti
| father
| 2001
| 
| survives massacre; hospitalized for two months
|}

====Regnal Titles and Styles====
*The ruler of the Maharajadom of Nepal has the titles of Maharajadhiraja of Nepal, Raika of Kumaon, and Raja of Garhwal.
*The Maharajadhiraja of Nepal has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wives of the maharajadhiraja have the style of Their Majesties.
*The heir apparent, the ''yuvarajadhiraj'', has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The consort of the yuvarajadhiraj, the crown princess, has style of Her Royal Highness.
*The eldest son of the yuvarajadhiraj, the ''nava yuvaraj'', has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The wife of the nava yuvaraj has the style of Her Royal Highness.
*Younger sons of the sovereign, the ''adhirajkumar''s, have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.
*Younger daughters of the sovereign, the ''adhirajkumari''s have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.
*Sons-in-law of the maharajadhiraja have the style ''kumar''.
*Grandchildren of the maharajadhiraja in the male line have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.
*The younger sons and all the daughters of the yuvarajadhira have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.
*The sons of the maharajadhiraja by lesser wives or concubines have the style of ''rajkumar''.
*The daughters of the maharajadhiraja by lesser wives or concubines have the style of ''rajkumari''.

====Rule of Succession====
Equal primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Maharaja Prithvi Narayan.

==Toponymy==
Scholars believe that the word Nepal is derived from the word Nepa, which refers to the Newar Kingdom, the present day Kathmandu Valley. With Sanskritization, the Newar word Nepa became Nepal.

==Government==
===Provinces===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 9% | Province&lt;br&gt;''anchal''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 9% | Capital
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 8% | Area
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 8% | Population
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 20% | Prefecture&lt;br&gt;''jilla''
! style=&quot;background: #cf1020; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width= 46% | Notes
|-
| Dhankuta (D)
| Dhankuta
| 20,960 km²&lt;br&gt;8,0930 mi²
| 4,021,000
| Sagarnatha (Rajliraj) (DS)&lt;br&gt;Koshi (Biratnagar) (DB)
|
|-
| Kathmandu (K)
| Kathmandu
| 27,410 km²&lt;br&gt;10,583 mi²
| 8,022,000
| Bagmati (Kathmandu) (KB)&lt;br&gt;Narayani (Birgunj) (KN)&lt;br&gt;Janakpur (Janakpur) (KJ)
|
|-
| Pokhara (P)
| Pokhara
| 23,579 km²&lt;br&gt;9,104 mi²
| 4,331,000
| Dhawalagiri (Baglung) (PD)&lt;br&gt;Gandaki (Pokhara)(PG)&lt;br&gt;Lumbini (Butwal) (PL)
|
|-
| Birendranagar (B)
| Birendranagar
| 21,944 km²&lt;br&gt;8,473 mi²
| 1,162,000
| Karnali (Jumla) (BK)&lt;br&gt;Bheri (Nepalgunj) (BB)&lt;br&gt;Rapti (Tulsipur) (BR)
|
|-
| Dipayal (Y)
| Dipayal
| 18,755 km²&lt;br&gt;7,241 mi²
| 2,187,000
| Mahakali (Mahendranagar) (YM)&lt;br&gt;Setei (Dipayal-Silgadhi) (YS)
|
|-
| Garhwal (G)
| Pauri
| 32,769 km²&lt;br&gt;12,652 mi²
| 4,087,000
| Chamoli (Chamoli) (GC)&lt;br&gt;Rudraprayag (Rudraprayag) (GR)&lt;br&gt;Pauri (Pauri) (GP)&lt;br&gt;Uttarkashi (Uttarkashi) (GU)&lt;br&gt;Tehri Garhwal (Tehri)(GT)&lt;br&gt;Dehadrun (Dehardrun) (GD)&lt;br&gt;Hardwar (Hardwar) (GH)
|
|-
| Kumaon (K)
| Nainital
| 21,056 km²&lt;br&gt;8,130 mi²
| 3,494,000
| Pithoragarh (Pithoragarh) (KP&lt;br&gt;Bageshwar (Bageshwar) (KB)&lt;br&gt;Almora (Almmora) (KA)&lt;br&gt;Champawat (Champawat) (KC)&lt;br&gt;Nainital (Nainital) (KN)
|
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the maharajadom is 166,473 km² (64,276 mi²), slightly smaller than *here's* Uruguay and slightly smaller than *here's* American state of Wisconsin.'''

==Geography==
*For a small territory, the Nepali landscape is uncommonly diverse, ranging from the humid Terai in the south to the lofty Himalayas in the north. Eight of the world's ten highest mountains are in Nepal.
**Chomolangma (''Saint Mother'') ([[Wikipedia:Everest|Everest]]) (8,848 m)
**''[[Wikipedia:K2|K2]]'' (8,611 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Kangchenjunga|Kangchenjunga]] (8,586 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Lhotse|Lhotse]] (8,511 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Makalu|Makalu]] (8,463 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Cho Oyu|Cho Oyu]] (''Turquoise Goddess) (8,201 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Dhaulagiri|Dhaulagiri]] (''White Mountain'') (8,167 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Manaslu|Manaslu]] (''Mountain of the Spirit'') (8,163 m)
**''[[Wikipedia:Nanga Parbat|Nanga Parbat]]'' (8,125 m)
**[[Wikipedia:Annapurna|Annapurna]] (''Full of Food'') (8,091 m)
*Nepal lies in the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, an area of 121,300 square kilometres (46,800 sq mi), extending along the north and south faces of the Himalaya Range from the Kali Gandaki Gorge in Lo eastwards through Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, and on into India's Arunachal Pradesh state, and northernmost Myanmar.
*The alpine shrub and meadows lie between approximately 4,000 and 5,500 metres (13,000 and 18,000 ft) elevation. Permanent ice and snow lie above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests lie below 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) along the southern slopes of the range, from Lo to Bhutan.

===Borders===
Nepal is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet, [[Rajadom of Lo|Lo]]&lt;br&gt;
East: [[Rajadom of Sikkim|Sikkim]]&lt;br&gt;
South: Bengal, Oudh&lt;br&gt;
Southwest: Samraj&lt;br&gt;
West: Samraj&lt;br&gt;
Northwest: [[Rajadom of Jammu|Jammu]]

'''The Maharajadom of Nepal is contiguous with *here's* Republic of Nepal (minus the [[Wikipedia:Mechi|Mechi]] zone, and the districts of [[Wikipedia:Dolpa District|Dolpa]], [[Wikipedia:Mustang District|Mustang]], and [[Wikipedia:Manang District|Manang]]) and the Indian state of [[Wikipedia:Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]].'''

==Climate==
*Nepal has a great deal of variation in climate. A tropical and subtropical climate exists in the Terai Region. Outside the Terai, however, the climate is completely different. The remarkable differences in climatic conditions are primarily related to the enormous range of altitude within such a short north-south distance. The presence of the east to west Himalayas to the north and the monsoonal alteration of wet and dry seasons also greatly contribute to local variations in climate. There are five climatic zones in Nepal based on altitude, the tropical and subtropical zone below 1,200 meters in altitude, the cool, temperate zone of 1,200 to 2,400 meters, the cold zone of 2,400 to 3,600 meters, the subarctic climatic zone of 3,600 to 4,400 meters, and the arctic zone above 4,400 meters. 
*Altitude also affects annual rainfall or precipitation patterns. Up to about 3,000 meters, annual rainfall totals increase as the altitude increases. Thereafter, annual totals diminish with increasing altitude and latitude. In addition to this latitudinal differentiation in rainfall, two other patterns can be discerned. First, given the northwestward movement of the moisture-laden summer monsoon (June to September), the amount of annual rainfall generally decreases from east to west. Second, the horizontal extension of hill and mountain ranges creates a moist condition on south- and east-facing slopes whereas it produces a major rain shadow on the northern sides of the slopes. The aridity increases with altitude and latitude, especially on the northern slopes, and reaches its climax in the inner Himalayan region and on the Tibetan Plateau. Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually, the Kathmandu area about 1,420 millimeters, and western Nepal about 1,000 millimeters. 
*The towering Himalayas play a critical role, blocking the northwesterly advances of moist, tropical air from the Bay of Bengal, and ultimately leading to its conversion to rain in the summer. In the winter, this range prevents the outbursts of cold air from Inner Asia from reaching southern Nepal and northern India, thus ensuring warmer winters in these regions than otherwise would be the case. 
*In addition, there are seasonal variations in the amount of rainfall, depending on the monsoon cycle. The pre-monsoon season generally occurs during April and May, characterized by the highest temperatures, reaching 40° C during the day in the Terai and other lowlands. The hills and mountains, however, remain cool. 
*The summer monsoon, a strong flow of moist air from the southwest, follows the pre-monsoon season. Even though the arrival of the summer monsoon can vary by as much as a month, in Nepal it generally arrives in early June, preceded by violent thunderstorms and lightning, and lasts through September, when it begins to recede. The plains and lower Himalayas receive more than 70 percent of their annual precipitation during the summer monsoon. The amount of summer monsoon rain generally declines from southeast to northwest as the maritime wedge of air gradually becomes thinner and dryer. Although the success of farming is almost totally dependent on the timely arrival of the summer monsoon, it periodically causes such problems as landslides; subsequent losses of human lives, farmlands, and other properties (not to mention great difficulty in the movement of goods and people); and heavy flooding in the plains. Conversely, when prolonged breaks in the summer monsoon occur, severe drought and famine often result. 
*The post-monsoon season begins with a slow withdrawal of the monsoon. This retreat leads to an almost complete disappearance of moist air by mid-October, thus ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather. The post-monsoon season lasts until about December. 
*After the post-monsoon, comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow marked by occasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas. The amount of precipitation resulting from the northeast land trade winds varies considerably but increases markedly with elevation. The secondary winter precipitation in the form of snow in the Himalayas is important for generating a sufficient volume of spring and summer meltwaters, which are critical for irrigation in the lower hills and valleys where agriculture predominates. Winter precipitation is also are indispensable for the success of winter crops, such as wheat, barley, and numerous vegetables.

==Economy==
*The chief occupations, which employ more than 60% of the workforce, are small-scale subsistence farming (rice, corn, root crops, citrus fruit, barley, wheat, potatoes) and the raising of yaks, cattle, sheep, pigs, and ''tanguns'', a sturdy breed of pony valued in mountain transportation.
*Wood and leather products, processed foods, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, textiles, and handicrafts are also important.
*Fuels, grain, machinery, vehicles, and fabrics are the major imports.
*Cardamom and other spices, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, fruit, and precious stones are the primary exports.
*Hydroelectric power is a most important resource, with some electricity being exported to India.
*Tourism is a significant though restricted activity, and it is the country's largest source of foreign exchange.

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal: cow
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Himalayan Monal|Himalayan monal]] (''danfe'') (''Lophophorus impejans'')
*National fish: [[Wikipedia:mahseer|golden mahseer]] (''sahar'') (''Tor putatoria'')
*National reptile: [[Wikipedia:gharial|gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'')
*National flower: rhododendron (''Rhododendron arboreum'')
*[[Wikipedia:Nepalese cuisine|National dish]]: [[Wikipedia:Dal bhat|Dal Bhat]]
*National emblem: Gules, in chief a stylized crescent moon with eight rays visible out of sixteen and in base a stylized twelve-rayed sun white bearing human faces, a bordure azure.
**For a crest, standing on a snow-capped mountain a monal proper.
**For supporters, standing on a grassy compartment on the dexter a zebu bull and on the sinister a zebu cow rampant proper, charged on their shoulders with a [[Wikipedia:Dharma wheel|dharma wheel]] or.
**All in front of a rhodedendron tree proper.
*National dress: daura suruwal for men; [[Wikipedia:sari|sari]] for women
*National anthem:
'''Shri man gumbhira'''
:Shri man gumbhira nepali prachanda pratapi bhupati
:Shri pach sarkar maharajadhiraja ko sada rahos unnati
:Rakhun chi rayu eeshale praja phailiyos pukaraun jaya premale
:Hami nepali bhaeesarale.
'''May glory crown you'''
:May glory crown you, illustrious Sovereign,
:You, the gallant Nepalese,
:Shri Pansh Maharajadhiraja, our glorious ruler,
:May he live for many years to come
:And may the number of his subjects increase.
:Let every Nepalese sing this with joy.
*National sport: kapardi
*National dance: mahakali, lakhev
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:Sarani (Nepali)|sarangi]]
*National colors: red and blue

===Nepali holidays===
(Dates in ''italics'' are postponed)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ff0000; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=10% | Date
! style=&quot;background: #ff0000; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=15% | Name
! style=&quot;background: #ff0000; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=75% | Notes
|-
| 20 January
| [[Wikipedia:Vasant_Panchami#Saraswati_Puja|Saraswati Puja]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| ''31 January''
| The King's Coronation
|
|-
| 1 March
| [[Wikipedia:Holi|Holi]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 14 April
| Navavarsha
| Nepali New Year (2010 only)
|-
| 31 June
| The King's Coronation
|
|-
| 25 August
| [[Wikipedia:Gaijatra|Gaijatra]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 1 September
| [[Wikipedia:Krishna_Janmashtami|Krishna Janmashtami]]
| (2010 only) 
|-
| 11 September
| [[Wikipedia:Teej#Teej_in_Nepal|Dar Khani Din]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 25 September
| Unification Day
| The Capture of Kathmandu in 1768
|-
| 1 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lakshmi Puja|Lakshmi Puja]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 4 November
| [[Wikipedia:Diwali|Tihar]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 7 November
| The Queen's Birthday
| Mothers' Day
|-
| 28 December
| The King's Birthday
| Fathers' Day
|}

==Infrastructure==
Nepal remains isolated from the world's major land and air routes although, within the country, aviation is in a better state, with aerodromes in the major cities and towns. The hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. There are just over 8,500 km. (5,282 mi.) of paved two-lane roads.  The Trans-Confederacy rail line links Kathmandu with Jammu City to the west and Darjeeling to the east.

Internally, the poor state of development of the road system makes volume distribution unrealistic. Landlocked, rugged geography, few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure are all factors in stunting the economic growth.

There is less than one telephone per 19 people. Landline telephone services are not adequate nationwide but are concentrated in cities and district headquarters. Mobile telephony is in a reasonable state in most parts of the country with increased accessibility and affordability. There were around 175,000 internet connections in 2005.

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
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        <id>11</id>
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      <comment>/* National symbols */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{proposal}}

Sikkim is a small constitutional monarchy in the Himalayan mountains, inhabited mostly by a Tibetan people. It is a member of the Himalayan Confederacy and of the Commission on Very Small States.

==History==
===The Kirat Period===
*Nepal's first recorded or discovered history began with the [[Kirati]]s, who arrived in the 7th or 8th century BCE from the west to the Kathmandu valley.  Ther 29 kings ruled for about 1225 years (800 BCE-300 CE). Their first and best-remembered king was Yalambar, who is referenced in the epic [[Mahabharata]].
* The first king, Yalambar, laid the foundation of the Kirat dynasty after defeating the last ruler of the Abhir dynasty. When the Kirats occupied the valley, they made Matatirtha their capital. During his reign the kingdom extended to the Tista River in the east and the Trisidi in the West.
*During the reign of the seventh king, Jitedasti, [[Gautama Buddha]] visited the valley with his several disciples. He visited the holy places and preached his religion. Although the Kirats welcomed the Lord Buddha and his disciples, they refused to follow his doctrine,.
*During the reign of the 14th king, Sthunko, the Indian Emperor Asoka came to the Kathmandu Valley with his daughter, princess Charumati. During his stay in the valley, he arranged for the marriage of his daughter Charumati to a local prince named Devpal. Prince Devpal and his wife Charumati lived at Chabahil near the Pashupati area. After the death of her husband in his memory, Charumati who later became a nun also built a convent where she lived and practiced the Lord Buddha's teaching.
*During the reign of the 15th king, Jinghri, the religious teaching of the Mahavira Jain was being preaching in India. Bhadrabhau, a disciple of the Mahavira Jain, came to Nepal, but Jainism never acquired the popularity of Buddhism in Nepal.
*During the reign of the 28th king, Paruka, the Sombanshi ruler attacked his kingdom many times from the west. Although these attacks were repelled, he was forced to move from Gokarna to Shankhamul.
*The 29th and last king of the Kirat dynasty was Gasti, a weak ruler who was overthrown by the Sombanshi ruler Nimisha. After their defeat, the Kirats moved to the eastern hills of Nepal and settled down, dividing into three small principalities, Wallokirat to the east of the Katmandu Valley; Majkirat, the central Kirat region; and Pallokirat to the far east of the Kathmandu Valley.

===The Maurya Period===
*One of the earliest confederations of South Asia was that of the Shakya clan, whose capital was Kapilvastu, Nepal. Siddhartha  Gautama (563-483 BCE) who renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha was born to the Shakya king Sudhodhan.  But by 260 BCE, most of northern India and southern Nepal were ruled by the Maurya Empire.
*Although not all of Nepal was under Maurya occupation, there is evidence of the influence at least of the Maurya Emperor Asoka, the legendary Buddhist proselytiser and ruler from 273 BCE to 232 BCE. Asoka was a visitor to Kathmandu during this period and his daughter married a local prince, further spreading the religion.
 	
===The Lichavi Dynasty===
*The documented history of Nepal begins with the Changu Narayan temple inscription of King Manadeva I (c.464-505) of the Lichavi dynasty. The Lichavis are said to have migrated into Nepal from north India around 250. King Anshuverma opened trade routes to Tibet. His daughter, Bhrikuti, married Tibetan ruler Tsrong-tsong Gompo, who was instrumental in spreading the gospel of the Buddha in Tibet and China.
*King Narendradeval initiated friendly relations with China and his successors laid the foundations of friendship with India by entering into matrimonial alliances with the Indian royal families.
*Lichavi rule spanned a period of about 630 years; the last king was Jayakamadeva.

===The Thakuri Dynasty===
*The Thakuri dynasty was a Rajput dynasty. Many Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the middle of the 12th century.
*Raghava Dev is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in October, 869, when the Lichavi rule came to an end. To commemorate this important event, Raghava Dev started the 'Nepal Era' which began on October 20, 869.
*After the death of King Raghava Dev, many Thakuri kings ruled over Nepal up to the middle of the 12th century A.D.
*King Gunakama Dev (949-994) built a big wooden house out of a single tree which was called ''Kasthamandup''. From ''Kasthamandup'' is derived the name ''Katamndu''. Gunakama Dev founded the town ofKantipur, today's Kathmandu.
*Vijaykama Dev was the last king of this dynasty. After his death, the Thakuri clan of Nuwakot occupied the throne of Nepal.

===The Nuwakot Thakuri Kings===
*Bhasker Dev succeeded Vijayakama Dev, establishing Nuwakot-Thakuri rule in the country.
*1) Shanker Dev was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty; he ruled from 1067 to 1080. During his reign, the Buddhists wreaked vengeance on the Hindu Brahmins (especially the followers of Shivism) for the harm they had received earlier from Shankaracharya III. Shaner Dev tried to pacify the Brahmins harassed by the Buddhists.

===The Suryabansi Rajput Kings===
*Bam Dev, a descendant of Amshuverma, defeated Shanker Dev in 1080 and suppressed the Nuwakot-Thakuris with the help of the nobles and restored the old Solar Dynasty rule in Nepal for the second time.
*Harsha Dev, the successor of Bam Dev, was a weak ruler. There was no unity among the nobles and they asserted themselves in their respective spheres of influence. Taking this opportunity, Nanya Dev, a Karnatak king, invaded Nepal from Simroungarh. He took us residence at Bhadgaon and ruled for some time.
*Mukunda Sen, the King of Palpa, was another invader of the Nepal valley. He plundered and destroyed many houses and looted a huge amount of property.

===The Malla Dynasaty===
*After the fall of the Thakuri dynasty in the 12th century, another dynasty's reign started in Nepal, founded by Arideva or Ari Malla. This dynasty is popularly known as the Malla Dynasty. Over the next two centuries it grew into a large empire before disintegrating into small principalities which became known as the Baise Rajya, i.e., the twenty-two principalities. This was more or less coincidental with the emergence of the Chaubisi Rajya, i.e., the twenty-four principalities. The history of these principalities remains shrouded up until the time when they joined other kingdoms, both large and small, to form the unified Kingdom of Nepal.
*Jayasthiti Malla reigned towards the end of the 14th century. Though his rule was rather short, his place among the rulers in the Valley is eminent because of his various social and economic reforms such as the 'Sanskritization' of the Valley people and new methods of land measurement and allocation.
*Yakshya Malla, the grandson of Jayasthiti Malla, ruled the Kathmandu Valley until almost the end of the 15th century. After his death, about 1484, the Valley was divided into three independent Valley kingdoms, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan. This division led the Malla rulers into internecine wars for territorial and commercial gains.
*Mutually debilitating wars gradually weakened them and by the time of the invasion of King Prithvi Narayan Shah, they had by themselves reached the brink of political extinction. The last rulers were Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu, Tej Narsingh Malla of Patan, and Ranjit Malla of Bhaktapur.

===The Shah Dynasty===
*With Prithvi Narayan Shah (c.1769-1775), Nepal enters the modern period of Nepal's history. He was the ninth generation descendant of Dravya Shah (1559–1570), the founder of the ruling house of Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan Shah succeeded his father King Nara Bhupal Shah on the throne of Gorkha in 1743.
**King Prithvi Narayan Shah was quite aware of the political situation of the Valley kingdoms as well as of the Barsi and Chaubisi principalities. He foresaw the need for unifying the small principalities as an urgent condition for survival in the future and set himself to the task.
**His assessment of the situation among the hill principalities was correct, and the principalities were subjugated fairly easily. His  victory march began with the conquest of Nuwakot, which lies between Kathmandu and Gorkha, in 1744. After Nuwakot, he occupied strategic points in the hills surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. Thus the Valley's communications with the outside world were cut off. The occupation of the Kuti Pass in about 1756 stopped the Valley's trade with Tibet.
**Finally, he entered the Valley. At the victory of Kirtipur, King Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu was defeated by King Prithvi Narayan Shah's army. The capture of Kathmandu on September 25, 1768, was dramatic. As the people of Kathmandu were celebrating the festival of Indrajatra, Prithvi Narayan Shah and his men marched into the city. A throne was put on the palace courtyard for the new King of Kathmandu. Prithvi Narayan Shah sat on the throne and was hailed by the people as the King of Kathmandu. Jaya Prakash Malla managed to escape with his life and sought asylum in Patan. When Patan was captured a few weeks later, both Jaya Prakash Malla and the King of Patan, Tej Narsingh Mallal, took refuge in Bhaktapur, which was also captured after some time. Thus the Kathmandu Valley was conquered by King Prithvi Narayan Shah and Kathmandu became the capital of the modern Nepal in 1769.
**King Prithvi Narayan Shah was successful in bringing together diverse religiousa and ethnic groups in one natiol. He was a true nationalist in his outlook and was in favor of adopting a closed-door policy with regard to hisneighbors. His social and economic views not only guided the country's socio-economic course for a long time, but his use of the imagery, ''a yam between two boulders'' with regard to Nepal's geopolitical situation, formed the principal guideline of the country`s foreign policy for future centuries.

==Toponymy==

==Government==
 
{| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em&quot; padding=&quot;0.5em&quot;
|+ '''Rajadom of Sikkim symbols'''
|-
| '''State day'''
| ??? Raja’s birthday
|-
| '''State animal'''
| Red Panda (''Ailurus fulgens''))
|-
| '''State bird'''
| Blood Pheasant (''Ithaginis cruentis'')
|-
| '''State tree'''
| Rhododendron (''Rhododendron campanulatum'')
|-
| '''State flower'''
| Noble orchid (''Cymbidium goeringii'')
|}

==Geography==

===Borders===
Sikkim is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Tibet, Bhutan, Bangal&lt;br&gt;
South: Bangal&lt;br&gt;
West: Bangal, Nepal.

==Climate==

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National bird:
*National dance:
*National fish:
*National flag:
*National flower:
*National gem:
*National individual sport:
*National language:
*National mammal:
*National marine mammal:
*National nickname:
*National reptile:
*National seal:
*National slogan:
*National soil:
*National song:
*National spirit:
*National team sport:
*National tree:

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
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==History==
===Early history===
*The Rajadom of Lo has a long, rich and complex history.  Its early history is shrouded in legend, myth and mystery, but there are records of events in the Kali Kandaki Valley as early as the 8th century. According to local legend Padmasambhava, the great founder of Tibetan Buddhism came to the Kali Kandaki Valley on his way to Tibet.  The first empereor of Tibet, Trisong Detsen,  (742-797) was desirous of introducing Buddhism to his empire, but his desire was thwarted by evil mountain deities. Learning of the holiness of Padmasambhava, the emperor invited him to come and do battle with these evil powers. Guru Rinpoche, as he is known in Tibet, on his way through eastern Lo, in 775 built the temple of Ghar Gompa (House Temple) which still stands guard today. He arrived in Tibet 810 and used his tantric powers to subdue the evil deities he encountered along the way. He founded the first monastery in the country, Samye Gompa, initiated the first monks, and introduced the people to the practice of Tantric Buddhism. It is also quite likely that the Tibetan poet Milarepa, who lived from 1040 to 1123, visited Lo.

===14th Century===
*It is generally believed that the warrior Ame Pal was the founder king of the Buddhist Kingdom of Lo in 1380. Shres-rab la-ma was the military commander and provincial commissioner of Lo for the Gung-thang kings. He held a semi-independent status, which allowed him to secure the government for his lineal descendants. His grandson, Ame Pal consolidated his power and extended his influence over a wide region in western Tibet, eventually establishing his own kingdom. His Gung-thang overlords recognised him as an independent ruler, with the title of ''chos-gyal''. His kingdom remained closely tied by language and culture to Tibet. Ame Pal, or perhaps his father, conquered a large part of the territory in the upper Kali Kandaki and was responsible for the development of the city of Lo Manthang and for constructing many gompas (temples). The ancestry of the present Raja can be traced back 25 generations to Ame Pal.
**For a time, Lo was part of Ngari, a name for far western Tibet. Ngari was not a true political entity, but rather a loose collection of feudal domains that also included parts of Dolpo (now a district of Nepal). By the 14th century, much of Ngari, as well as most of what today is western Nepal, was part of the Malla Empire governed from the capital at Sinja, near Jumla.
**Ame Pal's successors continued to rule independently until the second quarter of the sixteenth century. After many battles and countless incursions, the neighbouring principality of Jumla established control over Lo, and for a time no paramount ruler was recognised. The Jumla rajas divided the principality amongst regional commissioners and governors, these offices being filled by various members of the Lo ruling family.

===16th Century===
*Gya-hor-pal-zang recovered a measure of independence from Jumla and was recognised as ''chogyal'', about 1560. However, his brother and successor succumbed to Jumla rule once more, and his descendants continued as vassals for the next century.

===18th Century===
*The Malla Empire declined and split into numerous petty hill states. By the 18th century, Jumla had consolidated and reasserted its power. In an effort to develop their domain as a trading center and to obtain Tibetan goods, the rulers of Jumla turned their attention eastward. In 1740, they assumed control over Lo, from which they extracted an annual tribute.
*Since the valley was the easiest corridor through the mighty Himalaya linking the Tibetan Plateau to southern Asia, it became a major trading center. Great caravans of sheep and yaks brought loads from Tibet to Lo where theys were transferred to the mules and goats more suited to travel in the warmer lowlands. Southwards the trade was in salt, wool, musk, borax and tsampa; heading north was rice, grain, and textiles
*When he ascended the throne in 1762, Prithvi Narayan Shah, founder of the house of Gurkha, began to consolidate what is present-day Nepal. He conquered Jumla and laid claim to Lo. Although Lo was forced to pay tribute for protection, they regained a large measure of autonomy. Prithvi Narayan Shah went on to conquer much of what is now modern Nepal. At the time of his death in 1775, the kingdom extended from Gorkha eastward to the borders of Sikkim. His descendants directed their efforts westward and by 1789, Jumla had been annexed. 
*The vassal rulers of Lo made several valiant, but unsuccessful, attempts to re-establish their independence. Their chance finally came in 1788 when the Nepalese Regent, Prince Bahadur Shah, requested an alliance to complete his plans for unifying Nepal. He needed the help of Anjia Dorje to subdue the Raja of Jumla, Lo’s overlod. In 1790, after the successful completion of the war,  Anjia Dorje accepted Nepalese sovereignty and, as payment for his help, secured the return of some of the lands that had been annexed outright by Jumla, namely lower Lo, Manang, and Dolpo. Thereafter he was recognised as a tributary ruler with the hereditary title of Raja of Lo. He received a crown recognising his new status from the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal and was granted a gold and plumed crown by the Emperor of China, which now form part of theTog-gsum or regalia of the rajadom. He was a religious and cultural reformer who renovated monasteries and monuments, built several temples and a modern palace, and invited learned lamas to settle in Lo.

===The Rajas of Lo===
1) Sa-ang, 1656–1710, father of

2) Je Ang, 1711–1723, father of

3) Krathis Namgyal, 1723-c.1728, father of

4) Tenzing Anjia, c.1728-c.1750. father of 5)

''Nor-zin de-legs-bang-mo''	1728-1734, regent for her son

5) Anjia Dorje, c.1750–1797, father of

6) Krathis Ningpo, 1797–1815, uncle of

7) Jampel Traldus, 1815–1837, father of

8) Kunga Norbu, 1837–1857, father of

Jamian Angdu, 1857–1863, reigned under the regency of his mother. Never installed or crowned and thus addressed as Gyal-ras (prince) only, brother of 9)

''Gyal-mo Kra-shis-bu-khrid'', 1857–1863, regent for her son

9) Ngodup Palbar, 1863–1893, brother of 10)

''Gyal-mo Tshe-chog srol-ma'', 1863–1868, regent for her brother-in-law

10) Jambian Pelbar, 1893–1935, father of

11) Angun Tenzing Trandul, 1935–1955, 1st time, father of

12) Angdu Nyingpo, 1955–1958

Angun Tenzing Trandul, 1958–1964, 2nd time, father of

13) Jigme Pelbar Bista, 1964–, uncle of

''Ashok Bishta'', heir apparent, son of Lama Shabthung Rimpoche, brother of the Raja.

==Toponymy==

==Government==
 
==Geography==
*The Rajadom of Lo is an enchanting land of windswept vistas, red walled monasteries, and feudal towns, located on the Central Asian plateau.  It lies between Tibet on the north, and the Nepali districts of Dolpa to the west, Myagdi to the south, and Manang to the east.  It is an extension of the Tibetan plateau with an average elevation of over 3,000 m.  Located to the north of the highest mountains Dhaulagiri and Annapurna and to the north of the main Himalayan range and geographically part of the Tibetan highlands, it is roughly 80 km long (north-south) and 45 km at its widest giving it an area of 3,573 km2. 

*The main feature of the Rajadom of Lo is the Kali Gandaki river, its valley and tributaries. It runs north-east to south-west towards Nepal Terai, bisecting the country. The river was once the major trade route between Tibet and India, especially for salt. Part of the river valley, the Thak Khola,  a downfaulted graben, is the deepest gorge in the world. According to the difference between the river elevation and these peaks, this is the world's deepest gorge. The gorge separates the major peaks Dhaulagiri (8,167 m/26,795 ft) to the west and Annapurna (8,091 m/26,545 ft) to the east. The river runs at elevations between 1,300 and 2,600 metres (4,300 and 8,500 ft), 5,500 to 6,800 metres (18,000–22,300 ft) lower than the peaks. The river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forced the mountains higher, the river cut down through the uplift.  The river rises along the Tibet border and the coincident Ganges-Brahmaputra divide and flows south through the Rajadom. The gorge begins at Kagbeni where the Himalayan ranges begin to close in. The river then continues southwards past Jomsom, Marpha and Tukuche to the deepest part of the gorge in the area of Lete. The gorge then broadens past Dana and Tatopani towards Beni.

*The landscape is of indescribable vastness and beauty, a vast high valley, arid and dry. The valley is characterized by eroded canyons, colorful rock formations with a barren, desert-like appearance. The hills tend to be great red fluted cliffs of tiny round stones cemented together by mud. One of the most fascinating features of the Rajadom of Lo is the thousands of cliff dwellings, some of which look completely inaccessible. Rimmed by more than 20,000 snowcapped peaks and bathed in hues of orange and red rocks with sporadic fields of vibrant green, yellow and red of barley, maize, and buckwheat, the Rajadom of Lo is a step back to a simpler time.

*The countryside is similar to the Tibetan plateau with its endless expanses of yellow and grey rolling hills eroded by wind. Strong winds often blow across the valley in the afternoon, generally subsiding at night. Lying in the rain shadow of the Himalaya, Lo has much less rain than Nepal. Annual precipitation is between 250 and 400 mm. During the monsoon the skies are cloudy and there is some rain. In the winter there is usually snow; sometimes as much as 30 or 40 cm accumulating on the ground.

*The mountains are home to 101 species of mammals including snow leopard, musk deer, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan fox; 474 species of birds; 39 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians; as well as the mythical mehti (abominable snowman). A total of 1226 species of plants can be found in the mountains including 38 orchid species and nine rhododendron species

*Villages are several hours apart and appear in the distance almost as mirages; during the summer season, after the crops are planted, they are green oases in the desert-like landscape.

'''As mentioned above, land was restored to the Rajahdom of Lo, so that the nation is now contiguous with *here's* Nepali districts of Mustang, Dolpo, and Manang.'''

===Borders===
Lo is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Nepal&lt;br&gt;
South: Nepal&lt;br&gt;
West: Nepal

==Climate==

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal 1: Tibetan sand fox (''Vulpes ferrilata'')
*National mammal 2: 
*National bird:
*National reptile: MacClelland's coral snake (''Sinomicruris macclellandi'')
*National fish: 
*National flower:
*National tree:
*National gem:
*National flag:
*National language:
*National nickname:
*National seal:
*National slogan:
*National song:
*National spirit:
*National individual sport:
*National team sport:
*National dance:

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pesato</title>
    <id>8321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58642</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T22:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Kiso */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Pesato ==

&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Pesato ata.PNG]]&lt;/center&gt;

A syllabary developed for writing [[Kala]].

=== design elements ===

*Pesato = '''pe''' – dot, mark, point | '''sa’o''' – nine | '''to''' – way, method, manner

:*Using a 9 dot matrix 
:*Connect each dot to at least one other dot (except numerals)
:*No crossing lines
:*Try to convey phonetic value (when possible)
:*No diagonal lines

== Kiso ==

* The basic 86 syllables that can be used to write the majority of [[Kala]] lexemes are on the left and the 36 syllables that are used to write the syllables with diphthongs &amp; triphthongs are on the right.

[[Image:Pesato taha.PNG]]

=== diacritics ===

* These marks are used to modify syllables as needed.

[[File:Pesato diac.png]]


* The '''muatso''' indicates the beginning of a phrase, passage, paragraph or sentence, and the '''oti''' indicates the ending.

== Kum ==

* The 16 glyphs that are used to represent '''Pesato''' numerals.

[[Image:Pesato kum.PNG]]

== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ==

[[File:Pesato udhr.png|frame|The UDHR in '''Pesato'''.]]

[http://sanoajat.webs.com/udhr.wav Sound Sample]

* '''kua tlana tsiya ma’a katsi ma kueli soto nasa'''
: ''all human free with dignity and rights equal born''
: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
* '''kam tlitsi ma omato yoha ma kanku ma’a tsaku te otauan ketahe'''
: ''3p reasoning and conscience possess and 3p.RECP with idea of brotherhood behave.NEC''
: They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


-

[[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato ata.PNG</title>
    <id>8322</id>
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      <id>55556</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
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      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Náŋifi Fasúxa Thematic Lexicon</title>
    <id>8323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55782</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T23:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* S */  Finished version 1.0 of online root dictionary</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=F=
FASU PNF 'SHARE'

fasufa – to mate

fasufi – to reveal

fasuŋa - (mpl) shared traits

fasuku - to distribute

fasunu - custom

fasupi – to recite

fasupu – offering, to offer

fasusa – to explain

fasusi - to share reluctantly

fasuti – to ask

fasuxa – commonality, common

fasuxi – to provide

fasuxu – arbitrate, arbitrator

=Ŋ=

ŊAFI PNF 'particular'

ŋafifu – target; aim

ŋafiŋa - particular composite entity

ŋafinu – vague, to vacillate

ŋafipi – on

ŋafisa - maternal family

ŋafisi - solid

ŋafisu – one (1); (pl) a few

ŋafiti – paternal family

ŋafixa – bower, to mate

ŋafixi – a particular

ŋafixu – sweetheart; to love

ŊASI PNF 'SOMEBODY'

ŋasifa - oneself

ŋasifi – together, joint; with

ŋasiŋa - description (esp. of character)

ŋasinu - anybody

ŋasipi - between

ŋasipu – he/she/it

ŋasisa – to twist

ŋasiti – to bend

ŋasixa - somewhere

ŋasixi – nobody, none, not

ŋasixu – somebody

ŊUXA PNF 'heat'

ŋuxafa - hearth

ŋuxafi - passionate

ŋuxafu - logs, kindling

ŋuxaku – fire, to burn

ŋuxanu - hot

ŋuxapi - sunburn

ŋuxapu - the sun; to shine

ŋuxasa - warm

ŋuxasi - hot, dry heat of the desert

ŋuxasu - temperature

ŋuxati - brush fire

ŋuxaxi - horniness; (fpl) hot flashes

ŋuxaxu - angry

ŊUXU 'standard movement'

ŋuxufa - standard moverment (not necessarily job-related)

ŋuxufi - a craftsman; properly trained

ŋuxufa - to do correctly

ŋuxuŋa - a technique (with many steps)

ŋuxuku - instrument; with, by (instrumental)

ŋuxunu - a method (involving many guxuag or guxuus)

ŋuxupi - proper motion to make something

ŋuxupu - to push up

ŋuxusa - to tap

ŋuxusi - to strike

ŋuxusu - a technique (with one or two steps)

ŋuxuti - to strike as hard as possible

ŋuxuxa - master (of an apprentice)

ŋuxuxi - to press down

=K=

KAMA PNF 'EARTH, LAND'

kamafa – earth; (fpl) invertebrate

kamafi – tree; (f) plant; (mfpl) vegetation

kamaŋa - environment

kamaku - gritstorm

kamanu – world, Earth (=home planet of the Pi'naax)

kamapi – homeland, forest

kamapu – sky, heaven

kamasa – to revolve; year

kamasi - earth which cannot be broken, as in winter

kamasu – clod of dirt

kamati – to turn; season

kamaxa - land

kamaxi – ground, underground

kamaxu – animal

KANA PNF 'PLACE'

kanafa - there

kanafu – place; to stay; at

kanaŋa - an area (composed of several distinct buildings or place)

kanaku - to travel back and forth

kananu – plain; (f) field, meadow

kanapi – to stand; here

kanapu – mountain

kanasa – circle, circular

kanasi - public place

kanasu – property

kanati - square

kanaxa – house-and-huts compound, esp. council compound (&lt;ONF village)

kanaxi – desert wasteland; (f) valley

kanaxu – villager

KUŊA 'mark'

kuŋafi – distinct, conspicuous

kuŋafa – personal characteristic

kuŋafu - stomach

kuŋaku - prey animal

kuŋanu – general (adj)

kuŋapi - middle

kuŋapu – to increase

kuŋasa – small

kuŋasi - far; far away

kuŋasu - write

kuŋati – big, great

kuŋaxa – addressee, direct object

kuŋaxi – to decrease

kuŋaxu – ONF addressee, direct object

=M=

MANI PNF 'parts'

manifa - distribution; scattered; distributively

manifi - composition; to be composed of; to be complex

manifu - interior; innards; in(side)

maniŋa – whole, entire

maniku - loose, loosely attached

manipi - chest, midriff, back, butt

manipu - male part, &quot;plug&quot;

manisa - toe, finger

manisi - a part without holes

manisu - a part (of something more complex)

maniti - foot, hand

manixa - position (esp. correct position)

manixi - female part, socket

manixu - body parts (esp. human body parts)

MUFA PNF 'LEAD'

mufafi – attendant (&lt;ONF council member)

mufaŋa - life achievements (of chief or expert)

mufaku - inconstance

mufanu – paramount chief (bretwalda) - NB: Mythical Concept

mufapi – to assist

mufasa – to obey

mufasi - to lead confidently

mufasu – chiefly genealogy; to recite such

mufati – to decree

mufaxa – village

mufaxu – chief; to rule

=N=

NAŊI PNF 'COMMUNICATE'

naŋifa – to think, consider; thought

naŋifi – language

naŋifu – subject (of communication)

naŋiŋa - subject (of communication)

naŋiku - word, root

naŋinu – message, messenger

naŋipi – argument (of speech); logic

naŋipu – to praise, to flatter

naŋisa – to learn

naŋisi - awkward, uncomfortable

naŋisu – to count; number

naŋiti – to teach; teacher

naŋixa –  village crier (&lt;ONF nagixa village common)

naŋixi – to belittle, berate

naŋixu – ONF village crier

NATU PNF 'ANOTHER'

natufa – you (equal rank)

natufi '2nd person'

natufu – to hide

natuŋa - different; to be different

natuku - a fickle lover

natunu – you, one (generic)

natupi – societal rank

natupu – you (superior rank)

natusa – to go backward

natusi - to refuse 

natusu – to single out

natuti -  to go forward

natuxi – you (inferior rank)

natuxa - elsewhere

natuxu -  another; other

NIXI PNF 'FACE'

nixifa – to speak publicly

nixifi – ear, to hear

nixifu – nose, to smell

nixiŋa - expression (physical)

nixiku - to doubt

nixinu – head (n)

nixipi – say; use transmissive senses

nixipu – smell/hear/see (receptive senses)

nixisa – back (vs. front); behind

nixisi - an expressionless face

nixisu – expression

nixiti – front (vs. back); in front of

nixixa – face

nixixu – orate

=P=

PAŊA PNF 'chamber'

paŋafa – (m coll pl) heart

paŋafi – hollow

paŋafu - hearth

paŋaku - unsteady, badly constructed

paŋanu – wide

paŋapi - wall

paŋapu – roof

paŋasa – house; (f) hut

paŋasi - sturdy, well constructed

paŋati – latrine

paŋaxa - property

paŋaxi – floor

paŋaxu - owner


PINA PNF 'SURVIVE'

pinafa – to not self-incriminate

pinafi – necessary, necessity

pinaŋa - remain; remnant

pinaku - sick

pinanu - hominid

pinapi - outside

pinapu – to survive, to live

pinasa – to fail, lose

pinasi - to recover, esp. from illness

pinasu – census; population

pinati – to select, win; selection, lots

pinaxa – a man; (f) a woman; (mpl) the People

pinaxi – to die, death

pinaxu – ONF a Person, the People; the Ancestors

PUMA PNF 'I'

pumafa - '1st person'

pumafu - brain

pumafi – next to, near

pumaŋa - skill, to be skilled

pumaku - drunk

pumanu – to advocate

pumapu – I (higher rank)

pumasa – exclusive, to exclude

pumasi - self-confident

pumasu – I (no rank reference)

pumati – inclusive, to include

pumaxa - body

pumaxi – I (lower rank)

=S=

SAXU PNF '?'

saxupi '? + mid (btw. up &amp; down)'

=T=

TAKA PNF 'PAST'

takafa – to finish; finished

takafi – mother/father

takaŋa - oral history; (f) tale about one's life

takaku - shaky memory; lie about the past

takasa - morning

takasi - firm memory; be consistent about past events

takasu – yesterday

takati – day before yesterday

takaxa – elder; to advise

takaxu – ONF elder; to advise

TAMA PNF 'GO'

tamafa – to not delegate

tamafi – accompany, companion

tamaŋa - journey, destination (&quot;telos&quot;); to arrive

tamaku - to wobble, to move unsteadily

tamanu – wander, explore

tamapi – to go

tamapu – to ascend

tamasa – to make crooked

tamasi - to stride

tamasu – step; to step

tamati – to straighten

tamaxi – descend

TIŊA PNF 'PRESENT'

tiŋafa – to continue

tiŋafi – brother/sister

tiŋaku - to lie

tiŋasa - noon

tiŋasi - to be certain

tiŋasu – today

tiŋaxa – adult; work (ONF place of work)

tiŋaxu – ONF adult; work

TUNA PNF 'material'

tunafa - the surface of a material; to polish

tunafi - to be ready; preparedness

tunafu - interior; in(side)

tunaŋa - composite materials, esp. composite rock

tunaku - (mpl) coal or charcoal; (fpl) embers

tunanu - skin of animal, cloth, clothing

tunapu - air, sky

tunasa - pierced skin or cloth (opposite of tunati)

tunasi - stone

tunasu - costly, expensive

tunati - thing which pierces another (needle, dominant reed); to sew, to weave

tunaxa - collection site; to collect materials

tunaxi - water; to flow

tunaxu - fat person; prep. over

=X=

XIPU PNF 'FUTURE'

xipufa – to begin

xipufi - son/daughter

xipuŋa - detailed prophecy or prediction

xipuku - hesitation; to hesitate

xipunu – future

xipusa - evening

xipusi - apprenticeship

xipusu – tomorrow

xiputi – day after tomorrow

xipuxi – (mpl) descendents; to reproduce

xipuxa – child; to play

xipuxu – ONF child; to play</text>
    </revision>
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    <title>Category:Pesato</title>
    <id>8324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55557</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-14T19:36:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with '[[Category:Moyaha]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moyaha]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato atsutao.PNG</title>
    <id>8325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55558</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-14T19:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato hakalo.PNG</title>
    <id>8326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55563</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-14T20:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato kiso.PNG</title>
    <id>8327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55560</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-14T19:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato kum.PNG</title>
    <id>8328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55561</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-14T19:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato inyela.PNG</title>
    <id>8329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55581</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-17T01:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato taha.PNG</title>
    <id>8330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55582</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-17T01:16:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Confederacy</title>
    <id>8331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58443</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-13T17:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New entry.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Charter]]

[[Forms of Government]]

[[HimCon Aviation]]

[[Postal Union]]

[[Rank of the Nations]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Algonki</title>
    <id>8332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58095</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-28T09:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Germando</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Greetings. I'm an English conlanger, whose chief works are [[Hamp]], [[Algon]], and [[Germando]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Algon</title>
    <id>8333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55630</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-19T15:41:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>there's a new IAL on the block</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Algon''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] with an English-based vocabulary. It has a tiny phonology that should pose no problems to anyone. The grammar is intended to occupy the &quot;Goldilocks region&quot; between being too simplistic and too complicated. The language is SVO, with no inflexions.

External link (pdf): [http://www.hyperconlangs.webs.com/algon.pdf]
Other external link (htm): [http://www.hyperconlangs.webs.com/dictionary.htm]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Balloonist language (Jem)</title>
    <id>8334</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55631</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-19T15:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Algonki</username>
        <id>1369</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>a sample from a famous sci-fi novel</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In Frederick Pohl's novel ''Jem'' there are, on the eponymously named planet, three native species each with their own distinct language. Halfway through the novel, we are given the following sample of the '''Balloonist language'''. The apostrophes represent glottal stops (a common feature in alien languages in old sci-fi stories).

''Ma'iya'a hi'i'' (these creatures unlike us) ''hu'u ha'iye'i'' (are vicious animals).

''Ni'u'a mali'i na'a hu'iha (they have killed my song).

Also,''ha'aye'i'' is the name of the shark-like enemies of the Balloonists.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Balloonist language (Jem)</title>
    <id>8335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55662</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-23T04:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Someone should develop this into a full language :-D
: Well, the root hu- or hu'- appears in both sentences. Perhaps it's a verbal base like Korean 
-pnida or -eyo? And the word for &quot;enemy&quot; and &quot;song&quot; seem to be related.
::Yes, hu is definitely a candidate for a verbal root. But regarding &quot;enemy&quot;, I think the root-family is actually &quot;iya&quot; (creature), &quot;iye&quot; (vicious animal), &quot;aye&quot; (ha'aye'i specifically). I suppose the obvious thing to presume is that the middle &quot;y&quot; denotes animal, the last vowel denotes a friendliness-hostility spectrum, and the first vowel is some kind of identifier. But this ignores the other parts of the words...
::: My partial analysis of the morphemic structure is thus (with numbers for the unidentified roots):
Sentence 1
ma-'iy-a-'a hi-'i hu-'u ha-'iy-e-'i
1-creature-nonhostile-2 3-4 verbalbase-be 5-creature-hostile-4
These creatures unlike us are vicious animals.
Sentence 2
ni-'u-'a ma-li-'i na-'a hu-'i-ha
6-be-2 1-7-4 8-2 verbalbase-2-5
They have killed my song.
Sentence 3
ha-'ay-e-'i
5-creaturetype2-hostile-2
shark

Morpheme 4 (-'i) seems to be an adjectival suffix in &quot;hi'i&quot; &quot;unlike (or these)&quot;, &quot;mali'i&quot; &quot;my&quot;, and &quot;ha'aye'i&quot; &quot;shark&quot; (the last is probably substantive).
Sentence 1 is a predicate sentence SVO.
Sentence 2 is an indicative SOV sentence. SOV suggests that the adjective (mali'i) precedes its nouns (na'a &quot;song&quot;). That's all I've got for now.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fortunatian</title>
    <id>8336</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55830</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-07T15:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Fortunatian=
{|style=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; float: right; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width:30%; font-size:95%&quot; cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; font-size: 110%;&quot;| Uchunatonc
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Pronounced: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| ['rɨm.bɨŋk 'u.ʧu.na.təŋk]
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Timeline and Universe: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Fortunate Islands Universe (FIU)
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Species: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Human
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Spoken: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Fortunate Islands
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Total speakers: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 20,000
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Writing system: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Roman script
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Genealogy: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Latin &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; Fortunatian Vulgar Latin &lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; [[Fortunatian]] 
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Typology:
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphology: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Partly fusional
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Morphosyntax: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Accusative
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Word order: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| SVO
|-
!colspan=2 style=&quot;background: #dfdfdf; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;| Credits
|-
|style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 30%&quot;| Creator: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| Linguarum Magister
|-
|style=&quot;width: 30%&quot;| Created: ||style=&quot;border-left: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; width: 70%&quot;| 2004
|}
Fortunatian (Rymbonc Uchunatonc or just Uchunatonc) is a Romance language, with Etruscan and Guanche substrates, spoken in the Fortunate Islands (our world's Canary Islands) in the Fortunate Islands Universe. This is a description of Classical Fortunatian (fl. 12c ACE).

=Phonology=
The Fortunatian alphabet has 20 letters. There are also four digraphs which are not considered part of the alphabet, but probably should be.

a [a]

b [b]

c [k] before /a/, /o/, /u/, /y/

d [d]

e [e, ɛ]

g [ʤ]

f [f]

h [etymological, or diaeresis marker]

i [i], [j] before another vowel

m [m]

n [n]

o [ə]

p [p]

qu [k] before /e/, /i/

r [r]

s [s]

t [t]

u [u]

x [ʃ]

y [ɨ]

Non-Alphabetic Digraphs

au [o]

ch [ʧ]

hu [w] - this can (rarely) occur before a consonant

nh [ɲ]

=Gender and Number=
Fortunatian has no declension, but three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and two numbers (singular and plural). Note that the Classical Latin third declension has merged with the neuter of the second declension. Nouns and adjectives use the same ending. The root bon- &quot;good&quot; may be used to show the pattern.

xorbync bonync a good servant

huemnonc bononc a good woman

omnoc bonoc a good man (yes, 'man' is neuter)

xorbaux bonaux good servants

huemnax bonax good women

omnex bonex good men

=Etruscan-Derived Vocabulary=
Most of the Etruscan derived vocabulary was borrowed by the early Christians and transformed into Christian sacramental vocabulary.

abbess - otonc

abbot - ofync

anchoress, nun - xechonc

anchorite, monk - rubync

autumn - autynync

calculation (esp. of Easter) - ocaroc

caretaker - texintync, texintonc

child - uxiuroc

church - achoc

congregation - raucoc

cross - tauroc (originally 'tomb', influenced by Greek 'stavros')

cup - curimnonc, taunonc, xanenonc

the dead - xibex

diocese - mocloc

eagle - coptonc

font, baptismal - tinhonc

god, false - ureroc

grandmother - tetonc

heaven - uratoc

honey - matoc

idol - exoroc

incense - turonc

jug - yrfeonc

June - ocoroc

king - lucmaunhync

lion - roync

martyr, saint - xiboc

monastic - ofanync, -onc, -oc

moon - tiync

noon - yranhoc

nurse - nonoc

offering - arfnync, arfasoc, clebonc, tyxonc

only - tus

pagan - cricync, criconc, rumachync, rumachonc

people - mechync, rononc

prayer - molhenonc

priest - fafonc (m.)

priesthood - arymnatoc

rite - xeroc

room - queronc

sanctuary - xamoc

September - cheroc

son (esp. Son of God) - clenoc

soul - intioroc

sun - uxroc

then - un

tomb - xutoc

town - xfuronc

vase - tinonc

the Virgin - xnhatonc

water of baptism - nheroc

wife (esp. Zion as bride of Christ), novice nun - fionc

year, liturgical - auloc

=Guanche-Derived Vocabulary=

astronomer - babilaunoc

chief priest - guadamenhoc

demons - tibisenax

the Devil - guaiautonc

festival - benhesmeroc

moon - achuguaync

Mother of God - chaxiraxonc

mountain - tindonc

nun, sacred virgins - maguadonc, arimaguadonc

priest - faica'noc

priest, funerary - cancync

rain - achucanoc

sky - achama'noc

Son of God - chixauraxync

sun - magoc

teacher for boys - samaranync

teacher for girls - samaronc

 
[[Category:A_posteriori_conlangs]] [[Category:Fortunatian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2/Kēlen</title>
    <id>8337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55661</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-22T20:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translation by David Peterson ==

il ñi liēþ rā anālhāri il jīlpēneha; la jarēþa jaŋūta; pa jalāeþa anrōllōl tō jāo ñi liēþ rā jalāe ālme; la liēþ sū anhēīñi; se anpāsre to jakēþa jatāra mo jālme; il ñi liēþ rā anmāxxānwi anrēlān luhañen il ñi anālhāri ansēlne; ñalta jahōhhe jahē ja ānen liēþ jañicālte sū jahāwekien; il ñi liēþ rāmāra il jīlcīlre;

===Smooth English===

We go to the ocean in the spring. The going is difficult. The mountain pass is still covered with snow, so we cross the mountains. We are at the grass. Fallen trees prevent us from crossing. We're approaching the windy grass plains when we reach the ocean. We sell the good food we have on the shore. We go home in the winter.

==Corrected version by Sylvia Sotomayor==

il ñi liēþ rā anālhāri il jīlpēneha;
pa jarēþa anŋūta
la jalāeþa jarōllōl ewaþ ñi liēþ rā jalāe ālme;
la liēþ sū anhēīñi;
selte jālme japāsre to jakēþa jatāra;
il ñi liēþ rā anmāxxānwi nīkan jarēlān jēspe il ñi anālhāri ansēlni;
ñalta jahōhhe jahē tō ja ñalta jañicālte sū jahāwekien;
il ñi liēþ rāmāra il jīlcīlre;

===Smooth English===

We go to the ocean in Spring. The journey is difficult. The mountain
pass is snow-covered but we cross the mountaints. We are at an expanse
of 'grass'. A fallen trunk gives us a hindered crossing. We go to a
wide plain with a continuing wind when we make sight of the ocean. We
make good cooked food from the things we trade at the shore. We go
home in the Winter.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inverse Relay 2/Kamakawi</title>
    <id>8338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55773</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T20:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dedalvs</username>
        <id>27</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Smooth English */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Translation by Arthaey Angosii ==

Au ale uei ala e aila pe lenelele. Meuto ale. A itiva pake i kititiú
hie aupe ale uei iu pake heva ape. U uei i ala e falele. Au li kapolo
kawau'u i amo, ae ale uei i amo heva, au liwi uamo i uei. Au ale uei
ala u ava fale hevaka ko a, upe neale uei e aila. U kala oi apule uei
u hava ale'u ea'a eyana heva e aila. Ale uei e palei pe etielele.

===Smooth English===

We all travel to the ocean in the spring. The traveling is difficult. Snow still covers the passes when we first cross the mountains. Then we are at the forest. Fallen trees prevent our crossing. We arrive at the green windy steppes, and then at the ocean. Over the ocean, we talk and sell very good traveling food. We all travel home in the winter.

==Corrected version by David Peterson==

Au ale uei ie aila lenelele.{{ref|1|1}} Meuto ale. A kititiú itiva pake
hie aupe ale uei iu pake heva ape.{{ref|2|2}} U ala ie falele.{{ref|3|3}} Au li kapolo
kawau'u i amo, au ale uei i amo heva, au liwi uamo i uei.{{ref|4|4}} Ae ale
i ava fale hevaka ko, upe neale ie aila.{{ref|5|5}} U kala oi apule
iu hava aleale ea'a eyana heva aila.{{ref|6|6}} Ale uei ie palei etielele.{{ref|7|7}}

===Notes===
*{{note|1|1}}Ordinarily one doesn't use articles after a preposition in Kamakawi (on account of their diachrony). Plus, here I think the regular object marker is called for. Also, the word for &quot;spring&quot; works as an adverb, too.
*{{note|2|2}}Arthaey coined an ''awesome'' word here in &quot;snow-covered&quot;, but I'd use it as a verb rather than an adjective here.
*{{note|3|3}}Here I'd use ''ala'' as a verb rather than a preposition. Also of interest: I mistook ''my own word'' here. In my translation into Kelen, I read ''falele'', which means &quot;forest&quot;, as something like &quot;grass plains&quot;. What a goof!
*{{note|4|4}}The pronoun ''uei'' doesn't occur in the previous clause, so it must be introduced as a new subject with ''au''.
*{{note|5|5}}''Ae'' can be used since the previous object is ''uei''. The object markers were omitted in both clauses. Both subject pronouns can be removed on account of the subject status markers.
*{{note|6|6}}Missing object marker before ''u'', unnecessary subject pronoun, but the change to ''aleale'' is something that my grammar simply could not have explained. That changed it to &quot;traveling food&quot;. I also ''completely'' misunderstood what &quot;selling things across the ocean&quot; meant. Now I get it.
*{{note|7|7}}Missing object marker, but otherwise, nice thematic choices!

===Smooth English===

We go to the ocean in spring. The going is difficult. The mountain pass is still covered with snow when we first cross the mountains. We come to the forest. Fallen trees block our way. We come to the windy grass plain, and then reach the ocean. We talk and sell our very good traveling food across the ocean. We go home in the winter.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Rejistanian</title>
    <id>8339</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55656</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-22T16:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sel messitihildi</username>
        <id>1311</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What I got was: 

Korhruktukákt

Ulkáuth elàeruholikuktuvá. Úk mishlóahulukun kukánoholùikurhr. Rhrúk
akuktukúlkirhr. Ùulukturár rhrúk aìnàininú ulkáauth kuktùuránuìlkura
karhruktùushúlki. Mú ulkuktukúlkiret. Théokai toèrrukúlkik.

This is how I parsed it:

Evil-LEADING-LARGE_PREY-PERF-INTR

Elk-DIRECT friend-LEADING-{man-INC_FOLLOWING}-LARGE_PREY-STATIVE-INTR.
PARTICE-MARKING-CONTRAST blood-INANIM-{deer-INC_LEADING}
fire/challenge-LEADING-PERF-INTR-EMOT-{man-LAT-FOLLOWING}. Next 
attack-LEADING-LARGE_PREY-PERF-TRANS-MASC.
Sing/howl/call-LEADING-LARGE_PREY-PUNCTUAL next/later-LEADING 1,728-LEADING
elk-PL_DIRECT go-LARGE_PREY-TRANS-PUNCT-INTR-{there-LAT}
chase-LEADING-LARGE_PREY-IMPERF-TRANS-MASC. Many
bite-LEADING-LARGE_PREY_PL-PERF-TRANS-{elk-FOLLOWING}. Past-LOC
death-LEADING-PERF-TRANS-MASC.
 
Smooth translation
The deer was the friend of the human. But the blood of the deer challenged the man(???). Next, the large animal attacked. It howled and called 1728 elks who chased the man. Many deer bit. The man died. 

Some thoughts on translating this to Rejistanian:
The deer would become a pudu in Rejistanian since the rejistanians generalize from this term, not have a generic term for 'deer'. &quot; Úk mishlóahulukun kukánoholùikurhr&quot; tripped me up. I had very little idea what he was saying there, thus the approximation from what I got and what the story told me. It in general seems to be quite hard to see where one morpheme ends and the next one starts. Some of these issues had me thinking for hours. 

The stances were actually quite neat and inspired the class of intentional auxilliary verbs in Rejistanian.

The rejistanian translation is this:

Vudux'het rukux

Vudux'het mi'la'arka hej'he'han ,demna'het'mi mi'la'rala'svantu hej'he'han,
venil. Tevme'het mi'la'tari kaju'het hej'he'ja. Mi'la'laky ji vudux'het mje
ky sa ry xi ke jo min'sydi jilih'han ji min'kirkaju hej'he'han lajitax.
Vudux'het al min'la'tysakaju luru'het'ny. Hej'he mi'la'rala'vaixunus
namin'ra.


Grammar:
All affixes are separated from each other by an apostrophe.

Verbs: (things in brackets don't appear here)

PERSON-TENSE-(SUBJUNCTIVE)-VOICE-STEM-(NEGATION)

Person:

3rd singular: mi

3rd plural: min

Tense:  

la: past tense

Voice:

(nothing): active voice

rala: passive voice 

The citation form of verbs includes an initial apostrophe.

Nouns:

Are in 3 classes:

Human and named animals have the suffix 'he

Things and unnamed animals have the suffix 'het

The 3rd one does not occur here.

Singular: unmarked

Plural: ny (ommited when a number is stated)

Cases:

han: Allative, benefactive

ja: not really a case, but indicates an opposition in a game, fight, war or negotiation.

ra: Locative

The suffix of the person behind the noun class suffix indicates that the
object is possessed. The possessor can be made explicit (arka'he'mi Elan:
Elan's friend) but does not have to.

Other cases unmarked and distinguished by position relative to the verb.

Word order is SVO.

Adjectives follow the noun. Numbers work almost like in English but follow
the noun.

Relative clauses have the linking term behind the 2nd clause, the 2nd clause
is enclosed by commas: sentence1 ,sentence2, conjunction.

al:             many, much

'arka:          to be a friend

demna'het:      stomach, metaphor for the place emotions are located
(English uses the heart for that purpose)

hej'he:         person 

'ixunus:        to die 

ji:             and    

jilih:          demonstrative roughly equivalent to 'that' and 'there'

jo:             eight

kaju'het:       fight

ke:             ten  

'kirkaju:       to chase (literally: follow-fight)

ky:             1000

lajitax:        later, but still before the present

'laky:          to shout

luru:           other, different from

mje:            one

rukux:          evil

ry:             100    

sa:             seven  

'sydi:          to be fast/quick/in a hurry

'svantu:        to vex, to annoy

'tari:          to begin

tevme'het:      animal  

'tysakaju:      to bite 

venil:          but

vudux'het:      pudú, also deer

xi:             two</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Angosey</title>
    <id>8340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55657</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-22T17:53:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lenalay angoseo houah</username>
        <id>1408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding Angosey relay text, smooth English translation, and description</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Angosian Translation of Ring B, Original Text Received from Henrik Theiling in Tirkunan'''

'''Translated out of Tirkunan and into Angosey by Danny Bowman'''

'''Angosey text sent to loftyd for translation into Sarsa'''

Angosian Translation:

Ay Grishnakh Threneteo ngah

Ngazeraya’al lay al threnet.  Satse, ara rey ngaraya lay al threnet, es o kaletaya al threnet ra slaraka haraya ngey.  Ahouah saya al threnet agat’es.  Sihhadaya ay drethnat threnetyeo ngala; sagrishnaya ey al lay.

*****************

Smooth English Translation:

Death by Horse

A long time ago, a man had a horse.  One day, while the man was trying to get on his horse, the horse fought back violently and neighed loudly.  Because of this, a thousand more horses arrived.  By the combined strength of horses, the man lost his life.

'''This is what I sent to loftyd along with the relay text:'''

Angosey is an a priori artlang.  It is not related to any other languages, real or imagined.

 
The Angosian sentence structure is Verb-Subject-Object, and nouns and pronouns follow an Ergative-Absolutive pattern.  Verbs, postpositions, and the third person pronoun inflect (or conjugate) for the class of the noun they are associated with.  However, verbs only agree with an ergative noun.  (In other words, in a sentence with only one verb and one noun, the verb will not inflect for the noun’s gender). 

 
Nouns belong to six gender classes.  Absolutive nouns are preceded by a gender particle.  Verbs with an ergative subject, postpositions, and the third person pronoun are conjugated according to the class of noun they modify/represent.

 
Noun Class                  Absolutive Particle                    Conjugation

 
Physical                      au                                     nd-/nda-

Emotional                     al                                     ng-/nga-

Situational                   ay                                     sa-/s-

Temporal                      sa                                     sa-/s-

Spatial                       in                                     in-

Abstract                      tha                                    houa-

 
Objects in the physical noun class are concrete, inanimate objects, such as rocks, trees, water, etc.

 
Objects in the emotional noun class include emotions, words for people, and animals.

 
Situational nouns describe a situation, or state of being (i.e. “war”, “death”, etc)


Temporal nouns are associated with time.

 
Spatial nouns are associated with location.

 
Abstract nouns have to do with ideas or concepts (language, law, etc)

 
Adjectives are rare; most adjectives are handled either by splitting a phrase into two sentences or by using postpositional phrases.  If present, adjectives always follow the noun they modify.

 
Word Modifiers:

 
On a noun:

 
The suffix “-eo” denotes the object of a postposition, or that the noun possesses something

 
The suffix “ya” denotes plurality, “yeo” = ya+eo

 
On a verb:

 
The suffix “al” is the far past tense.

 
The suffix “aya” or “ya” is the emotive aspect.  It means that the action is important to the speaker.

If the verb ends in “eya,” its emotive form will replace “eya” with “aya” (seya-&gt;saya)

 
Adverbs:

 
The suffix “-ka” converts a noun, verb, or adjective into an adverb.

 
Abbreviations:

 
n    noun

v    verb

p    gender particle

pp  postposition

ad  adverb

cj  conjunction

pn pronoun

aj  adjective

 
Dictionary:

 
ah                     pp        because, caused by, inflicted by, controlled by

agat’es*           aj         100

ahouah             cj         and so, and thus, because of this

al                      p          the emotional absolutive particle

ara                   cj         While, during

areya                v          to climb up on, to mount, to get on

ay                     p          the situational particle

drethnat           n          strength

es                     cj         [placeholder, no real meaning]

ey                     pn        third person singular pronoun

hareya              v          To shout, to cry out

grishna              v          to die, to kill

grishnakh          n          death

kaleta               v          to resist, to struggle against

la                      pp        Of, emanating from, intrinsic to, a product of

lay**                n          gender-same**

o                      aj,ad     great, greatly, intensely, strongly

ra                     cj         and

rey                   ad        attempting, trying

satse                 ad        Once, one day, one moment

seya                 v          To come, to arrive, to move towards

sihhada             v          To combine, to complete, to gather together

slara                 v          To make noise

threnet              n          horse

zera                  v          to rule over, to have power over, to own

 
*The Angosian number system is base 28.  So 100 would be 28*28.

 
**The word “lay” denotes that this person has the same gender as the speaker/writer.  Thus, if the speaker/writer is male, “lay” would represent a male, if the speaker/writer is female, “lay” would represent a female.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Nesheti</title>
    <id>8341</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55658</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-22T19:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tonyhogard</username>
        <id>1409</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '''by Tony Hogard''  :[[Conlang Relay 17/Ndok Aisô|Previous: Ndok Aisô]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Nesheti|Next: ]]  == Nesheti text ==  &lt;di…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''by Tony Hogard''

:[[Conlang Relay 17/Ndok Aisô|Previous: Ndok Aisô]] / [[Conlang Relay 17|Up: Relay 17 index]] / [[Conlang Relay 17/Nesheti|Next: ]]

== Nesheti text ==

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:110%&quot;&gt;
Anizu muzke hulat asin eti krespak aswas.  Bir aswa meshatut, ge antuza heyihan.  Femest, an niharkut antuzak is weredit kus amidan
adek.  Anda antuza hular fesnun, supala wapiyat is panut nap aten.  Pravine, an baruzat zalyenikak is wenizit adek.  Tepitalaba is panulaba kus patalan adek, aswa kweyat muzkek.  Uskilaba, sfinal anda harunak sfisine is kivane rad.
&lt;/div&gt;

== Translation ==
=== English ===


=== English translation of previous text === 
([[Conlang Relay 17/Ndok Aisô|Ndok Aisô]], by Jan Strasser)
==== A horse is angry ====
Once upon a time, a peasant tried to sit on the back of his workhorse. But the horse did not let him ride; instead it shook him off and hurt him severely. When the man tried to run away, the animal screamed and kicked at him. Indeed, it attacked that unfortunate person and struck him down! By trampling on him and kicking him with its feet, the horse killed the peasant.

On seeing this, the pigs in the stable squealed and rejoiced.


== Vocabulary ==

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
|-
| amid       || N      || strength
|-
| an         || PRON   || 3SG common pronoun (ACC adek; DAT aten; GEN ates)
|-
| anda       || PP     || within, during
|-
| anizu      || ADV    || one time, once
|-
| antuza     || N      || person, man
|-
| asin       || V      || to sit
|-
| aswa       || N      || horse
|-
| baruzan    || V      || to attack
|-
| bir        || CJ     || but, however
|-
| wapiyan    || V      || to roar, to wail
|-
| wenizin    || V      || to knock down, to defeat
|-
| weredin    || V      || to injure
|-
| ge         || ADV    || relative particle
|-
| eti        || PP     || on, atop
|-
| is         || CJ     || and
|-
| -k         || case   || ACC marker
|-
| kweyan     || V      || to kill
|-
| kivan      || V      || to become
|-
| krespa     || N      || back (of body)
|-
| kus        || PP     || with, via, by means of
|-
| -l         || number || plural marker
|-
| -laba      || aspect || active participle 
|-
| meshatun   || V      || to stop, to prevent
|-
| muzke      || N      || peasant, commoner
|-
| -n         || case   || DAT marker
|-
| nap        || PP     || to, towards
|-
| -ne        || aspect || 3PL conjugation
|-
| niharkun   || V      || to throw away, to throw off
|-
| panun      || V      || to kick
|-
| pata       || N      || foot
|-
| pravine    || ADV    || truly, indeed
|-
| -r         || aspect || S past conjugation
|-
| rad        || ADJ    || happy
|-
| -s         || case   || GEN marker
|-
| supala     || N      || animal
|-
| sfina      || N      || pig
|-
| sfisin     || V      || to squeal
|-
| -t         || aspect || 3SG conjugation
|-
| tepitan    || V      || to trample, to stomp
|-
| uskin      || V      || to see
|-
| femest     || CJ     || instead, rather
|-
| fesnun     || V      || to escape, to flee
|-
| haruna     || N      || barn
|-
| heyihan    || V      || to ride
|-
| hulan      || V      || to attempt
|-
| zalyenik   || N      || pitiable person
|}

&lt;pre&gt;
ABBREVIATIONS:

ADJ		adjective
ADV		adverb
CJ		conjunction
N		noun
PP		preposition
PRON		pronoun
V		verb

case		nominal case affixes
number		nominal number affix
aspect		verbal aspect affixes

&lt;/pre&gt;

== Grammar Notes==
Common gender nouns include people, animals, fire, moving water, and astronomical and meteorological phenomena.  Other nouns are neuter.

Nesheti usually has SVO word order. Adjectives and adverbs follow the
nouns or verbs they modify. 

Nouns are declined for accusative, dative, and genitive cases. 

Verbs are conjugated for future, present, past (imperfective, habitual or continual action), and preterite (perfective, completed action), and agree with their subjects in person and number.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Neimalu</title>
    <id>8342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55668</id>
      <timestamp>2010-08-23T19:01:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>G.v.pieterson</username>
        <id>1410</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Neimalu text'''

Euazar vaššimi

Atrözat, euazar ékobrigi. Euazu anar agüriði straxlöns soši diklameid. Kraftiðr zöjkaus euazež pöjörð ilpioþni ladus.


'''English text'''

Taming a horse

Once, I tried to tame a horse. The horse struggled a lot with this and it made sounds. It gave the strength of a hundred horses and it died.


'''Vocabulary'''

agüriði – very

anu – this

-at – adverb

atrözat – once

brigos – attempt

diklamos – scream, yell

-eid – 3rd person past

ékos – drive, ride

euazu – horse

-i – first person past

ilpioþ – death

kraftiðu – power, strength

ladu – 3rd person (he, she, it)

-öns – past tense

-örð – irrealis past tense

-os – present tense

pauos – consume (pöj- before ö)

šimos – tame

soši – and

straxlos – struggle

vaš- – causative

zöjks – hundred


'''Cases'''

-a – accusative (replacing -es or -s)

-ar, -ur, -r – accusative (replacing -u)

-ež, -aež – partitive

-ni, -uni, -ani – terminative

-us, -aus – possessive


'''Grammar'''

Word order: usually SOV, but the order may change for emphasis since Neimalu uses case endings to show the function of the words anyway. Singular and plural words are not indicated differently (there are group markers, but they aren't used in this text). Also, there is no definite or indefinite article.


Present, past and future tense in verbs are marked with -os, -öns and -aþ if the subject is known. Instead, a personal marker may be used (in this text -eid instead of ladu + -öns).</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modern Magorionian</title>
    <id>8343</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55767</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-04T15:42:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Modern Magorionian]] to [[Classical Magorionian]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Classical Magorionian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sinóéun, Alien</title>
    <id>8344</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55790</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:37:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Alien Sinóéun]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talan Ézualen</title>
    <id>8345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55792</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:41:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>_-&gt;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Born [[IY -22]].237 to [[Ulien Latanel]] and [[Suiliatt Ézualen]]. Died [[IY 0]].4. Led 22 persons in an attempt to kill the [[Iulen|Iulenian]] and [[Nalatolan|Nalatolanian]] representatives during the [[Eight-Day Council]], [[IY -1]].252. Illegally killed 0.4 by [[Ólat Ataniliez]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talanu Falanol</title>
    <id>8346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55793</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Present at the [[Council of Aténul]], [[-10]].13.
[[Category:Persons present at the Council of Aténul]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taliemé, Iliotól</title>
    <id>8347</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55794</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:44:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Iliotól Taliemé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iliotól Taliemé</title>
    <id>8348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55797</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>oops</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Present at the [[Council of Aténul]], [[IY -10]].13.
[[Category:Persons present at the Council of Aténul]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Telian, Ólatien</title>
    <id>8349</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55798</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:48:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ólatien Telian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ólatien Telian</title>
    <id>8350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55800</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Present at the [[Council of Aténul]], [[IY -10]].13.
[[Category:Persons present at the Council of Aténul]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Temat, Felilti</title>
    <id>8351</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55801</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:53:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Felilti Temat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tuliaaat, Elen</title>
    <id>8352</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55803</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:54:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Elen Tuliaaat]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Élian Aéntiel</title>
    <id>8353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55805</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Born [[IY -42]].12 to [[Ulien Atfanel]] and [[Talan Aéntiel]]. Died [[IY 39]].215. Mother of [[Ólat Ataniliez]]. Husband of [[Lituat Ataniliez]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Éuliatan</title>
    <id>8354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55806</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:57:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">City. Capital of [[Nalatolan]]. Pop. 150000. Established [[IY -3251]].
[[Category:Cities in Nalatolan]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ézualen, Talan</title>
    <id>8355</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>55807</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T01:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talan Ézualen]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ilien Wiki.png</title>
    <id>8356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55810</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T02:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Ilien Wiki]] logo. Public domain.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ilien-Wiki-homepage.png</title>
    <id>8357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55813</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-05T02:09:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Homepage of [[Ilien Wiki]]. Text content is public domain; UI licensing is unclear. The trademark 'wikia' appears in the image.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cheyoon</title>
    <id>8358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55898</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-10T16:06:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Cheyoon (an [mis-]anglicization of its native name cayû) is spoken by pinnapoid creatures often mistaken for mermaids and mermen.

=Phonology=
Although the phonemes below are divided into consonants and vowels for convenience of pronunciation, the archiphoneme for each consonant/vowel pair is a semivocalic. 

==Consonants (Crests)==
/y/ [j]
/ž/ [ʝ]
/j/ [ɟ]
/ñ/ [ɲ]
/Y/ [j_0]
/š/ [ç]
/c/ [c]
/Ñ/ [ɲ_0]

/w/ [w]
/v/ [v]
/b/ [b]
/m/ [m]
/W/ [ʍ]
/f/ [f]
/p/ [p]
/M/ [m_0]

/q/ [zero morpheme]
/r/ [ʁ]
/g/ [ɢ]
/ŋ/ [ɴ]
/Q/ [ʔ]
/R/ [χ]
/q/ [q]
/Ŋ/ [ŋ_0]

==Vowels (Troughs)==
/i/ [i]
/í/ [iˑ]
/ï/ [iː]
/î/ [i:ⁿ]
/ih/ [i_0]
/íh/ [iˑ_0] 
/ïh/ [iː_0]
/îh/ [i:ⁿ_0]

/u/ [u]
/ú/ [uˑ]
/ü/ [uː]
/û/ [u:ⁿ]
/uh/ [u_0] 
/úh/ [uˑ_0]
/üh/ [uː_0]
/ûh/ [u:ⁿ_0]

/a/ [a]
/á/ [aˑ]
/ä/ [aː]
/ã/ [a:ⁿ]
/ah/ [a_0]
/áh/ [aˑ_0]
/äh/ [aː_0]
/ãh/ [a:ⁿ_0]

=Grammar=

Singular &gt; Plural

C1V1C2V1 &gt; C1V1C2V2C2V2

V1C1V2C2 &gt; C1V1C1V2C2</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Conlang Translation Relay 16</title>
    <id>8359</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55827</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-06T20:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'I have removed the link to the &quot;results page&quot; because it did not give ''any'' results, only dead links. --~~~~'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I have removed the link to the &quot;results page&quot; because it did not give ''any'' results, only dead links. --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 20:34, 6 September 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Cheyoon</title>
    <id>8360</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55835</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-07T18:38:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LinguarumMagister</username>
        <id>1398</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A plea for IPA help</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Where are the voiced and voiceless subscripts?</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esperanto</title>
    <id>8361</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55860</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T19:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Esperanto'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||most countries of Earth
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown (estimated ca. 1 million)
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||A posteriori
: European based
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative 
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[L. L. Zamenhof]] ||1889
|}

'''Esperanto''' is the world's most popular [[international auxiliary language]], spoken by an unknown number of people (estimates vary a lot, but 1 million is probably in the right ballpark) all over the world.  The name derives from the author [[L. L. Zamenhof]]'s pseudonym '''Doktoro Esperanto''' 'Dr. Hopeful'; he himself named it '''La Internacia Lingvo''' 'The International Language'.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

The 22 consonants are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;
|-
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-&lt;br /&gt;dental]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&lt;br /&gt;alveolar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|m}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|n}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|ts}} || &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|x}} || &amp;nbsp;
| {{IPA|h}} || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{IPA|r}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-align=&quot;center&quot;
! align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|l}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA|j}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}

===Vowels===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;&quot;
!
! | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|a}}
|}

===Stress===

Stress in Esperanto words always falls on the penultimate syllable.

==Morphology==

Esperanto morphology is perfectly regular and agglutinating, but not rich.  ''Nouns'' end in '''-o''', to this are added the endings '''-j''' for plural and '''-n''' for accusative:

{| style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;
|-
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;
! [[Noun]]
! Subject
! Object
|-
! Singular
| -'''o'''
| -'''on'''
|-
! Plural
| -'''oj'''
| -'''ojn'''
|}

''Adjectives'' are inflected the same way, except that they end in '''-a''' rather than '''-o'''.

The definite article is always '''la'''; there is no indefinite article.

The ''personal pronouns'' are:

{| class=wikitable
|+ Personal pronouns
! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural
|-
! colspan=2 | first person
| '''mi''' (I) || '''ni''' (we)
|-
! colspan=2 | second person
| colspan=2 align=center | '''vi''' (you)
|-
! rowspan=3 | third&lt;br&gt;person !! masculine
| '''li''' (he) || rowspan=3 | '''ili''' (they)
|-
! feminine
| '''ŝi''' (she)
|-
! [[Wiktionary:epicene|epicene]]
| '''ĝi''' (it, s/he)
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
| colspan=2 align=center | '''oni''' (one)*
|-
! colspan=2 | reflexive
| colspan=2 align=center | '''si''' (self)
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;In colloquial English, generally translated &quot;they&quot; or &quot;you&quot;.

The ''demonstrative'' and ''relative pronouns'' are called ''&quot;correlatives&quot;'' in Esperanto grammar, and align in a famous table:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
![[Interrogative word|Question]]&lt;br&gt;(&quot;What&quot;)
![[Demonstrative|Indication]]&lt;br&gt;(&quot;This/that&quot;)
!Indefinite&lt;br&gt;(&quot;Some&quot;)
!Universal&lt;br&gt;(&quot;Each,&amp;nbsp;every&quot;)
!Negative&lt;br&gt;(&quot;No&quot;)
|-
!ki&amp;ndash;
!ti&amp;ndash;
!i&amp;ndash;
!ĉi&amp;ndash;
!neni&amp;ndash;
|-
!Quality
!&amp;ndash;a
|'''kia'''&lt;br&gt;(what a)
|'''tia'''&lt;br&gt;(such a)
|'''ia'''&lt;br&gt;(some kind/sort/type of)
|'''ĉia'''&lt;br&gt;(every kind/sort/type of)
|'''nenia'''&lt;br&gt;(no kind/sort/type of)
|-
!Reason
!&amp;ndash;al
|'''kial'''&lt;br&gt;(why)
|'''tial'''&lt;br&gt;(therefore)
|'''ial'''&lt;br&gt;(for some reason)
|'''ĉial'''&lt;br&gt;(for all reasons)
|'''nenial'''&lt;br&gt;(for no reason)
|-
!Time
!&amp;ndash;am
|'''kiam'''&lt;br&gt;(when)
|'''tiam'''&lt;br&gt;(then)
|'''iam'''&lt;br&gt;(sometime)
|'''ĉiam'''&lt;br&gt;(always)
|neniam&lt;br&gt;(never)
|-
!Place
!&amp;ndash;e
|'''kie'''&lt;br&gt;(where)
|'''tie'''&lt;br&gt;(there)
|'''ie'''&lt;br&gt;(somewhere)
|'''ĉie'''&lt;br&gt;(everywhere)
|'''nenie'''&lt;br&gt;(nowhere)
|-
!Manner
!&amp;ndash;el
|'''kiel'''&lt;br&gt;(how, as)
|'''tiel'''&lt;br&gt;(thus, as)
|'''iel'''&lt;br&gt;(somehow)
|'''ĉiel'''&lt;br&gt;(in every way)
|'''neniel'''&lt;br&gt;(no-how, in&amp;nbsp;no&amp;nbsp;way)
|-
![[Genitive case|Association]]
!&amp;ndash;es
|'''kies'''&lt;br&gt;(whose)
|'''ties'''&lt;br&gt;(this/that one's)
|'''ies'''&lt;br&gt;(someone's)
|'''ĉies'''&lt;br&gt;(everyone's)
|'''nenies'''&lt;br&gt;(no one's)
|-
![[Demonstrative pronoun|Thing]]
!&amp;ndash;o
|'''kio'''&lt;br&gt;(what)
|'''tio'''&lt;br&gt;(this/that)
|'''io'''&lt;br&gt;(something)
|'''ĉio'''&lt;br&gt;(everything)
|'''nenio'''&lt;br&gt;(nothing)
|-
!Amount
!&amp;ndash;om
|'''kiom'''&lt;br&gt;(how much)
|'''tiom'''&lt;br&gt;(that much)
|'''iom'''&lt;br&gt;(some, a&amp;nbsp;bit)
|'''ĉiom'''&lt;br&gt;(all of it)
|'''neniom'''&lt;br&gt;(none)
|-
![[Demonstrative pronoun|Individual]]
!&amp;ndash;u
|'''kiu'''&lt;br&gt;(who, which one; which&amp;nbsp;[horse])
|'''tiu'''&lt;br&gt;(that one; that&amp;nbsp;[horse])
|'''iu'''&lt;br&gt;(someone; some&amp;nbsp;[horse])
|'''ĉiu'''&lt;br&gt;(everyone; each&amp;nbsp;[horse], all&amp;nbsp;[horses])
|'''neniu'''&lt;br&gt;(no one; no&amp;nbsp;[horse])
|}

The inflection of the ''verb'' is summed up in the following chart:

{| class=wikitable
!
![[indicative mood|Indicative]]
![[Participle|Active participle]]
![[Participle|Passive participle]]
![[Infinitive]]
![[Jussive mood|Jussive]]
![[conditional mood|Conditional]]
|-
![[past tense|Past]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-is'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-inta'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-ita'''
|align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''-i'''
|align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''-u'''
|align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''-us'''
|-
![[present tense|Present]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-as'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-anta'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-ata'''
|-
![[future tense|Future]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-os'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-onta'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''-ota'''
|}

Examples:

:'''esperi''' (to hope)
:'''esperas''' (hopes, is hoping)
:'''esperis''' (hoped, was hoping)
:'''esperos''' (shall hope, will hope)
:'''esperu''' (hope!)
:'''esperus''' (were to hope, would hope)

==Syntax==

Esperanto's basic word order is SVO, prepositional, with modifiers following the noun, but its noun case marking and adjective agreement makes any word order possible.  Generally, Esperanto syntax follows [[Standard Average European]] patterns.

==Reception among conlangers==

The feelings of conlangers toward Esperanto are divided.  Some acknowledge it as elegant, but many feel that they could do better and criticize it for its [[Standard Average European]] structure.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Standard Average European</title>
    <id>8362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56368</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Standard Average European conlangs */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Standard Average European''' ('''SAE''') is a term coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf and frequently used by conlangers for the kind of linguistic structure exhibited by most major European languages.  Many conlangers feel that building an SAE conlang was a bad thing, but there are cases where such a structure is more than justified, for instance in a [[lostlang]] set in western Europe.

==Standard Average European as a ''Sprachbund''==
According to [[Martin Haspelmath]] (2001), the SAE languages form a ''Sprachbund'' characterized by the following features:
# definite and indefinite [[Article (grammar)|article]]s (e.g. English ''the'' vs. ''a'');
# postnominal [[relative clause]]s with inflected, resumptive [[relative pronoun]]s (e.g. English ''who'' vs. ''whose'');
# a periphrastic perfect formed with 'have' plus a passive participle (e.g. English ''I have said'');
# a preponderance of generalizing [[predicate]]s to encode [[experiencer]]s, i.e. experiencers appear as surface subjects in [[nominative case]], e.g. English ''I like music'');
# a passive construction formed with a passive participle plus an intransitive copula-like verb (e.g. English ''I am known'');
# a prominence of [[anticausative verb]]s in inchoative-causative pairs (e.g. in the pair ''The snow melts'' vs. ''The flame melts the ice'', the [[intransitive verb]] is derived from the transitive);
# [[Dative case|dative]] external possessors (e.g. German ''Die Mutter wusch '''dem Kind''' die Haare'' = ''The mother washed the child's hair'', Portuguese ''Ela lavou-'''lhe''' o cabelo'' = ''She washed his hair'');
# verbal negation with a negative indefinite (e.g. English '''''Nobody''' listened'');
# particle comparatives in comparisons of inequality (e.g. English ''bigger '''than''' an elephant'') ;
# equative constructions based on adverbial-relative clause structures (e.g. French ''grand '''comme''' un élephant'');
# subject person affixes as strict [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] markers, i.e. the verb is inflected for person and number of the subject, but subject pronouns may not be dropped even when this would be unambiguous (only in some languages, such as German and French);
# differentiation between intensifiers and [[reflexive pronoun]]s (e.g. German intensifier ''selbst'' vs. reflexive ''sich'').

Besides these features, which are uncommon outside Europe and thus useful for defining the SAE area, Haspelmath (2001) lists further features characteristic of European languages (but also found elsewhere):
# verb-initial order in yes/no questions;
# comparative inflection of adjectives (e.g. English ''bigger'');
# conjunction ''A, B and C'';
# syncretism of [[comitative case|comitative]] and [[instrumental case|instrumental]] cases (e.g. English '''''with''' my friends'' vs. '''''with''' a knife'');
# [[suppletivism]] in ''second'' vs. ''two'';
# no distinction between alienable (e.g. legal property) and [[inalienable possession|inalienable]] (e.g. body part) possession;
# no distinction between inclusive (&quot;we and you&quot;) and exclusive (&quot;we and not you&quot;) first-person plural pronouns;
# no productive usage of [[reduplication]];
# [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] and [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] expressed by intonation and word order;
# word order [[Subject Verb Object]];
# only one [[gerund]], preference for finite subordinate clauses;
# specific &quot;neither-nor&quot; construction;
# phrasal adverbs (e.g. English ''already'', ''still'', ''not yet'');
# tendency towards replacement of [[past tense]] by the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]].

There is also a broad agreement in the following parameters (not listed in Haspelmath 2001):
* absence of phonemic opposition [[velar consonant|velar]]/[[uvular consonant|uvular]];
* phonemic voicing oppositions (/p/ vs. /b/ etc.);
* initial consonant clusters of the type &quot;stop+sonorant&quot; allowed;
* only [[pulmonic consonant]]s;
* at least three degrees of vowel height (minimum inventory ''i e a o u'');
* lack of [[lateral consonant|lateral]] fricatives and affricates;
* predominantly suffixing morphology;
* moderately synthetic [[fusional language|fusional]] morphological typology;
* nominative-accusative [[morphosyntactic alignment]].

The ''Sprachbund'' defined this way consists of the following languages:
* [[Germanic languages]];
* [[Romance languages]];
* [[Baltic languages]];
* [[Slavic languages]];
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]];
* [[Modern Greek language|Greek]];
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]].

The [[Balkan sprachbund]] is thus included. Not all the languages listed above show all the listed features; the western European languages show more SAE features than the eastern and northern ones, with [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[French language|French]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and the Northern [[Italian language|Italian]] languages at the core of the ''Sprachbund''.  All SAE languages except Hungarian are [[Indo-European languages]], but not all Indo-European languages are SAE languages: the [[Insular Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[Armenian languages|Armenian]] and [[Indo-Iranian languages]] remain outside the SAE ''Sprachbund'' (as do the non-Indo-European languages of Europe other than Hungarian).

The Standard Average European ''Sprachbund'' is most likely the result of ongoing [[language contact]] beginning in the time of the [[Migration Period]] and continuing during the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]] until today.  Inheritance of the SAE features from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] can be ruled out because Proto-Indo-European, as currently reconstructed, lacked most of the SAE features.

==Standard Average European conlangs==

===Auxlangs===

* [[Esperanto]]
* [[Ido]]
* [[Interlingua (IALA)]]
* [[Novial]]
* [[Occidental (Interlingue)]]

===Artlangs===

* [[Roman Germanech]]

[[Category:Linguistics]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lostlang</title>
    <id>8363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55864</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T19:53:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''lostlang''' is a [[fictional language]] set &quot;in the real world&quot; (in the sense most mainstream literature is set in the real world) rather than a specific [[conworld]].  The term is derived from the [[League of Lost Languages]], a collaborative project providing a common framework of such languages.

==Examples of lostlangs==

* [[Elet Anta]]
* [[Miapimoquitch]]
* any of the languages listed [[League of Lost Languages#The languages of the LLL|here]]

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>L. L. Zamenhof</title>
    <id>8364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55866</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T19:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof''' (pronounced /ˈzɑːmɨnhɒf/ in English; born '''Leyzer Leyvi Zamengov''', December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) was an ophthalmologist, philologist, and the [[conlanger|inventor]] of [[Esperanto]], a [[constructed language]] designed for [[international auxiliary language|international communication]].

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ido</title>
    <id>8365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55869</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T20:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Ido'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||many countries of Earth
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||A posteriori
: European-based
:: [[Esperanto]]-derived
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||an Esperanto reform group||1907
|}

'''Ido''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] based on a proposal to reform [[Esperanto]].

==Comparison with Esperanto==

Ido inherits many features of [[Esperanto grammar|the grammar of Esperanto]], and in many cases, the vocabulary is similar. Ido shares with Esperanto the goals of grammatical simplicity and consistency, ease of learning, and the use of [[loanword]]s from various European languages. The two languages, to a great extent, are mutually intelligible. However, certain changes were introduced to address some of the concerns that had arisen about Esperanto. These include:

* [[Esperanto's alphabet]] uses six non-Latin letters, three of which are not found in any other existing language; as a result, Esperanto in typing and in Internet e-mail and newsgroups frequently resorts to any of several schemes to represent these special letters. This leads to the situation where the same word may be displayed any of several different ways. Ido addresses this issue by using the 26-letter [[Latin alphabet]] with two [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]], ''ch'' ({{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) and ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}) instead of Esperanto's ''ĉ'' and ''ŝ''. The digraph ''qu'', representing {{IPA|/kw/}}, as in English &quot;quick&quot;, is used instead of Esperanto ''kv'', and likewise ''gu'' is used instead of ''gv''. Ido [[orthography]] is [[phonemic orthography|phonemic]] in the sense that each written word has an unambiguous pronunciation, but it does not have the one-to-one correspondence between letters and [[phoneme]]s that Esperanto has.
* Ido generally does not impose rules of grammatical [[agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] between grammatical categories within a sentence, believing them to be grammatically complex and redundant in a potential universal second language. For example, in Esperanto, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. This principle was not extended in Esperanto to adjectives and nouns; however, as a result, in Esperanto an adjective must agree in number and case with the noun it modifies as with the French ''grands livres'' (large books), where the adjective must be pluralized as well as the noun. There is no such requirement in English; for example, where number is emphasized by variation of the verb, and Ido eliminates this feature from its grammar.
* Esperanto requires the use of the ''-n'' ending to signify the use of the [[accusative case]]. Ido allows the use of this feature in ambiguous situations where the object of a sentence does not follow the subject, but in all other situations, the accusative case was eliminated as redundant.
* Ido imposes consistent rules on the use of endings to transform a word from one meaning or part of speech to another, thus simplifying the amount of vocabulary memorization that is necessary.
* Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex as the default for family relationship words. For example, Ido does not derive the word for &quot;sister&quot; by adding a feminine suffix to the word for &quot;brother&quot;, as standard Esperanto does. Instead, some relationship root words are defined as sex neutral, and two different suffixes derive masculine- and feminine-specific words from the root—frato (sibling) &gt; fratulo (brother), fratino (sister). In other cases, Ido has two or three root words where Esperanto has one—genitoro (parent), patro (father), matro (mother).
* Ido's vocabulary attempts to use [[cognate]]s that are shared in common by as many of its six source languages as possible.
Nevertheless, modern Esperanto has received some influence from Ido in areas such as a clarification of the rules for word derivation and suffixes like ''-oz-'' (&quot;abundant in&quot;) and ''-end-'' (&quot;required to&quot;).

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
!
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-&lt;br /&gt;dental]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&lt;br /&gt;alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| || {{IPA|m}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|n}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|t͡s}} ||
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} ||
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|h}} ||
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|l}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|j}}
| || {{IPA|w}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|}

===Vowels===

Ido has the common five vowels /a e i o u/.

===Stress===

The accent rule in Ido is regular, but slightly more complex than that of Esperanto: all polysyllables are stressed on the penultimate (next to last) syllable except for verb [[infinitive]]s, which are stressed on the ultimate syllable—'''sko'''lo, ka'''fe'''o and '''ler'''nas for &quot;school&quot;, &quot;coffee&quot; and &quot;learn&quot;, but i'''rar''', sa'''var''' and drin'''kar''' for &quot;to go&quot;, &quot;to know&quot; and &quot;to drink&quot;. If an '''i''' or '''u''' precedes another vowel, the pair is considered part of the same syllable when applying the accent rule—thus '''ra'''dio, fa'''mi'''lio and '''ma'''nuo for &quot;radio&quot;, &quot;family&quot; and &quot;hand&quot;.


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Interlingua (IALA)</title>
    <id>8366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55872</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T20:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Interlingua'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||many countries of Earth
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||A posteriori
:Romance-based
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||IALA ||1951
|}

'''Interlingua''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] developed and promoted by the ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' ('''IALA''').  The language is a [[naturalistic auxlang|naturalistic]] IAL based on [[Romance languages]].

==Phonology==

Interlingua is primarily a written language, and the pronunciation is not entirely settled. The sounds in parentheses are not used by all speakers. 

===Consonants===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-&lt;br/&gt;dental]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-&lt;br/&gt;alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-&lt;br/&gt;velar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| || {{IPA|m}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|n}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}} || rowspan=2| {{IPA|(d)ʒ}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| ({{IPA|h}}) ||
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| colspan=3|({{IPA|ts ~ tʃ}})
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|j}}
| || {{IPA|w}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral approximant]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
| || {{IPA|l}}
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naturalistic auxlang</title>
    <id>8367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55873</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-08T20:20:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with 'In the [[international auxiliary language|auxlang]] community, a '''naturalistic language''' is understood to be a [[constructed language]] that closely follows a particular grou…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">In the [[international auxiliary language|auxlang]] community, a '''naturalistic language''' is understood to be a [[constructed language]] that closely follows a particular group of languages (such as Romance, Germanic or Slavic), allowing for compromises between regularity and recognizability of words and word forms.  This usage is independent from and not to confuse with the usage of the word '[[naturalistic artlang|naturalistic]]' in the [[artlang]] community.

The best-known naturalistic IAL is [[Interlingua (IALA)]].

[[Category:Types of conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Draga</title>
    <id>8368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58997</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T03:13:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ajinkwai</username>
        <id>1412</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This wiki provides an overview of the draqa (or, '' &quot;draga&quot;, pron. '/t◌̪ɚ. æ. ɦæ/' '') language, and some of its lexical items.  Draga is my own personal conlang, and is in daily use by a speakership of one.  It is intended to useable by human beings, but I wanted to break a few universals in the process.  The phonology comes from analysis of my personal random &quot;babbling&quot;.  I also wanted to pursue ways of thinking mostly alien to my native language (English) and culture (American), and create a better vehicle for expressing &quot;mystic&quot; experience in everyday speech.  These &quot;lofty&quot; goals, however, are relatively recent, i.e. the past 15 years or so.  Originally, it was just something fun to do.


== Introduction ==

draqa (draga) is a personal constructed language, &quot;spoken&quot; by an exile population who call their homeland Qhyra. Technically, &quot;[[draqa]]&quot; (with a 'q') refers to an ancient form of the language, and &quot;draga&quot; (with a 'g') to the modern language; however, the spelling &quot;draqa&quot; is often used for either. 


The history of the draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the Atlantean civilization of the second ''destruction'' (~13,500 B.C.) Within 1.000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2,000 souls to wander for almost 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en masse into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.

The draga are a dream-travelling people, whose primary mode of long-distance (as well as inter-dimensional and temporal) travel is astral-projection.  Hence, culturally and linguistically, they are easily adapted to &quot;primitive&quot;, &quot;high-tech&quot; and even &quot;psychic&quot; environments. 


== Phonetic Inventory ==

=== Consonants ===
{| 
! align=&quot;center&quot;| || labial || dental || alveolar || palatal || velar || post-velar || glottal
|-
! align=left |plosives: || pʼ (p) || t_ || tʼtz ʈ ||  cʼ(c) ||  kʷ kʲ || q  || ʔ 
|-
! align=left  |aspirates:  || pʰ || || tʰ || cʰ ||  || qʰ || ||
|-
! align=left  |fricative: || f (ʰɸ) || (ð) || s || ʃ (ç)|| (x) || || ʜ ɦ 
|-
! align=left  |liquids: || w || ||  l || j || || ||
|-
! align=left  |trills: || ʙ̥ || || r̥ || || || || ʀ̥ ||
|-
! align=left  |nasals: || m || (n_) || (n) || ɲ|| || ||
|-
! align=left  |implosives: || ɓ (ʘ) || || ǃ|| || ||
|-
|}


=== Vowels ===

{| 
| | i || || || || || || || || || ʊ ||
|-
| | || || || || || ||  || || ʷɔˑ 
|-
| | || || || || || || ə(ʌ) || ||  || || || || ɚ 
|-


| | || || æ || || || ||
|}


== Orthography / Phonological Considerations ==
Transliteration of the draga language uses 25 characters of the Roman alphabet: '' a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, x, y, z'' - and both the single-quote ('' ' '') and double-quote ('' &quot; '') symbols to represent the sounds.  In addition, the acute accent is used to represent pitch-accenting: ''á í ú''.  Traditionally, draga is written in a native alphabetic script that is supplemented by many logographs which are used to represent the most frequently used particles and lexemes.  For some unfathomable reason, there is also a rare transliteration scheme which utilizes the Coptic alphabet.


=== Consonants ===

{|
| '''p''' ||  [pʼ] or [p]
|-
| '''t''' ||  [tʰ]
|-
| '''t' ''' ||  [tʼ]
|-
| '''ty''' ||  [ʈ]
|-
| '''c''' ||   [cʼ] or [c]
|-
| '''q''' ||  [q] 
|-
| '''kw''' ||  [kʷ] 
|-
| '''ky''' ||  [kʲ] 
|-
| '''ph'''  ||  [pʰ]
|-
| '''ch''' ||  [cʰ]
|-
| '''qh''' ||  [qʰ]
|-
| '''f''' ||  [f], [ʰɸ] before 'w': '' '''fw''' [ʰɸw]''
|-
| '''s''' ||  [s]
|-
| '''m''' ||  [m]
|-
| '''ñ''' ||  [ɲ], [n_] before 'd': '' '''ñd''' [n_ð]''
|-
| '''w''' ||  [w], [ʘ] following initial syllabic 'm': '' '''mw''' [mʘ]''
|-
| '''l''' ||  [l]
|-
| '''y''' ||  [j]
|-
| '''d''' ||  [t_] initially; [d_] or [ð]  medially; [ð] after 'ñ': '' '''ñd''' [n_ð]''
|-
| '''j''' ||  [tʼz] or [tz]
|-
| '''x''' ||  [ʃ]
|-
| '''h''' ||  [ʜ], [x] before 'l' or 'w', [ç] before  'y'
|-
| '''g''' ||  [ɦ]  ''(voiced /h/)''
|-
| '''b''' ||  [ɓ]
|-
| '''z''' ||  [ǃ]
|-
| '''p&quot;''' ||  [ʙ̥] ''(voiceless bilabial trill)''
|-
| '''t&quot;''' ||  [r̥] ''(voiceless alveolar trill)''
|-
| '''q&quot;''' ||  [ʀ̥] ''(voiceless post-velar trill)''
|-
| ''' ' ''' ||  [ʔ]
|-
|}


=== Vowels ===

There are 6 basic vowels in the draga language: '''i''' /i/, '''a''' /æ/, '''e''' /əˑ/, '''ou''' /ʷɔˑ/, '''o''' /ʊ/, '''r''' /ɚˑ/.
Draga is a pitch-accented language, the vowels '''i, a,''' and '''o''' being found either median- or high-pitched. The acute accent is used to represent a ''high (and/or falling)'' tone: '''í, á, ú''' ''(rather than ó)''.  The tone of the vowel ''' 'ou' ''' is always ''low''.  The vowels 
''' 'e' ''' and ''' 'r' '''
are always stressed, but are not pitch-accented. The vowels ''' 'ou', 'e', ''' and ''' 'r' ''' are typically semi-long in duration.  The symbol ''' 'r' ''' following another vowel indicates ''Rhoticization''.

{| 
| '''i''' || [i] 
|-
| '''í''' || [i↘] 
|-
| '''ií''' || [i↗] 
|-
| '''a'''  || [æ]
|-
| '''á''' || [æ↘] 
|-
| '''aá''' || [æ↗]
|- 
| '''o''' || [ʊ] 
|-
| '''ú''' ||  [ʊ↘]
|-
| '''uú''' || [ʊ↗] 
|-
| '''e''' || [ʌ], ''( [ə] in &quot;lazy&quot; speech)''
|-
| '''ou'''  || [ʷɔˑ] 
|-
| '''r''' || [ɚ] 
|-
|}


'''Rhoticization:'''

The vowels 'a,i,o' can also be found rhoticized: ''ar, ár, aár, ir, ír, iír, or''

{|
| '''ar''' || [æʳ]
|-
| '''ár''' || [æʳ↘]
|-
| '''aár''' || [æʳ↗]
|-
| '''ir''' || [iʳ]
|-
| '''ír''' || [iʳ↘]
|-
| '''iír''' || [iʳ↗]
|-
| '''or''' || [ʊʳ]
|-
|}


'''Combinations:'''

'''ea''', '''eu''', '''ae''' are spelled irregularly, to contrast with ''ía, iá, ío, iú, ái'' and ''aí''.

{|
| '''ea''' || [iæ]
|-
| '''eu''' || [iʊː]
|-
| '''ae''' || [æeˑ]
|-
| '''aer''' || [æeʳː]
|-
|}


Other dipthongs include: 

{|
| '''ie''' [iə] ||  || '''íe''' [i↘ə]  
|- 
| '''ei'''   [ʌiˑ] ''or'' [əiˑ] || || '''ui''' [ʊi]
|-
|  '''úi''' [ʊ↘i] ||  || '''uí''' [ʊ↗i] 
|- 
| '''ái''' [æ↘i] ||  || '''aí'''  [æ↗i] 
|-
| '''ía''' [i↘æ] ||  || '''iá''' [i↗æ]
|- 
|'''ío'''  [i↘ɔˑ] ||  || '''iú'''  [i↗ʊ]
|- 
|}


=== Syllable and Word Structure ===


draga Syllables are formed as follows:


''C1 = Any Consonsant, or †Cluster ; V = Any Vowel or Compound ; C2 = Any Final Consonant:'' (''' f, m, w, p&quot;, s, c, x, ñ, q''')   

 '''(C1) - (V) - (C2 |/ʔ/)'''
* V (/ʔ/). 
* C2. 
* C1 - V (/ʔ/). 
* C1 - C2. 
* C1 - V - C2. 

†Allowable Consonant Clusters''': pw, py, phw, phy, phl, tw, tl, jw, zw, z', qhw, qhl, xw, xl (sl), fw/hw, hl, hy, gw, gy, ml, lw, ly, bw, by '''


draga Words (Roots) are typically 2-4 syllables in length, and generally begin with any sound but '''g''' /ɦ/.  The phone '''e''' /ə/ is thus far unattested as a final vowel, and the phone ''' ' ''' /ʔ/ never ends a ''word''.  Many Roots may also have more than one related form, which are pretty much interchangeable and are selected for by context, ''e.g.'' '''ftyeañ''' /f. ʈiæɲ/, might alternatively be pronounced '' 'ftyañ'  /f. ʈæˑɲˑ/'', or '' 'ftyaña'  /f. ʈæ. ɲæ/''.  Orthographically, this phenomenon is very much up in the air:  There is much debate around whether certain &quot;standard&quot; forms of words should be written at all times, or whether actual or intended pronunciation should be indicated.  Thus far, it seems the ''&quot;standardizers&quot;'' have the upper hand in the debate - however, this comes at the expense of learning-accuracy.


''' ''Additional Notes'': '''  ''1.'' Syllabicized (C2) consonants are fully realized, and do not tend to become consonant clusters: '''sqa''' is pronounced ''[s. qæ]'', '''ewjo''' is pronounced ''[əˑw. tzʊ]''.  ''(The primary exception is '''mw''' in &quot;lazy&quot; speech: [mʘ])'' Like the vowels '''i/í''', '''a/á''', and '''o/ú''', they generally receive an even stress.  ''2.''  Unaccented (median-pitched) vowels which follow a ''rising'' or ''falling'' contour, are pronounced at the final pitch of the contour.  ''3.'' The Rhoticized vowels tend to be pronounced at a slightly lower pitch than other unaccented vowels.  ''4.'' The vowel '''ou''' is always low-pitched, and ''resets'' the median pitch to the speaker's ''baseline'' even when following a pitch contour.


== Root Morphology ==

draga Roots fall into a single category,  ''i.e.'' there is no noun-verb distinction.  Neither are there adjectives nor adverbs.  All morphological functions are theoretically available for modification of ''any'' Root.  Aspectual concepts actually appear as individual Roots in draga (but are also often expressed using ''locative constructions'').  The primary modifications of draga Roots are ''locative (position / direction)'' and ''genitive (relationship)'', but of course there are many others:


=== Pronominal ===

{|
| '''-xeañ / -(y)ac''' || 1st Person Exclusive
|-
| '''-weax / -weiaqs''' || 1st Person Inclusive
|-
| '''-mei / -(y)añ''' || *Referent (2nd or 3rd Person)
|-
| '''-lor''' || 3rd Person Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''-kwui''' || 3rd Person Inanimate
|-
| '''-feas''' || 4th Person (Obviate) Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''-kwuifes''' || 4th Person (Obviate) Inanimate
|-

|}


* The '''Referent''' is the &quot;person&quot; under discussion, or the &quot;main character&quot;, per se.  There is no specific Pronominal form for 2p direct address - draga goes to great lengths to avoid this.  The ''Referent'' is a 3rd person form ''(animate, abstract or inanimate)'', whose reference can be &quot;switched&quot; to  indicate a 2nd person, ''i.e. &quot;S/he (which is you).&quot; ''  The referent switches include: ''mú, -magyi'' and ''añmagyi''


Examples: ''('''sbaí''' &quot;table&quot;, '''skyaá''' &quot;running&quot;, '''phuia''' &quot;joy&quot;, '''siha''' &quot;green&quot;)''
* '''sbaí-yac ''' &quot;My table&quot;
* '''skyaá-weiaqs''' &quot;Our running&quot;, &quot;We run/ran&quot;
* '''phuia-lor''' &quot;His/her joy&quot;, &quot;S/he is happy&quot;
* '''siha-mei''' &quot;It's green-ness&quot;, &quot;It is green&quot;, &quot;Her/your green (-ness) (-ing) (thing)&quot;, etc. 


=== Locative ===

{|
| '''Unbound''' || '''Semi-bound''' || '''Fully Bound''' || ||
|-
| '''ie''' || || '''-qor''' || ''at, in, on, to, toward, from''
|-
| || '''yr-''' || '''-yir''' || ''toward''
|-
| || '''fwor-''', '''yr-''' || '''-tyiar''' || ''at, in, on''
|-
| || '''hyañ-''' || '''-pyir''' || ''successfully to''
|-
| || '''síar-''' || '''-swor''' || ''unsuccessfully toward''
|-
| || '''jwor-''' || '''-tyui''', '''-chou''' || ''(originating) from''
|-
| || || '''-fir''' || ''in the general direction of''
|-
| || || '''-teyou''' || ''in a general direction away from''
|-
|}


Examples: ''('''lyaña''' &quot;home&quot;, '''kyeafa''' &quot;understanding&quot;, '''phuia''' &quot;joy&quot;)''
* '''lyaña-yir (lyañ-yir)'''  &quot;Toward home&quot;, &quot;Going home&quot;
* '''kyeafa-swor''' &quot;Try unsuccessfully to understand&quot;
* '''phuia-tyui''' &quot;Originating from (a place of ) joy,&quot; ''e.g. within one'sself, etc.''


''Notes:''
# Most commonly, it is the Bound form that is used. 
# The Semi-bound particles ('''fwor, síar, jwor''') usually add emphasis when used to modify a Root. Pronoun-like Roots, however, tend to prefer the semi-bound particles. - and the interrogative pronominal ''' 'wañ' ''' (&quot;where?&quot;) never takes a bound locative. The semi-bound Locatives are also used to modify whole clauses. 
#  Ordinal numbers (7.1) are typically formed with the semi-bound '''yr''', ''e.g.'' 'yr-yifa' = &quot;at-1&quot; (i.e. &quot;first&quot;).
# The unbound Locative 'ie' is a very casual particle that basically conveys the general idea of location or direction. It can also be used in combination with the other locatives for emphasis, specification or re-inforcement: ''e.g.''' ie lyaña-yir = lyaña-yir || ie lyaña-teyou = lyaña-teyou || ie lyaña-tyiar = lyaña-tyiar = ie yr-lyaña .
# '''ie''' can also mean &quot;from&quot;, in context. For example: mú jwor-wañ: (&quot;Where are you coming from?&quot;) → (ía) ie lyaña (&quot;From home&quot;).


=== Compound Locatives ===

This set of locatives express relative position rather direction.  They are combined forms of 2 parts:


Heads:  '''fwía-''' '' &quot;Above&quot;'', '''jeuq-''' ''&quot;Below&quot;'', '''daea-''' ''&quot;Level with&quot;'', '''qhow-''' ''&quot;In front of&quot;'', '''qhaw-''' ''&quot;Behind&quot;'', '''duia-''' ''&quot;Next to&quot;''

Codas: '''-da-''' ''&quot;Located&quot;'', '''-ha-''' ''&quot;Touching, Connected or Attached&quot;'', '''-sui-''' ''&quot;Not touching or attached, disconnected, separate from&quot;''


The combined forms appear as ''prefixes'':

 {|
| '''fwíada-''' || '''jeuqda-''' ||  '''daeada-''' || '''qhowda-''' || '''qhawda-''' || '''duiada-'''
|-
| '''fwíaha-''' ||  '''jeuqha-''' ||  '''daeaha-''' || '''qhowha-''' || '''qhawha-''' || '''duiaha-'''
|-
| '''fwíasui-''' || '''jeuqsui-''' || '''daeasui-''' || '''qhowsui-''' || '''qhawsui-''' || '''duiasui-'''
|-
|}


Examples: ''('''sbaí''' &quot;table&quot;)''
* '''fwíada-sbaí''' - &quot;(Somewhere) above the top the table&quot;
* '''fwíaha-sbaí''' - &quot;On top of the table&quot;
* '''fwíasui-sbaí''' - &quot;Above the table (not touching it)&quot;


=== Genitive ===


{|
| '''cr-''' || '' Of (generic)  ''
|-
| '''hañ-''' || ''Associated with, Correlated with, Identified with''
|-
| '''em-''' || ''Portion, part of''
|-
| '''ho-, húa-'''  || ''Attributed with, Filled with''
|-
| '''mes-''' || ''Composed of''
|-
| '''war-''' || ''Functioning as, In the role of''
|-
|}


* Note: draga constructions are head-inital, ''i.e.'' '''X cr-Y''' would mean ''&quot;X  of Y&quot;''.  There is a finalizing particle, ''' 'dei' ''', which allows for the transformation of the structure: '''cr-Y dei X'''


Examples: ''('''skyaá''' &quot;running&quot;, '''seahañ''' &quot;deer&quot;, '''hlui''' &quot;light&quot;, '''aqa''' &quot;person, i.e. a focal perspective&quot;, '''fañta''' &quot;wall&quot;, '''píoñ''' &quot;stone&quot;, )''
* '''skyaá cr-seahañ'''  - &quot;Deer's running&quot;
* '''seahañ ho-skyaá''' - &quot;Deer which is running&quot;
* '''hlui hañ-aqa''' - &quot;Light-Body&quot;, &quot;light which is also or correlates to (the) person&quot;
* '''fañta mes-píoñ''' - &quot;Wall made of stone&quot;


=== Articles ===

==== Negative ====

{|
|  '''sei, sei-''' || Negative Article
|}


==== Definite ====
{|
| '''fae-''' || Plural Definite Article
|-
| '''pha-''' || Strong (Direct) Definite Article
|-
| '''-pa''' || Weak (Iconic) Definite Article
|-
|}


==== Indefinite ====
{|
| '''híewa-''' || Indefinite Article
|-
| '''yeya-''' || Generic Article
|-
|}


The usage of the definite and indefinite articles is much different than that of Indo-European languages:  

* The plural article is not used every time more than one is involved.  Its use places emphasis on the fact that there are more than one, and usually indicates that in fact ''several, many'' or ''a group'' are under discussion.  It usually does not refer to just two or three.

* The strong article indicates not only a specific instantiation, but also may point to the specific concept.  So, given '''seahañ''' '' 'deer' '' - the word '''pha-seahañ''' can mean &quot;That (those) deer&quot; specifically under discussion, but it can also mean &quot;A deer&quot;, '' e.g. &quot;It is a deer&quot; or &quot;There's a deer&quot; ''

* The weak definite article creates a word referencing an iconic or essential form of the concept at hand.  Examples of this kind of thing in English would be: ''&quot;The MAN&quot;, &quot;Big Government&quot;, &quot;Justice&quot;, &quot;The Law&quot;, &quot;God&quot;, &quot;They&quot;, etc.''  Fittingly, of course, none of those particular examples are concepts that actually exist in the draga language.

* The indefinite article generally translates to ''&quot;Any&quot;, &quot;Some&quot; or &quot;Whatever&quot;''. Its meaning is specifically indefinite.  It is never used to merely indicate singulars or hypothetical instances.

* The generic article means ''&quot;In general&quot;''.  Given '''seahañ''' ''&quot;deer&quot;'', the word '''yeya-seahañ''' means ''&quot;Deer in general&quot;''.


==== Demonstrative ====
{|
| '''-síaf''' || Reflexive
|-e
| '''-tyigi''' || Reciprocal
|-
| '''-fíar''' || Immediate
|-
| '''-qho''' || Proximal
|-
| '''-yelo''' || Peri-Proximal
|-
| '''-bawo''' || Distal
|-
| '''-t'ou''' || Absent
|-

|}


Examples: ('''aqa''' &quot;person&quot;, '''phuia''' &quot;joy&quot;)
* '''aqa-síaf''' &quot;The person her/himself&quot;
* '''phuia-síaf''' &quot;Self-joy, enjoy one's self&quot;
* '''aqa-tyigi''' &quot;Those reciprocating each other&quot;
* '''phuia-tyigi''' &quot;Enjoy each other, Give each other joy&quot;
* '''aqa-fíar''' &quot;This person here, me&quot;
* '''phuia-fíar''' &quot;This (immediate) joy&quot;
* '''aqa-t'ou''' &quot;Person who is not here&quot;
* '''phuia-t'ou''' &quot;Joy which is (perhaps figuratively) absent&quot;


=== Miscellaneous ===

Prefixes: 
{|
| '''yíama-''' || Approaching / arriving at a state
|-
| '''sama-''' || Departure from a state
|-
| '''hi-, hieñ-''' || Associated action or result
|-
| '''yñ-''' || Individual instance or part of normally grouped items
|-
| '''fía-''' || Multiple manifestations grouped as a single instance; Done totally, completely, to the fullest extent
|-
|  '''heu-''' || Using
|-
| '''fi-''' || Upper 
|}


Suffixes: 
{|
| '''-meu''' || Strongly postive experience
|-
| '''-tui''' || Strongly visceral experience 
|-
| '''-phíw''' || Strongly negative experience
|-
|  '''-far''' || Similarity
|-
| '''-sieñ''' || Without, Lacking
|-
| '''-kwae''' || One, Thing
|-
| '''-lae''' || Liquid
|-
| '''-jw'áo''' || Done intentionally
|-
| '''-se'ago''', (-se'ao) || Done un-intentionally
|-
| '''-xui''' || Name Indicator
|-
| '''-hui''' || One associated with, Do-er of, sim. '-er' 
|-
| '''-xa''' || Pleasure
|-
| '''-lyañ''' || Home, Place
|-
| '''-ñou''' || Lower
|-
| '''-kyeax''' || System
|-
| '''-jir''' || Capability, Ability 
|-
| '''-ci''' || Principalia, Secret, Mystery, Foundation, Theory
|-
|}


Classification: 
{|
| '''aqa-''' || person: human, animal, spirit, etc.
|-
| '''phoña-''' || plant
|-
| '''dowa-''' || location, situation
|-
| '''hayou-''' || action, process, occurrence, state
|-
| '''hío-''' || Tool
|-
| '''sbor-''' || spatial area; integral portion, body part
|-
| '''tfuio-''' (tfoyo-) || flat discrete object
|-
| '''xwalo-''' || mass object
|-
| '''peda-''' || long, narrow object
|-
| '''xigi-''' || round object
|-
| '''hyoci-''' || open sided structure
|-
| '''quiyo-''' || box-shaped object
|-
| '''kwú-''' || type, class; ethnic group
|-'''
| '''sakyií-''' || flying thing
|-
| '''o'ya-''' || container, ceramic, dish
|-
| '''phesqa-''' || textile, clothing
|-
| '''tíeqma-''' || machine
|-
|}


== Sentence Structure==

=== Speech Act Particles ===
Any draqa sentence begins with a Speech Act Particle (SAP), often used in conjunction with a Qualifier. The SAPs fall into three types: Evidentials, Mood Indicators, and Speech Act Indicators.  More than one SAP can also be used sometimes at the beginning of a sentence.  A complete sentence often may consist of nothing but the Speech Act Particle:


==== Evidentials ====
{|
| '''huia''' || 1st Person Objective, ''i.e. &quot;I experienced it (external perception)&quot;''
|-
| '''fwuia''' || 1st Person Visual. ''i.e. &quot;I witnessed it&quot;''
|-
| '''awo''' || 1st Person Auditory, ''i.e. &quot;It sounds to me like&quot;''
|-
| '''ía''' ||  1st Person Subjective, ''i.e. &quot;I experienced it (internal perception)&quot;''
|-
| '''skyea-tae''' ||  1st Person Psionic ''i.e. &quot;I know it from a dream, vision, intuition, etc.&quot;''
|-
| '''ámiña''' ||   ,i.e. ''&quot;I heard from someone who said s/he experienced it&quot;''
|-
| '''ámiñ-tae''' || ,i.e. ''&quot;I heard from someone who said s/he witnessed it&quot;''
|-
| '''(a') phx-a''' ||  ,i.e. ''&quot;I heard from someone unreliable  who said s/he experienced it&quot;''
|-
|| '''phx.a-tae''' ||  ,i.e. ''&quot;I heard from someone unreliable who said s/he witnessed it&quot;''
|-
|}


==== Mood Indicators ====
{|
|  '''mpaha''' ||   Opiniative (Probable) Mood
|-
|  '''sempa''' ||  Opiniative  (Negative Probability) Mood
|-
|  '''xweña''' ||   Expectant Mood
|-
| '''qhwui-a''' ||  1st Person Imperative Mood
|-
|  '''fo''' || Irrealis Mood
|-
|  '''(a)skyea''' || Dreaming (Psionic) Mood
|-
|}


==== Speech Act Indicators ====
{|
|  '''eia''' ||  Narrative Speech Act
|-
|  '''a''' ||  Subjective (Non-Realis) Speech Act
|-
|  '''xe'a''' ||  Interrogative Speech Act
|-
|  '''mú''' ||  2nd Person Interrogative Speech Act
|-
|  '''sei, es''' ||  Negative Statement or Negative Imperative Speech Act
|-
|}


==== Qualifiers ====
{|
|  '''ido-''' || ''Indicates the Evidential source''
|-
|  '''añ-''' ||  ''Topicalizing'' Particle
|-
|  '''-magyi''' ||  ''Indicates a 2nd Person Referent''
|-
|}


=== Syntax ===

draga makes no noun-verb distinction, so its syntactical pattern cannot be accurately described in terms of VSO, VOS, etc.  ''It might be best described as '''head-initial, with a free word order'''.''


*The syntactical pattern can also be described (''perhaps more confusingly'') as a linkage of '''Predicate - (Relationship Particle) - Argument''' constructions, which are themselves linked by meta-Relationship Particles.  A ''Predicate'' will necessarily be present in any construction.  The ''Argument'' modifies the idea established by a Predicate, and is optional but usual.  A Predicate may also be distributed over multiple Arguments.  The ''Relator'' (relationship particle) explicates the relationship between the Predicate and its Argument, and is also optional in many cases. Often, the relationship may be implied from context.  The relationship particles themselves fall into two categories: ''Genitives'' and ''Conjunctions''.  


* Typical roles of &quot;Agent&quot;, &quot;Patient&quot;, &quot;Subject&quot;, &quot;Object&quot;, et cetera, are not grammatically marked in draga.  These roles are not necessarily important in the &quot;whole-picture&quot;-view of the culturally draga perspective, especially since they are often apparent from context.  The concepts however, can be very clearly expressed by use of locative constructions, or (even more frequently) conjunctive particles.  Single-word clauses are not at all unusual in draga, since any given Root is implicitly both active ''and'' substantive.


'''Examples:''' ''(P=Predicate, R=Relator, A=Argument, RR=meta-Relator)''


{|
| fwuia || phyala
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;grass&quot; (P)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see (the) grass&quot;, &quot;I see it is grass&quot;, etc.


{|
| fwuia || siha
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;green&quot; (P)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see (the) green&quot;, &quot;I see it is green&quot;, etc.


{|
| fwuia || siha || cr- || phyala
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;green&quot; (P) || GEN:&quot;of&quot; (R) || &quot;grass&quot; (A)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see the green (of the) grass&quot;, &quot;I see the grass is green&quot;


{|
| fwuia || siha || phyala
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;green&quot; (P) || &quot;grass&quot; (A)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see the green (of the) grass&quot;, &quot;I see the grass is green&quot;


{|
| fwuia || phyala || siha
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;grass&quot; (P) || &quot;green&quot; (A)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see green grass&quot;


{|
| fwuia || siha || dañ || phyala
|-
| [EVID:1pVis] || &quot;green&quot; (P) || [CONJ:&quot;with respect to&quot;](RR)  || &quot;grass&quot; (A:P)
|-
|}
* &quot;I see the grass is green&quot;, ''i.e. &quot;It is green, with respect to the grass&quot; ''


{|
| ía || phyala-tyiar
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || &quot;grass&quot;+[Loc] (P)
|-
|}
* &quot;I am at/on (the) grass&quot;


{|
| eia || phyala-tyiar || cr- || woha
|-
| [SA:Narr] || &quot;grass&quot;+[Loc] (P) || [GEN:&quot;of&quot;] (R) || &quot;dog&quot; (A)
|-
|}
* &quot;(The/a) dog (is) in the grass&quot;, 


{|
| eia || woha || hei || phyala-tyiar 
|-
| [SA:Narr] || &quot;dog&quot; (P)|| [CONJ:&quot;And&quot;] (RR) ||  &quot;grass&quot;+[Loc] (A:P)
|-
|}
* &quot;(The/a) dog is in the grass&quot;, ''i.e. &quot;It's a dog, and (it's) in the grass&quot; ''


{|
| ía || woha || phyala-tyiar || hei || pogi-weiaqs
|-
| [EVID:1pSubj] || &quot;dog&quot; || &quot;grass&quot;+[Loc] (P) || [CONJ:&quot;And&quot;] (RR) || &quot;playing&quot;+1pIncl (A:P)
|-
|}
* &quot;I played with a dog in the grass&quot;


'''Arguments Distributed:'''

{|
|eia || laqa || kyío || haña-tyui || woha-pyir
|-
| [SA:Narr] || &quot;stick&quot; (P) || &quot;giving&quot; (A:P) || &quot;human being&quot;+[Orig] (A:A1) || &quot;dog&quot; +[Lat] (A:A2)
|-
|}
* &quot;A human being gives a stick to a dog&quot;


This can also be said:
* eia kyío (cr-)laqa woha-pyir haña-tyui:
* eia woha-pyir kyío (cr-)haña dañ laqa:
* eia kyío (cr-)woha haña-tyui dañ laqa:
* '''eia laqa kyío cr-haña woha-pyir:'''

... ''et cetera''. 

''Translation Note:''  There are no words for &quot;man&quot;, &quot;woman&quot;, &quot;boy&quot; or &quot;girl&quot;.  '''haña''' means ''&quot;human being&quot;'', '''capo''' means ''&quot;child&quot;'', '''madr''' means ''&quot;adolescent/adult&quot;'', '''phaex''' means ''&quot;elder&quot;''.


==== Meta-Relators (Conjunctive Particles) ====

As discussed above, there are two types Relator particles, ''Genitive'' and ''Conjunctive''.  A list of ''Genitive'' particles can be found in the '''Root Morphology''' section above.  Some of the ''Conjuctive'' Particles include:


{|
| '''dañ''' || &quot;About, Regarding, With respect to, Concerning...&quot;
|-
|-
| '''ou''' 	||  &quot;And correspondingly / correlatedly / provoking...&quot; 
|-
| '''pái'''	||   	&quot;Intentionally provoking...&quot; 
|-
| '''la.qs.a''' 	||  	&quot;Unintentionally provoking...&quot; 
|-
| '''z'ou''' 		||  &quot;And of increasing correlation... &quot; 
|-
| '''dasi''' 		||  &quot;In response to...&quot;, &quot;Motivated by... &quot; 
|-
| '''dada''' 		||  &quot;Intending (that)...&quot;, &quot;In order to...&quot; 
|-
| '''he'ae''' 	||  &quot;And surprisingly...&quot; 
|-
| '''chúmae''' 	||  &quot;And unsurprisingly...&quot; 
|-
| '''kwmaskwa, msqa'''  ||  &quot;And then / simultaneously / simulfactively...&quot; 
|-
| '''m.yamwa''' 	||  	&quot;Otherwise... &quot; 
|-
| '''saáñ''' 		||  &quot;Rather / Instead / But not... &quot; 
|-
| '''ñáwa''' 		||  &quot;However...&quot; 
|-
| '''ñúwi''' 		||  &quot;Although / Despite...&quot; 
|-
| '''m.miema''' 	||  &quot;Except... &quot; 
|-
| '''haf''' 		||  &quot;In comparison to... &quot;
|}


==== Other Conjunctions ====

{|
| '''kyá''' || And; And / Or (Inclusive 'Or') 
|-
| '''s.ña''' ||  Exclusive 'or'; Negative 'Or' (&quot;nor&quot;) 
|-
| '''ñaña'''  || Interrogative 'Or' (Inclusive) 
|-
| '''ñeya'''  || Interrogative 'Or' (Exclusive) 
|-
| '''xweu'''  || Together with (inclusive emphasis) 
|-
| '''xwui'''  || Along with (exclusive emphasis)
|-
|}


== Special Roots ==

There are many Roots in draga whose meanings are often grammaticized in other languages. These include Roots that are Pronomial, Aspectual, that indicate Number, Intensity, Frequency, Consistency and even words with meanings like ''1p acting on 2p (&quot;I do to you&quot;)'', ''3p acting on 1p (&quot;S/he does to me&quot;)'', etc.


=== Pronominal ===
{|
| '''phaxeañ'''  ||  1st person exclusive 
|-
| '''phaweiqs'''    ||  1st person inclusive
|-
| '''phamei'''  ||  Referrent
|-
| '''phalor'''  ||  3rd Person Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''phakwui'''  ||  3rd Person Inanimate
|-
| '''phafías'''   ||  Obviate Animate/ Abstract
|-
| '''phakwuiaf'''   ||  Obviate Inanimate
|-
| '''phawui'''   ||  Demonstrative
|-
| '''híewui'''   ||  Indefinite
|-
| '''wañ'''   ||  Interrogative 
|-
|}


=== Kinship / Relationship ===

More commonly than Pronominal Roots, especially when talking in the Second person, it is preferable and considered much more sociable to use kinship or other personal-relationship terms:

{|
| '''pea, paí'''   ||  Mother, Mama 
|-
| '''paya'''   ||  Mother, Mother's sibling 
|-
| '''fi-pea, fipaí'''   ||  Mother's younger sibling 
|-
| '''pea-ñou, paí-ño'''   ||  Mother's older sibling 
|-
| '''fía-fi-paí'''   ||  Mother's youngest sibling 
|-
| '''fía-paí-ño'''   ||  Mother's oldest sibling 
|-
| '''mae'''   ||  Grandma 
|-
| '''maya'''   ||  Grandmother, Grandmother's sibling 
|-
| '''fi-mae'''   ||  Grandmother's younger sibling 
|-
| '''mae-ño'''   ||  Grandmother's older sibling 
|-
| '''fía-fimae'''   ||  Grandmother's youngest sibling 
|-
| '''fía-mae-ñou'''   ||  Grandmother's oldest sibling 
|-
| '''wica'''   ||  Younger sibling 
|-
| '''wiwica'''   ||  Youngest sibling 
|-
| '''píwi'''   ||  Older sibling 
|-
| '''pipíwi'''   ||  Oldest sibling 
|-
| '''tíowa'''   ||  Cousin 
|-
| '''fitíowa'''   ||  Younger cousin 
|-
| '''tíowa-ñou'''   ||  Older cousin 
|-
| '''twí'''   ||  Offspring, Sibling's offspring 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''figwi'''   ||  Primary partner 
|-
| '''pwouxi'''   ||  &quot;Soul&quot; friend or partner
|-
| '''swae'''   ||  Sexual friend or partner 
|-
| '''xaf'''   ||  Survival, domestic friend or partner 
|-
| '''sehwiñ'''   ||  Mother's partner 
|-
| '''sepaxi'''   ||  Mother's romantic / sexual partner at the time of pregnancy 
|-
| '''se'alo'''   ||  Mother's friend 
|-
| ------------
|-'''
| '''hiñda'''   ||  Acquaintance 
|-
| '''hiña''' || Friendly Acquaintance
|-
| '''hui'''   ||  Friend 
|-
| '''haxa'''   ||  Very close friend 
|-
| '''fago'''   ||  Stranger 
|-
| '''xamtií'''   ||  Suitor, Person of mutual interest 
|-
| '''twiís'''   ||  Classmate, Fellow, Group member 
|-
| '''q&quot;aña'''   ||  Friendly client or customer 
|-
| '''q&quot;om'''   ||  Regular client or customer 
|-
| '''t'aám'''   ||  Business partner; Co-worker 
|-
| '''chakyi'''   ||  Rival 
|-
| '''jáo'''   ||  Adversary 
|-
|}


=== Interpersonal Action ===
{|
| '''xweiam, xwemi'''   ||  ''1p Excl. → 2p'' ||  &quot;I do it to you&quot;, &quot;What I did to you&quot; 
|-
| '''xweiar, xir'''   || '' 1p Excl. → 3p''   ||  &quot;I do it to her/him&quot;, &quot;What I did to her/him&quot; 
|-
| '''xweiaf'''   ||  ''1p Excl. → 4p''  ||   &quot;I do it to the other one&quot;, &quot;What I did to the other one&quot; 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''phweiañ''' || ''1p Incl. → 3p'' || &quot;We do it to her/him&quot;, &quot;What we did to them&quot; 
|-
| '''phweiaf''' || ''1p Incl. → 4p'' || &quot;You do it to the other one&quot;, &quot;What we did to the other one&quot;
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''mweiax, mwexi'''  ||   ''2p → 1p''  ||   &quot;You do it to me/us&quot;, &quot;What you did to me/us&quot; 
|-
| '''mweiar, mir'''   ||  ''2p → 3p''  ||   &quot;You do it to her/him&quot;, &quot;What you did to her/him&quot; 
|-
| '''mweiaf'''   ||  ''1p → 4p''  ||   &quot;You do it to the other one&quot;, &quot;What you did to the other one&quot; 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''lweiax, lwix'''   ||  ''3p → 1p''   ||  &quot;S/he does it to me/us&quot;, &quot;What s/he did to me/us&quot; 
|-
| '''lweiañ, lwim'''   ||  ''3p → 2p''   ||  &quot;S/he does it to you&quot;, &quot;What s/he did to you&quot; 
|-
| '''lweiaf'''   ||  ''1p → 3p''   ||  &quot;S/he does it to the other one&quot;, &quot;What s/he did to the other one&quot; 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''feiax'''   ||  ''4p → 1p''   ||  &quot;The other one does it to me/us&quot;, &quot;What the other one did to me/us&quot; 
|-
| '''feiam'''   ||  ''4p → 2p''  ||  &quot;The other one does it to you&quot;, &quot;What the other one did to you&quot; 
|-
| '''feiar'''   ||  ''4p → 3p''   ||  &quot;The other one does it to her/him&quot;, &quot;What the other one did to her/him&quot; 
|-
|}


=== Aspectual ===
{|
| '''yom'''   ||  ''Progressive''  ||  &quot;Right now&quot;, &quot;Doing it right now&quot; 
|-
| '''hae'''   || ''Perfective''   ||  &quot;[Something that] Has/had/will have been done or completed&quot; 
|-
| '''seu'''   ||  ''Discontinuous''  ||  &quot;Used to do / was doing, but no longer&quot; 
|-
| '''pyío'''   ||  ''Continuous''   ||  &quot;Still doing, Keep on doing&quot; 
|-
| '''kyila'''   ||  ''Habitual''  ||  &quot;Done regularly&quot;, &quot;Habit&quot; 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''kwiha'''   ||  || &quot;Not yet&quot;, &quot;Something not yet happened&quot;, before 
|-
| '''kyaha'''   ||  || &quot;Already&quot;, &quot;Something already completed&quot;, after 
|- 
| '''yom-kwiha'''  ||  || &quot;About to begin&quot; 
|-
| '''kwiha-yom'''   || ||   &quot;Just starting&quot; 
|-
| '''yom-kyaha'''   ||   || &quot;Finishing up&quot; 
|-
| '''kyaha-yom'''   ||  ||  &quot;Just finished&quot; 
|-
| ------------
|-
| '''sya'a'''   ||   || &quot;A short time&quot; 
|-
| '''íoyo'''   || ||   &quot;A long time&quot; 
|-
| '''trwa'''   ||   || &quot;Ending abruptly, suddenly&quot; 
|-
| '''wíwa'''   ||   || &quot;Ending gradually&quot; 
|-
| '''sya'atr'''   ||  ||  &quot;Short and suddenly ending&quot; 
|-
| '''sya'awíw'''   ||  ||  &quot;Short and gradually ending&quot; 
|-
| '''íotr'''   ||   || &quot;Lengthy and suddenly endling&quot; 
|-
| '''íowiw'''   ||   || &quot;Lengthy and gradually ending&quot; 
|-
|}


=== Others ===


==== Intensity ====

{|
| '''úalo , úgalo, lawor'''   ||  Extreme intensity, &quot;Very, very&quot; 
|-
| '''skwui '''  ||  High intensity,&quot;Very&quot; 
|-
| '''skwaer '''  ||  Moderate intensity, &quot;Moderately&quot; 
|-
| '''skwala '''  ||  Mild intensity, &quot;Mildly&quot; 
|-
| '''skwemya'''   ||  Low intensity, &quot;Very slightly&quot; 
|-
| '''fewa / kyeu'''   ||  Overly-intense, Too (much) 
|-
| '''sasa'''   ||  Under-intense, Too little 
|-
| '''phweilo'''   ||  Good, &quot;right&quot; intensity or level 
|-
| '''áwei(kya)'''   ||  More, More intense 
|-
| '''weiwa(kya), wiwi'''   ||  Less, Less intense 
|-
| '''ajíawa''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating intensity
|}


==== Number ====

{|
|  '''fía-fikwo'''   ||  All, every, each 
|-
| '''fikwo'''   ||  Most 
|-
| '''fíañ'''   ||  Many 
|-
| '''kyíeca'''   ||  Some 
|-
| '''tío'''   ||  A few 
|-
| '''síama'''   ||  Very few 
|-
| '''síama-fiq'''   ||  None 
|-
| '''fewei'''   ||  Too many 
|-
| '''míewei'''   ||  Too few 
|-
| '''phweawei'''   ||  Good or &quot;right&quot; number 
|-
| '''ajíawei''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating degrees of number
|-
| '''áwei'''   ||  More 
|-
| '''wiwi'''   ||  Fewer, Less 
|-
| '''zewetya'''   ||  Usual, Quite Often 
|-
| '''sbaelo'''   ||  Half the time, Somewhat often or common 
|-
| '''sfíoña, safíoñ'''   ||  Infrequent, Unlikely 
|-
| '''sfeudiñ'''   ||  Rare, Highly unusual / unlikely 
|-
|}


==== Constistency ====
{|
| '''wáowo'''   ||  Extremely consistent 
|-
| '''íwo'''   ||  Highly consistent 
|-
| '''pomwo'''   ||  Moderately consistent 
|-
| '''eswo '''  ||  Mildly inconsistent 
|-
| '''p&quot;ckya'''   ||  Highly inconsistent 
|-
| '''fewo'''   ||  Overly-consistent 
|-
| '''síawo'''   ||  Under-consistent 
|-
| '''áweiwo'''   ||  More consistent 
|-
| '''weiwo'''   ||  Less consistent 
|-
| '''phwíawo'''   ||  Good, or &quot;right&quot; consistency, About the same consistency as
|-
| '''ajíawo''' || Of varying/ modulating/ oscillating consistency
|}


== Numbers ==

The draga number system is base-6. During the material height of the draga civilization, a base-30 system was devised and used for hundreds of years alongside the original base-6, and some vestiges can still be found, especially in the writing system and the calendar. 

{|
! || base-6  || base-10 || || base-6 || base-10
|-
| '''yifa ''' ||  01 ''* pinky''  || 	1  || '''ñe-xwae waer '''	(ñxwaewar) ||  24  || 	16
|-
| '''yeña''' ||   	02 ''* add ring'' || 2 || '''ñe-xwae mawo ''' (ñxwaemo)|| 	25  || 17 
|-
| '''dowx(a) ''' ||  	03 ''* add middle''  || 3 || '''dowx-xwae '''	 || 30  || 	18 
|- 
| '''waer '''	 ||  04 ''* add pointer'' || 4 || '''waer-xwae '''	 || 40  || 	24 
|-
| '''mawo '''	 ||  05 ''* add thumb''  || 5 || '''mawo-xwae 	''' || 50  || 	30 
|-
| '''xweilo'''  ||  	10 ''* close fist''  || 6 || '''xwae-xwae / welo  '''|| 1,00 || 36 
|-
| '''hyawo'''  ||  	11 	 || 7 || '''welo-yifa'''  || 	1,01  || 	37 
|-
| '''fawo '''	 ||  12 	 || 8 || '''welo-xwae ''' || 	1,10 	 || 42 
|-
| '''pií '''	 ||  13 	 || 9 || '''yeña-welo ''' || 	2,00 	 || 72 
|-
| '''qhowei'''  ||  	14 	 || 10 || '''dowxa-welo ''' || 	3,00 	 || 108 
|-
| '''amwae ''' ||  	15 	 || 11 || '''waer-welo ''' || 	4,00 	 || 144 
|-
| '''ñe-xwae ''' ||  	20 	 || 12 || '''mago-welo ''' (magwelo) || 	5,00 	 || 180 
|-
| '''ñe-xwae yifa ''' (ñxwaefa) ||  21  || 13 || '''xwae-welo ''' || 	10,00 	 || 216 
|-
| '''ñe-xwae yeña ''' (ñxwaeña)	 ||  22  || 	14 ||'''welo-welo / wegwelo ''' || 1,00,00  || 1,296 
|-
| '''ñe-xwae dowx '''	(ñxwaedow) ||  23  || 	15 ||| '''áwolo  '''|| 	1,00,00,00  || 46,656
|-
|}


The ancient numbers 1-30 are still in use, but are not productive - slightly altered - beyond the number 36, (which is 1,00 in base-6):


{|
|  '''1''' fe-   || '''11''' fada  ||	 '''21''' chor 
|-
|  '''2'''  ña-  ||	  '''12''' faw  ||	  '''22''' chomwax 
|-
|   '''3''' da-   ||	  '''13''' fm   ||	  '''23''' chox 
|-
|   '''4''' wa-   ||	  '''14''' fax   ||	  '''24''' choiax 
|-
|   '''5''' mye-   ||	  '''15''' ofo   ||	  '''25''' mema 
|-
||  '''6''' xe-  ||	  '''16''' fiáñ   ||	  '''26''' fmña 
|-
|   '''7''' hyaá   ||	  '''17''' chofañ  ||	  '''27''' bada 
|-
|   '''8''' fwuí   ||	  '''18''' ñabwi  ||	  '''28''' hyawa 
|-
||   '''9''' bií   ||	  '''19''' miñaqoei  ||   '''29''' xomi 
|-
|   '''10''' qúi   ||	  '''20''' choda   ||   '''30''' xwoufa
|-
|}


== Useful Expressions ==

{|
| '''a píawañ ciñ:''' || ''Hello, Goodbye''
|-
| '''a cawa:''' || ''Thank you, Your welcome, Please, It's okay''
|-
| '''mú wañ:''' || ''How are you?  What's up with ya?''
|-
| '''ía phuia:''' || ''I'm happy''
|-
| '''ía phíw:''' || '' I'm not doing so well''
|-
| '''ía xapo:''' || '' All's well, I'm chillin' ''
|-
| ''' fo mae: ''' || ''Excuse me, May I?, Help!''
|-
| '''a jwae:''' || ''Yes''
|-
| ''' a seiañ: ''' || ''No''
|-
| '''ía meqeña:''' || '' I'm hungry''
|-
| '''mú meqeña:''' || ''Are you hungry?''
|-
| '''mú fwae:''' || ''Do you like it? Would you recommend it?''
|-
| '''ía fwae:''' || ''I like it''
|-
| '''a hleu:''' || How nice! Beautiful!
|-
| '''qhwúi! a jwae:''' || ''Let's do it!''
|-
| ''' kyeafasae:''' || '' I don't know''
|-
| ''' íasefwae:''' || '' I don't like it''
|-
| ''' ía ñamaxa-meu: ''' || ''I very much enjoy the meal''
|-
| ''' fei-acawa:''', '''acawafei:''' || ''  Thank you/the Universe! (Almost like &quot;Thanks be to God&quot; or &quot;Thank (you) God&quot;) ''
|-
| ''' xe'a wañ mieqs dañ... ''' || ''Where can I find ...''
|-
| ''' xe'a wañ t'aí dañ... ''' || ''Which way to ...''
|-
| ''' xe'a wañ dañ fou: ''' || ''What's up with the cannabis - (could you pass it please?)''
|-
|}


== añ dañ phíacaxou-papeloxui (&quot;The Tower of Babel&quot;) ==


a phawui pei -

eia fe'alatew dañ pígwokyeax ho-feañsieñ dirxeñamesis:


eia cada x'kyíeñewapa, hei hyañ-doasbaí húahamorxiñdarxui, hei yíamphalyaña-mei:


eia pígwotyigi, báwa - &quot;qhwui! a xígwo, hei heuxaeq dañ phawui,
hei píoñ war quiokwae, hei lofoña war cwae&quot;:


eia pígwotyigi, báwa - &quot;qhwui! a pehwo, hei xígwo dañ phíacalyañ xwui phaphíaca húa-úaloxou&quot;:

h'báwa - &quot;yíamhíesda-skwaer dañ xeñaweiaqs: h'xweña, fo phawuisieñ ou yamargya-daqtew yíamxqaweipaweiaqs&quot;:


eia fwíatyui YaHWaHoxui, dada yíamkyeafalor dañ xígwo-phahaña, hei phíacalyañ xwui phíaca-xou:


eia pígwo YaHWaHoxui, báwa - &quot;qoei! a-wui dañ haña&quot;:

h'báwa - &quot;añfe'alatew fwuia dañ phakyíeñewa: añfe'alatew fwuia dañ hyiírxñ: 

fwuia añpehwo hokwihayom, ou phyáoqo sei jiwa dañ híewajorga-mei&quot;:

báwa - &quot;fo jeuqyir-xeañ, hei phapígwomei xqemi x'phayac, dada kyíafasieñtyigi hañpígwo-mei&quot;:


eia wui YaHWaHoxui, pái fíaxqaweipa-fñmei yamargya-daqtew,  

he'eia sehae x'phíacalyañ hopapoloxui-dirxeña, dasi ie yr-mieqspa xqemi-YaHWaHoxui dirpígwo,

ou mieqspachou yíámfíaxqaweipa-hañapa, hei yarmargya-daqtew:


== Links ==

*[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang draqa Lessons]
*[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang/script01.html Sample of Written draqa] | [http://slxlr.true.ws/lang/script00.html Sample 2]
*[[draga Lexicon]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:a priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Draqa</title>
    <id>8369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>55928</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-13T18:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ajinkwai</username>
        <id>1412</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">draqa (draga) is a personal constructed language, &quot;spoken&quot; by an exile population who call their homeland Qhyra. Technically, draqa refers to an ancient form of the language, and draga to the modern language; however, the spelling &quot;draqa&quot; is often used for either. 


The history of draga people is quite mysterious. Apparently, the civilization of Qhrya arose in the North American continent, contemporary with (but not related to) the Atlantean civilization of the second destruction (~13,500 B.C.) Within 1000 years of that cataclysm, Qhrya was completely sacked, leaving fewer than 2000 to wander for close to 200 years. Finding no respite, apparently the nation astrally projected themselves en mass into a parallel reality, where they have continued to thrive. The prophecies say that eventually the nation will reincarnate into this world in the 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd centuries, at first scattered across the continents but eventually re-unified into a small nation again.


[[Draga]] Language Wiki

[http://slxlr.true.ws/lang draqa Homepage]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Alpic</title>
    <id>8370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56163</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T18:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Taylor, I have some trouble with this sentence:

&quot;The Danubian languages are part of the of the Europic Macrofamily, which consists of Indo-European, Hesperic, and Rhaeto-Etruscan.&quot;

The [[Europic]] hypothesis, as I have developed it, does ''not'' include Etruscan.  There is simply not sufficient evidence for such a relationship, and to say that &quot;Rhaeto-Etruscan&quot; was a part of the &quot;Europic macrofamily&quot; is no less wrong than saying that it was a branch of Indo-European.  You may be of the opinion that Etruscan was related to Indo-European (I am not), but using the same name for that hypothetical relationship that has been assigned to another, unrelated hypothesis, is not cricket.

I have no trouble with your Danubian being related to Etruscan; it may belong to a stratum ''earlier'' than Hesperic, but that would mean that it is ''not'' Europic.

--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 16:02, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Sorry! My bad! I will fix that!

--[[User:TaylorS|TaylorS]] 03:47, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Everything's OK, now.  I won't say that Etruscan ''couldn't'' be related to Europic - there is just not sufficient evidence for that.

--[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 18:59, 20 September 2010 (UTC)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Germanech</title>
    <id>8371</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>56111</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-18T20:52:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Germanech]] to [[Roman Germanech]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Roman Germanech]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Minimal pair</title>
    <id>8372</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56145</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-19T20:09:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Minimal pair</username>
        <id>1413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with '[[User:Minimal pair/Proto-Lang Phonology]]'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[User:Minimal pair/Proto-Lang Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Minimal pair/Proto-Lang Phonology</title>
    <id>8373</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56147</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-19T20:28:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Minimal pair</username>
        <id>1413</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Phonetics and Phonology ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Consonantism'''
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Labial
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Coronal
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Velar
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Glottal
|-
!&lt;small&gt;plain&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;labial&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Nasal
| align=center | *m
| align=center | *n
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Plosive ||&lt;small&gt;
voiceless&lt;/small&gt;
| align=center | *p
| align=center | *t
| align=center | *k
| align=center | *kʷ
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;
| align=center |  
| align=center | *d
| align=center | *g
| align=center | *gʷ
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Fricative
|
| align=center | *s
| align=center | *x
| align=center | *xʷ
| align=center | *h
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liquid
| 
| align=center | *r, *l
| 
|
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Semivowel
| 
| 
|
| align=center | *w
|
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''Vocalism'''
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | High
|*i, *ī
| 
|*u, *ū
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Middle
|*ę
|*ǝ
| 
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Low
| 
|*ā
|*ą
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danubian</title>
    <id>8374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56153</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T13:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Danubian''' is a hypothetical language family, forming a branch of [[Europic]] (together with [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Hesperic]]) once spoken in the Da…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Danubian''' is a hypothetical language family, forming a branch of [[Europic]] (together with [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Hesperic]]) once spoken in the Danube basin.  One of these languages, the language of the [[Vinča culture]], may have been the first human language ever written, if the engravings on various artifacts of that culture are indeed writing.

[[User:TaylorS|Taylor Selseth]] has developed a Danubian conlang, [[Alpic]], in the framework of the [[League of Lost Languages]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vinča culture</title>
    <id>8375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56162</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T18:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* External links */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Vinča culture''' is a Neolithic culture in the lower Danube area, whose most fascinating aspect is perhaps that some artifacts of this culture, though being about 7,000 years old (and thus about 2,000 years older than the oldest Sumerian clay tablets) bear engravings which some scholars consider writing.  If they are indeed writing, they would be the oldest writing system known.

[[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] and [[User:TaylorS|Taylor Selseth]] speculate that the language of this culture could be a member of a branch called [[Danubian]] of the [[Europic]] language family.

==External links==

* [[Wikipedia:Vinča culture]]
* [[Wikipedia:Vinča symbols]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Volapük</title>
    <id>8376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56155</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T13:52:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Volapük''' (V. 'world language') is an [[international auxiliary language]] published in 1879 by Johannes Martin Schleyer.  It was the first auxlang to reach a major audience…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Volapük''' (V. 'world language') is an [[international auxiliary language]] published in 1879 by Johannes Martin Schleyer.  It was the first auxlang to reach a major audience, but was soon eclipsed by [[Esperanto]].  By the year 1900, Volapük was essentially a dead language.  The reasons for this quick demise are probably a too complex grammatical structure, and especially the proprietary attitude of its creator.  Schleyer had turned down several reform proposals and asserted that he was the only person allowed to invent new words or change rules of grammar.  Thereby, the language could no longer function as a world language.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danny Wier</title>
    <id>8377</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56177</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-20T20:08:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with ''''Daniel A. Wier''' is a conlanger from Lufkin, Texas, known for his ambitious [[Tech]] conlang.  He is also a musician who experiments with microtonal scales.  [[Category:Conla…'</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Daniel A. Wier''' is a conlanger from Lufkin, Texas, known for his ambitious [[Tech]] conlang.  He is also a musician who experiments with microtonal scales.

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Draga Lexicon</title>
    <id>8378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56201</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-23T10:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ajinkwai</username>
        <id>1412</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Animals */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is a small sampling of [[Draga|draqa]] vocabulary items.  It is organized in thematic categories, but is not alphabetized at all.  There may be some minor errors or inconsistencies, for example, most rising tone segments are not correctly noted.


== Locomotion ==
{|
| s.kyeu ||   Crawling, Walking (non-upright) 
|-
| s.kyío ||    Walking (upright) 
|-
| s.kyiw  ||   Hop, Jump, Skip 
|-
| s.kyaá ||   Running 
|-
| s.kyaí  ||    Flying 
|-
| s.kyae  ||   Dreaming 
|-
| s.kyou  ||    Swimming 
|-
| s.kyáo  ||   Lucid dreaming, Astral travel 
|-
| s.kyaer  ||   Mental projection 
|-
| s.kyiw-s.kyaá  ||    Skip-walking 
|-
| s.kyiw-s.kyái  ||    Skip-flying 
|-
|}


== Colors ==
{|
| qhlui  ||   White 
|-
| teñiq, tyíañiq  ||    Blue / Purple 
|-
| siha  ||   Green 
|-
| faega / faer  ||    Red 
|-
| chihya  ||    Black 
|-
| woyoq  ||   Brown / Tan / Gray 
|-
| siár  ||   Yellow / Orange 
|-
| tyaswi  ||   Light blue 
|-
|}

== Temperature ==
{|
| chaecaq  ||   Unsurvivably hot 
|-
| chae  ||   Too hot 
|-
| tyoyoq  ||   Hot 
|-
| xkwío  ||    Warm 
|-
| xwuiam  ||   Tepid 
|-
| sawqma  ||   Cool 
|-
| hoyaca  ||   Cold 
|-
| houc  ||   Too cold 
|-
| houcaq  ||   Unsurvivably cold 
|-
|}


== Dimension ==
{|
| t'oupoux  ||   height, vertical depth 
|-
| t'ou  ||   short, shallow, low 
|-
| poux  ||   tall, deep, high 
|-
| xlíañpwouq  ||    width, thickness 
|-
| xlíañ  ||   narrow, thin 
|-
| pwouq  ||   wide, thick 
|-
| kwíyou  ||   length, horizontal depth 
|-
| kwií  ||   short, shallow 
|-
| kweyou  ||   wide, deep 
|-
|}


== Size ==
{|
| taer  ||   Size 
|-
| áweidaer  ||   Larger 
|-
| wewedaer  ||   Smaller 
|-
| fweum  ||   Too big 
|-
| pae  ||   A good size; About the size of (i.e.,with haf ) 
|-
| pheqa  ||   Too small; Tiny 
|-
|}


== Scale ==
{|
| yíasa  ||   Invisibly small thing 
|-
| chepei  ||   Speck-sized thing 
|-
| swso  ||   Seed-sized 
|-
| ñiwa  ||   Pea-sized 
|-
| maca  ||   Walnut-sized 
|-
| kwepo  ||   Plum-sized 
|-
| ñíamwa  ||   Tomato-sized 
|-
| mawo  ||   Grape-fruit sized 
|-
| sopui  ||   Melon-sized 
|-
| caeñ  ||   Infant-sized 
|-
| xlae  ||   Small child sized 
|-
| weiweñae  ||   Older child sized 
|-
| áweiñae  ||   Adult sized 
|-
| weiwe-sfuiña  ||    Bear sized 
|-
| sfuiña  || Small tree sized 
|-
| áwa-sfuiña  ||   Average tree sized 
|-
| sfoyañ, sfuiañ  ||   Large tree sized 
|-
| áwsfuiañ  ||   Gigantic 
|-
| xadar  ||   Vast 
|-
| xou  ||   Vast, but visibly finite 
|-
| sawoña  ||   Vast and seemingly infinite
|-
|}


== Animals ==
{|
| haña  ||  human 
|-
| heañ  ||   self-animate being, animal 
|-
| sekyií   ||  flying being 
|-
| phaq   ||  pest 
|-
| kyelex   ||  water animal 
|-
| kyiákya   ||  fish 
|-
| fwígo   ||  songbird, small bird 
|-
| fwígou   ||  large bird, bird-of-prey 
|-
| phweso   ||  fly 
|-
| phe'iphaq   ||  gnat 
|-
| íasya   ||  bee 
|-
| zis, jiíz   ||  mosquito 
|-
| zwasa   ||  eight-legged being, spider 
|-
| t'ae   ||  ant 
|-
| qhawskwa   ||  crow 
|-
| dawa   ||  snake 
|-
| seahañ   ||  deer, horse 
|-
| wala   ||  worm 
|-
| wohañ   ||  canine 
|-
| jwiswi, jwiswo   ||  mouse 
|-
| paíñ, paíga || rat
|-
| míawa   ||  feline 
|-
| hemo   ||  squirrel
|-
|}

== Plants ==
{|
| hloña, phoña-, -phoñ  || plant 
|-
| xeaf  || flower 
|-
| sui  || fruit 
|-
| fwiírga  || leaf 
|-
| zwela  || tree 
|-
| somhwi  || violet 
|-
| o'uí, o'úila  || mulberry 
|-
| fiíxa  || rose 
|-
| tyokwo  || red clover 
|-
| tyauúxiñ  || dandelion 
|-
| yae-yae  || plantain 
|-
| fougwa, fou  || cannabis 
|-
| choukwela  || chocolate 
|-
| cagwo  || datura 
|-
| jolokwo  || wormwood 
|-
| ágoxa  || sage 
|-
| fyaga  || lavender 
|-
| t'aowec  || juniper 
|-
| phiís  || maple 
|-
| nuiji  || oak 
|-
| joñdo  || birch 
|-
| wao-wao  || beech 
|-
| qsasa  || pine 
|-
| saáqma  || needle (pine, fir, spruce, cedar, etc.) 
|-
| xew  || sumac 
|-
| xom  || willow 
|-
| kyiñqo  || ginkgo 
|-
| lofaw  || sassafras 
|-
| meña  || peanut; nut
|-
| chaqophoñ  || tobacco 
|-
| pampo  || bamboo 
|-
| mícou  || acorn 
|-
| phyala  || grass 
|-
| phyeañ  || dry, poor quality grass 
|-
| phyeax  || swampy grass 
|-
| xohwoña  || lagerdoemia
|-
|}


== Natural World ==

{|
| laex   ||  water 
|-
| píoñ   ||  stone 
|-
| sekyíña   ||  crystal 
|-
| z'oq   ||  wood 
|-
| xaeq   ||  fire 
|-
| fwíaw   ||  wind, air 
|-
| fweuda   ||  ashes 
|-
| fwiítwa   ||  mist, fog, misty rain 
|-
| phiátwa   ||  rain, showering 
|-
| phyoujeu   ||  thunder 
|-
| húyox   ||  snow 
|-
| lofoña   ||  clay 
|-
| ciswi   ||  black earth 
|-
| se'a   ||  gray dirt 
|-
| 'íoño   ||  sand 
|-
| xaekwr   ||  lightning 
|-
| hawobei   ||  valley 
|-
| spáibor   ||  flatland, field, desert 
|-
| pas   ||  grassland 
|-
| ágwayo   ||  thicket 
|-
| zwelalyañ   ||  forest 
|-
| doarña   ||  hill 
|-
| kwoujeña   ||  mountain range
|-
| jwou   ||  cave 
|-
| tyíaw   ||  contained body of water, pond, lake 
|-
| xleuya   ||  flowing water, stream, creek, river 
|-
| hwájo   ||  ripple, wave 
|-
| sekyíñalaex   ||  ice 
|-
| jeuq   ||  ground, dirt 
|-
| fwía   ||  sky
|-
|}


== Celestial Phenomenon ==

{|
| weux   ||  prominent light source, sun, moon 
|-
| zheuxq   ||  sun 
|-
| taex   ||  moon 
|-
| asfeu   ||  crescent moon 
|-
| phññea   ||  full moon 
|-
| xeus    ||  cloud 
|-
| fwei   ||  sky 
|-
| pejwirña   ||  outer space 
|-
| jím   ||  star, planet 
|-
| jímlyañ   ||  constellation 
|-
| xaqajím   ||  star system 
|-
| támwei   ||  shooting star 
|-
| fwolos   ||  unusual celestial phenomenon 
|-
| qhluicas   ||  extra-terrestrial air-and-sea craft 
|-
| qhluihañ   ||  extra-terrestrial being 
|-
| yamargya   ||  the Earth 
|-
| qsaxealyañ   ||  Venus 
|-
| jamalyañ   ||  Mercury 
|-
| jímfaer   ||  Mars 
|-
| ñagwalyañ   ||  Jupiter 
|-
| haxfwilyañ   ||  Saturn 
|-
| jeikwa   ||  Uranus 
|-
| beiwor   ||  Neptune 
|-
| jahrlyañ   ||  Pluto 
|-
| cikyixi   ||  night time 
|-
| fwíaxa   ||  sunrise 
|-
| zqhae   ||  morning 
|-
| heux   ||  mid-day 
|-
| sifwía   ||  afternoon 
|-
| hexheñ   ||  sunset 
|-
| hyela   ||  date; half of the day 
|-
| hweya   ||  day; daytime 
|-
| fihyela   ||  first half of the day 
|-
| hyelañou   ||  second half of the day 		 
|-
|}


== Material Culture ==

{|
| phesq-phayo ||  head wear 
|-
| fiphesqa  ||  top, shirt, sweater 
|-
| phesqapeañ  ||  dress 
|-
| phesqañou  ||  skirt, pants 
|-
| phesqhawa  ||  throwover
|-
| lagyi  ||  ring 
|-
| syeli  ||  belt 
|-
| syeli-twis  ||  bracelet 
|-
| jemya  ||  boot leggings 
|-
| ñíña, pesq-xeaf  ||  foot wear, sandals 
|-
| tíoñ  ||  necklace; jewelry, décor 
|-
| fyagwo  ||  pocket, pouch 
|-
| chiaeq  ||  knife, cutting tool 
|-
| o'yakwae, o'ya  ||  dish, container, ceramic 
|-
| cwolo  ||  food bowl 
|-
| ñama  ||  food 
|-
| cogyi  ||  spoon 
|-
| kyáxi  ||  fireplace, oven 
|-
| laqa  ||  stick 
|-
| ñolo  ||  drinking bowl, liquid container; cup
|-
| ñoga  ||  heating stone, stove 
|-
| phecwa  ||  jug 
|-
| xqa  ||  rag 
|-
| fítahwa  ||  thin cloth; sheet 
|-
| xíwae  ||  thick, woven cloth; blanket 
|-
| fwaxiñ  ||  soft, plush, roundish object; pillow 
|-
| sowadae  ||  bed, palette, sleeping mat 
|-
| phesqajeuq  ||  floor covering, rug, carpet 
|-
| híoc  ||  seat, stool, support 
|-
| spái  ||  surface, table, counter 
|-
| háoda  ||  shelf 
|-
| fyagwo  ||  compartment, holder 
|-
| qhwosqa  ||  broom 
|-
| dogyi  ||  enclosure, room 
|-
| yoxi  ||  entrance, door 
|-
| qxlowalyañ  ||  bath, pool; sink, tub 
|-
| phíac  ||  building 
|-
| phíacalyañ  ||  village, town, city 
|-
| xamalyañ  ||  sacred space, special place 
|-
| phoñalyañ  ||  garden; farm 
|-
| xapolyañ  ||  sacred plants garden 
|-
| kwowa  ||  book, magazine, newspaper, pamphlet 
|-
| fwírga  ||  (sheet of) paper 
|-
| ceu, ciwi  ||  assorted, sundry items 
|-
| xigwo  ||  creation, construction, project, artwork 
|-
| sowic  ||  personalia 
|-
| kyíoc  ||  gift 
|-
| tíeqmakwae  ||  electronic technology, large-scale mechanical technology 
|-
| xifaci  ||  small-scale mechanical technology 
|-
| tíeqma-wajeu ||   radio 
|-
| tíeqma-sdaryo  ||  stereo 
|-
| tíeqma-telewi  ||  television 
|-
| tyíeq-maoto  ||  automobile 
|-
| tíeqma-pos  ||  bus 
|-
| tíeqma-fíamac  ||  computer 
|-
| tíeqma-foñ  ||  telephone 
|-
| tíeqma-pityiou  ||  VCR, DVD 
|-
| tíeq-macica  ||  multi-track recorder 	
|-
|} 


== Human Body ==
{|
| tyiífa  ||  upper chakras; third-eye chakra 
|-
| tyiífadae   ||  third-eye chakra proper 
|-
| fityiífa   ||  crown chakra 
|-
| yo-tyiífa   ||  chakric gateway at the base of the skull 
|-
| tyiífañou   ||  throat chakra 
|-
| tflíowa   ||  heart chakra 
|-
| saco   ||  lower chakras 
|-
| fisaco   ||  solar plexus chakra 
|-
| sacodae   ||  sacral chakra 
|-
| yo-saco   ||  tan tien 
|-
| sacoñou   ||  root chakra 
|-
| megaphú   ||  exteriorized light projection of mental energy from head chakras; aura 
|-
| tyíñ   ||  mind's eye 
|-
| ya'ae    ||  (creative) imagination 
|-
| 'halokwaer   ||  inner ear 
|-
| hoñi   ||  (creative) voice, mouth 
|-
| phayo   ||  head 
|-
| pháphapa   ||  forehead 
|-
| phyaophápha   ||  eyebrows 
|-
| phú   ||  face 
|-
| taya   ||  eyes 
|-
| doupa   ||  eyelids 
|-
| fidoupa   ||  upper eyelid 
|-
| doupañou   ||  lower eyelid 
|-
| phyaodoupa   ||  eyelashes 
|-
| awei   ||  ears 
|-
| doña   ||  nose 
|-
| fidoña   ||  ridge of nose 
|-
| doñdae   ||  bridge of nose 
|-
| doñou   ||  tip of nose 
|-
| yoxidoñ   ||  nostrils 
|-
| mweilo   ||  jaw 
|-
| phugyic   ||  cheeks 
|-
| phosca   ||  naso-labial fold 
|-
| beiwwa   ||  lips 
|-
| fibeiwwa   ||  upper lip 
|-
| mlewa   ||  mouth 
|-
| beiwwañou   ||  lowerlip 
|-
| lolo   ||  toungue 
|-
| zweqa   ||  chin 
|-
| zweqapí   ||  chin just below the lip 
|-
| zweqadae   ||  chin proper 
|-
| zweqañou   ||  soft fleshy area underneath the chin 
|-
| hlago   ||  throat 
|-
| phyala, phyao-   ||  hair, fur, feathers 
|-
| phíohwa   ||  torso 
|-
| lwaxi   ||  shoulder level 
|-
| ñockya   ||  chest level 
|-
| kwokya   ||  stomach level 
|-
| lwae   ||  shoulders 
|-
| cilr-kyíew   ||  arms 
|-
| cilr   ||  right arm 
|-
| kyíew   ||  left arm 
|-
| xekwo-qoñr   ||  legs 
|-
| xekwo   ||  left leg 
|-
| qoñr   ||  right leg 
|-
| xeaf   ||  hand, foot 
|-
| fixeaf   ||  hands 
|-
| xeafñou   ||  feet 
|-
| twis   ||  wrist, ankle 
|-
| fitwis   ||  wrist 
|-
| twisñou   ||  ankle 
|-
| fiaes   ||  palm, heel 
|-
| fifiaes   ||  lower palm 
|-
| fiaesñou   ||  heel to insole 
|-
| tac   ||  finger, toe 
|-
| fitac   ||  fingers 
|-
| taqñou   ||  toes 
|-
| asfeu   ||  fingernails 
|-
| qhawa   ||  back 
|-
| fiqhawa   ||  upper back 
|-
| qhawadae   ||  mid-back 
|-
| qhawañou   ||  lower back 
|-
| ñocr   ||  chest 
|-
| xomya   ||  breasts 
|-
| xwaña   ||  areola 
|-
| tyewei   ||  nipples 
|-
| chagwa   ||  heart 
|-
| kwowo   ||  belly 
|-
| phecha   ||  belly-button 
|-
| chúatami   ||  umbilical cord; silver cord 
|-
| xafa   ||  upper arm, thigh 
|-
| fixafa   ||  upper arm 
|-
| xafañou   ||  thigh 
|-
| soga   ||  underarm -inner upper arm, inner thigh 
|-
| fisoga   ||  underarm, inner upper arm 
|-
| sogañou   ||  inner thigh 
|-
| phyaosoga   ||  underarm hair 
|-
| pos   ||  muscular portion of upper arm or thigh 
|-
| fipos   ||  muscular portion of upper arms 
|-
| posñou   ||  muscular portion of thighs 
|-
| temña   ||  outer upper arm, outer thigh 
|-
| fitemña   ||  outer upper arm 
|-
| temñou   ||  outer thigh 
|-
| kwos   ||  forearm, shin 
|-
| fikwos   ||  forearm 
|-
| kwosñou   ||  shin 
|-
| p&quot;kwo   ||  elbow, knee 
|-
| fip&quot;kwo   ||  elbows 
|-
| p&quot;kwoñou   ||  knees 
|-
| ñohwa   ||  from the waist down 
|-
| swaca, suica   ||  pubic area 
|-
| sui-   ||  fruit; related to reproduction, sexuality, growth 
|-
| heliec   ||  vagina; genitalia 
|-
| phyalasui   ||  pubic hair 
|-
| xwopa   ||  labia minora 
|-
| yolo   ||  testicles, ovaries 
|-
| you   ||  labia majora, scrotum 
|-
| sao   ||  clitoral hood, foreskin 
|-
| sahwa   ||  clitoris, penis 
|-
| swae   ||  erection 
|-
| swali   ||  swelling 
|-
| pwoma   ||  buttocks 
|-
| í'o   ||  perineum 
|-
| wikyi   ||  anus 
|-
| dago   ||  bone 
|-
| jagi   ||  teeth 
|-
| xokwo, dagoxwaqo   ||  spine 
|-
| ñoño   ||  fatty flesh 
|-
| fwaer   ||  skin 
|-
| yoxi   ||  bodily orifice; opening, entry way; gate 
|-
| pali   ||  menstruation 
|-
| cokwa   ||  feces 
|-
| doñlae   ||  snot 
|-
| doñlae.c.taya   ||  eye-crust 
|-
| fwíaw   ||  breath 
|-
| jofya   ||  blood 
|-
| kwowolae   ||  vomit 
|-
| ñocrlae, ñowlae   ||  breast milk 
|-
| phyetyo   ||  spit 
|-
| phílago   ||  voice, vocalization 
|-
| p&quot;poa   ||  fart 
|-
| skyewa   ||  ejaculate, semen 
|-
| sopilae   ||  afterbirth 
|-
| suilae   ||  vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate 
|-
| tayalae, taelae   ||  tears 
|-
| taelae haññocr   ||  clear (pubertal) breast discharges 
|-
| swexo   ||  urine 
|-
| xpwaha   ||  diarrhea 
|-
| yáoyaw   ||  sweat 
|-
| caqs   ||  feeling out of sorts, discomfort 
|-
| cesqes   ||  itching, stinging 
|-
| fwoxwae   ||  nausea 
|-
| houchági   ||  hot-cold flashes 
|-
| hlasqaw   ||  tenderness sensation 
|-
| swoxwae   ||  morning sickness 
|-
| meqeñei   ||  hunger 
|-
| jaso   ||  stinging, burning 
|-
| sipo   ||  birth 
|-
| jehaer   ||  death 
|-
| kyícekya   ||  tickling 
|-
| ñayo   ||  ingest 
|-
| myáqui   ||  suck 
|-
| pheñda   ||  throbbing headache 
|-
| pheña   ||  stabbng headache
|-
| p&quot;kwaña   ||  need to urinate, defecate 
|-
| q&quot;agi   ||  sickness, disease, disharmony, imbalance 
|-
| sekwaña, sekya   ||  horny 
|-
| skyaca   ||  pain 
|-
| skwor   ||  suffering 
|-
| so'owa   ||  sleep 
|-
| suipañ   ||  pregnant 
|-
| sobyea   ||  give birth 
|-
| xaxama   ||  sexual gratification 
|-
| xkyei.xokwo   ||  magical energy, energy in the spine, raised kundalini 		 
|-
|}


== Mind and Emotions ==

{|
| paw   ||  mind, mentality, mental focus, state of consciousness 
|-
| fwei   ||  feeling, emotion, mental or emotional state; gut-level logic 
|-
| tíoñ   ||  immediate thoughts, memory, focus or associations 
|-
| hácwei, cheqtíoñ   ||  peripheral, subconscious, free-associative thoughts or memories 
|-
| dohaya   ||  gnosis, intuitive logic, deep understanding; faith 
|-
| jaqoña   ||  reasoning, linear or surface-level logic 
|-
| xwwiñhwa   ||  misapprehension, delusion 
|-
| famahwa   ||  neediness, feeling of lack 
|-
| phawihwa   ||  selfishness, adversariality 
|-
| famapaw   ||  forgetfulness; senility; amnesia 
|-
| heas   ||  agape, perfect love, spiritual love; energy, chi, prana 
|-
| phíqxa   ||  infatuation, romantic love 
|-
| polo   ||  affection, love 
|-
| leiñakweas   ||  feel love for through identification with 
|-
| wosa   ||  emotional ambivalence 
|-
| kyeia   ||  want, desire, need 
|-
| sqa   ||  undesired, not want, not need 
|-
| sqou   ||  prefer, preference 
|-
| skyae   ||  dream, vision, out of body travel 
|-
| homwo   ||  meditation, mind-training 
|-
| tyíaw   ||  stilled mind 
|-
| xleuha   ||  thoughts flowing 
|-
| poyopa   ||  excited, joyful 
|-
| poci   ||  happy to meet and hoping for further contact, friendship 
|-
| phuia   ||  happy, feeling good 
|-
| chaswa   ||  voluptuous feeling 
|-
| champheq   ||  feel offended, disgusted 
|-
| campeskyeñ   ||  feel like up and taking a walk 
|-
| chaokyieñ   ||  feel prepared, ready 
|-
| chaowies   ||  ready to leave 
|-
| chapui   ||  feel sheepish, embarrased, foolish 
|-
| chawiq   ||  aware of a nearby presence 
|-
| chaeq   ||  stoic feeling 
|-
| chepi   ||  feel uncomfortable, awkward, bashful 
|-
| ciñkyi   ||  feel mischievous 
|-
| chomi   ||  feel playfully ridiculous, foolish 
|-
| cwotr   ||  discomfort 
|-
| siñtáo   ||  wary, cautious 
|-
| byíawa   ||  feel anxiously, excitedly inspired to creativity by the beauty of a thing 
|-
| fwifwo   ||  admiration 
|-
| fasor   ||  emphatic, exasperated 
|-
| fe'ipou   ||  reminisce, replay, remember 
|-
| fe'ihwa   ||  recognition, re-ocurrence, deja-vú 
|-
| forswaw   ||  feeling passionate, deeply moved 
|-
| fospou   ||  feel an understanding of something sinking in without consciously reviewing the details 
|-
| fouxwo   ||  melancholy feeling 
|-
| foñtawa   ||  feel dirty, unwashed 
|-
| fwopas   ||  feel tempted, invited, welcomed 
|-
| hamimwouxa   ||  feel voluptuously vulnerable 
|-
| hágoxwei   ||  awe 
|-
| fwañae   ||  empathy, sympathy, compassion 
|-
| fwúñui   ||  feeling of fascination 
|-
| fweipou   ||  filled with emotion; dominated by emotions; thinking about one's feelings 
|-
| tlasqaw   ||  particularly sensitive feeling 
|-
| ja'i   ||  pride at another's good fortune; supportive non-malicious envy 
|-
| jaoga   ||  desparate 
|-
| jatíñ   ||  bummed out, frustrated, melancholy feeling 
|-
| kyáscou   ||  feel suspicious 
|-
| qhaeñ   ||  feel determined, single-minded 
|-
| qhlou   ||  pay attention 
|-
| qxwema, kxwehmi   ||  feel of mentally riding on waves 
|-
| lofya   ||  tentative, apprehensive 
|-
| loxa   ||  feeling of wonder, love, admiration, glorification in one's heart at the beauty of a thing 
|-
| miexr   ||  appreciate; respect 
|-
| mixphalo   ||  appreciate the beauty of, but not endorse for one's self 
|-
| mohea   ||  bored, disinterested 
|-
| phocosqo   ||  uncomforatble, slightly embarrased, self-conscious feeling like when being made fun of,  caught in th e act, etc. 
|-
| phyáqaxwei   ||  spitefulness, hatefulness; hatred out of spite 
|-
| pháqhouci   ||  hatred that follows from being wronged, &quot;evil&quot; 
|-
| pháoheñei   ||  hatred that follows from love, betrayal 
|-
| phíaphahwa   ||  depression, deep despair 
|-
| phetyui   ||  disappointed 
|-
| pfta   ||  relaxed, soothed, eased, chillin' 
|-
| phío   ||  frightened, panicked, irationally fearful, paranoid 
|-
| belwea   ||  hyper, over-excited feeling 
|-
| phopho   ||  apprehensive, afraid, startled 
|-
| safhahwei   ||  feel of wanting to be alone 
|-
| sakyo   ||  unsympathetic 
|-
| sampoqo   ||  feeling too lazy to even do simple tasks 
|-
| sfaowáowa   ||  feeling of sadness, pity, disappointment at the ignorance or negative actions of others 
|-
| sfawei   ||  feel sorry or bad for someone, sympathy 
|-
| sfea   ||  sadness 
|-
| sikwui   ||  feel sexy and desirable 
|-
| síofa   ||  sleep-deprivation high 
|-
| skyañcheñ   ||  feeling anxious, can't wait 
|-
| skyityoa   ||  surprised 
|-
| sqoma   ||  accepting, resigned 
|-
| sqoyo   ||  distracted 
|-
| súq   ||  feel hurt and confused 
|-
| saoq   ||  unmoved, undeterred, unshaken, calm, indifferent 
|-
| sogwías   ||  curious, interested 
|-
| sofawa   ||  feel content, satisfied 
|-
| súorga   ||  anger 
|-
| táqpou   ||  perturbed, disturbed 
|-
| ta.qs.ta   ||  feel deceived, tricked 
|-
| weñepaw   ||  first-impression, original feeling or intention 
|-
| fwiskyi   ||  intrigued, baffled, mystified, interested, bothered, speculating, concerned 
|-
| xagwa   ||  longing, desirous feeling 
|-
| xaqoña   ||  ready for, receptive to, seeking stimulation 
|-
| xapho   ||  tranquil, relaxed 
|-
| xáoga   ||  frustration 
|-
| xágouñi   ||  feeling of being observed 
|-
| xqhamwa, xui   ||  relaxed, chillin' 
|-
| xkyeimwi   ||  feel hurried, rushed, panicked, in danger 
|-
| xkyipor   ||  personal distaste, abhorrence, shunning of that which is undesired for one's self 
|-
| xqhláo   ||  relaxed and ready under pressure or in the face of danger 
|-
| fwou-fwou   ||  feeling mentally numb 
|-
| xoweiaq   ||  feeling wild, crazy, uninhibited, abandon 
|-
| xopokyima   ||  feel like opening up in unrestrained joyous self-expression 
|-
| xopakyama   ||  feel like opening up in unrestrained furious self-expression 
|-
| xowíama   ||  feel like opening up in unrestrained self-expression out of a desire to project one's self nature 
|-
| xwokwo-xoqo   ||  absent-minded, feeling absent-minded 
|-
| zím   ||  lucid, enlightened, clarified, clear state of mind 
|-
| zímpaw, zímxa   ||  sudden flash of insight 
|-
| xwáoleo   ||  feel like one's mind is swimming 		 
|-
|}

== Interaction ==
{|
| loa   ||  harmonization, compatible, making sense, agreeing 
|-
| phúa   ||  attraction, interest 
|-
| hiñda   ||  acquaintance, familiarity 
|-
| hui   ||  attachment, friendship, reconcilability 
|-
| kyíafa   ||  understand, recognize, realise, know 
|-
| meas   ||  deep understanding, mastery, proficient 
|-
| tyíeq   ||  appropriate, judicious, expectable, proper, correct (in context) 
|-
| tyaphala   ||  each to the other 
|-
| twoupa   ||  inter-relatedness; universal causal inter-relation 
|-
| weaña   ||  influenced, touched, handled, under the guidance of, in contact with; touch 
|-
| píac   ||  greeting, farewell 
|-
| pígwo   ||  talk, communicate 
|-
| poqa   ||  hang out, joke around 
|-
| poqi   ||  play, have fun
|-
| pyopo, popo   ||  affection, love 
|-
| heas   ||  agape, perfect love, spiritual love 
|-
| píqxa   ||  infatuation, romatic love 
|-
| xaxa   ||  pleasure, enjoyment, liking 
|-
| chiaqta   ||  chess; war 
|-
| ce'aqsa   ||  true depricatory quip meant to be humorous rather than denigrating 
|-
| chuis   ||  protection, defense 
|-
| daecho   ||  collect, capture, catch, restrain, entrap, mesmerize; bring 
|-
| dáwi   ||  response 
|-
| ewjo   ||  interpretaion, meaning, calculate, count, figure 
|-
| xewa   ||  request, provocation, prodding, initiation 
|-
| kyeia   ||  want, desire, need 
|-
| sqá   ||  undesired, not want, not need 
|-
| sqou   ||  prefer 
|-
| feas   ||  another, a different one 
|-
| fili   ||  hide, close up, cover up, de-expose (an interior) 
|-
| jeso   ||  uncover, expose 
|-
| fos   ||  working subtly behind the scenes but nonetheless relevant 
|-
| ftyeañ   ||  define, designate, differentiate, difference, establish, seperate out, remove, isolate, limit 
|-
| fweacor   ||  story, description, example, testament to, evidence 
|-
| fwiñcor   ||  display, show, show off, reveal 
|-
| haca   ||  opposition, conflict, competition; game 
|-
| hieqxa   ||  penetrate, pierce; stab 
|-
| hlae   ||  intuitive cooperation 
|-
| fweñae   ||  empathy, sympathy, compassion 
|-
| calorya   ||  relationship dynamics; politics 
|-
| cada   ||  journey, trip, excursion 
|-
| jaga   ||  violence 
|-
| jampopoyi   ||  the best result of available outcomes 
|-
| jawa   ||  grateful, thankful; generous, offering; supplicant 
|-
| jekwela   ||  murder 
|-
| jeufa   ||  devotion 
|-
| qhlou   ||  pay attention 
|-
| qhloschou   ||  eschew, avoid 
|-
| qosmaga   ||  do something expecting it won't be remembered or noticed 
|-
| qhoawa   ||  grooming, upkeep, maintenance, cleaning 
|-
| kwaemac   ||  support, conveyor, holder, transportation 
|-
| kwuixo   ||  absorb, soak up; receive, acquire; learn; sexual intercourse 
|-
| kyxkyei   ||  relationship; system, pattern, mapping 
|-
| kyxkyei.omes   ||  reality map 
|-
| laes   ||  titillating, mysterious, intriguing, enticing, sexy 
|-
| ximi   ||  cute, adorable, sweet, charming 
|-
| lafwuila   ||  complementary 
|-
| leiñdakweas   ||  feel love for through identification with 
|-
| macmi   ||  leave alone, unbothered, undisturbed 
|-
| meac   ||  facillitate; allow, permit; give; aid, help 
|-
| mica   ||  attain, achieve, graduate, finish, perform, succeed; arrive 
|-
| mikyi   ||  cooperation, compromise, diplomacy, discussion, resolution 
|-
| p&quot;depa   ||  drama, commotion, over-emotionality, intrigue, passion, attention seeking 
|-
| phawi   ||  opponent, adversary; (working) against 
|-
| pháipr   ||  not empty, filled, containing something (not necessarily full) 
|-
| pehwo   ||  task, striving, effort, project 
|-
| phuijaq   ||  interfere, bother, interrupt, hinder, oppress 
|-
| phuijaqhui   ||  oppressor, intruder, interference 
|-
| qgha'ola   ||  trade, exchange gifts 
|-
| q&quot;agi   ||  disharmony, imbalance 
|-
| qoaeja   ||  too strong, too resistant, too endurant 
|-
| cwíaq   ||  too weak, too flimsy 
|-
| qúijamwei   ||  do something expecting to remember, but forget instead 
|-
| sáfa   ||  massage 
|-
| xeñkwou   ||  reputation, the way one is perceived 
|-
| sakwei   ||  abandon, leave alone, end dealings with; exit 
|-
| sehae   ||  left uncompleted 
|-
| sakyo   ||   unsympathetic 
|-
| sagawa   ||  split, cut, divided; separation, dissociation 
|-
| sefei   ||  touch, feel 
|-
| sfawei   ||  feel sorry or bad for someone, sympathy 
|-
| xáwiq   ||  turn over, flip over; turn inside out; inverse, reverse 
|-
| skyowic   ||  break with a pattern 
|-
| smaqoña   ||  greed, excess, waste 
|-
| soq   ||  unmoved, undeterred, unshaken, calm, indifferent 
|-
| sogwías   ||  curious, interest 
|-
| sogwi   ||  mend, repair 
|-
| teia   ||  seek, search for, discover, find, invent 
|-
| teiaqci   ||  initiation, purification 
|-
| ta.qs.ta   ||  feel deceived, tricked 
|-
| tweaso   ||  forum, meeting, discussion 
|-
| weacwa   ||  ability to manipulate without confrontation or direct handling 
|-
| xáliñta   ||  active loving, performing acts of &quot;hias&quot; 
|-
| xama   ||  select, important, sacred, chosen, decided upon 
|-
| xaxama, x.ha   ||  sexual gratification 
|-
| xkyawei   ||  disperse 
|-
| xwaqo   ||  party, celebration, rite 
|-
| yagya   ||  work thoroughly, intensively, vigorously; stimulate, manipulate 
|-
| yago   ||  sexual intercourse 
|-
| yasi   ||  oro-erotic activity 
|-
| yom-yom   ||  stretched, filled up; expanded; challenged 
|-
| yoña   ||  erotic stimulation by rubbing, friction 
|-
| zápo   ||  reconciliation; atonement, make up for; payment; punishment, retaliation 
|-
| mwouhlei   ||  hug, embrace 
|-
| z'ññ   ||  kiss 
|-
| pikya   ||  kiss 
|-
|}


== Paradigmatic Concepts ==

{|
| hakwui   ||  inner aspect, interior 
|-
| wasekwui   ||  middle aspect, middle, interface 
|-
| weikwui   ||  outer aspect, exterior 
|-
| sqaxou   ||  inertia, resistance, inability, interference, stagnation 
|-
| mieqs   ||  position, location, situation, circumstance, standing motion, vibration, environment, context 
|-
| tyou   ||  position, location, situation, circumstance, standing motion, vibration, environment, context 
|-
| kwou, tyou-tyou  ||   going, directional motion, motivation, aspiration, approach, progress, orientation 
|-
| squi   ||  abstract, ideal 
|-
| pom   ||  imaginal, of the inner senses 
|-
| paña   ||  material, tangible, physical, dense 
|-
| júakwaño   ||  Universal memory, &quot;superconsious&quot; 
|-
| fwohae   ||  gnosis, intuitive logic, deep understanding; faith 
|-
| jaqoña   ||  reasoning, linear or surface-level logic 
|-
| paw, -pou   ||  mind, mentality, mental focus, state of consciousness 
|-
| fwei, -hwa   ||  feeling, emotion, mental or emotional state; gut-level logic 
|-
| xama   ||  select, important, sacred, chosen, decided upon 
|-
| lawa   ||  reality, experience, belief, world, dream, mental space 
|-
| mesis   ||  word or phrase, symbol, perception, description 
|-
| ewjo   ||   interpretaion, meaning, calculate, count, figure, analysis 
|-
| phuia   ||  happiness, joy 
|-
| hleu   ||  harmonious, aesthetic or spiritual beauty 
|-
| xaxa   ||  pleasure, enjoyment, liking 
|-
| loa   ||  harmonization, compatible, making sense, agreeing 
|-
| phúa   ||  attraction, interest 
|-
| hiñda   ||  acquaintance, familiarity 
|-
| hui   ||  attachment, friendship, reconcilability 
|-
| tyíeq   ||  appropriate, judicious, expectable, proper, correct (in context) 
|-
| líwaxou   ||  ebb and flow 
|-
| tama   ||  mystery, secret, esoterica 
|-
| twoupa   ||  inter-relatedness; universal causal inter-relationship 
|-
| haela   ||  oddly juxtaposed, unexpected, interesting, unique, quirky, enigmatic, &quot;twisted around&quot;, innovative, energized, beautiful; the odd position, somewhat disturbing; influx of unexpected change into stagnation 
|-
| t'aí   ||   path; way, manner, destiny, lifestyle, art, religion, education 
|-
| meac, -mac   ||  facillitate; allow, permit; give; aid, help 
|-
| wíaña   ||  influenced, touched, handled, under the guidance of, in contact with; touch 
|-
| weu   ||  (mental) creation, ideation, invention, discovery, origination, getting underway 
|-
| fwayoña   ||  manifest, realize, bring about 
|-
| súaq   ||  overall (metaphysical) effectiveness, ability, capability; health 
|-
| jiwa, -jir   ||  mental or theoretical effectiveness, ability, capability 
|-
| pyáo   ||  physical effectiveness, ability, capability; in working condition 
|-
| teia   ||  seek, search for, discover, find, invent 
|-
| xqei   ||  cycle, pattern; feel, groove; drumming 
|-
| kyxkyei   ||  system, formula, mapping, relationship, organization, structure 
|-
| síoq   ||  lesson, achievement, art work, &quot;karma&quot;, experience, tenet, step (along a path), episode,
detail 		 
|-
|}


== Links ==
* [[Draga]]
* [http://slxlr.true.ws/lang draqa Homepage]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Extension DPL</title>
    <id>8379</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56203</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-25T19:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Template:Extension DPL</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;This page was automatically created. It serves as an anchor page for all '''[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Extension_DPL|invocations]]''' of [http://mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:DynamicPageList Extension:DynamicPageList (DPL)].&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Tropylium/Future Mandarin</title>
    <id>8380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56207</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-26T00:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Vowel system ideas */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Vowel system ideas==
{| class=wikitable
! Current system&lt;br/&gt;(phonetical) !! 1. əŋ → ɤŋ&lt;br/&gt;2. ŋ → n&lt;br/&gt;3. wɔ → ɔ !! Collapse fall. difthongs&lt;br/&gt;œ ɑ ʊ → ɛ ɔ u !! 1. y ɥ(œ) → ju w(ɛ)&lt;br/&gt;2. j → ∅ / pal_, _ɛ
|-
| ɹ ||
|-
| ɻ ɻr ||
|-
| i in iŋ ir || i in ir ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| i iː wiː in ir wiːr ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| i iː in ir&lt;br&gt;wiː wiːr
|-
| ej wej wejr || ej wej wejr
|- 
| ɥœ || ɥœ ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| jɛ ɥɛ ɛː wɛː jɛn ɥɛn ɛːr ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ɛ ɛː ɛn ɛːr&lt;br/&gt;wɛ wɛː wen
|-
| jɛ jɛn ɥɛn || jɛ jɛn ɥɛn
|-
| aj waj ajr || aj waj ajr
|-
| a ja wa an wan ar jar war || a ja wa an wan ar jar war || a ja wa an wan ar jar war || a an ar&lt;br/&gt;ja jar&lt;/br&gt;wa wan war
|-
| ən wən əŋ (wəŋ) || ən wən || ən wən || ən&lt;br/&gt;wən
|-
| ɑŋ jɑŋ wɑŋ || ɑn jɑn wɑn || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ɔ ɔː jɔː ɔn jɔn wɔn ɔr ɔːr || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ɔ ɔː ɔn ɔr ɔːr&lt;br/&gt;jɔː jɔn&lt;/br&gt;wɔn
|-
| ɑw jɑw ɑwr || ɑw jɑw ɑwr
|-
| wɔ wɔr || ɔ ɔr
|-
| ɤ ɤr || ɤ ɤn (wɤn) ɤr || ɤ ɤn (wɤn) ɤr || ɤ ɤn (wɤn) ɤr
|-
| ow jow owr || ow jow owr ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| u uː juː un (jun) ur uːr ||rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| u uː un ur uːr&lt;br/&gt;ju juː jun jur
|-
| ʊŋ jʊŋ || ʊn jʊn
|-
| u ur || u ur
|-
| y yn yr || y yn yr || y yn yr
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kashmir</title>
    <id>8381</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56450</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-04T22:13:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed to &quot;Rajadom of Kashmir&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jammu</title>
    <id>8382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56233</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-27T02:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Moved to Rajadom of Jammu.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Jammu</title>
    <id>8383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58606</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T00:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* History */ New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Jammu'''&lt;br/&gt;'''???'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | Flag of Rajadom of Jammu
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | emblem
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of United Rajadom of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Winter Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Srinigar
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 34° 4' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 74° 49' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Summer Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Jammu City
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 32° 43' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 74° 52' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | constitutional monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Highness 
|-
| '''Head of Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | ???
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Dogri
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbarka]] Hinduism 79%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Udasi|Udasi]] Sikhism 18%&lt;br&gt;Other 3%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Dogri|Dogri]] 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Nepali|Nepali]]&lt;br&gt;Hindi&lt;br&gt;Punjabi
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1820
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1921
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 26,293 km²&lt;br&gt;10,152 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 2,718,000
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogra]] 53%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Punjabi|Punjabi]] 25%&lt;br&gt;indigenous tribes 32%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | JM
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | JMM
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | JMM
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | JMM
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==History==
Texts in '''bold''' print are points of departure.
*Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century B.C. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. Having satisfied their thirst, the animals went their own ways. The Raja was amazed, abandoned the idea of hunting and returned to his companions. Recounting what he had seen, he exclaimed that this place, where a lion and a lamb could drink water side by side, was a place of peace and tranquility. The Raja had a palace built at this place and a city was founded around it. This city became known as Jambu-Nagar, which then later changed into Jammu.
*The city is mentioned in the [[Wikipedia:Mahabharata|Mahabharata]]. Excavations near [[Wikipedia:Akhnoor|Akhnoor]], 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu City, provide evidence that Jammu was once part of the [[Wikipedia:Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] civilization.
*In 321 B.C. [[Wikipedia:Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta Maurya]] (340-298) conquered the [[Wikipedia:Nanda Dynasty|Nanda Empire]] in a series of battles, ending with the siege of the capital city Kusumapura. He, thus founded the powerful [[Wikipedia:Maurya Empire|Maurya Empire]] in northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.
*The [[Wikipedia:Kushan|Kushan]] Empire originally formed in the first century A.D. in ancient Bactria on either side of the middle course of the [[Wikipedia:Amu Darya|Amu Darya]] River in what is now northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. First mentioned by the Chinese, the Kushans were originally a tribe of the [[Wikipedia:Yuezhi|Yuezhi]], living north of the Great Wall and subject to the [[Wikipedia:Rouran Khaganate|Rouran]] (Jwen-Jwen). During the first and early second centuries the Kushans expanded rapidly across the northern part of the Indian subcontinent at least as far as [[Wikipedia:Saketa|Saketa]] and [[Wikipedia:Sarnath|Sarnath]] near Benares. Inscriptions have been found dated to the first few years of era of the most famous Kushan ruler, [[Wikipedia:Kanishka|Kanishka]] which apparently began about 127.  They threatened the Gupta empire but were eventually driven out of India in 528 by a Hindu coalition.
*In the early fourth century, [[Wikipedia:Chandragupta II|Chandragupta II the Great]] Vikramaditya (375-415) conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both inside of and outside of India. After finishing his campaign in the east and west of India, he proceeded northwards, subjugating the Parasikas (Persians), [[Wikipedia:Huna people|Hunas]] and Kambojas located in the [[Wikipedia:Amu Darya|Amu Darya]] Valley. After that, he proceeded to cross the Himalayas and brought the [[Wikipedia:Kinnara#India|Kinnaras]], [[Wikipedia:Kirata|Kiratas]], and others in the north into India proper. He controlled a vast empire, which extended from the mouth of the Ganges in the west to the mouth of the Indus River in the east, and from what is now northern Pakistan down to the mouth of the [[Wikipedia:Narmada River|Narmada River]].
*After 480, the area was dominated by the [[Wikipedia:Hephthalite|Hephthalites]] and ruled from [[Wikipedia:Kapisa|Kapisa]] and [[Wikipedia:Kabul|Kabul]]. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of [[Wikipedia:Timur|Timur]].
*1703-1725 - Dhruv Dev drove out the Mughals and re-established the independence of Jammu.
*1725-1782 - Ranjit Dev allied with Afghanistan and increased his territory.
**1779 - Attempted to conquer Kashmir, but failed.
*1782-1787 - Brijraj Dev is invaded by Ranjit Singh, a vassal of Punjab.
*1787-1797 - Sampuran Singh.
*1797-1816 - Jit Singh, son of Mian Dalal Singh, son of Brijraj Dev, succeeded on death of cousin.  Conquered by Ranjit Singh of Kashmir and annexed.
**1804 - Signs Treaty of Yamuna with Maharaja Prithvi Van Singh of Nepal.
*1816-1820 - Interregnum.
*1820-1822 - Kishore Singh installed instead of his cousin.
*1822-1856 - Gulab Singh, in the Treaty of Amritsar, March 16, 1846, transferred Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit and Hazara.  He abdicated on February 20, 1856, for his son. He died on June 30, 1857.
**1836 - Annexes the Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Basholi|Basholi]].
*1856-1885 - Ranbir Singh.
*1885-1925 - Pratap Singh.
*1925-1961 - Hari Singh succeeded on death of father.
*1961 - Karun Singh
*Vikrmadhitya Singh
*Mriganka Singh b. 1991

The land witnessed changes of control following invasions by the Sikhs, before finally being conquered and placed under the control of Maharaja [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839) in the nineteenth century, becoming part of the Sikh Empire in 1816. Raja Jit Singh was expelled and found refuge in India. Ranjit Singh appointed a governor to administer the newly conquered area which was expanded in 1819 with the annexation of Kashmir by a Sikh force. In 1820, in appreciation of services rendered by the family, and by [[Wikipedia:Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] (1792-1857) in particular, Ranjit Singh bestowed Jammu as a hereditary fief upon Kishore Singh. Kishore Singh died in 1822 and Gulab Singh was confirmed as Raja of Jammu by his suzerain, Ranjit Singh. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Raja Gulab Singh asserted his independence and is thus the founder of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Gulab Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]] (1830-1885) who reigned from 1857 until his death.

Ranbir Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1848-1925), who reigned from 1885 until his death. '''Dissatisfied with this situation, Jammu threatened to rebel and secede from the kingdom.  In an effort to quell the rising nationalism, Pratap Singh in 1921, created a dual monarchy.  Each nation was set up as sovereign, but joined in a personal union with the [[Wikipedia:Dogra Dynasty|Dogra Dynasty]].'''

Pratap Singh was succeeded by his nephew [[Wikipedia:Hari Singh|Hari Singh]] (1895-1961) who reigned from 1925 '''until his death'''.

'''Hari Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Karan Singh|Karan Singh]] (1931-1984), who reigned from 1961 until his death.'''

'''Karan Singh was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya (1964-), who is presently reigning'''. In 1987, he married the Chitrangada Scindia.

====Styles====
*The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wife of the maharajah, the maharani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*The heir apparent, the maharaj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The younger sons and daughters of the maharaja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses. 

====Rule of Succession====
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Gulab Singh.

==Toponymy==
According to legend, Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in the 14th century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became Jammu.

==Government==

====Provinces====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=12% | Province&lt;br&gt;(''anchal'')
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=7% | Capital
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=8% | Area
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=8% | Pop.
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=12% | Prefectures&lt;br&gt;(''jilla'')
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; width=53% | Notes
|-
| Jammu (J)
| Jammu
| 3,097 km²
| 1,588,000
| Jammu (JJ)&lt;br&gt;Akhnur (JA)&lt;br&gt;Bishnah (JB)&lt;br&gt;Ranbirsinghpur (JR)
| 
|-
| Kathua (K)
| Kathua
| 2,651 km²
| 550,00
| Kathua (KK)&lt;br&gt;Bani (KB)&lt;br&gt;Billawar (KL)&lt;br&gt;Basholi (KS)&lt;br&gt;Hiranagar (KH)
| 
|-
| Doda (D)
| Doda
| 11,691 km²
| 691,000
| Doda (DD)&lt;br&gt;Bhaderwah (DB)&lt;br&gt;Ramban (DR)&lt;br&gt;Kishtwar (DK)
| 
|-
| Udhampur (U)
| Udhampur
| 4,450 km²
| 38,000
| Udhampur (UU)&lt;br&gt; Ramnagar (UR)&lt;br&gt;Chenani (UC)&lt;br&gt;Majalta (UM)
|
|-
| Rajauri (R)
| Rajauri
| 2,630 km²
| 483,000
| Rajauri (RR)&lt;br&gt;Darhal (RD)&lt;br&gt;Koteranka (RK)&lt;br&gt;Kalakot (RK)&lt;br&gt;Nowshera (RN)&lt;br&gt;Thannamandi (RT)
|
|-
| Poonch (P)
| Poonch
| 1,674 km²
| 23,000
| Mendhar (PM)&lt;br&gt;Haveli (PH)&lt;br&gt;Surankot (PS) 
|-
| Lahaul and Spiti (L)
| Keylong
| 20,236 km²
| 102,000
| Kinnaur (LK)&lt;br&gt;Lahaul and Spiti (LL)
| 
|-
| Chamba (C)
| Chamba
| 14,925 km²
| 2,314,000
| Chamba (CC)&lt;br&gt;Hamirpur (CH)&lt;br&gt;Kangra (CK)&lt;br&gt;Una (CU)
| 
|-
| Bilaspur (B)
| Bilaspur
| 10,620 km²
| 1,373,000
| Bilaspur (BB)&lt;br&gt;Kullu (BK)&lt;br&gt;Mandi (BM)
| 
|-
| Shimla (S)
| Shimla
| 9,892 km²
| 1,378,000
| Shimla(SS)&lt;br&gt;Simaur (SM)&lt;br&gt;Solan (SL)
| 
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 81,866 km², slightly smaller than *here's* Kansas.'''

==Geography==
*Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the [[Wikipedia:Sivalik Hills|Sivalik Hills comprises most of the region of North Jammu. The [[Wikipedia:Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal Range]], the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying [[Wikipedia:Tawi River|Tawi River]] basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of North Jammu. The Pir Panjal range separates North Jammu from the Kashmir valley.
*South Jammu is a mountainous region with elevations ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) above sea level. The drainage system is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain.  South Jammu provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins. The drainage systems of the region are the the [[Wikipedia:Chenab|Chenab]], the [[Wikipedia:Ravi River|Ravi]], the [[Wikipedia:Beas River|Beas]], the [[Wikipedia:Sutlej River|Sutlej]] and the [[Wikipedia:Yamuna|Yamuna]]. The Yamuna River forms the boundary between Jammu and Nepal. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.

===Borders===
''Based, as much as possible, on World Map 2001.''

Jammu is bordered by on the:

North: Kashmir&lt;br&gt;
East: Ladakh&lt;br&gt;
Southeast: Nepal&lt;br&gt;
South: Samraj&lt;br&gt;
Southwest: Rajputana&lt;br&gt;
West: Sikh R.S.

'''The Rajadom of Jammu is contiguous with *here's* Jammu portion of the Indian state of Kashmir and Jammu, and the Indian state of [[Wikipedia:Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]].'''

==Climate==
*In Jammu the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March.
*In the summer, the weather is very hot and the temperature can reach 40°C (104 °F) while in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of 650 millimetres (25.5 inches).
*In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures around 29 °C (84°F).

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:argali|argali]] (''Ovis ammon hodgsoni'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Western tragopan|western tragopan]] (''Tragopan melanocephalus'']
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Cypripedium|heart-lip lady's slipper]] (''Cypripedium cordigerum'')
*National tree: [[Wikipedia:Almond|almond]] (''Prunus dulcis'')
*National dish: yakhni (roast lamb)
**For a crest, 
*National aviation roundel: 
*National instrument: 
*National colors: deep saffron and blue

===Dogri holidays===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; | Date
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; | Name
! style=&quot;background: #ff9933; border-bottom: 10px solid blue;&quot; | Notes
|-
| 13 January
| [[Wikipedia:Lohri|Lohri]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 20 January
| [[Wikipedia:Vasant Panchami|Vasant Panchami]]
|
|-
| 14 February
| The Queen's Birthday
| Mothers' Day
|-
| 1 March
| [[Wikipedia:Holi|Holi]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 14 April
| Navavarsha
| Dogri New Year (2010 only)
|-
| 24 May
| The King's Coronation
|
|-
| 4 July
| The King's Birthday
| Fathers' Day
|-
| 24 August
| [[Wikipedia:Raksha Bandan|Raksha Bandan]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 1 September
| [[Wikipedia:Krishna_Janmashtami|Krishna Janmashtami]]
| (2010 only) 
|-
| 8 October
| [[Wikipedia:Navratri|Navratri]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 1 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lakshmi Puja|Lakshmi Puja]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 4 November
| [[Wikipedia:Diwali|Diwali]]
| (2010 only)
|}

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Kashmir</title>
    <id>8384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58631</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T20:32:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Kashmiri holidays */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Kashmir'''&lt;br/&gt;'''???'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | Flag of the Rajadom of Kashmir
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | emblem
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Kashmir
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Winter Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Srinigar
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 34° 4' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 74° 49' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Summer Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Jammu City
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 32° 43' 60&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 74° 52' 0&quot; E
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Government'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | constitutional monarchy
|- 
| '''Head of State'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Royal Highness ???
|- 
| '''Head of Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | ???
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Kashmiri
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Nihang|Nihang]] Sikhism 84%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivism]] 13%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Vajrayana|Vajrayana]] Buddhism 3%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Kashmiri 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Nepali
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 596
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1820
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 121,586 km²&lt;br&gt;46,945 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 6,000,000
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  |
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (?) = 240 paisa (?)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | KI
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | KSH
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | KSH
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | KSH
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | ???
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | ???
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==History==
Text in '''bold''' print indicates PoD.

===Pre-Islam===
Kashmir was one of the major centers of Sanskrit scholarship. According to the [[Wikipedia:Mahabharata|Mahabharata]], the [[Wikipedia:Kambojas|Kambojas]] ruled Kashmir during the [[Wikipedia:Indian epic poetry|epic]] period with a republican system of government from the capital city of Rajapura. Later, the [[Wikipedia:Panchala|Panchala]]s established their sway and their king Pravarasena II founded the city of [[Wikipedia:Srinagar|Parvasenpur]]. [[Wikipedia:Asoka|Asoka]], the great ruler of the [[Wikipedia:Maurya|Mauryan]] Empire introduced Buddhism to the region.  The new religion co-existed peacefully with the dominant Hindu culture.

Kashmir became an important seat of Buddhist learning, dominated by the [[Wikipedia:Sarvastivada|Sarvastivadan]] school. Monks from eastern and central Asia visited the kingdom. In the late fourth century A.D., the famous [[Wikipedia:Kucha|Kucha]]nese monk [[Wikipedia:Kumarajiva|Kumarajiva]], born to an Indian noble family, studied in Kashmir under the great scholar Bandhudatta. He later became a prolific translator who helped introduce Buddhism to China. [[Wikipedia:Vimalaksa|Vimalaksa]], a Sarvastivadan Buddhist monk, travelled from Kashmir to Kucha and there instructed Kumarajiva in the ''[[Wikipedia:Buddhist texts#Vinaya|Vinayapitaka]]''. Although Buddhism was widespread in Kashmir long before the time of [[Wikipedia:Asoka|Asoka]], it enjoyed his patronage, as well as that not only of the Buddhist rulers but of Hindu and early Muslim rulers as well.  From Kashmir, it spread to the neighboring Ladakh.

===Muslim rule===
'''The Abbasid Caliphate, during their stay in Persia, expanded into Afghanopakistan and northern India, but the new religion had little impact on the mass of the people and remained the religion of the ruling elite only.'''

In 1339, in the vacuum left by the fall of the Abassid Caliphate, Shams-ud-Din Shah Mir became the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Miri dynasty. He came from [[Wikipedia:Swat (princely state)|Swat]], a tribal territory on the eastern border of Afghanistan.  Until his death in 1342, he played a notable role in the political history of the valley.

Shah Mir was succeeded by his eldest son Jamshid, but he was deposed by his brother Ali Sher '''five months later'''. Ali Sher ascended the throne assuming the royal name Alauddin.

The Muslim rulers lived in relative harmony with their Hindu and Buddhist subjects, due partly to the similarity of the Sufi way of life of the rulers to the [[Wikipedia:Rishi|Rishi]] tradition of the Kashmiri Hindus. This led to a syncretic culture in some areas where Hindus and Muslims revered the same local saints and prayed at the same shrines.

Most of the Kashmiri rulers, such as Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, were tolerant of the religions of their subjects. However, several were intolerant, of whom Sultan [[Wikipedia:Sikandar Butshikan|Sikandar Butshikan]] (1389-1413) and his (former Brahmin) minister Saif ud-Din were the worst. Historians have recorded many of the atrocities carried out in his persecution of the Hindus and Buddhists. He even went so far as to proscribe the residence of anyone other than a Muslim in Kashmir.

===Sikh/Hindu rule===
*In 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the Raja of Jammu, the Rajadom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir Valley) was captured by the Sikhs under [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] of [[Wikipedia:Lahore|Lahore]] and became tributary to the Sikh R.S. until 1846.
**In 1809, the Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Chamba (district)|Chamba]] is became tributary to the Sikhi R.S.

*Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, [[Wikipedia:Gulab Singh|Gulab Singh]], subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns, especially in the conquest of the Kashmir Valley in 1819, which ended a thousand years of Muslim rule. For his services, he was created the first Mahararaja of Jammu in 1820 beginning the Dogra Dynasty. With the help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon annexed '''Kashmir''', and the Buddhist kingdoms of Ladakh and Baltistan.
**In 1819, the Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Poonch|Poonch]] is annexed.
**In 1836, the Rajadom of [[Wikipedia:Basholi|Basholi]] is annexed.
**'''To emphasize his break from the Sikh R.S. in 1846, Gulab Singh embraced the Hindu faith.'''
**'''In 1846, the Rajadom of Chamba is annexed outright.'''

*[[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]] succeeded upon his father's death in 1857.
**Carrying out his expansionist policies, between 1861 and 1867 he added the emirates of Astore, Hunza-Nagar, and Gilgit to the rajadom.

*[[Wikipedia:Partab Singh of Kashmir|Partab Singh]] (1830-1885) succeeded his father in 1885.

*[[Wikipedia:Hari Singh|Hari Singh]] (1895-1961), the son of Partab Singh's brother Amar, succeeded to the throne in 1925.

*'''[[Wikipedia:Karan Singh|Karan Singh]] (1931-2003) succeeded upon the death his father in 1961.'''  He was married to Yasho Rajya Lakshmi (1939-2009), the granddaughter of Mohan Rana, the last Rana prime minister of Nepal.

*'''Karan Singh's eldest son, Vikramaditya, succeeds his father in 2003.'''  Kashmir's rules of succession are based on male primogeniture so his older sister does not succeed.
Dates in ''italics'' print are points of departure.

===The Dogra Rajas of Kashmir===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| colspan = 5 align = center | 
|-
| style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=18% | '''Name'''
| style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=8% | '''Succeeds'''
| style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=8% | '''Reign'''
| style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=5% | '''Died'''
| style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=61% | '''Notes'''
|-
| 1) Gulab Singh
|
| 1846-1857
| 1857
| 
|-
| 2) Ranbir Singh
| father
| 1857-1885
| 1885
| 
|-
| 3) Partab Singh
| father
| 1885-1925
| 1925
| 
|-
| 4) Hari Singh
| uncle
| 1925-1961
| 1961
| son of Partab's brother Amar
|-
| 5) Karan Singh
| father
| 1961-2003
| 2003
| 
|-
| 4) Vikramaditya Singh
| father
| 2003
| 
| 
|}

====Styles====
*The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wife of the maharajah, the maharani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*The heir apparent, the maharaj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The younger sons and daughters of the maharaja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses. 

====Rule of Succession====
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Gulab Singh.

===Conquests===
====Astore====
*Astore is the region around the Astore Valley located *here* in [[Wikipedia:Astore District|Astore District]] in the autonomous Pakistani region of [[Wikipedia:Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan]]. The valley, adjoining the eastern side of [[Wikipedia:Nanga Parbat|Nanga Parbat]] Mountain, is about 120 km long with an area of 5,092 km².
*The entrance of the valley is located about 60 km southeast of Gilgit with four side-valleys. The majority of the people practice subsistence agriculture and livestock is the main source of livelihood complemented by seasonal work. Due to its diverse landscape and climatic conditions the valley provides excellent habitat for a variety of commercially important medicinal plants.
*A Persian adventurer is said to have married a princess of the Skārdu reigning family. The four sons born of this union became ras of Skārdu, Astor, Rondu, and Kharmang respectively, and from them descended the families of the chiefs of those places. The independence of Astore ceased with the conquest by the [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogra]] Rajadom of Kashmir.

==Toponymy==
The ''Nilamata Purana'' describes the origin of Kashmir as coming from का ''ka'' (water) + शिमिरि ''shimir'' (to desiccate). Hence, Kashmir denotes “a land desiccated from water”. An alternative etymology proposes that Kashmir is a contraction of either ''Kashyap-mir(a)'' or ''Kashyapmeru'', denoting the “sea of Kashyapa” or the “mountain of Kashyapa”, eponyms of the sage [[Wikipedia:Rishi|Rishi]] [[Wikipedia:Kashyapa|Kashyapa]], the sage being credited with having drained the primordial Satisar Lake that occupied the Kashmir Valley before he reclaimed it from the water.

==Government==

====Provinces====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=10% | Province&lt;br&gt;(''anchal'')
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=10% | Capital
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=10% | Area
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=10% | Population
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=10% | Prefectures&lt;br&gt;(''jilla'')
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=50% | Notes
|-
| Anantnag
| Anantnag
| 3,984 km²&lt;br&gt;1,538  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Baramulla
| Baramulla
| 4,588 km²&lt;br&gt;1,771  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Budgam
| Budgam
| 1,371 km²&lt;br&gt;529 mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Kupwara
| Kupwara
| 2,379 km²&lt;br&gt;919  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Pulwama
| Pulwama
| 1,370 km²&lt;br&gt;529  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Srinagar
| Srinagar
| 2,228 km²&lt;br&gt;860  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Muzaffarab
| Muzaffarab
| 9,738 km²&lt;br&gt;3,760  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Gilgit
| Gilgit
| 39,300 km²&lt;br&gt;15,172  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Astore
| Astore
| 8,657 km²&lt;br&gt;3,342  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Diamir
| Chilas
| 10,936 km²&lt;br&gt;4,233  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Ghizar
| Gakuch
| 9,635 km²&lt;br&gt;3,720  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Ghanche
| Khaplu
| 9,400 km²&lt;br&gt;3,629  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|-
| Skardu
| Skardu
| 18,000 km²&lt;br&gt;6,950  mi²
| 
| 
| 
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 121,586 km², slightly larger than *here's* North Korea.'''

==Geography==

===Borders===
''Based, as much as possible, on World Map 2001.''

Kashmir is bordered by on the:

Northeast: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Ladakh&lt;br&gt;
South: Jammu&lt;br&gt;
West: Sikh RS&lt;br&gt;
Northwest: Moghul National Realm

'''The Rajadom of Kashmir is contiguous with *here's* Kashmir portion of the Indian state of [[Wikipedia:Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the Pakistani states of [[Wikipedia:Azad Kashmir|Azad Kashmir]] (north of Poonch) and [[Wikipedia:Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan]], including the [[Wikipedia:Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]].

==Climate==
*In Kashmir the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches (635 millimetres) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3.3 inches) per month.
*Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloudbands break up and the climate is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and the humidity is very low. This region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,750 ft) above sea level experiences winters that are extremely cold. The average January temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) with extremes as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). All the rivers freeze over and the people actually cross the rivers during this period because glacier melt in the summer inhibits crossing.
*In the summer the days are typically a warm 20 °C (68 °F) but, with the low humidity and thin air, the nights can still be cold.

==Economy==

==Demographics==

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:Kashmir stag|Kashmir stag]] (''Cervus elaphus hanglu'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Lanceolated jay|Lanceolated jay]] (''Garrulus lanceolatus'']
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Saffron crocus|Saffron crocus]] (''Crocus sativus'')
*National tree: [[Wikipedia:Betula utilis|Himalayan birch]] (''Betula utilis'')
*National dish: [[Wikipedia:Rogan josh|rogan josh]] (lamb curry)
*National emblem:
**For supporters, 
**For a crest, 
*National aviation roundel: 
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:Santoor|santoor]]
*National colors: blue and [[Wikipedia:saffron (color)|deep saffron]]

===Kashmiri holidays===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=15% | Date
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=20% | Name
! style=&quot;background: #0000ff; border-bottom: 10px solid orange;&quot; width=65% | Notes
|-
| 5 January
| Birthday of Guru [[Wikipedia:Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]]
| 
|-
| 20 January
| [[Wikipedia:Vasant Panchami|Vasant Panchami]]
|
|-
| 14 February
| The Queen's Birthday
| Mothers' Day
|-
| 1 March
| [[Wikipedia:Holi|Holi]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 14 March
| New Year's Day
|
|-
| 14 April
| [[Wikipedia:Vaisakhi|Vaisakhi]]
| Founding of the [[Wikipedia:Khalsa|Khalsa]]
|-
| 24 May
| The King's Coronation
|
|-
| 4 July
| The King's Birthday
| Fathers' Day
|-
| 24 August
| [[Wikipedia:Raksha Bandhan|Raksha Bandhan]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 1 September
| Consecration of the [[Wikipedia:Adi Granth|Adi Granth]] in the [[Wikipedia:Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]
| (2010 only) 
|-
| 8 October
| [[Wikipedia:Navratri|Navratri]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 1 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lakshmi Puja|Lakshmi Puja]]
| (2010 only)
|-
| 4 November
| [[Wikipedia:Diwali|Diwali]]
| (2010 only)
|}

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rajadom of Ladakh</title>
    <id>8385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59109</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T13:46:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Ladakhi holidays */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; vertical-align: top; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: 24em; background: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
|+ style=&quot;margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.1em;&quot; |  '''The Rajadom of Ladakh'''&lt;br/&gt;'''???'''
|- style=&quot;border-top-style: hidden;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
    {| style=&quot;text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;&quot;
    |-
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;&quot;&gt;[[]]&lt;/span&gt;
    | style=&quot;border: 0; vertical-align: middle;&quot; | [[]]
    |- style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | Flag of the Rajadom of Ladakh
    | style=&quot;border: 0;text-align: center;&quot; | emblem
    |}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot; | [[]]&lt;br /&gt;map of Ladakh
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Capital'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Leh
|-
| Coordinates
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | latitude: 39° 08' 43&quot; N&lt;br&gt;longitude: 77° 34' 03&quot; E
|- 
| '''Head of State'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | His Majesty Jigmed Wangchuk Namgyal 
|- 
| '''Head of Government'''
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | '''Demonym'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Ladakhi
|- 
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Religions'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Vajrayana|Vajarayana]] Buddhism 94%
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Krishnaism|Krishnaism]] 4%&lt;br&gt;Sikhism 2%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Languages'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] 77%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Hindi|Hindi]] 8%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 5%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Founding'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 842
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Independence'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 1842
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Area'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 45,110 km²&lt;br&gt;17,417 mi²
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Population'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | 134,000
|-
| Ethnicities
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | Tibetans 72%&lt;br&gt;[[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]] 15%&lt;br&gt; Sikhs 8%&lt;br&gt;Hindus 5%
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Currency'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; |1 Himalayan Rupee (Rs) = 20 sukaa (s) = 240 paisa (p)
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Time zone'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | UTC +6:00
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''ISO Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | LD
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Telephone Code'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Registration'''
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Aviation|Aviation]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | LDK
|-
| [[wikipedia:call sign#Amateur_radio|Amateur radio]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | LDK
|-
| [[wikipedia:ITU prefix|Radio prefix]]
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot; | LDK
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Organizations'''
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top;&quot; | Himalayan Confederacy
|-
| style=&quot;border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; | '''Sports'''
|-
| Official
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | 
|-
| Other
| style=&quot;padding: 0 1em 0 0; text-align:left; vertical-align: top;&quot;  | 
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==History==
Texts in '''bold''' print are points of departure.

Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh show that the area has been inhabited from Neolithic times. Ladakh's earliest inhabitants consisted of a mixed Indo-Aryan population of [[Wikipedia:Mon people|Mons]] and [[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]], who find mention in the works of Herodotus, Nearchus, Megasthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the geographical lists of the [[Wikipedia:Puranas|Puranas]]. Around the first century, Ladakh was a part of the [[Wikipedia:Kushan Empire|Kushan Empire]]. Buddhism spread into western Ladakh from Kashmir in the second century when much of eastern Ladakh and western Tibet was still practicing the [[Wikipedia:Bön|Bön]] religion. One of the five principal spiritual schools of Tibetan Buddhism, it remains the predominant religion of the rajadom. The seventh century Buddhist traveler [[Wikipedia:Xuanzang|Xuanzang]] also describes the region in his accounts.

In the eighth century, Ladakh was involved in the clash between Tibetan expansion pressing from the east and Chinese influence exerted from Central Asia through the passes. Suzerainty over Ladakh frequently changed hands between China and Tibet.

In 842, upon the dissolution of the Tibetan empire, Nyima-Gon, a Tibetan royal representative, annexed Ladakh for himself and founded a separate Ladakhi dynasty. During this period Ladakh acquired a predominantly Tibetan population. The dynasty promoted the second spreading of Buddhism (the first being the one in Tibet itself), importing religious ideas from northwest India, particularly from Kashmir.

In 912, Nyi-ma-mon, a great-grandson of [[Wikipedia:Langdarma|Langdarma]], the last king of the Tibetan Kingdom of Tubo, established a kingdom in [[Wikipedia:Ngari|Ngari]] and annexed [[Wikipedia:Burang County|Purang]] and [[Wikipedia:Guge|Guge]]. Before dying, he divided his lands into three parts. His eldest son, Dal-gyi-mon, became the ruler of Mar-yul (Ladakh), his second son, Bra-shis-mon, received Guge-Purang, and the third son, Le-tsug-mon, received [[Wikipedia:Zanskar|Zanskar]].

Faced with the Islamic intrusions into South Asia in the thirteenth century, Ladakh sought guidance in religious matters from Tibet. For nearly two centuries, until the beginning of the seventeenth century, Ladakh was subject to raids and invasions from neighbouring Muslim states, which led some Ladakhis to convert to Islam who then fled to India.
 
In 1470, [[Wikipedia:Lhachen Bhagan|Lhachen Bhagan]], the king of [[Wikipedia:Basgo|Basgo]], overthrew the king of [[Wikipedia:Leh|Leh]], reuniting and strengthening Ladakh. He took the surname Namgyal and founded the [[Wikipedia:Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] which survives to today. The Namgyals repelled raiders from Central Asia and temporarily extended the rajadom as far as Nepal.

In the early seventeenth century efforts were made to restore destroyed artifacts and [[Wikipedia:gompa|gompas]] and the rajadom expanded into Zanskar and [[Wikipedia:Spiti Valley|Spiti]]. In 1616, Sengge Namgyal conquered many parts of the Tibetan Plateau to the west. He died in 1642 on his return from an expedition against the Mongols who had occupied the Tibetan province of Tsang and were threatening Ladakh. However, despite a defeat by the [[Wikipedia:Mughal Empire|Mughals]], who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, Ladakh retained its independence.

In the late seventeenth century, Ladakh sided with Bhutan in its dispute with Tibet which resulted in its being invaded by Tibet. During the reign of Delegs Namgyal (1660–1685), the King of Kashmir, at the time a province in the Mogul Empire, arranged for the Tibetan army to leave Ladakh. As payment for the assistance, the king made conditions, one of which was to build a large Sunni Muslim mosque in Leh. He also required that the Ladakhi king convert to Islam. The Treaty of Tismogang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh, but severely restricted Ladakh's independence, although the king returned to the Bön religion.

In 1834, the [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogras]] under Zorawar Singh, a general of [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]], invaded and annexed Ladakh. '''In 1842, a Ladakhi rebellion re-established the rajadom's independence and restored the Namgyal raja to the throne.  During the period of occupation, the deposed raja had been given the [[Wikipedia:jagir|jagir]] of [[Wikipedia:Stok|Stok]]. This remained the personal property of the Raja of Ladakh'''.

===The Yarlung Rajas of Ladakh===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=20% | '''Name'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=15% | '''Relationship'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=9% | '''Reign'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=4% | '''Died'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=42% | '''Notes'''
|-
| Nyima Gon
| 
| 
| 
| founds first Ladakh dynasty
|-
| 1) Palgye Gon
| son of Nyima Gon&lt;br&gt;king of [[Wikipedia:Ngari|Ngari]]
| 960-990
| 990
| 
|-
| 2) Drogon
| son of 1)
| 990-1020
| 1020
| 
|-
| 3) Drakpa De
| son of 2)
| 1020-1050
| 1050
| 
|-
| 4) Changchub Sempa
| son of 3)
| 1020-1080
| 1080
| 
|- 
| 5) Gyalpo
| son of 4)
| 1080-1100
| 1100
| 
|- 
| 6) Utpala
| son of 5)
| 1110-1140
| 1140
| conquers Kulu, Mustang, and parts of Baltistan
|- 
| 7) Naglug
| son of 6)
| 1140-1170
| 1170
| 
|- 
| 8) Gebhe
| son of 7)
| 1170-1200
| 1200
| 
|- 
| 9) Jodor
| son of 8)
| 1200-1230
| 1230
| 
|- 
| 10) Tashi Gon
| son of 9)
| 1230-1260
| 1260
| 
|- 
| 11) Kunga Namgyal
| son of 10)
| 1260-1290
| 1290
| 
|- 
| 12) Jopal
| son of 11)
| 1290-1320
| 1320
| 
|- 
| 13) Ngodrup
| son of 12)
| 1320-1350
| 1350
| 
|- 
| 14) Jowo Rinchen
| son of 13)
| 1350-1380
| 1380
| 
|- 
| 15) Lhachen Sherab
| son of 14)
| 1380-1420
| 1420
| 
|- 
| 16) Lhachen Tritsug De
| son of 15)
| 1420-1459
| 1459
| 
|- 
| 17) Lhachen Drakbum De
| son of 16)
| 1420-1460
| 1460
| king of Leh
|- 
| 18) Lhachen Drakpa Bum
| son of 16)
| 1459-1470
| 1470
| king of Rabten Lhatse
|- 
| 19) Lodro Chogden
| son of 17)
| 1460-1500
| 
| deposed in 
|- 
| 20) Lhachen Bhara
| son of 17)
| 1500-1540
| 
| king of Rabten Lhatse
|}

===The Yarlung Rajas of Ladakh===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=15% | '''Name'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=10% | '''Relationship'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=7% | '''Reign'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=4% | '''Died'''
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=54% | '''Notes'''
|- 
| 21) Lhachen Bhagan
| son of 20)
| 1540-1555
| 
| 
|- 
| 22) Lhachen Lawang Namgyal
| son of 21)
| 1555-1575
| 1575
| deposed
|- 
| 23) Tashi Namgyal
| son of 21)
| 1575-1595
| 1595
| repels Central Asian invaders
|- 
| 24) Tsewang Namgyal I
| son of 22)
| 1595-1616
| 1616
| extends kingdom as far as Nepal
|- 
| 25) Jamyang Namgyal
| son of 22)
| 1616-1623
| 1623
| unsuccessful efforts by Kashmir to convert nation to Islam
|- 
| 26) Senge Namgyal
| son of 25)
| 1623-1624
| 
| 
|- 
| 27) Norbu Namgyal
| son of 25)
| 1624-1642
| ???
| 
|- 
| Senge Namgyal
| son of 25)
| 1642-1694
| 1694
| restored; conquers Zanskar and Spiti; defeated by Mughals; defeats Mughals in Baltistan; sides with Bhutan against Tibet; settles dispute with Tibet; independence restricted
|- 
| 28) Deden Namgyal
| son of 26)
| 1694-1729
| 1729
| 
|- 
| 29) Nyima Namgyal
| son of 28)'s son&lt;br&gt;Delek Namgyal
| 1729-1739
| 1739
| 
|- 
| 30) Dekyong Namgyal
| son of 29)
| 1739-1753
| 1753
| 
|- 
| 31) Phuntsok Namgyal
| son of 30)
| 1753-1782
| 1782
|  
|- 
| 32) Tsewang Namgyal II
| son of 31)
| 1781-1802
| 1802
| 
|- 
| 33) Tseten Namgyal
| son of 32)
| 1802-1837
| 1837
| 
|- 
| 34) Tsepal Namgyal
| son of 32)
| 1837
| ???
| deposed by Jammu
|- 
| 35) Tsewang Rabten Namgyal
| son of 34)
| 1837-1839
| 
| co-ruler 1830-1837
|- 
| Tsepal Namgyal
| son of 32)
| 1840-1842
| 
| to Sikh Kashmir 1839-1840; restored
|- 
| 36) Kunga Namgyal
| son of 35)
| 1842
| 
| deposed; to Sikh Kashmir 1842
|}

====Styles====
*The Raja of Ladakh has the style of His Royal Majesty.
*The wife of the raja, the rani, has the style of Her Royal Majesty.
*The heir apparent, the raj kumar, has the style of His Royal Highness.
*The younger sons and daughters of the raja have the style of Their Royal Highnesses.

====Rule of Succession====
Male primogeniture among the legitimate descendants of Raja Lhachen Bhagan.

==Toponymy==
The Tibetan name for the region is ''la-dwags'' meaning &quot;land of high passes&quot;.

==Government==

====Provinces====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=3% | Province&lt;br&gt;(''dzongdey'')
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=5% | Capital
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=10% | Area
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=7% | Population
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=10% | Prefectures&lt;br&gt;(''dzongkhag'')
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=65% | Notes
|-
| Leh (L)
| Leh
| 45,100 km²&lt;br&gt;17,413 mi²
| 117,000
| Nubra (LN)&lt;br&gt;Khalsi (LK)&lt;br&gt;Leh (LL)&lt;br&gt;Kharo (LR)&lt;br&gt;Durabk (LD)&lt;br&gt;Nyoma (LM)
| 
|-
| Kargil (K)
| Kargil
| 14,086 km²&lt;br&gt;5,439 mi² 
| 119,000
| Sarku (KS)&lt;br&gt;Chiktan (KC)&lt;br&gt;Shargole (KG)&lt;br&gt;Taisu (KT)&lt;br&gt;Zanskar (KZ)&lt;br&gt;Drass (KD)&lt;br&gt;Kargil (KK)
| 
|}
'''Thus, the total area of the rajadom is 59,186 km² (22,852 mi²), somewhat smaller than the American state of West Virginia.'''

==Geography==

===Borders===
''Based, as much as possible, on World Map 2001.''

Ladakh is bordered by on the:

North: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
East: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
South: Tibet&lt;br&gt;
Southwest: Jammu&lt;br&gt;
West: Jammu, Kashmir

'''The Rajadom of Ladakh is contiguous with *here's* Ladakh in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the [[Wikipedia:Siachen Glacier|Siachen Glacier]]. It does not include [[Wikipedia:Aksai Chin|Aksai Chin]].'''

==Climate==
*The climate of Ladakh displays great diversity. In the summer there is an average temperature in the range of approximately -3° C to 30° C. *Ladakh experiences extremely cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average temperature in the winter season is somewhere around -20° C to 15° C. The sun's effect is harsher in the winter due to the rarified air.

==Economy==

==Demographics==
*The original inhabitants of Ladakh were Tibetans who immigrated into the region from the east.  They still make up 72% of the population.  They brought with them the variety of Buddhism known as Bön.  An Indo-European people, known as [[Wikipedia:Dard people|Dards]] immigrated from the north. They make up about 15% of the population and have become Bön Buddhists.
*More recent immigrants from the south include Hindus and Sikhs. The Sikhs, 5% of the population, are the remnant of the brief occupation by the Sikh R.S. and are practitioners of the [[Wikipedia:Udasi|Udasi]] sect of Sikhism. They live mainly in the northern part of the Province of [[Wikipedia:Kargil|Kargil]], although some live in the capital cities of Kargil and Leh. Most of them work in the business world or are in civil service. Their language Punjabi is one of the official languages of the Rajadom.
*The other group of immigrants from the south are the Indians, 8% of the population, who remained behind after the fall of the Moghul Empire.  Most of them live in the southern part of the Province of Kargil and work the land. Their language Hindi is one of the official langauges of the rajadom. They are members of the Krishnaite sect of Hinduism.

==Culture==
===National symbols===
*National mammal: [[Wikipedia:Markhor|Markhor]] (''Capra falconeri'')
*National bird: [[Wikipedia:Scarlet minivet|Scarlet minivet]] (''Pericrocotus flammeus speciosa'']
*National flower: [[Wikipedia:Sausurrea obvallata|Brahma Kamal]] (''Sausurrea obvallata'')
*National tree: [[Wikipedia:Cedrus deodara|Himalayan cedar]] (''Cedrus deodara'')
*National dish: sku (noodle stew, with or without mutton)
*National emblem:
*National aviation roundel: 
*National instrument: [[Wikipedia:|Wikipedia:]]
*National colors: sky blue and green

===Ladakhi holidays===
(Dates in ''italics'' are postponed)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=9% | Date
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=14% | Name
! style=&quot;background: #87ceeb; border-bottom: 10px solid green;&quot; width=42% | Notes
|-
| 14 February
| [[Wikipedia:Losar|Losar]]
| New Year
|-
| 
| ''The King's Birthday''
| 
|-
| 28 February
| [[Wikipedia:Chotrul Duchen|Chotrul Düchen]]
| Butter Lamp Festival (2010 only)
|-
| 21 March
| 
| Father's Day
|-
| 27 May
| [[Wikipedia:Vesak|Suga Dawa Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Birth, Enlightenment, and [[Wikipedia:Parinirvana|Parinirvana]] (2010 only)
|-
| 21 June
| [[Wikipedia:Guru Rinpoche|Guru Rinpoche]]'s Birthday
| 
|-
| 15 July
| Chokhor Düchen
| The Buddha's First Sermon (2010 only)
|-
| 24 August
|[[Wikipedia: Buddhist Holidays|Ulambana]]
| Ancestor Day (2010 only)
|-
| 23 September
| Thri-bab
| [[Wikipedia:Blessed Rainy Day|Blessed Rainy Day]] (2010 only)
|-
| 17 October
| [[Wikipedia:Dasain|Dashain]]
| Victory of the Goddess [[Wikipedia:Durga|Durga]] (2010 only)
|-
| 29 October
| [[Wikipedia:Lhabab Duchen|Lhabab Düchen]]
| The Buddha's Descent to Earth (2010 only))
|-
| 6 November
| 
|
|}

==Infrastructure==

==Education==

==Flora and fauna==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Calculator Ftvb</title>
    <id>8387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57353</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T21:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>r</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Good evening,

I found your userpage was inaccessible due to the DPL code on it, so I've disabled it for you.  You can replace the DPL with more static listings or remove it, but for some reason the server doesn't seem to want to run it.  (I'm still trying to look into why.)  If you notice any other pages having difficulty, please let me know.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 16:20, 27 September 2010 (PDT)

: Commented that out because it was kind of ugly. Thanks for fixing it for me! [[User:Calculator Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]] 13:40, 8 November 2010 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Klingonaase</title>
    <id>8389</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56253</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Klingonaase''' is a non-canonical Klingon language designed by John M. Ford for use in his novel ''The Final Reflection''.  It appears to be unrelated to the better known [[Kl...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Klingonaase''' is a non-canonical Klingon language designed by John M. Ford for use in his novel ''The Final Reflection''.  It appears to be unrelated to the better known [[Klingon language]] by [[Marc Okrand]], which is featured in some ''Star Trek'' films and episodes.  A few hundred words and a few rules of grammar are known.

==External link==

* [http://www.khemorex-klinzhai.de/faqs/klingonaase.html The Klingonaase Guide]

[[Category:Star Trek conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Star Trek conlangs</title>
    <id>8390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59039</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T15:19:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>catzd</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The ''Star Trek'' universe is host to several conlangs.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grey Company Elvish</title>
    <id>8391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56257</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Grey Company Elvish''', nicknamed '''Grelvish''' among Tolkienists, is an [[Elves|Elvish]] conlang developed and used by the ''Grey Company'' ('''Tel'Mithrim'''), a guild of '...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Grey Company Elvish''', nicknamed '''Grelvish''' among Tolkienists, is an [[Elves|Elvish]] conlang developed and used by the ''Grey Company'' ('''Tel'Mithrim'''), a guild of ''Ultima Online'' players who play Elves; it is not to be confused with any of [[Quendian|Tolkien's Elvish]] languages, though it is in part based on them.  Its main purpose is to give flavour to in-character dialogue.

==Grammar==

The grammar of Grey Company Elvish is mostly analytic and weakly agglutinating.  There are several plural suffixes ('''-r''', '''-ea''', '''-ie''', '''-or''', '''-io''', '''-oo'''), &quot;exact choice is left to the person creating the plural&quot;.  A suffix '''-rim''' is used for great numbers or respect.  The pronouns distinguish case only in the third person.  Possessive pronouns are suffixed to the possessed noun.  Verbs distinguish present, past, future and conditional, but do not receive person/number marking.  Word order is SVO.

==Lexicon==

Grey Company Elvish uses a vocabulary based on elements from [[Quenya]] (e.g., '''calma''' 'lamp') and [[Sindarin]] (e.g., '''amon''' 'hill'), but also from various other sources which are not always easy to identify; one of them seem to be various ''Dungeons &amp; Dragons'' roleplaying handbooks (e.g., '''Tel'Quessir''' 'the Elven race').  There also appear to be some Celtic bits in the lexicon (e.g., '''shee''' 'fairy' from Irish ''sidhe'').

==External link==

* [http://www.grey-company.org/Language/ Tel'Mithrim - Language Resources]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alveolar consonant</title>
    <id>8392</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56258</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T16:52:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;An '''alveolar consonant''' is a consonant articulated with the front of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">An '''alveolar consonant''' is a consonant articulated with the front of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dental consonant</title>
    <id>8393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56333</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-30T21:17:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>expanded</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A '''dental consonant''' is a consonant articulated with the front of the tongue against the upper teeth. They are a subtype of [[coronal consonant]]s, and are typically [[laminal]], especially is contrasting with another type of coronal consonant.

In [[IPA]] dentals are denoted, if necessary, by appending the diacritic ◌̪ (U+032A COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW) to the coronal basic symbols, but this is frequently omitted if dentality isn't contrastive. Also, the [[Spirant|non-sibilant]] fricatives have separate signs: [θ], [ð].

Some basic dental consonants:
* [[voiceless dental stop]] [t̪]; [[voiced dental stop]] [d̪]
&lt;!--* [[dental implosive]] [ɗ̪] (is this attested?)--&gt;
* [[dental nasal]] [n̪]
* [[voiceless dental fricative]] [θ]; [[voiced dental fricative]] [ð]
&lt;!--* [[voiceless dental sibilant fricative]] [s̪]; [[voiced dental sibilant fricative]] [z̪] (not basic)--&gt;
&lt;!-- * [[voiceless dental lateral fricative]] [ɬ̪]; [[voiced dental lateral fricative]] [ɮ̪] (are these attested?)--&gt;
* [[dental approximant]] [ð̞] ''or'' [ɹ̪]
* [[dental lateral approximant]] [l̪]
* [[dental flap]] [ɾ̪]
* [[dental trill]] [r̪]

==See also==
* [[Labiodental consonant]]
* [[Denti-alveolar consonant]]
* [[Alveolar consonant]]

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adûnaic</title>
    <id>8394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56265</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T17:32:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Adûnaic''' is the language of the Men of Númenor (a lost island kingdom inspired by Plato's [[Atlantis]]) in the epic ''The Silmarillion'' by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].  This language, rather than one of the [[Quendian|Elvish]] languages, is the only language of Tolkien for which he has left us a grammar sketch (found in ''The History of Middle-earth 9: Sauron Defeated'').

The language uses triconsonantal roots (similar to Semitic), but with the difference that each root also has a vowel associated with it which appears in all forms of the word.  The same consonant base with a different ''characteristic vowel'' is a different root.  The characteristic vowel normally appears between the first and the second consonant of the root, but it can be moved elsewhere.

Nouns have four genders: masculine, feminine, common and neuter.  Each noun has a ''normal'' form, a ''subjective'' form (a marked nominative), and an ''objective'' form used in compounds.  Further case relations are expressed by postpositions.  The vocabulary contains many loanwords from [[Quenya]].

==External links==

* [http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/adunaic.htm Adûnaic] @ Ardalambion

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hyperborea</title>
    <id>8395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56266</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T17:37:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Hyperborea''' is the &quot;land beyond the North-wind&quot; in Greek mythology.  The country is an island located far in the north beyond the &quot;lands of the Celts&quot;, but nevertheless grac...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hyperborea''' is the &quot;land beyond the North-wind&quot; in Greek mythology.  The country is an island located far in the north beyond the &quot;lands of the Celts&quot;, but nevertheless graced with a temperate climate which allows a sophisticated civilization to flourish.  The people of Hyperborea live in peace, freedom and prosperity and worship Apollo, to whom they have dedicated a large round temple.

Hyperborea has been sought in many locations, some of them unlikely (e.g., a sunken island at the North Pole), some more plausible (e.g., the British Isles).  It may even have been the same place as [[Atlantis]].

[[Category: Source material]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marc Okrand</title>
    <id>8396</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56268</id>
      <timestamp>2010-09-28T18:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Marc Okrand''' (born 1948; pronounced /ˈmɑrk ˈoʊkrænd/) is an American linguist and is most notable as the creator of the [[Klingon language]].  He also designed the [[At...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Okrand''' (born 1948; pronounced /ˈmɑrk ˈoʊkrænd/) is an American linguist and is most notable as the creator of the [[Klingon language]].  He also designed the [[Atlantean]] language featured in the 2001 Disney film ''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'', and was consultant for the 2009 ''Star Trek'' film on [[Vulcan language|Vulcan]] and [[Romulan language|Romulan]] languages.  His professional interest is in Native American languages.

[[Category:Conlangers]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Drow language</title>
    <id>8398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56343</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-01T20:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;The '''Drow language''' is the language of the '''Drow''', a people often imprecisely referred to as ''Dark Elves''.  The Drow live in the Underdark of the [[Forgotten Realms]] (...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Drow language''' is the language of the '''Drow''', a people often imprecisely referred to as ''Dark Elves''.  The Drow live in the Underdark of the [[Forgotten Realms]] (a game world of the ''Dungeons &amp; Dragons'' RPG; they also exist in several other ''Dungeons &amp; Dragons'' settings) and are descendants of [[Elves]] who were cast out because they worshipped the evil spider goddess Lolth.

There are actually ''two'' Drow languages.  '''Common Drow''' or '''Low Drow''' is the language described in TSR's ''Drow Dictionary'' and various web sites based thereon.  It is a language with a simple grammatical structure not far removed from English, designed to be used easily by non-native speakers (extrafictionally, by roleplayers who play Drow characters).  '''High Drow''', designed by [[User:Jashan|Jashan A'al]], uses the same vocabulary, but has a much more elaborate grammar.  It is an agglutinating language, typologically comparable (but not related) to [[Quenya]], with nine noun cases and a set of formal personal pronouns used to address persons of higher rank.

==External links==

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050307204236/www.jashan.net/sites/conlangs/drow/index.html Talentha Ilythiiri] - High Drow
* [http://www.mindspring.com/~sylverion/nwn/dicttop.htm Drow Dictionary] - Low Drow

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Payday Loans</title>
    <id>8399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56344</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-01T20:35:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;What is this, spam?  Can't we get rid of it? --~~~~&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">What is this, spam?  Can't we get rid of it? --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] 13:35, 1 October 2010 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grelvish</title>
    <id>8400</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>56345</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-01T20:41:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[Grey Company Elvish]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Grey Company Elvish]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Novial</title>
    <id>8401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56367</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:04:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Novial'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||various countries
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||ca. 1000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[a posteriori]]
: primarily Romance-based
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating &gt; isolating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Otto Jespersen ||1928
|}

'''Novial''' is an [[international auxiliary language]] designed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, published in 1928.  Novial is thus the only major auxlang designed by an academic linguist.  It is a moderately naturalistic [[a posteriori]] language based on the major languages of Europe, mainly the [[Romance languages]].

Novial never had a large speaker base, but a small international community exists.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Stop consonant|Stops]]
|p b
|t d
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| tʃ~ʃ dʒ~ʒ
|k g
|
|-
![[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
|f v
|s~z
|
|h
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
|m
|n
|
|
|
|-
![[Liquid consonant|Liquids]] and [[Semivowel]]
|
|l r
|j
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! 
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!High
|i
|
|u
|-
!Mid
|e
|
|o
|-
!Low
|
|a
|
|}

==Morphology==

The grammar of Novial largely follows [[Standard Average European]] patterns.  ''Nouns'' are inflected only for plural (suffix '''-s''', '''-es''' after consonant).  Nouns denoting males end in '''-o''', nouns denoting females end in '''-a''', nouns denoting beings of either sex end in '''-e'''.

The definite ''article'' is an indeclinable '''li'''.  The ''personal pronouns'' are:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
|me
|nus
|-
!2nd person
|vu
|vus
|-
!3rd person, masculine
|lo
|los
|-
!3rd person, feminine
|la
|las
|-
!3rd person, common
|le
|les
|-
!3rd person, neuter
|lu
|lus
|-
!Impersonal
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|on
|}

''Verbs'' form tenses with auxiliary verbs:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Tense
!Auxiliary
|-
!Past
|did
|-
!Future
|sal
|-
!Conditional
|vud
|-
!Perfect
|ha
|}

The past tense can also be expressed by a suffix '''-(e)d'''.

There are two passives.  The &quot;become&quot; passive is formed by the auxiliary '''bli''' and the uninflected verb.  The &quot;be&quot; passive is formed by the auxiliary '''es''' and the past participle (suffix '''-(e)t'''.

==External link==

* [http://interlanguages.net/novial.html Novial-Informatione] by James Chandler, in Novial and English.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Occidental (Interlingue)</title>
    <id>8402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56369</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Occidental''', also called '''Interlingue''', is an [[international auxiliary language]] proposed by Edgar de Wahl in 1922.  It is an [[a posteriori]] language, based mainly o...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Occidental''', also called '''Interlingue''', is an [[international auxiliary language]] proposed by Edgar de Wahl in 1922.  It is an [[a posteriori]] language, based mainly on [[Romance languages]] and designed according to &quot;naturalistic&quot; principles, i.e. the words are chosen such that they are easily recognizable to those familiar with the Latin- and Romance-based international vocabulary.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Forgotten Realms</title>
    <id>8403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56373</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T19:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;The '''Forgotten Realms''' are a popular [[conworld]] designed by Ed Greenwood and published by TSR, Inc. as a setting for the ''Dungeons &amp; Dragons'' role-playing game.  ==Extern...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Forgotten Realms''' are a popular [[conworld]] designed by Ed Greenwood and published by TSR, Inc. as a setting for the ''Dungeons &amp; Dragons'' role-playing game.

==External links==

* [http://www.wizards.com/dnd/ForgottenRealms.aspx Official website]
* [http://forgottenrealms.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Forgotten Realms Wiki]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trill consonant</title>
    <id>8404</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>56377</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T23:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>redir</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Trill]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Trill</title>
    <id>8405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56378</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-02T23:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>dha dah</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A [[trill]] is a consonant produced by a repeating vibration (or ''trilling'') of an [[active articulator]], emplying the [[wikipedia:Bernoulli effect|Bernoulli effect]]. They are difficult sounds to master and a common target of speech impediments.

A trill may include any amount of contacts; a single-contact trill is similar to a [[tap]], with the exception that taps are usually produced by active movement of articulators.

The [[IPA]] recognizes three basic trills:
* [[Bilabial trill]] [ʙ] - rareish
* [[Alveolar trill]] [r] - a common [[rhotic]] sound, sometimes as a realization of a [[geminate]] tap
* [[Uvular trill]] [ʀ] - common as a [[rhotic]] in parts of Europe (eg. [[French]], [[German]], [[Portuguese]]). Otherwise mostly found as an allophone of [[Voiced uvular fricative|[ʁ]]].

A frequent feature of [[conlang]]s that are [[Kitchen sink conlang|trying too hard]] is the inclusion of all three of these sounds.

Other trills are also possible, though not at all [[Place of articulation|places of articulation]]:
* Labiodental trill, [ʙ̪]: a possible though difficult-to-articulate sound.
* Dental trill, [r̪]: a simple but rarely heard modification of the alveolar trill. [[UPSID]] reports a dental trill for e.g. [[Russian]].
* Retroflex trill: Not strictly possible, though [[Toda]] appears to feature a phoneme describable as such, basically an alveolar trill with a retroflex flap onset.
* Epiglottal trill: A &quot;purring&quot; sound, associated with [[strident voice]]. The symbol [я] is frequently used for this sound.

Trills can occur, beyond consonants, also as syllable nucleus (ie. vocalic). [[Slovak]] and [[Sanskrit]] are examples of languages featuring syllabic alveolar trills.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Zepp21.jpg</title>
    <id>8406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56381</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-03T21:19:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Remator3</username>
        <id>1416</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Led Zeppelin</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Led Zeppelin</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charter</title>
    <id>8407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57329</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-04T03:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==&lt;center&gt;The Charter of the Confederacy of the Himalayan Nations&lt;/center&gt;==
===Preamble.===
*His Majesty, the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal,
*His Highnessthe Gyelpo Raja of Bhutan,
*His Higness, the Chogayl Raja of Sikkim, and
*His Highness, the Gyalpo Raja of Lo
**With a view to strengthening the close relations and numerous ties which bind the Himalayan Nations, 
**And out of concern for the cementing and reinforcing of these bonds on the basis of respect for the independence and sovereignty of these Nations, 
**And in order to direct their efforts toward the goal of the welfare of all the Himalayan Nations, their common weal, the guarantee of their future and the realization of their aspirations ,
**Have agreed to conclude a Charter to this effect and have delegated as their plenipotentiaries those whose names are given below: 
**Who, after the exchange of the credentials granting them full authority, which were found valid and in proper form, have agreed upon the following: 

===Article 1.===
*The Confederacy of Himalayan Nations shall be composed of the independent and sovereign Himalayan Nations that have signed this Charter. 
*Every independent Himalayan Nation shall have the right to adhere to the Confederacy. Should it desire to adhere, it shall present an application to this effect which shall be filed with the permanent General Secretariat and submitted to the Council at its first meeting following the presentation of the application. 
===Article 2.===
*The purpose of the Confederacy is to draw closer the relations between member Nations and co-ordinate their political activities with the aim of realizing a close collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Himalayan Nations. 
*It also has among its purposes a close co-operation of the member Nations with due regard to the structure of each of these Nations and the conditions prevailing therein, in the following matters: 
**Economic and financial matters, including trade, customs, currency, agriculture and industry; 
**Communications, including railways, roads, aviation, navigation, and posts and telegraphs; 
**Cultural matters; 
**Matters connected with nationality, passports, visas, execution of judgments and extradition; 
**Social welfare matters; 
**Health matters. 
===Article 3.===
*The Confederacy shall have a Council composed of the representatives of the member Nations. Each Nation shall have one vote, regardless of the number of its representatives. 
*The Council shall be entrusted with the function of realizing the purpose of the Confederacy and of supervising the execution of the agreements concluded between the member Nations on matters referred to in the preceding article or on other matters. 
*It shall also have the function of determining the means whereby the Confederacy will collaborate with the international organizations which may be created in the future to guarantee peace and security and organize economic and social relations. 
===Article 4.===
*A special Committee shall be formed for each of the categories enumerated in Article 2, on which the member Nations shall be represented. These Committees shall be entrusted with establishing the basis and scope of co-operation in the form of draft agreements which shall be submitted to the Council for its consideration preparatory to their being submitted to the Nations referred to. 
===Article 5.===
*The recourse to force for the settlement of disputes between two or more member Nations shall not be allowed. Should there arise among them a dispute that does not involve the independence of a Nation, its sovereignty or its territorial integrity, and should the two contending parties apply to the Council for the settlement of this dispute, the decision of the Council shall then be effective and obligatory. 
*In this case, the Nations among whom the dispute has arisen shall not participate in the deliberations and decisions of the Council. 
*The Council shall mediate in a dispute which may lead to war between two member Nations or between a member Nation and another Nation in order to conciliate them.
*The decisions relating to arbitration and mediation shall be taken by a majority vote. 
===Article 6.===
*In case of aggression or threat of aggression by a Nation against a member Nation, the Nation attacked or threatened with attack may request an immediate meeting of the Council. 
*The Council shall determine the necessary measures to repel this aggression. Its decision shall be taken unanimously. If the aggression is committed by a member Nation the vote of that Nation will not be counted in determining unanimity. 
*If the aggression is committed in such a way as to render the Government of the Nation attacked unable to communicate with the Council, the representative of that Nation in the Council may request the Council to convene for the purpose set forth in the preceding paragraph. If the representative is unable to communicate with the Council, it shall be the right of any member Nation to request a meeting of the Council. 
===Article 7.===
*The decisions of the Council taken by a unanimous vote shall be binding on all the member Nations of the Confederacy; those that are reached by a majority vote shall bind only those that accept them. 
*In both cases the decisions of the Council shall be executed in each Nation in accordance with the fundamental structure of that Nation. 
===Article 8.===
*Every member Nation of the Confederacy shall respect the form of government obtaining in the other Nations of the Confederacy, and shall recognize the form of government obtaining as one of the rights of those Nations, and shall pledge itself not to take any action tending to change that form. 
===Article 9.===
*The Nations of the Himalayan Confederacy that are desirous of establishing among themselves closer collaboration and stronger bonds than those provided for in the present Charter, may conclude among themselves whatever agreements they wish for this purpose. 
*The treaties and agreements already concluded or that may be concluded in the future between a member Nation and any other Nation shall not be binding on the other members. 
===Article 10.===
*The permanent seat of the Confederacy of Himalayan Nations shall be Kathmandu. The Council of the Confederacy may meet at any other place it designates. 
===Article 11.===
*The Council of the Confederacy shall meet in ordinary session twice a year, during the months of March and September. It shall meet in extraordinary session at the request of two member Nations whenever the need arises. 
===Article 12.===
*The Confederacy shall have a permanent General Secretariat, composed of a Secretary-General, Assistant Secretaries and an adequate number of officials. 
*The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the Council upon the vote of three-fourths of the Nations of the Confederacy. The Assistant Secretaries and the principal officials shall be appointed by the Secretary-General with the approval of the Council. 
*The Council shall establish an internal organization for the General Secretariat as well as the conditions of service of the officials. 
*The Secretary-General shall serve for a five-year term. They shall be appointed alternately from each Member Nation in the order of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Lo.
*The Secretary-General shall have the rank of Ambassador; and the Assistant Secretaries the rank of Ministers Plenipotentiary. 
*The first Secretary-General of the Confederacy is designated in an annex to the present Charter. 
===Article 13.===
*The Secretary-General shall prepare the draft of the budget of the Confederacy and submit it for approval to the Council before the beginning of each fiscal year. 
*The Council shall determine the share of each of the Nations of the Confederacy in the expenses. It shall be allowed to revise the share if necessary. 
===Article 14.===
*The members of the Council of the Confederacy, the members of its Committees and such of its officials as shall be designated in the internal organization, shall enjoy, in the exercise of their duties, diplomatic privileges and immunities. 
*The premises occupied by the institutions of the Confederacy shall be inviolable. 
===Article 15.===
*The council shall meet the first time at the invitation of the Maharajadhiraja of Nepal. Later meetings shall be convoked by the Secretary-General. 
*In each ordinary session the representatives of the Nations of the Confederacy shall assume the chairmanship of the Council in rotation. 
===Article 16===
*Except for the cases provided for in the present Charter, a majority shall suffice for decisions by the Council effective in the following matters: 
**Matters concerning the officials. 
**The approval of the budget of the Confederacy. 
**The internal organization of the Council, the Committees and the General Secretariat. . 
**The termination of the sessions. 
===Article 17.===
*The member Nations of the Confederacy shall file with the General Secretariat copies of all treaties and agreements which they have concluded or will conclude with any other Nation, whether a Member of the Confederacy or otherwise. 
===Article 18.===
*If one of the member Nations intends to withdraw from the Confederacy, the Council shall be informed of its intention one year before the withdrawal takes effect.
*The Council of the Confederacy may consider any Nation that is not fulfilling the obligations resulting from this Charter as excluded from the Confederacy, by a decision taken by a unanimous vote of all the Nations except the Nation referred to. 
===Article 19.===
*The present Charter may be amended with the approval of three-fourths of the Members of the Confederacy in particular for the purpose of strengthening the ties between them and of regulating the relations of the Confederacy with the international organizations that may be created in the future to guarantee security and peace. 
*No decision shall be taken as regards an amendment except in the session following that in which it is proposed. 
*Any Nation that does not approve an amendment may withdraw from the Confederacy when the amendment becomes effective, without being bound by the provisions of the preceding article. 
===Article 20.===
*The present Charter and its annexes shall be ratified in accordance with the fundamental form of government in each of the contracting Nations. 
*The instruments of ratification shall be filed with the General Secretariat and the present Charter shall become binding on the Nations that ratify in fifteen days after the Secretary-General receives instruments of ratification from four Nations. 
*The present Charter has been drawn up in Nepali in Kathmandu and dated 8 Rabi al Thani 1364 (March 22, 1945), in a single text which shall be deposited with the General Secretariat. 
*A certified copy shall be sent to each of the Nations of the Confederacy. 
===Annex on the Appointment of the Secretary-General of the Confederacy===
*The Nations signatory to the present Charter have agreed to appoint Gagandeep Sharma of Nepal Secretary-General of the Confederacy of Himalayan Nations. 
*His appointment shall be for a term of five years.
*The Council of the Confederacy shall later determine the future organization of the General Secretariat.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Postal Union</title>
    <id>8408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57328</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-04T03:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New version.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Treaty Concerning the Formation of a General Postal Union, Concluded Between Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Lo==

===PREAMBLE===
*The undersigned plenipotentiaries of the Governments of the countries above enumerated have, by common consent and subject to ratification, agreed upon the following Convention:

===ARTICLE 1===
*The countries between which the present treaty is concluded shall form, under the title of General Postal Union, a single postal territory for the reciprocal exchange of correspondence between their post-offices.

===ARTICLE 2===
*The stipulations of this treaty shall extend to letters, post-cards, books, newspapers, and other printed papers, patterns of merchandise, and legal and commercial documents originating in one of the countries of the Union and intended for another of those countries. They shall also apply to the exchange by post of the articles above mentioned between the countries of the Union and countries foreign to the Union whenever such exchange takes place over the territory of two at least of the contracting parties.

===ARTICLE 3===
*The general Union rate of postage is fixed at ??? for a single prepaid letter.
*Every letter which does not exceed 15 grams in weight shall be considered a single letter. The charge upon letters exceeding that weight shall be a single rate for every 15 grammes or fraction of 15 grams.
*The charge on unpaid letters shall be double the rate levied in the country of destination on prepaid letters.
*The prepayment of post-cards is compulsory. The postage to be charged upon them is fixed at one-half of that on paid letters, with power to round off the fractions.

===ARTICLE 4===
*The general Union rate for legal and commercial documents, patterns of merchandise, newspapers, stitched or bound books, pamphlets, music, visiting cards, catalogues, prospectuses, announcements and notices of various kinds, whether printed, engraved, lithographed, or autographed, as well as for photographs, is fixed at ??? for each single packet.
*Every packet which does not exceed 50 grams in weight shall be considered a single packet. The charge upon packets exceeding that weight shall be a single rate for every 50 grammes or fraction of 50 grams.
*The maximum weight of the articles mentioned above is fixed at 250 grams for patterns of merchandise, and at 1000 grams for all the others.
*There is reserved to the Government of each country of the Union the right to refuse to convey over its territory or to deliver articles specified in the present Article with regard to which the laws, orders, and decrees which regulate the conditions of their publication and circulation have not been observed.

===ARTICLE 5===
*The articles specified in Article 2 may be registered.
*Every registered packet must be prepaid.
*The postage payable on registered articles is the same as that on articles not registered.
*The charge to be made for registration and for return receipts must not exceed that made in the interior service of the country of origin.
*In case of the loss of a registered article, except in the case of vis major, there shall be paid an indemnity of ??? to the sender, or, at his request, to the addressee, by the Administration of the country in the territory in which the loss has occurred-that is to say, where the trace of the article has been lost,-unless, according to the legislation of such country, the Administration is not responsible for the loss of registered articles sent through its interior post.
*The payment of this indemnity shall be effected with the least possible delay, and, at the latest, within a year from the date of application.
*All claim for an indemnity is excluded if it be not made within one year, counting from the date on which the registered article was posted.

===ARTICLE 6===
*Prepayment of postage on every description of article can be effected only by means of postage-stamps or stamped envelopes valid in the country of origin.
*Newspapers and other printed papers unpaid or insufficiently paid shall not be forwarded. Other articles when unpaid or insufficiently paid shall be charged as unpaid letters, after deducting the value of the stamped envelopes or postage-stamps (if any) employed.

===ARTICLE 7===
*No additional postage shall be charged for the re-transmission of postal articles within the interior of the Union.
*But in case an article which has only passed through the interior service of one of the countries of the Union should, by being re-directed, enter into the service of another country of the Union, the Administration of the country of destination shall add its interior rate.

===ARTICLE 8===
*Official correspondence relative to the postal service is exempt from postage. With this exception, no franking or reduction of postage is allowed.

===ARTICLE 9===
*Each Administration shall keep the whole of the sums which it collects by virtue of the foregoing Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Consequently, there will be no necessity on this head for any accounts between the several Administrations of the Union.
*Neither the senders nor the addressees of letters and other postal packets shall be called upon to pay, either in the country of origin or in that of destination, any tax or postal duty other than those contemplated by the Articles above mentioned.

===ARTICLE 10===
*The right of transit is guaranteed throughout the entire territory of the Union.
*Consequently, there shall be full and entire liberty of exchange, the several Postal Administrations of the Union being able to send reciprocally, in transit through intermediate countries, closed mails as well as correspondence in open mails, according to the requirements of trade and the exigencies of the postal service.
*Closed mails and correspondence sent in open mails must always be forwarded by the most rapid routes at the command of the Postal Administrations concerned.
*When several routes offer the same advantages of speed, the despatching Administration shall have the right of choosing the route to be adopted.
*It is obligatory to make up closed mails whenever the number of letters and other postal packets is of a nature to hinder the operations of the re-forwarding office, according to the declaration of the Administration interested.
*The despatching Office shall pay to the Administration of the territory providing the transit, the sum of ??? per kilogram for letters and ??? per kilogram for the several articles specified in Article 4, net weight, whether the transit takes place in closed mails or in open mails.
*In order to ascertain the weight of the correspondence forwarded in transit, whether in closed mails or in open mails, there shall be taken, at periods which shall be determined upon by common consent, the statistics of such correspondence during two weeks. Until revised, the result of that labor shall serve as the basis of the accounts of the Administrations between themselves.
*Each Office may demand a revision,
**first, in case of any important modification in the direction of the correspondence, and
**second, at the expiration of a year after the date of the last account.

===ARTICLE 11===
*The relations of the countries of the Union with countries outside the Union shall be regulated by any separate conventions which now exist or which may be concluded between them.
*The rates of postage chargeable for the conveyance beyond the limits of the Union shall be determined by those conventions; they shall be added, in such case, to the Union rate.
*In conformity with the stipulations of Article 9, the Union rate shall be apportioned in the following manner:
**first, the despatching Office of the Union shall keep the whole of the Union rate for the prepaid correspondence addressed to foreign countries;
**second, the receiving Office of the Union shall keep the whole of the Union rate for the unpaid correspondence originating in foreign countries.
**third, the Office of the Union which exchanges closed mails with foreign countries shall keep the whole of the Union rate for the paid correspondence originating in foreign countries and for the unpaid correspondence addressed to foreign countries.
**In the cases mentioned under the Nos. 1, 2, and 3, the Office which exchanges the mails is not entitled to any payment for transit. In all the other cases the transit rates shall be paid according to the stipulations of Article 10.

===ARTICLE 12===
*The exchange of letters with value declared and of Post Office money orders shall form the subject of ulterior arrangements between the various countries or groups of countries composing the Union.

===ARTICLE 13===
*The Postal Administrations of the various countries composing the Union are competent to draw up, by common consent, in the form of detailed regulations, all the measures of order and detail necessary with a view of the execution of the present treaty. It is understood that the stipulations of these detailed regulations may always be modified by the common consent of the Administrations of the Union.
*The several Administrations may make amongst themselves the necessary arrangements on the subject of questions which do not concern the Union generally; such as the regulations of exchange at the frontier, the determination of radii in adjacent countries within which a lower rate of postage may be taken, the conditions of the exchange of Post Office money orders and of letters with declared value, etc., etc.

===ARTICLE 14===
*The stipulations of the present treaty do not involve any alteration in the interior postal legislation of any country, nor any restriction of the right of the contracting parties to maintain and to conclude treaties, as well as to maintain and establish more restricted unions with a view to a progressive improvement of postal relations.

===ARTICLE 15===
*There shall be organized, under the name of the Confederate Office of the General Postal Union, a central office, the expenses of which shall be borne by all the Administrations of the contracting Nations.
*This office shall be charged with the duty of collecting, publishing, and distributing information of every kind which concerns the  postal service of the contracting nations; of giving, at the request of the parties concerned, an opinion upon questions in dispute; of making known proposals for modifying the detailed regulations; of giving notice of alterations adopted; of facilitating operations relating to international accounts, especially in the cases referred to in Article 10 foregoing; and in general of considering and working out all questions in the interest of the Postal Union.

===ARTICLE 16===
*In case of disagreement between two or more members of the Union as to the interpretation of the present treaty, the question in dispute shall be decided by arbitration. To that end, each of the Administrations concerned shall choose another member of the Union not interested in the affair.
*The decision of the arbitrators shall be given by an absolute majority of votes.
*In case of an equality of votes the arbitrators shall choose, with the view of settling the difference, another Administration equally disinterested in the question in dispute.

===ARTICLE 17===
*The entry into the Union of countries not yet forming part of it, shall be effected on the following conditions:
**first, they shall make their application to the Administration charged with the management of the International Office of the Union.
**second, they shall submit to the stipulations of the treaty of the Union.
**third, their adhesion to the Union must be preceded by an understanding between the Administrations having postal conventions or direct relations with them.
**fourth, in order to bring about this understanding, the managing Administration shall convene, if there be occasion, a meeting of the Administrations interested, and of the Administration desiring admission.
**fifth, when the understanding has been arrived at, the managing Administration shall give notice of the same to all the members of the Confederal Postal Union.
**sixth, if in a period of six weeks, counting from the date of that communication, no objections are presented, the adhesion shall be considered as accomplished, and notice thereof shall be given by the managing Administration to the Administration joining the Union. The definitive adhesion shall be completed by a diplomatic act between the Government of the managing Administration and the Government of the Administration admitted into the Union.

===ARTICLE 18===
*Every three years at least, a Congress of plenipotentiaries of the countries participating in the treaty shall be held with a view of perfecting the system of the Union, of introducing into it improvements found necessary, and of discussing common affairs.
*Each country has one vote.
*Each country may be represented either by one or several delegates, or by the delegation of another country.
*Nevertheless, it is understood that the delegate or delegates of one country can be charged with the representation of two countries only, including the one they represent.

===ARTICLE 19===
*The present treaty shall come into force on January 1, 1978.
*It is concluded for three years from that date. When that term shall have passed, it shall be considered as indefinitely prolonged, but each contracting party shall have the right to withdraw from the Union on giving notice one year in advance.

===ARTICLE 20===
*After the date on which the present treaty comes into effect, all the stipulations of the special treaties concluded between the various countries and Administrations, in so far as they may be at variance with the terms of the present treaty, and without prejudice to the stipulations of Article 14, are abrogated.
*The present treaty shall be ratified as soon as possible, and, at the latest, three months previous to the date on which it is to come into force. The acts of ratification shall be exchanged at Kathmandu.
*In faith of which the plenipotentiaries of the Governments of the countries above enumerated have signed it at Kathmandu, October 20, 1978.
**For the Maharajahdom of Nepal: 
**For the Rajadom of Bhutan: 
**For the Rajadom of Sikkim: 
**For the Rajadom of Lo:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baltic-Finnic languages/mid</title>
    <id>8409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57275</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T23:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* etc */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Loanwords in &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;red&lt;/font&gt;, inherited words (ie. those with cognates in at least one other Uralic branch, regardless of the ultimate origin) in &lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;green&lt;/font&gt;.

===e ~ e===
ees edessä
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;elada elää&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ema emä&lt;/font&gt;
enam enää
et että
hele heleä
hella hellä
helmes helmi
hernes herne
hetk/e hetki
keha kehä
'''kelk/gu kelkka'''
'''kella kello'''
kepp/i keppi
kera kerä
kerge kerkeä
kerjata kerjätä
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;kesa kesä&lt;/font&gt;
kesta kestää
kevad kevät
lebada levätä
leht/e lehti
lehm/a lehme
'''lelu lelu'''
lennata lentää
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lepp/a leppä&lt;/font&gt;
lesk/e leski
me me
meri meri
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;mesi mesi&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;mets/a metsä&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;neli/ja neljä&lt;/font&gt;
pehme pehmeä
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;peljata pelätä&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;peni peni&lt;/font&gt;
pere perhe
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;pesa pesä&lt;/font&gt;
pesta pestä
retk/e retki
se se
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;selg/ja selkä&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;sepp/a seppä&lt;/font&gt;
te te
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;teha tehdä&lt;/font&gt;
'''temp/bu temppu'''
tera terä
vedada vetää
veli/je veli
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;vene vene&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;veri veri&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;vesi vesi&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;keel/e kieli&lt;/font&gt;
keerata kiertää
leede liete
leek/gi liekki
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;leem/e liemi&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;meel/e mieli&lt;/font&gt;
mees/he mies
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;neelata niellä&lt;/font&gt;
neem/e niemi
peen/e pieni
seeme siemen
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;seen/e sieni&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;tee tie&lt;/font&gt;
veel vielä
veer/e vieri
veereda vieriä

ei ei
eile eilen
eine eines
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;heina heinä&lt;/font&gt;
heita heittää
leib/va leipä
'''neiu neito'''
'''reibas reipas'''
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;reis/e reisi&lt;/font&gt;
sein/a seinä
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;seitse seitsemän&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;teivas seiväs&lt;/font&gt;

===e ~ õ===
7htu ehtoo
h7lma helma
h7lpus helppo
k7du keto
k7hna kehno
k7lvata kelvata
k7mu kemut
l7bu lepo
l7hmus lehmus
m7la mela
m7rd/ra merta
n7bu nepaa
n7rk/ga nerko [??]
p7hk/u pehko
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;p7ldu pelto&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;p77sas pensas&lt;/font&gt;
p7rand/a permanto
p7rn/a perna
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;r7ngas rengas&lt;/font&gt;
t7mmata temmata
t7ru terho
t7rv/a terva
v7hmas vehmas
v7lg/a velka
v7lu velho
v7rd/ra verta
v7rk/gu verkko
v7sa vesa

h77ruda hieroa
k77r- kiero
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;m77k/ga miekka&lt;/font&gt;
p77na piena
r77mu riemu
r77sk/a rieska
s77m/u siemaus
s77r/e sierain
v77ras vieras

h7im/u heimo
k7ikuda keikkua
l7igata leikata

l7ug/a leuka
n7u neuvo

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;n7el/a neula&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;n7el/a seula&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;p7der/ra peura&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;s7ber/ra seura&lt;/font&gt;

===õ ~ o===
home ~ va. õmõ
hopea ~ hõbe ~ va. hõpõa
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;joki ~ jõgi ~ va. jõtši ~ li. joʔg&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kolea ~ kõle ~ '''li. kõʔl'''&lt;/font&gt;
kone ~ kõne
korea ~ kõre
korento ~ kõrend ~ va. kõrõta
korkea ~ kõrge ~ va. kõrkõa ~ li. kuordə
korpi ~ kõrb/ve
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;korsi ~ kõrs/re ~ va. kõrsi&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;'''kõrv korva'''&lt;/font&gt;
''kõva kova''
kovera ~ kõver/a ~ '''va. kover ~ li. kõʔurə'''
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;lohi ~ lõhi&lt;/font&gt; (&quot;salmon&quot;)
lõhe lohi (&quot;splinter&quot;)
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;lovi ~ lõvi&lt;/font&gt;
''lõppeda loppua'' (~ lopettaa)
'''mõjuv/a mojova'''
molemmat ~ mõlemad ~ va. mõlõpad ~ li. moʔlməd
moni ~ mõni ~ '''li. mūnda'''
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;'''mõrsja morsian'''&lt;/font&gt;
noki ~ nõgi ~ va. nõtši ~ li. noʔugəd
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;notkea ~ nõtke ~ va. nõtka&lt;/font&gt; (← *ńočka)
'''pohja ~ põhi/ja ~ va. põhja ~ li. puʔoi'''
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;polvi ~ põlv/e ~ va. põlvi ~ ''li. pūola''&lt;/font&gt;
'''porsas ~ põrsas ~ va. põrzaz ~ li. pūoraz'''
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;poski ~ posk/e ~ va. põski ~ li. posk&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;potea ~ põdeda ~ li. poʔddə&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;'''potka ~ põtk/a'''&lt;/font&gt;
'''sõda sota'''
sokea ~ sõge ~ va. sõkõa ~ li. soʔgdə
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;solki ~ sõlg/e ~ li. suoĺg&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;''sõlm/e solmu''&lt;/font&gt;
sõmer/a somero
sonni ~ sõnn/i ~ li. sonn &quot;pässi&quot;
'''sõrg/a sorkka'''
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;sormi ~ sõrm/e ~ va. sõrmi ~ li. suoŕm&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;torvi ~ tõri&lt;/font&gt;
tosi ~ tõsi ~ va. tõsi ~ li. tuoʔiž
'''võtta ottaa'''
''õhe ohut''
'''olka ~ õlg/a'''
õlg/e olki
'''õlu olut'''
õmmelda ommella
õng/e onki
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;õnn/e onni&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;õppida oppia&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;õrs/re orsi&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;jõi joi&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lõi loi&lt;/font&gt;
loimi ~ lõim/e ~ va. lõimi ~ li. lūoima
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;noita ~ nõid/a ~ va. nõita&lt;/font&gt;
põigata poiketa
tõi toi
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;või voi&lt;/font&gt; (&quot;butter&quot;)
voida ~ võida
võik/gu voikko (&quot;kelt. hevonen&quot;)
võita voittaa
õige oikea

joutaa ~ jõuda ~ li. joudə
jõuk/go joukko
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;jõulud joulu&lt;/font&gt;
lõuna lounas
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;noutaa ~ nõuda&lt;/font&gt;
pouta ~ põud/a ~ va. põuta
routa ~ va. rõuta
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;soutaa ~ sõuda ~ va. sõutaa ~ '''li. sõūdə'''&lt;/font&gt;
tõug/0 touko
tõusta nousta

===o ~ o===
koda kota
kogu koko
koht/a kohta
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;'''kolm/e kolme'''&lt;/font&gt;
konn/a konna
korjata korjata
kosk/e koski
kotkas kotka
lora loru
nokk/a nokka
ohakas ohdake
ohi/ja ohja
oimu ohimo
oja oja
okas oas
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;oks/a oksa&lt;/font&gt;
oksendada oksentaa
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;olla olla&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;oma oma&lt;/font&gt;
oras oras
orav/a orava
orb/vo orpo
ori/ja orja
osa osa
osata osata
osta ostaa
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;ots/a otsa&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;porgand/i porkkana&lt;/font&gt;
'''pori poro'''
'''rott/i rotta'''
tohtida tohtia
tolm/u tomu
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;''torn/i torni'''&lt;/font&gt;

hool/e huoli
hoon/e huone
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;hoor/a huora&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;joon juon&lt;/font&gt;
joosta juosta
kool/a kuola
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;koolda kuolla&lt;/font&gt;
koon/u kuono
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;koor/e kuori&lt;/font&gt;
koor/i kuoro
koorem/ma kuorma
loobuda luopua
loon luon
moon/a muona
moor/i muori
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;nool/e nuoli&lt;/font&gt;
noor/e nuori
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;pool/e puoli&lt;/font&gt;
roog/a ruoka
roosk/a ruoska
soe/sooja suoja
soo suo
sool/a suola
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;sool/e suoli&lt;/font&gt;
soon/e suoni
too tuo
tool/i tuoli
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;toom/e tuomi&lt;/font&gt;
toon tuon
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;toonela tuonela&lt;/font&gt;
toores tuore
voodi vuode
voolida vuolla
voor/u vuoro

hoida hoitaa
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;koi koi&lt;/font&gt; (both &quot;moth&quot; &quot;dawn&quot;)
''koib/va koipi''
koita koittaa
oi oi
oinas oinas
oivaline oivallinen
toibuda toipua

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;proua rouva&lt;/font&gt;

===etc===
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;koer/a koira&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;poeg/ka poika&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;lõi söi&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;sõi söi&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;lanka ~ lõng/a ~ va. lõnka ~ li. lānka&lt;/font&gt;
[ZEK] paeta ~ põgeneda ~ va. pagõta (cf. pako ~ pago)
põleda palaa
sõna sana
võbiseda vapista

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kaikki ~ kõik/ge ~ va. kõittši&lt;/font&gt;
või vai

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;kurpitsa ~ kõrvits/a&lt;/font&gt;
mõmiseda mumista
nummi ~ nõmm/e ~ va. nõmmi ~ li. num
tumma ~ tõmmu ~ tummõa (cf. tumea ~ tume ~ va. tuma &quot;id&quot;)
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;tulkki ~ tõlk/gi&lt;/font&gt;

mõista muistaa
&lt;!--Näähän on kaikki tapauksia *umm, *mu. OTOH kumma ~ kumm (voi olla lainaa?)--&gt;

kõmpida kömpiä
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;õli öljy&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;sõsar/a sisar&lt;/font&gt;

hobune hevonen
kodar/a ketara
kollane keltainen
kord/ra kerta
&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;onu eno&lt;/font&gt;
otsida etsiä

toinen ~ teine ~ va. tõin ~ li. tūoi

hõõguda hehkua
jõhv/i jouhi
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;lõvi leijona&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;mõte miete&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;mõõta mitata&lt;/font&gt;
oodata odottaa
õun/a omena

&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;põu/e povi&lt;/font&gt;
õu/e hovi</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wiki.frath.net/Rajadom of Lo</title>
    <id>8410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56511</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-06T14:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wiki.frath.net/Rajadom of Kashmir</title>
    <id>8411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56419</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-04T17:39:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Caliphate used Persia as something of a staging post for their expansions into [[Afghanopakistan|Afghanistan]] and [[India]] (also enslaving many Turkic peoples and taking them back to Baghdad to serve as cavalry troops) but had little effect on the mass of the people. For some three centuries, a largely Zoroastrian populace sullenly submitted to Muslim rule. However, with the extinction of the Zoroastrian élite, much of the Zoroastrian scripture and learning was lost during Abbasid rule.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Vik.jpg</title>
    <id>8412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56460</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-05T01:06:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bololoikak2</username>
        <id>1417</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>...</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">...</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>GERMÄNGLISH</title>
    <id>8413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56533</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-06T18:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rivendale</username>
        <id>279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;INTRODUCTION Germänglish (or Germenglish) is an a posteriori, macaronic conlang which fundamentally incorporates the corpus and grammar of both modern German and English, though...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">INTRODUCTION
Germänglish (or Germenglish) is an a posteriori, macaronic conlang which fundamentally incorporates the corpus and grammar of both modern German and English, though not entirely nor evenly. I should note that Germänglish is not an IAL, nor was there any attempt to purge non-germanic words (since the conlang is partially based around modern English and will therefore inherently contain words of Latin origin. However, I do not think of such words as Latin, but English since they have been resident in the language for such a long time).
 
My primary goal with Germänglish was to create a modern day hybrid of German and English. However, I didn't want to purge German of all of its traits (that wouldn't seem fair), but I did want to reduce some of its complexities, such as the case system. I decided to retain a (simplified) gender system for nouns, but his serves no grammatical function other than to add a little depth to the language. Also, rather than refer to this as 'gender', I chose to call it 'noun classification'. Typical German/English traits in Germänglish are: prepositions, umlaut, standard VSO/V2 word order, verb inversion, and verb agreement. 
 

Germänglish is quite phonetic, with a 1-1 letter to sound ratio. Spelling has taken on a Germanic feel too, especially noteable among non-germanic words, and there is a significant reduction in silent letters and non-diphthonic vowels, such as ou/ue in through/blue. Pronunciation wise, Germänglish is perhaps not as gutteral as German, and sounds that do not exist within the 2 languages (such as the th in the English the/bath or the gutteral r in the German rot, grün) have been purposely omitted in order that both English and German natives can speak and pronounce Germänglish consistently.
 
On a semantic level, Germänglish leans more towards English in the sense of adpositional phrases: Place-Manner-Time, and word order follows SVO in both coordinate and subordinate clauses, although auxilliaries do send the main verb to the end, as in German.
 
Finally, although Germänglish is fundamentally based on German and English, it is not necessarily engineered to sound exactly like them. Invariably (and quite rightly), it will take on its own personality and flavour. One could almost describe Germänglish as a 'baby' language in much the same way as the Dutch describe Afrikaans as 'baby Dutch. But then again, every language and dialect has its own traits and nuances.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sound change</title>
    <id>8414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56570</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-07T15:30:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Order */ cat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sound change is the main drive of languages change.

==Causes==
{{Stub}}

==Types and terminology==
Sound changes can be arranged in three broad classes: '''addition''', '''loss''' and '''modification''', and on the other hand, into '''conditional''' and '''unconditional''' changes.

Types of additions:
*'''[[Epenthesis]]'''
*'''[[Excresence]]'''
...

Types of modifications:
* '''Merger''': Two sounds fall together to be pronounced the same. An example is the merger of [[English]] /w/ &lt;w&gt; and /ʍ/ &lt;wh&gt; in most dialects.
** If the end result (as is the case of /w/ here) is essentially the same as one of the original phonemes, one may speak of a merger of the other phoneme '''into''' the other.
** One might think that any merger must involve such a case, however this isn't the case: sometimes both the original ''sounds'' remain, except now as allophones. An example is the merger of */β/ &amp;lt;v&amp;gt; and */b/ &amp;lt;b&amp;gt; as &quot;/b/&quot; in Spanish: the resultant phoneme retains the allophone [β] intervocally, and the allophone [b] initially &amp; after a nasal.
** A &quot;stealth merger&quot; occurs when two former phonemes end up becoming allophones without either of them changing at all, but rather, their ''environments'' change. For an example (which has played itself out in many Slavic languages, eg. [[Russian]]), suppose a language has the vowels /i ɨ/, and consonants before /i/ are palatalized (eg. /mi/ [mʲi]). Next suppose there are some consonant clusters of the shape /CjV/. If these change to become palatalized consonants as well (so eg. /mja/ → /mʲa/), a result is that palatalized consonants are now separate phonemes. However, if the combination /jɨ/ did ''not'' occur in the language, there is also another consequence: /ɨ/ and /i/ are now in complementary distribution, the former only after unpalatalized consonants, the latter only after palatalized consonants. Thus, they've merged. (Cf. [[palatalization-split]].)
* '''Primary split''': A phoneme acquires two distinct [[allophone]]s in certain environments. This term is usually only used when the distinction, due to later changes in the environment, becomes phonemic.
* '''Secondary split'''

In '''[[loss]]''', a sound is lost entirely. With consonants (rarely vowels) this can also be called a '''merger''' (in)'''to zero''' (after the concepts of [[zero onset]] and [[zero coda]]).
* The preposition matters here. A merger '''with''' zero may involve epenthesis, in a fashion similar to 
* Vowel loss:
** '''Apocope''' is the loss of a final vowel.
** '''Syncope''' is the loss of a medial vowel.

===Order===
A sound change may affect the outcome of another change, or the conditions of it.
* If change X applies to a result of change Y, it is said that Y is '''feeding''' X. Any case of [[phoneme drift]] is a string of several changes feeding one another.
* If change X applies to a phoneme that was previously also in some places affected by change Y (to something that X doesn't affect), Y is said to be '''counterfeeding''' X.
* If change X applies in a context § that was previously created by change Y, it is that Y is ''bleeding'' X.
* If change X applies in a context § that was previously also in some places affected by change Y (to something that doesn't trigger X), Y is said to '''counterbleed''' X.

Neither a feeding or bleeding change is required to completely enable the change it is *eeding (and obviously, a change that is completely counter*ed does not happen at all).

Both conditional and unconditional changes can be (counter)fed, but only conditional changes can be (counter)bled.

[[Category:Terminology]]
[[Category:Sound changes|*]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/-ka</title>
    <id>8415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58842</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-08T16:40:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Derivation */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Examples of this suffix:

==Derivation==
* *piði &quot;tall&quot; → *piðkä &quot;id.&quot; (BF, Smy)
* *tuxli &quot;wind&quot; → tulka &quot;feather&quot; (Janhunen 2008)
* *päxli &quot;side&quot; → *pälkä &quot;thumb&quot; (Janhunen 2008)
* *ńäxli- &quot;eat&quot; → S *ńālkē &quot;tasty&quot;, F *nälkä &quot;hunger&quot; (AASmy #1)
* *ponči &quot;tail&quot; → FS *počka &quot;thigh&quot; (AASmy #2, orig. J. Saarikivi)
* *pakša &quot;knot in tree&quot; → Mo *pakškə (with front vowels? Mk ''-kä'') (and BF *pahka?)
* *peli- &quot;to fear&quot; → BF *pelko &quot;fear&quot;, *pelkät- &quot;to fear&quot; (? verbal sense perhaps re-derived)
* Bionym extention group:
** *pečä &quot;pine&quot; → BF *petäkä &quot;id.&quot;
** *pićla &quot;rowan&quot; → BF *pihlaka &quot;id.&quot;
** *säwnV &quot;ide&quot; → BF *säynäkä &quot;id.&quot;
** *tokta &quot;Gavia arctica&quot; → FS *toktaka &quot;id.&quot; (or just S *toktēkē?)
* Pronoun extension: *mi- *jo- *ku- *ke- → F mikä minkä mitkä, joka jonka jotka, kuka, kenkä ketkä
* *weri &quot;blood&quot; → Mansi *wirəɣ → *wiɣr &quot;id&quot; (''or *-w?'')

==No root, but trisyllabic anyway==
These words mostly appear to be limited to Finno-Permic.
* #kajaka &quot;gull&quot; (Mansi *kåjək)
* #majaka &quot;beaver&quot; (siffix not apparent in Permic)
* BF *jalaka &quot;elm&quot; (cf. *halaka, *salaka &quot;willow&quot; ← Gmc)
* BF *kataka &quot;juniper&quot; (versus Samic *koačēvē &quot;prickly&quot;?)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lee's advice for a 30-day conlang</title>
    <id>8416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56635</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-08T21:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lee</username>
        <id>1418</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1010A&amp;L=CONLANG&amp;P=R10103 On 7 Oct 2010 Matthew Martin] asked about creating a conlang in 30-days, [http://www.nanowrimo.org NaNoWriMo]-style:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From: Matthew Martin&lt;br&gt;
Subject: What is the state of the art for easy apriori conlangs?&lt;br&gt;
To: CONLANG@listserv.brown.edu&lt;br&gt;
Date: Thursday, October 7, 2010, 7:17 AM&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of trying to write a conlang in November in NaNoWriMo style.  As two
design goals, I am hoping for a language that is different semantically,
syntactically and lexically from English, yet reasonably easy. On the other hand,
most attempt make easy languages (pidgins, creoles and most auxlangs) resort to
lots of loan words and an &quot;apple that doesn't fall far from the tree&quot; style in terms
of syntax and semantics, (eg. choosing SVO just because it is common, or
defining a word to mean 'honor' with all 20-some English definitions).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Can any of you offer any advice on what features I should incorporate to end up
with an easy apriori conlang?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Matthew Martin&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

At the request of a number of CONLANG list members, my (Lee) slightly-edited response is posted here.

== Advice for creating a conlang in 30-days ==

I can't say anything I've done is necessarily state of the art, but I've tried you are about to attempt for both [[LoCoWriMo]]s (2009 and 2010)... and failed to get it done in the allotted month.

Maybe the third will be a charm!

Anyway, here are a few lessons I've learned along the way. None of these are earth-shattering, and most are probably obvious.

# At every level, start simple. Try with all your might to not add that one extra feature you are not 100% sure you really want/need.
# Phonology. Create your phonology quickly, and stick with it.
# Syllable patterns. Select a few and stick to them. If your pattern(s) don't yield enough possible words, allow your words to have one more syllable.
# Word generation. Create a spreadsheet or something to randomly create a collection of words. It is far faster to have a bunch of candidates to choose from that to sit pondering what word feels &quot;right&quot; for a concept. Just pick one that sounds good and move on. If your language design allows for words to readily change part of speech, double-check your lexicon before creating a new word.
# If borrowing features from other languages, keep that list of languages small.
# Grammar. Keep it simple. Start with grade school beginning reader level sentences first. Once you can reliably read and write statements and questions, add a single layer (modal, tense, etc.). Don't add another layer of complexity until the one you are on works reliably.
# Delay tweaking as long as possible. Instead, keep a list of potential tweaks and why you think you want to implement them. You may discover some of them will become unnecessary.
# If you find yourself getting stuck on a particular feature or language construction, make a note of it and move on to something else. (I tend to get stuck trying to break through a sticking point, and before I know it I've spun my wheels for five days.)
# Do something with the language everyday, even if nothing more than creating ten more basic sentences.
# Have fun.

Lee</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Qang/nkala</title>
    <id>8417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59214</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T13:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Nouns==

=== Affect / Degree ===

* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''. 
These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable containing '''h''' or '''y'''.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion

* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green

* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” 
:Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest | '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
:Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow | '''ke huam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.

===Gender===

*In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
:Example : '''nikata''' &quot;a male dog&quot;, '''nikana''' &quot;a female dog&quot;.

=== Articles ===

*There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a &quot;noun marker&quot;. 

*It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
:Example : '''kama''' &quot;village&quot;, '''ke kama''' &quot;the/a village&quot;, '''ke kama'a''' &quot;the villages&quot;
:Example : '''inahi''' &quot;snack&quot;, '''ke inahi''' &quot;the/a snack&quot;, '''ke inahim''' &quot;the snacks&quot;

===Number===

* Nouns are either singular, plural or collective.

* Concrete nouns are pluralized by suffixing '''-m'''. 
:Examples :  '''kono''' - stone &gt; '''konom''' - stones | '''naka''' - woman &gt; '''nakam''' - women

* When the last syllable of a word contains an '''m''', the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel.
:Examples : '''kama''' - village &gt; '''kama'a''' - villages | '''teyemi''' - phrase &gt; '''teyemi'i''' - phrases

* Collective (plural) nouns are marked by prefixing '''tli-'''. 
:Examples : '''tsaka''' - house &gt; '''tlitsaka''' - neighborhood | '''yama''' - mountain &gt; '''tliyama''' - mountain range

* Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
:Example : '''sahi''' - color &gt; '''sahim''' - colors &gt; '''sahi ya'o''' - five color(s)

* Adjectives do not show plural agreement. However, when an adjective is used nominally, it can be pluralized.
:Example : '''nyeli''' - pink &gt; '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)

==Pronouns==

* [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers. 
There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
|- align=center
! ''1S''
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''2S'' 
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''3S'' 
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''4S'' 
|| tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' ''' 
|- align=center
! ''1P''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1P'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2P'' 
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3P'' 
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|- align=center
! ''4P'' 
|| tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
|-
|}

=== Correlative Pronouns ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
|-
! !! ''query'' !! ''this'' !! ''that'' !! ''some'' !! ''none'' !! ''any'' !! ''every'' !! ''whichever'' 
|- align=center
! ''adjective''
|| ka || itla || uatla || iha || ak || ula || kua || ote 
|- align=center
! ''person'' 
|| ko...ka || iko || uako || ihako || hok || kola || kohua || oteko 
|- align=center
! ''thing'' 
|| no...ka || itla || uatla || ihano || nok || nola || nokua || oteno 
|- align=center
! ''time''
|| ama/tsima...ka || ima || uama || ihama || amak || amala || kuama || otema 
|- align=center
! ''place''
|| mo...ka || hina || uana || ihamo || mok || mola || mokua || otemo 
|- align=center
! ''way'' 
|| to...ka || yoto || uato || ihato || tok || tola || tokua || oheto 
|- align=center
! ''amount'' 
|| ku/o...ka || iku || uaku || ihaku || huk/ok || kula || hukua/okua || oteku 
|- align=center
! ''reason'' 
|| nye...ka || inye || uanye || ihanye || nyek || ulanye || nyekua || otenye 
|- align=center
! ''kind'' 
|| su...ka || isu || uasu || ihasu || suk || sula || sukua || otesu 
|-
|}

==Verbs==

===tense / aspect===

The future tense is marked with the suffix '''-tli'''. Past tenses, including perfect and
pluperfect, are marked with the suffix '''-ye'''. The present tense is unmarked:

* '''na ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I eat / I am eating.
* '''na inatli''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.FUT&lt;/tt&gt; - I will eat / I am about to eat.
* '''na inaye''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.PAST&lt;/tt&gt; - I eat / I was eating / I have eaten / I had eaten.

[[Kala]] does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. ‘I ate’, ‘I used to eat’, ‘I
have eaten’, ‘I had eaten’). However, one can easily clarify the temporal sequence of two actions by
marking the earlier one with the adverbial '''tsa''' (‘already’).

===mood===

* The conditional mood is formed with the particle '''iya'''.

* '''iya na ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;COND 1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I might be eating.

* The imperative mood is formed with the particle '''kya'''.

* '''kya ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;IMP eat&lt;/tt&gt; - Eat!

* The negative mood is formed with the suffix '''-k'''.

* '''na inak''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.NEG&lt;/tt&gt; - I do not eat / I am not eating.

* The volitive mood is formed with the suffix '''-ue''' (from '''ueha''' - to want, desire).

* '''na inaue''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.VOL&lt;/tt&gt; - I want to eat.

* The necessitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-he''' (from '''heya''' - to need, require).

* '''na inahe''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.NEC&lt;/tt&gt; - I need to eat.

* The abilitative mood is formed with the suffix '''-pa''' (from '''pala''' - to be able).

* '''na inapa''' - &lt;tt&gt;1.S eat.ABIL&lt;/tt&gt; - I am able to eat./ I can eat.

===voice===

* The passive voice is formed by attaching the accusative prefix '''e-''' to the pronoun.

* '''ena ina''' - &lt;tt&gt;ACC.1.S eat&lt;/tt&gt; - I am eaten. / I am being eaten.

==Numbers==

===Cardinal Numbers===

*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one 
*'''ta'o''' - two 
*'''ha'o''' - three 
*'''ma'o''' - four 
*'''ya'o''' - five 
*'''tsa'o''' - six 
*'''ka'o''' - seven 
*'''pa'o''' - eight 
*'''sa'o''' - nine 
*'''ue'o''' - ten 
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million

=== Higher Numbers ===

* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11

* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20

* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107

* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326

* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

===Ordinal Numbers===

* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;

===Fractions===

* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

= outline =</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Proto-Uralic/-ma</title>
    <id>8418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56743</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-14T22:43:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Derivation */ +2</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Derivation==
*kaxli- &quot;to die&quot; → *kalma &quot;death&quot;
*ńäxli- &quot;eat&quot; → *ńälmä &quot;tongue&quot;
*ńoxi- &quot;to hunt&quot; → *ńoma &quot;hare&quot;
*ńimi- &quot;to suck&quot; → Smy *ńimmä &quot;breast&quot;
*sewi- &quot;eat&quot; → Smy *timä &quot;tooth&quot; (should be *tɪmä?)
*wo-(li-) &quot;to be, to have&quot; → FSM *(w)oma &quot;own&quot;
*wajŋi &quot;breath&quot; → FSM *wajma &quot;spirit&quot;
*śola/śooli &quot;intestine&quot; → FS *śolma/śolmi &quot;strait&quot;
*kajwa- &quot;to dig&quot; → Mo *kajmə &quot;spade&quot;
*kojwa &quot;birch&quot; → Mo *kujmə &quot;basket&quot;
*wëlka- &quot;to arrive&quot; → F *valkama &quot;landing&quot;
*waśa- &quot;to shoot&quot; → F *vasama &quot;bolt of lightning&quot;

(and is this the same as the infinitiv -mA?)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Nkala</title>
    <id>8419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56729</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-13T01:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;__NOTOC__ &lt;center&gt; &lt;big&gt;[[#p|p]] [[#t|t]] [[#k|k]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#s|s]] [[#l|l]] [[#a|a]] [[#i|i]] [[#u|u]]&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/center&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;big&gt;[[#p|p]] [[#t|t]] [[#k|k]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#s|s]] [[#l|l]] [[#a|a]] [[#i|i]] [[#u|u]]&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Nkala2</title>
    <id>8420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57390</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T03:00:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__

&lt;center&gt;
[[#p|p]] [[#t|t]] [[#k|k]] [[#m|m]] [[#n|n]] [[#ny|ny]] [[#s|s]] [[#h|h]] [[#ts|ts]] [[#tl|tl]] [[#ua|ua]] [[#l|l]] [[#y|y]] [[#a|a]]
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
[[Image:Moya cs.PNG]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa</title>
    <id>8421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58401</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-08T23:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Tsakxa
| native = Qunusu &lt;br&gt;щунусу
| country = Russia
| nativecountry = Русэйa - ''Ruseya''
| universe = Earth
| speakers = ~300
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Fluid-S saliency-based
| author = Welshy
| date = 2010 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}'''Tsakxa''' (''Qunusu'', щунусу) is a language isolate, or dialect continuum, spoken by the [[Tsakxa people]] of eastern Siberia. Although typically written using Bokanovsky's Cyrillic alphabet, this and related articles will use Dawkins' romanised writing system.

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Close
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; |
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[u] &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;u у&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} 
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Mid
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[e] &lt;e э&gt;}}
|align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; |
|-
! align=&quot;left&quot; | Open
| 
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[a] &lt;a&gt;}}
|
|}

=== Allophony ===

Vowel allophony is not very advanced in most Tsakxa dialects. Before the dental click, /e/ is usually realised as allophonic [ɤ] in stressed syllables or [ɘ] in unstressed syllables and /a/ as, almost universally, [ɑ].

== Consonants ==

Tsakxa is most notable for its system of clicks, which are otherwise unknown outside of the continent of Africa and the ritual languages of Australia. Its click system is not particularly advanced, however.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! &amp;nbsp;
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[m]&amp;nbsp;&lt;m м&gt;}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{IPA|[n]&amp;nbsp;&lt;n н&gt;&amp;nbsp;[nǀ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;nx нъ&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ŋ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;ng ң&gt;&amp;nbsp;[ŋǃ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;ngx ңъ&gt;&amp;nbsp;[ŋǀ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;ngq ңь&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
!Plosive
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[p]&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p п&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{IPA|[t]&amp;nbsp;&lt;t т&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[k]&amp;nbsp;&lt;k к&gt;&amp;nbsp;[kǃ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;kx къ&gt;&amp;nbsp;[ǀk]&amp;nbsp;&lt;kq кь&gt;}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ʔ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;ʔ ъ&gt;}}
|-
!Fricative
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ɸ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;f ф&gt;}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[s]&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;s с&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ʃ]&amp;nbsp;&lt;sh ш&gt;}} 
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ç]&amp;nbsp;&lt;q щ&gt;}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[h]&amp;nbsp;&lt;h x&gt;}}
|-
!Approximant
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{IPA|[l]&amp;nbsp;&lt;l л&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[j]&amp;nbsp;&lt;y й&gt;}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|{{IPA|[w]&amp;nbsp;&lt;w в&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
!Trill
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |{{IPA|[r]&amp;nbsp;&lt;r р&gt;}}
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

== Grammar ==

Tsakxa is an agglutinative, topic-prominent language with active alignment.

=== Pronouns ===
{{Main|Tsakxa pronouns}}

=== Nouns ===
{{Main|Tsakxa nouns}}

Tsakxa nouns are inflected by number into singular, dual and plural and, it is sometimes argued, for case (there are a large number of morphemes analysed variously as clitics and case inflection).

=== Verbs ===
{{Main|Tsakxa verbs}}

Tsakxa verbs are inflected for aspect and mood. Certain verbs can also inflect, to a very restricted degree, to show person, but this is non-productive, erratic and irregular.

=== Syntax ===
{{Main|Tsakxa syntax}}

=== Animacy ===
{{Main|Tsakxa animacy}}

=== Lexicon and derivative morphology ===
{{Main|Tsakxa lexicon}}

[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa noun phrases</title>
    <id>8422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58233</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T20:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Focus-referential suffix */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nouns''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' are comparatively lightly inflected. Some analyses treat them as being declined for both case and number; however, Dawkins (1999), who wrote the most widely-accepted Grammar of Tsakxa, opposes this by noting numerous clitic-like properties assigned to these suffixes, most predominantly their suffixing to adjectives. There are two 'classes' of noun in Tsakxa, distinguished by their inflection for plural. The noun phrase follows this syntactic pattern:

:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Noun stem || Genitive || Adjectives || Comparison || Number || Demonstrative || Suffix || Case
|-
|colspan=8| ''&lt;center&gt;Umu tatataqa pesheshetpenungxu&lt;/center&gt;''
|-
| ''umu'' || ''tata-ta-qa'' || ''pesh'' || -esh || ''-et'' || ''-ep'' || ''-en'' || ''-ungxu''
|-
| gift || my father's || rich || -est || (ones) || that || not || amongst
|-
|colspan=8| &lt;center&gt;Not among those richest gifts of my father's&lt;/center&gt;
|}

== Stem ==

Noun stems may be [[Tsakxa animacy|animate or inanimate]]. Compounds take the animacy of the head. The noun stem itself may be modified for number as a unit through vowel and consonant change. However, the vast majority of nouns fall into the 'first class' or 'common class', which form their plural regularly through clitic-particles which come later in the noun phrase. The only case in which more than one constituent is marked for number is when a class 2 noun takes an adjective, in which case the ''-t'' is applied to the adjective and the noun takes its irregular plural as usual.

=== Class 1 nouns ===

Class 1 nouns do not vary in and of themselves. They may take the number suffixes (see below) but only when they are the only constituent of the phrase preceding the number suffix slot.

=== Class 2 nouns ===

Class 2 nouns, variously called 'irregular nouns', 'strong nouns' and 'broken nouns' by grammarians, undergo a vowel change in the plural (but not the dual). According to Dawkins, this was the original system for the formation of plurals, thanks to an old system of vowel harmony which caused vowels to assimilate with the vowel of an initial prefix which he posits to be ''e-'' or perhaps originally ''i-''. They form the dual identically to Class 1 nouns. All Class 2 nouns have an initial consonant followed by /a/.

In nouns beginning with any other consonant than /t/ or /p/, the plural is formed by a simple vowel change from /a/ to /e/:

: ''mama'' -&gt; ''mema'' - 'human' -&gt; 'humans'

In nouns beginning with /t/, in addition to the vowel change, the /t/ lenites to /s/:

: ''tap'' -&gt; ''sep'' - 'eye' -&gt; 'eyes'

In nouns beginning with /p/, the /p/ lenites to /f/:

: ''pasak'' -&gt; ''fesak'' - 'cooking-pot' -&gt; 'cooking-pots'

== Adjectives ==

Comparable adjectives are declined into positive, comparative and equative degrees with a null suffix, the suffix ''-ya'' and the suffix ''-(e)sh'' respectively:

: ''mama wa'' - a young man

: ''mama wa-ya'' - the younger man/youngest man

: ''mama wa-sh'' - the as-young man

The superlative and the comparative are differentiated by the postposition used to link it to the object of the comparison. The superlative uses the genitive, the comparative the comitative:

: ''mama wa-ya wa-nxa-qa'' - the person who is youngest of the youths

: ''mama wa-ya wa-ta'' - the person who is younger than the youth

The equative always uses the comitative:

: ''mama wa-sh wa-ta'' - the person who is as young as the youth

== Number suffix ==

The number suffix has its own place in the noun phrase. There are four possible numbers:

=== Singular ===

The singular is unmarked.

: ''pasak wasa'' - blue cooking pot

=== Dual ===

The dual is formed by ''-f'' (according to Dawkins, derived from a classifier plus ''fi'' 'two'):

: ''paʔe'' -&gt; ''paʔef'' - child -&gt; two children

Through epenthesis, following a stop other than /p/,' ''-f'' is usually found as an infix before the final consonant:

: ''sat'' -&gt; ''saft'' - 'house' -&gt; 'two houses'

The f also causes a final bilabial stop (i.e. /p/) to assimilate:

: ''tap'' -&gt; ''taf'' - 'eye' -&gt; 'two eyes'

The dual assimilates to a final ''f'':

: ''sat emenxaf'' -&gt; ''sat emenxaf'' - red house -&gt; red houses

=== Plural === 

The plural is formed with the suffix ''-t'' (derived, according to Dawkins, from a classifier plus ''tum'', 'many'):

: ''paʔe'' -&gt; ''paʔet'' - 'child' -&gt; 'children'

In the case of preceding constituents already ending in a consonant that cannot form a cluster with /t/ (/ç/, /t/), the suffix is preceded by a vowel that assimilates to the last preceding vowel:

: ''sat'' -&gt; ''satat'' - 'house' -&gt; 'houses'

: ''sat weq'' -&gt; ''sat weqet'' - 'permanent house' -&gt; 'permanent houses'

Those ending in a nasal consonant assimilate the /t/, resulting in no change:

: ''pan'' -&gt; ''pan'' - 'wolf' -&gt; 'wolves'

=== Paucal ===

The paucal or generic suffix is formed with the suffix ''-nxa'':

: ''paʔe'' -&gt; ''paʔenxa'' - 'child' -&gt; 'a group of children', 'children (as a class)'

If preceded by a dental consonant, the consonant is assimilated:

: ''pan'' - &gt; ''panxa'' - 'wolf' -&gt; 'a group of wolves', 'wolves (as a class)'

If preceded by a non-dental consonant, ''-nxa'' takes an epenthetic vowel which matches the final vowel of the preceding constituent:

: ''sat weq'' -&gt; ''sat weqenxa'' - 'permanent house' -&gt; 'a group of permanent houses', 'permanent houses (as a class)'

The paucal suffix is used to express the idea of a group of something:

: ''shulata'' -&gt; ''shulatanxa'' - 'soldier' -&gt; 'a group of soldiers'

: ''shulatanxa wawa Mosaqana aku'' - a group of soldiers are coming to Moscow

It is also used similarly to the French definite article in forming sentences discussing groups of nouns 'as a class':

: ''shulatanxa wa Mosaqana aku'' - soldiers are always coming to Moscow

== Demonstratives ==

Demonstrative adjectives are suffixed to the noun phrase:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=3 | Distance from speaker
|-
!'''this'''
!'''that'''
!'''yonder'''
|-
| -nxu || -ep || -e
|}

''Nxu'' roughly equates to 'this', referring to something close to the speaker, ''nxa'' to 'that', referring to something easily visible, and ''e'' to 'yonder', referring to something either far away or out of visual range.

== Case ==

Tsakxa nouns are sometimes described as being inflected for case. It is perhaps more accurate to say that there are a number of postpositioned particles and true postpositions that have cliticised and can phonetically assimilate with preceding noun phrases. These are totally regular in their affixation and there is no change between Class 1 and Class 2 nouns.

=== Absolutive case ===

The absolutive case is marked by a null morpheme. Nominals in the absolutive case may be either grammatical patients (i.e. the things affected by a verb) or grammatical agents with no volition (the unwilling subject of a verb). For example:

:''Waspa ashewaq-ø qa-engxut-u ush-u'' - the tentflap blew outward towards me (tent door.flap-ABS DAT-blow-PERSONAL outward-CONJ)

In this case, the tentflap is what in English would be called the 'subject'. In Tsakxa, however, it is considered to have no volitional part in the action described in the verb, so it is treated as a patient. Likewise:

:''Waspa Nunu-ø unqa-utshu-nxa'' - Nuna died in the tent (that we are discussing)

In this case, Nunu is again the 'subject' of the verb ''utshu'', 'to die'. Nevertheless, he is treated as a patient because the dying is not of his volition, contrasted with ''Waspa Nunu-kxa unqa-utshu-nxa'', 'Nunu let himself die/committed suicide in that tent', where Nunu is marked with the ergative or active case. 

:''Waspa Efan-akxa Nunu-ø unqa-utshu-nxa'' - Efan made Nunu commit suicide in the tent (that we are discussing)

In this last example, despite the translation of the verb being identical to the former translation with the ergative, Nunu is treated as being non-volitional again. This is the same in all cases of causativity; the 'agent' is reduced to a patient.

:''Waspa unqa-tusha-nxa Nunu-ø engqa-ø'' - In the tent (that we have been discussing), Nunu accidentally killed a fly/a fly accidentally killed Nunu

Note that the above sentence is ambiguous as to who did what to whom. This would be shown by context.

=== Ergative case ===

The ergative or active case, marked with the particle ''kxa'', is used for volitional agents: that is, grammatical agents considered to be willingly engaged in the activity described by the verb. This is the only way to distinguish a number of distinct verbs in English: for example, ''Paʔ, Nunu-kxa utshu-nxa'' ('as for that, Nunu committed suicide') and ''Paʔ, Nunu utshu-nxa'' ('as for that, Nunu died') are only differentiated by the degree of volition exhibited by the agent. 

:''Waspa unqa-tusha-nxa Nunu-nxa engqa-ø'' - In the tent (that we have been discussing), Nunu killed a fly

The above sentence shows the typical use of the ergative case (contrasted with ''Waspa unqa-tusha-nxa Nunu-ø engqa-ø'', which implies an accidental killing). Omission of Nunu is possible and would result in a passive-like sentence: ''Waspa unqa-tusha-nxa engqa-ø'' - in the tent, a fly was killed.

:''Waspa unqa-tusha-nxa Nunu-ø engqa-ø Ivan-nxa'' - In the tent (that we have been discussing), Ivan made Nunu kill a fly/Ivan made a fly kill Nunu

In a causative situation, the causative party is promoted to the main agent and takes the ''-nxa''. The actual agent of the verb, in this case Nunu, is demoted to the absolutive. Note that this produces ambiguity like that above which is disambiguated by context.

A sentence can only ever have a maximum of one agent.

To sum up the morphosyntactic roles of the absolutive and the ergative:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;| &lt;center&gt;'''Sentence type'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
! Causative
! Transitive
! Intransitive
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| &lt;br&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Case'''&lt;/center&gt;
| '''Causative'''
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000&quot;&gt;ergative&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;ergative&lt;/span&gt;
| -
| -
|-
| '''Agent'''
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000&quot;&gt;ergative&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#008000&quot;&gt;ergative&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''Patient'''
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
| &lt;span style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;absolutive&lt;/span&gt;
|}

Here, green represents volitional and red non-volitional arguments. As it can be seen, only agents in non-causative sentences may change case to show volition.

=== Focus case ===

The 'focus' case is more of a lack of case than an actual case unto itself. No matter what the actual grammatical relationship the focus has with the rest of the sentence, it takes no case marking; instead, the relationship is marked on the verb:

:''Nunu, utshu-nxa'' - Nunu committed suicide

:''Nunu, se-utshu-nxa'' - Nunu died

=== Dative case ===

The dative case, marked with the particle ''-(q)a'', is used for indirect objects, for genitives and in a large number of idiomatic constructions:

: ''Sesu uʔ-a'' - your sister (sister 2ps-DAT)

With certain verbs - ''nutu'', for example, 'to shoot' - both the dative and the absolutive may be used for the patient. The use of the dative expresses an attempt but does not specify the success or failure of the attempt:

: ''Pan te-nutunxa'' - I shot the wolf (I hit the wolf when I shot it)

: ''Pan qa-nutunxa'' - I shot at the wolf (and may have hit it or not)

=== Locative cases ===

The locative cases are really a highly comprehensive set of postpositions which phonologically assimilate with the preceding noun phrase.

: ''ta'': 'and', 'in company with', 'at', 'in' (a location), 'by', 'to' (with verbs of motion) assimilates to preceding nasal

:: ''fesak-ta'' - by the cooking pots, and the cooking pots

:: ''fesak wasat-ta'' - by the blue cooking pots

:: ''Mosaçan-na'' - 'in Moscow', 'near Moscow'

: ''unqa'': 'inside' (a hollow object), 'into' (with verbs of motion), causes preceding /t/ to assimilate to /s/, causes preceding vowel to assimilate to /u/

:: ''sas-unqa'': 'in the house', 'into the house'

:: ''memu-unqa'': 'inside people'

:: ''sat wasu-unqa'': 'inside the blue houses'

: ''ut'': 'outside', 'near', 'out of', 'away from' (with verbs of motion), causes preceding /t/ to assimilate to /s/, causes preceding vowel to assimilate to /u/

:: ''sas-ut'': 'outside the house', 'out of the house'

: ''fa'', 'beneath', 'below', 'under', 'down (into)', 'down in the' (with verbs of motion), causes preceding /p/ to assimilate to /f/

:: ''kutqu-fa'': 'down into the cave', 'under the cave'

: ''anqe'', 'above', 'on', 'onto', 'up (out of)' (with verbs of motion)

:: ''wespa-anqe'': above the tents, on the tents

: ''te'': 'in', 'within', 'during' (time)

:: ''fasha-te'': 'in that year'

== Other suffixes ==

=== Negative suffix ===

The 'negative suffix' acts to a degree like a case, although it can be combined with other cases and is the last suffix to be applied to a noun phrase, after plural. This takes the form ''-en'' and can be applied to both nouns and adjectives:

: ''Paʔ, Nunu-n utshu-nxa'' - Nunu didn't die

: ''Nunu-n keq-em-en'' - Nunu is not dead

=== Personal suffix ===

The so-called 'personal suffix' is used in a number of contexts, most commonly to imply a form of motion towards the speaker. When used with nouns, it implies inherent possession. It is used consistently with parts of the body belonging to the speaker. It takes the form of ''-(s)u'' for male speakers and ''-(s)a'' for female speakers. It precedes locative cases.

: ''taf-u'' - 'my eyes', literally 'eyes towards me'

=== Focus-referential suffix ===

Whilst the 'topic' or 'focus' itself is unmarked except through word order, there is a suffix (or rather a clitic) whose purpose is ill-defined in most grammars. It appears to imply some kind of connection to the initial element of the sentence (i.e. the focus/topic). It is usually glossed as a possessive suffix, although its uses are far more wide-ranging than simply a marker of ownership. It is believed to have derived from a former reflexive pronoun or second third person pronoun that was used to discriminate in situations such as 'Anna gave Joan her (Anna's) book' and 'Anna gave Joan her (Joan's) book'. It is often used in the manner of a copula with stand-alone adjectives or noun phrases which modify the focussed element.

: ''Mosaqan, metqu-m!'' - As for Moscow, it's vast! (Moscow-TOPIC vast-TOP)

: ''Ifan, taf-em metqu'' - Ivan has large eyes (Ivan-TOPIC eye.PLU-TOP large)

: ''Ifan, sesu-em ta-nxa'' - As for Ivan, I saw his sister (Ivan-TOPIC sister-TOP see-PERF)

[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa nouns</title>
    <id>8423</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>56775</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-15T20:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Tsakxa nouns]] to [[Tsakxa noun phrases]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tsakxa noun phrases]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa verbs</title>
    <id>8424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58234</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T20:03:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Verbs''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' are comparatively heavily inflected, conjugating by aspect, mood and voice. There are two classes of verbs, the monopartite verbs (which have a single stem and are conjugated regularly) and the bipartite verbs (which have a bipartite stem and whose conjugation is far more complex and irregular). 

== Verbal roots ==

Verbs may either be active or stative. Most stative verbs correspond to adjectives in English and are used similarly, potentially with adjectival prefixes:

: ''Mama pesh'' - a rich man - ''Mama anu-pesh'' - a man who is said to be rich - ''Mama atu-pesh-as'' - if the man had been rich

Active verbs may also be used as adjectives, in which case they correspond to present participles or relative clauses:

: ''Mama ʔuwes'' - a man who eats

Bipartite verbs have two stems. These, however, may not be used as adjectives. Many bipartite verbs have monopartite, intransitive counterparts which are used for this purpose:

: ''Mama aq'' - a man who walks, the walking man - ''as-aq'' - to walk somewhere

== Commonalities ==

=== Polarity ===

Negativity is marked with the particle ''pa'', which is placed in a variety of places depending on emphasis and personal taste. Reduplication to ''apa'' creates an emphatic 'no' or 'never':

: ''Wen apa su se-wes'' - I never eat meat (meat never 1ps ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

An emphatic declarative is also possible with the particle ''ʔu'' which works in much the same way as ''pa'':

: ''Wen ʔu su se-wes'' - I always eat meat (meat DECL.EMPH 1ps ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Voice/agreement ===

Tsakxa has what is termed by Dawkins as an 'information saliency voice system'. The verb agrees with the 'main argument' or 'focus', which is usually the topic but can also introduce new information in some contexts. When the focus is the agent, the prefix is null:

: ''Kangqa su ta-nxa'' - as for the beast, it saw me (beast 1ps see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

When the focus is the patient, the prefix is a ''se-'' or a ''te'' depending on the animacy of the patient.

: ''Wen se-wes'' - The meat is eaten (meat ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

When the focus is an adverbial argument, it takes no case marking itself, but the prefix mimics the case marking (before allomorphy):

: ''Waspa nqu-kaq-enxa'' - We sat down in the tent (tent INESS[INAN]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-sit&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Tenqa umut-anxa qa-seweq'' - This gift is for Tenqa (Tenqa gift-this DAT[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-intended&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

For an exhaustive list of agreement prefixes, see the section on agreement in monopartite verbs below.

=== Causativity ===

Causatives are formed simply by adding an ergative argument and demoting any existing ergative arguments to absolutives:

: ''Pema Nunu-kxa te-utshu-nxa'' - Pema was made to commit suicide/was made to die by Nunu (Pema Nunu-ERG ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-die&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

== Suffix slot ==

The suffix slot is the final slot in the verbal complex. All of the suffixes that attach here are clitics which may also attach to noun phrases and have various different purposes. Only one suffix may be placed in the slot, although in older texts it appears that these clitics could be stacked.

=== Conjunctive form ===

The conjunctive or participle form is derived from monopartite verbs simply with the suffix ''-u''. Regular bipartite verbs form the conjunctive in much the same way after joining their two stems together, but many bipartite verbs have forms acquired by suppletion. The conjunctive form is used in sentences alongside a 'main verb'. The 'main verb' carries the vast majority of the inflection and grammatical information, which is then transferred to the conjunctive. This construction expresses two connected actions, with the connection determined by context:

:''Pema wen utshu-u enxa-nxa'' - Pema ate some meat and died (due to the meat) (Pema meat die-CONJ eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

The conjunctive form is also used in constructions such as 'I love eating meat':

:''A-su wen enxa-u miqat'' - I love eating meat (1ps meat eat-CONJ enjoy&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

Although the participle lacks much of the inflection found on other verbs, it is still inflected for the role of the focus, as are other verbs:

:''Wen se-enxa-u su miqat'' - Meat, I love eating it (meat ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ 1ps enjoy&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

==== Use with auxiliaries ====

There are a few verbs which act as auxiliaries in that they add a sense of, for example, particular motion. These verbs are never found in finite form (or, if they are, have a different meaning), only in conjunctive form alongside a different verb. They carry identical agreement to the verb they modify:

:''ush-u'' gives a sense of turning or movement away: ''Sesu-su ush-u atu-wa hut-ak'' - I would turn and go away from my sister (sister-PERSON turn&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; CONTRAFACT&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; ABL[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

:''nas-u'' is roughly equivalent to 'be able to': ''Su nas-u aq-el'' - I think I can walk (1ps can&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; walk&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

:''tuq-u'' is roughly equivalent to 'have to', 'must', 'should': ''Su tuq-u aq'' - I have to walk (1ps must&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; walk&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

:''aʔ-u'' is an intensifier: ''Efan se-aʔ-u te-paʔ-enxa'' - Ivan was struck violently (Ivan ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-violent&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-strike-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Subordinating suffixes ===

==== Adjectival clauses ====

Adjectival clauses are formed by the incorporation of the verb within the noun phrase as an adjective. In this case, any case clitic may be placed within the suffix slot:

: ''Mama ʔu-wes-akxa'' - The man that eats/is eating... (person INTRANS&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-ERG&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Mama su te-ta-nxa-kxa'' - The man that I saw... (person 1ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-ERG&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Adverbial clauses ===

Subordination of adverbial clauses is accomplished using the adverbial case suffixes. Note that the arguments of the adverbial verb form must precede it directly. For example:

: ''A-su a-su-m te-ngqu-nxa-te su-qa wa-ak'' - I went when I (myself) was told (FOCUS-1ps FOCUS-1ps-REFL ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-command&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-TEMP&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;

Note that the entire adverbial phrase can be placed in topical position:

: ''A-su Nunu-kxa te-ngqu-nxa wa su-kxa et-ak'' - I went ''when I was told to by Nunu'' (FOCUS-1ps Nunu-ERG ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-command&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; 1ps-ERG TEMP&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Nominal clauses ===

Subordination of nominal clauses is accomplished using the ergative and absolutive (null) suffixes. Note that the verb's arguments must precede it directly.

: ''A-su as-uʔ aʔ yem se-lup'' - I know what you want (TOPIC-1ps TOPIC-2ps 3ps want&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-know.something)

: ''As-aʔ as-aʔ-em aʔ yem-ekxa se-tusha-nxa'' - He's going to be killed by what he wants (TOPIC-3ps TOPIC-3ps-REFL 3ps want&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-ERG&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-kill&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

Like adverbial clauses, they may be fronted:

: ''As-uʔ aʔ yem a-su se-lup'' - I know ''what you want'' (TOPIC-2ps 3ps want 3ps ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-know.something&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Personal suffix ===

The personal suffix takes the form ''-(s)u'' for male speakers and ''-(s)a'' for female speakers. Its use is ill-defined and implies, generally, motion towards the speaker:

:''Wa-ak-u''/''Wa-ak-a'' - Come towards me (come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERS&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)

It can also imply benefit brought to the speaker:

:''Tekutaru aʔ-akxa te-a-nxa-sa'' - He told the doctor for me (doctor he-ERG ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-tell&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-PERS&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)

Or simply imply some kind of relation to the speaker in what is being said:

:''Nenqa ʔu-tashit-enxa-u'' - Nenqa read a something to me/read (a book) that I wrote (Nenqa GEN&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-read&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-PERS&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)

== Monopartite verbs ==

Monopartite verbs are by far the more common type of verb in Tsakxa. They have a single stem and can take up to three prefixes and two suffixes (not including the personal clitic, whose uses are discussed above):

:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;12&quot; | &lt;center&gt;'''''Waspap Nenqakxa unqatuʔutashitenxas-u'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| ||  || || || || '''agreement''' &lt;small&gt;(-3)&lt;/small&gt; || '''evidentiality''' &lt;small&gt;(-2)&lt;/small&gt; || '''valency''' &lt;small&gt;(-1)&lt;/small&gt; ||'''stem''' &lt;small&gt;(0)&lt;/small&gt; || '''aspect''' &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt; || '''mood''' &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt; || '''suffix''' &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
| ''waspa'' || ''-ep'' || ''-ø'' || ''Nenqa'' || ''-kxa'' ||  ''unq-'' || ''atu-'' || ''ʔu-'' || ''tashet'' || ''-enxa'' || ''-s'' || ''-u'' 
|-
| tent || -that || -TOPIC || Nenqa || -ERG || INESS[INANIM]- || CONTRAFACT- || INTRANS- || read || -PERF || -SUBJ || -PERS 
|-
|colspan=&quot;12&quot; | &lt;center&gt;Had Nenqa deliberately read something that relates to me/read something to me in that tent (that we can see) (and have been talking about) (but he hasn't)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=== Agreement ===

All verbs agree with the focussed element, expressing the grammatical relationship of the element with the rest of the sentence through a prefix which is mostly identical (before allomorphy) to or a contracted version of the standard case suffix that would otherwise be attached to the noun in a non-focussed context. This is the first prefix slot, marked in glosses by a superscript &lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;.  The prefix varies based on whether the argument is [[Tsakxa animacy|animate or inanimate]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
! Case (suffix)
! Prefix (animate)
! Prefix (inanimate)
! Usage
|-
| Ergative (''-kxa'')
| ø-
| ø-
| Shows the volitive agent
|-
| Absolutive (''-ø'')
| te-
| se-
| Shows the patient or non-volitive agent
|-
| Dative (''-(q)a'')
| ''q(a)-''
| ''a-''
| Shows a genitive, beneficiary or indirect object
|-
| Comitative/locative (''-(t)a'')
| ''ta-''
| ''sa-''
| Shows a locative with place names ('in', 'to'), 'and', 'with', 'by', instrumental uses: 'using'
|-
| Inessive (''-(u)nqa'')
| ''enq(u)-''
| ''unq(u)-''
| Inside (a hollow object, building etc), into, in 
|-
| Intrative (''-(u)ngxu'')
| ''(e)ngx(u)-''
| ''ungx(u)-''
| Among, amidst, between
|-
| Ablative (''-ut'')
| ''hu(t)-''
| ''u(t)-''
| Out of, outside, by, near, away from
|-
| Subessive (''-fa'')
| ''p-''
| ''f-''
| Under, down into, beneath
|-
| Adessive (''-atqe'')
| ''tq(a)-''
| ''sh(a)-''
| On, above, up into, up onto
|-
| Temporal (''-te'')
| -
| ''(e)t-''
| At (time), during, for (an amount of time)
|}

=== Evidentiality ===
All verbs carry inflection for evidentiality. This is the second prefix slot, marked in glosses by a superscript &lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;.  There are three degrees of evidentiality: 

Certainty (marked by the prefix ''ø-''), used when the speaker observed the act in question or is certain that it occurred:

: ''Sesu-ø uʔ-a te-ta-nxa'' - your sister saw you (sister-TOPIC 2ps-DAT ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

In future contexts use of the null prefix is emphatic:

: ''Nenqa patangqate te-ta-nxa'' - I WILL see Nenqa tomorrow (nenqa tomorrow ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

Uncertainty, marked by the prefix ''anu-'', is used for reported speech and events that may have happened:

: ''Nenqa te-anu-ta-nxa'' - you saw Nenqa (didn't you?) (nenqa ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-UNCERTAIN&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;-see-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

There is a strong overlap with the dubitative here - original analyses treated this as a circumfix with the dubitative suffix but there are instances of one occurring without the other. The dubitative implies something slightly different from the ''anu-'' prefix - ''anu-'' simply confirms that the speaker was not present at the event and cannot vouch completely for what happened. The dubitative gives a degree of actual distancing from the event:

: ''Nenqa aʔ te-anu-ta-nxa'' - I believe that he saw Nenqa (but I wasn't actually present at the time) (nenqa 3ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-UNCERTAIN&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Nenqa aʔ te-anu-ta-nxa-l'' - He says/people say that he saw Nenqa (but I don't know whether to believe it) (nenqa 3ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-UNCERTAIN&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB-&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

The final evidentiality prefix denotes hypotheticality, marked with ''atu''. This states that the event never in fact happened:

: ''Nenqa uʔ te-atu-ta-nxa'' - you would've seen Nenqa/say you'd seen Nenqa (nenqa 2ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-CONTRAFACT&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Valency ===

Transitive verbs are distinguished by whether they can take this prefix or not. This is the third and final prefix slot, marked in glosses by a superscript &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. There are three valency prefixes which may be applied to these verbs:

==== Transitive ====

The transitive prefix is null. In transitive verbs, this null prefix must be accompanied by a transitive patient:

:''Sesu-sa wen enxa'' - My sister is eating meat (sister-PERSON meat eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

==== Generic ====

Transitive verbs can take the prefix ''-(ʔ)u(ʔ)-'', which is referred to variously as the 'generic' prefix, the 'monotransivity' prefix, and the 'null-patient' prefix. This makes the verb monotransitive or generic:

:''Sesu-sa uʔ-enxa'' - my sister is eating (something) (sister-PERSON GEN&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

The verb cannot then take a patient. The sentence *''Sesu-sa wen uʔ-enxa'' is ungrammatical.

==== Reflexive ====

Transitive verbs can take the prefix ''(f)a(q)'', which makes them 'reflexive'. This can have reciprocal or reflexive meaning:

:''Sesu-sa aq-enxa'' - my sister is eating herself (sister-PERSON REFL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

:''Sesu-f-a aq-enxa'' - my two sisters are eating each other (sister-DUAL-PERSON REFL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Aspect ===

All verbs carry inflection for aspect (perfective or imperfective). This is the first suffix slot, marked in glosses by a superscript &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. In monopartite verbs, this is accomplished by the addition of a suffix.

==== Perfective aspect ====

The Perfective aspect implies a single action, complete and independent of any other action and is formed by (e)nxa (the /e/ assimilates to a preceding vowel and causes lenition of /t/ to /s/ and /p/ to /f/ in preceding consonants). For example:

: ''Sesu-sa te-ta-nxa'' - I saw/see my sister at one point (sister-PERSON ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

The perfective does not imply any kind of past tense, and can be used in the future for any distinct single action:

: ''Sesu-sa patangqa te-ta-nxa'' - I will see my sister tomorrow (sister-PERSON tomorrow ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

==== Imperfective aspect ====

The Imperfective aspect implies continuous or repeated action. It is formed with a null morpheme in the vast majority of verbs, although some verbs take an epenthetic ''-e'' when other suffixes are not present.

: ''Sesu-sa te-ta'' - I'm currently seeing my sister/I see my sister frequently (sister.TOPIC-PERSON ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Sesu-sa pangxu-fa te-ta'' - I used to see my sister/I was seeing my sister last year (sister.TOPIC-PERSONAL last.year-TEMP ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Mood ===

All verbs also carry inflection for mood. This is the second suffix slot, marked in glosses by a superscript &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. There are four moods distinguished in Tsakxa:

==== Indicative ====

The Indicative mood describes actions that definitely have happened, will happen or are happening within the speaker's knowledge. It is marked by a null morpheme (shown here with -ø but not marked in the actual written language).

: ''Kangqa se-ta-nxa'' - I saw the beast (beast ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

It is also used for imperatives in almost all verbs:

: ''Bashung uʔ-kxa se-tashet-enxa!'' - Read the book! (book 2ps-ERG ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-read&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

Some verbs, however, have their own distinct imperative root:

: ''Bashung uʔ-kxa se-sang-anxa!'' - Look at the book! (book 2ps-ERG ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

==== Subjunctive ====

The Subjunctive or Modal mood describes actions that may or may not have happened and that the speaker feels strongly about. It is marked by a suffixed ''-(a)s(e)'':

: ''As-aʔ te-utshu-se'' - I hope he's dying somewhere (FOCUS-3ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-die&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-SUBJ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

It is also used for 'if I were' sentences:

: ''A-su te-pesh-as(e)'' - if I were a rich man (FOCUS-1ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-rich&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-SUBJ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

==== Dubitative ====

The Dubitative mood describes actions devoid of emotional content that the speaker wishes to distance themselves from - primarily reported speech. It is also used for open questions. It is formed with the suffix ''-(a)l(e)'':

: ''As-aʔ te-anu-pesh-ale'' - (FOCUS-3ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-UNCERT&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;-rich&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) - He's supposedly rich

==== Interrogative ====

The Interrogative is used to ask yes or no questions. It is formed with the suffix ''-(e)f(e)'':

: ''As-uʔ u-wes-enxa-fe?'' - Will you eat? (2ps-TOPIC GEN&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-INTER&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

== Bipartite verbs ==

Bipartite verbs have twin stems and are mostly verbs of motion or auxiliaries. It is believed that, originally, all Tsakxa verbs were bipartite, and exactly which verbs fall under this classification varies by dialect (e.g. West Mountain Tsakxa ''wa-ak'', Valley Tsakxa ''wak'', 'go'). Bipartite verbs incorporate direct objects and locatives and take some inflection on each stem. They may take up to five affixes. For example:

:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;11&quot; | &lt;center&gt;'''''Petukal anuwawa Efanakxa nak-u'''''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| ||  ||  '''evidentiality''' &lt;small&gt;(-1)&lt;/small&gt; || '''first stem''' &lt;small&gt;(0)&lt;/small&gt; || '''aspect''' &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt; ||'''mood''' &lt;small&gt;(2)&lt;/small&gt; || || || '''agreement''' &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt; || '''second stem''' &lt;small&gt;(0)&lt;/small&gt; || '''suffix''' &lt;small&gt;(+1)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| ''Petuka'' || ''-ø'' || ''atu-'' || ''wa'' || ''-wa'' || ''-s'' || ''Efan'' || ''-akxa'' || ''ta-'' || ''ak'' || ''-u''
|-
| Saint Petersburg || -FOCUS || CONTFACT- || go || ~IMPERF || -SUBJ || Ivan || -ERG || LAT[ANIM]- || go || =PERS
|-
|colspan=&quot;11&quot; | &lt;center&gt;Were Ivan on his way to Saint Petersburg (a place we've just been discussing) (where I live or am presently) (but he isn't)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

=== Evidentiality ===

Evidentiality (glossed with a superscript &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) is formed using exactly the same prefixes as in monopartite verbs. The prefixes attach to the first stem:

: ''A-su anu-tas-tas-el ta-ma'' - (I think that) he's looking at me (1ps-TOPIC NONCERT&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''A-su tas-tas-el ta-ma'' - (I am certain that) he's looking at me (1ps-TOPIC CERT&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; LAT&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== First stem ===

The first stem (glossed with a superscript &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;) is the second element of the verbal complex:

: ''A-su anu-tas-tas ta-ma'' - He's looking at me (1ps-TOPIC NONCERT&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Aspect ===

In bipartite verbs, the perfect is formed by the bare stem, whilst the imperfect is formed by reduplication of the second syllable of the first part of the stem. Aspect is glossed with a superscript &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.

: ''Man tas-ø-el sa-ma?'' - What did you look at? (what-TOPIC look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Man tas-tas-el sa-ma?'' - What are you looking at? (what-TOPIC look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Mood ===

Mood (glossed with a superscript &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) is formed using exactly the same suffixes as monopartite verbs. In bipartite verbs the suffixes attach to the first stem:

: ''Man-ø tas-tas-el sa-ma?'' - What are you looking at? (what-TOPIC look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''As-uʔ tas-tas-as ta-ma'' - If I were looking at you (2ps-TOPIC look-IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-SUBJ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Incorporation of arguments ===

All arguments other than the dominant, or 'topical', argument are usually placed between the two stems (that is, the first stem follows the dominant argument directly, and the second stem takes the verb's usual position at the end of the utterance).

: ''Mosaqan wa-f uʔ-akxa ta-ak?'' - Did you go to Moscow? (Moscow-TOPIC go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-INTER&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2ps-ERG LAT[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

Not only objects, but clauses can be incorporated:

: ''As-aʔ, te-f nxa-nxa aʔ-kxa sa?'' - Does he think that I cooked it? (3ps think&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-INTER&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; cook-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; 1ps-ERG think&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Agreement ===

Agreement is with the topic or focus, as in monopartite verbs. However, in bipartite verbs the agreement prefix (glossed with a &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) attaches to the second stem (the only one of the 'true affixes' to do so):

: ''Petukal as-as-ef ta-aq?'' - Are you walking to Saint Petersburg? (Saint.Petersburg walk&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-INTER&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;LAT[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-walk&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Second stem ===

The second stem (glossed with a superscript &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;) is the second-to-last element of the verbal complex, following the agreement prefix and preceding the personal suffix:

: ''A-su anu-tas-tas-el ta-ma'' - (I think that) he's looking at me (2ps-TOPIC NONCERT&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; LOC&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

== Irregular verbs ==

There are a small number of irregular verbs in Tsakxa.

=== Copula ===

In order to convey 'to be (a noun or adjective)', the noun or adjective concerned is simply treated as a verbal root. The 'subject' is always in the absolutive:

: ''A-su te-mama'' - I am a person (1ps AB[ANIM]S&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-person&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''A-su te-wa'' - I am young (1ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-young&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''A-su aʔ-uwa-ta te-wa-sh'' - I am as young as them (1ps 3ps-COM ABS[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-young-COMP&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== To be (locative) ===

There is a locative copula in Tsakxa. It is defective because it can only have a locative as its focus and can only take the imperfect:

: ''Mosaqan sewa qunxu-t-angxa ta-f'' - there are many pretty girls in Moscow (and I've seen them) - (Moscow girl pretty-PLU-GENER LOC[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-be&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

The verb has three stems used for the different evidentialities, ''-f-'' (certain), ''-ya-'' (uncertain), ''-s'' (contrafactual):

: ''Mosaqan sewa tunxa qunxu-ngxa-qa ta-ya'' - it's said there are many pretty girls in Moscow (Moscow girl many pretty-PAUC-DAT LOC[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-be[NONCERT]&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Mosaqan sewa qunxu-ngxa ta-s'' - there are not many pretty girls in Moscow (Moscow girl pretty-PAUC LOC[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-be[CONTRAFACT]&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

The locative copula is used in the possessive construction, with the subject of 'to have' in English expressed with the comitative:

: ''Sesu qunxu-ngxa Nunu-ta tunxa qa-f'' - Nunu has many beautiful sisters (whom I've seen with my own eyes) (sister pretty-GENERIC Nunu-COMIT many DAT[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-be&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== To give ===

The verb 'to give', given by Dawkins in citation form as ''la'', is anomalous because it can be argued to conjugate for person. The verb has three distinct stems, ''-la-'' (first person), ''-u-'' (second person), and ''-ra-'' (third person). The verb agrees with the indirect object:

: ''Tu-sa qa-ra-nxa'' - it was given to my brother (brother-PERSON DAT[ANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-give[3p]&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Tu-sa la-nxa'' - it was given to me by my brother (brother-PERSON give[1p]&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''Tu-sa u-nxa'' - it was given to you by my brother (brother-PERSON give[2p]&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

== Adverbs ==

Adverbs are identical to adjectives in form and usually appear just before the verbal complex:

: ''waspa-p wen yayu unqu-yuyut'' - meat is being cut quickly in that tent (tent-that meat fast INESS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

They may be compared:

: ''a-su wen u-wa-ta yayu-sh nas-u yuyut'' - I can cut meat as quickly as you (1ps meat 2pp-COM fast-EQUAT can&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

Comparison with verbal complexes is identical to the process by which Tsakxa subordinates adverbial constructions:

: ''wen u-wa-kxa aʔ-em enxa-ta yayu-ya su-kxa nas-u se-yuyut'' - I can cut meat faster than you eat it (meat 2pp-ERG 3ps-TOPIC eat&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-COMIT&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; fast-COMP 1ps-ERG ABS[INANIM]-can&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mordvinic</title>
    <id>8425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58861</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-11T22:07:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Development from Proto-Uralic */ y &gt; u?</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Some reconstruction notes.
==Development from [[Proto-Uralic]]==
Changes shared with Samic in &lt;font color=&quot;#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;gray&lt;/font&gt;, those also shared with Finnic in &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;green&lt;/font&gt;, and those with even wider distribution in &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;orange&lt;/font&gt;.
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*V → *Vː / _x&lt;/font&gt; (both preconsonantal and prevocalic!)
** &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*x → ∅ / _C&lt;/font&gt;
* &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;*ë(ː) → *a(ː)&lt;/font&gt;
* *ü → *i; initially *wi-
** and *ü → *u / _Cu? *śokś ~ BF *süksü &quot;autumn&quot;, *lovca &quot;milk&quot; ~ BF *lüpsü &quot;milking&quot; (or ~ PU *lupsa &quot;dew&quot;?), *povo ~ BF *püvü &quot;hazelhen&quot;
*Vowel height switch:
*# &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*i *u → *ɪ *ʊ&lt;/font&gt;
*# *Vː → *V
*# *e *o → *i *u (assuming a long stage not required)
*# &lt;font color=&quot;#00D000&quot;&gt;*ɪ *ʊ → *e *o&lt;/font&gt; (but in Finnic clearly not by common inheritance, as *i *u remain)
** Possibly including: &lt;font color=&quot;#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;*ɪː *ʊː → *iː *uː → *i *u&lt;/font&gt; (*wêxi- → *vij-)
* Stress shifts from *e / *o to a later-syllable *ä / *a
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;Unstress'd *i → *ə&lt;/font&gt;
* &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*mt → *nt&lt;/font&gt;
*Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when preceded by a voiced sound and not final)
** &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*pp *tt *čč *kk → *p *t *č *k&lt;/font&gt;
** &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*p *t *k → *b *d *g&lt;/font&gt;
** &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*s *š *ś&lt;/font&gt; *x → &lt;font color=&quot;#D08000&quot;&gt;*z *ž *ź&lt;/font&gt; *j
** *č *ć, however, remain strictly unvoiced, as does *s in *-sw-.
* *ə → ∅ after a single consonant, or velar + sibilant; only after this, unstress'd *ä *a → *ə
* *ðʲ → *lʲ / #_, _C (if these aren't loans from Permic; also in Mari)
* Palatalization redistribution
** *t *d *n *l *r (but not *s!) → *ď *ń *ŕ *ĺ before/after front vowels/*j
** *ń → *n initially before back vowels (the *n *ń contrast is completely lost initially)
** Palatalization occurs also in some back-vocalic *i-stem verbs, such as *kuuli- → *kuĺə- &quot;to hear&quot;
** Non-alveolar consonants are also palatalized before front vowels, but this remains allophonic.
* *j *w → ∅ /C_, *w → *v elsewhere
* Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
** *b → *v
** *g → *v/*j (per vowel backness)
* But: *ð, *ðʲ → *d
* *kt *pt → *vt
[…TBC…]

==Development to the individual languages==
Vowels:
* Erzya:
** *ä → e
** *a → o / _j. (''ojdor&lt;!-- &lt; *aja-?! --&gt; ojmams ojme voj kojme'', perhaps ''ĺom'' ~ Mk ''lajmä'', ''bojar nojabŕa vojna'' ~ Mk ''bajar najabŕä vajna'' (&lt; Ru боярин ноябрь война); but ''ajge- g/kajge- tajmaza'', ''g/kajťan-'' &lt; Ru гайтан.)
** in later syllables e ə → e/o per harmony
* Mokša:
** *ə → ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals

Consonants:
* Erzya *š → č / #_
* Mokša *k → ∅ / F_š, m n r l j v → p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}
* ŋ → j/w per harmony, except dialectally in Erzya

==On the correspondence PU *m → /v/==

After PU *u
* *lumi &quot;sno&quot; → *loŋ (!)
* *kumV &quot;cloud&quot; → *kovol

Suffix exchange?
* *śüðämi &quot;hart&quot; → *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u
* *śëxmi(-w?) → *śëëmu → *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
* ''*suv'' &quot;fog&quot; ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
* *ĺevəš &quot;lime bast&quot; ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. ''*nəməštə''

Limited comparanda
* Er. ''jav'' &quot;joint&quot; ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē
* ''*šov'' &quot;butt of knife&quot; ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
* ''*šovar'' &quot;mortar&quot; ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
* *luv &quot;gap&quot; ~ FS *loma ~ Ma. *lu ~ B *loma
* *toŋ (!) &quot;kernel&quot; ~ F. ''tuma ~ tuuma'' ~ E. ''tuum'' ~ Me. ''tum'' ~ Hi. ''toŋ''
* *kav &quot;granary, barn&quot; ~ K. ''kum'' &quot;loft&quot;

But not in:
* Er. ''kumoka'' &quot;fever&quot; ~ BF *kuuma &quot;hot&quot;
* *lamə &quot;many&quot; ~ BF *laama
* *šamə &quot;shape&quot; ~ BF *haamo
* *kuma → *koma, *juma- → ''*jumi-'', *tOmmV → *tumə
* *numələ *śumərdə- ''umaŕ'' ''*komər'' Er. ''umok''
* *ĺem *kämə
* *ĺajmə *ĺäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m
* *karvə &quot;fly&quot; ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:
*kumi → ''hava-, hó''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agyon</title>
    <id>8426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57079</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-21T20:48:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Micamo</username>
        <id>1419</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions of Manners */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> = Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===

On the island of Meradion, to the north of the continent of Nyeltore. The island is approximately 70,000 square miles in size, covered by mountains, forests of firs, and glaciers.

=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===

Cold. In the summers it raises to a lovely 15 F where in winters it can drop as low as -70 F. Average temperatures are between -30 and -10 F. It snows year-round on the southern half, while the northern edge is actually too dry for snow to occur.

=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===

Blizzards, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes. The regular earthquakes and eruptions often reach their nearest neighbors, the Coarghydh. Thus they call the island of Meradion &quot;Dreoghendr&quot; - The Door to Hell.

=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===

A fruit called Burode. It's soft like a peach but it grows to the size of your head. It only grows natively in the tropics (native name Bhoqa). The Agyon grow it by incubation, though not for their own consumption.

=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===

The Agyon are obligate carnivores, so the plants grown and harvested are not for their own consumption. Instead they are used to feed the Rondetsunda (Coarghydh: Ygmakl) which is a giant polar-bear like creature that terrorizes human settlements on the main continent, but the variant kept by the Agyon has been bred into more of a giant digestion machine. Sea food is also common, as well as the occasional whale or seal.

=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===

Peppers used for seasoning. The Agyon's incubation methods do not grow them well so the good ones have to be imported.

=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===

Agyon do not generally drink alcohol. More common are teas. The most popular is Damodhen, rich with an earthy, fiery flavor. Sugary cocoa from the south is rarer but also generally enjoyed, while the most expensive drink available is called Somen, similar to Absinthe.

=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===

Yes. The Agyon's food industry is the most sophisticated and capital-rich on Dinyoran.

=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===

Gold, Silver, and Iron. The crust is also especially aluminum-rich however there are problems with extracting it.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===

A black, lustrous metal they call Zande. It is popular for decorative uses and it also is important catalyst in the incubation process.

=== What resource is it most lacking? ===

Usable land. The Agyon's population is very small but even so it is pretty crowded. The majority of their homeland is covered in ice sheets. They also have problems with regulating their body temperature as their internal metabolisms produce too much heat: They need to be in a cold environment to cool off. This makes it a problem to expand southward.

=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===

Flying. Average Agyon can fly at a top speed of 150 mph. Strong fliers can reach 180.

=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===

Cold climate + Treacherous waters separating it from the mainland = Natural defenses. There's also the fact that the Agyon are huge (but quite peaceful and gentle unless provoked) &quot;beasts&quot; who could rip you in half quite easily, To top it all off, the neighbors believe the place is the entrance to the underworld so they're scared shitless of it. To sum it all up, you'd have to be completely insane, if not outright suicidal, to try to invade this place.

Not to say nobody has ever tried: General Dozenuioc Imacthua Gareth, having accomplished no major military victories and on the eve of being rotated out of office, decided that launching a successful attack on hell itself would win him a favorable spot in the history books. After (understandably) having problems with getting troops on board with this, he managed to fill up 5 ships and set off. One hit an iceberg. One went down in a storm. The remaining 3 all wrecked upon the rocks of the southern coast (Meradion has no suitable harbors) and were stranded. Two days later the wreckage was found by a small group of 3 Agyon. Gareth and a small group of men decided to attack the &quot;demons.&quot; They were slaughtered within minutes. Some others fled for their lives and dove into the water (where they presumably froze to death). The rest surrendered and expected the worst. They were forgiven and taken home.

About 20 years later, one of Gareth's successors and subordinates (who was smart enough not to come along the first time), General Zuantych Moacteang Reaost, decided he'd try again. (Where his previous good judgment went I guess we'll never know!) This time he brought 20 ships and lost not a single one in the journey over. Unfortunately due to a navigation problem they landed on the North side of the island and all froze to death. *sigh*

=== How many people live here? ===

'Bout 60,000.

=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===

Several population centers (though they aren't quite &quot;cities&quot;) are on the southern coast.

=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===

The northern ice sheets for obvious reasons as there's really nothing out there. The volcanoes and hot earthquake zones are rarely built on but are popularly traveled to for the hot springs.

=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===

Rondetsunda for food, as well as small penguins and snow leopards (Tsandaion and Tyosone) as pets.

=== What are the most common wild animals? ===

Not many animals out there on the tundra. You see elk, wild horses, as well as wild variants of the Rondetsunda, penguins, snow leopards, and arctic foxes kept as pets. You also see walruses come up onto the beaches from time to time. There are also wild Drakes out and about though not as many as there are on the mainland. The Agyon consider drakes pests.

(Drakes are basically smaller dragons, though aside from the basic shape their physical forms hold a lot of differences between the Agyon, such as frills and odd colors and designs the Agyon lack. Drakes are also non-sentient and lack the ability to transform.)

=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===

Penguins, Snow Leopards, and occasionally Arctic Foxes. Also, once in a great while an Agyon may keep a &quot;pet&quot; human. The designation of &quot;pet&quot; isn't how the human or the &quot;owner&quot; view it but it is how the relationship is viewed by the other Agyon. 


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===

Approximately 150,000 years but this is really stretching the definition: Almost all of the writings still around are from the past 11,000 years. Only a few written fragments from that ancient past are still around, and it wouldn't be completely wrong to consider the authors of another civilization entirely. However the Agyon consider Meradion to still be this ancient civilization.

=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===

Back to the beginning of time itself.

=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===

They were created by the goddess Gyorozi, and for a long time lived with her and inhabited the whole planet. But everything changed when another god, Eamina, came around and took the planet for himself, changing it into its (mostly) current state. Meradion was the only place left untouched. Eamina ruled over the world for a long time until he was eventually defeated by the heroine Deomaia.

=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===

They've been doing pretty well since then.

=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===

It's important to note the Agyon do not really have a collective mentality. Agyon have done some nasty things in the past. One example is Silaion's infamous raid of Zenithar. But the shame of this act is on Silaion, not on the rest of the species.

(Zenithar is the Agyon name for a human-populated city with relatively close proximity to Meradion. Silaion and a few of her friends decided to raid the merchant ships there and make off with the loot. This was one of the big events that cemented the human mentality of Agyons as being demonic monsters.)

=== What in their past makes them proud? ===

Just as bad acts bring no shame upon the species, good acts bring no glory. Every person should be judged by their own merits, not by the merits of their associates.

=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===

Nothing that all of them are afraid of in particular, 

=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===

They all have different plans for the future.

=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===

Like I said. All of them have different conceptions. Listing them all would take all day.

=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===

Thanks to farming and cattle-raising methods the population now is actually larger than it's ever been. None of them would believe that though. They have the unfortunate idea stuck in their heads that the &quot;creation age&quot; was some unreachable glory.

=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===

The story of Lyetomane, who invented steam power but only after dealing with a lot of her contemporaries trying to shut her down, never gets old.

=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===

Already said.

=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===

Worse. Like I said, weird &quot;Golden Age&quot; fetish going on here.

=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===

Uncertain.

== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===

A female may have as many males as she likes, but a man cannot have a second mate unless his first one agrees with the arrangement, which is very rare.

=== Who decides on a marriage? ===

Whoever wants to be together. There really isn't a concept of &quot;marriage.&quot; Relationships freely are made and broken apart, but only lasting ones are desired.

=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===

Two mates can simply break up whenever they want, though this is considered a negative thing. If they don't like each other enough to stay together they showed poor judgment in being together in the first place.

=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===

The mother.

=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===

Sex with someone who is not your mate. The mate may choose to end the relationship if they wish but other than that there is no punishment.

=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===

An Agyon has their own name (given by their mother) as well as the name of their mother, and their mother's mother, for as far back as the genealogies can trace. For practical reasons usually the given name is the only one used, with possibly the mother's name for disambiguation, and not even having the full name memorized is a normal thing.

Orphans basically never happen, but I guess if it did happen the child would be expected to take care of themselves.

=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===

Girls are the ones who are invested in. The boys are kinda just there.

=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===

All relations are premarital.

=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===

Incest is generally defined as anyone who shares 2 mothers up the chain (that is, siblings and first cousins, as well as parents and children), but 3 is a little iffy. Practicing incest gets you funny looks but it won't get you stoned or anything. Male on female rape just doesn't happen for physiological reasons, as females grow to be up to 6 times the size of the males. If an Agyon woman claimed it happened nobody would probably believe her. Female on male rape does happen, and the male is expected to appreciate it.

=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===

No marriage.

=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===

None. A Lady doesn't do such things!

=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===

Agyon women have insane expectations of modesty and behavior for each other. As such these feelings get kindof... repressed. I'll just leave it at that.

=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foreigners? ===

A Lady doesn't make assumptions about other people's personal lives.

=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===

F&lt;-&gt;F? Acceptable. M&lt;-&gt;M? Depends on what their mates think about it. If the males don't have mates then they're seen as worthless. A woman can be judged by her own merits, men don't have that luxury. Quite hypocritical.

=== How do the genders dress? ===

As previously stated, the women have very odd standards. It's not acceptable for a woman to show any part of her skin other than her head to anyone other than one of her mates. Even her neck and hands. Leathers and furs are standard attire, but those more well-to-do may have silks for formal occasions as well. But nothing revealing.

Men's attire is more relaxed, as long as they don't embarrass their mate.

=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===

A Lady doesn't do such things. Male prostitution however is just fine.

=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===

Anything the females don't want to do.

=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===

Pretty much anything fun, desirable, or intensive like building construction, architecture, and art. Leave the necessary but menial tasks to the men.

=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===

Inanimate things are generally female.

=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===

A Lady doesn't think about such things.

=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===

Yep.

=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===

A female who cannot yet produce eggs.

== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===

The host.

=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===

Pretty much the only acceptable gifts are extravagant clothes and jewelry. Giving someone something more practical implies you don't think they're capable of taking care of themselves. The only exception is if the practical item is also something extravagantly made, like an artfully-crafted clock.

=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===

The same as they would address someone of their own age and position.

=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===

Black is associated with love and feeling; White with power and strength. 

=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===

A female steps in to break them up.

=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===

Ladies don't do such things. If it does happen then everyone else around tries to break them up. To resort to brute force to solve your problems makes you no better than an animal.

=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===

Whenever the speaker wasn't trying to be funny. The Agyon love a good joke so sometimes this can be really hard to tell. If everyone else laughs though it is okay.

=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===

Personal questions are frowned upon in all cases, but sometimes it is understood that the person asking just needs to know for whatever reason. In public it is considered rude to discuss business matters.

=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===

They all react in different ways. Agyon have an average lifespan of about 3000 years, and can potentially live much longer. For an Agyon to die at all is an incredibly rare event. So when it happens nobody really knows what to do. Some go into a deep sadness and refuse to leave their home for months. Others are overcome with anger. And others still just deny it happened at all.

=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===

Cremation.

=== What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when? ===

Gold and silver rings and earrings are an everyday thing. For a more formal occasion pendants and other pieces of jewelry made of Zande and gemstones may be worn. A Lady never wearing any jewelry is a sign of not being able to take care of herself; A Lady wearing too much is desperate for attention.

=== Who inherits property? Titles? Position? ===

Agyon do not normally plan to die. The previous holder may choose to designate a person to leave their things with, but most of the time when it happens it is unexpected and no such plans were made.

=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===

So long as they aren't a burden on anyone else they're left alone. Those who cause trouble are treated no differently from any other.

=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===

Anything involving logic. Arathen (similar to Go) is the most popular. A skilled Arathen player is highly respected.

=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===

In females, all of them except the face.

=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===

Extremely private.

=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===

They most often treat them as diseased.

=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===

Children leave their mother's care at a very young age compared to humans, at around the age of 40 to 60. (Remember, Agyon live for thousands of years.)

== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===

Paint and drawing are popular, but the most popular form of artwork is intricately designed machinery, with all the cogs, springs, and gears exposed. Many devices have uses things on the outside just for show, but if the elegantly-designed machine does something practical that's all the better.

=== What are the least-favorite? ===

Music. Especially lyrical music. The delicate, smooth sounds woodwinds and strings are more acceptable but anything like a drum or a guitar is out of the question. They'd absolutely hate rock music.

=== How respected are artists? ===

No more and no less than any other profession. They provide a valuable service and those who value their work pay for it.

=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===

Nope. Copyright is unheard of among the Agyon.

=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===

None in particular. (This isn't really a very good question anyway. Did whoever made this expect every conculture to hate artists like the ancient chinese did?)

=== How might a very successful artist live? ===

Same as any other successful person.

=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===

== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso</title>
    <id>8427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58644</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T22:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bornfor</username>
        <id>1425</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|name=Naeso|pronounce={{IPA|/naˈe.so/}}|tu=here and now|species=humans|in=[irc://chat.freenode.net/naeso #naeso]|no=9|script=[[Naeso/Orthography|Syllabary]]|tree=isolate|wo=VSO|creator=blisk, [[User:Bornfor|bornfor]], [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]], [[User:Sel messitihildi|MalfermitaKodo]] and [[User:Micahjohnston|micahjohnston]]|date=17 September, 2010}}
This is the homepage of the language Naeso, a collaborative project of [irc://chat.freenode.net/conlang #conlang] members. It was begun on 17 September, 2010 by blisk, [[User:Bornfor|bornfor]], [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]], [[User:Sel messitihildi|MalfermitaKodo]] and [[User:Micahjohnston|micahjohnston]]. The separate channel [irc://chat.freenode.net/naeso #naeso] was created shortly after. [[User:Jim Henry|jim_henry]], [[User:Esploranto|Esploranto]] and BlueRider joined the project a little later.

We're still not finished porting stuff from [http://colllang.wikispaces.com/ the old Wikispaces site].  If you want to help, this [http://wiki.df.dreamhosters.com/wiki/Wikispaces_to_Mediawiki_Converter converter script may be useful], though it doesn't handle all weirdities of Wikispaces syntax perfectly.

We are on [http://cals.conlang.org/language/naeso/ CALS]! To edit, tell [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] your username.

== Away list ==

[[User:Bornfor|bornfor]] has resolved his computer troubles, and will probably be around quite a bit more.  Sorry about the absence!

==Big issues of the now==

===New users===

*Are we open to having more people join this project? If so, how many would we be willing to allow?
**You can also discuss this [http://colllang.wikispaces.com/message/view/home/27230341 here].
*Vote for the total number of participants you'd like to allow here, please.

{{V|11-15 (5 to ten new people)|FH=y|BL=y}}
{{V|As many as would like to join|BF=y|RJ=y|JH=y|FH=n}}

==Index==

This is the list of all pages:

* General:
**[[Naeso/Voting|Voting]]
**[[Naeso/External Links|External Links]]
* Phonology and orthography:
**[[Naeso/Phonology|Phonology]]
**[[Naeso/Stress|Stress]]
**[[Naeso/Orthography|Orthography]] (native syllabary)
**[[Naeso/Transliteration|Transliteration]] (Romanization used on IRC etc.)
* Grammar:
**[[Naeso/Grammar|Grammar]]
**[[Naeso/Suffixes|Suffixes]]
**[[Naeso/Prepositions|Prepositions]]
* Lexicon and corpus:
**[[Naeso/Dictionary|Dictionary]]
*** [[Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English dictionary|Naeso-English]]
*** [[Naeso/Dictionary/English-Naeso dictionary|English-Naeso]]
*** [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|Proposed words]]
**[[Naeso/Swadesh|Swadesh]]
**[[Naeso/Names|Names]]
**[[Naeso/Sentences|Corpus of Sentences]]
**[[Naeso/Math|Math]] (words for numbers etc.)
{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Naeso</title>
    <id>8428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56950</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;shows the info bar and puts the page in the [[:Category:Naeso|Naeso category]].&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border: 1px solid #707070; background-color: #eee; color: #4f4f4f; padding: 4px&quot;&gt;This {{lcfirst:{{NAMESPACE|page}}}} is part of the project [[Naeso]]. We meet up to discuss changes in 'real time' in [irc://chat.freenode.net/naeso #naeso] on freenode. {{ #ifeq: {{FULLPAGENAME}} | Category:Naeso | [[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Naeso]] }} {{ #ifeq: {{FULLPAGENAME}} | Naeso |[[Category:Conlangs]]|}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Dictionary</title>
    <id>8429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57022</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-19T08:21:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* [[Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English dictionary|Naeso-English dictionary]]
* [[Naeso/Dictionary/English-Naeso dictionary|English-Naeso dictionary]]
* [[Naeso/Swadesh|Swadesh list]]
* [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|Proposed words]]

Newly proposed words should ''only'' go on the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|proposed words]] page.  Only after they've been approved by vote should entries be made on the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English dictionary|Naeso-English]] and [[Naeso/Dictionary/English-Naeso dictionary|English-Naeso]] dictionary pages, and (if appropriate) the [[Naeso/Swadesh|Swadesh list]].

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English dictionary</title>
    <id>8430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57437</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T19:05:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* D */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Probably want to convert to a table.

Note that unlike [[Naeso/Dictionary/English-Naeso dictionary|English-Naeso]], this is regularly kept up to date.

{{ABBv}}

==A==

'''-am''' — progressive aspect suffix ''(it's not yet decided if the aspect suffixes are derivational or inflectional)''

'''anka''' — duck

'''aoge''' — earth (planet)

==B==

'''bam''' — preposition for subordinate clauses (use like this: bam verb noun noun)

'''bel''' — they

'''benh''' — again

'''-bi''' — genitive suffix

'''bu''' — neutral agent preposition (can be used in place of the experiencer preposition with an inanimate noun phrase, or in place of the agent or experiencer prepositions for being neutral on whether the action is voluntary)

'''bunh''' — recipient (used for e.g. She gave it ''to me'')

==Bv==

'''bvi''' — and

==D==

'''dakai''' — network

'''do''' — language

'''doize''' — conlang

'''dol''' — red

'''dola''' — fire

'''dovui''' — fish

==Dj==

'''djuvu''' — world

==Dz==

'''dzo''' — and/or

==E==

'''eana''' — Hello

==F==

==G==

'''gel''' — blue

'''gelan''' — water

'''-gy''' — imperative mood

==I==

'''ian''' — cat

'''ilki''' — IRC

'''-im''' — desiderative, suggestive, required mood (in contrast to imperative/command mood) (e.g., We should have a word for that, we need to have a word for that!)

'''inatuesu''' — welcome

'''inhtha''' — to enter, to connect

'''inna''' — that

'''ipu''' — he/she/they (third person singular, participant in current IRC chat)

'''ize''' — self-made

==J==

'''-ja''' — perfective aspect suffix ''(it's not yet decided if this is derivational or inflectional)''

'''jan''' — word

'''je''' — she

'''jen''' — experiencer preposition (marks an animate noun phrase whose referent is involuntarily undergoing a process or in a state denoted by the verb, e.g. &quot;''He'' sleeps&quot;)

'''jia''' — to speak/say/type a block text in IRC

'''jim''' — purple

'''jithi''' — white

==K==

'''kain''' — black

'''kal''' — bye / see you

'''ke''' — it

'''kelsa''' — to participate in a chat

'''kim''' — from (moving out of or away from, e.g., I come ''from Alabama'' with my banjo on my knee; contrast with proposed ''source'' prepositions)

'''ku''' — agent preposition (marks the noun phrase whose referent is doing the action of the verb deliberately, e.g. &quot;''She'' hits it&quot;)

'''kunoy''' — vehicle

'''kunoymeumi''' — spaceship

'''kunoypavi''' — hovercraft

'''ky''' — pronoun for last (most recent) line of chat

'''kyba''' — house, building, permanent structure

==L==

'''lavao''' — to write

-'''li''' — interrogative mood

'''lol''' — to laugh

'''luena''' — Farewell/Sayonara

'''lynh''' — inclusive we (speaker and addressee(s), possibly others as well)

==M==

'''mansu''' — to sit

'''meumi''' — to fly (ballistic flight)

'''min''' — subjective genitive/oblique agent preposition (used for e.g. ''my'' joining the IRC channel, the editing of the wiki page ''by you''

'''mivo''' — human being

==N==

'''-n''' — additive plural ''(after a vowel)''

'''naeso''' — local

'''najan''' — another (of the same kind); more, extra

'''non''' — to ''(in the direction of, to a person, to a place)''

'''nunh''' — orange

==Nh==

'''nha''' — hi

==O==

'''onan''' — man ''(adult human male'')

'''ona''' — woman ''(adult human female)''

==P==

'''pae''' — you (singular, someone who recently joined the IRC channel)

'''paja''' — As an equivalent of Esperanto ''farti'', this verb means ''to be (well, ill, healthy, sick, etc.)''

'''pan''' — focus preposition ''(marks the object of an agent or experiencer's attention, e.g. &quot;He looks at &lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;&quot; or &quot;She remembers &lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;&quot;)''

'''pavi''' — to hover, float in midair

'''pem''' — green

'''piuda''' — computer

==Pf==

'''pfe''' — exclusive or / unless

==S==

'''sanzu''' — to read

'''si''' — I, singular

'''sifi''' — unreliable

'''silzu''' — page (of website); section, chapter (of book); round (of game)

'''sim''' — exclusive we (speaker and others, not including listener(s))

'''sinte''' — full

'''soenu''' — book; major online document like a conlang's grammar

'''soa''' — pronoun for last (most recent) line of chat posted by the speaker

'''sou''' — to be

'''sunhsa''' — to edit, change, modify, tinker with

'''syn''' — in ''(located inside of)''

==T==

'''takam''' — chatroom

'''takamti''' — IRC or more generally any network or site with multiple chatrooms/fora

'''temya''' — to fly (powered/guided flight, as birds, butterflies, airplanes, dirigibles)

'''-ti''' — collective (a systematic grouping of things, not just more than one of them; kind of like Esperanto &quot;-ar&quot;)

'''-tu''' — question marker / interrogative mood suffix

'''tue''' — objective genitive/oblique patient or focus preposition (used for e.g. the editing ''of the wiki page'' by you, during my watching ''of Star Trek'')

'''tyma''' — he/she/they (third person singular, non-IRC-member)

'''tynh''' — other; else; different; another (of a different kind)

==Th==

'''tha''' — you (singular, someone who's been part of the conversation for a while)

'''thana''' — to thank

'''the''' — he

'''thenh''' — earth (material)

'''thyl''' — source preposition (used for e.g. I bought it ''from her, She'' gave it to me)

==Ts==

'''tseltsinh''' — to contain

==Tth==

'''tthaiki''' — eel

==U==

'''ua''' — this

'''uan''' — dog

'''-un''' — additive plural ''(after a nasal/liquid)''

==V==

'''va''' — patient or object-of-result preposition (marks a thing affected by the verb's action, or brought into existence by it, e.g. &quot;She hits ''it''&quot;)

'''vui''' — to fish

==Y==

'''y''' — you ''(familiar, singular)''

'''yl''' — he/she/they (third person singular, sometime IRC member who is offline at the moment)

==Z==

'''zaevu''' — sentence

'''ze''' — undefined third person singular

'''zelthi''' — to make, create, invent

'''-zo''' — inceptive aspect suffix ''(it's not yet decided if the aspect suffixes are derivational or inflectional)''

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Dictionary/English-Naeso dictionary</title>
    <id>8431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57130</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-23T16:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This list excludes [[Naeso/Suffixes|suffixes]] and most [[Naeso/Prepositions|prepositions]]. (The rule of thumb is &quot;Include entries that are less than three English words&quot;.)

{{ABC}}

==A==

'''again''' - benh

==B==

to '''be''' - sou

'''book''' - soenu

'''bye''' - kal

==C==

'''cat''' - ian

to '''change''' ''(transitive)'' - sunhsa

'''chapter''' ''(of book, etc.)'' - silzu

to '''chat''', participate in chat - kelsa

'''chatroom''' - takam

'''computer''' - piuda

to '''connect''' - inhtha

'''conlang''' - doize

'''create''' - zelthi

==D==

'''document''' - soenu

'''dog''' - uan

==E==

'''Earth''' ''(planet)'' - aoge

to '''edit''' - sunhsa

to '''enter''' - inhtha

==F==

'''farewell''' - luena

'''fire''' - dola

'''fish''' - dovui

'''from''' ''(moving out of or away from)'' - kim

==G==

==H==

'''he''' - the

'''hello''' - eana

'''hi''' - nha

'''human''' - mivo

==I==

'''I''' - si

'''IRC''' - ilki

'''in''' - syn

to '''invent''' - zelthi

==J==

==K==

==L==

to '''laugh''' - lol

'''language''' - do

'''local''' - naeso ''(also the name of the language)''

==M==

to '''make''' - zelthi

'''man''' - onan

to '''modify''' - sunhsa

==N==

'''network''' - dakai

==O==

==P==

'''page''' ''(of website)'' - silzu

==Q==

==R==

to '''read''' - sanzu

'''round''' ''(of game)'' - silzu

==S==

to '''say''' — jia

'''sayonara''' - luena

'''self-made''' - ize

'''section''' - silzu

'''see you''' - kal

'''sentence''' - zaevu

'''she''' - je

to '''speak''' - jia

==T==

to '''tinker''' with - sunhsa

'''to''' ''(in the direction of, to a person, to a place)'' - non

to '''type a message''' in IRC - jia

==U==

'''unreliable''' - sifi

==V==

==W==

'''water''' - gelan

'''we''' ''(exclusive)'' - sim

'''we''' ''(inclusive)'' - lynh

'''welcome''' - inatuesu

'''woman''' - ona

'''word''' - jan

'''world''' ''(any world, not just Earth)'' - djuvu

'''write''' - lavao

==X==

==Y==

'''you''' - y

'''you''' ''(singular, someone who recently joined the IRC channel)'' - pae

'''you''' ''(singular, someone who's been part of the conversation for a while)'' - tha

'''you''' ''(plural)'' - ym

==Z==

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Swadesh</title>
    <id>8432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56874</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-17T00:45:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=The Swadesh list in Naeso= 
''Status: Currently being voted on, but not here!''

We will add words to this list as they are approved on the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|Proposed words]] page. Please don't add unapproved words here, and don't vote on them here!  

When we have the Swadesh list and basic grammar, we will also tackle [http://www.uld3.org/ the ULD].

# you (singular) - '''y'''
# he - '''the'''
# we - '''lynh''' (inclusive), '''sim''' (exclusive)
# you (plural) - '''ym'''
# they
# this
# that
# here
# there
# who
# what
# where
# when
# how
# not
# all
# many
# some
# few
# other
# one
# two
# three
# four
# five
# big
# long
# wide
# thick
# heavy
# small
# short
# narrow
# thin
# woman - '''ona'''
# man (adult male) - '''onan'''
# Man (human being) - '''mivo'''
# child
# wife
# husband
# mother
# father
# animal
# fish - '''dovui'''
# bird
# dog - '''uan'''
# louse
# snake
# worm
# tree
# forest
# stick
# fruit
# seed
# leaf
# root
# bark
# flower
# grass
# rope
# skin
# meat
# blood
# bone
# fat (n.)
# egg
# horn
# tail
# feather
# hair
# head
# ear
# eye
# nose
# mouth
# tooth
# tongue
# fingernail
# foot
# leg
# knee
# hand
# wing
# belly
# guts
# neck
# back
# breast
# heart
# liver
# drink
# eat
# bite
# fuck
# spit
# vomit
# blow
# breathe
# laugh
# see
# hear
# know
# think
# smell
# fear
# sleep
# live
# die
# kill
# fight
# hunt
# hit
# cut
# split
# stab
# scratch
# dig
# swim
# fly (v.)
# walk
# come
# lie
# sit
# stand
# turn
# fall
# give
# hold
# squeeze
# rub
# wash
# wipe
# pull
# push
# throw
# tie
# sew
# count
# say
# sing
# play
# float
# flow
# freeze
# swell
# sun
# moon
# star
# water - '''gelan'''
# rain
# river
# lake
# sea
# salt
# stone
# sand
# dust
# earth
# cloud
# fog
# sky
# wind
# snow
# ice
# smoke
# fire - '''dola'''
# ashes
# burn
# road
# mountain
# red
# green
# yellow
# white
# black
# night
# day
# year
# warm
# cold
# full
# new
# old
# good
# bad
# rotten
# dirty
# straight
# round
# sharp
# dull
# smooth
# wet
# dry
# correct
# near
# far
# right
# left
# at
# in - '''syn'''
# with
# and
# if
# because
# name
{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:V</title>
    <id>8433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57214</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-25T22:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 4px; {{ #ifexpr: ( {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | y | 1|0}} ) &amp;gt; 3 | border: 1px solid #0a0; background-color: #8f8; | {{ #ifexpr: ( {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | n |1|0}} ) &amp;gt; 3 | border: 1px solid #f00; background-color: #fa8; | border: 1px solid #00f; background-color: #bef; }} }} &quot;&gt;&lt;!--

content

--&gt;{{{1}}} — {{ #expr: {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | y | 1|0}} }}/{{ #expr: {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | n |1|0}} }} (&lt;!--

--&gt;{{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | y |BL,|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | y |[[User:Bornfor|BF]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | y |[[User:Fenhl|FH]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | y |[[User:Sel messitihildi|RJ]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | y |[[User:Micahjohnston|MJ]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | y |[[User:Jim Henry|JH]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | y |[[User:Esploranto|ES]],|}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{ #ifexpr: {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | y |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | y |1|0}} = 0 |0|}}/&lt;!--

--&gt;{{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | n |BL,|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | n |[[User:Bornfor|BF]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | n |[[User:Fenhl|FH]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | n |[[User:Sel messitihildi|RJ]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | n |[[User:Micahjohnston|MJ]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | n |[[User:Jim Henry|JH]],|}}{{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | n |[[User:Esploranto|ES]],|}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{ #ifeq: {{{BL|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{BF|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{FH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{RJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{MJ|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{JH|}}} | n |1|0}} + {{ #ifeq: {{{ES|}}} | n |1|0}} = 0 |0|}}) {{ #ifeq: {{{o|}}} | nocat || [[Category:Voting]] {{ #if: {{{BL|}}} || [[Category:VoteBL]] }} {{ #if: {{{BF|}}} || [[Category:VoteBF]] }} {{ #if: {{{FH|}}} || [[Category:VoteFH]] }} {{ #if: {{{RJ|}}} || [[Category:VoteRJ]] }} {{ #if: {{{MJ|}}} || [[Category:VoteMJ]] }} {{ #if: {{{JH|}}} || [[Category:VoteJH]] }} {{ #if: {{{ES|}}} || [[Category:VoteES]] }} }}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;Creates a vote, and adds the page to the [[:Category:Voting|Voting category]].

==Arguments==

Example:

{{V|Naeso does XY|BF=y|RJ=y|ES=n|JH=y|FH=n|o=nocat}}

&lt;pre&gt;
{{V|Naeso does XY|BF=y|RJ=y|ES=n|JH=y|FH=n}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

==={{{1}}}===

The option voted on. In the example this is ''Naeso does XY''

===ynm===

set this to anything other than whitespace to make the option &quot;maybe&quot; available. In the example this is omitted because there is no need for a &quot;maybe&quot; option.

'''''Currently not implemented'''''

===o===

Additional options. Currently supported values:

*nocat — do not put the page into voting-related categories.

===other===

Other arguments are treated as voting tags. Set them to '''y''', '''n''' or '''m'''. In the example these are ''BF=y'', ''RJ=y'', ''ES=n&quot;&quot;, ''JH=y'', and ''FH=n''.

==Voting tags==

Click on your tag below to see pages that you still have to vote on:

*[[:Category:VoteBL|blisk - BL]]
*[[:Category:VoteBF|bornfor- BF]]
*[[:Category:VoteFH|Fenhl - FH]]
*[[:Category:VoteRJ|MalfermitaKodo - RJ]]
*[[:Category:VoteMJ|micahjohnston - MJ]]
*[[:Category:VoteJH|jimhenry - JH]]
*[[:Category:VoteES|Esploranto - ES]]
*BlueRider - '''Please add a voting tag for yourself. You are not considered a full member of this project until you have done this.'''

{{Naeso}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Phonology</title>
    <id>8434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57126</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-23T14:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Syllable Structure== 
''Status: Completed / In the works''
(C)V(N)

C is a consonant or affricate
V is a vowel
N is a nasal or liquid

==Affricates== 
''Status: Completed / In the works''

These are the possible affricates:
/ts, dz, dʒ, tθ, bv, pf/

==Consonants== 
''Status: Completed / In the works''

* Stops: /p b t d k g/
* Nasals: /m~ɱ n ŋ/
* Fricatives: /f v θ s z ʒ/
* Liquids: /l/

==Vowels== 
''Status: Completed / In the works''

Our vowels are /i, u, a, y, e/ and /o/.

All vowels are pronounced separately.  E.g., &quot;Naeso&quot; is syllabized as /na.'e.so/.

One vowel cluster is allowed in a single root word or affix, and any combination of two of Naeso's vowels forms a valid cluster.

===Does &quot;any combination of two of Naeso's vowels&quot; mean two different vowels, or also two instances of the same vowel?=== 
{{V|Two different vowels; sequences like &quot;aa&quot; are disallowed in roots and are broken by liason/simplified (see vote below) if they are formed at morpheme boundaries|JH=y|RJ=y|FH=y|MJ=n}}
{{V|Doubled vowels are allowed: sequences like &quot;aa&quot; are pronounced /a.a/ as two syllables|JH=n|RJ=n|FH=y}}
{{V|Doubled vowels are allowed: sequences like &quot;aa&quot; are pronounced /a:/ as a long vowel|JH=n|RJ=n|FH=y|MJ=y}}

'''The restriction on vowel clusters applies only to roots.'''

I.e., when two or more clusters occur in a compound or derived word, that's OK; they don't get simplified.

===Liaison===
If a compound or derived word would have a sequence of three or four vowels (if e.g. the first element ends in a vowel cluster and the second element begins with a vowel or vowel cluster), insert a consonant after the first or second vowel of a three-vowel sequence or after the second vowel of a four-vowel sequence. The liason consonant is glottal stop /ʔ/. [[Naeso/Transliteration|Vote on how it is transliterated]].

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Orthography</title>
    <id>8435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57243</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-26T16:05:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Native orthography of Naeso= 
This page is about the native script.  For the ASCII romanization, see [[Naeso/Transliteration|Transliteration]].

''Status: In the works''

Our native script is a syllabary, written from left to right. Each syllable has its own glyph.
We are using MalfermitaKodo's draft.

* [http://666kb.com/i/bms9xk1jko2gip6mr.png Syllables starting with n]
* [http://666kb.com/i/bmsc5cl6zefu1my8j.png Syllables starting with v] -  [http://666kb.com/i/bmscat8tl1ej78bmb.png vin]
* [http://666kb.com/i/bmsbakk23i1l39fwz.png Syllables starting with s]
* [http://666kb.com/i/bmsc5qa3u5hhc5fwz.png Syllables starting with f] - [http://666kb.com/i/bmsc7wvvafgwzfykz.png fin]
* [http://666kb.com/i/bmscyxlzrbf3rs53n.png Syllables starting with z]
* [http://666kb.com/i/bmsdvnfb354o8ko9f.png Syllables starting with a vowel] 

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Conscripts]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Fenhl</title>
    <id>8436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56962</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:24:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi, I'm Max Weber a.k.a. Fenhl-Tanbusraz.

==Conlangs==

*Isiko
**[http://b.masuco.de/ Batu]
**Aje
**Prua
**Wyu
*[[Naeso]]
*Haumean
*Uni

==See also==

The [http://b.masuco.de/cotw Challenge of the Week] project

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Transliteration</title>
    <id>8437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57144</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-23T22:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Capitalization */ voted</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Characters in /slashes/ are in the IPA, characters in &amp;lt;angle brackets&amp;gt; are the latin transliteration.

* /i, u, a, y, e, o/ = &amp;lt;i, u, a, y, e, o&amp;gt;
* /p, b, t, d, k, g/ = &amp;lt;p, b, t, d, k, g&amp;gt;
* /m, n, ŋ/ = &amp;lt;m, n, nh&amp;gt;
* /f, v, θ, s, z, ʒ/ = &amp;lt;f, v, th, s, z, j&amp;gt;
* /l/ = &amp;lt;l&amp;gt;

Naeso will also have a [[Naeso/Orthography|native script]], but we need to be able to write it in ASCII too, e.g. on IRC.

==Liaison==

We have voted the [[Naeso/Phonology#Liaison|liaison consonant]] to be /ʔ/. '''How is it written down?'''
{{V|'|FH=y|JH=y}}
{{V|not at all|FH=n|JH=n}}

==Capitalization==
*For each item in this list, vote on whether it is capitalized.
{{V|the beginning of each sentence|FH=n|JH=n}}
{{V|all verbs|FH=y|JH=n}}
{{V|[[Naeso/Names|names]] that are also capitalized in the original language|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y}}
*for example Max Dominik Weber or ChanServ
{{V|[[Naeso/Names|names]] that are not capitalized in the original language|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y}}
*for example jim_henry or danah boyd
{{V|[[Naeso/Names|names]] that originate in Naeso|FH=y|JH=y}}

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Voting</title>
    <id>8438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56956</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:09:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Finding things you haven't voted on */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Because Naeso is a collaborative project, it is necessary to work along with other people. Voting allows us all to have a voice in the creation and direction of this language, and keeps things fair.

At the moment, there are seven people who are working together to create this language. 7/2 = 3.5 'Majority' is defined as half plus one, so 3.5 + 1 = 4.5 For the sake of everyone's sanity and the continued longevity of our language, we have decided to round the number that constitutes majority down instead of up- so if 4 people decide they agree on something, it's considered majority and official.

==How to vote?==

If you're away for a while and come back, it can be confusing sometimes to tell where we are. Voting tags and numbers help you figure this out.

If you see a number like 2/1, then you should understand that 2 people have voted yes, and 1 person has voted no.

When you are editing the page you will see something like:
&lt;pre&gt;
{{V|Naeso does XY|RJ=y|FH=n|BF=y|JH=n}}
&lt;/pre&gt;
This renders as:
{{V|Naeso does XY|RJ=y|FH=n|BF=y|JH=n|o=nocat}}
Note that the above example has the additional argument o=nocat to avoid listing this page in voting categories

To vote, simply add your voting tag, an '''=''' and either '''y''' or '''n'''.

==Finding things you haven't voted on==

There is an automatically generated category with all pages that have votes you haven't voted on. Just click on your IRC username to see it:

*[[:Category:VoteBL|blisk (BL)]]
*[[:Category:VoteBF|bornfor (BF)]]
*[[:Category:VoteFH|Fenhl (FH)]]
*[[:Category:VoteRJ|MalfermitaKodo (RJ)]]
*[[:Category:VoteMJ|micahjohnston (MJ)]]
*[[:Category:VoteJH|jimhenry (JH)]]
*[[:Category:VoteES|Esploranto (ES)]]
*BlueRider - please add a voting tag for yourself

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Esploranto</title>
    <id>8439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56966</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Esploranto in conlanging blogs and the #conlang IRC chat-room. I became hugely interested in etymology since the first time I saw a greek term in the modern sciences. I've studied Latin and Ancient Greek as well as Old Norse and Anglo-saxon. I study linguistics in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

==Conlangs==

*[http://tulvan.blogspot.com/ Tulvan]
*[http://kareyku.blogspot.com/ Kareyku]
*Českoen
*[http://katanik.blogspot.com/search/label/Unnai Unnai]

And many others.

== Cramarian project ==

I've been involved in the Cramarian project with some fellow conlangers from which I spawned several daughter conlangs from a randomly generated Proto-language.

*(from Proto-Cramarian)
**[http://katanik.blogspot.com/search/label/Wakensi Wakensi]
**[http://katanik.blogspot.com/search/label/Teutla T'eutla]
**Tuscal
**Éothuth
**Pennyen
**Hrashrzen

==See also==

My conlanging musings blog: [http://katanik.blogspot.com/ Katanik]

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words</title>
    <id>8440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58670</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-20T20:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* public, free */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''List all unapproved words here'' (alphabetically when possible for ease of searching) ''until they're voted in. We are always voting on how to translate a given English word. Vote in the section below this, and remember to remove the word from this list once it's either voted in or voted out. Thanks!''

==Proposed suffixes==

===associative plural===
*Used similarly to English &quot;&amp; co.&quot;, see also the [http://wals.info/feature/description/36 description at WALS].

{{V|-lun|FH=y|JH=y|BF=y}}
*wouldn't this come in conflict with endings in -n? -ES
**I don't think so. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 17:52, 22 October 2010 (PDT)
{{V|-dun|ES=y|JH=n|FH=y|RJ=y|BF=y}}
{{V|same as additive plural|FH=y|JH=n}}
{{V|no associative plural|FH=n|JH=n}}

===genitive+plural=== 
*This is supposed to work with all plural forms: additive, collective and [http://wals.info/feature/description/36 associative].
-sti - **voted out**
*(violates phonotactics —FH)

{{V|-tsi|FH=y|BF=y|JH=n}}
{{V|-bim|MJ=y|FH=y|JH=n}}

*why not -bin or -bun? —ES

{{V|-bin|ES=y|JH=y|FH=y|RJ=y|BF=y}}
{{V|-bun|ES=y|JH=n|FH=y}}

===present tense=== 
*(aspect? WTF. Someone please name this right, as I really don't know how it should be. - BF)

{{V|-su|BF=y|FH=y|JH=n|ES=y}}
*(Remember that it's not yet decided whether we will suffix aspect on verbs or tense particles —FH)
*(Or something else, like using adverbs for aspect. The first phase of that vote is going on now on the Grammar page. But I don't see a reason not to propose these affixes now and show examples of their use on the Sentences page. And maybe if we end up not having inflectional aspect, always marked on every verb, we can still have some specific derivational aspect suffixes (like e.g. English or French or Esperanto's &quot;re-&quot; prefix; that's derivational, not inflectional like aspect in Russian or Volapük).—JH)
**TODO move this discussion to [[Naeso/Grammar|Grammar]] page and add a vote rubric for it
*See the [[Sentences]] page to view proposed examples of how the aspect suffixes might be used and vote on them.

==Proposed grammatical particles==

===temporal preposition===
{{V|fyu|FH=y|ES=n|JH=y|RJ=n}}
{{V|fui|ES=y|JH=n|FH=n|RJ=y}}
*This can be used for stuff like ''four weeks ago'' or ''next month''. How exactly these will be translated is not yet defined. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 17:09, 17 October 2010 (PDT)

===Interrogative pronoun===
{{V|poynh|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y|BF=y}}
*examples: ku poynh = who, pan poynh = what, fyu poynh = when [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 17:09, 17 October 2010 (PDT)
*I think it would make sense to describe this as an interrogative pronoun, indifferent to IRC/sex/animacy gender, than a &quot;question particle&quot;.  I also propose that it be used after nouns to mean &quot;which X?&quot;.  [[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 16:49, 18 October 2010 (PDT)
**I totally agree. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 17:05, 18 October 2010 (PDT)

===locative preposition===
{{V|so|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y|BF=y}}
*examples: so inna = there, so ua = here, so Lutetsia = in/near Paris, so Iakobo = at Jim's/where Jim is —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 11:20, 23 October 2010 (PDT)

===for===
* for, with the intent of, to &lt;verb&gt;
* This can be used as a normal preposition (e.g. tau gelan, for water) or like [[Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English dictionary#B|bam]] to start a subordinate clause (e.g. To bake &lt;food&gt;, you need &lt;ingredients&gt; = &lt;need&gt; ku y pan &lt;ingredients&gt; tau &lt;bake&gt; va &lt;food&gt;)
{{V|tau|FH=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

==Proposed content words==

===balloon, dirigible===
{{V|kunoypavi|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===to fly===
{{V|pavi|FH=y|JH=n|RJ=y|BF=y}}

===airplane, dirigible===
{{V|kunoytemya|JH=y|RJ=y|FH=y}}

===to want=== 
{{V|sidu|BF=n|JH=n|FH=n|RJ=n}}
*I suggest using a desiderative mood affix like bornfor's proposed &quot;-im&quot; with the main verb, rather than a dedicated &quot;want&quot; verb. To say you want a thing rather than want to perform an action, put the &quot;-im&quot; suffix on an &quot;acquire&quot; or &quot;possess&quot; or &quot;eat&quot; or &quot;drink&quot; etc. verb. —JH
**This suffix is already voted in, so I second this —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 07:04, 23 October 2010 (PDT)

===public, free===
*free as in &quot;free software&quot;, not &quot;free of charge&quot;
{{V|pimum|FH=n|JH=n|RJ=n|BF=n}}
{{V|nhu|RJ=y|FH=y|BF=y|JH=y}}
* nhu like GNU, get it? ~RJ

===public, common, non-private, objective===
{{V|pimum|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===private, subjective, idiosyncratic===
{{V|teinen|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===public transportation vehicle===
*bus, train, subway, …
{{V|kunoy pimum|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=n|BF=y}}

{{V|kunoy nhu|RJ=y|FH=y|BF=y|JH=n}}

===public transportation station===
*train station, bus station, …
{{V|kunoypimum|FH=n|JH=n|RJ=n|BF=n}}
{{V|kyba kunoypimumbi|JH=y|FH=y|RJ=n|BF=y}}

===to give birth===
*note that ''to be born'' can easily be formed with something like ''Ete va &amp;lt;name&amp;gt;''. See also [[Naso/Sentences]].
{{V|ete|FH=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

==Colors== 

===yellow=== 
{{V|djy|FH=y|JH=y|ES=n|RJ=y|BF=n}}
{{V|dy|BF=y|FH=y|JH=n}}

* Note someone has proposed &quot;dy&quot; as a number-word on the [[Naeso/Math]] page. --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 12:45, 26 October 2010 (PDT)

==logic==

===position===
{{V|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_notation prefix]|FH=y|JH=n|RJ=y|BF=y}}
{{V|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation infix]|FH=n|JH=y|BF=y}}
{{V|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_notation postfix]|FH=n|JH=n|RJ=y|BF=n}}

E.g., for each of those possible positions we would express &quot;red and blue&quot; as:
* '''prefix:''' bvi dol gel
* '''infix:''' dol bvi gel
* '''suffix:''' dol gel bvi

*Postfix notation seems very out of place re: Naeso's VSO and head + modifier order.  Prefix notation could be interesting, but I am worried that it would be unclear when it affects something more than a pair of single words (two prepositional phrases, two clauses...).  I'm voting for infix conjunctions for now, but I might change my vote if someone proposes a good way to disambiguate prefix conjunctions with phrases or clauses. --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 10:12, 23 October 2010 (PDT)
*It probably makes no sense to vote yes for postfix but I like its Forthyness. ''(unsigned comment by RJ)''
*Fenhl has proposed a sentence on the Sentences pages showing how a prefix &quot;or&quot; conjunction could be disambiguated in some cases with a subordinating/relativizer conjunction. --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 18:44, 23 October 2010 (PDT)
**

==Suggestion list==

''If you've grown attached to a certain word or phrase and want it included in the lex, but don't have the faintest idea about what you want it to mean, list it here. We'll consider this the 'grab bag'- other people can look here for inspiration and develop words or phrases off of the ones here, or use them in their entirety.''
'''Please do not vote below!'''

*bendiza
*kaminto
*kaminhto
*pulthy
*kemsu
*ionh

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Grammar</title>
    <id>8441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57168</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-24T09:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sel messitihildi</username>
        <id>1311</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Grammar of Naeso=

This entire page is probably going to be changing rapidly due to the current status of voting regarding it. Please be aware of this and keep checking back often! Your vote counts!

==[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language Fusional]., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language agglutinating] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language isolating]?==

Our language is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusional_language fusional].

==Basic sentence structure==

Our language uses VSO word order.

==Word types==
''Status: In the works''

*'''Nouns:''' Our language has nouns.
** ''Verbal nouns'': Our language has verbal nouns.
*Verbs:''' Our language has verbs, including 'to be'. -- ''However'', Naeso does not have the verb 'to have'. 'To own', 'to carry', 'to possess', 'to keep', etc, and also an existential structure can replace it.
*'''Adjectives:''' Our language has adjectives.
*'''Adverbs''': Adjectives/adverbs are a single class of modifiers.

''(I think that we should consider making adverbs a different class from adjectives, created by inflecting adjectives, to resolve the ambiguity with multiple descriptors discussed below. We could maybe even make things that describe adverbs another class, created by using the same inflection on adverbs. - MJ)''

===Nouns in Naeso===
''Status: Not yet discussed''


===Verbs in Naeso===
''Status: Currently being voted on''

Verbs inflect for tense.

''Results of another vote on the [[Naeso/Suffixes]] page contradict this. We're re-voting below....''

*Decided:
**Verbs do not conjugate according to subject or object.

*'''Undecided''':

Verbs may or may not inflect for the following categories - a &quot;no&quot; vote on any of these means it could be marked by anything other than verb inflection (e.g. adverbs, prepositional phrases, separate particles, inflection of some word other than the main verb), specifics to be decided after this vote is over:

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood Mood]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_modality modality] — '''Voted in.'''
*{{V|Tense|BF=y|RJ=y|JH=n|FH=n|BL=n}}
*{{V|[http://www.rickharrison.com/language/aspect.html Aspect]|JH=y|RJ=y|FH=n|BL=n|BF=n|MJ=y}}
*{{V|[http://archives.conlang.info/pe/zholbhi/qheldorfuen.html Validationality]|RJ=y|FH=y|JH=n|BL=n|BF=n}}
*{{V|Plural|FH=y|JH=n|MJ=n}}

*(I suggest we wait a bit and see how the votes on tense, aspect and validationality go before making up a lot of mood affixes. If we vote in one or more of the other categories, we might want to fuse some of them, e.g. have indicative mood intersect with various kinds of validationalities or all the moods intersect with some or all of the tenses &amp; aspects. - JH)

*(Since Naeso is fusional I'd argue that we will need many combinations of mood and whatever else gets voted in, so we will just say that the modality suffixes we create now are in the default tense (e.g. present), aspect (e.g. not progressive or whatever), and validationality (e.g. &quot;almost sure&quot;). When we vote something else in, we can create suffixes that combine two or more of these categories. ~FH)

====What moods will be marked by inflection?====
# {{V|Indicative|JH=n|FH=n}}
# Interrogative — '''voted in'''
# Imperative/hortative/jussive
#* {{V|Only for first and third persons.|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}
#* {{V|Also for second person.|FH=y|MJ=y|JH=n|RJ=n}}
# Abilitative, i.e. equivalent of English &quot;can/may&quot; auxiliary verbs - '''voted in'''
# Desiderative, i.e. equivalent of English &quot;want/wish&quot; auxiliary verbs - '''voted in'''
# Others...?

*I suggest that a bare verb with no subject mentioned could be interpreted as second-person imperative, and needn't get a mood affix. Similarly a bare verb with an explicit subject can be assumed to be indicative without any explicit marking; that would make words on average shorter. —JH
*I think it would be cool to be able to leave off subjects though. I think we should allow indicative sentences with no subject, perhaps with an indicative inflection to distinguish from imperative. [[User:micahjohnston|micahjohnston]]
*So are you suggesting we mark verbs as indicative only when we want to omit the subject, thinking it's obvious from context?  If so, what about add a vote tag for that? -- [[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 17:55, 20 October 2010 (PDT)
*I think only marking the verb if leaving out the subject is odd at best and feels to me quite unnatural. [[User:Sel messitihildi|Sel messitihildi]] 02:45, 24 October 2010 (PDT)

===Modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) in Naeso===
''Status: Being discussed &amp; voted on''

====How will multiple modifiers applied to the same noun be handled?====
*a. Just string them together after the noun: noun mod1 mod2 mod3...
*b. Use an &quot;and&quot; word between them: noun mod1 and mod2 and mod3...
*c. Use an &quot;and&quot; between them when ambiguity seems likely, i.e. when it might be uncertain whether mod2 modifies mod1 or the noun
*d. Any modifiers after the first are marked with a relative clause: noun mod1 which is mod2 and mod3...

{{V|a.|FH=y|MJ=y}}
{{V|b.|FH=n}}
{{V|c.|FH=y|RJ=y}}
{{V|d.|JH=y|BL=y|FH=n|RJ=n}}

===Naeso Pronouns===

Rows where the right-hand column is blank have forms not yet decided. Please propose specific forms on the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|proposed words]]  page and copy them here after the votes there are decided.

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid #c6c9ff; border-collapse: collapse;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
| I 
| si 
|-
| you (singular, someone who recently joined the IRC channel) 
| pae 
|-
| you (singular, someone who's been part of the conversation for a while) 
| tha 
|-
| you (sing.) 
| y 
|-
| he 
| the 
|-
| she 
| je 
|-
| it 
| 
|-
| 3SG current IRC participant 
| ipu 
|-
| 3SG sometime IRC participant not online at the moment 
| yl 
|-
| 3SG someone who's never on IRC 
| tyma 
|-
| third-person singular undefined for gender or IRC status, 'one' 
| ze 
|-
| we (inclusive) 
| lynh 
|-
| we (exclusive) 
| sim 
|-
| you (pl.) 
| ym 
|-
| they 
| 
|}

====Gendered singular pronouns====

Naeso has optional gender-marking in its third-person singular pronouns. The pronoun &quot;ze&quot; can be used for a specific person whose gender is unknown or which the speaker doesn't wish to specify (the equivalent of Esperanto &quot;ri&quot;), ''or'' for a nonspecific person (the equivalent of French &quot;on&quot;, Esperanto &quot;oni&quot;, formal English &quot;one&quot;).

====IRC-oriented singular pronouns====

Naeso has distinctions in its second-person pronouns depending on whether the addresse is a regular on IRC or is only occasionally on the current channel.

Naeso has optional distinctions in its third-person pronouns depending on whether the mentioned person is a participant in the current chat, someone on IRC at times but offline (or possibly away) at the moment, or someone who's never on IRC. The pronoun &quot;ze&quot; can be used for a specific person whose IRC status is unknown or which the speaker doesn't wish to specify, as well as for a nonspecific person.

How, if at all, those will be used outside of IRC, will be detemined by actual usage.

====Plural pronouns====

It's not yet decided what categories, if any, are marked on second and third-person plural pronouns.

====Nonhuman pronouns====

It's not yet decided what whether Naeso has a single third-person pronoun for all nonhumans, or perhaps one for animals and one for everything else, or one for domestic animals &amp; human artifacts and another for everything else, or...

===Prepositions===

It's been decided that Naeso has prepositions, and that it will use prepositions for marking [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_relation cases/thematic roles]. A fair number of prepositions have been voted in on the [[Naeso/Dictionary|Dictionary]] page and others are currently being voted on. Another question about prepositions is yet to be voted on:

====Will some or all prepositions inflect for definiteness (i.e., equivalent of &quot;the/a&quot; in English)?====
*a. The most animate or topical preposition (i.e., roughly the &quot;subject&quot;) in a given sentence will inflect for definiteness. Typically this will be &quot;ku&quot;, &quot;jen&quot;, or &quot;bu&quot; (see the Dictionary page).
*b. Only prepositions for core grammatical relations (agent, patient, experiencer, and similar) will inflect for definiteness - not peripheral ones like &quot;at&quot;, &quot;during&quot;, &quot;with&quot;, etc.
*c. All prepositions inflect for definiteness.
*d. No prepositions inflect for definiteness.

{{V|a|JH=y|FH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}
{{V|b|MJ=y|FH=y}}
{{V|c|FH=n}}
{{V|d|FH=y|JH=n}}

====How are prepositions that are not required to inflect handled?==== 
*1. Other prepositions can be marked for definiteness for clearing up ambiguity or artistic reasons.
*2. Other prepositions must not be marked for definiteness.

{{V|1.|FH=y|MJ=y|RJ=y}}
{{V|2.|JH=y|BL=y|FH=n|MJ=n}}

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maharajadom of the United Kingdom</title>
    <id>8442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57417</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T06:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Naeso</title>
    <id>8443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56944</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T13:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Voting</title>
    <id>8444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56943</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T13:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Pages with active voting going on.  ==See also==  *[[Naeso/Voting|the Naeso Voting page]]  {{Naeso}}&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Pages with active voting going on.

==See also==

*[[Naeso/Voting|the Naeso Voting page]]

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:NAMESPACE</title>
    <id>8445</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56948</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T13:53:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{ #if: {{NAMESPACE}} |{{NAMESPACE}}|{{{1|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

This template returns the value of the Magic Word '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{NAMESPACE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''.

==Arguments==

==={{{1}}}===

If this is given, and the page is in the '''(Main)''' namespace, the template will return this.

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteBL</title>
    <id>8446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56951</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:03:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where blisk still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where blisk still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteBF</title>
    <id>8447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56952</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:03:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where bornfor still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where bornfor still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteFH</title>
    <id>8448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56953</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:04:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteRJ</title>
    <id>8449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56954</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:05:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where [[User:Sel messitihildi|MalfermitaKodo]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where [[User:Sel messitihildi|MalfermitaKodo]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteMJ</title>
    <id>8450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56955</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where micahjohnston still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where micahjohnston still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteJH</title>
    <id>8451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56957</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:10:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where [[User:Jim Henry|jim_henry]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where [[User:Jim Henry|jim_henry]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:VoteES</title>
    <id>8452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56958</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T14:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;All pages where [[User:Esploranto|Esploranto]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].  {{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">All pages where [[User:Esploranto|Esploranto]] still has to [[Naeso/Voting|vote]].

{{Naeso}} [[Category:Voting]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Suffixes</title>
    <id>8453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56986</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T22:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>import from wikispaces</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Naesan suffixes= 
Since Naeso is inflecting, we need affixes, and probably lots of them. Naeso uses suffixes.

===Do suffixes replace the vowel of the last syllable?=== 
Both are allowed for different words.

===System: what categories are marked with inflection, and which with particles or adverbs or whatever?=== 

Mark number (e.g. singular/plural) on nouns with affixes.

Mark case/thematic relations (agent, patient, experiencer, force, focus...) on nouns with prepositions.

Mark tense on verbs with adverbs (e.g. &quot;yesterday&quot;) and prepositional phrases (e.g. &quot;on monday&quot;).

Mark aspect on verbs with affixes on the verb.

''Results of another vote on the [[Naeso/Grammar|Grammar]] page contradict this. We are re-voting in a hopefully less ambiguous way on the Grammar page.''

''Following discussion on #naeso with bornfor, I moved the proposed affixes to the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|proposed words]] page. -- JH''

'''TODO: copy back hither the already-approved affixes from the  [[Naeso/Dictionary/Naeso-English]] page, and organize them in some way more logical than alphabetical order...'''

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Stress</title>
    <id>8454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>56987</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T22:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>import from wikispaces and reformat</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">
Words that have a vowel cluster are stressed on the second part of the cluster:

*na'''e'''so
*do'''i'''ze
*dovu'''i'''

Words without vowel clusters are stressed on the first syllable:
*'''do'''la
*'''ge'''lan
*'''pa'''dute

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/External Links</title>
    <id>8455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57021</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-19T08:12:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* on Naeso */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Naeso-related==

*[http://colllang.wikispaces.com/ old Wikispaces wiki]
*[http://cals.conlang.org/language/naeso/ Naeso on CALS]

==Personal links for Naeso collaborators==

===Blisk===

===Bornfor===
*[http://ostonejemohni.blogspot.com/ Word of the Day blog in Sandic Weyr]
*[http://wytn-awake.blogspot.com/ Wytn Awake]
*[http://bornforwater.com/ Main]

===Fenhl===
*[http://b.masuco.de/ Conlang subdomain]
*[http://masuco.wordpress.com/ batunurisi Word of the Week] (currently on hiatus)
*[http://b.masuco.de/cotw Challenge of the Week]

===MalfermitaKodo===
*[http://rejistania.wordpress.com/ Main]

===micahjohnston===

===jim_henry===
* [http://jimhenry.conlang.org Homepage]

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ABBv</title>
    <id>8456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57001</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-19T00:35:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;__NOTOC__ &lt;center&gt; [[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#Bv|Bv]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#Dj|Dj]] - [[#Dz|Dz]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] -...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
&lt;center&gt;
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#Bv|Bv]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#Dj|Dj]] - [[#Dz|Dz]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#Nh|Nh]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Pf|Pf]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#Th|Th]] - [[#Ts|Ts]] - [[#Tth|Tth]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Names</title>
    <id>8457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57245</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-26T19:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* blisk */ vote</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Here's a list of names: personal names, family names, names of cities, seas, languages, you get it.

__NOTOC__
This page has a [[#Defined|defined]] section and a [[#Voting|voting]] section. If you cast the final vote on a name, please move it up to the defined section. If you vote against a suggestion, please provide another one.

==Capitalization== 

''This vote has been moved to [[Naeso/Transliteration|Transliteration]].''

==Quoting or marking of names== 
{{V|All names get quoted or marked in some way, e.g. a special preposition|FH=n|JH=n}}
{{V|No names get quoted or marked|FH=y|JH=n}}
{{V|Names that look sort of like native Naeso words get quoted or marked|JH=y|BL=y|FH=n}}
{{V|Names that violate Naeso phonotactics or orthography get quoted or marked|JH=n|FH=n}}

==Defined==

==Voting==

===Paris===
{{V|Lutetsia|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===Germany===
{{V|Alemanni|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y}}

===Babel===
{{V|Babel|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===English===
{{V|Inhlisi|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===Europe===
{{V|Eupa|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===Micah===
{{V|Mika|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===Fenhl===
{{V|Fenuel|FH=y|JH=y|BL=y|RJ=y}}

===jim_henry===
{{V|Jaeku|JH=y|FH=y|RJ=y}}
*via Iakobos &gt; James &gt; Jim; I don't necessarily suggest that every person named &quot;Jim&quot; or &quot;James&quot; be designated this way —JH

===James, Jim, Jacques, Diego, Iago,…===
*other than jim_henry
{{V|Iakobo|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y}}

===Hildegard===
{{V|Ildegal|JH=y|FH=y}}

===Zamenhof===
{{V|Zameno|JH=y|FH=y}}

===Tolkien===
{{V|Tolkin|JH=y|FH=y}}

===Grimm===
{{V|Kelim|JH=n|FH=n}}
*why change G to K when Naeso has G? [[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 03:30, 19 October 2010 (PDT)
{{V|Gelim|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y}}

===Sapir===
{{V|Saepi|JH=y|FH=y|RJ=y}}

===Whorf===
{{V|Uofa|JH=y|FH=y|RJ=y}}

===Greenberg===
{{V|Kenbegu|JH=n|FH=n}}
*see [[#Grimm|above]] —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 03:30, 19 October 2010 (PDT)
{{V|Pembegu|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y}}
*from green=pem

===BlueRider===
{{V|Gelaida|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y}}
*from blue=gel

===Chomsky===
{{V|Komseku|JH=n|FH=n}}
{{V|Tsomseki|FH=y|JH=y|RJ=y}}

===MalfermitaKodo===
{{V|Nhukodo|RJ=y|JH=y|FH=y}}
* from suggestion nhu for 'public' and 'free'
** I like this method of forming names: translate one part, render the other part. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 13:00, 25 October 2010 (PDT)

===blisk===
{{V|Bilisuku|FH=y|BL=y|JH=y}}

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Prepositions</title>
    <id>8458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57042</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-19T23:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim Henry</username>
        <id>180</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>import from wikispaces</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">We vote on actual preposition words on the [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words|proposed words]] page.

== Completed decisions ==

===Pre- or postpositions?===

The language has prepositions.

===The and a===

It was decided early on that:
:We will use 'the' and 'a' only for nouns.
However, no one has proposed or used specific definite or indefinite articles yet.

===Inflecting prepositions===

It was decided early on that:
:&quot;The&quot; is an inflected form of &quot;a&quot;.

Details of how this will work are being currently voted on on the [[Naeso/Grammar|grammar]] page. 

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arahau</title>
    <id>8459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58840</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-07T20:58:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Attachisti</username>
        <id>1423</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|name=Arahau
|pronounce=/ara'xaŭ/
|tu=nonspecific
|species=Speedtolk
|in=nonspecific
|no=30
|script=Latin, Arahauvarf, Arahauvarfnal
|tree=None
|morph=Polysunthetic
|ms=Active
|wo=SVO
|creator=Ivan Karasev
|date=March 2006}}

'''Arahau''' [ara'xaŭ] is an a priori constructed language created by Russian writer Ivan Karasev in 2006.

The Arahau language is polysynthetic and typologically active. This is unlike most artificial languages. Each vowel designates a noun, and consonants designate grammatical formants. This system often lets Arahau produce compact speech. Arahau has been found to have similarities with Basque and Nakh-Dagestanian languages.

Arahau is a minimal language. It has 26 phonemes (not including diphthongs and triphthongs) and about 100 main root words. Grammar is minimally inflected. The valency of a verb and word order determine case, because it is an active-stative language. Auxiliary formants mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, and grammatical aspects. Arahau has a system of noun classes. They are marked by vowels (''a'' – the humans, ''u'' – the animals, ''i'' – the plants, ''o'' – the names etc.).

Arahau is inspired by natural philosophy and dualism. There are only two grammatical genders, tenses (real and irreal), grammatical numbers, personal pronouns (near and far), grammatical cases (translative case and possessive), parts of speech (the verb and the noun) etc.

Arahau uses only the Subject Verb Object (SVO) word order.

In 2009 I. Karasev with A. Peredereyev published a literature journal &quot;Asa&quot; (Knowledge).

== Alphabet ==
The alphabet and reading
Arahau's alphabet is Latin. It has 27 letters: 
:'''A''', '''Ä''', '''B''', '''C''', '''D''', '''E''', '''Ë''', '''F''', '''G''', '''H''', '''I''', '''J''', '''K''', '''L''', '''M''', '''N''', '''O''', '''Ö''', '''P''', '''R''', '''S''', '''T''', '''U''', '''Ü''', '''V''', '''Y''', '''Z''' 
which correspond to 27 sounds. There are ten vowels and seventeen consonants.

Each letter corresponds to one phoneme (one precise sound). Pronunciation does not depend on a letter's position in a word. In particular, consonants at the end of a word are never silenced, and vowels do not change. The accent in words varies and falls, as a rule, on a root verb.

The pronunciation of practically all letters can be assumed without special preparation (M, N, K, etc.) The pronunciation of others is significant: 
:'''Ä''' [ʲa], Ö [ʲo], Ü [ʲu] as in German.
:'''Y''' [ɨ].
:'''Ë''' [ʲe].
:'''Е''' [e].
:'''H''' [x] the fricative sound [kh].
:'''J''' as in the word 'yard'.
:'''С''' – an affricate [ts].

Arahau uses double consonants (geminates), even at the beginning of a word. The structure of words is not uniform: There can be congestions of consonants, both in the beginning, and in the end. The usual construction of a word that consists of a maximal cluster is сссVссс.


== Diphthongs ==
The phonologic system besides 10 vowels includes 10 diphthongs which also as well as vowels designate nouns: 
:''au, ao, ae, ai, ou, oe, oi, oa, ei, ea'' 

10 long diphthongs (triphthongs) serving for formation of plural: 
:''uau, uao, uae, uai, uou, uoe, uoi, uoa, uei, uea'' 

And four labial diphthongs which are facultative and serve for specification of sense: 
:''ua, uo, ue, ui''. 


== Diacritic ==
Diacritic (''á, é, í, ó, ú, ý'') serves for a designation of the intense (guttural) vowels at formation of categories of tense in verbs. Letters (''ă, ŏ'') designate the unessential vowels inserted for correction of harmony. And letters (''â, ê, î, ô, û'') are usually used in dictionaries for marks of roots and also are facultative.


== Examples ==
''Lord's Prayer
:Our Father in heaven,
:hallowed be your name,
:your kingdom come,
:your will be done,
:on earth as in heaven.
:Give us today our daily bread.
:Forgive us our sins
:as we forgive those who sin against us.
:Save us from the time of trial
:and deliver us from evil.
:For the kingdom, the power,
:and the glory are yours
:now and for ever. Amen.''

:''Ëttange msuohusoer''
:''Msfarfésarkv músgausaskecö''
:''Soisiragsaguastaa coezetlo cosareasguoastaa''
:''Ctaarë’skuoastaa. Coslavadorfaat''
:''Nsaulsyrtaakl marcozusfarfsopl.''

== Music files ==
* [http://arahau.ucoz.ru/zvuki/arahau_dragana.mp3 Beautiful Future (Dragana sing)]
* [http://arahau.ucoz.ru/zvuki/gimnarahau.wma Hymn of Russia (K. Belchansky sing)]

== External links ==
* [http://sites.google.com/site/rbardalzo/arahau Conlang Arahau. Experience of Speedtalk (short grammar)]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/arahauvarf.php Arahauvarfnal (alphabet of Arahau)]
* [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-arahau.html Pater Noster on Arahau (Christusrex.org)]
* [http://knol.google.com/k/iharo-ahanero/arahau/38wohtym3m3qh/11 Arahau on Knol]
* [http://arahau.ucoz.ru/index/asa/0-9 Asa, Arahau literature magazine]
* [http://www.rbardalzo.narod.ru/arahau_spis.html Conlang Arahau (in Russian)]
* [http://arahau.ucoz.ru/forum Forum Arahau (in Russian)]

[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Sentences</title>
    <id>8460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57165</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-24T01:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{TOCright}}

This is where we'll put [[#Proposed sentences|proposed]] and [[#Approved sentences|approved]] sentences in [[Naeso]], exemplifying the uses of [[Naeso/Dictionary|words]] and [[Naeso/Suffixes|suffixes]] and [[Naeso/Grammar|grammatical structures]]. 

''If a word or suffix hasn't yet been voted in on the [[Naeso/Dictionary|dictionary pages]], but you use it here anyway, '''please please please''' link to the relevant vote.''

==glossing==

If you're not sure how to format a sentence gloss, see [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php the Leipzig Glossing Rules].

The following abbreviations are Naeso-specific and don't appear in the Leipzig list.

* MB — morpheme boundary
* INC — inceptive aspect
* NEW — someone who has just joined the conversation (as in pae)
* OLD — someone who has been part of the conversation for a while (as in tha)
* T — temporal preposition

==Proposed sentences== 

===Sanzuja ku si pan soenu.=== 
read-PRF A 1SG FOC book
{{V|I finish reading the book (at some unspecified time, but probably recent past).|JH=y|BF=y|FH=y}}

===Lavao[[Naeso/Transliteration#Liaison|']]&lt;nowiki&gt;am&lt;/nowiki&gt; ku [[Naeso/Names#jim_henry|Jaeku]] va zaevu.===
write-MB-PROG A Jim P sentence
{{V|jim_henry is writing a sentence.|JH=y|FH=y}}

*The above uses glottal stop as a liason consonant, written as an apostrophe between the root's vowel cluster and the affix's vowel; the basics of it would be unaffected if the liason consonant were something different.

===Lavao[[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#present tense|su]] ku [[Naeso/Names#jim_henry|Jaeku]] va zaevu.=== 
write-PRS Jim P sentence
{{V|Jim's writing a sentence.|BF=y|JH=n|FH=y}}

===Zelthizo ku lynh va do.=== 
make-INC A we;INCL P language
{{V|We are beginning to make a language.|JH=y|BF=y|FH=y}}

===Eana pan pae!=== 
hello FOC 2SG;NEW
{{V|Hello! (said to someone who's just joined the chat)|JH=y|BF=y|FH=y}}

===Kal pan tha!=== 
goodbye FOC 2SG;OLD
{{V|Goodbye! (said to someone who's been on the chat for a while)|JH=y|BF=y|FH=y}}

*The above are proposed more-formal variants of basic &quot;Eana!&quot; and &quot;Kal!&quot;

===Zelthija ku si va jan.=== 
make-PRF A 1SG P word
{{V|I have (just) made a word/words.|JH=y|FH=y}}

===Sunhsa[[Naeso/Transliteration#Liaison|']]&lt;nowiki&gt;am&lt;/nowiki&gt; ku si va silzu.=== 
edit-MB-PROG A 1SG P page
{{V|I am editing the (wiki) page.|JH=y|FH=y}}

===Souzo dakai sifi.=== 
be-INC network unreliable
{{V|The network has become unreliable.|JH=n|FH=n}}

*This sentence lacks a preposition for dakai. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]]

===Souzo bu dakai pan sifi.=== 
be-INC TOP network FOC unreliable
{{V|The network has become unreliable.|JH=y|FH=n}}

===Souzo bu dakai sifi.===
be-INC TOP network unreliable
{{V|The network has become unreliable.|FH=y}}

===Sifi benh bu dakai.===
unreliable again TOP network.
{{V|The network is unreliable again.|JH=y|FH=n}}

*Since when is ''unreliable'' a verb?

===[[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#to contain|tseltsinh]] [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#full|sinte]] syn [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#hovercraft|kunoy'apfe]] pan [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#eel|tthaiki]]un.===
contain full in vehicle-MB-hover FOC eel-PL
{{V|My hovercraft is full of eels.|FH=y|JH=y}}

*This is an example of redundancy in Naeso: ''tseltsinh syn'' could be replaced by ''tseltsinh bu'' or ''sou syn'', but &quot;Let usage define meaning&quot; applies. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]]

===Jia ku y panli onan [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#exclusive or / unless|pfe]] bam Inhthaja bu [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#public transportation vehicle|kunoy pimum]], bam [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#to sit|Mansu]] [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#locative preposition|so]] inna?===
Speak A 2SG FOC-Q man or;EXCL REL enter-PRF P vehicle public, REL sit LOC that
{{V|Are you talking about the man who just entered the subway or about the man who is sitting there?|FH=y|JH=y}}

===Sou benh ku si [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#locative preposition|so]] ua [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#temporal preposition|fyu]] [[Naeso/Dictionary/Proposed words#Interrogative pronoun|poynh]]?===
be again A 1SG LOC this T Q?
{{V|&quot;I'll be back in a&quot; what?|FH=y|JH=y}}
*The original text was ''What's bbiab? Be back in a ¿?'', in other words, ''What does the last 'b' stabd for?'' —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 18:12, 23 October 2010 (PDT)
*It seems to me it could also be glossed as &quot;When will you I be here again?&quot; --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 18:36, 23 October 2010 (PDT)

===Jia ku tha pan poynh?===
say A 2SG;OLD FOC Q
{{V|What did you say?/What are you saying?|JH=y|FH=y}}
*Since the above only makes sense in IRC when dealing with a ''dakai sifi'', I additionally suggest the below.
{{V|What does what you just said mean?|FH=y}}

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Proto-Altaic'</title>
    <id>8461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57217</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-25T23:27:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ah yep</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Saw you working on this, and was confused; it took me some time to remember that it was a conlang of yours and the prime is a vitally important part of the name.  Perhaps a little banner or hatnote velc. saying as much wouldn't be out or place?  Especially in view of how you also write great pages about [[Proto-Uralic|nat-protolangs]] here too.  [[User:AlexFink|AlexFink]] 08:11, 24 October 2010 (PDT)
:Good points. This page needs an introduction anyway, I've neglected it as it has been in a fairly sketchy condition. However, I finally got the vowels settled out, so that should be getting better soon. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 16:27, 25 October 2010 (PDT)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bornfor</title>
    <id>8462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59141</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-31T03:20:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bornfor</username>
        <id>1425</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bornfor'''!  He's fantastic!  He's incredible!  He's... bornfor!

No, just kidding.  

==Who is bornfor?==
Bornfor is Aaron, a 20-something year old hermit who lives somewhere in the southeastern US.  &lt;strike&gt;He likes long walks on the beach, sipping Pina coladas...&lt;/strike&gt; He's been conlanging since he was a little kid, but only recently (in the past five or six years or so) started writing things down.  Chronologically speaking that's a little over a fourth of his lifetime ago, so imagine all the things he lost in the time before he started writing things down!

==What does bornfor know?==
Though he would some day very much like to, Bornfor has never studied linguistics formally.  As a result, many of the descriptions of his language(s) are &lt;strike&gt; senseless and hard to follow&lt;/strike&gt; both idiomatic and probably confusing to most people.  For this he sincerely apologizes.
&lt;br&gt;
Interestingly enough, though, Aaron has found that creating languages isn't limited to those who know the technical terms for how language works.  He's fond of his creation(s), even if he can't always describe them in technical terms.

==What's bornfor do?==
&lt;p&gt;Aaron is primarily working on [[Sandic]], the daughter of a language called Weyr (no relation to the books about dragon-riders!) that he created way back in 2003 or 2004.  He does also from time to time work on a couple of side projects like Baljek ('sister language?' to Sandic) and Cat Sign [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n45DKOqI1D4] (language which developed into a written lingua-franca over his con-continent).

On Frathwiki, Aaron is guilty for the mess that is the page about [[Sandic]].

==Talk to/observe the bornfor==
*'''here:''' http://wytn-awake.blogspot.com/ (General conlang/world/conwhatever blog)
*'''here:''' http://ostonejemohni.blogspot.com/ (Word of the day blog (the name of which has been a lie for some time now..  It's only periodically updated, but still pretty cool because you get to see AND hear the nonsense words)
*'''and here!:''' http://www.youtube.com/user/bornforwater (Video dump!  Note: not all videos about conlangs)

{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Micahjohnston</title>
    <id>8463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57212</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-25T22:15:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fenhl</username>
        <id>1420</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Naeso}}&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naeso/Math</title>
    <id>8464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58647</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T22:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bornfor</username>
        <id>1425</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 3 */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==base==
{{V|10|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=y|BF=y}}
{{V|special terms for expressing hexadecimal numbers|RJ=y|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

==How to form number words==
*example: 813
{{V|eightonethree|FH=y|RJ=n|JH=y|BF=y}}
* I will only propose number words with one syllable, making the above a lot easier to understand. —[[User:Fenhl|Fenhl]] 05:04, 26 October 2010 (PDT)
** I disagree since short words are easier to misunderstand. ~RJ
**Hopefully my proposal avoids this problem.  I generated a set of phonologically-redundant words using  [http://jimhenry.conlang.org/conlang/redundancy.htm this algorithm], tweaking the input file so its output overlapped as much as possible with Fenhl and MalfermitaKodo's proposals. --[[User:Jim Henry|Jim Henry]] 15:52, 26 October 2010 (PDT)
**It would still cause issues with large and exact numbers. Namely when there are more numbers than the average person can hold in short-term memory. ~RJ

{{V|eighthundred-oneten-three|RJ=y|FH=y|JH=n|BF=y}}

==number words==

===0===

{{V|se|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

===1===

{{V|a|FH=y|RJ=n|JH=n}}

* Redundancy is a feature, not a bug. ~RJ

{{V|tsai|RJ=y|FH=y|JH=n}}
{{V|tho|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===2===

{{V|dy|FH=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

===3===

{{V|fe|FH=y|RJ=n|JH=n}}

* Has anyone considered that this might be used to speak phone numbers over a staticyVoIP connection‽ ~RJ

{{V|efe|RJ=y|FH=y|JH=n}}
{{V|pu|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===4===

{{V|gi|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

===5===

{{V|ba|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=y|BF=y}}

===6===

{{V|vo|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=n|BF=y}}
{{V|vae|JH=y|FH=|BF=n}}

===7===

{{V|zu|FH=y|RJ=y|JH=n|BF=y}}
{{V|zui|JH=y|FH=y|BF=n}}

===8===

{{V|to|FH=y|RJ=n|BF=y}}

* Too similar to 6 ~RJ
{{V|lui|RJ=y|FH=y|BF=n}}
{{V|toa|JH=y|FH=y|BF=n}}

===9===

{{V|na|FH=y|RJ=n|JH=n|BF=y}}

* Too similar to ba (who?)

{{V|dzia|RJ=y|FH=y|JH=n|BF=n}} 
{{V|fel|JH=y|FH=y|BF=n}}

===ten===

{{V|tthi|FH=y|JH=n|BF=n}}
{{V|zym|JH=y|FH=y|BF=y}}

===eleven===
{{V|thoanh|JH=y|FH=y}}

===twelve===
{{V|munh|JH=y|FH=y}}

===thirteen===
{{V|munh|JH=y|FH=y}}

===fourteen===
{{V|doal|JH=y|FH=y}}

===fifteen===
{{V|bem|JH=y|FH=y}}

===sixteen===
{{V|dzim|JH=y|FH=y}}

===hundred===
{{V|on|FH=y|JH=y}}

===thousand===
{{V|jol|FH=y|JH=y}}

===ten thousand===
{{V|djulnen|FH=y}}

===hundred thousand===
{{V|founh|FH=y}}

===million===
{{V|tinem|FH=y}}
{{Naeso}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:R17</title>
    <id>8465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57271</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T20:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Conlang_Relay_17/Khangaþyagon|17]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:IR2</title>
    <id>8466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57269</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-27T20:44:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeteBleackley</username>
        <id>179</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Inverse_Relay_2/Khangaþyagon|IR2]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Inverse_Relay_2/Khangaþyagon|IR2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coarghydh Ethnographical Questionnaire</title>
    <id>8467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57300</id>
      <timestamp>2010-10-31T11:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Micamo</username>
        <id>1419</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Questions of Law, Justice and Police */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===

A military judge decides the fate of the accused.

=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===

It depends on the crime. Murderers and traitors are beheaded. Other criminals will probably be shipped off the labor camps in the colonies.

=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===

By ''Yydghoanc Dharindal'', the Grand Council. This is a body of councilmen (Dharingen) which votes to pass resolutions and has the supreme legislative power. Dharingen are elected into their positions on a cycle of every 6 years. Repeat terms are not allowed. New resolutions must be introduced by the High Councilman (Dharingen Lungar), who is elected at the beginning of every 6 year cycle by a vote of the Dharingen.

=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===

No. Disturbing the People's Peace cannot be forgiven.

=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===

Law enforcement is handled by the military, which is separate from the legislature. The General is chosen by the High Councilman, and the chosen general chooses all of their subordinate officers. Generals keep their offices for 14 years, then must leave office and be replaced by a new one. However, with this exception (as well as funding) the military is allowed to do whatever they see fit to improve the Republic's Welfare and to uphold The Law.

=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===

The military judges who shall be punished and how. Really it just comes down to their discretion. A commander may choose to attack the legislature if he wishes, but this is not generally done as the legislature determines the military's funding.

=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===

Yes. It's interpreted by the enforcers.

=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===

A lawyer may be hired to defend them before a judge, but this is not generally successful. If you don't have the right connections to get yourself out of an accusation, you're screwed.

=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===

Whatever the military chooses. Genital mutilation is the most common form.

=== How are people executed? ===

Beheading.

=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===

Getting elected or chosen for a position generally requires an aristocratic heritage. While it is theoretically possible for a commoner to gain power, you always see the same names in Government.

=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===

It's expected. Officers will often falsely accuse people in order to extract bribes from them. 

=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===

The Coarghydh do not expect any ruler to be good. They get in, grab as much money and privileges for themselves as they can, then clock out. Their only concern is to make sure the military doesn't come breaking down their door.

=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===

The law enforcement themselves.

== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===

The head officers of the army.

=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===

Same.

=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===

Executed, or sent away to the labor camps.

=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===

Enjoying large troop sizes, the Coarghydh military uses a lovely emulation of Stalin's strategy.

=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===

The officers, if that counts. They don't dirty themselves by going into combat. Pretty much the only people to see the front lines are the conscripts.

=== How does someone get command of troops? ===

Get chosen to be an officer.

=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===

With their own interests. Most of them don't even want to be fighting.

=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===

There are hired mercenaries, but the bulk is made up of conscripts.

=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===

Yes. The Coarghydh has conquered four empires of their own size, and many smaller indigenous peoples. It is a fantasy of the officers to launch a successful invasion of Dreoghendr. (The door to Hell, known to the Agyon as Meradion. The Coarghydh think the Agyon are demons, mostly because they look kinda like much bigger, smarter Drakes.)

=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===

The main threat to the common folk is the wildlife. Drakes are small, unintelligent dragons standing about 7 feet tall with a 30-foot wingspan. They hunt in packs and will gladly attack human settlements. There's also the Imbeaonl, a large-bear like creature which will also raid the villages. Unless you live in one of the big cities the military is useless for dealing with them. In rural communities every adult needs to be reasonably skilled with a weapon to fight off the regular attacks, which makes them popular choices for conscription.

=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===

Harass the citizenry.

== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===

Military.

=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===

Nationalized.

=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===

Always. Every city street corner has at least one soldier posted at all times.

=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===

Shooting? Yes. Torture? Also yes.

=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===

Pretty much every member of Government. They only have to answer to their superiors.

=== Is there a secret police? ===

Yeah, but they aren't so secret.

=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===

Bringing the police information leading to the arrest and conviction of a criminal is given a large monetary reward, and any crimes committed in obtaining this information are forgiven. You're not only allowed to, but are encouraged to break into your neighbor's houses to see if they're doing anything illegal.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Attidian</title>
    <id>8468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58787</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-30T21:18:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Attidian''' is a conlang vignette by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] which represents an extinct language once spoken in the [[League of Lost Languages]] conworld.  The corpus of the language consists of just one inscription:

HIRCVLVA LAFANIANVA MAN DARAF FAL SILBIAS ISAZARIAS&lt;br&gt;
HERCVLES LAFANIVS ME DEDIT TIBI IVNO STELLIFEX 

The meaning of the second line, which is in Latin, is &quot;Hercules Lafanius gave me to you, Juno the Starmaker&quot;, and the first line in an unknown language almost certainly means the same.  Most likely, Attidian is a [[Hesperic]] language, as all words in the Attidian inscription appear to have cognates in other, better-known Hesperic languages such as [[Old Albic]].

==External link==

* [http://www.joerg-rhiemeier.de/Conlang/attidian.html Attidian]

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:LLL]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kala nm 4.PNG</title>
    <id>8469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57333</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-04T16:03:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]
[[User:Qang|~Qang / Sano~]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Urat</title>
    <id>8470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57354</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T21:48:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mk</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Urat.

[[Category:Tveren]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anoé typefaces</title>
    <id>8471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57356</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T21:59:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>created</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">List of fonts for Anoé

* [[AnoeyFuturamerlincom]] (for [[Anoé-Tuillal]]) : [http://futuramerlin.com/data/3506.ttf download]
* [[AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom]] (for [[Anoé-Tuinelan]]) : [http://futuramerlin.com/data/4575.ttf download]

[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AnoeyFuturamerlincom</title>
    <id>8472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57373</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>i</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''AnoeyFuturamerlincom''' is an [[Anoé-Tuillal]] typeface.

* FrathWiki download : [[File:AnoeyFuturamerlincom-001.000.ttf]]

* Futuramerlin.com download : [http://futuramerlin.com/data/3506.ttf download] (link target : http://futuramerlin.com/data/3506.ttf)

==Characters==

[[Image:AnoeyFuturamerlincom-001.000-characters-repertoire.png|300px]]

==Details==

* PostScript name : AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom
* Full name : AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom
* Family : AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom
* Style : Medium
* Kind : TrueType
* Language : English
* Version : Version 001.000 
* Unique name : FontForge 1.0 : AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom : 10-1-2010
* Copyright : This font may be used for any purpose.

[[Category:Anoé typefaces]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom</title>
    <id>8473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57371</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>,</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom''' is an [[Anoé-Tuinelan]] typeface.

* FrathWiki download : [[File:AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom-001.000.ttf]]

* Futuramerlin.com download : [http://futuramerlin.com/data/4575.ttf download] (link target : http://futuramerlin.com/data/4575.ttf)

==Characters==

[[Image:AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom-001.000-characters-repertoire.png|300px]]

==Details==

* PostScript name : AnoeyFuturamerlincom
* Full name : AnoeyFuturamerlincom
* Family : AnoeyFuturamerlincom
* Style : Medium
* Kind : TrueType
* Language : English
* Version : Version 1.0
* Unique name : FontForge 2.0 : AnoeyFuturamerlincom : 15-12-2009

[[Category:Anoé typefaces]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilienian</title>
    <id>8474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57360</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:09:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Conlang3
 |language=Ilienian
 |phonetic=
 |world=[[Ilien]]
 |date=13–?
 |place=-
 |speakers=-
 |script=[[Ilienian scripts]]
 |family=Ilienian
 |word-or=SOV
 |mor-type=Fusional
 |morphalign=-
 |author=[[User:Calculator_Ftvb|Calculator Ftvb]]
}}

[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Ilienian]]
[[Category:Languages of Ilien]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:AnoeyFuturamerlincom-001.000.ttf</title>
    <id>8475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57363</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom-001.000.ttf</title>
    <id>8476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57365</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:15:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anoé typefaces</title>
    <id>8477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57368</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Typefaces for the [[Anoé scripts]]. See also [[Anoé typefaces]].

[[Category:Anoé]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:AnoeyTuinelanFuturamerlincom-001.000-characters-repertoire.png</title>
    <id>8478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57369</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:18:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:AnoeyFuturamerlincom-001.000-characters-repertoire.png</title>
    <id>8479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57372</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-08T22:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Curaior.jpg</title>
    <id>8480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57381</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-09T16:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Curaior</title>
    <id>8481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57700</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T19:29:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Curaior.jpg|thumb|Location of Curaior within the Kingdom of Coedór]]

''Curaior'' is a forest within the world of Eramár. In the Fourth Age,it is ''de jure''  a part of the Kingdom of Coedór and some extensions might even stretch into [[Beringion]], but ''de facto'' is not populated by any Coër and thus not controlled by Coedór. In the Fifth Age the territory of the forest is considered to be under the throne of [[High Tarmanion|High]] and [[Low Tarmanion]].

==Etymology==
The name Curaior is the [[Longrimol]] term for the forest. It is, however, a borrowing from [[Nagatol]] ''curaior'', a direct descendant of [[Quebut]] '''*GÚRAHJÁRAH''', a compound meaning &quot;Death forest&quot;. Normal (analogical) evolution should have given Nagatol ''*curior'': ''cur'' (death) from Quebut '''*GÚRAH''' and ''ior'' (forest) from Quebut '''*JÁRAH'''. So likewise, the Longrim term should've  been ''gúrjar''.

It must be noted, however, that the term ''Curaior'' originally didn't refer to this forest; it was rather a hypothetical place in the Cosmology of Elves.

==Appearances in mythology==
The forest, called ''Enyasha'' (The Silent) in [[Arazi Metsa|Arazi]], appears numerous times in the Asatic mythology as a dreadful place, ruled by the spirits of the Dead.

In the poem ''Saghur the Devil'', a demon ''Saghur'', after fulfilling his revenge, goes for a few month to Curaior to finally understand that he must die in the Sea in order to calm his conscience and repay for his misdeeds.

==Appearances in history==

The forest is noted in Magorion and other machoric states because a whole battalion got lost when crossing the forest on their way from Magorion to Coedór in the time of the Magorionic War.

==Other names==

* ''Enyasha'' [ɛɲ'jaʃa] for the Aras
** Variants ''Inyasha'' [ɪɲ'aʃa] and ''Éyaiçə'' [ɛ:'jaɪçə] for the Shanida and Böcréthi; 
* ''Cadauceittie'' [ka.dɔ.sɛtʲ] for the Beringians; 
** The same word borrowed as ''Karosétye'' [kaɾə'sɛc] for the Cupayle; 

==Inspiration==

# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokigahara Aokigahara] forest in Japan.

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua cons 1.png</title>
    <id>8482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57412</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T03:34:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua dia 1.png</title>
    <id>8483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57413</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T03:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>United Maharajadom</title>
    <id>8484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58440</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-13T12:37:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>New link.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*In 1780, upon the death of Raja Ranjit Deo of Jammu, the Rajadom was captured by the Sikhs under Raja [[Wikipedia:Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] of [[Wikipedia:Lahore|Lahore]] and was tributary to the Sikh R.S. until 1846. The Raja of Jammu, Jit Singh, was expelled and found refuge in Rajputana.

*Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, [[Wikipedia:Gulab Singh|Gulab Singh]], subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh and distinguished himself in the conquest of the Kashmir Valley in 1819, which ended a thousand years of rule by the Mughal Empire. For his services, he was created the first Raja of Jammu in 1820, beginning the [[Wikipedia:Dogra|Dogra]] Dynasty. Gulab Singh soon captured Kashmir and the Buddhist kingdoms of Ladakh and Baltistan.

*After the death of Raja Ranjit Singh, Raja Gulab Singh asserted his independence and is thus the founder of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1846, to emphasize his break from the Sikh R.S., Gulab Singh embraced the Hindu faith.

*After Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, [[Wikipedia:Ranbir Singh|Ranbir Singh]], added the emirates of Astore, Hunza-Nagar, and Gilgit to the rajadom.

*Ranbir Singh was succeeded by his son [[Wikipedia:Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1848-1925), who reigned from 1885 until his death. However, dissatisfied with this situation, Jammu threatened to rebel and secede from the kingdom.  In an effort to quell the rising nationalism, Pratap Singh, in 1921, created a dual monarchy.  Each nation was set up as sovereign, but joined in a personal union with the Dogra Dynasty.

*The ruler is styled His Majesty and bears the regnal titles of Maharaja of the United Maharajadom of Jammu and Kashmir; Raja of the Rajadoms of Jammu, Kashmir, [[Wikipedia:Basholi|Basholi]], and [[Wikipedia:Poonch|Poonch]]; Ra of [[Wikipedia:Astore District|Astore]] and of [[Wikipedia:Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit]], and Mir of [[Wikipedia:Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]-[[Wikipedia:Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]].

*Each nation has its own prime minister, parliament, and judiciary.  Military defense, the postal system, the banking system and currency are under the control of the United Maharajadom.

*In 1984, the Maharajadom joined the [[Confederacy|Himalayan Confederacy]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moya nm 2.png</title>
    <id>8485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57427</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T14:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua samp 1.PNG</title>
    <id>8486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57429</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-10T14:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Forms of Government</title>
    <id>8487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57450</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-11T15:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Bhutan: [[Wikipedia:Cho-sid-nyi|Cho-sid-nyi]] (dual form of government); constitutional monarchy with monarch as head of state&lt;br&gt;
*United Rajadom
**Jammu: Constitutional parliamentary monarchy&lt;br&gt;
**Kashmir: Constitutional parliamentary monarchy&lt;br&gt;
*Ladakh: Constitutional monarchy with monarch as executive&lt;br&gt;
*Lo: Absolute monarchy&lt;br&gt;
*Nepal: Constitutional parliamentary monarchy&lt;br&gt;
*Sikkim: [[Wikipedia:Cho-sid-nyi|Cho-sid-nyi]] (dual form of government); constitutional monarchy with monarch as head of state and of government</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua num2.PNG</title>
    <id>8488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57452</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-11T15:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bhutan Constitution</title>
    <id>8489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58692</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-23T13:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;'''Constitution of the Rajadom of Bhutan'''&lt;/center&gt;

====Preamble====
*We, the People of the Rajadom of Bhutan,
*Blessed by the Triple Gem, the protection of our guardian deities, the wisdom of our leaders, the everlasting fortunes of the Pelden Drukpa and the guidance of His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck;
*Solemnly pledging ourselves to strengthen the sovereignty of Bhutan, to secure the blessings of liberty, to ensure justice and tranquillity and to enhance the unity, happiness and well being of the people for all time;
*Do hereby ordain and adopt this Constitution for the Rajadom of Bhutan on the Fifteenth Day of the Fifth Month of the Male Earth Rat Year corresponding to the Eighteenth Day of July, Two Thousand and Eight.

====Article I – The Rajadom of Bhutan====
# Bhutan is a Sovereign Rajadom and the Sovereign power belongs to the people of Bhutan.
#The form of Government shall be that of a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy.
#The international territorial boundary of Bhutan is inviolable and any alteration of areas and boundaries thereof shall be done only with the consent of not less than three-fourths of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The territory of Bhutan shall comprise nine ''Dzongdey''s (province) with each ''Dzongdey'' consisting of ''Dzongkhag''s (prefectures) which, in turn, consist of ''Gewog''s (counties) and ''Thromde''s (municipalities). Alteration of areas and boundaries of any ''Dzongdey'', ''Dzongkhag'', ''Gewog'' or ''Thromde'' shall be done only with the consent of not less than three-fourths of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The National Flag, the National Emblem and the National Anthem of Bhutan shall be decreed by Law.
#The National Holidays of Bhutan shall be decreed by Law.
#Dzongkha is the National Language of Bhutan.
#This Constitution is the Supreme Law of the State.
#All laws in force in the territory of Bhutan at the time of adopting this Constitution shall continue until altered, repealed or amended by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''. However, the provisions of any law, whether made before or after the coming into force of this Constitution, which are inconsistent with this Constitution, shall be null and void.
#The Supreme Court shall be the guardian of this Constitution and the final authority on its interpretation.
#The rights over mineral resources, rivers, lakes and forests shall be vested in the State and are the properties of the State, which shall be regulated by law.
#There shall be separation of the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary and no encroachment of each other’s powers is permissible except to the extent provided for by this Constitution.

====Article II - The Institution of Monarchy====
#His Majesty, the Druk Gyalpo, is the Head of State and the symbol of unity of the Rajadom and of the people of Bhutan.
#The [[Wikipedia:Cho-sid-nyi|''Cho-sid-nyi'']] of Bhutan shall be unified in the person of the Druk Gyalpo who, as a Buddhist, shall be the upholder of the Cho-sid.
#The title to the Golden Throne of Bhutan shall be vested in the legitimate descendants of Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck as enshrined in the inviolable and historic Gyenja of the Thirteenth Day, Eleventh Month of the Earth Monkey Year, corresponding to the Seventeenth Day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Seven and shall:
##Pass only to children born of lawful marriage;
##Pass by hereditary succession to the direct lineal descendants on the abdication or demise of the Druk Gyalpo, in order of seniority, with a prince taking precedence over a princess, subject to the requirement that, in the event of shortcomings in the elder prince, it shall be the sacred duty of the Druk Gyalpo to select and proclaim the most capable prince or princess as heir to the Throne;
##Pass to the child of the Queen who is pregnant at the time of the demise of the Druk Gyalpo if no heir exists under section 3.2;
##Pass to the nearest collateral line of the descendants of the Druk Gyalpo in accordance with the principle of lineal descent, with preference being given for elder over the younger, if the Druk Gyalpo has no direct lineal descendant;
##Not pass to children incapable of exercising the Royal Prerogatives by reason of physical or mental infirmity; and
##Not pass to a person entitled to succeed to the Throne who enters into a marriage with a person other than a natural born citizen of Bhutan.
#The successor to the Throne shall receive [[Wikipedia:Dar|''dar'']] from the Machhen of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal at Punakha Dzong and shall be crowned on the Golden Throne.
#Upon the ascension of the Druk Gyalpo to the Golden Throne, the members of the Royal Family, the members of the the Gyelyong Tshogdu and the office holders mentioned in section 19 of this Article shall take an Oath of Allegiance to the Druk Gyalpo.
#Upon reaching the age of sixty-five years, the Druk Gyalpo shall step down and hand over the Throne to the Crown Prince or Crown Princess, provided the Royal Heir has come of age.
#There shall be, subject to the provision of section 9 of this Article, a Council of Regency when:
##The successor to the Golden Throne has not attained the age of twenty-one years;
##The Druk Gyalpo has temporarily relinquished, by Proclamation, the exercise of the Royal Prerogatives; or
##It has been resolved by not less than three-fourths of the total number of members of the the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' in a joint sitting that the Druk Gyalpo is unable to exercise the Royal Prerogatives by reason of temporary physical or mental infirmity.
#The Council of Regency shall collectively exercise the Royal Prerogatives and the powers vested in the Druk Gyalpo under this Constitution and shall be composed of:
##A senior member of the Royal Family nominated by the Privy Council;
##The Prime Minister;
##The Chief Justice of Bhutan;
##The Speaker;
##The Leader of the Opposition Party; and
##The Je Khenpo.
#In the case specified under section 7.2 or 7.3 of this Article, the descendant of the Druk Gyalpo who is the heir presumptive, shall, instead of the Council of Regency, become Regent by right, if the heir presumptive has attained the age of twenty-one years.
#The members of the Council of Regency shall take an Oath of Allegiance before the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' to faithfully discharge their duties.
#When the successor to the Golden Throne attains the age of twenty-one years or when the Druk Gyalpo resumes the exercise of the Royal Prerogatives under sections 7.1 and 7.2 of this Article, notice shall be given by Proclamation. However, when the Druk Gyalpo regains the ability to exercise the Royal Prerogatives under section 7.3 of this Article, notice shall be given to that effect by resolution of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The members of the Royal Family shall be the reigning and past Monarchs, their Queens and the Royal Children born of lawful marriage.
#The Druk Gyalpo and the members of the Royal Family shall be entitled to:
##Annuities from the State in accordance with a law made by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'';
##All rights and privileges including the provision of palaces and residences for official and personal use; and
##Exemption from taxation on the royal annuity and properties provided for by sections 13.1 and 13.2 of this Article.
#There shall be a Privy Council, which shall consist of two members appointed by the Druk Gyalpo, one member nominated by the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' (Council of Ministers), one member nominated by the ''Gyelyong Tshongdu'', and the Je Khenpo or his delegate. The Privy Council shall be responsible for:
##All matters pertaining to the privileges of the Druk Gyalpo and the Royal Family;
##All matters pertaining to the conduct of the Royal Family;
##Rendering advice to the Druk Gyalpo on matters concerning the Golden Throne and the Royal Family;
##All matters pertaining to crown properties; and
##Any other matter as may be commanded by the Druk Gyalpo.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall not be answerable in a court of law for His actions and His person shall be sacred.
#The Druk Gyalpo, in the exercise of His Royal Prerogatives, may:
##Award titles, decorations, ''dar'' for ''Lhengye'' (ministerial position) and ''Nyi-Kyelma'' (conferring a red scarf) in accordance with tradition and custom;
##Grant citizenship, land ''kidu'' (benefit) and other ''kidu''s;
##Grant amnesty, pardon and reduction of sentences;
##Command Bills and other measures to be introduced in the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''; and
##Exercise powers relating to matters which are not provided for under this Constitution or other laws.
#The Druk Gyalpo may promote goodwill and good relations with other countries by receiving State guests and undertaking state visits to other nations.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall protect and uphold this Constitution in the best interest and for the welfare of the people of Bhutan.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall, by warrant under His hand and seal, appoint:
##The Chief Justice of Bhutan in accordance with section 4 of Article 21;
##The ''Drangpon''s (justices) of the Supreme Court in accordance with section 5 of Article 21;
##The Chief Justice of the High Court in accordance with section 11 of Article 21;
##The ''Drangpon''s of the High Court in accordance with section 12 of Article 21;
##The Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners in accordance with section 2 of Article 24;
##The Auditor General in accordance with section 2 of Article 25;
##The Chairperson and members of the Royal Civil Service Commission in accordance with section 2 of Article 26;
##The Chairperson and members of the Anti-Corruption Commission in accordance with section 2 of Article 27;
##The heads of the Defense Forces from a list of names recommended by the Service Promotion Board;
##The Attorney General in accordance with section 2 of Article 29;
##The Governor of the Central Bank of Bhutan on the recommendation of the Prime Minister;
##The Chairperson of the Pay Commission in accordance with section 1 of Article 30;
##The Cabinet Secretary on the recommendation of the Prime Minister;
##The Secretary General of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' on the recommendation of the Royal Civil Service Commission;
##Ambassadors and Consuls on the recommendation of the Prime Minister;
##The Secretaries to the Royal Government on the recommendation of the Prime Minister who shall obtain nominations from the Royal Civil Service Commission on the basis of merit and seniority and in accordance with other relevant rules and regulations; and
##''Dzongdag''s (district administrators) on the recommendation of the Prime Minister who shall obtain nominations from the Royal Civil Service Commission.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall abdicate the Golden Throne for willful violations of this Constitution or for being subject to permanent mental disability, on a motion passed by a joint sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' in accordance with the procedure as laid down in sections 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 of this Article.
#The motion for abdication shall be tabled for discussion at a sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' if not less than two-thirds of the total number of the members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' submits such a motion based on any of the grounds in section 20 of this Article.
#The Druk Gyalpo may respond to the motion in writing or by addressing the sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' in person or through a representative.
#The Chief Justice of Bhutan shall preside over the joint sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' mentioned in section 21 of this Article.
#If, at such a sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', not less than three-fourths of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' passes the motion for abdication, then such a resolution shall be placed before the people in a National Referendum to be approved or rejected.
#On such a resolution being approved by a simple majority of the total number of votes cast and counted from all the ''Dzongkhag''s (district) in the Rajadom, the Druk Gyalpo shall abdicate in favour of the heir apparent.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall make no laws or exercise its powers to amend the provisions of this Article and section 2 of Article 1 except through a National Referendum.

====Article III - Spiritual Heritage====
#Buddhism is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan, which promotes the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance.
#Although the [[Wikipedia:Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] [[Wikipedia:Kagyu|Kagyu]] School of Buddhism is the State religion, the Druk Gyalpo is the protector of all religions in Bhutan.
#It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five ''Lopon''s (teachers), appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the ''Druk-lu'', with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ''ked-dzog'' (stages of development), as the [[Wikipedia:Je Khenpo|Je Khenpo]].
#His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the ''Dratshang Lhentshog'' (Commission for Monastic Affairs), appoint monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ''ked-dzog'' as the Five ''Lopon''s.
#The members of the ''Dratshang Lhentshog'' shall comprise:
##The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
##The Five ''Lopon''s of the ''Zhung Dratshang'' (Central Monastic Body); and
##The Secretary of the ''Dratshang Lhentshog'', who is a civil servant.
#The ''Zhung Dratshang'' and the ''Rabdey''s (monasteries) shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State.

====Article IV – Culture====
#The State shall endeavour to preserve, protect and promote the cultural heritage of the country, including monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest, ''Dzong''s, ''Lhakhang''s, ''Goendey''s, ''Ten-sum'', ''Nye''s, language, literature, music, visual arts and religion to enrich society and the cultural life of the citizens.
#The State shall recognize culture as an evolving dynamic force and shall endeavour to strengthen and facilitate the continued evolution of traditional values and institutions that are sustainable as a progressive society.
#The State shall conserve and encourage research on local arts, custom, knowledge and culture.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' may enact such legislation as may be necessary to advance the cause of the cultural enrichment of Bhutanese society.

====Article V – Environment====
#Every Bhutanese is a trustee of the Kingdom’s natural resources and environment for the benefit of the present and future generations and it is the fundamental duty of every citizen to contribute to the protection of the natural environment, conservation of the rich biodiversity of Bhutan and prevention of all forms of ecological degradation including noise, visual and physical pollution through the adoption and support of environment friendly practices and policies.
#The Royal Government shall:
##Protect, conserve and improve the pristine environment and safeguard the biodiversity of the country;
##Prevent pollution and ecological degradation;
##Secure ecologically balanced sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; and
#Ensure a safe and healthy environment.
#The Royal Government shall ensure that, in order to conserve the country’s natural resources and to prevent degradation of the ecosystem, a minimum of sixty percent of Bhutan’s total land shall be maintained under forest cover for all time.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' may enact environmental legislation to ensure sustainable use of natural resources and maintain intergenerational equity and reaffirm the sovereign rights of the State over its own biological resources.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' may, by law, declare any part of the country to be a National Park, Wildlife Reserve, Nature Reserve, Protected Forest, Biosphere Reserve, Critical Watershed and such other categories meriting protection.

====Article VI – Citizenship====
#A person, both of whose parents are citizens of Bhutan, shall be a natural born citizen of Bhutan, regardless of the place of birth.
#A person, domiciled in Bhutan on or before the Thirty-First of December Nineteen Hundred and Fifty Eight and whose name is registered in the official record of the Royal Government of Bhutan shall be a citizen of Bhutan by registration.
#A person who applies for citizenship by naturalization shall:
##Have lawfully resided in Bhutan for at least fifteen years;
##Not have any record of imprisonment for criminal offences within the country or outside;
##Be able to speak and write Dzongkha;
##Have a good knowledge of the culture, customs, traditions and history of Bhutan;
##Have no record of having spoken or acted against the ''Tsawa-sum'' (King, Country and People);
##Renounce the citizenship, if any, of a foreign State on being conferred Bhutanese citizenship; and
##Take a solemn Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution as may be prescribed.
#The grant of citizenship by naturalization shall take effect by a Royal ''kasho'' (written order) of the Druk Gyalpo.
#If any citizen of Bhutan acquires the citizenship of a foreign State, his or her citizenship of Bhutan shall be terminated.
#Subject to the provisions of this Article and the Citizenship Acts, the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall, by law, regulate all other matters relating to citizenship.

====Article VII - Fundamental Rights====
#All persons shall have the right to life, liberty and security of person and shall not be deprived of such rights except in accordance with the due process of law.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to information.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to freedom of movement and residence within Bhutan.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to own property, but shall not have the right to sell or transfer land or any immovable property to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan, except in keeping with laws enacted by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall have the right to equal pay for work of equal value.
#All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to equal and effective protection of the law and shall not be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion, politics or other status.
#A person charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty in accordance with the law.
#A person shall not be subjected to capital punishment.
#A person shall have the right to consult and be represented by a Bhutanese ''Jabmi'' (legal council) of his or her choice.
#Notwithstanding the rights conferred by this Constitution, nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from subjecting reasonable restriction by law, when it concerns:
##The interests of the sovereignty, security, unity and integrity of Bhutan;
##The interests of peace, stability and well-being of the nation;
##The interests of friendly relations with foreign States;
##Incitement to an offence on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion or region;
##The disclosure of information received in regard to the affairs of the State or in discharge of official duties; or
##The rights and freedom of others.

====Article VIII - Fundamental Duties====
#A Bhutanese citizen shall preserve, protect and defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and unity of Bhutan and render national service when called upon to do so by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall have the duty to preserve, protect and respect the environment, culture and heritage of the nation.
#A Bhutanese citizen shall foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit of brotherhood amongst all the people of Bhutan transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities.
#A person shall respect the National Flag and the National Anthem.
#A person shall not tolerate or participate in acts of injury, torture or killing of another person, terrorism, abuse of women, children or any other person and shall take necessary steps to prevent such acts.
#A person shall have the responsibility to provide help, to the greatest possible extent, to victims of accidents and in times of natural calamity.
#A person shall have the responsibility to safeguard public property.
#A person shall have the responsibility to pay taxes in accordance with the law.
#Every person shall have the duty to uphold justice and to act against corruption.
#Every person shall have the duty to act in aid of the law.
#Every person shall have the duty and responsibility to respect and abide by the provisions of this Constitution.

====Article IX - Principles of State Policy====
#The State shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness.
#The State shall endeavour to protect the telephonic, electronic, postal or other communications of all persons in Bhutan from unlawful interception or interruption.
#The State shall endeavour to develop and execute policies to minimize inequalities of income, concentration of wealth, and promote equitable distribution of public facilities among individuals and people living in different parts of the Rajadom.
#The State shall endeavour to ensure that all the Dzongkhags are treated with equity on the basis of different needs so that the allocation of national resources results in comparable socioeconomic development.
#The State shall endeavour to ensure the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
#The State shall provide free education to all children of school-going age up to tenth standard and ensure that technical and professional education is made generally available and that higher education is equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
#The State shall endeavour to take appropriate measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination and exploitation against women including trafficking, prostitution, abuse, violence, harassment and intimidation at work in both public and private spheres.
#The State shall endeavour to take appropriate measures to ensure that children are protected against all forms of discrimination and exploitation including trafficking, prostitution, abuse, violence, degrading treatment and economic exploitation.
#The State shall strive to create conditions that will enable the true and sustainable development of a good and compassionate society rooted in Buddhist ethos and universal human values.
#The State shall provide free access to basic public health services in both modern and traditional medicines.
#The State shall endeavour to provide security in the event of sickness and disability or lack of adequate means of livelihood for reasons beyond one’s control.

====Article X – The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''====
#There shall be a ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' for Bhutan in which all legislative powers under this Constitution are vested and which shall consist of the Druk Gyalpo and the elected representatives of the people.
#The election of the members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Electoral Laws of the Kingdom.
#A person shall not be a member of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' as well as of a Local Government at the same time.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall summon the first sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' after each general election.
#At the commencement of each session of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', the Druk Gyalpo shall be received with ''Chibdrel'' (a ceremonial procession to receive and honour distinguished personages and personalities) Ceremony. Each session shall be opened with a ''Zhugdrel-phunsum tshog-pai ten-drel'' (traditional ceremony for the acquisition of the triple attributes of grace, glory and wealth during a formal and auspicious occasion) and each session shall conclude with the ''Tashi-mon-lam'' (prayers for fulfillment of good wishes and aspirations).
#The Druk Gyalpo may address or sit in the proceedings of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' as and when deemed expedient.
#The Druk Gyalpo may send messages to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' as deemed expedient.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', upon receiving the message, shall, as early as possible, consider the matter referred to in the message and submit its opinion to the Druk Gyalpo.
#The Prime Minister shall present an Annual Report on the  state of the nation, including legislative plans and the annual plans and priorities of the Royal Government, to the Druk Gyalpo and to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The Chairperson shall convene an extraordinary sitting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' on the command of the Druk Gyalpo if the exigencies of the situation so demand.
#Each Member of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall have one vote. In case of equal votes, the Chairperson shall cast the deciding vote.
#The presence of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall constitute a quorum for a sitting.
#Every member of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall maintain the decorum and dignity of the House and shall desist from acts of defamation and use of physical force.
#Except for existing International Conventions, Covenants, Treaties, Protocols and Agreements entered into by Bhutan, which shall continue in force subject to section 10 of Article 1, all International Conventions, Covenants, Treaties, Protocols and Agreements duly acceded to by the Royal Government hereafter, shall be deemed to be the law of the Kingdom only upon ratification by the Gyelyong Tshogdu unless it is inconsistent with this Constitution.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall have a maximum of fifty-five members, elected from each ''Dzongkhag'' in proportion to its population, provided that no ''Dzongkhag'' shall have less than two members or more than seven members, for which purpose the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall, by law, provide for each ''Dzongkhag'' to be divided into constituencies through appropriate delimitation, and for the voters in each constituency directly electing one member to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The number of elected members from each ''Dzongkhag'' shall be reapportioned to reflect the changing registered voter population after every ten years, subject to the limitation of a minimum of two and a maximum of seven members from each ''Dzongkhag''.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall, by warrant under His hand and seal, confer ''dakyen'' (award of rank and responsibility) to the Chairperson.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall assemble at least twice a year.

====Article XI - Passing of Bills====
#A Bill passed by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall come into force upon Assent of the Druk Gyalpo.
#When the Druk Gyalpo does not grant Assent to the Bill, He shall return the Bill to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' for further deliberation and a vote on the Bill.
#Upon deliberation and passing of the Bill, it shall be resubmitted to the Druk Gyalpo for Assent thereto, thereupon Assent shall be granted to the Bill.

====Article XII - Formation of Government====
#The Druk Gyalpo shall confer ''dakyen'' to the leader or nominee of the party, which wins the majority of seats in the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', as the Prime Minister.
#No person shall hold office as Prime Minister for more than two terms.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall appoint Ministers from among the members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, or shall remove a Minister on the advice of the Prime Minister.
#Not more than two members elected from the electoral constituencies of the same ''Dzongkhag'' shall be entitled to be appointed as Ministers.
#A vote of no confidence against the Royal Government, if passed by not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', shall require the Government to be dismissed by the Druk Gyalpo.

====Article XIII - Interim Government====
*Whenever the Gyelyong Tshogdu is dissolved, the Druk Gyalpo shall appoint an Interim Government to function for a period, which shall not exceed ninety days, to enable the Election Commission to hold free and fair elections.

====Article XIV - The Executive====
#The Royal Government shall protect and strengthen the sovereignty of the Rajadom, provide good governance, and ensure peace, security, well-being and happiness of the people.
#The Executive Power shall be vested in the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' which shall consist of the Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The number of Ministers shall be determined by the number of Ministries required to provide efficient and good governance. Creation of an additional ministry or reduction of any ministry shall be approved by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''. Ministries shall not be created for the purpose only of appointing Ministers.
#Subject to sections 16 and 19 of Article 2, the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' shall aid and advise the Druk Gyalpo in the exercise of His functions including international affairs, provided that the Druk Gyalpo may require the Lhengye Zhungtshog to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise.
#The Prime Minister shall keep the Druk Gyalpo informed from time to time about the affairs of the State, including international affairs, and shall submit such information and files as called for by the Druk Gyalpo.
#The ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' shall be collectively responsible to the Druk Gyalpo and to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.

====Article XV - The Judiciary====
#The Judiciary shall safeguard, uphold, and administer Justice fairly and independently without fear, favour, or undue delay in accordance with the Rule of Law to inspire trust and confidence and to enhance access to Justice.
#The judicial authority of Bhutan shall be vested in the Royal Courts of Justice comprising the Supreme Court, the High Court, the ''Dzongkhag'' Court, the ''Dungkhag'' (sub-prefecture) Court and such other Courts and Tribunals as may be established from time to time by the Druk Gyalpo on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission.
#The Chief Justice of Bhutan shall be appointed from among the ''Drangpon''s of the Supreme Court or from among eminent jurists by the Druk Gyalpo, by warrant under His hand and seal in consultation with the National Judicial Commission.
#The ''Drangpon''s of the Supreme Court shall be appointed from among the ''Drangpon''s of the High Court or from among eminent jurists by the Druk Gyalpo, by warrant under His hand and seal in consultation with the National Judicial Commission.
#Where a question of law or fact is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court, the Druk Gyalpo may refer the question to the Supreme Court for its consideration, which shall hear the reference and submit its opinion to Him.
#The Chief Justice of the High Court shall be appointed from among the ''Drangpon''s of the High Court or from among eminent jurists by the Druk Gyalpo, by warrant under His hand and seal, on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission.
#The ''Drangpon''s of the High Court shall be appointed from among the ''Drangpon''s of the ''Dzongkhag'' Courts or from among eminent jurists by the Druk Gyalpo, by warrant under His hand and seal, on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission.
#The independence of the ''Drangpon''s of the Supreme Court and the High Court shall be guaranteed, provided that a ''Drangpon'' may be censured or suspended by a command of the Druk Gyalpo on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission for proven misbehaviour, which, in the opinion of the Commission, does not deserve impeachment.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall appoint members of the National Judicial Commission by warrant under His hand and seal. The National Judicial Commission shall comprise:
##The Chief Justice of Bhutan as Chairperson;
##The senior most Drangpon of the Supreme Court;
##The Chairperson of the Legislative Committee of the Gyelyong Tshogdu; and
##The Attorney General.
#Every person has the right to approach the courts in matters arising out of the Constitution or other laws subject to section 23 of Article 7.

====Article XVI - Local Governments====
#Power and authority shall be decentralized and devolved to elected Local Governments to facilitate the direct participation of the people in the development and management of their own social, economic and environmental well-being.
#Bhutan shall have Local Governments in each of the nine ''Dzongdey''s comprising the ''Dzongkhag Tshogdu'', the ''Gewog Tshogde'', and the ''Thromde Tshogde''.
#The objectives of Local Government shall be to:
##Provide democratic and accountable government for local communities;
##Ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner;
##Encourage the involvement of communities and community organizations in matters of local governance; and
##Discharge other responsibilities as may be prescribed by Law made by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The ''Dzongkhag Tshogdu'' shall comprise:
##The ''Gup'' (head of a ''Gewog'') and ''Mangmi'' (deputy head of a ''Gewog'') as the two elected representatives from each ''Gewog'';
##One elected representative from the ''Dzongkhag Thromdu''; and
##One elected representative from each ''Dzongkhag Yenlag Thromde''s (satellite town).

====Article XVII – Elections====
#Under this Constitution, the general will of the people shall be the basis of government and it shall be expressed through periodic elections.
#A person shall have the right to vote by direct adult suffrage through secret ballot at an election if the person is:
##A Bhutanese citizen as evidenced by a Citizenship Card;
##Not less than eighteen years of age;
##Registered in the civil registry of that constituency for not less than one year, prior to the date of the election; and
##Not otherwise disqualified from voting under any law in force in Bhutan.
#A candidate for an elective office under this Constitution shall:
##Be a Bhutanese citizen;
##Be registered voter of that constituency;
##Be a minimum of twenty-five years and maximum of sixty-five years of age at the time of filing the nomination;
##Not receive money or any assistance from foreign sources, be it governmental, non-governmental, private organizations or from private parties or individuals; and
##Fulfil the necessary educational and other qualifications prescribed in the Electoral Laws.
#A person shall be disqualified as a candidate or a member holding an elective office under this Constitution, if the person:
##Is married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan;
##Is terminated from Public Service;
##Is convicted for any criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment;
##Is in arrears of taxes or other dues to the Royal Government;
##Has failed to lodge accounts of election expenses within the time and in the manner required by law without good reason or justification;
##Holds any office of profit under the Royal Government, public companies or corporations as prescribed in the Electoral Laws; or
##Is disqualified under any law made by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#In order to provide for informed choice by the voter, a candidate for an elective office shall file, along with his or her nomination, an affidavit, declaring:
##The income and assets of the candidate, spouse and dependent children;
##His or her bio-data and educational qualifications;
##Records of criminal convictions, if any; and
##Whether the candidate is accused in a pending case for an offence punishable with imprisonment for more than one year and in which charges are framed or cognizance is taken by a court of law prior to the date of filing of such a nomination.

====Article XVIII - The Royal Audit Authority====
#There shall be a Royal Audit Authority to audit and report on the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the use of public resources.
#The Royal Audit Authority shall be an independent authority headed by the Auditor General who shall be appointed by the Druk Gyalpo from a list of eminent persons recommended jointly by the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Chairperson of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and the Leader of the Opposition Party.
#The Auditor General shall submit an Annual Audit Report to the Druk Gyalpo, the Prime Minister and the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.

====Article XIX - The Royal Civil Service Commission====
#There shall be a Royal Civil Service Commission, which shall promote and ensure an independent and apolitical civil service that will discharge its public duties in an efficient, transparent and accountable manner.
#The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and four other members appointed by the Druk Gyalpo from among eminent persons having such qualifications and experience as would enhance the performance of the Commission, from a list of names recommended jointly by the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Chairperson of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', and the Leader of the Opposition Party.
#The Commission shall submit an Annual Report on its policies and performances to the Druk Gyalpo and to the Prime Minister.

====Article XX - The Anti-Corruption Commission====
#There shall be an Anti-Corruption Commission, headed by a Chairperson and comprising two members, which shall be an independent authority and shall take necessary steps to prevent and combat corruption in the Rajadom.
#The Chairperson and members of the Commission shall be appointed by the Druk Gyalpo from a list of names recommended jointly by the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Chairperson of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', and the Leader of the Opposition Party.

====Article XXI – Defense====
#The Druk Gyalpo shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and the Militia.
#The Royal Body Guards shall be responsible for the security of the Druk Gyalpo while the Royal Bhutan Army shall serve as a professional standing army and both forces shall form the core of Bhutan’s defense against security threats.
#The Royal Bhutan Police shall, as a trained uniform force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, be primarily responsible for maintaining law and order and prevention of crime, and shall also be considered an important part of the nation’s security force.
#The Gyelyong Tshogdu may, by law, require compulsory militia service for adult citizens to strengthen the defence of the country.
#The State shall be responsible for the maintenance of the Armed Forces to safeguard the security of the country and the well-being of the nation.
#Bhutan shall not use military force against a foreign State except in self-defence or for the purpose of maintaining its security, territorial integrity and sovereignty.

====Article XXII - The Attorney General====
#There shall be an Office of the Attorney General, which shall be autonomous, to carry out the responsibilities within the domain and authority of the Royal Government and such other legal matters as may be entrusted to the office.
#The Druk Gyalpo shall, by warrant under His hand and seal, appoint an eminent jurist as the Attorney General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
#The Attorney General as the chief legal officer shall be the legal advisor to and legal representative of the Royal Government.
#The Attorney General shall submit an Annual Report to the Druk Gyalpo and to the Prime Minister.
#The Attorney General’s Office shall function in accordance with the Office of the Attorney General’s Act.

====Article XXIII - The Pay Commission====
#There shall be a Pay Commission, headed by a Chairperson, which shall be autonomous and shall be constituted, from time to time, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
#The Pay Commission shall recommend to the Royal Government revisions in the structure of the salary, allowances, benefits, and other emoluments of the Royal Civil Service, the Judiciary, the members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and Local Governments, the holders and the members of constitutional offices and all other public servants with due regard to the economy of the Rajadom and other provisions of this Constitution.
#The recommendations of the Commission shall be implemented only on the approval of the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' and subject to such conditions and modifications as may be made by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.

====Article XXIV - Holders of Constitutional Offices====
#No person shall hold a constitutional office or post under this Constitution unless the person is:
##A natural born citizen of Bhutan; and
##Not married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan.
#The holders of constitutional offices under this Constitution shall be:
##The Chief Justice of Bhutan and the ''Drangpon''s of the Supreme Court;
##The Chief Justice and the ''Drangpon''s of the High Court;
##The Chief Election Commissioner;
##The Auditor General;
##The Chairperson of the Royal Civil Service Commission; and
##The Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption Commission.
#The holders of the constitutional offices shall have no political affiliation.
#The holders of the constitutional offices shall not be eligible for re-appointment.

====Article XXV – Impeachment====
*The holders of constitutional offices shall be removed only by way of impeachment by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.

====Article XXVI – Emergency====
#The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim an emergency if the sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity of Bhutan or any part thereof is threatened by an act of external aggression or armed rebellion.
#The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim that a public emergency or calamity, which threatens or affects the nation as a whole or part thereof, exists in which case the RoyalGovernment may take measures to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation.
#The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim a Financial Emergency if His Majesty is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of Bhutan is threatened. Such a Proclamation shall be laid before each House within a period of twenty-one days after such Proclamation unless the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' resolves by not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' to extend it within the said period.
#The Constitution shall not be amended during a state of emergency.

====Article XXVII - National Referendum====
#The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votes cast and counted shall be required for the referendum to be adopted.
#The Druk Gyalpo may command a National Referendum if:
##In His opinion a Bill not passed by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' is of national importance; or
##An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all ''Dzongkhag Tshogdu''es.

====Article XXVIII - Amendment &amp; Authoritative Text====
#A motion to amend the Constitution under section 1 of this Article shall be initiated by a simple majority of the total number of members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and, on being passed by not less than three-fourths of the total number of members in the next session of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', the Constitution shall stand amended on Assent being granted by the Druk Gyalpo.
#The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' may call for a National Referendum if, in its opinion, a Constitutional Bill, which is not granted Assent by the Druk Gyalpo is of national importance. Accordingly, sections 1, 3 and 4 of Article 34 shall apply.
#In any instance of a difference in meaning between the Dzongkha and the English texts of this Constitution, each text shall be regarded as equally authoritative and courts shall reconcile the two texts.</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">=Preamble=
*Granted by His Majesty, the Chogyal Wangchuk, on the ???, One thousand nine hundred and eighty-five.

=Part I - Rights of the people=
==Article 1. Equality under the Law==
#There shall be but one law in Sikkim for both Sikkimese and non-Sikkimese.
#No laws shall be enacted for one class and not for another class but the law shall be the same for all the people of this land.

==Article 2. Freedoms==
=====§1 Declaration of freedom=====
#According to the Dharma, all people should be free. Therefore shall the people of Sikkim and all who sojourn or may sojourn in this Rajadom be free for ever.
#All citizens may use their lives and persons and time to acquire and possess property and to dispose of their labor and the fruit of their hands and to use their own property as they will.
#No person shall serve another against his will except he be undergoing punishment by law.
#Any slave who may escape from a foreign country to Sikkim (unless he be escaping from justice being guilty of homicide or larceny or any great crime or involved in debt) shall be free from the moment he sets foot in the Rajadom for no person shall be in servitude under the protection of the Chogyal of Sikkim.
=====§2 Freedom of worship=====
#Buddhism of the Nyingma tradition is the state religion of the Rajadom of Sikkim.
#All people are free to practice their religion and to worship as they may deem fit in accordance with the dictates of their own consciences.
#All people may peacefully assemble for religious service in such places as they may appoint.
#Those who are not of the Buddhist faith shall not be subject to the payment of any taxes levied by the Government for the support of the Buddhist monasteries.
#It shall not be lawful to use this freedom to commit evil and licentious acts or under the name of worship to do what is contrary to the law and peace of the land.
=====§3  Freedom of the press=====
#It shall be lawful for all people to speak, write and print their opinions and no law shall ever be enacted to restrict this liberty.
#There shall be freedom of speech and of the press forever, but nothing in this clause shall be held to outweigh the law of slander or the laws for the protection of the Chogyal and the Royal Family.
=====§4  Freedom of petition=====
#All people shall be free to send letters or petitions to the Chogyal or ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' (National Assembly).
#They shall be free to meet and consult concerning matters about which they think it right to petition the Chogyal or ???Legislative Assembly to pass or repeal enactments provided that they meet peaceably without arms and without disorder.
=====§5 Freedom of foreign laborers=====
#Whoever may wish to bring into the Rajadom laborers from other nations shall make an agreement with them for the number of years they will work for him.
#A copy of the written agreement shall be deposited in the Public Offices stating the amount of payment they shall receive, the period they shall work, and a guarantee to return them to their own land.
#The Government shall cause such contract to be carried out both on behalf of those who engage and those who are engaged.
#Such laborers being so introduced shall be subject to the same laws, shall enjoy the same freedoms, and shall pay the same duties, taxes, and tariffs ordained by the Chogyal and his ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' as the citizens of the Rajadom.

==Article 3. Legal rights==
=====§1 Writ of Habeas Corpus=====
*The law of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall apply to all people and it shall never be suspended excepting in the case of war or rebellion in the Rajadom when it shall be lawful for the Chogyal to suspend it.
=====§2 Obligation of trial=====
*No one shall be punished because of any offence he may have committed until he has been sentenced according to law before a Court having jurisdiction in the case. 
=====§3 Procedure on indictment=====
#No one shall be tried or summoned to appear before any court or punished for failing to appear unless he have first received a written indictment (except in cases of impeachment or for small offences within the jurisdiction of the magistrate or for contempt of court while the court is sitting).
#Such written indictment shall clearly state the offence charged against him and the grounds for the charge.
#At his trial the witnesses against him shall be brought face to face with him (except according to law) and he shall hear their evidence and shall be allowed to question them and to bring forward any witness of his own and to make his own statement regarding the charge preferred against him.
#But whoever shall be indicted for any offence if he shall so elect shall be tried by jury and this law shall never be repealed. And all claims for large amounts shall be decided by a jury and the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall determine what shall be the amount of claim that may be decided without a jury.
=====§4 Double jeopardy=====
#No one shall be tried again for any offence for which he has already been tried whether he was acquitted or convicted except in cases where the accused shall confess after having been acquitted by the court and when there is sufficient evidence to prove the truth of his confession.
=====§5 Alteration of charge=====
*No one shall be tried on any charge but that which appears in the indictment, summons or warrant and for which he was brought to trial, save and except that:
#where the complete commission of the offence charged is not proved but the evidence establishes an attempt to commit that offence the accused may be convicted of this attempt and punished accordingly; and
#where an attempt to commit an offence is charged but the evidence establishes the commission of the full offence the accused may be convicted of the attempt; and
#on the trial of any person for embezzlement the jury shall be at liberty to find such person not guilty of embezzlement but guilty of larceny and on the trial of any person for larceny the jury shall be at liberty to find such person guilty of embezzlement.
=====§6 Fair trial=====
*No one shall be intimidated into giving evidence against himself nor shall the life or property or liberty of anyone be taken away except according to law.
=====§7 Unbiased court=====
#It shall not be lawful for any ''drangpon'' to adjudicate or for any juryman to sit in any case in which one of his relations is concerned either as a plaintiff, defendant, or witness.
#Nor shall any ''drangpon'' sit in any case which concerns himself.
#Nor shall any ''drangpon'' or juryman on any pretence receive any present or money or anything else from anyone who is about to be tried nor from any of the defendant's friends but all ''drangpon''s and jurymen shall be entirely free and shall in no case whatever be interested or biased on the discharge of their duties.
=====§8 Retrospective laws=====
*It shall not be lawful to enact any retrospective laws in so far as they may curtail or take away or affect rights or privileges existing at the time of the passing of such laws.

==Article 4. Other rights.==
=====§1 Inviolability of premises=====
#It shall not be lawful for anyone to enter forcibly the houses or premises of another or to search for anything or to take the property of another except according to law.
#Should any person lose any property and believe it to be concealed in any place whether house or premises it shall be lawful for him to make an affidavit before a magistrate that he believes it to be concealed in that place and he shall describe particularly the property so concealed and the place in which he believes it to be concealed and the ''drangpon'' (magistrate) shall issue a search warrant to the police to search for the property according to the affidavit so made.
=====§2 Impartiality of Government=====
*The Chogyal shall govern on behalf of all his people and not so as to enrich or benefit any one person or any one family or any one class but without partiality for the good of all the people of his Rajadom.
=====§3 Compensation for property taken=====
#All the people have the right to expect that the Government will protect their life, their liberty, and their property.
#Therefore it is right for all the people to support and contribute to the Government according to law.
#If at any time there should be a war in the Rajadom and the Government should take the property of anyone, the Government shall pay the fair value of such property to the owner.
#If the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall resolve to take from any person or persons their premises or a part of their premises or their houses for the purpose of making roads or other work of benefit to the people of the Rajadom, the Government shall pay the fair value.
=====§4 Army subject to civil law=====
#Every soldier shall be subject to the laws of the Rajadom whether he belong to the Royal Guards or to the Militia.
#Any soldier who breaks the law of the Rajadom shall be tried in the courts as would any other person.
#It shall not be lawful for any officer to quarter any soldier upon the premises of anyone except in time of war and then only as may be resolved by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
=====§5 Royal Guards and Militia=====
#The Royal Guards shall have the right to vote for representatives to the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' although they are exempt from taxes in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
#It shall be lawful for the Chogyal to command any taxpayer to join the militia for the purpose of instruction or for parade on public occasions should he think fit and also in time of war to call out all those capable of bearing arms and to make orders and regulations for their control and provisioning.
=====§6 Disabilities of convict=====
#No person, having been convicted of a criminal offence punishable by imprisonment for more than two years, shall hold any office under the Government whether of emolument or honor.
#Nor shall he be qualified to vote for nor to be elected a representative of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' unless he has received from the Chogyal a pardon together with a declaration that he is freed from the disabilities to which he would otherwise be subject under the provisions of this clause.
=====§7 Public officer not to engage in trade=====
#It shall not be lawful for anyone holding any office under the Government, whether of emolument or otherwise, to hold any appointment under or receive an emolument from another Government without first obtaining permission from the Chogyal.
#It shall not be lawful for anyone holding an office of emolument under the Government to engage in trade or work for anyone else, except with the prior consent of the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey''.
=====§8 Qualifications for jurors=====
#Every Sikkimese who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years and is not disabled by the twenty-third clause of this Constitution shall be liable to serve on juries.
#The names of all those who are liable to serve shall be published once every year and anyone who neglects to serve shall be punished as shall be enacted by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#Members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', ministers of religion, teachers, students, public servants, guardsmen, and all officials of the Government shall be exempt from serving on juries. All but the members of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' may exclude themselves from this exemption when they so choose.
=====§9 Naturalization=====
#Any foreigner, after he has resided in the Rajadom for at least five years may, with the consent of the Chogyal, take the oath of allegiance and be granted Letters of Naturalization.
#All naturalized subjects shall have the same rights and privileges as native-born citizens of the Rajadom.

=Part II – The Throne=
==Article 5. Succession to the Throne==
=====§1 Right of Succession=====
#The right to the Crown and the Throne of this Rajadom and to the title of Chogyal belong to the legitimate descendants of the Chogyal Phuntsog Namgyal. 
#The Crown and the Throne shall descend in accordance with the following law of succession:
#It shall be lawful only for those born in marriage to succeed. 
#The succession shall be to the eldest male child and the heirs of his body.
#If he should have no children, then the succession descends to the second male child and the heirs of his body and so on until all the male line shall be ended.
#Should there be no male child, the eldest female child shall succeed and the heirs of her body; should she have no children, it shall descend to the second female child and the heirs of her body until the female line is ended.
#If there should be no lawful heir the Chogyal shall appoint his heir, with the advice and consent of the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey''; he shall be publicly declared heir to the Crown and the Throne during the Chogyal's life.
#Should there be no heir to the Crown or successor who has been so publicly proclaimed, the Prime Minister or in his absence the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey'' shall convoke the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' who shall meet and choose by ballot some other worthy male person whom they wish to succeed as Chogyal. He shall succeed as the first of a new dynasty and he and the legitimate heirs of his body shall possess the Crown and the Throne according to law.

=====§2 Ineligibility to succeed=====
#No person shall succeed to the Crown and the Throne of Sikkim who is judged by the competent authority to be mentally or physically unable to bear the burden.
#No person shall succeed to the Crown of Sikkim who has been found guilty of a felony.
#Any person lineally or collaterally related to the Chogyal more than ten degrees, who is married at the time of the vacancy to the Crown and the Throne and who has married without the permission of the Chogyal, shall be ineligible to succeed. 

=====§3 Coronation oath=====
*The following oath shall be taken by those who shall succeed to the throne: “I solemnly swear by the Buddha and the Dharma to keep in its integrity the ''Tsa Thrim Chhenmo'' of Sikkim and to govern in conformity with the laws thereof.”

=====§4 Marriage of the Heir Apparent=====
#It shall not be lawful for any member of the Royal Family who is likely to succeed to the throne to marry any person without the consent of the Chogyal.
#If any person should thus marry, the marriage shall not be considered legal and it shall be lawful for the Chogyal to cancel the right of such person and his heirs to succeed to the Crown and the Throne of Sikkim.
#The next person in succession to him who so marries shall be declared the heir and the offender shall be regarded as dead.
#The expression “any member of the Royal Family who is likely to succeed to the throne” in the preceding clause shall be construed to include all persons born in lawful marriage and related by descent either lineally or collaterally to the Chogyal, but not more than ten degrees removed from the Chogyal.

==Article 6. Royal property==
#The lands and the property of the Chogyal are his to dispose of as he pleases.
#The Government shall not touch them nor shall they be liable for any Government debt.#
#The houses built for him by the Government and any inheritances which may be given to him as Chogyal shall descend to his successors as the property and inheritance of the Royal House.

==Article 7. Chogyal exempt from action==
*It shall not be lawful to sue the Chogyal in any court for a debt without the consent of the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog''.

==Article 8. Regent==
#Should the Chogyal die before his heir is eighteen years of age, a Regent shall be appointed in accordance with the forty-third clause.
#Should the Chogyal wish to travel abroad it shall be lawful for him to appoint a Regent who shall administer the affairs of the Rajadom during his absence.
#If the Chogyal should die while his heir is not yet arrived at the age of eighteen years and he has not declared in his will his wishes regarding a Regent during his heir's minority, the Prime Minister shall at once convoke the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and they shall choose by ballot a Regent who shall administer the affairs of the Rajadom in the name of the Chogyal until the heir shall have attained his majority.

=Part III - The Government=
==Article 9. Branches of Government==
#The form of Government for this Rajadom is a Constitutional Government under His Majesty Chogyal Wangchuk Namgyal and his heirs and successors.
# The Government of this Rajadom consists of three Branches:
##The Executive Branch;
##The Legislative Branch; and
##The Judicial Branch.

==Article 10. The Executive Branch==
#The person of the Chogyal is sacred. He governs the country but ministers are responsible.
#The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Chogyal and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.
#The Chogyal is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. He shall appoint all officers and make such regulations for the training and control of the forces as he may think best for the welfare of the Rajadom.
#It shall not be lawful for the Chogyal to make war without the consent of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#It shall be lawful for the Chogyal, with the consent of the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey'', to pardon any person who has been convicted of a breach of law, or to remit or mitigate any sentence, or any part of any sentence, imposed by any court for a breach of law.
#He shall not pardon any person convicted of maladministration in accordance with the ???fifty-first clause. It shall not be lawful to pardon any person convicted of this offence.
#The Chogyal may convoke the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' at any time and may dissolve it at his pleasure and command that new ''dzongpon''s be elected to enter the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#It shall be lawful for the Chogyal to make treaties with Foreign States provided that such treaties shall be in accordance with the laws of the Rajadom.
#The Chogyal may receive Foreign Ministers and appoint his representatives to other nations according to the custom of nations.
#It shall not be lawful for the Chogyal to alter the customs duties without the consent of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.
#The Chogyal may address the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' in writing regarding the affairs of the Rajadom and matters which he may wish to bring before the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' for deliberation.
#All Acts that have passed the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' must bear the Chogyal's signature before they become law.
#It is the Chogyal's prerogative to give titles of honor and to confer honorable distinctions but it shall not be lawful for him to deprive anyone who has an hereditary title of his title, except in cases of treason.
#If anyone shall be tried and found guilty of treason, the Chogyal shall appoint a member of that family to succeed to the name and inheritance of the guilty person.
#It is the prerogative of the Chogyal with the advice of his ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'' to decree the coinage which shall be legal tender and the stamps which shall be valid in the Rajadom and to make regulations for the coining of money and the printing of stamps.
#In the event of civil war or war with a foreign state it shall be lawful for the Chogyal to proclaim martial law over any part or over the whole of the country.

==Article 11. The Privy Council==
#The Chogyal shall appoint a ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' (Privy Council) to assist him in the discharge of his important functions.
#The ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' shall be composed of two members of the ''Lenghye Zhungtshog'' chosen by them from among them, one ''tsonglop'' (governor) chosen by them from among them, the ''Je Khenpo'', and any others whom the Chogyal shall see fit to call.
#If any case shall have been heard in the Supreme Court it shall be lawful for either party thereto to appeal to the ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' which shall rehear the case and the judgment of the ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' shall in all cases be final provided that it shall not be lawful for the ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' to retry any criminal case but only to advise the Chogyal on the remission or mitigation of sentences.
#No Ordinance which may be passed by the Chogyal and ''Gyal Then Tshogdey'' shall have any effect until the signature of the minister to whose department such Ordinance relates is affixed thereto.
#If such Ordinance shall be illegal such minister alone shall be responsible and when the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall meet it may confirm such Ordinances and make them law or rescind them. 

==Article 12. The Cabinet==
=====§1 Constitution and powers of Cabinet=====
#The ''Lhengye Zhungtshhog'' (Cabinet) of the Chogyal shall consist of the ''Lonchen'' (Prime Minister), the ''Lyonpo'' of Foreign Affairs, the ''Lyonpo'' of Internal Affairs, the ''Lyonpo'' of Defense, the ''Lyonpo'' of Finance and any other ''lyonpo''s whom His Majesty may be pleased to appoint.
#It is the Chogyal's prerogative to appoint the ''lyonpo''s and they shall hold office during the Chogyal's pleasure or for such period as may be specified in their commissions.
#It is not permitted that any one ''lyonpo'' may hold two or more offices.
#It shall be lawful to impeach the ''lyonpo''s before the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' if their administration is not in accordance with law.
#Each ''lyonpo'' shall draw up a report once every year acquainting the Chogyal with the affairs of his department.
#Such reports shall be forwarded by the Chogyal to the ''Geylong Tshogdu'' at its next meeting.
#If the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall wish to know anything concerning the department of any ''lyonpo'' that ''lyonpo'' shall answer all questions put to him by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and report everything in connection with his department.
=====§2 Duties of ''lyonpo''s=====
#Each ''lyonpo'' of the ''Lhengye Zhungtshhog'' shall have an office in Jomsom.
#He shall satisfy himself that all the subordinates in his department faithfully perform their duties.
#The Government shall provide and maintain offices suitable for the work of each ''lyonpo''.

==Article 13. Governors==
=====§1 Appointment of governors=====
*The Chogyal with the consent of the ''Lengye Zhungtshog'' shall appoint ''Tsonglop''s (governors) to the ''Dzongdey''s (Provinces).
=====§2 Powers of governors=====
#It shall not be lawful for a ''Tsonglop'' to enact any law but he shall be responsible that the law is enforced in his ''Dzongdey''.
#If the administration of any ''Tsonglop'' be contrary to law it shall be lawful to impeach him in the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu''.

==Article 14. The National Assembly==

 But it shall not be lawful for the Rajadom to remain without a meeting of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' for a longer period than one year. The ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' shall always meet at Jomsom and at no other place except in time of war.
=====Article 51. Power of ???Legislative Assembly=====
*The Chogyal and the ???Legislative Assembly shall have power to enact laws, and the representatives of the people shall sit as one House.
*When the ???Legislative Assembly shall have agreed upon any Bill which has been read and voted for by a majority, it shall be presented to the Chogyal for his sanction and after receiving his sanction and signature it shall become law upon publication.

=====Article 52. Sessions=====
*The ???Legislative Assembly shall meet at least once in every twelve calendar months but it shall be lawful to summon the same at any time. 

=====Article 53. Composition=====
*The ???Legislative Assembly shall be composed of the Privy Councillors, the Cabinet ministers, and the representatives of the people.

=====Article 54. Representative members=====
*There shall be elected by the people of the Rajadom duly qualified five representatives from each ‘’dzongdey’’.

=====Article 55. Speaker=====
*The Chogyal shall appoint the Speaker of the Assembly.
*All other officers shall be appointed by the Assembly.

=====Article 56. Rules of procedure=====
*The Assembly shall make its own rules of procedure for the conduct of its meetings.

=====Article 57. Qualification of electors=====
*Every Sikkim subject of twenty-one years of age or more who is not disabled by the ???twenty-third clause shall be entitled to vote in an election for representatives of the people to the ???Legislative Assembly.
*On the day appointed for election voters shall be exempt from summons for debt.

=====Article 58. Qualification of representatives=====
*Representatives of the people shall be chosen by ballot.
*Any person who is qualified to be an elector may be chosen as a representative, save that no person may be chosen against whom an order has been made in any Court in the Rajadom for the payment of a specific sum of money, the whole or any part of which remains outstanding or, if ordered to pay by installments, the whole or any part of such installments remain outstanding on the day on which such person submits his nomination paper to the Returning Officer.
*No person holding an office of emolument under the Crown shall enter the ???Legislative Assembly, except the Ministers, and the Governors.

=====Article 59. Threats and bribery=====
*Any person elected as a representative who shall be proved to the satisfaction of the ???Legislative Assembly to have used threats or offered bribes for the purpose of persuading any person to vote for him shall be unseated by the ???Legislative Assembly.

=====Article 60. Privilege of Privy Council=====
*It shall be lawful for only the Privy Council of the ???Legislative Assembly to discuss or vote upon laws relating to the Chogyal or the Royal Family. 
*After any such bill has been passed by a majority, it shall be submitted to the Chogyal for his sanction.

=====Article 61. Chogyal's veto precludes discussion=====
*Should the Chogyal withhold his sanction from any law passed by the ???Legislative Assembly and submitted to him for approval it shall be unlawful for the ???Legislative Assembly again to discuss such law until the following session.

=====Article 62. Quorum=====
*It shall be lawful for the ???Legislative Assembly to pass judgment upon its members for their acts or conduct as members of the ???Legislative Assembly and although all the members may not be present it shall be lawful for the ???Legislative Assembly to discuss and pass laws and transact business should one-half of its members be present.
*Should there be less than one-half present, the ???Legislative Assembly shall stand adjourned to another day.
*If at such adjourned meeting there should be still less than half the members present it shall be lawful for the Chogyal or the Speaker of the Assembly to command the presence of all the members.
*If any fail to attend on such command it shall be lawful to inflict punishment for such disobedience such punishment to be determined by the ???Legislative Assembly.

=====Article 63. Contempt of Assembly punishable=====
*If anyone shall speak or act disrespectfully in the presence of the ???Legislative Assembly it shall be lawful to imprison him for thirty days.
*Whoever shall publish any libel on the ???Legislative Assembly, or threaten any member or his property, or rescue any person whose arrest has been ordered by the Legislative Assembly, may be imprisoned for not exceeding thirty days.

=====Article 64. Journal=====
*A journal of the proceedings of the ???Legislative Assembly shall be kept and the votes of each member present for and against every motion or resolution shall be recorded in the journal.

=====Article 65. Immunity from arrest=====
*The members of the ???Legislative Assembly shall be free from arrest and judgment while it is sitting except for indictable offenses.
*No member of the House shall be liable for anything he may have said or published in the ???Legislative Assembly.

=====Article 66. Resignation=====
*Any representative who may wish to resign his seat in the ???Legislative Assembly may tender his resignation in writing to the Speaker and his connection with the ???Legislative Assembly shall cease when he tenders his resignation.

=====Article 67. Impeachment=====
*It shall be lawful for the members of the ???Legislative Assembly to impeach any Privy Councillor, Minister, Governor, or Judge for any of the following offences:
**Breach of the laws or the resolutions of the ???Legislative Assembly,
**maladministration,
**incompetency,
**destruction or embezzlement of Government property, or
**the performance of acts which may lead to difficulties between the Rajadom and another country.
*The impeached person shall be given a copy of the accusation in writing seven days before the day of the trial.
*The trial shall be conducted in accordance with the eleventh clause.
*The Chief Justice shall preside but if the Chief Justice is impeached the Chogyal shall appoint some other member of the Assembly to preside.
*After the witnesses have been heard the impeached person shall withdraw and the Assembly shall consider their decision and upon a decision being made he shall be brought before the Assembly and the decision announced to him.
*If he be found guilty it shall be lawful to dismiss him from office but if acquitted it shall not be lawful to impeach him again on the same charge as is provided in the twelfth clause.

=====Article 68. Bye-elections=====
*Upon the death or resignation of any representative the Speaker shall immediately command that the electors of the district which he represented shall elect a representative in his place.
*The ???Legislative Assembly shall have the power to sit and act although its number be not complete.

=====Article 69. General elections=====
*New elections shall be held for all the representatives at least once every three years.
*It shall be lawful for the Chogyal at his pleasure to dissolve the ???Legislative Assembly although three years from the last election may not have expired and to command that new elections be held according to law throughout the Rajadom. 

=====Article 70. Assembly to assess taxation=====
*The ???Legislative Assembly shall assess the amount of taxes to be paid by the people and the customs duties and fees for trading licences and shall pass the estimates of expenditure for the Public Service in accordance with the nineteenth clause.
*Upon the report of the Minister of Finance of the expenditure and  revenue received during the year succeeding the last meeting of the Assembly, the ???Legislative Assembly shall determine the estimates for the expenditure of the Government until the next meeting of the ???Legislative Assembly.
*The ministers shall be guided by the estimates of public expenditure so authorized by the ???Legislative Assembly.

=====Article 71. Enacting formula=====
*The formula for enacting laws shall be “Be it enacted by the Chogyal and the ???Legislative Assembly of Sikkim as follows:”.

=====Article 72. Laws to cover but one subject=====
*To avoid confusion in the making of laws every law shall embrace but one subject which shall be expressed by its title.

=====Article 73. Chief Justice may suspend laws=====
*The present law shall be in force until repealed by the ???Legislative Assembly excepting such laws as are at variance with this Constitution.
*It shall be lawful for the Chief Justice to suspend the operation of any law passed by the ???Legislative Assembly or Privy Council which is at variance with the Constitution until the next meeting of the ???Legislative Assembly.
*The Chief Justice shall inform the Chogyal whenever he suspends the operation of any law.

=====Article 74. Oaths of Councillors and Representatives=====
*The following oath shall be taken by the members of the Privy Council: “I solemnly swear by the ??? that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty Chogyal Wangchuk, the rightful Chogyal of Sikkim, and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the Constitution of Sikkim and assist to the end of my power and ability in all things in connection with the Privy Council”.
*The following oath shall be taken by the ministers: “I solemnly swear by the ??? that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty Chogyal Wangchuk, the rightful Chogyal of Sikkim, and that I will keep righteously and perfectly the Constitution of Sikkim and discharge the duties of my department to the end of my ability for the benefit of the Chogyal and his Government”.
*The following oath shall be taken by the nobles and representatives of the people: “I solemnly swear by the ??? that I will be truly loyal to His Majesty Chogyal Wangchuk, the rightful Chogyal of Sikkim, and that I will righteously and perfectly conform to and keep the Constitution of Sikkim and zealously discharge my duties as a member of the Legislative Assembly”.
*The members of the Privy Council shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the Chogyal.
*The ministers shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the Chogyal.
*The representatives shall sign their names to the oath and read it in the presence of the Legislative Assembly.

==Article 15. The Judiciary==
=====Article 75. The Courts=====
*The judicial power of the Rajadom shall be vested in the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, the Magistrate's Court which shall render judgments in the name of His Majesty, the Chogyal.

=====Article 76. The Court of Appeal=====
*The Court of Appeal shall consist of the Chief Justice of Sikkim and of such other judges as may be appointed from time to time by the Chogyal with the consent of Privy Council.
*No person shall be appointed unless:
**he holds, or has held, high judicial office; or
**he has been qualified so to practice for not less than ten years.

=====Article 77. The Supreme Court=====
*The Supreme Court shall consist of a judge called the Chief Justice, and such other judges as may be appointed from time to time by the Chogyal with the consent of the Privy Council, sitting with or without a jury.

=====Article 78. Judges to hold office during good behaviour=====
*The judges shall hold office during good behaviour and shall receive such salaries as the ???Legislative Assembly may determine.
*The ???Legislative Assembly may increase but shall not decrease such salaries during their Tenure of office.
*It shall be lawful to appoint Judges of the Court of Appeal for limited periods, or for the purposes of a particular sitting of the Court of Appeal, or of particular proceedings to come before the Court, on such terms as to salary, or other remuneration, as may be approved by the Chogyal with the consent of Privy Council. 

=====Article 79. Acting Judge=====
*It shall be lawful for the Prime Minister with the consent of the Cabinet in the name of and on behalf of His Majesty, at any time during the illness or absence of any judge, or for any other temporary purpose to appoint an acting judge for the period during which the judge is ill or absent or for the period necessary to effect the temporary purpose.
*An acting judge shall have the jurisdiction and powers of, and may exercise all the authorities which are vested in or may be exercised by a judge and shall be paid such salary as may be determined by Cabinet.

=====Article 80. Powers=====
*The judges shall have power to direct the form of indictments to control the procedure of the lower Courts, and to make rules of procedure. 

=====Article 81. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court=====
*The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction in all cases in Law and Equity arising under the Constitution and Laws of the Rajadom and in all matters concerning Treaties with Foreign States and Ministers and Consuls and in all cases affecting Public Ministers and Consuls.

=====Article 82. Appeals from Supreme Court=====
*Subject to the provisions of any Act of the ???Legislative Assembly relating to appeals to the Court of Appeal, a party to any proceedings in the Supreme Court who is aggrieved by a decision given in those proceedings by that Court, or a judge thereof, sitting in first instance, may appeal to the Court of Appeal against such decision.
*Except as may be provided by any Act of the ???Legislative Assembly, or by rules in respect of limited classes of appeals, no appeal shall be finally determined by less than three members of the Court of Appeal.

=====Article 83. Jurisdiction of Court of Appeal=====
*The Court of Appeal shall have exclusive power and jurisdiction to hear and determine all appeals which by virtue of this Constitution or of any Act of the ???Legislative Assembly lie from the Supreme Court or any judge thereof and shall have such further or other jurisdiction as may be conferred upon it by any such Act.

=====Article 84. Legal opinions=====
*The judges shall give opinions upon important or difficult matters when requested so to do by the Chogyal, the Cabinet or the ???Legislative Assembly.

=====Article 85. Judge may not hear appeal from own decision=====
*It shall not be lawful for any judge to sit or adjudicate upon an appeal from any decision which he may have given.

=====Article 86. Oath of Judge=====
*The Chief Justice and any other judge shall take the following oath: “I swear by the ??? that I will be loyal to His Majesty Chogyal Wangchuk, the lawful Chogyal of Sikkim, and that I will perform truly and with impartiality my duties as a judge in accordance with the Constitution and the Laws of the Rajadom”.
*The judge shall read and sign this oath in the presence of the Cabinet.

=====Article 87. Court fees=====
*The Legislature shall determine the fees payable to the various Courts.
*The Registrar of the Supreme Court shall keep the Court records.

=====Article 88. Judge not to receive fine=====
*It shall not be lawful for any judicial officer to receive any portion of a fine paid by any person convicted of an offence or for the Government to allot prisoners to serve any judicial officer, police officer, juror, or any other person as payment for duties discharged by them.

=====Article 89. Jurors=====
*The Legislature shall regulate the summoning of jurors and the fees (if any) they shall receive.

=====Article 90. Trial by jury=====
*Any person committed for trial before the Supreme Court on a charge of having committed any criminal offense punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding two years or a fine of five hundred rupees or both such penalties shall, if he shall so elect, be tried by a jury.
*Whenever any issue of fact is  raised in any civil action triable in the Supreme Court any party to such action may claim the right of trial by jury.
*The law of trial by jury shall never be repealed.

=====Article 91. Form of verdict=====
*It is the duty of the jury in criminal cases to pronounce whether the person accused is guilty or not guilty according to the evidence given before the Court.
*In civil cases the jury shall give judgment for payment or compensation as the case may be and according to the merits of the case.

=====Article 92. Judge to direct jury=====
*In civil and criminal cases the judge shall direct the jury upon the law bearing upon the case and assist them in arriving at a just decision upon the case before them.
*The judge shall have power to refuse to admit evidence which he may deem to be irrelevant or improper.

=====Article 93. Chief Justice to report upon criminal statistics=====
*The Chief Justice shall report once a year to the Chogyal upon the administration of justice and the criminal statistics of the country and upon any amendments in the law which he may recommend.
*The Chogyal shall lay this report before the Assembly at its next meeting in the same manner as the reports of the ministers. 

=====Article 94. Powers of Magistrates=====
*The Legislature shall determine the time and place for holding the Courts and shall limit the powers of the magistrates in criminal and civil matters and shall determine what cases shall be committed for trial to the Supreme Court.

==Part IV. Amendments to Constitution==
===Article 95. Amending the Constitution===
*It shall be lawful for the ???Legislative Assembly to discuss amendments to the Constitution provided that such amendments shall not affect the law of liberty or the succession to the Throne.
*If the ???Legislative Assembly wish to amend any clause of the Constitution of Sikkim, such amendment shall, after it has passed the ???Legislative Assembly three times, be submitted to the Chogyal and if the Privy Council and the Cabinet are unanimously in favour of the amendment it shall be lawful for the Chogyal to assent.
*When signed by the Chogyal it shall become law.

=====Article 42. National flag and emblem=====
*Neither the Flag nor the emblem of Sikkim shall ever be altered but shall always be the flag and emblem of the Rajadom.
*The flag is described in Schedule 1 of this Constitution.
*The emblem is described in Schedule 2 of this Constitution.
===§4 Vote on expenditures===
#No money shall be paid out of the Treasury nor borrowed nor debts contracted by the Government but by the prior vote of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'', except in the following cases:
##Where an Act duly passed by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' gives power to pay out money or borrow money or contract debts, then money may be paid out, or borrowed or debts contracted in terms of that Act; and
##In cases of war or rebellion or dangerous epidemic or a similar emergency, then it may be done by the Treasurer with the consent of the ''Lhengye Zhungtshog'', and the Chogyal shall at once convoke the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and the Treasurer shall state the grounds for the expenditure and the amount.
#The Treasurer, with the approval of the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey'' (Privy Council), shall have power to increase or decrease the taxes and/or customs duties and shall have power to levy new taxes and/or customs duties.
#All such increases or decreases or new taxes or customs duties shall be published in the ???Gazette and shall be placed before the next session of the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' and shall have full force and shall remain effective from the date of publication in the Gazette until rescinded by the ''Gyelyong Tshogdu'' or by the Treasurer with the approval of the ''Gyal Then Tshokdey''.

=====Article 48. Treasurer to report to Parliament=====
*When the ???Legislative Assembly shall meet, the Treasurer shall present to the ???Legislative Assembly on behalf of the Cabinet an account of all moneys which have been received and expended during the current year or since the last meeting of the Assembly and the nature of the receipts and expenditure.


*Sikkim is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The monarch, who is the head of state, is known as the ''chogyal''. 
**There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the Raja Chogyal in the exercise of his functions. 
**All functions of the Raja Chogyal shall be exercised by him only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. 
*The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the Raja Chogyal and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Raja Chogyal on the advice of the Prime Minister. 
**The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the National Assembly. 
**The Ministers and the Deputy Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Raja Chogyal. 
*The Raja Chogyal shall appoint a person to be Advocate General for the State who shall give advice to the Government.
**The Advocate General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Raja Chogyal. 
*Sikkim has a unicameral legislature which shall be known as the National Assembly. 
**The National Assembly shall consist of 24 members chosen by direct and universal election from the eight prefectures of the rajadom. The Raja Chogyal may, if he is of the opinion that women are not adequately represented, appoint not more than two women to be members thereof.  
**Six members shall be appointed by the Raja Chogyal, not more than three of whom shall be persons belonging to any of the socially or economically disadvantaged classes; the others shall be persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters such as literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service. 
*There shall be a High Court for the State, consisting of a Chief Justice and two or more other judges.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plitnakya</title>
    <id>8497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59096</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-28T02:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TaylorS</username>
        <id>1365</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pronominal Inflection */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Plitnakya
| country = Scotland
| nativecountry = Skotlanda
| universe = [[League of Lost Languages]]
| speakers = ~2,000
| family = Atlantic
| branch = Scotic
| subbranch = NW Scotic
| wordorder = VSO
| type = Polysynthetic
| alignment = Active, Hierarchical
| author = Taylor Selseth
| date = 2010 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #B5EAAA
| width = 50%
}}

'''Plitnakya''' {{IPA|[pʰliʦ̺nakja]}} is a highly endangered language isolate spoken by about 2,000 people in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It has a complex, polysythetic morphology that is very unusual for Europe and is likely a relic of the first people to populate Britain after the Pleistocene Glaciation.

=Phonology=
Plitnakya is unusual in that it contrasts between Laminal-Dental and Aplical-Alveolar points of articulation and has no rhotic. It has a root structure of (F)(C)(F|L)V(F|L)(C) where C is any consonant, F is a fricative, and L is a liquid or nasal.

==IPA==
{|
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, plain||'''p'''||'''t̻'''||'''t̺'''||'''ʧ'''||'''k'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''t̻ʰ'''||'''t̺ʰ'''||'''ʧʰ'''||'''kʰ'''
|-
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''θ'''||'''s'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''
|-
||Nasals, voiced||'''m'''|| ||'''n'''||'''ɲ'''||'''ŋ'''
|-
||Nasals, unvoiced||'''m̥'''|| ||'''n̥'''||'''ɲ̥'''||'''ŋ̥'''
|-
||Liquids, voiced||'''w'''||'''l'''|| ||'''j'''
|-
||Liquids unvoiced||'''ʍ'''||'''ɬ'''|| ||'''ç'''
|-
|}

Plain stops and fricatives are voiced when between two voiced phonemes. /l/ is velarized when it follows a back vowel and is [ɾ] between vowels. /t̻ʰ t̺ʰ/  are realized as [tθ ʦ] between vowels and before nasals.

{|
|| ||Front||Center||Back
|-
||High||'''i''' '''iː'''|| ||'''u''' '''uː'''
|-
||Mid||'''e''' '''eː'''||'''ɛw''' '''ɔj'''||'''o''' '''oː'''
|-
||Low||'''aj'''||'''a''' '''aː'''||'''aw'''
|-
|}

==Orthography==
{|
|| ||Labial||Dental||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar
|-
||Stops, plain||'''b'''||'''dz'''||'''d'''||'''j'''||'''g'''
|-
||Stops, aspirated||'''p'''||'''tz'''||'''t'''||'''c'''||'''k'''
|-
||Fricatives||'''f'''||'''z'''||'''s'''||'''x'''||'''h'''
|-
||Nasals, voiced||'''m'''|| ||'''n'''||'''ny'''||'''ng'''
|-
||Nasals, unvoiced||'''mh'''|| ||'''nh'''||'''nyh'''||'''ngh'''
|-
||Liquids, voiced||'''w'''||'''l'''|| ||'''y'''
|-
||Liquids unvoiced||'''wh'''||'''lh'''|| ||'''yh'''
|-
|}

{|
|| ||Front||Center||Back
|-
||High||'''i''' '''ii'''|| ||'''u''' '''uu'''
|-
||Mid||'''e''' '''ee'''||'''eu''' '''oi'''||'''o''' '''oo'''
|-
||Low||'''ai''' ||'''a''' '''aa'''||'''au'''
|-
|}

==Consonant Mutation==
Many prefixes cause mutation to the following consonant, there are 3 types of mutation: Hard, Soft, and Nasal.

{|
||Consonant||Hard||Soft||Nasal
|-
||'''Plain Stop'''||Aspirated Stop||Fricative||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Aspirated Stop'''||Aspirated Stop||Plain Stop||Unvoiced Nasal
|-
||'''Fricative'''||Plain Stop||Liquid||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Voiced Nasal'''||Unvoiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Unvoiced Nasal'''||Plain Stop||Voiced Nasal||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Voiced Liquid'''||Unvoiced Liquid||Voiced Liquid||Voiced Nasal
|-
||'''Unvoiced Liquid'''||Fricative||Voiced Liquid||Unvoiced Nasal
|-
|}

In morphological glosses the Hard Mutation is marked as '''H''', the Soft as '''S''', and the Nasal as '''N'''.

=Nouns=
Nouns fall into an Animancy Hierarchy of 2nd Person &gt; 1st Person &gt; people and animate collectives &gt; non-person animates &gt; natural forces &gt; other inanimates and collectives. There is a rich case system. Noun morphological structure is:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
1. Number&lt;br&gt;
2. Possessive Prefix&lt;br&gt;
3. Noun Stem&lt;br&gt;
4. Case-Definiteness suffix&lt;br&gt;

==Number==
Nominal number is marked by a prefix on the noun. There are 3 numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural. Mass nouns do not inflect for number but are instead required to be compounded with a measure word. Singular is unmarked

{|
|| ||C-Stem||V-Stem
|-
||Dual||thaa-||th-
|-
||Plural||heH-||sh-
|-
|}

==Possessive Affixes==
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| ||1st Person In.||1st Person Ex.||2nd Person||3rd person||4th Person||Indefinite
|-
||Singular|| ||ni-||yaa-||go-||sai-||lu-
|-
||Plural||nin-||zan-||yan-||gon-||sen-||lun-
|-
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==Case-Definiteness==

===Syntactic Cases===
{|
|| ||Nominative||Accusative||Ergative||Genitive||Dative||Comitative||Benifactive
|-
||Indefinite||-Ø||-(o)d||-(f)o||-(a)p||-(e)z||-(w)uu||-lha
|-
||Definite||-(e)l||-lde||-zo||-lep||-le||-luu||-lalh
|-
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nominative:''' Marks the subject of accusative and unergative verbs and the patient of ergative verbs.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Accusative:''' Marks the patient of accusative verbs.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ergative:''' Marks the subject of ergative and unaccusative verbs.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Gentive:''' Marks the possessor of the modified noun.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Dative:''' Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Benifactive:'''Marks the benifactee of a ditransitive verb&lt;br&gt;

===Locative Cases===
{|
|| ||Locative||Allative||Ablative||Illative||Ellative||Perlative||Subessive||Superessive
|-
||Indefinite||-(h)e||-(u)ksah||-(a)yeh||-(a)nghau||-(a)dzot||-(o)waah||-(i)ke||-(i)kla
|-
||Definite||-(h)il||-(u)kselh||-(y)eelh||-(a)nghol||-(a)dzud||-(w)oolh||-(i)kel||-(i)klal
|-
|}

=Verbs=
Verbs are the most complex part of the language by far. As in many polysynthetic languages a single word can mean a whole English sentence. The morphological structure is thus:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Pronominal Prefixes&lt;br&gt;
Direct-Inverse Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Adverbals&lt;br&gt;
---&lt;br&gt;
Habitual Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Inhcoative Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Continuative Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Cessative Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Defective Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Benifactive Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Desirative (2st &amp; 3rd  person wanting)/Optative (1st person wanting) Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Instrumental Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Necessitative Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Frequentative Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Intensive Prefix&lt;br&gt;
Perfect Prefix&lt;br&gt;
---&lt;br&gt;
Evidential Prefixes&lt;br&gt;
Verb Stem&lt;br&gt;
Mood&lt;br&gt;
Tense&lt;br&gt;
Voice&lt;br&gt;
Incorporated Direct Object&lt;br&gt;
---&lt;br&gt;
Negation&lt;br&gt;
Question Suffix&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The verb stem can be made out of a single root or 2 or more compounded roots.

==Pronominal Inflection==
The person and number Subject and Direct Object are marked on the verb in the Direct-Inverse format, each person form has a set spot, starting with 2nd Person and going in order down the animacy hierarchy If the subject has a lower animacy than the direct object the inverse morpheme '''-maa-''' must be used.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Yanixpuz.''' &quot;You know me.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ya-ni-xpuz&lt;br&gt;
2SG-1SG-know&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Yanimaaxpuz.''' &quot;I know you.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ya-ni-maa-xpuz&lt;br&gt;
2SG-1SG-INVERSE-know&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The inflections are thus:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{|
|| ||1st Person In.||1st Person Ex.||2nd Person||3rd person||4th Person||Indefinite
|-
||Singular|| ||ni-||ya-||go-||sa-||lu-
|-
||Plural||nii-||za-||yaa-||goo-||sai-||luu-
|-
|}
&lt;br&gt;
When there are two &quot;3rd Persons&quot; in the sentence the less topical one is marked as 4th person.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Goseglaufe.''' &quot;she has helped him.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
go-se-glaufe&lt;br&gt;
3SG-4SG-feed&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The Impersonal is used for processes that are perceived as agentless, as well as for general statements. The Impersonal when used without any other marking also functions as an infinitive. Infinitive stative verbs are used as adjectives.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Luzguu''' &quot;It snows&quot;&lt;br&gt;
lu-zguu&lt;br&gt;
IMPERS-snow&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
There are also a set of reflexive prefixes&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{|
|| ||1st Person In.||1st Person Ex.||2nd Person||3rd person||4th Person||Indefinite
|-
||Singular|| ||nisp-||yasp-||gosp-||sasp-||lusp-
|-
||Plural||niisp-||zasp-||yaasp-||goosp-||saisp-||loosp-
|-
|}
&lt;br&gt;

==Tense==
There are 4 tenses, Present, Near Past (Past 1), Far Past (Past 2), and Future. Use of the near or far past is determined whether the verb occurs within the last day. The Near Past prefix is '''-k(a)''', Far Past is '''-f(e)''', Future is '''-wo'''.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Niyhokslyai''' &quot;I ate ham (today)&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-yho-k-slyai&lt;br&gt;
1SG-eat-PST1-ham&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Niyhofslyai''' &quot;I ate ham (before today)&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-yho-f-slyai&lt;br&gt;
1SG-eat-PST2-ham&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Niyhowoslyai''' &quot;I will eat ham&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-yho-wo-slyai&lt;br&gt;
1SG-eat-FUT-ham&lt;br&gt;

==Aspect==
There are 7 prefixes that mark aspect:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Perfect''' prefix '''-nc-''' is used to show completed action. Note that it is Perfect, NOT Perfective; Plitnakya does not have a true Perfective-Imperfective distinction&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Niksaancyhoslyai''' &quot;I have eaten ham before&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-ksaa-nc-yho-slyai&lt;br&gt;
1SG-previously-PRF-eat-ham&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Habitual''' prefix '''-nla-''' signifies actions that are habitual and usual.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ninlayhoslyai Notligel''' &quot;I (usually) eat ham on Christmas&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-nla-yho-slyai notlig-el&lt;br&gt;
1SG-HAB-eat-ham Christmas-LOC.DEF&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Inchoative''' prefix '''-whaa-''' indicates the start of an action and can have a hortative meaning in the 1st person plural. There is no verb for &quot;to start&quot;, the verbs for &quot;to be&quot; and &quot;to do/make&quot; in the Inchoative aspect are used, instead&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nigowhaayhok slyailii''' &quot;I started eating the ham&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-go-whaa-yho-k slyai-lii&lt;br&gt;
1SG-3SG-INCH-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Cessative''' prefix '''-jeul-'''indicates the end of an action. There is no verb for &quot;to stop&quot;, the verbs for &quot;to be&quot; and &quot;to do/make&quot; in the Cessative aspect are used, instead.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nijeulyho''' &quot;I am done eating&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-jeul-yho&lt;br&gt;
1SG-CESS-eat&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Necessitative''' prefix '''-toi-'''indicates an obligation to do an action.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Yatoiyho''' &quot;You must eat&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ya-toi-yho&lt;br&gt;
2SG-NEC-eat&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Attenuative''' prefix '''-mho-''' weakens the intensity of the verb.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nigoomhoyhok hepeskutai &quot;I nibbled on some crackers&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-gooN-mho-yho-k heH-beskut-ai&lt;br&gt;
1SG-3PL-ATTEN-eat-PST1 PL-cracker-ACC&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Intensive''' prefix '''-z-''' strengthens the intensity of the verb.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Nigozyhok slyailii''' &quot;I gorged on the ham&quot;&lt;br&gt;
ni-go-z-yho-k slyai-lii&lt;br&gt;
1SG-3SG-INTEN-eat-PST1 ham-ACC.DEF&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==Mood==
There are 6 mood suffixes:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Imperative''' suffix '''-(y)i'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Subjunctive''' suffix '''-(h)ai-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Optative''' suffix '''-(h)e-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Desirative''' suffix '''-(w)eu-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Conditional''' suffix '''-(l)au-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Potential''' suffix '''-(ngh)ee-'''&lt;br&gt;

==Voice==
There are 2 mood suffixes:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''Passive''' suffix '''-sek'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Antipassive''' suffix '''-gzai-'''&lt;br&gt;

==Evidentiality==
There are 3 evidential prefixes:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The '''1st Hand''' prefix '''-s(i)-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''2nd Hand''' prefix '''-yha(n)-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Inference and Common Knowledge''' prefix '''-jwee(h)-'''&lt;br&gt;

==Question-Marking and Negation==
The '''Negative''' suffix is '''-(a)zk-'''&lt;br&gt;
The '''Question''' suffix '''-(y)ii'''&lt;br&gt;

[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[category:Diachronic conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:AkanaWikiLink</title>
    <id>8498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57625</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-14T14:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cedh audmanh</username>
        <id>313</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* ''More detailed information on {{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}} can be found at the [http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title={{{2|{{PAGENAMEE}}}}} AkanaWiki].''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nepal, History of</title>
    <id>8499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58609</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T01:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The Shah Dynasty */ New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===The Kirat Period===
Texts in '''bold''' print are PoD.
*Nepal's first recorded or discovered history began with the [[Wikipedia:Kirati|Kirati]]s, who arrived in the 7th or 8th century BCE from the west to the Kathmandu valley.  Ther 29 kings ruled for about 1225 years (800 BCE-300 CE). Their first and best-remembered king was Yalambar, who is referenced in the epic [[Wikipedia:Mahabharata|Mahabharata]].
* The first king, Yalambar, laid the foundation of the Kirat dynasty after defeating the last ruler of the Abhir dynasty. When the Kirats occupied the valley, they made Matatirtha their capital. During his reign the kingdom extended to the Tista River in the east and the Trisidi in the west.
*During the reign of the seventh king, Jitedasti, [[Wikipedia:Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] visited the valley with his several disciples. He visited the holy places and preached his religion. Although the Kirats welcomed the Lord Buddha and his disciples, they refused to follow his doctrine,.
*During the reign of Sthunko, the 14th king, the Indian Emperor [[Wikipedia:Ashoka|Aśoka]] came to the Kathmandu Valley with his daughter, princess Charumati. During his stay in the valley, he arranged for the marriage of his daughter Charumati to a local prince named Devpal. Prince Devpal and his wife Charumati lived at Chabahil near the Pashupati area. After the death of her husband, Charumati, who later became a nun, built a convent in his memory where she lived and practiced the Lord Buddha's teaching.
*During the reign of Jinghri, the 15th king, the religious teaching of the [[Wikipedia:Mahavira|Mahavira]] Jain was being preaching in India. Bhadrabhau, a disciple of the Mahavira Jain, came to Nepal, but Jainism never acquired the popularity of Buddhism in Nepal.
*During the reign of Paruka, the 28th king, the Sombanshi ruler attacked his kingdom many times from the west. Although these attacks were repelled, he was forced to move from Gokarna to Shankhamul.
*Gasti was the 29th and last king of the Kirat dynasty, a weak ruler who was overthrown by the Sombanshi ruler Nimisha. After their defeat, the Kirats moved to the eastern hills of Nepal and settled down, dividing into three small principalities, Wallokirat to the east of the Katmandu Valley; Majkirat, the central Kirat region; and Pallokirat to the far east of the Kathmandu Valley.

===The Maurya Period===
*One of the earliest confederations of South Asia was that of the [[Wikipedia:Shakya|Śakya]] clan, whose capital was Kapilvastu, Nepal. Siddhartha  Gautama (563-483 BCE), who renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha, was born to the Śakya king Sudhodhan, but by 260 BCE, most of northern India and southern Nepal were ruled by the Maurya Empire.
*Although not all of Nepal was under Maurya occupation, there is evidence of the influence at least of the Maurya Emperor Aśoka, the legendary Buddhist proselytiser and ruler from 273 BCE to 232 BCE. Aśoka was a visitor to Kathmandu during this period and his daughter married a local prince, further spreading the religion.

===The [[Wikipedia:Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi]] Dynasty===
*The documented history of Nepal begins with the Changu Narayan temple inscription of King Manadeva I (c.464-505) of the Lichavi dynasty. The Lichavis are said to have migrated into Nepal from north India around 250. King Anshuverma opened trade routes to Tibet. His daughter, Bhrikuti, married Tibetan ruler Tsrong-tsong Gompo, who was instrumental in spreading the gospel of the Buddha in Tibet and China.
*King Narendradeval initiated friendly relations with China and his successors laid the foundations of friendship with India by entering into matrimonial alliances with the Indian royal families.
*Lichavi rule spanned a period of about 630 years; the last king was Jayakamadeva.

===The Thakuri Dynasty===
*The Thakuri dynasty was a Rajput dynasty. Many Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the middle of the 12th century.
*Raghava Dev is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in October, 869, when the Lichavi rule came to an end. To commemorate this important event, Raghava Dev started the 'Nepal Era' which began on October 20, 869.
*After the death of King Raghava Dev, many Thakuri kings ruled over Nepal up to the middle of the 12th century.
*King Gunakama Dev (949-994) built a big wooden house out of a single tree which was called ''Kasthamandup''. From ''Kasthamandup'' is derived the name ''Katamndu''. Gunakama Dev founded the town ofKantipur, today's Kathmandu.
*Vijaykama Dev was the last king of this dynasty. After his death, the Thakuri clan of Nuwakot occupied the throne of Nepal.

===The Nuwakot Thakuri Kings===
*Bhasker Dev succeeded Vijayakama Dev, establishing Nuwakot-Thakuri rule in the country.
*Shanker Dev was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty; he ruled from 1067 to 1080. During his reign, the Buddhists wreaked vengeance on the Hindu Brahmins (especially the followers of Shivism) for the harm they had received earlier from Shankaracharya III. Shaner Dev tried to pacify the Brahmins harassed by the Buddhists.

===The Suryabansi Rajput Kings===
*Bam Dev, a descendant of Amshuverma, defeated Shanker Dev in 1080 and suppressed the Nuwakot-Thakuris with the help of the nobles and restored the old Solar Dynasty rule in Nepal for the second time.
*Harsha Dev, the successor of Bam Dev, was a weak ruler. There was no unity among the nobles and they asserted themselves in their respective spheres of influence. Taking this opportunity, Nanya Dev, a Karnatak king, invaded Nepal from Simroungarh. He took up residence at Bhadgaon and ruled for some time.
*Mukunda Sen, the King of [[Wikipedia:Palpa District|Palpa]], was another invader of the Nepal valley. He plundered and destroyed many houses and looted a huge amount of property.

===The Malla Dynasaty===
*After the fall of the Thakuri dynasty in the 12th century, another dynasty's reign started in Nepal, founded by Arideva or Ari Malla. This dynasty is popularly known as the Malla Dynasty. Over the next two centuries it grew into a large empire before disintegrating into small principalities which became known as the Baise Rajya, i.e., the twenty-two principalities. This was more or less coincidental with the emergence of the Chaubisi Rajya, i.e., the twenty-four principalities. The history of these principalities remains shrouded up until the time when they joined other kingdoms, both large and small, to form the unified Kingdom of Nepal.
*Jayasthiti Malla reigned towards the end of the 14th century. Though his rule was rather short, his place among the rulers in the Valley is eminent because of his various social and economic reforms such as the 'Sanskritization' of the Valley people and new methods of land measurement and allocation.
*Yakshya Malla, the grandson of Jayasthiti Malla, ruled the Kathmandu Valley until almost the end of the 15th century. After his death, about 1484, the Valley was divided into three independent Valley kingdoms, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan. This division led the Malla rulers into internecine wars for territorial and commercial gains.
*Mutually debilitating wars gradually weakened them and by the time of the invasion of King Prithvi Narayan Shah, they had by themselves reached the brink of political extinction. The last rulers were Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu, Tej Narsingh Malla of Patan, and Ranjit Malla of Bhaktapur.

===The Shah Dynasty===
*With [[Wikipedia:Prithvi Narayan Shah|Prithvi Narayan Shah]] (c.1769-1775), Nepal enters the modern period of Nepal's history. He was the ninth generation descendant of Dravya Shah (1559–1570), the founder of the ruling house of [[Wikipedia:Gurkha|Gurkha]]. Prithvi Narayan Shah succeeded his father Raja Nara Bhupal Shah on the throne of Gorkha in 1743.
**Raja Prithvi Narayan Shah was quite aware of the political situation of the Valley rajadoms as well as of the Barsi and Chaubisi principalities. He foresaw the need for unifying the small principalities as an urgent condition for survival in the future and set himself to the task.
**His assessment of the situation among the hill principalities was correct, and the principalities were subjugated fairly easily. His  victory march began with the conquest of Nuwakot, which lies between Kathmandu and Gorkha, in 1744. After Nuwakot, he occupied strategic points in the hills surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. Thus the Valley's communications with the outside world were cut off. The occupation of the Kuti Pass in '''1756''' stopped the Valley's trade with Tibet.
**Finally, he entered the Valley. At the victory of Kirtipur, Raja Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu was defeated by Raja Prithvi Narayan Shah's army. The capture of Kathmandu on September 25, 1768, was dramatic. As the people of Kathmandu were celebrating the festival of Indrajatra, Prithvi Narayan Shah and his men marched into the city. A throne was put on the palace courtyard for the new Raja of Kathmandu. Prithvi Narayan Shah sat on the throne and was hailed by the people as the Raja of Kathmandu. Jaya Prakash Malla managed to escape with his life and sought asylum in Patan. When Patan was captured a few weeks later, both Jaya Prakash Malla and the Raja of Patan, Tej Narsingh Mallal, took refuge in Bhaktapur, which was also captured after some time. Thus the Kathmandu Valley was conquered by Prithvi Narayan Shah and Kathmandu became the capital of the modern Nepal in 1769.
**Raja Prithvi Narayan Shah was successful in bringing together diverse religious and ethnic groups in one nation. He was a true nationalist in his outlook and was in favor of adopting a closed-door policy with regard to his neighbors. His social and economic views not only guided the country's socio-economic course for a long time, but his use of the imagery, ''a yam between two boulders'' with regard to Nepal's geopolitical situation, formed the principal guideline of the country`s foreign policy for future centuries.
**'''In 1791, after the consolidation of the Nepali peoples, Rana Bahadur began a westward expansion conquering the Rajadoms of [[Wikipedia:Almora|Almora]], [[Wikipedia:Kumaon|Kumaon]], and [[Wikipedia:Garhwal|Garhwal]].'''
**By 1803, Girvan Yuddha Bikram had reached the [[Wikipedia:Yamuna River|Yamuna River]] '''where he was stopped by the eastward expanding [[Rajadom of Jammu]]. A stalemate ensued which was ended by the Treaty of the Yamuna River which established that river as the boundary between the two nations.'''
*'''In 1926, Tribhuvan Bir closed the mountain passes to Tibet after the Chinese Empire occupied Tibet.  In order to survive economically, the Maharajadom increased its trade with its Himalayan neighbors on either side and with its Indian neighbors to the south.  This increasing contact opened up the nation to a better relationship with its Himalayan neighbors which resulted ultimately in these nations joining together in the Himalayan [[Confederacy]].  This state of affairs lasted until the atom bombs were dropped on Beijing in 1949.'''

===Contemporary History===
*'''In 1975, Nepal joined Bhutan, Sikkim, and Lo to form the Himalayan Confederacy. The four nations agreed to be in the same time zone: UTC +6:00.'''
*'''In 1977, the nations of the Himalayan Confederacy entered into a [[monetary union]], the basic unit to be known as the Himalayan Rupee (HR).'''
*'''In 1979, the nations of the Himalayan Confederacy entered into a [[postal union]].'''
*'''In 1982, Nepal joined Bhutan, Sikkim, and Lo to create the Himalayan Railway System.
*'''In 1994, the final section of tracks of the the Himalayan Railway System was laid.'''</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yamuna, Treaty of</title>
    <id>8500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58605</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T00:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Witnessing */ Info added.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===Treaty between the Maharajadom of Nepal and the Rajadom of Jammu concerning the confirmation of the frontier between them.===

*The Maharajadom of Nepal and the Rajadom of Jammu, 
**Endeavouring to establish their mutual, future-oriented relations in accordance with the Dharma, 
**Resolved to contribute jointly to the establishment of a Himalayan peace order in which frontiers will no longer divide and which will guarantee all Himalayan nations coexistence based on confidence and mutual cooperation for the good of all, as well as lasting peace, freedom and stability,
**Conscious that great suffering is caused by war, and
**Desiring to create lasting foundations for friendly coexistence through the development of their relations, 
*Have agreed as follows:

====Article 1====
*The Maharajadom and the Rajadom affirm the frontier between them to be the course of the [[Wikipedia:Yamuna|Yamuna River]] from its source in the [[Wikipedia:Yamunotri|Yamunotri]] Glacier in the Great Himalayas to the Plain of the Ganges.

====Article 2====
*The Maharajadom and the Rajadom declare that the frontier between them is inviolable now and in future and mutually pledge to respect unconditionally their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

====Article 3====
*The Maharajadom and the Rajadom declare that they have no territorial claims against each other and they shall not put forward such claims in future.

====Article 4====
*1. This Treaty is subject to ratification; the exchange of the instruments of ratification shall take place as soon as possible at Kathmandu.
*2. This Treaty shall enter into force on the date on which the instruments of ratification are exchanged.

====Witnessing====
*The representatives of the Maharajadom of Nepal and the Rajadom of Jammu call upon the Goddess [[Wikipeda:Yami|Yamuna]] to witness that they have signed this Treaty in good faith and that they have thereto affixed their seals.

*DONE at Kathmandu on this [[Wikipedia:Akshaya Tritiya|third day]] after Amavasi in the month of [[Wikipedia:Vaisakha|Vaisakha]] (1804) in duplicate, each in the Nepali and  Dogri languages, both texts being equally authentic.

*For His Majesty, Maharaja Prithvi Van Singh:
*For His Majesty, Raja:</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Finnish/Pronouns</title>
    <id>8501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57684</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T00:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Other pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Personal pronouns==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Meaning !! 1PS !! 2PS !! 3PS !! 1PP !! 2PP !! 3PP
|-
! Nominativ
| minä || sinä || hän || me || te || he
|-
! Genetiv
| minun || sinun || hänen || meidän || heidän || teidän
|-
! Accusativ
| minut || sinut || hänet || meidät || teidät || heidät
|-
! Partitiv
| minua || sinua || häntä || meitä || teitä || heitä
|-
! Essiv
| minuna || sinuna || hänenä || meinä || teinä || heinä
| Not colloquial, hence no ''ˣmuna, ˣsuna'')
|-
! Translativ
| minuksi || sinuksi || häneksi || meiksi || teiksi || heiksi
|-
! Inessiv
| minussa || sinussa || hänessä || meissä || teissä || heissä
|-
! Elativ
| minusta || sinusta || hänestä || meistä || teistä || heistä
|-
! Illativ
| minuun (muhun, myöhön) || sinuun (suhun, työhön) || häneen || meihin || teihin || heihin 
|-
! Adessiv
| minulla || sinulla || hänellä (hällä) || meillä || teillä || heillä
|-
! Ablativ
| minulta || sinulta || häneltä (hältä) || meiltä || teiltä || heiltä
|-
! Allativ
| minulle || sinulle || hänelle (hälle) || meille || teille || heille
|}

==Other pronouns==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Meaning
! Proximal sing. !! Medial sing. !! Distal sing. !! Proximal plur. !! Medial plur. !! Distal plur.
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Relativ !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Clausal relativ&lt;br/&gt;/ interrogativ
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Personal interrogativ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| &quot;Other&quot;
! Notes
|-
! Root
! √tä- !! √tō- !! √si- !! √nä- !! √nō- !! √ni-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| √jo- !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| √mi-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| √ke(n)- || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| √ku-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| √mū-
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Core cases
|-
! Nominativ; plur. accusativ
| tämä (tää) || tuo (toi) || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| se || nämä (nää) || nuo (noi) || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| ne
| joka || jotka || mikä || mitkä
| ken || ketkä || kuka || ''(kutka)''
| muu || muut
|-
! Genetiv; sing. accusativ
| tä(mä)n || t(u)on || style=&quot;color:red&quot;| sen || näiden, näitten || noiden, noitten || niiden, niitten
| jonka || joiden, joitten || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| minkä
| kenen&lt;br/&gt;kenet || keiden, keitten || '''N/A''' || ''(kuiden)''
| muun || muiden, muitten
| 
|-
! Partitiv
| tätä || t(u)ota || sitä || näitä || noita || niitä
| jota || joita || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| mitä
| ketä || keitä || kuta || ''(kuita)''
| muuta || muita
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Existential cases
|-
! Essiv
| tänä || t(u)ona || sinä || näinä || noina || niinä
| jona || joina || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| minä
| ''(kenä)'' || keinä || kuna || ''(kuina)''
| muuna || muina
|-
! Translativ
| täksi || t(u)oksi || siksi || näiksi || noiksi || niiksi
| joksi || joiksi || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| miksi
| keneksi || keiksi || kuksi || ''(kuiksi)''
| muuksi || muiksi
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Inner locativ cases
|-
! Inessiv
| tässä || t(u)ossa || '''N/A'''&lt;br/&gt;(locativ ''siinä'') || näissä || noissa || niissä
| jossa || joissa || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| missä
| kenessä || keissä || kussa || ''(kuissa)''
| muussa || muissa
|-
! Elativ
| tästä || t(u)osta || '''N/A'''&lt;br/&gt;(lativ ''siitä'') || näistä || noista || niistä
| josta || joista || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| mistä
| kenestä || keistä || kusta || ''(kuista)''
| muusta || muista
|-
! Illativ
| tähän || t(u)ohon || siihen || näihin || noihin || niihin
| johon || joihin || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| mihin
| kehen, keneen || keihin || kuhun || ''(kuihin)''
| muuhun || muihin
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Outer locativ cases
|-
! Adessiv
| tällä || t(u)olla || sillä || näillä || noilla || niillä
| jolla || joilla || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| millä
| kellä, kenestä || keillä || kulla || ''(kuilla)''
| muulla || muilla
|-
! Ablativ
| tältä || t(u)olta || siltä || näiltä || noilta || niiltä
| jolta || joilta || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| miltä
| keltä, keneltä || keiltä || kulta || ''(kuilta)''
| muulta || muilta
|-
! Allativ
| tälle || t(u)olle || sille || näille || noille || niille
| jolle || joille || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| mille
| kelle, kenelle || keille || kulle || ''(kuille)''
| muulle || muille
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Peripheral cases
|-
! Instructiv
| täten || '''N/A''' || siten || näin || noin || niin
| joten || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A''' || miten
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''N/A''' || kuin
| '''N/A''' || muin
|-
! Comitativ
| colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''N/A''' || näine || noine || niine
| '''N/A''' || joine || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''(mine)''
| '''N/A''' || ''(keine)'' || '''N/A''' || kuine
| '''N/A''' || muine
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Adverbal derivativs
|-
! Temporal
| tällöin || t(u)olloin || silloin || colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''N/A'''
| jolloin || '''N/A''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| milloin
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A''' || kulloin || '''N/A'''
| muulloin || '''N/A'''
|-
! &quot;Lativ&quot;
| tänne || t(u)onne || sinne || colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''N/A'''
| jonne || '''N/A''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| minne
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A''' || kunne || '''N/A'''
| ''(muunne)'' || '''N/A'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;17&quot;| Inflectable derivativs
|-
! &quot;Similativ&quot;
| tälla/äinen || t(u)ollainen || sellainen || colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''N/A'''
| jollainen || '''N/A''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| millainen
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A''' || kullainen || '''N/A'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A'''
| As distinct from simply GEN+''lainen''.
|-
! &quot;Distributiv&quot;
| colspan=&quot;6&quot;| '''N/A'''
| jokin || '''N/A''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| mikin
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A''' | kukin || '''N/A'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| '''N/A'''
| Not to be confused with usual ''-kin''.
|}

The abessiv does not exist (ˣtättä, ˣnoitta, etc.) outside of ''muutta'', ''muitta''. ''Jotta'' exists in the meaning &quot;in order to&quot;; ''mutta'' in the meaning of &quot;but&quot;.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Timeline</title>
    <id>8502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57692</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T05:28:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>just the vaguely language-related parts of the timeline for now</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==1st millennium BC==
{|
| ''5th c. BC'' || || Earliest surviving records of the [[../Kirumb/]] language (disputed).
|}

==5th century==
{|
| ''5th c.'' || || Earliest surviving records of the [[../Drake/]] language.
|-
| ''5th-6th c.'' || || Demihuman migrations westward to [[../Atlanteia/]] create a community that speaks what comes to be known as [[../Âdlantki/]].
|}

==10th century==
{|
| ''10th c.'' || || The Drake vernacular is standardized, beginning the stage of the language known as [[../Early Menashean/]].
|}

==15th century==
{|
| ''15th c.'' || || The dragon philosopher [[../Makri Makri'f/]] lives, and is attributed by most scholars with writing a grammar of [[../Âdlantki/]].
|}

==16th century==
{|
| ''16th c.'' || || The [[../Âdlantki/]] language undergoes a vowel shift, differentiating it from modern [[../Atlantic/]].
|}

==19th century==
{|
| ''19th c.'' || || The demihuman minor race known as [[../Trents/|trents]] coalesces in the US Pacific Northwest. 
|}

==20th century==
{|
| '''1976''' || || The Atlanteian demihuman [[../Maria Baxter/]] publishes a comprehensive grammar of [[../Kirumb/]].
|-
| '''1985''' || || Third edition of the [[../Atlanteian National Dictionary/]] (of [[../Atlantic/]]) is published, containing 125,000 entries.
|}

==Mars (2000-2005)==
=== 4th century A.M.===
{|
| ''4th c. A.M.'' || || Demihuman minor race of [[../Brownies/]] coalesces in [[../Dunamy Town/]].
|}

=== 5th century A.M.===
{|
| ''5th c. A.M.'' || || [[../Dunamy/]] is the most common form of Martian English.
|}

==21st century==
{|
| ''mid 21st c.'' || || [[../New People/]] alienated to demihuman communities develop the cant known as [[../Sirius/]].
|}

==23rd century==
{|
| ''23rd c.'' || || The Japanese language undergoes [[../23rd-century Japanese/|reforms]] that strongly differentiate it from earlier use of the language.  This will happen at least once more before the 29th century.
|}

==29th century==
{|
| ''early 29th c.'' || [[../Naryan/]] is spoken on [[../Iisera/]].
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Atlanteia</title>
    <id>8503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57697</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T05:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stub for now</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Atlanteia''' (Greek: Ἀτλάντεια ''Atlantēa''; [[../Atlantic/]] ''Ədləntɛ'') is an island of the Mediterranean, off the coast of Spain.  It has been since ancient times the territory of [[Races of Nother|dragons]]; some have identified it with the [[../Ophiussa|Ὀφιοῦσσα]] of the  Greeks and the [[../Colubraria|Colubraria]] of the Romans, though most speculate that those names represent other islands, which perhaps were contemporary or former draconic settlements, now abandoned.

Tradition credits the founding of the city to the dragon [[../Menashe/]], who had been shipwrecked there at some point in the first few centuries before Christ.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Dunamy Town</title>
    <id>8504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57699</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T06:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>betterize link</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Dunamy Town''' is the second city on [[../Mars/]], at a moderate distance from the original settlement at [[../Maresta/]].  It began existence as a power station built to meet the growing needs of the research station, but the suitability of the surrounding land after the [[../Terraformation of Mars|Terraformation]], especially in comparison with the continued barrenness of the area around Maresta, led to its soon becoming the most populated settlement on the planet.  

The majority of the population are [[../Demihuman|demihuman]]s, though it is also inhabited by [[../Human|human]]s, [[../Rami (race)|rami]], and the minor race known as [[../Brownies|brownies]] ([[../Brownie/]]: ''sge Škadaí'').  The predominant speech is [[../Dunamy/]], a descendant of the original English of the settlers which was influenced by [[../American Kirumb/]].</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:City</title>
    <id>8505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57727</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T12:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[Template:State]] to [[Template:City]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=40% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''{{{1}}}''' &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{2}}}''''' &lt;br&gt; {{#ifexist:{{{3}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:{{{4}}}|thumb|300px|Location within [[{{{5}}}]] ]].
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Country: {{{6}}} &lt;br&gt; Founded: {{{7}}} &lt;br&gt; 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Governor: {{{8}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Population: {{{9}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Notable Landscapes: [[{{{10}}}]]; &lt;br&gt; {{#ifexist:{{{11}}}|{{{11}}}; &lt;br&gt; }} {{#ifexist:{{{12}}}|{{{12}}}; &lt;br&gt;}}  {{#ifexist:{{{13}}}|{{{13}}}; }}
|-
|colspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Aradór Araero.JPG</title>
    <id>8506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57705</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-16T20:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Araero</title>
    <id>8507</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58844</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-09T12:19:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{city|The City of Araero|Tyauna Araerí|ca'una ara'ɛri:|Aradór_Araero.JPG|Aradór|Aradór|0. 4.A.|tyaunmagne|circa 500'000|Palace of Emperors}}

Araero (''[[Arazi]] prononciation ''[ara'ɛrɔ]) is the capital and the largest city of the Kingdom of [[Aradór]]. Historically it has served as the centre of states such as Araero City State, Asatic Empire of Aradór and [[Asáel]].

The founding of the city marks the beginning of the Fourth Age, the age in which the Men and Women rouse to become lords and kings, rather than servants.

===History===

Small Asatic settlements had been maintain by tiny populations for more than 3 centuries before the formal founding of Araero, which took place in 0. Fourth Age, as a leader of an Asatic tribe united a few villages under his rule and states Araero to be his residence. The settlements was known by the name ''Talsdwe'', which could have meant ''the place of rest''.

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:State</title>
    <id>8508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57739</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T16:42:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=40% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | '''{{{1}}}''' &lt;br&gt;'''''{{{2}}}''''' &lt;br&gt; {{#ifexist:{{{3}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]}}
|-
|valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:{{{4}}}|thumb|300px|Location of {{PAGENAME}}.]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Country: {{{5}}} &lt;br&gt; Founded: {{{6}}} &lt;br&gt; Capital: [[{{{7}}}]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Governor: {{{8}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Population: {{{9}}}
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Notable Leaders: [[{{{10}}}]]; &lt;br&gt; {{#ifexist:{{{11}}}|{{{11}}}; &lt;br&gt; }} {{#ifexist:{{{12}}}|{{{12}}}; &lt;br&gt;}}  {{#ifexist:{{{13}}}|{{{13}}}; }}
|-
|colspan=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#99ccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aradór</title>
    <id>8509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57772</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-18T12:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{state|The Kingdom of the Aras|Arazi Shór||Aradór_Araero.JPG|Aradór|740. 4A|Araero|Emperor|circa 5'000'000|Queen Araisha}}

Aradór is a men-controlled state/empire in the world of Eramár.

==History==
===Pre-Imperial===
The very roots of Aradór are to be searched within the borders of the capital city [[Araero]]. The city was founded in 0. 4A, and soon afterwards established a city state, that evolved, by means of expansions and wars, into the Kingdom of Aradór by as early as 740.4A. Aradór is the first Asatic Kingdom to be established, and the second state to be founded in the North-western region of Eramár, right after [[Magorion]], founded in year 601. 4A.

Aradór gained its territories mainly by conquering those of related South Asatic tribes. At its greatest extend in the Pre-imperial period Aradór contained the former kingdoms/states of Moroy Asats, Sebyas, the Shanidas and the Nyelsh.

As Aradór was not the first state to enter the ''Imperial Age'', it was for a while part of the [[Magorion|Empire of Magorion]].

===Imperial===
: ''Main article: [[Asatic Empire of Aradór]]''
The (local) Imperial age in Aradór was marked by the foundation of the [[Asatic Empire]]. Aradór had successfully conquered all the Asatic lands and established a single Empire. The most interesting feature of the Empire was its division into three semi-autonomous states - Aradór, Coedór and Ínah, controlled by the ''Three Thrones of the Empire'' - [[Araero]], [[Coër]] and [[Duîn]] - three great cities along the shores of the [[Éduin]]. 

: ''Main article: [[Asáel]]''
After the collapse of the Asatic Empire, Aradór and Coedór maintained a single state for a  while. It's name was [[Asáel]] in Longrimol, but the official Arazi name was ''Ashór Shórtazi Arazi ne Cöyarazi'' - The Empire of the Lands of Aras and Coer.

After the split of Asaél into Aradór and Coedór, in the second half of the Imperial Age, Aradór was highly sea-oriented, and thus was the first to discover the continent of [[Sepír]], a landmass to south-west from [[Gondala]]. It established a lot of colonies there and kept them for many centuries; the colonies gained independence long after the end of Imperial age in Gondala.

===Post-Imperial===
The end of Imperial Age in Aradór was marked by change of government. The former absolute monarchy was replaced by a kind of presidential republic; the last monarch of Aradór was [[Queen Cwelhinu]], great-great-granddaughter of [[Queen Araisha|Araisha]]. 

As post-imperial age went on, more liberal rule was established in Aradór and it became a prosperous multi-cultural state, and Araero was the most populous and economically advanced metropolis of the World of Men.

Soon a possibility of gaining Independence was granted to those regions of Aradór, that could prove their historical foundation of existing as an independent state, so the Shanidas and Nyelsh quickly became independent.

Following the example of Aradór, Coedór granted the same possibility, and that gave rise the semi-Machoric states of [[Beringion]] and [[High Tarmanion|High]] and [[Low Tarmanion]]. 

[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Magorion Malidmúr.jpg</title>
    <id>8510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57736</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T16:40:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsolyani</title>
    <id>8511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57744</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T19:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFCC00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Tsolyani'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Tsolyanu
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||Tékumel
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||Engsvanyáli
:'''Tsolyani'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFCC00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||M. A. R. Barker ||1978
|}

'''Tsolyani''' is a classical [[conlang]] by M. A. R. Barker, spoken in his [[conworld]] '''Tékumel'''; the language is widely considered one of the finest examples of a [[naturalistic artlang]].  The world of Tékumel, the setting of the role-playing game ''Empire of the Petal Throne'', is famed for its colour and exoticity.

Tsolyani is an agglutinating language; most inflections are prefixes, but suffixes also occur in the language.  Nouns are divided into three genders: ''noble'', ''ignoble'' and ''unclassifiable''.  The noun takes a gender/number suffix and several prefixes.  Verbs are not conjugated for person and number, nor tense, but take various valence-changing prefixes.

==External link==

* [http://terengo.tdonnelly.org/tsoldata.html Teresh's Home Page - Tsolyani Language]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ars signorum</title>
    <id>8512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57760</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Ars signorum'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||probably, none
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[a priori]]
:[[philosophical language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||George Dalgarno||1661
|}

'''Ars signorum''' ([[Latin]]: ''The Art of Signs'') is a [[philosophical language]] published by George Dalgarno, a Scottish-born Oxford schoolmaster, in 1661.  It is one of the first known languages of this kind.  Dalgarno initially cooperated with John Wilkins, but the two could not agree on a taxonomy, so they agreed to disagree.  Wilkins would go on to design [[An Essay towards a Real Character]] in 1668.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>An Essay towards a Real Character</title>
    <id>8513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57761</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:14:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''An Essay towards a Real Character'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||very few
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[a priori]]
: [[philosophical language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||agglutinating
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||John Wilkins ||1668
|}

'''An Essay towards a Real Character''' is the title of a book by John Wilkins in which the author lays out his [[philosophical language]], the best-known effort of this kind.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ro</title>
    <id>8514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57762</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Ro'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||--
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||[[international auxiliary language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||none?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||[[a priori]]
: [[philosophical language]]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
|| 
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||Edward Powell Foster||1904
|}

'''Ro''' is a [[philosophical language]] designed in the early 20th century by Reverend Edward Powell Foster.

==External link==

* [http://www.langmaker.com/outpost/ro.htm Ro], by Richard K. Harrison

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ygyde</title>
    <id>8515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57763</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ygyde''' is a [[philosophical language]] designed by Andrew Nowicki in the early 21st century.

==External link==

* [http://www.medianet.pl/~andrew/ygyde/ygyde.htm Ygyde Language] - page by Andrew Nowicki

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Characteristica universalis</title>
    <id>8516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57759</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-17T20:10:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Characteristica universalis''' is the name of a project to design a [[philosophical language]], more specifically, an [[arithmographic language]], by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Characteristica universalis''' is the name of a project to design a [[philosophical language]], more specifically, an [[arithmographic language]], by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.  The language has never been published; it is unknown whether Leibniz ever worked it out in detail.

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua samp5.PNG</title>
    <id>8517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57773</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-18T16:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa lexicon</title>
    <id>8518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58397</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-08T23:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Nouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Nouns ==

:''angxa'' - tree, class 1
:''angxangxa'' - copse, class 1
:''atete'' - knife, class 1
:''engqa'' - fly, class 1
:''esuse'' - buttock, class 1
:''fasha'' - year, class 2
:''kangqa'' - beast, class 1
:''kutqu'' - cave, class 1
:''kur'' - town, class 1
:''lele'' - hand, class 1
:''laqe'' - finger or thumb, class 2
:''leshe'' - female reproductive organs, class 1
:''mama'' - person, class 2
:''maya'' - mother, class 2
:''matu'' - maternal uncle, class 2
:''masu'' - maternal aunt, class 2
:''pan'' - wolf, class 1
:''paʔe'' - child, class 1
:''pasak'' - cooking-pot, class 2
:''Puku'' - God (''PUKU'' - 'the LORD')
:''rat'' - chest, class 1
:''rata'' - viscera, class 1
:''resat'' - stomach, bowels, class 2
:''sat'' - a hut, class 1 or 2
:''sesu'' - sister, class 1
:''sewa'' - girl, class 1
:''shuwe'' - paternal aunt, class 1
:''shuma'' - mouth, class 1
:''shuna'' - ear, class 1
:''sapaspa'' - tent village, class 1 or 2
:''sungxe'' - foot, class 1
:''suqa'' - leg, class 1
:''suqaqe'' - toe, class 1
:''sute'' - bear, class 1
:''tu'' - brother, class 1
:''tap'' - eye, class 2
:''tata'' - father, class 1
:''ʔaqa'' - penis, class 2
:''ʔenxu'' - a body of hair, fur, class 1
:''ʔuwe'' - nose, class 1
:''qa'' - arm, class 1
:''qewa'' - strand of hair, class 2
:''qunu'' - tongue, class 1
:''quwe'' - paternal uncle, class 1
:''umut'' - gift, class 1
:''wa'' - boy/youth, class 1
:''waspa'' - tent, class 2
:''wan'' - meat, class 2

== Pronouns ==
: ''aʔ'' - 3ps
: ''su'' - 1ps
: ''tunxa'' - many
: ''uʔ-'' - 2ps

== Adjectives and adverbs ==

:''keq'' - dead
:''metqa'' - huge
:''pangxu'' - last year
:''patangqa'' - tomorrow
:''pesh'' - wealthy
:''qunxu'' - pretty, attractive, feminine
:''tune'' - strange
:''wa'' - young
:''wapesa'' - bald
:''wasa'' - blue or green
:''weq'' - long (in terms of time), long-lasting
:''weqeq'' - eternal

== Verbs ==

:''as-aq'' - to walk
:''aq'' - to walk (intransitive)
:''enxa'' - to eat (generic)
:''kaq'' - to sit down
:''lulu'' - to mock
:''miqat'' - to enjoy
:''ngqu'' - to command
:''nutu'' - to shoot
:''nxa'' - to eat
:''p'' - to be, locative copula. Takes no aspect suffixes.
:''paʔ'' - to strike
:''ta'' - to see (imperative root ''sang'')
:''tafa'' - to flee
:''tashet'' - to read
:''tas-ta'' - to look (imperative root ''sang'')
:''tek'' - say
:''te-sa'' - think
:''tunqa'' - sleep deeply, to lie comatose
:''tusha'' - to kill
:''utshu'' - to die
:''seweq'' - be intended for
:''unutu'' - curse
:''wa-ak'' - to go
:''wes'' - to eat a meal, to dine, to feast (only applied to humans)
:''yuyut'' - to cut

=== Auxiliaries ===

:''ush-u'' - moving away, away
:''nas-u'' - be able to
:''tuq-u'' - must, have to, necessarily
:''aʔ-u'' - intensifier

== Derivative suffixes ==
:''-angxa'' - generic suffix. Creates 'group' and is used in generic situations ''Mamangxa wen enxu semiqatungxu'' - people love eating meat
:''-(V)ya'' - added to verbs to create a agent noun (''enxa-ya'' - an eater)
:''-(V)tu'' - added to verbs to create a patient noun (''miqat-tu'' - something that is enjoyed)
:''-(V)ta'' - added to verbs to create a dative noun (''tasha-ta'' - recipient, someone to whom something is sent)
:''se-'' - feminine prefix. Causes lenition.

== Conjunctions and particles ==

:''aqa'' - asserts the masculine dominance of the speaker
:''naq'' - anyhow, anyway, despite the preceding utterance
:''suʔa'' - etc, and so on
:''yen'' - and

== Translations ==

=== 2 Kings 2:23-24 ===

&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;''E Eleyesakxa wa Beteyelatqe utak. As-aʔ tusu aʔem asas saqte kurut wangxakxa telulu wa tak. &quot;A-suʔ tafa, wapesa!&quot;, uwu. &quot;A-suʔ tafa, wapesa!&quot;''&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt; From there Elisha went up to Bethel. As he was walking along the road, some boys came out of the town and jeered at him. “Get out of here, baldy!” they said. “Get out of here, baldy!”
:E Eleyesa-kxa wa Beteyel-atqe ut-ak. As-aʔ tusu aʔ-em as-as sa-aq-te kur-ut wa-ngxa-kxa te-lulu-u wa ta-ak. &quot;A-suʔ ta-afa, wapesa!&quot;, uwu. &quot;A-suʔ ta-afa, wapesa!&quot;
:there Elisha go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; Bethel-ADESS ABL-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;. 3ps road 3ps-TOPIC go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; COM&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-TEMP&lt;sup&gt;+1&lt;/sup&gt; town-ABL youth-PAUC-ERG ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-mock&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;+3&lt;/sup&gt; come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; LAT&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;. 2ps ABL-flee&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;, bald, say&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;. 2ps ABL-flee&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;, bald.


&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; ''As-wa aʔ ushu tastas sama PUKUQA sunutunxayen. Angxangxa wa sutetekxa utak wangxa natafana stushanxayen.''
&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; He turned around, looked at them and called down a curse on them in the name of the LORD. Then two bears came out of the woods and mauled forty-two of the boys.
:As-wa aʔ ush-u tas-tas sa-ma as-wa PUKU-qa se-unutu-nxa-yen. Angxangxa wa sute-t-ekxa ut-ak wa-ngxa na-tafa-na se-tusha-nxa-yen.
:3pp 3ps turn&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-CONJ&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; LOC&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-look&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; 3pp GOD-dat ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-curse&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-and&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Forest come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; bear-PLU-ERG ABL&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-come&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt; boy-PAUC two-twenty-two ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-kill&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;+1&lt;/sup&gt;-and&lt;sup&gt;+3&lt;/sup&gt;.
[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Remousamavi</title>
    <id>8519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57843</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-21T08:40:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Remousamavi</username>
        <id>1427</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot; {{subst:Ethnographical Questionnaire|Your conculture}}&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> = Your conculture Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

== Questions of Place ==

=== Describe the geography of where your society calls home. ===


=== Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons? ===


=== What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to? ===


=== What are the most commonly-grown foods? ===


=== What are the most commonly-eaten meats? ===


=== What foods are considered exotic or expensive? ===


=== What forms of alcohol are common? Rare? ===


=== Is there usually enough food and water for the population? ===


=== What is this place's most abundant resource? ===


=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


=== How do people travel from one place to another? ===


=== Are the borders secure? In what way? ===


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===


== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Remousamavi</title>
    <id>8520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58074</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-26T02:54:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Remousamavi</username>
        <id>1427</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Resources */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">= Gemorali Ethnographical Questionnaire =

'''[[Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire]]''' was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of [[conculture]]s, and can be found in the files section of the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/conculture/ Conculture group at Yahoo].

__TOC__

==Gemoarali==

==='''Geography'''===

Gemoarali is a moonless world approximately 85% the size of Earth, with slightly less gravity. 45% of the planet's surface consists of plateau regions rising between 20 and 30 kilometers above ocean level, while the other 55% consists of an ocean only one kilometer deep at its deepest point. Scattered across this ocean are islands, which vary from small isles no bigger than a hillside to huge islands the size of Japan or New Zealand. These land masses are relatively smooth, with a few round topped mountains, and each island or group of isles has its own biome.
The largest land masses are the plateaus, which start out as regular islands at the shorelines, and become huge jagged mountainscapes a few hundred kilometers in. At the edge of the plateau are enormous glaciers which literally cover the mountain peaks underneath them, and only end below the plateau edge itself. The plateau surfaces are utterly uninhabitable; the air at this altitude is very thin and cold stratospheric air, and the temperatures are well below freezing. The plateaus are only inhabited by mining facilities.


==='''Climate'''===
Gemoarali's seasons are very mild, and barely effect precipitation at all. The temperature varies by as little as five degrees Celsius, and in most factions, seasons have a history of being based solely on the wobble of Ywvai's path across the sky rather than any climatic extremes at all. The temperature is, on average, 25 to 30 degrees Celsius in most areas of Gemoarali except the polar regions which are on average -10 degrees Celsius. Rainstorms come in steady streams and drizzle most of the time, and rarely form large rain drops unless a disturbance exists in the area such as volcanic activity.


==='''Natural Disasters'''===
The most common occurrences on Gemoarali are quakes, landslides, and volcanos. People living on a plateau continent coastal region are in the biggest seismic activity zones, as well as being in danger of a landslide from high up the plateau's edge leveling their city. Volcanos, on the other hand, are scattered on and between the smaller islands. A volcanic eruption happening at the edge of a plateau will most likely trigger a series of avalanches on the surface.


==='''Foods'''===
The Gemoariese, as a whole, are a sea-faring race, and most of the foods they eat are fish or seaweeds. The few crops they grow on or near land resemble rice, and are grown on aquatic farms which can be located in lagoons or even in shallow regions of the ocean usually found near islands where the ocean current is weak and deposits sand and minerals. The marine life of Gemoarali, on the other hand, is an abundant variety of food. The most commonly eaten of these are known as Zyjuki (Shy-YOU-key), and are similar to the Orca Whale found on earth, only much smaller and with different skin patterns. Some of the rarest foods on Gemoarali can be found in grottos deep under the ocean, and most of which discovered only recently by small submersibles.
Rarely will alcohol be used as a drink, and as tolerable as the Gemoariese culture is in most respects, drinking alcohol is generally frowned upon. The one alcohol that is used in a drink is Jonade (Yo-NAH-de), and is only presented on very special occasions such as weddings, graduations, and revolution ceremonies. Other drinks of honor are generally juices from rare plants.

==='''Famine'''===
Though in stable times Gemoarali's food distribution is relatively level, famine can occur during times of war, pandemics, and extreme natural disasters. When food levels drop far enough, the head faction Jufande (YOU-faun-DEH) issues a special order requiring all citizens to use their own food sources. Most traditional-culture people living in wooden huts with their own small farmland will have no problem with this, and have little if nothing at all to do with the food distribution system at all. People living in skyscraper cities will find the issue more of a threat, and so they prepare ahead of time by signing a deal with a farmer to send in extra long-lasting food to stockpile in vaults for the occasion.


==='''Resources'''===
The most abundant resource present on Gemoarali is the native flora, which is used in cooking and the wood as construction materials. Most of Gemoarali's suburbs exist as wooden huts and dirt roads on which to walk, with the occasional Cylogen antigravity two-seater hovercraft, the tram systems arching over the world on large pillars, and a few people carrying PDAs. Almost everywhere on Gemoarali, the most abundant resource is literally all around you.
The most valuable, and yet the rarest materials on Gemoarali are metal ores. Most cities on Gemoarali are made of a plastic-like alloy manufactured on Cyloga, a highly sophisticated space-faring race whose allegiance to Gemoarali has always been controversial and never entirely answerable. There are traces of a possible native society who may have mined out most of the existing ores before going extinct or leaving Gemoarali. Most existing ores are mostly present in the oceanic regions.

=== What is its most valuable resource? ===


=== What resource is it most lacking? ===


==='''Transportation'''===
Being a world of many small islands, the Gemoariese favor aquatic vehicles. The most common of these are the same approximate size and quantity as Terran cars. The larger aquatic vehicles are variable in size, from ferry sized transporters that work as busses to giant floating islands thirty or forty decks tall which drift with the current and only move to avoid land.
The few land vehicles are trams, usually monorails, which move in small webs between each major city of that particular landmass. Larger islands have more than one system, such as one system to travel between different regions of the landmass, and smaller ones to travel inside the region.


==='''Territory'''===
Gemoarali, being a planet, has no border; instead, territorial issues between Gemoarali and the other worlds are sorted out based on claim of planet, claim of star, and claim of orbital distances, among other more complex details. Gemoarali lays claim on Ywvai and its entire system from center of star to edge of gravitational influence.


=== How many people live here? ===


=== Where in this place to they congregate? ===


=== What part of this place do they avoid? Why? ===


=== What are the most common domesticated animals here? And what are they domesticated for? ===


=== What are the most common wild animals? ===


=== Which animals are likely to be pets? Which ones won't be? ===

== Questions of Time ==

=== How far back does this society's written history go? ===


=== How far back do its people believe it goes? ===


=== What is the worst disaster they believe they've faced? ===


=== What was the best thing that every happened to them? ===


=== What in their past makes them feel ashamed? ===


=== What in their past makes them proud? ===


=== What are they afraid of happening again? ===


=== What are they hoping will happen? Do they think it likely? ===


=== What do they assume the future will hold? ===


=== How has this society changed? Do its current members realize this? ===


=== What are the most popular stories about the past? ===


=== Who in the past is the greatest hero? The worst villain? ===


=== Do people think the present better or worse than the past? ===


=== Do people believe the future will be better or worse than the present or past? ===


== Questions of Sex and Family ==

=== How many spouses may a man or woman have? ===


=== Who decides on a marriage? ===


=== Can a marriage end in divorce? How? ===


=== Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason? ===


=== How is adultery defined? What (if any) is the punishment? Who decides? ===


=== How are families named?(g) What happens to orphans? ===


=== How are boy and girl children treated differently? ===


=== Are premarital relations allowed? ===


=== How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these? ===


=== What, if anything, is considered a good marriage gift? ===


=== What secret vice is believed to be widely practiced? ===


=== What secret vice actually is practiced? ===


=== What sexual habits are widely believed common among foriegners? ===


=== How do people react to homosexuality? ===


=== How do the genders dress? ===


=== Is prostitution legal? How are prostitutes viewed? Is this accurate? ===


=== What professions or activities are considered masculine? ===


=== What professions or activities are viewed as feminine? ===


=== What inanimate or sexless things are considered male or female? ===


=== What is the biggest sexual taboo? ===


=== Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love? ===


=== What does this society mean by the word &quot;virgin&quot; and how important it it? ===


== Questions of Manners ==

=== Who speaks first at a formal gathering? ===


=== What kinds of gifts are considered in extremely bad taste? ===


=== How do younger adults address their elders? ===


=== What colors are associated with power? With virtue? With death? ===


=== If two men get into a fight, how is this supposed to be resolved? ===


=== If two women get into a fight, how should that be resolved? ===


=== When is it rude to laugh at something funny? ===


=== What kinds of questions cannot be asked in public? In private? At all? ===


=== How do people demonstrate grief? ===


=== What does this society do with their corpses? ===


=== What kinds of jewelry do people where? And when? ===


=== Who inheirits property? Titles? Position? ===


=== What happens to those suffering from extreme mental illness? ===


=== What are the most popular games? How important are they? ===


=== What parts of the body are routinely covered? ===


=== How private are bodily functions like bathing or defecating? ===


=== How do people react to physical deformity? ===


=== When and how does someone go from child to adult? ===


== Questions of Faith ==

=== Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized? ===


=== What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this? ===


=== What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion? ===


=== Are there any particular places considered special or holy? What are they like? ===


=== What are the most popular rituals or festivals? ===


=== What do people want from the god or gods? How do they try and get it? ===


=== How do their religious practices differ from their neighbours? ===


=== What is the most commonly broken religious rule?(i) What is the least-violated religious rule? ===


=== What factions exist within the dominant religious institutions? How do they compete? ===


=== Are there monastic groups? What do they do and how are they organized? How do you join one? ===


=== How are those who follow different faiths treated? ===


=== What relationship do religious and political leaders have? ===


=== What superstitions are common? What kinds of supernatural ===


events/beings do people fear?

== Questions of Government ==

=== Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How? ===


=== What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why? ===


=== How are new laws created or old ones changed? ===


=== Is there some form of clemency or pardon? What is involved? ===


=== Who has the right to give orders, and why? ===


=== What titles do various officials have? ===


=== How are the rules different for officials as opposed to the common person? ===


=== How do government officials dress? ===


=== Is the law written down? Who interprets it? ===


=== Once accused, what recourse does someone have? ===


=== Is torture allowed? What kinds? ===


=== How are people executed? ===


=== Who cannot rise to positions of leadership? ===


=== Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances? ===


=== What makes someone a bad ruler in this society? What can be done about it? ===


=== What are the most common or dangerous forms of criminal? ===


== Questions of War ==

=== Who declares war? ===


=== Who has the power to declare conditions of peace? ===


=== What happens to prisoners taken in battle? ===


=== What form of warfare does this society use? ===


=== Who are the Elite warriors? What distinguishes them? ===


=== How does someone get command of troops? ===


=== Where do the loyalties of military units lie? ===


=== Are there professional soldiers? Do they make up the bulk of the military? ===


=== Has this society ever attacked another? Do they want to? What would make them do so? ===


=== Who are their enemies? Who's winning? ===


=== What do soldiers do when there's no war? ===


== Questions of Education ==

=== Does this society have its own language? Its own writing? ===


=== How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed? ===


=== What form and value are books? ===


=== Who teaches others? How do they teach? ===


=== Who decides who learns to read or write?(f) Who teaches professions, like carpenter or scribe? ===


=== Are foreigners ever brought in to teach new skills? Who does that? ===


=== How do this society's doctors try to treat wounds and sickness? ===


=== Which medical assumtions of this society are wrong? ===


== Questions of Art ==

=== What are the favorite artforms? ===


=== What are the least-favorite? ===


=== How respected are artists? ===


=== Do artists require official or unofficial protection? ===


=== What kinds of trouble are artists in particular likely to find themselves in? ===


=== How might a very successful artist live? ===


=== What forms of theatre does your society have? ===


=== How naturalistic or stylized is your society's art? ===


=== What shapes are most common in your society's arts, like embroidery or architecture? ===


=== Which artforms get the most and least respect? ===


=== What form does censorship take? ===


=== Who may not be an artist? ===


=== What qualities equal &quot;beauty&quot; in this society? ===


=== What makes a man or woman especially beautiful? ===


=== How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up? ===


== Questions of sex and marriage ==

=== Is sex confined to marriage? ===


=== Or, is it supposed to be?  What constitutes aberrant behavior? ===


=== Is there anything about this culture or religion in that culture that specifically addresses sexual conduct? ===


=== Are there laws about it?  What about prostitution? ===


=== How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex? ===


=== What is considered too great a difference in age for a couple? ===


=== Do relationships allow multiple partners? ===


=== Should sex be a one-to-one experience? Or are groups allowed? ===


=== And, of course, what about homosexuality?  Is  it frowned on? Encouraged? ===


== Questions of death and burial ==

=== What is their understanding of death and dying? ===


=== Do they cremate their dead? Or, how are dead bodies disposed of? ===


=== Is the family  responsible for the body? ===


=== What part do the priests play? ===


=== Are there cemeteries at all? ===


=== Or, does everyone have a crypt in back  with all the relatives in it? ===


=== Do people visit the dead?  If so, how often and why? ===


== Questions of suicide ==

=== What do people in this culture think about suicide? ===


=== Is it the greatest sin one can commit?  Or is it a sin at all? ===


=== Is it the great and last comfort of a tormented soul? ===


=== Is it worse than murder? ===


== Questions of Law, Justice and Police ==

=== Is there a civilian police force, or is law enforcement the province of the military? ===


=== Is the police force a nationalised one, or are there multiple regional forces? ===


=== How &quot;military&quot; are they?  Are they usually/ever armed? ===


=== What is the extent of their authority?  Can they shoot you? Can they use magic? Can they torture or otherwise force a confession? Can they use telepathy? ===


=== Are there individuals or groups who are above the law? ===


=== Is there a secret police? ===


=== What is the role of police informants, if any? ===</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa pronouns</title>
    <id>8521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58230</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T20:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Interrogative pronouns */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Pronouns''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' decline irregularly. Personal pronouns decline for three persons, three numbers and may take case suffixes and other clitics. Demonstrative pronouns decline by number and case. There are no relative pronouns.

== Personal pronouns ==

Personal pronouns do not change for gender, but have emphatic and vocative forms, in addition to taking the same case clitics as nouns. 

=== Basic forms ===
These forms are used in all contexts in which the other pronouns cannot be used. They are used when the pronoun is an argument of a verb, except when the pronoun is serving as topic or focus:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
|
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
!First person
| su
| su-f
| su-wa
|-
!Second person
| uʔ
| uʔ-ef
| u-wa
|-
!Third person
| aʔ
| aʔ-ef
| aʔ-uwa
|}

These pronouns can then have the case suffixes applicable to [[Tsakxa nouns]] attached to them, as in ''u-wa-kxa'' (we deliberately), ''u-wa-ta'' (with us).

=== Emphatic pronouns ===

These pronouns are used in topical (i.e. initial) position:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
|
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
!First person
| a-su
| a-s-ef
| as-wa
|-
!Second person
| as-uʔ
| as-uf
| a-wa
|-
!Third person
| as-aʔ
| as-af
| as-wa
|}

For example:

: ''A-su-ø se-pesh-as'' - if I were a rich man

: ''A-swa tas-tas-el ta-ma'' - he's definitely looking at us

=== Vocative forms ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
|
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
!Second person
| et-uʔ
| et-uf
| et-wa
|}

The vocative forms are used to call attention to the speaker. For example:

: ''Et-uf!'' - You two!

== Demonstrative pronouns ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| || colspan=4 | Distance from speaker
|-
!'''this'''
!'''that'''
!'''yonder'''
|-
!rowspan=3|&lt;br&gt;'''Case''' 
! '''Ergative''' 
| nxu 
| ep 
| e
|-
!'''Absolutive''' 
| nxa 
| a 
| ate
|-
!'''Adverbial''' 
| (s-)u- 
| (s-)a- 
| (s-)e-
|}

The ergative and absolutive demonstratives are used as would be expected, whilst the adverbial demonstratives are used as a base for locative and other case markings. Dual is expressed regularly by the suffix -f, plural likewise by -t.

: ''Ep'' - That thing

: ''U-atqe'' - Under that thing

The prefix ''s-'' + adverbial + locative suffix creates pronouns with the meaning of 'the thing (preposition) that thing':

: ''S-u-atqe'' - the thing under that thing

== Interrogative pronouns ==

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| || colspan=4 | Distance from speaker
|-
!'''Animate'''
!'''Inanimate'''
|-
!rowspan=3|&lt;br&gt;'''Case''' 
! '''Ergative''' 
| fu
| fe
|-
!'''Absolutive''' 
| fam 
| fa 
|-
!'''Adverbial''' 
| fu- 
| fa- 
|}

The interrogative pronouns are divided into animate and inanimate pronouns. The inanimates roughly equate to 'what' or 'which' and the animates to 'who'. The ergative and absolutive are used as the typical cases, the adverbials take the normal adverbial case suffixes. 

: ''Nxa fu se-sha-nxa-l?'' - Who did this? (this.ABS who.ERG ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-do&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

Interrogative pronouns are not fronted except where focussed:

: ''Fa uʔ wa-wa ut-ak?'' - Where are you coming from? (what 2ps go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;~IMPERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; ABL&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-go&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

In non-focus contexts, they may be deleted:

: ''Nxa se-sha-nxa-l?'' - Who/what did this? (this.ABS ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-do&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa syntax</title>
    <id>8522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58235</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T20:04:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* The noun phrase */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Syntax''' in '''[[Tsakxa]]''' roughly follows the model dictated here.

== The utterance ==

The utterance as a whole is verb-final. Arguments may precede the verb in any order; however, the most salient argument, usually the topic or an emphasised element, is fronted. This 'focus' argument may be any argument of the verb, and is the first element of any utterance:

: ''Sesu-ø uʔ-a se-ta-nxa'' - your sister saw you (sister-TOPIC 2ps-DAT ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;-see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;-PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)

The utterance as a whole, according to Dawkins (1999), has the following prototypical order:
:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! FOCUS || TIME || MANNER || PLACE || AGENT || PATIENT || VERB 
|-
| ''waspap'' || ''patangqate'' || ''ateteta'' || - || ''Yetekxa'' ||  ''wen'' || ''unquyuyut''
|-
| that tent || yesterday || with a knife || - || Yete || meat || cutting (in it)
|-
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;Yesterday Yete was cutting meat in that tent&lt;/center&gt;
|}

In actual speech, however, the order of the elements between the focus and the verb is effectively free.

=== Compulsory arguments ===

To be a complete sentence, an utterance must have at least a focus (which may be the agent or patient) and a verb:

: ''wen syuyut'' - the meat is cut (meat ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;:cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

: ''mama uyuyut'' - the person cuts something (person GEN&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;:cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

A 'transitive' verb without the generic prefix (which reduces the valency by one) requires a patient but not a stated agent:

: ''wen (sukxa) syuyut'' - the meat is cut (by me) (meat (1ps:ERG) ABS[INANIM]&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;:cut&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;)

=== Deletion of arguments ===

The focus may never be deleted. However, other pronominal arguments may be deleted if they are understood from context:

: ''engqa setanxafe?'' - did (you) see the beast? (beast ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;:see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;:PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;:INTERR&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

Both personal pronouns and interrogative pronouns can be deleted:

: ''engqa setanxale?'' - (who) saw the beast? (beast ABS&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;:see&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;:PERF&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;:DUB&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

== The noun phrase ==

Dawkins presents the following order as prototypical of Tsakxa noun phrases:

:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! NOUN || GENITIVES || ADJECTIVES || PLURAL || DEMONSTRATIVES || SUFFIXES || CASE
|-
| ''fesak'' || ''su-qa'' || ''wasa'' || ''-t'' || ''-ep'' || ''-en'' || ''-nxa''
|-
| cooking-pots || my || blue || (ones) || that || not || (ergative)
|-
|colspan=7| &lt;center&gt;Not those blue cooking pots of mine (ergative)&lt;/center&gt;
|}

A noun phrase requires only a noun and a case ending.

[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua medium.png</title>
    <id>8525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57912</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-23T02:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rank of the Nations</title>
    <id>8526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58583</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-15T23:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ff00ff; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=10% | '''By Year of Admission'''
| style=&quot;background: #ff00ff; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=5% | '''Nation'''
| style=&quot;background: #ace5ee; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=7% | '''By Area'''
| style=&quot;background: #ace5ee; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=8% | '''Nation'''
| style=&quot;background: #7fff00; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=7% | '''By Population'''
| style=&quot;background: #7fff00; border-bottom: 10px gray;&quot; width=8% | '''Nation'''
|-
| 1974
| Nepal
| 166,473 km² - 64,276 mi²
| Nepal
| 29,300,00 (176/km²)
| Nepal
|-
| 1974
| Bhutan
| 121,586 km² - 46.945 mi²
| Kashmir
| 6,000,000 (49/km²)
| Kashmir
|-
| 1974
| Sikkim
| 95,533 km² - 36,885mi²
| Bhutan
| 3,416,000 (36/km²)
| Sikkim
|-
| 1974
| Lo
| 81,866 km² - 31,608 mi²
| Jammu
| 2,718,000 (33/km²)
| Jammu
|-
| 1980
| Kashmir
| 59,186 km² - 22,852 mi²
| Ladakh
| 951,000 (16/km²)
| Bhutan
|-
| 1980
| Jammu
| 27,862 km² - 10,758 mi²
| Lo
| 134,000 (5/km²)
| Ladakh
|-
| 1984
| Ladakh
| 21,707 km² - 8,381 mi²
| Sikkim
| 54,000 (2/km²)
| Lo
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan grammar abbreviations</title>
    <id>8527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57939</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-23T18:49:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=Abbreviations &lt;font color=blue&gt;mreħóes&lt;/font&gt;=
*Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeþáes&lt;/font&gt;
**NO = nominative &lt;font color=blue&gt;nòòmnëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**ST = stative &lt;font color=blue&gt;saaþȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**MO = motive &lt;font color=blue&gt;кèȝëȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
**VO = vocative &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħaɱȝéþas&lt;/font&gt;
*Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stììvnoomnóes&lt;/font&gt;
**1 = first person &lt;font color=blue&gt;oìtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
**2 = second person &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
**3 = third person &lt;font color=blue&gt;tìrtanħénos&lt;/font&gt;
*Number &lt;font color=blue&gt;némsos&lt;/font&gt;
**s = singular &lt;font color=blue&gt;òinémsis&lt;/font&gt;
**p = plural &lt;font color=blue&gt;pulnémsis&lt;/font&gt;
*Prefixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pèrpagóes&lt;/font&gt;
**APX = augmentative &lt;font color=blue&gt;meħpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**FPX = feminine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭenpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**IPX = intensive prefix&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝoorpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**MPX = masculine prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱirpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**NPX = negative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;arpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**PPX = privative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;eϙpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**RPX = reduplicative prefix &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòкŭerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*Suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòspagóes&lt;/font&gt;
**ASX = adverbial suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱòòqɱerpágos&lt;/font&gt;
**DSX = diminutive suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;mènüpágos&lt;/font&gt;
*Moods &lt;font color=blue&gt;minóes&lt;/font&gt;
**IMP = imperative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;vùnðëmínos&lt;/font&gt;
**IND = indicative mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
**SBJ = subjunctive mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;nɱeermínos&lt;/font&gt;
*Other &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭóes&lt;/font&gt;
**APL = agent participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ɱààþneɱéros&lt;/font&gt;
**PPL = patient participle &lt;font color=blue&gt;èntiivsŭevsénos&lt;/font&gt;
**COL = collective
**EL  = elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúúras&lt;/font&gt;
**EP  = epenthetic vowel &lt;font color=blue&gt;èntiivsŭevsŭénos&lt;/font&gt;
**FCL = future particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;posɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**PCL = past particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;perɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**VCL = vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħàɱëɱíðlos&lt;/font&gt;
**IMP = imperfective aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;nsènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
**PRF = perfective aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;sènüħŭélgas&lt;/font&gt;
**SUP = supine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfɱernóómnos&lt;/font&gt;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Inflection, Chapter 2</title>
    <id>8528</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58200</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T20:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* §3. Adjectives ȝòṁëṁeróes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]=

=&lt;center&gt;CHAPTER TWO. INFLECTION &lt;font color=blue&gt;némos II. ṁénкos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;=
*'''029'''. Senjecas is a combination of both an [[Wikipedia:analytic language|analytic]] or isolating language and an [[Wikipedia:inflection|inflected]] language.  Inflection is a change in the form of a word which is made to express its relation to other words.  It includes the declension of nouns, adjectives, participles, and pronouns, and the conjugation of verbs.  In the process of inflection, suffixes are added to a root which conveys the fundamental idea underlying the word.
==§1. Verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''030'''. [[Wikipedia:verb|Verbs]] are words that name what the subject of the statement is doing, feeling, ''etc.''.  Senjecas is primarily a verbal language, the verb being considered the most important part of a sentence.  A major portion of the Senjecan vocabulary is based on verbal roots.
*'''031'''. The root of a verb is the verb minus the mood suffix.  As this root is never found alone, in the dictionary the indicative form is used, ''e.g.'' &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁén-a&lt;/font&gt;.  This form is the [[Wikipedia:lemma (linguistics)|lemma]] for verbs.
*'''032'''. The verb has three moods: the [[Wikipedia:indicative|indicative]], the [[Wikipedia:subjunctive|subjunctive]], and the [[Wikipedia:imperative|imperative]].  In the indicative, a statement of fact is made.  In the subjunctive, a statement of unreality or uncertainty is made.  In the imperative, a command is given.  These moods are called finite moods.  The subjunctive is also called a dependent mood.  To the root is added &lt;font color=blue&gt;-a&lt;/font&gt; for the indicative mood, &lt;font color=blue&gt;-o&lt;/font&gt; for the subjunctive mood, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;-e&lt;/font&gt; for the imperative mood.  There is no infinitive.
*'''033'''.  Verbs are not marked for tense.  A preverb [[Wikipedia:grammatical particle|particle]] is used to indicate time when necessary.  &lt;font color=blue&gt;Per&lt;/font&gt; is used to indicate past time.  &lt;font color=blue&gt;Pos&lt;/font&gt; is used to indicate future time.  These particles occur immediately before the verb and are inseparable from it.  The verb unmarked for time is the default for the present.
*'''034'''. The verb has only one [[Wikipedia:grammatical voice|voice]], the active.  In the active voice, the subject is the doer or agent of the action of the verb.  A [[Wikipedia:periphrastic|periphrastic]] middle voice, in which the subject acts upon himself, is formed by using the [[Wikipedia:reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]] &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòtĭum&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;self,&quot; as the direct object of the verb.  A periphrastic passive voice, in which the grammatical subject is the recipient of the action of the verb, is formed by using the verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;táála&lt;/font&gt; with the patient participle.  An accusative sentence, ''e.g.'', &quot;sheep slaughter easily,&quot; is not possible in Senjecas.  It must be rendered as the periphrastic passive, &quot;one slaughters sheep easily&quot;.
*'''035'''. The verb has two [[Wikipedia:grammatical aspect|aspects]]: the imperfective and the perfective.  The imperfective aspect denotes a verb that expresses its meaning without regard to its beginning or completion.  The perfective aspect denotes a completed action.  The imperfective aspect is unmarked, being simply the root of the verb, plus the mood suffix.  The perfective aspect is indicated by a reduplication of the initial consonant or by a lengthening of the initial vowel.  If the initial vowel is already long, nothing further need be done.  The reduplicated syllable is always pronounced on the basal pitch.
**The weak vowel connecting the reduplicated vowel to the verb is determined by vowel harmony.  Weak i (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ï&lt;/font&gt;) is used when the vowel of the verb is one of the frontals: i, e, and a, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéna&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁïṁéna&lt;/font&gt;.  Weak u (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ü&lt;/font&gt;) is used when the vowel of the verb is one of the frontals: o, ɔ, and u, e.g., &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnda&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;vüvúnda&lt;/font&gt;.
*'''036'''. The verbal noun is known as the [[wikipedia:supine|supine]] (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfṁernóómnos&lt;/font&gt;).  It is formed by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;-u&lt;/font&gt; to the verb root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tóla&lt;/font&gt;, determine; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tólu&lt;/font&gt;, (to) determine.  It is not to be confused with the deverbative noun, ''e.g.'', determination, which is a noun of the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-as&lt;/font&gt; class, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tólas&lt;/font&gt;, determination.
*'''037'''. Senjecan verbs are divided into two classes:
**a. Class I verbs are those with an initial consonant, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tóla&lt;/font&gt;, determine.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|imperfective
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|perfective
|-
! indicative active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóla&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütóla&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tólo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütólo&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! imperative active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóle&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! indicative agent participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tólantis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütólantis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive agent participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tólontis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütólontis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! indicative patient participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tólaþis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütólaþis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive patient participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tóloþis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tütóloþis&lt;/font&gt;
|}
**b. Class II verbs are those which begin with a vowel: ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;úða&lt;/font&gt;, own.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|imperfective
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|perfective
|-
! indicative active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úða&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúða&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúðo&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! imperative active
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðe&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! indicative agent participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðantis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúðantis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive agent participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðontis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúðontis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! indicative patient participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðaþis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúðaþis&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! subjunctive patient participle
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úðoþis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;úúðoþis&lt;/font&gt;
|}

==§2. Nouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;noomnóes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''038'''. [[Wikipedia:noun|Nouns]] are words that designate a person, a thing, a place or an abstraction.
*'''039'''. Nouns and adjectives have but one root, which is the word minus the declensional ending, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćín-os&lt;/font&gt;, cradle.  This root plus the nominative singular declensional ending is the [[wikipedia:lemma|lemma]] for nouns.
*'''040'''. There are two [[Wikipedia:grammatical number|numbers]], singular and plural.  The singular denotes a single item.  The plural denotes more than one.
*'''041'''. There are four cases, [[Wikipedia:nominative|nominative]], stative, motive, and [[Wikipedia:vocative|vocative]].
*'''042'''. There are six [[Wikipedia:declension|classes]] of nouns, one for each of the vowels.
*'''043'''. The &lt;font color=blue&gt;-is&lt;/font&gt; class contains animate nouns that name plants, and nouns in &lt;font color=blue&gt;-tŭis&lt;/font&gt;, which are, for the most part, vegetable in origin, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áspis&lt;/font&gt;, aspen.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áspis&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aspíes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aspísĭo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aspím&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áspim&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áspin&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aspí&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aspíi&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''044'''. The &lt;font color=blue&gt;–es&lt;/font&gt; class contains animate nouns that name animals, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁes&lt;/font&gt;, bird.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁes&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁées&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁésĭo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁém&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁem&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁen&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁé&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁéi&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''045'''. The '''–as''' class contains inanimate abstract nouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúgas&lt;/font&gt;, flight.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúgas&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vugásĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúgam&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vugá&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''046'''. The '''–os''' class contains inanimate concrete nouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;óndos&lt;/font&gt;, stone.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óndos&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondóes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondósĭo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondóm&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óndom&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óndon&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondó&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ondói&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''047'''. The '''–øs''' class contains animate nouns that name aberrant creatures, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭérɔs&lt;/font&gt;, afreet.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭérɔs&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭerɔ́es&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭerɔ́sĭo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭerɔ́m&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭérɔm&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭérɔn&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭerɔ́&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭerɔ́i&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''048'''. The '''–us''' class contains animate nouns that name loquent beings, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;réźus&lt;/font&gt;, policeman.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|singular
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|plural
|-
! Nominative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;réźus&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźúes&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Stative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźúsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźúm&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Motive
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźum&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźun&lt;/font&gt;
|-
! Vocative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźú&lt;/font&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;font color=blue&gt;reźúi&lt;/font&gt;
|}
*'''049'''. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ámas&lt;/font&gt;, mother, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ápas&lt;/font&gt;, father, and their compounds, are declined like regular &lt;font color=blue&gt;-as&lt;/font&gt; nouns.

==§3. Adjectives &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝòṁëṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''050'''. Adjectives are words that in some way qualify nouns and pronouns.  They occur in two broad categories, determinate and indeterminate.
*'''051'''. Determinate adjectives are those which single out the noun qualified, rather than describe it.  Determinate adjectives include the cardinal numerals and the interrogative adjectives.  These adjectives, when used attributively, agree with the nouns they modify in class only, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;кɔ́sne teúres&lt;/font&gt;, the black bull; &lt;font color=blue&gt; vévr' éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, the brown horse (''note the elision'').
*'''052'''. There is no definite article.
*'''053'''. There is no indefinite article.
*'''054'''. The demonstrative adjectives are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dis&lt;/font&gt;, this, referring to what is near in place, time or thought; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nis&lt;/font&gt;, that, referring to what is more remote; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólnis&lt;/font&gt;, that over there, referring to what is even more remote.  They are seen as appositives to their noun and thus postposed.
*'''055'''. The demonstrative adjectives may be emphasized by affixing an &lt;font color=blue&gt;-h-&lt;/font&gt; to the declensional root.  The declension ending then receives the primary accent.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кàϙvalíȝos&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dos&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кàϙvalíȝos&lt;/font&gt;
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dohós&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| book
| this
| book
| this-right-here
|}
*'''056'''. The interrogative adjectives are &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭis&lt;/font&gt;, which, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭótis&lt;/font&gt;, how-, -much, -many.
*'''057'''. Possession is expressed by the personal pronoun in the stative case, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color =blue&gt;mùsĭo éénsos&lt;/font&gt;, my sword; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁum réðnos&lt;/font&gt;, our wagon; &lt;font color=blue&gt;mùsĭo péélnos кŭasĭónos ésa&lt;/font&gt;, my cup is wooden.  If it is a centaur, ''e.g.'', who is talking about his cup, he would say, &lt;font color=blue&gt;mɔ́̀sĭo péélnos кŭasĭónos ésa&lt;/font&gt;.
*'''058'''. Non-determinate adjectives are those which describe a noun or pronoun.  When used attributively they agree with the nouns they qualify in class only, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;méngu ṁírus&lt;/font&gt;, [the] handsome man; &lt;font color=blue&gt;méngu ṁirósĭ' o&lt;/font&gt;, for [the] handsome man; &lt;font color=blue&gt;méngu amámas&lt;/font&gt;, [the] beautiful grandmother; &lt;font color=blue&gt;méngu àmamásĭ' o&lt;/font&gt;, for [the] beautiful grandmother.  When used in the predicate they agree in class, case and number, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁírus méngus ésa&lt;/font&gt;, [The] man is handsome.
*'''059'''. a. Participles are non-determinate adjectives.  There is a participle for each time, aspect and mood of the verb.
**b. The agent participles are formed by suffixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;-nt-&lt;/font&gt; to the modal root of the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéna&lt;/font&gt;, love, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénantis&lt;/font&gt;, loving.  The primary accent remains on the root vowel.
**c. The patient participles are formed by suffixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þ-&lt;/font&gt; to the modal root of the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéna&lt;/font&gt;, love, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénaþis&lt;/font&gt;, loved.  The primary accent remains on the root vowel. 
*'''060'''. a. A characteristic of non-determinate adjectives (and adverbs) is that they can be compared.
**b. There is only one degree of comparison which is used for both the comparative and the superlative.  Adjectives form this comparative degree by qualifying the adjective with the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;òvlu&lt;/font&gt;, more, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;máhe ćŭónes&lt;/font&gt;, a big dog; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òvlu máhe ćŭónes&lt;/font&gt;, a bigger dog; &lt;font color=blue&gt;méngu séntus&lt;/font&gt;, a handsome traveler; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òvlu méngu séntus&lt;/font&gt;, a more handsome traveler; &lt;font color=blue&gt;óóćo naaúsos&lt;/font&gt;, a swift boat; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òvlu óóćo naaúsos&lt;/font&gt;, [the] swiftest boat; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝóóre sínϙes&lt;/font&gt;, a fierce lion; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òvlu ȝóóre sínϙes&lt;/font&gt;, [the] fiercest lion.  The noun or pronoun of comparison is in the stative case followed by the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;, in comparison to.  There are no suppletive forms, ''e.g.'', as in English &quot;good/better&quot;.
**c. Adjectives form the equative degree by adding the suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-stális&lt;/font&gt; to the class root of the adjective, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;móðre fááfles&lt;/font&gt;, a blue butterfly; &lt;font color=blue&gt;fááfles des mòðrestáles nèsĭo sòma ésa&lt;/font&gt;, this butterfly is as blue as that one.  The noun or pronoun of comparison is in the stative case followed by the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;, in comparison to.
**d. Negative comparative adjectives are formed by modifying the adjective with the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;lìsu&lt;/font&gt;, less, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;dáánes des lìsu óóćes nèsĭo sòma ésa&lt;/font&gt;, this river is less swift than that one.  The noun or pronoun of comparison is in the stative case followed by the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;, in comparison to.
**e. Negative equative adjectives are formed by using the negative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne&lt;/font&gt; to negate the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;fááfles des mòðrestáles nèsĭo sòma ésa ne&lt;/font&gt;, this butterfly is not so blue as that one.  The noun or pronoun of comparison is in the stative case followed by the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;, in comparison to.

==§4. Numerals &lt;font color=blue&gt;nemsóes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''061'''. The counting system in Senjecas is very regular and is a vigesimal system, although there are both decimal and vigesimal symbols.  These numerals may be seen in [[Appendix IV]].
*'''062'''. In Senjecas words exist for the cardinals numerals 1 through 19, and for 100, for 1,000 and for multiples of 1,000, from 10,000 to 1,000,000,000.  The other numerals are compounds of these or are based on these.  The cardinal numerals are not declined.  The cardinal numerals for 100 and above are nouns.  They are plural in form when used in compound numerals.
*'''063'''. The numbers for the decades are formed by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;sár&lt;/font&gt;, twenty, to the combining form of the cardinal numeral, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tírsar&lt;/font&gt;, 60; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tísſar déms&lt;/font&gt;, 70.
*'''064'''. In a similar way, the hundreds after 100 are formed by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćemtóes&lt;/font&gt; to the combining form of the cardinal numeral, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tìrćemtóes&lt;/font&gt;, 300; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òsćemtóes&lt;/font&gt;, 800.
*'''065'''. In a similar way, the thousands after 1,000 are formed by adding &lt;font color=blue&gt;heslóes&lt;/font&gt; to the combining form of the cardinal numeral, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tìrheslóes&lt;/font&gt;, 3,000; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sèfheslóes&lt;/font&gt;, 7,000.
*'''066'''. Million is rendered as &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝóṁćos&lt;/font&gt;; &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭèrȝoṁćóes&lt;/font&gt;, 4,000,000.
*'''067'''. The other cardinal numerals are formed by juxtaposing the numbers.
{| border=1
| &lt;center&gt;22&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;49&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;458&lt;/center&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;7,628&lt;/center&gt;
|-
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;sár dŭo
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭósar neún
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭèrćemtóes dŭósar déms oć
| &lt;font color=blue&gt;sefhesloes sŭèsćemtóes sár oć
|}
*'''068'''. The ordinal numerals beyond ''tenth'' are formed by juxtaposing the required ordinals, the smaller placed last, and the last element of the number taking the ordinal ending, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sártis&lt;/font&gt;, twentieth; &lt;font color=blue&gt;oítis&lt;/font&gt;, first; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sár oìtis&lt;/font&gt;, twenty-first.  Tonally they are one word.
*'''069'''. Table of numerals.
{| border=1
|c=01|#
|c=02|cardinal
|c=03|ordinal
|c=04|multiple
|c=05|times
|c=06|collection
|c=07|fraction
|-
|c=01|1
|c=02|ói (oj-)
|c=03|oítis
|c=04|òipélis
|c=05|òis
|c=06|óȝos
|c=07|
|-
|c=01|2
|c=02|dŭó
|c=03|dŭótis
|c=04|dŭopélis
|c=05|dŭos
|c=06|dŭóȝos
|c=07|séémis
|-
|c=01|3
|c=02|tír
|c=03|tírtis
|c=04|tirpélis
|c=05|tirs
|c=06|tiríȝos
|c=07|tirnémos
|-
|c=01|4
|c=02|кŭér
|c=03|кŭértis
|c=04|кŭerpélis
|c=05|кŭers
|c=06|кŭeríȝos
|c=07|кŭernémos
|-
|c=01|5
|c=02|pén
|c=03|péntis
|c=04|penpélis
|c=05|pens
|c=06|peníȝos
|c=07|pènënémos
|-
|c=01|6
|c=02|sŭés
|c=03|sŭéstis
|c=04|sŭespélis
|c=05|sŭèsës
|c=06|sŭesíȝos
|c=07|sŭesnémos
|-
|c=01|7
|c=02|séf
|c=03|séftis
|c=04|sefpélis
|c=05|sefs
|c=06|sefíȝos
|c=07|sefnémos
|-
|c=01|8
|c=02|óć
|c=03|óstis
|c=04|ospélis
|c=05|òćës
|c=06|oćíȝos
|c=07|osnémos
|-
|c=01|9
|c=02|neún
|c=03|neúntis
|c=04|nèunpélis
|c=05|nèuns
|c=06|neuníȝos
|c=07|neùnënémos
|-
|c=01|10
|c=02|déms
|c=03|démsëtis
|c=04|dèmsëpélis
|c=05|dèmsës
|c=06|demsíȝos
|c=07|dèmsënémos
|-
|c=01|11
|c=02|þu
|c=03|þútis
|c=04|þupélis
|c=05|þus
|c=06|þuíȝos
|c=07|þunémos
|-
|c=01|12
|c=02|zal
|c=03|záltis
|c=04|zalpélis
|c=05|zals
|c=06|zalíȝos
|c=07|zalnémos
|-
|c=01|13
|c=02|кi
|c=03|кítis
|c=04|кipélis
|c=05|кis
|c=06|кíȝos
|c=07|кinémos
|-
|c=01|14
|c=02|huþ
|c=03|húþtis
|c=04|huþpélis
|c=05|huþs
|c=06|huþíȝos
|c=07|huþnémos
|-
|c=01|15
|c=02|max
|c=03|máxtis
|c=04|maxpélis
|c=05|maxs
|c=06|maxíȝos
|c=07|maxnémos
|-
|c=01|16
|c=02|ća
|c=03|ćátis
|c=04|ćapélis
|c=05|ćas
|c=06|ćaíȝos
|c=07|ćanémos
|-
|c=01|17
|c=02|sem
|c=03|sémtis
|c=04|sempélis
|c=05|sems
|c=06|semíȝos
|c=07|semnémos
|-
|c=01|18
|c=02|кez
|c=03|кéztis
|c=04|кepélis
|c=05|кèzës
|c=06|кezíȝos
|c=07|кeznémos
|-
|c=01|19
|c=02|nuf
|c=03|núftis
|c=04|nufpélis
|c=05|nufs
|c=06|nufíȝos
|c=07|nufnémos
|-
|c=01|20
|c=02|sar
|c=03|sártis
|c=04|sarpélis
|c=05|sars
|c=06|saríȝos
|c=07|sarnémos
|-
|c=01|21
|c=02|sar ói
|c=03|sàr oítis
|c=04|sar òipélis
|c=05|sar òis
|c=06|sar óȝos
|c=07|sar òinémos
|-
|c=01|30
|c=02|sár dems
|c=03|sar démsëtis
|c=04|sar dèmsëpélis
|c=05|sar dèmsës
|c=06|sàr demsíȝos
|c=07|sar dèmsënémos
|-
|c=01|40
|c=02|dŭósar
|c=03|dŭosártis
|c=04|dŭòsarpélis
|c=05|dŭòsars
|c=06|dŭòsarìȝos
|c=07|dŭòsarnémos
|-
|c=01|100
|c=02|ćémtos
|c=03|ćémtëtis
|c=04|ćèmtëpélis
|c=05|ćèmtës
|c=06|ćemtíȝos
|c=07|ćèmtënémos
|-
|c=01|1,000
|c=02|héslos
|c=03|héslëtis
|c=04|hèslëpélis
|c=05|hèslës
|c=06|heslíȝos
|c=07|hèslënémos
|-
|c=01|10,000
|c=02|sásros
|c=03|sásrëtis
|c=04|sàsrëpélis
|c=05|sàsrës
|c=06|sasríȝos
|c=07|sàsrënémos
|-
|c=01|100,000
|c=02|bééźŭos
|c=03|bééźütis
|c=04|bèèźüpélis
|c=05|bééźüs
|c=06|beeźŭíȝos
|c=07|bèèźünémos
|-
|c=01|1,000,000
|c=02|ȝómćos
|c=03|ȝómćëtis
|c=04|ȝòmćëpélis
|c=05|ȝòmćës
|c=06|ȝomćíȝos
|c=07|ȝòmćënémos
|-
|c=01|10,000,000
|c=02|márŭos
|c=03|márütis
|c=04|màrüpélis
|c=05|màrüs
|c=06|marŭíȝos
|c=07|màrünémos
|-
|c=01|100,000,000
|c=02|épos
|c=03|éftis
|c=04|efpélis
|c=05|efs
|c=06|epíȝos
|c=07|efnémos
|-
|c=01|1,000,000,000
|c=02|míngos
|c=03|míngëtis
|c=04|mìngëpélis
|c=05|mìngës
|c=06|mingíȝos
|c=07|mìngënémos
|-
|c=01|10,000,000,000
|c=02|ćépos
|c=03|ćéftis
|c=04|ćefpélis
|c=05|ćefs
|c=06|ćepíȝos
|c=07|ćefnémos
|-
|c=01|100,000,000,000
|c=02|ćĭúmos
|c=03|ćĭúmtis
|c=04|ćĭumpélis
|c=05|ćĭùms
|c=06|ćĭumíȝos
|c=07|ćĭumnémos
|} 
*'''070'''. Multiplicative numbers expressing &quot;how many times as many&quot; are formed by adding the suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-кŭótis&lt;/font&gt; to the cardinal number, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭoкŭótis&lt;/font&gt;, twice as many.  What is being compared is in the stative case with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;ſòma&lt;/font&gt;.
'''He has twice as many horses as I.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭoкŭóte&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ećŭé-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|twice.as.many
|horse-NO.p
|1s-ST
|compared.to
|3s.ST
|to
|be-IND
|}
*'''071'''. Distributive numbers are formed by repeating the required number.  Notice that, with respect to tone, the two numbers are considered one word.
'''The men crossed the bridge two by two.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭó&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrééṁ-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tár-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-NO.s
|two
|two
|&lt;center&gt;bridge-MO.s&lt;/center&gt;
|PCL
|cross-IND
|}
*'''072'''. Distributive numbers expressing &quot;at a time&quot; are formed by adding the suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-(ë)snu&lt;/font&gt; to the cardinal number, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;oìsnu&lt;/font&gt;, one at a time; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dèmsësnu&lt;/font&gt;, ten at a time.
*'''073'''. As with the ordinals, the compound numbers are repeated with the proper ending suffixed to the last element: ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sàr dŭósnu&lt;/font&gt;, twenty-two times; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sàr demsë tirpèlis&lt;/font&gt;, thirty-three-fold; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòsar penкŭótis&lt;/font&gt;, forty-five times as many; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭòsar dèmsë neùnësnu&lt;/font&gt;, fifty-nine at a time.

==§5. Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stiivnòòmnëṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''074'''. Pronouns are words that can be substituted for nouns.  The following types of pronouns can be found in Senjecas: personal, intensive, reciprocal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, and reflexive.
*'''075'''. a. The personal pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;, I; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tus&lt;/font&gt;, you; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁus&lt;/font&gt;, we; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝus&lt;/font&gt;, you.  The third person pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dus&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnus&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;dùes&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùes&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;olnùes&lt;/font&gt; they, depending on the proximity or remoteness of the person or object.  These pronouns are put into the appropriate class and case of the noun for which they are substituting, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónes&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nes&lt;/font&gt;, [the] dog, it; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ííṁis&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nis&lt;/font&gt;, [the] yew tree, it; &lt;font color=blue&gt;óndos&lt;/font&gt;, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nos&lt;/font&gt;, [the] rock, it.  If a human is talking about himself, he says &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;.  If a centaur is talking about himself, he says &lt;font color=blue&gt;mɔs&lt;/font&gt;.
**b. There is no implication of gender in the third person pronouns.  To specify the gender, the gender-marking prefixes must be used, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nòrnus&lt;/font&gt;, he; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ììnus&lt;/font&gt;, she.  These are enclitics and the tone remains on the pronoun.
**c. The personal pronouns are declined like the nouns in their proper classes, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus, mùsĭo, mum&lt;/font&gt;; etc.
*'''076'''. The intensive pronoun is formed by prefixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;poþ-&lt;/font&gt;, to the personal pronouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus per áta&lt;/font&gt;, I went; &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòþmus pos áta&lt;/font&gt;, I myself will go.
*'''077'''. The reciprocal pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;anĭànĭus&lt;/font&gt;.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (75c).
*'''078'''. The demonstrative pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dus&lt;/font&gt;, this, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;/font&gt;, that, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnus&lt;/font&gt;, that over there.  They are declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (75c).
*'''079'''. a. The interrogative pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭus&lt;/font&gt;.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (75c).
**b. There is also a dual interrogative pronoun &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭutèrus&lt;/font&gt;, who/which of two.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (75c).
*'''080'''. The indefinite pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;sèmus&lt;/font&gt;, some(one/thing).  The negative indefinite pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèsmus&lt;/font&gt;, no one, nobody, nothing.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (75c).
*'''081'''. The reflexive pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòtĭum&lt;/font&gt;.  It is found only in the motive case, as the direct object of a verb or postposition, or in the stative case as the object of a postposition.

==§6. Adverbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁòòϙṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''082'''. Adverbs stand in the same relationship to verbs (and adjectives) as adjectives do to nouns, ''i.e.'', in some way they qualify the verb (or adjective).
*'''083'''. Certain words are, of their nature, adverbs, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ìðu&lt;/font&gt;, here.  Adverbs of this type end in &lt;font color=blue&gt;-u&lt;/font&gt;.
*'''084'''. Any non-determinate adjective may be used as an adverb.  When used in this way, the enclitic &lt;font color=blue&gt;-(ë)vi&lt;/font&gt; is added to the root of the adjective.  The primary accent of the adjective is reduced to a secondary accent on the adverb.
'''These brave men fought.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙólvu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;des&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćát-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|brave
|man-NO.p
|this-NO.p
|PCL
|fight-IND
|}
'''These men fought bravely.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙòlv-ë-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćát-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-NO.p
|this-NO.p
|brave-EP-ADV
|PCL
|fight-IND
|}
*'''085'''. Adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives with the same adverbs that are used for the adjectives, ''i.e.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;òlvu&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;lìſu&lt;/font&gt;.
'''These men fought more bravely than those.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlvu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙòlv-ë-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćát-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-NO.p
|this-NO.p
|that-ST.p
|compared.to
|more
|brave-EP-ADV
|PCL
|fight-IND
|}
*'''086'''. An adverbial phrase of time precedes an adverbial phrase of place.
'''We will be dining at your mother's home this evening.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèsperásĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-ásĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;amásĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèsperéda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|evening-ST.s
|this-ST.s
|2s.ST
|mother-ST.s
|at.home.of
|FCL
|dine-IND
|}

[[Senjecan Word Formation, Chapter 3]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Word Formation, Chapter 3</title>
    <id>8529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58197</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T20:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* §2. Compounding Rules */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]=
=&lt;center&gt;CHAPTER THREE. Word Formation &lt;font color=blue&gt;némos III. ɱermérvas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;=
*'''087'''. Senjecas has a well-developed system of word formation in which roots are modified by various prefixes and suffixes to form new words.  ''E.g.'', the root &lt;font color=blue&gt;ed-&lt;/font&gt; may give &lt;font color=blue&gt;éda&lt;/font&gt;, eat; &lt;font color=blue&gt;édos&lt;/font&gt;, food; &lt;font color=blue&gt;édĭis&lt;/font&gt;, edible; &lt;font color=blue&gt;eðdémos&lt;/font&gt;, restaurant; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nédĭis&lt;/font&gt;, inedible; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;édus&lt;/font&gt;, eater.

==§1. Word Structure==
*'''088'''. A root is that part of a word which remains after its formative elements are removed.  It gives the meaning or abstract idea apart from its relations.  It is not necessarily a monosyllable.
*'''089'''. A simple word is formed from a single root.  A compound word is formed by combining two or more roots.
*'''090'''. The verb is the most important part of speech in Senjecas.  A major part of the Senjecan vocabulary is derived from verbs.  To the verbal root are added prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as nouns and adjectives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;némva&lt;/font&gt;, steam; &lt;font color=blue&gt;némvos&lt;/font&gt;, steam; &lt;font color=blue&gt;némvëmis&lt;/font&gt;, steamy. In many modern languages, including English, this example would seem to be that of a noun which has given rise to a verb.  It is not understood that way in Senjecas.  Words that are not derived from verbs are known as non-derivative words.
*'''091'''. Other parts of speech formed from a verbal root are called deverbatives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;rezréṁas&lt;/font&gt;, principality, from &lt;font color=blue&gt;réźa&lt;/font&gt;, rule.
*'''092'''. There are eight categories of words in Senjecas.
**a. The verb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tíírs-a&lt;/font&gt;, defy; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tíírs-as&lt;/font&gt;, defiance; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tíírs-is&lt;/font&gt;, defiant; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tììrs-u&lt;/font&gt;, nevertheless; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tììrs-a&lt;/font&gt;, despite; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tììrs-i&lt;/font&gt;, although.
**b. The non-derivative noun with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúðs-os&lt;/font&gt;, metal; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruðsáágus&lt;/font&gt;, metalworker; &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðsis&lt;/font&gt;, metallic.
**c. The non-derivative adjective with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;súúnt-is&lt;/font&gt;, alert; &lt;font color=blue&gt;súnt-ëtas&lt;/font&gt;, alertness.  Any non-derivative adjective can be used as a verb, &lt;font color=blue&gt;mùsë súnta&lt;/font&gt;, I am alert.
**d. The non-derivative adverb with its derivatives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààr-u&lt;/font&gt;, so, thus; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààr-i&lt;/font&gt;, therefore.
**e. The non-derivative pronoun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;, I.
**f. The non-derivative postposition, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;, in.
**g. The non-derivative conjunction, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁo&lt;/font&gt;, or.
**h. The non-derivative interjection, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁaí&lt;/font&gt;, woe.
*'''093'''. The basic form of the Senjecan verb is called the triphonetic root.  In its simplest form, it consists of a consonant, a vowel(s), and a consonant (CVC, &lt;font color=blue&gt;кúp-&lt;/font&gt;); or a null, a vowel(s), and a consonant (ØVC, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ém-&lt;/font&gt;).
*'''094'''. A lengthened triphonetic root can be formed by inserting a non-plosive consonant (N) before the last consonant (CVNC, &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćémb-&lt;/font&gt;; ØVNC, &lt;font color=blue&gt;óln-&lt;/font&gt;). 
*'''095'''. Compound verbs may be formed by adding a proclitic element to the triphonetic root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;pu-áta&lt;/font&gt;, return.  These proclitic elements may be any part of speech.  As with enclitics, the proclitic element is intoned on the basal pitch.
*'''096'''. To this triphonetic root are added the various prefixes and suffixes to form compound words, ''e.g.'', nouns from verbs.
*'''097'''. Pronouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;; non-derivative adverbs and postpositions, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ànta&lt;/font&gt;; and non-derivative nouns and adjectives, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;vólnos&lt;/font&gt;, have their own forms independent of any triphonetic root.  To these also may be added the various prefixes and suffixes to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;v-źémvis&lt;/font&gt;, toothless.

==§2. Compounding Rules==
*'''098'''. If the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a vowel, the second element is added to the root of the first element, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tíír-a&lt;/font&gt;, scrape, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;óndos&lt;/font&gt;, stone, = &lt;font color=blue&gt;tiiróndos&lt;/font&gt;, scouring stone; &lt;font color=blue&gt;óóć-is&lt;/font&gt;, swift, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;óres&lt;/font&gt;, hawk = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooćóres&lt;/font&gt;, goshawk.
*'''099'''. If the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a consonant, the second element is added to the root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;aabél-os&lt;/font&gt;, apple + &lt;font color=blue&gt;héélos&lt;/font&gt;, wine = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààbelhéélos&lt;/font&gt;, cider.  But remember lenition, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;éd-a&lt;/font&gt;, to eat + &lt;font color=blue&gt;léépos&lt;/font&gt;, plane = &lt;font color=blue&gt;eðléépos&lt;/font&gt;, table.
*'''100'''. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a consonant, an epenthetic '''ë''' is added for euphony, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;móðr-is&lt;/font&gt;, blue, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúðsos&lt;/font&gt;, metal, = &lt;font color=blue&gt;mòδrërúδsos&lt;/font&gt;, cobalt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðórn-is&lt;/font&gt;, many-colored + &lt;font color=blue&gt;hélnos&lt;/font&gt;, glass = &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðòrnëhélnos&lt;/font&gt;, stained glass.
*'''101'''. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a vowel, the second is added to the root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;órv-a&lt;/font&gt;, inherit, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;oítos&lt;/font&gt;, unit = &lt;font color=blue&gt;òrvoítos&lt;/font&gt;, gene.
*'''102'''. If the first element in the compound word ends with a palatalized consonant, the palatal indicator is changed into the short vowel known as &lt;font color=blue&gt;lívi&lt;/font&gt; (weak i), ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;hólvĭ-es&lt;/font&gt;, swan + &lt;font color=blue&gt;hááḷes&lt;/font&gt;, chick = &lt;font color=blue&gt;hòlvïhááaḷes&lt;/font&gt;, cygnet.
*'''103'''. If the first element in the compound word ends with a labialized consonant and the second element begins with a consonant the labial indicator is changed into the short vowel known as &lt;font color=blue&gt;lívu&lt;/font&gt; (weak u), ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mínŭ-is&lt;/font&gt;, little + &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćááṁes&lt;/font&gt;, owl = &lt;font color=blue&gt;mììnüćááṁes&lt;/font&gt;, little owl.

==§3. Denominatives==
*'''104'''. Denominative words are compound words built on the root of a noun.
===Denominative nouns from simple nouns===
*'''105'''. a. Most of the names of animals have only one word for both sexes; these are known as epicene words, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólćes&lt;/font&gt;, moose.  In order to designate the sex of epicene words, a prefix is added.
**b. To designate a male animal, the prefix is &lt;font color=blue&gt;nor-&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt; éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, horse; &lt;font color=blue&gt;noréćŭes, &lt;/font&gt;stallion.
**c. To designate a female animal, the prefix is &lt;font color=blue&gt;ii-&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, horse; &lt;font color=blue&gt;iiéćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, mare.
*'''106'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-áágus&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes one who works with or is concerned with what is named in the noun root or one who makes or composes what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁoínos&lt;/font&gt;, wine; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁòináágus&lt;/font&gt;, vintner.
*'''107'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-áźes&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes various kinds of small ungulates, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙoorétos&lt;/font&gt;, ridge of a mountain; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙòòretáźes&lt;/font&gt;, chamois.
*'''108'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ćééṁas&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes an inflammation of the body part named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙelóndos&lt;/font&gt;, stomach; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙelòndëćééṁas&lt;/font&gt;, gastritis.
*'''109'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-démos&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes the residence of that which is named in the noun root or a building pertaining to that which is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁes&lt;/font&gt;, bird; &lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁdémos&lt;/font&gt;, aviary.
*'''110'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-éðlos&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes a place frequented by what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;aróódes&lt;/font&gt;, heron; &lt;font color=blue&gt;àroodéðlos&lt;/font&gt;, heronry.
*'''111'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-es&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes animals that are characterized by what is named in the verb, noun or adjective root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;láćis&lt;/font&gt;, speckled; &lt;font color=blue&gt;láćes&lt;/font&gt;, salmon.
*'''112'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-íȝos&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denotes a collective noun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;hélnos&lt;/font&gt;, glass; &lt;font color=blue&gt;helníȝos&lt;/font&gt;, glassware.
*'''113'''. The noun suffixes &lt;font color=blue&gt;-l-&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ĸ-&lt;/font&gt; when added to the root denote diminutives of or terms of endearment for what is named in the noun base.  Because these suffixes are enclitics, the primary intonation remains on the original syllable of the root word.  When both are added to the noun base, &lt;font color=blue&gt;-l-&lt;/font&gt; precedes &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ĸ-&lt;/font&gt;, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸááṁes&lt;/font&gt;, eagle owl; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸááṁles&lt;/font&gt;, Scops owl; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸááṁlëĸes&lt;/font&gt;, pygmy owl.
*'''114'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-lĭes&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the young of mammals, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónes&lt;/font&gt;, dog; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónlĭes&lt;/font&gt;, puppy.
*'''115'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-méþros&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the instrument that measures what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tén-as&lt;/font&gt;, time; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tenméþros&lt;/font&gt;, clock.
*'''116'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-árĭus&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the person in charge of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;aþál-os&lt;/font&gt;, family; &lt;font color=blue&gt;àþalárĭus&lt;/font&gt;, head of the family.
*'''117'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-rus&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes a person connected with, belonging to, a resident of, or of the nationality of the place named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭóros&lt;/font&gt;, mountain; &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭórërus&lt;/font&gt;, mountaineer.
*'''118'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-témus&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes a person who works with the metal named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;aaús-os&lt;/font&gt;, gold; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ààustémus&lt;/font&gt;, goldsmith.
*'''119'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-tas&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the noun root, -ty, -ness, -tude, -hood, ''etc.'', ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ám-as&lt;/font&gt;, mother; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ámtas&lt;/font&gt;, motherhood.
*'''120'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-íímos&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes a solution of what is named in the noun base, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sál-os&lt;/font&gt;, salt; &lt;font color=blue&gt;salíímos&lt;/font&gt;, salt water, brine.
*'''121'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ṁídas&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the science, theory or study of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mán-us&lt;/font&gt;, human; &lt;font color=blue&gt;manṁídas&lt;/font&gt;, anthropology.
*'''122'''. The patronymic is formed by prefixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;źoon-&lt;/font&gt; to the noun or name, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;źoontémus&lt;/font&gt;, son/daughter of the smith.

===Denominative nouns from simple adjectives===
*'''123'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-os&lt;/font&gt; when added to the adjective root denotes a concrete noun related to the adjective root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;réṁ-is&lt;/font&gt;, extensive; &lt;font color=blue&gt;réṁos&lt;/font&gt;, country.
*'''124'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-tas&lt;/font&gt; when added to the adjective root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the adjective root, -ty, -ness, -tude, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðis&lt;/font&gt;, red; &lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðtas&lt;/font&gt;, redness.
*'''125'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-íȝos&lt;/font&gt; when added to cardinal numerals denotes inanimate nouns of quantity, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭés&lt;/font&gt;, six; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭesíȝos&lt;/font&gt;, hexad.
*'''126'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-íȝus&lt;/font&gt; when added to cardinal numerals denotes animate nouns of quantity, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭés&lt;/font&gt;, six; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭesíȝus&lt;/font&gt;, sextet.
*'''127'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt; when added to the adjective root denotes a person possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;máϙ-is&lt;/font&gt;, young; &lt;font color=blue&gt;máϙus&lt;/font&gt;, youth.
*'''128'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-úros&lt;/font&gt; when added to the adjective root denotes a metal possessing the quality named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;óóź-is&lt;/font&gt;, shining; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ooźúros&lt;/font&gt;, silver.

===Denominative adjectives from nouns.===
*'''129'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ónis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the palatalized root of the noun, denotes made of the material named in the noun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;álṁ-os&lt;/font&gt;, tin; &lt;font color=blue&gt;alṁĭónis&lt;/font&gt;, made of tin, tinny, stannic.
*'''130'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-mérvis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes having the shape or form of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðúv-os&lt;/font&gt;, wedge; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðuvmérvis&lt;/font&gt;, wedge-shaped.
*'''131'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-mis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes the existence of, possession of, or a relationship to what is named in the noun root, -(e)y, -(e)d, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;él-os&lt;/font&gt;, stripe; &lt;font color=blue&gt;élmis&lt;/font&gt;, striped.
*'''132'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ṁis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes pertaining to, connected with, belonging to, of the nature of, or characteristic of what is named in the noun root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭón-es&lt;/font&gt;, dog; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónṁis&lt;/font&gt;, canine, doggish. (Cf. 133)
*'''133'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-nis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭón-es&lt;/font&gt;, dog; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónënis&lt;/font&gt;, doggish, resembling a dog. (Cf. 132)
*'''134'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-pástis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes imperviousness to or the ability to resist or withstand what is named in the noun root, -proof, -tight, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁd-es&lt;/font&gt;, water; &lt;font color=blue&gt;àṁdëpástis&lt;/font&gt;, waterproof, watertight.
*'''135'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ris&lt;/font&gt; when added to the noun root denotes being full of what is named in the noun root, -ful, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;vért-as&lt;/font&gt;, (good) luck, fortune; &lt;font color=blue&gt;vértëris&lt;/font&gt;, lucky, fortunate.

===Denominative adjectives from adjectives.===
*'''136'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ëstis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the adjective root denotes somewhat or rather like what is named in the adjective root, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;móðr-is&lt;/font&gt;, blue; &lt;font color=blue&gt;móðrëstis&lt;/font&gt;, bluish.

==§4. Deverbatives==
*'''137'''. Deverbative words are compound words built on the root of a verb.
===Deverbative nouns from verbs.===
*'''138'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-as&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes an abstract noun derived from the verb, -ment, -ness, -tion, -tude, -ty, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mízð-a&lt;/font&gt;, pay; &lt;font color=blue&gt;mízðas&lt;/font&gt;, expense.
*'''139'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-dáros&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes the place where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭérĭ-a&lt;/font&gt;, buy; &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭèrïdáros&lt;/font&gt;, marketplace.
*'''140'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-démos&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes a building where the action of the verb occurs, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;álŭa&lt;/font&gt;, brew; &lt;font color=blue&gt;àlüdémos&lt;/font&gt;, brewery.
*'''141'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-es&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes an animal that is characterized by the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;góṁ-a&lt;/font&gt;, to caw; &lt;font color=blue&gt;góṁes&lt;/font&gt;, crow.
*'''142'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-os&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root forms a concrete noun related to the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mízð-a&lt;/font&gt;, to pay; &lt;font color=blue&gt;mízðos&lt;/font&gt;, wages.
*'''143'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-tŭis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root names a medicine or other substance used to perform the action expressed by the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;lóɱ-a&lt;/font&gt;, to wash; &lt;font color=blue&gt;lóɱtŭis&lt;/font&gt;, soap.
*'''144'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-aþus&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes the recipient of the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;кól-a&lt;/font&gt;, imprison; &lt;font color=blue&gt;кólaþus&lt;/font&gt;, prisoner.  Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel.  This is, in fact, the patient participle used as a noun.
*'''145'''. The noun suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes the agent of the action of the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;dém-a&lt;/font&gt;, build; &lt;font color=blue&gt;démus&lt;/font&gt;, builder.

===Deverbative adjectives from verbs.===
*'''146'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ëstis&lt;/font&gt; when added to the verb root denotes having a tendency toward or inclination to perform the action expressed in the verb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;dérg-a&lt;/font&gt;, attract; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dérgëstis&lt;/font&gt;, attractive.  Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel.
*'''147'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-is&lt;/font&gt;, added to the palatalized root of the verb, indicates the capability of the action expressed in the verb to be performed, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;íð-a&lt;/font&gt;, to burn; &lt;font color=blue&gt;íðĭis&lt;/font&gt;, combustible.  Note that this forms a &quot;passive&quot; adjective: &quot;able to BE burned&quot;, not &quot;able to burn.&quot;

==§5. Adjectives from postpositions.==
*'''148'''. The adjectival suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ris&lt;/font&gt; is used to form an adjective from a postposition.  This adjective may then, in turn, be used to form other parts of speech, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;be&lt;/font&gt;, outside; &lt;font color=blue&gt;béris&lt;/font&gt;, outer; &lt;font color=blue&gt;bérus&lt;/font&gt;, foreigner.

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4a]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4a</title>
    <id>8530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58199</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T20:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* §6. Pronouns stììvnoomnóes */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]=

=&lt;center&gt;CHAPTER FOUR. Syntax &lt;font color=blue&gt;IV. némos. ṁèrëréćas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;=
*'''149'''. Senjecas has an object-verb (OV) syntax, which means that all modifiers (adjectives, possessives, postpositional phrases, clauses) are placed before the noun they modify.  The finite verb is the last element in its sentence.

==§1. Word Order &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèrëréćas&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''150.''' Sentence order is: subject + adverbial time phrase + adverbial place phrase + other postpositional phrase + object + finite verb (+ negative).
'''sweet honey  old man's gray hair'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭáádo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méln-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źeer-úsǐo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćásn-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|sweet
|honey
|old.man-ST.s
|gray.hair-NO.s
|}
'''The millstone under the tree is heavy.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dorísĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ùnda&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;miil-ónd-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭér-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|tree-ST.s
|under
|mill-stone-NO.s
|heavy-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
'''The stag whose antlers are broken is fighting.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-èsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćer-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vï~vèrź-aþ-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nor-ȝórк-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćát-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-ST.s
|antler-NO.p
|RED~break-PPL-NO.p
|MPX-deer-NO.s
|fight-IND
|}
*'''151'''. As with all finite verbs, when a verb is in the imperative mood, it is placed last in the sentence.
'''Throw the ball. // Let's go to the ocean'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡t-ú&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gél-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;símt-e!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|/
|/
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡ṁ-ú&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tíírt-em&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;át-e!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2.s-VO
|ball-MO.s
|throw-IMP
|/
|/
|3.p-VO
|ocean-MO.s
|toward
|go-IMP
|}
'''Don't come near me!'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;¡t-ú&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝób-e&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;me!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2.s-VO
|1.s-MO
|approach-IMP
|not
|}       
*'''152'''. In an OV language titles are postposed.
'''King William I reigned 21 years.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;oítu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁilĭám-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mèh-asúr-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ói&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁét-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rééź-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|first
|William-NO.s
|great-prince-NO.s
|twenty
|one
|year-ST.p
|PCL
|reign-IND
|}
*'''153'''. Elements which depend on one another must be next to each other.
'''He is richer than I in cattle.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙááv-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭósem&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|increase-ADV
|rich-NO.s
|1-ST.s
|compared.to
|cattle-ST.s
|be-IND
|}
not:                                                                 
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙááv-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭósem&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|increase-ADV
|rich-NO.s
|cattle-ST.s
|1-ST.s
|compared.to
|be-IND
|}

==§2. Definitions. &lt;font color=blue&gt;tòlкümáes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''154'''. A sentence expresses a thought in words.  Syntax treats of the relation of these words to one another. A sentence may contain a declaration, a question, a command (imperative or subjunctive), or an exclamation.  Each of these may be either affirmative or negative.
*'''155'''. Every sentence must contain two parts, a subject and a predicate.  The subject is that about which something is stated.  The predicate is that which is stated about the subject. ''E.g.'', in the sentence &lt;font color=blue&gt;maaкíes ànþomíes móla&lt;/font&gt;, the poppies are in bloom, &quot;the poppies&quot; is the subject and &quot;are in bloom&quot; is the predicate.
*'''156'''. A verb with its pronoun subject makes the simplest form of sentence: &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ćérsa&lt;/font&gt;, He runs.
**There are some impersonal sentences, having to do with the weather, that contain only a predicate, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁérsa&lt;/font&gt;, it is raining.
*'''157'''. A simple sentence contains only one clause.
*'''158'''. When any part of &lt;font color=blue&gt;ésa&lt;/font&gt; or &lt;font color=blue&gt;móla&lt;/font&gt;, be, connects the subject with a following noun, adjective, or phrase, the verb is called the copula, and what follows is called the predicate, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mùsĭo heſrées uϙrées móla&lt;/font&gt;, my hands are cold.  The copula may not be omitted in Senjecas.
*'''159'''. That upon which the action of a verb is exerted is called the object.  The object may be either direct or indirect, ''e.g.'', in &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus tír ternósĭo méton nùsĭ' o lúϙa&lt;/font&gt;, he promised him three measures of wheat, &quot;three measures&quot; is the direct object and &quot;him&quot; the indirect object.
*'''160'''. Verbs which can have a direct object are called transitive; those which cannot are called intransitive.  In Senjecas, most verbs are ambitransitive, that is, they can be both transitive and intransitive.

==§3. Subject and Predicate &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁáátosкŭe eegáþosкŭe&lt;/font&gt;==
===Subject &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁáátos&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''161'''. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭes ćérsa&lt;/font&gt;, the horse runs.
*'''162'''. The subject of a dependent finite verb is in the motive case, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus num átu ṁéća&lt;/font&gt;, I wanted him to go.

===Subject and Verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁáátosкŭe ufṁérosкŭe&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''163'''. A finite verb is marked only for mood, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus sárta&lt;/font&gt;, I hoe; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nuí sárte&lt;/font&gt;, let them hoe.

===Predicate Noun and Adjective &lt;font color=blue&gt;èègaþnóómnosкŭe ȝomɱérosкŭe&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''164'''. With verbs signifying &quot;to be, to become, to appear, to taste, to be named, to be chosen, to be made, to be thought, to be regarded&quot;, ''etc''., a noun or adjective in the predicate is in the same case as the subject, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus tùsĭo vaatósĭo èho mélĭaþus tïtáála&lt;/font&gt;, he has become angered by your speech.  These verbs are called copulative verbs.
'''This man is king.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁír-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mèh-asúr-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mòl-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-NO.s
|this-NO.s
|great-prince-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
'''These apples taste good.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ààbel-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vaad-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źéés-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|apple-NO.s
|this-NO.s
|good-NO.s
|taste-IND
|}
'''He wants his sons to be wise.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;súún-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁíd-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁeća:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|3-ST.s
|son-MO.p
|wise-MO.p
|be-SUP
|want-IND
|}
*'''165'''. a. The predicate adjective with these verbs agrees with the subject in class, number and case.
'''That girl is very pretty.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭén-l-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mèng~ë-méng-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|woman-DI-NO.s
|that-NO.s
|RED~EP-pretty-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
*b. A predicate adjective or noun is placed immediately before the finite verb phrase.
'''This custom is popular with the young people.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;úć-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;maϙ-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;àða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;leúð-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|custom-NO.s
|this-NO.s
|youth-ST.p
|with
|popular-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
*'''166'''. The predicate of a dependent finite verb with its subject in the motive case is also in the motive case.
'''He wants his son to be strong.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;súún-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁálð-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁeć-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|3-ST.s
|son-MO.s
|strong-MO.s
|be-SUP
|want-IND
|}

==§4. Apposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;nééɱħëtas&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''167'''. A substantive annexed to another substantive to describe it, and denoting the same person or thing, agrees with it in case.  This is called apposition.  The noun thus used is called an appositive and is placed after the noun to which it is in apposition.
'''I, the prince, have given an order.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;asúr-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnð-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vü~vúnð-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NO.s
|prince-NO.s
|order-MO.s
|RED~order-IND
|}
*'''167'''. A noun may be in apposition with the subject or the object of a sentence, where in English &quot;as&quot; or a like word would be used.
'''The prince is offering horses to the sun god as a sacrifice.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;asúr-usë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;suul-ésĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dííȝṁ-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭ-en&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pénd-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pénd-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|one-NO.s
|horse-MO.p
|sacrifice-MO.s
|sun-ST.s
|god-ST.s
|to
|sacrifice-IND
|}
*'''168'''. The appositive of material or contents, denotes that of which anything consists, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;veerúrosë sŭááde áṁdes&lt;/font&gt;, a spring of fresh water; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭó metóes miilnóes&lt;/font&gt;, two measures of flour.

==§5. Adjectives &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝomṁéros&lt;/font&gt;==
===Agreement of Adjectives &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝomṁeróm vúndas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''169'''. Attributive adjectives agree with their substantives in class only.  This applies to adjectives of whatever kind: determinate, non-determinate, or participles.
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sкíþlos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áṁes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúði&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ánþis&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|red
|box
|red
|bird
|red
|flower
|}
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sкiþlóes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúðe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;aṁées&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;rúúði&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;anþíes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|red
|boxes
|red
|birds
|red
|flowers
|}
*'''170'''. If, however, the attributive adjective is separated from its substantive by another phrase, it must then agree in class, case and number, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ále ṁáкes&lt;/font&gt;, white cow; but &lt;font color=blue&gt;áles ϙomósĭ' èna ṁáкes&lt;/font&gt;, the white cow in the stable.
*'''171'''. Because they are not preposed, predicate adjectives must agree with their substantives in class, case and number.  They may be connected to their substantives by the copula or a copulative verb, becoming a part of the predicate or assertion made of the subject, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;alvúnes áles ésa&lt;/font&gt;, the dove is white.
*'''172'''. An attributive adjective qualifying several substantives agrees with the nearest substantive in class and is understood with the rest, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðévaþe éćŭesкŭe réðusкŭe&lt;/font&gt;, the injured horse and rider.
*'''173'''. A predicate adjective qualifying several substantives agrees in class, number and case with the nearest substantive, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ećŭesкŭe réðusкŭe ðévaþus móla&lt;/font&gt;, the horse and rider are injured.

===Adjectives as Substantives &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝòmṁeróes nòòmnëṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''174'''. An attributive adjective may be used as a substantive.  It is put in the class of the missing substantive, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;pórus&lt;/font&gt;, just man; &lt;font color=blue&gt;meeróes&lt;/font&gt;, important things.

==§6. Pronouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;stììvnoomnóes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''175'''. Pronouns are words that can be substituted for nouns.  The following types of pronouns can be found in Senjecas: personal, intensive, reciprocal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, and reflexive.
*'''176'''. The personal pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;, I; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tus&lt;/font&gt;, you; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁus&lt;/font&gt;, we; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝus&lt;/font&gt;, you.  The third person pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dus, nus&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ólnus&lt;/font&gt;, he, she, it; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;dues, nues&lt;/font&gt;, and &lt;font color=blue&gt;olnùes&lt;/font&gt; they, depending on the proximity or remoteness of the person or object.  These pronouns are put into the appropriate class and case of the noun for which they are substituting, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćŭónes, nes&lt;/font&gt;, [the] dog, it; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ííṁis, nis&lt;/font&gt;, [the] yew tree, it; &lt;font color=blue&gt;óndos, nos&lt;/font&gt;, [the] rock, it.  If a human is talking about himself, he says &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus&lt;/font&gt;.  If a centaur is talking about himself, he says &lt;font color=blue&gt;mɔs&lt;/font&gt;.
**a. There is no implication of gender in the third person pronouns.  To specify the gender, the gender-marking prefixes must be used, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nornus&lt;/font&gt;, he; &lt;font color=blue&gt;iinus&lt;/font&gt;, she.  These are enclitics and the tone remains on the pronoun.
**b. The personal pronouns are declined like the nouns in their proper classes, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus, mùsĭo, mum&lt;/font&gt;; ''etc.''
*'''177'''. The intensive pronoun is formed by prefixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;poþ-&lt;/font&gt;, to the personal pronouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mus per áta&lt;/font&gt;, I went; &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòþmus pos áta&lt;/font&gt;, I myself will go.
*'''178'''. The reciprocal pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;ànĭànĭŭso&lt;/font&gt;.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (176b).
*'''179'''. The demonstrative pronouns are &lt;font color=blue&gt;dus&lt;/font&gt;, this; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus&lt;/font&gt;, that&lt;/font&gt;; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;òlnus&lt;/font&gt;, that over there.  They are declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (176b).
*'''180'''. The interrogative pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭus&lt;/font&gt;.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (176c).
*'''181'''. There is also a dual interrogative pronoun &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭutèrus&lt;/font&gt;, who/which of two.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (176b).
*'''182'''. The indefinite pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;sèmus&lt;/font&gt;, some(one/thing).  The negative indefinite pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèsmus&lt;/font&gt;, no one, nobody, nothing.  It is declined in the same way as the personal pronouns (176b).
*'''183'''. The reflexive pronoun is &lt;font color=blue&gt;pótĭum&lt;/font&gt;.  It is found only in the motive case, as the direct object of a verb or postposition, or in the stative case (potĭòſĭo) as the object of a postposition.

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4b]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Phonology, Chapter 1</title>
    <id>8531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58187</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T14:52:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* §3. Lenition and Phonotactics méldŭasĸŭe sŭentágasĸŭe */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=&lt;center&gt;CHAPTER ONE &lt;font color=blue&gt;1 ĸáflas&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;=

&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;'''ne⋅nántantus⋅gwórom⋅ṁáća ne:&lt;/font&gt;'''&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''Nothing ventured, nothing gained.''&lt;/center&gt;

Senjecas (Ancient-Speech) is the name given to the language that was first spoken by loquent beings.  It was implanted by Senesantus in the Children of Air, the Ethrans, the first created of the Six Loquent Peoples when s/he sang their unique song into their ears, and subsequently s/he sang their unique songs into the ears of the other loquent peoples as they were created.  It remained the only language spoken by the Six Loquent Peoples until the Great Sundering.  After this, differences between the Peoples and regional differences within each People arose which led to the development of diverse languages, many of which became mutually unintelligible.  The ability to speak Senjecas had never been lost by the Ethrans and the Children of Wood, the Xylans, who had been unaffected by the Great Sundering.  In the renascence that began after the Children of Earth (the Humans) recovered from the Great Sundering, Senjecas was restored as the medium of communication among the Six Loquent Peoples.

The language is an isolating (analytic) language with only a very few inflections, although compounding is common.  It is a Type A tonal language (register system) with an absence of velar and uvular sounds and limited consonant clusters.  It is classed as a nominative-accusative language.

==§1. Alphabet &lt;font color=blue&gt;ruuníȝos&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''001.''' The Senjecan alphabet has 30 graphemes: 24 consonants and six vowels.
*'''002.''' The order of the alphabet is based on articulatory phonetics.  The order with the IPA symbols is: p /p/, b /b/, f /Φ/, v /β/, ṁ /m̊/, m /m/; t /t/, d /d/, þ /θ/, ð /ð/, ł /l̥/, l /l/; ć /ts/, ź /dz/, s /s/, z /z/, r /ɾ̥/, n /n/; ĸ /k/, g /g/, x /ç/, ϙ /ʝ/, h /j̊/, ȝ /j/; i /i/, e /e/, a /a/, ɔ /ɔ/, o /o/, u /u/.
*'''003.''' The Senjecan vowel can be either long or short.  The long vowels are indicated by a doubling of the letter, ii, ee, aa, øø, oo, and uu.  The quality of the long vowel is not changed, but it is pronounced for a longer time than the short vowel.
*'''004.''' The consonants are divided, according to the organs of speech by which they are produced, into plosives or stops, spirants or fricatives, and sonorants.  In Senjecas these organs include the lips (labials), the teeth (dentals), the alveolus (alveolars), and the palate (palatals). Each consonant may be either voiced or unvoiced.  There are no geminate consonants.
*'''005.''' Plosives are produced by the complete closing of the organ of speech.  These plosives are:
**Labials: p/b
**Dentals: t/d
**Alveolars: ć/ź
**Palatals: ĸ/g
*'''006.''' Spirants are produced by an incomplete closing of the organ of speech.  These spirants are:
**Labials: f/v
**Dentals: þ/ð
**Alveolars: s/z
**Palatals: x/q
*'''007.''' Sonorants are produced by a relatively free flow of air.  These sonorants are: 
**Labials: ɱ/m
**Dentals: ł/l
**Alveolars: r/n
**Palatals: ħ/ȝ
*'''008.''' Labialization of a consonant is indicated by the use of &lt;w&gt;: &lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭénus&lt;/font&gt;, woman.
*'''009.''' Palatalization of a consonant is indicated by the use of &lt;j&gt;: &lt;font color=blue&gt;nĭógus&lt;/font&gt;, nephew.
*'''010.''' Labialized and palatalized consonants are ordered immediately after the letter they affect, e.g., s, sj, sw, z, etc.
*'''011.''' There are three other graphemes used in Senjecas which are not considered to be separate letters.
**The &lt;font color=blue&gt;líve&lt;/font&gt; (weak e, ë) is used to prevent disallowed consonant clusters (&lt;font color=blue&gt;łérnësos&lt;/font&gt;, torch).
**The &lt;font color=blue&gt;lívi&lt;/font&gt; (weak i, ï) is used when a palatalized consonant is followed by a consonant (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸórĭa&lt;/font&gt;, wage war; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸòrïnaaúsos&lt;/font&gt;, warship.
**The &lt;font color=blue&gt;lívu&lt;/font&gt; (weak u, ü) is used when a labialized consonant is followed by a consonant (&lt;font color=blue&gt;óĸŭos&lt;/font&gt;, eye; &lt;font color=blue&gt;òĸüкáðos&lt;/font&gt;, eyelid).

==§2. Accentuation &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭenĸŭéras&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''012.''' If the following rules are borne in mind, it is regularly possible to pronounce a Senjecan word at sight with the pitch on the proper syllable, or to write it correctly upon hearing it spoken.
*'''013.''' In many modern languages, such as English, the accent is known as stress accent in which the accented syllable is pronounced more intensely than the other syllables.  In Senjecas, as in some modern languages, the accent is known as register pitch accent in which the vowel of the primary syllable is pronounced on a higher pitch.  This is called intonation.  There are three pitches in Senjecas, the primary, the secondary, and the basal.  These are relative pitches and their absolute pitch will vary with the individual speaker.
*'''014.''' Two diacritics are used in Senjecas to mark the pitch, an acute accent to mark the primary pitch, and a grave accent to mark the secondary.
*'''015.''' For purposes of accentuation, Senjecan words are placed into two categories: those which take the primary pitch (verbs, nouns, adjectives, and interjections) and those which do not (the other words).
*'''016.''' Monosyllables, except for interjections and numerals, are pronounced on the basal pitch.
*'''017.''' The primary pitch regularly stands on the penult. When the verb is finite, the accent remains on the penult, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;mümúda&lt;/font&gt;. With the participles, the accent is shifted so as to remain on the stem vowel, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;múdantis, múdaþis&lt;/font&gt;.
**The primary pitch may not be any farther back than the antepenult. Therefore, when the participles are declined in the plural, the accent must be shifted forward.  The primary accent is then replaced by the secondary accent, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;múdaþus, mùdaþúes&lt;/font&gt;.
**Nouns and adjectives take the primary pitch on the penult, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćólos&lt;/font&gt;, front; &lt;font color=blue&gt;gúúngos&lt;/font&gt;, shin; &lt;font color=blue&gt;hagúlos&lt;/font&gt;, gum.  When they are declined in the plural, the primary accent remains on the penult, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćolóes&lt;/font&gt;, fronts; &lt;font color=blue&gt;hàgulóes&lt;/font&gt;, gums.
**When nouns and/or adjectives are compounded, the root word retains the primary pitch while the primary pitches of the prefixed words are changed to secondary accents, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ðùsloṁȝèèxṁidáágus&lt;/font&gt;, veterinary.
**Some monosyllables attach themselves so closely to the preceding word that they lose their own accent.  These are called enclitics and comprise an exception to the regular accent pattern. They include the conjunction &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;, and, and the disjunction &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ɱo&lt;/font&gt;, or, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁirúesĸŭe gŭenúesĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;, men and women.
*'''018.''' These pitchs are neither grammatical nor lexical, therefore the substitution of stress accent is allophonic.

==§3. Lenition and Phonotactics &lt;font color=blue&gt;méldŭasĸŭe sŭentágasĸŭe&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''019.''' Senjecan linguists speak of two types of consonants, male and female.
**The occlusives &lt;font color=blue&gt;p/b, t/d, ĸ/g&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;ć/ź&lt;/font&gt; are male consonants; they must undergo lenition when followed by another consonant.
**The fricatives &lt;font color=blue&gt;f/v, þ/ð, x/ϙ&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;s/z&lt;/font&gt; and the approximants &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁ/m, ł,l, r/n&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;h/j&lt;/font&gt; are female.  They do not undergo lenition.
*'''020.''' Only consonant clusters of two consonants are permitted in Senjecas.
*'''021.''' When it happens that the addition of a morpheme would result in a three-consonant cluster, an epenthetic &lt;font color=blue&gt;ë&lt;/font&gt; is inserted for euphony, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;álvis&lt;/font&gt;, barley; &lt;font color=blue&gt;àlvëȝósos&lt;/font&gt;, barley broth. This epenthetic &lt;font color=blue&gt;ë&lt;/font&gt; is ordered after '''e''' in an alphabetical listing.
*'''022.''' Consonant clusters cannot contain two stops, ''e.g.'', '''gb'''.  In order to prevent this, when a morpheme with an initial stop is added to a base with a final stop, the final stop is muted to the corresponding affricate. Thus, &lt;font color=blue&gt;odégos&lt;/font&gt;, stem, + &lt;font color=blue&gt;bólos&lt;/font&gt;, lump, = &lt;font color=blue&gt;òdeϙbólos&lt;/font&gt;, tuber.

==§4. Elision &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúúras&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''023.''' Elision is the omission of a word-final vowel when the next word begins with a vowel.  The two words are written separately and an apostrophe marks the omission.
**Elision occurs with the negating adverbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne&lt;/font&gt; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;, which are always elided with a following initial vowel, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;n' ìðu&lt;/font&gt;, not here.
**Elision occurs when the final vowel of a word is the same as the initial vowel of the following word, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;o ṁum ćèmelósĭ' en' ápa&lt;/font&gt;, our father in heaven.
**Elision occurs when a postposition is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùes vènoðvi óóćo ferávom ant' éra&lt;/font&gt;, they are paddling futilely against the swift current.

==§5. Syllabification &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭènleeźósĭo ṁérźas&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''024.''' A Senjecan word has as many syllables as it has vowels.  There are no diphthongs in Senjecas.  Each vowel is syllablic and the tone is placed on every vowel according to the rules for pitch. The last syllable is called the ultima.  The syllable next to the last is called the penult(ima[te]). The one before the penult is called the antepenult(imate).
*'''025.''' A single consonant between two vowels belongs to the following vowel, ''e.g.''&lt;font color=blue&gt;, a-pé-los&lt;/font&gt;, force.
*'''026.''' Two contiguous consonants are separated with the first consonant going with the preceding syllable, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sél-ĸŭes&lt;/font&gt;, seal.
*'''027.''' When dividing words at the end of a line, a long vowel may be divided, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸaavró-ógos&lt;/font&gt;, peppercorn.

==§6. Punctuation &lt;font color=blue&gt;páкas&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''028.''' The following punctuation is used in Senjecas:
**An interpunct (⋅) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;tèlpëźéénos&lt;/font&gt;) is used instead of spaces between words.  This is no longer used in contemporary scripts, although it may be seen in formal writing.
**The function of the comma, used to set off dependent clauses, is taken by a dash or hyphen (—) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭiilźéénos&lt;/font&gt;).
**The function of the period is taken by two raised dots (:) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;dusźéénos&lt;/font&gt;).
**The end of a paragraph is marked by three dots (⋮) (&lt;font color=blue&gt;mììnënemĸéérĸŭos&lt;/font&gt;).
**Neither quotation marks nor question marks are used.
**Because capital letters are not used in the Senjecan alphabets, capital letters are not used when the language is transliterated.

[[Senjecan Inflection, Chapter 2]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilienian scripts</title>
    <id>8532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>57970</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-23T22:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Scripts used to write [[Ilienian]].
Written right-to-left, bottom-to-top.
Asciification of romanisation : n l v t r z s ll l' u a i e o e'
evulla丿ilentu 〈☆≡te'veiz⎠aser anne'⎝〉
[[Category:Ilienian]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4b</title>
    <id>8533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58203</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T00:36:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]=

==§7. The Cases &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝetáes&lt;/font&gt;==
===The Nominative Case &lt;font color=blue&gt;nòòmnëȝétas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''184'''. The nominative case marks substantives that are used as the subject of a finite verb or in the predicate after copulative verbs.
'''The man came.  He is a man.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁír-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭém-a.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁír-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éſ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|man-NO.s
|PCL
|come-IND
|3-NO.s
|man-NO.s
|be-IND
|}

===The Stative Case &lt;font color=blue&gt;stààȝëȝétas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''185'''. a. The primary function of the stative case is to limit the meaning of a substantive, ''i.e.'', to state the position of a thing or an idea, either literally or figuratively.  Other uses include the partitive idea or the idea of separation or source.
**b. A substantive in the stative case may limit the meaning of another substantive, to express various relations, many of which are denoted by &quot;of&quot; or by the possessive case in English.
====The Stative with Nouns &lt;font color=blue&gt;noomnóm sùna stààȝëȝétas&lt;/font&gt;====
*'''186'''. The stative that depends on a substantive is called attributive.  It has the following functions:
*'''187'''. The stationary stative is used to mark the objects of postpositions that do not indicate a change of position.
'''The wounded antelope stood under a tree.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vén-aðe&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;díϙ-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dor-ísĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nða&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;stááȝ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|wound-PPL
|antelope-NO.s
|tree-ST.s
|under-EP
|PCL
|stand-IND
|}
*'''188'''. The local stative indicates the place at which something happens. It is used with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;.
'''The two armies clashed at the bottom of the mountain.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭó&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nert-óes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭor-ósĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vuð-ósĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;páálк-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|two
|army-NO.s
|mountain-ST.s
|bottom-ST.s
|at
|PCL
|clash-IND
|}
*'''189'''. The temporal stative indicates the time at which something happens.  It is used with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;.
'''They met at the spring festival.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèsn-ë-ṁèldën-ósĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;móód-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.p
|spring-EP-festival-ST.s
|at
|PCL
|meet-IND
|}
*'''190'''. The possessive stative indicates possession or some other close relationship.
'''the father's house / / the men's lineage'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ap-ásĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéés-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|//
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérð-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|father-ST.s
|house-NO.s
|//
|man-ST.p
|lineage-NO.s
|}
*'''191'''. The subjective stative indicates the subject of an action or feeling.
'''The love of the people (''i.e.'', that the people have) for their king is great.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lèuð-úsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁén-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nu-ùm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;meh-àsur-úsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méh-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|people-ST.s
|love-NO.s
|3-ST.p
|great-prince-ST.s
|for
|great-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
*'''192'''. The objective stative indicates the object of an action or feeling.
'''The murder of the prince saddened the people.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;àsur-úsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;órg-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;leúd-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúúź-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|prince-ST.s
|murder-NO.s
|people-MO.s
|PCL
|sadden-IND
|}
*'''193'''. The metrical stative marks substantives which measure space, time or value, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;tír amrásĭo séntos&lt;/font&gt;, a three days' journey; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ós pedám dóris&lt;/font&gt;, an eight-foot tree; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭósar oȝóm éćŭes&lt;/font&gt;, a horse worth 40 sheep.
*'''194'''. The causal stative indicates the cause or origin of a thing.
'''anger at great offenses'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mého&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;deg-óm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méź-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|great
|offense-ST.p
|anger-NO.s
|}
*'''195'''. The partitive stative indicates the whole about which parts are spoken.
'''many of the orators'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝeк-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;menϙ-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|speak-ST.p
|many-NO.p
|}
*'''196'''. The material stative indicates that out of which something is made or of which something is composed.
'''a wall of stone'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ond-óſĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;argám-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|stone-ST.s
|wall-NO.s
|}
*'''197'''. The familial stative indicates the clan into which one is born in the naming of the Humans.
'''clan of the aurochs'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mèh-ćam-ésĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dááȝm-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|great-horn-ST.s
|clan-NO.s
|}
*'''198'''. &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćémtos&lt;/font&gt;, hundred, &lt;font color=blue&gt;héſlos&lt;/font&gt;, thousand, and the higher numbers are nouns.  They and their compounds are used with a stative plural noun, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭér nààusóes&lt;/font&gt;, four ships, but, &lt;font color=blue&gt;naausóm кŭèrcemtóes&lt;/font&gt;, 400 ships.

====The Stative with Verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ufṁeróm sùna stààȝëȝétas&lt;/font&gt;====
*'''199'''. As the attributive stative stands in the relation of an attributive adjective to its substantive, so an expression in the stative case may stand in the relation of a predicate adjective to a verb.
*'''200'''. Verbs signifying to be, to become, and other copulative verbs may have a predicate stative expressing any of the relations of the attributive possessive:
&lt;font color=red&gt;Possessive Stative:&lt;/font&gt;
'''This law is the prince's.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;méd-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;àsur-úsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|law-NO.s
|this-NO.s
|prince-ST.s
|be-IND
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;Material Stative:&lt;/font&gt;
'''This is a wall built of stone.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;argám-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ond-ósĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dém-aþ-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|wall-NO.s
|this-NO.s
|stone-ST.s
|build-PPL-NO.s
|be-IND
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;Metrical Stative:&lt;/font&gt;
'''I am sixty-four years old.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tír-sar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭér&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁét-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NO.s
|three-twenty
|four
|year-ST.p
|be-IND
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;Origin Stative:&lt;/font&gt;
'''From such ancestors are you sprung.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;toàlu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;anér-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vééṁ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2-NO.s
|such
|ancestor-ST.p
|arise-IND
|}
&lt;font color=red&gt;Partitive Stative:&lt;/font&gt;
'''Solon was called one of the Seven Wise Men.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;solón-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sef&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁidu&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁir-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ói&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóómn-aþ-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;táál-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|Solon-NO.s
|seven
|wise
|man-ST.p
|one
|PCL
|name-PPL-NO.s
|man-STA.pl
|}
*'''201'''. Any verb may take a partitive stative if its action affects the object only in part.
'''He sends the soldiers [''i.e.'', all of them].'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸórĭ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vénк-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|soldier-MO.p
|send-IND
|}
''but''
'''He sends some of the soldiers.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸorĭ-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vénк-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.s
|soldier-ST.p
|send-IND
|}
*'''202'''. The verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;géma&lt;/font&gt;, seize; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúкa&lt;/font&gt;, pull; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sélкa&lt;/font&gt;, drag; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;nííȝa&lt;/font&gt;, lead, may have a direct object motive with a stative of the part seized, ''etc.'', the stative coming before the direct object motive.
'''The lion had seized him by the leg.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sínϙ-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸost-ésĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gï~gém-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|lion-NO.s
|leg-ST.s
|3-MO.s
|PCL
|RED-seize-IND
|}
'''The two priestesses will lead the heifer by the horns.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭó&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tòver-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćam-óm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁáx-lĭ-em&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nííȝ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|two
|priestess-NO.s
|horn-ST.p
|cow-DIM-ST.s
|FCL
|lead-IND
|}
*'''203'''. The verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćúúla&lt;/font&gt;, hear; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ménða&lt;/font&gt;, learn; &lt;font color=blue&gt;péṁa&lt;/font&gt;, seek; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;íкa&lt;/font&gt;, request, may take a motive of the thing heard, ''etc.'', and a stative of the person from whom it was heard, ''etc.''
'''The people sought a ruling from the prince.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;lúð-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁalþ-úsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;íð-am&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;péṁ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|people-NO.s
|prince-ST.s
|govern-MO.s
|PPTC
|seek-IND
|}
*'''204'''. Expressions of fulness or want take the &lt;font color=red&gt;material stative&lt;/font&gt;.
'''They lack many necessities.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ménq-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;iih-óm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éég-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.p
|many
|need-ST.p
|lack-IND
|}
*'''205'''. The verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;pééla&lt;/font&gt;, fill; &lt;font color=blue&gt;várxŭa&lt;/font&gt;, stuff; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;sáta&lt;/font&gt;, sate, take the motive of the thing filled and the &lt;font color=red&gt;material stative&lt;/font&gt;.
'''They filled the baskets with grain.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éten-ósĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;cŭásĭon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;péél-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.p
|grain-ST.s
|basket-MO.p
|PPTC
|fill-IND
|}
*'''206'''. The verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;paúsa&lt;/font&gt;, release; &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭéva&lt;/font&gt;, free; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúúra&lt;/font&gt;, remove; &lt;font color=blue&gt;dúsa&lt;/font&gt;, cease; &lt;font color=blue&gt;múta&lt;/font&gt;, deprive; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ćáda&lt;/font&gt;, rob; and &lt;font color=blue&gt;tááȝa&lt;/font&gt;, steal, take the motive of the thing or person released and the &lt;font color=red&gt;separative stative&lt;/font&gt; of the thing released from.
'''They released the prisoners from their chains.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸatesn-óm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸól-aþ-un&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;paús-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3-NO.p
|3-ST.p
|chain-ST.p
|imprison-PPCP-MO.p
|PPTC
|release-IND
|}
*'''207'''. Verbs signifying to accuse, to prosecute, to convict, to acquit, and to condemn, take a stative of the crime and a motive of the person.
'''I accused him of murder.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;org-ásĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ànta-ȝéк-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1s-NO
|murder-ST.s
|3-ST.p
|PPCP
|against-speak-IND
|}
*'''208'''. The objective stative follows many adjectives derived from the verbs in paragraphs 205 and 206.
'''He was full of evils.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;huðtët-ám&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;péél-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3.NO.s
|evil-ST.p
|fill-NO.s
|PPCP
|be-IND
|}
*'''209'''. Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative and equative degrees take the &lt;font color=red&gt;separative stative&lt;/font&gt; with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;.  The word order is standard, marker, and adjective or adverb.
'''The cheetah runs faster than the ostrich.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;níb-es&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝaan-ésĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sòma&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlv-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;òòs-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérs-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|cheetah-NO.s
|ostrich-ST.s
|in.comparison.to
|augment-ADV
|quick-ADV
|run-IND
|}
*'''210'''. The indirect object of the action of a transitive verb is put in the stative with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;.
{|
'''Give that book to the student.'''
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ú&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;menð-úsĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸáϙ-vaal-íȝ-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dóón-e:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|2s-VO
|study-ST.s-EL
|to
|bind-leaf-COL-ST.p
|that-ST.p
|give-IMP
|}
*'''211'''. The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage anything is or is done, is put in the stative with the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;ħo&lt;/font&gt;.
'''Every good father labors for his children.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sól-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;váád-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áp-as&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źoon-aþ-úm&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ho&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćém-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|every
|good
|father-NO.s
|3-ST.s
|beget-PPCP.IND-ST.p
|for
|work-IND
|}
*'''212'''. The concept of &quot;to have&quot; is expressed with the verb &quot;to be&quot; with the possessor in the stative case with &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;.  That which is possessed is the subject of &quot;to be.&quot;
'''I have three cows.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tír&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁaк-ées&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|three
|cow-NO.p
|1s-ST.s-EL
|to
|be-IND
|}

===The Motive Case &lt;font color=blue&gt;azȝétas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''213'''. The main function of the motive case is to limit the meaning of a noun or adjective with respect to a verb.  The primary use of the motive case is to state a change in the position of a thing or an idea, either literally or figuratively.
*'''214'''. The motive case is used to mark the objects of postpositions that indicate a change of position.
'''The children ran out of the house.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źòòn-aþ-úes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéés-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;èha&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérs-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|beget-PPCP-NO.sg
|home-MO.sg
|out.of
|PPTCL
|run-IND
|}
*'''215'''. The motive case marks the direct object of the action of a transitive verb.
'''We do these things.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁ-ùes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁérź-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NO.pl
|this-MO.pl
|do-IND
|}
*'''216'''. Any transitive verb whose meaning permits takes an object of kindred signification.  This object repeats the meaning already contained in the verb.  An example in English is &quot;to sing a song.&quot;  Some English verbs that this construction will replace would be &quot;make, have, get&quot; and &quot;hold.&quot;
'''She took three stitches in the small tear.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mínŭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;renð-ósĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tír&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;síṁ-on&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;síṁ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|3.NO.sg
|small
|tear-ST.sg
|in
|three
|sew-MO.pl
|PPTCL
|sew-IND
|}
*'''217'''. The motive case marks, with verbs of motion, the particular ground over which the motion passes.
'''The children crossed the bridge.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;źòòn-aþ-úes-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vrééṁ-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tár-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|beget-PPCP-NO.sg-E
|bridge-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|cross-IND
|}
*'''218'''. The motive case marks substantives used as adverbial expressions of extent of time or space.
'''The house burned for two days.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéés-os&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dŭo&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;áámr-an&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;íð-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|house-NO.sg
|two
|day-MO.pl
|PPTCL
|burn-IND
|}
*'''219'''. Verbs signifying to name, to choose, to appoint, to make, to think, to regard, ''etc.'', take a predicate motive besides the object motive.
'''The king appointed him general.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mèh-asúr-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸorĭón-um&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóómn-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|great-prince-NO.sg
|3-MO.sg
|general-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|name-IND
|}

===The Vocative Case &lt;font color=blue&gt;haṁȝétas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''220.''' The vocative case, accompanied by the vocative particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;, is used to mark direct address.  The primary tine shifts to the ultimate syllable.
'''General, your orders have been carried out.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸòrĭaag-ú&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ùsĭo&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vónð-on&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sénŭaþ-om&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;tï~táál-a:&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|VPTCL
|general-VO.sg
|2-ST.sg
|order-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|complete-MO.s
|RED~become-IND
|}

==§8. Postpositions &lt;font color=blue&gt;pòsëstììvṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
There is a list of Senjecan postpositions in [[List of Senjecan Postpositions|Appendix I]].
*'''221'''. Postpositions are independent words that connect words in a sentence with other parts of the sentence.  These connecting words are placed after the nouns they govern.  Depending on what is connected, the objects of postpositions are in either the motive or the stative case.  If the postposition indicates a change in position, literally or figuratively, the object of the postposition is in the motive case.  If the postposition does not indicate a change in position, the object of the postposition is in the stative case.
'''The thirsty cattle headed toward the river.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;térse&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭos-ées&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;dáán-em&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;át-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|thirsty
|ox-NO.sg
|river-MO.sg
|toward
|PPTCL
|go-IND
|}
'''The cattle at the river were sated.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭos-ées&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;daan-ésĭ'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sat-ées&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|ox-NO.sg
|river-ST.sg
|at
|sate-NO.sg
|PPTCL
|be-IND
|}
*'''222'''. The construction consisting of an intransitive verb plus a prepositional phrase, ''e.g.'', &quot;he went with his friends,&quot; is not used in Senjecas as it is in many modern languages.  The idea is expressed by a transitive verb and its direct object, ''e.g.'', &quot;he accompanied his friends.&quot;

[[Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4c]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan Syntax, Chapter 4c</title>
    <id>8534</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58408</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-10T00:40:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* §11. Direct Quotations  */ New info.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=[[Senjecan pronunciation guide]]=
=[[Senjecan grammar abbreviations]]=
==§9. Verbs &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
===Voice &lt;font color=blue&gt;líígos&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''223'''. Voice indicates the relation of the verbal action to the subject.
*'''224'''. In the active voice the subject is represented as acting.  The same verb may be both transitive and intransitive.  There are no deponent verbs.
'''I close my eyes.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭ-'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óкŭ-on&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;árg-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|1-ST.sg
|eye-MO.pl
|shut-IND
|}

===Tense &lt;font color=blue&gt;ténas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''225'''. Tense designates the time of an action as present, past or future.  These tenses designate habitual action.  The unmarked verb is in the present tense.  For the past tense, the particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt; is placed immediately before the verb.  For the future tense, the particle &lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt; is placed immediately before the verb.
*'''226'''. The verb &lt;font color=blue&gt;púda&lt;/font&gt;, be busy, with the supine is used periphrastically to form the progressive tenses which emphasize that the action is taking place as the speaker speaks.
'''Run for your life! I am running!'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ú&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;źŭiiȝ-am&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;àntĭa&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérs-e&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćérs-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;púd-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|2-VO.sg
|2-ST.sg
|life-MO.sg
|for
|run-IMP
|1-NO.sg
|run-SUP
|be.busy-IND
|}

===Aspect &lt;font color=blue&gt;hélgas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''227'''. Aspect designates whether an action is complete or incomplete, ''i.e.'', perfective or imperfective.  Aspects are coupled with the tenses to indicate the time and the character of an action.  These indications are as follows:
**a. Present imperfective: customary or repeated action going on in present time.
**b. Past imperfective: customary or repeated action that went on in past time.
**c. Future imperfective: customary or repeated action that will go on in future time.
**d. Present perfective: action begun in the past and completed by the present time.
**e. Past perfective: action begun in the past and completed in the past.
**f. Future perfective: action that will begin in the future and be completed in the future.

===Mood &lt;font color=blue&gt;mínas&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''228'''. Mood indicates the attitude of the speaker toward what he is saying.  There are four moods in Senjecas.
**The indicative mood (marked by &lt;font color=blue&gt;-a&lt;/font&gt;) is used in simple assertions or negations and in questions or exclamations which include or concern such assertions, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ṁéna&lt;/font&gt;, he loves; &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ṁïṁéna&lt;/font&gt;, he has loved; &lt;font color=blue&gt;tus кŭum ṁénar&lt;/font&gt;, whom do you love? The negating adverb is &lt;font color=blue&gt;ne&lt;/font&gt; and is postverbal, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;nus ṁéna ne&lt;/font&gt;, he does not love.
**The subjunctive mood (marked by &lt;font color=blue&gt;-o&lt;/font&gt;) is used in statements of uncertainty and in those contrary-to-fact.  The negating adverb is &lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;.  It is used in many subordinate clauses.  A subordinate clause always precedes the independent clause.  The subject of the subordinate verb is in the motive case. Dependent clauses are separated from the main clause by a dash.
**The imperative mood (marked by &lt;font color=blue&gt;-e&lt;/font&gt;) is used to express commands and prohibitions, exhortations and entreaties.  The negating adverb is &lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;.

===Subjunctive Subordinate Clauses &lt;font color=blue&gt;nṁééro nðèrëréźo ȝèxmiinlóes&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''229'''. A subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and is, therefore, attached to an independent clause. Although a subordinate clause contains a subject and a predicate, it sounds incomplete when standing alone.  Generally, the verb in a subordinate clause is in the subjunctive mood and the subject is in the motive case.  There are four types of subordinate clauses in Senjecas that use the subjunctive mood.
*'''230'''. Object clauses of fearing.
'''I was afraid this would happen.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;móód-o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-a.&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| this-MO.sg
| happen-SJV
| 1-NO.sg
| PPTCL
| fear-IND
|}
'''I was afraid that had happened.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mü~móód-o&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;vííð-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|that-MO.sg
|RED~happen-SJV
|1-NO.sg
|PPTCL
|fear-IND
|}
*'''231'''. Object clauses of hoping.
'''I hope (that) he will come for a visit.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙóſt-am&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭém-o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙéh-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-MO.sg
|visit-MO.sg
|for
|come-SJV
|1s.CL6.NO
|hope-IND
|}
*'''232'''. Conditional clauses (protasis) are introduced by the conjunction &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi&lt;/font&gt; and (with one exception) have their verb in the subjunctive mood.  The main clause (apodosis) is introduced by the conjunction &lt;font color=blue&gt;toààri&lt;/font&gt; and is in the subjunctive mood.
**The one exception is that Present General sentences have their verbs in the indicative mood and their subjects in the nominative case for they describe conditions that are true, ''e.g.'', If I am king (''and I am''), then you are queen, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi mus normèhasúrus móla—toààri tus iiméhasúrus móla.&lt;/font&gt;
**In other situations, the verb in the protasis is in the subjunctive mood, ''e.g.'', If she is here now, I am glad, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi num ìðu nùu mólo—toáári mus кŭíítus móla.&lt;/font&gt;
**Future More-Vivid sentences express future results of probable or expected conditions.  The verb in the apodosis is in the future indicative because it hasn't happened yet, ''e.g.'', If it rains, then the roads will be wet, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi ṁérſo—toààri meȝóes maanóes pos móla.&lt;/font&gt;
**Future Less-Vivid sentences express future results for conditions that are considered improbable.  In this case, the main verb is also in the subjunctive mood, ''e.g.'', If I had enough money, I would buy a boat, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi кééþo pisdíȝom mùſĭ' o mólo—toààri mus naaúsom кŭérĭo.&lt;/font&gt;
**Contrafactual sentences (present and past ''mutatis mutandis'') express the results of untrue conditions, ''e.g.'', If I were king (''and I'm not''), you would be queen, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi mus normèhasúrus mólo—toààri tus iimèhasúrus mólo&lt;/font&gt;; If I had been king (''and I was not''), you would have been queen, &lt;font color=blue&gt;nùsi mus normèhasúrus pos mólo—toààri tus iimèhasúrus mümólo.&lt;/font&gt;
*'''233'''. [[Wikipedia:final clause|Clauses of purpose]] express a purpose and are introduced by the conjunction &lt;font color=blue&gt;toàli&lt;/font&gt;, so that.
'''He is coming that he may see me.''' or '''He is coming (in order) to see me.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;toàli&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-um-ë&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-um&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óкŭ-o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭém-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|so that
|3-MO.sg-E
|1-MO.sg
|see-SJV
|3-NO.sg
|come.IND
|}

===Subjunctive Independent Clauses &lt;font color=blue&gt;nṁééro sŭévo ȝèxmiinlóes&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''234'''. The subjunctive mood is used in three types of independent clauses.  The subject of an independent subjunctive clause is in the nominative case.  The negating adverb is &lt;font color=blue&gt;me&lt;/font&gt;.
*'''235'''. Independent clauses introduced by the postposition &lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭa&lt;/font&gt;, but for.
'''But for the lightning we would (might) not have seen the enemy.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćàðtar-ésĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭa&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁ-ùes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;píć-um&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;o~óкŭ-o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;me:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|lightning-ST.sg
|but.for
|1-NO.sg
|enemy-MO.sg
|RED~see-SJV
|not
|}
*'''236'''. To make a wish in an independent clause.
'''May you be happy.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us-ë&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;susvág-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-o:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|2-NO.sg-E
|happy-NO.sg
|be-SJV
|}
*'''237'''. To make a polite request, instead of adding &quot;please&quot; to a command.  This construction is always used with superiors.
'''Sit down!''' ''but'' '''Please/Do sit.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ú&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;séd-e:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|''but''
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;séd-o:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|2-VO.s
|sit-IMP
|//
|2-VO.s
|sit-SJV
|}

===Relative Clauses &lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéto ȝèxmiinlóes&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''238'''. A relative clause is one which modifies a substantive.  As a modifier it precedes the substantive it modifies.  In Senjecas a relative clause is translated by a participial phrase.
**The clause (in English) may be introduced by a relative pronoun:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;ìðu ṁéésantu ṁírus&lt;/font&gt;, the man who (that) lives here
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;tus ðïðéȝanto кàϙvaalíȝos&lt;/font&gt;, the book &lt;font color=red&gt;which&lt;/font&gt; you have read
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;móðr' oкŭóes nùsĭ' o ésantu gŭénus&lt;/font&gt;, the woman whose eyes are blue
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus num ṁénantu súúnus&lt;/font&gt;, the son &lt;font color=red&gt;whom&lt;/font&gt; I love
**or by a relative adverb:
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus nòsĭ' èna ṁéésa ṁéésos&lt;/font&gt;, the house &lt;font color=red&gt;where&lt;/font&gt; I live
***&lt;font color=blue&gt;mus nòsĭ' èna per źéénŭa méénsos&lt;/font&gt;, the month &lt;font color=red&gt;when&lt;/font&gt; I was born.

===Supine &lt;font color=blue&gt;ùfṁernóómnos&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''239'''. As there are no infinitives or gerunds in Senjecas, a form of the verb in &lt;font color=blue&gt;-u&lt;/font&gt; is used in their place.  This form is called the [[wikipedia:supine|supine]].
'''I can swim.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭém-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mááϙ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg-EP
|swim-SUP
|be able-IND
|}
*'''240'''. A modifying adverb will precede the supine.
'''I can swim well.'''
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us-ë&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sús-vi&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭém-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;mááϙ-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg-EP
|good-ADV
|swim-SUP
|be able-IND
|}
*'''241'''. The subject of a supine is in the motive case.
'''He says (that) the men have gone away.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁír-un&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;lï~líþ-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéк-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-NO.sg
|man-MO.pl
|RED~leave-SUP
|say-IND
|}
*'''242'''. Indirect quotations and questions and dependent clauses linked by conjunctions are expressed by transforming the verb of the direct statement into the corresponding supine.
'''I've done that.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁï~ṁérź-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|3-MO.sg
|RED~do-IND
|}
''but'' '''I told you (that) I've done that.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-um&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁï~ṁérź-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ùsï-'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ég-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|1.MO.sg
|3.MO.sg
|RED~do-SUP
|2-ST.sg
|to
|PPTCL
|tell-IND
|}
'''She is crying because her mother has died.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁààt-i&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ám-am-ë&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mï~mér-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćálŭ-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-NO.sg
|cause-CONJ.
|3-ST.sg
|mother-MO.sg-E
|RED~die-SUP
|cry-IND
|}
*'''243'''. The finite dependent verb may depend on adjectives corresponding in meaning to verbs which take an object supine, ''e.g.'', ability, fitness, desire, willingness.
'''He wants to go.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;át-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéć-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-NO.sg
|go-SUP
|want-IND
|}
''but'' '''Wanting to go, he sought permission.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;át-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéć-antu&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnð-am&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;íк-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|go-SUP
|want-APCP
|3-NO.sg
|permit-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|seek-IND
|}
*'''244'''. Any adjective, adverb, noun or verb may take a dependent supine to limit its meaning to a particular action.
'''This plant is useful for healing.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;múúl-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝééк-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;nóðm-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|plant-NO.sg
|this-NO.sg
|heal-SUP
|useful-NO.sg
|be-IND
|}
'''The scene was a wonder to behold.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óкŭ-aþ-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ðáv-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;óкŭ-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|see-PPCP-NOM.sg
|wonder-NOM.sg
|see-SUP
|PPTCL
|be-IND
|}
*'''245'''. The supine is used in place of the gerund.
'''Bargaining with the merchant is fun.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;líк-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;péér-usĭ'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;àntĭa&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙél-os&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|bargain-SUP
|sell-ST.sg
|with
|fun-NO.sg
|be-IND
|}
'''My wife and I find riding horses very relaxing.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùſĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭén-us-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;eezl~éézl-ant-u&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-ST.sg
|woman-NO.sg-and
|1-NO.sg-and
|RED~relax-APCP-SUP
|
|}
{|
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;éćŭ-en&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;réð-u&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;&lt;font color=blue&gt;déés-a:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|horse-MO.pl
|ride-SUP
|find-IND
|}
*'''246'''. The infinitive as the subject of a verb is translated by the supine.
'''To swim (swimming) is healthy.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;sŭém-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;sánu&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|swim-SUP
|healthy
|be-IND
|}
'''It is possible for you to do that.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁérź-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙòma&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mááϙ-u&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-MO.sg
|do-SUP
|2-ST.sg
|for
|possible
|be-IND
|}

===Participles &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèmṁeróes&lt;/font&gt;===
*'''247'''. The participle is a verbal adjective, in function partaking of the nature of verb and adjective.
*'''248'''. There are two participles in Senjecas, the agent and the patient.  Each of these occurs in all the moods.
**The agent participle is formed by suffixing  &lt;font color=blue&gt;-ntis&lt;/font&gt; to the mood root. The agent participle describes that which it modifies as acting, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénantis&lt;/font&gt;, loving, as in &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénantu ápas&lt;/font&gt;, loving father.
**The patient participle is formed by suffixing &lt;font color=blue&gt;-þis&lt;/font&gt; to the mood root.  The patient participle describes that which it modifies as being acted upon, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénaþis&lt;/font&gt;, beloved, as in &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénaþu ápas&lt;/font&gt;, beloved father.

====Participles as Substantives &lt;font color=blue&gt;nèmṁeróes ùfnoomnóes&lt;/font&gt;====
*'''249'''. As with any adjective, participles may take the &lt;font color=blue&gt;-us&lt;/font&gt; ending and function as nouns, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénantus&lt;/font&gt;, lover; &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁénaþus&lt;/font&gt;, beloved.  It is then equivalent to &quot;he who, they who, that which, etc.,&quot; in English.
'''He who is speaking is my father.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéк-ant-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-ùsĭ'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;áp-as&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|speak-APCP-NO.sg
|1-ST.sg
|father-NO.sg
|be-IND
|}
*'''250'''. As an adjective, the participle may be modified by an adverb, ''e.g.'', &lt;font color=blue&gt;sùsvi ṁénaþu ápas&lt;/font&gt;, well-beloved father.

====Absolute Constructions &lt;font color=blue&gt;nvènðëmínlos&lt;/font&gt;====
*'''251'''. A noun or pronoun and a participle not grammatically connected with the main construction of the sentence stand by themselves in what is called an absolute construction.  The noun or pronoun may not refer to the subject of the sentence.
*'''252'''. When the absolute construction describes a non-motion event, the construction is in the stative case.
'''When he was prince, we were happy.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-ùsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;àsur-úsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ès-ant-úsĭo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁ-ùes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;sùsvag-úes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3.ST.sg
|prince-ST.sg
|PPTCL
|be-APCP-ST.sg
|1-NO.pl
|happy-NO.pl
|PPTCL
|be-IND
|}
'''While they are eating, the chorus is singing.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-uùm&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ed-ant-úm&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;senḷ-úes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;sénḷ-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|3-ST.pl
|eat-APCP-ST.pl
|sing-NO.pl
|sing-IND
|}
*'''253'''. When the absolute construction describes an event involving motion, the construction is in the motive case.
'''After the army had crossed the bridge, the citizens fled.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mért-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;véérṁ-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;tï~tár-ant-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;enr-úes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúg-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|army-MO.sg
|bridge-MO.sg
|RED~cross-APCP-MO.sg
|citizen-NO.pl
|PPTCL
|flee-IND
|}
'''Before the army neared the bridge, the citizens fled.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mért-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;véérṁ-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝóbant-om,&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;enr-úes&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúg-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|army-MO.sg
|bridge-MO.sg
|approach-APCP-MO.sg
|citizen-NO.pl
|PPTCL
|flee-IND
|}

==§10. Conjunctions &lt;font color=blue&gt;ϙòðɱeróes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''254'''. Co-ordinating conjunctions are used to join elements within the sentence.  Sentences are juxtaposed without the use of co-ordinating conjunctions.
'''I wrote a story and sold it.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ȝéкëðl-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;péк-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;péér-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|story-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|write-IND
|1-NO.sg
|3-MO.sg
|PPTCL
|sell-IND
|}
*'''255'''. In a series of words conjunctive enclitics are used and are postposed to all the joined elements.
'''The sheep and the goats are in the meadow.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;oṁ-ées-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;had-ées-кŭe&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;arź-ósĭ'&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;èna&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;mól-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|sheep-NO.pl-and
|goat-NO.pl-and
|meadow-ST.sg
|in
|be-IND
|}
'''I am not afraid of either bees or hornets.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;véȝ-en-ṁo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁersén-en-ṁo&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;víð-a&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ne:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|bee-MO.pl-or
|wasp-MO.pl-or
|fear-IND
|not
|}

==§11. Direct Quotations &lt;font color=blue&gt;&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''256'''. Direct quotations are treated as independent sentences according to §254.  For greater emphasis the adverb &lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèrvi&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;verbatim&quot; may be used.  &lt;font color=blue&gt;« »&lt;/font&gt; is the preferred form for quotation marks.  When written a dash is used to link the independent clauses.

'''I said, &quot;I will go to the store.&quot;'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|(&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁèr-vi&lt;/font&gt;)
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;éég-a&lt;/font&gt;―
|«&lt;font color=blue&gt;m-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ĸŭèrï-dém-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;o&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;per&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;át-a:&lt;/font&gt;»
|-
|1p-NO.sg
|(word-ADV)
|PPTCL
|say-IND―
|1p-NO.sg
|buy-place-MO.sg
|to
|FPTCL
|go-IND
|}

==§12. Interrogative Sentences &lt;font color=blue&gt;pérĸo ȝèxmiinóes&lt;/font&gt;==
*'''257'''. A lexically marked question is one that contains an interrogative pronoun, pronominal adjective or adverb.  This type of question does not take the interrogative suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-r&lt;/font&gt;.  Note that an interrogative adverb is placed in an adverb's position, which is not necessarily sentence initial.
'''Who is coming across the field?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭ-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;árź-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;òlna&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;gŭém-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|who-NO.sg
|field-MO.sg
|across
|come-IND
|}
'''When will the cobbler return those tools?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кèrp-ë-кŭér-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁéél-on&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;d-on&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭum&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁer-dóón-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|shoe-EP-make-NO.sg
|tool-MO.pl
|this-MO.pl
|when
|FPTCL
|back-give-IND
|}
*'''258'''. It is possible for a lexically marked sentence to contain two or more interrogative words.
'''Who will help us and when (will he)?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭ-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;кŭum&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁ-un&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;pos&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ćélb-a.&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|who-NO.sg
|when
|1-MO.pl
|FPTCL
|help-IND
|}
*'''259'''. The interrogative suffix &lt;font color=blue&gt;-r&lt;/font&gt;, added to the modal base of the verb, is used to mark questions that are not marked lexically.  It implies nothing as to the answer expected.  There is no alteration of the pitchs.
'''Do you drink wine?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁoín-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-a-r&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|2-NO.sg
|wine-MO.sg
|drink-IND-Q
|}
*In answering this type of question, &quot;yes&quot; and &quot;no&quot; are not used.  Instead, the verb is repeated without a pronoun subject.
'''Do you drink wine?'''// '''Yes, I do.'''// '''No, I don't.'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁoín-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-a-r:&lt;/font&gt;
|//
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-a:&lt;/font&gt;
|//
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-a ne:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|2-NO.sg
|wine-MO.sg
|drink-IND-Q
|//
|drink-IND
|//
|drink-IND
|not
|}
*'''260'''. If an affirmative answer is expected, an affirmative statement is made and is followed by the phrase &lt;font color=blue&gt;vunda-r&lt;/font&gt;, agree-Q.
'''You are drinking wine, aren't you?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁoín-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-ant-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a,&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnd-a-r:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|wine-MO.sg
|drink-APCP-NO.sg
|be-IND
|agree-IND-Q
|}
*The answer is either &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnda&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;agree,&quot; or &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnda ne&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;not agree.&quot;
*'''261'''. If a negative answer is expected, a negative statement is made and is followed by the phrase, &lt;font color=blue&gt;vunda-r&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;agree-Q&quot;. 
'''You are not drinking wine, are you?'''
{|
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;t-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ṁoín-om&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;póóȝ-ant-us&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;és-a&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;ne,&lt;/font&gt;
|&lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnd-a-r:&lt;/font&gt;
|-
|1-NO.sg
|wine-MO.sg
|drink-APCP-NO.sg
|be-IND
|not
|agree-IND-Q
|}
*The answer is either &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnda&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;agree,&quot; or &lt;font color=blue&gt;vúnda ne&lt;/font&gt;, &quot;not agree.&quot;</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa animacy</title>
    <id>8535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58231</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T20:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Animacy''' in [[Tsakxa]] is a quality ascribed to noun stems. Although mostly consistent and predictable, the animacy system also has aspects of an honorific system. Although Dawkins (1999) uses the term 'animacy', this is a very loose classification, since the classification is to a degree fluid and numerous actually animate or inanimate nouns fall into the wrong category.

== Predictable animacy ==

Animacy is mostly predictable. Humans, gods, body parts and certain natural forces (wind, fire etc) are animate. Animals associated with gods are animate, other animals are not. Place names are animate. Children are always considered inanimate in adult speech, although children refer to themselves as animates amongst themselves (see below for an explanation of animacy as a feature of honorific speech). The animacy of the main argument determines what agreement prefix is used:

: ''Mama su te-tanxa'' - I saw a man (person 1ps ABS[ANIM]&lt;super&gt;-3&lt;/super&gt;-see&lt;super&gt;0&lt;/super&gt;:PERF&lt;super&gt;3&lt;/super&gt;

: ''Kut su se-tanxa'' - I saw a rock (rock 1ps ABS[INANIM]&lt;super&gt;-3&lt;/super&gt;-see&lt;super&gt;0&lt;/super&gt;:PERF&lt;super&gt;3&lt;/super&gt;

== Animacy as a mark of respect ==

However, in honorific speech, used towards one's elders, animacy becomes more fluid. The listener is treated as grammatically animate, but the speaker may treat himself as grammatically inanimate:

: ''Sasa, asu sewala'' - grandfather, I'm listening

Children are always referred to as inanimates by adults, which is believed to be the root of this system (the individual is reducing themselves to the level of a child before the superior knowledge of the elder person):

: ''Rutu tata aʔ-a-kxa se-paʔ-anxa'' - Rutu's father hit him

However, amongst themselves children refer to themselves using the animate. It is only to express respect to their elders (i.e. their parents) that they use the inanimate to talk about themselves.

[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua udhr.png</title>
    <id>8536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58080</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-27T15:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Netnïdathe</title>
    <id>8537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58241</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-03T12:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hcesarcastro</username>
        <id>1430</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Deletion}}

I created the name of the language '''before''' having all its morphology done.

After morphology was done I realized that this name, Netnïdathe, would not fit for a language name. Language name was changed to '''[[Nesnïdathe]]'''.


This page can, and needs to, be deleted.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Main Page/Intrekómi</title>
    <id>8538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58102</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-28T15:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pet1</username>
        <id>1431</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;Sappórto:
[[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Karakteritipí]] • [[Help:Editing|Mondifíno óna artíklo]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Artíklo Naming konventsióna]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Startóno on' artíklo]] • [[Help:Contents|Generáli ''H''elpí]]&lt;/center&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 4px; background: #ffc0ff; font: bold 14pt Arial, Helvetica&quot;&gt;La [[Conlang Relay 17|17. CONLANG-L Translation Relay]] es adéssi sótti módo!&lt;br&gt;
Légū la línko per la positsióni de la Tórko, ona lísto de partisipánta ve diferénti informatsióna.&lt;/div&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
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Introdókto
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&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt; [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;&quot;&gt;Velkómi to FrathWiki!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:5px&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|La gólo di FrathWiki]] es kollektíno informatsióni cáso konlínga, konmónta ve lingūistíko sobįékta. Anipópla póvo kontribotóno to la datá. FrathWiki es adéssi ''h''ómo per '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' artíkla, óla es libéri t'osóno (kon [[FrathWiki:Copyrights|sómo konditsióna]]).

Ti es invitíno to ''h''elpí! Ti póvo modífi se artíkli ve kriáti noví. Legū la ''h''elpi topíka ''h''a ti véni somí ''h''elpí. ''H''a ti véni assisténto, ti póvo cestóno ínno [[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topóko Diskossióna]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Project]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5&quot; |

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px&quot;&gt;[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;&quot;&gt;Topíka&lt;/div&gt;
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Natūráli langáoga]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Konstrókti langáoga]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Konskrípta]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Konmónta]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Konlíngo komparisóno]]
:[[Conlang terminology|Konlíngo terminológóna]]
:[[Software tools for conlanging|Software-tóla per konstroktóno langáoga]]
:[[Our Father|Món Papá translatsióna]]
:[[:Category:Conlang relays|Konlíngo relía]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Lísta pósto]]
:[[Learners_shortlist|Konlíngo Stūdo Proįékto]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Templáta per osóno ínno artíkla]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ FrathWiki @ Yahoo]
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;&quot;&gt;

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FrathWiki par diferénti langáoga 

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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3&quot; |
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{{:Main Page/Other languages}}
|-
&lt;!--

[[Category:Main Page in other languages]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Exquisite Corpse</title>
    <id>8539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58995</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-21T14:22:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang Exquisite Corpse was conceived of by [[User:PeteBleackley|Pete Bleackley]].  The rules are as follows.

#You will receive a sentence in a conlang and the information you need to translate it.  (Jim Henry proposes calling this the ''qorpse''.)
#After translating it, write a sentence that follows on from it in your own conlang, and send that, and the relevant information needed to interpret it, to your successor. Do not send on the sentence you received.
#Send a copy of all your materials to the game master (Pete).
#Update this page to reflect that your successor now has the qorpse.

The current game started on 29 November 2010.  The turn order is below; the last known person to have the qorpse is listed in '''bold'''.
*Pete Bleackley
*Samuel Stutter
*Lars Finsen
*Patrick Dunn
*Tony Harris
*Jim Henry
*neo gu
*''John Campbell'' dropped
*''Arthaey Angosii'' disappeared
*Douglas Koller
*kechpaja
*Roman Rausch
*Alex Fink
*Logan Kearsley
*David Edwards
*Njenfalgar
*'''Dale McCreery''' sent Jan 19</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Vulgaria.png</title>
    <id>8541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58165</id>
      <timestamp>2010-11-30T20:41:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tupinikin</username>
        <id>100</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vulgarian</title>
    <id>8542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58675</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-21T16:56:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tupinikin</username>
        <id>100</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCCCC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Vulgariano'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Pronunciation:
||[vulgaɾiˈano]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||Vulgaria, Sea of Sardinia
|-
|Coordinates :
||(may not appear in some maps) [http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Vulgaria&amp;amp;params=41_42_N_6_18_E]
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||80,000
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Language family:
||Romance language
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Distribution:
||[[image:Vulgaria.png|300px]]
|}

Vulgarian (or ''lingua vulgariana'') is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 80 thousand people in the Island of Vulgaria, in the Sea of Sardinia.

Vulgarian derives diachronically from Latin. It is extremely conservative in comparison to some other Romance languages.

=Writing system=
==Alphabet==
Vulgarian is written with the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) and the t-comma (ț).

Letters typically have the same values as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Further details are explained below.

===Diacritics===
:*The acute accent and the grave accent indicate that a vowel is stressed, and also the quality of the accented vowel, more precisely its height: ''é'' (/e/), ''í'' (/i/), ''ó'' (/o/), and ''ú'' (/u/) are low vowels, while ''à'' (/a/), ''è'' (/ɛ/), and ''ò'' (/ɔ/) are high vowels.
:*The grave accent (either ''â'' or ''î'') doesn't change the quality of the vowel in standard pronunciation; it serves to accommodate regional pronunciation in Lenòmia, where both letters are pronounced as a close central unrounded vowel ([ɨ]). They can be either stressed (''ângelo'', ''restrîngere'') or unstressed (''încontrare'', ''cântamos'').
:*The diaresis (over ''ü'') appears in the digraphs ''qü'' and ''gü'' before ''e'' or ''i'' and indicates a voiced labiovelar approximant (/w/) in standard pronunciation. Over the dialects, it can be silent or, especially in Lenòmia, pronounced as [v].
:*T-comma ‹ț› represents the voiceless alveolar affricate (/ts/).
===Digraphs===
:*CH: voiceless velar plosive (/k/).
:*GU: occurs before ''e'' and ''i'' and represents the voiced velar plosive (/g/).
:*GÜ: occurs before ''e'' and ''i'' and represents the voiced velar plosive plus (/g/) plus a voiced labiovelar approximant (/w/).
:*LH: palatal lateral approximant (/ʎ/).
:*NH: palatal nasal (/ɲ/).
:*PH: voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/).
:*QU: occurs before ''e'' and ''i'' and represents the voiceless velar plosive (/k/).
:*QÜ: occurs before ''e'' and ''i'' and represents the voiced velar plosive plus (/k/) plus a voiced labiovelar approximant (/w/).
:*RR: occurs between vowels and represents the alveolar trill (/r/).
:*SC: before ''e'' and ''i'', it represents a voiceless postalveolar fricative (/ʃ/) or does not form a digraph (/stʃ/).
:*SS: occurs between vowels and represents the voiceless alveolar sibilant (/s/).
:*TH: represents the voiceless alveolar plosive (/t/).
===Double letters===
With exception of ''rr'' and ''ss'', mentioned above, double letters are pronounced as if they were single letters.
===Letters whose pronunciation depend on their position in the word===
:*C: voiceless postalveolar affricate before ''e'' and ''i'' (/tʃ/); voiceless velar plosive elsewhere (/k/).
:*G: voiced postalveolar fricative or affricate before ''e'' and ''i'' (/ʒ/ or /dʒ/); voiced velar plosive elsewhere (/g/).
:*R: alveolar tap (/ɾ/) after vowels; alveolar trill elsewhere (/r/).
:*S: voiced alveolar sibilant (/z/) between vowels; voiceless alveolar sibilant elsewhere (/s/).
===Other letters that differ from IPA===
:*H: when it is not part of a [[Vulgarian#Digraphs|digraph]], it is silent.
:*J: voiced postalveolar fricative or affricate (/ʒ/ or /dʒ/).
:*W: voiced labiodental fricative (/v/).
:*X: velar plosive plus alveolar sibilant (/gz/ or /ks/).
:*Y: close front unrounded vowel (/i/).
:*Z: voiced alveolar fricative or affricate (/z/ or /dz/).

==Stress and accentuation==
The default stress is on the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable on words that end in a vowel, ‹n› or ‹s› and on the final syllable when the word ends in any consonant other than ‹n› or ‹s›. Words that do not follow the default stress have an accent over the stressed vowel. Such an accent can be acute, for low vowels, or grave, for high vowels.

Vulgarian rules count syllables, not vowels, to assign written accents. A syllable is of the form ''XaXX'', where ''X'' represents a consonant, permissible consonant blend, or no sound at all and ''a'' represents a vowel, diphthong, or triphthong. Diphthongs and triphthongs are any combination of two and three vowels, respectively. Hence, Vulgarian writes ''familia'' (ending with a diphthong) but ''línea'' (the default stress would be on ''e'' as it does not form a diphthong).

Furthermore, the high vowels ''è'' and ''ò'' always have a grave accent in stressed position, even when the stress is understood, as in ''pède'' or ''nòvo''. If not specifically marked, the stressed vowels ''e'' and ''o'' are otherwise low by default.

=Phonology=
In this section, the phonology of the standard dialect is described.
==Vowels==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! Front  
! Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || o
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ ||ɔ 
|-
! Open 
|colspan=2| a 
|}

# While Vulgarian contrasts close-mid (/e o/) and open-mid (/ɛ ɔ/) vowels in stressed syllables, they are in free variation when unstressed.
==Consonants==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! 
!Bilabial
!Labio-&lt;br&gt;dental
!Dental/&lt;br&gt;Alveolar
!Post-&lt;br&gt;alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
|-
!Nasal
| m
| 
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|-
!Plosive
| p  b
|
| t  d
|
|
| k  g
|-
!Fricative
|
| f  v
| s  z
| 
|
|
|-
!Affricate
|
|
| (t)s  (d)z
| (t)ʃ  (d)ʒ
|
|
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|
|
| j
| w
|-
!Trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
!Tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral
|
|
| l
|
| ʎ
|
|}

#Nasals assimilate to the point of articulation of whatever consonant they precede. For example, /nɡ/ is realized as [ŋɡ].
=Dialects=

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;9&quot;| IPA !! colspan=2 | Consonants
|-
! Standard !! Dòssia !! Lenòmia !! Ucòsia !! S. Telcapòlia !! N. Telcapòlia !! Pecesamia !! W. Hurtòmia !! E. Hurtòmia !! Examples
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|b
|align=center colspan=8|b
|'''b'''occa
|-
|align=center colspan=3|b, v
|align=center rowspan=3|v
|align=center rowspan=2|β, v
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|β
|tra'''b'''alho
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|v
|align=center rowspan=3|v
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|v
|le'''v'''are
|-
|align=center|b, v
|align=center colspan=3|b
|'''v'''acca
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|p
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|p
|align=center|b
|align=center colspan=4|β
|sa'''p'''ere
|-
|align=center|p
|align=center colspan=5|p
|'''p'''adre
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|d
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|d
|align=center rowspan=3|d
|align=center colspan=4|d
|'''d'''ulce
|-
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=4|ð
|ni'''d'''o
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|t
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|t
|vi'''t'''a
|-
|align=center colspan=5|t
|'''t'''ec'''t'''o
|-
|align=center|f
|align=center colspan=8|f
|'''f'''ícato
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|k
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|k
|align=center colspan=5|k
|'''c'''âne
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|g
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=4|ɣ
|la'''c'''o
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|g
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|g
|peda'''g'''o'''g'''o
|-
|align=center colspan=4|g
|'''g'''allo
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|l
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=3|l
|align=center rowspan=2|l
|align=center colspan=2|l
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|l
|'''l'''una
|-
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ɫ
|so'''l'''e
|-
|align=center|l, ɫ
|pa'''l'''ma
|-
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|j
|align=center colspan=4|ʎ
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ʝ
|pa'''lh'''acio
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|j
|align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|j
|'''i'''ate
|-
|align=center colspan=2|j
|acţ'''i'''one
|-
|align=center|m
|align=center colspan=8|m
|'''m'''adre
|-
|align=center|n
|align=center colspan=8|n
|'''n'''òstro
|-
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|nj
|align=center colspan=6|ɲ
|ba'''nh'''o
|-
|align=center|r
|align=center rowspan=3|ʀ, ʁ, r
|align=center rowspan=3|ɾ
|align=center|r
|align=center colspan=2|r, ʁ, x, h
|align=center colspan=3|r
|'''r'''atto
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|ɾ
|align=center rowspan=2|ɾ
|align=center colspan=2|ɾ
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|ɾ
|pu'''r'''o
|-
|align=center colspan=2|ɾ, ɹ, ʁ, x, h
|pò'''r'''ta
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|s
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|s
|align=center|s, ʃ
|align=center|ʃ
|align=center rowspan=2|s
|align=center colspan=2|s, h
|pa'''s'''ta
|-
|align=center colspan=2|s
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|s
|'''s'''imilare
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|z
|align=center rowspan=2|z
|align=center|s, z
|align=center rowspan=2|z
|align=center colspan=3|z
|ca'''s'''a
|-
|align=center|z
|align=center|z, ʒ
|align=center rowspan=2|ʒ
|align=center|z, ʒ
|align=center colspan=2|z, h
|mete'''s'''mo
|-
|align=center|(d)ʒ
|align=center|ʒ
|align=center colspan=2|dʒ
|align=center|ʒ
|align=center|ʒ
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|x, h
|'''g'''enerale
|-
|align=center|(j)ʃ
|align=center|is
|align=center|(p)s
|align=center|ʃ
|align=center colspan=3|(j)ʃ
|la'''jx'''are, co'''jx'''a
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|(t)ʃ
|align=center|z
|align=center colspan=2|tʃ
|align=center colspan=3|z
|align=center rowspan=5|s
|align=center rowspan=5|θ
|dí'''c'''ere
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|s
|align=center|ʃtʃ
|align=center|ʃ
|align=center|s, ʃ
|align=center|ʃs, ʃ
|align=center|s, ʃ
|pe'''sc'''e
|-
|align=center colspan=2|tʃ
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=3|s
|'''c'''èlo
|-
|align=center|(t)s
|align=center colspan=2|ts
|cân'''ţ'''ione
|-
|align=center|(d)z
|align=center colspan=2|z
|align=center|dz
|align=center colspan=2|z
|align=center|dz, z
|'''z'''elare
|-
|align=center|w
|align=center|Ø
|align=center|v, Ø
|align=center colspan=6|w, Ø
|q'''ü'''estione
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;8&quot;| IPA !! colspan=2 | Vowels
|-
! Standard !! Ucòsia !! S. Telcapòlia !! N. Telcapòlia !! Pecesamia !! Dòssia !! Lenòmia !! Hurtòmia !! Examples
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|a
|align=center rowspan=3|a
|align=center colspan=2|a
|align=center rowspan=2|a
|align=center colspan=2|a
|align=center rowspan=3|a
|c'''a'''sa
|-
|align=center colspan=2|ɐ̃ 
|align=center|ɑ̃
|align=center|ɨ
|'''â'''ngelo
|-
|align=center|a, ə
|align=center colspan=2|ə
|align=center colspan=2|a, ə
|g'''a'''llin'''a'''
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|ɛ
|align=center|jɛ
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ɛ
|align=center rowspan=3|ɛ
|align=center|jɛ
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|je
|p'''è'''de
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|ɛ
|align=center rowspan=3|ɛ
|t'''è'''rra
|-
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|ẽ
|t'''è'''mpo
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|e
|align=center rowspan=3|e
|align=center rowspan=2|e
|align=center rowspan=3 colspan=2|e
|c'''e'''nso
|-
|align=center colspan=2|e
|align=center |e, ɛ
|'''e'''rro
|-
|align=center|e, i
|align=center rowspan=3|ɨ
|align=center colspan=2|ə
|gent'''e'''
|-
|align=center rowspan=4|i
|align=center rowspan=2|i, e
|align=center rowspan=2|i
|align=center rowspan=2|i
|align=center rowspan=2|i, ə
|align=center|i, e
|align=center rowspan=2|i
|pr'''i'''mario
|-
|align=center|ɨ
|restr'''î'''ngere
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|i
|align=center colspan=2|i
|align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|i
|am'''i'''co
|-
|align=center colspan=2|ĩ
|c'''i'''nqüe
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|ɔ
|align=center|wɔ
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|ɔ
|align=center rowspan=3|ɔ
|align=center rowspan=2|ɔ, ø, œ
|align=center colspan=2 rowspan=3|wo
|sc'''ò'''la
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|ɔ
|c'''ò'''sta
|-
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|õ
|align=center rowspan=2|ɔ̃
|c'''ò'''nto
|-
|align=center rowspan=3|o
|align=center rowspan=3|o
|align=center rowspan=2|o
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|o
|p'''o'''nto
|-
|align=center colspan=2|o
|align=center|o, ɔ, ø
|p'''o'''llo
|-
|align=center|o, u
|align=center rowspan=2|u
|align=center|u, ə
|align=center|o, u, ə
|align=center|o, u
|align=center|o
|v'''o'''lut'''o'''
|-
|align=center rowspan=2|u
|align=center rowspan=2|u
|align=center|u
|align=center rowspan=2|u
|align=center|u, y
|align=center rowspan=2 colspan=2|u
|c'''u'''bo
|-
|align=center colspan=2|ũ
|align=center|u
|'''u'''n
|}

=Grammar=
==Sentences and word order==
==Verbs==
Every Vulgarian verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the infinitive ending: -''are'', -''ere'', or -''ire''— sometimes called the first, second, third and the fourth &quot;conjugations&quot;, respectively.

==Nouns==
==Articles and determiners==
==Adjectives==
==Adverbs==
==Prepositions==
==Pronouns==
=Examples=
=Sample texts=
==Declarațione Universale de los Directos Humanos==
'''Artículo 1'''

Totos los èsseres humanos nascon líberes e eguales în dignitate e în directos. Son dotatos de rațione e de consciènția e debon comportar-se los unos con los altros în espírito de fraternitate.

'''Artículo 2'''

Totas las personas se pòten prevalere de los directos e las libertates proclamatos în la presente Declarațione, senza nulla distincțione, notatamente, de raza, de colore, de sexo, de lingua, de religione, de opinione política ou qualsía altra, de orígine naționale ou sociale, de fortuna, de nascimento ou de qualsía altra situațione. Fòra de aqüesto, non serà facuta nulla distincțione fundata în lo estatuto político, jurídico ou internaționale de lo paese à lo quale una persona appertenesce, sía aqüesto paese ou territorio independente, subto tutèla, non autónomo ou subiecto à qualsía altra limitațione de suberanitate.

'''Artículo 3'''

Toto individuo ha directo à la vita, à la libertate e à la securitate de la sua persona.

'''Artículo 4'''

Nulla persona non serà mantenuta în esclavitúdine ou în servitúdine; la esclavitúdine e lo commèrcio de esclavos son prohibitos subto totas las suas formas.

'''Artículo 5'''

Nulla persona non serà submissa à tortura ou tractamentos ou à puniționes crudeles, in-humanos ou degradantes.

'''Artículo 6'''

Toto individuo ha lo directo, în totos locales, à lo reconoscimento de la sua personalitate jurídica.

'''Artículo 7'''

Totos son eguales abante la lege e han directo, senza distincțione, à eguale protecțione de la lege. Totos han directo à una eguale protecțione contra qualsía discriminațione que viole la presente Declarațione e contra qualsía provocațione à tale discriminațione.

'''Artículo 8'''

Tota persona ha directo à un recurso effectivo abante las jurisdicționes naționales competentes contra los actos que violen los directos fundamentales reconoscutos per la constituțione ou per la lege.

'''Artículo 9'''

Nulla persona non pòte èssere arbitrariamente arrestata, detenuta ou exiliata.

'''Artículo 10'''

Tota persona ha directo, în condiționes de plena equalitate, à èssere eqüitativa e publicamente audita per un tribunale independente e imparțiale, per la determinațione sía de los suos directos e obligaționes, sía per lo examen de qualsía accusațione în matèria penale contra èlla.

==La Turren de Babèl==
Întúnqües tota la tèrra habeba una sola lingua e las metésimas parablas. Quândo han partito de l'oriente, han encontrato una planura în lo paese de Senar e allà se han estabilescito. E han dicto los unos à los altros: Venite, faciamos ladrillos e cociamo-los con fòco. E los ladrillos lis han servito de pètra e lo bitume de cemento. Despós han dicto: Venite, construamo-nos una ciutate e una turren, lo cúlmine de la quale arribe à lo cèlo, e faciamo-nos famosos, à fine de que non nos dispersemos supre tota la tèrra. Però lo Senhore ha descenduto à fine de védere la ciutate e la turren que los filhos de los hòmines construiban. E lo Senhore ha dicto: Illes son un solo pòpulo e parlan una sola lingua; aqüesto é lo que han cominciato fàcere. À hora nullo non los va restríngere de fàcere toto que se propònian. Întúnqües descendamos e confundamos la lòro lingua, à fine de que non comprehendan mais la lingua los unos de los altros. E lo Senhore los ha dispersato de allà supre tota la tèrra; e han cessato de construire la ciutate. Per aqüesto aqüèsta ciutate se ha clamato Babèl, per que allà lo Senhore ha confunduto la lingua de tota la tèrra, e de allà lo Senhore los ha dispersato supre tota la tèrra.

==Lo Diminuto Príncepe==

Quândo habeba seis annos, heio veduto, una vece, una magnífica imàgine, în un libro supre la forèsta vírgine que se clamaba &quot;Històrias vivutas&quot;. Aqüesto representaba una serpente boa que înglutíba una fèra. Aqüèsta è la còpia de lo desinho:

Se díceba în lo libro: &quot;Las serpentes boas înglúton la lòro preda tota întègra, senza masticar-la. Despós non pòton mais mòver-se e dòrmon durante los seis meses de la lòro digestione&quot;.

Heio întúnqües reflectito multo supre las aventuras de la jungla e, à la mea vece, heio reuscito, con un lapis de colore, à tracciare lo meo primo desinho. Èra assí:

Heio monstrato la mea òpera maèstre à las personas grandes e lis qüestionaba si lo meo desinho lis faceba pavore.

Èllas me han responduto: &quot;Per que un ciappèllo faceba pavore?&quot;

Lo meo desinho non representaba un ciappèllo. Representaba una serpente boa que digeriba un elephante. Heio întúnqües desinhato l'interiore de la boa, à fine de que las personas grandes pòtan comprehéndere. À toto tèmpo han necessitate de explicaționes.

==Sànscrito==
La lingua sànscrita, qualsía sua antiqüitate, è de una estructura meravilhosa; mais perfecta que lo grèco, mais rica que lo latine, e mais exqüisitamente refinata que totas las dos, si bène que ha con las dos una affinitate mais fòrte, atânto în las radicinas de los verbos quânto în las formas de grammàtica, que potereba habere estato producito per accidente. Atânto de fòrte, în facto, que nullo philòlogo potereba examinare totas las tres, senza crédere que han originato de una fònte commune, que, pòte-èssere, non mais existe. Ha una raţione similare, si bène que non atânto de fòrte, per presuppónere que atânto lo gòthico quânto lo cèlta, si bène que mesclatos con una lingua multo differente, habian lo metésimo orígine que lo sànscrito; e l'antiquo pèrsa potereba èssere aggregato à la metésima familia.

[[Category:Romance conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sidebar</title>
    <id>8543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58202</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-01T22:31:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>readding donations link, maybe it'll stick this time.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">* navigation
** mainpage|mainpage-description
** portal-url|portal
** currentevents-url|currentevents
** recentchanges-url|recentchanges
** randompage-url|randompage
** sitesupport-url|sitesupport
** helppage|help
* SEARCH
* TOOLBOX
* LANGUAGES</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nesnïdathe</title>
    <id>8544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58564</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-15T14:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hcesarcastro</username>
        <id>1430</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phonology */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Nesnïdathe''' or '''Nesnïda Phaba Distesta''' is a language that makes extensive use of [[Wikipedia:Assimilation_(linguistics)|assimilation]]. It employs a [[Wikipedia:Vowel_harmony|vowel-]][[Wikipedia:Consonant_harmony|consonant harmony]].

=Phonology=
As Nesnïdathe makes extensive use of assimilation every word belongs to a class and it must only use phonemes that belong to that class (The only exception is the '''chain class''', which will be explained below).

==Classes==
There are five classes. A word that belongs to any of these classes can have only the characters allowed for its class.

The classes are:
* '''Class I''': Only labial consonants and rounded vowels. Example: ''molpühu {{IPA|[moɫˈpyhu]}}'';
* '''Class II''': Only dental/coronal consonants and unrounded vowels. Example: ''dïtani {{IPA|[ˈdɯt̪ani]}}'';
* '''Class III''': Only palatal consonants and front vowels. Example: ''lyetsyödya {{IPA|[ʎeˈtɕœɟa]}}'';
* '''Class IV''': Only velar consonants and back vowels. Example: ''kwuknhëlha {{IPA|[kwu'kⁿʌɫa]}}'';
* '''Chain Class''': This is a special class that will require a separate section in order to explain it.

As can be seen above there are some characters that do not belong to any class, and so can be in any word regardless of its class. They are '''a {{IPA|[a]}}''', '''h {{IPA|[h]}}''' and '''hl {{IPA|[ɬ]}}'''.

===Chain Class===
There is a strange property in chain class words. These words do not belong to a specific class, they can change between classes but there '''must''' be a link between these classes.

In order to create those links one must make use of vowels that belong to two different classes. For instance, '''e''' is a front unrounded vowel so one can change from class II (unrounded vowels) to class III (front vowels). 

==Consonants==
As written above there are 4 kinds of consonants (labial, dental/coronal, palatal and velar) and each of these kinds belongs to one of the word classes (except chain class).

These consonants are divided in three groups: uniconsonantal, biconsonantal and triconsonantal clusters.

===Uniconsonantal===
The uniconsonantal group is divided in five subgroups: [[Wikipedia:Voiceless|voiceless]] [[Wikipedia:Stop_consonant|stop]], [[Wikipedia:Voiced_consonant|voiced]] stop, [[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative]], [[Wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral]] and [[Wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal]].

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Class''' || '''Labial''' || '''Dental''' || '''Palatal''' || '''Velar'''
|-
| '''Vl. Stop'''  || p {{IPA|[p]}} || t {{IPA|[t̪]}} || ty {{IPA|[c]}} || k {{IPA|[k]}}
|-
| '''Vd. Stop'''  || b {{IPA|[b]}} || d {{IPA|[d̪]}} || dy {{IPA|[ɟ]}} || g {{IPA|[g]}}
|-
| '''Fricative''' || ph {{IPA|[f]}} || th {{IPA|[θ]}} || ch {{IPA|[ç]}} || kh {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| '''Lateral'''  || w {{IPA|[w]}} || l {{IPA|[l̪]}} || ly {{IPA|[ʎ]}} || lh {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
|-
| '''Nasal'''  || m {{IPA|[m]}} || n {{IPA|[n̪]}} || ny {{IPA|[ɲ]}} || nh {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|}

===Biconsonantal===
The biconsonantal cluster is divided in ten groups: vl. stop + sibilant (encoded vl + s), vl. stop + lateral (encoded vl + l), vl. stop + nasal (encoded vl + n), sibilant + vl. stop (encoded s + vl), lateral + vl. stop (encoded l + vl), nasal + vl. stop (encoded n + vl), sibilant + vd. stop (encoded s + vd), lateral + vd. stop (encoded l + vd), nasal + vd. stop (encoded n + vd) and aspirant + vl. stop (encoded h + vl).

It is important to note that due to [[Wikipedia:Sandhi|sandhi]] and [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophony]] some biconsonantal clusters are pronounced as a single phoneme (transliteration, in order to simplify the reading, can also represent the sound with a single consonant or with two or more consonants that suggest a single phoneme).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Class''' || '''Labial''' || '''Dental''' || '''Palatal''' || '''Velar'''
|-
| '''Vl. + S'''  || ps {{IPA|[ps]}} || ts {{IPA|[ts]}} || tsy {{IPA|[tɕ]}} || x {{IPA|[ks]}}
|-
| '''Vl. + L'''  || pw {{IPA|[pw]}} || tl {{IPA|[t̪l̪]}} || tly {{IPA|[cʎ]}} || kw¹ {{IPA|[kw]}}
|-
| '''Vl. + N''' || pm {{IPA|[pⁿ]}} || tn {{IPA|[t̪ⁿ]}} || tny {{IPA|[cⁿ]}} || knh {{IPA|[kⁿ]}}
|-
| '''S + Vl.'''  || sp {{IPA|[sp]}} || st {{IPA|[st̪]}} || sty {{IPA|[sc]}} || sk {{IPA|[sk]}}
|-
| '''L + Vl.'''  || lp¹ {{IPA|[ɫp]}} || lt {{IPA|[l̪t̪]}} || lty {{IPA|[ʎc]}} || lk {{IPA|[ɫk]}}
|-
| '''N + Vl.'''  || mp {{IPA|[mp]}} || nt {{IPA|[n̪t̪]}} || nty {{IPA|[ɲc]}} || nk {{IPA|[ŋk]}}
|-
| '''S + Vd.'''  || sb {{IPA|[sb]}} || sd {{IPA|[sd̪]}} || sdy {{IPA|[sɟ]}} || sg {{IPA|[sg]}}
|-
| '''L + Vd.''' || lb¹ {{IPA|[ɫb]}} || ld {{IPA|[l̪d̪]}} || ldy {{IPA|[ʎɟ]}} || lg {{IPA|[ɫg]}}
|-
| '''N + Vd.'''  || mb {{IPA|[mb]}} || nd {{IPA|[n̪d̪]}} || ndy {{IPA|[ɲɟ]}} || ng {{IPA|[ŋg]}}
|-
| '''H + Vl.²'''  || hp {{IPA|[hp]}} || ht {{IPA|[ht̪]}} || hty {{IPA|[hc]}} || hk {{IPA|[hk]}}
|}
¹Due to allophony L + labial stop uses ɫ instead of w as the prestop lateral sound and velar stop + L uses w instead of ɫ as the poststop lateral sound.&lt;br&gt;
²Due to allophony hp, ht̪, hc and hk, when preceded by a front vowel, are pronounced çp, çt̪, çc and çk respectively.

===Triconsonantal===
This is the rarest consonantal cluster. It is divided in 9 groups: s + vl. + s, s + vl. + l, s + vl. + n, l + vl. + s, l + vl. + l, l + vl. + n, n + vl. + s, n + vl. + l and n + vl. + n (see biconsonantal encoding).

Almost every triconsonantal cluster is pronounced as a double consonant sound due to allophony and difficulty in pronouncing triconsonantal clusters. Lots of allophonic changes happen in triconsonantal clusters, but no special subtitles will be created as it was done to biconsonantal clusters.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Class''' || '''Labial''' || '''Dental''' || '''Palatal''' || '''Velar'''
|-
| '''S + Vl. + S'''  || sps {{IPA|[sps]}} || ss {{IPA|[sː]}} || ssy {{IPA|[ɕː]}} || sx {{IPA|[sks]}}
|-
| '''S + Vl. + L'''  || spw {{IPA|[spw]}} || sl {{IPA|[sl̪]}} || sly {{IPA|[sʎ]}} || skw {{IPA|[skw]}}
|-
| '''S + Vl. + N''' || sm {{IPA|[sm]}} || sn {{IPA|[sn̪]}} || sny {{IPA|[sɲ]}} || snh {{IPA|[sŋ]}}
|-
| '''L + Vl. + S'''  || lps {{IPA|[ɫps]}} || ls {{IPA|[ls]}} || lsy {{IPA|[lɕ]}} || lx {{IPA|[ɫks]}}
|-
| '''L + Vl. + L'''  || lpw {{IPA|[ɫpw]}} || ll {{IPA|[l̪ː]}} || lly {{IPA|[ʎː]}} || lkw {{IPA|[ɫkw]}}
|-
| '''L + Vl. + N'''  || lm {{IPA|[ɫm]}} || ln {{IPA|[l̪n̪]}} || lny {{IPA|[ʎɲ]}} || lnh {{IPA|[ɫŋ]}}
|-
| '''N + Vl. + S'''  || mps {{IPA|[mps]}} || ns {{IPA|[n̪s]}} || nsy {{IPA|[nɕ]}} || nx {{IPA|[ŋks]}}
|-
| '''N + Vl. + L''' || mpw {{IPA|[mpw]}} || ntl {{IPA|[n̪t̪l̪]}} || ntly {{IPA|[ɲcʎ]}} || nkw {{IPA|[ŋkw]}}
|-
| '''N + Vl. + N'''  || mm {{IPA|[mː]}} || nn {{IPA|[n̪ː]}} || nny {{IPA|[ɲː]}} || nnh {{IPA|[ŋː]}}
|}

===Classless Consonants===
As stated in section '''Classes''' there are two classless consonants: '''h {{IPA|[h]}}'''¹ and '''hl {{IPA|[ɬ]}}'''.&lt;br&gt;
¹'''h''' is pronounced '''{{IPA|[ɸ]}}''' when it is followed by rounded vowels.

==Vowels==
The vowels are divided in four groups: rounded, unrounded, front and back. There is a vowel, which is called a neutral vowel because it does not belong to any group: '''a {{IPA|[a]}}'''.

Each non-neutral vowel belongs to two groups. The only two group combination which are prohibited are ''unrounded rounded'' and ''front back'' because they are opposing features.

Each group has three subgroups: mid vowel, close vowel and diphthong. The only open vowel is the neutral vowel.

In stressed syllables the mid vowel is pronounced as a mid-open vowel. It is pronounced as a mid-close vowel otherwise.

===Unrounded Front===
These vowels can be surrounded by dental/coronal (unrounded feature) and palatal consonants (front feature).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Group''' || 
|-
| '''stressed mid'''  || e¹ {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|-
| '''unstressed mid'''  || e¹ {{IPA|[e]}}
|-
| '''close''' || i {{IPA|[i]}}
|-
| '''diphthong'''  || ai {{IPA|[aɪ̯]}}
|}
¹The unstressed mid and stressed mid vowels represent the same vowel. Its pronunciation only depends on the place where it lies in a word, thus the transliteration uses the same character.

===Unrounded Back===
These vowels can be surrounded by dental/coronal (unrounded feature) and velar consonants (back feature).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Group''' || 
|-
| '''stressed mid'''  || ë {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
|-
| '''unstressed mid'''  || ë {{IPA|[ɤ]}}
|-
| '''close''' || ï {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
|-
| '''diphthong'''  || aï {{IPA|[aɯ̯̽]}}
|}

===Rounded Front===
These vowels can be surrounded by labial (rounded feature) and palatal consonants (front feature).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Group''' || 
|-
| '''stressed mid'''  || ö¹ {{IPA|[œ]}}
|-
| '''unstressed mid'''  || ö¹ {{IPA|[ø]}}
|-
| '''close''' || ü¹ {{IPA|[y]}}
|-
| '''diphthong'''  || aü {{IPA|[aʏ̯]}}
|}
¹Due to allophony, when preceding or following a /w/ sound the /w/ sound is pronounced {{IPA|[ɥ]}}. For instance, wü is pronounced {{IPA|[ɥy]}}, kwü is pronounced {{IPA|[kɥy]}}, müwa is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈmyɥa]}} and pwö is pronounced {{IPA|[pɥø]}} when unstressed and {{IPA|[pɥœ]}} otherwise.

===Rounded Back===
These vowels can be surrounded by labial (rounded feature) and velar consonants (back feature).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Group''' || 
|-
| '''stressed mid'''  || o {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| '''unstressed mid'''  || o {{IPA|[o]}}
|-
| '''close''' || u {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
| '''diphthong'''  || au {{IPA|[aʊ̯]}}
|}

==Stress==
The stressed syllable is the one of the following:
* The one with a diphthong;
* If there is no diphthong and there is a bi- or triconsonantal cluster in the last or next-to-last syllable, then the stressed syllable is the next-to-last syllable;
* If none of the above conditions are met, the stressed syllable is the third-from-last.

==Connecting Words==

=Phonotactics=
Every syllable is of the type CV, where C is a consonantal cluster and V is a vowel. There is no word beginning with a vowel.

There are only 3 biconsonantal clusters per class that can be in the beginning of a word. They are: vl. stop + s, vl. stop + l and vl. stop + n, i.e. ps, pw and pm for '''class I'''; ts, tl and tn for '''class II'''; tsy, tly and tny for '''class III''', and x, kw and knh for '''class IV'''.

Every single consonant can be in the beginning of a word. And there is no triconsonantal cluster capable of being in the beginning of a word. '''h''' and '''hl''' can also be the first characters of a word.

There can only exist diphtongs in the last, in the next-to-last or in the third-from-last syllable. There will not exist a diphthong if there is a bi- or triconsonantal cluster after it.

The vowels and consonants allowed to be used in a word highly depends on its class. One can indiscriminately use '''h''', '''hl''' and '''a''' in words from classes I to IV. The only constraint is not to use vowels and consonants that do not belong to the word class.

'''a''' canNOT be used in chain class. If either '''h''' or '''hl''' is present in a chain class word it must be between two vowels which share both features ([[Wikipedia:Roundedness|roundedness]] and [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|backness]]).

==Examples==
===Valid===
* '''hlömöböphü''': Class I (labial consonants). Use of rounded vowels in Class I word. ''hl'' can be used.
* '''nhaga''': Class IV (velar consonants). No use of back vowels, but ''a'' used instead. ''a'' can be used in any class, except chain one.
* '''xomogonko''': Besides only having the same vowel, '''o''', one can see that both '''m''' (a labial consonant) and '''g''' (a velar consonant) are present in this word, therefore it is a chain class word;
* '''psopütye''': Chain Class (mixed consonants). Vowel-consonant harmony occurs between sequential syllables. ''a'' is not used.

===Chain Class Phonotactics===
* '''psopütye'''
** ''ps'': labial biconsonantal cluster;
** ''o'': rounded back vowel, thus harmonical with ''ps'' (a labial cluster);
** ''p'': labial consonant, thus harmonical with ''o'' (a rounded vowel);
** ''ü'': rounded front vowel, thus harmonical with ''p'' (a labial consonant);
** ''ty'': palatal consonant, thus harmonical with ''ü'' (a front vowel);
** ''e'': unrounded front vowel, thus harmonical with ''ty'' (a palatal consonant).

===Invalid===
* '''pwapwulnho''': '''pw''' and '''lnh''' in the same words means it is a chain class word, but there canNOT be an '''a''' in it. Therefore it is invalid;
* '''taïlïnde''': Class II, but a diphthong ('''aï''') and a biconsonantal cluster after it ('''nd''');
* '''gohütlyöphö''': Chain Class ('''g''', '''tly''' and '''ph''' together) and an '''h''' between two vowel with different features, '''o''' is a back vowel and '''ü''' is a front one.

=Parts of Speech=
Except for [[Wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]] [[Wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particles]] every part of speech of Nesnïdathe is an [[Wikipedia:Open_word_classes|open word class]].

==Nouns==
Every noun root begins with a voiceless stop or with a biconsonantal cluster whose first character is a voiceless stop. Therefore the only initial uni- and biconsonantal clusters are '''p''', '''ps''', '''pw''' and '''pm''' for ''Class I''; '''t''', '''ts''', '''tl''' and '''tn''' for ''Class II''; '''ty''', '''tsy''', '''tly''' and '''tny''' for ''Class III'', and '''k''', '''x''', '''kw''' and '''knh''' for ''Class IV''. ''Chain class'' words can have any of these 16 (four classes times four clusters per class) clusters.

===Gender and Number===
Genderlessness is an important property of this language. The classes only exist for vowel-consonant harmony.

There are four numbers: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''trial''' and '''plural'''.

===Cases===
The list of cases is yet incomplete. More cases will be discovered as new translations are made.

The cases are represented as prefixes of the structure '''C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;VC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;''', C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is an initial cluster, V is a vowel and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is one of the following elements: '''S''' (the [[Wikipedia:Sibilant_consonant|sibilant]]), '''L''' (the [[Wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral]]) and '''N''' (the [[Wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal]]). C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are determined by the case and the class and V is determined by the number and the class.

====Case Vowels====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Vowels''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || o || ü || ö || u
|-
| '''Class II'''  || e || ï || ë || i
|-
| '''Class III''' || e || ü || ö || i
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || o || ï || ë || u
|}

The vowels chosen for ''chain class'' words depends on the consonant in the beginning of the word. If it begins with a '''p''' then it uses '''Class I''' case vowel.

====List of Cases====
Both consonants of the prefix structure are determined by the case and the class. If a word is from the ''chain class'' then the initial cluster be of a different class.&lt;br&gt;
For instance, nominative initial cluster is a '''nasal consonant'''. If its number is singular and the word root begins with '''p''', then the prefix constitutes of '''a nasal vowel + o'''. '''o''' allows this nasal consonant to be '''m''' or '''nh'''. '''m''' is not allowed because the word is a ''chain class'' one and its root begins with a labial consonant ('''p'''). Therefore, the prefix is '''nho'''.

The case prefix is marked in '''bold'''. The root initial cluster and its modifications made by allophony are maked in &lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt;.

=====Nominative=====
It is used when the word is the '''subject''' or '''object''' of the sentence. It depends ''highly'' on the word order (see  [[#Syntax|syntax]] part for further explanation).

======Example======
'''The girl''' sings '''a song'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is NVS (a nasal + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;'''spw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;'''spw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;'''spw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;'''spw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Ergative=====
It is used when the word is the '''subject''' of the sentence, but it is used only in some specific cases (see [[#Syntax|syntax]] part for further explanation).

======Example======
'''The girl''' pushes ''the door'' and (''it'') closes. (The object of first sentence, which is transitive, is also the subject of the next sentence, which is intranstive. ''The door'' is written with the '''nominative case''')

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TsVS (a voiceless stop + sibilant cluster + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Accusative=====
It is used when the word is the '''object''' of the sentence, but it is used only in some specific cases (see  [[#Syntax|syntax]] part for further explanation).

======Example======
''The girl'' kisses '''the boy''' and (''she'') leaves. (The subject of first sentence, which is transitive, is also the subject of the next sentence, which is intransitive. ''The girl'' is written with the '''nominative case''')

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is ThVS (a fricative + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Predicative=====
It is used when the word is the '''predicative''' of the sentence. Usually it is used in ''copula sentences''.

======Example======
The woman is '''a doctor'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TnVN (a voiceless stop + nasal cluster + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pmo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tnï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tnë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tnye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''knho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''knho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tnyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tnyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''knhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tnye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''knhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''knhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tnyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pmü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pmö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pmo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tnï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tnë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pmu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Genitive=====
It is used when the word is a '''nominal complement''' of another word, but not when it is a possessor/owner of that other word (use [[#Possessive|possessive case]] instead). It is also used when the word is the '''object''' of a substantive subordinate clause.

======Example======
The door '''of the car'''. ''OR'' I know that you understand '''the law''' (I know of your understanding '''of the law'''). (further explanation in [[#Syntax|syntax]] part)

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TVL (a voiceless stop + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''po&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''te&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''të&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''ti&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''työ&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''ko&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''ku&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''ko&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''työ&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''ku&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''te&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''ti&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''po&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''të&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Possessive=====
It is used when the word is a '''possessor/owner''' of another word. If it is a nominal complement, but not when it is a possessor/owner of that other word, use [[#Genitive|genitive case]] instead. It is also used when the word is the '''object''' of a substantive subordinate clause.

======Example======
The wage '''of the waiter'''. ''OR'' I know that '''you''' understand the law (I know of '''your''' understanding of the law). (further explanation in [[#Syntax|syntax]] part)

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is NVN (a nasal + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Benefactive=====
It is used when something gets some '''benefict''' from an action.

======Example======
The man gives a chocolate '''to the boy'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TnVS (a voiceless stop + nasal cluster + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pmo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pmu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tnï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tnë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tnye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tnyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''knho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''knhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''knho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tnyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tnyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''knhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tnye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''knhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''knhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tnyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pmü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pmö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pmo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tnï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tnë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pmu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Dative=====
It is used when a word is the '''indirect object''' of an action and there is ''NO benefict'' involved.

======Example======
The old man told the tale '''to the young''' of the tribe.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is DVN (a voiced stop + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Aversive=====
It is used when something is '''avoided''' or '''feared'''.

======Example======
The pilot gave up the championship '''to avoid shame of the losing'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TlVN (a voiceless stop + lateral cluster + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tle&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tlï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tlë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tli&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tlye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''kwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''kwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tlyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tlyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''kwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tlye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kwï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kwë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tlyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tle&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pwü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pwö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tli&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tlï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tlë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Comitative=====
It is used when the word is '''together with''' another word. If there is a ''use relation'' between these two words then '''instrumental case''' should be used instead. It can also be used for the verb of a coordinate clause where either the second clause is not an intransitive clause or the subject of the second clause is neither the subject nor the object of the first one.

======Example======
I walked to the park '''with my friend'''. ''OR'' I wanted to go to the game ''and'' John '''told''' me not to do so.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TsVL (a voiceless stop + sibilant cluster + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Instrumental=====
It is used when the word is '''making use of''' another word. It can also be used to indicate movement ''from'' or ''to'' a place (words '''origin''' and '''destiny''' are used in order to create this movement structure).

======Example======
He bought the car '''with his money'''. ''OR'' He came '''from London''' yesterday (He came '''with origin''' in London yesterday).

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is ThVN (a fricative + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Abessive=====
It is used when there is '''lack of''' something.

======Example======
The man found his wallet '''without his money'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TVS (a voiceless stop + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''po&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''te&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''të&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''ti&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''työ&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''ko&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''ku&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''ko&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''työ&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''ku&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''te&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''ti&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''po&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''të&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Locative=====
It is used when the word is '''located in''' another word. As told in '''instrumental case''', it can also be used to indicate movement ''from'' or ''to'' a place when used together with the words '''origin''' and '''destiny'''. It can also be used to indicate '''some place in a timelime'''.

======Example======
He is '''at home'''. ''OR'' He came '''from London''' yesterday (He came with origin '''in London''' yesterday). ''OR'' He left '''today''' (He left '''in this day''').

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is DVL (a voiced stop + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Vialis=====
It is used when the word is '''through''' another word.

======Example======
He looks '''through the window'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is ThVL (a fricative + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''kho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''chö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''khu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''che&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''khë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''chi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''the&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''phö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''thi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''thë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''phu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Associative=====
It is used when something is '''like''' or '''used as''' some other thing.

======Example======
The stonemason used stones '''instead of bricks'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is LVL (a lateral + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''wü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''wö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''wu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''le&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''lï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''lë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''li&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''lye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''wï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''wë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''wu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''lyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''lyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''wu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''lye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''wï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''wë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''lyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''le&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''wü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''wö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''li&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''lï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''lë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''wu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Conformative=====
It is used when something is '''in conformation with/according to/for/pro''' some other thing.

======Example======
He is completely '''for my cause'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TlVS (a voiceless stop + lateral cluster + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tle&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tlï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tlë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tli&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tlye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tlyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''kwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''kwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''kwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tlyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tlyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''kwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tlye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kwï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''kwë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tlyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tle&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pwü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''pwö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tli&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pwo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tlï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tlë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''pwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Oppositive=====
It is used when something is '''opposing to/against''' another thing.

======Example======
He was reluctantly '''against my opinion'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is LVN (a lateral + the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''wü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''wö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''pwu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''le&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''lï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''lë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tli&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''lye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''lyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''lho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''lhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''lhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''lhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''lho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''lyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''lyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''lhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''lye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''lhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''lhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''lyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''le&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''wü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''wö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''li&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''wo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''lï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''lë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''wu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Causal-final=====
It is used when something is '''the reason''' or '''the objective''' of an action.

======Example======
He fought in the army '''for his glory'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is NVL (a nasal + the case vowel + the lateral).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''nho&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''nhu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''nye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nhë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''nyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''ne&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''mö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''ni&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''mo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''nï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''në&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''mu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;l'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Agentive=====
It is used when something is the '''agent''' of a ''[[#Voices|passive voice]] sentence''.

======Example======
The song is sung '''by her'''.

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is DVS (a voiced stop + the case vowel + the sibilant).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''go&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''dyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''gu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''dye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''gë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''dyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''l&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''de&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''bö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''di&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''bo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''dë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''bu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;s'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

=====Patientive=====
It is used when something is the '''patient''' of an ''[[#Voices|antipassive voice]] sentence''.

======Example======
She sings '''the song'''. ([[#Voices|antipassive voice]])

======Base Prefix======
The base prefix is TsVN (a voiceless stop + sibilant cluster the case vowel + the nasal).

======Non-Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;owa
|-
| '''Class II'''  || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''s&lt;/span&gt;ita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tly&lt;/span&gt;achü
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''k&lt;/span&gt;aku
|}

======Chain Classes======
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root begins with''' || '''Singular''' || '''Dual''' || '''Trial''' || '''Plural'''
|-
| '''Class I Cluster'''  || '''xo&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''tsyö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö || '''xu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;m'''pw&lt;/span&gt;ünyö
|-
| '''Class II Cluster'''  || '''tsye&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''xë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu || '''tsyi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''tl&lt;/span&gt;ïgu
|-
| '''Class III Cluster''' || '''tse&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psü&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''psö&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë || '''tsi&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''ty&lt;/span&gt;edë
|-
| '''Class IV Cluster'''  || '''pso&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsï&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''tsë&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü || '''psu&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A00000&quot;&gt;n'''kw&lt;/span&gt;ophü
|}

====Case Prefixes====
In this part the reader will find a table that is used to simplify the learning of the case prefixes.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
|  || '''S''' || '''N''' || '''L'''
|-
| '''T'''  || '''Abessive''' || '''—''' || '''Genitive'''
|-
| '''D'''  || '''Agentive''' || '''Dative''' || '''Locative'''
|-
| '''Th'''  || '''Accusative''' || '''Instrumental''' || '''Vialis'''
|-
| '''N'''  || '''Nominative''' || '''Possessive''' || '''Causal-final'''
|-
| '''L'''  || '''—''' || '''Oppositive''' || '''Associative'''
|-
| '''Ts'''  || '''Ergative''' || '''Patientive''' || '''Comitative'''
|-
| '''Tn'''  || '''—''' || '''Benefactive''' || '''Predicative'''
|-
| '''Tl'''  || '''Conformative''' || '''Aversive''' || '''—'''
|}

===Determiners===
The list of determiners is yet incomplete. More cases will be discovered as new translations are made.

The determiners are represented as suffixes of the structure ''CV'', C is a cluster (uni-, bi- or triconsonantal, NOT necessarily initial) and V is a vowel.

If adding the suffix implies in having a diphthong with a cluster after it, the diphthong is pronounced as a mid vowel with the same features. Example: nesl'''aï'''hë + '''sne''' is still written nesl'''aï'''hë'''sne''', but it is pronounced as nesl'''ë'''hë'''sne''' (The transliteration will keep the original form). The same happens when it applies to the word having two or more diphthongs (only the last diphthong has its pronunciation kept). Example: nesl''aï''hë + dai

====Demonstrativeness====
Demonstrative pronouns are represented as suffixes based on a table of proximity. Only the cluster is important. The vowel is '''a''' in Classes I to IV. It is the same as the one preceding the suffix cluster when in Chain Class (except when it is a diphthong when it is used a mid vowel instead).

=====Proximity Degrees=====
There are seven proximity degrees:
* Near the speaker '''(prox.1)''';
* Near the hearer '''(prox.2)''';
* Near another person inside the talking group '''(prox.3)''';
* Near another person outside the talking group, but who is part of the conversation subject '''(prox.4)''';
* Near another person who can be seen '''(prox.5)''';
* Far from any person but that can be seen by either speaker or the hearer '''(prox.6)''' — Example: a ship near the horizon, a star, a planet;
* Out of sight '''(prox.7)''' — Something in a different place in time, like a greek amphora, something in the other side of the planet, or that exists in a fantasy world uses this proximity degree.

=====Proximity Clusters=====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Proximity Degrees''' || '''Prox. 1''' || '''Prox. 2''' || '''Prox. 3''' || '''Prox. 4''' || '''Prox. 5''' || '''Prox. 6''' || '''Prox. 7'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''h''' || '''hl''' || '''hp''' || '''lb''' || '''sb''' || '''mb''' || '''mm'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''h''' || '''hl''' || '''ht''' || '''ld''' || '''sd''' || '''nd''' || '''nn'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''h''' || '''hl''' || '''hty''' || '''ldy''' || '''sdy''' || '''ndy''' || '''nny'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''h''' || '''hl''' || '''hk''' || '''lg''' || '''sg''' || '''ng''' || '''nnh'''
|}

Example: mosnhopsü (''ship''), mosnhopsülgü (''the ship that the sailor, who is the subject of the conversation, is in'').

=====Definiteness=====
There is no specific affix or word for '''definiteness'''. It is represented by the use of demonstrativeness afixes. If there is NO proximity degree that can be associated with a ''noun'' it will lack a '''determiner suffix'''.

====Possessiveness====
There are no pronouns in '''Nesnïdathe''', but in order to represent possessiveness one '''must''' add a suffix that will determine which ''person'' possess that thing.

=====Persons=====
There are six persons:
* The speaker '''(1st.)''';
* The hearer '''(2nd.)''';
* The hearer (polite) '''(2nd. pol.)''';
* A part of a group of hearers '''(2nd. part.)''' — for that part of the hearers they are 2nd. person (hearers) and for the rest they are 3rd. person (people the speaker is talking about);
* A person that is neither the speaker nor the hearer and within the sight of either the speaker or the hearer (approximate) '''(3rd. appr.)''';
* A person that is neither the speaker nor the hearer and out of the sight of both the speaker and the hearer (obviative) '''(3rd. obv.)'''.

There are also two more person that refer other person, they are:
* The reciprocal person '''(recip.)''' — when one (or more) person(s) from a group is acting towards another person(s) of the same group;
* The reflexive pronoun '''(reflex.)''' — when one (or more) person(s) is acting towards him/her/themself(ves);

=====Number Vowels=====
The vowel in the possessiveness suffix structure represents the number of the possessiveness suffix (singular, dual, trial or plural). The vowel used is the one that appears in the [[#Case Vowels|case vowel]] table.

=====Possessiveness Table=====
All examples below use '''singular''' as the number of the ''possessiveness suffix''. 

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Person''' || '''1st.''' || '''2nd.''' || '''2nd. pol.''' || '''2nd. part.''' || '''3rd. appr.''' || '''3rd. obv.''' || '''recip.''' || '''reflex.'''
|-
| '''Class I'''  || mospwowa'''pho''' || mospwowa'''bo''' || mospwowa'''wo''' || mospwowa'''mo''' || mospwowa'''po''' || mospwowa'''pmo''' || mospwowa'''pso''' || mospopwa'''pwo'''
|-
| '''Class II'''  || nessita'''the''' || nessita'''de''' || nessita'''le''' || nessita'''ne''' || nessita'''te''' || nessita'''tne''' || nessita'''tse''' || nessita'''tle'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || nyeslyachü'''che''' || nyeslyachü'''dye''' || nyeslyachü'''lye''' || nyeslyachü'''nye''' || nyeslyachü'''tye''' || nyeslyachü'''tnye''' || nyeslyachü'''tsye''' || nyeslyachü'''tlye'''
|-
| '''Class IV'''  || nhoskaku'''kho''' || nhoskaku'''go''' || nhoskaku'''wo''' || nhoskaku'''nho''' || nhoskaku'''ko''' || nhoskaku'''knho''' || nhoskaku'''xo''' || nhoskaku'''kwo'''
|}

When the word is a ''Chain Class'' one, the possessiveness suffix is the same of the class of the last cluster of the word. Example: mosnhopsü (''ship'') uses '''Class I''' suffix, so mosnhopsü'''pho''' (''my ship'').

Non-singular example: mosnhopsü'''phö''' (''the ship of we three'').

====Specifiers====

=====Categories=====
'''Specifiers''' are divided in two categories:
* ''interior specifiers'' — express parts that compose an element (all parts of Earth = the '''whole''' Earth);
* ''exterior specifiers'' — express a set of elements (all people on Earth = '''every''' person on Earth).

These categories are represented by the '''determiner suffix vowel'''.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Category''' || '''Interior''' || '''Exterior'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''au''' || '''aü'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''ai''' || '''aï'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''ai''' || '''aü'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''au''' || '''aï'''
|}

If the determiner suffix is added to a ''Chain Class'' word it uses the vowel based on the class of the determiner suffix cluster. This cluster is determined by the degrees specified below.

=====Degrees=====
'''Specifiers''' are also divided in four degrees:
* totality ('''all''' elements of a given sort —  whole, every);
* presence (From '''one''' to '''all except one''' elements of a given sort —  some, some parts of);
* absence (no elements of a given sort — no, no part of);
* unspecified (From '''one''' to '''all except one''' elements of a given sort ''chosen randomically'' from a population — any, any parts of).

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Degree''' || '''Totality''' || '''Presence''' || '''Absence''' || '''Unspecified'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''p''' || '''pl''' || '''pm''' || '''ps'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''t''' || '''tl''' || '''tn''' || '''ts'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''ty''' || '''tly''' || '''tny''' || '''tsy'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''k''' || '''kl''' || '''km''' || '''x'''
|}

As happened in '''posessiveness''' suffixes, when the word is a ''Chain Class'' one, the specifier suffix is the same of the class of the last cluster of the word. Example: mosnhopsü (''ship'') uses '''Class I''' suffix, so mosnhopsü'''pau''' (''the whole ship'').

===Collectiveness===
There is one more affix that can be added to the end of the root, and before the determiner suffix. It is the '''collectiveness''' suffix.

====Non-Chain Class====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Class''' || '''Collectiveness'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''spsu'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''ssi'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''ssyi'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''sxu'''
|}

====Chain Class====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Root ends with''' || '''Collectiveness'''
|-
| '''rounded vowel''' || '''spsu'''
|-
| '''unrounded vowel''' || '''ssi'''
|}

==Modifiers==
'''Adjectives''' and '''adverbs''' are treated as a single part of speech in Nesnïdathe, the '''modifiers'''. Modifiers only exist to qualify (or intensify) other parts of speech such as nouns, verbs or other modifiers.

When a modifier is used to qualify/intensify a noun it works as an adjective. When it is used to qualify/intensify any other part of speech it works as an adverb.

A modifier root can begin with any cluster, except '''h''' and '''hl'''. A better explanation is given in [[#Part_of_Speech_Interchangeability|part of speech interchangeability]] part.

No affixes can be added to modifiers. It agrees neither in number nor in case with the word it is modifying. It is '''always''' placed '''after''' the word it modifies.

==Verbs==
The verbs agree with both the subject and the object. It also has four [[Wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspects]] and three [[Wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voices]]. The tense is represented by a [[#Tense_Particles|tense particle]] outside the verb. Negation marker is also attached to the verb as a suffix.

Its structure is: ''voice and aspect'' '''+''' ''subject person'' '''+''' ''object person'' '''+''' ''root'' '''+''' ''negation''.

Every verb root begins with any consonant, except '''h''', '''hl''' and those capable of beginning a noun root. Therefore the only initial consonants are b, ph, w  and m for Class I; d, th, l and n  for Class II; dy, ch, ly and ny for Class III, and g, kh, lh and nh for Class IV. Chain class words can have any of these 16 (four classes times four clusters per class) consonants.

===Persons===
The list of all persons were already told in [[#Possessiveness|possessiveness]] part.

Its affix is exactly the same of possessiveness. As can be seen, there is neither reciprocal nor reflexive pronouns for the subject of the sentence as they reference another pronoun, thus it is needed that there exists a pronoun that is neither the reciprocal nor the reflexive one.

====Subject====
Examples in active voice, perfect aspect and no object. Subject using singular as number, for other numbers change the affix vowel according to the [[#Case_Vowels|case vowel]] table.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Person''' || '''1st.''' || '''2nd.''' || '''2nd. pol.''' || '''2nd. part.''' || '''3rd. appr.''' || '''3rd. obv.'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''pho'''wowa || '''bo'''wowa || '''wo'''wowa || '''mo'''wowa || '''po'''wowa || '''pmo'''wowa
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''the'''thita || '''de'''thita || '''le'''thita || '''ne'''thita || '''te'''thita || '''tne'''thita
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''che'''lyachü || '''dye'''lyachü || '''lye'''lyachü || '''nye'''lyachü || '''tye'''lyachü || '''tnye'''lyachü
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''kho'''gaku || '''go'''gaku || '''wo'''gaku || '''nho'''gaku || '''ko'''gaku || '''knho'''gaku
|}

====Object====
Examples in active voice, perfect aspect and 3rd person approximative singular as subject. Object using singular as number, for other numbers change the affix vowel according to the [[#Case_Vowels|case vowel]] table.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Person''' || '''1st.''' || '''2nd.''' || '''2nd. pol.''' || '''2nd. part.''' || '''3rd. appr.''' || '''3rd. obv.''' || '''recip.''' || '''reflex.'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || po'''pho'''wowa || po'''bo'''wowa || po'''wo'''wowa || po'''mo'''wowa || po'''po'''wowa || po'''pmo'''wowa || po'''pso'''wowa || po'''pwo'''wowa
|-
| '''Class II''' || te'''the'''thita || te'''de'''thita || te'''le'''thita || te'''ne'''thita || te'''te'''thita || te'''tne'''thita || te'''tse'''thita || te'''tle'''thita
|-
| '''Class III''' || tye'''che'''lyachü || tye'''dye'''lyachü || tye'''lye'''lyachü || tye'''nye'''lyachü || tye'''tye'''lyachü || tye'''tnye'''lyachü || tye'''tsye'''lyachü || tye'''tlye'''lyachü
|-
| '''Class IV''' || ko'''kho'''gaku || ko'''go'''gaku || ko'''wo'''gaku || ko'''nho'''gaku || ko'''ko'''gaku || ko'''knho'''gaku || ko'''xo'''gaku || ko'''kwo'''gaku
|}

===Aspect and Voice===
Aspect and voice work together as a single verb affix.

====Aspects====
There are four aspects:
* Perfective: 'I struck the bell.' (a unitary event) — denoted '''Perf''';
* Continuous: 'I am eating.' (action is in progress) — denoted '''Cont''';
* Habitual: 'I used to walk home from work' (situation occurs regularly or habitually) — denoted '''Hab''';
* Gnomic: 'Fish swim and birds fly' (general truths) — denoted '''Gno'''.

====Voices====
There are three voices:
* Active: 'The subject is the agent and the object is the patient', no emphasis — denoted '''Act''';
* Passive: 'The subject is the patient. Agent can or cannot be saliented in a special case: the agentive', emphasis in the patient — denoted '''Pat''';
* Antipassive: 'The subject is the agent. Patient can or cannot be saliented in a special case: the patientive', emphasis in the agent — denoted '''Antp'''.

====Aspect-Voice Table====
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Aspect + Voice''' || '''Perf + Act''' || '''Cont + Act''' || '''Hab + Act''' || '''Gno + Act''' || '''Perf + Pat''' || '''Cont + Pat''' || '''Hab + Pat''' || '''Gno + Pat''' || '''Perf + Antp''' || '''Cont + Antp''' || '''Hab + Antp''' || '''Gno + Antp'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''—''' || '''hla''' || '''ma''' || '''wa''' || '''hü''' || '''hlü''' || '''mü''' || '''wü''' || '''hö''' || '''hlö''' || '''mö''' || '''wö'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''—''' || '''hla''' || '''na''' || '''la''' || '''hi''' || '''hli''' || '''ni''' || '''li''' || '''he''' || '''hle''' || '''ne''' || '''le'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''—''' || '''hla''' || '''nya''' || '''lya''' || '''hi''' || '''hli''' || '''nyi''' || '''lyi''' || '''he''' || '''hle''' || '''nye''' || '''lye'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''—''' || '''hla''' || '''nha''' || '''lha''' || '''hï''' || '''hlï''' || '''nhï''' || '''lhï''' || '''hë''' || '''hlë''' || '''nhë''' || '''lhë'''
|}

If aspect-voice affix is added to a ''Chain Class'' word the '''a''' in ''Cont + Act'', ''Hab + Act'' and ''Gno + Act'' is changed to other vowel according to the table below. It depends on the class of the first cluster of the word as it happen in the [[#List_of_Cases|case system]] of the nouns.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Class''' || '''Substuting Vowel'''
|-
| '''Class I''' || '''o'''
|-
| '''Class II''' || '''ë'''
|-
| '''Class III''' || '''ö'''
|-
| '''Class IV''' || '''o'''
|}

===Negation===
The '''negation''' is represented as a suffix to the verb. It depends only on the last vowel of the word. It is represented as '''hl + this vowel'''.

===Mood and Modal Verbs===
There are no mood in Nesnïdathe. Modal verbs are used instead.&lt;br&gt;
Modal verbs are treated as common verbs and the main verb is, then, put in a subordinate clause.

==Tense Particles==
There are three tense particles: '''nhï''' for ''past'', '''tse''' for ''present'' and '''hlï''' for ''future''.

==Numbers==
===Numeral System===
''Nesnïdathe'' makes use of a [[Wikipedia:Duodecimal|base 12]] system.

===Basic Numbers===
There are eleven basic numbers. Each basic number is represented by a one syllable word, called ''Base Form''.

When combining it with other basic numbers, if it violates the vowel-consonant harmony then it can be represented by another one syllable word, called ''Alternative Form''.

{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''Preference''' || '''Base Form''' || '''Alt. Form''' || '''Observation'''
|-
| '''one''' || '''po''' || '''te''' || ''based on singular case vowel''
|-
| '''two''' || '''tyü''' || '''kï''' || ''based on dual case vowel''
|-
| '''three''' || '''kë''' || '''työ''' || ''based on trial case vowel''
|-
| '''four''' || '''të''' || '''pö''' || ''use trial case vowel — 4 is a third of 12''
|-
| '''five''' || '''ti''' || '''pu''' || ''based on plural case vowel''
|-
| '''six''' || '''pü''' || '''tï''' || ''use dual case vowel — 6 is halfway to 12''
|-
| '''seven''' || '''tni''' || '''pmu''' || ''use plural case vowel — 7 is the complement of 5''
|-
| '''eight''' || '''tnë''' || '''pmö''' || ''use trial case vowel — 8 is the complement of 4''
|-
| '''nine''' || '''knhë''' || '''tnyö''' || ''use trial case vowel — 9 is the complement of 3''
|-
| '''ten''' || '''tnyü''' || '''knhï''' || ''use dual case vowel — 10 is the complement of 2''
|-
| '''eleven''' || '''tnë''' || '''pmö''' || ''use singular case vowel — 11 is the complement of 1''
|}

As can be seen there are only '''four real basic numbers''': ''one'' (associated with singular), ''two'' (associated with dual), ''three'' (associated with trial) and ''five'' (associated with plural).

Numbers derived from &quot;dividing meanings&quot;, e.g. ''a third of 12'', ''halfway to 12'', uses the same vowel but other voiceless stop that could be together with taht vowel according to the harmony.

Numbers derived from being a complement of other number transforms the voiceless stop into a voiceless stop + nasal cluster.

===Big Numbers===
Numbers greater than eleven should be represented in the form XY, where it means the number X * 12&lt;sup&gt;Y&lt;/sup&gt;.

If a number cannot be represented in the form X * 12&lt;sup&gt;Y&lt;/sup&gt;, it is represented as the greatest number below it that can be represented this way and another word for the amount that is still lacking.

Examples:
* 36&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; = 30&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; = 3 * 12&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, therefore it is represented as '''këte'''.
* 37&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; = 31&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; = 3 * 12&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; + 1 * 12&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;, therefore it is represented as '''këte po'''.
* 2229057957888&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; = 30000'''E'''00000&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; = 3 * 12&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; + 11 * 12&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;, therefore it is represented as '''këtnë tnëtï'''. ''tnëpü'' is not harmonical.

Notation: '''X''' is ten in base 12 and '''E''' is eleven in base 12.

===Representing quantities===
In order to represent quantities one '''must''' use the number after the noun it is modifying, e.g. '''mosnhopsü''' (''ship''), '''musnhopsü''' (''ships''), '''musnhopsü këte''' (''36 ships'').

==Interjections==
==Onomatopoeias==

==Part of Speech Interchangeability==
All parts of speech can be transformed into another part of speech only changing its root.

The eight basic changes are:
* '''noun''' to '''active modifier''': removal of any affix (case, determiners and collectiveness) and change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]];
* '''noun''' to '''patientive modifier''': removal of any affix (case, determiners and collectiveness);
* '''noun''' to '''verb''': the same changes of the ''noun'' to ''active modifier'' changing and adding of any necessary affix (voice-aspect, persons and others);
* '''active modifier''' to '''noun''': change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]] and adding of any necessary affix (case, determiners and collectiveness);
* '''active modifier''' to '''patientive modifier''': change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]];
* '''active modifier''' to '''verb''': adding of any necessary affix (voice-aspect, persons and others);
* '''patientive modifier''' to '''noun''': adding of any necessary affix (case, determiners and collectiveness);
* '''patientive modifier''' to '''active modifier''': change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]];
* '''patientive modifier''' to '''verb''': change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]] and adding of any necessary affix (voice-aspect, persons and others);
* '''verb''' to '''active modifier''': removal of any affix (voice-aspect, persons and others);
* '''verb''' to '''patientive modifier''': removal of any affix (voice-aspect, persons and others) and change of the first cluster according to the ''[[#Cluster_Changing_Table|cluster changing table]];
* '''verb''' to '''noun''': the same changes of the ''verb'' to ''patientive modifier'' changing and adding of any necessary affix (case, determiners and collectiveness);

===Cluster Changing Table===
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Class I''' || colspan=2 | '''Class II''' || colspan=2 | '''Class III''' || colspan=2 | '''Class IV'''
|-
| '''Noun/Patientive Cluster''' || '''Verb/Active Cluster''' || '''Noun/Patientive Cluster''' || '''Verb/Active Cluster''' || '''Noun/Patientive Cluster''' || '''Verb/Active Cluster''' || '''Noun/Patientive Cluster''' || '''Verb/Active Cluster'''
|-
| '''p''' || '''b''' || '''t''' || '''d''' || '''ty''' || '''dy''' || '''k''' || '''g'''
|-
| '''pw''' || '''w''' || '''tl''' || '''l''' || '''tly''' || '''ly''' || '''kw''' || '''lh'''
|-
| '''pm''' || '''m''' || '''tn''' || '''n''' || '''tny''' || '''ny''' || '''knh''' || '''nh'''
|-
| '''ps''' || '''ph''' || '''ts''' || '''th''' || '''tsy''' || '''ch''' || '''x''' || '''kh'''
|}

=Syntax=
==Word Order==
'''Nesnïdathe''' has '''VO word order'''. It can be ''SVO'', ''VSO'' or ''VOS'' depending on the type of the clause.

===Simple Clauses===
Simple clauses are considered the ones with only one verb and which is not embedded or correlated to any other sentence in a period.

For each different word order several examples will be shown. A lexicon will also be in these examples. Roots of this lexicon will be in the ''verb/active form''.

A man and a woman will be used as parts of the examples, he will be in sight and she will not. This will happen with every example unless it is written the opposite.

====Intransitive====
Intransitive clauses use '''SV word order'''. The subject must be in the '''nominative case'''.

=====Examples=====
* ''man'' — '''büwö (Class I)'''
* ''sing'' — '''dedye (Chain Class)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''The man sings'' — man.nom.sg perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-sing — '''mospüwö tededye'''. If the subject is not a pronoun then the subject affix MAY be omitted, as long as the sentence still makes the same sense. Therefore ''The man sings'' can be written as '''mospüwö dedye''';
* ''The man is singing'' — man.nom.sg cont.act-3rd.appr.sg-sing — '''mospüwö hlëtededye'''. Simplifying, it becomes '''mospüwö hlëdedye''';
* ''He sings'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-sing — '''tededye'''. As the subject is now a pronoun then the subject affix need to be kept.

====Transitive====
Transitive clauses use '''SVO word order'''. Both subject and object must be in the '''nominative case'''.

If the subject is a pronoun, then it will not appear as Nesnïdathe is [[Wikipedia:Pro-drop_language|pro-drop]] and the sentence will have ''VO word order'' and the object will be in the '''accusative case'''. If the subject and the object have either different people or different numbers, the object ''may'' be in the '''nominative case'''.

The object may also be dropped either because it is a pronoun or because the sentence is intransitive and thus there is no object.

* If the object is a pronoun the sentence will have ''SV (or VS) word order'':
** If SV word order is used, the subject must be in the '''nominative case''';
** If VS word order is used instead, the subject will be in the '''ergative case''', unless if the subject and the object have either different people or different numbers, then the subject ''may'' be in the '''nominative case'''.

=====Examples=====
* ''woman'' — '''büwo (Class I)'''
* ''love'' — '''nyitsye (Class III)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''The man loves the woman'' — man.nom.sg perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-love woman.nom.sg — '''mospüwö tyetnyenyitsye mospüwo'''. Neither subject nor object is a pronoun, so the sentence can simplified to '''mospüwö nyitsye mospüwo''';
* ''The man loves her'' — man.nom.sg perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-love — '''mospüwö tyetnyenyitsye'''.&lt;br&gt;
:If both the hearer(s) knows that the man is within the speaker's sight, this the person affix that refers to the man can be omitted, as the only person affix that will be kept is a 3rd.obv, which would not fit for the man (he is within sight), so this affix is surely of the object and the sentence sense is kept. Therefore, the sentence can be simplified to '''mospüwö tnyenyitsye'''.&lt;br&gt;
:This sentence can also be written in ''VS word order'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-love man.erg.sg — '''tyetnyenyitsye psospüwö'''. Removing unnecessary person affixes — '''tnyenyitsye psospüwö'''.&lt;br&gt;
:As the grammatical people are different (3rd.appr.sg for him e 3rd.obv.sg for her) the subject can be in ''nominative case'', so the sentence would become '''tnyenyitsye mospüwö''';
* ''The man loves her'' (the woman is within sight) — man.nom.sg perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-love — '''mospüwö tyetyenyitsye'''. As both the man and the woman is within sight, the removal of the person affix that refers to the man would change the sentence sense. Therefore the sentence canNOT be simplified.&lt;br&gt;
:In ''VS word order'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-love man.erg.sg — '''tyetyenyitsye psospüwö''';
* ''He loves her'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-love — '''tyetnyenyitsye''' (most simplified form);
* ''He loves the woman'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-love woman.acc.sg — '''tyetnyenyitsye phospüwo'''. Based on the same principle in the second example, the unnecessary person affixes can be omitted and the object can be in the ''nominative case'', so it would become '''tyenyitsye mospüwo'''.

====Non-Active Voice====
Non-active voices can be uses to emphasize the agent or the patient, but it may also be used to turn ''transitive'' sentences into ''intransitive''.

There are two non-active voices: '''passive''' and '''antipassive'''.

Passive voice emphasizes on the patient and transforms an active sentence into a passive sentence having the ''patient'' as ''subject'' and '''no object'''. The agent is represented by the '''agentive case''' when it is needed to be shown.

Antiassive voice emphasizes on the agent and transforms an active sentence into an antipassive sentence having the ''agent'' as ''subject'' and '''no object'''. The patient is represented by the ''patientive case''' when it is needed to be shown.

=====Examples=====
* ''The man loves the woman'' is '''mospüwö nyitsye mospüwo'''. In the passive voice it is '''mospüwo hinyitsye (bospüwö)'''. In the antipassive voice it is '''mospüwö henyitsye (psompüwö)'''.

===Coordinate Clauses===
There are '''no conjunctions''' in ''Nesnïdathe''. In order to build ''coordinate clauses'' one will have to use a special structure. There two special structures, one for non-consecutive clauses and other for consecutive ones.

====Non-Consecutive Clauses====
To build '''non-consecutive coordinate clauses''' in ''Nesnïdathe'' one only needs to right both sentences side by side with no link between them.

If the coordination between the sentences is not additive, one may put the second clause starting with a structure which is similar to an adverbial clause.&lt;br&gt;
To create this structure one should use the root '''dëkhu (manner, way)''' as a noun in the instrumental case — '''chentëkhu (using a manner)''' followed by the the modifier equivalent to the type of coordination. For instance, if it is an adversative coordination (such as the conjunction '''but''') one should a modifier like '''nesdï (opposite, converse)''', therefore the clause would need to begin with '''chentëkhu nesdï (using an opposing manner, with a converse manner, conversely)'''.

Two nouns connected by a conjunction '''IS NOT a coordinate clause'''. It is represented by using the ''comitative case'' in the second noun.

=====Examples=====
* ''cake'' — '''nhogu (Class IV)'''
* ''strawberry'' — '''phulbu (Class I)'''
* ''coffee'' — '''dyötyü (Class III)'''
* ''eat'' — '''möche (Chain Class)'''
* ''drink'' — '''mongï (Chain Class)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''He eats cake and drinks coffee'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-eat cake.acc.sg | perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-drink coffee.acc.sg — '''popomöche khosnhogu. popomongï chestyötyü''';
* ''He eats cake but doesn't drink coffee'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-eat cake.acc.sg | perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-drink-neg coffee.acc.sg — '''popomöche khosnhogu. popomongïhlï chestyötyü''';
:If the opposition is important to the sentence, then it would be '''popomöche khosnhogu. chentëkhu nesdï popomongïhlï chestyötyü''';
* ''He eats cake and strawberries'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-eat cake.acc.sg strawberry.com.pl — '''popomöche khosnhogu psulpsulbu''' (The verb agrees by proximity, as the nearest object number is ''singular'' so it is the object person affix used).

====Consecutive Clauses====
'''Consecutive clauses''' can be constructed in two ways. If either the subject or the object of the first clause is either the subject or the object of the second, the coordinate construction will be the one explained below. If that does not happen it will be represented the same way as the ''non-consecutive clauses''.

To create ''consecutive clauses'' one must assure that the second clause is '''intransitive'''. If this is not the case, one '''must''' put the clause in the passive/antipassive voice such that the sentence becomes intransitive and its subject is the element that exists in first clause.

* If the subject of the first sentence is also in the second sentence. The word order of the first clause will be ''VOS'' and it will be followed by the verb of the second clause — The subject of the first clause must be in the '''nominative case''' and the object in the '''accusative case''';
* If the object of the first sentence is also in the second sentence. The word order of the first clause will be ''VSO'' and it will be followed by the verb of the second clause — The subject of the first clause must be in the '''ergative case''' and the object in the '''nominative case'''.

It is important to note that the subject of the second sentence will '''always''' be in the '''nominative case'''.

Note: if the element that is not in the second sentence is a personal pronoun it will not appear, as usual. If it is the one in the second sentence it '''must''' appear. To do it use special roots, such as '''nïthi (person) (Chain Class)''' or '''nyöhö (thing) (Chain Class)''' — these roots must be in noun form, so '''tnïthi''' and '''tnyöhö'''. Possessive pronoun affixes will be attached to these special words in order to represent personal pronouns, such as '''I''' is represented as '''my person'''.

=====Examples=====
* ''door'' — '''wëne (Chain Class)'''
* ''pain'' — '''phuho (Class I)'''
* ''dog'' — '''lëthë (Class II)'''
* ''house'' — '''moxï (Chain Class)'''
* ''push'' — '''thïxu (Chain Class)'''
* ''close'' — '''bübü (Class I)'''
* ''feel'' — '''dëskï (Chain Class)'''
* ''cry'' — '''nilde (Class II)'''
* ''see'' — '''neli (Class II)'''
* ''like'' — '''khële (Chain Class)'''
* ''hit'' — '''nele (Class II)'''
* ''flee'' — '''lichü (Chain Class)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''He pushed the door and it closed'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.appr.sg-push door.nom.sg perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-close — '''tetethïxu mospwëne pobübü''';
* ''He felt pain and cried'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-feel pain.erg.sg person.nom.sg-3rd.appr.sg.poss perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-cry — '''tetnedëski psospsuho nyesnïthite tenilde''';
* ''I saw a dog and I liked it'' — to passive voice — ''I saw a dog and it liked.PASS (me.AGENT)'' — perf.act-1st.sg-3rd.obv.sg-see dog.nom.sg perf.pat-3rd.obv.sg-like (person.agen.sg-1st.sg.poss) — '''thetneneli teslëthë hïknhokhële (dyesnïthithe)''';
* ''She hit the dog and it fled home'' — to antipassive voice — ''She hit the dog and it fled.APASS (home/his house.PATIENT)'' — perf.act-3rd.appr.sg-3rd.obv.sg-hit dog.nom.sg perf.antp-3rd.obv.sg-flee (house.pat.sg-3rd.obv.sg.poss) — '''tetnenele teslëthë hetnelichü (xommoxïko)'''.

===Subordinate Clauses===
As told in the [[#Coordinate_Clauses|coordinate clauses]] part, there are '''no conjunctions''' in ''Nesnïdathe''. In order to build ''subordinate clauses'' one will have to use a special structure. There two special structures, one for adjective and adverbial subordinate clauses and other for noun subordiante clauses.

The subordinate clause is put '''ALWAYS''' after the main clause and its word order is always ''VSO''.

====Adjective and Adverbial Subordinate Clauses====
Also called '''Modifier Subordinate Clauses''' these clauses that ''modify'' a term in the main clause.

Its verb '''must''' be in the ''modifier form'', either the active or the patientive one, it depends on the meaning of the subordination (See [[#Part_of_Speech_Interchangeability]]).

For instance, the sentence '''That is the cake I gave to the boy.''' means that the cake was the ''patient'' of the subordiante clause. So, the verb must be put in its '''patientive modifier form'''.

When the verb is in the active modifier form, the object of the subordinate clause '''must''' be in the [[#Patientive_Case|patientive case]]. If the verb is in patientive modifier form, it is the subject of the subordinate clause that '''must''' be in the [[#Active_Case|active case]]. Thus, the subject of the subordinate clause of the example above, ''I'', should be in the ''active case''.

=====Examples=====
* ''boy'' — '''phüspö (Class I)'''
* ''letter'' — '''nhëkhë (Class IV)'''
* ''give'' — '''phaba (Class I)'''
* ''write'' — '''khonho (Class IV)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''That is the cake I gave to the boy'' (the cake is close to the boy and the boy is part of the conversation subject) — transcribed as — ''That is the cake given by me to the boy'' — due to '''no copula''' — ''That cake given by me to the boy'' — cake.nom.sg-prox.4 give.modif.pat person.agen.sg-1st.sg.poss boy.ben.sg — '''nhosnhogu psaba dyesnïthithe pmospsüspö''';
* ''This is the boy that wrote the letter'' (the boy is close to the speaker) — transcribed as — ''This is the writing boy of the letter.PASSIVE'' — due to '''no copula''' — ''This writing boy of the letter.PASSIVE'' — boy.nom.sg-prox.1 write.modif.agen letter.pat.sg — '''mospsüspö khonho xonnhëkhë'''.

====Noun Subordinate Clauses====
These clauses do not modify any term, but it is always an '''integrant part''' of the main clause, either the subject, the object and so on. Its word order is always ''VAP'', where ''A'' stands for agent and ''P'' for patient (there is neither subject nor object well defined in noun subordiante clauses).

The verb must be in its ''noun form'' and '''must''' add any necessary affix. Aspect-Voice affix is kept, but the persons are substituted. The agent of the subordiante sentence is put in the [[#Possessive_Case|possessive case]] and the patient in the [[#Genitive_Case|genitive case]]. The idea behind this is that ''both the agent and the patient have an important relation with the verb'', but the ''agent is its '''owner''', as it is the one to do the action''.

The verb of the main clause lacks subject or object person affix when the subordinate clause is its subject or object respectively. 

=====Examples=====
* ''know'' — '''bopü (Chain I)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''I know that the man eats cake'' — transcribed as — ''I know of the man's eating of the cake'' — perf.act-1st.sg-know eat.noun.nom.sg man.poss.sg cake.gen.sg — '''phobopü nhosmöche mompüwö kolnhogu'''.

=====Modal Verbs=====
There is no '''modal verb''' in ''Nesnïdathe''. All verbs are main verbs. Any idea of ''modal verb'' is substituted by a '''noun subordinate clause''' with the same subject of the main clause. For instance, '''I want to swim''' will become '''I want to I swim''', and by the verb nominalization process it becomes, '''I want my swimming'''.

=====Examples=====
* ''want'' — '''dyaihi (Class III)'''
* ''swim'' — '''chüwö (Chain Class)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* ''I want to swim'' — perf.act-1st.sg-want swim.nom.sg-1st.sg.poss — '''chedyaihi tsyüwöpho'''.

=Lexicon=
The lexicon will be divided in two parts, actions and non-actions. Words will be represented in active modifier form.

==Actions==
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''English''' || '''Nesnïdathe''' || '''Class'''
|-
| '''begin'''  || '''dihe''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''burn'''  || '''lyedi''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''cause'''  || '''thechü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''can'''  || '''nëkwï''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''close'''  || '''bübü''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''confound'''  || '''nyömbü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''cry'''  || '''nilde''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''drink'''  || '''mongï''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''eat'''  || '''möche''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''end'''  || '''lyöphu''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''feel'''  || '''dëskï''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''find'''  || '''lide''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''flee'''  || '''lichü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''give'''  || '''phaba''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''go'''  || '''gëhï''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''have (possess)'''  || '''nyeti''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''hit'''  || '''nele''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''hope'''  || '''nhaïhlë''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''interrupt'''  || '''thinë''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''know'''  || '''bopü''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''like'''  || '''khële''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''love'''  || '''nyitsye''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''make'''  || '''lïli''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''migrate'''  || '''lyödye''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''may'''  || '''gëhku''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''propose'''  || '''lyöhtyü''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''push'''  || '''thïxu''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''require'''  || '''dïhï''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''say'''  || '''guhlo''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''scatter'''  || '''nyehtyi''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''see'''  || '''neli''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''settle'''  || '''netö''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''sing'''  || '''dedye''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''swim'''  || '''chüwö''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''understand'''  || '''nëkï''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''use'''  || '''lhugï''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''want'''  || '''dyaihi''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''wish'''  || '''dïknho''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''write'''  || '''khonho''' || '''IV'''
|}

==Non-Actions==
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|-
| '''English''' || '''Nesnïdathe''' || '''Class'''
|-
| '''bitumen'''  || '''chomü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''boy'''  || '''phüspö''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''bottom'''  || '''gomo''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''brick'''  || '''chüpo''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''cake'''  || '''nhogu''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''cement'''  || '''naihi''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''city'''  || '''nidi''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''coffee'''  || '''dyötyü''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''destiny'''  || '''nyiche''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''dog'''  || '''lëthë''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''door'''  || '''wëne''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''earth'''  || '''chilyü''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''east'''  || '''lhupö''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''girl'''  || '''phüspo''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''god'''  || '''desta''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''heavens'''  || '''lyüpho''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''house'''  || '''möxi''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''human'''  || '''bupu''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''knowledge (knowing)'''  || '''bopü''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''land'''  || '''linde''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''language'''  || '''nïda''' || '''II'''
|-
| '''letter'''  || '''nhëkhë''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''man'''  || '''büwö''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''name'''  || '''thitë''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''north'''  || '''nhauho''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''origin'''  || '''desdye''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''pain'''  || '''phuho''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''person'''  || '''nïthi''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''place'''  || '''nhuphu''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''plain'''  || '''chühö''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''plains'''  || '''chüchö''' || '''III'''
|-
| '''ship'''  || '''nhopsü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''south'''  || '''lhauho''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''stone'''  || '''golbü''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''strawberry'''  || '''phulbu''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''surface'''  || '''thëknhë''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''time (moment)'''  || '''khugë''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''thing'''  || '''nyöhö''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''top'''  || '''gobo''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''tower'''  || '''gulku''' || '''IV'''
|-
| '''west'''  || '''nhubö''' || '''Chain'''
|-
| '''woman'''  || '''büwo''' || '''I'''
|-
| '''word'''  || '''gëni''' || '''Chain'''
|}

=The Meaning of the Language=
* ''language'' — '''nïda (Class II)'''
* ''god'' — '''desta (Class II)'''
* ''give'' — '''phaba (Class I)'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
* '''nesnïdathe''' — '''nes-tnïda-the''' — nom.sg-language-1st.sg.poss — ''my language'';
* '''nesnïda phaba distesta''' — '''nes-tnïda phaba dis-testa''' — nom.sg-language give.modif.pat agen.pl-god — ''the language given by the gods''.

=Writing System=
The script has not yet been created.

The only things already decided are:
* It will look like [[Wikipedia:Manchu_alphabet|manchu script]] and will be written in its same direction (top to bottom, left to right). Similarities with the [[Wikipedia:Georgian_alphabet|georgian (mkhedruli version)]], [[Wikipedia:Avestan_alphabet|avestan]] and [[Wikipedia:Gujarati_script|gujarati]] scripts are desirable;
* It will be halfway between the [[Wikipedia:Abugida|abugidas]] and the [[Wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabaries]]. It will have one different symbol for each syllable composed of a consonant manner of articulation (voiceless stop, voiced stop, fricative, nasal and lateral, in addition to the aspirant '''h''' and the lateral fricative '''hl''') — different places of articulation (labial, dental, palatal and velar) are represented by diacritics — and a vowel height (open, mid, close and diphthong) — different backness and different roundedness are represented by diacritics;
* Each symbol will be divided in a number of parts, which can be up to three. These parts are the pre-stop, the main and the post-stop parts.
** As nasal and lateral consonants are used to create cluster and they can be before or after the stops, then they have all three parts;
** Despite only appearing between vowels, fricative have also three parts. Its pre-stop and post-stop parts are used for the ''s-sound'';
** The only consonant to have two parts is ''h'', which only has the pre-stop and the main part. ''ph'', ''th'', ''ch'' and ''kh'' are only written this way for the transliteration, they are fricatives and have a specific symbol for them;
** If a consonant appears between vowels the syllable symbol will have '''all''' of its parts and not only the main one;
* To represent clusters one needs to use the syllable symbols of each consonant that compose the cluster plus the vowel of the syllable. For instance, in order to represent '''nsï''' one needs to put together the symbosl of '''nï (pre-stop part)''', '''tï (all parts)''' and '''thï (post-stop part)''';
* Each symbol will have initial, medial, final and isolated forms — the former three forms can easily be derived from the latter one;
** Words from Classes I to IV will not have initial consonants as there will be a special class symbol in its beginning. This symbol is used, so that the number of diacritics in some words can reduce substantially;
* Each symbol will can have up to three diacritics attached to it — consonant place of articulation, vowel backness and vowel roundedness.&lt;br&gt;

The table below shows every possible syllable symbol:
{| class=&quot;bluetable {{{1}}}&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
| rowspan=2 width=&quot;100&quot; | '''Manner of Articulation''' || colspan=4 | '''Vowel Height'''
|-
| '''Open''' || '''Mid''' || '''Close''' || '''Diphthong'''
|-
| '''voiceless stop'''  || '''pa, ta, tya, ka''' || '''po/pö, te/të, tye/työ, ko/kë''' || '''pu/pü, ti/tï, tyi/tyü, ku/kï''' || '''pau/paü, tai/taï, tyai/tyaü, kau/kaï'''
|-
| '''voiced stop'''  || '''ba, da, dya, ga''' || '''bo/bö, de/dë, dye/dyö, go/gë''' || '''bu/bü, di/dï, dyi/dyü, gu/gï''' || '''bau/baü, dai/daï, dyai/dyaü, dau/daï'''
|-
| '''fricative'''  || '''pha, tha, cha, kha''' || '''pho/phö, the/thë, che/chö, kho/khë''' || '''phu/phü, thi/thï, chi/chü, khu/khï''' || '''phau/phaü, thai/thaï, chai/chaü, khau/khaï'''
|-
| '''nasal'''  || '''ma, na, nya, nha''' || '''mo/mö, ne/në, nye/nyö, nho/nhë''' || '''mu/mü, ni/nï, nyi/nyü, nhu/nhï''' || '''mau/maü, nai/naï, nyai/nyaü, nhau/nhaï'''
|-
| '''lateral'''  || '''wa, la, lya, lha''' || '''wo/wö, le/lë, lye/lyö, lho/lhë''' || '''wu/wü, li/lï, lyi/lyü, lhu/lhï''' || '''wau/waü, lai/laï, lyai/lyaü, lhau/lhaï'''
|-
| '''h'''  || '''ha''' || '''ho/hö/he/hë''' || '''hu/hü/hi/hï''' || '''hau/haü/hai/haï'''
|-
| '''hl'''  || '''hla''' || '''hlo/hlö/hle/hlë''' || '''hlu/hlü/hli/hlï''' || '''hlau/hlaü/hlai/hlaï'''
|}

Therefore, as can be seen from the table above, 28 syllable symbols '''must''' yet be created. Symbols for the '''fricative''', '''nasal''' and '''lateral''' rows may be divided in three parts (in addition, the bottom of the upper part must match with the top of the voiceless and of the voiced stop symbols and the top of the lower part must match with the bottom of the voiceless stop symbols). '''h''' symbol may be divided in two parts and the bottom of its upper part must match with the top of the voiceless stop symbol.

=Sample Texts=

==Tower of Babel==
===Proper Noun Lexicon===
* ''Babel'' — '''Baböwu (Class I)'''
* ''Shinar''— '''Thinalï (Class II)'''

===Text===
'''Nhoskulku Polpaböwu'''
# '''Golxugëlga dyelsyilyütyai nesnïda psulkëni po.'''
# '''Nyisnïthi hlalyödye chentesdyetni bulkwupö. Tnilide chessyüchö dellinde Thinalï tninetö bolnhuphuhu.'''
# '''Knhuxuguhlo nyestïknhokhu tellïlithi tilsyüpo neslyedithi. Tnyitnyinyeti nessyüpo wulkolbü tselsyomü lelnaihi.'''
# '''Knhuxuguhlo nyestïknhokhu tellïlithi telnidi xolkulku phonkobopmo dellyüpho. Knhuxuguhlo nyestïknhokhu telsechüchi polpopü telsitëthi tlyennyehtyichi delsëknhëkau tyelsyilyü.'''
# '''Nestesta knhogëhï chesnyicheche polkomo nelnelithe nesnidi xolkulku tlïli bospupuspsu.'''
# '''Nestesta knhoguhlo khonkwugï polkenï. Thedïhï nesnelithe nyennïthitni tnyelnïthissi po tselnyetitni telnïda po. Tnedihe neslïlitni telnyöhöldyö. Nesnyöhötnyaü tnenëkwï nessinëtne neslïlitne tilnyöhö tlyöhtyü dyisnïthitni.'''
# '''Thidïhï nhosgëhïkhu dyelnyichechi polkomo. Polnhuphulbu chinyömbü nesnïdati tlyennëkïku tyelnïthitsi.'''
# '''Chentesdyetnyi polnhuphulbu chennyichetnyi dyelthëknhëkau tyelchilyü nyehtyi tsestesta nyesnïthitni hethinë tsentlïlitni telnidi.'''
# '''Dennidi nesthitë Polpaböwu polnhuphulbu hüphaba nelnyömbü nentesta telnïda tyelchilyütyai polnhuphulbu tsyelnyehtyi nentesta tyelnïthitni chentesdyetnyi polnhuphulbu dyelnyichetnyi dyelthëknhëkau tyelchilyü.'''

==The Sheep and the Horse==

==1st Article of the Declaraion of Human Rights==

=Poetry Structure=

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kala lists</title>
    <id>8545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58224</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-02T19:09:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Kala 2}} __NOTOC__  :''See also'': [[Kala lexicon|''Kala Lexicon'']] &amp; [[Kala thematic lexicon|''Thematic Lexicon'']]  ==Swadesh==  The [[Kala]] [[Wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swades...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Kala 2}}
__NOTOC__

:''See also'': [[Kala lexicon|''Kala Lexicon'']] &amp; [[Kala thematic lexicon|''Thematic Lexicon'']]

==Swadesh==

The [[Kala]] [[Wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh]] list.

* I - '''na'''
* you (singular) - '''ta'''
* he - '''ha'''
* we - '''nam'''
* you (plural) - '''tam'''
* they - '''kam'''
* this - '''itla'''
* that - '''uatla'''
* here - '''hina'''
* there - '''uana'''
* who - '''ko'''
* what - '''ke'''
* where - '''mo'''
* when - '''ama'''
* how - '''to'''
* not - '''ak'''
* all - '''kua'''
* many - '''amha'''
* some - '''iha'''
* few - '''ohi'''
* other - '''ua'''
* one - '''na'o'''
* two - '''ta'o'''
* three - '''ha'o'''
* four - '''ma'o'''
* five - '''ya'o'''
* big - '''taha'''
* long - '''usuna'''
* wide - '''mpana'''
* thick - '''kalitsa'''
* heavy - '''suala'''
* small - '''ahi'''
* short - '''mitsika'''
* narrow - '''enka'''
* thin - '''enka'''
* woman - '''naka'''
* man (adult male) - '''tlaka'''
* man (human being) - '''tlana'''
* child - '''inata'''
* wife - '''tla'ona'''
* husband - '''tla'ota'''
* mother - '''ona'''
* father - '''ota'''
* animal - '''haya'''
* fish - '''sakana'''
* bird - '''tsikua'''
* dog - '''nika'''
* louse - '''sakisu'''
* snake - '''kuatla'''
* worm - '''tsunka'''
* tree - '''ito'''
* forest - '''itomha'''
* stick - '''palo'''
* fruit - '''puaha'''
* seed - '''mpeku'''
* leaf - '''tsipana'''
* root - '''kiso'''
* bark (of a tree) - '''asalo'''
* flower - '''hua'''
* grass - '''kuya'''
* rope - '''naua'''
* skin - '''asalo'''
* meat - '''kutsu'''
* blood - '''tima'''
* bone - '''ueso'''
* fat (noun) - '''sipo'''
* egg - '''pyeta'''
* horn - '''tlapa'''
* tail - '''koli'''
* feather - '''takue'''
* hair - '''senu'''
* head - '''ana'''
* ear - '''tsepe'''
* eye - '''anya'''
* nose - '''ihu'''
* mouth - '''auana'''
* tooth - '''yatsi'''
* tongue (organ) - '''suha'''
* fingernail - '''tsume'''
* foot - '''sotla'''
* leg - '''yaka'''
* knee - '''pelana'''
* hand - '''yato'''
* wing - '''ala'''
* belly - '''petso'''
* guts - '''tsokuta'''
* neck - '''kusa'''
* back - '''muta'''
* breast - '''mune'''
* heart - '''yolo'''
* liver - '''opana'''
* to drink - '''inu'''
* to eat - '''ina'''
* to bite - '''yatsi'''
* to suck - '''hapo'''
* to spit - '''pasaku'''
* to vomit - '''haku'''
* to blow - '''pukue'''
* to breathe - '''anta'''
* to laugh - '''nalo'''
* to see - '''anya'''
* to hear - '''anu'''
* to know - '''unya'''
* to think - '''omu'''
* to smell - '''ihu'''
* to fear - '''kyopu'''
* to sleep - '''moku'''
* to live - '''asa'''
* to die - '''sinu'''
* to kill - '''mata'''
* to fight - '''tana'''
* to hunt - '''tasa'''
* to hit - '''siku'''
* to cut - '''uya'''
* to split - '''saku'''
* to stab - '''punya'''
* to scratch - '''pe'''
* to dig - '''kopati'''
* to swim - '''oyoku'''
* to fly - '''tsikua'''
* to walk - '''yala'''
* to come - '''tala'''
* to lie (as in a bed) - '''nota'''
* to sit - '''sima'''
* to stand - '''tatsi'''
* to turn (intransitive) - '''pyola'''
* to fall - '''tipua'''
* to give - '''yeta'''
* to hold - '''yoha'''
* to squeeze - '''kusu'''
* to rub - '''sastu'''
* to wash - '''tlela'''
* to wipe - '''patlo'''
* to pull - '''tseka'''
* to push - '''kusu'''
* to throw - '''hita'''
* to tie - '''naua'''
* to sew - '''suama'''
* to count - '''ku'''
* to say - '''kala'''
* to sing - '''apua'''
* to play - '''yoti'''
* to float - '''koho'''
* to flow - '''nkonto'''
* to freeze - '''yelo'''
* to swell - '''pasua'''
* sun - '''sama'''
* moon - '''kamala'''
* star - '''sama'''
* water - '''maya'''
* rain - '''pana'''
* river - '''naha'''
* lake - '''tloto'''
* sea - '''muana'''
* salt - '''namaka'''
* stone - '''kono'''
* sand - '''puna'''
* dust - '''puna'''
* earth - '''kaya'''
* cloud - '''nyepa'''
* fog - '''kohu'''
* sky - '''heua'''
* wind - '''yasa'''
* snow - '''nyahi'''
* ice - '''yelo'''
* smoke - '''tsoma'''
* fire - '''tlatsa'''
* ash - '''hamu'''
* to burn - '''tlatsa'''
* road - '''to'''
* mountain - '''yama'''
* red - '''akai'''
* green - '''kuya'''
* yellow - '''yana'''
* white - '''nyahi'''
* black - '''oya'''
* night - '''yohua'''
* day - '''yoma'''
* year - '''anyo'''
* warm - '''sitsa'''
* cold - '''manka'''
* full - '''yeno'''
* new - '''pako'''
* old - '''tinali'''
* good - '''tama'''
* bad - '''mala'''
* rotten - '''puka'''
* dirty - '''pu'an'''
* straight - '''nato'''
* round - '''natepe'''
* sharp (as a knife) - '''seka'''
* dull (as a knife) - '''nipue'''
* smooth - '''seta'''
* wet - '''mayan'''
* dry - '''seka'''
* correct - '''sahya'''
* near - '''hina'''
* far - '''uana'''
* right - '''yomo'''
* left - '''yoso'''
* at - '''ka'e'''
* in - '''nahe'''
* with - '''ma'a'''
* and - '''ma'''
* if - '''iya'''
* because - '''nye'''
* name - '''ata'''


== Index ==

{{Kala index}}

[[Category:Kala]][[Category:General lexica]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dictionary a</title>
    <id>8546</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58603</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T23:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* a / α / а / ա / ა / א / अ */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">=a / α / а / ա / ა / א / अ =

# '''aá''', ''inter.'' ah! [''exclamation denoting pleasure or admiration''].
# '''ááȝ-a''', ''i.v.'' last, continue, perdure, take [''of time''], keep [''food''], remain. '''-as''', eon. '''-is''', ''adj.'' everlasting, eternal; continual, perpetual. '''–múúlos''', perennial plant. '''-tas''', eternity, perpetuity; '''~tam èna''', forever, in perpetuity, eternally, perpetually.
# '''ááȝr-a''', ''i.v.'' morning is breaking. '''-as''', morning. '''–édos''', breakfast. '''–ëstéres''', morning star.
# '''áá-ļos''', sausage [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;]. '''–lïgúdos''', sausage skin. '''–lïȝúsos''', water in which sausages were boiled. '''–lïmémsos''', sausage meat. 
# '''áámr-a''', ''i.v.'' pass-, spend-, -the day. '''-as''', day [''24-hour period'']; '''~aamrún''', ''adv.'' day-, -by-, -after-, -day; '''~amèrĸŭa''', ''adv.'' all day long; '''d~ám èna''', ''adv.'' nowadays. '''–ënemsémos''', calendar. '''–ëvi''', ''adv.'' daily. '''–is''', ''adj.'' daily.
# '''áán-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' ring, encircle, surround. 2) ''i.v.'' form a ring or rings. '''-os''', ring; arena; annulus; ruff [in pigeons].
# '''áánd-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' hurt, (do) wrong. 2) ''i.v.'' hurt. '''–ëvi''', ''adv.'', wrongly. '''-is''', ''adj.'' detrimental, deleterious, obnoxious, pernicious, wrong. '''-os''', hurt, wrong; detriment.
# '''áánt-a''', ''i.v.'' set up a warp; contrive a plot, scheme, intrigue, conspire. '''-as''', plot, scheme, conspiracy. '''-os''', warp. '''-us''', plotter, schemer, intriguer, conspirator.
# '''áásn-a''', ''t.v.'' ennoble. '''-árĭus''', ''form of address used by a non-noble to a noble and by the nobles to each other'' [''cf.'' '''saalméϙun''']. '''-is''', ''adj.'' noble, high-born, well-born; magnanimous [''of persons'']. '''-us''', noble [''person''], atheling. '''-ëleúðos''', nobility. '''-ëtas''', nobility; magnanimity. '''–ëȝóṁtas''', aristocracy.
# '''aaús-a''', ''i.v.'' move-, travel-, -east. '''-as''', east. '''–es''', east wind. '''-is''', ''adj.'' eastern, easterly, oriental.
# '''ábŭos''', alveolar ridge [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''á-ca''', ''t.v.'' point, sharpen, taper. '''-cános''', ear-, head-, -of grain. '''-cénos''', arrowhead. '''-cétos''', harrow. '''-cis''', ''adj.'' pointed, sharp, tapering; acute; shrill. '''-cóĸ⇒os''', fish bone. '''⇒is''', ''adj.'' [fish-]bony. '''-cos''', point; extremity, tip, nib [''pen''], tine. '''-stas''', sharpness, acuteness, acuity; shrillness.
# '''acénos''', fish-lure.
# '''ádos''', watercourse.
# '''àð-a''', ''postp.'' among(st), with, within. '''-ném⇒a''', 1) ''t.v.'' contribute to, take  part-, participate-, interest o.s.-, -in. 2) ''i.v.'' take part, participate. '''⇒antis''', ''adj.'' interested (in). '''⇒us''', participant, member.
# '''àfa''', ''postp.'' off, from; '''¡naaúsom àf!''' all ashore!
# '''áfr-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' beach. 2) ''i.v.'' beach. '''-ërus''', coast-, shore-, -dweller. '''-ësápus''', coast guard. '''–ëtúsnos''', surf. '''-ëþim''', ''adv.'' shorewards. '''-ëþis''', ''adv.'' offshore. '''-os''', bank [''of a river'']; beach, shore, coast.
# '''á-ga''', 1) ''t.v.'' sin. 2) ''i.v.'' sin (against, '''ànta'''). '''-gis''', ''adj.'' sinful. '''-gos''', sin. '''-gus''', sinner. '''–ϙtas''', sinfulness.
# '''á-gĭa''', ''t.v.'' acidify. '''–gïpástis''', ''adj.'' acid-proof. '''–gïtas''', acidity, acidness. '''-gĭis''', ''adj.'' acid, acidic; acerbic. '''-gĭos''', acid.
# '''agúlos''', wilderness.
# '''agúros''', colostrum.
# '''agŭés-a''', ''i.v.'' brandish a battle-axe. '''–cún⇒os''', halberd. '''⇒áágus''', halberdier. '''-os''', battle-axe.
# '''áh-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' gestate. 2) ''i.v.'' be pregnant (of non-loquent beings). '''-as''', pregnancy, gestation. '''-es''', pregnant animal. '''-is''', ''adj.'' pregnant.
# '''aí''', ''inter.'', then, apparently [''in expressions of astonishment, disapproval, sarcasm, wonder or surprise''].
# '''áȝ-a''', ''t.v.'' grant, accord, concede, vouchsafe, yield, give up. '''–as''', grant, accord.
# '''aȝés-os''', ore. '''-ϙávis''', ''adj.'' ore-bearing. '''-témus''', ore-dresser.
# '''áȝ-os''', copper. '''–aȝésos''', copper ore. '''-is''', ''adj.'' cupreous, coppery, pertaining to copper. '''–lemúros''', brass coin [''monetary unit (2 gm., 25 mm. x 2 mm.), 100 in an '''ooзúros''']''. '''-nis''', ''adj.'' cupreous, coppery, copper-like, resembling copper. '''-ϙávis''', ''adj.'' cupreous, cupriferous, containing copper. '''-témus''', copper smith.
# '''áȝr-a''', ''i.v.'' prepare-, make-, -kumiss. '''-os''', kumiss, kefir [&lt;font color=redŭ&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''aĸúvos''', waterproof garment, raincoat.
# '''aláá''', ''inter.'' hello [''expression of greeting'']; ahoy.
# '''ál-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' whiten, bleach, blanch. 2) ''i.v.'' become white. '''-cŭitónos''', alabaster. '''–ðeíhos''', kaolin. '''-díhos''', argil. '''–ësrësúϙtos''', leukemia. '''-is''', ''adj.'' dead white, blank. '''–súϙt⇒os''', albinism. '''⇒us''', albino. '''-tas''', whiteness. '''-tŭis''', whitener, bleach. '''–зéénos''', blaze [''on a hide''].
# '''aláϙos''', tasty dish, delicacy [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''álc-a''', t.v. ward (off), avert, repulse, repel, set back; parry. '''-as''', aversion, setback. '''-os''', ward, parry.
# '''áldas''', fathom [&lt;font color=red&gt;Meas.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''álð-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' gutter. 2) ''i.v.'' gutter. '''-os,''' gutter, trough.
# '''álg-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' sieve, filter, strain. 2) ''i.v.'' sieve, filter, strain. '''–úros''', sieve, filter, colander, strainer. 
# '''álŀ-a''', ''t.v.'' earn; win; deserve, merit. '''-is''', ''adj.'' meritorious, deserving, creditable, just. '''-os''', gain, profit; earnings, wages, salary, winnings; merit, deserts.
# '''álp-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' subtract, deduct; depreciate. 2) ''i.v.'' reduce, subtract, subside, die down, go down [of prices], lose weight, decline, fall off, recede, let up, drop [''temperature'']. '''–as''', subsidence, retrenchment, stinting, cutting down, depreciation, subtraction. -'''éé⇒ga''', ''t.v.'' belittle, detract, disparage. '''⇒gus''', belittler, detractor. '''⇒as''', detraction, disparagement. '''–ënémsos''', subtrahend [&lt;font color=red&gt;Math.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-os''', deduction, remission, rebate, discount.
# '''áltes''', female animal.
# '''alúngos''', snow bank.
# '''alú-tos''', alum. '''-tis''', ''adj.'' aluminous, pertaining to alum. '''-tĭónis''', ''adj.'' made of alum. '''-þϙávis''', ''adj.'' aluminous, containing alum.
# '''á-lŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' brew. 2) ''i.v.'' brew. '''-lüdémos''', brewery. '''-lüṁéélos''', still. '''–alüpéénos''', tankard. '''-lŭos, beer [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-lŭus, brewer.
# '''á-ŀa''', ''t.v.'' alienate, estrange (from, '''èha'''). '''–lïṁ⇒is''', ''adj.'' strange, alien (to, '''èha'''). '''–lïtas''', strangeness. '''-ŀa''', ''postp.'' after, around, behind, beyond, by, on-, to-, -the other side of, outside, past. '''-ŀas''', alienation, estrangement. '''–ŀis''', ''adj.'' strange, foreign. '''-ŀu''', ''adv.'' by, past. '''-ŀus''', stranger, alien.
# '''áŀn-a''', ''i.v.'' lamb. '''-ëmíísos''', lambskin. '''–ëṁélnos''', lamb's wool. '''–ëtas''', April. '''–ëténdas''', lambing time. '''-es,''' lamb, kid.
# '''ambálos''', cooked rice [&lt;font color=red&gt;Food&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''ámb-is''', ''adj.'' heavy, weighty, ponderous. '''–ëtas''', heaviness, weight.
# '''amílgos''', fibula [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''áml-a''', ''i.v.'' be of importance, matter. '''-as''', import, importance, significance, signification. '''-édos''', staple food. '''-is''', ''adj.'' important, significant; staple.
# '''ámr-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' hold (on), take hold of, grip. 2) ''i.v.'' hold. '''–as''', hold, grip, grasp. '''–ëhástos''', tentacle. '''-ëstááȝ⇒as''', dignity. '''⇒is''', ''adj.'' dignified. '''⇒ëtas''', eminence, augustness [''title of clergy'']. '''–ëtélos''', fretboard, fin-ger-board. '''-is''', ''adj.'' imposing, considerable; capital, eminent, grand, august. '''-os''', handle, knob, haft, helve; fret.
# '''ámv-is''', ''adj.'' both, ambi-. '''-a''', ''postp.'' (all) about, (all) over, around, through(out). '''-is''', ''adv.'' both times. '''-os''', vicinity, environs, surroundings, environment. '''-u''', ''adv.'' about, around. '''-us''', ''pron''. both. '''-ëhésris''', ''adj.'' am-bidextrous. '''-ëzŭííȝis''', ''adj.'' amphibian, amphibious.
# '''ámз-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' make-, open-, -a way, pave the way for.  2) ''i.v.'' walk a path. '''-os''', path, (path)-way, track; course.
# '''áṁ-a''', ''i.v.'' bird; trap-, shoot-, catch-, -birds. '''-éðlos''', aviary, birdhouse. '''-es''', bird. '''-ëṁíd⇒as''', ornithology. '''⇒áágus''', ornithologist. '''–ëṁis''', ''adj.'' avian. '''-íȝos''', flight-, flock-, -of birds. '''-nis''', ''adj.'' bird-like. '''-teútus''', bird folk [''Aerans'']. '''–vúnðus''', bird-bidder [''Aerans''].
# '''àṁ-a''', ''postp.'' down (through). '''–áta''', ''i.v.'' go down, descend. '''-gŭém⇒a''', ''i.v.'' come down, descend, alight. '''⇒as''', descent. '''-u''', ''adv.'' down(ward).
# '''áṁ-da''', 1) ''t.v.'' water, irrigate; dilute, water (down). 2) ''i.v.'' alight on water. '''–dángŭes''', sea serpent; Hydra [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''–dàrĸëdáros''', cistern, reservoir. '''-das''', irrigation. '''-déélos''', aqueduct. '''-des''', [''anim.''] flowing water. '''–dëcúcos''', waterspout. '''-dëðúmbos''', watering-, -hole, -place, oasis. '''–dëȝámos''', irrigation ditch, acequia. '''-dëmiiláðlos''', water mill. '''-ëṁéépos''', edema. '''-dëṁis''', ''adj.'' aqueous, pertaining to water. '''-dënis''', ''adj.'' aqueous, resembling water. '''-dëpástis''', ''adj.'' water-proof, watertight. '''–dëϙávis''', ''adj.'' aqueous, watery, hydrous, hydrated. '''–dëϙoorétos''', watershed. '''-dëréþos''', water wheel. '''-dris''', ''adj.'' watery, water-logged. '''–dëtélpos''', spring room. '''–ëvííðis''', ''adj.'' afraid of water. '''-dínð⇒a''', ''t.v.'' scald. '''⇒os''', scald. '''-dónt⇒os''', spring, source, fountain. '''-dĭónus''', Child of Water, fairy.
# '''áṁs-a''', ''i.v.'' stay overnight, pass-, spend-, -the night. '''–ëdém⇒os''', inn, hostel, hostelry. '''⇒áágus''', hosteler. '''-os''', lodging for the night. '''-us''', lodger.
# '''àn-a''', ''postp.'' up. '''–u''', ''adv.'' up. 
# '''análos''', drift-ice.
# '''ancáϙos''', wind off the land.
# '''ánð-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' blind. 2) ''i.v.'' be-, become-, -blind. '''–as''', blindness. '''–ëgúdos''', cecum [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-is''', ''adj.'' blind. '''-us''', blind person.
# '''anér-us''', ancestor; '''séf ~un èha''', from seven generations. '''-dóros''', pedigree, family tree. '''-is''', ''adj.'' ancestral. '''-ȝóṁas''', ancestral right, '''-cérðas''', pedigree. '''-tas''', ancestry.
# '''ané-tes''', duck. '''-þlĭes''', duckling.
# '''ánga''', 1) ''t.v.'' untie. 2) ''i.v.'' untie.
# '''angálĸŭus''', shaman.
# '''angárus''', courier, envoy, emissary.
# '''angétos''', midden.
# '''angú''', ''inter.'' stop!, cut it out!, don’t do it!
# '''ángŭ-a''', ''i.v.'' writhe, wriggle, slither. '''-es''', [''non-poisonous''] snake, serpent. '''-is''', ''adj.'' snaky, pertaining to snakes.
# '''án-ĸa''', 1) ''t.v.'' bend, curve, bow. 2) ''i.v.'' bend, warp. '''–ĸas''', curvature. '''–ĸéénsos''', saber. '''–ĸënis''', ''adj.'' akimbo. '''-ĸis''', ''adj.'' bent, curved, bowed. '''-ĸos''', curve, bend, bow; arc; bow [&lt;font color=red&gt;Mus.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-ĸĭis''', ''adj.'' pliable, bendable.
# '''ánϙ-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' poke about (in), poke, rake, stir [a fire]; pick [the teeth]. 2) ''i.v.'' poke about, poke, rake. '''-os''', poker, (tooth) pick.
# '''anϙén-us''', person, personage, character. '''-ṁis''', ''adj.'' personal. '''-os''', role, part. '''-ris''', ''adj.'' personable. '''-sápus''', bodyguard. '''-tas''', personality.
# '''áns-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' favor, indulge, please. 2) ''i.v.'' indulge, please. '''–as''', favor, indulgence. '''-ëṁis''', ''adj.'' favorite. '''–ëtas''', kindness, pleasantness, affability. '''-is''', ''adj.'' kind(ly), pleasant, gracious, affable, nice, sweet; '''tus ~ánsus móla''', you are too kind. '''–os''', favor, kindness, mercy, boon.
# '''ánsĭ-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' loop. 2) ''i.v.'' loop. '''-os''', bow, loop.
# '''ánt-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' oppose, face. 2) ''i.v.'' oppose, face. '''-a''', postp. against, contrary to, (in-, exchange-, -return-,) -for, from, into, on, opposed to, opposite (to), over against, up, with, counter-. '''–as''', opposition. '''-éég⇒a''', 1) ''t.v.'' contradict, counter, rebut. 2) ''i.v.'' dissent (from, '''àpa'''). '''⇒os''', contradiction, rebuttal. '''–ëdilȝéĸ⇒os''', antonym. '''⇒is''', ''adj.'' antonymous. '''–ësfúd⇒a''', ''t.v.'' object (to), mind. '''⇒os''', objection. '''–ëṁéntos''', headwind. '''–ësénŀos''', antiphon. '''-ësuulámз⇒is''', ''adj.'' counter-clockwise, widdershins. '''⇒u''', ''adv.'' counterclockwise. '''-ëvŭéétos''', antipodes. '''–i''', ''conj.'' but. '''-is''', ''adj.'' opposite, facing; contrary, adverse (to, '''mèta'''), counter-. '''-u''', ''adv.'' opposite, face to face, facing, vis-à-vis, contrarily, rather, on the other hand. '''-us''', opponent, adversary.
# '''ántas''', life force, the soul that leaves the body at death [''one of the three souls''], personhood; ba.
# '''antéris''', ''adj.'' other of two.
# '''ánþ-a''', ''i.v.'' flower, bloom, blossom (forth), open, effloresce. '''-áágus''', florist. '''–ëdáros''', hairy side of leather. '''–ëĸólos''', calyx. '''-ëléзos''', bouquet, nosegay. '''–ëlos''', floweret. '''–ëmíílnos''', pollen. '''-ëmis''', ''adj.'' in bloom, blooming; florid, flowered, flowery. '''–ëṁis''', ''adj.'' floral. '''–ëðóóṁ⇒a''', ''t.v.'' garland, engarland. '''⇒os''', garland. '''–ënis''', ''adj.'' flowery, resembling a flower. '''-os''', flower, blossom; bouquet [of wine]; head [on beer].
# '''á-nĭa''', ''t.v.'' make something another's, alienate. '''-nïĸŭu''', ''adv.'' elsewhere. '''–nïváát⇒a''', 1) ''t.v.''  quote. 2) ''i.v.'' quote. '''⇒as''', quotation. '''-nĭà⇒nĭus''', ''recip. pron.'' each other. '''⇒nïtas''', reciprocity. '''⇒nĭis''', ''adj.'' reciprocal. '''-nĭi''', ''conj.'' but. '''-nĭis''', ''adj.'' other, else. '''-nĭu''', ''adv.'' else, otherwise. '''-nĭus''', ''pron.'' other (one), another; '''~i…~i''', some...others.
# '''apél-os''', force, vigor, energy. '''-is''', ''adj.'' forceful, vigorous, energetic. '''-réðn⇒os''', automobile, car. '''⇒áágus''', motorist. '''–réðos, motor vehicle. '''-réþos''', motorcycle. '''-tŭis''', fuel. '''–vi''', ''adv.'' hard.
# '''á-pis''', ''adj.'' away, absent. '''-pa''', ''postp.'' away from; '''ĸŭel~''', far away from. '''-pó''', ''inter.'' begone, clear-, -off, -out!; '''heróes ~!''', hands off! '''-pu''', ''adv.'' away; '''ĸŭel~''', far-, -away, -out.
# '''áϙ-a''', ''t.v.'' depress [''emotionally''], dispirit, dishearten. '''-as''', depression. '''-ëstis''', ''adj.'' depressive. '''-is''', ''adj.'' depressed, dispirited, disheartened. '''-tǔis''', depressant.
# '''áϙl-a''', ''i.v.'' disagree, dissent, dispute. '''-ëcos''', accident, mishap, misfortune; '''~óes móóda''', accidents will happen. '''–ëstis''', ''adj.'' disputatious. '''–ëtas''', disagreeableness, offensiveness. '''-is''', ''adj.'' disagreeable, vexatious, offensive. '''-os''', disagreement, dissent, dispute.
# '''aϙrútos''', mixture of animal fat or oil.
# '''ár-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' turn down, refuse, deny, decline, reject, disavow, gainsay, recant, retract, abjure, renounce, negate. 2) ''i.v.'' refuse, decline, recant, retract. '''-as''', denial, refusal, disavowal, retraction, renunciation, negation. '''–is''', ''adj.'' negative.
# árð-a, t.v. bar, bolt. -os, bar, rod, bolt, ingot.
# '''árg-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' close (down), shut, lock- (-in, -up); block, obstruct, blockade. 2) ''i.v.'' close, shut, lock; block, be in the way. '''-ámos''', [external] wall. '''-áзos''', blockade. '''-éŀos''', [''Human''] underground dwelling. '''–ëmúsos''', sphincter muscle [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''–ësŭénos''', consonant. '''–ëstíívos''', Paradise. '''–ëviðíȝos''', barricade. '''-os''', blockage, obstruction, barrier. '''-úr⇒os''', lock. '''⇒cŭúṁ-ros''', key-hole. '''⇒áágus''', locksmith.
# '''árĸ-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' keep, preserve, pickle, put away, set-, lay-, -aside, save. 2) ''i.v.'' keep, preserve, save. '''-ëmémsos''', cured meat, jerky. '''-ëtŭis''', preservative.
# '''ár-ĸŭa''', 1) ''t.v.'' shoot [an arrow]. 2) ''i.v.'' release an arrow from a bow. '''–ĸüĸŭérus''', bowyer. '''-ĸüϙálas''', archery. '''–ĸürémbos''', bow nock. '''-ĸŭos, bow [''hunting'']. '''-ĸŭus, archer, bowman; Sagittarius [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;].
# '''árl-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' advise, counsel, recommend. 2) ''i.v.'' counsel. '''-os''', advice, counsel, recommendation. '''-us''', advisor, counselor.
# '''ár-os''', nut. '''-ĸéndos''', nutshell. '''-édos''', nutmeat. '''-íȝos''', mast. '''-is''', ''adj.'' nutty. '''-vévris''', ''adj.'' bistre.
# '''árp-a''', ''t.v.'' predict, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, vaticinate. '''-pis''', ''adj.'' prophetic, vaticinal. '''-pórga''', t.v. vaticide. '''-pos''', prophecy, prediction, prognostication. '''-pus''', prophet, seer. '''–pĭis''', ''adj.'' predictable. 
# '''ár-ϙǔas''', windward. '''-ϙǔis''', ''adj.'' windward. '''–ϙüþim''', ''adv.'' windward.
# '''àru''', ''adv.'' scarcely, hardly, barely.
# '''arútos''', seal skin.
# '''árзos''', field, meadow, common.
# '''árŭ-a''', ''t.v.'' eviscerate, disembowel. '''-is''', ''adj.'' visceral. '''-os''', viscera.
# '''árĭ-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' be in charge of. 2) ''i.v.'' be in charge. '''-us''', mister, lord, sir; mistress, lady, madam.
# '''á-sa''', 1) ''t.v.'' revere, reverence. 2) ''i.v.'' revere. '''-sámas''', ''form of address by a younger person to an older woman''. '''-saápas''', ''form of address by a younger person to an older man''. '''-sas''', reverence. '''-sĭis''', '''adj.''' reverend. 
# '''asúr-us''', prince. '''-is''', '''adj.''' princely. '''–órg⇒a''', ''t.v.'' kill the prince. '''⇒as''', regicide [''act'']. '''⇒us''', regicide [''agent'']. '''–þéṁ⇒as''', principality. '''⇒os''', realm.
# '''át-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' traverse, pace off, frequent. 2) ''i.v.'' go, proceed. '''–as''', way, route; Tao. '''-os''', way, route.
# '''atúngos''', sole [''of shoe''].
# '''aþál-a''', ''i.v.'' run the household, keep house. '''-áágus''', chamberlain. '''–ápas''', paterfamilias. '''-á⇒rĭus''', master/mistress of the house, head of the family. '''⇒rïκus''', young master, son of the house. '''–as''', housekeeping. '''–nóómnos''', family name, surname. '''-os''', family; household. '''-úðos''', family.
# '''aú''', ''inter''. ''exclamation of pain, confusion, or anger''.
# '''aúða''', ''t.v.'' perceive. '''–ðas''', perception. '''-ðĭis''', ''adj.'' perceptible.
# '''aúga''', ''i.v.'' glitter, glisten, sparkle. '''–os''', glitter, sparkle.
# '''aú-sa''', ''t.v.'' gild. '''–saȝésos''', gold ore. '''-sooзúros''', electrum. '''–sṁis''', ''adj.'' golden, gilt. '''-snis''', ''adj.'' golden, resembling gold. '''–sóós⇒us''', God of the Children of Fire. '''⇒as''', Tuesday. '''⇒es''', Mercury. '''-sos''', gold. '''–sóndos''', goldstone. '''-sϙávis''', ''adj.'' gold-bearing, auriferous. '''–stémus''', goldsmith. '''-sváálos''', goldfoil. '''-sĭónis''', ''adj.'' golden, made of gold.
# '''aút-a''', ''t.v.'' give away, dispose of, confer, bestow (on, '''èna'''), dispense. '''-as''', disposal, conferral, bestowal.
# '''avéros''', bedding.
# '''áv-is''', ''adj.'' rash, impetuous. '''–tas''', rashness, impetuosity.
# '''ávla''', ''i.v.'' spread the legs.
# '''ávr-is''', ''adj.'' violent. '''–ëtas''', violence.
# '''ávŭ-os''', ingredient. '''–i''', ''postp.'' made with.
# '''axríí-bis''', ''adj.'' exact, accurate, precise. '''–bu''', ''adv.'' exactly, accurately, precisely, just. '''–vtas''', exactness, accuracy, precision.
# '''áxs-a''', 1) ''t.v.'' hew-, cleave-, -with an axe. 2) ''i.v.'' brandish an axe. '''–os''', (single-bladed) axe, hatchet. '''-áágus''', axman.
# '''áxtes''', castrated camel.
# '''ázd-a''', ''i.v.'' glow. '''-os''', glow.
# '''á-зa''', 1) ''t.v.'' put-, set-, -in motion, move, stir, set working, drive, force; activate, actuate, affect, promote, turn on; emboss, work, chase, raise [metals]; put forth [''leaves, branches, etc.'']. '''-зas''', movement, motion. '''–зis''', ''adj.'' astir. '''–zȝétas''', motive case [&lt;font color=red&gt;Gram.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-zĸérdos''', embossed-, raised-, -work, relief. '''–zpílos''', cilium [&lt;font color=red&gt;Anat.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-зësregóes''', movie. '''-зĭis''', ''adj.'' movable [''able to be moved''], mobile.
# '''áз-os''', axle-tree, shaft; axis [&lt;font color=red&gt;Math.&lt;/font&gt;], pole. '''–agŭésos''', pole axe. '''-ëstéres''', pole star, Polaris [&lt;font color=red&gt;Astr.&lt;/font&gt;]. '''-is''', ''adj.'' polar.
total: 121/63/52%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elet Anta</title>
    <id>8547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58308</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-05T14:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WeepingElf</username>
        <id>43</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Similar projects */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class=&quot;bordertable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#DFDFDF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Elet Anta'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||British Isles
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||unknown
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||language isolate
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO?
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||weakly inflecting
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#DFDFDF&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||John Fisher ||1997
|}

'''Elet Anta''' is a conlang by John Fisher, which purports to be the language of a secretive group of people in the British Isles, which &quot;it is hard to know whether the Anta are a nation, a religion, a secret society or a mixture of all three&quot;.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
!&amp;nbsp;
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Stops
|p b
|t d
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|k g
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
!Affricates
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|tʃ
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
!Fricatives
|f v
|θ
|s z
|ʃ
|&amp;nbsp;
|x
|h
|-
!Nasals
|m
|n
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
!Liquids
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|ɬ l&lt;br&gt; r̥ r
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
!Semivowels
|w
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|j
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|}

===Vowels===

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Front
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Central
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Back
|-
!Unround
!Round
|-
!High
|i
|y
|&amp;nbsp;
|u
|-
!Mid
|e
|ø
|&amp;nbsp;
|o
|-
!Low
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|a
|&amp;nbsp;
|}

All vowels can be short or long.  There are also diphthongs with /j/ and /w/ off-glides.

==Similar projects==

* [[Albic]]
* [[Tech]]
* [[League of Lost Languages]]

==External link==

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20061007201044/http://www.drummond.demon.co.uk/anta/ Elet Anta Home Page]

[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TIAL</title>
    <id>8550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58384</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-07T19:19:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">TIAL is the 3rd of my Interpersonal Auxiliary Languages. Parts of the grammar and the vocabulary are similar to those of [[SIAL]], the 2nd one.

The phonology has more consonant phonemes, allowing for borrowed words to be more recognizable, even though some of the distinctions will still tend to merge in actual practice.

The specifically Chinese syntax peculiarities have been eliminated, along with the inversion suffix (at present). While the general morphology is like SIAL's, the pronouns and particles have been mostly redone.

== Syntax ==

The word order is SVOX with most noun modifiers after the noun.

[[category:conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Azurian</title>
    <id>8551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58389</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-07T21:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== DAN IDLE HÆSTEN == Ain madn aigde ain hæst. Madnen staig upp på hæsta. Hæsten tjækk leis på madna. Madnen ljóp. Hæsten skælde. Kvæm ait tjusun hæstar. Hæstadne ru...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== DAN IDLE HÆSTEN ==
Ain madn aigde ain hæst. Madnen staig upp på hæsta. Hæsten tjækk leis på madna. Madnen ljóp. Hæsten skælde. Kvæm ait tjusun hæstar. Hæstadne rudnu. Madnen doide.

== VOCABULARY ==
*aiga = verb (wd) own, have
*ain = masc.sg. indefinite article
*ait = neut.sg. indefinite article
*dan = masc.nom.sg. demonstrative and definite article
*doija = verb (wja) die
*ganga = verb (st) go, walk (tjæng-tjænge-tjækk-tjækku)
*hæst = noun (m) horse
*idl = adj. bad, evil, wicked
*koma = verb (st) come (tjæm-tjæme-kvæm-kvåmu)
*leis = adj., adv. loose
*loipa = verb (st) run (loiper-leipe-ljóp-ljópu)
*madn = noun (m) man
*på = prep.dat. on, at
*rædna = verb (st) run, race, stampede (rædn-rædne-radn-rudnu)
*skælla = verb (wd) emit loud noise, shout, yell, scream
*stíga = verb (st) rise (stíg-stíge-staig-stígu)
*tjusun = noun (n) thousand
*upp = adv. up

=== SET PHRASES USED ===
*stíga upp på = mount
*ganga leis på = attack

=== KEY ===
*(st) = strong verb, conjugation in pres.sg-pres.pl-pret.sg-pret.pl is provided
*(wd) = weak verb of the d-class
*(wja) = weak verb of the ja-class
*prep.dat. = preposition governing dative

== GRAMMAR ==
Extensive (but not full) grammar at: http://www.ortygia.no/uriania/azuriansk-grammatikk-eng.shtml
You should get on rather well if you know some Scandinavian, because Azurian is an extra Scandinavian language. The general word order is SVO, with modifiers preceding heads, but if the subject has modifiers, they usually change the word order to VSO. Nouns are inflected for number, definiteness, and case. Adjectives are inflected similarly and have various ways of agreement depending on class. Verbs are conjugated in tense, aspect, mood and number. There is a variety of adverbs and pronouns with various functions.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 17/Lhenazi</title>
    <id>8552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58390</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-08T02:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;== TEXT ==  LEGEND:   L0 = Lhenazi   L1 = English   L2 = Mirexu   L3 = English translation of Mirexu  :L0: Emisoth Mathazraxi a Xoni :L1: The Bad Dragon's Tale :L2: Dilexundal pi...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== TEXT ==

LEGEND:
  L0 = Lhenazi
  L1 = English
  L2 = Mirexu
  L3 = English translation of Mirexu

:L0: Emisoth Mathazraxi a Xoni
:L1: The Bad Dragon's Tale
:L2: Dilexundal pixdetiertumni
:L3: The Bad Dragon's Being Told


:L0: Zraxi-onei kanein.
:L1: A man had a dragon.
:L2: Ifwefu dilexuna ajtikariv.
:L3: Someone (male) had a dragon.

:L0: Ilhe teshithilh a srothi thain,
:L1: The peaceful magician knew, what?
:L2: Tjusxutshorgi
:L3: The good magician,

:L0: shani a se na seilh a irei zraxin.
:L1: that only he could ride the dragon.
:L2: kjetamluso dilexunna ajtileashdusseni ajatrenivse,
:L3: knowing only he and no other can mount the dragon,

:L0: Shani a koe seilh zraxin.
:L1: He tried to ride the dragon.
:L2: dilexuna umajtileashdushiv.
:L3: tried to mount the dragon.

:L0: Oxathei zraxilh sein.
:L1: The dragon attacked him.
:L2: Dilexun ia antikjopesav.
:L3: The dragon attacked him.

:L0: Trikei sein.
:L1: He ran.
:L2: I titatelav.
:L3: He ran.

:L0: Aii a lho-rae zraxin,
:L1: The dragon screamed then,
:L2: Dilexungi ajukevse,
:L3: The dragon screams,

:L0: shati na aizraxin a lhishi.
:L1: and many dragons came.
:L2: nealuskisivu dilexnu vtijeviriv.
:L3: so many dragons came.

:L0: Tikre na roxei aizraxilh sein.
:L1: The dragons hunted and killed him.
:L2: Dilexnu ia sorexivu attiretav.
:L3: The dragons chased and killed him.


== INTERLINEARS ==
{|
| e- || isoth || math- || zraxi || a || xone || -i
|-
| POSS- || N || POSS- || N || REL || V || -NOM
|-
| zraxi || -one || -ei  || kanei || -n.
|-
| N     || -V   || -ABS || N     || -ABS
|-
| ilhe || -0 || teshithi || -lh || a || srothe || -i || thai || -n,
|-
| V   || -ABS || N   || -ERG || REL || V   || -NOM || PRON || -ABS
|-
| shane || -i || a || se-0 || na || sei || -lh || a || ire || -ei || zraxi || -n.
|-
| V || -ABS || REL || V-NOM || CONJ || PRON || -ERG || REL || V || -NOM || N || -ABS
|-
| shane || -i   || a   || koe || -0  || sei  || -lh  || zraxi || -n.
|-
| V   || -ABS || REL || V   || -NOM || PRON || -ERG || N   || -ABS
|-
| oxathe || -ei  || zraxi || -lh  || sei  || -n.
|-
| V      || -ABS || N     || -ERG || PRON || -ABS
|-
| trike || -ei  || sei || -n.
|-
| V     || -ABS || PRON || -ABS
|-
| aie || -i   || a   || lho || -rae || -0   || zraxi || -n,
|-
| V   || -ABS || REL || N   || -V   || -NOM || N     || -ABS
|-
| shate || -i || na || ai- || zraxi || -n || a || lhishe || -i.
|-
| V   || -ABS || CONJ || PL- || N  || -ABS || REL || V || -NOM
|-
| tikre || -0 || na || roxe || -ei || ai- || zraxi || -lh || sei  || -n.
|-
| V  || -ABS || CONJ || V || -ABS || PL- || N || -ERG || PRON || -ABS
|}

== VOCABULARY ==
{|
| a
| REL. heads a relative clause
|-
| ai-
| PL.
|-
| aie
| V. &quot;to scream, to call out&quot;
|-
| -ei
| N(III). agreement with class-III nouns
|-
| e(m)-
| POSS(3sg). marks the possessed noun
|-
| -i
| N(II). agreement with class-II nouns
|-
| ilhe
| V. &quot;to know (a fact)&quot;
|-
| ire
| V. &quot;to be the only one&quot;
|-
| isoth
| N(I). &quot;tale, story&quot;
|-
| kanei
| N(III). &quot;man&quot;
|-
| koe
| V. &quot;to try&quot;
|-
| -lh
| ERG. agent
|-
| lhishe
| V. &quot;to be many; to be part of a group&quot;
|-
| lho
| N(IV). &quot;now; here&quot;
|-
| math(a)-
| POSS(I). marks the possessor
|-
| -n
| ABS. subject or patient
|-
| na
| CONJ. coordinating conjunction &quot;and, so&quot;
|-
| -one
| V. &quot;to have -&quot;
|-
| oxathe
| V. &quot;to attack&quot;
|-
| -rae
| V. &quot;to be at -&quot; (either time or location)
|-
| roxe
| V. &quot;to kill&quot;
|-
| se
| V. &quot;to be able to&quot;
|-
| sei
| PRON(III). &quot;he&quot; (upper-class)
|-
| shane
| V. &quot;to ride&quot;
|-
| shate
| V. &quot;to come&quot;
|-
| srothe
| V. &quot;to be good or peaceful&quot;
|-
| teshithi
| N(II). &quot;magician&quot;
|-
| thai
| PRON(IV). &quot;what&quot;
|-
| tikre
| V. &quot;to hunt&quot;
|-
| trike
| V. &quot;to run; to try to escape&quot;
|-
| xone
| V. &quot;to be bad or violent&quot;
|-
| zraxi
| N(II). &quot;dragon&quot;
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsakxa people</title>
    <id>8553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58402</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-08T23:31:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Tsakxa people''' ([[Russian]]: Вонкие, ''Voniye'', [[Tsakxa]]: ''Memama'', 'the real people') are an indigenous ethnic group of western Siberia traditionally characterised by their use of the [[Tsakxa|Tsakxa language]].

== Endonym and exonym ==

The name 'Tsakxa' is used predominantly in English texts thanks to a misinterpretation of the word as the Tsakxa's endonym by Harold Vonsburg, the first American scholar to study the Tsakxa (1901). The word ''Tsakxa'' actually means 'to hunt' and may have been an exonym applied by other local groups through their own misinterpretations. The Tsakxa themselves refer to themselves as ''Memama'', 'people-people' or 'the real people'. In Russian, they are called ''Voniye'', which probably derives from an exonym applied to them by the Sakha.

== Lifestyle ==

=== Tribal life ===

Traditionally, the Tsakxa led a semi-nomadic tribal hunter-gatherer life within eastern Siberia, trading with various other peoples. The Tsakxa lived in small familial groups, usually consisting of two to five brothers, their parents, their wives and their children. These groups did not marry within themselves. Daughters married sons from other families and the daughter joined her husband's tribe. The Tsakxa were generally monogamous. With the arrival of Russian explorers and missionaries, many of the Tsakxa converted to Russian orthodoxy, although probably only to ensure trading contacts. 

=== Modern Tsakxa ===

During Stalin's rule, large numbers of the Tsakxa were forcibly transferred to central Asia, and the rest were forced to settle and become agricultural workers. The Tsakxa population was disseminated at random in order to break up familial units. Although after Stalin's death many were allowed to return, many ethnic Tsakxa were orphans with no knowledge of their background, and many others had been raised speaking Russian. The Tsakxa people today are mostly agricultural or live in the city. The language has only a few hundred speakers remaining, almost all of them over the age of 40. 

[[Category:Tsakxa]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Forscher</title>
    <id>8554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58403</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-09T02:34:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Forscher</username>
        <id>1437</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Selam everybody!  I´m starting this wiki after years trying to learn Arabic, but without going far... The main causes are: 1) NOBODY SPEAKS MSA (Modern Standard Arabic). Believe...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Selam everybody!

I´m starting this wiki after years trying to learn Arabic, but without going far... The main causes are:
1) NOBODY SPEAKS MSA (Modern Standard Arabic). Believe, NOBODY. Many Arabic teachers told me of how frustrated they got as they ordered water in Cairo, speaking MSA and the waiters answered something as: &quot;Sorry, I don´t speak German, d´you speak English?&quot; (in English, of course). 
2) There are many dialects, but the courses in dialect are just for beginners.

So, I decided to create here a mixed dialect to be used in Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordania, Libanon, Syria, Iraq, Kuweit, Saudi Arabia, and in the Gulf countries).
Suggestions are welcome. I´m no Arab, no moslem, I do it for the curiosity and love for languages.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yato.png</title>
    <id>8555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58405</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-09T15:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laefêvëši</title>
    <id>8556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58755</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-26T23:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ashucky</username>
        <id>1363</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Language|
| English = Laefeveshi
| native = Laefêvëši ᛚᚨᛖᚠᛌᚬᚴᛇᛋᛁ
| country = Olilóinien (planet)
| nativecountry = 
| universe = 
| speakers = 
| family = Vlamarian
| branch = Old Laefêvëši
| subbranch = Middle Laefêvëši
| wordorder = SVO (neutral), free
| type = agglutinating, inflecting, polysynthetic
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = Andrej Šuc
| date = 2003-2010
| background = white
| headingbg = yellowgreen
| width = 50%
}}

'''Laefêvëši ᛚᚨᛖᚠᛌᚬᚴᛇᛋᛁ''' or Laefeveshi is an [[a priori conlang]] created by [[User:Ashucky|Andrej Šuc]]. The beginnings of the conlang date back to the year 2003 and the conlang has been developing ever since. The language was inspired by Slovene and several other languages but it is essentially an a priori conlang. It has a rich phonology and it's highly agglutinative with inflecting and polysynthetic features. It uses extended Latin script but alternatively also adopted runic alphabet.

The language is part of a larger language family which consists of total 13 languages. Laefêvëši is natively spoken by [[Elves]] on [[Olilóinien|Olilóinien ᛅᛚᛁᛚᛌᛅᛁᚾᛁᛖᚾ]].

== Family ==
{{Main|Vlamarian language family}}
Laefêvëši is part of a larger language family called Vlamarian language family which consists of 13 languages.

== Phonology ==
{{Main|Phonological changes of Laefêvëši}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëši vowels
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Rounded vowel|Rounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Unrounded
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rounded
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|Short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|Long]]
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i
| i:
| y
| y:
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ɯ
| ɯ:
| u
| u:
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ɪ
| ɪ:
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ʊ
| ʊ:
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| e
| e:
| ø
| ø:
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| o
| o:
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ə
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| ɛ
| ɛ:
| œ
| œ:
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ʌ
| ʌ:
| ɔ
| ɔ:
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| a
| a:
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëšii consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | !![[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
![[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
! Plain
| m
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɲ
| ŋ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Gemination|Gemiante]] 
| m:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| n:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! Plain
| p  b
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| t  d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| k  ɡ
|-
! Geminate 
| p:  b:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| t:  d:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| k:  ɡ:
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Aspiration_(phonetics)|Aspirated]] 
| pʰ  
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| tʰ  
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| kʰ  
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| f v
| θ ð
| s z
| ʃ* ʒ*
| ʂ* ʐ*
| ɕ ʑ
| &amp;nbsp;
| x ɣ
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| f: v:
| θ: ð:
| s: z:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʦ ʣ
| ʧ ʤ
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʨ ʥ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Aspirated
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʦʰ
| ʧʰ
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʨʰ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɹ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| j
| w
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| r
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant|Flap or tap]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ɾ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Lateral approximant|Lateral&lt;br&gt;approximant]] 
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| l
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ʎ
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| l:
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

'''Notes:'''
* asterisk (*): the two post-alveolar fricatives /ʃ ʒ/ are interchangeable with the retroflex fricatives /ʂ ʐ/.

== Writing system ==

Laefêvëši uses two types of writing systems, the traditional runic alphabet and alternative Latin writing. There have been many attempts to write Laefêvëši with Latin letters but because of its rich phonology it has proven to be very difficult to find an appropriate romanization. 

=== Latitheo ===

The romanization of the Laefêvëši language is called '''Látiþeo''' or ''latitheo'' in English. The current official system uses a large number of letters, many with diacritics. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëši vowels
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Rounded vowel|Rounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Unrounded
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rounded
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|Short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|Long]]
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i, í
| í
| y, ý
| ý
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ü, ű
| ű
| u, ú
| ú
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ī, î
| î
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ū, û
| û
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| e, é
| é
| ø, ǿ
| ǿ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| o, ó
| ó
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ë, ä
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| ē, ê
| ê
| ö, ő
| ő
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ā, â
| â
| ō, ô
| ô
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| a, á
| á, ă
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëši consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | !![[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
![[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
! Plain
| m
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| n
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| nj
| ŋ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Gemination|Gemiante]] 
| mm
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| nn
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! Plain
| p  b
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| t  d
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| k  ɡ
|-
! Geminate 
| pp  bb
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| tt  dd
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| kk  ɡg
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Aspiration_(phonetics)|Aspirated]] 
| pq
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| tq
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| kq
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| f v
| þ ð
| s z
| š ž
| ṡ/ṣ ż/ẓ
| ś ź
| &amp;nbsp;
| h x
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| ff vv
| þþ ðð
| ss zz
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| c dz
| č dž
| &amp;nbsp;
| ć dź
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Aspirated
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| cq
| čq
| &amp;nbsp;
| ćq
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ŗ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| j
| w
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| rr
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant|Flap or tap]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| r
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Lateral approximant|Lateral&lt;br&gt;approximant]] 
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| l
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| lj
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ll
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

=== Runic alphabet ===
Laefêvëši uses an adaptation of the [[Wikipedia:Runic_alphabet|runic alphabet]] along with the Latin script. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëši vowels
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;  | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Rounded vowel|Rounded]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Unrounded
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rounded
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|Short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|Long]]
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| ᛁ, ᛌᛁ
| ᛌᛁ
| ᚣ, ᛌᚣ
| ᛌᚣ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᚥ, ᛌᚥ
| ᛌᚥ
| ᚢ, ᛌᚢ
| ᛌᚢ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᛄ, ᛌᛄ
| ᛌᛄ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᚤ, ᛌᚤ
| ᛌᚤ
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| ᛖ, ᛌᛖ
| ᛌᛖ
| ᛡ, ᛌᛡ
| ᛌᛡ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᛟ, ᛌᛟ
| ᛌᛟ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ᛇ, ᛌᛇ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| ᚬ, ᛌᚬ
| ᛌᚬ
| ᚯ, ᛌᚯ
| ᛌᚯ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᛮ, ᛌᛮ
| ᛌᛮ
| ᛅ, ᛌᛅ
| ᛌᛅ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| ᚨ, ᛌᚨ
| ᛌᚨ, ᚮ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|}


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Laefêvëši consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | !![[Wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
![[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
! Plain
| ᛗ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚾ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛜ
| ᛝ
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Gemination|Gemiante]] 
| ᚲᛗ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚲᚾ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! Plain
| ᛈ ᛒ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛏ ᛞ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚸ ᚷ 
|-
! Geminate 
| ᚲᛈ ᚲᛒ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚲᛏ ᚲᛞ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚲᚸ ᚲᚷ 
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Aspiration_(phonetics)|Aspirated]] 
| ᛈᚺ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛏᚺ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚸᚺ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚠ ᚴ 
| ᚦ ᛨ 
| ᛊ ᛉ
| ᛋ ᛣ 
| ''ṡ/ṣ ż/ẓ''*
| ᛠ ᛯ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚻ ᛤ
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚲᚠ ᚲᚴ
| ᚲᚦ ᚲᛨ 
| ᚲᛊ ᚲᛉ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚳ ᛩ
| ᛥ ᛪ 
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛕ ᛰ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Aspirated
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚳᚺ
| ᛥᚺ
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛕᚺ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚿ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛃ
| ᚹ
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛢ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Flap consonant|Flap or tap]]
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚱ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Wikipedia:Lateral approximant|Lateral&lt;br&gt;approximant]] 
! Plain
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᛚ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚭ
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
! Geminate
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| ᚲᛚ
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
{{Main|Laefêvëši nouns}}

Nouns in Laefêvëši are marked for both case and number. There are 17 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). Nouns are also divided into two genders: masculine and feminine. Articles are not used any more, however, under some conditions they can be used but they do not mark definiteness in usual sense.

===Adjectives ===

=== Pronouns ===
{{Main|Laefêvëši pronouns}}

=== Numerals ===
{{Main|Laefêvëši numerals}}

=== Verbs ===
{{Main|Laefêvëši verbs}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
[[Category:Laefêvëši]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>HimCon Aviation</title>
    <id>8557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58450</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-14T01:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Changed Herat to Kabul.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Although the seven Himalayan Confederacy nations are relatively undeveloped, transportation is gradually improving.  There is a railway connecting the seven nations and air transportation is available.

*After the formation of the Himalayan Confederacy in 1975, the founding nations took steps to meet the transportation needs of the citizens. The Trans-HimCon (THC) railway was started and plans were initiated to establish an air transport system.  As the other three Himalayan nations joined the Confederacy they bought into both of these transportation systems.

*The two international aerodromes are located in Thimpu, Bhutan, and Jammu City, Jammu.
*In the eastern Himalayan Confederacy there are regular international flights from Thimpu to Kathmandu, Nepal; Lhasa, Tibet; Calcutta, Bengal; [[Frederiksnagore]]; Chinsurah; Akyab, Arakan; Chengdu, Nanhanguo; and Mandalay, Burma.
*Regular local flights in the eastern Himalayan Confederacy connect Thimpu, Itanagar, and Along in Bhutan; Jomsom, Chame, and Dhunai in Lo; and Gangtok, Darjeeling and Kalimpang in Sikkim.

*Travelers flying from the eastern end of the Himalayan Confederacy to the western must fly to Thimpu and transfer to a flight to Kathmandu, then make a connection from Kathmandu to their destination.

*In the western Himalayan Confederacy there are regular international flights from Kathmandu to Thimpu, Bhutan; Lhasa, Tibet; Amritsar, Sikh R.S.; Herat, Moghul N.R.; Lucknow, Oudh; Delhi, Samraj; and Jaipur, Rajputana.

*Regular local flights in the western Himalayan Confederacy connect Kathmandu, Pauri, and Nainital in Nepal; Jammu City in Jammu, Srinigar in Kashmir; and Kargil and Leh in Ladakh.

*There is also an international flight from Leh, Ladakh, to [[Wikipedia:Shiquanhe|Ali]], Tibet.

*Travelers flying from the western end of the Himalayan Confederacy to the eastern must fly to Kathmandu and transfer to a flight to Thimpu, then make a connection from Thimpu to their destination.

*'''HimConAir (HCA)''' is the flagship airline of the Himalayan Confederacy. The main hub is at the Kathmandu Aerodrome with a secondary hub at the Jammu City Aerodrome.
**There are four large airships which operate on the international routes.  These are Stratoliners purchased from [[Wenedyk Hindenburg S.A.]]
**Ten smaller ships, also purchased from Wenedyk Hindenburg S.A., are used for the domestic routes within the Confederacy.  All are used to transport people, freight and mail.
**To date, foreign airlines have not been permitted to operate at any of the Confederacy’s aerodromes.
**Travelers seeking international flights can make connections at Kabul with [[Türkistan Hava Yolları]], at Amritsar with [[Dalmavia SA]], at Delhi with [[Aviarca]] and [[Lufthansa]], at Frederiksnagore with Lufthansa, and at Lhasa with [[Türkistan Hava Yolları]].

*A private corporation was founded in which the Himalayan Confederacy holds 55% of the shares.  The remaining 45% of the shares are held by private investors, 60% of whom are foreign.

*'''HCA''' currently employs 395 employees.  There are stewards on each domestic flight who speak each of the national languages of the Confederacy.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chreientae</title>
    <id>8558</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>59004</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T14:56:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>make into redirect</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Chreyentae]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>United Maharajadom Charter</title>
    <id>8559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58532</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-15T02:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New article.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">===The Charter and Constitution of the Union of the Rajadoms of Jammu and Kashmir of 1921===

*PREAMBLE
The Rajadom of Jammu and the Rajadom of Kashmir, desirous of establishing  a new constitutional order in which they will conduct their internal interests autonomously and their common interests on a basis of equality and good will, have resolved by decision of their respective legislaturesto adopt this Charter and Constitution for The United Maharajadom of Jammu and Kashmir (hereinafter, the UMJK) as follows:

*Article 1.
#The Two Rajadoms of Jammu and Kashmir shall, upon the 1st day of July next ensuing, that is of 1922, and forever after, be united by one Personal Union to be called The United Maharajdom of Jammu and Kashmir.
#The Ensigns Armorial of the said Personal Union shall be such as His Royal Majesty shall think fit, and used in all Flags, Banners, Standards and Ensigns.

*Article 2
#The Maharaja, as Head of State and Head of Government, shall exercise executive power in the UMJK and over the two Rajadoms. He shall be inviolable. The Ministers shall be responsible for all executive decisions and policies.
#Legislative power in UMJK affairs shall be exercised by the legislative bodies of the individual Rajadoms.

*Article 3
#The Succession to the Monarchy of the UMJK shall continue by right of equal primogeniture to the legitimate Hindu descendants of the late Raja Gulab Singh.
#All persons of other faiths or marrying persons of other faiths shall be excluded from and forever incapable of inheriting, possessing, or enjoying the Crown of the UMJK.
#The Maharaja shall reside during the summer in the Royal Capital of Srinagar and during the winter in the Royal Capital of Jammu.

*Article 4
#Within the UMJK, the constitutional organization of the Two Rajadoms is set forth in their respective Constitutions.
#Each of the Two Rajadoms shall promote the realization of fundamental human rights and freedoms, legal certainty and good governance.
#The safeguarding of such rights and freedoms, legal certainty and good governance shall be the concern of the  UMJK.

*Article 5
#The affairs of the UMJK shall be conducted in cooperation by the Two Rajadoms in accordance with the provisions of this Charter and Constitution.
#Wherever possible the Legislatures of the Two Rajadoms shall participate in the conduct of these affairs.
#The Two Rajadoms shall take account of the provisions of this Charter and Constitution in their legislation and administration.

*Article 6
#A Privy Council of four persons, consisting of two members appointed by the Maharaja and one member each appointed by the legislatures of the Two Rajadoms. The Privy Council is responsible for all matters pertaining to the privileges and conduct of the Maharaja and the royal family; rendering advice to the Maharaja on matters concerning the Throne and the royal family; all matters pertaining to crown properties; and any other matter as may be commanded by the Maharaja.

*Article 7
#A Council of Ministers of the UMJK shall be composed of the Ministers appointed by the Maharaja and the Ministers Plenipotentiary appointed by the Governments of the Two Rajadoms.

*Article 8
#The Ministers Plenipotentiary shall act in the name of the Governments of their Rajadoms, which shall appoint or remove them. They must be citizens of their respective Rajadoms.
#The Government of the relevant Rajadom shall provide for a deputy for the Minister Plenipotentiary in the event of absence. The provisions of this Charter and Constitution with regard to the Minister Plenipotentiary shall apply mutatis mutandis to his deputy.

*Article 9
#Before assuming office the Minister Plenipotentiary shall, in the presence of the Maharaja, take an oath of allegiance to the Maharaja and to the Charter. The form of the oath or promise shall be prescribed by order in council for the UMJK.

*Article 10
#The Minister Plenipotentiary shall participate in the deliberations of the Council of Ministers and of the permanent boards and special committees of the Council whenever United Maharajadom affairs are discussed which affect the Rajadom in question.
#The Governments of the Two Rajadoms shall be entitled to appoint, if they see reason to do so in relation to a particular matter, a Minister, in addition to the Minister Plenipotentiary, to participate with an advisory vote in the deliberations referred to in the preceding paragraph.

*Article 11
#Provisions regarding United Maharajadom affairs shall be laid down by Law or, if appropriate, by order in council for the UMJK. Such an Act or order in council may instruct or allow other organs to lay down further rules. In the case of the Two Rajadoms, the appropriate organs shall be the legislatures.
#If the regulation of a matter is not to be effected solely by Law, it may be effected by order in council for the UMJK.

*Article 12
#The Maharaja shall forward Bills for United Maharajadom Law at the same time as they are introduced to the legislatures of the Two Rajadoms.

*Article 13
#The legislature of the Rajadom in which the legislation is to apply shall be empowered, before the Bill is publicly debated, to examine the Bill and to issue a written report thereon, if necessary within a fixed time-limit.

*Article 14
#The Minister Plenipotentiary of the Rajadom in which the legislation is to apply shall be afforded the opportunity to attend the debates on the Bill and to furnish such information as he considers desirable.
#The legislature of the Rajadom in which the legislation is to apply may decide to designate, for the purposes of the debate on a particular Bill, one or more special delegates who shall likewise be empowered to attend the debates and furnish information.
#The Ministers Plenipotentiary and the special delegates shall be immune from any legal proceedings in respect of anything they say in or submit in writing to the meetings of the National Assemblies.
#The Ministers Plenipotentiary and the special delegates shall be empowered to propose amendments to a Bill during the proceedings in the legislatures.

*Article 15
#Before a final vote is taken on any UMJK Bill in the legislatures, the Minister Plenipotentiary of the Rajadom in which the legislation is to apply shall have the opportunity to express his opinion on the Bill. If the Minister Plenipotentiary states his opposition to the proposal, he may request the legislature at the same time to postpone the vote till the following meeting. If, after the Minister Plenipotentiary has stated his opposition to the Bill, the legislature adopts it with a majority of less than three-fifths of the number of votes cast, the proceedings shall be suspended and the Council of Ministers shall consider the Bill further.
#If the meetings of the legislature are being attended by special delegates, the power referred to in paragraph 1 shall devolve upon the delegate designated for the purpose by the representative assembly.

*Article 16
#The Government of the UMJK shall ensure the publication of laws and orders in council for the UMJK, which shall appear in the official bulletin of the Rajadom where the legislation is to apply. The Governments of the Rajadoms shall lend all the assistance necessary to that end.
#Laws and orders in council for the UMJK shall enter into force on the date determined therein or pursuant thereto.
#The terms of the publication of laws and orders in council for the UMJK shall state that the provisions of the Charter and Constitution for the UMJK have been observed.

*Article 17
#In the event of war or a threat of war or if a threat to or the disturbance of internal peace and order might seriously damage the UMJK's interests, the Maharaja may, to maintain internal or external security, declare any part of the UMJK to be in a state of war or a state of emergency.
#How such a declaration shall be made and the ensuing consequences provided for shall be determined by or pursuant to the Law.
#Such legislation may determine that, and in what manner, powers of the civil authorities in respect of public order and the police shall be transferred, wholly or in part, authorities shall be subordinate to the military authorities. Whenever possible the Government of the Rajadom concerned shall be consulted with regard to the transfer of powers. Such legislation may depart from provisions relating to the freedom of the press and freedom of association and assembly, and from those relating to the inviolability of dwellings and correspondence.
#In an area where in the event of war a state of emergency has been declared, military criminal law and military criminal jurisdiction may be declared wholly or partially applicable to any person, in a manner determined by Law.

*Article 18
#The Citizens of the UMJK shall have full freedom and intercourse of trade and transportation to and from any place within the UMJK.

*Article 19
#All parts of the UMJK shall have the same allowances, encouragements and drawbacks, and be under the same prohibitions, restrictions and regulations of trade and liable to the same customs and duties on import and export.

*Article 20
#The coin shall be of the same standard and value, throughout the UMJK, as now in Kashmir, and shall be called the United Maharajadom Rupee (UMR).
#A newly created Ministry of Finance shall create a National Bank to control and monitor the financial system of the UMJK.
#The Ministry of Finance shall also establish a Privy Purse to be financed by both Rajadoms.
#A Mint shall be continued in Jammu under the same rules as the Mint in Kashmir.
#The present Officers of these Mints shall continue to be subject to such regulations and alterations as His Royal Majesty and His Successors, or the individual Parliaments shall think fit.
#Likewise, the postal system shall be of the same regulations, throughout the UMJK, as now in Kashmir.

*Article 21
#The same Weights and Measures shall be used throughout the UMJK as are now established in Kashmir.

*Article 22
#The Courts shall remain within each Rajadom as they are now constituted by the Laws of those Rajadoms.

*Article 23
#Judgments given and warrants issued by courts in either of the Two Rajadoms and engrossments of authentic acts issued by them, shall be enforced throughout the UMJK, with due observance of statutory provisions in the Rajadom of enforcement.

*Article 24
#All heritable Offices, Superiorities, heritable Jurisdictions, Offices for life, and Jurisdictions for life shall be reserved to the Owners thereof, as Rights of Property, in the same manner as they are now enjoyed by the Laws of the Two Rajadoms.

*Article 25
#The regular armed forces shall be under a unified command.  This force shall be put into effect by a newly created Ministry of Defense to be established by the government of the UMJK.

*Article 26
#A Ministry of the Exterior shall be created to handle diplomatic and other foreign relations of the UMJK.

*Article 27
#A common cabinet, composed of the Ministers of the Exterior, Defense and Finance, shall be responsible to the Maharaja and to the delegations of 20 members each (chosen by the two parliaments), which shall meet to discuss common affairs.

*Article 28
#Expenses for the common Ministries shall be borne equally by the two Rajadoms.  These expenses shall be renegotiated and readjusted if necessary, every ten years.

*Article 29
#And matters not regulated by this Charter and Constitution shall be subsequently regulated by Law of the UMJK.

*Article 30
#All Laws and Statutes in either Rajadom so far as they are contrary to, or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles shall cease and become void, and shall be so declared to be by the respective Parliaments of the said Rajadoms.

*Article 31
#Amendments to this Charter and Constitution shall be effected by  law.
#A Bill for an amendment shall not be approved by the Maharaja until it has been approved by the legislatures of the Two Rajadoms in two readings. If the draft is passed at the first reading by two-thirds of the votes cast, it shall be deemed approved forthwith. The second reading shall take place within one month after the Bill has passed the first reading.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Senjecan lexicon a</title>
    <id>8560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58604</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-16T23:33:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caeruleancentaur</username>
        <id>11</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;# aá, inter. ah! [exclama¬tion denoting pleasure or admiration]. # ááȝa, i.v. last, continue, perdure, take (of time), keep (food), remain. # ááȝra, i.v. morning is break...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"># aá, inter. ah! [exclama¬tion denoting pleasure or admiration].
# ááȝa, i.v. last, continue, perdure, take (of time), keep (food), remain.
# ááȝra, i.v. morning is breaking.
# áálĭos, sausage [Food]. 
# áámra, i.v. pass-, spend-, -the day.
# áána, 1) t.v. ring, encircle, surround. 2) i.v. form a ring or rings
# áánda, 1) t.v. hurt, (do) wrong. 2) i.v. hurt.
# áánta, i.v. set up a warp; contrive a plot, scheme, intrigue, conspire.
# áásna, t.v. ennoble.
# aaúsa, i.v. move-, travel-, -east.
# ábŭos, alveolar ridge [Anat.].
# áća, t.v. point, sharpen, taper.
# aćénos, fish-lure.
# ádos, watercourse.
# àða, postp. among(st), with, within.
# àfa, postp. off, from.
# áfra, 1) t.v. beach. 2) i.v. beach.
# ága, 1) t.v. sin. 2) i.v. sin (against, ànta).
# ágĭa, t.v. acidify.
# agúlos, wilderness.
# agúros, colostrum.
# agŭésa, i.v. brandish a battle-axe.
# áha, 1) t.v. gestate. 2) i.v. be pregnant (of non-loquent beings).
# aí, inter., then, apparently [in expressions of astonishment, disapproval, sarcasm, wonder or surprise].
# áȝa, t.v. grant, accord, concede, vouchsafe, yield, give up.
# aȝéſos, ore.
# áȝos, copper.
# áȝra, i.v. prepare-, make-, -kumiss.
# aĸúvos, waterproof garment, raincoat.
# aláá, inter. hello [expression of greeting]; ahoy.
# ála, 1) t.v. whiten, bleach, blanch. 2) i.v. become white.
# aláϙos, tasty dish, delicacy [Food].
# álca, t.v. ward (off), avert, repulse, repel, set back; parry.
# áldas, fathom [Meas.]
# álða, 1) t.v. gutter. 2) i.v. gutter.
# álga, 1) t.v. sieve, filter, strain. 2) i.v. sieve, filter, strain. 
# álŀa, t.v. earn; win; deserve, merit.
# álpa, 1) t.v. subtract, deduct; depreciate. 2) i.v. reduce, subtract, subside, die down, go down [of prices], lose weight, decline, fall off, recede, let up, drop [temperature].
# áltes, female animal.
# alúngos, snow bank.
# alútos, alum.
# álŭa, 1) t.v. brew. 2) i.v. brew.
# álĭa, t.v. alienate, estrange (from, èha).
# áłna, i.v. lamb.
# ambálos, cooked rice [Food].
# ámbis, adj. heavy, weighty, ponderous.
# amílgos, fibula [Anat.].
# ámla, i.v. be of importance, matter.
# ámra, 1) t.v. hold (on), take hold of, grip. 2) i.v. hold.
# ámvis, adj. both, ambi-.
# ámźa, 1) t.v. make-, open-, -a way, pave the way for.  2) i.v. walk a path.
# áṁa, i.v. bird; trap-, shoot-, catch-, -birds.
# àṁa, postp. down (through).
# áṁda, 1) t.v. water, irrigate; dilute, water (down). 2) i.v. alight on water.
# áṁsa, i.v. stay overnight, pass-, spend-, -the night.
# àna, postp. up. 
# análos, drift-ice.
# ancáϙos, wind off the land.
# ánða, 1) t.v. blind. 2) i.v. be-, become-,  -blind.
# anérus, ancestor;
# anétes, duck.
# ánga, 1) t.v. untie. 2) i.v. untie.
# angálĸŭus, shaman.
# angárus, courier, envoy, emissary.
# angétos, midden.
# angú, inter. stop!, cut it out!, don’t do it!
# ángŭa, i.v. writhe, wriggle, slither.
# ánĸa, 1) t.v. bend, curve, bow. 2) i.v. bend, warp.
# ánϙa, 1) t.v. poke about (in), poke, rake, stir [a fire]; pick [the teeth]. 2) i.v. poke about, poke, rake.
# anϙénus, person, personage, character.
# ánsa, 1) t.v. favor, indulge, please. 2) i.v. indulge, please.
# ánsĭa, 1) t.v. loop. 2) i.v. loop.
# ánta, 1) t.v. oppose, face. 2) i.v. oppose, face.
# ántas, life force, the soul that leaves the body at death [one of the three souls], personhood; ba.
# antéris, adj. other of two.
# ánþ-a, i.v. flower, bloom, blossom (forth), open, effloresce.
# ánĭa, t.v. make something another's, alienate.
# ápas t.v. father [Kin.], sire.
# apélos, force, vigor, energy.
# ápis, adj. away, absent.
# apúćus, elder sister [Kin.].
# áϙa, t.v. depress [emotionally], dispirit, disheart¬en.
# áϙla, i.v. disagree, dissent, dispute.
# aϙrútos, mixture of animal fat or oil.
# ára, 1) t.v. turn down, refuse, deny, decline, reject, disavow, gainsay, recant, retract, abjure, renounce, negate. 2) i.v. refuse, decline, recant, retract.
# árða, t.v. bar, bolt
# árga, 1) t.v. close (down), shut, lock- (-in, -up);  block, obstruct, blockade. 2) i.v. close, shut, lock; block, be in the way.
# árĸa, 1) t.v. keep, preserve, pickle, put away, set-, lay-, -aside, save. 2) i.v. keep, preserve, save.
# árĸŭa, 1) t.v. shoot [an arrow]. 2) i.v. release an arrow from a bow.
# árla, 1) t.v. advise, counsel, recommend. 2) i.v. counsel.
# áros, nut.
# árpa, t.v. predict, foretell, prophesy, prognosticate, vaticinate. 
# árϙŭas, windward.
# àru, adv. scarcely, hardly, barely.
# arútos, seal skin.
# árźos, field, meadow, common.
# árŭa, t.v. eviscerate, disembowel.
# árĭa, 1) t.v. be in charge of. 2) i.v. be in charge.
# ása, 1) t.v. revere, reverence. 2) i.v. revere. 
# asúrus, prince.
# áta, 1) t.v. traverse, pace off, frequent. 2) i.v. go, proceed.
# atúngos, sole [of shoe].
# aþála, i.v. run the household, keep house.
# aú, inter. exclamation of pain, confusion, or anger.
# aúða, t.v. perceive.
# aúga, i.v. glitter, glisten, sparkle.
# aúsa, t.v. gild.
# aúta, t.v. give away, dispose of, confer,  bestow (on, èna), dispense.
# avéros, bedding.
# ávis, adj. rash, impetuous.
# ávla, i.v. spread the legs.
# ávris, adj. violent.
# ávŭos, ingredient.
# axrííbis, adj. exact, accurate, precise.
# áxsa, 1) t.v. hew-, cleave-, -with an axe. 2) i.v. brandish an axe.
# áxtes, castrated camel.
# ázda, i.v. glow.
# áźa, 1) t.v. put-, set-, -in motion, move, stir, set working, drive, force; activate, actuate, affect, promote, turn on; emboss, work, chase, raise [metals]; put forth [leaves, branches, etc.].
# áźos, axle-tree, shaft; axis [Math.], pole.
total: 121/63/52%</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdrawkcab</title>
    <id>8561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58612</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T14:34:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew2</username>
        <id>1442</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sdrawkcab (Sdraw-Kab) is a fictional language created by myself, Andrew David Wood, as a play-code used for talking to friends on instant messangers so my parents wouldn't nosey in on what was being said. I enjoyed using the language that much that i endeavoured to learn to speak it it and campain to have it as the first official jokelang.

==Pronunciation rules== 

In order to differentiate it from English and in order to make it more pronouncable, I had to come up with certain pronunciation rules, for example, the words Want, Won't, Can't and Bent, in Sdrawkcab are spelt an pronounced respectively: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Tnaw'' (ʔNaw)&lt;br&gt; ''T'now'' (ʔNo)&lt;br&gt; ''T'nac'' (ʔnac) &lt;br&gt; ''Tneb'' (ʔneb). &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Right, light and thought is Sdrawkcab have pronounced G's and the th is as is think, as is: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Thgir'' (Thg-eer)&lt;br&gt; ''Thgil'' (thg-il)&lt;br&gt; ''Thguoht'' (thg-wot). &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Sh, Th, Ph and Ch: if after a consonant, the h is silent, if afer a vowel, the h only works to elongate the vowel sound. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Shame - ''Emahs'' (E-ma:s)&lt;br&gt;
Church - ''Hcruhc'' (Kru:k) &lt;br&gt;
Ethnic - ''Cinthe'' (Kin-te) &lt;br&gt;
Pharmacy - ''Ycamrahp'' (Ee-cam-ra:p)

==Grammar Rules==

Grammar is exactly the same as English, apart from two slight differences that are east to remember. The first difference is A and An, they are used with the same words as in English, so A cake is ''A Ekac'' and an egg is ''Na Gge'' &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

The only other is abbreviations, this is useful for MSN and other instant messaging sights, because Sdrakcab is technically backwards English, abbreviations are with different letters, Be right back in English is brb, but in Sdrawkcab it would be ETK, for '''''E'''d '''T'''hgir '''K'''cab'' &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=Some other abbreviations=
RSPCA - LYNYS as in ''Yalor Yteicos rof Noitneverp fo Ytleurc ot Slamina''&lt;br&gt;
FBI - LUN as in ''Laredef Uaerub Noitagitsevni''&lt;br&gt;
NIMBY - TNYKD as in ''Ton Ni Ym Kcab Dray''&lt;br&gt;
PC - either LR or EE as in ''Lanosrep Retupmoc'' or ''Ecilop Elbatsnoc''

==A Text For Study==

=In English=
'''''The Tower Of Babel:'''''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
1. Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. &lt;br&gt;
2. And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. &lt;br&gt;
3. And they said to one another, &quot;Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly.&quot; And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. &lt;br&gt;
4. Then they said, &quot;Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
5. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built. &lt;br&gt;
6. And the Lord said, &quot;Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do. And nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. &lt;br&gt;
7. Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
8. So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. &lt;br&gt;
9. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=Ni Sdrawckab=
'''''Eht Rewot Fo Lebab:'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
1.  Won eht elohw htrae dah eno egaugnal dna eht emas sdrow.&lt;br&gt;
2.  Dna sa elpoep detargim morf eht tsae, yeht dnuof s nialp ni eht dnal fo Ranihs dna delttes ereht. &lt;br&gt;
3. Dna yeht dias ot eno rehtona, &quot;Emoc, tel su ekam skcirb, dna nrub meht ylhguoroht.&quot; Dna yeht dah Kcirb rof enots, dna nemutib rof ratrom.&lt;br&gt;
4. Nehy yeht dias, &quot;Emoc, tel su dliub sevlesruo a ytic dna a rewot htiw sti pot ni eht snevaeh, dna tel su ekam a eman rof sevlesruo, stel ew eb desrepsid revo eht ecaf fo eht elohw htrae.&lt;br&gt;
5. Dna eht Drol emac nwod ot ees eht ytic dna eht rewot, hcihw eht nerdlihc fo nam dah tliub.&lt;br&gt;
6. Dna eht Drol dias, &quot;Dloheb, yeht era eno elpoep, dna yeht lla evah eno egaugnal, dna siht si ylno eht gninnigeb fo tahw yeht lliw od. Dna gnihton taht yeht esoporp ot od lliw won eb elbissopmi rof meht. &lt;br&gt;
7. Emoc, tel su og nwod dna ereht esufnoc ereht egaugnal, os taht yeht yam ton dnastrednu eno s'rehtona hceeps.&quot;&lt;br&gt;
8. Os eht Drol desrepsid meht morf ereht revo eht ecaf fo lla eht htrae, dna yeht tfel ffo gnidliub eht ytic. &lt;br&gt;
9. Erofereht sti eman saw dellac Lebab, esuaceb ereht eht drol desufnoc eht egaugnal fo lla eht htrae. Dna morf ereht eht drol desrepsid meht revo eht ecaf fo lla eht htrae. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

==AND and -ING==
And - Dna (ʔna)&lt;br&gt;
-ing i.e. slipping - Gnippils (ʔnip-ils)

== Numbers and Lists.  ==
Eno, Owt, Eerht, Ruof, Evif, Xis, Neves, Thgie, Enin, Net. &lt;br&gt;&lt;Br&gt;

'''Syad fo eht keew'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; Yadnom&lt;br&gt;Yadseut&lt;br&gt;Yadsendew&lt;br&gt;Yadsruht&lt;br&gt;Yadirf&lt;br&gt;Yadrutas&lt;br&gt;Yadnus

'''Shtnom (Shʔnom) fo eht sraey'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Yraunaj&lt;br&gt;Yraurbef&lt;br&gt;Hcram&lt;br&gt;Lirpa&lt;br&gt;Yam&lt;br&gt;Enuj&lt;br&gt;Yluj&lt;br&gt;Tsugua&lt;br&gt;Rebmetpes&lt;br&gt;Rebotco&lt;br&gt;Rebmevon&lt;br&gt;Rebmeced

'''Slamina'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Tac&lt;br&gt;God&lt;br&gt;Woc&lt;br&gt;Esroh&lt;br&gt;Yeknom&lt;br&gt;Tnahpele&lt;br&gt;Effarig&lt;br&gt;Torrap&lt;br&gt;Gniylf Hsif

'''Tiurf'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Elppa&lt;br&gt;Ananab&lt;br&gt;Eparg&lt;br&gt;Egnaro&lt;br&gt;Elppaenip&lt;br&gt;Etanargemop&lt;br&gt;Mulp

'''Selbategev'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Torrac&lt;br&gt;Aep&lt;br&gt;Otatop&lt;br&gt;Otamot&lt;br&gt;Ecuttel&lt;br&gt;Litnel

'''Seirtnuoc'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Dnalgne (ʔnalgʔne)&lt;br&gt;Dnaleri&lt;br&gt;Dnaltocs&lt;br&gt;Selaw&lt;br&gt;Ecnarf&lt;br&gt;Niaps&lt;br&gt;Ynamreg&lt;br&gt;Anihc&lt;br&gt;Napaj&lt;br&gt;Aisenodni&lt;br&gt;Eht Noom

'''Stenalp''' &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Yrucem&lt;br&gt;Sunev&lt;br&gt;Htrae&lt;br&gt;Sram&lt;br&gt;Retipuj&lt;br&gt;Nrutas&lt;br&gt;Sunaru&lt;br&gt;Enutpen&lt;br&gt;Otulp&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''S'retipuj snoom'''&lt;br&gt;Otsillac, Edemynag, Aporue dna Oi, tub ereht si osla S'nrutas suomaf noom, Natit</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nasoka.png</title>
    <id>8562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58627</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-17T17:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato udhr.png</title>
    <id>8563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58634</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T12:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pesato diac.png</title>
    <id>8564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58637</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-18T16:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Pesato]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Pesato]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Czásza</title>
    <id>8565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58688</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-22T11:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew2</username>
        <id>1442</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Grammar */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Czásza''' (''tʃa:ʃæ'') is a slavonic language created in 2010 by A.D. Wood. It is based on the sounds of Polish, Czech and Romanian. 

==Alphabet==

A Á B C D D̦ E F G Ğ I J K L Ł M N Ń O Ø P R Ř S Ś T Ţ U Ú V Z Ź 

=pronunciations= 
A - Sat&lt;br&gt; 
Á - C'''a'''ke&lt;br&gt;
B - Boat&lt;br&gt;
C - Ts as in nits&lt;br&gt;
D - Done&lt;br&gt;
D̦ - J as in Jug&lt;br&gt;
E - Pet&lt;br&gt;
F - Fall&lt;br&gt;
G - Good&lt;br&gt;
Ğ - J as in French Je&lt;br&gt;
I - In&lt;br&gt;
J - Y as is Yob&lt;br&gt;
K - Kill&lt;br&gt;
L - Love&lt;br&gt;
Ł - Polish, as in morał&lt;br&gt;
M - Moon&lt;br&gt;
N - Not&lt;br&gt;
Ń - Spanish Ñ as in Sueño&lt;br&gt;
O - Pot&lt;br&gt;
Ø - Ur as in Urn&lt;br&gt;
P - Pie&lt;br&gt;
R - Run&lt;br&gt;
Ř - Polish Rz as in Rzicz&lt;br&gt;
S - Sun &lt;br&gt;
Ś - Sh as in Shine
T - Turn
Ţ - Th as is Thorn
U - Put
Ú - oo as in Moot
V - W as in Wary
Z - Zoo
Ź - S as in Pleasure. 

==Grammar==

Let's look at a sample sentence. 'I went to the shop' To break this sentence, we start with the verb 'to go' which in Czásza is ''Czáfe'' to turn this into 'I go' we put Ğ on the end (if the verb ends in a consonant, we put iĝ) Then, the word is went which means it is the past tense. The tense is put at the beginning of the verb, past is Ij, present is Iaj and future is Oj. Our word now becomes ''Ijczáfeğ'' - I went. The word to is unnecesary, as i went and the object is enough to convey meaning. The article 'the' is Łe, which stands alone if the noun begins with a consonant, but if it begins with a vowel, you join it to the word like so, Ł'---. The word for shop is ''ennerto'' so ''the'' shop is ''ł'ennerto''. Throughout that process, we can now make our sentence complete. '''Ijczáfeğ Ł'ennerto''' means 'I went to the shop.'</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sdrawkcab Sample Text</title>
    <id>8566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58687</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-22T10:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew2</username>
        <id>1442</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">This is the story of Mad Sir. Wally and The Dragon's Mouth, ''(Dam Ris. Yllaw dna Eht S'nogard Htuom)'' I started writing it a few days ago, as I wanted to write a short story entirely in Sdrawkcab. Hope you like it. The story is currently in the ongoing process of being written.

==The Text==
Eht Ylegnarts Laveidem Yrots Fo: &lt;br&gt;
DAM RIS. YLLAW &lt;br&gt;
Dna Eht&lt;br&gt;
S’nogard Htuom. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Dam Ris. Yllaw saw eht thgink tnebmucni rof eht ytnuoc fo Yrubsilas, ni Ey Edlo Dnalgne. 

Eh saw sa yzarc sa a elum, ydobon dluoc evats ffo sih lacitcarp sekoj dna sih suolucider esnes fo ruomoh. 

Eht Gnik fo Yrubsilas saw ytterp hcum kcis fo Ris. Yllaw dna sih gniyonna syaw. Eh dellac ni sih detsurt egap yob, Nairb, ohw emac htiw emos gnihtoos slio ot mlac sih Ytsejam.
 
“Ereh ew era, Eris.” Eh dewolleb, gnignilf detnecs redwop lla revo eht ylgnik moordeb, “Siht dluos evats ffo eht selbbowylloc.”

“Esaec ruoy ssendam, Yob!” Eht Gnik deraor, “T’nod uoy kniht I evah hguone ytidiputs ni ym modgnik htiw taht retsnom fo a thgink?”

“Hcihw thgink?” Nairb deilper, eh saw ton eht tseprahs loot ni eht xob, ni tcaf, eh saw tsuj a loot.
 
“Dam Ris. Yllaw, eriuqs!” Eht Gnik derelloh, ohw saw gninnigeb ot kniht sih lufituaeb dnal saw lluf ot eht mirb fo stoidi, “I deen uoy ot dnes mih no a tseuq. A tseuq taht lliw evorp sih ytlayol, sih yrevarb, dna sih evol rof gnik dna yrtnuoc.”

“Sa uoy hsiw, Eris.” Eht yob dewob ylwol dna tfel tsop-etsah.
 
“Sa Dog si ym ssentiw,” Eht Gnik ekops otni sih rorrim, ni a yrev ylgnik yuqolilos, “I lliw ees Dam Ris. Yllaw, eht hsibbur thgink, etelpmoc hcus a luos gniyortsed egnallehc, dna Drol, fi sih luos ton eb erup, fi sih traeh ton eb gnorts, fi ni yna yaw eh si ton pu ot eht ksat, neht eh lliw eid a rytram, dna eb nevig a s’repuap evarg.” 

Os, Nairb, eht elttil ednolb-deriah yob, tnew gninnur fo ot eht edoba fo eht suolucider esucxe rof a thgink. Eh tog ereht gniffup dna gnitnap ekil a dabir god. Eh dekconk no eht rood, tub ereht saw on rewsna, eht evïan yob dehsup eht rood nepo, dna yletaidemmi dah a tekcub llaf no sih daeh lluf fo eht srevotfel fo rennid dna eht gip pols. Ti saw yrev yllems dna gnisarrabme ot yas eht tsael. 

Ereht saw a raor fo rethgual morf eht renroc fo eht moor. Ti saw Ris. Yllaw. Eh saw gnittew flesmih ta eht thgis fo a ylmuc gnuoy yob deveroc ni lla sih hsibbur. Ti delkcit mih ot sih yrev eroc. Rehtegotla eht ylimaf fo S’yllaw erew ni serutpar, taht si litnu eht yob ekorb htruof htiw a wolleb os duol, ti detarofrep eht srae fo lla denrecnoc. Ti saw eht wolleb fo eht ylgnik ssensuoethgir, thguat ot ylno eht S’gnik tsom deruovaf stnavres. Dam Ris. Yllaw despalloc otno sih seenk, rof eh wenk taht yllanif, eht yad eh dah detcepxe dah emoc, ti saw emit rof mih ot yals eht nogard.
 
“Eht emit sah emoc!” Decnuonna eht yob, ylduorp. 

“Si… si… si ti emit rof em ot ecaf ym ynitsed?” Ris. Yllaw derevihs htiw raef, sih yrev seenk dekconk, dna rof ecno ni sih efil, eh saw etiuq suoires.
 
“Sey.” Nairb deddon, htiw evarg noitapicitna, “Uoy tsum og ot eht Evac fo Lanrete Ssenkrad, ni eht Dnal fo eht Gniliaw Sluos dna evats ffo htaed ni eht yrev bog fo eht nogard.” Eht yob tlef rehtar derewopme gnihctaw eht evarb dna yleris thgink ekauq erofeb mih ni rorret. 

“Tub evah I ton devorp flesym ot Gnik dna Yrtnuoc yb gnidaerps ssenippah dan rethgual?” 

“Yllautca,” Nairb detcejretni, “That si eht yrev nosaer rof siht tseuq.” Eht s’thgink ecaf ylbisiv deppord, tub Nairb deirrac no sseldrager. “Eht Gnik sah dediced taht ruoy sekoj evah emoceb oot hcum rof enoyreve ot eldnah. Eh sah deredro taht uoy etelpmoc siht noissim, ro eid gniyrt.”

“Ho! Eow si em!” deirc eht thgink, eh llef nopu sih ecaf dna deliaw htiw rettu hsiugna, “Eow si em! Woh nac hcus na etanutrofnu etaf llafeb em? Em, ohw sah reven deirt ot truh enoyna, tsuj deirt ot ekam efil that elttil tib erom muf.” Eht gnitnemal fo siht rehtar tespu thgin deirrac no rof a doog neetfif setunim. 

“Yam I evig uoy a noitalosnoc?” Nairb ekorb ni, gnileef a elttil yrros rof roop Ris. Yllaw.
 
“Sey! Sey! Gnihtyna!” Eht thgink delwab, eh saw won a etelpmoc kcerw, “Gnihtyna ot esaerced siht nedrub that sah nellaf nopu em.” 

Ot eb tsenoh, Nairb saw etiuq gnikil siht wen esael fo rewop eh dah deriuqca, eh desiar a ylgnik mra dna ekops ni a gnimoob eciov, “Uoy yam kcip owt snopaew morf eht layor yromra ot dia uoy ni ruoy tseuq.” 

Siht demees ot eb elttil ro on trofmoc ot eht thgink, ohw saw won delruc pu ni a evitcetorp llab, tub eh dah ot og no eht tseuq, ro eht Gnik dlouw evah mih delion ni a suoiciled toh lio, dna hguohtla Ris. Yllaw devol arupmet rettab, sih did ton ekil eht aedi fo gnieb netae rof hcnul.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terce/Periont's script</title>
    <id>8567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58759</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T00:24:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>oops lya -&gt; rla</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''[[../Periont/]]''' was one of the names given to a traveler from the [[../Southern Land/]] who learned the art of writing in [[../Sindie/]] and made use of a modified form of [[Brahmi script|their script]] to write [[../Periont's language|his own language]].  The memoir of his travel from the Southern Land to [[../Aptat Tol/]], written in the [[../Timeline|4th century BCE]], is the primary example of this script.  The script is sometimes called the '''Southern script''', though this is a misnomer as it was never known or used in the Southern Land.

It is an [[abugida]] with geometric letterforms. The inherent vowel is /a/.

==Consonants==
{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|[[Image:Southern-pa.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-tha.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ta.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-tja.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-rta.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ca.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ka.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-?a.gif]] 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''pa''&lt;br&gt;/pa/ || ''tha''&lt;br&gt;/t̪a/ || ''ta''&lt;br&gt;/ta/ || ''tja''&lt;br&gt;/t̠a/ || ''rta''&lt;br&gt;/ʈa/ || ''ca''&lt;br&gt;/ca/ || ''ka''&lt;br&gt;/ka/ || ''ʔa''&lt;br&gt;/ʔa/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| [[Image:Southern-ma.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-nha.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-na.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-nja.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-rna.gif]] ||  [[Image:Southern-nya.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-nga.gif]] || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''ma''&lt;br&gt;/ma/ || ''nha''&lt;br&gt;/n̪a/ || ''na''&lt;br&gt;/na/ || ''nja''&lt;br&gt;/n̠a/ || ''rna''&lt;br&gt;/ɳa/ ||  ''nya''&lt;br&gt;/ɲa/ || ''nga''&lt;br&gt;/ŋa/ || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| [[Image:Southern-wa.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-lha.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ra.gif]] || [?] || [?] ||  [?] ||  || 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''wa''&lt;br&gt;/wa/ || ''lha''&lt;br&gt;/l̪a/ || ''ra''&lt;br&gt;/ɾa/ || ''rra''&lt;br&gt;/ra/ || ''rla''&lt;br&gt;/ɭa/ ||  ''ga''&lt;br&gt;/ʀa/ ||  || 
|}

==Vowels==
{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|[[Image:Southern-a.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-aa.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-e.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-i.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ii.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-o.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-u.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-uu.gif]] 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''a''&lt;br&gt;/a/ || ''ā''&lt;br&gt;/aː/ || ''e''&lt;br&gt;/e/ || ''i''&lt;br&gt;/i/ || ''ī''&lt;br&gt;/iː/ || ''o''&lt;br&gt;/o/ || ''u''&lt;br&gt;/u/ || ''ū''&lt;br&gt;/uː/
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
|[[Image:Southern-ka.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-kaa.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ke.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ki.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-kii.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ko.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-ku.gif]] || [[Image:Southern-kuu.gif]] 
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''ka''&lt;br&gt;/ka/ || ''kā''&lt;br&gt;/kaː/ || ''ke''&lt;br&gt;/ke/ || ''ki''&lt;br&gt;/ki/ || ''kī''&lt;br&gt;/kiː/ || ''ko''&lt;br&gt;/ko/ || ''ku''&lt;br&gt;/ku/ || ''kū''&lt;br&gt;/kuː/
|}

There is a [[virama]] whose use is optional.  The vowel marks are sometimes drawn attached to the main character, especially when there is a chance of confusion (such as when a syllable that could contain ''ā'' precedes a syllable that could contain ''e'').</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-a.gif</title>
    <id>8568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58694</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:13:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-aa.gif</title>
    <id>8569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58695</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ca.gif</title>
    <id>8570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58696</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ca/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ca/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-e.gif</title>
    <id>8571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58697</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:16:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /e/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /e/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-i.gif</title>
    <id>8572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58698</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /i/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /i/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ii.gif</title>
    <id>8573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58699</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /i:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /i:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ka.gif</title>
    <id>8574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58700</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ka/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ka/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-kaa.gif</title>
    <id>8575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58701</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /a:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ke.gif</title>
    <id>8576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58702</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:21:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ke/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ke/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ki.gif</title>
    <id>8577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58703</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:23:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ki/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ki/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-kii.gif</title>
    <id>8578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58704</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:24:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ki:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ki:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ko.gif</title>
    <id>8579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58705</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ko/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ko/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ku.gif</title>
    <id>8580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58706</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ku/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ku/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-kuu.gif</title>
    <id>8581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58707</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ku:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ku:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-lha.gif</title>
    <id>8582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58708</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:29:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /l_da/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /l_da/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ma.gif</title>
    <id>8583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58709</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:31:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ma/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ma/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-na.gif</title>
    <id>8584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58710</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /na/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /na/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-nga.gif</title>
    <id>8585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58711</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:34:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /Na/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /Na/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-nha.gif</title>
    <id>8586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58712</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /n_da/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /n_da/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-nja.gif</title>
    <id>8587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58715</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>oop.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /n_-a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-nya.gif</title>
    <id>8588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58714</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /Ja/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /Ja/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-o.gif</title>
    <id>8589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58716</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /o/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /o/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-pa.gif</title>
    <id>8590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58717</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:51:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /pa/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /pa/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-?a.gif</title>
    <id>8591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58718</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:53:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /?a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /?a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ra.gif</title>
    <id>8592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58719</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:54:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /4a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /4a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-rna.gif</title>
    <id>8593</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58720</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:56:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /n`a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /n`a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-rta.gif</title>
    <id>8594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58721</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:57:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t`a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t`a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-ta.gif</title>
    <id>8595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58722</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T05:59:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ta/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /ta/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-tha.gif</title>
    <id>8596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58723</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T06:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t_da/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t_da/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-tja.gif</title>
    <id>8597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58724</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T06:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t_-a/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /t_-a/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-u.gif</title>
    <id>8598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58725</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T06:03:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /u/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /u/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-uu.gif</title>
    <id>8599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58726</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T06:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /u:/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /u:/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Southern-wa.gif</title>
    <id>8600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58727</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-25T06:06:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /wa/.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Terce/Periont's script|Periont's sign]] for /wa/.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terce/Periont's language</title>
    <id>8601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58774</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T23:11:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>The syllable structure is C(:)VN.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{infobox
|name=[?]&lt;br&gt;''Notie''&lt;br&gt;''Periont's language''
|pronounce=[?]&lt;br&gt;/ˈnoti/&lt;br&gt;/ˈpɛriənts ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/
|tu=[[Terce]]&lt;br&gt;[[../Timeline|4th century BCE]]
|species=[[../Almator/]]s
|in=[[../Southern Land/]] 
|no=~150-200
|script=''none'' ([[../Periont's script/]] used)
|tree='''[[Language isolate]]'''
|morph=Isolating
|ms=Ergative
|wo=[?]
|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
|date=2010
}}

'''Periont's language''' ([[../Elladic/]]: ''Notie'' &quot;Southern&quot;) was a language spoken in the [[../Southern Land/]] in the [[../Timeline|4th century BCE]].  It was primarily an unwritten language, and the only surviving native record of the language was a book by a traveler named [[../Periont/]].  It has not been shown to be related to any surviving language.

==Phonology==
Distinctive phonological features include stops at eight places of articulation, multiple rhotics and an absence of fricatives.  There is also an absence of voicing contrasts; the oral-nasal contrast is more salient.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=10 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| || Bilabial || Dental&lt;br&gt;Laminal ||Alveolar&lt;br&gt;Apical ||Post-alveolar&lt;br&gt;Laminal ||Retroflex ||Palatal ||Velar ||Uvular ||Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|t̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}} || || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || {{IPA|w}} 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Tap || || || {{IPA|ɾ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || {{IPA|r}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || {{IPA|l̪}} || || || {{IPA|ɭ}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

The vowel system, by comparison, is relatively simple, consisting of the basic five vowels; three of them have length contrasts.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||Front ||Near-front ||Central || Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i(ː)}} || || || {{IPA|u(ː)}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || {{IPA|e}} || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || {{IPA|a(ː)}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

The syllable structure is C(:)VN.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Lordofthestrings</title>
    <id>8602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58762</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T06:08:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lordofthestrings</username>
        <id>1444</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;[[Yapekh]]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Yapekh]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yapekh.jpg</title>
    <id>8603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58763</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T06:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lordofthestrings</username>
        <id>1444</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Photo depicting the terrain of [[User:lordofthestrings]]'s Conworld, [[Yapekh]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Photo depicting the terrain of [[User:lordofthestrings]]'s Conworld, [[Yapekh]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yapekh</title>
    <id>8604</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58766</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T06:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lordofthestrings</username>
        <id>1444</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Conworlds]]
== Overview == 

Yapekh is a Conworld created by [[User:lordofthestrings]]. It is similar to Earth in many respects, but it is larger than Earth and orbits a smaller star.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Terce</title>
    <id>8605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58772</id>
      <timestamp>2010-12-28T23:01:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stubbing for now so subpage links work</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]

==Languages of Terce==
* [[/Periont's language/]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conlang Relay 18</title>
    <id>8606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59222</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T17:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qiihoskeh</username>
        <id>1192</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Conlang Relay 18 is currently running. It has started in late December 2010, and is scheduled to finish in February 2011. The Relay Master is [[User:Pisceesumsprecan|Sean Anderson]].

Schedule:

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot;
! Ring A !! Ring B !! Ring C !! Ring D
|-
| colspan=4 align=&quot;center&quot; |
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[[/West Germanic|torch]]''
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
*Jan Strasser - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Doayâu Doayâu]'' - ''[[/Doayâu|torch]]
*Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Loknith]]'' - ''[[/Loknith|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Deiniol Jones - ''[[Classical Tailancan]]'' - ''[[/Classical Tailancan|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*&lt;s&gt;Adam Walker - ''[[Tvern El]]'' - ''[[/Tvern El|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Jeffrey Jones - ''[[TIAL]]'' - ''[[/TIAL|torch]]''
*Carsten Becker - ''[[Ayeri]]'' - ''[[/Ayeri|torch]]''
*Alex Fink - ''[[Sabasasaj]]'' - ''[[/Sabasasaj|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Tony Hogard - ''[[Nesheti]]'' - ''[[/Nesheti|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*'''Matthew Turnbull''' - ''[[Jorayn]]'' - ''[[/Jorayn|torch]]''
*Tony Harris - ''[[Tariatta]]'' - ''[[/Tariatta|torch]]''
*Milyamd - ''[[Emmut]]'' - ''[[/Emmut|torch]]''
*Andrej Šuc - ''[[Txaṡiẇal]]'' - ''[[/Txaṡiẇal|torch]]''
*Mechthild Czapp - ''[http://gist.github.com/101728 Rejistanian]'' - ''[[/Rejistanian|torch]]''
*G.V. Pieterson - ''[[Neimalu]]'' - ''[[/Neimalu|torch]]''
*Lars Finsen - ''[[Urianian]]'' - ''[[/Urianian|torch]]''
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[[/West Germanic final A|final]]''
|
*Padraic Brown - TBC - ''[[/TBC|torch]]''
*Derek Chen - ''[[Šydunam]]'' - ''[[/Šydunam|torch]]''
*Jeffrey Jones - ''[[Naisek]]'' - ''[[/Naisek|torch]]''
*Andrej Šuc - ''[[Laefèvëši]]'' - ''[[/Laefèvëši|torch]]''
*Jim Henry - ''[[gjâ-zym-byn]]'' - ''[[/gjâ-zym-byn|torch]]''
*Tony Harris - ''[[Alurhsa]]'' - ''[[/Alurhsa|torch]]''
*David Edwards - ''[http://feayran.webs.com Feayran]'' - ''[[/Feayran|torch]]''
*Jan Strasser - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Buruya_Nzaysa Buruya Nzaysa]'' - ''[[/Buruya Nzaysa|torch]]''
*Roger Mills - ''[[Kash]]'' - ''[[/Kash|torch]]''
*Kelvin Jackson - ''[[Vašt î Kûvik]]'' - ''[[/Vašt î Kûvik|torch]]''
*[[User:Dedalvs|David Peterson]] - ''[[Kamakawi]]'' - ''[[/Kamakawi|torch]]''
*Lars Finsen - ''[[Azurian]]'' - ''[[/Azurian|torch]]'' 
*&lt;s&gt;Ainuke - ''[[Menietzvetz]]'' - ''[[/Menietzvetz|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Aaron Wood - ''[[Sandic]]'' - ''[[/Sandic|torch]]''
*Peter Bleackley - ''[[Iljena]]'' - ''[[/Iljena|torch]]''
*'''Arthaey Angosii''' - ''[[Asha'ille]]'' - ''[[/Asha'ille|torch]]''
*Anthony Miles - ''[[Uchunatonc]]'' - ''[[/Uchunatonc|torch]]''
*Deiniol Jones - ''[[Bretagneis]]'' - ''[[/Bretagneis|torch]]''
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[[/West Germanic final B|final]]''
|
*Andrej Šuc - ''[[Kompekh]]'' - ''[[/Kompekh|torch]]''
*Sylvia Sotomayor - ''[[Kēlen]]'' - ''[[/Kēlen|torch]]''
*Herman Miller - ''[[Jarda]]'' - ''[[/Jarda|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Micamo - ''[[Agyonnar]]'' - ''[[/Agyonnar|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Lars Finsen - ''[[Tubenian]]'' - ''[[/Tubenian|torch]]''
*Christian Köttl - ''[[Escinet]]'' - ''[[/Escinet|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Jake Snow - ''[[Haloejnán]]'' - ''[[/Haloejnán|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Avery Katko - ''[[Taiwazaiho]]'' - ''[[/Taiwazaiho|torch]]''
*Danny Bowman - ''[[Angosey]]'' - ''[[/Angosey|torch]]''
*Mechthild Czapp - ''[[Tsali]]'' - ''[[/Tsali|torch]]''
*Roger Mills - ''[[Prevli]]'' - ''[[/Prevli|torch]]''
*'''Jan Strasser''' - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Cəssın Cəssın]'' - ''[[/Cəssın|torch]]''
*Alex Fink - ''[http://tzirtzi.ipage.com/akana/index.php?title=Kibülʌiṅ Kibülʌiṅ]'' - ''[[/Kibülʌiṅ|torch]]''
*Jan van Steenbergen - TBC - ''[[/TBC|torch]]''
*Jeffrey Jones - ''[http://sites.google.com/site/qiihoskeh/K-TOC.htm K'tlê]'' - ''[[/K'tlê|torch]]''
*Adam Walker - ''[[B-G-2-3]]'' - ''[[/B-G-2-3|torch]]''
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[[/West Germanic final C|final]]''
|
*Leland Kusmer - ''[[saa nglok]]'' - ''[[/saa nglok|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Jan van Steenbergen- ''[http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk Wenedyk]'' - ''[[/Wenedyk|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*&lt;s&gt;CJ Miller - ''[[Xylphika]]'' - ''[[/Xylphika|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Elizabeth Kinde - ''[[Gsekshurdu]]'' - ''[[/Gsekshurdu|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Roger Mills - ''[[Gwr]]'' - ''[[/Gwr|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Doug Ball - ''[http://skerre.conlang.org/conlangs/skerre/skerremain.html Skerre]'' - ''[[/Skerre|torch]]''
*&lt;s&gt;Adam Walker - ''[[Carrajina]]'' - ''[[/Carrajina|torch]]''&lt;/s&gt; ''(Passed)''
*Peter Bleackley - ''[[Khangaþyagon]]'' - ''[[/Khangaþyagon|torch]]''
*Arthaey Angosii - ''[[Lhenazi]]'' - ''[[/Lhenazi|torch]]''
*'''Anthony Miles''' - ''[[Na'gifi Fasu'xa]]'' - ''[[/Na'gifi Fasu'xa|torch]]''
*Sean Anderson - ''[http://westgermanic.co.uk West Germanic]'' - ''[[/West Germanic final D|final]]''
|}		
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot; /&gt;

== See also: ==
* [[Conlang relay]]

[[Category:Conlang relays]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hariiji</title>
    <id>8607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59146</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-31T22:31:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Welshy</username>
        <id>1312</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>/* Serial verb constructions */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">== Noun phrase ==

:{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Adjectives || Lexical || Reduplication || Particle || Demonstrative || Postpositions || Genitive || Number
|-
|colspan=8| ''&lt;center&gt;Umu hé-hé ij uy iyyu ém ij na tye&lt;/center&gt;''
|-
| ''umu'' || ''hé''|| ''-hé'' || ij || uy || iyyu || ''ém ij na'' || ''tye'' 
|-
| red || house || ~COMPL || PART || that || =DAT.CONST || man STAT=GEN || three
|-
|colspan=8| To all three of those red houses of the man
|}

All noun phrases in Hariiji consist of at least one 'lexical word' and a particle, plus, potentially, any number of adjectives, one postposition, an embedded genitive phrase and a number.

=== Stative verbs ===

Stative verbs, or 'roots', are morphemes with basic lexical meaning equivalent to nouns and adjectives in other languages. ''Hé'' for example is a morpheme with the rough lexical meaning of 'house'. As a verb, it means 'to be a house': ''hé ij'', 'it is a house'. However, this phrase - ''hé ij'' - may also be treated as a nominal, in which case it is translated as 'house': ''semi hé is éé'', (smoke house 3p.ABS PERF)  'the house smoked' (note case marking on ''ij'').

Used as modifiers - that is, preceding a nominalised stative verb - they act as adjectives and their meaning is generally 'alike to' or 'possessing the quality of':

: ''Umu hé ij'' - a red house

These morphemes may be compounded head-finally:

: ''lacáhé ij'' - an inn (travel-house)

==== Reduplication ====

The lexical root may be reduplicated morphologically. In noun phrases, this conveys a sense of totality: 'all the houses':

: ''hé-hé ij'' - all the houses

If a root is longer than two syllables, in most cases only the last two syllables will be reduplicated:

: ''lacáhé-cáhé ij'' - all the inns

=== Particle, demonstratives and postpositions ===

The particle ''ij'' is etymologically a nominaliser but was during an earlier phase of the language followed almost invariably by the phonologically similar third person pronoun ''iz''/''is'' and inherited that pronoun's inflectional forms. It is invariable for number and case but may be modified by, in this order, demonstratives, possession marking, and postpositions. In speech, the vowel is often elided and the particle affixes to the previous word (thus ''héj'', ''lacáhéj'', ''umuj'' from ''hé ij'', ''lacáhé ij'' and ''umu ij'').

: ''hé ij uy'' - this house

: ''hé ij ne'' - the house of...

: ''hé ij yá'' - by the house

: ''hé ij uy ne'' - this house of...

: ''hé ij uy yá'' - by this house

: ''hé ij uy ne yá'' - by this house belonging to...

There is only one demonstrative, ''uy'', which may mean 'this', 'that' or 'yonder' depending on context.

The dative postposition, ''-uyyu'' and the possession marker ''ne'' elide together to produce the form ''iyyu'':

: ''hé ij uy iyyu'' - to this house belonging to...

The possession marker ''ne'' may occur with or without a genitive. Without a genitive, it is equivalent to a possessive adjective with the person assumed from context: ''hé ij ne'' - my/your/his/our/their house. With the genitive, it may or may not co-occur with the genitive postposition ''na''. Most situations allow co-occurrence, but higher registers of the language prefer ''ne'' alone (''na'' is a comparatively recent addition to the language, originally meaning 'from', and does not appear in older literature).

: ''hé ij uy (ne) yá Juni ij (na)'' - by this house belonging to Johnny

== Pronouns ==

The true pronouns are comparatively rarely used as pronouns in spoken Hariiji. They are acceptable only in the most informal situations. Elsewhere, noun forms like ''ustála ij'' (servant) are used instead. The third person pronouns are used with stative verbs to form nominals.

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Ergative&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Absolutive&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Stative&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1p&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Uz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Us&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Uj&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;2p&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;At&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ap&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;3p&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Iz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Is&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Ij&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

=== Ergative ===

Hariiji is an ergative language. The ergative marks the agent of a verb. 

*An intransitive verb with an agentive argument treats it like a causative: 

: ''mutu iz ustála is 'aa'' (die 3p.ERG servant 3p.ABS PRET) - 'he made the servant die' = he killed the servant.

*A transitive verb with an agentive argument has what would normally be considered the 'subject' in the ergative:

: ''yé iz ustála is'' (speak 3p.ERG servant 3p.ABS) - he speaks to the servant

*The ergative is also used to mark causatives. The original agent of a transitive verb is demoted to absolutive and the patient to dative:

: ''yé iz is ustála ij-uyyu'' (speak 3p.ERG 3ps.ABS servant 3p.STAT-DAT) - he makes her speak to the servant

=== Absolutive ===

The absolutive marks the patient of a verb.

*An intransitive verb with only one argument will only ever have an absolutive argument:

:''Mutu is'' (die 3p.ABS) - he dies

*A transitive verb's 'object' will always be in the absolutive:

:''Yé iz is'' (talk 3p.ERG 3p.ABS) - he talks to him

*Causative verbs demote their agent to an absolutive (and their object to a dative):

:''Yé iz is is-uyyu'' (talk 3p.ERG 3p.ABS 3p.STAT-DAT) - he makes her talk to him

=== Allocutive particles ===

The allocutive particles are a set of sentence-final particles that mark the listener's social status. When a group comprising members of different social statuses is being addressed, Hariiji defaults to the form appropriate to the most prestigious member of the group.

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Particle&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Level of formality&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''ca''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Inferior&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''cáá''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Friend&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''ut''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Formal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''cú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Respectful&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''sa''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Worshipful&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

The particles are not compulsory in the lowest registers of informal speech but elsewhere are typically required. Even when neither the subject nor the object of a sentence is the listener, the allocutive will be present:

: ''Ni cúta 'aa is hé ij sa'' (out come PERF 3p.ABS house 3p.STAT ALL.WORSH) - He came out of the house, o worshipful one

The inferior pronouns are used to address social inferiors generally. Social equals may also be addressed with these forms in banter in some extremely informal situations, but generally use of this pronoun is highly offensive. ''Ca'' is also used by parents to address their children. Use of ''cáá'' is usually restricted to close friends. ''Ut'' is the typical particle used when addressing others of similar social standing, whilst ''cú'' is used for those of clearly higher social standing. ''Sa'' is the most respectful and is used to address high nobility, higher members of the priesthood and royalty. Slaves typically address their masters with ''sa''.

== Conjunctions ==

Hariiji only has four conjunctions which can be split into a syntactic category of their own.  These conjunctions are ''ke'', 'and' (coordinates two nominals), ''yu'', 'and' (coordinates two phrases or two verbs), ''sa'', 'if' (introduces counterfactual statements - much more widely used than English 'if'), and ''na'', 'but'. ''Ke'' has two forms, ''yu'', ''se'' and ''na'' four, which are discussed below.

=== Neutral forms ===

These forms (''yu'', ''na'', ''sa'') are used to link two sentences where the absolutive argument is the same, without any particular emphasis:

: ''Ni cúta is yú yá cúta is'' - he comes and he goes (TOWARDS come 3ps.ABS and.COOR AWAY go 3ps.ABS)

''Ke'' is used to coordinate two nominals:

: ''lacáhé ij ke hé ij tye'' - an inn and three houses

=== Switch forms ===

These forms (''yú'', ''ná'', ''sá'') are used to link two sentences where the absolutive arguments are different, without any particular emphasis. ''Ke'' has no switch form.

: ''Ni cúta is yú yá cúta is'' - he comes and he (someone else) goes (TOWARDS come 3ps.ABS and.SWITCH AWAY go 3ps.ABS)

=== Emphatic forms ===

These forms (''yut'', ''nat'', ''sat'') are used to link two sentences where the absolutive argument is the same but the second element is emphasised or unexpected:

: ''Ni cúta is nat yá cúta is'' - he came, but then he went! (TOWARDS come 3ps.ABS but_EMPH AWAY go 3ps.ABS)

''Ket'' is used in a similar way with two nominals:

: ''lacáhé ij ket hé ij tye'' - an inn AND three houses!

=== Switch emphatic forms ===

These forms (''yus'', ''nas'', ''sas'') are used to link two sentences where the absolutive argument is different and the second element is emphasised or unexpected. ''Ke'' obviously has no switch emphatic form.

: ''Ni cúta is yus yá cúta is'' - he came, and then HE (another person) went (TOWARDS come 3ps.ABS and_SWITCH.EMPH AWAY go 3ps.ABS)

=== Use of ''sa'' ===

''Sa'' is used to introduce almost all non-factual propositions. It can often be translated as 'if':

: ''Mutu is uz sa ni cúta is'' - I will kill him if he comes (kill 3p.ABS 1p.ERG if TOWARDS come 3p.ABS

However, there is no distinction made between factual and hypothetical conditionals (e.g. 'if he came tomorrow' and 'if he comes tomorrow' in English). The above sentence may equally be translated as 'I would kill him if he came'. The interpretation depends on context. 

== Verbal system ==

=== Directional prefixes ===

Two postpositions may be found as enclitics to the verb to add directional information. With verbs of motion these are compulsory. These postpositions are ''ni'' (towards the deictic centre), ''yá'' (away from the deictic centre):

: ''Ni cúta is'' - he comes

: ''Yá cúta is'' - he goes

=== Morphology ===

Dynamic verbs, that is, those describing actions, have three morphological forms. The ''-é'' or ''-a'' form is the least marked form and has no specific meaning attached to it. Removal of the final ''-é'' or ''-a'' produces an intensive form, used for various different purposes detailed below. Affixation of an ''-ú'' to the unmarked form produces a subordinate form, used in nominal clauses (removal of the unmarked suffix then produces an intensive relative form in most dialects). Adverbial clauses use the unmarked form plus a postposition, such as ''én'', which creates temporal adverbials with the meaning 'at'. 

==== Unmarked form ====

This form, marked by ''-é'' or ''-a'' in most verbs, is used in the vast majority of situations where the verb is not intensive (see below). It is found in main clauses and adverbial clauses, accompanied by a nominalising preposition which attaches to it as a clitic. Alone it has a perfective meaning:

: ''Ni cúta is'' - he comes

: ''Ni cúta-én is '' - when he comes

==== Reduplicated form ====

Verbs may be reduplicated. Most verbs, if more than two syllables long, will only reduplicate the last syllable in the second half of the compound, and many common verbs also reduplicate partially. Only the second half takes morphological marking. Reduplicated forms typically have an occasional or distributive meaning:

: ''Ni cúta-ta is'' - he comes now and again

: ''Yéna-na is iz'' - he puts them here and there

: ''Yé-yé is iz aa'' - he spoke to each of them in turn

They are also used for reciprocals with a special form of the ergative pronoun (formed by reduplication of the first vowel):

: ''Yé-yé iz-i aa'' - they spoke to each other

==== Intensive form ====

The intensive form is derived from an unmarked or reduplicated form by removing the final vowel. It gives the sense that someone did something with more effort than usual:

: ''Ni y' is'' - he spoke powerfully

: ''Ni yé-y' is'' - he spoke powerfully to each of them

It can be used in contrast with other statements or to place emphasis on the verb:

: ''Yá cúta is, é?'' - ''Yá cút' is!'' - Did he go? Yes, he did go!

It is also used to mark new information which surprises the speaker:

: ''May' is!'' - and he can sing, too!

In the colloquial language, the intensive has increasingly come to be used almost by default following fronted elements, whilst at the same time, the use of fronting to mark new information has likewise become more common. For this reason, the intensive is sometimes referred to as the 'novotopical mood'. Nevertheless, its use as a true intensive, and indeed as a mirative, persists where no fronted topic appears.

==== Relative form ====

The relative form is used in adjectival and nominal clauses. It is derived from the intensive form with the suffix ''-ú''. There is no conjunction or equivalent to 'that', so the ''-ú'' form is the only marker of the presence of such clauses:

: ''Kétis yá cúta-ú is'' - they say that he went

Relative clauses are typically PAV in order (note that the directional prefix precedes the arguments), although this is simply the least marked order:

: ''Émi ij yá is cúta-ú'' - the man that went

Removal of the 'unmarked' suffix (usually ''-a'' or ''é'') produces an intensive relative:

: ''Émi ij yá is cút-ú'' - the man that went now and again

=== Aspect ===

There are a number of particles indicating aspect. These inflect to show the interrogative, which is used to ask yes-no questions (i.e. closed questions). The first particle form given is the stative form, the second the interrogative.

&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Particle&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Name&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Example&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Translation&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''/un''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Continuous&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé ar is''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;You are speaking to him&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''aa/'ii''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Perfect&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé ar is 'ii?''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Have you spoken to him?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''ús/úú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Habitual&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé ar is úú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;You speak to him all the time.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''út/útú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Stative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé at''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;You (can) speak.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''rá/lá''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Inchoative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé at lá?''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Did you start speaking?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''sú/súú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Durative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé is sú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;He talked for hours.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''rúú/lúú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Continuative&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé is rúú''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;He was still talking&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;''náá/yáá''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Intentive&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;''Yé uz is náá''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;I plan/want to speak to him&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

None of these aspects really imply any kind of tense, apart from debatably the intentive which implies futurity. All of them may be used in any tense based on context and the tense is typically disambiguated by use of temporal adverbs like 'yesterday'.

==== Unmarked (continuous) form ====

This marks ongoing action or an action without any particular aspectual characteristics.

==== Perfect ====

To a degree, this is equivalent to both the English 'have' perfect and the English past tense in general. It is not necessarily past, however - it simply notes that an action has occurred before the point of reference:

: ''Yé uz is, na yéti is'' - I spoke to him, but he's still unhappy

==== Habitual ====

This marks habitual action.

==== Durative ====

This implies a long-lasting action. It often although not necessarily implies boredom or is used to convey a sense of time passing in stories:

: ''Ténu is sú'' - many years passed (pass_a_year 3ps.ABS DUR)

==== Continuative ====

The continuative resumes a former description of an imperfective action - for example 'he was walking, I went away, I came back, he was still (durative) walking'. It often, but not always, can be translated with the English adverb 'still':

: ''Yí is lacáá rúú'' - he was still there

=== Preverbal slot ===

There is a syntactic slot present before the verb in which any argument may be placed. This is done for a variety of reasons, including emphasis or contrast:

: ''Júún is yé uz'' - I'm speaking to John (of all people)/I'm speaking to John (not someone else)!

In the colloquial language, there is an increasing tendency towards using this slot to mark new information, which overlaps to a degree with the English indefinite article. This almost universally appears with the intensive mood:

: ''Júún is yé uz'' - I was speaking to John (a new factor in this conversation)

There are also concerns of respect. Typically arguments significantly higher on the hierarchy than a speaker are fronted without the argument being particularly marked:

: ''Júún is yé uz'' - I was speaking to John (the much-respected individual who is one of my betters)

When this slot is not filled by an argument, one of the aspect particles may be (and usually is) placed there instead, cliticising to the verb:

: ''Lúú-yé at?'' - were you still speaking?

=== Volitional and non-volitional verbs ===

Classical Hariiji possessed a highly productive volitional suffix, ''-té'', which is retained as an infix (''-d-'', or ''-t''' in the intensive) in a handful of verbs when they are not in the unmarked form (although not all of these verbs are transparently volitional in meaning in modern Hariiji): 

: ''rúú at yé-d-ú'' - that you were still speaking

: ''rúú-yé-t' at'' - you were still really speaking

=== Serial verb constructions ===

Two verbs may be placed in conjunction. Only the second takes inflection. With normal verbs, this typically gives the sense of somebody doing two things at once or in direct sequence:

: ''rúú-susé yé-t' at''' - you were still shouting and waving your arms around (CONT-gesticulate speak-INTENS 2ps)

: ''ar ni yéné s' is 'ii''' - you turned (towards him) and shot him (2ps.ERG VEN turn shoot-INTENS 3ps.ABS PERF)

Note that in the last sentence, despite the first verb (''yéné'') being intransitive and thus typically taking the absolutive, in this situation, because it is the first verb, it can take the agentive as its only argument.

There are large numbers of auxiliary verb constructions, however, which also make use of this structure:

: ''sa rasé as''' - you enjoy shooting (shoot enjoy 2ps.ABS)

: ''ni sa uni as''' - you can shoot (VEN shoot stand 2ps.ABS)

== Adverbs ==

=== Adverbs of manner ===

==== Formation ====

The vast majority of adverbs of manner are formed by adding the desired adjective to the noun ''túla'' alongside ''ke'', meaning 'and' or 'with', which translates literally as 'with a... face':

: ''Yé at ke yusi túla ij'' - you spoke quickly (with a quick face)

''Ket'', the emphatic form of ''ke'', can be used to add a sense of surprise or contrast:

: ''Yé at ket yusi túla ij'' - you spoke quickly (and we were expecting you to speak slowly)

==== Comparison and intensitivity ====

The comparative is formed with the addition of a genitive to the ''túla''-phrase. The 'possessor' is the object to which the adverb is being compared. Note that the comparative and the superlative are not distinguished from each other.

: ''Yé at ket yusi túla ij ne ém-émi ij na'' - you spoke faster than all (other) men

The deletion of the genitive and the retention of merely ''ne'' may suggest superlativity or not depending on context:

: ''Yé at ket yusi túla ij ne'' - he spoke faster/the fastest

Verbal phrases may be nominalised with ''ij'':

: ''Yé at ket yusi túla ij ne (us-)suté ij na'' - you spoke faster than (I could) write

The intensive may also be used in the adjectives by the deletion of the final vowel (typically ''i''):

: ''Yé at ket yus' túla ij'' - you spoke really quickly

Note that the modified verb may also be placed in the intensive, often for a similar effect:

: ''Y' at ket yusi túla ij'' - you spoke really quickly</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brithenig Lexicon</title>
    <id>8608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58828</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-06T00:12:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==[[Brithenig Lexicon A, a]]==
==[[Brithenig Lexicon B, b]]==
==[[Brithenig Lexicon C, c]]==</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brithenig Lexicon A, a</title>
    <id>8609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58815</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-05T00:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|'''a'''||a||''prep.''||to, at'
|-
|'''a'''||a||''n.f.''||'that (pronoun)'
|-
|'''a!'''||a||''interj.''||'ah!'
|-
|'''a buis'''||a'buɪs||''prep.''||'by (adv)'
|-
|'''a chomyd'''||a xɔ'mi:d||''prep.''||'all over'
|-
|'''a sew ddewphedd'''||a sɛʊ ðɛʊ'fɛ:ð||''phr.''||'on foot'
|-
|'''a ddors yn cafal'''||a'ðɔ:rs iŋka'va:l||''phr.''||'on horseback'
|-
|'''a fas'''||a'va:s||''prep''||'down, below'
|-
|'''a fodd'''||a'vɔ:ð||''adv.''||'away, off'
|-
|'''a'll diawl!'''||aɬdiaʊl||''interj.''||'bugger it! (exclamation)'
|-
|'''a h-yn weg'''||ahin'wɛ:ʤ||''phr.''||'without delay'
|-
|'''a'll muin'''||aɬ'muɪn||''phr.''||'at least'
|-
||'''a'll temp ci'''||aɬ'tɛ:mp ʧi:||''phr.''||'at present'
|-
|'''a lla gas'''||aɬa'ga:s||''adv.''||(to) home'
|-
|'''a llo h-inheirddimensiwn'''||aɬɔhinʰɛɪrðimɛn'ziʊn||''adj''||'pan-dimensional'
|-
|'''a llo sediwn'''||aɬɔzɛ'diʊn||''adv''||'at times'
|-
|'''a sew alltr'''||a sɛʊ aɬ'tr̥||''adv.''||'to each other, in general'
|-
|'''aberth'''||a'bɛ:rθ||''adj.''||'open'
|-
|'''abildad'''||abil'da:d||''n.f.''||'workmanship, skill'
|-
|'''abilfent'''||abil'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'ably'
|-
|'''abital'''||abi'ta:l||''adj.''||'usual'
|-
|'''abitar'''||abi'ta:||''v.''||'to live, reside'
|-
|'''abitarsi'''||abita'si:||''v.''||'to get used to'
|-
|'''abitant'''||abi'ta:n||''n.m''||'resident
|-
|'''abostol'''||abɔ'stɔ:l||''n.m''||'apostle'
|-
|'''abrewydiwn'''||abrɛwi'diʊn||''n.f.''||'abbreviation'
|-
|'''abrig'''||a'bri:g||''adj.''||'sunny'
|-
|'''abrob'''||a'brɔ:b||''adv.''||'nearly'
|-
|'''abuis'''||a'buis||''prep.''||'until, till'
|-
|'''abuis ci'''||a'buis ʧi:||''phr.''||'as yet'
|-
|'''academig'''||akadɛ'mi:g||''adj.''||'academic'
|-
|'''achelerar'''||axɛlɛ'ra||''v.''||'to speed up'
|-
|'''achen'''||a'xɛ:n||''n.m.||'accent'
|-
|'''achesiwn'''||axɛ'ziʊn||''n.m.''||'incident'
|-
|'''achomynigar'''||axɔmini'ga:||''v.''||'to receive the sacrament'
|-
|'''adachar'''||ada'xa:||''v.''||'to fasten'
|-
|'''addefir'''||aðɛ'vi:||''v.''||'to admit (confess)'
|-
|'''addestrar'''||aðɛ'stra:||''v.''||'to guide'
|-
|'''addew'''||a'ðɛʊ||''n.m., interj.''||'goodbye, farewell, (used as an exclamation), send off'
|-
|'''addidiwn'''||aði'diʊn||''n.f.''||addition
|-
|'''addiddiwnal'''||aðidiʊ'na:l||''adj.''||'side (dish)'
|-
|'''addiger'''||aði'ʤɛ||''v.''||'to tell'
|-
|'''addigersi'''||aðiʤɛ'si:||''v.''||'to communicate'
|-
|'''addimplir'''||aðim'pli:||''v.''||'to accomplish, to fulfill'
|-
|'''addimplidiwn'''||aðimpli'diʊn||''n.f.||'performance'
|-
|'''addolar'''||aðo'la:||''v.''||'to flatter'
|-
|'''addornar'''||aðɔr'na||''v.''||'to grace'
|-
|'''addornediwn'''||aðɔrnɛ'diʊn||''n.f.pl''||'decorations'
|-
|'''addorngem'''||aðɔrn'ʤɛ:m||''n.f.pl''||'regalia'
|-
|'''addullt'''||a'ðɨ:ɬt||''n.m.''||'adult'
|-
|'''addurar'''||aðu'ra:||''v.''||'to worship (can be used as an adjective), adore'
|-
|'''addyn'''||a'ði:n||''adv.''||'at once, right now'
|-
|'''admirar'''||admi'ra:||''v.''||'to admire'
|-
|'''admirediwn'''||admire'diʊn||''n.f.''||'admiration'
|-
||'''adof'''||a'dɔ:||''n.m.''||'moment, while'
|-
||'''aenel'''||a:ne:l, aɛne:l||''n.m.''||'lamb'
|-
|'''aer'''||a:r, aɛr||''n.f.||'air'
|-
|'''aeredr'''||a:'rɛ:d(r̥), aɛrɛ:d(r̥)||''adv.''||'backwards, back'
|-
|'''aerell'''||a:'re:ɬ||''n.f.''||'clay'
|-
|'''aergirch'''||a:r'ʤi:rx, aɛr'ʤi:rx||''n.m''||'atmosphere'
|-
|'''aertuil'''||a:r'tuɪl, aɛr'tuɪl||''n.m.''||'vent'
|-
|'''afant'''||a'va:nt||n.m./f.||'love, lover, darling'
|-
|'''afar'''||a'va:||''v.''||'to love, to court'
|-
|'''afar'''||a'va:r||''adj.''||'bitter'
|-
|'''afegeddeir'''||avɛʤɛ'dɛɪr||''n.m.''||'principle'
|-
|'''afer'''||a'vɛ:||''v.''||'to have'
|-
|'''afer ffef'''||a'vɛ: fɛ:||''v.''||'be hungry'
|-
|'''afer llo chomyd fon'''||a'vɛ: ɬɔxɔ'mi:d vɔ:n||''v.''||'to be well connected'
|-
|'''afer pawr'''||a've: paʊr||''v.''||'to get terrified'
|-
|'''afer rhen di respeith per'''||a'vɛ: hrɛnði: rɛ'spɛɪθ bɛ:r||''v.''||'to have no respect for'
|-
|'''afer sugges'''||a'vɛ; sɨ'ʤɛs||''v.''||'to be successful'
|-
|'''afer yn god'''||a'vɛ: iŋ'gɔ:d||''v.''||'to care (for)'
|-
|'''afewl'''||a'vɛʊl||''adj.''||'kind, nice'
|-
|'''affanastig'''||afana'sti:g||''adj.''||'matter of fact'
|-
|'''affarad'''||afa'rad||''n.m.''||'device'
|-
|'''affareint'''||afa'rɛɪn||''n.f.''||'appearance'
|-
|'''affarer'''||afa're:||''v.''||'to look, appear, be seen'
|-
|'''affeiddan'''||afɛɪ'ða:n||''adj.''||'support (adj)'
|-
|'''affeithad'''||afɛɪ'θa:d||''adj.''||'twee'
|-
|'''affeithbluin'''||afɛɪθ'bluɪn||''adj.''||'efficient'
|-
|'''affeithiwn'''||afɛɪ'θiʊn||''n.f.''||'charity'
|-
|'''affeliġ'''||afɛ'li:ʥ||''adj.''||'unhappy'
|-
|'''affiduiltad'''||afiduɪl'ta:d||''n.f.''||'infidelity'
|-
|'''afflar'''||a'fla:||''v.''||'to find'
|-
|'''afflediwn'''||aflɛ'diʊn||''n.f.||'finding'
|-
|'''affligar'''||afli'ga:||''v.''||'to gather'
|-
|'''affligadurdad'''||afligadur'da:d||''n.f.''||'convenership'
|-
|'''affor'''||a'fɔ:r||''adv.''||'outside, outwards, out'
|-
|'''affor di lla'''||afɔrði'ɬa:||''phr.''||'out of line'
|-
|'''afforfar'''||afɔr'va:||''v.''||'to deform'
|-
|'''affronhar'''||afrɔ'nʰa:||''v.''||'to insult'
|-
|'''affunar'''||afɨ'na:||''v.''||'to sink, to overflow'
|-
|'''affunediwn'''||afɨnɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'overflowing'
|-
|'''afolir'''||avɔ'li:||''v.''||'to erase'
|-
|'''afon'''||a'vɔ:n||''n.f.''||'river'
|-
|'''afont'''||a'vɔ:nt||''adv.''||'upwards, up'
|-
|'''afunan di llo phisc'''||avɨ'na:n ðiɬɔ'fi:sk||''adj.''||'fishy'
|-
|'''afur'''||a'vu:r||''n.m.''||love
|-
|'''ag'''||a:g||''n.f.''||water
|-
|'''agabar'''||aga'ba:||''v.''||'to complete, to go through (an activity), to carry out (an activity)'
|-
|'''agabfent'''||agab'fɛn||''n.m.''||'achievement'
|-
|'''agheir'''||a'gɛɪr||''n.m.''||'sink'
|-
|'''agidarsi'''||aʤida'si:||''v.''||'to get nervous'
|-
|'''angomprensifl'''||aŋomprɛn'si:v(l)||''adj.''||'inconceivable'
|-
|'''agur'''||a'gu:r||''adv.''||'now'
|-
|'''agyd'''||a'gi:d||''adj.''||'sharp, keen'
|-
|'''agygl'''||a'gi:g(l)||''n.f.''||'needle'
|-
|'''album'''||al'bɨ:m||''n.m.''||'album'
|-
|'''alch'''||alx||''adj.''||'somewhat; any, approximately'
|-
|'''alchant'''||al'xa:n||''adj''||'few'
|-
|'''alch gos'''||alx'gɔ:s||''pron.''||'something, anything'
|-
|'''alch log'''||alx'lɔ:g||''pron.''||'somewhere, anywhere'
|-
|'''alch log di sew gomhas'''||alx'lɔ:g ðisɛʊ gɔ'mʰa:s||''adv.''||'close enough'
|-
|'''alchyn'''||al'xi:n||''pron.''||'anyone, someone, (pl) some people'
|-
|'''aleluia'''||alɛlɨ'ja:||''n.f.''||'aleluia'
|-
|'''alforad'''||alvɔ'ra:d||''n.f''||'dawn'
|-
|'''allar'''||a'ɬa:r||''n.m''||'altar'
|-
|'''allarn'''||a'ɬa:rn||''conj.||'likewise'
|-
|'''alliw'''||a'ɬiʊ||''n.m''||'garlic'
|-
|'''allt'''||aɬt||''adj.''||'tall, high'
|-
|'''alltes'''||aɬ'tɛs||''n.f.''||'highness'
|-
|'''alltfent'''||aɬt'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'high, out loud''
|-
|'''alltr'''||aɬtr̥||''adj.''||'other, another, alternative'
|-
|'''alltr''' (pl) '''di...'''||aɬtr̥ði:||''pron.''||'the rest of...'
|-
|'''alltresig'''||aɬtrɛ'zi:g||''adv.''||'just as'
|-
|'''allyr'''||a'ɬi:r||''n.f.''||'height'
|-
|'''Almein'''||al'mɛɪn||''n.f.''||'Germany'
|-
|'''almenig'''||almɛ'ni:g||''adj.''||'German'
|-
|'''aluin'''||a'luɪn||''n.f.''||'breath'
|-
|'''am'''||am||''prep.''||'about, around'
|-
|'''ambasciad'''||amba'ʃa:d||''n.f.''||'embassy'
|-
|'''ambasciadur'''||ambaʃa'du:r||''n.m.''||'ambassador'
|-
|'''ambascial'''||amba'ʃa:l||''adj.''||'mission'
|-
|'''amblar'''||am'bla:||''v.''||'to walk'
|-
|'''amblarsi'''||ambla'si:||''v.''||'to walk by'
|-
|'''amdew'''||am'dɛʊ||''adj.''||'both (causes aspirant mutation)'
|-
|'''amdublar'''||amdɨ'bla:||''v.''||'to outline'
|-
|'''amen'''||a'me:n||''n.m.''||'amen'
|-
|'''american'''||amɛri'ca:n||''adj.''||'American'
|-
|'''amgirch'''||am'ʤi:rx||''n.m.pl.''||'environs'
|-
|'''amglos'''||am'glɔ:s||''p.p.''||'enclosed'
|-
|'''amholl'''||a'mʰɔɬ||''n.f.''||'jar'
|-
|'''aministradur'''||aministra'du:r||''n.m.''||'steward'
|-
|'''amlist'''||am'li:st||''n.m.''||'envelope'
|-
|'''amodeint'''||amɔ'dɛɪn||''n.f.''||'powerlessness'
|-
|'''amoniag'''||amɔni'a:g||''n.f.''||'ammonia'
|-
|'''amossibl'''||amɔ'si:b(l)||''adj.''||impossible, no way
|-
|'''ampryddent'''||ampri'ðe:n||''adj''||'rash'
|-
|'''amun'''||a'mɨ:n||''adj''||'unclean'
|-
|'''an'''||a:n''||''n.m.''||'year'
|-
|'''anabildad'''||anabil'da:d||''n.f.''||'disability'
|-
|'''anabl'''||a'na:b(l)||''adj.''||'impotent'
|-
|'''anatomigfent'''||anatɔmag'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'anatomically'
|-
|'''anc'''||ank||''conj.||also, too, even if
|-
|'''anc sig'''||ank si:g||''prep.''||'as well as'
|-
|'''anein'''||a'nɛɪn||''adj.''||'unworthy'
|-
|'''anell'''||a'nɛ:ɬ||''n.m.''||'ring'
|-
|'''anellar'''||anɛ'ɬa:||''v.''||'ring, to place a ring in'
|-
|'''anffiddeir'''||anfi'ðɛɪr||''n.m.''||'atheist'
|-
|'''angel'''||an'ʤɛ:l||''n.m.''||angel
|-
|'''anghor'''||a'ŋʰɔ:r||''adv.''||'again, still, anew'
|-
|'''angiwin'''||an'ʤuɪn||''n.m.''||'dinner'
|-
|'''angl'''||a:ŋg(l)||''n.m.''||'corner'
|-
|'''anglipar'''||aŋli'pa:||''v.''||'to unclip (from)'
|-
|'''anglodder'''||aŋlɔ'ðɛ:||''v.''||'to unlock'
|-
|'''angompluid'''||aŋɔm'pluɪd||''adj.''||'incomplete'
|-
|'''angongheirdd'''||aŋɔŋ'gʰɛɪrð||''n.f.''||'discord'
|-
|'''angorreith'''||aŋɔ'rɛɪθ||''adj.''||'incorrect'
|-
|'''angorruithdydd'''||agɔruɪθ'di:ð||''n.f.||'inequity'
|-
|'''angreddul'''||aŋrɛðɨl||''adj.''||'in disbelief, unbelieving'
|-
|'''angurthuis'''||aŋur'θuɪs||''adj.''||'rude'
|-
|'''angwerddad'''||aŋwɛr'ða:d||''n.f.''||'falsehood'
|-
|'''angwoddef'''||aŋwɔ'ðɛ:||''n.m.''||'intolerance'
|-
|'''angwoddefal'''||aŋwɔðɛ'va:l||''adj.''||'unbearance'
|-
|'''angylliwad'''||aŋiɬi'wa:d||''adj.''||'uncultured'
|-
|'''angyst'''||aŋ'gi:st||''n.f.''||'anxiety, worry'
|-
|'''anifal acherid'''||ani'va:l axɛ'ri:d||''n.m.''||'pet'
|-
|'''anifforfad'''||anifɔr'va:d||''adj.''||'unknown'
|-
|'''anillysiwnar'''||aniɬisiʊ'na:||''adj''||'to disillusion'
|-
|'''annal'''||a'na:l||''adj.''||'annual'
|-
|'''annarfinabl'''||anarvi'na:b(l)||''adj.''||'endless'
|-
|'''annarfinal'''||anarvi'na:l||''adj.''||'boundless'
|-
|'''annegessur'''||anɛʤɛ'su:r||''n.m.''||'ancestor'
|-
|'''anneindad'''||anɛɪn'da:d||''n.f.''||'indignity'
|-
|'''anneriwr'''||anɛ'riʊr||''adj.''||'former, previous'
|-
|'''anneriwrfent'''||anɛriʊr'vɛ:n||''adj.''||'some time (formerly)'
|-
|'''annibenhal'''||anibɛ'nʰa:l||''adj.''||'independent'
|-
|'''annibligad'''||anibli'ga:d||''adj.''||'backward'
|-
|'''anniscridfent'''||aniʃrid'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'indiscreetly'
|-
|'''annisynad'''||anizi'na:d||''adj.''||'involuntary'
|-
|'''annocen'''||anɔ'ʧɛ:n||''adj.''||'silly'
|-
|'''annyferabl'''||anivɛ'ra:b(l)||''adj.''||'innumerable'
|-
|'''annythablfent'''||aniθab(l)'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'undoubtedly'
|-
|'''anodar'''||anɔ'da:||''v.''||'to write down'
|-
|'''anoeth'''||a'nɔ:θ||''adv.''||'last night'
|-
|'''anofeddient'''||anɔvɛ'ðiɛn||''adj.''||'disobedient'
|-
|'''anogar'''||anɔ'ga:||''v.''||'to drown'
|-
|'''anonyfent'''||anɔni'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'anonymously'
|-
|'''anruith'''||an'ruɪθ||''adv.''||'roundabout'
|-
|'''anŷdil'''||ani:'di:l||''adj.''||'useless, redundent'
|-
|'''anynhiar'''||ani'nʰia||''v.''||'to announce, to report'
|-
|'''anysper'''||ani'spɛ:r||''n.f.''||'despair'
|-
|'''apheiddar'''||afɛɪ'ða:||''v.''||'to support'
|-
|'''aphellar'''||afɛ'ɬa:||''v.''||'to be called, one's name is..., to appeal, to call some one by a name, to call on/upon'
|-
|'''aphenner'''||afɛ'nɛ||''v.''||'to hang upon'
|-
|'''aphesar'''||afɛ'za:||''v.''||'to crush'
|-
|'''aphos'''||a'fɔs||''conj.''||'then'
|-
|'''aphos ill meridd'''||afɔziɬmɛ'ri:ð||''phr.''||'afternoon, post meridiem, p.m.'
|-
|'''aphostar'''||afɔ'sta:||''v.''||'to bet, betting'
|-
|'''aphreibar'''||afrɛɪ'ba:||''v.''||'to approach'
|-
|'''aphreibarsi'''||afrɛɪbasi:||''v.''||'to gain (come near)'
|-
|'''aphrêner'''||afrɛ:'nɛ:||''v.''||'to learn, to take up'
|-
|'''arar'''||a'ra:||''v.''||'to plough'
|-
|'''Arbennir'''||arbɛ'ni:r||''n.m''||'December'
|-
|'''arch'''||a:rx||''n.f.''||'treasure chest'
|-
|'''arch'''||a:rx||''n.m.''||'bow (weapon)'
|-
|'''archiw'''||ar'xiʊ||''n.m.''||'archive'
|-
|'''archiwar'''||arxi'wa:||''v.''||'to file'
|-
|'''archiweir'''||arxi'wɛɪr||''n.m.''||'archivist'
|-
|'''arddent'''||ar'ðɛ:nt||''adj.''||'fire, burning'
|-
|'''ardder'''||ar'ðɛ:||''v.''||'to burn'
|-
|'''arddyr'''||ar'ði:r||''n.f.''||'burning'
|-
|'''areben'''||arɛ'bɛ:n||''n.m.''||'acre'
|-
|'''arein'''||a'rɛɪn||''n.f.''||'spider'
|-
|'''arf'''||a:r(v)||''n.f.''||'weapon'
|-
|'''arfad'''||ar'va:d||''adj.''||'armed'
|-
|'''arfadyr'''||arva'di:r||''n.f.||'armour'
|-
|'''arff'''||a:rf||''n.f.''||'harp'
|-
|'''arfur'''||ar'vu:r||''n.m.''||'tree'
|-
|'''arfur llo phuf'''||ar'vu:r ɬɔ'fu:||''n.m''||'apple-tree'
|-
|'''aribar'''||ari'ba:||''v.''||'to land'
|-
|'''arient'''||a'riɛnt||''n.m.''||'silver, money, currency, coin (collective), cash, funds'
|-
|'''arpeġ'''||ar'pɛ:ʤ||''n.m.''||'arpeggio'
|-
|'''arrug'''||a'rɨ:g||''n.m.''||'stream'
|-
|'''arrugeth'''||arɨ'ʤɛ:θ||''n.m.''||'streamlet'
|-
|'''arth'''||a:rθ||''n.m.''||'art'
|-
|'''arthidianad'''||arθidia'na:d||''n.m.''||'craft'
|-
|'''aruin'''||a'ruɪn||''n.f.''||'sand'
|-
|'''arybar'''||ari'ba:||''v.''||'to recommend'
|-
|'''as'''||a:s||''n.f.''||'handle'
|-
|'''ascell'''||a'ʃɛ:ɬ||''n.f.''||'wing'
|-
|'''ascell-pell'''||aʃɛɬ'pɛ:ɬ||''n.f.''||'bat (animal)'
|-
|'''ascensur'''||aʃɛn'su:r||''n.m.''||'elevator'
|-
|'''aseint'''||a'zɛɪnt||''n.f.''||'absence
|-
|'''asconer'''||askɔ'nɛ:||''v.''||'to disguise'
|-
|'''asculltar'''||askɨɬ'ta:||''v.''||'to listen'
|-
|'''aseddagal'''||azɛða'ga:l||''adj.''||'unofficial'
|-
|'''asegyrfent'''||azɛgir'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'in suspence'
|-
|'''asian'''||a'zian||''adj.''||'asian'
|-
|'''aspirar'''||aspir'ra||''v.''||'to inhale'
|-
|'''assallt'''||a'sa:ɬt||''n.m.''||'attack, charge, operation'
|-
|'''assegyrar'''||asɛgi'ra:||''v.''||'to insure'
|-
|'''assegyreint'''||asɛgi'rɛɪn||''n.f.''||'insurance'
|-
|'''asselir'''||asɛ'li:||''v.''||'to attack'
|-
|'''assessiwn'''||asɛ'siʊn||''n.f.''||'assessment'
|-
|'''asseth (di)'''||a'sɛ:θ (ði:)||''adj.''||'enough, sufficient, fair'
|-
|'''assolyd'''||asɔ'li:d||''adj.''||'absolute'
|-
|'''assygediwn'''||asiʤɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'membership'
|-
|'''astrus'''||a'stru:s||''adj.''||'difficult'
|-
|'''astyd'''||a'sti:d||''adj.''||'cunning'
|-
|'''athar'''||a'θa:||''v.''||'to tie'
|-
|'''Athen'''||a'θɛ:n||''n.f.''||'Athens'
|-
|'''athener'''||aθɛ'nɛ:||''v.''||'to reach'
|-
|'''athener'''||aθɛ'nɛ:||''v.''||'to expect, to wait, to attend'
|-
|'''atherrir'''||aθɛ'ri:||''v.''||'to land, landing'
|-
|'''athestar'''||aθɛ'sta:||''v.''||'to certify'
|-
|'''athor'''||a'θɔ:r||''n.m.''||'author'
|-
|'''athordad'''||aθɔr'da:d||''n.f.''||'authority'
|-
|'''athoriddar'''||aθɔri'ða:||''v.''||'to empower'
|-
|'''athraer'''||a'θraɛ, a'θra:||''v.''||'to attract'
|-
|'''Atlenhidd'''||atlɛ'nʰi:ð||''n.f.''||'Atlantis'
|-
|'''atûn'''||a'tu:n||''n.m.''||'autumn'
|-
|'''awrar'''||aʊ'ra:||''v.''||'to prophesy'
|-
||'''awenhir'''||awɛ'nʰi:||''v.''||'to arrive, to turn up, to make it'
|-
|'''awenhyr'''||awɛnʰi:r||''n.f.||'adventure'
|-
|'''awenir'''||awɛ'ni:||''v.''||'to happen, to occur, to be going on, to come up, to turn up, to take place'
|-
|'''awennyreir'''||awɛni'rɛɪr||''n.m.''||'adventurer'
|-
|'''awennyrus'''||awɛni'ru:s||''adj.''||'adventurous'
|-
|'''awent'''||awɛnt||''n.m.''||'future'
|-
|'''awertheint'''||awɛr'θɛɪn||''n.f.||'notice'
|-
|'''Awstralia'''||aʊstra'lia||''n.f.''||'Australia'
|-
|'''awtenhig'''||aʊtɛ'nʰi:g||''adj.''||'authentic'
|-
|'''awtomatig'''||aʊtɔma'ti:g||''adj.''||'automatic'
|-
|'''awyr'''||a'wi:r||''n.m.''||'omen', pl. 'best wishes'
|-
|'''ayd'''||aɪd||''n.f.''||'help, assistance'
|-
|'''aydadur'''||aɪda'du:r||''n.m.''||'assistant'
|-
|'''aydant'''||aɪ'da:nt||''n.m.''||'helper'
|-
|'''aydar'''||aɪ'da:||''v.''||'to help, to assist, to aid'
|-
|'''aydath!'''||aɪ'da:θ||''imp.''||'help!'
|-
|'''aystar'''||aɪ'sta:||''v.''||'to assemble'
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brithenig Lexicon B, b</title>
    <id>8610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58827</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-05T08:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|'''baen'''||baɛn, ba:n||''n.m.''||'bath'
|-
|'''bachalur'''||baxa'lu:r||''n.m.''||'bachelor (university degree)'
|-
|'''bacheth'''||ba'xɛ:θ||''n.f.''||'cock'
|-
|'''bai'''||baɪ||''n.f.''||'bay'
|-
|'''bailidiwn'''||baɪli'diʊn||''n.f.''||'administration'
|-
|'''bailidur'''||baɪli'du:r||''n.m.''||'manager'
|-
|'''bailir'''||baɪ'li:||''v.''||'to treat, to manage'
|-
|'''bain'''||baɪn||''n.f''||'current, flow'
|-
|'''baiol'''||ba'jɔ:l||''n.f.''||'pitcher'
|-
|'''ball'''||ba:ɬ||''n.f.||'dance, *ball'
|-
|'''ballin giocolad'''||ba'ɬi:n ʤɔkɔ'la:d||''n.f.''||'truffle'
|-
|'''balon'''||ba'lɔ:n||''n.m.''||'balloon'
|-
|'''ball-bedd'''||baɬ'bɛ:ð||''n.f.''||'soccer'
|-
|'''Baltig'''||bal'ti:g||''adj.''||'Baltic'
|-
|'''ban'''||ba:n||''adj.''||'fair-haired'
|-
|'''banc'''||ba:ŋk||''n.m.''||'bank (building)'
|-
|'''barbaco'''||barba'kɔ:||''n.f.''||'barbecue, BBQ'
|-
|'''barch'''||ba:rx||''n.f.''||'boat'
|-
|'''bardd'''||ba:rð||''n.m.''||'poet'
|-
|'''barf'''||ba:r(v)||''n.f.''||'beard'
|-
|'''barfad'''||bar'va:d||''adj.''||'bearded'
|-
|'''barfeir'''||bar'vɛɪr||''n.m.''||'barber'
|-
|'''baril pylweir'''||ba'ri:l pil'wɛɪr||''n.m.''||'powder keg'
|-
|'''bas'''||ba:s||''adj.''||'low, base, shallow'
|-
|'''bas-cancelleir'''||baskanʧɛ'ɬɛɪr||''n.m.''||'vice-chancellor'
|-
|'''basileg'''||bazi'lɛ:g||''n.f.''||'basilica'
|-
|'''bassar'''||ba'sa:||''v.''||'to lower'
|-
|'''bassediwn'''||basɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'discount'
|-
|'''basterig'''||bastɛ'ri:g||''adj.''||'Dutch, Nederlands'
|-
|'''bastun'''||bas'tu:n||''n.m.''||'stick'
|-
|'''bathael'''||ba'θaɛl, ba'θa:l||''n.f.''||'combat'
|-
|'''bathar'''||ba'θa:||''v.''||'to beat'
|-
|'''beif'''||bɛɪ||''n.f.||'north wind'
|-
|'''bel'''||bɛ:l||''adj.''||'beautiful, nice, fine'
|-
|'''belar'''||bɛ'la:||''v.''||'to bleat'
|-
|'''beldad'''||bɛl'da:d||''n.f.''||'beauty'
|-
|'''bellt'''||bɛ:ɬt||''n.m''||'protection'
|-
|'''ben'''||bɛ:n||''adj.''||'female'
|-
|'''ben'''||bɛ:n||''adv.''||'well'
|-
|'''ben'''||bɛ:n||''n.m.''||'asset'
|-
|'''benafad'''||bɛna'va:d||''adj.''||'beloved'
|-
|'''bendith'''||bɛn'di:θ||''adj.''||'blessed'
|-
|'''bendith'''||bɛn'di:θ||''n.m.''||'blessing, grace''
|-
|'''benc'''||bɛ:nk||''conj.''||'though'
|-
|'''benesser'''||bɛnɛ'sɛ:r||''n.m.''||'comfort'
|-
|'''benffeiģ'''||bɛn'fɛɪʤ||''n.m.''||'benefit, wellbeing'
|-
|'''benffigeir'''||bɛnfi'ʤɛɪr||''n.m.''||'borrower, *beneficiary'
|-
|'''benffeth'''||bɛn'fɛ:θ||''n.f.''||'loan'
|-
|'''bengwolont'''||bɛŋwɔ'lɔ:n||''adj.''||'voluntary'
|-
|'''bengwenyd'''||bɛŋwɛ'ni:d||''n.f.''||'welcome, hospitality (used as an exclamation)'
|-
|'''bengwenydferch'''||bɛŋwɛnid'vɛ:rx||''n.f.''||'hostess'
|-
||'''benlligad'''||bɛnɬi'ga:d||''interj''||'wellfound (response to a welcome)'
|-
|'''berddim'''||bɛr'ði:m||''n.m.||'Bardism'
|-
|'''berth'''||bɛ:rθ||''n.m.''||'cradle'
|-
|'''bes'''||bɛ:s||''n.m.''||'kiss'
|-
|'''besig'''||bɛ'zi:g||''adj.''||'fundamental'
|-
|'''best'''||bɛ:st||''n.f''||'beast, cattle (fpl)'
|-
|'''bestal'''||bɛsta:l||''adj.''||'cattle'
|-
|'''Bibl'''||bi:bl̥||''n.f.''||'Bible', ''d'll Bibl'' (adjective)
|-
|'''bifer'''||bivɛ:||''v.''||'to drink'
|-
|'''biscoeth'''||bis'kɔ:θ||''n.m.''||'biscuit'
|-
|'''bisnes'''||bis'nɛs||''n.m.''||'business'
|-
|'''bitŷn'''||bi'ti:n||''n.m.''||'bitumen'
|-
|'''blanc'''||bla:ŋk||''adj.''||'white'
|-
|'''blasffuifar'''||blasfuɪ'va:||''v.''||'to blame'
|-
|'''bluiler'''||bluɪ'lɛ:||''v.''||'to blot out'
|-
|'''blun'''||blɨn||''adj.''||'blond'
|-
|'''boderew'''||bɔdɛ'rɛʊ||''adv.''||'perhaps, tentively''
|-
|'''bodin'''||bɔ'di:n||''n.m.''||'pudding'
|-
|'''boduig'''||bɔ'duɪg||''n.f.''||'shop, store'
|-
|'''bon'''||bɔ:n||''adj.''||'good, fit'
|-
|'''bon ferchad'''||bɔnvɛr'xa:d||''adj.''||'cheap'
|-
|'''bonud'''||bɔ'nɨ:d||''n.m.''||basis
|-
|'''bon 'w'''||bɔ'nu:||''interj.||'for goodness's sake (exclamation)'
|-
|'''bondad'''||bɔn'da:d||''n.f.''||'goodness'
|-
|'''bordd'''||bɔ:rð||''n.m., n.f''||'hut': '''ill bordd''', hut, '''lla fordd''' group of huts
|-
|'''borddon'''||bɔr'ðɔ:n||''n.m.''||'drone (musical)'
|-
|'''bors'''||bɔ:rs||''n.m.''||'pride'
|-
|'''brad'''||bra:d||''n.f''||'judgement, charge'
|-
|'''brag'''||bra:g||''n.f.''||'trousers'
|-
|'''branc'''||bra:ŋk||''n.f.''||'paw'
|-
|'''brath'''||bra:θ||''n.m.''||'apron'
|-
|'''braw'''||braʊ||''adj.''||'wild, hectic, mad, haggard, furious'
|-
|'''brê'''||brɛ:||'''n.f.'''||'hill'
|-
|'''breg'''||brɛ:g||''n.f.''||'substance'
|-
|'''breich'''||brɛɪx||''n.m.''||'arm', '''dewfreich''' (f) 'pair of arms'
|-
|'''brew'''||brɛʊ||''adj.''||'brief'
|-
|'''bric'''||bri:k||''n.m.''||'brick'
|-
|'''bricot'''||bri'kɔ:t||''n.m.||'apricot'
|-
|'''briliant'''||bri'liant||''adj.''||'blinding'
|-
|'''bris'''||bri:s||''n.f.''||'breeze'
|-
|'''brisciant'''||bri'ʃa:nt||''n.m.''||'muffin'
|-
|'''briw'''||briʊ||''n.m.''||'courage'
|-
|'''brochar'''||brɔ'xa:||''v.''||'to stimulate'
|-
|'''bron'''||brɔ:n||''n.f.''||'breast'
|-
|'''brud'''||brɨ:d||''n.m.''||'chronicle'
|-
|'''bruin'''||bruɪn||''n.m.''||'grief'
|-
|'''brullfont'''||brɨɬ'vɔ:nt||''n.m.''||'volcano'
|-
|'''bryd'''||bri:d||''adj.''||'ugly, hideous'
|-
|'''bryent'''||briɛnt||''adj.''||'noisy'
|-
|'''bryf'''||bri:||''n.f.||'mist'
|-
|'''bryn'''||bri:n||''adj.''||'brown'
|-
|'''buch'''||bɨ:x||''n.f.''||'mouth'
|-
|'''buchad'''||bɨ'xa:d||''n.m.''||'boil, bucket'
|-
|'''buchailig'''||bɨxaɪ'li:g||''adj.''||'pastoral'
|-
|'''buchun'''||bɨ'xu:n||''n.f.''||'gulp'
|-
|'''Buda'''||bɨ'da:||''n.m.''||'Buddha'
|-
|'''buddegheir'''||buðɛ'gɛɪr||''n.m.''||'winner'
|-
|'''buget'''||bɨ'ʤɛ:t||'n.m.||'budget'
|-
|'''bugeteir'''||bɨʤɛ'tɛɪr||''adj.''||'budgeted'
|-
|'''bugun'''||bɨ'gu:n||''n.m.''||'goblin, spook'
|-
|'''buidd'''||buɪð||''n.m.''||'victory'
|-
|'''buir'''||buɪr||''adj.''||'dirty'
|-
|'''bulb illŷnad'''||bɨ:lb iɬi:'na:d||''n.m.''||'light bulb'
|-
|'''bull'''||bɨɬ||''n.f.''||'ball'
|-
|'''buly'''||bɨ'li:||''n.f.||'bag, luggage'
|-
|'''burdd'''||bɨ:rð||''n.m.''|| 'bastard'
|-
|'''bus'''||bɨ:s||''n.m.''||'bus'
|-
|'''busc'''||bu:sk||''n.m., n.f.''||'wood'
|-
|'''bydir'''||bi'di:r||''n.m.''||'butter'
|-
|'''bydir di gacahuet'''||bi'di:r ðigaka'wɛ:t||''n.m''||'peanut butter'
|-
|'''bydor'''||bi'dɔ:r||''n.m.||'lout'
|-
|'''byllir'''||bi'ɬi:||''v.''||'to boil'
|-
|'''bythigl'''||bi'θi:g(l)||''n.f.''||'bottle'
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Brithenig Lexicon C, c</title>
    <id>8611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58830</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-07T01:37:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>- andrew</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|
|'''ca'''||ka||''prep.''||'than'
|-
|'''cabient'''||ka'biɛnt||''n.m.''||'chief'
|-
|'''cab-annal'''||kaba'na:l||''n.m.''||'birthday'
|-
|'''cab-annal ffeligisaf'''||kaba'na:l fɛliʤi'za:||''interj.||'many happy returns'
|-
|'''cab-llafuradur'''||kabɬavura'du:r||''n.m.||'foreman'
|-
|'''cab-porth'''||kab'pɔ:rθ||''n.m.''||'lintel'
|-
|'''cab-sethfen'''||kabzɛθ'vɛ:n||''n.m.''||'weekend'
|-
|'''caban'''||ka'ba:n||''n.f.''||'cabin'
|-
|'''cabell'''||ka'bɛ:ɬ||''n.f.''||'chapel'
|-
|'''cacaethar'''||kakaɛ'θa:, kaka:'θa:||''v.''||'to cackle'
|-
|'''cach'''||ka:x||''adj.''||'shitty'
|-
|'''cach!'''||ka:x||''interj.''||'dammit!'
|-
|'''cachar'''||ka'xa:||''v.''||'to shit, to suck'
|-
|'''cad'''||ka:d||''n.m.''||'battle, struggle'
|-
|'''caddar'''||ka'ða:||''v.''||'to fall (off, down)'
|-
|'''caddar a llo pheith'''||ka'ða: aɬɔfɛɪθ||''v.''||'to fall apart'
|-
|'''caddar in ill llakew'''||ka'ða: iniɬɬa'kɛʊ||''v.''||'to fall victim'
|-
|'''cadeir'''||ka'dɛɪr||''n.f.''||'throne'
|-
|'''cadeiral'''||kadɛɪ'ra:l||''adj.''||'cathedral'
|-
|'''cadran'''||ka'dra:n||''n.m.''||'tar'
|-
|'''caduin'''||ka'duɪn||''n.f.''||'chain'
|-
|'''caelad lemon'''||kaɛ'la:d lɛ'mɔ:n||''n.f.''||'lemon butter'
|-
|'''caelarsi'''||kaɛla'si:, ka:la'si:||''v.''||'to set'
|-
|'''caer'''||kaɛr, ka:r||''n.f.''||square (shape, also public space), frame
|-
|'''caerober'''||kaɛrɔ'bɛ:r, ka:rɔ'bɛ:r||''n.f.''||framework
|-
|'''cafall'''||ka'va:ɬ||''n.m''||horse
|-
|'''cafelligar'''||kavɛɬi'ga:||''v.''||'to ride a horse'
|-
|'''caff'''||ka:f||''n.f.''||'canopy'
|-
|'''caffe'''||ka'fɛ:||''n.m.''||'cafe'
|-
|'''cafurn'''||ka'vu:rn||''n.f.''||'cave'
|-
|'''cal'''||ka:l||''n.m.rel, n.f.rel''||'who, what, which, that (relative noun)'
|-
|'''cal ke'''||kal'kɛ:||''pron.''||'whatever'
|-
|'''calch'''||ka:lx||''n.f.''||'kick'
|-
|'''calchar'''||kal'xa:||''v.''||'to kick'
|-
|'''caler'''||ka'lɛ:||''v.''||'to matter'
|-
|'''calen'''||ka'lɛ:n||''n.f.''||'first day of a month'
|-
|'''calfar'''||kal'va:||''v.''||'to stop, to cease, to suppress', '''calfath!''' ''imp.''  'stop it!'
|-
|'''cal'fent'''||kal'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'calmly'
|-
|'''callar'''||ka'ɬa:||''v.''||'to warm up, to heat' ('''callt, call-''')
|-
|'''callt'''||ka:ɬt||''adj.''||'warm, hot'
|-
|'''calltfent'''||kaɬt'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'enthusiastically'
|-
|'''calltyr'''||kaɬ'ti:r||''n.f.''||'heat, warmth, temperature'
|-
|'''calurusfent'''||kalurus'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'warmly'
|-
|'''calŷn'''||ka'li:n||''n.f.''||'challenge'
|-
|'''calŷnigar'''||kali:ni'ga:||''v.''||'to challenge'
|-
|'''calw'''||ka'lu:||''adj.''||'bald'
|-
|'''camel'''||ka'mɛ:l'''||''n.m.''||'camel'
|-
|'''camera'''||kamɛ'ra:||''n.f.''||'camera'
|-
|'''camp'''||ka:mp||''n.m.''||'camp, field'
|-
|'''can'''||kan||''adv.rel.''||'when'
|-
|'''can'''||ka:n||''n.f.||'reed'
|-
|'''can'''||ka:n||''n.m.''||'dog'
|-
|'''canell'''||ka'nɛ:ɬ||''n.f.||'cinnamon'
|-
|'''canganhar'''||kaŋa'nʰa:||''v.''||'to intone'
|-
|'''canhar'''||ka'nʰa:||''v.''||'to sing, to blow or play a musical instrument'
|-
|'''canhiwn'''||ka'nʰiʊn||''n.f.''||'song'
|-
|'''cant'''||ka:nt||''n.m.||'speech, conversation'
|-
|'''cant?'''||ka:nt||''adj.''||'how much? how many?'
|-
|'''caphell'''||ka'fɛ:ɬ||''n.m.''||'hat'
|-
|'''captein'''||kap'tɛɪn||''n.m.''||'captain'
|-
|'''canyd'''||ka'ni:d||''adj.''||'grey-haired, hoary'
|-
|'''capricius'''||kapri'ʧu:s||''adj.''||'quirky'
|-
|'''car'''||ka:r||''adj.''||'expensive, dear, sweet'
|-
|'''car'''||ka:r||''n.m.||'car, wagon, cart'
|-
|'''câr'''||ka:r||''n.m.''||'hero, giant'
|-
|'''carather'''||kara'θɛ:r||''n.m.''||'character'
|-
|'''carather andruith'''||kara'θɛ:r an'druɪθ||''n.m.''||'indirectness'
|-
|'''carchern'''||kar'xɛ:rn||''n.m.''||'prison'
|-
|'''carffent'''||kar'fɛ:nt||''n.m.''||'axle'
|-
|'''carfun-gwiw'''||karvuŋ'gwiʊ||''n.m.''||'butterfly'
|-
|'''carn'''||ka:rn||''n.m.''||'meat, flesh'
|-
|'''carod'''||ka'rɔ:d||''n.m.''||'carrot'
|-
|'''carped'''||kar'pɛ:d||''n.f.''||'rug, carpet'
|-
|'''carreth'''||ka'rɛ:θ||''n.f.''||'wheelbarrow'
|-
|'''carryg'''||ka'ri:g||''n.f.''||'plough'
|-
|'''carth'''||ka:rθ||''adj.''||'quarter'
|-
|'''carth'''||ka:rθ||''n.f.||'letter (written), card, charter'
|-
|'''carth di llo newell'''||ka:rθ ðiɬɔnɛ'wɛ:ɬ||''n.f''||'newsletter'
|-
|'''carthel'''||kar'θɛ:l||''n.m.''||quarter
|-
|'''Caruisif'''||karuɪzi:||''n.f.''||Lent
|-
|'''cas'''||ka:s||''n.f.||'house'
|-
|'''cas'''||ka:s||''n.m.''||'cheese'
|-
|'''cas caelad'''||ka:s kaɛ'la:d||''n.m.''||'cottage cheese'
|-
|'''cas biscad'''||ka:z bi'ska:d||''n.f.''||'aquarium'
|-
|'''cas tafern'''||ka:s ta'vɛ:rn||''n.f.''||'public house'
|-
|'''cascyn'''||kas'ki:n||''adj., pron.''||each (one)
|-
|'''cascyn weġ ke'''||kas'ki:n wɛ:ʤ kɛ||pron.||'whenever'
|-
|'''caseth'''||ka'zɛ:θ||''n.f.''||'shed'
|-
|'''cassin'''||ka'si:n||''n.f.''||'desk'
|-
|'''castell'''||ka'stɛ:ɬ||''n.m.||'castle'
|-
|'''castr'''||ka:str̥||''n.m.''||'town', commercial area, fort'
|-
|'''catafol'''||kata'vɔ:l||''n.m.''||'catapult'
|-
|'''catekism'''||katɛ'kizm̥||''n.m''||'catechism'
|-
|'''cath'''||ka:θ||''n.f, n.m''||'cat'
|-
|'''cathr'''||ka:θr̥||''num.''||'four'
|-
|'''cathar'''||ka'θa:||''v.''||'to see, to observe, to behold, to comment'
|-
|'''cathediwn'''||kaθɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'comment'
|-
|'''catholig'''||kaθɔ'li:g||''adj.''||'catholic'
|-
|'''cawell'''||ka'wɛ:ɬ||''n.m.''||'sanctuary, temple'
|-
|'''cawr'''||kaʊr||''n.f.||'chamber'
|-
|'''caws'''||kaʊs||''n.f.''||'cause, instance'
|-
|'''cawsar'''||kaʊ'za:||''v.''||'to cause'
|-
|'''cec'''||ʧɛ:k||''n.m.''||'cheque'
|-
|'''cedder'''||ʧɛ'ðɛ:||''v.''||'to yield, to succumb'
|-
|'''ceddr'''||ʧɛ:ðr̥||''n.m.||'cedar'
|-
|'''ceff'''||ʧɛ:f||''n.m.||'garden'
|-
|'''ceg'''||ʧɛ:g||''adj.''||'blind'
|-
|'''ceisin'''||ʧɛɪzi:n||''n.m.''||'oak'
|-
|'''ceisinuid'''||ʧɛɪzi'nuɪd||''n.m.''||'oakgrove'
|-
|'''cel'''||ʧɛ:l||''n.m.''||'heaven, sky'
|-
|'''celar'''||ʧɛ'la:||''v.''||'to hide, to keep something back'
|-
|'''celebrar'''||ʧɛlɛ'bra:||''v.''||'to celebrate'
|-
|'''celebrediwn'''||ʧɛlɛbrɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'celebration'
|-
|'''celestal'''||ʧɛlɛ'sta:l||''adj.''||'heavenly, of heaven'
|-
|'''cemine'''||ʧɛmi'nɛ:||''n.f.''||'chimney'
|-
|'''cenegl'''||ʧɛ'nɛ:g(l)||''n.m.''||'tribe'
|-
|'''ceneglig'''||ʧɛnɛg'li:g||''adj.''||'ethnic'
|-
|'''cent'''||ʧɛ:nt||''num.''||'hundred'
|-
|'''centr di fengwenid'''||ʧɛ:ntr̥ðiveŋwɛ'ni:d||''n.m.''||'tourist bureau'
|-
|'''ceosar'''||ʧɛɔ'za:||''v.''||'to choose'
|-
|'''cerefoin'''||ʧɛrɛ'vɔɪn||''n.f.''||'ceremony'
|-
|'''ceres'''||ʧɛ'rɛ:s||''n.f.''||'cherry'
|-
|'''cerfel'''||ʧɛr'va:l||''n.m.''||'brain'
|-
|'''certh'''||ʧɛ:rθ||''adj.''||'proper'
|-
|'''certhfent'''||ʧɛrθ'vɛ:n||''adv.''||'fairly, certainly, *definitely'
|-
|'''ceruis'''||ʧɛ'ruɪs||''n.f.''||'beer'
|-
|'''cerw'''||ʧɛ'ru:||''n.m.''||'stag'
|-
|'''cesarian'''||ʧɛza'rian||''n.f.''||'caesarian (birth)'
|-
|'''ci'''||ʧi:||''adv.''||'here, *hither'
|-
|'''ciampain'''||ʧam'paɪn||''n.f.''||'bubbly'
|-
|'''ciboll'''||ʧi'bɔ:ɬ||''n.m.''||'onion'
|-
|'''ciger'''||ʧi'ʤɛ:||''v.''||'to excite, to agitate, to trouble, to panic'
|-
|'''cil'''||ʧi:l||''n.m.''||'eyebrow', '''dewgil''' dɛʊ'ʤi:l ''n.f'' 'pair of eyebrows'
|-
|'''cinc'''||ʧi:ŋk||''num.''||'five'
|-
|'''Cina'''||ʧi'na:||''n.f.''||'China''
|-
|'''cinema'''||ʧinɛ'ma:||''n.f.''||'cinema'
|-
|'''cinuis'''||ʧi'nuɪs||''adj.''||'chinese'
|-
|'''ciocolad'''||ʧɔcɔ'la:d||''n.m.''||chocolate
|-
|'''cir'''||ʧi:r||''adj.''||'sable'
|-
|'''circh'''||ʧi:rx||''n.m.''||'circle, round, group'
|-
|'''circh di ddofigil'''||ʧi:rx ðiðɔvi'ʤi:l||''n.m.''||'homegroup'
|-
|'''circh d'ystydd'''||ʧi:rx ði'sti:ð||''n.m''||'study group'
|-
|'''circhar'''||ʧir'xa:||''v.''||'to look for, to seek (out), search (for), quest, try (to), attempt'
|-
|'''circhgolediwn'''||ʧirxgɔlɛ'diʊn||''n.f.''||'circulation'
|-
|'''circhosteint'''||ʧirxo'stɛɪn||''n.f.''||'circumstance'
|'''circhwollar'''||ʧirxwɔ'ɬa:||''v.''||'to revolve' ('''circhwolt, circhwoll-''')
|-
|'''citar'''||ʧi'ta:||''v.''||'to quote'
|-
|'''citpreid'''||ʧit'prɛɪd||''n.m.''||'quote'
|-
|'''ciwciadar'''||ʧuʧa'da:||''v.''||'to whisper'
|-
|'''ciwdad'''||ʧu'da:d||''n.f.''||'city'
|-
|'''ciwil'''||ʧi'wi:l||''n.m.''||'citizen, match'
|-
|'''ciwir'''||ʧuɪ||''v.''||'to lament'
|-
|'''claf'''||kla:||''n.m.'''||'leprosy'
|-
|'''clafad'''||kla'va:d||''n.f.''||'demand'
|-
|'''clafad ffôn'''||kla:va:d 'fɔ:n||''n.m.''||'phone call'
|-
|'''clafar'''||kla'va:||''v.''||to call
|-
|'''clafar prif'''||kla'va: pri:||''adv.''||'on call'
|-
|'''clas'''||kla:s||''n.m.||'class'
|-
|'''clar'''||kla:r||''adj.''||'brilliant, bright, lucid, shining'
|-
|'''clardad'''||klar'da:d||''n.f.''||brightness
|-
|'''cleidd'''||klɛɪð||''n.m.'''||'ceremonial sword worn as part of comroig folk dress'
|-
|'''cleriffigar'''||klɛrifi'ga:||''v.''||'to clarify'
|-
|''clew''||klɛʊ||''n.m.''||'key; reputation'
|-
|'''clewal'''||klɛ'wa:l||''adj.''||'key'
|-
|'''clic'''||kli:k||''n.m.''||'click (the noise)'
|-
|'''clienhal'''||kliɛ'nʰa:l||''adj''||'customer (adjective)'
|-
|'''clienhal'''||kliɛ'nʰa:l||''n.m.''||'funding'
|-
|'''client'''||kliɛnt||''n.m.||'customer'
|-
|'''clig'''||kli:g||''adj.''||'left (direction), awkward, north'
|-
|'''clig-bunent'''||kligbu'nen||''adj.''||'north-west'
|-
|'''cloch'''||klɔ:x||''n.f.''||'bell, clock'
|-
|'''clochwas'''||klɔx'wa:s||''n.m.''||'bellboy'
|-
|'''clodder'''||klɔ'ðɛ:||''v.''||'to close, to lock'
|-
|'''clôn'''||klɔ:n||''n.m.''||'clone'
|-
|'''clos'''||klɔ:s||''adj.''||'close'
|-
|'''clos'''||klɔ:s||''n.m.''||'courtyard'
|-
|'''cluinar'''||kluɪ'na:||''v.''||'to incline'
|-
|'''cluinediwn'''||kluɪnɛ'diʊn||''n.m.''||'rebellion, declension, inclination'
|-
|'''clutar'''||klu'ta:||''v.''||'to patch'
|-
|'''cnocar'''||knɔ'ka:||''v.''||'to knock'
|-
|'''co?'''||kɔ:||''adv''||'how? what kind of...?'
|-
|'''coberchyl coesin'''||kɔbɛr'xi:l kɔɪ'zi:n||''n.m.''||'pillowslip'
|-
|'''coberthyr'''||kɔbɛr'θi:r||''n.m.''||'cover'
|-
|'''cobol'''||kɔ'bɔ:l||''n.f.||'share, portion'

|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sandic</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=350 class=bordertable style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Sandic'''&lt;br&gt;'''''tréi kémani'''''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Spoken in:
||The middle regions of Wytn called Youndétr
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Timeline/Universe:
||-
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Total speakers:
||Approx. 1.5 million 
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|Genealogical classification:
||'''Family: Weyr'''
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Basic word order]]:
||SVO
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphological type]]:
||-
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]:
||Nominative-Accusative
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCFF00&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:bornfor|bornforwater]] || 2004-
|}


'''Sandic''' (also known as Sandic Weyr,'' tréi kémani'', or simply ''kémani'') is one of several languages spoken by the people of the planet Ŵadin on the continent called Wytn.  The name of the language means 'people's', or 'of men'.  It is a language in the family called Weyr, and counts among its closest relatives ''Pantrelai'' (also called Pantrelan), and ''Jéi kémani'' (which is also called Baljek Weyr or Tradweyr, and should not be confused with Sandic Weyr despite their similarities).  It is split into several significant though mostly mutally-intelligible dialects, among them Southern Yaundi (Kafédi, 'of the nomads'), Northern Yaundi (Hijjagi, 'of the desert'), and Atipican (Étibikai, 'of the Atipicans').

As Northern Yaundi is the best-documented as of now (29-Jan-11), this article will mainly provide information on that dialect.

''In our world (read: in real life) this language is used as a personal conlang.  Its vocabulary is mostly unique to itself, however there are numerous (and usually obvious) exceptions.  The language has no purpose other than to be enjoyed by its 'writer'.''

=Grammar=
==Letters and such==
Note: all pronunciations are based off of the sound of the highlighted parts of the given words as they appear in American English, except where otherwise stated.

Words are spelled as they were pronounced at one time, but over the growth and evolution of this language some sounds (such as the accusative plural ending -bin and the plural adjective marker -in) have changed from the way they are written.  Thus the written form of some words varies slightly from how the word is actually said.  These divergences will be discussed in their respective sections below.

===Vowels===

a â e é i î o u ú y

*a as in b'''a'''ll
*â as in '''ha'''ll
*e as in gr'''ie'''f
*é as in l'''ay'''
*i as in '''i'''n
*î as in '''eye'''
*o as in '''o'''ver
*u as in y'''ou'''
*ú as in '''u'''nder
*y as in '''y'''esterday

===Consonants===

b c d f g h j jj k l m n p r s t v w ŵ x z lē

*b as in '''b'''all
*c and s as in '''s'''nake
*d as in '''d'''ull
*f as in '''f'''ast
*g as in '''g'''irl but also sometimes as in cli'''ck'''
*h as in '''h'''ow
*j as in '''sh'''oe
*jj as in '''j'''ust
*k as in '''c'''ow
*l as in '''l'''ate
*m as in '''m'''an
*n as in '''n'''umber
*p as in '''p'''urse
*r as pronounced in spanish, but also sometimes as in the word '''r'''are
*t as in '''t'''oggle
*v as in '''f'''ast but also sometimes as in '''v'''est
*w as in '''v'''est
*ŵ as in '''w'''ater
*x as in kic'''ks''' but also sometimes as in '''s'''oft
*z as in '''z'''oom but sometimes as in gif'''ts'''
*lē sort of like in German ''''ich''''

===Nouns===
Nouns have no separate ending which distinguishes them from verbs (or vice-versa), which can make telling the two apart a skill which must be acquired through much practice (or learning the language natively).

There are two definite articles: Ba and Ta, of which Ba marks singular nouns and Ta marks plurals.

Nouns decline both by number and by case.  

====Declining by number:====
*'''nahx''' (meaning 'cat')
becomes
*'''nahxan''' (meaning 'cats')


Note that to create a plural one simply adds +(a)n to the noun.  To give a further example of creating a plural noun, we'll use 'jéúmé', which means tree.


*'''jéúmé''' ('tree')
becomes
*'''jéúmén''' ('trees')


====Declining by case:====
*'''nahx''' ('cat')
becomes
*'''nahxab''' ('cat' in the accusative)


*'''nahxan''' ('cats')
becomes
*'''nahxabin''' ('cats' in the accusative)


Again, we'll use jéúmé as a second example:


*'''jéúmé''' ('tree')
becomes
*'''jéúméb''' ('tree' in the accusative)


*'''jéúmén''' ('trees')
becomes
*'''jéúmébin''' ('trees' in the accusative)


:*A note about the pronunciation of '-bin'
Though the accusative plural ending for nouns is spelled -bin, in modern speech this is most commonly reduced to '-pi'.  The written form -bin persists, however.

===Pronouns===
====Base pronouns====
*I --  Felē
*You -- Péhâ
*He -- Ka
*She -- Aé
*It -- Ba
*We -- Aŵ
*You (pl/fml) -- Pélēa
*They -- Élsol


====Pronoun verb markers====
Every pronoun has an associated verb-marker which is derived from the full form of the given pronoun.  These are used to conjugate verbs (see the verb section for more details).


*I --  e
*You -- pé
*He -- ka
*She -- é
*It -- ba
*We -- aŵ
*You (pl/fml) -- lēé
*They -- o


====Pronoun accusative forms====


*I --  fiab
*You -- piab
*He -- kiab
*She -- atiab
*It -- biab
*We -- ŵiab
*You (pl/fml) -- lēiab
*They -- otiab


===Adjectives===
Adjectives decline only by number and not by case.  Adjectives have distinct markers which make them easy to distinguish in sentences. Adjectives which modify singular nouns end with -i and adjectives which modify plural nouns end in -in.


:*A note about the pronunciation of '-in'
Similar to what happened to -bin over time, -in has also been reduced to the point where, when spoken, it is identical to -i (the marker for adjectives which modify singular nouns).  The written distinction remains.

===Verbs===


==Numbers==
===Cardinal Numbers===

* '''neot''' - zero / nothing
* '''tré''' - one
* '''jé''' - two
* '''ké''' - three
* '''ulēor''' - four
* '''pén''' - five
* '''xs''' - six
* '''har''' - seven
* '''geté''' - eight
* '''jek''' - nine
* '''soir''' - ten
* '''sosoir''' - (one) hundred
* '''zasoir''' - (one) thousand
* '''soir zasoiran''' - ten thousand
* '''sosoir zasoiran''' - (one) hundred thousand


===Other Numbers===

* '''soir mé tré''' - eleven 
* '''soir mé jé''' - twelve
* '''soir mé ké''' - thirteen
* '''soir mé ulēor''' - fourteen 
* '''soir mé pén''' - fifteen
    
* '''jésoir mé tré''' - twenty-one
* '''jésoir mé jé''' - twenty-two

* '''jé sosoiran ber soir mé tré''' - two hundred eleven
* '''xs zasoiran ber ké sosoiran ber jésoir mé tré''' - six thousand three hundred and twenty-one

Etc, etc.

===Ordinal Numbers===
Write the number word and then add -i (adjective marker thing).

* '''tréi''' - first
* '''soir zasoirani''' - ten thousandth
* '''ba xs zasoiran ber ké sosoiran ber jésoir mé tréi''' - the six thousand three hundred and twenty-first
 
Etc, etc.

==Examples==
This section aims to familiarize the viewer with the 'look and feel' of Sandic Weyr.  Below are some examples of texts which have been translated into or have originated in Sandic Weyr.

===The Lord's Prayer (Nothern Yaundi)===
''See [[Our Father|here]].''

===Ba top Babial  (The tower of Babel, Northern Yaundi)===
:1. Ba ivi imprîa baxlelét tré jaeactab mé tré jaeb faé ivi kémâ. 
:2. Mér ba kéman baxzeb dé lēra, baxcu lorab pa ba poc 'Jînar' me baxmect ŵak ta safpabin.
:3. Mé baxmî dé tré kémâ dé jut kémâ- &quot;baahl râ otaŵma main pelabin mé otaŵred hel otiahb.&quot;
:4. Wî baxmî: &quot;baahl râ otaŵmâ, faé aŵ, ba kéman, tufanab, mé topab- mé ba uwâ ba top frn aŵ, obgriaw ba lēyarab; mé baahl râ otaŵara ba erinin kéman, sian etaŵahl usmetúin ó ba imprîa.&quot;
:5. Mé ba ijwrin kéman baxfézu dé lēyar, ân raug ba tufanab mé ba topab, frn ba kéman oxahl umain.
:6. Ba ijwrin kéman baxmî: &quot;Ynné-hî, ba kéman batara tré kéman mé balēlét tré jaeactab; mé ân ma jéd baxrep; mé ynné-hî etoma ivin dabin, frn ân ma biab oxsin.&quot;
:7. &quot;Baahl râ otaŵféd dé lēyar, mé otaŵma ŵak faé ba jaeact, ân bateneot lēlét gob- ân etoneot fe tré kémab ú jut kémab.&quot;
:8. Ba ijwrin kéman baxma faé ta kéman, ân oxahl usmetúin ó ba imprîa; mé ta kéman oxsem ân ma ba tufanab.
:9. Pa skra frn jéb baxoka, kémania otora faé lé top béenúb Babial, pa skra frn ba ijwrin kéman baxma faé ba jaeact ba ivi imprîâ, ân baneot lēlét gob- wî ba ijwrin kéman baxma faé ba kéman, ân batara usmetúi ó ba imprîâ.


===Ba tob Babél (The tower of Babel, Atipican)===
:1.Ba ivi imbrrîa baslét trré jîctab mé trré jîb fî ivi kéma.
:2.Basal mérr ba kéman bajeb dé ra, baju lorrab pa ba boc jînarr, mé ŵak basma ta safpabi.
:3.Basmî dé trré kéma dé jut kéma: &quot;rai bal an otaŵma main belabi, mé otaŵred hel otéb.&quot;
:4. Mé basmî: &quot;rai bal an otaŵma fî aŵ ba kéman tufanab mé tobab, mé ba uwa fën ba tob fën aŵ obakrréw ba hyarab; mé bal ra an otaŵara ba erinin kéman, sén taŵara usmetúin ó ba imbrrîa.&quot;
:5.Ba jwrin kéman basfézu dé hyar, an rrauk ba tobab mé tufanab, atéb kamai basal ba kéman.
:6.Mé ba jwrin kéman basmî: &quot;inéhî, ba kéman batara trré kéman, mé fî ba nu bal trré jîct, mé an ma béb osrreb. Me inéhî élso toma ivin dabi, an ma otéb ojin.&quot;
:7. Bal ra an otaŵféd dé hyarr, mé ŵak otaŵma fî ba jîct, an bateneot lét gob, fî an ba kéman bateneot fe trré kémab u jut kémab.
:8. Basal, ba jwrrin kéman basma fî ba kéman, an basal usmetúi o ba imbrîa; mé ba kéman bajem an ma ba tufanab.
:9. Skrra jéb basoka, kéman otorra fî ba tob béenúb babél, skrra ba jwrrin kéman basma fî ba jîct ba ivi imbrrîa, an basneot lét gob, mé skrra ba jwrrin kéman basma fî ba kéman, an basal usmetúi o ba imbrrîa.

[[Category:conlang]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of language change topics</title>
    <id>8620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58924</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-17T04:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Personak</username>
        <id>1449</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Consonant changes==
===Features===
*[[Velar consonant#Sound changes involving velars|Velars]]
*[[Aspiration#Sound changes|Aspiration]]
*[[Fricative#Sound Changes|Fricatives]]
===Phonemes===
*[[Rhotacism|{{IPA|r}}]]
*[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative#Sound changes|{{IPA|ʃ}}]]
*[[Voiced postalveolar fricative#Sound changes|{{IPA|ʒ}}]]


==See also==
* [[Sound change]]
* [[:Category:Sound changes]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:List of language change topics</title>
    <id>8621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58907</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T19:39:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>some comments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">I was thinking that we have different pages for the different sounds and features of sounds, each listing sound changes to and from.&lt;br/&gt;
For everything we should have one page per &quot;feature&quot;, as opposed to a page per change.&lt;br/&gt;
List what you've done here.&lt;br/&gt;
--[[User:Personak|Personak]] 14:37, 15 January 2011 (PST)

:Since sounds frequently change in groups, my idea in that &quot;sound changes involving velars&quot; section was to keep single-segment pages purely for phonetics and &quot;occurs in X language&quot;, while sound changes could be described on pages about a class of sounds (eg. if you wanted to see how you could derive a /ts/, you'd check the &quot;affricate&quot; page). This seems like a good idea at least for those changes that ''are'' systematic (like zj sj → ʒ ʃ in English). Notable non-systematic changes like p → ɸ, f do seem to call for noting on the individual segment's page; but stuff like n → ɾ might not necessarily.
:I agree that one individual page per change would be overkill. --[[User:Tropylium|&lt;span class=&quot;IPA&quot;&gt;Trɔpʏliʊm&lt;/span&gt;]] • [[User talk:Tropylium|blah]] 11:39, 16 January 2011 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Проект1A4</title>
    <id>8622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58918</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T20:53:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ulsh</username>
        <id>1451</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> Plosives [p b t d c ɟ] 'p b t d c j'
 Fricatives: [x ɣ s z] 'h g s z'
 Liquids : [ʎ w j n m ŋ] 'l w y n m ñ'
 Affricates: [cʎ̥ ts dz] 'cl ts dz'
 Vowels: [i I u ʊ o ə a ɐ] 'i e u ü o ö a ä' 
 [x] near [i] becomes [ç], [ɣ] near [i] becomes [ʝ]
 *future allophones *

 (C)V(V)(C)
 No [ŋ] as onset
 No [c] or [ɟ] as codas

 definite direct object marker -lu [-ʎu]

 (-V) (yä/e/i-) if something ends with a vowel w/ these suffixes

 1st sg | 2nd sg | 3rd sg inanimate | 3rd sg animate/formal
 -äñ [ɐŋ] | -i [i] | -äd [ɐd] |-ämü [ɐmʊ]

 1st pl | 2nd pl | 3rd pl inanimate | 3rd pl animate/formal
 -en [-In] | -il [iʎ] | -ecl [Icʎ̥] I -eñü [Iŋʊ]

 1st sg acc | 2nd sg acc | 3rd sg acc
 -äñ [ɐŋ] | -i [i] | -ät [ɐt] |-äts [ɐts]

 1st pl acc | 2nd pl acc | 3rd pl acc
 -emän [-Imɐn] | -etän [-Itɐn] | -etsan [-Itsan]

 Plural animate: -lel
 Plural inanimate: -ho

 oehu [oIxu] - 'to be'
 ehuñ [Ixuŋ] | gohu [ɣoxu] | oehu [oIxu] | oexumü [oIxumʊ]
 ehen [IxIn] | gohul [ɣoxuʎ] | oehel [oIxIʎ] | oexeñü [oIxIŋʊ]

 durative prefix - cö [cə]
 To laugh - letäm
 dative suffix - tsü
 sound - juwa
 ma - marks a question, 'what'

 [Dialect A] - main dialect, prestige accent, court language, literary dialect etc
 [Dialect B] - [cʎ̥] realized as [ǂ], ????
 [Dialect C] - Palatal sounds realized as uvular [c ɟ] and allophonal [ç ʝ] realized as [q ɢ χ ʁ] respectively, merger of [ʊ o] into [ʊ], ???
 [???]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fricative</title>
    <id>8623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58920</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-16T22:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Personak</username>
        <id>1449</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.  ==Sound Changes== ===To=== Fricatives usually develo...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

==Sound Changes==
===To===
Fricatives usually develop from plosives under the following conditions:
*/ #_C in Avestan
*/ _# in Gothic
*/ V_V in Irish

When a language distinguishes [[Aspiration|aspirated]] and unaspirated plosives, either series might become a fricative (the former occured in Greek, the later in Germanic).

[[Category:Phonology]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ilien-Wiki-Homepage-17-Jany-2011.png</title>
    <id>8624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58925</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-17T21:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Homepage of [[Ilien Wiki]]. Text content is public domain; UI licensing is unclear. The trademark 'wikia' appears in the image.</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Homepage of [[Ilien Wiki]]. Text content is public domain; UI licensing is unclear. The trademark 'wikia' appears in the image.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ilien-Wiki-Favicon.png</title>
    <id>8625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58927</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-17T21:08:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calculator Ftvb</username>
        <id>1373</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chreyentae</title>
    <id>8626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58991</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-19T21:59:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Txmmj</username>
        <id>1440</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subjunctive */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Chreyentae (''chreyentae'', IPA: [ˈxreɪəntaɪ]) is a constructed language which came under creation during November, 2010. The name of the conlang literally means &quot;created language,&quot; or &quot;made-up language.&quot; Chreientae is a priori language, despite few loan words from languages such as English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, and Arabic. 

= Phonology &amp; Orthography =

The phonology and orthography are quite different than most other languages. There a quite a bit of various sounds in this languages, which makes it unique in a way. Both the phonology and orthography are not based off of any natural language.

== Consonants ==

PHONOLOGY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Labial-Palatal || Velar || Labaial-Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
!Plosive
|/p/ /b/ || || || /t/ /d/ || || || || /k/ /g/ || || /q/ /ɢ/ || /ʔ/
|-
!Nasal
|  /m/ || || || /n/ || || /ɲ/ || || /ŋ/ || || ||
|-
!Trill
| || || || /r/ || || || || || || /ʀ/ ||
|-
!Fricative
| || /f/ /v/ || /θ/ /ð/ || /s/ /z/ || /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || || || /x/ /ɣ/ || || ||
|-
!Lateral Fricative
| || || || /ɬ/ /ɮ/ || || || || || || ||
|-
!Approximant
| || || || || || /j/ || /ɥ/ || || /w/ || ||
|- 
!Lateral Approximant
| || || || /l/ || || || /ʎ/ || || || ||
|}

ORTHOGRAPHY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Palatal || Labial-Palatal || Velar || Labaial-Velar || Uvular || Glottal
|-
!Plosive
|p b || || || t d || || || || k g || || q c || w
|-
!Nasal
|m || || || n || || gn** || || ng** || || ||
|-
!Trill
| || || || r || || || || || || r* ||
|-
!Fricative
| || f v || th** ð || s s* || ş z || || || ch** h || || ||
|-
!Lateral Fricative
| || || || tl** dl** || || || || || || ||
|-
!Approximant
| || || || || || j || ȳ || || ł || ||
|- 
!Lateral Approximant
| || || || l || || || gl** || || || ||
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; The times when these consonants take this pronunciation must be memorized

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; The times when these consonants are pronounced exactly the way they look must be memorized

== Vowels ==

PHONOLOGY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
!Close
|/i/ /y/ || || || || /u/
|-
!
| || /ɪ/ /ʏ/ || || /ʊ/ ||
|-
!Close-Mid
|/e/ /ø/ || || || || /o/
|-
!
| || || /ə/ || ||
|-
!Open-Mid
|/ɛ/ /œ/ || || || || /ɔ/
|-
!
|/æ/ || || || ||
|-
!Open
|/a/ || || || ||
|}

ORTHOGRAPHY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Front || || Central || || Back
|-
!Close
|i* y* || || || || u*
|-
!
| || i** y** || || u** ||
|-
!Close-Mid
|e* ø* || || || || o*
|-
!
| || || e*** || ||
|-
!Open-Mid
|e** ø** || || || || o**
|-
!
|a** || || || ||
|-
!Open
|a* || || || ||
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; These vowels are called &quot;long vowels&quot; and are pronounced this way when before one consonant, another vowel, or at the end of a word. These vowels are actually elongated when doubled or when there's an acute accent on the letter (which also makes that vowel's syllable stressed).

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; These vowels are called &quot;short vowels&quot; and are pronounced this way when before two or more consonants, which included digraphs.

&lt;nowiki&gt;***&lt;/nowiki&gt; This vowel is pronounced this way when unstressed in most situations

=== Diphthongs ===

PHONOLOGY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Front || Back
|-
!Close-Mid
|/eɪ/ /eʊ/ /øʏ/ || /oɪ/ /oʊ/
|-
!Open
|/aɪ/ /aʊ/ ||
|}

ORTHOGRAPHY:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Front || Back
|-
!Close-Mid
|ey eu øy || oe ou
|-
!Open
|ae au ||
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; All of these diphthongs' sounds are lengthened when an acute accent is added on the first letter. This also puts the stress on that diphthong's syllable.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; When a diaeresis is placed on the second letter of a supposed diphthong, it tells you that each vowel is pronounced separately. Also, if there is an acute accent on the second letter in a supposed diphthong, it tells you that each letter is pronounced separately and the vowel with the acute accent's syllable is stressed.

== Stress ==

Stress is usually on the second to last syllable of a word. The stress of a certain syllable can be changed when that syllable's vowel or diphthong has an acute on it. Another exception is when adding the definite article suffix; even though another syllable may be added, the stress is the same as if that suffix was not there. There are few other exception, but when there are, those must me memorized.

= Grammar =

The grammar of Chreyentae is quite similar to that of Indo-European languages. However, there are some unique qualities the language.

== Nouns ==

The way nouns work in Chreyentae are very similar to many Indo-European languages. There are three genders, two numbers, one article, three persons, and eight cases.

=== Gender ===

Three genders exist in Chreyentae. A noun's gender is important is seeing which article it takes, how it declines, etc. A noun's gender usually just must be memorized, however, there are a few tricks that makes memorizing or guessing a noun's gender.

==== Masculine ====

Most masculine nouns ends in a consonant, however consonant-ending nouns may also be feminine or neuter. Nouns that end in ''-ta'', ''a vowel with an acute accent on it'', or ''any diphthong'' are always masculine. Also, any noun that depicts a male person is always masculine.

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
!Chreyentae || English
|-
|amsa || man
|-
|loch || book
|-
|sahóm || bag
|-
|brota || brother
|-
|balachá || floor
|-
|galostae || sadness
|}

==== Feminine ====

Most feminine nouns end in ''-a'', however, there are many feminine nouns that end in a consonant. Nouns that end in ''-i'' or ''-ach'' are always feminine. Any noun that depicts a female person is always feminine.

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
!Chreyentae || English
|-
|fymma || woman
|-
|kiasa || cat
|-
|gítari || guitar
|-
|máðraas || school
|-
|faðach || marker
|-
|fjaeða || faith
|}

==== Neuter ====

Most neuter nouns end in ''-o'', however, there are many neuter nouns that end in a consonant. Nouns that end in ''-j'', ''-ł'', ''-ȳ'', and ''any doubled vowel'' are always neuter. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
!Chreyentae || English
|-
|bawan || child
|-
|siato || dog
|-
|neh || evening
|-
|kangee || store
|-
|dafáej || nail
|-
|waan || house
|}

=== Articles ===

There is only one article in Chreyentae. Other articles used to be used, however they have been taken out of the language completely.

==== Definite Article ====

In Chreyentae, the definite article is a suffix added to the noun based on gender, but not number nor case. It comes after the declension of the noun. The suffix also depends on whether or not the word ends in a vowel or consonant. Another important thing to note is that when the definite article has its own syllable, it doesn't change the original stress of the word.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || vowel ending || consonant ending
|-
!m.
| -n || -en
|-
!f.
| -m || -am
|-
!n.
| -ð || -ið
|-
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || No Article || Definite Article
|-
!m.
|amsa || amsan
|-
!m.
|loch || lochen
|-
!f.
|fymma || fymmam
|-
!f.
|máðraas || máðraasam
|-
!n.
|siato || siatoð
|-
!n.
|bawan || bawanið
|-
|}

=== Cases ===

Nouns decline based on case. There are eight cases in Chreyentae, and the endings are different depending on the gender and number. Some verbs make the noun proceeding it take a certain case, and sometimes one verb can change meaning depending on which case the noun proceeding it is in. Also, all propositions have a certain case. 

==== Nominative ====

The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject of the sentence. Also, certain verbs like ''vaera'' (to be), ''ðiałara'' (to become), etc. take the nominative case. Since the dictionary form of a noun and the nominative singular are exactly the same, in the chart below, the ending will appear as blank. In future reference, if an ending is blank, it just means that the dictionary form is used in that particular instance. One thing good to note is that when masculine nouns end in a vowel, the vowel is never dropped. This goes the same for neuter nouns that end in a double vowel. However, the vowel ending on any other feminine and neuter nouns must be dropped. The letters in parenthesis represent an extra letter that must be added to the end if the word end in a vowel (m.) or a doubled vowel (n.).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -  || -(j)ii
|-
!f.
| -  || -i
|-
!n.
| -  || -(ł)a
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| loch || lochii
|-
!m.
|amsa || amsajii
|-
!f.
|fymma || fymmi
|-
!f.
|opsjat || opsjati
|-
!n.
|bawan || bawana
|-
!n.
|kangee || kangeeła
|-
|}

==== Accusative ====

The accusative is used to mark the direct object of a verb. There are many verbs that take the accusative cases. Also, there are a few prepositions that take it.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -  || -(j)ii
|-
!f.
| -  || -i
|-
!n.
| -(ł)oth || -(ł)aa
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| loch || lochii
|-
!m.
|amsa || amsajii
|-
!f.
|fymma || fymmi
|-
!f.
|opsjat || opsjati
|-
!n.
|bawanoth || bawanaa
|-
!n.
|kangeełoth || kangeełaa
|-
|}

==== Genitive ====

The genitive is used when showing something's possession of the something else. There are few verbs that take the genitive case, but there are more prepositions that do. The genitive case is also used in place of the accusative (and occasionally nominative) when the verb directly affecting the noun is in the negative. When declining a neuter noun in the genitive, if the noun ends in a consonant, add the letters in the parenthesis.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -(j)a || -(j)ae
|-
!f.
| -acute accent on the first syllable  || -acute accent on the first syllable+i
|-
!n.
| -(e)n  || -(i)ng
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| locha || lochae
|-
!m.
|amsaja || amsajae
|-
!f.
|fýmm || fýmmi
|-
!f.
|ópsjat || ópsjati
|-
!n.
|bawanen || bawaning
|-
!n.
|kangeen || kangeeng
|-
|}

==== Dative ====

The dative is used to show the indirect object of an action or direction towards somewhere. Also, certain prepositions and verbs take this case.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -(j)e || -(j)ee
|-
!f.
| -no ending || -as
|-
!n.
| -(ł)o || -(ł)ou
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| loche || lochee
|-
!m.
|amsaje || amsajee
|-
!f.
|fymm || fymmas
|-
!f.
|opsjat || opsjatas
|-
!n.
|bawano || bawanou
|-
!n.
|kangeeło || kangeełou
|-
|}

==== Ablative ====

The ablative case is a prepositional case, meaning it's only used after a preposition. In same cases, however, the preposition is implied and can either be left in or dropped. It's used to show something moving away from something else.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -s || -(j)os
|-
!f.
| -ør || -øtt
|-
!n.
| -s || -(ł)os
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| lochs || lochos
|-
!m.
|amsas || amsajos
|-
!f.
|fymmør || fymmøtt
|-
!f.
|opsjatør || opsjatøtt
|-
!n.
|bawans || bawanos
|-
!n.
|kangees || kangeełos
|-
|}

==== Instrumental ====

The instrumental case is another prepositional case. In Chreyentae, it's used to show not only how someone does something, but also with time words.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -(j)ó || -t
|-
!f.
| -á || -ach
|-
!n.
| -(ł)é || -(ł)ith
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| lochó || locht
|-
!m.
|amsajó || amsat
|-
!f.
|fymmá || fymmach
|-
!f.
|opsjatá || opsjatach
|-
!n.
|bawané || bawanith
|-
!n.
|kangeełé || kangeełith
|-
|}

==== Locative ====

The locative case is used to express where something is and it is also a prepositional case.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -(j)u || -(j)u
|-
!f.
| -u || -u
|-
!n.
| -(ł)u || -(ł)u
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| lochu || lochu
|-
!m.
|amsaju || amsaju
|-
!f.
|fymmu || fymmu
|-
!f.
|opsjatu || opsjatu
|-
!n.
|bawanu || bawanu
|-
!n.
|kangeełu || kangeełu
|-
|}

==== Vocative ====

The vocative case is used when identifying someone or something directly. One odd aspect of this case is that when nouns are in the vocative case, they never had the definite article suffix.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| -(j)ij || -(j)oe
|-
!f.
| -ij || -oe
|-
!n.
| -(ł)ij || -(ł)oe
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!m.
| lochij || lochoe
|-
!m.
|amsajij || amsajoe
|-
!f.
|fymmij || fymmoe
|-
!f.
|opsjatij || opsjatoe
|-
!n.
|bawanij || bawanoe
|-
!n.
|kangeełij || kangeełoe
|-
|}

=== Pronouns ===

Pronouns in Chreyentae aren't too complex. They're quite similar to those of other European languages.

==== Personal Pronouns ====

Personal pronouns decline based on number and person, and in the third person, gender. They also decline based on case.

'''Nominative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vá || wi
|-
!2nd
| thu || ju
|-
!3rd, m.
| onn || ott
|-
!3rd, f.
| an || at
|-
!3rd, n.
| eðð || ét
|}

'''Accusative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vich || wich
|-
!2nd
| ðich || jich
|-
!3rd, m.
| in || en
|-
!3rd, f.
| im || em
|-
!3rd, n.
| ið || eð
|}

'''Genetive'''

see possessive pronouns

'''Dative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vi || wi
|-
!2nd
| ði || ji
|-
!3rd, m.
| sjo || sjo
|-
!3rd, f.
| şjo || zjo
|-
!3rd, n.
| ljo || rjo
|}

'''Ablative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vos || wos
|-
!2nd
| ðos || jos
|-
!3rd, m.
| sos || sos
|-
!3rd, f.
| şos || zos
|-
!3rd, n.
| los || ros
|}

'''Instrumental'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| váð|| wíð
|-
!2nd
| ðúð || júð
|-
!3rd, m.
| súð || súð
|-
!3rd, f.
| şúð || zúð
|-
!3rd, n.
| lúð || rúð
|}

'''Locative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vu || wu
|-
!2nd
| ðu || ju
|-
!3rd, m.
| su || su
|-
!3rd, f.
| şu || zu
|-
!3rd, n.
| lu || ru
|}

'''Vocative'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Singular || Plural
|-
!1st
| vij || wij
|-
!2nd
| ðij || jij
|-
!3rd, m.
| sij || sij
|-
!3rd, f.
| şij || zij
|-
!3rd, n.
| lij || rij
|}

==== Possessive Pronouns ====

Possessive pronouns only change based on person, number, and gender, but not case.

'''Singular'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || m. || f. || n.
|-
!1st, sing.
| voe || vae || vey
|-
!2nd, sing.
| ðoe || ðae || ðey
|-
!3rd, m., sing.
| soe || sae || sey
|-
!3rd, f., sing.
| şoe || şae || şey
|-
!3rd, n., sing.
| loe || lae || ley
|-
!1st, pl.
| woe || wae || wey
|-
!2nd, pl.
| joe || jae || jey
|-
!3rd, m., pl.
| soe || sae || sey
|-
!3rd, f., pl.
| zoe || zae || zey
|-
!3rd, n., pl.
| roe || rae || rey
|}

'''Plural'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || m. || f. || n.
|-
!1st, sing.
| vii || vi || va
|-
!2nd, sing.
| ðii || ði || ða
|-
!3rd, m., sing.
| sii || si || sa
|-
!3rd, f., sing.
| şii || şi || şa
|-
!3rd, n., sing.
| lii || li || la
|-
!1st, pl.
| wii || wi || wa
|-
!2nd, pl.
| jii || ji || ja
|-
!3rd, m., pl.
| sii || si || sa
|-
!3rd, f., pl.
| zii || zi || za
|-
!3rd, n., pl.
| rii || ri || ra
|}

==== Demonstrative Pronouns ====

==== Interrogative Pronouns ====

==== Relative Pronouns ====

==== Indefinite Pronouns ====

==== Reflexive Pronouns ====

==== Intensive Pronouns ====

== Verbs ==

Verbs, as in many other languages, conjugate according to the subject of the sentence. Verb are conjugated based on aspect, evidentiality, mood, polarity, tense, transitivity, and voice. There are 6 classes of verbs that end in/are: (1) ''-a'', (2) ''-ta/-da/-tha-/-ða'', (3) ''-consonant+ja'', (4) ''-consonant+ła'', (5) ''-consonant+ȳa'', and (6) ''a vowel with any acute accent on it anywhere in the word+a''. There are also, of course, irregular verbs which don't follow the rules.

=== Tense ===

Two tenses exist in Chreyentae. 

==== Present Tense ====

The present tense is used to express what one is doing currently or habitually. Also, since Chreyentae has no future tense, it is also used when talking about future actions. Words such as &quot;tomorrow&quot;, &quot;later&quot;, etc. can give context clues to whether or not what the speaker is talking about is in the future.

CLASS 1:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –no ending
|-
!thu 
| –ð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –acute accent on last syllable
|-
!wi
| -enn
|-
!ju
| -t
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –á
|-
|}

CLASS 2:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –no ending
|-
!thu 
| –no ending
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –acute accent on last syllable
|-
!wi
| -enn
|-
!ju
| -no ending
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –á
|-
|}

CLASS 3 (take off the ''-j'', too):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –i
|-
!thu 
| –iðð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –í
|-
!wi
| -jenn
|-
!ju
| -itt
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –já
|-
|}

CLASS 4 (take off the ''-ł'', too):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –u
|-
!thu 
| –uðð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –ú
|-
!wi
| -łenn
|-
!ju
| -utt
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –łá
|-
|}

CLASS 5 (take off the ''-ȳ'', too):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –y
|-
!thu 
| –yðð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –ý
|-
!wi
| -ȳenn
|-
!ju
| -ytt
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –ȳá
|-
|}

CLASS 6:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –no ending
|-
!thu 
| –ð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+add acute accent to the last syllable
|-
!wi
| -enn
|-
!ju
| -t
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+á
|-
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || mara || bechta || chabja ||volła || lasȳa || mémorina
|-
!vá 
| mar || becht || chabi || volu || lasy || mémorin
|-
!thu 
| marð || becht || chabiðð || voluðð || lasyðð || mémorinð
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| már || bécht || chabí || volú || lasý || meemorín
|-
!wi
| marenn || bechtenn || chabjenn || volłenn || lasȳenn || mémorinenn
|-
!ju
| mart || becht || chabitt || volutt || lasytt || mémorint
|-
!ott/at/ét
| mará || bechtá || chabjá || volłá || lasȳá || meemoriná
|-
|}

==== Past Tense ====

The past tense is used to talk about what one did in the past.

CLASS 1, 2, 3, 4, AND 5:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –ee
|-
!thu 
| –að
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –é
|-
!wi
| -acute accent on the first syllable+amo
|-
!ju
| -acute accent on the first syllable+ath
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –ár
|-
|}

CLASS 6:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –ee
|-
!thu 
| –að
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+é
|-
!wi
| -acute accent on the first syllable+amo
|-
!ju
| -acute accent on the first syllable+ath
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –change accented vowel to a double vowel (or if diphthong, just take the accent off)+ár
|-
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || mara || bechta || chabja ||volła || lasȳa || mémorina
|-
!vá 
| maree || bechtee || chabjee || volłee || lasȳee || mémorinee
|-
!thu 
| marað || bechtað || chabjað || volłað || lasȳað || mémorinað
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| maré || bechté || chabjé || volłé || lasȳé || meemoriné
|-
!wi
| máramo || béchtamo || chábjamo || vólłamo || lásȳamo || mémorinamo
|-
!ju
| márath || béchtath || chábjath || vólłath || lásȳath || mémorinath
|-
!ott/at/ét
| marár || bechtár || chabjár || volłár || lasȳár || meemorinár
|-
|}

=== Polarity ===

Polarity marks if the sentence is negative or positive in meaning.

==== Positive ====

One needs not add anything to the first, as it is normally affirmative.

==== Negative ====

In order to make the verb nagative, one must add the suffix ''-saa'' to the infinitive of the verb. When dealing with a conjugated verb, one must just add the appropriate suffix to the conjugated verb. Also, it should be noted that when a verb is negated, if there is a noun in the accusative or nominative directly after the verb (or that if being affected by the verb), its case changes to genitive.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –si
|-
!thu 
| –oss
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –sa
|-
!wi
| -son
|-
!ju
| -s
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –soe
|-
|}

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || marasaa || bechtasaa || chabjasaa ||volłasaa || lasȳasaa || mémorinasaa
|-
!vá 
| marsi || bechtsi || chabisi || volusi || lasysi || mémorinsi
|-
!thu 
| marðoss || bechtoss || chabiððoss || voluððoss || lasyððoss || mémorinðoss
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| mársa || béchtsa || chabísa || volúsa || lasýsa || meemorínsa
|-
!wi
| marennson || bechtennson || chabjennson || volłennson || lasȳennson || mémorinennson
|-
!ju
| marts || bechts || chabitts || volutts || lasytts || mémorints
|-
!ott/at/ét
| marásoe || bechtásoe || chabjásoe || volłásoe || lasȳásoe || meemorinásoe
|-
|}

=== Aspect ===

==== Present Perfect ====

The present perfect is a combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect in order to make an event that happened in the past that affects the present. Also, this form can be used for an event that happened in the past that will affect the future. In order to form this, you take the gerund form of the verb (which is formed by taking off the ''-a'' of a verb and then adding ''-en'' then put that directly before the subject of the sentence. Then, use the conjugated form of ''øðða'' 

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! mara || subject || øðða 
|-
| maren || va w || ee
|-
| maren || thu || að 
|-
| maren || onn/an/eðð || é 
|-
| maren || wi || ønn
|-
| maren || ju || øt
|-
| maren || ott/at/ét || ó 
|-
|}

==== Past Perfect ====

The past perfect is used to show an event that has continuing relevance to a time in the past. It is form by adding the gerund form of the verb right before the subject and then adding the conjugated past form of ''øðða'' after the subject.

EXAMPLES:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! mara || subject || øðða 
|-
| maren || va w || ae
|-
| maren || thu || aeð 
|-
| maren || onn/an/eðð || áe 
|-
| maren || wi || aenn
|-
| maren || ju || aet
|-
| maren || ott/at/ét || ajá 
|-
|}

==== Imperfect ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –ia
|-
!thu 
| –iað
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –iá
|-
!wi
| -jann
|-
!ju
| -jat
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –já
|-
|}

=== Mood ===

==== Indicative ====

==== Imperative ====

==== Conditional ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –acute acent on the first syllable+ia
|-
!thu 
| –acute acent on the first syllable+iað
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –acute acent on the first syllable+iaa
|-
!wi
| -acute acent on the first syllable+jann
|-
!ju
| -acute acent on the first syllable+jat
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –acute acent on the first syllable+jaa
|-
|}

==== Subjunctive ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! || Ending
|-
!vá 
| –(e)m
|-
!thu 
| –t
|-
!onn/an/eðð
| –acute acent on the last syllable+k
|-
!wi
| -am
|-
!ju
| -at
|-
!ott/at/ét
| –ák
|-
|}

==== Interrogative ====

== Adjectives ==

One interesting aspect about Chreyentae is how its adjectives work. Adjectives always proceed the noun it is describing and must agree with it based on gender and number, but not case. In the case where one would is to verb ''to be'' in English + an adjective, in Chreyentae, one would just put the adjective. It should be noted as well that when used in this way, the adjective does not agree and uses its dictionary form.

== Adverbs ==

== Prepositions ==

== Interjections ==

== Sentence Order ==

The sentence order in Chreyentae is a SVO language. In more complex sentences, it's rather: SUBJECT+VERB+ADVERB+ADJECTIVE+OBJECT+PREPOSITION+INDIRECT OBJECT+TIME EXPRESSION (if all of those were to be needed in the sentence). There are special cases that don't follow this rule or have special rules of their own. For example, relative clauses and aspects. Here are some basic sentences to display the sentence order in effect:


I quickly give the big book to my friend at 3:00. - Vá rae váriit hranðen lochen ú voe froente a thrá øtrá.

I don't know ''who that is''. - ''Chvi holam já jo'' vá søsi.

I have ''eaten'' an apple. - ''Maren'' va w ee rafáes.

== Relative Clauses / Adjective Clauses == 

Relative clauses in Chreientae is a bit unique. The relative pronoun usually comes first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, followed by the word jo, then finally followed by the independent clause. However, when it's an adjective clause, the pattern is as in English: independent clause + pronoun + verb/adjective. 

Here is the list of relative and adjective pronouns with examples:


1.thi … jo - that ('''Thi''' thu jerð voe froent '''jo''' ''vá sø''. - ''I know'' '''that''' you are my friend.)

2. chvi … jo – who ('''Chvi''' thu jerð '''jo''' ''vá sø''. - ''I know'' '''who''' you are.)

3. chvo … jo - what ('''Chvo''' thu fuuð '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''what''' you're doing.)

4. chvu … jo – where ('''Chvu''' ott hó '''jo''' ''sonaté onn ði''? - ''Did he tell you'' '''where''' they're going?)

5. chvan … jo – when ('''Chvan''' thu lant '''jo''' ''sonate vi''. - ''Tell me'' '''when''' you're leaving.)

6. chvaren … jo – why ('''Chvaren''' onn már zo rafáes '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''why''' he's eating that apple.)

7. fóran … jo – how ('''Fóran''' thu arjavað váriit ja '''jo''' ''vá søsi''. - ''I don't know'' '''how''' you got here so quickly.)

8. th(a) – that/who (''Pirónið'' '''tha''' már já voe froent. - ''The person'' '''who''' 's eating is my friend./''Pirónið'' '''th''' ár ú máðraasum já voe froent. - ''The person'' '''who''' 's at school is my friend.)

== Numbers / Counting ==

Numbers and counting is pretty easy in Chreyentae. Counting and numbers themselves are similar to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, etc., counting isn't too difficult, but both are kind of unique to Chreyentae.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=1
! # || Number
|-
! 1
| øth
|-
! 2
| tsáe
|-
! 3
| thrá
|-
! 4
| kvøð 
|-
! 5
| jut 
|-
! 6
| sech
|-
! 7
| şja 
|-
! 8
| eyj
|-
! 9
| nu
|-
! 10
| jont
|- 
! 100
| chaek
|-
! 1,000,000
| mijon
|-
! 10,000,000
| mánion
|-
! 100,000,00
| sennen
|}

Those are all the &quot;true&quot; number in Chreyentae. To make number 11 - 99 is quite simple. For number 11 - 19, you just add &quot;10&quot; and then the corresponding number. For example, 11 would be jontøth (10-1). One thing to note is that if the number coming after &quot;jont&quot; (and &quot;chaek&quot;) starts with a consonant, it turns into &quot;jonte&quot; (and &quot;chaeke) (ex: jontetsáe - 12, chaeketsáe). However, when the consonant is &quot;j&quot;, you don't add an &quot;e&quot;. 

One feature that is a bit unique to Chreyentae is that there is technically no word for 1000. Instead, you say 10-100, which is written irregularly as jóntechaek. Thus, 10000 would be jont-jóntechaek, and 100000 would be chaek-jóntechaek

'''Example Numbers'''

14 - jontekvøð

278 - tsáechaekeşjajonteyj

3,231 - thrájóntechaeketsáechaekethrájontøth

59,481 - jutjontenujóntechaekekvøðchaekeyjjontøth

999,999 - nuchaekenujontenujóntechaekenuchaekenujontenu


In chreyentae, when you counting an item, the order is as follows: WORD+definite.article i (''or &quot;j&quot; if the number starts with a vowel'') NUMBER. So, for example, if you wanted to say &quot;one apple,&quot; it would be &quot;rafáesen j øth&quot;, three apples&quot; would be &quot;rafáesiin i thrá&quot;.

= Chreyentae in Action =</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Bjorna Trollsdottir</title>
    <id>8627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58961</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-18T18:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bjorna Trollsdottir</username>
        <id>1452</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bjorna Trollsdottir''' - real name: Marta Teresa Perlińska. Lives in Poland. Speaks mainly Polish and some kind of English.

I'm here to share some works about my conlangs and conworld. It's name is [[Oleacogen]] and the first topic to cover would be [[Itereš]].

I work on this project since 2001, but still has much to learn and study until I find it satisfing.

Here is my Polish blog in which newest developments are being publicated: http://trollsdottir.wordpress.com
(I should also translate it as soon, as I have any spare time)


And to be frank - English is not my first language and it's sure I will make a lot of language mistakes, that I hope would be corrected and pointed to me.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Itereš</title>
    <id>8628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58996</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-21T16:54:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bjorna Trollsdottir</username>
        <id>1452</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{translit|what=proper names|why=author's language policy|what1=original proper names|scheme1=[[Oleacogen]]'s transcription|what2=when used in English texts|scheme2=English spelling-like}}
{{Language|
| English = Iteresh
| native = itereš
| country = Kingdom of Norgu, other countries
| nativecountry = Rocema Norgue
| universe = Oleacogen
| speakers = dead language
| family = Semunush
| branch = Bircash
| subbranch = Norgush
| wordorder = SVO
| type = inflecting
| alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = Marta Teresa Perlińska
| date = 2001
| background = white
| headingbg = cadetblue
| width = 40%
}}

'''Iteresh''' (ite. ''itereš'' &quot;the language of between&quot;; also called ''voldaran noguš'' &quot;Oldnorgush&quot;; pl. ''język iterski'') is a language of Norgush subbranch of Bircash languages. It had once been a national language of Kingdom of Norgu and after its extinction maintained as book language.

==History==
Iteresh developed about I century of Norgu from norgush dialect of commonbircash. It kept almost all phonological structure unchanged when most of lexicone had been altered with many newly invented suffixes.

In the VI century of Norgu Iteresh is in its classical period. Lateron, after extinction, this language standard will be thaught.

Iteresh had been in use until XI century of Norgu, when replaced by Norgush, its offspring.
Language stood in use in &quot;book matters&quot; - that means science, humanities, philosophy, ''[[vitatina]]'' and diplomacy. Among Norgush culture it is said that knowing Iteresh is a basis for a well educeted person.

==Phonology==

&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=17 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Consonants
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} ||  || || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || || || {{IPA|x}} ||  || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Affricate || || || || || ||  || || || {{IPA|ʧ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

{| style=&quot;text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;&quot;
!colspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center; background: #efefef;&quot;| Vowels
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em&quot;
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || {{IPA|ɨ}} || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-high || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| High-mid || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Mid || || || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low-mid || || || {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Near-low || || || 
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 95%;&quot;| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}

&lt;/div&gt;

==Ortography==
Iteresh is written with script called ''corew'', that is almost ortophonic script. For the use of the Internet it is transcribed with latin alphabet. Here are a letters of transcription:
:: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, š, t, u, v, w, x, y, z

which are read like in Latin or Polish, except that ''c'' stands only for /k/, ''h'' for /x/, ''i'' both for /i/ and /j/ (dependent on position), ''q'' for /kw/, ''š'' for /ʃ/ (as in Slavistic alphabet), ''v'' and ''w'' are simply /v/ and /w/, ''x'' stands for /ʧ/ and ''y'' for /ɨ/

==Grammar==
==Lexicon==
==Examples==
==External links==
* http://trollsdottir.wordpress.com - Polish publications of Iteresh (during rewriting)
* http://jasnia.cba.pl/pdfy/slownik_pl-ite.pdf - Polish - Iteresh dictionary
* http://jasnia.cba.pl/pdfy/slownik_ite-pl.pdf - Iteresh-Polish dictionary</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Voiceless labiodental fricative</title>
    <id>8629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59035</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T14:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* To */ see also: related segments</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot;; style=&quot;float:right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#CCCCFF;&quot; colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;big&gt;f&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|colspan=2 align=&quot;center&quot;| Pulmonic Consonant
|-
| [[IPA]] || f
|-
| [[X-SAMPA]] || &lt;tt&gt;f&lt;/tt&gt;
|-
| [[Kirshenbaum]] || f
|-
| Place of Articulation: || [[Labiodental]]
|-
| Manner of Articulation: || [[Fricative]]
|-
| [[Phonological feature]]s:
| [+[[consonant]]al] &lt;br&gt; '''[+&lt;small&gt;LABIAL&lt;/small&gt;]''' &lt;br&gt; [+[[continuant]]] &lt;br&gt; [+[[strident]]&lt;/small&gt;] &lt;br&gt; [-voice]
|}

The '''voiceless labiodental fricative''' is a sound that occurs in some languages, represented as {{IPA|/f/}} in the IPA.

==Sound Changes==
:''See also: [[Fricative#Sound Changes|Fricatives]]''
===To===
A common origin of /f/ is the lenition of a voiceless bilabial stop such as {{IPA|*p}} or {{IPA|*pʰ}}. This can be part of a common stop lenition process, but may be independant, as in [[Arabic]] and [[Hungarian]]. The change commonly proceeds thru a bilabial intermediate [ɸ], so other outcomes are possible, eg. Celtic, where *sɸ → f, but *ɸ → h → ∅ otherwise. (See more at [[Voiceless bilabial stop|/p/]], [[fricative]].)

Many other fricatives can also change to /f/:
* θ → f (Oscan, [[Latin]] and most other Italic languages&lt;ref&gt;Note on Italic: in Latin, the word-internal voicing of fricatives [[Bleeding order|bleeds]] the change to /f/, leading to different reflexes, so /f/ only results initially.&lt;/ref&gt;; some [[English]] dialects; some [[Oceanic]] branches)
* x → f (Oscan — but not Latin, where *x → h)
* xʷ → f (Oscan, Latin)
* ʍ → f (some English dialects)
* Devoicing: v → f. In many [[West Germanic]] varieties including Standard [[German]], the change of *w → ʋ ~ v has pushed older †/v/ to /f/. This can also be part of a more general devoicing process; see eg. [[wikipedia:final devoicing|final devoicing]].

Other:
* w → f is found in Irish (when not intervocalic). Many different phonetic paths of development are possible here.
* sp → f in Albanian

&lt;references/&gt;

==See also==
* [[Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]]
* [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|/pf/]]
* [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]]

[[Category:Phonetic segments|f]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nother/Kirumb alphabet</title>
    <id>8630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59153</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T01:22:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more updates to letter names and śádí from VTSF</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The '''Kirumb alphabet''' as used today has 27&lt;sup&gt;[''confirmation needed'']&lt;/sup&gt; letters.  It originally developed from Semitic scripts, and has borrowed several letters from Greek.  It is written from left to right.  

It was used to write [[../Kirumb/]] and [[../Âdlantki/]], and is still used to write [[../Atlantic/]].  The descendants of Kirumb that developed in central Europe abandoned the native script, and their modern representatives now use the Latin alphabet instead.

There are two forms of each letter, though the script is not written in mixed case; the newer forms&lt;sup&gt;[''name?'']&lt;/sup&gt; are used to write ordinary text, while the older forms&lt;sup&gt;[''name?'']&lt;/sup&gt; are used in restricted contexts&lt;sup&gt;[''which?'']&lt;/sup&gt;.

The inventory of signs has changed over time, and in the early period varied from author to author.  The most usual Kirumb alphabet is given below, with the Kirumb names of the letters and their transliterations.

{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #88a; background: #f7f8ff;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-
!colspan=14| The Kirumb Alphabet
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| a || b || g || d || e || v || j || h || t
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''alpa'' || ''bít'' || ''gámal'' || ''dálat'' || ''e'' || ''vá'' || ''jaiŋ'' || ''hit'' || ''tit''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| i || k || l || m || n || s || o || f || ś
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
| ''iód'' || ''káf'' || ''lámad'' || ''mím'' || ''nóŋ'' ||  ''simkat'' || ''o'' || ''fí'' ||  ''śádí''
|- style=&quot;background: #ddf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em;&quot;
| r || š || c || ŋ || u || p || x || ó || z
|- style=&quot;background: #ccf; height: 1.8em; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|  ''rís'' || ''šíŋ'' || ''cá'' || ''aŋma'' || ''ú'' || ''pé'' || ''xé'' || ''ó'' || ''zéta''
|}

Some non-standard letters of the Kirumb period:
* The Greek eta ''Η'' (transliterated ''é''), used in Greek loanwords.  This was normally spelled and pronounced with ''iód''.  This later became a standard sign in Âdlantki, and is thus sometimes given as a usual sign in Kirumb, named ''éta'' and sorted between ''vá'' and ''jaiŋ''.
* The Greek xi ''Ξ'' (transliterated ''ks'').
* The Greek tau ''Τ'', used for /t/ by writers who preferred to use ''tit'' for the Greek theta (with which it was identical).  In these cases, ''tit'' is to be transliterated ''th''.
* The Greek psi ''Ψ'' (transliterated ''ps'').
* The Greek digamma ''Ϝ'' (transliterated ''v'').
* A ''jaiŋ''-''šiŋ'' ligature&lt;sup&gt;[''name?'']&lt;/sup&gt; (transliterated ''ž'') which probably represented a dialectal /ʒ/.

The letter ''śádí'' does not correspond to any phoneme in standard Kirumb. Dialects that used ''śádí'' consistently used it for the sound resulting from Proto-Indo-European ''*ḱ'', ''*s'' before ''*w'', and sometimes ''*s'' before ''*y''; the former two became ''s'' in standard Kirumb, and the latter ''š''. Outside of these dialects, ''śádí'' was understood and sometimes used as a random variant of ''simkat'' and ''šín''.  In later times ''śádí'' came to represent the palatal /ç/ borrowed from [[../Drake/]], and ''tit''-''śádí'' is used to represent the [[Spanish]] ''ch''.</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Çomyopregi</title>
    <id>8631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58976</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-19T05:14:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Damatir ando</username>
        <id>1453</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;Çomyopregi is a fictional Indo-European language created by Damátir Ando.  [http://ando.conlang.org/comyopregi/ Çomyopregi]&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Çomyopregi is a fictional Indo-European language created by Damátir Ando.

[http://ando.conlang.org/comyopregi/ Çomyopregi]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Years ago</title>
    <id>8632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>58999</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T13:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{{1|0}}}}}&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{{1|0}}}}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Filedelete-reason-dropdown</title>
    <id>8633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59001</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T13:59:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'author request' is a pretty common delete reason here</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*Common delete reasons
** Copyright violation
** Duplicated file
** Author request</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>FrathWiki</title>
    <id>8634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59002</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T14:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stub</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Frathwiki logo 3.png|frame|right|The current FrathWiki logo, created by [[User:cedh audmanh|cedh audmanh]] in 2008, is based on the [[Conlang flag]]'s image of the Tower of Babel.]]

'''FrathWiki''' is a wiki devoted to descriptions of [[conlang]]s and [[conculture]]s, and [[linguistics]] and [[worldbuilding]] topics related to the creation thereof.  It was created in 2004 by [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]].

{{stub}}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Romanzè</title>
    <id>8635</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>59007</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T17:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Romanzè]] to [[Duqaska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Duqaska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Romanzè</title>
    <id>8636</id>
    <redirect />
    <revision>
      <id>59009</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-22T17:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Allan16</username>
        <id>1240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>moved [[Talk:Romanzè]] to [[Talk:Duqaska]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Talk:Duqaska]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baltic-Finnic languages/isoglosses</title>
    <id>8637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59032</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-26T14:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)

A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Isogloss !! South Estonian !! colspan=&quot;8&quot;| Coastal Finnic !! Notes
|-
| *čk || tsk || colspan=&quot;8&quot;| *tk
|-
| *kc, *pc || ts || colspan=&quot;8&quot;| *ks, *ps
|-
| *kt, *pt || tt || colspan=&quot;8&quot;| *ht || Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
|-
| 3PS || -∅ || colspan=&quot;8&quot;| *-pi
|-
! !! South Estonian !! [[Livonian]] !! colspan=&quot;7&quot;| Gulf Finnic
|-
| *nc || *ns || *nc || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *ns
|-
| *-ks# || || -ks || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *-s
|-
| &quot;forest&quot; || *metsa || *metsa || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
|-
| &quot;wall&quot; || *saina || *saina || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *seinä || ← Baltic *saina
|-
| &quot;hay&quot; || *haina || *haina || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *heinä || ← Baltic *šaina
|-
| &quot;people&quot; || '''*heimo''' || *haimo || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
|-
| &quot;thigh&quot; || *raici || - || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *reici || ← Baltic *rait
|-
| &quot;nose&quot; || *nana || *nana || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *nenä || origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
|-
| &quot;excess&quot; || '''*liika''' || *leika || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
|-
| &quot;back&quot; || *sälkä || *sälkä || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *selkä || Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
|-
| &quot;shoe&quot; || *känkä || *känkä || colspan=&quot;7&quot;| *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! colspan=&quot;5&quot;| North Finnic
|-
| &quot;pole&quot; || *saibas || *taibas || *teibäs || *seibäs || colspan=&quot;5&quot;| *seibäs || ← Baltic *staibas
|-
| &quot;to rise&quot; || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan=&quot;5&quot;| *nouse- || origin unknown
|-
| &quot;to remember&quot; ||  || *moista- || *moista- || || colspan=&quot;5&quot;| *muista- || ← PU *moja-
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ːs || colspan=&quot;5&quot;| *ns || NB *nc [[counterfeeding]] in Liv.
|-
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan=&quot;2&quot;| *ɤ || colspan=&quot;5&quot;| *e
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| East Finnic
|-
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten, *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan=&quot;4&quot;| *-jten
|-
| &quot;crow&quot; || || || vares || vares || vares, varis ||colspan=&quot;4&quot;| *varis || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-
|-
| &quot;hare&quot; || || || jänes || || jänes, jänis ||colspan=&quot;4&quot;| *jänis
|-
| &quot;home&quot; || || || koto || || koto || colspan=&quot;4&quot;| *koti || cf. *kota &quot;hut&quot;
|-
| &quot;otter&quot; || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan=&quot;4&quot;| *sagarva || or WF ← *sapa &quot;tail&quot;
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! Ingrian !! Karelian !! East Finnish !! Veps
|-
| *str || tr || tr || tr || tr || *sr → hr || tr || *sr → zr || tr || *sr → zr || in loanwords only
|-
| *st || st || st || st || '''ss''' || st || '''ss''' || '''ss''' || st || st
|-
| *rg || r || rg || r || r || r ~ rj || r || r, rr || r || rg
| similarly for *lg
|-
| *-P- || -P- || -B- || -B̥- || -P- || -P- || -P- || -P-, -B- || -P- || -B- 
|-
| *ɑː || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː, oɑ || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || oɑ || uɑ || ɑ
|-
| *æː || æː || æː || æː, eæ || æː || æː || æː || eæ || iæ || æ
|-
| *oː || oː || uˑo ~ oː || oː || oː || uɔ, uɑ  || oː ? ← *uo || uo || uo || o || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
|-
| *øː || øː || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| iˑe ~ eː || øː || øː || yœ, yæ || øː ? ← *yø || yø || yø || ø
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| *eː || eː || eː || eː || iɛ, iæ || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| eː ? ← *ie || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ie || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ie || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| e || front environment
|-
| ɤː || ɨː || ɤː || ɤː || iɛ, iɑ || back environment
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eskimo-Aleut languages/vocab</title>
    <id>8640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59093</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-28T00:16:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
!
!|common meaning
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Aleut language|Aleut]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|'''[[Proto-Eskimo language|Proto-Eskimo]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Sireniki Eskimo language|Sirenik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|'''[[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|Seward Inupiaq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Qawiaraq language|Qawiaraq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|Malimiutun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|North Slope]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|'''[[Uummarmiutun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|'''[[Siglitun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Inuinnaqtun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Natsilingmiutut|Natsilik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|'''[[Kivallirmiutut|Kivalliq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|'''[[Aivilingmiutut|Aivilik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[North Baffin]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|'''[[South Baffin dialect|South Baffin]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|'''[[Inuktitut#Nunavik|Nunavik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|'''[[Nunatsiavummiutut|Labrador Inuttut]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Inuktun|North Greenlandic]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Greenlandic language|West Greenlandic]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Greenlandic language|East Greenlandic]]'''
|-
|rowspan=19|''Persons''
|-
|Human being (Shaman word's)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|taĝu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|taʁu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tarex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|taghu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|taru
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|taru
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tau →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|(Grand)father
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|adax̂/taatax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ata *ata-ata
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ata
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ata
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ata
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aata
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ata/ava
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ata/ava
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aapa/taata
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aapa
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aapa/ata
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|aappak/ataatak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aappak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ataata →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ataataq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Mother
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ana *ana-ana
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nana
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|naa/ana
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aana
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aana
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aaga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aaga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aaka
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aaka
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aaka
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|amaamak/aana
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|amaamak/anaana
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|anaana →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|anaanaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|annivik
|-
|Son
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*iʁni-ʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|irnex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ighneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|irneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|irneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|irniq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|irñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|irñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|irñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Daughter
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*paniɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|panex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|panik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Older brother (of female)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|huyux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aNǝ-LГun
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anta 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aningak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|anngaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|anngaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ani →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|aniraaluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|anik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Older sister (of male)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uhngix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aleqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nuskit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|alqaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aɫqaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aliraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aliqaq→
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aliqannaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|angajuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|angajuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|angajuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aliqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|alara
|-
|Young brother (of female)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kingii
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nukaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ungjex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|uyughaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uyuwaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|uyuraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|nukaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|nukaaluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|nukaaluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|mukaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Young sister (of male)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uhngix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nayak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|najex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nayak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|nayaatsuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Husband
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ugi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*uɣi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uga
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ugwik
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|wik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|wii
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ui →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uviq
|-
|Wife
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ayagax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nuLiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nucix 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nuliiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nuliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|nuliaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Family/Relative
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ilaanux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ila
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ila →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Man
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tayaĝux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aŋu-nt
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|angeta
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|angun →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anguti
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|anguti
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|anguti
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|angutik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tikkaq
|-
|Woman
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ayaĝax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aʁnaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arnax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arnaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nuliakkaaq
|-
|Boy
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hlax
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aleqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nukeɫpegaẋ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nukaɫpegaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nukaɫpiaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|nugatpiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nugatpiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|nukatpiraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nukappiraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Girl
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ayaĝaadax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nǝvi(a)ʁc(ǝɣ)a-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|náẋserráẋ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|neveghsaq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|neviarcaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|niaqsaaʁruk 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|niaqsiaʁruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|niviaqsiaʁruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|niviaqsiaʁruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|niviakkaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|niviaqsiraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|niviaqhiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|niviaqhiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|niviakkiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|niviaqsiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|niviaqsaaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|niviaqsiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|niviatsiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|niviatsiak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|niviarhiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|niviarsiaraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|niiarsiaq
|-
|Person
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anĝaĝinax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*inguɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|jux 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|yuk 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|suk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|yuk/cuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|inuk → 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|iñuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|iñuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|iñuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iik
|-
|Mother-in-law
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*caki
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|saka 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|saki → 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|caki
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cakiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|sagi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chagi
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|hakigaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|hakigaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|sakik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|saqiq/sagiq
|-
|rowspan=25|''Pronouns''
|I or me (singular)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ting
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*vi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|menga
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|hwanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|w'iinga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|w'iinga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|wanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|uvanga →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|uvaqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|uvak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|uanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uara
|-
|all of two us (two) (dual)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tingix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*vik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|hwagakuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|w'iingakuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|w'iingakuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|waguk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uaguk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|uvaguk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|we or us/all of us (plural)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tingin(s)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*vit
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|mengaketa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|hwagakuta
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|w'iingakuta
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|w'iingakuta
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|wagut
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uagut
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|uvagut →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uagut
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|uagut
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uangit
|-
|you (singular)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|txin
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɫ-vǝn-t
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ɫpi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ɫpet
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|eɫpet
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|eɫpet
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ivlin
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ilvin
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ilvich
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ilvich
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ilvik
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|ilvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ilvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ivrit/itvin
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|igvin/idvin
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|igvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ivvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ivvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ivvit
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|iffit
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ihhit/i'lit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|iɫɫit
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ittit
|-
|you two (dual)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|txidix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɫ-ptek
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ɫpetek
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|eɫpetek
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|eɫpetek
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|iliptik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|yourselves/all of you (plural)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|txichix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɫ-vcet
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ɫpisi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ɫpesi
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|eɫpici
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|eɫpeci
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ilipsi →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ilivsi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ilivsi
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|he/she/it
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uda
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*una
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|una →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|he/she/it
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ilaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɫ-ŋa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|langa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|lnga
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|elen
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|elii
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ilaa →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|thyself/themselves/itself
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ilaan(s)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɫ-ŋat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|langwi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|lngit
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|elita
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|eliita
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|ilaat
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ukkua
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ukkua
|-
|thyself/themselves/itself
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|udan(s)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ukuat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uket
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ukut
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ukut
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ukut
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ugua
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ugua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ukua →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|I, me (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-kuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*tua *kuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-jua
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-tua
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-tua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-tua, -runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-yunga, -yuami
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|-yunga →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-runga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-punga,sunga
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-pua, lua
|-
|you (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-kuxt
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*it
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-jet
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-ten
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-ten
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-ten
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-rutin →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|-yutin
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-yutin
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-yutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-hutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-sutit
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-sulit
|-
|he/she/it (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-kux
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*tuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-jix
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-tuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-tuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-tuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|-yuaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-yuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-ruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-huq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-soq, poq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-tuq, puq
|-
|my (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-ng
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-ka/qa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-ka/qa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-ka/qa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-ka/qa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-ga/ra →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;| 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-nga/ra
|-
|your (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-n
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*in
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-n →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''-t'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-it
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-it
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-it
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-it
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|his/her/its (affixes)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-(n)gan
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ngan
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-nga/a →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|he/she...her/him/it
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-kuu/qaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*jaa/kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-jaa/kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-taa/kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-taa/kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-taa/kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-raa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-raa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-raa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-raa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-yaa/gaa →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-raa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-saa/gaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-laa/ngaa
|-
|Who
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kiin
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*kina
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kiin
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|kina →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kia
|-
|What
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|alqux
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*caŋu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sangǝ̄́ca 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sangwa/suna
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cacaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cacaq/tcauna
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|suna →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sua
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|sua
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|suna/suva
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kisu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kihu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|suna/sua
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kisik
|-
|Why
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|alqul(-usaal)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*caŋu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sangaami
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sangami
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cin/caluni
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciin/caluni
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|suami
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|suami
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|summan/suvataa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|summan/suvataa
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|*suuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|sungmat
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|sumut
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|summat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Where
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qaataa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|#naung
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|naa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nama
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|naung →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|naunga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|nau
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Where
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qaataa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|#SVmi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sami
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cami
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|sumi →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Where 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nani →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|When (Past/future) 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanaayam
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qanga/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanga/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qavnga/kaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qangwaq/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qangvaq/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qanga/qagun
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanga/qagu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qaglaan/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|qanga/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|qanga/qaku
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|qanga/qakugu →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qanga/qaqugu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qanga/qara
|-
|How
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|alqutal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qanuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qayuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qayuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qayuq/cangstun
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qanuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qaniq
|-
|rowspan=20|''Body parts''
|Chin
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tsamlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*tsamlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tamla
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|tamlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tamluq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|tamlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tavlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tavluq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|tavlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|tavlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|tavlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|tablu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|tablu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tablu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|tablu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tablu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tallu →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|talluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|taɫɫu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tattuq
|-
|Heart
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kanuux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*uŋ-uma-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ungevata
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|unguvan
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|unguwan
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|unguvan
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|uumman →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uummati
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|uummati
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|uummati
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|uummatik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iimmat
|-
|Blood
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aamaaxs
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aruɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|acex/arux
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|auk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Head
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kamĝix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ńarǝ-qu-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|iiceqeẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|naasquq/nayquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nasquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|nacquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|niaquq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|suuniq
|-
|Hair
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|iimlix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ńujaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nujǝẋ/jujǝẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nuyaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Eye
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|dax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*irǝ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|eca 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|iya
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ii/iingaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ii/iingaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|izi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|izi
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|iri
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|iri
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|iyi →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iri
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ijik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ihi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|isi
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ili
|-
|Eyelash
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|dam qaxsaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qǝmǝʁja-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qemerjax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qemeryaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qemeryaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qemeryaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qimiriaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qimeriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qimiiaq
|-
|Eyelash
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|#cəqpix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|seqpix
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|siqpik
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ciqpik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciqpek
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|siqpiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siqpik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|sippik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hiqpik
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|serpik
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|sirpik
|-
|Ear
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tutusix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ciɣunt
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siigeta
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sigun
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cuun
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciun
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|siun →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siuti
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|siuti
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|siuti
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|siutik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|siit/*tusaat
|-
|Nose
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|angusix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qǝŋa-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qengax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qengaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qengaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qengaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qingaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Arm
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chuyux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*taɫi-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|jaqex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|taɫiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|taɫiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|taɫiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|taliq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Hand
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*arɣa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ácxeẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aykaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aikaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aikaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|agrak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|agraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|argak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|argak
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|argak
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|adjgak *aygak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|algak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|argak
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|adjgak
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aggak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aggak
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aggak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aggak
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aggak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aghak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|assak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|attak
|-
|Finger
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|atx̂ux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ińura-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nurax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|yughaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|suaraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|yuaraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|inugaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|iñugaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|iñugaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|iñugaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|inuaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iiaq
|-
|Fingernail
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*kikra
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|kiikiak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|kigiak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kikiak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Belly
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|xax
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aqja
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aqii 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aqyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aqsaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aqsaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aqiaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aqajaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|- 
|Navel
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qiihliqdax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qacaɫǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qaɫasex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qasaɫeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qaɫaciq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qaɫaciq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qalaiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|*qalaciq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Knee
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chidiĝix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ciɣǝr-qu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sigesqeẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|serquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cisquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciisquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|siitquq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|siirquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Calf
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tugaadix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nakacuɣ-na-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nakasegnax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nakasugnaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nakacugnaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|nakacugnaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|nakasungnaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|nakasrungnaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nakasunnaaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Foot
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kitax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*itǝɣ-(a-)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ítegá 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|itegaq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|itaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|itgaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|itigak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|itigaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|isigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|isigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ihigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ihigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|isigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ihigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|isigak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Anus
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|idiĝasix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝtǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|eteq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|eteq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|teq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|itiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|&quot;*kiaavik&quot;
|-
|rowspan=11|''Animals''
|Caribou
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|itx̂aygix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*tuŋtu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tumta 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|tungtu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tuntu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|tuntu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|tuktu →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|tuttuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|tuttu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tuttuq
|-
|Swan
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qukingix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*quɣruɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qerúmɫeráẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|quuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qugyuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qugyuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qugruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qugruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qugruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|qugruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|qugruk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|qugyuk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|quyyuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|quyyuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|kutyuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qughuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qussuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qutsuk
|-
|Canada Goose
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|laĝix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*lǝqlǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|leẋɫeẋ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|leghɫeq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|neqɫeq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|neqɫeq 
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|lirliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|lirliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|lirliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|nirliq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|lirliq/nirliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nerɫeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nirtiq
|-
|Killer Whale
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aglux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aʁɫuɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arɫux? 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arɫuk 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aqɫuk 
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|arɫuk 
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aarlu →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aalluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aarluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aarɫuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aartiq?
|-
|Groundhog/Arctic squirrel
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sixsix
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*sigsik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siksix
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sikik
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cikik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cikik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|*siksik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chiksrik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siksi
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sissi
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|sitsiq
|-
|Ptarmigan
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aĝdiikax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aqărɣiʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aqergex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aqargiiq/aqarriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aqasgiiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aqazgiiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|arargiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arargiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aqargiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aqargiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aqaygiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|aqiygiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aqilgiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aqirgiq/aqigriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aqidjgiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aqiggiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aqiggiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aqiggiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aqiggiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|akiggik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aqighiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aqisseq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nagalaraq
|-
|Oldsquaw Duck
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aagix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aXaŋǝ-liʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aahaangalex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aahaangwliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ahangkiluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|aahaangiiq/aahaaliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|aa'aangiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aa'aangiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aahaaliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|aahaaliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ahaangiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aahaalliq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Bowhead whale/whale
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|alax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aʁvǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arvex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arveq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|arweq/arruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|arveq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|arviq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Dog
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sabaakax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qikmi-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qepeneẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qikmiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qiqmiq/piugta
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qimugta
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qimmiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qipmiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qinmiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qingmiq/qimmiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qingmiq/qimmiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Fish
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝqaɫuɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|iqeɫex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|iqaɫuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iqaɫuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|iqaɫuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|iraluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|iraluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|iqaluk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|qaluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iqalik
|-
|Louse
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kitux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*kumaɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kúmex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|kumak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|rowspan=41|''Other nouns''
|Atmosphere/weather/out
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|silan/slax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*cǝla 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siɫa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sɫaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ɫa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciɫa/ella
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|sila →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chila
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Yes
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aang
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aa/ii
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ii →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ii-i
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ii-i
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ii-i
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ii-i
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aap
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|No
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nangaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*naaka *qaanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|naaka
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|naka/naah
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ina/qanga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|naami/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanngaq/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|naumi/naakka
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|naumi/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|naggai
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|naaggai
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|imannaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iiq/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|naung/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|nauk/aakka
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aakka/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aukka/aggaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|naggai/nauk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|aukang
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|na'a/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|naami/naagga
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|iiqqii
|-
|House
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ulax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝŋlu
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|lu
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|inglu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|englu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|englu
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|iglu →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|illuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|iɫɫu
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ittiq
|-
|Tent
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|pulaatxix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*tupǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tupex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|tupeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tuviq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tuviq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|tupiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|To ask
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ahmat-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*apete
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|apet-  
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|apetaqa-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|apqar-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|apete-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|apiri- →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aperi-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|apii-
|-
|Tell a Story/Legend
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uniikal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*uniɣ-paʁ-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|unircex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ungikpaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|unifkuaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|unifkaraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|unipkaaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Cry/weep
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qidal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qiRă-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qeje
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qeya
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qia →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qeya
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Arrow
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qaʁru
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qarceẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ruuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ruuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qeruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|*qaryuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qaryuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|qayyuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|katyuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qarhuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qarsoq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qarliq
|-
|Snow(flake)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qaniigix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qaniɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qanix
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qanik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qaniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Price/Value
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|akiisal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aki
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aka
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aki →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|agi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|agi
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|akik
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|agiq
|-
|Hungry
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|haagil
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*kajak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kajex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|keek
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kaik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|kaik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|kaak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Cook
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|unagix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝɣa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ega
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ega
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ega
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ega
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|iga →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''ega'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Smoke
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|huyux̂s
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*puju
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|pujex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|puyuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Ash
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|utxix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aʁra
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aʁra
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|araq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|araq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|*arya →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ayya
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|atyak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arhaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arsaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|arlaq
|-
|Wind
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|achunal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*anuqǝ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anuqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|anuqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|anuqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|anuqa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|anuri →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|anori
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|anirsiq
|-
|Breath
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|angil
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*anǝʁ-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|anerte-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|anernaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|anerneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|anerneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|anirniq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|aniqniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|anerneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Name
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|asax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*atǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|atex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ateq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ateq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ateq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|atiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Load
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|husix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*uci 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|usa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|usi →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uci
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|uci
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|uzi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uchi
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|usri
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Water
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|taangax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝmǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|mex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|emeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|meq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|imiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Fire
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qignal
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ǝknǝ-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ekn'ex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ekneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|keneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|keneq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ikniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|itniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ikniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|igniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ingniq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|igivattattiq
|-
|To urinate
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qaalux̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|**quʁ(r)ǝ-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qux-teqex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|uraquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qure-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qure-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qui- →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|quvi-
|-
|Ship, boat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ayxaasix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*umi(r)a
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|umax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|umiaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Lake
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hanix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|#naCvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|jajvex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nayvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nanwaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|nanvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|navraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|navraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|narvaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|nayvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nalvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|nagvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|navvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|navvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|navvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|navvaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|navvak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nassak
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nassak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nattak
|-
|Lake
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*taci-ʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|teziq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tachiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|tasriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|tasiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Sun/Day
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aĝadĝix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|#mazaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|mazaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|masaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|macaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|mazaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|machaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|masaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
|-
|Sun/Day
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aĝadĝix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ciqi-nǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siqinex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|siqineq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ciqineq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ciqineq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|siriniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chiqiniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|siqiñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|siqiñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|hiqiñiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|siqiniq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|siirliq
|-
|Cloud
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*nụvǝja
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|nuiya
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nuwiya
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|nuviya
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|nuviya
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|nuvuya →
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nuvuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|nuvuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|nuvuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|nuvuyak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|nuvuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nuiaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|nuviaq
|-
|Star
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sdax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*umluria
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|uvluriaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|ubluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ubluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ubluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ubluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ubluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ulluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ulluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ulluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ullugiak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ulluriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ulloriaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|utturiaq
|-
|Earth
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tanax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*luna
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|nuna →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Hilltop
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qayax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qemi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qemix
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qemiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qemiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qemiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qimiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Tree/Wood
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*napar-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|napax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|napartuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|napaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|napa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|napaaqtuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|napaaqtiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|napaattuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|napaattuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uqpik/napaaqtuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|urpik/napaartoq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|urpik/napaartuq
|-
|Dog barking
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qihlux
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qiluɣ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qelux
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qilugaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qiluk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qiliilaq
|-
|And/also
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ama
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*amma 
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ama/sama
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|amahwa/aamta
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|amleq/cama
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|amleq/cama
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|amma →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aamma
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|aamma
|-
|Shaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qugaaĝix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aŋalku-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|angekex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|angaɫkuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|angaɫquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|angakkiq
|-
|Sky
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|inix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qilaɣ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qilex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qilak →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Kiss on nose/kiss
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qingul
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*kungik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|singeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|singaq(-ghaqaa)
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cingaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cingaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|kunik →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Feather
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|haka
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*culuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|silek
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|siluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|culuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|culuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|suluk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chuluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|siik
|-
|Milk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|mulukax
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*emug, itug
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ituk/emunge
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ituk/emuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|muk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ituk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|immuk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ituk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|miluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|miluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ituk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Here it is!
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|wa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*uva
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hwa
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|hwa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|w'a
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|w'a
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|uvvaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uvvaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|uvva →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|uhha
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|uffa
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|uppa
|-
|Kayak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|iqyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qajax
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qayaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|qayavialuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|saqqit
|-
|rowspan=8|''Adjectives''
|Cold! Brrr! How cold!
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ababa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*alaapaa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|alaapa
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|alaappa →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ikkii
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|ikkii
|-
|Still/also/more
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ahlii
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*culi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sali
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|salin
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|cali
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cali
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|suli →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chuli
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Swell
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hums
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*puvet
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|puvceqertéẋ  
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|puuvaaquq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|puge-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|puve-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|puit-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|puit-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|puvit- →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|puik-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|puiq-
|-
|Long
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|adul
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*takǝ(v)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|takevaláẋ 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|taakǝlʁi 
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|takequq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|takequq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tagiruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tagiruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|takiruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|takiruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|takiruq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|takiyuq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|takihuuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|takisooq/takivoq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|tagiliq
|-
|Fat
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ignatul
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*quvi
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|quginaẋ  
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|quginaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|quili
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|quvinaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|quiniq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|White
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|quhmax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qătǝ-ʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qetex 
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qeteq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qeteq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qeter-
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qatiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qakuqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qaquqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qakuqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qakuqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qakuqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qakuqtaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|qakutaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|kakuttak
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qakuqtuq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qaqortoq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qaartiq
|-
|Grey hair
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qidaayux
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qirʁǝʁ
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qircéreɫeẋ
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qiiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qiʁriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qirʁiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|qirʁiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|qirʁi
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|qirʁiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|qiyriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qiriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qeeq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|Copper
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kanuuyax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|**kanɣu-ja
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kanuje
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|kanuya
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kanuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|kanuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|kannuuyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kannuyaq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|kannguyaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|kanuhaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|kanusaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|kannussaq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|kanngussak
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|kanngutsak
|-
|rowspan=7|''Numbers''
|1
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ataqan
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*ataʁu-ci-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|ateresex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|ataaziq
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|atauciq/atuusiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|atauciq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|atausiq →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|atauchiq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|atausriq
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|2
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|aalax̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*malǝʁu-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|malrug
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|malghuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|malluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|malruk →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|marluuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|marluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|malruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|malruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|malruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|marruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|marruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|marruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|maqruuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|magguuk
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|marluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|marluk
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|martut
|-
|3
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qankun(-s)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*pingajunt
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|pingejug
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|pingayut
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|pingaun
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|pingayun
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|pingasut
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|*pingacut →
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|piñgasrut
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|piñgasut
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|piñgahut
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|pingasit
|-
|4
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|siiching
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*cǝtama-
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|sitamij
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sitamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|staamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|cetaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|sitaman →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chitaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|sisaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|sisaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|hihaman
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|hihamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tisamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hihamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|sisamat
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|siamat
|-
|5
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|chaang
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*taɫiman
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|tasímengíyi
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|taɫimat
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|taɫiman
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|taɫiman
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|tauliman
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|taliman
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|talliman →
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
|-
|6
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|atuung
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*aʁvinelegh
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|inglex
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|aghvínelek
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|arwinlgen
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|arvinglegen
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|arwinilik
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arwinilik
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|itchaksrat
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|itchaksat
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|itchakhat
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|arvinillik
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arvinillik
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|arviniq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|arvinraq
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|arviniqtut
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arviniliit
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|pingasuuyuqtut
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|pingasuuyurtut
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|pingasuuyuttut
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|arhiniddit
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|arfinillit
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|arpiniit
|-
|10
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|hatix̂
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|*qulǝ(ŋ)
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|qulex?
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|qula
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qulin
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|qula
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|qulit →
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|qutit
|-
!
!
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Aleut language|Aleut]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot;|'''[[Proto-Eskimo language|Proto-Eskimo]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Sireniki Eskimo language|Sirenik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|'''[[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|Seward Inupiaq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Qawiaraq language|Qawiaraq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|Malimiutun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|'''[[Inupiaq language|North Slope]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|'''[[Uummarmiutun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot;|'''[[Siglitun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Inuinnaqtun]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Natsilingmiutut|Natsilik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot;|'''[[Kivallirmiutut|Kivalliq]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot;|'''[[Aivilingmiutut|Aivilik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[North Baffin]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot;|'''[[South Baffin dialect|South Baffin]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e8f1df&quot;|'''[[Inuktitut#Nunavik|Nunavik]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot;|'''[[Nunatsiavummiutut|Labrador Inuttut]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot;|'''[[Inuktun|North Greenlandic]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot;|'''[[Greenlandic language|West Greenlandic]]'''
!style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot;|'''[[Greenlandic language|East Greenlandic]]'''
|}</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eskimo-Aleut languages/isoglosses</title>
    <id>8641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59092</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-28T00:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">==Inuit dialects==
Under generation from [[Eskimo-Aleut_languages/vocab]].

*ɫp ɫk → tp tk: Inupiaq →
*c:
** Seward→ s/z (''qalaziq'', ''uzi'', ''teziq''; but ''atausiq'', ''pingasut'')
** Qawiaraq → ch, Malimiutun → sr, Sirenik &amp; Sib. Yupik &amp; North Slope westw. → s
* Seward &amp; Al. Yupik: k → g / u_u, i_i
*rj → rr, ks → ksr: Inupiaq-Qawiaraq-Uummarmiutun
*s → h: Uummarmiutun, Inuinnaqtun-Natsilik-Kivalliq, North Greenlandic (fed by ts → s!)
**Natsilik retains *ks
**Uummarmiutun, Inuinnaqtun: ph → ff
*n → t / _#: Natsilik → (plural also Inuinnaqtun)
*ng → k / _#, tp tk tq → pp kk qq: Aivilik → (except Nunavik tq → rq?)
*pk → kk: Baffin →
*ngn gl → nn ll, pt → tt, ks ps → ts: S Baffin-Nunavik-Labrador, West (or South?) Greenlandic (pt insecure)

*Inuinnaqtun: 

*North Baffin
** *pt, *ps → ss (via *tt, *ts?)
**&quot;4&quot; ''tisamat'' (pro *sitamat)
**&quot;groundhog&quot; ''siksi'' (pro *siksik; typo?)
**&quot;girl&quot; ''niviaqsaaq'' (pro *niviaqsiaq; typo?)
** South: &quot;tree&quot; ''napaaqtiq'' (pro *napaaqtuq)
** lexical:
***&quot;why&quot; ''suuq'' (South innov. ''sungmat'')
***&quot;where&quot; ''nauk'' (South ''nani'')
***&quot;what&quot; ''kisu'' (pro *suna)
***&quot;older sister&quot; ''aliqannaq'' (pro *angajuk)

*Labrador Inuttut (vs. Nunavik)
**q, r → k, g
** *Lv → ff, jj → tj
**rn → nn, rk → kk, rt → tt, rl → ll, rv → vv
**lr → gg
**&quot;younger sister&quot; ''najaatsuk'' (pro *najak)
**1PS ''uvak'' (vs. uvaqa)
**&quot;why&quot; ''summat'' (vs. sumut)
** -i → ik ?
***&quot;husband&quot; ''uik'' (pro *ui)
***&quot;man&quot; ''angutik'' (pro *anguti)
***&quot;mother-in-law&quot; ''sakik'' (pro *saki)
***&quot;heart&quot; ''uummatik'' (pro *uummati)
***&quot;eye&quot; ''ijik'' (pro *iji)
***&quot;ear&quot; ''siutik'' (pro *siut-i)
***&quot;wind&quot; ''anugik'' (pro *anugi)
***&quot;load&quot; ''usik'' (pro *usi)
** -u → -uk ?
**&quot;chin&quot; ''talluk'' (pro *tallu)
**&quot;caribou&quot; ''tuttuk'' (pro *tuttu)
**&quot;house&quot; ''illuk'' (pro *illu)
**&quot;no&quot; ''aukang'' (vs. naggai)


*North Greenlandic: ll → dd, ps → ss, ks → kh → gh
*South Greenlandic: au → aa, fortition rv → rf
**West Greenlandic
*** ts → ss
*** i, u → e, o / _q (short only - except ''qeeq'') (and _r? ''qimeriaq'', ''nerɫeq'', ''aperi-'', ''anori'', ''anerneq'', ''ulloriaq'') (but ''ahaangiq'', ''pujuq''?)
*** also ''ega'' pro *iga; but ''isigak''
**East Greenlandic
***Medial loss: v → ∅
***Medial lenition: g t k q g → ŋ l g r / V_V (except ''nukaq'', hypercorrection? *qulit → ''qutit'')
*** rf → rp, ff ll → pp tt</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist</title>
    <id>8658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59076</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-27T12:05:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot; # External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.  # This list affects only this wiki; refer also to the global blacklist.  # For documentation see http:/...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve"> # External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.
 # This list affects only this wiki; refer also to the global blacklist.
 # For documentation see http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SpamBlacklist
 #&lt;!-- leave this line exactly as it is --&gt; &lt;pre&gt;
#
# Syntax is as follows:
#   * Everything from a &quot;#&quot; character to the end of the line is a comment
#   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs

 #&lt;/pre&gt; &lt;!-- leave this line exactly as it is --&gt;

\.com/SESS</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mansi</title>
    <id>8661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59224</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T21:32:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tropylium</username>
        <id>756</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Dialectal developments (cf. Honti, Kálmán, Sammallahti '88)

Proto-Mansi: nominally *i *ü *u *ä *a *ë +length, also *o (-- is there really any short *ë?), so coverable as a cubic system distinguishing only [±close], [±front], [±labial] (with *ë treated as [+close]). In practice the inventory would've not been quite that neat as short *ä *ü *u may've been [e ø o], *ii *uu [eː oː].

* '''Tavda''' (South Mansi)
** *ëë → ʌː
*** → eː / _[+palatal]
** *üü, *ü → y (short!)
** *uu → uo (perhaps in part a retention from POU)
** *ii → eː / _r
** *ë *u *ä → ʌ o ɛ
** *i → ü / w_
** *-əɣ → -əw
** vowel harmony, thematic verbs
* '''Core Mansi'''
** *ü → &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;/sup&gt;ʷ&lt;sup&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;ä (velars labialized)
** *ä *ää *aa → ø øæ; separate æ æː remain (from PMs *e *ee?)
** *aa → oː (except Sosva [uo])
** *ii → ie (except North [eː])
** *ć → ś
**'''Konda''' (aka East Mansi; Upper, Mid, Lo subdialects)
*** *o *a → oa (yes, merged, lengthened and difthongized)
*** *u → o
*** Upper Konda: *ëë → ɑː (elsewhere ɤː)
*** *k → x / _B (some dial.)
*** *š → s (some dial.)
*** *-əɣ → -iː 
**'''North Mansi''' (Upper Lozva, Sosva, Sygva)
*** *ëë *ää → ɑː, *ä → ɑ, *a → o
*** *k → x / _B
*** *š → s (Sosva)
**'''West Mansi''' (Pelymka, Mid/Lo Lozva, Vagilsk)
*** *öä → oa (??) (except North Vagilsk)
*** *ëë → ɤː
*** Pelymka: *a → o, ŋ → ŋk / _ś, _l (elsewhere?)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Burutore</title>
    <id>8662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59112</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T19:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;The Burutore is a group of people living on six small islands in the Great Sea in the conworld of Eramár. Their language is called ''[[Torhemnitu]]'' - the Language of the Peopl...&quot;</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">The Burutore is a group of people living on six small islands in the Great Sea in the conworld of Eramár. Their language is called ''[[Torhemnitu]]'' - the Language of the People. 
[[Category:Eramár]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua sa.png</title>
    <id>8663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59113</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T19:18:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua maya.png</title>
    <id>8664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59115</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-29T19:31:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Torhemnitu</title>
    <id>8665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59144</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-31T19:29:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Longrim</username>
        <id>1289</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Modern Torhemnitu */</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Torhemnitu''' is the language of the ''[[Burutore]]''. The word refers to the language in any of its stages. It is composed of the elements ''tore'' - ''people'' and ''hemnitu'' - ''language'', from the verb ''hemni'' - to understand.

==Early Torhemnitu==
Also called archaic Torhemnitu. It is generally considered to be the language of the Burutore till the 1500 in the Fourth Age. The word order is VSO. The language is right-branching.
===Phonology===

Consonants

: Stops: p b t d k g
: Fricatives: s h
: Liquids: r l m n
: Semivowels: j w


Vowels: a e i o u.

Vowels had allophonic length - any vowels of a stressed, coda-less syllable was pronounced audibly longer. Also, doubled vowels like aa [a.a] were pronounced like single long vowels when both of them were unstressed.

# Ringa [rin.ga]
# Ohon [oː.hon]
# Naa [na.a]
# Luinaa [luj.naː]
===Grammar===
====Nouns====
Plurals are marked by the particle ''oi'' after the noun.
Genitive is expressed by marking the possessed with the particle ''ni''.
No inflectional cases exist.
====Verbs====
No person inflections exist. The stem is identical in every person - ending in -''i''.
Tense is marked by particles ''geu'' (distant past), ''hen'' (recent past), ''je'' (present), ''piu'' (future).

==Middle Torhemnitu==
It was spoken from 1500 - 2100 4.A., when it gradually faded into Early Modern Torhemnitu. Middle Torhemnitu was characterized by breaking of vowel ''i'' to ''ji'' and then to ''je'' in originally stressed, but later in any syllable and the change of ''oi'' to ''we'', as well as vowel length becoming contrastive by vowel-nasal combinations became long vowels. Before changing to ''je'', ''i'' caused umlaut.

===Phonology===

Consonants

:Stops: p b t d k g
:Fricatives: s h
:Liquids: l r m n
:Semivowels: j w 

Vowels: a a: ɛ eː œ øː iː ʏ yː ɔ oː u uː.

====Changes====
* V/_N/Vː, as in ''ringa'' &gt;&gt; ''riiga'';
* a/_i/ɛ, as in ''latti'' &gt;&gt; ''letje'';
* aː/_i/eː, as in ''lani'' &gt;&gt; ''leenje'';
* ɔ/_i/œ, as in ''horri'' &gt;&gt; ''höre'';
* oː/_i/øː, as in ''jodi'' &gt;&gt; ''jöözje'';
* u/_i/ʏ, as in ''lutni'' &gt;&gt; ''lytnje'';
* uː/_i/yː, as in ''gusi'' &gt;&gt; ''gyysje'';
* yː/_/ʏ, as in ''gyysje'' &gt;&gt; ''gysje'';
* h/V_V/∅, as in ''ohon'' &gt;&gt; ''oon'';
* i/_/je, as in ''coini'' &gt;&gt; ''cwenje'';
* oi//we, as in ''oi'' &gt;&gt; ''we'';
* dj//zj, as in ''handi'' &gt;&gt; ''heezje'';

===Grammar===
No significant grammar changes had occurred.

==Modern Torhemnitu==
The name of the language in its form: ''Toaheeniede'' [tou.i:ɲɛ.də]
===Phonology===
Consonants:
: Stops: p b pʲ bʲ t tʲ d k g kʲ gʲ
: Fricatives: s sʲ zʲ ʃ h
: Liquids: r rʲ l lʲ m n nʲ
: Semivowels: w j

Vowels: a ɛ eː œ iː ɨ ɔ o u uː
====Changes====
* ʏ//ɨ, as in ''gwanydjeu'' &gt;&gt; ''buanydiy'' [ba.nɨ.dʲɨ]
* t/V_V/d, as in ''raate'' &gt;&gt; ''raede'' [rei.də]
* p/V_V/b, as in ''meepu'' &gt;&gt; ''meebe'' [mi:.bə]
* g/V_V/h, as in ''riiga'' &gt;&gt; ''rihe'' [rai.ə]
* k/V_V/g, as in ''nocöötje'' &gt;&gt; ''negytie'' [nə.gɨ.tʲə]
* a://ei, as in ''raate'' &gt;&gt; ''raede''
* o://ou, as in ''oon'' &gt;&gt; ''oen'' [oun](still perceived as [o:] by many)
* ø://ɨ, as in ''jöözje'' &gt;&gt; ''iyzie'' [jɨ.zʲə]
* i://ai, as in ''riiga'' &gt;&gt; ''rihe''
* e://i:, as in ''beeagjeu'' &gt;&gt; ''beeagiy'' [bi:.a.gjɨ]
* V/_#/e, as in ''meepu'' &gt;&gt;''meebe''
* hʲ//ʃ,as in ''gyshjee'' &gt;&gt; ''gysiee'' [gɨsʲ.ʃiː]
* cw//p, as in ''cwalinaa'' &gt;&gt; ''pualinae'' [pa.li.nei]
* gw//b, as in ''gweenoo'' &gt;&gt; ''bueenoe'' [bi:.nou]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lilith's Conlang</title>
    <id>8666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59122</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-30T01:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lilith's Conlang''' consists of a short snippet of text, one short sentence only, and some descriptive if cryptic dialogue adapted for cinema from the novel ''Lilith'', written by J.R. Salamanca in 1961. The movie was made in 1964, though her text was not translated on screen. It goes without saying that there is no grammatical apparatus or lexical information available.

'''From the movie script:'''

You have the gift of tongues.&lt;br&gt;
That's a great gift.&lt;br&gt;
But it's nothing compared to you.&lt;br&gt;
I've studied them. I know the grammar, but you've invented one of your own.&lt;br&gt;
That's the greatest gift.

- I didn't invent it.&lt;br&gt;
- It was taught to me by my people.&lt;br&gt;

You actually hear it, then?&lt;br&gt;
I mean, you actually hear them speaking it?&lt;br&gt;
Oh, I'd love to hear it. I'm fascinated by languages, you know.&lt;br&gt;
Do you think they would speak it to me?&lt;br&gt;
Perhaps you would teach me.

- I wouldn't be allowed to teach you without approval.&lt;br&gt;
- It's a language very few are permitted to speak.

But what would I have to do?&lt;br&gt;
I'm sure I could persuade them.

- You would have to demonstrate great courage and a great capacity for joy.

But I can. But I can.

- You don't understand me.

[Written on the wall of Lilith's room: &quot;hiara pirlu resh kavawn&quot;]

It is never translated in the movie. In the novel, it is translated as &quot;If you can read this, you will know I love you.&quot;


'''From TIME Magazine, 2 October 1964:'''

Lilith, in ancient Babylonian mythology, was a female embodiment of evil. In J. R. Salamanca's gaudy, gothic 1961 novel she was a wildly desirable schizophrenic whose corruptive beauty disrupted the routine of a private sanitarium. In Director Robert Rossen's movie version of the book, she is Jean Seberg, who enjoys an unholy liaison with a young therapist-in-training, lures an inmate toward destruction, steals away with a lesbian patient, and occasionally whispers improprieties into the ears of small boys.

Director Rossen renders all this with just enough art-film panache to have won Lilith a place among far worthier movies in the recent New York Film Festival. Certainly, the techniques of modern moviemaking are much in evidence. Sound and images overlap. During long silent passages, the characters narrow their eyes at one another, conveying reams of censorable prose in each perfervid glance. The photography is often eerily beautiful—a subaqueous twilight world where everyone's torment finally condenses into eddying streams, stagnant pools and rushing rapids, an unsettling suggestion that the machinery of despair is water-driven.

On the wall of her room, Lilith scrawls ''hiara pirlu resh kavawn'', a phrase from a secret language she has devised. It is never translated. By contrast, the lush spoken dialogue works little strain on the imagination. Lilith wants &quot;to leave the mark of her desire on every living creature in the world.&quot; Warren Beatty, studiously guttural as the overzealous therapist who notes that his patient looks just like his mother, has difficulty explaining his dilemma to the chief psychiatrist. &quot;Do you think she's trying to seduce you?&quot; asks the doctor. &quot;Um . . . you can't put it like that,&quot; mumbles Warren. The doctor puts it another way: &quot;It isn't unknown for patients to seduce personnel, and vice versa.&quot; And he gamely adds, &quot;I think all of us here are concerned with rapture in some way.&quot; That may be. But it does seem silly to deliver the same old Hollywood sexology in a fancy wrapper marked resh kavawn.
----
[[Category:Conlangs]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Runes</title>
    <id>8667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59124</id>
      <timestamp>2011-01-30T03:03:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elemtilas</username>
        <id>98</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Runes''' are a kind of alphabetic form of writing used by various Germanic speaking groups since as early as the mid second century AD. The letters are arranged in an order different from the letters of the Latin alphabet, and this arrangement is called a ''futhark'' after the first six runic characters. Runes are thought to have descended from one of the northern Italic alphabets some time before the second century, though even this origin is unsure. 

Several authors and conlangers have used existing futharks or have devised new ones for their works. Of note are J.R.R. Tolkien's ''Cirth'', a runic alphabet devised for the Dwarvish languages. Another are the Britannian runes used in the popular Ultima series of computer games.
----</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Tilawa</title>
    <id>8668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59223</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T18:21:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muke</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Does anyone know where this language came from or who was responsible for posting the original .gif?
:Clicking through shows it was added by [[User:Bicoherent|Bicoherent]] in 2004.  —[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]] 10:21, 5 February 2011 (PST)</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua pa.png</title>
    <id>8669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59156</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua a.png</title>
    <id>8670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59158</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua la.png</title>
    <id>8671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59159</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:45:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ya.png</title>
    <id>8672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59160</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:45:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ua.png</title>
    <id>8673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59161</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:46:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua tla.png</title>
    <id>8674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59162</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua tsa.png</title>
    <id>8675</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59163</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:46:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ha.png</title>
    <id>8676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59164</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:47:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua sa2.png</title>
    <id>8677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59165</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua nya.png</title>
    <id>8678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59166</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:48:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ma.png</title>
    <id>8679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59167</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ka.png</title>
    <id>8680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59168</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:48:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua ta.png</title>
    <id>8681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59169</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua na.png</title>
    <id>8682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59170</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-03T13:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua kua.png</title>
    <id>8683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59195</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-04T15:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Naua kala tsasu.png</title>
    <id>8684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>59219</id>
      <timestamp>2011-02-05T15:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Qang</username>
        <id>1187</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Moya]]</comment>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Moya]]</text>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>